,,fl[]s ,,( ,,! ,,sky ,,fl[]s ,,( ,,! ,,sky ,,by ,,ri*>d ,a4 ,,proctor ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,expanse ,,( ,,heav51 ,,! ,,inf9ities ,,ar\nd ,,u1 ,,! ,,univ]se ,,( ,,/>s1 ,,! ,,sun1 ,,! ,,moon1 ,,etc41 ,,etc4 ,,) ,,fifty-,,f\r ,,illu/rations ,illu/ration ,new ,york ,a4 ,c4 ,,arm/rong ,,& ,,son #gad1 ,,broadway ,all rights res]v$ ,_s ( nature6 "h1 ,9 ?is int]m9able wild]ness ,( worlds1 at ^: imm5sity ,ev5 so>+ fancy /agg]s1 ,"h is ?y fitt+ temple4 ,yet n ! lighte/ leaf ,t quiv]s to ! pass+ breeze ,is less in/9ct ) !e4--,%elley4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,i4 ,,light #a ,,ii4 ,,space #ag ,,iii4 ,,! ,,inf9itely ,,m9ute #ca ,,iv4 ,,! ,,my/]y ,,( ,,gravity #dc ,v4 ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,_m ,,worlds #ef ,,vi4 ,,! ,,aurora ,,borealis #ia ,,vii4 ,,! ,,lun> ,,halo #aad ,,viii4 ,,moonlight #abe ,,ix4 ,,! ,,planet ,,m>s #adi ,x4 ,,! ,,planet ,,jupit] #aia ,,xi4 ,,! ,,r+$ ,,planet ,,saturn #bae ,,xii4 ,,fanci$ ,,figures ,,among ,,! ,,/>s #bcf ,,xiii4 ,,transits ,,( ,,v5us #bgc ,illu/ration ,i4 ,,light4 ,:at s\l 0 81 :51 f ! nak$ top ,( "s bold headl&1 he beheld ! sun ,rise up & ba! ! _w 9 light6 ,he look$-- ,ocean & e>?1 ! solid frame ( e>? ,& ocean's liquid mass1 b5ea? him lay ,9 gladness & deep joy4 ,we live 9 a mighty ocean ^: waves are ev] ru%+ hi!r & ?i!r1 always accord+ to law1 ) velocity inconceivable1 almo/ immeasurable4 ,^! waves lave ! %ore ( t isl& ( space :i* is our home1 travell+ to x f remote/ regions1 & mak+ kn[n to u all t we "k ( :at lies outside our small abode4 ,we call ^! waves1 or r _! effects1 by ! "n ( ,light4 ,we recognise 9 light-- (fspr+ ( ,heav'n's fir/-born ,& ( ?' ,et]nal co-et]nal beam-- ! antec$5t ( all else t exi/s 9 ! univ]se2 or1 z ,sir ,john ,h]s*el said1 ! sup]ior 9 po9t ( rank & conception to all o!r products or results ( creative p[] 9 ! physical _w4 ,x is light :i* alone c give1 & does give u1 ! assurance ( a uni=m & all-p]vad+ en]gy--a me*anism almo/ beyond conception1 complex1 m9ute1 & p[]ful1 by :i* t influ5ce1 or r t movem5t1 is propagat$4 ,our evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( gravitation fails u beyond ! region ( ! d\ble />s1 or leaves at be/ only a presumption am\nt+ to moral conviction 9 its fav\r4 ,b ! argum5t = a unity ( design & action af=d$ by light /&s unweak5$ by di/ance1 & is co-ext5sive ) ! univ]se itself4 ,:at1 !n1 is light8 ,:at is t my/]i\s movem5t ( "s ess5ce p]vad+ all space1 :]eby1 f remote/ dep?s1 news is br\ght to u1 aft] j\rneys la/+ _m ye>s1 ?\gh space is trav]s$ at a rate exce$+ m ?an t5 million times ! velocity ( ! swifte/ express tra98 ,light is 9 reality ! result ( undulations 9 :at is call$ ! e!r ( space1 a p]fectly transp>5t1 almo/ p]fectly ela/ic m$ium1 occupy+ n only void space1 b fl[+ z freely ?r\gh ! d5se/ solids z ! summ] breeze fl[s ?r\gh ! =e/ trees4 ,! waves ( light _c 9 ?is way pass ?r\gh solid or liquid1 or ev5 a]ial bodies1 b ei!r !y are soon] or lat] br\ght to re/1 or else !y are m or less gradually deflect$2 j z ! waves :i* trav]se ! ocean come to _! end1 or are deflect$1 :5 !y meet ! %ore or %all[s ne> ! %ore4 ,all light1 h[ev]1 has its real orig91 n 9 ! e!real ocean itself1 b 9 ! movem5ts ( ! m9ute p>ticles ( :i* all =ms ( matt] kn[n to u are compos$4 ,a t9y atom1 f> too small to be p]ceiv$ ) a microscope1 ev5 ?\gh "o %\ld be made t5 ?\s& times m p[]ful ?an any yet con/ruct$1 :5 set 9 rapid vibration1 raises m9ute waves 9 ! e!real ocean1 j z a small body1 vibrat+ on ! surface ( a %eet ( wat]1 w\ld g5]ate waves !re4 ,& z ! wat]-waves w\ld travel radially away f ! place ( _! bir?1 s d ! light-waves g5]at$ by ! vibrations ( "o ( ! atoms compos+ a lum9\s body radiate =? 9 all directions ?r\gh ! e!real ocean until1 enc\nt]+ "s ob/acle1 !y are s5t 7r$uc$ 9 size7 9 a new direction4 ,9 "s lum9\s bodies !re are atoms vibrat+ 9 _m diff]5t p]iods 7all v small7 s z to cause light-waves ( _m diff]5t k9ds to proce$ f ! body4 ,9 o!r cases ! atoms all vibrate at "o rate1 or at two or ?ree or "s def9ite numb] ( rates1 s t only light-waves ( c]ta9 k9ds proce$ f ! body4 ,b 9 all cases ^! light-waves only cause u to see ! body :5 !y fl[ 9 ?r\gh ! pupil ( ! eye1 & fall+ ^u ! ret9a 7or ! *oroid membrane1 or :atev] "p ( ! eye x may be :i* f9ally receives ! waves71 convey to ! optic n]ve1 & !nce to ! bra91 ! in=mation t su* & su* a body1 s col\r$1 s %ap$1 s mov+1 exi/s t[>ds t direction f :i* ! light-waves seem to come4 ,! body s se51 z we call x1 may be ! orig9al s\rce ( light1 or may be a body on :i* light has be5 reflect$ to u4 ,x is 9 ?is way t we receive in=mation f light-waves4 ,x w be conceiv$ h[ m9ute !y mu/ be1 h[ p]fectly !y mu/ reta9 _! sep>ate "*1 multitud9\s ?\gh !y are1 9 trav]s+ ! e!r 7ev5 :5 t e!r is clogg$ by ! gross matt] ( our ord9>y air71 if we rememb] h[ ?r\gh ! t9y eye-pupil we (t5 receive light-waves tell+ u ( all ! details1 all ! v>ieties ( col\r & brightness1 all ! movem5ts 9 a ri* l&scape4 ,ev5 m />tl+ are ! ?\ghts sugge/$ by a view ( ! />lit heav5s4 ,f hundr$s ( suns at once ! light-waves :i* h trav]s$ v>y+ b all enorm\s di/ances p\r 9 ^u ! small circle ( ! eye-pupil1 waves ( _m k9ds com+ 9 toge!r f ea* sun4 ,! waves :i* ?us rea* ! eye f "o bright /> h be5 b a few ye>s ^u _! j\rney2 all t "t !y h be5 trav]s+ an ocean swept 9 e "p by untold millions ( o!r waves1 & yet !y arrive z p]fect 9 ord] & regul>ity z roll]s :i* h trav]s$ a wide sea p\r 9 ^u a level %ore4 ,f ano!r />1 z bright z ! fir/1 !y h be5 ye>s 9 travell+2 f "s among ! fa9t] />s1 hundr$s1 p]haps ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,yet /ill !y fl[ on1 ea* ord] ( waves 9 p]fect uni=mity z :5 !y fir/ left _! p>5t sun4 ,b ev5 ?is is n all4 ,among ! waves :i* rea* ! eye _m1 nay1 mo/1 are s small t ord9>y vision _c p]ceive _! action4 ,take1 h[ev]1 a telescope1 & s ga!r !m toge!r z to int5sify ?is action1 & !y are r5d]$ p]ceptible1 j z ! unnotic$ heav+ ( ocean becomes a manife/ wave-motion :5 x rea*es a regul>ly n>r[+ inlet4 ,?us1 f />s s remote t _! light has requir$ ?\s&s1 or1 ev5 9 "s cases1 p]haps1 hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s 9 rea*+ u1 ! light-waves fl[ /eadily 9 ^u u4 ,s small are ^! waves1 t ! bread? ( f =ty to sixty ?\s& ( !m w\ld occupy b a s+le in*4 ,?r\gh e po9t 9 space waves f all ! hundr$ millions ( />s are at all times simultane\sly ru%+ at ! rate ( "o hundr$ & eighty-five ?\s& miles 9 e second ( "t3 yet !y travel on altoge!r undi/urb$1 & ea* tells its /ory z di/9ctly z ?\gh ! e!r _h convey$ no o!r message1 & t message b = a %ort di/ance4 ,x w\ld be difficult to say :i* ?\ght1 consid]$ 9 its real significance1 is m /rik+1--! ?\ght ( :at is done = u by light reg>d$ z a t]re/rial ph5om5on1 or ! ?\ght ( :at light is do+1 & has done1 9 pres5t+ to u a view ( ! />lit heav5s4 ,:5 ! sun rises 9 spl5d\r above ! ea/]n horizon1 t9t+ ! sky ) v>i$ col\rs1 light+ up ! cl\ds :i* till !n h be5 b d>k pat*es on ! heav5s1 br++ out ! col\rs ( hill & dale1 rock & riv]1 fields & woods1 ! he>t gladd5s at ! spectacle4 ,a pleas+ melan*oly falls on u z ! light fades away at ev5tide1 t9t aft] t9t vani%+1 until at l5g? ! gloom ( night en%r\ds all4 ,! full spl5d\r ( mid-day1 ! *a/5$ spl5d\r ( a moonlit night1 & ! glory ( ! heav5s :5 all ! />s %9e1 & ! %eph]d gladd5s 9 8 he>t1 /ir ! s\l 9 l mann]2 & x might seem to _m t to analyse ^! glories1 to expla9 _! sci5tific mean+1 w\ld be to rob ! m9d ( ! pleasure x _h be=e f\nd 9 su* sc5es4 ,_m w\ld be dispos$ to ?9k t a pur] enjoym5t is express$ by ,augu/9e ?an any /ud5t ( sci5ce c\ld f9d 9 ! wond]s ( light1 9 ^? words 9 :i* he expresses 8 s5se ( ! lovel9ess ( fair =ms & brilliant col\rs4 ,= light1 que5 ( ! col\rs1 he says1 ba?+ all ,i c look ^u1 f morn+ till ev5+1 let me g :]e ,i w1 w /ill keep glid+ by me 9 unnumb]$ guises1 & soo! me :il/ ,i am busy at o!r ?+s1 & am ?9k+ no?+ ( h]4 ,b ! s5su\s pleasure af=d$ by light is enhanc$1 :ile a pur] & high] enjoym5t is sup]add$1 :5 ! real mean+ ( ! display is und]/ood4 ,z ! a/ronom] sees 9 ! sun a m glori\s object ?an ! sun ( ! poet1 recognis+ 9 imag9ation n only ! visible spl5d\r ( t orb1 b ! mighty en]gy ) :i* x is sway+ ! motions ( a s*eme ( circl+ worlds1 ! wondr\s activities at "w ?r\gh\t its entire frame1 ! inconceivable tumult :i* mu/ prevail 9 t seem+ly sil5t globe1 s ! glories ( light1 rightly und]/ood1 are f> m impressive ?an z !y appeal simply to ! s5ses4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,sunrise on ! ,righi4 ,consid]1 = in/ance1 ! real mean+ ( sunrise4 ,! orb seem+ly ris+ above ! horizon1 b1 9 reality1 at re/1 is ! s\rce ( all ! glory :i* is spread+ ov] ! fair face ( e>?4 ,! atoms ( t remote body1 vibrat+ ) int5se/ activity1 s5d =? 