---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,transcriber's ,note3 ,this version of the text cannot represent certain typographical effects4 ,italics are delimited with the #8' character as italic4 ,bold font is indicated with the #8' character4 ,footnotes are limited to a single quoted passage1 and have been relocated to follow that passage4 ,minor errors1 attributable to the printer1 have been corrected4 ,please see the transcriber's note at the end of this text for details regarding the handling of any textual issues encountered during its preparation4 ,,tobacco3 ,,growing1 ,,curing1 ,,and ,,manufacturing4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,tobacco3 ,,growing1 ,,curing1 ,,manufacturing4 ,a ,,handbook ,,for ,,planters ,,in ,,all ,,parts ,,of ,,the ,,world4 ,,edited ,,by ,c4 ,g4 ,,warnford ,,lock1 ,f4,l4,s4 ,illustration ,e4 ,f4 ,n4 ,,spon1 #abe1 ,,strand1 ,,london4 ,,new ,,york3 #ce1 ,,murray ,,street4 #ahhf4 ,,preface4 ,tobacco growing is one of the most profitable branches of tropical and sub-tropical agriculture2 the#a8b0c;has even been proposed as a remunerative crop for the ,british farmer1 and is very extensively grown in continental ,europe4 ,the attention recently drawn to the subject has resulted in many inquiries for information useful to the planter desirous of starting a tobacco estate4 ,but beyond scattered articles in newspapers and the proceedings of agricultural societies1 there has been no practical literature available for the ,english reader4 ,it is a little remarkable that while our neighbours have been writing extensively about tobacco growing1 of late years1 no ,english book devoted exclusively to this subject has been published for nearly thirty years4 ,a glance at the bibliography given at the end of this volume will show that the ,french1 ,german1 ,swiss1 ,italian1 ,dutch1 ,sicilian1 and even ,scandinavian planter has a reliable handbook to guide him in this important branch of agriculture1 while ,british settlers in our numerous tobacco-growing colonies must glean their information as best they may from periodical literature4 ,to supply the want thus indicated1 the present volume has been prepared4 ,the invaluable assistance of tobacco-planters in both the ,indies and in many other tropical countries1 has rendered the portion relating to field operations eminently practical and complete1 while the editor's acquaintance with agricultural chemistry and familiarity with the best tobacco-growing regions of ,asiatic ,turkey1 have enabled him to exercise a general supervision over the statements of the various contributors4 ,,contents4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,page ,,the ,,plant #a ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,cultivation #g ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,curing #fg ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,production ,,and ,,commerce #acg ,,chapter ,v4 ,,preparation ,,and ,,use #bca ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,nature ,,and ,,properties #bec ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,adulterations ,,and ,,substitutes #bfg ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,imports1 ,,duties1 ,,values1 ,,and ,,consumption #bga ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,bibliography #bgf ,,index #bha ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations4 ,,fig4 ,,page #a4 ,,cuban ,,tobacco ,,plant #d #b4 ,,maryland ,,tobacco ,,plant #e #c4 ,,amersfort ,,tobacco ,,plant #f #d4 ,,straw ,,mat ,,for ,,covering ,,seed-,,beds #dg #e4 ,,shade ,,frames ,,used ,,in ,,cuba #di #f4 ,,quincunx ,,planting #eb #g4 ,,tobacco ,,worm ,,and ,,moth #ef #h4 ,,shed ,,for ,,sun-,,curing ,,tobacco #hc #i4 ,,hanging ,,bunches ,,of ,,leaves #ie #aj4 ,,tobacco ,,barn #ie #aa4 ,,interior ,,of ,,tobacco ,,barn #if #ab4 ,,hand ,,of ,,tobacco #ajh #ac4 ,,packing ,,hogshead #acc #ad to #ag4 ,,tobacco-,,cutting ,,machine #bcd #ah4 ,,machine ,,for ,,making ,,plug ,,tobacco #bcg #ai to #ba4 ,,machine ,,for ,,making ,,twist ,,or ,,roll ,,tobacco #bch #bb1 #bc4 ,,diagrams ,,of ,,segment ,,rollers ,,of ,,twist ,,machine #bdj #bd to #bf4 ,,andrew',s ,,improvements ,,in ,,twist ,,machine #bdc-d #bg4 ,,machine ,,for ,,cutting ,,and ,,sifting ,,scrap ,,tobacco #bdf #bh4 ,,machine ,,for ,,making ,,cigarettes #bdg #bi4 ,,resweating ,,apparatus #bdi #cj4 ,,machine ,,for ,,weighing ,,out ,,small ,,parcels ,,of ,,tobacco #bej #ca4 ,,tobacco-,,cutting ,,machine #beb ,,tobacco3 ,,growing1 ,,curing1 ,,and ,,manufacturing4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,the ,,plant4 ,next to the most common grains and pulses1 probably no plant is so widely and generally cultivated as tobacco4 ,in what country or at what date its use originated has little to do with us from a practical point of view1 though interesting enough as a subject for the student of ethnography and natural history4 ,suffice it to say that it has been grown and smoked since pre-historic times in many tropical and sub-tropical countries1 and has assumed an importance in modern daily life only surpassed by a few prominent food plants and cotton4 ,this long-continued and widespread cultivation has helped to produce local varieties or races of the plant which have sometimes been mistaken for distinct species1 and caused a multiplication of scientific names almost bewildering4 ,the following epitome comprehends the species and varieties of ,nicotiana possessing interest for the cultivator3-- ,i4 ,n4 ,tabacum macrophylla latifolia1 lattissima1 gigantea--,maryland tobacco4 ,of this1 there are two sub-species--7#a7 ,stalkless ,maryland1 of the following varieties3 7a7 ,n4 macrophylla ovata--short-leaved ,maryland1 producing a good smoking-tobacco1 7b7 ,n4 macrophylla longifolia--long-leaved ,maryland1 yielding a good smoking-tobacco1 and excellent wrappers for cigars1 7c7 ,n4 macrophylla pandurata--broad-leaved1 or ,amersfort1 much cultivated in ,germany and ,holland1 a heavy cropper1 and especially adapted for the manufacture of good snuff2 7#b7 ,stalked ,maryland1 of the following varieties3 7a7 ,n4 macrophylla alata1 7b7 ,n4 macrophylla cordata--heart-shaped ,maryland1 producing a very fine leaf1 from which probably the finest ,turkish is obtained4 ,cuban and ,manilla are now attributed to this group4 ,,ii4 ,n4 ,tabacum angustifolia--,virginian tobacco4 ,of this1 there are two sub-species--7#a7 ,stalkless ,virginian of the following varieties3 7a7 ,n4 angustifolia acuminata1 grown in ,germany for snuff1 seldom for smoking1 7b7 ,n4 angustifolia lanceolata1 affords snuff1 7c7 ,n4 angustifolia pendulifolia1 another snuff tobacco1 7d7 ,n4 angustifolia latifolia--broad-leaved ,virginian1 used chiefly for snuff1 7e7 ,n4 angustifolia undulata--wave-like ,virginian1 matures quickly1 7f7 ,n4 angustifolia pandurata1 furnishes good leaves for smoking1 produces heavily1 and is much grown in ,germany1 and said to be grown at the ,pruth as 8tempyki10 and highly esteemed there2 7#b7 ,stalked ,virginian1 of the following varieties3 7a7 ,n4 angustifolia alata1 7b7 ,n4 angustifolia lanceolata ,n4 fructiosa1 growing to a height of #h ft41 7c7 ,n4 angustifolia oblonga1 7d7 ,n4 angustifolia cordata--,e4 ,indian1 producing heavily in good soil1 and well adapted for snuff1 but not for smoking4 ,latakia and ,turkish are now accredited to ,n4 ,tabacum4 ,,iii4 ,n4 rustica4--,common1 ,hungarian1 or ,turkish tobacco4 ,of this1 there are two varieties3 7a7 ,n4 rustica cordata--large-leaved ,hungarian1 ,brazilian1 ,turkish1 ,asiatic1 furnishing leaves for smoking2 7b7 ,n4 rustica ovata--small-leaved ,hungarian1 affords fine aromatic leaves for smoking1 but the yield is small4 ,until quite recently1 ,latakia1 ,turkish1 and ,manilla tobaccos were referred to this species2 ,latakia is now proved to belong to ,n4 ,tabacum1 and ,manilla is said to be absolutely identical with ,cuban1 which latter is now ascribed to ,n4 ,tabacum macrophylla4 ,,iv4 ,n4 crispa4--,this species is much grown in ,syria1 ,calabria1 and ,central ,asia1 and furnishes leaves for the celebrated cigars of the ,levant4 ,v4 ,n4 persica4--,hitherto supposed to be a distinct species1 affording the ,shiraz tobacco1 but now proved to be only a form of ,n4 ,tabacum4 ,,vi4 ,n4 repanda4--,a ,mexican plant1 with small foliage4 ,long thought to be a distinct species peculiar to ,cuba1 but none such is now to be found in ,cuba1 whether wild or cultivated1 and all the ,cuban tobacco is now obtained from ,n4 ,tabacum macrophyllum4 ,among the many other forms interesting only to the botanist or horticulturist1 the principal are ,n4 paniculata1 ,n4 glutinosa1 ,n4 glauca1 attaining a height of #ah ft41 and ,n4 clevelandii1 exceedingly strong1 quite recently discovered in ,california1 and supposed to have been used by the early natives of that country4 ,thus the bulk of the best tobaccos of the world is afforded by the old well-known species ,nicotiana ,tabacum4 ,a good idea of the foliage and inflorescence of commonly cultivated tobaccos may be gained from a study of the accompanying illustrations4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,fig4 #a is a ,cuban tobacco1 and much grown on the continent of ,europe1 notably in ,holland1 ,germany1 and ,switzerland1 and there known as goundie1 from the name of an ,american consul who introduced the plant into ,germany in #ahdh4 ,it has a broad yet somewhat pointed leaf1 with the ribs not arranged in pairs2 it is fine1 soft1 thin1 and esteemed for smoking in pipes and for wrappers of cigars4 ,one variety of the ,maryland plant is shown in ,fig4 #b4 ,the leaves spring from a tall stem at considerable intervals1 and are broad and rounded at the end4 ,this kind is valued for cigar-wrappers1 and assumes a fine light brown colour when well cured4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,a broad-leaved ,cuban or ,maryland growth long naturalized in ,germany1 and now familiar as ,amersfort1 is represented in ,fig4 #c4 ,it is distinguished by unusual length of leaf accompanied by a corresponding narrowness4 ,a stem and flower are shown at a1 a leaf at b1 a flower in section at c1 a capsule at d1 a seed at e1 and a cross-section of a leaflet at f4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,these three examples represent the most successful kinds grown in ,europe and at the same time some of the most marked diversities of form of leaf4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,cultivation4 ,the following observations on the methods of cultivating tobacco have reference more particularly to the processes as conducted in ,cuba1 ,india1 and the ,united ,states2 this branch of agriculture has been brought to great perfection in the last-named country1 and the supervision of the operations in ,india is mostly entrusted to skilled ,americans4 ,climate4--,of the many conditions affecting the quality of tobacco1 the most important is climate4 ,the other conditions that must be fulfilled in order to succeed in the cultivation of this crop may be modified1 or even sometimes created1 to suit the purpose2 but cultivators can do little with reference to climate3 the utmost they can do is to change the cultivating season1 and this only in places where tobacco can be grown nearly throughout the year4 ,the aromatic principles1 on the presence of which the value of a tobacco chiefly depends1 can only be properly developed in the plant by the agency of high temperature and moisture4 ,the fame that ,cuban and ,manilla tobaccos enjoy is mostly due to the climate4 ,the article produced in ,cuba is most highly esteemed2 up to this time1 no other country has been able to compete successfully with it4 ,however it cannot be doubted that there are many places whose climate justifies the assumption that a tobacco could be grown there1 not inferior to that produced in the ,west ,indies4 ,the more closely the climate of a place corresponds with that of ,cuba1 the greater chance is there that a ,havana a variety will preserve its peculiar aroma4 ,in such places1 a fine and valuable tobacco may be grown with less expenditure on labour1 c41 than it is necessary to bestow in raising an inferior article in less suitable climes4 ,in countries where a low temperature rules1 the plants must be raised in hot-beds1 and there is also a great risk that the young plants may be destroyed by frost1 or afterwards by hailstones4 ,when damp weather prevails during the tobacco harvest1 it is often injured2 and to give the required flavour1 c41 to make the article marketable1 macerating has often to be resorted to1 thus involving great risk and expenditure4 ,but in spite of these drawbacks1 tobacco cultivation is often very remuneratively carried out in countries possessing an unfavourable climate4 ,the deficient climatic conditions are here partly compensated for by making the other conditions affecting the quality of tobacco1 and which can be controlled by the cultivator1 the most favourable possible4 ,soil4--,the soil affects to a great extent the quality of a tobacco4 ,the plant thrives best in a soil rich in vegetable mould2 this1 however1 is not so much required to supply the necessary plant food1 as to keep the soil in a good physical condition4 ,no other plant requires the soil in such a friable state4 ,a light soil1 sand or sandy loam1 containing an average amount of organic matter1 and well drained1 is considered best adapted for raising smoking-tobacco2 such a soil produces the finest leaves4 ,the more organic matter a soil contains1 the heavier is the outturn2 but the leaves grow thicker1 and the aroma becomes less4 ,as1 in tropical climates1 the physical properties of the soil play a prominent part in its productive capabilities generally1 and the presence of organic matter in the soil tends to improve these properties1 it will rarely occur that in such places a soil will contain too much humus4 ,the more clay in a soil1 the less is it adapted to the production of fine smoking-tobacco1 on account of its physical properties being less favourable to the development of the aromatic principles2 the leaf becomes also generally thick and coarse1 but the outturn on such soils is commonly heavier than on a more sandy one4 ,a clay soil possessing a great amount of humus may1 if properly tilled1 produce an ordinary smoking-tobacco1 and may even1 if great attention be paid to the selection of the variety1 c41 produce leaves for cigar-wrappers4 ,of less importance than the physical properties of the soil is its chemical composition4 ,by proper tillage and heavy manuring1 tobacco is sometimes grown on comparatively poor soils4 ,from analysis of the plant1 it is clear that it contains a large amount of ash constituents1 which it extracts from the soil2 the most important of these are potash and lime4 ,a soil destitute of these constituents would require a great quantity of manure to supply the wants of tobacco4 ,an experienced ,ohio planter1 ,judson ,popenoe1 speaking of soil1 says 8,a rich1 sandy1 second bottom1 ,i believe to be the best for raising tobacco1 although our chocolate-coloured uplands1 when very rich and highly manured1 will grow an excellent quality of tobacco1 but will not yield as much to the acre4 ,black river-bottoms will yield more to the acre than any other kind of land1 but the tobacco is not of so fine a quality2 it grows larger1 has coarser stems1 and heavier body1 and consequently1 in my opinion1 is not so good for wrappers or fine cut as the second bottom or upland tobacco40 ,on the same subject1 an ,illinois grower observes1 8for us in the ,west1 and for all the localities that have not an over-amount of heat1 experience has proved1 that a dry1 warm soil 7loam or sandy loam71 rich1 deep1 and containing lime1 is most suitable for tobacco4 ,the more sandy1 to a certain degree1 the soil is1 the better will be the quality of the tobacco2 the nearer the soil is to clay1 the poorer will be the crop under similar circumstances1 although the yield may yet be satisfactory4 ,clayey soil will hardly produce tobacco suitable for cigars4 ,wet and tough clay soils are under no circumstances suitable to tobacco40 ,situation4--,land intended for tobacco-culture should have good drainage1 and be sheltered from high winds4 ,in ,holland1 where tobacco-cultivation is carried out to great perfection1 each field is surrounded by a hedge about #g ft4 high2 the fields are divided into small plots1 which are again bordered by rows of plants that are able to break the force of the wind1 which would injure the leaves1 and render them of comparatively little value4 ,to this circumstance must chiefly be attributed the fact that ,dutch growers succeed in getting as much as #ej per cent4 of leaves of the first quality1 whereas in most other countries #be per cent4 is considered to be a very good outturn4 ,in the ,united ,states1 several rows of pole beans1 i4 e4 scarlet runners1 a few steps apart1 are sometimes planted as a wind-screen4 ,manure4--,in its natural state1 the soil will rarely possess the elements of plant food in such a form as is most conducive to the production of a fine tobacco-leaf4 ,any deficiency must be supplied in the shape of suitable manure4 ,schlsing found that a bad burning tobacco was produced on a soil containing little potash1 on unmanured soil1 on soil manured with flesh1 humus1 calcium chloride1 magnesium chloride1 and potassium chloride4 ,a good burning tobacco was produced on a soil manured with potassium carbonate1 saltpetre1 and potassium sulphate4 ,more recent experiments carried out by other investigators tend to corroborate these conclusions4 ,it is generally assumed that a soil rich in nitrogenous organic matter produces a strong tobacco that burns badly4 ,the results of ,nessler's experiments clearly show that it is not sufficient to apply the element most needed by the plant--potash--in any form1 but that1 to produce a good tobacco1 it is necessary to apply it in a particular combination4 ,it was found that potash carbonate applied as manure produced the best tobacco3 it burned for the longest time1 and its ash contained most potash carbonate2 whereas potash chloride produced a much inferior tobacco4 ,the assertion of other experimenters that chlorides produce a bad tobacco is thus confirmed4 ,potash sulphate and lime sulphate produced a good tobacco4 ,it may be noticed here that tobacco which was manured with gypsum contained a great amount of potash carbonate in the ash1 probably due to the fact that gypsum is a solvent for the inert potash salts4 ,from the foregoing1 it may be concluded that in tobacco cultivation1 the elements potassium and calcium should be restored to the soil in the form of carbonate1 sulphate1 or nitrate1 but not as chlorides4 ,poudrette1 or prepared night-soil1 generally contains a considerable amount of chlorides1 and is not well suited as manure for fine tobacco4 ,it has been found that fields manured with chlorides produced heavily2 a small proportion of chlorides may therefore be applied in this form1 whenever quality is of less importance than quantity4 ,farmyard manure may suffice when tobacco is cultivated in proper rotation1 but here also1 unless the soil be very rich in potassium and calcium1 the application of some special manure will greatly enhance the value of the outturn4 ,wood-ashes are a valuable supplement to stable dung4 ,gypsum is an excellent dressing for soils in a good manurial condition3 it supplies the lime needed by the tobacco1 and acts as a solvent on the inert potash salts4 ,gypsum applied on poor land1 however1 hastens the exhaustion of the soil4 ,it is said that crops manured with gypsum suffer less from the effects of drought1 and require less irrigation1 than when manured otherwise3 the leaves of plants that had been manured with gypsum exhaling less water than when manured with other substances4 ,if this assertion be correct1 gypsum would be invaluable to the ,indian cultivator4 ,with regard to the amount of manure to be employed1 it may be observed that1 with farmyard manure properly rotted1 there is no theoretical limit1 especially when the tobacco is intended for snuff1 and is grown in a hot climate1 where the physical properties of the soil are of the utmost importance4 ,it is said that some ,rhenish-,bavarian soils contain as much as #ae per cent4 of organic matter1 yet the cultivator considers it necessary to heavily manure each tobacco crop4 ,dutch growers apply to the rich alluvial soil as much as #be tons an acre of well-rotted cattle-manure4 ,in ,america1 it is reported that the heaviest crops are obtained on soil newly taken up1 and very rich in vegetable mould4 ,it is considered nearly everywhere that tobacco will pay best when heavily manured4 ,the first care of even the poorest peasant in the tobacco districts of ,germany1 ,holland1 c41 as soon as he sells his tobacco1 is to purchase the manure which he considers essential to his success4 ,the amount of any special manure which can be applied without injury to the plants depends very much on the solubility of the stuff1 and the manner of applying it4 ,highly soluble salts1 such as soda or potash nitrate1 should be applied in smaller quantities than salts which dissolve slowly4 ,with regard to the manner of applying concentrated manures1 it is evident that1 when a salt is applied in close proximity to the plant1 less will be required than when strewn over the whole field4 ,when applied in solution1 not more than #cjj lb4 of nitrate per acre should be used at one time4 ,the amount to be applied varies also with the soil2 a sandy soil1 which has little absorptive power1 should receive less than a clay4 ,salts easily disintegrating should not be applied before tobacco has been planted1 especially not before heavy rains which would carry off the salt4 ,to supply the potash required by the tobacco plant1 #bjj lb4 of good saltpetre per acre would be sufficient in most cases4 ,lime1 although removed from the soil in large quantities1 is rarely applied to tobacco as a special manure4 ,where wood-ashes can be had at a moderate price1 lime may be applied in this form4 ,some ashes are very rich in lime4 ,it has been found that ashes obtained from beech-wood contain #eb per cent4 of lime1 and those from oak-wood as much as #ge4 ,whilst most growers are agreed that tobacco is a crop demanding a rich soil1 there is a want of uniformity of opinion as to the best method of manuring4 ,on this point1 ,c4 ,schneider1 a successful ,illinois planter1 says 8manuring cannot be done too early1 or too heavily4 ,the manures are very different1 and equally useful for the different kinds of tobacco4 ,we may classify them as follows3-- 8,to be applied shortly before planting1 and in equal quantities1 for all kinds of tobacco3 #a4 ,guano1 #bjj to #cjj pounds on the acre2 #b4 ,poultry-droppings1 #djj to #ejj pounds2 #c4 ,green manure in any quantity2 #d4 ,sheep-dung1 #f two-horse loads2 #e4 ,cattle manure1 #aj two-horse loads4 8,for chewing-tobacco and snuff3 #a4 ,sheep-dung1 #aj to #ab loads per acre2 #b4 ,cattle manure1 #bj to #cj loads2 #c4 ,horse-dung1 #ae to #be loads2 #d4 ,hog manure1 #bj to #cj loads4 ,the last two are useless for smoking-tobacco1 or for that to be used for cigars4 8,the first three manures 7guano1 poultry-droppings1 and green manure7 must be followed after the tobacco-crop1 by a plentiful supply of stable-manure4 ,the tobacco-stalks themselves1 rotted or burned to ashes1 sown over the field before the transplanting1 or in the planting-furrows1 will act as a good manure1 but are not sufficient4 ,in highly-worked farms1 that is1 where the soil is valuable1 and cannot remain idle1 it will pay every way1 to sow rye for fodder on the tobacco-land in the fall2 this may be made into hay1 or turned under as manure at the beginning of ,july1 just as may seem most profitable4 ,deep ploughing for the rye1 and afterward for the tobacco1 must not be forgotten40 ,r4 ,e4 ,burton1 in the ,sugar ,cane1 translating from ,mitjen's essay on tobacco growing in the most renowned district of ,cuba1 has the following sensible remarks on the all-important subject of manuring3-- 8,each veguero or farmer should make a hole or rotting-bin in which he should deposit as much muck and leaves as he may be able to accumulate1 and1 before giving the last ploughing to prepare his field for planting the tobacco1 he should spread over it all the prepared rotten manure he can procure4 ,manure that is not thoroughly rotten injures the plants more than benefits them4 ,a piece of land1 well manured and thoroughly worked up1 will produce four times more tobacco than one badly prepared would4 ,consequently no expense or labour is so remunerative as that which is applied to the soil4 ,this is a very important point which should fix the attention of every agriculturist who desires to prosper4 8,agriculturists acknowledge the advantage of manuring4 ,in tobacco cultivation it produces the most brilliant results1 but in ,vuelta-,abajo it is very difficult to procure sufficient country manure4 ,yagues 7i4e4 strips of palm bark used as screens1 and for baling7 and all the refuse from palm trees are excellent2 grass from the savannahs and all kinds of vegetables in a thoroughly putrid state are very good1 but it requires a great quantity1 and the immense labour to collect and prepare these1 frightens the greater number of vegueros1 and few have sufficient constancy to enable them to collect enough properly prepared manure for their fields4 8,the most which some manage to do is to spread refuse over some portions of land1 where it rots and fertilizes the soil2 but this system is inefficacious1 because the vegetable substances being very light1 the heavy rains wash away the greater portion of the decomposed matter1 and fully nine-tenths are lost4 ,if the system was adopted of depositing this manure in holes or trenches1 from which it can be removed when thoroughly rotted and fit for the fields1 it would produce much more with much less labour2 for although at first sight the labour appears to be doubled1 by having to carry it twice1 it must be remembered that one load of well-prepared manure is better than ten or twenty of grass or bush that is not rotten4 8,but in every way there is great difficulty in collecting vegetable manure in sufficient quantities2 recently1 guano has been tried with the most brilliant success4 8,peruvian guano is the most compact fertilizer known1 and a very small quantity suffices to manure a tobacco field2 its cost is not excessive1 and is very frequently less than the carriage of other manures to the spot where they are to be used4 ,its most active results are shown on light and sandy soil2 it quickens vegetation1 and experience has shown that it increases prodigiously the quantity and value of crops2 we therefore recommend the use of guano as a fertilizer of the first order for tobacco cultivation1 and as light and sandy soils possess in themselves the substances most suitable for the development of the tobacco plant1 on such soils guano acts as a stimulant to the plant4 8,before using ,peruvian guano1 it should be sifted2 all the stones and lumps remaining should be broken up1 and again sifted1 so that nothing may be lost4 ,after this1 three or four times its weight of dry sandy soil should be thoroughly mixed with it1 and it should remain thus #f-h days before being used4 ,this preparation should be made under cover1 to avoid the possibility of rain falling on the mixture1 and the heap should be covered with the empty guano bags1 or anything else1 to prevent the evaporation of the volatile alkali which it contains4 8,it is better to prepare this mixture in detail1 each heap containing one bag of guano1 whose weight is #aej-afj lb41 so as to facilitate the calculation of the quantity that should be applied1 and prevent mistakes4 ,we will start1 therefore1 on this calculation4 8,on lands of good quality1 but which1 nevertheless1 require manure1 from having been overworked1 one pound of guano should be applied to each #ae-bj superficial yards1 or1 say one heap of compost for each #bejj-cjjj yards1 or1 otherwise said1 one heap of manure will suffice for a surface that contains #ejjj-fjjj plants4 8,in sandy unproductive soil1 and on sterile savannah lands1 #a lb4 of guano to #i-ab yards2 or a heap of compost guano to #aejj-bjjj yards2 or one heap for #cjjj-djjj plants4 8,these are the proportions to be used for the first year2 for the second1 and forward1 two-thirds of that employed the first year will be sufficient4 8,when crops of tobacco and corn are grown on the same lands1 half the guano should be applied to the corn and the other half to the tobacco2 but then a somewhat larger quantity will be required4 ,the manure should be applied shortly before transplanting1 and after the ground has been well cross-ploughed and prepared1 and the ground should be plotted out into squares or beds of #ej yards square4 ,the manure should then be spread and ploughed in1 and the land should at once be furrowed and planted4 8,under this system of applying ,peruvian guano as manure for tobacco the best results have been obtained1 and1 of all the various trials made1 this is the most simple and the easiest to execute40 ,the remarks of the last-quoted essayist are good so long as guano is to be had4 ,but there is a limit to the supply1 and in many places it would be unprocurable4 ,the necessity for more definite knowledge concerning the actual wants of the tobacco plant in the matter of food1 led to an investigation of the subject some years ago by ,prof4 ,s4 ,w4 ,johnson on behalf of the ,connecticut ,state ,board of ,agriculture1 and more recently by ,schiffmayer for the ,agricultural ,department of the ,madras ,presidency4 ,prof4 ,johnson aptly observes it to be 8a well-established fact that plants may receive from the soil and retain a larger portion of ash-ingredients than is needful for nutrition4 ,this is especially marked in case of the lime1 potash1 and soda salts4 ,the excess of these substances thus taken up may either be deposited in the solid state in the cells of the plant1 or may remain dissolved in the juices4 ,in tobacco1 a part of the nitrogen usually exists as a nitrate1 in combination with potash4 ,that is to say1 portions of the nitrogenous food of the plant--the nitrates of the soil--are not completely worked over into albuminoids1 and into nicotine1 the nitrogenous constituents of tobacco1 but accumulate and remain in considerable quantity in the sap4 ,when a dry tobacco-leaf is set on fire1 it often burns like #8touch paper' 7paper soaked in a solution of saltpetre and dried7 with bright sparkles of fire1 indicating the points where the nitre has gathered in minute crystals as the juice of the leaf evaporated4 ,the quantity of superfluous salts in the plant depends upon its succulence1 and upon the supply of them in the soil4 ,doubtless certain definite amounts of potash1 lime1 magnesia1 iron1 sulphuric acid and phosphoric acid are absolutely necessary to produce a given weight of tobacco4 ,in case several or all these substances are superabundant in the soil1 the plant has no power to exclude any unnecessary surplus of one or all of them from its interior altogether1 although there are good reasons known to prevent their entrance beyond a certain limit4 ,in one soil potash may be relatively most abundant1 and may for that reason be found in the crop in greater quantity than was necessary for the growth of that crop4 ,in another soil lime may be in surplus1 and there the crop may have the minimum of potash1 and a considerable excess of lime4 8,the crop is a result of the working together of a number of causes or conditions2 these are the heat and light of the sun1 carbonic acid and oxygen of the atmosphere1 water1 nitrates and ammonia1 and the ash-elements enumerated in our table of analyses4 ,the crop is limited in quantity by that condition of growth1 which is presented to it most sparingly4 ,the richest and best prepared soil without solar warmth1 or without due supplies of rain1 cannot give a crop1 and if weather be most favourable1 then in one field it may be too little potash1 in another too little phosphoric acid1 in another too little nitrogen1 which lowers the yield1 or reduces the quality of the product4 8,it is usual in tobacco culture to manure very heavily1 and in many cases it is probable that all the various forms of plant food are present in available abundance4 ,but soils differ in the nature of the supplies which they are able to yield to crops1 and fertilizers even1 when the same in name1 may be very unlike in fact4 ,the chief reliance of the tobacco farmer is stable manure4 ,this1 however1 is by no means uniform in origin1 appearance1 evident quality1 or chemical composition4 ,the manure from bullocks1 wintered on hay and roots1 is very different from that of horses maintained chiefly on oats or corn4 ,the yard manure that contains much strawy litter or much wasted hay1 differs again from that of the city stables1 from which the straw is carefully raked out to be used over and over again for bedding4 ,the farm-made manure is likely to be much richer in potash and lime1 and the city manure is richer in phosphates and nitrogen4 ,yet in the reports of the farmer1 these two essentially different fertilizers are designated as stable manure simply4 8,every one understands that a fertilizer acts upon the plant to supply it with food1 and to favour its growth2 everybody is also convinced that some fertilizers act upon the soil1 improving its texture and composition and increasing its fertility4 ,it is an equally well ascertained fact that the soil acts upon fertilizers to modify their effect4 ,a very wet or very dry soil is known to nullify the benefit which might be expected of a fertilizer in a simply moist soil2 but more than this1 more than by the accident of external circumstances1 it is a fact that each kind of soil has a special action of its own on fertilizers1 so that if it were asserted of two soils1 which1 unmanured1 were of equal fertility1 that a given fertilizer applied to both1 greatly improved the crop on one1 and had little effect on the other1 such a statement might not only be accepted as a fact1 but an explanation might be given in general terms for such a fact4 8,now experiments have shown that different soils when mixed with like quantities of various fertilizing elements and then treated with water1 in imitation of rain1 manifest very different behaviour toward the admixed substances4 ,one soil will lay hold of the potash in a fertilizer1 and fix it in a kind of chemical combination so firmly that water can dissolve it but with extreme slowness2 another soil puts its grasp on the lime of a fertilizer1 and at the same time allows potash which belongs to itself to be dissolved out freely4 ,there is1 in fact1 always a complicated series of changes set in operation whenever any fertilizer is incorporated with the soil1 be it animal1 vegetable1 or mineral2 be it alkali1 acid1 or saline2 be it made on the farm or imported from abroad2 be it natural or artificial4 ,the fertilizer acts on the soil1 and the soil reacts on the fertilizer2 but the point we wish to make prominent is this1 that different soils are differently affected by one and the same application1 or in other words1 a given manure fertilizes a given crop unequally in degree1 and unlike in kind1 on different soils1 by virtue of the different assimilating or fixing power1 which the soil exerts upon its ingredients4 8,we know of the existence of these peculiarities of soils1 and something of their causes and of the laws by which they act2 but the real necessities of the tobacco crop1 or of any other crop1 as respects soil-ingredients1 cannot be arrived at by chemical analysis of a single sample1 nor of a dozen samples40 ,thus analyses of a dozen ,new ,england tobaccos showed the following highest and lowest percentages of each ash-ingredient1 and of nitrogen3-- ,silica #jje to #jcj,magnesia #jid 0 #bba ,chlorine #jjh 0 #bee,potash #cij 0 #gde ,sulphuric acid #jeb 0 #afi,soda #jjh 0 #aha ,phosphoric acid #jdg 0 #jhj,nitrogen #cbj 0 #eaa ,lime #cag 0 #hbb 8,it appears that the percentages of nitrogen1 phosphoric acid and potash are nearly twice as great in some samples as in others2 that the proportions of magnesia and lime are about #b times greater in some samples than in others1 and that sulphuric acid is #c times more in one case than in another4 ,the variation of silica is still greater1 and the disparity rises to its extreme in case of soda and chlorine1 whose maxima are respectively #bj and #cj times greater than their minima40 ,the three ingredients chlorine1 silica1 and soda cannot be considered in the light of essentials to tobacco culture2 but the other substances are absolutely indispensable to plant growth1 and the absence of any one of these would render a soil incapable of sustaining agricultural vegetation of any kind4 8,the variation in the percentage of these ingredients depends somewhat upon the fact that the leaves of different crops are unequally developed1 and therefore their nutritive needs are unlike2 but it is1 no doubt1 chiefly connected with the fact that the plant takes up from a highly fertilized soil more of each or every element than is essential for growth4 ,the nearly certain conclusion is that every one of the crops analysed contains more of some elements than belongs to its nutrition4 ,it is quite certain that the average of the analyses of the ,new ,england tobaccos is fully up to the mark as regards the necessities of the crop4 ,it is1 indeed1 not improbable that the lowest percentages of each ingredient are quantities sufficient for a perfect crop4 ,still1 it is not proved that lime may not partially take the place of potash1 or the reverse4 ,the probability of such a substitution is great upon the face of most of the analyses4 ,as a rule1 those which show most potash show least lime and vice vers2 but in one sample both ingredients are considerably below the average4 ,the practical issue of these considerations is to give great probability to the view that the tobacco crop is fed unnecessarily 7and wastefully87 high40 7,prof4 ,johnson47 ,tobacco is usually characterized as a very exhausting crop4 ,this is not true as regards the amount of nutriment taken from the soil1 for in this respect tobacco is less exacting than hay1 potatoes1 or rye4 ,it demands chiefly potash and lime1 with phosphoric acid and nitrogen4 ,prof4 ,johnson recommends for the manuring of one acre1 besides ploughing in the stalks of the plants1 #ejj lb4 rock guano or #hjj lb4 fish guano1 #ejj lb4 kainit 7potash salts71 and #ej lb4 quicklime4 ,but surely it cannot be advisable to mix quicklime with an ammoniacal manure like guano2 it seems to the writer that gypsum1 or spent calcium oxide from gasworks1 would be a far preferable medium for conveying lime to the soil4 ,as observed by ,johnson1 the 8demand made on the soil or on fertilizers by the tobacco crop1 is for certain reasons greater than that made by other crops which receive more of nearly every kind of plant food4 ,hay is more exhausting than tobacco as measured by total export from the soil1 but grass grows the whole year throughout1 save when the ground is frozen or covered with snow1 or for more than #h months4 ,the period of active growth which is required to mature a hay crop1 begins indeed in ,april1 and is finished by ,july1 a period of #c months1 but during the year previous1 for at least #e months1 in case of the first crop1 the grass plants have been getting a hold upon the soil1 filling it with their roots1 and storing up food in their root-stocks or bulbs1 for the more rapid aftergrowth4 ,tobacco on the other hand cannot be set out in the field before about the #ajth of ,june1 and should be in the shed in about #c months4 ,its growth then must be a very rapid one1 and the supplies of food in the soil must be very abundant so that the quick-extending roots may be met at every point with their necessary pabulum4 ,a crop of #abfj lb4 dry leaves requires about #aajj lb4 of dry stalks to support the leaves1 making a total of #bcfj lb4 of dry vegetable matter4 ,as new hay contains not less than one-sixth of moisture1 we increase the above dry weight of the tobacco crop by one-sixth1 to make a fair comparison1 and obtain as the yield of an average tobacco field #bgej lb4 of air-dry vegetable matter1 or more than #a tons4 ,the matter stands then thus3 ,an acre of first-rate grass land yields as the result of #h months' growth1 #b tons of crop1 while the tobacco land must yield #a tons in #c months4 8,if the above data are correct1 the average rate of growth of tobacco is greater than that of a corresponding hay crop1 in the ratio of #i3g4 ,the real disparity is1 however1 much greater4 ,the principal growth of tobacco is accomplished in the hottest summer weather1 and in a period of some #dj-ej days4 ,very heavy manurings are therefore essential to provide for its nourishment1 and the more so because the best tobacco lands are light in texture1 and may suffer great loss by drainage1 evaporation1 and decomposition40 ,from these premises1 ,prof4 ,johnson advances to the question of what should or should not be presented to the plant in the form of manure4 ,he commences with a caution that1 in general1 growers must 8avoid employing fertilizers which contain salt or other chlorine compound in raising wrapping or smoking tobacco4 ,it is evident1 also1 that there is no occasion to use any fertilizer for the special object of supplying phosphoric acid1 since the heaviest export of this substance does not exceed #aj lb4 per acre1 annually4 ,it may be well to mention here that phosphates which may be put upon a tobacco field1 in guano1 c41 cannot suffer waste by washing out1 and will come to use when grain or grass shall follow in the rotation40 ,he observes of gypsum 7lime sulphate7 that it is 8a valuable application to tobacco1 not because it is very largely taken up by the crop1 for the greatest export of sulphuric acid1 viz4 #bj lb4 per acre1 is restored by #ej lb4 of plaster1 and the greatest export of lime1 #abj lb41 is made good by #djj lb4 of the sulphate1 but because lime sulphate dissolves in #djj times its weight of water1 and may rapidly wash out of the porous tobacco lands1 and especially because the solution of lime sulphate in the soil is a very effective agent in rendering soluble and accessible to crops the potash and magnesia1 which too often exist in close-locked combinations4 ,the average annual rainfall 7snow included7 in our latitudes1 is no less than #aj1jjj1jjj lb4 per acre4 ,this enormous quantity of water would be enough to dissolve and wash out of the soil #be1jjj lb4 of gypsum per acre if it had time to saturate itself1 and then flowed off4 ,in fact1 but a small proportion of the rainfall runs through and out of the soil1 not more than #aj to #bj per cent41 according to its porosity and situation2 but it is plain that there is nothing to hinder the waste of a hundred pounds or more of gypsum per acre yearly1 ,since all investigations go to show that the soil has no retaining power for lime sulphate as it has for potash and for phosphoric acid4 ,in ,nessler's experiments1 gypsum had an excellent effect on the burning quality of the tobacco raised under its application1 an effect attributable1 he believes1 to the fact that this fertilizer often liberates potash in the soil1 as ,liebig and ,deherain have demonstrated1 and is therefore equivalent to an application of potash1 provided the latter actually exists in the soil4 8,potash is exported in the tobacco crop to the amount of #gj-hj lb4 per acre yearly1 and is required for the stalks to the extent of some #ej lb41 making a total of #abj-acj lb4 ,as already intimated1 potash does not commonly waste from the soil by washing4 ,it is seldom found in appreciable quantity in well or drain water1 and most soils absorb it and fix it so firmly that water can remove it but very slowly4 ,it does1 however1 appear in the drain water from very heavily dunged fields1 though in small proportion4 ,stable or yard manure on the average contains one-half per cent4 of potash1 or #aj lb4 per ton4 ,twelve or thirteen tons of stable manure would therefore contain the potash needful to produce a crop4 ,the dressing of #bj tons of #aj cords of stable manure1 per acre1 which is often employed on tobacco1 is doubtless enough to fully supply the crop1 and the application of additional potash is apparently quite unnecessary4 ,the employment of potash salts upon tobacco lands would therefore seem to be uncalled for unless the amount of stable manure is greatly diminished1 or its quality is very inferior4 ,in case potash salts are to be applied1 the best form to make use of is potash sulphate1 of which #bej lb4 contains #ace of potash4 ,next to this is probably potash carbonate1 i4 e4 the ordinary potash of commerce1 which contains some #gj per cent4 of potash2 #bjj lb4 of this would be sufficient for an acre4 ,to apply it ,i would suggest breaking it up into small pieces and soaking it in two or three times its weight of water until the lumps crush easily1 and mixing these with so much ground gypsum as will make a mass dry enough to handle4 8,kainit1 which contains some #ae to #bj per cent4 of potash1 but also #aj per cent4 or more of chlorine1 is not so good for leaf tobacco1 and least of all to be recommended is potassium chloride 7muriate of potash7 which is nearly half chlorine4 8,magnesia is an element which is abundantly provided for in stable manure1 every ton of which1 according to analyses on record1 contains some #c lb4 of this substance4 8,lime is supplied in relative abundance in stable manure1 the average ton of which contains some #ae lb4 ,we have seen that #fjj lb4 of gypsum contain as much lime as the average tobacco crop3 guano1 dry fish1 and superphosphate1 each contains some #e-aj per cent4 of lime4 ,there is1 furthermore1 little likelihood that any soil intended for tobacco would not of itself contain enough lime to support the crop4 ,lime in the caustic state has1 however1 a value independent of its direct nutritive power1 which is well worth the attention of the tobacco raiser4 ,of this ,i shall write briefly in a subsequent paragraph4 8,nitrogen in absolutely dry ,new ,england tobacco leaf ranges from #cb to #ea per cent41 or #dbd as the average4 ,this is a larger proportion than exists in any of our ordinary field crops1 except the seeds of legumes4 ,the grain of wheat and red clover hay contain when dry scarcely #b per cent41 and they exceed all other usually raised vegetable products1 except the leguminous seeds4 ,the pea and bean contain1 when dry1 #de to #dg per cent4 of nitrogen4 ,the acreage export of nitrogen is nevertheless not large according to the data of our tables4 ,it should be remembered1 however1 that the average is derived from #e samples only4444 ,there are reasons to suppose that this result is too low4 ,furthermore it is not improbable that tobacco loses nitrogen during the curing process40 ,the advantages of artificial manuring have been made manifest in all branches of agriculture1 and there is no doubt that the nitrogenous qualities of farmyard dung may be replaced by soda nitrate1 ammonia sulphate1 c41 only it must be remembered that these have not nearly the lasting effect of dung1 the latter liberating its ammonia but slowly4 ,indeed 8when a soil has been heavily dunged for a term of years1 it accumulates a large quantity of nitrogen1 which is comparatively inert and therefore nearly useless to crops4 ,quicklime assists to convert this nitrogen into the active forms of ammonia or nitrates10 hence ,prof4 ,johnson's suggestion that an 8application of lime may sometimes be advantageously substituted for one of stable manure4 ,in fact1 it is not improbable that moderate doses of lime might be turned under with stable manure or green crops1 with the effect of exalting the action of these fertilizers1 and obtaining from them a larger return of nitrogenous plant food4 ,lime1 however1 gives effect to the nitrogen of the soil by causing the destruction of the organic matters--humus--in which this nitrogen lies in an inactive state4 ,these organic matters have themselves a value independent of their nitrogen1 which must be taken account of1 and therefore the use of lime must be undertaken cautiously1 and with an intelligent comprehension of the various effects which it may produce40 ,rotation4--,a proper rotation of crops is particularly advantageous for the cultivation of tobacco1 since it requires a great amount of readily accessible inorganic matter in the soil1 especially potash and lime4 ,although the importance of cultivating tobacco in rotation is admitted1 there may be circumstances that justify the growth of this crop consecutively for several years in the same field4 ,in ,america1 tobacco is grown successively for several years on new land1 where the elements of plant food exist in such abundance that the crop may be thus cultivated without for a time showing any notable decrease in yield2 it is even said that the outturn of the second year is heavier than that of the first4 ,in ,hungary and ,holland1 the best tobacco is grown for many years in succession on the same land4 ,there the plan is adopted partly out of necessity and partly for convenience4 ,the small landholder is often obliged to grow tobacco on the same field1 because he has only one properly fitted for it2 for convenience1 he grows it every year on the same place near his homestead1 to allow of the closest attention to the crop1 but he manures heavily4 ,nessler1 in ,carlsruhe1 cultivated tobacco during six consecutive years in the same field1 without noticing any perceptible decrease in yield or quality4 ,to admit of such a system1 the soil must either be very rich in the essential elements1 or be heavily manured1 as is the practice in ,holland4 ,it is generally assumed that1 when tobacco is grown on the same field in succession1 the leaves do not become so large after the first year1 but grow thicker and more gummy1 and contain less water4 ,from the foregoing1 it would appear that1 although tobacco may be grown successfully on the same land uninterruptedly under special circumstances1 the cultivator will find it advantageous to adopt some plan of rotation4 ,cereals and pulses are very well adapted for this purpose1 the reason being that tobacco removes but little phosphoric acid from the soil1 and thus leaves it rich in the element most necessary for the growth of cereals4 ,it has also been found that hemp thrives particularly well after tobacco4 ,judson ,popenoe suggests that there 8should be a good coat of clover to plough under2 if the ground is naturally rich1 this alone will make a good crop1 but hog and stable manure1 well rotted1 is what the tobacco1 as well as any other crop1 delights in1 and the more manure the better the tobacco4 ,the plan that ,i am now experimenting on is1 as soon as ,i cut my tobacco in the fall ,i give the ground a good harrowing1 and then drill in wheat2 the ground being well cultivated all the fall1 is clear of weeds and mellow and needs no ploughing4 ,in the spring ,i sow clover1 after the wheat is off2 ,i keep the stock off until about ,september1 to give the clover a chance to harden and spread4 ,i then let the stock eat as low as they want to1 which drives the clover to root1 and causes the crown to spread2 ,i do not suffer stock to run on the clover during winter or spring2 about the last of ,may or first of ,june ,i plough the clover under1 which is now in blossom1 and so ,i alternately keep two fields in tobacco and wheat1 at the same time feeding the ground a crop of clover every two years2 in this way ,i expect my land to increase in fertility all the time4 ,the clover turned under makes food for the cut-worms1 and they trouble the tobacco-plants but little40 ,selection of ,sort4--,the cultivator must carefully compare the requirements of the different sorts1 and the means at his disposal to satisfy them1 before making his selection4 ,though tobacco is a hardy plant1 and grows under varied conditions1 yet to become a remunerative crop1 the plant should not be placed under circumstances very dissimilar from those to which it has been accustomed4 ,by importing seed of a fine sort directly from its native land1 the plants will not retain in the new habitat all their special qualities1 unless climate1 soil and treatment are nearly the same4 ,climate must first be considered4 ,fine and valuable tobacco is a product of tropical countries3 in a warm and humid climate1 by employing common means1 tobacco may be made to yield a profit not attainable in less favoured regions4 ,a warm1 moist climate permits the selection of those sorts that command the highest prices2 if to this be added a suitable soil1 and proper treatment1 the cultivation of tobacco yields a profit not easily obtainable from any other crop4 ,as the ,havanna tobaccos command the highest prices1 the cultivator nearly everywhere attempts to introduce and cultivate them4 ,there is no great difficulty in raising plants of these varieties1 but they speedily degenerate and form new varieties1 if the climatic conditions1 c41 are not favourable4 ,virginian tobacco was previously extensively cultivated1 but has of late been frequently replaced by the ,maryland kind4 ,it is still much favoured by cultivators in temperate climates1 as it does not require a high temperature4 ,on account of its botanical characteristics1 it is usually not much liked by manufacturers of cigars2 some varieties1 however1 that have less of the marked specific characters1 yield tolerably fine leaves for cigars4 ,as the price of this tobacco is rather low1 it is not so well suited for export4 ,hungarian tobacco is considered to be very hardy1 but is less valuable than the foregoing4 ,the leaves are generally small1 and possess a peculiar aroma4 ,a high price is generally commanded1 irrespective of the species1 by those tobaccos that possess a large1 smooth1 thin1 elastic leaf1 possessing a fine golden colour and a good aroma2 the ribs and veins should be thin1 and the former should branch off from the midrib at nearly right angles1 and should be far apart from each other4 ,the lower the percentage of the weight in ribs1 the thinner and broader the leaf1 and the fewer the leaves torn1 the more wrappers can be cut out of #a lb4 of tobacco1 other conditions being equal1 and consequently the higher is the price of the article4 ,the cigar-manufacturer often does not appreciate the aroma so much as the other qualities4 ,he can do nothing to improve the botanical characters3 the finest aromatic leaf would be of little value to him if it were torn2 but he is to a certain extent able artificially to improve defects in flavour4 ,of all kinds1 ,maryland is considered to possess the qualities that distinguish a good tobacco in the highest degree4 ,some of the ,havanna tobaccos belong to this sort1 as also the ,ohio1 ,amersfort1 ,turkish1 and ,dutten tobaccos4 ,its cultivation assumes larger proportions every year1 and the number of varieties and sub-varieties increases accordingly4 ,perhaps the finest wrappers for cigars are grown in ,manilla4 ,on this subject1 ,judson ,popenoe remarks that he has 8cultivated various kinds of tobacco1 but have come to the conclusion that what we call the ,ohio seed-leaf is the best and most profitable kind for general cultivation4 ,there are other kinds of tobacco that sometimes are profitable1 and do well1 but most of these do not cure out so well1 nor colour so evenly1 nor are they so fine and saleable as the seed-leaf4 ,the ,havanna tobacco is too small and has not the fine flavour of the imported4 ,the ,connecticut seed-leaf ,i believe to be identical with our ,ohio seed-leaf2 the difference in the climate may make a slight variation in the quality1 but we plant the ,connecticut seed-leaf here in ,ohio1 and ,i do not think they can be told apart40 ,schneider recommends the following varieties3 8#a4 ,connecticut seed-leaf1 principally for cigar-wrappers2 #b4 ,cuba1 for fillers and wrappers2 #c4 ,maryland2 #d4 ,virginia1 the last two principally for smoking and chewing tobacco4 ,for snuff everything may be used1 the refuse and even the stems4 ,the ,connecticut1 ,maryland1 and ,virginia yield the largest crops1 the ,cuba the smallest but best4 ,the first varieties yield about one thousand pounds1 the latter five hundred pounds4 ,in very favourable seasons double the amount may be raised4 ,all tobacco-seed1 which is removed from its native clime and soil1 will deteriorate1 and the seed must be renewed from its native place1 although the seed may1 when it finds favourable soil1 c41 yield just as good1 if not a better variety40 ,in ,virginia1 remarks ,thomas1 there are 8as many varieties of tobacco-seed as of corn or wheat4 ,i will name a few3 ,the ,big ,frederic1 the ,little ,frederic1 the ,blue ,stalk1 the ,brittle ,stem1 the ,big ,orinoco1 the ,little ,orinoco1 and half-a-dozen others1 each having1 or supposed to have1 some characteristic distinguishing it from all the others4 ,but the ,brittle ,stem and the ,orinocos were the varieties mostly cultivated1 the former for its early maturity1 the latter for its comparative heaviness4 ,there are several varieties1 also1 in this vicinity1 such as the ,brittle ,stem1 the ,graham ,tobacco1 and the ,cuban1 but the names convey little certain information1 as the same varieties bear different names in different localities4 ,but some varieties are evidently to be preferred to others--one noted for early maturity1 all things else equal1 is preferable to another that ripens late4 ,one distinguished for fineness of texture1 all things else equal1 is better than another of coarser fibre1 c4 ,upon the whole1 the surest and most profitable variety is that which ripens earliest1 and yields the largest number of pounds1 cured1 to a given number of hills planted40 ,in the opinion of ,perry ,hull1 a grower in ,litchfield county1 ,connecticut1 8the variety best adapted to our purpose is that known in this ,state as the ,bull ,tongue4 ,the leaf is neither too long nor too short2 the length and width being in such good proportion that manufacturers considered there is less waste than there is to a very long narrow leaf1 or a very broad short leaf4 ,it yields well1 and ripens at least one week earlier than-many of the broader varieties4 ,almost any of the seed-leaf varieties will do well2 but never patronize any of the humbugs sent from the ,patent ,office1 under the name of ,graham tobacco1 ,maryland broad leaf1 c4 ,they are a ,southern tobacco1 and when grown upon that soil1 make chewing-tobacco2 but here it is good for nothing for that purpose1 and is too coarse for cigar-wrappers40 ,according to ,dennis1 an ,indiana planter1 8selection of seed depends upon the kind of land you have and the quality of tobacco you wish to raise4 ,rich1 fertile bottom-lands will grow only heavy1 strong tobacco1 and it is the interest of the farmer to select that kind of seed that will produce the plant of the greatest weight2 in other words1 to make weight the prominent object in the result of the crop4 ,thinner1 poorer land will produce tobacco of lighter weight1 but of finer and more desirable quality1 and one that will bring a correspondingly higher price4 ,the ,orinoco tobacco is raised extensively in ,missouri and ,kentucky for heavy tobacco1 and is known in market as ,kentucky ,leaf4 ,the seed for the finer qualities passes 7as does the other also7 under different names1 but may be procured in ,pike and ,calloway counties1 ,missouri1 and in ,virginia2 the ,orinoco1 and kindred kinds1 in ,howard and ,chariton counties in ,missouri4 ,i should suggest that the seed may be procured through the agents of express-companies at ,glasgow1 ,brunswick1 and ,renick for the ,orinoco1 and at ,louisiana or ,fulton for the other qualities4 ,i would recommend the culture of the coarser1 heavier kinds1 for the reason that the finer quality needs much more care and experience in the handling1 in order that it may go into market in a condition to command such a price as its quality1 when well handled1 entitles it to40 ,in the words of ,libhart1 a ,pennsylvanian farmer1 the 8best variety for cultivation in a high northern latitude is the ,connecticut seed-leaf1 as it ripens two weeks earlier than most any other variety1 cures and colours better1 and commands the highest price in the market4 ,the ,pennsylvania seed-leaf outstrips the ,connecticut in size and weight1 but owing to its requiring a longer time to mature in1 is not so well adapted to climates north of #da or #db40 ,an experienced ,missouri grower1 named ,pursley1 remarks that there 8are more than twenty distinct varieties1 of which ,i will only mention the most valuable3--,the ,yellow ,prior1 ,blue ,prior1 ,orinoco1 ,little ,frederic1 ,big ,frederic1 ,cuba1 and ,spanish tobacco4 ,these are considered the most valuable in this ,state4 ,the ,yellow ,prior and ,orinoco are the most profitable4 8,i prefer the ,yellow ,prior1 as it is the easiest cultivated and is the most fine and smooth of the many varieties4 ,some growers prefer the ,orinoco1 on account of it being the heaviest4 ,i do not for various reasons3 it has large stiff fibres and ruffled stalks1 which afford hiding-places for insects2 it moulds easier1 is harder to cure1 and generally does not bring as good a price as the ,yellow ,prior40 ,seed4--,the best and strongest plants are selected for affording seed4 ,these are not 8topped0 like the remainder of the crop1 and are left standing when the crop is gathered4 ,all suckers are carefully removed from the stems1 and sometimes from the leaves also4 ,when the crop is cut1 the seed-stalks should be staked1 to prevent their destruction by the wind4 ,as soon as the seed-pods blacken1 the seed is ripe2 the heads are then cut off below the forks of the plant1 and are hung in a dry and safe place to cure4 ,care must be taken to gather them before frost has impaired their vitality4 ,during leisure time1 the pods are stripped from the stalks1 and the seed is rubbed out by hand1 and winnowed4 ,its vitality is proved by its crackling when thrown upon a hot stove4 ,seed-beds4--,a very light friable soil is necessary for the seed-beds2 to obtain this1 it should be broken up to a depth of #a ft4 some months before the sowing season4 ,a drain is dug around the beds1 and the soil is utilized in raising the surface4 ,in ,america1 a very warm and sheltered situation1 such as the south end of a barn1 is selected for the seed-beds4 ,it is a common plan there to burn a brush-heap over the ground1 thus supplying potash and killing weeds4 ,the time for sowing in ,america is usually from the middle of ,march to the #ajth of ,april1 or as soon as the ground admits of working in the spring2 in ,india1 it depends upon the locality3 when the monsoon rains are very heavy1 it should follow them2 in other cases1 it may precede them4 ,unless the soil be very rich in humus1 it should be heavily manured with well-preserved farmyard manure soon after breaking up4 ,the soil of a tobacco nursery cannot contain too much organic matter2 the presence of much humus will prevent1 to a great extent1 the formation of a surface crust1 which is so detrimental to the development of the plants during their early growth1 and will also facilitate the extraction of the plants when transplanting takes place4 ,after a few weeks have elapsed1 the soil should be dug over a second time1 and the whole be reduced to a fine tilth4 ,the land may now remain untouched until the sowing-time1 unless weeds should spring up3 these must be eradicated4 ,the area required for a nursery depends on the area of ground to be planted1 and on the distance separating the plants in the field4 ,about #a sq4 in4 space should be allotted to each of the young plants in the nursery4 ,taking the number to be #gbfj plants required for an acre 7at #c ft4 #b ft471 and giving each plant #a sq4 in4 of room1 an area of #gjjj sq4 in4 or #ej sq4 ft4 would raise plants sufficient for an acre4 ,but as some are injured during growth1 many rendered useless in lifting them for transplanting1 and more needed to replace those that die after transplanting1 double the number should be raised1 or #ajj sq4 ft4 of nursery bed for an acre4 ,the amount of seed required for an acre depends chiefly on its vitality4 ,an ounce contains about #ajj1jjj seeds1 or sufficient for nearly #g acres if all grew2 but as even the best has not a very high percentage of vitality1 -#a oz4 is generally sown to produce the plants required for one acre4 ,sowing-time having arrived1 the nursery is divided into beds1 most conveniently1 #aj ft4 long and #e ft4 wide1 making #ej sq4 ft4 each1 on which plants for acre can easily be raised4 ,as1 even with a small tobacco plantation1 several days are required for transplanting1 all the beds should not be sown at one time1 but at intervals of a few days4 ,this will also lessen the risk of the young plants being all destroyed by a storm1 insects1 c4 ,before sowing the seed1 the soil is dug over to the depth of #f inches1 and levelled with a rake4 ,the seed must then be sown evenly on the surface1 and beaten down slightly with the hand or otherwise4 ,the seed being very small1 many cultivators mix it with ashes1 or pulverized gypsum1 in order to distribute it regularly over the bed4 ,the seed must be covered only slightly1 best done by strewing a little fine compost manure over it4 ,ants1 which often destroy the seeds1 may be kept off by sprinkling some ashes over the bed4 ,finally cut straw may be scattered over the surface4 ,in ,india1 to protect the nursery from the sun and rain1 the whole is covered with a roof made of straw1 leaves1 or cloth1 supported by poles1 at only a few feet above the ground4 ,the soil must be kept constantly moist1 but not wet2 weak liquid manure may be used for watering4 ,much time is saved by starting the seed in a warm room before sowing4 ,the plants1 which will appear about a week after sowing1 are very tender during the first stage of their growth1 and require frequent watering through a fine rose4 ,the straw will now prevent the water falling with any force immediately on the plants1 and its tendency to wash the soil from the fine rootlets4 ,if the plants spring up thickly1 they are thinned out1 when about a week or two old1 leaving about #a sq4 in4 for each4 ,those taken out may be used to fill blanks in the nursery bed1 or1 if more plants are taken out than are required for this purpose1 they should be planted in a separate bed4 ,it is universally acknowledged that plants transplanted when very young develop more roots1 grow more vigorously1 and become more hardy afterwards1 than when not transplanted at this stage4 ,when the plants are about two weeks old1 they require less attention1 and should be watered less frequently1 to harden them before transplanting4 ,any weeds appearing must be removed1 and injurious insects must be killed4 ,in about #g-h weeks after sowing1 the plants will be fit for transplanting4 ,bowie1 a ,maryland planter1 gives his experience in the following words3--8,after a thorough burning of brush1 dig deep1 and continue to dig1 rake1 and chop until every clod1 root1 and stone be removed2 then level and pulverize nicely with a rake4 ,as to the variety to plant1 ,i think the ,cuba is a very good kind for our climate4 ,the ,connecticut seed-leaf is the best1 but culture has more than anything else to do with the quality4 ,mix #a gill of seed for every #aj square yards with a quart of plaster or sifted ashes1 and sow it regularly in the same manner that gardeners sow small seeds1 only with a heavier hand2 roll with a hand-roller or tramp it with the feet4 ,if the bed is sown early1 it ought to be covered with brush free from leaves2 but it is not necessary to cover it after the middle of ,march4 ,tobacco-beds may be sown at any time during the winter if the ground be not too wet or frozen4 ,the best time for sowing is from the #ajth to the #bjth of ,march1 though it is safest to sow at intervals1 whenever the land is in fine order for working4 ,never sow unless the land is in good order1 for the work will be thrown away if the land be too moist or be not perfectly prepared4 ,the beds must be kept free from grass or weeds1 which must be picked out one at a time by the fingers4 ,it is a tedious and troublesome operation1 therefore you should be very careful not to use any manures on your beds which have grass or weed-seeds in them4 ,after the plants are up1 they should receive a slight top-dressing of manure once a week1 sown broadcast by the hand4 ,this manure should be composed of bushel of unleached ashes 7or #a bushel of burnt turf71 #a bushel of fresh virgin woods-earth1 #a gallon of plaster1 gallon of soot1 #a quart of salt dissolved in #b gallons of liquid from barnyard1 and #d lb4 of pulverized sulphur1 the whole well intermixed4 ,let a large quantity be got together early in the spring1 or winter rather1 and put away in barrels for use when wanted4 ,this1 and other such mixtures1 have been found efficacious in arresting the ravages of the fly--both from the frequent dusting of the plants and the increased vigour which it imparts to them1 thereby enabling the plant the sooner to get out of the tender state in which the fly is most destructive to it4 ,the fly is a small black insect1 somewhat like the flea1 and delights in cold1 dry1 harsh weather1 but disappears with the mild showers and hot suns of opening summer4 ,if possible1 the plants should stand in the bed from inch to #a inch apart1 and if they are too thick they must be raked when they have generally become as large as #e or #aj-;cent pieces4 ,the rake proper for the purpose should be a small common rake1 with iron teeth #c inches long1 curved at the points1 teeth flat1 and inch wide1 and set inch apart40 ,schneider1 whose success as an ,illinois planter has already been mentioned1 expresses himself thus3--8,raising tobacco-plants from seed is somewhat similar to raising cabbage-plants1 but is different in two important things3 ,it takes considerably more time for the seed to sprout 7six weeks71 and1 on account of disturbing the roots1 cannot well stand weeding4 ,therefore the principal care in providing the seed-bed is1 to prepare for the early starting of the seed1 and to have the bed free from all weed-seeds4 ,in the ,west we prepare the seed-bed in the following manner3 we take a plot of land--newly cleared land is preferred--sloping southward1 and protected against winds4 ,the bed should be #d feet broad and #h feet long2 on this we pile brush1 wood1 and heavy logs1 sufficient to keep up a strong fire for at least one hour1 and burn it4 ,when the coals begin to die out1 or before the soil is cold1 the bed is cleared off1 and only the fine ashes are left2 then it is hoed thoroughly and as deep as the strongest heat has penetrated1 after which it is raked cross and lengthwise1 until the soil is entirely pulverized4 ,everything that might hinder the growing of the plants1 and their taking out afterwards1 is carefully removed4 ,on this bed a thimbleful of seed1 well mixed with a few handfuls of ashes or earth1 is sown broadcast1 and tramped in with the feet1 or slapped with the under side of the spade or any other suitable instrument4 ,after this1 the bed is thoroughly wetted with a weak manure-water1 #ab lb4 of hen-droppings1 or #a lb4 of soot in #aj gallons of water1 and lightly covered with straw4 ,the seed-bed does not need much attention at first1 if the weather remains mild2 but if there is danger of night-frosts1 a layer of brush must be made1 and on this a layer of straw #b to #d inches thick1 according to the degree of frost4 ,the straw is removed in the morning1 and put on again at evening1 leaving it off entirely when the nights are mild4 ,although the seed-bed is ready now1 it must not be left to itself1 and requires some care4 ,the plants must always have sufficient moisture1 and if timely rains do not fall1 they must be watered with weak liquid manure as often as needed4 ,should weeds appear1 notwithstanding all precautions1 they must be removed with the utmost care4 ,the above-mentioned quantity of seed is sufficient to raise plants for one acre4 8,whoever is in possession of a hot-bed can raise the plants much easier2 he can sow later and have plants earlier and with more certainty4 ,but even the common bed may be made into a kind of hot-bed4 ,the burned and hoed surface soil is removed and put on one side1 then one foot of fresh horse-dung is laid on the subsoil1 and the surface soil put back again4 ,boards may be placed around1 cross-pieces laid over them1 and the straw covering put on these4 8,the earlier the young plants are ready for transplanting the surer the tobacco crop will be4 ,march is the latest to make the seed-bed in the open air1 and ,june the latest for transplanting4 ,some time may be gained by keeping the seed in damp earth in the room1 and sow it in the seed-bed just before it commences to sprout40 ,having selected a suitable location1 says ,white1 a ,connecticut grower1 8next consider how large a bed you will need4 ,that depends on the surface you intend to plant out4 ,a bed #b rods long1 by #ab feet wide1 will produce a sufficient number of good plants to set an acre4 ,on such a bed you should spread a heavy coat of good1 fine1 well-rotted manure1 at least #b inches thick2 let it be free from straw or other litter4 ,then1 with a good strong back1 and long-handled spade 7or other as you prefer71 spade up the bed1 mixing in the manure very fine4 ,have ready some fine dry brush1 or the like1 and spread over the whole surface2 set it on fire and burn to ashes4 ,a small quantity will answer better than a very large one1 for if very much is burned1 it is apt to do injury by burning the soil4 ,the less quantity will tend to destroy any foreign seed turned up1 and warm the ground4 ,having reduced the brush to ashes1 take a fine iron or steel rake1 and proceed to pulverize very finely the whole surface spaded up4 ,after reducing it to as fine a state as possible1 and having made it flat and level1 leave it till the next day4 ,then1 with your rake1 carefully rake over the whole bed2 it is now ready for the seed4 ,sow the seed on broadcast2 be careful to sow it even and true4 ,about two thimblefuls1 or a little less1 will be sufficient for such a bed4 ,it is better to have too little than too much1 as in the first instance1 the plants will have room to form thick stalky roots and well-spread leaves1 while in the latter they will be crowded with spindling tops as well as small roots4 ,having sowed your seed1 take a good heavy garden-roller and roll the surface down hard and smooth4 ,in the absence of a roll1 a very good substitute can be made by taking a piece of #b-;inch plank1 say #ah inches long by #ad inches wide2 in the centre1 place an upright handle4 ,with this spat the bed over1 being careful to do it evenly1 and to leave the surface solid and level1 the reasons for which you will afterward discover in weeding and taking out plants to set in the field4 ,this should be done in the spring1 as soon as the ground will permit1 say first of ,april1 if the frost is out and the ground settled4 ,the roll or spatter will cover the seed sufficiently without any other covering4 ,to be able to sow the seed with the least trouble1 mix it in thoroughly with wood-ashes or plaster1 before sowing4 ,to obtain plants earlier1 you can mix your seed thoroughly in about a quart of light chip dirt from under your wood-shed2 put it in some proper vessel1 and wet to the consistence of soft putty1 with water as warm as can be well borne by the hand4 ,set it on the mantle-shelf in the kitchen1 not too near the stove or fire1 but where it will keep warm4 ,in the course of a week or ten days1 the seed will have cracked the shell1 and will show the small white germ or sprout4 ,it should now be sowed broadcast very evenly1 and treat as before described4 ,if properly wet at first1 it will need no more water to sprout the seed4 ,before sowing1 pulverize the mass containing the seed1 to facilitate the sowing4 ,having thus sown and rolled down your bed very nicely1 it is well to have something to protect it from the encroachment of the fowls4 ,for this purpose1 spread a net of twine or a few brush over the surface1 covering it so that they may not disturb the surface by scratching and wallowing4 ,it may now be left till the weeds begin to make their appearance2 these you will need to extract by the roots as soon as the plants can be distinguished2 these last may be known by two very small nearly round leaves opening over flat on the ground4 ,now procure a plank or some substitute a little longer than your bed is wide1 also two blocks #e or #f inches square1 as long or longer than your plank is wide2 place one on one side of the bed1 the other on the opposite side2 on these two blocks place your plank1 and you will have a fine platform on which you can sit and weed any part1 or all1 of your bed1 by moving it as occasion may require4 ,to assist in pulling out the weeds1 procure a moderately sharp-pointed knife1 and with the same grasped in the hand with the thumb near the point1 pinch out the weeds1 being careful not to disturb the dirt any more than absolutely necessary4 ,the process of weeding must be repeated as often as necessary1 to keep the bed clean from weeds40 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,obviously1 no frost must be allowed to reach the seedbed when once sowing has taken place4 ,to prevent this1 and for another purpose to be described presently1 ,perry ,hull advises the construction of a straw mat1 as shown in ,fig4 #d1 which is very light to handle1 easily made1 and sufficiently strong to last one season4 ,it is made 8by laying a scantling 7#f feet long1 #a inches wide1 inch thick7 upon the barn floor2 place a layer of good straight rye-straw upon it1 so that the scantling will come about in the middle of the straw1 then another layer with the tips the other way1 that it may be of uniform thickness in all its parts 7about #a inches thick74 ,place a similar scantling exactly over it1 and with sixpenny nails1 nail them tight2 with an axe trim both edges straight1 and to a width of #c feet1 and the mat is made4 ,with these the beds should be covered every night1 cold or warm2 in the daytime they should be set up at the north side of the bed1 at an angle of about #fe degrees1 by driving crotches just inside of the bed1 for the end of the scantling to rest in1 the lower edge of the mat resting on the ground1 outside the bed4 8,the plants1 as soon as they are out of the ground1 which will be in a few days1 require strict attention4 ,the beds should be made high enough1 so that in fair weather a little water can be applied every night4 ,after the fourth leaf appears1 manure-water should be used4 ,place an old barrel near the beds1 and throw into it bushel of hen-manure1 and fill with water2 after it is well soaked1 use pailful of it1 and fill up with clear water with the chill taken off4 ,as the plants get larger1 the strength of the infusion can be increased1 being careful that it is not so strong as to turn the plants yellow4 ,as soon as the plants are large enough to be readily taken hold of by the thumb and point of a knife1 they should be thinned to about #add per square foot1 and kept free from weeds4 ,this plan is decidedly preferable to raising under glass4 ,it is less expensive1 the plants are more hardy to set out in the field1 are got fully as early1 and a little carelessness on a hot day will not ruin the whole4 ,it has been my method for the past #h years1 and during that time ,i have never failed to have good strong plants ready for the field between the #eth and #ajth of ,june40 ,mitjen1 whose essay on tobacco-growing in ,cuba has been already mentioned1 recommends a system of shade frames borne on small tramway trucks1 as illustrated in ,fig4 #e--7;a7 seed beds1 raised above the surrounding level2 7b7 light pointed covers of thatch on a wooden frame1 and provided with grooved wheels2 7c7 rails on which the frames run1 facilitating their application or removal as the vicissitudes of the weather may demand4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,preparation of the ,field4--,land intended to be planted with tobacco should receive several ploughings not less than #i inches deep4 ,as a rule1 clay requires to be more deeply ploughed than sandy or loamy soil4 ,it greatly conduces to success1 if the land is allowed to lie fallow for several months before planting the crop1 to admit of the proper preparation of the soil1 by ploughing1 rolling1 harrowing1 c41 and to allow the attainment of as fine a tilth as is usual in gardens4 ,no crop will better repay the expense of proper preparation of the soil than tobacco2 the fineness of the leaf and the aroma of the tobacco depend to a great degree upon this4 ,the land should be ridged immediately before planting4 ,the distance apart at which to make the ridges is governed by the quality of the soil and the sort of plant to be raised4 ,with good soil1 the ridges must be farther apart than in a poor one1 because of producing larger leaves4 ,the ridges should allow a passage between the rows1 for the purpose of weeding1 hoeing1 suckering1 c41 without breaking the leaves4 ,in the lines1 the plants may be #f in4-#a ft4 closer than the ridges4 ,in some places1 a plough is run at right angles across the ridges before planting1 at the distance at which the plants have to stand in the lines1 thus forming small hills on which the seedlings are planted4 ,planting4--,planting should take place only in the evening 7or even at night in ,india71 unless the weather be cloudy1 when it may be performed during the whole day4 ,some hours before commencing to transplant1 the nursery should be thoroughly watered1 to facilitate the removal of the plants1 without tearing their roots4 ,if the plants are of even size1 so that all can be removed1 the best plan is to take them out with a spade1 or trowel1 leaving a lump of soil on each4 ,but in most cases1 it will be necessary to take up each plant separately2 this should be done very carefully1 holding with the thumb and forefinger as near as possible to the roots1 and drawing out the plants1 if possible1 with a little soil adhering to their roots41 ,the plants are taken at once in a basket to the field for planting4 ,an attendant going between two ridges places a plant on each hill1 right and left4 ,one attendant is sufficient for two planters1 who follow immediately4 ,the planting is nearly the same as with cabbages1 but requires more care1 the plants being more tender1 and their roots and leaves springing nearly from the same point1 they are more difficult to handle4 ,the plants should be placed in a hollow made on each hill1 which will serve as a reservoir for the water to be applied1 and also afford some shade4 ,in ,india1 the plants are watered immediately after planting2 they should also by some means be shaded during the first few days1 which can easily be done when only a small area is planted1 but is rather difficult to manage on a large scale4 ,in the latter case1 the shade afforded by planting in a slight cavity must suffice4 ,if the plants have been taken from the nursery with some soil adhering to their roots1 and are kept sufficiently moist during the first few days1 few of them will die4 ,when the weather is dry1 water should be applied at morning and evening1 and after that time1 once daily until the plants have taken root1 after which1 occasional waterings1 varying with soil1 weather1 and kind of plant1 must be given4 ,in dry weather1 and with a soil poor in humus1 one watering every second or third day may be necessary1 whereas with a soil rich in organic matter1 and in a moist atmosphere1 watering may be entirely dispensed with4 ,during the first few days1 the water is applied with a watering-pot1 held very low1 otherwise the soil would be washed from the plant-roots1 and expose them to the direct rays of the sun1 causing death4 ,the arrangement of the plants in what is known as quincunx order1 as shown in ,fig4 #f1 is generally adopted4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,this part of the operations connected with tobacco-growing is described at some length by ,mitjen so far as the practice rules in ,cuba4 ,his translator remarks that 8as soon as the land has been prepared1 it should be furrowed at a distance of #a yard between each two furrows4 ,this operation should be simultaneous with the planting1 and should be done1 if possible1 after #c o'clock in the afternoon1 and on cloudy days1 so as to prevent the recently set plants from being scorched by the sun4 ,the furrows should run more or less from north to south1 as1 by making them in this direction1 the plants are less injured by the sun1 or the strong winds which generally blow about the planting season4 ,immediately1 and behind the man who is furrowing1 another should follow1 placing the plants at every foot all along the furrow1 and behind them another should at once set the plants1 the first walking in the distance1 or bank1 and the other in the furrow4 ,the one should open the land with his right hand1 behind which1 with his left1 the other will place the plant1 being careful neither to double the stalk nor the roots1 and1 letting the ground fall directly on the roots1 should press it lightly on them with his hand4 ,the plants should be buried half-way up the stalk1 or1 if the plant is small1 it should be covered to where the leaves spread4 ,care should be taken that the plants have no dry mould sticking to their roots1 and that no ground from the furrow falls in the centre or sprout1 and when the planting is going on1 the ground should not be too wet4 ,the plants should be set on the side of the furrow1 and on that side which is next the setting sun1 so that the rising sun may strike upon them1 and they may be somewhat protected from the rays of the afternoon sun4 8,generally the plants wither after being transplanted1 but on the third or fourth day after they are set they begin to shoot up1 and on the fifth day or the sixth1 those that have not taken root can be distinguished4 ,then1 and without loss of time1 others should be supplied1 this operation being repeated at the end of another #e or #f days1 so that the whole field may be well filled with living plants4 ,this is one of the most important operations for securing a good crop1 because the fields will require as much cultivation and labour bestowed on them if they have vacant spots as if they were full and regularly planted1 and1 of course1 the yield will be less1 besides many other evils well known to practical vegueros4 8,according to the best opinions admitted among vegueros1 one man can take care of #ab1jjj tobacco plants1 and prudence dictates that no more land should be planted than that which can be well attended to1 as experience shows that in exceeding this number for each man1 instead of proving advantageous to the planter1 it is frequently the cause of considerable loss4 ,excessive planting produces1 at once1 an increase of labour1 and if1 unfortunately1 a hard year should occur1 occasioned by caterpillars or other causes1 it almost always happens that the man who has only planted #ab1jjj plants1 for each labourer he can command1 produces four times as much tobacco1 and of a better quality1 than he who may have planted from #be1jjj to #cj1jjj plants per labourer4 8,when the plantations are out of proportion to the strength of the labour which can be counted on1 all the work becomes slowly and badly done1 and these faults most sensibly prejudice both the yield and the quality of the crop1 and consequently the interest of the planter4 ,immediately after supplying the fields1 the tobacco plants should be carefully inspected1 almost daily1 in order to exterminate the caterpillars of every kind that may be found1 and this operation should always be made during the morning1 because in the heat of the day the worms are accustomed to hide themselves from the sun1 and the wind agitates the leaves too strongly to permit them to be handled without risk of being broken or torn1 especially when they are somewhat large40 ,after-cultivation4--,after the plants have once taken root1 they grow rapidly4 ,they are hoed when about #f-i in4 high1 and the soil is drawn from the furrows to raise the hills1 maintaining a depression round the stems4 ,if the soil is not very rich1 a special manure should be applied at this stage of growth4 ,the best manure generally will be nitre in a liquid state1 which can be applied in the depression around the plants with a watering-pot4 ,by applying it in solution and close to the plant1 less is required than when spread over the whole field4 ,some weeks afterwards1 another hoeing and heaping of earth round the plants will be necessary4 ,it is most difficult to say the number of hoeings which may be required by a tobacco crop4 ,the general rule to be followed is to keep the soil loose1 friable1 and free from weeds4 ,the more organic matter the soil contains1 the more will it remain loose and friable2 the less organic matter1 the more waterings will be required1 which causes the soil to crust over1 and to assume a close texture1 and necessitates frequent hoeings4 ,as long as the plants have not spread much1 the hoeing may be done by a cultivator1 followed by some men to perform the heaping4 ,insects which attack the tobacco must be carefully sought for and killed at once4 ,they can easily be discovered in the mornings2 if not killed1 they may destroy the whole crop in a few days4 ,turkeys are invaluable for their grub-eating propensities4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,,the ,,tobacco ,,worm4 ,worms1 in the ,american phraseology1 here generally known as caterpillars1 are the bte noire of the tobacco grower4 ,the most common is highly destructive also to the potato and tomato foliage4 ,the worm as it comes from the egg is so small as to be unobserved1 but having an enormous appetite1 it devours rapidly1 and soon grows to a great size4 ,when not feeding1 it lifts up the head and fore-part of the body1 and remains apparently lifeless4 ,from its resemblance in this position to the ,egyptian ,sphinx1 ,linnus gave the name ,sphinx to the genus4 ,the larva is of a light green colour1 with whitish oblique stripes1 and has a horn upon the rear end of the body4 ,though it is repulsive in appearance1 it is perfectly harmless to touch1 and may be picked off with the hands without fear4 ,after it has reached its full size1 it leaves the scene of its ravages and goes into the earth1 where it throws off its skin and becomes a brown-coloured chrysalis4 ,the curious projection1 like a handle1 at the end of the chrysalis1 is a sheath which holds the tongue of the future moth4 ,the moth or perfect insect is fully #b in4 long in the body and the spread of its wings reaches #e in4 ,it is of a grey colour1 with orange-coloured spots on each side of the body4 ,as there are five of these spots on each side1 it is called ,sphinx quinque-maculatus1 or ,five-spotted ,sphinx4 ,the moths may be seen towards night flitting about the flowers1 from which they suck the juices by means of their remarkable tongue1 which is #e-f inches long4 ,when the tongue is not in use1 it is closely coiled up and hidden between the two feelers4 ,from the manner of their flight and feeding1 they are frequently mistaken for humming-birds1 and are called 8humming-bird moths10 and 8horn-blowers40 ,the moths should always be destroyed if possible2 by so doing we prevent the production of several hundreds of most destructive worms4 ,naturalists make one or two other species1 which closely resemble the ,five-spotted ,moth1 and are only distinguished by characters which would not be noticed except by the entomologist4 ,judson ,popenoe gives the following advice with regard to these pests4 8,as soon as worms appear1 which is generally when the leaves are as big as a man's hand1 go over the tobacco1 looking carefully at every plant4 ,the worms usually stay on the under side of the leaf2 if you see a hole in the leaf1 no matter how small1 raise it up and you will generally find a worm under it4 ,worming can not be done too carefully4 ,miss one or two worms on a plant1 and before you are aware of it the plant is nearly eaten up4 ,when you find a worm1 take hold of it with the thumb and forefinger1 giving your thumb that peculiar twist which none but those who are practised in it know how to do1 and put the proper amount of pressure on1 and my word for it you will render his wormship harmless4 ,worming has to be continued until the tobacco is cut2 the last worming to immediately precede cutting and housing40 ,schneider remarks that 8from the first starting of the tobacco plant1 it has its enemies4 ,first appears a cutworm that works in the soil and eats the roots off4 ,then comes a little caterpillar which enjoys itself on the young leaves1 and lastly the beautiful and large tobacco-worm1 which eats into the leaf1 and in a short time leaves nothing but the leaf-stems and stalk4 ,the only remedies against these enemies are the vigilance and industry of the planter--looking after them1 digging up1 picking1 and destroying once or twice a day1 or as often as there are any traces of them4 ,children1 to whom premiums are offered1 will be very successful in destroying them4 ,a herd of turkeys1 if given access to the tobacco-field1 are a very valuable help4 ,a negro from ,south ,carolina told me a few days ago1 that a solution of blue vitriol in water1 sprinkled over the plants1 will kill the worms4 ,the remedy may be worth trying4 ,of course the solution must be made weak enough1 so that it will not destroy the plants as well as the worms40 ,on the same subject1 ,white recommends the planter on the 8next1 or at farthest1 the second morning after having set your plants1 go over to see that the worms do not eat up one-half of them4 ,you can tell where they are and have been1 by seeing a plant with a single leaf1 and sometimes the whole plant eaten off and drawn down into the hole occupied by a large brown or black worm2 you will see little ant-hills like1 and round holes in the ground2 by poking around a little in the dirt1 you will find a worm very near the mouth of these little holes4 ,destroy it1 and all you can find1 and thus save your crop4 ,this searching for worms must be kept up till they cease to do mischief4 ,all plants missing in the field should be renewed from the bed at the first opportunity4 ,the morning is the best time to find the worms1 as they are near the surface of the ground2 later1 they retire into the ground to appear again near sundown1 and work during the night and early morning40 ,thomas describes tobacco worms as 8hatched from eggs deposited by what is called the #8tobacco fly4' ,it is a large1 dusky-brown1 winged miller1 nearly as large as a humming-bird4 ,it lays its eggs on fair evenings and moonlight nights in ,july and ,august4 ,it can be seen almost any clear evening1 among what are called #8,jimson-weeds1' sucking the flowers4 ,the eggs will hatch out in #bd hours1 and the worms commence eating when less than inch long1 and continue to eat till they attain the length of #d-e inches4 ,one worm1 in #f weeks1 will destroy a plant so completely as to render it utterly valueless4 ,this pest is vastly more numerous in some seasons than in others4 ,four years ago there were scarcely any2 but for the last three years they have been destructively numerous4 ,the worming of the crop1 when they are numerous1 is1 by far1 the most disagreeable and tedious labour attending it4 ,much of the value of the crop depends upon the care or inattention of performing this part of the work4 ,the crop may have been planted in good time--ploughed1 hoed1 primed1 suckered1 topped1 cut1 and cured well2 yet it may have been so riddled by worms as to be comparatively good for nothing in market2 hence1 they must be picked off and destroyed1 and that promptly40 ,topping and ,suckering4--,the plants will commence to flower about two months after planting1 when #b-g feet high4 ,when the flower-buds appear1 they must be broken off1 and with them the top and bottom leaves4 ,by breaking off the flower-buds at an early date1 the sap that would be used in the formation of these organs flows to the leaves1 which thereby increase in size1 and the outturn becomes much heavier than when the plant is allowed to flower4 ,but it is generally admitted that the leaves lose much in aroma4 ,to what extent the early removal of the flower-buds impairs the quality has not been properly investigated4 ,it is very probable that the greater yield does not always compensate for the loss in quality4 ,the bottom leaves are generally of inferior quality1 small1 torn1 and dirty4 ,the number of leaves to be left on the plant varies greatly1 according to species1 quality of soil1 and method of cultivation4 ,the minimum may be placed at #f1 the maximum at #bb4 ,the only rule to be observed is to retain as many leaves as the plants are able to mature4 ,soon after the plants have been topped1 suckers appear in the axils of the leaves2 these should be broken off as soon as they come1 at least they should not be allowed to grow longer than #d inches4 ,if the suckers are not removed soon after their appearance1 the size of the leaves will be seriously impaired4 ,after the plants are half-grown1 great care must be taken when going through the lines1 whether for the purposes of hoeing1 watering1 or suckering1 c41 not to tear the leaves4 ,in ,india1 hoeing and suckering should be performed only when the leaves have lost part of their turgescence1 attained at night4 ,insects1 however1 must be killed during the morning and evening2 at other times1 they are not easily found4 ,leaves which are torn are not fit for cigar-wrappers1 and must often be thrown on the refuse heap as valueless1 even if well developed and of good colour4 ,the plants commence to ripen about three months after being planted2 this is indicated by the leaves assuming a marbled appearance1 and a yellowish-green colour4 ,the leaves also generally become gummy1 and the tips bend downwards4 ,it is considered that tobacco intended for snuff should have attained more maturity than tobacco for smoking4 ,nessler found that the less ripe leaves contained more carbonate of potash1 and burnt consequently better1 than the more ripe ones1 but the total amount of potash was larger in the latter than in the former2 cigars made from less ripe leaves kept the fire when lighted for a shorter time than those made from more ripe leaves4 ,in the words of ,judson ,popenoe1 the 8tobacco is ready to top when the button 7as the blossom or top of the stalk is called7 has put out sufficiently to be taken hold of1 without injury to the top leaves4 ,as tobacco is not regular in coming into blossom1 it is the usual practice to let those stalks that blossom first1 run a little beyond their time of topping1 and then top all that is in button as you go4 ,there is no particular height to top at1 but as a general thing #af to #ah leaves are left2 judgment is necessary to determine where to top2 if topped too high1 #b or #c of the top leaves are so small as not to amount to much2 if topped low1 the tobacco spreads better2 if just coming out in top1 reach down among the top leaves1 and with thumb and forefinger pinch the top or button off below #b or #c leaves2 if well out in top1 break off several inches down from the button and #d or #e leaves below it4 ,as soon as the tobacco is topped1 the suckers begin to grow2 one shoots out from the stalk at the root of each leaf1 on the upper side4 ,when the top suckers are #c-d inches long1 the suckering should be done2 with the right hand take hold of the top sucker1 with the left take hold of the next1 close to the stalk1 and break them off1 and so proceed1 using both hands1 stooping over the stalk1 taking care not to injure the leaf4 ,break the suckers about half-way down the stalk1 the balance being too short to need removing until the second suckering4 ,in about #b weeks from topping1 the tobacco is ready to cut2 now give it the last worming and suckering1 breaking all suckers off down to the ground1 and remove every worm1 if you don't want your tobacco eaten in the sheds40 ,another process1 called 8priming0 by ,schneider1 is thus described by him4 8,the object of priming is to break off the leaves that come out too near the ground1 which1 when large1 lie flat on it1 and therefore rot or get dirty4 ,this work should be done early1 the sooner the better1 so that the plant does not lose much strength by their growing4 ,these leaves must not be torn off1 especially not downward1 because the plant would be injured1 and instead of throwing the strength gained into the other leaves1 it would be thrown away to heal the wound4 ,the distance from the ground at which this priming should be done1 depends upon the variety grown and upon the time at which the work is done3 #d-f inches is the right distance4 ,this priming is not done by every one4 ,one farmer may practise it1 while his neighbour does not2 but sorts the lower leaves separately1 and sells them as so-called #8lugs1' for which he gets a little over half the price of the good upper leaves4 ,those who do not prime1 must generally top lower1 or they must risk that the whole plant1 or at least the upper leaves1 will not mature fully4 8,topping is done to throw the strength1 which would go to develop seeds1 into the leaves4 ,it must1 therefore1 be done as early as the seed-buds show themselves1 if not earlier4 ,this work must be done1 and the question is1 how to do it4 ,if there are but few leaves on the plant1 even these will not ripen1 if it is not topped2 if there are many1 then the grower has the choice either to break off the flower-stalk only or to take off one or more leaves also4 ,this should be done in answer to the questions3 #ast4 ,is there time enough to ripen even the upper leaves fully8 and1 #bnd1 ,are the plant and the soil strong enough to ripen all leaves1 even the upper ones8 ,the answers to these queries will decide the way of topping4 ,if yes1 he takes off the flower-stalk only2 if no1 he tops to #h1 #aj1 #ab1 #ad1 or #af leaves1 according to his judgment1 that is1 he allows so many leaves to remain as will have a good fair chance of reaching maturity40 ,as ,bishop remarks1 cultivators are not agreed on the time and place for topping tobacco plants4 8,some favour the plan of topping as soon as the blossom-buds appear1 others prefer to wait until in blossom4 ,i think there is no harm in letting the earliest plants bloom before being topped1 but after once beginning1 they should be broken off as soon as the buds begin to look yellow1 and the latest plants as soon as the buds appear4 ,a new beginner will be apt to top the plants too high4 ,the object is to ripen and develop as many leaves as the plant can support2 if topped too high1 the top leaves are small1 and when cured are nearly worthless1 and the other leaves are not as large or heavy1 whereas1 if topped too low1 then you lose one1 two1 or three leaves1 which the plant might have supported4 ,as a general rule1 a plant just in blossom should be topped down to where the leaves are full #g inches wide1 leaving on the stalk from #ae to #ah leaves4 ,this will leave the stalks about #b feet high in good tobacco4 ,later in the season1 top the plants sooner and lower4 ,let as many of the earliest plants as will be wanted remain for seed4 ,one plant will furnish seed enough to put out #e acres1 at least4 ,these should be wormed and suckered like the rest1 only leaving the suckers above where you would ordinarily break it off1 were you to top it4 ,the piece should now be looked over every other day1 to break off the suckers and catch the worms4 ,this should be done as soon as the dew is off in the morning1 and towards night1 as the worms are eating then1 and can be found more readily1 while in the heat of the day they remain hid4 ,great care should be taken not to break off the leaves while going through it1 as they are nearly all wasted before the crop is ripe4 ,as soon as the top is broken off1 the sap is thrown into the leaves1 causing them to expand rapidly4 ,in the meantime suckers will start out just above where each leaf joins the stalk2 these must be broken off1 or the growth of the leaf will be checked1 as the sap will be thrown into these young sprouts4 ,those nearest the top will start soonest1 and will require breaking off twice before the plant is ripe2 those at the bottom must all be broken off4 ,this is the hardest and slowest work of all4 ,not only will these suckers check the growth of the plants1 but if allowed to grow will soon break or pry off the leaves1 or cause them to grow out at right angles from the stalk1 rendering them more liable to be broken off4 ,it is a good plan to have a piece of corn on the north side of a piece of tobacco1 or1 at least1 two or three rows1 to shield the growing plants from winds40 ,priming is defined by ,thomas as 8pulling off the bottom leaves to the number of #d or #e10 and he says that any plant large enough to be topped ought to be primed first4 ,all conditions being favourable1 he considers that in ,ohio1 a 8tobacco plant will ripen in as many weeks1 from the time of topping it1 as there are leaves left on the stalk4 ,consequently1 if the topping is done early1 it can be topped high1 if later1 it must be done lower1 and if still later1 still lower4 ,planters differ very much at this point4 ,some will top as high as #af leaves1 others #aj1 and a great many at #h4 ,my own opinion is1 that a plant topped at #aj will weigh as much as one at #af1 topped at the same time1 and on the same kind of land4 ,about a week after a plant has been topped the suckers will begin to grow4 ,a sucker is only an auxiliary branch which shoots out at the junction of the leaves to the stalk4 ,if not removed1 they will grow1 and bloom1 and ripen seed1 and in doing so they will #8suck' the parent-stem of much of its vitality4 ,when the crop of suckers are about #a inch long they can be pulled or rubbed off1 and it should surely be done4 ,in about a week or #aj days a second crop of them will appear4 ,these must also be promptly removed1 and then the third crop will show itself1 which must be similarly treated4 ,the longer they are permitted to remain on the plant1 the more they retard its development1 and delay its maturity40 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,curing4 ,growing tobacco is only half the battle4 ,having raised a crop to a state of perfection1 the next object is to cure it for the market4 ,this branch of the business demands fully as much care and skill as the purely agricultural part preceding it1 and is perhaps equally influenced by the weather4 ,the best crop ever grown may be completely spoiled by injudicious conduct during the drying1 c41 while a growth of moderate quality may be made the most of by extra care and trouble4 ,harvesting4--,the leaf being matured1 it should be harvested only after the dew is off the plants1 and not on a rainy day4 ,there are two modes of harvesting--gathering the leaves singly1 and cutting down the whole plant4 ,gathering single leaves admits of removing them from the plant as they ripen2 the bottom leaves are removed first1 and the top ones are left some time longer1 until they have attained full maturity4 ,the cultivator is thereby enabled to gather his crop when it possesses the greatest value4 ,this plan necessitates1 however1 a great amount of labour1 and1 in a hot climate1 the single leaves are apt to dry so rapidly as not to attain a proper colour1 unless stacked early in heaps4 ,but stacking in heaps involves great risk of the leaves heating too much1 and developing a bad flavour1 whereby the tobacco loses more or less in value4 ,for ,indian circumstances generally1 cutting the whole plants is better than gathering the leaves singly4 ,for cutting down the plants1 a long knife or chopper is used4 ,a man takes the plant with his left hand about #i inches from the ground1 and with the knife in his right hand1 cuts through the stem of the plant just above the ground4 ,if the plants are sufficiently 8wilted10 he may lay them on the ground and proceed to cut down others2 if1 however1 they are so brittle as to cause the leaves to be injured by laying them down1 he should give them to another person1 to carry them at once under shade4 ,during bright weather1 the plants should not be allowed to lie exposed to the sun on the ground1 or they will become sun-burnt1 and lose in value4 ,a temporary shed should be erected2 it might be simply a light roof of palm-leaves or thatched straw1 supported by poles2 a large tree standing near will also serve the purpose4 ,under this shade1 parallel rows of posts are put up1 and on the posts1 light poles or strong bamboos are fixed horizontally4 ,the parallel lines should be about #d feet apart and the horizontal poles about #d-e feet from the ground1 according to the height of the tobacco plants4 ,rods are cut in lengths of #e feet1 and laid over the parallel bars1 so that they will project about #c inches at each end4 ,a very light and convenient shelter sometimes used for sun-drying in ,america1 consists of rods laid crosswise1 supported on four upright poles1 and covered with a sloping roof of boards4 ,the plants that have been cut are immediately brought into the shade1 tied in pairs1 and hung across the rods4 ,they must not be hung so close as to press each other1 and the rods should therefore be #f-ab inches apart4 ,the framework should be so large as to allow of one day's cutting being hung4 ,the plants are left thus for one day1 during which time they will be wilted sufficiently to allow handling without tearing the leaves4 ,in a very dry wind1 mats or other cover should be laid against the plants most exposed to it1 or their leaves will dry rapidly1 shrivel up1 and remain green4 ,next day the leaves are carted to the drying-shed4 ,a cart supplied with a framework1 in order that the plants may be hung as they were hung under the shade1 is the best means4 ,perpendicular uprights at each corner of a cart or waggon are fixed together by horizontal poles4 ,the plants may be hung so close as not to press heavily on each other1 #bjj-djj being brought to the shed at one time4 ,as a general rule1 ,judson ,popenoe thinks 8tobacco should be cut in about #b weeks from topping1 at which time the leaves assume a spotted appearance and appear to have fulled up thicker2 double up the leaf and press it together with thumb and finger1 and1 if ready to cut1 the leaf where pressed will break crisp and short4 ,do not let your tobacco get over-ripe1 or it will cure up yellow and spotted3 it is better to cut too soon than too late4 ,take a hatchet or short corn-knife1 grasp the stalk with the left hand1 bend it well to the left1 so as to expose the lower part of the stalk1 strike with the knife just at the surface of the ground1 let the stalk drop over on the ground without doubling the leaves under1 and leave it to wilt4 ,the usual practice is to worm and sucker while the dew is on in the morning1 and as soon as the dew is off to commence cutting4 ,there are some who advocate cutting in the afternoon1 say #c o'clock2 let it wilt and lie out until the dew is off next day1 and take it in before the sun gets hot enough to burn it4 ,i prefer the first plan1 because a heavy dew may fall on the tobacco1 and next day be cloudy1 leaving the tobacco wet and unpleasant to handle4 ,after cutting1 allow the tobacco to wilt long enough to make the leaves tough1 so that they can be handled without tearing4 ,great care is now necessary to keep the tobacco from sun-burning2 cutting should be commenced as soon as the dew is off1 and all that is cut should be housed by #aa o'clock1 unless it is cloudy2 from #aa to #b o'clock the direct rays of the sun on the tobacco1 after it is cut1 will burn the leaves in #bj minutes2 after #b ,p4 ,m41 as a general thing1 there is no danger of such burning1 the sun's rays not striking direct on the tobacco4 ,have a waggon at hand1 with stiff boards1 #ab feet long1 laid on the running gears2 as soon as the tobacco is wilted so that it can be handled without breaking1 commence loading on both sides of the waggon on the front end1 lapping the tobacco the