,transcriber's ,note3 ,in this1 the text file1 italics delimited by underscores1 and bold text delimited by equal signs4 ,illustration3 ,a4 ,g4 ,,spalding ,,bros4 ,,trade ,,spalding ,,mark ,,est4 ,a4,d4 #ahgf ,,reg4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,pat4 ,,off ,a4 ,g4 ,,spalding ,,bros4 ,,maintain ,,their ,,own ,,houses ,,for ,,distributing ,,the ,,spalding ,,complete ,,line ,,of ,,athletic ,,goods ,,in ,,the ,,following ,,cities3 ,,new ,,york ,downtown - #abd-abh ,nassau ,st4 ,uptown - #ebc ,fifth ,avenue ,,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 #ehi ,broad ,street ,,philadelphia1 ,,pa4 #abaj ,chestnut ,street ,,boston1 ,,mass4 #gd ,summer ,street ,,chicago #bh-cj ,so4 ,wabash ,ave4 ,,indianapolis1 ,,ind4 #acf ,n4 ,pennsylvania ,st4 ,,cincinnati1 ,o4 #aai ,east ,fifth ,avenue ,,cleveland1 ,o4 #gda ,euclid ,avenue ,,columbus1 ,o4 #aig ,south ,high ,street ,,san ,,francisco #aef-aeh ,geary ,street ,,oakland1 ,,cal4 #daf ,fourteenth ,st4 ,,seattle1 ,,wash4 #gaa ,second ,avenue ,,los ,,angeles1 ,,cal4 #dce ,south ,spring ,st4 ,,portland1 ,,ore4 ,broadway at ,alder ,,salt ,,lake ,,city1 ,,utah #bg ,e4 #bnd ,south ,st4 ,,pittsburgh1 ,,pa4 #fjh ,wood ,street ,,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 #faa ,main ,street ,,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y4 #ceg ,so4 ,warren ,street ,,detroit1 ,,mich4 #aba ,woodward ,ave4 ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #fac #adth ,street1 ,n4,w4 ,,louisville1 ,,ky4 #cbh ,west ,jefferson ,st4 ,,st4 ,,louis1 ,,mo4 #dae ,north ,seventh ,st4 ,,kansas ,,city1 ,,mo4 #aabj ,grand ,avenue ,,milwaukee1 ,,wis4 #cgi ,east ,water ,street ,,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 #dj ,clinton ,ave41 ,north ,,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 #eb ,state ,street ,,baltimore1 ,,md4 #aaj ,e4 ,baltimore ,st4 ,,atlanta1 ,,ga4 #gd ,n4 ,broad ,street ,,new ,,orleans1 ,,la4 #adj ,carondelet ,street ,,dallas1 ,,tex4 #aejc ,commerce ,street ,,denver1 ,,col4 #fbb ,sixteenth ,street ,,minneapolis1 ,,minn4 #eb ,seventh ,st41 ,south ,,st4 ,,paul1 ,,minn4 #chf ,minnesota ,street ,,london1 ,,england #cag-cah1 ,high ,holborn1 ,w4,c4 ,three #gh1 ,cheapside1 ,e4,c4 ,stores ,west ,end ,branch #bi1 ,haymarket1 space,s4,w4 ,,liverpool #gb1 ,lord ,street ,,birmingham1 ,,eng4 ,new ,street ,house ,,manchester1 ,,eng4 #d1 ,oxford ,st4 and #a1 ,lower ,mosley ,st4 ,,bristol1 ,,eng4 #db1 ,high ,street ,,edinburgh1 ,,scot4 #c ,so4 ,charlotte ,st4 7,cor4 ,princes ,st47 ,,glasgow1 ,,scotland #fh ,buchanan ,street ,,montreal1 ,,canada #cfi-ga ,st4 ,catherine ,st41 ,w4 ,,toronto1 ,,canada #bjg ,yonge ,street ,,sydney1 ,,australia #bjd ,clarence ,street ,,paris1 ,,france #ce ,boulevard des ,capucines #bg ,rue ,tronchet ,communications directed to ,a4 ,g4 ,,spalding ,,bros41 at any of the above addresses1 will receive prompt attention4 ,,the ,,spalding ,,trade ,,mark1 ,,quality ,,and ,,selling ,,policy ,,constitute ,,the ,,solid ,,foundation ,,of ,,the ,,spalding ,,business ,,for ,,our ,,customers4 ,,this ,,order ,,blank ,,is ,,for ,,your ,,convenience4 ,,you ,,purchased ,,this ,,book ,,at ,we also sell a complete line of ,spalding ,athletic ,goods as well as all the books of the ,spalding ,athletic ,library4 ,,consult ,,the ,,full ,,list ,,for ,,other ,,books ,,on ,,athletics ,when ordering ,athletic ,goods use this sheet4 ,simply tear it out along dotted line1 fill in your wants on the reverse side1 and mail it with the price as noted4 ,,see ,,the ,,other ,,side ---------------------------------------- ------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,gentlemen3 ,enclosed please find ---- for which send me the articles listed below3 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,list ,number ,quantity ,description of ,article ,price ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,spalding ,,athletic ,,library ,,spalding ,,official ,,annuals ,no4 #a4 ,,spalding',s ,,official ,,base ,,ball ,,guide4 ,price #aj;c4 ,no4 #a,s4 ,,spalding',s ,,official ,,base ,,ball ,,guide4 7,spanish ,edition7 ,price #aj;c4 ,no4 #b4 ,,spalding',s ,,official ,,foot ,,ball ,,guide4 ,price #aj;c4 ,no4 #f4 ,,spalding',s ,,official ,,ice ,,hockey ,,guide4 ,price #aj;c4 ,no4 #g4 ,,spalding',s ,,official ,,basket ,,ball ,,guide4 ,price #aj;c4 ,no4 #g;,a4 ,,spalding',s ,,official ,,women',s ,,basket ,,ball ,,guide4 ,price #aj;c4 ,no4 #i4 ,,spalding',s ,,official ,,indoor ,,base ,,ball ,,guide4 ,price #aj;c4 ,no4 #ab;,a4 ,,spalding',s ,,official ,,athletic ,,rules4 ,price #aj;c4 ,no4 #a,r4 ,,spalding',s ,,official ,,athletic ,,almanac4 ,price #be;c4 ,no4 #c,r4 ,,spalding',s ,,official ,,golf ,,guide4 ,price #be;c4 ,no4 #ee,r4 ,,spalding',s ,,official ,,soccer ,,foot ,,ball ,,guide4 ,price #be;c4 ,no4 #eg,r4 ,,spalding',s ,,lawn ,,tennis ,,annual4 ,price #be;c4 ,no4 #ei,r4 ,,spalding',s ,,official ,,base ,,ball ,,record4 ,price #be;c4 ,specially ,bound ,series of ,athletic ,handbooks ,flexible binding4 ,mailed postpaid on receipt of #ej cents each number4 ,no4 #eja,l4 ,,strokes ,,and ,,science ,,of ,,lawn ,,tennis ,no4 #ejb,l4 ,,how ,,to ,,play ,,golf ,no4 #ejc,l4 ,,how ,,to ,,play ,,foot ,,ball ,no4 #ejd,l4 ,,art ,,of ,,skating ,no4 #eje,l4 ,,get ,,well--,,keep ,,well ,no4 #ejf,l4 ,,how ,,to ,,live #ajj ,,years ,no4 #ejg,l4 ,,how ,,to ,,wrestle ,no4 #ejh,l4 ,,how ,,to ,,play ,,lawn ,,tennis2 ,,how ,,to ,,play ,,tennis ,,for ,,beginners ,no4 #eji,l4 ,,boxing ,no4 #eaj,l4 ,,dumb ,,bell ,,exercises ,no4 #eaa,l4 ,,jiu ,,jitsu ,no4 #eab,l4 ,,speed ,,swimming ,no4 #eac,l4 ,,winter ,,sports ,no4 #ead,l4 ,,how ,,to ,,bowl ,no4 #eae,l4 ,,how ,,to ,,swim ,,and ,,competitive ,,diving ,no4 #eaf,l4 ,,school ,,tactics ,,and ,,maze ,,running2 ,,children',s ,,games ,no4 #eag,l4 ,,ten ,,and ,,twenty ,,minute ,,exercises ,no4 #eah,l4 ,,indoor ,,and ,,outdoor ,,gymnastic ,,games ,no4 #eai,l4 ,,spalding',s ,,official ,,base ,,ball ,,guide ,no4 #ebj,l4 ,,spalding',s ,,official ,,foot ,,ball ,,guide ,no4 #eba,l4 ,,spalding',s ,,official ,,basket ,,ball ,,guide ,no4 #ebb,l4 ,,golf ,,for ,,girls ,no4 #ebc,l4 ,,how ,,to ,,play ,,base ,,ball3 ,,how ,,to ,,umpire2 ,,how ,,to ,,manage ,a ,,team1 ,,etc4 ,no4 #ebd,l4 ,,spalding',s ,,lawn ,,tennis ,,annual ,no4 #ebe,l4 ,,how ,,to ,,pitch2 ,,ready ,,reckoner ,,of ,,base ,,ball ,,percentages ,no4 #ebf,l4 ,,how ,,to ,,catch2 ,,how ,,to ,,bat ,in addition to above1 any #be cent 8,red ,cover0 book listed in ,spalding's ,athletic ,library will be bound in flexible binding3 for #ej cents each2 or any two #aj cent 8,green ,cover0 or 8,blue ,cover0 books in one volume for #ej cents4 ,,any ,,of ,,the ,,above ,,books ,,mailed ,,postpaid ,,upon ,,receipt ,,of ,,price ,group ,i4 ,base ,ball 8,blue ,cover0 ,series1 each number #aj;c4 ,no4 #a ,spalding's ,official ,base ,ball ,guide ,no4 #a,s ,spalding's ,official ,base ,ball ,guide4 ,spanish ,edition4 ,no4 #bjb ,how to ,play ,base ,ball ,no4 #bai ,ready ,reckoner of ,base ,ball ,percentages ,no4 #bbc ,how to ,bat ,no4 #bbd ,how to ,play the ,outfield ,no4 #bbe ,how to ,play ,first ,base ,no4 #bbf ,how to ,play ,second ,base ,no4 #bbg ,how to ,play ,third ,base ,no4 #bbh ,how to ,play ,shortstop ,no4 #bbi ,how to ,catch ,no4 #bcj ,how to ,pitch ,how to ,organize a ,base ,ball ,league ,how to ,organize a ,base ,ball ,club ,no4 ,how to ,manage a ,base ,ball ,club #bca ,how to ,train a ,base ,ball ,team ,how to ,captain a ,base ,ball ,team ,how to ,umpire ,technical ,base ,ball ,terms ,no4 #bcb ,how to ,run ,bases ,no4 #cej ,how to ,score ,no4 #cee ,minor ,league ,base ,ball ,guide ,no4 #cef ,official ,book ,national ,league of ,prof4 ,base ,ball ,clubs ,no4 #i ,spalding's ,official ,indoor ,base ,ball ,guide 8,red ,cover0 ,series1 each number #be;c4 ,no4 #ei,r4 ,official ,base ,ball ,record 7including ,college records7 ,group ,,ii4 ,foot ,ball 8,blue ,cover0 ,series1 each number #aj;c4 ,no4 #b ,spalding's ,official ,foot ,ball ,guide ,no4 #ceh ,official ,college ,soccer ,guide 8,red ,cover0 ,series1 each number #be;c4 ,no4 #ci,r4 ,how to ,play ,soccer ,no4 #dg,r4 ,how to ,play ,foot ,ball ,no4 #ee,r4 ,spalding's ,official ,soccer ,foot ,ball ,guide ,group ,,iii4 ,tennis 8,blue ,cover0 ,series1 each number #aj;c4 ,no4 #aeg ,how to ,play ,lawn ,tennis ,no4 #cfc ,tennis ,errors and ,remedies 8,green ,cover0 ,series1 each number #aj;c4 ,no4 #a,p4 ,how to ,play ,tennis--,for ,beginners4 ,by ,p4 ,a4 ,vaile 8,red ,cover0 ,series1 each number #be;c4 ,no4 #b,r4 ,strokes and ,science of ,lawn ,tennis ,no4 #db,r4 ,davis ,cup ,contests in ,australasia ,no4 #eg,r4 ,spalding's ,lawn ,tennis ,annual ,group ,,iv4 ,golf 8,green ,cover0 ,series1 each number #aj;c4 ,no4 #b,p4 ,how to ,learn ,golf 8,red ,cover0 ,series1 each number #be;c4 ,no4 #c,r4 ,spalding's ,official ,golf ,guide ,no4 #d,r4 ,how to ,play ,golf ,no4 #fc,r4 ,golf for ,girls ,group ,v4 ,basket ,ball 8,blue ,cover0 ,series1 each number #aj;c4 ,no4 #g ,spalding's ,official ,basket ,ball ,guide ,no4 #g;,a ,spalding's ,official ,women's ,basket ,ball ,guide ,no4 #aic ,how to ,play ,basket ,ball ,group ,,vi4 ,skating and ,winter ,sports 8,blue ,cover0 ,series1 each number #aj;c4 ,no4 #f ,spalding's ,official ,ice ,hockey ,guide ,no4 #ad ,curling 8,red ,cover0 ,series1 each number #be;c4 ,no4 #h,r4 ,the ,art of ,skating ,no4 #bj,r4 ,how to ,play ,ice ,hockey ,no4 #bh,r4 ,winter ,sports ,no4 #gb,r4 ,figure ,skating for ,women ,group ,,vii4 ,field and ,track ,athletics 8,blue ,cover0 ,series1 each number #aj;c4 ,no4 #ab;,a ,spalding's ,official ,athletic ,rules ,no4 #bg ,college ,athletics ,no4 #ee ,official ,sporting ,rules ,no4 #hg ,athletic ,primer ,no4 #aef ,athletes' ,guide ,no4 #agh ,how to ,train for ,bicycling ,no4 #ahb ,all ,around ,athletics ,no4 #bee ,how to ,run #ajj ,yards ,no4 #cjb ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 ,official ,handbook ,no4 #cag ,marathon ,running ,no4 #cdb ,walking for ,health and ,competition ,no4 #cfb ,track1 ,relay and ,cross ,country ,rules of the ,national ,collegiate ,athletic ,ass'n4 8,green ,cover0 ,series1 each number #aj;c4 ,no4 #c,p4 ,how to ,become an ,athlete ,by ,james ,e4 ,sullivan ,no4 #d,p4 ,how to ,sprint 8,red ,cover0 ,series1 each number #be;c4 ,no4 #a,r4 ,spalding's ,official ,athletic ,almanac ,no4 #ag,r4 ,olympic ,games1 ,stockholm1 #aiab ,no4 #de,r4 ,intercollegiate ,official ,handbook ,no4 #dh,r4 ,distance and ,cross ,country ,running ,no4 #gj,r4 ,how to ,become a ,weight ,thrower ,,any ,,of ,,the ,,above ,,books ,,mailed ,,postpaid ,,upon ,,receipt ,,of ,,price ,group ,,viii4 ,school ,athletics 8,blue ,cover0 ,series1 each number #aj;c4 ,no4 #bdf ,athletic ,training for ,schoolboys ,no4 #cca ,schoolyard ,athletics 8,red ,cover0 ,series1 each number #be;c4 ,no4 #fa,r4 ,school ,tactics and ,maze ,running2 ,children's ,games ,no4 #ff,r4 ,calisthenic ,drills and ,fancy ,marching and ,physical ,training for the ,school and ,class ,room ,no4 #ga,r4 ,public ,schools ,athletic ,league ,official ,handbook ,group ,,ix4 ,water ,sports 8,blue ,cover0 ,series1 each number #aj;c4 ,no4 #abh ,how to ,row ,no4 #abi ,water ,polo ,no4 #cfa ,intercollegiate ,swimming ,guide 8,red ,cover0 ,series1 each number #be;c4 ,no4 #cf,r4 ,speed ,swimming ,no4 #cg,r4 ,how to ,swim and ,competitive ,diving ,no4 #fj,r4 ,canoeing and ,camping ,group ,x4 ,athletic ,games for ,women and ,girls 8,blue ,cover0 ,series1 each number #aj;c4 ,no4 #g;,a ,spalding's ,official ,women's ,basket ,ball ,guide ,no4 #cad ,girls' ,athletics 8,red ,cover0 ,series1 each number #be;c4 ,no4 #ch,r4 ,field ,hockey ,no4 #da,r4 ,newcomb ,no4 #fc,r4 ,golf for ,girls ,no4 #fi,r4 ,girls and ,athletics ,group ,,xi4 ,lawn and ,field ,games 8,blue ,cover0 ,series1 each number #aj;c4 ,no4 #afg ,quoits ,no4 #agj ,push ,ball ,no4 #ahj ,ring ,hockey ,no4 #aii ,equestrian ,polo ,no4 #bja ,how to ,play ,lacrosse ,no4 #bjg ,lawn ,bowls 8,red ,cover0 ,series1 each number1 #be;c4 ,no4 #f,r4 ,cricket1 and ,how to ,play ,it ,group ,,xii4 ,miscellaneous ,games 8,blue ,cover0 ,series1 each number #aj;c4 ,no4 #ac ,american ,game of ,hand ,ball ,no4 #cfd ,volley ,ball 8,red ,cover0 ,series1 each number #be;c4 ,no4 #dc,r4 ,archery1 ,roque1 ,croquet1 ,english ,croquet1 ,lawn ,hockey1 ,tether ,ball1 ,clock ,golf1 ,golf-,croquet1 ,hand ,tennis1 ,hand ,polo1 ,wicket ,polo1 ,badminton1 ,drawing ,room ,hockey1 ,garden ,hockey1 ,basket ,goal1 ,volley ,ball ,rules and ,pin ,ball ,no4 #di,r4 ,how to ,bowl ,no4 #ej,r4 ,court ,games ,group ,,xiii4 ,manly ,sports 8,blue ,cover0 ,series1 each number #aj;c4 ,no4 #aia ,how to ,punch the ,bag ,no4 #bhb ,roller ,skating ,guide 8,red ,cover0 ,series1 each number #be;c4 ,no4 #aa,r4 ,fencing ,foil ,work ,illustrated ,no4 #ai,r4 ,professional ,wrestling ,no4 #ba,r4 ,jiu ,jitsu ,no4 #be,r4 ,boxing ,no4 #cj,r4 ,the ,art of ,fencing ,no4 #fe,r4 ,how to ,wrestle ,group ,,xiv4 ,calisthenics 8,red ,cover0 ,series1 each number #be;c4 ,no4 #aj,r4 ,single ,stick ,drill ,no4 #af,r4 ,team ,wand ,drill ,no4 #bb,r4 ,indian ,clubs and ,dumb ,bells and ,pulley ,weights ,no4 #bd,r4 ,dumb ,bell ,exercises ,no4 #gc,r4 ,graded ,calisthenics and ,dumb ,bell ,drills ,group ,,xv4 ,gymnastics 8,blue ,cover0 ,series1 each number #aj;c4 ,no4 #abd ,how to ,become a ,gymnast ,no4 #bed ,barnjum ,bar ,bell ,drill ,no4 #bhg ,fancy ,dumb ,bell and ,marching ,drills 8,red ,cover0 ,series1 each number #be;c4 ,no4 #ad,r4 ,trapeze1 ,long ,horse and ,rope ,exercises ,no4 #cd,r4 ,grading of ,gym4 ,exercises ,no4 #dj,r4 ,indoor and ,outdoor ,gymnastic ,games ,no4 #eb,r4 ,pyramid ,building ,no4 #ef,r4 ,tumbling for ,amateurs and ,ground ,tumbling ,no4 #fg,r4 ,exercises on the ,side ,horse3 ,exercises on the ,flying ,rings4 ,no4 #fh,r4 ,horizontal ,bar ,exercises2 ,exercises on ,parallel ,bars ,group ,,xvi4 ,home ,exercising 8,blue ,cover0 ,series1 each number #aj;c4 ,no4 #afa ,ten ,minutes' ,exercise for ,busy ,men ,no4 #ahe ,hints on ,health ,no4 #cbe ,twenty-,minute ,exercises 8,red ,cover0 ,series1 each number #be;c4 ,no4 #g,r4 ,physical ,training ,simplified ,no4 #i,r4 ,how to ,live #ajj ,years ,no4 #bc,r4 ,get ,well2 ,keep ,well ,no4 #cc,r4 ,tensing ,exercises ,no4 #ea,r4 #bhe ,health ,answers ,no4 #ed,r4 ,medicine ,ball ,exercises1 ,indigestion ,treated by ,gymnastics1 ,physical ,education and ,hygiene ,no4 #fb,r4 ,the ,care of the ,body ,no4 #fd,r4 ,muscle ,building2 ,health by ,muscular ,gymnastics ,,any ,,of ,,the ,,above ,,books ,,mailed ,,postpaid ,,upon ,,receipt ,,of ,,price ,illustration3 ,,mary ,c4 ,,morgan4 ,,spalding',s ,,athletic ,,library ,group ,x ,no4 #fi,r ,,girls ,,and ,,athletics ,giving a brief summary of the activity1 rules and method of administration of the following games in girls' schools and colleges1 women's clubs1 etc4 ,,archery1 ,,basket ,,ball1 ,,cricket1 ,,fencing1 ,,field ,,day1 ,,field ,,hockey1 ,,gymnastics1 ,,golf1 ,,hand ,,ball1 ,,ice ,,hockey1 ,,indoor ,,base ,,ball1 ,,rowing1 ,,soccer1 ,,skating1 ,,swimming1 ,,tennis1 ,,track ,,athletics1 ,,volley ,,ball1 ,,walking1 ,,water ,,polo1 ,,water ,,basket ,,ball ,,edited ,,by ,,mary ,c4 ,,morgan of ,lansdowne ,country ,club ,philadelphia 7,a ,member of the ,class of #aiae1 ,bryn ,mawr ,college7 ,,published ,,by ,,american ,,sports ,,publishing ,,company #ba ,,warren ,,street1 ,,new ,,york ,,copyright1 #aiag ,,by ,,american ,,sports ,,publishing ,,company ,,new ,,york ,contents ,,publishers' ,,note #e ,,acknowledgments #f ,,girls ,,and ,,athletics #g-aj ,,field ,,hockey #aa-cc ,,the ,,game1 #ab2 the team as a whole1 #ac2 how to hold stick1 #ac2 passing1 #ad2 dribbling1 #ae2 the bully1 #af2 shooting goals1 #af2 positions of team1 #af-bj4 ,,the ,,regulations--,field1 #bc2 goals1 #bc2 striking circle1 #bd2 dress1 #bd2 stick1 time1 score1 officials1 #be4 ,,rules--,i41 governing bully1 #bf-bg2 ,,ii41 for goal1 #bg2 ,,iii41 for sticks1 #bh2 ,,iv41 for free hit1 #bh-bi2 for out of bounds1 #bi-cj2 ,,vi41 for undercutting1 #ca2 ,,vii41 for offside1 #ca2 ,,viii41 running in on the left1 #ca2 ,,ix41 turning on the ball1 #ca-cb2 ,x41 handling1 #cb2 ,,xi41 kicking1 #cb2 ,,xii41 rough play1 #cb2 ,,xiii41 time-out1 #cb-cc2 ,,xiv41 umpire1 #cc4 ,,basket ,,ball #cd-ci ,the game1 #cd-ci2 matches1 #ci4 ,,gymnastics #dj-df ,floor work1 #da-db2 apparatus work1 #db-de2 meet or exhibition1 #de-df4 ,,track ,,athletics #dg-fc ,,requirements ,,and ,,explanations--,track1 #di2 distances to be run1 #di2 distances and arrangement of hurdles1 #ej2 list of junior and senior track events1 #ej-ea2 jumping pits1 #ea-eb2 circle for putting the shot1 #eb4 ,,events--,sprinting1 #ec-ed2 the start1 #ed-ee2 hurdling1 #ee-ef2 running broad jump1 #eg2 standing broad jump1 #eg-eh2 running hop1 step and jump1 #eh2 running high jump1 #eh-ei2 standing high jump1 #ei2 pole vault1 #ei-fj2 shot put1 #fj2 basket ball throw1 #fa2 base ball throw1 #fa2 hurl ball throw1 #fa2 javelin throw1 #fa-fb2 discus throw1 #fb4 ,,how ,,to ,,conduct ,a ,,track ,,meet #fd-fg ,,field ,,day #fh-fi ,,walking #gj-gb ,tramps or hikes1 #ga-gb2 competitive walking1 #gb4 ,,golf #gc-gh ,,skating #gi-ha ,,ice ,,hockey #hb-hd ,,rowing #he-hi ,the stroke1 #he-hf2 racing1 #hf-hh2 paddling1 #hh-hi4 ,,tennis #ij-if ,the court1 #ij2 the game1 #ij-ie2 matches or tournaments1 #ie-if4 ,,cricket #ig-ajj ,the game1 #ig-ii2 as played at ,smith ,college1 #ajj4 ,,soccer #aja-ajg ,the game1 #aja-aje2 rules1 #aje-ajg4 ,,archery #ajh-aab ,the bow and arrow1 #ajh-aji2 the aim and draw1 #aji-aaj2 games1 #aaj-aaa2 tournament1 #aaa2 score1 #aaa-aab2 clubs1 #aab4 ,,indoor ,,base ,,ball #aac-aag ,the game1 #aac-aad2 rules1 #aad-aag4 ,,american ,,hand ,,ball #aah-abj ,the game1 #aah-aai2 rules1 #aai-abj4 ,,irish ,,hand ,,ball ,,rules #aba-abb ,,fencing #abc-abh ,how to hold the foil1 #abd2 on guard1 #abe2 parries1 #abf-abg2 attack1 #abg-abh4 ,,swimming #abi-aci ,breast stroke1 #acj-aca2 side stroke1 #aca-acb2 trudgeon1 #acb-acc2 crawl1 #acc2 plain back stroke1 #acc-acd2 floating1 #acd2 plunge for distance1 #acd-ace2 diving1 #ace-acf2 the racing turn1 #acf2 treading water1 #acg2 swimming meets1 #acg-ach2 all-around swimming test1 #aci4 ,,water ,,basket ,,ball ,,and ,,water ,,polo #adj-adh ,,water ,,basket ,,ball--,the game and rules1 #ada-adc4 ,,water ,,polo--,the game1 #adc-add2 rules1 #add-adh4 ,,volley ,,ball #adi ,,philadelphia ,,hockey ,,league #aej-aea ,,activity ,,of ,,missouri ,,colleges #aeb-aec ,,girls' ,,branch ,,of ,,the ,,public ,,schools ,,athletic ,,league #aed-aee ,,intercollegiate ,,alumnae ,,athletic ,,association #aef-aeg ,publishers' ,note ,miss ,mary ,c4 ,morgan1 who has been chosen to edit the volume1 8,girls and ,athletics0 is an all-around athlete of remarkable ability4 ,as a student at ,friends ,central ,school1 ,philadelphia1 and at ,bryn ,mawr ,college ,miss ,morgan played on basket ball1 track1 water polo1 and field hockey teams and participated in the gymnastic events4 ,at ,bryn ,mawr she held the individual cup in #aiac and #aiad for the highest number of points in the ,interclass ,track and ,field meet4 ,on the track she shares the world's record for women of #ab seconds in the #ajj-yard dash and she holds the world's record of #ae-b_/e seconds in the #ajj-yard hurdle race of eight hurdles each #b feet #f inches high4 ,both of these records were made on cinder track with rubber-soled shoes in the cumbersome bloomer and jumper costume 7cumbersome as compared to the scanty attire of male track and field athletes74 ,miss ,morgan also shares the ,bryn ,mawr ,college record of #f-a_/e seconds for the #ej-yard dash and holds the college record for the standing broad jump--#g feet #i inches4 ,,american ,,sports ,,publishing ,,co4 ,acknowledgments ,the editor is very much indebted to the following persons for their kind interest and assistance3 ,miss ,harriet ,ballintine1 ,director of ,physical ,training at ,vassar ,college2 ,mr4 ,philip ,bishop1 ,instructor in ,gymnastics at the ,haverford ,school and ,advisory ,swimming ,coach at ,bryn ,mawr ,college2 ,dr4 ,frances ,boynton of the ,new ,haven ,normal ,school of ,physical ,training2 ,miss ,elizabeth ,burchenal1 ,executive ,secretary of the ,girls' ,branch of the ,public ,schools ,athletic ,league1 ,new ,york1 and to the committee of the ,league3 ,dr4 ,florence ,gilman of ,smith ,college2 ,miss ,josephine ,katzenstein1 a member of the ,lansdowne ,country ,club and the ,all-,philadelphia ,hockey teams2 ,miss ,lorena ,l4 ,parrish1 ,physical ,director of ,howard ,payne ,college2 ,miss ,lillian ,schoedler1 ,honorary ,president of the ,intercollegiate ,alumn ,athletic ,league2 ,miss ,dorothy ,wooster of ,smith ,college1 and ,mr4 ,a4 ,m4 ,gillam4 ,the editor also wishes to thank the schools1 colleges and country clubs who so kindly replied to the questionaire sent out4 ,,bibliography4 ,spalding's ,official ,athletic ,handbooks 7,american ,sports ,publishing ,company1 ,new ,york74 ,official ,handbook of the ,girls' ,branch of the ,public ,schools ,athletic ,league1 ,new ,york4 ,handbook of ,athletic ,games 7,bancroft and ,pulvermacher2 ,macmillan1 ,new ,york74 ,a ,survey of ,track ,athletics for ,women 7,reprinted from the ,american ,physical ,education ,review1 ,january1 #aiaf74 ,dr4 ,harry ,e4 ,stewart1 ,physical ,director ,new ,haven 7,conn47 ,normal ,school of ,gymnastics4 ,girls and ,athletics ,,by ,,mary ,c4 ,,morgan4 ,in gathering information for this volume a questionaire was sent to some three hundred schools and colleges4 ,replies were received from two hundred and thirty-seven of these4 ,of this number only one school went on record as opposed to athletics for girls and women4 ,all of the others make provision for athletics or some form of physical education4 ,some schools provide little or no supervision1 it is true1 but the great majority provide for or realize the necessity for provision of adequate control of this form of training4 ,the impression one receives from scanning the replies to the questionaire is undoubtedly that general athletics for girls are becoming more and more popular1 and that development is slowly but surely broadening out to include eventually almost every form of athletics for almost every girl4 ,from the physical standpoint1 any exercise under favorable circumstances is beneficial in that it develops and brings into play the muscles of the body and stimulates the whole system4 ,but all forms of athletics should be carefully supervised1 particularly for growing girls4 ,every participant should have a thorough physical examination and if any limitations are placed upon her athletics1 the reasons for such restrictions should be carefully explained4 ,it is natural that some people are more delicate than others--absolutely unfit for some of the more strenuous games--but there are always less strenuous exercises which may be indulged in4 ,the physical condition being assured1 the girl should be watched so that she does not enter into the sports or games with too much intensity4 ,it is a common tendency of the average ,american girl to throw her whole soul into the particular matter at hand4 ,if it happens to be athletics1 often her enthusiasm helped out by a thoroughly admirable spirit and by quite a lot of 8grit0--as her brothers term it--keeps her playing when she is really tired out physically4 ,this is the time where a coach--or if there is no coach1 friendly advice--will show the girl that she is not getting any benefit out of the exercise1 and she is running the risk of injuring herself4 ,this excess is as wrong in athletics as it is in anything else4 ,be temperate4 ,my advice to every girl is3 ,know your physical condition2 use common sense and gauge the amount of exercise you take by your physical condition and stamina4 ,athletics as a builder of character are just as important as a builder of physical strength4 ,fair play and good sportsmanship are the two maxims kept constantly before the eye4 ,a girl who has won the reputation of being a clean1 square player is happy herself and is admired by all with whom she comes in contact4 ,there is no higher compliment than to be called a 8good sportswoman40 ,a girl who can lose and smile1 or win and not exult over her opponent's defeat1 is quite apt to get something bigger than mere physical development out of her athletics4 ,training ,a few girls have asked me1 8,how can ,i learn to play this or that game well80 ,athletics are just like almost every phase of life2 it requires practice and experience before one becomes skilled4 ,if1 then1 a girl wishes to be successful it is best to make a thorough study of the branch of sport she is going to take up and practice1 assimilating each detail carefully4 ,the amount of time it takes to become proficient depends upon the natural ability of the person--some people are much more talented in athletics than others4 ,the best advice ,i can give is to know your game thoroughly1 so that you may play with your head as well as your body4 ,practice until you have confidence in your ability4 ,do not practice so constantly and continually that you become 8stale40 ,a little practice taken regularly is often more beneficial than a lot of practice which tires you out so that you are unfit for more the next day4 ,do a little bit1 so that you are not tired1 increasing the practice slowly4 ,some people believe in set training rules2 others do not4 ,it is best to be in good physical condition all the time if it is possible2 it stands to reason1 however1 that for especial speed and endurance the physical condition should be nearly perfect4 ,sleep is a very necessary factor2 therefore1 every athlete should have a long and sound sleep every night4 ,as for diet1 there is a difference of opinion4 ,it seems reasonable that no heavy food1 nor rich food that is indigestible1 should be eaten4 ,in particular1 just before a contest1 a light meal should be eaten with the proper time for digestion allowed before playing4 ,some people make the mistake of eating heavily and then playing immediately afterward4 ,the most sensible training seems to be1 eat the most nourishing and easily digested food4 ,what to ,wear ,dress sensibly4 ,for track and field games1 basket ball and other games that require speed1 agility and the freest play of all muscles1 by all means wear bloomers and a middy blouse4 ,for tennis1 golf and the other less strenuous games1 wear shirtwaist or middy blouse and a skirt wide enough and short enough to give the most play of the leg muscles4 ,for instance1 there is nothing so ridiculous as to see a girl athlete togged with more regard for the impression she is making on the male part of the gallery than for getting the most physical benefit out of her game4 ,i have great sympathy for every girl who takes pride in her appearance at all times4 ,i maintain that it is both possible to present a neat and an agreeable appearance and at the same time to dress sensibly for the business at hand4 ,in each of the following chapters on the various forms of sports ,i have endeavored to say a word about dress specifically for that sport1 unless it is evident what costume is suitable4 ,back of it all ,i will repeat this fundamental3 ,dress sensibly4 ,field ,hockey ,field hockey1 next to basket ball1 is the most popular team game played by girls2 and it is a comparatively new game here1 as it has been played in ,america only since #aija4 ,miss ,harriet ,ballintine1 ,director of ,physical ,training at ,vassar ,college1 in her pamphlet1 8,the ,history of ,physical ,training at ,vassar ,college10 gives an account of the beginning of hockey in ,america3 8,until #aija1 ,english field hockey was comparatively unknown in this country4 ,before this it had been played by men at the ,springfield ,training ,school1 and to some extent at ,mount ,holyoke ,college4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,curdy of the ,springfield ,school in writing of the game says3 #8,the men at ,springfield first played the game of field hockey in #ahig4 ,regarding where field hockey was first played in this country 7by girls71 the girls at ,mount ,holyoke ,college had begun playing the game1 ,i think1 before ,miss ,applebee's arrival in this country4 ,they had been down to a number of our championship games4 ,arrangements had been made for some of our students to coach the ,mount ,holyoke girls in hockey1 when ,i found ,miss ,applebee was in this country and recommended their getting her4'0 ,many hockey players owe their interest in the game to ,miss ,applebee1 notable for her inspiring coaching and the knowledge of hockey that she has imparted to her pupils4 ,to the devotees of this game1 there is no other sport that quite comes up to it4 ,in a game of hockey there is a spirit of freedom1 of exhilaration1 of gladness that comes from a true love of sport4 ,and it has other advantages--absence of roughness1 plenty of vigorous exercise in the open air1 and yet not extraordinarily violent4 ,it is a game that may be played by all types2 a game that is played by a large number on each team4 ,,the ,,game4 ,hockey is played on a level field of turf similar to a football or lacrosse field4 ,there are eleven players on each team1 thus there are twenty-two players on the field at one time4 ,each player is equipped with a stick with a curved head4 ,a cricket ball is used4 ,the eleven players are divided into groups3 forwards1 halfbacks1 fullbacks and goal4 ,each group calls for a different type of player4 ,the teams line up 7according to illustration7 in the center of the field4 ,the forwards are the attackers1 whose duty it is to advance the ball into their opponents' territory and score a goal 7,rule ,,ii74 ,the halfbacks assist the forwards in attacking and with the fullbacks and goal keeper defend their own goal4 ,the umpire blows the whistle and the game begins with the two center forwards bullying4 ,the ball has been placed in the middle of center line1 the center forwards stand with one foot on each side of center line directly opposite each other1 right shoulder toward their own goal4 7,see ,rule for ,bully47 ,after the bully is completed1 the ball hit out1 then play commences4 ,the forwards of the team in possession of the ball rush it down toward the opponents' goal and try to shoot a goal while the opposing defense tries to prevent any score4 ,each time the ball is fairly hit over the goal line1 one point is made by team scoring goal4 ,two halves1 length of which is agreed upon by captains1 are played4 ,the team scoring the greatest number of goals by the end of second half wins the game4 ,,the ,,team ,,as ,a ,,whole4 ,the main factor in hockey is team play4 ,there may be one or two players of stellar ability on the team1 but if the team does not play well together it is not well balanced4 ,it is not an individual but eleven individuals welded together that form a team4 ,every girl should consider--when playing hockey--that her stick is her best friend2 therefore it should be chosen carefully and with due consideration4 ,there are three important qualities a stick should have3 balance1 weight and length4 ,the balance should be even1 not in the handle1 but more in the curved head of stick2 not too heavy there however4 ,the weight of the stick should be #ba or #bb ounces for a forward1 #bc or #bd for a halfback1 #bd or #be for a fullback or goal keeper4 ,never carry a stick that is too heavy4 ,the stick should be just long enough for a comfortable grip4 ,it should be neither too long nor