9 all directions e!real waves1 & ( ^! relatively b a v few1 ab\t "o 9 two ?\s& millions1 fall ^u our e>?1 produc+ ! ph5om5a ( sunlight4 ,!y h be5 little m ?an eight m9utes on ! road1 b 9 t %ort "t !y h trav]s$ m ?an #ij1jjj1jjj ( miles4 ,7 !y to fall directly ^u our e>?1 we %\ld see few ( ! spl5d\rs :i* att5d ! upris+ ( ! sun4 ,! deep air clo?+ our e>? receives ! onw>d ru%+ waves1 & reflects !m 9 all directions4 ,to use ,biot's simile1 ,! air is a sort ( brilliant veil1 :i* multiplies & div]sifies ! sunlight by an inf9ity ( rep]cussions4 ,nor is ! wond] ( ! sc5e1 or its effect 9 fill+ ! m9d ) solemn & poetic ?\ghts1 dim9i%$--on ! contr>y1 x is enhanc$--by ! recollection t ! gradually gr[+ glory ( day is br\ght ab\t by ! sl[ turn+ ( ! mighty e>?1-- t sp9n+ sleeps ,on h] s(t axle1 z %e paces ev51 ,& be>s u s(t ) ! smoo? air along4 ,b if ?is is true ( a sc5e ( t]re/rial spl5d\r1 h[ mu* m fully may x be said ( ! glories ( ! heav5s8 ,no poet1 if unaw>e ( ! real mean+ ( mod]n discov]ies respect+ ! cele/ial bodies1 c be mov$ by ! />lit dep?s z ! a/ronom] is1 at lea/ ! a/ronom] ^: /udy ( sci5ce is n limit$ to m]e obs]vation & calculation4 ,hundr$s ( bright po9ts ( light sp>kl+1 & sometimes v>y+ /rangely 9 col\r1 =m1 no d\bt1 a beautiful sc5e2 b ! sc5e is n less beautiful1 & c]ta9ly x is f> m impressive1 :5 we rememb] t e "o ( ^! po9ts ( light is a sun1 mighty 9 attractive en]gy l ours1 its :ole surface gl[+ ) fi]y heat1 & e p>ticle ( its sub/ance con/antly 9 motion1 if n always 9 ! fi]ce ru% ( cosmic hurricanes1 yet ) ! ceaseless vibrations :i* g5]ate ! e!real light-waves tell+ u ( ! />'s exi/5ce4 ,!re is "o /range ?\ght connect$ ) ! motion ( light-waves ?r\gh ! e!r ( space :i* has n1 ,i ?9k1 receiv$ ! att5tion x des]ves4 ,e "o kn[s t :5 we look at ! heav5s we d n see ! cele/ial bodies :]e !y are1 b :]e !y 71 & aga91 n :]e !y 7 at any "o mom5t ( "t1 b "s :]e !y 7 a %ort "t ago1 o!rs :]e !y 7 v long ago4 ,b x is n s g5]ally kn[n1 or rememb]$ by ^? :o d "k x1 t if light 7 n s active z x is ! result w\ld be t utt]ly incorrect pictures ( ! cele/ial dep?s w\ld cont9ually be pres5t$ to u4 ,z matt]s actually are no orb 9 space c appe> v f> f its true place4 ,we see ! sun1 = in/ance1 at any mom5t1 n :]e he is1 b :]e he 0 7or r t[>ds ! direction 9 :i* he lay7 ab\t eight m9utes be=e4 ,b z ! real velocity ( ! e>?1 & !re=e ! app>5t velocity ( ! sun1 am\nts only to ab\t eighte5 miles p] second1 ! sun is only ?r[n ab\t #ijjj miles out ( 8 true position1 :i* is b ab\t ! n9etie? "p ( 8 diamet]3 s t we see ! sun v ne>ly 9 8 "r place4 ,n[ x might seem t a /> ^: light takes1 say1 tw5ty ye>s 9 rea*+ u1 mu/ be se5 v f> f its true place1 suppos+ ! /> to be travell+ along v quickly2 &1 9 "o s5se1 ?is is true4 ,if su* a /> is mov+ at ! rate ( fifty miles p] second1 a?w>t ! l9e ( sight1 x w be out ( place by s consid]able a di/ance z #cae1jjj1jjj1jjj ( miles4 ,yet ! /> w appe> v ne>ly 9 its true position1 simply because1 at ! />'s enorm\s di/ance f u1 ev5 ! great di/ance j nam$ is r$uc$ to a v small app>5t am\nt4 ,su* a /> w\ld1 9 fact1 be displac$ by only ab\t ! ?irtie? "p ( ! sun's or moon's app>5t diamet]s1 or by ab\t a fifte5? "p ( ! di/ance sep>at+ ! middle /> ( ! ,great ,be>'s tail f its small companion1 sometimes call$ ,jack by ! ,middle ,horse4 ,?us ! /ell> heav5s pres5t v truly to u ! positions ( ! />s2 = su* a?w>t motion z ,i h j imag9$ w\ld be v mu* l>g] ?an ! motion ( f> ! great] numb] ( ! />s4 ,b we only ?us see ! heav5s truly pictur$ because ( ! enorm\s velocity ) :i* light travels4 ,if light swept along only at ! rate ( a hundr$ miles 9 a second 7a velocity /ill f> beyond our p[]s ( conception71 !re w\ld be no believ+ :at we %\ld see1 = e />1 & our own sun1 & all ! planets1 & ev5 our own companion planet1 ! moon1 w\ld be ?r[n 9 appe>ance v f> f _! true positions4 ,if !y 7 all %ift$ 9 position by ! same am\nt & 9 ! same direction ! picture w\ld /ill be true1 9 a s5se1 j z we see a true picture ( an object at ! bottom ( a cle> lake1 ?\gh ! picture is displac$ by ! refractive action ( ! wat] on ! rays ( light4 ,b1 9 ! imag9$ case1 ! sun1 & moon1 & planets1 & />s w\ld be %ift$ by diff]5t am\nts & 9 diff]5t ways1 simply because !y are mov+ at diff]5t rates & 9 diff]5t directions4 ,! sc5e pres5t$ to u w\ld h be5 utt]ly untrue4 ,a/ronomy z a sci5ce c\ld probably h _h no exi/5ce 9 su* a case4 ,assur$ly x c\ld h _h no exi/5ce until /ud5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies _h le>n$ to accept z ! fir/ axiom ( _! sci5ce ! doctr9e t ,see+ is n believ+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #b4--,sunset at ,sea4 ,a /range ?\ght truly1 t s active are ! orbs peopl+ space1 s swiftly d !y ru% onw>ds ^u _! orbits1 t light1 c>ry+ its message at a rate exce$+ six ?\s& times ! velocity ( ! swifte/ express tra91 w\ld be utt]ly unable to give a true acc\nt ( ! position & movem5ts ( ! cele/ial bodies4 ,=tunately light gives a true record1 because ! qualities ( ! cosmic e!r are su* t ! message ( light is transmitt$ hundr$s ( times m swiftly ?an ! swifte/ bodies 9 ! univ]se travel onw>ds ^u _! orbits ar\nd ea* o!r or 9 space4 ,illu/ration ,,ii4 ,,space ,al?\gh a/ronomy tells u 9 cle>e/ words ( ! va/ dep?s ( space :i* surr\nd our e>? on all sides1 we are n !reby enabl$ to realize _! enorm\s ext5sion4 ,x is n m]ely t ! unkn[n dep?s beyond ! range ( our mo/ p[]ful telescopes are inconceivable1 b t ! p>ts ( space :i* we c exam9e are on too l>ge a scale = u to conceive _! real dim5sions4 ,x is h>dly go+ too f> to say t our p[]s ( actual conception are limit$ to ! ext5t ( space ov] :i* ! eye seems to range 9 ! daytime4 ,( c\rse 9 ! daytime1 at lea/ 9 cle> wea!r1 !re is "o direction 9 :i* ! eyesight ranges ov] a di/ance ( _m millions ( miles1--namely1 :]e we see ! sun4 ,b ! s5se ( sight is n cognisant ( t enorm\s di/ance1 & simply pres5ts ! sun to u z a bright disc 9 ! sky1 or p]haps r ne>] to u ?an ! sky4 ,ev5 ! di/ance ( ! sky itself is "u-e/imat$4 ,a portion ( ! light we receive f ! sky on a cle> day comes f p>ts ( ! atmosph]e di/ant m ?an ?irty or =ty miles f u2 b ! eye does n recognise ! fact4 ,! blue sky seems a little f>!r (f ?an ! cl\ds1 b n mu*2 ! light cl\ds ( summ] seem a little b n mu* f>!r (f ?an ! heavi] cl\ds ( a w9t] sky2 a cl\d-cov]$ w9t] sky seems a little f>!r (f ?an heavy ra9-cl\ds4 ,! actual v>ieties ( di/ance among cl\ds ( v>i\s k9ds are n mu* m cle>ly disc]n$ ?an ! actual v>ieties ( di/ance among ! heav5ly bodies4 ,! e/imate =m$ ( ! di/ance ( a cl\d-cov]$ sky ov]head probably am\nts to little m ?an a mile1 & x is v d\btful :e!r ! m9d pres5ts ! remote/ dep?s ( a blue sky ov]head at m ?an two miles4 ,t[>ds ! horizon ! di/ance seems great]1 & probably on a cl\dy day ! sky ne> ! horizon is unconsci\sly reg>d$ z at a di/ance ( ab\t five miles1 :ile blue sky ne> ! horizon may be reg>d$ z ly+ at a di/ance ( six or sev5 miles1 ! ar* ( a blue sky seem+ to be f> m deeply curv$ ?an t ( a cl\d-cov]$ sky4 ,x is to di/ances su* z ^! t ! m9d unconsci\sly ref]s ! cele/ial bodies4 ,we "k t ! moon is ab\t #b1jjj miles 9 diamet]1 b ! m9d refuses to pres5t h] to u z o!r ?an a r\nd disc mu* small] ?an ^? o!r objects 9 sight :i* occupy a mu* l>g] portion ( ! field ( vision4 ,! sun _c be conceiv$ to exce$ ! moon enorm\sly 9 size1 see+ t he appe>s no l>g]2 & all ! multitude ( />s are judg$ by ! sight to be m]e bright po9ts ( light 9 reality z !y appe> to be4 ,h[1 !n1 c we hope to appreciate ! va/ness ( space :]e( a/ronomy tells u8 ,to ! /ud5t ( sci5ce attempt+ to conceive ! imm5sities ( ^: exi/5ce he is assur$1 ! same lesson might be taught 9 p>able :i* ! *ild ( ,/4 ,augu/9e's vision taught ! ,numidian !ologian4 ,z reasonably might an infant hope to p\r ! wat]s ( ocean into a holl[1 scoop$ ) 8 t9y f+]s 9 ! s&1 z man to picture 9 8 n>r[ m9d ! l5g? & bread? & dep? ( ! abysses ( space 9 :i* our e>? is lo/4 ,yet1 z a picture ( a great mansion may be s drawn on a small scrap ( pap] z to convey j ideas ( its proportions1 s may ! great tru?s :i* a/ronomy has taught u ab\t ! dep?s ( space be s pres5t$ t j conceptions may be =m$ ( ! proportions ( at lea/ ^? p>ts ( ! univ]se :i* lie )9 ! range ( sci5tific vision1 ?\gh x w\ld be hopeless to attempt to conceive _! real dim5sions4 ,?us1 :5 we le>n t a globe z l>ge z our e>?1 susp5d$ beside ! moon1 w\ld seem to h a diamet] exce$+ h]s ne>ly f\r times1 s t ! globe w\ld cov] a space 9 ! heav5s ab\t ?irte5 times z l>ge z ! moon cov]s1 we =m a j conception ( ! size ( ! moon z comp>$ ) ! e>?1 ?