same as loading fodder1 keeping the butts out on both sides--build about #b feet high1 and so on until loaded40 ,any one accustomed to the cultivation of the crop1 says ,bishop1 8knows when it is ripe1--the veins of the leaves are swollen1 the leaves begin to look spotted and feel thick and gummy4 ,the ends of the leaves will crack on being doubled up4 ,after it is ripe1 the sooner it is cut the better1 as it is liable to injury by frost or hail1 and will not increase in weight as fast as the worms eat it1 and the leaves get broken by catching them4 ,the plants will generally ripen from the #ast to the #aeth of ,september2 they should not be cut immediately after a heavy rain unless in danger of frost1 as a portion of the gum washes out1 but should be allowed to stand #b-c days4 ,the cutting should not begin until the dew is off2 a cloudy day is best1 for when the sun shines hot1 they will not have time to wilt sufficiently before they will sunburn1 which may be known by the leaves turning white and looking puckered4 ,commence on one side of the piece1 laying the plants all one way1 in order to facilitate loading4 ,the plants may1 most of them1 be broken off easily1 by gently bending them over one way and another4 ,small plants1 which will not break1 may be sawed off with an old saw or cut with a hatchet4 ,if the sun shines too hot1 the plants should be turned over carefully to prevent burning4 ,after lying an hour or two to wilt sufficiently1 so as not to break by handling1 they may be carted to the barn40 ,in the words of ,schneider1 8when the plant begins to yellow1 it is time to put it away4 ,it is cut off close to the ground1 by turning up the bottom leaves and striking with a tobacco-knife1 formed of an old scythe--such knives as are often used for cutting corn4 ,let it lie on the ground for a short time to wilt1 and then carry it to the tobacco-house1 when it may be put away in three different modes1 by #8pegging1' #8spearing1' and #8splitting4' ,pegging tobacco is the neatest way and best1 yet the slowest4 ,it is done by driving pegs about #f inches long and inch or less square into the stalk1 about #d inches from the big end of the stalk2 and these pegs are driven in with a mallet1 in a slanting direction1 so as to hook on to the sticks in the house4 ,it is then put on to a #8horse1' which1 by a rope fixed to one corner1 is pulled up in the house and there hung upon the sticks1 which are regulated at proper distances4 ,a #8tobacco-horse' is nothing more than three small sticks nailed together so as to form a triangle1 each side being #c-d feet long4 ,spearing is the plan ,i pursue2 because it is neat enough and decidedly the quickest plan4 ,a rough block1 with a hole mortised in it1 and a little fork a few inches from the hole for the tobacco-stick to rest upon1 one end being in the hole and a spear on the other end of the stick1 is all the apparatus required2 the plant is then1 with both hands1 run over the spear and thus strung upon the sticks1 which1 when full1 are taken to the house and hung up at once4 ,there are #8dart-spears1' like the ,indian dart1 and #8round spears4' ,either will do4 #8,splitting' tobacco is admired by many1 who contend that it cures brighter1 quicker1 and is less likely to #8house-burn' or injure from too thick hanging4 ,this mode is pursued easily by simply splitting1 with a knife made for the purpose1 the plant from the top to within a few inches of the bottom1 before it is cut down for housing40 ,another planter observes that 8when a plant begins to ripen1 it will gradually assume a #8piebald' or spotted appearance4 ,as the ripening advances1 the spots will become more distinct and individualized4 ,when the spots can be distinguished at the distance of #aj steps1 and the leaves of the plant turn down1 become stiff to the touch1 and their ends curl under1 the plant is ripe1 and should be cut4 ,from the moment it has arrived at maturity1 it begins to decay4 ,remember that all the plants in your crop are to be hung after they are cut--hung on something1 and by something4 ,prepare a knife--a butcher-knife answers well--have it sharp--enter it at the top of the plant1 where the top was broken off4 ,enter it centrally2 press it downwards1 dividing the stalk into two equal portions4 ,continue it downwards till within #e inches of the ground4 ,withdraw the knife1 and cut off the stalk close to the ground4 ,the plant is now cut4 ,lay it on the ground with the lower end towards the sun4 ,the plants should be placed in rows as they are cut1 in order to facilitate the labour of gathering them4 ,there is one caution to be heeded in cutting tobacco1 and that is1 do not let it be burnt or blistered by the heat of the sun4 ,in some varieties of tobacco this will be effected in one hour2 in others1 not so soon4 ,but this danger can be evaded in two ways3 first1 by cutting late in the evening2 second1 by throwing it in the shade1 or covering it so as to weaken the power of the sun4 ,some varieties of tobacco will wilt 7that is1 become soft or limber7 in #b hours2 others1 in a longer time1 according to the degree of sun-heat40 ,bishop tells us that when 8the plant begins to yellow or turn spotted1 it is time to put it away4 ,it is cut off close to the ground1 turning up the leaves1 and cutting off close to the roots1 by a single stroke of a hatchet1 or tobacco-knife1 made of an old scythe1 such as are used in cutting up corn4 ,after cutting1 let it lie on the ground a short time to wilt1 when it may be handled without danger of tearing the leaves2 it is then to be taken to the house to be #8hung4'0 ,the condition of the leaf1 according to ,pursley1 may be judged in the following manner3--8,when the tobacco is ripe1 it has a yellow faded colour1 and becomes brittle2 the surface of the leaf is rough and ridged4 ,by bending the leaf short between the fingers1 it will break before it will double4 ,the sticks to hang it on should be in readiness4 ,the best mode of hanging or stringing is with a ,v-shaped spear1 made of iron or steel4 ,the spear has a socket1 large to admit the end of the stick4 ,the sticks should be sharpened at one end1 to fit the socket2 should be #d feet #f inches in length1 #b inches wide1 and #a inch thick4 ,a stick of these dimensions will hold #h plants4 ,the tobacco should be cut off just below the bottom leaf1 then turn the plant upside down1 and let it remain so till the sun wilts it4 ,when it is wilted it can be handled without breaking2 then it should be taken up and laid in piles of #h stalks each1 placing the butts of the stalks towards the sun1 to prevent it from sun-burning4 ,when it is sun-burnt it turns black1 and it cannot be cured any other colour than black1 which ruins its sale4 ,the sticks should be strewed along1 one stick to a pile2 place the spear on the end of the stick1 and set the stick upright2 then take up the tobacco1 one stalk at a time1 and thrust it on the stick1 letting the spear pass through the stalk1 about #f inches from the butt end2 then take the spear off and take up the stick1 and shake the tobacco out straight1 and set the stick up with the butts towards the sun40 ,some tobacco-growers1 remarks ,pursley1 8prefer splitting the stalk from the top down to within about #f inches of the butt1 then hang it on the sticks4 ,but ,i cannot agree with them1 for it is more difficult to handle1 and is apt to slip off the stick1 when moving it2 besides1 the tobacco cured in this manner is not so heavy as if it was speared4 ,it dries out quicker by being split1 but the substance evaporates instead of remaining in the leaf4 ,i am not certain that it injures the taste of the tobacco1 but ,i am certain that split tobacco is lighter than that which is speared4 ,some prefer hanging the tobacco on scaffolds in the field until it is ready to be put in the barn and cured by fire4 ,but it is the safest to house it as soon as it is strung on the sticks4 ,scaffolding is done by placing poles on forks1 about #d feet apart1 and #d-e feet from the ground2 then hang the tobacco between the poles1 letting the ends of the sticks rest on the poles4 ,this procedure is unsafe1 for the rain may come and saturate the tobacco and wash off the gum1 thus making it light and chaffy40 ,the maturity of tobacco is defined by ,schneider as when the leaves1 which have hitherto been green1 on holding them 8against the sun1 show yellowish1 reddish1 or brownish spots1 feel sticky1 and when bent break off short and clean4 ,before this period sets in1 the drying-house should be in good order4 ,this house is built to give room for the free hanging up of the tobacco1 so that it is protected from the sun1 wind1 and rain1 and is allowed to dry by the free circulation of the air4 ,any building1 therefore1 will answer which has a good roof1 boarded sides1 and enough windows and air-holes 7which can be closed at will7 to keep up a mild circulation of air inside1 and also to keep out strong and too quick drying winds4 ,if the tobacco is grown on a large scale1 the house should have large doorways to drive a waggon in and out4 ,there must be sticks all over the house1 either cross or lengthwise1 and these sticks must be ready and in their places4 ,now the work of harvesting the crop is commenced on a clear or cloudy but not rainy day4 ,the mature plants 7those not ripe are left longer on the field if not too late in the season7 are cut off near the ground1 two of them tied together by the butt-ends and hung up in the field on riders1 which rest on two forks fastened in the ground1 and they are left there until evening to wilt2 then they are brought to the drying-house and hung up4 ,the tobacco is hung up on the upper sticks first1 and the work continued downward2 care is taken that the sticks are #f-h inches apart1 also that the plants are not too near together on the sticks1 because the air should have free passage among the plants1 and when they touch or rub against each other1 unsightly spots are produced4 ,the sticks must be pretty wide1 so that the two plants which are tied together1 and one of which hangs on each side1 are held well apart4 ,later1 when the tobacco has dried off somewhat1 the sticks and plants may be moved a little nearer to each other2 but the plants on the upper sticks must not touch those on the lower2 they should be so arranged that one lower stick is just in the middle of the space between two upper ones40 ,another method of harvesting is recommended by ,schneider for those 8who cultivate tobacco on a small scale1 or who have hands and time enough4 ,as all the leaves on the plant do not ripen at the same time1 but the under leaves are always a little earlier than the upper ones1 they may gather the crop in the leaf1 that is1 taking only the matured leaves from the stalk2 this must be done daily1 and so long as there are leaves on the stalk4 ,in this way the crop will be harvested slower1 and it will cost more1 but the tobacco will be of more even quality and better4 ,the leaves are strung on strings instead of being hung up on sticks1 with the same care and precautions as recommended for hanging up the whole plants4 ,after the leaves are off1 the stalks must be cut off or pulled up1 for they would still vegetate1 and needlessly take away nourishment from the soil4 ,no more tobacco1 leaves or plants should be cut than can be taken to the drying-house and hung up the same day40 ,perry ,hull's instructions commence with a caution that the plant should never be cut while the dew is on the leaves2 8but wait until it is off1 say #aj o'clock1 and what tobacco is cut from that time until #b o'clock1 if the day is hot1 will need close attention4 ,in short1 the whole operation1 from cutting in the field1 to the hanging upon the poles in the barn1 needs care1 as a little carelessness or inattention will damage many dollars' worth4 ,no hand should be allowed to handle it1 who is unwilling to use care1 and perform every operation just as directed1 or else by breaking of leaves1 or sticking fingers through them1 c41 he may do more damage than his wages amount to4 ,the plant to be cut should be taken by the left hand1 not carelessly by the leaves1 but carefully by the stalk1 and as carefully leaned over1 to give a chance to use the axe1 which should have a handle about one foot long4 ,cut the plant with one blow1 laying it carefully down1 with the top to the sun2 if it is laid otherwise1 the leaf will burn before the main stalk of the leaf will wilt sufficiently to admit of handling4 ,even in that position1 it may burn unless attended to1 but not as soon4 ,after lying until pretty well wilted1 and before burning1 turn it over and wilt the other side4 ,when so wilted that the main stem has lost most of its brittleness1 load as explained above2 taking hold of the butt of the stalk1 lay them carefully upon the arm1 and again as carefully upon the load4 ,if the day be very hot1 use expedition in getting to the shed1 else1 if the distance be great1 the load may heat1 which will spoil the leaves for anything but fillers40 ,when the plants are carried into the shed1 8if quite warm1 they should be left only one plant deep upon the floor and scaffolds4 ,if the day be cool1 and they are to be hung up soon1 they may lie much thicker4 ,they should never be hung upon a pole less than #e inches in width4 ,if sawed pieces are used1 saw them just that2 if poles are used1 see that they are about that2 for if anything of less width is used1 the plants will hang so close1 that the chances of #8pole-burn' are greatly increased4 ,they are fastened to the pole by a half hitch4 7,their position is represented by ,fig4 #i on p4 #ie47 ,it requires two hands to hang them1 one to hand them1 another to tie them4 ,the poles should be about #ah inches apart1 and the number hung upon a #ab-;foot pole will depend upon the size1 from #bd to #cj1 so regulating them1 that when thoroughly wilted1 they will scarcely touch each other4 ,if hung thicker than this1 a little unfavourable weather will cause more or less pole-burn1 sweat and mould4 ,after the tobacco is hung1 the building should be so thoroughly ventilated that there will be a circulation of air through every part4 ,the ventilators should be kept open during all fair weather1 until well cured down4 ,during storms1 shut the doors and exclude as much wet as possible2 being cautious to give it a thorough ventilation again1 as soon as the rain ceases4 ,when it is cured enough to be husky in dry weather1 exclude all hard winds1 that will crack and damage the leaves4 ,when the leaves are so much cured1 that there is nothing about them green but the stem1 a moderate quantity of wet weather will not injure it1 but rather improve the colour2 as the sap of the stalk works through the stems into the leaves1 during moist weather until the stalk has been well frozen2 after this takes place1 the tobacco should be picked40 ,white estimates that in 8the course of #b or #c weeks after topping1 the plants will begin to ripen1 which may be known by the change in colour of the leaf4 ,it will look spotted with spots of lighter green1 a yellowish green4 ,when fully ripe the leaf may be folded together1 and moderately pressed without breaking or cracking4 ,now is the time to begin to harvest it4 ,all this is supposed to take place before there is any appearance of frost1 as a very light frost often does great damage4 ,all touched by it is ruined1 and good for nothing4 ,the crop must be cut and hung1 even if not fully ripe1 before any frosts occur4 ,if there are strong appearances of a frost1 you can secure the crop by cutting it down1 and putting it either under your sheds1 or by putting it in piles1 not over #a foot deep1 in the field1 and covering with straw4 ,it is well to let it stand1 if not fully ripe1 as long as it can safely1 for the cool nights have a tendency to thicken up the leaves4 ,the cutting is best performed with a hay-knife1 with a sharp1 rounding point1 in the following way3 stand at the right-hand side of the plant or row2 with the left hand grasp the stalk down #b or #c leaves from the top and lean it back on the row2 now1 with the point of your cutter held in the right hand #b-c inches from the stalk1 close to the root under the bottom leaf1 with a sudden stroke or dab1 sever the same from the root2 lay it gently down back in a line with the row4 ,proceed in like manner to cut what you can take care of1 and not get injured by sunburn4 ,have two rows of butts together1 lying the same way for after-convenience4 ,this cutting is done after the dew is off in the morning1 or in the afternoon4 ,let it remain until the top side is somewhat wilted2 then commence to turn it over4 ,step between the two rows with the butts lying toward you1 and with each hand take a plant on either side2 raise them from the ground1 and by twisting the hands in or out1 turn the plants1 laying them either to the right or left1 as most convenient1 at right angles to their former position4 ,go through with the #b rows1 and you have the next #b with the butts the other way2 take these and lay the tips directly opposite those first turned1 and you have an alley1 with the butts of the plants of two rows on either side1 which will be convenient to drive in to load4 ,when wilted sufficient to be handled without breaking1 if in the forenoon1 you can load it from the rows as they lie2 if in the afternoon1 it is best to put in hakes1 which is done by putting five plants at the bottom1 and on these four1 decreasing one on each layer1 and terminating with one on the top2 this will protect it from dew and wet4 ,the best cart for hauling the tobacco is a one-horse waggon1 geared long1 with merely a platform resting on the axles4 ,such a cart can be driven between the rows and loaded from either side1 having the butts of the plants uniformly one way1 and laid crosswise on the platform4 ,great care should be used1 in all the handling1 not to bruise1 break1 or tear the leaves4 ,having cut all1 excepting your seed-plants1 strip all the leaves from these1 and set a stake to each to tie it up to2 let the stake be a foot taller than the plant2 it will answer to keep a piece of old carpet from breaking down the stalk when you wish to cover it up on cold nights4 ,let the seed-plants stand till the pods or bolls are cured to a brown1 and the seed is ripe2 then cut off the top of the seed-stalk1 and hang it up in some dry and safe place1 where it will be ready to shell and use the next season2 only the ripest and best pods should be used40 ,libhart alludes to the existence of several ways of hanging cut tobacco plants1 but specifies the two following as the best and shortest3 8first1 splitting and hanging it upon laths or poles and leaving it to partially cure in the field2 secondly1 nailing it to rails with lathing-nails1 at once in the shed4 ,the former method1 for high northern latitudes1 is by far the best1 as it will cure in a much shorter time 7and thus prevent the destruction of the crop by freezing in the shed71 by the drying of the pith of the stalk1 which is the main reservoir of moisture4 ,it is performed as follows3--,have a chisel about #a foot long and #c inches broad1 the sharp end not bevelled on one side1 but coming to an edge by a gradual taper on both sides 7a common tenon-saw will do pretty well72 place the edge of the chisel in the centre of the stalk upon the end where it has been topped1 and push it down1 guiding it in its course so as not to break or cut off any leaves1 to within #c-d inches of the ground2 the stalk may then be cut off with a hatchet1 or with the chisel if it be made pretty strong4 ,the splitting may be done in the morning when the leaves are too brittle to admit of the stalk being cut down1 and then when the sun has sufficiently wilted the leaves1 the stalk may be cut and left to lie until it will bear handling without breaking the leaves4 ,the lath being previously prepared1 #d feet in length and about #a inch in thickness on one edge1 and inch on the other1 and #b inches broad 7or poles cut in the forest will answer pretty well72 then have trestles prepared high enough to allow the stalks to hang suspended without touching the ground1 and set far enough apart in the field to admit of the lath reaching from one to another2 now place the stalks of tobacco upon the lath 7previously laid across the trestles71 by slipping them over and down until they will hang perpendicular and #f-h inches apart1 so they will merely touch1 without crowding too much4 ,it may be left hanging thus exposed to the weather until the leaves are so wilted that the stalks hang apart without touching1 and the lower leaves begin to dry1 when it is taken off the trestles1 each lath entire1 and laid upon a waggon and hauled to the drying-shed40 ,before the tobacco is ready for harvesting1 ,hudson suggests the preparation of 8a supply of sticks for hanging4 ,sticks #d feet long and #a inch square are most convenient2 #ab sticks to every #ajj plants will be sufficient4 ,for sun-curing1 there should be a shed built at one or more convenient points of the patch4 ,this may be done by placing posts in the ground to support the poles1 as represented in ,fig4 #h4 ,the poles a being for the support of the smaller poles c1 upon which the tobacco-sticks are placed1 and b for the cover1 when necessary that it should be shedded40 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,mitjen's translator gives the following account of the ,cuban practice4 8,tobacco should be cut during the wane of the moon2 and although most vegueros say that it is impossible to do this1 because the leaves commence to ripen both during the new and the full moon1 and would be over-ripe before its wane1 we can1 nevertheless1 assert that we know persons who never cut their tobacco during the first quarter1 or when rain has made it again green4 ,these persons have never experienced any difficulty2 rather1 on the contrary1 they are those who always obtain the best prices and the greatest money results4 ,cutting tobacco during the first quarter of the moon1 or when vegetation is renewed in the leaf1 is one of the principal reasons why the leaf becomes pricked with holes1 and this very frequently even before it is taken from the plantation to the market4 ,the system generally observed is1 in cutting tobacco1 to take off1 at once1 all those parts of the plants which may be really or apparently ripe1 and to load up the poles indiscriminately1 without any division between the pairs of leaves 7mancuernas74 ,this system is highly prejudicial4 ,the leaves of the same plant are not all of the same quality1 neither do they all at the same time acquire the same degree of ripeness4 ,those of the crown1 or the pairs at the top of the plant1 immediately next the flower or seed1 receive the sun direct on their upper surface1 and are the first to ripen1 whereas the lower ones1 being shaded by the upper ones1 remain still in an unripe state2 moreover1 the lower leaves at the foot of the plant1 and even those of the fifth or fourth pairs 7mancuernas71 compared with those of the first1 second1 and third pairs1 are inferior in quality1 and1 comparatively speaking1 may be termed leaves without substance4 ,the contact of these leaves with the upper ones frequently occasions putrid fermentation on the poles 7cujes7 and in the packs 7this is vulgarly called sahorno71 especially if there is much dampness in the atmosphere4 ,when this misfortune happens in a tobacco curing-house all the weak leaves will be lost1 and the strong ones will be so injured that the best quality of capa would turn to tripa1 and that of bad consistency4 8,the cause of this destruction1 from which the veguero suffers more or less in the best of crops1 may be easily explained4 ,the curing of tobacco is nothing more than a series of fermentations4 ,it ferments on the poles 7cujes71 ferments in the heaps 7pilon71 and ferments in the bales4 ,all these fermentations are requisite for obtaining a good colour and smell1 but it is better that each quality or consistency of tobacco should ferment apart4 ,tobacco of good strong quality1 which is that produced by the upper leaves1 naturally suffers a much stronger fermentation than the weak ones1 because the former contain a larger proportion of juice2 as the lower leaves have less substance1 the fermentation is naturally weaker and lasts less time2 but if the leaves are put in contact with those of a stronger quality1 the fermentation would be kept up by the latter1 and it would indispensably result that the weak ones would rot1 and their contact be injurious to the stronger ones4 ,but by separating1 in the field1 the leaves of different consistencies which each tobacco stalk produces1 this evil is avoided1 and the dry rot is rendered impossible1 unless no care whatsoever is given in the curing-house4 ,therefore1 the mode of reaping should be reformed4 ,it is best to cut the tobacco when it is thoroughly ripe1 and in the wane of the moon1 making this operation in three sections or cuts1 each of which should always be placed on separate poles1 in separate rooms1 heaps1 and carefully picked4 8,the first cut should consist only of the pair of crown leaves1 and for the poles which they are hung on1 a special corner in the curing-house should be set apart4 ,after the first cutting1 and #c or #d days of sun1 the second and third pairs of leaves will be ripe1 and may be cut at one and the same time1 care being taken to place them on separate poles and rooms2 and1 lastly1 #c or #d days after the second cutting1 the remainder of the leaves may be gathered1 but the last leaf near the ground should not be taken1 as it has no consistency1 and therefore no value as tobacco1 and only serves to increase the work and give discredit to the class of tobacco4 8,tobacco should be cut during the hottest part of the day2 each pair of leaves should be placed on the ground face downwards1 so that the sun may strike on the under part of the leaf1 and in this state it should be allowed to remain a sufficient length of time to wither1 after which the pairs of leaves 7mancuernas7 should be picked up one by one1 placed evenly on the arm1 with the upper side of the leaf inwards1 and each armful should be carried to and placed on the poles 7cujes71 which should be prepared beforehand near the spot where the tobacco is being cut4 ,two forked sticks should be placed strongly in the ground1 and on these the pole should rest4 ,after the tobacco leaves have been placed carefully on these poles and been allowed to wither1 they should be carried to the curing-house before the sun has time to dry them4 ,this operation must be performed by two labourers1 who can carry each time two poles1 placing the end of each on either shoulder1 so that1 in walking1 the leaves on one pole may not cut against those on the other4 ,these poles of leaves1 when brought to the curing-house1 should be fixed or hung by the points on the lowest stages1 but so high that the points of the leaves do not touch the ground1 and sufficiently apart one from the other that the leaves may not touch1 because1 being brought in from the field warmed by the sun1 it is not judicious to allow them to touch4 ,when the sun is not sufficiently strong to wither the cut leaves1 reaping should not be continued4 ,the tobacco should be so arranged on the poles that the pieces of stalk should gently touch one with the other1 but without crowding40 ,however1 if the weather should be damp1 and the leaves large1 space should be left between the pairs4 ,drying4--,the drying-shed is prepared beforehand to receive the tobacco4 ,when cultivating tobacco on a small scale1 any shed will do1 provided that it contains a sufficient number of doors and windows to admit of regulating the circulation of air4 ,a roof made of straw seems to answer very well4 ,the shed should be high enough to admit of hanging #c rows of tobacco in it1 one above the other4 ,the bottom tier for the first row should be about #c-e feet from the ground1 according to the size of the plants1 which should not touch the ground2 the second tier should be #c-e feet higher than the first2 the third1 #c-e feet higher than the second2 the whole being #aj-ag feet high from the bottom of the shed to the highest tier4 ,the tiers must be so arranged that the tobacco when hung on the upper tier should not touch that of the lower one1 and that the rods on which the tobacco has been hung in the field fit exactly4 ,the windows must face each other1 and be placed between the tiers1 so that the bottom part of the window is on the same level as the tier4 ,when cultivating on a large scale1 the same arrangements are made1 but the building is higher1 and is provided with a cellar1 in which to place the tobacco for the purpose of stripping1 c4 ,the drying-shed being ready1 the plants immediately on arrival at the shed are transferred from the conveyance1 on the rods1 to the lowest tier4 ,no rule can be given as to the distance the rods should be placed from each other1 as it varies according to the species of the plant1 the degree of ripeness1 and especially the state of the weather4 ,the purpose of hanging the plant here on the lower tier is to cause the leaves to dry gradually1 and assume a good yellow colour1 and to create a slight fermentation in them1 while allowing such a circulation of air between the plants as will facilitate the gradual escape of the moisture from them1 and prevent the injurious development of ammonia and other combinations that give rise to bad flavour in the tobacco4 ,how to attain this1 exercises the judgment of the cultivator1 who1 by frequent examination of the plants1 and by careful observation of the changes going on in the leaves1 will soon find out the right way4 ,the rods should be placed closer together--7a7 when the plants are much wilted on reaching the shed2 7b7 when the air is very dry1 and the temperature is high2 7c7 when the leaves of the plant are very thin and contain little water4 ,plants which have the leaves closely arranged on the stems must be hung farther apart4 ,when the air is very dry1 and there is a strong breeze1 the windows must be closed4 ,if this is not sufficient1 water may be poured on some heaps of sand1 to create a moist atmosphere in the shed4 ,when the stems of the plant are very thick1 and consequently contain much sap1 it is beneficial to open the windows1 especially at morning and evening1 for some hours1 that the wind may pass over the butt-ends4 ,as the windows are situated above the lowest tier1 the leaves will not be much affected by it4 ,the leaves must be examined carefully every day2 one plant may progress very well1 whereas another close by may decompose too rapidly1 and another too slowly4 ,although no change of weather occur1 it may yet be necessary to alter the position of the rods1 in order that each plant and leaf may receive air in such a degree as is most conducive to its proper decomposition4 ,any change in the weather necessitates different arrangements4 ,the plant should remain on the lower tier until the leaves have turned yellow1 which will take place within #f-aj days1 according to circumstances2 after this1 they are hung on the upper tiers4 ,there they should be more apart1 each plant hanging free4 ,when on the upper tiers1 the tobacco may be said to be in the free-hang2 and when on the lowest tier1 in the close-hang4 ,the object in hanging the plants more apart on the upper tier is to dry them more rapidly there1 and for this purpose1 the shutters may be opened1 unless there be a strong dry wind4 ,the light-yellow colour of the leaves should change into a dark yellow-golden or light-brown colour4 ,after hanging on the upper tier for about a week1 the veins of the leaves will be nearly dry1 leaving only the midribs pliant4 ,the drying of the leaf and the changing of its colour proceed gradually1 commencing from the margin and proceeding to the midrib4 ,at this time1 the plants are hung closer together1 the evaporation from the leaves being little1 and the space and sticks being required4 ,the plants hanging on two or three sticks may be hung on one stick4 ,all the windows may be kept open from this time2 the tobacco may also be brought into an open shed1 or even hung outside exposed to the sun4 ,in about a week more1 the midribs will be entirely dried up1 and the tobacco will be fit for stripping4 ,in some climates1 it may be necessary to facilitate the drying by the aid of artificial heat4 ,for this purpose1 heated air should be conducted into the drying-shed1 without the fire1 or the products of combustion1 being admitted4 ,pursley warns tobacco growers that the plant should not be exposed to the weather after it is cut1 but should 8be immediately conveyed to the barn and hung up4 ,as soon as it gets about half yellowed1 a slow fire should be started under it2 if made too hot at first1 the tobacco will turn black4 ,about the second day the ends of the leaves will begin to curl up2 then the fire should be gradually increased1 till it heats the tobacco blood warm2 it should be kept up so till the leaf is thoroughly cured4 ,if this rule be strictly adhered to1 the tobacco will be cured bright4 ,the brighter it is cured the better it sells4 8,our barns are generally built of logs1 some have frames4 ,the barn should be made tight up to the tobacco1 which should hang about #h feet from the ground2 above this leave cracks or air-holes1 sufficient for free ventilation4 ,a barn to hold #b acres of tobacco1 which is as much as one man can attend to1 should be #bd feet square4 ,it should have #e tiers of poles1 the lowest about #f feet from the ground2 these should extend across the barn1 and be fastened at each end into the walls4 ,the poles should be #d feet apart1 and the tiers directly one above another4 ,the sticks which contain the tobacco should be placed within #h inches of each other1 on all the poles except the bottom ones1 which should be left vacant directly over the fire4 ,when tobacco is nearly cured1 it very readily catches fire4 ,if there be a wet spell of weather before the stalks are thoroughly dry1 build a fire under the tobacco sufficiently hot to keep it dry4 ,it should not get damp and pliant until the stalks are dry1 then it may be allowed to get damp40 ,libhart recommends that the shed 8be constructed of timbers strong enough to resist storms1 and boarded #8up and down4' ,about every #c feet one board should be hinged1 to readily open and shut4 ,if it is intended to split and lath the tobacco1 the inside of the shed must be divided by rails into widths to accommodate the lath1 and likewise into tiers1 one above the other1 far enough apart to allow the stalks to hang from1 well separate4 ,the frame of rails and timbers inside the shed destined to sustain the weight of the tiers of tobacco 7which1 when green1 is exceedingly heavy7 should be strongly constructed1 so as to preclude the possibility of breaking down1 for if this should happen to the upper tier1 in all probability the whole would be tumbled to the ground40 ,the housing of the crop proceeds1 says ,dennis1 8as fast as it is cured up on the scaffold1 or as the indications of rain make it necessary1 care being taken not to bruise or tear it in hauling4 ,the sticks of tobacco may be piled upon the waggon or cart1 and hauled to the barn and hung up1 commencing in the highest part of the building1 and filling up as you go downwards4 ,if the leaves are pretty well cured1 you may hang it so as to touch1 without crowding it2 if not1 there should be a little space between4 ,if a cold1 rainy spell comes on1 you will need to introduce some means of artificial drying4 ,a trench is sometimes dug1 and a log or two of wood placed in it1 and a fire made1 taking care to remove the tobacco immediately over the fire1 and avoiding much blaze4 ,this is dangerous1 and a better plan is to make a trench across the floor of the barn1 of mason-work1 covered with sheet-iron1 and leading from a furnace outside the house on one side1 to a chimney at a safe distance on the other4 ,the colour and quality of tobacco may be improved by hanging it closely and curing by artificial heat1 watching that it does not become #8funked1' or moulded1 while curing2 but the best plan for a beginner is to dry it safely1 and make a sure crop1 experimenting as he goes along1 in order to improve the quality1 as he may safely do so4 ,when the stalk becomes dry and entirely cured1 which will not usually be for some weeks1 the crop is ready to #8strip4' ,the hanging tobacco yields to the influence of a rainy day or a foggy morning1 and #8comes in case1' or softens1 so it will not crumble4 ,it must never be handled when dry4 ,when it is just soft1 not damp1 or when it is barely so soft that it can be handled 7if it is approaching that softened state71 it may be taken down and taken off the sticks1 and #8bulked1' by piling it alongside a partition1 or by itself1 with the butts of the stalks outward in every direction1 and the tops or leaves in the centre4 ,several hundred pounds may be thus bulked down1 and can be worked up while the hanging tobacco has gone out of case1 and cannot be touched40 ,according to ,bishop1 it usually requires about #ab weeks to cure the plants thoroughly1 that is1 so that there is no more juice in the leaves or leaf-stems2 it matters not if the main stalk is not dry1 you need not expect it1 and there will be green leaves that will not cure but freeze while green and are worthless4 ,he calculates that to 8hang an acre of good tobacco requires a building about #cj by #bd feet with #ae-;feet posts4 ,two girths should be framed into the posts on all sides of the building2 one #e feet above the sill1 and the other #aj feet above1 to rest the poles on1 also to nail the covering boards to4 ,this gives a space of #e feet for each tier of plants4 ,have a beam run across the centre of the building1 with a post in the middle with girths to correspond with those on the side1 extending lengthwise through the middle of the building for the poles or rails1 each #ab feet in length1 to be laid upon2 or if sticks are to be used 7as hereafter described7 lay rails or poles once in #d feet for the sticks to rest upon4 ,place a ventilator upon the centre of the roof1 and have one board in every #d feet hung on hinges1 to be opened or closed at pleasure4 ,if made with a floor and a cellar underneath1 to let down the tobacco into when ready stripped1 it is all the better4 ,we will now return to the crop1 and commence hanging it4 ,a common way of doing it is by tying with common twine4 ,tie the end of the string tightly around the butt of one plant1 and by placing it against the side of the pole nearest you1 put another plant on the opposite side and carry the string over and around it1 placing the plants alternately on each side of the pole until filled1 then fasten the string1 place the pole in the right place 7it should be nearly right before it is filled71 and commence on the next one in like manner1 having some one to hand the plants as wanted4 ,as to how thick to hang it depends upon the size of the plants1 but in good-sized tobacco about #i inches on each side is close enough1 that will be from #cj-cb on each pole of #ab feet2 place the poles #ae-ah inches apart4 ,another method of hanging1 much practised and approved by many1 is to hang on slats or sticks sawed out #d feet long1 #a inches wide1 and inch thick4 ,chestnut timber is generally used here4 ,the common lath answers very well for this purpose4 ,an iron made something like a chisel is used to slip on to one end of the sticks1 which are sharpened a little at one end to receive it4 ,it is made about #h inches long1 wedge-shaped at the small end1 and a socket inch by #a inch to slip on to the sticks4 ,when ready for use have a place fixed near where you unload1 to hold one of these sticks out at right angles from a post and about #d feet from the ground4 ,let the plants be handed you from the load and slip them on the stick1 piercing the stalk about #f inches from the butt2 put #f or #g plants of medium size on each stick1 thicker if smaller2 when hung it will appear as in ,fig4 #i4 ,as each stick is filled1 it may be carried to its place in the barn4 ,in getting them to the top of the barn1 they may be handed up with a pitchfork1 lifting them by the middle of the sticks4 ,these sticks should be about #h inches apart4 ,i think a greater amount can be put into a given space by this method without danger of sweating1 as it is more evenly distributed4 ,the loose leaves that have been broken off while handling1 may be cured by placing #d or #e together and securing to a small pole1 in the same way as plants are hung with twine40 ,hanging is done in the following manner3--8,the #8hanger' stands in an erect position1 having for a foothold the poles on the tier below the one which he is hanging2 he has a ball of tobacco-twine 7a twine made of flax1 procurable at any seed-store7 which for convenience is carried in the bosom of the loose blouse generally worn2 he stands with the left side to the pole on which the tobacco is to be hung1 left arm over it2 the stalk of tobacco is handed to him by a boy whose duty it is to pass it to him2 the stalk is then taken in the left hand and placed against the side of the pole1 the butt projecting an inch or two1 around which projection the twine is wound from left to right 7the twine having previously been fastened to the pole72 the next stalk is placed on the other side of the pole1 just far enough along so that the leaves of the two stalks will not touch and #8pole-burn1' and so continue1 the stalks being hung alternately on the sides of the pole1 as seen in ,fig4 #i4 ,after the house is filled1 some put fires under the crop to hasten its drying2 but it is found by experience that the practice is not a good one40 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,,tobacco-,,house4 ,bishop describes the common size of tobacco-house as about #ajj feet long by #bd feet wide1 posts #ag feet long1 and built upon a wall #ah inches high2 the buildings are framed with girths from bent to bent1 for boarding up and down1 the bents being #ab feet apart4 ,the external appearance is illustrated in ,fig4 #aj4 8,the boards for closing up the building should be #a foot wide1 and at intervals of about #e feet a board should be hung with light strap hinges1 to serve as a ventilator to admit light and dry air1 and to exclude damp4 ,these ventilators or doors must be closed on frosty nights1 but in fair dry weather should remain open4 ,the tobacco poles1 the ends of which rest upon the bents1 should be about #ac feet long1 #b inches thick by #f inches wide1 of some light timber1 such as elm or basswood1 and when hung with tobacco should be #h-aj inches apart4 ,a large door should be placed at either end for ingress and egress4 ,the poles1 of which there should be #d tiers1 are laid from bent to bent1 resting the ends of the cross beams in the bent1 tiers #d feet #d inches apart40 ,a sectional view of the barn is shown in ,fig4 #aa4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,white suggests that stables1 sheds1 and barn floors can be arranged 8so as to hang up an acre or two by setting stanchions with holes mortised in them to hold rests for your poles about #d feet apart4 ,set such ones on either side with a very stout rail1 one end in either post4 ,set these as often as you may need them1 depending on the length of your poles4 ,no poles should be so long as to sag very much when filled with plants4 ,but for another reason ,i would build a house expressly for hanging and storing tobacco4 ,make it of good1 liberal dimensions1 #cj feet wide1 by #dj or more in length2 posts1 #ad feet1 with two tiers of girths for poles to rest on2 one tier can hang on the beams1 and another above on the purlin plates1 thus hanging #d tiers under the same roof4 ,ventilate by a ventilator in the roof1 also by hanging every other board of the siding on hinges4 ,for such a building1 ,i would have a tight floor to the whole1 and underneath a good walled cellar lighted with suitable windows1 and chimney in one corner1 with a stove1 to keep fire in in very cold weather1 to work by when stripping the tobacco4 ,for poles to hang on1 ,i would get1 if possible1 straight1 slim1 white pine staddles about #d-e inches in diameter2 shave the bark off smooth1 and we have poles that will last and remain straight a lifetime1 if kept housed4 8,having provided all required1 even to the strong cotton or hemp twine for tying up the tobacco1 have a good man to hand it to you4 ,commence by tying the end of your twine around the butt of a plant1 about #b inches from the end1 in a slip or loose knot2 place this plant at one side of the pole near the end1 your hand carrying the twine over the pole2 on the opposite side of the pole1 about #f inches along1 place another plant1 and with a single turn of the twine around it from before1 round back1 and by drawing it close1 the plant is secure4 ,proceed thus till you have filled your pole2 then with a knife1 cut a notch in the pole and draw your twine through1 and it is fast4 ,you can now cut it off and commence another pole4 ,place the poles far enough apart to prevent the tobacco crowding2 about #a foot will do4 ,in this manner you will have a row of plants hanging on each side of the pole about #a foot apart4 ,the man1 in handing up1 should take the plant by the butt1 carefully from the pile or load1 raise it up and gently shake it sideways1 to shake off dirt and loosen the leaves when stuck together1 and also adhering to the stalk2 with the other hand1 take hold about midways of the stalk and pass to the one tying up1 enabling him to receive the plant in such a way as to not need to shift it in his hand1 but to place it immediately into its position beside the pole4 ,all leaves which are accidentally or otherwise broken from the plants1 should be gathered up each day1 and hung three or four in a bunch1 the same way as the plants1 or string them on a string2 the latter is the best way--with a large needle-thread1 a suitable cord1 and on to this string the leaves one at a time1 by running the needle through near the end of the stem4 ,these can be hung by attaching the two ends to some suitable nail1 and having it remain stretched4 ,in this way they will cure very well4 8,having housed the whole of your crop1 give it all the air you can1 by opening doors1 shutters1 c4 ,let them remain open during pleasant weather1 remembering to close them in wet1 damp weather1 as well as nights2 and also shading the crop so far as may be from the direct rays of the sun1 to prevent blanching4 ,when it has nearly cured1 shut it up and let it remain till perfectly cured4 ,this may be known by the stem of the leaves being dried up1 so that no green sap will show itself4 ,if you have hung in your stables and other places that you wish to use1 it will be necessary to take it down and strip it at the first favourable opportunity1 which is described farther along4 ,the separate building elsewhere described is to be preferred1 as it does not necessitate any immediate hurry in getting it down4 ,in such it can be allowed to hang and freeze and thaw two or three times1 which improves the colour and weight1 and will give more leisure in stripping1 c4 ,watch a favourable time1 when it rains and is damp1 to open your buildings1 and let in the damp air till the tobacco is damped1 so that it can be handled without any danger of breaking the leaves4 ,it need not get too damp1 as in that case it is liable to injure in the pile before you can get it stripped4 ,it will gain dampness from the stalk40 ,the ,cuban tobacco planter1 according to ,davis1 8would force the drying in wet weather and retard it in dry weather1 as either extreme is injurious2 the wet is injurious1 as the leaves1 when they change from the natural colour to a pale yellow and light brown1 easily mildew2 when dry1 as before-named1 it is taken down4 ,damp weather is best1 so as not to break the leaves1 which are immediately stripped from the stalks and sorted into as many grades as the market may require1 from one to four and even more grades1 as #8bright yellow1 dull1 seconds1 and ground-leaves4' ,but ,i see no necessity for but three grades1 as the over-ripe1 the unripe1 and the just ripe at cutting1 and when properly dried they show their grade plain enough to sort4 ,after being stripped and sorted1 they are to be separately piled 7#8bulked' some say7 in courses of leaves--#b1 #d1 or #f tiers of leaves1 stems end out1 and #c-d feet high4 ,the leaves should be kept straight in all these handlings4 ,the heap should be made up each day separate1 as it begins to make tobacco in #ab hours or so1 by fermenting1 which is variously called #8curing1' #8sweating1' #8conditioning1' c4 ,soon as the heap begins to get warm it should be re-piled1 putting the inner tier out so as to equalize the fermentation2 some re-pile several times and some none2 but the fermentation should be kept equal1 and if covered with old sail-cloth it can be regulated4 ,this fermenting is allowed to proceed for #d-f weeks by careful manufacturers2 as it is the process that makes the tobacco to suit the taste of tobacco-epicures it should be carefully done1 yet many do it in a careless manner1 and thus have an article so poor as to not find many lovers4 ,at the end of the #d-f weeks the ,cuba grower would have one side of each leaf slightly moistened with the decoction of tobacco1 which is made by letting some leaves rot in clean water1 and then he would tie it up in hanks of #be or #cj leaves1 and hang one day for drying1 then take it down and pack it in tight casks as being best4 ,from these leaves he would make the best ,cuba cigars4 ,the ,virginian grower would not wet his tobacco after it had fermented1 but simply tie it in hanks so that #e or #f would weigh a pound1 and then pack it in his hogsheads for market2 and this1 after it had lain from one to six months in the #8conditioning bulks4'0 ,burton1 translating from ,mitjen1 goes more fully into the ,cuban practice4 ,he advises firstly that the 8shoots and the sprouts should be put apart from the principal tobacco1 with which it should never be mixed1 neither in the heaps nor in the packages4 ,the day after the tobacco has been cut and placed in the curing-houses1 the poles should be pushed together1 making thus a compact mass1 with the object1 that by means of the warmth1 which this contact produces1 the fermentation should commence1 called maduradero4 ,in this state it should remain #b or #c days1 according to the consistency of the tobacco and the state of the atmosphere4 ,by means of this first fermentation it acquires an equal and a yellowish colour3 by the second or third day1 at the latest1 this colour should be uniform1 and then without loss of time the poles should be spread apart1 and given all the ventilation possible1 so that fermentation may not continue1 and the drying of the leaves may be facilitated--care being taken that they are not exposed to the dew1 the sun1 nor to sprinkling of water1 should it rain4 ,as the tobacco dries1 the poles should be hung on higher pegs1 so as to leave the lower ones unoccupied for the fresh leaves brought from the fields4 ,this operation should be performed early in the morning whilst the leaves are flexible and soft2 because later in the day they become crisper1 and are more apt to tear4 8,it is not judicious to allow the tobacco to dry too precipitately1 by exposing it to a very strong current of air1 because strong wind greatly injures its quality2 many leaves break1 and that silkiness of appearance is destroyed which good leaves should have1 and which it is desirable to preserve4 ,during heavy winds the doors of the drying-house should be kept closed2 they should also be kept closed if there is much dampness in the atmosphere occasioned by heavy and continuous rain4 ,dampness causes mildew1 which shows itself first in the points of the leaves1 and is the commencement of the rot4 ,under these circumstances1 and to check this evil1 it is convenient to spread1 or part the poles a little2 and if the rains1 or the excess of humidity continue1 fires should be kindled and smoke made in the curing-houses1 opening at the same time the doors and the windows1 so as to facilitate the circulation of air whilst the smoking is going on4 8,after the tobacco is thoroughly dry1 it should be placed on the highest beams1 or pegs1 of the framework which support the poles1 squeezing them compactly together4 ,this must be done in the morning whilst the leaves are soft1 and all this should be done with a view of protecting it from the effects of change in the atmosphere4 ,the house should1 after this1 be kept closed1 until it is time to make the heaps4 8,the object of heaping up the tobacco is to produce a second fermentation1 so as to equalize the colour of the leaf and wear out of it that excess of gluten or resinous matter which is natural to the plant2 this fermentation makes the leaves more silky and ductile1 and gives them a more agreeable flavour4 ,the place for making the heaps should be prepared beforehand1 in one or more of the rooms of the tobacco-house1 by making a kind of box lined with yaguas 7sheets of palm-tree bark7 at the bottom and the sides1 the base is a boarding on which should be placed a sufficient quantity of dry plantain leaves1 which serve as a bed for the heaps4 8,in the months of ,april or ,may1 when the rainy season commences1 the poles which are on the highest pegs of the scaffolding should be taken down and placed somewhat apart1 one from the other1 on the lower pegs4 ,the doors of the house should be left open at night1 so that the humidity from the atmosphere may enter1 and when1 in the morning1 the tobacco is found to be soft and silky1 it is fit to be placed in heaps4 ,the pairs of leaves should then be collected in armfuls1 with all the bits of stalks placed in one direction2 the leaves that may be found doubled or crooked should be smoothed out1 and each armful should be placed in layers in the heaps1 placing the first layer at the bottom with all the woody pieces of the stalk touching the yagua which forms the sides of the case2 other layers should be placed with the stalk reversed1 and in this manner1 crossing the leaves1 the pile should be raised up level4 ,when a pile has a sufficient height1 another1 and another1 is made until the tobacco is finished or the case is full1 so that each heap may form a compact mass of leaves protected by the pieces of stalk all round1 which should never touch the leaves1 but only touch each other4 ,when the heaps have been thus made1 they should be covered with dry plantain leaves1 or palm skins1 and1 in front1 by palm leaves4 8,tobacco should not be packed thus when it is too damp1 because a very strong fermentation would ensue1 which1 if kept up longer than necessary1 would pass to putrefaction4 ,the tobacco only requires to be soft1 or flexible1 before packing1 so as to produce a certain degree of heat1 neither is it convenient to pack tobacco when too dry1 for then it would not ferment at all1 nor would any beneficial results be produced4 ,when it has been packed sufficiently soft1 it undergoes after the second or third day a degree of heat of #aaj to #abj ,f4 in the centre of the heap1 and if it does not acquire this degree of heat it is because it has been packed too dry4 8,we have already said that reaping or cutting tobacco should be performed in three distinct sections1 preserving always a distinction1 consequently the crown leaves should form one heap1 or one set of heaps2 the second and third pairs another1 or others2 the fourths and the fifths others2 and lastly1 the capaduras 7second shoots from the same plants7 others4 ,this system1 besides having the advantages which we have in another place described1 greatly facilitates the sorting of the leaves1 as the different qualities are from the first kept apart1 and scarcely any other work remains to be done than that of taking out the broken leaves4 ,tobacco should be kept for at least #cj days in heaps1 after which1 sorting and choosing the leaves may commence1 beginning first with the heaps of the inferior qualities40 ,stripping4--,stripping may be performed at any time1 provided the leaves1 after being once