too short4 ,,how ,,to ,,hold ,,stick4 ,the stick should be firmly held in both hands1 with the left hand gripping the handle at the end 7top7 of stick with the fingers forward2 the right hand grips the stick directly below the left hand1 touching but not overlapping the left hand4 ,the hands should never be separated because this tends to make a player stoop over1 thus losing in strength of stroke4 ,at the beginning of the stroke1 the stick should be carried back toward the right 7the right arm must be kept straight to avoid 8sticks0--a foul1 see ,rule ,,iii7 until the left arm is straight2 then the stick should be carried forward1 striking ball squarely4 ,at the finish of the stroke1 the right arm should still be kept straight and the end of stick turned in 7i4e41 toward body7 and down to avoid making 8sticks0 at end of stroke4 ,while the stick is not in use or while player is running it should be carried in both hands horizontally at comfortable height1 as long as it is below the shoulder4 ,let us consider the forward line4 ,it is made up of five positions3 left wing1 left inside1 center forward1 right inside1 right wing4 ,players for these positions should be selected for the following qualifications3 ability to run with average speed2 ability to shoot hard1 clean goals2 endurance and wind necessary for constant sprints4 ,it is up to the forwards to keep the ball in the opponents' territory2 for this1 there are two ways of advancing the ball--passing and dribbling4 ,,passing4 ,passing1 since it is less individual and makes for more team play1 should be ranked first4 ,there are short and long passes4 ,the short are generally quick passes between a forward and her nearest teammate1 that is1 between an inside and center or between an inside and wing4 ,the long pass is across the center from the left side of the field to the right1 or vice versa4 ,all passes should be quick1 clean and accurate4 ,here are a few things to avoid3 ,don't pass the ball straight ahead so that it goes to one of opposing team4 ,don't pass behind your own forward line4 ,don't pass to a guarded player4 ,don't wait to pass until you have been attacked1 thus hurrying your pass4 ,don't 7especially when passing to the wings7 put all your strength in the stroke1 sending the hardest ball you can4 ,,dribbling4 ,next to passing comes dribbling4 ,every forward should know how to dribble4 ,in dribbling the ball1 both hands should be kept close together at the top of the stick2 the stick is sometimes turned so that the flat side is forward2 the wrist and hands are adjusted to any position of the stick4 ,only a few players are skilled enough to dribble with one hand4 ,the ball should be kept close to the stick1 slightly in advance of the runner4 ,the most common fault is that the dribbler follows the ball instead of sending the ball just where she desires4 ,the player who is a good dribbler keeps the ball under control1 no matter how speedily she is running4 ,if the ball is sent ahead too far then the dribbler is apt to lose control1 but if it is kept close to the stick and just barely touched each time it is easier to manage4 ,the dribbler should remember3 never crouch over the ball1 but stand erect2 never let the ball get too far ahead2 never permit an opponent to get so close that you cannot pass the ball to a teammate quickly4 ,never keep the ball selfishly4 ,,the ,,bully4 ,the forwards are called on frequently to bully--the start and twenty-five-yard bully 7see ,rule ,i7--so the bully should be practised until each forward is quick and accurate4 ,there should be an understanding among the forwards and halfbacks as to which way the ball will be hit out on the bully so that some one is always ready for it4 ,the right hand should grip almost three-quarters way down the stick1 the player then must bend over the stick4 ,the feet are wide apart1 planted firmly on the ground4 7,see ,rule for ,bully47 ,after the three separate 8grounds and sticks0 the ball is hit out4 ,it is here that quickness and skill count4 ,the halfbacks--one from each team--always back up a bully to help their forwards4 ,,shooting ,,goals4 ,it is not necessary to say that it is most important for a forward to shoot goals4 ,she should shoot as often1 as hard and as accurately as she can1 and she must follow her shots in4 ,this is her main duty and no forward is up to the mark unless she can shoot goals4 ,,center ,,forward4 ,center forward is the keystone position4 ,her duties are to bully off at the center 7for start and after each goal71 to keep the forwards in a straight line1 to shoot goals1 to distribute passes to the left and right sides evenly4 ,if a center forward has a clear field it is all right for her to dribble1 but1 as a rule1 she should play a passing game4 ,she also has many opportunities to shoot4 ,illustration3 ,field ,hockey--,the bulley-off4 ,the players are in position and the opposing center forwards are in the act of putting the ball in play4 ,illustration3 ,field ,hockey--,a corner4 ,the defending team is lined up on the goal line4 ,the attacking forwards are lined up along the striking circle1 ready to return the hit and convert it into a goal4 ,,right ,,inside4 ,the right inside is governed by the same dribbling and passing rule as the center4 ,she should be particular to receive the passes of the left wing4 ,also a lot of the shooting falls to her4 ,both insides should play close to the center if the center has the ball1 or close to the wing if the wing has the ball4 ,,left ,,inside4 ,the left inside is a more difficult position to receive passes and to shoot from4 ,it is often wiser for a left inside to allow a ball to go to another forward if she is not in a good position to receive it4 ,as a rule1 the best balls for her are from the right4 ,,right ,,wing4 ,the wings should be fast players4 ,in particular1 the right wing has a splendid opportunity for dribbling and passing4 ,it is mainly the duty of the wings to advance the ball2 if1 however1 the opportunity arises1 they should shoot4 ,the wing should be careful never to send the ball too far ahead2 never to let a ball go outside the side lines if it is possible to stop it2 never dribble farther than the twenty-five-yard line2 always send the ball toward the center of the field4 ,,left ,,wing4 ,the left wing should be careful to dribble only when she has a clear field4 ,in receiving a ball1 the wing1 if possible1 should stand with her left shoulder toward the goal she is attacking4 ,three common faults of a left wing are3 ,letting the ball go out of bounds on her side too often1 thus giving the other side a roll-in2 getting into an off-side position2 turning on the ball4 7,see ,rules ,,vii and ,,ix47 ,,halfbacks4 ,all of the halfback positions are extremely hard to play because they require great endurance1 a moderate amount of speed1 hard hitting1 and a fighting spirit4 ,the halfbacks are both attackers and defenders4 ,first1 in attacking they feed the forwards by passes to them4 ,they should follow up the forward line closely and when the forwards are inside the circle should be ready to shoot if a chance comes4 ,on the defensive they should stick to the opposing forwards closely4 ,the fullbacks and halfbacks should work together on defense4 ,,center ,,halfback4 ,the center halfback backs up the bullies in the center of the field and she feeds primarily the center and insides4 ,in defending she guards the opposing center forward and the insides if they are playing close to the center4 ,the half should always watch to see which forwards are free4 ,she should not send the ball to the spot from which it has just come1 as that spot is apt to be guarded1 but should change the direction4 ,,right ,,halfback4 ,the right halfback feeds the right wing and the right inside4 ,if both of these are carefully guarded1 then she should send ball to center or to the other side of field4 ,in defense she guards the left wing or the left inside--if the inside is near the wing4 ,she also backs up all the bullies on her side of the line4 ,,left ,,halfback4 ,the left halfback feeds the left wing and the left inside unless they are guarded1 then she changes the direction of the ball4 ,the left half should send very careful1 well-placed balls to her wing and inside1 balls that slant a little bit1 not straight ahead4 ,as the right wing is apt to dribble1 the left half should be very quick and should be careful to avoid running in on the left4 7,rule ,,viii47 ,the halfbacks should remember3 ,never to give up2 if your opponent gets away1 run after her and stop her2 never hit through the forward line1 always hit the ball to somebody2 never run out of position to tackle an opponent4 ,each half should stick closely to the girl she is guarding4 ,never interfere with the work of the fullback or the goal keeper4 ,,fullbacks4 ,the fullbacks are primarily defensive players although they have opportunities for long shots to the forwards4 ,the fullbacks and the halfbacks should never mix up1 by guarding the same girl4 ,the fullbacks stay near their own goal4 ,if the right half is guarding the left wing and the center half the center forward1 then the left inside remains for the right fullback to guard4 ,when one fullback is up the field1 that is1 near the fifty-yard line 7she must never go beyond the fifty-yard line71 the other fullback should be back toward the goal4 ,the players on the defense should never be bunched in front of the goal1 and in hitting the ball away from the goal1 they should hit out toward the side lines--never across the center4 ,in a corner or a bully the fullbacks should guard the goal closely4 ,,goal ,,keeper4 ,the goal keeper should be very cool--not get rattled if a goal is made by the opposing side4 ,it is well for the goal keeper to watch the eyes of the opposing forward2 often in that way she can tell where the forward is going to shoot4 ,the goal keeper should never be drawn away from her goal line4 ,she should stand about a foot in front1 but no farther away4 ,above all1 the goal keeper should have courage2 she should not step back from any ball1 afraid to stop it4 ,not only should she rely on her stick1 but she should remember that she may kick and stop the ball with her body4 ,the main object is to keep the ball out of the goal and get it in less dangerous territory4 ,this often requires quick1 clear thinking on the part of the goal keeper4 ,the fullbacks should never leave the goal keeper alone and unprotected2 nor should they stand so close to her1 nor so directly in front of her1 that they impede her playing or obstruct her view of the play4 ,the goal keeper must never lose sight of the ball4 ,there are a few general directions that might be given for playing4 ,keep your own position--don't run out of your place to interfere in someone else's4 ,use your head--flighty playing merely ends in wildness and nothing accomplished4 ,save your strength--do not use it up in the first mad rushes and terrific hits4 ,it is the consistent1 steady1 dependable player who wins the game4 ,a great deal of time is wasted in the roll-in1 that is1 when the ball is put in play after going over the side line4 ,the team taking the roll-in should have signals1 that is1 an understanding as to the line-up4 ,the halfback generally takes the roll-in unless the point where roll-in occurs is near the goal line being defended1 then the roll-in is taken by the fullback4 ,the ball should be sent to the person best prepared to receive it the wing if she is free or the inside or halfback2 sometimes it even may be rolled back toward the fullback4 ,the opponents never leave any player unguarded4 ,as soon as the roll-in is called1 it should be taken quickly4 ,just as quickness is an advantage in taking the roll-in so it is in the free hit4 ,the halfback in whose territory the foul occurred should take the free hit quickly1 before her teammates may be guarded4 ,every delay means that the opponents have an opportunity to guard more closely4 ,in taking the free hit1 be careful to hit to an unguarded player4 ,make the free hit count4 ,in the corner play the hit should be carefully taken by the halfback1 or sometimes it is taken by the wing4 ,the attackers line up around the edge of the striking circle ready to stop the ball and shoot for the goal2 the defenders are behind the line ready to rush out and get the ball away from dangerous territory4 ,the player taking the free hit should be careful that the ball goes within the circle2 that it is hit hard and cleanly--never send a ball that hops2 that the ball is sent to a particular player1 preferably the center forward or either of the insides4 ,it is not often advisable for a wing to stop a ball hit in from the corner hit4 ,illustration3 ,,diagram ,,of ,,field ,,with ,,necessary ,,markings ,,and ,,showing ,,the ,,proper ,,line-,,up ,,of ,,teams ,,at ,,start ,,of ,,game4 ,to decide a championship or the winner of a hockey tournament1 it is advisable to play three games1 the winner of two being the winner of the series4 ,if one team wins the first two games it is unnecessary to play the third2 if there are more than two teams contesting1 it is advisable to have preliminary rounds1 the winners meeting the winners1 etc4 ,the ,field of ,play ,,the ,,field4 ,the dimensions of the field are3 maximum length1 #ajj yards2 minimum1 #he yards2 maximum breadth1 #fj yards2 minimum1 #ee yards4 ,the field of play is marked by boundary lines2 the end are 8goal lines10 and the side1 8side lines40 ,flag posts1 four feet in height1 one yard outside the field of play1 are placed at each of the four corners and at each end of the twenty-five-yard lines4 ,there are three lines across the field1 i4 e41 parallel to the end lines1 running from side line to side line--one in the center of field1 the fifty-yard line2 one at each end of the field1 each twenty-five yards from the goal line4 ,,the ,,goals4 ,the goals are marked by upright posts1 equidistant from the corners of the goal lines1 four yards apart1 connected by a cross-bar seven feet from the ground4 ,the space between the posts is known as the goal area4 ,the maximum width of the posts and the cross-bars is two inches2 the maximum depth1 three inches4 ,there is a goal at each end of the field4 ,,the ,,striking ,,circle4 ,in front of each goal is a striking circle marked by the following lines3 ,a line parallel to goal line1 fifteen yards distant from1 directly in front of the goal area1 four yards in length4 ,the ends of this line are joined to the goal line by a quarter circle fifteen yards in diameter measured from the nearest goal post4 ,a line parallel to the side line1 five yards distant1 is drawn the length of the field4 ,this is called the alley4 ,it is important that the lines be distinctly marked in white4 ,if there are nets behind the goal to catch balls1 it aids the umpire in determining if a goal is scored4 ,goal posts and bar may be painted white4 ,the ball is a leather cricket ball painted white4 ,,dress4 ,bloomers and jumper are the most comfortable form of dress4 ,if a skirt is worn it must be at least eight inches from the ground4 ,stopping the ball with the clothing is not good hockey4 ,light shoes with rubber soles1 fitted for running1 should be worn by the forwards and halves4 ,heavier shoes are worn by the fullbacks4 ,the feet of the player ought to be well protected1 in order that she may stop the ball with her feet4 ,all players should wear shin-guards2 the forwards and halves light ones1 the fullbacks heavier4 ,the goal keeper will find that the shin-guards used in cricket are not too heavy4 ,if a hat is worn1 it should be without pins and must have a soft brim4 ,many players prefer wearing gloves in order to protect their hands4 ,,the ,,stick4 ,the stick should be a regulation stick1 curved on one side1 flat on the other4 ,no stick must weigh more than #bh ounces4 ,time4--,the time of halves 7usually #ce minutes7 with the intermission should be determined by the captains4 ,score4--,each goal made counts one point4 ,highest number of goals at end of game wins4 ,there is no other score except by goals4 ,officials4--,there is an umpire1 who makes all decisions of goals1 fouls and disputes4 ,she is responsible for the good conduct of the game4 ,there may be an umpire for each half of the field4 ,also a scorer1 a timekeeper and two linesmen1 who call the ball out of bounds and give decisions when appealed to4 ,each team has eleven players2 for each side there is a captain1 who tosses for choice of goal1 protests to the umpire1 governs the team on the field4 ,they must notify the referee of any change of line-up4 ,field ,hockey ,rules ,i4 ,,rules ,,governing ,,bully4 7a7 ,the ,bully is the method of putting the ball in play4 ,a bully is played by two players1 one from each team1 who stand squarely opposite each other 7each facing a side line71 each with her right side toward her own goal4 ,the ball is placed between them1 each player having a foot on either side of the ball4 ,both first touch the ground on their right side of the ball1 then they touch sticks4 ,this is done alternately for three times1 then either may touch the ball4 ,after the ball is touched by either or both of the two players bullying it may be played by anyone4 7b7 ,the game is started at the beginning of the first and second halves by a bully-off on the center line4 7c7 ,after each goal is scored the ball is brought back to center line for bully-off1 as in 7b74 7d7 ,the teams line up in a bully on the side nearest their goal line and never step over the line of the ball1 i4 e41 an imaginary line1 if ball is not on center or twenty-five-yard line drawn across field4 ,this is known as standing behind the ball4 7e7 ,after time-out is called1 the ball is put in play again by bully on the spot where time-out is taken4 7f7 ,if a foul is called on both teams1 a bully is taken on the spot where the foul occurred4 7g7 ,if any rules of bully are not observed1 bully is taken over again4 7h7 ,penalty-,bully4--,a penalty-bully can only occur when a defender inside the circle deliberately breaks a rule1 thereby directly preventing a goal from being scored4 ,the bully is played on the spot where foul occurred by goal keeper and a chosen player from the other team4 ,all other players stand beyond the nearest twenty-five-yard line until the bully is completed4 ,the bully is only completed when3 ,first1 a goal is scored2 second1 the ball is sent out of bounds by an attacker--if sent out by defender1 penalty-bully is repeated2 third1 the ball is sent out of striking circle4 ,in either of the first two cases the ball is put in play by a twenty-five-yard bully in the center of the nearest twenty-five-yard line4 ,any foul 7except ,rule ,i1 a7 by offender counts penalty goal or one point for opponents2 any foul by attacker 7except ,rule ,i1 a7 the defender is given a free hit4 ,the goal keeper in a penalty-bully may play only with the stick2 she may not kick or stop ball with hands4 ,if time is called1 bully must first be completed4 ,,ii4 ,,rules ,,for ,,goal4 7a7 ,to score a goal the ball must have been hit by or have touched the stick of an attacker within the striking circle4 7b7 ,the ball must pass entirely over the goal line between the goal posts and under the cross-bar4 7c7 ,if a ball1 after touching the stick of an attacker within the circle1 glances off the stick or person of a defender1 it is a goal4 7d7 ,if a ball hit fairly glances off a goal post across the goal line1 it is a goal4 7e7 ,the umpire must judge fairness of goal4 ,,iii4 ,,rules ,,for ,,sticks4 7a7 ,the stick must never be raised above the shoulder in any part of the stroke while hitting the ball1 nor may it be carried over shoulder4 ,when this rule is broken within the striking circle by a defender1 the penalty is a penalty-corner2 if deliberately broken1 it is a penalty-bully4 7b7 ,the flat side1 never the rounded1 should be used in striking the ball4 7c7 ,a player should never catch the curved part of her stick in that of her opponent's1 thereby hindering her opponent's play4 ,this is hooking4 7d7 ,a player should never strike or hit her opponent's stick4 7e7 ,a player should never lift her opponent's stick from the ground or in any such manner mar her stroke4 7f7 ,a player should never trip an opponent with stick4 7g7 ,no player without a stick may take part in play4 7h7 ,for any infringement of rules1 a free hit to opposing side where foul occurred is granted1 unless referee deems the foul rough1 thus liable to disqualification4 ,,iv4 ,,rules ,,for ,,free ,,hit4 7a7 ,when a team is accorded a free hit by an umpire1 through a foul by opponents1 the captain of the team shall designate the player 7generally a halfback or fullback7 who is to take the hit1 and no other player may be nearer the player taking the hit than five yards4 ,the ball must be hit squarely1 not scooped4 ,the free hit is taken again if this rule is not complied with4 7b7 ,the player who has taken the free hit may not touch the ball again until it has been touched by another player4 7c7 ,a foul by a defender in the striking circle upon taking a free hit is punished by a penalty-corner4 7d7 ,if the player misses the ball entirely upon taking the free hit1 she may hit it again4 7e7 ,if there is any infringement of the rule1 the free hit is given to the other side except when the ball is scooped by the defender inside the circle1 when the penalty is a penalty-corner4 ,v4 ,,rules ,,for ,,out ,,of ,,bounds4 7a7 ,when the ball is sent over the side lines it shall be rolled in 7by hand7 by one of the team opposing the player who last touched it4 ,in rolling in1 the player taking the roll-in must stand--feet and stick--outside the side line at the point where ball went out4 ,no player may stand inside the alley 7or five-yard line7 next to the side line over which it went out4 ,the ball must be rolled1 not thrown or bounced4 ,it may be rolled in any direction1 provided it touches within the five-yard space4 ,the player who has taken the roll-in may not touch the ball until it has been touched by another player4 ,the other players may step in the alley as soon as ball touches4 7b7 ,first1 if the ball is sent behind the goal line by an attacker2 second1 if a ball is unintentionally sent behind goal line by a defender more than twenty-five yards away from her goal line1 it is a twenty-five-yard bully4 ,the ball is placed on the twenty-five-yard line1 exactly opposite the spot where it crossed the goal line4 7c7 ,if a ball is unintentionally hit across the goal line by a defender or glances off her stick over the goal line1 it is a corner4 ,in a corner1 the attackers line up around the outer edge of the striking circle--feet and sticks--behind the line1 with one of their team hitting the ball to them from the corner of the field 7on the side or back line not more than three yards away from the corner7 on the side of the goal line where ball went out4 ,the defenders must stand--feet and sticks--behind their goal line at least five yards away from the player taking the corner hit4 ,the defenders may rush out as soon as the ball is hit4 ,before the attackers may hit the ball toward the goal1 the ball must be stopped--not necessarily dead4 ,the player taking the corner hit may not hit the ball again until touched by another4 7,penalty1 free hit for opposing side47 ,if an attacker shoots for goal before ball has been stopped1 it is a free hit for opposite side4 ,if the player taking the corner hit misses it entirely on the first stroke1 she may hit it again4 7d7 ,if a ball is deliberately hit over goal line by a defender1 it is a penalty-corner4 ,both teams line up as in an ordinary corner4 ,the hit is taken1 however1 from a point on the goal line at least ten yards from the nearest goal post and no opposing player may be nearer than five yards4 ,ball must be stopped before replayed by attacker teammate unless it has been touched by defender4 ,,vi4 ,,rules ,,for ,,undercutting4 7a7 ,the ball may not be so hit that it is lofted or raised intentionally above the shoulder4 7b7 ,the ball may be 8scooped0 so that it may be raised moderately in air4 7c7 ,penalty for intentionally lofting is a free hit for opposing side4 ,,vii4 ,,rules ,,for ,,offside4 7a7 ,in the opponents' territory1 no player may receive a ball from one of her own team standing farther from the goal than she1 the receiver1 unless there are at least three of her opponents between her and the goal4 ,violation of this rule is called offside4 7b7 ,a player is not penalized for offside if she does not touch the ball2 if it was touched last by an opponent2 if one of her own team nearer the opponents' goal than she hits the ball2 if she is in her own half of the territory4 7c7 ,penalty for offside is free hit for opposing side4 ,,viii4 ,,running ,,in ,,on ,,the ,,left4 ,no player shall run in on the left side of her opponent in order to gain possession of the ball so that any part of her person or stick touches any part of the person or the stick of the opponent4 ,penalty is free hit for opposing side4 ,,ix4 ,,turning ,,on ,,the ,,ball4 ,no player having possession of the ball shall interpose her person between the ball and an opponent1 nor shall she turn around the ball in order to obtain a more favorable position for her stroke4 ,penalty is free hit4 ,x4 ,,handling4 ,the ball may be caught or stopped by the hands1 but must be immediately dropped perpendicularly to the ground so that no advance is made nor direction changed4 ,it may not be picked up1 carried or thrown4 ,there shall be no shoving1 pushing1 or holding4 ,if the ball stopped by goal keeper rebounds from her hand it is not a foul4 ,penalty is free hit4 ,,xi4 ,,kicking4 ,no player may kick the ball except the goal keeper within her own striking circle4 ,the foot may be used to stop the ball1 but must be withdrawn and not used to block opponent's stroke at the ball4 ,penalty is a free hit4 ,,xii4 ,,rough ,,play4 ,there should be no charging 7rushing or running into71 shinning1 tripping1 personal handling1 impeding progress1 or hitting with stick4 ,no player may obstruct1 i4 e41 prevent opponent from reaching the ball or prevent opponent from attacking teammate4 ,penalty is free hit or disqualification if umpire decides the play is rough4 ,,xiii4 ,,time-,,out4 ,time-out may be called by the umpire at the request of either captain only in case of injury or accident to clothing or stick4 ,time-out should be called by umpire in case of loss of ball or dispute in regard to decision4 ,illustration3 ,field ,hockey--#a1 ,a scrimmage for possession of the ball4 #b1 ,getting the ball out of scrimmage4 #c1 ,passing the ball to a teammate and away from an opponent4 #d1 ,a goal6 #e1 ,a shot4 ,the attack has 8run0 the ball down the field to the striking circle--once inside the shot will be gotten off4 ,illustration3 ,basket ,ball--#a1 ,the referee tosses the ball up between the opposing centers to put it in play4 #b1 ,a free trial for goal4 ,a foul has been made and the penalized team must stand and see their opponents try for a single point4 ,,xiv4 ,,umpire4 ,the umpire1 or umpires1 have control of the game1 and are responsible for it4 ,they must see that there is no rough play1 and that the game is played according to rules4 ,the umpires judge goals1 roll-ins1 bullies1 corners4 ,they also have the power to punish players for intentionally delaying the game4 ,the ball is in play until umpire's whistle blows4 ,basket ,ball ,basket ball needs no introduction4 ,it is probably the most popular game played by girls4 ,through the work of the ,executive ,committee on ,basket ,ball ,rules1 headed by ,mrs4 ,senda ,berenson ,abbott1 chairman1 the playing rules and the conditions under which the game may best be played have been thoroughly studied and set forth in the ,spalding ,official ,basket ,ball ,guide for ,women1 ,no4 #g;,a4 ,the game may be played either outdoors or indoors1 depending upon conditions4 ,when the circumstances permit it is always desirable to play out of doors4 ,the writer is a firm believer in outdoor exercise wherever and whenever possible1 but there is a decided need for a wholesome1 interesting game for indoors during the long winter months4 ,basket ball undoubtedly fills this need4 ,the game is played by two teams consisting of either five1 six1 seven1 or nine players each4 ,if the teams play with five on a side1 there are two forwards1 a center and two guards each2 if with six on a side1 there are two centers each2 if with seven1 three centers2 if with nine1 three forwards1 three centers and three guards4 ,the court 7floor or field7 is divided into three equal parts4 ,the lines dividing the court are parallel to the end lines4 ,they are known as field lines4 ,the reason the court is thus divided is to define the space in which the various players may operate4 ,thus each set of players can operate only on their third of the court1 so that the line game makes a minimum physical demand upon the player4 ,that is1 the forwards of ,team ,a and the guards of ,team ,b may run only in the third of the floor before the former's basket2 the centers of both teams in the space in middle1 and the guards of ,team ,a and the forwards of ,team ,b in the third of the floor before the latter's basket4 ,the three general positions call for three different kinds of skill4 ,the forwards should possess a good eye1 should have the knack of handling the ball well and should have agility and speed4 ,the center should have height1 ability to get possession of the ball and the knack of feeding well1 that is1 passing the ball to her forwards4 ,the center rarely shoots for the basket in the line game4 ,the guards1 as their name implies1 must prevent the opposing forwards from shooting a goal1 so must be quick1 active and able to jump well4 ,the game begins with each team in position4 ,the referee puts the ball in play by tossing it up between the centers1 who jump and bat it 7they must not catch it74 ,when once in play the ball must be passed from one player to another--not handled1 nor rolled1 nor kicked4 ,nor may any player carry it1 but she may bounce it once1 taking not more than two steps during the bounce4 ,thus the game is essentially one of team play1 which calls for fast1 clever1 clean co-operation in playing4 ,the play continues until a score is made1 or a player fouls1 or the ball goes out of bounds4 ,a score is made when a player shoots the ball into the basket from the field1 which counts two points for the score of her team4 ,a foul is made when a player of one side transgresses a rule of the game--running with the ball1 holding the ball more than three seconds1 touching over the line with some part of person1 guarding too closely1 etc4 ,when a player fouls1 a free throw from a mark fifteen feet from and directly in front of the basket is allowed to a forward of the opposing side4 ,when the ball passes through the basket1 rim and net1 one point is added to the score of the team4 ,when the ball goes over the boundary lines1 the game is stopped and the ball is given to the nearest opponent of the girl who touched it last4 ,she then passes the ball to one of her teammates1 thus starting play again4 ,the winning of the game is determined by the