,,auror3 ,,_! ,,*>act]s ,,& ,,spectra4 ,,by ,j4 ,,r& ,,capron1 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 8,& n[ ! ,nor!rn ,lights beg9 to burn1 fa9tly at fir/1 l sunbeams play+ 9 ! wat]s ( ! blue sea4 ,!n a s(t crimson gl[ t+es ! heav5s4 ,!re is a blu% on ! *eek ( night4 ,! col\rs come & g2 & *ange f crimson to gold1 f gold to crimson4 ,! sn[ is /a9$ ) rosy light4 ,tw(old f ! z5i?1 ea/ & we/1 flames a fi]y sword2 & a broad b& passes a?w>t ! heav5s1 l a summ] sunset4 ,s(t purple cl\ds come sail+ ov] ! sky1 & ?r\gh _! vap\ry folds ! w9k+ />s %9e :ite z silv]4 ,) su* pomp z ?is is ,m]ry ,*ri/mas u%]$ 91 ?\gh only a s+le /> h]ald$ ! fir/ ,*ri/mas40--,,longfell[4 ,,london3 ,e4 ,f4 ,n4 ,,spon1 #df ,,*>+ ,,cross4 ,,new ,,york3 #ddf ,,broom ,,/reet4 #ahgi4 ,illu/ration ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,taylor ,,& ,,francis1 ,,r$ ,,lion ,,c\rt1 ,,fleet ,,/reet4 ,,to ,,pr(4 ,,*>les ,,piazzi ,,smy?1 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,,a/ronom] ,,royal ,,= ,,scotl&1 ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,spectroscopic ,,obs]v]s ,,( ,,! ,,aurora ,,& ,,zodiacal ,,light1 ,,?is ,,volume ,,is ,,respectfully ,,d$icat$ ,,by ,,! ,,au?or4 ,,preface4 ,probably few ( ! ph5om5a ( ,nature s entirely *>m & int]e/ sci5tific & non-sci5tific obs]v]s alike z ! ,aurora ,borealis1 or 8,nor!rn ,lights0 z x is popul>ly call$4 ,:e!r contemplat$ z ! long l[ quiesc5t arc ( silv] light illum9at+ ! l&scape ) a t5d] radiance1 z brok5 cl\ds & columns ( gl[+ ruddy light1 or z %eaves ( gold5 rays1 aptly comp>$ by old writ]s to a]ial spe>s1 su* a spectacle _c fail at all times to be a subject ( admiration1 9 "s cases ev5 ( awe4 ,h5ce x is no wond] t ! ,aurora has always receiv$ a consid]able am\nt ( att5tion at ! h&s ( sci5tific m54 ,e>ly explor]s ( ! ,arctic ,regions made con/ant & important obs]vations ( x & its "*2 & ! li/ ( ref]5ces to works giv5 9 ! ,app5dix w %[ h[ (t5 x =m$ ! subject ( monographs & communications to le>n$ ,societies4 ,! e>ly contributions seem relatively m num]\s ?an ^? ( a lat] date2 & ! sub/ance ( !m w be f\nd well summ$ up 9 ,dr4 ,brew/]'s #8,ed9burgh ,encyclopdia' 7#ahcj71 article 8,aurora40 ,a mo/ complete & able epitome ( our m rec5t exp]i5ce & k ( ! ,aurora & its spectrum has be5 contribut$ by my fri5d ,mr4 ,h5ry ,r4 ,proct] to ! pres5t 7#i?7 edition ( ! #8,encyclopdia ,britannica1' article 8,aurora ,pol>is40 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a drawback to ,encyclopdic articles t _! matt] is ( necessity cond5s$1 & t !y r>ely h ! v desirable aid ( draw+s & engrav+s to illu/rate _! subjects4 ,9 spite1 !re=e1 ( ! exhau/ive way1 bo? z to fact & !ory1 9 :i* ! contributor to ! #8,encyclopdia ,britannica' has realiz$ 8 task1 x seem$ to me !re 0 /ill room left = a popul> treatise1 hav+ = its object ! description ( ,auror1 _! *>act]s & spectra4 ,! "q ( ! ,aurora spectrum seems ! m wor?y ( ext5d$ discussion 9 t x /ill rema9s an unsolv$ problem4 ,9 spite ( ! obs]vations & rese>*es ( ng/rm1 ,lem/rm1 & ,vogel abroad1 & ( ,piazzi ,smy?1 ,h]s*el1 ,proct]1 ,backh\se1 & o!rs at home1 ! goal is n yet rea*$2 = :ile ! fa9t & m refrangible l9es are b d\btfully ref]r$ to air1 ! bright & %>p r$ & gre5 l9es1 :i* ma9ly *>act]ize ! spectrum1 are z yet unassociat$ ) any kn[n analogue4 ,) ^! views1 & to incite to fur!r & clos] obs]vations1 ,i h be5 induc$ to publi% ! pres5t volume z a sort ( ,auroral ,guide4 ,= mu* ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,aurora ,i am indebt$ to1 & quote f =m] articles & records1 includ+ ! two excell5t ,encyclopdic ones be=e ref]r$ to4 ,mr4 ,proct]1 ,mr4 ,backh\se1 & my fri5d ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,olley h ea* k9dly furni%$ me ) mu* 9 ! way ( in=mation & sugge/ion4 ,dr4 ,s*u/] has l5t me tubes %[+ ! true oxyg5 spectrum2 :ile ,h]r ,c>l ,bock1 ! ,norwegian naturali/1 has enabl$ me to reproduce a v]itable curiosity1 viz4 a picture 9 oil pa9t$ by ! light ( a ,lapl& ,aurora4 ,! exp]im5ts detail$ 9 ,"p ,,iii4 7 sugge/$ by ! e>li] ones ( ,de la ,rive1 ,v>ley1 & o!rs1 & demon/rate ! effect ( ! magnet on electric dis*>ges4 ,= assi/ance 9 ^! ,i am indebt$ to my fri5d ,mr4 ,e4 ,d[l54 ,! illu/rations are ma9ly f orig9al draw+s ( my own4 ,^? f o!r s\rces are ackn[l$g$4 ,messrs4 ,m9t]n h well reproduc$ 9 *romo-li?ography ! col\r$ draw+s illu/rat+ ! ,auror1 moon-pat*es1 c4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,! ,,aurora ,,& ,,its ,,*>act]s4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,aurora z kn[n to ! ,anci5ts3 pp4 #a-e4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,"s g5]al ,descriptions ( ,auror3 pp4 #f-ae4 ,by ,sir ,john ,frankl93 pp4 #f1 #g4 ,by ,rev4 ,james ,f>quh>son3 pp4 #g1 #h4 ,by ,mons4 ,lott9 7,l>dn]73 pp4 #h-aa4 ,by ,lieut4 ,weypre*t 7,pay]73 pp4 #aa-ad4 ,article 9 #8,ed9burgh ,encyclopdia3' pp4 #ad1 #ae4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,"s specific ,descriptions ( ,auror3 pp4 #af-cj4 ,capt4 ,sab9e's ,auror3 p4 #af4 ,aurora se5 at ,sund]l&1 ,febru>y #h?1 #ahag3 p4 #af4 ,dr4 ,hayes's ,aurora1 #f? ,janu>y1 #ahfa3 pp4 #af1 #ag4 ,pr(4 ,lem/rm's ,aurora1 #a/ ,septemb]1 #ahfh3 pp4 #ag1 #ah4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,capron's ,aurora1 ,octob] #bd?1 #ahgj3 pp4 #ah1 #ai4 ,mr4 ,b>k]'s r$ & :ite ,auror1 #i? ,novemb] 7#ahgj873 p4 #ai4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,capron's ,aurora1 ,febru>y #d?1 #ahgb3 pp4 #ai1 #bj4 ,c>diff1 ,aurora se5 at3 p4 #ba4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,capron's ,aurora1 ,febru>y #d?1 #ahgd3 pp4 #ba1 #bb4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,+all's ,aurora1 ,july #ah?1 #ahgd3 pp4 #bb1 #bc4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,capron's :ite ,aurora1 ,septemb] #aa?1 #ahgd3 pp4 #bc1 #bd4 ,dr4 ,allnatt's ,aurora1 ,june #i?1 #ahgf3 p4 #bd4 ,h]r ,c>l ,bock's ,lapl& ,aurora1 ,octob] #crd1 #ahgg3 p4 #be4 ,rev4 ,t4 ,w4 ,webb's ,aurora3 pp4 #be1 #bf4 ,engli% ,arctic ,exp$ition1 #ahge-gf3 p4 #bf4 ,aurora ,au/ralis3 pp4 #bf-bi4 ,pr(4 ,piazzi ,smy?'s typical ,auror3 pp4 #bi1 #cj4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,ph5om5a simulat+ ,auror3 pp4 #ca-cb4 ,auroric ,lights 7,k9ahan73 pp4 #ca1 #cb4 ,lum9\s ,ar*3 p4 #cb4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,"s qualities ( ! ,aurora3 pp4 #cc-ea4 ,noises att5d+ ,auror3 pp4 #cc1 #cd4 ,col\rs ( ,aurora3 pp4 #ce-cg4 ,height ( ,aurora3 pp4 #cg-dj4 ,phosphoresc5ce att5d+ ,aurora3 pp4 #da-dd4 ,aurora & ,ozone3 pp4 #dd1 #de4 ,pol>ization ( ,aurora light3 pp4 #de1 #df4 ,numb] ( ,auror3 p4 #df4 ,duration ( ,aurora3 p4 #dg4 ,travell+ ( ,auror 7,donati73 pp4 #dg1 #dh4 ,geographical di/ribution ( ,auror 7,fritz & ,loomis73 pp4 #dh1 #di4 ,ext5t & pr9cipal zone ( ! ,aurora3 pp4 #ej1 #ea4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,aurora 9 connexion ) o!r ,ph5om5a3 pp4 #eb-fi4 ,auror & ,cl\ds3 pp4 #eb-ed4 ,aurora & ,?und]-/orms3 pp4 #ed1 #ee4 ,aurora & ,magnetic ,ne$le3 pp4 #ee-eh4 ,auror1 ,magnetic ,di/urbances1 & ,sun-spots3 pp4 #eh-fb4 ,aurora & ,electricity3 pp4 #fb-fd4 ,aurora & ,meteoric ,du/3 pp4 #fd1 #fe4 ,aurora & ,planets ,v5us & ,jupit]3 pp4 #ff1 #fg4 ,aurora & ,zodiacal ,light3 pp4 #fg-fi4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,aurora-l pat*es on ! p>tially-eclips$ ,moon3 pp4 #gj-gg4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,aurora & ,sol> ,corona3 pp4 #gh-ha4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,suppos$ ,causes ( ! ,aurora3 pp4 #hb-hg4 ,pr(4 ,lem/rm's ,!ory3 pp4 #hg1 #hh4 ,!ories ( ,,mm4 ,becqu]el & ,de la ,rive3 p4 #hh4 ,m4 ,plant's electric exp]im5ts3 pp4 #hi1 #ij4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,! ,,spectrum ,,( ,,! ,,aurora4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,spectroscope adapt$ = ! ,aurora3 pp4 #ia-ic4 ,spectrum ( ,aurora describ$3 pp4 #id-ajj4 ,flick]+ ( ! gre5 l9e3 p4 #ajj4 ,mr4 ,backh\se's graphical spectra ( f\r ,auror3 p4 #aja4 ,"l ,l9dsay's ,aurora-spectrum1 ,octob] #ba1 #ahgj3 p4 #ajb4 ,spectrum ( ! ,aurora ,au/ralis3 pp4 #ajc1 #ajd4 ,pr(essor ,piazzi ,smy?'s ,aurora-spectra3 p4 #ajd4 ,au?or's ,catalogue ( ! ,auroral l9es3 pp4 #ajd-ajf4 ,!ories 9 relation to ! ,aurora & its spectrum3 pp4 #ajf1 #ajg4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,! comp>ison ( "s ,tube & o!r ,spectra ) ! ,spectrum ( ! ,aurora3 pp4 #ajh-abj4 ,hydrog5-tube3 pp4 #ajh-aaj4 ,c>bon- & oxyg5-tubes3 pp4 #aaj-aad4 ,geissl] m]cury-tube & b>omet] m]curial vacuum3 pp4 #aad1 #aae4 ,air-tubes3 pp4 #aae1 #aaf4 ,phosphoresc5t tube3 pp4 #aaf1 #aag4 ,sp>k 9 air3 p4 #aag4 ,sp>k ov] wat]3 p4 #aag4 ,phosphorett$-hydrog5 flame3 pp4 #aag1 #aah4 ,iron-spectrum3 p4 #aah4 ,spectrum ( m]cury3 p4 #aai4 ,table ( co9cid5ces3 p4 #aai4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,notes on ,pr(essor ng/rm's ,!ory ( ! ,aurora-spectrum3 pp4 #aba-abg4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,! ,oxyg5-spectrum 9 relation to ! ,aurora 7,proct] & ,s*u/]73 pp4 #abh-aca4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,magneto-,,electric ,,exp]im5ts ,,9 ,,connexion ,,) ,,! ,,aurora4 ,,introduction3 pp4 #acc-ace4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,exam9ation ( ,geissl]-tubes "u action ( ! ,magnet3 pp4 #acf-adf4 ,nitrog5-tubes3 pp4 #acf1 #acg4 ,oxyg5-tubes3 p4 #ach4 ,hydrog5-tubes3 pp4 #ach1 #aci4 ,wat]-gas tube3 p4 #aci4 ,ammonia-tube3 pp4 #aci1 #adj4 ,c>bonic-acid tube3 p4 #adj4 ,*lor9e-tubes3 pp4 #adj1 #ada4 ,iod9e-tubes3 pp4 #ada-adc4 ,brom9e-tubes3 pp4 #adc1 #add4 ,silicic fluoride-tubes3 p4 #add4 ,sulphuric-acid tubes3 pp4 #add1 #ade4 ,sulphur-tube3 pp4 #ade1 #adf4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,effect ( ,magnet on a capill>y ,glass ,tube3 pp4 #adg1 #adh4 ,action ( magnet on a b> ( heavy glass3 pp4 #adg1 #adh4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,effect ( ,magnet on wide ,air 7,aurora7 tube3 pp4 #adi-aec4 ,/ratification 7note on73 pp4 #adi1 #aej4 ,effect ( magnet on ,plck] 7air-7 tube3 pp4 #aej-aeb4 ,effect ( magnet on ,plck] tube 7t9 *loride73 pp4 #aeb1 #aec4 ,effect ( magnet on t9-*loride ,geissl] tube3 p4 #aec4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,effect ( ,magnet on bulb$ ,phosphoresc5t ,tube3 pp4 #aed-aef4 ,effect ( magnet on small phosphoresc5t 7p[d]7 tubes3 pp4 #aef1 #aeg4 ,light+-up tubes ) "o wire only 7,m>quis ( ,salisbury's obs]vations73 pp4 #aeg1 #aeh4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,action ( ! ,magnet on ! ,electric ,sp>k3 pp4 #aei1 #afj4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,! ,dis*>ge 9 vacuo 9 ,l>g] ,vessels1 & ,magnetic ,effects !reon3 pp4 #afa-afe4 ,"s ( ,b>on ,rei*5ba*'s magnetic rese>*es te/$3 pp4 #afe1 #aff4 ,summ>y ( ! =ego+ ,exp]im5ts & _! ,results3 p4 #afg4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,"s conclud+ ,rem>ks3 pp4 #afh-aga4 ,,app5dices4 ,a4 ,ref]5ces to "s ,works & ,essays on ! ,aurora3 pp4 #agc1 #agd4 ,b4 ,extracts f ! ,manual & ,in/ructions = ! 7,engli%7 ,arctic ,exp$ition1 #ahge3 pp4 #age-aha4 ,c4 ,extracts f ,p>liam5t>y ,blue-book1 conta9+ ! 8,results d]iv$ f ! ,arctic ,exp$ition1 #ahge-gf30 pp4 #ahb-ahh4 ,d4 ,aurora & ,ozone3 pp4 #ahi-aic4 ,e4 ,dr4 ,vogel's ,inquiries into ! ,spectrum ( ! ,aurora3 pp4 #aid-bjg4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,plates4 ,plate4 ,i4 ,! ,aurora dur+ ! ,ice-pressure ,to face page #ad ,,ii4 ,aurora se5 by ,dr4 ,hayes1 #f? ,janu>y1 #ahfa 0 0 #af ,,iii4 ,aurora1 ,guild=d1 ,oct4 #bd1 #ahgj 0 0 #ah ,,iv4 ,aurora1 ,guild=d1 ,feb4 #d1 #ahgb2 ,eclips$ ,moon1 ,aug4 #bc1 #bd1 #ahgg 0 0 #bj ,v4 ,corona1 ,graphical ,auror1 ,zodiacal ,light1 c4 0 0 #ba ,,vi4 ,aurora1 ,guild=d1 ,feb4 #d1 #ahgd2 ,spectrum des ,nordli*ts 7,vogel7 0 0 #bb ,,vii4 ,aurora1 ,kyle ,ak91 ,isle ( ,skye1 ,sept4 #aa1 #ahgd 0 0 #bd ,,viii4 ,h]r ,c>l ,bock's ,lapl& ,aurora1 ,oct4 #c1 #ahgg 0 0 #be ,,ix4 ,comp>$ ,aurora & o!r ,spectra4 ,loomis's curves ( ,auroras1 ,magnetic ,decl9ation1 & ,sol> ,spots 0 0 #ei ,x4 ,spectroscope1 ,micromet]1 ,tubes 0 0 #ia ,,xi4 ,aurora-spectra1 ,c&le-spectrum 0 0 #ajb ,,xii4 ,aurora-spectrum1 ,sol> spectrum1 & ,c&le-spectrum 0 0 #ajd ,,xiii4 ,vogel's ,aurora-l9es1 ,aurora-l9es ne> ,g1 & 9 ! r$ & gre5 0 0 #ajh ,,xiv4 ,aurora1 ,hydroc>bons1 ,oxyg5 0 0 #aaj ,,xv4 ,aurora & ,air-tubes1 c4 0 0 #aae ,,xvi4 ,aurora1 ,phosphorett$ ,hydrog51 ,iron1 c4 0 0 #aag ,,xvii4 ,effect ( ,magnet on ,tubes & ,sp>k 0 0 #acd ,,xviii4 ,same1 & ,oxyg5-spectrum 0 0 #aed ,,"p ,i4 ,,! ,,aurora ,,& ,,its ,,*>act]s4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,aurora ,,z ,,kn[n ,,to ,,! ,,anci5ts4 ,sid5ote3 ,s5eca's #8,qu/iones ,naturales1' ,lib4 ,i4 c4 xiv4 ,description ( ,auror4 ,9 ,s5eca's #8,qu/iones ,naturales1' ,lib4 ,i4 c4 xiv41 we f9d ! foll[+3--8,tempus e/1 alios quoque ignes p]curr]e1 quorum div]s figur sunt4 ,aliqu&o emicat /ella1 aliqu&o ardores sunt1 aliqu&o fixi et hr5tes1 nonnunquam volubiles4 ,horum plura g5]a conspiciantur4 ,sunt ,bo?yno#a1 quum velut corona c+5te introrsus igneus cli recessus e/ similis effoss 9 orbem spelunc4 ,sunt ,pi?it#b1 quum magnitudo va/i rotundique ignis dolio similis1 vel f]tur vel 9 uno loco flagrat4 ,sunt ,*asmata#c1 quum aliquod cli spatium des$it1 et flammam dehisc5s1 velut 9 abdito1 o/5tat4 ,colores quoque omnium horum plurimi sunt4 ,quidam ruboris ac]rimi1 quidam evanid ac levis flamm1 quidam c&id lucis1 quidam micantes1 quidam qualit] et s9e eruptionibus aut radiis fulvi4 ''' ,sid5ote3 ,s5eca1 c4 xv4 ,c4 xv4 8,int] hc ponas licet et quod frequ5t] 9 hi/oriis legimus1 clum ard]e visum3 cujus nonnunquam tam sublimis ardor e/ ut int] ipsa sid]a videatur1 nonnunquam tam humilis ut speciem long9qui inc5dii prbeat4 8,sub ,tib]io ,cs>e cohortes 9 auxilium ,o/i5sis coloni cucurr]unt1 tanquam conflagrantis1 quum cli ardor fuisset p] magnam p>tem noctis1 p>um lucidus crassi fumidique ignis40 ,sid5ote3 ,translation4 ,we may translate ?is3--8,x is "t o!r fires also to describe1 ( :i* !re are div]se =ms4 8,sometimes a /> %9es =?2 at times !re are fire-gl[s1 sometimes fix$ & p]si/5t1 sometimes flitt+4 ,( ^! _m sorts may be di/+ui%$4 ,!re are ,bo?yno1 :51 z )9 a surr\nd+ corona1 ! fi]y recess ( ! sky is l to a cave dug out ( space4 ,!re are ,pi?it1 :5 ! expanse ( a va/ & r\nd$ fire simil> to a tub 7dolium7 is ei!r c>ri$ ab\t or gl[s 9 "o spot4 8,!re are ,*asmata1 :5 a c]ta9 portion ( ! sky op5s1 & gap+ displays ! flame z 9 a por*4 ,! col\rs also ( all ^! are _m4 ,c]ta9 are ( ! brighte/ r$1 "s ( a flitt+ & light flame-col\r1 "s ( a :ite light1 o!rs %9+1 "s /eadily & yell[ )\t eruptions or rays4 ''' 8,among/ ^! we may notice1 :at we frequ5tly read ( 9 hi/ory1 ! sky is se5 to burn1 ! gl[ ( :i* is occasionally s high t x may be se5 among/ ! />s !mselves1 sometimes s ne> ! ,e>? 7humilis7 t x assumes ! =m ( a di/ant fire4 ,"u ,tib]ius ,cs> ! cohorts ran toge!r 9 aid ( ! colony ( ,o/ia z if x 7 9 flames1 :5 ! gl[+ ( ! sky la/$ ?r\gh a great "p ( ! night1 %9+ dimly l a va/ & smok+ fire40 ,sid5ote3 ,auror frequ5tly read ( 9 hi/ory4 ,f ! above passages _m /rik+ p>ticul>s ( ! ,aurora may be ga!r$2 & by ! division ( ! =ms ( ,aurora into classes x is evid5t !y 71 at t p]iod1 ! subject ( frequ5t obs]vation4 ,! expression 8et quod frequ5t] 9 hi/oriis legimus0 %[s1 too1 t ! ph5om5a ( ,auroral displays 7 a matt] ( record & discussion ) ! writ]s ( ! day4 ,v>i\s =ms ( ,aurora may be recogniz$ 9 ! passages f ,*ap4 xiv42 :ile 9 ^? f ,*ap4 xv4 a c>eful di/9ction is drawn betwe5 ! ,auror se5 9 ! z5i? or ! upp] regions ( ! sky1 & ^? se5 on ! horizon or app>5tly 7& no d\bt 9 "s cases actually7 ne> ! ,e>?'s surface4 ,sid5ote3 ,a spuri\s ,aurora4 ,! description ( ! cohorts runn+ to ! fire only to f9d x an ,aurora1 calls to m9d ! _m simil> ev5ts happ5+ 9 our own days4 ,n1 h[ev]1 b t a mi/ake may sometimes occur 9 an opposite direction4 ,9 ! memoirs ( ,b>on ,/ockm> an amus+ anecdote is relat$ ( "o ,h]r von ,rad[itz1 :o 0 giv5 to mak+ ! mo/ ( easily pick$ up in=mation4 ,a fri5d ( ! ,b>on's w5t to an ev5+ p>ty ne> ,frank=t1 :]e he expect$ to meet ,h]r von ,rad[itz4 ,on 8 way he saw a b>n burn+1 /opp$ 8 c>riage1 assi/$ ! p1 & wait$ till ! flames 7 ne>ly ext+ui%$4 ,:5 he arriv$ at 8 fri5d's h\se he f\nd ,h]r von ,rad[itz1 :o _h previ\sly tak5 ! p>ty to ! top ( ! build+ to see an ,aurora1 dilat+ on t]re/rial magnetism1 electricity1 & s =?4 ,rad[itz ask$ ,/ockm>'s fri5d1 8,h y se5 ! beautiful ,aurora ,borealis80 ,he repli$1 8,c]ta9ly2 ,i 0 !re myself2 x w soon be ov]40 ,an explanation foll[$ z to ! b>n on fire3 ,rad[itz 0 sil5t "s t5 m9utes1 !n took up 8 hat & quietly disappe>$4 ,sid5ote3 ,auror z port5ts4 ,x is probable t _m ( ! phantom combats :i* are record$ to h appe>$ 9 =ms ( fire 9 ! air on ! ev5+s prec$+ great battles might be trac$ to ,auror1 inve/$ ) di/9ct *>act]i/ics by ! imag9ation ( ! behold]s4 ,auror are said to h appe>$ 9 ! %ape ( armies ( horse & foot engag$ 9 battle 9 ! sky be=e ! dea? ( ,julius ,cs>1 :i* !y 7 suppos$ to =etell4 ,= m ?an a ye> be=e ! siege & de/ruction ( ,j]usalem by ,titus ,vespasian1 ! ,aurora 0 said to h be5 frequ5tly visible 9 ,pale/9e4 ,josephus1 9 8 #8,w>s ( ! ,jews' 7,:i/on's ,translation1 ,book ,,vi4 *ap4 v4 sect4 #c71 9 ref]r+ to ! signs & wond]s prec$+ ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 speaks ( a /> or comet1 & t a great light %one r\nd ab\t ! alt> & ! holy h\se1 :i* light la/$ = half an h\r1 & t a few days aft] ! fea/ ( unleav5$ bread a c]ta9 prodigi\s & incr$ible ph5om5on appe>$--8= be=e sunsett+ *>iots & troops ( soldi]s 9 _! arm\r 7 se5 runn+ ab\t among ! cl\ds1 & surr\nd+ ( cities40 7,?is1 if an ,aurora1 mu/ h be5 an in/ance ( a daylight "o47 ,we f9d 9 ,book ,,ii4 ( ,maccabees1 *ap4 v4 v]ses #a1 #b1 #c1 #d 7,b4,c4 ab\t #agf ye>s73-- 8#a4 ,ab\t ?is same "t ,antio*us prep>$ 8 second voyage into ,egypt3 8#b4 ,& !n x happ5$ t ?r\gh all ! city1 = ! space almo/ ( =ty days1 !re 7 se5 horsem5 runn+ 9 ! air1 9 clo? ( gold1 & arm$ ) lances l a b& ( soldi]s4 8#c4 ,& troops ( horsem5 9 array1 enc\nt]+ & runn+ "o aga9/ ano!r1 ) %ak+ ( %ields & multitude ( pikes1 & draw+ ( swords & ca/+ ( d>ts1 & glitt]+ ( gold5 ornam5ts & h>ness ( all sorts4 8#d4 ,:]e=e e man pray$ t t app>ition might turn to good40 ,sid5ote3 ,e>ly descriptions ( ,auror4 ,9 ,ari/otle's #8,de ,meteoris1' ,lib4 ,i4 c4 iv4 & v41 ! ,aurora is describ$ z an appe>ance resembl+ flame m+l$ ) smoke1 & ( a purple r$ or blue col\r4 ,pl9y 7,lib4 ,,ii4 c4 xxvii47 speaks ( a bloody appe>ance ( ! heav5s :i* seem$ l a fire desc5d+ on ! e>?1 se5 9 ! ?ird ye> ( ! #ajg? ,olympiad1 & ( a light se5 9 ! nighttime equal to ! brightness ( ! day1 9 ! ,consul%ip ( ,ccilius & ,papirius 7,lib4 ,,ii4 c4 xxxiii471 bo? ( :i* may be ref]r$ to ,auror4 ,9 ! #8,annals ( ,philosophy1' vol4 ix4 p4 #bej1 x is /at$ t ! ,aurora among ,engli% writ]s is fir/ describ$ by ,mat!w ( ,we/m9/]1 :o relates t 9 ,a4,d4 #eee lances 7 se5 9 ! air 78quasi species lance>um 9 are vis sunt a sept5trionali usque ad occid5tem074 ,9 ! article 9 ! #8,ed9b4 ,encyc4' vol4 iii4 7#ahcj71 ! ,aurora 7kn[n to ! vulg> z 8/ream]s0 or 8m]ry danc]s07 is di/+ui%$ 9 two k9ds--! 8tranquil0 & ! 8v>y+40 ,muss*5broek enum]ates z =ms3--trabs1 8! beam10 an oblong tract p>allel to ! horizon2 sagitta1 8! arr[20 faces1 8! tor*20 capra saltans1 8! danc+ goat20 bo?yno1 8! cave10 a lum9\s cl\d hav+ ! appe>ance ( a recess or holl[ 9 ! heav5s1 surr\nd$ by a corona2 pi?i1 8! tun10 an ,aurora resembl+ a l>ge lum9\s cask4 ,! two sorts ( ,auror di/+ui%$ z ! 8bo?yno0 & 8pi?i0 are evid5tly tak5 f ! passage 9 ,s5eca's #8,qu/iones' be=e quot$4 ,9 #8,lib]ti ,fromondi ,meteorologicorum' 7,london1 #afef71 ,lib4 ,,ii4 cap4 v4 8,de ,meteoris suprem regionis aris10 art4 #a4 ,de ,capra1 ,trabe1 ,pyramide1 c41 ^! & o!r fanta/ic =ms attributable to ,auror are m fully describ$4 ,9 ! article 8,aurora ,pol>is10 ,encyc4 ,brit4 edit4 ix41 we f9d not$ t f a curi\s passage 9 ,sirr's #8,ceylon & ! ,c+alese1' vol4 ii4 p4 #aag1 x w\ld seem t ! ,aurora1 or some?+ l x1 is visible occasionally 9 ,ceylon1 :]e ! natives call x 8,buddha ,lights10 & t 9 _m p>ts ( ,irel& a sc>let ,aurora is suppos$ to be a %[] ( blood4 ,! e>lie/ m5tion$ ,aurora 79 ,irel&7 0 9 #fhh1 9 ! #8,annals ( ,cloon-mac-noise1' aft] a battle betwe5 ,le9/] & ,mun/]1 9 :i* ,foyl*] ,o',moyloy] 0 sla94 ,9 ! article 9 ! ,ed9b4 ,encyc4 be=e ref]r$ to x is /at$ t x 0 n mu* m ?an a c5tury ago t ! ph5om5on _h be5 notic$ to occur ) frequ5cy 9 our latitudes4 ,dr4 ,halley _h begun to despair ( see+ "o till ! f9e display ( #agaf4 ,sid5ote3 ,e>ly notices ( ,auror n frequ5t 9 our latitudes4 ,! fir/ acc\nt on record 9 an ,engli% "w is said to be 9 a book entitl$ #8,a ,description ( ,meteors by ,w4 ,f4 ,d4 ,d4' 7repr9t$1 ,london1 #afed71 :i* speaks ( 8burn+ spe>s0 be+ se5 ,janu>y #cj1 #aefj4 ,! next is record$ by ,/[ z occurr+ on ,octob] #g1 #aefd2 &1 accord+ to ,/[ & ,camd51 an ,aurora 0 se5 on two nights1 #ad? & #ae? ,novemb]1 #aegd4 ,twice1 aga91 an ,aurora 0 se5 9 ,brabant1 #ac? ,febru>y & #bh? ,septemb]1 #aege4 ,cornelius ,gemma comp>$ ^! to spe>s1 =tifi$ cities1 & armies fight+ 9 ! air4 ,auror 7 se5 9 #aehj & #aeha 9 ,wirtemb]g1 ,g]many4 ,!n we h no record till #afba1 :5 an ,aurora1 describ$ by ,gass5di 9 8 #8,physics1' 0 se5 all ov] ,france1 ,septemb] #bnd ( t ye>4 ,9 ,novemb] #afbc ano!r1 describ$ by ,kepl]1 0 se5 all ov] ,g]many4 ,f #afff to #agaf no appe>ance is record$ 9 ! #8,transactions ( ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces2' b 9 #agjg "o 0 se5 9 ,irel& & at ,cop5hag52 :ile 9 #agjg & #agjh ! ,aurora 0 se5 five times4 ,! ,aurora ( #agaf1 occurr+ aft] an int]val ( eighty ye>s1 :i* ,dr4 ,halley describes1 0 v brilliant & ext5d$ ov] mu* c\ntry1 be+ se5 f ! we/ ( ,irel& to ! conf9es ( ,russia & ! ea/ ( ,pol&1 ext5d+ ne>ly #cj ( longitude1 & f ab\t ! #ej? degree ( latitude1 ov] almo/ all ! nor? ( ,europe1 & 9 all places exhibit+ at ! same "t appe>ances simil> to ^? obs]v$ 9 ,london4 ,an ,aurora obs]v$ 9 ,bologna 9 #agbc 0 /at$ to be ! fir/ t _h ev] be5 se5 !re2 & "o record$ 9 ! #8,b]l9 ,miscellany' = #agig is call$ a v unusual ph5om5on4 ,nor did ,auror appe> m frequ5t 9 ! ,pol> ,regions at t "t1 = ,clius /ates t ! olde/ inhabitants ( ,upsala consid]$ ! ph5om5on z q r>e be=e #agaf4 ,&]son1 ( ,hamburg1 writ+ ab\t ! same "t1 says t 9 ,icel& ! inhabitants !mselves 7 a/oni%$ at ! frequ5t ,auror !n beg9n+ to take place2 :ile ,torfu1 ! ,icel&]1 :o wrote 9 #agjf1 0 old en\gh to rememb] ! "t :5 ! ,aurora 0 an object ( t]ror 9 8 native c\ntry4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,mairan1 #adda ,auror 7 obs]v$ betwe5 ,a4,d4 #ehc & #agea1 ( :i* #igb 7 obs]v$ 9 ! w9t] half-ye>s & #dfi dur+ ! summ] half-ye>s4 ,9 our next ,*apt] we propose to give "s g5]al descriptions ( ,auror f comp>atively e>ly s\rces4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,"s ,,g5]al ,,descriptions ,,( ,,auror4 ,sid5ote3 ,sir ,john ,frankl9's description4 ,sir ,john ,frankl9 7#8,n>rative ( a ,j\rney to ! ,%ores ( ! ,pol> ,sea 9 ! ye>s #ahai1 #ahbj1 #ahba1 #ahbb'7 describes an ,aurora 9 ^! t]ms3-- ,sid5ote3 ,p>ts ( ! ,aurora3 beams1 fla%es1 & ar*es4 8,= ! sake ( p]spicuity ,i %all describe ! sev]al p>ts ( ! ,aurora1 :i* ,i t]m beams1 fla%es1 & ar*es4 8,! beams are little conical p5cils ( light1 rang$ 9 p>allel l9es1 ) _! po9t$ extremities t[>ds ! e>?1 g5]ally 9 ! direction ( ! dipp+-ne$le4 ,sid5ote3 ,=mation ( ! ,aurora4 8,! fla%es seem to be scatt]$ beams approa*+ ne>] to ! e>?1 because !y are simil>ly %ap$ & inf9itely l>g]4 ,i h call$ !m fla%es1 because _! appe>ance is sudd5 & seldom cont9ues long4 ,:5 ! ,aurora fir/ becomes visible x is =m$ l a ra9b[1 ! light ( :i* is fa9t1 & ! motion ( ! beams undi/+ui%able4 ,x is !n 9 ! horizon4 ,z x approa*es ! z5i? x resolves itself into beams :i*1 by a quick undulat+ motion1 project !mselves into wrea?s1 aft]w>ds fad+ away1 & aga9 & aga9 bright5+ )\t any visible expansion or contraction ( matt]4 ,num]\s fla%es att5d 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! sky40 ,sid5ote3 ,ar*es ( ! ,aurora4 ,sir ,john ,frankl9 !n po9ts out t ?is mass w\ld appe> l an ar* to a p]son situat$ at ! horizon by ! rules ( p]spective1 assum+ its p>ts to be equidi/ant f ! e>?2 & m5tions a case :5 an ,aurora1 :i* fill$ ! sky at ,cumb]l& ,h\se f ! nor!rn horizon to ! z5i? ) wrea?s & fla%es1 assum$ ! %ape ( ar*es at "s di/ance to ! s\?w>d4 ,he !n cont9ues3--8,b ! ,aurora does n always make its fir/ appe>ance z an ar*4 ,x sometimes rises f a confus$ mass ( light 9 ! ea/ or we/1 & crosses ! sky t[>ds ! opposite po9t1 exhibit+ wrea?s ( beams or coron boreales on its way4 ,an ar* also1 :i* is pale & uni=m at ! horizon1 passes ! z5i? )\t display+ any irregul>ity or additional brilliancy40 ,sir ,john ,frankl9 !n m5tions see+ ?ree ar*es toge!r1 v ne> ! nor!rn horizon1 "o ( :i* exhibit$ beams & ev5 col\rs1 b ! o!r two 7 fa9t & uni=m4 7,see example ( a d\bl$ arc ,aurora obs]v$ at ,kyle ,ak91 ,skye1 ,plate ,,vii47 ,he also m5tions an ar* visible to ! s\?w>d exactly simil> to "o 9 ! nor?4 ,x appe>$ 9 fifte5 m9utes1 & he sugge/s x probably _h pass$ ! z5i? be=e sunset4 ,! motion ( ! :ole body ( ! ,aurora f ! nor?w>d to ! s\?w>d 0 at angles n m ?an #bj f ! magnetic m]idian4 ,! c5tres ( ! ar*es 7 z (t5 9 ! magnetic z 9 ! true m]idian4 ,a delicate electromet]1 susp5d$ #ej feet f ! gr\nd1 0 nev] p]ceptibly affect$ by ! ,aurora4 ,sid5ote3 ,aurora does n (t5 appe> until "s h\rs aft] sunset4 ,sir ,john ,frankl9 fur!r rem>ks t ! ,aurora did n (t5 appe> imm$iately aft] sunset1 & t ! abs5ce ( t lum9>y = "s h\rs 0 9 g5]al requir$ = ! production ( a /ate ( atmosph]e fav\rable to ! g5]ation ( ! ,aurora4 ,sid5ote3 ,aurora se5 9 daylight4 ,on "o occasion1 h[ev] 7,m>* #h?1 #ahba71 he obs]v$ x di/9ctly previ\s to ! disappe>ance ( daylight2 & he subsequ5tly /ates t on f\r occasions ! coruscations ( ! ,aurora 7 se5 v di/9ctly be=e daylight _h disappe>$4 ,9 ! article 8,aurora ,pol>is10 ,encyc4 ,brit4 edit4 ix41 ! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,iri% ,academy1 #aghh1 are ref]r$ to1 :]e ,dr4 ,u%] notices t ! ,aurora makes ! />s flutt] 9 ! telescope2 & t1 hav+ rem>k$ ?is effect /rongly "o day at #aa ,a4,m41 he exam9$ ! sky1 & saw an ,auroral corona ) rays to ! horizon4 ,in/ances are by no means r>e ( ! pr9cipal ,aurora-l9e hav+ be5 se5 9 wan+ sunlight1 & 9 anticipation ( an ,aurora :i* aft]w>ds appe>$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,rev4 ,james ,f>quh>son's obs]vations4 ,auroral ar*4 ,passage across ! z5i?4 ,! ,rev4 ,james ,f>quh>son1 f ! obs]vation ( a numb] ( ,auror 9 ,ab]de5%ire 9 #ahbc 7#8,philosophical ,transactions1' #ahbi71 conclud$3--t ! ,aurora foll[s an inv>iable ord] 9 its appe>ance & progress2 t ! /ream]s appe> fir/ 9 ! nor?1 =m+ an ar* f ea/ to we/1 hav+ its v]tex at ! l9e ( ! magnetic m]idian 7:5 ?is ar* is ( l[ elevation x is ( consid]able bread? f nor? to s\?1 hav+ ! /ream]s plac$ crosswise 9 relation to its own l9e1 & all direct$ t[>ds a po9t a little s\? ( ! z5i?72 t ! ar* moves =w>d t[>ds ! s\?1 contract+ lat]ally z x approa*es ! z5i?1 & increas+ its int5sity ( light by ! %ort5+ ( ! /ream]s & ! gradual %ift+ ( ! angles :i* ! /ream]s ne> ! ea/ & we/ extremities ( ! ar* make ) its own l9e1 till at l5g? ^! /ream]s become p>allel to t l9e1 & !n ! ar* is se5 9 a n>r[ belt #c or #d only 9 bread?1 /ret*+ across ! z5i? at "r angles to ! magnetic m]idian2 t x /ill makes progress s\?w>ds1 & aft] x has rea*$ sev]al degrees s\? ( ! z5i? aga9 enl>ges its bread? by exhibit+ an ord] ( appe>ances ! rev]se ( t :i* att5d$ its progress t[>ds ! z5i? f ! nor?2 t ! only conditions t c expla9 & reconcile ^! appe>ances are t ! /ream]s ( ! ,aurora are v]tical1 or ne>ly s1 & =m a deep fr+e :i* /ret*es a great way f ea/ to we/ at "r angles to ! magnetic m]idian1 b :i* is ( no great ?ickness f nor? to s\?1 & t ! fr+e moves s\?w>d1 pres]v+ its direction at "r angles to ! magnetic m]idian4 ,sid5ote3 ,m4 ,lott9's obs]vations4 ,dr4 ,l>dn]1 9 8 #8,museum ( ,sci5ce & ,art1' vol4 x4 p4 #ahi et seq41 alludes to a description ( 8?is meteor0 7sic7 suppli$ by ,m4 ,lott91 an (fic] ( ! ,fr5* ,navy1 & a ,memb] ( ! ,sci5tific ,commission to ! ,nor? ,seas4 ,betwe5 ,septemb] #ahch & ,april #ahci1 be+ ! int]val :5 ! sun 0 con/antly bel[ ! horizon1 ?is savant obs]v$ ne>ly #aej ,auror4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod sixty-f\r 7 visible1 besides _m conceal$ by a cl\d$ sky1 b ! pres5ce ( :i* 0 indicat$ by ! di/urbances !y produc$ ^u ! magnetic ne$le4 ,! succession ( appe>ances & *anges pres5t$ by ^! 8meteors0 is ?us graphically describ$ by ,m4 ,lott93-- ,sid5ote3 ,=mation ( ! auroral b[4 8,betwe5 f\r & eight o'clock ,p4,m4 a light fog1 ris+ to ! altitude ( six degrees1 became col\r$ on its upp] edge1 be+ fr+$ ) ! light ( ! meteor ris+ beh9d x4 ,?is bord]1 becom+ gradually m regul>1 took ! =m ( an ar*1 ( a pale yell[ col\r1 ! edges ( :i* 7 diffuse1 ! extremities re/+ on ! horizon4 ,?is b[ swell$ sl[ly upw>ds1 its v]tex be+ con/antly on ! magnetic m]idian4 ,blacki% /reaks divid$ regul>ly ! lum9\s arc1 & resolv$ x into a sy/em ( rays4 ,^! rays 7 alt]nately ext5d$ & contract$1 sometimes sl[ly1 sometimes in/antane\sly1 sometimes !y w\ld d>t out1 increas+ & dim9i%+ sudd5ly 9 spl5d\r4 ,! inf]ior p>ts1 or ! feet ( ! rays1 pres5t$ always ! mo/ vivid light1 & =m$ an arc m or less regul>4 ,! l5g? ( ^! rays 0 v v>i\s1 b !y all conv]g$ to t po9t ( ! heav5s indicat$ by ! direction ( ! s\!rn pole ( ! dipp+-ne$le4 ,sometimes !y 7 prolong$ to ! po9t :]e _! directions int]sect$1 & =m$ ! summit ( an enorm\s dome ( light4 ,sid5ote3 ,x asc5ds to ! z5i?4 ,rea*es ! z5i?4 8,! b[ !n w\ld cont9ue to asc5d t[>d ! z5i?4 ,x w\ld suff] an undulatory motion 9 its light--t is to say1 t f "o extremity to ! o!r ! brightness ( ! rays w\ld increase successively 9 int5sity4 ,?is lum9\s curr5t w\ld appe> sev]al times 9 quick succession1 & x w\ld pass mu* m frequ5tly f we/ to ea/ ?an 9 ! opposite direction4 ,sometimes1 b r>ely1 a retrograde motion w\ld take place imm$iately aft]w>d2 & z soon z ?is wave ( light _h run successively ov] all ! rays ( ! ,aurora f we/ to ea/1 x w\ld return 9 ! contr>y direction to ! po9t ( its dep>ture1 produc+ su* an effect t x 0 impossible to say :e!r ! rays !mselves 7 actually affect$ by a motion ( translation 9 a direction ne>ly horizontal1 or if ?is m vivid light 0 transf]r$ f ray to ray1 ! sy/em ( rays !mselves suff]+ no *ange ( position4 ,! b[1 ?us pres5t+ ! appe>ance ( an alt]nate motion 9 a direction ne>ly horizontal1 _h usually ! appe>ance ( ! undulations or folds ( a ribbon or flag agitat$ by ! w9d4 ,sometimes "o1 & sometimes bo? ( its extremities w\ld des]t ! horizon1 & !n its folds w\ld become m num]\s & m>k$1 ! b[ w\ld *ange its "* & assume ! =m ( a long %eet ( rays return+ into itself1 & consi/+ ( sev]al p>ts =m+ graceful curves4 ,! brightness ( ! rays w\ld v>y sudd5ly1 sometimes surpass+ 9 spl5d\r />s ( ! fir/ magnitude2 ^! rays w\ld rapidly d>t out1 & curves w\ld be =m$ & develop$ l ! folds ( a s]p5t2 !n ! rays w\ld affect v>i\s col\rs1 ! base w\ld be r$1 ! middle gre51 & ! rema9d] w\ld pres]ve its cle> yell[ hue4 ,su* 0 ! arrangem5t :i* ! col\rs always pres]v$4 ,!y 7 ( admirable transp>5cy1 ! base exhibit+ blood-r$1 & ! gre5 ( ! middle be+ t ( ! pale em]ald2 ! brightness w\ld dim9i%1 ! col\rs disappe> & all be ext+ui%$1 sometimes sudd5ly & sometimes by sl[ degrees4 ,aft] ?is disappe>ance fragm5ts ( ! b[ w\ld be reproduc$1 w\ld cont9ue _! upw>d movem5t & approa* ! z5i?2 ! rays1 by ! effect ( p]spective1 w\ld be gradually %ort5$2 ! ?ickness ( ! arc1 :i* pres5t$ !n ! appe>ance ( a l>ge zone ( p>allel rays1 w\ld be ext5d$2 !n ! v]tex ( ! b[ w\ld rea* ! magnetic z5i?1 or ! po9t to :i* ! s\? pole ( ! dipp+-ne$le is direct$4 ,at t mom5t ! rays w\ld be se5 9 ! direction ( _! feet4 ,if !y 7 col\r$ !y w\ld appe> z a l>ge r$ b&1 ?r\gh :i* ! gre5 t9ts ( _! sup]ior p>ts c\ld be di/+ui%$1 & if ! wave ( light above m5tion$ pass$ along !m _! feet w\ld =m a long s9u\s undulat+ zone2 :ile ?r\gh\t all ^! *anges ! rays w\ld nev] suff] any oscillation 9 ! direction ( _! axis1 & w\ld con/antly pres]ve _! mutual p>allelisms4 ,sid5ote3 ,multiple b[s4 ,corona =m$4 8,:ile ^! appe>ances are manife/$ new b[s are =m$1 ei!r comm5c+ 9 ! same diffuse mann] or ) vivid & ready =m$ rays2 !y succe$ ea* o!r1 pass+ ?r\gh ne>ly ! same phases1 & arrange !mselves at c]ta9 di/ances f ea* o!r4 ,z _m z n9e h be5 c\nt$ hav+ _! ends support$ on ! e>?1 & 9 _! arrangem5t resembl+ ! %ort curta9s susp5d$ "o beh9d ! o!r ov] ! sc5e ( a !atre1 & int5d$ to repres5t ! sky4 ,sometimes ! int]vals betwe5 ^! b[s dim9i%1 & two or m ( !m close ^u ea* o!r1 =m+ "o l>ge zone trav]s+ ! heav5s & disappe>+ t[>ds ! s\?1 becom+ rapidly feeble aft] pass+ ! z5i?4 ,b sometimes also1 :5 ?is zone ext5ds ov] ! summit ( ! firmam5t f ea/ to we/1 ! mass ( rays appe> sudd5ly to come f ! s\?1 & to =m1 ) ^? f ! nor?1 ! real boreal corona1 all ! rays ( :i* conv]ge to ! z5i?4 ,?is appe>ance ( a cr[n1 !re=e1 is d\btless ! m]e effect ( p]spective2 & an obs]v] plac$ at ! same in/ant at a c]ta9 di/ance to ! nor? or to ! s\? w\ld p]ceive only an arc4 8,! total zone1 measur+ less 9 ! direction nor? & s\? ?an 9 ! direction ea/ & we/1 s9ce x (t5 leans ^u ! corona1 w\ld be expect$ to h an elliptical =m2 b t does n always happ53 x has be5 se5 circul>1 ! unequal rays n ext5d+ to a great] di/ance ?an f eight to twelve degrees f ! z5i?1 :ile at o!r times !y rea* ! horizon4 8,let x !n be imag9$ t all ^! vivid rays ( light issue =? ) spl5d\r1 subject to cont9ual & sudd5 v>iations 9 _! l5g? & brightness2 t ^! beautiful r$ & gre5 t9ts col\r !m at int]vals2 t waves ( light undulate ov] !m2 t curr5ts ( light succe$ ea* o!r2 & 9 f9e1 t ! va/ firmam5t pres5ts "o imm5se & magnific5t dome ( light1 repos+ on ! sn[-cov]$ base suppli$ by ! gr\nd1 :i* itself s]ves z a dazzl+ frame = a sea calm & black z a pit*y lake4 ,& "s idea1 ?\gh an imp]fect "o1 may be obta9$ ( ! spl5did spectacle :i* pres5ts itself to him :o witnesses ! ,aurora f ! ,bay ( ,alt54 ,sid5ote3 ,duration ( corona4 8,! corona :5 x is =m$ only la/s = "s m9utes2 x sometimes =ms sudd5ly1 )\t any previ\s b[4 ,!re are r>ely m ?an two on ! same night1 & _m ( ! ,auroras are att5d$ ) no cr[n at all4 ,sid5ote3 ,disappe>ance ( ,aurora4 8,! corona becomes gradually fa9t1 ! :ole ph5om5on be+ to ! s\? ( ! z5i?1 =m+ b[s gradually pal] & g5]ally disappe>+ be=e !y rea* ! s\!rn horizon4 ,all ?is mo/ commonly takes place 9 ! fir/ half ( ! night1 aft] :i* ! ,aurora appe>s to h lo/ its int5sity2 ! p5cils ( rays1 ! b&s1 & ! fragm5ts ( b[s appe> & disappe> at int]vals4 ,!n ! rays become m & m diffus$1 & ultimately m]ge into ! vague & feeble light :i* is spread ov] ! heav5s1 gr\p$ l little cl\ds1 & designat$ by ! "n ( auroral plates 7plaques aurorales74 ,_! milky light frequ5tly und]goes /rik+ *anges 9 ! brightness1 l motions ( dilatation & contraction1 :i* are propagat$ reciprocally betwe5 ! c5tre & ! circumf]5ce1 l ^? :i* are obs]v$ 9 m>9e animals call$ ,m$us4 ,! ph5om5a become gradually m fa9t1 & g5]ally disappe> altoge!r on ! appe>ance ( twilight4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! ,aurora cont9ues aft] ! comm5cem5t ( daybreak1 :5 ! light is s /rong t a pr9t$ book may be read4 ,x !n disappe>s1 sometimes sudd5ly2 b x (t5 happ5s t1 z ! daylight augm5ts1 ! ,aurora becomes gradually vague & undef9$1 takes a :iti% col\r1 & is ultimately s m+l$ ) ! cirro-/ratus cl\ds t x is impossible to di/+ui% x f !m40 ,lieut5ant ,weypre*t has gr&ly describ$ =ms ( ,aurora 9 ,pay]'s #8,new ,l&s )9 ! ,arctic ,circle' 7vol4 i4 p4 #cbh et seq47 z foll[s3-- ,sid5ote3 ,lieut4 ,weypre*t's description4 ,=mation ( ar*es4 8,!re 9 ! s\?1 l[ on ! horizon1 /&s a fa9t ar* ( light4 ,x looks z x 7 ! upp] limit ( a d>k segm5t ( a circle2 b ! />s1 :i* %9e ?r\gh x 9 undim9i%$ brilliancy1 conv9ce u t ! d>kness ( ! segm5t is a delusion produc$ by contra/4 ,gradually ! ar* ( light gr[s 9 int5sity & rises to ! z5i?4 ,x is p]fectly regul>2 its two ends almo/ t\* ! horizon1 & advance to ! ea/ & we/ 9 proportion z ! ar* rises4 ,no beams are to be discov]$ 9 x1 b ! :ole consi/s ( an almo/ uni=m light ( a delici\s t5d] col\r4 ,x is transp>5t :ite ) a %ade ( light gre51 n unlike ! pale gre5 ( a "y plant :i* g]m9ates 9 ! d>k4 ,! light ( ! moon appe>s yell[ contra/$ ) ?is t5d] col\r1 s pleas+ to ! eye & s indescribable 9 words1 a col\r :i* nature appe>s to h giv5 only to ! ,pol> ,regions by way ( comp5sation4 ,! ar* is broad1 ?rice ! bread?1 p]haps1 ( ! ra9b[1 & its di/9ctly m>k$ edges are /rongly def9$ on ! pr(\nd d>kness ( ! ,arctic heav5s4 ,! />s %9e ?r\gh x ) undim9i%$ brilliancy4 ,! ar* m\nts high] & high]4 ,an air ( repose seems spread ov] ! :ole ph5om5on2 "h & !re only a wave ( light rolls sl[ly f "o side to ! o!r4 ,x beg9s to gr[ cle> ov] ! ice2 "s ( its gr\ps are disc]nible4 ,! ar* is /ill di/ant f ! z5i?1 a second deta*es itself f ! d>k segm5t1 & ?is is gradually succe$$ by o!rs4 ,all n[ rise t[>ds ! z5i?2 ! fir/ passes beyond x1 !n s9ks sl[ly t[>ds ! nor!rn horizon1 & z x s9ks loses its int5sity4 ,ar*es ( light are n[ /ret*$ ov] ! :ole heav5s2 sev5 are app>5t at ! same "t on ! sky1 ?\gh ( inf]ior int5sity4 ,! l[] !y s9k t[>ds ! nor? ! pal] !y gr[1 till at la/ !y utt]ly fade away4 ,(t5 !y all return ov] ! z5i?1 & become ext9ct j z !y came4 ,sid5ote3 ,b& ( light appe>s4 ,second b& & rays4 8,x is seldom1 h[ev]1 t an ,aurora runs a c\rse s calm & s regul>4 ,! typical d>k segm5t1 :i* we see 9 treatises on ! subject1 9 mo/ cases does n exi/4 ,a ?9 bank ( cl\ds lies on ! horizon4 ,! upp] edge is illum9at$2 out ( x is develop$ a b& ( light1 :i* exp&s1 increases 9 int5sity ( col\r1 & rises to ! z5i?4 ,! col\r is ! same z 9 ! ar*1 b ! int5sity ( ! col\r is /rong]4 ,! col\rs ( ! b& *ange 9 a nev]-ceas+ play1 b place & =m rema9 unalt]$4 ,! b& is broad1 & its int5se pale gre5 /&s out ) wond]ful beauty on ! d>k backgr\nd4 ,n[ ! b& is twi/$ into _m convolutions1 b ! inn]mo/ folds are /ill to be se5 di/9ctly ?r\gh ! o!rs4 ,waves ( light cont9ually undulate rapidly ?r\gh its :ole ext5t1 sometimes f "r to left1 sometimes f left to "r4 ,!n1 aga91 x rolls itself up 9 graceful folds4 ,x seems almo/ z if breezes high 9 ! air play$ & sport$ ) ! broad flam+ /ream]s1 ! ends ( :i* are lo/ f> (f on ! horizon4 ,! light gr[s 9 int5sity1 ! waves ( light foll[ ea* o!r m rapidly1 prismatic col\rs appe> on ! upp] & l[] edge ( ! b&1 ! brilliant :ite ( ! c5tre is enclos$ betwe5 n>r[ /ripes ( r$ & gre54 ,out ( "o b& h n[ gr[n two4 ,! upp] cont9ually approa*es ! z5i?1 rays beg9 to %oot =? f x t[>ds a po9t ne> ! z5i? to :i* ! s\? pole ( ! magnetic ne$le1 freely susp5d$1 po9ts4 ,sid5ote3 ,corona =m$4 8,! b& has ne>ly rea*$ x1 & n[ beg9s a brilliant play ( rays la/+ = a %ort "t1 ! c5tral po9t ( :i* is ! magnetic pole--a sign ( ! intimate connexion ( ! :ole ph5om5on ) ! magnetic =ces ( ! e>?4 ,r\nd ! magnetic pole %ort rays fla% & fl>e on all sides1 prismatic col\rs are disc]nible on all _! edges1 long] & %ort] rays alt]nate ) ea* o!r1 waves ( light roll r\nd x z a c5tre4 ,:at we see is ! auroral corona1 & x is almo/ always se5 :5 a b& passes ov] ! magnetic pole4 ,?is peculi> ph5om5on la/s b a %ort "t4 ,! b& n[ lies on ! nor!rn side ( ! firmam5t1 gradually x s9ks1 & pales z x s9ks2 x returns aga9 to ! s\? to *ange & play z be=e4 ,s x goes on = h\rs1 ! ,aurora incessantly *anges place1 =m1 & int5sity4 ,x (t5 entirely disappe>s = a %ort "t1 only to appe> aga9 sudd5ly1 )\t ! obs]v]s cle>ly p]ceiv+ h[ x came & :]e x w5t2 simply1 x is !re4 ,sid5ote3 ,s+le-ray$ b&4 8,b ! b& is (t5 se5 9 a p]fectly diff]5t =m4 ,frequ5tly x consi/s ( s+le rays1 :i*1 /&+ close toge!r1 po9t 9 an almo/ p>allel direction t[>ds ! magnetic pole4 ,^! become m int5sely bright ) ea* successive wave ( light2 h5ce ea* ray appe>s to fla% & d>t cont9ually1 & _! gre5 & r$ edges dance up & d[n z ! waves ( light run ?r\gh !m4 ,(t51 aga91 ! rays ext5d ?r\gh ! :ole l5g? ( ! b&1 & rea* almo/ up to ! magnetic pole4 ,^! are %>ply m>k$1 b light] 9 col\r ?an ! b& itself1 & 9 ?is p>ticul> =m !y are at "s di/ance f ea* o!r4 ,_! col\r is yell[1 & x seems z if ?\s&s ( sl5d] ?reads ( gold 7 /ret*$ across ! firmam5t4 ,a glori\s veil ( transp>5t light is spread ov] ! />ry heav5s2 ! ?reads ( light ) :i* ?is veil is wov5 are di/9ctly m>k$ on ! d>k backgr\nd2 its l[] bord] is a broad int5sely :ite b&1 edg$ ) gre5 & r$1 :i* twi/s & turns 9 con/ant motion4 ,a violet-col\r$ auroral vap\r is (t5 se5 simultane\sly on diff]5t p>ts ( ! sky4 ,sid5ote3 ,aurora 9 /ormy wea!r4 ,fragm5ts4 8,or1 aga91 !re has be5 tempe/u\s wea!r1 & x is n[1 let u suppose1 pass+ away4 ,bel[1 on ! ice1 ! w9d has fall52 b ! cl\ds are /ill driv+ rapidly across ! sky1 s t 9 ! upp] regions its =ce is n yet laid4 ,ov] ! ice x becomes some:at cle>2 beh9d ! cl\ds appe>s an ,aurora amid ! d>kness ( ! night4 ,/>s tw9kle "h & !re2 ?r\gh ! op5+ ( ! cl\ds we see ! d>k firmam5t1 & ! rays ( ! ,aurora *as+ "o ano!r t[>ds ! z5i?4 ,! heavy cl\ds disp]se1 mi/-l masses drive on be=e ! w9d4 ,fragm5ts ( ! nor!rn lights are /rewn on e side3 x seems z if ! /orm _h torn ! ,aurora b&s to tatt]s1 & 0 driv+ !m hi!r & ?i!r across ! sky4 ,^! ?reads *ange =m & place ) incr$ible rapidity4 ,"h is "o6 lo1 x is gone6 ,sc>cely has x vani%$ be=e x appe>s aga9 9 ano!r place4 ,?r\gh ^! fragm5ts drive ! waves ( light3 "o mom5t !y are sc>cely visible1 9 ! next !y %9e ) int5se brilliancy4 ,b _! light is no long] t glori\s pale gre52 x is a dull yell[4 ,x is (t5 difficult to di/+ui% :at is ,aurora & :at is vap\r2 ! illum9at$ mi/s z !y fly pa/ are sc>cely di/+ui%able f ! auroral vap\r :i* comes & goes on e side4 ,sid5ote3 ,b&s4 ,rays rea* ! pole4 ,no noise4 8,b1 aga91 ano!r =m4 ,b&s ( e possible =m & int5sity h be5 driv+ ov] ! heav5s4 ,x is n[ eight o'clock at night1 ! h\r ( ! greate/ int5sity ( ! nor!rn lights4 ,= a mom5t "s bundles ( rays only are to be se5 9 ! sky4 ,9 ! s\? a fa9t1 sc>cely visible b& lies close to ! horizon4 ,all at once x rises rapidly1 & spreads ea/ & we/4 ,! waves ( light beg9 to d>t & %oot1 "s rays m\nt t[>ds ! z5i?4 ,= a %ort "t x rema9s /ation>y1 !n sudd5ly spr+s to life4 ,! waves ( light drive viol5tly f ea/ to we/1 ! edges assume a deep r$ & gre5 col\r1 & dance up & d[n4 ,! rays %oot up m rapidly1 !y become %ort]2 all rise toge!r & approa* ne>] & ne>] to ! magnetic pole4 ,x looks z if !re 7 a race among ! rays1 & t ea* aspir$ to rea* ! pole fir/4 ,& n[ ! po9t is rea*$1 & !y %oot out on e side1 to ! nor? & ! s\?1 to ! ea/ & ! we/4 ,d ! rays %oot f above d[nw>ds1 or f bel[ upw>ds8 ,:o c di/+ui%8 ,f ! c5tre issues a sea ( flames3 is t sea r$1 :ite1 or gre58 ,:o c say8 ,x is all ?ree col\rs at ! same mom5t6 ,! rays rea* almo/ to ! horizon3 ! :ole sky is 9 flames4 ,nature displays be=e u su* an exhibition ( fireworks z transc5ds ! p[]s ( imag9ation to conceive4 ,involunt>ily we li/52 su* a spectacle mu/1 we ?9k1 be accompani$ ) s\nd4 ,b unbrok5 /illness prevails2 n ! lea/ s\nd /rikes on ! e>4 ,once m x becomes cle> ov] ! ice1 & ! :ole ph5om5on has disappe>$ ) ! same inconceivable rapidity ) :i* x came1 & gloomy night has aga9 /ret*$ h] d>k veil ov] ev]y?+4 ,?is 0 ! ,aurora ( ! com+ /orm--! ,aurora 9 its fulle/ spl5d\r4 ,no p5cil c draw x1 no col\rs c pa9t x1 & no words c describe x 9 all its magnific5ce40 ,a reproduction ( ! woodcut 9 ,pay]'s #8,au/rian ,arctic ,voyages1' illu/rat+ "s ( ! features ( ! above description1 w be f\nd on ,plate ,i4 ,9 ! #8,ed9burgh ,encyclopdia1' article 8,aurora10 we f9d3-- ,sid5ote3 ,descriptions ( ,auror 9 high ,nor!rn latitudes4 8,9 high ,nor!rn latitudes ! ,auror ,boreales are s+ul>ly respl5d5t1 & ev5 t]rific4 8,!y frequ5tly occupy ! :ole heav5s1 &1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( "s1 eclipse ! spl5d\r ( />s1 planets1 & moon1 & ev5 ( ! sun itself4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 ,sib]ia4 8,9 ! s\?-ea/]n di/ricts ( ,sib]ia1 accord+ to ! description ( ,gmel91 cit$ & translat$ by ,dr4 ,blagd5 7,phil4 ,trans4 vol4 lxxiv4 p4 #bbh71 ! ,aurora is describ$ to beg9 ) s+le bright pill>s1 ris+ 9 ! nor?1 & almo/ at ! same "t 9 ! nor?-ea/1 :i*1 gradually increas+1 compreh5d a l>ge space ( ! heav5s1 ru% ab\t f place to place ) incr$ible velocity1 & f9ally almo/ cov] ! :ole sky up to ! z5i?1 & produce an appe>ance z if a va/ t5t 7 exp&$ 9 ! heav5s1 glitt]+ ) gold1 rubies1 & sapphires4 ,a m beautiful spectacle _c be pa9t$2 b :oev] %\ld see su* a nor!rn light = ! fir/ "t c\ld n behold x )\t t]ror40 ,sid5ote3 ,maup]tius's description at ,osw]-,zornea4 ,maup]tius describes a rem>kable ,aurora he saw at ,osw]-,zornea on ! #ah? ,decemb]1 #ahgf4 ,an ext5sive region ( ! heav5s t[>ds ! s\? appe>$ t+$ ( s lively a r$ t ! :ole con/ellation ( ,orion seem$ z if dy$ 9 blood4 ,! light 0 = "s "t fix$1 b soon became movable1 &1 aft] hav+ successively assum$ all ! t9ts ( violet & blue1 x =m$ a dome ( :i* ! summit ne>ly approa*$ ! z5i? 9 ! s\?-we/4 ,sid5ote3 ,r$ ,auror r>e 9 ,lapl&4 ,maup]tius adds t he obs]v$ only two ( ! r$ nor!rn lights 9 ,lapl&1 & t !y are ( v r>e occurr5ce 9 t c\ntry4 ,! obs]vations ( ,c>l ,bock1 ! ,norwegian naturali/1 k9dly communicat$ by him to me1 & detail$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii41 q confirm ?is obs]vation ( ,maup]tius z to ! r>e occurr5ce ( r$ ,auror 9 ,lapl&1 he hav+ only se5 "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,i4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,"s ,,specific ,,descriptions ,,( ,,auror1 ,,includ+ ,,results ,,( ,,! ,,engli% ,,arctic ,,exp$ition1 #ahge-gf4 ,capta9 ,sab9e's ,auror4 ,sid5ote3 ,capta9 ,sab9e's ,auror4 ,capta9 ,sab9e describes ,auror se5 at ,melville ,isl& 7,p>ry's fir/ voyage1 ,janu>y #ae74 ,t[>ds ! s\!rn horizon an ord9>y ,aurora appe>$4 ,! lum9\s ar* broke into masses /ream+ 9 diff]5t directions1 always to ! ea/ ( ! z5i?4 ,sid5ote3 ,curvature ( ar*es t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,! v>i\s masses seem$ to arrange !mselves 9 two ar*es1 "o pass+ ne> ! z5i? & a second midway betwe5 ! z5i? & ! horizon1 bo? nor? & s\?1 b curv+ t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,at "o "t a "p ( ! ar* ne> ! z5i? 0 b5t into convolutions l a snake 9 motion & undulat+ rapidly4 ,aurora se5 at ,sund]l&1 ,febru>y #h?1 #ahag4 7#8,annals ( ,philosophy1' vol4 ix4 p4 #bej47 ,sid5ote3 ,aurora se5 at ,sund]l&1 ,feb4 #h1 #ahag4 ,=mation ( corona4 ,x began ab\t #g ,p4,m4 dur+ a /rong gale f ! ,n4,w41 ) s+le bright /ream]s 9 ! ,n4 & ,n4,w41 :i* cov]$ a l>ge space & ru%$ ab\t f place to place ) amaz+ velocity1 & _h a f9e tremul\s motion1 illum9at+ ! hemisph]e z mu* z ! moon does eight or n9e days f *ange4 ,ab\t #aa o'clock "p ( ! /ream]s appe>$ z if project$ s\? ( ! z5i? & look$ l ! pill>s ( an imm5se amphi!atre1 pres5t+ a mo/ brilliant spectacle & seem+ to be 9 a l[] region ( ! atmosph]e1 & to desc5d & asc5d 9 ! air = sev]al m9utes4 7,?is appe>s to h be5 ! =mation ( a corona47 ,"o /ream] pass$ ov] ,orion1 b nei!r increas$ nor dim9i%$ its spl5d\r4 ,description ( ,aurora by ,dr4 ,hayes1 #f? ,janu>y1 #ahfa4 ,sid5ote3 ,dr4 ,hayes's ,aurora1 #f? ,janu>y1 #ahfa4 #8,rec5t ,pol> ,voyages' conta9s a n>rative ( ! voyage ( ,dr4 ,hayes1 :o sail$ f ,bo/on on ! #f? ( ,july1 #ahfj1 & w9t]$ at ,port ,f\lbe4 ,he witness$ a rem>kable display ( ! ,aurora ,borealis on ! morn+ ( ! #f? ,janu>y1 #ahfa4 ,sid5ote3 ,developm5t ( ,aurora4 ,! d>kness 0 s pr(\nd z to be oppressive4 ,sudd5ly1 f ! re> ( ! black cl\d :i* obscur$ ! horizon1 fla%$ a bright ray4 ,pres5tly an ar* ( _m col\rs fix$ itself across ! sky1 & ! ,aurora gradually develop$4 ,sid5ote3 ,rays *ang$ to gl[4 ,! space )9 ! ar* 0 fill$ by ! black cl\d2 b its bord]s bright5$ /eadily1 ?\gh ! rays dis*>g$ f x 7 exce$+ caprici\s1 n[ gl>+ l a va/ conflagration1 n[ beam+ l ! gl[ ( a summ] morn4 ,m & m int5se grew ! light1 until1 f irregul> bur/s1 x matur$ into an almo/ uni=m %eet ( radiance4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! display its "* *ang$4 ,lurid fires flung _! awful port5ts across ! sky1 be=e :i* ! />s seem$ to rec$e & gr[ pale4 ,sid5ote3 ,mix$ col\rs4 ,col\rs *ange4 ,tongues ( :ite flame =m$4 ,! col\r ( ! light 0 *iefly r$2 b e t9t _h its turn1 & sometimes two or ?ree 7 m+l$2 blue & yell[ /ream]s %ot across ! t]rible gl>e1 or1 />t+ side by side f ! wide expanse ( ! radiant ar*1 melt$ into ea* o!r1 & flung a /range %ade ( em]ald ov] ! illum9at$ l&scape4 ,aga9 ?is gre5 subdues & ov]comes ! r$2 !n azure & orange bl5d 9 rapid flight1 subtle rays ( violet pi]ce ?r\gh a broad fla% ( yell[1 & ! comb9$ /reams issue 9 innum]able tongues ( :ite flame1 :i* m\nt t[>ds ! z5i?4 ,! illu/ration :i* accompanies ?is description 9 ! "w is reproduc$ on ,plate ,,ii41 & =cibly rem9ds "o ( ! 8curta9s0 ( ! ,aurora describ$ 9 ! prec$+ ,*apt] by ,mons4 ,lott94 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,ii4 ,pr(4 ,lem/rm's ,aurora ( #a/ ,septemb]1 #ahfh4 ,sid5ote3 ,pr(4 ,lem/rm's ,aurora1 #a/ ,septemb]1 #ahfh4 ,9 ! fir/ ,sw$i% ,exp$ition1 #ahfh1 "s rem>kable obs]vations 7 made on ! appe>ance ( lum9\s beams ar\nd ! tops ( m\nta9s1 :i* ,m4 ,lem/rm %[$ by ! spectroscope to be ( ! same nature z ,auror4 ,sid5ote3 ,aurora f e>?'s surface4 ,yell[-gre5 l9e se54 ,on ! #a/ ,septemb]1 #ahfh1 on ! ,isle ( ,am/]dam 9 ! ,bay ( ,swe]5b]g1 !re 0 a light fall ( sn[1 & ! sn[flakes 7 obs]v$ fall+ obliquely4 ,all at once !re appe>$ a lum9\s ph5om5on :i*1 />t+ f ! e>?'s surface1 %ot up v]tically1 cutt+ ! direction ( ! fall+ sn[flakes1 & ?is appe>ance la/$ = "s seconds4 ,on exam9ation ) a spectroscope ! yell[-gre5 l9e 0 f\nd by ,lem/rm 7b ( feeble int5sity7 :5 ! slit ( ! in/rum5t 0 direct$ t[>ds a ro( or o!r object cov]$ ) sn[1 & ev5 9 ! sn[ all r\nd ! obs]v]4 ,sid5ote3 ,lem/rm's conclusions4 ,m4 ,lem/rm conclud$ t an electric dis*>ge ( an auroral nature1 :i* c\ld only be detect$ by means ( ! spectroscope1 0 tak+ place on ! surface ( ! gr\nd all ar\nd him1 & t1 f a di/ance1 x w\ld appe> z a fa9t display ( ,aurora4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 "h be not$ t ! reflection ( an ,aurora f a :ite or bright surface w\ld give1 9 a fa9t] degree1 ! spectrum ( ! ,aurora itself2 &1 ap>t f ! ph5om5a se5 by ! eye1 ! case fails to be conclusive t an ,aurora on ! surface ( ! gr\nd 0 exam9$4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,capron's ,aurora ( ,octob] #bd?1 #ahgj4 ,sid5ote3 ,mr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,capron's ,aurora1 ,oct4 #bd1 #ahgj4 ,silv] gl[ 9 nor?4 ,phosphoresc5t cl\d-/ream]s4 ,crimson masses on horizon4 ,col\r$ /ream]s4 ,corona =m$4 ,aurora fades away4 ,! description1 f my notes made at ! "t ( ?is f9e display1 is z foll[s3--8,la/ ev5+ 7,octob] #bd7 ! ,aurora ,borealis 0 aga9 mo/ beautifully se5 "h 7,guild=d74 ,at #f ,p4,m4 indications ( ! com+ display 7 visible 9 ! %ape ( a bright silv] gl[ 9 ! nor?1 :i* contra/$ /rongly ) ! opposite d>k horizon4 ,= two h\rs ?is cont9u$1 ) ! addition f "t to "t ( a crimson gl[ 9 ! nor?-ea/1 & ( /ream]s ( opaque-:ite phosphoresc5t cl\d1 %ap$ l horse-tails 7v diff]5t f ! m common transp>5t auroral div]g+ /reams ( light71 :i* float$ upw>ds & across ! sky f ea/ & we/ to ! z5i?4 ,at ab\t #h o'clock ! display culm9at$2 & few obs]v]s1 ,i %\ld ?9k1 ev] saw a m lovely sky-picture4 ,two pat*es ( int5se crimson light ab\t ?is "t mass$ !mselves on ! nor?-ea/ & nor?-we/ horizon1 ! sky betwe5 hav+ a bright silv] gl[4 ,! crimson masses became m att5uat$ z !y m\nt$ upw>ds2 & f !m !re sudd5ly ran up b>s or /ream]s ( crimson & gold light1 :i*1 z !y rose1 curv$ t[>ds ea* o!r 9 ! nor?1 &1 ultimately meet+1 =m$ a glori\s ar* ( col\r$ light1 hav+ at its apex an oval :ite lum9\s corona or cl\d ( simil> "* to ! phosphoresc5t cl\ds previ\sly describ$1 b bright]4 ,at ?is "t ! spectator appe>$ to be look+ at ! "o side ( a cage compos$ ( gl[+ r$ & gold b>s1 :i* ext5d$ f ! di/ant p>ts ( ! horizon to a po9t ov] 8 head4 ,%ortly aft] ?is ! ,auroral display gradually fad$ away1 & at #i o'clock ! sky 0 ( its usual appe>ance1 except t ! ord9>y t9t seem$ to h m ( indigo1 probably by contra/ ) ! m>vell\s col\rs :i* _h s lately %one ^u x40 ,sid5ote3 ,t4 ,f4's description ( same at ,torquay4 ,mr4 ,gibbs's report 9 ,london4 ,t4 ,f41 describ+ ! same ,aurora f ,torquay1 says x %[$ itself at sund[n1 atta9$ its maximum at #h1 & la/$ until #aa4 ,at #h o'clock m ?an half ! visible heav5s 0 "o sea ( col\r2 ! g5]al gr\nd gre5i% yell[ & pale rose1 ) ext5sive %oals ( deep rose 9 ! ea/ & we/2 :ile f ! nor?1 /ream+ upw>ds to & beyond ! z5i?1 7 tongues & bru%es ( rosy r$1 s deep t ! sky betwe5 look$ black4 ,mr4 ,gibbs report$ t 9 ,london1 at ab\t #h o'clock1 brilliant crimson rays %ot up to ! z5i?1 & ! sky seem$ "o mass ( fire4 ,a facsimile ( my wat]-col\r sket* ( ?is f9e dis*>ge is giv5 on ,plate ,,iii4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iii4 ,mr4 ,b>k]'s 7sup]pos$7 r$ & :ite ,auror1 #i? ,novemb] 7#ahgj874 ,sid5ote3 ,mr4 ,b>k]'s ,auror1 #i? ,novemb] 7#ahgj874 ,r$ ,aurora4 ,:ite ,aurora4 ,on ! #i? ,novemb] 7#ahgj87 ,mr4 ,b>k] saw at ,new ,hav5 7,u4 ,s47 a mo/ magnific5t crimson ,aurora4 ,at ab\t a qu>t] to #f ,p4,m4 x consi/$ ( a brilliant /ream] %oot+ up f ! nor?-we/]n horizon4 ,?is 0 cont9u$ 9 a brilliant r$1 b r nebul\s1 mass ( light pass+ upw>ds & to ! nor?4 ,its highe/ po9ts 7 f #cj to #dj 9 altitude4 ,a :ite ,aurora1 consi/+ ( bright /ream]s1 appe>$ simultane\sly & ext5d$ r\nd to ! nor?-ea/4 ,pr(4 ,newton in=m$ ,mr4 ,b>k] t he _h obs]v$ an equally brilliant r$ pat* ( auroral light 9 ! nor?-ea/ five or t5 m9utes e>li]4 ,sid5ote3 ,r$ se5 ?r\gh :ite4 ,s9ce ! l[] end ( ! r$ /ream]s 0 mu* l[] ?an t ( ! :ite1 x w\ld seem z if ! r$ 7 se5 ?r\gh ! :ite1 ! r$ be+ mo/ remote4 ,sid5ote3 ,crimson l9e n se5 9 :ite ,aurora4 ,spectroscopic obs]vations ( ?is ,aurora 7 made4 ,! crimson ,aurora la/$ less ?an half an h\r1 & !n disappe>$4 ,9 ! :ite ,aurora1 :i* rema9$1 ! crimson l9e c\ld n be se54 ,sid5ote3 ,c>l ,bock's vibrat+ rays4 ,x may be "h not$ t dur+ ! ,aurora se5 by ,c>l ,bock 9 ,lapl&1 & pa9t$ by him by its own light 7describ$1 p4 #be71 he _h ! impression ( sets ( vibrat+ rays beh9d ea* o!r1 & 9 ! draw+ x looks z if /ream]s 7 se5 beh9d an arc4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iv4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,capron's ,aurora ( ,febru>y #d?1 #ahgb4 ,sid5ote3 ,mr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,capron's ,aurora1 ,feb4 #d1 #ahgb4 ,masses ( phosphoresc5t vap\r4 ,rose t9ts appe>$4 ,aurora f beh9d cl\ds4 ,=mation ( corona4 ,duration ( corona4 ,/ream]s f corona4 ,ra9 dur+ ,aurora4 ,w9d dur+ night4 ,phosphoresc5t cl\ds prec$$ ! ,aurora 9 daylight4 ,my description ( ?is ,aurora z se5 at ,guild=d1 & z giv5 at ! "t1 is z foll[s3--8,la/ ev5+1 return+ f *ur* a little be=e #h ,p4,m41 ! sky pres5t$ a weird & unusual aspect1 :i* at once /ruck ! eye4 ,a lurid t+e ^u ! cl\ds :i* hung ar\nd sugge/$ ! reflection ( a di/ant fire2 :ile scatt]$ among ^!1 torn & brok5 masses ( vap\r1 hav+ a :ite & phosphoresc5t appe>ance1 & quickly *ang+ _! =ms1 rem9d$ me ( a simil> appe>ance prec$+ ! great ,aurora ( #bd? ,octob]1 #ahgj4 ,%ortly "s ( ^! %9+ :ite cl\ds or vap\rs p>tly arrang$ !mselves 9 columns f ea/ to we/1 & at ! same "t appe>$ ! *>act]i/ic pat*es ( rose-col\r$ light :i* are (t5 se5 9 an auroral display4 ,ab\t #h o'clock ! cl\ds _h to a c]ta9 ext5t brok5 away1 & ! ,aurora %one out f beh9d heavy banks ( vap\r1 :i* /ill re/$ on ! ea/]n horizon1 ! nor?-we/ horizon be+ free f cl\d & gl[+ brightly ) r$ light4 ,& n[1 at ab\t #h4ae1 0 pres5t$ a mo/ beautiful ph5om5on4 ,:ile look+ upw>ds1 ,i saw a corona or /ell>-%ap$ mass ( :ite light =m 9 ! cle> blue sky imm$iately above my head#d1 n by small cl\ds or rays collect+1 b m 9 ! way t a cl\d sudd5ly =ms by cond5sation 9 ! cle> sky on a m\nta9 top1 or a cry/al %oots 9 a transp>5t liquid1 hav+ too1 z ,i ?\ght1 an almo/ traceable nucleus or c5tre1 f :i* spe>-l rays project$4 ,f ?is corona 9 a few seconds %ot =? div]g+ /ream]s ( gold5 light1 :i* desc5d$ to & m+l$ ) ! rosy pat*es ( ! ,aurora hang+ ab\t ! horizon4 ,! spaces ( sky betwe5 ! /ream]s 7 ( a deep purple 7probably an effect ( contra/74 ,! display ( ! corona1 ?