,chess ,strategy by ,edward ,lasker ,translated by ,j4 du ,mont ,,information ,,about ,,this ,e-,,text ,,edition ,the following is an e-text of 8,chess ,strategy10 second edition1 7#aiae7 by ,edward ,lasker1 translated by ,j4 ,du ,mont4 ,this e-text contains the #afg chess and checkers board game diagrams appearing in the original book1 all in the form of ,,ascii line drawings4 ,the following is a key to the diagrams3 ,for chess pieces1 ,r ,rook ,kt ,knight ,b ,bishop ,q ,queen ,k ,king ,p ,pawn ,black pieces have a symbol to the left of them1 while white pieces have a symbol to the left of them4 ,for example1 ,b is the ,black bishop1 while ,b is the white bishop4 ,kt is the black knight1 while ,kt is the white knight4 ,this will let the reader instantly tell by sight which pieces in the ,,ascii chess diagrams are black and which are white4 ,those who find these diagrams hard to read should feel free to set up them up on a game board using the actual pieces4 ,,contents ,,translator',s ,,preface ,,author',s ,,preface ,,part ,i ,i4 ,,introductory ,i4 ,rules of the ,game ,,ii4 ,notation ,,ii4 ,,hints ,,for ,,beginners ,elementary ,combinations ,simple ,calculation ,complications ,,iii4 ,,general ,,principles ,,of ,,chess ,,strategy ,introductory ,balance of ,attack and ,defence ,mobility ,,iv4 ,,the ,,opening ,development of the ,pieces ,on ,losing ,moves ,examples of ,practical ,play ,pawn ,play ,pawn ,skeleton ,the ,centre ,a4 ,king's ,pawn ,games ,b4 ,queen's ,pawn ,games ,c4 ,irregular ,openings ,v4 ,,the ,,end-,,game ,end-games with ,pieces ,pawn ,endings ,mixed ,endings ,,end-,,games ,,from ,,master-,,play ,teichmann-,blackburne 7,berlin1 #ahig7 ,ed4 ,lasker-,rotlewi 7,hamburg1 #aiaj7 ,blackburne-,schlechter 7,vienna1 #ahih7 ,bird-,janowski 7,hastings1 #ahie7 ,steiner-,forgacz 7,szekesfehervar1 #aijg7 ,charousek-,heinrichsen 7,cologne1 #ahih7 ,,vi4 ,,the ,,middle ,,game ,general ,remarks ,evolution of the ,pawn ,skeleton ,objects of ,attack 8,backward0 ,pawns ,on ,fixing a ,weakness ,weaknesses in a ,pawn ,position ,breaking up the ,king's ,side ,doubled ,pawns ,illustrations-- v4 ,scheve-,teichmann 7,berlin1 #aijg7 ,marshall-,burn 7,ostend1 #aijg7 ,manoeuvres of the ,pieces ,open ,files and ,diagonals ,example-- ,fred4 ,lazard-,ed4 ,lasker 7,paris1 #aiad7 ,,part ,,ii ,,illustrative ,,games ,,from ,,master ,,tournaments #a4 ,tartakower-,burn 7,carlsbad1 #aiaa7 #b4 ,leonhardt-,marshall 7,san ,sebastian1 #aiaa7 #c4 ,spielmann-,prokes 7,prag1 #aijh7 #d4 ,tarrasch-,capablanca 7,san ,sebastian1 #aiaa7 #d;a4 ,howell-,michell 7,cable ,match1 #aijg7 #d;b4 ,x4 v4 ,y #e4 ,griffith-,gunston 7,london1 #aijb7 #f4 ,mason-,gunsberg 7,new ,york1 #ahhi7 #g4 ,marshall-,tarrasch 7,hamburg1 #aiaj7 #h4 ,blackburne-,em4 ,lasker 7,petrograd1 #aiad7 #i4 ,salwe-,marshall 7,vienna1 #aijh7 #aj4 ,teichmann-,amateurs 7,glasgow1 #aijb7 #aa4 ,schlechter-,janowski 7,paris1 #aijj7 #ab4 ,teichmann-,rubinstein 7,carlsbad1 #aiaa7 #ac4 ,teichmann-,schlechter 7,carlsbad1 #aiaa7 #ad4 ,spielmann-,tarrasch 7,san ,sebastian1 #aiab7 #ae4 ,aljechin-,niemzowitsch 7,petrograd1 #aiad7 #af4 ,yates-,gunsberg 7,chester1 #aiad7 #ag4 ,berlin-,riga 7#aijh-aiji7 #ag;a4 ,maroczy-,berger 7,vienna1 #aijh7 #ah4 ,em4 ,lasker-,capablanca 7,petrograd1 #aiad7 #ai4 ,ed4 ,lasker-,janowski 7,scheveningen1 #aiac7 #bj4 ,ed4 ,lasker-,englund 7,scheveningen1 #aiac7 #ba4 ,ed4 ,lasker-,aljechin 7,scheveningen1 #aiac7 #bb4 ,forgacz-,tartakower 7,petrograd1 #aiji7 #bc4 ,yates-,esser 7,anglo-,dutch ,match1 #aiad7 #bd4 ,atkins-,barry 7,cable ,match1 #aiaj7 #be4 ,em4 ,lasker-,tarrasch 7,munich1 #aijh7 #bf4 ,capablanca-,blanco 7,havanna1 #aiac7 #bg4 ,niemzowitsch-,tarrasch 7,san ,sebastian1 #aiab7 #bh4 ,alapin-,rubinstein 7,wilna1 #aiab7 #bi4 ,teichmann-,spielmann 7,leipzig1 #aiad7 #cj4 ,tarrasch-,spielmann 7,mannheim1 #aiad7 #ca4 ,john-,janowski 7,mannheim1 #aiad7 #cb4 ,ed4 ,laskcr-,mieses 7,scheveningen1 #aiac7 #cc4 ,barasz-,mieses 7,breslau1 #ajab7 #cd4 ,em4 ,lasker-,niemzowitsch 7,petrograd1 #aiad7 #ce4 ,reti-,tartakower 7,vienna1 #aiaj7 #cf4 ,forgacz-,e4 ,cohn 7,petrograd1 #aiji7 #cg4 ,marshall-,capablanca 7,new ,york1 #aiji7 #ch4 ,rotlewi-,teichmann 7,carlsbad1 #aiaa7 #ch;a4 ,rubinstein-,teichmann 7,vienna1 #aijh7 #ci4 ,rotlewi-,rubinstein 7,lodz1 #aijg7 #dj4 ,rubinstein-,capablanca 7,san ,sebastian1 #aiaa7 #da4 ,niemzowitsch-,tarrasch 7,petrograd1 #aiad7 #da;a4 ,em4 ,lasker-,bauer 7,amsterdam1 #ahhi7 #db4 ,capablanca-,aljechin 7,petrograd1 #aiac7 #dc4 ,capablanca-,bernstein 7,petrograd1 #aiad7 #dd4 ,dus ,chotimirski-,vidmar 7,carlsbad1 #aiaa7 #de4 ,rubinstein-,spielmann 7,pistyan1 #aiab7 #df4 ,thomas-,ed4 ,lasker 7,london1 #aiab7 #dg4 ,tartakower-,asztalos 7,budapest1 #aiac7 #dg;a4 ,tartakower-,spielmann 7,vienna1 #aiac7 #dg;b4 ,x v4 ,y #dh4 ,blackburne-,niemzowitsch 7,petrograd1 #aiad7 ,,table ,,of ,,openings ,a4 ,king's ,pawn ,games ,b4 ,queen's ,pawn ,games ,c4 ,irregular ,openings ,,translator',s ,,preface ,as the first edition of ,edward ,lasker's ,chess ,strategy was exhausted within a comparatively short time of its appearance1 the author set himself the task of altering and improving the work to such an extent that it became to all intents and purposes a new book4 ,i had the privilege of co-operating with him to a slight degree on that second edition1 and was in consequence able to appreciate the tremendous amount of work he voluntarily took upon himself to do2 ,i say voluntarily1 because his publishers1 anxious to supply the strong demand for the book1 wished to reprint it as it stood4 ,a little later ,i undertook to translate this second edition into ,english for ,messrs4 ,bell ,sons4 ,only a few months had elapsed1 the tournaments at ,petrograd1 ,chester1 and ,mannheim had taken place1 several new discoveries had been made1 and it is the greatest testimony to ,edward ,lasker's indefatigable devotion to the ,art of ,chess that ,i am able to say that this is not a translation of the second edition1 but of what is practically a new book4 ,it contains a new preface1 a chapter for beginners1 a new introduction1 new variations4 ,furthermore1 a large number of new games have taken the place of old ones4 ,i have no doubt that any chess player who will take the trouble to study ,chess ,strategy will spend many a pleasurable hour4 ,incidentally new vistas will be opened to him1 and his playing strength increased to a surprising degree4 ,the author says in his preface that he appeals to the intelligence and not the memory of his readers4 ,in my opinion1 too1 the student should above all try to improve his judgment of position4 ,than the playing over of games contested by experts ,i can hardly imagine a greater or purer form of enjoyment4 ,yet ,i must at the outset sound a note of warning against its being done superficially1 and with a feverish expectation of something happening4 ,every move or combination of moves should be carefully weighed1 and the student should draw his own conclusions and compare them with what actually happens in the game under examination4 ,this applies particularly to some of the critical positions set out in diagrams in the course of the exposition of the several games4 ,the reader would derive the greatest possible benefit from a prolonged study of such positions before seeking to know how the games proceed4 ,after having formed his own opinion about the merits of a particular position1 he should compare the result with the sequel in the game in question1 and thus find out where his judgment has been at fault4 ,the deeper study of the theory of the openings is of course a necessity to the student who wishes to become an expert1 but the development of his judgment must precede it4 ,to him ,griffith ,white's admirable book1 ,modern ,chess ,openings1 will be a perfect mine of information4 ,there are thousands of variations1 and in most of them the actual game in which they were first tried by masters is named1 thus adding to the interest and value of the work4 ,i must not omit to mention the invaluable help afforded me by my friend ,mr4 ,john ,hart1 to whom my warmest thanks are due4 ,,julius ,,du ,,mont4 ,,author',s ,,preface ,the large majority of chess players who would like to improve their game1 have not the necessary opportunity of pitting themselves against players of master-strength1 or at least of obtaining the desired instruction from personal intercourse with them4 ,it is for such players that the present work is intended4 ,the books on which the learner has to rely hardly ever serve his purpose1 being mostly little more than a disjointed tabulation of numberless opening variations1 which cannot be understood without preliminary studies1 and consequently only make for confusion4 ,in the end the connection between the various lines of play may become clear1 after the student has made an exhaustive study of the subject1 but very few would have either the time or the inclination for such prolonged labour4 ,therefore another shorter and less empirical way must be found in which to acquire the understanding of sound play4 ,my system of teaching differs from the usual ones1 in that it sets down at the outset definite elementary principles of chess strategy by which any move can be gauged at its true value1 thus enabling the learner to form his own judgment as to the manuvres under consideration4 ,in my opinion it is absolutely essential to follow such strategical principles1 and ,i go so far as to assert that such principles are in themselves sufficient for the development and conduct of a correct game of chess4 ,even though instruction in chess is possible on very general lines alone1 yet ,i think it advisable and indeed necessary to explain the application of such principles to the various phases of each game of chess4 ,otherwise the learner might unduly delay his progress1 and lose valuable time in finding out for himself certain essentials that could more profitably be pointed out to him4 ,with regard to the way in which ,i have arranged my subject and the form of its exposition in detail1 ,i have thought out the following plan4 ,after discussing at length the leading principles underlying sound play1 ,i have first treated of the openings1 in which such principles are of even more deciding influence than in any other stage of the game1 as far as could be done on broad lines without having to pay attention to middle and end-game considerations4 ,i proceeded as follows1 by taking as my starting-point the 8pawn skeleton0 which is formed in the opening1 and round which the pieces should group themselves in logical fashion4 ,as a consequence of the pawns having so little mobility1 this 8pawn skeleton0 often preserves its shape right into the end-game4 ,applying the general strategical principles to the formation of the pawn skeleton1 the learner acquires the understanding of the leading idea underlying each opening without having to burden his memory4 ,not only that1 he will also be able to find a correct plan of development when confronted with unusual forms of opening4 ,the most important result of this system of teaching is that the learner does not lose his way in a maze of detail1 but has in view at the very outset1 the goal which the many possible variations of the openings are intended to reach4 ,before ,i could proceed to the discussion of the middle game1 ,i found it necessary to treat of the principles governing the end-game4 ,for in most cases play in the middle game is influenced by end-game considerations4 ,here also it has been my endeavour as far as possible to reduce my subject to such principles as are generally applicable4 ,finally1 as regards the middle game1 to which the whole of ,part ,,ii is devoted1 ,i have again made the handling of pawns1 the hardest of all problems of strategy1 the starting-point for my deliberations4 ,i have shown at length how the various plans initiated by the various openings should be developed further4 ,to ensure a thorough understanding of the middle game1 ,i have given a large number of games taken from master play1 with numerous and extensive notes4 ,thus the student has not to rely only on examples taken haphazard from their context1 but he will at the same time see how middle-game positions1 which give opportunities for special forms of attack1 are evolved from the opening4 ,it has been my desire to make the subject easily understandable and at the same time entertaining1 and to appeal less to the memory of my readers than to their common sense and intelligence4 ,i hope in that way not to have strayed too far from the ideal ,i had in mind when writing this book1 namely1 to apply to chess the only method of teaching which has proved productive in all branches of science and art1 that is1 the education of individual thought4 ,if ,i have succeeded in this1 ,i shall have the satisfaction of having contributed a little to the furthering1 in the wide circles in which it is played1 of the game which undoubtedly makes the strongest appeal to the intellect4 ,,edward ,,lasker4 ,,part ,i ,,chapter ,i ,,introductory ,i4 ,,rules ,,of ,,the ,,game ,a ,,game of chess is played by two opponents on a square board consisting of sixty-four ,white and ,black squares arranged alternately4 ,the forces on each side comprise sixteen units1 namely a ,king1 a ,queen1 two ,rooks1 two ,bishops1 two ,knights1 and eight ,pawns4 ,all units move according to different laws1 and the difference in their mobility is the criterion of their relative value and of the fighting power they contribute towards achieving the ultimate aim1 namely1 the capture of the opposing ,king4 ,before ,i can explain what is meant by the capture of the ,king1 ,i must set out the rules of the game in full4 ,diagram #a shows the position the forces take up for the contest4 ,the board is so placed that there is a white square at the top left-hand corner4 ,the ,rooks take up their positions at the corner squares1 and next to them the ,knights4 ,next to those again are the ,bishops1 and in the centre the ,king and ,queen1 the ,white ,queen on a ,white square1 and the ,black ,queen on a ,black square4 ,the eight pawns occupy the ranks immediately in front of the pieces4 ,from this initial position1 ,white begins the game in which the players must move alternately4 ,the pieces move in the following way3 ,the ,rook can move from any square it happens to be on1 to any other square which it can reach in a straight line1 either perpendicularly or horizontally1 unless there is another piece of the same colour in the way1 in which case it can only move as far as the square immediately in front of that piece4 ,if it is an opposing piece which blocks the way1 he can move on to the square that piece occupies1 thereby capturing it4 ,the piece thus captured is removed from the board4 ,the ,bishop can operate along either of the diagonals of which the square on which he is standing forms part4 ,a ,bishop on a ,white square can therefore never get on to a ,black one4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,kt ,b ,q ,k ,b ,kt ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,kt ,b ,q ,k ,b ,kt ,r --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diag4 #a4 ,the ,queen commands both the straight and the oblique lines which start from the square she stands on1 and therefore unites the power of both ,rook and ,bishop in her movements4 ,the ,king has similar powers to the ,queen1 but curtailed1 inasmuch as he can only move one step at a time4 ,he therefore only controls one neighbouring square in any direction4 ,the ,knight plays and captures alternately on ,white and ,black squares1 and only reaches such squares as are nearest to him without being immediately adjacent2 his move is as it were composed of two steps1 one square in a straight line1 and one in an oblique direction4 ,diagram #b will illustrate this4#a ,i should like to quote my friend ,mr4 ,john ,hart's clever definition of the ,knight's move1 though it may not be new4 ,if one conceives a ,knight as standing on a corner square of a rectangle three squares by two1 he is able to move into the corner diagonally opposite4 ,the pawns only move straight forward1 one square at a time1 except at their first move1 when they have the option of moving two squares4 ,in contrast to the pieces1 the pawns do not capture in the way they move4 ,they move straight forward1 but they capture diagonally to the right and left1 again only one square1 and only forward4 ,therefore a pawn can only capture such pieces or pawns as occupy squares of the same colour as the square on which it stands4 ,if1 in moving two squares1 a pawn traverses a square on which it could have been captured by a hostile pawn1 that pawn has the right to capture it1 as if it had moved only one square4 ,this is called capturing en passant4 ,however1 this capture can only be effected on the very next move1 otherwise the privilege of capturing en passant is lost4 --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g --------------------------------------- #f 99 99 --------------------------------------- #e 99 99 --------------------------------------- #d ,kt --------------------------------------- #c 99 99 --------------------------------------- #b 99 99 --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #b4 ,if a player succeeds in reaching the eighth rank with one of his pawns he is entitled to call for any piece of higher grade1 with the exception of the ,king1 in place of such pawn4 ,each move in a game of chess consists of the displacement of one piece only1 with the exception of what is termed 8castling10 in which the ,king and either ,rook can be moved simultaneously by either player once in a game4 ,in castling1 the ,king moves sideways to the next square but one1 and the ,rook to which the ,king is moved is placed on the square which the ,king has skipped over4 ,castling is only allowed if neither the ,king nor the ,rook concerned have moved before1 and if there is no piece between the ,rook and ,king4 ,diagram #c shows a position in which ,white has castled on the ,queen's side1 and ,black on the ,king's side4 ,castling is not permitted if the ,king in castling must pass over a square attacked by a hostile piece4 ,a square 7or a piece7 is said to be 8attacked0 when the square 7or the piece7 is in the line of action of a hostile unit4 ,a square 7or a piece7 is said to be covered or protected if an opposing piece occupying that square 7or capturing the piece7 could itself be captured4 ,when attacking the ,king it is customary to call 8check10 to notify the opponent of the fact2 for the attack on the ,king --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,k ,r ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #c4 must be met in some way or other4 ,this can be done by capturing the attacker or by interposing a piece 7this is not possible in case of attack by a ,knight or a pawn71 or lastly by moving the ,king to a square which is not attacked4 ,the latter must not be done by castling4 ,if it is impossible by any of the three methods above mentioned to avoid the attack upon the ,king1 the ,king is said to be checkmated1 and the game is ended4 ,if a ,king is unable to move1 though not attacked1 and none of his remaining pieces can move1 the ,king is said to be stale-mated1 and the game is drawn4 ,a game is also drawn when neither side has sufficient material left to enforce a mate4 7,compare page #fc47 ,if a player resigns his game before he is actually mated1 he acknowledges that in the end mate is unavoidable1 and the game is counted as a loss to him4 ,a game is null and void if it is shown that a mistake was made in setting the board or men4 ,the same applies when in the course of the game the position and number of pieces have been altered in a manner not in accordance with the proper course of play1 and the latter cannot be re-constructed from the point where the error was made4 ,if a player having the move touches one of his pieces he is under compulsion to move it2 if he touches a hostile piece he must capture it1 provided that the piece can be properly moved or captured in either case4 ,this rule is of no effect if the piece so touched cannot be moved or captured1 as the case may be4 ,so long as the hand has not left the piece to be moved1 the latter can be placed on any accessible square4 ,if a player touches a piece with the sole object of adjusting its position1 he must apprise his opponent of his intention by saying 8,j'adoube0 beforehand4 ,it is best to move the ,king first when castling4 ,if the ,rook is moved first1 and unless the ,king is played almost simultaneously1 a doubt might arise whether castling or a ,rook's move only was intended4 ,if a player has castled illegally1 ,rook and ,king must be moved back1 and the ,king must make another move1 if there is a legal one4 ,if not1 any other move can be played4 ,a player who makes an illegal move with a piece must retract that move1 and make another one if possible with the same piece4 ,if the mistake is only noticed later on1 the game should be restarted from the position in which the error occurred4 ,,ii4 ,,notation ,a special notation has been adopted to make the study of games and positions possible1 and it is necessary for students of the game to become thoroughly conversant with it4 ,the original and earliest notation is still in use in ,english1 ,french1 and ,spanish speaking countries4 ,it is derived from the original position in the game1 in that the squares take the names of the pieces which occupy them4 ,thus the corner squares are called ,r #a 7,rook's square or ,rook's first71 and to distinguish them from one another ,,qr#a or ,,kr #a 7,queen's or ,king's ,rook's square74 ,the squares immediately in front are called ,,qr#b or ,,kr#b4 ,a distinction is made between ,white and ,black1 and ,white's ,r #a is ,black's ,r #h1 ,black's ,r #b is ,white's ,r #g1 ,white's ,k ,b #c is ,black's ,,kb#f1 and so on4 ,k stands for ,king2 ,q for ,queen2 ,b for ,bishop2 ,kt for ,knight2 ,r for ,rook2 and ,p for ,pawn4 ,in describing a capture1 only the capturing and the captured pieces are mentioned1 and not the squares4 ,when confusion is possible1 it is customary to add whether ,king's side or ,queen's side pieces are concerned1 e4g4 ,,kr,q ,kt4 ,in this notation it is necessary to bear in mind which ,kt is the ,q ,kt1 which ,r is the ,,kr4 ,this becomes increasingly difficult as the game goes on and pieces change their places4 ,many sets of chessmen have one ,rook and one ,knight stamped with a special sign1 to show they are ,king's side pieces4 ,this is not necessary in the case of ,bishops3 a white ,,kb is always on white squares1 a white ,,qb on black squares4 ,a more modern notation is the algebraic notation1 which has been adopted in most countries4 ,it has the advantage of being unmistakably clear1 and also more concise4 ,here the perpendicular lines of squares 7called files7 are named with the letters a-h1 from left to right1 always from the point of view of ,white1 and the horizontal lines of squares 7called ranks7 with numbers #a-h as before1 only with the distinction that the rank on which the ,white pieces stand is always called the first2 thus the square we named ,white's ,,qb#b or ,black's ,,qb#g is now called c#b in both cases4 ,black's ,,qb#b 7,white's ,,qb#g7 is always c#g4 ,in capturing1 the square on which the capture takes place and not the piece captured is noted1 for the sake of uniformity4 ,in the case of pawn moves1 the squares only are noted4 ,o--,o stands for castles on the ,king's side2 ,o--,o--,o stands for castles on the ,queen's side2 3 or stands for captures2 for check4 ,in the following opening moves1 both notations are used for the purpose of comparison3 #a4 ,p-,q #d ,p-,q#d #a4 d#d d#e #b4 ,p-,,qb#d ,p-,k#c #b4 c#d e#f #c4 ,kt-,,qb#c ,p-,,qb#d #c4 ,ktc#c c#e #d4 ,p,,qp ,,kp,p #d4 cd3 ed3 #e4 ,p-,k#d ,,qp,p #e4 e#d de3 #f4 ,p-,q#e ,kt-,,kb#c #f4 d#e ,ktf#f #g4 ,b--,k,kt#e ,b-,k#b #g4 ,bg#e ,be#g #h4 ,k ,kt-,k#b ,castles #h4 ,ktge#b ,o--,o ,in most books in which the algebraic notation is used1 both squares of a move are written out for the benefit of the student4 ,the moves above would then look like this3 #a4 d#b-;d#d d#g-;d#e #b4 c#b-;c#d e#g-;e#f #c4 ,ktb#a-;c#c c#g-;c#e #d4 ,c#d d#e e#f;d#e #e4 e#b-;e#d d#e;e#d #f4 d#d-;d#e ,ktg#h-;f#f #g4 ,bc#a-;g#e ,bf#h-;e#g #h4 ,ktg#a-;e#b ,o--,o ,to conclude3 ,i will give the denomination of the pieces in various languages3 ,english 44444444444444 ,k ,q ,r ,b ,kt ,p ,castles ,french 44444444444444 ,r ,d ,t ,f ,c ,p ,roq ,spanish 44444444444444 ,r ,d ,t ,a ,c ,p ,enrog ,german and ,austrian 44 ,k ,d ,t ,l ,s ,o-,o 7,o7 ,italian 44444444444444 ,r ,d ,t ,a ,c ,o-,o 7,o7 ,russian 44444444444444 ,,kp ,f ,l ,c ,k ,o-,o 7,o7 ,dutch 4444444444444444 ,k ,d ,t ,l ,p ,o-,o 7,o7 ,scandinavian 444444444 ,k ,d ,t ,l ,s ,o-,o 7,o7 ,bohemian 4444444444444 ,k ,d ,v ,s ,j ,o-,o 7,o7 ,hungarian 444444444444 ,k ,v ,b ,f ,h ,o-,o 7,o7 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,hints ,,for ,,beginners--,,elementary ,,combinations ,,the mental development of the chess player is a gradual struggle from a state of chaos to a clear conception of the game4 ,the period required for such development largely depends upon the special gifts the learner may possess1 but in the main the question of methods predominates4 ,most beginners do not trouble very much about any particular plan in their study of chess1 but as soon as they have learnt the moves1 rush into the turmoil of practical play4 ,it is self-evident that their prospects under such conditions cannot be very bright4 ,the play of a beginner is planless1 because he has too many plans1 and the capacity for subordinating all his combinations to one leading idea is non- existent4 ,yet it cannot be denied upon investigation that a certain kind of method is to be found in the play of all beginners1 and seems to come to them quite naturally4 ,at first the pawns are pushed forward frantically1 because there is no appreciation of the power and value of the pieces4 ,conscious of the inferiority of the pawns1 the beginner does not conclude that it must be advantageous to employ the greater power of the pieces1 but is chiefly concerned with attacking the opposing pieces with his pawns in the hope of capturing them4 ,his aim is not to develop his own forces1 but to weaken those of his opponent4 ,his combinations are made in the hope that his adversary may not see through them1 nor does he trouble much about his opponent's intentions4 ,when most of his pawns are gone1 then only do his pieces get their chance4 ,he has a great liking for the ,queen and the ,knight1 the former because of her tremendous mobility1 the latter on account of his peculiar step1 which seems particularly adapted to take the enemy by surprise4 ,when watching beginners you will frequently observe numberless moves by a peripatetic ,queen1 reckless incursions by a ,knight into the enemy's camp1 and when the other pieces join in the fray1 combination follows combination in bewildering sequence and fantastic chaos4 ,captures of pieces are planned1 mating nets are woven1 perhaps with two pieces1 against a ,king's position1 where five pieces are available for defence4 ,this unsteadiness in the first childish stages of development makes it very difficult for the beginner to get a general view of the board4 ,yet the surprises which each move brings afford him great enjoyment4 ,a few dozen such games are by no means wasted4 ,after certain particular dispositions of pieces have proved his undoing1 the beginner will develop the perception of threats4 ,he sees dangers one or two moves ahead1 and thereby reaches the second stage in his development4 ,his combinations will become more and more sound1 he will learn to value his forces more correctly1 and therefore to husband his pieces and even his pawns with greater care4 ,in this second stage his strength will increase steadily1 but1 and this is the drawback1 only as far as his power of combination is concerned4 ,unless a player be exceptionally gifted1 he will only learn after years of practice1 if at all1 what may be termed 8positional play40 ,for that1 it is necessary to know how to open a game so as to lay the foundation for a favourable middle game1 and how to treat a middle game1 without losing sight of the possibilities of the end-game4 ,it is hopeless to try to memorise the various openings which analysis have proved correct1 for this empirical method fails as soon as the opponent swerves from the recognised lines of play4 ,one must learn to recognise the characteristics of sound play4 ,they apply to all and any position1 and the underlying principles must be propounded in a manner generally applicable4 ,and this brings me to the substance of my subject1 round which ,i will endeavour to build up a system compatible with common sense and logic4 ,before ,i proceed to develop my theme1 ,i shall set down a number of elementary rules which will facilitate the understanding of such simple combinations as occur at every step in chess4 ,if we ignore the comparatively small proportion of games in which the mating of the opponent's ,king is accomplished on a full board1 we can describe a normal1 average game of chess in the following way4 ,both sides will employ their available forces more or less advantageously to execute attacking and defensive manuvres which should gradually lead to exchanges4 ,if one side or the other emerges from the conflict with some material gain1 it will generally be possible to force a mate in the end-game1 whilst if both sides have succeeded by careful play to preserve equality of material1 a draw will generally ensue4 ,it will be found a little later that a single pawn may suffice1 with some few exceptions1 to achieve a victory1 and we shall adopt the following leading principle for all combinations1 viz4 loss of material must be avoided1 even if only a pawn4 ,it is a good habit to look upon every pawn as a prospective ,queen4 ,this has a sobering influence on premature and impetuous plans of attack4 ,on the other hand1 victory is often brought about by a timely sacrifice of material4 ,but in such cases the sacrificing of material has its compensation in some particular advantage of position4 ,as principles of position are difficult for beginners to grasp1 ,i propose to defer their consideration for the present and to devote my attention first to such combinations as involve questions of material4 ,let us master a simple device that makes most combinations easy both for attack and defence4 ,it amounts merely to a matter of elementary arithmetic1 and if the beginner neglects it1 he will soon be at a material disadvantage4 ,diagram #d may serve as an example3 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,q ,kt ,r ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,kt ,b ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,kt ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,b ,q ,r ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #d4 ,it is ,black's move1 and we will suppose he wishes to play ,p-,k#d4 ,a beginner will probably calculate thus3 ,i push on my pawn1 he takes with his pawn1 my ,knight takes1 so does his1 then my ,bishop takes1 and so on4 ,this is quite wrong1 and means waste of time and energy4 ,when the beginner considers a third or fourth move in such a combination1 he will already have forgotten which pieces he intended to play in the first moves4 ,the calculation is perfectly simple upon the following lines3 ,i play ,p-,k#d1 then my pawn is attacked by a pawn and two ,knights1 a ,bishop and two ,rooks1 six times in all4 ,it is supported by a ,bishop1 two ,knights1 two ,rooks and a ,queen1 six times in all4 ,therefore ,i can play ,p-,k#d1 provided the six units captured at ,k#d are not of greater value than the six white units which are recaptured4 ,in the present instance both sides lose a pawn1 two ,knights1 two ,rooks1 and a ,bishop1 and there is no material loss4 ,this established1 he can embark on the advance of the ,,kp without any fear4 ,therefore3 in any combination which includes a number of exchanges on one square1 all you have to do is to count the number of attacking and defending units1 and to compare their relative values2 the latter must never be forgotten4 ,if ,black were to play ,ktx,p in the following position1 because the pawn at ,k #e is attacked three times1 and only supported twice1 it would be an obvious miscalculation1 for the value of the defending pieces is smaller4#b #b ,it is difficult to compare the relative value of the different pieces1 as so much depends on the peculiarities of each position1 but1 generally speaking1 minor pieces1 ,bishop and ,knight1 are reckoned as equal2 the ,rook as equal to a minor piece and one or two pawns 7to have a ,rook against a minor piece1 is to be the 8exchange0 ahead74 ,the ,queen is equal to two ,rooks or three minor pieces4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,r ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,b ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #e4 ,chess would be an easy game if all combinations could be tested and probed exhaustively by the mathematical process just shown4 ,but we shall find that the complications met with are extremely varied4 ,to give the beginner an idea of this1 ,i will mention a few of the more frequent examples4 ,it will be seen that the calculation may be1 and very frequently --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,b ,r ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,b ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #f4 is1 upset by one of the pieces involved being exchanged or sacrificed4 ,an example of this is found in ,diagram #f2 ,ktx,p --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,k --------------------------------------- #f ,b ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,kt ,b --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #g4 fails on account of ,r ,x ,b2 this leaves the ,knight unprotected1 and ,white wins two pieces for his ,rook4 ,neither can the ,bishop capture on ,k#e because of ,r ,x ,kt4 leaving the ,bishop unprotected1 after which ,bx,kt does not retrieve the situation because the ,rook recaptures from ,b#f4 ,a second important case1 in which our simple calculation is of no avail1 occurs in a position where one of the defending pieces is forced away by a threat1 the evasion of which is more important than the capture of the unit it defends4 ,in ,diagram #g1 for instance1 ,black may not play ,ktx,p1 because ,white1 by playing ,p- ,q#f1 would force the ,bishop to ,kt#d or ,b#a1 to prevent the pawn from ,queening and the ,knight would be lost4 ,a further example of the same type is given in ,diagram #h4 ,here a peculiar mating threat1 which occurs not --------------------------------------- #h ,b ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,kt ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,r ,kt --------------------------------------- #d ,q --------------------------------------- #c --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #h4 infrequently in practical play1 keeps the ,black ,queen tied to her ,,kb#b and unavailable for the protection of the ,b at ,,bi4 ,white wins as follows3 #a4 ,ktx,b1 ,ktx,kt2 #b4 ,rx,kt1 ,qx,r2 #c4 ,kt-,b#g;ch1 ,k-,kt#a2 #d4 ,kt-,r#f double ch1 ,k-,r#a2 #e ,q-,kt#h;ch1 ,rx,q2 #f4 ,kt-,b#g mate4 ,we will now go a step further and turn from 8acute0 combinations to such combinations as are1 as it were1 impending4 ,here1 too1 ,i urgently recommend beginners 7advanced players do it as a matter of course7 to proceed by way of simple arithmetical calculations1 but1 instead of enumerating the attacking and defending pieces1 to count the number of possibilities of attack and defence4 ,let us consider a few typical examples4 ,in ,diagram #i1 if ,black plays ,p-,q#e1 he must first have probed the position in the following way4 ,the pawn at ,q#e is attacked once and supported once to start with1 and can be attacked by three more ,white units in three more moves 7#a4 ,r-,q#a1 #b4 ,r7,b#b7-,q#b1 #c4 ,b-,b#b7 ,black can also mobilise three more units for the defence in the same number of moves 7#a4 ,kt-,b#d or ,k#c1 #b4 ,b-,kt#b1 #c4 ,r-,q#a74 ,there is1 consequently1 no immediate danger1 nor is there anything to fear for some time to come1 as ,white has no other piece which could attack the pawn for the fifth time4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,r ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,kt ,p ,b --------------------------------------- #b ,r ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #i4 ,it would be obviously wrong to move the pawn to ,q#f after ,white's ,r-,q#a1 because ,white could bring another two pieces to bear on the ,p1 the other ,rook and the ,knight1 whilst ,black has only one more piece available for the defence1 namely1 his ,rook4 ,the following examples show typical positions1 in which simple calculation is complicated by side issues4 ,in ,diagram #aj1 the point of attack1 namely1 the ,black ,knight at ,,kb#c1 can be supported by as many ,black units as ,white can bring up for the attack1 but the defensive efficiency of one of ,black's pieces is illusory1 because it can be taken by a ,white piece4 ,the plan would be as follows3 ,white threatens ,black's ,knight for the third time with ,kt-,k#d1 and ,black must reply ,q,kt-,q#b1 because covering with ,r-,k#c would cost the 8exchange10 as will appear from a comparison of the value of the pieces concerned4 ,the 8exchange0 is1 however1 lost for ,black on the next move1 because --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,kt ,b ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,p ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,kt ,p ,b --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,b ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #aj ,white's further attack on the ,knight by ,q-,b#c forces the ,rook to defend on ,k#c1 where it gets into the diagonal of the ,bishop1 which at present is masked by ,white's ,knight4 ,the sequel would be #c4 ,q,ktx,ktch1 ,rx,kt 7not ,bx,kt on account of ,bx,r winning a whole ,rook71 #d4 ,bx,r1 and so on4 ,a similar case is shown in ,diagram #aa4 --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,k ,p ,kt ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,kt --------------------------------------- #d ,b --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #aa ,here1 too1 there is a flaw in the simple calculation1 because the defending units are not secure4 ,beginners should devote special attention to this position1 which is in practice of frequent occurrence4 ,it can be easily perceived that the ,bishop cannot capture the pawn at ,b#g on account of ,p-,,qr#c4 ,but to take with the ,knight would also be an error1 because ,black would then keep chasing away the covering ,bishop4 #a4 ,p-,kt#d2 #b4 ,b-,q#f1 ,k-,b#c2 #c4 ,kt-,k#h1 ,b-,b#b2 and wins one of the pieces4 ,finally1 one more example1 in which one of the defending pieces being pinned makes simple calculation impracticable4 ,in ,diagram #ab it seems at first sight as if ,black could play ,ktx,p3 although ,white can pin the ,knight with ,r-,k#a --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,k ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,kt ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #c ,b --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,kt ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #ab and then attack it once more with his ,knight1 ,black would appear to have sufficient protection available1 with his ,kt and ,b4 ,white has no time to double ,rooks1 because if he does so1 after his ,r- ,k#b ,black would play the ,king away from his file and allow the ,knight to escape4 ,but ,white can1 by a simple sacrifice1 bring the slumbering ,r at ,r#a into sudden action3 #a4 444 ,ktx,p2 #b ,r-,k#a1 ,b-,b#d2 #c4 ,kt-,b#c1 ,kt-,q#c2 #d4 ,rx,kt1 ,ktx,r2 #e4 ,r- ,k#a1 and ,white wins two pieces for his ,rook4 ,these illustrations will be sufficient to give the beginner an understanding of economy of calculation in all kinds of combinations4 ,his power of combining will grow speedily on this basis1 and thrive in the fire of practical experience4 ,where an opponent is missing1 the gap must be filled by reference to such books as treat of the science of combination and give examples taken from actual play4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,general ,,principles ,,of ,,chess ,,strategy ,in bringing the teachings of this book under the collective heading 8,chess ,strategy10 it was not in any way my intention to draw anything like an exact parallel between the manuvres on the chess-board and military operations in actual warfare4 ,in trying to seek such analogies there is great danger of being led astray1 and little likelihood of gaining knowledge that might be of use in practical play4 ,plain common-sense will give us all we need1 without our being influenced by those tactical and strategical considerations that have been found useful in war4 ,the following definition may not be out of place3 ,strategy sets down the whole of the problems which must be solved in war1 in order to attain the ultimate result aimed at2 tactics solve such problems in various ways1 and according to the conditions prevailing in the particular case4 ,sound strategy1 when setting the task1 must never lose sight of tactical practicability1 and only a thorough knowledge of tactical resources makes correct strategy possible4 ,now we shall not under any circumstances1 as unfortunately even great chess masters have done1 seek in outward similarities justification for transferring to chess the teachings of the strategy and tactics of war4 ,it sounds pretty enough to say3 ,chess is a game of war--the various pieces represent the various kinds of forces3 the pawns represent the infantry1 the ,knights take the place of cavalry1 the ,rooks do the work of heavy artillery1 sweeping broad lines2 the different ways in which the pieces move find a parallel in the topography of the theatre of war1 in that the various battle-fields are more or less easy of access4 ,but it is quite unjustifiable to assign to the ,knights the functions of scouts1 and to say that ,rooks should stay in the background1 as heavy artillery1 and so on4 ,such pronouncements would not have the slightest practical value4 ,what we take from the science of warfare is merely the definition4 ,in each game the strategy of chess should set us the tasks which must be accomplished 7in order to mate the opponent's ,king71 and tactics point the way in which it is possible to solve such problems4 ,correct chess strategy will only set such tasks as are tactically possible1 and1 if we wish to expound the principles of chess strategy1 we cannot exclude chess tactics from the field of our observations4 ,if here and there the results of our deliberations bear some analogy to actual warfare1 we may certainly give way to a kind of aesthetic satisfaction in that our own occupation has some parallel in real life1 but we must never fashion our principles in accordance with such fortuitous circumstances4 ,having surveyed the problems we have to solve1 we can now plunge into our subject4 ,in the first chapter1 when considering special cases in elementary combinations1 we have already noticed the important part played in each skirmish by the balance between the attacking and defending units4 ,speaking quite generally1 common-sense will tell us that1 in all operations on the chess-board1 the main consideration for the defence will be to maintain that balance1 and that there is only justification for an attack when it is possible to concentrate more forces on the strategic point than can be mustered by the defence4 ,however1 one very important point must not be neglected1 though ,i did not touch upon it when discussing elementary combinations for fear of complicating matters for beginners3 the balance between the contending forces is by no means established by their numerical equality4 ,a paramount factor is the mobility of such forces1 and as soon as it is no longer one of the elementary cases of capture and recapture described previously1 this factor must be taken into account in order to decide1 on a general survey1 whether there is a sufficient defence to an impending attack1 or whether one's own intended attack is likely to prevail4 ,that mobility is the first and foremost consideration should be self-evident1 since the relative value of the pieces can only make itself felt by their greater or lesser mobility4 ,except in certain positions1 which are brought about by some particular array of the pieces1 the intrinsic value of a ,rook is greater than that of a ,bishop1 because it can command all the squares on the board1 whilst a ,bishop is tied to its own colour2 ,knight and ,bishop are considered equivalent1 because the ,knight's advantage in being able to act on all the squares of either colour is balanced by the fact that the ,bishop can sweep long diagonals4 ,two ,bishops are1 generally speaking1 of greater value than two ,knights1 because together they also act on all the squares1 and their command of long diagonals is a clear advantage4 ,the whole of this valuation1 however1 comes to nought when the pieces are hindered in their mobility by the peculiarity of any particular position4 ,we will consider one instance from end-game play1 and one from the openings4 ,in ,diagram #ac1 ,white derives no advantage from being --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g ,k --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,r ,p ,k --------------------------------------- #b --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #ac the exchange to the good1 for the ,rook has no file which could be used to break into the ,black camp4 ,in ,diagram #ad1 the numerical equality of forces will not save ,black1 because bad development reduces the mobility of his pieces to such an extent that he has no resources with which he can parry the impending attack4 --------------------------------------- #h ,k ,r ,b ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,b ,q ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,p ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,kt ,b ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,q ,p ,k ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #ad ,white will assail the ,black ,king's position on the ,queen side1 and ,black is unable to concentrate his forces quickly enough for the defence of the jeopardised entrenchments4 ,let us therefore bear in mind that the mobility of the pieces is the deciding factor of their efficiency1 and that mobility is the highest criterion by which to judge the merits 7or demerits7 of their operations4 ,we will now consider this principle in its application to the three stages of play1 namely1 the opening1 the middle-game1 and the ending4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,the ,,opening ,the only pieces available on the first move are the ,knights4 ,in order to develop other pieces as well1 it is necessary to move pawns first1 and such pawn moves will be best as give an outlet to as many pieces as possible4 ,for quick development is of the utmost importance1 and he who succeeds first in placing all his pieces1 from their initial awkward positions1 to such places as give them command of the greatest possible number of squares1 has the better chance of concentrating a superior force on some important point4 ,it follows that ,white1 having the first move1 is1 so to speak1 always morally justified in attacking1 whilst ,black should assume the defensive4 ,it is a step in the right direction1 to appreciate the truth of this proposition4 ,unfortunately most beginners fail to realise it1 and so pave the way1 from the first1 to the loss of the game4 ,there are not many developing pawn moves to choose from4 ,apparently from the point of view of quick development only ,p-,k#d and ,p-,q#d need be considered1 since they free both ,bishop and ,queen1 whilst other pawn moves liberate one piece only4 ,generally speaking it is only required to move two or three pawns to allow all pieces to be developed1 and it is good1 on principle1 to make only such pawn moves in the opening1 which are necessary for the development of pieces4 ,to play other pawns really means the loss of a move4 ,to 8lose a move0 means to make a move which is not essential to the attainment of a desired position4 ,thus the 8loss of a move0 results also from playing a piece to a given square in more moves than necessary4 ,i shall now give a few games showing the far-reaching consequences of losing moves4 ,the first one is a typical though glaring example1 which is very instructive and came to my notice some time ago3 #a4 ,p-,k#d ,p-,k#d #b4 ,p-,q#d ,px,p #c4 ,qx,p ,kt-,,qb#c #d4 ,q-,k#c ,kt-,b#c #e4 ,p-,,kr#c8 ,i will not discuss the system of development adopted by ,white in his first four moves4 ,the last move1 however1 can at once be recognised as faulty4 ,it is the loss of a move such as occurs in the vast majority of games played by beginners4 ,it was unnecessary to prevent ,k,kt-,kt#e1 since the ,knight could not hold that square permanently4 ,in any case ,b-,k#b would have had the same effect1 and developed a piece at the same time4 #e4 444 ,b-,k#b #f4 ,p-,,qr#c88 ,this1 of course1 is very bad4 ,the consequences of this loss of a second move are swift and deadly4 #f4 444 ,castles #g4 ,b-,b#d ,at last a developing move4 #g4 444 ,r-,k#a #h4 ,q-,q,kt#c ,another ,queen's move4 ,the attack on the ,bishop's ,pawn may be very tempting1 but must necessarily be incorrect--and why8 ,because ,white is much behind with his development4 ,it is useless to analyse any kind of attack in face of this fact4 ,the beginner finds it hard to get used to this way of thinking4 ,he prefers to try to unravel a long string of variations and combinations1 in which he will mostly lose his bearings4 ,even stronger players obstruct their own powers by refusing to see the value of judging a position on general merits4 ,they lose valuable time in thinking out endless variations1 to maintain positions which could be proved valueless by general and logical deductions4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,kt ,kt --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,q ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,kt ,b ,k ,kt ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #ae ,then1 as in the present position1 retribution comes swiftly4 #h4 444 ,p-,q#d ,white should have considered this move4 ,it was obvious1 since the opening of the ,k file for the ,rook is most dangerous1 for the ,white ,king4 #i4 ,bx,p ,ktx,b ,black could have played ,qx,b at once4 #aj4 ,qx,kt ,qx,q #aa4 ,px,q ,b-,kt#e double ch #ab4 ,k-,q#a ,r-,k#h mate ,a further example in which the loss of moves occurs1 though not so glaringly1 is the following famous game1 which ,morphy played against the ,duke ,karl of ,brunswick and ,count ,isouard in the ,royal box at the ,paris opera-house4 #a4 ,p-,k#d ,p-,k#d #b4 ,kt-,,kb#c ,p-,q#c ,according to the principles set out above1 ,kt-,,qb#c would have been better1 since the text move shuts out the ,king's ,bishop4 #c4 ,p-,q#d ,now the ,king's ,pawn is attacked twice4 ,it would be bad to support it with ,kt-,,qb#c1 as ,white would exchange pawns and then ,queens4 ,black would thus forfeit his chance of castling and lose much time in bringing the ,king into safety and the ,rooks into play4 ,p- ,,kb#c1 of course1 is impossible1 as it is not a developing move1 and moreover blocks the natural development of the ,king's ,knight4 ,protecting the pawn with the ,queen would also block other pieces1 and ,q,kt-,q#b cannot be good1 as it blocks the ,queen's ,bishop4 ,since it seems impossible to protect the ,king's ,pawn1 the only alternative would be to exchange it2 indeed it is on the whole the best course1 although it allows a ,white piece to take up a dominating position in the centre4 ,wishing to avoid this1 ,black plays #c4 444 ,b-,kt#e and1 by pinning the opponent's ,knight1 indirectly protects the ,king's ,pawn4 ,this manuvre is1 however1 ill-advised1 as ,black is forced to exchange the ,bishop for the ,knight4 ,the ,bishop will have moved twice1 the ,knight only once1 therefore ,white will have gained a move for his development4 #d4 ,px,p ,bx,kt ,should ,black play ,px,p at once1 ,white would exchange ,queens1 release the pin1 and win the pawn4 #e4 ,qx,b ,px,p #f4 ,b-,,qb#d ,white has now two pieces more in play than ,black1 instead of only one1 and the mobility of the ,white ,queen1 which ,black himself has brought out1 begins to have a threatening effect on ,black's game4 #f4 444 ,kt-,,kb#c #g4 ,q-,q,kt#c ,q-,k#b ,black cannot cover his ,king's ,bishop's ,pawn with ,q-,q#b because #h4 ,qx,p wins the ,rook1 whilst now ,black could play #h4 444 ,q-,kt#e;ch in reply1 forcing the exchange of ,queens4 ,the text move1 which is forced1 blocks the ,bishop1 and at the same time prevents the development of the ,king's ,rook1 all of which is the direct consequence of the loss of one move4 #h4 ,kt-,b#c ,white rightly disdains the gain of the ,knight's ,pawn1 but prevents the exchange of ,queens in developing a piece4 ,he proves the superiority of his position much more convincingly in that way4 ,black must now lose yet another move to protect his ,knight's ,pawn4 #h4 444 ,p-,b#c #i4 ,b-,k,kt#e ,p-,kt#d ,black must try to develop his ,queen's ,knight at last4 ,he cannot play ,q,kt-,q#b at once1 since his ,knight's ,pawn would again be unprotected2 therefore he plays the move in the text1 probably thinking that now ,white also must lose a move to withdraw his ,bishop4 ,but in view of the fact that ,black's game is wholly undeveloped1 and that he plays practically several pieces down1 ,white sacrifices his ,knight for two pawns3 he foresees the position which occurs a few moves later1 when ,black is hemmed in on all sides4 #aj4 ,ktx,p ,px,kt #aa4 ,bx,kt,pch ,q,kt-,q#b #ab4 ,castles ,,qr ,r-,q#a ,this is the only piece available to cover ,q#b1 for the ,king's ,knight is pinned4 ,white has another piece in reserve1 his ,king's ,rook1 and against this ,black is defenceless4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,k ,b ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,kt ,q ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,b ,p ,b --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,q --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,k ,r ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #af #ac4 ,rx,kt compare ,diag4 #ab4 #ac4 444 ,rx,r #ad4 ,r-,q#a ,q-,k#c ,this releases the ,king's ,knight4 ,now ,white could win by playing ,bx,kt and ,bx,rch1 but he prefers to end up with a magnificent sacrifice4 #ae4 ,bx,rch ,ktx,b #af4 ,q-,kt#h;ch66 ,ktx,q #ag4 ,r-,q#h mate ,the final position shows in a striking manner how a few well- developed pieces can be worth more than many undeveloped ones1 and the whole game is an example of the fatal consequences which can follow the loss of a move1 since it often leads to the compulsory loss of further moves in the course of the game4 8,this is the curse of every evil deed ,that propagating still it brings forth evil40 ,the logical sequence of the moves in this game1 as pointed out in the commentaries to it1 is borne out by the curious coincidence that ,i once had the opportunity of playing a game in exactly the same sequence of moves1 against a player to whom ,morphy's 8brilliancy0 was unknown4 -------------------------- ,the leading principle of all opening moves is made clear by the foregoing pages1 namely1 rapid development of pieces1 and consequently the avoidance of the loss of a move in any shape or form4 ,before treating of the various systems of openings1 ,i will say a few words on the principles of ,,pawn ,,play4 ,each opening is characterised by a well-defined pawn formation1 and concurrently a certain method in the development of the pieces4 ,naturally the formation of a pawn skeleton is not an independent factor1 but must be evolved with a view to facilitating the favourable development of pieces4 ,but when considering the form of a pawn position and that of the pieces1 we cannot shut our eyes to the fact that pawn formation must necessarily be the dominant consideration in our mind4 ,pawn formation is of a more permanent character than that of the pieces1 in consequence of the latter's greater mobility4 ,when we have made a rash move with a piece1 to which our attacking disposition may have tempted us1 we may still have a chance of retrieving the position by timely retreat4 ,once a pawn has moved it cannot turn back1 and only after the greatest deliberation should we embark on changes in our pawn formation in order not to disturb the balance of this 8static element0 of the game4 ,but we shall see that the pawn skeleton which was formed in the opening often weathers the storm and stress of the middle game1 and frequently preserves its character right up to the end-game4 ,i will therefore make pawn formation my starting-point in an attempt to show the way through the maze of the openings on the basis of general strategical principles4 ,if our pawn skeleton is to promote the freedom of all the pieces1 we must not build it up with the narrow view of developing minor pieces only1 but must consider from the very first in which way it will enable the ,rooks to get into action4 ,we can unite these tendencies in making the ,,centre ,,of ,,the ,,board the main field of action for all our forces4 ,this means for both sides ,k#d and ,q#d1 and also in a lesser degree ,,qb#d and ,,kb#d4 ,we shall get a clear insight into the positional advantage of having command of the centre later on1 when discussing the middle game4 ,at present ,i will only touch the subject in a general way1 explaining it in an elementary form1 which will be sufficient to develop an understanding for pawn strategy in the opening4 ,in the course of further deductions1 after the grasp of this difficult stage of the game has become stronger1 ,i will go into details which will allow the subject to be stated in a more precise form4 ,placing the pieces in the centre is of value1 because there they have more mobility than near the edge1 which1 of course1 limits their range of action1 and also because from the centre a concentration of forces on a given point can generally be effected in the quickest way4 ,in most cases two centre squares become inaccessible at once1 through the opponent placing one of his pawns in the centre2 therefore it would seem a good plan to lure that pawn away1 and this is rendered feasible by playing ,p-,k#d or ,p-,,qb#d when the opponent has a pawn on his ,q#d1 and ,p-,q#d or ,p-,,kb#d when he has a pawn on ,k#d4 ,in the following we will consider such manuvres as could apply either to ,white or ,black1 from the point of view of ,white1 to whom the initiative is1 as pointed out above1 a sort of birth-right4 ,naturally1 should ,white lose a move1 as1 for instance1 #a4 ,p-,k#d1 ,p-,k#d2 #b4 ,kt-,,kb#c1 ,kt-,,qb#c2 #c4 ,p-,,qr#c8 the position is reversed1 and ,black is bound to obtain the initiative which is ,white's birthright4 ,the pawn moves mentioned above also have the tendency of giving the ,rooks an opportunity for action4 ,a ,rook standing behind an advanced pawn may support its further advance1 or1 if the pawn should be exchanged1 might get an open file4 ,the damage we wish to inflict on our opponent we must1 of course1 try to avoid ourselves4 ,thus we will not easily give up a centre pawn unless we can obtain some other advantage in doing so4 ,this advantage may be1 that in exchanging the centre pawn we open up lines of attack for our pieces1 or that we are able to place one of our pieces in a commanding position in the centre of the board4 ,the following example may serve as an illustration4 ,supposing ,white plays after #a4 ,p-,q#d ,p-,q#d #b4 ,p-,,qb#d ,his aim is to tempt ,black's centre pawn away and to make his ,,qb#d and ,k#d accessible for his own forces4 ,black might be justified in taking the pawn1 if he really could hold the pawn thus gained4 ,we shall show later on that this is not so1 and that ,white can win it back easily and advantageously4 ,therefore ,black is more likely to play #b4 ,p-,k#c4 ,not #b4 444 ,kt-,,kb#c2 for after #c4 ,px,p1 ,ktx,p2 #d4 ,p-,k#d would open ,white's game and drive the ,knight away at once1 gaining a move4 ,supposing1 however1 ,black plays #b4 444 ,b-,b#d2 should ,white now think mechanically1 8,i will take his centre pawn and consequently have the better game10 his deduction would be wrong4 ,for after exchanging his ,bishop for the ,knight1 which otherwise would drive his ,queen away1 ,black brings the latter into a dominating square in the centre4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,kt ,q ,k ,b ,kt ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,b --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,kt ,b ,q ,k ,b ,kt ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #ag4 #c4 ,px,p ,bx,kt #d4 ,rx,b ,qx,p ,black's ,queen cannot easily be driven away from her commanding position1 particularly as ,white must lose a move to save his ,,qrp4 ,meanwhile ,black gains time for concentrating his forces for an attack which wins the ,queen's ,pawn4 #e4 ,p-,q,kt#c ,kt-,,qb#c #f4 ,p-,k#c ,castles ,,qr #g4 ,kt-,b#c ,p-,k#d and wins the ,,qp1 or #e4 ,p-,,qr#c ,kt-,,qb#c #f4 ,p-,k#c ,castles ,,qr and ,p-,k#d is again a threat hard for white to meet4 ,this position shows1 that to bring one's opponent's centre pawn away and to keep one's own1 does not under all circumstances mean the command of the centre1 but that the opening up of files and diagonals for one's pieces towards the centre is an important moment in the fight for positional advantage4 ,considerations of this kind will help to improve our judgment in many of the various openings treated in the following pages4 ,we will class the openings in this way3 ,a4 ,white #a4 ,p-,k#d4 7a7 ,black #a4 ,p-,k#d 7b7 ,black #a4 ,any other move ,b4 ,white #a4 ,p-,q#d4 7a7 ,black #a4 ,p-,q#d 7b7 ,black #a4 ,any other move ,c4 ,white #a4 ,any other move ,we shall find that openings classed under ,c generally lead to positions treated under ,a and ,b4 ,a4 ,we have already come to the conclusion that after #a4 ,p-,k#d1 ,p- ,k#d ,white does well to try to force the exchange of ,black's centre pawn on ,q#d or ,,kb#d1 and that ,black will try to counteract this1 unless by allowing the exchange he gets a chance of exerting pressure in the centre by means of his pieces4 ,we will first see what happens when ,white undertakes the advance in question on his second move4 ,superficially the difference between #b4 ,,pq#d and #b4 ,p-,,kb#d is that in the first case the pawn thus advanced is covered1 while in the second it is not4 ,an opening in which a pawn sacrifice is offered1 is called a 8gambit02 #b4 ,p-,,kb#d is therefore a gambit4 #b4 ,p-,q#d is only a gambit if after #b4 444 ,px,p ,white does not recapture the pawn4 ,nevertheless this opening has been called the 8centre gambit10 and though the denomination is not correct we will adhere to it1 as it is in general use4 ,a very considerable difference between the centre gambit and the ,king's gambit lies in the fact that in the former acceptance is compulsory1 whilst in the second it may be declined4 ,for3 #b4 ,p-,q#d threatens to take the ,king's ,pawn4 ,to defend it by means of #b4 444 ,p-,q#c is unwise1 since ,white exchanges pawns and then ,queens1 by which ,black loses his chance of castling and impedes the development of his ,rooks4 #b4 444 ,kt-,,qb#c is also bad1 since after #c4 ,px,p1 ,ktx,p2 #d ,p-,,kb#d1 ,white drives the ,knight away1 gaining a strong hold on the centre1 and ,black has no compensation for giving up his centre pawn4 ,it may be mentioned here that after #b4 444 ,kt-,,qb#c1 #c4 ,p-,q#e would be a useless move1 as to begin with it would be inconsequent1 since ,p-,q#d was played in order to clear the centre1 and moreover it would block up a diagonal which could be most useful to the ,king's ,bishop4 ,we conclude now that ,black cannot hold his pawn at ,k#d4 ,he must relinquish the centre by #b4 444 ,px,p4 ,he will now either attempt to bring away ,white's ,king's ,pawn by advancing his own ,,qp to ,q#d1 or try to utilise the ,king's file1 which was opened by his second move1 and operate against ,white's ,,kp4 ,the ,rooks are indicated for this task4 ,we shall refer to the execution of these plans later on4 ,in the ,king's gambit1 ,white's attempt to bring away ,black's ,king's ,pawn may be safely ignored4 ,the move #b4 ,p-,,kb#d does not threaten to take the ,king's ,pawn1 as ,black would win ,white's ,,kp by ,q-,r#e;ch4 ,black can therefore develop in security with #b4 444 ,b-,b#d1 and if then ,white prevents the ,q check by ,kt-,,kb#c1 there is no objection to ,black protecting his ,king's ,pawn with ,p-,q#c1 as the ,king's ,bishop is already developed4 ,after #d4 ,b-,b#d1 ,black has still no need to protect his ,,kp with ,kt- ,,qb#c1 but can play ,kt-,,kb#c first1 because after #e4 ,px,p1 ,px,p2 #f4 ,ktx,p would be answered by #f4 444 ,q-,q#e winning a piece4 ,black keeps the upper hand in these early encounters because he has made a developing move with a piece1 whilst ,white has played a pawn move which is useless for the purpose of development4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,q ,k ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,kt ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,b ,p ,p ,b --------------------------------------- #c ,kt ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,b ,q ,k ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #ah4 ,diagram #ah shows the position which results from the following plausible moves3 #b4 ,p-,,kb#d ,b-,b#d #c4 ,kt-,,kb#c ,p-,q#c #d4 ,b-,b#d ,kt-,,kb#c #e4 ,p-,q#c ,kt-,b#c #f4 ,kt-,b#c ,b-,k,kt#e ,if ,white wishes to castle on the ,k side1 which must have been his intention when playing #b4 ,p-,,kb#d1 he will have to play ,kt-,,qr#d and ,ktx,b4 ,though this is of no disadvantage to ,black1 he could avoid the exchange of his ,,kb by playing #b4 444 ,p-,,qr#c instead of ,b-,k,kt#e4 ,if then ,white plays ,p-,b#e in order to hinder the development of ,black's ,,qb and to bring out his own1 the pressure on ,black's ,,kp is relieved permanently1 and sooner or later ,black will break through on the ,q file1 as his ,,qp is no longer needed at ,q#c for the support of the centre pawn4 ,a different pawn formation is the result if ,white enforces the exchange of ,black's centre pawn at once4 ,this he can do by playing ,p-,q#d1 e4g43 #b4 ,p-,,kb#d ,b-,b#d or #d4 ,p-,b#c ,kt-,,kb#c #c4 ,kt-,,kb#c ,p-,q#c #e4 ,p-,q#d ,px,q,p #d4 ,p-,q#d ,px,q,p #f4 ,px,p ,b-,kt#c #e4 ,ktx,p ,here ,black can get an early advantage by attacking ,white's ,,kp1 taking possession of the ,k file after castling on the ,k side4 ,all things considered1 the student should in my opinion decline the gambit1 as in doing so he can get an easy and satisfactory development4 ,the treatment of the 8,king's ,gambit accepted10 which aims at holding the gambit pawn1 is most difficult and leads early in the game to such complications as none but an expert can hope to master4 ,footnote3 ,as an example of the difficult play which ensues when ,black defends the pawn in the ,king's ,gambit1 ,i give the latest variation of an attack introduced by ,professor ,i4 ,l4 ,rice1 and called the 8,rice ,gambit03 #a4 ,p-,k#d1 ,p-,k#d2 #b4 ,p-,,kb#d1 ,px,p2 #c4 ,kt-,,kb#c1 ,p-,k,kt#d2 #d4 ,p-,,kr#d1 ,p-,kt#e2 #e4 ,kt-,k#e1 ,kt-,,kb#c2 #f4 ,b-,b#d1 ,p-,q#d2 #g4 ,px,p1 ,b-,q#c2 #h4 ,castles6 ,bx,kt2 #i4 ,r-,k#a1 ,q-,k#b2 #aj4 ,p-,b#c1 ,kt-,r#d2 #aa4 ,p-,q#d1 ,kt-,q#b2 #ab4 ,px,b1 ,ktx,p2 #ac4 ,p-,q,kt#c1 ,castles2 #ad4 ,b-,r#c1 ,kt-,b#f;ch62 #ae4 ,px,kt1 ,qx,p2 #af4 ,r-,k#e6 ,b-,b#d662 #ag4 ,kt-,q#b6 ,q-,kt#f;ch2 #ah4 ,k-,b#a1 ,q-,r#g2 #ai4 ,bx,r1 ,p-,kt#f2 #bj4 ,b-,b#e1 ,p-,kt#g;ch2 #ba4 ,k-,k#a1 ,q-,r#e;ch2 #bb4 ,k-,k#b1 ,kt-,kt#f;ch2 #bc4 ,k-,b#b1 ,kt-,k#e;ch2 #bd4 ,kx,p1 ,b-,r#f;ch2 #be4 ,k-,r#a1 ,k-,r#a2 #bf4 ,ktx,kt1 ,r-,k,kt#a2 #bg4 ,r-,kt#e1 with interesting possibilities4 ,numberless interesting variations are possible1 but their discussion does not lie within the scope of this work4 ,they will be found in books treating of the analysis of the openings4 ,it is therefore unwise for the beginner to accept the gambit1 unless there be a chance of compensation for the disappearance of his centre pawn1 by forcing the exchange of ,white's centre pawn as well4 ,the following line of play would fulfil this condition3 #a4 ,p-,k#d1 ,p-,k#d2 #b4 ,p-,,kb#d1 ,px,p2 #c4 ,kt-,,kb#c1 ,kt-,,kb#c2 #d4 ,kt-,b#c1 ,p-,q#d6 ,black thereby abandons the gambit pawn4 ,on principle1 and when he has the choice1 the beginner should give preference to simple and clear development in the opening1 rather than to the gain of a pawn1 when this involves difficult and intricate play4 ,this principle must also guide us in other openings4 ,a good example is to be found in the so-called 8,danish gambit10 ,footnote3 ,the names of the various openings1 which ,i mention for the sake of completeness1 are generally derived from towns or countries in which they were first extensively played and analysed4 which will lead us back to those openings in which ,white plays ,p-,q#d on his second move4 ,after #b4 ,p-,q#d1 ,px,p1 ,white has the option of sacrificing two pawns to obtain a very rapid development #c4 ,p-,,qb#c1 ,px,p2 #d4 ,b-,,qb#d1 ,px,p2 #e4 ,q,bx,p4 ,it may now be just possible for ,black to avoid the many threats which ,white can bring to bear with his beautifully placed forces1 perhaps by giving back one or both of the pawns gained4 ,but this question can only be of interest to us if there is no opportunity of adopting a simple line of development at the outset4 ,as it is1 this opportunity is not wanting4 ,all that ,black needs to do is to push on his ,queen's ,pawn as soon as possible1 thus freeing his own ,queen's ,bishop4 #b4 ,p-,q#d ,px,p #c4 ,p-,,qb#c ,p-,q#d --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,kt ,b ,q ,k ,b ,kt ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f --------------------------------------- #e ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,kt ,b ,q ,k ,b ,kt ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diagram #ai4 ,after #d4 ,k,px,p1 ,qx,p1 ,black's position is at least as easy of development as ,white's4 ,in the position set out in ,diagram #ai1 ,white cannot play ,p-,k#e1 because ,black wins a pawn by ,px,p without hindering his own development in the least4 ,the equalising power of ,black's ,p-,q#d in all ,,kp openings where ,white has played ,p-,q#d can be noticed in many variations4 ,i shall now give a few typical examples1 which will show the line of play that can be adopted in many similar cases1 and which can often be evolved one from the other by altering the order of the moves4 ,i4 ,,centre ,,gambit #b4 ,p-,q#d ,px,p #c4 ,qx,p ,kt-,,qb#c #d4 ,q-,k#c ,kt-,b#c #e4 ,kt-,,qb#c ,b-,k#b #f4 ,b-,q#b ,p-,q#d6 ,,ii4 ,,king',s ,,bishop',s ,,opening #b4 ,p-,q#d ,px,p #c4 ,b-,,qb#d ,kt-,,kb#c #d4 ,p-,k#e ,p-,q#d6 ,,iii4 ,,scotch ,,gambit #b4 ,kt-,,kb#c ,kt-,,qb#c #c4 ,p-,q#d ,px,p #d4 ,b-,b#d ,kt-,b#c #d4 ,p-,b#c ,p-,q#d6 #e4 ,p-,k#e ,p-,q#d6 ,,iv4 ,,scotch ,,game #b4 ,kt-,,kb#c ,kt-,,qb#c #c4 ,p-,q#d ,px,p #d4 ,ktx,p ,kt-,b#c #e4 ,kt-,,qb#c ,b-,kt#e #f4 ,ktx,kt ,kt,px,kt #g4 ,b-,q#c ,p-,q#d6 ,in no case should ,black forfeit his chance of playing ,p-,q#d4 ,it is tempting after #b4 ,p-,q#d1 ,px,p2 #c4 ,kt-,,kb#c to cover the pawn at ,q#e by ,p-,,qb#d1 but in that case ,white would sacrifice a pawn by ,p-,,qb#c1 by this means opening the ,queen's file for himself1 and so preventing ,black from ever playing ,p-,q#d4 ,thus1 for the loss of a pawn1 ,white has a paramount advantage in position4 ,for after #d4 444 ,px,p1 #e4 ,ktx,p 7,diagram #bj7 ,white has developed both ,knights1 and his ,bishops are free1 whilst ,black has none of his pieces out4 ,p-,q#c must also be played in order to mobilise the ,queen's ,bishop1 leaving ,k#b as the only square for the ,king's ,bishop2 finally the 8backward0 pawn ,footnote3 ,a pawn is said to be 8backward10 when it cannot move into cover by another pawn4 at ,q#c is open to constant attacks and is difficult to defend4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,kt ,b ,q ,k ,b ,kt ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f --------------------------------------- #e ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,kt ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,b ,q ,k ,b ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #bj ,the best plan for ,black is to decline the doubtful gift of the pawn and to bring about one of the positions1 as sketched above1 in which1 by playing ,p-,q#d early in the game1 ,black is sure of the free development of all his forces4 ,black is able to play ,p-,q#d early in all such openings1 where ,white does not force the defensive move ,p-,q#c by attacking ,black's ,king's ,pawn4 ,for instance1 in the ,king's gambit1 since the move #b4 ,p-,,kb#d does not threaten ,px,p1 ,black can reply at once by #b4 444 ,p-,q#d 7,falkbeer ,counter ,gambit74 ,after #c4 ,px,q,p1 ,p-,k#e 7to permit of ,kt-,,kb#c1 which at present is not feasible on account of #d4 ,px,p72 #d4 ,p-,q#c1 ,px,p2 #e4 ,qx,p1 ,white is a pawn ahead1 but his ,queen obstructs his ,,kb2 therefore ,black has better developing chances and should be able to win the pawn back at the very least4 ,a second example is the ,vienna game1 which proceeds as follows3 #b4 ,kt-,,qb#c ,kt-,,kb#c #c4 ,p-,b#d ,p-,q#d 7,diagram #ba7 ,if ,white plays #d4 ,px,q,p1 ,black can play ,p-,k#e1 as in the ,falkbeer gambit mentioned just now4 ,in answer to #d4 ,px,k,p1 on the other hand1 ,black can play ,ktx,p without having the slightest difficulty with his development4 ,for instance1 #e4 ,kt-,,kb#c ,b-,k#b #f4 ,p-,q#d ,p-,,kb#c #g4 ,b-,q#c ,ktx,kt #h4 ,px,kt ,castles #i4 ,castles ,kt-,b#c or ,b-,k,kt#e and ,black also will soon have an open file for his ,rook1 with no disadvantage in position4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,kt ,b ,q ,k ,b ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,b ,q ,k ,b ,kt ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #ba4 ,there is1 however1 one opening in which ,black has the utmost difficulty in preventing ,white from getting a positional advantage in the centre4 ,it is called the ,ruy ,lopez1 and is held by many to be the strongest opening for ,white4 ,the initial moves are3 #a4 ,p-,k#d1 ,p-,k#d2 #b4 ,kt-,,kb#c1 ,kt-,,qb#c2 #c4 ,b-,kt#e4 ,with this move ,white at once attacks the ,black ,,kp1 though indirectly1 by threatening to exchange the ,b for the ,kt4 ,to make the capture effective1 however1 ,white must first protect his own ,king's ,pawn1 which would otherwise be lost after #d4 ,bx,kt1 ,q,px,b2 #e4 ,ktx,p1 ,q- ,q#e64 ,at first1 therefore1 ,black need not provide against the threatened exchange4 ,i shall treat at some length the various defences from which ,black can choose1 and in studying this most important ,king's side opening1 we shall have occasion to note many points of general interest for operations in the centre4 ,broadly speaking1 two entirely different systems of defence can be distinguished3 either ,black will try to maintain his centre pawn1 or else1 giving up the centre1 try to gain some other advantage as compensation4 ,black can only maintain his centre pawn if he can prevent his ,q,kt from being exchanged4 ,as is readily seen1 ,white can attack ,black's ,,kp a second time with ,p-,q#d1 whilst after ,black's ,p-,q#c any other defensive move would hinder development4 ,these considerations lead to the first main line of defence in which ,black plays #c4 444 ,p-,,qr#c4 ,after #d4 ,b-,r#d ,black has the option of releasing the pin by playing ,p-,q,kt#d at some opportune moment4 ,if ,white elects to exchange his ,bishop for the ,kt forthwith1 he can remove the ,black centre pawn after #d4 444 ,q,px,b by playing #e4 ,p- ,q#d1 but the exchange of the ,b for the ,kt gives ,black a free development and in consequence a good game4 7,compare note to move #d in ,game ,no4 #ab47 ,diagram #bb reproduces a typical position in this defence4 ,the more usual continuation for ,white is #d4 ,b-,r#d1 ,kt-,b#c2 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,q ,k ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,kt ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,b ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,kt ,b ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #bb4 #e4 ,castles2 he does not trouble to protect his ,,kp as its capture would allow his ,rook an open file on which to act against the opposing ,king 7compare ,games ,nos4 #ad and #ag7 #e4 444 ,b-,k#b4 ,now ,black can capture the ,,kp without much risk1 as the ,bishop is on the ,king's file4 #f4 ,r-,k#a1 ,white covers his pawn1 and thereby threatens to win a pawn by ,bx,kt4 ,therefore ,black must not delay playing #f4 444 ,p-,q,kt#d4 ,after #g4 ,b-,kt#c1 ,p-,q#c2 7,diagram #bb7 ,white cannot yet execute the manuvre which underlies the whole tendency of the ,ruy ,lopez1 namely ,p-,q#d1 maintaining the pressure in the centre1 because after ,ktx,q,p1 #i4 ,ktx,kt1 ,px,kt2 #aj4 ,qx,p8 ,white loses a piece through #aj4 444 ,p-,b#d1 etc4 ,it is therefore necessary to play ,p- ,,qb#c first4 ,white could also obtain a rapid development by ,kt-,b#c1 ,p-,q#c1 ,b-,k#c or ,kt#e1 but this arrangement is not popular1 because ,black can play ,kt-,,qr#d and exchange the valuable ,,kb4 ,the pawn at ,,qb#c supports an advance in the centre1 and also provides a retreat for the ,,kb4 ,the ,q,kt can be developed in this way3 ,kt-,q#b- ,b#a-,kt#c or ,k#c4 ,black1 however1 must try to round off his pawn position on the ,queen's side1 by moving his ,,qbp into line4 ,black's pawns at ,k#d and ,,qb#d then exert a pressure on ,white's ,q#d4 ,and this pressure threatens to be reinforced by ,b-,kt#e4 ,from these considerations the following development seems to be natural3 #h4 ,p-,b#c1 ,kt-,,qr#d2 #i4 ,b-,b#b1 ,p-,b#d2 #aj4 ,p-,q#d1 ,q-,b#b 7to support the ,,kp72 it leads to the position in ,diagram #bc4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,k ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,q ,b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,kt ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,kt ,b ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #bc4 #aa4 ,p-,,kr#c ,one of the few instances in which this pawn move is justified4 ,it deprives ,black's ,,qb of its only good square1 and saves the ,k ,kt1 the co-operation of which is urgently needed in the centre4 ,this system of opening will receive more exhaustive treatment under the heading of 8,middle ,game40 7,compare ,game ,no4 #ab47 ,in the second main line of defence1 of which ,i shall treat now1 ,black renounces the maintenance of his ,,kp1 and makes an attempt to find compensation by attacking ,white's ,king's ,pawn4 ,the ,king's file1 opened by the disappearance of the ,black pawn1 offers opportunities for that purpose4 ,after the first few moves we arrive at the following position1 which --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,b ,b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,kt ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,b --------------------------------------- #d ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,b ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #bd4 may be reached thus3 #c4 ,b-,kt#e1 ,p-,q#c2 #d4 ,p-,q#d1 ,b-,q#b2 #e4 ,kt-,b#c1 ,kt- ,b#c2 #f4 ,castles1 ,b-,k#b2 #g4 ,r-,k#a1 ,px,p2 #h4 ,ktx,p1 ,castles4 ,the exchange on the seventh move is compulsory1 because the loss of a pawn after ,bx,kt is in effect threatened1 now that the ,white ,,kp is supported by the ,rook4 ,black's intention of exerting pressure on the ,,kp is now difficult of execution1 because his pieces are very cramped and hinder one another in a restricted area4 ,the ,,kb in particular cannot be brought into action without great difficulty1 for instance by3 ,r- ,k#a1 ,b-,,kb#a1 ,p-,k,kt#c1 and ,b-,kt#b4 ,it is therefore advisable for ,white to develop his ,,qb at ,kt#b instead of at ,kt#e1 in order not to give ,black a chance of exchanging his troublesome ,bishop4 7,in a game ,bernstein-,emanuel ,lasker1 ,moscow1 #aiad1 there happened #i4 ,bx,kt1 ,px,b2 #aj4 ,b-,kt#e1 ,p-,,kr#c2 #aa4 ,b-,r#d1 ,kt-,r#b2 #ab4 ,bx,b1 ,qx,b with a good game for ,black47 ,the defence has a totally different trend1 if ,black gives up his own ,,kp1 but captures the ,white ,,kp at once4 ,i have already pointed out that ,white would not mind his ,,kp being taken1 in view of the attack on the open ,king's file4 ,let us now consider in which way this attack can be planned4 ,there are two essentially different lines1 according to whether ,black interpolates ,p-,,qr#c or not4 ,after #c4 ,b-,kt#e1 ,kt-,b#c2 #d4 ,castles1 ,ktx,p2 #e4 ,r-,k#a1 ,black gets out of it comfortably by playing ,kt-,q#c1 ,b-,k#b and ,castles1 and ,white cannot permanently prevent ,black's game from being freed by the advance of the ,,qp4 ,p-,q#d for ,white on the fifth move is therefore stronger4 ,black cannot very well exchange the pawns1 leaving the ,king's file quite exposed1 and must submit to ,white playing ,px,p1 maintaining the pawn at ,k#e and preventing ,black's ,p-,q#d for some time to come4 ,the opening might continue in this way3 #e4 ,p-,q#d1 ,b-,k#b2 #f4 ,q-,k#b1 ,kt-,q#c2 #g4 ,bx,kt1 ,kt,px,b 7to make room for the ,kt72 #h4 ,px,p1 ,kt-,kt#b 7,diagram #be74 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,q ,k ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,kt ,p ,p ,b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,q ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,kt ,b ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #be ,the whole of the manuvres now centre round ,black's endeavours to force his ,p-,q#d1 and ,white's attempt to prevent it4 ,black ultimately gains his point1 as will be seen1 but at the expense of such disadvantages in the pawn position that it is questionable whether the whole variation 7called the ,rio de ,janeiro ,defence7 is playable4 #i4 ,kt-,b#c1 ,castles2 #aj4 ,r-,k#a1 ,kt-,b#d 7the ,knight is to be posted at ,k#c to bring the ,white ,k,kt away from his ,q#d1 whence he prevents the advance of ,black's ,,qp by attacking ,,qb#f72 #aa4 ,kt-,q#d1 ,kt-,k#c2 #ab4 ,b-,k#c1 ,ktx,kt2 #ac4 ,bx,kt1 ,p-,b#d2 #ad4 ,b-,k#c1 ,p-,q#d2 #ae4 ,px,p e4p41 ,bx,p4 ,this is the critical position in the ,rio de ,janeiro defence4 ,black has succeeded in eliminating the ,white centre pawn1 and sweeps long diagonals with his ,bishops1 but the advantage cannot be maintained4 ,white exchanges the ,bishop at ,q#f1 and there remains a backward pawn1 which ,black will hardly be able to hold permanently4 ,in practice it has been shown that the end-game should be won by ,white in spite of ,bishops of opposite colours1 as ,black's pawn at his ,,qb#d is difficult to defend4 #af4 ,kt-,k#d1 ,b-,kt#b2 #ag4 ,ktx,b 7not ,bx,p because of ,bx,b2 #ah4 ,ktx,b1 ,bx,p followed by ,q-,kt#d;ch71 ,px,kt2 #ah4 ,q ,r-,q#a and ,p-,,qb#d4 ,the game is much more favourable for ,black if he first plays #c4 444 ,p-,,qr#c1 and retains the option of driving the ,white ,,kb away by ,p-,q,kt#d1 after which ,p-,q#d can be enforced very soon4 #c4 ,b-,kt#e1 ,p- ,,qr#c2 #d4 ,b-,r#d1 ,kt-,b#c2 #e4 ,castles1 ,ktx,p2 #f4 ,p-,q#d1 ,p-,q,kt#d2 #g4 ,b-,kt#c1 ,p-,q#d2 #h4 ,px,p1 ,b-,k#c1 #i4 ,p-,b#c4 ,now ,black's pieces are more mobile1 and that is the reason why this system of defence is becoming more popular than any other4 ,on the other hand1 it cannot be denied that ,black's pawn formation on the ,q side is weak1 and that his centre is less secure4 ,whilst ,white has a pawn firmly posted in the centre1 ,black has a ,knight there which will soon be driven away4 ,white's ,q#d1 the basis of his centre1 is entirely in his hands1 whilst ,black's ,q#d is exposed to a steady pressure by the ,white pieces4 ,finally ,black's ,q,kt is unfavourably placed1 obstructing as it does the ,,qbp and preventing its falling into line with its fellows4 ,diagram #bf shows the position after #i4 ,p-,b#c4 ,the latter move prevents the exchange of the ,b after ,black's ,kt-,r#d1 an exchange which would allow ,black to round up his pawn formation with ,p- ,,qb#d4 ,the experts are not yet agreed as to the best continuation for ,black in this critical position4 ,to be considered are the moves ,b-,,qb#d1 ,b-,k#b and ,kt-,b#d4 ,b-,k#b is preferred nowadays to ,b- ,,qb#d1 as ,,qb#d should be kept free for the ,k,kt in case the latter is driven from his dominating position1 e4g4 #aj4 ,r-,k#a and #aa4 ,q ,kt- ,q#b4 ,for if in that case ,black exchanges the ,knights1 he only furthers ,white's development without doing anything towards strengthening his ,q#d4 ,if ,black covers the ,knight with ,p-,b#d1 ,white plays ,px,p e4p4 and ,kt-,kt#e1 rids himself of ,black's ,,qb1 and thereby weakens ,black's ,,qp still more4 ,kt-,b#d would therefore seem to be the best choice1 as the ,,qb becomes mobile again after ,white's ,b-,b#b1 nor can ,white --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,q ,k ,b ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,kt ,b --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,kt --------------------------------------- #c ,b ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,kt ,b ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #bf4 play ,p-,q#d as yet4 ,the position in the diagram therefore leads to the following variations3 ,a4 #i4 444 ,b-,k#b2 #aj4 ,r-,k#a1 ,castles2 #aa4 ,q,kt-,q#b1 ,kt-,b#d2 #ab4 ,b-,b#b1 ,b-,k,kt#e4 ,this manuvre was introduced by ,em4 ,lasker 7,petrograd1 #aiji4 ,for further particulars see ,game ,no4 #ae74 ,b4 #i4 444 ,kt-,b#d2 #aj4 ,q,kt-,q#b1 ,p-,q#e 7,capablanca-,em4 ,lasker1 ,petrograd1 #aiad72 or #i4 444 ,b-,k#b2 #aj4 ,r-,k#a1 ,castles2 #aa4 ,q,kt-,q#b1 ,kt-,b#d2 #ab4 ,b-,b#b1 ,p-,q#e 7,em4 ,lasker-,tarrasch1 ,petrograd1 #aiad74 ,capablanca believes that the early advance of ,p-,q#e can be refuted by ,kt-,k#d1 e4g4 #i4 444 ,b-,k#b2 #aj4 ,q,kt-,q#b1 ,kt-,b#d2 #aa4 ,b-,b#b1 ,p-,q#e2 #ab4 ,kt-,k#d1 ,px,p2 #ac4 ,ktx,kt1 ,bx,kt2 #ad4 ,b-,k#d1 ,q-,q#b2 #ae4 ,q-,b#b or ,px,p4 ,the openings as sketched out up to this point give a sufficiently clear idea of the possibilities of combining sound development with an attempt to capture the centre after the opening moves #a4 ,p-,k#d1 ,p-,k#d4 ,in most cases1 ,black's centre pawn being open to attack by ,white's ,p-,q#d1 we find an early break-up of the centre1 and concurrently the opening of the ,ks or ,qs file for the ,rooks4 ,that is why games opened in this fashion have been classed very generally as 8open10 whilst all the other openings are called 8close games40 ,lately the distinction has been abandoned1 and very rightly1 since in the latter openings1 too1 the centre can be cleared occasionally4 ,we attain typical close positions when ,black does not play #a4 444 ,p-,k#d in answer to #a4 ,p-,k#d1 but relinquishes all claim on his ,k#d and takes possession of his ,q#d instead1 leaving ,white the option of interlocking the pawns in the centre with ,p-,k#e4 ,on principle it does not seem advisable for ,black to play ,p-,q#d on the first move in reply to #a4 ,p-,k#d4 ,although ,white's centre pawn disappears after #b4 ,px,p1 ,qx,p1 ,black loses a move through #c4 ,kt- ,,qb#c1 and his ,queen has no place from which it cannot be driven away very soon1 unless it be at ,q#a4 ,this1 however1 would amount to an admission of the inferiority of the whole of ,black's plan4 ,there are two moves which deserve consideration as a preliminary to ,p-,q#d1 namely1 #a4 444 ,p-,k#c 7,french ,defence7 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,kt ,b ,q ,k ,b ,kt ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,kt ,b ,q ,k ,b ,kt ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #bg and ,p-,,qb#c 7,caro-,kann defence74 ,after #b4 ,p-,q#d1 ,p-,q#d1 we attain the positions set out in the ,diagrams #bg and #bh1 to which we must devote a good deal of attention4 ,these openings are worthy of study as being especially interesting examples of the struggle for the centre4 ,as early as the third move1 ,white has to take an important decision4 ,is he to play ,p-,k#e and prevent the opening of --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,kt ,b ,q ,k ,b ,kt ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,kt ,b ,q ,k ,b ,kt ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #bh the ,k or ,q file for a long time to come1 or should he proceed to develop his pieces1 and leave ,black the option of anticipating the blocking of the centre by playing ,px,p himself8 ,i shall first turn my attention to those games in which ,white plays ,p-,k#e1 starting with the ,french ,defence1 after which the ,caro-,kann ,defence will be easily understood4 ,the position which ensues in the centre after #a4 ,p-,k#d1 ,p-,k#c2 #b4 ,p-,q#d1 ,p-,q#d2 #c4 ,p-,k#e1 divides the board diagonally1 and it is easy to recognise roughly the main lines of play which will govern the game4 ,white has more scope on the ,king's side1 where his pieces will have greater mobility1 and prospects of attack4 ,black's chances are on the ,queen's side4 ,both sides will have to advance more pawns in order to obtain openings for their ,rooks1 and use them for the attack1 since they have no future on the ,k and ,q files1 as was the case in the openings mentioned hitherto4 ,the obvious moves to this end are3 for ,white the advance of the ,,kbp1 for ,black that of the ,,qbp and sometimes even of the ,q,kt,p1 that is when the ,,qbp has not been exchanged for the opposing ,,qp1 but has pushed on to ,b#e4 ,in ,diagrams #bi and #cj we see the chains of pawns formed by these manuvres4 ,white's pawn attack is more dangerous than ,black's1 --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #bi because it involves a direct assault on the ,king4 ,and we shall see that ,black will usually be compelled to suspend operations on the ,queen's side temporarily1 to ward off the storm by the --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #cj ,white ,pawns on the ,king's side4 ,he will attempt this either by ,p- ,,kb#c attacking ,white's centre or by ,p-,,kb#d preventing ,white from playing ,p-,b#e4 ,in the latter case ,white can only make a breach in the ,black barrier by playing ,p-,k,kt#d as well4 ,these manuvres result in the pawn formations given in ,diagrams #ca and #cb4 --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #ca ,we must now turn to the development of the pieces corresponding to these pawn skeletons4 ,if ,white plays ,p-,k#e --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #cb on his third move1 he prevents the ,black ,k,kt from reaching ,,kb#c1 whence he might have moved to ,q#b4 ,this is a desirable position1 from which he could support the advance of ,p-,,qb#d4 ,but the ,knight has other chances of development1 to ,,kr#c and ,b#d1 whence he can take his share in the attack on the ,white ,pawn at ,q#d4 ,in consequence ,white must postpone ,p-,,kb#d in order not to intercept the action of the ,,qb on ,r#f4 ,now1 in that case ,white's ,pawn at his ,k#e has not sufficient support against the attack by ,black's ,p-,,kb#c 7,diagram #ca71 and the latter move gives ,black the advantage4 ,the two main variations illustrative of these considerations are3 ,i #c4 ,p-,k#e ,p-,,qb#d #d4 ,p-,,qb#c ,kt-,,qb#c #e4 ,p-,,kb#d ,px,p #f4 ,px,p ,q-,kt#c #g4 ,kt-,,kb#c ,kt-,r#c ,,ii #c4 ,p-,k#e ,p-,,qb#d #d4 ,p-,,qb#c ,kt-,,qb#c #e4 ,kt-,b#c ,p-,b#c ,in both cases the initiative falls to ,black1 in the first through the attack on ,white's ,q#d1 the mainstay of ,white's centre2 in the second through attack on ,white's ,k#e1 the ,white centre itself4 ,we must therefore consider ,white's advance of ,p-,k#e on the third move as premature4 ,let us now find out whether it is advantageous to effect the same subsequently4 ,a developing move can be interpolated1 e4g4 #c4 ,kt-,,qb#c1 ,kt-,,kb#c4 ,if ,white plays ,p-,k#e now he gains time for his advance of ,p-,,kb#d1 as ,black's ,knight must retreat4 ,on the other hand he cannot now maintain his pawn at ,q#d1 as he has blocked his ,,qbp4 ,we arrive at the following plan of development3 #c4 ,kt-,,qb#c ,kt-,,kb#c #d4 ,p-,k#e ,k,kt-,q#b #e4 ,p-,b#d ,p-,,qb#d #f4 ,px,p ,kt-,,qb#c ,if ,black were to play ,bx,p at once1 ,white could play ,q-,kt#d with an attack on the ,knight's ,pawn4 ,that is the object of ,black's waiting move4 ,white must either play #g4 ,kt-,b#c1 which prevents his ,q-,kt#d1 or #g4 ,b-,q#c1 after which ,black would take the pawn on ,b#d with his ,knight1 getting rid of the ,white ,bishop4 #g4 ,q-,kt#d at once would be answered by ,p-,b#d4 #g4 ,kt-,b#c ,bx,p #h4 ,b-,q#c ,p-,b#d ,black cannot castle yet1 on account of the following threat1 which ,i give in full because it occurs frequently in practice3 #h4 444 ,castles2 #i4 ,bx,pch1 ,kx,b2 #aj4 ,kt-,kt#e;ch1 ,k-,kt#a3 #aa4 ,q-,r#e1 ,r- ,k#a2 #ab4 ,qx,pch2 #ac4 ,q-,r#e;ch2 #ad4 ,q-,r#g;ch2 #ae4 ,q-,r#h;ch2 #af4 ,qx,p mate4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,q ,k ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,kt ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,kt ,b ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,b ,q ,k ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #cc ,the position in the diagram seems favourable to ,black as ,white cannot castle for some time4 ,for that reason another line of play has come to the fore in which ,white exchanges his inactive ,,qb for ,black's troublesome ,,kb4 #c4 ,kt-,,qb#c ,kt-,,kb#c #d4 ,b-,kt#e ,b-,k#b #e4 ,p-,k#e ,k,kt-,q#b #f4 ,bx,b ,qx,b --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,kt,b ,k ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,kt ,q ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,q ,k ,b ,kt ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #cd ,white has now the choice of two lines of development4 ,he can either prepare for ,p-,,qb#c to support his ,,qp4 or he can develop his ,king's side1 holding the ,p at ,k#e only ,i #g4 ,kt-,kt#e ,kt-,kt#c #h4 ,p-,,qb#c ,p-,,qr#c #i4 ,kt-,,qr#c ,p-,,qb#d #aj4 ,p-,,kb#d ,kt-,b#c #aa4 ,kt-,b#b ,castles #ab4 ,kt-,b#c ,b-,q#b #ac4 ,b-,q#c ,p-,b#d ,the sacrifice ,bx,pch1 as mentioned above1 was threatened4 #ad4 ,castles ,kt-,r#e #ae4 ,r-,kt#a ,p-,q,kt#d ,if ,white does not wish to lose so many moves with his ,kt1 he can effect the intended protection of his ,,qp as follows3 #g4 ,q-,q#b ,p-,,qr#c not ,p-,,qb#d at once1 because of ,kt-,kt#e4 #h4 ,kt-,q#a ,p-,,qb#d #i4 ,p-,,qb#c ,,ii #g4 ,p-,b#d ,castles #h4 ,kt-,b#c ,p-,,qb#d #i4 ,b-,q#c ,p-,b#d #aj4 ,castles ,kt-,,qb#c and so on4 ,in both cases ,white has an easy development1 whilst ,black has no convenient square for his ,queen's ,bishop4 ,to avoid this drawback ,rubinstein has evolved the following variation1 in which provision is made from the first for the freedom of action of the ,queen's ,bishop3 #c4 ,kt-,,qb#c ,kt-,,kb#c #d4 ,b-,kt#e ,px,p to open the diagonal for the ,bishop at ,q,kt#b1 e4g43 #e4 ,ktx,p ,q,kt-,q#b #f4 ,kt-,,kb#c ,b-,k#b followed by ,p-,q,kt#c and ,b-,kt#b4 ,we will now leave the ,french defence and turn our attention to the ,caro-,kann1 of which the initial position was shown in ,diagram #bh4 ,here also we find two essentially different systems of development1 according to whether ,white plays ,p-,k#e or gives ,black the option of exchanging pawns by #c4 ,kt-,,qb#c4 ,in the first case a very noticeable difference from the ,french defence is1 that ,black can bring out his ,queen's ,bishop4 ,here the process of development may be3 #c4 ,p-,k#e ,b-,b#d #d4 ,b-,q#c ,bx,b ,not ,b-,kt#c1 because ,white could play ,p-,k#f6 and paralyse the whole of ,black's game by preventing his playing the ,king's ,pawn4 #e4 ,qx,b ,p-,k#c #f4 ,kt-,k#b or ,,kr#c ,through this the move ,p-,,kb#d1 which fits into this pawn formation1 is kept in reserve4 ,while ,white's development is easy and natural1 ,black has difficulty in finding good places for his ,king's side pieces4 ,the game can proceed generally speaking on the lines of the ,french defence4 ,only ,black can hardly attack ,white's centre with ,p-,b#c1 since the ,pawn at ,k#c would be weak in the absence of the ,queen's ,bishop4 ,on the other hand1 ,black would be a move behind with an attack on the ,queen's side1 since to reach ,,qb#d his pawn would have made two moves instead of one as in the ,french defence4 ,a certain compensation lies in the fact that ,white's attacking ,king's ,bishop has been exchanged4 ,in practical play it has nevertheless been shown that ,white's attack is more likely to succeed1 and for this reason a variation introduced by ,niemzowitsch has been tried several times2 it aims at the exchange of ,queens in order to weaken and retard ,white's threatened attack1 and to gain time for ,queen's side operations4 #f4 444 ,q-,kt#c #g4 ,castles ,q-,r#c or ,kt#d ,but after #h4 ,kt-,b#d1 ,qx,q2 #i4 ,ktx,q1 ,white is so much ahead with his development that ,black's chance of equalising the game would seem questionable4 ,if ,white plays ,kt-,,kr#c on his sixth move1 he foils at once ,black's attempt of forcing an exchange of ,queens1 as he could play #h4 ,q- ,k,kt#c4 ,on the whole we can conclude that in the ,caro-,kann defence ,white obtains a good game by #c4 ,p-,k#e4 ,a line of play which used to be in vogue1 namely1 #c4 ,kt-,,qb#c1 ,px,p2 #d4 ,ktx,p1 ,kt-,b#c2 #e4 ,ktx,ktch1 ,k,px,kt or ,kt,px,kt1 gives ,black an even chance1 for although he loses his centre pawn he obtains a good development1 and later in the game he has opportunities of exercising pressure on ,white's ,,qp through his open ,q file4 ,except the ,french defence and the ,caro-,kann1 there is no game in which an irregular reply to ,white's #a4 ,p-,k#d necessitates any special considerations either in development of pieces or pawn formation4 ,in all such cases it is sufficient to maintain the pawn centre and to occupy such squares with the pieces1 whence they cannot be driven away with the loss of a move4 ,just one example3 ,if ,black plays #a4 444 ,p-,,qb#d 7,sicilian defence71 ,white will not play his ,king's ,bishop to ,b#d1 because ,black can reply ,p- ,k#c1 and gain a move by ,p-,q#d4 ,b4 ,let us now consider the openings in which the first move is #a4 ,p-,q#d on either side4 ,here the centre cannot be cleared as early as in the openings beginning with #a4 ,p-,k#d1 ,p-,k#d4 ,the advance of a second centre pawn1 which there led to a clearance1 is not feasible in this case4 ,white does not command his ,k#d1 and for some time to come he will be unable to advance the ,k pawn beyond ,k#c4 ,in consequence the ,k file does not seem a likely opening for the ,rooks1 and another file must be found for them4 ,the conclusions arrived at for ,black in the ,french defence hold good for both sides in the opening now under consideration1 and accordingly the ,,qb file is that most advantageous for the ,rooks4 ,the advance of the ,,qbp strikes at the opposing centre1 and1 that being of paramount importance1 the ,queen's ,knight must not be developed at ,b#c before the ,,qbp has been pushed on4 ,another development might be conceivable for the ,rooks2 viz4 on the ,,kb file1 and also the ,k,kt or ,,kr file2 here1 as we shall see1 an occasion may arise for storming the opposing ,king's side by a pawn attack4 ,but in this case1 too1 although it seems unnecessary to play the ,,qbp1 it is advisable to develop the ,knight via ,q#b1 as there is a constant threat of the ,,qb file being forced open subsequently by the opposing forces4 ,we will start with the games in which the ,,qb ,pawns are played in the earliest stages of the opening1 so that the pawn skeleton in ,diagram #ce forms the basis of development4 ,the sequence of moves is of moment1 because the advance of the ,,kp1 whether forced or not1 determines the possibility of bringing out the ,q ,bishops4 ,the simplest process of development based on ,diagram #ce is the following1 in which both sides block up the ,,qb4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,kt ,b ,q ,k ,b ,kt ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,kt ,b ,q ,k ,b ,kt ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #ce #b4 ,p-,k#c ,p-,k#c #c4 ,kt-,,kb#c ,kt-,,kb#c #d4 ,p-,b#d ,p-,b#d #e4 ,kt-,b#c ,kt-,b#c #f4 ,b-,q#c ,b-,q#c #g4 ,castles4 ,castles ,the only useful square for the ,,qb's on either side is now at ,kt#b1 and #h4 ,p-,q,kt#c1 ,p-,q,kt#c are indicated4 ,to play ,p-,q,kt#c before castling is very dangerous1 because ,black can play ,px,q,p and pin the ,white ,q,kt with ,b-,kt#e1 forcing ,b-,q#b1 when ,b-,kt#b was the move intended1 e4g4 #f4 ,p-,q,kt#c1 ,b,px,p2 #g4 ,k,px,p1 ,b-,kt#e2 #h4 ,b-,kt#b1 ,kt-,k#e2 #i4 ,q-,b#b1 ,q-,r#d2 #aj4 ,r-,,qb#a1 ,qx,p4 ,in order not to relinquish the square at ,q,kt#d to ,black1 ,white can also try the following manuvre3 #f4 ,px,b,p ,bx,p #g4 ,p-,,qr#c ,castles #h4 ,p-,q,kt#d ,b-,q#c #i4 ,b-,kt#b ,if ,black imitates ,white's moves1 viz4 #i4 444 ,px,p2 #aj4 ,bx,p1 ,p-,,qr#c2 #aa4 ,castles1 ,p-,q,kt#d2 #ab4 ,b-,q#c1 ,b-,kt#b1 the result is the symmetrical position in ,diagram #cf4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,kt ,b ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,kt ,b ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #cf ,when treating of the middle game1 we shall find that even in this apparently fully equalised position the influence of the first move is still at work4 ,in order to obtain a more thorough understanding of the ,queen's ,pawn game1 we must now turn our attention very closely to the opening moves4 ,already on the second move ,white can play #b4 ,p-,,qb#d and turn the game into a ,queen's gambit1 which ,black can either accept or decline4 ,black would be justified in playing #b4 444 ,px,p1 and so furthering ,white's object of getting his 7,black's7 ,queen's ,pawn away1 if he could permanently hold the gambit pawn1 or if the giving up of the square at ,q#d fits into a reasoned system of development4 ,the latter was1 for instance1 the case in the play leading to the position shown in the ,diagram #cf4 ,but ,black is well advised to wait until ,white has moved the ,king's ,bishop before taking the pawn on his ,,qb#e4 ,this forces the ,bishop to move twice1 and ,black regains the move he lost in his development1 when he played ,px,p4 ,it would be quite incorrect to try to hold the pawn by ,p-,q,kt#d as follows3 #b4 ,p-,,qb#d ,px,p #c4 ,kt-,,kb#c ,kt-,,kb#c #d4 ,p-,k#c ,p-,q,kt#d #e4 ,p-,,qr#d --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,kt ,b ,q ,k ,b ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,kt ,b ,q ,k ,b ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #cg ,if now ,black answers ,px,p1 ,white simply plays ,bx,p and the ,p at ,r#e is lost very soon4 ,if ,black plays instead3 #e4 444 ,p-,b#c1 ,white wins back his pawn with #f4 ,p-,q,kt#c1 ,px,kt ,p2 #g4 ,px,p1 ,px,p2 #h4 ,bx,pch by ,qx,p1 and moreover is much ahead with his development4 ,these considerations point to the conclusion that after #b4 ,p-,,qb#d there is no inducement for ,black to take the pawn4 ,on the contrary1 he will cover his centre pawn1 which ,white wishes to tempt away1 either with ,p-,k#c or ,p-,,qb#c4 ,the attempt to develop the ,queen's ,bishop before playing ,p-,k#c is not to be recommended1 because the ,q ,kt's pawn remains unprotected and open to an immediate attack by #c4 ,q-,kt#c4 ,of the two remaining replies1 #b4 444 ,p-,k#c and #b4 444 ,p-,,qb#c1 ,i will first discuss the former1 as being the more natural of the two1 since ,p-,,qb#c does not fit into the scheme for opening the ,,qb file for the ,rooks4 ,white1 on the other hand1 can bring out his ,,qb before playing ,p-,k#c1 in this way3 #b4 ,p-,,qb#d1 ,p-,k#c2 #c4 ,kt-,,qb#c1 ,kt-,,kb#c2 #d4 ,b-,kt#e1 and the game might proceed as follows3 #d4 444 ,q ,kt-,q#b4 7,diagram #ch47 ,no fault can be found with this move1 although it blocks the ,bishop1 since the latter can only be developed effectively at ,kt#b4 ,moreover1 the ,knight at ,q#b supports the projected ,p-,b#d4 ,white cannot win a pawn now with #e4 ,px,p1 ,px,p2 #f4 ,ktx,p1 because of ,ktx,kt2 #g4 ,bx,q1 ,b-,kt#e;ch4 ,therefore #e4 ,p-,k#c must be played first1 and after ,b-,k#b2 #f4 ,kt-,b#c1 ,castles2 #g4 ,r-,b#a1 ,p-,q,kt#c2 #h4 ,px,p1 ,px,p2 #i4 ,b-,q#c1 ,b-,kt#b1 all the pieces have found rational development4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,q ,k ,b ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,kt ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,b --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,q ,k ,b ,kt ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #ch ,quite a different system of opening ensues1 when ,black does not delay pushing the ,p to ,,qb#d until after his pieces are developed1 but makes the advance on his third move4 ,here ,black has the advantage of being able to avoid the pinning of his ,knight by the opposing ,,qb4 #b4 ,p-,,qb#d ,p-,k#c #c4 ,kt-,,qb#c ,p-,,qb#d #d4 ,kt-,b#c ,kt-,,qb#c6 ,now ,black threatens ,q,px,p with an attack on ,white's ,queen's ,pawn4 ,if ,white plays ,p-,k#c we get the position mentioned in connection with ,diagram #ce4 ,if he wishes to bring out his ,,qb first1 he must anticipate ,black's threat by ,b,px,p4 ,after #e4 ,b,px,p ,k,px,p the third of the typical main positions in the ,queen's gambit ensues1 and is given in ,diagram #ci4 ,two continuations must now be considered4 ,white can either develop his ,,kb at ,kt#b1 and concentrate on the ,black ,,qp1 which is somewhat weak1 or he can place the ,,kb on one of the available squares between ,b#a and ,r#f4 ,in the first instance1 the ,,kp need not be played at all1 and the ,,qb --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,q ,k ,b ,kt ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,kt ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,b ,q ,k ,b ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #ci retains the option of developing at ,kt#e1 ,b#d1 and even ,k#c4 ,in the second1 where the ,k must make room for the ,,kb1 ,white must decide at once between ,b-,b#d or ,kt#e1 and only ,b#d can be seriously considered on account of #f4 ,b-,kt#e ,b-,k#b #g4 ,bx,b ,ktx,b which only furthers ,black's development4 ,white would only be justified in this course if he could now win a pawn with #h4 ,px,p1 but ,black would win it back and have the superior game after #h4 444 ,p-,q#e #i4 ,kt-,k#d ,castles followed by ,b-,b#d and ,q-,r#d;ch4 ,the correct move in this variation is consequently #f4 ,b-,b#d1 and a possible continuation would be3 ,kt-,,kb#c2 #g4 ,p-,k#c1 ,b-,k#c2 #h4 ,r-,,qb#a or ,b-,q,kt#e or ,b-,q#c4 ,with this we will close the discussion of the variations initiated by #b4 ,p-,,qb#d1 ,p-,k#c1 and study the reply #b4 444 ,p-,,qb#c4 ,the first question which arises in our mind is3 ,which file will ,black be able to utilise for his ,rooks8 ,an attempt to free the ,king's file through ,p-,k#d is conceivable4 ,but ,white can prevent this by simply playing ,kt-,,kb#c4 ,two other possibilities present themselves3 after playing ,p-,k#c1 ,kt-,b#c and ,q,kt-,q#b1 ,black could steer into a line similar to the ,queen's gambit accepted with ,px,p and ,p-,,qb#d1 or he could keep the centre closed with ,p-,,kb#d and ,kt-,b#c1 with the intention of playing ,kt-,k#e and using the ,,kb file for activating his ,rook via ,,kb#c4 ,diagram #dj gives the position reached after3 #c4 ,kt-,,kb#c ,p-,k#c #d4 ,p-,k#c ,kt-,,kb#d #e4 ,kt-,k#e ,kt-,b#c --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,kt ,b ,q ,k ,b ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,kt ,b ,q ,k ,b ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #dj ,white would not accomplish much with #f4 ,p-,,kb#d4 ,the more or less symmetrical lineup of the pieces would most likely lead to a draw after ,black properly prepares freeing his hemmed-in ,bishop with ,p-,q,kt#c and ,b-,kt#b4 ,a better plan would be #f4 ,p-,b#c1 preventing ,kt- ,k#e and preparing the eventual advance of the ,king's ,pawn to ,k#d4 ,in reply to #f4 444 1 ,q,kt-,q#b ,white would then rather play #g4 ,kt-,q#c than exchange ,knights1 as after this exchange it would not be too difficult for ,black to bring his ,bishop into play on the ,king's wing via ,k#a4 ,both of ,white's ,bishops would be best placed on ,kt#b4 ,this 8,stonewall0 opening can also be played by ,white1 who is then a move to the good in the variation just shown4 ,but this opening has practically disappeared from modern tournament games1 simply because the ,,qb cannot easily be brought into play4 ,the following variation is reminiscent of the 8,stonewall0 in the formation of the centre pawns4 ,white develops his ,queen's side just as ,black did in the opening shown in connection with ,diagram #ch4 #b4 ,kt-,,kb#c ,p-,,qb#d #c4 ,p-,k#c ,kt-,,qb#c #d4 ,b-,q#c ,kt-,b#c #e4 ,p-,q,kt#c ,p-,k#c #f4 ,b-,kt#b ,b-,q#c #g4 ,q,kt-,q#b ,px,p #h4 ,px,p ,castles --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,kt ,b ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,b ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,b ,p ,kt ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,q ,k ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #da ,white can now settle his ,knight at ,k#e1 and initiate a violent ,king's side attack after castling1 by ,p-,,kb#d1 ,q-,b#c1 which could be continued with ,p-,k,kt#d1 ,k-,r#a1 ,r-,k,kt#a1 and so on4 ,once the position in ,diagram #da has been reached1 ,black's resources against the dangerous onslaught of the ,white forces are scanty4 ,yet he can retaliate1 not by making the simplest and most obvious developing moves1 as mentioned before1 but in the following way3 ,if ,white plays #e4 ,p-,q,kt#c before castling1 ,black exchanges pawns and checks with the ,queen4 ,now ,white has the disagreeable choice between ,b-,q#b and ,p-,b#c4 ,the former must be bad1 being contrary to the plan of development as intended by ,p-,q,kt#c4 ,the latter blocks the very diagonal on which the ,bishop was meant to operate4 ,white can open up the diagonal by playing ,p-,,qb#d after castling1 nor would it really imply the loss of a move to have played the ,,bp twice1 since ,black must move his ,queen again from ,r#d1 where she has no future4 ,but in any case there remains the disadvantage that ,white was forced to play the ,,bp1 whilst before he had the option of withholding its advance until a more opportune moment4 ,another possible subtlety in ,black's sequence of developing moves would be to withhold the advance of his ,,kp until ,white has played ,p-,q,kt#c1 and then to play the ,,qb to ,kt#e4 ,for1 as ,i have already remarked1 the objection to developing ,black's ,queen's ,bishop lies in ,white's threat to attack ,black's ,q,kt,p with ,q-,kt#c4 ,that possibility disappears after ,p-,q,kt#c4 ,before bringing the discussion of the ,queen's ,pawn opening to a close1 ,i may remark that in tournaments it has become usual for ,white not to play ,p-,,qb#d at once1 but to play ,kt-,,kb#c as a preliminary1 in order to avoid the complications of the ,queen's counter gambit3 #b4 ,p-,,qb#d1 ,p-,k#d4 ,if ,white plays #c4 ,px,k,p1 ,black's reply is ,p-,q#e1 and the obvious move #d4 ,p-,k#c fails on account of the following pretty combination3 ,b--,kt#e;ch2 #e4 ,b--,q#b1 ,px,p2 #f4 ,bx,b1 ,px,pch2 #g4 ,k-,k#b1 ,px,ktch662 #h4 ,rx,kt1 ,b-,kt#e;ch1 etc4 ,instead of #d4 ,p-,k#c1 ,white should play ,p-,k,kt#c and develop his ,,kb at ,kt#b4 ,black could now try to regain his pawn with ,kt-,k#b-,kt#c1 but he can also sacrifice a pawn by ,p-,,kb#c1 with a view to rapid development4 ,it now only remains for us to discover whether ,black has any other answer to ,p-,q#d which would necessitate close analysis on ,white's part4 ,here must be mentioned3 #a4 444 ,kt-,,kb#c1 #a4 444 ,p-,,qb#d1 and #a4 444 ,p-,,kb#d4 ,the former move prepares ,p-,q#c1 followed by ,p-,k#d4 ,in this opening there is no reason why ,white should play ,p-,,qb#d1 as there is no prospect of opening the ,,qb file for the ,rooks4 ,furthermore1 ,black has relinquished the square ,q#d and made ,k#d the basis of operations4 ,it will be more advisable to prevent ,black from playing ,p-,k#d as far as this can be achieved in conformity with a logical development1 e4g4 #a4 ,p-,q#d1 ,kt-,,kb#c2 #b4 ,kt-,,kb#c4 ,not #b4 ,kt- ,,qb#c1 because ,black could then lead into the ,queen's gambit by playing ,p-,q#d and ,p-,,qb#d1 after which ,white has the disadvantage of not being able to open the ,,qb file4 #b4 444 ,p-,q#c2 #c4 ,b-,b#d1 ,q,kt-,q#b2 #d4 ,p-,k#c4 ,now ,black can only enforce ,p-,k#d after ,p-,b#c and ,,qb#b4 ,meanwhile ,white mobilises all his pieces1 whilst ,black's ,,qb remains blocked and the ,kt must remain at ,q#b to cover the ,,kp4 ,if1 on the other hand1 ,black exchanges pawns in order to free the ,knight1 there is no ,black centre left4 ,with regard to the second irregular reply to #a4 ,p-,q#d1 namely1 #a4 444 ,p-,,qb#d1 two ways are open to ,white4 ,one is to turn the opening into an ordinary ,queen's gambit by playing ,p-,k#c1 on which ,black can play ,p-,q#d4 ,the second is to play #b4 ,p-,q#e4 ,black will then develop his ,king's side with ,p-,k,kt#c and ,b-,kt#b4 ,the ,bishop is well posted here1 and can frequently take up an attacking position at ,k#d or ,q#e4 7,see ,game ,no4 #de1 ,rubinstein v4 ,spielmann47 ,if ,white plays #b4 ,px,p1 we have after #b4 444 ,p-,k#c a ,queen's gambit accepted by ,white1 and1 as pointed out before1 this line of play is not commendable4 ,the last of the three irregular answers mentioned above3 #a4 444 ,p-,,kb#d leads to two entirely different plans1 according to the second move chosen by ,white4 ,white can confine himself to a simple development such as3 ,kt- ,,kb#c1 ,b-,kt#e1 ,p-,k#c1 ,q,kt-,q#b 7,kt-,b#c would only be good if preceded by ,p-,b#d1 because ,black would again lead into a ,queen's gambit with ,p-,q#d and ,p-,,qb#d74 ,the other possibility is the following3 in view of the fact that #a4 444 ,p-,,kb#d does absolutely nothing to aid development1 ,white can initiate a violent attack by giving up his ,king's ,pawn 7,p-,k#d7 and thus accelerate his own development4 ,the play might be as follows3 #b4 444 ,px,p2 #c4 ,kt-,,qb#c1 ,kt-,,kb#c2 #d4 ,b- ,k,kt#e1 ,p-,b#c 7,p-,q#d8 #e4 ,bx,kt followed by ,q-,r#e;ch72 #e4 ,p-,b#c4 ,if ,black takes the pawn he lays himself open to an attack hard to meet4 ,it seems best to play #e4 444 ,p-,k#f1 which calls back the ,white ,,qb and leaves ,white's ,,bp as a hindrance to the development of the ,k,kt4 ,,irregular ,,openings ,many openings in which neither ,p-,k#d nor ,p-,q#d is the first move lead to well-known positions by a simple transposition of moves4 ,for instance1 a ,queen's gambit may well have the following opening moves3 #a4 ,p-,,qb#d1 ,kt-,,kb#c2 #b4 ,kt-,,kb#c1 ,p-,k#c2 #c4 ,kt-,b#c1 ,p-,b#d2 #d4 ,p-,k#c1 ,p-,q#d2 #e4 ,p-,q#d1 or a ,french defence these3 #a4 ,kt-,,qb#c1 ,p- ,q#d2 #b4 ,p-,q#d1 ,kt-,,kb#c2 #c4 ,b-,kt#e1 ,p-,k#c2 #d4 ,p-,k#d4 ,there are1 of course1 systems of opening which deviate absolutely from those which have been proved sound and are in general use1 and it is those openings that puzzle the beginner most of all4 ,he says3 ,what is the good of learning correct openings1 if my opponent plays incorrectly and wins all the same8 ,this line of thought is wrong from its inception4 ,the student is not supposed to 8learn0 openings by heart1 but to ,,understand how the general principles of ,chess ,strategy are applied to any opening4 ,such knowledge can never be obtained from a tabulated analysis1 but can only be arrived at by the application of common sense4 ,if a player succeeds in winning in spite of an inferior opening1 it only proves that subsequently he has played a stronger game than his opponent1 who1 after playing the opening according to the book1 did not know how to proceed further4 ,and herein lies the weakness1 and not in the absence of knowledge of the analysis of openings4 ,the latter is rated far too highly4 ,any player will hold his own in the opening1 as soon as he has grasped the real meaning of those principles which ,i cannot repeat often enough1 viz43 #ast1 quick development of pieces and avoidance of lost moves2 #bnd1 the maintenance of a pawn centre1 hampering the development of the opposing forces1 and the avoidance of pawn moves that do not contribute to the development of pieces4 ,how to conduct the middle game and end-game is not entirely a matter of deduction from such general rules4 ,in order to play the end-game correctly1 one must know certain things and positions which arise from and may be said to be peculiar to the purely arbitrary rules of chess4 ,the same applies to the middle game1 as in most cases it must be played with a view to the end-game which ensues1 unless there be a chance of mating the opponent before4 ,the student should have1 therefore1 a knowledge of the end-game before he can hope to be able to conduct the middle game efficiently4 ,for this reason ,i have decided to treat of the end- game first4 ,,chapter ,v ,,the ,,end-,,game ,,just as it is difficult to state the exact point at which an opening ends1 so is it equally difficult to say where the end- game may be said to commence4 ,one of the main characteristics of end-games is the active part taken by the ,king4 ,clearly the ,king cannot venture out into the field of operations until there has been an exchange of the majority of the pieces1 so that there can be no danger of his being mated4 ,as soon as a player has attained some advantage in material which ensures the victory in the end- game1 he will try to bring about the end-game by exchanging pieces1 for there the lines on which to push home his advantage are clearly set out4 ,it is first necessary to know what surplus of forces is the minimum required in order to force a mate4 ,the positions in which the mate can be forced may be shown by a few typical examples4 ,but ,i shall lay stress mainly on one point4 ,that is the ability to judge whether an end-game which could be brought about by exchanges is won or not2 in other words1 whether it can be reduced to one of the typical positions referred to above4 ,it is obvious that the end-game is the particular demesne of pawn strategy4 ,nearly always one or more pawns survive the exchange of pieces1 and the knowledge of the end-game will be invaluable for gauging the consequences of pawn moves in the course of the middle game4 ,the latter represents probably the most difficult aspect of the strategy of chess4 ,in order to enable beginners to grasp the following chapters1 ,i must again point out a few elementary considerations4 ,simple end-games1 that is1 end-games without pawns1 are comparatively easy to understand4 ,let us first consider the case of a ,king denuded of all his troops4 ,in order to force the mate it is necessary to obtain command of four squares1 namely1 those four squares which he controls after he has been driven into a corner4 ,supposing the ,black ,king has been driven to ,,qr#a1 the ,white ,king can prevent him from reaching two squares of different colour1 namely1 ,,qr#b and ,q,kt#b4 ,therefore it is necessary for ,white still to have such forces as can command two more squares of different colour1 namely1 ,,qr#a and ,q,kt#a4 ,as can readily be seen1 it will be essential to have at least the ,queen or a ,rook or two ,bishops1 or a ,knight and ,bishop1 or two ,knights4 ,footnote3 ,how the ,king can be driven into a corner will be shown subsequently4 ,we shall see that in the latter case it is impossible to drive the ,king into a corner without bringing about a stalemate4 ,the mates by a ,queen or ,rook are so simple that ,i only give an example of each for the sake of completeness4 ,position #a4--,white3 ,k at ,,qr#a1 ,q-,,kr#a ,black3 ,k at ,k#d #a4 ,k-,kt#b1 ,k-,q#e2 #b4 ,k-,kt#c1 ,k-,k#d2 #c4 ,k-,b#d1 ,k-,q#c2 #d4 ,q-,k#d1 ,k- ,q#b2 #e4 ,k-,b#e1 ,k-,b#a2 #f4 ,k-,b#f1 ,k-,kt#a2 #g4 ,q-,,qr#d1 or ,kt#d;ch1 or ,k#g1 or ,r#g and mate next move4 ,position #b4--,white3 ,k at ,q,kt#c1 ,,rkr#b ,black3 ,k at ,k#d #a4 ,k-,b#d1 ,k-,q#c2 #b4 ,r-,k#b1 ,k-,b#c2 #c4 ,r-,k#f;ch1 ,k-,q#b2 #d4 ,k-,q#e1 ,k- ,b#b2 #e4 ,k-,b#e1 ,k-,q#b2 #f4 ,r-,k#a1 ,k-,b#b2 #g4 ,r-,k#g;ch1 ,k-,q#a2 #h4 ,k-,q#f1 ,k-,b#a2 #i4 ,k-,b#f1 ,k-,kt#a2 #aj4 ,r-,k#a1 ,k-,r#g2 #aa4 ,r-,k#h1 ,k-,r#c2 #ab4 ,r-,r#h mate4 ,position #c4--,white3 ,k at ,q,rsq1 ,b at ,k,ktsq1 ,bat,k,kt#b ,black3 ,k at ,k,rsq #a4 ,k-,kt#b1 ,k-,kt#b2 #b4 ,k-,b#c1 ,k-,b#c2 #c4 ,k-,q#d1 ,k-,k#c2 #d4 ,b-,r#b1 ,k- ,b#c2 #e4 ,k-,q#e1 ,k-,b#d2 #f4 ,b-,k#e1 ,k-,kt#d2 #g4 ,k-,k#f1 ,k-,kt#e2 #h4 ,b- ,,qr#h1 ,k-,kt#d2 #i4 ,b-,b#c1 ,k-,kt#c2 #aj4 ,b-,,kb#f1 ,k-,r#c2 #aa4 ,k-,b#g1 ,k- ,r#b2 #ab4 ,b-,kt#e1 ,k-,r#a2 #ac4 ,b-,q#a1 ,k-,r#b2 #ad4 ,b-,b#b;ch1 ,k-,r#a2 ,b-,b#f mate4 ,it is more difficult to mate with ,,knight ,,and ,,bishop4 ,it is only possible to mate on a corner square commanded by the ,bishop1 as the following argument shows clearly4 ,a mating position in the corner which the ,bishop does not command would have to be of the type set out in ,diagram #db4 ,here the ,bishop plays on ,white squares1 and the ,knight in order to checkmate must move on to a ,white square2 in other words1 he must come from a ,black one4 ,therefore1 when the ,bishop checked on the previous move and drove the ,king away1 the ,king had the option of two black squares1 and had no need to go into the corner one4 ,he is only mated in consequence of a wrong move4 --------------------------------------- #h ,k ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,kt --------------------------------------- #f --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c --------------------------------------- #b ,b --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #db ,as stated above1 however1 it is possible in all cases to mate in the corner square which is of the same colour as the ,bishop4 ,the ,king is driven into the corner in this way3 the ,knight cuts him off such squares as the ,bishop does not command4 ,diagram #dc will serve as an illustration4 #a4 ,k-,kt#b1 ,k-,kt#b2 #b4 ,k-,b#c1 ,k-,b#c2 #c4 ,k-,q#d1 ,k-,k#c2 #d4 ,kt-,kt#c1 ,k-,b#c2 #e4 ,b-,b#c1 ,k-,kt#d2 #f4 ,k-,k#e1 ,k-,kt#c2 #g4 ,kt-,k#d1 ,k-,kt#b2 #h4 ,k-,b#e1 ,k-,r#a2 #i4 ,k-,b#f1 ,k-,kt#a2 #aj4 ,kt-,kt#e1 ,k-,r#a2 #aa4 ,kt-,b#g;ch1 ,k-,kt#a2 #ab4 ,b-,k#d1 ,k-,b#a2 #ac4 ,b-,r#g1 ,k-,k#a2 #ad4 ,kt-,k#e1 ,k-,q#a2 #ae4 ,kt-,b#d1 ,k-,b#b2 #af4 ,b-,k#d1 ,k-,q#b2 #ag4 ,k-,b#g1 ,k-,b#b2 #ah4 ,k-,k#g1 ,k-,b#a2 #ai4 ,k-,q#f1 ,k-,q#a2 #bj4 ,b-,kt#f1 ,k-,b#a2 #ba4 ,kt-,r#e1 ,k-,q#a2 #bb4 ,kt-,kt#g;ch1 ,k-,b#a2 #bc4 ,k-,b#f1 ,k-,kt#a2 #bd4 ,k-,kt#f1 ,k-,b#a2 #be4 ,b-,b#e;ch1 ,k-,kt#a2 #bf4 ,kt-,b#e1 ,k-,r#a2 #bg4 ,b-,k#f1 ,k-,kt#a2 #bh4 ,kt-,r#f;ch1 ,k-,r#a2 #bi4 ,b-,q#e mate4 --------------------------------------- #h ,b ,k --------------------------------------- #g --------------------------------------- #f --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c --------------------------------------- #b --------------------------------------- #a ,k ,kt --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #dc4 ,it is impossible to force a mate with the ,,king ,,and ,,two ,,knights4 ,on the same grounds as given with respect to ,diagram #db1 the mate can only be attained through the opponent making a bad move4 ,but a mate can be forced if the weaker side has a spare move which prevents the stalemate1 e4g4 ,diagram #dd4 --------------------------------------- #h ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,k --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c ,kt --------------------------------------- #b --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #dd #a4 ,kt7,k#c7-,q#e1 ,k-,kt#b2 #b4 ,k-,b#e1 ,k-,r#c2 #c4 ,k-,kt#d1 ,k-,kt#b2 #d4 ,k-,kt#e1 ,k- ,r#b2 #e4 ,kt-,b#g1 ,k-,kt#b2 #f4 ,kt7,b#g7-,k#h1 ,k-,r#b2 #g4 ,kt-,q#f1 ,k-,kt#a2 #h4 ,k- ,kt#f1 ,k-,r#a2 #i4 ,kt-,q#g1 ,p-,b#d2 #aj4 ,kt-,kt#e1 ,p-,b#e2 #aa4 ,kt-,b#g mate4 ,having decided as to the smallest amount of material advantage with which it is possible to force a mate1 we will now turn our attention to simple game endings 7still without pawns74 ,to judge such endings correctly1 it will only be necessary to find out whether it is possible to obtain the minimum advantage mentioned4 ,it is sufficient to discuss cases in which a piece on the one side plays against a stronger one on the other1 because in endings where several pieces are left on either side1 fortuitous circumstances are generally the deciding factors1 and it would be impossible to characterise and classify positions of that kind1 by giving typical illustrations4 ,besides1 they are reduced sooner or later by exchanges to such end-games as have been treated already1 or are going to be shown now4 ,the ,queen wins against any other piece2 the ,rook alone may give trouble4 ,in ,diagram #de we illustrate a --------------------------------------- #h ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,r --------------------------------------- #f ,k --------------------------------------- #e ,q --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c --------------------------------------- #b --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #de position which is one of the most favourable to the weaker side4 #a4 ,q-,r#f leads to nothing1 as ,r-,b#b;ch follows1 and after #b4 ,k-,kt#f ,black forces a stalemate with ,r-,b#c;ch4 ,it is necessary for ,white to gain a move in this position2 in other words1 ,white must try to transfer to the other side the onus of having to move4 ,if then the ,rook moves away from the ,king1 it gets lost after a few checks1 or if ,black's ,king plays to ,b#a1 the ,rook is equally lost through ,q-,r#f4 ,white plays therefore3 #a4 ,q-,k#e;ch1 ,k-,r#a2 #b4 ,q-,r#a;ch1 ,k-,kt#a2 #c4 ,q- ,r#e1 and wins4 ,for example1 #c4 444 ,r-,b#b2 #d4 ,q-,k#e;ch1 ,k-,r#b2 #e4 ,q- ,k#c;ch1 ,k-,r#a2 #f4 ,q-,k#h;ch1 and so on4 ,the ,rook can win against a minor piece in exceptional cases only4 ,in endings of ,,rook ,,against ,,bishop the weaker ,king must take refuge in a corner square of different colour from that of his ,bishop4 ,for instance1 ,diagram #df3 --------------------------------------- #h ,k --------------------------------------- #g --------------------------------------- #f ,k --------------------------------------- #e ,r --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c ,b --------------------------------------- #b --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #df4 #a4 ,r-,q#e1 ,b-,b#e 7or ,r#b72 #b4 ,r-,q#h;ch1 ,b-,kt#a1 and ,black is stalemate unless the ,rook leaves the eighth ,rank4 ,any outside square which is not of the same colour as that of the ,bishop is dangerous for the ,king4 ,imagine the pieces in ,diagram #df shifted two squares towards the centre of the board1 as in ,diagram #dg1 and ,white wins with #a4 ,r-,q,kt#e ,b-,r#e #b4 ,r-,kt#h;ch ,b-,k#a #c4 ,r-,r#h ,the ,bishop is lost1 as it is ,black's move4 ,in endings of ,,rook ,,against ,,knight1 the weaker side loses1 where the ,knight is cut off from his ,king4 ,for instance1 in ,diagram #dh1 #a4 ,r-,q#e6 ,in this 8oblique opposition0 the ,rook takes four of the ,knight's squares3 #a4 444 ,kt-,k#h2 #b4 ,k-,b#e1 ,kt-,b#g2 #c4 ,k-,k#d1 ,kt-,r#f 7,kt-,kt#e82 #d4 ,r-,kt#e;ch6 wins the ,knight74 ,in this ending there is always a fatal check at some point1 and the position in the --------------------------------------- #h ,k --------------------------------------- #g --------------------------------------- #f ,k --------------------------------------- #e ,r --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c ,b --------------------------------------- #b --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #dg diagram is not in any way a chance win4 #d4 ,k-,q#c1 ,k-,b#b2 #e4 ,r-,,qr#e1 ,kt-,kt#h2 #f4 ,r-,r#a1 and wins4 --------------------------------------- #h ,k --------------------------------------- #g --------------------------------------- #f ,k --------------------------------------- #e ,r --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c ,kt --------------------------------------- #b --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #dh ,as soon as the ,knight can obtain the ,king's support the game is drawn even when the ,king is already forced on to the edge of the board4 ,position--,white3 ,k at ,k#f1 ,r at ,k#e ,black3 ,k at ,k#a1 ,kt at ,,qr#b #a4 ,r-,,qb#e1 ,k-,q#a2 #b4 ,k-,q#f1 ,kt-,b#a;ch2 #c4 ,k-,b#f1 ,kt-,k#b;ch1 draw4 ,in this case the ,king must avoid the corners1 as the ,knight would be bereft of his efficiency4 ,position--,white3 ,k at ,,kr#f1 ,r at ,,kr#d ,black3 ,k at ,,kr#a1 ,kt at ,k#b #a4 ,r-,k#d1 ,kt-,kt#a;ch2 #b4 ,k-,kt#f and wins4 ,we come now to the more interesting part of end-game play1 namely1 ,,pawn ,,endings4 ,the best course will be first to study how to turn a material superiority in pawns to decisive advantage1 after which we shall note particular positions1 in which a win is possible with an equality or even an inferiority in pawns4 ,the ending of ,,king ,,and ,,pawn ,,against ,,king is one of the simplest albeit one of the most important of elementary cases4 ,the stronger side will evidently try to queen the pawn4 ,but generally this is not possible if the adverse ,king has command of the queening square4 ,one important condition1 though1 must be complied with3 the weaker ,king must move into 8opposition10 and 8opposition0 is one of the characteristic and deciding factors in most pawn endings4 ,it is absolutely necessary for the learner to understand fully the meaning of the term 8opposition10 and its value in elementary cases ,this knowledge is of far reaching influence in end-games4 --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g --------------------------------------- #f ,k --------------------------------------- #e ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,k --------------------------------------- #c --------------------------------------- #b --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #di ,in ,diagram #di ,white seeks to queen his pawn4 #a4 ,k-,q#d1 ,k-,k#b2 #b4 ,k-,k#e ,with this move ,white assumes the opposition4 ,that is1 he moves into the same rank or file1 separated by one square only1 so that both ,kings stand on squares of the same colour4 ,white has moved last1 it is ,black's turn to move2 it is said in this case that 8,white has the opposition40 ,we shall soon see that ,black is only able to draw the game1 if he succeeds in assuming the opposition himself 7which means that1 having the move1 he should step into opposition74 #b4 444 ,k-,q #b2 #c ,p-,q#f 7,diagram #ej74 --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g ,k --------------------------------------- #f ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,k --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c --------------------------------------- #b --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #ej ,i propose now to recapitulate4 ,this is the critical moment1 namely1 when the pawn reaches the sixth rank4 ,if now ,black plays ,k-,k#a he is lost1 for ,white playing ,k-,k#f has the opposition4 ,after #d4 444 ,k-,q#a1 #e4 ,p-,q#g1 ,black is forced to allow the ,white ,king to move to ,k#g1 covering the queening square2 #e4 444 ,k-,b#b1 #f4 ,k-,k#g1 any2 #g4 ,p queens4 ,but ,black has a draw in the position of ,diagram #ej1 by playing #c4 444 ,k-,q#a66 7not ,k#a74 ,now after #d4 ,k-,k#f he keeps the opposition himself with ,k-,k#a2 and after #e4 ,p-,q#g;ch1 ,k-,q#a2 #f4 ,k-,q#f1 he is stalemated1 or else wins the pawn if ,white plays differently on his sixth move4 ,the ,king draws against ,king and pawn if he commands the queening square1 and if he can retain the opposition on the first rank as soon as the pawn moves into his sixth4 ,it is of the utmost importance that the pawn should be at his sixth2 if the pawn is still further back1 the opposition on the first rank is of no avail4 ,diagram #ea will serve as an example4 ,having the move1 --------------------------------------- #h ,k --------------------------------------- #g --------------------------------------- #f ,k --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c --------------------------------------- #b --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #ea ,white would only draw with ,p-,b#e1 because ,black's ,k-,b#b wins the pawn4 ,but ,white wins as follows3 #a4 ,k-,kt#f1 ,k-,b#a2 #b4 ,k-,b#f1 ,k-,k#a2 #c4 ,k- ,k#f1 ,k-,q#a2 #d4 ,k-,q#f1 ,k-,b sq3 --------------------------------------- #h ,k --------------------------------------- #g --------------------------------------- #f ,k --------------------------------------- #e ,p --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c --------------------------------------- #b --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #eb4 #e4 ,p-,b#e1 ,k-,q sq4 ,we see3 ,black has just assumed the opposition1 but the pawn has not yet crossed to his sixth square1 and ,white1 by playing ,p-,b#f1 again forces ,black to give up the opposition4 ,it might be more clear to put it in this way3 with ,p-,b#f ,white wins the opposition1 in that he brings about a position with ,black to move4 ,therefore the game is won for ,white4 ,since the opposition on the outside rank is of no avail1 when the pawn has not yet played to his sixth square1 the weaker side must try to keep away the opposing ,king from the sixth rank until the pawn has reached that rank4 ,this is possible in positions such as that in ,diagram #ec1 where the stronger --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g --------------------------------------- #f ,k --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c ,k --------------------------------------- #b ,p --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #ec ,king is not more than one rank ahead of his pawn1 and the weaker ,king can assume the opposition4 ,in the position in ,diagram #ec ,black plays ,k-,q#d and maintains the opposition until the pawn moves1 after which a typical position1 similar to the one treated in connection with ,diagram #ej is brought about4 ,if ,white has the move1 however1 he wins easily by #a4 ,k-,b#d1 thus3 #a4 444 ,k-,q#c #b4 ,k-,kt#e ,k-,b#b #c4 ,k-,b#e ,k-,kt#b #d4 ,k-,q#f ,k-,b#a #e4 ,k-,b#f and there is opposition on the eighth rank whilst the pawn has not reached the sixth4 ,if the ,king is more than one rank ahead of his pawn1 as in ,diagram #ed1 the end-game can always be won1 for if ,black --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g --------------------------------------- #f ,k --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d ,k --------------------------------------- #c --------------------------------------- #b ,p --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #ed takes the opposition with ,k-,q#c1 ,white deprives him of it again1 winning a move by ,p-,b#c1 and the position is similar to that in ,diagram #ec1 with ,white to move4 #a4 444 ,k-,q#c #b4 ,p-,b#c ,k-,b#c #c4 ,k-,b#d and wins4 ,this settles all typical end-games of ,king and pawn against ,king4 ,there is1 however1 one exception to the rules set out1 namely1 when a ,,rook',s ,,pawn is concerned4 ,here the isolated ,king always succeeds in drawing if he can reach the corner where the pawn has to queen1 for he cannot be driven out again4 ,the ,rook's pawn affords another opportunity for the weaker side to draw4 ,diagram #ee will illustrate this1 and similar positions are of frequent occurrence in practice4 ,here ,black draws with #a4 444 ,k-,b#e4 ,as he threatens to capture the pawn1 ,white must play #b4 ,p-,r#d4 ,then after the reply ,k-,b#d1 ,white is still unable to cut the opponent off from the corner with ,k-,kt#g1 as the loss of the pawn is still threatened through ,k-,kt#e4 ,and after #c4 ,p-,r#e ,black attains the position which is typical for this end-game1 namely the opposition against the ,king on the ,rook's file4 ,the latter cannot escape without giving up the contested corner1 and the game is drawn4 #c4 444 ,k-,b#c2 #d4 ,k-,r#g1 ,k-,b#b2 #e4 ,k-,r#h1 ,k-,b#a2 #f4 ,p-,r#f1 ,k-,b#b2 #g4 ,p-,r#g1 ,k-,b#a3 and ,white is stalemated4 --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g --------------------------------------- #f ,k --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c ,k --------------------------------------- #b ,p --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #ee ,end-games with a majority of one pawn1 when both sides still have pawns1 are much more simple to manipulate4 ,such games result in positions of which ,diagram #ef is a --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,k --------------------------------------- #e ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,k --------------------------------------- #b --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #ef typical instance4 ,here ,white does not even need to ,queen his passed pawn4 ,the mere threat forces the win4 ,for the pawn at ,kt#d reduces the mobility of the ,black ,king1 in so far as the latter must at all times be ready to reach the queening square in as few moves as the pawn1 or else the pawn would queen unmolested4 ,the ,white ,king can therefore capture the opposing ,bishop's pawn in peace and then queen his own4 #a4 ,k-,k#d1 ,k-,k#c2 #b4 ,p-,kt#e1 ,k-,k#b2 #c4 ,k-,k#e1 ,k-,b#b2 #d4 ,k-,q#f1 and so on2 or #a4 444 ,k-,kt#d ,kx,p2 #c4 ,k-,q#f1 ,k-,b#d2 #d4 ,kx,p1 ,k-,k#c2 #e4 ,k-,kt#g1 and so on4 ,such positions as ,diagram #ef are also reached when there are several pawns on each wing4 ,the stronger side exchanges pawns on the wing where there is a majority until the extra pawn is passed4 ,the winning process is not quite so simple when all the pawns are on the same wing1 because exchanges are of no use unless the ,king can assume the opposition in front of the last remaining pawn 7compare notes to ,diagram #ec74 ,in ,diagram #eg1 for instance1 ,white must not play ,p-,b#d4 ,therefore he can only win by gaining the ,knight's ,pawn1 --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g --------------------------------------- #f ,k --------------------------------------- #e ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,k --------------------------------------- #c --------------------------------------- #b ,p --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #eg that is1 by bringing his ,king to ,b#e4 ,this he achieves by forcing the ,black ,king to relinquish the opposition with #a4 ,p-,b#c4 #a4 444 ,k-,b#c2 #b4 ,k-,k#e1 ,k-,kt#b2 #c4 ,k-,q#f1 ,k-,kt#c2 #d4 ,k-,q#e1 ,k-,kt#b2 #e4 ,k-,b#e1 ,k-,r#c2 #f4 ,k-,b#f1 and wins1 as ,black must abandon the pawn4 ,this position1 being of frequent occurrence1 is most important1 and ,i recommend it as a valuable study in the use of the opposition4 ,before ,i discuss positions of greater complexity1 in which the only way to win is by sacrificing the extra pawn1 ,i shall treat of end-games in which positional advantages ensure the victory although the pawns are equal4 ,here we shall find simple cases in which pawn manuvres bring about the win1 and more intricate ones in which ,king moves are the deciding factor4 ,of the former the most important type is the end-game with the 8distant passed pawn40 ,a typical example is the position in ,diagram #eh1 in which ,black wins4 --------------------------------------- #h ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #eh ,the ,king's moves are outlined by the necessity of capturing the opposing passed pawn1 after which the ,black ,king is two files nearer the battle-field 7the ,queen's side71 so that the ,white pawns must fall4 #a4 ,k-,kt#b1 ,k-,kt#b2 #b4 ,k-,kt#c1 ,k-,b#c2 #c4 ,k-,kt#d1 ,k-,k#d2 #d4 ,p-,b#d;ch1 ,k-,b#c2 #e4 ,k-,kt#c1 ,p-,r#d2 #f4 ,k-,r#d1 ,k-,b#d2 #g4 ,kx,p1 ,kx,p2 #h4 ,k-,kt#f1 ,k-,k#d1 and so on4 ,for similar reasons the position in ,diagram #ei is lost for ,black4 ,white obtains a passed pawn on the opposite wing to that of the ,king4 ,he forces the ,black ,king to abandon his ,king's side pawns1 and these are lost4 ,i give the moves in full1 because this is another important example characteristic of the ever recurring necessity of applying our arithmetical rule4 ,by simply enumerating the moves necessary for either player to queen his pawn--,,separately for ,white and ,black--we can see the result of our intended manuvres1 however far ahead we have to extend our calculations4 #a4 ,p-,r#d1 ,k-,k#c2 #b4 ,p-,r#e1 ,px,p2 #c4 ,px,p1 ,k-,q#c ,now the following calculations show that ,black is lost4 ,white needs ten moves in order to queen on the ,king's side1 namely1 five to capture the ,black ,king's side pawns 7,k-,k#d1 ,b#e1 ,kt#f1 ,r#f1 ,kt#e71 one to free the way for his pawn1 and four moves with the pawn4 ,after ten moves1 ,black only --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,p ,k ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,k --------------------------------------- #b --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #ei gets his pawn to ,b#f4 ,he requires six moves to capture the ,white ,queen's side pawns1 one to make room for his pawn at ,b#c1 and after three moves the pawn only gets to ,b#f4 ,white then wins by means of many checks1 forcing the ,black ,king to block the way of his own pawn1 thus gaining time for his ,king to approach4 ,as we shall see later on 7p4 #ig71 if the pawn had already reached ,b#g1 whilst under protection by his ,k1 the game would be drawn4 ,it is necessary to make it a rule to examine positions in which each side has a passed pawn1 by counting the moves in the way first shown4 ,it is just because end-games can be calculated to a nicety1 there being no moves of which the consequences cannot be foreseen1 that we note in contemporary master play a tendency to simplify the middle-game by exchanging pieces1 as soon as there is an infinitesimal advantage in the pawn position 7compare the game ,charousek-,heinrichsen1 p4 #ajh74 ,we will now turn our attention to positions in which the pawns opposed on each wing are of equal number and no passed pawn can be forced through4 ,everything depends on the relative position of the ,kings4 ,the deciding factor in valuing the ,king's position is whether pawn moves are possible1 or whether they are already entirely or nearly exhausted1 so that only manuvres by the ,king are possible4 ,the following illustrations make the position clear4 ,we shall see that the importance of getting the opposition is paramount4 ,diagram #fj shows a simple instance in which there are no --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g --------------------------------------- #f ,k --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,k --------------------------------------- #b --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #fj more pawn moves4 ,whoever has the move wins by assuming the opposition4 ,the opposing ,king must then give the way free to one of the pawns4 ,the state of affairs in ,diagram #fa is similar to that in ,diagram #fj4 ,having the move1 ,white plays into opposition and forces his way to ,q#e1 after which ,black's ,bishop's pawn is lost4 #a4 ,k-,k#d1 ,k-,q#c2 #b4 ,k-,b#e1 ,k-,q#b2 #c4 ,k-,k#e1 ,k-,b#c2 #d4 ,k-,k#f1 ,k-,b#b2 #e4 ,k- ,q#e1 ,k-,kt#c2 #f4 ,k-,q#f1 and so on 7compare ,diagram #eg74 ,if ,black has the move he can only draw1 because the ,white ,bishop's pawn is covered even though ,black gains the square at ,q#e4 #a4 444 ,k-,k#d2 #b4 ,k-,q#c1 ,k-,b#e2 #c4 ,k-,q#b66 and whatever ,black plays ,white wins the opposition1 so that the ,black ,king's ingress is stopped2 #b4 ,k-,k#b loses the game because of #c4 444 ,k-,k#e2 #d4 ,k-,q#b1 ,k-,q#e2 #e4 ,k-,b#b1 ,k-,k#f2 #f4 ,k-,b#a1 ,k-,q#f2 #g4 ,k-,kt#b1 ,k-,q#g2 #h4 ,k-,kt#a1 ,k- ,b#f2 #i4 ,k-,r#b1 ,k-,b#g1 and wins4 --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g --------------------------------------- #f ,k --------------------------------------- #e ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,k --------------------------------------- #b --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #fa ,i shall take this opportunity of explaining what is called 8distant opposition40 ,in ,diagram #fb1 ,white with the move wins by #a4 ,k-,k#b1 thus assuming 8distant opposition0 7squares of the same colour6674 ,if ,black now enters his second rank1 ,white immediately plays into opposition on his third rank1 e4g4 #a4 444 ,k-,q#b2 #b4 ,k- ,q#c1 and still maintains it by #c4 ,k-,k#c if ,black plays a waiting move such as #b4 444 ,k-,k#b4 ,now ,black has no further waiting moves1 as ,white threatens to capture one of the pawns4 ,but playing into the third rank is of no use1 as ,white then assumes the direct opposition1 and wins as in ,diagram #fj4 ,black must allow ,white access to one side or the other4 ,he could not have remained on the first rank at the outset either1 for after #a4 444 ,k-,q#a1 ,white advances through a square1 to which ,black cannot assume the opposition1 namely1 #b4 ,k-,b#c4 ,if now ,black wishes to answer the threat of ,k-,b #d-,kt#e and plays ,k-,k#b1 ,white answers #c4 ,k-,k#c as before4 #b4 ,k-,k#c or ,,kq#c would be wrong1 as ,black would then succeed in assuming the opposition at ,k#b or ,q#b1 and would be able to maintain it4 ,white would be unable to circumvent this or to attack the pawns4 --------------------------------------- #h ,k --------------------------------------- #g --------------------------------------- #f --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c --------------------------------------- #b ,k --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #fb ,in this position1 too1 there is ample scope for the study of the opposition4 ,if the pawns are still standing behind1 the ,king who has the most advanced position has always the advantage1 because he threatens to attack the opposing pawns should they leave their base4 ,white has more pawn moves at his disposal1 and will nearly always succeed in assuming the opposition4 ,for instance1 in ,diagram #fc1 ,white1 having the move1 wins because his ,king gets first into the centre of the board4 #a4 ,k-,k#c1 ,k-,q#b2 #b4 ,k-,b#d1 ,k-,k#b2 #c4 ,k-,kt#e ,k-,b#b2 #d4 ,k-,r#f1 ,k-,kt#a2 #e4 ,p-,,kb#d1 ,k-,r#a2 #f4 ,p-,b#e1 ,px,p2 #g4 ,k-,kt#e1 ,k-,kt#b2 #h4 ,kx,p1 ,k-,b#b4 ,black has now the opposition but cannot maintain it1 having no pawn moves available4 ,the ,white ,king threatens to capture any pawn that ventures forward4 #i4 ,k-,k#e1 ,k-,k#b2 #aj4 ,k-,q#e1 ,k-,q#b2 #aa4 ,p-,b#d1 ,p-,b#c;ch2 #ab4 ,k-,k#e1 ,k-,k#b2 #ac4 ,p-,b#e1 and wins1 as ,black will soon be compelled to play ,k-,q#b1 after which a manuvre shown previously gives ,white the ,queen's ,bishop's pawn4 l#c4 444 ,p-,,kr#d2 #ad4 ,p-,,kr#d1 ,p-,r#d2 #ae4 ,p-,r#d6 ,k-,q#b2 #af4 ,k-,b#f1 ,k-,o#a3 #ag4 ,k-,k#f1 and so on4 ,if in ,diagram #fc the ,king stood at ,q#b instead of ,b#a1 he could just manage to draw4 ,white takes eleven moves to capture the ,black ,king's side pawns1 and to queen one of --------------------------------------- #h ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,k ,p --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #fc his own1 as can be easily seen4 ,in eleven moves ,black captures the opposing ,,qbp and queens his own4 ,we see here how the ,king's position can be counterbalanced by the weakness of a pawn1 and lead to a draw4 ,if the ,white ,,qbp was not isolated but standing1 for instance1 at ,q,kt#b1 ,black would be lost1 as calculation easily shows4 ,the strength or weakness of a pawn position1 which1 as we saw1 had so deciding an influence in the end-game position just treated1 is one of the most important factors in a game of chess1 and should have full consideration in the middle game4 ,a pawn1 when isolated1 is naturally weaker than when it is or can be protected by another4 ,it may easily lead to the loss of a game1 as the mobility of the ,king or a piece is reduced by having to protect the pawn 7compare ,end-game1 p4 #ajb74 ,it is frequently and erroneously thought that ,,doubled pawns as such are a weakness4 ,doubled pawns are weak when ,,isolated1 for they cannot support each other4 ,but if doubled pawns can be supported by a pawn on the next file they need not by any means be at a disadvantage against three united single pawns on the opposite side4 ,for instance1 in ,diagram #fd1 if ,black had a pawn at ,q,kt#c instead of ,r#b1 ,white would have no winning chances4 ,he could not attack the pawns1 nor would any kind of manuvres force a passed pawn through4 ,in the diagram1 however1 ,white wins through --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,k --------------------------------------- #f ,p --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d ,k --------------------------------------- #c ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #fd #a4 ,k-,b#e2 ,black cannot then hold the pawn at ,b#c4 #a4 444 ,p-,r#c2 #b4 ,p-,kt#d4 ,in this particular case the win is made easy by the fact that the ,white ,king is able to attack the ,black pawn at once4 ,but even without this advantage1 the weakness of --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,k --------------------------------------- #e ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,k --------------------------------------- #c ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #fe doubled pawns usually entails the loss of the game4 ,diagram #fe may serve as an example4 #a4 ,k-,q#d1 ,p-,b#d;ch2 #b4 ,k-,b#d1 ,k-,b#c2 #c4 ,p-,b#c ,k-,kt#c2 #d4 ,k-,q#e1 ,p-,b#c;ch2 #e4 ,k-,b#d1 and wins4 ,doubled pawns are a drawback1 even when not isolated1 should there be no way of obtaining a passed pawn by exchanging them against a smaller number of single pawns4 ,this is illustrated in ,diagram #ff1 in which ,black wins because the three pawns on the ,king's side hold up the four ,white pawns and the ,black ,king can assail the ,white pawns from the rear1 --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,k ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #ff the ,white ,king being fettered by the necessity of capturing the ,,qbp4 ,the proper formation for the ,black pawns would be at ,b#c1 ,kt#b1 ,r#c1 after which ,white cannot force a pawn through by playing ,p-,b#d and ,p-,kt#e1 as ,black can refrain from making any exchange4 ,black could not afford to leave the pawns where they are1 because even if there were no ,white pawn at ,b#b1 ,white would1 by playing ,p-,kt#e1 threaten to win in the following way3 #a4 ,p-,kt#f1 ,b,px,p2 #b4 ,p-,r#f1 and ,p-,b#f1 etc42 or #a4 444 ,r,px,p2 #b4 ,p- ,b#f1 with ,p-,r#f1 etc4 ,in a game ,ed4 ,lasker-,moll 7,berlin championship1 #aijd71 from which the position is taken1 ,black played ,p-,r#c in order to obtain the formation mentioned above1 and ,white resigned after #b4 ,p-,b#d8 ,p-,b#c1 ,p-,kt#e1 ,k-,q#e4 ,there was1 however1 a pretty win after ,black's ,p-,r#c1 namely3 #b4 ,p-,b#f1 ,px,p2 #c4 ,p-,b#d1 ,k-,q#e2 #d4 ,p-,kt#e1 ,b,px,p2 #e4 ,px,p1 ,k-,k#d2 #f4 ,px,p1 ,k-,b#f2 #g4 ,k- ,b#b and ,black is lost1 because his own pawn obstructs the square ,b#b1 and the ,king must release the square ,kt#b1 after which the ,white pawn queens4 ,this winning combination1 however1 is only an interesting exception to the rule that positions of this kind are generally won by the side which possesses the passed pawn4 ,in this particular case ,black could have made the position secure by obtaining the ideal position of ,b#c ,kt#b ,r#c for his pawns earlier1 before the ,white pawns could advance so far4 ,in the position of ,diagram #ff ,black could still have won by playing ,p-,b#c4 ,after #b4 ,p-,r#f1 ,px,p2 #c4 ,p-,b#d1 ,k-,q#d2 the ,black ,king has time to overtake the passed pawn which results on the ,bishop's file4 ,to conclude the study of pawn endings with an equal number of pawns on either side1 we will discuss ,diagram #fg1 --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g --------------------------------------- #f --------------------------------------- #e ,k ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,k ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p --------------------------------------- #b --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #fg which illustrates a curious position occurring from time to time in practice4 ,whoever has the move wins by moving into distant opposition4 ,white1 therefore1 should play ,k-,k#e ,k-,q#e would lose1 as ,black would play ,k-,kt#e1 protecting his pawn and attacking the ,white pawn1 the protection of which ,white has to give up next move4 ,in the same way ,black with the move cannot play ,k-,kt#e because ,white wins the pawn with ,k-,q#e4 ,after #a4 ,k-,k#e ,black cannot avoid the loss of the game1 e4g4 ,k-,r#c2 #b4 ,k-,q#e1 ,k-,kt#c2 #c4 ,k-,q#f1 and so on4 ,black with the move wins similarly with ,k-,r#e4 ,we have still to consider end-games in which a draw results in spite of a majority of pawns1 or where a win can only be achieved by the sacrifice of an extra pawn4 ,diagram #fh shows the latter case4 ,here ,white can only win in the following manner3 #a4 ,p-,kt#d;ch1 ,px,pch2 #b4 ,k-,kt#c1 ,k any2 #c4 ,kx,p1 and wins4 ,any other way would allow --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g --------------------------------------- #f --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,k ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,k --------------------------------------- #b --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #fh ,black to assume the opposition and to force the draw1 e4g4 #a4 ,k- ,b#b1 ,k-,b#c6 #b4 ,k-,q#c1 ,k-,q#d1 etc4 ,not #a4 ,k-,b#b1 ,k-,kt#e8 #b4 ,k-,kt#b1 ,k-,b#d1 #c4 ,k-,b#c1 etc41 as in ,diagram #eg4 --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g --------------------------------------- #f ,k ,p --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,k --------------------------------------- #b --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #fi ,a counterpart to this position is found in ,diagram #fi1 which shows one of the few cases in which the possession of an extra pawn does not force a win4 ,it seems at first sight as if ,white could win by simply assuming the opposition with #a4 ,k-,k#d continued3 444 ,k-,k#b2 #b4 ,k-,q#e1 ,k-,q#b2 #c4 ,p-,b#e1 ,k-,k#b2 #d4 ,k-,b#f1 etc4 ,but ,black would reply #a4 444 ,p-,b#d;ch6 and after #b4 ,px,pch1 ,k-,b#c followed by ,kx,p ensure the draw4 ,we come now to those end-games in which pieces as well as pawns are left on the board4 ,as it is my aim to give typical examples1 ,i shall confine myself to positions where there is only one piece besides the ,king4 ,most end-games with several pieces can be reduced to that4 ,in nearly all end-games with pieces the ,king's manuvres used in pawn endings are of no avail1 as far as opposition is concerned1 as the advantage of opposition means that the opponent is forced to move his ,king1 and as long as there are pieces on the board1 such 8forced move0 positions are infrequent4 ,however1 the strength of the pawn position is of the same importance as in pawn endings1 just as the command of as many squares as possible is essential for the ,king4 ,a third and very important factor is again the mobility of pieces4 ,a good example is found in ,diagram #gj1 a position from a game ,post-,leonhardt 7,berlin ,jubilee ,tournament1 #aijg74 --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,k ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,k ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,b ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #b --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #gj ,black's pawn position is weaker1 because the ,white pawns1 being on ,black squares1 cannot be attacked by the ,bishop1 whilst ,black has two isolated pawns on ,white squares4 ,furthermore the ,black ,bishop has less mobility than the ,white one1 and finally the ,black ,king is tied to his ,q#c1 to prevent ,white's entry at ,b#e or ,k#e4 ,these drawbacks decide the issue4 #a4 444 ,b-,r#b2 #b4 ,p-,r#d1 ,b- ,kt#c2 #c4 ,b-,b#b1 ,p-,r#d4 7,after ,b-,r#b ,white would command the square at ,kt#f through ,p-,r#e72 #d4 ,b-,q#c1 ,b-,r#b2 #e4 ,b-,b#a1 and ,black resigns1 for ,white threatens to establish his ,bishop at ,b#c1 where the pawns at ,q#e and ,r#e are both attacked1 whilst the ,black ,bishop is at once forced to occupy the only square from which both pawns are covered1 namely ,b#b4 ,as this square must be abandoned in the next move1 ,black loses a pawn and the game4 #e4 444 ,b-,kt#a2 #f4 ,b-,k#b1 ,b-,b#b2 #g4 ,b-,b#c1 and wins1 or #e4 444 ,b-,kt#c2 #f4 ,b-,kt#b1 ,b-,b#b2 #g4 ,b-,b#c1 and wins4 ,a corresponding instance of ,,knight ,v4 ,,bishop is the end-game ,blackburne-,schlechter 7p4 #ajb74 ,it is difficult to gauge the relative value of ,bishop and ,knight in the end-game4 ,the ,knight has the advantage of access to all squares2 against that the ,bishop is able to fight at long range1 and offers opportunities of gaining moves in certain positions where there is a 8forced move0 7compare p4 #ij74 ,as already stated1 two ,bishops are superior to two ,knights because the limitation of the colour of squares ceases4 ,a ,rook generally wins against a ,bishop or a ,knight1 sometimes even against a majority of one or two pawns1 provided1 of course1 that there are still pawns on the ,rook's side1 and that their exchange cannot be forced4 ,the following position 7,diagram #ga71 from a game ,moll-,post1 shows how to proceed in such cases4 ,here ,white can force a win in the following way3 #a4 ,rx,p1 ,p-,kt#f2 #b4 ,r-,r#f1 ,px,p2 #c4 ,rx,p1 ,k-,b#b2 #d4 ,r-,b#b1 ,b-,kt#e2 #e4 ,r-,b#d1 ,b-,r#d2 #f4 ,p- ,b#d6 ,the ,black pawn position must first be torn up1 if it is to be attacked successfully4 ,now ,black's defeat is inevitable1 whether the pawn is taken or not4 ,the sequel would be #f4 444 ,px,p2 #g4 ,rx,p1 after which the ,rook goes to ,,kr#e and the ,rook's pawn must fall1 or3 #f4 444 ,k-,kt#c2 #g4 ,px,p1 ,px,p2 #h4 ,r-,b#f;ch1 ,k-,kt#b2 #i4 ,r-,b#e1 