scoring of the most points 7both field goals and free throws7 in a given time--usually fifteen-minute halves with a ten-minute intermission4 ,baskets are exchanged at the end of the first half4 ,from my own experience and observation ,i find the average player is weak in passing4 ,one of the faults is inaccuracy4 ,every pass should count2 but if the pass is wild1 thrown at a teammate rather than to one1 much strength and time is wasted4 ,throw directly to an unguarded player1 or if she signals to send the pass to a certain spot1 send the pass there4 ,think carefully what results come from a careless1 inaccurate pass4 ,it may end in fumbling1 or the ball out of bounds1 or the ball obtained by opponent1 waste of time1 delaying the game4 ,the passing is apt to be slow4 ,get the ball out of your hands as quickly as possible4 ,to do this1 every player must know the relative positions of all her teammates4 ,she must decide the moment the ball touches her hands to whom she is going to pass1 then pass quickly and carefully4 ,by quickly ,i do not mean hurriedly2 ,i mean the player should not hold the ball an undue length of time deciding what to do with it4 ,many players have but one way of throwing the ball1 always using the same pass4 ,vary your passing according to the need4 ,if a high ball with a drop to it can be used1 use it when your teammate is in a good position to receive4 ,but do not use this style of pass exclusively4 ,try a short1 swift pass4 ,if when you are guarded for one pass1 quickly change to another1 such as1 from an overhead pass--both arms holding ball high over head--to a low side pass--the arm held out toward the side1 the palm of hand around the ball1 which rests on the flexed hand and wrist4 ,it takes a great deal of practice and team work to make the passing perfect1 but remember always be wide awake and alert1 ready to receive the ball4 ,needless to say1 the team work is the main factor4 ,it is the way the team plays1 not the way one player stars1 that counts4 ,each of the different players has a different duty to perform4 ,the forwards have to shoot both field and foul goals4 ,in shooting baskets1 it is of prime importance to have some chosen point on basket or back board to aim at4 ,of course1 there are many forwards who shoot at random2 goals are made1 but many more are missed4 ,once this spot for the aim is made definite--through much practice--the aim becomes surer4 ,many a game has been lost through the inability to shoot foul goals4 ,the feet should toe the #ae-;foot line1 slightly apart1 fixed firmly on the ground4 ,the ball is held in both hands1 palms flat on opposite sides of the ball2 the lace is turned toward the basket4 ,the knees are bent2 the ball is carried forward and down1 arms straight4 ,simultaneously the knees are straightened1 the arms are carried forward and up1 the ball leaves the hands4 ,just as the ball leaves the hands an 8,english0 is put on it4 ,that is1 the ball is twirled as it leaves the hands4 ,the advantage of the 8,english0 lies in the fact that it serves to make the ball shoot through the basket instead of bounding out1 as is often the case when it is tossed up a little off the true and without the spin4 ,good passing is necessary for the forwards4 ,the forward should remember never to shoot unless she is in a favorable position2 one forward should always stick close to the basket4 ,always try to keep free2 pass to your opponent whenever possible2 never keep the ball selfishly in order to gain a shot for yourself4 ,the center should realize the importance of this position4 ,naturally the forwards cannot score goals unless the ball is sent to them4 ,thus1 the center should be alert and quick1 free to receive the pass from the guards and quick to send a good pass to her forwards1 who should be dodging their guards1 trying to get in a favorable position4 ,often the center can well make use of the bounce and step to get away from the opposing center4 ,the guard has to remember that every time the forward gets the ball1 if she is good1 she has a chance to get it in the basket4 ,thus1 it should be the main object of the guard to get the ball away from her end of the field4 ,every guard should try to get the ball and send it out of dangerous territory4 ,then she should stick closely to her forward1 guarding her as closely as the rules allow4 ,one fault of the guards is over-guarding4 ,this is generally done through over-anxiety4 ,the guards should watch carefully so as not to foul4 ,jumper or middy blouse1 bloomers and rubber-soled shoes make up the accepted costume4 ,above all1 the element of good sportsmanship and fair play should enter into every game1 no matter how strenuous the playing1 and the slogan of the whole team should be1 8,put the ball in the basket40 ,,basket ,,ball ,,games ,,or ,,tournament4 ,an umpire who is competent and fair should have entire jurisdiction over the game4 ,the game should be conducted in an orderly fashion1 according to the rules4 ,for a series or tournament1 a set number of games should be played1 such as two out of three2 the winner is then the champion4 ,if more than two teams play1 the winners should play the winners1 etc4 ,let me impress the importance of set rules agreed to and known thoroughly by every player2 this saves much dispute and sometimes bitter feeling4 ,leagues of basket ball teams1 such as are to be found in some cities1 etc41 organized for the purpose of clean sport and good fellowship1 have been extremely successful4 ,each team may play a set number of games with every other team1 the winner of the most games being the champion of the league4 ,gymnastics ,gymnastics1 or work in a gymnasium1 indoors or out1 is recognized the world over for its utility4 ,the term gymnastics usually applies to a group or class drilled by an instructor or coach4 ,gymnastic exercises may be1 however1 adapted to fit an individual1 prescribed for her by a competent authority 7which may be herself74 ,the very great and growing popularity of gymnastic exercise is due to several facts4 ,first of all1 there is a general awakening to the need for organized exercise at most schools and colleges and within the ranks of many social organizations4 ,aside from walking1 gymnastic exercises1 as they have been developed by the ,swedes and the ,germans1 are possibly the most obvious form of beneficial physical exercise4 ,then this form of physical training has the very decided advantage of being susceptible to the widest kind of application4 ,it may be graded so as to be beneficial to various groups of individuals of varying physical development4 ,it may be given in the most scientific quantities--more so than any other form of exercise save walking4 ,it may be used as a drilling force to instill discipline--against fire1 for instance--in great groups of persons1 for ability and sufficient knowledge in handling one's body quickly and efficiently in a crowd under abnormal conditions is quite an important and necessary accomplishment4 ,in fact1 everyone1 no matter at what age1 could do well by her or his body to indulge in some form of calisthenics or gymnastic exercise4 ,there are two main divisions of gymnastics--floor work and apparatus work4 ,the floor work consists mainly of tactics1 calisthenics1 drills with hand apparatus1 such as wands1 dumb bells1 ,indian clubs1 etc41 dancing and posturing exercises4 ,the tactics consist mainly of marching by ones1 twos1 threes1 fours1 etc41 of flank marching1 and of circle marching4 ,form in this counts for a great deal together with quick execution of commands and memory of the proper method by which the figure is to be executed4 ,perfect form in marching consists of the head erect1 the eyes straight ahead1 the shoulders back1 the arms down straight at the sides1 the palms of the hands turned toward the body1 the fingers close together2 the toes should be pointed and reach for the floor1 so that the muscles of the leg and the thigh can feel the effort made4 ,also the marchers should observe carefully the space between each one and the straightness or regularity of the line4 ,watch the person ahead of you and beside you4 ,this keeps the marching from being ragged4 ,in the calisthenics and drills--,indian clubs excepted--the most used exercises are3 the arm stretching or raising upward1 downward1 sideward1 forward2 the bending of the head1 trunk1 arms1 or legs2 the bending of the knees2 the stretching of the legs2 the lunges sideward and forward2 the raising and sinking on the toes4 ,these are the fundamental exercises and may be combined to form the different drills4 ,to attain perfect form in these1 it is best to watch a competent gymnast2 after so doing it is possible1 by careful imitation1 to attain good form yourself4 ,these exercises may easily be practised in any sufficient space1 in front of a mirror when possible4 ,it is well to remember that form and grace are very important factors4 ,always keep in mind that the lines of the body should be kept symmetrical2 that a lot of snap in executing the exercises is a help4 ,the ,indian club drills consist of full arm swings1 circles1 dips1 etc4 ,these can best be taught by a teacher4 ,form is the all-important factor here also4 ,dancing is divided into three separate groups3 sthetic1 social1 and folk dancing4 ,the sthetic develops the natural grace of the body2 social dancing does this1 too1 but not to such a great extent4 ,there are many girls who feel ungainly and unnatural in the sthetic and social dances4 ,for these are the folk dances4 ,these dances are a natural expression of joy and good humor4 ,the girl who is most unsuited to other types of dancing may enjoy and ultimately become very efficient in folk dancing4 ,posturing may be added here4 ,this is practising and attaining the correct poise and positions of the body4 ,apparatus work consists of exercises on the following3 stall bar1 horizontal bar1 parallel bar1 trapeze1 swinging rings1 traveling rings1 ropes1 rope ladder1 horizontal ladder1 side horse1 buck1 etc4 ,the secret of success in apparatus work lies in the knowledge of muscular control and of the balance of the body4 ,by muscular control1 ,i mean the power to exert the proper amount of strength at the exact moment2 by balance1 ,i mean adapting the weight of the body to the strength4 ,apparatus work should be undertaken carefully--if possible1 under the supervision of an instructor2 mats should always be placed to break any fall4 ,too continued exercises tire even the best gymnast2 sometimes the girl does not realize she is tired4 ,between exercises give yourself plenty of rest and relax your muscles4 ,as the subject is so extensive and so varied ,i can only mention a few exercises4 ,the most popular pieces of apparatus seem to be the side horse1 the parallel bars1 and the swinging rings4 ,the ,side ,horse4--,the most elementary exercises on the horse are the rests4 ,the girl grasps the pommels of the horse and jumps to a straight-arm position2 the body is straight1 weight on the arms4 ,or she may jump to a kneeling position between the pommels2 or she may jump to her toes4 ,there are different ways of ending these exercises1 either jumping back to the first position or jumping to the other side of horse4 ,another exercise is to run1 grasp the pommels with both hands1 arms straight1 draw the legs up and shoot them between the pommels1 landing on opposite side of the horse4 ,the landing may be straight or by retaining a grip with one hand on the pommel1 you can turn either to the left or the right1 according to the hand on pommel4 ,next comes the vaults4 ,in vaulting you must remember always to jump from both feet from the center of the springboard4 ,the best form in vaulting is gotten by keeping the arms as straight as possible2 the body should be straight with toes pointing and together1 the legs thrown high in the air4 ,the different kinds of vaults which may be taken on either side are3 ,the front vault2 the face and front of the body are turned above the top of the horse1 the landing is made facing the side4 ,the flank or side vault2 the side of the body is above the horse1 the landing is made between the pommels with the back toward the horse4 ,the back vault2 the back of body is over the horse1 the landing is the same as the side vault4 ,the wolf vault2 for the right side1 the left leg passes through pommels1 the right leg passes over the right pommel2 as the right leg passes over the pommel1 the right hand is taken away so that leg may pass2 the hold is kept by the left hand4 ,same for left side1 except leg and hand used are the left instead of the right4 ,besides the vaults there are cuts1 circles1 dives1 and inversions1 which may be acquired by practice4 ,parallel ,bars4--,as on the horse1 the most elementary are the rest positions4 ,jumps to straight arm position at sides or ends accompanied by lifting of arms and legs1 etc4 ,it is important that every gymnast know how to swing and vault well on the bars4 ,for the swing1 the hands grasp the bars directly opposite each other4 ,you then jump to a straight-arm position4 ,to start to swing1 the heels are drawn back1 the legs brought forward and upward with free movement from the hips4 ,the head should be held up1 trunk kept erect1 legs straight1 toes pointed and together4 ,for the front vault1 the front of body faces the bar2 for the back vault1 the back of the body is over the bar4 ,on both the horse and the parallel bars are a multitude of cuts and circles combined with each other and with vaults4 ,flying ,rings4--,the proper way to swing on the rings is to have the rings at such a height so that the arms are straight and the feet touch the ground comfortably4 ,then step backward1 grasping the rings1 one in each hand1 until the tips of the toes just touch the ground2 run forward1 swing the legs forward and upward from the hips4 ,as the body swings backward1 touch the floor with both feet as if stepping2 do the same on the forward swing4 ,the legs in swinging should be kept straight both forward and backward1 toes together4 ,another popular exercise on the rings is the inversion1 that is1 hanging head down1 feet in air1 the body straight4 ,there are many exercises on these three pieces of apparatus together with those on the other apparatus1 for which there is not room in this book4 ,,gymnastic ,,meet ,,or ,,exhibition4 ,an interesting event at many gymnasiums is a meet or exhibition--in case of school1 college1 or club1 generally the results of the year's work4 ,if these events are competitive or non-competitive1 it is1 for the most part1 the most carefully practised work by the most proficient girls4 ,if these events are judged1 the judges1 as a rule1 have a certain mark1 such as #aj1 for each event4 ,if the performance of the event is perfect1 then the number won for that event is #aj2 if nearly perfect1 then #i is given1 etc4 ,the judges consider entrance2 general appearance1 such as neatness1 regularity of order1 etc42 manner of executing the exercise1 such as form1 position1 memory1 rhythm1 etc42 the finish or exit4 ,all of these factors are taken into account by the judges in scoring4 ,whether for individual or group prizes1 it is advisable to have competent judges who have a decided system of marking4 ,usually there are three judges1 each marking the score independently of the others4 ,comparisons are made at the end of each event4 ,the scores of all judges for each performer are added together and divided by three 7or as many times as there are judges7 and the result is the score for the performer4 ,track ,athletics ,everybody knows that a certain amount of exercise is beneficial to all persons physically able to indulge4 ,but there are still many protests against more active competitive exercise4 ,in particular1 track and field athletics for girls and women have been criticised4 ,of course1 it is only reasonable to admit that for a girl physically unfit1 over-indulgence in track work is a mistake4 ,but in these days when the majority of schools and colleges have competent teachers for their athletic work1 and when the girls are allowed to participate in events only after a thorough medical examination1 the danger from track work seems to be rapidly diminishing4 ,tennis1 basket ball and battle ball were the first competitive sports to be widely participated in by the colleges4 ,miss ,harriet ,ballintine1 ,director of ,physical ,culture at ,vassar ,college1 thus tells of the beginning of track and field sports for women in her book1 8,the ,history of ,physical ,training at ,vassar ,college03 8,following basket and battle ball a demand was made for other out-of-door activities4 ,the students became interested in hurdling1 running and jumping1 etc4 ,they organized an athletic association and in ,november1 #ahie1 the first field day was held4 ,this was the beginning of track and field sports for women4 ,before this time there was no record of girls taking part in such competitive events4 ,in #ahif at the ,harvard ,summer ,school a course in athletic training was opened to women4 ,this first class was composed principally of teachers from schools and colleges whose students had asked for instruction in athletics4 ,after ,vassar's first field day many schools and colleges became interested in such contests4 ,previous to #ahif a course in athletics had been offered to women at the ,chautauqua ,summer ,school1 but as there was no demand for it1 the ,harvard ,summer ,school was1 therefore1 the first school to give systematic instruction to girls in track and field sports4 ,this first class in athletics for women was in charge of ,mr4 ,james ,lathrop1 for many years athletic trainer at ,harvard and instructor in the ,theory and ,practice of ,athletics at the ,summer ,school4 ,he ordered for ,miss ,eva ,g4 ,may1 then an instructor in the gymnasium at ,vassar1 the first pair of spiked running shoes ever made for a woman4 ,the ,vassar ,college ,athletic ,association provided these running shoes for every student who entered field day40 ,one of the main difficulties in track work at the present time is that there is no set standard for coaches and participants to use4 ,a very creditable attempt has been made by ,dr4 ,harry ,e4 ,stewart1 ,physical ,director of the ,new ,haven ,normal ,school of ,gymnastics1 to collect the records made by girls and women4 7,see ,spalding's ,athletic ,almanac1 published annually47 ,however1 it is not the exceptional girl who is of the record-breaking ability that should be considered entirely4 ,track work should be first regarded from the point of view of exercise4 ,the equipment for track work should be supervised carefully4 ,the clothing worn should be the lightest and the least harmful to the limbs4 ,light shirt waist or middy blouse1 bloomers1 spiked or rubber-soled shoes should be adopted4 ,the track itself should be level and smooth1 the jumping pits soft so that there is no jar1 and the throwing events should have plenty of room4 ,illustration3 ,one of the hardest faults to overcome in shot putting is to stay within the circle4 ,the girl in the picture does not get all of the ground in the circle that she might1 nor is her left hand helping her get the shot 8up0 with her right4 ,illustration3 ,the last relay6 ,the runner on the outside gives a slight advantage to her teammate4 ,perhaps it is enough to counteract the advantage gained by the other team when they won the 8pole40 ,illustration3 ,over the bar in the high jump4 ,in order to successfully complete her try this jumper will have to 8scissors0 her left foot over4 ,illustration3 ,field ,day--,an exciting hurdle race4 ,,track4 ,the track1 if possible1 should be a straight #ajj yards4 ,if the work is done inside it is necessary to work on the circular track or on the floor of the gymnasium4 ,a cinder track is the most desirable if it can be procured4 ,first the earth is dug up1 then mixed with coarse ashes2 the earth and coarse ashes are then packed down2 fine ashes are mixed on the top layer4 ,the whole track is then wet thoroughly and rolled until level and smooth4 ,the track is generally divided into lanes1 three feet six inches in width1 and is made wide enough to have four lanes4 ,,distances4 ,there are a variety of distances from #be yards to the #ajj on the straight track1 and the #bbj and the #ddj on the circular track4 ,a few coaches still believe that the long sprints--#bbj and #ddj--;are not injurious1 while others contend that the half-mile is not so harmful4 ,however1 the #ej1 #ge1 and #ajj-yard dashes seem to be most common at different schools and colleges4 ,according to the records collected by ,mr4 ,stewart1 #ab seconds is the best time for the #ajj-yard2 #h-c_/e seconds for the #ge-yard2 #f seconds for the #ej-yard4 ,the other dashes noted by him are the #be-yard1 #c-d_/e seconds2 #cj-yard1 #d-c_/e seconds2 #dj-yard1 #e-a_/e seconds2 #fj-yard1 #h seconds2 #hj-yard1 #aa seconds4 ,also the #bbj-yard1 #cj-c_/e seconds1 and #ddj yard1 #a minute and #af seconds4 ,there is also a short relay1 #cjj yards1 four girls1 each running #ge yards4 ,this race is very popular at the colleges4 ,,hurdles4 ,as in the running races so in the hurdles there is a wide difference of opinion as to length and as to height of hurdles and number of hurdles4 ,the #ajj-yard hurdle race seems very popular1 #h hurdles1 varying from #a-a_/b1 #b or #b-a_/b feet in height4 ,there is also the #abj-yard1 #aj hurdles1 #ad inches high2 #ij-yard1 #g hurdles1 #a-a_/b and #b-a_/b feet in height2 #hj-yard1 #f hurdles1 #b-a_/b feet2 #fe-yard1 #f hurdles1 #b-a_/b feet2 #fj-yard1 #d hurdles1 #b-a_/b feet2 #fj-yard1 #c hurdles1 #b-a_/b feet2 #ej-yard1 #d hurdles1 #b feet2 #dj-yard1 #e hurdles1 #b feet2 #dj-yard1 #d hurdles1 #a-a_/b feet4 ,there is a great variety of choice4 ,the hurdles should be arranged3 ,first hurdle1 #ae yards from start and each hurdle #aj yards apart1 allowing #ae yards between last hurdle and finish line4 ,in a pamphlet reprinted from the ,american ,physical ,education ,review1 ,january1 #aiaf1 8,a ,survey of ,track ,athletics for ,women10 ,mr4 ,stewart has made the following selection in order to standardize track events4 ,junior ,events3 #ej-yard dash #ge-yard dash #fj-yard1 four #b-;foot hurdles ,standing broad jump ,running broad jump ,running hop1 step and jump ,base ball throw ,basket ball throw ,senior ,events3 #ej-yard dash #ajj-yard dash #ajj-yard1 eight #b-a_/b-;foot hurdles ,standing broad jump ,running broad jump ,running high jump ,running hop1 step and jump #h-pound shot-put ,base ball throw ,basket ball throw ,mr4 ,stewart also says3 8,only the exceptional girl should pole vault1 run the #bbj-yard race1 or put the #ab-pound shot4 ,hurl ball 7,sargent71 discus 7free style71 javelin throw1 standing high jump1 and many other events are good1 but the above groups seem sufficient and best adapted to competitive work40 ,,jumping4 ,while all jumping may be done in one pit1 where the space is available it is better to have one pit for the high jumps1 one for the running broad1 one for hop1 step and jump1 another for the pole vault4 ,the pits should be soft4 ,all pits are made the same way but differ in size4 ,the earth should be dug up to a depth of at least a foot and a half4 ,if ground is hard1 pits should be deeper4 ,this soft dug-up earth should be equally mixed with sand or sawdust or both4 ,pits should be kept well raked up and not allowed to become packed4 ,for the high jump the pit should be wide1 at least eight feet in width and six or seven feet long4 ,for high jumping1 two adjustable standards and a bamboo or thin cross-bar are required4 ,these standards are placed six feet apart1 directly opposite each other in a straight line4 ,the standards are perforated by little round holes into which the pegs 7not more than #c inches long7 are inserted to hold the cross-bar4 ,there should be a runway or approach of at least twenty yards4 ,there is no take-off4 ,for the running broad jump there is a runway--cinder track1 if possible--#bj to #cj yards in length1 #c feet in width4 ,a take-off is sunk1 marking division between runway and pit4 ,this is a planed joist1 #e inches wide1 sunk into ground so that top is on a level with runway1 and painted white4 ,the pit should be at least #be feet long and about #f feet wide4 ,this may also be used for standing broad4 ,the pit for the hop1 step and jump is constructed in the same way4 ,for the pole vault the uprights should be #aj feet apart1 placed opposite each other4 ,there is a runway--cinder track1 if possible--about #bj or #be yards long1 #aj feet wide4 ,between the two uprights a plank #af inches deep should be sunk1 #b inches of which should be above ground level4 ,in front of plank1 in center1 a hole #e or #f inches deep should be dug4 ,,putting ,,the ,,shot4 ,the contestant stands in a #g-;foot circle and the put or throw must be made from within the circle4 ,it is a foul for either foot to touch the ground outside until the shot has landed4 ,a toe board raised #d or #e inches above the ground and sunk firmly into the earth should form about one-quarter of the circle4 ,spalding's official #h and #ab-pound shots are used4 ,,sprinting4 ,from my own observation1 ,i have seen few girls that really know how to run4 ,one great trouble is that the instinct is to run as speedily as possible from the minute you get on the track4 ,first of all you should learn to run well in good form4 ,i shall try to give a few hints to the runner which may be helpful4 ,head4--,the head should be up1 the eyes looking straight ahead and firmly fixed on the finish line4 ,shoulders4--,the shoulders should be kept straight up and back1 not allowed to wiggle from side to side4 ,body4--,the whole trunk from waistline up1 however1 should be bent slightly forward4 ,arms4--,the arms should be held loosely in a bent position1 the forearm at right angles with the upper arm4 ,the movement of the arms should be controlled2 they should be allowed to swing forward and backward in accordance with the motion of the rest of the body4 ,many runners do not control the swinging of the arms1 letting them flap sideward1 downward1 thus wasting energy4 ,some runners use cork grips for the hands2 personally1 ,i prefer to run with my hands clenched into a fist4 ,legs4--,many runners make the mistake in thinking the longer your stride1 the better your form and the faster you run4 ,if you have a long stride it is often apt to be very helpful1 but the runner should not try to take an abnormally long stride4 ,by that ,i mean take only as long a stride as you can manage without strain1 or without appearing to be running in leaps and bounds4 ,neither should the knees be dashed high in front4 ,feet4--,a great deal in running depends upon the way the feet are placed4 ,the toe of the foot should reach out for the ground2 the toe should be pointed straight ahead and each foot should be put down on the ground directly in front of its former position4 ,the runner should take care not to run heavily1 and she should1 whether in practice or competition1 always stride well up on her toes4 ,in running you should always think of yourself as a unit1 running with the smoothest possible action4 ,some runners are not units1 but arms1 legs1 body and knees1 all wobbling in different ways1 giving the general appearance of falling apart4 ,yet you must not go too far the other way1 that is1 don't run tensely4 ,be limber but not loose4 ,try to get all the spring and lightness possible4 ,to do this get the balance over the feet2 don't run with balance too far forward or too far back4 ,the ,start4--,the crouch start is conceded to be the best4 ,this should be practised until the runner learns to get away at the word 8go10 to get the proper push with the rear leg1 and to rise to an upright position gradually4 ,there are three counts for the crouching start3 8,get ready40 ,the fingers are placed just behind starting line2 the arms should be carried straight down from the shoulders1 thus making the hands shoulder width apart2 the runners then kneel on one knee1 either right or left1 according to preference2 the toe of the forward foot should be as close to starting line as is comfortable for runner2 the knee of rear leg should be on a line with front leg1 close up to it1 with lower part of leg 7that is1 below the knee7 reaching back as far as possible in a straight line from the knee4 ,a hole should be dug for the toe of each foot4 8,get set40 ,the rear knee is raised1 the whole body tense ready for the spring2 the weight is thrown over the front knee so that the toe of front foot feels the weight and can get a good push over2 the head is up2 the whole strength of the body seems concentrated in the muscles used in springing forward4 8,go0 7or the pistol shot74 ,the sprinter springs forward with all the force possible from the front foot4 ,but she should not assume an upright position at once1 but gradually1 after three or four strides have been taken4 ,in other starts you stand upright with one leg back1 other leg front4 ,front leg is slightly bent1 weight of body is over front leg4 ,,hurdling4 ,in hurdling1 the crouching start is very important4 ,all the form of sprinting should be considered and also there should be perfect form over the hurdles4 ,a girl may be a fast runner1 but if she cannot take the hurdles well and quickly she will be defeated by a slower girl who can4 ,many hurdlers twist toward the side1 or1 in landing1 land too far to one side of hurdle4 ,first the approach from the start to the first hurdle should be carefully measured by strides4 ,the runner should always take just this number of strides4 ,the strides between each hurdle should be counted also4 ,then a mark should be made in front of each hurdle1 from which point the hurdler should always rise to the hurdles4 ,the long low stride is the best over the hurdles4 ,there are two forms of hurdling1 that of the leg bent sideways1 usually recommended for girls1 and the 8straight-leg40 ,for the first1 the front leg--leg first over the hurdle in the stride--is bent across the other leg2 the arms are stretched out toward the side2 the rear leg is trailed over the hurdle2 the front foot reaches the ground first1 the hurdler landing squarely on the ball of the foot1 the toe pointed straight ahead4 ,personally1 ,i prefer the 8straight-leg0 hurdle to the 8side-leg0 style4 ,in the latter the rise over the hurdle is greater1 the upright position of the trunk meets more resistance from the air1 the landing is made with more of a jar4 ,in the 8straight-leg0 the stride over hurdle is long and as low as possible2 the body is bent as far over the front leg as possible2 the front leg shoots over the hurdle straight1 for as great a distance as possible1 the arm 7on same side of body7 is forward when leg is2 the rear leg is trailed1 extending slightly to the side from the thigh to the toe2 the weight of body is as far forward as possible1 thus enabling a longer stride2 the front foot should land on ground1 on the ball1 toe pointed forward2 the rear foot should be ready to shoot out for next stride4 ,my advice is for hurdlers to practice until they are sure of themselves before running in a race4 ,they must not hesitate before hurdles1 thus forced to