\gh la/+ a few m9utes only1 0 equal to1 if n excell+ 9 beauty1 ! gr& display ( ,octob] #ahgj1 be=e describ$1 9 :i* case1 h[ev]1 a r+ or disk ( :ite light ( consid]able size took ! place ( ! /ell>-%ap$ corona4 ,:at /ruck me p>ticul>ly 0 ! corona develop+ itself z f a c5tre 9 ! cle> sky1 & ! div]g+ /ream]s app>5tly %oot+ d[nw>ds1 :]eas 9 g5]al ! /ream]s are se5 to %oot up f ! horizon & conv]ge ov]head4 ,! effect may h be5 an illusion2 b1 if s1 x 0 a rem>kable "o4 ,! g5]al ,aurora la/$ = "s "t1 till x 0 lo/ 9 a cl\d$ sky2 &1 9 fact1 ra9 0 desc5d+ at "o "t :ile ! ,aurora 0 q bright4 ,/rong w9d prevail$ dur+ ! night#e4 ,! ,aurora 0 probably v ext5sive1 z ! ev5+1 not)/&+ ! cl\ds1 0 ne>ly z bright z moonlight4 ,! peculi> cl\ds ref]r$ to mu/ h prec$$ ! ,aurora 9 daylight1 z ,i recollect see+ !m at #f4cj z we w5t to *ur*40 ,sid5ote3 ,aurora pr$ict$4 ,!y _h ev5 !n a peculi>ly wild1 ragg$1 & phosphoresc5t appe>ance1 & s mu* resembl$ "s ,i _h se5 to accompany ! ,aurora ( ,octob] #ahgj1 t ,i pr$ict$ 7z came to pass7 a display lat] 9 ! ev5+4 ,a facsimile ( my wat]-col\r sket* ( ?is ,aurora is giv5 on ,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #a1 :ile ! corona & rays are repres5t$ 7) r too h>d an outl9e7 on ,plate ,v4 fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,v4 ,description ( an ,aurora se5 at ,c>diff4 ,sid5ote3 ,aurora se5 at ,c>diff4 ,=mation ( corona4 ,an ,aurora 0 se5 at ,c>diff4 ,a dusky r$ aspect ( ! sky t[>ds ! nor?1 & ext5d+ itself across ! z5i? we/w>d1 made its appe>ance ab\t half-pa/ #e ,p4,m4 ,! lights rea*$ _! greate/ int5sity at #f o'clock1 :5 ! sky 0 suffus$ ) a ri* crimson gl[1 a broad b& ( col\r rea*+ f ,n4,e4 to ,w4 ,a corona ( deep hue1 hav+ rugg$ %>ply def9$ edges1 /ood out prom95tly 9 ! z5i?1 app>5tly on a p>allel plane to ! e>?1 & hav+ its c5tre almo/ imm$iately ov] ! head ( ! spectator4 ,sid5ote3 ,radii ?r[n out f corona4 ,f ?is corona1 elliptic 9 =m1 & 9 its broade/ diamet] ab\t f\r times ! size ( ! moon1 !re 7 ?r[n out brilliant silv]y blue radii1 ext5d+ to ! ,n4,e4 & ,w4 horizon1 & pres5t+ ! appe>ance ( a va/ cupola ( fire4 ,sid5ote3 ,ra9 fell :5 ,aurora di$ out4 ,at half-pa/ #f ! lights di$ completely out1 leav+ masses ( cl\d drift+ up f ! s\?1 & a %[] ( ra9 fell4 ,! corona 0 rem>k$ ^u z unusual4 ,at ,ed9burgh ! sky 0 brilliant = sev]al h\rs4 7,! date ( ?is ,aurora is unc]ta91 z ! acc\nt is f an undat$ newspap] cutt+4 ,x is suppos$ to be 9 ,febru>y #ahgb1 b c\ld h>dly h be5 on ! #d?1 z ! ,aurora ( t date did n rea* its maximum developm5t at ,ed9burgh till #h ,p4,m47 ,mr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,capron's ,aurora1 se5 at ,guild[n1 ,guild=d1 ,febru>y #d?1 #ahgd4 ,sid5ote3 ,silv]y brightness 9 ,n4,e4 ,light-cl\d1 :i* mov$ f ,e4 to ,w4 ,=mation ( arc 9 ,n4 ,/ream]s4 ,horizontal cl\ds ( mi/y light4 ,ab\t #g ,p4,m4 my att5tion 0 drawn to a silv]y brightness 9 ! nor?-ea/4 ,above1 & /ill m to ! ea/1 0 a bright cl\d ( light1 :i* look$ d5se & mi/y1 & gave "o ! impression ( an illum9at$ fog-cl\d4 ,! edges 7 s bright t ! adjac5t sky1 b = ! />s %9+ 9 x1 might1 by contra/1 h be5 tak5 = a d>k /orm-cl\d4 ,! light-cl\d exp&$ upw>ds until its apex became conical1 & !n mov$ rapidly f ea/1 along ! nor!rn horizon1 until x rea*$ ! due we/1 :]e x re/$1 & =m$ = "s "t a lum9\s spot 9 ! sky4 ,ab\t ! same "t a long l[ ar* ( light =m$ along ! nor!rn horizon1 hav+ a bright] pat* at ea* extremity2 & ^! be+ high] 9 ! sky1 ! ar* & turn$-up ends 7 9 %ape l a ,t>t> b[4 ,?is b[ 0 p]man5t2 & lat] on a cl\d ( rose-col\r$ light =m$ 9 ! ea/1 look+ l ! reflection ( a di/ant fire4 ,f ! b[ also %ot up curv$ /ream]s ( silv] light t[>ds ! z5i?1 :i* at "o "t ?reat5$ to =m a corona4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 did n happ51 & ! ,aurora gradually fad$ away1 until1 :5 ! moon rose ab\t #h1 a silv] t+e 9 ! ea/ alone rema9$4 ,i %\ld also m5tion t fleecy horizontal cl\ds ( mi/y light float$ 9 ! nor? above ! b[ across ! /ream]s4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,taylor in=m$ me he saw a simil> ,aurora "s ?ree weeks be=e1 9 :i* ! bright horizontal light & %ort :ite /ream]s 7 ! ma9 *>act]s4 ,i am n sure t ! horizontal light-cl\ds 7 n actual mi/-cl\ds illum9at$ by reflection ( ! ,aurora2 n s1 h[ev]1 ,i ?9k1 ! fir/-m5tion$ cl\d1 :i* _h m ! appe>ance ( ! aura 9 ! l>ge end ( an illum9at$ ,geissl] tube4 ,sid5ote3 ,spectrum ( ! ,aurora describ$4 ,i exam9$ ! ,aurora ) a ,br[n+ direct-vision spectroscope1 & f\nd ng/rm's l9e q bright1 & by ! side ( x ?ree fa9t & mi/y b&s t[>ds ! blue end ( ! spectrum ^u a fa9tly illum9at$ gr\nd4 ,i c\ld also see at times a bright l9e beyond ! b&s t[>ds ! violet4 ,!re 0 n light en\gh to take any measurem5ts ( position ( ! l9es4 ,i made a p5cil sket* ( ?is ,aurora1 at ! "t :5 ! light-cl\d _h mov$ ,w4 & ! arc =m$1 & ( ! spectrum4 ,^! draw+s are reproduc$ on ,plate ,,vi4 figs4 #a & #a;a4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,vi4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,+all's ,aurora1 ,july #ah?1 #ahgd4 ,sid5ote3 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,+all's ,aurora1 ,july #ah1 #ahgd4 ,haze canopy =m$4 ,bright blui% flames appe>$4 ,beams & /ream]s appe>$4 ,oscillatory motion ( rays4 ,an ,aurora ( ,july #ah?1 #ahgd1 se5 by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,+all at ,*ampion ,hill1 ,s4,e41 0 describ$ by him z an extraord9>y "o4 ,ab\t #aa ! sky 0 cle>2 at midnight ! sky 0 cov]$ by a sort ( haze canopy1 sometimes q obscur+ ! />s1 & !n sudd5ly fad+ away4 ,mr4 ,+all 0 %ortly aft] rem>k+ ! sky 9 ! ,s4,e4 & ,s4 horizon z be+ m lum9\s ?an usual1 :5 8 att5tion 0 drawn to a gr[+ brightness 9 ! ,s4,w41 & a mom5t aft]w>ds bright blui% flames 8swept ov] ! ,s4,w4 & ,w4 horizon1 z if be=e a high w9d4 ,!y 7 n /ream]s1 b bright blue flames40 ,!y la/$ ab\t a m9ute & fad$2 b ab\t two m9utes aft]w>ds a gl[+ lum9osity appe>$ 9 ! ,w4,s4,w41 & broke into brilliant beams & /ream]s4 ,! extreme rays made an angle ( #ij ) ea* o!r1 ! c5tral ray rea*+ an altitude ( #ej4 ,! extreme div]g5ce ( ! /ream]s 7indicat+ _! height above ! e>?'s surface71 & _! direction 7f ,w4,s4,w4 to ,e4,n4,e47 at "r angles to ! magnetic m]idian1 sugge/$ to ,mr4 ,+all a di/urbance ( an abnormal "*4 ,! rays _h an oscillatory motion = ab\t fifte5 seconds1 & !n disappe>$1 8z if a %utt] _h sudd5ly obscur$ ! s\rce ( light40 ,sid5ote3 ,mr4 ,+all's rem>ks corroborat$4 ,mr4 ,+all's rem>ks 7 corroborat$ by an obs]v] 9 lat4 #ed #df #fb ,n41 long4 #f;h #abm #ais#ge ,w4 ,! display1 h[ev]1 0 m brilliant1 & ! int5sity ( light at midnight illum9at$ ! :ole di/rict z ) an electric light4 ,! rays1 too1 bore t9ts diff]+ f "o ano!r2 ! l>ge/ seem$ to p>take ( ! nature ( ! blue sky1 :ile ! small] ones1 runn+ p>allel ) ! horizon1 7 ev] *ang+ f blue to orange-r$4 ,sid5ote3 ,rev4 ,c4 ,gape saw fla%es or /reaks ( a pale blue col\r4 ,on ,june #be 7same ye>871 betwe5 #i & #aj o'clock1 ! ,rev4 ,*as4 ,gape saw at ,ru%all ,vic>age1 ,scole1 ,norfolk1 9 ! ,e4,s4,e41 v frequ5t fla%es or /reaks ( a pale blue col\r d>t+ f ! e>? t[>ds ! heav5s l an ,aurora4 ,! day _h be5 dull & close1 ) di/ant ?und]4 ,9 ! ,e4,s4,e4 x 0 d>k1 b ov]head & ev]y:]e else x 0 cle> & />ry4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,capron's ,:ite ,aurora ( ,septemb] #aa?1 #ahgd4 ,sid5ote3 ,mr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,capron's :ite ,aurora ( ,sept4 #aa1 #ahgd4 ,on ,septemb] #aa1 #ahgd1 we 7 at ,kyle ,ak91 9 ! ,isle ( ,skye4 ,! day _h be5 wet & /ormy1 b t[>ds ev5+ ! w9d fell & ! sky became cle>4 ,ab\t #aj ,p4,m4 my att5tion 0 call$ to a beautiful ,auroral display4 ,sid5ote3 ,d\ble arc ( pure :ite light 9 ! ,n4 ,no crimson or rose t9t 0 to be se51 b a long l[-ly+ arc ( ! pure/ :ite light 0 =m$ 9 ! nor?1 & cont9u$ to %9e ) m or less brilliancy = "s "t4 ,! arc appe>$ to be a d\ble "o1 by ! pres5ce ( a d>k b& runn+ longitud9ally ?r\gh x4 ,sid5ote3 ,:ite /ream]s4 ,auroral b[ believ$ to be ne> ! e>?4 ,occasional /ream]s ( equally pure :ite light ran upw>ds f ei!r end ( ! b[4 ,! moon 0 only a day old1 b ! l&scape 0 light$ up z if by ! full moon2 & ! effect ( ,kyle ,ak9 ligh?\se1 ! num]\s surr\nd+ isl&s1 & ! /ill sea betwe5 0 a true ?+ ( beauty4 ,! display itself =m$ a great contra/ to ! m brilliant b re/less =ms ( ,auror g5]ally se54 ,i p>ticul>ly notic$ a some:at mi/y & foggy look ab\t ! brilliant arc1 giv+ x almo/ a solid appe>ance4 ,! space ( sky betwe5 ! horizon & ! l[] edge ( ! arc 0 ( a deep indigo col\r1 probably ! effect ( contra/4 ,i _h a /rong impression t ! b[ 0 ne> to ! e>?1 & 0 almo/ conv9c$ t ! ea/]n end & "s fleecy cl\ds 9 :i* x 0 involv$ 7 betwe5 myself & ! peaks ( "s di/ant m\nta9s4 ,i h n se5 any o!r acc\nt ( ?is ,aurora1 ( :i* ,i 0 able at ! "t to obta9 a sket*4 ,?is is reproduc$ on ,plate ,,vii4 ,x 0 a lovely sight1 & wond]fully unlike ! cl\d-accompani$ & crimson ,auror :i* ,i _h se5 9 ! ,s\?4 ,x is notic$ 9 ,p>ry's #8,?ird ,voyage' t ! l[] edge ( ! auroral ar* is g5]ally well def9$ & unbrok51 & ! sky b5ea? x s exactly l a d>k cl\d 7to him (t5 ( a br[ni% col\r71 t no?+ c\ld conv9ce to ! contr>y1 if ! />s1 %9+ ?r\gh ) undim9i%$ lu/re1 did n discov] ! deception4 ,sid5ote3 ,no trace ( br[n col\r 9 segm5t ( sky bel[ ! arc4 ,i saw no trace ( br[n col\r4 ,! segm5t bel[ ! ar* re/+ on ! horizon 0 ( a deep indigo col\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,vii4 ,dr4 ,allnatt's ,aurora1 ,june #i?1 #ahgf4 ,sid5ote3 ,dr4 ,allnatt's ,aurora1 ,june #i1 #ahgf4 ,b& ( auroral light appe>$4 ,/reaks ( cirro-/ratus divid$ ! ,aurora4 ,want ( electric manife/ations attribut$ to abs5ce ( sun-spots4 ,dr4 ,allnatt1 writ+ to ! #8,times' f ,ab]gele1 ,nor? ,wales1 ne> ! coa/ ( ! ,iri% ,*annel1 report$ an ,aurora on ! night ( ! #i? ,june1 #ahgf4 ,aft] a cool & gu/y day1 ) a /rong ,n4,e4 w9d & a di/urb$ sea1 !re appe>$ at #aa ,p4,m4 9 ! ,n4 horizon a broad b& ( vivid auroral light1 homog5e\s1 motionless1 & )\t /ream]s4 ,ab\t midnight a long att5uat$ /reak ( black cirro-/ratus /ret*$ p>allel ) ! horizon1 & divid$ ! ,aurora into ne>ly symmetrical sections4 ,on ! prec$+ day ! sky 0 cov]$ ) d>k masses ( electric cl\d ( weird & fanta/ic =ms4 ,! season _h be5 s+ul>ly unproductive ( high electric manife/ations1 :i* ,dr4 ,allnatt ?\ght might be attributable to ! comp>ative abs5ce ( spots on ! sol> disk4 ,x may "h be not$ h[ conspicu\s ! ye>s #ahgg & #ahgh h be5 = abs5ce ( ,sun-spots & ( ,auror4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,viii4 ,h]r ,c>l ,bock's ,lapl& ,aurora1 #crd ,octob]1 #ahgg4 ,sid5ote3 ,h]r ,c>l ,bock's ,lapl& ,aurora1 #crd ,oct4 #ahgg4 ,lapl& ,auror g5]ally ( ! yell[ type4 ,9 ,janu>y #ahgh ,i _h ! pleasure to meet1 at ! ,we/m9/] ,aqu>ium1 ,h]r ,c>l ,bock1 ! ,norwegian naturali/1 :o accompani$ f\r ,lapl&]s1 two m5 & two wom51 ) sl$ges1 t5ts1 c41 on _! visit to ?is c\ntry4 ,! ,lapl&]s 7z m5tion$ else:]e7 did n confirm ! acc\nts ( noises said to h be5 obs]v$ by ,gre5l&]s & o!rs dur+ ! ,aurora4 ,c>l ,bock m5tion$ to me t ! displays he saw 9 ,lapl& 7 mo/ brilliant1 b g5]ally ( ! yell[ type 7! ,lapl&]s call$ ! ,aurora 8yell[ lights074 ,he saw only "o r$ ,aurora4 ,he k9dly l5t me a picture 7probably 9 its way unique71 an oil-pa9t+ ( an ,aurora ,borealis1 entirely sket*$ by ! light ( ! ,aurora itself4 ,sid5ote3 ,a picture pa9t$ by light ( ! ,aurora4 ,movem5t ( ! rays4 ,inn] edge ( arc fr+$ ) rays4 ,! pa9t+ is rem>kable = ! t5d] gre5 ( ! sky1 an effect probably due to a mixture ( ! ord9>y sky col\r ) ! yell[ light ( ! ,aurora4 ,?is picture 0 tak5 at ,porsang] ,fjord1 9 lat4 #ga #ej1 on #crd ,octob]1 #ahgg4 ,x la/$ f #i ,p4,m4 till ab\t #aa ,p4,m4 ,! rays kept cont9ually mov+1 & c]ta9 ( !m seem$ 9 p]spective & beh9d ! o!rs4 ,x w be notic$ t ! inn] edge ( ! arc is fr+$ ) rays1 contr>y to ! %>p & def9ite m>g9 :i* is usually pres5t$4 ,probably two ,auror or auroral =ms 7 se5--a quiesc5t arc 9 front1 & a set ( mov+ /ream]s beyond4 ,two l>g] & bright] pat*es ( light are se5 at ea* extremity ( ! arc1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,aurora se5 by me at ,guild[n1 ,febru>y #d?1 #ahgd1 :i*1 inde$1 ! display mu* resembles4 ,a r$uc$ facsimile ( ,h]r ,bock's excell5t picture is giv5 on ,plate ,,viii4 ,sid5ote3 ,aurora ( longitud9al rays4 ,h]r ,bock also acqua9t$ me t on ! foll[+ day he saw an ,aurora 9 :i* ! l9es ( light1 in/ead ( be+ v]tical1 7 longitud9al1 & 7 cont9ually swept along 9 sev]al curr5ts4 ,!y 7 n s /rong z 9 ! =m] case4 ,rev4 ,t4 ,w4 ,webb's ,aurora4 ,sid5ote3 ,rev4 ,t4 ,w4 ,webb's ,aurora4 ,arc resolv$ into sets ( /ream]s mov+ 9 opposite directions4 ,! ,rev4 ,t4 ,w4 ,webb has describ$ to me 9 a lett] an ,aurora v l t se5 by ,c>l ,bock 9 ,lapl&1 & app>5tly ! prevail+ type 9 ^? regions4 ,an arc simil> to t figur$ by ,c>l ,bock appe>$ 9 ! ,n4,w41 & seem$ to resolve itself into two sets ( /ream]s mov+ 9 opposite directions 7or ! "o set might be fix$ & ! o!r mov+71 l ! edges ( two great revolv+ too!d :eels4 ,?is la/$ b = a few seconds2 b dur+ t int]val ! t9ts 7 v>i$ & brilliant1 includ+ blue & gre54 ,! ,engli% ,arctic ,exp$ition #ahge-gf1 "u ,capt4 ,sir ,george ,n>es4 ,sid5ote3 ,engli% ,arctic ,exp$ition1 #ahge-gf4 ,in/ructions = use ( (fic]s4 ,app5dix ,b4 ,capt4 ,sir ,g4 ,n>es's report4 ,true ,auror seldom obs]v$1 & displays fa9t4 ,citron-l9e obs]v$ on only two displays4 ,app5dix ,c4 ,9 anticipation ( ! />t+ ( ?is ,exp$ition1 "s in/ructions = ! use ( ! (fic]s 9 connexion ) ! hop$ = display ( brilliant ,auror 7 prep>$3--z to g5]al features ( ! ,auror1 by ,pr(essor ,/okes2 z to ,pol>ization1 by ,dr4 ,william ,spottiswoode2 & z to ,spectrum "w1 by ,mr4 ,norman ,locky] & myself4 ,z ^! in/ructions 7 some:at elaborate1 & w apply to all ,auroral displays1 ,i h suppli$ a copy ( !m 9 ,app5dix ,b4 ,!y 7 un=tunately n br\ght into requisition1 = want ( ! ,auror !mselves4 ,capt4 ,sir ,george ,n>es has report$ to ! ,admiralty1 "u date #e? ,decemb]1 #ahgg1 z foll[s3--8,al?\gh ! auroral gl[ 0 obs]v$ on sev]al occasions betwe5 #be ,octob]1 #ahge1 & #bf ,febru>y1 #ahgf1 true ,auror 7 seldom obs]v$2 & ! displays 7 s fa9t1 & la/$ s %ort a "t1 & ! spectrum obs]vations l$ to su* poor results1 t no special report has be5 consid]$ necess>y4 ,al?\gh ! citron-l9e 0 obs]v$ occasionally1 on only two displays ( ! ,aurora 0 x well def9$1 & !n = s %ort a "t t no measure c\ld be obta9$40 7,= ,sir ,george ,n>es's fur!r ,report see ,app5dix ,c1 conta9+ extracts f blue-book1 #8,results d]iv$ f ! ,arctic ,exp$ition1 #ahge-f4'7 ,aurora ,au/ralis4 ,sid5ote3 ,aurora ,au/ralis4 ,mr4 ,=/]'s description4 ,long columns ( :ite light spread+ ov] ! :ole sky4 ,9 an article on ,auror 9 high ,s\!rn latitudes 7,phil4 ,trans4 ,no4 #dfa1 & vol4 liv4 ,no4 #ec71 we f9d t ,mr4 ,=/]1 :o z naturali/ accompani$ ,capt4 ,cook on 8 second voyage r\nd ! _w1 says3--8,on ,febru>y #ag?1 #aggc1 9 s\? latitude #eh1 a beautiful ph5om5on 0 obs]v$ dur+ ! prec$+ night1 :i* appe>$ aga9 ?is1 & sev]al foll[+ nights4 ,x consi/$ ( long columns ( a cle> :ite light %oot+ up f ! horizon to ! ea/w>d almo/ to ! z5i?1 & gradually spread+ ov] ! :ole s\!rn "p ( ! sky4 ,^! columns 7 sometimes b5t sideways at _! upp] extremities2 & ?\gh 9 mo/ respects simil> to ! nor!rn lights ( our hemisph]e1 yet diff]$ f !m 9 be+ always ( a :iti% col\r1 :]eas ours assume v>i\s t9ts1 especially ^? ( a fi]y & purple hue4 ,! sky 0 g5]ally cle> :5 !y appe>$1 & ! air %>p & cold1 ! !rmomet] /&+ at ! freez+ po9t40 ,?is acc\nt agrees v closely 9 p>ticul>s ) ,capt4 ,macle>'s notice ( ,aurora ,au/ralis aft] ref]r$ to1 & especially 9 ! m>k$ abs5ce ( r$ ,auror4 ,! height ( ! b>omet] does n appe> to be m5tion$1 ! temp]ature be+ app>5tly mu* ! same z 9 ! m rec5t cases4 ,sid5ote3 ,capt4 ,macle>'s ,aurora ,au/ralis1 #crd ,m>*1 #ahgd4 ,light ( pale yell[ t9t only4 ,9 a lett] dat$ f ,h4,m4,s4 #8,*all5g]1' ,nor? ,atlantic1 ,april #aj?1 #ahgf1 ,capt4 ,macle> 0 good en\gh to communicate to me "s p>ticul>s ( an ,aurora ,au/ralis se5 #crd ,m>* #ahgd1 9 lat4 #ed ,s41 long4 #ajh ,e4 ,! lett] is ma9ly descriptive ( ! spectrum 7:i* w be describ$ 9 connexion ) ! g5]al "q ( ! spectrum ( ! ,aurora74 ,x /ates t ! r$ l9e 0 look$ = 9 va91 & t ! light appe>$ ( a pale yell[1 & _h none ( ! rosy t9t se5 9 ! nor!rn displays4 ,sid5ote3 ,capt4 ,macle>'s ,auror describ$ 9 #8,nature4' ,capt4 ,macle> has s9ce contribut$ to #8,nature1' ( #a/ ,novemb] #ahgg1 a description ( f\r ,auror se5 f ! #8,*all5g]' 9 high s\!rn latitudes 7includ+ ! "o communicat$ to me74 ,he speaks ( ! opportunity ( obs]v+ z n frequ5t1 ei!r f ! r>ity ( ! ph5om5a1 or because ! d5se masses ( cl\d preval5t 9 ^? regions prev5t$ _! be+ se5 except :5 exceptionally bright4 ,!re 7 f\r appe>ances describ$3-- ,sid5ote3 ,feb4 #i1 #ahgd4 7#a47 ,at #a4cj on ! morn+ ( ,febru>y #i?1 #ahgd1 prec$$ by a wat]y sunset1 lat4 #eg ,s4 & long4 #ge ,e41 b>4 #bij 941 !r4 #ce2 brilliant /reaks to ! we/w>d4 ,day broke aft]w>ds ) high cirrus cl\ds & cle> horizon4 ,sid5ote3 ,feb4 #ba1 #ahgd4 7#b47 ,at #i4cj ,p4,m41 ,febru>y #ba1 #ahgd1 lat4 #fd ,s41 long4 #hi ,e41 b>4 #bhh 941 !r4 #ca2 "o bright curv$ /ream]4 ,! ,aurora prec$$ a f9e morn+ ) cumulo-/ratus cl\ds1 ext5d+ f ,jupit] 7:i* appe>$ to be ne> ! focus7 ?r\gh ,orion & almo/ z f> beyond4 ,"u ?is a black cl\d1 ) />s visible ?r\gh x4 ,real cumuli hid great "p ( ! rema9d] ( ! sky1 b !re 7 two v]tical fla%+ rays :i* mov$ sl[ly to ! "r 7we/74 ,g5]ally ! ,aurora 0 /ill bright4 ,sid5ote3 ,m>* #c1 #ahgd4 ,auroral l9e f\nd 9 light to s\?w>d4 7#c47 ,at midnight1 ,m>* #crd1 #ahgd1 lat4 #ec #cj ,s41 long4 #aji ,e41 b>4 #bia1 !r4 #cf1 aft] "s days' /ormy wea!r1 a brilliant sunset1 foll[$ by a f9e morn+4 ,soon aft] #h ,p4,m4 ! sky began to cle> & ! moon %one out4 ,notic+ ! light to ! s\?w>d to be p>ticul>ly bright1 ,capt4 ,macle> appli$ ! spectroscope1 & f\nd ! di/+ui%+ auroral l9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,brilliant :ite cl\ds se54 ,ab\t midnight ! sky 0 almo/ cle>1 b s\? 7 two or ?ree brilliant light cl\ds1 col\r v :ite-yell[1 %ape cumulo-/ratus4 ,f ab\t we/ to ne> s\? ext5d$ a long fea!ry light ( ! same col\r1 p>allel ) ! horizon1 & betwe5 s\? & we/ !re appe>$ occasionally brilliant small cl\ds4 ,! upp] edges seem$ hairy1 & gave "o ! idea ( a bright light beh9d a cl\d4 ,! =ms *ang$1 b no p>ticul> ord] 0 notic$4 7,"h foll[s a description ( ! spectrum1 & ! mode 9 :i* a del9eation by ! l9es 0 obta9$47 ,sid5ote3 ,m>* #f1 #ahgd4 ,capt4 ,macle> sugge/s :e!r a l[ b>omet] has to d ) ! abs5ce ( r$4 7#d47 ,at #h ,p4,m41 ,m>* #f?1 #ahgd4 ,?is 0 a slight ,aurora1 se5 to ! s\?w>d2 aft] ?is ! cl\ds *ang$ to high cirrus4 ,capt4 ,macle> sugge/s :e!r a l[ b>omet] has any ?+ to d ) ! abs5ce ( r$ 9 ! spectrum1 ! normal /ate ( ! b>omet] be+ an in* l[] 9 ^? regions ?an 9 m temp]ate latitudes4 ,sid5ote3 ,b>omet] falls aft] ! ,aurora1 & /rong gale f ! ,s4 or ,s4,w4 foll[s4 ,ed94 ,encyc4 vol4 iii4 article 8,aurora40 ,dr4 ,kirwan obs]v$ t ! b>omet] commonly falls aft] ! ,aurora4 ,mr4 ,w9n1 9 ! sev5ty-?ird volume ( ! ,phil4 ,trans41 makes ! same rem>k1 & says t 9 tw5ty-?ree in/ances1 )\t fail1 a /rong gale f ! s\? or s\?-we/ foll[$ ! appe>ance ( an ,aurora4 ,if ! ,aurora 7 bright1 ! gale came on )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 b 0 ( no long cont9uance2 if ! light 0 fa9t & dull1 ! gale 0 less viol5t1 long] 9 com+1 & long] 9 duration4 ,sid5ote3 ,pale yell[ gl[ r>e 9 ! ,aurora ,borealis4 ,! pale yell[-col\r$ gl[ ref]r$ to by ,capt4 ,macle> is1 9 my exp]i5ce1 r>e 9 ! ,aurora ,borealis4 ,x is probably ! 8qualit] et s9e eruptionibus aut radiis fulvi10 describ$ by ,s5eca 7ant1 p4 #a71 & may probably belong to m s\!rn climes4 ,sid5ote3 ,spectrum ( ,auror ,au/rales ext5ds m into ! violet4 ,we %all see too1 by-&-by1 t ^! ,auror ,au/rales z to spectrum ext5d m into ! violet ?an ! ,aurora ,borealis4 ,! yell[1 z complem5t>y to violet1 is likely ?us to make 79 ! abs5ce ( ! r$7 its appe>ance4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 some:at s+ul> t ,c>l ,bock f\nd almo/ exclusively yell[ ,auror 9 ,lapl&4 ,9 ,proctor's #8,bord]l& ( ,sci5ce1' article 8,! ,ant>ctic ,regions10 we f9d quot$ a passage f a lett] by ,capt4 ,h[es1 ( ! #8,s\!rn ,cross1' 9 :i* a graphic description is giv5 ( a ,s\!rn ,aurora3-- ,sid5ote3 ,capt4 ,h[es's description ( a ,s\!rn ,aurora4 8,at ab\t half-pa/ "o on ! #bnd ( la/ ,septemb] ! r>e ph5om5on ( ! ,aurora ,au/ralis manife/$ itself 9 a mo/ magnific5t mann]4 ,our %ip 0 (f ,cape ,horn1 9 a viol5t gale1 plung+ furi\sly into a heavy sea1 flood+ h] decks1 & sometimes bury+ h] :ole b[s b5ea? ! waves4 ,! heav5s 7 z black z dea?1 n a /> 0 to be se51 :5 ! brilliant spectacle fir/ appe>$4 ,sid5ote3 ,balls ( electric fire re/+ on ma/-heads c4 8,i _c describe ! awful gr&eur ( ! sc5e2 ! heav5s gradually *ang$ f murky blackness till !y became l vivid fire1 reflect+ a lurid gl[+ brilliancy ov] e ?+4 ,! ocean appe>$ l a sea ( v]milion la%$ into fury by ! /orm1 ! waves da%+ furi\sly ov] our side1 ev] & anon ru%$ to leew>d 9 crimson torr5ts4 ,our :ole %ip--sails1 sp>s1 & all--seem$ to p>take ( ! same ruddy hues4 ,!y 7 z if light$ up by "s t]rible conflagration4 ,tak+ all toge!r--! h[l+1 %riek+ /orm1 ! noble %ip plung+ fe>lessly b5ea? ! crimson-cre/$ ways1 ! furi\s squalls ( hail1 sn[1 & sleet1 drift+ ov] ! vessel1 & fall+ to leew>d 9 ruddy %[]s1 ! my/]i\s balls ( electric fire re/+ on our ma/-heads1 y>d-arms1 c41 &1 above all1 ! awful sublimity ( ! heav5s1 ?r\gh :i* coruscations ( auroral light w\ld %oot 9 spiral /reaks1 & ) meteoric brilliancy1--!re 0 pres5t$ a sc5e ( gr&eur surpass+ ! wilde/ dreams ( fancy40 ,! =ego+ picture pres5ts a s+ul> contra/ to ! yell[-:ite ,auror describ$ z se5 9 high s\!rn latitudes by ,capt4 ,macle>1 & is int]e/+ z a s\!rn ,aurora ( a r$ or ruddy t9t4 ,look+1 h[ev]1 at ! extreme r>ity ( r$ ,auror 9 ^? latitudes1 & ! description ( 8my/]i\s balls ( electric fire re/+ on our ma/-heads1 y>d-arms1 c40 7a ph5om5on n (t5 notic$ 9 connexion ) ! ,aurora71 x sugge/s itself t ! case 9 "q may h be5 an in/ance n ( a true ,aurora1 b ( an electric display1 ) conditions approa*+ ^? exp]i5c$ by travell]s :o h f\nd !mselves 9 m\nta9\s di/ricts surr\nd$ by /orm-cl\ds *>g$ ) electricity#f4 ,pr(4 ,piazzi ,smy?'s ,typical ,auror4 ,sid5ote3 ,pr(4 ,piazzi ,smy?'s typical ,auror4 ,pr(4 ,piazzi ,smy? 0 k9d en\gh lately to s5d me ! f\rte5? volume ( ! #8,a/ronomical ,obs]vations made at ! ,royal ,obs]vatory1 ,ed9burgh1 dur+ ! ye>s #ahgj-ahgg4' ,?is volume1 among/ its o!r int]e/+ matt]1 af=ds "s valuable in=mation on ! subject ( ! ,aurora ,borealis4 ,! ,aurora plates are five 9 numb]1 ?ree compris+ "s well-execut$ *romo-li?ographs ( typical ,auror1 f sket*es made by ,pr(4 ,smy?1 ! o!r two plates be+ ( ! ,aurora spectrum4 ,! ,auror del9eat$ are ?us describ$3-- ,sid5ote3 ,aug4 #f1 #ahga1 quiesc5t arc4 ,augu/ #ba1 #ahga1 active arc4 ,plate #e4 7,augu/ #f1 #ahga47 ,an example ( a mild quiesc5t k9d ( auroral arc1 ) d>k cav]n\s sub/ratum4 7,augu/ #ba1 #ahga47 ,an example ( a bright l>ge active arc d>t+ out rays4 ,sid5ote3 ,sept4 #g1 #ahga1 arc /ream]s & cl\ds4 ,may #h1 #ahga1 d\ble arc 7longitud9al74 ,plate #f4 7,septemb] #g1 #ahga47 ,an auroral arc1 ) /ream]s & d>k cl\ds1 & ma9ta9+ a bright appe>ance ?\gh 9 proximity to ! moon4 7,may #h1 #ahga47 ,a d\ble-ar*$ auroral arc 7! ar*es are longitud9ally arrang$74 ,sid5ote3 ,april #bh1 #ahga1 multiple arc4 ,oct4 #be1 #ahgj1 col\r$ ,aurora4 ,plate #g4 7,april #bh1 #ahga47 ,a multiple-ar*$ arc ( ,aurora ) moonlight4 7,octob] #be1 #ahgj47 ,a case ( gr&e/ col\r$ ,auror1 or ,aurora sup]b & almo/ univ]sal4 ,all ! =ego+ draw+s are v vivid & /rik+1 & =m a mo/ int]e/+ set ( typical =ms ( ,auror4 ,accord+ to my own exp]i5ce1 ! ,aurora ) ar*es arrang$ longitud9ally1 ?us1 ,illu/ration1 is ! r>e/ ( all ! =ms4 ,i h n met ) x myself1 nor d ,i recollect an illu/ration ( "o o!r ?an ,pr(4 ,smy?'s4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,ph5om5a ,,simulat+ ,,auror4 ,auroric ,lights 7,k9ahan74 ,sid5ote3 ,mr4 ,k9ahan's ,auroric ,lights4 ,:ite & r$4 ,:ite light appe>s 9 p5cils radiat+ f a po9t4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,h5ry ,k9ahan writes to #8,nature1' f ,ovoca1 "u date ,janu>y #bg?1 #ahgg1 & speaks ( two di/9ct k9ds ( light s class$--"o brilliant & transp>5t1 ( a :ite yell[i%-blue or yell[i%-r$ col\r1 :ile ! o!r is semi-opaque & ( a bloody r$ col\r1 ! latt] be+ consid]$ 9 ,irel& a =]unn] ( bad wea!r4 ,! fir/ k9d g5]ally appe>s z int]mitt5t p5cils ( light t sudd5ly appe> & disappe>4 ,sid5ote3 ,frequ5tly n /ation>y1 b jump+ ab\t4 ,usually !y proce$ or radiate f "s po9t ne> ! nor? ( ! horizon2 b ,mr4 ,k9ahan has frequ5tly se5 !m break f a po9t 9 ! heav5s1 n /ation>y1 b jump+ ab\t )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,sometimes ^! lights occur z sudd5ly fla%+ cl\ds ( light ( a :ite col\r1 b at o!r times ( blue & r$di% yell[4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 daylight l sun-rays4 ,r$ light appe>s 9 cl\ds float+ upw>ds or diffus$4 ,if ?is class ( lights is wat*$ into daylight1 !y appe> some:at l fa9t rays ( a ris+ sun4 ,"o morn+1 :ile travell+ 9 ,we/ ,galway 9 ! twilight1 !y 7 v brilliant1 & q fright5$ ,mr4 ,k9ahan's c>-driv]1 :o ?\ght ! sun 0 go+ to rise 9 ! nor? in/ead ( ! ea/4 ,! second1 or bloody r$ light1 usually occurs 9 cl\ds float+ 9 "o direction up into ! heav5s1 b (t5 diffus$ ov] a portion ( ! sky4 ,mr4 ,k9ahan has nev] se5 !m com+ f ! ea/1 & on only a few occasions f ! s\?1 b g5]ally f ! we/1 nor?-we/1 or nor?4 ,sid5ote3 ,r$ light appe>s z dirty mi/y cl\ds 9 daylight1 or z a mi/ or mi/y rays4 ,if bo? k9ds ( light appe> at ! same "t1 ! second :ile pass+ ov] ! fir/ dims x4 ,if ! second class is wat*$ into daylight1 !y appe> z dirty mi/y cl\ds t sudd5ly =m & disappe> )\t ! spectator be+ able to say :]e !y come f or :]e !y g to1 or z a hazy mi/ ov] a portion ( ! sky1 t sudd5ly appe>s & disappe>s1 or z mi/y rays proce$+ f a po9t 9 ! horizon4 ,g5]ally1 :5 ^! cl\ds occur1 !re is a bank ( black cl\ds to ! we/w>d4 ,sid5ote3 ,season s9ce ,octob] #ahgf prolific 9 auroric light4 ,mr4 ,k9ahan !n speaks ( ! season z hav+ be5 prolific 9 auroric light1 z !re _h be5 few nights s9ce ! #a/ ,octob] !n la/ 7#ahgf7 9 :i* !y did n appe>4 ,on _m occasions !y 7 late 9 ! night1 be+ v common & brilliant dur+ ! d>k days ( ,decemb]1 a few h\rs be=e dawn 7ab\t #e o'clock74 ,ea* "t !re 0 a f9e day !y appe>$ also1 & ! wea!r broke aga94 ,sid5ote3 ,mr4 ,j4 ,allan ,br\n que/ions nature ( ^! lights1 z ,aurora is seldom se5 at #e ,a4,m4 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,on #gg occasions se5 only twice s e>ly4 ,season 0 ( m>k$ infrequ5cy else:]e4 ,mr4 ,jno4 ,allan ,br\n ref]s to ?is graphic acc\nt ( ,mr4 ,k9ahan's1 & concludes !re mu/ h be5 "s mi/ake z to ! nature ( ^! 8auroric lights10 z ! ,aurora ,borealis is v r>ely se5 at #e ,a4,m4 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 ! ye>s #ahdd & #ahde1 dur+ :i* ! ,aurora 0 s\ght = at ,mak]/[n e h\r ( ! night1 x 0 obs]v$ 9 #gg nights on an av]age ( ne>ly ?ree h\rs ea* night2 b x 0 se5 only twice s e>ly1 & t ) a bright or brilliant ,aurora1 :i* rema9$ dur+ five h\rs on ! fir/ occasion1 & f #f ,p4,m4 to #f ,a4,m4 on ! second4 ,p>ts ( ! ph5om5on se5 by ,mr4 ,k9ahan1 ,mr4 ,br\n also c\ld n say he _h ev] se52 & if ,mr4 ,k9ahan's obs]vations c\ld h be5 confirm$ x w\ld h be5 mo/ important1 especially z made s frequ5tly at ! epo* ( m9imum4 ,! description is 9 _m respects a suffici5tly recognizable "o ( auroral dis*>ges2 b ! frequ5t appe>ance 9 e>ly morn+ is c]ta9ly unusual1 & few if any ,auror seem to h be5 record$ z appe>+ else:]e 9 ,great ,brita9 dur+ ! "t :i* ,mr4 ,k9ahan ref]s to z s prolific 7see1 h[ev]1 ,dr4 ,allnatt's1 ant1 p4 #bd74 ,9 fact1 ! season 9 "q 0 "o ( m>k$ infrequ5cy 7see ,engli% ,arctic ,exp$ition ,report1 ant1 p4 #bf74 ,mr4 ,bu*an furni%$ ,mr4 ,br\n ) a note ( ,auror se5 9 ! /ations ( ! ,scotti% ,meteorological ,society dur+ ! ye> #ahgf1 & !y 7 #db 9 numb]1 #bf 9 ! fir/ half1 & #af 9 ! second half ( ! ye>4 ,! great] "p 7 se5 9 ! mo/ nor!rly /ations1 includ+ ! ,orkney1 ,%etl&1 & ,f>oe ,isl&s1 & only #i s\? ( ! ,=?4 ,lum9\s ,ar*4 ,sid5ote3 ,lum9\s ar*1 ,sept4 #aa1 #ahad4 ,height above horizon #f to #i miles4 ,9 ! #8,annals ( ,philosophy1' vol4 iv4 p4 #cfb1 !re is a m9ute description ( a lum9\s ar* :i* appe>$ 9 ! sky on ! night ( ,sunday1 ,septemb] #aa?1 #ahad1 & 0 se5 9 ! we/ ( ,engl& opposite ! ,iri% ,sea1 ! we/ "p ( ! s\? ( ,scotl&1 & "p ( ! we/ ( ,irel&4 ,x 0 describ$ z a "p ( ei!r a body ( d5se greyi%-:ite light1 or a mass ( lum9\s matt] 9 ! %ape ( an ar*4 ,its height above ! horizontal l9e 0 e/imat$ at n m ?an #i nor less ?an #f miles4 ,sid5ote3 ,x mov$ s\?w>d1 & 0 assum$ to diff] f ! ,aurora4 ,its direction :5 fir/ se5 0 ,n4 #hj ,e41 & ,s4 #hj ,w4 ,x mov$ to ! s\?w>d4 ,x 0 assum$ to diff] f ! ,aurora ,borealis 9 want+ coruscations1 & 9 its hav+ a mu* pal] light4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,"s ,,qualities ,,( ,,! ,,aurora4 ,noises att5d+ ,auror4 ,sid5ote3 ,noises att5d+ ,auror4 ,gmel9 affirms !m4 ,o!r te/imony to !m4 ,muss*5broek4 ,cavallo4 ,nairne4 ,belknap4 ,9 ! ,ed9b4 ,encyc41 ,gmel9 is /at$1 9 cont9uation ( 8 description ( an ,arctic ,aurora1 to add3--8,= h[ev] f9e ! illum9ation may be1 x is att5d$1 z ,i h he>d f ! relation ( _m p]sons1 ) su* a hiss+1 crack+1 & ru%+ noise ?r\gh ! air1 z if ! l>ge/ fireworks 7 play+ (f40 ,to describe :at !y !n he>d1 ! natives are said to use ! expression1 8,spolo*i *odjat0--t is1 ,! rag+ ho/ is pass+4 ,! hunt]'s dogs1 too1 are also describ$ z s mu* fright5$ :5 ! ,auror ov]take ! hunt]s1 t !y w n move1 b lie ob/9ately on ! gr\nd till ! noise has pass$4 ,?is acc\nt ( noises seems to be confirm$ by o!r te/imony4 ,!y are /at$ to h be5 he>d at ,hudson's ,bay & 9 ,sw$52 & ,muss*5broek m5tions t ! ,gre5l& :ale-fi%]s assur$ him !y _h frequ5tly he>d ! noise ( ! ,aurora ,borealis1 b adds t 8no p]son 9 ,holl& _h ev] exp]i5c$ ?is ph5om5on40 ,mr4 ,cavallo decl>es he 8has repeat$ly he>d a crackl+ s\nd proce$+ f ! ,aurora ,borealis0 7,elem5ts ( ,nat4 or ,exp]4 ,phil4 vol4 iii4 p4 #ddi74 ,mr4 ,nairne m5tions t 9 ,nor?ampton1 :5 ! nor!rn lights 7 v bright1 he is confid5t he p]ceiv$ a hiss+ or :izz+ s\nd4 ,mr4 ,belknap ( ,dov]1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,nor? ,am]ica1 te/ifies to a simil> fact 7,am]ican ,trans4 vol4 ii4 p4 #aif74 ,sid5ote3 ,sir ,john ,frankl9 negatives !m4 ,sir ,john ,frankl9 m5tions1 9 8 #8,j\rney to ! ,%ores ( ! ,pol> ,sea'3--8,nor c\ld we di/+ui% its 7! ,aurora's7 ru/l+ noise1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 su* /rong te/imony has be5 giv5 to u t no d\bt c rema9 ( ! fact40 ,sid5ote3 ,m>* #aa?4 ,hiss+ noise he>d dur+ ,aurora's passage4 ,expla9$ to arise f ! sn[4 ,9 detail1 he m5tions he nev] he>d any s\nd t c\ld be unequivocally consid]$ z orig9at+ 9 ! ,aurora1 al?\gh he _h _h an opportunity ( obs]v+ t ph5om5on = upw>ds ( #bjj nights 7! ,aurora 0 regi/]$ at ,be> ,lake #cdc times )\t any s\nd be+ he>d to att5d its motions72 b ! uni=m te/imony ( ! natives & all ! old] resid5ts 9 ! c\ntry induc$ him to believe t its motions 7 sometimes audible4 ,on ! #aa? ,m>*1 at #aj ,p4,m41 a body ( ,aurora rose ,n4,n4,w42 & aft] a mass _h pass$ ,e4 by ,s41 ! rema9d] broke away 9 portions1 :i* cross$ ab\t #dj ( ! sky ) great rapidity4 ,a hiss+ noise1 l t ( a bullet pass+ ?r\gh ! air1 0 he>d1 :i* seem$ to proce$ f ! ,aurora2 b ,mr4 ,w5tzel assur$ ! p>ty ! noise 0 occasion$ by sev]e cold succe$+ mild wea!r1 & act+ ^u ! surface ( ! sn[ previ\sly melt$ 9 ! sun's rays4 ,a simil> noise 0 he>d ! next morn+4 ,sid5ote3 ,capt4 ,sab9e also negatives noise4 ,9 ,p>ry's fir/ voyage1 ,capta9 ,sab9e describes an ,aurora se5 at ,melville ,isl&1 & adds t ! ,aurora _h ! appe>ance ( be+ v ne> ! p>ty1 b no s\nd c\ld be he>d4 ,sid5ote3 ,article 8,aurora ,pol>is10 ,encyc4 ,brit41 sugge/s noises z n improbable4 ,9 ! article 8,aurora ,pol>is10 ,encyc4 ,brit1 edition ix41 ! writ] admits ! evid5ce ( sci5tific ,arctic voyag]s hav+ li/5$ 9 va9 = su* noises2 b1 ref]r+ to ! /atem5ts ( ,gre5l&]s & o!rs on ! subject1 concludes !re is no priori improbability ( su* s\nds be+ occasionally he>d1 s9ce a some:at simil> s\nd accompanies ! bru%-dis*>ge ( ! electric ma*9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,pay] negatives & discr$its noises4 ,pay]1 ( ! ,au/rian ,pol> ,exp$ition 7#ahgb-ahgd71 /ates t ! ,aurora 0 nev] accompani$ by noise1 & discr$its ! alleg$ acc\nts ( noises 9 ! ,%etl&s & ,sib]ia4 ,sid5ote3 ,z also ,weypre*t4 ,lieut4 ,weypre*t1 ( ! same exp$ition1 says 7ant1 p4 #ad73--8;,involunt>ily we li/52 su* a spectacle mu/1 we ?9k1 be accompani$ ) s\nd1 b unbrok5 sil5ce prevails1 n ! lea/ s\nd /rikes on ! e>40 ,sid5ote3 ,h]r ,c>l ,bock negatives noises 9 ! case ( ,lapl& ,auror4 ,h]r ,c>l ,bock1 :o accompani$ ! ,lapl&]s visit+ ?is c\ntry 7at ! ,we/m9/] ,aqu>ium7 9 #ahgg-gh1 & :o witness$ _m brilliant auroral displays 9 ,lapl&1 assur$ me he c\ld trace no noise1 except on "o occasion1 :5 he he>d a sort ( ru/l+1 :i* he attribut$ to ! w9d4 ,! ,lapl&]s !mselves did n associate any special noise ) ! ,aurora4 ,sid5ote3 ,auroral noises 9 telephone4 ,r++ s\nd 9 vacuum-tube "u influ5ce ( magnet4 ,x has be5 rec5tly /at$1 9 an article on ! ,telephone 9 #8,nature1' t ,pr(essor ,peirce 8has obs]v$ ! mo/ curi\s s\nds produc$ f a telephone 9 connexion ) a telegraph wire dur+ ! ,aurora ,borealis20 b no fur!r details are giv54 ,9 exp]im5t+ ) a silicic fluoride vacuum-tube betwe5 ! poles ( an electro-magnet1 ,i f\nd1 on ! magnet be+ excit$1 t ! capill>y /ream ( blue light 0 decreas$ 9 volume & brightness1 & at ! same "t f )9 ! tube a peculi> :i/l+ or slightly metallic r++ s\nd 0 he>d4 ,sid5ote3 ,adv]se conclusion z to noises accompany+ ,aurora4 ,i c]ta9ly h nev] met ) an in/ance ( noise accompany+ an ,aurora & trac$ to x4 ,on ! :ole ! balance ( evid5ce seems q adv]se to any pro( ( noises prop] ord9>ily accompany+ an ,aurora4 ,col\rs ( ! ,aurora4 ,sid5ote3 ,col\rs ( ! ,aurora4 ,sir ,john ,frankl9's views4 ,o!r obs]v]s h describ$ all col\rs ( spectrum4 ,violet r>e4 ,crimson indicates com+ ,aurora4 ,sir ,john ,frankl9 consid]$ ! col\rs 9 ! ,pol> ,aurora did n dep5d on ! pres5ce ( any lum9>y1 b 7 g5]at$ by ! motion ( ! beams1 & !n only :5 t motion 0 rapid & ! light brilliant4 ,! l[] extremities1 he says1 quiv]$ ) a fi]y r$ col\r1 & ! upp] ) orange4 ,he also saw violet 9 ! =m]4 ,o!r obs]v]s h1 9 _! v>i\s descriptions ( ,auror1 m5tion$ ! col\rs ( ! rays or beams z r$1 crimson1 gre51 yell[1 c42 9 fact1 compris+ ! range ( ! spectrum4 ,violet seems less frequ5tly m5tion$4 ,! r$ or crimson col\r is frequ5tly ! fir/ indication ( ! com+ ,aurora1 & is usually se5 on or ne> ! horizon4 ,! col\rs h frequ5tly be5 obs]v$ to %ift or *ange4 ,sid5ote3 ,pr(4 ,piazzi ,smy? describes col\rs ( ,aurora ( ,feb4 #d1 #ahgb1 z se5 at ,ed9burgh4 ,pr(4 ,piazzi ,smy?1 9 a lett] to #8,nature1' describ+ ! ,aurora ( ,febru>y #d?1 #ahgb1 z se5 at ,ed9burgh1 says t :5 ! maximum developm5t 0 rea*$ all ! heav5s 7 m or less cov]$ ) p9k asc5d+ /ream]s1 except t[>ds ! ,n41 :i* 0 d>k & grey--fir/ by means ( a long l[ ar* ( blackness1 transp>5t to l>ge />s1 & !n by ! /ream]s :i* %ot up f ?is ar*1 :i* 7 gre5 & grey only = sev]al degrees ( _! height1 & only became p9k z !y ne>$ ! z5i?4 ,! r$ /ream]s v>i$ f orange to rose-p9k1 r$ rose1 & damask rose4 ,! ,pr(essor po9t$ out t ! spectroscope knew no v>iety ( r$s giv+ "o r$ l9e only1 & attribut$ ?is to ! mix+ up ( rays & /ream]s ( blackness out ( ! long l[ ar*4 ,:5 ! ,aurora fad$ away a true />light-night sky appe>$2 s t evid5tly ! d>k ar* & /ream]s 7 z mu* "p ( ! ,aurora z ! gre5 & r$ lights4 ,sid5ote3 ,dr4 ,allnatt at ,frant describes vivid col\rs ( same ,aurora4 ,dr4 ,allnatt1 at ,frant1 f\nd 9 ! case ( ! same ,aurora ! s\?-we/]n "p ( ! heav5s t+$ by a bright crimson b&4 ,a d>k elliptical cl\d ext5d+ f ,s4 to ,s4,e4 0 illum9at$ at its upp] edge ) a pale yell[ light1 & s5t up volumes ( c>m9e radii int]sp]s$ ) gre5 & ! black alt]nat+ matt] *>act]i/ic ( elem5tal electricity4 ,almo/ due ,e41 & ( ab\t #be degrees elevation1 0 a bright insulat$ spot ( vivid em]ald-gre51 :i* appe>$ almo/ suffici5tly int5se to ca/ a fa9t %ad[ f int]cept+ objects4 ,at #g o'clock ! ,aurora _h pass$ ! z5i?1 & ! sky pres5t$ a weird & wond]ful appe>ance4 ,a d>k rugg$ cl\d1 "s #h degrees ,e4 ( ! z5i?1 0 surr\nd$ by electric light ( all hues--c>m9e1 gre51 yell[1 blood-r$1 :ite1 & black2 & ! bright spot /ill exi/$ 9 ! s\?4 ,sid5ote3 ,descriptions at ,blackburn & ,cambridge4 ,lapl& ,auror yell[4 ,at ,blackburn1 9 ,lanca%ire1 ! rays 7 describ$ z gl[+ 9 ! ,n4,e4 f silv]y :ite to deepe/ crimson2 & at ,cambridge ! same ,aurora 0 describ$ z ( a brilliant c>m9e t9t4 ,! ,auror se5 9 ,lapl& by ,h]r ,c>l ,bock1 71 he in=m$ me1 almo/ inv>iably yell[2 he saw only "o r$ "o4 ,sid5ote3 ,hydrog5 vacuum-tube sugge/ive ( ,aurora col\rs4 ,! behavi\r ( a hydrog5 ,geissl] vacuum-tube w be subsequ5tly ref]r$ to 9 ! ,*apt] on ! comp>ison ( "s tubes ) ! ,aurora spectrum1 & is sugge/ive z to ,aurora col\rs4 ,sid5ote3 ,v>iation ( t9ts 94 ,! capill>y "p ( ?is tube1 :5 light$ by a small coil1 0 f\nd to v>y 9 t9t--silv]-:ite1 bright gre51 & crimson be+ ea* 9 succession ! dom9ant col\r1 accord+ to ! work+ ( ! break ( ! coil4 ,:5 a spectroscope 0 us$1 ! r$1 blue1 & violet l9es ( ! gas 7 se5 to *ange 9 int5sity 9 accordance ) ! light col\r se5 9 ! tube4 ,sid5ote3 ,v>iation ( col\r 9 nitrog5 tube "u influ5ce ( magnet4 ,a ,geissl] nitrog5 vacuum-tube 0 also s arrang$ t ! capill>y "p ( x %\ld be v]tically betwe5 ! conical extremities ( ! armatures ( a l>ge electro-magnet1 ! armatures j be+ cle> ( ! outside ( ! tube4 ,! tube 0 !n light$ up by a small coil1 & ! magnet excit$ by f\r l>ge d\ble-plate bi*romate cells4 ,sid5ote3 ,*ange f rosy to violet hue4 ,! /ream ( light 0 /eady & brilliant1 &1 except at ! violet pole1 ( ! rosy t9t peculi> to a nitrog5 vacuum-tube4 ,on excitation ( ! electro-magnet1 ! dis*>ge 0 se5 to dim9i% 9 volume1 ) an app>5t increase 9 impetuosity2 & n only ! capill>y "p1 b 9 a less degree ! bulbs also ( ! tube1 *ang$ f a rosy to a well-m>k$ violet hue4 ,sid5ote3 ,photographic plates tak54 ,diff]5ce 94 ,we sev]al times connect$ & disconnect$ ! magnet ) its batt]ies1 b always ) ! same result4 ,( ! spectrum ( ! capill>y "p ( ?is tube we took photographic plates ) qu>tz prisms & l5ses1 tak+ c>e t all ?+s %\ld be z equal z possible1 ! app>atus undi/urb$1 & ! "t ( exposure exactly ! same4 ,"o plate 0 tak5 ) ! tube 9 its normal condition1 ! o!r :ile x 0 "u ! influ5ce ( ! magnet4 ,! spectra 7 id5tical1 except t ! plate ( ! tube influ5c$ by ! magnet 0 decid$ly ! brighte/1 & 0 f\nd to p5etrate m into ! violet region 7! ,au?or's #8,photograph$ ,spectra1' p4 #fj1 plate xxv474 ,^! plates effectually corroborat$ ! *ange ( col\r1 z ! violet ray w\ld h m photographic effect ?an ! rosy4 ,! id5tity ( ! spectra ( ! capill>y "p prov$ t ! *ange 9 col\r c\ld n h proce$$ f an ext5sion ( ! violet gl[4 7,a simil> exp]im5t w be f\nd also detail$ 9 ,"p ,,iii4 ,*apt] ,,xii47 ,height ( ! ,aurora4 ,sid5ote3 ,height ( ,aurora4 ,sir ,john ,frankl9 consid]s x )9 ! region ( ! cl\ds4 ,at no great elevation4 ,sir ,john ,frankl9 7,n>rative ( a ,j\rney on ! ,%ores ( ! ,pol> ,sea 9 ! ye>s #ahai1 '#bj1 '#ba1 '#bb7 says3--8,my notes ^u ! appe>ance ( ! ,aurora co9cide ) ^? ( ,dr4 ,ri*>dson 9 prov+ t t ph5om5on is frequ5tly seat$ )9 ! region ( ! cl\ds1 & t x is dep5d5t 9 "s degree ^u ! cl\dy /ate ( ! atmosph]e40 ,& fur!r3--8,! obs]vations ( ,dr4 ,ri*>dson po9t p>ticul>ly to ! ,aurora be+ =m$ at no great elevation1 & t x is dep5d5t ^u c]ta9 o!r atmosph]ic ph5om5a1 su* z ! =mation ( "o or o!r ( ! v>i\s modifications ( cirro-/ratus40 ,sir ,john ,frankl9 also ref]s to notes f ! ,j\rnal ( ,lieut4 ,rob]t ,hood1 ,r4,n41 on an ,aurora3-- ,sid5ote3 ,obs]vations ( ,lieut4 ,rob]t ,hood & ,dr4 ,ri*>dson4 ,a beam n m ?an #g miles f ! e>?4 ,an ar* #g miles f ! e>?4 ,! obs]vations 7 made at ,basquian ,h\se1 & at ! same "t by ,dr4 ,ri*>dson at ,cumb]l& ,h\se1 quadrants & *ronomet]s hav+ be5 prep>$ = ! purpose4 ,on ! #bnd ,april ! altitude ( a brilliant beam 0 #aj #j #j at #aj;h #am #js at ,cumb]l& ,h\se4 ,fifty-five miles ,s4,s4,w4 x 0 n visible4 ,x 0 e/imat$ t ! beam 0 n m ?an #g miles f ! e>?1 & #bg f ,cumb]l& ,h\se4 ,on ! #f? ,april ! ,aurora 0 = "s h\rs 9 ! z5i? at t place1 =m+ a confus$ mass ( fla%es & beams2 & 9 lat4 #ec #bb #dh ,n41 long4 #ajc #g #ag1 x appe>$ 9 ! =m ( an ar*1 /ation>y1 ab\t #i high1 & be>+ ,n4 by ,e4 ,x 0 !re=e #g miles f ! e>?4 ,sid5ote3 ,an ar* betwe5 #f & #g miles f ! e>?4 ,on ! #g? ,april ! ,aurora 0 aga9 9 ! z5i? be=e #aj ,p4,m4 at ,cumb]l& ,h\se1 & 9 lat4 #ec #cf #dj ,n41 long4 #ajb #ca #da4 ,! altitude ( ! highe/ ( two conc5tric ar*es at #i;h ,p4,m4 0 #i1 at #i;h #cjm x 0 #aa #cj1 & at #aj;h #jm #js ,p4,m4 #ae #j #j1 its c5tre always be>+ ,n4 by ,e4 ,dur+ ?is "t x 0 betwe5 #f & #g miles f ! e>?4 ,! be>+s are true1 n magnetic4 ,sid5ote3 ,sir ,john ,frankl9's rem>ks4 ,sir ,j4 ,frankl9 says ?is 0 oppos$ to ! g5]al op9ion ( meteorologi/s ( t p]iod3 he also notic$ he _h sometimes se5 an att5uat$ ,aurora fla%+ across ! sky 9 a s+le second1 ) a quickness ( motion inconsi/5t ) ! height ( #fj or #gj miles1 ! lea/ t _h hi!rto be5 ascrib$ to x4 ,sid5ote3 ,dr4 ,ri*>dson's conclusions4 ,! ne$le 0 mo/ di/urb$1 ,febru>y #ac1 #ahba1 ,p4,m41 at a "t :5 ! ,aurora 0 di/9ctly se5 pass+ betwe5 a /ratum ( cl\d & ! e>?2 & x 0 inf]r$ f ?is & o!r appe>ances t ! di/ance ( ! ,aurora f ! e>? v>i$ on diff]5t nights4 ,dr4 ,ri*>dson concludes t 8 notes prove1 indep5d5t ( all !ory1 t ! ,aurora is occasionally seat$ 9 a region ( ! air bel[ a species ( cl\d :i* is kn[n to possess no altitude2 & is incl9$ to inf] t ! ,aurora ,borealis is con/antly accompani$ by1 or imm$iately prec$es1 ! =mation ( "o or o!r ( ! =ms ( cirro-/ratus4 ,sid5ote3 ,capta9 ,p>ry obs]v$ ,auror ne> ! ,e>?'s surface4 ,sir ,w4 ,r4 ,grove's obs]vation at ,*e/]4 ,mr4 ,ladd's obs]vation at ,m>gate4 ,! au?or's obs]vation at ,kyle ,ak91 ,skye4 ,capta9 ,p>ry obs]v$ ,auror ne> ! e>?'s surface2 & records t he & two companions saw a bright ray ( ! ,aurora %oot d[n f ! g5]al mass ( light betwe5 him & ! l&1 :i* 0 di/ant "s #cjjj y>ds4 ,sir ,w4 ,r4 ,grove 7#8,correlation ( ,physical ,=ces'7 saw an ,aurora at ,*e/]1 :5 ! fla%es appe>$ close1 s t gleams ( light cont9u\s ) ! /ream]s 7 to be se5 betwe5 him & ! h\ses--8he seem$ to be 9 ! ,aurora40 ,mr4 ,ladd1 ( ,beak ,/reet1 ,reg5t ,/reet1 has relat$ to me an appe>ance he 0 /ruck )1 & exam9$ c>efully4 ,/&+ 9 ! ev5+ 9 ,m>gate ,h>b\r1 he saw a :ite ray ( ! ,aurora1 :i*1 app>5tly %oot+ d[nw>ds1 0 cle>ly plac$ betwe5 8 eye & ! opposite head ( ! pi]1 :i* project$ into ! sea4 ,mr4 ,ladd also in=m$ me t ,pr(4 ,balf\r assur$ him t su* an appe>ance 0 n unusual4 ,9 ! d\ble-arc ,aurora se5 by me 9 ! ,isle ( ,skye1 ,septemb] #aa1 #ahgd 7describ$ ant1 p4 #bc71 ,i _h a /rong impression t ! b[ 0 ne> ! e>?1 & ?\ght t ! ea/]n end1 & "s fleecy cl\ds 9 :i* x 0 involv$1 7 betwe5 myself & ! peaks ( ! di/ant m\nta9s4 ,sid5ote3 ,dalton's calculation ( #ajj miles4 ,backh\se's #ej to #ajj miles4 ,pr(4 ,newton1 mean #acj miles4 ,elevation ( ,auror _c exce$ a few miles4 ,9 ! article 8,aurora ,pol>is10 ,encyc4 ,brit41 edition ix41 ,dalton is in/anc$ z hav+ calculat$ ! height ( an ,aurora 9 ! nor? ( ,engl& at #ajj miles2 & ,backh\se z hav+ made _m calculations1 ) ! result ( an av]age height ( #ej to #ajj miles4 ,pr(4 ,newton1 too1 is quot$ = ! height ( #bh ,auror 7calculat$ by "o obs]vation ( altitude & amplitude ( an ar*7 z rang+ f #cc to #bha miles1 ) a mean ( #acj miles4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 po9t$ out t a height ( #fb miles above ! e>?'s surface w\ld imply a vacuum atta9able ) difficulty1 ev5 ) ! ,spr5gel pump4 ,?is difficulty is !n met by a ref]5ce to ! obs]v$ altitude ( "s meteors1 & to a sugge/ion ( ,pr(4 ,h]s*el's t electric repulsion may c>ry air or o!r matt] up to a great height4 ,dr4 ,l>dn] 7#8,museum ( ,sci5ce & ,art1' vol4 x4 p4 #aib7 speaks ( ! height ( ,auror z n c]ta9ly asc]ta9$2 b consid]s !m atmosph]ic ph5om5a sc>cely above ! region ( ! cl\ds1 & does n ?9k x probable t _! elevation 9 any case c exce$ a few miles4 ,sid5ote3 ,m',cl9tock's obs]vations4 ,capt4 ,ross saw ,auror on an ice-cliff1 :i* he attribut$ to electric action4 ,m',cl9tock1 aft] notic+ t ! beams ( ! ,aurora 7 mo/ frequ5tly se5 9 ! direction ( op5 wat]1 says t 9 "s cases pat*es ( light c\ld be pla9ly se5 a few feet above a small mass ( vap\r ov] an op5+ 9 ! ice4 ,capta9 ,ross1 9 8 ,ant>ctic voyage1 saw ! bright l9e ( ! ,aurora =m+ a range ( v]tical beams along ! top ( an ice-cliff2 & sugge/$ ?is 0 produc$ by electrical action tak+ place betwe5 ! vapor\s mi/ ?r[n upw>ds by ! waves aga9/ ! b]g1 & ! cold] atmosph]e ) :i* ! latt] 0 surr\nd$4 ,sid5ote3 ,b]gman e/imates height z #dfh miles4 ,b]gman1 f a mean ( #cj computations1 makes ! height ( ! ph5om5on to be #gb ,sw$i% 7ab\t #dfh ,engli%7 miles4 ,sid5ote3 ,boscovi* #hbe miles4 ,fa!r ,boscovi* calculat$ ! height ( an ,aurora ,borealis obs]v$ on ! #af? ,decemb]1 #agbg1 to h be5 #hbe miles4 ,sid5ote3 ,mairan #fjj miles4 ,eul] sev]al ?\s& miles4 ,dr4 ,blagd5 ab\t #ajj miles4 ,mairan suppos$ ! f> great] numb] ( ,auror to be at lea/ #fjj miles above ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,eul] assign$ !m an elevation ( sev]al ?\s&s ( miles4 ,dr4 ,blagd51 h[ev]1 limit$ _! height to ab\t #ajj miles1 :i* he suppos$ to be ! region ( fireballs--rem>k+ t in/ances 7 ^u record 9 :i* nor!rn lights _h be5 se5 to jo9 & =m lum9\s balls1 d>t+ ab\t ) great velocity1 & ev5 leav+ a tra9 beh9d !m l common meteors 7,phil4 ,trans4 vol4 lxxiv4 p4 #bbg74 ,sid5ote3 ,dalton #aej miles4 ,mr4 ,dalton1 f an obs]vation ( ! lum9\s ar*es on a base ( #bb miles1 f\nd ! altitude ( ! ,aurora to be ab\t #aej miles 7,dalton's #8,meteorological ,obs]vations & ,essays1' #agic1 pp4 #ed1 #aec74 ,sid5ote3 ,dr4 ,?ompson assumes consid]able height4 ,8 table4 ,av]age ( #ca obs]vations1 #ejj miles4 ,dr4 ,?ompson1 #8,annals ( ,philosophy1' vol4 iv4 p4 #dbi 7#ahad71 assumes t ! height ( ! beams above ! surface ( ! e>? 0 mu* great] ?an t ( mo/ o!r meteorological appe>ances1 & gives 7p4 #dcj7 a table ( ,auror1 ma9ly tak5 f ,b]gman1 ,opusc4 v4 p4 #bia1 ( #ca ,auror obs]v$ 9 ! ye>s #afba to #agic1 ) heights 9 ,engli% miles4 ,! l[e/ is1 #bcrd ,febru>y1 #aghd1 ,london 7,cav5di%71 #fb miles2 ! highe/1 #bcrd ,octob]1 #agea1 ,f\rn]ius1 #ajjf miles6 ,! av]age ( ! #ca e/imat$ obs]vations gives a height ( ab\t #ejj miles4 ,x is n /at$ h[ ^! obs]vations 7 obta9$1 ?\gh me?ods are m5tion$ h[ !y might be4 ,sid5ote3 ,pr(4 ,heis's in/rum5t = det]m9+ height ( ,auror4 ,pr(4 ,heis1 ( ,mn/]1 exhibit$ at ! rec5t ,sci5tific ,loan ,collection at ,s\? ,k5s+ton 7#8,(ficial ,catalogue1' #crd edit4 p4 #bif1 ,no4 #abca7 an in/rum5t = ! det]m9ation ( ! position ( ! po9t ( conv]g5ce ( ! rays ( ! ,aurora1 & = det]m9+ ! height ( ! ,aurora4 ,a ball re/+ 9 a pan 0 to be br\ght into position1 s t sev]al div]g+ p5cils ( ,aurora1 :5 prop]ly view$1 7 cov]$ by ! rod :i* pass$ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! ball4 ,! po9t ( ! rod 7:i* c\ld be mov$ up & d[n 9 ! ball71 :5 ! in/rum5t 0 set to ! a/ronomical m]idian1 %[$ ! azimu? & altitude ( ! conv]g+ po9t ( ! p5cils ( light4 ,?is po9t ( conv]g5ce does n co9cide ) ! po9t to :i* ! incl9ation-ne$le directs4 ,f ! deviation ( ! two po9ts1 ! height ( ! ,aurora c\ld be calculat$4 ,sid5ote3 ,pr(essor ,newton's me?od ( calculat+ height4 ,pr(essor ,h4 ,a4 ,newton 7,sil4 ,j\rn4 ( ,sci5ce1 #bnd s]4 vol4 xxix4 p4 #bhf7 has propos$ a me?od ( calculat+ ! height ( ,auror by "o obs]vation ( altitude & amplitude ( an ar*4 ,x assumes t ! auroral ar*es are arcs ( circles1 ( :i* ! c5tre is ! magnetic axis ( ! e>?1 or at lea/ t !y are ne>ly p>allel to ! e>?'s surface1 & probably also to ! n>r[ belt or r+ surr\nd+ ! magnetic & a/ronomical poles4 ,pr(essor ,newton f9ds t1 d be+ ! di/ance f ! obs]v] to ! c5tre ( curvature ( ! ne>e/ "p ( ?is belt 7= ,engl&1 situat$ ab\t #ge ,n4 lat41 #ej ,w4 long471 h ! app>5t altitude ( ! ar*1 #b;a its amplitude on ! horizon1 x its height1 ,r ! e>?'s radius1 & c ! di/ance ( ! obs]v] f ! ends ( ! ar*3-- s9 s9 d cos a cosec7d h7 7#a7 tan c z s9 h s9 sec 7#b7 x ,r - 7sec c - #a7 7#c7 ,sid5ote3 ,gave a height f #cc to #bha miles1 & a mean ( #acj miles4 ,?is me?od ) #bh ,auror gave a height f #cc to #bha miles & a mean ( #acj miles4 ,galle has sugge/$ 7,pogg4 ,ann4 cxlvi4 p4 #acc7 t ! height ( ,auror might be calculat$ f ! am\nt ( div]g5ce betwe5 ! app>5t altitude ( ! auroral corona & t indicat$ by ! dipp+-ne$le1 a pr9ciple :i* has be5 adopt$ 9 ,pr(4 ,heis's app>atus be=e describ$4 ,! results d n diff] mat]ially f ,pr(essor ,newton's4 ,! conclusions to be arriv$ at f ! =ego+ in/ances & op9ions are c]ta9ly v puzzl+4 ,! t]re/rial "* ( "s ,auror seems well e/abli%$4 ,! height to :i* ^! ph5om5a may asc5d is left almo/ a matt] ( conjecture1 & fur!r obs]vations are v desirable4 ,phosphoresc5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,phosphoresc5ce4 ,phosphoresc5t b&s4 ,/orm-cl\ds :i* ?rew out cirri4 ,%one ) a sort ( phosphoresc5ce4 ,/orm-cl\d surr\nd$ by glories ( a phosphoresc5t :it5ess4 ,9 ! voyage ( ! #8,hansa' 7#8,rec5t ,pol> ,voyages1' p4 #dbj71 on ! #i? ,septemb]1 #ahfi1 at #aj ,p4,m41 ,aurora gleams appe>$ 9 ! we/1 %oot+ t[>ds ! s\?4 8,radiant %eaves & phosphoresc5t b&s m\nt$ t[>ds ! z5i?10 b ! phantasmagoria quickly vani%$4 ,m4 ,silb]mann 7#8,comptes ,r5dus1' lxviii4 p4 #aabj7 m5tions /orm-cl\ds :i* ?rew out tufts ( cirri f _! tops1 :i* ext5d$ ov] ! sky1 & resolv$ into1 fir/1 f9e1 & aft]w>ds m abundant ra94 7,i saw a f9e day example ( ?is on ! ,lago di ,gu>da1 end+ 9 a copi\s dis*>ge ( ra9 att5d$ ) l\d ?und] & vivid lightn+47 ,usually ! fibres 7 s9u\s2 b 9 mu* r>] cases !y became p]fectly rectil9e> & surr\nd$ ! cl\d l a glory1 & occasionally %one ) a sort ( phosphoresc5ce4 ,on ! night ( #f? ,septemb]1 #ahfe1 at #aa ,p4,m41 a /ormy cl\d 0 obs]v$ 9 ! ,n4,n4,w41 & lightn+ 0 se5 9 ! d>k cumul\s mass4 ,ar\nd ?is mass ext5d$ glories ( a phosphoresc5t :it5ess1 :i* melt$ away into ! d>kness ( ! />ry sky4 ,r\nd ! cl\d 0 a corona1 & outside ?is two fa9t] coron4 ,aft] ! cl\d _h sunk bel[ ! horizon ! glories 7 /ill visible4 ,sid5ote3 ,sab9e's lum9\s cl\d at ,lo* ,scavaig1 ,skye4 ,o!r obs]vations ( lum9\s cl\ds4 ,sab9e m5tions a cl\d frequ5tly envelop+ ,lo* ,scavaig1 9 ,skye1 z be+ at night p]fectly self-lum9\s1 & t he saw rays1 simil> to ^? ( ! ,aurora1 b produc$ 9 ! cl\d itself4 ,sab9e also ref]s to lum9\s cl\ds m5tion$ 9 ,gilb]t's ,annals1 & to obs]vations by ,becc>ia1 ,deluc1 ! ,abb ,rozi]1 ,ni*olson1 & ,colla2 & to lum9\s mi/s z obs]v$ by ,dr4 ,v]deil at ,lausanne 9 #agec1 & by ,dr4 ,rob9son 9 ,irel&4 ,sid5ote3 ,aurora at ,melville ,isl&4 ,he also describes 7,p>ry's ,fir/ ,voyage7 an ,aurora se5 at ,melville ,isl&1 & says ! light 0 e/imat$ z equal to t ( ! moon :5 a week old4 ,besides ! pale light1 :i* resembl$ ! combu/ion ( phosphorus1 a slight t+e ( r$ 0 notic$ :5 ! ,aurora 0 mo/ vivid2 b no o!r col\rs4 ,?is ,aurora 0 repeat$ly se5 on ! foll[+ day4 ,sid5ote3 ,proct] suspects ,aurora is =m$ 9 a mi/4 ,m',cl9tock3 ,aurora is nev] visible 9 a p]fectly cle> atmosph]e4 ,mr ,proct]1 9 a lett] to me1 suspects t ! ,aurora is g5]ally =m$ 9 a sort ( 8mi/ or imp]fect vap\r20 & ?is mi/ or imp]fect vap\r seems 9 _m in/ances to =m "p ( ! ,aurora1 & to p>take ( its self-lum9\s "*4 ,m',cl9tock does n imag9e t ! ,aurora is ev] visible 9 a p]fectly cle> atmosph]e4 ,he has (t5 obs]v$ x j silv]+ or r5d]+ lum9\s ! upp] edge ( l[ fog or cl\d-banks1 & ) a few v]tical rays feebly vibrat+4 ,sid5ote3 ,aurora ( ,feb4 #d1 #ahgd4 ,illum9at$ fog-cl\d4 ,capt4 ,oliv]'s meteor-cl\d4 ,auroral display1 #bd? ,oct41 #ahgj4 ,/ream]s ( phosphoresc5t cl\d4 ,an in/ance ( app>5t phosphoresc5ce is suppli$ by ! ,aurora ( ! #d? ,febru>y1 #ahgd 7ant71 :5 a bright cl\d ( light 0 se5 :i* gave ! impression ( an 8illum9at$ fog-cl\d40 ,capta9 ,s4 ,p4 ,oliv] saw at ,buncrana1 ,co4 ,donegal1 on ,febru>y #d1 #ahgd1 :at he describes z a meteor-cl\d1 viz4 8a broad b& ( silv]y :ite & lum9\s cl\d40 ,?is appe>ance1 z describ$ by ano!r correspond5t1 0 evid5tly an imp]fectly =m$ 7p]haps actually =m+7 ,auroral arc4 ,! great ,auroral display ( ! #bd? ( ,octob]1 #ahgj1 z se5 by me1 includ$1 accord+ to my notes made at ! "t1 8/ream]s ( opaque :ite phosphoresc5t cl\d1 v diff]5t f ! m common transp>5t ,auroral div]g+ /reams ( light40 ,sid5ote3 ,aurora ( ,feb4 #d1 #ahgb1 at ,frant4 ,radii ( phosphoresc5t light4 ,describ+ ! ,aurora ( ,febru>y #d1 #ahgb1 at ,frant1 ,dr4 ,allnatt says3--8,at a lat] h\r ( ! night ! canopy ( cirro-/ratus _h sep>at$1 & 0 trans=m$ into lum9\s masses ( radiant cumulus4 ,at #aj4dj ! ,aurora reappe>$ 9 ! ,n41 & s5t lum9\s radii ( :ite phosphoresc5t light f ! p]iph]y ( a segm5t ( a p]fectly circul> ar*0#g4 ,sid5ote3 ,! au?or's description ( same ,aurora4 ,masses ( phosphoresc5t vap\r4 ,aga91 ,febru>y #d?1 #ahgb1 z describ$ by me1 ! fir/ signs ( ! ,aurora 7 79 dull daylight7 a lurid t+e ^u ! cl\ds1 :i* sugge/$ ! reflection ( a di/ant fire2 :ile scatt]$ among ^!1 8torn & brok5 masses ( :ite vap\r hav+ a phosphoresc5t appe>ance0 rem9d$ me ( a simil> obs]vation 9 ,octob] #ahgj4 ,sid5ote3 ,day ,auror mu/ h a phosphoresc5t gl[4 ng/rm consid]s yell[-gre5 l9e due to fluoresc5ce or phosphoresc5ce4 ,oxyg5 & "s ( its comp\nds phosphoresc5t4 ,! day ,auror1 :i* are else:]e describ$1 & are n v uncommon1 c\ld1 we may presume1 h>dly be se5 )\t ! pres5ce ( "s phosphoresc5t gl[4 ,pr(essor ng/rm1 9 8 ,aurora ,memoir 7discuss$ else:]e71 9 discuss+ ! yell[-gre5 l9e1 consid]s ! only probable explanation to be t x owes its orig9 to fluoresc5ce or phosphoresc5ce4 ,he says t "s fluoresc5ce is produc$ by ! ultra-violet rays2 & adds1 8an electric dis*>ge may easily be imag9$1 :i*1 ?\gh 9 itself ( feeble light1 may be ri* 9 ultra-violet light1 & !re=e 9 a condition to cause a suffici5tly /rong fluoresc5t light40 ,& he ref]s to ! fact t oxyg5 & "s ( its comp\nds are phosphoresc5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,a phosphorett$ hydrog5 spectrum-b& is close to yell[-gre5 auroral l9e4 ,phosphoresc5t or fluoresc5t aft]-gl[ ( electric dis*>ge4 ,9 ! exam9ation ( c]ta9 spectra connect$ ) ! ,aurora1 detail$ 9 ,"p ,,ii41 ,i h %[n t ! bright edge ( "o ( ! phosphorett$ hydrog5 b&s is 9 close proximity to ! yell[-gre5 ,auroral l9e4 ,i h also ref]r$ to ! peculi> bright5+ by r$uction ( temp]ature ( "o ( ! b&s 9 ! r$ end ( ! spectrum ( phosphorett$ hydrog51 s t f almo/ invisible x became bright1 & to ! peculi> bright5+ ( a l9e 9 ! yell[-gre5 9 c]ta9 8,aurora0 & phosphoresc5t tubes4 ,x has also be5 obs]v$ t ! electric dis*>ge has a phosphoresc5t or fluoresc5t aft]-gl[ 7isolat$1 ,i believe1 by ,f>aday74 ,x seems difficult to avoid 9 "s way connect+ all ^! circum/ances ) ! yell[-gre5 l9e ( ! ,aurora1 if n also ) ! l9e 9 ! r$4 ,sid5ote3 ,sorby's exp]im5ts on fluoresc5ce & absorption4 ,bonelle9e1 spectrum (4 ,col\r$ lay] ( fungi4 ,spectrum ( ,oscillatori4 ,mr4 ,sorby1 9 8 exp]im5ts on ! connexion betwe5 fluoresc5ce & absorption 7#8,mon?ly ,microscopical ,j\rnal'71 f\nd 9 ! spectrum ( a solution 9 alcohol ( a /rongly fluoresc5t sub/ance call$ bonelle9e 7! gre5 col\r+-matt] f\nd 9 ! ,aurelia ,bonellia-viridis7 two bright b&s1 ! "o r$ & ! o!r gre51 ) c5tres respectively at #fdcj & #ehhj1 & _! limits t[>ds ! blue end at #fcbj & #ehbj4 ,on add+ an acid ! r$ b& *ang$ its place to #fadj4 ,! sup]ficial membran\s col\r$ lay] ( ! fungi ,russula nitida & vesca 9 alcohol gave an absorption b& ) c5tre at #eedj1 :ile ! spectrum ( fluoresc5ce ext5d$ to #ddjj4 ,a solution ( ,oscillatori 9 wat] gave a spectrum ( absorption ) b&s at #fbjj & #efij2 :ile ! spectrum ( fluoresc5ce %[$ two bright b&s hav+ _! c5tres at #fdgj & #ehjj1 & _! limits t[>ds ! blue end at #fcbj & #egaj4 ,sid5ote3 ,sea phosphoresc5ce1 a cont9u\s spectrum4 ,^! in/ances ( c\rse _c be connect$ ) ! ,aurora except z %[+ ! spectrum region & l9es ( fluoresc5ce4 ,! sea phosphoresc5ce1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,piazzi ,smy?1 has a cont9u\s spectrum ext5d+ f some:at bel[ ,e to ne> ,f 7,plate ,v4 fig4 #c74 ,sid5ote3 ng/rm f9ds ! sky almo/ phosphoresc5t4 ng/rm1 on ! occasion ( ! />ry night :5 he f\nd traces ( ! gre5 l9e 9 all p>ts ( ! heav5s1 speaks ( ! sky z be+ 8almo/ phosphoresc5t40 ,sid5ote3 ,au?or ( article 9 ,encyc4 ,brit4 sugge/s t ! phosphoresc5t or fluoresc5t light may be due to *emical action4 ,h]s*el's obs]vation ( phosphoresc5ce 9 ,geissl] & 8g>l&0 tubes4 ,! au?or ( ! ,aurora article 9 ! ,encyc4 ,brit4 sugge/s t ! phosphoresc5t or fluoresc5t light attribut$ to ! ,aurora may be due to *emical action4 ,he also que/ions ng/rm's assumption t wat]-vap\r is abs5t 9 ! high] atmosph]e1 & ?9ks t x & o!r bodies may1 by electric repulsion1 be c>ri$ above ! level !y w\ld atta9 by gravity4 ,he !n cont9ues t if dis*>ges take place betwe5 ! small s5sible p>ticles ( wat] or ice 9 ! =m ( cirri 7z ,silb]mann has %[n to be likely7 surface decomposition w\ld ensue1 & x is highly probable ! nasc5t gases w\ld comb9e ) emission ( light4 ,he adds 8t x has be5 almo/ prov$ t 9 ! case ( hydrog5 phosphide ! v *>act]i/ic spectrum 7light87 produc$ by its combu/ion is due nei!r to ! elem5ts nor to ! products ( combu/ion1 b to "s peculi> action at ! in/ant ( comb9ation2 & x is q possible t "u su* circum/ances z above describ$ wat] might also give an entirely new spectrum40 ,pr(essor ,h]s*el has ref]r$ to ! phosphoresc5t light :i* rema9s gl[+ 9 ,geissl] tubes aft] ! sp>k has pass$1 & to ! fact t "o ( ! globes ( a 8g>l&0 tube :i* 0 heat$ did n %9e aft] ! sp>k _h pass$1 app>5tly because ( ! action ( heat on ! ozone to :i* ! phosphoresc5ce might be due4 7,see exp]im5ts on ,mr4 ,br[n+'s bulb$ tube1 ,"p ,,iii4 ,*ap4 ,,xv47 ,aurora & ,ozone4 ,sid5ote3 ,aurora & ,ozone4 ,smells ( sulphur dur+ ,auror attribut$ to ozone4 ,acc\nts are giv5 by travell]s 9 ,norway ( _! be+ envelop$ 9 ! ,aurora1 & p]ceiv+ a /rong smell ( sulphur1 :i* 0 attribut$ to ! pres5ce ( ozone4 ,m4 ,paul ,rolli]1 ! aronaut1 desc5d$ on a m\nta9 9 ,norway #acjj metres high1 & saw brilliant rays ( ! ,aurora across a ?9 mi/ :i* gl[$ ) a rem>kable light4 ,to 8 a/oni%m5t1 an incompreh5sible mutt]+ caught 8 e>2 :5 ?is ceas$ he p]ceiv$ a v /rong smell ( sulphur1 almo/ suffocat+ him 7#8,arctic ,manual1' p4 #gbf74 ,sid5ote3 ,"q :e!r ! oxyg5 ( ! air may be *ang$ into ozone4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,aurora1 ! "q naturally arises :e!r ! oxyg5 ( ! air may be *ang$ into ozone1 p]haps also :e!r ! nitrog5 may n be modifi$ 9 "s simil> mann]4 ,sid5ote3 ,ozone de/roy$ by heat4 ,! absorption spectra ( oxyg51 & ( ! same gas 9 its =m ( ozone1 may possibly diff]2 b ?is c h>dly happ5 9 ! case ( inc&esc5t oxyg51 = ozone is at once de/roy$ by heat at #cjj1 & sl[ly at #ajj1 & mu/ be p>tially at lea/ de/roy$ by ! heat ( ! dis*>ge4 ,if any l9es 7 due to ozone 9 su* a spectrum1 we %\ld expect !y w\ld be weak5$ by heat & bright5$ by cold4 ,sid5ote3 ,ozone 9 a l>ge bell-receiv] n manife/$ 9 spectrum4 ,9 ! case ( a cont9u$ dis*>ge 9 a l>ge exhau/$ bell-receiv]1 ! pres5ce ( ozone 9 consid]able quantities 0 manife/$ to u by its od\r :5 ! receiv] 0 remov$ f ! pump2 b ! spectrum ( ! /ream ( light did n appe> to diff] f t 9 ,geissl] tubes4 ,sid5ote3 ,pr(essor ,dew> demon/rates t ozone is cond5s$ oxyg54 ,9 a c\rse ( lectures at ! ,royal ,in/itution 9 ,m>* #ahgh1 on ! ,*emi/ry ( ! ,organic ,_w1 ,pr(4 ,dew> appe>s to h demon/rat$1 by ,pr(4 ,&rews' app>atus1 t ozone is really cond5s$ oxyg51 &1 fur!r1 t dur+ ?is cond5sation heat is absorb$1 :i* is evolv$ dur+ ! decomposition or re-expansion4 ,sid5ote3 ,ref]s to ! sil5t dis*>ge betwe5 ! atmosph]e & ! e>?4 ,he also exhibit$ ! oxidiz+ p[] ( ozone 9 its action on m]cury1 & comm5t$ on its simil> action ^u organic matt] 9 =m+ nitrates1 & on its rem>kable blea*+ prop]ties1 b add$ !re 0 z yet no pro( ( its comb9+ ) free nitrog54 ,t p]oxide ( hydrog5 accompanies ! =mation ( ozone by ! sl[ combu/ion ( phosphorus1 & t ?is p]oxide acts ) ozone 9 decompos+ organic bodies1 ?