and the ,bishop's pawn is lost1 unless ,black gives up his passed pawn4 ,in this case ,black loses also3 #i4 ,r-,b#e1 ,b-,q#a2 #aj4 ,kx,p1 ,k-,kt#c2 #aa4 ,k-,q#c1 ,b-,b#c2 #ab4 ,r- ,b#f1 ,k-,kt#b2 #ac4 ,k-,k#d1 ,k-,kt#c2 #ad4 ,r-,r#f1 ,k-,b#b2 #ae4 ,k-,b#e1 ,b-,q#a2 #af4 ,r-,k,kt#f1 followed by ,rx,p1 etc4 ,the ,queen against a minor piece wins so easily that it is not necessary to give an example4 ,it only remains to discuss end- --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g ,r --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,k --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,b ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,k --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #ga games of ,,queen ,v4 ,,queen1 ,,rook ,v4 ,,rook1 ,,and ,,minor ,,piece ,v4 ,,minor ,,piece1 in which one player has a majority of pawns1 or an equal number of pawns1 one of which is passed4 ,as a rule the extra --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g --------------------------------------- #f ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c ,kt ,k ,p ,k --------------------------------------- #b --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #gb pawn leads to a win4 ,there are1 however1 exceptions frequently recurring in practice to which ,i must refer specially4 ,diagram #gb shows an end-game with a ,rook's pawn and a ,bishop 8of the wrong colour40 ,white draws with #a4 ,kt-,q#b1 ,p-,b#g2 #b4 ,kt-,k#d;ch1 ,k-,kt#g2 #c4 ,ktx,p1 and draws1 as ,black1 in order to capture the ,white pawn1 after ,kx,kt must give the ,white ,king access to the ,rook's square1 from which he could not be dislodged except by a ,bishop on ,white squares4 ,in ,diagram #gc ,white cannot win although his ,bishop is of the 8right colour0 by #a4 ,p-,b#g1 ,ktx,p2 #b4 ,bx,kt1 and ,white cannot win the ,rook's pawn4 ,he can only attack the pawn from ,kt#g or ,kt#h1 both of which are inaccessible as the ,black ,king gets to ,kt#a4 ,it is a stalemate position4 ,if the ,white --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g ,k ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,k ,b --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c --------------------------------------- #b --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #gc pawn were still at ,r#e1 ,white's ,king could attack the pawn from ,r#f and secure the win4 ,in the position given1 ,white could only win by keeping his passed pawn1 and indeed it is possible to win by gaining a move with the ,bishop4 ,in the diagram it is ,white's move4 ,black with the move could not play ,k-,b#b because ,k-,q#f would follow4 ,the ,knight would have to move1 allowing the pawn to queen4 ,therefore ,white must try to bring about the same position with ,black to move4 ,he can do this1 for instance1 in the following way3 #a4 ,b-,kt#c1 ,k-,b#b 7now #b4 ,k-,q#f would be bad on account of ,kt-,q#e1 #c4 ,p-,b#g1 ,kt-,kt#e;ch1 and ,ktx,p72 #b4 ,b-,r#b1 ,k-,k#b2 #c4 ,b-,k#e4 ,now ,white's plan has succeeded2 the same position has occurred1 and it is ,black's move4 ,as mentioned before1 the ,king must not move1 but ,knight's moves are of no avail4 ,if #c4 444 ,kt-,kt#d2 #d4 ,b-,b#f;ch1 the ,knight is lost1 or alternatively the pawn queens4 ,on #c4 444 ,kt- ,b#a1 ,b-,q#f;ch decides1 and on #c4 444 ,kt-,q#a2 #d4 ,b-,b#f;ch1 ,k-,k#a2 #e4 ,bx,kt would follow4 ,on this occasion ,i should like to point out that it is impossible to gain a move with a ,knight1 as a square which is accessible to him in an odd number of moves cannot be reached by him in an even number4 ,a simple instance is ,diagram #gd4 --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g ,k ,k --------------------------------------- #f ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c --------------------------------------- #b --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #gd ,white loses1 having the move4 #a4 ,k-,r#h1 ,kt-,k#d2 #b4 ,k-,r#b1 ,kt-,q#b2 #c4 ,k-,r#h1 ,kt-,b#a2 #d4 ,p-,r#g1 ,kt-,kt#c mate4 ,black with the move cannot win1 as he cannot bring about the same position with ,white to move4 ,in end-games of ,,bishop ,v4 ,,bishop1 of which we have already had an example in ,diagram #gj1 an extra pawn wins in most cases if the ,bishops are of the same colour4 ,it is generally possible to force an exchange of ,bishops and obtain one of the well-known pawn endings4 ,on the other hand an ending with ,bishops of different colour leads mostly to a draw1 frequently even against a majority of two pawns4 ,the position in ,diagram #ge is a draw1 because it is impossible for the ,white ,king to get round his ,kt pawn to drive off the ,bishop4 --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g --------------------------------------- #f ,b --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,k ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,k --------------------------------------- #c ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,b --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #ge ,with two passed pawns distant from each other1 a win can generally be forced1 as in the following position 7,diagram #gf74 --------------------------------------- #h ,b --------------------------------------- #g --------------------------------------- #f ,k --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,k --------------------------------------- #c ,b --------------------------------------- #b --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #gf ,the ,king moves up to the pawn1 the progress of which is barred by the ,bishop 7not the ,king74 ,he thereby forces the sacrifice of the ,bishop4 ,if the ,black ,king comes to the rescue of the ,bishop1 the other pawn proves ,black's downfall4 #a4 ,k-,k#d1 ,k-,k#b2 #b4 ,k-,q#e1 ,k-,q#b2 #c4 ,b-,k#d1 ,b-,k#b2 #d4 ,p-,kt#f1 ,b-,q#a2 #e4 ,p-,kt#g1 ,k-,b#b2 #f4 ,k-,k#f1 and wins2 or #e4 444 ,b-,b#b2 #f4 ,p-,b#f1 ,b-,r#g2 #f4 ,b-,b#b1 ,k-,k#a2 #h4 ,k-,k#f1 ,b-,kt#a2 #i4 ,b-,kt#f;ch1 ,k-,b#a2 #aj4 ,k-,q#g1 and wins4 ,when the pawns are united1 one should observe this rule3 if they are attacked1 they should1 if possible1 move to squares of the colour of the opposing ,bishop4 ,therefore in the position set out in ,diagram #gg ,white should not play ,p-,b#e1 but ,p-,k#e4 ,after #a4 ,p-,b#e there is no possible chance for ,white to assume the command of the ,black squares1 and in order to advance the pawns it is necessary --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g ,b ,k --------------------------------------- #f --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c --------------------------------------- #b ,k --------------------------------------- #a ,b --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #gg to force access to both ,white and ,black squares4 ,in the present instance play would proceed on these lines3 #a4 ,p-,k#e1 ,b-,r#d2 #b4 ,k-,k#c1 ,k-,b#b2 #c4 ,k-,k#d1 ,k-,k#b2 #d4 ,p-,b#e1 ,b-,kt#e2 #e4 ,p-,b#f;ch1 ,k-,b#a2 #f4 ,p-,k#f1 ,b-,r#f2 #g4 ,b-,r#d1 ,b-,kt#e4 ,white can only get through with the ,king's ,pawn1 as ,p-,b#g is unavailing on the grounds set out above4 ,but in order to play ,p-,k#g1 the square ,k#g must first be covered a second time1 so that the ,bishop cannot be given up for the two pawns4 ,therefore3 #h4 ,k-,q#e1 ,b-,r#f 7,b-,b#f2 ,p- ,k#g;ch72 #i4 ,k-,b#f1 ,k-,k#a2 #aj4 ,k-,b#g;ch1 ,k-,b#a2 #aa4 ,k-,q#g1 and wins4 ,in end-games with one ,knight on each side1 an extra pawn usually decides the game much in the same way as in end-games with ,bishops of the same colour2 frequently even with equal pawns1 the possession of a passed pawn is sufficient1 as it keeps either the ,king or the ,knight busy1 so that there is only one piece available for the defence of the pawns4 ,an instructive example is the end-game ,ed4 ,lasker-,rotlevi on p4 #ajj4 ,end-games with ,rook against ,rook are the most frequent1 as well as the most difficult4 ,here the possession of an extra pawn is seldom sufficient for a win1 unless the stronger side has also an advantage in the greater mobility of the ,rook4 ,diagram #gh is typical of such cases1 frequent in practice1 in --------------------------------------- #h ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,r ,p ,k --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,k ,p --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #gh which the greater mobility is the deciding factor4 ,although ,white has one pawn more1 he can only win by reducing the mobility of the ,black ,rook through the following manuvre3 #a4 ,r-,b#b1 ,r-,q#b2 #b4 ,r-,r#b1 ,r-,r#b4 ,now the ,black ,rook has only one move left1 whilst the ,white ,rook has the freedom of the ,rook's file4 ,for instance1 the ,rook can be posted at ,r#e and prevent the ,black ,king from attacking ,white's ,king's side pawns1 whilst the ,white ,king makes for the ,r at ,r#g and effects its capture4 ,if1 on the other hand1 the ,black ,king tries to obstruct the way to the ,queen's side1 ,white penetrates into the ,black pawn position4 ,black cannot maintain the opposition because the ,white ,rook has spare moves1 the ,black ,rook none4 e4g4 #c4 ,k-,b#c1 ,k-,kt#c2 #d4 ,r-,r#e1 ,k-,b#c2 #e4 ,k-,k#d1 ,k-,k#c2 #f4 ,r-,r#d1 ,p-,kt#c2 #g4 ,r-,r#e1 ,k-,q#c2 #h4 ,k-,q#d1 ,k-,b#c2 #i4 ,k-,k#e1 and wins the pawns4 ,having the move1 ,black would draw the game by3 #a4 444 ,r-,q#g;ch2 #b4 ,k-,r#c1 ,r-,r#g4 ,by placing his ,rook behind the passed pawn he condemns the opposing ,rook to inactivity1 whilst his own is free to move on the ,rook's file4 ,if now the ,white ,king comes up1 he will in the end force the sacrifice of the ,black ,rook for the pawn1 but meanwhile the ,black ,king captures the ,white pawns1 and with passed pawns on the ,king's side might get winning chances4 ,when there is only one pawn left in endings of ,r against ,r1 the weaker side maintains the draw1 if the ,king can command the queening square4 ,diagram #gi shows a position favourable to the stronger side1 and which can mostly be obtained in this end-game4 ,but here1 too1 ,black forces a draw with a pretty manuvre3 #a4 444 ,r-,b#b2 #b4 ,r-,k,kt#b1 ,r-,q#b;ch2 #c4 ,,pxr1 and ,black is stalemate4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,k --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c --------------------------------------- #b ,r --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #gi ,the chances of a draw are even greater in endings of ,q against ,q1 as the ,king on the stronger side can seldom evade perpetual check4 ,for the sake of completeness ,i will show a few cases in which ,q or ,r cannot win against an advanced pawn4 ,in ,diagram #hj ,white can still draw1 for in five moves the pawn reaches ,kt#g1 supported by the ,king at ,r#g1 and in that time ,black cannot come up with his ,king1 so that he must give up the ,rook for the pawn4 ,two passed pawns win1 even when the ,king is away from them1 if they have reached their sixth square4 ,in ,diagram #ha1 for instance1 ,white is lost1 --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g --------------------------------------- #f --------------------------------------- #e ,k --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,r --------------------------------------- #c --------------------------------------- #b --------------------------------------- #a ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #hj4 as ,black gives up his ,rook at ,q#g and plays ,p-,kt#f1 after which one of the pawns queens4 ,the ,queen wins against an advanced pawn1 even when the latter is supported by the ,king2 only the ,r or ,b pawn can --------------------------------------- #h ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,r --------------------------------------- #f ,k --------------------------------------- #e ,r --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p --------------------------------------- #b --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #ha4 draw sometimes1 when the pawn is on the seventh supported by the ,king1 and the opposing ,q cannot move to the queening square4 ,the following illustrates the three principal cases3 ,a4 ,position--,white3 ,k at ,q,kt#h1 ,p at ,,qr#g ,black3 ,k at ,,qr#h1 ,q at ,,qb#c ,black must stop the pawn and plays ,q-,kt#c;ch4 ,white answers with ,k- ,r sq and is stalemate unless ,white lets the ,kt's file free again4 ,this end-game can only be won if the stronger ,king can assume the opposition in two moves4 ,therefore1 if in the above example the ,black ,king was standing at ,q#e1 ,black would win as follows3 #a4 444 ,q-,k#a;ch2 #b4 ,k-,kt#g1 ,q-,k#b;ch2 #c4 ,k-,kt#h1 ,k-,b#d2 #d4 ,p-,r#h ,q1 ,k-,kt#c4 and ,white cannot cover the mate4 ,b4 ,position--,white3 ,k at ,q,kt#h1 ,p at ,,qb#g ,black3 ,k at ,q#e1 ,q at ,,qb#c ,white draws3 #a4 444 ,q-,kt#c;ch2 #b4 ,k-,r#h1 ,qx,p stalemate4 ,c4 ,position--,white3 ,k at ,q,kt#h1 ,p at ,q,kt#g ,black3 ,k at ,q#e1 ,q at ,,qb#c ,white loses4 #a4 ,k-,r#g1 ,q-,r#e;ch2 #b4 ,k-,kt#f1 ,q-,kt#e;ch2 #c4 ,k-,b#g1 ,q-,b#d;ch2 #d4 ,k-,q#h1 ,q- ,q#c;ch2 #e4 ,k-,b#h1 ,q-,b#c;ch2 #f4 ,k-,kt#h1 ,k-,b#d2 #g4 ,k-,r#g1 ,q-,r#e;ch2 #h4 ,k-,kt#h1 ,k-,b#c2 #i4 ,k-,b#h1 ,q-,r#c1 etc4 ,,end-,,games ,,from ,,master ,,play ,in the following pages ,i give some instructive examples taken from tournament play4 ,step by step we will find how very important is the knowledge of the simple endings treated in the last chapter4 ,we shall see that it is often necessary to consider many moves ahead to find the correct line1 but that it is nearly always possible to foresee every consequence with unfailing certainty4 ,moreover1 because of the reduction of forces there is no call to take very many variations into consideration4 ,this explains why there is a tendency in modern master play to enforce the exchange of pieces1 as soon as there is the slightest advantage sufficient to bring about one of the elementary end- game positions1 in which the win can be forced4 #a4 ,,from ,a ,,game ,,teichmann-,,blackburne 7,,berlin1 #ahig74 --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,k ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,k --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #hb4 ,black has an extra pawn on the ,queen's side4 ,but as it is doubled1 the material superiority is of no account4 ,a perceptible advantage1 however1 lies in the fact that ,white cannot bring about a 8forced move0 position1 as ,black has the move ,p-,,qb#d in reserve4 ,white has also an infinitesimal weakness on the ,king's side1 the ,rook's pawn having advanced two squares and being therefore an easy mark4 ,this disadvantage soon becomes apparent4 #a4 ,p-,b#c ,k-,b#d #b4 ,k-,b#b ,p-,r#d #c4 ,k-,kt#b ,p-,kt#d #d4 ,k-,r#c ,k-,k#d ,with this move advantage is taken of one of ,white's weaknesses4 ,white must exchange pawns4 ,if the ,king moves1 ,black captures1 freeing ,b #e for his ,king1 from where he can later on get to ,k#f or ,kt#f4 ,but after the exchange at ,kt#d1 ,black has the chance of obtaining a 8distant passed pawn0 on the ,rook's file4 #e4 ,px,p ,px,p #f4 ,k-,kt#b ,k-,b#d #g4 ,k-,r#b ,k-,b#c ,if ,black were to play ,p-,r#e at once1 ,white would reply with #h4 ,k- ,r#c1 and after ,px,p1 #i4 ,kx,p4 ,black would have to give up the spare move ,p-,b#d1 to gain the square at ,b#e for his ,king4 ,the game then would be drawn after #aj4 ,k-,kt#b6 ,k-,b#e1 #aa4 ,k-,b#b1 because ,white maintains the opposition1 and ,black cannot get through at ,k#f or ,kt#f4 ,black therefore manuvres his ,king first in such a way that the square at his ,b#d is only reached when the ,white ,king is at ,kt#c4 #h4 ,k-,kt#b ,k-,kt#c #i4 ,k-,r#b ,p-,r#e ,now neither ,px,p nor ,p-,b#d is of any use4 ,in the first case ,black obtains the distant passed pawn4 ,in the second ,white obtains the distant passed pawn after #aj4 ,p-,b#d1 ,px,b,p2 #aa4 ,px,r,p1 but loses it again after ,k-,r#d2 #ab4 ,k-,r#c1 ,p-,b#d4 #aj4 ,k-,r#c ,px,p #aa4 ,kx,p ,k-,b#d ,at last ,black has captured the coveted square1 whilst keeping the spare move in hand4 #ab4 ,k-,b#b ,k-,b#e ,the ,white ,king cannot move to ,kt#b now1 because in that case ,black would move the ,king to the ,white ,,qbp and queen in seven moves1 and ,white1 after seven moves1 would only have the ,,kb pawn at ,b#g4 #ac4 ,k-,k#b ,k-,kt#f #ad4 ,k-,k#c ,p-,b#d and wins1 for ,white cannot hold the ,,kbp now1 but must capture the ,kt,p in exchange for it1 after which the ,black ,king reaches the ,queen's side two moves ahead1 e4g43 #ae4 ,k-,k#b ,k-,kt#g #af4 ,k-,k#c ,k-,b#h6 #ag4 ,k-,k#d ,k-,b#g #ah4 ,k-,b#e ,kx,p #ai4 ,kx,p ,k-,k#f1 etc4 ,black would have forced a win also if ,white had played ,k-,kt#b on his twelfth move thus3 #ab4 ,k-,kt#b1 ,k-,b#e2 #ac4 ,k-,b#b4 ,now ,white has the opposition1 and after ,black wrings it from him by playing the spare move ,p-,b#d1 he assumes it again with #ad4 ,k- ,k#b1 ,k-,kt#f2 #ae4 ,k-,k#c4 ,but he cannot maintain it after ,black's ,k-,r#f because the square at ,q#c for distant opposition is not accessible4 ,after #af4 ,k-,q#b1 ,k-,r#g62 #ag4 ,k-,k#c1 ,k-,kt#f2 #ah4 ,k-,k#b1 ,k- ,kt#g2 #ai4 ,k-,k#c1 ,k-,b#h we get the same result as before4 ,,ii4 ,,from ,a ,,game ,,ed4 ,,lasker-,,rotlevi 7,,hamburg1 #aiaj74 --------------------------------------- #h ,kt --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,k --------------------------------------- #f --------------------------------------- #e ,k --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #hc4 ,white has the advantage1 because ,black must keep either his ,king or his ,knight permanently near the passed pawn1 guarding against its advance1 whilst both ,white's ,king and ,knight can attack the ,black pawns4 ,as yet they stand so far in the rear that the ,white ,king cannot approach them ,therefore ,white must first try to force their advance4 #a4 ,kt-,b#e ,p-,kt#c #b4 ,kt-,q#c ,p-,r#d ,this is now necessary1 because the square ,b#c is weak after ,p-,kt#c and the ,white ,knight threatens to win the ,rook's pawn eventually with a check at ,b#f4 ,for this reason ,kt-,q #b1 for instance1 could not be played instead of the move in the text1 because #c4 ,kt-,k#e would follow4 ,black now cannot exchange1 of course1 otherwise the position would resolve itself to an easy end game win similar to the one in ,diagram #ef4 ,there would be nothing left but ,kt-,kt#a to oppose the threat of ,kt-,b#f;ch1 and this would get the ,knight entirely out of play1 so that ,white could queen the passed pawn easily after #d4 ,k-,kt#f4 #c4 ,k-,k#e ,p-,b#c ,the ,king was threatening to enter via ,q#e and ,b#f4 #d4 ,k-,b#e ,kt-,k#c ,if ,black wishes to obviate the threat3 ,kt-,k#e-;,b#d1 and plays ,p-,kt#d1 the ,white ,king goes to ,,qb#e and wins all the pawns easily4 ,therefore ,black endeavours to sacrifice a pawn in order to exchange the two others1 after which a draw could be forced by exchanging the ,knight for the remaining ,white pawn4 #e4 ,kt-,k#e ,p-,b#d #f4 ,kt-,b#d ,p-,kt#d #g4 ,ktx,p ,p-,b#e --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g ,k --------------------------------------- #f ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,kt ,p ,k --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #hd4 #h4 ,k-,k#e ,kt-,b#d #i4 ,kt-,b#f;ch ,k-,b#a6 ,not ,k-,b#b1 because of #aj4 ,k-,q#d1 ,kt-,q#f2 #aa4 ,kt-,k#e;ch4 #aj4 ,kt-,r#g ,here ,white had only considered the following answer3 ,kt-,q#f;ch2 #aa4 ,k-,q#d1 ,ktx,kt,p2 #ab4 ,ktx,p1 ,kt-,q#f2 #ac4 ,p-,b#e1 ,kt-,kt#e2 #ad4 ,kt-,b#c1 ,kt-,b#g;ch3 #ae4 ,kx,p1 ,kt-,k#f;ch2 #af4 ,k-,b#e1 ,ktx,p2 #ag4 ,p-,r#d1 ,kt- ,k#b2 #ah4 ,kt-,q#e1 ,kt-,b#a2 #ai4 ,k-,b#f1 ,k-,k#a2 #bj4 ,k-,b#g1 ,kt-,r#g2 #ba4 ,k-,kt#g1 and wins the ,knight4 ,black however draws1 through a pretty combination3 #aj4 444 ,p-,kt#e #aa4 ,k-,q#d ,p-,b#f #ab4 ,k-,b#d ,px,p #ac4 ,kx,p ,ktx,p and ,white cannot prevent the ultimate exchange of ,kt for ,p4 ,the last winning chance would have been3 #aj4 ,k-,q#d61 ,kt-,q2 #aa4 ,k-,b#c4 ,this is in any case the more plausible line1 because now ,white can attack the pawns with both ,king and ,knight1 as both the ,black pieces are away from the field of operations4 ,the sequel could be3 #aa4 ,ktx,b,p2 #ab4 ,p-,r#c 7,kt-,r#g would only draw3 ,kt-,k#g;ch2 #ac4 ,k- ,kt#d1 ,kt-,b#h #ad4 ,p-,r#c1 ,kt-,r#g;ch2 #ae4 ,kx,p1 ,p-,b#f72 #ab4 ,kt-,q#d;ch #ac4 ,k- ,q#d1 ,kt-,b#e2 #ad4 ,k-,k#d 7,kt-,r#g 81 ,kt-,k#g;ch662 #ae ,k-,k#c1 ,p-,b#f71 ,kt-,q#f2 #ae4 ,p-,kt#d1 ,kt-,kt#g #af ,kt-,q#d1 and wins ,,iii4 ,from a game ,blackburne-,schlechter 7,vienna1 #ahih74 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,k ,b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,q --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,q --------------------------------------- #c ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,k ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #he ,white has just played ,q-,b#d4 ,p-,b#e is threatened1 and ,black is forced to exchange ,queens4 ,the ensuing end-game1 however1 is inferior for ,black1 because the ,,qp is weak and ,white threatens eventually to force his ,queen's ,pawn through4 #a4 444 ,q-,b#d #b4 ,qx,q ,bx,q #c4 ,kt-,q#d ,b-,kt#c #d4 ,rx,r ,rx,r #e4 ,r-,k#a ,rx,r ,if ,black wants to avoid the exchange1 he must yield up the ,king's file to ,white1 and that would surely spell disaster1 as the ,black ,rook would have no field of action1 and would have to go to ,q#a to avoid the loss of a pawn through ,kt-,kt#e;ch1 after which the ,white ,rook would take possession of the seventh rank1 fettering the action of the ,bishop into the bargain4 #f4 ,kx,r ,b-,q#f #g4 ,p-,q,kt#c ,k-,q#b ,black is condemned to inactivity1 and ,white can quietly set to work to force his pawn through4 #h4 ,k-,q#b ,b-,k#e #i4 ,p-,kt#c ,b-,kt#h #aj4 ,p-,,qr#c ,b-,k#e #aa4 ,k-,k#c ,b-,kt#h #ab4 ,kt-,b#c ,in order to play ,p-,q,kt#d and ,p-,b#e1 then to force ,black to exchange at ,b#e1 ,white must first have the opportunity of bearing a second time on ,black's ,queen's ,pawn4 ,therefore he prepares the manuvre ,kt-,b#c-,q#b-;,b#d4 #ab4 444 ,k-,k#b #ac4 ,p-,q,kt#d ,b-,b#d #ad4 ,p-,b#e ,b-,q#b #ae4 ,k-,q#d ,b-,k#a #af4 ,kt-,q#b ,b-,q#b #ag4 ,kt-,b#d ,px,pch #ah4 ,px,p ,p-,b#c ,it is not yet easy to materialise the advantage in position ,the advance ,p-,q#f;ch would be very bad1 as ,b#f and ,k#f would be made accessible for ,black4 ,white starts by tempting the pawns forward and thus systematically creates points of attack4 #ai4 ,kt-,kt#b ,b-,b#d #bj4 ,p-,,qr#d ,k-,q#b #ba4 ,p-,r#e ,p-,,qr#c ,the ,queen's side is paralysed4 ,the text move is forced1 as ,p-,r#f would give ,white yet another passed pawn4 ,now ,white turns his attention to the ,king's side4 #bb4 ,kt-,b#d ,k-,b#b #bc4 ,kt-,q#f ,b-,q#b #bd4 ,k-,k#d ,b-,r#e #be4 ,p-,kt#d ,b-,b#g;ch #bf4 ,k-,q#d ,b-,kt#c ,black wishes to play ,p-,r#d1 in order to get a passed pawn too1 the only chance of saving the game4 #bg4 ,p-,r#c ,k-,kt#a ,now ,p-,r#d would be countered by ,kt-,b#e1 forcing the exchange and leaving a backward pawn at ,kt#b and the ,rook's pawn would be bound to fall4 #bh4 ,kt-,b#e ,bx,kt #bi4 ,px,b ,k-,b#b --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,k ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,k --------------------------------------- #c ,p --------------------------------------- #b --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #hf4 ,it would now seem as if ,black might have played ,p-,k,kt#d here1 securing a passed pawn1 and forcing a draw4 ,after #cj4 ,p-,r#d ,black would play ,p-,r#c1 and it is not evident how ,white is to win4 ,but #bi4 444 ,p-,k,kt#d is parried by ,px,p e4p4 ,the difference in the pawn positions1 which decides the issue for ,white1 is found in the fact that the ,white passed pawn at ,q#e is unassailable because the support of the ,,bp cannot be taken away by ,black's ,p-,kt#c1 whilst ,black's passed pawn at his ,b#c can be isolated at any time through ,p-,r#d-,r#e4 ,white would take up a position on the ,knight's file with the ,king1 and push on the ,rook's pawn4 ,the isolated pawns are then an easy prey4 ,on the text move ,white also pushes the ,rook's pawn on to compel ,p-,r#c and reduce ,black to moves by the ,king4 ,the passed ,queen's pawn decides the game4 #cj4 ,k-,k#d ,k-,q#b #ca4 ,k-,b#d ,k-,k#b #cb4 ,k-,kt#d ,k-,q#b #cc4 ,p-,r#d ,k-,b#a #cd4 ,p-,r#e ,p-,r#c ,otherwise there follows3 ,p-,r#f1 ,k-,r#e1 etc4 #ce4 ,k-,b#d ,k-,q#b #cf4 ,k-,k#d ,k-,b#b #cg4 ,p-,q#f;ch ,k-,b#a #ch4 ,k-,q#e ,k-,q#b #ci4 ,p-,b#f;ch ,px,pch 7compare ,diagram #fh7 #dj4 ,k-,b#e ,resigns ,,iv4 ,,from ,a ,,game ,,bird-,,janowski4 --------------------------------------- #h ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #f --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,k ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #hg ,in spite of the preponderance of material1 the win is not an easy one for ,black1 because of ,white's alarming pawn array on the ,queen's side4 ,the ,king must first make use of his great power as an end-game piece4 #a4 444 ,k-,b#b #b4 ,p-,kt#e ,k-,k#c #c4 ,p-,kt#f ,px,p #d4 ,px,p ,k-,q#b #e4 ,b-,k#e threatens ,p-,kt#g4 ,but as ,white must first move his ,bishop to cover his pawn1 the ,rook's pawn is lost1 and the manuvre therefore unsound4 ,p-,r#c was indicated2 it threatens the break-up of the ,black pawns by ,p-,kt#d and their capture by the ,king4 #e4 444 ,k-,b#c #f4 ,b-,q#d ,r-,r#b;ch #g4 ,k-,k#c ,rx,p #h4 ,k-,b#d ,r-,q#g6 #i4 ,p-,kt#d ,rx,b ,black reduces the position to an elementary ending1 which is theoretically a win4 ,whilst the two ,white passed pawns are isolated and fall singly1 ,black obtains two passed pawns1 which are united and unassailable4 #aj4 ,px,r ,p-,k#f #aa4 ,kx,k,p ,px,p #ab4 ,k-,b#d ,p-,r#d #ac4 ,p-,q#e;ch ,kx,kt,p #ad4 ,k-,k#e ,k-,b#b ,resigns4 ,v4 ,,from ,a ,,game ,,steiner-,,forgacz 7,,szekesfehervar1 #aijg74 --------------------------------------- #h ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,k ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,r --------------------------------------- #c ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #hh ,white has an advantage in the greater mobility of his ,rook1 and makes the most of it in an instructive fashion4 #a4 ,r-,kt#d ,p-,kt#c ,white provokes this move in order to produce a weakness at ,,kb#f4 #b4 ,k-,k#b ,k-,k#c #c4 ,r-,,kb#d ,r-,,kb#a ,black naturally dare not allow the ,rook to penetrate into the seventh4 #d4 ,p-,q#d ,p-,,qb#d ,this move would win the game1 if the ,rooks had been exchanged1 because in that case the distant passed pawn which ,black could obtain on the ,q,kt file would decide the issue4 ,but1 supported by the mobile ,rook1 the centre pawns become irresistible4 ,instead of the text move1 ,p-,,kb#d was necessary in order to release the ,rook4 #e4 ,p-,b#c ,px,p #f4 ,px,p ,p-,,kb#d ,if it were not for the ,rooks1 the centre pawns would not help ,white1 because ,black would obtain a passed pawn on either wing4 #g4 ,k-,q#c ,p-,k,kt#d #h4 ,r-,b#b ,r-,b#a #i4 ,p-,kt#d ,p-,b#e ,if ,px,p1 #aj4 ,r-,b#f;ch1 ,k-,k#b2 #aa4 ,r-,r#f wins4 #aj4 ,p-,,kr#d ,p-,,kr#c #aa4 ,px,p ,px,p #ab4 ,r-,r#b ,r-,b#a #ac4 ,r-,r#f;ch ,k-,k#b #ad4 ,p-,q#e ,p-,b#f #ae4 ,r-,k#f;ch ,k-,q#b #af4 ,r-,b#f6 ,resigns4 ,for after ,rx,r1 #ag4 ,px,r1 ,white captures the ,,bp1 and still overtakes the passed pawn which ,black obtains on the ,queen's wing2 the pawns at ,q#e and ,b#f are unassailable 7,k-,k#h1 ,p-,q#f1 ,k-,b#g1 ,p-,q#g1 etc474 ,the consequences of #af4 ,r-,b#f had to be calculated to a nicety4 ,if1 for instance1 the ,q,kt,p were already at his fourth1 ,white would lose4 ,in four moves ,black would have one of his pawns at his ,r#f1 the other at ,kt#e4 ,in the meantime ,white would have taken the ,,bp and come back to the ,q file4 ,now ,black would win with ,p-,kt#f1 because after ,px,p the ,,rp queens unmolested4 ,,vi4 ,,from ,a ,,game ,,charousek-,,heinrichsen 7,,cologne1 #ahih74 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,q ,r ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,q ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,r --------------------------------------- #c ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #hi ,white's position is superior2 firstly1 because the only open file on the board is his1 and secondly1 because the ,black ,queen's side pawns are advanced1 and therefore weak for a ,king's ending4 ,after exchanging the ,queen and one ,rook1 the possession of the ,king's file ensures the advance of the ,king to ,k#d and from there to ,q#e4 ,then the weakness of ,black's pawns decides the game4 #a4 ,qx,q ,rx,q #b4 ,r-,k#h;ch ,rx,r #c4 ,rx,rch ,k-,r#b #d4 ,k-,r#b ,p-,k,kt#c #e4 ,k-,kt#c ,px,p is no threat1 because ,white wins the pawn back at once with ,r-,k#e4 ,by capturing1 ,black would only dislocate his pawns4 #e4 444 ,k,kt#b #f4 ,k-,b#d ,k-,b#c #g4 ,r-,k#e ,p-,kt#c #h4 ,k-,k#d ,r-,q#c #i4 ,p-,,kb#d ,r-,k#c ,black probably hopes for a counter chance by getting a distant passed pawn on the ,k,rook's file4 ,but he underrates the weakness of the ,queen's side pawns1 and even without the exchange of ,rooks1 ,white would win1 by settling the ,king's side first and then tearing up the ,queen's side1 as in the game3 #aj4 ,p-,k,kt#d1 ,r- ,k#b2 #aa4 ,px,p1 ,px,p2 #ab4 ,p-,kt#e;ch1 ,px,p2 #ac4 ,px,pch4 #aj4 ,px,p ,px,p #aa4 ,k-,q#e ,rx,r #ab4 ,px,rch ,k-,k#b #ac4 ,p-,q,kt#d ,resigns ,black must capture1 as he needs seven moves in which to ex change the ,knight's pawn and queen his ,rook's pawn1 whilst in that time ,white can win the ,,qp after ,px,p1 and yet arrive in time with his ,king to stop the pawn from queening4 ,after l#c4 444 ,px,p1 however1 there follows #ad4 ,kx,p4 ,then ,white covers his passed pawn with ,p-,q#d1 and his ,king1 having full freedom1 captures all the ,black pawns4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,the ,,middle ,,game ,,general ,,remarks ,,having now a fair knowledge of the end-game1 we should be in a position to appreciate how the middle game should be conducted4 ,we must throughout maintain a favourable pawn formation1 in view of the end-game which might be forced on us by exchanges4 ,on the other hand1 as soon as we have gained an advantage sufficient to secure the victory in the end-game1 we must ourselves1 by the exchange of pieces1 try to reduce the position to one of the typical elementary cases which we have discussed4 ,now it will invariably be found that beginners are unwilling to make these essential exchanges4 ,this is explained by the attraction which combinations involving the action of many pieces have for them4 ,they assume that exchanges1 particularly of the ,queens1 make the games dull4 ,such ideas only prove that the beginner has not grasped the nature of chess1 the essence of which is stern logic and uncompromising conclusions1 and this demands the shortest and clearest way leading to a mate4 ,to the strong player1 able to play logically1 logic will always be inseparable from beauty in chess4 ,to play logically means to subordinate all combinations to a leading plan of campaign1 but there is difficulty in finding the latter4 ,an unsound scheme1 even if worked out to its logical conclusion1 can of course be of no value4 ,all the same it is better than no plan at all4 ,and in time one gains by experience1 and develops a sort of instinct for rejecting from the large number of possible operations all those which1 properly countered1 cannot bring any advantage4 ,beside practical play1 which is essential in order to gain this instinct1 a methodical theoretical instruction is of inestimable value1 and accelerates the development of the student's mind4 ,now the instruction ,i wish to give in the ,,theory of chess will not take the form of an ,,analysis1 brought up right into the middle game1 of the various openings1 tested and found correct in master play4 ,such collections erroneously bear the title of 8,theory of the ,openings10 and are1 besides1 quite useless at this stage1 since they only embody the results of ,,analysis4 ,it is first necessary to ascertain a few leading principles1 which can be taught in a most simple manner1 by the exercise of common sense1 rather than by applying oneself to the study of long-winded analysis4 ,the student will no longer need to discover time-worn maxims in the light of his own weary experience1 and on the other hand1 these principles will help him to understand analysis1 and to keep clearly before his mind's eye the common and principal lines of play1 of which he might easily lose sight in the labyrinth of suggested variations4 ,i propose to show the application of such principles to master play1 and this will give us a further opportunity of deeper study1 both of the rules set out in the first part for conducting the opening correctly1 and of the end-game principles1 which should be well considered4 ,i have made the pawn skeleton with its attendant grouping of pieces the main consideration in the study of the opening2 now in the investigation of the problems of the middle game1 ,i will start from the ,,transformation which the pawn skeleton has to undergo in the course of further operations4 ,in my opinion this is the best starting-point for the choice of effective manuvres of the different pieces4 ,before we are able to evolve a practical scheme we must have under consideration the following important points3 ,how do we know if an attack is likely to succeed8 ,in other words3 ,on what point should ,i concentrate the attack8 ,it should be clear to all that it is of no possible use to direct an attack on anything that can move away4 ,yet beginners frequently infringe this obvious rule1 and ,i have often witnessed manuvres such as these 7,diagram #ij73 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,kt ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,kt ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,b ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #ij #a4 ,p-,,qr#c1 #b4 ,p-,q,kt#d1 and then1 after the ,b has retired to his ,kt#c even1 #c4 ,r-,q,kt#a1 #d4 ,p-,,qr#d1 #e4 ,p-,r#e4 ,meanwhile ,black will have played ,p-,,qr#c1 to make a loophole for his ,b at ,r#b1 and what is the result8 ,the ,black ,bishop is as effectual at ,r#b as at ,b#d1 but ,white has advanced his pawns1 and weakened them1 as they are now more liable to attack4 ,moreover1 ,white has used up five moves to achieve his aim1 whilst ,black only needed three4 ,therefore ,black has gained two moves1 which he can use for the development of his pieces4 ,diagram #ia illustrates another mistake frequently made in the choice of an objective1 and one which can utterly spoil the whole game1 even in its earliest stage4 ,black has to --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,q ,k ,b ,kt ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d ,q ,p --------------------------------------- #c --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,kt ,b ,k ,b ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #ia move1 and his game is somewhat hindered by the dominating position of the ,white ,queen4 ,the latter prevents the ,bishop from occupying a desirable square at his ,,qb#d1 and also makes the liberating move ,p-,q#d impossible4 ,therefore it would seem desirable to drive the ,queen away4 ,but this should only be done if it is not attended by some further disadvantage4 ,now the average player is not particularly fastidious in his methods4 ,the ,queen irritates him1 therefore the ,queen must be repelled one way or the other4 ,he would probably try ,p-,,qb#d4 ,the result is that the ,queen selects another good square1 for instance at ,k#c or ,,qr#d1 but ,black has not improved matters1 for he still can play neither ,b-,b#d nor ,p-,q#d4 ,on the other hand1 irredeemable harm has been done1 inasmuch as the ,black ,,qp now remains 8backward40 ,the attack on the ,queen by ,p-,,qb#d must consequently be rejected4 ,sallies such as these1 in which short- lived attacks are made by pawns upon pieces1 are always of doubtful value4 ,they must unquestionably be avoided if they break up the pawn skeleton1 which is formed in the opening1 and confine the mobility of the pieces4 ,also with regard to manuvres of ,,pieces1 intended solely to drive away an opposing piece1 it is obviously essential that the attacking pieces in effecting their purpose should not be made to stray too far afield1 lest they become out of play4 ,i shall delay dealing with the features underlying good forms of attack1 both by pieces and pawns1 until ,i have treated of the choice of an objective4 ,from what we have already expounded1 it is clear that the subject of an attack should be incapable of evasion4 ,should it1 in the course of attack1 be desired to prevent a ,,piece from being moved1 that can only be effected by means of a 8pin40 ,a ,,pawn1 however1 can be held in place either by occupying the square immediately in front of it1 or by controlling the latter with more forces than the opponent can bring to bear upon it4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,q ,r ,b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p ,b --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,r --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,q ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #ib ,the last two diagrams exemplify this4 ,if in ,diagram #ia ,black makes the mistake of playing ,p-,,qb#d as suggested1 the backward ,,qp becomes a welcome objective for ,white's attack4 ,white can keep that pawn back by playing ,p-,q ,b#d as soon as it threatens to advance1 after which he would develop quietly1 double his ,rooks1 and bring the ,q and ,,qb to bear in a concentrated attack on ,q#f4 ,a position not unlike that in ,diagram #ib will result ultimately1 in which ,black defends the pawn as many times as it is attacked1 but in which ,white can bring up his ,,kp to the attack1 as the ,,qp cannot move away1 whilst ,black has no further defensive move at his disposal4 ,play against a backward pawn nearly always develops on these lines1 and is even easier when there is no defending ,b of the same colour as the pawn4 7,see p4 #dj1 and ,game ,no4 #bf47 ,such manuvres1 in the course of which pieces are pinned and attacked1 are illustrated in ,diagram #ij4 ,the most obvious move1 which initiates an attack and at the same time completes the development of the minor pieces1 is ,b-,kt#e4 ,attacks by means of such devices are so frequent and varied that it will be necessary to treat them at some length1 which ,i now propose to do4 ,i should also add that1 with regard to ,diagram #ij1 the student will derive lasting benefit from a thorough study of the position1 and will thus improve his power to judge of the desirability1 or otherwise1 of obtaining open files1 diagonals1 doubled pawns1 etc4 ,after ,b-,k,kt#e1 the threat is to attack the ,knight a second and third time with ,kt-,q#e1 and ,q-,b#c1 after moving the ,k,kt away4 ,as ,black's ,k,kt is only supported twice1 and there is no chance of bringing up more forces for its defence1 ,black must undertake something to provide against the threatened onslaught4 ,the most natural plan is to develop the ,,qb at ,k#c1 from where it can be exchanged for the ,knight should ,kt-,q#e be played4 ,the doubled pawn1 which ,white could force by exchanging the ,bishops1 is in no way detrimental to ,black's game4 ,on the contrary1 the opening of the file for the ,rook1 with the attendant chance of playing ,p-,q#d supported by the doubled pawn1 gives ,black the advantage4 ,the doubled pawn which ,black obtains after #b4 ,kt-,q#e1 ,bx,kt2 #c4 ,px,b 7or #c4 ,bx,b71 ,kt-,k#b2 #d4 ,bx,kt1 would also be of no help to ,white4 ,the apparent weakness created in ,black's game at ,,kb#c and ,,kr#c by the disappearance of the ,kt,p does not assist ,white in this case1 because the pieces which could take advantage of such a weakness1 the ,,qb and the ,kt at ,q#e1 have been exchanged4 ,there only remains the ,k,kt and the ,q for an immediate attack1 whilst the ,black ,rook will soon get into effective action on the open ,knight's file1 e4g4 #e4 ,q-,q#b1 ,k-,r#a2 #f4 ,q-,r#f1 ,kt-,kt#c2 #g4 ,kt-,r#d1 ,ktx,kt2 #h4 ,qx,kt1 ,q- ,k#b1 followed by the doubling of the ,rooks on the ,kt file4 ,considerations of a similar nature would tend to show that #a4 ,b- ,kt#e1 ,kt-,k#b2 #b4 ,bx,kt1 ,px,b is in favour of ,black4 ,the ,white ,,qb1 which is so effective in taking advantage of weaknesses at ,black's ,,kb#c and ,r#c1 has been exchanged4 ,the ,queen's ,knight is not available for attack on the ,,kbp1 as it would be exchanged or else driven off in time by ,p-,b#c4 ,compared with the position considered above1 which occurs after #a4 444 ,b-,k#c1 #b4 ,kt-,q#e1 ,black has the further advantage of maintaining his ,,qb1 which makes it possible to push the weak ,,kbp on to his fourth1 and either exchange it or push it still further to ,b#e1 a useful and secure position4 ,matters would be different were ,black to allow his ,king's wing to be broken up without getting rid of ,white's dangerous pieces by exchanges4 ,let us consider what happens1 if ,black takes no measures against ,kt-,q#e1 but only prevents ,white's ultimate ,q-,b#c by pinning the ,knight with ,b-,k,kt#e4 ,white gains a decisive advantage by bringing his ,queen into play before ,black is able to secure himself against the threatened combined attack of ,q and ,b1 or alternately ,q and ,kt by ,k-,r#a1 ,r-,kt#a-,kt#c4 ,i will give two examples of how the whole game now centres on the attack and defence of the points weakened by the disappearance of the ,kt,p1 and how ,white pushes home his advantage in the one instance with the help of the ,b1 in the other by the co-operation of the ,kt4 ,i4 #a4 ,b-,k,kt#e1 ,b-,k,kt#e2 #b4 ,kt-,q#e1 ,kt-,q#e2 #c4 ,q-,q#b1 ,bx,kt82 #d4 ,bx,kt1 ,px,b2 #e4 ,q-,r#f1 and there is no reply to the threat of ,ktx,pch and ,qx,p mate1 except through the sacrifice of the ,q4 ,forcing the exchange of ,knights is of no avail1 for after #e4 444 ,kt-,k#g;ch2 #f4 ,k-,r#a1 ,bx,pch2 #g4 ,kx,b1 ,kt-,b#e;ch2 #h4 ,ktx,kt1 ,px,kt2 #i4 ,k-,r#a1 ,white occupies the ,kt file first and wins easily3 #i4 444 ,k-,r#a2 #aj4 ,r- ,k,kt#a1 ,r-,k,kt#a2 #aa4 ,rx,r1 ,qx,r2 #ab4 ,r-,k,kt#a followed by mate or loss of the ,queen4 ,,ii4 #c4 ,q-,q#b1 ,p-,b#c2 #d4 ,ktx,ktch1 ,px,kt2 #e4 ,b-,r#d6 ,bx,kt2 #f4 ,q- ,r#f1 ,kt-,k#g;ch2 #g4 ,k-,r#a1 ,bx,pch2 #h4 ,kx,b1 ,kt-,b#e;ch2 #i4 ,k-,r#a1 ,kt-,kt#c4 ,now ,black has succeeded in interrupting the ,white ,queen's action on the ,,bp4 ,but it has taken many moves1 with the sole result that ,black's ,queen's ,knight is better placed4 ,all the other pieces1 however1 occupy the positions they took up in the opening4 ,the ,black ,knight1 moreover1 is only supported by the ,,rp until ,black manages to block the ,white ,bishop's diagonal by ,p-,q#d4 ,meanwhile ,white has gained a big start1 and is ready to occupy the open file with his ,rooks4 ,the sequel might be3 #aj4 ,p-,q#d61 ,bx,p 7if ,px,p2 #aa4 ,p-,k#e661 ,q,px,p2 #ab4 ,r-,k,kt#a1 etc472 #aa4 ,p-,b#c1 ,b-,kt#c2 #ab4 ,,qr-,q#a1 ,k-,r#a2 #ac4 ,r-,k,kt#a1 ,q-,k#b2 #ad4 ,r-,q#c1 ,r-,k,kt#a2 #ae4 ,r-,r#c1 ,r-,kt#b 7,ktx,b2 #af4 ,qx,r,pch6672 #af4 ,r-,b#c1 followed by ,bx,p 7,b#f74 ,taking it all in all1 we see from the foregoing that the pinning of the ,black ,knight can only be injurious to ,black if he does not take timely measures to provide against ,white's ,kt-,q#e1 which threatens to concentrate more forces for the attack on ,,kb#f than ,black is able to mobilise for its defence4 ,beginners1 after having experienced frequent trouble through their inadequate defence of this kind of attack1 try to avoid their recurrence by making such pinning moves impossible from the first and playing ,p-,r#c on whichever side the pin is threatened4 ,apart from the loss of time1 on which ,i remarked at length when discussing the opening1 such pawn moves have various other drawbacks4 ,with every pawn move it should be considered whether the squares protected by the pawn before it has moved may not need the support of that pawn at a later stage4 ,this is particularly the case with regard to squares in front of the castled ,king4 ,if one of those pawns pushes on1 the squares which have lost its protection frequently offer an opening for a direct attack by the enemy's pieces on the ,king4 ,a second consideration is the fact that the advancing pawn itself becomes a target for an assault in which the opponent1 moving up a pawn on the next file1 brings his ,rooks into play1 or in which he sacrifices a piece for the advanced pawn and the one that protects it1 thus robbing the ,king of the protection he sought to obtain in castling4 ,the following examples will contribute much to the understanding of this most important subject1 the grasp of which will mean a great step forward for the student4 ,the position in ,diagram #ic is from a game v4 ,scheve-,teichmann 7,berlin1 #aijg74 ,white played #a4 ,p-,r#c in order to avoid the pinning of his ,knight through ,b-,kt#e4 ,the move is not unjustified1 as the ,knight is required for the support of the square at ,q#d4 ,the pawn move1 however1 has the drawbacks enumerated above1 and ,white must think of keeping a sufficiency of pieces for the fight on the ,king's wing1 in order to prevent ,black from utilising the weakness thus created for a combined assault by superior forces4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,k ,kt ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,b ,p ,p ,q ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,b ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,kt ,b ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #ic ,in this case ,white does not take precautionary measures1 and succumbs in a surprisingly short time4 #a4 444 ,kt-,b#c2 #b4 ,px,p8 ,with this move ,white opens the diagonal for ,black's ,,kb for no apparent reason4 #b4 444 ,q,ktx,p2 #c4 ,ktx,kt8 ,instead of providing for the defence of his ,king's wing1 ,white exchanges one of the ,king's side pieces1 #c4 444 ,qx,kt2 #d4 ,kt-,q#b1 ,bx,p6 ,white has provoked this sacrifice by his last two moves4 ,the ,,kbp is pinned1 and the ,q enters by way of her ,kt#f1 the protection of which was given up by pushing on the ,,rp4 ,the rest is easy2 #e4 ,px,b1 ,q-,kt#f;ch2 #f4 ,k-,r#a1 ,qx,pch2 #g4 ,k-,kt#a1 ,kt-,kt#e2 #h4 ,kt-,b#c1 ,q- ,kt#f;ch2 #i4 ,k-,r#a1 ,bx,p2 #aj4 resigns4 ,diagram #id shows a position from a game ,marshall-,burn 7,ostend1 #aijg74 ,strong in the knowledge that the ,black ,queen's side pieces are not developed1 and can only with difficulty be of assistance in the defence of the ,king's side because of their limited mobility1 ,white takes advantage of the weakness created by the advance of the ,black ,k,kt pawn to his third1 and initiates an immediate assault on the ,king's stronghold4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,kt ,p ,p ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,b --------------------------------------- #c ,b ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,kt ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,q ,k ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #id #a4 ,p-,,kr#d1 ,r-,k#a2 #b4 ,p-,r#e4 ,this forces open the ,rook's file4 ,if the pawn were still at ,kt#b1 ,black would simply let ,white push on to ,r#f and then reply with ,p-,k,kt#c4 #b4 444 ,ktx,p2 #c4 ,rx,kt1 ,white concludes the game in brilliant style4 ,black's wrong development has given a welcome opportunity for sacrificial combinations4 ,now the ,,kb has an open diagonal1 the pawn position is broken1 and ,white's ,q and ,r have no difficulty in using the ,rook's file for a deadly attack4 #c4 444 ,px,r2 #d4 ,bx,pch1 ,kx,b2 #e4 ,kt-,kt#e;ch1 ,k-,kt#c 7if ,k-,kt#a1 then #f4 ,qx,p1 ,kt-,b#c2 #g4 ,qx,pch1 ,k-,r#a2 #h4 ,castles1 etc472 #f4 ,q,kt-,b#c1 ,p-,k#d2 #g4 ,kt-,r#d;ch1 ,k-,b#c2 #h4 ,kt-,r#g;ch1 ,k-,k#b2 #i4 ,kt-,b#e;ch1 ,k- ,k#c2 #aj4 ,ktx,bch1 ,k-,k#b2 #aa4 ,kt-,b#e;ch1 ,k-,k#c2 #ab4 ,p-,q#e;ch1 ,kx,kt2 #ac4 ,qx,pch1 ,k-,k#e2 #ad4 ,castles1 followed by ,p-,b#c or ,r-,q#d mate4 ,in cases where both sides have already castled on the same wing1 and the opponent has weakened his position by pushing on one of the pawns of that wing1 it is seldom advisable to start an attack with the advance of one of the pawns in front of the ,king1 as the latter's position would be weakened4 ,an attack of this kind is only justified if there is a prospect of concentrating with all speed a superior force before the opponent has time for a counter attack4 ,the ,black position in ,diagram #ie illustrates one much favoured by 8natural0 players4 ,here the advance of the --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,b ,p ,p ,kt ,p ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,kt ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,kt ,b ,b ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #ie ,,krp would not be a suitable plan of attack for ,white as his ,rook is no longer on the ,rook's file1 nor could it be brought back in time4 ,in this case ,white must endeavour to take advantage of the weaknesses at ,black's ,,kb#c and ,,kr#c1 produced by his move ,p-,k,kt#c4 ,this will be the modus operandi3 ,q-,q#b followed by ,b-,r#f1 forcing the exchange of ,black's valuable ,,kb4 ,after that the ,q in conjunction with one of the ,knights will attempt to force an entry at ,,kb#f or ,,kr#f1 as for instance in the following1 the moves of which are taken from a game ,i once watched and took note of as being most instructive4 #a4 ,q-,q#b1 ,p-,q#c2 #b4 ,b-,,kr#f1 ,px,p2 #c4 ,bx,b1 ,kx,b2 #d4 ,px,p1 ,q-,q#b2 #e4 ,kt- ,k#d1 ,kt-,q#d2 #f4 ,b-,b#d1 ,,qr-,q#a2 #g4 ,bx,kt1 ,px,b2 #h4 ,kt-,b#f1 ,q-,k#c2 #i4 ,q- ,kt#e1 ,b-,b#a 7to prevent ,kt-,kt#d72 #aj4 ,,qr-,k#a1 ,q-,b#d2 #aa4 ,q-,r#d1 ,p-,,kr#c2 #ab4 ,kt-,q#d1 ,ktx,kt2 #ac4 ,qx,kt1 ,p-,b#d2 #ad4 ,q-,q#b1 ,p-,q#e2 #ae4 ,p-,,kb#d1 ,p- ,b#e2 #af4 ,p-,k,kt#d1 ,q-,k#c2 #ag4 ,p-,b#e1 ,q-,b#c2 #ah4 ,r-,k#d1 ,b-,kt#b2 #ai4 ,r-,b#c61 ,q-,b#d2 #bj4 ,qx,pch1 ,kx,q2 #ba4 ,r-,r#c;ch1 followed by ,r-,r#g or ,kt-,r#g mate4 ,a somewhat more difficult case is shown in ,diagram #if4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,kt ,kt ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,b ,q ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,p ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,b ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,q ,r ,kt ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #if ,here the advance of the ,white ,king's side pawns has undeniably produced weaknesses in the pawn skeleton1 and these would be fatal had the ,black pieces as much mobility as the ,white ones4 ,but the congestion of ,black's pieces on the ,queen's side makes his defence unwieldy1 and ,white has no difficulty in accumulating his forces on the ,king's side for the final assault4 ,the prospects are that ,white will be able to bring home his attack1 before ,black has a chance of forcing exchanges and of bringing about the end-game1 which through the weakness of the ,white pawns would probably turn to his advantage4 ,the play 7,e4 ,cohn-,ed4 ,lasker match1 ,berlin1 #aiji7 is instructive1 and shows how the attack should be conducted in such positions4 #a4 ,kt-,kt#c1 ,b-,kt#b2 #b4 ,k-,r#b1 ,p-,b#c2 #c4 ,r-,k,kt#a1 ,kt-,q#b2 #d4 ,kt-,r#d1 ,k-,b#b4 ,the concentration of the ,white pieces has become alarming1 and threatens to be continued by ,q-,q#b1 ,r-,kt#b4 ,,qr-,k,kt#a1 and ,kt-,b#e4 ,so the ,black ,king decides on flight1 but he finds no peace on the ,q side either1 because there his advanced pawns soon allow ,white to make a breach in the ,black position4 #e4 ,kt-,kt#b1 ,k-,k#b2 #f4 ,q-,k#b1 ,kt-,kt#c2 #g4 ,,kr-,,kb#a1 ,b-,b#a4 ,it is ,black's intention to play ,p-,b#d as soon as practicable1 and to make an attempt at a counter demonstration on the ,king's side1 #h4 ,p-,k ,b#d1 ,k-,q#a8 7,black should have kept to his original intention and played ,p-,b#d72 #i4 ,px,p1 ,q,px,p2 #aj4 ,q-,b#b1 ,kt-,q#b2 #aa4 ,p-,,qr#d2 ,b-,kt#b2 #ab4 ,px,p1 ,px,p2 #ac4 ,rx,r1 ,bx,r4 ,now ,white has achieved what he set out to do4 ,he has opened up avenues of attack on the ,queen's side1 and is ready to utilise the weakness of ,black's ,,qbp by playing ,p-,kt#d1 on which ,black must submit to opening the file for the ,white ,,kr or the diagonal for the ,white ,,qb4 ,in either case ,white brings vastly superior forces to bear on the ,black ,king's position1 and ,black should lose4 ,in this game ,black escaped only through a mistake on the part of his opponent4 ,in the foregoing positions it was seen how fatal weaknesses can be1 which are produced by the premature advance of the pawns in front of the ,king1 on whom the opposing pieces can force their attack4 ,when the pawns concerned are on the opposite wing to their ,king1 the disadvantages of a premature advance are felt in a different way4 ,the