properly dried1 have again become pliable4 ,for stripping1 such a number of plants as will furnish work for several days are taken down on a morning1 when the plants have absorbed some moisture1 and have become elastic2 they are put in a heap1 and properly covered1 to check evaporation4 ,if1 however1 the night air should be so very dry that the leaves cannot absorb sufficient moisture to become pliable1 a moist atmosphere can be created either by steam1 or by pouring water on the floor1 or by keeping vessels with water in the shed4 ,if this cannot be done1 the tobacco must remain hanging until there is damp weather4 ,under no condition should the tobacco be stripped when not pliant1 that is if the leaves are so brittle that they would break when bent or rolled4 ,the best arrangement is to keep the drying-shed and stripping-room separate1 since the latter requires to be more moist than the former4 ,a cellar under the drying-shed is best suited for stripping4 ,it should be large enough to admit of the erection of a scaffold to receive the tobacco4 ,pursley looks upon stripping as being labour suited to damp weather4 ,he says1 8the lugs1 shipping1 and manufacturing1 which are worst1 medium1 and best qualities1 should be separated at stripping4 ,the #8lugs1' or worst quality1 are found at the bottom of the plant2 they are chaffy and light leaves1 and should be stripped from the stalk and tied in bundles by themselves with all of the ragged1 black1 and injured leaves4 ,the second quality1 or #8shipping tobacco1' is a grade above the lugs2 it is the red or brown tobacco2 this should also be tied in separate bundles4 ,the best1 or #8manufacturing1' is the finest and brightest leaves1 and should be put in bundles by itself4 ,in stripping1 the stems of the leaves should be broken off as close as possible to the stalk2 this adds to the weight of the tobacco4 ,in forming a bundle1 the butts of the leaves should be placed evenly1 and closely together1 and pressed tightly in the hand2 then a leaf should be folded to form a wrapper #b inches in width2 then wrap it tightly and smoothly around the butts of the leaves1 winding it from the end down1 about #b inches1 then open the bundle in the middle1 and tuck the wrapper-leaf through the opening1 and draw it snug1 so that when the opening is closed the wrapper-leaf will remain2 this forms a bundle which we call a #8hand of tobacco4' ,the hands should be strung on sticks1 and hoisted up in the barn on the tier-poles2 #ah-bj hands may be put on each stick1 at equal distances apart40 ,libhart expresses his opinions on stripping in the following words4 8,at the setting in of a warm1 drizzling1 wet1 foggy spell of weather1 the shed must be opened on all sides to allow the damp atmosphere to pervade the whole interior2 after the dry leaves have become damp enough to allow handling in any degree without breaking1 the stalks must be taken off the lath or pulled down and laid in heaps about #ah inches or #b feet high1 and any desired length2 if it is not intended to strip it immediately1 it should be conveyed to a cellar or other apartment1 where it will remain damp2 it should not1 however1 be suffered to remain longer than #b or #c days in heaps1 without examination1 as there is sometimes sufficient moisture remaining in the stalks or frozen leaves to create heat and rot the good tobacco4 ,if found to be heating1 it should be changed about and aired and be stripped immediately4 ,if found to be drying out1 further evaporation may be checked by covering the heaps with damp straw or corn-fodder4 ,tobacco is usually stripped into two qualities1 #8ground-leaf1' or #8fillers1' and #8wrappers'2 the leaves that lie next the ground1 generally from #b to #d1 are always more or less damaged by sand beaten on by the rain and other causes1 hence they only command about half the price of the good tobacco or #8wrappers4' ,the ground-leaves are taken off first and tied up separately in bunches4 ,with a bunch clasped in one hand1 take a leaf and wrap it around 7beginning at the end of the bunch71 confining the end under the first turn1 continue to wrap smoothly and neatly until about #c inches of the leaf remains1 then open the bunch in the middle and draw the remaining part of the leaf through4 ,this forms a neat and compact #8hand1' that will bear a great deal of handling without coming open4 ,after the ground-leaves have been removed1 the good leaves are stripped off and tied up the same as the ground-leaves1 with this exception3 the leaves of each stalk should be tied in a bunch by themselves1 to preserve a uniformity in colour and size1 as tobacco is sold in the market according to colour and size1 therefore if the leaves of a large and a small plant1 or of a dark-coloured and a light one1 be tied up together1 it at once diminishes the appearance and value of the crop40 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,,hand ,,of ,,tobacco4 ,dennis describes stripping as being 8performed by holding the plant1 top down1 with the left hand1 while with the right hand the leaves are pulled off1 taking care to have the stems all even in the hand1 so that the ends are together4 ,when #aj-ae leaves have thus been grasped by the right hand1 change the handful to the left hand1 and with the right1 select a leaf and wrap it around the stems at the end1 so as to bind them altogether and cover up the ends1 then split the other leaves apart with the finger1 and pull the end of your wrapping-leaf through1 and you have a #8hand' of tobacco4 ,a small #8hand' of leaves1 uniform in size and colour1 will be found the most desirable shape to tie it in1 resembling ,fig4 #ab4 ,the bottom leaves of the plant1 and all torn and defective leaves1 should be tied up by themselves1 and are known as #8lugs4' ,these #8hands' should be #8bulked' again1 with the wrapped end out1 and covered with straw1 or anything that will retain the #8case1' and if subject to immediate sale1 may be boxed up or hauled to market4 ,if boxed1 it should be put in tight boxes--if hauled1 it should be kept covered until unloaded4 ,care must be taken to avoid #8high case'--extreme dampness or softness in bulking tobacco after it is stripped--as it may be #8funked' in bulk1 and ruined2 and it should not be packed in that condition when it is liable to remain long4 ,it is a crop that is never off of hands40 ,according to ,perry ,hull1 stripping1 or1 as he terms it1 8picking10 should not take place till about ,december2 8at least not until the fat stems 7main stems of the leaves1 which are not thoroughly cured at the butt-end7 have mostly or all disappeared1 which they will have done by that time1 if the crop reached maturity before harvesting4 ,the operations of picking and assorting are by many1 who make only two classes or qualities of the tobacco1 carried on at the same time4 ,by far the preferable way is1 especially if there is a very large crop to pick1 to take off the leaves during damp or wet weather1 tie them into bundles of #ae-bj lb41 with twine1 and pack it away into cellars1 or wherever it can be kept without drying up4 ,it can then be assorted in any kind of weather1 thus gaining considerable time1 as two will pick and tie up in this way as much during one wet spell as #f hands would1 assorting and hanking up1 at the same time4 ,another reason why the last practice is preferable is1 that1 by the former1 the assorting can be but indifferently done2 whereas1 by the last1 it can be done as carefully as desired4 ,tobacco should not be allowed to get too wet before picking2 in fact1 should not be allowed to get wet at all1 so as to feel wet1 only just damp enough to make the leaves pliable1 so as to handle and pack without breaking or feeling husky4 ,if allowed to get wet1 before picking1 it is next to impossible to get it dried to the proper state again so uniformly but that some of the leaves will still be too wet1 while others will be dry enough to crack and break4 ,so if the rains are long enough to get it too wet1 which they often are1 by all means let it remain upon the poles until the next wet spell40 ,sorting4--,tobacco intended for smoking should be carefully sorted when stripped4 ,there should be four sorts3 #ast1 large1 equally good coloured1 untorn leaves2 #bnd1 leaves of good size and colour1 but torn2 #crd1 leaves of inferior colour1 and bottom leaves2 #dth1 refuse1 shrivelled-up leaves1 c41 to which may be added the suckers ,no4 #a leaves1 when thin1 elastic1 and of good sorts1 are mostly valued as wrappers 7outside covers7 for cigars1 ,no4 #b may also be used as wrappers1 but are less valued than ,no4 #a2 they are adapted for fillers and cut tobacco4 ,the different sorts are kept separate4 ,the best plan is to let the most intelligent man strip the leaves from the stem1 and at once separate them according to quality4 ,the leaves should then be made into hands1 i4e4 #aj-bj leaves should be tied together by twisting a leaf round the end of the stalks1 each sort being attended by a special man1 to avoid mixing4 ,the leaves of the first sort being large1 #aj-ae will be sufficient for a hand2 more are required of the other sorts4 ,when making the hands of the two first sorts1 each leaf is taken separately1 smoothened on a flat board1 and left there while another is treated in the same way1 continuing thus until a sufficient number is ready to make a hand4 ,when the hand is ready1 it is laid aside1 and a weight is placed upon it to keep the leaves smooth4 ,to sell well1 according to ,perry ,hull1 tobacco 8should be assorted into three classes or grades1 ,wrappers1 ,seconds1 and ,fillers4 ,the wrappers will include the soundest1 best-coloured leaves1 the colour 7a dark cinnamon7 should be as uniform as possible2 this quality should include nothing but what is fit for wrappers4 ,the ,seconds1 which are used as binders for cigars1 c41 will include the small top leaves1 of which1 if the tobacco was topped too high1 there will be one or two to each plant--the bad colours1 and those leaves somewhat damaged by worms and bad handling1 but not so much so as to be ragged4 ,the third class1 or ,fillers1 will include the balance of the crop1 bottom leaves1 ragged leaves1 c4 ,the tobacco should be done up into hanks of about lb4 each1 or about what can be encompassed by the thumb and fingers1 winding at the butt with a pliable leaf1 drawing the end through the hank to secure it40 ,the ,cuban system of sorting is described at considerable length by ,mitjen1 whose remarks are interpreted by ,burton as follows4 ,the operation consists in 8separating one from the other the different leaves1 according to their strength and quality1 and dividing the produce of the crop into various classes4 ,these are1 in practice1 styled ,libra1 #ast quality2 ,quebrado1 #bnd quality1 broken2 ,injuriado de primera2 ,injuriado de segunda1 de tercera1 de cuarta1 de quinta1 de sexta1 de setima2 ,libra de pie1 and capadura4 8,under this classification it is presumed that attention has been bestowed1 not only to the special quality of the leaf1 but also to its size1 and its state1 whether whole or broken2 but it is very seldom that exactness is found in this classification1 because but very few persons possess the requisite skill which such a complicated mode of sorting requires4 ,moreover1 by the abuse of mixing in one heap all kinds of leaves1 frequently brought in from the fields all mixed together1 the proper sorting of tobacco becomes a very complicated affair4 8,this kind of classification and nomenclature is1 moreover1 absurd1 and does not positively represent fixed qualities1 under the denomination of which1 prices might be arranged which would serve as a guide to the merchant as well as the grower4 ,in a word1 the names1 with which the different qualities of tobacco are to-day distinguished1 signify nothing1 and it is ridiculous to be guided in business by them4 ,until this kind of classification and nomenclature is changed1 it is impossible to quote the mercantile prices for the different qualities1 because the name does not represent the quality2 and this confusion tends greatly to the prejudice of the planter1 and the merchant2 and hinders attaining the perfection after which we should strive4 8,we have shown that the practice of making a classification of seven ,injuriados must not be taken as absolute4 ,there are better modes of sorting in which a separation of #h1 and even #i ,injuriados should be made1 and others1 and by far the greater proportion1 in which only #e ,injuriados should be separated2 so that the quality which1 in one sorting1 would appear under that of fifths--being the lowest of the crop--would be equal to eighths1 or ninths1 if picked more carefully2 and the fifths1 in a sorting1 whose lowest class may be sevenths1 is about equal in quality to that of thirds of other pickings1 whose lowest class would be fifths1 if both crops had produced equal kinds of tobacco4 8,there is even more to confirm our opinion4 ,supposing two crops equal in all respects1 and that each planter makes a separation of #g ,injuriados4 ,this would not ensure that the intrinsic value of each respective quality would be equal2 for each ,veguero has his own particular mode of considering the different classes1 and some make a much more careful sorting than others4 ,in the supposed case it may happen1 as it frequently does1 that the ,veguero ,a will take from his crop--which we will suppose to be one hundred packages--#b of the first1 #c of the second1 #e of the third1 #h of the fourth1 #ab of the fifth1 #cj of the sixth1 and #dj of the seventh2 whereas the ,veguero ,b will take from his1 #d of the first1 #f of the second1 #aj of the third1 #af of the fourth1 #cb of the fifth1 #ba of the sixth1 and #aa of the seventh2 and it would result1 from the comparison of these two supposed pickings1 that each of these classes of the ,vega ,a would correspond to the immediate superior one of the ,vega ,b1 as will be shown on the following calculation3-- ,a4 #b ,bales1 #ast at #abj #bdj #c 0 #bnd 0 #ajj #cjj #e 0 #crd 0 #hj #djj #h 0 #dth 0 #fj #dhj #ab 0 #eth 0 #dj #dhj #cj 0 #fth 0 #be #gej #dj 0 #gth 0 #bj #hjj ---- ------ #ajj #cdej ---- ------ ,b4 #d ,bales1 #ast at #ajj #djj #f 0 #bnd 0 #hj #dhj #aj 0 #crd 0 #fj #fjj #af 0 #dth 0 #dj #fdj #cb 0 #eth 0 #be #hjj #ba 0 #fth 0 #bj #dbj #aa 0 #gth 0 #aj #aaj ------ -------- #ajj #cdej ------ -------- 8,here it may be seen that the second of ,a is worth as much as the first of ,b1 the third of ,a as much as the second of ,b1 and so successively in the other classes2 and as it is of importance that names should represent fixed objects1 and that each quality should represent a relative value1 we think that the sortings and the classifications deserve a reform1 which would undoubtedly bring with it advantages to the planter1 to the merchant1 the manufacturer1 and the consumer4 8,the reform in the sortings should take its origin from a reform in the plantation or field1 and principally in the manner of cutting4 ,by observing a methodical and well-calculated system1 each one of the operations prepares and facilitates the execution of the succeeding one4 ,in its proper place1 we have recommended that the tobacco planter should not attempt to plant more than #ab1jjj plants for each labourer employed1 so that all the plants may receive proper cultivation and attention4 ,if all these plants are equally well taken care of1 if the land has been properly prepared with manure1 and all have had the same advantage of season1 it is a necessary consequence that the fruit will be equally good4 ,if afterwards the cutting or cropping is made in #c sections1 preserving always the separation we have recommended1 we shall have1 naturally1 not a capricious assortment of leaves1 but one in the order established by nature4 8,none will1 we think1 question the fact that the pairs of leaves on one stalk must be equal in quality to those cut from an adjoining stalk1 that is to say1 all the crown leaves must be of the same quality1 all the second also1 and so successively4 ,this admitted1 we have the separation of qualities made1 almost1 in the field1 and it only remains to separate the sizes1 and the sound leaves from the torn ones1 an operation which any person can make2 and thus it will be unnecessary to employ those workmen who style themselves sorters1 who are supposed to have an exact knowledge of the properties of each leaf4 ,the sortings ought1 therefore1 to be made by classes1 or by bales1 each containing the separate qualities beginning with the bale of capaduras and mamones1 which may be mixed together in the same bale4 ,of this quality1 however1 not more than two classes should be made1 which may be called suckers and sprouts2 and in the class called sprouts1 the sound and larger leaves of good consistency should be placed4 ,the result would be a tripa of good quality1 and1 after throwing away all those that are really without substance1 the remainder would form the second class1 and would make a useful tripa1 although inferior to the former4 8,when these are made1 the next bales should be made of tobacco chosen from the inferior class of leaves1 of which #c classes ought to be made1 and called sano1 quebrado1 and desecho de tercera4 ,in the first class of these1 which we will call third quality1 should be placed all the sound leaves which have any consistency2 and this would form a weak capa1 equal to that which is now called clear fifths1 quinta limpia1 and this might be called sano de tercera4 ,the second class should contain the torn or broken leaves of good consistency1 but not so much broken or injured as to merit only the name of shavings1 as the leaves which are very much torn1 or small pieces of leaves1 are called4 ,this class would be called quebrado de tercera1 and might be used for inferior tripa4 ,the last class of this quality1 after throwing away all the useless leaves1 would be called desecho4 8,after this1 and in the same order as the preceding1 three classes should be made from the sortings for the heaps of bad seconds and thirds1 and called sano1 quebrado1 and tripa of the second class4 ,the first of these should contain all the sound leaves1 and should be called sano de segunda1 second-class sound4 ,the second should be composed of the damaged leaves1 but good for making capa1 and should be called second-class broken2 and the third1 which will be the most broken1 should be called second-class tripa4 8,finally1 the picking1 or sorting for the pile of pairs of crown leaves should be made2 and of this quality there should also be three classes1 which will be denominated #8sano1' #8quebrado1' and #8tripa de corona1' observing always the same order as was done for the piles or heaps of seconds and thirds4 8,sorting carried on in this order is so simplified that we do not doubt it might be done in one-third the time taken under the present system2 and the labour of the resorters would be dispensed with1 which most of the vegueros have now to employ and pay1 as many of them do not consider themselves sufficiently expert in the matter to classify their own tobacco4 ,this classification and nomenclature represent exact qualities to which a relative value can be fixed1 and may serve as a base for mercantile transactions4 8,the manufacturer will not have to contend with bales of mixed tobacco containing all the different classes which the vega may have produced2 and he will find this division very convenient to determine the time when each class may be used without having any loss from finding in them leaves that are not seasoned1 whilst others of the same bale1 and perhaps of the same manojo1 may have become deteriorated from having remained too long in fermentation4 ,the manufacturer will1 without any great trouble1 be able to make the assortment for strong and weak tripa according to the quality of capa which is going to be used1 a most essential point in cigar making1 and thus he will be able to make cigars with all perfection4 ,all these advantages will result from adopting the reform in the manner of sorting which we propose4 ,and1 in spite of its simplicity1 it is much more positive and extensive1 as it will be composed of four qualities subdivided into eleven classes4 ,the consumer1 too1 will have the advantage of being able to procure cigars manufactured completely of the quality which he prefers1 and the contents of each box1 or each set of boxes1 will be all equal both in flavour and colour1 which1 under the present system1 it is difficult to find4 ,the classes will be styled3-- #ast class ,sound crown4 ,first quality #bnd 0 ,broken 0 #crd 0 ,stuffing 0 #ast class ,sound seconds4 ,second quality #bnd 0 ,broken 0 #crd 0 ,stuffing 0 #ast class ,sound thirds4 ,third quality #bnd 0 ,broken 0 #crd 0 ,stuffing 0 ,fourth quality1 #ast and #bnd ,suckers and sprouts4 8,it is scarcely necessary to add that1 according to the preceding system of sorting1 only #c divisions1 cases1 or rooms1 with yaguas1 will be required for depositing the respective qualities which the workmen may be assorting1 until sufficient quantity has been collected in each to commence the seasoning or painting1 betumeo1 enmannillado1 or engavillado1 manojo1 and enterciadura4 8,in all kinds of sortings1 the fragments of broken leaves1 too small to use for cigars1 should be collected1 sponged1 and with them packages made of picadura4 ,this should be preserved1 and the following year it will be useful for making betun4 ,wash the tobacco1 or rather sponge it1 with a solution made from these pieces of good leaves1 and not with a solution made from stalks and trash of new tobacco1 as some do4 ,the wash 7betun7 has the same effect on tobacco that yeast has on bread4 ,it is the agent employed to produce a strong and quick fermentation1 from which results that strong and agreeable aroma that may be observed in old tobacco which has been well betumeado 7sponged with tobacco infusion74 ,this infusion1 made with fresh tobacco1 is not bad if made carefully1 but we consider that made with old tobacco is the best1 because it instantly imparts an agreeable odour to the leaves on which it is used2 and1 instead of the infusion which is generally used1 it would be cleaner and better1 if a strong decoction was made from picadura--the small pieces of leaves of good tobacco--and used after it had become cold1 or on the day after the boiling is made4 8,if the wash is made by infusion1 at least two jugs should be used to make it in1 and it should be only used on the third or fourth day1 renewing it as often as it appears to pass into a state of putrid fermentation1 in which state it is of no use1 and on which account two deposits are necessary1 so that one at least may always be in a fit state to use1 whilst the other is acquiring the necessary strength and a transparent golden colour1 in which state it is fit for use4 8,each tobacco leaf should be dyed separately1 and not1 as some do1 after it has been made up into gavillas--small bundles tied at one end of the leaf4 ,it is very important that all the leaves should equally receive the benefit1 and this is impossible when several are tied together4 ,the good system of dyeing is used by all practical vegueros2 to save labour some do it otherwise1 to the great injury of the aroma and quality1 and no small risk of the tobacco becoming spotted1 and full of holes2 for tobacco invariably commences to show these spots and small holes near the heads of the gavilla1 where the dye has not been able to penetrate owing to the manner in which the leaves are tied4 ,each leaf ought1 therefore1 to be dyed separately1 as the most intelligent people do4 ,the leaves should be placed separately in rows on a bench1 having all the heads in one line2 then the dye should be applied by means of a sponge1 which should be soaked in the dye or infusion1 and squeezed1 so that a dampness only will be communicated to the leaf4 8,in passing the sponge over the leaf1 it should be drawn from the head or thick part near the stalk1 down the large vein to the point1 so that the thick vein down the centre of the leaf may receive the heaviest part of the infusion1 from which the dye pushes along the transversal veins1 and all parts derive benefit from it4 8,after dyeing the first layer on the bench1 another one is placed above this1 keeping always the leaves in the same direction2 and this operation is repeated1 and each layer is sponged1 until the pile from which they are taken is exhausted4 ,as this new pile of dyed leaves gradually increases in height1 it should be gently pressed down with the hand1 and1 when finished1 should be covered over with green plantain leaves4 ,this operation should be done in the morning1 and by nightfall the tobacco will have acquired the necessary softness1 and soaked up the infusion1 so that the leaves1 although very flexible1 will have no signs of excess in moisture4 ,if they have1 they should be spread to dry somewhat1 because1 when the bundles of leaves are being tied up1 they should not be excessively wet1 as the result would probably be so strong a fermentation that it would degenerate into a putrid one4 ,the leaves should have a soft silkiness1 but should have no positive signs of water on them after they have been dyed4 8,when the tobacco is in a good state of softness1 the next operation is the #8cabeceo4' ,this operation consists in uniting the leaves by the heads--putting them perfectly even1 and joining together a uniform number of each class4 ,the leaves should be collected in the palm of the left hand1 drawing gently the right hand over all the length of each leaf from the head to the point1 and tying them at the heads with a piece of yagua or vine1 or1 as most people do1 by binding one of the leaves round the head of the bundle4 ,this operation is generally made in the evening1 and the following morning they should be placed in the bales1 as it injures the tobacco to allow it to dry in manojos before putting it into bales1 for1 if too dry1 fermentation is retarded1 or is incomplete in the bales4 8,we have described the manner of washing or dyeing1 in making the gavillas1 and tying them in bundles as the most practical vegueros do4 ,in this part we should not1 we think1 advise any innovation1 except that of using old seasoned tobacco instead of fresh for making the infusion1 and substituting a decoction made by boiling1 instead of an infusion in cold water4 ,but we strongly advise a reform in the sorting and the classification2 and a fixed number of each class of leaves should be put in each gavilla1 as a basis from which to start all calculations for mercantile transactions4 ,we believe1 therefore1 it would be convenient to fix1 after the following order1 the number of leaves which each head #8gavilla' should contain3- ,sound #be leaves to each gavilla ,first quality ,broken or torn #cj 0 0 ,for stuffing #dj 0 0 ,sound #cj 0 0 ,second quality ,broken or torn #ce 0 0 ,stuffing #dc 0 0 ,sound #dj 0 0 ,third quality ,broken or torn #de 0 0 ,desecho ,these three classes may be added without ,fourth quality ,suckers counting the ,sprouts number of leaves1 but making the heads 7gavillas7 of a regular uniform size2 and the manojos and bales of about the same size as those of #8sound' and #8broken' of the third quality1 the latter weighing #ajj-abe lb4 8,by following strictly this method1 and by establishing these quantities and qualities1 as a basis for all contracts1 any defects found might easily be obviated2 and very exact calculations might be made of the number of cigars each bale would yield1 after having examined its special condition2 and its real value might be estimated either by bales or bundles1 or by weight40 ,bulking4--,bulking means placing the tobacco-leaves in heaps for the purpose of heating1 in order to develop colour and flavour2 this is carried out in various ways1 nearly all involving great labour and risk1 as in most instances tobacco loses more or less in value during the process called 8curing40 ,the more care is taken in raising the crop1 the less attention the tobacco requires in the shed4 ,with a good kind of tobacco1 grown on light1 friable soil1 treated as described1 little care will be needed1 after the leaves are dried and stripped4 ,by the drying process1 the leaves will have undergone a slow fermentation1 which makes it unnecessary to watch or guide a regular fermentation afterwards1 hence bulking and fermenting1 as generally understood1 are not required4 ,after being made into hands1 the tobacco is put into heaps 7bulked7 before it again dries4 ,every evening1 the tobacco that has been stripped during the day is bulked2 but if the weather be very dry1 it must be bulked as soon as a certain number of hands is ready4 ,the heaps should be made #d-h feet square and #d-h feet high2 all the stalks are outside1 and the whole is covered by mats1 c41 to check evaporation4 ,the drier the tobacco1 the larger must the heaps be made1 to encourage a slight fermentation4 ,the extent of the fermentation can be easily controlled4 ,if the colour of the leaves is not uniform1 or if it is desired to give them a browner colour1 the heaps must be made large1 and a somewhat moist atmosphere is required in the storing-room4 ,this will cause fermentation to set in after a short time1 and the heat to rise after some days1 so much so that rebulking is required1 which is done by putting the top leaves of the old heap at the bottom of the new one4 ,under such circumstances1 the heap must be frequently examined during the few first weeks1 to prevent overheating4 ,it is advisable to rebulk the tobacco also1 even when not much heated1 after the first fourteen days1 and again a month later1 to ascertain the exact state in which it is4 ,sometimes the tobacco becomes mouldy2 this occurs especially with tobacco which has been manured with chlorides1 which cause it to become more hygroscopic than when manured otherwise4 ,if this occurs1 the mould must be brushed off1 and1 if necessary1 the tobacco be dried4 ,the tobacco may now remain heaped in the store-room until there is a chance for sale4 ,it must be remembered1 however1 that the best time for selling varies very much4 ,some tobacco is fit for smoking a few weeks after drying1 whereas others may burn very badly at that time1 yet become a good burning article after being stored for several months4 ,after assorting1 ,perry ,hull advises that the tobacco 8be corded up awhile1 in a dry place1 that the butts may be thoroughly cured before packing in the cases4 ,the pile is made with the butts out1 and tips interlapping in the middle1 at every other course1 at the ends turning the butts toward the end4 ,get upon the pile upon the knees1 take hold of the butt of a hank with one hand1 drawing the leaves at the tip together with the other1 and placing it upon the pile in that position1 immediately putting the knee upon it4 ,after the pile is finished1 it should be covered over with boards1 to keep it from drying up1 and a few days before packing into the cases1 should be well weighted down1 which will save a great deal of pressing at that time4 ,such a pile should be made only about #b-c feet high1 and then closely watched to prevent a premature sweat1 which often1 if the weather be mild1 will take place in such a pile1 which will not be sufficient to render the tobacco fit for working1 but which1 if not intercepted at the commencement1 will be sufficient to prevent a proper sweat afterwards4 ,check1 therefore1 the first symptoms of heat in such a pile1 by opening the pile1 and repacking it1 shaking out the hanks and giving them time to cool off40 ,bowie gives a caution that the tobacco 8should not be too moist or #8high1' as it is termed1 when put in stalk bulk1 or it will get warm1 the leaves stick to the stalk1 get a bad smell1 and change colour2 besides1 if left too long1 it will rot4 ,to bulk tobacco requires judgment and neatness4 ,two logs should be laid parallel to each other1 about #cj inches apart1 and the space between them filled with sticks for the purpose of keeping the tobacco from the dampness of the ground4 ,the bundles are then taken one at a time1 spread out and smoothed down1 which is most conveniently done by putting it against the breast and stroking the leaves downward smooth and straight with the right hand4 ,it is then passed1 two bundles at a time1 to the man bulking4 ,he takes them and lays them down and presses them with his hands2 they are laid1 two at a time1 in a straight line--the broad part of the bundles slightly projecting over the next two--and two rows of bundles are put in a bulk1 both rows carried on together1 the heads being on the outside1 and the tails just lapping one over the other in regular succession4 ,the bulk1 when carried up to a convenient height1 should have a few sticks laid across to keep it in place4 ,it must often be examined1 and if getting warm it ought to be immediately changed and laid down in another bulk of less height1 and not pressed as it is laid down2 this is called #8wind-rowing'2 being loose and open1 it admits the air between the rows of bundles1 hence the term4 ,the next process in this troublesome1 but beautiful crop1 is to #8condition' it for #8packing4' ,the #8bright1' #8yellow1' and #8second' tobacco will condition1 but most generally in such bulks as ,i have just described1 but it is best to hang up the #8dull' as soon almost as stripped4 ,if the bright or second do not dry thoroughly in the bulks1 that should also be hung up in the house to become well dried4 ,to properly hang up tobacco to condition1 small-sized sticks should be procured1 and each one nicely smoothed with the drawing-knife1 and kept for that purpose4 ,after it has once been perfectly dry1 either hanging up or in bulks--so dry that the heads are easily knocked off1 and the shoulders of the bundles crack upon pressure like pipe-stems--it should be taken down1 or if in bulks1 removed1 the first soft1 moist spell of weather1 as soon as it is soft and yielding enough1 as it will become too dry to handle without crumbling or breaking1 and it must be put in #d or #f row bulks of any convenient length and height1 the higher the better1 laid down close1 so that as little of the leaves or shoulders as possible be exposed on the outside of the bulk4 ,when completed put sticks and logs of wood1 c41 on the top so as to weigh it down4 ,here it will keep sweet and in nice order for packing at any time1 no matter what the weather be1 if it was conditioned properly1 it will not change a particle while in the condition-bulk40 ,packing4--,tobacco in ,america is commonly packed in barrels1 the layers being at right angles to each other alternately1 and the butt-ends being always towards the outside4 ,the usual size is about #d feet #f inches deep1 #c feet #f inches in diameter at one end1 and #c feet #d inches at the other1 to enable the contents to be uncovered for examination without disturbing the mass4 ,the packing is effected under considerable hydraulic pressure4 ,elsewhere all kinds of packages are employed1 and their weights are very various4 ,in ,bishop's opinion the best size for boxes is the following3--8#c feet #f inches long1 #b feet #d inches wide1 #b feet #f inches in depth1 manufactured from planed pine boards1 #a inch in thickness1 with standards #b inches square1 inside at each corner to nail to4 ,having thus your boxes prepared1 and the tobacco in good condition1 the first soft1 mild day that comes proceed to packing2 the bundles or #8hands' of tobacco must be taken from the bulk and laid in courses in the box1 laying the butts of the #8hands' to the outside of the box1 allowing the ends to lap over each other1 and endeavouring to keep the centre of the box a little higher than the edges--these courses to be packed as solid as possible by the hand4 ,if any of the bundles are #8soft' or have an ill smell1 they must be exposed to the fire or sun until sweet and dry before being packed4 ,when the box is nearly full1 a false cover 7just large enough to slip inside the box7 must be placed on the tobacco1 and pressed as heavily as possible with the lever or screw power2 remove the pressure and re-fill1 pressure finally being applied to the real cover1 which may then be tacked down4 ,a box of the size ,i have mentioned1 when filled1 should contain about #djj lb4 of tobacco1 and thus packed1 will keep for years40 ,another planter considers that parcels of 8less than #aejj lb4 may be carried to market almost in any way2 but more than that should be #8prized' in hogsheads4 ,several farmers might combine their crops for prizing4 ,as to the size1 form1 and materials of the hogsheads4 ,in ,virginia1 the size of the hogsheads is prescribed by law4 ,they must be made of seasoned pine or poplar4 ,they must be #d feet #f inches long2 #c feet #f inches in diameter1 at one end1 and #c feet #d inches at the other4 ,this difference of diameter is to allow the tobacco to be inspected4 ,this may be something new to persons of the ,north1 therefore ,i will explain the mode of inspecting tobacco in the hogshead4 ,an inspector is appointed by law to inspect or examine the tobacco prized in hogsheads4 ,his first step is1 to place the hogshead big end upward4 ,he then removes the lining1 and takes out the head4 ,he next inverts the position of the hogshead1 that is1 puts the little end up1 and raises it entirely from the tobacco4 ,the mass of prized tobacco stands before him without a covering4 ,the outside may be all right1 but his sworn duty is to examine it through and through1 as well as round and round4 ,for this purpose he drives an iron bar to the middle1 near the top of the mass1 prises up and takes out a handful of bundles4 ,he repeats that operation on two other points of the mass4 ,he then inspects or examines the parcels extracted1 and rates the whole hogshead according to their quality4 ,the hogshead is replaced and made secure4 ,the hogsheads and the samples taken from them bear corresponding marks1 and the former is sold by the latter4 ,the staves of the hogshead must not be wider than #e1 nor narrower than #c inches1 inch thick1 and dressed on the inside4 ,the heading must be seasoned pine or poplar1 and #a inch thick1 with #h hoops4 ,such a hogshead will well answer in other ,states as well as in ,virginia4 8,weigh out1 say #cjj lb4 ,it takes two hands to do this work1 one inside the hogshead and the other out4 ,one is called the #8packer1' the other the #8waiter4' ,the packer so arranges the bundles1 in placing them1 as to make #d courses in one layer4 ,repeat the layers until the #cjj lb4 are packed4 ,the weight 7lever-power7 is then applied4 ,after #f hours1 put in #bjj lb4 more and apply the weight2 #f hours1 and so on1 until #acjj-aejj lb4 have been put in4 ,the softer the tobacco1 the more of it can be put in a hogshead4 ,if the tobacco is of the first quality1 #aejj lb4 is enough4 ,but if lower qualities1 #ahjj lb4 can be put in4 ,the finer the quality the less weight it can bear without injury2 and vice vers4 ,having prized the crop1 it is ready for market40 ,according to ,pursley1 a hogshead 8#d feet in length1 and #c feet in diameter1 is the medium size2 #ajjj lb4 is considered a full hogshead2 but one of the above dimensions can hold #aejj lb4 by hard pressing2 but this blackens the tobacco1 and injures the sale of it4 ,packing in the hogshead is done by first laying a course or layer of bundles straight across the bottom1 keeping the butts even and close together2 then fill up on each side of the centre course1 placing the butts against the staves2 then the butts of the hands that lie against the hogshead should be covered up with #b or #c others1 pressed closely down4 ,the next centre course should be laid across the first1 and done in the same manner as before1 and so on1 crossing each course in succession1 until the hogshead is two-thirds full2 when the press should be applied till the tobacco is pressed down to within #a foot of the bottom of the hogshead4 ,the press should remain on an hour or more1 in order that the tobacco may settle together2 then the press should be raised1 and the packing resumed as before1 till the tobacco is within #a foot of the top2 then the press should again be applied till the tobacco is pressed half-way down the hogshead2 the same proportion should be observed until the hogshead is full4 ,then put the head in1 and it is ready for market40 ,perry ,hull would have packing-cases 8made of cheap pine lumber1 #c feet #h inches long by #b feet #f inches wide and high1 outside measurement2 they should be made tight and strong2 there should be corner-pieces nailed in #a inch square1 nailing to them well from both ways4 ,the tobacco is packed in1 with the butts towards each end2 taking hold of the butt with one hand1 the tip with the other1 and giving the hank a slight twist1 lay it in the case in that position4 ,a lever or screw can be used to do the pressing1 whichever is the most convenient4 ,from #cfj lb4 to #chj is the proper weight for packing2 though if the tobacco is very dry1 #djj lb4 will probably not sweat too hard2 and if quite wet 7which it never should be71 #cej may4 8,after being packed1 the tobacco should never be kept in a damp cellar2 a good tight barn or other outbuilding1 where the cases can stand on a floor1 is the best place4 ,the crop usually passes from the hands of growers1 into those of speculators and dealers1 before the sweating season4 ,the first symptoms of sweating appear about as soon as settled warm weather comes1 usually the fore part of ,may2 it then commences to grow warm1 and #8wet' to appearance1 which increases for about #c weeks1 when it reaches its culminating point and commences to cool off4 ,one unaccustomed to the crop1 upon examining it at this period1 would be sure to think it was rotting1 but if not too damp when packed1 there is no danger4 ,sometimes1 if a case is known to be too wet1 the lids can be started1 to give a little vent to the steam and gases which are generated1 and this is about all that can be done for it2 and it is far safer to see that the proper condition is secured before packing1 than to do even this4 ,the weight will commence to decrease about as soon as the heat commences1 and it has been ascertained by weighing at the various stages1 that more than half of the shrinkage is accomplished by the time that the sweat has reached its culminating point4 ,about #aj per cent4 is allowed for the shrinkage of a crop1 in just the right state when packed2 if wetter1 it will shrink as high as #ab-ac per cent41 and if very dry1 it may shrink less than #aj per cent4 ,the different grades usually bring about the following prices3 ,wrappers1 #ad cents per lb42 ,seconds1 #g-h cents2 ,fillers1 #c-d cents4 ,the proportion of the different grades in a good crop should be1 ,wrappers1 three-fifths1 and ,seconds and ,fillers1 each one-fifth40 ,judson ,popenoe thinks boxes 8should be made #cj inches square by #db inches in length outside2 saw the end-boards #bh inches long1 nail them to two #a-;inch square slats so that the head will be #bh inches square2 when two heads are made1 nail the sides of the box to the heads so as to come even with the outside of the head1 the sides being #bh inches wide2 then nail the bottom on firmly2 the top can be nailed slightly until after the tobacco is packed1 when it can be nailed firm4 ,set your box by the side of the bulk1 and let one hand get in the box and another pass the tobacco to him1 one hand at a time1 taking care not to shake it out1 but put in the box as it comes from bulk1 with the butt of the hand next the end of the box4 ,place close and press with the knee firmly2 lay alternate courses at each end1 and if the tobacco is not long enough to lap sufficiently to fill the centre1 put a few hands crosswise in the centre4 ,when the box is full1 place it under a lever2 have a follower1 which is a cover made of inch boards1 nailed to two pieces of scantling and made to fit inside of the box2 lay this on the tobacco1 and build with blocks of scantling on it of a sufficient height for the lever to be clear of the box when pressed4 ,press down firmly with a strong lever1 and1 while kneeing in another box full1 let the lever remain1 so that the tobacco gets set in the box4 ,when ready1 take the lever off and fill up as before1 about #f inches higher than the box2 press it below the top of the box1 take off your lever and nail on the top as quickly as possible4 ,some use tobacco-presses for packing1 which are perhaps more convenient2 they are of various patterns1 but a lever saves the expense of a press and is in the reach of all4 ,if tobacco is sold at the shed1 it should be sold before packing1 being easier examined in bulk than box40 ,mitjen is of opinion that1 8except in cases where the extraordinary size of the leaves will not permit it1 all the bales should be made up of #hj #8manojos'2 but in the former case #fj of the first classes of the first quality will be sufficient4 ,the fixed number of #hj manojos is convenient for making calculations4 ,we have already said that the day following that on which the manojos were tied up1 they should be packed in bales1 so as not to allow them time to dry too much4 ,bearing this in mind1 the dyeing and tying up of the manojos should not be commenced until there is a sufficient quantity of assorted leaves to make a bale or bales2 should there be a surplus of manojos after the bales are made up1 they should be kept protected from the air1 until another set of bales is about to be made up4 8,we do not think it is necessary to further explain the manner of placing the yaguas1 in order to make the bales1 but it is expedient to state that #h layers of manojos should not be put in one bale1 because it makes a bad shape1 and the tierces or bales appear much smaller than they really are4 ,the bales should be made of #b layers1 having the heads of the manojos placed towards the outside4 ,when the first layer of one of the heads of the bale is placed1 the heads of the other layer should be so arranged that they will be about half-way over the points of the others2 and if the tobacco is very small1 to each row of manojos may be laid crossways1 two manojos with their heads touching the yaguas1 so that the tobacco placed in the bale may form a compact even mass1 impervious to the air4 ,the same should be done in the other rows1 care being taken that the bale is made somewhat thicker in the middle1 and never have a hollow there1--a sure sign of loose packing1--and into which the air finds its way1 preventing fermentation1 proper curing1 as well as aroma--the tobacco becoming dry too soon4 ,after the bales are tied up1 they should be placed in the sun or wind until the humidity of the yagua is dry4 ,they should then be placed on boards in the storehouse1 putting them two and two1 one on the other2 and after eight days they should be moved1 placing them below those which had been above1 so that they may ferment and be equally pressed40 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,for pressing tobacco into the hogshead1 ,hudson suggests that 8a hole be mortised in a tree1 in which the end of the lever can be inserted1 passing over the hogshead1 and working by a tree or post1 in which should be pins at intervals of #h-aj inches1 by which a small lever may be used to force the first lever down on the tobacco2 #ej-ajj lb4 may be placed in the hogshead and firmly pressed a few hours1 and as much added again1 and so on4 ,fig4 #ac will serve to represent the manner in which the hands 7or ties7 may be placed in the hogshead--filling the middle first1 then the outer edges--placing the tops toward the centre1 and observing to keep the centre and edges full40 ,improving4--,it is sometimes the custom to subject the tobacco-leaves to some sort of improvement4 ,there is no doubt that1 by proper application of ingredients1 the value of tobacco may be much enhanced4 ,the most costly tobacco often commands a high price1 not so much on account of its inherent flavour1 as from that given to it artificially4 ,in most instances1 the best course to be adopted is to leave the improvement of the leaves to the manufacturer4 ,many ingredients are employed to improve smoking-tobacco4 ,they tend3--#a1 to make the tobacco more elastic and flexible2 #b1 to remove the coarse flavour2 #c1 to add a particular flavour2 #d1 to improve the burning quality2 #e1 to improve the colour4 ,to make the tobacco more flexible and pliant1 the leaves are macerated in1 or sprinkled with1 a solution of sugar4 ,in hot countries1 this process is often necessary1 to give tobacco such an elasticity as to fit it for handling1 especially when intended for wrappers4 ,to remove the coarse flavour1 it is often macerated in water1 or in very dilute hydrochloric acid4 ,in ,holland1 #d-h oz4 of hydrochloric acid1 diluted with #be-cj measures of water1 is applied to #ajj lb4 of tobacco4 ,the coarser the flavour of the tobacco1 the stronger is the solution used4 ,the time of maceration varies between and #a hour4 ,sometimes tobacco is steeped in a mixture of sugar solution and diluted hydrochloric acid4 ,to extract the fatty matter1 it is macerated in alcohol or spirit of wine4 ,to give a fine flavour1 numerous substances are employed1 some of which are kept secret4 ,the following ingredients are mostly in use3--,water1 cognac1 vanilla1 sugar1 rose-wood1 cassia1 clove1 benzoin1 citron oil1 rose-wood oil1 amber1 thyme1 lavender1 raisins1 sassafras-wood1 saltpetre1 orange1 and many others4 ,the burning quality is improved by macerating in or sprinkling with solutions of carbonate of potash1 acetate of potash1 acetate of lime1 or saltpetre1 c4 ,badly-burning cigars inserted for a moment in such solutions are much improved4 ,tobacco treated with acetate of lime yields a very white ash4 ,the colour is sometimes improved by fumigating the leaves with sulphur1 and by the application of ochre and saffron4 ,although it may be said that fine tobaccos generally do not require any impregnation with foreign matter for the sake of flavour1 yet the manufacturer frequently endeavours to give the leaf a particular aroma4 ,an inferior tobacco1 however1 which often would not find a market1 is sometimes so much improved by artificial means1 as to compete successfully with the genuine fine article4 ,it is said that in ,germany indigenous tobacco is often so much 8improved0 that the cigars made from it1 after being covered with a fine tobacco leaf1 are sold as genuine ,havanas4 ,a special preparation of tobacco for snuff is seldom attempted by the cultivator4 ,with reference to the preparation of tobacco for export1 the sorting of the leaf is of the utmost importance2 only first and second sorts should be exported4 ,it would be well to remove the midribs1 whereby the cost of transport and customs duty would be greatly reduced4 ,the value of a cigar depends1 not only on the intrinsic value of the leaf1 but to a great extent on the mode of manufacture4 ,thus1 the raw material may be of good quality1 but if the maker does not classify the leaves properly1 or if he rolls his cigars too hard1 which must vary according to the qualities of the leaves1 the cigar will burn badly4 ,the best-burning leaves must always be used for wrappers4 ,if this should be neglected1 the inside of the cigar burns faster than the covering1 the air has no access to the burning parts1 and the empyreumatical substances are volatilized without being decomposed4 ,such cigars therefore make much smoke1 and smell badly4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,production ,,and ,,commerce4 ,details concerning the different modes of cultivating and curing1 and of the extent of the production and commerce in tobacco in the various countries1 will best be given in the alphabetical order of the countries4 ,afghanistan4--,the tobacco grown at ,kandahar is celebrated in all the neighbouring states for its mild and agreeable flavour1 and is largely exported to ,hindustan and ,bokhara4 ,three kinds are grown1 viz43--,kandahari1 ,balkhi1 and ,mansurabadi4 ,of these1 the last named is the most esteemed1 and fetches the highest price1 viz4 #f lb4 for #bs4-#ds4 ,the ,kandahari sells for a little less than half this price1 and the ,balkhi for a little more4 ,the ,mansurabadi is not much exported1 being mostly consumed in the country4 ,the cultivation is conducted with great care1 and the same plants yield two crops of leaves in the year4 ,of these1 the first1 which is called sargul1 is the best1 the leaves having a mild and sweet flavour2 it is mostly consumed by the wealthy classes1 or exported4 ,the second crop is called mundhai3 the leaves have a tough and fibrous texture1 and a strong acrid taste2 it is usually smoked by the poor people1 and is also made into snuff4 ,the plants are raised from seed in small beds1 prepared for the purpose by careful manuring with wood-ashes and stable-refuse mixed together4 ,from these nurseries1 the young plants are transplanted into the fields1 previously prepared for their reception1 the earth being laid out in regular ridges and furrows4 ,the plants are fixed into the sides of these little ridges1 and watered by means of the intervening furrows4 ,often the young plants1 packed in moist clay1 and bound up in straw1 are conveyed to distant parts of the country2 but the produce of these1 it is said1 does not equal that of the plants reared at ,kandahar4 ,about six weeks after transplanting1 that is1 about ,may-,june1 the first crop is reaped1 the whole plant being cut away about #f inches from the ground1 and only some #e or #f of the lowest leaves being left4 ,each plant1 as cut1 is laid on the ridge1 and here each side is alternately exposed for a night and a day to the effects of the dew and sun1 by which their green colour becomes brown4 ,after this1 they are collected in large heaps in a corner of the field1 and covered over with mats1 or a layer of straw1 c41 and allowed to remain so for #h-aj days1 during which the stems shrivel1 and give up their moisture to the leaves4 ,at the end of this time1 the heaps are conveyed away into the villages1 where the stalks are separated from the leaves1 the latter are then dried in the shade and tightly packed in bundles about #ad inches square1 and in this shape are sold by the grower4 ,after the first crop is gathered1 the ground is turned with a spade1 well manured1 and freely irrigated4 ,in due course1 the old stems shoot up and produce fresh leaves1 and in six weeks or two months1 the second crop is cut4 ,sometimes1 though seldom1 a third crop is realized1 but the quality of this tobacco is very inferior1 and it is only fit for making snuff4 ,africa4--,the tobacco-plant extends throughout ,central and ,east ,africa1 wherever the equinoctial rains fall4 ,it is cultivated to some extent in the ,bondei of ,usambara1 but seems to be the special product of the ,handei district1 whence considerable quantities are sent to ,pangani for export4 ,usambara also exports to ,zanzibar stiff1 thin1 round cakes1 which have been pounded in wooden mortars1 and neatly packed in plaintain-leaves4 ,it is dark and well-flavoured4 ,the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 in #ahfe1 had #icc morgen 7of #baaf acres7 under tobacco1 yielding #a1fcb1gdf lb42 in #ahge1 #abdc morgen afforded #c1jfj1bda lb4 ,tobacco is grown considerably in ,oudtshorn and other districts of the ,cape ,colony1 and on the warmer farms in the ,transvaal1 but to the greatest extent on the coast4 ,the supply is already sufficient for local demands1 and tobacco promises to become a staple of ,south ,african agricultural industry4 ,a recent writer on this portion of the ,british colonies says1 8tobacco1 though cultivated as an article of commerce for export1 has not met with much success1 as the passion for the weed has become deeply rooted in the natives of the coast and interior1 so that it is cultivated by them in many parts of the province for their own consumption1 and forms a regular article of sale and barter amongst themselves40 ,the tobacco leaf is dried very carelessly by the natives1 and is made up in a peculiar way1 as follows3--,it is first plaited1 and when the plait has reached a length of #c-d feet1 it is wound up in the form of a spiral4 ,gradually drying in this shape1 it preserves its