\gh 9 an inexplicable mann]1 ! ,pr(essor consid]$ to be prov$4 ,he also ref]r$ to ! sil5t dis*>ge probably p]petually go+ on betwe5 ! upp] & l[] /rata ( ! atmosph]e1 & also betwe5 ^! & ! e>?1 acc\nt+1 z ! ,pr(essor consid]$1 = "s ( ! *emical actions :]eby nitrog5\s comp\nds are =m$ 9 ! soil4 ,sid5ote3 ,no spectrum ( ozone obta9$4 ,z f> z ,i am aw>e1 no in=mation z to a possible spectrum ( ozone1 or a modification ( ! oxyg5 or o!r spectra by its pres5ce1 has1 up to ! pres5t "t1 be5 obta9$#h4 ,sid5ote3 ,sugge/ion to subject electric dis*>ge to influ5ce ( cold4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,proct] & myself t ! electric dis*>ge 9 an exhau/$ moi/ tube1 if subject$ to a consid]able degree ( cold1 might produce a modification ( ! air-spectrum1 p]haps ev5 a spectrum analog\s to t ( ! ,aurora4 ,= "s fur!r notes on ?is subject see ,app5dix ,d 7,aurora & ,ozone74 ,pol>ization ( ! ,aurora ,light4 ,sid5ote3 ,pol>ization ( ! ,aurora light4 ,mr4 ,rany>d f\nd none4 ,9 #8,nature1' vol4 vii4 p4 #bja1 is conta9$ an acc\nt ( obs]vations ( ! pol>ization ( ! zodiacal light & ( ! ,aurora1 by ,mr4 ,a4 ,c[p] ,rany>d1 :o1 us+ bo? a d\ble-image prism & a ,sav>t on ! great ,aurora ( ,febru>y #d?1 #ahgb1 detect$ no trace ( pol>ization4 ,he also exam9$ a small] "o ( #aj? ,novemb]1 #ahga1 ) a l result4 ,sid5ote3 ,pr(4 ,alex&] f\nd /rong pol>ization 9 latitude #fj4 ,mr4 ,flem+ 7:o ref]s to ^! obs]vations7 rem>ks t ! only o!r acc\nt he _h met ) 0 conta9$ 9 ,pr(4 ,/eph5 ,alex&]'s ,report on 8 ,exp$ition to ,labrador1 giv5 9 ,app5dix #ba ( ! ,u4,s4 ,coa/ ,survey ,report = #ahfj1 p4 #cj4 ,pr(essor ,alex&] f\nd /rong pol>ization ) a ,sav>t's pol>iscope1 & ?\ght t ! d>k p>ts ( ! ,aurora gave ! /ronge/ pol>ization4 ,?is 0 9 latitude ab\t #fj1 at ! beg9n+ ( ,july1 & ne> midnight4 ,x is n /at$ :e!r !re 0 twilight or air-pol>ization at ! "t1 nor is ! plane ( pol>ization giv54 ,sid5ote3 ,mr4 ,%ro$] f\nd no pol>ization4 ,! "q naturally arises1 especially z ! d>ke/ p>ts ( ! ,aurora are usually situat$ l[ d[n ne> ! horizon1 :e!r ! pol>ization 9 ! latt] case did n proce$ f ! atmosph]e & n f ! ,aurora itself4 ,mr4 ,%ro$] f\nd no traces ( pol>ization 9 ! ,aurora ( ,febru>y #d?1 #ahgb4 ,fur!r exam9ations ( ! ,aurora ) "s delicate =m ( pol>iscope w\ld seem v desirable4 ,sid5ote3 ,pol>ization n f\nd 9 ! zodiacal light2 except fa9t traces by ,mr4 ,burton4 ,! evid5ce ( pol>ization 9 ! case ( ! zodiacal light seems also almo/ entirely negative--,mr4 ,rany>d po9t+ out obs]vations ( 8 own1 ( ,capta9 ,tupman1 & ( ,mr4 ,locky] ) ?is result4 ,mr4 ,burton1 us+ a ,sav>t set s z to give a black c5tre :5 ! b&s 7 p>allel to ! plane ( pol>ization1 believ$ he detect$ fa9t traces ( pol>ization 9 ! brighte/ p>ts ( ! zodiacal light 7z se5 9 ,sicily71 ! b&s be+ black-c5tr$ :5 _! direction co9cid$ ) ! axis ( ! cone ( light4 ,mr4 ,burton saw no trace ( b&s :5 exam9+ ! slight rema9+ twilight ap>t f ! zodiacal light4 ,mr4 ,rany>d 0 n able to confirm ,mr4 ,burton's obs]vations on ! same ev5+ & ) ! same in/rum5t4 ,numb] ( ,auror4 ,sid5ote3 ,numb] ( ,auror4 ,sir ,john ,frankl9's obs]vations4 ,sir ,john ,frankl9 saw 9 ! ,arctic ,regions1 9 ! ye>s #ahai1 #ahbj1 #ahba1 #ahbb3--;,9 ! mon? ( ,septemb] two ,auror1 9 ,octob] ?ree1 9 ,novemb] ?ree1 9 ,decemb] two1 9 ,janu>y five1 9 ,febru>y sev51 9 ,m>* sixte51 9 ,april fifte51 & 9 ,may elev54 ,sid5ote3 ,p]iodicity z to days n e/abli%$4 ,p]iodicity z to days seems to h no c]ta9 law2 & ?\gh c]ta9 days 9 ,febru>y & ,m>* are m>k$ z ^? ( f9e return+ displays1 !y mu/ be look$ on z accid5tal4 ,sid5ote3 ,maxima & m9ima4 ,two well-m>k$ annual maxima seem to occur 9 ,m>* & ,octob] 7! latt] ! great]71 & two m9ima 9 ,june & ,janu>y1 ! great] 9 ,june 7,encyc4 ,brit474 ,! #d? ( ,febru>y1 #ahgb1 & same day #ahgd1 are1 h[ev]1 curi\s in/ances ( a recurr+ rem>kable display4 ,sid5ote3 ,kmtz's table4 ,a table by ,kmtz1 %[+ ! numb] ( ,auroras 9 ea* mon? ( ! ye>1 ) ! maxima & m9ima z above /at$1 w be f\nd on ,plate ,v4 fig4 #e4 ,sid5ote3 ,dr4 ,hayes's obs]vations 9 w9t] ( #ahfj-fa4 ,dr4 ,hayes has obs]v$ t 9 ! w9t] ( #ahfj-fa 7:5 ! t5 or elev5 ye>s' inequality 0 at its maximum7 only ?ree ,auror 7 se5 & record$1 & !y 7 feeble & %ort 9 duration4 ,sid5ote3 ,capta9 ,maguire's obs]vations at ,po9t ,b>r[ z to numb] & "t ( appe>ances4 ,capta9 ,maguire1 at ,po9t ,b>r[ 7#aheb-ed71 reports t ! ,aurora 0 se5 six days out ( sev51 & on #ajgi occasions1 be+ ne>ly "o ?ird ( ! h\rly obs]vations4 ,x 0 seldom se5 betwe5 #i ,a4,m4 & #e ,p4,m41 n at all betwe5 #aj ,a4,m4 & #d ,p4,m4 ,x increas$ regul>ly & rapidly f #e ,p4,m4 until #a ,a4,m41 & !n dim9i%$ 9 ! same way until #i ,a4,m4 ,! w9t]s ( #ahgg & #ahgh & ! spr+s ( #ahgh & #ahgi h be5 s+ul>ly defici5t 9 ,auror4 ,i h se5 none at ,guild[n4 ,duration ( ,aurora4 ,sid5ote3 ,duration ( ,aurora4 ,sometimes a few m9utes2 at o!r times ! :ole night or ev5 days4 ,9 ! article 9 ! #8,ed9b4 ,encyc4' be=e ref]r$ to "s rem>ks are made on ! duration ( ! ,aurora4 ,sometimes x is =m$ & disappe>s 9 ! c\rse ( a few m9utes4 ,at o!r times x la/s = h\rs or dur+ ! :ole night1 or ev5 = two or ?ree days toge!r4 ,muss*5broek obs]v$ "o 9 #agcd :i* he consid]$ to h la/$ t5 days & nights successively1 & ano!r 9 #agce :i* la/$ f ! #bbnd to ! #ca/ ,m>*4 ,sid5ote3 ,auror may run on into ! day )\t be+ notic$4 ,) respect to ,capta9 ,maguire's obs]vations 7ant7 x may be rem>k$ t ,auror may d\btless frequ5tly run on into & ?r\gh ! day )\t _! be+ notic$ 7in/ances1 h[ev]1 are kn[n ( ,auror se5 9 daylight72 & h5ce x is difficult to judge ( ! limit ( duration ( a p>ticul> ,aurora unless indications are s\ght = dur+ ! day 7by ! %apes ( cl\ds1 action ( ! magnet1 c47 z well z dur+ ! night4 ,probably ,auror se5 dur+ successive nights may be p>ts ( a cont9u\s dis*>ge4 ,! ,travell+ ( ,auror4 ,sid5ote3 ,travell+ ( ,auror4 ,donati's inve/igations4 ,donati und]took to /udy ! ,aurora ) ref]5ce to ! mode ( its ext5sion2 & he arriv$ at ! result t ! ,aurora ( ,febru>y #d1 #ahgb1 0 n obs]v$ 9 diff]5t regions ( ! e>? 9 ! same physical mom5t2 b ev]y:]e at ! same local h\r1 z 9 ! case ( cele/ial ph5om5a1 :i* d n %>e 9 ! e>?'s rotation4 ,sid5ote3 ,que/ions s5t to ,italian ,consuls4 ,! ,m9i/] ( ,=eign ,affairs s5t a circul> to all ,italian ,consuls1 ask+ !m ! necess>y que/ions2 & 9 reply receiv$ reports f =ty-two places 9 our hemisph]e & f f\r 9 ! s\!rn1 ! places embrac+ 9 "o latitude ! consid]able ext5t ( #bdj degrees ( longitude4 ,an epitome ( ! tables 79 :i* ! results are divid$ into ?ree zones7 is z foll[s3-- ,sid5ote3 ,table ( results4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,zone4 ,mean longitude ,no4 ( ,mean h\r ,mean h\r ( zone4 /ations4 ( maximum4 ( end4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,ea/]n #b hrs4 #e m9s4 ,e4 #i #i hrs4 #ab hrs4 ,middle #j hr4 #bj m9s4 ,e4 #ag #h hrs4 #aa hrs4 ,we/]n #e hrs4 #ch m9s4 ,w4 #ac #h hrs4 #i hrs4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,sid5ote3 ,ext5sions ( ! ,aurora4 ,! ,aurora pass$ ?r\gh f\r p]iods4 ,fir/ p]iod ( orig91 light weak4 ,second p]iod1 increase ( int5sity4 ,?ird p]iod1 cont9u\s brightness4 ,f\r? p]iod1 decrease4 ,donati summ$ up ! facts3--,t ! light ph5om5a ( ?is ,aurora began to %[ !mselves 9 ! extreme ea/ ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e 9 ,ed5 & ,melb\rne2 %ortly aft]1 !y 7 obs]v$ 9 ! ea/ ( our hemisph]e 9 ,*9a 7b n 9 ,japan72 f ,*9a ! ,aurora pass$ ov] ! :ole ( ,asia & ,europe1 & cross$ ! ,atlantic & ! ,am]ican ,cont95t z f> z ,cali=nia4 ,x 0 invisible 9 ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,dur+ ^! imm5se ext5sions x pass$ ?r\gh f\r p]iods4 ,9 ! fir/ 7call$ by ,donati ! p]iod ( orig97 ! light ( ! ,aurora 0 pretty weak1 & spread f ,%anghai to ,bombay2 9 ! second p]iod1 dur+ :i* x pass$ on f ,bombay to ,taganrog1 x acquir$ a sudd5 increase ( int5sity2 9 ! ?ird p]iod 7call$ by ,donati ! normal7 ! ,aurora pass$ ov] ,europe f ea/ to we/ ) regul>ity & a cont9u\s brightness2 ! f\r? p]iod1 t ( decrease1 0 obs]v$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,! ,aurora _h a t5d5cy to end e>li] 9 ref]5ce to ! local h\r 9 ! we/]n /ations ?an 9 ! ea/]n4 ,! accel]ation on an av]age ( ! end ( ! ph5om5on 0 tw5ty m9utes = e h\r ( longitude4 ,sid5ote3 ,donati's conclusions4 ,explanation ( mode ( propagation ( same ,aurora4 ,donati conclud$ t ^! facts 7 n reconcilable ) ! !ory ( ! ,aurora dep5d+ on meteorological & electro-magnetic ph5om5a ( ! globe4 ,s9ce1 too1 we h n a ye>ly1 b a t5-ye>ly p]iod ( ! ,aurora1 :i* co9cides ) t ( sun-spots & t]re/rial magnetism1 ,donati suppos$ t ! cosmic causes ( ! pol> lights 7 electro-magnetic curr5ts betwe5 ! sun & ! e>?4 ,?is w\ld expla9 ! mode ( propagation ( ! ,aurora ( #d? ,febru>y4 ,conceive an electric curr5t go+ f ! e>? to ! sun1 or vice v]s2 c]ta9 ph5om5a ( ! ,aurora c\ld only be obs]v$ 9 ^? p>ts ( ! atmosph]e :i* h a det]m9ate position or direction ) ref]5ce to ?is curr5t2 & consequ5tly ^! ph5om5a w\ld be successively visible on ! diff]5t m]idians1 z ^! m]idians1 by reason ( ! e>?'s rotation1 assume ! same position to ! curr5t4 ,= ! ,aurora to be visible c]ta9 meteorological & telluric circum/ances mu/1 h[ev]1 d\btless "w toge!r ) ! cosmical cause4 ,geographical ,di/ribution ( ,auror 7,fritz & ,loomis74 ,sid5ote3 ,geographical ,di/ribution ( ,auror4 ,pr(4 ,fritz's & ,pr(4 ,loomis's l9e ( frequ5cy4 ,pr(essors ,fritz & ,loomis h inve/igat$ ?is subject2 & ,pet]mann's #8,mit!ilung51' vol4 xx4 7#ahgd71 conta9s a pap] by ! =m]1 f :i* x appe>s t ! nor!rn limit ( ,auror *os5 by ,pr(essor ,loomis ne>ly co9cid$1 except 9 ,engl&1 ) a l9e ( frequ5cy 9 ,pr(essor ,fritz's pap]4 ,?is l9e ne>ly passes ?r\gh ,toronto1 ,man*e/]1 & ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,pr(essor ,loomis places x z f> nor? z ,ed9burgh4 ,on a l9e across ,behr+'s ,/raits1 & com+ d[n bel[ #fj ,n4 9 ,am]ica & ! ,atlantic1 & j nor? ( ! ,hebrides1 to ,drn!im1 & includ+ ! mo/ nor!rn po9ts ( ,sib]ia1 ! frequ5cy is repres5t$ by #ajj4 ,sid5ote3 ,)9 ?is ano!r zone ( greate/ frequ5cy & int5sity4 ,)9 ?is is ano!r zone ( greate/ frequ5cy & int5sity1 :i* passes j s\? ( ,po9t ,b>r[1 9 lat4 #gb ,n41 on ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,am]ica1 & by ! ,great ,be> ,lake to ,hudson's ,bay1 :]e x rea*es a latitude ( #fj1 !n on to ,na91 on ! coa/ ( ,labrador1 & to ! s\? ( ,cape ,f>ewell2 !n b5d+ %>p] to ! nor?w>d1 x passes betwe5 ,icel& & ! ,f>oe ,isl&s1 ne> to ! ,nor? ,cape1 on by ! nor!rn ice-sea to ,nova-,zembla & ,cape ,ts*ejusk91 & on j to ! nor? ( ! ,sib]ian coa/ to ! s\? ( ,kellett ,l&1 !nce return+ to ,po9t ,b>r[4 ,sid5ote3 ,l9es on :i* annually ne>ly ! same numb] ( ,auror are se54 ,m or less p>allel ) ?is l9e are ! l9es on :i* annually ne>ly ! same numb] ( ,auror are se54 ,! l9e = "o ,aurora annually w5t f ,bordeaux1 ?r\gh ,switz]l&1 pa/ ,krakau1 s\? ( ,mosc[ & ,tobolsk1 to ! nor!rn end ( ,lake ,baikal1 on to ! ,sea ( ,o*otsk & to ! ,s\!rn ,aleutes1 !nce ?r\gh ,nor!rn ,cali=nia to ! m\? ( ! ,mississippi & to ,bordeaux4 ,! l9e = five ,auror annually w5t f ,bre/ ?r\gh ,belgium1 ,/ett91 ,wologda1 betwe5 ,tobolsk & ,b]es[1 p>allel to ! previ\s l9e to ,o*otsk1 & on to ,bre/1 c4 ,almo/ exactly ) ! l9e ( greate/ frequ5cy co9cides ! l9e =m+ ! b\nd>y ( ! direction ( visibility ( ! ,nor!rn ,light t[>ds ! ,pole or t[>ds ! ,equator2 :ile nor?w>ds ( ?is l9e ! ,pol> ,light is se5 9 ! direction t[>ds ! ,equator2 & f all /ations ! ,nor!rn ,lights are se5 9 directions :i* are pretty mu* normal to t curve & ! entire sy/em ( iso*asms4 ,sid5ote3 ,assum$ connexion betwe5 ,aurora & ice-=mation4 ,pr(essor ,fritz has rem>k$ t ! curves ( great] frequ5cy t5d t[>ds ! region ( atmosph]ic pressure1 & also t !y be> "s relation to ! limit ( p]petual ice--t5d+ mo/ s\?w>d :]e1 z 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! ice limit comes fur!r s\?4 ,he also endeav\rs to %[ a connexion betwe5 ! p]iods ( maximum ( ,auror & ^? ( ice-=mation1 & consid]s ice to be an important local cause influ5c+ _! di/ribution4 ,^! be+ mo/ frequ5tly se5 ov] op5 wat] 9 ! ,arctic regions1 has be5 ref]r$ to z notic$ by ,frankl9 & o!rs4 ,ext5t & pr9cipal ,zone ( ! ,aurora4 ,sid5ote3 ,ext5t & pr9cipal zone ( ,aurora4 ,m4 ,mob]g's ,f9l& obs]vations 7#ahdf-ee7 comp>$ by ,pr(4 ,fritz ) ^? 9 o!r regions4 ,! ,f9l& obs]vations1 publi%$ by ,m4 ,mob]g 9 8 #8,pol>li*t] ,katalogue' ( ,nor!rn ,lights 9 ! ye>s #ahdf-ee1 numb]+ #aajj1 h be5 comp>$ by ,pr(4 ,fritz1 9 8 pap] 9 ! #8,wo*5s*rift fr ,a/ronomie1' ) ! auroral ph5om5a ( ! same p]iod 9 all o!r regions4 ,! ,table %[s t ( #bjce days ( ! mon?s ,augu/ to ,april on :i* ,nor!rn ,lights 7 se51 #aajg days 7 ^? ( ,nor!rn ,lights = ,f9l&4 ,on #gid !y 7 visible simultane\sly 9 ,am]ica1 & mo/ly also 9 ,europe2 on #aja days 9 ,europe only1 & on #bab days 9 ,f9l& only4 ,on #ieh days ,nor!rn ,lights 7 visible 9 ,europe & ,am]ica :i* 7 n visible 9 ,f9l&4 ,all ^! numb]s ref] only to ! mon?s ,augu/ to ,april1 z 9 ! rema9+ mon?s ! brightness ( ! night 9 ,f9l& makes su* obs]vations impossible4 ,! conclusion is arriv$ at t a l>ge portion ( ,auror h no v great ext5sion1 or t ! causes produc+ ! ph5om5a mu/ (t5 be ( a v local "*2 :ile 9 ano!r portion ( ! ph5om5a ! ext5t1 or ! regions ( simultane\s appe>ance are v consid]able4 ,sid5ote3 ,numb] limit$ to ,f9l& only small4 ,! numb] limit$ to ,f9l&1 = :i* hi!rto correspond+ obs]vations f o!r l&s are want+1 is v small--#bab1 or #ai p] c5t4 ( ! :ole numb] se5 9 ,f9l&4 ,) ! increase ( frequ5cy ( ! ph5om5a at ! "t ( maximum1 ! numb] obs]v$ 9 ,f9l& & ,am]ica on ! same day increases2 :ile ^? obs]v$ 9 ,f9l& & ,europe only1 or 9 ,f9l& only1 decreas$1 9 accordance ) ! kn[n law t ) ! frequ5cy ! int5sity & ext5t also increase4 ,sid5ote3 ,"o ?ird ( ,auror se5 9 ,am]ica & ,europe simultane\sly4 ,betwe5 #ahbf & #ahee1 ( #bhgh days on :i*1 9 ,am]ica1 ! ,nor!rn ,lights 7 se51 !re 7 #ajfe on :i* !y 7 also visible 9 ,europe2 s t at lea/ e ?ird day ( ,auror 0 common to bo? ^! portions ( ! globe4 ,9 ! ye>s #ahdf to #ahee1 & #ahfh to #ahgb1 !re 7 9 ! fir/ p]iod #feg ,nor!rn-,light days common to ,am]ica & ,europe out ( #afia1 & 9 ! second #cig out ( #gae4 ,sid5ote3 ,local occurr5ce ( ! ,aurora n 9 fav\r ( its assum$ cosmical nature4 ,! comp>ison by ,pr(4 ,fritz ( ,m4 ,mob]g's ,f9l& obs]vations has be5 lately review$ 9 #8,nature' 7,m>* #h1 #ahgh7 & ! result arriv$ at t1 8,aft] t5 ye>s1 9 spite ( ! va/ly accumulat$ mat]ial ( c>eful obs]vations1 !re appe>s no necessity to *ange ,h]r ,fritz's sy/em ( curves 9 any ess5tial detail2 inde$ c]ta9 p>ts ( ! same1 :i* 7 at fir/ only bas$ on probability & supposition 7! "p ( ! pr9cipal zone betwe5 ! nor? ( ,norway & ,ni%5 ,kolynisk z an in/ance71 we n[ "k ) p]fect c]ta9ty to be correct40 ,x has be5 rem>k$ t ! local occurr5ce ( ,auror is n 9 accordance ) ! hypo!sis ( ! ph5om5on be+ "o ( a cosmical nature4 ,! w9t] ( #ahgj 0 rem>kable = brilliant displays2 & ! displays ( ,octob] #bd? & #be?1 #ahgj1 7 rem>kably brilliant 9 ,engl& & 9 ,am]ica also1 & ! ,aurora ,au/ralis 0 se5 on ! same days at ,madras4 ,^! displays 7 se5 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica 9 ! daytime z pat*es or coron ( :ite light1 ) /ream]s /ret*+ upw>d f !m4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,aurora ,,9 ,,connexion ,,) ,,o!r ,,ph5om5a4 ,auror & ,cl\ds4 ,sid5ote3 ,auror & cl\ds4 ,dr4 ,ri*>dson's obs]vations4 ,aurora con/antly accompani$ by or imm$iately prec$es ! =mation ( cirro-/ratus4 ,dr4 ,ri*>dson 7#8,sir ,john ,frankl9's ,n>rative'71 s long ago z ! ye>s #ahai-ahbb1 made _m record$ obs]vations on ! connexion ( cl\ds ) ! ,aurora ,borealis 9 ! ,pol> regions4 ,"s ( ^! are allud$ to 9 ,*apt] ,v41 section 8,height ( ! ,aurora10 = ! purpose ( %[+ ! mod]ate di/ance he f\nd x to be above ! e>?2 & 8 inf]5ce is !re m5tion$1 8t ! ,aurora ,borealis is con/antly accompani$ by or imm$iately prec$es ! =mation ( "o or o!r ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( cirro-/ratus40 ,on ! #ac? ,novemb] & #ah? ,decemb]1 #ahbj1 ! connexion ( an ,aurora ) a cl\d int]m$iate betwe5 cirrus & cirro-/ratus is m5tion$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 also m5tion$ t ! mo/ vivid coruscations ( ! ,aurora 7 obs]v$ :5 !re 7 only a few att5uat$ %oots ( cirro-/ratus float+ 9 ! air1 or :5 t cl\d 0 s r>e t its exi/5ce 0 only kn[n by ! production ( a halo r\nd ! moon4 7,an in/ance ( att5uat$ /reaks ( cirro-/ratus 9 connexion ) an auroral arc w be f\nd 9 ! ,aurora se5 at ,guild[n on ! #d? ,febru>y #ahgd1 a sket* ( :i* is reproduc$ on ,plate ,,vi4 fig4 #a47 ,sid5ote3 ,pol>ity disc]n$ 9 cirro-/ratus cl\ds4 ,dr4 ,ri*>dson goes on to express 8 op9ion t he1 on "s occasions1 disc]n$ a pol>ity 9 ! masses ( cl\ds belong+ to a c]ta9 k9d ( cirro-/ratus 7approa*+ cirrus71 by :i* _! long diamet]s1 hav+ all ! same direction1 7 made to cross ! magnetic m]idian ne>ly at "r angles4 ,sid5ote3 ,app>5t pol>ity ( ,aurora might p]haps be ascrib$ to ! cl\ds !mselves4 ,dr4 ,ri*>dson fur!r sugge/s t if x %\ld be !reaft] prov$ t ! ,aurora dep5ds ^u ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 cl\ds1 its app>5t pol>ity might p]haps be ascrib$ to ! cl\ds !mselves :i* emit ! light2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! cl\ds might assume _! peculi> arrangem5t ?r\gh ! op]ation ( "o cause 7magnetism1 = in/ance71 :ile ! emission ( light might be produc$ by ano!r--a *ange 9 _! int]nal con/itution p]haps connect$ ) a motion ( ! electric fluid4 ,dr4 ,ri*>dson fur!r rem>ks t1 g5]ally speak+1 ! ,aurora appe>$ 9 small deta*$ masses = "s "t be=e x assum$ t conv]g5cy t[>ds ! opposite p>ts ( ! horizon :i* produc$ ! ar*$ =m4 ,sid5ote3 ,sir ,john ,frankl9's obs]vations4 ,sir ,john ,frankl9 says 9 8 ,pol> exp$itions he (t5 p]ceiv$ ! cl\ds 9 ! daytime dispos$ 9 /reams & ar*es su* z ! ,aurora assumes4 ,sid5ote3 ,dr4 ,l['s4 ,dr4 ,l[ 7#8,nature1' iv4 p4 #aba7 consid]s he witness$ a complete display ( auroral motions 9 cirrus cl\d1 & consid]s all cl\ds subject to magnetic or diamagnetic pol>ization2 he /ates t :5 ! l9es conv]ge t[>ds ! magnetic pole f9e wea!r foll[s1 & :5 at "r angles to x wet & /ormy4 ,sid5ote3 ,m4 ,silb]mann's obs]vations1 #ae? ,april1 #ahfi4 ,cirrus cl\ds took ! place ( ! ,aurora4 ,9 ! ,encyc4 ,brit4 edition #i1 article 8,aurora ,pol>is10 aft] ref]r+ to ! evid5ce ( ,frankl91 ,ri*>dson1 & ,l[1 ,m4 ,silb]mann 7#8,comptes ,r5dus1' lxviii4 p4 #ajea7 is quot$ 9 detail = obs]v$ connexion betwe5 ! ,aurora & cirrus cl\d4 #ae? ,april1 #ahfi1 at #aa;h #afm1 an ,aurora appe>$ & disappe>$2 b x seem$ z if ! columns 7 /ill visible1 & x soon became obvi\s t fan-l cirrus cl\ds1 ) _! po9t ( div]g5ce 9 ! nor?1 _h tak5 ! place ( ! ,aurora4 ,betwe5 #a & #b ,a4,m4 ! cl\ds _h pass$ ! z5i?1 & let fall a little f9e froz5 ra94 ,at #d ,a4,m4 ! cirrus ( ! false ,aurora 0 /ill visible1 b de=m$ t[>ds ! top1 & pres5t+ a flaky aspect4 ,! cirrus nev] appe>$ to replace ! ,aurora ei!r f "r or left1 b to sub/itute itself = x l ! *anges ( a dioramic view4 ,sid5ote3 ,pay] ?9ks ! transition ( ,aurora into cl\ds n prov$4 ,pay]1 9 8 #8,au/rian ,arctic ,voyages1' ?9ks t ! occurr5ce ( ! ,aurora dur+ ! day 7i4 e4 light cl\ds ) its *>act]i/ic movem5t7 _h be5 r imag9$ ?an actually obs]v$1 & t ! transition ( :ite cl\ds into auroral =ms at night has nev] be5 satisfactorily prov$4 ,he1 h[ev]1 m5tions ! mi/-l appe>ance ( ! ,aurora4 ,sid5ote3 ,dr4 ,allnatt's obs]vations1 #d? ,febru>y1 #ahgb1 at ,frant4 ,aurora pass$ into cirro-/ratus4 ,dr4 ,allnatt obs]v$ ! spl5did ,aurora ( #d? ,febru>y1 #ahgb1 at ,frant1 & notic$ ! weird & wond]ful appe>ance ( ! ph5om5a4 ,at #f ,p4,m4 ! ,aurora comm5c$ by ! ,s4,w4 portion ( ! heav5s be+ t+$ ) a bright c>m9e hue1 & 9 a %ort "t ! :ole visible hemisph]e 0 light$ up4 ,a d>k elliptical cl\d ext5d+ f ,s4 to ,s4,e4 & ,s4,w4 s5t up volumes ( col\r$ radii4 ,at #g ! ,aurora _h pass$ ! z5i?1 & a d>k1 brok51 rugg$ cl\d "s #h ,e4 ( z5i? 0 surr\nd$ by electric light ( all hues4 ,at #g4dj ! ,aurora began to wane1 & pass$ into a homog5e\s cirro-/ratus ( suffici5t d5sity to obscure ! />s1 disappe>+ at #g4de4 ,sid5ote3 ,lat]1 cirro-/ratus 0 trans=m$ into lum9\s cumulus4 ,at a lat] h\r ( ! night ! canopy ( cirro-/ratus _h sep>at$ & 0 trans=m$ into lum9\s masses ( radiant cumulus2 s t1 z ,dr4 ,allnatt obs]ves1 !re 7 call$ 9 requisition almo/ all ! mo/ prom95t cl\d-modifications dur+ ! progress ( ! ph5om5a4 ,! succession ( =mation1 trans=mation1 & re=mation f ,aurora to cl\d & f cl\d to ,aurora 01 ,dr4 ,allnatt conclud$1 conclusive ( ! !ory be=e advanc$ ( ! electric orig9 ( ! recurr5t ray$ cl\d-modifications 9 ! place ( ! magnetic m]idian1 ov] :i* s mu* my/]y _h be5 ca/4 ,aurora & ,?und]-/orms4 ,sid5ote3 ,aurora & ?und]-/orms4 ,silb]mann's !ory4 ,silb]mann ass]ts t ,auror are produc$ by ! same g5]al ph5om5a z ?und]-/orms1 & concludes t ! ,auror ( #ahei & #ahfi assum$ ! "* ( ?und]-/orms :i*1 in/ead ( bur/+ 9 ?und]1 _h be5 drawn into ! upp] p>ts ( ! atmosph]e1 & _! vap\r be+ cry/alliz$ 9 t9y prisms by ! int5se cold1 ! electricity became lum9\s 9 fl[+ ov] ^! icy p>ticles4 ,sid5ote3 ,pr(4 ,piazzi ,smy? on mon?ly frequ5cy ( ,auror & /orms4 ,pr(essor ,piazzi ,smy? has obs]v$ t ! mon?ly frequ5cy ( ,auror v>ies inv]sely ) t ( ?und]-/orms4 ,8 ,table ( comp>isons is z foll[s3-- ,sid5ote3 ,8 table ( obs]vations4 ,mon?4 ,lightn+4 ,auror4 ,janu>y #bdj #big ,febru>y #add #dbe ,m>* #gj #cej ,april #aed #bge ,may #cgd #dh ,june #dhj #jj ,july #eeb #je ,augu/ #chd #abf ,septemb] #bbd #cff ,octob] #bjh #did ,novemb] #aej #cbd ,decemb] #aej #bhh ---- ---- ,mean ( :ole ye> #bdj #bja ,sid5ote3 ,silb]mann's obs]vations #ae? ,april1 #ahfi4 #cj? ,april1 #ahfe4 ,silb]mann1 on #ae? ,april1 #ahfi1 obs]v$ a fall ( ra9 7t9y cry/als ( ice7 on ! disappe>ance ( an ,aurora & its *ange into cl\d =ms 7see section1 8,auror & ,cl\ds10 p4 #ec74 ,he also obs]v$ a ra9 ( little sp>kl+ ice-prisms on #cj? ,april1 #ahfe1 at ,p>is1 ! city be+ !n envelop$ 9 a cirrus ( v]tical fibres simil> to t :i* frequ5tly accompanies ! ,aurora4 ,on ! occasion ( ! ,aurora se5 by me at ,guild[n1 #d? ,febru>y1 #ahgb1 ra9 fell imm$iately succe$+ ! =mation ( ! corona4 ,! fall+ ( ra9 z an imm$iate sequ5ce ( an ,aurora seems1 h[ev]1 to be r ! exception ?an ! rule2 b possibly ?is may v>y ) ! "* ( ! ,aurora itself--:e!r x be ( ! crimson class1 pass+ into cl\d & accompani$ ) mu* electric di/urbance1 or ( ! m quiesc5t :ite4 ,sid5ote3 ,a fall+ b>omet] obs]v$ to foll[ ,auror4 ,a fall+ b>omet] foll[+ a display ( ,auror has be5 notic$ by ,sir ,john ,frankl9 & o!rs2 & 9 "s cases 7notably "o 9 ,sicily be=e ref]r$ to7 /orms & floods h accompani$ ?is4 ,sid5ote3 ,pr(essor ,*ri/ison's obs]vations4 ,9 a pap] read be=e ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh 9 #ahfh1 ,pr(4 ,*ri/ison m5tion$1 z a fact ( importance to agriculturi/s1 t ! fir/ great ,aurora aft] autumn is well advanc$1 & foll[+ a p]iod ( f9e wea!r1 is a sign ( a great /orm ( ra9 & w9d 9 ! =5oon ( ! second day aft]w>ds4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,l4 ,pr9ce1 9 8 #8,climate ( ,uckfield1' p4 #bah1 rem>ks t displays ( ,auror are almo/ inv>iably foll[$ by v /ormy wea!r1 aft] an int]val ( f #aj to #ad days4 ,aurora & ! ,magnetic ,ne$le4 ,sid5ote3 ,aurora & ! magnetic ne$le4 ,sir ,john ,frankl9's obs]vations4 ,motion communicat$ to ! ne$le 0 nei!r sudd5 nor vibratory4 ,return ( ne$le to its =m] position v gradual4 ,diff]5t positions ( ! ,aurora _h consid]able influ5ce on ! direction ( ! ne$le4 ,ne$le di/urb$ :5 ,aurora n visible4 ,quiesc5t yell[ ,aurora produc$ no p]ceptible effect on ne$le4 ,return ( ne$le m spe$y aft] =mation ( a second ar*4 ,sl[ :5 di/urbance 0 consid]able4 ,sir ,john ,frankl91 9 8 #8,n>rative' 7be=e ref]r$ to71 gives ,lieut5ant ,rob]t ,hood1 ,r4,n41 ! cr$it ( be+ 8! fir/ :o satisfactorily prov$1 by 8 obs]vations at ,cumb]l& ,h\se 7be=e m5tion$71 ! important fact ( ! action ( ! ,aurora ^u ! compass-ne$le10 & also 8to h prov$ ! ,aurora to be an electrical ph5om5on1 or at lea/ t x induces a c]ta9 unusual /ate ( electricity 9 ! atmosph]e40 ,sir ,john ,frankl9 !n m5tions t ! motion communicat$ to ! ne$le 0 nei!r sudd5 nor vibratory4 ,sometimes x 0 simultane\s ) ! =mation ( ar*es1 prolongation ( beams1 or c]ta9 o!r *anges ( =m or ( activity ( ! ,aurora4 ,b g5]ally ! effect ( ^! ph5om5a ^u ! ne$le 0 n visible imm$iately2 b 9 ab\t half an h\r or an h\r ! ne$le _h obta9$ its maximum ( deviation4 ,f ?is its return to its =m] position 0 v gradual1 seldom rega9+ x be=e ! foll[+ morn+1 & frequ5tly n until ! aft]noon1 unless x 0 exp$it$ by ano!r ar* ( ! ,aurora op]at+ 9 a direction diff]5t f ! =m] "o4 ,! magnetic ne$le 9 ! op5 air 0 di/urb$ by ! ,aurora :5ev] x approa*$ ! z5i?4 ,its motion 0 n vibratory 7z obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,dalton71 p]haps ow+ to ! weight ( ! c>d4 ,x mov$ sl[ly to ! ,e4 or ,w4 ( ! magnetic m]idian1 & seldom recov]$ its orig9al direction 9 less ?an eight or n9e h\rs4 ,! greate/ ext5t ( its ab]ration 0 #de4 ,! ar*es ( ! ,aurora 7 rem>k$ commonly to trav]se ! sky ne>ly at "r angles to ! magnetic m]idian2 b deviation 0 n r>e1 & x 0 consid]$ t ! diff]5t positions ( ! ,aurora _h consid]able influ5ce on ! direction ( ! ne$le4 ,:5 an ar* 0 ne>ly at "r angles to ! magnetic m]idian1 ! motion ( ! ne$le 0 t[>ds ! ,w4 ,?is motion 0 great] :5 ! extremity ( ! ar* approa*$ f ! we/ t[>ds ! magnetic nor?4 ,a we/]ly motion also took place :5 ! extremity ( an ar* 0 9 ! true nor?1 or ab\t #cf to ! we/ ( ! magnetic nor?4 ,! motion ( ! ne$le 0 t[>ds ! ea/ :5 ! same end ( an ar* orig9at$ to ! s\?w>d ( ! magnetic we/1 & :5 ( c\rse its opposite extremity approa*$ ne>] to ! magnetic nor?4 ,9 "o case only a complete ar* 0 =m$ 9 ! magnetic m]idian4 ,9 ano!r ! beam %ot up f ! magnetic nor? to ! z5i?4 ,9 bo? ^! cases ! ne$le mov$ t[>ds ! we/4 ,! ne$le 0 mo/ di/urb$ on ,febru>y #ac1 #ahba1 at a "t :5 an ,aurora 0 di/9ctly se5 pass+ betwe5 a /ratum ( cl\ds & ! e>?4 ,sometimes ! ne$le deviat$ ?\gh no ,aurora 0 visible2 b x 0 unc]ta9 :e!r !re might n h be5 a conceal$ ,aurora at ! "t4 ,cl\ds 7 sometimes obs]v$ dur+ ! day to assume ! =m ( ! ,aurora1 & deviations ( ! ne$le 7 occasionally rem>k$ at su* times4 ,an ,aurora sometimes approa*$ ! z5i? )\t produc+ any *ange ( position ( ! ne$le2 :ile at o!r times a consid]able alt]ation took place1 ?\gh ! beams or ar*es did n come ne> ! z5i?4 ,! ,aurora 0 frequ5tly se5 )\t produc+ a p]ceptible effect on ! ne$le4 ,at su* times x 0 g5]ally an ar* or a horizontal /ream ( d5se yell[i% light ) little or no int]nal motion4 ,! di/urbance ( ! ne$le 0 n always proportionate to ! agitation ( ! ,aurora1 b 0 always great] :5 ! quick motion & vivid light 7 obs]v$ to take place 9 a hazy atmosph]e4 ,9 a few in/ances ! ne$le comm5c$ at ! in/ant a beam />t$ f ! horizon upw>ds2 & its return 0 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,if an ar* =m$ imm$iately aft]w>ds1 hav+ its extremities plac$ on opposite sides ( ! magnetic nor? & s\? to ! =m] "o1 ! return ( ! ne$le 0 m spe$y1 & x g5]ally w5t beyond ! po9t f :i* x fir/ />t$4 ,:5 ! di/urbance 0 consid]able1 x seldom rega9$ its usual position be=e #c or #d ,p4,m4 on ! foll[+ day4 ,on "o occasion only ! ne$le _h a quick vibratory motion 7betwe5 #cdc #ej & #cdd #dj74 ,! di/urbance produc$ by ! ,aurora 0 s great t no accurate d$uctions z to diurnal v>iation c\ld be made4 ,sid5ote3 ,magnetic obs]vations on bo>d ! #8,teget*(f4' ,pay]1 9 8 #8,new ,l&s )9 ! ,arctic ,circle' 7vol4 i4 pp4 #cbg1 #cbh71 gives ! result ( ! magnetic obs]vations on bo>d ! ,au/rian %ip #8,teget*(f' 9 ! ye>s #ahgb-gd1 made by means ( a magnetic !odolite1 a dipp+-ne$le1 & ?ree v>iation in/rum5ts4 ,! extraord9>y di/urbances ( ! ne$le r5d]$ ! det]m9ation ( exact mean values = ! magnetic con/ants impossible4 ,! foll[+ 7 ! pr9cipal results ( ^! obs]vations3-- ,sid5ote3 ,di/urbances great4 7#a7 ,! magnetic di/urbances 7 ( extraord9>y magnitude & frequ5cy4 ,sid5ote3 ,great] z ! rays 7 rapid4 ,quiesc5t ar*es ex]cis$ no influ5ce4 7#b7 ,!y 7 closely connect$ ) ! ,aurora1 & !y 7 great] z ! motion ( ! rays 0 m rapid & fitful & ! prismatic col\rs m int5se4 ,quiesc5t & regul> ar*es1 )\t *ang+ rays or /ream]s1 ex]cis$ mo/ly no influ5ce on ! ne$le4 ,sid5ote3 ,decl9ation-ne$le1 effects on4 7#c7 ,9 all ! di/urbances ! decl9ation-ne$le mov$ t[>ds ! ea/1 & ! horizontal int5sity decreas$ :ile ! incl9ation increas$4 ,sir ,john ,frankl9 sums up 8 in=mation z to ! ne$le to mu* ! same effect1 viz4 t brilliant & active coruscations cause a deflection almo/ inv>iably if !y appe> ?r\gh a hazy atmosph]e & if ! prismatic col\rs are exhibit$ 9 ! beams or ar*es4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 ! air is cle> & ! ,aurora pres5ts a /eady d5se light ( a yell[ col\r & )\t motion1 ! ne$le is (t5 unaffect$ by its appe>ance4 ,sid5ote3 ,p>ry's exp]i5ce4 ,p>ry 7,?ird ,voyage7 f\nd 8 v>iation-ne$le 7extremely light & delicately susp5d$7 9 no in/ance affect$ by ! ,auror2 b he seems to h pr9cipally met ) ! quiesc5t =m ( t ph5om5on4 ,m4 ,lott91 ! ,fr5* savant 7^: description ( an ,auroral display has be5 giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,ii471 obs]v$ 9 ! ,nor? ,sea1 betwe5 ,septemb] #ahch & ,april #ahci1 :ile ! sun 0 bel[ ! horizon1 #aej ,auror4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod #fd 7 visible1 8besides _m :i* a cl\dy sky conceal$1 b ! pres5ce ( :i* 0 indicat$ by ! di/urbances !y produc$ ^u ! magnetic ne$le0 7,l>dn]'s #8,museum ( ,sci5ce & ,art1' vol4 x4 p4 #ahi74 ,sid5ote3 ,gr& displays accompani$ by motion ( ne$le to ! we/4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ by "s obs]v]s t gr& displays ( ! ,aurora are frequ5tly prec$$ or accompani$ by an extraord9>y motion ( ! ne$le to ! we/w>d4 ,capta9 ,maguire f\nd at ,po9t ,b>r[ 7#aheb-ed7 t ! appe>ance ( ! ,aurora 9 ! s\? 0 connect$ ) ! motion ( ! magnet to ! ea/ ( ! magnetic nor?1 & if 9 ! nor? to ! we/ ( ! same4 ,sid5ote3 ,sol> di/urbances & ,aurora4 ,on an occasion 9 #ahei great sol> di/urbances 7 obs]v$1 ! ,gre5wi* magnets 7 mu* di/urb$1 & a f9e ,aurora 0 visible4 ,sid5ote3 ,cipoletti's obs]vation4 ,cipoletti1 ( ,flor5ce1 rem>ks on ! /rong magnetic di/urbances at ,vi5na & ,muni* dur+ ! ,auror ( #d? ,febru>y1 #ahgb1 & #d? ,febru>y1 #ahgd4 ,sid5ote3 ,dr4 ,?ompson concludes t cyl9d]s ( ,aurora _c be d\bt$ to be magnets4 ,dr4 ,?ompson1 9 8 #8,annals ( ,philosophy1' vol4 iv4 p4 #dca 7#ahad71 m5tions z an au!nticat$ fact t dur+ ! preval5ce ( ! ,aurora ! magnetic ne$le 0 frequ5tly obs]v$ to become un/eady1 & 7p4 #dcb7 concludes t cyl9d]s ( ,aurora _c be d\bt$ to be magnets4 ,! only ?ree bodies capable ( assum+ magnetic prop]ties are iron1 nickel1 & cobalt4 ,:5 meteors are consid]$1 x is n altoge!r extravagant to conjecture t bodies simil> 9 _! nature to "s ( ! solid bodies :i* con/itute our globe may exi/ 9 "s unkn[n /ate 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,dur+ ! ,aurora ( #ac? ,may1 #ahfi1 ! decl9ation at ,gre5wi* v>i$ #a #be1 :ile ! v]tical =ce exp]i5c$ f\r successive maxima1 & ! greate/ oscillation am\nt$ to #jjd ( ! total mean value4 ,! horizontal =ce v>i$ only #jjad ( its mean value4 ,dur+ ! ,aurora ( #ae? ,april1 #ahfi1 ! decl9ation at ,/onyhur/ v>i$ #b #bc #ad 9 n9e m9utes4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,ix4 ,auror1 ,magnetic ,di/urbances1 & ,sun-spots4 ,sid5ote3 ,auror1 magnetic di/urbances1 & sun-spots 9 ,italy4 ,auror 7 frequ5t 9 ,italy 9 ,april #ahga4 ,on ! #aj? a rem>kable "o 0 se51 ) decl9omet] deflect$ t[>ds ! ea/1 & #fc sun-spots 7 c\nt$4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! #aj? ! deflection cont9u$1 & at midday #ig sun-spots 7 c\nt$4 ,on ! #ah? a brilliant ,aurora la/$ to #aj o'clock at night4 ,f ?is "t till ! #bcrd ! ,aurora appe>$ con/antly1 giv+ a r$di% t+e 9 ! nor? & nor?-we/4 ,a brilliant display took place on ! ev5+ ( ! #bcrd4 ,on ! ev5+s :5 ! ,aurora appe>$ ! magnetomet]s 7 di/urb$ ?r\gh\t ,italy1 & end$ by a viol5t agitation dur+ ! :ole ( ! #bd?4 ,sun-spots 7 obs]v$ at ,rome1 ,pal]mo1 & ,moncali]i1 b ! great] numb] on ! days ( ! ,auror4 ,a brilliant display at ,moncali]i on ,june #ah 0 accompani$ by v viol5t magnetic di/urbance4 ,sid5ote3 ,proctor's sun-spots & ,aurora4 ,septemb] #be1 #ahgj1 ,mr4 ,proctor c\nt$ #ajb spots on ! sol> disk2 & on ! night ( ! #bd? & morn+ ( ! #be? an ,aurora ( unwont$ magnific5ce 0 visible at v>i\s /ations 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,g]many4 ,sid5ote3 ,sun-spots & ! magnet4 #aa ye>s' p]iod4 ,s*wabe's sun-spot p]iod4 ,) respect to sun-spots & ! magnet1 ! frequ5cy ( magnetic /orms1 caus+ oscillation ( ! ne$le1 gradually increas$ f a m9imum 9 #ahdc to a maximum 9 #ahdh1 giv+ a v>iation ( some?+ ne> #aa ye>s altoge!r4 ,s*wabe obs]v$ ! sun-spots = #bd ye>s1 & f\nd !y _h a regul> maximum & m9imum e five ye>s1 & t ! ye>s #ahdc & #ahdh 7 m9imum & maximum ye>s co9cid+ ) ! magnetic v>iation at ^? p]iods4 ,sid5ote3 ,pr(4 ,loomis consid]s connexion e/abli%$ betwe5 magnetic decl9ation1 auroral displays1 & sun-spots4 ,pr(essor ,loomis 7#8,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1' vol4 v4 ,april #ahgc7 consid]s t a comp>ison betwe5 ! mean daily range ( ! magnetic decl9ation & ! numb] ( ,auroras obs]v$ 9 ea* ye>1 & also ) ! ext5t ( ! black spots on ! surface ( ! sun1 e/abli%es a connexion betwe5 ^! ph5om5a1 & indicates t auroral displays 7at lea/ 9 ! middle latitudes ( ,europe & ,am]ica7 are subject to a law ( p]iodicity1 t _! gr&e/ displays are repeat$ at int]vals ( ab\t #fj ye>s1 & t !re are also o!r fluctuations1 less di/9ctly m>k$1 :i* succe$ ea* o!r at an av]age int]val ( ab\t #aj or #aa ye>s1 ! times ( maxima correspond+ q rem>kably ) ! maxima ( sol> spots4 ,sid5ote3 ,illu/rative table ( co9cid5ces4 ,an illu/ration ( ! result ( ^! obs]vations is giv5 on ,plate ,,ix4 fig4 #b4 ,! curves are 9 close correspond5ce1 & ! co9cid5ce at ! times ( maximum & m9imum is rem>kable4 ,! auroral maximum g5]ally occurs a little lat] ?an ! magnetic maximum2 & ! connexion betwe5 ! auroral & magnetic curves appe>s some:at m intimate ?an betwe5 ! auroral & sun-spot curves4 ,sid5ote3 ,pr(4 ,loomis consid]s a sun-spot a sol> di/urbance affect+ ! e>?'s magnetism4 ,pr(essor ,loomis cont5ds 8t ! black spot is a result ( a di/urbance ( ! sun's surface1 :i* is accompani$ by an emanation ( "s influ5ce f ! sun1 :i* is almo/ in/antly felt ^u ! e>? 9 an unusual di/urbance ( ! e>?'s magnetism1 & a fl[ ( electricity1 develop+ ! auroral light 9 ! upp] regions ( ! e>?'s atmosph]e40 ,sid5ote3 ,c>r+ton & ,hodgson's obs]vations ( bright spots on ! sun1 accompani$ by magnetic di/urbance at ,kew1 & foll[$ by wide-spread ,auror4 ,?is connexion betwe5 ! sun's spots & ! e>?'s magnetism has be5 consid]$ z prov$2 & "o in/ance at lea/ ( an int5se di/urbance & outbreak ( ! sun's surface hav+ be5 obs]v$ simultane\sly ) ! occurr5ce ( a t]re/rial magnetic /orm is a matt] ( record4 ,?is w be f\nd detail$ 9 ! #8,mon?ly ,notices ( ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society1' vol4 xx4 pp4 #ac & #ae1 & is s int]e/+ 9 its "* t x may be briefly ref]r$ to "h4 ,mr4 ,r4 ,c4 ,c>r+ton1 ,septemb] #a1 #ahei1 #aa;h #ahm1 :ile obs]v+ & draw+ a gr\p ( sol> spots1 saw sudd5ly two pat*es ( int5se bright light break out 9 ! middle ( ! gr\p4 ,! brilliancy 0 fully equal to t ( direct sunlight4 ,see+ ! outbreak 0 on ! increase1 ,mr4 ,c>r+ton left ! telescope1 to call "s "o to witness x4 ,on 8 return )9 sixty seconds x 0 ne>ly conclud$4 ,! spots travell$ f _! fir/ position1 & vani%$ z two rapidly fad+ dots ( :ite light4 ,9 five m9utes ! two spots trav]s$ a space ( ab\t #ce1jjj miles4 ,mr4 ,c>r+ton f\nd no *ange 9 ! gr\p itself4 ,8 impression 0 t ! ph5om5a took place at an elevation consid]ably above ! g5]al surface ( ! sun1 & above & ov] ! great gr\p ( spots on :i* x 0 se5 project$4 ,x broke out at #aa;h #ahm1 & vani%$ at #aa;h #bcm4 ,mr4 ,r4 ,hodgson indep5d5tly on ! same day1 & at close ^u ! same "t1 saw a v brilliant /> ( light1 mu* bright] ?an ! sun's surface1 mo/ dazzl+ to ! protect$ eye1 illum9at+ ! upp] edges ( ! adjac5t spots & /reaks4 ,! rays ext5d$ 9 all directions1 & ! c5tre might be comp>$ to ,lyr :5 se5 9 a l>ge telescope4 ,x la/$ = "s five m9utes4 ,at ! v mom5t ( ?is sol> di/urbance ! in/rum5ts at ,kew indicat$ a magnetic /orm2 & ,proctor1 9 8 volume on ! ,sun1 page #bjf1 details h[ ?is magnetic /orm 0 accompani$ by v widely-spread indications ( electrical di/urbance 9 _m p>ts ( ! globe4 ,vivid ,auror 7 se5 n only 9 bo? hemisph]es1 b 9 latitudes & places :]e !y are seldom witness$4 ,rome1 ,cuba1 & ! ,we/ ,indies1 ! tropics )9 #ah ( ! equator1 & ev5 ,s\? ,am]ica & ,au/ralia1 are ?us ref]r$ to = displays4 ,at ,melb\rne1 on ! night ( ,septemb] #bnd1 ! greate/ ,aurora ev] se5 !re made its appe>ance4 ,x 0 obs]v$1 too1 t magnetic communication 0 at ! same "t di/urb$ all ov] ! e>?4 ,/rong curr5ts1 cont9ually *ang+ _! direction1 swept along ! telegraphic wires4 ,at ,wa%+ton & ,philadelphia ! signal-cl]ks receiv$ sev]e %ocks1 & ! wires _h to give up "w4 ,at a /ation 9 ,norway ! transmitt+ app>atus 0 set fire to2 & at ,bo/on1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 a flame ( fire foll[$ ! p5 ( ,ba9e's electric telegraph4 ,sid5ote3 ,mr4 ,john ,allan ,br\n's magnetic oscillation-curves2 %[+ t ! sun's magnetic action has lately become m con/ant4 ,9 diagram1 curves gradually flatt54 ,9 an int]e/+ communication to #8,nature' 7,janu>y #crd1 #ahgh71 entitl$ 8,! ,sun's ,magnetic ,action at ! ,pres5t ,"t10 ,mr4 ,john ,allan ,br\n has contribut$ "s magnetic oscillation-curves1 d$uc$ f obs]vations made 9 ! ,trev&rum ,obs]vatory 7ne>ly on ! magnetic equator71 by :i*1 if confirm$ by o!r obs]vations1 x w\ld appe> t ! sun's magnetic action has lately become gradually m con/ant4 ,! curves are ?ree 9 numb]1--no4 #a = ! ye>s #ahee-eh1 no4 #b = ! ye>s #ahfe-fh1 no4 #c = ! ye>s #ahgd-gg4 ,9 no4 #a curve ! m9imum is v cle>ly m>k$ by two po9ts correspond+ to ,april #a & ,may #a1 #ahef1 & !re is little diff]5ce 9 ! rapidity ) :i* ! curve desc5ds to & asc5ds f ! m9imum4 ,9 no4 #b curve ! epo* ( m9imum is by no means s well m>k$2 x occurs betwe5 ! po9ts = ,april #a & ,septemb] #a1 #ahff4 ,!re is also a consid]able diff]5ce 9 ! rapidity ( v>iation 9 ! desc5d+ & asc5d+ bran*es ( ! curve4 ,! desc5t is ne>ly z rapid z 9 curve no4 #a2 b ! asc5t is v mu* sl[]4 ,9 curve no4 #c ! l[e/ po9t is t = ,decemb] #a1 #ahge2 b x is ev5 n[1 ) po9ts a ye> & a half lat]1 difficult to say :e!r ?is is ! m9imum or n1 ! po9t = ,janu>y #a1 #ahgg1 be+ only #jjb 7two hundr$?s ( a m9ute ( arc7 high]4 ,9 ?is curve ! *ange ( range 9 diurnal oscillation is q insignificant f ,novemb] #a1 #ahgd1 to ,april #a1 #ahgg1 an int]val ( ?ree ye>s & five mon?s4 ,9 ! diagram giv5 by ,mr4 ,br\n ! curves %[ !mselves gradually flatt5+1 no4 #c be+ almo/ a /raight l9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,mr4 ,br\n nev] f\nd an ,aurora )\t a correspond+ irregul>ity 9 ! decl9ation-ne$le4 ,mr4 ,br\n rem>ks ^u ! report ( ,sir ,george ,n>es z to ! insignificant nature ( ! ,auror se5 9 ! ,arctic ,exp$ition 9 ! w9t] ( #ahge-gf1 & ! accompany+ /atem5t t1 z f> c\ld be discov]$1 !y 7 totally unconnect$ ) any magnetic or electric di/urbance2 & /ates1 z ! result ( 8 own exp]i5ce 9 ! s\? ( ,scotl&1 t sev]al ( ! ,auror obs]v$ by him 7 ( ! v fa9te/ k9d1 87 traces0 :i* he c\ld nev] h rem>k$ _h he n be5 w>n$ by v slight magnetic irregul>ities to exam9e ! sky ) ! greate/ att5tion4 ,aga91 9 no case _h he se5 ! fa9te/ trace ( an ,aurora )\t f9d+ at ! same "t a correspond+ irregul>ity 9 ! movem5t ( ! =ce or decl9ation-magnet4 ,sid5ote3 ,pr(4 ,piazzi ,smy? comm5ts on v>iance 9 ! cycles4 ,pr(4 ,piazzi ,smy?1 comm5t+ on ?is article1 makes ! inquiry h[ ! sun-spot cycle & ! t]re/rial magnetic oscillation cycle c be consid]$ z agree+1 ! sun-spot cycle1 accord+ to ,pr(4 ,wolf1 be+ #aaaaa ye>s1 & ! magnetic cycle #aje ye>s accord+ to ,mr4 ,br\n4 ,sid5ote3 ,m4 ,faye's rem>ks to a simil> effect4 ,ano!r correspond5t writes & quotes ,m4 ,faye1 9 #8,la ,mtorologie ,cosmique1' = ! rem>k1 8,la priode des ta*es porte #aa ans #a p> ,m4 ,wolf n'tant pas gale celle des v>iations magntiques 7#aj ans #de71 ces deux phnomnes n'ont aucun rapport entre eux40 ,sid5ote3 ,mr4 ,br\n's rejo9d] & explanation4 ,mr4 ,br\n1 9 a fur!r lett]1 rejo9s t if we c\ld accept ,dr4 ,wolf's view we %\ld f9d t ! mean duration ( a cycle = bo? ph5om5a s9ce #aghg w\ld be #aaid ye>s1 :ile ! sun-spot results = eight cycles det]m9$ by ,dr4 ,wolf dur+ eighty ye>s be=e #aghg give #ajbc or1 if we take n9e cycles1 #ajdc ye>s = ! mean duration4 ,x is by mix+ ^! two v diff]5t means t ! ,zuri* philosoph] f9ds #aaa ye>s1 a mean :i* ,mr4 ,br\n consid]s c evid5tly h no weight giv5 to x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ,dr4 ,wolf is 9 error 7z ,mr4 ,br\n believes he is7 z to ! exi/5ce ( a maximum 9 #agig1 ! mean durations = ! eighty ye>s aft] & = ! eighty ye>s be=e #aghg agree z ne>ly z ! accuracy ( ! det]m9ations = ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury w p]mit4 ,mr4 ,br\n !n repeats 8 conviction t ! sun-spot maxima & m9ima are really syn*ron\s ) ^? ( ! magnetic diurnal obs]vations4 ,sid5ote3 ,mr4 ,j5k9s's explanation ( ,pr(4 ,loomis's *>t4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,g4 ,j5k9s1 9 a lett] to #8,nature1' ref]s ,pr(4 ,smy? to ,pr(4 ,loomis's *>t ( magnetic oscillations giv5 9 ,pr(4 ,balf\r ,/ew>t's pap] 9 #8,nature' 7vol4 xvi4 p4 #aj71 = ! purpose ( %[+ t !re are exactly sev5 m9imum p]iods f #aghg to #ahga1 ! mean ( :i* is twelve ye>s1 ! mean ( ! sev5 correspond+ maximum p]iods be+ #aah ye>s4 ,! true magnetic decl9ation-p]iod is1 !n1 ! mean ( ^!1 viz4 #aai ye>s4 ,9 exactly ! same mann] he f9ds t ! mean p]iod ( sun-spots is #aai ye>s4 ,sid5ote3 ,jupit]'s suspect$ connexion ) sun-spots4 ,! auroral displays also h ! same p]iod4 ,mr4 ,j5k9s also ref]s to ,wolf1 ,de ,la ,rue1 ,/ew>t1 & ,loewy1 z hav+ /at$ _! belief t ,jupit] is ! *ief cause 9 ! production ( sun-spots1 & draws att5tion to ! p]iod ( #aai ye>s z be+ ,jupit]'s anomali/ic ye>1 or ! "t :i* elapses betwe5 two p]ihelion passages4 ,sid5ote3 ,infrequ5cy ( ,auror & abs5ce ( sun-spots 9 #ahgf-gh4 ,! infrequ5cy ( ,auror dur+ ! ye>s #ahgf-gh1 & a correspond+ comp>ative abs5ce ( sun-spots1 may be add$ to ! evid5ce on ! subject4 ,i h se5 no acc\nt ( important ,auror dur+ ! ye>s m5tion$1 & day aft] day has rec5tly 7#ahgh7 pass$ ) a p]fectly clean sun-disk4 ,aurora & ,electricity4 ,sid5ote3 ,aurora & electricity4 ,sir ,john ,frankl9's exp]i5ce ) electromet]4 ,sir ,john ,frankl9 fail$ to get indications ( electricity connect$ ) ! ,aurora ) a pi?-ball electromet]2 b ) ano!r =m ( electromet] specially con/ruct$ = ! purpose he seems to h got "s1 ?\gh n v /rong or regul>1 indications ( repulsion betwe5 ! ne$le ( ! in/rum5t & ! conductor :5 ,auror 7 se54 ,he does n decide :e!r ! electricity 0 receiv$ f or summon$ into action by ! ,aurora4 ,sid5ote3 ,p>ry's exp]i5ce4 ,p>ry1 at ,=t ,b[51 ) a gold leaf electroscope connect$ ) a *a9 atta*$ by glass rods to ! skysail ma/-head1 #aae feet above sea-level1 f\nd no effect4 ,sid5ote3 ,dr4 ,allnatt's exp]i5ce1 ,febru>y #d1 #ahgb4 ,dr4 ,allnatt1 at ,frant1 dur+ ! display ( #d? ,febru>y1 #ahgb1 f\nd ! e>?'s electricity s p[]ful t ! gold leaves ( ! electromet] rema9$ div]g5t = a consid]able "t4 ,sid5ote3 ,m',cl9tock f\nd electroscope affect$ 9 ,baff9's ,bay & ,port ,k5n$y4 ,m',cl9tock obs]ves t on six occasions ( ,aurora 9 ,baff9's ,bay1 ! electroscope 0 /rongly affect$1 & on ?ree occasions ( ,aurora at ,port ,k5n$y4 ,! electricity 0 always positive4 ,dec4 #ah4--;,dr4 ,walk] call$ him to see ! electroscope4 ,! *>ge 0 at fir/ weak1 b aft]w>ds /rong en\gh to keep ! leaves div]g$4 ,dr4 ,walk] f\nd two p]iods ( m9imum electrical di/urbance ab\t #i ,p4,m4 & noon4 ,sid5ote3 ,electric curr5ts 9 telegraphic wires dur+ ,auror4 ,electric curr5ts h be5 report$ z produc$ 9 telegraph wires dur+ ,auror4 ,?\gh transi5t !y are said to be (t5 v p[]ful1 & to int]rupt ! ord9>y signals4 ,loomis 7,sillim4 ,j\rn4 vol4 xxxii47 m5tions cases :]e wires h be5 ignit$1 brilliant fla%es produc$1 & combu/ible mat]ials k9dl$ by _! dis*>ge4 ,"h1 too1 we may note ! acc\nt ( electric ph5om5a 9 ! case ( ! ,aurora ,au/ralis describ$ 7ant1 p4 #bh7 by ,mr4 ,proctor4 ,sid5ote3 ,mr4 ,george ,drap]'s report z to di/urb$ condition ( ! ,indian ,subm>9e & o!r cables dur+ ,aurora ( ,febru>y #d1 #ahgb4 ,mr4 ,george ,drap]1 ( ! ,briti%-,indian ,subm>9e ,telegraph ,company1 speak+ ( ! ,aurora ( ,febru>y #d1 #ahgb 7& writ+ to ! #8,times' "u date ,febru>y #e?71 /ates t ! ,aurora visible 9 ,london 0 also visible at ,bombay1 ,suez1 & ,malta1 & t ! ,company's electrician at ,suez report$ t ! e>?-curr5ts !re 7 equal to #agj cells 7,daniell's batt]y71 & t sp>ks came f ! cable4 ,! electrical di/urbances la/$ until midnight1 & int]rupt$ ! work+ ( bo? sections ( ! ,briti% ,indian ,cable betwe5 ,suez & ,ad51 & ,ad5 & ,bombay4 ,= "s days previ\sly ! signals on ! ,briti% ,indian cables _h be5 mu* int]f]$ ) by electrical & atmosph]ic di/urbances4 ,at ,malta !re 0 a sev]e /orm on ! morn+ ( ! #d?1 s t x 0 necess>y to jo9 ! cable to e>? = "s h\rs1 & ! ,aurora 0 v l>ge & brilliant !re4 ,! electrical di/urbances on ! cables 9 ! ,m$it]ranean & on ^? betwe5 ,lisbon & ,gibralt>1 & ,gibralt> & ! ,guadiana1 7 also v great4 ,! signals on ! l& l9e betwe5 ,london & ! ,l&'s ,end 7 int]rupt$ = sev]al h\rs on ! night ( ! #d? by atmosph]ic curr5ts4 ,simil> effects accompani$ ! displays ( ,oct4 #bd & #be1 #ahgj4 ,aurora & ,meteoric ,du/4 ,sid5ote3 ,aurora & meteoric du/4 ,!ories ( ,dr4 ,zeyfuss & ,m4 ,grneman4 ,a !ory has be5 prop\nd$ indep5d5tly by ,dr4 ,zeyfuss & by ,m4 ,grneman1 ( ,grn+51 accord+ to :i* ! light ( ! ,aurora is caus$ by cl\ds ( f]rug9\s meteoric du/ ignit$ by friction ) ! atmosph]e4 ,grneman %[s t ^! might be arrang$ along ! magnetic curves by ! action ( ! e>?'s magnetic =ce dur+ _! desc5t1 & t _! influ5ce might produce ! obs]v$ magnetic di/urbances4 ,sid5ote3 ,f]rug9\s du/ 9 ! ,pol> ,regions4 ,! ar*es might be acc\nt$ = by ! effects ( p]spective2 & ! iron spectrum %[s correspond5ce ) "s ( ! l9es ( ! ,aurora4 ,f]rug9\s p>ticles h be5 f\nd 9 ! du/ ( ! ,pol> regions accord+ to ,pr(essor ,nord5skild1 b :e!r d]iv$ f /ell> space or f volcanic eruption is unc]ta94 ,a difficulty has be5 sugge/$ t :ile meteors are m frequ5t 9 ! morn+1 or on ! face ( ! e>? :i* is direct$ =w>d on its orbit1 ! rev]se prevails 9 ! case ( ,auror4 ,grneman meets ?is by suppos+ t 9 ! fir/ case ! velocity may be too great to all[ ( arrangem5t by ! e>?'s magnetic =ce4 ,he acc\nts = ! infrequ5cy ( ! ,aurora 9 equatorial regions by ! weakness ( ! e>?'s magnetic =ce1 & ! fact t :5 x does occur ! columns mu/ be p>allel to ! e>?'s surface4 ,sid5ote3 ,baumhau]'s proposition4 ,baumhau] 7,compt4 ,r5d4 vol4 lxxiv4 p4 #fgh7 advances1 z reg>ds ,pol> ,auror1 ! proposition1 t n only solid masses l>ge & small1 b cl\ds ( 8uncond5s$0 7meteoric7 matt] probably ent] our atmosph]e4 ,if f our k ( ! meteoric /ones :i* fall to ! e>?'s surface we may draw any conclusion respect+ ! *emical con/itution ( ^! cl\ds ( matt]1 x w\ld appe> t !y may conta9 a consid]able portion ( ! magnetic m9]als iron & nickel4 ,let su* a cl\d approa* our e>?1 reg>d$ z a great magnet1 x w\ld be attract$ t[>ds ! ,pole1 &1 p5etrat+ our atmosph]e1 ! p>ticles :i* h n be5 oxidiz$1 & are 9 a /ate ( extremely f9e division1 w\ld by _! oxidation g5]ate light & heat1 produc+ ! pol> ,auror4 ,baumhau] sugge/s x w\ld be int]e/+ 9 support ( ?is !ory to detect 9 ! soil ( pol> areas ! pres5ce ( nickel4 ,! pres5ce ( iron & nickel 9 meteoric masses 9 consid]able quantities is frequ5t2 & cases are also on record by ,ev]smann ( hail/ones conta9+ cry/als ( a comp\nd ( iron & sulphur1 by ,pictet ( hail/ones conta9+ nuclei :i* prov$ to be iron1 & by ,coz>i ( hail/ones conta9+ nuclei ( an a%y-grey col\r1 ! l>g] ones ( :i* 7 attract$ by ! magnet1 & f\nd to conta9 iron & nickel4 ,nickel 0 f\nd by ,rei*5ba* 9 p>ts ( ,au/ria on hills consi/+ ( b$s ( s&/one & lime/one1 & q free f metallic ve9s4 ,sid5ote3 ,mr4 ,lefroy's description ( a ph5om5on ascrib$ by him to /reams ( cosmic du/4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,n4 ,lefroy1 9 #8,nature1' describes a ph5om5on se5 by him at ,fremantle1 ,we/ ,au/ralia1 9 ! mon? ( ,may1 :i* he designates 8,a ,lun> ,ra9b[1 or an ,intra-lun> conv]g5ce ( ,/reams ( slightly illum9at$ ,cosmic ,du/80 ,x la/$ ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r1 & consi/$ ( "o gr& c5tral fea!r1 ( v bright :ite cl\d1 spr++ out ( ! horizon at ,w4,n4,w41 & cross+ ! m]idian at ab\t #bj nor? ( ! z5i?1 ) a wid? ( #g to #h4 ,on ei!r side ( ?is 0 a sy/em ( sev5 or eight m9or beams ( light1 ext5d+ f ! ,w4 to ! ,e4 horizon1 subt5d+ a *ord common to !mselves & to ! ma9 /ream1 & conv]g+ t[>ds ! axis ( ! c5tral /ream s z to int]sect x at a po9t ab\t #cj or #dj bel[ ! we/]n horizon1 at :i* ! :ole sy/em subt5d$ an azimu? ( ab\t #bj4 ,ne> ! z5i?1 :]e its transv]se section 0 a maximum1 t section subt5d$ an angle ( ab\t #dj4 ,! idea /rongly sugge/$ itself to ,mr4 ,lefroy ( conv]g+ /reams ( inf9itely m9ute p>ticles ( matt] pass+ ?r\gh space at a di/ance f ! e>? at :i* its a]ial envelope may h /ill a d5sity suffici5t by its resi/ance to give cosmic du/ pass+ ?r\gh x t illum9ation :i* x possess$4 ,9 ab\t tw5ty m9utes ! /reams ( light _h atta9$ _! maximum brightness4 ,_! app>5t figure 0 t ( a ne>ly circul> 7slightly flatt5$7 arc ( an amplitude ( #ae or #bj1 z view$ f ! middle po9t ( its *ord4 ,! brightness & ! conv]g5ce ( ! /reams 7 bo? m m>k$ t[>ds ! we/]n horizon ?an ! ea/]n4 ,?is same ph5om5on 0 describ$ 9 ! #8,s\?-,au/ralian ,regi/]' z a beautiful lun> ra9b[ visible 9 ! we/]n heav5s4 ,mr4 ,lefroy & o!r obs]v]s concurr$ 9 ! impression t ! m9or lat]al /reams on ! ,n4 side ( ! ma9 "o int]v5$ betwe5 ! e>? & ! moon1 & t "o or m ( !m 9 _! sl[ vibrations swept ! surface ( ! moon & s5sibly obscur$ its light4 ,!re c be h>dly any "q t ! ph5om5on obs]v$ 0 9 fact an ,aurora4 ,sid5ote3 ,sugge/ion z to collect+ iron & nickel p>ticles f ! atmosph]e4 ,x may be a "q :e!r iron & nickel p>ticles ( meteoric orig9 d n ord9>ily exi/ 9 ! atmosph]e 9 a great] degree ?an we suspect1 & might be detect$ if special means1 su* z magnets1 plates ( glass cov]$ ) glyc]9e1 c41 7 adopt$ = ! purpose ( collect+ & exam9+ ! cosmic du/4 ,l>g] ga!r+s ?an usual ( iron & nickel p>ticles dur+ ! pres5ce ( ,auror w\ld be 9 support ( ,mr4 ,lefroy's !ory4 ,! ,aurora & ! ,planets ,v5us & ,jupit]4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,aurora & planets ,v5us & ,jupit]4 ,! planet ,v5us's halo dur+ ,aurora4 ,dur+ a brilliant ,aurora se5 at ,sund]l&1 ,febru>y #h1 #ahag 7#8,annals ( ,philosophy1' p4 #bej71 ab\t #h o'clock1 ,v5us 0 ab\t #h above ! horizon1 & display$ a v peculi> appe>ance4 ,h] rays pass$ ?r\gh a ?9 mi/ or cl\d1 probably electric1 ( a deep yell[ t9t4 ,h] app>5t magnitude seem$ increas$1 & a halo 0 =m$ r\nd h] z sometimes appe>s r\nd ! moon 9 moi/ wea!r2 b ! />s t 7 9 t "p ( ! heav5s %one ) _! accu/om$ brilliancy4 ,sid5ote3 ,dr4 ,miles's obs]vation ( ,v5us dur+ an ,aurora4 ,! ,rev4 ,t4 ,w4 ,webb1 9 8 #8,cele/ial ,objects' 7#ahei71 p4 #dc1 quot+ f ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 m5tions t1 8,janu>y #bcrd1 #agdi-ej1 !re 0 a spl5did ,aurora ,borealis ab\t #f ,p4,m4 ,! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,miles1 at ,toot+1 _h be5 %[+ ,jupit] & ,v5us to "s fri5ds ) "o ( ,%ort's reflectors1 greate/ p[] #bjj1 :5 a small r$ cl\d ( ! ,aurora appe>$1 ris+ up f ! ,s4,w4 7z "o ( a deep] r$ _h done be=e71 :i* proce$$ 9 a l9e ) ! planets & soon surr\nd$ bo?4 ,v5us appe>+ /ill 9 full lu/re1 he view$ h] aga9 ) ! telescope )\t alt]+ ! focus1 & saw h] mu* m di/9ctly ?an ev] he _h done ^u any occasion4 ,8 fri5ds 7 ( ! same op9ion4 ,!y all saw h] spots pla9 7resembl+ ^? 