jump off both feet4 ,the rise should be with the least possible effort2 the landing should be light1 the runner immediately resuming the stride4 ,never be afraid of a hurdle4 ,practice until you are perfect and sure of yourself1 and sure of the hurdle4 ,confidence makes you successful4 ,,running ,,broad ,,jump4 ,there are two important parts to the running broad jump--the run and the jump4 ,the run should not be so long as to tire the jumper4 ,the first few strides are slow1 then at a mark placed by the jumper the speed increases until the take-off is reached4 ,the momentum gathered in this run aids in the jump greatly1 thus it is important that a mark be made the proper number of strides away from the take-off4 ,the foot which takes the jump from the take-off should always be the same one1 therefore the strides before the take-off should be carefully observed4 ,a spring is made when the foot lands on the take-off4 ,it is a foul to step over the take-off4 ,after the jumper has given the best leap possible from the ball of the foot on the take-off1 she tries to augment this leap by drawing her legs up under her1 throwing her arms up and forward4 ,when nearing ground the feet should shoot forward1 the whole body thrown so that the balance is forward4 ,this insures a better landing4 ,the jump should be high4 ,many coaches teach the girls to jump over a bar1 thus forming a habit of getting height4 ,it is always well to fix your eye on a point about four feet high and beyond the distance you can jump4 ,fix your eye on this at the beginning of the run and keep it there until a landing is made4 ,,standing ,,broad ,,jump4 ,the jumper stands with both feet on the take-off1 toes overlapping the outer edge to get a grip4 ,many jumpers like to rock back and forth on the toes1 knees slightly bent2 the arms also are swung gently backward and forward4 ,when the jumper is ready to spring1 the arms should be held above the head and brought back with a snap as the spring is made1 with the knees bent forward and all the strength concentrated for the jump4 ,as in the running broad1 the jump should be high1 thus the eyes should be fixed on a spot high and beyond the distance you expect to jump4 ,while in the air1 shoot the arms1 legs and body as far forward as possible in order to gain distance4 ,,running ,,hop1 ,,step ,,and ,,jump4 ,the run is the same as in the running broad jump1 except at the end instead of jumping you first take a hop1 immediately followed by a step and then a jump4 ,the hop ends on the same foot which landed on the take-off2 then the step1 the opposite foot landing on the ground2 then the jump is taken from the foot then on the ground4 ,the greatest effort should be in the jump2 the other two should not take such a lot of effort that the speed is slowed up4 ,,running ,,high ,,jump4 ,as in the running broad jump1 the girl should have a mark by which she can tell the point where her speed should be increased4 ,the same foot should always be brought to the same position for jumping2 thus1 the number of strides should be carefully taken from the mark to the bar every time4 ,some jumpers approach from the left1 some from the right4 ,the spring is taken from the ball of the foot nearest to the bar at a distance determined by practice1 usually three to four feet4 ,the nearer leg is thrown over the bar4 ,as the nearer leg is thrown high1 the far leg with a strong push leaves the ground2 thus1 as the near leg is coming down the far leg is going up and over the bar4 ,it is often advisable to throw the body away from the bar4 ,it is bad form to touch or knock the cross-bar4 ,,standing ,,high ,,jump4 ,the form of the standing high is the same1 except that the jumper stands about a foot away from the bar1 side turned toward it4 ,as in the broad jump1 she may gather speed by swinging the arms and rocking on the toes until strength is summoned for the spring4 ,the feet must not leave the ground until the spring is made4 ,,pole ,,vault4 ,as in the jumps1 the pole vaulter must determine her run to the point where the foot makes the spring4 ,she should run slowly until the point for the faster run is marked1 then she should gather speed and come to the spot from which spring is taken4 ,the spring should always be taken from the same foot1 and the run should always start with this foot4 ,the pole should be grasped with both hands1 the palm of the lower hand facing inward and the top hand outward4 ,the vaulter should grasp the pole at the height of the cross-bar1 which she measures on pole at each increase of height and at each trial4 ,during the run the pole is held across the body1 with the hands gripping the pole at proper spot2 then the pole is placed in the hole in front of cross-bar and a spring is taken from the foot2 the arm underneath should be straight1 the one above bent2 as the pole swings to a vertical position the body swings up1 and if the vaulter is strong enough in the arms she should slide the lower hand up to the top one2 an extra push is given to propel the body over the bar as the pole is released4 ,while crossing the bar the body should be arched2 in falling1 the face should be downward4 ,the landing should be easy and light4 ,,shot ,,put4 ,the competitor must stay within the circle and must not step over the toe board4 ,if the shot is held in the right hand1 the left side of the body is turned in the direction shot is going2 the weight is on the right foot1 the left foot and left arm are raised to help the balance of the body2 the shot is carried in right hand1 which is held up slightly above the shoulder1 elbow of right arm bent and well back1 and held as close as possible to the ribs4 ,a quick hop forward is taken1 the same position is retained2 then the body is turned1 the weight transferred to the left leg1 and as this is done the shot is thrust forward1 with the weight and entire strength of body behind the throw2 the right foot comes forward to preserve the balance2 the toe should be against the springboard4 ,it is important to learn the correct form in shot putting1 thus it is advisable to practice with a light weight4 ,,basket ,,ball ,,throw4 ,this throw is similar to the shot put in form1 the ball being held high over the body4 ,it is a foul to step outside the circle1 #f feet in diameter4 ,the ball also may be thrown from the flexed wrist position1 that is1 the ball rests in palm of hand and on the bent wrist4 ,in both the throws the ball is thrown after a spring on the right foot is taken4 ,it is better to throw the ball high4 ,,base ,,ball ,,throw4 ,as in the basket ball throw1 the base ball throw should have height4 ,the throw must be an overhand throw and the competitor must not step out of the circle4 ,the ball is grasped by some people by the first two fingers and the thumb1 the other two fingers are bent into the palm4 ,,hurl ,,ball ,,throw4 ,the regulation hurl ball has a short strap on it4 ,this strap is grasped in one hand2 the side of body is turned in direction the ball is going2 the ball is carried high overhead and then down1 describing a circle2 a hop forward is taken1 the ball released as it is starting up--this then insures height4 ,,javelin ,,throw4 ,the javelin is grasped by one hand or by both hands4 ,the center of balance is found on the javelin2 here it is gripped by the hand1 the first and second fingers and thumb holding it2 the hand should be over the shoulder2 a short run should be taken2 then1 with right foot back and all the weight on it1 the javelin is carried back2 then the arm1 shoulder1 and body come quickly forward1 the hand releases the javelin and the weight is on the left 7forward7 foot4 ,the competitor may not cross the board or the mark4 ,,discus ,,throw4 ,the discus is thrown in two ways3 #a4 ,free ,style4--,the discus is held in the palm of the right hand1 the edge resting between the first and second joints of the fingers4 ,the flight is guided by means of the index finger4 ,the right hand is swung down and across the body2 the right foot is at the rear of circle1 the left a little forward2 when the right hand has been swung back to the maximum reach of the arm1 the thrower should pivot on the left heel1 then she should crouch1 straighten body and throw the discus1 making a spring so that the feet are changed2 thus1 right foot is back1 left forward4 #b4 ,greek ,style4--,this is generally from a block or pedestal2 the competitor1 right leg forward1 holds the discus in both hands overhead1 then the discus is shifted to the right hand1 which is brought down and back as far as possible4 ,the knees are bent4 ,now the knees are straightened1 a jump forward is taken and discus is hurled in the air4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the main difficulty with track athletics is that they are overdone1 that is1 a girl does not consider her strength4 ,in training a horse1 the trainer does not urge it to tear over the course two or three times at full speed4 ,this is just the way some girls think they are improving their running or jumping1 getting to the top form sometimes two or three times a day4 ,it is advisable to practice for form slowly at first1 then increase your effort4 ,in this way then your maximum effort can be made when you are perfect in form and condition2 not too jaded by overwork to do your best or so used to hurried efforts that your form is neglected4 ,one of the great troubles with girls in athletics is that they pitch in too strenuously1 with too much enthusiasm4 ,this exuberance should be carefully diverted into the proper channels by the coach4 ,confine yourself to a few events1 all of which you can do well4 ,it is a useless waste of energy to spend your strength in events for which you are too tired to perfect your form4 ,not only do you owe to your coach and your school or college the responsibility for your good health1 but to yourself4 ,therefore never over-exert in track work4 ,a coach plays a very great part in track athletics and should watch closely over the girls4 ,if any of them seem tired or stale1 let them rest for three or four days4 ,don't1 in your desire and enthusiasm1 forget that more harm may be done through overwork and too strict training than in more obvious ways4 ,how to ,conduct a ,track ,meet ,,the ,,competitors4 ,every athlete should be entered in the meet a sufficient time before in order that the places1 events and handicaps may be arranged4 ,handicaps may be granted if a mediocre runner is running with one of stellar ability4 ,every athlete should have a number4 ,,the ,,officials4 ,referee4--,the referee has entire charge of the meet and is responsible for the good conduct of the meet4 ,all fouls are dealt with by her4 ,she may disqualify an offender and give the runner fouled another trial1 or allow a new race to be run4 ,the ,clerk of the ,course4--,this position deals mainly with the executive part of the meet4 ,the clerk of the course sees that the events are run in order and on scheduled time4 ,she sees that the contestants are called on time for their events4 ,she also assigns the contestants to their places--#ast1 #bnd1 #crd lane1 etc4--for the races4 ,starter4--,the starter gives the signal4 ,as a rule1 the pistol is the signal for the start4 ,the starter should have a blank cartridge pistol1 which she fires up into the air4 ,the signals are3 7#a7 8,on your mark60 7#b7 8,get set60 7#c7 8,pistol40 ,the starter may penalize for a false start or for beating the pistol1 that is1 anticipating the pistol shot4 ,she may disqualify if a runner deliberately starts ahead of the mark4 ,inspectors4--,these officials watch for fouls in a race1 such as1 impeding a runner2 coaching during the race2 crossing into another lane2 grasping tape in hands2 knocking over a hurdle4 ,judges at ,finish4--,these judge the order of the runners at finish line--#ast1 #bnd1 #crd1 etc4 ,timekeeper4--,the timekeeper must use a stopwatch and must stand at the finish line4 ,as soon as a runner touches tape or crosses line the timekeeper stops her watch1 which was started at pistol shot4 ,there should be at least one timekeeper for each of the first three runners4 ,field ,judges4--,these judges have entire charge of field events4 ,scorer4--,scorer keeps the official places and times of the participants4 ,,races4 ,the ,start4--,first false start is penalized a yard2 second1 a yard more2 third1 disqualifies4 ,any foul during race or start disqualifies4 ,a tape or strand of worsted is stretched 7about four feet high7 across the track2 the winner must breast this tape1 arms raised4 ,every other runner must cross the finish line4 ,in a hurdle race the hurdles are placed #ae yards from start and #ae yards from finish line1 allowing #aj yards in between each hurdle4 ,the hurdler may knock down or over two hurdles and still win1 but she is disqualified for the third4 ,no record stands if a hurdle has been knocked over4 ,all other rules for racing hold4 ,in the relay race the first girl to run starts at pistol2 she or each succeeding runner must touch the hand of or hand the baton to the following runner4 ,the last girl running must cross the finish line4 ,no runner may run twice in a relay4 ,all other rules for races are the same4 ,jumping4--,each competitor may have three trials1 but she may take but one or two of those if she prefers4 ,running ,broad ,jump4--,it is a foul to touch the ground with the foot on the farther side of the take-off4 ,this counts as one trial4 ,it is a foul to balk1 that is1 to run over the take-off without jumping4 ,the longest jump is scored4 ,the distance is measured by a field judge from the take-off to the nearest mark left by jumper4 ,standing ,broad ,jump4--,it is a foul to take a preliminary spring or jump or to touch the earth in front of take-off with the foot4 ,measurement same as running broad jump4 ,running ,hop1 ,step1 and ,jump4--,fouls and measurements same as running broad4 ,running ,high ,jump4--,each competitor has three trials for each height4 ,unless she clears the bar without knocking it off it is a failure4 ,it is counted a trial if the runner balks and does not jump4 ,it is counted a trial to grasp the cross-bar4 ,the bar is fixed at different heights2 it is also well to measure bar in middle to determine exact height4 ,standing ,high ,jump4--,no preliminary jump or spring may be made4 ,measurement is the same as in running high jump4 ,pole ,vault4--,each has three trials for each height4 ,a vaulter is allowed to balk--that is1 run without vaulting--but two balks count as a try4 ,if the cross-bar is knocked off it is a failure4 ,weight ,throwing4--,each has three trials4 ,the distance is measured from the toe board to the nearest mark left by shot4 ,it is a foul to touch with any part of person over the toe board or out of circle4 ,it is a foul to throw the shot instead of putting it straight out from the shoulder4 ,it counts as a try to drop the shot4 ,base ,ball ,throw4--,same as shot put4 ,basket ,ball ,throw4--,same as shot put4 ,javelin ,throw4--,same as shot put4 ,discus ,throw4--,same as shot put4 ,score4--,the score for first place is generally #e points2 second place1 #c points2 third1 #a point4 ,if there is a tie the competitors divide the points4 ,if tied for first place1 the sum of first and second points is divided2 same for tie for second place4 ,field ,day ,field ,day is essentially one on which field sports are participated in4 ,it is usually held annually4 ,by field sports are meant the throws1 the weight and jumping events described in the chapter on ,track ,athletics4 ,field ,day1 however1 has various interpretations2 it may be for celebration1 or for exhibitions1 or for competition4 ,as the title indicates1 ,field ,day is an out-of-door function4 ,if it is a gala day for celebration1 there may be different kinds of dances--interpretative dances1 sthetic dances1 ,may pole dancing1 and folk dances2 there may be drills of various kinds1 such as are mentioned in the chapter on ,gymnastics2 there may be tournament meets or games4 ,field ,day as an exhibition may consist of different dances1 drills and sports1 or games that have been practised during the year and that are displayed now in order to show the results obtained4 ,the ,field ,day in which dancing and drills play an important part is often enlivened by the use of colors4 ,scarfs1 streamers or bands of striking colors lend an effective note to a dance4 ,for the drills a uniform costume with a distinguishing streak of color is the most suitable4 ,as modern people like to be entertained1 mock games1 8stunts10 and such races as three-legged1 sack1 and potato1 may be used4 ,the object of the 8mock games0 and 8stunts0 is to amuse as much as possible4 ,there is very little element of sport that enters in4 ,in the games1 players used to certain positions may play entirely different ones2 or they may be dressed up in popular 8take-offs0 7imitations74 ,the third interpretation of ,field ,day is one for the purpose of holding competitive sports or games4 ,in fact1 ,field ,day is often held annually to decide the winners or the champions in the sports indulged in during the year2 or ,field ,day is the day of the annual track and field meet4 ,a method for competition in each sport is suggested at the end of each respective chapter4 ,walking ,there is a vast amount of difference between a real walk and a so-called walk4 ,a saunter along the city streets in high-heeled pumps and clothing too restricted to allow a free stride and room for deep breathing is not a real walk1 especially as it usually consists of stops1 such as gazing at shop windows or sampling the confections of the various stores4 ,a real walk is entirely different1 with the walker reaping all the benefits derivable from fresh air and muscular activity4 ,there are two kinds of real walking--non-competitive and competitive4 ,to deal first with non-competitive walking1 which is for the sheer joy of exercise and fresh air1 there are three maxims to be remembered by the walker1 namely1 distance1 form and clothing4 ,distance4--,the walker should have an objective point1 but the distance should never be longer than can be accomplished without extreme effort4 ,it never pays to over-exert4 ,when tired1 the walker should rest or stop1 but never give up when the tired feeling is merely imaginary4 ,cover up well when resting or upon stopping4 ,the main trouble often is that an unaccustomed walker will try to keep pace with a walker of long experience4 ,the unaccustomed walker is then apt to walk too fast1 too far or too long4 ,be conservative in the distance at first1 then increase it as your experience increases4 ,form4--,many walkers fail to derive entire benefit from their exercise because they walk badly4 ,the head should be up1 shoulders erect1 chest forward1 so that there is plenty of room for deep breathing4 ,how many walkers fail to breathe deeply and gloriously6 ,how many walkers gasp for breath and puff and plod along the way6 ,then the arms often are allowed to swing too violently1 thus wasting a lot of energy4 ,watch your arms2 don't let them imitate pump handles4 ,let them move freely but gently4 ,the legs1 of course1 are kept straight2 the foot should be put down so that the toe and ball of foot are on the ground a fraction of a second before the heel4 ,be careful that you don't come thundering down on your heels or come down with the whole foot flat4 ,clothing4--,the importance of clothing is often disregarded1 for the most part through thoughtlessness4 ,the shoes worn should be comfortable--low-heeled1 broad toes1 a medium rubber or leather sole4 ,the skirt should be short enough and wide enough to allow perfect freedom of stride4 ,the clothing around the body should be loose enough to allow free play of the muscles and ample chest expansion4 ,dress warmly1 but do not start with so much clothing that you will soon become overheated4 ,,tramps ,,or ,,hikes4 ,one of the most enjoyable forms of walking is a weekly series of tramps or hikes4 ,this is an extremely beneficial form of outdoor exercise for a school or a club to indulge in4 ,everybody can join in4 ,a leader should be appointed or elected and a committee chosen to arrange a schedule of tramps4 ,start out with an objective point of local or historical interest that will make a walk of not more than four or five miles for the first attempt4 ,the distance can be gradually increased as the walkers become accustomed until finally they can take all day trips4 ,such a day spent by a jolly group of girls gives not only valuable physical development but also combines exercise with social enjoyment4 ,good advice to the walker is3 ,breathe deeply2 walk briskly2 take a walk as often and as regularly as possible although it may be but a short one4 ,,competitive ,,walking4 ,competitive walking may be for distance--greatest distance in a set time2 or for time--fastest time for a set distance4 ,as in all competitive sports1 competitive walking should be watched for over-exertion1 nerve strain and exhaustion4 ,in the walk the arms are bent2 one foot must be on the ground when other is off or the official will call a foul for running4 ,the form is called the 8heel and toe0 walk1 the heel of one foot leaving the ground as the toe of other foot comes down4 ,the rules for walking are very similar to those of running or sprinting4 ,the competitor must start from behind a starting line1 at a given signal1 usually a gun4 ,the distance of the race is measured and there is either a tape to be breasted or a finish line on the track to be crossed4 ,false starts are penalized as in track 7,page #fe74 ,two fouls making the offender liable to disqualification are3 running1 i4 e41 having both feet off the ground at the same time2 interfering with or impeding another competitor4 ,illustration3 ,a hike in the open is one of the best ways for a group of girls to spend a day4 ,these girls are not hampered by cumbersome clothes--doubtless they are all enjoying themselves and learning the wonders of nature4 ,illustration3 ,ice ,hockey--,dribbling the puck down the ice1 defending players have covered the teammates of the dribbler to prevent a successful pass4 ,at the same time the defense is alert to stop the dribble4 ,golf ,golf1 like tennis1 is a favorite outdoor game4 ,it is essentially an open weather game1 but it may be played all the year around4 ,it is deservedly popular because it combines cross-country walking1 with all of its many benefits1 and a peculiar skill with a variety of implements or clubs4 ,anybody--woman1 girl or child in her teens--who has perseverance can make a golfer4 ,no great strength is necessary4 ,the only requisites are a good eye1 persistence1 a good teacher and the facilities of a course4 ,fortunate is the person who at an early age learned his or her golf from a competent instructor1 and fortunate is the person who has the facilities of a golf course either public or private4 ,the standard golf course is of eighteen holes4 ,the average hole is #cjj yards or more1 although the distances usually vary from #abe yards to #fjj yards and of a total length of upward of #f1jjj yards4 ,should a player play straight over the course it will be seen that a single round would usually require a walk of four miles4 ,play is started from a driving green--a leveled mound of earth4 ,the ball is teed-up on the driving green by placing a pinch of fine sand on the green and the ball upon it so that it is a half inch or more above the surface4 ,the driver1 a wooden club with a heavy head or sole1 is used and the ball sent with a full stroke as far on its way to the hole as possible4 ,usually the space immediately in front of the tee for #ej or #ge yards is rough ground1 terminating with a bunker and sand pit or some other form of hazard such as a brook1 etc4 ,then comes the fair green1 a more or less level grassy stretch extending to within a few yards of the putting green1 which contains the hole or cup4 ,on either side of the fair green is the rough1 which is long grass1 sand1 water and other hazards4 ,usually the putting green is surrounded by traps such as sand pits1 bunkers or mounds of earth and water hazards1 while often a brook trickles through the fair green4 ,the object of the game is to negotiate the course in the fewest number of strokes4 ,the drive from the tee should carry one over the first rough and over the first bunker or trap and well on to the fair green4 ,on the fair green1 if the hole is a long one and the lie of the ball favorable1 the club used to send the ball again on its way is the brassie1 which is a wooden club quite similar to the driver4 ,it has a wooden head or sole1 but the bottom of the head is plaited with a strip of brass to protect the wood1 as the ball must be picked up off the ground without the aid of teeing4 ,the drive for a girl should net a hundred yards1 more or less1 and the brassie stroke about the same4 ,often the lie of the ball on the fair green is not favorable to a brassie stroke1 in which case an iron club with a pitch to the head of the club with which to loft the ball is used4 ,this may be the mid-iron1 the cleek1 the mashie-niblic1 or the mashie4 ,the last named club is sometimes called the lofter and is used mainly for approaching the hole from off the green from distances of a hundred yards or less4 ,the putting green is a very well levelled surface of extremely fine grass in which the cap is sunk4 ,putting greens vary from very fine levels likened to billiard tables to undulating slopes4 ,the club to use on this green is the putter4 ,when a player is unfortunate enough to send the ball into the rough or long grass1 a heavy iron club such as the mashie-niblic or mid-iron is used4 ,and when the ball is sent into the sand or in a bunker the niblic is played4 ,this club has a very heavy sole with a decided pitch for lofting and sends the ball high into the air out of trouble and on to the fair green when the stroke is played properly4 ,in learning to putt1 the game of ,clock ,golf1 found on most good courses1 is a great help for it means that a girl may get diversion while grasping the fundamentals4 ,the first question in putting1 as with every club1 is to establish the most efficient grip4 ,there are two classes of grips--the overlapping grip and the regular or two-handed grip4 ,the former is the more modern grip and is1 ,i believe1 the more efficient4 ,the left hand is placed nearly at the end of the club4 ,the right hand is so placed that the little finger of the right overlaps the first finger of the left1 and the left thumb is almost entirely covered by the right hand4 ,this grip brings the wrists closer together than the two-handed method and so produces greater harmony of action in the swing4 ,with the grip established1 the next fundamental is the stance and address4 ,draw an imaginary line from the ball to the hole2 stand behind the line with heels together--feet at right angles to each other1 the left foot pointing toward the hole2 the player stands bending slightly from the hips with arms stretched down full length2 the right elbow points to the right thigh2 the left points toward the hole2 the club swings as a pendulum2 the sole of the club addresses the ball at right angles to the imaginary line4 ,the player's eye should be right above the ball4 ,the secret of the putt is two-fold--the swing1 which should be in direct proportion to the distance 7and state of the green7 from the hole1 and the impact of club and ball at a perfect right angle4 ,the follow through should be along the imaginary line still preserving the right angle4 ,with the fundamentals established1 practice will develop astonishingly accurate putting4 ,when the beginner has become adept at putting1 the next step is to place the ball back on to the fairway twenty yards or so and take up the mashie4 ,here again the fundamentals are important4 ,the grip is already mastered4 ,the stance however differs in that the heels are not together--the feet being farther apart1 the right foot farther behind the ball4 ,the stance and address are important and the player should obtain the advice of a professional or seasoned player4 ,the best advice the writer can give is to study the club and let it do its work4 ,the mashie can be used for a chip stroke for short distance and for a full stroke when the ball lies farther from the hole4 ,it is an extremely important club and when mastered can save the player many strokes4 ,the next club to study is the brassie4 ,the stroke with the brassie is the same as with the driver on the tee4 ,the stance and address for the drive and the brassie shot finds the player with feet well apart1 the right foot well behind the ball1 the arms extended1 the body upright and flexible1 the weight evenly on both feet and the head down with the eye somewhat behind the ball4 ,the club addresses the ball at right angles4 ,in the upward swing of the club the forearms are turned and the left knee shifts so as to bring the weight on to the right foot2 the club descends down through the arc it has described2 the right foot pivots1 the forearms turn1 the weight comes almost wholly on the left foot and the club returns to the ball exactly at right angles4 ,the club head is ahead of the hands and the ball is hit cleanly1 the power coming from the right arm4 ,the follow through finds the weight on the left foot1 the right having only enough to preserve the player's balance4 ,it is on the drive and brassie stroke that 8pressing0 is a severe fault4 ,it is more important to hit true and to preserve the right angle by following through than to hit hard4 ,most girls do not hit a long ball4 ,a far surer game is the short game4 ,accurate strokes down the middle of the fair green is sounder golf1 so do not 8press0 and do not try to kill the ball4 ,after the brassie and driver are mastered1 one can take up the mid-iron1 cleek1 niblic1 spoon1 and jigger in the order named4 ,these clubs are for special service1 and cannot be described in detail here4 ,an excellent practice to follow when taking up the game for the first time is to devote a day or even a week to each club1 although it takes will-power to resist playing with the whole set instead of one club4 ,as you master a club practice with it continuously4 ,you will find such practice invaluable4 ,do not take up your second club until you have thoroughly mastered the first4 ,and as ,i have said before1 ,i would recommend that the game be learned backward--so to speak--with putter first1 then with mashie1 brassie1 driver and down through the other clubs4 ,an adjacent golf course is a welcome requisite to a girls' school or club4 ,it is desirable for athletic associations or faculties to organize tournaments1 as competition usually heightens interest4 ,where skill is unequal handicaps may be arranged by averaging a player's scores and allowing the differences between the average score and par as a handicap4 ,in this way evenness in competition is assured4 ,usually matches are decided by the winning of holes1 although many competitions are decided on medal score or the total strokes for #ah holes4 ,there are several kinds of tournaments possible in golf--two-ball or four-ball matches1 or best ball matches4 ,the last is where four players