form without any binding1 and it is unwound and cut off in short pieces when required for use or sale4 ,this mode of preparation is invariable among the ,makua and ,yao1 between the ,roouma and ,zambesi4 ,consul ,o',neill says that 8were the natives instructed in some simple method of drying and pressing the leaf1 the valuable product would be probably brought down by them in considerable quantities1 affording1 as it would do1 a larger margin for profit than does the culture of oil seeds1 and it might become a regular article of colonial manufacture and export40 ,tobacco-growing is a very important industry in ,algeria4 ,the culture and manufacture are quite free1 but the ,french ,government buys all the best produce1 for manufacture and sale by the ,state factory in ,paris4 ,the cultivation continues to increase1 and is highly remunerative where the land is capable of irrigation4 ,in #ahgf-g1 the #ahhi ,europeans engaged in it cultivated #bdga hectares 7of #b acres71 and produced #b1ghb1ejj kilo4 7of #bb lb472 the #hjba natives cultivated #daed hectares1 which yielded #a1hhi1abd kilo4 ,the year #ahgg-h was less favourable1 and the area decreased by #dbe hectares4 ,still worse results were expected in #ahgh-i1 owing to scarcity of water4 ,the kind most grown is called chebli4 ,the produce per hectare of fine and chebli is estimated at #f-h quintals2 the other kinds give #aj-ab4 ,the exports in #ahgg and #ahgh respectively were as follows3--,manufactured1 #aba1jij kilo41 and #abd1aag kilo42 unmanufactured1 #c1dde1dda kilo4 and #a1eji1bff kilo4 ,in #ahgi1 #ajhg ,europeans planted #cahj hectares1 and gathered #a1bbf1aha kilo42 #aa1jgi natives planted #fehd hectares1 and produced #a1chd1hjb kilo42 the exports were #b1dha1bah kilo4 unmanufactured1 and #adf1cde kilo4 manufactured4 ,the figures for #ahhc were3--#abdj ,european planters cultivated #bbgh hectares and produced #b1bej1fga kilo41 whilst #hgce native planters cultivated #fdaf hectares and produced #b1igg1jfg kilo41 the total product being #e1bbg1gch kilo4 ,this does not differ to any great extent from the result of the previous year4 ,tobacco is capable of being produced in much greater quantity1 says the ,british ,consul1 but the market is limited4 ,the colonists themselves and the ,government appear to be the only purchasers4 ,australia4--,in the year ending #cast ,march1 #ahgi1 ,new ,south ,wales had #hce acres under tobacco1 and the crop amounted to #gicb cwt4 ,in the same year1 ,victoria cultivated #aicf acres1 which yielded #ae1ffb cwt41 valued at #dc1hecl4 ,queensland grew #cf acres of tobacco in #ahgi4 ,austro-,hungary4--,the manufacture and sale of tobacco is a ,government monopoly in the ,austro-,hungarian empire1 and the revenue thus derived is the most lucrative item of the indirect income of the ,state4 ,the only tobacco-growing provinces of ,austria are ,galicia and ,bukowina1 producing about #d million kilo4 from #bijj hectares2 and ,south ,tyrol1 where #bij hectares yield almost #d million kilo4 of green tobacco4 ,the respective approximate values of the two products are #ah florin 7of #as4 #aa;d47 and #d florin per #ajj kilo4 ,the chief supplies are furnished by ,hungary1 which was once so noted for its tobacco1 but the industry is now completely crippled by the fiscal regulations4 ,the area 7in acres7 under cultivation fluctuates remarkably2 in #ahfj1 it was #fgi2 in #ahfe1 #fh1ada2 in #ahfi1 #hdc2 in #ahge1 #bf1hag2 in #ahgi1 #gcaf4 ,the total areas 7in acres7 under cultivation in the whole empire in #ahgf1 #ahgg1 and #ahgh respectively were1 #add1dic1 #adh1abf1 #adc1ddg2 the yields in kilo41 #df1jcc1afc1 #dd1afd1jch1 #dj1igh1edj2 and the yield 7in kilo47 per joch 7of #adc acre71 #dde1 #dbf1 #djh4 ,fiume1 in #ahgg1 exported by sea #bhfb cwt4 of manufactured tobacco2 and by land1 #ca1bjj cwt4 of leaf1 and #ec1gab cwt4 of manufactured4 ,in #ahgi1 it shipped #iijj kilo4 of leaf tobacco direct to ,england4 ,in #ahhc1 the tobacco harvest was #bf1efj metrical centners 7about equivalent to cwts471 being #aeie in advance of #ahhb4 ,the total exports of raw tobacco were #ee1hdb metrical centners in #ahhc1 and #gd1dge in #ahhd4 ,the port of ,fiume shipped #fac tons of tobacco leaf in #ahhc1 of which #ahi1cjj kilo4 value #ge1gbj florins1 went to ,gibraltar4 ,in #ahhd1 the shipments from ,fiume were #afgc tons4 ,borneo4--,tobacco is grown in small quantities by the ,dyaks and people of ,bruni2 but they are unskilful in its manufacture1 though the flavour of the product of ,bruni is much esteemed by ,europeans4 ,under skilful management1 and by introducing a better kind if necessary1 it might become as profitable to this island as it now is to the neighbouring ones of the ,philippines1 ,java1 c4 ,the ,dyaks might be more readily induced to cultivate this plant1 the nature of which they know1 than plants which are strange to them4 ,more recently it is announced that plantations have been commenced in ,british ,north ,borneo1 and samples of the leaf sent to ,europe have been favourably reported on4 ,the exports from ,sarawak in #ahhd were valued at #bjbj dollars to foreign ports1 and #cd1beg dollars in coasting vessels1 making a total of #cf1bgg dollars4 ,in the same year1 ,british ,north ,borneo shipped #baac dollars' worth2 and ,sandakan1 #aecg dollars' worth4 ,bourbon4--,efforts are being made to successfully introduce tobacco into the rotation of crops on the sugar estates1 with the object of supplying the article to the ,french rgie or ,government monopoly1 which buys annually upwards of #dj million francs' worth of tobacco in the islands of ,cuba1 ,java1 and other colonies4 ,the results hitherto obtained are not unsatisfactory1 and this article may shortly acquire importance among ,bourbon products4 ,the exports in #ahhd were #aj1ahe kilo41 value #fa1aaj fr4 ,brazil4--,in ,brazil1 tobacco is chiefly cultivated in the provinces of ,bahia1 ,minas1 ,sao ,paulo1 and ,para4 ,the town of ,purificaao1 in ,bahia1 is the centre of an important district4 ,the cultivation is increasing1 and greater care is being taken in the preparation4 ,the common up-country method is to pick the leaves from the stalks1 dry them under the hut-roofs1 remove the midribs1 and spread them in superposed layers1 amounting to #b-h lb41 for rolling together and binding with bark strips4 ,these rolls are bound very tightly with cord1 and left for several days1 when the cord is replaced by strips of jacitra1 the split stem of a climbing palm 7,desmoncus sp4 div471 and have a stick-like form #a inch in diameter4 ,they are sold in masas of #d-f feet in length1 but the tobacco is not considered good till it has fermented for #e-f months1 when it is hard and black1 and shaved off as required for pipes1 cigarettes1 and cigars1 the last made with wrappers of tauari bark 7,couratari guianensis74 ,the ,tapajos tobacco is considered the finest in the ,amazon valley4 ,the export of tobacco from ,bahia in #ahgg-h was #ag1bgb1fgh kilo41 and in #ahgh-i1 #ah1adi1bja kilo41 almost the whole being to ,germany4 ,santos1 in #ahgh-i1 shipped #cha1caj kilo4 ,bahia sends away immense numbers of cigars coastwise4 ,maceio exported #dccfl4 worth in #ahgf1 but none in #ahgi4 ,some interesting particulars are given in the last report of the ,united ,states ,consul-,general at ,rio de ,janeiro1 as to the cultivation and manufacture of tobacco in ,brazil4 ,it appears that the cultivation began about the year #afjj1 in the province of ,bahia1 and from thence extended to all the other districts along the coast4 ,among the localities earliest known for their tobacco production was the lake district of ,pernambuco1 now the province of ,alagoas1 where an excellent quality was produced1 which commanded very high prices4 ,during the following century the cultivation increased so rapidly in ,alagoas and ,bahia1 that at the commencement of the succeeding century1 the average annual export had reached #bheg tons from the latter1 and #bhe tons from the former province4 ,the earliest export statistics available for the whole empire1 are for the year #ahci-dj1 in which the export amounted to #bie1iff arrobas1 the arroba being equivalent to about #cb lb42 and the value exceeded #fe1jjjl4 ,for the next thirteen years1 the exports averaged #h1jjj1jjj lb4 annually1 with a value steadily increasing4 ,during each of the years #ahec-ee1 the amount exported was #bb1jjj1jjj lb41 of the total value each year of #bjj1jjjl4 ,in #ahgi-hj1 the export was #ej1jjj1jjj lb41 of the value #fei1jjjl42 in #ahhj-ha1 #dd1jjj1jjj lb41 of the value of #fej1jjjl41 and in #ahha-hb1 #eb1jjj1jjj lb41 of the value of #fhj1jjjl4 ,though the principal tobacco-producing province of the empire is ,bahia1 tobacco of good quality is grown in every part of ,brazil1 from the ,amazon to the ,rio ,grande frontier4 ,some localities in the province of ,amazonas have long been known for the excellent quality of their tobacco1 while in the ,rio market one of the brands most esteemed comes from the province of ,goyaz4 ,the local consumption of tobacco is very great1 and principally in smoking4 ,bahia tobacco used to be largely exported in rolls1 weighing #h arrobas1 or #bef lb4 each2 of late years1 however1 large quantities of the leaves in bales are exported to ,hamburg4 ,cigar factories are established in all large cities throughout the tobacco-growing regions1 which give employment to a large number of men1 women1 and children4 ,the methods employed in the cultivation and preparation of the plant are very much the same as they were nearly #bjj years ago4 ,the labour employed is that of slaves1 to whom are assigned special descriptions of work4 ,in former times curing tobacco in rolls required much constant labour1 the ropes composing each roll being unwound1 twisted1 and re-wound during a period varying from #aj to #ae days4 ,the ,brazilian tobacco is generally characterized by its strength and dark colour1 particularly in ,bahia4 ,in that province the practice is to manure heavily1 which occasions a very rank growth and strong flavour4 ,in ,minas ,geraes the tobacco is somewhat milder1 and some advance has lately been made in a few localities towards improved processes of curing4 ,this seed may be germinated in any season of the year1 but the months of ,june1 ,july1 and ,august are generally preferred for planting1 because germination and transplanting are brought into or near the rainy season4 ,tobacco plants planted in this season are considered the best growers1 and produce the largest leaves4 ,those1 however1 which are germinated in the dry season1 and sustained by irrigation1 grow with greater vigour1 and possess a finer aroma4 ,the land selected for the plants is cleared1 and the surface worked with the hoe1 after which it is marked off into parallel rows about #c feet apart1 according to locality and the size of the mature plants4 ,in transplanting1 the young plants are set from #b to #c feet apart1 and are manured heavily in the pits opened for them4 ,great care is necessary for a time to protect the shoots from the sun1 and to irrigate plentifully when the transplanting occurs in a dry season4 ,the work of cultivation and keeping down the weeds is performed entirely with the hoe1 and only two or three times during the season4 ,in gathering in the crops1 planters wait until the plants are fully matured1 this being determined by doubling and breaking one of the top leaves4 ,in ,bahia and other ,brazilian provinces the lower leaf is often picked by itself1 and in a few days the next1 and so on as long as the plant will develop the lower leaves into what is classed first quality4 ,these leaves are hung up two and two1 under cover and across poles1 #bd hours after picking and sweating4 ,when it is intended to twist the leaves into ropes1 they are left hanging about #b days1 when they are taken down1 carefully freed from the heavy parts of the midrib1 doubled in halves1 and laid away for the rope twister4 ,this operation requires considerable dexterity1 and is generally entrusted to the best slave on the plantation4 ,the operation requires a rude windlass1 which is slowly turned in winding the rope1 which is twisted by hand4 ,a boy is usually employed entirely to hand leaves to the twister4 ,these ropes are unwound and re-wound once or twice a day1 for a period of #aj-ae days1 according to the weather1 and are twisted a little harder each time4 ,in curing1 the tobacco grows darker and darker1 until it becomes jet black4 ,the juices exuding from the rolls are carefully caught and preserved until the last winding1 when1 mixed with lard1 syrup1 and various aromatic herbs1 they are used to pass the rope through1 previous to the final winding4 ,the last step is to cut the cured ropes in certain lengths1 and to re-wind them upon light wooden sticks1 about #b feet in length1 the winding being very compact and regular4 ,the rolls are then covered with leather or strong canvas1 when they are ready for market4 ,formerly1 these rolls were made to weigh #h arrobas1 or #bef lb41 though rolls of #c arrobas were made for the home markets4 ,at the present day the weights vary according to the locality4 ,the large exportation of tobacco in leaf has considerably changed the character of tobacco-growing in ,bahia1 the process of curing and packing the leaf being simpler than the old process of manufacturing rolos4 ,tobacco-growing is heavily protected and taxed in ,brazil1 nearly all the provinces imposing separate protective taxes1 in addition to those imposed by the ,government4 ,besides these1 the municipalities are permitted to levy taxes on the article4 ,the present export tax on tobacco1 in ,brazil1 amounts to as much as #ah per cent4 ,the local market quotations are thus given3-- s4 d4 s4 d4 ,patentes #fhjh-hagj real 7#ab #b-ad #g7 per #aj kilo4 7 #bb lb47 ,santo ,amaro1 assorted #c #g- #e #h 0 0 ,alagrinhas #bgia-eajf 7#e #j- #h #b7 0 0 ,so ,felix #cgde-ddbe 7#f #h- #g #aj7 0 0 ,the ,bahia export in #ahhc-d was #ae1fdd1jaj kilo41 value #djj1bdfl4 ,canary ,islands4--,with the declining importance of cochineal1 tobacco-growing is gaining ground1 and the quality of the article has been much improved1 while factories for drying and preparing the leaf have been established in various localities4 ,the exports for the year #ahhc-d were3--#bg lb41 value #hl41 to ,france2 #bbfh cwt41 value #ihjil41 to ,spain2 #agec lb41 value #cgel41 to ,germany2 and #ici lb41 value #ahil41 to ,west ,coast of ,africa4 ,china4--,the chief tobacco-growing provinces of ,china are ,chihli1 ,hopih1 ,hoonan1 ,szechuen1 and ,shingking4 ,the use of tobacco is wide-spread and common1 and considerable local trade is carried on in it4 ,the exports from ,amoy were #begc piculs 7of #acc lb471 value #ac1efal41 in #ahgg2 and #ciid piculs1 value #ag1icfl41 in #ahgh4 ,wenchow exported #bg piculs of leaf in #ahgh1 and #cba in #ahgi4 ,the exports and re-exports from ,hankow in #ahgh were #fe1jgj piculs of leaf1 and #df1bda of prepared4 ,in #ahgi1 ,hankow exported and re-exported #fc1ahj piculs prepared1 value #caa1gedl41 and #eh1jid of leaf1 value #aah1ecdl4 ,there is an immense supply from the provinces1 and the leaf is fine in colour1 texture1 and fragrance1 but though sent to ,america and ,england for cigar-making1 the trade has not been remunerative4 ,it is now used in cigarettes and various cut mixtures as 8,turkish10 but when better known1 will be smoked on its own merits4 ,canton exported #agcj piculs in #ahgg1 #agdb in #ahgh1 and #bcig in #ahgi4 ,the exports of leaf from ,ningpo were #djg piculs in #ahgd1 #ega in #ahge1 #baa in #ahgf1 #ecj in #ahgg1 #cgh in #ahgh1 and #afe in #ahgi4 ,kiungchow exported #ddi piculs of leaf in #ahgh2 and #he piculs1 value #acfl41 in #ahgi4 ,kiukiang exported #bh1abj piculs of leaf1 value #ce1fghl41 in #ahgh2 and #ad1fei of leaf1 and #hjb of stalk1 in #ahgi4 ,chinkiang imported #ac1cbh piculs of leaf1 and #aiad of prepared1 in #ahgi4 ,macao receives tobacco from the ,hokshan district1 and prepares it for exportation to ,java1 the ,straits1 and ,california1 the annual export being about #aj1jjj piculs4 ,the ,newchwang imports of prepared native tobacco were #hjeb piculs in #ahgg1 #hced in #ahgh1 and #ffcj in #ahgi4 ,shanghai1 in #ahgi1 imported #eh1dfj piculs of native leaf1 #gi1jha of prepared1 and #aahg of stalk2 and exported and re-exported #ca1eda of leaf1 and #bi1fgb of prepared4 ,taiwan imported #cjag piculs of prepared native in #ahgi4 ,tientsin exported #ajdg piculs native tobacco in #ahgh1 and #fic in #ahgi4 ,tobacco is grown in the hilly districts near ,wuhu2 the leaves are gathered in ,october1 and sun-dried on wicker-work frames4 ,the exports in #ahgi were #eig piculs of leaf1 and #gdb of prepared4 ,cochin-,china4--,the culture of tobacco is extending in ,cochin-,china1 and it is even said that a considerable quantity is exported to ,china1 but it improves little in quality4 ,the area reported to be under tobacco cultivation in #ahgh 7including coffee7 was #bcfa acres4 ,costa ,rica4--,the free cultivation of tobacco was stopped in ,january #ahhd1 and its free sale only permitted till ,december #ca1 #ahhe4 ,ecuador4--,the tobacco crop of ,ecuador for #ahgi was not so large as usual1 owing to an unfavourable season4 ,esmeraldas1 the most northerly port1 and whence nearly all the tobacco shipments are made1 despatched about #cjjj quintals in #ahgi4 ,guayaquil exported #aej quintals in #ahgg1 none in #ahgh1 and #aj in #ahgi4 ,in #ahhc1 the exports from ,guayaquil were #acgd quintals1 value #edifl42 in #ahhd1 only #if quintals1 #aibl4 ,fiji4--,the ,fiji ,islands are well adapted to tobacco culture4 ,the natives produce a good deal1 which nearly approaches the ,american leaf4 ,with careful curing1 it would find a market in ,england4 ,the native product is rolled1 which prevents its being made into cigars4 ,samples of leaf-tobacco in hands1 raised from foreign seeds1 exhibited very unequal qualities1 and a tendency to revert to ,american forms1 the ,havana returning to the ,virginian type4 ,cut up for smoking1 they were deficient in flavour1 but were considered satisfactory as a first experiment4 ,france4--,the area occupied by tobacco in ,france in #ahgc was #ad1heh hectares 7of #b acres71 yielding at the rate of #ab quintals 7of #bbj lb474 ,the amount of land authorized1 to grow tobacco in ,pas de ,calais in #ahgi was #bajj acres1 and the quantity furnished to the ,government was #c1fei1fcf lb41 the prices 7per kilo47 paid by the ,government being #a fr4 #de;c4 for #asts1 #a fr4 #ab;c4 for #bnds1 #hh;c4 for #crds1 and #aj-ff;c4 for other inferior qualities4 ,the number of plants grown per acre is about #ag1jjj4 ,the department ,nord affords rather more than ,pas de ,calais4 ,by the ,imperial decrees of ,december #bith1 #ahaj1 and ,january #abth1 #ahaa1 it was ordained that the purchase of tobacco in leaf and the fabrication and sale1 whether wholesale or retail1 of manufactures of tobacco1 should be exclusively confined to the ,administration of ,indirect ,taxes 7,rgie des ,droits ,unis7 in all the departments of ,france4 ,at present the ,rgie has in operation #af large manufactories1 #bg 8magasins de culture10 and #d 8magasins de transit40 ,it employs over #ai1jjj workpeople1 of whom about #hj per cent4 are women and girls4 ,the usual daily earnings are1 for men1 from #bs4 #g;d4 to #cs4 #aa;d41 and for women1 from #as4 #b;d4 to #bs4 #d;d4 ,for faithful or exemplary services1 the workpeople receive annually rewards1 varying in amounts from #aes4 to #bjl4 ,mr4 ,scidmore1 the ,united ,states ,consular ,agent in ,paris1 gives the following description of the manner in which the operations of the ,rgie are carried on4 ,at the beginning of each year the ,minister of ,finance designates the number of hectares upon which1 and the departments within which1 the cultivation of tobacco may be undertaken during the following season4 ,the last ministerial decree upon this subject confines the privilege to the departments of the ,alpes ,maritimes1 ,bouches du ,rhne1 ,dordogne1 ,gironde1 ,ille-et-,vilaine1 ,landes1 ,lot-et-,garonne1 ,meurthe-et-,moselle1 ,nord1 ,pas de ,calais1 ,puy de ,dme1 ,hautes-,pyrnes1 ,haute-,sane1 ,savoie1 ,haute ,savoie1 and ,var4 ,in the month of ,october or ,november1 an agent of the ,rgie proceeds to the communes among which the prefects have apportioned the allotments1 and receives the declaration of every proprietor desiring to profit by the authorization4 ,a ,commission1 composed of the prefect1 of the director of indirect taxes1 a superior agent of cultivation1 a member of the council general1 and of a member of the council of the arrondissement1 not being planters1 then examine the declarations1 and admit1 reduce1 or reject them4 ,after a planter is accorded permission to cultivate1 he is subjected to close official supervision1 and to numerous stringent regulations concerning details as to the prohibition to sow any other seed than that furnished to him by the administration1 the mode of planting1 c42 and1 in addition to the surveillance as to these matters1 two official inventories are taken of the growing crop--the first to ascertain the extent of land under cultivation and the number of plants1 the second to determine the number of leaves for which the planter will be held accountable4 ,when the tobacco has been gathered in a manner described by regulations of minute detail1 the planter takes it to the magazine of the ,rgie1 where it is subjected to the inspection of a commission of five disinterested experts1 who separate the leaves into three portions1 according to quality2 the planter is then paid for each portion in accordance with the tariff of prices promulgated by the ,minister of ,finance4 ,foreign tobacco is obtained through contract with private parties1 after published proposals by the ,minister of ,finance through the ,french ,consular ,corps abroad1 and through a special government agency established at ,havana4 ,at present a little over one-third of the tobacco purchased by the ,rgie is of ,french growth2 over one-half consists of foreign leaf1 mostly obtained from the ,united ,states1 and the remainder is made up by importations of cigars from ,havana and ,manilla1 and by cigarettes and miscellaneous productions of various countries1 and by custom-house seizures4 ,the magazines distributed throughout the country are of two sorts1 8magasins de transit0 for foreign tobacco1 and 8magasins de culture0 for indigenous tobacco4 ,in the 8magasins de transit0 the foreign leaves have not to submit to any other manipulation than the sampling of packages1 after which they are forwarded to the factories in such quantities as may be demanded4 ,with the indigenous tobacco the course is different2 this when received from the hands of the ,french grower is usually very imperfectly dried1 and has to be subjected to a curing process4 ,after the bundles are thoroughly thrashed1 they are put in heaps according to maturity1 and fermented in a temperature as high as #cj to #dj ,centigrade4 ,this maturation lasts from six to nine months1 depending upon the locality1 and the condition of the leaves as received1 and is interrupted from time to time by the operation of shaking and turning in order to prevent too great fermentation4 ,when this fermentation is concluded1 those leaves containing less than twenty per cent4 of water are ready to be packed4 ,at this point certain of the leaves undergo a stemming process2 they are then packed by hydraulic pressure in bales and hogsheads weighing from #djj to #ejj kilo4 each1 and in this state they remain stored in the magazine for some months to acquire further ripeness4 ,it is usually #ae-ah months after they are gathered that the leaves are considered to be in a fit condition to be sent to the manufactory4 ,upon arrival at the manufactory1 the packages are sorted and emptied2 the leaves are spread out in large bins or receive a preparatory wetting with water containing #aj per cent4 of sea salt1 in order to produce flexibility and prevent powdering4 ,this process occupies #bd hours4 ,then follows the sorting according to quality1 and the distribution to the various workrooms for composition4 ,when intended for the manufacture of snuff1 the leaves are put into machines and chopped into strips of the width of a finger2 they are then moistened with pure water or tobacco juice of various strengths1 the necessary quantity and quality of which is determined by chemical analysis4 ,these strips are then piled up in masses containing from #ce1jjj to #dj1jjj kilogrammes1 in rooms where a high and even temperature is maintained by steam-pipes and ventilators4 ,here they remain to ferment during a month or six weeks1 when they are dried1 ground into powder1 and sifted4 ,this powder then receives a wetting1 is packed in stout wooden bins1 in quantities ranging from #be1jjj to #cj1jjj kilo41 and so remain to ferment for several months4 ,during the course of the final fermentation1 the powder is tested and moved from one bin to another from time to time1 in order to ensure a successful issue of the process4 ,when the samples taken from the bins indicate maturity1 the snuff is packed in barrels and casks1 and is ready for the market4 ,for the manufacture of smoking-tobacco1 the leaves1 after the stemming process1 receive their first moistening1 which lasts #bd hours4 ,they are then neatly arranged1 with their edges parallel1 and are taken to the chopping machines2 the machines in use at the ,rgie are capable of chopping #bbj lb4 per hour1 the knives being renewed twice during that time4 ,the tobacco1 on leaving the choppers1 contains about #be per cent4 of humidity1 and is immediately conveyed into one end of a revolving drying cylinder1 heated to a uniform temperature of #bjc ,fahrenheit1 from the opposite end of which it issues1 at the expiration of fifteen minutes1 in a dried state and freed from albumen4 ,it is then put through a second cylinder1 similar in construction to the last1 but which subjects the tobacco to a strong draught of cold air to eliminate all dust and heat4 ,the tobacco is then packed in well-aired bins1 where it remains from four to six weeks1 after which it is carefully overhauled by hand to remove the pieces of stems and foreign matter that may have escaped notice in the previous operations4 ,it is then put up in packages1 varying in weight from #dj grammes upwards4 ,these packages are surrounded with a paper band1 upon which are printed the ,government tax stamp1 the date of manufacture1 the weight1 the price1 and the letter 8,h10 followed by figures4 ,the last mark signifies the amount of humidity contained in the tobacco at the time it was put into the packets4 ,consul ,scidmore says that in no instance since its inauguration has there been a year without enormous profits to the tobacco monopoly in ,france1 and in a table appended to his report1 it appears that from the date of its foundation 7#ahaa7 to the end of #ahgh1 the net total gain to the ,french ,government amounted to #bhg1gjc1hhal4 ,the following table from a recent report shows that the consumption of tobacco in ,france has been steadily increasing3-- ,year4 ,population4 ,amount ,amount per consumed4 ,head4 ,kilogrammes4 ,grammes4 #ahae #bi1bej1jjj #h1iha1djc #cjg #ahbf #ca1fgc1hec #aa1eie1jhd #cff #ahca #cb1gca1bef #aa1jga1jhh #cch #ahda #cd1jah1gae #af1dfa1icd #dhd #ahea #ce1edf1iai #ai1gah1jhi #eee #ahfd #cg1acc1dbd #bh1jai1hjc #gee #ahff #cg1hjg1bjc #cj1fbg1ffc #haj #ahgb #ce1hdd1dad #bg1jca1jjj #ged #ahgf #cf1fdc1jhg #ca1ahh1hdf #hea ,the amount consumed in the different departments varies very much4 ,snuff-taking is most practised in ,oise1 ,seine ,infrieure1 ,eure1 and ,eure-et-,loir1 at the maximum rate of #cge grm4 per head2 and least in the departments of ,doubs1 ,pyrnes ,orientales1 ,nord1 ,haut ,rhin1 and ,haute ,savoie1 where the average is but #ajj grm4 ,in smoking1 however1 there is rather a reverse order of things1 the ,nord1 ,haut-,rhin1 and ,pas de ,calais consuming at the rate of #b kilo4 per head1 while the minimum is found in ,haute ,savoie1 ,cantal1 ,corrze1 ,creuse1 ,aveyron1 ,dordogne1 ,lot1 and ,lozre4 ,ten departments only consume tobacco above the average1 while #gj are actually below it4 ,if all ,france smoked the same quantity as do the people of ,nord1 ,haut-,rhin1 and ,pas de ,calais1 the consumption for the whole country would be #gc1bhf1agd kilo4 instead of #ca1jjj1jjj2 and vice vers it would be only #f1bfe1ifh kilo4 if calculated according to the average of ,lozre1 which is only at the rate of #aga grm4 per head4 ,the department of the ,nord1 in #ahhd1 had #ddi hectares 7of #bdg acres7 under tobacco1 the yield of which was #a1afh1bjf kilo4 ,germany4--,the total area of land engaged in growing tobacco in ,germany in #ahgh was about #dd1ebj acres2 nearly two-thirds of this total was distributed among ,rhenish ,bavaria1 ,baden1 ,s4 ,hesse1 and ,alsace-,lorraine4 ,the total consumption of tobacco in the ,german empire in that year was #b1aif1jjj cwt4 ,the home production was #eif1ggf cwt41 the remainder being imported4 ,the aggregate area of land cultivated with tobacco in the ,states of the ,german ,customs ,union did not vary considerably during ten years1 being #ba1eji hectares in #ahfc1 and #bj1iah in #ahgb1 to which must be added the newly annexed provinces of ,alsace and ,lorraine1 which bring up the total to #bd1gde hectares4 ,it appears that1 with particular regard to the year #ahgb1 the cultivation was carried on in #djfg different localities1 by #id1iaf taxable growers1 and by #hc1fge smaller growers1 whose production1 owing to its limited extent1 was exempt from taxation4 ,by far the larger number were small growers1 the area cultivated by each not exceeding an average of #aj ares4 ,in ,prussia the aggregate of land cultivated during the year #ahga amounted to #eibe hectares1 or #bf per cent4 of the entire territory of the kingdom2 the aggregate yield of the harvest in the same year was #aih1hij centners4 ,it appears that the extent of tobacco-growing land has1 during the last fifty years1 been gradually diminishing in ,prussia1 and that accordingly the expectations entertained in the beginning of that period of a great future development of this branch of agriculture have not been realized4 ,the reasons for the gradual decline are considered to be1 on the one hand1 the growing competition of the ,south ,german growers1 and the increase in the importations of ,american tobacco2 on the other hand1 the fact that the cultivation of beetroot for sugar1 and of potatoes for distilling purposes1 has proved to be a more profitable business than tobacco production4 ,it has1 moreover1 been found by many years' experience1 that whilst the quality of the tobacco cultivated in most parts of ,prussia is not such as to enable the growers to compete successfully with the importers of foreign1 particularly ,north ,american sorts1 the labour attending its cultivation and its preparation for the market1 as well as the uncertainty of only an average crop1 are out of proportion1 as a rule1 to the average profits arising therefrom4 ,the cultivation of the plant has consequently gradually 8become restricted chiefly to those districts of the country where either the soil is peculiarly adapted for the purpose1 or where it is carried on for the private use of the producer4 ,in ,bavaria1 as is well known1 tobacco is cultivated very extensively1 particularly in the ,palatinate and in ,franconia1 viz4 the districts around ,nuremberg and ,erlangen4 ,the area of land in #ahga was #dgba hectares1 which produced #add1aec centners4 ,in ,saxony but little tobacco is grown1 the total area planted therewith in #ahga not having exceeded #f hectares1 upon which #acj centners were produced4 ,although in parts of ,wirtemberg the soil and climate are said to be very favourable to the growth of the plant1 the area of land cultivated is1 upon the whole1 a very limited one1 and did not exceed #agh hectares4 ,the yield of the harvest is given at #eega centners4 ,in the year #aheh the extent of production in ,wirtemberg is stated to have been four times as great as it is at present4 ,the ,grand ,duchy of ,baden has at all times been the chief tobacco-growing part of ,germany1 and as far back as the end of the seventeenth century special laws for regulating the cultivation1 preparation1 and warehousing of this article were in force4 ,the great importance accordingly attaching to this branch of agriculture and industry for so large a proportion of the inhabitants of ,baden1 renders it but natural that any project of increasing the tobacco tax should meet with very strong opposition amongst most classes of the ,grand ,duchy4 ,the most prominent tobacco-growing districts of ,baden are those of ,carlsruhe1 ,mannheim1 ,heidelberg1 ,badenburg1 ,schwitzingen1 and ,lahr2 the quality of the plant grown in these parts being a very inferior one4 ,the produce of the districts mentioned is therefore applied chiefly to the manufacture of 8cigar-wrappers10 and is exported in considerable quantities to ,bremen1 ,hamburg1 ,switzerland1 ,holland1 and even to ,america1 for the use of the cigar-makers4 ,the prices of the best kinds of ,baden tobacco are consequently also1 on an average1 much higher than those realized by other ,german growers4 ,the area in ,hesse was #igi hectares1 the chief district being around the town of ,darmstadt2 the production was #ca1caa centners4 ,the most prominent amongst the ,thuringian ,states as regards tobacco production1 is the ,duchy of ,saxe-,menningen2 the land cultivated in #ahga in all of them put together was #bjb hectares1 the yield of the harvest in that year having been #dhjf centners4 ,in the two ,german states of ,mecklenburg1 #fajf centners were raised from #afe hectares of land4 ,the most important district is that of ,neu-,brandenburg1 in ,mecklenburgh-,strelitz4 ,only a small extent of land1 viz4 #fi hectares1 is used for tobacco in the ,duchy of ,brunswick1 the same being situated near the town of ,helmstadt2 the amount raised was #bcia centners4 ,in the recently acquired provinces of ,alsace-,lorraine1 tobacco cultivation has been extensively carried on for many years1 more especially in the country around ,strasburg1 ,mlhausen1 ,schirmeck1 and ,mnster1 and to a smaller extent near ,metz and ,thionville4 ,the aggregate area of land cultivated in #ahga in both provinces is given at #caei hectares1 upon which #aae1eah centners of tobacco were raised4 ,according to the statistics and information furnished by ,consul ,ward1 the quantity of tobacco produced in ,germany in the year #ahga amounted to #gac1hde centners1 the whole being estimated in value at #fj1bhd1baj dols41 or about #i1jdb1facl4 sterling4 ,a ,consular report of ,march #ca1 #ahhe1 remarks that one of the most prominent branches of agriculture in ,baden is that of tobacco1 of which about #cjj1jjj to #cej1jjj cwt4 annually are grown1 whereof large quantities are exported4 ,owing to the comparatively high tax on production of #bb marks per #ej kilo41 the grower has been forced to seek a more rational system of cultivation1 and a more careful treatment of the plant and the curing of the leaf4 ,government pays particular attention to this culture4 ,a ,commission has been appointed for the purpose of studying and investigating the treatment of tobacco in ,holland1 and the results are to be adopted and propagated1 so far as the climate admits4 ,it is very doubtful whether the labours of the ,commission will greatly influence the farmers1 who are of a very conservative disposition2 moreover1 there is a greater obstacle to struggle against1 namely1 their desire to increase the quantity of the production1 and with it their income1 without regard to the question of deterioration of the quality of tobacco2 the peasantry1 like other classes1 participates in the desire to better its material condition4 ,the surface of land occupied by tobacco plantations represented in #ahhc for the whole of the empire the considerable figure of #bb1jfh hectares2 this year a reduction is to be noted1 as official reports bring the total to #ba1ajh hectares only4 ,the ,grand ,duchy of ,baden participated in the above figures with #gghh hectares for #ahhc1 and #gfdg hectares for #ahhd4 ,notwithstanding this difference1 the result of the crop will not essentially be smaller 7as regards the weight of the total71 the new produce proving heavier in weight and in substance4 ,while in #ahhc the hectare produced about #aijj kilo41 it is supposed that for #ahhd it will yield from #ahjj to #bjjj kilo4 ,these figures tend to prove that the #ahhd tobacco is richer in quality1 and consequently more durable1 and less capable of treatment than that of the preceding years2 although the quality is somewhat inferior to that of #ahhb and #ahhc it may fairly be considered as good4 ,the subjoined remarks deal with the tobacco trade of ,bremen4 ,the number of casks of ,kentucky tobacco sold in #ahhd fell considerably below that disposed of in #ahhc4 ,this is explainable by the circumstance that lugs and cuttings were altogether wanting4 ,the prices of leaf on the whole remained steady1 except in ,october and ,november1 when they soon regained their firmness through no more supplies from ,america being expected1 owing to the continued demand for strong tobacco in that country4 ,business in ,virginia tobacco also suffered from the want of inferior qualities4 ,prices1 considered high from the beginning1 showed even a rising tendency at the end of the season4 ,transactions in ,maryland and scrubs exceeded the average of the last five years4 ,ohio and ,bay suffered1 as hitherto1 from the protection afforded to home growths4 ,operations in stems were1 considering the depression in trade1 not unsatisfactory4 ,a good business was done in almost all descriptions of tobacco in serons1 chests1 bales1 and baskets1 and sales surpassed those of previous years4 ,the subjoined table presents a comparison of the transactions in the various sorts of tobacco during the last two years3-- ,description of ,description of ,imports4 ,sales4 ,tobacco4 ,packing4 #ahhc4 #ahhd4 #ahhc4 #ahhd4 ,kentucky ,casks #bj1hbh #ab1jhd #bj1jab #ab1ead ,virginia 0 #c1icg #e1bej #d1hdh #e1aif ,maryland 0 #d1ibi #e1fae #d1egi #e1haa ,scrubs 0 #chc #a1cfc #chc #a1jbg ,ohio 0 #eha #a1aee #eff #a1agd ,bay 0 #aja #acf #bcd #acd ,stems 0 #e1jac #g1ccb #h1afc #e1djc ,havana ,serons #af1abg #ae1jbg #ac1aba #aa1ifg ,cuba and ,yara 0 #bb1dfg #bb1bei #bi1big #ag1chc ,st4 ,domingo 0 #hc1hcf #ei1ffe #eh1aba #dd1jfe ,seed-leaf ,chests #ag1jgj #ah1gbc #gg1jjj #ah1bjc ,porto ,rico ,bales #a1acc #cjj #a1acg #b1baj ,esmeralda 0 #gje #edi #ggf #eii ,columbia ,serons and bales #aa1hfb #ba1jda #ad1jcb #bb1fei ,varnias ,leaves and rolls #ibb #b1jfe #c1agd #b1jfe ,brazil1 in leaves ,bales #aca1ihbahe1jfaaci1cigahi1bdf ,paraguay 0 #b1fgb #b1fja #b1hgi #b1hai ,rio ,grande 0 #d1ega 44 #aj1aii #a1cdj ,manilla 0 #ej #gg #ba #ajf ,mexican 0 44 #aj 44 #aj ,turkish and ,greek 0 #f1aee #f1hbe #h1bce #h1aje ,other varieties 0 #a1dif #b1jag #a1dda #c1ceg ,good qualities of ,havana fetched adequate prices4 ,the demand for ,cuba1 ,yara1 ,carmen1 and ,domingo was brisk2 ,brazilian and ,felix found ready buyers1 owing to the last good crop1 the prices rising towards the close of the year4 ,the stock of ,porto ,rico was realized at a low figure4 ,in seed-leaf ,pennsylvania plants were chiefly imported1 and1 being of a good quality1 were for the most part promptly disposed of4 ,much inclination was shown for ,turkish tobacco1 and the same remark applies to business in ,paraguay1 of which the supplies might have been greater4 ,chinese tobacco1 very brisk at first on account of its fine quality1 later on fell off again considerably4 ,the value of the tobacco consumed in ,germany in #ahgh is calculated to have been #cec million marks1 or #ag1fej1jjjl4 sterling1 the total return to the revenue being #bf1chc1iff marks1 or #a1cai1aihl4 ,the quantity consumed in that empire in the year is stated at #b1aif1jjj cwt41 or rather more than #ajj1jjj tons4 ,of this quantity #ehb1fjj cwt41 or upwards of #bi1jjj tons1 were consumed in the form of cigars4 ,reckoning a hundred cigars to a pound in weight1 the number of cigars consumed in ,germany in #ahgh would be upwards of seven thousand millions1 which would give two cigars a day all the year round to ten million smokers4 ,but besides cigars the ,germans smoked in the year #a1cbg1bjj cwt41 or upwards of #fj1jjj tons of tobacco more or less manufactured4 ,in the form of snuff they took #afj1fjj cwt41 or #hjjj tons1 in the course of the year1 while in the way of chewing-tobacco they limited themselves to the moderate quantity of #ad1bjj cwt41 or about #gjj tons4 ,rather more than one-third of the total weight of tobacco consumed was grown within the limits of ,germany1 the quantity so produced in #ahgh being #eif1ggf cwt41 while the imports amounted to #a1gfh1hee cwt4 of tobacco leaves1 #dhbg cwt4 of roll tobacco1 #ad1agj cwt4 of cigars1 #hcba cwt4 of stems for snuffs1 #eac cwt4 of snuff1 and #aja cwt4 of chewing-tobacco4 ,the total area of land engaged in growing the plant in #ahgh was #ah1jaf hectares1 or about #dd1ebj acres4 ,two-thirds of that quantity was grown in ,rhenish ,bavaria1 ,baden1 ,south ,hesse1 and ,alsace-,lorraine1 in which districts #aa1fbc hectares were employed in the cultivation of the plant4 ,great ,britain4--,the proposal to re-establish tobacco culture in the ,united ,kingdom has called for the following sensible article in the ,planters' ,gazette4 8,the question of growing tobacco in the ,united ,kingdom is not so simple as patriotic ,irishmen and enthusiasts of acclimatization might think4 ,tobacco has been classed1 like tea and coffee1 as among those necessaries of life which could not be grown with any advantage in the ,united ,kingdom1 and might therefore be freely taxed for revenue purposes4 ,it is1 indeed1 true that a passable herb may be grown and called tobacco1 in many parts of the ,united ,kingdom1 but the fact has been generally recognized that competition with more tropical countries is practically fruitless1 and therefore to be abandoned4 ,it is easily to be understood that so aromatic a crop1 monopolizing so many of the best and rarest qualities of the soil1 would require high manuring2 and that1 just as is the case of any other crop--such as hops1 or even wheat--one could get nothing of the special excellence of the herb required but what one has previously put into the soil4 ,but1 to be profitable1 the plant requires good heat as well as good soil4 ,this1 therefore1 is the whole economical question1 and upon that the matter mainly hinges4 ,the claim to grow real tobacco in ,england or ,ireland is based upon the allegation that the herb can be grown at a profit4 ,the best evidence furnished to the ,house of ,commons on ,monday evening on this point was that of ,lord ,harris1 who affirmed boldly that ,ireland and parts of ,england were prepared to enter into a fair competition with the recognized productive colonies4 ,the ,government1 and with them1 ,lord ,iddesleigh1 are in favour of an experiment largely granting all that is asked1 and carefully observing the result4 ,then1 when the ,british tobacco comes upon the ordinary market1 let it be taxed as any other similar product would be4 ,the ,government could not view with anything but dismay the prospect of a fall in revenue2 and there is no question1 therefore1 that the home-grown tobacco must pay duty to the full4 ,the crux of the question is how such duty can be enforced without an army of revenue officers1 whose practical duties would bear no reasonable proportion to their probable cost4 ,our own impression is that tobacco can never be grown in these islands on any large scale to compete with the growers within the tropics1 and that the expense of collecting revenue would be out of all proportion to the amount collected4 ,at the same time1 it ill becomes us as a ,free-trading nation to shut out any class of our own countrymen1 by duties distinctly prohibitive1 from following a branch of agriculture which they think they could make profitable4 ,it is against our principle to offer a bounty on the forced cultivation of exotics1 such as tobacco undoubtedly is when grown in these islands1 but it would be still worse to maintain1 on merely pedantic grounds1 a prohibitive import on a crop which many men think the smaller tenants could produce to the great advantage of their holdings4 ,we are by no means sanguine of their success2 but that is no reason why they should not try40 ,greece4--,the production of tobacco in ,greece is about #d million okes 7of #b lb47 annually4 ,patras1 in #ahgh1 exported #cjj tons to ,holland1 ,austria1 and ,turkey1 at a value of #be-cjl4 a ton4 ,the values of the exports from ,syra1 in #ahgi1 were #cejcl4 to ,great ,britain1 #bcbel4 to ,turkey1 #hhl4 to the ,danubian ,principalities1 #bcfl4 to ,france1 #eedl4 to ,austria1 #dcfl4 to ,egypt1 #afjel4 to ,russia2 and in #ahgh1 #aebhl4 to ,turkey1 #ahgel4 to ,great ,britain1 #icl4 to the ,danubian ,principalities1 #ddal4 to ,austria1 #ccdl4 to ,france1 #bffl4 to ,russia1 #cil4 to ,egypt4 ,in #ahhd1 ,nauplia exported #ac1jjjl4 worth of tobacco2 and ,calamata1 #bdjjl4 worth4 ,the value at ,patras was #des4 per cwt4 ,syra imported #dcil4 worth of tobacco and #cjel4 worth of tumbeki from ,turkey2 but exported #aj1deil4 worth of tobacco to ,turkey1 #figl4 worth to ,great ,britain1 #ag1gbcl4 worth to ,egypt1 #bjjl4 worth to ,russia1 #abjl4 worth to ,roumania1 #bifcl4 worth to ,italy1 #aagfl4 worth to ,france1 and #bjjl4 worth to ,austria4 ,holland4--,there were #daag acres under tobacco in ,holland in #ahgh1 which produced #c1acb1hge kilo4 ,the imports of tobacco into ,holland in #ahgh were as follows3--,maryland1 #ebdi1 ,kentucky1 #ejj1 and ,virginian1 #ajg hogsheads2 ,java1 #hg1iih1 seed-leaf1 #ajj1 ,sumatra1 #cc1fga packages4 ,in #ahgf and #ahgg1 there were #eijj and #ciic packages respectively from ,rio ,grande4 ,the exports of leaf from ,holland in #ahgi were #c1ijj1jjj kilo4 ,,comparative ,,statement ,,of ,,the ,,imports ,,of ,,the ,,various ,,kinds ,,of ,,tobacco ,,during ,,the ,,five ,,years #ahgi-hc4 ,virginia ,maryland4 and ,java4 ,seed-leaf4 ,brazil4 ,sumatra4 ,kentucky4 ,hhds4 ,hhds4 ,packages4 ,packages4,packages4,packages4 ,in #ahgi #g1bcd #he #ajb1gia #aib #a1edh #dd1dgg #ahhj #d1gge #adg #cd1jcg #a1jjg #cci #eb1aea #ahha #b1ihi #aea #ha1bbe #ded #a1jih #ei1dfh #ahhb #c1dje #bf #ajc1chd #ije ,nil4 #gc1ddd #ahhc #d1bdj #igf #cj1ige #b1ejj #fge #aj1aaa ,india4--,an immense area is occupied in producing tobacco in ,india4 ,in ,madras1 ,dindigul is the great tobacco district1 and cheroots are manufactured at ,trichinopoli4 ,the islands in the delta of the ,godavari also yield lunka tobacco1 the climate being suitable1 and the plants being raised on rather poor1 light soil1 highly manured and well watered4 ,manilla seeds have been tried on the lower ,palnai ,hills1 but the ,wynaad has proved to be the best locality4 ,in ,bombay1 the ,kaira and ,khandesh tobaccos are superior2 altogether over #dj1jjj acres were under the crop in this presidency in #ahga-b1 and the exports were #c million lb4 ,shiraz and ,manilla seeds yield good plants in ,gujrat and ,khandesh4 ,the total areas under tobacco in #ahga-b were thus returned3--,bengal1 about #cjj1jjj acres2 ,punjab1 over #ij1jjj2 ,oudh1 #fi1ejj2 ,rungpore1 #fj4jjj 7affording the so-called 8,burma cheroots072 ,central ,provinces1 #ee1jjj2 ,tirhoot1 #dj1jjj2 ,cooch ,behar1 #bd1jjj2 ,mysore1 #bj1jjj2 ,dinagepore1 #bj1jjj2 ,purneah1 #bj1jjj2 ,behar1 #ah1ejj2 ,burma1 #ac1jjj2 ,monghyr1 #i-aj1jjj2 ,nuddea1 #i-aj1jjj4 ,the best tobacco districts are said to be ,sandoway and the island of ,cheduba1 in ,arracan2 ,rungpore1 in ,bengal2 and ,bhilsa1 in the ,central ,provinces4 ,the results of many analyses of ,south ,indian tobaccos show that their ash seldom contains more than #e-f per cent4 of carbonate of potash1 while ,american range from #bj-dj per cent41 indicating the poverty of the ,indian soils in this important ingredient4 ,it might1 however1 be supplied at moderate cost in the shape of saltpetre1 which is actually exported largely from the tobacco-growing districts4 ,the bulk of the ,indian tobacco exported consists of leaf1 the kinds chiefly shipped being the 8,bispah0 and 8,poolah0 varieties of the ,rungpore kind2 the quantities of cigars and other manufactured tobacco exported are very small4 ,the exports in lb4 for the four years #ahge-gi were3-- #ahge-gf4 #ahgf-gg4 #ahgg-gh4 #ahgh-gi4 ,unmanufactured #bb1hfa1gaa #aj1ejh1gbj #aj1eid1fjd #ac1bgi1aeh ,manufactured3 ,cigars #aeb1ahi #aij1acf #ahi1gdb #aif1gei ,other sorts #bcb1gbj #bje1jcc #cag1hhg #bdg1gdc ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,total #bc1bdf1fbj #aj1ijc1hhi #aa1ajb1bcc #ac1gbc1ffj ,on the other hand1 a considerable quantity of manufactured tobacco1 averaging over #a million lb4 yearly1 is imported1 showing that ,india is still merely a producer of raw material1 and is dependent upon other countries for the manufactured article in a condition fit for consumption4 ,even as regards the raw material1 ,india might do a great deal more than at present1 for there would be a large and constant demand on the continent of ,europe for ,indian leaf1 if it could be obtained of somewhat better quality4 ,the ,french and ,italian tobacco departments are prepared to take ,indian tobacco in large quantities1 if it can be supplied of a quality suited to their purposes2 and there would also be an extensive demand from ,austria and ,germany4 ,although the shipments consist mainly of leaf tobacco1 and that not of good quality1 tobacco manufacture is now making a promising beginning4 ,in the enterprise being carried on at ,ghazipore1 in the ,north-,west ,provinces1 and at ,poosah1 in ,bengal1 both the cultivation and manufacture are under the supervision of skilled ,american growers and curers4 ,some of this tobacco sent to the ,administration des ,tabacs in ,paris has been very favourably reported on4 ,the factory at ,ghazipore is now turning out about #ejj lb4 a day of all classes1 the greater part being black cavendish and honeydew1 for the army4 ,the machinery is capable of turning out #cejj lb4 a day1 as soon as sufficient hands have been trained4 ,hitherto no ,indian tobacco has realized any valuation approaching that of ,american4 ,the average price of the ,american 8shipping tobacco0 is #e-f;d4 a lb41 higher classes of bright leaf from ,virginia realize as much as #g-ac;d4 a lb41 while the price of ,indian tobacco has generally been #a-b;d4 a lb4 ,but the #ae1jjj lb4 of ,poosah leaf from the #ahgg crop reached ,england when ,american shipping leaf was at #d-e;d4 a lb41 or #be per cent4 below the normal rate4 ,the consignment was1 moreover1 packed in rather damp order1 and contained a quantity of moisture which caused it to be assessed under the highest rate of the new tariff1 which imposes #cs4 #aj;d4 duty when the moisture is over #aj per cent41 against #cs4 #f;d4 under #aj per cent4 ,this made a difference in the value1 estimated at #a;d4 a lb4 ,the price obtained was #c;d41 which would have been #d;d4 had the tobacco been drier1 and the sale has been followed by orders of large shipments4 ,the high prices1 too1 realized for the best samples of the #ahgf and #ahgg crops1 indicate that ,indian leaf can be turned out equal to the best shipping tobacco from ,america4 ,a tierce of strips from the #ahgf-gg crop from ,ghazipore sold for #g;d4 a lb41 and the greater part of the rest for #e;d4 or more1 while a portion of the ,poosah leaf of #ahgg-gh was valued at #e;d4 when the market was #be per cent4 below normal rates4 ,these facts seem to guarantee future success1 since the quantity of the higher classes can be largely increased1 and a greater portion of the crop be brought to the same higher level4 ,the chief point to be ascertained was whether a sufficiently high level could be attained at all4 ,it has been attained4 ,the cured leaf of #ahgh is very much superior to any hitherto turned out1 especially that from ,ghazipore4 ,a new market is not unlikely to open in ,france4 ,the ,french ,government have already asked for a consignment for trial of #ajjj-aejj lb4 ,the reason why the manufacture of smoking-tobacco for ,indian consumption has occupied so large a share in the operations is1 that the ,indian market1 though small1 pays far more handsome profits than the ,english market4 ,the price paid for reasonably good ,american manufactured tobacco in ,india ranges from one to three rupees a lb4 ,ghazipore and ,poosah tobacco is sold at half that price1 at a much higher profit than can be obtained by sending cured leaf to ,england4 ,while ,indian cured leaf can find a sale in the ,english market at prices which will enable it to compete there with ,american cured leaf1 ,indian manufactured leaf is proved to compete successfully with ,american manufactured leaf in ,india itself1 with a fair prospect of success in a similar competition in the colonies4 ,it may be stated in general terms that #d;d4 a lb4 for cured leaf in ,england1 and #f-aj annas for manufactured leaf in ,india1 will secure sufficient or even handsome profits4 ,the opening for profits will perhaps be better understood if it is explained that #a;d4 a lb4 represents an asset of about #el4 an acre4 ,the one great advantage which ,india has over ,america is cheap labour4 ,it is now proved that the leaf is1 for all practical purposes1 as good as the ,american leaf1 and there is hardly any doubt that ,america cannot afford to send home leaf at the price at which ,india can sell4 ,the exports of tobacco from ,british ,india during the years #ahgd-e to #ahgh-i have been as follows3-- #ahge4 #ahgf4 #ahgg4 #ahgh4 #ahgi4 ,unmanufac- lb4#cc1daa1ejdbb1hfa1gaaaj1ejh1gbjaj1eid 1fjdac1bgi1aeh tured ,manufactured lb4 #dbe1jdj #chd1iji #cie1afi #ejg1fbi #ddd1ejb ,no4 #b1iii1idj 44 44 44 44 ,the following letter from the manager of the ,poosah tobacco farms1 ,tirhoot1 describes the system of growing and curing now adopted in ,india4 8,preparation of ,soil4--,tobacco land should be well-drained upland which has lain fallow some time or that has had some light crop in it2 this land should be well manured with well-rotted manure4 ,we plough our lands twice monthly4 ,just before the time for transplanting the soil is ploughed up and well pulverized by a henger or beam of wood drawn by bullocks over the upturned soil so as to bend it and to break up any lumps of earth4 ,the soil should be sufficiently dry for this purpose so as not to cake and harden4 8,seed-beds4--,these should be made up in a suitable situation1 that is1 protected from the afternoon sun1 having some building or grove of trees on the west side4 ,the seed-beds should be raised some six inches off the ground and have trenches dug all round so as to carry off any superfluous moisture1 the beds should be well worked with a kodalie and good1 rotted manure well worked in4 ,after pulverizing the soil and levelling it1 pick off any stones or other rubbish and it will be ready for sowing the seed4 ,the size of the bed should be about #d feet by #ae feet2 this is more convenient than square beds1 as it enables the plants to be attended to without risk of destroying them by trampling on them4 8,sowing the ,seed4--,the seed is sown broadcast with the hand1 mixed with some sand or ashes so as to sow evenly2 care should be taken not to sow too thickly4 ,about one chittak of seed ought to be found sufficient for one of these beds which would furnish enough plants for one beegah of land4 ,after having sown and if there is a hot sun1 it would be advisable to cover the beds with light mats4 ,this seed should germinate in seven or ten days at least4 ,american seed does2 ,sumatra takes much longer4 ,the plants may require watering1 which should be done with a watering-can with a rose1 when the plants are well up and large4 ,only water seed-beds in the evening4 ,as soon as the seedlings have leaves of the size of a penny1 they are capable of bearing transplanting4 ,before taking up the seedling to transplant1 water the beds well an hour beforehand2 this is done to loosen the earth about the roots so that the plants may be taken up without injury4 ,to take up the seedlings they should be seized by the under side of