9 ! moon71 :i* he _h nev] se5 be=e1 & ?is :ile ! cl\d seem$ to surr\nd x z mu* z ev]40 ,i ?9k ?is effect might p]haps h aris5 f ! ,aurora act+ z a scre51 & remov+ ! gl>e ) :i* s bright an object z ,v5us is always accompani$2 b ! case is a s+ul> "o1 & "o w\ld be glad ( fur!r exp]i5ce4 ,i sugge/$ obs]vations on ?is head dur+ ,sir ,geo4 ,n>es's ,arctic ,exp$ition2 b ! sugge/ion1 = "s reason ( :i* ,i am n aw>e1 0 n includ$ 9 ! (ficial in/ructions issu$4 ,sid5ote3 ,brightness ( />s dur+ ,auror4 ,rem>ks are frequ5t ( ! brightness ( />s z se5 ?r\gh ,auror4 ,pay]1 ( ! ,au/rian ,exp$ition1 rem>ks t fall+ />s pass$ ?r\gh ! ,aurora )\t produc+ any p]ceptible effect or und]go+ any *ange4 ,sid5ote3 ,aurora ( ,oct4 #bd1 #ahgj1 & ,jupit]4 ,a gr& display ( ! ,aurora took place #bd? ,octob]1 #ahgj4 ,ab\t ?is "t ! belts ( ,jupit] 7 obs]v$ to be highly col\r$4 ,z obs]v$ by me on ! night ( ,novemb] #b1 #ahgj1 at #i ,p4,m41 ) an #h-;94 ,br[n+ reflector1 a*romatic eyepieces #add1 #cje1 & #dej1 ! equatorial zone 0 ( a di/9ctly d>k o*re col\r1 deep5+ to r$-br[n z x approa*$ ! l[] 7,n47 edge4 ,two ?9 belts above 7 slate-purple1 & a d>k] belt bel[ 0 ( a deep purple col\r4 ,sid5ote3 ,accord+ to ,lassell & o!rs1 ,jupit]'s belts exhibit ! brighte/ col\rs at p]iod ( ,auror4 ,lassell1 ,proctor1 & o!rs h report$ ,jupit]'s belts to exhibit ! brighte/ col\rs at ! p]iod ( ,auror4 ,mr4 ,br[n+ gives a draw+ ( ,jupit] z se5 on ,janu>y #ca1 #ahgj 7a ye> not$ = ,auror71 ) ! belts brightly col\r$4 ,! f9e/ view ( ,jupit] ,i ev] _h 0 on ! #h? ,febru>y1 #ahgb 7a f9e ,aurora 0 on ! #d?71 :51 ) ! #h-;in* ,br[n+ reflector1 ,i saw ! :ole surface ( ! planet 7by glimpses7 cl\d-mottl$4 ,! equatorial belt 01 h[ev]1 !n slightly t9t$ only4 ,9 ,dr4 ,miles's obs]vation 7p4 #ff7 he does n seem to h notic$ ! col\r+ ( ,jupit]'s belts4 ,sid5ote3 ,infrequ5cy ( ,auror & lightness 9 t9t ( ,jupit]'s belts4 ,! ?ree pa/ ye>s1 #ahgf1 #ahgg1 & #ahgh1 h be5 di/+ui%$ by ! infrequ5cy ( ,auror2 & ,jupit]'s equatorial zone & belts h be5 ma9ly report$ ( light t9ts4 ,! subject app>5tly des]ves m att5tion ?an x has hi!rto receiv$4 ,! ,aurora & ! ,zodiacal ,light4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,aurora & ! ,zodiacal ,light4 ng/rm's obs]vation on spectrum4 ng/rm 9 #ahfg f\nd ! spectrum ( ! ,zodiacal ,light to be mono*romatic1 consi/+ ( a s+le l9e 9 ! gre51 to :i* he assign$ approximately ! position #abei on ,kir*h(f's scale1 ! same t he _h det]m9$ = ! gre5 l9e ( ! ,aurora ,borealis2 & ,respighi1 on ! ,r$ ,sea1 on ! ev5+ ( ! #aa? & ! morn+ ( ! #ab? ,janu>y #ahgb1 p]ceiv$ 9 ! ,zodiacal ,light n only ?is gre5 l9e1 b ne> x1 t[>ds ! blue1 a b& or zone ( app>5tly cont9u\s spectrum4 ,sid5ote3 ,respighi's at ,campidoglio4 ,at ! ,obs]vatory ( ! ,royal ,univ]sity ( ,campidoglio1 ,febru>y #e?1 #ahgb1 ,respighi1 at #g ,p4,m41 0 able to disc]n ! same spectrum2 & on direct+ ! spectroscope to o!r po9ts he f\nd t ?is spectrum %[$ itself 9 all p>ts ( ! heav5s f ! horizon to ! z5i?1 m or less def9$ 9 diff]5t p>ts1 b ev]y:]e z bright z 9 ! ,zodiacal ,light4 ,! ,obs]vatory ,assi/ant1 ,dr4 di ,legge1 likewise obs]v$ ?is spectrum di/9ctly 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! heav5s4 ,respighi's obs]vations corroborat+ ng/rm's 9 #ahfg1 appe>$ to him to demon/rate ! id5tity ( ! ,zodiacal ,light ) ! ,aurora1 & to e/abli% ! id5tity ( _! orig94 ,sid5ote3 ,pr+le ?9ks ! ,aurora may be consid]$ z alli$ to ! ,zodiacal ,light4 ,pr+le1 9 a lett] to #8,nature' f ,s\? ,can>a1 ,octob] #c1 #ahga1 alludes to ! ,aurora z be+ consid]$ by _m alli$ to ! ,zodiacal ,light1 & does n ?9k ! evid5ce !n hi!rto adduc$ aga9/ ! !ory at all conclusive4 ,he says3--8,assume ! auroral light to consi/ ( solid p>ticles ( matt]1 planet du/1 %9+ by reflect$ light1 & x is n difficult to imag9e ! ,aurora play+ among/ ^! t9y worlds1 ea* ( :i* w\ld h its own small magnetic sy/em sway$ l our own by ! mon/] magnet ! sun40 ,sid5ote3 ,phosphoresc5ce ( sky :5 ,zodiacal ,light has be5 se5 bright4 ,he notices he has nev] f\nd x to h a decid$ outl9e1 nor trac$ x ea/ or we/ to #ahj f ! sun4 ,he also ref]s to o!rs hav+ notic$ t :5 ! ,zodiacal ,light has be5 se5 unusually bright1 a 8phosphoresc5ce0 ( ! sky 0 ev]y:]e visible4 ,sid5ote3 ,pr+le fail$ to f9d bright l9es or b&s 9 ! ,zodiacal ,light4 ,he does n seem at t "t to h exam9$ ! matt] spectroscopically2 & on ,june #bc1 #ahgb1 he writes aga91 po9t+ out ! peculi>ity 9 ,respighi's obs]vation t ! gre5 l9e 0 se5 ev]y:]e z bright z 9 ! ,zodiacal ,light1 & sugge/+ t x 0 due to a conceal$ ,aurora pres5t at ! "t ( ng/rm's & ,respighi's obs]vations4 ,he fur!r /ates he _h exam9$ ! ,zodiacal ,light ) a ,br[n+ #e-prism spectroscope 7,i presume a comp\nd direct-vision =m is meant7 s9ce ! la/ ,decemb]1 &1 brilliant z ! ph5om5on _h frequ5tly be51 fail$ to detect ! slighte/ appe>ance ( bright l9es or b&s4 ,a fa9t diffuse spectrum ab\t z int5se z t ( a bright portion ( ! ,milky ,way 0 all he _h obta9$4 ,sid5ote3 ,pr(4 ,piazzi ,smy? confirms ?is4 ,pr(essor ,piazzi ,smy?1 9 ! cle> sky ( ,italy1 & ) an in/rum5t specially design$ = %[+ fa9t spectra1 f\nd no l9es or b&s1 b only a fa9t cont9u\s spectrum ext5d+ f ab\t midway betwe5 ,d & ,e 9 ! sol> spectrum to ne>ly ,f 7see ,plate ,v4 fig4 #c1 9 :i* ! cont9u\s spectrum is graphically %[n1 :ite on a black gr\nd74 ,sid5ote3 ,col\r ( ! ,zodiacal ,light4 ,x may "h be m5tion$ t ! ,zodiacal ,light is usually describ$ z1 9 ^! latitudes1 ( a gold5 yell[ or pale lemon t+e4 ,sid5ote3 ,rev4 ,mr4 ,webb's obs]vation1 ,febru>y #b1 #ahfb4 ,he f\nd no gre5 l9e ( ! ,aurora4 ,on "o occasion1 h[ev]1 x has be5 describ$ z n hav+ ?is t+e1 b r resembl+ ! light ( ! ,milky ,way1 b bright]4 ,on ano!r occasion ,i saw ! :ole cone ( a crimson hue )\t any mixture ( yell[4 ,! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,webb ?\ght t a display se5 at ,h>dwick ,vic>age1 ,febru>y #bnd1 #ahfb1 %[$ a ruddy t+e n unlike ! comm5cem5t ( a crimson ,aurora--8x 0 c]ta9ly r$d] or yell[] ?an ! galaxy40 ,he exam9$ x ) a pocket spectroscope :i* w\ld %[ di/9ctly ! gre5 l9e ( ! ,aurora 7probably ,br[n+'s m9iature71 b no?+ ( ! k9d 0 visible1 nor c\ld any ?+ be trac$ beyond a slight increase ( g5]al light1 :i*1 on clos+ ! slit1 0 ext+ui%$ long be=e ! auroral b& w\ld h become imp]ceptible4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4 ,w4 ,wright's obs]vations & conclusions4 ,a4 ,w4 ,wright exam9$ ! ,zodiacal ,light ) a ,duboscq s+le-prism spectroscope1 ! telescope & collimator hav+ a cle> ap]ture ( #bd c5timetres1 magnify+-p[] ( telescope #i diamet]s4 ,special precautions 7 tak5 ab\t ! obs]vations1 & ! conclusions arriv$ at 73-- 7#a7 ,! spectrum ( ! ,zodiacal ,light is cont9u\s1 & is s5sibly ! same z t ( fa9t sunlight or twilight4 7#b7 ,no bright l9e or b& c be recogniz$ z belong+ to ?is spectrum4 7#c7 ,!re is no evid5ce ( any connexion betwe5 ! ,zodiacal ,light & ! ,pol> ,aurora4 ,sid5ote3 ,pol>ization ( ,zodiacal ,light4 ,burton's obs]vation confirm$ by ,wright & ,tac*9i4 ,! ,pol>ization ( ! ,zodiacal ,light has be5 already ref]r$ to "u ! head ( 8,pol>ization ( ! ,aurora30 b x may be "h not$ t ,mr4 ,burton's obs]vation ( pol>ization ( ! light !re m5tion$ has be5 confirm$ by ,wright & ,tac*9i1 & ! pres5ce ( reflect$ sunlight e/abli%$4 ,9 ?is respect x diff]s f ! ,aurora1 9 :i* no trace ( pol>ization has hi!rto be5 detect$2 & look+ at ?is1 & at ! weight ( evid5ce 9 ! spectroscopic obs]vations1 ! !ory ( a connexion betwe5 ! ,aurora & ! ,zodiacal ,light mu/1 z ! matt] /&s1 be giv5 up4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,aurora-,,l ,,pat*es ,,on ,,! ,,p>tially-,,eclips$ ,,moon4 ,sid5ote3 ,aurora-l pat*es on ! p>tially-eclips$ moon1 ,feb4 #bg1 #ahgg4 ,9 anticipation ( ! total eclipse ( ! ,moon on ! #bg? ,febru>y1 #ahgg1 sev]al articles appe>$ 9 ! lead+ j\rnals ( ! day describ+1 = ! public b5efit1 ! appe>ances :i* might be expect$ dur+ ! occurr5ce ( ! ph5om5on4 ,sid5ote3 ,=m]ly x 0 ?\ght ! moon 0 illum9at$ by auroral light4 ,among ^! 0 "o by ,mr4 ,r4 ,a4 ,proctor1 9 :i* ! foll[+ passage occurs3--8,t dull1 or occasionally gl[+ r$ col\r1 %[n by ! moon :5 %e is fully & ev5 deeply imm]s$ 9 ! %ad[ ( ! e>?1 is a ph5om5on ^: explanation is n )\t int]e/4 ,=m]ly x 0 ?\ght t ! moon possess$ an inh]5t light1 or p]haps 0 illum9at$ by auroral light1 :i* only became disc]nible at ! "t ( total eclipse4 ,inde$ ev5 ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el fell into ! mi/ake ( suppos+ ?is ! only available explanation1 hav+ miscalculat$ ! effici5cy ( ! true cause40 ,sid5ote3 ,au?or's notes ( ! eclipse4 ,col\r-t9ts describ$4 ,a crimson-sc>let t9t rem9d$ au?or ( an auroral gl[4 ,?is passage 0 only po9t$ out to me by a fri5d aft] ! eclipse _h actually tak5 place1 & ,i _h s5t him "s notes ( :at ,i !n saw4 ,my notes on ! occasion compris$1 among/ o!rs1 ! foll[+ rem>ks3--8,! t9ts ( col\r also dur+ p>tial eclipse1 ow+1 no d\bt1 to ! moon's consid]able altitude1 7 s+ul>ly bright & well contra/$4 ,silv]-grey1 dusky copp]-r$1 & ! same t9t cle>] & bright] 7 rang$ side by side ) a lovely jewel effect4 ,we notic$ also at times a crimson-sc>let t9t1 deep] & less mix$ ) yell[ ?an ! copp] col\r4 ,?is la/ t9t rem9d$ me mu* ( a crimson gl[ common to ! ,aurora1 & :i* ,i also once di/9ctly rem>k$ 7( c\rse 9 a weak] degree7 9 ! zodiacal light0 7ant1 p4 #fh74 ,sid5ote3 ,eclipse1 ,aug4 #bc-bd1 #ahgg4 ,sky cle>1 b eclips$ moon mi/y & indi/9ct until total obscuration4 ,succession ( col\rs4 ,on ! occasion ( ! eclipse ( ,augu/ #bc-bd1 #ahgg1 we 7 fav\r$ at ,guild[n1 9 common ) _m o!r places1 by a s+ul>ly cle> sky dur+ ! progress ( ! moon's obscuration & subsequ5t cle>+4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ev5+1 h[ev]1 ! moon1 f "s cause 7possibly atmosph]ic vap\r71 seem$ to h1 z ! e>?'s %ad[ advanc$ on its disk1 an unexpect$ly mi/y & indi/9ct appe>ance1 :i* la/$ up to & includ+ total obscuration4 ,gold5 yell[1 yell[ copp]1 dull copp]1 ruddy copp]1 & dull r$ 7 successively ! pr9cipal col\rs obs]v$ at diff]5t times & at v>i\s portions ( ! moon's surface4 ,sid5ote3 ,z %ad[ pass$ (f1 indi/9ctness gave way to a %>pness ( ! moon's features z se5 ?r\gh %ad[4 ,two pat*es ( crimson light describ$4 ,aft] ref]r+ to "s spectroscopic appe>ances1 my notes !n ran on ?us3--8,z ! %ad[ began to pass (f1 & ! bright %>p cresc5t ( ! illum9at$ portion ( ! moon to appe>1 ! g5]al aspect ( ! moon's disk seem$ to me to greatly *ange4 ,! c]ta9 am\nt ( indi/9ctness noticeable dur+ approa* & cont9uance ( totality1 gave way to a consid]able %>pness ( ! moon's features z se5 ?r\gh ! %ad[4 ,! %ad[$ "p gl[$ ) a ri*] copp] t9t1 on :i* 7 se5 d>k1 almo/ black1 spots & pat*es40 ,!n foll[s a description ( ^!2 & ! notes cont9ue3--8,two features "h /ruck me--! "o a cont9uation ( ! upp] limb ( ! illum9at$ cresc5t1 s t x seem$ to =m a bead ( light j on ! c5tre ( ! upp] edge ( ! moon2 ! o!r two pat*es ( crimson light1 simil> to ^? ,i describ$ z hav+ be5 se5 9 ! la/ total eclipse4 ,"o ( ^!1 q a small "o1 0 j "u ! elongat$ bead be=e describ$2 ! o!r1 a mu* l>g] & m diffus$ "o1 0 se5 t[>ds ! s\?-we/ limb ( ! moon1 ab\t midway betwe5 x & ! c5tre4 ,! spots or pat*es 7 ( a decid$ly crimson-r$1 9 contra/ to ! ord9>y copp]-r$ ( ! disk1 & 7 notic$ by my fri5d z well z by myself40 ,sid5ote3 ,pat*es well se5 9 field-glass2 lo/ 9 small refractor4 ,!y gradually deep5$ 9 t9t4 ,^! 7 eye obs]vations4 ,! pat*es 7 q well se5 7b n s brightly z ) ! eye7 ) a d\ble a*romatic field-glass4 ,) a #c-;in* ,cooke refractor & l[ p[]1 !y seem$ lo/ 9 ! g5]al moon t9t2 b !y 7 !n dim9i%+ 9 brightness4 ,f a comp>ison ( my two sket*es1 ! pat*es seem to h gradually deep5$ 9 t9t1 & we consid]$ !m to h disappe>$ 9 a l gradual mann]4 ,sid5ote3 ,two sket*es tak54 ,my fir/ sket* 0 tak5 %ortly aft] end ( total phase2 ! second ab\t t5 m9utes lat]4 ,i h reproduc$ ! orig9al sket*es 9 pref]5ce to any draw+ prep>$ f !m 7,plate ,,iv4 figs4 #b & #c74 ,! pat*es did n la/ long1 b 7 lo/ z ! %ad[ swept (f ! moon4 ,i saw no?+ ( ! sort dur+ ! approa* ( or p5d+ totality1 nor until a small cresc5t ( ! moon began to appe> beh9d ! %ad[4 ,i h look$ = o!r acc\nts ( ^! pat*es1 b _c f9d any4 ,mo/ obs]v]s h describ$ ! deep] col\r ( ! %ad[$ moon by ! ^w 8copp]40 ,"s ext5d ?is col\r to r$2 b !re is probably mu* 9 ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e affect+ ?is4 ,sid5ote3 ,dec4 #c1 #agjc1 moon's col\r describ$4 ,at ,avignon1 ,decemb] #c1 #agjc1 ! moon appe>$1 p5d+ eclipse1 8extraord9>ily illum9at$ & ( a v bright r$10 :ile o!r & diff]5t features 7 se5 at ,montpeli]4 ,on ,m>* #ai1 #ahdh1 obs]v]s 9 ,engl&1 ,irel&1 & ,belgium describ$ ! moon's disk z 8int5sely bright copp]y r$40 ,on ! occasion ( ,augu/ #bc-bd1 #ahgg1 be=e m5tion$1 an article 9 "o ( ! public pap]s describ$ ! moon's disk1 dur+ totality1 z ( a 8dull copp] col\r40 ,sid5ote3 ,mr4 ,keye's obs]vation4 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,keye1 9 ! ,engad9e1 at a height ( #dejj feet above sea-level1 & ) ! pure/ air1 saw ! p>tially cov]$ moon 7be=e totality7 z a 8dull copp] col\r40 ,sid5ote3 ,pr(4 ,prit*>d's4 ,m4 ,faye's4 ,dr4 ,allnatt's at ,frant4 ,pr(4 ,prit*>d1 writ+ f ! ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,obs]vatory1 says t at #ab;h #ajm 7ab\t ! "t my sket*es 7 tak57 !re 0 a good deal ( light on ! moon's foll[+ limb1 & ! col\r 0 8m r$ ?an copp]10 & app>5tly r$d] ?an x _h be5 at a simil> di/ance ( "t be=e totality4 ,mons4 ,faye report$ to ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces t 8a /rik+ ph5om5on n previ\sly notic$ 0 t ! r$di% t+e1 resembl+ t ( a f9e sunset1 0 deepe/ at ! m>g9 ( ! disk1 a circum/ance :i* he c\ld n expla940 ,dr4 ,allnatt1 writ+ f ,frant1 says3--8,at totality ! moon's disk pres5t$ a mo/ extraord9>y appe>ance3 ! we/]n limb 0 comp>atively transp>5t1 b ! ma9 body appe>$ z ?\gh envelop$ 9 a semi-opaque clot ( coagulat$ blood1 ?r\gh :i* ! lun> features 7 dimly visible40 ,sid5ote3 ,obs]vations z to ! pat*es4 ,! obs]vations ( ,pr(4 ,prit*>d & ,mons4 ,faye po9t m imm$iately to r$ness2 & ?is is ! ne>e/ approa* ,i c f9d to ! pat*es ,i notic$4 ,^! pat*es d n seem to me easy ( explanation4 ,!y c\ld n well be col\rs or details due to ! actual surface ( ! moon itself4 ,! moon1 we are aw>e1 has only a c]ta9 portion ( ! visible disk slightly t9t$4 ,! ,m>e ,s]5itatis is c]ta9ly ( a slight gre5 t+e2 & to ! ,palus ,somni & c]ta9 o!r di/ricts is attribut$ a pale r$ or p9k2 b ^! t9ts c\ld h>dly h suffic$ to produce ! effect se51 z ! pat*es 7 conspicu\s = a bright & decid$ col\r4 ,! positions1 moreov]1 did n correspond2 :ile ! ease ) :i* o!r details ( ! surface 7 se5 at ! "t w\ld1 if ! t9ts _h aris5 f ! surface itself1 probably h enabl$ ! circum/ance to be detect$4 ,sid5ote3 ,refraction ( sun's rays n a satisfactory explanation4 ,! refraction ( ! sun's rays by passage ?r\gh ! e>?'s atmosph]e is1 too1 n a satisfactory explanation4 ,?is1 z judg$ by ! appe>ance ( ! cov]$ moon imm$iately be=e & at totality1 gives a disk ( %ad[ deep] 9 tone 9 ! c5tre & light5+ t[>ds ! edges1 b 9 o!r respects fairly uni=m1 s t ! :ole disk seems to p>take ( ! same t9t & its graduations2 & ?is is :at might h be5 expect$ "u ! circum/ances4 ,! pat*es1 on ! o!r h&1 7 q local4 ,sid5ote3 ,"q ( lun> atmosph]e4 ,! !ory ( ! moon's possess+ no atmosph]e :atev] is n[ v g5]ally1 b p]haps too readily1 receiv$ 7ma9ly ^u ! evid5ce ( ! spectroscopic obs]vations ( occult$ />s#i71 z !re /ill seems a reasonable d\bt :e!r our satellite may n possess an atmosph]e1 possibly r>efi$1 b yet suffici5tly d5se to p]mit ( ! =mation ( cl\d or vap\r4 ,sid5ote3 ,in/ance ( pat* ( vap\r or cl\d on moon's surface4 ,a curi\s case1 9 :i* a pat* ( vap\r or cl\d 0 suppos$ to be detect$ on ! moon's surface1 is report$ by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,b4 ,emmett 9 a communication to ! #8,annals ( ,philosophy' 7,new ,s]ies1 vol4 xii4 p4 #ha74 ,x is dat$ 8,great ,ouseburn1 ne> ,bor\ghbridge1 ,july #e1 #ahbf10 ! obs]vation be+ made ) 8! greate/ c>e ) a v f9e telescope40 ,on ! #ab? ,april #h;h1 :ile obs]v+ ! "p ( ! moon call$ ,palus ,motis by ,nevelius1 ) an excell5t ,newtonian reflector ( #f in*es ap]ture1 at a p>ticul> "p ( ! ,palus1 :i* he m9utely describes1 he saw1 ) p[]s #gj & #acj1 8a v conspicu\s spot :olly envelop$ 9 black nebul\s matt]1 :i*1 z if c>ri$ =w>d by a curr5t ( air1 ext5d$ itself 9 an ea/]ly direction1 incl9+ a little t[>ds ! s\?1 r beyond ! m>g9 ( ,motis40 ,april #ac? #h;h to #i;h1 ! cl\dy appe>ance 0 r$uc$ bo? 9 ext5t & int5sity1 & ! spot f :i* x seem$ to issue _h become m di/9ctly visible4 ,on ,april #ag? sc>cely a trace ( ! nebul\s matt] rema9$2 b s long aft] z ,june #aj? #h;h 8a little blackness0 rema9$ ab\t ! spot4 ,mr4 ,emmett sugge/$ 8smoke ( a volcano or cl\dy matt]40 ,a copy ( ! draw+ annex$ to ! pap] is giv5 on ,plate ,x4 fig4 #aj 7black pat* on moon74 ,if ?is obs]vation 0 7z x c]ta9ly appe>s to be7 critical & exact1 !re mu/ h be5 a di/urbance ( ! moon's surface1 indicat+ "s sort ( cl\d- or vap\r-support+ atmosph]e2 & probably1 = ! purposes ( ,auror1 an atmosph]e ( a v r>efi$ condition w\ld suffice#aj4 ,sid5ote3 ,pr(4 ,alex&]'s evid5ce 9 fav\r ( a lun> atmosph]e4 ,accord+ to ! #8,new ,york ,tribune1' at a rec5t semi-annual meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,pr(essor ,alex&] 8br\ght =w>d a v>iety ( evid5ce t5d+ to indicate "s envelope l an atmosph]e = ! moon4 ,! evid5ce 0 pr9cipally drawn f obs]vations dur+ eclipses4 ,! explanations usually (f]$ = ! bright b& se5 ar\nd ! moon at su* times 0 fully consid]$1 & %[n to be inadequate1 ?\gh good z f> z !y w\ld apply4 ,! ruddy b& ( light is mu* too broad to be ! sun's *romosph]e4 ,x 0 mo/ app>5t 9 ^? in/ances :]e ! moon 0 ne>e/ ! e>?4 ,x w\ld be/ be acc\nt$ = by suppos+ an atmosph]e to ! moon1 a ?9 remnant ( anci5t nebulosity1 comp>able to t :i* accompanies ! e>? & gives rise to ! appe>ance ( ! ,aurora ,borealis40 ,is x n1 h[ev]1 possible t ! appe>ance might h aris5 f ,auror 9 action )9 ! region ( ! e>?'s own atmosph]e dur+ ! passage ( ! sun's rays ?r\gh x at ! "t ( ! eclipse8 ,! :ole subject is difficult ( explanation1 & %\ld be "o ( ! po9ts = att5tion on ! occasion ( ! next total ,lun> eclipse4 ,x seem$ to me appropriate = introduction into ! pres5t hi/ory ( ! ,aurora1 :atev] its solution may ultimately be4 ,sid5ote3 ,m>s & ,jupit]4 ,9 ! case ( ,m>s & ,jupit]1 ^: atmosph]es are suffici5tly recogniz$1 r$- & sc>let-t9t$ pat*es are frequ5tly notic$4 ,9 ,m>s ?is is g5]ally attribut$ to ! geological "* ( ! surface ( ! planet itself2 b ,i h obs]v$ on ,m>s's surface dur+ ! rec5t opposition a local rosy t9t ( a m diffus$ & indef9ite "*2 & 9 ! case ( ,jupit] ! appe>ances seem almo/ always connect$ ) ! cl\ds' belts1 z di/+ui%$ f ! regions ly+ ne>] to ! planet's surface4 ,sid5ote3 ,pr(4 ,dorna's 8,lun> ,aurora40 ,pr(essor ,dorna1 ( ,tur91 ascrib$ a flick]+ light se5 on ! r$d5$ disk ( ! moon dur+ ! ,lun> eclipse ( ,febru>y #ahgg to ! action ( a ,lun> ,aurora1 hold+ t ! refraction ( ! sun's rays )9 ! cone ( ! e>?'s %ad[ 0 n an adequate explanation 7#8,l',op9ione ,nazionale1' ,m>* #c1 #ahgg74 ,sid5ote3 ,spectroscopic obs]vations be>+ on ! subject4 ,mr4 ,*ri/ie's obs]vations at ,gre5wi*4 ,! spectroscope might h af=d$ "s in=mation on ! "q2 b my own telescopes 7#h & #c 947 7 n ( suffici5t ap]ture to give a s5sible spectrum ( a portion ( ! moon's eclips$ surface1 & my obs]vations 7 *iefly made on ! entire disk ) h&-spectroscopes )\t a slit4 ,mr4 ,*ri/ie1 at ! ,royal ,obs]vatory1 ,gre5wi*1 made a set ( obs]vations dur+ totality1 & also dur+ subsequ5t p>tial phase1 ) a s+le-prism spectroscope4 ,dur+ totality a /rong absorption b& 0 se5 9 ! yell[1 & ! r$ & blue ends ( ! spectrum 7 completely cut (f1 :ile ! orange 0 greatly r$uc$ 9 int5sity4 ,! yell[ & gre5 7 comp>atively bright1 & seem$ to con/itute ! :ole visible spectrum4 ,! absorption b& became n>r[$ z ! end ( ! total phase approa*$1 & dur+ p>tial phase 0 r$uc$ to a m]e l9e4 ,! r$ end ( ! spectrum 0 cut (f by a d>k b& comm5c+ ab\t halfway f ,d to ,c1 9 :i* a black l9e 0 suspect$4 ,! b&s obs]v$ 7 *>act]i/ic ( ! spectrum ( light :i* has pass$ ?r\gh a ?ick /ratum ( air4 ,9 ! description ( ! spectrum ( ! ,aurora 9 ,"p ,,ii41 x w be se5 t ! conspicu\s r$ & gre5 l9es ( ! ,aurora are ei!r co9cid5t )1 or v close to1 "s ( ^! atmosph]ic l9es4 ,x does n appe> t ,mr4 ,*ri/ie exam9$ ! crimson pat*es specifically1 nor t he saw bright l9es on any "p ( ! moon's eclips$ disk4 ,sid5ote3 ,mr4 ,pratt's notes ( ,lun> ,eclipse1 ,augu/ #bc1 #ahgg4 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,pratt has also k9dly h&$ me = use 8 notes ( ! ,lun> eclipse ( ,augu/ #bc1 #ahgg1 z se5 at ,brighton on a spl5did night4 ,!y 7 made z ! ph5om5on progress$1 are #eh 9 numb]1 & 9 _m in/ances only a few m9utes1 or ev5 seconds1 ap>t4 ,a selection ( !m is "h giv53--#i;h #acm #ejs1 fir/ contact ( %ad[4 #i;h #cjm1 %ad[ v d>k2 no details ( disk easily se54 #i;h #djm1 fir/ appe>ance ( r$4 #i;h #ejm1 r$ all ov] disk1 except m>g9 blui% & ,s4 "p gre5 t9t4 #aj;h #bm1 a sudd5 bright5+ ( :ole disk1 9 /rong contra/ to two m9utes previ\sly4 #aj;h #aem1 ,e4 limb mu* d>k]4 #aj;h #cem1 s\? pole decid$ly brighte/4 #aj;h #ddm1 ,s4,e4 limb mu* bright]4 #aj;h #dhm1 :ole disk mu* d>k]4 #aj;h #eam1 ,s4,e4 limb bright5+ aga94 #aa;h #am1 ,n4,e4 limb bright5+4 #aa;h #cm1 ,n4,e4 limb has d>k5$ & bright5$ ?ree times dur+ la/ two m9utes4 #aa;h #bjm1 ,n4 pole has d>k5$4 #aa;h #bam1 ,n4 pole has bright5$4 #aa;h #bdm #cjs1 ,n4 pole d>k] r$4 #aa;h #cem1 ,n4 pole bright4 #aa;h #cem #cjs1 same d>k & r$4 #aa;h #dbm1 ,n4,e4 limb especially bright = a few seconds1 & !n r$d5$ & %ad$ aga94 #aa;h #dim1 ,s4 pole r$d5$4 #ab;h #am1 ,s4,w4 limb r$de/ "p2 ,s4 pole r$2 ,n4 pole pal] r$4 #ab;h #cm #ejs1 fir/ appe>ance ( ,e4 limb 7my fir/ sket* 0 made %ortly aft] ?is1 & my second ab\t t5 m9utes lat]74 #ab;h #bam1 a bright pat* on ,n4,n4,w4 sep>at$ f ,n4 pole4 #ab;h #bdm1 ,s4,w4 region is r$de/ "p ( eclipse4 #ab;h #djm1 r$ness ( %ad[ fad+ out4 ,) a small ,br[n+ />-spectroscope ,mr4 ,pratt saw ! r$ & blue ends ( ! spectrum cut (f1 b no?+ else4 ,mr4 ,pratt adds t ! r$ col\r 0 n an effect ( contra/ or an optical delusion 9 any way1 z 0 prov$ by us+ at times a limit$ field conta9+ only ! r$ portion "u exam9ation4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! curi\s bright5+ & d>k5+ ( ! disk1 & ! *ange f "t to "t ( local col\r1 he says t ) mu* exp]i5ce he has se5 no?+ ( ! same m>k$ "* on o!r occasions1 & t 8! :ole matt] 0 at ! "t a/oni%+ to me1 b none ! less real40 ,! local r$ pat*es se5 by me seem also to h be5 obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,pratt4 ,sid5ote3 ,mr4 ,pratt's obs]vation on ! floor ( ,plato4 ,z an addition to ! in/ances ( ,ty*o1 ,pic>d1 c41 m5tion$ 9 ! note on p4 #gc1 ,mr4 ,pratt has also s5t me 8 notes ( "s obs]vations by him1 ( 8local obscuration ( ! floor ( ,plato40 ,z some:at cond5s$1 !y are z foll[s3--#ahgb1 ,july #af4 ,:ile 9 o!r p>ts ( ! floor spots & /reaks 7 well visible1 8! ,n4,w4 portion 0 9 su* a hazy condition t no?+ c\ld be def9$ ^u x40 #ahgc1 ,nov4 #a4 #bg light /reaks se5 7#g new73 ! brightness ( ! /reaks 0 9 excess ( _! usual "*1 z comp>$ ) ! crat]lets2 8an oblit]ation or invisibility ( all ! light /reaks 9 ! neighb\rhood ( crat]let no4 #a 0 v noticeable20 & also 8a simil> oblit]ation ( ! ,n4 end ( ! /reak call$ ! ,sector1 ne> crat]let #c40 #ahgd1 ,janu>y #a4 #ah light /reaks se51 includ+ #c new1 8"s ( :i* out%one o!r long] kn[n ones4 ,?is 0 curi\s2 = _h !y be5 z bright )9 ! la/ two ye>s z on ?is occasion ,i mu/ h notic$ !m40 ,mr4 ,pratt po9ts out1 z wor?y ( rem>k1 t "s mon?s previ\s to ,novemb] #a/1 #ahgc1 nei!r crat]lets nor /reaks on ! floor ( ,plato 8_h ma9ta9$ _! previ\s *>act]i/ic brightness10--a fact :i* he ?9ks ought to be consid]$ toge!r ) ! outbreak ( brilliancy ( bo? ord]s on t day1 z well z ! app>5tly sudd5 exi/5ce ( new ones4 ,sid5ote3 ,obs]vation by ,mr4 ,hir/ ( a d>k %ade on ! moon4 ,! #8,obs]vatory1' ,m>* #a1 #ahgi1 p4 #cge1 conta9s an acc\nt1 by ,mr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,russell1 ( "s ,a/ronomical ,exp]im5ts made on ! ,blue ,m\nta9s1 ne> ,sydney1 ,n4 ,s4 ,w4 ,among ^! x is notic$ t on #ba/ ,octob]1 #ahgh1 at #i ,a4,m41 :5 look+ at ! moon1 ,mr4 ,hir/ f\nd t a l>ge "p ( x 0 cov]$ ) a d>k %ade1 q z d>k z ! %ad[ ( ! e>? dur+ an eclipse ( ! moon4 ,its outl9e 0 g5]ally circul>1 & fa9t] ne> ! edges4 ,conspicu\s bright lun> objects c\ld be se5 ?r\gh x2 b x q oblit]at$ ! view ( ab\t half ! moon's t]m9ator1 :ile ^? p>ts ( ! t]m9ator n 9 ! %ad[ 7 di/9ctly se54 ,no *ange 9 ! position ( ! %ade c\ld be detect$ aft] ?ree h\rs' wat*+4 ,! obs]vation is made1 8,"o c\ld h>dly resi/ ! conviction t x 0 a %ad[2 yet x c\ld n be ! %ad[ ( any kn[n body4 ,if produc$ by a comet1 x mu/ be "o ( m ?an ord9>y d5sity1 al?\gh d>k bodies h be5 se5 cross+ ! sun :i* 7 d\btless comets40 ,! diamet] ( ! %ad[ f ! "p ( x se5 on ! moon 0 e/imat$ at ab\t ?ree qu>t]s t ( ! moon#aa4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,aurora ,,& ,,! ,,sol> ,,corona4 ,sid5ote3 ,aurora & ! sol> corona4 ,mr4 ,norman ,locky]'s #8,sol> ,physics4' ,mr4 ,norman ,locky]1 9 8 #8,sol> ,physics1' a "w ( #fff pages1 gives b little space to ! ,aurora4 ,! index comprises3--8,aurora ,borealis1 connexion ) sun-spots1 pp4 #hb-ajb40 8,affirm$ co9cid5ce ( spectrum ) t ( ! corona1 pp4 #bdd1 #bef40 ,sid5ote3 ,extracts f z to ,aurora's connexion ) sun-spots & ) sol> corona4 ,page #hb4 ,aft] ref]r+ to ,g54 ,sab9e z hav+ %[n t !re are occasional di/urbances 9 ! magnetic /ate ( ! e>?1 & t ^! di/urbances h a p]iodical v>iation1 co9cid+ 9 p]iod & epo* ) ! v>iation 9 frequ5cy & magnitude ( ! sol> spots z obs]v$ by ,s*wabe1 ! au?or proce$s to /ate1 8& ! same philosoph] has giv5 u reason to conclude t !re is a simil> co9cid5ce betwe5 ! outbur/ ( sol> spots & ( ! ,aurora ,borealis40 ,page #ajb4 8,we h also %[n t sun-spots or sol> di/urbances appe> to be accompani$ by di/urbances ( ! e>?'s magnetism1 & ^! aga9 by auroral displays40 ,sid5ote3 ,evid5ce ( ,am]ican obs]v]s on nature ( ! corona consid]$4 ,page #bdc4 8,:at1 !n1 is ! evid5ce furni%$ by ! ,am]ican obs]v]s on ! nature ( ! corona 7sol>78 ,x is biz>re & puzzl+ to ! la/ degree4 ,! mo/ def9ite /atem5t on ! subject is t x is no?+ m nor less ?an a p]man5t ,sol> ,aurora6 ! ann\ncem5t be+ f\nd$ on ! fact t ?ree bright l9es rema9$ visible aft] ! image ( a prom95ce _h be5 mov$ away f ! slit1 & t "o 7if n all7 ( ^! l9es is co9cid5t ) a l9e 7or l9es7 notic$ 9 ! spectrum ( ! ,aurora ,borealis by ,pr(essor ,w9lock40 ,mr4 ,locky] !n adds1 t among/ ! l9es he _h obs]v$ up to t "t1 "s =ty 9 numb]1 ?is l9e 0 among ^? :i* he _h mo/ frequ5tly record$1 & 01 9 fact1 ! fir/ iron l9e :i* made its appe>ance 9 ! "p ( ! spectrum he g5]ally /udi$1 :5 ! iron vap\r is ?r[n into ! *romosph]e4 ,sid5ote3 ,mr4 ,locky]'s conclusion adv]se to ! "q be+ settl$4 ,h5ce he ?\ght he %\ld always see x if ! ,aurora 7 a p]man5t sol> corona1 & gave out ?is z its brighte/ l9e1 & on ?is gr\nd alone %\ld hesitate to reg>d ! "q z settl$4 ,sid5ote3 ,pr(4 ,"y's communication to #8,nature4' ,page #bef is an extract f a communication by ,pr(4 ,"y to #8,nature1' ,m>* #bd1 #ahgj1 9 :i* ! ,pr(essor ref]s to ! bright l9e #adgd z be+ always visible ) prop] managem5t4 ,he also ?9ks x probable t ?is l9e co9cides ) ! ,aurora l9e report$ by ,pr(4 ,w9lock at #aeej ( ,dr4 ,hugg9s's scale1 ?\gh he is by no means sure ( x4 ,he _h only himself se5 x ?rice1 & !n n long en\gh to complete a measurem5t4 ,he 0 only sure t its position lay betwe5 #adfj & #adij ( ,kir*h(f4 ,sid5ote3 ,he does n ab&on 8 hypo!sis1 x hav+ o!r elem5ts ( probability4 ,= ?is reason he did n ab&on ! hypo!sis1 :i* appe>$ to h o!r elem5ts ( probability1 9 ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! corona1 ! necessity ( imm5se electrical di/urbances 9 ! sol> atmosph]e z ! result ( ! p[]ful v]tical curr5ts kn[n to exi/ !re1 z well z ! curi\s responsiv5ess ( our t]re/rial magnets to sol> /orms2 yet he did n feel 9 a position to urge x /rongly1 b r await$ developm5ts4 ,fa!r ,sec*i 0 dispos$ to ?9k ! l9e hydrog51 :ile ,mr4 ,locky] /ill believ$ x to be iron4 ,sid5ote3 ,dr4 ,s*ell5 reviews ! subject 9 eclipse ( #ahfi4 ,dr4 ,s*ell51 9 8 #8,spectrum ,analysis1' treats ! matt] m 9 detail4 ,ref]r+ to ! eclipse ( #ahfi z confirm+ ! previ\s obs]vations t ! coronal spectrum 0 free f d>k l9es1 he po9ts out t ,pick]+1 ,h>kness1 ,"y1 & o!rs 7 agre$ t ) ! ext9ction ( ! la/ rays ( ! sun all ! ,fraunh(] l9es disappe>$ at once f ! spectrum4 ,he fur!r says3-- ,sid5ote3 ,"y obs]v$ ?ree bright l9es 9 ! spectrum ( ! corona4 ,co9cid5ce ( ^! l9es ) ?ree bright l9es obs]v$ by ,w9lock 9 ! ,aurora4 ,corona self-lum9\s1 & probably ( a gase\s nature4 ,corona suppos$ to be a p]man5t pol> light exi/+ 9 ! sun4 ,pol> light 9 ! sun attribut$ to electricity4 ,dr4 ,s*ell5 ?9ks nature ( ! corona /ill a problem4 8,! small in/rum5ts employ$ by ,pick]+ & ,h>kness1 ) a l>ge field ( view1 exhibit$ a spectrum obta9$ at once f ! corona1 ! prom95ces1 & ! sky 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! sun4 ,^! in/rum5ts %[$ dur+ totality a fa9t cont9u\s spectrum free f d>k l9es1 b cross$ by two or ?ree bright l9es4 ,"y1 ) a spectroscope ( five prisms1 obs]v$ ! ?ree bright l9es 9 ! spectrum ( ! corona1 & d$uc$ ! foll[+ positions accord+ to ,kir*h(f's scale3--#abej #bj1 #acej #bj1 & #adgd4 ,x _h be5 already expla9$ :y ! la/ & brighte/ ( ^! l9es 0 ?\ght to belong to ! corona & n to t ( ! prom95ces1 & x seem$ probable t ! o!r two l9es belong$ also to ! light ( ! corona1 f ! fact t !y 7 bo? want+ 9 ! spectrum ( ! prom95ces :5 obs]v$ )\t an eclipse4 ,b :at inve/$ ^! ?ree l9es ) a peculi> int]e/ 0 ! circum/ance t !y appe>$ to co9cide exactly ) ! fir/ ?ree ( ! five bright l9es obs]v$ by ,pr(essor ,w9lock 9 ! spectrum ( ! ,aurora ,borealis4 ,^! l9es ( ! ,aurora 7 det]m9$ by ,w9lock accord+ to ,hugg9s's scale2 & if ^! be r$uc$ to ,kir*h(f's scale1 ! positions ( ! l9es w\ld be #abdg1 #acea1 & #adgc1 :ile ! l9es obs]v$ by ,"y 7 #abej1 #acej1 & #adgd40 ,dr4 ,s*ell5 !n po9ts out t if x be borne 9 m9d t ,"y f\nd ! positions ( ! two fa9t] l9es m by e/imation ?an by measurem5t1 ! co9cid5ce betwe5 ! bright l9es ( ! corona & ^? ( ! ,aurora w\ld be f\nd v rem>kable4 ,! brighte/ ( ! l9es1 #adgd1 0 ! rev]sal ( a /rongly m>k$ ,fraunh(] l9e1 ascrib$ by ,kir*h(f & ng/rm to ! vap\r ( iron4 ,dr4 ,s*ell5 !n details ,pr(essor ,pick]+'s obs]vations ) ! pol>iscope1 %[+ t ! corona mu/ be self-lum9\s1 & t f ! bright l9es se5 9 its spectrum x is probably ( a gase\s nature1 & =ms a widely diffus$ atmosph]e r\nd ! sun2 & !n adds1 8,x has be5 suppos$1 f ! co9cid5ce ( ! ?ree bright l9es ( ! corona ) ^? ( ! ,aurora ,borealis1 t ! corona is a p]man5t pol> light exi/+ 9 ! sun analog\s to t ( our e>?40 ,dr4 ,s*ell5 "h adds3--8,locky]1 h[ev]1 ju/ly urges aga9/ ?is !ory ! fact t al?\gh ! brighte/ ( ^! ?ree l9es1 :i* is due to ! vap\r ( iron1 is v (t5 pres5t among ! great numb] ( bright l9es occasionally se5 9 ! spectrum ( ! prom95ces1 x is by no means con/antly visible1 :i* ought to be ! case if ! corona 7 a p]man5t pol> light 9 ! sun40 7,pr(essor ,"y's answ] to ?is1 on ! gr\nd ( l9e #adgd be+ always visible1 has be5 already giv547 8,a yet bold] !ory is ! ascription ( su* a pol> light 9 ! sun to ! influ5ce ( electricity1 :i* has be5 prov$1 x is well kn[n1 by ! relation ( ! magnetic ne$le1 & ! di/urbance ( ! electric curr5t 9 ! telegraph wires1 to play an important "p 9 ! ph5om5on ( ! ,aurora ,borealis20 & ,dr4 ,s*ell5 !n concludes ) an op9ion t ! nature ( ! corona 0 /ill a problem#ab4 ,sid5ote3 ,v>i\s places ( wave-l5g? assign$ to ^! l9es4 ,on ref]5ce to ! #8,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1' vol4 xlviii4 pp4 #abc & #djd1 x seems t ! auroral obs]vations be=e ref]r$ to 7 made on #ae? ,april1 #ahfi1 by ,c4 ,s4 ,pi]ce1 ) 8an ord9>y *emical spectroscope1 ) ! collimator po9t$ directly to ! heav5s10 & 7 report$ by ,w9lock4 ,! l9es 7 #abhj1 #adjj1 & #aeej ( ,hugg9s's scale1 & 7 r$uc$ to ,kir*h(f's scale by ,"y4 ,^! l9es h _h all sorts ( places ( wave-l5g? assign$ to !m by diff]5t writ]s4 ,proctor gives #eegj1 #edjj1 #ebjj2 ,pick]+ & ,alvan ,cl>ke1 #ecbj 7assum$ to be #ecaf1 coronal l9e72 ,b>k]1 #eagj1 #ebjj1 #ejbj2 ,backh\se1 #ecbj1 #dfdj1 & #dcaj4 ,9 my #8,aurora ,spectrum1' ,plate ,,xii41 ,i h assign$ two1 ) a81 to #ecbj 7,alvan ,cl>ke7 & #ejbj 7,b>k]74 ,! ?ird might p]haps be plac$ at #dfdj 7,backh\se & ,w9lock74 ,sid5ote3 ,d\bts rais$ z to clos5ess ( ! obs]vations = ! purpose ( comp>ison4 ,! co9cid5ces reli$ on 9 ! =ego+ obs]vations dep5d1 ( c\rse1 ^u 7#a7 ! accuracy ( ! obs]vations !mselves1 & 7#b7 ! subsequ5t r$uction ( ! l9es = comp>ison4 ,assum+ ! correctness ( ! latt]1 :at h we z to ! =m]8 ,two ( ,pr(essor ,"y's positions ( coronal l9es1 z /at$1 seem to h f> too mu* ( ! elem5t to make !m suffici5tly accurate4 ,pi]ce's auroral obs]vation does n /ate h[ ! l9es 7 position$4 ,z !y all end ) a cyph]1 ! suspicion naturally arises t ! measurem5ts did n ext5d beyond ! fir/ ?ree places ( ! figures1 &1 if s1 c\ld n be us$ = accurate comp>ison4 ,! auroral l9es1 too1 are g5]ally r wide & nebul\s1 & n easy ( comp>ison ) %>p] ones4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,suppos$ ,,causes ,,( ,,! ,,aurora4 ,sid5ote3 ,suppos$ causes ( ! ,aurora4 ,sulphur\s vap\rs4 ,magnetic effluvia4 ,at fir/ ! ,aurora 0 describ$ to be sulphur\s vap\rs issu+ f ! e>?2 & ,muss*5broek po9t$ out t c]ta9 *emical mixtures s5t =? a phosphoresc5t vap\r1 9 "s respects resembl+ ! ,aurora4 ,dr4 ,halley orig9ally propos$ a simil> !ory1 b ultimately conclud$ t ! ,aurora might be occasion$ by ! circulation ( ! magnetic effluvia ( ! e>? f "o pole to ano!r4 ,sid5ote3 ,zodiacal light4 ,m4 de ,mairan1 9 #agba1 9 a treatise1 ascrib$ ! ,aurora to ! impulse ( ! zodiacal light ^u ! atmosph]e ( ! e>?4 ,sid5ote3 ,lum9\s p>ticles ( our atmosph]e4 ,eul] combat$ ?is !ory1 & ascrib$ ! ,aurora to ! lum9\s p>ticles ( our atmosph]e driv5 beyond its limits by ! light ( ! sun1 & sometimes asc5d+ to ! height ( sev]al ?\s& miles4 ,sid5ote3 ,electric fluid 9 vacuo resembles ,aurora4 ,mr4 ,hawksbee v e>ly %[$ t ! electric fluid assumes1 9 vacuo or 9 highly r>efi$ atmosph]e1 an appe>ance resembl+ ! ,aurora4 ,mr4 ,canton contriv$ an imitation ( ! ,aurora by means ( electricity transmitt$ ?r\gh ! ,torricellian vacuum 9 a long glass tube1 & %[$ t su* a tube w\ld cont9ue to display /rong fla%es ( light = #bd h\rs & long] )\t fre% excitation4 ,sid5ote3 ,exp]im5t ) electrical ma*9e & exhau/$ receiv]4 ,9 ! #8,ed9burgh ,encyclopdia1' date #ahcj1 is m5tion$ an exp]im5t 9 :i* an electrical ma*9e & air-pump are s dispos$ t /rong sp>ks pass f ! ma*9e to ! receiv] ( ! air-pump4 ,sid5ote3 ,dr4 ,frankl9's !ory4 ,z ! exhau/ion proce$s ! electricity =ces itself ?r\gh ! receiv] 9 a visible /ream1 at fir/ ( a deep purple col\r2 8b z ! exhau/ion advances x *anges to blue1 & at l5g? to an int5se :ite1 ) :i* ! :ole receiv] becomes completely fill$40 ,x w be notic$ t ?is exp]im5t be>s a close resemblance to ,pr(4 ng/rm's exhau/$ flask ref]r$ to lat] 9 treat+ ( ! spectrum ( ! ,aurora4 ,dr4 ,frankl9 gave a diff]5t =m to ! electric !ory ( ! ,aurora1 suppos+ t ! electricity :i* is conc]n$ 9 ! ph5om5on passes into ! ,pol> regions f ! imm5se quantities ( vap\r rais$ into ! atmosph]e betwe5 ! tropics 7,exp]4 & ,obs]v4 #agfi1 p4 #dc74 ,sid5ote3 ,mr4 ,kirwan's !ory4 ,mr4 ,kirwan 7,iri% ,trans4 #aghh7 suppos$ t ! light ( ! ,aurora ,borealis & ,au/ralis 0 occasion$ by ! combu/ion ( inflammable air k9dl$ by electricity4 ,sid5ote3 ,mons4 ,monge's4 ,mons4 ,monge propos$ ! !ory t ! ,auror 7 m]ely cl\ds illum9at$ by ! sun's light fall+ ^u !m aft] num]\s reflections f o!r cl\ds plac$ at diff]5t di/ances 9 ! heav5s 7,leons de ,physique p> ,prej\lz1 #ahje1 p4 #bcg74 ,sid5ote3 ,mons4 ,libes'4 ,mons4 ,libes prop\nd$ a !ory t ! electric fluid1 pass+ ?r\gh a mixture ( azote & oxyg51 produc$ nitric acid1 nitr\s acid or nitr\s gas1 & t ^! sub/ances1 act$ ^u by ! sol> rays1 w\ld exhibit ^? r$ & volatile vap\rs :i* =m ! ,aurora ,borealis 7,trait de ,physique1 ou ,dictionnaire de ,physique1 p> ,libes2 ,rozi]'s ,j\rnal1 ,june #agij1 ,febru>y #agia1 & vol4 xxxviii4 p4 #aia74 ,sid5ote3 ,mr4 ,dalton's4 ,mr4 ,dalton consid]$ ! ,aurora a magnetic ph5om5on ^: beams 7 gov]n$ by ! magnetism ( ! e>?4 ,he obs]v$ t ! lum9\s ar*es 7 always p]p5dicul> to ! magnetic m]idian 7,dalton's ,meteorological ,obs]vations & ,essays1 #agic1 pp4 #ed1 #aec74 ,sid5ote3 ,abb ,b]?olon's4 ,! ,abb ,b]?olon ascrib$ ! ,aurora ,borealis to a phosphorico-electric light 7,encyc4 ,m?od4 art4 ,auror74 ,sid5ote3 ,dr4 ,?ompson conclud$ ! ar*es to be an optical deception4 ,dr4 ,?ompson 7,annals ( ,philosophy1 vol4 iv4 p4 #dbi71 f ! obs]vations ( ,mr4 ,cav5di% & ,mr4 ,dalton1 conclud$ !re 0 no d\bt t ! ar*$ appe>ance ( ! ,aurora 0 m]ely an optical deception1 & t 9 reality x consi/$ ( a great numb] ( /raight cyl9d]s p>allel to ea* o!r & to ! dipp+-ne$le at ! place :]e !y 7 se54 ,sid5ote3 ,artificial ,auror produc$ 9 exhau/$ tubes4 ,) _m ( u 7at lea/ x 0 s 9 my own case7 our fir/ view$ ,auror h be5 artificial ones1 devis$ by electricians & hav+ _! locus at ! ,royal ,polyte*nic 9 ,reg5t ,/reet or 9 "s sci5tific lecture-room4 ,! effects 9 ^! cases are produc$ 9 tubes ne>ly exhau/$ by means ( an air-pump1 & !n illum9at$ by "s =m ( electric or galvanic curr5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,tubes describ$4 ,9 "o in/ance ! tube is usually ( ! =m %[n on ,plate ,x4 fig4 #i1 support$ on a base ) a brass ball electrode at ! l[] end1 & a po9t$ wire at ! upp]4 ,9 ano!r case ! tube is ( ! =m %[n on same ,plate1 fig4 #h4 ,aft] exhau/ion x is p]man5tly clos$1 ! curr5t pass+ ?r\gh x by means ( ! plat9um-wire electrodes introduc$ into ea* end ( ! tube4 ,! fir/ =m ( tube is usually excit$ by a frictional plate ma*9e2 ! second by a galvanic curr5t f a ,grove or bi*romate batt]y1 :i*1 by ! aid ( a ,ruhmkorff coil1 has _h its "* *ang$ f quantity to int5sity4 ,9 ea* in/ance1 ^u connexion ) ! s\rce supply ( ! electric curr5t1 a v simil> effect is produc$4 ,sid5ote3 ,effects describ$4 ,brilliant /reams ( rose-col\r$ light pass betwe5 ! electrodes1 sometimes z a s+le lum9\s mi/y b&1 sometimes 9 divid$ vibrat+ sprays or /reams1 & sometimes 9 a flaky column ( /ri4 ,all ?is1 be=e ! spectroscope took its "p 9 ! inve/igation1 we 7 cont5t to accept z a v fair & probable explanation ( ! ,aurora accompani$ by a mimic repres5tation ( ! ph5om5on4 ,^! appe>ances may1 ( c\rse1 be produc$ at w 9 tubes hav+ electrodes2 b x is1 moreov]1 possible to produce !m1 ?\gh ) less effect1 9 c]ta9 o!r =ms ( tube hav+ no su* direct communication ) ! ext]nal electric ma*9e4 ,"o electrode only may be connect$ ) ! coil or electrical ma*9e4 ,! appe>ance is !n a fa9t repres5tation ( :at happ5s :5 ! curr5t entirely passes 7b see exp]im5ts ) a s+le wire detail$ 9 ,"p ,,iii474 ,sid5ote3 ,tube )\t electrodes4 ,9 ! case ( an exhau/$ tube hav+ no electrodes1 ! wires f ! coil may be made into a little helix & plac$ at ea* end ( ! tube1 & ! induc$ curr5ts )9 w %[ !mselves 9 fla%es & /reams ( light1 v>y+ 9 col\r & t9t accord+ to ! gase\s or o!r cont5ts ( ! tube4 ,sid5ote3 ,tube excit$ by friction4 ,9 "s cases ! ord9>y =ms ( galvanic or electrical ma*9e = supply+ ! curr5t ( electricity may be disp5s$ )4 ,a long /raight tube exhau/$ & clos$ at ea* end1 & )\t electrodes1 ,plate ,x4 fig4 #f1 be+ slightly w>m$ & !n excit$ by friction ) ! dry h& or a piece ( flannel1 silk h&k]*ief1 or ! l1 is soon fill$ ) ! mo/ brilliant fla%es ( light play+ 9 ! int]ior1 & :5 once ?or\ghly *>g$ ne$s b little fur!r excitation to keep up ! effect4 ,sid5ote3 ,geissl]'s m]cury tube4 ,geissl] has introduc$ a =m ( tube 9 :i* electricity 9 its =m ( fla%es & gl[ ( light is produc$ by ! friction ( m]cury4 ,! out] tube is /rong1 & conta9s )9 x a small] tube ( uranium glass ) balls bl[n ^u x 7,plate ,x4 fig4 #g74 ,! tubes are exhau/$ & a small quantity ( m]cury is introduc$ :i* has access to bo? surfaces ( ! inn] tube1 z well z to ! inn] surface ( ! out] tube4 ,^u ! tube be+ rev]s$ end = end or %ak51 ! m]cury runs up or d[n ! tube & causes a v consid]able display ( :iti% light4 ,! be=e-describ$ tubes are also ref]r$ to1 & _! spectra describ$1 9 ! section 8,on ! comp>ison ( "s tube & o!r ,spectra ) ! ,aurora0 7,"p ,,ii474 ,! aura or bru% f ! electrical ma*9e has be5 consid]$ z resembl+ ! ,aurora1 :ile ! hiss+ & crackl+ accompany+ x has be5 suppos$ to corroborate ! reports ( simil> noises hav+ be5 he>d dur+ an auroral display4 ,sid5ote3 ,pr(4 ,lem/rm's in/rum5t to demon/rate ! nature ( ,auror4 ,pr(4 ,lem/rm1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,hels+=s1 has devis$ an in/rum5t = ! purpose ( demon/rat+ t ,auror are produc$ by electrical curr5ts pass+ ?r\gh ! atmosph]e4 ,an illu/ration ( ?is in/rum5t 7= :i* ,i am indebt$ to ! ,editor ( #8,nature'7 is introduc$ 7fig4 #a74 ,! in/rum5t 0 exhibit$ at ! rec5t ,sci5tific ,loan ,collection at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 & a full description ( x1 toge!r ) an essay by ,pr(4 ,lem/rm1 8,on ! ,!ory ( ! ,pol> ,light10 w be f\nd 9 ! ?ird edition ( ! ,(ficial ,catalogue1 p4 #chf4 no4 #agea4 ,! app>atus is int5d$ to %[ t an electric curr5t pass+ f an insulat$ body does n produce light 9 air ( normal pressure2 b z x rises to ! r>efi$ air 9 ! ,geissl] tubes a ph5om5on v l ! real ,pol> ,light is produc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,a is an electrical ma*9e1 ! negative pole be+ connect$ ) a copp] sph]e & ! positive ) ! e>?4 s s is ( ebonite z well z ,r ,r d1 s t ,b is q insulat$ z ! e>? is 9 space4 ,b is surr\nd$ by ! atmosph]e4 a a a a a a are a s]ies ( ,geissl] tubes ) copp] ends above & bel[4 ,all ! upp] ends are connect$ ) a wire :i* goes to ! e>?2 consequ5tly a curr5t runs 9 ! direction ( ! arr[s ?r\gh ! air1 & ! ,geissl] tubes become lum9\s :5 ! electrical ma*9e is set into op]ation4 ,! ,geissl] tubes repres5t ! upp] "p ( ! atmosph]e :i* becomes lum9\s :5 ! ,aurora ,borealis is obs]v$ 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,! ph5om5a produc$ by ! ,lem/rm app>atus are consid]$ consi/5t ) ! !ory advocat$ by ,sw$i% obs]v]s t electrical curr5ts emanat+ f ! e>? & p5etrat+ into ! upp] regions produce ,auror 9 bo? hemisph]es4 ,! exp]im5t diff]s f ! app>atus ( ,m4 de la ,rive1 :o plac$ 8 curr5t 9 vacuo1 & did n %[ ! prop]ty ( ord9>y atmosph]ic air1 9 all[+ to pass unobs]v$1 at ! pressure ( #gfj millims41 a /ream ( electricity :i* illum9ates a r>efi$ atmosph]e4 ,sid5ote3 ,m4 de la ,rive's app>atus describ$4 ,de la ,rive's app>atus 0 also exhibit$ at ! same "t1 & w be f\nd describ$ at p4 #che ( ! ,catalogue1 ,no4 #agdi4 ,a l>ge sph]e ( wood repres5t$ ! e>?1 & iron cyl9d]s ! two extremities ( ! t]re/rial magnetic axis4 ,^! p5etrat$ into two globes fill$ ) r>efi$ air1 simulat+ ! high] regions ( ! ,pol> atmosph]e4 ,! electric dis*>ge turn$ ar\nd a po9t situate 9 ! prolongation ( ! axis1 9 a diff]5t direction at ei!r pole1 :5 ! two cyl9d]s 7 *>g$ by means ( a horse%oe electro-magnet1 9 accordance ) obs]vations on ! rotation ( ! rays ( ! ,aurora4 ,sid5ote3 ,de la ,rive's magnet 9 an electric egg4 ,de la ,rive plac$ an electro-magnet 9 an electric egg4 ,z soon z ! magnet 0 set 9 action ! dis*>ge :i* _h be=e fill$ ! egg 0 conc5trat$ into a def9$ b& ( light1 :i* rotat$ /eadily r\nd ! magnet4 ,sid5ote3 ,gassiot's exp]im5t ) #djj ,grove cells & exhau/$ receiv] betwe5 poles ( magnet4 ,gassiot describes an exp]im5t ) 8 great ,grove's batt]y ( #djj cells1 9 :i* an exhau/$ receiv] 0 plac$ betwe5 ! poles ( ! l>ge electro-magnet ( ! ,royal ,in/itution4 8,on n[ excit+ ! magnet ) a batt]y ( #aj cells1 effulg5t /rata 7 drawn out f ! positive pole1 & pass$ along ! "u or upp] surface ( ! receiv] accord+ to ! direction ( ! curr5t4 8,on mak+ ! circuit ( ! magnet & break+ x imm$iately1 ! lum9\s /rata ru%$ f ! positive pole & !n retreat$1 cl\d foll[+ cl\d ) a delib]ate motion1 & appe>+ z if swall[$ up by ! positive electrode40 ,mr4 ,m>% consid]$ ?is bore a v consid]able resemblance to ! conduct ( ! auroral ar*es1 :i* almo/ inv>iably drift sl[ly s\?w>d4 ,sid5ote3 ,mr4 ,m>% consid]$ ! ,aurora an electric dis*>ge betwe5 ! magnetic poles ( ! e>?4 ,he consid]$ x probable t ! ,aurora 0 ess5tially an electric dis*>ge betwe5 ! magnetic poles ( ! e>?1 leav+ ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! nor? magnetic pole 9 ! =m ( cl\ds ( electrifi$ matt]1 :i* float$ s\?w>d1 bright /reams ( electricity sudd5ly %oot+ =? 9 magnetic curves correspond+ to ! po9ts f :i* !y orig9at$1 & !n b5d+ s\?w>d & d[nw>d until !y rea*$ correspond+ po9ts 9 ! s\!rn magnetic hemisph]e1 & =m+ pa?ways by :i* ! electric curr5ts pass$ to _! de/9ation2 &1 fur!r1 t ! magnetism ( ! e>? caus$ ^! curr5ts & electrifi$ matt] compos+ ! ar* to revolve r\nd ! magnetic pole ( ! e>?1 giv+ !m _! obs]v$ motion f ea/ to we/ or f we/ to ea/4 ,sid5ote3 ,v>ley's obs]vation on a gl[-dis*>ge 9 vacuo4 ,sp>k surr\nd$ by an aura :i* c\ld be sep>at$4 ,v>ley %[$ t :5 a gl[-dis*>ge 9 a vacuum tube is br\ght )9 ! field ( a p[]ful magnet1 ! magnetic curves are illum9at$ beyond ! electrodes betwe5 :i* ! dis*>ge is tak+ place1 z well z 9 ! pa? ( ! curr5t1 & also ?\ght t ?is illum9ation 0 caus$ by mov+ p>ticles ( matt]1 z x deflect$ a balanc$ plate ( talc on :i* x 0 caus$ to infr+e4 ,x has also be5 %[n t 9 electrical dis*>ges 9 air at ord9>y pressure1 :ile ! sp>k itself 0 unaffect$ by ! magnet1 x 0 surr\nd$ by a lum9\s cl\d or aura :i* 0 driv5 into ! magnetic curve1 & :i* might also be sep>at$ f ! sp>k by bl[+ ^u x4 ,mo/ ( ! =ego+ int]e/+ results & exp]im5ts w be f\nd repeat$ & v]ifi$ 9 ,"p ,,iii4 ,pr(4 ,lem/rm's ,!ory4 ,sid5ote3 ,pr(4 ,lem/rm's !ory4 ,pr(4 ,lem/rm ?9ks t t]re/rial magnetism plays only a comp>atively second>y "p 9 ! ph5om5a ( ! ,pol> ,light1 ?is "p consi/+ ess5tially 9 a direct action ^u ! rays4 ,t ! exp]im5ts ( ,m4 de la ,rive d n all furni% ! pro( t ! rays ( ! light are really unit$ "u ?is influ5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,"* ( ! ,pol> ,light4 ,t ! ,pol> ,light consid]$ z an electrical dis*>ge gives ! foll[+ results3-- 7#a7 ,an electric curr5t aris+ f ! dis*>ge itself1 :i* takes place sl[ly4 7#b7 ,rays ( light consi/+ ( an inf9ite numb] ( sp>ks1 ea* sp>k giv+ rise to two induction curr5ts go+ 9 opposite directions4 7#c7 ,a galvanic curr5t go+ 9 an opposite direction to t ( ! dis*>ge1 & hav+ its orig9 9 ! electromotive =ce discov]$ by ,m4 ,edlund 9 ! electric sp>k4 ,t ^! curr5ts require a clos$ circuit2 b ?is is n necess>y 9 ! case ( ! ,aurora1 z ! e>? & r>efi$ air ( ! upp] regions are imm5se res]voirs ( electricity produc+ ! same effect z if ! circuit 7 clos$4 ,t p]man5t moi/ure 9 ! air1 a good conductor ( electricity1 is ! cause ( a sl[ & cont9u\s dis*>ge assum+ ! =m ( an ,aurora1 in/ead ( sudd5ly produc+ lightn+ z 9 equatorial regions & mean latitudes4 ,sid5ote3 ,pol> ,light due to electric dis*>ges only4 ,he sums up1 t ! electric dis*>ges :i* take place 9 ! ,pol> regions betwe5 ! positive electricity ( ! atmosph]e & ! negative electricity ( ! e>? are ! ess5tial & unique cause ( ! =mation ( ! ,pol> ,light1 light ! exi/5ce ( :i* is indep5d5t ( t]re/rial magnetism1 :i* contributes only to give to ! ,pol> ,light a c]ta9 direction1 & 9 "s cases to give x motion4 ,?is ,pr(4 ,lem/rm ma9ta9s contr>y to ^? :o believe !y see 9 t]re/rial magnetism1 or r 9 ! induction curr5ts1 :at is capable ( develop+ ! orig9 ( ! ,pol> ,light4 ,!ories ( ,,mm4 ,becqu]el & ,de la ,rive4 ,sid5ote3 ,!ories ( ,,mm4 ,becqu]el & ,de la ,rive4 ,m4 ,becqu]el's !ory is t sol> spots are cavities by :i* hydrog5 & o!r sub/ances escape f ! sun's protosph]e4 ,t ! hydrog5 takes ) x positive electricity :i* spreads into planet>y space1 ev5 to ! e>?'s atmosph]e & ! e>? itself1 always dim9i%+ 9 int5sity because ( ! bad conduct+-p[] ( ! successive lay]s ( air & ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,t w\ld !n only be negative1 z be+ less positive ?an ! air4 ,! diffusion ( electricity ?r\gh planet>y space w\ld be limit$ by ! diffusion ( matt]1 s9ce x _c spread 9 a vacuum4 ,t gase\s matt] ext5ds fur!r ?an ! limits usually assign$ to ! e>?'s atmosph]e1 is prov$ by ! obs]vation ( ,auror at heights ( #ajj & #bjj kilometres1 :]e "s gase\s matt] mu/ exi/4 ,m4 de la ,rive agrees ) ,m4 ,becqu]el z to ! electric orig9 ( ! ,aurora1 b consid]s ! e>? is *>g$ ) negative electricity & is ! s\rce ( ! positive atmosph]ic electricity1 ! atmosph]e becom+ *>g$ by ! aque\s vap\r ris+ 9 tropical seas4 ,! action ( ! sun he consid]s is an indirect "o1 v>y+ ) ! /ate ( ! sun's surface1 z %[n by co9cid5ces 9 ! p]iods ( ,aurora & sun-spots4 ,m4 ,plant's ,electric ,exp]im5ts4 ,sid5ote3 ,m4 ,plant's exp]im5ts4 ,effects produc$ resembl+ ,auror4 ,m4 ,plant has p]=m$ "s exp]im5ts ) a v consid]able s]ies ( second>y batt]ies4 ,by ins]t+ ! positive electrode aft] ! negative 9 a vessel ( salt wat]1 lum9\s & o!r effects 7 obs]v$ :i* 7 consid]$ to h a /rong resemblance to ^? ( ,auror4 ,m4 ,plant advocates ! !ory t ! imp]fect vacuum ( ! upp] regions1 act+ l a l>ge conductor1 plays ! "p ( ! negative electrode 9 8 exp]im5ts1 :ile ! positive electricity fl[s t[>ds ! planet>y spaces1 & n t[>ds ! gr\nd1 ?r\gh ! mi/s & ice-cl\ds :i* float above ! ,poles4 ,sid5ote3 ,m4 ,plant's exp]im5ts produc+ a corona1 an arc1 or a s9u\s l9e4 ,9 an article 9 #8,nature1' ,m>* #ad1 #ahgh1 a fur!r acc\nt is giv5 ( ,m4 ,plant's exp]im5ts1 "u ! head ( 8,pol> ,auror20 & x is /at$ t1 9 ^! exp]im5ts1 ! electric curr5t1 9 pres5ce ( aque\s vap\r1 yield$ a s]ies ( results altoge!r analog\s to ! v>i\s phases ( ,pol> ,auror4 ,if ! positive electrode ( ! second>y batt]y 0 br\ght into contact ) ! sides ( a vessel ( salt wat]1 !re 0 obs]v$1 accord+ to ! di/ance ( ! film 7electrode87 f ! liquid1 ei!r a corona =m$ ( lum9\s p>ticles arrang$ 9 a circle r\nd ! electrode 7fig4 #b1 p4 #ij71 an arc bord]$ ) a fr+e ( brilliant rays 7fig4 #c71 or a s9u\s l9e :i* rapidly fold$ & refold$ on itself 7fig4 #d74 ,?is undulatory movem5t1 9 p>ticul>1 =m$ a complete analogy ) :at _h be5 comp>$ 9 ,auror to ! undulations ( a s]p5t1 or to ^? ( drap]y agitat$ by ! w9d4 ,! ru/l+ noise accompany+ ! exp]im5t 0 analog\s to t sometimes said to accompany ,auror1 & 0 caus$ by ! lum9\s electric dis*>ge p5etrat+ ! moi/ure4 ,z 9 ,auror1 magnetic p]turbations 7 produc$ by br++ a ne$le ne> ! circuit1 ! deviation increas+ ) ! developm5t ( ! ar*4 ,! ,auror 7 produc$ by positive electricity1 ! negative electrode produc+ no?+ simil>4 ,illu/rations ( ^! m9iature ,auror are giv5 9 #8,nature1' & reproduc$ on p4 #ij4 ,no m5tion ( any spectroscopic obs]vations is made4 ,sid5ote3 ,mr4 ,hold5's views4 ,9 a communication to ! ,metropolitan ,sci5tific ,association 7#8,obs]vatory1' ,m>* #a1 #ahgi1 p4 #chi71 ,mr4 ,a4 ,p4 ,hold51 aft] support+ ! !ory ( a connexion betwe5 ! wax+ & wan+ ( ! sol> corona & sun-spots1 adopts ,mr4 ,f4 ,pratt's hypo!sis 8t ! ,aurora is simply light filmy cirrus cl\d1 fir/ deposit$ at ! base ( a va/ upp] body ( highly r>efi$ vap\r1 & illum9at$ by ! free electricity escap+ 9 ! cond5sation ?r\gh ! v r>efi$ m$ium above1 t[>ds ! nor? or s\?4 ,! ,aurora w\ld1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 h its orig9 9 a va/ electrical /orm1 result+ f a viol5t cond5sation ( vap\r :i* causes a fl[ ( electricity f ! pole to re/ore equilibrium40 ,! ,aurora w\ld ?us1 9 ,mr4 ,hold5's op9ion1 8dep5d on /orm ph5om5a ( an int5se "*2 & ! frequ5cy ( ,auror at ! sun-spot maxima w\ld indicate ! connexion ( ! latt] ) ! wea!r40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,! corona4 ,fig4 #c4 ,! arc & rays4 ,fig4 #d4 ,! s9u\s l9e4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,! ,,spectrum ,,( ,,! ,,aurora4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,spectroscope ,,adapt$ ,,= ,,! ,,aurora4 ,sid5ote3 ,mu/ be ( mod]ate disp]sion1 ) ready mode ( measur+ l9e-positions4 ,any =m ( spectroscope ( mod]ate disp]sion w suffice = obs]vations ( ! spectrum ( ! ,aurora2 b1 = sake ( conv5i5ce1 a h& or direct-vision spectroscope is to be pref]r$1 & x is desirable also to h "s quick & ready mode ( measur+ ! position ( ! l9es :ile ! ,aurora la/s4 ,sid5ote3 ,mr4 ,br[n+'s in/rum5t describ$4 ,mr4 ,john ,br[n+ arrang$ = me a =m ( in/rum5t :i* ,i h f\nd v conv5i5t = obs]vations by h& ( ! ,aurora-l9es1 & also1 :5 fix$ on a /&1 = tube & *emical inve/igations4 ,a repres5tation ( ?is in/rum5t is giv5 on ,plate ,x4 fig4 #a4 ,a brass tube c>ries a l>ge comp\nd 7#e7 direct-vision prism 7%[n d>k 9 ! draw+74 ,an arrangem5t is made s t a second prism c at w be slipp$ into ! tube 7%[n 9 outl9e 9 ! draw+74 ,) "o prism & a f9e slit ! ,d l9es are widely sep>at$1 & ! field ( view ext5ds at "o glance f ne> ,c to ne> ,g4 ,:5 ! second prism is ins]t$ & us$ 9 comb9ation1 ! nickel l9e c be se5 betwe5 ! two ,d l9es1 & ! in/rum5t may be us$ = sol> "w4 ,a photograph ( ! sun's spectrum1 tak5 ) "o prism only1 %[s a great numb] ( ! d>k sol> l9es & _m ( ! bright ones1 ascrib$ by ,pr(4 ,drap] to oxyg5 & nitrog54 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,x4 ,sid5ote3 ,diaphragm micromet] describ$4 ,mode ( use ( ! micromet]4 ,! collimator & obs]v+ telescope are respectively #f in*es 9 l5g?1 & c>ry a*romatic l5ses ( "o in* ap]ture4 ,! telescope trav]ses ! field s t ! extremities ( ! spectrum may be obs]v$4 ,! disp]sion ( ! in/rum5t 0 asc]ta9$ by a set ( obs]vations ( ! pr9cipal sol> & "s metallic l9es1 made ) an excell5t fil> micromet]4 ,= ! ,auroral obs]vations1 ,dr4 ,vogel has describ$ an in/rum5t 7see ,app5dix ,e7 9 :i* ! usual spid]'s-web wires are replac$ by a ne$le-po9t1 z be+ easily se5 ^u a fa9t spectrum4 ,illum9at$ wires may also be us$2 b ,i 0 l$ ultimately to employ1 9 pref]5ce1 a diaphragm micromet] :i* ! spectrum itself illum9ates1 z be+ adapt$ = spe$y1 yet fairly accurate1 obs]vations4 ,x 0 made 9 ?is mann]3--,a c>d 0 fir/ ( all prep>$ 7,plate ,x4 fig4 #b71 & )9 a circle describ$ on ?is1 a scale 0 drawn ( mod]ately wide :ite spaces1 ) black divisions betwe51 %ort & long1 s z to read (f easily by eye4 ,! upp] half ( ! circle 0 !n entirely fill$ 9 ) black2 & f ! c>d z ?us prep>$ a r$uc$ negative photograph 0 made4 ,9 ?is ! spaces & l[] half ( ! circle 7 opaque1 & ! upp] half ( ! circle & ! l9es betwe5 ! spaces 7 transp>5t 7,plate ,x4 fig4 #d74 ,?is photograph 0 ab\t ! size ( a %ill+ 7fig4 #c1 same ,plate74 ,x 0 m\nt$ c>efully 9 ,canada balsam1 ) a ?9 glass cov]1 & !n plac$ 9 ! focus ( ! eyepiece4 ,9 use1 ! spectrum is br\ght ^u ! scale s t ! upp] half %[s above ! scale )\t any int]ruption at all2 :ile ! l[] half illum9ates ! scale & r5d]s ! divisions visible1 %[+ ! spectrum-l9es fall+ ei!r ^u !m or ! spaces betwe54 ,! photograph$ scale 0 next enl>g$ to a consid]able size & pr9t$ ^u fa9tly rul$ pap]2 & ! enl>gem5t 0 s arrang$ z to comprise five ( ! fa9t rul$ l9es betwe5 ea* division ( ! scale4 ,ea* ( ^! fa9t l9es 9 turn repres5t$ a c]ta9 portion ( ! spectrum z read (f ) ! fil> micromet]2 s t ! scales z con/ruct$ ) ! fil> micromet] & ) ! photograph$ micromet] correspond$ = all p>ts ( ! spectrum includ$ 9 ! field ( ! eyepiece4 ,sid5ote3 ,advantage ( ! me?od4 ,"o ( ! photograph$ enl>gem5ts be+ laid on ! table "u ! spectroscope1 ! obs]v$ l9es 7 m>k$ (f ) ease & accuracy ^u x2 & z ! photograph 0 an exact copy ( ! scale1 any want ( exactitude 9 ! divisions 0 ( no mom5t4 ,"o great advantage ( ?is me?od 01 t all ! l9es se5 c\ld be record$ at "o "t & ) all 9 view1 & )\t ! risk ( slight %ift 9 ! in/rum5t1 :i* frequ5tly happ5s :5 l9es are read (f s]iatim4 ,i f\nd ?is plan mo/ effective = ! rapid & correct record+ ( a fa9t & evanesc5t spectrum1 & x gave close results :5 comp>$ ) trav]s+-micromet] measur$ spectra4 ,! records1 too1 admitt$ ( subsequ5t exam9ation at leisure4 ,sid5ote3 ,d\ble-slit plate arrangem5t4 ,mr4 ,br[n+ subsequ5tly con/ruct$ = me a d\ble-slit plate 7lately 9 ! ,sci5tific ,loan ,collection at ,s\? ,k5s+ton7 = ! same in/rum5t 7,plate ,x4 fig4 #e74 ,! l[] half ( ! plate is fix$4 ,! upp] half trav]ses ! l[] by ! aid ( a micromet]-screw4 ,! slit is wid5$ or clos$ at pleasure by loos5+ ! small screws by :i* ! jaw-plates are atta*$4 ,a scale is engrav$ on ! fix$ l[] half ( ! plate = an approximate measurem5t1 :ile ! division ( ! micromet]-screw-head completes x4 ,9 use1 "o half ( ! spectrum slides along ! o!r1 & a bright l9e 9 ! upp] spectrum is select$ z an index4 ,! di/ances betwe5 ! l9es ( ! l[] half ( ! spectrum are read (f by means ( ! bright l9e above4 ,?is =m ( micromet] 0 sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,proct] 79 #8,nature'7 _m ye>s ago z a sub/itute = a m complicat$ app>atus by ,zlln]4 ,o!r in/rum5ts on a simil> pr9ciple h be5 lately introduc$1 b = ,aurora purposes ,i pref] a fix$ scale4 ,sid5ote3 ,photograph$ spectrum sugge/$4 ,9 #8,photograph$ ,spectra' ,i h po9t$ out t we %all probably obta9 no spectrum ( ! ,aurora to be absolutely dep5d$ ^u = comp>ison ) o!r spectra until we succe$ 9 a photograph$ "o4 ,f exp]im5ts made ) a special prism ( ! ,ru!rfurd =m1 con/ruct$ = me by ,mr4 ,br[n+ 7) :i* _m gas-spectra h be5 already photograph$71 ,i see no reason1 %\ld an unusually bright ,aurora fav\r u ) a visit1 :y its spectrum may n be record$ 9 a p]man5t =m1 & ) l9es suffici5tly well m>k$ to be comp>$ ) o!r spectra4 ,rapid dry plates w\ld be especially useful = su* a purpose1 & "s ,auror1 if want+ 9 brilliancy1 w\ld d\btless comp5sate by _! p]iod ( endurance4 ,sid5ote3 ,mr4 ,hilg]'s half-prism spectroscope4 ,mr4 ,adam ,hilg] has also made = me "o ( 8 8half-prism0 spectroscopes1 9 :i* consid]able disp]sion is obta9$ ) b v little loss ( light4 ,?is in/rum5t has a simple & rapid micromet] arrangem5t1 ) a bright l9e z an index4 ,i h 7= want ( ,auror7 _h no opportunity ( try+ x1 b ,i d\bt n x is well adapt$ = su* a purpose4 ,spectrum ( ! ,aurora describ$4 ,sid5ote3 ,l9es or b&s & cont9u\s spectrum4 ,! spectrum ( ! ,aurora consi/s ( a set ( l9es or b&s ^u a d>k gr\nd at ea* extremity ( ! spectrum1 b ) m or less ( fa9t cont9u\s spectrum t[>ds ! c5tre4 ,! extreme range ( ! spectrum1 z obs]v$ up to ! pres5t "t1 is f 8a0 7betwe5 ,c & ,d7 9 ! r$ to 8h0 7hydrog57 9 ! violet4 ,sid5ote3 ,l9es n9e 9 numb]4 ,! l9es h be5 classifi$ & arrang$ by ,lem/rm & o!rs z n9e 9 numb]1 b ,i believe n m ?an sev5 h ev] be5 se5 simultane\sly4 ,! au?or ( ! article 8,aurora ,pol>is10 9 ! #8,encyclopdia ,britannica1' classes ! l9es z n9e1 & gives a table ) ! foll[+ results 7to ^! ,i h add$ ,h]r ,vogel's l9es1 = ! purpose ( id5tification & comp>ison73-- ,sid5ote3 ,table f ,encyc4 ,brit4 ---------------------------------------- ,no4 ( ,numb] ( ,mean ,probable,vogel's l9e4 obs]vations4 ,w4,l4 error4 l9es4 ---------------------------------------- #a4 #e #fcjc #ha #fbig #b4 #aj #eefi #bi #eefi #c4 #d #ecdb #af #ecij #d4 #f #ebad #ed #ebcc #e4 #d #eafa #ig #eahi #f4 #f #dihd #aa #ejjd #g4 #d #dhbc #ic #h4 #h #dffg #ih #dffc #i4 #h #dbii #ic ---------------------------------------- ,! probable errors are l>ge1 & x is a "q :e!r any ?