go around the course1 two playing against the other two and counting only the best ball on each hole4 ,possibly the most satisfactory form for a tournament to take is the round robin tournament1 where the number of entries is not too great1 as each player meets everyone entered4 ,where the entry list is big the elimination tournament is most efficacious1 and when there is still a larger entry list it is well to divide the players into first and second flights by first playing a qualifying round1 counting medal scores1 the lowest scores being grouped together in the first flight4 ,a match may be made even by handicaps when players of varying skill are entered4 ,skating ,there are few forms of exercise that are more exhilarating than skating4 ,there seems to be a peculiar fascination that holds you4 ,there is a pleasing restfulness and a soothing feeling while you are gliding over the smooth ice4 ,surely there is nothing so interesting to watch as good skating4 ,an intangible quality seems to draw you to it1 to make you want to put on a pair of skates and try it yourself4 ,out-of-doors skating is1 of course1 preferable to rink skating1 but the latter is a very acceptable substitute4 8,i have weak ankles4 ,i can't skate40 ,how many times have girls offered this trite excuse6 ,if anyone really wants to learn to skate1 with a little patience and perseverance it can soon be accomplished4 ,the skates should be the right size for the shoe in order to avoid any accident4 ,the shoe should be high1 and not too stiff at the ankles4 ,it is advisable to have the shoe and skate fastened together4 ,the skates should be always well wiped1 sharp and in good condition4 ,the skater must learn straight skating1 that is1 moving forward by long slides on each foot alternately while the foot not on the ice is held up backward and outward from the ice1 before attempting intricacies4 ,to learn the elementals of straight skating1 start with the left foot4 ,this foot slides forward on the flat of the skate1 the toe turned out2 the left knee is bent1 the weight of the body is forward1 thus giving momentum to the slide4 ,the right foot is back1 raised a few inches4 ,when the momentum is almost gone1 then gripping the ice with the toe of the left foot1 the right foot starts its slide4 ,as the right starts1 the left foot is lifted ready for the glide1 and so on1 skating straight ahead4 ,skating backward is learned in the same manner1 except that the back of the foot is turned out instead of the toe4 ,it requires practice in order to perfect these two forms of straight skating4 ,they should be acquired and thoroughly mastered1 so that the skater glides over the ice with ease and skill before any dancing or continental skating is attempted4 ,there are several points of form that should be brought to mind4 ,the slides or strokes should always be of equal length and as long as possible4 ,if one foot is stronger than the other1 then particular attention should be paid to the weaker foot4 ,the skating knee is always bent4 ,the foot not in use is stretched outward and downward1 toe pointed downward4 ,the body is carried well forward1 head erect2 the arms move rhythmically1 but not in an exaggerated position4 ,the body must not be stiff4 ,there should be no rigid muscles at all4 ,it is not the hurried1 quick strides with a body bent over in a grotesque fashion that constitutes good skating1 but the long1 even glides1 with the body poised naturally and responding to the rhythm of the motion4 ,continental skating has in the last few years proved to be very popular4 ,it is impossible to give a detailed account of all the intricate figures in a comparatively limited space4 ,the more elementary school figures1 however1 can easily be explained4 ,the skate has an inside and an outside edge1 and progress may be made either forward or backward on either edge4 ,thus1 there are four edges3 forward outside edge1 backward outside edge1 forward inside edge1 backward inside edge4 ,for the forward outside edge a circle is described on the outer edge of the skate4 ,the first stroke is on the right foot4 ,the start is obtained by a push from inside edge of the skate of the left foot4 ,the body leans toward the circle4 ,for the backward outside edge1 the circle is described on the outer edge of the skate4 ,this is like the forward outside edge1 only much more difficult2 the body leans in toward the circle and backward4 ,the forward inside edge is a circle described on the inside edge of the skate2 the outer shoulder is turned as far out and forward1 the inner shoulder is turned back1 the body leans toward the middle of the circle4 ,when the circle is almost complete1 the free foot is brought forward1 the shoulders straightened4 ,the backward inside edge is more difficult1 but the theory is the same as the forward inside edge4 ,the foot at completion is carried back1 not forward1 however4 ,these are fundamentals for figure skating and should be practised carefully4 ,after the edges1 the five threes1 the loops1 the brackets1 the four rockers1 and the four counters are learned4 ,these are easily learned if the four edges have been perfected4 ,ice ,hockey ,one of the most enjoyable and thrilling of the skating pastimes is ice hockey4 ,for this a special hockey skate is made4 ,,how ,,the ,,game ,,is ,,played4 ,the game is played by two teams with six or seven players4 ,the players hit a small piece of rubber1 called the puck1 with sticks especially made4 ,these sticks are long and slender1 flat at the blade1 which is at an angle from the handle4 ,the ball is advanced up and down the rink or playing area4 ,a point is scored when one team shoots the puck through the opponents' goal4 ,the team wins which has the highest number of points at the end of the game1 which is divided into two halves of twenty minutes each with a ten-minute intermission between the halves4 ,the playing area is usually #aab feet long by #eh feet wide4 ,there are two goal posts at each end of the playing area1 #aj feet from the edge of the ice2 the posts are #d feet high and are #f feet apart4 ,a sloping net should be placed in back to catch the balls4 ,the game is started with the puck in the middle of the ice1 i4 e41 the referee places the puck between the sticks of two opposing players1 each of whom tries to get possession of the ball or pass it to one of her teammates4 ,the game is a very fast one4 ,the four forward players1 the rover 7right center7 and the left center1 and the right and left wings1 are essentially attackers1 although the rover may be called upon to defend4 ,cover point1 point1 and goal keeper are the defense players4 ,the goal keeper should stick close to her goal2 the point plays in front of the goal1 some distance from her2 the cover point plays some distance in front of the point and can often aid the forwards by feeding them and assuming an aggressive play4 ,if the puck goes out of bounds over the end lines it is faced1 by the referee1 five yards within the goal line and at right angles to it4 ,if it goes over the side lines it is faced five yards within the line and at right angles to it4 ,the puck is played by means of the stick4 ,it is not permissible to touch it with any part of the body1 except to stop it dead or block it4 ,the puck may be pushed1 shoved1 or lifted1 i4 e41 by inserting the blade of the stick under the puck4 ,you may hit your opponent's stick4 ,you may body check1 that is1 shove from the side or front with the shoulder or hip4 ,you may block an opponent or you may block the puck with the skates1 stick1 or body4 ,an important rule is that of off-side4 ,no player1 if she is between the puck and her opponent's goal1 may receive a pass from one of her team unless it is touched by an opponent1 or unless one of own team with the puck is between her and the opponents' goal4 ,the penalty for off-side play is facing the ball where the foul occurred4 ,this rule does not hold in defense directly in front of the goal4 ,one point is scored when the puck passes between the goal posts lower than their highest point4 ,the teams change goals to begin the second half4 ,the fouls are3 ,to lift the stick above the shoulder except when lifting the puck4 ,to throw a stick4 ,to hit1 trip1 or block a player by holding the stick in a horizontal position4 ,to body check or charge from behind1 to trip1 kick1 push1 hold with hand or stick4 ,for the goal keeper to sit1 kneel1 or lie4 ,to grasp1 carry1 or push the puck with any part of the body4 ,to interfere with a player not in possession of the puck4 ,the penalty for a foul is3 ,the offender may be ruled off the ice for a certain time4 ,,officials4 ,there is a referee who controls the game and inflicts the penalties4 ,there are two umpires1 one at each end1 to decide whether a goal has been made4 ,there are two timekeepers to keep the time of the game and a penalty timekeeper who keeps the time of players ruled out and notifies the player when she may return to the game4 ,there is for each team a captain1 who makes the decisions for her team1 and she is responsible for the good sportsmanship of her team4 ,there are many little tricks in ice hockey that may be acquired with practice1 but the object of the game should be to have as clean and fast a game as possible1 where skillful playing holds greater sway than roughness4 ,rowing ,very lucky is the school or college that has the necessary facilities for rowing4 ,wherever this form of sport is indulged in1 it is generally popular4 ,it deserves its popularity1 for not only is it one of the most pleasant outdoor recreations but it is also very beneficial1 since it brings into play practically all the muscles in the body4 ,in rowing1 as in other sports1 there is a great difference between competitive and non-competitive work4 ,whether racing or merely taking a pleasure row1 the stroke is1 however1 fundamentally the same4 ,first1 the position in the boat is to be considered4 ,the oarsman sits in the center of the boat with her back toward the bow1 facing the stern1 with her feet planted firmly on the bottom of the boat1 knees bent1 slightly apart4 ,an oar is grasped firmly in each hand1 the oars having previously been adjusted in the oar-locks4 ,there is a difference in the racing stroke1 as shown under ,racing4 ,position of the ,hands on the ,oar4--,next to be considered is the stroke itself4 ,the blade of the oar is just above the water and perpendicular to it4 ,the arms and hands are straight1 so that the hands holding the oars are just above the toes4 ,catch4--,then the blades enter the water1 turned forward so that they are held in the water vertically4 ,the body is then swung backward from the hips2 all the strength and weight of the body are put to the oars4 ,pull4--,as the body is swinging backward1 the arms are bent into the chest4 ,the blade of the oar is kept under water during the entire length of the pull4 ,recovery4--,as the hands touch the chest1 the forearm is dropped quickly1 thus causing the blade to leave the water4 ,feathering4--,the blade is carried a few inches above and horizontal to the water4 ,it is gradually turned1 as the catch is reached1 to a perpendicular position1 ready to enter the water as the arms are straightened ready for the catch4 ,legs4--,where a sliding seat is used the object is to combine the use of the arms and legs in making the sweep of the oar longer1 at full reach the body being doubled up with the knees under the chin1 the stroke consisting of catching the water with the back and forcing it through to the finish by combined action of back and legs4 ,when the finish is reached the legs are straight1 the hands and oar are against the chest1 and the body slightly back of the perpendicular4 ,racing ,the racing stroke is the same1 except that for the four and eight-oared crews each oarsman pulls one oar1 known as a 8sweep10 holding it in both hands--the inside hand at the end of the oar1 the outside hand a hand's breadth away4 ,the boats used for racing are known as 8shells10 especially made for the purpose4 ,these have sliding seats and are equipped with either oar-locks or thole pins 7according to the belief of the coach7 and stretchers1 or boards against which the feet rest4 ,when the body is forward1 the sliding seat is forward toward the bow2 as the pull is starting1 the seat comes back until the body is back1 then it moves forward as body swings forward4 ,in racing1 the shell is steered by a coxswain1 who sits in the stern facing the oarsmen and holds the lines which guide the rudder4 ,this is very important1 since she tries to choose the best and most favorable course4 ,she must observe all conditions closely4 ,she alters the course as little as possible1 taking care not to jerk or in any way interfere with running of the boat4 ,she also judges the stroke1 that is1 when the stroke should be faster or slower4 ,the stroke oar is the most important position in the boat1 since all the others time their strokes according to hers1 either faster or slower1 according to the necessity4 ,above everything necessary in racing is a good coach1 who watches carefully for any signs of fatigue or over-exertion4 ,it never pays in the long run to overdo4 ,the crew should work smoothly1 harmoniously and with perfect mastery of the stroke4 ,this can be obtained through the supervision of the coach1 who criticises the individual and the whole4 ,in arranging a crew the heavier girls are in the center1 the lighter at either end2 the coxswain should be as small and light as possible1 thus not adding much unused weight4 ,in the single and double sculls--that is1 boats rowed by one or two oarsmen--an oar is grasped in each hand4 ,the sculler steers by pulling evenly on both oars for a straight course1 or more strongly on one or the other oar for a variation of the course4 ,,rules ,,for ,,racing4 ,boat races1 or regattas1 are held on fixed courses for measured distances4 ,in choosing a course1 the natural and local conditions have to be considered4 ,the most desirable are straightaway over inland waters with no1 or little1 current4 ,if the course is in tidal water1 the race should be so timed that it is not necessary for the crew to row against the tide4 ,the start and the finish are marked by flags4 ,the stern must be on a line with the start4 ,the bow first crossing the finish line wins4 ,a tie is usually rowed over again4 ,the start is generally made at the pistol shot1 fired by the official starter4 ,each boat has been assigned to a course1 decided by lot4 ,the winner has first choice and should make the most of the opportunity1 considering position1 tide1 wind and other local conditions4 ,no crew may go into another's course4 ,if the course is not straightaway1 each boat must turn around the turning stake in its own course4 ,besides an official starter1 there is an umpire who judges the races2 a judge or judges of the finish4 ,the different kinds of crews are3 ,single--one oarsman2 doubles--two oarsmen1 each pulling two oars2 pairs--two oarsmen each pulling one oar2 fours--four oarsmen each with one oar2 eights--each with one oar4 ,paddling ,closely allied to rowing is paddling4 ,this is done in a canoe by one1 two1 or more people4 ,if by one1 she seats herself in the stern1 facing the bow2 if two1 one is in the stern and one is in the bow1 back toward the stern4 ,there are rarely more than three or four in a canoe1 the average being two people to a canoe4 ,illustration3 ,rowing is eagerly participated in by the girls at ,wellesley ,college4 ,the formation of the star shows how proficient they have become in handling the oars4 ,illustration3 ,the tennis enthusiast will not admit there is a more fascinating1 healthful or elevating sport in the whole world4 ,wellesley ,college provides plenty of tennis courts and the setting is ideal4 ,the ,indians of the ,canadian backwoods usually delegate the responsibility of steering to the bow man because of rough water or the danger from submerged rocks in swift running streams4 ,usually1 in more civilized waters1 the steering is done by the paddler in the stern1 who1 by a twist of the wrists1 turns the blade of the paddle toward the canoe or away1 according to the direction desired4 ,the paddle is held in both hands2 the near hand is held pretty far down the blade1 more than shoulder's width from far hand1 which is held over the top of the paddle4 ,there are many forms of paddling2 some prefer straight1 others bent arms4 ,the reach with the paddle should not be so far ahead of the paddler that she is forced to lean forward4 ,the paddle is brought out of the water when both arms are straight back1 body in a normal position4 ,it is carried forward but a few inches above the water with blade flat4 ,an ,indian custom that has come down to us is the double paddle4 ,the paddle is fashioned with a handle in the middle and paddles at either end4 ,the paddler sits in the center of the canoe4 ,first the paddle is dipped in the water at the left and then to the right4 ,steering is done by turning the paddle1 in or out1 as you would go1 left or right4 ,the double paddle is fascinating1 but hardly so safe for the novice as the single4 ,practice and experience are the two best teachers4 ,tennis ,tennis scarcely needs an introduction4 ,it is one of the finest games--for girls or men--we have1 and it has proved its worth through years and years of play4 ,tennis is played on a rectangular court1 either of turf1 clay or cement1 provided that it is level4 ,the dimensions of the court for doubles are #cf by #gh feet4 ,the #gh-;foot lines are known as the side lines2 the others as the end or base lines4 ,parallel to each base line and #ah feet distant from are two service lines1 drawn from side service line to side service line4 ,parallel to each side line and #d-a_/b feet distant from them is a side service line1 drawn from end line to end line4 ,a line exactly in center joins the two service lines1 thus making four service courts4 ,the net is stretched exactly across the center of the court1 and should be #c feet high in the middle4 ,it is desirable that there be no obstructions within #c feet of the court on the side and #ab feet at ends1 and that there should be backstops of considerable height4 ,the posts to which net is attached should be #c feet away from the court4 ,the game may be played by two1 three or four players1 who bat a ball across the net with a racket until one or the other fails to return the ball4 ,if only two play 7or1 as it is termed1 8singles071 the side lines are dispensed with and the side service lines are the boundary lines 7#bg #gh feet74 ,the ball is put in play by the server4 ,the courts and service are determined by a toss2 the winner may choose either the end of court or the serve1 but not both4 ,the server1 standing on the right-hand side of her base line1 with feet behind the line1 sends the ball into her opponent's right-hand court4 ,the player receiving ball after it has bounced must return it over the net so that it touches inside the court2 then the server returns1 etc41 until there is a failure to return the ball4 ,this counts a point for opposing player of the one who makes the fault4 ,then the ball is again served1 this time from the left-hand side1 next from the right1 continuing to alternate until the game is finished4 ,a game is always begun by serving from the right-hand court4 ,the game is won when a player has scored four points1 except in the case of deuce1 when more are necessary4 ,the first point is 8#ae20 the second1 8#cj20 the third1 8#dj20 the fourth1 8game40 ,if both players have 8#ae10 it is 8#ae-;all20 if one1 8#ae-love 7or naught740 ,the server's score is always called first4 ,if both have #cj1 #cj-;all2 if one has #cj1 the other none or #ae1 it is #cj-love1 or #cj-ae4 ,if both have #dj1 it is 8deuce40 ,in deuce it is necessary to play extra points4 ,the first point won is 8advantage in0 7server7 or 8out0 7striker71 as may be the case2 the next point if won by the same player is game1 but if won by the other player it is deuce again1 and so on until one player wins two points in succession4 ,the server1 after the first game1 becomes the receiver1 and the serve is alternated with each game until the end of the set4 ,a set consists of six games won by one player1 unless the opposing player is less than two games behind1 that is1 a set cannot end at #f_/e1 but must be played until one or the other obtains a two-game lead4 ,ends of the court are exchanged after each set4 ,the server should always keep the score4 ,it is the aim of the players to return as many good balls as possible4 ,a ball is 8good0 when it is sent within the court4 ,it is a 8fault0 when it hits outside the boundary lines1 or does not clear the net--a ball1 however1 which touches net but still falls on the right side 7a 8let ball07 is 8good40 ,faults count one point for opponent or opponents4 ,other faults that count for opponent are3 ,server serves two faults in succession2 volleying the ball before it has touched the net2 volleying a served ball before it bounds 7any other ball may be volleyed72 failure to return a ball4 ,it is a fault to touch net while ball is in play1 or to touch the ball with any part of person except the racket1 or to touch ball with racket twice4 ,the receiver may hit the ball in the air 7except serve7 or after the first bounce1 but may never hit after the second bounce4 ,a player in tennis must never be caught napping4 ,tennis calls for wide awake1 quick playing4 ,it is best to stand either near the net or back farther toward the service line4 ,for most girls ,i would recommend the base line game4 ,never stand where your opponent can drop a ball directly at your feet2 always be ready for her4 ,you must always watch where she is and try to place the ball in the spot most difficult for her to reach4 ,in order to be ready the racket should be held firmly and easily so that it may be prepared for any stroke4 ,above all1 keep your eye on the ball2 if you look at the place you want to hit the ball and not at the ball1 you do not hit it squarely and you give your play away4 ,when you receive1 do not stand too far away or too near4 ,if you are too far away1 you are apt to tip it2 if too near1 you bend your arm and do not get a good stroke4 ,the game of tennis is divided into two main divisions1 serving and receiving4 ,first1 let us take up serving4 ,this is the method of putting the ball in play4 ,the server must stand behind the base line of the court4 ,she must serve her ball into the diagonally opposite service court4 ,she is allowed two balls2 if the first is a fault she is allowed to serve the second4 ,to be a good ball it must touch the ground in the service court1 fairly clearing the net4 ,a double fault on the part of the server counts a point for the opposing side1 that is1 it is a fault to serve two balls which do not clear the net1 or do not touch inside the service court4 ,when the ball touches the net but goes into the proper service court1 it is called a 8let ball0 and does not count1 but is served over again4 ,failure to return the ball after it is served counts one point for the server4 ,the server must not step across the base line while serving1 nor must she step1 hop1 walk or run4 ,in serving it is important to study the grip of the racket1 the method of hitting the ball1 and the way to toss the ball into the air4 ,the racket is held tightly in the hand by what is known as the long grip1 hand at the end of the racket--usually the right hand4 ,there are many different swings and twists used4 ,it is best to adopt one that brings into play the full strength of the arm and shoulder1 thus an overhead swing of the racket is most often used4 ,the ball is tossed into the air and the racket1 in its exact center1 should hit the ball directly over the net into the opposite service court4 ,before a cut or a speedier serve is developed1 the player should make sure of a steady ball that as a rule is good4 ,after that is acquired1 practice the cuts and put as much speed as possible into the serve4 ,it is very important that the ball and the racket should meet at the psychological moment4 ,if the ball is hit too low1 it does not clear the net2 if it is hit while too high in the air1 it goes out of the service court4 ,the follow through of the stroke should be natural and never chopped4 ,in receiving and returning the ball there are many different strokes to use4 ,it is advisable for the beginner to perfect both forehand and backhand strokes4 ,for these strokes1 the racket should be held in the short grip1 that is1 the end of the racket is at the wrist1 hand reaching up the handle2 the forearm should be in a line with the racket4 ,one stroke1 the drop stroke1 the arm is back of the body1 extended to full length2 then move--rather sweep--forward to meet the ball as it is about waist high1 giving a little upward turn to your racket4 ,always follow through4 ,the arm should be straight in this stroke4 ,besides a forehand stroke1 a backhand stroke is also necessary to learn4 ,in the forehand1 the weight is on the right foot1 but in the backhand it is on the left foot4 ,there are many different kinds1 but the most natural is the best for the beginner to use4 ,the arm and racket1 of course1 are across the body4 ,swing back and meet the ball squarely1 with body turned greatly to that side4 ,be careful to follow through4 ,a great many people spoil their game of tennis by wild playing and smashes4 ,it is much better to be deliberate and calculating1 carefully placing your shots out of reach of your opponent4 ,try to make every play count4 ,in other words1 use your head rather than brute strength4 ,a good racket--carefully chosen for weight and balance and to which you have become accustomed--practice1 a deliberate study of the game and your playing--these will help the average player4 ,the most suitable dress for tennis is a light weight waist or a middy blouse2 a short1 wide skirt1 and rubber or felt-soled flat-heeled shoes4 ,,tennis ,,matches ,,or ,,tournaments4 ,for a tennis match there should be an official referee1 who determines questions concerning the rules2 an umpire1 who judges all balls except those on the lines1 which are judged by the linesmen2 a linesman for each of the seven lines1 whose duty it is to judge the ball near her line4 ,there may be a scorer1 but this duty is generally assumed by the umpire1 who announces each point1 the score of each game1 and how the sets stand4 ,each player should enter her name in advance2 then each draws for opponent1 the winner of one match meeting the winner of another1 etc41 until the final match is played4 ,this is an elimination tournament4 ,in doubles1 the pair may be entered or the partner may be drawn for4 ,a favorite form of tournament where the number of entrants is small is the round robin tournament1 where each contestant meets every other1 irrespective of victories4 ,the championship with its trophy is given to the girl winning the greatest number of matches4 ,tournament play is greatly to be recommended1 especially for schools or clubs4 ,match play adds considerably to the pleasure of the sport and usually has beneficial results1 both physical and physiological4 ,i have seen diffident girls taught to gain self control and composure at all times by competitive athletics4 ,a tennis tournament can be made a gala social event as well as one of keen and interesting sport4 ,cricket ,cricket is not widely played by girls1 but there is no game which might be adopted to better advantage4 ,it may be played without any danger of over-exertion4 ,a cricket crease may be placed on any level grassy field1 usually a ground #ajj yards square1 although a smaller field may be utilized4 ,the equipment required includes two sets of wickets1 a cricket ball1 at least two bats1 the wicket-keeper gloves and leg guards1 and a leg guard for each of two batsmen who are in4 ,there are eleven players on each team and the game is divided into innings2 that is1 a side has its inning when it is at the bat4 ,two batsmen are 8in0 at a time4 ,the wickets are set in the middle of the field1 opposite1 parallel and #bb yards apart4 ,on a line with the wicket is the bowling crease1 #h feet #h inches in length4 ,four feet in front and parallel to it is the popping crease1 of unlimited length4 ,the batsman who is first striker takes her position with bat on the popping crease1 the bowler at the opposite wicket1 well behind bowling crease2 also the second batsman1 bat in hand1 ready to run when hit is made4 ,the bowler delivers the ball4 ,it must be bowled1 not thrown1 tossed1 or jerked4 ,the bowler is allowed a run in her delivery1 but she must keep one foot on the ground behind the bowling crease and within the return crease1 otherwise it is no ball4 ,the bowler must deliver the ball so that it shall come to the batsman on the ground4 ,if it is delivered high or wide1 the umpire shall call 8wide ball40 ,six good balls make an 8over20 the bowler shall be allowed to change ends when she pleases1 provided she has not bowled two 8overs0 consecutively in one inning4 ,the captain of the outs places the field as she deems wise1 depending upon the skill of the batsman4 ,illustration3 ,,diagram ,,of ,,field ,,of ,,play4 ,illustration3 ,,sample ,,scoring ,,sheet4 ,the striker hits the ball2 if it is caught before it touches the ground she is out2 if the wicket is knocked down by a bowled ball she is out4 ,if she hits it safe she runs to the return crease and the other batsman runs to the opposite popping crease and a run is scored4 ,if the hit is long enough the batsmen continue to run1 and each time they exchange creases a run is counted4 ,the fielders endeavor to get the ball and throw in to the wicket-keeper in order to knock off the bails before the batsman touches her bat to the ground within the crease4 ,when the bail is knocked off in this manner the batsman is out4 ,when a batsman is out for any cause she is retired for the inning1 and the side is retired when ten of the eleven strikers are declared out4 ,usually in the matches for girls only one inning for each team is played1 although the rules call for two and three-day matches4 ,the game affords ample opportunity for outdoor exercise and muscular activity4 ,for a full description1 see ,spalding's 8,how to ,play ,cricket40 ,cricket has been successfully played by girls4 ,miss ,dorothy ,wooster writes the following short article and gives a diagram and score card showing how the game is played at ,smith ,college4 ,cricket as ,played at ,smith ,college ,,by ,,dorothy ,,wooster4 ,in order to adapt cricket for practical use1 the following additions and changes have been made in the official rules1 as published in the ,spalding ,athletic ,library4 ,a4 ,additions3 #a4 ,diagram of ,field3 ,use center line1 8x10 drawn between wickets4 ,cross this line by another line1 8y10 drawn parallel to the popping crease4 #b4 ,there shall be #c innings to a game1 each inning consisting of #c 8outs0 on a side4 #c4 ,there shall be a definite batting order4 #d4 ,if a batter touches the ball with the bat she must run1 or take her 8out40 ,b4 ,changes in ,rules3 #aj4 444 and to be a good ball1 the ball must hit the ground on or across the center