\gh ! m9d _c conceive su* a body z ! moon or ! e>? really is4 ,:51 9 turn1 we are told t if a globe z l>ge z ! e>?1 b gl[+ z brightly z ! sun1 7 set beside ! sun1 x w\ld look a m]e po9t ( light1 we n only le>n to picture rightly to ourselves h[ l>gely ! sun exce$s ! e>?1 b also h[ enorm\s mu/ be ! real di/ance ( ! sun4 ,ano!r /ep leads u to a /&po9t :5ce we c =m a correct e/imate ( ! va/ di/ance ( ! fix$ />s2 = we le>n t s enorm\s is ! di/ance ( ev5 ! ne>e/ fix$ />1 t ! trem5d\s space sep>at+ ! e>? f t /> s9ks 9 turn into ! m]e/ po9t1 insomu* t if a globe z bright z ! sun _h ! e>?'s orbit z a close fitt+ girdle1 !n ?is glori\s orb 7) a diamet] ( "s #ahd1jjj1jjj ( miles7 w\ld look v mu* small] ?an su* a globe z our e>? w\ld look at ! sun's di/ance--w\ld1 9 fact1 occupy b ab\t "o-=tie? "p ( ! space 9 ! sky :i* %e1 ?\gh %e w\ld !n look a m]e po9t1 w\ld occupy if view$ f t di/ance4 ,b !re is a way ( view+ ! imm5sities ( space :i*1 ?\gh n aid+ u inde$ to conceive !m1 enables ! m9d to picture _! proportions bett] ?an any o!r4 ,! dim5sions ( ! e>?'s pa? ar\nd ! sun s9k into insignificance beside ^? ( ! out]mo/ planets2 b ^! 9 _! turn dw9dle into no?+ness beside ^? ( "s among ! comets4 ,f ! pa?s ( ^! comets1 if only s5ti5t & reason+ be+s c\ld trace out 9 a comet's company ^? mighty orbits1 & c\ld h = ! duration ( _! exi/5ce n ! brief span ( "t :i* measures ! longe/ human life1 b _m circuits ( _! comet home ar\nd ! same rul+ orb 7z we live dur+ _m circuits ( our globe ar\nd ! sun71 ! dim5sions ( ! />-dep?s1 :i* ev5 to sci5tific insight are all b immeasurable1 w\ld be directly disc]nible4 ,n only w\ld ! proportions ( t mighty sy/em be p]ceiv$1 ^: fruits & blossoms are suns & worlds1 b ev5 ! gradually *ang+ arrangem5t ( its p>ts c\ld be disc]n$4 ,"s comets1 inde$1 z ,i po9t$ out 9 an essay on comets sev]al mon?s ago 7see ,expanse ( ,heav51 p4 #adi71 d n travel ar\nd ! sun1 b flit f sun to sun on j\rneys la/+ millions ( ye>s1 pay+ ea* sun b a s+le visit4 ,a be+ inhabit+ su* a comet1 & hav+ ^! int]/ell> j\rneys z ! ye>s ( 8 exi/5ce1 s t he c\ld live ?r\gh _m ( !m1 w\ld h a wond]ful insight into ! economy ( ! /ell> sy/em4 ,if 8 p[]s ( conception z f> exce$$ ours z ! range ( 8 travels & ! duration ( 8 exi/5ce1 he w\ld be able to recognise ! proportions ( a l>ge "p ( ! /ell> univ]se z cle>ly z we recognise ! proportions ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,b leav+ ^! wond]ful w&]]s1 ^: j\rneys are z f> beyond our p[]s ( conception z ! imm5sity ( ! regions ( />-/rewn space1 we may f9d1 among ! comets belong+ to ! sun's doma91 bodies ^: range ( travel w\ld give _! inhabitants f> cle>] views ( ! ar*itecture ( ! heav5s ?an ev5 ! pr(\nde/ t]re/rial a/ronom] c possibly obta94 ,su* a comet z ,halley's 7fig4 #c7 = in/ance1 ?\gh "o ( comp>atively limit$ range 9 space1 yet travels s f> f ! sun t1 f ! extreme "p ( its pa?1 x sees ! />s displac$ ne>ly tw5ty times z mu* 7ow+ to its own *ange ( position7 z !y are f ! e>? on opposite sides ( h] comp>atively n>r[ orbit4 ,& ! l5g? ( ?is comet's ye>1 if x indicat$ ! l5g? ( ! lives ( all creatures travell+ along ) x1 w\ld sugge/ a p[] ( pati5tly wat*+ ! progress ( *anges la/+ n a few ( our ye>s only1 b = c5turies4 ,sev5ty-five or sev5ty-six ye>s elapse betwe5 ea* return ( ?is comet to ! sun's neighb\rhood1 & "o :o %\ld h liv$ dur+ sixty or sev5ty circuits ( ?is body ar\nd its mighty orbit w\ld h be5 able to wat* ! ru% ( />s1 ) _! velocities ( _m miles p] second1 until visible displacem5ts _h tak5 place 9 _! positions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--;,halley's ,comet ( #ahce4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is z no?+ comp>$ ) ! mighty range 9 space & ! enorm\s p]iod ( ! orbit ( ! great comet ( ! ye> #ahaa 7fig4 #d74 ,?is comet is1 on ! :ole1 ! mo/ rem>kable ev] kn[n4 ,x 0 visible = ne>ly sev5te5 mon?s1 & ?\gh x did n approa* ! sun )9 #ajj1jjj1jjj miles1 & 0 !re=e n subject to t viol5ce ( action :i* has caus$ enorm\s tails to be ?r[n out f comets :i* h come )9 a few million miles ( him1 or ev5 )9 less ?an a qu>t] ( 8 own diamet]1 x fl\ri%$ =? a tail #abj1jjj1jjj ( miles 9 l5g?4 ,its orbit has1 accord+ to ! calculations ( ! a/ronom] ,argel&]1 a space exce$+ ! e>?'s di/ance f ! sun #baa times1 & ?us surpass+ ev5 ! mighty di/ance ( ,neptune fully sev5 times4 ,x occupies 9 circuit+ ?is mighty pa? no less ?an #cjfe ( our ye>s 7) a possible error ei!r way ( ab\t =ty-?ree ye>s74 ,s t1 accord+ to ,bible *ronology1 ?is comet's la/ appe>ance probably occurr$ dur+ ! rule ( ! judge ,tola1 son ( ,puah1 son ( ,dodo1 ov] ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 ?\gh x may h occurr$ dur+ ! rule ( 8 pr$ecessor ,abimele*1 or dur+ t ( 8 successor ,jair4#a ,dur+ "o half ( ! enorm\s int]val betwe5 t "t & #ahaa ! comet 0 ru%+ outw>ds into space1 rea*+ ! remote/ "p ( its pa? some:]e ab\t ! ye> #bgh 7,a4,d471 & f t "t to #ahaa x 0 on its return j\rney4 ,x is /range to ?9k1 h[ev]1 t ?\gh ! remote/ "p ( its pa? lay #baa times f>!r f ! sun ?an ! e>?'s orbit1 yet ev5 ?is mighty pa?1 requir+ m ?an #cjjj ye>s = a s+le circuit1 _c be said to h c>ri$ ! comet into ! />-dep?s4 ,if ! e>? 7 to %ift its position by ! same enorm\s am\nt ! ne>e/ fix$ /> w\ld h its app>5t position *ang$ only by ab\t an eigh? "p ( ! app>5t diamet] ( ! sun or moon1 or by ab\t "o-qu>t] ( ! di/ance sep>at+ ! middle /> ( ! ,be>'s tail f its close companion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--;,comet ( #ahaa4 ,b ?is fact ( itself is mo/ /rik+ly sugge/ive ( ! va/ di/ance ( ! />s4 ,= consid] :at x means4 ,imag9e ! middle /> ( ! ,be>'s tail to be ! really ne>e/ ( all ! />s in/ead ( ly+ probably tw5ty or ?irty times f>!r away4 ,conceive a comet belong+ to t sun aft] mak+ its ne>e/ approa* to x to travel away ^u an orbit requir+ #cjjj ye>s = ea* circuit4 ,!n 7suppos+ t /> equal to our sun 9 mass71 ! comet1 ?\gh ru%+ away f its sun ) inconceivable velocity dur+ #aejj ye>s1 w\ld1 at ! end ( t va/ p]iod1 seem to be no f>!r away ?an "o-f\r? ( ! di/ance sep>at+ ! sun f its ne> companion4 ,look at ! middle /> ( ! ,be>'s tail on any cle> night1 & on its small satellite1 rememb]+ ?is fact1 & ! awful imm5sity ( ! /> dep?s are /rongly impress$ ^u ! m9d4 ,b ! obs]v] mu/ n fail to rememb] t ! /> really is _m times m remote ?an we h "h = a mom5t suppos$1 & t su* a comet's range ( travel w\ld be proportionately r$uc$4 ,moreov]1 _m among ! />s are1 d\btless1 hundr$s1 ev5 ?\s&s1 ( times /ill f>!r away4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e--,six-tail$ ,comet ( #agdd4 ,let u turn la/ly to ! amaz+ comet ( ! ye> #agdd1 pictur$1 at ! "t1 z %[n 9 fig4 #e 7?\gh probably ! draw+ is greatly exagg]at$74 ,we f9d t ?\gh x _h ! longe/ p]iod ( any :i* has ev] be5 assign$ to a comet z ! result ( actual ma!matical calculation1 yet its range 9 space w\ld sc>cely suffice to *ange ! position ( ! />s 9 su* sort t ! aspect ( ! famili> con/ellations w\ld be mat]ially alt]$4 ,eul]1 ! em95t ma!matician1 calculat$ = ?is comet a p]iod ( #abb1fhc ye>s1 :i* w\ld correspond1 ,i f9d1 to a di/ance ( recession equal to #bdfi times ! di/ance ( ! e>? f ! sun1 or ab\t eighty times ! di/ance ( ,neptune4 ,yet ?is is b little m ?an twelve times ! greate/ di/ance ( ! comet ( #ahaa4 ,probably ! actual range ( su* an orbit f ! middle /> ( ! ,be>'s tail w\ld be equal 9 appe>ance to ! range describ$ above on ! supposition t ! /> is no f>!r f u ?an ! ne>e/ kn[n /> 7,alpha ,c5tauri74 ,t is1 su* a comet1 if x c\ld be se5 & wat*$ dur+ a p]iod ( ab\t #abb1jjj ye>s1 w\ld seem to rec$e f ! /> to a di/ance equal to ab\t "o-f\r? ! space sep>at+ x f its close companion1 & !n to return to ! po9t ( ne>e/ approa* to its rul+ sun4 ,su* are ! imm5sities ( />-/rewn space6 ,! j\rney ( a comet rec$+ f ! sun ) inconceivable velocity dur+ hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s c>ries x b s small a di/ance f him comp>$ ) ! di/ance ( ! ne>e/ /> z sc>cely to *ange ! appe>ance ( ! cele/ial l&scape2 & yet ! di/ances sep>at+ ! sun f ! ne>e/ ( 8 fell[ suns are b z hair-bread?s to leagues :5 comp>$ ) ! proportions ( ! s*eme ( suns to :i* he belongs4 ,^! di/ances1 ?\gh s mighty t by comp>ison ) !m ! inconceivable dim5sions ( our own e>? s9k into utt] no?