+ is ga9$ by ?us endeav\r+ to av]age ! l9es4 ,sid5ote3 ng/rm's l9e4 ,zlln]'s l9e 9 ! r$4 ,o!r ,l9es ( ! spectrum4 ,! pr9cipal & brighte/ l9e1 9 ! yell[-gre51 is g5]ally call$ 8ng/rm's10 & 8 7probably ! fir/7 measurem5t ( its position at #eefg adopt$4 ,?is 0 9 ! w9t] ( #ahfg-fh1 & he saw 9 addition1 by wid5+ ! slit1 traces ( ?ree v feeble b&s situat$ ne> to ,f4 ,zlln] is cr$it$ ) ! fir/ obs]vation ( ! l9e 9 ! r$4 ,^! two l9es are g5]ally describ$ z ) simil> *>act]i/ics1 & 9 ab\t ! same respective positions1 by all obs]v]s1 & h nev] be5 rem>k$ to spread into b&s4 ,! o!r l9es 9 ! spectrum are difficult to position1 ow+ to ! _m discordant obs]vations ( !m4 ,!y seem also v>iable 9 int5sity z well z 9 numb] 7sometimes ev5 9 ! same ,aurora71 & are n unfrequ5tly obs]v$ to h _! places suppli$ by b&s4 ,sid5ote3 ,second ,g]man exp$ition obs]vations4 ,au/ro-,hung>ian4 ,! spectroscope 0 us$ 9 ! second ,g]man exp$ition1 b only ! "o brighte/ l9e se5--,dr4 ,brg5 /at+ he _h nev] se5 a trace ( ! weak l9es 9 ! blue & r$1 :i* 7 obs]v$ s di/9ctly ) ! same spectroscope on #be? ,octob]1 #ahgj1 aft] ! return ( ! exp$ition4 ,lieut5ant ,weypre*t us$ a small spectroscope dur+ ! ,au/ro-,hung>ian ,exp$ition1 & saw only ! well-kn[n yell[-gre5 l9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,sw$i% exp$ition1 #ahfh4 ,lem/rm's obs]vations4 ,9 ! ,sw$i% ,exp$ition1 #ahfh1 ,lem/rm m5tions t 9 ! ,aurora spectrum !re are n9e l9es 7he does n say he saw !m simultane\sly71 :i* he consid]s to agree ) l9es belong+ to ! air-gases4 ,he also ?9ks ! ,aurora c\ld be ref]r$ to ?ree di/9ct types1 dep5d+ on ! "* ( ! dis*>ge4 ,sid5ote3 ,spectrum or ,aurora se5 at ,tronsa4 ,at ,tronsa an ,aurora 0 se5 ,octob] #ba/1 #ahfh1 :i* comm5c$ 9 ! nor? & became v brilliant4 ,! spectroscope %[$3-- #a4 ,a yell[ l9e at #gdi4 #b4 ,a v cle> l9e 9 ! blue at #feij4 #c4 ,two l9es ( hair's bread?1 ) v pron\nc$ 7horizontal87 /ri on ! side ( ! yell[1 "o at #abe & ! o!r ab\t #aje4 ,i presume ! /ri 7 really v]tical1 & t ! explanation int5d$ to convey t ^! l9es %ad$ (f t[>ds ! yell[4 ,f a comp>ison ( ! figures !y mu/ h be5 9 ! r$1 & are ! only in/ance record$ ( two auroral l9es 9 t region4 ,!y are subsequ5tly spok5 ( z 8%ad$ rays40--,j4 ,r4 ,c4 ,sid5ote3 ,,mm4 ,wijk&] & ,p>5t's obs]vations4 ,m4 ,augu/e ,wijk&] & ,lieut4 ,p>5t1 ( ! ,sw$i% ,exp$ition 9 #ahgb-gc1 "u ,pr(essor ,nord5skild1 us$ a direct-vision spectroscope1 ) a micromet]-screw movem5t ( ! prisms1 ! read+ be+ aft]w>ds r$uc$ to wave-l5g?s ^u ng/rm's l9e-values4 ,! foll[+ ,table gives ! results1 ) ,dr4 ,vogel's l9es add$ = ! sake ( comp>ison3-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,obs]vations1 ,wijk&]4 ,obs]vations1 ,p>5t4 ---------------------------------------- ---,mean ( ,l9es4 ,probable ,probable bo?4 ,vogel4 ,numb]4,w4,l4 error4 ,numb]4,w4,l4 error4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #fbig 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #eefi 7#a7 #e #ecei #c 44 44 44 #ecei #ecij 7#b7 #f #ebhi #e #c #ebhj #a #ebhf 44 7#c7 #f #ebci #d #b #ebjg #aa #ebca #ebcc 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #eahi 7#d7 #e #diif #i 44 44 44 #diif #ejjd 7#e7 #a #dhga 44 #a #dhgc 44 #dhgb 44 7#f7 #h #dfib #b #aj #dgjh #e #dgja #dffc 7#g7 #a #dcff 44 44 44 44 #dcff 44 7#h7 #d #dbhj #c #c #dbhf #af #dbhd 44 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,! brighte/ l9e 9 all ,auror1 #eefg1 0 int5tionally n includ$ 9 ! ,tables4 ,! r$ l9e 0 n se54 ,nos4 #e & #g 7 only se5 once1 & n 9 ! same ,aurora4 ,sid5ote3 ,spectrum ( ,aurora ( ,octob] #bd?1 #ahgj4 ,! ,aurora ( ,octob] #bd?1 #ahgj1 came at a "t :5 spectroscopes ( a direct-vision =m 7 be+ introduc$1 & a numb] ( obs]vations 7 communicat$ at ! "t to #8,nature4' ,sid5ote3 ,t4 ,f4's obs]vations4 ,w4 ,b4 ,gibbs's obs]vation4 ,elg]'s obs]vation4 ,a correspond5t1 ,t4 ,f41 writ+ f ,torquay1 saw1 ) a direct-vision spectroscope1 "o /rong r$ l9e ne> ,c1 "o /rong pale yell[ l9e ne> ,d1 "o pal] ne> ,f1 & a /ill pal] "o beyond1 ) a fa9t cont9u\s spectrum f ab\t ,d to beyond ,f4 ,! ,c l9e 0 v conspicu\s & ! brighte/ ( ! :ole4 ,x 0 int]m$iate 9 position & col\r to ! r$ l9es ( ! li?ium & calcium spectra4 ,pla9ly !re 7 two spectra sup]pos$1 = :ile ! r$ portions ( ! ,aurora %[$ ! f\r l9es ) a fa9t cont9u\s spectrum1 ! gre5i% portions %[$ only "o l9e ne> ,d on a fa9t gr\nd4 ,w4 ,b4 ,gibbs saw1 9 ,london1 only two bright l9es1 "o a gre5i% grey1 situate ab\t ! middle ( ! spectrum1 & ! o!r a r$ l9e v mu* l ,c 7hydrog574 ,?omas ,g4 ,elg]1 at ,b$=d1 on ! #bd? & #be?1 saw3--7#a7 a broad & well-def9$ r$ b& ne> ,c2 7#b7 a bright :ite b& ne> ,d 7same z ng/rm's ,w4,l4 #eefg71 on #be? visible 9 e "p ( ! sky2 7#c7 a fa9t & r nebul\s l9e1 r\ghly e/imat$ to be ne> ,f2 7#d7 a v fa9t l9e ab\t halfway betwe5 #b & #c4 ,! r$ b& 0 abs5t f ! spectrum ( ! :ite rays ( ! ,aurora1 b ! o!r l9es 7 se54 ,sid5ote3 ,j4 ,r4 ,capron's obs]vation4 ,) a small ,br[n+ direct-vision spectroscope on ! #bd?1 ,i f\nd no cont9u\s spectrum1 b two bright l9es1 "o 9 ! gre5 7l t f ! nebul1 b m int5se1 & consid]ably flick]+71 ! o!r 9 ! r$ 7l ! li?ium l9e1 b r duski]3 ,plate ,v4 fig4 #f74 ,! latt] 0 only well se5 :5 ! display 0 at its height2 x c\ld1 h[ev]1 be fa9tly trac$ :]ev] ! rose t9t ( ! ,aurora ext5d$4 ,! l9e 9 ! gre5 0 well se5 9 all p>ts ( ! sky1 b 0 specially bright 9 ! ,auroral pat*es ( :ite light4 ,sid5ote3 ,mr4 ,br[n+'s obs]vation4 ,alvan ,cl>ke's1 jun41 obs]vations4 ,mr4 ,br[n+ also saw ! r$ l9e1 b f\nd comp>ison difficult4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ! #bd? ,octob]1 ,mr4 ,alvan ,cl>ke1 jun41 at ,bo/on1 us$ a *emical spectroscope ( ! ord9>y =m1 ) "o prism & a photograph$ scale illum9at$ ) a lamp4 ,f\r ,auroral l9es 7 se5 at po9ts ( 8 scale numb]$ #fa1 #fh1 #hj1 & #ih4 ,^! 7 r$uc$ to wave-l5g?s by ,pr(essor ,pick]+1 ) ! foll[+ results3-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,l9e4 ,read+ ,wave- ,assum$ ,comm5ts4 ,probable on scale4l5g?s4 l9e4 error4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #a4 #fa #efij #eegj ,common ,aurora-l9e4 -#bj #b4 #fh #ecbj #ecaf ,corona l9e4 #a #c4 #hj #dhej #dhfj ,f1 hydrog54 - #c #d4 #ih #dcej #dcdj ,g1 hydrog54 #f ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #fa is evid5tly wrong1 & 0 probably a mi/ake = #fc4 ,sid5ote3 ,g4 ,f4 ,b>k]'s obs]vations4 ,george ,f4 ,b>k]1 obs]v+ at ,new ,hav5 7,u4,s4,a471 saw1 on ,novemb] #i?1 a crimson & :ite ,aurora1 :i* he exam9$ ) a s+le glass-prism spectroscope1 by ,duboscq1 ( ,p>is4 ,! l9e positions 7 obta9$ by an illum9at$ millimetre scale4 ,9 ! :ite ,aurora 7 f\r l9es 7! r$ "o be+ abs5t72 9 ! r$ ,aurora five4 ,! wave-l5g?s ( ! ,aurora-l9es 7 run out z foll[s3-- 7#a47 ,betwe5 ,c & ,d1 #fbcj 7,zlln]'s #fbgj74 7#b47 0 ,d & ,e1 #efbj 7ng/rm's #eegj74 7#c47 0 ,e & b1 #eagj 7,w9lock's #ebjj74 7#d47 0 b & ,f1 #ejbj4 7#e47 0 ,f & ,g1 #dhbj 7,alvan ,cl>ke's1 jun41 #dhej74 ,sid5ote3 ,spectrum ( ,aurora ( ,feb4 #d1 #ahgb4 ,pr(4 ,piazzi ,smy?'s obs]vations4 ,mr4 ,proct]'s ,aurora-l9es w be f\nd notic$ 9 connexion ) ! spectrum ( oxyg52 & ,"l ,l9dsay's l9es1 ) a comp>ison scale draw+1 are sep>ately describ$ fur!r on 9 ?is ,*apt]4 ,! ,aurora ( ,febru>y #d?1 #ahgb1 _h _m obs]v]s2 "s ( :om communicat$ at ! "t spectroscopic notes4 ,pr(essor ,piazzi ,smy? m9utely describes ! display z se5 9 ,ed9burgh1 & saw 8ng/rm's gre5 ,aurora-l9e p]petually ov] citron acetyl5e#ac at ,w4,l4 #eegi1 & ! r$ ,aurora-l9e betwe5 li?ium a & sodium a1 b ne>] to ! latt]1 say at ,w4,l4 #fcgj40 ,extremely fa9t gre5i% & blui% l9es also appe>$ at ,w4,l4 #ecjj1 #eajj1 & #dijj ne>ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,rev4 ,t4 ,w4 ,webb's obs]vations4 ,! ,rev4 ,t4 ,w4 ,webb1 ) a v f9e slit1 saw ! gre5 ,auroral l9e ev5 9 ! light reflect$ f :ite pap]4 ,) a wid] slit he saw a crimson b& 9 ! bright] pat*es ( t hue1 & beyond an ext5t ( gre5i% or blui% light1 :i* he suspect$ to be compos$ ( contigu\s b&s4 ,sid5ote3 ,r4 ,j4 ,friswell's obs]vations4 ,r4 ,j4 ,friswell1 com+ up ! ,*annel at #i4dj1 ) a ,h(fman's direct-vision spectroscope 7! obs]v+ telescope remov$71 saw ! gre5 l9e1 a crimson l9e ne> ,c1 & fa9t traces ( /ructure 9 ! blue & violet4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,rev4 ,s4 ,j4 ,p]ry's obs]vations4 ,! ,rev4 ,s4 ,j4 ,p]ry obs]v$ at ,/onyhur/ f\r l9es1 &1 on exam9+ "o ( ! curv$ /ream]s1 f\nd ! r$ l9e ev5 m /rongly m>k$ ?an ! gre54 ,a magnetic /orm 0 obs]v$ to be at its height f #d to #i ,p4,m4 ( ! same day4 ,sid5ote3 ,j4 ,r4 ,capron's obs]vations4 ,) a ,br[n+ #g-prism direct-vision spectroscope ,i saw ! gre5 l9e 9 all p>ts ( ! ,aurora1 att5d$ ) a peculi> flick]+ movem5t4 ,i did n see ! o!r l9es4 ,sid5ote3 ,8 catalogue ( l9es up to ,nov4 #i1 #ahgb4 ,9 a lett] to #8,nature1' dat$ ,novemb] #i?1 #ahgb1 ,i catalogu$ ! l9es obs]v$ up to t date z foll[s3-- #a4 ,a l9e 9 ! r$ betwe5 ,c & ,d4 ,w4,l41 ng/rm1 #fbgi4 #b4 ,a l9e 7! pr9cipal "o ( ! ,aurora7 9 ! yell[-gre51 betwe5 ,d & ,e4 ,w4,l41 ng/rm1 #eefg4 #c4 ,a l9e 9 ! gre51 ne> ,e 7corona l9e874 ,w4,l41 ,alvan ,cl>ke1 jun41 & ,backh\se1 #ecbj4 #d4 ,a fa9t l9e 9 ! gre51 at or ne> b4 ,w4,l41 ,b>k]1 #eagj4 #e4 ,a fa9t l9e or b& 9 ! gre51 betwe5 b & ,f4 ,w4,l41 ,b>k]1 #ejbj 7*romosph]ic874 #f4 ,a l9e 9 ! gre5-blue1 at or ne> ,f4 ,w4,l41 ,alvan ,cl>ke1 jun41 #dhej4 #g4 ,a l9e 9 ! indigo1 at or ne> ,g4 ,w4,l41 ,alvan ,cl>ke1 jun41 #dcej4 #h4 ,! cont9u\s spectrum f ab\t ,d to beyond ,f4 ,sid5ote3 ,dr4 ,h4,c4 ,vogel's obs]vations ( ,auroral l9es4 ,spectrum describ$4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,vogel1 =m]ly ( ! ,bo?kamp ,obs]vatory1 ne> ,kiel1 & s9ce ( ! ,a/rophysical ,obs]vatory1 ,potsdam1 made sev]al obs]vations ( ! ,auroral l9es1 ,octob] #be?1 #ahgj4 ,besides ! bright l9e betwe5 ,d & ,e1 he f\nd sev]al o!r fa9t] l9es /ret*+ t[>ds ! blue end ( ! spectrum on a dimly-light$ gr\nd4 ,febru>y #aa?1 #ahga1 he obs]v$ ! same set ( l9es1 & an av]age ( six read+s gave #eegb z ! ,w4,l4 ( ! ng/rm l9e4 ,febru>y #ab? gave #eegf z ,dr4 ,vogel's read+1 & #eefi z ,dr4 ,lohse's4 ,april #i? gave #eefi1 & ,april #ad? #eefi4 ,! ,aurora ( ,april #i?1 #ahga1 0 exce$+ly brilliant1 s t micromet] measurem5ts ( ! l9es 7 tak54 ,! spectrum consi/$ ( "o l9e 9 ! r$1 five 9 ! gre51 & a some:at indi/9ct broad l9e or b& 9 ! blue4 ,! l9es are ?us describ$3-- ,sid5ote3 ,table ( l9es4 ,table ( ,dr4 ,vogel's l9es4 ,aurora1 ,april #i?1 #ahga4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,w4,l4 ,probable ,rem>ks4 error4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #fbig #ad ,v bright /ripe4 #eefi #b ,brighte/ l9e ( ! spectrum1 became noticeably fa9t] at ,on a fa9tly appe>ance ( ! r$ l9e4 light$ gr\nd4 #ecij 44 ,extremely fa9t l9e2 unreliable obs]vation4 #ebcc #d ,mod]ately bright4 #eahi #i ,?is l9e 0 v bright :5 ! r$ l9e appe>$ at ! same "t2 o!rwise equal 9 brilliancy ) ! prec$+ "o4 #ejjd #c ,v bright l9e4 #dfid ,broad b& ( light1 some:at less brilliant #dffc #c 9 ! middle2 v fa9t 9 ^? p>ts ( #dfbi ! ,aurora 9 :i* ! r$ l9e appe>$4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,a translation ( ,dr4 ,vogel's int]e/+ pap] w be f\nd pr9t$ 9 ext5so 9 ,app5dix ,e1 & 8 li?ograph$ draw+s ( ! spectrum 9 ! gre5 & r$ portions ( ! ,aurora respectively on ,plate ,,vi4 figs4 #b & #c4 ,! obs]vations ( ,april #i? by ,dr4 ,vogel are probably1 up to ! pres5t "t1 ! mo/ exact ( any "o ,aurora1 & ,i h !re=e 9 mo/ cases us$ !m = comp>ison4 ,sid5ote3 ,mr4 ,backh\se's catalogue ( l9es4 ,mr4 ,backh\se1 9 a lett] to #8,nature1' comm5t+ ^u my catalogue ( l9es1 gave ! foll[+ z ! late/ det]m9ations f 8 own obs]vations3-- ,no4 #a4 ,wave-l5g? #fjfj #b4 0 #effj #c4 0 #eafe #d4 0 #ejae #f4 0 #dfbe #g4 0 #dcje 7#fjfj mu/ be a mi/ake = #fbfj1 & #effj = #eefj4--;,j4 ,r4 ,c47 ,mr4 ,backh\se nev] saw a l9e at #ecbj aga94 ,he f\nd ! cont9u\s spectrum to rea* f ,no4 #b to ,no4 #g1 be+ brighte/ f a little beyond ,no4 #b to ,no4 #f4 ,?is "p ( ! spectrum did n give him s mu* ! idea ( a true 8cont9u\s spectrum0 z ( a s]ies ( bright b&s too close to be di/+ui%$4 ,sid5ote3 ,subsequ5t full catalogue ( ,auroral l9es4 ,i h subsequ5tly1 9 ano!r section ( ?is ,*apt]1 add$ a full catalogue ( ! ,auroral l9es1 prep>$ by myself f ! =ego+ & o!r s\rces & obs]vations2 & ,i also app5d to x a ,plate ,plate ,,xii41 9 :i* ^! l9es are position$ & ! wave-l5g?s & names ( obs]v]s are giv54 ,! numb]s ( ! l9es on ! ,plate correspond ) ^? 9 ! catalogue4 ,! sol> spectrum & ! spectrum ( ! blue base ( a c&le-flame are add$ = purposes ( comp>ison4 ,! telluric b&s 9 ! sol> spectrum are %[n m di/9ctly ?an !y actually appe>1 & d n pr(ess to give details4 ,flick]+ ( ! ,gre5 ,l9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,flick]+ ( ! gre5 l9e4 ,h]s*el's obs]vation4 ,j4 ,r4 ,capron's obs]vation4 ,a4 ,s4 ,h]s*el notic$ ?is1 ,april #i? 7#ahga874 ,he says3--8,a rem>kable circum/ance connect$ ) ! appe>ance ( ! s+le l9e obs]v$ on ?is occasion 0 ! flick]+ & frequ5t *anges ) :i* x rose & fell 9 brightness2 app>5tly ev5 m rapidly ?an ! swiftly travell+ waves1 or pulsations ( light1 t repeat$ly pass$ ov] ! /ream]s1 ne> ! nor!rn horizon1 t[>ds :i* ! spectroscope 0 direct$40 ,9 ! spectrum ( ! ,aurora ( #bj? ,octob]1 #ahgj1 ,i saw & not$ ! gre5 l9e z 8consid]ably flick]+20 & 9 ! ,aurora ( #d? ,febru>y1 #ahgb1 ,i aga9 saw & not$ 8! peculi> flick]+0 ,i _h rem>k$ 9 #ahgj4 ,i h n se5 ! peculi>ity not$ by o!r obs]v]s4 ,mr4 ,backh\se's graphical ,spectra ( f\r ,auror4 ,sid5ote3 ,mr4 ,backh\se's graphical spectra ( ,auror4 ,mr4 ,backh\se has be5 good en\gh to supply me ) "s details ( f\r sev]al ,auror se5 by him at ,sund]l&1 accompani$ by draw+s1 %[+ 9 a graphical way ! spectrum ( ea* display z se5 ) a spectroscope ) r a wide slit & z drawn by eye4 ,i h r$uc$ ! f\r draw+s to ! same scale1 & 9 ?is way !y are extremely int]e/+ = comp>ison 7,plate ,v4 fig4 #d74 ,! l9e on ! left 9 ea* spectrum is ng/rm's bright ,auroral l9e1 & is suppos$ to be consid]ably prolong$4 ,! height ( ! l9es d5otes int5sity4 ,sid5ote3 ,april #ah1 #ahgc4 ,april #ah?1 #ahgc1 0 a bright ,aurora4 ,no4 #c is a fa9t b&1 :i* ,mr4 ,backh\se _h n p]ceiv$ be=e4 ,no4 #e _h n be5 visible lately1 & ,mr4 ,backh\se ?\ght x mu/ belong to ,auror ( a diff]5t type f ^? :i* _h appe>$ latt]ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,feb4 #d1 #ahgd4 ,febru>y #d?1 #ahgd4 ,9 ! spectrum ( ?is ,aurora ,mr4 ,backh\se saw sev5 l9es1 all t he _h ev] se54 7,! r$ l9e1 n %[n 9 ! diagram1 makes ! sev5?47 ,! spectrum is repres5t$ z se5 betwe5 #f4ej & #g4e ,p4,m4 ,mr4 ,backh\se _h only once be=e se5 ,no4 #d1 & x became q invisible betwe5 #g4de & #g4ee1 ?\gh ! o!r l9es 7 z bright z be=e & ! r$ l9e _h appe>$4 ,sid5ote3 ,oct4 #c1 #ahgd4 ,octob] #crd1 #ahgd4 ,?is spectrum 0 exam9$1 & diagram made betwe5 #aj & #aj4be ,p4,m4 ,five l9es only are indicat$4 ,x is ma9ly di/+ui%$ f ! two prec$+ spectra by ! brightness ( ! cont9u\s spectrum on :i* ! l9es #b1 #c1 & #d lie1 & by ! weakness ( ,no4 #e4 ,sid5ote3 ,oct4 #d1 #ahgd4 ,octob] #d?1 #ahgd4 ,tak5 betwe5 #aa4aj & #aa4bj ,p4,m42 di/+ui%$1 l ! la/1 by a consid]able am\nt ( cont9u\s spectrum & by a fa9t l9e 7,no4 #c71 n se5 9 ! la/ spectrum1 :ile ,no4 #c 9 ! la/ is miss+ 9 ?is spectrum4 ,sid5ote3 ,mr4 ,backh\se's rem>ks z to comp>ative frequ5cy ( "s ( ! ,auroral l9es4 ,mr4 ,backh\se1 z to bo? ^! la/ spectra1 rem>ks t ! l9es 7 v v>iable 9 int5sity1 & sometimes "s 7 visible & sometimes o!rs4 ,!y v>i$ also 9 relative brightness 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! sky at ! same "t4 ,mr4 ,backh\se1 9 a communication to #8,nature1' ref]r+ to a /atem5t ( ,mr4 ,proct]'s1 t ! b&s ( ! ,auroral spectrum are seldom visible1 except ! bright l9e at #eegj1 says t he always f\nd two b&s1 8d\btless ,w9lock's #dfdj & #dcaj10 to be inv>iably visible :5 ! ,aurora 0 bright en\gh to %[ !m4 ,( ?irty-f\r ,auror exam9$ by ,mr4 ,backh\se1 f\rte5 %[$ ! l9es #dfdj & #dcaj1 & ?ree o!rs at lea/ "o ( ^!1 :ile eight %[$ ! r$ l9e4 7ng/rm only once saw ?is l9e47 ,9 five ,auror1 all m or less r$1 he saw a fa9t b&1 ! wave-l5g? ( :i* he plac$ at #ejjj or #eajj4 ,he nev] saw ! l9e #ecbj 7also ,w9lock's coronal l9e71 unless x 7 once1 probably f want ( in/rum5tal p[]4 ,) reg>d to ^! obs]vations1 ,i may say t ) a ,br[n+'s m9iature spectroscope ,i saw only two l9es 7! r$ & ! gre57 9 ! gr& display ( ! #bd? ,octob]1 #ahgj2 & ) an in/rum5t ( l>g] ap]ture ! gre5 l9e only on ! #d? ,febru>y1 #ahgb2 :ile ,i saw ! gre5 l9e & ?ree o!rs t[>ds ! violet ) ! same in/rum5t dur+ ! ,aurora ( #d? ,febru>y1 #ahgd4 7,see description ( ?is ,aurora1 ant p4 #ba1 & draw+ ( spectrum1 ,plate ,,vi4 fig4 #a a47 ,"l ,l9dsay's ,aurora-,spectrum1 #ba/ ,octob]1 #ahgj4 ,sid5ote3 ,"l ,l9dsay's ,aurora ( #ba/ ,oct41 #ahgj4 ,"l ,l9dsay obs]v$ a f9e ,aurora at ! ,obs]vatory at ,dun ,e*t on ! night ( ! #ba/ ,octob]1 #ahgj4 ,x comm5c$ ab\t #i4cj1 rea*$ its maximum ab\t #aa1 & fad$ away sudd5ly ab\t #aa4cj ,p4,m4 ,sid5ote3 ,spectrum describ$4 ,a spectrum obta9$ 9 ! nor?-we/ gave five bright l9es ) a ,br[n+'s direct-vision spectroscope--two /rong1 "o m$ium1 two v fa9t4 ,a tall[ c&le 0 us$ to obta9 a comp>ison spectrum ( sodium & c>burett$ hydrog54 ,a draw+ ( ! spectrum obta9$ is giv5 on ,plate ,,xi4 fig4 #b4 ,no4 #a is a %>p well-=m$ l9e visible ) a n>r[ slit4 ,no4 #b1 a l9e v slightly m refrangible ?an ,f4 ,! side t[>ds ,d is %>p & well def9$1 :ile on ! o!r side x is nebul\s4 ,no4 #c1 slightly less refrangible ?an ,g1 is a broad ill-def9$ b&1 se5 only ) a wide slit4 ,no4 #d1 a l9e ne> ,e1 woolly at ! edges1 b r %>p 9 ! c5tre4 ,?is1 says ,"l ,l9dsay1 %\ld be at or ne> ! position ( ! l9e #adgd ( ! sol> corona4 ,no4 #e1 a fa9t b&1 co9cid5t ) b1 ext5d+ equally on bo? sides ( x4 ,! l9es are numb]$ 9 ord] ( int5sity4 ,x is que/ionable1 f obs]vations ) in/rum5ts c>ry+ a scale1 :e!r ! l9e-positions are exact2 b ! description ( _! *>act]s is valuable4 ,sid5ote3 ,c&le-spectrum4 ,z a c&le blue-base spectrum is at times a ready & h&y mode ( ref]5ce 9 ,auroral obs]vations 7z 0 f\nd 9 ?is in/ance71 ,i h1 on ,plate ,,xi4 fig4 #e1 giv5 a repres5tation ( x z se5 ) my ,auroral spectroscope4 ,dr4 ,watts's correspond+ c>bon-spectrum is add$ on ! l[] m>g94 ,! numb]s on ! upp] m>g9 ref] to my scale4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xi4 ,spectrum ( ! ,aurora ,au/ralis4 ,sid5ote3 ,capta9 ,macle>'s spectra ( ,aurora ,au/ralis4 ,capta9 ,macle>1 on exam9+ ! /ream] se5 by him ,feb4 #i?1 #ahgd 7ant1 p4 #bg71 ) ! spectroscope1 f\nd ?ree prom95t l9es 9 ! yell[-gre51 gre51 & blue or purple1 b n ! r$ l9e4 ,9 ! ,aurora ( ,m>* #crd1 #ahgd 7p4 #bg71 he c\ld trace f\r l9es1 ?ree bright & "o r fa9t4 ,!y mu/ h be5 exce$+ly bright to %[ s pla9ly 9 full-moon light4 ,sid5ote3 ,in/rum5t us$1 & mode ( regi/]+ l9es4 ,! spectroscope us$ 0 a ,grubb s+le-prism ) long collimator4 ,a ne$le-po9t 9 ! eyepiece m>k$ ! position ( ! l9es2 & a correspond+ ne$le-po9t1 c>ri$ on a frame by a screw movem5t 9 concord ) ! po9t ( ! eyepiece1 scrat*$ ! l9es on a plate ( black5$ glass4 ,two plates 7 tak54 ,on ! fir/ 7 scrat*$ ! auroral l9es & ! sol> l9es z se5 9 ! moonlight2 on ! second plate 7 scrat*$ ! auroral l9es1 ! ,sol> l9es f ! moon1 & ! c>bon l9es 9 a _s-lamp4 ,sid5ote3 ,copies ( ! two spectra obta9$4 ,discrepancy 9 ! spectra4 ,rem>ks on ! spectra4 ,! next morn+ ! sol> l9es 7 v]ifi$ 9 sunlight4 ,i subjo9 7,plate ,,xi4 fig4 #c7 copies ( ! two spectra z pr9t$ 9 #8,nature1' ! auroral l9es be+ m>k$ ,a1 ! sol> l9es by ! usual designat+ lett]s1 & ! c>bon by ,c>4 ,to ^! spectra ,i h add$ = comp>ison ,dr4 ,vogel's spectrum ( ! ,aurora ,borealis4 ,capta9 ,macle> c\ld n acc\nt = ! diff]5t positions ( ! auroral l9es 9 ! two plates2 = ! prism1 z f> z he 0 aw>e1 0 n mov$ dur+ ! obs]vations4 ,z ! sol> l9es are indicat$ 9 ! same place 9 bo? spectra1 ! case w\ld seem "o ( actual *ange ( position ( ! auroral l9es dur+ obs]vation4 ,a comp>ison ( ! two spectra gives ! impression t ! l[] "o is ! same z ! upp]1 except t ! disp]sion is great]1 ! l9es rema9+ relatively 9 position4 ,"o does n1 h[ev]1 see h[ ! disp]sion c\ld h s v>i$ 9 a s+le-prism in/rum5t1 & ! position ( ! sol> l9es is adv]se to su* an explanation4 ,!re is a suspicion t ,auror are n always id5tical 9 position ( "s ( ! l9es2 b ! l9e 9 ! gre5 7consid]ably out ( place 9 ! l[] ,au/ralis spectrum7 has always1 )9 small limits1 ! same position4 ,x w be notic$ h[ mu* fur!r ! ,au/ralis spectrum runs into ! violet ?an ,vogel's ,borealis1 ! latt] hav+ no l9es mu* beyond ,f4 ,! fa9t l9e 7,no4 #b7 m5tion$ by ,capta9 ,macle> possibly corresponds ) ,dr4 ,vogel's b&4 ,! abs5ce ( ! f\r l9es ( ! ,aurora ,borealis 9 ! gre5 "p ( ! spectrum ( ! ,au/ralis is peculi>2 & 9 ?is respect1 too1 ! two ,au/ralis spectra agree4 ,sid5ote3 ,comp>ison ( ! l9es4 ,! ne>e/ approa*es to ,capta9 ,macle>'s l9es 7( ! upp] spectrum7 :i* ,i c f9d are3-- ,l9e ,correspond+ l9e4 #a4 #eefg1 ng/rm4 #b4 7,! fa9t l9e47 ,vogel's b&1 #dfid-dfbi4 #c4 ,i f9d no approximately correspond+ l9e4 #d4 #dcej1 ,alvan ,cl>ke4 ,b ! comp>isons are n by any means close4 ,fur!r obs]vations ( ! ,au/ralis spectrum are v desirable4 ,pr(4 ,piazzi ,smy?'s ,aurora-,spectra4 ,sid5ote3 ,pr(4 ,piazzi ,smy?'s *emical & auroral spectra4 ,pr(4 ,piazzi ,smy?1 9 volume xiv4 ( ! #8,ed9burgh ,a/ronomical ,obs]vations1' #ahgj-gg1 has comp>$ simultane\sly ! ,aurora-spectrum ) ! sets ( bright l9es se5 9 ! blue base ( flame--! l9es ( potassium1 li?ium1 sodium1 ?allium1 & indium be+ also introduc$ = comp>ison4 ,! spectra are drawn z se5 "u small disp]sion1 & w prove mo/ useful 9 cases :]e an ,aurora is n bright en\gh to admit ( ! l9es be+ measur$ by micromet]1 & ! eye & comp>ison spectrum are oblig$ to be resort$ to4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xii4 ,au?or's ,catalogue ( ! ,auroral ,l9es4 7,see ,plate ,,xii47 #a4 ,w4,l4 #fbig1 ,vogel4 ,v bright /ripe2 fir/ notic$ by ,zlln]4 ,se5 only 9 r$ ,auror2 /&s out on a d>k gr\nd1 )\t o!r l9es ne> x4 ,"* ( l9e %>p & well def9$2 v>ies 9 col\r f dusky r$ to bright crimson4 ,int5sity1 ,h]s*el1 #j to #d or #h4 ,accord+ to same1 position co9cid5t ) atmosph]ic absorption-gr\p 8a0 9 sol> spectrum 7betwe5 ,c & ,d74 ,i confirm ?is position accord+ to my scale ( sol> l9es1 & a draw+ ( ! co9cid5ce 79 :i*1 & 9 ,plate ,,xii41 ! absorption-l9es are drawn too d>k7 is giv5 on ,plate ,,xiii4 fig4 #b4 ,h]s*el says ?is l9e co9cides ) a r$ b& 9 ! negative gl[-dis*>ge1 b its id5tity is d\btful4 ,its isolation & want ( adjac5t l9es seem to sep>ate x f ! air-spectrum & gas-spectra 9 g5]al4 ,at ! appe>ance ( ?is l9e1 #eefi 7,no4 #b7 becomes noticeably fa9t]4 ,:5 ?is l9e is bright1 #eahi 7,no4 #e7 is bright also 7,vogel74 ,if we propose to assign to ?is l9e1 z well z to #eefi1 a phosphoresc5t orig91 x w\ld be /rongly confirmatory ( su* a !ory 79 connexion ) ! phosphorett$-hydrog5 spectrum7 to f9d x bright5 at l[ temp]atures4 ,note4--,sir ,john ,frankl9 says1 9 8 #8,pol> ,exp$itions1' t a l[ /ate ( temp]ature is fav\rable = ! production ( brilliant coruscations4 ,x 0 seldom witness$ t ! ,auror 7 mu* agitat$1 or t ! prismatic t9ts 7 v app>5t1 :5 ! temp]ature 0 above z]o4 #b4 ,l9e 9 ! yell[-gre54 ,brighte/ ( all l9es 9 ! ,aurora-spectrum4 ,w4,l4 #eefg1 ng/rm2 #eefi1 ,vogel4 ,int5sity #be1 ,h]s*el4 ,to me m pale gre5 ?an yell[1 sometimes flick]+ & *ang+ 9 brightness 7,h]s*el & ,capron74 ,se5 9 all ,auror usually %>p & bright1 b ,proct] has once record$ x nebul\s4 ,its "* z to wid?1 %>pness1 & int5sity1 if c>efully obs]v$1 might indicate height & /ructure ( ,aurora4 ,becomes noticeably fa9t] at appe>ance ( r$ l9e 7,vogel74 ,f\nd by me to correspond 9 position ) a fa9t atmosph]ic absorption-b& 7see ,plate ,,xiii4 fig4 #b74 ,accord+ to ng/rm & ,h]s*el1 aris+ f a phosphoresc5t & fluoresc5t light1 emitt$ :5 air is subject$ to ! action ( electrical dis*>ge4 #c4 ,l9e 9 gre5 ne> la/4 ,w4,l4 #ecij4 ,an extremely fa9t & unreliable obs]vation 7,vogel74 ,se5 only by him1 unless ,alvan ,cl>ke's #ecbj 7coronal87 be ! same4 #d4 ,l9e 9 gre5-blue4 ,w4,l4 #ebcc1 mod]ately bright 7,vogel72 #ebjj1 ,w9lock4 ,int5sity1 #b or #j8 to #f1 ,h]s*el4 ,co9cides ) l9e 9 ! negative gl[ accord+ to same4 ,frequ5tly obs]v$4 #e4 ,l9e 9 gre5-blue4 ,w4,l4 #eahi4 ,?is l9e is v bright :5 ! r$ l9e appe>s at ! same "t2 o!rwise equal 9 brilliancy ) ,no4 #c 7,vogel72 ,w9lock1 #ebjj4 ,n s frequ5tly obs]v$ z ,no4 #c4 ,b>k] gives a b& ext5d+ f #eccj to #ebjj4 ,int5sity ( #eahi1 #j to #h1 ,h]s*el1 :o consid]s x co9cid5t ) a con/ant /rong l9e 9 ! sp>k-dis*>ge4 #f4 ,l9e 9 blue4 ,w4,l4 #ejjd4 ,v bright l9e1 ,vogel2 #ejbj1 ,b>k] 7coronal874 ,int5sity #b or #j8 to #h1 ,h]s*el4 ,co9cides ) l9e ( nitrog5 9 ! nebul accord+ to same4 ,b>k] gives a b& ext5d+ f #ejej to #diij4 #g4 ,l9e 9 ! blue n f\nd by ,vogel 9 ,aurora1 ,april #i?1 #ahga4 ,w4,l4 #dhej1 ,alvan ,cl>ke2 #dhbj1 ,backh\se & ,b>k]4 ,int5sity1 ,h]s*el1 ( #dhbj-dhgj1 #j to #d8 ,h]s*el suspects ?is & ,no4 #d to be se5 only 9 ,auroral /ream]s ( l[ elevation4 ,b>k] gives a b& ext5d+ f #dicj to #dhej4 #h4 #dfid1 #dffc1 #dfbi4 ,broad b& ( light1 some:at less bright 9 ! middle2 v fa9t 9 ^? p>ts ( ! ,aurora 9 :i* ! r$ l9e appe>s 7,vogel74 ,int5sity #c-f 7,h]s*el74 ,a d\ble b&1 consi/+ ( two l9es1 ! fir/ r m frequ5tly not$ ?an ! second 9 ,auroral spectra1 agrees well 9 position ) ! pr9cipal b& 9 ! negative gl[-spectrum 7same74 ,b>k] gives a b& ext5d+ f #dgdj to #dfgj2 ,backh\se & ,w9lock give a l9e at #dfdj1 situate )9 ! same4 #i4 ,!re seems a good deal ( confusion ab\t a fairly bright l9e 7int5sity #j-f1 ,h]s*el7 se5 9 mo/ ,auror 7n1 h[ev]1 by ,vogel1 ,april #i?1 #ahga71 & situate some:]e ne> ,g 9 ! sol> spectrum4 ,alvan ,cl>ke places x at #dcej1 on ! less refrangible side ( ,g2 ,backh\se & ,b>k] at or v ne> to ,g2 :ile ,lem/rm & o!rs position x on ! m refrangible side ( ,g4 ,accurate obs]vations1 = :i* a qu>tz spectroscope might be useful1 are mu* want$4 ,h]s*el makes ?is l9e1 at #dbhe1 correspond ) a /rong b& 9 ! violet 9 ! negative gl[-spectrum4 ,h]s*el also ref]s to an app>5tly additional l9e ne> ! hydrog5-l9e1 or betwe5 ,g & ,h1 9 ! sol> spectrum1 z m5tion$ once by ,lem/rm at ,hels+=s4 ,i am n aw>e ( any o!r obs]vation ( ?is l9e1 :i* mu/ be consid]ably beyond t at or ne> ,g1 & w\ld probably be difficult to detect1 except 9 in/rum5ts specially adapt$ = exam9ation ( ! violet end ( ! spectrum4 ,!ories 9 relation to ! ,aurora & its ,spectrum4 ,sid5ote3 ,lem/rm's4 ,lem/rm 7#a73--,t ! ,pol> light is caus$ by an electric curr5t pass+ f ! upp] r>efi$ lay]s ( ! air to ! e>?1 produc+ light-ph5om5a t d n arise 9 ! d5s] lay]s ( ! air4 7#b7 ,t !re are n9e rays 7l9es or b&s7 9 ! ,aurora-spectrum1 :i* 9 all probability agree ) l9es :i* belong to ! gases ( ! air4 7#c7 ,t ! ,aurora-spectrum c be ref]r$ to ?ree di/9ct types1 :i* dep5d on ! "* ( ! dis*>ge4 ,sid5ote3 ,vogel's4 ,dr4 ,vogel3--7#a7 ,t ! ,auror are electric dis*>ges 9 r>efi$-air /rata ( v consid]able ?ickness4 7#b7 ,t ! ,aurora-spectrum is a modification ( ! air-spectrum1 involv+ ! "q ( alt]ation ( ! spectrum by conditions ( temp]ature & pressure4 ,sid5ote3 ng/rm's4 ng/rm3--7#a7 seems to adopt ! hypo!sis t ! ,aurora has its f9al cause 9 electrical dis*>ges 9 ! upp] /rata ( ! atmosph]e1 & t ^!1 :e!r disruptional or cont9u\s1 take place sometimes on ! out] b\nd>y ( ! atmosph]e1 & sometimes ne> ! surface ( ! e>?4 7#b7 ,t ! ,aurora has two diff]5t spectra4 7#c7 ,t ! gre5 l9e is due to fluoresc5ce or phosphoresc5ce1 & t !re is no ne$ to resort to ,dr4 ,vogel's v>iability ( gas-spectra accord+ to circum/ances ( pressure & temp]ature4 7#d7 ,t an agreem5t exi/s betwe5 ! l9es ( ! ,aurora 7except ! r$ & gre5 be=e m5tion$7 & ! l9es or b&s ( ! violet light :i* proce$ f ! negative pole 9 dry air4 ,sid5ote3 ,zlln]'s rem>k z to temp]ature ( ,aurora & "* ( spectrum4 ,zlln] has po9t$ out t ! temp]ature ( ! inc&esc5t gas ( ! ,aurora mu/ be exce$+ly l[1 comp>atively1 & concludes t ! spectrum does n correspond ) any kn[n spectrum ( ! atmosph]ic gases--only because1 ?\gh a spectrum ( our atmosph]e1 x is "o ( ano!r ord]1 & "o :i* we _c produce artificially4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,"s ,,tube ,,& ,,o!r ,,spectra ,,) ,,! ,,spectrum ,,( ,,! ,,aurora4 ,9 "p f an ,article 9 ! #8,philosophical ,magaz9e' = ,april #ahge4 ,sid5ote3 ,te/+ ng/rm's ,aurora !ory4 ,batt]y & spectroscope describ$4 ,vogel's spectrum select$ = comp>ison4 ,9 ord] to te/ ,pr(essor ng/rm's !ory ( ! ,aurora1 ref]r$ to 9 ! la/ ,*apt]1 9 an exp]im5tal way1 ,i exam9$1 9 ! w9t] ( #ahgd1 "s tube & o!r spectra1 n only = l9e-positions1 b also = g5]al resemblance to an ,aurora-spectrum4 ,x did n seem desirable to use p[]ful curr5ts4 ,a -in*-sp>k coil1 work$ by a qu>t bi*romate-cell1 0 f\nd suffici5t to illum9ate ! tubes /eadily4 ,! spectroscope us$ 0 "o made = me by ,mr4 ,br[n+ specifically = ,auroral purposes1 & ( ! direct-vision =m1 be+ ! same in/rum5t z is describ$ ant1 p4 #ia1 & figur$ 9 ,plate ,x4 fig4 #a4 ,! micromet] 0 ! diaphragm "o1 also be=e describ$ & figur$ on same ,plate1 figs4 #b1 #c1 & #d4 ,i select$ ,dr4 ,vogel's spectrum = comp>ison1 x be+1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 ! mo/ accurately mapp$1 ) reg>d to wave-l5g?1 at "o obs]vation1 ( any ,auroral spectrum4 ,x seem$ an unsafe plan to attempt to obta9 an av]age ,aurora by comp>ison ( diff]5t obs]vations made at v>i\s times by diff]5t obs]v]s ) all sorts ( in/rum5ts--! difficulty1 too1 be+ increas$ by ! suspicion t ! spectrum itself at times v>ies 9 numb] & position z well z int5sity ( its l9es4 ,sid5ote3 ,c5tral "p only ( spectrum mapp$4 ,9 mo/ cases ! c5tral "p ( ! spectrum only 7correspond+ to ! c5tral l9es ( ! ,aurora7 0 mapp$1 ! r$ l9e 9 ! ,aurora n be+ f\nd to correspond ) any prom95t l9e 9 ! gas-spectra exam9$1 & ! ,auroral l9e ne> sol> ,g be+ s indef9itely fix$ z to r5d] comp>ison almo/ valueless4 7,see ,plate ,,xiii4 fig4 #a47 ,dr4 ,vogel's spectrum does n comprise ! l9e ne> ,g2 b ,i h add$ ?is 79 an approximate place only7 9 ord] to complete ! set ( l9es4 ,= draw+ ( ,dr4 ,vogel's spectrum1 ) its scales atta*$1 see ,plate ,,xiii4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xiii4 ,hydrog5-tube4 ,sid5ote3 ,hydrog5-tube4 ,col\r ( gl[ v>i$ ) int5sity ( curr5t4 ,?is tube 0 "o ( ,geissl]'s & ( r small calibre4 ,on illum9ation ! wide ends 7 easily light$ ) a silv]-grey gl[1 hav+ a consid]able am\nt ( /ratification4 ,! capill>y "p gl[$ brilliantly ) silv]-:ite1 bright gre51 & crimson light1 accord+ to ! int5sity ( ! curr5t4 ,) ! commutator sl[ly work+1 :ite runn+ into gre5 & bright gre5 7 ! ma9 features ( ! ?read ( light2 on ! curr5t pass+ m rapidly1 ! capill>y ?read became ( an int5se crimson1 at ! same "t app>5tly increas+ 9 diamet] 7an effect probably due to irradiation74 ,sid5ote3 ,spectrum describ$4 ,! spectrum 0 v brilliant1 consi/+ ( ! ?ree bright l9es usually di/+ui%$ z ,h1 ,h1 & ,h1 & a numb] ( %ad$ b&s & fa9t] l9es betwe5 ^!1 ) a bright cont9u\s spectrum z a backgr\nd to ! :ole4 ,sid5ote3 ,l9es 1 1 & v>i$ 9 int5sity ) col\r z se5 by eye4 ,fa9t] l9es or b&s describ$4 ,! l9es ,h1 ,h1 & ,h 7 f\nd to v>y 9 int5sity ) ! curr5t1 & 9 accordance ) ! col\r ( ! light z se5 by ! eye--a fact1 z ,i ?9k1 n )\t be>+ on ! "q ( ! ,aurora1 ! v>y+ t9ts ( :i* are s well kn[n4 ,! fa9t] l9es or b&s 7 mo/ly /ripes ( pretty equal int5sity ?r\gh\t1 & all ab\t ! wid? ( ! ,h l9e4 ,i did n trace any m>k$ degrad+ on ei!r side ( ! l9es1 ?\gh ! edges 7 n uni=mly s %>p z ,h & ,h4 ,"s ( ! l9es 7 f\nd co9cid5t 9 position ) l9es ( ! air-spectrum4 ,sid5ote3 ,purity ( subsidi>y l9es que/ion$4 ,x is a "q :e!r ^! subsidi>y l9es are hydrog51 or are due to "s tube impurity4 ,a photograph ,i h tak5 ( ?is tube-spectrum %[s #ag l9es 9 ! "p ( ! spectrum betwe5 ,f & ,h1 "s ( :i* are repeat$ 9 ! hydroc>bon-tube spectra4 ,sid5ote3 ,co9cid5ce ( l9es ) ,aurora-spectrum4 ,no pr9cipal l9e1 & "o subsidi>y l9e only1 actually co9cide ) ! ,aurora-spectrum1 ?is la/ be+ t to :i* ,dr4 ,vogel assigns an id5tical wave-l5g?1 viz4 #eahi4 ,o!r ( ! subsidi>y l9es1 h[ev]1 fall some:at ne> ! ,aurora-l9es #eefi1 #ecij1 #ebcc1 & #ejjd1 two fa9t l9es also fall+ )9 ! b& #dfid to #dfbi4 ,sid5ote3 ,comp>ison ( ! l9es4 ,! l9es 7adopt+ ,dr4 ,vogel's wave-l5g?s = ! ,h l9es7 71 :5 comp>$1 z "u3-- #dfid ,aurora #eefi #ecij #ebcc #eahi #ejjd to b&4 #dfbi ,hydrog5 #eeee #edbb 444 #eahi #ejjh #dfcb ,i rem>k$ t a l9e 7#eeif7 describ$ by ,dr4 ,vogel z 8v bright0 9 8 ,h spectrum does n appe> 9 my tube1 ?\gh 9 mo/ o!r respects our ,h spectra agree4 ,sid5ote3 ,effect ( di/ance on ! spectrum4 ,i ?\ght ?is tube af=d$ a good opportunity = te/+ ! effect ( di/ance ^u ! spectrum4 ,! slit 0 made r f9e4 ,at #f in*es di/ance f x ! l9e 9 ! blue-gre5 7,f sol>7 0 v bright4 ,! l9es m>k$ 1 1 1 1 & also surviv$1 b 7 fa9t4 ,at #ab in*es f ! slit & 7 alone se51 & at #bd in*es /ood by itself ^u a d>k gr\nd4 ,i also notic$ t ! r$ & yell[ p>ts ( ! spectrum fir/ lo/ _! light on ! tube be+ )drawn f ! slit2 & ?is appe>$ to acc\nt = disappe>+ :ile surviv$4 ,= draw+ ( ! hydrog5-tube spectrum see ,plate ,,xiv4 spectrum #a4 ,! "q ( effect ( di/ance ^u ! spectroscopic appe>ance ( a gl[+ light1 z te/$ = ?is & o!r tubes1 seems an important "o4 ,x may possibly acc\nt = ! g5]ally fa9t aspect ( ! l9es 9 ! m refrangible "p ( ! ,auroral spectrum4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xiv4 ,c>bon- & ,oxyg5-tubes4 ,sid5ote3 ,c>bon- & oxyg5-tubes4 ,tubes describ$4 ,c>bon-tubes light$ up4 ,spectra ( ! c>bon-tubes describ$4 ,! foll[+ tube-obs]vations 7 tak5 toge!r1 because my fri5d ,mr4 ,h5ry ,r4 ,proct] 7to :om ,i am indebt$ = _m pr(itable h9ts & sugge/ions 9 ,auroral "w7 0 dispos$ to reg>d ! spectra f\nd 9 ! c>bon-tubes & 9 ^? m>k$ 8,o0 z id5tical1 sugge/+ t pure ,o1 ) ! ord9>y non-int5sifi$ dis*>ge1 gives only a cont9u\s spectrum2 & t ! ,o tubes are 9 fact g5]ally light$ up by a c>bon-spectrum1 z ! result ( impurity f accid5tal causes4 ,! tubes exam9$ = ! purpose ( comp>ison 7 z foll[s3--,a coal-gas tube1 a tube m>k$ 8,c4,a410 ?ree ,o tubes 7two (1 ,i believe1 ,london make1 & ! ?ird f ,geissl]71 & an ,,oh tube1 also f ,geissl]4 ,! c>bon-tubes 7 bo? brilliantly & /eadily light$ by ! curr5t4 ,! ,c4,a4 tube gl[$ ) a peculi> silv]y-grey gre5 light 9 ! capill>y "p1 & ) a grey gl[1 consid]ably /ratifi$1 9 ! bulbs4 ,! coal-gas tube illum9ation 0 :it] & /ill m brilliant ?an ! ,c4,a41 & ) ev5 f9] /ratification 9 ! bulbs4 ,! spectra ( bo? tubes 7 conspicu\s = ! same ?ree well-kn[n pr9cipal bright l9es or b&s 9 ! yell[1 gre51 & blue 7) "o fa9t] 9 ! violet71 all %ad+ (f t[>ds ! violet1 & 9 bo? cases ) fa9t] int]v5+ b&s or l9es4 ,^! la/ b&s or l9es only p>tially co9cid$ :5 ! two tubes 7 comp>$4 ,! spectra 9 bo? cases 7 ri* & gl[+1 ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( cont9u\s spectrum betwe5 ! l9es2 & ! ?ree pr9cipal b&s or l9es %[$ well & di/9ctly _! respective place-col\rs4 ,sid5ote3 ,tubes te/$ = di/ance4 ,tubes te/$ = di/ance4--,9 ! case ( ! ,c4,a4 tube1 at #ah in*es f ! slit ! cont9u\s spectrum & fa9t] l9es disappe>$1 :ile ! f\r pr9cipal l9es /ill %one out1 t 9 ! gre5 be+ ! /ronge/4 ,at #bd in*es ! same l9es 7 /ill visible1 ?\gh some:at fa9tly4 ,9 ! case ( ! coal-gas tube1 at #bd in*es ! :ole spectrum 0 q brilliant1 ! f\r pr9cipal l9es be+ v bright & ev5 pres]v+ _! di/9ctive col\rs4 ,! ,h l9e1 ne> ! l9e or b& 9 ! blue1 0 also pla9ly se54 ,sid5ote3 ,o tubes light$ up4 ,! ,o tubes1 :5 treat$ by ! same curr5t z ! c>bon-tubes1 7 f\nd to be all ?ree id5tical 9 g5]al features4 ,! dis*>ge light$ up ea* ( ! tubes feebly & some:at int]mitt5tly4 ,grey 9 ! bulbs & a fa9t b decid$ly p9ki% :ite 9 ! capill>y "p 7 ! di/+ui%+ light col\rs2 :ile no?+ c\ld be m m>k$ ?an ! diff]5ce 9 brilliancy betwe5 ^! & ! prec$+ c>bon-tubes4 ,sid5ote3 ,,oh tubes light$ up4 ,o tubes spectra describ$4 ,! ,,oh tube pres5t$ v mu* ! same "*2 b ! dis*>ge occasionally v>i$ f a p9ki% :ite to a yell[ col\r1 some:at l t :i* arti/s call br[n-p9k1 & rem9d+ "o ( ! 8gold5 rays0 9 c]ta9 ,auror4 ,^! ,o spectra pres5t$1 9 common ) ! c>bon-tubes1 ?ree pr9cipal bright l9es or b&s 9 ! yell[1 gre51 & blue1 ) a fa9t] "o 9 ! violet1 all %ad+ (f t[>ds ! violet4 ,! b&s1 h[ev]1 %[$ b v little trace ( local col\r1 & ! :ole spectrum _h a fa9t & wa%$-out look1 v diff]5t f ! c>bon-spectra4 7,i c]ta9ly1 by a little managem5t1 subsequ5tly succe$$ 9 gett+ ! same look to ! ,c4,a4 spectrum2 b x 0 only by remov+ ! tube to "s di/ance f ! slit1 & ?us depriv+ ! spectrum ( v mu* ( its brightness47 ,! hydrog5 l9e 7sol> ,f7 0 bright1 m s ?an any ( ! ,o l9es4 ,! int5sity ( ! ?ree pr9cipal l9es seem$ to me to run 9 ! foll[+ ord]3-- ,yell[4 ,gre54 ,blue4 ,coal-gas ,oxyg5 ,betwe5 ! l9es & 9 ! ,geissl] ,o tube ,i f\nd a r bright l9e1 :i* ,i %all h occasion to ref] to h]eaft]4 ,at #ab in*es di/ance f ! slit ! ,o spectrum lo/ ne>ly all its light2 ! ,h l9e1 & ! ?ree l9es 1 1 & 1 alone fa9tly rema9+1 be+ decid$ly ! brighte/4 ,at #bd in*es no spectrum at all 0 to be se54 ,sid5ote3 ,comp>ison ( spectra ( coal-gas & ,o tubes4 ,i c>efully comp>$ toge!r ! ?ree pr9cipal l9es ( ! two spectra ( coal-gas & ,o by means (3-- #a/1 ! photograph$ micromet] be=e describ$2 #bnd1 a comp>ison-prism on ! slit plate2 #crd1 a piece ( v f9e brass foil cut z a po9t] & fix$ 9 ! focus ( a positive eyepiece4 ,! l9es or b&s 9 bo? tubes 7 f\nd to be slightly nebul\s t[>ds ! less-refrangible end 7:]e !y 7 measur$71 & ! ,o tube 0 n bright "u a mod]ately high p[] 7positive eyepiece74 ,subject to ^! rem>ks1 ! ?ree pr9cipal l9es 9 bo? tubes 7 f\nd to correspond 9 position )9 ! limits ( my in/rum5t4 ,! spectra did n1 h[ev]1 ,i am b\nd to say1 look alike4 ,sid5ote3 ,dr4 ,vogel's ,o spectrum r$uc$ & comp>$4 ,puzzl$ by ^! obs]vations1 x !n occurr$ to me to r$uce ,dr4 ,vogel's spectrum ( ,o1 giv5 9 8 memoir1 to ! same scale ) my own4 ,?is ,i did indep5d5tly1 & ,i !n comp>$ ! result ) my own spectrum z mapp$ out4 ,f ! comp>ison1 ,i judge t if my ,o tubes1 "o & all1 %[$ a c>bon-spectrum1 ! le>n$ ,doctor's tube mu/ h be5 subject to a simil> infirmity1 z ! tubes all agre$ 9 ma9 features4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o po9t to :i* ,i desire to draw att5tion1 :i* is ?is1 t common to bo? ! ,doctor's & my own ,geissl] spectrum ,i f\nd ! be=e-m5tion$ r bright l9e betwe5 & 4 ,?is l9e ,i f\nd no equival5t = 9 ei!r ( ! c>bon-tubes4 ,= spectra ( coal-gas & oxyg5-tubes1 see ,plate ,,xiv4 spectra #b1 #c1 #d4 ,sid5ote3 ,tube- & flame-spectra ( c>bon d n correspond4 ,9 comp>+ ! spectra1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! tube- & flame-spectra ( c>bon d n correspond4 ,comp>e1 = in/ance1 ! spectrum ( coal-gas or ,,co 9 tube1 & ! well-kn[n l9es or b&s 9 ! blue base ( a c&le-flame4 ,! %>p] edge ( ! yell[ l9e or b& ( ! c>bon-tubes w be f\nd ab\t midway betwe5 ! two bright yell[ c&le-l9es or b&s4 ,! fir/ ( ! v beautiful gr\p ( l9es or b&s 9 ! gre5 9 ! c&le-flame falls consid]ably beh9d ! %>p] edge ( ! gre5 l9e or b& 9 ! tube1 :ile ! ?ird bright b& 9 ! tube1 alone ( ! ?ree1 corresponds ) a v fa9t b& 9 ! c&le-flame4 ,a l9e or b& 9 ! violet 9 ! tube-spectrum f9ds no equival5t 9 ! c&le-spectrum4 ,= comp>ison ( ! c>bon-tube & flame spectra 7! pr9cipal l9es ( ! tube be+ alone %[n71 see ,plate ,,xvi4 spectra #f #g4 ,sid5ote3 ,pr(4 ,piazzi ,smy?'s measurem5ts ( ! compon5ts ( ! citron-b& 9 a coal-gas flame4 ,note4--,pr(4 ,piazzi ,smy? has be5 good en\gh1 at my in/ance1 to measure ! compon5ts ( ! citron b& ( ! c>bo-hydrog5 spectrum 7ne> ng/rm's ,aurora-l9e71 z se5 9 a coal-gas bl[pipe-flame urg$ ) common air4 ,! spectroscope us$ _h prisms giv+ #bb ( disp]sion betwe5 ,a & ,h1 & ! obs]v+ telescope magnifi$ #aj times4 ,! foll[+ is a table ( ! results communicat$ to me by ! ,pr(essor3-- ,read+ ( ,int5sity4 ,micromet]4 ,ref]5ce l9e1 li?ium #d #afee 0 sodium1 #a #aj #ahde 0 0 #b #aj #ahea ,citron b&4 ,c>bo-hydrog54 ,l9e #a1 exquisitely cle> #f #babh #b1 0 #e #bahh #c1 0 #c #bbdd #d1 fa9t b cle> #b #bbie #e1 fa9t #a #bcch #f1 fa9t & hazy #a #bcgj #g1 d\btful 8 #bcib ,ref]5ce l9e1 ?allium #aj #bejh ,sid5ote3 ,comp>ison ( ,dr4 ,vogel's ,o l9es & ,dr4 ,watts's c>bon-l9es4 ,f ,dr4 ,watts's #8,index ( ,spectra' ,i h extract$ ! ?ree pr9cipal c>bon-tube b&s or l9es2 & !y comp>e ) ,dr4 ,vogel's oxyg5-tube z "u3-- ,yell[4 ,gre54 ,blue4 ,dr4 ,vogel's oxyg5-l9es #efjc #eahi #dhbi ,dr4 ,watts's c>bon-tube b&s or l9es #efjb #eaie #dhcd ,n[ ^! wave-l5g? diff]5ces are s small t !y raise a presumption ( ! possibility ( ! spectra be+ id5tical4 ,on ! o!r h&1 assum+ ! spectra are n id5tical1 ! comp>ison tells ! o!r way1 viz4 t ! diff]5ces are s m9ute z to escape detection 9 in/rum5ts ( mod]ate disp]sion4 ,) my own in/rum5t ,i f\nd ! ,o spectrum too fa9t to increase ! disp]sive p[] ) advantage4 ,consid]+ ! extremely diff]5t "* ( ! two dis*>ges1 ! id5tity ( all ! ,o tubes1 & ! pres5ce ( ! l9e f\nd betwe5 & 9 ! ,o spectrum1 ,i ?9k ! two spectra are indep5d5t1 ?\gh ,i admit !re is room = d\bt4 ,sid5ote3 ,o & ,,co spectra photograph$4 ,note4--,s9ce ?is exam9ation ,i h photograph$ bo? spectra side by side 7see #8,photograph$ ,spectra1' ,plate ,,xxxi41 text1 pp4 #fi1 #gj74 ,! pictures include1 ( c\rse1 only ! blue & violet p>ts ( ! spectrum2 b !y are widely diff]5t 9 aspect1 & %[ t1 photographically at lea/1 9 ?is "p ( ! spectrum !re is a complete want ( id5tity4 ,subsequ5t inve/igations1 h[ev]1 by ,s*u/] & o!rs 7detail$ lat] 9 ?is ,*apt]71 g to e/abli% t ! pr9cipal l9es %[n 9 m9e & ,dr4 ,vogel's tubes 7 due to 7probably hydroc>bon7 impurity4 ,! exception is ! s+le l9e common to m9e & ,dr4 ,vogel's tubes1 b abs5t f ! coal-gas spectrum4 ,?is l9e proves to be oxyg54 ,comp>e oxyg5-tube spectra 7,plate ,,xiv4 spectra #c & #d7 ) ,s*u/]'s oxyg5-tube spectrum 7,plate ,,xviii4 fig4 #ae74 ,! l9e 9 "q is f\nd id5tical 9 ! ?ree tubes4 ,! tube ,,oh 0 f\nd to give ! pr9cipal l9es ( ! ,o & ,h spectra comb9$ on a fa9t cont9u\s spectrum4 ,geissl] ,m]cury-tube 7,plate ,x4 fig4 #g7 & ,b>omet] ,m]curial vacuum4 ,sid5ote3 ,m]cury- & b>omet]-tubes exam9$4 ,m]cury-tube describ$4 ,b>omet]-tube4 ,i next exam9$ two vacuum-tubes ( an entirely diff]5t "*4 ,! "o 0 a tube f ,geissl] ( /\t glass1 "s fifte5 in*es long1 )\t electrodes1 & an in* across4 ,)9 ?is tube 0 a second ( uranium glass1 ) bulbs bl[n 9 x4 ,9 contact ) bo? tubes a quantity ( fluid m]cury ran loose 7,plate ,x4 fig4 #g74 ,^u %ak+ ?is tube ) ! h& brilliant fla%es ( blue-:ite light1 l summ] lightn+1 fla%$ out4 ,^! 7 disc]nible 7?\gh fa9tly7 ev5 9 daylight4 ,! f9e t]m9al wires ( ! coil be+ wrapp$ r\nd ea* end ( ?is tube1 :5 ! curr5t pass$1 a bright & :ite induc$ dis*>ge1 ) a consid]able am\nt ( /ratification1 0 se5 9 ! tube4 ,! o!r tube 0 t ( a m]curial siphon-b>omet]4 ,?is be+ plac$ 9 a /&1 "o t]m9al wire 0 plac$ 9 ! m]cury 9 ! %ort leg ( ! siphon1 :ile ! o!r t]m9al 0 made into a little coil & plac$ on ! upp] clos$ extremity ( ! b>omet]-tube4 ,on pass+ ! curr5t1 ! entire %ort space above ! m]cury 0 fill$ ) a grey-:ite light1 n /ratifi$1 b %[+ a conspicu\s bright r+ j above ! level ( ! m]cury4 ,sid5ote3 ,spectrum ( bo? ^! tubes describ$4 ,bo? ^! tubes1 :5 exam9$ ) ! spectroscope1 %[$ f\r bright r uni=m b&s 7! c5tral "o be+ ! brighte/71 :i* ,i assign$ to ! c>bon-spectra 7see ,plate ,,xiv4 spectra #e & #f74 ,! ,geissl] tube 0 probably fill$ design$ly ) coal-gas4 ,9 ! case ( ! b>omet]-tube ! spectrum mu/ be assum$ to be ! result ( "s c>bon impurity4 ,no l9es ( m]cury c\ld be detect$ 9 ei!r case4 ,an ef=t 0 made to exam9e ! light ( ! ,geissl] m]cury-tube z excit$ by motion only1 b ! spectrum c\ld n be kept 9 ! field2 ! f\r l9es 71 h[ev]1 se5 to fla% out z ! light pass$ be=e ! slit4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xv4 ,air-tubes4 ,sid5ote3 ,air-tube illum9at$4 ,! fir/ tube ,i exam9$ 0 an ord9>y ,geissl] tube *>g$ ) r>efi$ air4 ,! bulbs1 on pass+ ! dis*>ge1 7 fill$ ) ! well-kn[n rose-t+$ light l to ! ,aurora-/reams4 ,?is 9 ! capill>y "p 0 cond5s$ into a bright] & :it] ?read1 :ile ! plat9um wire ( ! negative pole 0 surr\nd$ by its *>act]i/ic mauve or violet gl[4 ,sid5ote3 ,spectrum describ$4 ,! spectrum1 ev5 ) a weak curr5t1 0 q bright1 & consi/$ ma9ly ( ! nitrog5-l9es & b&s1 ) ! l9es ,h1 ,h1 & ,h1 & "s ( ! int]m$iate l9es ( ! ,h tube4 ,! d\ble l9e 0 und\bt$ly ! brighte/ 9 ! spectrum :5 tak5 9 ! capill>y "p ( ! tube4 ,aft] ?is foll[$ 1 & !n 7,h71 1 & 4 ,i 01 h[ev]1 unc]ta9 z to ! relative brightness ( ! la/ ?ree1 & m>k$ _! int5sities ) hesitation4 ,i te/$ !m sev]al times indep5d5tly ) diff]+ results1 & suspect$ !m ( v>iability ) ! curr5t4 ,! re/ ( ! l9es 7 v mu* ( ! same int5sity4 7,= draw+ ( spectrum ( air-tube 9 capill>y "p see ,plate ,,xv4 spectrum #a47 ,violet negative ,pole1 same tube4 ,sid5ote3 ,violet 7negative7 pole3 spectrum describ$4 ,i next turn$ my att5tion to ! violet or negative-pole gl[2 & "h a rem>kable *ange took place 9 ! spectrum1 n only 9 ! position ( ! pr9cipal b&s or l9es1 b 9 _! relative int5sity 7see ,plate ,,xv4 spectrum #b74 ,! d\ble l9e 9 ! capill>y "p 0 replac$ 9 ! violet gl[ by a %ad$ b& ( second int5sity 1 ! %>p edge ( :i* 0 ext5d$ t[>ds ! r$1 & =m$ 7except = "s fa9t indications7 ! limit ( ! spectrum 9 t direction4 ,! some:at fa9t l9e next 9 ! capill>y tube _h its fa9t repres5tative 9 ! violet pole2 b ! next two l9es 7capill>y7 7 repres5t$ by ! bright b& 9 ! violet pole ly+ 9 a position betwe5 !m4 ,next 9 ! violet pole came ?ree fa9t l9es1 repres5t+ 1 1 & 9 ! capill>y spectrum2 & !n ! bright b& 1 :i* 0 ! brighte/ ( ! violet-pole gr\p1 & repres5t$ a m$ium-int5sity b& 9 ! capill>y spectrum4 ,aft] ?is 0 a fa9t b& ne> 1 repres5t+ two r bright ones 9 ! capill>y spectrum1 ?is la/ be+ succe$$ by o!r b&s 9 ! violet4 1 1 & 9 ! violet pole 7 exam9$ c>efully = relative brightness1 & 71 ,i believe1 correctly m>k$4 ,r$ positive ,pole4 ,sid5ote3 ,r$ 7positive7 pole3 spectrum describ$4 ,! r$ positive pole 0 next exam9$1 b pres5t$ no peculi> features4 ,x appe>$ z a fa9t] repres5tation ( ! capill>y air-spectrum1 ) "s few l9es or b&s abs5t1 & 7z w be se5 aft]7 0 also a fair repres5tation ( a diffus$ air-spectrum 7see ,plate ,,xv4 spectrum #c74 ,exam9$ = comp>ative int5sity1 at #bd in*es f ! slit1 ! :ole capill>y air-spectrum %[$ fa9tly4 ,! m>k$ l9es 9 ! c5tre ( ! spectrum g5]ally reta9$ _! prom95ce2 b aft] ,i judg$ next 9 brightness4 ,on exam9+ ! violet pole at #ab in*es f ! slit1 ! :ole spectrum 0 fa9t & ! b&s & 7 alone di/9ctly se54 ,aurora 7air7-tube4 7,plate ,,xv4 spectrum #d47 ,sid5ote3 ,aurora-tube3 dis*>ge describ$4 ,spectrum describ$4 ,next to ! ,geissl] air-tube ,i exam9$ an 8aurora0-tube1 ab\t #ae in*es long & #a in* across1 ) plat9um t]m9als1 & ( ! same diamet] ?r\gh\t 7,plate ,x4 fig4 #h74 ,! dis*>ge 0 ( a rosy-r$ col\r1 & ! long flick]+ /ream f pole to pole c]ta9ly mu* rem9d$ "o optically ( an auroral /ream]4 ,spectroscopically exam9$1 ! dis*>ge pres5t$ a fa9t b&$ air-spectrum simil> to t ( ! positive pole 7see ,plate ,,xv4 spectrum #d72 b ! relative int5sity ( ! l9es 0 some:at alt]$1 :ile a v bright l9e 9 ! gre5 7se5 also 9 ! tube next describ$7 0 *>act]i/ic ( ! spectrum1 & 9 ?is respect di/+ui%$ x f ! ord9>y air-spectrum4 ,phosphoresc5t tube4 ,sid5ote3 ,phosphoresc5t tube describ$4 ,dis*>ge describ$4 ,spectrum describ$4 ,foll[+ ?is la/ tube ,i exam9$ "o pur*as$ z 8phosphoresc5t40 ,x 0 r %ort 7#f in*es71 ( equal calibre1 & ab\t ! size ( ! bulb ( a ,geissl] tube4 ,x 0 fill$ ) a :ite p[d] 7probably "o ( ! ,becqu]el comp\nds74 ,on pass+ ! curr5t betwe5 ! electrodes1 a bright rose-col\r$ /ream appe>$2 & :]ev] ?is 0 9 contact ) ! p[d]1 ! tube gl[$ ) a brilliant gre5 light4 ,on /opp+ ! curr5t1 ! tube /ill cont9u$ to %9e1 b ) a fa9t] gre5 gl[1 :i* gave only a cont9u\s spectrum4 ,:5 exam9$ 9 full gl[1 ! tube-spectrum 0 also 9 ! ma9 cont9u\s & ( a gre5 t+e2 b ^u x 7 bright l9es 9 ! blue & violet portions ( ! spectrum1 :ile 9 ! r$1 yell[1 & gre5 a fa9t b di/9ct air-spectrum 0 se52 & ) ?is 0 also f\nd ! same bright l9e 9 ! gre5 :i* di/+ui%$ ! 8aurora0-tube4 ,five out ( six ( ! l9es 9 ! blue & violet w be also f\nd 9 ,s*u/]'s oxyg5-tube1 violet pole 7,plate ,,xviii4 fig4 #ae74 ,! air-spectrum probably arose f impurity4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xvi4 ,sp>k 9 ,air4 ,sid5ote3 ,sp>k 9 air3 spectrum describ$4 ,i next took a -in* sp>k 9 air betwe5 plat9um t]m9als 7see ,plate ,,xv4 spectrum #f74 ,! pr9cipal l9es 9 ?is spectrum 7 ! l9e 7by f> ! brighte/71 correspond+ to 9 ! violet pole2 next 0 1 a l9e 9 ! yell[1 n appe>+ 9 ! tube-spectrum1 & !n o!r l9es ( less int5sity4 ,9 ! 8aurora0 & 8phosphoresc5t0 tubes 0 f\nd1 z be=e m5tion$1 a l9e 9 ! gre5 prom95t = its brightness1 &1 inde$1 9 ! 8aurora0-tube ! only "o :i* surviv$ :5 x 0 mov$ away f ! slit4 ,?is l9e also appe>$ 9 ! sp>k-spectrum1 b !re only ( an av]age brightness4 ,i exam9$ x c>efully = position 9 ! respective tubes2 & on comp>+ !m by means ( a po9t] 9 ! eyepiece1 f\nd x co9cid5t ) ! ridge or c5tre ( ! w$ge-l bright-gre5 broad b& :i* is s conspicu\s 9 ! air-tube spectrum4 ,i ?9k ?is edge-l c5tre has actually a l9e co9cid5t ) ! l9e ,i ref] to2 b if s1 its int5sity little exce$s t ( ! b& itself4 ,sp>k ov] ,wat]4 ,sid5ote3 ,sp>k ov] wat]3 spectrum describ$4 ,to complete ! set ( air-exp]im5ts1 ,i exam9$ ! same sp>k tak5 f ! surface ( a small m5iscus ( wat]1 plac$ 9 a glass cup ^u ! l[] plat9um wire4 ,9 ?is case ! air-spectrum 0 pla9ly1 b n brightly1 se5 at ! violet end ( ! spectrum--! r$1 yell[1 gre51 & blue be+ fill$ ) a cont9u\s spectrum1 ?r\gh :i* "s ( ! air-l9es fa9tly %[$ 7see ,plate ,,xv4 spectrum #g74 ,phosphorett$-,hydrog5 ,flame4 ,sid5ote3 ,phosphorett$-hydrog5 flame4 ,?is 0 obta9$ f a hydrog5-bottle fitt$ ) glass tub+1 two or ?ree m9ute pieces ( phosphorus be+ plac$ ) ! z9c4 ,! flame 0 ( a bright yell[ col\r1 ) a cone ( vivid gre5 light 9 its c5tre4 ,sid5ote3 ,spectrum describ$4 ,! spectrum 0 f\nd to consi/ ma9ly ( ?ree bright b&s 9 ! yell[1 gre51 & gre5-blue respectively 7see ,plate ,,xvi4 spectrum #c74 ,sid5ote3 ,mons4 ,lecoq de ,boisbaudran's rem>ks on ! spectrum increas+ 9 brilliancy :5 ! flame is cool$4 ,! c5tral b& 0 v /rik+ 9 its em]ald-gre5 col\r1 :ile all ! b&s 7 rem>kable z be+ v broad 9 proportion to ! slit 7:i*1 h[ev]1 0 n f9e74 ,! yell[ b& _h a ri* gl[ ( col\r4 ,my spectrum 0 mapp$ out at ord9>y temp]ature1 & ,i f\nd ! b&s suffici5tly bright2 b ,mons4 ,lecoq de ,boisbaudran1 9 8 #8,spectres ,lum9eux' 7texte1 p4 #ahh71 has describ$ h[ ! brilliancy ( ^! b&s is increas$ :5 ! flame is artificially cool$ 7refroidie74 ,! idea ( cool+ ! flame 0 due to ,m4 ,salet1 :o effect$ x ei!r by a jet ( wat] or by an air-bla/4 ,! less refrangible b&s seem ! mo/ susceptible to increase ( brilliancy4 ,mons4 ,boisbaudran also makes ! important rem>k t ! relative int5sities ( ! b&s are 9 su* case alt]$1 add+3--8,la plus importante de ces modifications consi/e en un r5=cem5t trs-considrable de la b&e r\ge #igjc 7,w4,l4 #eiid7 qui devi5t vive de presque invisible qu'elle tait en l'abs5ce du refroidissem5t artificiel de la flamme40 ,full details ( ! *anges are giv5 by ,m4 de ,boisbaudran4 ,! be>+ ( ^! obs]vations z connect$ ) ! v>iable "* ( ! r$ l9e 9 ! ,aurora-spectrum seems to me 9 ! highe/ degree notewor?y4 ,iron-,spectrum4 ,sid5ote3 ,iron-spectrum4 ,a comp>ison ( ?is spectrum sugge/$ itself1 p>tly f ! suspect$ relations betwe5 ! ,aurora & sol> corona1 & p>tly f a consid]ation ( ! views express$ by ,m4 ,gronemann & o!rs 9 fav\r ( ! ,aurora hav+ its orig9 9 ! fall ( an inc&esc5t meteoric p[d]4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ obta9$4 ,spectrum describ$4 ,mons4 ,lecoq de ,boisbaudran's spectra also giv54 ,! spectrum 0 obta9$ f a sp>k tak5 ov] a solution ( p]*loride ( iron 9 a small glass cup1 & 0 rem>kable = its brightness 9 & ab\t ! gre5 region4 ,! l9es v>i$ consid]ably 9 int5sity1 & ) a f9e slit ! pr9cipal ones 7 %>p1 di/9ct1 & cle>4 ,a gr\p ( ?ree l9es 77 /ood out boldly 9 ! gre5 z ! mo/ m>k$1 & next to ^! a gr\p ( ?ree o!rs m t[>ds ! violet end ( ! spectrum 7see ,plate ,,xvi4 spectrum #d74 ,by ! side ( my phosphorett$-hydrog5 & iron spectra ,i h plac$ ! pr9cipal l9es ( ,mons4 ,lecoq de ,boisbaudran's same spectra 7r$uc$ to my scale71 & ) figures ( wave-l5g?s = comp>ison ) ! ,aurora-spectrum 7see ,plate ,,xvi4 spectra #a & #b74 ,sid5ote3 ,comp>ison ( iron- & ,aurora-spectrum4 ,a difficulty 9 comp>+ ! iron-spectrum ) t ( ! ,aurora arises f ! l>ge numb] ( f9e l9es f\nd 9 ! =m] spectrum4 ,9 a photograph 7tak5 ) ! same prism z be=e describ$7 ( a small piece ( meteoric iron fus$ 9 an electric arc by ! aid ( #dj ,grove cells1 ab\t #aed l9es are easily c\nt$ 9 ! blue & violet p>ts ( ! spectrum4 ,d\ble ?is numb] at lea/ w\ld be se5 ) a spectroscope ( mod]ate disp]sion 9 ! region compris+ ! entire set ( auroral l9es4 ,spectrum ( ,m]cury4 ,sid5ote3 ,m]cury-spectrum4 ,h[ obta9$4 ,?is spectrum is giv5 z useful = comp>ison ) ! bright & pr9cipal ,aurora-l9e4 ,x is easy to obta9 ) a small coil1 ! metal be+ us$ z "o electrode4 ,! yell[ l9es are di/9ct & /eady2 b ! gre51 :i* is v bright1 is apt to flick] z ! sp>k moves on ! surface ( ! metal 7see ,plate ,,xvi4 spectrum #e74 ,! foll[+ ,table 0 compil$ = ! purpose ( comp>+ ! =ego+ results ) ! ,aurora-spectrum4 ,sid5ote3 ,table ( co9cid5ces4 ,,table %[+ comp>ative position ( ,aurora-l9es ) ! pr9cipal l9es 9 ! exam9$ spectra4 ,c4 means co9cid5t )9 ! limits ( my in/rum5t & scale1 ,n4 ne>1 & ,,vn4 v ne>4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #dfid ,aurora-l9es #fbig #eefi #ecij #ebcc #eahj #ejjd to #dfbi #dcej8 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,c41 ,b& ,hydrog5-tube ,n4 ,n4 same includes ,w4,l4 #b l9es4 ------------- -------------------------------------- ,b& ,coal-gas ,n4 ,,vn4 includes tube #a l9e4 ------------- -------------------------------------- ,oxyg5-tube ,,vn4 ------------- -------------------------------------- ,b& ,b& ,air1 includes ,n4 includes capill>y #b l9es4 ------------- -------------------------------------- ,b& ,b& ,air1 violet- 99 9- ,c4 includes 9999 pole cludes #a l9e4 ------------- -------------------------------------- ,air1 r$-pole ,see ,air1 capill>y4 ------------- ---------------------------------------- --- ,aurora-tube ,see ,air1 capill>y2 & note bright l9e4 & phos- phoresc5t tube ------------- -------------------------------------- ,b& ,air1 sp>k ,n4 ,n4 ,c4 includes #b l9es4 ------------- -------------------------------------- ,air1 sp>k ,cont9u\s spectrum & fa9t ,b& ov] wat] air-l9es4 includes #b l9es4 ------------- -------------------------------------- ,phosphorett$ ,n4 ,fa9t ,b& hydrog5 b&4 9- cludes ------------- -------------------------------------- ,iron ,,vn4 ,n4 ,,vn4 ,,vn4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- 99 ,no results 9 ! exam9$ spectra2 b see ,plate ,,xiii4 fig4 #b4 9999 ,too unc]ta9 9 position = comp>ison 7see ,plate ,,xiii4 fig4 #a74 ,te/$ by co9cid5ce1 or close proximity ( l9es to ^? ( ! ,aurora1 we arrange ! spectra 9 ! foll[+ ord]3--7#a7 iron1 7#b7 air-sp>k1 7#c7 hydrog51 7#d7 air-tube1 7#e7 phosphorett$ hydrog51 7#f7 c>bon & oxyg54 ,! air-tube spectrum might p]haps /& high] 9 ! scale b = its broad b&s1 :i* make comp>ison d\btful4 ,l9es ( oxyg5 possibly escape detection 9 ! ,aurora f ! fa9t "* ( its spectrum4 ,! phosphorus & iron spectra are especially int]e/+ 9 connexion ) ,pr(essor ,nord5skild's 8metallic & magnetic cosmic du/ 9 ! ,pol> regions0 7see ,phil4 ,mag4 s]4 #d1 vol4 xlviii4 p4 #edf74 ,sid5ote3 ,additional ,table ( comp>$ spectra4 ,z an add5dum to ! =ego+1 on ,plate ,,ix4 fig4 #a w be f\nd a ,table ,i h prep>$1 9 :i* a type ,aurora & also ,vogel's & ,b>k]'s ,auror are comp>$ ) eight o!r spectra1 viz43-- ,s4 ,sol> spectrum4 ,n4 ,nitrog5 7air73 ,watts4 ,o4 ,oxyg5 7air73 ,watts4 ,c4,h4 ,c>burett$-hydrog5 vacuum-tube3 ,watts4 ,c4,i4 ,c>burett$-hydrog5 flame3 ,watts4 ,c4,c4 ,blue base ( c&le-flame3 ,capron4 ,o4,p4 ,oxyg5 vacuum-tube3 ,proct]4 ,i4 ,iron3 ,watts4 ,! divisions & v]tical l9es w guide ! eye 9 mak+ comp>ison ( ! spectra4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,"s ,,notes ,,on ,,pr(essor ,,ng/r,m',s ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,aurora-,,spectrum4 ,! sub/ance ( ^! appe>$ 9 ! #8,philosophical ,magaz9e' = ,april #ahge1 9 conjunction ) ! 8,comp>ison ( ! ,tube & o!r ,spectra0 7,*apt] ,,xi471 b !y are n[1 = ! sake ( conv5i5ce1 made a sep>ate article4 ,sid5ote3 ,pr(essor ng/rm's propositions4 ,9 a contribution by ! late ,pr(essor ng/rm to a solution ( ! problem ( ! ,aurora-spectrum 7an ab/ract ( :i* appe>$ 9 #8,nature' ( ,july #af1 #ahgd71 ! ,pr(essor is /at$1 among/ o!r ?