the two largest leaves by the finger and thumb1 having one leaf on each side1 not by the stem1 then pull up gently1 taking care not to break the leaves4 ,they may then be placed in an open basket4 ,when the basket is full it should be covered with a cloth if the sun is hot1 and the seedlings slightly sprinkled with water and then carried off to transplant4 ,the seedlings are planted out in rows #c feet by #b feet apart1 for which purpose a knotted cord is used1 the knots being #c feet apart4 ,this cord is drawn by two men--one at each end4 ,across the field or portion of the field at a distance of #b feet from the outer edge1 the cord is drawn out and then trampled upon by coolies4 ,the knots leave an impression in the soil where the seedlings have to be planted4 ,the cord is then raised and put down again at another distance of #b feet from the first1 and so on till sufficient land has been marked off4 ,this work can be done during the day1 and the transplanting in the evening4 8,transplanting4--,transplanting should be done in the evening if there is any sun2 in cloudy weather it can be done all the day long4 ,rainy weather is most suitable as it dispenses with watering and the plants settle better4 ,a boy takes a basket of seedlings and walks up the row1 dropping a plant here and there where the marks have been made2 he is followed by a man who makes a hole with a kurpie1 into which he places a seedling1 and then presses the soil around the roots firmly with his fingers1 and then goes on with the rest4 ,as transplanting can hardly be done here without watering1 a boy carrying a can without a rose follows the man who is transplanting1 and waters each plant he comes across2 but1 as ,i mentioned above1 if the transplanting could be done in rainy weather1 the watering would be unnecessary4 ,when growing the young plants require some attention4 ,after the plants have been planted a week or so1 weather permitting1 it is advisable to loosen and open the soil around them with a kurpie1 and also to eradicate weeds which may appear4 ,later on a kodalie may be used to work the earth between the rows4 ,as soon as the plants have made growth and begin to throw out flower or seed-heads1 which will take place in about eight weeks or so1 they should be topped1 viz4 the flower heads should be broken off before they flower in this way4 ,the stem on which the head was found should be seized about two to three feet from the ground and snapped clean off by the hand or fingers4 ,this topping will cause the plant to throw out heavy leaves4 ,the higher up the stem is broken off1 so will the leaves of the plant become thinner and smaller4 ,we generally leave about ten to twelve leaves to each plant4 ,after topping1 numerous suckers and offshoots will spring up2 these should be promptly broken off as soon as they appear1 as they take a lot of nourishment from the plant4 ,the plant ripens in about three months4 ,we cut here in ,january1 and none but ripe plants should be cut4 8,how to ,cut ,ripe ,plants4--,a tobacco plant is known to be ripe if the leaf cracks when taken between finger and thumb and pressed1 and also when the leaves present a swollen appearance and have a heavy look4 ,the stem when cut is full of sap1 very thin rind on edge1 the leaves are carved over and look mottled1 the ribs of the plant get brittle1 and are easily broken off2 when fully ripe1 the plant is cut at one stroke close to the ground4 ,the best instrument to cut the plant with is a kurpie4 ,when cut1 the plant is allowed to hang over on its side and wilt or droop in the sun4 ,this wilting takes from one to two hours according to the strength of the sun4 ,when sufficiently wilted 7which is known when the plants look drooping and the ribs can be bent slightly without breaking7 the plants are placed in a cart and taken to the curing-house4 ,plants should not be cut in rainy or cloudy weather1 as it is obvious the sun would not be hot enough to wilt were the weather cloudy1 and the rain washes off the gum and thereby decreases the weight of the plant4 ,plants should not be cut after the rain unless the gum has returned to the leaves1 which is known by their sticky1 gummy feeling40 ,the results of many analyses of the tobacco of ,south ,india show that the ashes of these tobaccos seldom contain more than #e or #f per cent4 of potash carbonate1 while the ashes of ,american tobacco contain from #bj to #dj per cent41 proving the poverty of ,indian tobacco soils in this important plant-food--a plant-food1 however1 easily obtainable in the shape of saltpetre1 and at a moderate cost4 ,but1 though saltpetre is largely exported from the tobacco-growing districts1 it is never employed as a manure for tobacco4 ,italy4--,tobacco is cultivated in ,italy in the provinces of ,ancona1 ,benevento1 ,terra di ,lavoro1 ,principato ,citeriore1 ,terra d',otranto1 ,umbria1 ,vicenza1 and ,sardinia4 ,the area and produce in the following years were3--in #ahgj1 #iedd acres1 #fg1aib cwt42 #ahgb1 #ab1bef acres1 #hb1cdi cwt42 #ahgd1 #hbjb acres1 #ij1cjj cwt4 ,the exports from ,naples in #ahgi were #bjjf kilo41 value #djal4 ,the ,british ,consul at ,cagliari reports that the cultivation of tobacco is only carried on in the district of ,sassari1 and in the plains of ,sassari1 ,portotorres1 ,nurra1 ,sorso1 and ,sennori4 ,no positive data on this branch of industry can be had1 it having been exclusively carried on till #ahhc by a private company1 called the ,rega ,cointeressata4 ,without fear of being wrong1 it may be calculated that the tobacco cultivators reach the number of #ajj1 who employ during the period of five months from #fjj to #gjj labourers2 the plantation varies from #d1jjj1jjj to #e1jjj1jjj plants1 producing a harvest from #bjjj to #bejj quintals of tobacco leaves1 at a value of about #abe1jjj lire4 ,japan4--,japanese tobacco is well known in the ,london market1 but it is often in a soft condition1 and then scarcely saleable4 ,more care is needed in drying it before packing4 ,java4--,tobacco1 termed by the natives tombku1 or sta1 is an article of very general cultivation in ,java1 but is only extensively raised for exportation in the central districts of ,kedu and ,banyumas4 ,as it requires a soil of the richest mould1 but at the same time not subject to inundations1 these districts hold out peculiar advantages to the tobacco-planter1 not to be found on the low lands4 ,for internal consumption1 small quantities are raised in convenient spots everywhere4 ,in ,kedu1 tobacco forms1 after rice1 by far the most important article of cultivation1 and1 in consequence of the fitness of the soil1 the plant grows to the height of #h-aj feet1 on lands not previously dressed or manured1 with a luxuriance seldom witnessed in ,india4 ,cultivated here alternately with rice1 only one crop of either is obtained within the year2 but after the harvest of the rice1 or the gathering of the tobacco leaves1 the land is allowed to remain fallow1 till the season again arrives for preparing it to receive the other4 ,the young plant is not raised within the district1 but procured from the high lands in the vicinity1 principally from the district of ,kalibber1 on the slope of the mountain ,ding or ,prhu1 where it is raised and sold by the hundred to the cultivators of the adjoining districts4 ,the transplantation takes place in ,june1 and the plant is at its full growth in ,october4 ,the exports in the year #ahgg-h were #bab1ejj piculs to ,holland1 and #bac to ,singapore2 in #ahgh-i1 they were #bdh1eff piculs to ,holland1 and #hgb to ,singapore4 ,the value of the export to ,holland in #ahgi was stated at #a1bej1jjjl4 ,the exports in #ahhd were #adj1cea piculs to ,holland1 and #bdij to ,great ,britain4 ,new ,zealand4--,this colony has not yet figured as a tobacco grower1 but the duty on locally produced tobacco is only #as4 a lb41 and this is expected to stimulate the home industry4 ,nicaragua4--,it appears that the total exports of tobacco were #ac1ghg lb41 value #dhcj dollars1 in #ahhc1 but only #cjj lb41 value #bdj dollars1 in #ahhd4 ,at present it is a ,government monopoly4 ,paraguay4--,consul ,baker1 of ,buenos ,ayres1 states that one of the most valuable crops of ,paraguay is tobacco2 in #ahbi1 its production amounted to only #b1fge1jjj lb41 while in #ahfj1 the crop amounted to #ae1jjj1jjj lb42 but the war with the allies almost ruined this source of wealth4 ,it has1 however1 somewhat recovered its importance1 the exports alone last year amounting to #h1ige1jjj lb4 ,a large proportion of the crop is annually worked up into cigars1 a branch of industry which is almost entirely in the hands of the women4 ,the tobacco planted in ,paraguay originally came from ,havana1 with the exception of a particular kind which is called in ,paraguay1 blue tobacco1 peti-hoby1 the origin of which is unknown4 ,the favourite leaf is a yellow tobacco1 peti-para1 grown chiefly in ,villa ,rica1 which possesses about #f per cent4 of nicotine4 ,persia4--,the whole of the eastern coast of the ,black ,sea1 i4 e4 ,mingrelia1 ,lazistan1 ,abkhasia1 and ,circassia1 is admirably suited for tobacco cultivation4 ,the country between ,poti and ,skhm ,kal contains admirable sites for tobacco plantations1 labour for which can be got from ,trebizond4 ,a great demand for tobacco of good quality exists in the country1 and a practical planter should do well4 ,a quantity of coarse1 badly-cured tobacco1 of no commercial value1 is produced in ,imeritia and ,georgia4 ,great success has attended the culture in ,ghilan4 ,the first seed introduced was from ,samsoun2 since then ,yenija seed has been tried1 and some parcels attained the standard of the best ,turkish tobacco4 ,it can be produced at about #bjs4 a pood 7of #cf lb471 giving a profit of #bbs4 a cwt4 ,hitherto the cultivation has been confined to the plains1 where both soil and atmosphere are damp1 but it might be worth trying the hill-skirts4 ,about #bjjj cwt4 were produced in #ahgh4 ,the exports of tobacco1 the produce of ,ghilan1 from ,resht to ,russia1 were valued at #dfael4 in #ahgh1 and #faedl4 in #ahgi4 ,the values 7in rupees7 of the exports in #ahgi were #ac1jjj from ,bushire1 #gc1ejj from ,lingah1 and #ce1jjj from ,bahrein4 ,at the time when ,i wrote the article on tobacco in ,spons' ,encyclopdia1 the true source and history of an article called 8tumbeki0 was still in doubt4 ,from researches made at the instigation of my friend ,e4 ,morell ,holmes1 ,f4,l4,s41 the ,curator of the ,pharmaceutical ,society's ,museum1 it is now clear that it is a ,persian tobacco1 and as such calls for mention here4 ,the following paragraph reproduces what ,i said on the subject in ,spons' ,encyclopdia4 8,tumbeki4--,this word1 under a multitude of forms1 is the common name in several ,eastern languages 7,bengali1 ,hindustani1 ,telugu1 ,sunda1 ,javanese1 ,malayan1 ,persian1 ,guzerati1 ,deccan7 for ordinary tobacco4 ,but in ,asia ,minor1 it is applied to a narcotic leaf which is spoken of as distinct from tobacco1 and is separately classified in the ,consular ,returns4 ,botanical authorities are at variance as to the plant which affords it1 some attributing it to a ,lobelia1 while others consider it a kind of tobacco4 ,the latter appears to be the more correct supposition4 ,the flower resembles the tobacco in being trumpet-shaped2 the leaf is broader1 larger1 and rounder than that of the tobacco raised in ,turkey1 and is also wrinkled like the inner leaf of the cabbage4 ,the plant is raised from seed in nurseries1 and when it has #d or #e leaves1 is planted out in ,april in the prepared field1 and watered sparingly4 ,it is #8set' in a day or two1 and is then hoed occasionally to free it from weeds4 ,after inflorescence1 and when the plant is sufficiently #8cooked1' it is cut down1 or pulled up bodily1 and re-set in the ground till the leaves are wilted4 ,these leaves are dried1 and1 after exposure to the dew1 are pressed heavily1 when they undergo a kind of fermentation which develops the aroma4 ,it is exceedingly narcotic3 so much so1 that it is usually steeped in water before use1 and placed in the pipe 7a narghil or water-pipe7 while still wet4 ,the exports of this article 7the produce of ,persia7 from the port of ,trebizonde are considerable3--,in #ahgg1 they were #ac1cdb bales 7of #a cwt471 value #ajf1gcfl41 to ,turkey2 in #ahgh1 #aa1ega bales1 #ib1efhl41 to ,turkey2 in #ahgi1 #ifei bales1 #gg1bgbl41 to ,turkey1 and #hff bales1 #fibhl41 to ,greece4 ,aleppo1 in #ahgh1 sent #d tons1 value #cbjl41 to ,turkey1 and #aa tons1 #hhjl41 to ,egypt4 ,the exports of the article1 the produce of the interior of ,persia1 from ,resht to ,russia1 were valued at #ejjjl4 in #ahgg1 and #chdfl4 in #ahgh40 ,it will be interesting to compare this with ,holmes' paper read before the ,pharmaceutical ,society on ,february #aj1 #ahhf3-- 8,tumbeki is the name under which an article of regular commerce between ,persia and ,turkey is mentioned in the consular reports1 especially in that for ,trebizonde4 8,two or three years ago an inquiry was made at this institution concerning the nature and botanical source of umbeki1 and the only information ,i was then able to give was that in the #8,treasury of ,botany' tumbeky is stated to be the narcotic leaf of a species of lobelia4 8,from its frequent occurrence in the ,blue ,books in the same list with tobacco1 and from the large quantities mentioned as an export from ,trebizonde1 my correspondent suggested that it was probably something used for smoking like tobacco4 ,in the hope that tumbeki might prove to be some drug possessing important narcotic or possible medicinal properties1 ,i wrote to ,mr4 ,a4 ,biliotti1 ,consul at ,trebizonde1 for information4 ,in reply1 he forwarded samples of tumbeki of different growths and qualities4 ,this proved on examination to be unquestionably some kind of tobacco1 and being puzzled to know why it figured in the ,blue ,books as a distinct article1 ,i asked ,mr4 ,thomas ,christy1 ,f4,l4,s41 to make inquiries for me in ,persia4 ,he received the following note through ,mr4 ,zanni1 the well-known chemist at ,constantinople1 from whom ,i received the following information3-- 8#8,there are three qualities of the teymbeki1 all derived from the ,nicotiana persica4 8#8#a4 ,shiraz teymbeki1 valued at twenty gold piastres per oke4,a 8#8#b4 ,kechan teymbeki1 valued at ten gold piastres4 8#8#c4 ,teheran teymbeki1 equal in value to ,no4 #b4 8#8,the ,shiraz is the best quality1 the leaves are four decimetres long and half a decimetre wide4 ,the leaves of the two other qualities are not so large4 ,the quantity of alkaloid in the leaves of teymbeki is more than in the leaves of ,nicotiana ,tabacum2 it is much used in ,constantinople1 but more so in ,egypt1 ,syria1 and particularly in ,persia4 ,teymbeki is smoked in a special apparatus known as the narghileh4,b ,the apparatus is found in every coffee-house and even in a great number of private houses4 ,it resembles somewhat the wash bottle used in laboratories for washing filters with distilled water1 but is often made of metal4 ,the teymbeki is placed in a small reservoir on the top of the flask and burns in contact with a piece of incandescent charcoal4 ,the vapour is drawn through the tube1 which passes to the bottom of the water and collects above it1 whence it is inhaled through the longer tube4,c ,it is in fact a water-pipe4' 8,having ascertained then that tumbeki was a species of tobacco1 ,i sought for further confirmation of the statement that it is the produce of ,n4 persica1 and wrote on the subject to ,professor ,hausknecht1 who is well known as one of the best authorities on the botany of ,persia4 ,he kindly replied as follows3-- 8#8,tumbeki is the produce of ,nicotiana rustica1 and is almost exclusively used for the water-pipes called kalian or narghileh4 ,the plant is cultivated throughout the whole of ,persia1 especially in ,ispahan and ,shiraz1 whence the best kind comes4' 8,but the statement of ,m4 ,zanni that tumbeki contains more alkaloid than tobacco1 and that of ,professor ,hausknecht that tumbeki is the produce of ,n4 rustica1 seemed to conflict with the statements in books that ,n4 rustica is less active than ,n4 ,tabacum4 8,in the #8,commercial ,report1' ,no4 #be1 #ahhc1 p4 #ajef1 under #8,smyrna1' ,consul ,dennis confirms ,m4 ,zanni's statement concerning tumbeki4 ,he says3--#8,it is much stronger than ordinary tobacco1 and cannot be smoked in the usual way1 therefore it is exclusively used for the narghili4' ,he also adds that a large quantity is consumed in the district of ,smyrna1 but much is also re-exported to ,egypt and other parts of ,turkey4 ,it is imported from ,persia1 both through ,trebizonde and ,bushire on the ,persian ,gulf4 8,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,fraser1 in his work on ,persia 7#ahbf71 remarks1 #8,the tobacco smoked in the kalian is called tumbaku in distinction to tootoon1 or that smoked in pipes or cigarettes4 ,it is sold in the leaf1 which is packed dry in layers1 and is preserved in bags sewn up in raw hide4 ,it improves by age1 but is quite unsmokable the first year4 ,the best comes from ,jaroum1 south of ,shiraz4' 8,in an interesting article in #8,harper's ,magazine' 7,january #ahhf1 p4 #bbd7 on the #8,domestic and ,court ,customs of ,persia1' the writer remarks concerning tumbeki3--#8,the kalin or water pipe differs from the ,turkish narghileh by having a short straight stem4 ,in it is smoked the tobacco called tumbakee--a species grown only in ,persia4 ,that of ,shiraz is very delicate in flavour and is the best4 ,the tumbakee must be first soaked in water and squeezed like a sponge or it will cause vertigo4 ,a live coal1 made from the root of the vine1 is placed on the tobacco1 and the smoke is drawn through the water with a gentle inhaling1 depositing the oil in its passage through the water4' 8,in ,de ,candolle's #8,prodromus1' vol4 xii41 pt4 #a1 p4 #efg1 it is stated under ,nicotiana persica1 that it yields the celebrated tobacco of ,shiraz4 ,this species closely resembles ,n4 ,tabacum in the form of its leaves1 which are1 however1 rather acute than acuminate2 but the flowers are different both in shape and colour4 ,in ,n4 ,tabacum the stem leaves are sessile1 and the corolla is funnel-shaped or inflated below the limb1 and is of a pinkish-red colour2 in ,n4 persica1 the tube of the corolla is club-shaped and the limb more spreading2 the colour is white inside and greenish outside4 ,when in blossom1 therefore1 the two plants are easily distinguished4 ,n4 rustica1 on the other hand1 has stalked cordate leaves and a short yellowish corolla1 with the tube and limb both short4 8,the leaves of tumbeki which ,i have received from ,trebizonde and ,constantinople both correspond with ,n4 persica in character1 but not with ,n4 rustica1 since they have no trace of a petiole4 ,so far as it is possible to ascertain therefore1 in the absence of flowers1 the weight of evidence is in favour of tumbeki being the produce of ,n4 persica4 ,in order to ascertain the correctness of the statement that tumbeki is stronger than tobacco1 ,i handed some specimen to ,messrs4 ,e4 ,j4 ,eastes and ,w4 ,h4 ,ince for chemical examination1 which they kindly undertook at my request40 ----- ,footnote ,a3 ,the oke equals ten kilogrames2 a piastre1 #b;d4 ,footnote ,b3 ,so called from its resemblance in shape to a narghil or coconut4 ,footnote ,c3 ,a full and interesting account of the forms and uses of the varieties of the kalian and narghileh is given in the #8,land of the ,lion and the ,sun1' p4 #bi4 ----- ,following is the report of these gentlemen on the chemistry of the subject3-- 8,four samples of tumbeki were brought under our notice by ,mr4 ,holmes1 ,curator of the ,museum of the ,pharmaceutical ,society1 being of interest on account of their reported greater strength in nicotine as compared with tobacco4 ,the following are the results of our investigations4 ,we may state that so far as we have been able to ascertain no previous researches have been undertaken on the subject4 8,preliminary ,examination4--,the presence of an alkaloid was demonstrated on the addition of the usual reagents to the acid infusion4 8,isolation of ,alkaloid for ,physical ,examination4--,the powdered tumbeki was placed in a retort with milk of lime and steam passed through it till the distillate was no longer alkaline4 ,alkaloid in abundance was found in the distillate1 which had a distinct odour of nicotine4 ,the distillate was then extracted with ether1 and the ether slowly driven off4 ,the residue obtained was a light straw coloured oily liquid of powerful odour1 giving off irritating fumes when heated4 8,estimation of ,nicotine4--,in the estimation of nicotine much difficulty was experienced1 owing to imperfect knowledge of the alkaloid1 and to the imperfect methods recommended in various papers on the subject4 ,the only method we found reliable was by using a standard solution of ,mayer's reagent1 obtained by mixing #acedf grams of mercuric chloride in solution with #dih grams of potassic iodide1 in solution1 and adding water to make #a litre4,d ,one c4c4 of this solution represents #jjcide grams of nicotine1 the precipitate having the formula ,c,h,n,i4,hg,i4 8,the method we adopted of working with this solution was as follows3--,one or more grams of dried and powdered tumbeki were treated with diluted sulphuric acid 7#be per cent47 for several hours on a water-bath1 filtered1 and the leaves washed with hot #a per cent4 acid till the filtrate was colourless4 8,the filtrate was then either evaporated to a low bulk and extracted with alcohol1 to get rid of albuminous matters which interfered with the reaction1 or neutralized with sodic hydrate and the alkaloid extracted with chloroform1 the chloroformic solution being shaken with diluted sulphuric acid as in the ordinary methods of alkaloid extraction4 8,the objection to the first method is that the alcohol has to be driven off before the ,mayer's reagent can be added1 which is troublesome and lengthens the process4 8,the solution of the alkaloid in excess of sulphuric acid having been obtained1 ,mayer's reagent was carefully added till no more precipitation was observed1 the end of the reaction being ascertained when on filtering some of the nicotine solution into a watch-glass and adding a drop of the reagent1 no precipitate was formed4 ,with careful manipulation concordant results were obtained4 8,other methods tried were as follows3 8,volumetric method4--,ten or more grams of powdered tumbeki were distilled with a solution of sodic or potassic hydrate1 the distillate being passed into a known volume of decinormal standard solution of sulphuric acid1 and the amount of acid neutralized by the nicotine was determined by a standard decinormal solution of soda and the nicotine calculated4 8,by this method the results obtained were invariably too high owing to an appreciable quantity of ammonium salts contained in the leaves4 ,dr4 ,kissling,e has also noticed the high percentages obtained by this method of estimating nicotine4 8,kosutny treats the leaves with milk of lime till all the ammonia is driven off1 and then extracts with water2 shakes the aqueous solution with petroleum ether and proceeds as before4 8,this method was not found to give good results1 for though the ammonium salts do not interfere with the reaction1 yet the petroleum ether does not extract the whole of the alkaloid1 and thus a low percentage is obtained4 8,extraction by ,ammoniacal ,ether4--,this consists in extracting the powdered leaves in an upright extractor1 by an ethereal solution of ammonia1 and either driving off the ether and weighing the residue as nicotine2 or volumetrically estimating the residue by decinormal solution of sulphuric acid1 or precipitating the alkaloid by platinum perchloride4 ,in either case1 whichever way the residue is estimated1 the results are too high1 owing to the difficulty of entirely getting rid of the ammonia4 8,the following are the percentages of nicotine in the tumbeki3-- #8,ispahan4'--,i4 ,by ,mayer's ,reagent4 ,a4 7midrib7 #haef per cent4 ,b4 7leaf7 #eejh 0 0 ,c4 7leaf and midrib7 #eehi 0 0 ,d4 7leaf7 #echfe 0 0 ------------ #edide per cent4 average4 ,,ii4 ,by ,volumetric ,method4 ,by working on #aj grams #gb per cent4 ,by working on #ej grams #gbbh 0 0 #8,hidjaz4'--,i4 ,by ,mayer's ,reagent4 ,a4 7leaf and midrib7 #bjbe per cent4 ,b4 7leaf and midrib7 #bbfh 0 0 ,c4 7leaf and midrib7 #bjbh 0 0 ,d4 7leaf and midrib7 #ahfc 0 0 ---------- #bjdf per cent4 average4 ,,ii4 ,by ,volumetric ,process4 ,a4 #bcg per cent4 ,,iii4 ,by ,ethereal ,solution of ,ammonia4 #cf per cent4 #8,kechan4'--,by ,mayer's ,solution4 ,a4 7leaf and midrib7 #bhce per cent4 ,b4 7leaf and midrib7 #cjcge 0 0 ,c4 7leaf and midrib7 #bheebe 0 0 ------------ #bijibe per cent4 average4 #8,shiraz4'--,by ,mayer's ,solution4 ,a4 7leaf and midrib7 #ehgbe per cent4 ,b4 7leaf and midrib7 #egige 0 0 ------------ #ehce per cent4 average4 ----- ,footnote ,d3 ,dragendorff1 #8,chemische ,werthbestimmung starkwirkender ,droguen1' #fc1 p4 #eb et seq4 ,footnote ,e3 ,the #8,analyst1' ,january #ahhf1 p4 #af2 #8,chem4 ,zeit41' ix41 #ahhf4 ----- 8,estimation of ,saccharoid ,matter2 calculated as cane sugar4--,the fermentation process was the one adopted1 not that we consider it by any means a good one1 but because it was the only one practicable4 ,fehling's solution was inadmissible1 owing to the precipitation of colouring and other matters1 and the polariscope gave no indication4 ,the objections to the fermentation process are due to the small amount of alcohol produced in the relatively large bulk of liquid4 ,this renders the solution liable to acetification1 and the ultimate distillate obtained is very weak in spirit1 making it extremely difficult to obtain the correct specific gravity2 the specific gravities obtained were always between #iih and unity4 8,we worked as follows3--#bjj grains of dried tumbeki were exhausted by repeated infusion in boiling water4 ,the filtered liquid when cool was mixed with #ajj grains of ,german yeast and allowed to stand three days in a warm place to ferment4 8,about one-third was then distilled1 the distillate being redistilled and three successive fractions of #ejj fluid grains collected1 the alcohol in each being estimated2 the third portion contained little if any spirit4 8,it being stated that basic acetate of lead removes saccharoid matter from the kindred plant tobacco2 we tried its action on the infusion of tumbeki4 8,at the onset it was found impossible to thoroughly wash the bulky precipitate caused by the lead2 so1 to ensure a definite result1 sufficient basic acetate of lead was added to the infusion of #bjj grains of tumbeki and the whole made up to #cj fluid ounces with distilled water and well mixed4 ,an aliquot part 7#bj fluid ounces7 was then filtered off1 excess of lead removed by sulphuretted hydrogen1 the sulphide filtered out1 the solution boiled to drive off the sulphuretted hydrogen and the infusion1 when cool1 was fermented in the usual way4 ,but acetic acid was necessarily present from the decomposition of the lead salt by the sulphuretted hydrogen1 and this on distilling would tend to raise the specific gravity4 ,to remedy this1 slaked lime1 or preferably potassic hydrate1 was added before redistilling1 but considering that from one to three per cent4 of ammoniacal salt is contained in the original tumbeki1 it is probable that some might still remain and by the action of the fixed alkali furnish a trace of free ammonia which would lower the specific gravity1 and thus apparently raise the percentage of alcohol4 ,as far as we can judge basic acetate of lead does not seem to remove fermentable matter from infusion of tumbeki4 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,pb ,pb treatment4 treatment4 ,ispahan #bfd #bfg -- #bce ,hidjaz #cjj #bh #bg -- ,kechan #eeh #ecc -- -- ,shiraz #cdh #chh #cbc #ca 8,ash4--,the following bases and acids were uniformly found in the ashes3--,sodium1 potassium1 lithium1 magnesium1 calcium1 iron1 aluminium1 silica1 chlorine1 phosphoric acid1 sulphuric acid1 carbonic acid4 ,,general ,,table ,,of ,,results4 ,ispahan4 ,hidjaz4 ,kechan4 ,shiraz4 ,nicotine #edide #bjdf #biji #ehce ,saccharoid matter #bfd #bhe #eeh #ccee ,saccharoid matter after ,pb treatment #bea #bhj #ecc #cdi ,soluble in water #dbj #dbc #cii #eef ,insoluble in water #ehj #egg #fja #ddd ,ash #bbj #bhe #bhe #bfae 8,the foregoing work has been carried out in the laboratories of the ,pharmaceutical ,society40 ,philippines4--,the soil and climate of the ,philippines are eminently suited to tobacco culture2 but the unjust ,spanish monopoly cripples the industry1 and it is declining4 ,next to the ,cuban 7,vuelta abajo7 and a few prime ,turkish sorts1 ,manilla tobacco is admitted to be the best4 ,most of the ,philippines produce it4 ,according to the quality of the produce1 the provinces rank as follows3--7#a7 ,cayagan and ,ysabel1 7#b7 ,ygorrotes1 7#c7 ,island of ,mindano1 7#d7 ,bisayas1 7#e7 ,new ,ecija4 ,on the average1 over #djj million cigars1 and a quantity of tobacco sufficient to bring up the total weight to #ef1jjj cwt41 are annually exported4 ,the advantage of the plantations in ,cayagan lies in the annual deposit of alluvial matters by the overflowing of the large streams4 ,the cultivation in ,bisayas promises to become extinct1 whereas if the natives were free to sell in the best market1 the industry would increase immensely4 ,the yield of the ,cebu district in #ahgh was #hghj quintals1 the whole of which went to the cigar factories of ,cadiz and ,alicante4 ,the exports from ,manilla were3--in #ahgg #ag1ebf1gjj lb4 tobacco1 value #ebe1hjal42 #hg1jjg1jjj cigars1 value #bdc1fail42 #ahgh1 #ae1fcj1djj lb4 tobacco1 value #dfh1iahl42 #acf1hce1jjj cigars1 value #chc1acfl42 #ahgi1 #iiga quintals 7of #aja lb47 tobacco leaf to ,great ,britain1 and #gd1dij quintals to ,spain2 cigars1 #aj1ega1jjj to ,great ,britain1 #f1eeg1jjj to ,australia1 #dd1ehf1jjj to the ,straits ,settlements and ,india1 #be1hfa1jjj to ,china and ,japan1 #fic1jjj to the ,united ,states1 #ajj1jjj to ,california1 #a1eba1jjj to ,spain and the ,continent2 the total values amounted to #dhj1bfcl4 ,the exports of tobacco from ,yloilo were #be1ded piculs 7of #acc lb47 in #ahgh1 and #bj1fjj quintals 7of #aja lb47 in #ahgi1 all to ,spain4 ,roumania4--,tobacco was extensively cultivated at one time1 with success1 near ,macin and in other parts2 but the monopoly has greatly affected the condition of the industry4 ,russia4--,as regards the production of tobacco1 ,russia ranks second among continental countries1 but the consumption is less per head than in other lands4 ,consul ,stanton says that smoking began in the latter part of the sixteenth century1 and the habit steadily increased1 notwithstanding the fact that it was punished by the knout1 slitting of the nostrils1 and banishment to ,siberia4 ,it is most extensively cultivated in ,tshernigoff1 ,poltava1 ,bessarabia1 and ,samara4 ,in ,poland1 the production is not large1 and is mainly confined to the vicinity of ,warsaw4 ,it is chiefly cultivated by the peasants and is often their only occupation4 ,in #ahhc1 ,riga exported #gj1gbb pouds of leaf tobacco1 valued at #aid1dhf rubles4 ,sevastopol shipped #ei pouds1 value #aajj rubles4 ,tobacco is now cultivated largely in all parts of the ,crimea1 and is likely to become an export of considerable importance4 ,in ,taganrof plantations are on the increase1 and the culture promises well4 ,san ,salvador4--,the exports of tobacco in #ahhd were #af1aac dollars' worth of leaf1 #ehih dollars' worth of manufactured1 and #hbf dollars' worth of other sorts4 ,servia4--,it is estimated that there are #djjj acres under tobacco culture in ,servia4 ,spain4--,the port of ,cadiz is a great centre of the tobacco industry4 ,the imports here in #ahgh were3--#abc kilo4 from ,germany1 #cjd1ech kilo4 from the ,united ,states1 and #f1ggf1ijj kilo4 from ,spanish colonies2 the exports were #ae1fjj kilo4 to ,germany1 and #bac1hdf kilo4 to ,france4 ,corunna exported #eh1bhj kilo41 value #hg1dbj pesetas1 in #ahhd4 ,cadiz exported #ead1hag kilo41 value #b1egd1jhe pesetas1 in the same year4 ,sumatra4--,this great island is assuming a first-rate importance in the tobacco industry4 ,the year #ahhc was an exceptionally favourable one1 as the harvest in ,sumatra was very good1 while prices for ,java tobacco were higher than of late years1 in consequence of the short harvest of #ahhb4 ,large quantities of ,sumatra tobacco found buyers in the ,united ,states1 in consequence of the protectionist measure introduced in that country in favour of the home tobacco producers4 ,the duty was raised from #ce c4 to #ge c4 per lb4 on and after the #ast ,july1 #ahhc1 and great efforts were made to import as much as possible at the lower duty before that date4 ,the principal owners of the plantations are ,dutchmen1 and the labour employed is ,chinese coolies1 brought to the island principally from the ,malaya peninsula4 ,the crop1 according to one of these successful planters1 is scarcely ever reared two years in succession on the same lands4 ,the jungle is first cleared1 and then the seed planted4 ,after the first crop of tobacco is gathered1 it is the next season used for rice1 or something else1 and tobacco is not planted again until the sixth or seventh year after the jungle is cleared4 ,by adopting this method1 a better result is obtained4 ,the drying-house is thus described by a recent visitor to the island3-- 8,the interior is very much like a rick-yard1 with tobacco stalks instead of hay-ricks1 among which a perfect army of half-clad ,chinese coolies1 #djj strong1 are hard at work sorting1 ranging and stowing4 ,so overpoweringly strong is the scent of the half-dried tobacco leaves that a smoker would have nothing to do but to take in an empty pipe with him and enjoy a good hard smoke gratis1 merely by inhaling the air through it4 ,but the ,chinamen1 whether habituated to it by long use1 or fortified against it by the superior power of opium1 breathe this perfumed atmosphere as easily as if it were the purest air of the sea4 #8,that is how we measure the heat1 you see1' says our host1 calling our attention to the hollow bamboos thrust through the heart of each stack1 with a stick inside it1 which1 when pulled out1 is almost too hot to touch4 #8,it must never be above or below a certain point1 you know4 ,instead of stripping off the leaves at once1 we hang up the whole plant to dry1 and do not strip it till it is quite dried4 ,the ,sumatra tobacco1 however1 will not do for cigars4 ,it is only used for what we call the #8deckblatt' 7cover leaf71 which covers the outside of the cigar4'0 ,consul ,kennedy reports that 8the main cause of the prosperity in ,deli is the tobacco1 the first crop of which was shipped in #ahfi4 8,the crop for #ahhd will turn out about #abb1jjj bales1 valued at #b1jhj1jjjl4 8,the accompanying table shows the export during the last #aa years3-- ,year4 ,bales4 ,value4 #ahgc #i1bch #bjh1ccc #ahgd #ab1haa #bej1jjj #ahge #ae1adg #bia1fff #ahgf #bh1idg #ebj1hcc #ahgg #cf1afg #eda1fff #ahgh #dh1aee #gej1jjj #ahgi #eg1edd #hge1jjj #ahhj #fd1ife #icg1ejj #ahha #hb1cef #a1ahg1ejj #ahhb #ajb1jcb #a1gej1jjj #ahhc #ib1jjj #a1ehc1ccc ,estimated4 ,,note4--,one bale equals #agf ,english lb4 8,prices for ,deli tobacco have ruled on the whole fairly high1 the special quality of the leaf lying in the fact of its being light and elastic in texture1 with thin fibres1 so that it is admirably adapted to serve as cover-leaf1 and as such is a good substitute for ,havana tobacco4 ,as a smoking-tobacco it lacks flavour4 ,there is a pretty general concurrence of opinion that the seed of the ,deli tobacco was indigenous1 and obtained from ,batak tribes in the interior2 and although many experiments have been made with seeds from ,java1 ,manilla1 and other places1 the planters have invariably come back to the original seed1 finding that the new kinds develop a coarseness of leaf attributed to the extraordinary richness of the virgin soil1 a soil partly alluvial and partly volcanic1 but covered throughout with dense forests4 8,the tobacco estates consist of grants of land taken out by individuals or companies1 and are as a rule of such an extent that every year a new district can be cleared and used for the coming crop1 and this state of things will continue for many years to come2 indeed1 hitherto only a small portion of the ground cultivated 7not one-fifth7 has borne two crops1 although it is expected that1 unless fresh ground is taken up by the planters1 a time will arrive when use must be made of old fallow lands1 and then guano will be required4 8,the planters consist of three or four large companies1 principally ,dutch--such as the ,deli ,company1 the ,amsterdam ,deli1 and the ,batavia ,deli--as well as of individual planters of many nationalities1 ,germany and ,switzerland being strongly represented1 while there are also a good sprinkling of ,englishmen1 the principal ,english firm being the ,langkat ,plantations ,company1 with its headquarters in ,london4 8,the grants of land are taken direct from the chiefs before mentioned1 and are only valid after confirmation at ,bengkalis4 ,the term is for #ge years1 and for such a grant a sum of money1 by way of premium1 amounting to from #a dol4 to #b dol4 per bouw 7equal to an acre and two-thirds71 is paid in cash1 while an annual rent of #dj c4 a bouw1 payable at the expiration of the fifth year1 is also reserved4 ,such at least are the terms of the last recognised agreements4 ,the whole of the conveniently-situated land in the three districts before-mentioned has now been taken up1 and it is only in the outlying regions that fresh ground can be obtained2 but as in such outlying regions settled government is not so well established1 the ,dutch authorities are now very chary in confirming grants in places where the tobacco-growing community would be less under control4 8,it is estimated that at least #b1jjj1jjjl4 sterling is now invested in the tobacco industry in the ,deli districts4 8,the tobacco when ready for shipment is all sent to ,clambia on the ,l angle at river1 to the ,deli river1 or the ,sirdang river 7as the case may be71 and is despatched thence vi ,penang or ,singapore to ,amsterdam1 which is the tobacco mart for the continent of ,europe4 ,the ,united ,states have also bought the ,deli tobacco in the ,amsterdam market in late years4 ,very little of the tobacco goes to ,england4 ,the leaf remains so moist that the ,english import duty would press it heavily in comparison with other tobaccos1 and this circumstance operates as a check on the import of tobacco from ,sumatra into ,england as compared with tobacco from ,java4 ,the principal purchasers are ,german manufacturers and ,dutch middlemen4 ,the latter retail the tobacco over the continent1 and supply the several ,rgies1 amongst others the ,austrian1 ,italian1 and ,french4 ,the ,americans confine their purchases to dark-leaved1 heavy tobacco1 requiring #ajj leaves or less to the lb4 8,it is worth remarking that the whole of the carrying trade in connection with the ,deli tobaccos is in the hands of ,messrs4 ,holt's line1 the rate of freight from ,deli to ,amsterdam being about #cl4 #bs4 #f;d4 per ton4 ,the shipping season may be said to last from ,january to ,june4 8,the tobacco crop of #ahhd is estimated to yield about #bj1jjj bales in excess of that of #ahhc1 but the crop in #ahhc was a short one owing to unfavourable weather4 ,the #ahhd crop is the best one ever obtained1 both as regards quantity and quality4 ,roughly speaking1 the ,deli tobacco in the ,amsterdam market fetches #as4 #d;d4 per lb4 ,english1 and the profits realized may be judged from the dividends given by the most flourishing companies2 the shares of the ,deli ,company being now quoted at #ejj per cent4 premium4 ,of course there are exceptions where unsuitable soils have been met with1 and losses have been sustained of no inconsiderable amount4 ,these losses have occurred principally on ,sirdang lands1 where the tobacco grown is reputed not equal to that produced in the other two districts4 ,this comparative defect is disclosed in the burning1 the ,sirdang tobacco yielding a brown instead of a white ash1 and being probably therefore lacking in potash4 8,the forests when cleared for the tobacco plantations afford splendid timber1 and this is utilized for constructing drying-sheds and coolies' quarters1 but a good deal of the wood which might be exported for building or fuel is wasted for want of conveyance and burnt on the ground4 ,as a compensation there can be no doubt that this burnt timber1 or rather the ashes of it1 supply an excellent manure4 8,the labour employed may be distributed under three classes4 ,there are1 firstly1 ,malays and ,batak tribesmen1 who fell heavy timber1 do general clearance1 and build sheds2 then come the ,klings from the ,madras districts1 who occupy themselves with drainage and road-making2 and lastly1 we have the ,chinese for planting1 sorting1 and preparation of the weed4 ,the planting is conducted on a co-operative system4 ,coolies have their fields allotted to them1 and plant at their own risk under supervision4 ,their payment depends on the yield4 ,reckoning from the estimated out-turn of last year's crop1 and that one coolie will raise seven piculs of tobacco in the season1 we arrive at the figure #bc1jjj as representing the total number of ,chinese engaged at ,deli in tobacco cultivation1 to which number #gjjj extra hands must be added1 employed in pursuits incidental to the industry4 #cjjj additional ,chinese coolies are reported to have been engaged for the coming year4 ,the strength of the ,kling community may be taken at about #cjjj4 ,the ,chinamen go into their clearings and begin work during ,january and ,february3 those not actually in service on the tobacco estates earning money as shopkeepers1 pedlars1 or gardeners1 many of the latter being old hands who1 under advances1 have taken to planting patches of tobacco on their own account1 for which they find a ready sale in ,penang4 ,the ,klings are also to be met with as drivers of carts and carriages4 8,an industrious coolie would1 on an average1 net in the course of a year #ajj to #aej ,dutch florins1 and on this sum he pays to the ,dutch ,government #b per cent4 by way of income tax4 ,the coolie1 however1 arrives in the country with a debt of from #ajj fl4 to #aej fl41 and thus as a rule is not clear and able to leave with a balance in hand till the end of the second year4 ,the coolie is engaged for a year1 but he generally re-engages1 and takes his departure in the beginning of the third year4 8,the ,dutch ,government regulations with regard to the maintenance of a medical man by every estate and to the erection of hospitals for sick coolies are stringent2 and1 on the whole1 the coolie-lines1 considering their temporary nature1 are adequate1 so that the lot of the coolie in ,deli may be regarded as a favourable one1 even when compared with places where he is under ,british control4 8,the importing of ,british ,indians1 as is well known1 is not tolerated1 though many have found their way into the country under the stimulus of high wages1 the latter running from #g dol4 to #aj dol4 a month1 according to capacity40 ,the following report by ,consul ,eckstein on the export of ,sumatran tobacco to the ,united ,states1 and ,dutch dealings in the same in #ahhb will be of interest4 ,consul ,eckstein says 8it is not quite three years since a few dealers in tobacco and manufacturers of cigars in the ,united ,states had first their attention attracted to ,sumatra tobacco1 with a view of introducing and using it for cigar-wrappers4 8,from this port shipments of the article began to be made during the latter half of the year #ahhj1 and1 considering that this trade has only so recently taken its rise1 and that by this time it has already assumed rather important proportions1 ,i felt called upon to prepare the present report1 giving some information concerning the same4 8,in order to show1 as nearly correct as possible1 the course this trade has taken from its commencement to the present time1 ,i made up the following statement1 which exhibits the quantity and value of such tobacco shipped from ,amsterdam to the ,united ,states during each quarter since such shipments first began to be made1 viz43-- ,quarters ending-- ,quantities4 ,value4 ,bales4 ,september #cj1 #ahhj #caa #cg1fid ,december #ca1 #ahhj #ded #eb1aac ---------------- ---------------- ,total #gfe #hi1hjg ---------------- ---------------- ,march #ca1 #ahha ,none4 ,none4 ,june #cj1 #ahha #eeh #ef1ieh ,september #cj1 #ahha #a1afb #abh1dgd ,december #ca1 #ahha #a1jei #aad1geh ---------------- ---------------- ,total #b1ggi #cjj1aij ---------------- ---------------- ,march #ca1 #ahhb #dif #eb1bjc ,june #cj1 #ahhb #a1dfd #adj1ahd ,september #cj1 #ahhb #b1bde #bed1cgb ,december #ca1 #ahhb #b1ghe #ccc1bed ---------------- ---------------- ,total #f1iij #ghj1jac 8,from this statement it will be observed that the export of the article to the ,united ,states is constantly and very largely increasing2 and when it is further taken into account that certain quantities of it were invoiced and shipped from ,rotterdam and ,bremen as well1 it may safely be stated that about #ijjj bales of ,sumatra tobacco entered our markets in #ahhb4 8,what has created1 increased1 and what sustains this trade appears to be3 8#ast4 ,that certain qualities of ,sumatra tobacco in certain dark colours have been found to be peculiarly and advantageously adaptable for cigar-wrappers1 and are gaining more and more in favour with manufacturers of cigars in the ,united ,states2 and 8#bnd4 ,the ever-increasing crops of the article1 thus also increasing the supply of the particular sorts especially suitable for the ,american market4 8,the recent animation in this trade has undoubtedly furthermore been stimulated by the removal of the #aj per cent4 discriminating duty1 formerly payable thereon1 being a product of the ,east ,indies1 exported from the west of the ,cape of ,good ,hope4 8,this will be clearly evident when ,i state that many shipments1 aggregating large quantities of this tobacco1 purchased or ordered for months last past1 were purposely delayed until late in ,december1 so as not to arrive until after the law abolishing the discriminating duty had gone into effect4 8,this unlooked-for introduction and now so considerable export of this staple into the ,united ,states has begun to be viewed with great disfavour by cultivators or growers of #8seed-leaf' tobacco in the ,united ,states4 8,they apprehend1 as ,i am informed1 that the imports of ,sumatra tobacco into our country will increase still further in the near future1 and seem to consider this would prove greatly detrimental to their interests4 8,i am hardly in position or prepared to express an opinion as to how well grounded or justified their fears really are1 and1 moreover1 am inclined to believe that the interested parties are the better judges of this matter1 but so far as ,i can possibly make myself serviceable by giving information which may assist them in reaching correct conclusions on the subject ,i deem it my duty to do1 and do cheerfully4 8,such information may possibly also be of some value to ,congress in its present consideration of our tariff when the article of #8leaf-tobacco' is reached4 8,thus ,i would report that up to the present the production of the article has increased from year to year without any intermission from the beginning of its cultivation in ,sumatra in #ahfe1 when it amounted to only #ahi bales4 8,in this connection ,i would respectfully refer and call attention to my report on #8,the tobacco trade of the ,netherlands in #ahha1' dated ,march #g1 #ahhb1 and printed in the volume of monthly consular commercial reports ,no4 #ah1 of ,april last1 as it contains a statement showing the crops of ,sumatra tobacco each year from #ahfe to #ahhj1 inclusive1 and the average prices realized from its sale4 8,the crop of #ahha is represented to have footed up #hb1cef bales1 valued 7approximately7 at #e1gia1hhj dol41 being an increase over the crop of the previous year 7#ahhj7 of #ag1dcc bales as to quantity1 and of #a1bfj1jjj dol4 as to the approximate value thereof4 8,from the foregoing it will be seen that about one-ninth of the whole crop of #ahha has been exported to the ,united ,states4 8,the entire crop1 excepting about #agjj bales remaining in the hands of the original importers or consignees here1 on ,december #ca1 #ahhb1 was disposed of at an advance of about #a cent1 ,united ,states currency1 in the average price as compared with that realized in #ahha for the crop of #ahhj2 or1 in other words1 the total crop of #ahhj brought on the average about #de cents1 whereas the crop of #ahha averaged about #df cents1 ,united ,states currency1 per half-kilogram4 8,this refers to the prices originally obtained at the various sales throughout the year by the importers or consignees1 first hands4 8,as regards the prices for the particular sorts which during the year found their way to the ,united ,states1 and which are usually purchased from quite a number of firms in the wholesale tobacco trade through the mediation of brokers1 they differed all the way from about #de cents to #ie cents1 ,united ,states currency1 for the half-kilogram4 8,thinking it might prove interesting1 if not important1 to parties in the ,united ,states in any way concerned in this matter1 to be informed as to the extent and quality of the crop of #ahhb1 ,i made inquiries relating to it1 and ascertained as follows1 viz43--#8,that whilst it is impossible to state1 at this early day1 with accuracy the yield of the crop1 it is generally considered and expected to have been again in excess over the previous one1 and that it amounts to about #ij1jjj bales4' 8,its quality is represented by the planters to be very good1 as far as they are able to judge2 but this can1 of course1 only be determined later on1 after the tobacco has gone through the process of fermentation4 8,the first parcels of this new crop will arrive here about the month of ,march next1 and will be offered for sale about a month or six months thereafter4 8,in concluding this report1 ,i would remark that the year #ahhb has been a most favourable one for tobacco planters in ,sumatra and for those interested in tobacco plantations there1 and so have those connected with the trade here realized handsomely by the year's operations4 8,i am1 therefore1 induced to state that so long as the present general demand for the article continues there will be neither lack of capital nor labour1 so long as either can contribute to an increase in its production1 and it would seem to be more a question as to the extent of acreage in ,sumatra adapted for its cultivation1 as only once in four or five years a crop can be raised on the same soil without danger of producing a very inferior quality of tobacco40 ,turkey4--,the ,turkish empire has long been known as producing some of the finest tobaccos in the world4 ,in the sanjac of ,drama1 which forms the vice-consular district of ,cavalla1 tobacco is the staple article of production and industry1 and some #ge1jjj acres were devoted to its culture in #ahgc4 ,the whole crop of #ahga was reckoned at #aa1bjj1jjj lb41 the exports having been #g1fjj1jjj lb41 value #cg1hbel4 ,the tobacco of this district1 though derived entirely from one species1 is divided into two classes1 known as ,drama and ,yenidji4 ,the former leaf is larger1 stouter1 and more potent1 and generally of deep reddish-brown colour2 the latter is smaller1 slighter1 less narcotic1 with a peculiarly delicate aroma1 and the best is of a rich yellow colour1 whence its name 8golden-leaf40 ,the ,drama kind is principally grown in the western portion of the district1 and is the class supplied to ,european markets4 ,the differences in the two kinds seem to be due solely to the soil4 ,the plantations in the ,drama district proper occupy both plain and hill-side4 ,the produce of the former is much the more considerable1 and superior4 ,the best leaves1 distinguished by a stronger and more substantial texture1 and a dark-red hue1 go to ,constantinople2 the inferior and lighter-coloured find a sale in ,russia4 ,the mountain product is much inferior in quality and is sent chiefly to ,europe4 ,when the leaves are petiolate1 or furnished with stems1 they are made up in manoks 78hands07 of #aj-ae1 and termed bashi-baghli 78head-tied072 when the leaves are sessile1 or devoid of stems1 they are simply pressed together in small numbers1 and called bassma4 ,the whole produce of this locality varies from #b1ajj1jjj to #b1dej1jjj lb4 yearly4 ,the growth obtained in the ,vale of ,pravista is known as ,demirli4 ,it is inferior1 unsubstantial1 and dark-coloured1 and usually made up as bashi-baghli4 ,the annual production is about #b million lb42 the exports to ,england were #a1fjj1jjj lb4 in #ahga4 ,cavalla affords yearly about #cjj1jjj lb4 of inferior quality1 chiefly as bashi-baghli1 and mostly consumed locally4 ,the shipping port for all these places is ,cavalla4 ,the district of ,sarishaban produces on the average about #b1jjj1jjj lb4 annually1 but the crop of #ahga reached #b1hjj1jjj lb4 ,about is as bashi-baghli4 ,that grown on the plain and hills is termed ghynbek1 and forms the bulk2 that from the slopes1 about #ejj1jjj lb4 a year1 is the best1 and is known as ghubek4 ,all is packed up in small boghchas 7parcels71 of #cj-ej lb41 which are distinguished as byaz1 from the white cotton wrappers used for the best sort1 and kenavir1 from the canvas coverings of the inferior kinds4 ,the best goes to ,constantinople1 secondary to ,smyrna and other home markets1 and the worst to ,europe4 ,the district of ,yenidji1 near the ,gulf of ,lagos1 affords some #c1ejj1jjj lb4 per annum1 chiefly as bassma1 and bearing a very general resemblance to the produce of ,sarishaban4 ,the best goes to ,constantinople and ,russia4 ,ghiumirgina 7,ghumurdjina1 or ,komuldsina7 grows about #cjj1jjj lb4 yearly of dark-coloured bassma1 of the ,drama class1 which is used locally2 and ,sultan-,yeri gives #djj1jjj lb4 of still darker bashi-baghli4 ,the produce of these districts is shipped at ,lagos 7,karagatch7 or ,cavalla4 ,the most delicate and valued of all the tobaccos raised in this portion of ,european ,turkey is the celebrated 8golden leaf0 from the caza of ,yenidji1 on the ,yardar 7,nestus7 river4 ,after it1 in declining order1 come the products of ,drama1 ,persoccian1 ,sarishaban1 ,cavalla1 and ,pravista4 ,of the whole ,drama and ,yenidji produce1 it is estimated that ,austro-,hungary takes #dj per cent4 ,italy buys annually about #aej1jjj-bjj1jjj kilo4 ,france1 ,germany1 and ,switzerland receive very little4 ,russia is a large customer4 ,before the war1 considerable quantities were sent to the countries on the ,lower ,danube4 ,england imports every year some #aj1jjj bales1 or #djj1jjj okes 7of #bhc lb47 of ,pravista tobacco4 ,the refusa1 or waste leaves1 c41 is sent everywhere for making into cigarettes1 most largely perhaps to ,egypt4 ,a kind of tobacco known as ayiasoulouk is grown in considerable quantities in the opium districts1 almost exclusively for export to ,europe1 the natives having a strong prejudice against it4 ,the necessity for manuring is well understood by the ,turks4 ,they dress the seed-beds with goat- and sheep-dung1 and manure the fields during winter with horse- and cattle-dung4 ,in the spring1 sheep and goats are folded on the land4 ,the soil of tobacco lands will be found quite impregnated with1 ammonia and nitrate of potash1 both absorbed by the plant2 the former is thought to influence the aroma1 and the latter may be seen in crystals on the surface of the dried leaf4 ,in order to keep the leaves small and delicate1 the planting is performed very close1 the usual distances being #e inches apart1 and #i inches between the rows4 ,the district of ,latakia1 in the northern part of ,syria1 has long been celebrated for its tobacco1 which is the chief product of the mountainous part4 ,there are several kinds3--7#a7 ,abu ,riha or ,dgebeli1 found in its best state among the mountains of the ,nesseries 7,ansaries71 which possesses a peculiar and much-admired aroma1 derived from its being