+ness1 d n br+ u ev5 to ! ?re%old ( ! out]mo/ c\rt ( t region ( space to :i* ! scrut9y ( our telescopes ext5ds4 ,yet ! :ole ( t region is b an atom 9 ! inf9ity ( space4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,x might be sugge/$ t ! appe>ance ( ?is blaz+ comet among ! />s drove ! m sup]/iti\s ( ! ,israelites at t "t to ! wor%ip ( />-gods1 z we read h[1 dur+ ! judge%ip ( ,jair1 !y s]v$ ,baalim1 & ,a%t>o?1 & ! gods ( ,syria1 & ! gods ( ,moab1 & ! gods ( ! ,phili/9es1 & =sook ! ,"l & s]v$ n ,him4 ,to a p l ! ,jews1 :o seem to h be5 9 cont9ual dang] ( return+ to ! ,sabai/ic wor%ip ( _! ,*aldean ance/ors1 ! appe>ance ( a blaz+ comet may h be5 a frequ5t occasion ( backslid+4 ,illu/ration ,,iii4 ,,( ,,! ,,inf9itely ,,m9ute4 ,:5 ,i speak ( ! inf9itely m9ute1 ,i use ! ^w inf9itely n 9 its absolute s5se1 b relatively4 ,actual inf9ity ( m9ut5ess is z utt]ly beyond our conceptions z actual inf9ity ( va/ness4 ,b we may speak ( :at is v mu* less ?an ! lea/ object ( :i* our s5ses c make u directly consci\s z = u inf9itely m9ute4 ,among ! greate/ wond]s sci5ce has to deal ) are ^? relat+ to bodies & movem5ts ?us beyond ! direct k5 ( our s5ses4 ,!re is a univ]se )9 ! univ]se :i* our s5ses reveal to u1--a univ]se ^: /ructure is s f9e t ! m9ute/ p>ticle :i* ! microscope c reveal to u is1 by comp>ison1 l "o ( ! suns :i* p our univ]se comp>$ ) ! unse5 p>ticles con/itut+ matt]4 ,x is a /range ?\ght t ! objects con/itut+ our univ]se1 s long reg>d$ by man z ! only univ]se1 are 9 a s5se p]vad$ by ! mat]ials ( an utt]ly diff]5t univ]se1--:i* yet is z ess5tial to our v exi/5ce z :at we commonly call matt]4 ,we _c live )\t light & heat1 = in/ance1 & aga91 light & heat affect matt] z we "k x2 b !y ?us exi/ & affect su* matt] by means only ( a =m ( matt] unlike any :i* we c conceive4 ,x is c]ta9 t if absolute vacancy sep>at$ our e>? f ! sun1 ev5 by ! n>r[e/ imag9able gap1 8 heat & light c\ld nev] rea* u4 ,!y c\ld no m pass t vacant space ?an ! wave-motion ( wat] c cross a space :]e wat] itself is want+4 ,x is because ( relations su* z ^! t x has be5 said1 & ju/ly1 t matt] is ! less important half ( ! mat]ial con/itut+ ! physical univ]se4 ,our k ( ?is univ]se )9 our univ]se has be5 obta9$ )9 comp>atively rec5t ye>s4 ,m5 7 unwill+ or at lea/ !y spoke & ?\ght z if !y 7 unwill+1 to believe t ! univ]se ( matt] :i* !y _h s long recognis$ 0 dep5d5t on ano!r univ]se = its *ief if n all its prop]ties4 ,!y reg>d$ heat z "s sort ( sub/ance1 :i* might1 ) m delicate means ?an !y possess$1 admit ( be+ dealt ) z *emi/s _h dealt ) ! gases4 ,! sun 0 full ( ?is fluid1 ?is phlogi/on1 z x 0 call$4 ,light1 9 s f> z x c\ld be di/+ui%$ f heat1 0 ano!r fluid2 electricity 0 ano!r4 ,^! 7 ! impond]ables1 or unweighable sub/ances ( la/ c5tury's sci5ce1--n z ) u1 ! effects ( modes ( motion tak+ place 9 a univ]se :i*1 ?\gh mat]ial1 is yet n made ( matt] su* z we "k1 or ev5 su* z we c at pres5t conceive4 ,?is is ! greate/ ( all human sci5tific m>vels1--! greate/ because x includes all o!rs4 ,we "k ( a univ]se :i* is z inf9ite 9 ext5t1 & d\btless 9 duration1 z our own univ]se2 :i* p]vades all =ms ( matt]3 & yet we "k ( ?is univ]se only indirectly2 by ! effects ( movem5ts tak+ place )9 x1 n by any p]ception ( ^! movem5ts !mselves4 ,waves are ev] beat+ ^u ! %ores ( our mat]ial univ]se1 & con/antly *ang+ ! =m & condition ( ! coa/ l9e1 b ! waves !mselves are unse54 ,we only "k ( _! exi/5ce ?r\gh ! *anges wr\ght by !m4 ,we speak ( ! e!r ( space1 & ( waves trav]s+ x1 z ?\gh ! e!r 7 simply "s fluid v mu* m att5uat$ ?an ! r>e/ gas1 ev5 9 a s-call$ vacuum4 ,b 9 reality1 s soon z we attempt to apply to ! movem5ts tak+ place 9 su* an e!r ! me*anical consid]ations :i* suffice = ! motions ( all ord9>y =ms ( matt]1 we p]ceive t x mu/ ( necessity be utt]ly unlike any k9d ( sub/ance kn[n to u4 ,= in/ance1 we f9d t ?\gh x is l a gas 9 be+ ela/ic1 its ela/icity is inf9ite comp>$ ) t ( any mat]ial gas4 ,aga91 x is l a solid 9 reta9+ ea* ( its p>ticles always v ne> to a fix$ position2 b aga91 no solid we "k ( c be comp>$ ) x = a mom5t z respects ?is k9d ( rigidity4 ,x is at once inf9itely ela/ic & inf9itely rigid4 ,we _c1 = example1 expla9 ! ph5om5a ( light unless we suppose ! ela/icity ( ! e!r at lea/ #hjj1jjj1jjj1jjj times great] ?an ! ela/icity ( air at ! sea-level2 & yet1 z ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el long s9ce po9t$ out1 e ph5om5on ( light po9ts /rongly to ! conclusion t none ( ! p>ticles ( ! e!r c be suppos$ capable ( int]*ang+ places1 or ( bodily transf] to any measurable di/ance f _! own special & assign$ localities 9 ! univ]se4 ,aga91 h[ are we to expla9 ! cont9uance ( ! e!r 9 its pres5t condition1 :5 we recognise ! fact t a gas ( simil> ela/ic p[] w\ld exp& 9 all directions ) irresi/ible =ce1 dim9i%+ correspond+ly 9 d5sity2 yet ! e!r ( space rema9s always1 s f> z we c judge1 absolutely un*ang$ 9 position4 ,its *>act]i/ics c]ta9ly rema9$ un*ang$4 ,light travels at ! same rate n[ z x did la/ ye>1 la/ c5tury1 a million ye>s ago4 ,! e!r1 !n1 t be>s x has presumably rema9$ un*ang$4 ,if x 7 gase\s1 & b\nd$ on all sides by vacuum1 x w\ld exp& ) inconceivable velocity4 ,to suppose x inf9ite 9 ext5t is to get rid ( ! difficulty p]fectly2 b only by introduc+ a difficulty f> great]4#b ,a wond]ful feature ( ! inf9itely t5u\s e!r is1 t :ile its ultimate p>ticles mu/ be inconceivably m m9ute ?an ! ultimate atoms ( ord9>y matt]1 ! movem5ts tak+ place 9 x are transmitt$ ) enorm\s velocities4 ,! /ructure ( our univ]se is on a gr&] scale2 its lea/ atom may comprise millions ( millions ( ! l>ge/ compon5t portions ( t inf9itely t5u\s e!r4 ,b amid t e!r motions are transmitt$ ) velocities transc5d+ all b inf9itely ^? :i* take place among ! p>ticles ( matt] compos+ ! univ]se 9 :i* we live & move & h our be+4 ,! planets1 imm5se aggregates ( matt] su* z we "k x1 sweep onw>ds ^u _! imm5se orbits1 trav]s+ _m ?\s&s ( miles 9 an h\r2 b light & heat sweep along ! e!r ( space1 & by virtue ( motions tak+ place )9 t e!r at ! rate ( _m t5s ( ?\s&s ( miles p] second4 ,! suns :i* p space ru% onw>ds ) mighti] mom5tum1 b less swiftly ?an ! planets 9 _! orbits4 ,comets atta9 ! greate/ velocities ( all ! bodies t sci5ce deals )1 ru%+ sometimes1 9 _! p]ia/ral swoop1 ) a velocity ( hundr$s ( miles p] second1--?\gh yet 9 mid-space ! comets ( wide/ orbital range lag sl[ly en\gh1 insomu* t "s ( ^? :i*1 :5 ne>e/ our sun1 travel at ! rate ( two or ?ree hundr$ miles p] second1 move m sl[ly :5 v f> f him ?an _m ( our riv]s4 ,tak+ ev5 ! swifte/ ru% ( a comet )9 ! sol> doma91 we f9d t light spe$s along five hundr$ times m quickly1--s t if we repres5t ! velocity ( light by t ( an express tra9 7r$uc+ light's velocity 9 scale to ab\t "o-#aj1jjj1jjj? "p ( its real value71 ! velocity ( ! mo/ swiftly-mov+ comet w\ld be repres5t$ by t ( a walk at ! rate ( "o-eigh? ( a mile p] h\r1--a v sl[ walk inde$4 ,x is n only amid ! dep?s ( space t ^! wond]fully swift motions take place 9 ! e!real univ]se4 ,z ,i h said1 t univ]se p]vades ours ?r\gh\t its entire ext5t4 ,! d5se/ ( our solids is z freely trav]s$ by ! e!r z a =e/ by ! summ] breeze4 ,z ! foliage ( a ?ick =e/ may prev5t ! passage ( fi]ce w9ds1 s may a solid body prev5t ! passage ( light-waves--?\gh all solid bodies1 z we "k1 d n prev5t1 & "s sc>cely ev5 modify1 ! passage ( light4 ,b sub/ances :i* prev5t ! passage ( light are yet f\nd capable ( transmitt+ e!real motions ( simil> velocity4 ,accord+ to ,:eat/one's exp]im5ts electricity travels at ! rate ( m ?an #bjj1jjj miles p] second along /\t copp] wire4 ,fizeau's exp]im5ts gave a l[] spe$2 b !y did n negative ,:eat/one's1 ! conditions n be+ ! same4 ,c any?+ be m wond]ful ?an ! ?