+s1 to h laid d[n c]ta9 propositions 9 sub/ance z foll[s3-- ,sid5ote3 ,t ! ,aurora has two spectra4 #a/4 ,t ! ,aurora has two diff]5t spectra--! "o compris+ ! "o bright l9e 9 ! yell[-gre5 only1 & ! o!r ! rema9+ fa9t] l9es4 ,sid5ote3 ,t bright l9e does n co9cide ) ,,hc4 #bndly4 ,t ! bright l9e falls )9 a gr\p ( hydroc>bon l9es1 b does n actually co9cide ) any prom95t l9e ( su* gr\p1 & t ,dr4 ,vogel's f9d+ ?is l9e to co9cide ) a n well-m>k$ b& 9 ! air-spectrum mu/ be reg>d$ z a case ( accid5tal co9cid5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,t moi/ure is nil 9 ,aurora region4 #crdly4 ,t moi/ure 9 ! region ( ! ,aurora mu/ be reg>d$ z nil1 & t oxyg5 & hydrog5 mu/ alone !re act z conductors ( electricity4 ,sid5ote3 ng/rm's flask-exp]im5t describ$4 ,pr(essor ng/rm !n details ! exam9ation ( an exhau/$ dry air-flask fill$ ) a dis*>ge analog\s to ! gl[ ( ! negative pole ( a vacuum air-tube4 ,sid5ote3 ,flask-spectrum comp>$ ) ,aurora-spectrum4 ,! exp]im5t is describ$ z foll[s3--8,into a flask1 ! bottom ( :i* is cov]$ ) a lay] ( phosphoric anhydride1 ! plat9um wires are introduc$1 & ! air is pump$ out to a t5sion ( only a few millimetres4 ,if ! inductive curr5t ( a ,ruhmkorff coil be s5t ?r\gh ! flask1 ! :ole flask w be fill$1 z x 71 ) a violet light1 :i* o!rwise only proce$s f ! negative pole1 & f bo? electrodes a spectrum is obta9$ compos$ *iefly ( %ad$ violet b&s40 ,! comp>ison ( ! spectrum ( ?is violet gl[ ) t ( ! ,aurora gives1 accord+ to ng/rm1 ! foll[+ results3-- ,aurora-l9es1 wave-l5g?s #dbhf #dgjc #ebbf ,violet light1 wave-l5g?s #dbgb #dgjg #ebbg ,two weak light b&s1 f\nd by ,dr4 ,vogel at #dffc & #dfbi1 are also comp>$ ) o!r l9es 9 ! violet light #dfed & #dfja2 & ! ,pr(essor !n concludes t x may be 9 g5]al assum$ t ! feeble b&s ( ! ,aurora-spectrum belong to ! spectrum ( ! negative pole1 possibly *ang$ m or less by additions f ! b&$ or ! l9e air-spectrum4 ,sid5ote3 ,bright l9e is due to fluoresc5ce or phosphoresc5ce4 #d?ly4 ,t ! only probable explanation ( ! bright l9e is1 t x owes its orig9 to fluoresc5ce or phosphoresc5ce4 ,! ,pr(essor rem>ks on ?is po9t t 8an electric dis*>ge may easily be imag9$ :i*1 ?\gh 9 itself ( feeble light1 may be ri* 9 ultra-violet light1 & !re=e 9 a condition to cause a suffici5tly /rong fluoresc5ce40 ,he notes also t oxyg5 & "s ( its comp\nds are fluoresc5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,no ne$ ( ,dr4 ,vogel's !ory ( v>iability4 #e?ly4 ,t !re is no ne$1 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! spectrum ( ! ,aurora1 to h rec\rse to ! 8v great v>iability ( gas-spectra accord+ to ! v>y+ circum/ances ( pressure & temp]ature0 7,dr4 ,vogel's !ory74 ,pr(essor ng/rm does n admit su* v>iability1 & does n admit t ! way a gas may be br\ght to gl[ or burn c alt] ! nature ( ! spectrum4 ,sid5ote3 ,pr(essor ng/rm's conclusions te/$4 ,9 ord] to te/ "s ( ! ,pr(essor's conclusions 9 an exp]im5tal way1 ,i exam9$ "s tube & o!r spectra n only = l9e-positions1 b also = g5]al resemblance to an ,aurora-spectrum4 ,^! exp]im5ts are detail$ 9 ! la/ ,*apt]1 & ! results are compris$ 9 ,plates ,,xiv41 ,,xv41 & ,,xvi41 9 :i* ! spectra obta9$ are repres5t$ 9 black = :ite4 ,sid5ote3 ,result ( exam9ation ( ! ,pr(essor's propositions4 ,! result ( ! exam9ation ( ,pr(essor ng/rm's pr9cipal propositions seems to be ?is3-- #a/4 ,two ,auroral spectra4 ,i agree 9 ?is1 b "q :e!r ! fa9t] l9es may n possibly comprise m ?an "o spectrum4 #bnd4 ,i agree also t ! bright yell[-gre5 l9e falls1 z ,pr(essor ng/rm describes1 j beh9d ! second l9e 9 ! hydroc>bon yell[ gr\p 7see ,plate ,v4 fig4 #g74 ,& ,i f9d1 9 common ) ! ,pr(essor1 no well-m>k$ or prom95t l9e 9 ! air-spectrum ) :i* x accords4 #crd4 ,?is may be conv5i5tly divid$ into two p>ts1 viz43-- ,a4 ,! proposition t 8moi/ure 9 ! region ( ! ,aurora mu/ be reg>d$ z nil40 ,sid5ote3 ,moi/ure probably n nil 9 ! ,aurora region4 ,reasons = ?is giv54 ,aurora 9 vap\r or mi/4 ,frequ5tly ne> to e>?'s surface4 ,"h ,i see reason to diff]1 s9ce 7to quote a lett] ( ,mr4 ,proct]'s7 8! vap\r-d5sity ( ,,oh is only #i aga9/ #ad = ,n & #af = ,o20 & aga91 8electrical or heat-repulsion may c>ry wat]-du/ up to enorm\s heights40 ,!re are1 too1 ,i ?9k1 circum/ances connect$ ) ! ,aurora itself :i* make ! assumption ( moi/ure be+ nil 9 ! ,auroral regions unt5able4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! fact t ! :ite arc1 /ream]s1 & float+ pat*es ( light1 f\nd 9 "s ,auror1 h frequ5tly ! peculi>ly d5se & solid look ( vap\r-cl\ds--a circum/ance ) :i* ,i h be5 frequ5tly /ruck4 ,mr4 ,proct] & o!rs h also rem>k$ t ! ,aurora is g5]ally =m$ 9 a sort ( 8mi/ or imp]fect vap\r40 ,! second1 t ,auror1 or portions ( !m1 are frequ5tly ne> to ! e>?'s surface4 ,in/ances ( ?is are giv5 9 ! section on ! ,height ( ! ,aurora1 notably ! exp]i5ces ( ,sir ,w4 ,grove & ,mr4 ,w4 ,ladd4 ,sid5ote3 ,co9cid5ce ( ,auroral l9es ) telluric sol> l9es4 ,on ?is po9t1 too1 note ! peculi>ities ( ! r$ l9e1 :i* 7&1 z ,i f9d1 ! gre5 l9e also7 are co9cid5t )1 or v close to1 telluric b&s or gr\ps ( l9es 9 ! sol> spectrum usually attribut$ to moi/ure4 7,see ,plate ,,xiii4 fig4 #b47 ,sid5ote3 ,cont9u\s spectrum4 ,i ?9k we may also claim ! cont9u\s spectrum 9 ! ,aurora 9 fur!r pro( ( wat]-vap\r 7see ,plate ,,xv4 spectrum #g74 ,! cont9u\s spectrum ( ! ,aurora is also1 to my obs]vation1 m local & d5se 9 ! spectroscope ?an ! gl[ g5]ally se5 betwe5 ! l9es or b&s 9 gas-spectra4 ,sid5ote3 ,violet-pole spectrum discuss$4 ,mo/ spectra h a g5]al z well z special "*4 ,b4 ,! "q ( ! violet-pole spectrum4 ,"h ,i make ! rem>k t 9 comp>+ o!r spectra ) t ( ! ,aurora1 x is1 ,i ?9k1 too mu* ! practice to tru/ to ! co9cid5ce 7m or less p]fect7 ( "o or p]haps two l9es out ( _m2 :]eas we "k by exp]i5ce t mo/ spectra h s well-m>k$ a g5]al z well z special "* t1 :5 once se51 !y are recogniz$ aft]w>ds ) ! greate/ ease & )\t measurem5ts4 ,an exp]i5ce & pro( ( ?is is f\nd 9 a set ( 8,photograph$ ,spectra0 :i* ! ,autotype ,company h reproduc$ = me4 ,sid5ote3 ,co9cid5ce ( "o or two l9es n suffici5t to e/abli% id5tity4 ,( c\rse no two giv5 spectra c be consid]$ id5tical unless _! pr9cipal l9es co9cide2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! co9cid5ce ( "o or two l9es out ( _m1 )\t o!r features1 _c be satisfactorily or conclusively held to e/abli% id5tity4 ,sid5ote3 ng/rm's comp>$ spectra4 ,9 ,pr(essor ,h]s*el's lett] 7,phil4 ,mag4 s]4 #d1 vol4 xlix4 p4 #ga71 ,pr(essor ng/rm's repres5tation ( ! 8spectrum ( ! gl[ dis*>ge r\nd ! negative pole ( air-vacuum tubes0 is giv51 9 comp>ison ) ! ,aurora-l9es & ^? ( olefiant gas4 ,?is illu/ration is "h introduc$4 ng/rm's repres5tation ( ! ,spectrum ( ! gl[ dis*>ge r\nd ! negative pole ( ,air-vacuum tubes1 & its comp>ison ) ! ,spectrum ( ! ,aurora4 ,illu/ration3 ,wave-l5g?s1 9 hundr$-?\s&?s ( a millimetre4 ,x is un=tunate t 9 ?is illu/ration & 9 ,pr(essor ,h]s*el's pap] ! wave-l5g?s ( ! ,aurora-l9es are n giv5 9 figures1 b mu/ be r\ghly calculat$ f ! scale4 ,pr(essor ,h]s*el speaks ( ng/rm's draw+ z repres5t+ a normal spectrum1 & z d]iv$ f au!ntic s\rces1 su* z ,vogel1 ,b>k]1 & o!rs2 b beyond ?is we are n c]ta9 z to its orig94 ,9 illu/ration ( ! difficulty ( con/ruct+ any ?+ l a g5]al typical ,aurora-spectrum ,i app5d a ,table ( eight ,auroral spectra tak5 at haz>d3-- ,sid5ote3 ,table ( comp>$ ,aurora4 ,auroral l9es & b&s4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,obs]v]s4 ,r$4 ,yell[4 ,gre54,blue4 ,indigo4 ,violet4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #dfid ,vogel1 ,april #i1 #ahga #fbigeefiecij #ebcc #eahi #ejjd -- to -- #dfbi ,b>k]1 ,nov4 #i1 #ahga #fbcjefbj -- -- #eagj #ejbj #dhbj -- -- #eccj #ejej #dicj #dgdj ,b>k]1 ,oct4 #ad1 #ahgcfcjjeeej -- to -- to to to #dcaj #ebjj #diij #dhej #dfgj ,a4 ,cl>ke1 junr41 ,oct4 #bd1 #ahgj #efij -- #ecbj -- -- #dhej -- #dcej ,backh\se1 #ahgc #fjfjeffj -- -- #eafe #ejae -- #dfbe #dcje ,backh\se1 ,feb4 #d1 #ahgd 99 #eegj -- -- #eahj #dihj #dhcj #dfdj #dcbj ,h4 ,r4 ,proct]1 #ahgj 99 99 -- 99 -- -- -- 99 99 ,"l ,l9dsay1 #ahgj -- 99 99 99 99 -- -- -- 99 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ 99 ,mr4 ,proct]'s & ,"l ,l9dsay's l9es _h no wave-l5g?s4 ,sid5ote3 ng/rm's draw+ discuss$4 ,on exam9+ ng/rm's diagram x c]ta9ly seems to me t1 ^u ! %[+ ( ! draw+ itself1 ! co9cid5ces are n v exact4 ,all ?ree ( ! violet-pole b&s appe> to be less refrangible ?an ! ,aurora-l9es ) :i* !y are comp>$-! middle "o 7at #dg7 consid]ably s1 ! "o ne> ,e 7at ab\t #ebcj7 appreciably s1 & ! ?ird 7at #dc7 slightly s4 ,sid5ote3 ,diagram ( ,vogel's ,aurora & violet-pole spectrum4 ,z x seem$ desirable to adopt a specific ,aurora-spectrum = comp>ison1 & to %[ su* comp>ison on a some:at l>g] scale ?an ng/rm's draw+1 ,i prep>$ ! diagram %[n on ,plate ,,xi4 fig4 #a4 ,! upp] spectrum is ,vogel's1 already describ$ & figur$ on ,plate ,,xiii4 ,! l[] spectrum is t ( 8,air1 violet pole10 ,plate ,,xv4 spectrum #b1 graphically %[n4 ,i c only f9d "o absolute co9cid5ce 9 ! two comp>$ spectra 9 ?is diagram4 ,x %\ld1 too1 ,i ?9k1 be borne 9 m9d t !re is a great diff]5ce 9 ! "* ( ! comp>$ spectra1 :e!r z %[n 9 ng/rm's draw+ or m9e--! b&s ( ! violet-pole spectrum mo/ly degrad+ t[>ds ! violet1 :ile ! l9es or b&s ( ! ,aurora 9 no way possess t "*#ad4 ,sid5ote3 ,dr4 ,vogel's violet-pole & ,aurora-l9es4 ,to assi/ 9 ! =ego+ violet-pole comp>ison ,i add ! foll[+ ,table d]iv$ f ,dr4 ,vogel's memoir3-- ,violet-pole l9es4 ,aurora-l9es4 ,w4,l4 ,w4,l4 #fajj1 broad1 mod]ately #eide1 bright /ripe #fbig1 v bright /ripe4 #edei1 broad1 mod]ately #eefi1 brighte/ l9e ( spectrum4 #ebhi1 bright /ripe #ecij1 extremely fa9t l9e4 #ebbd1 v bright l9e #ebcc1 mod]ately bright4 #eadg1 fa9t l9e #eahi1 mod]ately bright4 #ejjd1 bright l9e #ejjd1 v bright l9e4 #diab1 fa9t] ?an la/4 #dhjh1 v fa9t l9e4 #ffid1 #dgjd1 v int5se l9e4 #dffc1 b& less brilliant 9 #dfdf1 v fa9t l9e4 #dfbi1 ! middle4 #defi1 mod]ately bright4 #ddhf1 mod]ately bright4 #ddag1 q fa9t l9e4 #dcdf1 mod]ately bright l9e4 #dbge1 v bright l9e4 ,on exam9ation ( ^! figures x w be se5 t #ebbd & #ebcc are fairly close1 & t #ejjd is co9cid5t4 ,beyond ^! !re is little to id5tify ! spectra4 ,sid5ote3 ,conclusions arriv$ at adv]se to ! violet-pole !ory4 ,z ! g5]al result ( my obs]vations & a comp>ison ( ! =ego+ spectra & tables1 ,i see no reason = giv+ to ! violet-pole gl[ any special or di/+ui%$ place 9 a comp>ison ) ! ,aurora1 & c]ta9ly n = assign+ to x ! ne>ly absolute monopoly ( ! spectrum4 ,x is true t ! l9e 9 ! violet-pole gl[ 7,plate ,,xv4 spectrum #b71 :i*1 by ! way1 degrades t[>ds ! r$1 is 9 close co9cid5ce ) "o ( ! ,aurora-l9es2 b h[ are ! bright] b&s & acc\nt$ =8 ,^!1 z ,i h be=e po9t$ out1 alone survive :5 ! tube is plac$ at a di/ance f ! slit4 ,x is true !y are ?us r$uc$ to %ad$-(f l9es 9 lieu ( b&s2 b ! difficulty /ill rema9s1 t !y are conspicu\s = _! abs5ce 9 ! ,aurora-spectrum4 ,on ! :ole1 ,i _c b conclude t ,pr(essor ng/rm's !ory fails4 ,at all ev5ts1 if ! violet-pole gl[-spectrum is to repres5t ! ,aurora-spectrum1 x mu/ be "u conditions diff]5t f ^? by :i* x obta9s 9 dry-air vacuum-tubes or flasks at ord9>y temp]ature4 ,sid5ote3 ,phosphoresc5ce or fluoresc5ce ( ! yell[-gre5 l9e4 #d?4 ,i feel m 9 accord ) ,pr(essor ng/rm's memoir ^u ! subject ( ! phosphoresc5ce or fluoresc5ce ( ! bright yell[-gre5 ,aurora-l9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,ext]nal features ( ,auror confirmatory ( ?is4 ,i d n notice t ! ,pr(essor t\*es ^u ! ext]nal features ( ! ,aurora 9 respect ( ?is "q4 ,octob] #bj1 #ahgj4--;,i not$ ! gr& ,auroral display ( t ev5+1 includ+ 8/ream]s ( opaque-:ite phosphoresc5t cl\d v diff]5t f ! m common transp>5t ,auroral div]g+ /reams ( light40 ,febru>y #d1 #ahgb4--;,a f9e display4 ,! fir/ signs 7 79 dull daylight7 8a lurid t+e ^u ! cl\ds1 :i* sugge/$ ! reflection ( a di/ant fire1 :ile1 scatt]$ among ^!1 torn & brok5 masses ( :ite vap\r1 hav+ a phosphoresc5t appe>ance1 rem9d$ me ( a simil> appe>ance 9 ,octob] #ahgj40 7,o!r in/ances ( ?is effect w be f\nd 9 ! section ,aurora & ,phosphoresc5ce47 ,day ,auror1 too1 we might suppose c\ld h>dly be se5 )\t ! pres5ce ( "s phosphoresc5t gl[4 ,sid5ote3 ,o!r confirmatory circum/ances4 ,conclusion 9 fav\r ( ! !ory4 ,hav+ reg>d to ! ne> proximity ( ! phosphorett$-hydrog5 b& to ! bright ,aurora-l9e1 to ! circum/ance ( ?is b& bright5+ by r$uction ( temp]ature 7a ph5om5on probably connect$ ) ozone71 to ! peculi> bright5+ ( "o l9e 9 ! gre5 9 ! 8,aurora0 & 8phosphoresc5t0 tubes 7! phosphoresc5t tubes probably conta9+ ,o71 & to ! obs]v$ circum/ance t ! electric dis*>ge has a phosphoresc5t or fluoresc5t aft]-gl[ 7isolat$1 ,i believe1 by ,f>aday71 ,i feel !re is /rong evid5ce 9 fav\r ( su* an orig9 to ! pr9cipal ,aurora-l9e1 if n to ! r$ l9e z well4 ,sid5ote3 ,inv>iability ( gas-spectra que/ion$4 #e?4 ,pr(essor ng/rm op5s a wide door to discussion 9 8 proposition ( ! inv>iability ( gas-spectra1 & ,i d n n[ attempt to foll[ 9 detail ?is int]e/+ "p ( ! pres5t subject4 ,suffice x to say1 t if ! ,pr(essor lays d[n ?is proposition 9 its /ricte/ s5se 7,i c h>dly suppose he s meant x71 !re is1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 no "o spectrum t c at all claim comp>ison ) ! ,aurora-spectrum4 ,giv+ great] latitude to ! ,pr(essor's words1 ,i reply1 ^u compet5t au?ority1 t l9es v>y 9 numb] & brilliancy ) temp]ature1 & 9 bread? ) pressure4 ,kir*h(f1 too1 9 speak+ ( vap\r-films z increas+ ! int5sity ( l9es1 /ates 8x may happ5 t ! spectrum appe>s to be totally *ang$ :5 ! mass ( vap\r is alt]$40 ,we may1 too1 n[ add magnetism z capable ( effect+ a *ange 9 c]ta9 spectra1 n only z to brilliancy1 b ev5 z to position ( l9es4 7,*aut>d's ,rese>*es1 #8,philosophical ,magaz9e1' #d? s]ies1 vol4 #a4 p4 #gg1 & exp]im5ts detail$ 9 ,*ap4 ,,iii4 ( ?is "w47 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,oxyg5-,,spectrum ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,aurora 7,,proct] ,,& ,,s*u/]74 ,sid5ote3 ,proct]'s oxyg5-spectrum4 ,9 a communication to #8,nature1' ,mr4 ,h4 ,r4 ,proct] has po9t$ out an app>5t co9cid5ce 9 position ( sev]al ( ! ,auroral l9es ) ^? ( a spectrum occasionally obta9$ f air at l[ pressure ) a feeble dis*>ge4 ,x is1 he says1 sometimes exhibit$ 9 lumire 7phosphoresc5t87 tubes1 & he believ$ x1 9 "p at lea/1 to be ! spectrum describ$ by ,wlln] 7,philosophical ,magaz9e1 ,june #ahfi7 z a new spectrum ( oxyg54 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ obta9$4 ,he _h obta9$ x v vividly 9 pure electrolyz$ oxyg5 ) a feeble dis*>ge1 b "s p]plex+ obs]vations made him d\btful ( its orig94 ,plate ,,xi4 fig4 #d gives a repres5tation ( ?is spectrum z %[n by ,mr4 ,proct]1 except t my draw+ is 9 black = :ite4 ,sid5ote3 ,comp>$ spectra describ$4 ,! upp] spectrum is t above m5tion$1 ! c5tre "o t ( ! ,aurora1 ! l[] "o ! l9es ( ,na & ,h = comp>ison4 ,! ,auroral yell[-gre5 l9e1 9 ,janu>y #ahgj1 0 f\nd by ,mr4 ,proct] co9cid5t ) a bright l9e or b& 9 ! tube 7) a spectroscope ( a #fj bisulphide prism1 & magnify+-p[] ab\t six74 ,! ?ird & fif? l9es 9 ! ,aurora seem$ also to correspond ) tube-l9es4 ,z to ^! ,mr4 ,proct] says !y 7 n bright en\gh to be comp>$ ) ! same accuracy z ! yell[-gre5 l9e1 b t ! positions c\ld n be f> wrong4 ,sid5ote3 ,mr4 ,proct]'s subsequ5t views4 ,yell[-gre5 l9e trac$ to "s =m ( hydroc>bon4 ,mr4 ,proct] subsequ5tly 7#8,ed9burgh ,encyclopdia1' art4 8,aurora07 consid]$ he trac$ ! yell[-gre5 tube-l9e to "s =m ( hydroc>bon4 ,on exam9ation ) in/rum5ts ( great] disp]sion1 x 0 f\nd t1 ?\gh m refrangible ?an ! fir/ b& ( citron acetyl5e 7c&le-flame71 x 0 less s ?an ! ,aurora-l9e4 ,! tube-b&1 too1 0 %ad$ t[>ds ! violet1 :i* 0 n ! case ) ! ,aurora-l9e4 ,! "q z betwe5 hydroc>bon & oxyg5 ,i did n !n consid] z dispos$ (4 ,) ! lumire tubes ! "q might be op51 b ,i did n see h[ x c\ld be 9 ! case ( ! electrolyz$ oxyg5-spectrum4 ,f a comp>ison ( ! tube-spectra1 ,i h %[n t al?\gh ! spectra ( ! c>bon & oxyg5 tubes are prov$ to be1 photographically1 z a :ole1 di/9ct1 !y h1 z to position ( "s ( ! pr9cipal l9es 9 ! c5tral "p ( ! spectrum1 a v close resemblance4 ,sid5ote3 ,probability t ,o may play a "p 9 ! ,aurora-spectrum4 ,t oxyg5 may 9 "s =m play a "p 9 ! ,aurora seems highly probable2 h[ f> x is spectroscopically detect$ seems a diff]5t "q4 ,sid5ote3 ,diff]5ce betwe5 air-sp>k & tube-spectra4 ng/rm & ,h]s*el sugge/ its pres5ce 9 ! ,aurora 9 connexion ) phosphoresc5ce or fluoresc5ce4 ,) a sp>k-dis*>ge 9 air at ord9>y pressure1 a mix$ spectrum ( bright l9es ( ,n & ,o is f\nd2 :ile 9 ! case ( ,geissl] vacuum-tubes 7repres5t+ a gl[-dis*>ge 9 a mu* m r>efi$ atmosph]e7 ! ,n l9es appe> ma9ly to usurp ! spectrum4 ,sid5ote3 ,h,o tube ref]r$ to4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be borne 9 m9d t a ,geissl] tube1 z to temp]ature at lea/1 9 no way repres5ts ! conditions ( ! ,aurora2 & :5 we rememb] ! association ( oxyg5 & ozone1 & ! way 9 :i* ! latt] is affect$ by heat1 x may well be t temp]ature plays an important "p 9 ! matt]4 ,9 pro( ( ?is conduct ( oxyg51 x may be cit$ t1 9 ! case ( a ,h,o tube1 ! ,h l9es come out %>p & brilliant 9 ! spectrum1 :ile :at is se5 ( ! ,o l9es is comp>atively weak1 mi/y1 & ill-def9$4 ,vogel1 x w be rememb]$1 makes #eahi ( ! ,aurora co9cid5t ) an ,o l9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,residual phosphoresc5ce 9 ,geissl] tubes4 ,g>l& tube4 ,pr(essor ,h]s*el has po9t$ out1 & ,i h confirm$1 t ! residual phosphoresc5ce 9 ,geissl] tubes1 aft] ! sp>k has pass$1 is probably associat$ ) oxyg54 ,he also alludes to ! fact t :5 "o ( ! globes ( a 8,g>l&0 tube 0 heat$1 x did n %9e aft] ! sp>k _h pass$1 app>5tly because ( ! de/ruction ( ! ozone by heat4 ,"s exp]im5ts ) a tube ( ?is description w be f\nd detail$ 9 ,"p ,,iii4 ,oxyg5 0 n1 ,i ?9k1 ! gas x 0 fill$ )4 ,sid5ote3 ,dr4 ,s*u/]'s tubes describ$4 ,subsequ5tly to my exam9ation & comp>ison ( ! ,o & ,,co spectra be=e detail$1 ,dr4 ,ar?ur ,s*u/] 0 good en\gh to s5d me ?ree vacuum-tubes ( 8 own prep>ation1 %[+ an oxyg5-spectrum4 ,"o1 ) l>ge disk-%ap$ brass electrodes1 0 un=tunately brok5 9 transit4 ,dr4 ,s*u/] in=m$ me x %[$ ! c>bonic-oxide spectrum z well z t ( oxyg54 ,! o!r two tubes _h alum9ium electrodes4 ,!y 7 simil> 9 %ape to ord9>y ,geissl] tubes1 b _h atta*$ to ea* a supplem5tal bulb conta9+ dry oxide ( manganese4 ,illum9at$ by ! l>g] coil1 "o ( ^! tubes 7:i* _h a slight crack 9 ! manganese bulb7 light$ up fa9tly2 ! o!r 0 fairly bright1 & ! gl[ _h a some:at r$di% t9t4 ,plate ,,xviii4 fig4 #ae repres5ts z ! upp] spectrum ,vogel's ,aurora1 ) ,w4,l4 numb]s1 z ! middle spectrum ! capill>y "p ( ,dr4 ,s*u/]'s ,o tube1 & z ! l[] spectrum ! negative 7violet7 pole ( ! same tube4 ,sid5ote3 ,spectra describ$4 ,! tube-spectra 7 mapp$ out ) ! aid ( ! diaphragm micromet] be=e describ$4 ,sid5ote3 ,capill>y4 ,! capill>y spectrum 0 ma9ly di/+ui%$ by f\r bright %>p l9es--"o 9 ! r$1 betwe5 ! r$ ,aurora-l9e & ,d1 two 9 ! gre51 b consid]ably m refrangible ?an ! yell[-gre5 ,aurora-l9e1 :ile ! f\r? 0 f\nd to be hydrog5 ,f4 ,! o!r l9es 9 ! spectrum 7 consid]ably fa9t]1 & mi/y & b&-l4 ,! r$ l9e1 ?\gh n brilliant1 0 fairly bright & %>p4 ,! place ( ! less refrangible ( ! two bright b&s 9 ! violet-pole spectrum 0 occupi$ 9 ! capill>y spectrum by a fa9t gl[ only4 ,sid5ote3 ,violet-pole4 ,! violet-pole spectrum 0 recogniz$ by two v bright broad b&s ( light 9 ! gre51 ea* includ+ )9 its limits "o ( ! ,aurora-l9es4 ,! bright r$ l9e 9 ! capill>y _h a fa9t repres5tative 9 ! violet-pole spectrum1 z also _h ! two bright l9es 9 ! gre54 ,o!r fa9t] l9es appe>$ 9 ! blue1 & ?ree fairly bright ones t[>ds ! violet4 ,sid5ote3 ,dr4 ,s*u/]'s rem>ks on ! spectra4 ,dr4 ,s*u/] rem>ks t "o ( ^! ,o bright b&s is closely co9cid5t ) a b& 9 ! ,,co spectrum1 b t ! ,,co b& is bright t[>ds "o edge & fades (f gradually !nce1 :ile ! ,o b& is ( pretty uni=m /r5g? ?r\gh\t4 ,dr4 ,s*u/] f9ds ! wave-l5g?s ( ! violet-pole ,o b&s to be z foll[s3-- #ebjej #ebibe ,brighte/ "p #ebee4 #eeebh #efbif ,brighte/ "p #eehf4 ,sid5ote3 ,8 tubes free f impurity4 ,he also gives z weak b&s #ehdj-eijj & #eifi-fjaj4 ,dr4 ,s*u/] comes to ! conclusion t ! gre5 l9e ( ! ,aurora is n due to oxyg51 z1 "u consid]able disp]sion & ) good def9ition1 ! oxyg5-b&s c be brok5 up into a s]ies ( l9es1 :5 ! brighte/ "p is f\nd to lie at #eehf1 :i* is too mu* t[>ds ! r$ to comp>e ) ! ,aurora-l9e4 ,he notices t ! m refrangible ( ! ,o b&s corresponds ) a l9e sometimes se5 9 ! ,aurora 7,vogel's #ebcc74 ,! same rem>k w1 h[ev]1 apply to ?is la/ z to ! o!r co9cid5ce1 viz41 t a broad b& c h>dly repres5t a l9e--at lea/1 ! l9e c only be said to co9cide 9 a loose & indef9ite way4 ,x is evid5t t ,dr4 ,s*u/]'s tubes 7 free f :at mu/ n[ be consid]$ an impurity 9 ^? exam9$ by me & by ,dr4 ,vogel1 & t ,mr4 ,proct]'s suspicions ( c>bon impurities 9 ^!1 & ! ord9>y oxyg5-tubes1 are !reby q confirm$4 ,sid5ote3 ,exp]im5ts ) an op5 ,geissl] tube4 ,9 "s exp]im5ts :i* we made 7aft] receiv+ ,dr4 ,s*u/]'s tubes7 ) an op5 ,geissl] tube1 s arrang$ z to connect ) an air-pump & gas-receiv]1 & ?us f "t to "t to wa% out ! tube & v>y its cont5ts1 we f\nd ! same impure spectrum z 9 ! case ( ! seal$ ,o tubes2 & x seems to require a v l>ge am\nt ( precaution to avoid ^! impurities4 ,sid5ote3 ,spectra ( ,dr4 ,s*u/]'s ,o tube exam9$4 ,dr4 ,s*u/] 0 k9d en\gh to exam9e ! spectra ,i mapp$ out1 & :i* are %[n 9 ,plate ,,xviii4 fig4 #ae1 ) ! foll[+ results3--,! l9es ,o1 ,o1 ,o are ^? he has ref]r$ to "u t designation 9 8 communications to #8,nature1' & und\bt$ly belong to oxyg54 ,! b&s ,a1 ,b1 & ,c are ! b&s *>act]i/ic ( ! negative pole4 ,he f9ds ,a divid$ into two p>ts by a d>k space4 ,! spectrum ( ! negative pole1 "u good exhau/ion1 /ret*es into ! capill>y "p2 h5ce ,b appe>s 9 ! capill>y z a fa9t b&4 ,a simil> ?+ happ5s ) nitrog54 ,i41 ,,ii41 ,,iii41 & possibly #h & #i1 he ?9ks1 are due to ! sp>k-spectrum ( oxyg51 obta9$ :5 ! j> & a break are int]pos$1 ! bright] l9es ( ! l9e-spectrum be+ always pres5t at ! negative pole4 ,^! la/-m5tion$ l9es ,i h already ref]r$ to1 z hav+ be5 f\nd by me 9 a tube %[+ phosphoresc5ce aft] ! sp>k has pass$4 7,comp>e ,plate ,,xviii4 fig4 #ae1 ,o violet pole1 ) ,plate ,,xv4 spectrum #e47 ,nos4 #a & #b1 he ?9ks1 are due to "s =eign matt]1 z !y are n 9 all 8 tubes4 ,dr4 ,s*u/] (t5 f9ds t a spectrum due to ! alum9ium electrodes is se5 9 tubes "u great exhau/ion2 & ?is he consid]s is ! spectrum ( alum9ium oxide4 ,a draw+ ( ?is spectrum is f\nd 9 ,watts's #8,index ( ,spectra1' plate iii41 8,alum9ium fir/ ,spectrum40 ,to ?is1 he ?9ks1 are also due ! b&s1 or sets ( l9es 9 my alum9ium-arc spectrum 7#8,photograph$ ,spectra1' plate ii471 & he believes l9es #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 & #g 9 ! mapp$-out spectra are due to x4 ,x w\ld ?us appe> t ! l9es due to ,o are few 9 numb]1 & d n well comp>e ) ! ,aurora-spectrum4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,magneto-,,electric ,,exp]im5ts ,,9 ,,connexion ,,) ,,! ,,aurora4 ,,introduction4 ,sid5ote3 ,object ( exp]im5ts4 ,description ( app>atus employ$4 ,electro-magnet4 ,batt]y4 ,! set ( exp]im5ts detail$ 9 ,*apt]s ,,xiv4 to ,,xix4 0 ma9ly conduct$ = ! purpose ( te/+1 9 connexion ) ! ,aurora1 ! action ( a magnet ^u ! electric gl[ 9 vacuo & on ! sp>k at ord9>y pressure4 ,x also includes "s obs]vations on ! gl[ f ! violet pole ) & )\t ! magnet1 & on ! gl[ obta9$ f "o wire only4 ,! app>atus employ$ 0 a ,ladd's electro-magnet1 ) poles #aj in*es high by #b in*es across1 ea* pole be+ surr\nd$ by a movable helix1 compos$ ( two sets ( /\t copp] wire w\nd toge!r1 s t !y c\ld be us$ ei!r 9 "o l5g? or z indep5d5t coils excit$ at ! same "t4 ,! latt] =m ( arrangem5t 0 employ$ by u4 ,9 mo/ ( ! exp]im5ts conical armatures 7 employ$ = ! purpose ( br++ ! action ( ! poles to be> ^u ! subjects exam9$4 ,a contact-mak] 0 add$ to ! magnet1 s t x c\ld be put rapidly 9 or out ( action )\t di/urb+ ! wires4 ,! batt]y us$ to excite ! magnet 0 ( ! =m kn[n z t ( ,dr4 ,hugg9s1 & consi/$ ( f\r vulcanite cells 9 a frame1 ea* hold+ sev5 p9ts ( bi*romate solution1 & conta9+ two c>bon & "o z9c plate1 ea* #ac by #f in*es4 ,sid5ote3 ,small coils4 ,l>g] coil4 ,magnetic curves obta9$4 ,a w9* & pulley enabl$ ! :ole set ( plates to be l[]$ into ! liquid & )drawn at pleasure1 & ! l>ge quantity ( solution gave ! batt]y a consid]able am\nt ( con/ancy4 ,we f\nd x c\ld be us$ = two ev5+s' "w1 ( f\r h\rs ea*1 )\t any mat]ial dropp+ 9 p[]4 ,= obta9+ ! gl[ 9 ! ,geissl] & o!r small tubes1 a ,ruhmkorff coil1 giv+ a -in* sp>k1 excit$ by "o plate ( a -gallon bi*romate 7bottle =m71 0 us$4 ,= ! gl[ 9 ! l>g] tubes & ! sp>k 9 air a l>g] coil1 giv+ a two-to ?ree-in* sp>k1 & work$ by two -gallon d\ble-plate bi*romates1 0 employ$4 ,notes 7 tak5 ( ! exp]im5ts1 & draw+s ( ! effects at ! "t2 & ^! are reproduc$ almo/ lit]ally 9 ! text & ,plates compris$ 9 ?is ,"p4 ,to asc]ta9 ! direction & ext5t ( ! magnetic curves1 we cov]$ l>ge %eets ( c>dbo>d1 plac$ ov] ! poles1 ) iron fil+s2 excit$ ! magnet s z to obta9 ! curves1 & !n obta9$ p]man5t pr9ts f ! fil+s by spray+ ! c>dbo>d ) tann9 solution4 ,! magnetic effects 7 ?us f\nd to ext5d to a radius ( at lea/ t5 in*es 7see diagram1 ,plate ,,xvii4 fig4 #a1 %[+ magnet-poles & curves on a scale74 ,sid5ote3 ,*aut>d's inve/igations kept 9 view4 ,evid5ce obta9$ ( *ange 9 col\r1 =m1 c4 ( ,aurora4 ng/rm's flask-exp]im5t tri$4 ,9 ! vacuum-tube exp]im5ts we held ,mons4 ,j4 ,*aut>d's inve/igations 7on ! action ( magnets on r>efi$ gases 9 capill>y tubes r5d]$ lum9\s by ! induc$ curr5t1 ,phil4 ,mag4 #d? s]ies1 vol4 #a4 p4 #gg7 9 view4 ,we obta9$ 9 our exp]im5ts pl5ty ( evid5ce ( a *ange ( col\r & =m 9 ! dis*>ge "u ! magnetic influ5ce2 & bo? simple & comp\nd spectra 7 f\nd to be mu* v>i$ by ! exaltation or suppression ( "s p>ts ( ! spectrum1 s t app>5tly new l9es sprang up2 b we fail$ to trace actual *ange ( position or wave-l5g? 9 any giv5 l9e1 ?\gh we c>efully look$ = x4 ,a portion ( our rese>*es 0 direct$ to ! subject ( ng/rm's exp]im5t ( fill+ a dry flask ) a violet gl[1 analog\s to t f ! negative pole4 ,we entirely fail$ 9 obta9+ ! same result :ile two wires & an un9t]rupt$ circuit 7 employ$4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we atta*$ a negative wire only 7! o!r wire be+ left free7 to an exhau/$ globul> receiv]1 we obta9$ an effect v simil> to t ref]r$ to 9 ,pr(4 ng/rm's memoir4 ,sid5ote3 ,g5]al results ( exp]im5ts4 ,bulb effects notic$ z a mode ( analysis ( gases4 ,! g5]al result ( ! exp]im5ts 0 to prove1 assum+ ! ,aurora to be an electric dis*>ge1 ! great influ5ce ! magnetic =ces may ex]cise on ! col\rs1 =m1 motions1 & probably ! spectrum also ( t ph5om5on4 ,x is easy to conceive t ! v>iation 9 numb]1 & int5sity ( ! l9es :i* has be5 rem>k$ 9 ,auroral spectra may h its orig9 9 su* a cause4 ,! influ5ce ( ! magnet on ! capill>y /ream 0 ma9ly 9 col\r & int5sity2 b 9 ! bulbs ! effects 7 /ill m m>k$ & /rik+1 &1 9 a great] or less degree1 diff]5t 9 ! case ( ea* gas :i* we exam9$4 ,a c>eful & ext5d$ /udy ( ^! effects1 conjo9tly ) ! *anges 9 ! spectrum1 might possibly =m a new & valuable mode ( analysis ( comp\nd gases4 ,?is is well illu/rat$ 9 ! case ( ! iod9e & sulphur tubes :i* we exam9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xvii4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,geissl] ,,tubes ,,"u ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,magnet4 ,nitrog5-tubes4 ,sid5ote3 ,nitrog5-tube ,no4 #a4 ,dis*>ge describ$4 ,spectrum describ$4 ,capill>y /ream4 ,positive bulb4 ,violet-pole gl[4 7#a7 ,a small ,geissl] tube 7,no4 #a7 0 light$ up by ! small coil4 ,! capill>y "p %[$ a v bright1 slightly rosy-t9t$ /ream4 ,negative bulb 0 fill$ ) rosy-purple light1 ! violet-pole gl[ be+ conf9$ to ! ext5t ( ! electrode4 ,positive bulb ( ! same rosy-purple col\r1 b /ream slightly contract$ 9 volume4 ,gl[ ?r\gh\t quiesc5t1 & no /ratification 9 ! tube4 ,a comp\nd-prism spectroscope1 tak+ 9 ! :ole ( ! spectrum1 %[$ 9 ! capill>y /ream1 f yell[ to r$1 a fairly bright w$ge1 hav+ a d>k b& 9 ! c5tre1 & six bright columns1 ) d>k l9es at int]vals1 %ad+ (f on ei!r side4 ,on ! m refrangible side ( ! yell[1 ! spectrum 0 compos$ ( a set ( bright b&s & l9es 9 ! gre51 blue1 & purple1 "o l9e only 79 ! gre57 /&+ out v bright4 ,9 ! yell[ & r$ no bright l9e /ood out alone4 ,! positive bulb gave a fa9t] spectrum ( ! same "*1 ma9ly conf9$ to ! c5tre1 ! violet1 yell[1 & r$ n be+ well se54 ,:5 ! violet-pole gl[ 0 exam9$1 ! g5]al "* ( ! spectrum 0 q *ang$3 a brilliant broad b& 9 ! violet1 a bright n>r[] "o 9 ! blue1 & two bright l9es 9 ! gre51 ) int]m$iate fa9t] l9es ?r\gh\t1 7 ! ma9 features4 ,! yell[ & r$ "p ( ! spectrum 0 also *ang$4 ,! yell[ 0 fairly & ev5ly di/9ct up to ! d>k b&2 !n came a some:at bright] orange b&1 & aft] t ! r$1 b r obscure & cut (f4 ,no absolutely bright l9e c\ld be trac$ 9 ! r$4 ,sid5ote3 ,nitrog5-tube ,no4 #b4 ,gl[ describ$4 ,diff]5ce ( spectra ( capill>y /ream & violet-pole gl[4 ,junction ( ! violet-pole gl[ & capill>y /ream4 7#b7 ,to comp>e ! capill>y /ream & ! violet-gl[1 a second nitrog5-tube 7,no4 #b7 0 us$4 ,?is tube 0 l>g] 9 bulk & bore ?an ,no4 #a4 ,! gl[ 9 ! bulbs 0 consid]ably fa9t] & m salmon-col\r$2 & !re 0 mu* /ratification 9 bo?1 ext5d+ to ! capill>y bore4 7,?is /ratification 0 consid]$ due to ,h1 z ! ?ree pr9cipal l9es ( t gas came out v brightly 9 ! spectrum47 ,! diff]5ce ( ! spectra ( ! capill>y /ream & ( ! violet-pole gl[ 0 extremely well m>k$--! =m] consi/+ ( a set ( bright l9es & b&s ( fairly uni=m int5sity1 :ile ! latt] 0 split up into a few bright b&s ) fa9t] l9es betwe54 ,! yell[ & r$ ( ! violet-gl[ 7 v weak z comp>$ ) ! same region ( ! capill>y spectrum4 ,no bright l9e appe>$ 9 ! r$4 ,! tube be+ prop]ly adju/$ = ! purpose1 ! junction ( ! violet-pole gl[ & ! capill>y r$-gl[ 0 easily obs]v$4 ,! bright b&s ( ! violet-pole 7 se5 to run into ! capill>y l9e-spectrum1 & !n1 gradually gett+ f9] & m po9t$1 to fade out4 ,sid5ote3 ,tube ,no4 #a betwe5 ! poles ( ! magnet4 ,*ange ( col\r 9 capill>y /ream4 8,tail+-ov]0 ( capill>y /ream4 7#c7 ,! capill>y "p ( tube ,no4 #a 0 arrang$ betwe5 ! poles ( ,ladd's electro-magnet1 ! conical ends ( ! armatures almo/ t\*+ ! tube 7,plate ,,xvii4 fig4 #a74 ,) ! magnet n excit$1 ! capill>y /ream 0 bright & ( a slightly rosy-yell[ t+e4 ,x v>i$ a little 9 app>5t diamet] ) ! curr5t4 ,z soon z ! magnet 0 excit$ ! capill>y /ream1 z also 79 a less degree7 t 9 ! bulbs1 7 se5 to contract1 & to *ange f a rosy t9t to a di/9ctly blue-violet4 ,! poli%$ armatures1 act+ z reflectors1 %[$ ?is *ange ( t9t 9 a mo/ m>k$ mann] ea* "t ! magnet 0 excit$4 ,at ! same "t ! capill>y /ream 0 se5 to run into ! negative bulb1 z if ov]fl[+1 & ) an effect resembl+ ! 8tail+-ov]0 ( a gas-flame4 ,?is effect took place ea* "t ! magnet 0 excit$1 & 0 n f\nd at ! positive-bulb end4 ,sid5ote3 ,spectrum exam9$4 ,occasionally1 :5 ! magnet 0 excit$1 fla%es ( light 7 dis*>g$ 9 ! negative bulb f ! capill>y t[>ds ! violet-pole4 ,! spectrum 0 !n c>efully exam9$4 ,no *ange 0 se5 9 ! actual position ( any ( ! l9es or b&s :5 ! tube 0 influ5c$ by ! magnet1 b ^? t[>ds ! violet end ( ! spectrum 7 conspicu\sly bright5$4 ,sid5ote3 ,negative bulb betwe5 poles ( ! magnet4 ,positive bulb )9 action ( ! magnet4 7#d7 ,! extremity ( ! negative bulb 0 n[ plac$ betwe5 ! poles ( ! magnet4 ,a bright violet-col\r$ arc1 foll[+ ! magnetic curve1 0 at once =m$1 z 9 ! case ( ! l>ge ,plck] tubes2 & at ! same "t a /raight /ream ( n v bright light ran along ! bulb4 ,! positive bulb 0 next plac$ )9 ! action ( ! magnet2 & imm$iately a brilliant spiral ( flick]+ light appe>$ 9 ! bulb1 light+ x up1 & rem9d+ "o 9 %ape ( ! spiral :i* wat] =ms on be+ p\r$ f a lipp$ jug 7see ,plate ,,xvii4 fig4 #i74 ,sid5ote3 ,spiral =m$4 ,?is 0 repeat$ ea* "t ! magnet 0 excit$4 ,! spiral1 ?\gh flick]+ 9 "*1 0 p]man5t 9 =m1 & incl9$ to ! side ( ! tube :i* 0 9 contact ) ! ,n pole ( ! magnet4 ,oxyg5-tubes4 ,sid5ote3 ,o tube ,no4 #a2 spectrum describ$4 ,a tube 7,no4 #a7 0 light$ up & exam9$ ) ! spectroscope1 & f\nd to give ! spectrum %[n on ,plate ,,xiv4 spectrum #c1 b ) a /rong set ( ,h l9es 9 addition4 ,sid5ote3 ,o tube ,no4 #b2 spectrum describ$4 ,a second tube 7,no4 #b7 0 !n light$ up4 ,! spectrum 0 a bright "o1 simil> to ! =ego+1 ! pr9cipal ,h l9es be+ pres5t1 b n /rong4 ,sid5ote3 ,tube-gl[ describ$4 ,effect ^u gl[ :5 magnet excit$4 ,bulbs betwe5 poles ( ! magnet4 ,effect ( magnet on spectrum4 ,! r$ region 0 indi/9ct1 & %[$ no prom95tly bright l9e4 ,! bulbs 7 ma9ly ( a slightly blue-grey t9t1 ) a /eady gl[4 ,capill>y /ream q pale :ite1 ) a v slight t+e ( r$4 ,violet-gl[ small & conf9$ to ! electrode4 ,^u ! magnet be+ excit$1 ! capill>y /ream became int5sely bright]1 & ! gl[ 9 bo? bulbs contract$ into a s+le bright /ream1 :i* curv$ t[>ds ! sides ( ! bulbs at "r angles to ! magnetic poles1 & *ang$ f side to side ) ! curr5t4 ,?is effect 0 v m>k$1 & 0 m app>5t 9 ! positive ?an ! negative pole4 ,a fa9t /ratification 0 se5 9 bo? bulbs4 ,^u ei!r bulb be+ plac$ betwe5 ! armatures1 ! gl[ left ! electrode po9t & cond5s$ into "o bright /ream1 runn+ along ! side ( ! tube & curv+ at ea* end 7,plate ,,xvii4 fig4 #aj74 ,no trace :atev] ( t5d5cy to =m a spiral 0 se54 ,! spectrum ) ! magnet on 0 v conspicu\sly bright5$ up ?r\gh\t4 ,a set ( flut$ b&s ) a bright l9e among !m appe>$ 9 ! r$1 & sev]al l9es or b&s appe>$ 9 ! violet :i* c\ld n be se5 be=e4 ,! bright r$ l9e1 ^u measurem5t1 prov$ to be ! hydrog5-l9e ,c4 ,x ?us seem$ bright] 9 proportion ?an ! ,f l9e1 al?\gh1 ) ! magnet (f1 ! latt] 0 well se51 :ile ! ,c 0 n4 ,no actual *ange 9 position ( ! spectrum-l9es c\ld be detect$4 ,x is to be notic$ t ! ,o tubes employ$ 7 ^? us$ by me 9 =m] exp]im5ts1 & _h ! bright l9es n[ attribut$ to hydroc>bon impurity4 ,_! bulb-effects diff]$1 h[ev]1 entirely f ^? ( ! ,,co tube4 7,comp>e figs4 #aj & #aa1 ,plate ,,xvii47 ,hydrog5-tubes4 ,sid5ote3 ,h tube1 ,no4 #a2 gl[ describ$4 ,a small ,h ,geissl] tube 7,no4 #a7 0 select$1 & light$ up by ! small coil4 ,! capill>y 0 a bright :ite-p9k /ream1 ) a t5d5cy to r$d5 at times4 ,! bulbs 7 bo? ( a fa9t blue-grey t9t1 ) co>se l5ticul> /ratification4 ,! violet-pole gl[ 0 pale & :ite z comp>$ ) t ( ,n4 ,sid5ote3 ,:5 ! magnet 0 excit$1 :ole "* ( tube *ang$4 ,unexcit$ spectrum describ$4 ,effect :5 magnet 0 excit$4 ,:5 ! magnet 0 excit$1 ! :ole "* ( ! tube *ang$4 ,! capill>y /ream dim9i%$ 9 brightness & 9 app>5t volume1 & *ang$ to a deep amb]-yell[4 ,! bulbs lo/ "s ( _! light1 & _! co>se /ratification2 be+1 9 lieu1 fill$ ) a v]tical cond5s$ /ream ( mod]ate light1 9 :i* a f9e /ratification only 0 se54 ,! /ream 9 ! positive bulb _h a t5d5cy to ! spiral =m4 ,! capill>y1 ea* "t ! magnet 0 excit$1 8tail$ ov]0 into ! negative bulb1 z 9 ! case ( ,n1 look+ z if x 7 squeez$ out ( ! capill>y bore4 ,! unexcit$ spectrum 0 f\nd to consi/ ( ! usual pr9cipal l9es ( ,h on a cont9u\s gl[1 ) ! int]m$iate b&s & f9] l9es1 :i* are usually suspect$ to be due to impurity4 ,! sodium-l9e 0 also se54 ,:5 ! magnet 0 excit$1 ! spectrum grew mu* fa9t]--! cont9u\s gl[ 9 ! r$ & blue1 & ! r$ & blue l9es1 ne>ly disappe>+1 & ! l9e 9 ! gre5 alone %9+ out conspicu\sly4 ,no *ange ( place 9 ! l9es c\ld be notic$4 ,sid5ote3 ,no4 #b ,h tube2 effects describ$4 ,a long] ,h tube 7,no4 #b7 0 !n tri$1 ) simil> effects1 except t ! dim9ution 9 brightness 0 n s conspicu\s4 ,:5 ! negative bulb ( ! tube ,no4 #a 0 plac$ betwe5 ! poles ( ! magnet1 a /ream ( light 0 =m$1 & ! /ratification became f9]4 ,! same effect took place ) ! positive bulb1 ) a t5d5cy to ! spiral =m4 ,wat]-,gas 7,h,o7 tube4 ,sid5ote3 ,wat]-gas 7,h,o7 tube2 effects produc$ describ$4 ,a fa9t purple gl[ 0 se5 9 ea* bulb1 ! tube n light+-up brightly4 ,! capill>y %[$ a slightly rosy-t9t$1 grey /ream ( bright] light4 ,) ! magnet on1 ! gl[ 9 ! bulbs 0 cond5s$ into a s+le bright /ream4 ,! capill>y bright5$ up1 & assum$ a yell[ t9t--?is effect be+ pr9cipally conf9$ to t portion :i* 0 betwe5 ! conical ends ( ! armatures1 & gradually dim9i%+ z ! di/ance increas$ f ^!4 ,)\t ! magnet1 ! pr9cipal ,h l9es %[$ brightly 9 ! spectrum1 ! ,o l9es be+ mi/y & indi/9ct4 ,) ! magnet on1 ! ,o l9es & spectrum g5]ally bright5$ up4 ,ammonia-tube4 ,sid5ote3 ,ammonia-tube2 light+-up describ$4 ,spectrum describ$4 ,?is tube 0 difficult to light up4 ,h>dly any light 0 se5 9 ! bulbs1 except a v fa9t purple gl[ at ! electrodes4 ,9 ! capill>y "p a fairly bright /ream ( purple-:ite light appe>$4 ,! spectrum 0 a fa9tly %[n "o ( ,n & ,h4 ,! effect ( ! magnet 0 to r$uce ! brightness ( ! gl[ 9 ! capill>y1 b ) little m>k$ action on ! bulbs1 except to cond5se ! fa9t gl[ into a slightly bright /ream runn+ along ! side ( ! tube4 ,on a subsequ5t exam9ation ! tube & spectrum bo? bright5$ up "u ! influ5ce ( ! magnet4 ,! ,n l9es1 :i* 7 fa9t )\t ! magnet1 %one out "u its influ5ce di/9ctly--! r$ & yell[ p>ts ( ! spectrum specially %[+ ?is effect4 ,! ,h l9es also bright5$ up1 b h>dly s mu* 9 proportion z ! ,n4 ,c>bonic-,acid tube4 ,sid5ote3 ,tube m>k$ ,c ,a2 light+-up describ$4 ,a ,geissl] tube m>k$ ,c ,a 0 exam9$4 ,capill>y /ream a brilliant blui% :ite2 bulbs grey-blue1 ) a slight t9t ( gre52 slight /ratification 9 positive bulb2 /ream diffuse1 n q fill+ ! bulbs1 & *ang+ 9 volume z ! coil-break 0 t\*$2 gl[ r\nd ! violet-pole consid]able1 b m>k$ly :ite 9 t9t1 r ?an violet2 /ratification /rong 9 capill>y4 ,) magnet excit$1 ! capill>y /ream dim9i%$ 9 volume1 b greatly increas$ 9 brightness4 ,x 8tail$ ov]0 into ! negative bulb1 & ! /ream ?r\gh bo? bulbs curv$ t[>ds ! sides4 ,a slight patt]+ noise 0 he>d 9 ! tube4 ,9 ! positive bulb bright1 imp]fectly =m$1 saddle-%ap$ r+s ( light1 ) a t5d5cy to spiral =mation1 7 se51 some:at simil> to ! effects 9 ! ,plck] tube aft] describ$ 7see ,plate ,,xvii4 fig4 #aa74 ,sid5ote3 ,effects :5 magnet 0 excit$4 ,! :ole spectrum1 "u influ5ce ( ! magnet1 became mu* bright5$ up4 ,fa9t b&s 9 ! r$ came out bright1 z also did "s 9 ! violet4 ,! violet-gl[ 0 exam9$ 7)\t ! magnet71 & ! light 0 f\nd cond5s$ into f\r prom95t %ad$ b&s1 "o r$1 "o yell[-gre51 "o gre51 & "o blue1 ) fa9t] b&s se5 betwe54 ,*lor9e-tubes4 ,sid5ote3 ,*lor9e-tube ,no4 #a light$-up4 ,action ( magnet ^u ! tube & spectrum4 ,a *lor9e-tube 7,no4 #a7 0 light$-up ) ! small-coil4 ,capill>y /ream ( a pale gre5 t9t4 ,bulbs ) v little gl[ 9 !m2 spectrum pale1 & n v di/9ct4 ,"u action ( ! magnet ?is tube bright5$ up ?r\gh\t1 & ! gl[ became m cond5s$1 & ran to ! sides ( ! tube4 ,! spectrum also bright5$1 ! fa9t l9es becom+ /rong]1 b ! g5]al "* 0 pres]v$4 ,sid5ote3 ,*lor9e-tube ,no4 #b light$-up4 ,effect on gl[ :5 magnet 0 put on4 ,a second *lor9e-tube 7,no4 #b7 0 !n tri$4 ,bo? bulbs 7 completely fill$ ) a d5se :ite 7v slightly rosy-t9t$7 opaque light1 & capill>y ! same1 b bright]4 ,a v slight violet t+e 0 se5 at ! negative pole4 ,:5 ! magnet 0 put on1 bo? bulbs 7 at once fill$ ) flick]+ bright /reams ( light1 runn+ t[>ds ! side ( ! tube1 accord+ to ! direction ( ! curr5t4 ,! capill>y /ream at ! same "t *ang$ f :ite to an int5se bright gre54 ,! spectrum )\t ! magnet consi/$ ( sets ( l9es1 ) two well-m>k$ absorption-spaces betwe51 all se5 some:at fa9tly1 z if ?r\gh a mi/4 ,sid5ote3 ,*anges 9 spectrum :5 magnet 0 excit$4 ,:5 ! magnet 0 put on1 ! m>k$ "* ( ! absorption spaces 0 lo/4 ,! sets ( l9es 9 ! yell[-gre5 & gre5 />t$ up int5sely bright1 :ile ^? 9 ! blue only slightly bright5$4 ,! mi/y appe>ance 0 altoge!r lo/1 & ! bright l9es all %one up ^u a p]fectly d>k backgr\nd1 ) a /rik+ly metallic look2 we c\ld n1 h[ev]1 trace *ange ( position or actually new l9es4 ,x seem$ z if l9es :i* _h be5 fa9t 9 ! yell[-gre5 & gre5 region sudd5ly increas$ 9 int5sity1 ! o!r p>ts ( ! spectrum n be+ simil>ly influ5c$4 ,!y q fla%$ up :5 sudd5 contact 0 made ) ! magnet commutator4 ,iod9e-tubes4 ,sid5ote3 ,iod9e-tube ,no4 #a4 ,?is tube 7,no4 #a7 _h be5 us$ = photographic purposes1 & ! bulbs 7 p>tly obscur$ by a :ite deposit4 ,sid5ote3 ,light+-up describ$4 ,effect ( t\*+ "o wire ) ! f+]4 ,on light+ x up1 bo? bulbs 7 fill$ ) a violet-grey diffus$ light1 ) mu* co>se well-m>k$ l5ticul> /ratification4 ,?is /ratification 0 ma9ly lo/ on *ang+ ! direction ( ! curr5t1 b made its reappe>ance :5 "o conduct+-wire 0 t\*$ ) a f+]4 ,?is effect 0 /ill m m>k$ :5 "o f+] ( ea* h& 0 appli$ to ! wire4 ,! capill>y /ream 0 ( a pale lemon-yell[4 ,on putt+ on ! magnet ! light 9 ! :ole tube 0 ne>ly ext+ui%$1 a fa9t ?9 /ream ( cond5s$ light runn+ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! tube alone rema9+4 ,sid5ote3 ,effect ( ! magnet4 ,on plac+ ! bulbs betwe5 ! magnet-poles1 effects 7 produc$ simil> to ^? 9 ! case ( ! tube1 aft] describ$ 7p4 #add1 & m>k$ ,si ,fl71 b 9 a less m>k$ degree4 ,sid5ote3 ,tube aga9 te/$4 ,! iod9e-tube 0 subsequ5tly aga9 te/$1 & x light$-up bett] ?an on ! la/ occasion1 %[+ ne>ly ! same effects 9 bulbs & capill>y1 ! =m] hav+ some:at ( a rosy t9t & ! latt] an amb]4 ,sid5ote3 ,magnet effects4 ,! spectrum describ$4 ,*ange :5 magnet 0 excit$4 ,on excit+ ! magnet1 ! capill>y "p ( ! tube *ang$ f amb] to a decid$ light gre54 ,! spectrum1 )\t ! magnet1 gave "o v bright l9e1 & sev]al less bright ones ne>1 9 ! blue-gre54 ,! re/ ( ! spectrum1 ) ! exception ( ! absorption-spaces1 0 mi/y & cont9u\s1 ) l9es %[+ fa9tly ?r\gh4 ,! r$ & yell[ portions ( ! spectrum 7 q bright4 ,:5 ! magnet 0 excit$1 ! spectrum entirely *ang$4 ,! r$ & yell[ portions ( ! spectrum1 & ! mi/y cont9u\s light1 all q disappe>$2 :ile a set ( %>p l9es on ! yell[-gre5 & gre5 fla%$ up bright & cle>1 & /ood out alone ^u a d>k backgr\nd1 9 :i* ! absorption-spaces 7 lo/4 ,! effect 0 v /rongly m>k$1 & gave a totally diff]5t "* to ! appe>ance ( ! spectrum4 ,! *ange seem$ to arise f ! suppression ( "o "p ( ! spectrum1 & ! increase 9 int5sity ( ! l9es 9 ! o!r "p4 ,sid5ote3 ,no *ange 9 l9e-position4 ,! pr9cipal l9es c\ld n be trac$ to *ange 9 actual position4 ,?is tube diff]+ some:at f a second "o we exam9$ 7,no4 #b7 9 t9t ( gl[ & spectrum1 x sugge/$ itself to u t !re might be a p>tial mixture ( ,n or ,h 7or bo?7 ) ! iod9e vap\r1 giv+ rise to "s ( ! bright] p>ts ( ! spectrum :i* 7 ext+ui%$ "u ! action ( ! magnet4 ,sid5ote3 ,comp>ison ( iod9e-tubes ,no4 #a & ,no4 #b4 ,comp>ison ( ! spectra4 ,we !re=e comp>$ ^! two tubes1 viz4 ! old "o 7,no4 #a7 & ! new "o 7,no4 #b71 & also _! spectra1 by means ( a comp>ison-prism on ! slit ( ! spectroscope4 ,to ! eye1 ! tubes diff]$ mu* 9 appe>ance4 ,no4 #a _h a di/9ct transp>5t rosy t9t ?r\gh\t1 ) consid]able co>se flick]+ /ratification2 & ?is contra/$ /rongly ) ! d5se :iti% light ( tube ,no4 #b1 :i* %[$ nei!r movem5t nor /ratification4 ,! spectra 7 also f\nd diff]5t 9 g5]al look4 ,t ( tube ,no4 #a 0 /rongly t+$ 9 ! r$ & yell[1 & %[$ a bright cont9u\s spectrum1 cross$ by _m %>p l9es1 ) little trace ( absorption-spaces4 ,! spectrum ( ,no4 #b 0 mu* :it] 9 t9t1 %[$ v little ( ! r$ & yell[1 & ! absorption-spaces 7 v d>k4 ,a few bright l9es1 ma9ly 9 ! yell[-gre5 & gre51 7 fa9tly se54 ,sid5ote3 ,! two tubes exam9$ 9 detail4 ,no4 #b4 ,! two tubes 7 !n exam9$ sep>ately 9 detail4 ,no4 #b1 excit$ by ! magnet1 %[$ curi\s effects4 ,! gl[ 0 r5d]$ weak & int]mitt5t1 & ! rosy t9t almo/ disappe>$4 ,! capill>y *ang$ to a decid$ gre5 col\r1 & ! positive electrode 0 surr\nd$ by a yell[ gl[4 ,! *anges 9 ! spectrum 7 no less decid$4 ,)\t ! magnet1 ! spectrum 0 f\nd to be a bright cont9u\s "o ( ,h 7) a full set ( pr9cipal & int]m$iate l9es7 & ,n--! ,n spectrum be+ r fa9t & mi/y1 ) v slight1 if any1 traces ( ! iod9e-spectrum4 ,on ! magnet be+ excit$1 ! spectrum *ang$ z if by magic2 ! ,h & ,n spectra disappe>$ 7except hydrog5 ,f1 :i* /ill fa9tly rema9$71 & ! iod9e l9es1 mo/ly 9 ! yell[-gre5 & gre51 %one out wond]fully %>p & bright on q a d>k gr\nd4 ,no4 #a1 ^u exam9ation1 %[$ betwe5 ! magnet-poles only ! same *anges z on la/ occasion4 ,! spectrum seem$ to be "o ( iod9e1 ) ! addition ( slight traces ( ! ,h spectrum4 ,sid5ote3 ,effects discuss$4 ,on excitation ( ! magnet1 ! mi/y cont9u\s "p ( ! spectrum ne>ly disappe>$1 & ! bright l9es %one up %>ply ^u ! d>k backgr\nd z be=e4 ,! effects 9 ! case ( bo? tubes 7 /rongly m>k$4 ,! impression z to tube ,no4 #b 0 t1 )\t ! magnet1 ! slight iod9e-spectrum 0 ov]p[]$ & mask$ by ! ,n & ,h spectra2 :ile "u ! influ5ce ( ! magnet ! ,n & ,h spectra 7 almo/ altoge!r suppress$1 ! iod9e-spectrum be+ at ! same "t int5sifi$4 ,! disappe>ance ( ! cont9u\s spectrum "u ! action ( ! magnet 9 ,no4 #a 7) ! supposition x 0 ma9ly ,h7 w\ld be acc\nt$ = 9 ! same way4 ,brom9e-tubes4 ,sid5ote3 ,brom9e-tube ,no4 #a4 ,light+-up describ$4 ,effect ( ! magnet4 ,brom9e-tube ,no4 #b4 ,effect ( magnet4 ,?is tube 7,no4 #a7 _h be5 previ\sly work$ = photographic purposes4 ,excit$ by ! small coil1 ! :ole tube 0 fill$ ) a fa9t flick]+ light4 ,! positive bulb conta9$ a fa9t purple gl[1 ) a yell[-gre5 t+e at ! electrode1 a curi\s flick]+ /ream ( light fla%+ f ! electrode to ! side ( ! tube4 ,! negative pole %[$ pretty mu* ! same effect z ! positive4 ,! capill>y /ream exp&$ at ! op5+ into ! positive bulb1 b ran 9 a cond5s$ /ream into ! negative bulb4 ,9 col\r x 0 ( a r bright lilac4 ,^u putt+ ! magnet on1 ! light-gl[ 9 ! tube 0 at once & p]man5tly ext+ui%$1 ! coil /ill work+ z if ! curr5t pass$4 ,! same effect happ5$ repeat$ly2 b n[ & !n ! tube light$-up = a second1 %[+ spiral arrangem5t 9 ! bulb4 ,we tri$ ano!r brom9e-tube 7,no4 #b73 x light$-up easily2 bo? bulbs 7 fill$ ) a purple /ream ( light2 capill>y /ream bright grey4 ,! glass ( ! tube 0 /rongly fluoresc5t & ( a yell[ t+e4 ,:5 ! magnet 0 excit$ ! /ream ( light 0 some:at cond5s$ 9 ! bulbs1 & flew to ! side ( ! tube2 :ile ! capill>y /ream at ! same "t bright5$4 ,! spectrum )\t ! magnet 0 fairly bright2 x increas$ 9 brightness "u ! influ5ce ( ! magnet1 & additional l9es appe>$2 b we consid]$ !m to be only fa9t exi/+ ones bright5$ up4 ,no *ange 9 ! position ( ! pr9cipal l9es 0 trac$4 ,silicic-,fluoride tubes4 ,sid5ote3 ,si ,fl tube4 ,light+-up describ$4 ,effect ( magnet4 7#a7 ,a tube m>k$ ,si ,fl _h be5 work$ = photographic purposes2 x light$-up easily4 ,bo? bulbs 7 fill$ ) a br[n-p9k diffus$ light1 incl9$ to cond5se into a /ream 9 ! positive bulb4 ,! violet gl[ 0 v bright1 & ne>ly fill$ ! space r\nd ! electrode4 ,! capill>y /ream 0 ( a bright violet t9t4 ,! effect ( ! magnet 0 to decrease ! int5sity ( ! light ?r\gh\t ! :ole tube4 ,9 ! positive bulb ! /ream broke up into a numb] ( vibrat+ /reamlets1 ) little bright ?reads ( light int]mix$1 :i* flew t[>ds ! side ( ! tube at "r angles to ! magnetic poles4 ,!re 0 an incl9ation to spiral arrangem5t 9 ! /reamlets4 ,?is /ream *ang$ f side to side ( ! tube co9cid5tly ) *ange 9 ! magnetic poles4 ,at ! negative pole ! violet gl[ =m$ an arc 9 ! direction ( ! magnetic curves1 :ile a spiral ( fa9t] 7positive87 light 0 =m$ 9 ! upp] "p ( ! bulb4 ,a slight r++ s\nd 0 he>d 9 ! tube4 ,sid5ote3 ,comp>ison ( ,si ,f & ,si ,fl tubes4 7#b7 ,we comp>$ two tubes 7,si ,f & ! "o m>k$ ,si ,fl74 ,! ,si ,fl tube 9 g5]al effect1 & 9 its spectrum1 :5 light$-up1 resembl$ ,si ,f4 ,we comp>$ ! "o tube "u ! influ5ce ( ! magnet ) ! o!r n s1 by means ( a comp>ison-prism on ! slit4 ,z ! spectroscope & second tube 7 necess>ily remov$ "s di/ance f ! magnet1 ! spectrum ( ! tube betwe5 ! poles 0 n bright4 ,we c\ld n trace a *ange ( position 9 any ( ! pr9cipal l9es4 ,! tube betwe5 ! poles 0 bright5$ up :5 ! magnet 0 9 action#ae4 ,sulphuric-,acid 7,,s7 tubes4 ,sid5ote3 ,,s tube ,no4 #a2 light+-up describ$4 ,effect ( ! magnet4 ,*anges 9 ! spectrum4 7#a7 ,excit$ by ! small coil1 bo? bulbs ( ?is tube 7,no4 #a7 light$-up brightly1 ) a mi/y light-blue t9t$ /ream ( opaque light1 a yell[ gl[ appe>+ at ! negative pole4 ,! capill>y /ream p>took ( ! same blue t9t1 b 0 :it] & bright]4 ,"u ! magnet's influ5ce1 ! gl[ 9 ! bulbs flew to ! side ( ! tube 9 flick]+ /reams ( light1 ! capill>y at ! same "t *ang+ to a di/9ctly gre5 t9t4 ,! spectrum )\t ! magnet consi/$ ( f\r fairly bright b&s ( light 9 ! yell[1 gre51 blue1 & violet1 connect$ by a fa9t mi/y cont9u\s spectrum 7,o or possibly ! hydroc>bon spectrum f\nd 9 ,o tubes by way ( impurity74 ,:5 ! magnet 0 excit$1 ?is spectrum entirely disappe>$2 & a set ( bright metallic-look+ l9es ^u a d>k backgr\nd 7l9e-spectrum ( ,s7 took its place4 ,?is effect 0 produc$ :5ev] ! magnet 0 excit$1 & we tri$ x sev]al times1 to make sure ( ! complete *ange4 ,aft] a "t1 :5 ! magnet1 batt]y1 & ! coil-p[] 7 all weak]1 ) ! magnet on1 we obta9$ a comp\nd ( bo? spectra1 ! bright l9es be+ se5 ^u ! cont9u\s spectrum 9 :i* ! b&s appe>$4 ,:5 ! magnet 0 tak5 (f1 ! bright l9es disappe>$1 & ! ,o spectrum alone rema9$4 ,sid5ote3 ,,s tube ,no4 #b exam9$4 7#b7 ,we also tri$ ano!r ,,s tube 7,no4 #b7 :i* _h be5 work$ = photographic purposes1 & 0 suspect$ ( a c>bon impurity4 ,)\t ! magnet1 ! spectrum 0 v l t ( ! fir/ tube2 b :5 ! magnet 0 excit$1 ! spectrum only bright5$1 & no bright metallic-look+ l9es appe>$4 ,sulphur-tube4 ,sid5ote3 ,sulphur-tube4 ,light+-up 7)\t heat+7 describ$4 7#a7 ,a small b5t vacuum-tube conta9+ "s solid sulphur1 excit$ by ! small] coil1 & )\t be+ heat$1 gave a n>r[ /ream ( bright blue-gre5 light runn+ /raightly ?r\gh x4 ,) ! magnet on1 ?is /ream 0 deflect$ 9 ! bulbs1 & ! capill>y *ang$ f a blue-gre5 to a di/9ct rosy t9t4 ,sid5ote3 ,effect ( magnet4 ,*anges 9 ! spectrum4 ,)\t ! magnet1 ! spectrum consi/$ ( f\r bright b&s1 ) a cont9u\s spectrum betwe51 resembl+ t ( ,,s tube ,no4 #a4 ,) ! magnet on1 ! spectrum bright5$1 especially 9 ! yell[ & r$1 :i* 7 dull be=e2 & a set ( l9es appe>$ ^u x 7a l9e or b& 9 ! yell[ especially %[+7 :i* 7 n se5 be=e4 ,! l9es 7 di/9ct1 b n v bright4 ,! action on ! capill>y 0 notic$ to be /ronge/ j betwe5 ! conical po9ts ( ! armatures2 &1 9 accordance ) ?is1 ! c5tral "p ( ! spectrum-b& 9 ! r$ & yell[ %[$ an increas$ brightness4 ,sid5ote3 ,effects :5 "o ( ! bulbs ( ! tube 0 heat$4 ,*anges 9 ! spectrum "u influ5ce ( magnet4 7#b7 ,"o ( ! bulbs ( ! tube 0 !n gradually heat$ ) a small gas-flame4 ,! s+le /ream 9 ! heat$ bulb became some:at deflect$ & brok5 up into a numb] ( small] /reams2 & ^!1 :5 plac$ "u ! magnetic influ5ce1 _h small sp>k-l ?reads ( light runn+ among !m4 ,! capill>y1 z ! tube 0 heat$1 & ! sulphur rose 9 x1 *ang$ some:at 9 t9t1 &1 "u ! magnetic influ5ce1 became ( yell[-rose hue4 ,z ! heat 0 appli$ to ! bulb ! b&s ( sulphur gradually appe>$ 9 ! field ( ! spectroscope1 until at la/ ! b&-spectrum ( sulphur entirely took ! place ( ! spectrum se5 9 ! cool tube4 ,! magnet be+ excit$1 ! spectrum *ang$ at once1 a set ( bright %>p l9es 7l9e-spectrum ( ,s7 appe>+ ^u a fa9t & dull image ( ! b&-spectrum4 ,?is effect 0 con/antly repeat$ ^u ! magnet be+ excit$4 ,! magnet be+ tak5 (f1 ! b&-spectrum alone 0 to be se54 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,effect ,,( ,,magnet ,,on ,a ,,capill>y ,,glass ,,tube4 ,sid5ote3 ,capill>y portion ( a ,geissl] tube te/$ 9 ?ree ways4 ,! capill>y portion ( a ,geissl] tube 0 cut away f ! bulbs1 clean$1 & connect$ by a small vulcanite tube ) ! gas-pipe 9 ! room convey+ coal-gas at ord9>y pressure4 ,! flame 0 small & oval 9 %ape1 #h millims4 high1 by #d millims4 wide1 & burnt q /eadily4 7,plate ,,xvii4 fig4 #ac47 ,sid5ote3 ,no effect on flame4 7#a7 ,! capill>y tube 0 plac$ betwe5 ! poles ( ! excit$ magnet1 almo/1 b n q1 t\*+ !m2 no effect at all 0 produc$ on ! flame4 7#b7 ,! tube 0 plac$ s t ! conical ends ( ! armatures 7 all[$ to compress ! c5tre ( x betwe5 !m2 /ill no effect 0 produc$ on ! flame4 7#c7 ,! tube 0 plac$ s t ! /raight sides ( ! armatures compress$ x betwe5 !m2 /ill no effect took place on ! flame4 ,sid5ote3 ,flame betwe5 poles ( magnet4 7#d7 ,! flame itself 0 plac$ betwe5 ! poles ( ! magnet4 ,x 0 slightly drawn t[>ds "o pole ) an incl9ation to =m ! magnetic curve4 ,sid5ote3 ,quill glass tub+ te/$4 ,no effect on ! flame4 7#e7 ,a piece ( quill glass tub+ 0 select$1 #e millims4 9 diamet] & #a millim4 ?ick1 & drawn out to a po9t1 ! end ( :i* 0 snapp$ (f & ! tub+ connect$ z be=e4 ,! flame 0 #bj millims4 high1 & #e millims4 across1 & some:at lamb5t4 ,on be+ plac$ 7#a7 betwe5 ! conical ends & 7#b7 betwe5 ! flat ends ( ! armatures1 no effect c\ld be se5 on ! flame4 ,sid5ote3 ,effect on tap] & _s-lamp flames4 7#f7 ,a small tap]-flame 0 plac$ betwe5 ! poles ( ! magnet3 no effect 0 produc$1 except t ! flame gave a slight 8jump0 ea* "t ! magnet 0 excit$4 ,a _s-lamp flame 0 tri$ ) a simil> result4 ,action ( ,magnet on a b> ( heavy glass4 ,sid5ote3 ,heavy glass b> & m\nt+ describ$4 ,a piece ( heavy yell[-t9t$ glass 0 select$1 be+ a b> #aj c5timetres 9 l5g?1 & #h millimetres squ>e4 ,?is 0 m\nt$ 9 a frame ) a ,nicol prism at "o end1 & a d\ble-image prism 7next ! eye7 at ! o!r4 ,sid5ote3 ,plac$ along poles ( magnet4 ,effect ( magnet on c&le-images4 7#a7 ,! glass b> & m\nt+ 7 plac$ ^u & along ! poles ( ! magnet 79 ! direction ( ! magnetic curves71 & ! d\ble-image prism & ,nicol 7 s adju/$ t two images ( a c&le 7 se5--! "o bel[ bright & normal1 ! "o above1 by rotation ( ! prism1 z ne>ly z possible ext+ui%$ 7,plate ,,xvii4 fig4 #d74 ,on excit+ ! magnet ! fa9t image at once conspicu\sly bright5$1 at ! same "t assum+ a slightly gre5 t+e4 ,to get full effect ( bright5+1 x seem$ necess>y to h good pressure-contact betwe5 ! batt]y-wires & ! b9d+-screws4 ,sid5ote3 ,effect on us+ a t\rmal9e z analyz]4 7#b7 ,us+ a t\rmal9e z analyz] 9 lieu ( ! d\ble-image prism1 ! c&le-flame 0 se5 alt]nately bright5$ & d>k5$1 z ! t\rmal9e 0 rotat$2 & :5 ! image 0 obscur$ by rotation1 excitation ( ! magnet caus$ x to bright5 /rongly4 ,?is effect 0 accompani$ by ! app>5t removal ( a dusky r$ pat* or spot1 :i* occupi$ ! c5tre ( ! field :5 ! flame 0 obscur$4 ,sid5ote3 ,b> plac$ at "r angles to ! poles3 no effect produc$4 7#c7 ,! b> ( glass & d\ble-image prism be+ plac$ betwe5 ! conical ends ( ! armatures1 b at "r angles to1 in/ead ( along1 ! poles1 ^u excitation ( ! magnet no effect at all 0 produc$4 7#d7 ,! b> & prism be+ plac$ 9 ! same position betwe5 ! flat ends ( ! armatures1 no effect at all 0 produc$4 ,sid5ote3 ,slight effect on second exp]im5t4 7#d;a7 ,exp]im5t ,no4 #d 0 repeat$4 ,x 0 ?