line 8y40 #ac4 ,a 8,bowling ,over0 shall consist of six 8good balls10 or four 8wide balls10 or four 8no balls40 #cc;,a4 444 except in case of a 8,caught ,ball40 ,the ball is then in play until it is settled in bowler's or wicket-keeper's hand4 ,this change gives an opportunity to put two runners out on one play2 i4 e41 8,caught ,out0 and 8,run ,out40 ,the scoring has been simplified4 ,for practice games1 when full teams are not present1 an individual score is kept4 ,using these changes the game progresses rapidly and holds the interest of both players and spectators4 ,soccer ,soccer or association football is a particularly suitable game for girls and women1 since it furnishes splendid outdoor exercise without unnecessary roughness4 ,it resembles field hockey in that it is mainly a running game1 although there are many essential differences4 ,the popularity of the game is rapidly increasing and it is played by many schools and colleges4 ,the game is primarily a running and kicking game4 ,no player but the goal keeper in her own goal area is permitted to touch the ball with the hands4 ,two teams of eleven players each line up in their half of the field4 ,the captains toss for the choice of end or for the choice of the kick-off4 ,in making the choice1 the wind and the position of the sun should be considered4 ,the ball is put in play by a kick-off4 ,to advance the ball to the opponents' goal and to kick the ball between the goal posts and under the bar is the object of the game4 ,each goal counts one4 ,the team having the highest score at the end of the two halves--time of which is determined by the captains--is the winner4 ,thus the two opposing teams are either attacking or defending4 ,if one side has possession of the ball it should advance toward the opponents' goal1 thus attacking2 if the ball is not in their possession they are checking their opponents' advance1 thus defending4 ,the players who do most of the attacking are the five forwards1 assisted by the halfbacks4 ,it is their duty to advance the ball by short and long passes1 by dribbling1 by a volley1 i4 e41 hitting the ball with head or chest1 or kicking it before it has touched the ground4 ,the fullbacks and goal keeper1 assisted by the halfbacks1 do the defensive work4 ,the positions are3 center forward1 inside right and inside left1 outer right and outer left2 left1 center1 and right halfbacks2 right and left fullbacks2 goal keeper4 ,the beginner in soccer should pay particular attention to the following3 kicking1 tackling1 heading1 and dribbling4 ,the ball is not kicked with the end of toe1 but rather the toe is inserted under the ball1 the instep bearing the brunt of the work4 ,the leg should be drawn back to get a good drive4 ,kicking is not merely sending the ball as far and hard as possible1 but kicking as accurately as possible so that each shot tells4 ,therefore1 particular attention and practice should be given to kicking until the proper amount of control can be exercised over the ball4 ,every kick should be gotten off quickly and cleanly1 toe well under the ball so that it is raised4 ,in shooting for the goal the kick should be hard1 with all the force of the toe behind it4 ,in all defensive work the kicks should be carefully sent to the forwards2 not too hard1 since the ball then may go too far4 ,the player should learn to kick with either foot so that the ball does not have to be maneuvered into a suitable position for kicking4 ,every player--the forwards in particular--should know how to dribble1 since it is frequently a handy art4 ,often1 if a player wishes to get in a better position for a kick1 a few dribbles will put her there4 ,to dribble successfully1 the ball is moved forward1 just touching the toe1 thus insuring complete control4 ,for the inexperienced player1 control in dribbling and speed seem a hard combination to achieve2 but by practice1 dribbling slowly at first1 control is acquired and speed soon follows4 ,a common fault sometimes due to dribbling is the monopoly of the ball by one player4 ,any individual should be self-sacrificing for the good of the team4 ,stopping the progress of an opponent1 or 8tackling0 as it is termed1 should be carefully practised1 particularly by the defense4 ,the best policy seems--to run directly toward the player with the ball1 thus making her pass hurriedly or fumble4 ,never give up if your opponent gets away1 dodges or slips past you4 ,many times it is an advantage to 8head0 the ball1 that is1 hit it with the head before it touches the ground4 ,when the players are massed together1 a jump in the air and good 8heading0 may save the day4 ,remember that the ball ought to be hit with the forehead1 not the top of the head4 ,this makes for accuracy4 ,there should be1 as in all other team games1 team work4 ,the forwards should bear the responsibility of the attack4 ,they should carry the ball down the field by passing1 dribbling and volleying1 i4 e41 hitting the ball in the air before it has touched the ground4 ,forwards should know how to shoot hard and accurately4 ,it is well for a forward to know how to shoot and pass with the inside of the foot4 ,in dribbling and in passing1 the forward must remember to pass quickly to some one of her team who is unguarded4 ,you should always be waiting to receive a pass4 ,the outsides are generally fast players with great skill in the dribble2 the insides1 like the center1 are fine offensive players1 fast and capable of shooting goals4 ,the halfbacks feed and help the forwards attack1 shooting for the goal if the opportunity arises4 ,the attack should be constantly varied by these players4 ,the halfbacks are also the first line of defense1 necessarily they have a great deal of running to do4 ,these three positions are generally filled then by players physically fit1 with speed and with stamina for endurance4 ,center half is a particularly strenuous position4 ,the halves should always try to keep the ball in the opponents' territory2 when on the defense1 they should be quick to tackle1 to intercept passes and to guard their opponents4 ,the fullbacks are the mainstay of the defense4 ,they are cool-headed players who use great judgment4 ,it is up to them to block any opponent who has gotten by a halfback4 ,often the fullbacks have so carefully studied their opponents' play that they know exactly what the forward will do under certain circumstances4 ,above all1 the fullbacks should never give up4 ,the goal is a very vital point4 ,to be a goal keeper1 you must think quickly1 keep your nerve1 be cool and act instantly according to your judgment4 ,in fact1 a goal keeper should be able to cover every inch of the goal in an instant2 she must be able to move rapidly1 jump1 and reach into the air4 ,two points a goal keeper should remember3 ,never kick when you can use your hands--you can get rid of the ball quicker and for better distance4 ,get the ball out of dangerous territory as soon as possible4 ,illustration3 ,cricket--,well hit6 ,a good free swing with the ball well met often means a 8boundary40 ,illustration3 ,soccer is a splendid action game4 ,the forward is well up on the ball while the fullback is coming up fast4 ,dress is an important consideration4 ,the essentials are a middy blouse1 a short1 wide skirt or bloomers1 with heavy enough shoes to allow for kicking and yet light enough to permit of speed in covering ground4 ,,soccer ,,rules4 ,from ,spalding's ,athletic ,library ,no4 #ceh--,official ,college ,soccer ,guide4 ,i4 ,there are eleven players on a team4 ,,ii4 ,the field of play is a quadrangle4 ,its dimensions vary from #acj to #ajj yards in length and from #ajj to #ej yards in breadth4 ,a smaller field1 as near these dimensions as possible1 may be used4 ,the lines1 areas1 etc41 do not vary with any change in size of the field1 however4 ,flags on five-foot staffs are placed at each of the four corners4 ,the lines are distinctly marked with whitewash if possible4 ,the quadrangle is bounded by two end or 8goal0 lines and two side or 8touch0 lines which are at right angles with the goal lines4 ,the field is exactly halved by a cross line4 ,in the center of the field of play is a circle with a ten-yard radius4 ,the goals are marked by goal posts1 eight feet apart1 in the middle of the goal line1 equidistant from the side lines4 ,the posts are joined by a cross-bar eight feet from the ground1 and neither the posts nor cross-bar are more than five inches in width4 ,at each end of the field in front of the goal is a goal area4 ,lines are marked six yards from each goal post at right angles to the goal line1 extending in field for six yards4 ,these two lines are connected by a line parallel to the goal line4 ,the enclosed space is a goal area4 ,there is also a penalty area in front of each goal4 ,lines are marked #ah yards from each goal post at right angles to the goal lines1 extending in field for a distance of #ah yards4 ,these two lines are joined by a line parallel to the goal lines4 ,a mark #ab yards distant from and opposite the exact center of each goal designates the penalty kick mark4 ,the ball should be a regulation association football4 ,,iii4 ,the game is divided into two halves1 each #de minutes long1 with an interval of five minutes between the halves unless a different length of time is agreed upon by the captains4 ,ends are changed at half time4 ,,iv4 ,the choice of end or kick-off is decided by the toss of a coin4 ,the game is started by a place-kick1 i4 e41 the ball is placed on the ground and kicked from this position in the center of the field4 ,all opponents are more than ten yards away2 no player may cross center of the ground until the ball is kicked4 ,after a goal is scored the ball is kicked off by the team which did not score the goal4 ,at the beginning of the second half the ball is kicked by the opposing side from the side that kicked first4 ,v4 ,a goal is scored when the ball passes between the goal posts under the bar1 provided that it has not been thrown1 knocked1 or carried4 ,,vi4 ,when the ball goes out of bounds over the touch line1 a player of the opposite side from that playing it out1 throws it in4 ,she must stand on the touch line facing the field of play2 the ball may be thrown in any direction1 provided it is thrown over the head with both hands4 ,a goal may not be scored from a throw-in4 ,the thrower-in may not touch the ball until it has been touched by another player4 ,when the ball goes out of bounds over the goal line1 played over by an attacker1 it is kicked off by a defender1 within the half of the goal area nearest the point where the ball went out4 ,if it was sent out by a defender1 it is kicked by an attacker from a point within one yard of nearest corner flag4 ,no player in either case may be within #aj yards of the ball until the kick-off is taken4 ,,vii4 ,if1 after the ball has been played or thrown in1 it is touched by a player on the same side as the person last touching it1 who at the moment of playing is nearer her opponents' goal than the person last playing the ball1 she is off-side and may not interfere with the ball or opponent4 ,she is not offside1 however1 if at the time of play there are at least three of her opponents between her and the goal1 or if she is within her own half of the field1 or in a corner kick1 or if the ball was last touched by an opponent4 ,,viii4 ,the goal keeper may use her hands to catch or to throw the ball if she is within her own penalty area4 ,,ix4 ,there should be no tripping1 kicking1 striking1 jumping at1 handling 7except in ,rule ,,vi71 holding1 pushing1 obstructing1 or charging from behind4 ,the goal keeper may be charged if she is holding the ball1 or obstructing or outside her own goal area4 ,the penalty for a foul is a free kick4 ,x4 ,a free kick is taken for any infringement of a rule4 ,the ball must roll over--travel the distance of its circumference--to be considered played4 ,no opponent may stand within #aj yards unless standing on own goal line4 ,the kicker may not touch the ball a second time until it has been touched by another player4 ,a goal may be scored from a free kick if it is granted for any breaking of ,rule ,,vii4 ,,xi4 ,any intentional infringement by either the attackers or defenders outside the penalty area1 a free kick is awarded to opposing side4 ,if1 however1 there is an intentional foul by the defenders within the penalty area1 a penalty kick is granted to the opposing side4 ,all players except the goal keeper and a player from the opposing side who is to take the kick remain outside the penalty area4 ,the goal keeper must not advance beyond the goal line4 ,the ball is kicked forward and a goal may be scored from a penalty kick4 ,the ball must be kicked and may not be touched again by the kicker until it has been touched by another player4 ,,xii4 ,there is a referee who controls the game and enforces the rules4 ,her power in the game is supreme4 ,the ball is in play until the decision is given4 ,there are two linesmen who decide when the ball is out of play1 what player has the corner kick1 goal kick1 or throw-in4 ,the referee acts as timekeeper4 ,to restart the game stopped temporarily1 the referee drops the ball to the ground on the spot where it was when play was suspended4 ,the ball is in play when it touches the ground4 ,archery ,archery might be classed as a pioneer sport for women4 ,the art of the bow and arrow has been exploited ever since the written records of man4 ,at the present time1 when such sports as basket ball1 field hockey1 track athletics1 etc41 are the popular games1 archery has been less in favor4 ,there is no reason why any athletic girl who can run the hundred in good time1 and acquit herself creditably in any of the more strenuous sports1 should smile a supercilious smile at ,archery--mere child's play in her mind4 ,in fact1 it is far from child's play1 and it has all the advantages of wholesome outdoor competition4 ,in order to be successful at archery two things are necessary--perseverance and a trained eye4 ,any girl without particular athletic ability can learn how to hold the bow and take aim4 ,both requisites may be acquired through practice4 ,there is no need for great strength or for any violent exertion4 ,it is particularly good for growing girls where more violent exercise might be harmful4 ,the archer should look first to her bow1 which should be neither too heavy nor too strong4 ,a beginner should not use a bow that is heavy4 ,the bow together with the arrow should be tested and if it can be raised and drawn without strain it has the proper weight4 ,another point to be considered is steadiness2 no bow should kick or jar after the string is released4 ,the arrows should also be chosen carefully according to weight and length4 ,an arrow that is too heavy will weaken the bow2 an arrow that is too light will not fly truly4 ,arrows vary in length and should be chosen according to length of arm1 so that when the arrow is drawn the proper form can be maintained4 ,a right-handed archer extends the left arm full length holding the bow1 while the right hand 7grasping the string with the notch of the arrow adjusted7 should be at the right cheek2 therefore the length of the arrow should be governed by the length of the left arm4 ,bows vary from three feet to five feet six inches and arrows from fifteen inches to twenty-five inches4 ,the arrows should be carefully kept when not in use4 ,a quiver and belt is a desirable added equipment4 ,some archers find a bracer or arm guard necessary4 ,in shooting the arrow the first consideration is the position of standing4 ,the side of body should be directly toward the target 7or the point aimed at71 the head turned toward the target1 looking over the shoulder4 ,the feet--heels slightly apart--should be at right angles to an imaginary line drawn directly from target4 ,next to be considered is nocking the arrow4 ,the bow should be held in a horizontal position1 the arrow is laid across the bow and the nock or notch of the arrow is fitted on the string by the right hand4 ,the position of the hand is important4 ,the string is held by three fingers1 the string resting near the tips of the fingers above the first joint2 the arrow rests between the first and second fingers2 the thumb and little finger should not touch the arrow or the string4 ,next comes the draw4 ,raise the bow hand1 drawing on the string slightly2 take a preliminary sight2 then the draw is taken almost the full distance1 the full aim is caught1 and the arrow is released when drawn to the fullest extent4 ,another way is to raise the bow1 draw to the fullest extent1 take aim by moving the hand on the bow handle up or down as the need dictates2 loose the string by straightening the fingers while the hand is drawn entirely back4 ,the archer should never shoot more than three arrows in succession without resting4 ,the fourth and succeeding flights are apt to be inaccurate if the arms are the least bit tired4 ,always be sure to shoot every arrow carefully--never hurry4 ,the bows and arrows should be well taken care of4 ,they should be cleaned and wiped thoroughly after each use4 ,never use a blunt arrow2 it will not hold in the target4 ,the bow should always be unstrung after it is used and strung before using again4 ,the arrow should be uniformly nocked at the same point upon the string in order to insure accuracy4 ,thus1 it is desirable to wrap the string at the proper point with a different colored thread4 ,,games4 ,the most ancient form of archery is the so-called roving game1 which consists of roving about and shooting at marks from various distances4 ,another form is flight shooting--seeking to cast an arrow the greatest possible distance4 ,modern archery1 however1 is practically confined to target shooting4 ,a target is a flat disc1 varying from eighteen inches to forty-eight inches in diameter4 ,it is marked by concentric rings or bands of different colors4 ,from center to the outer ring the colors are gold1 red1 blue1 black1 and white2 the latter is usually banded by a narrow strip of green4 ,the dimensions are3 gold nine and six-tenths inches1 and the width of each of the other rings is exactly half that amount4 ,,tournament4 ,the archer standing at a prescribed distance shoots at the target1 trying to make as many hits as possible and to place the arrows in the gold4 ,three arrows are usually shot at a time1 then three more4 ,the six arrows form an end4 ,a given number of ends form a range1 while two or three ranges form a round4 ,,the ,,score4 ,a hit is counted if the arrow pierces the target4 ,the values of the different bands are3 gold1 #i2 red1 #g2 blue1 #e2 black1 #c2 white1 #a4 ,an arrow cutting or touching the line between rings counts for the higher value4 ,also one hit is counted if the arrow rebounds from face of or if it passes through the body of the target2 this adds one point to the score4 ,the ,rounds for ,ladies are3 ,i4--,national ,round4 #dh arrows at #fj yards4 #bd arrows at #ej yards4 ,at the double of this the ,national ,championship is decided4 ,,ii4--,columbia ,round4 #bd arrows at #ej yards4 #bd arrows at #dj yards4 #bd arrows at #cj yards4 ,the ,ladies' ,interclub team and mid-range matches are contested with #if arrows at #ej yards4 ,,archery ,,clubs4 ,the sport of archery gives a splendid opportunity for the formation of clubs with weekly or bi-weekly tournaments4 ,groups of girls can adopt a color designating teams where there are no other means of rivalry2 thus1 team and individual trophies may be contested for4 ,the grounds for archery should be carefully chosen4 ,the most suitable ground is a level1 grassy space with a uniform background4 ,it is well to see that no danger can come to anyone through a flying arrow4 ,illustration3 ,soccer at ,wellesley ,college before a large gallery4 ,soccer is a growing sport in ,america and an exceedingly healthful one4 ,illustration3 ,archery3 #a1 ,a target match at #ej yards4 #b1 ,the firing line1 showing 8nocked0 arrows and drawn bows4 #c1 ,retrieving arrows and counting scores4 #d1 ,a close up showing good form in 8nocking0 the arrow and drawing the bow4 ,indoor ,base ,ball ,indoor base ball1 like basket ball1 is a game that may be played in the winter months in the gymnasium and it may also be played outdoors in a comparatively small space4 ,when well played1 it may become as exciting as the outdoor game4 ,its similarity to the outdoor game makes it easier for a majority of the players to understand it quickly4 ,the ball is pitched by a pitcher to a batter who tries to hit it1 in order to run to first base4 ,each batter in turn tries to advance her teammates and herself so that they each may touch each of the four bases in turn1 thus making a run4 ,there are nine innings4 ,in each inning each team has a turn at bat1 or an opportunity to bring in runs4 ,the three main points are batting1 pitching and fielding4 ,the pitcher throws the ball with a straight arm and with an underarm throw4 ,of course1 she endeavors to find the batter's weak spots and pitch accordingly4 ,the fewer hits made by the batter1 the greater the glory of the pitcher4 ,the batter must use common sense1 and not let the pitcher fool her4 ,to make every hit count is the rule for the batter2 thus she must judge the ball1 hit to a favorable spot in the field1 working with the object of advancing such of her teammates already on the bases4 ,the base runner should always be wideawake1 ready to take advantage of any opportunities offered to her4 ,the fielders must be quick to judge a ball1 quick to catch it1 and throw immediately to the necessary spot to head off any incipient scoring by a base runner4 ,a quick1 well-played game of indoor base ball is lots of fun4 ,,indoor ,,base ,,ball ,,rules4 ,,the ,,diamond ,,or ,,infield4 ,the game is played on an indoor floor4 ,the diamond or infield is marked out at one end1 the remaining floor is the outfield4 ,at each of the four corners of the diamond is a base1 usually made of canvas and half filled with sand4 ,the distance along the sides is #bg feet if possible4 ,there should be a box for the pitcher1 #g by #c feet1 and #bc feet distant from center of home base4 ,a batsman's box1 one on each side of the home base1 six inches distant from the base4 ,the boxes are each #d by #c and extend a foot in front of a line drawn through center of the base and #c feet behind4 ,foul lines should be drawn from the home base to first and from third to home1 outside the side lines1 so that the bases are inside the foul lines4 ,,the ,,ball ,,and ,,bat4 ,the regulation indoor base ball and bat are used4 ,,the ,,players4 ,there may be seven to nine players on a side1 placed in position by the captain4 ,there must be one player who stands within the pitcher's box and pitches the ball according to rule4 ,a substitute may be put in to run for a player by consent of both captains4 ,,the ,,game4 ,the game has nine innings for each side4 ,if there is a tie the game is continued by innings until one side has won1 or game is discontinued4 ,choice of innings is decided by the toss of a coin4 ,,the ,,score4 ,one run1 i4 e41 one point to the side making the run1 is scored when a base runner runs to and touches each of the three bases and touches home base before three players of her side are out4 ,,the ,,pitcher4 ,the pitcher delivers the ball with the arm parallel to the body4 ,the pitcher may not take more than one step4 ,,the ,,ball4 ,the ball is good if it passes over any portion of the home plate no lower than the batsman's knee and no higher than her shoulder4 ,it is counted a balk by the pitcher if she makes any motion to deliver the ball without doing so or holds the ball so long as to delay the game4 ,an illegal ball is delivered by the pitcher if she steps out of box or takes more than one step while pitching that ball4 ,a dead ball is a pitched ball which strikes the batter4 ,a batted ball is fair unless it strikes outside the foul line first4 ,a blocked ball is a ball batted or thrown that is stopped or handled by a person not playing4 ,the ball is returned to the pitcher and runners remain on the same bases4 ,a strike is3 #a4 ,a ball struck at by the batter without her touching it4 #b4 ,a foul tip caught4 #c4 ,a good ball1 legally delivered by the pitcher1 not struck at by the batter4 #d4 ,a good ball which the batter deliberately interferes with4 ,a foul strike is a ball batted when the batter is out of her position4 ,the batsman is out3 #a4 ,if she bats out of turn4 #b4 ,if she fails to take her position one minute after umpire calls for batter4 #c4 ,if a foul hit made by her is caught by the catcher before the ball touches the floor or the wall4 #d4 ,if she makes a foul strike4 #e4 ,if any attempt be made to hinder the catcher or if the ball is intentionally fouled4 #f4 ,if1 first base being occupied by a base runner1 the batter has three strikes1 except when two players are already out4 #g4 ,if1 on the third strike1 she is hit by the ball4 ,the base runner must touch in regular order first1 second1 third and home bases4 ,the batter is a base runner immediately after3 #a4 ,a fair hit4 #b4 ,four balls4 #c4 ,three strikes4 #d4 ,illegal delivery by pitcher4 ,the player is granted one base for the above1 also the player may advance one base if3 #a4 ,succeeding player is granted a base4 #b4 ,if umpire is struck by a batted or thrown ball4 #c4 ,if she is prevented from making a base by an adversary4 ,if the ball is fumbled on the third strike or fourth ball the base runner may take as many bases as she can get4 ,the base runner may only leave her base when the ball has been struck1 or1 if it is not struck1 it has reached the catcher4 ,the base runner is brought back if3 #a4 ,she starts too soon4 #b4 ,for a foul strike4 #c4 ,a dead ball4 #d4 ,a foul hit not legally fielded4 ,the pitcher must wait for her to return4 ,the base runner is out3 #a4 ,if having made a fair hit1 this is fielded before it touches the wall or floor4 #b4 ,if there is any intentional interference with the ball just batted4 #c4 ,if the third strike is caught before touching the ground4 #d4 ,if1 after three strikes or a fair hit1 the base runner before touching first base is touched by a fielder with the ball in her hands1 or if the ball is securely held by fielder touching first base before the base runner touches first base4 #e4 ,if she does not run directly4 #f4 ,if she obstructs the fielder4 #g4 ,if she fails to touch the bases in regular order4 ,the base runners may be coached from the coacher's box4 ,there are two umpires who control the game4 ,one judges all balls1 strikes1 blocks1 dead balls1 balks1 illegal deliveries1 fair and foul hits1 ground hits1 foul strikes4 ,all decisions at the home plate are made by her4 ,time and play are called4 ,she stands in a position behind the catcher4 ,the other judges the base plays4 ,she stands near base line where she can best see field of play4 ,the two change positions at the end of each inning4 ,a regulation score card should be used4 ,american ,hand ,ball#a ,hand ball is a game suitable for either indoor or outdoor playing1 in which two or four persons may participate4 ,the game is divided into two parts--offensive and defensive4 ,the server1 or1 if there are four playing1 the server and her partner1 constitute the offensive2 the receiver or the receiving side1 the defensive4 ,the score is made by the serving side upon an error by the receiving side2 if the server makes an error she loses the serve1 thus also the chance to score4 ,the ball is batted with the cupped hand against a wall or back board so that it bounds within a given territory4 ,the server drops or bounces the ball and then hits it on the rebound with the palm of hand against the wall1 so that it rebounds as far from the receiver as possible4 ,control and speed are two important factors4 ,in order to obtain good control1 the player should practice and endeavor to place the ball where her opponent isn't4 ,this requires careful observation of your opponent's tactics4 ,after control comes speed2 a speedy ball is always hard to return4 ,for the defensive1 the player should always try to be in a good position to return any ball2 thus1 it is imperative to be able to play the ball with either hand4 ,it is safer for the defensive player to play a conservative game rather than a speedy one1 for any error counts for the other side4 #a ,for further details see ,spalding's 8,american ,hand ,ball40 ,every player should learn to serve well1 to use control and speed2 every player should learn to become equally efficient with either hand1 batting the ball with straight aim2 every player should always remember to outmaneuver her opponent and place the ball where it is most difficult for her to return it4 ,,rules ,,for ,,american ,,hand ,,ball4 ,a hand ball court consists of a floor1 a wall or back board1 and field4 ,the floor is usually #bj feet wide and #bf feet long1 with a service line1 distinctly marked1 drawn across the floor at the middle point1 #ac feet away1 between the front line 7end line #bf feet away from the board7 and the board4 ,the floor is smooth but not polished4 ,the wall or back board is #aj feet high and #bj feet wide4 ,the field is the whole space including the floor and is #ee feet wide and #dj feet long including the court4 ,a regulation hand ball 7small hard-rubber ball hollow inside7 and gloves are used4 ,points may only be scored by the side serving4 ,twenty-one points are a game4 ,should each score twenty points1 either side must score two consecutive points on one serve to win4 ,there are two officials--a referee and an umpire--who have control of the game1 who decide all questions of balls1 time1 unfair play1 etc4 ,the choice of serving or receiving is decided by tossing a coin4 ,the ball is struck with the palm of either hand--one hand only--by no other part of body1 nor by both hands simultaneously4 ,the ball is dropped or bounced to the floor by the server on that side of the service line farthest from the court4 ,the served ball after touching the board must cross to the far side of the service line and land within the court4 ,if it touches the floor on the near side of the service line1 it is short2 if it touches out of the court on the far side of the service line1 it is long4 ,the server may serve these balls over again1 but if one 8short0 and one 8long20 or two 8short0 or two 8long0 balls are served consecutively by the same player1 the server 7or the side1 if doubles7 is out4 ,then the receiver becomes the server4 ,if a served ball touches the floor outside the side lines1 the server or the side is out4 ,a served ball is played on the first bounce only4 ,a returned ball may be played on the first bounce or on the fly4 ,all balls served or returned must touch the board before touching the floor4 ,a ball leaving the hand of a player striking opponent before touching wall or floor is a 8hinder40 ,two hinders by one player in a service is a put-out or a point scored4 ,a ball leaving the board which strikes the player who returned it1 or partner1 is a put-out or a point for the side struck4 ,a ball leaving the board striking an opponent is a point or put-out in favor of the opposing side of person so struck4 ,all balls are played