\ght ( ! transmission ( electricity ) ?is enorm\s velocity8 ,:at really happ5s we d n "k4 ,p]haps if we 7 told :at really takes place betwe5 & among ! p>ticles ( ! wire1 we %\ld f9d ourselves utt]ly unable to conceive x--=1 z we h se51 ! prop]ties ( ! e!r1 &1 !re=e1 ! processes tak+ place 9 ! e!real univ]se1 are probably unlike any )9 our exp]i5ce4 ,b ?is we "k--a c]ta9 condition ( ! molecules ( ! wire is transmitt$1 by virtue ( ! e!real m$ium p]vad+ ! wire1 at a rate s enorm\s t1 if ! wire itself c\ld move at t rate1 ! =ce requir$ to br+ its mass to re/ w\ld suffice to g5]ate en\gh heat to turn _m times z mu* metal into ! vapor\s /ate4 ,nay1 ev5 z reg>ds ! en]gy ( _! action on ! matt] ( our univ]se1 ^! movem5ts 9 ! e!real univ]se enorm\sly exce$ ! =ces we are accu/om$ to reg>d z mo/ p[]ful4 ,! effects produc$ by gravity1 = in/ance1 are almo/ evanesc5t comp>$ ) ^? produc$ by heat4 ,! sun's rays p\r$ on a piece ( metal = a few m9utes produce motions 9 e "o ( ! ultimate p>ticles ( ! metal4 ,ea* p>ticle vibrates ) inconceivable rapidity 7ref]r+ to ! rate at :i* ! vibrations succe$ ea* o!r71 & ) great actual velocity ( motion4 ,summ+ up ! en]gy ?us p]vad+ ! piece ( metal1 we f9d t x incalculably exce$s ! en]gy repres5t$ by ! velocity :i* ! sun's attraction w\ld communicate 9 ! same int]val to t piece ( metal1 suppos$ to be entirely "u its influ5ce at ! e>?'s di/ance f ! sun4 ,or take ano!r in/ance4 ,?9k = a mom5t1 say ! au?ors ( ! ,unse5 ,univ]se1 ( ! fundam5tal exp]im5ts 9 electricity & magnetism1 kn[n to m5 = f> m ?an #bjjj ye>s1--! lift+ ( light bodies 9 g5]al by rubb$ amb] & ( iron fil+s by a load/one4 ,to produce ! same effect by gravitation-attraction1--at lea/1 if ! attract+ body _h ! mod]ate dim5sions ( a h&-specim5 ( amb] or load/one1--we %\ld require x to be ( s d5se a mat]ial z to weigh1 at ! v lea/1 #a1jjj1jjj1jjj p\nds1 in/ead ( 7z usual7 a m]e fraction ( a p\nd4 ,h5ce x is at once obvi\s t ! impos+ nature ( ! =ce ( gravity1 z usually comp>$ ) o!r attractive =ces1 is due1 n to its sup]ior qualitative magnitude1 b to ! enorm\s masses ( ! bodies :i* ex]cise x4 ,we may put ?is illu/ration 9 ano!r =m4 ,:5 we place a p[]ful magnet ne> a piece ( iron1 say at a di/ance ( "o in*1 & ! magnet lifts t piece ( iron by virtue ( its attractive p[]1 a conte/ has be5 wag$1 if "o may s speak1 betwe5 ! attractive p[]s ( ! small magnet & ( ! mighty e>?1 & ! magnet has conqu]$ ! e>?4 ,n[ ! magnet has be5 mu* ne>] ?an ! e>? to ! piece ( iron1 = we "k t ! e>?'s attractive influ5ce has be5 ! same z ?\gh ! entire mass ( ! e>? 7 ga!r$ at its c5tre1 say #djjj miles f ! piece ( iron4 ,a di/ance ( #djjj miles conta9s #djjj times #agfj times ?irty-six in*es1 or1 r\ghly1 #bej millions ( in*es4 7,?is is 9 tru? v ne> ! true numb] ( in*es 9 ! e>?'s radius1 insomu* t _m suppose ! in* to h be5 orig9ally tak5 z ! #ejj1jjj1jjj? "p ( ! e>?'s diamet]4 ,a ,briti% in* is ab\t "o-#ejj1jjj1jjj? "p ( ! pol> diamet] ( ! e>?47 ,s9ce attraction dim9i%es z ! squ>e ( ! di/ances increases1 & vice v]s1 x foll[s t if ! e>?'s entire mass c\ld act on ! piece ( iron1 at a di/ance ( "o in*1 ! attraction w\ld exce$ t actually ex]t$ by ! e>? #bej million times #bej million times1 or #fb1ejj millions ( millions ( times4 ,9 ?is degree1 !n1 ! e>? is at a disadvantage comp>$ ) ! magnet z respects di/ance4 ,& "o-#fb1ejj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj? "p ( ! e>?'s mass w\ld be capable ( attract+ ! piece ( iron z /rongly z ! e>? actually attracts x1 if t fraction ( ! e>?'s mass c\ld ex]t its pull f a di/ance ( only "o in*4 ,b a #fb1ejj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj? "p ( ! e>? w\ld be an enorm\s mass4 ,x w\ld weigh ab\t #ig1ejj tons1 or "s #bah millions ( p\nds4 ,?us a magnet :i* a *ild c lift ex]ts a great] attraction on ! piece ( iron at ! same di/ance ?an a mass at lea/ #ajjj million times its weight c\ld ex]t by its gravity only4 ,9 fact we see f ?is illu/ration t gravity1 ?\gh x produces effects s trem5d\s1 ?\gh x sways ! moon r\nd ! e>?1 ! e>? & all ! o!r planets ar\nd ! sun1 & urges ! sun & 8 fell[-suns ?r\gh space1 is1 aft] all1 b a puny =ce 9 itself4 ,a *ild c lift 8 own weight aga9/ ! attraction ( ! mighty e>?2 & by comb9$ /r5g? z _m *ildr5 z w\ld h a weight equal to ! e>?'s w\ld easily be> a weight exce$+ ! e>?'s1 if ! =ce c\ld be :olly & directly appli$ to su* "w4#c ,! attraction ( gravity mu/1 h[ev]1 be reg>d$ z only "o manife/ation ( ! en]gies ( ! inf9itely m9ute4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se well wor?y ( c>eful /udy4 ,i propose to pres5t 9 a future pap] "s ( ! /range ?\ghts :i* are sugge/$ by ! action ( ?is wond]ful =ce1 ! range ( ^: activity is seem+ly co-ext5sive ) ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,i d n say we c 9 any way avoid ?is f> great] difficulty4 ,our own mat]ial univ]se _c ev5 be conceiv$ z limit$ 9 any way save by void space ( inf9ite ext5t2 & x is z impossible = u to conceive an inf9ite void z to conceive ! inf9ite ext5sion ( matt]4 ,"s mod]n ma!maticians1 inde$1 ass]t t space is n necess>ily inf9ite1 b !y accompany ! ass]tion 7v ju/ly7 ) ! admission t we _c possibly conceive any b\nd>y to space2 & z "o ( ! ?+s !y ask ma!maticians to admit is ! possibility t a /raight l9e indef9itely produc$ bo? ways w at l5g? re-ent] into itself1 :ile ano!r is ! possibility t 9 o!r p>ts ( ! univ]se two & two may make ?ree or five1 !y are n likely1 ,i conceive1 to p]suade mo/ ma!maticians 7pr(\ndly ma!matical ?\gh !y are !mselves7 t ! my/]y ( inf9ity has be5 z yet entirely exp\nd$4 #c ,( c\rse ! read] w und]/& t :5 ,i "h speak ( ! e>?'s weight1 ,i mean simply ! pressure :i* w\ld be ex]t$ by ! quantity ( matt] conta9$ 9 ! e>?1 if ea* portion 7 only subject$ to an attractive =ce equal to t ( gravity at ! e>?'s surface4 ,! actual =ce ) :i* ! e>? is drawn 9 any direction1 z a weight at ! e>?'s surface is drawn d[nw>ds1 dep5ds on ! di/ance & mass ( ! attract+ body z well z on ! mass ( ! e>?2 & /rictly speak+1 we ought n to say t ! e>? weighs s _m millions ( tons1 b t %e conta9s s _m million times z mu* matt] z a mass :i* at h] surface weighs a ton4 ,illu/ration ,,iv4 ,,! ,,my/]y ,,( ,,gravity4 ,! law ( gravity1 or ( ! mutual attraction ( masses ( matt] ^u ea* o!r1 acc\nts s p]fectly = all ! obs]v$ motions ( ! heav5ly bodies1 t we are apt to reg>d ,newton's discov]y ( ! great law z ?\gh x _h f9ally solv$ ! my/]y ( ^! motions4 ,_m accept ! v]dict giv5 by ! poet ,pope 9 ! fam\s epitaph :i* he sugge/$ = ,newton1-- ,nature & ,nature's laws lay hid 9 night3 ,god said1 ,let ,newton be6 & all 0 ,light4 ,b ,newton1 :o probably knew z mu* ab\t 8 "w z ,pope1 0 ( ano!r op9ion4 ,e "o kn[s h[ he comp>$ himself to a *ild :o _h pick$ up a few %ells on ! %ore1 :ile ! ocean ( tru? lay unexplor$ be=e him4 ,he has1 h[ev]1 spok5 def9itely ( ! great discov]y :i* has r5d]$ 8 "n illu/ri\s1 9 t]ms :i* %[ t he did n f9d t all 0 light4 ,among ! que/ions :i* he specially w\ld h _h answ]$1 among/ ! secrets ( nature conceal$ b5ea? ! ocean ( tru?1 ! my/]y ( gravity 0 probably ! *ief4 ,:5 ,newton ask$ ( ! ,ocean ( ,tru? :at ,mrs4 ,hemans lat] said1 & 9 ano!r s5se1 ( ! natural sea-- ,:at hide/ ?\ 9 ?y treasure-caves & cells1 ,?\ holl[-s\nd+ & my/]i\s ma98 he _h 9 8 ?\ghts ! v p[] :i* he is commonly suppos$ to h expla9$1 b :i* 0 9 tru? = him1 m ?an = any man t _h ev] liv$1 ! my/]y ( my/]ies4 ,x may be well to consid] ! v words ( ! great philosoph]1 s f> at lea/ z our m diffuse language c pres5t ! concise expressions ( ! orig9al ,lat93 ,hi!rto we h expla9$1 he says1 ! ph5om5a ( ! heav5s & ( our sea by ! p[] ( gravity1 b h n yet assign$ ! cause ( ?is p[]4 ,?is is c]ta9 7we mu/ he>k5 att5tively "h1 = :5 a man l ,newton speaks ( aught z c]ta91 we h sure gr\nd to g ^u71--?is is c]ta91 t x mu/ proce$ f a cause t p5etrates to ! v c5tres ( ! sun & planets1 )\t suff]+ ! lea/ dim9ution ( its =ces2 t op]ates1 n accord+ to ! quantity ( surfaces ( p>ticles on :i* x acts 7z me*anical causes usually d71 b accord+ to ! quantity ( ! solid matt] :i* !y conta91 & propagates its virtue on all sides to imm5se di/ances1 decreas+ always z ! squ>es ( ! di/ances4 ,gravitation t[>ds ! sun is made up ( ! gravitations t[>ds ! sev]al p>ticles ( :i* ! body ( ! sun is compos$1 & 9 rec$+ f ! sun decreases accurately z ! squ>e ( ! di/ances z f> z ! pa? ( ,saturn4441 nay1 & ev5 to ! remote/ p>ts ( ! pa?s ( comets4444 ,b hi!rto ,i h n be5 able to discov] ! cause ( ^? prop]ties ( gravity f ph5om5a2 & ,i frame no hypo!ses3#d =1 :atev] is n d$uc$ f ph5om5a is to be call$ an hypo!sis2 & hypo!ses1 :e!r metaphysical or physical1 :e!r ( occult qualities or me*anical1 h no place 9 exp]im5tal philosophy4444 ,to u x is en\gh t gravity does really exi/1 & act accord+ to ! laws :i* we h expla9$1 & abundantly s]ves to acc\nt = all ! motions ( ! cele/ial bodies & ( our sea4 ,hi!rto ,i h n be5 able to discov] ! cause ( ! prop]ties ( gravity4 ,su* is ! simple /atem5t ( ! man :o discov]$ ^? prop]ties4 ,& n[ let u inquire a little into ?is law ( gravity1 n ) ! hope ( expla9+ ?is great my/]y ( nature1--?\gh1 = my own "p1 ,i believe t ! "t is n f> di/ant :5 ! progress ( discov]y w enable man to make ?is approa* t[>ds ! my/]y ( my/]ies1--b 9 ord] to recognise ! real nature ( ! my/]y1 :i* is a v diff]5t ?