\ght t on excitation ( ! magnet ! second>y image slightly bright5$2 b !re 0 a d\bt ab\t x1 & ! effect 7if any7 0 slight4 ,sid5ote3 ,effects produc$ :5 a biqu>tz 0 introduc$4 7#e7 ,! app>atus 0 n[ *ang$ = "o ( ! foll[+ arrangem5t3--#a1 a rotat+ ,nicol prism next ! eye2 #b1 ! glass b>2 #c1 a biqu>tz ) ! halves horizontal2 #d1 ano!r ,nicol prism4 ,! neutral-passage t9t ( ! biqu>tz 0 f\nd to be r gre5 7f mixture ) ! yell[ ( ! glass74 ,sid5ote3 ,*ange 9 col\r ( ! halves4 7i47 ,plac$ along ! poles ( ! magnet & ! magnet excit$1 a *ange ( t9t 0 se5 9 bo? halves ( ! biqu>tz1 ! slightly purple-r$di% t9t ( ! upp] half pass+ into a full purple4 ,effect n s m>k$ z ) ! d\ble-image prism4 7ii47 ,plac$ across flat ends ( ! armatures 7z 9 exp]im5t ,no4 #d7 no effect 0 se54 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,effect ,,( ,,magnet ,,on ,,wide ,,air 7,,aurora7 ,,tube4 ,sid5ote3 ,wide air-tube describ$4 ,a l>ge1 wide air-tube 0 tri$2 x 0 #ad in*es long by #a in* 9 diamet]1 ( ! same bore ?r\gh\t1 & ) /raight plat9um electrodes4 ,sid5ote3 ,magnet effect :5 tube plac$ v]tically betwe5 conical armatures4 7#a7 ,to excite x ! l>g] coil 0 us$4 ,! tube 0 fill$ ) bright1 /eady1 rosy light1 & beautiful /ratification1 :i*1 z x flick]$1 seem$ to incl9e to a cont9u\s spiral 7,plate ,x4 fig4 #h74 ,?is /ratification 0 v close & f9e1 & ext5d$ ne>ly ?r\gh\t ! tube4 ,on excitation ( ! magnet 7! tube hav+ be5 plac$ v]tically betwe5 ! conical armatures71 ! gl[ 0 cond5s$ into a bright solid l9e or /ream ( light at ! po9t :i* lay directly betwe5 ! poles4 ,?is l9e or /ream exp&$ into an elongat$ funnel-%ape z x retreat$ f ?is c5tre t[>ds ! extremities ( ! tube1 ! /ratification %[+ itself m di/9ctly z ! gl[ ( light became less d5se 7,plate ,,xviii4 fig4 #c74 ,! /ream ( light 0 driv5 away at "r angles to ! poles1 & *ang$ f side to side ( ! tube ) ! direction ( ! curr5t4 ,) ! small coil ?is tube %[$ only a flick]+ /ream ( light1 ) v slight indications ( /ratification4 ,sid5ote3 ,effect :5 tube plac$ horizontally betwe5 ! armatures4 7#b7 ,! tube 0 plac$ horizontally betwe5 ! conical ends ( ! armatures4 ,! cond5s$ /ratifi$ /ream ( light flew upw>ds & d[nw>ds 7accord+ to direction ( curr5t7 in/ead ( to ! respective sides ( ! tube4 ,sid5ote3 ,tube plac$ along ! poles ( ! magnet4 7#c7 ,! tube 0 plac$ along ! poles ( ! magnet4 ,9 ! int]val betwe5 ^! ! /ream 0 driv5 upw>ds1 b at ei!r end sideways1 "r or left accord+ to :e!r ! pole 0 ,n4 or ,s4 7,plate ,,xviii4 fig4 #d74 ,! result gave a complete spiral ( /ratifi$ cond5s$ light )9 ! tube4 ,note on ,/ratification4 ,sid5ote3 ,/ratification 9 small tubes arrang$ 9 s]ies4 ,! curr5t f ! l>ge coil 0 s5t ?r\gh a set ( five small ,fr5* vacuum-tubes1 ( equal calibre1 conta9+ salts ( /rontium & calcium1 & %[+ phosphoresc5t effects4 ,^! tubes 7 arrang$ 9 s+le s]ies2 &1 f ! col\r ( ! gl[-dis*>ge1 7 presum$ to conta9 r>efi$ air 9 contact ) ! salts4 ,a /rong co>se /ratification 0 se5 9 ! c5tral 7,no4 #c7 tube4 ,tubes ,nos4 #b & #d also %[$ /ratification1 b 9 a less degree2 :ile ! outside tubes1 ,nos4 #a & #e1 %[$ no /ratification at all4 ,! curr5t 0 /eady1 & ^! effects did n fluctuate4 ,effect ( ,magnet on ,plck] 7,air-7 ,tube4 ,sid5ote3 ,plck] air-tube4 ,light+-up describ$4 ,effect ( magnet on ! positive-pole /ream4 7#a7 ,a ,plck] air-tube 0 select$ ( ! =m %[n on ,plate ,v4 fig4 #a1 & 0 excit$ by ! small coil4 ,! r+ 0 us$ = ! positive pole1 ! /raight electrode = ! negative4 ,:5 light$ up1 ! tube gl[$ ) a p]fectly /eady & quiesc5t light4 ,! negative electrode 0 surr\nd$ by ! usual bright violet gl[1 ext5d+ itself & be+ gradually lo/ at a %ort di/ance f ! wire1 :ile ! r+ let fall a fa9t1 tubul>1 salmon-col\r$1 diffus$ /ream ( light1 :i* met ! violet gl[ z x approa*$ ! negative pole4 ,! tube 0 !n plac$ v]tically betwe5 ! poles ( ! electro-magnet1 ! armatures be+ almo/ 9 contact ) ! sides ( ! tube ar\nd ! negative pole4 ,on excitation ( ! magnet1 an in/antane\s *ange took place4 ,! /ream ( light f ! positive pole contract$ itself1 s t x became ( a long funnel-%ape 7! r+ =m+ ! m\? ( ! funnel71 :ile x tap]$ almo/ to a po9t :]e x met ! violet gl[4 ,sid5ote3 ,effect on negative violet gl[4 ,! /ream also became v brilliant 7! sides ( ! tube be+ left proportionately free f light71 & cross+ x 7 a set ( b&s1 or /ri1 hav+ a wav+ or vibratory motion4 ,! :ole ( ! negative violet gl[ 0 simultane\sly ga!r$ into a brilliant n>r[ arc1 :i* /ret*$ across betwe5 ! poles ( ! magnet4 ,^! effects are %[n on ,plate ,v4 fig4 #a4 ,! edges ( ! arc 7 rem>kably %>p & well def9$1 & ) no surr\nd+ aura or %ad+ (f4 ,sid5ote3 ,arc ( light foll[$ ! magnetic curves4 ,by mov+ ! tube betwe5 ! armatures x 0 se5 t ! arc ( light foll[$ ! magnetic curves4 ,if ! tube 0 mov$ upw>ds1 ! arc curv$ t[>ds ! z5i?1 if d[nw>ds1 contr>iwise2 & a middle position c\ld be select$1 9 :i* ! edges ( ! arc 7 ne>ly p>allel4 ,mov+ ! tube a %ort di/ance f ! pole _h ! effect ( r5d]+ ! arc m diffuse1 b n ( o!rwise alt]+ its "*4 ,sid5ote3 ,direction ( ! curr5t *ang$4 ,effects on gl[ describ$4 7#b7 ,! direction ( ! curr5t 9 ! tube 0 !n *ang$2 &1 )\t ! magnet1 ! r+ electrode 0 surr\nd$ by a diffus$ violet gl[2 :ile ! /raight wire gave =? a fa9t salmon-col\r$ /ream ( light1 spread+ up to ! r+4 ,sid5ote3 ,magnet effects describ$4 ,on negative pole4 ,r+s f positive pole describ$4 ,effects on r+s ( mak+ & break+ contact ) magnet4 ,%ape ( r+s describ$4 ,on excitation by ! magnet 7! positive pole be+ n[ plac$ betwe5 ! armatures71 ! violet gl[ ( ! negative pole contract$ into a compact mass r\nd ! r+ electrode4 ,at ! same "t f ! positive pole sprang a set ( bright saddle-%ap$ r+s1 :i* increas$ 9 size z !y advanc$2 & spread+ upw>ds ) a rapid b smoo? motion t[>ds ! negative pole1 closely approa*$ to1 b nev] actually came 9 contact )1 ! violet gl[4 ,! positive end ( ! tube 0 o!rwise b slightly light$1 & ! sudd5 appe>ance ( ?is brilliant /ream ( r+s ( light 0 v /rik+4 ,a s+le bright ray 0 also se5 runn+ f ! positive wire1 9 a some:at transv]se c\rse1 along "o side ( ! tube4 ,:5 wire-contact ) ! magnet ceas$1 s t x 0 n excit$1 ! r+s ran back 9 succession to ! positive pole & disappe>$1 & by mak+ & break+ contact !y 7 caus$ to advance & retire at w4 ,!y 7 accompani$ by a wav+ or vibratory motion1 & 7 evid5tly ( ! same "* z ! small] /ri or b&s m5tion$ z se5 :5 ! r+ =m$ ! positive pole4 ,! g5]al appe>ance 0 t ( a holl[ cone ( light 7! base t[>ds ! negative pole71 compos$ ( brilliant r+s ) d>k spaces betwe51 :i* appe>$ & exp&$ "u ! magnetic influ5ce1 & contract$ & disappe>$ on its removal4 ,! r+s did n appe> to be flat disks1 b 7 some:at curv$ or saddle-%ap$4 ,!y rem9d$ "o mu* ( ! diatom ,campylodiscus spiralis2 t is to say1 !y 7 app>5tly flat if look$ at f above1 b l a figure ( #h :5 view$ sideways1 ! peak ( ! saddle =m+ a k9d ( brilliant po9t or apex4 ,all ?is is difficult to describe2 b an illu/ration f a sket* made ( ! tube is giv5 on ,plate ,,xvii4 fig4 #b4 ,sid5ote3 ,negative pole plac$ v]tically on ! magnet4 7#c7 ,! negative pole 7/raight electrode7 0 !n plac$ v]tically on "o ( ! poles ( ! electro-magnet4 ,on excitation1 ! violet gl[ 0 contract$ into a small upright bru% or column ( bright light1 ) a slight incl9ation to curvature4 ,sid5ote3 ,tube laid horizontally across poles ( magnet4 7#d7 ,! same ,plck] tube 0 laid horizontally across ! poles ( ! electro-magnet 7)\t armatures71 ! respective electrodes be+ above ea* pole4 ,sid5ote3 ,effects produc$4 ,f ! negative 7/raight electrode7 pole sprang a d5se & compact arc ( violet light1 9 ! direction ( ! magnetic curves1 :i* t]m9at$ at ! upp] circumf]5ce ( ! tube1 b :i*1 if prolong$1 w\ld h foll[$ ! curves to ! opposite pole4 ,! /ream f ! positive pole 0 v consid]ably bright5$1 z 9 ! o!r exp]im5ts1 b did n appe> 9 ! =m ( r+s or waves4 ,x assum$ t ( a bright /eady cont9u\s gl[1 :i* =m$ r\nd ! tube a n p]fectly cont9u\s1 b di/9ct & well-m>k$1 spiral4 ,?is =m ( dis*>ge seems connect$ ) ! peculi> cont\r ( ! r+s m5tion$ 9 exp]im5t #b4 ,"o might1 inde$1 conjecture ! spiral-%ap$ gl[ to be a r+ ( light ext5d$ or drawn out t[>ds ! negative pole4 ,sid5ote3 ,effects l ^? obta9$ by ,gassiot4 ,exp]im5t ,no4 #b seems 9 result v l t ( ,gassiot's ) 8 gr& batt]y & ! ,royal ,in/itution magnet1 ! effects 7?\gh ( c\rse ^u a small] scale7 be+ simil> to ^? obta9$ by him4 ,effect ( ,magnet on ,plck] ,tube 7,t9 ,*loride74 ,sid5ote3 ,plck] tube 7t9 *loride74 ,light+-up describ$4 ,a l>ge ,plck] tube 0 exam9$1 :i* _h a bulb atta*$ at ea* end1 communicat+ ) ! c5tral portion by a n>r[ neck or con/riction4 ,on connexion ) ! small coil1 a n>r[ /ream ( pale diffus$ cobalt-blue light ran along ! :ole tube1 f po9t to po9t ( ! electrodes1 ! positive wire at ! same "t gl[+ ) an aura ( amb]-yell[ light4 7,see ,plate ,,xvii4 fig4 #c1 :]e ! n>r[ /ream ( light is %[n by dott$ l9es47 ,at ! two necks or con/rictions ! /ream ( light 0 p]ceptibly bright5$4 ,sid5ote3 ,effects ( magnet ^u ! /ream4 ,:5 ! magnet 0 connect$1 ! /ream 9 ! positive bulb 0 n mu* *ang$1 b only slightly b5t4 ,9 ! c5tral p>tition ( ! tube & 9 ! negative bulb1 ! /ream ( light 0 brok5 & split into a numb] ( small] /reams1 & at ! same "t b5t or =c$ aga9/ ! sides ( ! tube4 7,see ,plate ,,xvii4 fig4 #c47 ,sid5ote3 ,peculi> noise )9 ! tube4 ,9 ! c5tral p>tition1 ! blue /reamlets 7 accompani$ by a numb] ( sp>k-l ?reads ( gold5 light1 :i* %one out among !m z ! :ole vibrat$ aga9/ ! side ( ! tube2 at ! same "t a peculi> patt]+1 z ( a m9iature hail-/orm )9 ! tube1 made x r+ ) a slightly metallic t9kle4 ,! direction ( ! b5d+ or deflection ( ! /ream 0 at "r angles to ! axis ( ! poles ( ! magnet1 & *ang$ f side to side ( ! tube z ! direction ( ! curr5t f ! coil 0 v>i$4 ,sid5ote3 ,spectrum describ$4 ,)\t magnet4 ,) ! magnet excit$4 ,9 ! positive bulb ! /ream1 in/ead ( jo9+ ! po9t ( ! electrode1 left ?is & ran along "o side ( ! :ole l5g? ( ! wire4 7,see effect1 ,plate ,,xvii4 fig4 #c47 ,! spectroscope 0 appli$ to ! neck ( "o ( ! bulbs :]e ! /ream 0 bright4 ,)\t ! magnet a fa9t cont9u\s spectrum1 ma9ly ( ! blue & gre51 ) v slight traces ( ! yell[ & r$1 0 se54 ,^u ?is1 five or six fa9t b %>p & metallic-look+ l9es 7 se54 ,on ! magnet be+ excit$1 ! cont9u\s spectrum 0 n *ang$2 b ! %>p l9es %one out bright] & cle>]1 "o 9 ! blue be+ especially conspicu\s4 ,^! l9es 7 measur$ ) a micromet]2 & _! places be+ comp>$ ) ,lecoq de ,boisbaudran's 8,spectres lum9eux10 !y 7 easily recogniz$ to be ^? ( t94 ,on ea* excitation ( ! magnet ! same bright5+ ( ! l9es took place4 ,effect ( ,magnet on ,t9-,*loride ,geissl] ,tube4 ,sid5ote3 ,geissl] tube1 ,sn ,cl1 exam9$4 ,gl[ describ$4 ,effect ( ! magnet4 ,we !n exam9$ a ,geissl] tube1 m>k$ ,sn ,cl4 ,:5 fir/ excit$ by ! small coil1 ! sp>k pass$ freely4 ,! gl[ 9 ! bulbs 0 ( a diffus$1 light purple t9t2 ! positive electrode _h a bright yell[ gl[ ar\nd x4 ,! capill>y /ream 0 ( a %>p gre5-yell[1 at times bright5+ up to a metallic-look+ gre54 ,:5 ! magnet 0 fir/ employ$1 ! tube di/9ctly & p]man5tly bright5$ up ?r\gh\t4 ,sid5ote3 ,spiral =m$ 9 positive bulb4 ,gl[ 9 tube ext+ui%$4 ,! negative bulb 0 n mu* *ang$ 9 appe>ance2 b 9 ! positive bulb a curi\s p]man5t & /eady cl\d-l spiral1 ( a purple col\r1 made its appe>ance1 & la/$ :ile ! tube 0 "u ! magnetic influ5ce4 7,see ,plate ,,xvii4 fig4 #ab47 ,aft] a %ort "t ! tube seem$ to lose a great deal ( its conduct+-p[]1 & to light up 9 a feeble & int]mitt5t mann]1 bright5+ only :5 ! coil 0 made to "w its be/4 ,:ile 9 ?is condition1 ! magnet 7:i* _h be5 previ\sly disconnect$7 0 excit$1 & at once :at mod]ate gl[ 0 /ill %9+ 9 ! tube 0 totally ext+ui%$4 ,at fir/ x 0 ?\ght "s accid5t might h happ5$ to ! conduct+-coil wires2 b repeat$ trials satisfi$ u t ! effect 0 due to ! magnetic influ5ce alone4 ,ef=ts 7 made1 by look+ to ! coil & batt]y1 to bright5 up ! tube z at fir/1 b !y q fail$2 & x 0 evid5t "s *ange _h tak5 place 9 its conduct+ qualities4 ,?is tube 0 accid5tally brok51 s t we _h no opportunity to r5ew ! exp]im5ts4 ,sid5ote3 ,ano!r t9-*loride tube tri$4 ,gl[ describ$4 ,we subsequ5tly tri$ ano!r t9-*loride tube1 pur*as$ ( ,mr4 ,br[n+4 ,?is light$ up l ! =m] tube1 b bright]4 ,!re 0 an amb] gl[ at ! junction ( ! negative bulb :i* adjo9$ ! capill>y "p4 ,?is 0 lo/ on putt+ on ! magnet4 ,at ! same "t a p]ceptible patt]+ r++ noise 0 he>d 9 ! tube1 & metallic-look+ ?reads ( light ran ?r\gh ! bulbs4 ,sid5ote3 ,spectrum describ$4 ,)\t ! magnet1 ! spectrum 0 a cont9u\s fa9t mi/y "o1 ) bright l9es ( t9 occasionally fla%+ up4 ,) ! magnet1 ! t9 l9es at once %one out bright1 /rong1 & cle> ^u a black backgr\nd1 ! *ange 9 effect be+ v m>k$4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,effect ,,( ,,magnet ,,on ,,bulb$ ,,phosphoresc5t ,,tube4 ,sid5ote3 ,l>ge phosphoresc5t bulb$ tube4 ,light+-up describ$4 ,spectrum describ$4 ,gl[ :5 dis*>ge /opp$1 describ$4 ,mr4 ,john ,br[n+ k9dly l5t me a l>ge phosphoresc5t tube ) five bulbs1 said to be fill$ ) anhydr\s sulphur\s-acid gas 7,,s74 7,see ,plate ,,xviii4 fig4 #a47 ,?is tube light$ up beautifully ) ! l>ge coil4 ,! connect+ tubul> p>ts ( x 7 fill$ ) a bright1 bead$1 transp>5t1 rosy light2 :ile ! bulbs gl[$ ) a m opaque blue-t9t$ effect4 ,! spectrum ( ! tubul> "p 0 f\nd to agree exactly ) ! pr9cipal bright b& se5 9 a ,,s ,geissl] tube4 ,! spectrum ( ! bulb-gl[ 0 a fa9t gre5-blue cont9u\s "o1 ) bright b&s or l9es fa9tly fla%+ up at times4 ,:5 ! dis*>ge 0 /opp$1 ! tube /ill gl[$ ) a mod]ately bright1 opaque1 grey-gre5 light4 ,?is gl[ gradually fad$ out1 always comm5c+ ) ! bulb =m+ ! negative or violet pole1 & s dy+ out1 bulb by bulb1 t[>ds ! positive pole4 ,! negative-pole bulb at times 01 on sudd5ly /opp+ ! curr5t1 h>dly light$ at all1 ! o!r bulbs be+ lum9\s4 ,sid5ote3 ,comp>ison ) ,,s ,geissl] tube4 7#a7 ,we comp>$ ! l>ge tube ) a ,,s ,geissl] tube1 by means ( a comp>ison-prism on ! slit1 ) ! result be=e detail$4 ,! ,geissl] tube1 h[ev]1 %[$ no aft]-gl[4 ,sid5ote3 ,effects 9 bulbs on light+-up ! tube describ$4 ,effects ( rev]sal ( ! curr5t4 ,aft]-gl[ re/or$ by pass+ ( curr5t4 7#b7 ,we light$ up ! ,br[n+ tube ) ! l>ge coil4 ,! negative bulb 0 always ! lea/ fill$ ) ! blue opaque vap\r1 & ! o!r bulbs increas$ 9 vap\r-d5sity 9 ! ord] !y approa*$ t[>ds ! positive bulb4 ,:5 ! curr5t 0 rev]s$1 s t ! negative & positive gl[ *ang$ places1 ! negative bulb /ill rema9$ transp>5t1 al?\gh ! positive opaque gl[ _h 7presumably7 be5 ?r[n into x4 ,:5 ! aft]-gl[ _h q disappe>$ 9 ! bulbs1 x 0 aga9 /rongly re/or$1 by ! pass+ ( ! curr5t = a few seconds only ?r\gh ! tube4 ,sid5ote3 ,effect ( rev]sal ( curr5t on positive-pole gl[4 7#c7 ,! tube 0 well excit$1 & ! f\r bulbs 7o!r ?an ! negative "o71 ^u /opp+ ! curr5t1 gl[$ /rongly4 ,! curr5t 0 !n s5t ?r\gh rev]s$1 s z to ?r[ ! negative gl[ = a few seconds into ! positive bulb4 ,! aft]-gl[ 9 ! positive bulb 0 at once ext+ui%$4 ,on once m rev]s+ ! curr5t1 x 0 only re/or$ aft] a c]ta9 am\nt ( cont9uance ( ! positive /ream4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xviii4 ,sid5ote3 ,effect ( *ange ( curr5t on ! ?ree c5tral bulbs4 ,! "t dur+ :i* ! negative gl[ 0 ?r[n into ! positive bulb did n appe> suffici5t to h heat$ x4 ,aft] rapidly *ang+ ! direction ( ! curr5t sev]al times & !n /opp+ x1 ! ?ree c5tral bulbs alone _h an aft]-gl[1 ! two extreme ones hav+ none1 be+ bo? equally transp>5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,effect ( heat on ! bulbs4 ,effect ( cool+ by e!r-spray4 7#d7 ,a mod]ate heat f a _s-lamp 0 appli$ to ! c5tre bulb 7a7 :ile ! curr5t 0 on2 & also 7b7 :5 ?is 0 /opp$1 & ! bulb gl[$4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! bulb 0 f\nd to get m transp>5t2 & 9 ! second case ! aft]-gl[ disappe>$ 9 a proportionately %ort] "t 9 ! heat$ bulb ?an 9 ! o!rs4 ,to te/ ! result ( cool+ ! bulbs1 ! negative-pole bulb & also ! c5tral "o 7 ea* subject$ to ! action ( e!r-spray1 & also ( e!r & wat]-spray mix$4 ,?is 0 done1 7a7 :5 ! curr5t 0 pass+1 & 7b7 :5 x 0 /opp$ & ! gl[ only 0 9 ! bulb4 ,! bulbs 7 cool$ until a m>k$ cold effect to ! t\* 0 produc$4 ,we did n notice any diff]5ce 9 ! behavi\r ( ! bulbs s treat$ z comp>$ ) ! o!rs1 ei!r :5 ! curr5t 0 pass+ or 9 ! case ( ! aft]-gl[4 ,sid5ote3 ,negative-pole bulb betwe5 ! armatures ( magnet4 ,effects on negative & positive gl[4 7#e7 ,we plac$ ! negative-pole bulb betwe5 ! conical po9ts ( ! armatures1 & excit$ ! magnet4 ,! negative gl[ contract$ itself into a cond5s$ violet-t9t$ cresc5t1 9 accord ) ! magnetic curves4 ,! positive gl[ ( ! same bulb lo/ its bead$ 7/ratifi$7 "*1 & 0 cond5s$ into a bright /ream ( light1 :i* latt] protrud$ f ! small inn] tube & =m$ a spread+ spiral set ( cl\d-r+s )9 ! bulb 7see ,plate ,,xviii4 fig4 #b74 ,! action ( ! magnet seem$ to be ex]cis$ 9 subdu+ ! /ratification1 cond5s+ ! gl[ into a bright /ream ( light1 & =c+ ! latt] to 8tail ov]0 at ea* extremity ( ! tubul> jo9ts into ! bulbs--?is effect ext5d+ ev5 s f> z ! second bulb4 ,:5 ! positive bulb 0 plac$ betwe5 ! poles ( ! magnet1 ! gl[ 0 simply cond5s$ into a bright /ratifi$ /ream1 :i* flew to ei!r side ( ! bulb4 ,sid5ote3 ,effect ( magnet on gl[ 9 bulb ,no4 #d4 7#f7 a4 ,bulb ,no4 #d 7see ,plate ,,xviii4 fig4 #a7 0 plac$ betwe5 ! poles ( ! excit$ magnet1 & ! curr5t 0 pass$ & !n /opp$4 ,! gl[ 9 t bulb fad$ away out ( its ord]1 & e>li] ?an 9 ord9>y cases 7ne>ly z soon z ,no4 #b74 ,sid5ote3 ,o!r bulbs te/$ 9 simil> mann]4 b4 ,! same & o!r bulbs 7 te/$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,9 all cases ! bulb influ5c$ by ! magnet1 :5 ! curr5t 0 /opp$1 0 f\nd p]ceptibly fa9t] 9 aft]-gl[4 ,sid5ote3 ,effect ( magnet ^u ! aft]-gl[ itself4 c4 ,! tube 0 arrang$ ) "o ( ! bulbs betwe5 ! poles ( ! unexcit$ magnet2 ! curr5t 0 pass$ & /opp$1 & ! aft]-gl[ obta9$4 ,! magnet be+ !n quickly excit$1 ! aft]-gl[ 9 ! bulb1 "u its influ5ce1 fad$ out2 & ! bulb became transp>5t1 p]ceptibly soon] ?an "u ord9>y circum/ances4 ,we tri$ ?is sev]al times1 ) ! same result 9 ea* case4 ,sid5ote3 ,mr4 ,?ompson's exp]im5ts on action ( magnets ^u liquid r+s4 ,note4--,9 relation to ^! exp]im5ts1 x may be m5tion$ t ,mr4 ,s4 ,p4 ,?ompson1 ( ,bri/ol1 is report$ to h /udi$ ! action ( magnetism ^u r+s ( col\r$ liquid project$ ?r\gh wat]1 & to h obs]v$ _! ret>dation & p>tial de/ruction 9 pass+ ?r\gh a p[]ful magnetic field4 ,sid5ote3 ,mr4 ,ladd's explanation ( "s ( ! ph5om5a obs]v$4 ,mr4 ,ladd has sugge/$ to me t "s ( ! ph5om5a produc$ indicate a driv+ ( ! gas 9 ! direction f ! negative to ! positive pole--a !ory :i* is support$ by ! action ( ! magnet on ! bulbs1 if ?is be consid]$ a repulsive "o z reg>ds ! gas influ5c$4 ,effect ( ,magnet on small ,phosphoresc5t 7p[d]7 ,tubes4 ,sid5ote3 ,tubes conta9+ phosphoresc5t p[d]s describ$4 ,we exam9$ six vacuum-tubes conta9+ phosphoresc5t p[d]s1 :i*1 ^u exposure to sunlight & removal to ! d>k1 or aft] pass+ ( ! electric curr5t ov] !m1 cont9u$ to gl[ 9 ! tubes aft] ! excit+ cause _h ceas$4 ,!y 7 ( ?9 glass1 & ( equal calibre ?r\gh\t4 ,"o 0 #f in*es long & in* 9 diamet]1 & _h no label2 ! o!r five 7 #g in*es long & in* 9 diamet]1 & 7 labell$ respectively3-- ,/rontium v]t1 0 jaune1 ,calcium violet1 0 orange1 0 v]t-bleutre4 ,sid5ote3 ,light+-up ( ! tubes describ$4 ,effect ( magnet on -diamet] tube4 ,spectrum )\t magnet4 ,! p[d]s 9 tubes ( ?is description are said to conta9 ei!r sulphide ( /rontium1 or calcium1 or sulphate ( qu99e4 ,! fir/-m5tion$ tube %one ) a :ite & bright light1 & probably conta9$ ! latt] sub/ance4 ,! g5]al effect ( ! curr5t on ! tubes 0 simil> 9 all cases4 ,"u a suffici5tly /rong curr5t1 !y light$ up ) a brilliant1 slightly gre5-:ite gl[2 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 by look+ sideways1 x 0 possible to detect a delicate rosy t9t4 ,any col\rs beyond ^! 9 ! tubes seem$ to dep5d on ! p[d]s enclos$ 9 !m4 ,:5 ! curr5t 0 /opp$1 ! p[d]s alone gl[$ 9 accordance ) ! col\rs m5tion$ on ! labels1 ! r>efi$ gas or air 9 ! tubes n giv+ any aft]-gl[1 z 9 ! case ( ! sulphur\s-acid tube4 ,:5 ! -diamet] tube 0 excit$ by ! small coil1 ! effect ( ! magnet 0 to entirely suppress & ext+ui% ! gl[4 ,:5 ?is & ! o!r tubes 7 work$ ) ! l>g] coil1 ! spectrum1 )\t ! magnet1 0 bright & cont9u\s1 ei!r %[+ no l9es or else v fa9t traces ( !m1 &1 ext5d+ ?r\gh ! :ole range ( col\rs 0 brighte/ 9 & ab\t ! gre54 ,sid5ote3 ,magnet effect on gl[4 ,same on spectrum4 ,) ! magnet excit$1 a bright l9e ( p9k light 0 cond5s$ aga9/ ! upp] side ( ! tube2 :ile ! gl[ 9 ! tube g5]ally became v decid$ly fa9t]1 except at ! electrodes1 :i* /ill pres]v$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( brilliancy4 ,! spectrum also 0 mu* *ang$4 ,! bright cont9u\s gl[ became mu* fa9t]1 & _m %>p & fairly bright l9es 7 se5 ^u x4 ,^! l9es 71 z to "*1 n easy to recognize4 ,hydrog5 7,f7 01 h[ev]1 pla9ly di/+ui%$2 & o!r l9es1 :i* we consid]$ to be ,n1 7 common to all ! tubes4 ,"s l9es 7 also rem>k$ z be+1 )\t ! magnet1 n s con/ant4 ,sid5ote3 ,tubes exam9$ & comp>$ = spectra4 ,calcium orange & calcium violet1 comp>$ = spectra1 7 id5tical2 ! two /rontium tubes h>dly s1 b ) /rontium v]t a bright cont9u\s spectrum ma9ly hid ! l9es4 ,/rontium jaune & calcium orange 7 n alike2 /rontium v]t & calcium violet diff]$4 ,calcium orange & calcium v]t-bleutre 7 consid]$ alike2 b ! comp>ison 0 n easy1 z ! calcium v]t 0 bright1 & ! l9es 7 only se5 fa9tly ^u ! cont9u\s spectrum4 ,9 ord] n to %ift ! p[d]s1 ! tubes 7 laid horizontally1 & two spectra simultane\sly exam9$ across ! tubes4 ,light+-up ,tubes ) ,"o ,wire only 7,m>quis ( ,salisbury's ,obs]vations74 ,sid5ote3 ,"o wire only connect$ ) an electrode4 ,! vacuum-tubes employ$ 7 exam9$ 9 ! usual way1 b "o wire only 0 connect$ ) an electrode4 ,! o!r wire 0 atta*$ to ! end ( a glass rod1 & circuit 0 f "t to "t complet$ :ile ! tube 0 be=e ! spectroscope4 ,! l>ge coil 0 us$4 ,9 all cases1 ) ! "o wire1 ! gl[ 0 v fa9t z comp>$ ) t ( ! clos$ circuit4 ,sid5ote3 ,e!r vap\r4 7#a7 ,e!r ,vap\r4--,) bo? wires1 9 company ) ! usual bright b&s ( ! c>bon spectrum1 %ad+-(f t[>ds ! violet1 ! ,h l9es 7 v %>p & brilliant4 ,) ! "o wire only1 ! c>bon b&s 7 left fa9tly %9+1 ) bo? sides nebul\s alike1 & ) no %ad+-(f t[>ds ! violet4 7,we 7 n q sure :e!r ?is 0 n ! effect ( ! r$uction ( ! light47 ,! ,h l9es1 ?\gh orig9ally /rong] ?an ! c>bon b&s1 q disappe>$ f ! spectrum4 ,sid5ote3 ,coal-gas4 7#b7 ,coal-gas4--,! same effects 7 produc$2 b we ?\ght we c\ld detect v fa9t traces ( ! ,h l9es4 ,sid5ote3 ,nitrog54 7#c7 ,nitrog54--,! ,n l9es1 z well z ^? ( ,h 7also se5 9 ! tube71 7 mu* fa9t] ) "o wire1 b ! ,h l9es m s 9 proportion4 ,sid5ote3 ,hydrog54 7#d7 ,hydrog54--,only a m>k$ r$uction 9 brilliancy ( ! :ole spectrum4 ,sid5ote3 ,oxyg51 ,n & ,h4 7#e7 ,oxyg54--,an impure tube1 %[+ ,o 7"s ( ! l9es hydroc>bon871 ,n1 & ,h spectra simultane\sly4 ,) "o wire ! ,o l9es /ill rema9$ fairly bright1 ! ,n & ,h be+ only fa9tly se54 ,sid5ote3 ,wat]-gas4 7#f7 ,wat]-gas4--,same effect4 ,sid5ote3 ,turp5t9e vap\r4 7#g7 ,turp5t9e ,vap\r4--,same effect z e!r1 b ! ,h l9es c\ld be fa9tly se54 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,magnet ,,on ,,! ,,electric ,,sp>k4 ,sid5ote3 ,app>atus employ$4 ,! magnet 0 excit$ ) two plates ( ! l>ge batt]y1 & ! l>g] coil ) ! o!r two plates1 ! action 9 bo? cases be+ /rong4 #a4 ,a sp>k f ! coil 0 pass$ betwe5 two plat9um wire electrodes1 ab\t ?ree c5timetres ap>t4 ,sid5ote3 ,sp>k & aura describ$4 ,x consi/$ c5trally ( a ?9 /ream ( blui%-:ite light1 vividly bright1 ar\nd :i* 0 se5 a n>r[1 uni=m1 diffuse1 yell[-t9t$ aura1 :i* accompani$ ! sp>k 9 all its movem5ts4 ,! sp>k always /ruck across f ! extreme po9ts ( ! electrodes 7see ,plate ,,xvii4 fig4 #e74 ,sid5ote3 ,effect ( magnet ^u ! aura4 #b4 ,on be+ plac$ betwe5 ! conical poles ( ! excit$ magnet ! bright ?read ( ! sp>k did n *ange2 b in/ead ( ! inconsid]able yell[-t9t$ aura :i* accompani$ ! unmagnetiz$ sp>k1 !re n[ /ruck out1 at "r angles to ! magnet-poles1 a ?9 rosy-t9t$ half-disk ( aura-l flame4 ,?is ext5d$ aura ran consid]ably along ea* electrode1 ?\gh ! sp>k prop] /ill /ruck f ! po9ts4 ,sid5ote3 ,ext5d$ aura describ$4 ,! aura 0 some:at l>g] 9 ext5t ^u "o electrode ?an on ! o!r4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 x sprang f a consid]able numb] ( m9ute illum9at$ po9ts2 on ! o!r electrode1 ^! illum9at$ po9ts 7 few] 9 numb]1 & ! flame 0 m purple 9 t9t4 ,rev]s+ ! curr5t ^! effects 7 rev]s$4 ,! aura 0 uni=mly ?9 & disk-l1 & ! curv$ edge rem>kably true 9 %ape 7see ,plate ,,xvii4 fig4 #f74 ,! lat]al direction ( ! aura 0 *ang$ :5 ! curr5t 0 rev]s$4 ,sid5ote3 ,aura n proportionate to l5g? ( sp>k4 #c4 ,! aura 0 f\nd n proportionate to ! l5g? ( ! sp>k4 ,:5 ! electrodes 7 approa*$1 s z to v mu* %ort5 ! sp>k1 ! aura /ill sprang out to a di/ance & ext5t q out ( proportion to ! l5g? ( ! sp>k4 ,ev5 :5 ! electrodes 7 approa*$ s close t ! sp>k 0 v %ort inde$1 /ill1 "u ! magnetic influ5ce1 a v consid]able aura made its appe>ance4 ,sid5ote3 ,effect ( work+ coil-break ^u ! aura4 #d4 ,^u work+ ! coil-break1 x 0 f\nd t 9 proportion z ! contact screw 0 drawn ap>t f ! break1 s ! aura gradually dim9i%$ 9 ext5t1 until at la/1 by cont9u+ to increase ! di/ance betwe5 ! screw & ! break1 a po9t 0 rea*$ :5 ?9 bright sp>ks1 )\t any aura1 pass$4 ,^u ! screw be+ work$ up clos]1 ?ick] sp>ks pass$1 & ! aura aga9 made its appe>ance4 ,z ! aura dim9i%$ 9 size x gradually *ang$ 9 t9t f yell[i% rose-p9k to purple4 ,sid5ote3 ,sp>k tak5 9 glass bulb4 #e4 ,! sp>k 0 tak5 9 a glass bulb1 ! tube 9 :i* x 0 bl[n be+ op5 at bo? ends1 ) ! same effect z 9 ! op5 air4 #f4 ,a plate ( glass 0 laid on ! poles ( ! magnet1 & ! sp>k 0 pass$ along ! poles 79 ! same direction z ! heavy glass 0 laid 9 ! ,f>aday exp]im5t74 ,no aura 0 =m$4 ,! po9ts 7 !n mov$ r\nd1 s z to c>ry ! sp>k at "r angles to ! poles1 & ! aura 0 =m$ z be=e4 ,sid5ote3 ,aura c\ld be bl[n away f ! sp>k4 #g4 ,! aura1 x 0 f\nd1 c\ld be bl[n away at "r angles to ! sp>k4 ,:5 /rongly urg$1 x assum$ ! %ape ( a flick]+ tongu$ curta9 ( flame1 fly+ away 9 ! contr>y direction to t f :i* ! curr5t ( air proce$$1 & aga9 return+ to its orig9al %ape z ! impulse 0 remov$4 ,! sp>k prop] 0 n influ5c$ 7see ,plate ,,xvii4 fig4 #h74 ,sid5ote3 ,effect ( )draw+ sp>k f c5tral position betwe5 ! poles4 #h4 ,z ! sp>k 0 )drawn f its c5tral position betwe5 ! poles ( ! magnet1 ! convex edge ( ! aura became gradually less p]fect1 & assum$ a ragg$ & brok5-up appe>ance1 ! inequality at times am\nt+ almo/ to jets or flick]+ sprays ( light4 ,! sp>k 0 also slightly curv$ away f ! electrodes 7see ,plate ,,xvii4 fig4 #g74 ,sid5ote3 ,magnet _h no effect ^u cond5s$ sp>k4 #i4 ,a cond5s] ( f\r coat$ plates 0 introduc$ into ! circuit1 caus+ a %>p brilliant blue-:ite sp>k1 app>5tly divid$ into /reams & ) no aura4 ,! magnet _h no effect :atev] ^u ?is =m ( sp>k4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,! ,,dis*>ge ,,9 ,,vacuo ,,9 ,,l>g] ,,vessels1 ,,& ,,magnetic ,,effects ,,!reon4 ,a ,tate's air-pump 0 us$1 & ! sp>k f ! l>g] coil4 ,! exhau/ion c\ld n be c>ri$ v f>4 ,sid5ote3 ,globul> receiv] describ$4 ,dis*>ge describ$4 7#a7 ,a globul> receiv] 0 us$1 hav+ brass caps = exhau/ion1 & plat9um wires pass+ ?r\gh ! opposite sides = electrodes 7see ,plate ,,xviii4 fig4 #f74 ,) p>tial exhau/ion1 f ! positive electrode proce$$ long1 %>p1 bright1 rosy sp>ks1 /rik+ 9 zigzags across ! receiv]4 ,f ! negative t]m9al sprang a l>g] numb] ( blu] & m diffuse /reams ( light1 l spid]s' webs2 & ^! 7 envelop$1 = a %ort di/ance f ! t]m9al1 9 a slight mi/y aura4 ,bo? sets play$ r\nd ! sides ( ! glass z well z across4 ,sid5ote3 ,bell-%ap$ receiv] describ$4 ,dis*>ge describ$4 7#b7 ,a bell-%ap$ receiv]1 ) t]m9als ins]t$ at ! sides & "o also at ! top1 0 next us$ 7see ,plate ,,xviii4 fig4 #i74 ,:5 ! side t]m9als 7 employ$1 ! effect 0 mu* ! same z 9 ! la/ case4 ,:5 ! top t]m9al 0 us$ = "o wire 7! o!r wire be+ connect$ ) ! pump-plate7 a s+le /ream ( bright rosy light ran f ! upp] t]m9al to ! plate4 ,fir/ /rik+ ! c5tral "p ( ! plate1 ! /ream !n glid$ t[>ds "o ( ! lat]al t]m9als1 & s to ! edge ( ! receiv]4 ,aft] p>tly dis*>g+ itself by contact ) ! t]m9al1 ! /ream z rapidly retreat$ to ! c5tre ( ! plate aga9--?is effect be+ f "t to "t repeat$ :ile ! curr5t 0 pass+4 ,! curr5t be+ rev]s$1 a numb] ( bright1 b weak] & m diffus$1 /reams ( light _h ! appe>ance ( %oot+ f ! upp] electrode1 & ( /rik+ ^u ! plate bel[2 ) a t5d5cy to fly (f f :]e !y /ruck1 9 a simil> mann] to ! s+le /ream be=e describ$4 ,:]e ea* /ream t\*$ ! plate a brilliant po9t ( light appe>$1 & a /rong patt]+ noise 0 he>d 9 ! receiv]4 ,sid5ote3 ,bell-%ap$ receiv] )\t electrodes4 ,induction dis*>ge describ$4 7#c7 ,ano!r bell-%ap$ receiv] ( simil> %ape 0 us$4 ,?is _h no electrodes =m+ a direct communication ) ! int]ior2 b1 9 lieu ( ^!1 two waf]s ( ?9 %eet brass 7 cem5t$1 "o inside & "o outside ! glass1 opposite to "o ano!r4 ,on connexion be+ made ) ! outside waf]1 ! effects produc$ by induction 7 simil> to1 & v ne>ly z /rong z1 ^? 9 ! cases :]e direct communication ) ! int]ior ( ! receiv] 0 made4 ,sid5ote3 ,long l>ge tube exhau/$ & illum9at$4 ,spiral =m ( dis*>ge4 7#d7 ,a l>ge tube1 #bd in*es long & #b in*es 9 diamet]1 ) ball & po9t electrodes respectively1 0 exhau/$1 & ! curr5t pass$ ?r\gh x4 ,! effects 7 simil> 9 mo/ respects to ^? produc$ 9 ! globul> & bell receiv]s1 b ! /reams ( light assum$ a di/9ctly spiral =m 9 _! passage 7see ,plate ,,xviii4 fig4 #e74 ,?is tube :5 plac$ betwe5 ! poles ( ! magnet %[$ no effect1 except a slight cond5sation ( ! /reams ( light t[>ds ! sides ( ! glass4 ,sid5ote3 ,globul> receiv] aga9 us$4 7#e7 ,! globul> receiv] fir/ describ$ 0 aga9 us$ 7! ,tate pump hav+ be5 clean$ & work+ easi]74 ,sid5ote3 ,phosphoresc5t aft]-gl[ succe$+ ! sp>k4 7a7 ,:5 exhau/ion 0 z good z x c\ld be got1 ! sp>k /ruck across 9 a s+le1 slightly exp&$1 /ream ( rosy light1 hav+ a t5d5cy to curve upw>ds 7see ,plate ,,xviii4 fig4 #f74 ,! electrodes _h b little gl[ r\nd !m1 only j en\gh to di/+ui% ! poles ap>t4 ,:5 ! fl[ ( ! /ream 0 int]rupt$ by break+ contact ) "o t]m9al1 s t sp>ks pass$ 9 succession1 we ?\ght we detect$ a fa9t blue phosphoresc5t aft]-gl[ succe$+ ea* sp>k4 ,sid5ote3 ,positive wire only atta*$4 7b7 ,! positive wire only 0 atta*$ to "o electrode1 ! negative be+ unconnect$4 ,a set ( fa9t :ity-blue cobweb-look+ /reams ( light spread f ! electrode all ov] ! receiv]1 hav+ a vibratory motion4 ,! spaces betwe5 ^! 7 d>k1 & !re 0 no aura--! effect be+ simil>1 b n q s bright & pron\nc$1 z :5 bo? wires 7 atta*$ 7see ,plate ,,xviii4 fig4 #g74 ,sid5ote3 ,negative wire only atta*$4 7c7 ,! negative wire only 0 atta*$4 ,! cobweb /reams 7 abs5t1 or only %ot out v occasionally4 ,! ma9 effect 0 a /raight nebul\s /ream ( violet light1 :i* comm5c$ at ! electrode & spread out 9 a fan-%ape t[>ds ! l[] brass cap ( ! receiv]2 :ile1 at ! same "t1 an aura or gl[ ( simil> light1 b fa9t] 9 quality1 spread f ! electrode ov] at lea/ "o half ( ! receiv]4 ,?is aura w\ld no d\bt h fill$ a small flask 7see ,plate ,,xviii4 fig4 #h74 ,sid5ote3 ,effect ( gradual exhau/ion on ! dis*>ge4 7d7 ,:5 exhau/ion 0 fir/ comm5c$1 bo? electrodes ( ! receiv] 7bo? wires be+ connect$7 ?rew out spid]-web-l /reams1 z 9 ,exp]im5t #a1 pale blue f ! "o pole & some:at rosy f ! o!r4 ,z ! exhau/ion progress$ ! pale-blue /reams disappe>$1 :ile ! rosy flick]+ ones dim9i%$ 9 quantity & ext5t until ultimately a s+le rosy /ream ( light cross$ ! receiv] z 9 ,exp]im5t #e;a4 ,^u admitt+ ! air1 ^! effects took place 9 an inv]se ord]--! s+le /ream be+ gradually brok5 up1 & ! spid]-webs tak+ its place4 ,sid5ote3 ,globul> receiv] plac$ on poles ( ! magnet4 ,magnet effect4 7e7 ,! exhau/$ globul> receiv] 0 plac$ ^u ! poles ( ! excit$ magnet1 ) ! /ream at "r angles to !m4 ,look+ across ! ,s4 pole ( ! magnet1 ! negative electrode 0 on ! left h&1 & ! positive on ! "r4 ,! effect ( ! magnet on ! /ream 0 app>5tly to split x up into sev]al2 b ?is appe>ance mu/ h be5 due to vibration only1 z a revolv+ mirror %[$ ! /ream z s+le4 ,:5 ! curr5t 0 rev]s$1 ! /ream :i*1 )\t ! magnet1 0 some:at flick]+ & vibrat+1 slightly /raight5$ at ! positive pole1 & ! :ole /ream became /eadi]4 ,sid5ote3 ,s+le wires atta*$4 7f7 ,s+le wires 7 successively atta*$ to ! negative & positive poles1 & ! cobweb /ream]s & gl[ be=e describ$ obta9$4 ,! magnet 0 f\nd to h no decid$ effect on ei!r ( ^!4 ,sid5ote3 ,plck] tube plac$ betwe5 poles ( magnet ) negative wire only atta*$4 7#f7 ,! ,plck] air-tube 7,plate ,,xvii4 fig4 #b7 0 plac$ betwe5 ! poles ( ! magnet1 & ! negative wire only 0 connect$ ) ! /raight electrode4 ,a pale violet gl[ 0 se5 r\nd ?is electrode1 & ano!r1 b r fa9t]1 gl[ ( a simil> description at ! r+ electrode1 ! int]m$iate space be+ fill$ ) a salmon-col\r$ light4 ,?is violet gl[ 0 cond5s$ into an arc by ! action ( ! magnet4 ,rev]s+ ! curr5t1 ! violet gl[ /ill rema9$ at ea* electrode1 & t betwe5 ! poles ( ! magnet 0 /ill influ5c$ into an arc4 ,sid5ote3 ,geissl] tube sub/itut$1 ) simil> results4 7#g7 ,an air ,geissl] tube 0 sub/itut$ = ! ,plck] tube1 ) v mu* ! same result4 ,:i*ev] wire 0 atta*$1 a violet gl[ appe>$ at ! connect$ electrode1 & a fa9t] "o ( ! same "* at ! o!r2 & ! magnet influ5c$ bo?4 ,! connect+ salmon-col\r$ gl[ 0 fa9t4 ,sid5ote3 ,globul> receiv] treat$ ) phosphoric anhydride4 7#h;a7 ,! globul> receiv] _h "s phosphoric anhydride %ak5 into x2 & x 0 !n exhau/$4 ,! cobweb /ream]s & violet gl[ ea* appe>$ accord+ to :i* wire 0 connect$4 ,!re 0 no m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! receiv] ) ! anhydride & )\t2 except t 9 ! =m] case ! /ream]s & gl[ 7 r$uc$ 9 ext5t & /r5g?1 & 7 comp>atively fa9t4 ,sid5ote3 ,dis*>ge 9 wat]-vap\r describ$4 7b7 ,! anhydride hav+ be5 wa%$ out1 fir/ ) pla9 & aft]w>ds ) di/ill$ wat]1 "s drops ( ! latt] 7 all[$ to rema9 9 ! receiv]4 ,on exhau/ion a vap\r-cl\d 0 =m$1 & ! dis*>ge pass$ 7bo? t]m9als be+ connect$ ) ! coil7 ?r\gh ?is4 ,! rosy /ream ( light 0 =m$ z usual1 b 0 m flick]+ & un/eady4 ,z ! exhau/ion 0 less5$1 ! rosy /ream disappe>$1 & ! cobweb /reams began to fill ! receiv]4 ,^! 71 h[ev]1 n s bright & %>p z 9 a dry receiv]1 b 7 fa9t & broad2 :ile "s diffus$ & nebul\s /reams ( light1 runn+ 7slightly b5t7 f pole to pole1 & f to ( an in* broad1 7 int]mix$ ) !m4 ,:5 "o wire only 0 connect$1 ! gl[ & /ream]s f ! electrode 7 v fa9t4 ,sid5ote3 ,l>ge bell-receiv] & plate describ$4 ,receiv] exhau/$ & /ream ( light =m$4 7#i7 ,a l>ge bell-%ap$ receiv]1 #aa #h in*es1 0 next us$4 ,x 0 op5 at ! bottom1 :i* 0 gr\nd z usual2 & _h a small op5+ at ! top1 also c>ry+ a gr\nd edge4 ,a solid brass plate 0 prep>$1 gr\nd only r\nd ! edge 79 ord] to take ! receiv]71 & 9 ! c5tre ( ?is brass plate 7 ins]t$ two disks ( s(t iron1 correspond+ 9 position & size ) ! poles ( ! ,ladd electro-magnet 7see ,plate ,,xviii4 fig4 #aa74 ,:5 ?is plate 0 plac$ on ! magnet1 ! poles & disks 7 9 contact2 & ! disks became ,n4 & ,s4 poles )9 ! receiv]4 ,a small brass plate c>ry+ a tap & exhau/-tube1 & a b9d+-screw = atta*+ an electrode )91 clos$ ! receiv] at top4 ,! receiv] & plate be+ plac$ on ! magnet-poles1 ! =m] 0 exhau/$ until ! dis*>ge became a rosy slightly-diffus$ /ream ( light2 ) a small unillum9at$ space betwe5 x & ! negative pole1 :]e ! usual violet gl[ appe>$ r\nd ! wire4 ,?is /ream ( light 0 us$ = ! exp]im5ts aft] detail$4 ,9 "s cases ! conical armatures 7 plac$ )9 ! receiv]1 9 o!rs ! disks alone 7 us$ z ! magnetic poles4 ,sid5ote3 ,effect on same :5 magnet excit$4 7a7 ,) ! app>atus arrang$ z %[n on ,plate ,,xviii4 fig4 #aj1 & ! magnet excit$1 a violet gl[ appe>$ r\nd ! end ( ! wire :i* 0 negative4 ,a small unillum9at$ space !n int]v5+1 ! /ream ran 9 a curve betwe5 ! wire & ! armature1 :i* latt] 0 positive4 ,! /ream 0 n /eady & _h a t5d5cy to rotate2 b z ?is 0 bett] obs]v$ ) ! disks only1 x is describ$ fur!r on4 ,sid5ote3 ,exp]im5ts ) ! conical armature remov$4 ,vibrat+ /ream4 7b7 ,! conical armature )9 ! receiv] 0 remov$1 & ! /ream all[$ to connect ) ! c5tre ( ! pump-plate4 ,:5 ! magnet 0 excit$1 ! /ream 0 viol5tly project$ at "r angles to ! poles1 ) a vibrat+ movem5t to ei!r side accord+ to ! direction ( ! curr5t4 ,:5 ! wire 0 positive ! movem5t 0 t[>ds ! left1 ) a slight incl9ation t[>ds ! ,n4 pole4 ,:5 ! wire 0 negative ! movem5t 0 to ! "r1 b 9 a r /rong curve t[>ds ! ,n4 pole4 ,! vibrat+ motion 0 v di/9ct1 & gave ! appe>ance ( six or sev5 /reams runn+ (f at regul> int]vals 7see ,plate ,,xviii4 fig4 #ab74 ,sid5ote3 ,rotat+ wire ov] ,s4 pole4 7c7 ,! wire 0 next plac$ ov] ! c5tre ( ! disk =m+ ! ,s4 pole4 ,) ! wire negative & ! pole positive1 rotation ( ! /ream 0 decid$ly1 b n v /rongly1 f "r to left f ! c5tre ( ! plate 7z ! h&s ( a wat*74 ,) ! wire positive & ! pole negative1 rotation 0 /rongly left to "r1 ) a disposition to spiral twi/ 9 ! /ream 7see ,plate ,,xviii4 fig4 #ac74 ,sid5ote3 ,same ov] ,n4 pole4 7d7 ,! wire 0 plac$ ov] ! disk =m+ ! ,n4 pole4 ,) ! wire negative & ! pole positive1 rotation ( ! /ream 0 left to "r4 ,) ! wire positive & ! pole negative1 rotation 0 "r to left 7see ,plate ,,xviii4 fig4 #ad74 ,sid5ote3 ,/ream ?r[n across ! receiv] above ! magnet-poles4 7e7 ,! /ream 0 ?r[n across ! receiv] f ! lat]al b9d+-screws above1 & at "r angles to1 ! disks1 & aft]w>ds 9 ! opposite direction1 i4 e4 along !m4 ,9 nei!r case 0 !re any m>k$ *ange :5 ! magnet 0 excit$4 7f7 ,! conical armatures 7 plac$ ) ! po9t$ ends ^u ! disks 9 ! receiv]1 & ! /ream ?r[n above & along !m4 ,x div]g$--"o "p runn+ /raight across betwe5 ! electrodes1 :il/ ano!r /ream & "s cobwebs ran f ea* electrode to its ne>e/ pole4 ,! /reams & cobwebs flick]$ a good deal4 ,!re 0 no m>k$ *ange :5 ! magnet 0 excit$4 ,"s ( ,b>on ,rei*5ba*'s ,magnetic ,rese>*es te/$4 ,sid5ote3 ,b>on ,rei*5ba*'s rese>*es4 ,9 #ahdf ,dr4 ,w4 ,gregory publi%$ an ab/ract ( ,b>on ,rei*5ba*'s #8,rese>*es on ,magnetism & on c]ta9 alli$ subjects1 includ+ a suppos$ new ,impond]able4' ,sid5ote3 ,auror consid]$ to be magnetic lights4 ,flames se5 by 8s5sitive0 p]sons4 ,f a p>agraph 9 ?is "w1 x w\ld seem t ! ,b>on consid]$ 8 obs]vations z t5d+ to an explanation ( ! ,aurora ,borealis2 &1 s9ce x 0 g5]ally admitt$ t ^! ph5om5a occur )9 our atmosph]e1 t !re appe>$ a great probability ( ,auror be+ visible magnetic lights4 ,! ,b>on1 9 ! orig9al "w1 fully describes ! ,aurora ,borealis2 & concludes x mu/ be simil> 9 its nature to ! flames ( light se5 /ream+ f ! magnet-poles by ,mdlle4 ,rei*el & o!r s5sitive pati5ts ( ! ,b>on's4 ,x is un=tunate t ^! flames 7 only se5 by c]ta9 8s5sitive0 p]sons4 ,! draw+s giv5 ( !m1 too1 %[ no analogy to ! magnetic curves4 ,sid5ote3 ,magnet te/$ = su* flames4 ,hav+ ! opportunity ( a p[]ful magnet 9 t us$ dur+ our tube-exp]im5ts1 we made an attempt to detect ! ,b>on's magnetic flames1 on or ar\nd ! poles ( our magnet1 9 a p]fectly d>k room4 ,arrangem5ts 7 made to sil5tly connect & disconnect ! batt]y ) ! magnet1 )\t ! k ( any "o except ! op]ator4 ,! exp]im5t prov$ a complete failure2 no flames or dis*>ges ( light ( any k9d 7 to be se54 ,! obs]v]s 7 five 9 numb]1 two g5tlem5 & ?ree ladies1 b n "o ( ! p>ty prov$ 8s5sitive40 ,sid5ote3 ,mr4 ,brooks's exp]im5ts on action ( ! magnet on a s5sitive photographic plate4 ,"s exp]im5ts made by ,mr4 ,w4 ,brooks1 & detail$ 9 a pap] read by him be=e ! ,s\? ,london ,photographic ,society1 seem to corroborate 7to a c]ta9 ext5t7 ! /atem5ts made by ! ,b>on 9 reg>d to ! influ5ce ( ! magnet on a s5sitive photographic plate4 ,rememb]+1 h[ev]1 h[ x has be5 demon/rat$ t light may be 8bottl$ up0 z an act9ic s\rce = a consid]able p]iod ( "t1 x seems a "q :e!r ! images obta9$ 7 n due to "s su* s\rce r ?an to any magnetic aura4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,=ego+ ,,exp]im5ts ,,& ,,_! ,,results4 ,sid5ote3 ,summ>y ( ! exp]im5ts4 ,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,action ( magnet on gl[ & spectrum ( ,geissl] gas vacuum-tubes demon/rat$4 ,*apt] ,,xv4 ,action ( magnet on glass capill>y tube negativ$4 ,f>aday's exp]im5t ) heavy-glass b> repeat$4 ,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,action ( magnet on gl[ 9 wide air-tube demon/rat$4 ,note on /ratification4 ,9 ,plck] tube1 action ( magnet on negative pole 7arc =m$7 & positive pole 7,gassiot's r+s produc$7 demon/rat$4 ,effects ( magnet ^u gl[ & spectrum ( t9-*loride vacuum-tubes demon/rat$4 ,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,effect ( magnet ^u aft]-gl[ 9 a bulb$ phosphoresc5t tube demon/rat$4 ,effect ( magnet ^u gl[ 9 small phosphoresc5t 7p[d]7 tubes exam9$4 ,m>quis ( ,salisbury's exp]im5ts 7light+-up ) "o wire only7 te/$1 & confirmatory results arriv$ at4 ,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,action ( magnet on aura ( electric sp>k demon/rat$4 ,*apt] ,,xix4 ,effects ( magnet on dis*>ges 9 vacuo 9 l>g] vessels demon/rat$4 ng/rm's flask exp]im5t te/$2 same results n obta9$ unless "o wire only 0 connect$4 ,exp]im5ts demon/rat+ ! action ( a magnet on an electric /ream1 viz4 vibration betwe51 & rotation r\nd1 poles4 ,b>on ,rei*5ba*'s magnetic flames te/$ )\t result4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,"s ,,conclud+ ,,rem>ks4 ,x is usual1 9 conclud+ a "w on a special subject1 to sum up its cont5ts1 & to exam9e ! g5]al results arriv$ at4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 x is n easy to d 9 ! pres5t case4 ,! cont5ts ( our volume comprise a %ort hi/ory ( ! ,aurora1 its qualities & spectrum2 & a /atem5t has be5 giv5 ( ! sev]al conclusions at :i* v>i\s obs]v]s h arriv$ z to its "* & causes4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k ( ! subject1 to add an op9ion to ^! might seem to sav\r ( presumption2 & ! que/ions involv$ may p]haps be bett] treat$ z /ill sub judice1 & z requir+ fur!r & full] evid5ce be=e arriv+ at a v]dict4 ,! foll[+ obs]vations mu/ !re=e be tak5 r z fur!r notes & memor&a1 ?an z conclusions4 ,ap>t f ! spectroscopic que/ions involv$1 ! olde/ & mo/ receiv$ !ory ( ! ,aurora--t ( its be+ "s =m ( electric dis*>ge 9 ! m r>efi$ regions ( ! atmosph]e1--seems to hold its own3 & if1 z is probable1 "s =m ( phosphoresc5ce is involv$ 9 ! dis*>ge1 ,m4 ,lecoq de ,boisbaudran's obs]vations on ! bright5+ ( ! r$ l9e "u ! influ5ce ( cold1 & ! fall+ ( ! yell[-gre5 l9e )9 a b& ( phosphorett$ hydrog51 come into play2 & a connexion1 ?\gh slight & imp]fect1 may be 9 ?is respect trac$ betwe5 ! dis*>ge & its spectrum4 ,! exp]im5ts detail$ 9 ,"p ,,ii4 seem to h an important be>+1 z %[+ ! v m>k$ effect ( ! magnet on ! r>efi$ gl[1 z well z on ! sp>k 9 air at ord9>y pressure4 ,! well-def9$ arc =m$ by ! aura ( ! sp>k1 ! flick]+ jets :i* replace ! ev5 edge ( ! arc :5 p>tially )drawn f ! magnetic influ5ce1 & ! /ream]s =m$ :5 ! aura is bl[n away f ! sp>k 7,plate ,,xvii4 figs4 #f1 #g1 & #h71 are c]ta9ly highly sugge/ive ( frequ5t =ms ( ,auroral dis*>ge2 &1 b = trial & failure1 might lead "o to expect results f a comp>ison ( ! l9e air-spectrum ) t ( ! ,aurora4 ,! exp]im5ts ) a wire atta*$ to "o electrode only1 %[ h[ ! gl[ may be affect$ & v>i$ 9 col\r & "* :5 ! dis*>ge is int]rupt$ & incomplete4 ,diff]5ces 9 electric t5sion may also consid]ably v>y ! "* ( ! dis*>ge4 ,! influ5ce ( ! magnet 9 excit+ & bright5+ ! gl[ & spectrum ( "o gas1 :ile x depresses & ext+ui%es ! gl[ & spectrum ( ano!r gas 9 ! same tube1 sugge/s an explanation ( ! obs]v$ v>iation 9 int5sity1 & diff]5ce 9 numb]1 ( ! ,aurora-l9es4 ,int5sity ( l9es dep5d+ on temp]ature1 & ?is aga9 on resi/ance1 & x appe>+ t resi/ance is influ5c$ by ! magnetic action1 ! same effects ( bright5+ or depress+ ( ! spectrum are probably produc$ 9 ! ,aurora1 z 9 ! vacuum-tubes plac$ betwe5 ! magnet-poles4 ,9 ! ,m>quis ( ,salisbury's obs]vations1 p>aff9-vap\r gave ,c & ,h l9es :5 connect$ ) bo? poles ( ! batt]y1 b ,c l9es only :5 connect$ ) "o pole2 & 9 t case ! l9es 7 equally %>p on bo? sides4 ,^! obs]vations 7repeat$ 9 our exp]im5ts7 may af=d an explanation :y ! hydrog5-l9es are n se5 9 ! ,aurora-spectrum2 al?\gh !re c be h>dly any d\bt t ! ph5om5on usually takes place 9 air m or less moi/4 ,pr(essor ng/rm's rese>*es on ! violet-pole gl[ are n entirely corroborat$ by our exp]im5ts2 & x seems d\btful :e!r 8 results 9 ! exhau/$ flask 7 n obta9$ f ! negative pole only4 ,"o great difficulty 9 ! comp>ison ( ! ,aurora-spectrum ) ! violet pole ( air-tubes & "s o!r spectra 7includ+ oxyg571 arises f ! pres5ce 9 ! latt] ( broad b&s2 & x is difficult to und]/& h[ ^! b&s c be aptly comp>$ ) ! def9ite1 ?\gh fa9t1 l9es obs]v$ by ,dr4 ,vogel & o!rs 9 ! ,aurora-spectrum4 ,x mu/1 too1 be borne 9 m9d t ! conditions "u :i* we may consid] ! ,aurora to obta91 are su* z c be only v imp]fectly imitat$ 9 ! laboratory4 ,auror also no d\bt diff] 9 d5sity & ?ickness ( lay]2 & ,kir*h(f's obs]vation mu/ be rememb]$3--8,t if ?ickness ( a film ( vap\r be increas$1 ! l9es are increas$ 9 int5sity1 ! bright l9es m sl[ly ?an ! fa9t]2 & x may happ5 t ! spectrum appe>s to be totally *ang$ :5 ! mass ( ! vap\r is alt]$40 ,7 x possible to te/ ) ! spectroscope a cl\d or film ( gase\s vap\r correspond+ 9 "s degree 9 d5sity & ?ickness ) an ,auroral dis*>ge1 we might p]haps get ne>] ! tru?4 ,mr4 ,proct] also rem>ks 7z we prov$ 9 our magnet exp]im5ts73--8,t frequ5tly v small traces appropriate to !mselves ! :ole ( electrical dis*>ges at l[ pressures1 & completely mask ! spectra ( any o!r gases pres5t40 ,! oxyg5-spectrum1 ) its possible v>iation by ! conv]sion ( t gas into ! allotropic condition t]m$ ozone1 seem$ at fir/ to af=d a prospect ( close relation to ! ,aurora-spectrum2 :i*1 h[ev]1 disappe>$ on clos] exam9ation4 ,if nitrog5 c\ld be modifi$ 9 "s su* way z oxyg5 is conv]t$ into ozone1 x might p]haps af=d ano!r opportunity = inve/igation2 b we h no evid5ce at pres5t ( su* a *ange4 ,! spectrum ( nitrog5 is usually f\nd s+ul>ly di/9ct & p]si/5t2 &1 except z v>i$ f b& to l9e by int5sity ( ! dis*>ge1 n liable to alt]ation#af4 ,col\rs ( l9es are functions ( wave-l5g?1 subject1 h[ev]1 to ! obs]vation t 9 a weak spectrum ! col\rs lose _! int5sity4 ,! r$ l9e 9 ! ,aurora has sometimes be5 f\nd bright] ?an ! gre54 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! r$ & gre5 may be indep5d5t spectra2 b ! v>iations ( t9t obs]v$ 9 ! capill>y ( hydrog5 & o!r tubes accord+ to resi/ance ( ! curr5t1 demon/rate t ! v>y+ col\rs ( ! ,aurora may be connect$ ) ! light+-up ( p>ticul> p>ts ( ! spectrum1 & d n necess>ily indicate t diff]5t gases & spectra are excit$4 ,absorption may also play an important "p 9 ! nature ( ! ,aurora-spectrum 7,zlln]'s !ory t ! l9es are really spaces betwe5 absorption b&s74 ,mo/ gases w give a cont9u\s spectrum "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 ev5 at a l[ pressure4 ,! "q ( cosmic du/ is invit+1 b ! facts collat$ h>dly w>rant at pres5t its probable connexion ) ! ,aurora4 ,if ,auror 7 compos$ ( inc&esc5t gl[+ meteors1 x w\ld be reasonable to expect to f9d 9 ! spectrum ! l9es ( iron1 a metal con/itut+ s prom95tly ! composition ( meteorites4 ,no connexion betwe5 ! iron & ! ,aurora-spectra is1 h[ev]1 prov$2 ?\gh x may be suspect$4 ,! iron-spectrum1 z rem>k$ else:]e1 conta9s s _m l9es t "s may1 z a m]e accid5tal circum/ance1 closely agree ) ! ,aurora-l9es4 ,! iron-l9es are1 x may be rem>k$1 z a rule1 %>p] & f9] ?an ! ,auroral l9es1 ?\gh x is possible t ^! *>act]i/ics might v>y if ! spectrum 7 obta9$ 9 a r>efi$ m$ium4 ,tubes ) iron t]m9als are said to evolve a comp\nd gas ( ,h & ,fe4 ,i h n _h an opportunity to v]ify ?is4 ,x may be add$ t ! comp>ative fa9tness ( ! m refrangible l9es ( ! ,aurora-spectrum sugge/s a feeble resi/ance to ! excit+ curr5t1 & a l[ temp]ature inconsi/5t ) a meteoric !ory2 & ?is is n contradict$ by ! brightness ( ! r$ & gre5 l9es1 if ^! are due to a phosphoresc5t orig94 ,expansion ( a l9e is recogniz$ to be dep5d5t on pressure1 & consequ5tly ! bread? ( ! gre5 or r$ l9es might indicate ! height ( ! ,aurora2 :ile _! brightness or o!rwise might also give "s idea z to its d5sity4 ,no obs]vations 9 ?is direction h1 z f> z ,i am aw>e1 be5 record$4 ,z ! g5]al result ( spectrum "w on ! ,aurora up to ! pres5t "t1 we seem to h q fail$ 9 f9d+ any spectrum :i*1 z to position1 int5sity1 & g5]al "* ( l9es1 well co9cides ) t ( ! ,aurora4 ,inde$1 we may say we d n f9d any spectrum s ne>ly alli$ to portions ev5 ( ! ,aurora-spectrum1 z to lead u to conclude t we h discov]$ ! true nature ( "o spectrum ( ! ,aurora 7suppos+ x to comprise1 z "s consid]1 two or m74 ,! :ole subject may be *>act]iz$ z /ill a sci5tific my/]y--:i*1 h[ev]1 we may hope "s future obs]v]s1 arm$ ) spectroscopes ( l>ge ap]ture & l[ disp]sion1 b ) suffici5t means ( measurem5t ( l9e positions1 & possibly aid$ by photography1 may help to solve4 ,! s+ul> abs5ce ( ,auror has1 = "s "t pa/1 giv5 no opportunity 9 t direction4 ,may "s ( my read]s be m =tunate 9 obta9+ opportunities ( view+ ! glori\s sky-fires1 & assi/ to unravel s int]e/+ a p>adox6 ,,app5dices4 ,,app5dix ,a4 ,,ref]5ces ,,to ,,"s ,,works ,,& ,,essays ,,on ,,! ,,aurora4 7,mo/ ( ^! are cit$ 9 ! #8,ed9burgh ,encyclopdia' & ! #8,encyclopdia ,britannica4'7 ,muss*5broek1 ,in/it4 ,phys4 c4 #da4 #8,trai4 ,phys4 et ,hi/4 de l',aurore ,borale1' p> ,m4 de ,mairan4 ,p>is1 #aged4 ,becc>ia1 #8,dell',elettricismo ,artif4 e ,nat4' p4 #bba4 ,smi?'s #8,optics1' p4 #fi4 ,d',alemb]t's #8,opuscules ,ma?matiques1' vol4 vi4 p4 #ccd4 #8,philosophical ,transactions' z "u3-- ,vol4 ,pages #agaf #djf #agag #ehd1 #ehf #agai #ajii1 #aaja1 #aajd1 #aajg #agbj #ba #agba #ahj1 #ahf #agbc #cjj #agbd #age #agbf #abh1 #acb1 #aej #agbg #bde1 #cja #agbh #dec #agbi #acg #agcj #bgi #agca #ec-ee #agcd #bdc1 #bia #agcf #bda #agdj #cfh #agda #gdd1 #hci1 #hdj1 #hdc #agej #cai1 #cde1 #cdf1 #dii #agea #ci1 #abf #ageb #afi #agec #he #agfb #dgd1 #dgi #agfd #cbf1 #ccb #agfg #ajh #agfi #hf1 #cjg #aggj #ecb #aggd #abh #agha #bbh #agij #cb1 #dg1 #aja #8,miscell4 ,b]ol95s4' #agaj1 vol4 i4 p4 #aca4 #8,comm5t4 ,petrop4' tom4 i4 p4 #cea1 tom4 iv4 p4 #aba4 #8,acta ,petrop4' #aghj1 vol4 iv4 p4 #a4 #8,mem4 ,acad4 ,p>is1' #agdg1 pp4 #cfc1 #dbc2 #agca2 #agea4 #8,mem4 ,acad4 ,b]l4' #agaj1 vol4 i4 p4 #aca2 #agdg1 p4 #aag4 ,s*w$4 #8,abh&lung51' #ageb1 p4 #afi2 #agec1 p4 #he2 #agfd1 pp4 #bjj1 #bea4 ,b]gman1 #8,opusc4' vol4 v4 p4 #bgb4 #8,am]ic4 ,trans4' vol4 i4 p4 #djd4 #8,mm4 de ,ma?mat4 et ,phys4' tom4 viii4 p4 #ahj4 ,rozi]1 vol4 xiii4 p4 #dji2 vol4 xv4 p4 #abh2 vol4 xxxiii4 p4 #aec4 ,frankl9's ,works1 vol4 ii4 ,weidl]1 #8,de ,aurora ,boreale4' #dto4 ,nocetus1 #8,de ,iride et ,aurora ,boreale1 cum ,notis ,boscovis*4' ,rome1 #agdg4 ,*im9ello1 #8,mem4 ,soc4 ,ital4' vol4 vii4 p4 #aec4 ,gilb]t's #8,j\rnal1' vol4 xv4 p4 #bjf2 & 7p>ticul>ly7 ,dr4 ,t4 ,"y's #8,nat4 ,phil4' vol4 i4 pp4 #fhg1 #gaf1 & vol4 ii4 p4 #dhh4 ,wi$eburg1 #8,ueb] die ,nordli*t]4' ,j5a1 #agga4 ,hps*1 #8,unt]su*ung des ,nordli*ts4' ,cologne1 #aggh4 ,van ,sw9d51 #8,recueil de ,mmoires4' ,hague1 #aghd4 ,wilke1 #8,von d5 neue/5 ,erklrung5 des ,nordli*ts1' ,s*w$4 ,mus4 ,wism>1 #aghc4 ,dalton's #8,meteor4 ,obs]v4' #agic1 pp4 #ed1 #aec4 ,loomis1 #8,sill4 ,j\rnal1' #bnd s]ies1 xxxii4 p4 #cbd2 xxxiv4 p4 #cd4 ,! same1 #crd s]ies1 v4 p4 #bde2 ,b4 ,v4 ,m>%1 #crd s]ies1 xxxi4 p4 #caa4 ,oett+5 & ,vogel1 ,pogg4 ,ann4 cxlvi4 pp4 #bhd1 #efi4 ,galle & ,sirks1 ibid4 cxlvi4 p4 #acc2 cxlix4 p4 #aab4 ,silb]mann1 #8,comptes ,r5dus1' lxviii4 pp4 #ajdi1 #aabj1 #aadj1 #aafd4 ,pr(4 ,fritz1 8,geog4 ,di/rib410 ,pet]mann's ,mit?41 ,oct4 #ahgd4 ,zehfuss1 #8,physikalis*e ,!orie4' ,adelman1 ,frank=t4 #8,nature1' iii4 pp4 #f1 #g1 #bh1 #ajd1 #abf1 #cdf1 #cdh1 #eaj2 iv4 pp4 #bji1 #bac1 #cde1 #dig1 #eje2 x4 #baa 7ng/rm74 #8,ed9burgh ,a/ronomical ,obs]vations1' vol4 xiv4 #ahgj-ahgg4 #8,engli% ,me*anic1' ,no4 #dfa 7,janu>y #bc1 #ahgd71 pp4 #dde-ddg2 & ,no4 #dfb1 pp4 #dge1 #dgf4 ,,app5dix ,b4 ,,extracts ,,f ,,! ,,manual ,,& ,,in/ructions ,,= ,,! 7,,engli%7 ,,arctic ,,exp$ition1 #ahge4 ,note on ,auroral ,obs]vations4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,/okes1 ,sec4 ,r4,s4 ,! frequ5cy ( ! ,aurora 9 ,arctic regions af=ds peculi> facilities = ! /udy ( ! g5]al features ( ! ph5om5on1 z 9 case ! obs]v] ?9ks he has p]ceiv$ any law he w probably soon1 & repeat$ly1 h opportunities ( confront+ x ) obs]vation4 ,! foll[+ po9ts are wor?y ( att5tion3-- ,/ream]s4--,x is well kn[n t1 at lea/ z a rule1 ! /ream]s are p>allel to ! dipp+-ne$le1 z is inf]r$ f ! obs]vation t !y =m arcs ( great circles pass+ ?r\gh ! magnetic z5i?4 ,x has be5 /at$1 h[ev]1 t !y h sometimes be5 se5 curv$4 ,%\ld any ?+ ( ?is k9d be notic$1 ! obs]v] ought to note ! circum/ances mo/ c>efully4 ,he %\ld notice p>ticul>ly :e!r x is "o & ! same /ream] t is curv$1 or :e!r ! curvature is app>5t only1 & arises f ! circum/ance t a numb] ( %ort1 /raight /ream]s />t f bases s arrang$ t ! lum9osity z a :ole pres5ts ! =m ( a curv$ b&4 ,h ! /ream]s any lat]al motion8 & if s1 is x f "r to left or left to "r1 or sometimes "o & sometimes ! o!r1 accord+ to ! qu>t] ( ! heav5s 9 :i* ! /ream] is se51 or o!r circum/ances8 ,aga91 if !re be lat]al motion1 is x t ! individual /ream]s move sideways1 or t fre% /ream]s arise to "o side ( ! =m]1 or p>tly ! "o & p>tly ! o!r8 ,d /ream]s1 or does "s portion ( a sy/em ( /ream]s1 appe> to h any uni=m relation to cl\ds1 z if !y sprang f !m8 ,c />s be se5 imm$iately "u ! base ( /ream]s8 ,d /ream]s appe> to h any def9ite relation to m\nta9s8 ,are !y ev] se5 betwe5 ! obs]v] & a m\nta91 s z to appe> to be project$ on x8 ,?is or any o!r indication ( a l[ orig9 ought to be mo/ c>efully describ$4 ,:5 /ream]s =m a corona1 ! "* ( x %\ld be describ$4 ,auroral ,ar*es4--,are ar*es always p]p5dicul> to ! magnetic m]idian8 ,if incomplete1 d !y gr[ lat]ally8 & if s1 9 :at mann]1 & t[>ds :i* side8 ,d !y always move f nor? 7magnetic7 to s\?8 & if s1 is x by a s\!rly motion ( ! individual /ream]s1 or by new /ream]s spr++ up to ! s\? ( ! old ones8 ,:at 7by e/imation1 or by ref]5ce to kn[n />s7 may be ! bread? ( ! ar* 9 diff]5t positions 9 its progress8 ,d ar*es appe> to be no?+ b cong]ies ( /ream]s1 or to h an indep5d5t exi/5ce8 ,:at relations1 if any1 h !y to cl\ds8 & if relat$1 to :at k9d ( cl\ds are !y relat$8 ,pulsations4--,d pulsations travel 9 any inv>iable direction8 ,:at "t d !y take to get f "o "p ( ! heav5s to ano!r8 ,are !y runn+ %eets ( cont9u\s light1 or fix$ pat*es :i* become lum9\s1 or m lum9\s1 9 rapid succession8 & if pat*es1 d ^! appe> to be =e%ort5$ /ream]s8 ,are ! same pat*es lum9\s 9 successive pulsations8 ,s\nds 7874--,z "s h suspect$ ! ,aurora to be accompani$ by s\nd1 ! obs]v]'s att5tion %\ld be direct$ to ?is "q :5 an ,aurora is se5 dur+ a calm4 ,if s\nd be suspect$1 ! obs]v] %\ld endeav\r1 by *ang+ 8 position1 bru%+ (f spicules ( ice f ! neighb\rhood ( ! e>s1 8 :isk]s1 c41 to asc]ta9 :e!r x c be ref]r$ to ! action ( su* w9d z !re is on "s "p ( 8 dress or p]son4 ,if x %\ld cle>ly appe> t x is n ref]able to ! w9d1 !n ! circum/ance ( its occurr5ce1 its "*1 its relation 7if any7 to bur/s ( light1 %\ld be mo/ c>efully not$4 ,^! que/ions are prep>$ m]ely to lead ! obs]v] to direct 8 att5tion to v>i\s features ( ! ph5om5on4 ,answ]s are n dem&$1 except 9 su* cases z def9ite answ]s c be giv52 & ! obs]v] %\ld keep 8 att5tion alive to obs]ve & reg>d any o!r features :i* may appe> to be ( int]e/4 ,x is desirable t draw+s %\ld be made ( rem>kable displays4 ,obs]vations ) ,sir ,william ,?omson's electromet] w\ld be v int]e/+ 9 connexion ) ! ,aurora1 especially a comp>ison ( ! read+s be=e1 dur+1 & aft] a passage ( ! ,aurora across ! z5i?4 ,spectroscopic ,obs]vations4 ,by ,pr(4 ,g4 ,g4 ,,/okes1 ,sec4 ,r4,s4 ,spectrum ( ! ,aurora4 ,! spectrum ( ! ,aurora conta9s a well-kn[n conspicu\s bright l9e 9 ! yell[i% gre51 :i* has be5 accurately obs]v$4 ,!re are also o!r bright l9es ( great] refrangibility1 ! det]m9ation ( ! positions ( :i* is m difficult on acc\nt ( _! fa9tness1 & !re are also "o or m l9es 9 ! r$1 9 r$ auroras4 ,advantage %\ld be tak5 ( an unusually bright display to det]m9e ! positions ( ! fa9t] l9es4 ,t ( ! brighte/ l9es1 ?\gh well kn[n1 %\ld be measur$ at ! same "t to control ! obs]vations4 ,! "* ( ! l9es 7i4 e4 :e!r !y are /rictly l9es1 %[+ images ( ! app>5t bread? ( ! slit1 or n>r[ b&s1 %>ply def9$ or %ad$-(f7 %\ld also be /at$4 ,sometimes a fa9t gleam ( light is se5 at night 9 ! sky1 ! orig9 ( :i* 7suppos$ f ! pres5ce ( cl\ds7 is d\btful4 ,a spectroscope ( ! r\ghe/ description may 9 su* cases be usefully employ$ to det]m9e :e!r ! light is auroral or n1 z 9 ! =m] case ! auroral orig9 is detect$ by ! *ief bright l9e4 ,! obs]v] may ?us be l$ to be on ! look-out = a display :i* o!rwise might h be5 miss$4 ,x has be5 said1 h[ev]1 t ! auroral light does n 9 all cases exhibit bright l9es1 b sometimes1 at lea/ 9 ! ea/]n & we/]n ar* ( ! ,aurora1 %[s a cont9u\s spectrum4 ,?is /atem5t %\ld be confront$ ) obs]vation1 special c>e be+ tak5 t ! auroral light be n conf\nd$ ) light :i*1 ?\gh se5 9 ! same direction1 is ( a diff]5t orig91 su*1 = example1 z light f a bank ( haze illum9at$ by ! moon4 ,sir ,edw>d ,sab9e once obs]v$ an auroral ar* to "o side 7say nor?7 ( ! %ip1 :i* 0 9 d>kness4 ,pres5tly ! ar* c\ld no long] be se51 b !re 0 a g5]al diffuse light1 s t a man at ! ma/-head c\ld be se54 ,lat] /ill1 ! %ip 0 aga9 9 d>kness1 & an auroral ar* 0 se5 to ! s\?4 ,%\ld any ?