weakness concerns the pawns themselves and not the forces behind them1 and is apt to cause the loss of the end-game1 particularly of ,rook end-games4 ,let us compare the positions in ,diagrams #ig --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,kt ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,kt ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #ig and #ih4 ,in the one case the chain of ,black pawns is broken by the absence of ,k ,kt ,p1 in the other of the ,q ,kt ,p4 ,the absence of the ,k,kt pawn can lead to serious consequences in the middle game1 because of the weakness of ,black's ,,kb#c and ,,kr#c 7compare ,diagram #ij72 it can1 however1 hardly become awkward in the end-game1 as the pawns on the ,b and ,r files are within the protecting reach of their ,king4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,b ,b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,kt ,q --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,b ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #ih ,on the other hand1 the absence of the ,q ,kt ,p is of no consequence for the middle game4 ,there is nothing behind it which could invite an attack4 ,the ,,qrp and ,,qbp1 however1 are very weak for the end-game1 as they are quite out of reach of the ,king 7compare ,game ,no4 #ai74 ,i do not wish to imply that ,black should have avoided the exchange at his ,,qb#c at all cost2 such an exchange has always the compensating advantage of opening a file for the ,rooks1 which advantage often means a favourable middle game1 as will be readily understood4 ,further1 it is often possible to get rid of the weak ,,qrp by pushing it on1 and eventually compelling the exchange of the opposing ,kt ,p1 an exchange which can usually be enforced if the ,rooks have occupied the open ,kt file4 ,the pawn itself is often useful at ,b #c1 in that it can support the advance of ,p-,q #d in the centre1 should it be desired1 or it can1 by pushing on1 be brought to exercise further pressure on the opposing ,kt ,p4 ,the break-up of the pawn position on the ,q side can become awkward in the end-game and sometimes in the middle-game when the pawns can be attacked1 and pieces brought to bear on the ,queen's side without leaving the ,king's side denuded of forces4 ,this will be illustrated by the position in ,diagram #ii4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c ,b --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #ii ,,from ,a ,,game ,,fr4 ,,lazard-,,ed4 ,,lasker 7,,paris1 #aiad7 ,here the pawn positions on both sides are broken1 and the player that occupies the open files first1 gets a decisive advantage4 ,in this case it is ,black's move4 ,we can conclude at once that ,white has played the opening badly4 ,he must have lost two moves1 for he has still to capture the ,,bp and then1 being ,white1 it should be his move4 ,this disadvantage1 small as it may seem1 with which ,white has emerged from the opening1 is sufficient to bring him into the greatest difficulties4 ,black1 of course1 does not defend the pawn by ,b-,kt#b or ,b-,q#b1 as this would practically reduce the ,b to a ,p and1 moreover1 ,white1 by ,r-,kt#a or ,q#a1 would both attack the ,b and obtain an open file4 ,instead of that1 ,black utilises the two moves1 which he has1 as it were1 as a gift in an otherwise equalised position1 to bring both ,rooks on the ,kt file4 ,this policy allows ,black to occupy the seventh or eighth rank at will1 and to attack the ,white pawns from the flank or rear1 according to circumstances4 ,this menace hampers the radius of action of the ,white pieces1 as they must always be ready for the defence of the threatened pawns1 and this gives ,black by far the superior game4 ,the play was continued as follows3 #a4 444 ,r-,kt#a2 #b4 ,bx,p1 ,r-,kt#g2 #c4 ,b-,k#d1 ,b-,k#c2 #d4 ,p-,,qr#c1 ,,kr-,kt#a4 ,the ,knight's file is now definitely in ,black's hands4 ,white could occupy the ,queen's file1 but the ,black ,b at ,k#c1 which prevents the entry of the ,rooks at ,q#g1 makes the operation aimless4 ,therefore ,white is condemned to inactivity4 ,on the contrary1 ,black's line of action is clear4 ,his entry on the seventh can only achieve something if ,white's ,,qbp can be deprived of its support4 ,to do this ,black has only to play ,p-,,qb#d-;,b#e and ,p-,,kb#d4 ,this1 of course1 weakens ,black's ,,kb1 and the ,white ,rooks might obtain an entry on the ,k file4 ,therefore ,black will effect a timely exchange of one of his ,rooks1 after which his ,king alone will hold the ,k file4 ,these considerations make the following moves clear3 #e4 ,,kr-,k#a1 ,p-,,qb#d2 #f4 ,p-,,kr#c1 a further awkward necessity in positions of this kind4 ,before the ,rook can venture out1 a loophole must be provided for the ,king4 #f4 444 ,p-,b#e2 #g4 ,r-,k#c1 ,r-,kt#h;ch2 #h4 ,rx,r1 ,rx,rch2 #i4 ,k-,r#b1 ,p-,b#d2 #aj4 ,b-,b#c1 ,k-,b#b2 #aa4 ,b-,k#b 7threatening ,r-,,qb#c71 ,r-,kt#b2 #ab4 ,r-,,qb#c1 ,k-,b#c 7now ,bx,p is not feasible on account of ,r-,,qb#b72 #ac4 ,p-,b#d4 ,white wishes to keep the ,black ,king from his ,q#e but cannot do so permanently4 ,black1 however1 can occupy the ,q file with his ,rook1 and confine the ,white ,king to his wing4 #ac4 444 ,r-,q#b2 #ad4 ,k-,kt#c7 ,r-,q#e2 #ae4 ,k-,b#c1 ,k-,k#b2 #af4 ,r-,k#c1 ,k-,q#c2 #ag4 ,k-,kt#c1 ,r-,q#g2 #ah4 ,p-,b#c1 ,b-,b#b4 ,r-,r#g would be a mistake on account of ,rx,bch1 but the ,,qrp cannot escape4 #ai4 ,p-,,qr#d1 ,p-,kt#c2 #bj4 ,b-,b#c1 ,r-,r#g2 #ba4 ,b-,q#a1 ,b-,q#d2 #bb4 ,r-,k#b1 ,r-,r#h2 #bc4 ,r-,q#b1 ,r-,r#f2 #bd4 ,r-,,qb#b1 ,rx,r,p4 ,now at last ,black has obtained material gain1 which was made possible by his command of the open ,kt file4 ,to convert it into a win by queening the extra pawn is only a matter of time4 ,we have now seen how the possession of open files reacts on the mobility of the opposing forces1 forever increasing their difficulties until the positional advantage is converted into material gain4 ,we shall meet with cases later on in which the greater mobility of minor pieces achieves the same result and find more and more proofs of the truth of the main general principles which ,i introduced at the outset4 ,let us now recapitulate the chief points touched upon in the course of our deliberations3 #a4 ,generally speaking1 attacks should only be directed to objects which cannot be moved away4 #b4 ,if in particular cases the attack is aimed at driving off an opposing piece from an especially favourable post that attack is unwise1 if it involves the weakening the pawn position1 or if pieces have to take up inferior positions in order to effect their purpose4 #c4 ,pawn moves always create weaknesses1 either by leaving other unsupported pawns behind1 or by giving opposing pieces access to squares formerly guarded by them1 and this more specially so in front of the castled ,king4 #d4 ,attacks which depend on pawn moves are only justified if overwhelming forces can be accumulated in support1 as the advanced pawns might become the object of a counter attack4 #e4 ,as pawn moves have very generally some drawbacks1 the middle game is the pieces' own hunting ground4 ,as in the opening1 the first consideration of sound play in the middle game is to make only such moves as do not reduce the mobility of the pieces4 ,as illustrative of such manuvres ,i shall now give examples from actual master play4 ,in my annotations of these games ,i have tried to keep before the student's mind constantly the main ideas underlying the different combinations which spring from general strategical principles4 ,i thus avoid burdening his memory with a mass of detail1 and bring into prominence the basic principle of each line of play1 thereby developing his capacity for conducting a middle game1 even after an unusual opening4 ,i have fixed mainly upon such games as are illustrative of the openings treated in the first part of this book4 ,in most cases the first moves will1 therefore1 not need any special remarks4 ,the end-games1 being typical examples1 will only need reference to the chapters in which they have been respectively dealt with4 ,,part ,,ii ,,illustrative ,,games ,,from ,,master ,,tournaments ,,game ,no4 #a ,white3 ,tartakower4 ,black3 ,burn4 ,king's ,gambit declined 7compare p4 #cj74 #a4 ,p-,k#d ,p-,k#d #b4 ,p-,,kb#d ,b-,b#d #c4 ,kt-,,kb#c ,p-,q#c #d4 ,px,p ,on principle this exchange cannot be commended1 as the opening of the ,queen's file increases the ,black ,queen's mobility4 ,white derives no benefit from the ,,kb file so long as the ,black ,bishop makes castling impossible4 ,white intends to play ,p-,b#c and ,p-,q#d1 but the manuvre is doubtful1 and the whole opening includes an inordinately large number of pawn moves4 ,in the present game ,black exposes the failings inherent to this system unequivocally4 #d4 444 ,px,p #e4 ,p-,b#c ,kt-,,qb#c ,black cannot put off ,white's ,p-,q#d by ,b-,k,kt#e1 for ,white can give a check with the ,queen and unpin the ,knight4 #f4 ,p-,q,kt#d ,the object of this move is not clear1 as ,p-,kt#e does not win a pawn 7,kt-,r#d2 #h4 ,ktx,p2 #i4 ,q-,r#e;ch74 ,it does not promote development either1 and only compromises the ,,qbp and ,q,kt,p4 #f4 444 ,b-,kt#c #g4 ,b-,kt#e ,kt-,b#c ,this is aimed at the ,white ,king's pawn1 which is deprived of its natural support by the ,q,kt4 ,in this position ,black does well to attack ,white's ,,kp rather than to defend his own1 because an open ,king's file can only benefit him4 ,being able to castle1 he can occupy the file with his ,rook before ,white has time to bring his ,king into safety4 #h4 ,ktx,p ,it would have been better to protect the pawn by ,q-,k#b or ,p-,q#c4 #h4 444 ,castles6 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,b ,kt ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,b ,kt --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,kt ,b ,q ,k ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #ajj ,the beginning of a brilliant attack4 ,whether ,white exchanges the ,bishop or the ,knight1 he is overwhelmed4 #i4 ,ktx,kt ,after #i4 ,bx,kt1 ,px,b2 #aj4 ,ktx,p1 ,q-,k#a wins2 #aj4 ,p-,q#d would also lose because ,black gains two pawns after ,ktx,p2 #aa4 ,o-,o1 ,ktx,p4 ,it is interesting to note how speedily the weakness at ,white's ,,qb#c is brought to book4 #i4 444 ,px,kt #aj4 ,bx,p ,ktx,p66 ,now ,white can neither take the ,kt nor the ,r4 ,in the first case ,q- ,r#e;ch forces mate very soon1 in the second ,b-,b#g;ch1 followed by ,b- ,kt#e;ch or ,b-,r#c;ch1 wins the ,queen4 #aa4 ,p-,q#d ,q-,b#c6 #ab4 ,bx,kt ,q-,r#e;ch #ac4 ,k-,q#b ,qx,b #ad4 ,q-,b#c ,q-,r#e6 #ae4 ,p-,kt#c ,not ,qx,r1 because of ,q-,b#g;ch and the loss of the ,queen by a discovered check by the ,bishop4 ,q-,kt#d;ch #af4 ,q-,k#c ,q-,q#d #ag4 ,r-,k#a ,b-,kt#e #ah4 ,k-,b#b ,p-,,qr#d ,such is the price to pay for premature advances4 #ai4 ,px,p ,rx,p #bj4 ,b-,r#c ,p-,,qb#d ,black shatters ,white's pawn position1 and his ,bishops and ,rooks have full play along open files and diagonals4 #ba4 ,px,p ,rx,b6 #bb4 ,ktx,r or ,px,b1 ,rx,r,pch2 #bc4 ,rx,r1,qx,rch2 #bd4 ,k-,bl1,b-,b#d4 #bb4 444 ,bx,p ,the rest speaks for itself4 #bc4 ,q-,k#e ,b-,b#d;ch #bd4 ,k-,kt#b ,q-,kt#b;ch #be4 ,k-,b#a ,bx,ktch #bf4 ,k-,q#b ,r-,q#a;ch #bg4 ,k-,k#c ,r-,q#f;ch #bh4 ,k-,b#b ,q-,b#f;ch #bi4 ,k-,kt#a ,r-,q#g #cj4 ,q-,kt#h;ch ,b-,,kb#a ,resigns4 ,,game ,no4 #b ,white3 ,leonhardt4 ,black3 ,marshall4 ,falkbeer ,counter ,gambit 7compare p4 #ce74 #a4 ,p-,k#d ,p-,k#d #b4 ,p-,,kb#d ,p-,q#d #c4 ,px,q,p ,p-,k#e #d4 ,p-,q#c ,px,p #e4 ,qx,p ,kt-,,kb#c #f4 ,kt-,,qb#c ,it would be quite bad to play ,p-,b#d and try to hold the extra pawn at the expense of development4 ,black would very soon occupy the ,king's file with his ,rook and there would be no time for ,white to bring his ,king into safety1 e4g4 #f4 ,p-,b#d1 ,b-,,qb#d2 #g4 ,kt-,,kb#c1 ,castles2 #h4 ,b-,k#b1 ,r-,k#a1 and already now there are threats of ,kt- ,k#e or ,kt-,kt#e followed by ,b-,b#g;ch or ,kt-,b#g4 #f4 444 ,b-,,qb#d #g4 ,b-,q#b ,white would of course like to continue with ,b-,k#c in order to make a fight for the possession of the diagonal4 ,he would1 however1 lose his chance of castling through ,black's ,q-,k#b4 ,this is detrimental in all such cases where the lines in the centre are open or likely to be forced open at any time4 #g4 444 ,castles #h4 ,castles ,q,kt-,q#b #i4 ,b-,k#b ,kt-,kt#c #aj4 ,b-,b#c ,b-,k,kt#e #aa4 ,b-,k#c8 ,white has not yet completed his development1 and his first care should be to bring out his ,k,kt4 ,this he could have done without difficulty1 thus3 #aa4 ,bx,b1 ,ktx,b2 #ab4 ,kt-,r#c4 ,after the move in the text1 ,black not only occupies the ,king's file but gains a move in so doing4 #aa4 444 ,bx,bch #ab4 ,qx,b ,r-,k#a #ac4 ,q-,q#d ,q-,q#c ,black's course is obvious2 he must win the ,,qp4 ,the forces will then be equal in material1 but there will remain a --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,kt ,q ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,q ,p ,b --------------------------------------- #c ,kt ,b --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,k ,r ,kt ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #aja4 flaw in ,white's position1 namely the exposed ,,kbp1 and this tells in the ending4 #ad4 ,p-,,kr#c ,now the square at ,k,kt#c is unprotected1 and this is serious in view of a probable ,knight's ending1 where1 moreover1 it will sooner or later be necessary to play ,p-,k,kt#c in order to support the ,,kbp4 ,both the ,k,kt,p and ,,kbp would be weak1 with the ,king on the other wing1 and be under constant threat of being captured4 ,the game does proceed as indicated1 and the simple and logical manner in which ,marshall brings home his advantage in a very short time shows convincingly how fatal a shattered pawn position can be for the end-game4 ,instead of the move in the text1 ,white should have played ,bx,b followed by ,kt-,b#c1 which would have completed his development without making another pawn move4 #ad4 444 ,bx,b #ae4 ,ktx,b ,,qr-,q#a #af4 ,,kr-,,ki ,rx,r #ag4 ,rx,r ,q,ktx,p #ah4 ,ktx,kt ,ktx,kt #ai4 ,p-,k,kt#c ,p-,,kr#c making a loophole for the ,king4 ,in this case the move is correct1 as the threat of mate ties the ,black ,rook to his rank4 ,it is wrong to make a loophole1 as weak players are fond of doing1 as early as possible 8in case10 before it is shown that there will be a need for it1 or that there will be a ,rook ending4 #bj4 ,p-,r#c ,white is afraid of playing #bj4 ,qx,p on account of ,kt-,kt#e1 which threatens ,ktx,b,p followed by ,q-,,qb#c4 #ba4 ,qx,p would not be a sufficient defence because of ,q-,b#d threatening mate1 and on the other hand #ba4 ,q-,r#d would conjure up a dangerous attack1 beginning with ,p-,q,kt#d4 ,when the players castle on different wings1 there is always the danger of the opponent sacrificing pawns and opening up files for his ,rooks and ,q against the castled ,king4 ,the game then assumes a wild character1 and as matters are generally settled one way or another in the middle- game1 end-game considerations1 both with regard to number and position of pawns1 can be disregarded4 ,experience has shown that the player who develops his attack first is likely to win1 and that it is of little use to submit tamely to an assault of this kind without attempting a counter attack4 ,such games are very difficult for the beginner to understand4 ,there is about them something violent and difficult to estimate1 and years of practice are necessary in order to gain the judgment required for weighing up the possibilities of attack and counter attack1 where the ,kings have castled on opposite wings4 #bj4 444 ,p-,r#c #ba4 ,r-,q#a ,kt-,b#c #bb4 ,qx,q ,rx,q #bc4 ,rx,r ,px,r #bd4 ,kt-,q#d ,kt-,k#e #be4 ,kt-,k#b ,k-,b#a ,the ,black ,king now pushes forward irresistibly1 and attacks the weakened pawns on the ,king's wing4 ,the ,white ,king cannot get any nearer1 as a check by the ,black ,kt would win a pawn at once4 ,the end is easy4 #bf4 ,p-,b#c ,k-,k#b #bg4 ,k-,b#b ,k-,k#c #bh4 ,p-,kt#c ,kt-,b#g #bi4 ,kt-,q#d;ch ,k-,b#c #cj4 ,p-,,kr#d ,p-,,kr#d ,now the ,p at ,kt#c is 8backward0 and therefore lost4 #ca4 ,p-,b#d ,kt-,k#e #cb4 ,kt-,k#b ,k-,b#d #cc4 ,k-,q#c ,kt-,b#g;ch #cd4 ,k-,b#c ,k-,kt#e #ce4 ,p-,kt#d ,kt-,k#e;ch #cf4 ,k-,q#d ,ktx,p ,resigns4 ,,game ,no4 #c ,white3 ,spielmann4 ,black3 ,prokes4 ,vienna ,game 7compare p4 #ce74 #a4 ,p-,k#d ,p-,k#d #b4 ,kt-,,qb#c ,kt-,,kb#c #c4 ,p-,b#d ,p-,q#d #d4 ,px,k,p ,ktx,p #e4 ,q-,b#c ,it is contrary to the principles governing sound play to bring out the ,queen early in the game4 ,the opponent frequently has an opportunity of gaining a move by driving off the ,queen1 developing a minor piece at the same time4 ,in the present case ,black might have gained the advantage in the following way3 #e4 444 ,q ,kt-,b#c4 ,now if3 #f ,ktx,kt then ,kt-,q#e62 #g ,q-,q#c81 ,px,kt2 #h ,qx,p81 ,b-,,kb#d4 ,if1 however1 #f ,b-,kt#e1 ,black obtains the better game by playing #f4 444 ,ktx,kt2 #g ,kt,px,kt1 ,q-,r#e;ch2 #h ,p-,kt#c1 ,q-,k#e;ch2 #i ,qx,q1 ,px,q2 #aj ,bx,ktch1 ,px,b1 with two ,bishops on open diagonals4 ,there is no harm in the doubled pawn1 as ,white cannot attack it4 ,black's immediate threat is ,b-,r#c or ,,kb#d1 which exerts pressure at ,q#f1 and ,white will find it difficult to advance his ,,qp4 #e4 444 ,p-,,kb#d ,this move is open to discussion1 as the ,kt which it means to support can be driven away by ,p-,q#c4 ,on the other hand1 if ,white does play his ,,qp to ,q#c1 ,black can prevent its further advance by ,p-,q#e1 after which the ,white ,,kp is insecure and the ,,kb somewhat shut in4 #f4 ,p-,q#c ,ktx,kt #g4 ,px,kt ,p-,q#e #h4 ,q-,b#b6 ,white offers his ,,qbp in order to be able to strengthen his centre by ,p-,q#d1 and to free his pieces4 ,to protect his ,,qbp would be inferior1 e4g4 #h ,kt-,k#b1 ,kt-,b#c or #h ,b-,kt#b81 ,px,p2 #i ,bx,p1 ,b-,kt#e62 #aj ,bx,b1 ,qx,r#e;ch2 #aa ,q-,b#b1 ,qx,bch2 #ab ,q-,q#b1 ,q-,q#e4 #h4 444 ,px,p8 ,it would have been better1 of course1 to continue developing with ,kt-,b#c1 which at the same time maintains the pressure on ,q#e4 #i4 ,p-,q#d ,b-,k#c #aj4 ,kt-,r#c ,intending ,kt-,b#d with a view to exchanging the ,bishop4 ,after that1 ,black's position on ,white squares is weak specially on the diagonal ,,qr#g1 ,k,kt#a1 which was opened by ,black's fifth move1 and on which the ,white ,bishop can soon operate4 ,the game is instructive in showing the development of that idea4 #aj4 444 ,b-,k#b #aa4 ,kt-,b#d ,q-,q#b #ab4 ,ktx,b ,qx,kt #ac4 ,b-,q#c ,p-,k,kt#c ,black cannot prevent ,white's threat of ,q-,k#b and ,b-,b#d4 #ad4 ,q-,k#b ,q-,q#d --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,kt ,k ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,q ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,b --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,q ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,b ,k ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #ajb4 #ae4 ,castles ,qx,q,pch ,black is obliging4 ,the opening of files in the centre is favourable for ,white1 as he can make use of his ,rooks in the combined attack4 ,instead of the move in the text1 development with ,kt-,b#c and ,castles ,,qr was the last1 though slender1 chance of saving the game4 #af4 ,b-,k#c ,q-,q#d ,if ,qx,p1 ,q-,b#b followed by ,b-,q#d1 ,b-,k#d1 ,,kr-,k#a and ,,qr-,q#a4 ,black has no sufficient means of defence to oppose this massing of forces4 #ag4 ,,qr-,q#a ,q-,r#d #ah4 ,bx,b,p ,the end is swift1 and easy to understand4 #ah4 444 ,r-,b#a #ai4 ,q-,kt#d ,px,b #bj4 ,q-,r#e;ch ,r-,b#b #ba4 ,p-,k#f ,resigns4 ,,game ,,no4 #d ,white3 ,tarrasch4 ,black3 ,capablanca4 ,giuoco ,piano #a4 ,p-,k#d ,p-,k#d #b4 ,kt-,,kb#c ,kt-,,qb#c #c4 ,b-,b#d ,b-,b#d #d4 ,p-,b#c ,the beginning of interesting operations in the centre4 ,the steady development with3 #d4 ,p-,q#c1 ,p-,q#c2 #e4 ,kt-,b#c1 ,kt-,b#c2 #f4 ,b-,k,kt#e1 ,b-,k#c or ,castles tends to a draw from the very first1 and is thought dull4 #d4 444 ,kt-,b#c ,black can avoid the exchange of pawns1 which ,white tries to bring about after ,p-,q#d1 by playing his ,queen to ,k#b4 ,this covers his ,,kp a second time1 and ,white's ,p-,q#d can be answered with ,b-,kt#c4 ,white's ,,qbp then obstructs the ,kt's natural development4 ,in a game von ,schewe-,teichmann 7,berlin1 #aijg7 the position discussed on p4 #aag was reached after the following moves3 #e4 ,castles1 ,p- ,q#c2 #f4 ,p-,q#d1 ,b-,kt#c2 #g4 ,p-,,qr#d1 ,p-,,qr#c2 #h4 ,p-,r#e1 ,b-,r#b4 #e4 ,p-,q#d ,px,p #f4 ,px,p ,b-,kt#e;ch --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,q ,k ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,kt ,kt --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d ,b ,b ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,kt ,b ,q ,k ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #ajc #g4 ,b-,q#b ,the pawn sacrifice by #g4 ,kt-,b#c1 ,ktx,k,p2 #h4 ,castles6 is much more interesting and more in keeping with the spirit of the opening4 ,footnote3 ,the following two short games will give an idea of the various lines of attack which are to be found in this opening3 a4 ,howell-,michell 7cable match1 ,england--,america1 #aijg73 #h4 444 ,bx,kt2 #i4 ,p-,q#e 7,moller attack71 ,b-,b#c2 #aj4 ,r-,k#a1 ,kt-,k#b2 #aa4 ,rx,kt1 ,p-,q#c2 #ab4 ,b-,kt#e1 ,bx,b2 #ac4 ,ktx,b1 ,b-,b#d 7the only chance of a draw would be this3 ,castles2 #ad4 ,ktx,r,p1 ,kx,kt2 #ae4 ,,qr#e;ch1 ,k-,kt#a2 #af4 ,r- ,r#d1 ,p-,,kb#d62 #ag4 ,b-,k#b1 ,kt-,kt#c62 #ah4 ,q-,r#g;ch1 ,k-,b#b2 #ai4 ,r-,r#f1 ,kt-,b#e2 #bj4 ,b-,r#e;ch1 ,ktx,b2 #ba4 ,q-,kt#f with perpetual check72 #ad4 ,q-,b#c1,q-,q#b 7,bx,r2 #ae4 ,qx,pch followed by ,q-,k#f;ch and ,qx,b72 #ae4 ,b-,kt#e61 ,qx,b2 #af4 ,qx,b1 ,p-,,kb#c2 #ag4 ,,qr-,k#a1 ,px,kt2 #ah4 ,rx,ktch and mate in a few moves4 b4 ,x v4 ,y1 first #aj moves as before3 #aa4 ,rx,kt1 ,castles2 #ab4 ,p-,q#f1 ,px,p #ac4 ,b-,k,kt#e1 ,kt-,b#d2 #ad4 ,q-,q#e61 ,bx,b2 #ae4 ,ktx,b1 ,kt-,r#c 7,qx,kt2 #af4 ,qx,pch72 #af4 ,q ,r-,k#a1 resigns4 ,white obtains a quick development and prevents ,black from freeing his game by playing ,p-,q#d4 ,after #h4 444 ,bx,kt2 #i4 ,p-,q#e follows 7,moller attack71 and after #i4 444 ,b- ,b#c1 ,white wins back his piece by ,r-,k#a 7#aj4 ,px,kt would not be good1 as ,black could free his game by ,kt,px,p and ,p-,q#d74 ,on the other hand1 after #h4 444 ,ktx,kt2 ,px,kt1 ,white in addition gains a move1 as ,bx,p is countered by ,q-,kt#c4 ,as played here1 ,black succeeds in playing ,p-,q#d1 and the game is even4 ,indeed the isolated ,,qp is a weakness in the ,white position4 #g4 444 ,bx,bch #h4 ,q,ktx,b ,p-,q#d6 #i4 ,px,p ,k,ktx,p #aj4 ,q-,kt#c ,q,kt-,k#b #aa4 ,castles ,,kr ,castles #ab4 ,,kr-,k#a ,p-,,qb#c ,now the ,knight is securely posted in the centre1 and ,black can accumulate forces for the attack on the ,white ,,qp1 possibly by ,q- ,kt#c1 ,r-,q#a and ,kt-,b#d4 #ac4 ,p-,,qr#d in order to drive the ,queen from her ,kt#c1 but this advance is 8three-edged10 as ,master ,gregory would say1 and the pawn is sure to prove weak in the end-game4 #ac4 444 ,q-,kt#c #ad4 ,q-,r#c ,b-,k#c #ae4 ,p-,r#e ,q-,b#b #af4 ,kt-,k#d ,kt-,k,kt#e would seem to be stronger here4 ,b-,b#d would then be answered by #ag4 ,b-,q#c4 ,after ,bx,b1 #ah4 ,qx,b1 ,white obtains opportunities for a ,king's side attack1 in which the ,rook could co-operate via ,k#d and ,kt#d or ,r#d4 #af4 444 ,,qr-,q#a #ag4 ,kt-,b#e ,b-,b#a #ah4 ,p-,k,kt#c8 ,this produces weak points at ,,kb#c and ,,kr#c1 and there being as yet no definite threat in ,black's ,kt-,b#e1 should have been avoided4 ,it is of course difficult to formulate a plan of attack1 for there is no weak place in ,black's armour4 ,in any case ,white could safely have played ,,qr-,q#a and ,q#b in order to double the ,rooks on the ,king's file or ,queen's file according to circumstances4 ,but now as soon as a ,rook moves to ,q#a--;and that will have to be done in the end1 to support the weak ,,qp--,black's ,b-,kt#e might become awkward4 #ah4 444 ,kt-,b#d #ai4 ,,qr-,q#a ,kt-,q#c6 #bj4 ,bx,kt ,kt-,kt#d avoiding an isolated pawn in a subtle manner4 --------------------------------------- #h ,b ,r ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,q ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,kt ,kt ,b --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,q ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #ajd #ba4 ,q-,kt#d ,rx,b #bb4 ,kt-,q#c ,b-,kt#e #bc4 ,q,kt-,k#e ,p-,r#d #bd4 ,ktx,b ,px,kt #be4 ,kt-,r#d ,kt-,k#e would be answered by ,,kr-,q#a2 #bf4 ,ktx,p1 ,ktx,p threatening both ,kt-,b#f;ch and ,kt-,b#g4 ,if ,white stops both threats with ,q-,b#c1 ,kt-,k#g;ch wins4 #be4 444 ,,kr-,q#a #bf4 ,r-,k#g ,q-,q#c ,now ,black foregoes his well-earned advantage4 ,he overlooks ,white's subtle move #bh4 ,p-,r#f4 #bf ,q-,b#a was indicated4 ,white's ,queen's ,pawn could not escape1 and there was time to dislodge the ,white ,rook from the seventh by ,r-,q#b1 e g4 #bf4 444 ,q-,b#a2 #bg4 ,q- ,kt#c61 ,,qr-,q#b2 #bh4 ,q-,k#c1 ,rx,r2 #bi4 ,qx,r1 ,ktx,p4 #bg4 ,qx,q ,ktx,q #bh4 ,p-,r#f6 ,px,p #bi4 ,rx,r,p ,kt-,kt#d #cj4 ,rx,r,p ,ktx,p #ca4 ,k-,b#a ,p-,kt#d #cb4 ,kt-,kt#b ,kt-,b#f #cc4 ,rx,r ,px,r6 ,the pawn threatens to queen4 ,taking the ,rook's pawn would not be so good1 as it would displace the ,knight4 ,white would not only regain the pawn easily with ,kt-,k#c1 but would also get his ,king into play4 #cd4 ,kt-,k#a ,r-,k#a ,here ,r-,,qb#a affords winning possibilities for ,black4 ,on account of the threat of ,r-,b#h1 the exchange of ,knights by ,white would be forced1 and his game would have been badly cramped by the ,black ,,kbp1 e4g4 #cd4 444 ,r-,,qb#a2 #ce4 ,ktx,kt1 ,px,kt2 #cf4 ,r-,r#a 7,k-,k#a81 ,r-,b#g2 #cg4 ,r-,q#f1 ,r-,k#g;ch2 #ch4 ,k-,b#a1 ,rx,p2 #ci4 ,k-,k#a1 ,r-,k#g;ch2 #dj4 ,k-,b#a1 ,r- ,k#d71 ,r-,kt#a2 #cg4 ,r-,kt#a1 ,r-,kt#f4 ,after the move in the text the game is drawn4 #ce4 ,ktx,kt ,px,kt #cf4 ,r-,q#f ,r-,,qb#a ,there is nothing in this move1 as the ,black passed pawn is now attacked4 #cg4 ,k-,k#a ,r-,k#a;ch #ch4 ,k-,b#a ,r-,,qb#a ,drawn4 ,,game ,no4 #e ,white3 ,r4 ,c4 ,griffith4 ,black3 ,w4 ,h4 ,gunston4 ,giuoco ,piano4 #a4 ,p-,k#d ,p-,k#d #b4 ,kt-,,kb#c ,kt-,,qb#c #c4 ,b-,b#d ,b-,b#d #d4 ,p-,b#c ,kt-,b#c #e4 ,p-,q#c ,p-,q#d would seem to be the logical consequence of ,p-,b#c1 and therefore preferable4 ,after the text move ,black will sooner or later be able to enforce the advance of his own pawn to ,q#d1 and his pieces will then have the greater mobility4 #e4 444 ,p-,q#c ,here ,black might have played ,p-,q#d at once4 ,for if ,white takes the pawn1 he leaves ,black in possession of the pawn in the centre4 ,if he does not do so but plays ,b-,q,kt#e instead1 ,black's reply would be ,q-,k#b and the exchange of pawns at ,k #e would follow4 ,white's ,p- ,b#c is then clearly a lost move4 #f4 ,b-,k#c ,b-,kt#c #g4 ,q,kt-,q#b ,kt-,k#b #h4 ,kt-,b#a ,p-,b#c #i4 ,q-,k#b ,castles #aj4 ,kt-,kt#c ,p-,q#d #aa4 ,px,p ,px,p #ab4 ,b-,kt#c ,kt-,kt#c ,black has now the superior position on account of his pawn centre4 #ac4 ,castles ,,kr ,b-,b#b #ad4 ,b-,kt#e ,p-,,kr#c #ae4 ,bx,kt ,px,b ,there is nothing in the weakness at ,black's ,,kb#c and ,,kr#c caused by the disappearance of his ,k,kt ,pawn1 as ,white has lost his ,,kb4 ,on the contrary the open file should be a distinct asset1 for1 having a strong centre1 ,black's pieces are more mobile and he is more likely to get an attack4 #af4 ,q-,k#c ,k-,r#b #ag4 ,p-,,kr#c in order to play ,kt-,r#e1 which otherwise would be answered by ,b- ,kt#e4 #ag4 444 ,,kr-,kt#a #ah4 ,k-,r#a ,p-,b#d #ai4 ,kt-,r#e ,b-,k#c ,bx,p was threatened4 #bj4 ,r-,k,kt#a ,p-,b#e --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,q ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,b ,p ,k --------------------------------------- #f ,b ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,b ,p ,p ,q ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #aje ,p-,k#e would seem to be better1 as it opens a diagonal for the ,,kb1 and a diagonal1 too1 for the ,,qb1 as ,white has to exchange the pawns4 ,indeed ,black would soon have obtained a winning advantage1 e4g4 #bj4 444 ,p-,k#e2 #ba4 ,px,p 7,kt-,r#b1 ,q-,r#e2 #bb4 ,q-,k#b1 ,kt-,k#d71 ,b,px,p2 #bb4 ,kt-,r#b1 ,q-,r#e2 #bc4 ,q-,k#b 7,p-,k,kt#d or ,b-,q#a1 ,p-,b#d71 ,kt-,k#d1 threatening ,kt-,kt#e and ,kt-,q#f4 ,as it is1 ,white gains a little time1 although ,black's position still remains superior4 #ba4 ,q-,k#b ,q-,k#b #bb4 ,p-,kt#d ,p-,b#c to prevent ,p-,kt#e4 #bc4 ,r-,kt#b ,,qr-,k#a #bd4 ,r-,k#a ,q-,b#b #be4 ,kt-,q#b intending to play ,p-,b#c1 thus retarding ,black's ,p-,k#e1 which is still hanging over ,white like ,damocles' sword4 ,the move1 however1 lets in the ,knight4 #be4 444 ,kt-,r#e #bf4 ,r-,r#b ,p-,b#d #bg4 ,p-,b#c ,p-,k#e ,now this move is no longer feasible1 as ,white's brilliant sacrifice demonstrates4 ,to make the move possible1 long preparations would have been necessary1 such as3 ,r-,kt#c1 ,b-,q#b-;,b#c1 etc4 #bh4 ,q,px,p ,q,px,p #bi4 ,ktx,k,p ,px,kt #cj4 ,qx,pch ,r-,kt#c #ca4 ,r7,r#b7-,k#b ,the scene has changed with startling suddenness4 ,white has open files and diagonals for all his forces1 whilst ,black's pieces are immobilised4 ,whatever he plays1 ,black must lose the piece he has gained4 #ca4 444 ,b-,q#c #cb4 ,q-,q#c ,bx,b #cc4 ,rx,r ,q-,b#e ,he cannot play ,b-,q#d on account of ,q-,q#d4 #cd4 ,kt-,b#f;ch ,k-,kt#b #ce4 ,,qr-,k#g;ch ,bx,r #cf4 ,rx,bch ,kx,kt #cg4 ,q-,q#f;ch ,resigns4 ,,game ,no4 #f ,white3 ,mason4 ,black3 ,gunsberg4 ,giuoco ,piano4 #a4 ,p-,k#d ,p-,k#d #b4 ,kt-,,kb#c ,kt-,,qb#c #c4 ,b-,b#d ,b-,b#d #d4 ,p-,q#c ,p-,q#c #e4 ,b-,k#c ,b-,kt#c #f4 ,p-,b#c ,kt-,b#c #g4 ,q,kt-,q#b ,q-,k#b #h4 ,p-,,qr#d ,a lost move4 ,the logical continuation is ,kt-,b#a-,kt#c and ,castles4 #h4 444 ,b-,k#c #i4 ,b-,q,kt#e ,bx,b ,generally speaking1 exchanges such as this are doubtful4 ,however1 in the present case1 although it opens the ,b file for ,white1 ,white cannot prevent ,black from obtaining the same advantage4 #aj4 ,px,b ,p-,,qr#c ,black gives up the move he has gained4 ,there is no justification for this1 as nothing prevents him from proceeding with his development at once with #aj4 444 ,castles4 #aa4 ,bx,ktch ,px,b #ab4 ,p-,q,kt#d ,white is anxious lest his ,kt,p should be made 8backward0 by ,p-,,qr#d and ,p-,b#d4 ,this is one of the drawbacks of the premature advance of the ,,qrp4 #ab4 444 ,castles ,,kr #ac4 ,castles ,kt-,kt#e #ad4 ,q-,k#b ,p-,,kb#d #ae4 ,px,p ,bx,p #af4 ,p-,k#d ,b-,q#b #ag4 ,kt-,b#d ,kt-,b#c #ah4 ,kt-,k#c ,p-,kt#c #ai4 ,p-,b#d ,this creates a weakness at ,q#d4 ,unimportant as it appears to be1 it is the cause of the loss of the game1 as the opposing ,knight gets in ultimately4 ,the doubling of the ,rooks on the ,,kb file would seem to be the best plan4 #ai4 444 ,kt-,r#d #bj4 ,p-,kt#c ,white's weaknesses at ,,kb#c and ,,kr#c are more damaging than the corresponding ones in the ,black camp1 as ,black still possesses a ,bishop of the same colour as the weakened squares4 ,but the move is now compulsory2 for were ,white to allow the ,black ,knight to his ,,kb#e1 and to drive him off then with ,p-,kt#c1 the ,knight could play to his ,r#f and prevent the doubling of the ,white ,rooks4 #bj4 444 ,b-,r#f #ba4 ,r-,b#b ,kt-,kt#b #bb4 ,q-,kt#b ,white begins to operate in the centre and on the ,q wing1 as his position on the ,k side begins to be doubtful4 ,the intention is to play ,p-,q#d1 which1 however1 ,black opposes at once4 #bb4 444 ,kt-,k#c --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,q ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,p ,p ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,kt ,kt ,p ,b --------------------------------------- #b ,q ,r ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #ajf ,if now ,white plays ,p-,q#d1 he loses a piece by ,px,p2 #bd4 ,ktx,p81 ,rx,r2 #be4 ,kx,r1 ,q-,b#c;ch4 #bc4 ,r-,k#a ,the ,rook has no future here1 and ,r-,q#a1 in order to play ,p-,q#d1 is more logical4 ,but as ,black obviously threatens to double his ,rooks on the ,,kb file1 it would be advisable to play for an exchange of ,rooks1 with3 ,kt-,kt#b1 ,,qr-,b#a and ,kt-,k#a4 #bc4 444 ,r-,b#b #bd4 ,,qr-,k#b ,,qr-,,kb#a #be4 ,kt-,k#a ,kt-,q#e #bf4 ,r-,q#b ,q-,kt#d #bg4 ,kt7,k#c7-,kt#b ,bx,kt #bh4 ,kx,b ,ktx,b is frustrated by ,kt-,b#f;ch4 #bh4 444 ,q-,k#f ,all the ,black forces are now in action1 and ,white has no defence1 as his pieces can hardly move4 #bi4 ,k-,b#a ,kt-,kt#f6 ,resigns4 ,if ,r-,k#b or ,b#b1 there follows ,rx,rch2 #ca4 ,rx,r1 ,kt-,q#g;ch2 #cb4 ,qx,kt1 ,qx,q4 ,,game ,,no4 #g ,white3 ,marshall4 ,black3 ,tarrasch4 ,max ,lange ,attack4 #a4 ,p-,k#d ,p-,k#d #b4 ,p-,q#d ,px,p #c4 ,kt-,,kb#c ,kt-,,qb#c #d4 ,b-,,qb#d ,b-,b#d #e4 ,castles ,kt-,b#c ,black can avoid the complications of the ,max ,lange attack by #e4 444 ,p-,q#c4 ,in that case ,white cannot recover the pawn1 and in order to develop his ,q,kt effectively1 would have to play ,p-,b#c1 aiming at rapid development in return1 after #f4 444 ,px,p2 #g4 ,ktx,p4 ,but ,black can frustrate this plan either by pushing his pawn to ,q#f1 so that the ,q,kt is barred from the square ,b#c1 or by playing ,b-,k,kt#e with this probable continuation3 #g4 ,q-,kt#c1 ,bx,kt2 #h4 ,bx,pch1 ,k-,b#a2 #i4 ,px,b1 ,kt-,b#c1 and ,black has the better game1 for ,white's ,king's side is broken up and his pieces undeveloped1 while ,black has prospects of attack on the open ,,kb file4 #f4 ,p-,k#e ,p-,q#d #g4 ,px,kt ,px,b #h4 ,r-,k#a;ch ,b-,k#c #i4 ,kt-,kt#e ,q-,q#d --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,k ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,kt ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,b ,q ,kt --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,kt ,b ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #ajg ,this is the typical position in the ,max ,lange attack4 ,with his ninth move ,white threatened to win a piece by ,ktx,b and ,q-,r#e;ch4 ,black could not parry the threat by #i4 444 ,q-,q#c1 on account of ,px,p followed by ,kt-,k#d-;,b#f;ch4 ,the position in the diagram appears to be favourable for ,black1 as all his minor pieces are in play1 whilst ,white's development is somewhat restricted by ,black's strong pawns at ,,qb#e and ,q#e4 ,for a long time this opening has not been played in tournaments1 being considered unsatisfactory for ,white4 ,with the present game1 and his new move of #ae4 ,b-,r#f1 ,marshall has reopened the question as to whether ,white's attack on the ,k file plus the pawn at ,k,kt#g is sufficiently tempting4 #aj4 ,kt-,,qb#c ,q-,b#d #aa4 ,q,kt-,k#d ,castles ,,qr ,this is imperative4 ,if ,black retires the ,bishop from his unsafe position1 ,white permanently prevents ,black from castling1 which is bound to be fatal in view of the open ,k file--e4g4 #aa4 444 ,b- ,kt#c2 #ab4 ,px,p1 ,r-,k,kt#a2 #ac4 ,p-,k,kt#d1 ,q-,kt#c2 #ad4 ,ktx,b1 ,px,kt2 l#e4 ,b- ,kt#e1 ,rx,p2 #af4 ,q-,b#c with a violent attack4 #ab4 ,ktx,q,b ,if ,white tries to win the exchange in the following way3 #ab4 ,p- ,k,kt#d1 ,q-,k#d62 #ac4 ,kt-,,kb#c1 ,q-,q#d2 #ad4 ,px,p followed by ,kt-,b#f1 ,black can initiate a promising counter attack by #ad4 444 ,bx,p662 #ae4 ,px,r-,q1 ,rx,q2 #af4 ,kt-,b#f1 ,qx,kt2 #ag4 ,qx,q1 ,bx,q4 ,in this case ,white exposes his ,king's side by ,p-,k,kt#d in order to benefit from the unstable position of the ,black ,,kb1 but unless care is taken1 he can easily fall a victim to an attack on the open ,k,kt file #ab4 444 ,px,kt #ac4 ,p-,k,kt#d ,q-,k#d ,not ,q-,q#d1 on account of ,px,p and ,kt-,b#f4 #ad4 ,px,p ,,kr-,kt#a #ae4 ,b-,r#f ,this is ,marshall's innovation4 ,it gets the ,bishop out of play1 as ,p-,kt#e must necessarily follow1 yet the pawn at ,kt#g holds the ,black ,rook1 and there is a permanent threat of ,kt-,b#f either winning the exchange or1 if the ,knight is taken1 giving ,white a pair of formidable passed pawns4 #ae4 444 ,p-,q#f #af4 ,p-,b#c ,b-,q#c ,this is quite to ,white's liking1 since he wishes to advance ,ids centre pawns4 ,black's only chance of escaping disaster would be3 ,b-,k#b1 with ,r-,q#b1 ,kt-,q#a-;,b#b4 ,instead of this1 his next few moves do not reveal any concerted plan1 and he loses in a surprisingly short time4 #ag4 ,p-,b#d ,q-,q#d #ah4 ,q-,b#c ,b-,k#b #ai4 ,p-,kt#e ,q-,b#d #bj4 ,kt-,kt#c ,q-,b#b ,in manoeuvring his ,q1 ,black has achieved nothing either for counter attack or defence4 ,now ,white has numerous attacking chances4 ,he first turns his attention to the ,,kp4 #ba4 ,q-,kt#d ,,qr-,k#a #bb4 ,r-,k#d6 ,p-,kt#d #bc4 ,p-,,qr#d and now even the ,,qr takes part in the assault4 ,black's game is hopeless4 #bc4 444 ,p-,r#c #bd4 ,px,p ,px,p #be4 ,k-,kt#b attacking the ,,kp by avoiding the check4 #be4 444 ,kt-,q#a #bf4 ,q-,b#c ,q-,kt#c #bg4 ,r-,q#d ,p-,b#c #bh4 ,rx,ktch ,kx,r #bi4 ,qx,p ,resigns4 ,after this1 no master has tried to defend a 8,max ,lange0 in an international tournament4 ,,game ,,no4 #h ,white3 ,blackburne4 ,black3 ,em4 ,lasker4 ,scotch ,game4 #a4 ,p-,k#d ,p-,k#d #b4 ,kt-,,kb#c ,kt-,,qb#c #c4 ,p-,q#d ,px,p #d4 ,ktx,p ,b-,b#d #e4 ,b-,k#c ,q-,b#c ,the threat ,ktx,kt and ,bx,b must be met in some way4 ,p-,q#c is not satisfactory1 for ,black remains with a trebled pawn after the double exchange4 ,an alternative to the text move is ,b-,kt#c4 ,q-,b#c1 however1 has the advantage of developing a piece1 and although it is the ,queen1 ,white has no early opportunity of driving the same off1 such as he often obtains when the ,queen comes out so soon in the game4 #f4 ,p-,,qb#c ,k,kt-,k#b #g4 ,kt-,b#b ,in order to develop the ,q,kt4 #g4 444 ,p-,q,kt#c6 ,out of three possible moves1 ,lasker selects the one which contributes most to development4 ,b-,kt#c does nothing in that direction1 and ,bx,b would bring the ,white ,knight further into play4 ,the text move prepares the development of the ,b at ,kt#b with the option of ,castles ,,qr4 ,if ,white exchanges ,bishops he gives up the command of his ,q#d4 ,black's ,p-,q#c might have had the same result1 but then the exchange would have given ,white a majority of pawns on the ,k side1 whilst ,white's three ,q side pawns would have held the black ,q side pawns1 one of the latter being doubled4 #h4 ,kt-,q#b ,q-,kt#c ,the exchange of ,bishops allows ,white to play ,kt-,k#c1 thus avoiding the weakening move ,p-,k ,kt#c4 #i4 ,b-,,kb#d is answered by ,p-,q#d64 #i4 ,bx,b ,px,b #aj4 ,kt-,k#c ,r-,q,kt#a #aa4 ,p-,q,kt#c ,castles #ab4 ,b-,b#d ,to prevent ,black's ,p-,b#d4 ,at first sight it seems as if the ,,qbp ought to move to ,b#d1 as the advance of the ,q,kt,p has weakened it4 ,but ,white dares not allow a ,black ,knight to settle at ,q#e4 #ab4 444 ,p-,q#c #ac4 ,p-,b#d6 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,kt ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,kt ,p ,q --------------------------------------- #e ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,b ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,kt ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,q ,k ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #ajh ,black threatens to play ,k-,r#a in order to play ,p-,b#d4 ,white's position would then be very bad1 and therefore he rightly decides to anticipate the move1 even at the cost of a pawn4 ,in order to gain the ,,qbp ,black must waste a number of moves with the ,q1 and ,white gains time for a ,king's side attack4 ,the pawn sacrifice is very promising indeed4 #ac4 444 ,q-,b#c #ad4 ,castles ,qx,q,b,p #ae4 ,r-,b#c ,there seem to be many threats here1 and the position is a difficult one to fathom4 ,after disentangling his ,queen1 ,black tries very hard to force his ,p-,b#d4 ,as soon as he succeeds in this he has a won game1 for the open file is available both for defence and counter-attack4 #ae4 444 ,q-,q#e #af4 ,k-,r#a ,b-,k#c #ag4 ,r-,,qb#a ,bx,b #ah4 ,rx,b ,q-,kt#g ,q-,b#c is impossible apart from the fact that it would block the ,,kbp1 e4g4 #ah4 444 ,q-,b#c2 #ai4 ,p-,k#e1 ,px,p2 #bj4 ,kt-,k#d1 etc4 #ai4 ,r-,,qb#b ,q-,b#c ,now the attack shown in the last note could be answered with ,q- ,r#e4 #bj4 ,kt-,kt#d ,here ,p-,k,kt#d could be answered by ,kt-,q#e1 e4g4 #ba4 ,p-,kt#e1 ,q-,kt#c2 #bb4 ,r-,kt#c1 ,p-,b#d4 #bj4 444 ,q-,kt#c #ba4 ,r-,kt#c ,p-,b#d #bb4 ,kt-,k#e ,q-,k#c #bc4 ,ktx,kt ,ktx,kt #bd4 ,p-,k#e ,kt-,kt#e6 ,this prevents the ,rook from occupying the ,q file which is about to be opened4 #be4 ,r-,b#d ,px,p #bf4 ,q-,r#a ,q-,q#b6 ,if now ,qx,p1 ,black plays ,r-,b#b with unanswerable threats of ,r-,k#a or ,q#a4 #bg4 ,kt-,b#c ,px,p #bh4 ,kt-,k#e ,q-,k#b #bi4 ,rx,k,b,p ,,qr-,k#a #cj4 ,kt-,b#d ,q-,k#h;ch #ca4 ,r-,b#a ,qx,q #cb4 ,rx,q ,ktx,p #cc4 ,p-,r#c ,p-,b#e #cd4 ,r-,q#c ,kt-,kt#e #ce4 ,r-,q#g ,p-,b#f6 #cf4 ,px,p ,rx,p #cg4 ,rx,r,p ,kt-,q#f threatens mate in six4 #ch4 ,r-,r#a ,kt-,k#h mate is again threatened4 #ci4 ,kt-,q#b ,rx,pch #dj4 ,k-,kt#a ,r-,kt#f;ch #da4 ,k-,r#b ,r-,q#f6 #db4 ,rx,kt ,rx,ktch #dc4 ,rx,r ,rx,r #dd4 ,r-,q#g ,r-,k#f #de4 ,rx,p ,rx,p #df4 ,rx,p ,p-,r#c #dg4 ,r-,b#f ,a few more moves 8for fun40 #dg4 444 ,k-,r#b #dh4 ,k-,kt#b ,p-,r#d #di4 ,r-,r#f ,p-,kt#c #ej4 ,r-,r#d ,k-,r#c #ea4 ,r-,,qb#d ,r-,kt#g;ch #eb4 ,k-,kt#c ,k-,kt#d #ec4 ,r-,b#c ,p-,r#e;ch #ed4 ,k-,r#c ,k-,r#d #ee4 ,r-,b#d ,r-,kt#f;ch #ef4 ,k-,r#b ,p-,kt#d #eg4 ,r-,r#d ,r-,kt#g;ch #eh4 ,k-,rsq ,p-,r#f #ei4 ,r-,,qb#d ,p-,kt#e #fj4 ,k-,ktsq ,p-,kt#f #fa4 ,r-,b#e;ch ,k-,kt#c #fb4 ,r-,bsq ,k-,b#d #fc4 ,r-,rsq ,r-,q#g #fd4 ,r-,ksq ,k-,b#e #fe4 ,r-,rsq ,k-,k#f #ff4 ,r-,r#c;ch ,r-,q#f #fg4 ,r-,rsq ,k-,k#g ,resigns4 ,,game ,no4 #i ,white3 ,salwe4 ,black3 ,marshall4 ,two ,knights' ,defence #a4 ,p-,k#d ,p-,k#d #b4 ,kt-,,kb#c ,kt-,,qb#c #c4 ,b-,b#d ,kt-,b#c #d4 ,kt-,kt#e ,this attack may be tempting1 as the ,,bp cannot be protected1 but it is against that elementary principle which says that no attack should be undertaken in the opening until the minor pieces are mobilised1 provided of course that ,black also has made sound opening moves4 ,there is every likelihood that the attack in the present instance will lead to nothing4 ,it has taken many years to find the correct reply1 but now that it is known1 the opening has practically disappeared from master practice4 ,instead of the move in the text1 ,white can play either ,p-,q#c1 leading almost unavoidably to a drawing variation of the ,giuoco piano1 or ,castles which might bring about the ,max ,lange attack after #d4 444 ,b-,b#d2 #e4 ,p-,q#d1 ,px,p4 #d4 444 ,p-,q#d #e4 ,px,p ,kt-,,qr#d6 ,this is a typical position in the ,two ,knights' defence4 ,the former continuation #e4 444 ,ktx,q,p has long been abandoned1 as the attack that ,white can initiate by #f4 ,ktx,b,p1 ,kx,kt2 #g4 ,q-,b#c;ch1 forcing the ,black ,king to ,k#c1 is dangerous though the result is uncertain4 ,the move in the text breaks the attack from the very first1 and ,black gets the advantage --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,q ,k ,b ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,kt ,p ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #d ,b --------------------------------------- #c --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,kt ,b ,q ,k ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #aji as he can gain time by attacking the two minor pieces which it should be noted1 are unsupported1 and in addition obtain a speedy development1 worth more than the pawn given up for it4 #f4 ,p-,q#c ,b-,kt#e;ch is an alternative4 ,the advantage is ,black's in this case also--e4g4 ,p-,b#c2 #g4 ,px,p1 ,px,p2 #h4 ,b-,k#b1 ,p-,,kr#c2 #i4 ,kt-,,kb#c1 ,p-,k#e2 #aj4 ,kt-,k#e1 ,q-,b#b2 #aa4 ,p-,q#d1 ,b-,q#c 7or ,px,p e4p4 followed by ,b-,q#c72 #ab4 ,p-,,kb#d1 ,px,p e4p42 #ac4 ,ktx,p1 ,kt-,kt#e or #aa4 ,p-,b#d1 ,b-,q#c2 #ab4 ,p- ,q#d1 ,px,p e4p42 #ac ,ktx,p1 ,castles4 ,black has an easy game and open lines4 #f4 444 ,p-,,kr#c #g4 ,kt-,,kb#c ,p-,k#e #h4 ,q-,k#b ,ktx,b #i4 ,px,kt ,b-,,qb#d #aj4 ,k,kt-,q#b ,the ,knight must move sooner or later4 #aj4 444 ,castles #aa4 ,kt-,kt#c ,b-,k,kt#e #ab4 ,q-,b#a ,a sorry retreat1 but the plausible ,q-,q#b would be disastrous1 e4g4 ,p-,k#f62 #ac4 ,px,p1 ,kt-,k#e and ,q-,r#e;ch #ab4 444 ,b-,kt#e;ch ,black's superior development begins to tell in no uncertain fashion4 ,now ,white can neither play #ac4 ,b-,q#b on account of ,bx,bch2 #ad4 ,q,ktx,b1 ,r-,k#a1 followed by ,p-,k#f1 nor #ac4 ,kt-,b#c on account of ,bx,kt2 #ad4 ,,pxb1 ,p-,b#c regaining the pawn and maintaining positional advantage4 ,white has therefore no alternative but ,p-,b#c1 which weakens his ,q#c1 where a ,black ,knight soon settles down4 #ac4 ,p-,b#c ,b-,k#b #ad4 ,p-,,kr#c ,b-,r#d #ae4 ,p-,kt#d ,b-,kt#c ,at last ,white can castle4 ,he can1 of course1 only castle on the ,queen's side1 because his ,king's side pawns are shattered4 ,now games in which the ,kings castle on different wings are more or less beyond calculation1 as pointed out before4 ,on the whole1 the player who first attacks wins4 ,but experience has shown that the ,queen's side is more difficult to defend on account of its greater expanse1 and this theory is supported by the present game4 ,in addition1 ,white's development is not completed yet1 whilst all the ,black forces are ready to strike4 #af4 ,b-,k#c ,kt-,q#b #ag4 ,q,kt-,q#b ,kt-,k#d #ah4 ,castles ,p-,kt#d ,storming the position with pawns is peculiar to this kind of game4 ,the intention is to break up the opposing pawn position1 and to open files for the ,rooks4 ,pawns are cheap in such cases4 ,open lines for the pieces are the things that matter1 and the fewer pawns there are left1 the more open lines are available for the attack4 #ai4 ,px,p ,kt-,q#f;ch #bj4 ,k-,kt#a ,qx,p #ba4 ,k-,r#a ,the ,king was not safe on the diagonal4 ,white wishes to push on his ,king's side pawns 7,p-,b#d-;,b#e1 and so on74 ,but after ,px,p e4p4 there would be a fatal discovered check by the ,black ,knight4 #bb4 444 ,qx,p ,black's advantage becomes more marked4 ,he has recovered his pawn1 and for the ensuing attacks on both sides he is better placed1 having already two open files for his ,rooks4 #bb4 ,p-,,kb#d ,p-,,qr#d #bc4 ,,qr-,kt#a ,p-,,kb#d #bd4 ,kt-,q#d ,q-,r#e6 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,q ,kt ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,kt ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #a ,k ,r ,q ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #aaj ,the position bristles with chances for daring sacrifices4 ,after #be4 ,ktx,b,p1 for instance1 ,black could play ,rx,kt62 #bf4 ,px,r1 ,kt-,kt#e2 #bg4 ,px,kt1 ,px,p2 #bh4 ,p-,r#c 7,q-,b#d;ch81 ,b-,b#b71 ,b-,b#c2 #bi4 ,k-,r#b1 ,qx,pch2 #cj4 ,px,q1 ,rx,p mate4 #be4 ,p-,kt#c ,q-,q#b #bf4 ,px,p ,bx,p #bg4 ,q-,kt#b ,p-,b#d ,white's compulsory #be4 ,p-,kt#c has weakened his ,,qb#c1 and the move in the text is intended to open the diagonal ,,kb#c-,,qb#f for the ,black ,bishop4 #bh4 ,ktx,b ,qx,kt #bi4 ,qx,p ,b-,b#c #cj4 ,q-,b#d;ch ,k-,r#a #ca4 ,kt-,k#d ,,qr-,k#a ,white cannot parry all the threats at once4 ,though he gets rid of the threatening ,b1 he lets in the hostile ,r on the ,k file and the end cannot long be delayed4 #cb4 ,ktx,b ,rx,kt #cc4 ,b-,b#a ,,kr-,k#c #cd4 ,b-,r#c ,r-,k#g #ce4 ,,kr-,q#a ,kt-,k#h #cf4 ,bx,p ,kt-,b#g;ch #cg4 ,k-,kt#b ,kt-,kt#e;ch and mate at ,r#g or ,b#g4 ,,game ,no4 #aj ,white3 ,teichmann4 ,black3 ,amateurs in consultation4 ,two ,knights' ,defence4 #a4 ,p-,k#d ,p-,k#d #b4 ,kt-,,kb#c ,kt-,,qb#c #c4 ,b-,b#d ,kt-,b#c #d4 ,castles --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,q ,k ,b ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,kt ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,kt ,b ,q ,k ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #aaa ,the idea underlying this pawn sacrifice is to open the ,k file for the ,rook4 ,it will be seen that1 with correct play1 ,black manages to castle just in time1 and ,white1 though winning back his pawn1 has no advantage in position4 ,the opening is seldom played by modern masters4 ,instead of the move in the text1 ,white can hardly defend the ,,kp with ,kt-,b#c1 as ,black simply captures the pawn and recovers his piece by ,p-,q#d1 with a satisfactory position4 ,it is even better for ,black if ,white plays #f4 ,bx,pch in reply to #e4 444 ,ktx,p4 ,the capture of ,white's ,,kp is far more important than that of the ,black ,,kbp1 particularly as the ,white ,bishop1 which could be dangerous on the diagonal ,,qr#b-,k,kt#h1 is exchanged1 e4g4 #f4 444 ,kx,b2 #g4 ,ktx,kt1 ,p-,q#d2 #h4 ,kt-,kt#e;ch1 ,k-,kt#a6 ,black continues ,p-,,kr#c1 ,k-,r#b1 ,r-,b#a and has open lines for ,rooks and ,bishops4 #d4 444 ,ktx,p ,black can1 of course1 develop his ,b-,b#d4 ,then he must either submit to the ,max ,lange attack 7#e4 ,p-,q#d1 ,px,p7 or play ,bx,p1 giving up the useful ,b1 in which case he loses the pawn gained after #f4 ,ktx,b1 ,ktx,kt2 #g4 ,p-,,kb#d1 ,p-,q#c2 #h4 ,px,p1 ,px,p2 #i4 ,b-,k,kt#e1 and eventually ,q-,b#c4 #e4 ,p-,q#d ,r-,k#a at once would lead to nothing4 #e4 444 ,px,p #f4 ,r-,k#a ,p-,q#d #g4 ,bx,p6 ,qx,b #h4 ,kt-,b#c --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,k ,b ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,q --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #c ,kt ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,b ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #aab ,this attack has been analysed extensively by ,steinitz4 ,the only square where the ,queen cannot be attacked at once by the minor pieces is at ,,qi4 ,after #h4 444 ,q-,,qi1 ,black obtains quite a satisfactory game3 #i4 ,rx,ktch1 ,b-,k#b2 #aj4 ,ktx,p1 ,p-,b#d4 ,this is ,pillsbury's move1 intending to displace the ,rook4 ,black has then open lines for his two ,bishops as compensation for his shattered pawn position4 #aa4 ,r-,,kb#d1 ,castles2 #ab4 ,ktx,kt1 ,qx,qch2 #ac4 ,ktx,q1 ,px,kt4 ,now it is not easy to find a reasonable plan for ,white1 as ,black threatens to cramp ,white's game with ,b-,q#c and ,p-,b#e4 ,it is therefore necessary for ,white to take measures against that by playing ,r-,b#d and ,b-,b#d4 ,if ,black still plays ,b-,q#c1 ,b-,b#d follows1 with the intention of exchanging and of provoking ,black's ,p-,b#d1 which leaves the ,,qp 8backward40 #h4 444 ,q-,,kr#d #i4 ,ktx,kt ,b-,k#b #aj4 ,b-,kt#e ,b-,k#c #aa4 ,bx,b ,ktx,b #ab4 ,kt-,kt#c ,q-,r#c #ac4 ,qx,p ,castles ,,kr #ad4 ,,qr-,q#a ,now ,white is ahead with his development1 having both ,rooks in play and his ,queen better placed4 ,nor can the latter be attacked by ,r-,q#a1 as ,white would simply play ,qx,r4 ,on the ,queen being driven away by the ,black ,knight1 he exchanges the latter and plays the ,queen back into the same dominating position1 eventually producing a dislocation of the ,black ,queen's side pawns4 #ad4 444 ,kt-,b#c #ae4 ,q-,,qr#d ,,qr-,q#a #af4 ,kt-,q#d6 ,ktx,kt #ag4 ,rx,kt ,rx,r #ah4 ,qx,r ,p-,q,kt#c #ai4 ,q-,k#e ,p-,,qb#d ,it is instructive to watch how this very slight weakness created by ,black's advance of his pawns brings him into trouble4 ,a ,white ,knight settles down at his ,q#f1 which is no longer guarded by the ,black ,,qbp1 and paralyses the whole of ,black's game4 ,another factor in ,white's superiority of position is the possession of the ,king's file4 ,the ,black ,rook cannot move until the ,king gets a loophole by a pawn move4 ,as we have seen1 such a pawn move often affords an entry to the opposing pieces4 #bj4 ,p-,,kb#d ,b-,b#a ,not ,bx,p1 of course1 because of ,p-,q,kt#c and ,q-,kt#b4 ,the ,bishop which cannot remain at ,k#c is to go to ,kt#b1 so that the threat of mate after ,q-,,qb#c may also hold up a ,white piece4 #ba4 ,p-,b#e ,b-,kt#b #bb4 ,q-,k#g ,q-,,qb#c #bc4 ,r-,k#b ,p-,b#c ,compulsory1 as otherwise ,p-,b#f forces the ,kt,p to advance1 which is fatal in any case4 ,after ,p-,kt#c1 ,white would cover his ,,bp and play his ,q to ,,kr#f4 ,on the other hand1 after ,px,p there is ,kt-,r#e-;,b#f1 and ,black is in a mating net4 #bd4 ,kt-,k#d ,q-,q#d #be4 ,kt-,q#f ,b-,b#c ,the threat was ,qx,rch and ,r-,k#h mate4 #bf4 ,p-,,kr#c in order to retreat to ,r#b in case of ,q-,q#h;ch4 ,in a way ,p-,,kr#c creates a certain weakness1 as the square at ,kt#c is now defenceless1 but ,black has no pieces with which to take advantage of it3 his ,rook cannot move1 his ,bishop is on the ,white squares4 ,if ,black had a ,,kb instead1 the move would be very doubtful1 because then ,black might break in through ,white's ,k,kt#c4 #bf4 444 ,p-,b#e ,white's threat was to repel the ,black ,queen by ,p-,b#d and to mate in five moves1 beginning with ,q-,k#f;ch4 #bg4 ,p-,b#c ,p-,,kr#c --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,q ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,b ,kt ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,q ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,r ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #aac ,this disposes of the winning of the ,queen by the threatened mate4 ,but it creates a weakness at ,black's ,kt#c1 which ,white exploits in grand style4 ,he decides to play the ,king himself to ,kt#f1 threatening mate at ,kt#g4 ,in spite of several raids by the ,black ,queen1 this quaint device is crowned with success4 ,the weakness created by ,p-,,kr#c could not be demonstrated more