exposed1 from ,november to ,april1 to the smoke of fires of ozer 7,quercus ,ilex1 or ,q4 ,cerris72 7#b7 ,dgidar1 including a number of kinds1 of medium strength1 and in great favour locally on account of its low price2 7#c7 ,scheik-el-,bent1 almost equal to ,abu-,riha1 and often substituted for it4 ,the plain of ,koura is remarkable for its tobaccos1 which are rather strong1 but much admired4 ,the villages of ,lebail and ,serai produce better tobacco than ,koura4 ,the district of ,gebail 7,gebel7 in ,kesrasan 7,castravan7 affords the best and dearest tobacco in ,syria2 it is very brittle1 and its ash is quite white4 ,the country south of ,lebanon yields very ordinary qualities1 known as ,salili1 ,tanon1 and ,takib1 or generically as ,berraoni2 these are mixed with stronger kinds for use4 ,the best of the ,abu-,riha is yielded by the plant called ,karn-el-,gazel2 the second quality is termed ,bonati4 ,the exports of tobacco from ,alexandretta in #ahgi were3--,to ,egypt1 #ia tons1 value #fchjl42 ,turkey1 #bd tons1 #aibjl42 ,england1 #ea tons1 #beejl42 ,france1 #a ton1 #hjl4 ,the exports from ,aleppo in #ahgh were #cj tons1 value #abjjl41 to ,great ,britain4 ,the yield of the crop in ,thessaly was #a1aaf1jjj okes 7of #bhc lb47 in #ahgg1 #baj1jjj in #ahgh1 and #hij1jjj in #ahgi4 ,the crop of ,prevesa in #ahgh was #djjj okes1 value #bael4 ,the exports from ,dedeagatch were about #bfj bales1 value #ajjjl41 in #ahgh2 and #fjj bales1 value #bdjjl41 in #ahgi4 ,considerable quantities are grown around ,sinope4 ,tobacco is one of the principal products of the district of ,samsoun1 and is of good quality4 ,the average yield is #g1jjj1jjj lb4 yearly4 ,it is grown near the sea-shore1 and not eastward of ,yomurah1 at ,matchka and ,trebizonde1 and especially at ,akch-,abad4 ,but the aggregate crop in these localities is hardly of the quantity produced at ,samsoun1 and the quality is far inferior4 ,the ,samsoun product is usually purchased largely on account of the ,french ,government4 ,the exports from ,samsoun in #ahgh were3--,to ,turkey1 #b1fhj1jjj kilo41 value #afj1hjjl42 ,france1 #ehc1ejj kilo41 #bh1jjhl42 ,russia1 #ege1jjj kilo41 #eg1ejjl42 ,germany1 #djj1jjj kilo41 #gbjjl42 ,austria1 #cbg1bbj kilo41 #ca1bffl42 ,great ,britain1 #hg1efg kilo41 #aegfl42 total1 #d1fec1bhg kilo41 #bhf1cejl4 ,the exports of ,turkey-produced tobacco from ,trebizonde in #ahgi were3--,to ,turkey1 #ad1hfd cwt41 value #dd1eibl42 ,russia1 #hff cwt41 #beihl42 ,great ,britain1 #dij cwt41 #adgjl42 ,austria and ,germany1 #bjd cwt41 #fabl42 total1 #af1dbd cwt41 #di1bgbl4 ,in #ahhd1 ,damascus imported #acac sacks of tumbeki1 value #afgdl41 from ,bagdad4 ,in the same year ,erzeroum imported #ijjj okes1 value #ajijl41 from ,persia4 ,the leaf grown by the ,herki ,kurds and other cultivators in and around the district of ,shemdina is highly prized in ,persia4 ,in #ahhd1 the first year of their operations1 the employs of the tobacco ,rgie only succeeded in registering a yield of #be1jjj okes1 but this amount represents less than a fifth of the estimated produce of the vilayet4 ,it is believed1 however1 that #hjjj-aj1jjjl4 ,turkish worth of ,shemdina tobacco annually crosses the frontier into ,persia4 ,trebizonde exports in #ahhd were #bj1afg cwt41 value #ef1hdil4 ,inferior qualities are sent to ,europe1 good ones remain in ,turkey1 and the best go to ,egypt4 ,the shipments from ,samsoun in #ahhd were as follows3-- ,price4 cwt4 4 s4 d4 ,to ,turkey #bi1bajd #j #j #aaf1hdj ,austria #h1edje #j #j #db1gjj ,france #e1gefa #d #b #aa1eab ,egypt #d1agfd #j #j #af1gjd ,germany #c1egia #h #f #e1jif ,russia #a1gcjf #j #j #aj1chj ,great ,britain #hcba #d #b #a1jjb ,holland #gaba #ab #j #a1adj ,greece #dafc #j #j #a1bdh -------------- -------------- #ed1iea #bjf1fbb ,united ,states4--,the ,united ,states of ,america occupy the foremost rank among tobacco-growing countries4 ,the areas and productions have been as follows3--#ahge1 #eei1jdi acres1 #cgi1cdg1jjj lb42 #ahgf1 #edj1deg acres1 #cha1jjb1jjj lb42 #ahgg1 #gbj1cdd acres1 #dhi1jjj1jjj lb42 #ahgh1 #edb1hej acres1 #cib1edf1gjj lb4 ,the crop of #ahge 7in millions of lb47 was thus contributed3--,kentucky1 #acj2 ,virginia1 #eg2 ,missouri1 #dj2 ,tennessee1 #ce2 ,maryland1 #bb2 ,pennsylvania1 #af2 ,n4 ,carolina1 #ad2 ,ohio1 #ac2 ,indiana1 #ab2 ,connecticut1 #aj2 ,massachusetts1 #h2 ,illinois1 #h4 ,the average yields 7in lb4 per acre7 of the various districts in #ahge were3--,connecticut1 #afjj2 ,pennsylvania1 #afjj2 ,new ,hampshire1 #afjj2 ,massachusetts1 #acej2 ,missouri1 #hej2 ,arkansas1 #hbb2 ,new ,york1 #hjj2 ,florida1 #gej2 ,ohio1 #gjj2 ,w4 ,virginia1 #fhj2 ,maryland1 #fge2 ,tennessee1 #fge2 ,kansas1 #fgj2 ,texas1 #fej2 ,kentucky1 #fcj2 ,virginia1 #fcj2 ,illinois1 #eej2 ,georgia1 #eej2 ,n4 ,carolina1 #ejj2 ,indiana1 #ejj2 ,wisconsin1 #ejj2 ,alabama1 #dfe2 ,mississippi1 #cag4 ,the exports from ,new ,york in #ahgh were3--#cg1dhd hogsheads1 #befa bales1 and #b1bah1bjj lb4 manufactured1 to ,great ,britain2 #ae1egj hh41 #bjg bales1 and #ad1hjj lb4 manufactured1 to ,france2 #ce1gjj hh41 #gh1cca bales1 and #adg1djj lb4 manufactured1 to ,n4 ,europe 2 #bc1aej hh41 #fjeh bales1 and #abj1jjj lb4 manufactured1 to other ,europe2 #dfbh hh41 #ad1cfj bales1 and #d1ghj1bjj lb4 manufactured1 to ,s4 ,america1 ,e4 and ,w4 ,indies1 c4 ,baltimore exported #ff1jci hh4 in #ahgh4 ,the shipments from ,new ,orleans in #ahgg-h were3--#abbf hh4 to ,great ,britain1 #gdc to ,france1 #deeb to ,n4 ,europe1 #cbbb to ,s4 ,europe1 ,mexico1 c41 and #dejj coastwise4 ,philadelphia1 in #ahgi1 exported #i1efd1aga lb4 of leaf tobacco1 #eb1jjj cigars1 and #eae lb4 of snuff4 ,the total ,american export of unmanufactured leaf in #ahgi was #cbb1bhj1jjj lb4 ,the census bulletin on this branch of industry1 recently issued1 is of a very interesting nature4 ,the tobacco product in the ,united ,states is divided into classes1 types and grades1 the basis of a class being its adaptation to any specific purpose2 of a type1 to certain qualities or properties in the leaf1 such as colour1 strength1 elasticity1 body or flavour4 ,it also applies to the method of curing1 such as sun1 air or flue curing4 ,grades represent the different qualities of a type1 and vary much in the several types4 ,the classification of ,american tobacco is threefold1 viz4 domestic cigar tobacco and 8smokers10 chewing-tobacco1 export tobacco4 ,the domestic tobacco trade comprises the various kinds of seed-leaf of ,connecticut1 ,new ,england1 ,pennsylvania1 ,wisconsin1 ,illinois1 ,new ,york1 ,florida and ,ohio1 as well as the sorts known as ,white ,burley 8lugs10 fine-fibred wrappers1 ,indiana kite foot1 and ,american-grown ,havana4 ,in the chewing class are included the fine-cut and the plug fillers1 principally of the ,white ,burley type from ,kentucky1 while under the head of export tobacco are the ,virginian bird's-eye cutting leaf1 and the spinning fillers or shag4 ,it is curious to notice how each market for export tobacco differs in its requirements4 ,the 8closed0 markets1 or those in which the tobacco trade is a monopoly of the ,government1 are ,france1 ,italy1 ,austria and ,spain4 ,the ,french 8,rgie0 is supplied by wrappers1 binders and fillers from ,kentucky1 ,maryland and ,ohio2 the ,italian ,rgie from ,kentucky and ,virginia2 the ,austrian ,rgie by 8strips0 from the same ,states1 and the ,spanish ,rgie by common 8lugs40 ,the open markets are ,germany1 to which are sent the tobaccos known as ,german saucer and spinners2 ,ohio and ,maryland1 spangled cigar-wrappers and 8smokers0 fat lugs2 ,switzerland1 which is supplied with ,virginian or ,western wrappers and fillers2 ,holland1 with ,dutch saucer 7a mottled ,virginia1 ,kentucky or ,tennessee leaf72 ,belgium1 with ,belgian cutter 7a light1 yellowish-brown leaf1 well fired72 ,norway and ,sweden1 with heavy types1 mainly used for spinning and 8saucing40 ,kentucky1 which stands first of all the ,states for production1 the annual produce being #aga1abj1ghd lb41 gains her chief profits from the white burley and yellow wrapper2 ,illinois1 from the production of the seed-leaf2 ,missouri1 from sweet fillers and white burley2 ,virginia1 from yellow wrappers1 bright 8smokers10 sun1 air and flue-cured fillers4 ,decidedly the most prosperous tobacco ,states are those that grow types suitable for domestic consumption1 while those that grow it mainly for exportation stand low in the scale1 the margin of profit under this head being reduced very low4 ,according to the researches of ,dr4 ,gideon ,moore1 the largest amount of nicotine is contained in the ,virginian heavily manured lots 7#eha per cent471 while the ,virginian heavy ,english shipping has #dgb1 the ,new ,york domestic ,havana but #bec1 the ,connecticut seed-leaf #aad1 while the smallest amount of all is found in the little ,dutch tobacco of the ,miami valley1 #jfc4 ,profits in the culture of tobacco have been in direct proportion--first to its suitableness to domestic consumption2 and1 secondly1 to the amount of fertilization practised by the growers in its cultivation4 ,this is true in every case1 except the yellow tobacco districts of ,north ,carolina and ,virginia1 where poverty in the soil is a condition of success in the production of quality4 ,professor ,j4 ,t4 ,rothrock is of the opinion that the early natives of ,california smoked the leaves of ,nicotiana clevelandii--a species only quite recently described by ,professor ,asa ,gray4 ,it is a small plant with small flowers1 and it was found by ,professor ,rothrock only in association with the shell heaps which occur so abundantly on the coasts of ,southern and ,central ,california4 ,he states that perhaps of all the remains of extinct races so richly furnished by that region1 none were so common as the pipes1 usually made of stone resembling serpentine4 ,the tobacco of ,n4 clevelandii ,professor ,rothrock found by experience to be excessively strong4 ,a recent report of the ,commissioner of ,agriculture contains a few pages of sound advice to ,american planters on the management of this crop1 which is worthy of reproduction here4 8,the principal points to be attended to if the best results are to be attained may be stated in a few paragraphs--paragraphs which1 while referring mainly to shipping1 manufacturing1 and smoking tobacco as constituting nine-tenths of the tobacco grown in the ,united ,states1 embody principles and prescribe modes of management nearly identical with those to be considered in the treatment of other tobaccos4 8,i4 ,select good land for the crop2 plough and subsoil it in autumn to get the multiplied benefits of winter's freezes4 ,this cannot be too strongly urged4 8,,ii4 ,have early and vigorous plants and plenty of them4 ,it were better to have #ajj1jjj too many than #aj1jjj too few4 ,they are the corner-stone of the building4 ,to make sure of them give personal attention to the selection and preparation of the plant-bed and to the care of the young plants in the means necessary to hasten their growth1 and to protect them from the dreaded fly4 8,,iii4 ,collect manure in season and out of season1 and from every available source--from the fence corners1 the ditch-banks1 the urinal1 the ash-pile4 ,distribute it with a liberal hand2 nothing short of princely liberality will answer4 ,plough it under 7both the home-made and the commercial7 in ,february1 that it may become thoroughly incorporated in the soil and be ready to answer to the first and every call of the growing plant4 ,often 7we believe generally7 the greater part of manure applied to tobacco--and this is true of the #8bought' fertilizer as well as of that made on the farm--is lost to that crop from being applied too late4 ,don't wait to apply your dearly-purchased guano in the hill or the drill from fear that1 if applied sooner1 it will vanish into thin air before the plant needs it4 ,this is an exploded fallacy4 ,experience1 our best teacher1 has demonstrated beyond cavil that stable and commercial manure are most efficacious when used in conjunction4 ,in no other way can they be so intimately intermixed as by ploughing them under--the one broadcasted on the other--at an early period of the preparation of the tobacco lot4 ,this second ploughing should not be so deep as the first2 an average of three to four inches is about the right depth4 8,,iv4 ,early in ,may 7in the main tobacco belt to which this article chiefly refers1 that is to say1 between the thirty-fifth and fortieth parallels of north latitude71 re-plough the land to about the depth of the ,february ploughing1 and drag and cross-drag1 and1 if need be1 drag it again1 until the soil is brought to the finest possible tilth4 ,thus you augment many fold the probabilities of a #8stand' on the first planting1 and lessen materially the subsequent labour of cultivation4 ,plant on #8lists' 7narrow beds made by throwing four furrows together with the mould-board plough7 rather than in hills1 if for no other reason than that having now1 if never before1 to pay wages in some shape to labour1 whenever and wherever possible horse-power should be substituted for man-power--the plough for the hoe4 8,v4 ,plant as early as possible after a continuance of pleasant spring weather is assured4 ,seek to have a forward crop1 as the benefits claimed for a late one from the fall dews do not compensate for the many advantages resulting from early maturity4 ,make it an inflexible rule to plant no tobacco after the #ajth of ,july--we mean1 of course1 in the tobacco belt we have named4 ,where one good crop is made from later planting ninety-nine prove utter failures4 ,far better rub out and start afresh the next year4 ,take pains in transplanting1 that little or no replanting may be necessary4 ,the cut-worm being a prime cause of most of the trouble in securing a stand1 hunt it assiduously and particularly in the early morning when it can most readily be found4 8,,vi4 ,keep the grass and weeds down1 and the soil loose and mellow by frequent stirring1 avoiding as much as possible cutting and tearing the roots of the plant in all stages of its growth1 and more especially after topping4 ,when at all practicable--and1 with the great improvement in cultivators1 sweeps1 and other farm implements1 it is oftener practicable than generally supposed--substitute for hand-work in cultivation that of the horse4 ,the difference in cost will tell in the balance-sheet at the close of the operation4 8,,vii4 ,attend closely to #8worming1' for on it hinges in no little degree the quality and quantity of tobacco you will have for sale4 ,a worm-eaten crop brings no money4 ,so important is this operation that it may properly claim more than a passing notice4 ,not only is it the most tedious1 the most unremitting1 and the most expensive operation connected with the production of tobacco1 but the necessity for it determines more than all other causes the limit of the crop which in general it has been found possible for a single hand to manage4 ,therefore bring to your aid every possible adjunct in diminishing the number of worms4 ,use poison for killing the moth in the manner so frequently described in treatises on tobacco1 to wit1 by injecting a solution of cobalt or other deadly drug into the flower of the ,jamestown or #8jimson' weed 7,datura stramonium71 if necessary planting seeds of the weed for the purpose4 ,employ at night the flames of lamps1 of torches1 or of huge bonfires1 in which the moth may find a quick and certain death4 8,in worming1 spare those worms found covered with a white film or net-like substance1 this being the cocoon producing the ichneumon-fly1 an enemy to the worm likely to prove a valuable ally to the planter in his war of extermination4 8,turn your flock of turkeys into the tobacco-field1 that they1 too1 may prey upon the pest1 and themselves grow fat in so doing4 8,if these remedies should fail1 sprinkle diluted spirits of turpentine over the plant through the rose of a watering-pot1 a herculean task truly in a large crop1 but mere child's play to the hand-picking process1 for the one sprinkling suffices to keep off the worms for all time1 whereas the hand-picking is a continual round of expensive labour from the appearance of the first worm until the last plant has been carried to the barn4 ,we have no idea that such sprinkling will at all affect the odour or flavour of the tobacco when cured4 8,if1 as stated by a writer in a ,california paper1 the well-known #8yellow-jacket' be useful in destroying tobacco-worms1 by all means win it as an ally4 ,as proving its usefulness1 the writer asserts that one of his neighbours1 a ,mr4 ,culp1 daring fifteen years growing tobacco1 has never expended a dollar for labour to destroy the worm1 trusting all to this little workman1 who1 he says1 carefully searches the plants for the worms1 and never allows one to escape its vigilance4 8,we cannot speak from our own experience as to many of these suggested means for overcoming the horn-worm1 but we have no hesitation in saying to the farmer1 try any1 try all of them rather than have your crop eaten to shreds1 and the labour of more than half the year brought to naught in a few days1 it may be1 by a single #8glut' of worms4 8,,viii4 #8,prime high and top low4' ,while open to objection in particular cases1 even with the character of tobacco chiefly under consideration1 and altogether inadmissible1 it may be1 in the management of other varieties of tobacco1 this is a safe rule1 we think1 to follow in general practice4 8,we favour #8priming' by all means2 for when no priming is done the lower leaves 7made worthless by constant whipping on the ground7 serve only as a harbour for worms1 which are the more difficult to find because of the increased burden of stooping4 ,moreover1 if the bottom leaves be saved on the cut stalk1 as most likely they will be1 there is always the temptation to put them on the market2 and against a sacrilege like this we are firmly set1 let others say and think what they may4 8,yet another advantage to be gained by the removal of these bottom leaves1 which is what the planter terms #8priming1' is the increased circulation of air and distribution of light thereby afforded1 both essential factors1 the merest tyro knows1 to the full development of plant life4 8#8,topping' 7the pinching off with the finger-nail the bud at the top of the plant7 is an operation requiring considerable skill and judgment4 ,let it be performed only by hands having these prerequisites4 8,that as many plants as possible may ripen at the same time 7a desideratum not to be undervalued in aiming1 as all should1 at a uniform crop7 wait until a large number of plants begin to button before commencing to top4 ,going about through the crop1 topping a plant here and there because it may chance to have buttoned before its fellows1 is a damaging process not to be tolerated4 8,no inflexible rule can be given for the number of leaves that should be left on a plant4 ,all depends upon the variety of tobacco1 the strength of the soil1 the promise of the particular plant1 the probable seasons and time left for ripening1 c4 8,one of the most successful growers of heavy dark tobacco we have ever known1 once stated to us his conviction1 after years of observation and practice1 that one year with another1 taking the seasons as they come1 eight leaves would give a better result than any other number4 ,our own experience has tended to confirm this judgment4 8,,ix4 ,see to it that the suckers are promptly removed4 ,it is work quickly done1 and with worming may constitute a single operation4 8,x4 ,we come now to consider the last operation in the field1 #8cutting' the crop4 ,in this1 as in topping1 a man of judgment1 experience1 and fidelity is needed4 ,an inexperienced hand1 one without judgment1 and particularly one who is indifferent to the interests of his employer1 will slash away1 right and left1 not knowing or not caring whether the tobacco he cuts be ripe or green1 doing more damage in a few hours than his whole year's wages would compensate for1 even could they be garnished4 8,therefore1 be on hand to see for yourself1 and do not delegate the duty to any less interested party1 that a crop managed well1 it may be1 so far1 from the initial plant-bed1 should not be spoiled in the closing work by an incompetent or unfaithful cutter4 8,be there1 too1 to see1 in this supreme hour1 that injury from sunburn is warded off by the timely removal1 to the shade1 of the plants that have been cut1 or by a proper covering1 where they lie1 against the scorching rays of the sun4 ,the neglect of this precaution has played havoc with many a crop when brought under the auctioneer's hammer4 8,,xi4 ,we should have no space to describe the different methods of #8curing' tobacco1 as1 for instance1 #8sun-curing1' #8air-curing1' #8flue-curing1' #8open-fire-curing1' c41 even though the whole subject had not been gone over again and again in previous reports of this ,department4 ,we can only say of this operation1 as of all others connected with the production of tobacco1 that much depends on its proper doing1 and that1 as much as possible1 it should have the personal superintendence of the owner4 8,but the crop may have been brought along successfully even to the completion of this operation and #8lack one thing yet1' if it be not now properly manipulated4 8,therefore1 go yourself1 brother planter1 into your barns1 see with your own eyes1 and not through the medium of others2 handle with your own hands1 and know of a surety that the tobacco hanging on the tier-poles is in proper order for #8striking' and #8bulking1' and act accordingly4 8,when1 later on1 it is being #8stripped1' #8sorted1' and tied into bundles1 or #8hands1' as they are often called1 be there again1 propria persona1 to see that it is properly classed1 both as to colour and to length1 the #8lugs' going with lugs1 the #8short' with short1 the #8long' with long1 c4 ,instruct those sorting that when in doubt as to where a particular leaf should be put1 to put it at least one grade lower than they had thought of doing4 ,thus any error will be on the safe side4 8,prize in hogsheads to weigh what is usually called for in the market in which you sell1 and1 above all1 #8let the tobacco in each hogshead be as near alike as possible1 uniform throughout1 so that the #8sample1' from whatever point it may be taken1 can be relied on as representing the whole hogshead1' and that there be left no shadow of suspicion that #8nesting' has been attempted1 or any dishonest practice even so much as winked at4 8,we sum up the whole matter by repeating3 8#a4 ,that overproduction1 the production at all1 of low grade tobacco is the chief cause of the present extremely low price of the entire commodity4 8#b4 ,that the planters of the ,united ,states have the remedy in their own hands2 that remedy being the reduction of area1 this reduction to result1 from the employment of the means here suggested1 in increased crops2 and1 paradoxical as it may seem1 these increased crops to bring greatly enhanced values4 8,the whole world wants good tobacco1 and will pay well for it4 ,scarcely a people on earth seeks poor tobacco or will buy it at any price4 8,in a word1 then1 one acre must be made to yield what it has hitherto taken two or three acres to produce2 and this double or treble quantity must be made 7as1 indeed1 under good management it could not fail to be7 immeasurably superior in quality to that now grown on the greater number of acres4 ,either this or the abandonment of the crop altogether--one or the other40 ,the exports from ,baltimore were #df1bci hogsheads in #ahhb1 #dc1fbj in #ahhc1 #dc1aib in #ahhd4 ,the ,state of ,new ,york1 in #ahhc1 had #eddj acres under tobacco1 producing #i1jfh1ghi lb41 value #a1agh1idc dollars2 and ,connecticut1 #hade acres1 #i1egf1hbd lb41 #a1bib1hga dollars4 ,the production of ,minnesota was #fe1jhi lb4 in #ahgi1 #dh1dcg lb4 in #ahhj1 #gi1fca lb4 in #ahha1 #fb1hei lb4 in #ahhb1 #ad1gdd lb4 in #ahhc4 ,venezuela4--,the exports from ,ciudad ,bolivar were1 in #ahhd1 #acah kilo41 value #ajcg bolivares1 to the ,british ,west ,indies2 #ifah kilo41 #ffia bolivares1 to the ,united ,states2 #bge1cbi kilo41 #aib1ahh bolivares1 to ,germany4 ,the exports of tobacco from this port in decades have been3--#g1fej1fef lb4 in #ahej-ei2 #b1acd1gaa in #ahfj-fi2 #c1agj1hab in #ahgj-gi4 ,west ,indies4--,the ,spanish possessions in the ,west ,indies are well known for their tobacco4 ,the best is produced on the vuelta abajo1 or low-lying districts of ,cuba1 near ,havana1 which are yearly flooded during the autumn1 just before the tobacco is transplanted4 ,to this fact1 and the peculiar suitability of the seasons1 the excellence of this particular product is attributed4 ,the exports from ,havana in #ahgh were3--#ic1fjc bales tobacco1 #ge1bab1bfh cigars1 #bjc1eha bundles cigarettes1 to the ,united ,states2 #fafi bales tobacco1 #ff1gie1ccj cigars1 #e1jcd1ggd bundles cigarettes1 to ,england2 #cb1ehb bales tobacco1 #i1eda1dih cigars1 #acc1jjh bundles cigarettes1 to ,spain2 #ehb bales tobacco1 #c1hfa1gjj cigars1 #hbjf bundles cigarettes1 to ,n4 ,europe2 #efga bales tobacco1 #ah1cbg1jbe cigars1 #gig1eac bundles cigarettes1 to ,france2 #da bales tobacco1 #ijj1hej cigars1 #e1gji1ddb bundles cigarettes1 to other countries4 ,the totals for #ahgh were #g1jgh1ijd kilo4 of tobacco1 #ahb1cef thousand cigars1 and #ab1haf1ijc packets of cigarettes2 in #ahgi1 #f1cga1jad kilo4 of tobacco1 #ade1hhe thousand cigars1 and #ad1jih1fic packets of cigarettes4 ,the tobacco exports in #ahgi from ,st4 ,jago de ,cuba were #ifec bales to ,bremen1 #djae to the ,united ,states 7chiefly for ,bremen71 and #ahji coastwise1 total #ae1dgg1 against #aj1bdi in #ahgh4 ,in the island of ,puerto ,rico1 the tobacco-plant thrives well1 and the quality1 especially in the ,rio de la ,plata district1 is very good4 ,in #ahgh1 the island exported #h quintals 7of #aja lb47 to the ,united ,states1 #cb1aji to ,spain1 #daih to ,germany1 and #ah1abc to other countries4 ,the ,british ,west ,indies have only recently appreciated the importance of tobacco cultivation4 ,many portions of ,jamaica seem as well fitted for it as the vuelta abajo of ,cuba1 and already ,jamaica tobacco in the ,hamburg market ranks next to the best ,havana1 and is considered superior to such ,cuban growths as ,st4 ,jago1 ,manzanillo1 ,yara1 c4 ,tobacco cultivation may now be said to have a place in the industries of ,jamaica1 a fact mainly due to ,cuban refugees4 ,the most extensive plantations in the island are ,potosi in ,st4 ,thomas ,parish1 and ,morgan's ,valley in ,clarendon4 ,much of the produce goes to the ,german market1 the remainder being made into cigars for local consumption1 and said to be quite equal to some of the best ,cuban brands4 ,some experiments made with ,bhilsa tobacco have given great satisfaction1 on account of the robust habit and immense yield of the plant4 ,it is especially adapted for very wet districts1 and its cultivation will be widely extended1 if justified by its market value4 ,tobacco is1 and for very many years has been1 grown by the peasantry in small patches2 from this1 they manufacture a smoke-dried leaf1 which1 twisted together in rope form1 sells readily in the home market4 ,the acreage occupied by the crop was #big in #ahgd-e1 #ddb in #ahge-f1 #cca in #ahgf-g1 and #chj in #ahgg-h4 ,the slopes of valleys in many parts of ,dominica1 too1 are eminently suited to this crop1 particularly the district between ,roseau and ,grand ,bay4 ,the experiment of tobacco culture in ,new ,providence on a large scale has not proved satisfactory1 owing to the difficulties encountered in curing and preparing the leaf2 the cigars made are fit only for local consumption4 ,the exports from ,san ,domingo in #ahhd were #aj1eac1idj lb41 value #ffi1ejj dollars4 ,according to a recent ,consular ,report1 it would seem that 8,cuban tobacco has lost its prestige through forcing and artificial manures1 and has to sustain sharp competition from abroad where it formerly commanded the market2 and probably some years must elapse before the soil can recover from the excessive and indiscriminate use of artificial fertilizers4 8,a few years ago the leaf harvested in the ,vuelta ,abajo was not sufficient to meet the large demand1 and in order to increase the yield1 growers made use of guanos of all sorts1 and with such bad results that they find it now difficult to place on reasonable terms more than half1 and sometimes less1 of their crops1 at very low prices2 in few localities only the soil has not been spoilt by spurious manures1 and the leaf grown there commands very high prices and is warmly competed for by local manufacturers and buyers for the ,united ,states4 8,notwithstanding the last crop has been of a better quality than heretofore1 growers were compelled to abandon the tobacco cultivation for a certain time1 and devote the ground to other purposes4 8,it appears that this change of cultivation is absorbing the fertilizers1 and restoring to the soil its former good qualities1 and1 if one can judge from the splendid appearance of the leaf and the ready sale it now meets with1 it would seem that the ,vuelta ,abajo fields are regaining their former renown4 8,this has been a hard but healthy lesson the ,vegueros are not likely to forget4 ,the soil cannot and should not be taxed beyond a reasonable and natural yield2 any attempt to the contrary would only be a repetition of the fable of the golden eggs1 as the tobacco growers in the ,vuelta ,abajo have had occasion to learn to their cost4 8,towards the end of the year buyers1 influenced by the pending negotiations of the ,spanish-,american ,treaty1 entered the market and operated extensively in the expectation of a great reduction of duties in the ,united ,states1 paying prices above the established one1 and which1 a few weeks later1 they were utterly unable to obtain4 8,cuban growers complain much of heavy purchases made in the ,united ,states for account of the ,spanish ,government for ,peninsular consumption2 they say that however low the class of the ,cuban leaf may be1 it must necessarily be superior to that of the ,virginia and ,kentucky tobacco1 and that they might easily cultivate here the quality required1 and place it in the markets at as low a price as any other country4 8,growers are unanimous in denouncing the action of some local merchants and cigar manufacturers in forwarding at the opening of the last season samples of leaf tobacco and cigars in condition that by no means gave a true idea of the quality of the crop1 and which necessarily gave a result contrary to the interests of all parties engaged in the trade2 and they earnestly protest against a repetition of this injudicious haste4 8,the total tobacco production is estimated at between #djj1jjj and #ejj1jjj quintals 7one quintal about #ajj lb471 chiefly from the following districts3-- ,tercios4 ,vuelta ,abajo and semi ,vuelta ,abajo #aej1jjj to #bjj1jjj ,parlida #cj1jjj #ej1jjj ,remedios #fj1jjj #he1jjj ,cuba and ,java #be1jjj #ce1jjj ,gibara #bj1jjj #cj1jjj ,total #bhe1jjj #djj1jjj 7,one tercio about #abd lb47 8,as is well known1 that grown in the ,vuelta ,abajo or district west of ,havana is the best kind1 and has given ,cuba its well-earned reputation4 ,about #fg1jjj acres are cultivated under the denomination4 8,i have no reliable statistics to show how much of the raw produce is manufactured in the island1 probably not more than one-fourth4 ,very large quantities of the leaf are exported in bales and rolled abroad4 8,it is evident1 however1 that1 given the total production and corresponding result in the manufactured form1 but a small portion of the cigars sold in ,europe and elsewhere as ,havana cigars have the slightest claim to a connection with ,cuba4 8,the chief and only important manufactories of these cigars are in ,havana1 and much care and money is expended in producing a handsome-looking article4 ,as much as #dj dollars gold are paid to skilled labourers per #ajjj for making up first-class goods4 ,about #ag1jjj operatives are employed in this manufacture in ,havana alone4 ,one of the largest establishments here is that supplying the ,henry ,clay brands1 which is stated to turn out from #hj1jjj to #abj1jjj cigars daily2 and there are many others of considerable importance with a well-earned and old-established reputation for fine goods4 8,the quality of tobacco1 like other agricultural produce1 depends on seasons1 soil1 and many natural causes1 which may baffle the most careful cultivator4 8,there are good and bad years2 abundant and scanty crops in succession4 8,except in the case of the few rich owners of plantations in the best districts1 brands and names are no guarantees for a permanently good article4 ,even these favoured few are exposed to bad seasons1 if in a minor degree than less fortunate holders4 8,there has been no really fine-flavoured aromatic leaf harvested since #ahha4 ,much of that since garnered has been simply bad4 8,great hopes are entertained of the coming #ahhe crop1 and present indications are in favour of this assumption4 8,the manner in which the wholesale trade is carried on in ,havana is incomprehensible to an ordinary outsider1 to whom it would appear that the manufacturers prefer a prospective loss abroad to a present and certain gain here4 ,they will only execute orders1 large or small1 for cash over the counter1 giving no1 or in some cases the smallest1 discount4 ,no manufactured goods are kept in stock1 but are made to order after sample1 and1 unless examined in warehouse before delivery1 and that means little1 must be paid in full on delivery1 and the consequence but too frequently is that1 on arrival at their destination1 they do not correspond with the sample1 and the deluded buyer finds that he has made a bad bargain1 and 7if an ,englishman7 discovers that he could have bought the same article cheaper in the ,english market with the additional advantage of examining and testing the goods before purchase4 8,i leave the solution of this enigma to the initiated3 it probably is that the makers consign very largely1 and ,london importers are too experienced and too wary to pay the full invoice price until well acquainted with the wares1 or they get large discounts refused to the cash purchaser in ,havana4 8,complaints are heard of the depressed state of the ,cuban tobacco trade and of the large unsold stocks on hand4 ,i do not think the traders deserve sympathy1 nor have they done anything to earn the confidence of foreign customers4 ,my experience leads me to advise intending purchasers to put 7,i do not advise regular traders7 themselves in the hands of reliable ,london dealers and avoid all direct purchases4 8,intelligent smokers with sensitive palates will find no cheap tobacco here fit to smoke2 #ejs4 per #ajj and upwards is what must be paid at present for really fine-flavoured aromatic cigars2 beyond #hjs4 or #hes4 prices become fancy ones1 and are paid for the smart cases and envelopes4 ,even at the rates ,i quote it is not easy to find what is wanted4 ,there is abundance of dark powerful tobacco of fine quality at much lower rates1 but not light tobacco with flavour or aroma or without strength1 such as the educated 7,i allude to taste7 ,englishman seeks4 ,i believe that only about #aj per cent4 of the tobacco harvested in ordinary years is of the light colour ,i refer to1 hence the difficulty in supplying the demand1 and the artifices resorted to to supply the deficiency4 8,cuba's annual tobacco crop may be estimated as between #cjj1jjj and #djj1jjj tercios of #abe lb4 each4 ,about #cj1jjj persons are employed in its cultivation1 and its value when harvested may be fixed 7according to year's quality7 at between #h1jjj1jjj and #ab1jjj1jjj dol4 of #ds4 8,i cannot estimate the number of persons engaged in working plantation 7,vegueros7 and other cigars for home consumption1 nor the quantity thus consumed2 but the higher class of operatives employed in cigar-making for export number about #bj1jjj1 and turn out at present probably #bjj1jjj1jjj cigars annually4 8,the export trade has fallen off considerably of late years4 ,in the five years1 #ahgj to #ahgd1 about #cej1jjj1jjj cigars were annually shipped to foreign ports1 whereas in the period between #ahgi and #ahhd the annual average export was only #bjj1jjj1jjj4 8,probably larger quantities have been exported in each period owing to under valuations to escape export duty2 but relative bulk proportions between the two export periods will hardly be affected by this40 ,the exports from ,havana in #ahhd were #aa1gfg1bjj lb4 to the ,united ,states1 #fac1jjj to ,spain1 #beb1fjj to ,france1 #cg1ejj to ,mexico and ,south ,america1 #gj1jjj to ,belgium1 and #ejj to the ,mediterranean4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,preparation ,,and ,,use4 ,this chapter embraces the manufacture of cut1 cake and roll tobacco1 cigars1 cigarettes1 and snuff4 ,it is impossible to indicate the precise form in which each kind of tobacco-leaf is manufactured for use2 indeed1 no well-defined line marks the qualifications of each sort1 and the great art of the manufacturer is to combine the various growths in a manner to produce an article suited to the tastes of his customers1 at a price suited to their pockets4 ,but1 in a general way1 it may be said that ,havana and ,manilla are probably exclusively consumed in the form of cigars2 ,virginia is a favourite for cavendish1 negrohead1 and black twist1 and is largely converted into returns1 shag1 and snuff2 ,kentucky1 ,missouri1 and ,ohio are used for cavendish1 brown twist1 bird's-eye1 returns1 and shag2 ,dutch and ,german make the commonest cigars1 k'naster1 moist snuffs1 and smoking-mixtures2 ,java and ,japan are selected for light cigars1 mixtures1 and light moist shag2 ,latakia1 ,turkey1 ,paraguay1 ,brazil1 ,china1 and the remainder1 are used up in cigarettes1 mixtures1 imitations1 and substitutes4 ,damping4--,the tobacco-leaves are received by the manufacturer in all kinds of packages1 from a hogshead to a seron 7raw hide71 and of all weights from #a to #ab cwt4 ,the first process they undergo is 8damping10 which is necessary to overcome their brittleness1 and admit of their manipulation without breaking4 ,for this purpose1 the bunches 78hands07 are separated1 and the leaves are scattered loosely upon a portion of the floor of the factory1 recessed to retain the moisture4 ,a quantity of water1 which has been accurately proportioned to the absorbing qualities of the leaf used1 and to the weight present1 is applied through a fine-rosed watering-pot1 and the mass is left usually for about #bd hours1 that damped on one morning being ready for working on the following morning4 ,in ,england1 water alone is admissible 7by legislative enactment7 for damping1 except in special cases to be noted subsequently2 but abroad1 many 8sauces0 are in vogue1 their chief ingredients being salt1 sal ammoniac1 and sugar4 ,stripping and ,sorting4--,quantities of leaf-tobacco are shipped in a condition deprived of their stem and midrib1 and are then known as 8stripts40 ,those which are not received in this state1 after having been damped1 are passed through the hands of workmen1 who fold each leaf edge to edge1 and rip out the midrib by a deft twirl of the fingers1 classifying the two halves of each leaf1 and ranging the sorts in separate piles as smooth as possible4 ,the value of the leaf greatly depends upon the dexterity with which the stripping is done1 as the slightest tear deteriorates it4 ,stripts require sorting only4 ,the largest and strongest leaves are selected for cutting and spinning2 the best-shaped are reserved for the wrappers of cigars2 broken and defective pieces form fillers for cigars2 and the ribs are ground to make snuff4 ,for the manufacture of 8bird's-eye0 smoking-tobacco1 the leaves are used without being previously stripped4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,cutting4--,cutting is the process by which the damped leaves1 whether stripped or not1 are most extensively prepared for smoking in pipes and cigarettes4 ,the tobacco-cutter which is in general use in this country is shown in ,figs4 #ad 7side elevation71 #ae 7sectional elevation71 #af 7front elevation71 and #ag 7plan74 ,the main frames a are united by stretcher-bolts b2 d is a wooden-surface feeding-roller1 on which the tobacco is pressed and cut2 c are the upper compressing- and feeding-rollers1 mounted in e1 carriage-plates extended backwards1 forming the sides of the feeding-trough1 and hinged to the axle m2 f are levers2 g1 links by which the weight w presses down the upper rollers2 h1 a crank1 and i1 a connecting-link for working2 j1 the cross-head to which the knife k is fixed2 l1 side-levers or radius-bars for guiding the knife1 hinged on the eccentric ends of the axle2 m1 an axle held in bearings at the back of the machine2 on its middle part1 which is concentric with its own bearings1 are hinged the top roll carriage-plates e1 whilst on its projecting ends1 which are slightly eccentric1 the knife-levers l are hinged2 n is a worm-wheel segment2 o1 a worm2 p1 a hand-wheel for turning the eccentric spindle m through a part of a revolution in its bearings1 for adjusting the contact of the knife with the nose-plate q2 r1 a worm2 s1 a worm-wheel2 t1 a worm-pinion for giving simultaneous movement to all the rollers2 u1 a spindle1 8universal jointed0 at both ends1 for driving the upper rollers in positions varying with the thickness of the feed2 v1 a saw-toothed ratchet-wheel1 moved intermittently by a catch x1 link y1 and stud-pin z1 v being changeable1 and the eccentricity of z variable1 for the purpose of regulating the fineness of the cutting4 ,both ends of the knife move at the same speed1 and its surface is made to clear the work by describing a slight curve4 ,the knife is adjusted accurately to the nose-plate1 while the machine is in motion1 by varying the direction of eccentricity of the axis of the knife-levers to that of the roller-levers4 ,the fineness of the cutting is regulated by varying the eccentricity of a movable stud-pin in a plate on the crank-shaft which gives motion1 through a train of speed-reducing gear1 to the several rollers4 ,the knives are easily removed and replaced1 and require sharpening after every #d-f hours' working4 ,two men attend the machine1 one to keep the feed-rollers supplied1 the other to watch that the knife is doing its work1 and to remove the tobacco as fast as it is cut4 ,drying4--,the cut tobacco1 as removed from the machine1 is placed loosely in a layer several inches deep in a large trough1 provided with a canvas false bottom2 steam is introduced between the true and false bottoms1 and finds its way up through the tobacco1 which is thus rendered more easily workable4 ,it is next transferred to a similar trough having no false bottom1 but a steam-jacketed floor instead2 here the tobacco is dry-heated1 and at the same time lightened up by hand4 ,finally1 it is taken to a third trough1 where cold air is forced through the canvas false bottom1 by means of a blower or fan4 ,this last operation dries the tobacco ready for use in the course of some hours2 but it has the disadvantage of dispersing part of the aroma1 and is therefore generally resorted to only when time presses4 ,in other cases1 the drying is conducted on canvas trays4 ,however performed1 the drying operation needs the greatest attention1 to prevent the moisture being extracted to such a degree as to destroy the profit which its presence confers upon the manufacturer4 ,with drying1 the preparation of cut tobacco for smoking in pipes is completed4 ,cake or ,plug4--,the manufacture of 8cake0 or 8plug0 is little carried on in this country1 as the ,excise laws exclude the use of sweetening matters1 except when carried on in bond4 ,the process is sufficiently simple4 ,virginian leaf1 with or without the addition of flavourings1 is sweated for a day or two1 to deepen the colour1 worked into a soft mass1 and next placed in moulds1 and subjected to sufficient pressure to ensure the cohesion of the mass4 ,each cake is then separately wrapped in perfect leaf1 and passes through a series of moulds1 each smaller than the last1 and under increasing pressure in steam-jacketed cupboard-presses1 of which there are many forms4 ,the combined effect of the heat and pressure is to thoroughly impregnate the whole mass with the natural juices of the leaf and the flavouring 7if any has been used71 and to produce a rich dark colour4 ,a machine for turning out plug-tobacco in ribbons1 made by the ,mc,gowan ,pump ,co41 ,new ,york1 is shown in ,fig4 #ah4 ,the tobacco is first weighed out in the proper quantities1 and spread in a box placed in spaces in a heavy iron table a4 ,when the latter is filled1 it is passed to and fro under the heavy iron wheels b1 which are loose on the shaft1 and which can be adjusted to exert any desired pressure4 ,twice passing through suffices4 ,the ribbon is made in lengths of #aj feet1 and either #e inches or #b inches wide1 as desired4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,roll or ,twist4--,roll- or twist-tobacco is made by spinning the leaf into a rope1 and then subjecting it to hot pressure4 ,until recently1 the spinning was performed by hand1 much after the manner of ordinary rope-making by hand4 ,but this slow process is now superseded by a machine made by ,robinson and ,andrew1 of ,stockport2 it is spoken of in very favourable terms by ,english manufacturers1 and received a diploma of merit at the ,philadelphia ,exhibition4 ,the machine consists of a combination of #c rollers1 whose surfaces are made of segments1 to which lateral to-and-fro motions are given by cams attached to the stands on which the axles of the rollers rotate4 ,the tobacco occupies the central space between the #c rollers1 and it is carried through the machine by the lateral to-and-fro motions given to the segments4 ,the fillers and wrappers are laid on a table joined to the machine4 ,the filler is placed in the cover1 and they pass together between the rollers1 whose action twists and compresses the tobacco into a roll2 this is carried forward and wound on a bobbin1 revolving in an open frame1 and provided with a guide for equalizing the distribution of the tobacco4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,the machine is shown in ,figs4 #ai 7elevation71 #bj 7plan71 and #ba 7end view74 ,the tobacco is laid on the table a1 provided with a rib n1 on which the sliding rest b is free to move to and fro2 c d are the two lower segmental rollers1 the axles of which revolve in stationary bearings2 e is the top roller1 the axle of which revolves in sliding bearings1 fitting in the swing-frame f1 and each acted upon by a spring o1 pressing on a pin communicating with the bearing1 and putting an elastic pressure on the tobacco4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,each segment-roller consists of an axle with four segments1 best shown in ,figs4 #bb and #bc4 ,the outer shell of the segments is made of hard wood1 fitting an inner shell of malleable cast-iron1 the projections on which suit grooves on the cast-iron axle4 ,the segments of the rollers c d are moved laterally to and fro by the wedge-shaped cams p q r s1 fixed to the bearings of the roller-axles2 and the segments of the roller e are moved in the same manner by cams t u1 fixed to the swing-frame f4 ,the tobacco occupies the central space between the #c rollers1 and the cams p r t move the segments in the direction of the arrow where they touch the tobacco1 while the cams q s u move them back4 ,after the tobacco has passed beyond the segment-rollers1 it goes through the hollow trunnion of the open frame g1 in which the bobbin h revolves2 the other trunnion of the frame g is provided with fast and loose pulleys1 by which the whole machine is driven4 ,to this trunnion1 are also fixed an ordinary friction-break pulley1 and a grooved pulley1 around which latter passes a band for driving the pulley on the axle of the bobbin h4 ,to the other end of the axle of the bobbin1 is fixed a pinion1 which1 by means of a toothed chain1 gives motion to another pinion fixed to the double screw i2 this double screw gives a traversing to-and-fro motion to the guide j1 for distributing the tobacco evenly on the bobbin1 by means of a swivel -headed stud1 connected with the guide1 and taking into the thread of the double screw4 ,the guide is provided with two horizontal grooved rollers1 between which the tobacco passes1 and with two other rollers to guide the tobacco on to the bobbin4 ,rotary motion is communicated to the segment-rollers c d e as follows3--,to the hollow trunnion of the open frame g1 is affixed a pinion1 which drives the wheel k1 on the same shaft as the change-pinion that drives the wheel gearing into the pinions on the axles of the rollers c and d1 and one of which pinions gears into the intermediate pinion l1 which drives the pinions on the axle of the roller e4 ,the driving-strap is held upon the fast pulley by a drop-catch acting on a weighted lever1 one arm of which is connected by a link to the lower end of a strap fork-lever4 ,when it is requisite to stop the machine1 the attendant kicks the point of a catch off the end of the lever1 which is then raised by the weight1 and so moves the driving-strap from the fast to the loose pulley1 the stoppage being virtually instantaneous4 ,the mode of working is as follows3--,the spinner and assistants stand at opposite sides of the table2 the fillers and wrappers being placed on the table1 one assistant spreads out the wrapper and pushes the end towards the filler1 which the spinner supplies and holds against the sliding-rest b2 the rotary motion of the segment-rollers c d e twists the tobacco1 and causes the wrapper to be wound over the filler1 and the rest b1 being movable1 enables the spinner to regulate its position according to the quantity and quality of the filler and wrapper4 ,the lateral motion of the segment-rollers passes the roll towards the bobbin1 on which it is wound1 as described4 ,the combined rotary and traversing motions of the rollers consolidate the tobacco1 and put the desired face upon the twist4 ,the roller e is supported in a swing-frame1 which is lifted off the tobacco when starting the machine4 ,when the machine is at work1 the swing-frame is held down by the stud m 7,fig4 #ai74 ,the figures represent a machine suitable for manufacturing ,limerick roll2 for pigtail and other small descriptions1 it is necessary to reduce the diameter of one or more of the segment-rollers4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,a more recent improvement in this machine1 by ,j4 ,e4 ,a4 ,andrew1 is shown in ,figs4 #bd 7side view71 #be 7transverse section71 and #bf 7plan74 ,the table a1 rib n1 and sliding-rest b1 and two lower segment-rollers c d1 are constructed as usual2 but the axles of the segment-rollers revolve in bearings g h1 bolted to the flanges of swivel-frames i k1 hinged upon the fulcrum-shaft x2 the object of thus supporting the bottom rollers c d is to be able to vary the distance between them according to the thickness of the twist of tobacco that is being rolled4 ,when the distance between the rollers is fixed1 the bearings are secured by bolts passing through segmental slots4 ,the solid top roller e revolves in centres in sliding bearings fitting in the swing-frame f4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,as the bobbin is filled1 it is removed1 and replaced by an empty one4 ,the rope is then unwound1 and formed into rolls1 by the aid of a spindle with flanges at the sides1 worked by a treadle1 under a cushioned weight which squeezes the coils closely together as they are wound4 ,the completed rolls are subjected to great pressure in steam-jacketed presses1 in the same way1 and with the same object1 as the cakes or plugs4 ,cigars4--,cigars are composed of two parts1 a core formed of pieces of leaf placed longitudinally1 known as 8fillers10 and a covering formed of perfect leaf1 called the 8wrapper40 ,probably all the best cigars are made by hand1 the only tools required being a short-bladed sharp knife1 a receptacle containing an emulsion of gum1 and a square wooden disc or 8cutting-board40 ,a portion of perfect leaf is first shaped to form the wrapper of the cigar2 then a bunch of fillers is moulded in the hand1 and rolled up tightly in the wrapper1 the taper end being secured by gumming4 ,expert workmen make the cigars remarkably uniform in weight and shape4 ,when made1 they are sorted according to colour1 deftly trimmed at the thick end1 and placed in their boxes in cupboards heated by gas-stoves to finally dry or season before being stored for sale4 ,in ,america1 machinery is introduced wherever possible4 ,moulds for shaping the cigars are made of hard wood1 sometimes partially lined with tin1 and of every possible size and form4 ,a machine is made by ,dubrul and ,co41 of ,cincinnati1 for working #c sets of moulds at once1 #b being kept filled up under pressure while the #crd is being filled1 or the bunches are being rolled up4 ,a handy little machine for rolling the fillers for cigars is that known as ,henneman's1 made by ,dubrul and ,co4 ,the demand for scrap-made cigars1 or those manufactured with short fillers1 has caused the introduction of machines for cutting and sifting scrap4 ,one made by ,dubrul and ,co4 is shown in ,fig4 #bg4 ,it consists essentially of a cylinder formed of hook-shaped1 double-edged steel blades1 revolving against #c series of fixed but adjustable steel blades1 thus permitting the size to be regulated at will4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,cigarettes4--,cigarettes consist of paper tubes filled with cut tobacco1 with or without an external wrapper of leaf tobacco4 ,preference is usually given to those made by hand1 but machines have been introduced with some success for making the commoner kinds4 ,a ,french machine for making cigarettes is shown in ,fig4 #bh4 ,its work consists in making the paper tubes1 and filling them with tobacco4 ,the paper1 previously prepared1 in a band about #c inches wide1 is unrolled from the coil a by means of the carriage b1 and cut off in pieces about #a inch long for presentation to the mandrel c1 temporarily introduced into one of the tubes of the mould-carrier d4 ,the mandrel has a clamp which grasps the paper and rolls it1 and1 at the moment when the latter escapes from the carriage1 its free end is brought upon a rubber pad covered with gum1 hidden in the illustration4 ,the paper tube is left in the mould1 the mandrel being extracted by means of the cam e2 the mould-carrier is then turned sub#i_/sub revolution by the cam f1 a new tube comes into line1 and the operation is repeated4 ,when #f paper tubes are completed1 the first one is pushed by a small piston1 actuated by the cam g1 upon the end of the filling-tube2 and immediately the rod h1 actuated by the cam e1 drives into this tube a portion of tobacco already prepared in the compressor i4 ,in preparing the tobacco1 a workman1 occupying the seat m1 is necessary to dispose the material in regular layers on a carrier1 by which it is transported into the compressor4 ,when the cigarette-envelope is filled1 the mould-carrier again makes part of a revolution1 and the finished cigarette is pushed out of the mould by the rod k1 also actuated by the cam e2 a device finally lodges the cigarettes in the box l4 ,one workman is said to be able to turn out #ifjj cigarettes in #aj hours by the aid of the machine4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,snuff4--,snuff is entitled to the last place in the series of tobacco manufactures1 as it is largely made up of the scraps1 cuttings1 and rejections of the preceding processes4 ,the materials are chopped very fine1 placed in heaps in warm damp cellars1 8doctored0 with various flavourings1 left to ferment for several weeks1 and then ground to powder in edge-runner mills1 some kinds even undergoing a slight roasting4 ,when ground1 the mass is passed through 8mulls10 wood-lined1 bottomless bowls1 let into a bench1 where the snuff is softened and rendered less powdery by means of pointed pins1 resembling domestic rolling-pins1 which slowly travel around the sides of the bowls4 ,snuff represents a highly profitable article manufactured from materials that