+ ( ! k9d be obs]v$1 ! :ole ( ! circum/ances ought to be c>efully not$1 & ! spectroscope appli$ to ! diffuse light4 ,pol>ization ( ,light4 ,by ,w4 ,,spottiswoode1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d41 ,treas4 ,r4,s4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! ,aurora1 inasmu* z x pres5ts a /ructural "*1 may af=d traces ( pol>ization4 ,hav+ ref]5ce to ! fact t ! /ri ( ! electric dis*>ge 9 vacuum-tubes pres5t no su* feature1 ! probability ( ! sugge/ion may be d\bt$4 ,b x w /ill be wor? :ile to put ! "q to an exp]im5tal te/4 ,if traces ( pol>ization be detect$1 x mu/ n at once be conclud$ t ! light ( ! ,aurora is pol>iz$2 = ! ,aurora may be se5 on ! backgr\nd ( a sky illum9at$ by ! moon1 or by ! sun1 if n too f> bel[ ! horizon1 & ! light f ei!r ( ^! s\rces is1 9 g5]al1 m or less pol>iz$2 !re=e1 if ! light ( ! ,aurora is suspect$ to be pol>iz$1 ! pol>iscope %\ld be direct$ to an adjac5t portion ( cle> sky1 free f ,aurora1 b illum9at$ by ! moon or sun z ne>ly z possible simil>1 & simil>ly situat$ to ! =m] portion2 & ! obs]v] mu/ !n judge :e!r ! pol>ization fir/ obs]v$ be m]ely due to ! illum9ation ( ! sky4 ,! pres5ce ( pol>ization is to be det]m9$3-- 7#a7 ,) a ,nicol's prism1 by obs]v+ ! light ?r\gh x by turn+ ! prism r\nd on its axis1 & by exam9+ :e!r ! light appe>s brighte/ 9 "s positions & lea/ bright 9 o!rs4 ,if su* be ! case1 ! positions w be f\nd to be at "r angles to "o ano!r4 ,! direction ( 8! plane ( pol>ization0 w be det]m9$ by t ( ! ,nicol at ei!r ( ^! critical positions4 ,! plane ( pol>ization ( ! light transmitt$ by a ,nicol1 is p>allel to ! long] diagonal ( ! face2 &1 accord+ly1 ! plane ( pol>ization1 or p>tial pol>ization1 ( ! obs]v$ light is p>allel to ! long] diamet] ( ! ,nicol :5 ! transmitt$ light is at its greate/ int5sity1 or to ! %ort] :5 x is at its lea/4 7#b7 ,! obs]vation ) a d\ble-image prism is simil> to t ) a ,nicol4 ,?is in/rum5t1 z its "n implies1 gives ! images :i* w\ld be se5 ?r\gh ! ,nicol 9 two rectangul> positions1 bo? at once1 s t !y c be directly comp>$2 & :5 9 obs]v+ pol>iz$ light ! in/rum5t is turn$ s t "o image is at a maximum1 ! o!r is simultane\sly at a m9imum4 ,bo? ^! me?ods ( obs]vation1 7#a7 & 7#b71 are especially suitable = fa9t light2 because 9 su* a case ! eye is bett] able to appreciate diff]5ces ( int5sity ?an diff]5ces ( col\r4 7#c7 ,! obs]vation ) a biqu>tz diff]s f 7#a7 only by hold+ a biqu>tz 7a "r-h&$ & a left-h&$ qu>tz cem5t$ side by side7 at a conv5i5t di/ance beyond ! ,nicol1 & by obs]v+ :e!r col\r is or is n produc$4 ,if ! ,nicol be s turn$ t ! two p>ts ( ! biqu>tz give ! same col\r 7*oose ! neutral t9t1 te9t de passage1 r ?an ! yell[71 we c detect a *ange 9 ! position ( ! plane ( pol>ization by a *ange 9 col\r1 "o half v]g+ t[>ds r$1 ! o!r t[>ds blue4 ,?is obs]vation is obvi\sly applicable to a *ange 9 ! plane1 ei!r at diff]5t p>ts ( ! ph5om5on at ! same "t1 or at ! same p>ts at diff]5t times4 7#d7 ,we may use a ,sav>t's pol>iscope1 :i* %[s a s]ies ( col\r$ b&s 9 ! field ( view4 ,= two positions at "r angles to "o ano!r correspond+ to ! two critical positions ( a ,nicol1 ^! b&s are mo/ /rongly develop$2 = two positions midway betwe5 ! =m] ! b&s vani%4 ,9 ! in/rum5ts "h furni%$1 ! plane ( pol>ization ( ! obs]v$ light w be p>allel to ! b&s :5 ! c5tral "o is light1 p]p5dicul> to !m :5 ! c5tral b& is d>k4 ,in/ructions 9 ! use ( ! ,spectroscopes suppli$ to ! ,arctic ,exp$ition4 ,by ,j4 ,,norman ,,locky]1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,spectroscopic ,"w4 ,scales prep>$ on ,mr4 ,capron's plan1 toge!r ) =ms = record+ positions1 also accompany ! in/rum5t4 ,a4 ,9 us+ ^!1 c>efully ins]t ! pr9cipal sol> l9es 9 _! places on ! =ms1 z tak5 f a f9e slit1 & keep copies ( ?is scale = use4 ,if ! slit op5s only on "o side1 note on scale 9 :i* direction ! l9es wid5 out1 :e!r t[>ds r$ or violet4 ,also fill up "s ( ^! =ms ) gas & o!r spectra1 z tak5 at leisure ) ! same in/rum5t & scale4 ,:5 obs]v+1 close ! slit 7aft] fir/ wide op5+ x7 z mu* z light w p]mit1 & !n ) p5 or p5cil record ! l9es z se5 ^u ! micromet]-scale on ! correspond+ "p ( ! =m1 & note at once relative int5sities ) ,greek lett]s1 1 1 c4 7or numb]s74 ,r$uce at leisure l9e-places on scale to wave-l5g?s1 & note z to ea* l9e ! probable limits ( in/rum5tal error4 ,b4 ,9 case ! auroral spectrum is s fa9t t ! ne$le-po9t or micromet]-scale is invisible1 half ( ! field ( view may be cov]$ ) t9foil1 ) a p]fectly /raight smoo? edge runn+ along ! diamet] ( ! field1 9 p]fect focus1 & p>allel to ! l9es ( ! spectra4 ,! read+-screw be+ set to #aj1 ! b5d+-screw %\ld !n be adju/$ s t ! gre5 l9e ( ! ,aurora is j eclips$ beh9d ! black5$ edge ( ! t9foil4 ,a simil> eclipse ( o!r l9es w give _! positions4 ,9 ?is in/rum5t ! ref]5ce-prism is br\ght into action by turn+ ! slipp+ piece to :i* is fix$ ! two t]m9als4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! prism itself is adju/$ be=e comm5c+ obs]vations1 z x may be %ak5 out ( position on ! voyage4 ,! tubes provid$ = ! ref]5ce-spectra may be ei!r fa/5$ to ! t]m9als or arrang$ 9 "s o!r mann]4 ,! air-spectrum may also be us$ z a ref]5ce-spectrum4 ,to get ?is1 two wires %\ld be screw$ into ! insulators1 _! ends be+ at su* a di/ance ap>t & 9 su* a position t ! spectrum is well se54 ,g5]al ,obs]vations reg>d+ ! ,spectrum ( ! ,aurora#ag4 ,c4 ,note appe>ance1 col\r1 c4 ( arc1 /ream]s1 corona1 & pat*es ( light4 ,get compass positions ( pr9cipal features1 & note any *ange ( magnetic int5sity4 ,if corona =ms1 take its position & app>5t height4 ,look out = phosphoresc5ce ( ,aurora & adjac5t cl\ds4 ,li/5 = report$ s\nds4 ,note any peculi>ity ( cl\d sc5]y1 prior to or p5d+ ! ,aurora4 ,sket* pr9cipal features ( ! display1 & indicate on ?is sket* ! p>ts spectroscopically exam9$4 ,exam9e l9e 9 r$ specially 9 ref]5ce to its assum$ connexion ) telluric l9es 7little a gr\p71 & note z to its bright5+ 9 sympa?y ) any ( ! o!r l9es4 ,exam9e l9e 9 yell[-gre5 7ng/rm's7 z to brightness1 wid?1 & %>pness 7or nebulosity7 at ! edges4 ,notice z to a peculi> flick]+ 9 ?is l9e sometimes se52 note also :e!r ?is l9e is bright] 7or ! rev]se7 ) a fall ( temp]ature4 ,note ozone pap]s at ! "t ( ,aurora4 ,note :e!r ! ,auror c by _! spectra be class$ into di/9ct types or =ms1 & exam9e = diff]5t spectra z "u3-- 4 ,! auroral gl[1 pure & simple4 4 ,! :ite arc4 4 ,! /ream]s & corona4 4 ,any phosphoresc5t or o!r pat*es ( light1 or light cl\d 9 or ne> ! ,auror4 ,d4 ,! in=mation collect$ toge!r 9 ! #8,manual' %\ld be c>efully consult$1 & ! l9e ( obs]vations sugge/$ by ng/rm's lat] "w foll[$ out4 ,to d ?is1 n only record ! positions ( any features y may obs]ve 9 ! spectrum1 b endeav\r to det]m9e1 if any1 & if s :i*1 ( ! features v>y toge!r4 ,comp>e1 = in/ance1 ! two spectra ( nitrog5 9 ! ,geissl] tube suppli$1 by obs]v+ fir/ ! n>r[ & !n ! wid] p>ts ( ! tube4 ,x w be se5 t ! diff]5ce 9 col\r & spectrum results simply f an addition to ! spectrum 9 ! %ape ( a s]ies ( *annell$ spaces 9 ! m refrangible end 9 ! case ( ! spectrum ( ! n>r[ portion4 ,try to det]m9e :e!r ! diff]5ce betwe5 r$ & gre5 ,auroras may arise f su* a cause z ?is1 & :i* class has ! simpl] spectrum4 ,see :e!r indications ( great auroral activity are associat$ ) ! wid5+ or increas$ brilliancy ( any ( ! auroral l9es4 ,rememb] t if auroral displays are due to gase\s p>ticles ?r[n into vibration ( electric di/urbance1 increas$ electric t5sion may ei!r 7#a7 dissociate ^? p>ticles & ?us give rise to a new spectrum1 ! "o previ\sly obs]v$ becom+ dimm]2 or 7#b7 ?r[ ! p>ticles into m int5se vibration )\t dissociation1 & ?us give rise to new l9es1 ^? previ\sly obs]v$ becom+ bright]4 ,c>eful records ( auroral ph5om5a f bo? %ips may enable ! height ( "s1 obs]v$ f bo?1 to be det]m9$4 ,x w be v important t ^? ! heights ( :i* are det]m9$ by su* means %\ld be c>efully obs]v$ by ! spectroscope1 9 ord] to obs]ve :e!r c]ta9 *>act]i/ics ( ! spectrum c be associat$ ) ! height ( ! ,aurora4 ,,app5dix ,c4 ,,extracts ,,f ,,p>liam5t>y ,,blue ,,book1 ,,conta9+ ,,! 8,,results ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,,! ,,arctic ,,exp$ition #ahge-gf40 7,eyre & ,spottiswoode1 #ahgh47 ,auroras obs]v$ #ahge-ahgf1 at ,floeb]y ,bea* & ,discov]y ,bay4 ,by ,lieut5ant ,a4 ,c4 ,,p>r1 ,r4,n4 ,?\gh ! auroral gl[ 0 (t5 pres5t1 & s]v$ 9 "s degree to light5 ! d>kness ( ! sky dur+ ! long w9t]1 :5 ! moon 0 abs5t1 ! actual appe>ances ( ! ,aurora itself 7 few1 & ! nimbus wor?y ( any p>ticul> rem>k extremely small4 ,^? :i* 7 /ation>y assum$ ! =m ( l[ ar*es1 ) /ream]s fla%+ up to !m f ! horizon1 & usually to ! ea/w>d4 ,b ! m common =m 0 = an ar* to appe> l[ d[n 9 "s "p ( ! sky :]e ! gl[ 0 brighte/2 at fir/ x 0 v fa9t & n>r[1 b z x rose gradually 9 ! heav5s x w\ld increase bo? 9 size & int5sity1 till on arriv+ ne> ! z5i?1 ) its ends ext5d+ ne>ly to ! horizon1 x w\ld be ab\t ! bread? ( ?ree or f\r ra9b[s1 & its col\r t ( :ite fleecy cl\ds lit up by ! rays ( ! full moon4 ,on rea*+ ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 its c\rse 0 ne>ly run2 = aft] appe>+ to rema9 /ation>y1 z little :ite gaps w\ld sudd5ly r5d ! ar* asund]1 ! portions ?us deta*$ seem$ to roll toge!r & conc5trate all _! brightness 9 ! small] space1 & !n gradually fade away & become ext9ct4 ,sometimes a v pale gre5 w\ld %[ itself 9 ! m lum9\s pat*es1 & once or twice !re 0 a slight suspicion ( r$2 b nev] 0 ! :ole sky illum9at$ by /reams runn+ 9 all directions1 & =m+ coron1 :ile ^! col\rs v>i$ e mom5t4 ,:5 in/ead ( ! ar* ris+ up f ! horizon a /ream] appe>$1 its orig9 0 9 ! nor?4 ,f ! nor!rn horizon x w\ld /ret* out t[>ds ! z5i?1 pass+ ne>ly ov]head1 & rea*+ to )9 a few degrees ( ! l& to ! s\?4 ,9 appe>ance !y w\ld be ! same z ! ar*es1 b sometimes a second w\ld gr[ out ( ! fir/1 & on "o occasion ?ree 7 visible at ! same "t4 ,!y _h lat]al motion ei!r f ea/ to we/1 or we/ to ea/1 b !re 0 no fla%+ to bright5 !m1 & !y gradually fad$ away4 ,! "t at :i* ,auroras usually occurr$ 0 betwe5 #i ,p4,m4 & midnight1 ! la/ display be+ on ,febru>y #ai?1 comm5c+ at #aa ,p4,m4 ,x 0 a beautifully cle> night1 )\t mi/ or haze ( any description1 & small />s visible close d[n to ! horizon4 ,at ! above-nam$ h\r two ar*es made _! appe>ance1 & rema9$ /ation>y2 ! l[] "o 0 ! bright]1 be+ ( a pale gre5 col\r1 its c5tre be>+ ,e4,s4,e4 7true71 & hav+ an altitude ( ab\t #e1 ) a bread? ( ab\t twice t ( a ra9b[4 ,! second ar* 0 conc5tric ) ! fir/1 & ab\t #g above x1 b r broad] & fa9t]4 ,^! ar*es ma9ta9$ _! altitude1 ! upp] "o at ab\t ! same int5sity1 b t ( ! l[] "o v>i$ consid]ably4 ,x w\ld gradually light5 up1 !n s5d fla%es to ! upp] "o1 !n break up & fade away2 be=e1 h[ev]1 x _h q disappe>$1 fla%es w\ld come up to x f ! horizon :i* seem$ to endue x ) new life1 = ! ar* w\ld be re=m$1 bright5 up1 & ! same p]=mance w\ld be aga9 repeat$4 ,?is occurr$ ?ree or f\r times 9 ! c\rse ( ?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r2 b ! fla%es f ! horizon nev] ext5d$ beyond ! l[] ar*1 & ^? f ! l[] nev] w5t beyond ! upp]4 ,dur+ ?is display ! citron-l9e 0 obta9$ v cle>ly ) ! spectroscope1 b no o!r l9es 7 visible4 ,on six or sev5 occasions ,auroras 7 visible at ! same "t on bo>d bo? ! #8,al]t' & #8,discov]y2' b ! abs5ce ( *>act]i/ic features makes x impossible to det]m9e :e!r !y 7 ! same display1 or m]ely two di/9ct ones :i* happ5$ to occur at ! same "t4 ,b z by f> ! l>g] numb] ( ^? record$ 9 ! "o %ip 7 n visible at ! o!r1 x 0 c]ta9ly only "u exceptional conditions t !y c\ld be simultane\sly obs]v$ at bo? /ations1 if1 inde$1 !y ev] 74 ,auroras seem$ to appe> indiff]5tly bo? :5 !re 0 w9d & :5 x 0 calm1 ) ei!r a high or l[ b>omet]1 & seem$ q unconnect$ ) ! temp]ature1 al?\gh on an occasion ! !rmomet] 0 obs]v$ to fall #c dur+ ! display1 & to rise #b almo/ imm$iately aft]w>ds4 ,b x 0 nev] se5 illum9at+ ! edges ( cl\ds1 z we saw x on ! passage home1 nor play+ ab\t ! outl9e ( ! l&1 & nev] 0 !re ! slighte/ suspicion ( s\nd be+ produc$ by x4 ,! opportunities = obs]v+ ! spectrum ( ! ,aurora 9 ?is position h be5 mo/ unsatisfactory1 z ! displays 7 small 9 numb] & defici5t 9 brilliancy4 ,! =m !y g5]ally assum$ 0 to rise l an ar* f a portion ( ! horizon :]e !re 0 a lum9\s gl[1 at fir/ v fa9t1 b gradually increas+ 9 brilliancy till ne> ! z5i?1 :]e x w\ld rema9 /ation>y = a %ort "t & !n break up & disappe>4 ,sometimes !y w\ld rise up z /ream]s1 b only occasionally 0 m ?an "o visible at a "t1 & !y la/$ = su* a %ort "t1 t ev5 if !y _h be5 bright x w\ld h be5 v difficult to make satisfactory obs]vations4 ,v few %[$ any signs ( col\r1 & ^? only ! slighte/ t+e4 ,ne>ly all t 7 obs]v$ gave ! citron-l9e ) ! small pocket spectroscope ) m or less di/9ctness1 ?\gh no signs ( any o!r l9es 7 ev] se52 b on only two occasions 0 x bright en\gh to get ! l9e ) ,nury's spectroscope1 & !n only = su* a %ort "t t a satisfactory measure c\ld n be obta9$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!n foll[s a descriptive li/ ( ! ,auror se51 f :i* ,i h select$ ?ree ( ! f9e/1 viz4 ,janu>y #bnd1 ,febru>y #ad?1 & ,febru>y #ai?1 #ahgf4 ,janu>y #bnd1 #ahgf4 ,lieut4 ,p>r4 ,floeb]g ,bea*4--#i ,p4,m4 ,/reams ( ,aurora4 ,/>s %9+ brightly4 ,regi/]4 ,discov]y ,bay4--#i ,p4,m4 ,obs]v$ an ,aurora l a pale b& ( light 9 ! =m ( an ar* ^: c5tre 0 on ! true m]idian & #ae f ! z5i?4 ,x %ortly aft]w>ds broke up into fea!r$ edges1 _! direction be+ a little to ! ea/w>d ( ! z5i?4 ,! ar* grew fa9t]1 & %ift$ to ! ea/w>d ( ! m]idian f\r po9ts2 ! left extremity ( ! ar* fad$ away1 & ! "r assum$ ! %ape ( ! folds ( a curta9 d\bl$ ov]4 ,! wea!r 0 cle> & calm4 ,! display la/$ upw>ds ( #cj m9utes4 ,a spectroscope1 "o ( ,br[n+'s #h-;94 direct-vision1 0 direct$ t[>ds ! ,aurora1 b ! light 0 n suffici5t to give any spectrum4 ,! temp]ature 0 -#ci4 ,b>omet] #bief in*es4 ,no w9d4 ,cl\ds /ratus #b4 ,eight meteors 7 obs]v$ dur+ ! "t ! ,aurora 0 visible4 ,febru>y #ad?4 ,regi/]4 ,discov]y ,bay4--,at #b ,a4,m4 a fa9t ,aurora pass+ across ! heav5s f ,s4,e4 to ,s4,w4 0 obs]v$1 l an ar* ( a pale col\r4 ,x la/$ only a %ort "t1 & 0 v indi/9ct4 ,temp]ature -#dg4 ,b>omet] #cjdd in*es4 ,no w9d or cl\ds4 ,lieut4 ,aldri*4 ,floeb]g ,bea*4--#b ,a4,m4 ,a fa9t ,aurora t[>ds ! ,s4,w4 ,wea!r calm4 ,cumulus-/ratus cl\ds #c4 ,temp]ature -#df4 #h ,p4,m4 ,fa9t fla%es ( ,aurora 9 ! ,e4 & ,s4,w4 ,lieut4 ,aldri* & ,lieut4 ,p>r4 ,floeb]g ,bea*4--#aa4ej ,p4,m4 ,a mod]ately bright ar* ( ,aurora ext5d$ f due ,n4 to ab\t ,s4,s4,w41 :]e x t]m9at$ close d[n to ! horizon 9 a crook turn$ to ! ea/w>d4 ,9 a few mom5ts a /ream] fla%$ f ! end ( ! crook p>allel to ! fir/ & "r across ! heav5s1 its edges be+ q %>p & p>allel to ea* o!r4 ,a ?ird /ream] %ot up a m9ute aft]w>ds1 b did n ext5d m ?an #hj upw>ds4 ,! /ream]s 7 visible = a v %ort "t1 ! fir/ rema9+ longe/4 ,! second-nam$ ar* gradually fad$ away till )9 a few degrees ( ! ,s4,s4,w4 horizon1 & 7/ill be+ a cont9uation ( ! crook7 b5t r\nd to ! ea/w>d1 & t[>ds ! horizon1 go+ on to :at 0 left ( ! /ump ( ! ?ird arc4 ,a lat]al motion to ! ea/w>d n[ began1 ! :ole body gradually turn+ r\nd until x disappe>$ ab\t due s\?4 ,/>s 7 visible ?r\gh x at its brighte/1 b n v di/9ctly4 ,?is is ! mo/ int5se & v>iegat$ ,aurora we h exp]i5c$1 b sc>cely any col\rs 7 to be se54 ,temp]ature -#ea4 ,b>omet] #cjdc in*es1 /ation>y4 ,calm wea!r4 ,cl\ds cumulus #a4 ,prec$$ & foll[$ by calm wea!r4 ,meteorological ,regi/]4 ,discov]y ,bay4--#i4ae ,p4,m4 ,an ,aurora 0 obs]v$ to ! s\?w>d1 spread+ out l a fan 9 sep>ate ways4 ,x 0 fa9t4 ,a few cirro-/ratus cl\ds 7 visible1 app>5tly betwe5 ! obs]v] & ! ,aurora4 ,x la/$ ab\t #dj m9utes1 & !n gradually fad$ away4 ,temp]ature -#dg4 ,b>omet] #cjea in*es1 /ation>y4 ,no w9d4 ,cl\ds cirro-/ratus #d4 ,febru>y #ai?4 ,meteorological ,report4 ,discov]y ,bay4--#i4de ,p4,m4 ,an ,aurora l a flut$ ar*1 ) rays fla%+ t[>ds ! ,pole1 0 obs]v$ spann+ ! hills f ! s\? to ! ea/4 ,! direction ( ! l9es ( light f all p>ts ( ! ar* 0 t[>ds ! z5i?4 ,above ! ar* a pale b& ( col\r appe>$1 l a second>y ar* above ! o!r4 ,x appe>$ v mu* z if x 0 caus$ by ! reflect$ light ( ! ,aurora4 ,! ,aurora 0 bright = a few seconds1 & !n gradually di$ away4 ,x la/$ altoge!r ab\t #cj m9utes4 ,! c5tre ( ! ar* bore ,s4,e41 hav+ an altitude ( ab\t #cj4 ,! second>y ar* 0 ab\t #ae above ! =m]4 ,bo? ar*es 7 ( a pale light col\r1 ! upp] "o v fa9t4 ,temp]ature -#cd4 ,b>omet] #bihg in*es1 ris+ rapidly4 ,wea!r calm4 ,mi/y4 ,no cl\ds4 ,lieut4 ,p>r4 ,floeb]g ,bea*4--,an ,aurora appe>$ %ortly aft] #aa ,p4,m41 consi/+ ( bright ar*1 ^: c5tre bore ab\t ,e4,s4,e41 & _h an altitude ( ab\t #e1 ) a second broad] & fa9t] ar* ab\t #g above ! fir/4 ,^! ar*es ma9ta9$ _! altitudes1 ! upp] "o at ab\t ! same int5sity1 b t ( ! l[] "o v>i$ consid]ably4 ,x w\ld gradually bright5 up1 !n s5d /ream]s up to ! second1 !n break up into light pat*es1 & gradually fade away4 ,?is happ5$ ?ree or f\r times dur+ ! #dj m9utes t ! display la/$4 ,at times /ream]s w\ld come up f ! horizon to ! l[] ar*1 = x 0 a spl5didly cle> night1 & seem$ to bright5 x up1 b none ( !m ext5d$ beyond x4 ,nei!r did ! /ream]s f ! l[] ar* ext5d beyond ! upp] "o4 ,x 0 slightly gre5 9 col\r :5 brighte/1 & ! citron-l9e 0 well def9$1 b no o!rs 7 visible4 ,temp]ature -#df4 ,b>omet] #biie in*es1 /eady4 ,wea!r calm4 ,cumulus cl\ds #d4 ,mi/y4 ,,table ( ,,dates :5 ,,auroras 7 obs]v$ by ! ,,arctic ,,exp$ition1 #ahge-gf4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,h4,m4,s4 #8,al]t1' ,h4,m4,s4 #8,discov]y1' ,date4 ,floeb]g ,bea*4 ,discov]y ,bay4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #ahge1 ,octob] #be #aa4de ,p4,m4 ,fa9t4 ,cl\dy4 0 0 #bf #aj ,p4,m4 ,v fa9t4 #aj ,p4,m4 0 0 #cj ,sky obscur$4 ,fa9t4 ,ditto4 0 ,novemb] #a ,ditto4 ,fa9t1 b well m>k$4 ,ditto4 0 0 #b #i to #aj ,p4,m4 ,ar*es & /ream]s4 ,a few cl\ds4 0 0 #ba ,ditto4 ,bright #i to #aj ,p4,m4 /ream]4 & #aj to #aa ,p4,m4 0 0 #bb #b ,p4,m4 & #h ,p4,m4 ,slight1 r$4 ,cle> sky4 0 0 #be #i4cj ,a4,m4 ,"* n record$4 ,ditto4 0 0 #bf #aj ,a4,m4 ,/ream ( light4 ,a few cl\ds4 0 0 #bf ,cl\dy to #aj ,p4,m41 bright aft]w>ds4 #aj ,p4,m4 0 0 #bg ,midnight4 ,slight4 #aa4dj ,p4,m4 0 0 #bh #a ,a4,m4 ,bright /reak4 ,cle> sky4 0 0 #bi ,cl\dy1 bright] at #aa ,a4,m4 ,fa9t gl[4 #i4cj ,a4,m4 0 0 #cj ,a few cl\ds4 ,v fa9t4 #d4cj ,a4,m4 0 0 #cj #e ,p4,m41 #h ,p4,m41 & #aj ,p4,m4 ,fla%es4 #e ,p4,m4 0 ,decemb] #b ,ev5+4 ,/ream]s4 ,cle> sky4 0 0 #c #a ,a4,m4 ,fla%es4 ,ditto4 0 0 #c ,bright sky4 ,fa9t ,aurora4 #b4cj ,p4,m4 0 0 #af #aj ,p4,m4 ,slight2 %[$ citron-l9e4 #aa ,p4,m4 0 0 #ai #c ,p4,m4 to #e ,p4,m41 fa9t2 & #i to #aj ,p4,m41 ,v cle> sky4 mod]ately bright arc4 0 0 #bb #aj ,p4,m4 ,slight4 ,ditto4 0 0 #bc #f ,p4,m4 ,ditto4 ,ditto4 0 0 #bd ,mi/y1 a few />s visible4 ,ar*4 #i ,a4,m4 0 0 #bf ,v bright sky4 ,fa9t4 #f ,p4,m4 0 0 #bi ,ditto4 ,v fa9t4 #f4ae ,p4,m4 0 0 #ca #d ,p4,m4 ,same4 ,sky obscur$4 #ahgf1 ,janu>y #a #e ,p4,m4 & #aa ,p4,m4 ,slight4 ,a few cl\ds4 0 0 #b #i ,p4,m4 ,describ$ & figur$4 #i ,p4,m4 0 0 #ag ,v bright sky4 ,v fa9t /ream]s4 #i4be ,a4,m4 0 0 #ah #i4de ,p4,m4 & #aj4e ,p4,m4 ,"* n record$4 #aj4ae ,p4,m4 0 0 #ai ,v bright sky4 ,fa9t4 #i4de ,p4,m4 0 0 #bj #b ,a4,m4 ,slight4 #b4cj ,a4,m4 0 0 #bc #g4ee ,a4,m4 & #b ,p4,m4 ,slight4 #h4de ,p4,m4 0 0 #bd ,bright sky4 ,slight fla%4 #b ,a4,m4 0 0 #bd #e ,p4,m4 & #aa4ae ,p4,m4 ,fa9t ,aurora4 ,v cle> sky4 0 0 #bg #b ,a4,m4 to #c4de ,a4,m4 ,fa9t4 #a ,a4,m4 to #d ,a4,m4 0 0 #bg ,v bright sky4 ,fa9t d\ble ar*4 #h4cj ,p4,m4 0 0 #bh #f ,p4,m4 & #g to #i ,p4,m4 ,fa9t fla%es4 #g4bj ,p4,m4 0 0 #cj #h ,p4,m4 ,/reak4 #g4ej to #i ,p4,m4 0 0 #ca #h4cj ,a4,m4 & #g4cj ,p4,m4 ,v fa9t4 #h4be ,a4,m41 #e4cj ,p4,m4 0 ,febru>y #c #aj ,p4,m4 ,slight fla%4 ,v cle> sky4 0 0 #aa ,sky obscur$4 ,v fa9t4 #aa ,p4,m4 0 0 #ac #aa ,p4,m4 ,fla%es4 ,cle> sky4 0 0 #ad #b ,a4,m41 #i4ae to #aj ,p4,m4 ,describ$ & figur$4 #b ,a4,m4 & #aa4ej ,p4,m4 0 0 #ai #i4de ,p4,m4 #aa ,p4,m4 0 0 #bj #b ,a4,m4 ,v fa9t4 #b4cj ,a4,m4 0 0 #bb #b ,a4,m4 ,"* n record$4 ,v cle> sky4 0 0 #bd ,bright sky4 ,v fa9t4 ,midnight4 0 0 #bf #aj ,p4,m4 & #aa ,p4,m4 ,fa9t fla%es4 ,sky obscur$4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,i h add$ to ! above ,table ! "* ( ! ,aurora 9 ea* in/ance z tak5 f ! full] descriptions giv54--,j4 ,r4 ,c4 ,auroras & ,magnetic ,di/urbances4 ,! appe>ances ( ,auroras & ! syn*ron\s movem5ts ( ! decl9omet]-magnet 7 subjects ( special obs]vation dur+ ! /ay ( ! #8,al]t' & #8,discov]y' at _! w9t]-qu>t]s4 ,! ,table on page #ahg gives ! dates & h\rs :5 ,auroras 7 visible4 ,on all occasions !y 7 obs]v$ to be fa9t1 ) none ( ^? brilliant manife/ations :i* are describ$ by our own (fic]s z se5 at ,po9t ,b>r[1 & by ! ,au/ro-,hung>ian ,exp$ition at ,franz-,josef ,l&1 :]e ! magnetical in/rum5ts 7 s s5sibly di/urb$4 ,^! ph5om5a 7 n obs]v$ ei!r 9 ! #8,al]t' or ! #8,discov]y1' especially no connexion betwe5 magnetical di/urbances & ! appe>ances ( ,auroras c\ld be trac$4 ,?is is q 9 accordance ) ! rem>ks ( previ\s obs]v]s )9 ! region compreh5d$ betwe5 ! m]idians ( #fj & #ij we/1 & nor? ( ! p>allel ( #gc nor?4 ,= example3-- ,9 ! ,phil4 ,trans4 #ahbf1 ,"p ,,iv4 p4 #gf1 ,capt4 ,p>ry & ,lieut4 ,fo/] rem>k1 9 ! discussion ( _! magnetical obs]vations at ,port ,b[53--8,z f>1 h[ev]1 z our own obs]vations ext5d$1 we h reason to believe t on no occasion 7 ! ne$les 9 ! slighte/ degree affect$ by ,aurora1 meteors1 or any o!r p]ceptible atmosph]ic ph5om5on40 ,aga91 9 ! ,smi?sonian ,contributions1 vol4 x41 #aheh1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,s*ott1 9 8 discussion ( ,dr4 ,kane's obs]vations at ,van ,r5ssela] ,h>b\r1 9 #ahed1 rem>ks--8,9 con=mity ) ! suppos$ p]iodicity ( ?is ph5om5on z recogniz$ by ,pr(essor ,olm/ead1 no brilliant & complete ,auroras h be5 se52 ) an exception ( v few1 !y may all be plac$ 9 8 f\r? class1 to :i* ! mo/ simple =ms ( appe>ances h be5 ref]r$40 ,! foll[+ /atem5t is giv5 9 ! same page z a footnote3--8,! processes h no app>5t connexion ) ! magnetic dip1 & 9 no case did ! ne$le ( our unifil> indicate di/urbance40 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ description ( ! ,aurora obs]v$ on #ba/ ,novemb]1 #ahge1 is giv5 by ,comm&] ,m>kham & ,lieut4 ,giff>d1 9 _! ab/ract ( obs]vations at ,floeb]g ,bea*3-- 8,betwe5 #aj & #aa ,p4,m4 bright broad /ream]s ( ! ,aurora appe>$ #aj or #ae above ! nor? horizon1 /ret*+ ?r\gh ! z5i?1 & t]m9at+ 9 an irregul> curve ab\t #be above ! s\? horizon1 be>+ ,s4,s4,w4 ,dur+ ! ,aurora's greate/ brilliancy ! magnet 0 obs]v$ dur+ five m9utes to be undi/urb$40 ,note4--,i appli$ = a loan ( ! li?ographic /ones to enable me to give copies ( ! ?ree diagrams ( ,auror ref]r$ to 9 ! ,arctic 8,results20 b ! ,lords ,commission]s ( ,h4,m4 ,treasury refus$ ?is1 except on ! t]ms ( my pay+ "o ?ird ( ! orig9al co/ ( production ( su* diagrams4 ,i did n ?9k x wor? :ile to accept ^! conditions4 ,only "o ( ! draw+s has any special int]e/2 & ?is is a 8curta90 ,aurora1 simil> to t figur$ on ,plate ,,ii4 ( ?is "w4--,j4 ,r4 ,c4 ,,app5dix ,d4 ,,! ,,aurora ,,& ,,ozone4 ,sid5ote3 ,aurora & ozone4 ,dr4 ,allnatt's notes & conclusions d$uc$ !refrom4 ,:ile ,"p ,i4 0 9 ! press1 ,dr4 ,allnatt1 =m]ly ( ,frant1 & = _m ye>s ! well-kn[n meteorological contributor to #8,! ,times' newspap]1 k9dly plac$ at my disposal 8 l>ge s]ies ( notes4 ,^u an exam9ation ( ^! we came to ! foll[+ conclusions3-- #a4 ,t ,auroral p]iods are also p]iods ( comp>ative abundance ( ozone4 #b4 ,t in/ances are by no means want+ 9 :i* an abnormal developm5t ( ozone appe>s to be co9cid5t ) ! manife/ation ( an ,aurora4 ,sid5ote3 ,ye> #ahgj rem>kable = sun-spots1 auror1 & ozone4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! fir/ po9t1 x is f\nd1 z ! result ( an exam9ation ( ,dr4 ,allnatt's notes1 t p>ticul> ye>s & mon?s are notable at once = ,auror & = ozone 9 abundance4 #ahgj 0 "o ( ^! ye>s1 & 0 specially record$ by ,dr4 ,allnatt1 9 8 #8,summ>y = ! ,ye>1' z rem>kable = sun-spots1 ,auror1 & ozone4 ,sid5ote3 ,p>ticul>s ( "s ( ! mon?ly records4 ,! mon? ( ,febru>y 9 t ye> 0 m>k$ by int5se cold & brilliant ,auror4 ,atmosph]ic electricity 0 feeble1 b ozone 01 ?r\gh\t ! mon?1 well develop$2 & !re 0 no tangible p]iod ( antozone4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,april ( ! same ye>1 eight days consecutively 7#ai? to #bf?7 7 m>k$ = ozone #aj1 ! maximum ( ,dr4 ,allnatt's scale4 ,9 ,may ( ! same ye> !re 7 magnific5t ,auror1 & atmosph]ic electricity 0 int5se4 ,ozone 0 scanty2 b ?is 0 acc\nt$ = by ! w9d be+ g5]ally ,e4,n4,e41 ozone be+ mo/ly develop$ ) a ,w4 or ,s4,w4 w9d1 & a moi/ /ate ( ! atmosph]e4 ,9 ,augu/ #ahgj ! unusually l>ge numb] ( #bb days 7 record$ = a maximum ( ozone4 ,septemb] #ahgj 0 h>dly less rem>kable1 ) #ai days ( maximum4 ,x 0 record$ t !re 7 spl5did ,auror dur+ ?is mon?1 & ! sol> spots 7 v l>ge4 ,octob] #ahgj _h #bj days ( maximum ozone1 & ,novemb] _h sev]al f9e ,auror & maxima ( ozone not$4 ,9 fact1 ne>ly e mon? 9 t ye> 0 ref]r$ to by ,dr4 ,allnatt = displays ( ,aurora 7( bo? ,arctic & ,ant>ctic =ms7 & = a developm5t ( ozone v consid]ably above ! av]age4 ,sid5ote3 ,ye> #ahga4 ,! ye> #ahga _h m or less ( ! same "*4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,octob] ( t ye>1 f9e ,auror 7 preval5t1 & ozone 0 regi/]$ z at its maximum dur+ #bb days4 ,!re seems reason to conclude t if a sy/ematic comp>ison ( annual or o!r p]iods ( ,aurora & ozone developm5t 7 made1 x w\ld result 9 disclos+ a connexion 7probably an intimate "o7 betwe5 ! two ph5om5a4 ,sid5ote3 ,in/ances %[+ a connexion betwe5 a specific ,aurora & an ozone maximum4 ,) ref]5ce to ! second po9t1 ! foll[+ 7among o!r7 in/ances may be quot$1 = ! purpose ( %[+ a connexion betwe5 a specific ,aurora & an ozone maximum4 ,! ,aurora ( #bd? ,septemb]1 #ahgj1 0 spl5did & univ]sal1 be+ se5 9 ,europe1 ,asia1 ,africa1 ,am]ica1 & ,au/ralia4 ,ozone rea*$1 on ! morn+ ( ! #bd?1 #h ( ! scale 7! scale runn+ f #a to #aj71 &1 on ! morn+ ( ! #be?1 #aj1 ! maximum4 ,9 ,octob] #ahgj !re 7 gr& displays on ! #ad?1 #bj?1 #bbnd1 #bd?1 & #be?1 & ozone 0 correspond+ly abundant1 z is se5 by ! foll[+ ,table3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,date4 ,aurora4 ,ozone4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #ahgj1 ,octob] #ad?4,aurora4 #h ,! display ( ! #bd? 0 0 #bj?4,aurora4 #aj 0 accompani$ by 0 0 #ba/4,none se54 #e ! =mation ( a 0 0 #bbnd4,aurora4 #aj corona1 & t ( 0 0 #bcrd4,none se54 #h ! #be? 0 spl5didly 0 0 #bd?4,aurora4 #aj se5 9 ,ed9burgh4 0 0 #be?4,aurora4 #h ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,! =ego+ figures some:at po9t to ! conclusion t ozone quantity rises & falls co9cid5tly ) ! ,aurora displays4 ,! foll[+ seems1 h[ev]1 a case /ill m /rongly 9 po9t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,date4 ,w9d4 ,aurora4 ,ozone4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #ahga1 ,janu>y #be?4 ,e4,s4,e4 ,none se54 #j 0 0 #bf?4 ,n4,n4,w4 ,none se54 #b 0 0 #bg?4 ,e4,s4,e4 ,aurora at night 9 ,n4 & ,s4 horizons4 #aj 0 0 #bh?4 ,e4 ,none se54 #h 0 0 #bi?4 ,s4,e4 ,none se54 #b ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,x is curi\s1 9 exam9+ ! above ,table1 to note h[ ! ozone rose1 not)/&+ an ea/ w9d1 f #j on ! #be?1 & #b on ! #bf?1 to #aj on ! #bg?1 :5 ! ,aurora appe>$1 & #h on ! #bh?1 :5 x might h l+]$2 & h[ x aga9 desc5d$ to #b on ! #bi?4 ,! case ( ! ,aurora ( #f? ( ,octob]1 #ahfi1 :5 a broad belt ( ,aurora 0 9 ! nor?1 is also an illu/rative "o1 z w be se5 by ! foll[+ data3-- ------------------------------------- ,date4 ,w9d4 ,ozone4,aurora4 ------------------------------------- #ahfi1 ,octob] #e?4,s4,s4,w4 #a -- 0 0 #f?4,s4,s4,e4 #e ,aurora4 0 0 #g?4,s4,s4,w4 #aj -- 0 0 #h?4 ,s4 #aj -- 0 0 #i?4 ,s4,e4 #e -- ------------------------------------- ,! ,aurora ( ! night ( ! #f? 0 "h repres5t$ by ! ozone-pap] ( ! morn+ ( ! #g? ) a maximum ( #aj1 :i* la/$ till ! #h?4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 9 exam9+ ^! ,tables1 t ! ,aurora is ( ! night ( ! giv5 date1 :ile ! ozone-pap]s are tak5 & record$ 9 ! morn+ ( ! date quot$4 ,sid5ote3 ,o!r in/ances4 ,we w n[ take in/ances :]e ! ozone has n rea*$ its maximum2 b ev5 9 ^! cases a c]ta9 am\nt ( rise & fall ( ! ozone developm5t t[>ds & f ! ,aurora is traceable4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,date4 ,w9d4 ,ozone4 ,aurora4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #ahga1 ,april #h? ,s4,s4,e4 #e ,aurora on #i?1 b 0 0 #i? ,s4,s4,e4 #h w9d ,e4 & unfav\rable 0 0 #aj? ,s4,e4 #e to ozone4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #ahga1 ,novemb] #i? ,n4 #e ,aurora on all ?ree 0 0 #aj? ,n4,w4 #h nights4 0 0 #aa? ,n4 #e ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #ahgb1 ,febru>y #crd ,s4,w4 #d ,aurora on night ( ! 0 0 #d? ,s4,s4,w4 #e #d? repres5t$ by 0 0 #e? ,s4,w4 #h ozone-pap] ( morn+ 0 0 #f? ,s4,w4 #e ( ! #e?4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,o!r cases are1 we are b\nd to say1 f\nd1 9 :i* ozone 0 ei!r n rem>kable = quantity1 or positively fell dur+ ! ,aurora1 z1 = in/ance1 ?is3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,date4 ,w9d4,ozone4 ,aurora4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #ahgd1 ,m>* #af? ,w4,n4,w4 #f ,aurora on ! #ah? repres5t$ 0 0 #ag? ,s4,w4 #f by te/-pap] ( 0 0 #ah? ,w4 #e ! #ai? ) only two 0 0 #ai? ,s4,s4,w4 #b degrees ( discoloration4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,x is1 h[ev]1 possible t su* in/ances may be acc\nt$ =1 ei!r by "s reaction on ! te/-pap]s aft] !y h be5 col\r$1 or by "s accid5tal antagoni/ic circum/ance affect+ ! te/s4 ,! foll[+ is a case well illu/rat+ ?is3-- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,date4 ,w9d4,ozone4 ,aurora4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #ahgd1 ,janu>y #ca/,n4,n4,w4 #f ,!re 0 an ,aurora on 0 ,febru>y #a/ ,n4,w4 #h ! night ( ! #bnd repres5t$ 0 0 #bnd ,n4,w4 #b by ! ozone-pap] 0 0 #crd,n4,n4,w4 #d 7#d only7 on ! 0 0 #d?,e4,n4,e4 #h morn+ ( ! #crd4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,?is in/ance w\ld seem /rongly oppos$ to ! !ory ( a connexion betwe5 ,aurora & ozone b = ! fact t on ! #bnd1 :5 ! ,aurora 0 se5 at night1 & on o!r days 9 ! same mon?1 ,dr4 ,allnatt has record$ a /rong wave ( antozone to h swept ov] ! :ole ( ,engl&1 & blan*$ ! ozone-pap]s1 h[ev] deep _! coloration might h previ\sly be54 ,inde$1 x is easy to und]/& t "s antozonic influ5ce may1 at times1 di/urb ! evid5ce ( ! te/-pap]s1 ev5 9 s elevat$ & app>5tly pure an atmosph]e z t ( ,frant4 ,x may n be consid]$ t ! =ego+ in/ances are en\gh to e/abli% a case ( ozone,aurora2 b !re seems1 at lea/1 suffici5t to base a requisition = fur!r inquiry ^u4 ,x w\ld1 too1 be int]e/+ to inve/igate :e!r ,auror & ozone developm5t are respectively localiz$4 ,mr4 ,+all's f9e ,aurora1 se5 at ,*ampion ,hill1 ,s4,e41 ,july #ah?1 #ahgd 7ant1 pp4 #bb & #bc71 0 n obs]v$ at ,frant1 & ! ozonoscopes !re 7 describ$ z blan*$ by antozone4 ,,app5dix ,e4 ,,inquiries ,,into ,,! ,,spectrum ,,( ,,! ,,aurora4 ,,by ,h4 ,c4 ,,vogel4#ah ,! frequ5t appe>ance ( ! ,aurora 9 ! pa/ w9t]1 z well z ?is spr+1 has giv5 me opportunity to in/itute exact inquiries into ! spectrum ( ! ,aurora4 ,x is kn[n t ! nature ( ,auror is z yet b little explor$4 ,x has be5 consid]$ necess>y to ab&on ! =m] view--t !y are dis*>ges ( ! electricity collect$ at ! poles--because x has be5 hi!rto f\nd impossible to br+ ! *ief l9es ( ! ,aurora-spectrum into co9cid5ce ) ! spectra ( ! atmosph]ic gases4 ,!oretical consid]ations1 bas$ on ! great alt]ations to :i* ! spectrum ( ! same gas is subject "u v>y+ conditions ( temp]ature & d5sity1 h v rec5tly l$ ,zlln] to ! op9ion t probably ! spectrum ( ! ,aurora does n co9cide ) any kn[n spectrum ( ! atmosph]ic gases1 only because x is a spectrum ( ano!r =m ( our atmosph]e hi!rto incapable ( artificial demon/ration#ai4 ,! foll[+ article w %[ h[ f> ,i h succe$$1 9 conjunction ) ,dr4 ,lohse1 9 support+ ?is view by exact obs]vations ( ! ,aurora-spectrum itself1 z well z by comp>ison ) ! spectra ( ! gases con/itut+ ! air4 ,! />-spectrum app>atus belong+ to ! #aa-;in* equatorial ( ! ,bo?kamp ,obs]vatory 0 us$ = ^! obs]vations4 ,x consi/s ( a set ( prisms vision directe1 five prisms ) refract+ angle #ij1 slit1 collimator1 & obs]v+ telescope4 ,! l[e/ eyepiece 7magnify+ f\r times7 ( ?is telescope 0 employ$4 ,! telescope is capable ( be+ mov$ 9 su* a way1 by ! aid ( a micromet]-screw1 t diff]5t portions ( ! spectrum c be br\ght into ! c5tre ( ! field ( vision4 ,z fractions ( ! rotation ( ?is screw are m>k$1 ! di/ances ( ! spectral l9es c be readily f\nd4 ,repeat$ measurem5ts ( #ajj l9es ( ! sol> spectrum h enabl$ me1 ^u ! basis ( ng/rm's ,atlas 7#8,spectre normal de ,soleil'71 to express ! indications ( ! screw directly 9 wave-l5g?s4 ,9 place ( ! cross wires orig9ally introduc$ into ! focus ( ! obs]v+ telescope1 ,i h ins]t$ a t9y poli%$ /eel cone1 ! v f9e po9t ( :i* rea*es to ! c5tre ( ! field ( vision4 ,! axis ( ?is cone /&s p]p5dicul> to ! l5g? ( ! spectrum1 !re=e p>allel ) ! spectral l9es1 & ! sett+ ( ! po9t ( ! cone on ! latt] is accompli%$ ) great %>pness4 ,if ! spectrum is v fa9t1 or consi/s only ( bright l9es1 ! cone is light$ by a small lamp4 ,= ?is purpose1 opposite to ! po9t ( ! cone1 !re is an op5+ 9 ! telescope1 ?r\gh :i*1 regulat$ by a bl9d1 light c be ?r[n on ! po9t4 ,z ! latt] is poli%$1 a f9e l9e ( light ?us appe>s1 :i* ext5ds to ! c5tre ( ! field ( vision1 & ! brilliancy ( :i* c be alt]$ by )draw+ ! lamp to a great] di/ance or l[]+ ! bl9d1 s t ev5 ! fa9te/ l9es ( a spectrum c be br\ght ) facility & c]ta9ty into co9cid5ce ) ?is l9e ( light4 ,! head ( ! micromet]-screw is divid$ into #ajj p>ts1 & ea* "p1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,fraunh(] l9e ,f1 answ]s to ab\t #jjjaf wave-l5g?4 ,! probable error ( position on "o ( ! well-m>k$ l9es 9 ! sun's spectrum am\nts to ab\t #jjjh ( a turn ( ! screw ) ! l[e/ eyepiece ( ! telescope4 ,i h subject$ ! screw itself to a ?or\gh exam9ation ) ref]5ce to su* range1 z well z to p]iodical inequalities 9 ! s+le worms ( ! screw1 b c\ld discov] no error exce$+ #jja ( a turn ( ! screw4 ,i h to m5tion1 fur!r1 t aft] ea* obs]vation 9 ! position 9 :i* ! in/rum5t 0 us$1 read+s foll[$ on ! sodium-l9es1 or on "s ( ! hydrog5-l9es1 9 ord] to elim9ate errors :i* might arise 9 ! unavoidable di/urbance ( any p>ticul> "p ( ! spectral app>atus4 #a4 ,obs]vations ( ! ,aurora4 #ahgj1 ,oct4 #be?4--,a v bright ,aurora4 ,9 ! brighte/ p>ts1 besides a v bright l9e betwe5 ,d & ,e1 sev]al o!r fa9t] l9es 7 to be disc]n$1 situat$ fur!r t[>ds ! blue end ( ! spectrum4 ,!y appe>$ on a dimly-light$ gr\nd1 & /ret*$ out ov] ! ,fraunh(] l9es ,e & b to ab\t midway betwe5 b & ,f4 ,t[>ds ! r$ end ! spectrum 0 t]m9at$ by ! bright l9e fir/ m5tion$4 ,no measurem5ts c\ld be tak51 z ! app>atus _h n yet und]gone ! above-m5tion$ alt]ations1 & ev5 ! brighte/ l9e ( ! spectrum did n diffuse suffici5t light to be able to p]ceive ! f9e cross wires4 ,! r$ rays ( ! ,aurora 7 n exam9$4 #ahga1 ,feb4 #aa?4--,t[>ds t5 o'clock appe>$ 9 ! nor?-we/ a v bright light-b[ ( gre5i% col\r z ! edge ( a d>k segm5t4 ,ev5 ) a v n>r[ slit1 ! l9e betwe5 ,d & ,e c\ld be well recogniz$ & measur$4 ,! av]age ( six read+s gave #gaa turns1 equal to #eegb wave-l5g?4 ,9 a small spectroscope ( l[ disp]sion :i* is arrang$ on ,br[n+'s plan1 a few m l9es plac$ fur!r t[>ds ! blue c\ld be recogniz$ 7z 9 ,octob]74 ,t[>ds ! r$ end ( ! spectrum no l9es 7 obs]vable4 ,! greate/ developm5t ( ! ,aurora 0 ab\t midnight4 ,magnific5t rays rose to ab\t #fj elevation2 !y _h ! same gre5i% col\r+ z ! b[ ( light1 & ! appe>ance ( ! spectrum also 0 exactly ! same4 ,i aga9 obta9$ two sets ( measurem5ts3 ! av]age ( six read+s 9 ! fir/ set gave #gaj turns1 #eegb wave-l5g?2 9 ano!r "p ( ! heav5s at ! same "t #gaj 0 ! result ( f\r read+s4 ,on ,feb4 #ab1 t[>ds eight o'clock1 ! int5sity ( ! ,aurora 0 already great en\gh to all[ measurem5ts ( ! brighte/ l9e4 ,! av]age ( six read+s gave #gji turns1 or #eegf wave-l5g?4 ,dr4 ,lohse took obs]vations lat]1 ) ! same app>atus1 & f\nd f six read+s #gab turns1 or #eefi wave-l5g?4 ,yet ! appe>ance ( ! spectrum 9 ! spectroscope ( l[ disp]sion 0 ess5tially di/9ct f t ( ,febru>y #aa?4 ,! gre5 cont9u\s spectrum 0 pres5t2 x ext5d$ f ! bright ,aurora-l9e to ! l9es b ( ! sol> spectrum1 & 0 trav]s$ by "s bright l9es4 ,betwe5 b& b & ,f1 0 ano!r l9e /&+ alone1 out beyond ,f1 9 ! blue "p ( ! spectrum1 a cle> bright /ripe2 & j be=e ,g a v fa9t broad b& ( light 0 p]ceiv$4 ,among/ ! rays :i*1 lat] on1 %ot upw>ds1 & 7 col\r$ r$ at _! ends1 ano!r v int5se r$ l9e appe>$ 9 ! spectrum betwe5 ,c & ,d1 yet plac$ ne>] to ,c#bj4 ,april #i?4--,an exce$+ly brilliant ,aurora1 ( :i* ! great] developm5t took place 9 ! e>ly morn+ h\rs4 ,magnific5t r$ %ea?s rose up to ! z5i?4 ,! spectrum 0 l t obs]v$ on ,febru>y #ab?1 only mu* m int5se1 s t ! l9es c\ld be se5 & measur$ ) ! l>g] spectral app>atus4 ,9 ! brighte/ "p ( ! ,aurora 0 ! d>k segm5t2 ! spectrum consi/$ ( five l9es 9 ! gre51 & a some:at indi/9ct broad l9e or b& 9 ! blue4 ,! r$ rays1 on ! o!r h&1 all[$ u to recognize sev5 l9es1 :il/ ! bright l9e aga9 appe>$ 9 ! r$ "p ( ! spectrum4 ,i c\ld n aga9 p]ceive ! fa9t /ripe obs]v$ on ,febru>y #ab?1 9 ! vic9ity ( l9e ,g4 ,! mean measurem5ts ( f\r read+s on an av]age1 = ea* l9e1 gave3-- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,turns ,prob- ,prob- ( able ,wave- able screw4errors4l5g?4errors4 ,rem>ks4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #dfb #jjcg #fbig #jjjad ,v bright /ripe4 ,on #gab #i #eefi #b ,brighte/ l9e ( ! spectrum2 a becomes noticeably fa9t] at fa9tly appe>ance ( ! r$ l9e4 light$ #gib -- #ecij -- ,extremely fa9t l9e2 unreliable gr\nd4 obs]vation4 #hga #ba #ebcc #d ,mod]ately bright4 #hie #di #eahi #i ,?is l9e is v bright :5 ! r$ l9e appe>s at ! same "t1 o!rwise equal 9 brilliancy ) ! prec$+ "o4 #ajjf #bj #ejjd #c ,v bright l9e4 #abcc -- #dfid -- ,broad b& ( light1 some:at less #abei #bb #dffc -- brilliant 9 ! middle4 #abhh -- #dfbi #c ,v fa9t 9 ^? p>ts ( ! ,aurora 9 :i* ! r$ l9e appe>s4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,april #ad?4--,fa9t ,aurora2 only ! bright l9e 9 ! gre5 c\ld be recogniz$ 9 its spectrum4 ,! mean ( two read+s gave #gab turns1 or #eefi wave-l5g?4 ,i app5d a table ( ! wave-l5g?s ( ! brighte/ l9e1 z exactly measur$ on f\r ev5+s3-- #ahga1 ,febru>y #aa #eegc 0 #ab #eegc ,april #i #eefi 0 #ad #eefi ,!re=e ! av]age result 7if only half-weight is all[$ to ! la/ obs]vation1 because x only dep5ds ^u two read+s7 gives = ! wave-l5g? ( ! brighte/ l9e #eegac1 ) a probable error ( #jjjib4 ,accord+ to ng/rm#ba1 ! wave-l5g? ( ?is l9e is #eefg2 accord+ to ,w9lock#bb1 on ! o!r h&1 #eegj4 #b4 ,on ! ,spectra ( "s ,gases 9 ,geissl]'s ,tubes1 z well z on ! ,spectrum ( ! ,atmosph]ic ,air4 ,num]\s exp]im5ts h be5 made 9 ord] to f9d out "s admitt$ connexion betwe5 ! spectrum ( ! ,aurora & ! spectra ( ! pr9cipal gases compos+ ! atmosph]e4 ,i limit myself to notic+ "s ( ! (t5-repeat$ obs]vations 9 ,plck]'s tubes1 :i* conta9$ oxyg51 hydrog51 & nitrog51 z well z ! obs]vations ( ! spectrum ( ! air "u diff]5t conditions4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 made ) a small inductive app>atus1 9 :i* ! l5g? ( ! sp>k betwe5 plat9um po9ts 9 ord9>y air 0 #ae millims4 at ! mo/4 ,z ,zlln] 79 ! pamphlet m5tion$7 comes to ! conclusion1 t if ! developm5t ( ! light 9 ! ,aurora1 accord+ to ! analogy ( gases br\ght to gl[ 9 r>efi$ spaces1 is ( an electric nature1 x mu/ belong to v l[ temp]ature--9 ord] to br+ ! gases enclos$ 9 ! tubes to gl[ at ! l[e/ possible temp]ature1 ,i h always employ$ su* weak curr5ts t ! gas 0 only j /eadily alight4 ,! foll[+ obs]vations h be5 repeat$ (t5 & at v>i\s times4 ,! figures are av]ages ( ! indications ( ! micromet]-screw1 s t ! unc]ta9ty ( ! figures w1 9 ! r>e/ cases1 am\nt to no m ?an #jjae turn ( ! screw1 & mu/ be reckon$ some:at m highly only 9 ! case ( completely fa9t mi/y l9es4 ,! spectrum app>atus 0 t describ$ above1 & ! slit 0 ne>ly ! same 9 e exp]im5t1 & s n>r[ t ! sodium-l9es c\ld be se5 sep>at$4 ,! measurem5ts1 = ! mo/ "p1 ext5d only to ! ,fraunh(] l9e ,g1 z ,i fe>$ le/1 ?r\gh fur!r turn+ ! telescope by means ( ! micromet]-screw1 too great a pressure might be ex]cis$ on ! worms ( ! latt]4 ,i4 ,oxyg54 a4 ,9 ! n>r[ "p ( ! ,plck] tube4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,screw4,wave-l5g?4 ,rem>ks4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #cig #fefb ,mod]ately bright4 #ejd #fadf ,v bright4 #fih #efjc ,v bright1 mi/y t[>ds ! violet4 #hai #eccb ,fa9t4 #hie #eahi ,mod]ately bright4 #ajig #dhgj 0 0 #aajb #dhfc ,fa9t4 #aabf #dhbi ,bright2 mi/y t[>ds ! r$ end ( ! spectrum4 #accj #dehc ,v fa9t4 #adje #dejf ,mod]ately bright4 #aeee #dcgb 0 0 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- b4 ,9 ! wide "p ( ! ,plck] tube4 ------------------------------------ ,screw4,wave-l5g?4 ,rem>ks4 ------------------------------------ #fih #efjc ,v fa9t4 #hie #eahi ,v bright4 #aabf #dhbi ,mod]ately bright4 ------------------------------------ ,! l9es ne> #cig & #aajb belong to hydrog54 ,probably traces ( aque\s vap\r 7 pres5t 9 ! tube1 :i* 7 decompos$ by ! galvanic curr5t4 ,^! two l9es are n to be f\nd 9 a l[] temp]ature 9 ! broad "p ( ! tube4 ,x is /rik+ t ! r$ nitrog5-l9e ne> #ejd is also miss+ !re4 ,9 ! n>r[ "p ( ! tube ! l9es /& out 9 ! gre5 on a v dimly-light$ gr\nd1 :il/ 9 ! wid] "p !y appe> on a p]fectly d>k gr\nd4 ,,ii4 ,hydrog54 a4 ,9 ! n>r[ "p ( ! tube4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,screw4,wave-l5g?4 ,rem>ks4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #cih #feeh ,v bright4 #faf #ehac ,mod]ately bright1 on bo? sides v fa9t l9es4 #gja #eeif ,mod]ately bright4 ,on a dimly light$ gr\nd1 #gah #eeee ,mod]ately bright4 :i* becomes fa9t] t[>ds #ggg #edbb ,fa9t4 ! violet4 #hie #eahi ,mod]ately bright4 #ajjc #ejjh ,fa9t4 ,on a fa9t /eadily bright #ajee #dibi ,mod]ately bright4 gr\nd4 #aajd #dhfa ,v bright4 ,f #aae to #abi a bright #abhf #dfcb ,mod]ately bright4 gr\nd1 :i* t[>ds ! violet becomes v bright4 #accb #deha ,v fa9t4 #adje #dejf 0 ,on a dull gr\nd4 #aeij #dcdb ,v bright4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- b4 ,9 ! broad "p ( ! tube4 ------------------------------------- ,screw4,wave-l5g?4 ,rem>ks4 ------------------------------------- #ecj #fjfc ,fa9t4 #gjj #eeih ,bright4 #hif #eahg ,v bright4 #aabh #dhbh 0 #adjd #dejg ,mod]ately bright4 ------------------------------------- ,! l9es appe>$ on a p]fectly d>k gr\nd4 ,! tube %[s 9 ! n>r[ "p ! hydrog5-spectrum ( ! fir/ ord]2 ! l9es 9 ! gre5 d n co9cide ) ! l9es ( ! nitrog51 ?\gh "s l9es belong+ to nitrog5 are f\nd4 ,"h1 too1 mo/ probably small p>ticles ( aque\s vap\r h be5 enclos$ 9 ! tube & are decompos$4 ,v /rik+ is ! spectrum 9 ! broad "p ( ! tube2 no?+ is to be se5 ( ! bright %9+ l9es ,h #cih1 ,h #aajd1 ,h #aeij2 on ! o!r h&1 f\r v bright l9es & "o q fa9t "o are 9 ! r$ end ( ! spectrum1 :i* appe>1 9 opposition to ! spectrum ( ! n>r[ "p1 n on a p>tially light$1 b on an entirely d>k gr\nd4 ,! appe>ance is v /rik+ if we br+ ! tube 9 front ( ! slit2 & s1 by degrees1 at fir/ ! light 9 ! n>r[ "p1 !n ! light at ! connect+-po9t ( ! n>r[ & wide p>ts1 &1 f9ally1 ! light 9 ! latt] fall ^u ! slit4 ,at ! connect+-po9t ( ! wide ends ( ! tube ! ?ree well-kn[n hydrog5-l9es decrease 9 int5sity1 ! cont9u\s gr\nd ( "s p>ts ( ! spectrum disappe>s1 & a new l9e appe>s ne> #aabh1 :i* has ab\t ! same brilliancy z ,h4 ,a comp>ison ) ! spectrum ( oxyg5 %[s ! bright l9es :i* are 9 ! spectrum 9 ! wide end ( ! tube z belong+ to t elem5t4 ,! heat evolv$ by ! curr5t appe>s insuffici5t to br+ ! hydrog5 to gl[1 :il/ by x ! oxyg51 :i* is ( a m r>efi$ "*1 becomes inc&esc5t4 ,an alt]ation ( ! direction ( ! curr5t has no influ5ce on ! appe>ance4 ,,iii4 ,nitrog54 a4 ,9 ! n>r[ "p ( ! tube4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,screw4,wave-l5g?4 ,rem>ks4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #chd #ffbj ,sev]al fa9t1 broad1 close l9es1 increas+ 9 #dhe #fbac brilliancy z !y approa* ! violet end4 #ecj #fjfc ,broad bright l9es1 #eea #fjjj s close toge!r #efi #eidh t ! int]v5+ spaces appe> #ehg #ehif l f9e d>k l9es4 ,?is "p ( #fjd #ehdf ! spectrum is v bright1 b #fbj #ehjb n uni=m1 be+ bright] t[>ds #fdc #egda ! violet end4 #fif #efjg ,gr\p ( fa9t b at ! same "t #gac #eefg v broad l9es4 ,! #gbh #eecb la/ is ! brighte/4 #gee #edgj ,! d>k int]v5+ spaces are some:at broad]1 #ggd #edbh ! bright l9es some:at m int5se ?an #gib #echi 9 ! prec$+ gr\p1 & all ( almo/ equal #hji #ecec brilliancy4 #hcb #ecjf #hej #ebgb ,v fa9t f9e l9es4 #hfi #ebcg #ija #eagh ,v bright broad mi/y l9e4 #ifg #ejff ,v bright l9e4 #ajbe #dige 0 0 #ajff #diac 0 0 ,! bright l9es #aajc #dhfb ,v fa9t l9e4 are %>ply #aada #dhaa ,bright l9e4 def9$ t[>ds #abaa #dgba 0 0 ! r$ end ( #abeg #dfff ,fa9t l9e4 ! spectrum1 #abeg #dfdd ,bright1 broad1 mi/y l9e4 fad+ away t[>ds #acdb #degj ,v bright l9e4 ! o!r end ( #adbd #ddhg 0 0 ! spectrum4 #aejb #ddag ,bright l9e4 #aeff #dcfc ,bright l9es4 ,bright l9es %>ply def9$ #aegb #dceg 0 t[>ds r$ end1 indi/9ct #aehg #dcde ,bright l9e4 t[>ds o!r end ( #afgb #dbgc 0 spectrum4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,"h foll[ sev]al l9es4 b4 ,9 ! wide "p ( ! tube4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,screw4,wave-l5g?4 ,rem>ks4 ---------------------------------------- --------- #fbj #ehjb ,fa9t1 indi/9ct1 broad l9e4 #ggb #edcc ,dull /ripe4 #hbj #eccj ,fa9t l9e4 #hid #eaia ,v fa9t l9e4 #ijc #eage ,broad b& ( light4 #iij #ejbi ,dull b& ( light4 #ajfh #diaa ,mod]ately bright l9e4 #aadb #dhji ,fa9t l9e4 #abei #dffc ,bright l9e4 #acdc #defi 0 #adjg #dejd ,mod]ately bright l9e4 #adbe #ddhf ,v bright l9e4 #aehe #dcdg 0 0 #afgf #dbgc ,mod]ately bright l9e4 ---------------------------------------- --------- c4 ,at ! aura ( ! negative pole4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,screw4,wave-l5g?4 ,rem>ks4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #eah #fajj ,broad1 mod]ately bright /ripe1 indi/9ct #egj #eide at ! edges4 #gfj #eaei ,broad1 mod]ately bright /ripe4 #hda #ebhi #hgf #ebbd ,v bright l9e1 some:at indi/9ct t[>ds ! violet4 #iai #eadg ,fa9t l9e4 #ajjj #ejjd ,bright l9e1 indi/9ct t[>ds ! r$4 #ajfg #diab ,some:at fa9t] ?an ! la/1 indi/9ct t[>ds ! r$4 #aadc #dhjh ,v fa9t l9e4 #abbe #dgjd ,v int5se1 broad1 indi/9ct t[>ds ! violet4 #abgc #dfdf ,v fa9t l9e4 #acdc #defi ,mod]ately bright1 indi/9ct t[>ds ! violet4 #adbe #ddhf ,l ! la/4 #aejc #ddag ,q a fa9t l9e4 #aehf #dcdf ,mod]ately bright l9e4 #afgf #dbge ,v bright l9e4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,"h foll[ sev]al o!r l9es4 ,! obs]vations 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! tube %[ pla9ly ! dep5d5ce ( ! spectrum on ! temp]ature4 ,! aura ( ! negative pole gives ! l9e ne> #ajjg s *>act]i/ic ( ! air-spectrum4 ,?is is ! same l9e :i* is met ) 9 ! spectra ( mo/ ( ! nebul4 ,! v /rik+ gr\ps ( l9es 9 ! r$ & yell[ 9 ! spectrum ( ! n>r[ "p ( ! tube disappe> entirely 9 ! wide "p4 ,if we comp>e ! spectra ) ^? above quot$1 ( oxyg5 & hydrog51 we f9d l9e ,h v fa9t 9 ! spectrum ( ! n>r[ "p ( ! tube ne> #aajc2 on ! o!r h&1 oxyg5-l9es appe> 9 ! broad "p ne> #hbj1 #hid1 & #adjg4 ,!nce ,i w\ld conjecture t ! tube 0 n fill$ ) pure nitrog51 ! appe>ance ( :i* is precise1 b ) dry r>efi$ air1 s9ce ,wlln]'s rese>*es h prov$ t dry air yields ! same spectrum z nitrog5 gas4 ,p]haps ! air 9 ! tube exam9$ by me _h n be5 ?or\ghly dri$1 & ?us ! appe>ance ( "s l9es ( ! elem5ts be=e nam$ is to be expla9$4 ,i mu/ fur!r m5tion t ! electrodes ( ! tubes consi/$ ( alum9ium2 yet a comp>ison ( ! spectra obs]v$ & ! alum9ium spectrum has %[n no connexion betwe5 !m4 ,,iv4 ,atmosph]ic ,air4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,screw4 ,wave-l5g?4 ,rem>ks4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #ehh #ehib ,v bright d\ble l9e 7,na74 #ffg #efhj ,v bright l9e4 #gbj #eeej ,fa9t l9e4 #ijj #eahj ,v bright l9e4 #igi #ejdg ,f9e fa9t l9e4 #ajjc #ejjh ,v bright d\ble l9e4 #ajjg #ejjb #aadc #dhjc ,fa9t confus$ l9e4 #abfi #dfea #abhd #dfcc ,fa9t l9e n %>ply def9$4 #acjd #dfab ,f #adfa #ddec ,confus$ b& ( light1 :i* ends ) to #aehh #dddd a broad wa%y l9e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,"h foll[ sev]al o!r l9es4 ,r>efi$ air saturat$ ) aque\s vap\r4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,screw4 ,wave-l5g?4 ,rem>ks4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #cig #fefb ,mod]ately bright l9e4 7#ehh7 #ehib ,bright d\ble l9e 7,na74 7#fbe7 #eghi ,bright l9e 7,h74 ,f #gjc #eeia ,broad dull b& ( light2 ne> #gjc a to #gee #edgj some:at bright] l9e4 #gei #edfa ,bright l9e 7,h74 #hgb #ebca ,dull /ripe4 #hif #eahg ,broad mi/y /ripe4 ,on a dull /eady gr\nd4 #ajjg #ejjb ,fa9t l9e4 #aaje #dhei ,v bright l9e4 #abba #dgji ,mod]ately bright l9e4 ,on dimly light$ #abge #dfdd ,l9e fa9t] ?an ! gr\nd1 becom+ prec$+4 fa9t] t[>ds #acbh #eehe ,v fa9t l9e 7,h74 ! violet4 7#aega7 #dceh ,v bright l9e 7,h74 #aeij #dcda 0 0 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,"h foll[ sev]al m l9es4 ,9 ! fir/ obs]vations1 ! electric sp>k1 ab\t #a c5tim4 9 l5g?1 0 all[$ to pass betwe5 plat9um po9ts 9 ord9>y air4 ,! sodium-l9e ne> #ehh appe>$ cont9ually4 ,! bright d\ble l9e at #ajjc & #ajjg1 ) a weak] curr5t or long] sp>k1 0 no long] to be recogniz$ z a d\ble l9e1 b appe>$ z a broad some:at confus$ l9e1 ( :i* ! brighte/ "p 0 ne> #ajje4 ,no l9es belong+ to ! plat9um spectrum appe>$4 ,ord9>y r>efi$ air1 "u a pressure ( #be to #cj millims41 & :i* 0 enclos$ by m]cury 9 a tube #h millims4 wide1 %[$ exactly ! same l9es z ,plck]'s nitrog5-tube 7b71 except t "s l9es belong+ to ! spectrum ( m]cury also appe>$4 ,?is obs]vation may be reg>d$ z a confirmation ( ! conjecture above express$ z to ! condition ( ,plck]'s tube ,,iii4 7nitrog574 ,9 ! obs]vations describ$ "u b1 ! air saturat$ ) aque\s vap\r 0 "u a pressure ( #bb millims4 ,besides ! sodium-l9es1 l9es ( ! m]cury-spectrum appe>$ at #fbe1 #gei1 & #aega4 ,! spectrum ( r>efi$ air "u simil> pressure 0 f\nd to accord completely ) ! spectrum ( ! light 9 ! broad "p ( ,plck]'s tube4 ,,iii4 7,nitrog5 b47--,a comp>ison ( ! spectrum ( r>efi$ air saturat$ ) aque\s vap\r ) ! =m] %[s ! /rik+ alt]ations 9 ! spectrum :i* are br\ght ab\t by ! pres5ce ( ! aque\s vap\r4 #c4 ,comp>ison ( ! ,aurora-,spectrum ) ! ,spectra ( ,atmosph]ic ,gases & ( ,inorganic ,sub/ances4 ,9 ! next place1 ,i turn to ! comp>ison ( ! obs]v$ spectra ( diff]5t gases & ( ! air ) ! spectrum ( ! ,aurora4 ,! fir/ b& ( light 9 ! r$ "p ( ! ,aurora-spectrum mo/ probably co9cides ) ! fir/ sy/em ( l9es 9 ! spectrum ( nitrog5 7a74 ,probably only ! bright "p ( ?is gr\p ( l9es is p]ceptible1 on acc\nt ( ! extreme fa9tness ( ! ,aurora2 & z 9 nitrog5 ! increase ( ! brilliancy ( ! spectrum takes place t[>ds ! violet end1 ! abs5ce ( ! int]m$iate spectrum t[>ds ?is direction w\ld f9d its explanation4 ,! mo/ int5se l9e ( ! ,aurora-spectrum at #gab is to be also f\nd 9 ! spectrum ( nitrog5 7a7--z a v fa9t l9e1 h[ev]4 ,t ?is l9e appe>s 9 ! ,aurora by itself1 & ) int5sity relatively great1 ne$ n appe> /range1 consid]+ ! great alt]ation ( ! gas-spectra "u diff]5t conditions ( pressure & temp]ature4 ,! ?ird l9e ( ! ,aurora-spectrum1 v vaguely def9$ on acc\nt ( its great fa9tness1 co9cides 9 ! same way ) a nitrog5-l9e4 ,! l9e at #hga is met ) 9 ! nitrog5-spectrum 7c71 z well z 9 ! air-spectrum 7b74 ,! ?ird l9e ( ! oxyg5-spectrum at #hie1 :i* seems to appe> "u v diff]5t conditions1 is f\nd aga91 z ! fif? l9e 9 ! spectrum ( ! ,aurora4 ,moreov]1 ! six? l9e 9 ! ,aurora at #ajjf co9cides v exactly ) ! kn[n nitrog5-l9e appe>+ 9 ! spectra ( "s ( ! nebul4 ,la/ly1 z to ! broad b& ( light 9 ! ,aurora-spectrum f #abcc to #abhh1 sev]al l9es are f\nd 9 ?is place 9 ! spectrum ( nitrog5 z well z ! air-spectrum 7a1 b72 s t "h1 too1 a co9cid5ce betwe5 ! spectra may be reg>d$ z probable4 ,! obs]vations %[ ) "s c]ta9ty t at lea/ "o l9e at #ajjf ( ! ,aurora-spectrum co9cides ) ! maximum brilliancy ( ! air-spectrum1 & t ! o!r l9es appe> ) great probability 9 ! spectra ( atmosph]ic gases4 ,9 ! v great diff]5ce ( ! gas-spectra "u v>y+ conditions ( pressure & temp]ature1 x w\ld inde$ be difficult to succe$ 9 produc+ artificially a spectrum :i* %\ld resemble t ( ! ,aurora 9 all p>ts4 ,moreov]1 x mu/ be admitt$1 "u ! hypo!sis t ! ,auror are electric dis*>ges 9 r>efi$ air-/rata1 t ^! /rata1 qualifi$ = ! transmitt+ ( electricity1 w h a v consid]able ?ickness4 ,9 ?is case ! conditions ( pressure on ^! air-/rata are !mselves s diff]5t t1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 ea* w yield its own peculi> spectrum2 b we %all see ! sum ( collective spectra1 s to speak1 spread out beh9d ea* o!r2 & !re=e ! impossibility ( atta9+ a p]fect agreem5t betwe5 ! ,aurora-spectrum & ! artificially exhibit$ spectra ( mix$ gases is evid5t4 ,a comp>ison ( ! ,aurora-spectrum ) ! spectra ( inorganic sub/ances may be easily work$ out by ! help ( ! above-quot$ wave-l5g?s ( ! s+le l9es ( ! =m]1 ) due reg>d to probable errors1 & ) ! aid ( ng/rm's ,atlas ( ! ,sol> ,spectrum4 ,"h ! p]fect h>mony ( ! brighte/ ,aurora-l9e 7:i* 0 fix$ ) an exactitude ( ab\t "o sev5? ( ! sep>ation ( ! sodium-l9es7 ) ! l9es ( ! iron-spectrum is especially /rik+4 ,! wave-l5g?s 9 ! above-cit$ obs]vations ( ! bright ,aurora-l9e v>y betwe5 #eefi & #eegc1 :il/1 accord+ to ng/rm1 two l9es ( ! iron-spectrum are situat$ at #eefhe & #eegag4 ,iron-l9es correspond+ to ! o!r ,aurora-l9es1 )9 c]ta9 limits ( accuracy1 are also to be f\nd1 z w be se5 f ! foll[+ comp>ison3-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,aurora-l9es4 ,l9es ( ! ,rem>ks4 iron-spectrum4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #fcjjh ,mod]ately bright4 #fbig #fbihe #ecifj #eciib ,mo/ly v fa9t4 #ecij #ecije #echhe #ebcdc ,v fa9t4 #ebcc #ebcba ,mod]ately bright4 #ebbij ,v fa9t4 #eaigi 0 #eaidj 0 #eahi #eaiaf ,mod]ately bright4 #eaijf 0 0 #eahea ,v fa9t4 #ejjfe #ejjeb #ejjd #ejjdi ,v fa9t4 #ejjcj #ejjbj ,f #dfid to #dfbi #c /rong] & #d v fa9t iron-l9es4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,yet ?is agreem5t1 ?\gh rem>kable1 c only be consid]$ z complete pro( ( ! pres5ce ( iron-vap\r 9 ! atmosph]e :5 we %all h succe$$ 9 %[+ by obs]vation analog\s modifications ( ! relative conditions ( brilliancy 9 ! iron-spectrum by alt]ations ( temp]ature & d5sity2 & 9 ?is way expla9 ! appe>ance ( relatively v fa9t iron-l9es 9 ! ,aurora-spectrum1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 ! abs5ce ( ! mo/ int5se l9es4 ,x w mean:ile rema9 f> m 9 accordance ) probability to reg>d ! ,aurora-spectrum z a modification ( ! air-spectrum2 s9ce we are already aw>e1 9 ! case ( gases1 ( ! alt]ation ( ! spectra by conditions ( temp]ature & pressure2 & an agreem5t1 at any rate1 q z c]ta9 betwe5 ! spectrum 9 "q & ! spectra ( atmosph]ic gases has be5 prov$ above4 ,i am indebt$ to ,miss ,annie ,ludlam = a translation f ! ,g]man ( ! above ,memoir4--,j4 ,r4 ,c4 ,,footnotes #a 1 a holl[4 #b 1 a cask4 #c 1 a *asm4 #d ,m4 ,lem/rm 7,sw$i% ,exp$ition1 #ahfh7 concludes t ! corona ( ! ,aurora ,borealis is n entirely a ph5om5on ( p]spective1 b t ! rays h a true curvature1 t !y are curr5ts fl[+ 9 ! same direction & attract ea* o!r4 ,!re is also an acc\nt ant1 p4 #af ( an ,aurora at ,melville ,isl& 7,p>ry's fir/ voyage71 9 :i* two ar*es 7 se5 curv+ t[>ds ea* o!r4 #e ,a brilliant display 9 ,decemb] #ahgj1 on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,sicily1 0 foll[$ by v viol5t /orms1 ) ! ov]fl[ ( ! ,tib] & ! flood+ ( ,rome4 #f ,"s curi\s in/ances h be5 rec5tly 7,janu>y #ahgi7 giv5 9 ! #8,times' ( su* electric ph5om5a1 compris+1 among/ o!rs1 gas light$ by ! f+] 9 ,canada1 po9ts ( flame se5 on ! ironwork ( ,teignm\? ,bridge1 & simil> po9ts se5 on ! alp5/ocks & axes ( a p>ty mak+ a m\nta9 asc5t 9 ,switz]l&4 #g ,on ! occasion ( ! ,aurora ( ,septemb] #bd1 #ahgj1 ,dr4 ,allnatt says1 8! air seem$ lit]ally alive ) ! unwont$ phosphoresc5ce40 #h ,see1 h[ev]1 ,dr4 ,s*u/]'s article 8,on ! ,spectra ( ,lightn+10 ,phil4 ,mag4 ,may #ahgi1 p4 #caf4 #i ,! pro( f occult$ />s m]ely goes to ! fact t ! moon possesses no atmosph]e appreciable 9 t way4 ,x may /ill be a "q :e!r !re does n exi/ some?+ ( ! k9d1 ly+ l[ & close to ! surface1 & possibly ( a r>efi$ "*1 :i* w\ld sc>cely make itself visible by its effects 9 occultations4 ,cl\d-vap\r might =m 9 an atmosph]e ( inconsid]able d5sity4 #aj ,?is obs]vation is n )\t a c]ta9 am\nt ( confirmation by m rec5t ones1 9 :i* c]ta9 lun> objects & regions h be5 suspect$ ( mi/ or vap\r4 ,mr4 ,birt 7#8,engli% ,me*anic1' vol4 xxviii4 no4 #gbe7 m5tions two--! cl\d-l appe>ance ( ! :ite pat* we/ ( ,pic>d1 & ! int]ior ( ,ty*o1 :i* at "o "t always mi/y & ill-def9$1 is n[ become p]fectly di/9ct & %>ply def9$4 ,decemb] #d1 #ahgh1 #d;h #dem4 ,i obs]v$ ,kle9's crat] z a dull d>k spot1 l>g] ?an ! true object2 & :ile def9ition 0 good & o!r objects 7 well def9$1 8! floor ( ,kle9's object1 ! oval spot ne>1 & also ,agrippa 7especially71 all _h an odd mi/y look z if vap\r 7 9 or ab\t !m0 7#8,engli% ,me*anic1' vol4 xxviii4 no4 #gbg74 ,! my/]y ( diff]5t obs]v]s see+ & n see+ ,kle9's object on ! same night is h>dly to be acc\nt$ = by ! angle ( illum9ation4 #aa ,"s d\bt has be5 ca/ on ?is obs]vation1 on ! gr\nd t no?+ unusual 0 se51 & t ! appe>ances 7 only ^? ord9>ily pres5t$ by ! moon at its !n phase4 ,i simply give ! acc\nt z x appe>s 9 ! sci5tific j\rnal 9 :i* x 0 publi%$4 #ab ,! "q ( a connexion betwe5 ! wax+ & wan+ ( ! sol> corona & ! preval5ce ( sun-spots is n[ be+ moot$1 & may h an important be>+ on ! subject ( ! con/itution ( ! corona4 ,x w\ld seem t :5 ! corona has be5 exam9$ ab\t ! "t ( m9imum ( sun-spots1 x has prov$ fa9t] ?\gh m ext5d$1 :ile ! bright l9es ( ! spectrum h be5 abs5t1 indicat+ a *ange or v>iance 9 ! gase\s "p ( x at ^? p]iods4 #ac ,!re seems to be "s confusion z to ! ,w4,l4 "h giv52 #eefg is usually accept$ z ng/rm's l9e1 :ile ,pr(4 ,smy? ref]s to x z #eegi4 ,! position1 too1 :5 exam9$ ) a spectroscope ( great] disp]sion1 is n exactly ov] ! citron-l9e ( acetyl5e1 bo? ! above ref]r$ to l9es ly+ some:at m t[>ds ! violet end ( ! spectrum 7see ,plate ,v4 fig4 #g74 #ad ng/rm's draw+1 9 giv+ ?is "* to ! two ,aurora-b&s :i* are said to correspond ) violet-pole b&s ab\t #dg & #dc1 is incorrect1 & calculat$ to mislead by giv+ ! ,aurora-b&s a feature correspond+ to ! violet-pole b&s :i* !y d n possess4 ,i am n aw>e ( any ,aurora-l9e or b& :i* is describ$ z di/+ui%$ by degrad+ t[>ds ! violet4 #ae ,! tubes g5]ally seem m>k$ ,si ,fl in/ead ( ! ord9>y notation ,si ,f4 ,si ,fl is probably1 9 fact1 ,si ,f4 #af ,dr4 ,s*u/] has f\nd t :ile ! l9e-spectrum ( lightn+ is attributable to ,n1 x has also a b&-spectrum1 :i* he consid]s due to ,o & a slight trace ( ,,co 7,phil4 ,mag4 #e? s]4 vol4 vii4 p4 #cba74 #ag ,9 ^! obs]vations "s sugge/ions made by ,mr4 ,capron h be5 incorporat$4 ,?is 0 ,mr4 ,locky]'s note4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ! ,au?or 0 responsible = ! v]batim p>agraphs compris$ betwe5 ! lett]s ,a & ,b1 & ,c & ,d1 9 ! in/ructions z n[ repr9t$4 #ah ,communicat$ by ! au?or to ! ,royal ,saxon ,academy ( ,sci5ce1 #ahga4 #ai ,reports ( ! ,royal ,saxon ,academy ( ,sci5ce1 ,oct4 #ca1 #ahga4 #bj ,?is r$ l9e 0 fir/ notic$ by ,zlln]4 #ba ,re*]*es sur le ,spectre ,solaire1 p4 #db4 #bb ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 lxviii4 #abc4