until decided by the referee4 ,a returned ball must be within the dimensions of the court4 ,players may block each other fairly1 that is1 a player may so place the ball that he blocks his opponent1 but this must be done before the ball has left his hand4 ,in doubles1 no blocking may be done after the ball has left the board4 ,for unfair blocking1 a penalty--subtracting from one to five points from score of the offender--may be imposed by the referee4 ,in doubles1 the sides alternate in service as well as receiving4 ,no player shall serve or play the same defensive position all the time4 ,irish ,hand ,ball ,rules ,i4 ,a ball may be batted with either hand4 ,foul--,never with both hands4 ,penalty--,for server1 loss of hand2 for receiver1 ace for server4 ,,ii4 ,the server may stand anywhere in space between ace line and front line4 ,foul--,she must not step over inner line twice in succession while serving4 ,penalty--,server loses hand4 ,,iii4 ,a served ball must hit the front wall before it hits either side wall1 roof or floor4 ,foul--,if served ball hits side wall1 roof or floor before hitting front wall4 ,penalty--,server loses hand4 ,,iv4 ,a served ball may be so played that after hitting front wall it rebounds from a side wall or the back wall1 before touching the floor behind ace line4 ,v4 ,short ball4--,if a served ball touches the floor inside the ace line 7between that line and the front wall7 it is called a short ball4 ,any number of short balls may be served with good balls in between4 ,foul--,to serve three short balls in succession4 ,penalty--,server loses hand4 ,,vi4 ,if a short ball is served the receiver may or may not play according to her desire4 ,,vii4 ,a ball may never be batted or touched in any way twice by either server or receiver before it touches front wall4 ,foul--,to touch a ball twice in succession4 ,penalty--,server loses hand2 receiver1 point to server4 ,,viii4 ,if receiver fails to send back the ball to the front wall it counts ace for server4 ,if server fails she is hand out4 ,,ix4 ,a server after retiring must be given time to get into position for receiving4 ,foul--,to use foot to strike ball4 ,penalty--,server loses hand2 receiver1 point to server4 ,x4 ,hinder4--,to stop a ball going to front wall1 if unintentional1 ball is dead and must be served again4 ,foul--,if intentional1 hinder4 ,penalty--,server loses hand2 receiver1 point to server4 ,,xi4 ,ball to be fair must strike at least six inches above floor1 that is1 above the tell board4 ,foul--,intentional4 ,applying to doubles4 ,,xii4 ,served ball strikes server's partner2 called a hinder4 ,foul--,hit1 hinder for serving side4 ,penalty--,loss of hand4 ,,xiii4 ,server's partner interferes with the ball before it is played by either of the two opposing players4 ,foul--,hit1 hinder by server's partner4 ,penalty--,loss of hand4 ,,xiv4 ,if a receiver strikes ball so that it strikes partner it is a hinder4 ,foul--,hit1 point for receiver4 ,,xv4 ,if a receiver strikes either of opponents with ball1 a hinder4 ,foul--,hit1 point for receiver1 decided by referee4 ,fencing ,to some1 the practice required to develop good form in fencing may at first seem tedious4 ,this practice1 however1 not only rounds out the form of the fencer1 but also is very beneficial in that it exercises the muscles of the entire body and in that it cultivates quick thinking and stimulates mental alertness4 ,from the physical point of view fencing tends to develop symmetrically all the muscles of the body1 to give a lightness and quickness of movement1 gracefulness1 and generally to strengthen the body4 ,to fence well it is necessary to think quickly and act calmly4 ,the fencer must judge what is best suited for her to do4 ,she must divine her opponent's attack4 ,thus she must be mentally alert all the time4 ,for the beginner and inexperienced fencer1 it is necessary to have a good foil1 one that is the proper weight for the strength of the fencer4 ,never use a foil that is too heavy2 it is better to have a light than heavy one4 ,a foil must also have the proper balance4 ,to test the foil lay the blade across the finger about an inch below the hilt4 ,if the weight is properly distributed it will balance4 ,to avoid any accidents a fine-meshed mask and plastron or jacket should always be worn4 ,if a glove is worn it should be loose enough to allow perfect freedom of action1 but not so loose as to be cumbersome4 ,rubber-soled shoes or a shoe that will not slip should be worn4 ,,how ,,to ,,hold ,,the ,,foil4 ,the handle of the foil has two sides1 the concave and the convex4 ,the foil is held1 generally in the right hand1 so that the concave of the handle rests in the palm2 the convex is then the upper side2 the fingers are closed around the handle1 the thumb rests on the upper or convex side1 without touching the hilt2 the fingers must not overlap the thumb4 ,the foil is held correctly when1 i4 e41 for the right-handed fencer1 the thumb nail faces upward and the finger nails toward the left4 ,this position of the foil is called supination4 ,another position is pronation4 ,for this the back of hand is turned up1 the fingers are drawn closer together and the thumb is closer to the fingers4 ,form and skill count for the most in fencing1 hence strict attention is paid to the different positions until the form is perfect4 ,quickness and good judgment are acquired with practice and experience4 ,it is of course desirable to procure the services of a competent instructor when a beginner4 ,the fencer should remember to use mainly the fingers and wrist2 the part played by the arms is subordinate4 ,think quickly4 ,thrust and parry coolly and make every movement count4 ,if your movements become hurried and flustered1 the result is slashing1 which is not good fencing--good headwork counts4 ,try to fathom your opponent's methods and take advantage of every opening she gives4 ,consistent practice and confidence will enable you to be ready for any situation which may come about4 ,,on ,,guard4 ,this is the elementary position in fencing4 ,stand at attention1 body turned facing opponent outwardly1 feet at right angles1 the left foot pointing forward1 the right foot outward toward opponent4 #a4 ,raise the arm holding foil lightly1 extend toward opponent1 hand at height of and opposite the eye4 #b4 ,drop the arm and foil1 point outward1 until it is a few inches from the floor4 #c4 ,sweep the foil across the body so that the foil is horizontal4 ,grasp the blade close to the guard with fingers of the left hand1 palm up4 ,the right hand is reversed4 #d4 ,bend arms over head in a circle1 carrying foil upward so it is kept horizontal4 #e4 ,lower right hand to height of the right breast1 with foil directed outward toward opponent at the height of her eyes4 ,drop the left elbow1 curving the hand over the left shoulder4 #f4 ,bend the legs1 separating them at the knees4 #g4 ,advance the right foot in a direct line from the left heel to opponent4 ,the right knee should be bent over the right foot1 both feet should be flat on the floor4 ,after these seven movements have been practised and the position on guard reached quickly and accurately1 the fencer may take up more advanced work4 ,the natural instinct is to defend oneself1 so a scientific means of defense is taught4 ,any movement that turns away an opponent's foil is called a parry4 ,as the fencing jacket is divided into different lines of engagement1 there is a set parry for each4 ,in all parries1 it is important to turn the point of the opponent's foil away from your body4 ,parries are divided into two main classes1 simple and counter4 ,the following are the simple parries3 ,,the ,,parry ,,of ,,quarte4 ,using the fingers and wrist1 the foil is carried across body from right to left1 turning the point of opponent's foil away from the attack2 the right forearm protects the left side1 the elbow is close at side and in a line with the hip bone2 the tip of foil points up2 the foil is held in supination4 ,,the ,,parry ,,of ,,sixte4 ,the foil moves from left to right1 protecting the right side4 ,the hand is held in supination4 ,,the ,,parry ,,of ,,septime4 ,the hand is moved as in quarte2 the hand is held in supination2 the point is dropped to the waistline by a semi-circular movement outward4 ,,the ,,parry ,,of ,,octave4 ,with the hand similar to that of septime the foil is moved outward in a semi-circle and the point is dropped4 ,,parry ,,of ,,quinte4 ,for this1 the hand from quarte is lowered toward the hip1 point upward4 ,,parry ,,of ,,tierce4 ,the foil is held in pronation4 ,the parry of ,sixte covers the same line of engagement except in the difference in holding the foil4 ,,parry ,,of ,,prime4 ,from quarte1 the hand is moved toward the left shoulder1 the point dropped1 the back of hand is turned upward and outward4 ,,parry ,,of ,,seconde4 ,the hand is in pronation2 it covers the same ground as octave4 ,besides these simple parries are counter parries1 which are circles described with the tip of the foil around the opponent's foil1 holding the foil as close as possible to hers4 ,in all the parries it is practice1 so that the movements are smooth and the recovery from the parry to the on-guard position is instantaneous4 ,the fingers and wrist should be used mainly in the parries1 the arm movement should be as slight as possible4 ,,the ,,attack4 ,a fundamental of the attack first to be learned is the thrust4 ,the tip of the foil is aimed at the point to be hit1 the arm is straightened4 ,added to the thrust in the attack is the lunge4 ,the right foot is carried forward 7about twice its length71 the left leg is straightened1 the weight of the body is on the right leg1 which is bent at the knee4 ,the left arm is carried straight down at the side1 palm of the hand turned outward4 ,the thrust and the advance with the foot are simultaneous4 ,the lunge requires much practice to develop a quick attack and recovery4 ,one important factor to be remembered in the lunge is never to get the balance too far over the right knee4 ,also never let any part of the left foot leave the floor4 ,immediately after the lunge and the thrust1 the fencer should quickly resume the original position1 i4 e41 the on guard position4 ,there are many different methods of attack1 divided into two main classes1 primary and secondary4 ,primary attack is one that is begun by yourself2 secondary attack is one when you attack in an opening your opponent gives in her attack4 ,besides these are false attacks to decoy the opponent's attack4 ,the ,direct ,lunge4--,this is one form of attack1 though the straight attack is generally preceded by disengages4 ,a riposte is a thrust unaccompanied by a lunge2 this is important in secondary attack4 ,the ,disengage4--,in order to attack in a center line1 it may be necessary to raise the point of your foil over or drop it under the point of your adversary's4 ,the ,counter ,disengage4--,this is a disengage 7or more than one7 followed by a circling of the tip of your foil around your opponent's foil1 followed by an attack on your part4 ,the ,coupe 7cut over74--,the point of the foil is raised by the fingers and carried down on the opposite side of your opponent's foil1 accompanied by the lunge4 ,in the attack the fencer should remember to keep the right arm straight1 to aim at the line carefully1 to always be in a position to guard closely4 ,in a match or competitive bout1 the umpire decides the hits1 but it is courtesy to acknowledge a hit yourself4 ,swimming ,a graceful swimmer is as fascinating to watch as a graceful dancer4 ,anyone with a thorough knowledge of the strokes and with sufficient confidence in her own ability may develop into a graceful and competent swimmer4 ,everyone should learn to swim well1 because it is not only one of the best physical exercises1 but also is a useful accomplishment in case of emergency4 ,swimming is an all-around exercise1 since it brings into play all the muscles of the body4 ,not only is swimming good from the above points of view1 but also as a rule it stimulates and refreshes1 and combined withal there is generally an element of fun which lends zest to the sport4 ,those girls who fail to enjoy their swimming do so because they have no confidence in their ability4 ,it is foolhardy to venture into deep water when one cannot swim well1 but if there are good swimmers in the proximity and a float or some other object close by which can be reached by merely stretching out the arm1 then is the time to gain confidence and corresponding ability and endurance4 ,never swim in dangerous water alone4 ,never swim when tired4 ,over-exertion in swimming1 much more so than in other sports1 should be watched for1 especially in racing and long distance swims1 and if any of the contestants tire1 they should leave the water4 ,there are two faults the mediocre swimmer--even the average swimmer--is apt to have1 namely1 poor breathing and hurried strokes4 ,it is important to learn to breathe well4 ,the breathing should be regular and is varied according to the different strokes4 ,the common tendency is to hold the breath until it is a physical impossibility to hold it any longer1 then let it out through the mouth with a gasp1 hold the breath again1 etc4 ,in haste to reach the objective point1 the swimmer is sometimes apt to hurry her stroke4 ,thereby she fails to execute her strokes in good form1 usually floundering and splashing without deriving any force or impetus from her efforts4 ,this is not only ineffectual1 but it is exceedingly exhausting and tiring4 ,the strokes should always be completed in perfect form and rhythm4 ,there are varied types of strokes2 often one stroke is more suited to an individual than another4 ,swimming is just as individual as walking1 for it is rarely that two people swim in identically the same manner4 ,often bad habits become fixed1 unconsciously1 even in the strokes of the best swimmers1 so it is well to watch one's form carefully4 ,the ,breast ,stroke4--,in the breast stroke1 the swimmer is lying in the water flat upon the breast4 ,the feet should be but a few inches below the water2 the head is carried so that the mouth is just under the water2 the legs are together and straight1 toes pointing back2 the arms are stretched straight in front1 hands just touching each other1 palms down1 fingers together2 with elbow stiff1 the arms are circled back close under and parallel to the surface until they are at right angles to the body2 the hands are turned in the beginning of the stroke so that the palms are outward2 then the elbows are bent so that they are drawn back and close to the body1 and the hands1 palms down1 are brought together at the chest1 ready to shoot forward to the starting position2 when the arms are drawn back the mouth is carried above the water1 then the swimmer should inhale through the mouth2 when the arms shoot forward then exhale1 preferably through the nostrils2 the beginning of the kick is made as the arms are drawn up to the chest2 the legs are drawn up1 heels together1 knees bent out2 simultaneously as the hands are shot forward1 legs are kicked outward1 then the heels are brought quickly together4 ,in this stroke the body gets its impetus from the reach of the arms and the kick4 ,thus the body should glide through the water until the momentum is used up1 then the arms are circled back1 etc4 ,always try to utilize the momentum4 ,all the parts of the stroke quickly follow one another1 so that the entire stroke is smooth4 ,the ,side ,stroke4--,in this stroke the kick is very important4 ,the scissors kick is used4 ,the body lies with shoulder and side flat in the water1 usually the right side2 the upper leg is kept straight1 almost stiff1 and is kicked forward2 the under leg is bent backward from the knee2 then the legs are brought together and closed with a snap2 the arms are stretched overhead1 palms out2 the upper arm1 kept rigid1 with the hand slightly cupped1 circles just under the surface to the thigh1 then the elbow is bent and the arm carried above the water to the first position2 the under arm starts as the upper finishes and is carried to lower thigh2 then1 the elbow bent1 it is shot forward under the surface of the water1 palm of hand down4 ,the whole stroke is3 ,upper arm starts the pull1 the legs are opened1 and breath is inhaled2 then as the upper arm finishes the under arm starts1 the legs are snapped together2 breath is exhaled as the under arm goes forward4 ,the ,trudgeon4--,the scissors kick as described in the side stroke is used also in the trudgeon4 ,this kick is very important and should be practised carefully until the swimmer is perfect4 ,it is always better to swim on the right side if it is possible1 as it relieves the pressure the heart is apt to be subjected to if the swimmer prefers the left side4 ,the body rests in the water1 arm stretched at full length1 the palms are turned down2 the upper arm catches the water and is brought down1 the elbow is fairly stiff1 palms turned slightly outward1 fingers together2 when arm is straight alongside the body1 then the elbow is bent and the arm carried forward above the water to the first position2 as the upper arm finishes1 the under arm executes the same stroke as the upper arm2 the body is rolled4 ,the whole stroke should be practised together1 so that it is smoothly and accurately done4 ,first1 the upper arm catches the water1 the body is slightly rolled1 head twisted so that breath may be inhaled during the pull1 the legs are opened at start of pull and closed at the end of pull4 ,then under arm catches the water1 the body is rolled so that the face is in the water1 and during the pull the breath is exhaled slowly under the water4 ,then1 as under arm finishes the pull1 the upper arm enters the water1 etc4 ,the ,crawl4--,the crawl is the racing stroke4 ,the best-way to begin is first to perfect the movement of the arms4 ,the body is flat in the water1 face down1 arms slightly bent at the elbow1 stretched over head so that wrists are a little beyond the head2 the hands cut and are driven through the water1 elbows still bent1 until the hands reach the hip1 then they are carried out the water and forward1 elbows in air4 ,the arms alternate1 so that while one arm is traveling back under the water1 the other is traveling forward in the air to resume the stroke4 ,the breathing in this stroke is hard to master4 ,as the face is in the water1 the breath is taken only every two or three strokes by turning the head quickly as the upper arm is being brought down2 the exhaling is done under water1 while the under arm goes forward4 ,this is for racing2 a breath may be taken at each stroke when the stroke is slower4 ,in the kick1 the legs are stiff from the hip1 knees close together1 then they are moved up and down alternately with the feet close together4 ,it is difficult at first to maintain the leg drive1 to make the whole stroke smooth1 and to breathe easily1 but these difficulties may be conquered by practice4 ,plain ,back ,stroke4--,the body is flat on the back in the water1 the arms are straight over the head1 the palms of hands upward2 the palms are turned outward1 then the arms1 stiff at the elbow1 are circled down close to the surface and parallel to it2 after the arms are straight by the body1 they are carried to the first position1 perfectly straight1 and clear of the water2 the legs are straight1 then as the arms clear the water for the recovery1 they are bent as in the breast stroke kick1 kicked out straight1 then the heels are brought together4 ,this stroke is almost the same as the breast stroke4 ,another stroke is the same positions for the arms as the plain back stroke combined with the leg drive of the crawl4 ,still another is the same1 except that the arms move alternately as in trudgeon stroke4 ,floating4--,in order to float on the back1 the balance of the body must be determined2 hence it is often necessary if the feet sink to throw the head back and raise the arms over the head4 ,in some cases1 if the legs are bent1 it helps the balance4 ,after practice1 the swimmer soon learns to float4 ,short breaths1 keeping the lungs as full of air as possible1 are better than long ones4 ,plunge for ,distance4--,in reality this is floating with the face flat down in the water4 ,the first part of the plunge is the dive1 which gives the impetus4 ,the dive taken is the shallow dive4 ,as the breath is held from the minute the head enters the water until the plunge is finished1 it is necessary that the lungs be well filled4 ,after the body is in the water1 the muscles should be relaxed1 and the swimmer should keep the air in the lower part of the lungs4 ,the plunge should be as straight as possible2 the direction may be changed by moving the arms 7which are stretched straight out in front7 or the head in the direction desired4 ,this motion should be slight1 as the least friction impedes progress1 and distance is the desired result4 ,diving ,as diving is a very large subject1 it is impossible to give in detail all the varied dives4 ,there are three important dives everyone should know--the front1 back1 and shallow or racing dive4 ,the beauty of diving is in the form4 ,the ,front ,dive4--,the diver stands erect at the end of the spring board1 falls forward1 then as the body passes the balance point1 the arms are raised straight over the head1 knees bent2 then spring out so that the body is parallel to water1 arms above head2 the body is curved downward and enters the water1 arms1 head1 body1 and legs forming a straight line4 ,in springing1 jump out parallel to the water4 ,the running dive is very similar4 ,back ,dive4--,the diver turns with back to the water1 heels over the edge of board into space2 the arms are over head1 body is curved backward2 as the balance point is reached1 spring out1 turning body as it enters the water4 ,the position of the head is important4 ,ducking the head or throwing it too far back1 added to stiffness of the body1 makes the dive awkward4 ,the legs should never be apart1 but together2 toes pointed1 so that feet are not flat2 the fingers should be together4 ,the shallow dive1 known as the racing dive1 is important for those interested in speed swimming1 as is the racing turn4 ,the ,racing ,dive4--,the swimmer stands with the body bent forward1 arms back2 then1 as body falls forward1 the knees are bent and the spring out is taken2 the body strikes the water arms over head1 the whole body in a straight line with the arms and legs4 ,do not dive so that you sink into the water1 but try to strike it at the right angle1 so that you will sink only a few inches4 ,the arms start the stroke as soon as they reach the surface1 then the legs commence as the arms are recovering4 ,the ,racing ,turn4--,the wall is touched by the arm that the turn is to be made on4 ,the previous strokes must be timed so that the arm may touch the wall stretched straight out in front4 ,the hand touches the wall 7above the water line7 palm against the wall1 fingers pointing the way the body is to turn4 ,the body is swung along the wall so that bottoms of the feet touch the wall 7a little below the water72 then with a backward stroke of the arms1 which have been brought to the hip1 palms pointing in front1 fingers down1 the body is brought right against the wall1 nearly touching2 then the arms are forward1 the legs straightened1 thus gaining impetus2 the arms start the stroke1 then the legs commence as the arms start the recovery4 ,for racing1 constant practice of the start1 stroke and turn is necessary4 ,first the swimmer should perfect her form of stroke1 then the speed may be increased by practice swims of a short distance at first1 which may be increased slowly4 ,a swimmer should always be in good condition4 ,never swim so much as to get stale2 never over-exert4 ,it doesn't pay in the end4 ,choose the event you are the most proficient in and stick to that one until you are perfect in it4 ,,treading ,,water4 ,it is necessary for the water polo player to know how to tread water1 that is1 to remain stationary in the water with the least effort4 ,the body is upright in the water1 as in a standing position4 ,the legs are moved up and down1 the arms are spread out1 bent at the elbow1 and moved up and down gently4 ,the whole movement should be as slight as possible1 so that the greatest possible amount of rest may be obtained4 ,,swimming ,,meets4 ,for swimming meets there should be a set program of events4 ,the contestants should be entered ahead of time4 ,handicaps may be granted if the swimmers are unevenly matched4 ,there should be a referee to conduct the meet2 a clerk of the course1 who sees that the participants are notified of the events2 a scorer1 who keeps an official score2 three judges1 who watch for fouls2 three timers1 a starter1 and an announcer4 ,score4--,the score is1 as a rule1 #e for first place1 #c for second1 #a for third4 ,relay races are often counted in different ways3 #e points1 #f points1 or #h points are the most common for the first place4 ,the signal for the start should be3 #a4 8,get- on your marks40 #b4 8,get set40 #c4 8,go40 7,pistol shot47 ,there should be no stepping over or back from starting line4 ,three false starts disqualify a competitor4 ,each swimmer should keep in her own course4 ,if she crosses into the course of another swimmer and touches her she is liable to disqualification4 ,in turning the swimmer should touch the end of the pool with one or both hands4 ,the swimmer must touch the finish line with a hand out of the water4 ,if the stroke is judged for form the competitor must dive into the water1 swim a given distance1 turn1 all in perfect form4 ,in the plunge for distance the dive should be made from a firm take-off4 ,the body must be kept motionless1 face down1 no longer than sixty seconds1 however4 ,the distance is measured from a line parallel to the diving base1 at right angles to base1 to the farthest point reached by any part of the body4 ,a certain number of plunges1 usually two or three1 is allowed to each competitor4 ,in diving there are usually a list of required and voluntary dives4 ,the judges consider the form with which the dive was executed4 7,form is treated under diving47 ,the scale of points usually is3 ,unsuccessful attempt1 #j2 ,poor dive1 #c2 ,fair dive1 #f2 ,good dive1 #h2 ,excellent dive1 #aj4 ,,swimming ,,test4 ,the all-around swimming test as practised at ,bryn ,mawr ,college in a #fh-;foot pool1 the details of which have been contributed by ,mr4 ,philip ,bishop1 ,athletic ,director of the ,haverford ,school and ,advisory ,swimming ,coach at ,bryn ,mawr ,college1 is given herewith4 ,all-,around ,swimming ,test for ,women ,,by ,,philip ,,bishop4 ,this test is taken in three sections3 diving1 plunge and object dive in one section2 form and speed in another2 endurance and underwater swim in the third4 ,section #a4--,speed test1 two lengths to be done in #dd seconds2 form swimming1 breast stroke1 back stroke and trudgeon1 or crawl stroke4 ,section #b4--;,endurance test1 #aej yards in #c minutes2 underwater swim1 #ej feet4 ,section #c4--;,diving1 standing straight dive1 running straight dive1 standing high dive2 fancy diving1 four dives1 which include jackknife1 back dive and somersaults2 plunge1 #cj feet2 object dive1 must pick up #f rings in #c attempts4 ,the successful competitor must score #he per cent to qualify as a first-class swimmer4 ,this test is by no means a hard one1 but it requires practice4 ,the object is to make all-around swimmers and to teach the correct method of diving and making the strokes employed4 ,water ,basket ,ball and ,water ,polo ,water basket ball and water polo are two thrilling and interesting games4 ,they are so similar in general characteristics that they are treated here in the same chapter4 ,from my own experience ,i believe them to be the most strenuous games played by women4 ,by that ,i do not mean that they are necessarily harmful4 ,i do believe1 however1 that they should be played only under the most careful supervision of a medical or physical training authority4 ,two points should be considered before a girl is permitted to participate in either of these games3 #a4 ,all players should be in perfect physical condition4 #b4 ,all players should be strong and capable swimmers4 #c4 ,careful examination should be made of each player when she comes from the tank at the end of the first period and after the game1 for that1 after all1 is the best test as to whether she is fit4 #a4 ,to be in good condition the player should have perfect heart action and good lung capacity1 and she should be generally in good condition4 #b4 ,she should be a swimmer of endurance1 experience and confidence4 ,the beginner tires in the effort to swim strongly and constantly4 #c4 ,if the player is qualified in every respect she may try the game4 ,if after playing she seems exhausted or chilled1 and is tired the following day1 then she has not the stamina to participate in water sports4 ,water ,basket ,ball ,reprinted from ,spalding's ,athletic ,library ,no4 #cfa--;,intercollegiate ,swimming ,guide4 ,water basket ball may be played in any pool1 or if played in the open should not cover more than #b1ejj square feet of space4 ,the water should be of swimming depth1 that is1 the players must not be able to stand on the bottom4 ,there should be lines drawn 8across the bottom of the pool and up the sides #ae feet from the ends1 called #ae-;foot lines40 ,equipment4--,the necessary equipment is a regulation water polo ball and two regulation ,spalding baskets with a firm background1 #f feet by #d1 extending at least #c feet above the top of each basket4 ,the baskets shall be hammock nets of cord1 suspended from metal rings #ah inches in diameter4 ,the rings shall be #e-a_/b feet above the water in the center of the ends of the pool4 ,the inside rims shall extend #f inches from a rigid supporting surface4 ,teams4--,each team consists of six players-three forwards and three backs4 ,captains toss for goals4 ,start4--,each team lines up at its own end2 the ball is thrown into center of the pool2 the forwards swim after the ball2 the backs must play back and not swim up after ball4 ,the forwards are the offensive players and should be the fastest swimmers4 ,they should also be able to throw goals4 ,the forwards advance the ball toward the opponents' basket4 ,the center forward should feed the two side forwards and guard the opposing center back4 ,score4--,a goal thrown into the basket from the field counts two points1 and a free throw granted for a foul by opposing side counts one point4 ,teams line up as in beginning after a score has been made4 ,the backs each guard an opposing forward and try to prevent their scoring4 ,officials4--,there is a referee who is in entire charge of game1 calling fouls1 free throws1 time out and goals4 ,there is a scorer1 also a timer4 ,time4--,there are two halves1 not less than five minutes nor more than eight minutes each1 with five minutes intermission4 ,ends are changed at the beginning of the second half4 ,time is taken out for disputes1 accidents1 free tries4 ,out of ,bounds4--,when the ball is sent out of bounds by one team it is given to a player of opposing team at place where it went out4 ,player must