+ f expla9+ x4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! /udy ( gravity br+s u at once to ! consid]ation ( ! inf9itely m9ute1--at lea/ ( :at is = u practically inf9ite 9 its m9ut5ess4 ,if we consid] ! above quotation att5tively1 we p]ceive t ?is quality ( gravity 0 recognis$ by ,newton4 ,x is n ! quantity ( ! surfaces ( p>ticles1 he says1 b ! quantity ( solid matt] :i* !y conta91 t gives to gravity its p[]4 ,gravity resides 9 ! ultimate p>ticles ( matt]4 ,we _c conceive ( matt] s divid$1 no matt] h[ f9ely1 t non-gravitat+ p>ticles c\ld be sep>at$ f gravitat+ p>ticles4 ,)\t ent]+ into ! "q :at atoms are1 we p]ceive t ^! ultimate con/itu5ts ( matt] mu/ conta91 ea* accord+ to ! quantity ( matt] 9 x1 ! gravitat+ en]gy4 ,only1 obs]ve h[ incongru\sly we are compell$ to speak4 7,x is always s :5 we deal ) ! inf9ite1 :e!r ! inf9itely great or ! inf9itely m9ute47 ,we are speak+ ( atoms z ! ultimate con/itu5ts ( matt]1 & yet we are compell$1 9 describ+ _! gravitat+ en]gy1 to speak ( ! quantity ( matt] conta9$ 9 ea* atom1--9 o!r words1 we speak 9 ! same brea? ( an atom z n admitt+ ( be+ divid$ or dim9i%$1 & ( its conta9+ matt] by quantity1 t is1 by m or less4 ,may we n1 h[ev]1 reasonably accept bo? views8 ,! reason+ is s\nd by :i* sci5ce has prov$ t1 s f> z our mat]ial univ]se is conc]n$1 !re is a limit beyond :i* ! division ( matt] _c be suppos$ to g1--insomu* t ,sir ,w4 ,?omson has indicat$ ! actual limits ( size ( ! atoms compos+ matt]4 ,yet1 pass+ 9 imag9ation beyond ! b\nds ( our visible univ]se1 & s ent]+ into ! next ord] ( univ]se bel[ x 79 scale ( con/ruction71--! e!r ( space1--! atoms ( our univ]se may be inf9itely divisible 9 t univ]se1 may be1 9 fact1 comp>$ ) its p>ticles1 z ! suns & worlds ( our univ]se are to our atoms & molecules4 ,b :ile gravity ?us draws u to ! contemplation ( ! inf9itely m9ute1 x also leads u to ! consid]ation ( :at is = u ! inf9itely va/4 ,newton 0 only able to speak confid5tly ( ! action ( gravity at ! di/ance ( ,saturn1 ! remote/ planet kn[n 9 8 day4 ,he did1 inde$1 ref] to ! comets z probably obey+1 ev5 9 ! remote/ p>ts ( _! pa?s1 ! =ce ( ! sun's gravity2 b he c\ld n be c]ta9 on t po9t1 because 9 8 "t no comet _h be5 prov$ to travel back to ! sun aft] rec$+ to ! remote/ portion ( its track4 ,we n[ "k n only t ! sun's attraction ext5ds to ! f>!/ p>ts ( ! sol> sy/em1 hav+ ?us a doma9 9 space ne>ly ?irty times l>g] ?an ! sph]e ( ,saturn1 b we p]ceive t _m among ! />s ex]t a simil> =ce2 = ar\nd !m travel o!r />s ev5 z ! planets travel ar\nd ! sun4 ,?us we "k t gravity is ex]t$ 9 regions ly+ hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( times f>!r f ! sun ?an ,saturn is4 ,we h1 inde$1 e reason to believe1 n only t /> unto /> ext5de? ?is my/]i\s attractive influ5ce1 b t ! lea/ p>ticle 9 ! inmo/ dep?s ( sun or _w ex]ts 9 full =ce on ea* p>ticle1 ev5 ( suns ly+ millions ( times beyond ! range ( ! mo/ p[]ful telescope yet con/ruct$ by man1 ! full en]gy correspond+ 7i47 to ! quantity ( matt] 9 itself & su* p>ticle1 & 7ii47 to ! di/ance sep>at+ ea* f ea*4 ,?is is amaz+ en\gh2 b !re is some?+ m p]plex+ & my/]i\s 9 gravity ev5 ?an ?is4 ,n only does gravity lead u to consid] ! inf9itely m9ute 9 space on ! "o h&1 & ! inf9itely va/ 9 space on ! o!r1 b also x leads u to consid] ! inf9itely m9ute & ! inf9itely va/ 9 "t also1 & ?is 9 su* a way z to sugge/ a difficulty :i*1 z yet1 no man has be5 able to solve4 ,light travels1 z we "k1 ) a velocity s enorm\s1 t1 by comp>ison ) x1 all ! velocities we are famili> ) seem absolutely z re/4 ,b gravity acts s quickly t ev5 ! velocity ( light becomes z re/ by comp>ison ) ! velocity ( ! propagation ( gravity4 ,laplace _h occasion1 n[ ne>ly a c5tury ago1 to inquire :e!r a c]ta9 *ange 9 ! moon's motion1 by :i* %e seem$ to be gradually ha/5+ h] motion r\nd ! e>?1 might n be caus$ by ! circum/ance t gravity requires "t = its action to be propagat$ ov] great di/ances4 ,he f\nd t if ! :ole ( t *ange _h to be expla9$ 9 ?is way1 :i* w\ld be giv+ to gravity ! sl[e/ admissible rate ( transmission1 ! velocity ) :i* gravity is propagat$ w\ld be eight million times great] ?an ! velocity ( light4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 t *ange 9 ! moon's motion c\ld be satisfactorily expla9$ 9 "s o!r way1 !n ! velocity ( gravity mu/ be at lea/ #af1jjj1jjj times great] ?an ! velocity ( light4 ,he himself soon aft] discov]$ :at 0 9 8 day reg>d$ z a complete explanation ( ! ha/5+ ( ! moon's motion2 & ?\gh 9 our own "t ,adams ( ,cambridge has %ewn t only half ! ha/5+ c be acc\nt$ = by ,laplace's reason+1 ! g5]al explanation ( ! rema9+ half is t x is n a real ha/5+ ( ! moon1 b is only an app>5t ha/5+ caus$ by ! gradual sl[+ ( ! e>?'s rate ( turn+ on h] axis4 ,?is makes ! day by :i* we measure ! moon's motion seem long] 7v slightly1 h[ev]74#e ,suppos+1 h[ev]1 half ! moon's ha/5+ 7 left unexpla9$1 & t ! non-in/antane\s transmission ( gravity 7 ! only way ( acc\nt+ = x1 ev5 !n x w\ld be c]ta9 t gravity is propagat$ at a rate exce$+ #ab1jjj1jjj times ! velocity ( light4 ,inde$1 at pres5t1 ow+ to ! m exact obs]vations available1 & ! great] range ( "t ov] :i* !y ext5d1 x may safely be said t ! rate ( propagation ( gravity is f> great] ?an ?is4 ,x is ev5 held by "s t gravity acts in/antane\sly ov] any di/ance1 h[ev] va/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,al?\gh ,i _c "h indicate ! exact nature ( ! reason+ by :i* ! enorm\s rapidity ( ! action ( gravity is inf]r$1 ,i mu/ briefly indicate ! g5]al argum5t1 t ! read] may n suppose ! matt] to be m]ely speculative4 ,suppose t ! action ( gravity 7 propagat$ at ! same rate z light4 ,!n ! e>? w\ld feel ! pull ( ! sun eight m9utes or s aft] %e _h be5 9 ! place :]e ! sun began to ex]t t p>ticul> pull4 ,! direction ( ! pull !n w\ld n be t ( ! /raight l9e connect+ ! e>? & sun at ! mom5t :5 ! pull 0 felt1 b t ( ! /raight l9e connect+ ! sun & ! e>? eight m9utes or s be=e4 ,= in/ance1 :5 ! e>? is at ,e#a1 fig4 #f1 ! sun at ,s w\ld beg9 to ex]t a pull 9 ! l9e ,e#a ,s1 b ! e>? w\ld only feel ?is pull :5 %e got to ,e#b1 h] place eight m9utes lat]1 :5 x w\ld act ^u h] 9 ! direction ,e#b ,f1 p>allel to ,e#a ,s4 ,n[ ?is pull1 ,e#b ,f1 may be divid$ into two p>ts1 "o along ,e#b ,s1 pull+ ! e>? t[>ds ! sun ,s1 ! o!r along ,e#b ,t 9 ! e>?'s c\rse1 ha/5+ h] !re=e4 ,b ! ma9t5ance by ! e>? ( ! same con/ant track dep5ds entirely on ! action ( gravity sunw>ds4 ,if !re is any action 9 addition1 ha/5+ ! e>?1 !n %e w n keep h] c\rse1#f b w travel 9 a con/antly wid5+ pa?1--or1 9 a sort ( spiral1 v sl[ly retreat+ f ! sun1 b retreat+ con/antly4 ,! *ange ( di/ance w\ld n be measurable 9 millions ( ye>s2 b ! increase 9 ! l5g? ( ! ye> w\ld1 be=e long1 be obs]vable4 ,because !re is no su* increase1 a/ronom]s feel well assur$ t gravity is n only propagat$ m swiftly ?an light1 b _m times1 ev51 z we h se51 _m millions ( times1 m swiftly4 ,x is !n 9 an inf9itely m9ute "t t ! action ( gravity trav]ses all ord9>y di/ances4 ,! e>?'s pull on ! moon takes less ?an ! #ej1jjj1jjj? "p ( a second 9 rea*+ ! moon1--& ! p>ticles con/itut+ ! mass ( ! e>? act on ourselves1 & on all ! objects :i* lie ne> ! e>?'s surface1 9 f> less ?an ! #aj1jjj1jjj? "p ev5 ( ?is utt]ly m9ute "t-int]val4 ,yet age aft] age has pass$ dur+ :i* ?is inf9itely active =ce has be5 at "w )\t dim9ution1 & age aft] age w cont9ue to pass )\t any *ange 9 its activity4 ,= millions ( millions ( ons x has la/$ & w la/1 s p]man5t is x2 :ile its op]ation is felt simultane\sly at po9ts millions ( millions ( />-di/ances ap>t4 ,:at inf9ities ( di/ance has ?is wond]ful attractive =ce trav]s$6 ,b ev5 ^! consid]ations d n pres5t ! greate/ ( ! m>vels ( gravity4 ,x is wond]ful1 inde$1 to consid] a =m ( attraction possess$ by ! inf9itely m9ute1 & ex]t$ ov] ! inf9itely va/1 op]at+ 9 portions ( "t immeasurably small1 & ext5d+ its op]ations ?r\gh\t "t inf9ite4 ,b ! my/]y ( my/]ies is n "h4 ,! m>vel ( m>vels is ?is1 t1 s f> z we c p]ceive1 ! =ce ( gravity is ex]t$ )\t any mat]ial connection ) ! objects mov$ by x4 ,matt] seems to act :]e x is n1 to use ! phraseology ( ! s*ools4 ,( ?is action at a di/ance1 ,newton himself said1 t x is inconceivable1 t 9 po9t ( fact x is impossible4 ,no man1 he said1 :o has1 9 philosophical matt]s1 a compet5t faculty ( ?9k+1 c = a mom5t believe t a body c act ?r\gh a vacuum1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( any?+ else by or ?r\gh :i* ! =ce may be convey$ f "o body to ano!r4 ,yet ?is is precisely :at gravity seems to d4 ,! e!r occupies1 inde$1 all space2 b !re is no?+ at pres5t kn[n to u by :i* we c und]/& h[ ! e!r c transmit ! =ce ( gravity4 ,! p[] ( ! e!r 9 ! rapid transmission ( undulations seems to atta9 its limit 9 ! propagation ( light & heat & electricity at ! rate ( ne>ly #bjj1jjj miles p] second4 ,h[ ! e!r c act s z to s]ve z a m$ium ( communication betwe5 bodies at all di/ances1 transmitt+ impressions #aj1jjj1jjj times fa/]1 at lea/1 ?an light travels1 no?