drastically4 #bh4 ,k-,r#b ,p-,q,kt#d #bi4 ,k-,kt#c ,p-,,qr#d #cj4 ,k-,r#d ,p-,kt#c ,if ,white were to play ,px,p now1 ,black would mate him one move earlier 7,q-,kt#d74 ,of course he parries the threat first1 and ,black is helpless4 #ca4 ,r-,k#c ,qx,kt,p #cb4 ,r-,kt#c ,q-,b#g ,after ,p-,kt#d;ch ,white could not play #cc4 ,k-,kt#d on account of the pretty mate by ,b-,b#f4 ,he would play ,k-,r#e-,kt#f4 #cc4 ,px,p ,q-,b#e;ch #cd4 ,r-,kt#d ,q-,b#g;ch #ce4 ,k-,r#e ,resigns4 ,a most instructive game1 showing how the superior position of the pieces can lead indirectly to a win1 by reducing the opponent's pieces gradually to impotence and compelling him to move pawns1 thereby affording opportunities for a decisive entry4 ,,game ,no4 #aa ,white3 ,schlechter4 ,black3 ,janowski4 ,ruy ,lopez 7compare p4 #dj74 #a4 ,p-,k#d ,p-,k#d #b4 ,kt-,,kb#c ,kt-,,qb#c #c4 ,b-,kt#e ,kt-,b#c #d4 ,castles ,ktx,p ,a continuation1 which has lately gained in favour1 is3 ,p-,q#c and ,b-,k#b 7see p4 #ci74 #e4 ,p-,q#d ,b-,k#b ,it is clearly very dangerous to gratify ,white's wish for an open file by playing ,px,p4 ,the move may be playable in the system of defence called the 8,riga variation0 7see ,game ,no4 #ag74 ,here it would be advantageous to be able to close the ,,kb's diagonal4 ,it is better when intending to play the 8,riga variation0 to have played ,p-,,qr#c on the third move4 #f4 ,q-,k#b ,kt-,q#c #g4 ,bx,kt ,kt,px,b #h4 ,px,p ,kt-,kt#b #i4 ,kt-,b#c ,castles #aj4 ,r-,k#a ,r-,k#a ,the manuvre cited on p4 #dj1 namely ,kt-,b#d-,k#c1 which makes ,p-,q#d possible1 is essential for the development of the ,,qb4 ,black loses the present game because ,white is able to keep the ,bishop shut in permanently #aa4 ,q-,b#d ,kt-,b#d so that the pawn ,b#c should not be 8hanging0 when the ,,qp moves4 #ab4 ,kt-,k,kt#e6 ,bx,kt #ac4 ,bx,b ,qx,b #ad4 ,qx,kt ,r-,k#c --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,r --------------------------------------- #e ,q ,p ,q --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #aad ,after the exchanges the position is clearly in favour of ,white4 ,against an undeveloped ,b1 which also hampers a ,rook1 his ,knight is mobile4 ,the ,black ,queen's side pawns are weak1 and give ,white winning chances even if ,black succeeds in playing ,p-,q#d and bringing the ,bishop into play4 ,the move in the text1 which covers the pawn at ,b#c1 again prepares for ,p-,q#d4 #ae4 ,q-,q#d ,b-,kt#b ,the only chance lay in the pawn sacrifice by ,p-,,qb#d1 after which the ,bishop gets to ,kt#b with a threat of mate1 and the ,,qr is free4 #af4 ,q-,q,kt#d ,b-,b#a #ag4 ,kt-,k#d ,fine play4 ,if ,black captures the pawn1 ,white obtains a combined attack with ,q1 ,r1 and ,kt1 to which ,black can only oppose the ,q1 so that the result cannot be in doubt--e4g4 #ag4 444 ,qx,k,p2 #ah4 ,kt- ,b#e1 ,q-,q#c2 #ai4 ,q-,,qb#d1 ,rx,rch2 #bj4 ,rx,r1 ,p-,,kr#c2 #ba4 ,r-,k#h;ch1 ,k-,r#b2 #bb4 ,q-,k#d;ch1 ,p-,kt#c 7,q-,kt#c82 #bc4 ,qx,q1 followed by ,ktx,p72 #bc4 ,kt-,q#c and ,r-,k#g4 #ag4 444 ,q-,k#b #ah4 ,kt-,b#e ,r-,kt#c #ai4 ,r-,k#c ,p-,,qr#d #bj4 ,q-,q#d ,r-,kt#a #ba4 ,p-,,qb#d preventing ,r-,kt#d #ba4 444 ,p-,r#c #bb4 ,p-,q,kt#c ,k-,r#b #bc4 ,r-,q#a ,q-,kt#d #bd4 ,r-,kt#c ,q-,b#d #be4 ,rx,r ,px,r ,black has built a wall of pawns round his ,king1 but it does not avail against the superior forces which ,white can concentrate4 ,white's plan is clear4 ,he will advance his pawns1 and break up those that surround the ,black ,king1 always taking care that ,black does not free his ,queen's side meanwhile4 ,his pieces will then break in easily1 and ,black is forced to look on passively4 #bf4 ,p-,,kr#c ,r-,r#a #bg4 ,p-,,qr#d to prevent the sacrifice of a pawn by ,p-,r#e1 which would bring the ,black ,rook into play4 #bg4 444 ,r-,kt#a #bh4 ,r-,q#c ,q-,kt#d #bi4 ,k-,r#b ,q-,k#b #cj4 ,p-,b#d ,q-,b#b #ca4 ,p-,k#f66 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,q ,p ,k --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p ,q ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,r ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,k --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #aae ,a beautiful move which robs ,black of his last chance of freeing his ,queen's side1 which he might have accomplished by the pawn sacrifice of ,p-,q#c4 #ca4 444 ,px,p #cb4 ,q-,k#e ,q-,k#b #cc4 ,p-,k,kt#d ,r-,kt#e #cd4 ,k-,kt#c ,r-,kt#c #ce4 ,p-,r#d ,q-,b#a #cf4 ,p-,r#e ,px,p #cg4 ,qx,r,p ,r-,kt#a #ch4 ,q-,k#e ,r-,kt#c #ci4 ,p-,kt#e ,p-,r#d #dj4 ,p-,kt#f;ch ,the end is near4 ,black must take1 as ,qx,r,p forces a speedy #dj4 444 ,kx,p #da4 ,q-,kt#e;ch ,k-,r#b #db4 ,qx,r,pch ,k-,kt#a #dc4 ,q-,kt#e threatening ,r-,q#h #dc4 444 ,k-,b#b #dd4 ,r-,q#h ,q-,k#b #de4 ,q-,r#e;ch ,resigns4 ,loss of the ,queen and mate in a few moves cannot be prevented4 ,black has played the whole game practically with two pieces less1 and the mate was really only a matter of time4 ,,game ,no4 #ab ,white3 ,teichmann4 ,black3 ,rubinstein4 ,ruy ,lopez 7see p4 #cg74 #a4 ,p-,k#d ,p-,k#d #b4 ,kt-,,kb#c ,kt-,,qb#c #c4 ,b-,kt#e ,p-,,qr#c #d4 ,b-,r#d ,by exchanging the ,bishop ,white could not prove ,p-,,qr#c to be a lost move1 for ,black1 by retaking with the ,,qp1 obtains open lines for ,q and ,,qb1 and in addition to an easy development1 retains two ,bishops4 ,this is a set-off against a certain weakness in ,black's game1 which may be found in the fact that after ,p-,q#d1 ,px,p1 ,white has four pawns to three on the ,king's side1 while his three pawns on the ,queen's side are able to hold the four opposing pawns1 one of which is doubled4 ,but this weakness can only tell in the end- game1 which is too far ahead for practical purposes1 and to which it may not come at all4 ,an example of the usual line of play will be found in ,game ,no4 #ah4 #d4 444 ,kt-,b#c #e4 ,castles ,b-,k#b #f4 ,r-,k#a ,p-,q,kt#d #g4 ,b-,kt#c ,p-,q#c #h4 ,p-,b#c --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,q ,k ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,kt ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,b ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,kt ,b ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #aaf #h4 444 ,castles ,in ,capablanca's opinion ,black should not castle before ,white's intentions in the centre have been made clear4 ,it makes a great difference whether ,white plays his ,,qp to ,q#d or to ,q#c only4 ,if after #h4 444 ,q,kt-,r#d2 #i4 ,b-,b#b1 ,p-,b#d ,white plays3 #aj4 ,p-,q#d1 his intention is to move his pawn further to ,q#e as soon as ,black has castled1 and then to attack on the ,king's wing with ,q,kt-,q#b-;,b#a-,k#c1 ,p-,k,kt#d and ,kt-,b#e4 ,for this reason ,black should force ,white to disclose whether he intends to exchange his ,,qp or to advance it to ,q#e4 ,in the latter case ,black can refrain from castling altogether and counter-attack on the ,king's wing1 e4g41 #aj4 ,p-,q#d1 ,q-,b#b2 #aa4 ,p-,,kr#c1 ,b-,q#b2 #ab4 ,q,kt-,q#b1 ,r-,,qb#a2 if now3 #ac4 ,p-,q#e then ,p-,r#c followed by ,p-,kt#d-,kt#e gives ,black many chances4 ,if on the contrary #ac4 ,px,p1 then ,black need no longer fear an attack on the ,king's side after he has castled1 as his ,rooks will have a favourable opportunity for operating on the open ,queen's file4 ,however1 there is still the disadvantage for ,black of having advanced ,queen's side pawns1 which are liable to attack 7,p-,,qr#d74 ,the game takes a different course when ,black exchanges the pawns in the centre4 ,the continuation would then be3 #aa4 444 ,kt-,b#c2 #ab4 ,q ,kt-,q#b1 ,b-,q#b2 #ac4 ,kt-,b#a1 ,px,p2 #ad4 ,px,p1 ,px,p2 #ae4 ,b-,kt#e1 ,q- ,kt#c4 ,it is difficult to decide which side has the advantage4 ,black has an extra pawn1 but ,white has the initiative4 ,if in ,diag4 #aaf1 after #h4 444 ,castles ,white plays #i4 ,p-,q#d at once1 ,black has an opportunity for the following interesting attack3 #i4 ,p-,q#d1 ,b-,kt#e2 #aj4 ,b-,k#c1 ,ktx,k,p2 #aa4 ,b-,q#e1 ,q-,q#b2 #ab4 ,bx,k,kt1 ,p-,q#d2 #ac4 ,b-,b#b1 ,p-,k#e #ad4 ,p-,,kr#c1 ,b-,r#d2 #ae4 ,kt-,k#e1 ,bx,q2 #af4 ,ktx,q1 ,bx,b2 #ag4 ,ktx,r1 ,rx,kt4 ,white cannot take advantage of his ,rooks1 as there is no open file1 whilst ,black threatens to initiate a strong attack with ,p-,b#d4 ,aljechin has analysed a variation of this line of play1 which he thinks leads finally to ,white's advantage3 #ab4 ,px,p1 ,kt-,kt#d2 #ac4 ,bx,kt1 ,bx,b2 #ad4 ,p-,,kr#c1 ,bx,kt2 #ae4 ,qx,b1 ,ktx,p2 #af4 ,rx,kt1 ,px,r2 #ag4 ,bx,r1 ,b-,b#h2 #ah4 ,kt-,r#c1 ,q-,q#g4 ,i doubt that ,white can win this game4 #i4 ,p-,q#c ,in this less aggressive continuation1 in which nothing is immediately attempted against ,black's centre1 ,white prepares gradually for a ,king's side attack1 as in this game with ,kt-,q#b- ,b#a-,kt#c4 ,but ,black should obtain time for operations in the centre4 #i4 444 ,kt-,,qr#d #aj4 ,b-,b#b ,p-,b#d #aa4 ,q,kt-,q#b ,kt-,b#c #ab4 ,p-,,qr#d ,in many variations of the ,ruy ,lopez1 this advance is always good1 if ,black cannot avoid exchanging the pawn1 because the ,white ,queen's ,rook1 which only gets into play with difficulty1 can either be exchanged or hold the ,rook's file4 ,in any case the ,black ,knight's pawn is weak for the end-game4 ,if1 as in the present game4 ,black can play ,p-,kt#e1 ,p-,r#d is useless and even doubtful1 as the ,rook's pawn itself may become weak in the end- game4 #ab4 444 ,b-,kt#b ,this causes the loss of the game4 ,in the ,ruy ,lopez the ,bishop is nearly always needed on the diagonal ,,qb#a-,,kr#f1 to prevent a ,knight from settling at ,white's ,,kb#e1 which otherwise cannot be repelled except by ,p-,k,kt#c1 a most undesirable consummation4 ,the proper continuation would have been ,p-,kt#e1 ,b-,k#c1 ,q-,b#b and ,p-,q#d1 capturing the ,queen's file4 ,compare note to move #ac in the next game4 #ac4 ,kt-,b#a ,q-,b#b #ad4 ,kt-,kt#c ,p-,kt#c --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,b ,q ,b ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,kt ,p ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,p ,kt ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,b ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #aag ,here is the weakness4 ,white first provides against ,black's ,p-,q#d1 and then starts a sharp attack on the ,king's side4 #ae4 ,b-,kt#e ,,qr-,q#a ,p-,q#d at once is not feasible1 because of ,bx,kt4 #af4 ,px,p ,px,p #ag4 ,q-,b#a ,this brings the ,q away from her file1 which ,black could now secure by ,p-,q#d1 followed by ,px,p4 #ag4 444 ,,kr-,k#a ,the proper continuation is the one outlined in the note above4 #ah4 ,p-,r#c ,white has now ample leisure to prepare the advance of his ,,kbp4 #ah4 444 ,r-,r#a #ai4 ,rx,r ,rx,r #bj4 ,kt-,r#b ,b-,,qb#a #ba4 ,p-,,kb#d ,kt-,k#a #bb4 ,p-,b#e ,bx,b #bc4 ,qx,b ,q-,k#b ,black seeks salvation in exchanges1 which ,white1 of course1 tries to avoid1 having good prospects of driving home his attack4 ,his pieces are concentrated on the ,king's side1 whilst the ,black forces are scattered1 and unable to get back in time for the defence4 ,moreover1 it is likely that the weakness at ,black's ,,kr#c and ,,kb#c will prove fatal as the ,black ,,kb is exchanged4 #bd4 ,q-,r#f ,q-,b#a #be4 ,q-,b#a ,q-,kt#b #bf4 ,r-,b#a ,p-,kt#d ,white was threatening to play ,kt-,kt#d with ,px,p and ,kt-,r#f4 #bg4 ,kt-,kt#d ,kt-,b#c #bh4 ,ktx,ktch ,qx,kt ,one of the attacking ,knights is eliminated4 ,but there is another1 which forces the entry at ,,kb#f and ,k,kt#f4 #bi4 ,p-,r#d to gain access for the ,white ,queen at ,,kr#f4 ,if ,black1 captures there follows3 #cj4 ,kt-,r#e1 ,q-,q#a2 #ca4 ,q-,r#f1 ,q-,b#a2 #cb4 ,kt-,b#f;ch1 an instructive example of the weakness created by ,p-,k,kt#c4 #bi4 444 ,p-,r#c #cj4 ,kt-,r#e ,q-,q#a #ca4 ,p-,b#f ,all this is easy to understand4 #ca4 444 ,k-,r#b #cb4 ,px,p ,b-,kt#e #cc4 ,kt-,kt#g ,k-,kt#c #cd4 ,b-,q#a ,q-,q#b #ce4 ,kt-,b#e ,bx,kt #cf4 ,px,bch ,resigns4 ,the conclusion might be3 ,k-,r#b2 #cg4 ,b-,r#e1 ,px,p2 #ch4 ,qx,p1 ,r-,k,kt#a2 #ci4 ,b-,kt#f;ch1 ,px,b2 #dj4 ,q-,r#d mate4 ,,game ,no4 #ac ,white3 ,teichmann4 ,black3 ,schlechter4 ,ruy ,lopez 7see p4 #cg74 ,move #a-h as in ,game ,no4 #ab4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,kt ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,b ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,kt ,b ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #aah #i4 ,p-,q#c ,kt-,,qr#d #aj4 ,b-,b#b ,p-,b#d #aa4 ,q,kt-,q#b ,q-,b#b ,supporting1 as it does1 the ,,kp1 this is not a lost move1 although ,white has not played ,p-,q#d4 ,it prepares ,black's ,p-,q#d 7after ,kt- ,b#c71 the ,,kp being fully protected against ,white's double attack by ,px,p4 #ab4 ,kt-,b#a ,kt-,b#c #ac4 ,kt-,k#c ,b-,kt#b ,the logical move would have been ,b-,k#c1 to enforce ,p-,q#d4 ,black is then very well developed1 whilst ,white labours under a somewhat undeveloped ,queen's side4 ,an attempt to exert pressure in the centre with ,p-,q#d in order to prevent ,black's ,p-,q#d would be belated4 ,black would gain the advantage by3 l#d4 444 ,k,px,p2 #ae4 ,px,p1 ,px,p2 #af4 ,ktx,p1 ,ktx,kt2 #ag4 ,qx,kt1 ,kt-,kt#e6 ,nor would ,b-,kt#e before ,kt-,k#c be more successful2 after ,b-,k#c2 #ad4 ,kt-,k#c1 ,,qr-,q#a2 #ae4 ,p-,q#d1 ,b,px,p2 #af4 ,px,p1 ,px,p2 #ag4 ,ktx,p1 ,ktx,kt2 #ah4 ,qx,kt1 ,q-,b#d1 ,black has the better chances in the end-game4 ,the move in the text is not good because1 as we saw before1 the ,bishop is wanted on the other diagonal to cover the square at ,,kb#d4 #ad4 ,kt-,b#e ,,kr-,k#a #ae4 ,b-,kt#e ,kt-,q#b ,even now it was desirable to aim at ,p-,q#d1 therefore ,,qr-,q#a was preferable4 #af4 ,b-,kt#c ,the position of the ,white pieces points to a dangerous menace to the opposing ,king's side4 #af4 444 ,kt-,b#a #ag4 ,b-,q#e66 ,the beginning of a brilliant combination4 ,bx,kt is threatened1 and ,black must first cover his ,b at ,k#b4 #ag4 444 ,kt-,kt#c #ah4 ,bx,b ,k,ktx,b ,q,ktx,b is not feasible1 because of ,bx,b and ,ktx,q,p4 #ai4 ,bx,pch66 ,kx,b #bj4 ,kt-,kt#e;ch --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,b ,q ,kt ,k ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p ,p ,kt ,kt --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #aai ,quite a number of charming combinations are hidden in this position4 ,if ,k-,kt#c or ,kt#a1 then #ba4 ,ktx,kt,p6 ,if ,k-,b#c ,white can capture the ,,rp first with check4 #bj4 444 ,k-,kt#a #ba4 ,q-,r#e ,ktx,kt #bb4 ,qx,r,pch ,k-,b#a #bc4 ,qx,ktch ,k-,kt#a #bd4 ,q-,kt#f666 ,the point4 ,this prevents ,p-,kt#c1 which would allow ,black to bring up his ,q for the defence at ,kt#b4 ,now nothing can be done against the threatening ,r-,k#c-;,b#c or ,r#c4 #bd4 444 ,q-,q#b #be4 ,r-,k #c ,resigns ,a wonderful game in which ,teichmann1 the great judge of position1 proves himself also a master in hand-to-hand fighting1 in the wild chaos of sacrificial combinations4 ,,game ,no4 #ad ,white3 ,spielmann4 ,black3 ,tarrasch4 ,ruy ,lopez 7see p4 #da74 #a4 ,p-,k#d ,p-,k#d #b4 ,kt-,,kb#c ,kt-,,qb#c #c4 ,b-,,kt#e ,p-,,qr#c #d4 ,b-,r#d ,kt-,b#c #e4 ,castles ,kt-,p #f4 ,p-,q#d --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,q ,k ,b ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,b ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #c ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,kt ,b ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #abj ,in a game between ,riga and ,berlin ,px,p was tried for the first time1 a bold venture which anticipates ,white's desire to open the ,king's file4 ,after #g4 ,r-,k#a ,black can defend the ,kt by ,p-,q#d1 but after #h4 ,ktx,p ,white threatens again to win the ,kt by ,p-,,kb#c1 besides attacking the ,q,kt a second time4 ,however1 ,black has a surprising answer in readiness4 ,he initiates a violent counter attack which keeps ,white busy until ,black1 by castling1 escapes the dangers of the double pin4 7,compare ,game ,no4 #ag47 #f4 444 ,p-,q,kt#d #g4 ,b-,kt#c ,p-,q#d #h4 ,p-,,qr#d ,this gives ,black an opportunity of disposing of his ,q,kt by exchanging it1 thereby enabling him to round off his pawn position by ,p-,,qb#d1 at the same time threatening to cut off the ,bishop by ,p-,b#e4 #h4 ,px,p followed by ,p-,b#c is the natural continuation1 as shown in the first part of this book1 because the ,bishop1 retreating to ,b#b1 can operate on a useful diagonal4 #h4 444 ,q,ktx,p6 ,,qr-,kt#a would not be so good1 because ,white obtains an open file for his ,rook4 ,the move in the text is an absolutely valid defence1 as was proved by ,schlechter in his match against ,lasker4 #i4 ,ktx,kt ,px,kt #aj4 ,kt-,b#c ,px,p and ,p-,b#c seems a more natural continuation4 #aj4 444 ,ktx,kt ,not ,px,kt1 on account of ,bx,p4 #aa4 ,px,kt ,p-,,qb#d #ab4 ,r,px,p ,b-,k#b in order to castle in reply to ,b-,r#d4 #ac4 ,q-,b#c ,here ,white should have got back his second pawn by ,px,q,p4 ,if then #ac4 444 ,p-,b#e2 #ad4 ,b-,r#d1 ,castles2 #ae4 ,px,p1 ,bx,p1 ,white plays ,p-,,qb#c1 providing a retreat for his ,r or ,b4 ,after the move in the text this manuvre becomes impossible1 because the ,b after ,p-,b#c can be attacked twice but has lost the support of the ,queen4 #ac4 444 ,b-,k#c #ad4 ,rx,p ,castles #ae4 ,px,p ,p-,b#e #af4 ,b-,r#b ,now the ,bishop is hemmed in permanently2 in other words1 ,black is a piece up and must win easily4 ,therefore #af4 ,b-,r#d was compulsory in order to get at any rate three pawns for the piece1 thus3 #af4 444 ,b-,q#b2 #ag4 ,qx,p1 ,rx,r2 #ah4 ,px,r1 ,bx,b2 #ai4 ,qx,p4 #af4 444 ,rx,r #ag4 ,px,r ,q-,r#d #ah4 ,b-,kt#a ,p-,b#f #ai4 ,q-,kt#c ,white tries to work up an attack on the ,king's side while ,black is still occupied on the other wing4 #ai4 444 ,r-,b#a #bj4 ,p-,b#d ,b-,,kb#d #ba4 ,r-,k#a ,b-,b#c #bb4 ,k-,r#a ,in order to answer ,bx,q,p by #bc4 ,b-,k#c and ,p-,r#g1 #bb4 444 ,qx,p is not feasible because of ,qx,p4 #bb4 444 ,p-,r#c #bc4 ,p-,r#c ,r-,kt#a #bd4 ,b-,k#c ,qx,p #be4 ,r-,q#a ,q-,r#h #bf4 ,q-,k#a --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,b --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,q ,b ,r ,q ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #aba ,the sequel forms an instructive example of how superior development can afford winning chances even when there is no immediate prospect of material gain4 ,the opposing pieces are gradually constricted until the defending lines are weakened by compulsory pawn moves4 ,in the present position ,black quietly sets to work to bring his ,bishops to bear on the ,white ,king4 #bf4 444 ,b-,k#e #bg4 ,k-,r#b ,b-,k#b #bh4 ,q-,b#a to free his game somewhat with ,p-,b#e1 which ,black prevents at once4 #bh4 444 ,p-,b#d #bi4 ,r-,k#a ,b-,r#e ,being probably short of time1 ,black makes a few irrelevant moves4 ,if his aim was not the opening of the ,k,kt file but the subsequent sacrifice of the ,queen1 he might have played ,q-,kt#g at once1 followed by ,q-,kt#d4 #cj4 ,p-,kt#c ,b-,k#b #ca4 ,b-,b#b ,b-,q#c #cb4 ,r-,b#a ,k-,r#b #cc4 ,r-,k#a ,r-,kt#c #cd4 ,r-,b#a ,b-,r#f #ce4 ,r-,k#a ,q-,kt#g #cf4 ,q-,k#b ,r-,kt#e #cg4 ,r-,kt#a ,r-,kt#c ,otherwise ,white might embark upon a counter attack1 beginning with ,p-,kt#d4 ,now this is impossible on account of ,r-,kt#c4 #ch4 ,r-,k#a ,q-,kt#d #ci4 ,q-,r#e ,after the exchange of ,queens1 ,black would win easily by ,r-,kt#g4 #ci4 ,b-,r#b also fails on account of ,qx,q2 #dj4 ,rx,q1 ,r-,kt#g2 #da4 ,b-,kt#c1 ,b-,q#f62 #db4 ,r-,k#e1 ,bx,p1 and the passed pawn costs a ,rook4 ,with the text move1 ,white provokes the sacrifice of the ,queen at ,kt #h1 apparently not seeing the fine continuation at ,black's disposal on the forty-first move4 #ci4 444 ,qx,b6 #dj4 ,rx,q ,rx,r #da4 ,p-,kt#d ,compulsory4 ,b-,kt#a would be followed by ,r-,,qb#h1 etc4 #da4 444 ,b-,b#h66 ,resigns4 ,there might follow #db4 ,k-,kt#c1 ,p-,kt#c2 #dc4 ,q-,r#d1 ,bx,pch2 #dd4 ,kx,b1 ,p- ,kt#d;ch1 and so on4 #dl4 444 ,b-,q#c would have given ,white a little respite1 though his game would still have been hopeless after ,px,p and ,r-,k#h4 ,,game ,no4 #ae ,white3 ,aljechin4 ,black3 ,niemzowitsch4 ,ruy ,lopez 7see p4 #da74 #a4 ,p-,k#d ,p-,k#d #b4 ,kt-,,kb#c ,kt-,,qb#c #c4 ,b-,kt#e ,p-,,qr#c #d4 ,b-,r#d ,kt-,b#c #e4 ,castles ,ktx,p #f4 ,p-,q#d ,p-,q,kt#d #g4 ,b-,kt#c ,p-,q#d #h4 ,px,p ,b-,k#c #i4 ,p-,b#c ,b-,k#b #aj4 ,r-,k#a --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,q ,k ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,kt ,b --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,kt --------------------------------------- #c ,b ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,kt ,b ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #abb ,this is one of the most important positions in the ,ruy ,lopez4 ,black has the better development1 but his centre is less secure4 ,whilst ,white has a pawn secured in the centre1 ,black has a ,knight there which will soon be driven away4 ,white's ,q#d1 the basis of his centre1 is entirely in his hands1 while ,black's ,q#d is exposed to a steady pressure by the ,white pieces4 ,finally ,black's ,q ,kt is unfavourably placed1 obstructing as it does the ,,qbp and preventing it from falling into line with its fellows4 ,in ,petrograd1 #aiji1 ,lasker tried the following new defence3 ,kt-,b#d followed by ,b-,kt#e1 giving up the moves gained before in order to relieve the pressure on the ,black ,,qp and to exchange the same ultimately at ,q#e4 ,the various possibilities of the position have been discussed in connection with ,diag4 #bb4 ,it may be added that after #aj4 444 ,castles2 ,q,kt-,q#b is surely a better move than the usual ,kt-,q#d1 as the ,queen's side should be developed before undertaking an attack 7#aa4 444 ,q-,q#b82 #ab4 ,ktx,b1 followed by ,rx,kt74 ,for a long time it was thought that after ,kt-,q#d ,black had to exchange ,knights1 which enables ,white to make the pawn at ,,qb#g 8backward0 by ,b-,k#c4 ,for ,black must first play ,p-,,kr#c to guard his ,kt against the threat of ,p-,b#c and ,p-,,kr#d4 ,however1 a sensational innovation which refutes the ,kt's move was introduced in ,breslau in #aiab4 ,it is the following sacrifice3 #aj4 444 ,castles2 #aa4 ,kt- ,q#d1 ,ktx,k,p62 #ab4 ,p-,b#c1 ,b-,q#c662 #ac4 ,px,kt1 ,b-,kt#e662 #ad4 ,q-,q#b1 ,q-,r#e with an overpowering attack4 #aj4 444 ,kt-,b#d #aa4 ,b-,b#b ,b-,kt#e #ab4 ,q ,kt-,q#b ,castles #ac4 ,kt-,kt#c ,kt-,k#e ,here ,lasker played ,kt-,k#c against ,janowski 7,paris1 #aiab71 but it proved to be inferior1 because #ad4 ,q-,q#c disorganises ,black's ,king's side forcibly4 ,the move in the text is not really a pawn sacrifice4 ,after #ad4 ,bx,kt1 ,px,b2 #ae4 ,qx,q1 ,q,rx,q2 #af4 ,k,kt-,q#d1 ,ktx,kt2 #ag4 ,ktx,kt1 ,r-,q#d1 ,white cannot play #ah4 ,rx,p1 because of ,p-,,qb#d2 #ai4 ,kt-,b#b1 ,b-,b#d or #ai4 ,kt-,b#c1 ,r-,q#h;ch2 #bj4 ,kt-,k#a1 ,b-,b#d2 #ba4 ,r-,k#b1 ,b-,q#f2 #bb4 ,r-,k#c1 ,b- ,kt#d4 #ad4 ,b-,b#d ,p-,b#d #ae4 ,px,p e4p4 ,ktx,p7,b#c7 #af4 ,q-,q#c ,kt-,k#e8 ,this loses the ,,qbp1 and weakens the ,,qp4 ,black might have tried ,bx,kt2 #ag4 ,qx,b1 ,b-,q#c4 ,it would then have been possible to support the ,,qp by ,p-,b#c after moving the ,kt away4 ,if ,black was anxious to preserve his two ,bishops he would even have risked ,p-,kt#c4 ,after #ag4 ,b-,r#f1 ,r-,b#b1 the ,bishop could have been driven away again by the ,k,kt from ,kt#a or ,kt#e4 ,the open file offered some compensation and chances of counter attack4 #ag4 ,bx,p ,q-,q#b ,not ,qx,b because of ,qx,pch4 #ah4 ,kt-,k#e ,ktx,kt #ai4 ,bx,kt ,b-,r#e ,rx,p is bad because of #bj4 ,rx,kt1 ,b-,,kb#d2 #ba4 ,q-,kt#c4 #bj4 ,b-,kt#c ,bx,b #ba4 ,r,px,b ,b-,b#d ,now ,rx,p6 was feasible with a level game after3 #bb4 ,rx,kt1 ,b-,b#d6 #bc4 ,kx,r1 ,bx,r2 #bd4 ,q any1 ,q-,b#d;ch1 followed by ,bx,b4 ,after missing this chance1 ,black soon loses the game4 #bb4 ,q-,q#d ,,kr-,q#a #bc4 ,,qr-,q#a ,q-,,qb#b #bd4 ,kt-,q#b ,ktx,k,b,p ,a last and desperate attempt4 ,black obtains ,rook and pawn against two minor pieces1 but has no time to initiate an attack with the ,rooks4 ,the wisest plan was to give up the ,p1 with a view to effecting the exchange of the minor pieces1 because an ending with ,queen and ,rooks generally produces a draw4 ,black could not play ,ktx,kt,p instead of the move in the text because of #be4 ,b- ,kt#c64 #be4 ,bx,b ,ktx,r #bf4 ,rx,kt ,qx,kt,p #bg4 ,b-,k#f;ch ,k-,r#a #bh4 ,bx,p ,,qr-,b#a #bi4 ,kt-,k#d ,q-,r#e #cj4 ,p-,q,kt#c ,r-,b#c ,white now obtains a passed pawn1 and a speedy win4 #ca4 ,q-,b#b ,q-,r#d #cb4 ,q-,b#c ,qx,q #cc4 ,px,q ,p-,kt#c #cd4 ,r-,q#b ,r-,kt#c #ce4 ,p-,,qb#d ,px,p #cf4 ,px,p ,r-,kt#h;ch #cg4 ,k-,b#b ,p-,,qr#d #ch4 ,p-,b#e ,r-,,qb#h #ci4 ,p-,b#f ,k-,kt#b #dj4 ,b-,b#d6 ,rx,b #da4 ,rx,r ,rx,p #db4 ,r-,q#g;ch ,k-,r#c #dc4 ,k-,kt#c ,r-,b#e #dd4 ,kt-,b#b ,k-,kt#d ,mate was threatened by3 #de4 ,kt-,kt#d;ch1 ,k-,r#d2 #df4 ,r-,q#e;ch1 ,p-,kt#d2 #dg4 ,r-,q#f and ,r-,r#f mate 7or if ,rx,ktch1 ,px,r mate74 #de4 ,r-,q#e;ch ,k-,b#c #df4 ,rx,p ,resigns ,,game ,no4 #af ,white3 ,yates4 ,black3 ,gunsberg4 ,ruy ,lopez4 #a4 ,p-,k#d ,p-,k#d #b4 ,kt-,,kb#c ,kt-,,qb#c #c4 ,b-,kt#e ,p-,,qr#c #d4 ,b-,r#d ,kt-,b#c #e4 ,castles ,ktx,p #f4 ,p-,q#d ,p-,q,kt#d #g4 ,b-,kt#c ,p-,q#d #h4 ,px,p ,b-,k#c #i4 ,p-,,qb#c ,b-,k#b #aj4 ,b-,k#c in order to exchange the ,black ,knight if played to ,b#d4 #aj4 444 ,castles #aa4 ,q,kt-,q#b ,if ,q-,q#c1 then ,kt-,r#d2 #ab4 ,q,kt-,q#b1 ,p-,,qb#d4 #aa4 444 ,ktx,kt ,this furthers ,white's development1 and should not be played unless there is no other move available4 ,to be considered are ,p- ,b#d and ,b-,k,kt#e4 ,an argument against ,p-,b#d is that ,white can deprive ,black's weak centre pawn of one protecting piece 7#ab4 ,px,p e4p41 ,ktx,p 7,b#c72 #ac4 ,kt-,kt#e71 and experience has shown that ,white obtains the superior game4 #ab4 ,qx,kt ,kt-,r#d #ac4 ,b-,b#b ,kt-,b#e ,a very dangerous manuvre1 as ,white can evade the exchange of his ,bishop and the ,black ,kt does not get back in time for the defence of the ,k side1 where ,white's attack becomes virulent4 ,he should have played ,p-,,qb#d followed by ,kt-,b#c4 #ad4 ,q-,q#c ,p-,kt#c #ae4 ,b-,r#f ,ktx,kt,p #af4 ,q-,k#b ,r-,k#a #ag4 ,kt-,q#d ,black had probably anticipated that ,white would be content with regaining his pawn by ,bx,p1 but1 with fine positional insight1 he retains his ,bishop for the coming onslaught and speedily concentrates his forces on the ,k side2 whilst ,black1 who has won a pawn at the expense of several moves1 cannot mobilise an equivalent number of pieces in time for the defence4 #ag4 444 ,kt-,b#e #ah4 ,p-,b#d ,b-,q#b ,white was threatening #ai4 ,kt-,b#f1 #bj4 ,ktx,b1 #ba4 ,b-,kt#e1 #bb4 ,b-,b#f2 #ah4 444 ,q-,q#b is not sufficient1 as #ai4 ,p-,b#e would follow4 ,neither can #ah4 444 ,b-,,qb#d be played because of #ai4 ,b-,kt#e1 ,q-,b#a2 #bj4 ,b-,b#f4 ,preferable to the text move seems ,b-,,kb#a 7#ai4 ,b-,kt#e1 ,q-,b#a2 #bj4 ,b- ,b#f1 ,b-,kt#b71 as then the ,black pieces have more freedom of action4 #ai4 ,,qr-,k#a ,p-,,qb#d #bj4 ,p-,k#f ,a brilliant sacrifice to which no satisfactory reply can be found4 ,for instance1 #bj4 444 ,px,kt2 #ba4 ,q-,kt#d1 ,kt-,k#f1 #bb4 ,rx,kt1 ,px,r2 #bc4 ,p-,b#e1 ,bx,p2 #bd4 ,px,b1 ,px,p1 #be4 ,bx,p1 etc42 or #bd4 444 ,r- ,,kb#a2 #be4 ,px,pch1 ,rx,p2 #bf4 ,q-,k#f1 ,q-,k#a2 #bg4 ,bx,p1 etc42 or #bc4 444 ,p- ,kt#d2 #bd4 ,px,pch1 ,kx,p2 #be4 ,q-,r#e;ch1 ,k-,kt#a2 #bf4 ,p-,b#f1 ,bx,p2 #bg4 ,bx,p1 etc42 or #ba4 444 ,b-,b#d2 #bb4 ,px,pch1 ,kx,p2 #bc4 ,bx,pch1 ,px,b2 #bd4 ,p-,b#e1 etc4 ,there are many variations1 all leading to a speedy end4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,b ,b ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,p ,p ,b --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,kt ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,b ,q ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #abc #bj4 444 ,b-,,kb#c #ba4 ,p-,kt#d ,p-,kt #bb4 ,p-,b#e ,p-,q#f #bc4 ,bx,p ,bx,k,p ,if ,px,k,p then #bd4 ,px,kt,p1 ,kt-,k#d2 #be4 ,rx,kt1 ,bx,r2 #bf4 ,q-,r#e1 ,q-,b#c2 #bg4 ,rx,q1 ,bx,r2 #bh4 ,px,pch1 ,k-,r#a2 #bi4 ,q-,b#g1 etc42 or #bf4 444 ,bx,p2 #bg4 ,b- ,b#h1 etc4 #bd4 ,px,b ,q-,kt#c;ch #be4 ,k-,r#a ,resigns ,,game ,no4 #ag ,white3 ,berlin4 ,black3 ,riga4 ,ruy ,lopez4 ,move #a-f as in ,game ,no4 #af4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,q ,k ,b ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,b ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #c ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,kt ,b ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #abd #f4 444 ,px,p ,compare note to move ,no4 #f in ,game #ad4 #g4 ,r-,k#a ,p-,q#d #h4 ,ktx,p ,b-,q#c ,this is the key to the variation4 ,black threatens to obtain a draw by perpetual check through ,bx,pch1 followed by ,q-,r#e;ch and ,qx,pch4 ,this is not good enough against a weaker opponent in a tournament1 and a strong player cannot afford to play the ,riga defence4 ,but that is not a point against the variation4 ,to prove it unsound1 ,white has to find a win4 #i4 ,ktx,kt ,bx,pch #aj4 ,k-,r#a6 ,after #aj4 ,k-,b#a ,black has a tremendous attack1 and drives it home before ,white can manage to bring his extra piece into play4 ,a game ,maroczy-,berger 7,vienna1 #aijh7 is an illustration of this4 ,it continued in this way3 #aj4 ,k-,b#a1 ,q-,r#e2 #aa4 ,b-,k#c1 ,castles2 #ab4 ,kt- ,q#d1 ,b-,kt#e2 #ac4 ,kt-,,kb#c1 ,q-,r#d4 ,now ,white has no satisfactory continuation4 #ad4 ,kt-,q#b obstructs the ,queen1 and it is difficult to bring the ,rooks into concerted action4 #ad4 ,kt-,b#c1 ,,qr-,q#a2 #ae4 ,q-,q#c1 ,bx,kt2 #af4 ,px,b1 ,qx,p2 #ag4 ,ktx,kt1 ,px,kt2 #ah4 ,q-,b#c1 ,q-,r#f;ch2 #ai4 ,k-,k#b1 ,q-,kt#e;ch2 #bj4 ,k-,b#a1 ,r-,q#d2 #ba4 ,b-,kt#c1 ,r-,,kr#d2 #bb4 ,p-,b#c1 ,px,p2 ,resigns4 #aj4 444 ,q-,r#e ,it now looks as if ,white were lost4 ,but a fine sacrifice forces the exchange of all ,black's attacking pieces1 and saves the situation4 #aa4 ,rx,ktch ,px,r #ab4 ,q-,q#h;ch ,qx,q #ac4 ,ktx,qch ,kx,kt #ad4 ,kx,b 444 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,k ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #c --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,k --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,kt ,b --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #abe ,after the terrible slaughter1 the position is somewhat clearer4 ,black has a ,rook and two pawns for two minor pieces1 a slight advantage for the end-game1 but as yet there is no thought of an end-game4 ,white1 in possession of two ,bishops1 with an open ,queen's file on which the ,black ,king stands1 has good attacking chances1 and most masters would think the position favourable for ,white4 #ad4 444 ,b-,k#c ,p-,,kb#d is a plausible move1 but is followed by a pretty mate by #ae4 ,b-,kt#e4 ,the move in the text threatens to eliminate the ,,kb by ,p-,,qb#d1 ,p-,q,kt#d4 #ae4 ,b-,k#c ,p-,,kb#d #af4 ,kt-,b#c ,k-,k#b #ag4 ,p-,k,kt#d ,tarrasch recommends #ag4 ,r-,q#a1 threatening ,kt-,q#e;ch4 ,if ,p-,b#c1 ,white could play #ah4 ,b-,kt#f1 thereby permanently preventing ,black from contesting the ,queen's file1 and then try to exchange ,black's ,b by ,kt-,k#b-,q#d4 ,with two ,bishops1 ,white would then have winning chances4 ,a subtle idea underlies ,white's move of ,p-,k,kt#d4 ,he wishes to take advantage of the fact that ,black has exchanged the ,,kb by playing ,p-,kt#e1 thus holding all the four pawns on the ,king's side4 ,but ,black finds a surprising reply1 which seems to refute ,white's plan4 ,capablanca played against ,ed4 ,lasker 7,new ,york1 #aiae71 #ag4 ,p- ,k,kt#d1 ,p-,k,kt#c2 #ah4 ,k-,kt#c1 ,p-,,kr#d2 #ai4 ,px,b,p1 ,p-,r#e;ch2 #bj4 ,k-,r#b1 ,px,p2 #ba4 ,kt-,k#b1 ,p-,kt#d2 #bb4 ,b-,kt#c1 ,bx,b2 #bc4 ,r,px,b1 ,,kr-,k,kt#a2 #bd4 ,r-,q#a1 ,,qr-,q#a2 #be4 ,rx,r1 ,kx,r2 #bf4 ,kt-,k#d1 winning a pawn4 #ag4 444 ,p-,k,kt#c #ah4 ,p-,kt#e ,,qr-,k,kt#a66 ,black offers the exchange in order to get rid of ,white's ,,qb4 ,if ,white accepts the sacrifice1 he loses his ,k,kt,p1 and ,black retains three passed pawns for the piece1 at least an equivalent for the end-game4 ,white should decline the doubtful gift and meet the threat of ,p-,r#c and ,p-,k,kt#d with #ai4 ,r-,k,kt#a4 #ai4 ,b-,q#d ,p-,r#c #bj4 ,b-,b#f;ch ,k-,b#b #ba4 ,bx,r ,rx,b #bb4 ,r-,q#a in order to play #bc4 ,b-,q#g in answer to ,p-,b#d4 ,this explains ,white's check at move #bj4 #bb4 444 ,px,pch #bc4 ,k-,kt#b ,k-,b#c6 ,if now #bd4 ,kt-,q#e;ch1 ,black would assail the ,white ,king with ,k-,k#d2 #be4 ,ktx,p1 ,b-,b#e-,k#g-;,b#f4 ,the ,black phalanx of pawns becomes menacing4 #bd4 ,b-,kt#c ,bx,b #be4 ,r,px,b ,k-,k#c #bf4 ,p-,kt#d ,r-,r#b ,black need no longer fear to exchange ,rooks1 for he would then threaten the ,queen's side pawns with his ,king whilst the passed pawns kept the ,white forces occupied4 #bg4 ,kt-,k#b ,r-,q#b #bh4 ,kt-,q#d;ch ,k-,b#c #bi4 ,p-,,qb#c ,p-,b#c ,the aim of this move is not clear4 ,black should adopt a forward policy with ,p-,kt#e1 ,p-,b#e1 ,r-,r#b1 etc4 #cj4 ,r-,,kr#a ,p-,kt#e #ca4 ,r-,r#h ,now none of the pawns can advance3 ,p-,b#e would be answered by #cb4 ,r-,k#h1 ,r-,k#b2 #cc4 ,rx,r1 ,kx,r2 #cd4 ,kt-,kt#c and one of the pawns is lost4 #ca4 444 ,r-,k#b #cb4 ,kt-,k#b ,r-,q#b #cc4 ,kt-,q#d ,r-,k#b #cd4 ,r-,b#h;ch ,k-,kt#b #ce4 ,r-,q#h ,p-,b#e #cf4 ,r-,q#f ,k-,b#b #cg4 ,kt-,b#b ,r-,k#c #ch4 ,r-,q#g;ch ,r-,k#b #ci4 ,r-,q#f ,r-,k#c #dj4 ,r-,q#a ,white tries to win at all costs--and loses4 ,by a forcible advance on the ,queen's side1 he creates new chances1 but also new weaknesses4 #dj4 444 ,k-,b#c #da4 ,p-,b#d ,r-,k#b #db4 ,r-,q#d ,k-,kt#d #dc4 ,r-,q#f ,p-,k#f6 #dd4 ,p-,b#c ,px,p fails on account of ,p-,b#f;ch and ,r-,r#b4 #dd4 444 ,p-,k#g #de4 ,kt-,k#a ,p-,kt#f #df4 ,p-,kt#e ,too late4 #df4 444 ,r-,r#b #dg4 ,px,b,p ,px,p #dh4 ,r-,k#f ,r-,r#g;ch #di4 ,k-,kt#a ,r-,b#g #ej4 ,kt-,b#b ,rx,p #ea4 ,rx,k,p ,r-,q#f #eb4 ,kt-,k#a ,r-,kt#f #ec4 ,r-,q#b ,p-,b#f #ed4 ,kt-,q#c ,p-,r#d ,resigns ,the ,,rp cannot be prevented from pushing on to ,r#f1 after which a mate is threatened by the ,blac,k,ron the eighth rank4 ,r-,q#a would then be compulsory4 ,but that lets the ,black ,rook in on the seventh 7,,kr-,r#g1 followed by ,p-,b#g;ch74 ,,game ,no4 #ah4 ,emanuel ,lasker4 ,capablanca4 ,ruy ,lopez 7see p4 #cg7 #a4 ,p-,k#d ,p-,k#d #b4 ,kt-,,kb#c ,kt-,,qb#c #c4 ,b-,kt#e ,p-,,qr#c #d4 ,bx,kt,q ,px,b #e4 ,p-,q#d ,px,p ,worthy of consideration is3 #e4 444 ,b-,k,kt#e2 #f,px,p1 ,qx,qch2 #g4 ,kx,q1 ,castles ch2 #h4 ,k-,k#b1 ,r-,k#a2 #i4 ,p-,,kr#c1 ,bx,ktch2 #aj4 ,kx,b1 ,p-,b#c2 with a good game4 ,in this opening ,black is justified in assuming the initiative1 as the exchange1 which has opened a diagonal for his ,,qb1 has furthered his development4 ,if he does not do so1 and confines himself to defending tamely1 the chances are that he will lose on account of ,white's majority of pawns on the ,king's side4 #f4 ,qx,p ,qx,q ,compulsory4 ,if ,b-,k#c instead1 #g4 ,b-,b#d attacks ,,qb#g4 ,b-,q#c in reply to that would be inferior4 ,by exchanging ,bishops ,white would render the ,black ,,qp 8backward10 and on the open file its capture would be inevitable4 #g4 ,ktx,q ,b-,q#c #h4 ,kt-,,qb#c ,kt-,k#b ,black prepares to castle on the ,king's side4 ,it is more usual1 and probably stronger1 to castle on the ,queen's side1 as the ,king then protects the ,,qbp1 which in the present case would be weak if ,black's ,,kb were to be exchanged4 #i4 ,castles ,castles4 #aj4 ,p-,b#d ,r-,k#a --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,kt ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,p ,b --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d ,kt ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,b ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #abf ,black allows his opponent too much latitude on the ,king's wing4 ,he should prevent ,white's ,p-,b#e1 which obstructs his ,,qb1 by ,p-,,kb#d4 ,after ,p-,k#e the game would be equalised by ,b-,b#d1 ,bx,kt1 and ,b-,k#c4 ,a draw would then be practically certain1 with the ,bishops of opposite colours4 ,black probably thought ,white would not risk weakening his ,,kp by ,p-,b#e4 ,but with unfailing judgment ,lasker foresees that1 in consequence of the greater mobility of his pieces1 his attack will be successful before a counter attack on the weak ,,kp can be instituted4 #aa4 ,kt-,kt#c ,p-,b#c ,even now ,p-,,kb#d was imperative1 though it would keep the ,bishop from that square4 ,the continuation could have been #ab4 ,p-,k#e1 ,b- ,kt#e2 #ac4 ,kt-,k#b 7or ,r#d71 ,kt-,q#d1 and the ,bishop is safe4 #ab4 ,p-,b#e66 ,this move has a twofold aim4 ,it shuts in the ,bishop1 and allows ,b-,b#d1 exchanging the ,black ,,qb4 #ab4 444 ,p-,q,kt#c ,the diagonal ,,qr#a-,,kr#h is the only one in which the ,bishop has any prospects of action4 ,however1 as soon as he relinquishes his present diagonal1 a ,white ,knight settles at ,k#f and the ,black ,rooks are very much hampered4 #ac4 ,b-,b#d ,b-,kt#b ,black should have exchanged the ,bishops4 ,now he gets a weak pawn at ,q#c4 ,before playing ,b-,kt#b1 ,p-,b#d should be played to prevent the ,knight getting from ,kt#c-,q#d-,k#f4 #ad4 ,bx,b ,px,b #ae4 ,kt-,q#d ,,qr-,q#a #af4 ,kt-,k#f ,r-,q#b #ag4 ,,qr-,q#a ,kt-,b#a #ah4 ,r-,b#b ,p-,q,kt#d #ai4 ,,kr-,q#b ,this holds ,black's ,kt at ,b#a4 ,white's next move prevents the ,bishop getting into action by ,p-,b#d4 ,after depriving all the ,black pieces of their mobility1 ,white turns his attention to a determined assault on the ,black ,king4 #ai4 444 ,,qr-,k#b #bj4 ,p-,q,kt#d ,k-,b#b #ba4 ,p-,,qr#c ,b-,r#a #bb4 ,k-,b#b ,r-,r#b #bc4 ,p-,kt#d ,p-,r#c #bd4 ,r-,q#c ,p-,,qr#d #be4 ,p-,,kr#d ,px,p #bf4 ,px,p ,r7,r#b7-,k#b ,there are no prospects on the ,rook's file1 and ,black is restricted to keeping his pieces mutually protected4 ,he cannot prevent ,white from penetrating the ,king's side4 #bg4 ,k-,b#c ,r-,kt#a #bh4 ,k-,b#d ,p-,kt#c #bi4 ,r-,kt#c ,p-,kt#d;ch #cj4 ,k-,b#c ,if ,black captures the pawn1 he would lose it again forthwith through ,white's ,r-,r#c1 and the pawn at ,r#c would also be captured4 #cj4 444 ,kt-,kt#c #ca4 ,px,p ,r,px,p #cb4 ,r-,r#c ,r-,q#b #cc4 ,k-,kt#c --------------------------------------- #h ,b ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #f ,kt ,p ,p ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,kt ,k ,r --------------------------------------- #b ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #abg ,the ,white ,king leaves the diagonal because ,black's ,p-,b#d would interfere with the combination by which ,white intends to annihilate ,black's game in a few moves4 #cc4 444 ,k-,k#a #cd4 ,,qr-,,kr#a ,b-,kt#b #ce4 ,p-,k#e66 ,a beautiful final stroke4 #ce4 444 ,q,px,p #cf4 ,kt-,k#d66 ,kt-,q#d #cg4 ,kt7,k#f7-;,b#e ,b-,b#a ,black dares not move the ,rook on account of ,ktx,b and ,kt-,q#f;ch4 #ch4 ,ktx,r ,bx,kt #ci4 ,r-,r#g;ch ,r-,b#a #dj4 ,r-,r#a ,k-,q#a #da4 ,r-,r#h;ch ,b-,b#a #db4 ,kt-,b#e ,resigns ,mate in two is threatened4 ,black's only move is ,kt-,k#b1 after which he is helpless1 and ,white can capture the pawns one by one at his leisure 7,r-,b#g1 etc474 ,in this game1 so beautifully engineered by ,white1 we have a further example of ,lasker's remarkable grasp of position4 ,,game ,no4 #ai ,white3 ,eduard ,lasker4 ,black3 ,janowski4 ,four ,knights' ,game4 #a4 ,p-,k#d ,p-,k#d #b4 ,kt-,,kb#c ,kt-,,qb#c #c4 ,kt-,b#c ,kt-,b#c #d4 ,b-,kt#e ,b-,kt#e ,b-,k#b2 #e ,castles1 ,p-,q#c2 would lead into the ,ruy ,lopez4 #e4 ,castles ,castles #f4 ,p-,q#c ,p-,q #c ,it is1 of course1 better to castle before playing ,p-,q#c1 as the opponent could at once play ,kt-,q#e and utilise the pin to initiate an immediate attack1 e4g4 #e4 ,castles1 ,p-,q#c2 #f4 ,kt-,q#e1 ,b-,b#d2 #g4 ,p- ,q#d1 ,px,p2 #h4 ,b-,kt#e4 #g4 ,b-,kt#e --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,kt ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,b ,p ,b --------------------------------------- #d ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,kt ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #abh4 ,the position is not unlike that in ,diagram #ij1 and the same remarks apply to it4 ,here ,b-,k#c is inadvisable1 because ,p-,q#d1 threatening to fork two pieces1 forces the exchange of ,black's centre pawn4 ,after #g4 444 ,b-,kt#e2 #h4 ,kt-,q#e1 ,kt-,q#e2 #i4 ,b-,b#d1 ,b-,b#d1 on the other hand1 we get the position discussed on p4 #aae1 in which ,white obtains the advantage by ,q-,q#b4 ,instead of #i4 444 ,b- ,b#d1 ,black should play ,q-,q#b with a similar threat4 ,but he has not the cooperation of his ,king's ,bishop for the attack1 and ,white just manages to escape with a draw1 e4g4 #i4 444 ,q-,q#b2 #aj4 ,ktx,ktch1 ,px,kt2 #aa4 ,bx,p1 ,p-,,kr#c7;,bx,kt2 #ab4 ,px,b1 ,q-,r#f fails on account of ,k-,r#a and ,r-,k,kt#a72 #ab4 ,p-,b#c1 ,ktx,ktch2 #ac4 ,px,kt1 ,b-,,kr#d2 #ad4 ,k-,r#a1 ,k-,r#b 7,diagram #abi72 #ae4 ,r-,k,kt#a4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,q ,p ,k --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,b --------------------------------------- #d ,b ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #abi4 ,this is the saving clause4 ,if now ,black had his ,b at ,b#d1 as ,white has in the corresponding attack1 ,white would first have to protect his ,,bp with #ae ,q-,k#b1 and would be lost after ,r-,k,kt#a2 #af4 ,r-,k,kt#a1 ,r-,kt#c2 as #ag4 ,b-,r#d fails because of ,q-,r#f2 #ah4 ,b-,k,kt#c1 ,r- ,b#c2 and on the other hand1 after #ag4 ,rx,r1 ,px,r ,black plays ,r-,,kb#a1 attacking the ,,bp a second time4 ,with the ,black ,bishop at ,kt#e1 however1 ,black does not succeed4 ,the continuation could be l#e4 444 ,r-,k,kt#a2 #af4 ,r-,kt#c1 ,r-,kt#c2 #ag4 ,b-,r#d1 with a probable draw4 ,this line of play is most difficult for both sides1 and it has been avoided so far in tournaments4 ,in ,diagram #abh the favourite continuation for many years was3 #g4 444 ,bx,kt2 #h4 ,px,b1 ,kt-,k#b4 ,the opening of the ,k,kt file by #i4 ,bx,k,kt is not to be feared1 because of the reasons given when discussing ,diagram #ij4 ,but ,white obtains the advantage with #i4 ,kt-,r#d1 preparing the opening of the ,,kb file by ,p-,b#d and ,px,p4 #i4 444 ,kt- ,kt#c1 in order to retake with the ,,bp after #aj4 ,ktx,kt and to open the file for ,black's ,rooks1 is not a sufficient reply1 because after #aa4 ,p-,b#d and ,px,p ,white has a clear advantage1 having an extra pawn in effect for the end-game4 ,for the three ,black pawns on the ,king's side are held by the two adverse pawns1 which they cannot pass4 ,the attempt to expel the troublesome ,bishop after #i4 444 ,kt-,k#a by ,p-,,kb#c1 and then play for a centre by ,p-,b#c1 ,kt-,b#b and ,p-,q#d fails on account of the withering attack which ,white obtains on the ,,kb file1 e4g4 #i4 444 ,kt-,k#a2 #aj4 ,b-,,qb#d1 ,k-,r#a2 #aa4 ,p-,b#d1 ,p-,,kb#c2 #ab4 ,q- ,r#e1 ,px,b2 #ac4 ,px,p1 etc4 ,in consequence the defence by #g4 444 ,bx,kt and ,kt-,k#b has been abandoned4 ,in the present game ,black reverts to a very old defence1 comprising the moves3 ,bx,kt1 ,q-,k#b1 ,kt-,q#a-,k#c4 ,it had been abandoned because ,white1 by playing ,r-,k#a1 ,p-,q#d1 and eventually ,b-,b#a and ,b- ,r#c1 forces the exchange of ,black's centre pawn1 and obtains an advantage1 on well-known grounds4 ,here ,black strengthens the defence by interpolating ,p-,,kr#c61 after which ,white must come to a decision as to maintaining the pin4 ,if he decides to do so the ,white ,bishop will no longer be able to threaten the ,black ,queen from ,,qr#c4 #g4 444 ,bx,kt #h4 ,px,b ,p-,,kr#c #i4 ,b-,,kr#d ,if the ,b retreats to ,b#a or ,k#c1 ,black can adopt the defence ,kt-,k#b- ,kt#c4 ,then ,kt-,r#d would be inferior1 because ,black can simply play ,p-,k,kt#d4 ,in this case the advance of the pawns is justified1 because ,black can bring his ,q,kt to ,k,kt#c and have practically one piece more on the ,king's side1 and good prospects for the attack which he can open with ,k-,r#b1 ,r-,k,kt#a1 ,kt-,kt#c-;,b#e4 #i4 444 ,q-,k#b ,p-,k,kt#d would be premature4 ,white would win at once by #aj4 ,ktx,kt,p1 ,px,kt2 #aa4 ,bx,p1 as he can attack the ,knight a second time by ,p-,,kb#d and ,px,p before ,black can either protect it sufficiently or relieve the 8pin40 #aj4 ,q-,q#b ,kt-,q#a #aa4 ,p-,q#d ,b-,kt#e #ab4 ,q-,k#c ,bx,kt #ac4 ,qx,b ,kt-,k#c ,it would be wrong to play for the gain of a pawn with ,p-,k,kt#d and ,px,p1 e4g4 #ac4 444 ,p-,k,kt#d2 #ad4 ,b-,kt#c1 ,px,p2 #ae4 ,r-,k#a61 ,px,p2 #af4 ,p- ,k#e1 etc4 #ad4 ,bx,kt ,black's threat was to develop an attack1 similar to that described at move #i1 with ,p-,k,kt#d and ,kt-,b#e4 #ad4 444 ,qx,b #ae4 ,qx,q ,px,q #af4 ,b-,b#d in order to exchange the ,knight1 which is generally superior to a ,bishop in an end-game1 as mentioned before4 #af4 444 ,px,p #ag4 ,bx,kt ,px,b #ah4 ,px,p --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #acj ,in the end-game thus brought about the ,white ,rooks have more freedom1 as they can be mobilised easily on the third rank to act on either wing4 ,black's pawns1 however1 are stronger1 being easily protected by the ,king1 whilst ,white's weak pawns at ,,qr#b and ,,qb#b are at too great a distance from the ,king2 therefore ,white must see to it that ,black does not open files for his ,rooks on the ,queen's side4 #ah4 444 ,,qr-,b#a #ai4 ,,qr-,kt#a ,p-,kt#c #bj4 ,,kr-,q#a ,,kr-,q#a #ba4 ,r-,kt#c ,white must now allow ,black to occupy the ,,qb or ,q file4 ,after #ba4 ,p-,q#e ,black would simply play ,px,p2 #bb4 ,px,p1 ,p-,b#c1 with a certain draw4 #ba4 444 ,p-,q#d #bb4 ,r-,kt#c;ch ,p-,,kb#c was the correct move here1 in view of subsequent threats of mate4 #bb4 444 ,k-,b#b #bc4 ,px,p ,rx,p #bd4 ,r-,,qr#c ,p-,,qr#d #be4 ,p-,,kb#d8 ,a mistake under time pressure1 costing a pawn4 ,,qr-,q#c was the move4 #be4 444 ,p-,,qb#d #bf4 ,r-,,qb#c ,,qr-,q#a #bg4 ,r-,kt#a ,rx,p #bh4 ,rx,kt,p ,rx,p #bi4 ,p-,,kr#c ,r-,q#g #cj4 ,r-,kt#e ,not ,rx,p1 on account of ,r-,b#g1 and the ,k,kt,p cannot be saved4 #cj4 444 ,r-7,b#e7;,b#g #ca4 ,r-,k,kt#c ,p-,b#d #cb4 ,p-,b#d ,p-,b#e #cc4 ,r-,k,kt#d ,p-,r#d #cd4 ,r-,kt#e ,rx,p #ce4 ,p-,r#d ,mate was threatened in a few moves through ,r-,,qb#g-;,b#h and ,r7,r#g7-,r#h4 #ce4 444 ,r-7,b#g7,kt#g ,if now ,r-,b#g1 ,white would win the ,,kbp or obtain a perpetual check 7#cf4 ,r-,q,kt#g;ch1 followed by ,r-,q,kt#h-,,kb#h74 ,after the move in the text1 ,white can still draw1 as he wins back his pawn4 #cf4 ,rx,r ,rx,r #cg4 ,rx,r,p8 ,this careless move now loses the game4 ,of course ,white should have taken the ,,bp4 ,if then ,p-,r#e1 ,r-,r#e held the pawn from behind1 also after #cg4 444 ,k-,b#c2 #ch4 ,rx,q,r,p1 ,p-,k#d1 a draw would have been the result1 as the ,white ,,bp would soon have become threatening1 e4g4 #ci4 ,r-,r#h1 ,k-,b#d2 #dj4 ,p-,b#e1 ,p-,k#e2 #da4 ,p-,b#f1 ,r-,,qb#g2 #db4 ,r-,,qb#h1 ,k-,kt#e2 #dc4 ,p-,b#g1 ,kx,p2 #dd4 ,k-,r#b1 ,p-,k#f2 #de4 ,r-,b#h1 ,rx,p2 #df4 ,rx,pch1 ,k-,kt#d2 #dg4 ,r-,k#d1 ,r-,b#f2 #dh4 ,k-,kt#c1 etc42 or #dd4 ,r-,k#h1 ,rx,p2 #de4 ,rx,p1 ,k-,kt#f2 #df4 ,r-,k#a1 ,r-,b#g2 #dg4 ,k-,r#a1 ,rx,p2 #dh4 ,r-,k#c;ch1 and so on4 #cg4 444 ,p-,r#e #ch4 ,rx,p ,p-,r#f ,resigns4 ,after ,r-,r#e there follows ,p-,r#g and ,r-,kt#h;ch1 or 7if #dj4 ,k-,r #b7 ,p- ,b#f4 ,,game ,no4 #bj ,white3 ,eduard ,lasker4 ,black3 ,englund4 ,four ,knights' ,game4 #a4 ,p-,k#d ,p-,k#d #b4 ,kt-,,kb#c ,kt-,,qb#c #c4 ,kt-,b#c ,kt-,b#c #d4 ,b-,kt#e ,kt-,q#e #e4 ,ktx,p ,black can now get ,white's ,,kp by playing ,q-,k#b1 and moreover exchange ,white's valuable ,bishop4 ,instead of the move in the text it is advisable to retire the ,bishop to ,r#d or ,b#d1 or else to play #e4 ,ktx,kt1 ,px,kt2 #f4 ,p-,k#e1 ,px,kt2 #g4 ,px,kt4 ,black would then play ,qx,p and not ,px,q,pch1 as the latter move allows ,white to develop quickly1 and ,black has no time to castle--e4g4 #h4 ,bx,p1 ,qx,p2 #i4 ,castles1 ,b-,k#b2 #aj4 ,b-,b#c1 followed by ,r-,k#a4 #e4 444 ,q-,k#b #f4 ,kt-,b#c ,ktx,p8 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,k ,b ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,q ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f --------------------------------------- #e ,b --------------------------------------- #d ,kt ,kt --------------------------------------- #c ,kt ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,b ,q ,k ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #aca4 ,here ,ktx,b was essential1 followed by ,qx,p1 freeing the ,bishop4 ,after #g4 ,ktx,kt1 ,qx,pch2 #h4 ,q-,k#b1 ,qx,qch2 #i4 ,kx,q1 ,kt-,q#d 7#aj4 ,p-,b#d1 ,p-,,qr#c71 ,black completes his development a little later 7#aj4 ,r-,k#a1 ,p-,,kb#c2 #aa4 ,k-,b#a;ch1 ,k-,b#b71 but after the exchange of ,queens there is not much to fear from an immediate attack1 and the value of the two ,bishops soon asserts itself4 ,in a match game ,ed4 ,lasker- ,cole 7,london1 #aiac7 the continuation was #ab4 ,p-,q#d1 ,p-,,qr#c2 #ac4 ,kt- ,b#c1 ,ktx,kt2 #ad4 ,px,kt1 ,p-,q#d4 ,here the doubled pawn is a disadvantage1 in that the pawn at ,b#b is immobile1 and constantly liable to be attacked by ,b-,b#d4 ,p-,q#c was the better move4 #g4 ,castles ,ktx,kt ,now ,ktx,b was no longer possible4 ,after ,ktx,q,kt there would be threats of ,ktx,b,p as well as of ,r-,k#a and ,p-,q#c4 ,the game is almost lost for ,black at this stage1 as the ,king cannot escape the impending attack on the ,k file by castling4 #h4 ,q,px,kt ,ktx,ktch #i4 ,qx,kt ,q-,b#d #aj4 ,r-,k#a;ch ,b-,k#b #aa4 ,b-,q#c prevents castling1 as ,q-,k#d would win a piece4 #aa4 444 ,p-,q#d #ab4 ,b-,k#c ,white has the development of the ,b gratis1 as ,black must lose time with the ,queen4 #ab4 444 ,q-,q#c #ac4 ,b-,,kb#d ,q-,,kb#c #ad4 ,qx,p66 ,black being behind with his development is already threatened by sacrificial combinations4 ,if he takes the ,bishop he loses by #ae4 ,b-,kt#e;ch1 ,k-,b#a2 #af4 ,q-,q#h;ch61 ,bx,q2 #ag4 ,r-,k#h mate1 or l#e4 444 ,p-,b#c2 #af4 ,bx,pch1 and so on4 #ad4 444 ,p-,b#c #ae4 ,q-,k#d ,b-,k#c #af4 ,r-,k#c ,b-,,qb#d ,here ,black might have castled on the ,queen's side1 but ,r-,q#a would have had much the same sequel as in the actual game4 #ag4 ,b-,k#e ,q-,r#c #ah4 ,r-,kt#c ,b-,,kb#a ,a sorry retreat4 ,but after ,q-,q#g1 which may have been ,black's original intention1 ,white plays ,r-,,kb#a1 threatening ,b-,,kb#d4 #ai4 ,r-,q#a ,this move completes ,white's development1 and only seems to give ,black a chance of castling4 ,however1 ,black has no satisfactory continuation4 #ai4 444 ,castles8 #bj4 ,qx,pch ,px,q #ba4 ,b-,r#f ,mate ,,game ,no4 #ba ,white3 ,eduard ,lasker4 ,black3 ,aljechin4 ,three ,knights' ,defence4 #a4 ,p-,k#d ,p-,k#d #b4 ,kt-,,kb#c ,kt-,,qb#c #c4 ,kt-,b#c ,b-,kt#e #d4 ,kt-,q#e ,developing another piece by ,b-,kt#e or ,b#d would be more in accordance with principle4 #d4 444 ,b-,k#b ,there was a threat of ,ktx,b and ,ktx,p4 ,if ,black plays ,p-,q#c1 the ,b must retire all the same after #e4 ,b-,kt#e4 ,it seems best to retire the ,b to ,k#b rather than to ,b#d or ,r#d1 because there remains the threat of a pin subsequently by ,b-,k,kt#e1 which might become serious with the ,knight at ,q#e4 #e4 ,b-,b#d ,kt-,b#c #f4 ,p-,q#c ,p-,q#c #g4 ,ktx,b ,qx,kt #h4 ,p-,b#c ,p-,,kr#c ,the ,k,kt is to support the advance of ,p-,q#d subsequently1 and that is why ,black does not want to allow it to be pinned4 ,this is sound strategy1 since ,white has exchanged his ,q,kt1 which from ,b#c prevents ,p-,q#d in the ordinary way4 #i4 ,b-,k#c ,castles #aj4 ,q-,q#b ,b-,k#c #aa4 ,b-,kt#c ,the first mistake4 ,b-,q,kt#e should be played to retard ,p-,q#d4 #aa4 444 ,bx,b #ab4 ,px,b ,p-,q#d --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,q ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,kt ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,p ,p ,b ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,q ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,k ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #acb #ac4 ,px,p ,the second mistake4 ,unimportant as it seems1 it leads to the loss of the game4 ,white did not defend the pawn by ,q-,b#b1 because it would have proved #aj4 ,q-,q#b to have been a lost move4 ,but giving up the centre is a far greater evil4 ,black now commands his ,q#e and ,,kb#e1 and this enables him to start an attack to which there is no defence4 ,the game shows conclusively how important it is to maintain the centre4 #ac4 444 ,ktx,p #ad4 ,castles ,,kr ,p-,b#d #ae4 ,p-,q,kt#d ,p-,q,kt#c #af4 ,q-,k#b to prevent ,p-,k#e1 which would now be countered by ,px,p and ,q-,b#d4 ,however1 as ,p-,k#e cannot be prevented permanently1 and the ,q must move in any case1 ,q-,b#b would have been the better move1 as there the ,queen cannot be molested by a ,rook4 #af4 444 ,q-,q#c #ag4 ,p-,kt#e ,q,kt-,k#b #ah4 ,b-,q#b ,kt-,kt#c #ai4 ,r-,r#d ,,qr-,k#a6 ,black's game is beautifully developed1 whilst ,white cannot make a combined effort4 ,the ,black ,rooks are particularly well placed1 and threaten to take an effective part in the attack in various ways4 ,all this is the outcome of ,white losing the centre4 #bj4 ,p-,k,kt#c ,though this prevents ,kt7,q #d7-;,b#e1 it weakens ,,kb#c1 which is all the more serious as ,black threatens to open the file by ,p-,b#e4 #bj4 444 ,q-,q#b ,if now ,white refrains from taking the pawn1 ,black plays ,p-,,qr#d6 #ba4 ,rx,p ,p-,k#e #bb4 ,kt-,q#d ,px,p #bc4 ,qx,p ,kt-,k#d #bd4 ,q-,k#b ,p-,b#e ,all the avenues of attack are now open1 and ,white's game collapses quickly4 #be4 ,q-,r#e ,kt-,,kb #c #bf4 ,q-,b#e ,kt-,b#f;ch #bg4 ,k-,r#a ,qx,q #bh4 ,ktx,q ,ktx,b #bi4 ,r-,q#a ,kt7,b#c7-,k#e #cj4 ,ktx,p ,ktx,b,pch #ca4 ,k-,kt#b ,p-,b#f;ch ,resigns4 ,,game ,no4 #bb ,white3 ,forgacz4 ,black3 ,tartakower4 ,french ,defence 7see p4 #dh74 #a4 ,p-,k#d ,p-,k#c #b4 ,p-,q#d ,p-,q#d #c4 ,kt-,,qb#c ,kt-,,kb#c #d4 ,b-,kt#e ,b-,k#b #e4 ,p-,k#e ,kt-,k#e ,k,kt-,q#b is better1 because it would support the advance of ,p-,,qb#d and also be of use eventually in an attack on ,white's centre by ,p-,,kb#c4 ,the text move allows the exchange of two minor pieces1 which can only be to ,white's advantage1 as ,black cannot get his ,,qb into play1 and is for a long time practically a piece down4 #f4 ,ktx,kt ,bx,b ,after ,px,kt the pawn would be very weak1 and could hardly be held for long4 #g4 ,ktx,b ,qx,kt #h4 ,p-,k,kt#c ,to be able to play ,p-,,kb#d before developing the ,kt 7see p4 #di74 #h4 444 ,p-,,qb#d #i4 ,p-,,qb#c ,kt-,b#c #aj4 ,p-,,kb#d ,q-,k#b #aa4 ,q-,q#b ,b-,q#b #ab4 ,kt-,b#c ,castles ,,kr #ac4 ,b-,q#c ,p-,b#e #ad4 ,b-,b#b ,p-,q,kt#d #ae4 ,castles ,,kr ,p-,kt#b #af4 ,q ,r-,k#a ,p-,,qr#d --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,r ,q --------------------------------------- #g ,b ,q ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,b ,q ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #acc ,so far the game is easy to understand in the light of the remarks made on page #dd1 when treating of the openings4 ,the continuation shows in an instructive fashion that ,white's attack is the more effective1 being directed against the ,king's side4 #ag4 ,p-,b#e6 ,k,px,p ,this sacrifice of a pawn in conjunction with a second sacrifice on the next move1 produces a combination of rare beauty4 #ah4 ,p-,kt#d66 ,px,p ,if ,black did not capture ,white would4 ,in either case the storming of the position by pawns achieves its object and the lines of attack are free for the pieces4 #ai4 ,kt-,kt#e ,p-,kt#c ,now that ,white has made an opening for himself at ,,kb#f1 the rest is easy4 #ai4 444 ,p-,r#c is of no avail4 ,the sequel might have been3 #bj ,kt-,r #g1 ,,kr-,q#a2 #ba ,kt-,b#f;ch1 after which ,white wins after either ,px,kt2 #bb ,qx,p1 or ,k-,r#a ,ktx,p4 #bj4 ,r-,b#f ,k-,kt#b ,black gets no breathing space4 ,if ,p-,r#c1 then #ba ,bx,p4 #ba4 ,,qr-,,kb#a ,b-,k#a #bb4 ,q-,b#d ,kt-,q#a #bc4 ,p-,k#f ,r-,r#c #bd4 ,q-,k#e ,k-,r#c #be4 ,,qr-,b#e ,help6 #be4 444 ,b,px,p #bf4 ,kt-,b#g;ch ,qx,kt #bg4 ,r-,r#e;ch ,k-,kt#b #bh4 ,rx,kt,p mate ,,game ,no4 #bc ,white3 ,yates4 ,black3 ,esser4 ,french ,defence4 #a4 ,p-,k#d ,p-,k#c #b4 ,p-,q#d ,p-,q#d #c4 ,kt-,,qb#c ,kt-,,kb#c #d4 ,b-,kt#e ,px,p #e4 ,bx,kt ,px,b ,if the ,queen recaptures1 ,white obtains too great an advantage in development1 and therefore ,black submits to the doubling of his pawns4 ,it is doubtful if this means a handicap1 although the ,king's side gets broken up4 ,for ,black keeps his two ,bishops1 a powerful weapon1 unless ,white succeeds in developing swiftly an attack on the ,king's side4 ,the present game is instructive and shows the chances afforded to both sides by the position brought about by the exchange at ,,kb#f4 #f4 ,ktx,p ,p-,,kb#d ,as the ,,kb obtains a long diagonal at ,kt#b1 this advance is justified4 ,otherwise there would be strong objections to it1 as the pawn is likely to be subjected to attack1 and apart from that1 it gives up command of ,black's ,k#d4 #g4 ,kt-,,qb#c ,kt-,kt#c would seem more natural1 firstly1 because ,black has weaknesses on the ,k side1 and ,white will need his pieces for attack in that quarter1 and secondly1 because the ,,qp ought to be supported by ,p-,b#c1 as ,black will attack it by ,b-,kt#b4 #g4 444 ,b-,kt#b #h4 ,kt-,b#c ,castles #i4 ,b-,b#d ,if now the ,knight were at ,kt#c1 ,white could play ,p-,b#c and ,,bq#c4 ,this is the proper place for the ,b1 which might obtain an open diagonal after ,p-,k,kt#d4 #i4 444 ,kt-,b#c #aj4 ,kt-,k#b ,kt-,r#d #aa4 ,b-,q#c ,p-,b#d #ab4 ,p-,b#c ,p-,,qb#e ,p-,kt#c seems preferable1 as the text move releases the hold on ,white's ,q#d4 ,the isolated pawn resulting after #ac4 ,px,p is not to be feared1 as the ,b at ,kt#b would have greater efficiency 7,,qr- ,kt#a71 and ,white would not be so firmly established in the centre4 #ac4 ,b-,b#b ,p-,kt#d #ad4 ,q-,q#b ,there now ensues an interesting struggle4 ,white builds up an attack with ,q and both ,knights and eventually the ,b 7,p-,k,kt#d74 ,if ,black can manage to play his ,king into safety at ,r#a in time1 and then occupies the ,kt file with his ,rooks1 he would have the better of it1 his pieces having by far the greater range of action4 #ad4 444 ,b-,kt#b #ae4 ,q-,b#d ,q-,b#c ,k-,r#a and ,,kr-,kt#a might be considered4 #af4 ,kt-,kt#c ,b-,,kr#c #ag4 ,q-,b#g ,q-,q#a #ah4 ,q-,k#e ,white gains a move by attacking the ,knight's ,pawn4 ,it may seem far fetched if ,i now point out that this could not have happened if from the first ,black had given preference to the pawn formation at ,q,kt#c and ,b#d instead of ,kt#d and ,b#e1 though the whole game would almost certainly have taken a different course4 ,still1 when advancing a pawn into an unprotected position there always is the risk of its becoming the object of an attack at an opportune moment1 and whenever the plan of development does not necessitate such moves they are best avoided4 #ah4 444 ,b-,q#d #ai4 ,kt-,r#e ,kt-,b#c8 #bj4 ,q-,kt#c;ch88 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,kt ,p ,b --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,b ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,kt ,q --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,k ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #acd ,the last moves have decided the game4 ,both players have overlooked that #bj4 ,q-,b#f would have won a pawn at least 7,qx,q1 #ba4 ,ktx,qch with ,ktx,b and ,bx,p74 #bj4 444 ,bx,kt leads to an immediate loss by #ba4 ,qx,b1 ,bx,kt2 #bb4 ,qx,b followed by ,p-,k,kt#d6 with an overwhelming attack4 ,instead of #ai4 444 ,kt-,b#c1 ,black should have played ,p-,b#c1 followed by ,k-,r#a and the occupation of the ,kt file by the ,rooks4 ,white's last move allows him to de this with even greater effect4 #bj4 444 ,k-,r#a #ba4 ,q-,r#c ,r-,k,kt#a ,black has now a preponderance of material on the field of battle1 and it can be concluded off-hand that ,white1 not being able to bring his ,rooks into play1 must lose4 #bb4 ,kt-,kt#c ,q-,b#c #bc4 ,k-,b#a ,k-,k#b is a shade better4 ,but there is no longer any adequate defence4 #bc4 444 ,r-,kt#e #bd4 ,r-,k#a ,,qr-,k,kt#a #be4 ,kt-,k#e ,black was threatening ,bx,kt1 followed by ,r-,r#e and ,p-,b#e #be4 444 ,ktx,kt #bf4 ,px,kt ,q-,kt#d #bg4 ,q-,r#e ,bx,pch #bh4 ,k-,kt#a ,rx,kt8 ,qx,q and ,b-,k#e;ch was simple and effective4 #bi4 ,r,px,r ,bx,r #cj4 ,qx,q ,bx,q #ca4 ,kx,b ,r-,q#a #cb4 ,p-,b#d ,r-,q#a is much more promising1 although it means the loss of a pawn 7,rx,r and ,b-,b#h1 etc474 ,with ,bishops of different colour the game is not easy to win even now4 #cb4 444 ,r-,q#g #cc4 ,px,b ,rx,b #cd4 ,r-,q#a ,rx,kt,p #ce4 ,r-,q#g ,k-,kt#b #cf4 ,rx,r,p ,r-,,qb#g ,he could have played ,p-,kt#e at once4 #cg4 ,r-,r#e ,r-,q,kt#g #ch4 ,p-,r#d ,r-,r#c would only have drawn out the agony a little longer4 #ch4 444 ,p-,kt#e ,resigns4 ,,game ,no4 #bd ,white3 ,atkins4 ,black3 ,barry4 ,french ,defence4 #a4 ,p-,k#d ,p-,k#c #b4 ,p-,q#d ,p-,q#d #c4 ,kt-,,qb#c ,kt-,,kb#c #d4 ,b-,kt#e ,b-,k#b #e4 ,p-,k#e ,k,kt-,q#b #f4 ,bx,b ,qx,b --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,kt ,b ,k ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,kt ,q ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,q ,k ,b ,kt ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #ace4 #g4 ,kt-,kt#e ,the intention is to strengthen the centre by ,p-,,qb#c4 ,though it takes a number of moves to bring the ,knight into play again1 yet most of the tournament games in this variation have been won by ,white1 mostly through a ,king's side attack on the lines set out in the notes to ,game ,no4 #bb4 ,investigations by ,alapin tend to show that this is due to the fact that ,black in all cases devoted his attention to ,queen's side operations 7just as in ,game ,no4 #bb7 when he could have utilised ,white's backward development1 by himself starting a counter attack on the ,king's side4 ,he can then either aim at the ,white centre at once with ,p-,,kb#c1 or else play ,p-,,kb#d and prepare the advance of the ,k,kt,p by ,kt-,b#c-,q#a-;,b#b4 ,these various lines of play are still under discussion4 ,simple development is probably preferable to the move in the text1 e4g4 #g4 ,b-,q#c1 ,castles2 #h4 ,p-,b#d1 ,p-,,qb#d2 #i4 ,kt-,b#c4 #g4 444 ,k-,q#a ,there can be no advantage in forfeiting the option of castling unless there be no other way of getting the ,king into safety and of bringing the ,rooks into concerted action4 ,it is obvious that otherwise the free development of pieces is hindered1 and the ,king is in appreciable danger1 for it is easier to open files in the centre than on the wings where the pawns have not advanced yet4 ,therefore ,kt-,kt#c is the only move worth considering4 #h4 ,p-,,qb#c ,p-,,kb#c #i4 ,px,p ,with the ,black ,king remaining in the centre1 ,white has no further interest in the maintenance of his pawn at ,k#e4 ,on the contrary he will try to clear the centre4 #i4 444 ,px,p #aj4 ,q-,q#b ,p-,b#c #aa4 ,kt-,,qr#c ,kt-,b#a ,at this early stage it is clear that ,black will have to contend with difficulties in trying to complete his development4 ,the usual way 7,p-,,qb#d7 is barred on account of the dangers to ,black's ,king with which a clearance in the centre is fraught4 #ab4 ,kt-,b#c ,b-,q#b #ac4 ,p-,k,kt#c6 ,as ,black can force this advance at any time by playing ,r-,k,kt#a1 ,white decides to develop his ,,kb at ,kt#b1 thereby covering his ,,kb#c and ,,kr#c4 ,the weakness of the latter squares would not be of any great moment if ,white were to castle on the ,queen's wing4 ,but as ,p-,,qb#d is necessary in order to break up the centre1 castling ,,kr is the right course4 #ac4 444 ,b-,k#a #ad4 ,b-,kt#b ,q,kt-,q#b #ae4 ,p-,b#d ,px,p #af4 ,ktx,p ,kt-,q,kt#c #ag4 ,ktx,kt ,px,kt #ah4 ,castles ,,kr ,kt-,kt#c #ai4 ,,kr-,k#a ,b-,q#b #bj4 ,q-,b#c ,r-,k#a #ba4 ,kt-,q#b ,q-,b#a #bb4 ,p-,,qr#d6 ,white wishes to get rid of the pawn at ,black's ,kt#c1 in order to break in with his ,knight at ,b#e4 ,black has no means of preventing this1 and soon succumbs to the overwhelming array of ,white forces4 #bb4 444 ,kt-,k#b #bc4 ,p-,r#e ,p-,q,kt#d #bd4 ,kt-,kt#c ,kt-,q#d #be4 ,bx,kt ,k,px,b #bf4 ,rx,rch ,bx,r #bg4 ,kt-,b#e ,q-,b#b #bh4 ,r-,k#a ,k-,b#b #bi4 ,q-,k#c ,b-,q#b #cj4 ,q-,b#d;ch ,resigns4 ,if ,k-,q#a1 #ca4 ,ktx,pch followed by ,kt-,q#f;ch4 ,if ,k-,b#a ,white wins by #ca4 ,q-,q#f and ,r-,k#g4 ,,game ,,no4 #be ,white3 ,emanuel ,lasker4 ,black3 ,tarrasch4 ,french ,defence4 #a4 ,p-,k#d ,p-,k#c #b4 ,p-,q#d ,p-,q#d #c4 ,kt-,,qb#c ,kt-,,kb#c #d4 ,b-,kt#e ,b-,kt#e --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,kt ,b ,q ,k ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,b --------------------------------------- #d ,b ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,q ,k ,b ,kt ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #acf ,this line of defence1 called the ,mc,cutcheon variation1 was recommended for many years by ,tarrasch as being the strongest4 ,the most obvious continuation #e4 ,p-,k#e leads to complications1 and the final verdict has not yet been reached4 ,after #e4 444 ,p-,,kr#c1 the best continuation is thought to be3 #f4 ,px,kt1 ,px,b2 #g4 ,px,p1 ,r- ,kt#a2 #h4 ,p-,,kr#d1 ,px,p2 #i4 ,q-,r#e1 ,q-,b#c2 #aj4 ,qx,r,p1 ,qx,p4 ,white has an easy development1 whilst ,black1 as in most variations in the ,french defence1 finds it difficult to bring his ,,qb into play4 ,after ,p-,,kr#c1 it is not advisable to retire the ,bishop2 #f4 ,b-,r#d1 ,p-,k,kt#d2 #g4 ,b-,kt#c1 for here the ,bishop is out of play1 and ,black's ,king's ,knight being free can play to ,k#e for concerted action with ,black's ,,kb4 ,lasker's continuation in the present instance is at once simple and effective4 ,it leads to an entirely different system of development4 #e4 ,px,p ,qx,p ,if ,black recaptures with the pawn1 he must lose a move with the ,bishop in order to avoid getting an isolated doubled pawn after #f4 ,q-,b#c4 ,the doubled pawn which ,black may get after the move in the text would not be isolated1 and therefore not necessarily weak4 ,it could become a weakness if ,black were to castle on the ,king's side4 ,but otherwise it might even become a source of strength1 supporting1 as it would1 an advance of ,black's ,,kp against the ,white centre4 #f4 ,kt-,b#c ,p-,b#d8 ,black should retain the option of castling ,,qr1 in case ,white exchanges at his ,,kb#f2 ,p-,q,kt#c and ,b-,kt#b would have been better4 #g4 ,bx,kt ,px,b #h4 ,q-,q#b ,bx,kt #i4 ,qx,b ,kt-,q#b #aj4 ,r-,q#a ,r-,k,kt#a #aa4 ,px,p ,qx,p #ab4 ,q-,q#b ,q-,kt#c guarding against the mate at ,q#a before moving the ,kt4 ,but this would have been better effected by ,q-,k#b4 ,after ,q-,kt#c the ,knight cannot move yet because of ,b-,kt#e;ch4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,k ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,kt ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,q ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,q ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,k ,b ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #acg #ac4 ,p-,b#c ,p-,,qr#c #ad4 ,q-,b#b ,p-,b#d #ae4 ,p-,k,kt#c ,kt-,b#d #af4 ,b-,kt#b ,q-,b#b ,black wishes to push on the ,,kp4 ,white1 however1 prevents this at once4 #ag4 ,q-,k#b ,p-,kt#d #ah4 ,castles ,b-,kt#b ,the ,black position has any number of weaknesses4 ,the ,king cannot castle into safety2 the pawn position is full of holes1 and open to attack4 ,white takes full advantage of this and wins in masterly fashion with a few strokes4 #ai4 ,p-,b#d ,p-,kt#e #bj4 ,q-,q#b ,r-,kt#a ,now ,white cannot capture the ,kt,p because of ,bx,kt4 ,but he does not want the pawn1 he wants the ,king4 #ba4 ,q-,r#f ,bx,kt #bb4 ,bx,b ,q-,k#d #bc4 ,,kr-,k#a ,qx,p #bd4 ,q-,b#d ,,qr-,b#a #be4 ,q-,q#f ,p-,b#c ,mate in two was threatened 7,b-,b#f;ch1 etc474 #bf4 ,b-,r#e;ch ,r-,kt#c #bg4 ,bx,rch ,px,b #bh4 ,rx,pch ,resigns4 ,,game ,no4 #bf ,white3 ,capablanca4 ,black3 ,blanco ,french ,defence4 #a4 ,p-,k#d ,p-,k#c #b4 ,p-,q#d ,p-,q#d #c4 ,kt-,,qb#c ,px,p #d4 ,ktx,p ,kt-,q#b #e4 ,kt-,,kb#c ,k,kt-,b#c #f4 ,ktx,ktch ,ktx,kt #g4 ,kt-,k#e ,this crosses ,black's plan of developing the ,,qb at ,kt#b4 #g4 444 ,b-,q#c #h4 ,q-,b#c ,p-,b#c #i4 ,b-,kt#e;ch1 ,p-,b#c2 #aj4 ,ktx,p was threatened4 #i4 ,p-,b#c ,castles #aj4 ,b-,k,kt#e ,b-,k#b #aa4 ,b-,q#c ,whatever ,black plays now1 he must create some weakness in order to provide against ,white's ,q-,r#c1 ,bx,kt1 ,qx,r,p1 and ,white's attack must succeed4 ,the whole of ,black's plan is thus frustrated1 as the only reason for abandoning the centre by ,px,p was the occupation of the long diagonal by the ,,qb4 ,now the ,queen's side pieces cannot get into play without much difficulty1 and by the time they have succeeded it is too late4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,kt ,b --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,b ,q --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,k ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #ach4 #aa4 444 ,kt-,k#a ,intending to intercept the diagonal of the ,white ,,kb by ,p-,,kb#d4 ,if ,black plays ,p-,k,kt#c with the same intention1 ,white plays ,p-,,kr#d-e and ,px,p1 and brings the ,rook into play4 #ab4 ,q-,r#c ,p-,,kb#d ,p-,,kr#c would lead to an immediate disaster3 #ac4 ,bx,p1 ,px,b2 #ad4 ,qx,r,p1 ,p-,,kb#d2 #ae4 ,p-,k,kt#d4 ,the move in the text avoids the immediate attack on the ,king1 but the ,king's ,pawn is now 8backward10 and ,white immediately fastens on this weakness4 #ac4 ,bx,b ,qx,b #ad4 ,castles ,,kr ,r-,b#c #ae4 ,,kr-,k#a ,kt-,q#c #af4 ,r-,k#b ,b-,q#b #ag4 ,,qr-,k#a ,r-,k#a #ah4 ,p-,,qb#d ,kt-,b#b #ai4 ,p-,q#e ,ktx,kt #bj4 ,rx,kt ,p-,k,kt#c #ba4 ,bx,p was threatened4 #ba4 ,q-,r#d ,k-,kt#b #bb4 ,q-,q#d ,p-,b#d #bc4 ,q-,b#c ,p-,kt#c #bd4 ,px,p ,b-,b#a #be4 ,b-,k#b ,the ,bishop now settles at ,q#e1 and whether ,black takes the pawn or not1 he is paralysed either by the pawn itself1 or the pin of the ,bishop if the pawn is taken4 #be4 444 ,bx,p #bf4 ,b-,b#c ,k-,b#b #bg4 ,b-,q#e ,q-,q#c #bh4 ,q-,k#c ,r-,k#b #bi4 ,q-,r#f ,k-,kt#a #cj4 ,p-,,kr#d ,the deciding manuvre1 tearing up the chain of pawns in front of the ,k4 #cj4 444 ,p-,,qr#c #ca4 ,p-,r#e ,p-,b#e #cb4 ,px,p ,px,p #cc4 ,rx,b ,resigns4 ,after ,rx,r1 #cd4 ,rx,r1 ,rx,r2 #ce4 ,qx,pch wins a piece4 ,a beautifully concise game4 ,,game ,,no4 #bg ,white3 ,niemzowitsch4 ,black3 ,tarrasch4 ,french ,defence4 #a4 ,p-,k#d ,p-,,qb#d ,this opening is called the ,sicilian ,defence4 ,white1 however1 adopts a continuation which leads into a variation of the ,french ,defence4 #b4 ,p-,,qb#c ,p-,k#c #c4 ,p-,q#d ,p-,q#d #d4 ,p-,k#e ,kt-,,qb#c #e4 ,kt-,b#c ,q-,kt#c #f4 ,b-,q#c ,px,p ,black seeks to demonstrate that ,white's ,,qp is weak4 ,the present game1 however1 seems to prove that ,white is able to guard it adequately1 thus permanently supporting the ,,kp too4 ,it would therefore appear to be better to attack the ,,kp itself1 and to play ,p-,b#c on the fifth move4 ,now ,b-,q#b would be better than the text move4 ,as ,white cannot give further support to his ,q#d1 he would have to play ,px,p1 and the protection of the ,k#e would have to be undertaken by pieces1 which is not desirable4 #g4 ,px,p ,b-,q#b ,not ,ktx,p1 #h4 ,ktx,kt1 ,qx,kt1 because of ,b-,kt#e;ch4 #h4 ,b-,k#b ,the ,b cannot go to ,b#b on account of ,kt-,kt#e and ,b-,kt#d4 #h4 444 ,k,kt-,k#b #i4 ,p-,q,kt#c ,kt-,b#d #aj4 ,b-,kt#b ,now ,white's centre is safe from further attacks4 ,true1 ,white has forfeited castling1 but as he dominates the ,king's side1 where ,black cannot undertake anything1 there is no harm in ,p-,kt#c1 preparatory to 8artificial castling40 #aj4 444 ,b-,kt#e;ch #aa4 ,k-,b#a ,b-,k#b ,directed against #ab4 ,p-,kt#d1 driving off the ,kt4 ,now ,kt-,r#e would follow4 #ab4 ,p-,kt#c ,p-,,qr#d --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,k ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,b ,b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,q ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,b ,b ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,kt ,q ,k ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #aci ,this manuvre is unwise2 ,white counters with #ac4 ,p-,,qr#d1 a move which was necessary in any case1 in order to develop the ,q,kt via ,r#c1 this being the ,knight's only chance of getting into play1 because1 as long as the ,,qp is attacked three times the lines of ,b and ,q must not be interrupted4 ,that is a weakness in ,white's game1 and it was necessary for ,black to prevent his ,kt being driven off by ,p-,k,kt#d4 ,p-,,kr#d was the correct move4 ,then ,white also had to play ,p-,,kr#d to prevent ,p-,k,kt#d-e1 in which case ,black could have played l#c4 444 ,p-,k,kt#c1 and have brought his ,rooks into concerted action4 ,p-,k,kt#c would have been necessary before castling1 because ,white's ,b-,q#c would have attacked the ,k,kt4 ,the latter could not then capture the ,queen's ,pawn on account of a discovered check1 e4g4 l#b4 444 ,castles2 #ac ,b-,q#c1 ,ktx,p82 #ad ,ktx,kt1 ,ktx,kt2 #ae ,bx,kt1 ,qx,b82 #af ,b-,r#g;ch1 and ,qx,q4 ,in ,diagram #aci ,black's ,p-,,qr#d is not only a lost move1 but moreover allows a ,white piece to settle permanently at ,q,kt#e4 ,it also prevents the ,knight from playing to ,,qr#d1 from where ,white's ,p-,,qr#d could be answered by ,kt-,kt#f eventually4 #ac4 ,p-,,qr#d ,r-,,qb#a #ad4 ,b-,kt#e ,kt-,kt#e ,all these skirmishes only result in the exchange of pieces1 and as long as ,black's ,k,ris out of play this can only be of advantage to ,white4 #ae4 ,kt-,b#c ,kt-,,qr#c ,this is in order to drive off the ,b4 ,black should have exchanged his own inactive ,,qb1 as the ,white ,b might become effective on the ,diagonal ,q,kt#a-,,kr#g1 whilst ,black's ,,qb has no future4 #af4 ,k-,kt#b ,kt-,b#b #ag4 ,b-,k#b ,b-,kt#e ,black cannot yet castle1 because of #ah4 ,b-,q#c ,kt-,,kr#c1 #ai4 ,b-,,qb#a74 #ah4 ,kt-,r#b ,kt-,,qr#c #ai4 ,b-,q#c ,kt-,k#b #bj4 ,r-,,qb#a ,kt-,b#c #ba4 ,ktx,b ,q,ktx,kt #bb4 ,b-,kt#a ,white's last eight moves completed his development1 and his ,bishops lie in wait for the attack on the ,black ,king4 ,meanwhile ,black has effected nothing4 ,on the contrary1 he --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,k ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,q ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,b ,p ,k ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,b ,r ,q ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #adj has exchanged his valuable ,,kb1 and also allowed his ,k,kt to be driven off4 ,his ,king's side is bare1 and castling would be fraught with danger4 ,if ,black castles now1 ,white plays ,kt-,kt#e1 and ,black must weaken his position by ,p-,r#c or ,p-,kt#c1 and ,white would advance his ,kt,p or ,,rp and force an exchange1 opening a file for his ,rook4 ,in consequence ,black decides to forfeit castling and to bring his ,,kr to bear on the ,,kb file4 ,for this also ,black must first play ,p-,r#c1 and ,white obtains an open file by ,p-,kt#d- ,kt#e4 ,the sequel is shown here4 #bb4 444 ,p-,r#c #bc4 ,p-,kt#d ,kt-,k#b #bd4 ,rx,rch ,bx,r #be4 ,kt-,k#a ,white waits first1 to see whether ,black is going to castle1 and meanwhile tries to exchange ,black's ,q,kt1 which commands his ,,qb#b and ,q#c4 #be4 444 ,r-,b#a #bf4 ,kt-,q#c ,p-,b#c #bg4 ,ktx,kt ,qx,kt #bh4 ,px,p ,rx,p #bi4 ,b-,b#a ,kt-,b#c #cj4 ,p-,kt#e ,px,p #ca4 ,bx,p ,r-,b#a #cb4 ,b-,k#c ,q-,k#b #cc4 ,q-,kt#d ,this provides against ,black attempting to free his ,bishop by ,p- ,k#d4 ,black's ,b-,q#b is countered by ,b-,kt#f;ch4 ,white new wins surprisingly quickly1 through the greater mobility of his pieces4 #cc4 444 ,q-,b#c #cd4 ,r-,kt#a ,r-,r#a #ce4 ,k-,r#a ,r-,r#e ,here ,black could have held out a little longer by defending his ,kt,p3 #ce4 444 ,k-,b#a2 #cf4 ,r-,kt#c1 ,r-,r#e2 #cg4 ,q-,q#a1 ,k-,kt#a2 #ch4 ,b-,kt#e1 ,qx,p 7,rx,p1 #ci4 ,q-,r#e72 #ci4 ,r-,q#c1 ,qx,p2 #dj4 ,bx,r1 ,qx,b4 #cf4 ,q-,kt#c ,rx,p ,compulsory4 ,b-,kt#e was threatened1 and after ,r-,r#a1 ,qx,p1 ,qx,q1 ,rx,q1 the ,,rp wins easily4 #cg4 ,bx,r ,ktx,b #ch4 ,qx,p ,q-,b#f;ch #ci4 ,q-,kt#b ,qx,qch #dj4 ,rx,q ,ktx,p #da4 ,p-,r#d ,resigns4 ,,game ,no4 #bh ,white3 ,alapin4 ,black3 ,rubinstein4 ,sicilian ,defence4 #a4 ,p-,k#d ,p-,,qb#d ,at first glance this move would seem to lose time1 as it does nothing towards the main object of opening strategy1 namely1 the development of pieces4 ,but we shall find that it does contribute to that aim1 although indirectly4 ,for one thing it could1 by a transposition of moves1 lead into an opening in which ,p-,,qb#d is played in any case2 in other openings it is of use1 in that it acts from the first against the formation of a strong white centre4 ,concurrently it prepares the opening of a file for the ,rooks4 #b4 ,kt-,,kb#c ,kt-,,kb#c8 ,black should not play ,kt-,,kb#c as long as ,white's ,p-,k#e means the clear gain of a move4 ,there are plenty of developing moves to choose from4 ,two systems of development can be followed by ,black according to whether the ,,kb is to develop at ,k#b or ,kt#b4 ,in the first case 7compare ,game ,no4 #bi7 ,p-,k#c is played4 ,in the second case1 the opening might take this course3 #b4 444 ,kt-,,qb#c2 #c4 ,p-,q#d1 ,px,p2 #d4 ,ktx,p1 ,kt-,b#c2 #e4 ,kt-,,qb#c1 ,p-,q#c 7not ,p-,k,kt#c at once1 because ,white would exchange ,knights and drive off the ,k,kt by ,p-,k#e72 #f4 ,b-,k#c1 ,p-,k,kt#c1 and ,b-,kt#b4 ,white's position is superior1 as he has a pawn in the centre in conjunction with greater mobility4 ,black will find it difficult to bring his ,,qb into play4 ,nevertheless his position is compact and difficult to get at4 #c4 ,p-,k#e ,undoubtedly ,rubinstein had taken this move into account when playing #b4 444 ,kt-,,kb#c4 ,his idea was to provoke the advance of the ,,kp4 ,the pawn at ,k#e is weaker than at ,k#d1 particularly as ,black's ,,qbp prevents its natural support by ,p-,q#d4 ,moreover ,black's ,q#d is free from interference by ,white4 ,white refutes this ultra subtilty by simple and straight-forward play1 and he gets such an advantage in development that his attack succeeds before ,black is able to demonstrate any weakness in ,white's game4 #c4 444 ,kt-,q#d #d4 ,kt-,b#c ,ktx,kt #e4 ,q,px,kt ,kt-,b#c #f4 ,b-,,qb#d ,p-,q#c ,after #f 444 ,p-,k#c1 #g4 ,b-,b#d would restrain the ,,qp4 #g4 ,b-,b#d ,px,p ,at this early stage ,black has no satisfactory means of development4 ,the ,,qp is attacked three times1 and therefore the ,,kp cannot move1 nor can the ,,kb be developed at ,kt#b4 ,b-,kt#e1 in order to play ,bx,kt and ,px,p1 is refuted by ,bx,pch4 ,the move in the text which brings about the exchange of ,queens1 but develops another ,white piece at the same time1 is more or less forced4 ,it is instructive to watch how ,white's advantage in development soon materialises4 #h4 ,ktx,p ,qx,qch #i4 ,rx,q ,ktx,kt #aj4 ,bx,kt ,p-,,qr#c ,white's threat of ,b-,kt#e;ch could not be parried by ,b-,q#b because of #aa4 ,bx,pch4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,k ,b ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,b --------------------------------------- #d ,b --------------------------------------- #c ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,k ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #ada #aa4 ,b-,b#g ,b-,kt#e #ab4 ,p-,b#c ,,qr-,b#a #ac4 ,b-,kt#f ,b-,b#d #ad4 ,b-,kt#c ,p-,k#d #ae4 ,b-,r#d;ch ,k-,k#b #af4 ,p-,,qb#d ,here ,white could have won a pawn at once by ,r-,q#e4 ,if then ,k-,k#c1 #ag4 ,p-,,qb#d4 #af4 444 ,p-,b#c #ag4 ,k-,b#b ,k-,b#b #ah4 ,b-,q#g6 ,bx,b #ai4 ,rx,bch ,b-,k#b #bj4 ,,kr-,q#a6 ,the pawns can wait4 #bj4 ,rx,p would not have been profitable because of ,r-,q,kt#a4 #bj4 444 ,k-,k#c #ba4 ,rx,p ,b-,q#c ,black might have resigned here4 ,it is only a question of time4 #bb4 ,b-,r#g ,r-,b#c ,otherwise there follows ,r-,kt#f4 #bc4 ,rx,p ,p-,,qr#d #bd4 ,r-,kt#g ,r-,r#a #be4 ,r-,q#e ,p-,r#d #bf4 ,p-,,qr#d ,p-,r#e #bg4 ,p-,q,kt#c ,r7,r#a7-,,qb#a #bh4 ,r-,kt#e ,resigns4 ,,game ,no4 #bi ,white3 ,teichmann4 ,black3 ,spielmann4 ,sicilian ,defence 7see p4 #bae74 #a4 ,p-,k#d ,p-,,qb#d #b4 ,kt-,,qb#c ,p-,k#c #c4 ,k,kt-,k#b ,this comes to the same as ,kt-,b#c1 as after ,p-,q#d1 ,px,p the ,knight recaptures4 ,if1 however1 ,black plays ,p-,q#d there is a certain advantage for ,white to have the ,kt at ,k#b1 e4g4 #c4 444 ,p-,q#d2 #d4 ,px,p1 ,px,p2 #e4 ,p-,q#d4 ,if now ,black does not exchange pawns1 ,white is able to bring his ,,kb to bear on the centre after ,p-,k,kt#c and ,b- ,kt#b4 #c4 444 ,kt-,,qb#c ,white can exchange this ,knight later on1 and thus make ,p-,k#e possible as soon as he should deem it advisable to drive the ,black ,knight from his ,,kb#c1 where the same is bound to develop sooner or later4 ,it is perhaps wise to prevent ,p-,k#e by ,q-,b#b instead of the move in the text4 ,this is an old defence1 introduced by ,paulsen4 ,though it retards the development of ,black's minor pieces1 it produces a strong defensive position1 and the opening of the ,,qb file gives attacking chances on the ,queen's side4 ,the defence might run like this3 #c4 444 ,p-,,qr#c2 #d4 ,p-,q#d1 ,px,p2 #e4 ,ktx,p1 ,q-,b#b2 #f4 ,b-,k#c1 ,kt-,,kb#c2 #g4 ,b-,k#b1 ,b-,k#b2 #h4 ,castles1 ,p-,q,kt#d followed by ,b-,kt#b1 ,p-,q#c1 ,q,kt-,q#b1 etc4 #d4 ,p-,q#d ,px,p #e4 ,ktx,p ,p-,,qr#c #f4 ,ktx,kt ,kt,px,kt #g4 ,b-,q#c ,p-,q#d #h4 ,castles ,kt-,b#c #i4 ,b-,,kb#d ,b-,kt#e --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,q ,k ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,p ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,b ,p ,b --------------------------------------- #c ,kt ,b --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #adb ,as ,white can force ,black to play ,p-,kt#c1 a weakening move1 by ,p-,k#e and ,q-,kt#d1 ,black should have played ,p-,kt#c at once1 so as to have ,kt-,r#d in answer to ,p-,k#e1 thus keeping one piece for the defence of the ,king's side4 ,the latter is in jeopardy after the move in the text1 and ,white's attack succeeds4 #aj4 ,p-,k#e ,kt-,q#b #aa4 ,q-,kt#d ,p-,kt#c #ab4 ,,kr-,k#a ,p-,,qb#d ,of course ,black must not accept the sacrifice of the exchange by playing ,p-,q#e4 ,after #ac ,kt-,k#d1 ,bx,r2 #ad ,kt-,q#f;ch1 ,k-,b#a2 #ae ,r x ,b1 ,black is in a mating net1 from which there is no escape1 as he has no time to collect sufficient forces for the defence4 ,the move in the text does not stem the tide either1 and ,white quickly forces the win by a beautiful combination4 #ac4 ,p-,,qr#c ,b-,r#d #ad4 ,b-,k,kt#e ,q-,kt#c ,q-,b#b leads to the same conclusion4 #ae4 ,p-,kt#d6 ,px,p #af4 ,ktx,p ,px,kt #ag4 ,p-,k#f ,the object of ,white's fifteenth move is revealed4 ,without it the ,r at ,k#a would now be attacked4 #ag4 444 ,p-,b#d ,kt-,b#d fails on account of #ah4 ,px,pch1 ,kx,p2 #ai4 ,r-,k#g;ch1 followed by ,q-,,kb#d4 #ah4 ,px,kt double ch ,kx,p #ai4 ,bx,pch ,resigns4 ,,game ,no4 #cj ,white3 ,tarrasch4 ,black3 ,spielmann4 ,sicilian ,defence4 #a4 ,p-,k#d ,p-,,qb#d #b4 ,kt-,,qb#c ,kt-,,qb#c #c4 ,p-,k,kt#c ,speedy development by ,kt-,b#c and ,p-,q#d is more desirable1 as otherwise ,black may have time to get a firm footing at his ,q#e4 #c4 444 ,p-,k,kt#c #d4 ,b-,kt#b ,b-,kt#b ,the ,black ,bishop is the more effective1 as the line of the ,white ,bishop is masked by the ,,kp4 ,small as this advantage would seem1 it becomes serious later on4 ,it is another confirmation of the doctrine that the value of each manuvre in the opening depends on the measure of mobility it affords for the pieces4 #e4 ,k,kt-,k#b ,kt-,b#c #f4 ,p-,q#c ,here ,white could still obtain a freer game with ,p-,q#d4 ,perhaps he was afraid of losing a pawn after #f4 444 ,px,p2 #g4 ,ktx,p1 ,ktx,p4 ,but there is nothing in it1 e4g4 #h4 ,k,ktx,kt1 ,ktx,kt2 #i4 ,ktx,q1 ,ktx,q2 #aj4 ,ktx,b,p6 7,ktx,kt,p8 ,bx,kt2 #aa4 ,bx,b1 ,r-,q,kt#a71 ,kx,kt 7,ktx,b,p82 #aa4 ,ktx,r1 ,ktx,r2 #ab4 ,ktx,p1 ,ktx,p2 #ac4 ,ktx,p71 ,kx,kt4 ,there was nothing else to be feared after ,p-,q#d4 #f4 444 ,p-,q#c #g4 ,castles ,b-,q#b in order to play ,q-,b#a and ,b-,r#f and to exchange ,bishops1 after which there would be weak points at ,white's ,,kr#c and ,,kb#c4 #h4 ,p-,,kr#c ,castles #i4 ,b-,k#c ,p-,,kr#c ,black also prevents an exchange of ,bishops4 #aj4 ,q-,q#b ,k-,r#b #aa4 ,p-,b#d ,kt-,k#a ,the position has now become exceedingly difficult4 ,in order to make the most of the favourable development of his ,,kb1 ,black must advance on the ,queen's side4 ,but in moving his ,king's side pieces over to the ,queen's side1 ,black must proceed warily1 as ,white might get chances of an attack with overwhelming forces on the ,king's side4 #ab4 ,p-,k,kt#d ,kt-,b#b #ac4 ,kt-,kt#c ,here it was necessary to play ,r-,b#b in order to play the ,,qr to ,,kb#a before ,black could manage to drive the ,kt to ,q#a by ,p-,q,kt#d-e4 #ac4 444 ,p-,q,kt#d #ad4 ,kt-,q#a8 ,it would still have been better to play ,,qr-,k#a and to leave the ,queen's side to itself as long as possible after ,p-,kt#e1 #ae4 ,kt- ,q#a1 in order to start an assault on the ,king's side with ,p-,b#e1 ,p- ,,kr#d and ,p-,kt#e4 ,after the text move the ,queen's ,rook remains shut in4 #ad4 444 ,,qr-,kt#a #ae4 ,kt-,k#b in order to play ,p-,b#c and ,p-,q#d4 ,the whole plan1 however1 is inconsequent1 as he has started an attack on the ,king's side4 ,now he suddenly opens up files on the ,queen's side where ,black has assembled superior forces4 ,the result is that ,white gets into trouble on both wings1 for as soon as he gives up his ,king's side attack1 the advanced pawns there1 as one knows1 are only a source of weakness4 #ae4 444 ,p-,kt#e #af4 ,p-,b#c ,px,p #ag4 ,px,p ,q-,b#a #ah4 ,p-,q#d ,px,p #ai4 ,px,p ,q-,r#c #bj4 ,r-,b#a ,kt-,kt#d #ba4 ,p-,q#e --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,b ,p ,p ,b ,k --------------------------------------- #f ,q ,kt ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,q ,kt ,b --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,kt ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #adc ,this shuts in the ,white ,,kb altogether1 and at the same time opens the diagonal of ,black's ,,kb4 ,therefore1 on principle alone the move is questionable4 ,in effect it gives ,black an opportunity for a beautiful winning combination4 ,only ,p-,k#e was worth considering1 as then the opposing ,bishop would have been shut in and ,white's own diagonal opened4 #ba4 444 ,kt-,kt#e66 #bb4 ,qx,kt ,kt-,q#e #bc4 ,qx,kt ,bx,q #bd4 ,ktx,b ,although three minor pieces are generally an equivalent for the ,queen1 in this case the ,white game collapses quickly4 ,the advanced pawns have produced too many weak points which afford an entry for the ,black forces4 #bd4 444 ,,kr-,b#a #be4 ,rx,r ,rx,r #bf4 ,r-,b#b ,q-,r#f #bg4 ,r-,k#b ,b-,r#e was threatened4 ,but the text move is of no avail either4 ,black winds up the game with another fine combination4 #bg4 444 ,r-,b#h6 #bh4 ,bx,r ,qx,b ,if ,r-,k#a1 ,q-,b#d4 #bi4 ,kt-,b#c ,qx,ktch #cj4 ,k-,b#b ,b-,kt#d ,resigns4 ,,game ,no4 #ca ,white3 ,john4 ,black3 ,janowski ,sicilian ,defence4 #a4 ,p-,k#d ,p-,,qb#d #b4 ,kt-,,kb#c ,kt-,,qb#c #c4 ,p-,q#d ,px,p #d4 ,ktx,p ,kt-,b#c ,the aim of this move is to provoke ,kt-,b#c1 and incidentally to prevent ,p-,,qb#d4 ,the latter move would give ,white command of his ,q#e and not only prevent ,black's ,p-,q#d but also immobilise ,black's ,,kp unless his ,,qp is to remain 8backward40 #e4 ,q,kt-,b#c ,p-,k,kt#c ,as shown on p4 #baf1 ,p-,q#c must be played first4 ,in any case ,black must be wary of playing ,p-,k,kt#c4 ,if1 for instance1 after ,p-,q#c ,white plays #f4 ,b-,,qb#d1 and ,black replies with ,p-,k,kt#c1 there follows #g4 ,ktx,kt1 ,px,kt2 #h4 ,p-,k#e61 ,kt-,kt#e 7,px,p81 #i4 ,bx,pch72 #i4 ,p- ,k#f1 ,p-,,kb#d1 with advantage to ,white 7see game in the match ,schlechter-,lasker74 #f4 ,ktx,kt ,kt,px,kt #g4 ,p-,k#e ,kt-,kt#a #h4 ,b-,,qb#d ,p-,q#d #i4 ,px,p1 e4p4 ,px,p #aj4 ,q-,b#c --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,q ,k ,b ,kt ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d ,b --------------------------------------- #c ,kt ,q --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,b ,k ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #add ,white has now three pieces in action and ,black none4 ,black's game is hopeless already2 his ,b#b cannot be covered by ,q-,q#b because of3 #aa4 ,bx,pch1 ,qx,b2 #ab4 ,qx,pch1 and after ,q-,k#b;ch there follows3 #aa4 ,b-,k#c1 ,b-,kt#b2 #ab4 ,castles ,,qr1 and #ac4 ,,kr-,k#a1 with an overwhelming attack4 #aj4 444 ,q-,q#b #aa4 ,kt-,q#e ,in view of the fact that his game is so much more developed1 and that the opposing ,king will hardly be able to escape from the centre of the board1 ,white decides to sacrifice a ,knight in order to open the files in the centre for his ,rooks1 instead of following the simple line indicated in the previous note4 #aa4 444 ,px,kt #ab4 ,bx,p ,q-,k#b;ch #ac4 ,b-,k#c ,r-,kt#a #ad4 ,castles ,,kr ,castles ,,qr is stronger still1 as the ,,qr gets into action at once4 #ad4 444 ,b-,k,kt#b #ae4 ,b-,,kb#d ,r-,kt#c #af4 ,b-,b#f;ch ,rx,b ,if ,b-,q#b1 the continuation might have been3 #ag4 ,bx,b1 ,qx,b2 #ah4 ,,qr- ,q#a1 ,q-,kt#b2 #ai4 ,,kr-,k#a;ch1 ,kt-,k#b2 #bj4 ,rx,ktch1 ,kx,r2 #ba4 ,bx,pch1 etc42 or #ah4 444 ,q-,b#a2 #ai4 ,bx,p1 etc4 ,after #ag4 ,r-,k#a ,black could have held out a little longer with ,b- ,b#c4 ,after the text move1 however1 ,black's game collapses quickly before the concentrated onslaught of the ,white forces4 #ag4 ,qx,rch ,q-,q#b #ah4 ,q ,r-,k#a;ch ,kt-,k#b #ai4 ,rx,ktch6 ,kx,r #bj4 ,r-,k#a;ch ,k-,b#a #ba4 ,bx,pch ,k-,kt#a #bb4 ,r-,k#h;ch ,b-,b#a #bc4 ,rx,bch ,k-,kt#b #bd4 ,q-,b#c;ch ,resigns4 ,,game ,no4 #cb ,white3 ,ed4 ,lasker4 ,black3 ,mieses4 ,centre ,counter ,defence4 #a4 ,p-,k#d ,p-,q#d #b4 ,px,p ,kt-,,kb#c ,this is to tempt ,white to play ,p-,,qb#d1 a weak move 7see p4 #ce74 ,by playing ,p-,,qb#c ,black would obtain by far the better game in exchange for the pawn4 #c4 ,p-,q#d ,qx,p ,ktx,p can also be played4 ,in either case ,white wins a move by driving off the ,black piece by ,kt-,,qb#c or ,p-,,qb#d4 ,furthermore1 ,white has a pawn in the centre4 ,black's plan in retaking with the ,queen might be to castle early on the ,queen's side and attack ,white's centre pawn by ,p-,k#d1 and ,white must be on the alert against this plan1 though it will not be easy for ,black to put the same into execution1 because of the exposed position of his ,queen4 ,after #d4 ,kt-,,qb#c1 ,q-,,qr#d is the only move which brings the ,queen into momentary security1 and even then ,black must provide for a retreat1 as after ,white's ,b-,q#b there would be a threat of an advantageous 8discovery0 by the ,kt4 ,p-,,qb#c provides such a retreat1 but it bars the ,q,kt from its natural development at ,b#c1 where the ,kt could exert further pressure on ,white's ,q#d4 ,the ,,qb1 too1 is difficult to get into play and easily becomes an object of attack1 as in the present game4 #d4 ,kt-,,qb#c ,q-,,qr#d #e4 ,kt-,b#c ,b-,b#d ,b-,kt#e would only help ,white's intentions to attack on the ,king's side in the absence of ,black's ,queen1 e4g4 #f4 ,p-,,kr#c1 ,b-,r#d2 #g4 ,p- ,k,kt#d1 ,b-,kt#c2 #h4 ,kt-,k#e 7threatening ,kt-,b#d71 ,p-,b#c2 #i4 ,p-,,kr#d1 ,q ,kt- ,q#b2 #aj4 ,kt-,b#d1 ,q-,b#b2 #aa4 ,p-,r#e1 ,b-,k#e2 #ab4 ,ktx,b1 ,ktx,kt2 #ac4 ,q-,b#c and ,b-,b#d with the superior game4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,kt ,k ,b ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,q ,b --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,kt ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,b ,q ,k ,b ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #ade #f4 ,kt-,k#e6 ,kt-,k#e ,p-,b#c was urgent here1 to provide against ,kt-,b#d and ,q-,b#c4 ,now the game is as good as lost4 ,white obtains a violent attack with superior forces1 and brings it home before ,black has time to complete his development4 #g4 ,q-,b#c ,kt-,q#c ,if ,ktx,kt1 ,b-,q#b4 #h4 ,b-,q#b ,p-,k#c #i4 ,p-,k,kt#d ,b-,kt#c ,black had to guard his ,,kb#b because of ,kt-,kt#e1 ,ktx,kt1 ,qx,pch4 #aj4 ,p-,,kr#d ,q-,kt#c #aa4 ,castles ,p-,,kb#c ,compulsory4 ,kt-,b#c is refuted by #ab4 ,ktx,kt1 ,qx,kt2 #ac4 ,qx,q1 ,px,q2 #ad4 ,b-,kt#b and ,p-,r#e4 ,on the other hand1 the answer to #aa4 444 ,qx,p would be #ab4 ,b-,,kb#d1 ,q-,b#d2 #ac4 ,p-,r#e1 ,p-,b#c2 #ad4 ,px,b1 ,px,kt2 #ae4 ,b- ,k,kt#e followed by ,rx,kt and ,r-,q#h or ,q-,b#g mate4 #ab4 ,ktx,b ,px,kt #ac4 ,b-,q#c ,qx,p ,k-,b#b or ,p-,,kb#d were also unavailing in consequence of ,black's poor development4 #ad4 ,bx,pch ,k-,q#b #ae4 ,b-,k#c ,q-,kt#e #af4 ,p-,r#c ,q-,b#e #ag4 ,qx,kt,p ,q-,b#c #ah4 ,b-,k#d ,resigns4 ,,game ,no4 #cc ,white3 ,barasz4 ,black3 ,mieses4 ,centre ,counter ,defence4 #a4 ,p-,k#d ,p-,q #d #b4 ,px,p ,qx,p #c4 ,kt-,,qb#c ,q-,,qr#d #d4 ,kt-,b#c ,it is better to advance the ,,qp at once and so threaten ,b-,q#b1 after which ,black is almost under compulsion to provide a retreat for his ,q by ,p-,,qb#c1 thus blocking his ,q,kt4 #d4 444 ,kt-,,qb#c #e4 ,b-,k#b ,b-,b#d #f4 ,p-,q#c ,already now the mistake of having allowed ,black to develop his ,queen's side unmolested is apparent4 ,p-,q#d is now impossible1 for ,black would castle on the ,queen's side and keep the initiative by exerting a permanent pressure on ,white's ,,qp by ,p-,k#d4 ,white must yield up the centre to ,black4 #f4 444 ,p-,k#d #g4 ,b-,q#b ,castles #h4 ,p-,,qr#c ,q-,b#d ,the ,queen must escape from ,white's threat of ,p-,q,kt#d4 #i4 ,castles ,kt-,b#c #aj4 ,p-,q,kt#d ,q-,k#b #aa4 ,p-,kt#e ,this advance is somewhat purposeless1 as the ,white pieces are not ready for an attack on ,black's ,king4 ,it is difficult1 though1 to find a sensible plan1 as the ,white pieces have so little mobility4 ,it would perhaps be best to play ,r-,k#a1 ,b-,b#a1 and ,kt-,k#d4 #aa4 444 ,kt-,q#e #ab4 ,r-,k#a ,q-,b#d #ac4 ,b-,,kb#a ,b-,q#c #ad4 ,q-,kt#a8 --------------------------------------- #h ,k ,r ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,b ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,q ,p ,b --------------------------------------- #d ,kt --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,kt ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,q ,r ,b ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #adf ,the purpose of this move is not clear4 ,the advance of the ,kt,p could only be condoned by a desire to obtain an open file1 and it seems illogical to protect it now4 ,if ,white wanted to escape the pinning of his ,k,kt he need not have moved the ,queen4 ,ktx,kt would have effected this and prevented the ,king's side from being laid bare4 ,white's game would still have been bad1 particularly as the exchange at ,q#d opens the diagonal for the ,black ,,kb1 but the move in the text has even a worse effect4 ,mieses concludes the game with an elegant sacrifice4 #ad4 444 ,ktx,ktch #ae4 ,px,kt ,p-,k#e6 #af4 ,q,px,p ,bx,pch #ag4 ,kx,b ,qx,pch #ah4 ,b-,kt#b ,rx,b #ai4 ,r-,k#b ,rx,r #bj4 ,ktx,r ,qx,kt #ba4 ,px,b ,q-,k#d;ch #bb4 ,k-,r#a ,r-,k#a ,black has wrought fearful havoc in the ,white ranks1 and the defenceless ,king cannot withstand the onslaught of the three ,white pieces for long4 #bc4 ,p-,,qb#d ,kt-,r#d #bd4 ,k-,kt#a ,q-,q#e;ch #be4 ,k-,r#b ,r-,k#g threatening ,q-,r#e;ch1 ,q-,b#g;ch1 and mate at ,kt#g or ,r#g4 #bf4 ,q-,r#a ,q-,k#d;ch #bg4 ,p-,b#d ,qx,pch #bh4 ,k-,kt#a ,q-,q#e;ch ,resigns4 ,,game ,,no4 #cd ,white3 ,em4 ,lasker4 ,black3 ,niemzowitsch4 ,caro-,kann ,defence 7compare p4 #ej74 #a4 ,p-,k#d ,p-,,qb#c #b4 ,p-,q#d ,p-,q#d #c4 ,kt-,,qb#c ,px,p #d4 ,ktx,p ,kt-,b#c #e4 ,ktx,kt ,kt,px,kt #f4 ,b-,k#b ,b-,b#d #g4 ,b-,b#c ,q-,r#d;ch #h4 ,p-,b#c ,p-,,kr#d6 ,a deep conception4 ,if ,white accepts the proffered sacrifice of a pawn1 he loses time1 as he must retire his ,b before bringing out his ,kt1 and1 moreover1 the ,,kr file being open1 he can only castle on the ,q side4 ,but there the ,black ,queen is ready for the attack4 ,if he refuses the sacrifice1 the text move is still of value1 as even then it is hardly advisable for ,white to castle on the ,k side1 whilst ,black can play ,b-,r#c as soon as it might be desirable to exchange ,white's ,,qb4 #i4 ,bx,p ,kt-,q#b #aj4 ,b-,kt#d ,bx,b #aa4 ,qx,b ,castles #ab4 ,kt-,k#b ,p-,k#c #ac4 ,b-,b#d ,q-,q,kt#d6 ,black is the first to complete his development1 and he assumes the offensive4 #ad4 ,castles ,,qr6 ,this is much stronger than the alternative ,p-,q,kt#c1 which would fatally disturb the pawn skeleton1 particularly as castling is only possible on the ,q side4 ,although ,black can now gain two pawns1 ,white obtains an attack and ,black only just manages to escape with a draw4 #ad4 444 ,kt-,kt#c #ae4 ,kt-,kt#c intending ,q-,k#b in answer to ,kt-,b#e4 ,again ,p-,q,kt#c is not to be thought of1 and ,r-,q#b also fails because of ,kt-,b#e2 #af4 ,r-,b#b1 ,ktx,p4 #ae4 444 ,q-,q#d #af4 ,k-,kt#a ,qx,kt,p #ag4 ,,qr-,kt#a ,qx,b,p #ah4 ,kt-,k#d ,q-,r#e #ai4 ,q-,b#c ,kt-,b#e6 --------------------------------------- #h ,k ,r ,b ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d ,kt ,p ,kt ,b ,q --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,q --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,k ,r ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #adg ,whilst ,black was busy capturing two pawns by moving the ,queen four times1 ,white was concentrating the whole of his forces1 and now threatens to win back the pawn with ,r-,kt#d4 ,the move in the text anticipates the threat1 for now the answer to #bj4 ,r-,kt#d would be ,q-,r#d2 #ba4 ,ktx,p81 ,q-,b#d;ch2 #bb4 ,kt-,k#d88 ,kt-,q#g;ch1 winning the ,q4 #bj4 ,k-,r#a ,p-,,kb#d #ba4 ,kt-,kt#e ,b-,q#c #bb4 ,b-,b#a ,r-,q#b #bc4 ,r-,kt#b ,b-,b#b intending to get rid of the awkward ,white ,knight by ,kt-,q#c-,k#e4 #bd4 ,,kr-,kt ,kt-,q#c #be4 ,q-,k#b ,kt-,k#e #bf4 ,kt-,b#c ,q-,r#f #bg4 ,p-,r#c ,white appears to be in 8time0 difficulties1 or else he remains passive1 in order to give ,black an opportunity for making the risky attempt to hold the extra pawn by ,p-,b#c and ,p-,k#d4 #bg4 444 ,p-,r#c #bh4 ,b-,k#c ,,kr-,q#a #bi4 ,k-,r#b ,r-,r#a ,if ,black wants to play for a win1 he must play ,p-,b#c4 ,in view of the favourable position of the ,white pieces1 he prefers to risk nothing and to avoid the weakening of position which follows upon practically every pawn move4 #cj4 ,k-,r#a ,,kr-,q#a #ca4 ,k-,r#b ,r-,k#a #cb4 ,r-,kt#h ,rx,r #cc4 ,rx,rch ,r-,q#a #cd4 ,r-,kt#g ,r-,q#b #ce4 ,r-,kt#h;ch ,as long as ,black plays steadily1 ,white cannot hope for more than a draw4 #ce4 444 ,r-,q#a #cf4 ,r-,kt#g ,r-,b#a #cg4 ,p-,b#d ,kt-,b#c ,in order to drive off the ,rook2 ,white now enforces the draw by a fine combination4 #ch4 ,b-,kt#e6 ,kt-,r#d #ci4 ,rx,p6 ,rx,r #dj4 ,qx,pch ,r-,q#b ,not ,k-,kt#a on account of #da4 ,q-,k#h;ch1 ,k-,r#b2 #db4 ,qx,r1 ,qx,kt2 #dc4 ,qx,b1 threatening ,b-,k#g4 #da4 ,kt-,k#e6 ,draw4 ,for after ,bx,kt there follows #db4 ,q-,k#h;ch1 ,k-,b#b2 #dc4 ,qx,bch1 with perpetual check4 ,both players have shown a deep positional insight1 and the game shows in an interesting manner how a preponderance of material can be counterbalanced by the greater mobility of the pieces4 ,,game ,,no4 #ce ,white3 ,reti4 ,black3 ,tartakower4 ,caro-,kann ,defence4 #a4 ,p-,k#d ,p-,,qb#c #b4 ,p-,q#d ,p-,q#d #c4 ,kt-,,qb#c ,px,p #d4 ,ktx,p ,kt-,,kb#c #e4 ,q-,q#c ,white wishes to castle as soon as possible on the ,queen's side1 in order to operate on the ,queen's file with the help of the ,rook4 #e4 444 ,p-,k#d ,here ,black loses two moves in bringing ,white's centre pawn away4 ,the manuvre therefore is not sound4 ,q,kt-,q#b1 ,ktx,kt1 and ,kt-,b#c1 or any other developing moves would be preferable4 #f4 ,px,p ,q-,r#d;ch #g4 ,b-,q#b ,qx,p #h4 ,castles6 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,kt ,b ,k ,b ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,q --------------------------------------- #d ,kt --------------------------------------- #c ,q --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,k ,r ,b ,kt ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #adh ,white prepares a magnificent mating combination1 which can only be made possible at such an early stage1 when the opponent has utterly neglected his development4 #h4 444 ,ktx,kt #i4 ,q-,q#h;ch66 ,kx,q #aj4 ,b-,kt#e double ch ,k-,b#b #aa4 ,b-,q#h mate ,a beautiful mate4 ,if #aa4 444 ,k-,k#a1 #aa4 ,r-,q#h mate4 ,,game ,,no4 #cf ,white3 ,forgacz4 ,black3 ,e4 ,cohn4 ,queen's ,gambit4 #a4 ,p-,q#d ,p-,q#d #b4 ,kt-,,kb#c ,p-,k#c #c4 ,p-,b#d ,px,p #d4 ,kt-,b#c ,kt-,,kb#c #e4 ,b-,kt#e ,b-,k#b #f4 ,p-,k#d ,p-,,kr#c ,through #c4 444 ,px,p ,black's development is one move behind1 and such pawn moves should at any cost be avoided as do not contribute to the mobilisation of the pieces4 ,castles1 ,p-,q,kt#c1 ,b- ,kt#b1 and ,q,kt-,q #b was the proper course4 #g4 ,bx,kt ,this is better than to withdraw the ,bishop2 ,black's last move was clearly loss of time4 #g44 444 ,bx,b #h4 ,bx,p ,kt-,q#b #i4 ,castles ,castles --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,kt ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d ,b ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,kt ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #adi ,there seems to be nothing alarming about the position1 yet on closer investigation a number of vital failings can be discerned in ,black's camp4 ,the absence of a pawn in the centre and the unsatisfactory development have a far-reaching influence4 ,white will be able to bring his forces to the ,king's side by way of ,k#d1 which is made accessible by the disappearance of ,black's ,,qp1 before ,black has time to bring his ,,qb to bear on ,white's ,k#d by ,p- ,q,kt#c and ,b-,kt#b4 ,white's immediate threat 7after ,p-,k#e7 is ,q-,k#b-,k#d and ,b-,q#c4 ,if ,black does not wish to risk ,p-,k,kt#c1 he must defend himself with ,r-,k#a1 ,kt-,b#a4 ,in the meantime ,white can play ,r-,q#a and threaten ,p-,q#e1 opening the ,queen's file4 ,this again necessitates ,p-,b#c1 which postpones the efficiency of the ,,qb at ,kt#b until ,white's ,q,kt and ,,qr have been brought up for the attack4 ,the game develops on these lines1 and provides an excellent example of the advantage of the command of the centre4 #aj4 ,p-,k#e ,b-,k#b #aa4 ,q-,k#b ,r-,k#a #ab4 ,,qr-,q#a ,p-,,qb#c #ac4 ,q-,k#d ,q-,b#b preparing ,p-,q,kt#c4 #ad4 ,,kr-,k#a ,kt-,b#a #ae4 ,q-,kt#d ,p-,q,kt#c #af4 ,q-,r#e ,b-,kt#b #ag4 ,r-,k#d ,b-,kt#e ,black cannot yet play ,p-,,qb#d1 as ,r-,b#d is threatened with an attack on ,,kb#g4 ,the ,bishop which obstructs the ,q would have no move1 save the sorry retreat to ,q#a1 and ,white would win speedily3 #ag4 444 ,p- ,,qb#d2 #ah4 ,r-,b#d1 ,b-,q#a2 #ai4 ,p-,q#e1 ,px,p2 #bj4 ,ktx,p1 ,bx,kt2 #ba4 ,bx,b1 attacking ,r and ,p4 #ah4 ,r-,kt#d ,bx,kt #ai4 ,px,b ,k-,r#a ,qx,p was threatened4 #bj4 ,kt-,kt#e ,r-,k#b #ba4 ,kt-,k#d ,even the ,knight is brought in via ,k#d4 #ba4 444 ,r-,q#a #bb4 ,r-,q#c ,p-,,qb#d #bc4 ,kt-,b#f threatening ,qx,pch and ,r-,kt#h mate4 ,black cannot capture the ,kt because of ,qx,pch and mate at ,kt#g4 ,but the mate cannot be delayed much longer in view of the concentration of superior forces for the attack4 #bc4 444 ,kt-,kt#c #bd4 ,r-,r#c ,resigns ,there is no answer to ,q-,kt#e and ,rx,p4 ,,game ,,no4 #cg ,white3 ,marshall4 ,black3 ,capablanca4 ,queen's ,gambit ,declined 7see p4 #eb74 #a4 ,p-,q#d ,p-,q#d #b4 ,p-,,qb#d ,p-,k#c #c4 ,kt-,,qb#c ,kt-,,kb#c #d4 ,b-,kt#e ,b-,k#b #e4 ,p-,k#c ,kt-,k#e --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,kt ,b ,q ,k ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,b --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #c ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,q ,k ,b ,kt ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #aej ,lasker has played this move successfully in his match against ,marshall2 but it has not come into general use4 ,white should get the better game by #f4 ,bx,b1 ,qx,b2 #g4 ,q-,b#b1 ,ktx,kt2 #h4 ,qx,kt or #g4 ,px,p1 ,ktx,kt2 #h4 ,px,kt1 ,px,p2 #i4 ,q-,kt#c1 in the first case because the ,black ,,qb is out of play1 in the second case because of the open ,kt file4 #g4 ,ktx,kt is bad1 because ,px,kt prevents the natural development of the ,k,kt at ,b#c1 and ,black can obtain an attack after castling by ,p-,,kb#d-e4 #f4 ,bx,b ,qx,b #g4 ,b-,q#c ,this also is a good move1 as it furthers development4 #g4 444 ,ktx,kt #h4 ,px,kt ,px,p ,giving up the centre pawn in this case is not against the spirit of the opening1 as it opens the only diagonal on which the ,black ,,qb can operate4 #i4 ,bx,p ,p-,q,kt#c #aj4 ,q-,b#c ,p-,,qb#c #aa4 ,kt-,k#b ,b-,kt#b #ab4 ,castles ,,kr ,castles #ac4 ,p-,,qr#d ,this move can only be good if ,white intends to operate on the ,queen's side1 possibly by ,,kr-,kt#a and ,p-,r#e4 ,but the position of the ,white ,queen makes the adoption of a different plan compulsory4 ,for one thing1 it is rational to concentrate forces where the ,queen can take her share1 therefore1 in this case1 on the ,king's side4 ,on the other hand1 the manuvre referred to could not be put into execution here because ,black can prevent ,p- ,r#e by ,p-,,qb#d and ,kt-,b#c4 ,a fairly obvious course was to play ,p-,k#d1 taking possession of the centre4 ,p-,,qb#d would then be answered by ,p-,q#e1 after which the ,white ,rooks would be very effective at ,q#a and ,k#a4 ,in this game ,white does initiate a ,king's side attack subsequently1 and thus #ac4 444 ,p-,,qr#d is clearly a lost move4 #ac4 444 ,p-,,qb#d #ad4 ,q-,kt#c ,kt-,b#c #ae4 ,kt-,b#d ,,qr-,b#a ,the tempting move of ,p-,k#d cannot be played because of #af4 ,kt-,q#e1 ,q-,q#a2 #ag4 ,px,b,p1 ,kt-,r#d2 #ah4 ,,kr-,q#a4 ,the move in the text threatens ,px,p1 ,ktx,p and ,rx,b4 #af4 ,b-,r#b ,,kr-,q#a #ag4 ,,kr-,k#a ,kt-,r#d ,this threatens ,b-,b#c attacking the ,,rp4 ,white decides to yield the same at once1 thinking quite rightly that a direct attack must have good chances1 as ,black gets two pieces out of play in capturing the pawn4 #ah4 ,,qr-,q#a ,b-,b #c #ai4 ,q-,kt#d ,black cannot take the pawn yet1 because of ,ktx,p and ,bx,pch4 #ai4 444 ,p-,b#e #bj4 ,p-,q#e8 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,q ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p ,kt ,q --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #aea ,there is no need to play for violent complications4 ,the logical course was to open the way to the ,king's side for the ,rooks by ,p- ,k#d4 ,the continuation could have been3 #bj4 ,p-,k#d1 ,bx,r,p2 #ba4 ,kt-,r#e1 ,p-,kt#c2 #bb4 ,p-,k#e1 ,bx,r2 #bc4 ,rx,b followed by ,kt-,b#f1 with a strong attack2 also after #ba4 444 ,p-,b#c1 #bb4 ,r-,q#b1 ,white's attacking chances are good4 ,after the move in the text1 ,black could get an advantage by simply exchanging3 #bj4 444 ,px,p2 #ba4 ,ktx,p1 ,bx,kt2 #bb4 ,rx,b1 ,rx,r2 #bc4 ,qx,rch1 ,r-,q#a2 #bd4 ,q-,,kb#e1 ,p-,kt#c2 #be4 ,q-,b#b1 ,q-,r#f4 ,in taking the ,,rp1 however1 ,black incurs grave risks4 #bj4 444 ,bx,r,p #ba4 ,r-,q#b ,p-,k#d #bb4 ,kt-,r#e ,p-,kt#c #bc4 ,p-,q#f ,q-,k#c #bd4 ,q-,kt#e ,k-,r#a ,black finds the weaknesses at his ,,kb#c and ,,kr#c very troublesome4 ,rx,p would lose at once1 because of #be4 ,rx,r1 ,qx,r2 #bf4 ,q-,r#f6 #be4 ,kt-,b#f ,rx,p #bf4 ,rx,r ,qx,r #bg4 ,b-,kt#a ,q-,r#d would have been answered by ,k-,kt#b4 #bg4 444 ,kt-,b#c ,black must try to bring back his minor pieces for the defence4 ,if he succeeds in doing that in time1 the end-game is easily won on the ,queen's side4 #bh4 ,b-,b#e ,r-,q#a ,not ,px,b because of ,q-,r#f4 #bi4 ,p-,,kr#d ,white's attacking resources seem inexhaustible4 ,by exchanging ,queens he could have got his pawn back in this way3 #bi4 ,b-,q#g1 ,q- ,b#a 7,r x,b81 #cj4 ,q-,r#f72 #cj4 ,bx,kt1 ,bx,b2 #ca4 ,qx,q,p1 ,q-,q#c2 #cb4 ,kt- ,q#g1,qx,q2 #cc4 ,ktx,q1 ,b-,k#a2 #cd4 ,ktx,q,b,p4 ,but even then ,black would maintain a superiority in the end-game owing to the freedom of his passed pawn1 and because he can post his ,rook at the seventh after ,p-,q,kt#d4 ,this explains why ,marshall prefers not to win back his pawn1 but to enter upon a violent attack with a doubtful issue4 ,however1 ,capablanca finds the right move in all the ensuing complications1 and finally wins the game4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,kt ,q ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,b ,q --------------------------------------- #d ,b ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #aeb #bi4 444 ,kt-,k#b #cj4 ,kt-,k#d ,q-,b#b #ca4 ,q-,b#f;ch ,k-,kt#a #cb4 ,b-,k#f ,this is now compulsory4 ,if ,white loses time in withdrawing the ,b1 ,black consolidates his position by3 ,kt-,q#d and ,q-,k#b4 #cb4 444 ,px,b ,r-,b#a is refuted by #cc4 ,kt-,kt#e61 ,px,b2 #cd4 ,qx,r1 etc4 #cc4 ,qx,k,pch ,better than ,kt-,kt#e1 for after ,kt-,q#d1 #cd4 ,qx,pch1 the ,black ,king finds a safe retreat at ,kt#b4 #cc4 444 ,k-,b#a #cd4 ,kt-,kt#e ,kt-,kt#a #ce4 ,p-,b#d in order to open the file for the ,rook4 #ce4 444 ,r-,k#a #cf4 ,px,p ,r-,k#b #cg4 ,r-,b#a;ch ,k-,kt#b #ch4 ,p-,r#e ,b-,k#a #ci4 ,p-,r#f;ch ,k-,r#a ,ktx,p fails on account of ,q-,b#f;ch4 #dj4 ,q-,q#f ,white takes all possible advantage from the position1 but cannot bring home his attack1 as ,black has concentrated his forces for the defence4 ,black must still be careful to avoid a mate1 e4g4 ,qx,q82 #da4 ,px,q1 ,rx,p2 #db4 ,r-,b#g or #dl4 444 ,r-,q#b2 #db4 ,r-,b#h4 #dj4 444 ,q-,b#d #da4 ,q-,q#d ,here ,white could have tried ,qx,q and ,r-,b#h4 ,there was then a permanent threat of ,rx,b1 e4g4 #da4 ,qx,q1 ,px,q2 #db4 ,r-,b#h1 ,rx,p2 #dc4 ,kt-,b#c1 ,r-,k#b2 #dd4 ,kt-,kt#e1 etc4 ,it seems as if ,black would have to give up the piece again by #dc4 444 ,r-,r#d in order to win4 ,white1 however1 would then have drawing chances1 which would have been a fitting conclusion to this wonderful game4 #da4 444 ,rx,p #db4 ,q-,q#g ,r-,k#b ,resigns ,,game ,no4 #ch ,white3 ,rotlewi4 ,black3 ,teichmann4 ,queen's ,gambit ,declined4 #a4 ,p-,q#d ,p-,q #d #b4 ,kt-,,kb#c ,kt-,,kb#c #c4 ,p-,b#d ,p-,k#c #d4 ,kt-,b#c ,q,kt-,q#b #e4 ,b-,kt#e ,b-,k#b ,capablanca tried #e4 444 ,b-,kt#e2 against ,ed4 ,lasker in ,new ,york1 #aiae4 ,the continuation was3 #f4 ,p-,k#c1 ,p-,b#d2 #g4 ,b-,q#c1 ,q-,r#d2 #h4 ,q- ,kt#c4 ,the correct move is here #h4 ,castles4 ,if ,black wins the pawn by ,bx,kt2 #i4 ,px,b1 ,q,px,p2 #aj4 ,bx,p1 ,qx,b,p1 ,white obtains a strong attack1 e4g41 #aa4 ,r-,b#a1 ,q-,r#d2 #ab4 ,bx,kt1 ,px,b 7,ktx,b2 #ac4 ,px,p72 #ac4 ,p-,q#e1 with this possible continuation l#c4 444 ,kt-,kt#c1 #ad4 ,px,p1 ,px,p2 #ae4 ,q-,q#f1 with a strong attack4 #f4 ,p-,k#c ,castles #g4 ,q-,b#b ,p-,b#d ,white intends to castle on the ,queen's side1 and to follow this up with a storm by the ,king's side pawns4 ,although ,rubinstein has on many occasions been successful with this form of attack1 it is open to criticism4 ,for1 where ,kings have castled on different wings1 the attack on the ,king which has castled on the ,q side should be more successful4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,kt ,b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p ,b --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,kt ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,q ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,k ,b ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #aec ,this is much stronger than ,p-,q ,kt#c and ,b-,kt#b1 as then the ,black ,queen cannot participate in the attack quickly enough4 ,as pointed out before1 speed is the first consideration for the attack1 whenever the ,kings have castled on different wings4 ,an interesting counterpart to the present game is found in a game won by ,rubinstein from ,teichmann 7,match1 ,vienna1 #aijh7 #g4 444 ,p- ,q,kt#c2 #h4 ,px,p1 ,px,p2 #i4 ,b-,q#c1 ,b-,kt#b2 #aj4 ,castles ,,qr1 ,p-,b#d2 #aa4 ,p- ,,kr#d1 ,p-,b#e8 7the only hope lay in the opening of the ,,qb file72 #ab4 ,b-,b#e1 ,r-,k#a2 #ac4 ,bx,k,kt1 ,ktx,b2 #ad4 ,p-,k,kt#d1 ,b-,q#c2 #ae4 ,p-,kt#e1 ,kt- ,k#e2 #af4 ,p-,r#e1 ,q-,k#b2 #ag4 ,,qr-,kt#a1 ,p-,,qr#c2 #ah4 ,bx,pch61 ,kx,b2 #ai4 ,p- ,kt#f;ch1 ,k-,kt#a2 #bj4 ,ktx,kt1 ,px,kt2 #ba4 ,p-,r#f1 ,p-,b#ca #bb4 ,px,p1 ,px,kt2 #bc ,r-,r#h;ch1 ,kx,p2 #bd4 ,r-,r#g;ch1 and ,black resigned a few moves later4 #h4 ,castles ,q-,r#d #i4 ,px,q,p ,white loses time in the centre4 ,it was imperative to proceed at once with ,p-,k,kt#d followed by ,bx,kt1 ,p-,kt#e and ,p-,,kr#d4 #i4 444 ,k,px,p #aj4 ,px,p ,ktx,p #aa4 ,kt-,q#d ,b-,k#c #ab4 ,k-,kt#a ,it would be too risky to leave both ,king and ,queen on the ,,qb file4 #ab4 444 ,,qr-,b#a #ac4 ,b-,q#c ,p-,,kr#c ,the threat was3 ,bx,kt and ,bx,pch4 ,had ,white played ,p-,k,kt#d and ,p-,,kr#d instead of effecting exchanges in the centre1 ,black would not have been able to afford this weakening move4 ,but now ,black wins the game on the other wing1 before ,white is able to make use of the weakness thus created4 #ad4 ,bx,kt ,bx,b #ae4 ,b-,b#e ,,kr-,q#a #af4 ,bx,b ,px,b #ag4 ,q-,kt#f ,the ,queen must leave the ,,qb file without delay1 as ,kt-,k#e is threatened4 ,black's game is already superior2 with the exception of the ,queen1 ,white has no piece available for the attack on the opposing ,king4 #ag4 444 ,r-,q#c #ah4 ,r-,,qb#a ,r-,r#c ,now ,white must again provide against ,black's ,kt-,k#e1 as ,white's ,q,kt is needed for the defence of ,,qr#b4 #ai4 ,p-,b#c ,r-,q#a ,black intends to move his ,b and then to advance his ,,kp with an attack on the ,queen4 ,the object of the text move is to prevent ,white from saving himself by an attack on the ,rook 7,q-,b#e74 #bj4 ,r-,b#b ,bx,kt ,by this exchange ,black achieves his object of driving off the ,knight by ,p-,q#e1 but ,white has time to give his ,,rp further protection by ,p-,q,kt#c1 ,this1 ,black would have prevented by playing ,b-,kt#d instead of the text move1 e4g4 #ba4 ,p-,b#d1 ,p-,k#d2 #bb4 ,q-,b#e1 ,px,kt2 #bc4 ,px,p1 ,b-,b#c2 #bd4 ,px,kt1 ,p-,q#e1 etc4 #ba4 ,px,b ,p-,k#d #bb4 ,q-,kt#d ,px,p #bc4 ,qx,p ,kt-,k#c #bd4 ,q-,k#e ,this delays the fatal advance of the ,,qp for one move4 #bd4 444 ,p-,q,kt#d #be4 ,p-,q,kt#c ,p-,q#e #bf4 ,kt-,k#d ,p-,q#f #bg4 ,r-,q#b ,kt-,q#e #bh4 ,r-,,qb#a ,kt-,b#g #bi4 ,q-,kt#b ,kt-,r#f;ch #cj4 ,k-,r#a ,kt-,b#g;ch #ca4 ,k-,kt#a ,kt-,r#f;ch #cb4 ,k-,r#a ,kt-,b#g;ch #cc4 ,k-,kt#a --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,r ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,q ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,kt --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,q ,kt ,r ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,k ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #aed ,black does not play for a draw1 but only wishes to gain time4 #cc4 444 ,r-,,qb#c ,the intention is to double ,rooks and to force an entry at ,b#g4 ,p- ,kt#e would not be good4 ,the ,white ,rook would no longer be attacked1 and the ,knight could attack the ,,qp4 #cd4 ,r7,b#a7-,q#a ,,kr-,,qb#a ,now that the ,white ,rook has left the ,,qb file1 one ,rook would be sufficient to force an entry at ,b#g1 and ,kt-,r#f;ch followed by ,p-,kt#e could have been played at once1 e4g4 #cd4 444 ,kt-,r#f;ch2 #ce4 ,k-,r#a1 ,p-,kt#e 7preventing ,p-,q,kt#d72 #cf4 ,kt-,b#b1,r-,b#g2 #cg4 ,rx,r1 ,px,r2 #ch4 ,r- ,,qb#a1 ,q-,kt#c2 #ci4 ,kt-,k#d1 ,r-,q#h followed by ,rx,rch1 ,q-,q#e;ch and ,p-,b#h mate4 #ce4 ,rx,p ,kt-,r#f;ch #cf4 ,k-,r#a ,p-,kt#e #cg4 ,r-,q#g ,q-,k#d66 ,if ,qx,q1 ,black mates in three4 #ch4 ,r-,q#h;ch ,rx,r #ci4 ,rx,rch ,k-,r#b #dj4 ,r-,q#a ,qx,qch ,curiously enough there is nothing better4 ,q-,b#b only leads to the exchange of ,queens and the same end-game1 which1 however1 is an easy win for ,black1 as the permanent mating threat keeps the ,white ,rook tied to the first rank1 whilst the ,black ,king threatens to capture all the ,white pawns4 ,if ,q-,b#b ,white forces the exchange of ,queens with the following combination3 #da4 ,q-,q#b1 ,r-,b#g2 #db4 ,q-,q#c1 ,r-,b#h;ch2 #dc4 ,k-,kt#b1 with a threat of ,kt-,b#f;ch and ,q-,r#g mate4 ,black therefore would have to play ,q-,b#g;ch1 etc41 as in the game4 #da4 ,kx,q ,r-,b#g;ch #db4 ,k-,r#a ,rx,p #dc4 ,r-,r#a ,p-,kt#d #dd4 ,kt-,b#f;ch ,k-,kt#b #de4 ,kt-,k#d ,k-,kt#c #df4 ,kt-,q#f ,p-,,qr#d ,we have now a position with a forced move4 ,if the ,white ,knight moves1 there follows ,k-,b#d-;,b#e1 etc4 ,therefore ,white gives up his ,r ,p voluntarily4 #dg4 ,r-,,qb#a ,rx,p #dh4 ,kt-,b#d ,kt-,kt#d ,now ,kt-,b#f and ,rx,p mate are threatened4 #di4 ,kt-,k#e;ch ,k-,kt#b #ej4 ,kt-,kt#d ,r-,k#g #ea4 ,r-,b#e ,r-,k#h;ch #eb4 ,k-,kt#b ,kt-,r#f #ec4 ,r-,b#g;ch ,k-,b#a #ed4 ,r-,b#a ,r-,k#g;ch #ee4 ,k-,r#a ,kt-,b#g;ch #ef4 ,k-,kt#a ,kt-,r#f;ch ,black again appears to be short of time4 #eg4 ,k-,r#a ,kt-,kt#d #eh4 ,r-,b#e ,r-,k#h;ch #ei4 ,k-,kt#b ,kt-,r#f #fj4 ,r-,b#a ,r-,k#g;ch ,now1 after the sixtieth move ,black has again plenty of time1 and can prepare the final combination at leisure4 #fa4 ,k-,r#a ,r-,k#c #fb4 ,r-,r#a ,k-,kt#b #fc4 ,r-,,qb#a ,k-,kt#c #fd4 ,r-,b#f ,rx,r #fe4 ,kt-,k#e;ch ,k-,b#d #ff4 ,ktx,r ,p-,r#d #fg4 ,kt-,q#d;ch ,k-,k#d #fh4 ,kt-,k#b ,kt-,b#g;ch #fi4 ,k-,kt#b ,kt-,q#e ,resigns4 ,,game ,,no4 #ci4 ,white3 ,rotlewi4 ,black3 ,rubinstein ,queen's ,gambit ,declined4 #a4 ,p-,q#d ,p-,q#d #b4 ,kt-,,kb#c ,p-,k#c #c4 ,p-,k#c ,p-,,qb#d #d4 ,p-,b#d ,kt-,,qb#c #e4 ,kt-,b#c ,kt-,b#c #f4 ,q,px,p ,bx,p #g4 ,p-,,qr#c ,p-,,qr#c #h4 ,p-,q,kt#d ,b-,q#c #i4 ,b-,kt#b ,castles --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,kt ,b ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,kt ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,q ,k ,b ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #aee #aj4 ,q-,q#b ,white cannot win the ,,qp by #aj4 ,px,p1 ,px,p2 #aa4 ,ktx,p1 ,ktx,kt2 #ab4 ,qx,kt1 because ,bx,pch wins the ,queen4 ,the text move is played with the intention of bringing up the ,,qr for the attack on the ,,qp4 ,however1 it would have been more correct to fix the object of attack first by ,px,p1 as ,black could now cross ,white's intentions by playing ,px,p1 after which he would sooner or later gain a move by occupying the ,q file with a ,rook1 and forcing the ,white ,queen to retreat4 #aj4 444 ,q-,k#b6 ,black offers to give up his ,queen's ,pawn4 ,if ,white accepts the sacrifice1 ,black's attack on the ,queen's file will become deadly1 as ,white must lose a move in bringing his ,queen out of the line of action of the hostile ,rook4 ,the ,white ,king has then no time to get into safety1 e4g4 #aa4 ,px,p1 ,px,p2 #ab4 ,ktx,p1 ,ktx,kt2 #ac4 ,qx,kt1 ,r- ,q#a2 #ad4 ,q-,kt#c1 ,b-,k#c followed by ,ktx,p1 etc4 #aa4 ,b-,q#c8 ,here again ,px,p 7followed by ,b-,k#b1 ,r-,q#a1 ,castles7 would have avoided the loss of a move1 as indicated in my note to move #aj4 ,now ,white loses yet another move1 as ,black exchanges pawns and the ,bishop has taken two moves to reach ,b#d1 as against one only in the case of the ,black ,,kb4 ,the loss of two moves in the opening stages should be fatal1 and of this ,rubinstein gives a striking example in the present game4 #aa4 444 ,px,p #ab4 ,bx,p ,p-,q,kt#d #ac4 ,b-,q#c ,r-,q#a #ad4 ,q-,k#b ,b-,kt#b #ae4 ,castles ,,kr ,kt-,k#d ,the advantage which ,black obtains by his last move is generally gained by ,white in this opening 7compare ,diag4 #cf74 ,but in the game ,white has lost two moves and ,black has assumed the offensive1 having moreover a ,rook acting on the ,q file4 #af4 ,ktx,kt ,bx,kt #ag4 ,p-,b#d ,black's threat was3 ,bx,pch followed by ,q-,q#c;ch and ,qx,b4 ,if ,white replies3 #ag4 ,,kr-,q#a the answer is ,q-,b#b attacking both the ,,rp and the ,kt4 ,the text move is unsatisfactory1 as it will be necessary to advance the ,,kp to ,k#d or ,k#e1 where it will block the diagonal of one of the ,bishops4 #ag4 444 ,b-,b#b #ah4 ,p-,k#d ,,qr-,b#a #ai4 ,p-,k#e ,b-,kt#c;ch #bj4 ,k-,r#a ,kt-,kt#e66 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,b ,q ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,kt ,b --------------------------------------- #b ,b ,q ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #aef ,the beginning of magnificent sacrifices4 #ba4 ,qx,kt cannot be played because of ,rx,b and ,r-,q#g1 etc4 #ba4 ,b-,k#d ,q-,r#e #bb4 ,p-,kt#c ,after ,p-,r#c ,black wins also in fine style3 ,rx,kt662 #bc4 ,qx,kt1 ,qx,q2 #bd4 ,px,q1 ,bx,b2 #be4 ,bx,r1 ,r-,q#f threatening ,r-,r #f mate2 or1 #bc4 ,bx,r1 ,bx,b2 #bd4 ,qx,b1 ,q-,kt#f2 #be4 ,px,kt1 ,q-,r#e mate4 #bb4 444 ,rx,kt66 #bc4 ,px,q ,r-,q#g66 #bd4 ,qx,r ,bx,bch #be4 ,q-,kt#b ,r-,r#f and mate at ,r#g4 ,,game ,,no4 #dj ,white3 ,rubinstein4 ,black3 ,capablanca4 ,queen's ,gambit ,declined4 #a4 ,p-,q#d ,p-,q#d #b4 ,kt-,,kb#c ,p-,,qb#d #c4 ,p-,b#d ,p-,k#c #d4 ,px,q,p ,k,px,p #e4 ,kt-,b#c ,kt-,,qb#c #f4 ,p-,k,kt#c ,b-,k#c #g4 ,b-,kt#b ,b-,k#b #h4 ,castles ,r-,b#a ,this move is not satisfactory at this juncture4 ,it rather helps a combination which is frequently resorted to in similar positions1 namely1 the exchange of the ,black ,,qb and subsequent pressure on the ,,kp by the ,white ,,kb on the diagonal ,,kr#c-,,qb#h4 #h4 444 ,kt-,b#c should have been played1 after --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,q ,k ,kt ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,kt ,b --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,kt ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,b ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #aeg which ,white could hardly be said to possess any advantage1 e4g4 #i4 ,b-,kt#e1 ,kt-,k#e1 or #i4 ,b-,k#c1 ,kt-,k,kt#e1 or #i4 ,p-,,qr#c1 or #i4 ,px,p1 ,bx,p2 #aj4 ,b-,kt#e1 ,b-,k#b4 ,after #i4 ,px,p1 however1 it would be weak to recapture with the ,queen4 ,in a game ,e4 ,cohn-,ed4 ,lasker 7match #aiji7 there followed3 #i4 444 ,q-,r#d2 #aj4 ,kt-,k,kt#e1 ,qx,p2 #aa4 ,b-,k#c1 ,q- ,r#d2 #ab4 ,q-,kt#c1 after which ,black had to give up a pawn already3 ,castles ,,qr2 #ac4 ,ktx,b1 ,px,kt2 #ad4 ,b-,r#c1 etc4 #i4 ,px,p ,bx,p #aj4 ,kt-,k,kt#e ,kt-,b#c #aa4 ,ktx,b ,px,kt #ab4 ,b-,r#c ,q-,k#b #ac4 ,b-,kt#e ,p-,k#d is stronger here1 in order to play ,b-,kt#e after ,px,p4 l#c4 444 ,p-,q#e would then be refuted by ,kt-,q#e4 #ac4 444 ,castles #ad4 ,bx,kt ,qx,b ,after this ,white gains a pawn by a complicated and well-timed combination4 ,capablanca did not consider the subtle reply on ,rubinstein's seventeenth move4 ,otherwise he would have recaptured with the pawn4 ,however1 in that case too1 ,white's chances are good in the end-game which ensues after3 #ae4 ,ktx,p1 ,px,kt2 #af4 ,qx,pch1 ,k-,r#a2 #ag4 ,bx,r4 ,the ,rooks would soon become effective in view of the open ,k side4 #ae4 ,ktx,p ,q-,r#c ,bx,pch fails because of #af4 ,k-,kt#b1 ,q-,b#b2 #ag4 ,kt-,b#d6 #af4 ,k-,kt#b ,,qr-,q#a #ag4 ,q-,b#a --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,kt ,p ,q --------------------------------------- #e ,b ,kt --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,b --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,k ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,q ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #aeh #ag4 444 ,px,kt ,if ,rx,kt1 ,white exchanges ,queens and plays ,bx,pch4 #ah4 ,qx,b ,q-,q#g #ai4 ,q-,kt#e ,kt-,q#e #bj4 ,q-,q#c ,with an extra pawn ,white forces the exchange of ,queens4 ,black cannot prevent it1 as #bj4 444 ,qx,kt,p loses the ,knight on account of #ba4 ,,kr-,kt#a1 and #bj4 444 ,q-,kt#e loses the ,,qp by #ba4 ,,kr-,q#a and ,b- ,k#f;ch4 #bj4 444 ,qx,q #ba4 ,px,q ,,kr-,k#a #bb4 ,b-,kt#d ,,kr-,k#a would not prevent the entry of the ,black ,rook3 ,kt-,b#g2 #bc4 ,rx,rch1 ,rx,r2 #bd4 ,r-,,qb#a1 ,r-,k#g2 #be4 ,b-,kt#d1 ,r-,q#g4 ,black would win the pawn back and might even succeed in the end-game with a ,knight against a ,bishop4 #bb4 444 ,r-,q#c #bc4 ,,kr-,k#a ,rx,r #bd4 ,rx,r ,r-,q,kt#c ,black should first play his ,king to ,,kb#c1 and keep the ,rook away from his ,k#e4 ,not that the ,,qp is of paramount importance2 the ,q,kt,p fully makes up for its loss4 ,but as played the ,knight is driven from his dominating position1 and the badly placed ,bishop gets into play4 ,no doubt even after the text move the ending is most difficult1 and it requires ,rubinstein's full powers to bring it to a successful issue4 #be4 ,r-,k#e ,rx,p #bf4 ,rx,p ,kt-,b#c #bg4 ,b-,k#f;ch ,k-,b#a #bh4 ,r-,b#e;ch ,k-,k#a #bi4 ,b-,b#g;ch ,k-,q#b #cj4 ,b-,b#d ,p-,,qr#c ,black's only chance is his extra pawn on the ,q side4 ,to exchange the ,kt for the ,b by #cj4 444 ,k-,q#c2 #ca4 ,r-,b #g1 ,kt-,k#d2 #cb4 ,rx,k,kt,p1 ,ktx,b would take too much time where time is all-important4 ,white would clear the ,k side in the meantime1 push on his ,,krp1 and ultimately give up his ,r for ,black's remaining ,p1 as soon as the latter runs into ,queen1 after which the three passed pawns win easily against the ,rook4 ,generally speaking it is wise1 in ,r endings like the present one1 to advance pawns on the side where there is an extra pawn1 in order to get a passed pawn as soon as possible4 ,then the hostile ,rook has to look after that pawn lest it should queen1 and the greater mobility of one's own ,rook often saves the game even when opposed by a preponderance of pawns4 #ca4 ,r-,b#g;ch ,k-,q#c #cb4 ,rx,k,kt,p ,p-,kt#d #cc4 ,b-,kt#h ,p-,,qr#d #cd4 ,rx,p ,p-,r#e #ce4 ,p-,r#d ,p-,kt#e #cf4 ,r-,r#f;ch ,k-,b#d #cg4 ,r-,r#e;ch ,k-,kt#c #ch4 ,b-,q#e ,p-,kt#f ,rx,p is tempting but unavailing1 as ,white plays ,b-,b#d followed by ,r-,kt#e;ch and ,p-,r#e-f1 etc4 ,after the text move ,white has a problem- like continuation1 which he has worked out with great accuracy4 #ci4 ,px,p ,p-,r#f #dj4 ,bx,kt ,if now ,p-,r#g1 ,white simply plays #da4 ,r-,kt#e;ch1 ,k-,r#c2 #db4 ,r-,kt#h-,r#h4 #dj4 444 ,rx,kt,p #da4 ,b-,q#e ,p-,r#g #db4 ,r-,r#f;ch ,resigns4 ,as the ,r holds the ,,rp1 e4g4 ,k-,r#d2 #dc4 ,b-,b#d followed by ,r-,r#f;ch or #db4 444 ,k-,r#b2 #dc4 ,r-,r#h1 etc4 ,,game ,,no4 #da ,white3 ,niemzowitsch4 ,black3 ,tarrasch4 ,queen's ,gambit ,declined4 #a4 ,p-,q#d ,p-,q#d #b4 ,kt-,,kb#c ,p-,,qb#d #c4 ,p-,b#d ,p-,k#c #d4 ,p-,k#c ,kt-,,kb#c #e4 ,b-,q#c ,kt-,b#c #f4 ,castles ,b-,q#c #g4 ,p-,q,kt#c ,castles #h4 ,b-,kt#b ,p-,q,kt#c #i4 ,q,kt-,q#b ,b-,kt#b #aj4 ,r-,b#a ,q-,k#b #aa4 ,px,q,p ,the most natural move to which the development of the ,q,kt at ,q#b instead of ,b#c would seem to lead is ,kt-,k#e followed by ,p-,b#d4 ,after #aa4 ,kt-,k#e ,black could not yet attempt #aa4 444 ,px,q,p2 #ab4 ,k,px,p1 ,b- ,r#f1 weakening the ,,qp1 because of #ac4 ,bx,b1 ,qx,b2 #ad4 ,px,p1 ,ktx,kt2 #ae4 ,px,kt1 ,ktx,p2 #af4 ,kt-,b#d and ,kt-,q#f4 #aa4 444 ,k,px,p #ab4 ,kt-,r#d ,in order to provoke ,black's weakening move3 ,p-,kt#c1 which might give ,white chances of attack on the long diagonal ,,qr#a-,,kr#h1 ,white gives up two clear moves4 ,black is able to get considerably ahead in his development1 much to ,white's disadvantage4 #ab4 444 ,p-,kt#c #ac4 ,k,kt-,b#c ,,qr-,q sq ,not ,kt-,k#e yet1 on account of #ad4 ,px,p1 ,px,p82 #ae4 ,bx,kt1 ,px,b2 #af4 ,ktx,p4 #ad4 ,px,p ,white's position is uncomfortable1 and a satisfactory continuation is hard to find4 ,possibly passive resistance might have been the best plan1 thus3 ,q-,k#b1 ,,kr-,q#a1 ,kt-,b#a-,kt#c4 ,the text move is a preliminary to operations on the ,queen's side1 but allows ,black too much scope in the centre4 #ad4 444 ,px,p #ae4 ,b-,kt#e ,white wishes to get rid of the ,black ,knight which supports the advance of ,p-,q#e4 #ae4 444 ,kt-,k#e #af4 ,bx,kt ,bx,b #ag4 ,q-,b#b ,white has no idea of the threatened disaster1 or he would have played ,p-,k,kt#c4 ,even then1 however1 ,black has the better game with two ,bishops1 and the ,q and ,kt better placed4 #ag4 444 ,ktx,kt ,the beginning of a brilliant mating combination4 #ah4 ,ktx,kt ,p-,q#e6 ,black would have played the same move if ,white had retaken with the ,queen4 #ai4 ,px,p ,p-,k#d was comparatively the best move1 although ,black's attack would have become overwhelming after ,p-,b#d1 e4g4 #bj4 ,p-,b#c1 ,b-,b#e1 etc4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,q ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,b ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,b ,q ,kt ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #aei #ai4 444 ,bx,pch66 #bj4 ,kx,b ,q-,r#e;ch #ba4 ,k-,kt#a ,bx,p6 ,emanuel ,lasker won a celebrated game from ,bauer 7,amsterdam1 #ahhi7 with a similar sacrifice of two ,bishops1 and very likely this is the reason why ,tarrasch's beautiful game only earned him the second brilliancy prize at ,petrograd 7#aiad74 #bb4 ,p-,b#c ,if ,kx,b1 then ,q-,kt#e;ch2 #bc4 ,k-,r#a1 ,r-,q#d2 #bd4 ,qx,p1 ,r-,r#d;ch2 #be4 ,qx,r1 ,qx,qch2 #bf4 ,k-,kt#b1 ,q-,kt#d;ch and ,qx,kt4 #bb4 444 ,,kr-,k#a ,not ,q-,kt#f1 because of ,kt-,k#d4 #bc4 ,kt-,k#d ,q-,r#h;ch #bd4 ,k-,b#b ,bx,r #be4 ,p-,q#e ,p-,b#d #bf4 ,q-,b#c ,q-,kt#g;ch #bg4 ,k-,k#c ,rx,ktch6 #bh4 ,px,r ,p-,b#e;ch ,with ,q-,kt#f;ch ,black mates two moves earlier4 #bi4 ,kx,p ,r-,b#a;ch #cj4 ,k-,k#e ,q-,r#g;ch #ca4 ,k-,k#f ,r-,k#a;ch ,resigns4 ,if ,k-,q#g1 ,b-,kt#d mate1 if ,k-,b#f1 ,q-,r#e mate4 ,,footnote3 ,emanuel ,lasker-,bauer3 #a4 ,p-,,kb#d1 ,p-,q#d2 #b4 ,p-,k#c1 ,kt-,,kb#c2 #c4 ,p-,q,kt#c1 ,p-,k#c2 #d4 ,b-,kt#b1 ,b-,k#b2 #e4 ,b-,q#c1 ,p-,q,kt#c2 #f4 ,kt-,,qb#c1 ,b- ,kt#b2 #g4 ,kt-,b#c1 ,q,kt-,q#b2 #h4 ,castles1 ,castles2 #i4 ,kt-,k#b1 ,p-,b#d2 #aj4 ,kt-,kt#c1 ,q-,b#b2 #aa4 ,kt-,k#e1 ,ktx,kt2 #ab4 ,bx,kt1 ,q-,b#c2 #ac4 ,q-,k#b1 ,p-,,qr#c2 #ad4 ,kt-,r#e1 ,ktx,kt2 #ae4 ,bx,pch661 ,kx,b2 #af4 ,qx,ktch1 ,k-,kt#a2 #ag4 ,bx,p61 ,kx,b2 #ah4 ,q-,kt#d;ch1 ,k-,r#b2 #ai4 ,r-,b#c1 ,p-,k#d2 #bj4 ,r-,r#c;ch1 ,q-,r#c2 #ba4 ,rx,q1 ,kx,r2 #bb4 ,q-,q#g1 and ,white won4 ,,game ,no4 #db ,white3 ,capablanca4 ,black3 ,aljechin4 ,queen's ,gambit ,declined 7see pp4 #eg and #eh74 #a4 ,p-,q#d ,p-,q#d #b4 ,p-,,qb#d ,p-,,qb#c #c4 ,p-,k#c ,kt-,b#c #d4 ,kt-,,kb#c ,p-,k#c #e4 ,q,kt-,q#b ,q,kt-,q#b #f4 ,b-,q#c ,b-,k#b #g4 ,castles ,castles #h4 ,q-,b#b --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,kt ,b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,b ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,q ,kt ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,b ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #afj ,black's difficulty is the development of his ,,qb1 particularly after ,white's last move1 which prevents ,p-,k#d4 ,if now ,q-,b#b ,white plays #i4 ,p-,k#d and either the ,queen or the ,knight bear on ,k#e1 e4g4 #i4 444 ,px,k,p2 #aj4 ,ktx,p1 ,p-,k#d2 #aa4 ,q,kt-,kt#e1 ,b-,q#c2 #ab4 ,p-,b#e1 etc4 ,black therefore must develop his ,,qb at ,kt#b with ,p-,q,kt#c1 ,b-,kt#b and ,p-,b#d4 ,having moved the ,,qbp twice1 ,black is a move behind the development usual in this opening4 ,however1 it would have been the lesser evil4 ,in the present game the ,bishop does not get into play in time4 #h4 444 ,px,p #i4 ,ktx,p ,p-,b#d #aj4 ,q,kt-,k#e ,px,p #aa4 ,px,p ,kt-,kt#c #ab4 ,kt-,kt#e ,if ,black captures the pawn1 ,white gains time by threatening the ,queen1 and brings all his forces into play1 whilst the ,black ,queen's side remains undeveloped1 e4g43 #ab4 444 ,qx,p2 #ac4 ,r-,q#a1 ,q-,b#d2 #ad4 ,kt-,kt#d1 ,p-,kt#c2 #ae4 ,b-,k#c1 ,q-,r#d2 #af4 ,r-,b#a1 with a strong attack4 ,black of course need not take the pawn1 but the move in the text is a valuable one nevertheless1 as the threat ,q-,b#c-,r#c provokes a weakening pawn move4 #ab4 444 ,p-,kt#c #ac4 ,k,kt-,b#c ,k-,kt#b preventing the entry of the ,b at ,r#f4 #ad4 ,b-,k,kt#e ,q,kt-,q#d #ae4 ,,qr-,b#a ,b-,q#b #af4 ,q-,q#b ,kt-,kt#a ,it should be noted how the weakness at ,,kr#c acts to the detriment of ,black's game4 ,the text move covers the weak square1 but at the same time brings the ,kt out of play4 ,white in consequence gets the upper-hand on the ,queen's side1 and the ,knight cannot return in time4 #ag4 ,bx,b ,qx,b ,it would be no use taking with the ,k,kt1 as the threat ,kt-,kt#d and ,q-,r#f must be guarded against4 ,if the other ,kt captures there follows3 #ah4 ,b-,k#d1 ,r-,kt#a2 #ai4 ,r-,b#c and ,,kr-,b#a4 #ah4 ,b-,k#d ,b-,kt#d ,this drives the ,rook to a better square1 but already now there is no satisfactory move4 ,it would perhaps have been best to parry the threat of ,bx,kt and ,r-,b#g by playing ,q-,q#c1 although the pawn would have to recapture after #ai4 ,bx,kt1 because of #bj4 ,r-,b#e and ,,kr-,b#a4 ,the chance of bearing on the ,,qp through the open file1 which was probably ,black's intention all along1 would then be lost4 ,after the text move1 however1 ,white takes possession of the seventh rank1 and ,black's game collapses quickly4 #ai4 ,,kr-,k#a ,q-,q#c #bj4 ,bx,kt ,px,b #ba4 ,q-,r#e ,p-,,qr#c #bb4 ,q-,b#g ,qx,q #bc4 ,rx,q ,p-,r#c ,kt-,kt#e and ,kt-,k#f;ch was threatened4 #bd4 ,rx,p ,,qr-,b#a #be4 ,p-,q,kt#c ,r-,b#g #bf4 ,p-,,qr#d ,b-,k#g #bg4 ,kt-,r#d6 ,p-,,kr#d ,the ,kt,p cannot be saved4 #bh4 ,k,ktx,p ,r-,k#a #bi4 ,rx,pch ,resigns4 ,,game ,no4 #dc ,white3 ,capablanca4 ,black3 ,bernstein4 ,queen's ,gambit ,declined4 #a4 ,p-,q#d ,p-,q#d #b4 ,kt-,,kb#c ,kt-,,kb#c #c4 ,p-,b#d ,p-,k#c #d4 ,kt-,b#c ,q,kt-,q#b #e4 ,b-,kt#e ,b-,k#b #f4 ,p-,k#c ,p-,b#c #g4 ,b-,q#c ,px,p ,before initiating this manuvre1 which aims at the development of the ,queen's wing1 ,black should castle1 as otherwise the ,king is exposed to dangerous and immediate attacks in the centre4 #h4 ,bx,b,p ,p-,kt#d #i4 ,b-,q#c ,p-,,qr#c ,the system of opening chosen by ,black has been tried frequently of late4 ,it seems to be somewhat artificial1 as the ,,qb ,pawn takes two moves to get to his fourth4 ,on the other hand the pawn formation at ,,qr#c1 ,q,kt#d1 and ,,qb#d is attained1 whilst it can be prevented in other variations1 e4g4 #f4 444 ,castles2 #g4 ,b-,q#c1 ,px,p2 #h4 ,bx,p1 ,p-,,qr#c2 #i ,p-,,qr#d4 #aj4 ,p-,k#d ,p-,k#d --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,q ,k ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,kt ,b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p ,b --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,kt ,b ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,q ,k ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #afa ,black's only plausible move here seems to be ,p-,b#d1 and many critics have remarked that after #aa4 ,p-,k#e1 ,px,p62 #ab4 ,kt-,k#d 7if ,px,kt1 ,px,kt7 ,ktx,kt2 #ac4 ,bx,kt1 ,r-,q,kt#a2 #ad4 ,bx,b1 ,qx,b2 #ae4 ,qx,p1 ,q-,b#d2 the game would have been even4 ,however1 this is not the case1 for on the #aeth move ,white does not capture the pawn with the ,q but with the ,kt and ,black has no satisfactory continuation4 ,if he had castled he could play l#e4 444 ,b-,kt#b which now is not available because of3 #af4 ,kt-,b#f1 ,bx,kt2 #ag4 ,bx,b1 with an overwhelming advantage in position for ,white4 ,white's refutation of the text move is above criticism4 #aa4 ,px,p ,kt-,kt#e #ab4 ,b-,,kb#d ,b-,b#d ,if ,q-,b#b1 ,white would play ,r-,b#a1 after which ,black could not recapture the ,,kp yet1 as the ,,qbp is en prise4 #ac4 444 ,k,ktx,p2 #ad4 ,ktx,kt1 ,ktx,kt2 #ae4 ,kt-,q#e1 ,q-,q#c2 #af4 ,bx,kt1 ,qx,b2 #ai4 ,rx,p1 etc4 #ac4 ,castles ,q-,b#b #ad4 ,r-,b#a ,p-,b#c ,again ,ktx,p is not feasible on account of the loss of the ,,qbp1 as can be easily seen4 #ae4 ,b-,kt#c ,px,p ,black's game cannot be saved4 ,if l#e4 444 ,kt7,kt#e7x,k,p there follows #af4 ,ktx,kt1 ,ktx,kt2 #ag4 ,kt-,q#e1 ,q-,q#c2 #ah4 ,bx,kt1 ,px,b2 #ai4 ,rx,b1 or #af4 444 ,px,kt2 #ag4 ,q-,r#e;ch1 ,p-,kt#c1 #ah4 ,q-,r#f4 #af4 ,p-,kt#d6 ,now ,white initiates a brilliant attack1 driving it home without giving ,black a moment's rest4 ,if ,black takes the pawn1 ,white plays ,kt-,q#d1 with many threats1 e4g4 ,p-,b#d2 #ah4 ,kt-,q#e1 ,q-,q#c2 #ai4 ,kt-,k#f1 or l#g4 444 ,kt7,kt#e7-;,b#c2 #ah4 ,kt-,k#f1 etc4 #af4 444 ,b-,r#b #ag4 ,bx,kt,p ,the sacrifice is fairly obvious1 as ,white obtains three pawns for the piece1 and moreover drives the ,king into the field of battle4 ,however1 this does not detract from the beauty of the game1 which is full of brilliant phases4 #ag4 444 ,r,px,b #ah4 ,ktx,kt,p ,q-,q#a ,or ,q-,kt#c2 #ai4 ,kt-,q#f;ch1 ,k-,k#b2 #bj4 ,kt-,b#e;ch1 followed by ,q-,q#f4 #ai4 ,kt-,q#f;ch ,k-,b#a #bj4 ,rx,p ,kt-,kt#c ,the threat was3 #ba4 ,q-,q#e1 ,kt-,r#c2 #bb4 ,ktx,b1 ,rx,kt2 #bc4 ,r-,q#f1 etc4 #bj4 444 ,kt7,q#b7-;,b#c is of no avail because of #ba4 ,q-,kt#c1 ,kt-,r#c2 #bb4 ,ktx,p1 or #ba4 444 ,q-,q#b2 #bb4 ,,kr-,b#a1 etc4 #ba4 ,b-,r#d ,q-,q#b #bb4 ,ktx,b6 ,qx,r ,not ,rx,kt because of #bc4 ,qx,q4 ,now ,black is a whole ,rook ahead4 ,but it is as much out of play as his ,queen's side pieces4 ,the ,king is driven into a mating net by the concentration of superior ,white forces1 and only escapes by giving up the extra piece4 #bc4 ,q-,q#h;ch ,q-,k#a #bd4 ,b-,k#g;ch ,k-,b#b #be4 ,kt-,q#f;ch ,k-,kt#c #bf4 ,kt-,r#d;ch ,k-,r#d ,if ,k-,r#c there follows mate in three by #bg4 ,kt7,q#f7-;,b#e;ch2 #bh4 ,kt- ,kt#c;ch2 #bi4 ,b-,kt#e mate4 #bg4 ,ktx,q ,rx,q #bh4 ,ktx,pch ,k-,r#c #bi4 ,kt7,kt#g7-;,b#e;ch ,k-,r#d #cj4 ,p-,,kr#c6 ,this threatens #ca4 ,px,ktch1 ,kx,p2 #cb4 ,p-,b#c;ch1 followed by ,p-,kt#c or ,kt#d mate4 ,if ,black plays #cj4 ,,qr-,k,kt#a1 ,white wins as follows3 #ca4 ,px,ktch1 ,rx,p2 #cb4 ,p-,b#c1 ,kt-,b#a;ch2 #cc4 ,k-,r#b1 ,ktx,b2 #cd4 ,px,rch1 ,kx,p2 #ce4 ,ktx,kt1 ,k x ,kt2 #cf4 ,r-,b#g4 ,if #cj4 444 ,kt-,r#c2 #ca4 ,kt-,kt#g mate4 #cj4 444 ,kt-,b#a #ca4 ,px,ktch ,kx,p #cb4 ,bx,r ,rx,b #cc4 ,p-,kt#c ,r-,q#g #cd4 ,k-,kt#b ,r-,k#g #ce4 ,p-,r#d ,kt-,kt#c #cf4 ,kt-,k#c;ch ,k-,r#d #cg4 ,p-,r#e ,kt-,q#b #ch4 ,kt7,r#d7-;,b#e ,kt-,b#c #ci4 ,p-,kt#e ,b-,q#e #dj4 ,k-,b#c ,r-,r#g #da4 ,p-,r#f ,b-,r#b #db4 ,r-,b#a ,r-,kt#g #dc4 ,p-,kt#d;ch ,k-,kt#d #dd4 ,r-,b#g ,rx,pch #de4 ,kx,r ,ktx,kt,pch #df4 ,k-,b#c ,resigns4 ,,game ,,no4 #dd ,white3 ,dus ,chotimirski4 ,black3 ,vidmar4 ,queen's ,pawn ,game4 #a4 ,p-,q#d ,p-,q#d #b4 ,kt-,,kb#c ,p-,,qb#d #c4 ,p-,b#c ,p-,k#c #d4 ,b-,b#d ,we have seen on page #ee that ,black can hardly develop his ,,qb without disadvantage4 ,white1 however1 has no difficulty in doing so1 as his ,,qp is protected1 and after ,black's ,q-,kt#c he has only to look after his ,kt,p4 ,he could play ,q-,b#a1 which might bring the ,q into effective action on the diagonal to ,r#f4 ,the aim of the text move is the early occupation of ,k#e4 ,but1 as the present game shows1 this cannot be effected4 ,black must not waste time with ,q-,kt#c1 but play ,b-,q#c at once4 #d4 444 ,kt-,,qb#c #e4 ,p-,k#c ,kt-,b#c #f4 ,q,kt-,q#b ,b-,q#c #g4 ,b-,kt#c ,castles #h4 ,kt-,k#e ,bx,kt6 #i4 ,px,b ,kt-,q#b ,now ,white has no means of maintaining his centre4 ,whether he supports the pawn with ,kt-,b#c or ,p-,,kb#d1 ,black forces matters with ,p-,b#c4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,kt ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,p ,b --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,kt ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,q ,k ,b ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #afb ,now that the idea underlying ,white's opening strategy has proved impracticable1 he has difficulty in formulating a plan4 ,making the best of a bad job1 he abandons his ,,kp in exchange for ,black's ,,krp4 ,but ,black obtains a powerful pawn centre1 a telling advantage4 #aj4 ,b-,q#c ,k,ktx,p #aa4 ,bx,kt ,ktx,b #ab4 ,bx,pch ,kx,b #ac4 ,q-,r#e;ch ,k-,kt#a #ad4 ,qx,kt ,p-,b#c #ae4 ,q-,r#e ,q-,kt#c ,black wishes to provoke the advance of the ,q,kt,p and ,,qbp in order to obtain a passed pawn 7#af4 ,p-,q,kt#c1 ,p-,k#d2 #ag4 ,castles ,,kr1 ,q-,r#d2 #ah4 ,p-,,qb#d1 ,p-,q#e74 ,in order to avoid this continuation1 ,white takes his chance of castling on the ,queen's side4 ,this turns out to ,black's advantage4 ,indeed it is a foregone conclusion4 ,in the ensuing double assault by pawns1 ,black is several moves ahead1 as the ,white pawns concerned in the attack are still on their original squares4 #af4 ,castles ,,qr ,p-,k#d #ag4 ,p-,k,kt#d ,p-,q#e #ah4 ,p-,,qb#d ,b-,q#b #ai4 ,p-,kt#e ,px,kt,p #bj4 ,qx,p ,rx,p #ba4 ,px,p ,b,px,p6 ,finely played4 ,black gives up his ,,kp in order to get his ,,qr into play with the gain of a move4 #bb4 ,qx,p ,r-,k#a #bc4 ,q-,kt#c ,,qr-,k#g #bd4 ,,kr-,k#a ,,kr-,kt#a would also be of no avail because of ,q-,,kr#c1 #be4 ,q-,q#c1 ,q- ,,kb#c threatening ,b-,b#d4 ,the move in the text puts an end to the agony4 #bd4 444 ,rx,kt66 ,resigns4 ,for after #be4 ,rx,r1 ,rx,r2 #bf4 ,kx,r1 ,qx,pch2 #bg4 ,k-,q#c1 ,b-,b#d;ch2 #bh4 ,r- ,k#d1 ,q-,b#f;ch2 #bi4 ,k-,k#b1 ,qx,q2 ,black remains with an extra piece4 ,,game ,no4 #de ,white3 ,rubinstein4 ,black3 ,spielmann4 ,irregular ,opening4 #a4 ,p-,q#d ,p-,,qb#d ,with this move ,black tries to avoid well-trodden paths of tournament practice4 ,white can1 at will1 lead into a peaceful ,queen's ,gambit by #b4 ,p-,k#c or into a ,sicilian ,defence by ,p-,k#d4 ,it is more usual1 however1 to play ,p-,q#e1 which blocks up the ,black centre to some extent4 ,if #b4 ,px,p1 ,black regains his pawn after ,p-,k#c without any disadvantage4 #b4 ,p-,q#e ,p-,q#c #c4 ,p-,,qb#d ,coupled with #d4 ,p-,k#d1 this move is of doubtful value1 as ,black gains command of ,white's ,q#d4 ,it is advisable to keep the ,,qbp back1 thus retaining the option of driving off a hostile piece from ,q#d by ,p-,,qb#c4 ,moreover1 the ,white ,,kb is hemmed in by the pawn at ,,qb#d4 #c4 444 ,p-,k,kt#c #d4 ,p-,k#d ,b-,kt#b #e4 ,b-,q#c ,p-,k#c ,the development of the ,k,kt is not desirable at ,b#c1 where it would block the long diagonal4 ,from ,k#b1 however1 it commands ,,kb#d1 where it can take up a strong position after the exchange of pawns in the centre1 or else it can support the advance of the ,,kbp4 #f4 ,kt-,,qb#c ,kt-,k#b #g4 ,k,kt-,k#b ,kt-,b#c would have been slightly better1 because the ,black ,q,kt might play to his ,k#d4 #g4 444 ,px,p #h4 ,k,px,p ,kt-,q#b #i4 ,p-,b#d ,this move weakens the ,king's position1 and would be justified only if there was a possibility of opening the file for the ,rook by ,p-,b#e4 ,but ,black has too strong a hold on his ,,kb#d4 ,the text move aims at preventing the exchange of ,white's ,,kb through ,black's ,kt-,k#d4 ,it would have been better to withdraw the ,b to ,b#b4 #i4 444 ,kt-,,kb#c #aj4 ,kt-,kt#c ,p-,,kr#d6 ,now ,white cannot enforce ,p-,b#e1 as ,black can attack the ,knight by ,p-,r#e4 ,white cannot prevent this with ,p-,,kr#d1 as the ,black ,knight would take up a commanding position at ,kt#e4 ,black's game is superior4 ,he can concentrate all his minor pieces on the ,king's wing1 while ,white's ,,qb is ineffective on account of the ill- considered advance of the ,,kbp4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,q ,k ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,kt ,p ,b --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,kt ,b ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,b ,q ,k ,r --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #afc #aa4 ,castles ,p-,r#e #ab4 ,k,kt-,k#d ,ktx,kt #ac4 ,bx,kt ,white has to capture with the ,b1 in order to exchange the ,black ,knight if it should play to ,b#d4 ,after #ac4 ,ktx,kt1 ,b-,q#e;ch2 #ad4 ,k- ,r#a1 ,kt-,b#d2 ,white's ,knight would not be able to move from ,k#d on account of the threat3 ,kt-,kt#f;ch4 ,sooner or later1 ,black would get a deciding advantage by enforcing the exchange of ,white's ,knight1 e4g4 #ae4 ,q-,k#a1 ,q-,k#b2 #af4 ,r-,q,kt#a1 ,b-,q#b2 #ag4 ,p-,q,kt#c1 ,castles ,,qr2 #ah4 ,b-,kt#b1 ,qx,kt2 #ai4 ,bx,q1 ,kt-,kt#f;ch2 #bj4 ,qx,kt1 ,px,q2 #ba4 ,p-,,kr#c1 ,bx,p2 #bb4 ,px,b1 ,rx,pch2 #bc4 ,k-,kt#b1 ,r-,r#g;ch2 #bd4 ,kx,p1 ,rx,b2 or #ba4 ,bx,b1 ,rx,pch1 followed by ,px,b and ,,qr-,r#a4 #ac4 444 ,b-,q#e;ch #ad4 ,k-,r#a ,kt-,b#d #ae4 ,bx,kt ,bx,b ,white is helpless against the two powerful ,bishops4 #af4 ,r-,k#a;ch ,k-,b#a ,black forfeits his chance of castling1 not a great loss under the circumstances4 ,in any case his ,,kr is needed on the ,rook's file1 and ,black would only have castled on the ,queen's side if at all4 #ag4 ,q-,b#c ,here ,p-,,kr#c was essential in order to prevent the further advance of the ,,krp4 ,the weakness at ,kt#c would not have been so serious in the absence of a ,black ,knight4 ,now ,black forces the advance of ,white's ,k,kt,p1 and the ,bishops become immediately effective4 #ag4 444 ,p-,r#f #ah4 ,p-,k,kt#c not ,p-,k,kt#d on account of ,q-,r#e4 #ah4 444 ,q-,q#b #ai4 ,b-,q#b ,b-,kt#e #bj4 ,q-,b#a ,if ,q-,q#c1 ,black plays ,q-,b#d and ,white cannot exchange ,queens because of ,b-,b#f mate4 #bj4 444 ,q-,b#d threatening ,q-,b#g4 #ba4 ,,qr-,b#a ,k-,kt#b #bb4 ,b-,k#c ,b-,b#c ,black must not exchange his valuable ,bishop4 #bc4 ,p-,kt#c ,,kr-,k#a #bd4 ,b-,b#b ,there is no answer to ,black's threat of doubling the ,rooks on the ,k file4 ,if ,white plays ,q-,b#b1 ,black's ,queen effects an entry at ,q#f1 after which he would double his ,rooks1 and ,white's ,bishop cannot be defended4 ,after the text move1 ,black forces the exchange of his two ,rooks for the ,queen4 ,generally speaking1 this is no disadvantage1 but in consequence of the exposed position of the ,white ,king1 it means a speedy loss for ,white4 #bd4 444 ,b-,b#f;ch #be4 ,k-,kt#a ,b-,kt#g #bf4 ,rx,r ,bx,q #bg4 ,rx,r ,q-,q#f6 ,if now ,rx,b ,black plays ,q-,b#f4 #bh4 ,r-,k#h ,in order to play ,r-,k#c if ,black plays ,bx,kt4 #bh4 444 ,q-,b#f6 #bi4 ,kx,b ,q-,r#h;ch #cj4 ,b-,kt#a ,q-,kt#g;ch #ca4 ,k-,k#a ,qx,bch #cb4 ,k-,q#b ,qx,pch ,resigns for the pawn queens4 ,,game ,,no4 #df ,white3 ,g4 ,a4 ,thomas4 ,black3 ,ed4 ,lasker4 ,irregular ,opening 7compare ,game ,no4 #de74 #a4 ,p-,q#d ,p-,,qb#d #b4 ,p-,q#e ,p-,q#c #c4 ,p-,,qb#d ,p-,k,kt#c #d4 ,kt-,,qb#c ,b-,kt#b #e4 ,b-,q#b ,this is not necessary4 ,black could hardly exchange his ,b for the ,kt2 the weakness at his ,,kb#c and ,,kr#c would become too serious a disadvantage4 #e4 444 ,p-,k#c #f4 ,p-,k#d ,px,p #g4 ,ktx,p6 ,in view of the fact that ,black's position after ,,bp or ,k,px,p would be very promising1 as all his pieces would be easy to bring into play1 ,white decides upon the sacrifice of a pawn1 in order to further his own development4 #g4 444 ,bx,p #h4 ,r-,kt#a ,b-,kt#b #i4 ,q-,r#d;ch ,kt-,b#c #aj4 ,k,kt-,b#c ,kt-,kt#f1 ,r-,kt sq2 #aa4 ,b-,r#e leads to nothing1 as ,black plays #ab4 ,,qk#b4 #aj4 444 ,p-,,kr#c ,if ,black plays ,k,kt-,k#b at once1 his position becomes somewhat cramped after #aa4 ,b-,kt#e1 ,castles2 #ab4 ,kt-,b#f;ch1 ,k-,r#a2 #ac4 ,q-,q#a4 #aa4 ,b-,q#c ,kt-,k#b #ab4 ,castles ,castles #ac4 ,q-,b#b ,p-,kt#c ,this allows the development of the ,,qb4 #ad4 ,b-,b#c ,ktx,kt #ae4 ,k,px,kt ,kt-,k#d --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,b --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,b ,b ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,q ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #afd ,kt-,k#b should have been played here in order to play ,bx,b2 #ag4 ,qx,b1 ,b-,kt#e with ,kt-,b#d1 in answer to #af4 ,q-,kt#b4 ,black is still open to attack in consequence of his broken ,king's side1 but there is no demonstrable advantage for ,white4 ,the text move is a mistake1 and gives ,white chances of a decisive attack4 #af4 ,ktx,kt ,bx,kt #ag4 ,bx,b ,px,b #ah4 ,bx,p6 ,q-,kt#d ,of course not ,px,b1 on account of #ai4 ,qx,pch1 ,k-,r#a2 #bj4 ,qx,pch1 ,k- ,kt#a2 #ba4 ,r-,kt#c1 etc4 #ah4 444 ,p-,b#d fails because of #ai4 ,r-,kt#c4 #ai4 ,b-,k#d ,p-,b#d #bj4 ,p-,b#d66 ,this elegant continuation decides the game4 ,if ,px,p1 ,white simply plays #ba4 ,b-,q#c1 and ,black can hardly hope to save the end-game1 as his pawns are broken up4 ,if the ,queen retreats1 however1 there follows3 #ba4 ,px,p1 and ,white obtains two passed pawns for the ,b and has the superior position4 #bj4 444 ,q-,kt#b #ba4 ,px,p ,,pxb #bb4 ,rx,rch ,qx,r #bc4 ,r-,,kb#a ,q-,kt#b #bd4 ,qx,p ,q-,kt#e #be4 ,r-,b#d ,q-,q#h;ch #bf4 ,k-,b#b ,q-,q#e;ch #bg4 ,qx,q ,px,q #bh4 ,p-,k#f ,b-,r#c #bi4 ,rx,p ,r-,b#a;ch ,if ,k-,b#a1 #cj4 ,p-,q#f4 #cj4 ,k-,k#c ,r-,b#c #ca4 ,k-,k#d ,r-,b#g #cb4 ,p-,q#f ,r-,k#g;ch ,he might play ,k-,q#e1 after which ,b-,kt#b;ch has points4 #cc4 ,k-,q#c ,resigns4 ,,game ,no4 #dg ,white3 ,tartakower4 ,black3 ,asztalos4 ,dutch ,opening4 #a4 ,p-,,kb#d ,p-,q#d ,it has been tried to refute ,white's non-developing first move by a pawn sacrifice3 #a4 444 ,p-,k#d2 which leads to a rapid mobilisation of the ,black forces after #b4 ,px,p1 ,p-,q#c2 #c4 ,px,p1 ,bx,p4 ,but this attack--called the ,from ,gambit--does not seem to prevail against the best defence4 ,in a match game1 ,tartakower-,spielmann 7,vienna1 #aiac71 ,white won as follows3 #d4 ,kt-,,kb#c1 ,p-,k,kt#d2 #e4 ,p-,q#d1 ,p-,kt#e2 #f4 ,kt-,k#e1 ,kt-,,qb#c2 #g4 ,ktx,kt1 ,px,kt2 #h4 ,p-,k,kt#c1 ,p-,,kr#d2 #i4 ,b-,kt#b1 ,p-,r#e2 #aj4 ,q-,q#c1 ,b-,q#b2 #aa4 ,kt- ,b#c1 ,r-,kt#a2 #ab4 ,castles1 ,px,p2 #ac4 ,px,p1 ,p-,,qb#d2 #ad4 ,b-,b#d1 ,bx,b2 #ae4 ,rx,b1 ,q-,kt#d2 #af4 ,kt-,k#d1 ,q-,r#c2 #ag4 ,ktx,p1 ,kt-,b#c2 #ah4 ,ktx,b1 ,ktx,kt2 #ai4 ,q-,k#d;ch1 ,k-,q#a2 #bj4 ,rx,b,p1 ,r-,k#a2 #ba4 ,qx,p1 ,q-,k#f;ch2 #bb4 ,k-,b#a1 ,resigns4 ,when ,black plays ,p-,,kb#d in answer to #a4 ,p-,q#d we have the ,dutch ,defence4 ,after #a4 ,p-,q#d1 ,p-,,kb#d1 ,white can also sacrifice a pawn by #b4 ,p-,k#d1 and thereby obtain a far more favourable position than ,black does in ,from's gambit1 as he is a move to the good1 having already advanced his ,,qp1 e4g4 #b4 ,p-,k#d1 ,px,p2 #c4 ,kt-,,qb#c1 ,kt-,,kb#c2 #d4 ,p-,b#c or #d4 ,b-,kt#e and then ,p-,b#c4 ,if ,black captures the ,,kbp1 ,white obtains a powerful attack4 ,a drastic example is found in the following little game1 played by two students in an academic tournament at ,petrograd3 #d4 ,p-,b#c1 ,px,p2 #e4 ,ktx,p1 ,p-,k#c2 #f4 ,b-,k,kt#e1 ,b-,k#b2 #g4 ,b-,q#c1 ,castles2 #h4 ,castles1 ,p-,q,kt#c2 #i4 ,kt-,k#e1 ,b-,kt#b2 #aj4 ,bx,kt1 ,bx,b2 #aa4 ,bx,pch1 ,kx,b2 #ab4 ,q-,r#e;ch1 ,k-,kt#a2 #ac4 ,kt-,kt#f1 ,r-,k#a2 #ad4 ,q-,r#h;ch1 ,k-,b#b2 #ae4 ,kt-,k#e;ch1 ,k-,k#b2 #af4 ,qx,pch661 ,bx,q2 #ag4 ,r- ,b#g;ch1 ,k-,q#c2 #ah4 ,kt-,kt#e;ch1 ,k-,q#d2 #ai4 ,p-,b#d;ch1 ,k-,k#e2 #bj4 ,r-,k#a mate4 ,black's best answer is to play ,p-,q#d after ,white's #d4 ,p-,,kb#c 7#e4 ,b-,kt#e1 ,b-,b#d74 ,if #d4 ,b-,kt#e1 it is not yet possible to play ,p-,q#d because of the threat3 ,bx,kt1 ,q-,r#e;ch1 and ,qx,q,p4 ,in that case ,black must first play ,p-,,qb#c1 after which ,white again obtains a strong attack by ,p-,,kb#c4 ,black can avoid the attacks which follow after #a4 ,p-,q#d1 ,p-,,kb#d2 #b4 ,p-,k#d1 by playing ,p-,k#c on his first move1 and then lead into the ,dutch defence with ,p-,,kb#d on his second move4 ,he must1 however1 reckon with having to play the ,french defence which ,white can bring about with #b4 ,p-,k#d4 #b4 ,p-,k#c ,p-,k#c #c4 ,kt-,,kb#c ,p-,,qb#d #d4 ,p-,q,kt#c ,kt-,,qb#c #e4 ,b-,kt#e ,kt-,b#c ,black should have played ,b-,q#b here1 as ,white can exchange at ,b#f1 leaving ,black with a doubled pawn4 ,this in itself is not a drawback1 but in the present position it is serious1 as ,black will have difficulty in finding a place for his ,,qb4 ,for there is no prospect of enforcing ,p-,k#d1 as ,white commands that square in sufficient force4 #f4 ,b-,kt#b ,b-,k#b #g4 ,castles ,castles #h4 ,bx,q,kt ,px,b #i4 ,kt-,k#e ,q-,b#b #aj4 ,p-,q#c ,p-,,qr#d ,black's attempt of capturing his ,k#d by playing ,kt-,q#b and ,p-,b#c1 ,white would cross at once with ,q-,kt#d4 ,with the text move ,black begins operations on the ,q side1 which is quite correct1 as ,white has the upper hand on the other wing4 #aa4 ,q-,k#b ,white should have prevented the further advance of the ,black ,,rp by #aa4 ,p-,,qr#d4 ,this would have been sound policy in any case1 as the ,r file could not have been forced open for the ,black ,rooks4 #aa4 444 ,p-,r#e #ab4 ,kt-,q#b ,px,p ,premature4 ,the capture is only of value if the file can be held4 ,to that end it is first necessary to play ,b-,kt#b and to occupy the ,r file with ,rooks and ,queen4 ,after the exchange of ,rooks1 ,black is at a disadvantage for the end-game because of the inefficiency of the ,,qb4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,q ,b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,b ,p ,kt ,q ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #afe ,if instead of the text move ,black had driven off the ,bishop to ,b#a with ,p-,r#f 7#ac4 ,b-,b#c81 ,p-,q#e62 #ad4 ,px,p1 ,kt-,q#d7 he could have enforced his ,p-,k#d1 but in the long run ,white would have captured the ,,qrp1 and remained with a passed pawn on the ,r file1 a powerful weapon for the end-game1 e4g4 l#b4 444 ,p-,r#f2 #ac4 ,b-,b#a1 ,kt-,q#b2 #ad4 ,ktx,kt1 ,bx,kt2 #ae4 ,p-,k#d1 ,p-,,kb#c2 #af4 ,p-,b#d1 followed by ,kt-,kt#a4 #ac4 ,r,px,p ,rx,r #ad4 ,rx,r ,b-,kt#b #ae4 ,p-,k,kt#d ,the ,black pieces being cut off from the ,k side1 ,white is free to attack4 #ae4 444 ,r-,r#a #af4 ,rx,rch ,bx,r #ag4 ,p-,kt#e ,kt-,q#b #ah4 ,q ,kt-,b#c ,ktx,kt #ai4 ,bx,kt ,q-,r#d #bj4 ,p-,b#d in order to prevent the release of the ,b by the pawn sacrifice ,p- ,b#e and ,p-,b#d4 #bj4 444 ,b-,kt#b #ba4 ,k-,b#b ,k-,b#a #bb4 ,p-,r#d ,b-,r#c #bc4 ,p-,r#e ,b-,kt#b #bd4 ,p-,r#f ,p-,kt#c ,by advancing his ,,rp ,white has weakened ,black's ,,kb#c1 with the constant threat of establishing his ,kt there and of capturing the ,,rp4 #be4 ,k-,b#a ,this move is superfluous and probably dictated by time pressure4 ,the proper plan is3 ,q-,q,kt#b with the threat of ,b-,b#g or ,kt#h and ,q- ,r#h;ch4 #be4 444 ,q-,r#f #bf4 ,q-,q,kt#b ,the end-game is a clear win for ,white4 ,he plays his ,kt to ,k,kt#d1 threatening to reach ,b#f or ,k#e4 ,the effect is twofold4 --------------------------------------- #h ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,b ,b ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,q ,p ,p ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,q --------------------------------------- #a ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #aff ,black must keep his ,b at ,k#b and his ,k must remain near the ,,kbp4 ,white's ,king marches to ,q,kt#f and captures the ,,qb pawns1 queening his ,q,kt,p4 ,black cannot prevent the ,white ,king from doing this by ,b-,q#a1 as ,white1 by attacking ,black's ,,qb#d with his ,b1 could at any time force the ,b back to his ,k#b4 ,the remainder of the game needs no comment4 #bf4 444 ,qx,q #bg4 ,bx,q ,b-,q#c #bh4 ,kt-,r#b ,k-,k#a #bi4 ,kt-,kt#d ,b-,k#b #cj4 ,b-,k#e ,k-,q#b #ca4 ,k-,k#b ,k-,k#a #cb4 ,k-,q#b ,k-,q#b #cc4 ,k-,b#b ,k-,k#a #cd4 ,k-,kt#b ,k-,q#b #ce4 ,k-,r#c ,k-,k#a #cf4 ,k-,r#d ,k-,q#b #cg4 ,b-,kt#h ,k-,b#a #ch4 ,b-,r#g ,k-,q#b #ci4 ,b-,kt#f ,p-,q#e #dj4 ,p-,k#d ,k-,k#a #da4 ,p-,k#e ,k-,q#b #db4 ,kt-,b#b ,resigns4 because there follows ,kt-,k#d and ,bx,p4 ,,game ,no4 #dh ,white3 ,blackburne4 ,black3 ,niemzowitsch4 ,irregular ,opening4 #a4 ,p-,k#c ,p-,q#c ,it is due to this reply of ,black's that the opening is irregular4 ,for had he played ,p-,q#d a peaceful ,,qp game would have resulted1 or after ,white's #b4 ,p-,,kb#d a ,dutch opening4 #b4 ,p-,,kb#d ,p-,k#d #c4 ,px,p ,px,p ,black has the superior position2 he has a pawn in the centre and his pieces are more free4 #d4 ,kt-,,qb#c ,b-,q#c ,as was seen on a former occasion1 it is a shade better to develop the ,knights before the ,bishops1 as the choice of moves for the latter is less limited4 ,the alternative might have been #e4 ,kt-,b#c1 ,b-,k,kt#e2 #f4 ,b-,k#b1 ,kt-,b#c4 #e4 ,p-,k#d ,now ,white has also a pawn in the centre1 but he is a move behind in his development4 #e4 444 ,b-,k#c #f4 ,kt-,b#c ,p-,,kb#c #g4 ,p-,q#c ,kt-,k#b #h4 ,b-,k#c ,p-,,qb#d #i4 ,q-,q#b ,q,kt-,b#c #aj4 ,b-,k#b ,kt-,q#e #aa4 ,castles ,,kr ,castles #ab4 ,kt-,q#a ,k,kt-,b#c #ac4 ,p-,b#c ,now ,black has gained an advantage from the command of his ,q#e4 ,the advance of ,white's ,,qbp1 which was necessitated by the dominating position of the ,black ,knight1 has left ,white with a 8backward0 pawn at ,q#c4 #ac4 444 ,ktx,bch #ad4 ,qx,kt ,r-,k#a ,if now a general exchange takes place after ,p-,q#d1 the ,,kp is lost through ,b-,q#d4 #ae4 ,kt-,r#d ,white's counter attack on the ,king's side becomes threatening1 and ,black must continue his operations on the ,queen's wing with the greatest care1 as he may be called upon at any time to concentrate his pieces for the defence of the ,king's wing4 #ae4 444 ,b-,,kb#a #af4 ,kt-,b#e ,k-,r#a #ag4 ,p-,k,kt#d ,q-,q#b #ah4 ,kt-,b#b ,p-,,qr#d ,black wishes to open up files on the ,queen's side4 #ai4 ,p-,,qr#c ,freeing the ,,qr4 #ai4 444 ,p-,q,kt#d #bj4 ,,qr-,q#a ,,qr-,kt#a #ba4 ,r-,q#b ,p-,kt#e #bb4 ,r,px,p ,r,px,p #bc4 ,p-,b#d ,r-,r#a #bd4 ,q-,b#c ,r-,r#g ,before trying to push home his advantage on the ,queen's side1 which is made possible by the weakness of ,white's ,,qp1 ,black should look after his ,king's side1 where ,white has collected an alarming array of forces4 ,after the text move the ,rook is quite out of play4 #be4 ,p-,kt#e ,p-,kt#c8 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,q ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,kt ,b ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,b ,q --------------------------------------- #b ,r ,p ,r ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,k --------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,diag4 #afg ,black should simply play ,px,p with the following continuation3 #bf4 ,bx,p1 ,kt-,q#e2 #bg4 ,ktx,kt1 ,qx,kt2 #bh4 ,b-,k#c1 ,q-,q#c4 ,after the move in the text1 ,white's attack is overwhelming4 #bf4 ,kt-,kt#d6 ,white obtains a ,rook and two pawns for his two ,knights2 this is in itself an equivalent of material4 ,in the present instance the exchange is of decisive advantage for ,white1 as ,black must lose several moves to bring up his ,rook for the defence of his unguarded ,king4 #bf4 444 ,px,kt #bg4 ,ktx,b,p ,kt-,q#e ,if ,px,p1 ,white wins by #bh4 ,q-,r#e1 ,q-,b#b2 #bi4 ,p-,kt#f1 ,qx,pch2 #cj4 ,qx,q and ,ktx,r4 #bh4 ,q-,b#b ,q-,b#c #bi4 ,ktx,r ,qx,kt #cj4 ,bx,kt ,k,px,b #ca4 ,px,p ,b-,q#b #cb4 ,r-,k#a ,q-,b#b #cc4 ,q-,r#d6 ,r-,r#a ,not ,bx,p because of #cd4 ,r-,,kb#b1 followed by ,,kr-,,kb sq4 #cd4 ,r-,,kb#b ,b-,b#c #ce4 ,q-,kt#d ,the threat is to open the ,rook's file by ,p-,kt#f with an attack on the ,king by the ,rooks4 #ce4 444 ,r-,k#a #cf4 ,rx,r ,qx,r ,bx,r in order to play ,q-,r#d might be better4 ,with the ,queens off the board1 ,black has winning chances on account of his two ,bishops4 ,but then ,white might evade the exchange and proceed to seize the ,king's file with the ,rook after #cg4 ,q-,b#d4 #cg4 ,r-,k#b ,q-,q#b #ch4 ,r-,k#f ,b-,r#a in order to play ,q-,q,kt#b or ,r#b4 #ci4 ,p-,kt#f6 ,px,p ,if ,q-,q,kt#b1 #dj4 ,r-,k#h61 if ,q-,r#b1 #dj4 ,q-,r#d4 ,white wins in either case4 #dj4 ,rx,p ,q-,,kr#b #da4 ,q-,kt#c ,threatens ,q-,k#e;ch4 #da4 444 ,q-,r#d #db4 ,r-,kt#d6 ,resigns4 ,,table ,,of ,,openings ,a4 ,,king',s ,,pawn ,,games a4 #a4 ,p-,k#d ,p-,k#d #b4 ,p-,,kb#d ,px,p #b4 444 ,b-,b#d #b4 444 ,p-,q#d #b4 ,p-,q#d ,px,p #c4 ,qx,p #c4 ,kt-,,kb#c ,p-,,qb#d #c4 444 ,kt-,,qb#c #c4 ,b-,,qb#d #c4 ,p-,,qb#c ,px,p #c4 444 ,p-,q#d #b4 ,kt-,,kb#c ,kt-,,qb#c #c4 ,p-,q#d ,px,p #d4 ,ktx,p #d4 ,b-,,qb#d #d4 ,p-,b#c #c4 ,b-,b#d ,b-,b#d #d4 ,p-,q#c #d4 ,p-,b#c #c4 444 ,kt-,b#c #c4 ,kt-,b#c ,kt-,b#c #c4 444 ,b-,kt#e #c4 ,b-,kt#e ,p-,q#c #d4 ,p-,q#d #c4 444 ,kt-,b#c #d4 ,castle ,p-,q#c #d4 444 ,ktx,p #c4 444 ,p-,,qr#c #d4 ,b-,r#d ,kt-,b#c #e4 ,castle ,b-,k#b #e4 444 ,ktx,p #d4 ,bx,kt ,q,px,b #e4 ,ktx,p #e4 ,p-,q#d #b4 444 ,p-,q#c #c4 ,p-,q#d ,q,kt-,q#b #b4 ,kt-,,qb#c ,kt-,,kb#c #c4 ,p-,b#d ,p-,q#d b4 #a4 ,p-,k#d ,p-,k#c #b4 ,p-,q#d ,p-,q#d #c4 ,p-,k#e #c4 ,kt-,,qb#c ,kt-,,kb#c #d4 ,p-,k#e #d4 ,b-,kt#e ,b-,k#b #d4 444 ,b-,kt#e #c4 444 ,px,p #a4 ,p-,k#d ,p-,q#d #b4 ,px,p ,qx,p #a4 ,p-,k#d ,p-,,qb#c #b4 ,p-,q#d ,p-,q#d #a4 ,p-,k#d ,p-,,qb#d ,b4 ,,queen',s ,,pawn ,,games a4 #a4 ,p-,q#d ,p-,q#d #b4 ,p-,,qb#d ,px,p #b4 444 ,p-,k#c #c4 ,kt,q,b#c ,kt,k,b#c #c4 444 ,,pqb#d #d4 ,,pk#c #d4 ,kt-,,kb#c ,kt-,,qb#c #e4 ,px,q,p #b4 444 ,p--,k#d #b4 444 ,b-,b#d #b4 444 ,p-,,qb#c #b4 ,kt-,,kb#c ,p-,k#c #c4 ,p-,b#d ,px,p #c4 444 ,p-,,qb#d #c4 444 ,kt-,,kb#c #b4 444 ,p-,,qb#d #c4 ,p-,b#d ,p-,k#c #d4 ,p-,k#c #d4 ,kt-,b#c ,kt-,,qb#c #c4 ,p-,k#c ,p-,k#c #d4 ,b-,q#c ,kt-,,kb#c #e4 ,p-,q,kt#c #c4 ,p-,b#c #b4 444 ,kt-,,kb#c b4 #a4 ,p-,q#d ,p-,,qb#d #a4 ,p-,q#d ,kt-,,kb#c #b4 ,kt-,,kb#c ,p-,q#c #a4 ,p-,q#d ,p-,,kb#d ,c4 ,,irregular ,,openings #a4 ,p-,,qb#d #a4 ,p-,,kb#d ,p-,q#d #a4 444 ,p-,k#d #a4 ,p-,k#c ,p-,q#c