are otherwise useless1 and depending for its flavour chiefly upon the perfumes and flavourings used4 ,hence these last are kept profoundly secret by the manufacturer4 ,from refuse tobacco which is unfit for any other purpose1 is made a decoction for washing sheep and destroying vermin2 often the waste is ground very fine1 and used by gardeners1 presumably to keep noxious insects away4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,miscellaneous ,appliances4--,the customary ingenuity of the ,americans has invented a profusion of admirable labour-saving machines for almost all the operations of the tobacco manufacturer4 ,a few of these only can be noticed in the present article4 ,fig4 #bi shows a portable resweating-apparatus1 intended for darkening the colour of tobacco to suit the dealer's market4 ,it measures #d feet long1 #c feet wide1 and #e feet high1 being just large enough for one case 7#djj lb47 of tobacco1 including the case2 it consists of a water-tank a1 a pipe b for conducting the water into the metallic pan c1 at the bottom of the apparatus1 which is heated by gas-jets d4 ,the tobacco is introduced by the door e1 which is fitted with a thermometer4 ,the roof is sloped so as to determine the flow of the water of condensation4 ,the steaming occupies #c-e days1 and needs occasional watching4 ,the apparatus is made by ,c4 ,s4 ,philips and ,co41 #ahh ,pearl ,street1 ,new ,york4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,fig4 #cj illustrates a complicated machine1 introduced by ,c4 ,c4 ,clawson and ,co41 of ,raleigh1 ,n4 ,carolina1 for putting up large quantities of tobacco in parcels of #b oz4 upwards4 ,it consists of a central table provided with automatic scales for weighing out the portion2 four equidistant guides which determine the form of the package2 a plunger for packing1 and a follower for raising the package2 a side-table carrying tongs for holding the empty bags2 and another to receive the packages1 and hold them during tying4 ,the hopper being supplied with tobacco1 and the machine put in motion1 each form takes a bag from the tong-table1 and the article having been weighed1 is carried to the form by a shute1 when it drops into the bag1 is packed by the plunger1 and transferred to the tying-table4 ,with #b girls or boys1 it is said to weigh1 pack1 and tie #cj bags a minute4 ,the ,new ,york ,tobacco ,machine ,co4 make two forms of machines for granulating tobacco1 chiefly for making 8,killickinick0 and cigarettes1 their working capacity ranging from #bjj to #bjjj lb4 a day4 ,the cutting-rollers are covered with cross-millings at right angles to each other1 those running lengthwise being deep2 the fixed cutters are adjustable1 so that the cutting may be either coarse or fine4 ,when working1 the action is like that of a pair of shears1 except that the cross-millings reduce the strips to a granular state4 ,both stems and leaves may be worked up4 ,the great advantage claimed for these machines is that1 though the tobacco should be dry1 the percentage of dust escaping is reduced to a nominal figure4 ,a cutting-machine made by the same ,co4 is shown in ,fig4 #ca4 ,it is adapted to cut leaf1 stem1 scrap1 plug1 or any form of tobacco1 to any required degree of fineness1 turning out #cjj-djj lb4 a day4 ,the action is almost precisely that of a chaff-cutter4 ,the ,co4's sifting-machine consists of an adjustable cylindrical wire sieve1 with a rattan-broom screw-roller revolving inside4 ,the stems are stripped and worked out at one end1 while the remainder is broken up1 and passed through the sieve1 falling upon a perforated tray1 through which pass the finest particles for snuff-making4 ,a machine largely used in ,america is the stem-roller1 for crushing and flattening the stems so that they may be used like leaves for making cigars4 ,great benefit is anticipated in the ,united ,states from the adaptation of ,ryerson's 8attrition mill0 to snuff-grinding1 owing to the fact that the pulverization is accomplished without the particles being heated in the least degree4 ,of cigarette-making machines1 there are many kinds2 the best are those which deal with the tobacco in a comparatively dry state1 thus preventing shrinkage after packing4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,indebtedness is acknowledged to ,hy4 ,archer and ,co41 ,borough1 ,s4,e41 and ,t4 ,brankston and ,co41 ,carter ,lane1 ,doctors' ,commons1 for opportunities of inspecting their thoroughly representative works1 and for much information readily given concerning the manufacture in this country2 to ,w4 ,jollyman1 of ,w4 ,d4 and ,h4 ,o4 ,wills' ,london house1 for having revised these sheets before going to press2 and to ,hy4 ,a4 ,forrest1 #fa ,broadway1 agent of the ,new ,york ,tobacco ,machine ,co41 for valuable material relating to ,american machines and processes4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,nature ,,and ,,properties4 ,the active principle of tobacco is a volatile1 highly poisonous alkaloid1 called ,nicotine 7,c,h,n74 ,although green tobacco-plants contain generally more nicotine than the leaves after they have been prepared for the market1 yet the odour is only perceptible after the fermentation of the leaves has set in4 ,it has been ascertained that young leaves #b inches long contained #bh per cent41 and leaves #aj inches broad and #af inches long1 as much as #ef per cent4 of their weight of nicotine4 ,the amount increases as the plants become ripe1 and decreases on their becoming overripe4 ,though the narcotic effects of tobacco experienced by the smoker must partly be attributed to nicotine1 it cannot be said that they are solely due to it4 ,it is well known that the products of combustion of quite harmless substances are often stupefying4 ,good ,syrian tobacco contains no nicotine1 yet smokers consider cigars made from this tobacco to be strong4 ,it is evident that the strength of a cigar1 as judged by the smoker1 depends greatly on the circumstance whether the tobacco burns well or not4 ,if it burns well1 a greater amount of nicotine is consumed and decomposed1 and less of the narcotic products of combustion are created1 than when it burns badly4 ,cigars of the latter description1 containing little nicotine1 are more narcotic in their effects when smoked than well-burning cigars containing much nicotine4 ,the amount of nicotine in tobacco varies very much1 according to the sort of plant1 the climate1 the nature of the soil in which the plant grew1 the treatment received during its growth1 and the course adopted to prepare the leaf for the market4 ,dr4 ,nessler found that good ,syrian tobacco contained no nicotine1 ,havana tobaccos between #jf and #bj per cent41 and ,german tobaccos between #jg and #cc per cent4 ,schlsing found in ,french tobacco nearly #hj per cent4 of nicotine4 ,fine tobaccos contain generally little or no nicotine4 ,broughton found that the amount of nicotine in ,indian tobaccos varies very much4 ,the conditions favourable to the development of nicotine in the plants are3--,soil in a bad physical state1 strong nitrogenous manure1 a dry atmosphere1 and probably a low temperature during the growth4 ,according to ,nessler1 green and newly-cut tobacco-plants contain no ammonia2 it is developed during the drying and fermentation of the leaves1 especially when they assume a brown colour4 ,tobacco-leaves1 which have undergone a strong fermentation1 contain more ammonia than those slightly fermented4 ,fine tobaccos contain generally less ammonia than coarser ones4 ,in various smoking-tobaccos1 ,nessler found3--,havana1 #jb per cent4 of ammonia2 ,cuba1 #jc2 ,syrian1 #jf2 ,german1 #ji per cent4 ,schlsing found ,havana tobacco to contain #jh per cent4 ,nitric acid1 consisting of nitrogen and oxygen1 is formed in animal and plant substances when decomposed under the influence of atmospheric air and a sufficiently high temperature2 whereas ammonia1 consisting of nitrogen and hydrogen1 is formed when those substances decompose in the absence1 or nearly so1 of atmospheric air4 ,organic substances decomposing under the latter condition emit an objectionable pungent odour1 which must partly be attributed to the formation of ammonia4 ,tobacco1 soon after harvesting1 commences1 according to the conditions under which it is placed1 one of these decompositions4 ,the extent of the decomposition the tobacco has gone through may be partly judged from the colour the leaves have attained4 ,if leaves be dried so rapidly as to remain green1 the decomposition is probably confined to the formation of carbonic acid4 ,a yellow colour indicates the formation of nitric acid2 and a dark-brown or black colour1 that of ammonia4 ,the conditions under which nitric acid and ammonia are formed being known1 it is possible to control their development4 ,when the tobacco is hung far apart1 so that the air has free access1 the formation of nitric acid will take place2 but if the air be excluded more or less1 by hanging the tobacco very close1 or pressing it in heaps or pits1 the formation of ammonia is engendered4 ,nitric acid generally promotes the combustion of plant substances1 by supplying a portion of the needed oxygen1 and has undoubtedly a similar effect in tobacco2 its occurrence in the tobacco is therefore a desideratum with the cultivator and manufacturer1 and to supply any deficiency1 the manufacturer often resorts to impregnating his tobacco with a solution of saltpetre4 ,from this1 however1 it must not be concluded that every tobacco containing a large amount of nitric acid will necessarily burn well4 ,schlsing and ,nessler have shown that the well-burning of a tobacco does not always correspond with a great amount of nitric acid1 thus indicating that other substances or other conditions also affect the combustibility4 ,the effect of the nitric acid will most probably vary with the base with which it is in combination4 ,the nitrogen in the forms of nicotine1 ammonia1 and nitric acid1 constitutes only a small portion of the total amount present in tobacco2 by far the greater portion 7-7 exists in the form of albuminoids4 ,nessler found that the nitrogen under this form varies from #b to #d per cent41 which is equal to #ac-bf per cent4 of albuminoids4 ,substances rich in albuminoids generally burn badly1 and emit a pungent noxious odour4 ,on the condition of these albuminoids1 and on the presence of other substances1 as nitric acid1 alkalies1 c41 in the tobacco1 mostly depend the burning qualities of the leaf1 and the flavour of a cigar4 ,the ,eastern habit in smoking1 from ,malaysia1 ,japan and ,china1 through ,india1 ,persia and ,turkey1 even to ,hungary1 is to inhale the smoke into the lungs1 and natives of these countries maintain that a tobacco should be of full flavour without burning the throat or catching the breath4 ,western nations do not admit the smoke further than the mouth1 and therefore require a strong1 rank flavour4 ,whilst drying and fermenting1 the tobacco undergoes great changes4 ,some substances are decomposed1 others are newly formed4 ,the highly complicated compounds1 the albuminoids1 undergo first decomposition1 and in doing so give rise to more simple combinations4 ,nitric acid1 ammonia1 and other substances less known are chiefly1 if not entirely1 derived from the products of the decomposition of albuminoids4 ,the substances that cause the objectionable pungent smell in tobacco are formed from the broken-up constituents of these high combinations4 ,the conditions under which these bad-smelling combinations originate are not properly known2 but it is probable that they are developed with1 and under the same conditions that cause the formation of1 ammonia1 as the disagreeable pungent flavour is found generally in tobacco that has undergone fermentation to a great extent4 ,it is believed that the conditions that favour the development of nicotine are also conducive to the formation of albuminous substances in the leaf1 viz4 fresh nitrogenous manure1 bad physical state of the soil1 c4 ,according to ,nessler1 the quality of tobacco depends to a great degree on the amount of cellulose it contains4 ,he found that a good tobacco invariably contained more than a bad one1 ,havana yielding as much as #df per cent4 ,the fact that tobacco burns better after being stored for a time may be partly due to an increase of cellulose in it4 ,every tobacco contains more or less fat1 gum1 ethereal oil1 c4 ,it is not properly known in what way fatty matters affect the quality of tobacco4 ,many other organic matters exist in tobacco in combination with substances from which it is most difficult to separate them2 they have not as yet been quantitatively ascertained1 and are therefore little known4 ,most of them are only developed during the drying and fermenting of the leaf2 their presence1 however1 considerably affects the quality of the tobacco4 ,the amount of ash constituents in the tobacco is considerable1 varying between #af and #bh per cent4 ,there cannot be said to exist a definite relation between the total amount of ash in the tobacco and its quality1 as tobaccos yielding much ash are sometimes of good1 and at other times of bad1 quality2 a good tobacco may yield much or little ash4 ,the relative proportion in which the ash constituents exist is1 however1 of the greatest importance4 ,it has been ascertained that the presence of some special mineral elements modify to a great extent the quality of the tobacco4 ,of all ash constituents1 potash 7,k,o71 more correctly speaking potassium carbonate 7,k,,co71 affects the quality of tobacco in the highest degree4 ,schlsing has pointed out that the good burning qualities of a tobacco depend on the presence in it of potash in combination with a vegetable acid2 that a soil deficient in potash is unfit to produce tobacco of good quality4 ,numerous analyses have tended not only to corroborate the assertion made by ,schlsing1 but to demonstrate also1 that it is not the total amount of potash1 but the potash found as a carbonate1 which existed in the plant in combination with a vegetable acid1 that is the constituent chiefly affecting the combustibility of a tobacco4 ,the complete analyses of ,nessler have shown that1 although a tobacco may contain a great amount of potash1 it does not necessarily follow that the tobacco burns well4 ,he found that some ,german tobaccos contained more potash than ,havana1 although the latter burned much better than the former2 and that a great amount of potash did not always indicate a great amount of carbonate of potash4 ,although tobaccos yielding a great amount of carbonate of potash in their ash generally burn well1 there may be conditions which neutralize the good effect of this combination1 as a large proportion of albuminoids4 ,it may therefore be said that the combustibility of a tobacco is improved in proportion as its ash yields more carbonate of potash1 other conditions being equal4 ,among the minor salts1 the chlorides deserve most attention4 ,it has been found that they generally retard the burning of tobacco1 and1 that as they increase1 carbonate of potash decreases4 ,lime is invariably found more or less in the ash1 but it has not been ascertained to what extent its presence affects the quality of the tobacco2 good tobacco may contain much or little1 so that its presence is probably not of great importance4 ,the same may be said of soda1 magnesia1 and phosphoric acid4 ,according to ,nessler1 their proportions may vary thus3--,potash1 #aie-e per cent42 lime1 #fe-ib2 soda1 #j-afc2 magnesia1 #jab-jii2 phosphoric acid1 #jeg-aci4 ,in connection with the chemistry of tobacco1 and the rational manuring of the crop1 the name of ,prof4 ,s4 ,w4 ,johnson1 ,chemist to the ,connecticut ,state ,board of ,agriculture1 must be placed in the foremost rank4 ,indebtedness is acknowledged to ,prof4 ,johnson for a copy of his valuable report1 quoted in the ,bibliography at the end of this work4 ,in ,november1 #ahhd1 a paper was read by ,dr4 ,john ,clark1 on the composition of tobacco1 before the ,society of ,chemical ,industry1 which is sufficiently interesting to be quoted at length4 ,dr4 ,clark remarks that the 8tobacco plant is very extensively cultivated in various parts of the world1 and after it has reached its maturity it is cut and dried on poles4 ,when the plant is in proper condition1 the leaves are stripped from the stalk1 sorted and cured1 by which means they are converted into the tobacco of commerce4 ,the good leaves are called #8wrappers1' and the infirm or defective ones1 which are separated from the others1 are called #8mediums and fillers4' ,the term #8strips' is applied to tobacco leaves1 from which #bj to #be per cent4 of the stem or midrib has been removed to suit the requirements of manufacturers in this country more especially4 ,tobacco is largely imported into the ,united ,kingdom1 partly in the manufactured state1 but principally in the unmanufactured or leaf form4 8,through the kindness of a well-known firm of tobacco manufacturers1 ,i have been furnished with authentic samples of the principal varieties of leaf tobacco1 imported into this country1 and the accompanying table gives the proportions of mineral matter or ash1 alkaline salts1 and sand1 which these contain4 ,for the sake of comparison the results are all stated in the dry tobacco1 and in order to ensure greater accuracy1 the analysis was1 in each case1 made with several leaves1 which were separated into lamin and stem1 and the whole of each incinerated4 ,the difference in the composition of the lamin and the stem is very marked1 especially as regards alkaline salts1 and is of importance more especially to the snuff manufacturer4 ,,composition ,,of ,,various ,,kinds ,,of ,,leaf ,,tobacco4 ,whole ,leaf4 ,lamin4 ,stem4 ,dried at #bab ,f41,dried at #bab ,f41,dried at #bab ,f41 per cent4 per cent4 per cent4 ,ash4 ,alk4,sand4 ,ash4 ,alk4,sand4 ,ash4 ,alk4,sand4 ,salt4 ,salt4 ,salt4 ,u4 ,s4 ,kentucky #aiaa #fhd #begahic #edc #cjfbafiacea #fh do4 #ahej #ffh #ahbaeej #bgg #bcibfjgaffh #ch do4 #beii #ifi #ceabdhh #fgj #dagbicfbjja #aaj do4 ,strips #aegc #dca #bfaaeeg #djg #bgaafie #fce #acg ,u4 ,s4 ,missouri #bjif #ejg #dfcbjdf #bfb #ebgbbfaabgb #aij do4 #bbja #fcb #ceabacf #dif #chhbcfbabcg #aec do4 #ahhh #dha #bfaagah #bhh #cbabbagajfh #ib do4 #ahcf #dfj #cddagje #bej #djgbbciaaaj #adi ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,carolina #adej #eii #fcabih #cib #gdahfdaagb #bc ,paraguay #cjhj #haeabcbcajg #fcgaddacjcgadgh #dia ,brazil--,carmen #bjed #gha #dbbjdb #gbd #dfbjhf #icg #ca ,holland #bahcaacg #acbjaf #hii #eebeaeagbj #ab ,turkey--,cavallo #acgi #eje #cjfbahf #hbh #gbaedd #ggc #bd do4 ,latakia #aiej #gai #eebahf #hbh #gbaedd #ggc #bd do4 ,samsoun #ahci #fih #diagei #ecb #ddbagbacdb #fj ,japan #aefg #fhf #ejadfj #eei #edaihdaaee #ce ,china #aheh #bdj #fcjagid #aff #fidbjeg #ebg #cfa ,havana #bjii #hai #ajbbjia #gea #ajdbajbajcc #ib ,manilla #bahj #fed #adbabe #edi #acbbej #iji #ad ,german #bbbg #cgf #agibbab #bgh #ahgbcac #dfc #aci ,sumatra #ahfa #gbj #acahga #fei #jiahad #iaa #bh ,average ,average ,average of of of ,whole ,leaf1 ,lamin1 ,stem1 per cent4 per cent4 per cent4 ,ash or ,inorganic #bjcb #aiba #baib ,alk4 ,salts #fdg #dih #aada ,sand #bdh #bhf #aae 8,the unmanufactured tobacco which is imported into this country1 is converted into roll or spun tobacco1 cut tobacco and cigars1 and the refuse is used for making snuff4 ,roll tobacco is the staple manufacture in ,scotland and ,ireland1 and cut tobacco the staple article in ,england4 8,in the manufacture of roll tobacco1 the leaves are moistened with water1 spun into various sizes of twist1 made up into rolls1 and pressed4 ,the liquid or juice which exudes under pressure is used as a sheep dip4 ,cut tobacco is made by moistening the leaves1 cutting them into the desired size1 and drying on plates4 ,sometimes it is made into cakes in the first instance1 and afterwards cut4 8,when we compare the composition of roll and cut tobaccos with that of the leaf from which they are made1 we find that the difference lies almost entirely in the amount of moisture1 and as manufacturers are not allowed to add anything but water and a little oil to tobacco1 you will not err very much in assuming that as a rule the cheapest qualities of roll and cut tobaccos contain most water4 ,thus in #ae samples of the cheapest roll tobacco ,i found an average of #daff per cent4 of water4 8,the lowest qualities of cut tobacco1 such as are largely manufactured and consumed in ,england1 contain as much water as the cheapest roll tobacco1 whereas the finer qualities of cut tobacco contain as a rule from #ad to #bb per cent4 ,cigars1 even the cheapest1 are comparatively dry1 and contain1 as a rule1 only from #aj to #ab per cent4 of water4 8,the difference in cheap cigars is due chiefly to the weight of the material1 but also to the quality of the tobacco and the labour1 machinery being used in the manufacture of the lower qualities1 whereas the higher qualities are nearly all hand made4 8,the large quantity of water contained in the cheapest tobacco1 and which frequently amounts to about #ej per cent41 is not1 in my opinion1 introduced to please the palate of the working man1 but simply on account of the keen competition between rival manufacturers1 and the low price at which tobacco is sold2 and in the interest both of the working classes and of tobacco manufacturers themselves1 ,i think it is very desirable that some limit should be placed to the amount of water which may be sold as tobacco4 8,snuff4--,i stated that the refuse tobacco was employed in the manufacture of snuff4 ,this refuse consists of stems1 tobacco smalls1 and sweepings4 ,these are moistened with water1 subjected to a process of fermentation1 which lasts from about six weeks to two months1 then ground1 mixed with alkaline salts to preserve the snuff1 and flavoured when desired4 ,nothing is allowed to be added to snuff except the carbonates1 chlorides1 and sulphates of potash and soda1 and carbonate of ammonia4 ,it is also provided by ,act of ,parliament that any snuff found to contain1 after being dried at #bab ,f41 more than #bf per cent4 of such salts1 including those naturally in the tobacco1 will be liable to forfeiture and a penalty of #ejl4 ,from my table of analyses you will observe that not only does the proportion of alkaline salts vary in different tobaccos1 but the stem contains a much larger proportion than the leaf4 ,on this account it is necessary that the snuff manufacturer should know the quantity of alkaline salts in his snuff material1 in order to obtain an article of uniform composition4 ,some manufacturers go by rule of thumb1 and in attempting to work close to the legal limit1 they run a serious risk of unintentionally incurring the penalty4 ,as a matter of fact1 three samples of snuff1 in #ahhc1 were condemned by the ,somerset ,house authorities because they contained an excessive proportion of alkaline salts1 and the manufacturers were prosecuted4 ,the more intelligent of the snuff manufacturers1 however1 analyse their snuff material1 and are thus able to keep within the legal limit4 8,the principal alkaline salts which are added to snuff are chloride of sodium or common salt1 carbonate of potash1 and carbonate of ammonia1 all of which are allowed by ,act of ,parliament1 and therefore no exception can be taken to their addition1 so long as the total quantity does not exceed #bf per cent4 in the dry snuff4 ,in addition to alkaline salts1 snuffs usually contain from #be to #de per cent4 of water1 with the exception of a kind of snuff called #8,high ,toast or ,irish ,blackguard1' which is very dry and contains from #e to #h per cent4 ,sometimes they also contain a considerable quantity of sand4 ,in the several hundred samples of snuff which ,i have had occasion to examine for different manufacturers the average quantity of sand was about #e per cent4 in the dry snuff1 and sometimes fell as low as a half per cent41 but in many samples the quantity exceeded #aj per cent41 and in one case ,i found as much as #cjid per cent4 of sand in the dry snuff4 ,the greater part of this sand is probably derived from the sweepings of tobacco1 on which duty has been paid1 and ,i have no doubt the snuff manufacturer considers himself justified in selling it as snuff4 ,but it appears to me to be very desirable in the interest of snuffers1 that some limit should be placed on the quantity of sand which may be sold as snuff3 more especially as the particles of sand are frequently very sharp1 and have a tendency to produce inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose1 and it is to this1 probably1 that we owe the popular notion that snuff is sometimes mixed with ground glass to give it additional piquancy4 8,when from any cause snuff is spoiled1 the manufacturer may export it1 and obtain a drawback of #cs4 #g;d4 per lb4 on the real tobacco which it contains4 8,the ,government standard for tobacco is as follows3 ,per cent4 ,organic matter #gjeb ,inorganic #aedh ,water #adjj ------------ #ajjjj 8,this is equal to #ah per cent4 of ash or inorganic matter in the dry tobacco4 ,this standard is in my opinion too high1 as the average percentage of inorganic or ash in the dry leaf tobaccos which ,i have examined is #bjcb1 and the stem from which snuff is largely made contains still more4 ,the result is that the tobacco manufacturer not only loses the value of the tobacco over and above the duty1 but also a part of the duty which he has paid4 ,this matter concerns the tobacco manufacturer alone1 but ,i would point out that the authorities in ,somerset ,house in fixing such a high standard for tobacco are benefiting the public at the expense of the manufacturer1 whereas in the case of milk the low standard which they employ is a loss to the public and gain to the dishonest dealer40 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,adulterations ,,and ,,substitutes4 ,it is said that in ,thuringia1 over #ajjj tons yearly of dried beetroot-leaves are passed off as tobacco4 ,these leaves1 and those of chicory and cabbage1 are similarly employed in ,magdeburg and the ,palatinate4 ,many of the ,vevey cigars of ,s4 ,germany are entirely composed of cabbage- and beetroot-leaves which have been steeped in tobacco-water for a long time4 ,other leaves1 such as rhubarb1 dock1 burdock1 and coltsfoot are also used4 ,these are all principally for cigars4 ,for smoking-tobacco1 chamomile flowers1 exhausted in water1 then dyed and sweetened with logwood and liquorice1 and dried1 have been mixed with tobacco in such proportions as #gj-hj per cent4 ,in ,america1 a specially-prepared brown paper1 saturated with the juice expressed from tobacco-stems and other refuse1 is most extensively used1 not only for the 8wrappers0 of cigars1 but also for 8filling40 ,various ground woods1 starches1 meals1 and pigments are introduced into snuff4 ,a ,new ,york paper mentions that a great quantity of brown straw paper lately reached ,havana1 which was to be employed in the manufacture of ,havana cigars4 ,straw paper impregnated with the juice of tobacco stalks is wound up with the leaf in such a way that it is often impossible to detect the adulteration4 ,dr4 ,jacobson1 writing in the ,industrie ,bltter1 remarks that there is no difficulty in escaping detection1 if the paper be specially prepared for the purpose out of suitable raw materials4 ,it has long been known that cigar paper soaked in a solution of soluble glass gives forth no smell of paper on being burnt4 ,patent ,no4 #baj1ech1 issued from the ,united ,states ,patent ,office1 ,december #c1 #ahgh1 states the ingredients of a 8substitute0 to be--spikenard1 red clover1 hyssop1 hops1 slippery-elm bark1 tarred rope1 pennyroyal1 mullein leaves1 kinnikinic1 wild cherry bark1 and ginseng4 ,this is an ingenious combination intended to approach in effect1 appearance1 and aroma1 tobacco2 and in so far it might be said to be a success3 as mullein leaves are reputed to be feebly narcotic1 hops are known to possess anodyne properties1 clover and hyssop are pectoral in effect1 and slippery-elm febrifuge4 ,ginseng is aromatic and pungent1 and has a great reputation among the ,chinese as a stimulant and restorative4 ,the tarred rope1 we presume1 is intended to add to the pyrognostic value of the mixture4 ,the great point in selecting material for the fabrication of a mixture of this description is to get leaves containing a fair percentage of nitrate of potass1 as does tobacco2 on this depends its pyrognostic value1 and that1 next to aroma1 is everything4 8,tobacco1 like those who smoke it1 is credited with many sins of which it is guiltless4 ,the #8loss of health' so often laid at its door is probably due in many instances not to tobacco itself1 but to some villainous compound bearing its name4 ,a story told by the principal of the laboratory of the ,inland ,revenue ,department in his report for the past year shows how easily this may happen4 ,the supervisor at ,birmingham1 observing that an article was being sold at a very cheap rate in packets1 under the name of #8smoking mixture1' sent a sample to the ,inland ,revenue laboratory for examination1 and it being found to contain a large proportion of vegetable matter resembling the broken-up heads of camomile flowers1 further inquiry led to the discovery of the manufactory4 ,the process of manufacture consisted in exhausting the bitter principle of camomile flower-heads with water1 and then dyeing and sweetening them with a solution of logwood and liquorice1 which brought them1 when dried1 somewhat to the colour of tobacco4 ,the heads1 when broken up1 were then mixed with from #bj to #cj per cent4 of cut tobacco1 according to the price at which the mixture was to be sold4 ,the mixture was supplied to retailers in packets labelled #8,the ,new ,smoking ,mixture1 ,analysed and ,approved1' and as agencies had already been established in several towns1 an extensive trade would no doubt soon have arisen had the manufactory not been suppressed at an early stage of its existence40 ,the ,united ,states ,consul at ,smyrna puts the following statement in his report of ,january #ae1 #ahhc4 ,since the establishment of the tobacco monopoly in ,turkey1 snuff may be said to be one of the several articles that undergo the most unscrupulous adulteration4 ,owing to the high amount of duties imposed on tobacco by the ,turkish ,government1 and the large profits licensed manufacturers expect to make on the same1 the poorer classes cannot afford to use the products of doubtful purity coming from the factories1 and so are altogether at the mercy of the clandestine manufacturer and retailer1 who1 in order to make the most he can of his vile industry1 adulterates his snuff to such an extent that it can be safely said that his products contain on an average from #fj to #gj per cent4 of inferior ,persian tobacco 7tumbeki71 fragments of country tobacco leaf1 and tobacco of cigarettes picked up in the streets by beggars1 the #cj to #dj per cent4 consisting of walnut sawdust1 terra umbra1 fine sifted sand1 and scum of lead 7lead oxide71 covered with inferior black writing-ink4 ,the snuff is manufactured in ,smyrna1 as follows3 ,the conscientious manufacturer uses ,persian hookah tobacco 7tumbeki7 and the fragments of country tobacco-leaf coloured with black ink4 ,these tobaccos1 ground as fine as possible and mixed with grape molasses1 are put in a covered barrel to ferment4 ,two or three days later the snuff is taken out and spread in the sun to dry partly1 and then rubbed with the hands and passed through iron wire sieves to be granulated4 ,the product is afterwards scented with powdered orris root1 tonka beans1 and geranium oil2 the superior qualities are scented with essences of roses and jessamine and put up in packages4 ,the adulterated article is manufactured in the same manner with the addition of the above-named substances4 ,the only persons using genuine snuff in this city are the ,catholic priests1 who import it directly from ,france1 ,italy1 ,spain and ,holland1 and enjoy the privilege of paying no custom-house duties4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,imports1 ,,duties1 ,,values1 ,,and ,,consumption4 ,a comparison of the taxation of the chief nations of the world for the consumption of tobacco has been published in the ,imperial ,statistics of ,germany4 ,of the countries where the sale is a ,government monopoly1 ,france last year stood first1 the gross duty1 with profits1 amounting to #gs4 #a;d4 per head of the population annually1 the net revenue from the article being #es4 #h;d4 per head4 ,in ,austria the gross was #es4 #e;d41 the net1 #cs4 #e;d42 in ,hungary1 the gross #cs4 #c;d41 the net #as4 #g;d42 in ,italy1 the gross #cs4 #aa;d41 and the net #bs4 #h;d4 ,in ,great ,britain1 the duty and licenses brought in #ds4 #aj;d4 per head of the population for the year1 and in the ,united ,states #ds4 #d;d4 ,in ,germany1 on the other hand1 where the duty was very light1 the average was no more than #g;d4 per head of the population4 ,the duties on unmanufactured tobacco are #cs4 #f;d4 a lb4 when it contains #aj per cent4 or more of moisture2 #cs4 #aj;d4 a lb4 when it contains less than #aj per cent4 of moisture4 ,snuff containing no more than #ac per cent4 of moisture1 #ds4 #aj;d4 a lb42 #ac per cent4 and upwards1 #ds4 #a;d4 a lb4 ,cigars pay #es4 #f;d4 a lb4 ,cavendish of foreign manufacture pays #ds4 #aj;d4 a lb42 that manufactured in bond1 #ds4 #d;d4 ,other sorts1 including cigarettes1 pay #ds4 #d;d4 a lb4 ,the approximate relative values in the ,london market are as follows3--,maryland1 fine yellow1 fine1 and good coloured1 #g-i;d4 a lb42 colory1 #e-g;d42 light-brown and leafy1 #e-7g7;d42 ordinary and brown1 #d-d;d4 ,virginia3 ,fine ,irish and ,scotch spinners1 #g-aj;d42 good and middling1 ordinary light and dry1 #f-aj;d42 fine black sweet scent1 and middling do41 7#f7-7g7;d42 part blacks1 #e-f;d42 ordinary and heated1 #c-e;d42 mixed parcels1 ordinary and good1 middling and fine1 7#e7-7f7;d42 stripped leaf1 #d;d4-#as4 ,kentucky3 fine long light leaf1 #g-aa;d42 good to middling do41 7#e7-7g7;d42 fine and middling blacks1 #f-h;d42 ordinary and mixed1 #b-e;d42 stripped leaf1 fine1 light leafy1 middling and ordinary1 7#d7-aa;d4 ,negrohead1 #aa;d4-#as4 #f;d4 ,cavendish1 #d;d4-#as4 ,amersfort and ,german1 #b;d4-#as4 #f;d4 ,st4 ,domingo1 #e-7g7;d4 ,havana1 ,cuba1 and ,yara1 #as4 #b;d4-#fs4 ,turkish and ,greek1 7#b7-i;d4 ,e4 ,india1 ,japan1 and ,china1 #b-i;d4 ,java1 #e;d4-#bs4 ,colombia 7,new ,granada71 #e;d4-#bs4 #f;d4 ,manilla1 #h;d4-#ds4 ,manilla cheroots1 #ds4-#gs4 #f;d4 ,havana cigars1 #e-djs4 ,imports1 ,duties1 and ,values4--,our imports of tobacco in #ahgi were as follows3-- 7a7 ,unmanufactured3 ,from ,united ,states1 #be1gdc1hhj lb41 value #fhb1becl42 ,holland1 #f1bae1icj lb41 #bff1ajil42 ,china1 #a1ddd1aib lb41 #cf1bfel42 ,turkey1 #a1bad1cai lb41 #cb1fbgl42 ,japan1 #hje1ibh lb41 #bd1jjcl42 ,france1 #fea1cej lb41 #ad1ehel42 ,belgium1 #eae1jji lb41 #ae1ejal42 ,argentine ,republic1 #dgj1cji lb41 #aj1hgjl42 ,germany1 #dbf1aci lb41 #be1fjbl42 ,straits ,settlements1 #bfg1beh lb41 #bi1gahl42 ,british ,india1 #bdf1cje lb41 #cfjel42 ,new ,granada1 #bda1fch lb41 #ifbal42 ,canada1 #aba1ibj lb41 #cdgcl42 other countries1 #dig1jdc lb41 #ad1befl42 total1 #ch1hfa1bbj lb41 #a1afe1dhhl4 7b7 ,snuff3 ,from all countries1 #ggai lb41 value #ibl4 7c7 ,cigars3 ,from ,spanish ,w4 ,indies1 #die1eah lb41 value #did1igdl42 ,germany1 #aej1dfj lb41 #df1cahl42 ,holland1 #aaf1bah lb41 #ca1cdhl42 ,philippines1 #hj1aii lb41 #ba1gchl42 ,france1 #gc1cdh lb41 #bd1jgal42 ,straits ,settlements1 #ea1aia lb41 #ac1hbbl42 ,china1 #dh1gfb lb41 #aa1bdjl42 ,belgium1 #df1ecf lb41 #ad1baal42 ,british ,india1 #cc1bjh lb41 #aj1hihl42 ,united ,states1 #ad1fbe lb41 #edfal42 other countries1 #dc1igh lb41 #ai1ahdl42 total1 #a1aed1jdc lb41 #fic1bfel4 7d7 ,cavendish or ,negrohead3 ,from ,united ,states1 #b1bdg1eeg lb41 value #hd1dbbl42 other countries1 #de1jeb lb41 #aifdl42 total1 #b1bib1fji lb41 #hf1chfl4 7e7 ,cavendish1 manufactured in bond3 #cc1jfi lb41 #gabfl4 7f7 ,other sorts1 including cigarettes3 ,from ,united ,states1 #eb1bjf lb41 value #giiil42 ,holland1 #be1bgc lb41 #acgbl42 ,channel ,islands1 #ae1dgj lb41 #abgil42 ,germany1 #ad1dgd lb41 #ddgbl42 ,france1 #idig lb41 #bcfhl42 ,belgium1 #gici lb41 #bjhfl42 other countries1 #ab1cbh lb41 #chdel42 total1 #acg1ahg lb41 #bc1dbal4 ,following are statistics of the imports of tobacco for the year #ahhd1 being the latest available4 ,,unmanufactured ,,tobacco4 ,quantity4 ,value4 ---------------------------------------- lb4 ,from ,germany #a1dfd1cej #eg1dce 0 ,holland #e1gbh1gdd #bdf1gie 0 ,belgium #bii1hfc #aj1iid 0 ,france #gcc1bjg #bc1ige 0 ,spain #a1bfe1cdg #bd1cgj 0 ,malta #ha1jbf #a1afj 0 ,turkey #a1aad1adc #df1ede 0 ,algeria #he1ehj #c1jha 0 ,british ,east ,indies #iah1jff #aa1jhb 0 ,philippine ,islands #de1ihi #c1ghe ---------------------------------------- ,carried forward #aa1gcf1cae #dbi1bbb 0 ,china and ,hong ,kong #a1hac1bba #fc1eff 0 ,japan #a1hgf1ghg #df1jha 0 ,british ,north ,america #aej1jef #e1ahh 0 ,united ,states of ,america #cg1ahf1ihj #a1ahc1ajb 0 ,spanish ,west ,india ,islands #cfa1jie #ag1igb 0 ,united ,states of ,colombia #abb1egj #c1ehi 0 ,ecuador #gf1fdb #b1jhe 0 ,argentine ,republic #aca1jac #b1igj 0 ,other ,countries #ge1gbh #b1dgf ---------------------------------------- ,,total #ec1ecj1djg #a1gef1bea ,,cigars4 ,quantity4 ,value4 ---------------------------------------- lb4 ,from ,denmark #b1cdi #a1bdc 0 ,germany #aea1fej #df1eab 0 ,holland #gh1dga #bb1bca 0 ,belgium #aji1chh #cb1ghi 0 ,channel ,islands #b1eja #a1fde 0 ,france #di1cac #bd1jfa 0 ,gibraltar #a1dcg #ihb 0 ,malta #a1jjh #cij 0 ,greece #a1gej #fjj 0 ,british ,possessions in ,south ,africa #a1fae #fhg 0 ,british ,east ,indies #ahh1ced #de1bah 0 ,philippine ,islands #bja1feb #ef1bjh 0 ,china and ,hong ,kong #be1fei #f1bdb 0 ,australasia #c1gdj #hhc 0 ,united ,states of ,america #aff1gdj #ih1eaj 0 ,british ,west ,indies and ,guiana #b1cac #a1aih 0 ,spanish ,west ,india ,islands #dfg1cae #dec1faj 0 ,danish ,west ,india ,islands #b1ddh #a1eai 0 ,mexico #ei1gbg #cg1bdi 0 ,united ,states of ,colombia #a1jjd #fhf 0 ,brazil #d1eai #b1jhi 0 ,other ,countries #d1abg #b1jjh ---------------------------------------- -- ,,total #a1ebg1jhj #hcf1efj ,,cavendish ,,or ,,negrohead4 ,quantity4 ,value4 ---------------------------------------- lb4 ,from ,channel ,islands #gh1efi #e1aef 0 ,british ,north ,america #fd1iaj #c1bdd 0 ,united ,states of ,america #a1bdc1gbj #ei1ghj 0 ,british ,west ,india ,islands #af1ccb #b1gfd 0 ,other ,countries #cb1cae #a1fdf ---------------------------------------- ,,total #a1dce1hdf #gb1eij ,,snuff4 ,quantity4 ,value4 ---------------------------------------- lb4 ,from ,brazil #d1jii #hcj 0 ,other ,countries #if #bd ---------------------------------------- ,,total #d1aie #hed ,,other ,,manufactured ,,tobacco4 ,quantity4 ,value4 ---------------------------------------- lb4 ,from ,germany #i1iic #b1ibj 0 ,holland #bj1feg #a1agc 0 ,belgium #g1gdj #a1faf 0 ,france #ag1ihe #b1hah 0 ,malta #e1ifh #a1eib 0 ,turkey #e1ddd #a1fgd 0 ,egypt #ca1ffb #ac1cjf 0 ,algeria #f1daj #a1ehj 0 ,united ,states of ,america #gf1dgb #bj1jci 0 ,spanish ,west ,india ,islands #f1bei #hfe 0 ,other ,countries #i1fbe #a1ifh ---------------------------------------- ,,total #aih1bae #di1eea ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,bibliography4 ,j4 ,neander4 ,tabacologia4 ,lugduni-,batavorum3 #afbb4 ,b4 ,stella4 ,il ,tabacco4 ,rome3 #affi4 ,s4 ,paulli4 ,treatise on ,tobacco1 c4 ,london3 #agdf4 ,p4 ,winther4 ,tobaks-plantning4 ,kjoebenhavn3 #aggc4 ,j4 ,carver4 ,culture of the ,tobacco-plant4 ,london3 #aggi4 ,villeneuve4 ,culture1 ,fabrication et ,vente du ,tabac4 ,paris3 #agia4 ,w4 ,tatham4 ,culture and ,commerce of ,tobacco4 ,london3 #ahjj4 ,jens ,fr4 ,becker4 ,kort anviisning til tabaks-platning4 ,viborg3 #ahji4 ,j4 ,e4 ,normann4 ,tobaksplantens dyrkning i ,norge4 ,christiania3 #ahaa4 ,m4 de ,truchet4 ,culture du ,tabac en ,france4 ,paris3 #ahaf4 ,m4 ,r4 ,flor4 ,om ,tobakavl4 ,christiania3 #ahag4 ,hermbstdt4 ,grndliche ,anweisung zur ,cultur der ,tabakpflanzen4 ,berlin3 #ahbb4 ,t4 ,brodigan4 ,art of ,growing and ,curing ,tobacco in the ,british ,isles4 ,london3 #ahcj4 ,j4 ,jennings4 ,practical ,treatise on ,tobacco4 ,london3 #ahcj4 ,h4 ,j4 ,meller4 ,nicotiana4 ,london3 #ahcb4 ,k4 ,c4 ,antz4 ,tabachi historia4 ,berolini3 #ahcf4 ,l4 ,a4 ,demersay4 ,du ,tabac du ,paraguay4 ,paris3 #ahea4 ,babo und ,hofacker4 ,der ,tabak und sein ,anbau4 ,karlsruhe3 #aheb4 ,v4 ,p4 ,g4 ,demoor4 ,culture du ,tabac4 ,luxembourg3 #ahec4 ,f4 ,tiedemann4 ,geschichte des ,tabaks4 ,frankfurt3 #ahed4 ,c4 ,fermond4 ,monographie du ,tabac4 ,paris3 #aheg4 ,a4 ,steinmetz4 ,tobacco4 ,london3 #aheg4 ,h4 ,b4 ,prescott4 ,tobacco and its ,adulterations4 ,london3 #aheh4 ,f4 ,w4 ,fairholt4 ,tobacco2 its ,history4 ,london3 #ahei1 #ahgf4 ,m4 ,c4 ,cooke4 ,the ,seven ,sisters of ,sleep4 ,london3 #ahfj4 ,h4 ,raibaud ,l',ange4 ,du ,tabac en ,provence4 ,paris3 #ahfj4 ,nessler4 ,der ,tabak4 ,mannheim3 #ahfj4 ,j4 ,l4 ,p4 ,fvre4 ,le ,tabac4 ,paris3 #ahfc4 ,c4 ,e4 ,guys4 ,culture of ,latakia ,tobacco4 ,technologist1 ,london3 #ahfc4 ,maling4 ,tobacco ,trade and ,cultivation of the ,district of ,cavalla4 ,technologist1 ,london3 #ahfc4 ,r4 de ,coin4 ,history and ,cultivation of ,cotton and ,tobacco4 ,london3 #ahfd4 ,holzschuher4 ,der ,tabakbau4 ,gotha3 #ahfd4 ,g4 ,a4 ,henrieck4 ,du ,tabac4 ,paris3 #ahff4 ,a4 ,imbert-,courbeyre4 ,leons sur le ,tabac4 ,clermont-,ferrand3 #ahff4 ,s4 ,w4 ,johnson4 ,tobacco2 ,report of ,chemist to the ,connecticut ,state ,board of ,agriculture4 #ahgc4 ,a4 de ,bec4 ,culture du ,tabac en ,france4 ,aix3 #ahge4 ,f4 ,a4 ,allart4 ,culture du ,tabac4 ,abbeville3 #ahgf4 ,b4 ,t4 ,creighton4 ,culture of ,tobacco in ,ohio4 ,pharmaceutical ,journal1 ,london3 #ahgf4 ,d4 ,dcobert4 ,culture du ,tabac4 ,lille3 #ahgf4 ,hofacker und ,babo4 ,der ,tabakbau4 ,berlin3 #ahgf4 ,a4 ,nouvel4 ,le ,tabac4 ,brive3 #ahgf4 ,notes sur la ,culture des ,tabacs4 ,paris3 #ahgf4 ,r4 ,e4 ,burton4 ,cultivation of ,tobacco4 ,sugar ,cane1 ,manchester3 #ahgg4 ,g4 ,cantoni4 ,l',industria del ,tabacco4 ,annali di ,agricoltura1 ,rome3 #ahgi4 ,k4 ,schiffmayer4 ,tobacco and its ,culture2 ,report of ,agricultural ,department1 ,madras ,presidency4 ,madras3 #ahgi4 ,f4 ,alfonso4 ,tabacchi della ,sicilia4 ,palermo3 #ahhj4 ,f4 ,anderegg4 ,tabakbau in der ,schweiz4 ,chur3 #ahhj4 ,o4 ,comes4 ,tabacco in ,italia4 ,l'agricolt4 meridionale1 ,portici3 #ahha4 ,k4 ,w4 van ,gorkom4 ,de ,oost-,indische ,cultures4 ,amsterdam3 #ahha4 ,j4 ,h4 ,zimmermann4 ,tabaksbaubchlein4 ,aarau3 #ahha4 ,j4 ,clark4 ,composition of ,tobacco4 ,journal ,soc4 ,chem4 ,industry1 ,manchester3 #ahhd4 ,a series of ,prize ,essays on ,tobacco ,culture in the ,southern ,states of ,america1 published in pamphlet form by the ,orange ,judd ,co41 and containing much valuable information4 ,,index4 ,adulterations of tobacco1 #bfg-gj ,afghanistan1 tobacco in1 #acg ,african tobacco1 #ach ,after-cultivation1 #ed-fj ,albuminoids in tobacco1 #bef ,american tobacco1 #baj-bb ,amersfort tobacco1 #f ,ammonia in tobacco1 #bee ,analyses of tobacco1 #bfa ---- ---- ---- plants1 #bb ,area of nursery1 #ei ---- to plant1 #ec ,artificial heat for drying tobacco1 #hi1 #ia ,ash of tobacco1 #beh ,australian tobacco1 #ada ,austro-,hungarian tobacco1 #ada ,barrels for tobacco1 #abe1 #abg ,best kind of tobacco to grow1 #cc ,betun1 #aag ,bibliography of tobacco1 #bgf ,big ,frederic tobacco1 #cd1 #cg ---- ,orinoco tobacco1 #ce1 #cg ,black soil for tobacco growing1 #aj ,blue prior tobacco1 #cg ---- stalk tobacco1 #ce ---- vitriol for killing caterpillars1 #eh ,books on tobacco1 #bgf ,bornean tobacco1 #adb ,bourbon tobacco1 #adc ,boxes for tobacco1 #abf ,brazilian tobacco1 #adc-g ,british tobacco1 #afd-f ,brittle stem tobacco1 #ce ,building drying-sheds1 #hf1 #ij1 #ie ,bulking tobacco1 #aba-e ,bull tongue tobacco1 #ce ,cake tobacco1 #bcf ,calabrian tobacco1 #c ,californian tobacco1 #c ,canary ,island tobacco1 #adh ,cases for tobacco1 #abi ,caterpillars1 destroying1 #ee-fj ,cellulose in tobacco1 #beg ,central ,asian tobacco1 #c ,chemical ingredients of tobacco soils1 #i ,chemistry of tobacco1 #bei-ff ,chinese tobacco1 #adh ,chlorine compounds to be avoided in tobacco manures1 #be ,choosing sort of tobacco1 #ca-g ,cigarettes1 #bdf-h ,cigars1 #bdd ,classifying tobacco1 #aji-ba ,clay as a tobacco soil1 #i1 #aj ,climate for tobacco growing1 #g ,cochin ,china tobacco1 #adi ,commerce in tobacco in ,afghanistan1 #acg ---- ,africa1 #ach ---- ,australia1 #ada ---- ,austro-,hungary1 #ada ---- ,borneo1 #adb ---- ,bourbon1 #adc ---- ,brazil1 #adc-g ---- ,canary ,islands1 #adh ---- ,china1 #adh ---- ,cochin ,china1 #adi ---- ,costa ,rica1 #adi ---- ,ecuador1 #adi ---- ,fiji1 #aej ---- ,france1 #aej-f ---- ,germany1 #aef-fd ---- ,great ,britain1 #afd-f ---- ,greece1 #aff ---- ,holland1 #aff ---- ,india1 #afg-gf ---- ,italy1 #agf ---- ,japan1 #agf ---- ,java1 #agf ---- ,new ,zealand1 #agg ---- ,nicaragua1 #agg ---- ,paraguay1 #agh ---- ,persia1 #agh-ia ---- ,philippines1 #aia ---- ,roumania1 #aib ---- ,russia1 #aib ---- ,san ,salvador1 #aib ---- ,servia1 #aib ---- ,spain1 #aib ---- ,sumatra1 #aic-bje ---- ,turkey1 #bje-aj ---- ,united ,states1 #baj-bb ---- ,venezuela1 #bbb ---- ,west ,indies1 #bbc-cj ,conditions of drying-house1 #gh ,connecticut seed-leaf1 #cd ,consumption of tobacco1 #bga ,corn as a shelter for tobacco1 #fe ,costa ,rica tobacco1 #adi ,crops adapted for rotation with tobacco1 #ca ,cuban drying practices1 #aja ---- harvesting practices1 #hc-f ---- manuring practices1 #ae ---- planting practices1 #ea-d ---- tobacco1 #b1 #c1 #cd1 #cg ,cultivation of tobacco1 #g-ff ,curing practices in ,cuba1 #hc-f ---- tobacco1 #fg-acf ,cutting machine1 #bea ---- tobacco for smoking1 #bcc-e ---- ---- plants1 #fh ,damping tobacco1 #bca ,destroying insects1 #ee-fj ,distance in planting1 #ej ,doctoring tobacco1 #acc-f ,drying-house1 #ge ---- -sheds1 building1 #hf1 #ij1 #ie ---- ----1 sizes of1 #ij ---- tobacco1 #hf-ajd ---- ---- for smoking1 #bce ,dung for tobacco soils1 #ad ,dutch tobacco1 #aff ,duties on tobacco1 #bga ,dyeing the leaves1 #aai ,ecuador tobacco1 #adi ,elements needed by tobacco1 #aa-bi ,european tobacco plant1 #d ,examining tobacco while drying1 #hh ,fermenting tobacco1 #aba-e ,fertilizers1 principles of1 #ah-bb ,field1 preparing1 #dh-ej ,fiji tobacco1 #aej ,filling vacancies1 #ec ,flavouring tobacco1 #acc-f ,flowers of tobacco plants1 #c-f ,foliage of tobacco plants1 #c-f ,fowls1 protecting seed-beds from1 #df ,french tobacco1 #aej-f ,frost at harvest time1 #gi ----1 protecting seed-beds from1 #dc1 #dg ,german tobacco1 #aef-fd ,grades of tobacco1 #aji-ba ,graham tobacco1 #ce ,granulating machine1 #bea ,greek tobacco1 #aff ,green-soiling for tobacco1 #ad ,guano for tobacco soil1 #af ,gypsum for tobacco soil1 #bf ,hands of tobacco1 #ajg ,hanging leaves in sheds1 #hh1 #ic1 #ie ---- split leaves1 #ha ---- tobacco1 #gb ,harvesting for small planters1 #gf ---- tobacco1 #fg-hf ,hoeing plants1 #ed ,hogsheads for tobacco1 #abf1 #abh ,hot-bed for seedlings1 #dd ,hungarian tobacco1 #c ,imports of tobacco1 #bga-e ,improving tobacco1 #acc-f ,indian tobacco1 #afg-gf ,italian tobacco1 #agf ,japanese tobacco1 #agf ,javanese tobacco1 #agf ,judging condition of leaf1 #gd ,kainit for tobacco soil1 #bd ,kentucky leaf1 #cf ,latakia tobacco1 #b1 #c ,levant tobacco1 #c ,lime for tobacco soil1 #bh ,literature on tobacco1 #bgf ,little ,frederic tobacco1 #cd1 #cg ---- ,orinoco tobacco1 #ce1 #cg ,loading cut tobacco leaves1 #gj ,loam as a tobacco soil1 #aj ,magnesia for tobacco soil1 #bh ,manilla tobacco1 #c ,manuring1 principles of1 #ah-bb ---- seedlings1 #da ---- tobacco1 #aa-bi ,maryland tobacco1 #a ---- ---- as a crop1 #cc ,mat for keeping frost off1 #dg ,mexican tobacco1 #c ,moth of tobacco worm1 #ef ,nature of tobacco1 #bec-ff ,new ,zealand tobacco1 #agg ,nicaraguan tobacco1 #agg ,nicotine1 #bec ,nitrates for tobacco soils1 #ac ,nitric acid in tobacco1 #bee ,nurseries1 #ch-dh ----1 shelter for1 #ch ----1 situation for1 #ch ----1 soil for1 #ch ,nursery1 area of1 #ci ,organic matter in tobacco soils1 #h ,packing tobacco1 #abe-cc ,paraguay tobacco1 #agh ,pegging tobacco1 #ga ,pennsylvania seed-leaf1 #cg ,persian tobacco1 #c1 #agh-ia ,philippine tobacco1 #aia ,picking tobacco1 #ajd-i ,planting out1 #ej-d ,plug tobacco1 #bcf ,pole-burn1 #gh ,potash for tobacco growing1 #aa1 #bg ,preparation of tobacco1 #bca-eb ,preparing field1 #dh-ej ---- seed-beds1 #ch1 #da1 #dc1 #dd ,pressing tobacco in casks1 #abh1 #aca1 #acc ,priming1 #fb1 #fe ,principles of manuring1 #ah-bb ,production of tobacco in ,afghanistan1 #acg ---- ,africa1 #ach ---- ,australia1 #ada ---- ,austro-,hungary1 #ada ---- ,borneo1 #adb ---- ,bourbon1 #adc ---- ,brazil1 #adc-g ---- ,canary ,islands1 #adh ---- ,china1 #adh ---- ,cochin ,china1 #adi ---- ,costa ,rica1 #adi ---- ,ecuador1 #adi ---- ,fiji1 #aej ---- ,france1 #aej-f ---- ,germany1 #aef-fd ---- ,great ,britain1 #afd-f ---- ,greece1 #aff ---- ,holland1 #aff ---- ,india1 #afg-gf ---- ,italy1 #agf ---- ,japan1 #agf ---- ,java1 #agf ---- ,new ,zealand1 #agg ---- ,nicaragua1 #agg ---- ,paraguay1 #agh ---- ,persia1 #agh-ia ---- ,philippines1 #aia ---- ,roumania1 #aib ---- ,russia1 #aib ---- ,san ,salvador1 #aib ---- ,servia1 #aib ---- ,spain1 #aib ---- ,sumatra1 #aic-bje ---- ,turkey1 #bje-aj ---- ,united ,states1 #baj-bb ---- ,venezuela1 #bbb ---- ,west ,indies1 #bbc-cj 4sp #a ,properties of tobacco1 #bec-ff ,qualities of tobacco1 #aji-ba ,quantity of manure for tobacco1 #ab ,quicklime for tobacco soil1 #bd ,quincunx planting1 #eb ,rate of growth of tobacco1 #bd ,removing superfluous leaves1 #fb1 #fe ,resweating apparatus1 #bdi ,ridging land1 #di ,ripeness1 influence on tobacco1 #fa ---- of tobacco1 judging1 #gj ,ripening1 #fa ,river bottoms for tobacco growing1 #aj ,roll tobacco1 #bcf-dd ,rotation for tobacco soils1 #bi-ca ,roumanian tobacco1 #aib ,russian tobacco1 #aib ,saltpetre as tobacco manure1 #ac ,salts added to snuff1 #bfd ---- in tobacco1 #bei ,sandy bottoms for tobacco growing1 #i ,san ,salvador tobacco1 #aib ,saving seed1 #cg ,scaffolding for tobacco1 #ge ,seed1 #cg ---- -beds1 #ch-dh ---- ----1 area of1 #ci ---- ----1 preparing1 #ch1 #da1 #dc1 #dd ---- ----1 protecting from fowls1 #df ---- ----1 ---- ---- frost1 #dc1 #dg ---- ----1 shade frames for1 #dh ---- ----1 shelter for1 #ch ---- ----1 situation for1 #ch ---- ----1 soil for1 #ch ---- ----1 time for sowing1 #da ,seedlings1 hot-bed for1 #dd ----1 planting out1 #ej-d ----1 thinning out1 #dj1 #dh ----1 top-dressing1 #da ---- 1 watering1 #dj ---- 1 weeding1 #dj1 #df ,seed required for an acre1 #ci ----1 sowing1 #ci1 #de ,servian tobacco1 #aib ,setting out plants1 #ej-d ,shade frames for seed-beds1 #dh ,sheds for holding tobacco as gathered1 #fh ,shelter for nurseries1 #ch ,sheltering tobacco from wind1 #aj ---- ---- lands with corn1 #fe ,shiraz tobacco1 #c ,signs of ripening1 #gb ,situation for nurseries1 #ch ---- ---- plantations1 #aj ,sizes of tobacco barns1 #ij ,snuff1 #bdh1 #bfc ---- tobacco1 #fa ,soil for nurseries1 #ch ---- ---- plantations1 #h-aj ,sorting tobacco1 #aji-ba ---- ---- for use1 #bcb ,sort of tobacco to grow1 #ca-g ,sorts of tobacco grown in ,america1 #cc-g ,sowing seed1 #ci1 #de ,spanish tobacco1 #cg1 #aib ,spearing tobacco1 #gb ,species of tobacco1 #a-c ,splitting tobacco1 #gb ,sponging the leaves1 #aai ,stacking gathered tobacco leaves1 #fg ,straw mat for keeping frost off1 #dg ,stripping tobacco1 #ajd-i ---- ---- for use1 #bcb ,substitutes for tobacco1 #bfg-gj ,suckering plants1 #fj-f ,sumatran tobacco1 #aic-bje ,sun-curing shed1 #hc ---- -drying cut tobacco leaves1 #fh ,sweating tobacco1 #aba-e ,tauari wrappers1 #adc ,temporary hanging for tobacco1 #fh ,teymbeki1 #agi-ia ,thinning out seedlings1 #dj1 #dh ,time for harvesting tobacco1 #fi ---- ---- topping1 #fj1 #fa1 #fc ---- of day for cutting tobacco1 #gg ---- required for curing1 #ib ,tobacco horse1 #gb ---- plant1 #a-f ,top-dressing seedlings1 #da ,topping plants1 #fj-f ,tumbeki1 #agh-ia ,turkeys as grub-eaters1 #ee ,turkish tobacco1 #b1 #c1 #bje-aj ,twist tobacco1 #bcf-dd ,tying tobacco for hanging1 #ig ,united ,states tobacco1 #baj-bb ,use of tobacco1 #bca-eb ,values of tobaccos1 #bga ,varieties of tobacco1 #a-c ,venezuelan tobacco1 #bbb ,ventilating drying-sheds1 #hh ,virginian tobacco1 #b1 #cd-g ,washing tobacco when sorting1 #aag ,watering plants when setting out1 #ea ---- seedlings1 #dj ,water in tobacco1 #bfb ,weeding seedlings1 #dj1 #df ,weighing and packing machine1 #bej ,west ,indian tobacco1 #bbc-cj ,windrowing tobacco1 #abd ,wind shelter for tobacco1 #aj ,wood-ashes as tobacco manure1 #ad ,worms1 destroying1 #ee-fj ,yellow prior tobacco1 #cg ,,london3 ,,printed ,,by ,,william ,,clowes ,,and ,,sons1 ,,limited1 ,,stamford ,,street ,,and ,,charing ,,cross4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,useful ,,books ,,for ,,the ,,colonies4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,coffee ,,and ,,chicory2 the ,culture1 ,chemical ,composition1 ,preparation for ,market1 and ,consumption1 with simple tests for detecting adulteration1 and practical hints for the ,producer and ,consumer1 by ,p4 ,l4 ,,simmonds1 ,f4,s4,s41 author of #8,the ,commercial ,products of the ,vegetable ,kingdom1' #8,dictionary of ,products1' etc41 etc41 illustrated by numerous wood engravings1 post #hvo1 cloth1 #bs4 ,,the ,,young ,,farmer',s ,,manual1 detailing the manipulations of the farm in a plain and intelligible manner1 with practical directions for laying out a farm1 and erecting buildings1 fences1 and farm gates2 embracing also #8,the ,young ,farmer's ,workshop1' by ,s4 ,e4 ,,todd1 numerous woodcuts1 new edition1 #c vols41 crown #hvo1 cloth1 #bas4 ,,tropical ,,agriculture1 or the ,culture1 ,preparation1 ,commerce1 and ,consumption of the ,principal ,products of the ,vegetable ,kingdom1 as furnishing ,food1 ,clothing1 ,medicine1 etc41 and in their relation to the ,arts and ,manufactures2 forming a practical treatise and ,handbook of ,reference for the ,colonist1 ,manufacturer1 ,merchant1 and ,consumer1 on the ,cultivation1 ,preparation for ,shipment1 and ,commercial ,value1 etc41 of the various ,substances obtained from ,trees and ,plants entering into the ,husbandry of ,tropical and ,sub-,tropical ,regions1 by ,p4 ,l4 ,,simmonds1 second edition1 revised and improved1 in one thick vol41 #hvo1 cloth1 #bas4 ,,talks ,,on ,,manures2 a series of familiar and practical talks between the ,author and the ,deacon1 the ,doctor and the other neighbours1 on the whole subject of ,manures and ,fertilizers1 by ,j4 ,,harris1 crown #hvo1 cloth1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,cultural ,,industries ,,for ,,queensland4 ,papers on the ,cultivation of useful ,plants suited to the climate of ,queensland1 their value as ,food1 in the ,arts1 and in ,medicine1 and methods of obtaining their products1 by ,l4 ,a4 ,,bernays1 ,f4,l4,s41 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 #hvo1 half calf1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,the same in cloth1 #fs4 ,,spons' ,,information ,,for ,,colonial ,,engineers1 edited by ,j4 ,t4 ,,hurst4 ,no4 #a4 ,,ceylon1 by ,,abraham ,,deane1 ,c4,e41 #hvo1 boards1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,contents3 ,introductory ,remarks--,natural ,productions--,architecture and ,engineering--,topography1 ,trade1 and ,natural ,history--,principal ,stations--,weights and ,measures1 etc41 etc4 ,no4 #b4 ,,southern ,,africa1 including the ,cape ,colony1 ,natal1 and the ,dutch ,republics1 by ,,henry ,,hall1 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,f4,r4,c4,i41 #hvo1 with map1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,no4 #c4 ,,india1 by ,f4 ,c4 ,,danvers1 ,assoc4 ,inst4 ,c4,e41 with map1 #ds4 #f;d4 --------------------- ,e4 ,f4 ,n4 ,,spon1 #abe1 ,strand1 ,london4 ,new ,york3 #ce1 ,murray ,street4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,transcriber's ,note ,errors deemed most likely to be the printer's have been corrected1 and are noted here4 ,the references are to the page and line in the original4 ,the following issues should be noted1 along with the resolutions4 #c4a ,n4 rustica4 ,added4 #ed4ah they grow rapidly4 ,added4 #bbc4ah #ijj1hej cigars1 #e1gji1ddb bundles ,added4 cigarettes1 #bca4be ,the first process they undergo is ,replaced4 8damping1'_/0