+ at pres5t kn[n to u enables u to say4 ,i h1 9 a lecture :i* ,i gave 9 ,am]ica ^u ! my/]ies ( ! univ]se1 indicat$ a way 9 :i* gravity may be conceiv$ to be g5]at$ & transmitt$2 & ,i may h]eaft] describe ! conception 7bas$ p>tly on ! views ( ,le ,sage74 ,b x is only a conception4 ,!re is no ph5om5on 7except ! v =m ( attraction :i* has to be expla9$7 t5d+ to %[ t ! conception is correct ,& ev5 if x be accept$1 x br+s u face to face ) only great] m>vels4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 let ?is simply be said 9 conclusion--t ! app>5t action ( gravity at a di/ance is1 ( all physical wond]s1 ! greate/ yet kn[n to man4 ,if we accept ! op9ion ( ,newton1 :i*1 inde$1 seems to me indisputable1 t matt] _c act ?r\gh a vacuum1 !n we mu/ admit ! exi/5ce ( prop]ties1 z yet un?\ght (1 9 ! e!r ( space1 or 9 "s /ill m subtle univ]se p]meat+ t e!r4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we accept ! belief t matt] c act at a di/ance1 !n is !re no miracle1 ei!r ( ^? believ$ 9 by mank9d g5]ally1 or ( ^? m g5]ally reject$1 :i* exce$s 9 m>vell\sness ?is wond] ( all ! wond]s ( physical sci5ce4 ,,footnotes3 #d ,! words ( ,newton1 ,hypo!ses non f+o1 h be5 (t5 quot$ 9 su* sort z to give an entirely incorrect idea ( 8 real op9ion z to ! relation betwe5 !oretical & practical sci5ce4 ,z too commonly und]/ood1 !y w\ld1 9 fact1 make 8 discov]y ( gravitation a great exception to 8 own rule4 ,!y mu/ be tak5 9 connection ) 8 def9ition ( a hypo!sis1 z :atsoev] is n d$uc$ f ph5om5a4 ,x is a "p ( true sci5ce1 nay1 x is ! highe/ (fice ( ! /ud5t ( sci5ce to d$uce !ories f ph5om5a4 ,su* rese>* /&s z high above ! simple obs]vation ( ph5om5a z ar*itecture /&s above brick-mak+ or /one-cutt+4 ,b to frame hypo!ses z ! old ,greeks did1 tru/+ to ! p[] ( ! und]/&+ indep5d5tly ( ! obs]vation ( ph5om5a1 is to make bricks )\t /raw & to build ) !m ^u ! s&4 #e ,! po9t is expla9$ 9 a pap] call$ ,our ,*ief ,timepiece ,los+ ,"t1 9 ! fir/ s]ies ( my ,light ,sci5ce = ,leisure ,h\rs4 #f ,9 ! popul>1 b incorrect way ( speak+1 ! balance betwe5 ! c5trifugal & ! c5tripetal =ce w no long] be ma9ta9$3 ! increase ( velocity w give ! c5trifugal =ce ! advantage1 & x w sl[ly draw ! body away f ! c5tre4 ,9 reality !re is no c5trifugal =ce1 ! only =ce act+ on ! e>? 9 h] c\rse r\nd ! sun be+ ! sun's attraction ^u h]1 :i*1 h[ev]1 mu/ keep b5d+ h] c\rse f ! /raight l9e1 if %e is to ma9ta9 h] di/ance4 ,9 ! case above imag9$ x w\ld n b5d h] c\rse actively en\gh4 ,illu/ration ,v4 ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,_m ,,worlds4 ,a sign has rec5tly appe>$ 9 ! heav5s :i* has be5 int]pret$ 9 a way sugge/+ t _m worlds l our own h und]gone a t]rible cata/rophe1 e liv+ creature ^u !m be+ consum$ z by fire4 ,i propose briefly to consid] "s ( ! ?\ghts sugge/$ by ?is /range ev5t4 ,x is difficult :5 we look at ! />-lit heav5s1 sugge/ive z !y are ( solemn peace1 to conceive ! /up5d\s en]gy1 ! fi]ce upro> & tumult1 ( :i* ev5 ! fa9te/ visible /> 9 reality tells u4 ,py?agoras spoke ( ! h>mony ( ! cele/ial sph]es1 :i* we are only prev5t$ f he>+ by its cont9uity4 ,!re's n ! smalle/ orb :i* ?\ beholde/1 said ! sci5ce ( ! middle ages1 ,b 9 8 motion l an angel s+s1 ,/ill quir+ to ! "y-ey$ *]ubim4 ,! sci5ce ( our own "t tells u a /ill /rang] /ory4 ,!re's n ! smalle/ orb :i* ?\ beholde/1 %e says1 b 9 8 motion ?robs l a mighty he>t1 /ill pulsat+ life to ! worlds :i* circle r\nd x4 ,b :ile our p[]s ( vision are limit$ to ! n>r[ range ( our pres5t telescopes1 we _c wat* ! action ( ^! great c5tres ( en]gy1 nor c we hope t ! upro> ( ^? remote fires w ev] rea* mortal e>s1 ?\gh to ! m9d's e> cle> & di/9ct4 ,x is no long] a m]e fancy t ea* /> is a sun4 ,sci5ce has made ?is an assur$ fact1 :i* no a/ronom] ?9ks ( d\bt+4 ,we "k t 9 c]ta9 g5]al respects ea* /> resembles our sun4 ,ea* is gl[+ l our sun ) an int5se heat4 ,ar\nd ea*1 z ar\nd our sun1 are ! vap\rs ( _m elem5ts4 ,9 ea* ! fires are ma9ta9$1 z !y are ma9ta9$ 9 our sun1 9 "s way :i* may be p>tly me*anical1 p>tly *emical1 b :i* c]ta9ly does n 9 ! lea/ resemble combu/ion4 ,we "k t 9 ea* /> processes resembl+ 9 viol5ce ^? tak+ place 9 our own sun mu/ be cont9ually 9 progress1 & t su* processes mu/ be accompani$ by a noise & tumult comp>$ ) :i* all ! =ms ( upro> kn[n ^u our e>? are z absolute sil5ce4 ,! cra% ( ! ?und]bolt1 ! bell[+ ( ! volcano1 ! awful groan+ ( ! e>?quake1 ! ro> ( ! hurricane1 ! rev]b]at+ peals ( l\de/ ?und]1 any ( ^!1 or all comb9$1 are z no?+ comp>$ ) ! tumult rag+ ov] e squ>e mile1 e squ>e y>d1 ( ! surface ( ea* "o among ! />s4 ,if we rememb] ?is :5 we he> ( />s v>y+ 9 brightness1 we %all p]ceive t ! lea/ *ange :i* c\ld be recognis$ f our remote /&-po9t mu/ repres5t an accession or fall+ (f ( en]gy correspond+ to f> m ?an all ! en]gies exi/+ on our e>?1 or inde$ on all ! memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em tak5 toge!r4 ,a/ronom]s recognise our sun z 9 "o s5se a v>iable />2 = we c h>dly suppose t he %9es ) ! same degree ( brilliancy :5 _m spots m>k 8 surface z :5 he is q free f spots2 & a/ronom]s "k t ^! *anges 9 ! sun's condition correspond to wond]ful *anges 9 8 activity4 ,:5 spots are mo/ num]\s1 ! col\r$ flames rage ) fi]ce en]gy ov] 8 :ole globe1 metallic vap\rs are %ot =? f bel[ 8 visible surface ) velocities ( _m miles p] second4 ,:]eas1 :5 he has no spots1 ! col\r$ flames s9k d[n f _! =m] height ( t5s ( ?\s&s ( miles1 till !y are b a few ?\s& miles 9 height2 :ile metallic vap\rs are seldom emitt$1 & nev] to ! same height1 or ) ! same velocity1 z :5 ! spots are mo/ num]\s4 ,b ?\gh ! sun ?us v>ies 9 condition1 & probably 9 8 total brightness1 we _c suppose t su* v>iations c\ld be recognis$ f ! di/ance ( ev5 ! ne>e/ among ! fix$ />s4 ,:at1 !n1 mu/ be ! nature ( *anges tak+ place 9 a />1 t we1 at our enorm\s di/ance1 %\ld be able to recognise !m6 ,we may well believe t ! entire aspect ( su* a /> mu/ be *ang$ to ! inhabitants1 if su* !re are1 ( worlds circl+ ar\nd !m4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! *anges tak+ place 9 />s1 ^: v>iations ( brightness c j be recognis$1 mu/ be amaz+1 h[ /up5d\s mu/ be ! *anges affect+ a /> :i* alt]nates f brightness to invisibility1 l ,mira1 ! ,/> ,wond]ful1 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,:ale6 h[ de/ructive ^? affect+ a /> l ,eta1 ( ! %ip ,argo1 :i* has v>i$ f ! f\r? magnitude to a lu/re ne>ly equall+ t ( ,sirius1 & !nce to ! l[e/ limit ( visibility1 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ hundr$ ye>s6 ,ev5 ^! *anges1 h[ev]1 ?\gh ju/ly reg>d$ z among ! *ief wond]s & my/]ies ( ! />-dep?s1 seem 9 turn to s9k into no?+ness by comp>ison ) ! sudd5 appe>ance ( a new />1 z int]pret$ by mod]n sci5tific obs]vations4 ,( old1 :5 a new /> appe>$1 x 0 ?\ght = a:ile to be a fre% creation2 a new sun set 9 ! c5tre ( a new sy/em ( worlds1--a ?\ght :i* 0 n !n s />tl+ z 9 our own times x w\ld be reckon$4 ,:5 ! new /> 0 se5 sl[ly to die out until at la/ x became invisible1 m5 7 cont5t to reg>d x z a sign set 9 ! heav5s = a special purpose4 ,nor did !y f9d mu* difficulty 9 associat+ su* a ph5om5on ) "s ev5t ( importance occurr+ dur+ its cont9uance1 or soon aft] ! new /> _h di$ out4 ,su* 7 ! explanations (f]$ respect+ ! exce$+ly bright /> :i* made its appe>ance 9 ! con/ellation ,cassiopeia 9 ! ye> #aegb4 ,! place 9 :i* x appe>$ is %[n 9 fig4 #g4 ,x mu/ h sprung into its full glory 9 a v %ort "t1 = ,ty*o ,brah1 ! celebrat$ a/ronom]1 tells u t1 return+ on ,novemb] #a1 #aegb1 f 8 laboratory to 8 dwell+-h\se1 he saw ! new />1 :i* he 0 c]ta9 _h n be5 visible an h\r be=e1 %9+ m brightly ?an any be=e se54 ,x surpass$ all ! />s 9 ! heav5s 9 brilliancy1 & ev5 ,jupit] :5 t planet is at its brighte/4 ,only ,v5us at h] brighte/ 0 sup]ior to ! new />4 ,= ?ree weeks x %one ) full lu/re1 aft] :i* x began sl[ly to decl9e4 ,be+ situat$ 9 a "p ( ! heav5s always above ! horizon 7= ,european obs]vatories71 ! />'s entire hi/ory c\ld be foll[$4 ,x rema9$ = sixte5 mon?s /eadfa/ 9 its position l ! o!r />s4 ,z x decreas$ 9 size x v>i$ 9 col\r4 ,at fir/1 says an old writ]2 its light 0 :ite & extremely bright2 x !n became yell[i%2 aft]w>ds ( a ruddy col\r l ,m>s2 & f9i%$ ) a pale1 livid :ite1 resembl+ ! col\r ( ,saturn4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--;,cassiopeia2 %[+ :]e a new /> appe>$ 9 ! ye> #aegb4 ,9 pass+ x may be rem>k$ t !re are reasons = expect+ ! return ( ,ty*o ,brah's /> 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s4 ,= o!r new />s h be5 record$ z se5 9 ! same "p ( ! heav5s 9 ! ye>s #ide & #abfd1 & ?