throw ball within five seconds or it is given to opposing side4 ,free ,throw4--,a free throw is granted to a forward upon a foul made by opposite side4 ,the free throw is taken from the fifteen-foot mark by one of the forwards1 who is unguarded at time of throw4 ,if the goal is not made1 the ball is in play4 ,if goal is made1 play begins according to start4 ,fouls4--,the penalty for a foul is a free throw for opposing side4 ,there are rough fouls such as kicking1 striking1 tackling1 holding1 deliberate splashings4 ,when an opponent has the ball she may be tackled and 8ducked0 under the water by one of the opposing players4 ,a player may not be held under water after she has let go of ball4 ,a player may not tackle by or hold to opponent's clothing1 although blocking is allowed4 ,there should be no holding with hands or legs4 ,a player may not hang on to sides when she has the ball4 ,the ball may not intentionally be held under water4 ,tie4--,a tie may be played off in another three-minute period4 ,if game ends after foul is made1 the free throw is taken4 ,no goal is counted after whistle has blown4 ,in both water basket ball and water polo the swimmer should use the easiest and least tiring stroke4 ,whenever there is an opportunity1 a rest either by hanging on to sides or treading water 7see ,swimming7 ought to be taken4 ,both games afford opportunity for team work in passing and dribbling4 ,in dribbling1 the ball is kept in front of body within easy reach for a good pass if the dribbler is attacked4 ,water ,polo ,the main factor in water polo is learning how to handle the ball4 ,the hand should be placed under the ball1 then the ball is lifted in the air and thrown with all the strength of the shoulder and arm4 ,it is ineffectual to try to grab the ball or push it4 ,it must be picked up4 ,the ball is tossed to the middle of the pool1 then the forwards swim up as fast as they can to get the ball4 ,the forwards are chosen for their speed and endurance4 ,every forward should learn to shoot hard and accurately4 ,the center forward is usually the fastest girl on the team4 ,the center forward who gets the ball in the swim-up usually tosses it back to her center-half or to one of the side forwards4 ,the forwards try to advance the ball1 so that a good shot for their opponents' goal may be obtained4 ,if the field is clear the forward may dribble the ball1 i4 e41 keep the ball moving close in front of her4 ,usually1 however1 it is better to advance the ball by passes4 ,one forward at least should stay close to the goal1 ready to send in any short shots4 ,the center half guards the opposing forward and feeds the ball to her forwards4 ,there is a guard for each of the side forwards4 ,it is the best policy for the guards to stay between the forwards and the goal4 ,stick to your opponent2 never let her get a free shot4 ,the goal keeper must be able to reach out of the water and catch the high balls sent into the goal4 ,she must also be quick4 ,remember1 you can use both hands to handle the ball4 ,the guards always must help the goal keeper cover the goal area1 never leaving her unguarded1 yet they must not interfere with her or prevent her seeing clearly4 ,,water ,,polo ,,rules4 ,printed through courtesy of ,mr4 ,philip ,bishop1 ,physical ,director ,haverford ,school and ,advisory ,coach of ,swimming at ,bryn ,mawr ,college4 ,ball4--,the ball used shall be a leather association football4 ,goals4--,the width of the goals to be #aj feet1 the cross-bar to be #c feet above the surface when the water is #e feet or over in depth1 and to be #h feet from the bottom when the water is less than #e feet in depth4 ,field of ,play4--,the distance between the goals shall not exceed #cj yards1 nor be less than #ai yards2 the width shall be not more than #bj yards and shall be of even width throughout the field of play4 ,the goal posts shall be fixed at least #a foot from the end of the bath or any obstruction4 ,in baths1 the halfway line and also the #d yards penalty lines shall be marked on both sides4 ,illustration3 ,what greater pleasure can anyone enjoy during the summer than a good swim in the open4 ,the picture shows the girls of the ,new ,york ,public ,schools ,athletic ,league practising diving in one of their pools4 ,illustration3 ,volley ,ball--a comparatively new game4 ,it is splendid for growing school girls and may be played in recess periods--exciting1 exhilarating1 healthful4 ,time4--,the duration of the match shall be #ad minutes1 #g minutes each way4 ,three minutes to be allowed at half time for change of ends4 ,when the ball crosses the goal line1 whether it be a goal1 corner throw or goal throw1 it shall be dead until the restart of the game or until it leaves the hand of the player taking the throw1 and such time shall be deducted4 ,time occupied by disputes and fouls1 or when the ball is thrown from the field of play or lodges on an obstruction1 as per ,rule for ,out of ,play1 shall not be reckoned as in time of play4 ,officials4--,the officials shall consist of a referee1 a timekeeper1 two goal scorers and two umpires4 ,teams4--,each side shall consist of seven players1 two forwards1 two halves1 two fullbacks and one goal keeper4 ,starting4--,the players shall enter the water and place themselves in a line with their respective goals4 ,the referee shall stand in a line with the center of the course and1 having ascertained that the captains are ready1 shall give the word 8,go10 and immediately throw the ball into the water at the center4 ,a goal shall not be scored after starting or restarting until the ball has been handled 7viz41 played with the hand below the wrist7 either by the members of one team1 in which case the scorer shall be within half-distance of the goal attacked1 or by a player of each team4 ,the ball must be handled by more than one player before a goal can be scored4 ,scoring4--,a goal shall be scored by the entire ball passing beyond the goal posts and under the cross-bar4 ,ordinary ,fouls4--,it shall be a foul3 7a7 ,to touch the ball with both hands at the same time4 7b7 ,to hold the rail or side during any part of the game1 except for rest4 ,goal keeper cannot interfere while holding1 but can hold all the time so long as she does not play4 7c7 ,to stand or touch bottom during any part of the game1 except for the purpose of resting4 7d7 ,to interfere with an opponent or impede her in any way unless she is holding the ball4 7e7 ,to hold the ball under water when tackled4 7f7 ,to jump from the bottom or push off from the side 7except at starting or restarting7 in order to play the ball or 8duck0 an opponent4 7g7 ,to hold1 pull back1 or push off from an opponent4 7h7 ,to turn on the back and kick at an opponent4 7i7 ,to assist a player at the start or restart4 7j7 ,for the goal keeper to go more than #d yards from her own goal lines4 7k7 ,to throw the ball at the goal keeper from a free throw4 7l7 ,to refuse to play the ball at the command of the referee after a foul or after the ball has been out of the field of play4 ,note4--,dribbling or striking the ball is not holding2 but lifting1 carrying1 pressing under water or placing the hand under or over the ball when actually touching1 is holding4 ,dribbling the ball lip through the posts is permissible4 ,wilful ,fouls4--,if1 in the opinion of the referee1 a player commits an ordinary foul wilfully1 the referee shall at once order her out of the water until a goal has been scored4 ,it shall be considered a wilful foul to start before word 8go20 to deliberately waste time2 to deliberately change position after whistle has blown with a view to taking an advantage of an opponent2 to deliberately splash in the face of an opponent4 ,free ,throws4--,the penalty for each foul shall be a free throw to the opposing side from the place where the foul occurred4 ,a goal cannot be scored from a free throw1 unless the ball has been handled 7viz41 played with the hand below the wrist71 by at least one other player1 the goal keeper excepted4 ,penalty ,throws4--,a player wilfully fouled when within four yards of her opponents' goal line shall be awarded a penalty throw1 and the player who commits the offense must be ordered out of the water until a goal has been scored4 ,the penalty throw shall be taken from any point on the four-yard line4 ,in the case of a penalty throw it shall not be necessary for the ball to be handled by any other player before the goal can be scored1 but any player within the four-yard line may intercept a penalty throw4 ,note4--,a player ordered out of the water for committing a wilful foul must remain out until a goal has been scored1 notwithstanding that half-time may intervene or extra time be played1 except by permission of the referee4 ,declaring ,fouls4--,the referee or umpires shall declare a foul by blowing a whistle4 ,the player nearest to where the foul occurred shall take the throw4 ,the other players shall remain in their respective positions from the blowing of the whistle until the ball has left the hand of the player taking the throw4 ,in the event of one or more players from each team committing a foul so nearly at the same moment as to make it impossible for the referee to distinguish who offended first1 she shall have the ball out of the water and throw it in as nearly as possible at the place where the foul occurred in such a manner that one member of each team may have equal chance of playing the ball4 ,in such cases the ball must be allowed to touch the water before it is handled and must be handled 7i4 e41 played with the hand below the wrist7 by more than one player before a goal can be scored4 ,goal ,keeper4--,the goal keeper may stand to defend her goal1 and must not throw the ball beyond half distance2 the penalty for doing so shall be a free throw to the opposing side from half distance at either side of the field of play4 ,she must keep within four yards of her own goal line or concede a free throw from the four-yard line to her nearest opponent4 ,the goal keeper is exempt from clauses a1 c1 and f in ,rule for ,ordinary ,fouls1 but she may be treated as any other player when in possession of the ball4 ,except when injury or illness compel her to leave the water1 the goal keeper can only be changed at half time4 ,goal ,line ,corner ,throws4--,a player throwing the ball over her own goal line shall concede a free corner throw to her opponents1 and such free corner throw shall be taken by the player of the opposing side nearest the point where the ball leaves the field of play2 if the attacking side throw the ball over1 it shall be a free goal throw to their opponents' goal keeper4 ,out of ,play4--,should a player send the ball out of the field of play at either side1 it shall be thrown in any direction from where it went out by one of the opposing side1 and shall be considered a free throw4 ,the player nearest the point where the ball leaves the field of play must take the throw4 ,should a ball strike an overhead obstruction and rebound into the field of play1 it shall be considered in play2 but if it lodges on or in an overhead obstruction1 it shall be considered out of play1 and the referee shall then stop the game and throw the ball into the water under the obstruction on or in which it had lodged4 ,declaring ,goals1 ,time1 etc4--,the referee shall declare fouls1 half-time and time by whistle2 the timekeeper may notify half-time and time by whistle4 ,volley ,ball ,volley ball is another team game which is rapidly becoming popular among girls4 ,it may be played indoors or outdoors and can be enjoyed by large groups of girls4 ,the game is a combination of tennis and hand ball and consists of keeping a ball in motion over a high net4 ,many girls1 particularly the young and those who are weakly1 are compelled to refrain from indulging in many of our most popular games4 ,these can play volley ball without running the risk of any serious injury4 ,there is no bodily contact with opponents4 ,the ball is soft and does not injure the one hitting it or anyone who may accidentally be hit with it4 ,the space1 ball and net usually can be acquired with little difficulty1 and the ball and net are very inexpensive when we consider how long they last and the number of games which can be enjoyed by a great many persons before they have to be repaired or replaced4 ,while the rules call for a definite size of court1 it should be remembered that a good game can be played and lots of fun enjoyed in school rooms and other places that may be available1 where the space and other requirements are less than those specified4 ,the rules for the game are revised annually by a joint committee of the ,young ,men's ,christian ,association and the ,national ,collegiate ,athletic ,association and are published in ,spalding's ,athletic ,library4 ,philadelphia ,hockey ,league ,,by ,,josephine ,,katzenstein4 ,the ,philadelphia ,hockey ,league has been successfully organized as is told by ,miss ,josephine ,katzenstein1 a member of the ,lansdowne hockey team4 ,miss ,katzenstein has been chosen for the ,all-,philadelphia team every year since its start4 ,previous to this1 she played on the ,bryn ,mawr 'varsity4 ,it is needless to say that she is one of the best forwards that ever played in the ,philadelphia ,league4--,,editor4 ,when we consider that before #aija field hockey for women was hardly more than a name in and around ,philadelphia1 and that since that year enthusiasm for the game has so steadily grown that we have now perhaps the finest hockey league in the country1 we may justly feel optimistic on the subject of athletics for women4 ,in #aijg1 there were eight hockey clubs in this vicinity--enough to organize an inter-club hockey league4 ,merion ,cricket ,club1 ,belmont ,cricket ,club1 ,lansdowne ,country ,club1 ,germantown ,hockey ,club1 ,philadelphia ,cricket ,club1 ,moorestown ,field ,club1 ,haddonfield ,hockey ,club1 and ,frankford ,cricket ,club composed the league4 ,later ,belmont went out of existence1 ,frankford and ,moorestown withdrew1 and ,temple ,college joined the league4 ,now ,lansdowne1 ,germantown1 ,haddonfield1 ,philadelphia and ,merion have second teams1 while ,riverton plays only in the second league4 ,the different teams must have distinguishing colors1 and no club joining the league may use the colors already adopted by another club4 ,so far ,temple is the only club far-sighted enough to play in bloomers instead of in hampering skirts4 ,it is hoped by many that all may soon follow her wise example4 ,professionals are barred from competition on any league team4 ,a team may be admitted to the league upon application to and approval by the ,executive ,committee4 ,each team has to play two matches with every other club in the league--one on the home field and one on the opponent's4 ,since #aijh a committee formed of a representative from each club has chosen an ,all-,philadelphia team to play outside teams1 after the inter-club games are over4 ,this has proved an incentive to consistently good playing all season1 as one knows that the critics' eyes are on one in every game4 ,it has also helped to spread the interest in hockey4 ,bryn ,mawr1 ,new ,york1 ,baltimore and ,rosemary ,hall 7,greenwich1 ,conn47 teams have been met repeatedly by the ,all-,philadelphia team4 ,activity of ,missouri ,colleges ,,by ,,miss ,,lorena ,l4 ,,parrish1 ,physical ,director ,howard ,payne ,college4 ,it is with pleasure that ,i take this opportunity to give you a glimpse of the work of the ,junior ,colleges of ,missouri in ,athletics4 ,in #aiad1 the organization known as the ,junior ,college ,athletic ,association of ,missouri was formed4 ,up until this time there were only a few of the colleges devoting much time to athletics4 ,howard ,payne has for years been one of the strongest supporters of athletics for women1 not only within her own college1 but a strong advocate of intercollegiate sports4 ,since the organization there have been four out of the seven junior colleges which have taken up active intercollegiate basket ball-,christian ,college and ,stephens ,college1 both of ,columbia1 ,mo41 ,lindenwood of ,st4 ,charles and ,howard ,payne of ,fayette4 ,i feel confident that in another year the remaining three will join our ranks4 ,we also have our tennis tournaments every spring4 ,in the year #aiae1 we started for the first time work in track and field athletics4 ,a dual meet was held here on ,may #ag between ,howard ,payne and ,stephens4 ,it met with such overwhelming success that we have planned to make it an annual event4 ,there were several physicians present at the meet1 and they were very enthusiastic in their praise of the work1 saying that it was one of the finest moves that had been made within recent years for the development of our girls4 ,notwithstanding these facts1 there is still a great deal of prejudice against this particular form of athletics1 and the two questions that are uppermost in the minds of a great many are3 8,are we taking chances with the girls' future health by allowing these sports80 8,do the advantages gained overshadow the possible danger80 ,these questions should be given careful consideration by the physical directors and they should see to it that the girls under their charge receive careful training and supervision4 ,it is only in this way that we shall be able to break down the prevailing prejudices4 ,i should say that under proper conditions and supervision the gain in health and strength far outweighs the risks of danger4 ,here in our own school the girls who are most active in athletics are the healthiest and are rarely ever absent from classes because of illness4 ,since the meet held here in ,fayette in #aiae was the first intercollegiate meet of its kind for girls in this section of the country1 it might be of interest to include in this article the various events used3 ,target shooting #ej-yard dash ,base ball throw #fj-yard hurdles 7#c hurdles7 ,discus--#b-l_/#b pounds #ge-yard dash ,shot-put--#h pounds ,running high jump ,basket ball throw ,running broad jump #bbj-yard dash ,girls' ,branch of the ,public ,schools ,athletic ,league ,among the sanctioned activities of the ,girls' ,branch of the ,public ,schools ,athletic ,league are the following team games for the ,elementary ,schools3 ,end ,ball1 ,captain ,ball1 ,basket ,ball1 ,punch ,ball1 ,indoor ,base ,ball4 ,end ,ball can be played by a varied number of players4 ,the playing rules are to be found in the ,official ,handbook of the ,girls' ,branch of the ,public ,schools ,athletic ,league1 published by the ,american ,sports ,publishing ,company4 ,this book says3 8,the object of the game is for the guards on one side to throw the ball over the heads of the guards on the opposite side to their own basemen1 at the end of the opposite field4 ,each such ball caught by a baseman shall score one point for the side catching it4 8,the object of the intervening guards is to intercept the ball before it can reach the basemen at their rear1 and to throw it in turn to their own basemen at the rear of the opposite court1 over the heads of the intervening opponents40 ,captain ,ball4--8,the main object of the game is for the basemen of a team to pass the ball from one to another1 each pass successfully made scoring for the team1 as described under #8,score4' 8,the object of the guards is to intercept the passage of the ball and send it back to their own basemen for similar play40 ,for the rules and details see ,official ,handbook of the ,league4 ,basket ,ball4--,the ,spalding ,athletic ,library rules for the line game are used4 ,punch ,ball4--,for this the league rules as set forth in ,official ,handbook4 8,the object of the batter is to hit the ball into the field in such a way that it may not be caught by the fielders1 and to run to first base4 ,the object of the fielders is to return the ball to their catcher1 who shall stand on the home plate and hold the ball before the batter reaches first base4 ,if the fielders muff the ball and are slow in returning it to home plate1 the batter who has reached first may continue on to second or third base1 or as far as in her judgement she can get before the ball reaches home plate4 ,the player running the bases may always advance a base whenever the opportunity occurs and the ball is in play4 ,the final object of the player running to the bases is to touch each base and to reach the home plate without being put out1 thus scoring one run for her side40 ,besides these team games1 the league sanctions the following activities1 which are conducted according to rules and regulations set forth in the ,official ,handbook3 ,folk ,dancing1 ,walking1 ,swimming1 ,horseback ,riding1 ,ice and ,roller ,skating1 ,rope ,skipping1 ,bicycling1 ,coasting1 ,golf1 ,lawn ,tennis1 ,hand ,tennis1 ,heavy ,gymnastics1 ,track and ,field ,events1 ,field ,hockey1 ,volley ,ball1 ,newcomb and ,pin ,ball4 ,intercollegiate ,alumnae ,athletic ,association ,,by ,,miss ,,lillian ,,schoedler1 ,originator and ,honorary ,president of the ,intercollegiate ,a4 ,a4 ,a42 ,chairman of the ,alumnae ,committee on ,athletics of ,barnard ,college4 ,new ,york witnessed the establishment of the first ,intercollegiate ,alumn ,athletic ,association the world has known4 ,and its organization proves beyond a doubt the strong grip that athletics are getting on the modern woman4 ,in #aiac a group of twenty-five alumn from ,barnard ,college1 which met for swimming and basket ball1 sowed the seed for the present association4 ,that seed grew so quickly that by #aiaf there had been #igd enrollments for the athletic work which the ,alumnae ,committee on ,athletics of ,barnard ,college had originated1 and the activities had grown until they included1 besides basket ball and swimming1 social1 folk and sthetic dancing1 bowling1 hand ball1 gymnasium work1 indoor and outdoor horseback riding1 with drill work1 polo and basket ball on horseback1 field hockey1 base ball1 tennis1 tramping1 summer boat and trolley trips1 swimming parties1 and college picnics of all kinds4 ,three factors have contributed to the success of the alumn athletic movement in ,new ,york4 ,in the first place1 its activities have been carried on outside of business hours--in evenings1 or during week-ends--so that college women who work1 as well as their more leisurely sisters1 could enjoy the fun4 ,in the second place1 the social end as well as the athletic has been provided for in the making of all plans1 and as a result alumn athletics1 through their informality and atmosphere of 8camaraderie10 are serving to bring together college individuals and groups as nothing else can4 ,and1 in the third place1 everything has been planned as simply and inexpensively as possible1 as witness the fact that horses are secured at one of the best ,new ,york academies for sixty-three cents an hour1 including instruction1 and that members who have no habits ride in middy blouses and bloomers4 ,there is no pretense at 8style10 but every emphasis on fun4 ,the new association is a pioneer in its field1 and is being watched with much interest by college men and women alike4 ,it is hoped that before long similar associations will spring up in various sections of the country1 and that college women will soon have the organized facilities for exercise and recreation for the possession of which they have always envied their college brothers4 ,which city will be the first to follow ,new ,york's successful example8 99 99 99 99 99 ,miss ,schoedler has very kindly consented to give advice to any group of college women in any city who wish to form an organization for the purpose of continuing athletics4 ,communications to ,miss ,schoedler at #bdi ,west #ajgth ,street1 ,new ,york ,city1 will result in a prompt answer4--,,the ,,editor4 ,illustration3 ,,accept ,,no ,,substitute ,,the ,,spalding ,,trade-,,mark ,,guarantees ,,quality ,illustration3 ,the sterling mark in the appraisal of athletic goods ,when selecting apparel or implements for any pastime1 it is well to bear in mind the synonymous meaning of 8,spalding0 and 8,quality0 ,illustration3 ,,prompt ,,attention ,,given ,,to ,,any ,,communications ,,addressed ,,to ,,us ,a4 ,g4 ,,spalding ,,bros4 ,,stores ,,in ,,all ,,large ,,cities ,,for ,,complete ,,list ,,of ,,stores ,,see ,,inside ,,front ,,cover ,,of ,,this ,,book ,illustration3 ,,accept ,,no ,,substitute ,,the ,,spalding ,,trade-,,mark ,,guarantees ,,quality ,,gymnasium ,,apparatus ,colleges and schools contemplating installing a gymnasium or adding to present equipment are invited to correspond with our ,gymnasium ,contract ,department in relation to same4 ,our many years experience manufacturing gymnasium and playground apparatus render us peculiarly fitted to solve the problems that inevitably arise4 ,a4 ,g4 ,,spalding ,,bros41 ,inc4 ,gymnasium ,contract ,department ,,chicopee1 ,,mass4 ,illustration3 ,,prompt ,,attention ,,given ,,to ,,any ,,communications ,,addressed ,,to ,,us ,a4 ,g4 ,,spalding ,,bros4 ,,stores ,,in ,,all ,,large ,,cities ,,for ,,complete ,,list ,,of ,,stores ,,see ,,inside ,,front ,,cover ,,of ,,this ,,book ,illustration3 ,,accept ,,no ,,substitute ,,the ,,spalding ,,trade-,,mark ,,guarantees ,,quality ,,girls' ,,school ,,and ,,college ,,outfits ,we are now furnishing a number of women's colleges and schools--also girls' camps--with complete uniform outfits and would be pleased to submit prices and samples on request4 ,the entire second floor of the new ,spalding ,building1 #ebc ,fifth ,avenue1 is devoted exclusively to ,women's 8,coverley ,clothes0--sport suits1 tennis and golf wear1 separate skirts1 sport hats1 shirts1 ties and shoes4 ,near ,grand ,central station and convenient to leading hotels4 ,catalogue mailed4 ,a4 ,g4 ,,spalding ,,bros4 ,school and ,college and ,camp ,departments #ebc ,fifth ,avenue1 ,new ,york ,illustration3 ,,prompt ,,attention ,,given ,,to ,,any ,,communications ,,addressed ,,to ,,us ,a4 ,g4 ,,spalding ,,bros4 ,,stores ,,in ,,all ,,large ,,cities ,,for ,,complete ,,list ,,of ,,stores ,,see ,,inside ,,front ,,cover ,,of ,,this ,,book ,illustration3 ,,accept ,,no ,,substitute ,,the ,,spalding ,,trade-,,mark ,,guarantee ,,quality ,,spalding ,,field ,,hockey ,,sticks ,no4 #b-;,a4 ,head of fine grained selected oak4 ,handle spliced to reduce risk of breakage1 and built up of strips of rattan cane1 with strip of pure ,para rubber intersecting to prevent stinging of the hands4 8,applebee ,,oo0 ,regulation ,stick ,no4 #b,s4 ,ash head1 with bulge back of striking surface1 rattan cane handle1 with whipping4 ,finest material and workmanship throughout4 8,applebee ,o0 ,regulation ,stick ,no4 #b;,b4 ,plain ash1 turned knob1 wound with twine4 ,spalding 8,club0 ,stick ,no4 #a4 ,plain ash1 turned knob1 scored handle4 ,illustration3 ,spalding ,hockey ,sticks are made in ,england at our ,putney ,factory4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #b-;,a ,no4 #b,s ,no4 #b;,b ,illustration3 ,,prompt ,,attention ,,given ,,to ,,any ,,communications ,,addressed ,,to ,,us ,a4 ,g4 ,,spalding ,,bros4 ,,stores ,,in ,,all ,,large ,,cities ,,for ,,complete ,,list ,,of ,,stores ,,see ,,inside ,,front ,,cover ,,of ,,this ,,book ,illustration3 ,,accept ,,no ,,substitute ,,the ,,spalding ,,trade-,,mark ,,guarantees ,,quality ,spalding ,field ,hockey ,balls ,illustration ,no4 #g4 8,grand ,prix0 ,ball as used by best players in ,england4 ,with two coats special elastic white enamel4 ,per ball1 extra4 ,no4 ,b4 ,seamless1 white enameled leather cover2 excellent quality4 ,no4 ,c4 ,rubber ,cover ,composition ,ball2 superior quality4 ,spalding ,regulation ,field ,hockey ,goals ,illustration ,no4 #b4 ,heavy japanned tubing frame1 with tarred nets complete1 so that goal may be set up quickly and taken down just as readily4 ,field ,hockey ,shin ,guards ,illustration ,no4 ,f4 ,canvas4 ,with ankle protectors4 ,no4 #dj4 ,leather4 ,with ankle protectors4 ,spalding ,field ,hockey ,gloves ,no4 ,p4 ,made skeleton style4 ,fingers and thumb well protected with rubber4 ,rubber ,ring ,finger ,protection ,illustration ,no4 ,r4 ,pure gum ring4 ,will fit any stick1 and prevent opponent's stick from slipping up and injuring the fingers4 ,illustration3 ,,prompt ,,attention ,,given ,,to ,,any ,,communications ,,addressed ,,to ,,us ,a4 ,g4 ,,spalding ,,bros4 ,,stores ,,in ,,all ,,large ,,cities ,,for ,,complete ,,list ,,of ,,stores ,,see ,,inside ,,front ,,cover ,,of ,,this ,,book ,standard ,quality ,an article that is universally given the appellation 8,standard0 is thereby conceded to be the criterion1 to which are compared all other things of a similar nature4 ,for instance1 the ,gold ,dollar of the ,united ,states is the ,standard unit of currency1 because it must legally contain a specific proportion of pure gold and the fact of its being ,genuine is guaranteed by the ,government ,stamp thereon4 ,as a protection to the users of this currency against counterfeiting and other tricks1 considerable money is expended in maintaining a ,secret ,service ,bureau of ,experts4 ,under the law1 citizen manufacturers must depend to a great extent upon ,trade-,marks and similar devices to protect themselves against counterfeit products--without the aid of 8,government ,detectives0 or 8,public ,opinion0 to assist them4 ,consequently the 8,consumer's ,protection0 against misrepresentation and 8inferior quality0 rests entirely upon the integrity and responsibility of the 8,manufacturer40 ,a4 ,g4 ,spalding ,bros4 have1 by their rigorous attention to 8,quality10 for forty years1 caused their ,trade-,mark to become known throughout the world as a ,guarantee of ,quality as dependable in their field as the ,u4 ,s4 ,currency is in its field4 ,the necessity of upholding the ,guarantee of the ,spalding ,trade-,mark and maintaining the ,standard ,quality of their ,athletic ,goods1 is therefore1 as obvious as is the necessity of the ,government in maintaining a ,standard ,currency4 ,thus each consumer is not only insuring himself but also protecting other consumers when he assists a ,reliable ,manufacturer in upholding his ,trade-,mark and all that it stands for4 ,therefore1 we urge all users of our ,athletic ,goods to assist us in maintaining the ,spalding ,standard of ,excellence1 by insisting that our ,trade-,mark be plainly stamped on all athletic goods which they buy1 because without this precaution our best efforts towards maintaining ,standard ,quality and preventing fraudulent substitution will be ineffectual4 ,manufacturers of ,standard ,articles invariably suffer the reputation of being high-priced1 and this sentiment is fostered and emphasized by makers of 8inferior goods10 with whom low prices are the main consideration4 ,a manufacturer of recognized ,standard ,goods1 with a reputation to uphold and a guarantee to protect must necessarily have higher prices than a manufacturer of cheap goods1 whose idea of and basis of a claim for ,standard ,quality depends principally upon the eloquence of the salesman4 ,we know from experience that there is no quicksand more unstable than poverty in quality--and we avoid this quicksand by ,standard ,quality4 ,illustration3 ,a4 ,g4 ,spalding ,bros4 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,obvious printer errors corrected silently4 ,inconsistent spelling and hyphenation are as in the original4