\gh ! int]val f #ide to #abfd 7or #cai ye>s7 exce$s by #aa ye>s ! int]val f #abfd to #aegb 7or #cjh ye>s71 yet ! diff]5ce is b small by comp>ison ) ei!r entire int]val2 & we may n unreasonably believe t ! ?ree new />s se5 9 ,cassiopeia h be5 only ?ree app>itions ( "o & ! same />1 :i* %9es out1 ) sup]ior lu/re1 = a few mon?s1 once 9 a p]iod av]ag+ ab\t #cac ye>s4 ,x seems to me n at all unlikely t1 "s "t dur+ ! next tw5ty ye>s1 a/ronom]s w h an opportunity ( exam9+1 ) ! telescope & spectroscope1 a /> :i* la/ appe>$ be=e ei!r in/rum5t _h be5 inv5t$4 ,already facts are kn[n respect+ ! s-call$ new />s :i* w n p]mit u to accept ! explanations ( old s readily (f]$ & admitt$1 simply because s little 0 c]ta9ly kn[n4 ,9 ! ye> #ahff a /> appe>$ sudd5ly 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,nor!rn ,cr[n1 :]e no /> _h be=e be5 visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,x 0 a little bel[ ! arc ( />s =m+ ! cele/ial coronet4#g ,x %one z a second magnitude /> :5 fir/ se51 b v rapidly dim9i%$ 9 lu/re4 ,x increas$ our k 9 two important respects4 ,fir/1 on exam9+ ,argel&]'s *>ts ( ! nor!rn heav5s1 ! new /> 0 f\nd to h be5 obs]v$ & *>t$ z a t5? magnitude />1 t is1 f\r magnitudes bel[ ! l[e/ limit ( nak$ eye vision4 ,x 0 n1 !n1 a new sun1 ?\gh x might /ill truly be call$ a new />1 9 ?is s5se1 t x 0 a new memb] ( ! set ( />s :i* adorn our skies z se5 by ord9>y vision4 ,9 ! second place1 ! /> 0 subject to ! se>*+ scrut9y ( spectroscopic analysis1 ) results ( a mo/ int]e/+ "*4 ,! read] is no d\bt aw>e t :5 ! light ( a /> is analys$ into its compon5t col\rs by ! in/rum5t call$ ! spectroscope1 x is f\nd t all ! col\rs ( ! ra9b[ are pres5t1 z 9 ! case ( sol> light1 b 7also 9 ! sun's case7 n all ! t9ts ( ^! col\rs4 ,c]ta9 d>k l9es a?w>t ! ra9b[-t9t$ /reak1 call$ ! spectrum ( ! />1 indicate ! pres5ce ( absorb+ vap\rs 9 ! />'s atmosph]e4 ,?is g5]al /atem5t is true ( e fix$ />1 ?\gh ! d>k l9es ( "s />s diff] 9 numb] & position f ! d>k l9es ( o!rs1 %[+ t o!r absorb+ vap\rs are pres5t4 ,9 ! case ( ! new /> 9 ! ,cr[n1 ! usual /ell> spectrum 0 %ewn1--a ra9b[-t9t$ /reak cross$ by a numb] ( d>k l9es4 ,b besides ^!1 !re 7 se5 f\r v bright l9es1--l9es s bright t ! ra9b[-t9t$ /reak appe>$ z a d>k backgr\nd4 ,! mean+ ( ?is is well und]/ood by spectroscopi/s4 ,x signifies t besides ! vap\rs :i*1 be+ cool] ?an ! />1 absorb$ a portion ( its light1 & produc$ ! d>k l9es1 "s vap\rs 7 pres5t 9 ! />'s atmosph]e :i* 7 a great deal hott] ?an ! />1 & s produc$ bright l9es4 ,n[ two ( ! l9es correspond$ 9 position ) two ( ! well kn[n l9es ( ! gas hydrog51 %[+ t ?is 0 "o ( ! gases :i* _h be5 rais$ to an unusual degree ( heat4 ,x 0 inf]r$ t !re _h be5 "s trem5d\s di/urbance 9 t remote />1 by :i* ! hydrog5 & "s o!r vap\rs pres5t 9 its atmosph]e _h be5 int5sely heat$4 ,b a/ronom]s 7 unable to decide :e!r ! di/urbance 0 ( ! nature ( a conflagration1 ! hydrog5 actually burn+1 or :e!r ! heat 0 occasion$ 9 "s o!r way1 z by ! d[nfall ( "s imm5se mass ^u t remote sun4 ,= burn+ hydrog5 & gl[+ hydrog51 ?\gh ei!r c\ld give ! obs]v$ bright l9es1 are v diff]5t ?+s4 ,9 ! =m] case a *emical *ange is tak+ place1 z 9 ! case ( burn+ wood or coal2 ! latt] case resembles t ( r$hot iron1 :i* is n burn+ itself 7n *ang+ into a diff]5t =m z ev]y?+ does :i* burns71 ?\gh x w burn o!r ?+s1--9 ! ord9>y1 & incorrect1 use ( ! expression4 ,! g5]al belief 0 t !re _h be5 a d[nfall ( matt] on ! /> 9 ! ,cr[n1 by :i* ! :ole globe ( t sun _h be5 excit$ to an int5se degree ( heat1 especially at ! surface1 ne> :i* lies ! hydrog5 atmosph]e ( ! />4 ,i mu/ leave1 h[ev]1 to ! next "p1 ! fur!r consid]ation ( ! /range ?\ghts sugge/$ by ! outbur/ ( ?is />4 ,i wi% to use ! small space rema9+ at pres5t to indicate ! place :]e ano!r new /> bur/ =? la/ ,novemb]1 s t any read]s ( ^! pages :o h telescopes may "k :]e to look = a sun :i* is n[ dy+ out1 b 0 %9+ a few weeks ago z a ?ird magnitude />4 ,fig4 #h pres5ts a portion ( ! well-kn[n con/ellation ,cygnus or ! ,swan4 ,any /> atlas w indicate ! place ( ! lett]$ />s %[n 9 ! figure4 ,! con/ellation itself does n %[ at all well at ?is season ( ! ye>4#h ,! "p %[n 9 ! figure is close to ! horizon1 & directly "u ! pole-/>1 at ab\t half-pa/ t5 9 ! middle ( ,febru>y2 b a little high] up1 betwe5 nor? & nor?-ea/1 at midnight4 ,pr(essor ,s*midt1 ( ! ,a!ns ,obs]vatory1 notic$ a new />1 9 ! place %[n1 on ,novemb] #bd? la/4 ,x mu/ h %one out sudd5ly1 = ,s*midt _h be5 obs]v+ 9 t region on ! night ( ,novemb] #bbnd 7! la/ prec$+ cle> night74 ,x has s9ce gradually fad$1 until n[ a small telescope is requir$ to %[ x1 %9+ z a sev5? magnitude />1 ) a well-m>k$ orange t9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--,"p ( ,cygnus1 %[+ ! place ( new /> 7,novemb] #bd1 #ahgf74 ,we h n[ to consid] ! hi/ory ( ?is />1 & discuss ! g5]al que/ions sugge/$ by ! sudd5 blaz+ out ( suns :i* _h = _m ye>s1 & probably = _m c5turies1 %one cont9u\sly ) a f> feebl] lu/re4 ,x is cle> t we h good reason to be int]e/$ 9 ^! que/ions1 see+ t1 = aught we "k1 our sun may be "o ( ^? expos$ to sudd5 great increase ( lu/re4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x seems c]ta91 9 ! fir/ place1 t ?is /> leapt v sudd5ly to its full spl5d\r4 ,s*midt _h be5 obs]v+ ! same regions ( ! heav5s only two ev5+s be=e1 & is sure ! /> 0 n !n %9+ visibly to ! nak$ eye4 ,aga91 a/ronomy is n[ /udi$ by s _m p]sons1 & s _m m :o are n /ud5ts ( a/ronomy are n[ well acqua9t$ ) ! con/ellations1 t x is v difficult = a new /> to %9e _m h\rs )\t be+ detect$4 ,= example1 ! new /> 9 ! ,cr[n1 :i* appe>$ 9 ,may1 #ahff1 ?\gh n s well plac$ = obs]vation1 0 detect$ by _m obs]v]s at widely di/ant /ations )9 a few h\rs ( ea* o!r4 ,x is probable t ! /> acquir$ its full lu/re 9 a few h\rs at ! utmo/1 & q possible t1 _h any "o be5 wat*+ ! place :]e ! /> appe>$1 he w\ld h be5 able to see ! /> gr[ into full brightness by visible *ange ( lu/re1 j z ! lu/re ( a revolv+ light 9 a di/ant ligh?\se visibly waxes & wanes4 ,x may be1 ( c\rse1 t ! increase ( ! /> f its ord9>y lu/re1 up to ! /age :5 fir/ x 0 visible to ! nak$ eye1 occupi$ _m days1 or ev5 _m mon?s or ye>s2 b x seems m likely t z ! lat] /ages ( increase 7 rapid1 s also 0 ! entire developm5t ( ! new lu/re4 ,9 t case1 if !re 7 inhabit$ worlds circl+ ar\nd t remote sun1 !y _h b brief w>n+ ( ! fate 9 /ore = !m1 z pres5tly to be describ$4 ,l ! /> 9 ! ,nor!rn ,cr[n1 ! new /> 9 ,cygnus 0 subject$ to ! se>*+ scrut9y ( ! spectroscope4 ,! results1 ?\gh simil> 9 g5]al respects1 7 ev5 m int]e/+ ?an 9 ! case ( ! bright] new />4 ,9 ! int]val betwe5 #ahff & #ahgf spectroscopic analysis has develop$ l>gely4 ,x has ?us become possible to analyse m completely ! light ev5 ( fa9t />s ?an ! light ( bright />s c\ld be analys$ a decade ( ye>s s9ce4 ,! spectrum ( ! new /> z exam9$ by ,m4 ,cornu1 ( ! ,p>is ,obs]vatory1 %[$ ! bright l9es ( hydrog51 indicat+ ! pres5ce ( enorm\s quantities ( gl[+ hydrog51 9 a /ate ( int5se heat4 ,b beside ^! bright l9es1 o!rs also c\ld be se54 ,"o ( ^! 0 an orange-yell[ l9e4 ,x w be und]/ood t ! fa9t spectrum ( a /> _c be s readily l5g!n$ by increas+ ! disp]sion z a bright spectrum2 = ) too great disp]sion ! light fades out altoge!r4 ,& ?\gh ?is is n /rictly ! case ) ! bright l9es1 :i* are m]ely ?r[n f>!r ap>t by disp]sion1 yet /ill x rema9s true t "o _c deal ) a /> spectrum ev5 ( bright l9es z "o c ) ! sol> spectrum4 ,s t ,m4 ,cornu 0 n able to det]m9e :e!r ! orange-yell[ l9e belong$ to sodium1 or to t o!r sub/ance1 :atev] x may be1 :i* produces ! orange-yell[ l9e se5 9 ! spectrum ( a sol> prom95ce4#i ,ano!r bright l9e1 gre5 9 col\r1 agre$ 9 position ) a triple l9e belong+ to ! metal magnesium4 ,la/ly1 a bright yell[i%-gre5 l9e 0 se51 :i* is kn[n to be pres5t 9 ! spectrum ( ! sun's corona & ( ! l[-ly+ ruddy matt] r\nd ! sun1 call$ ! si]ra by "s1 & by o!rs 7app>5tly unfamili> ) ! ,greek language7 ! *romosph]e4 ,n[ all ?is agrees v well ) :at _h be5 notic$ 9 ! case ( ! /> 9 ! ,nor!rn ,cr[n4 ,=1 unque/ionably1 if a sun increases s mu* 9 heat & lu/re t ! hydrog5 outside x gl[s m brightly ?an ! body ( ! />1 !n o!r matt] outside t sun might also be expect$ to %>e ! great increase ( heat4 ,we see t1 outside our own sun1 hydrog51 a c]ta9 unkn[n vap\r ( an orange yell[ col\r1 magnesium1 & ano!r unkn[n vap\r ( gre5i%-yell[ col\r are pres5t 9 enorm\s quantities2 & x seems1 !re=e1 reasonable to believe t o!r suns h ^! gases ext5d+ f> outside ! re/ ( _! sub/ance4 ,x is c]ta9 t1 if our sun 7 caus$ to gl[ ) f> m ?an its pres5t degree ( heat1 ! gases ^: increase ( brightness w\ld be mo/ disc]nible f a di/ant /ation 7z a _w circl+ ar\nd "s remote />7 w\ld be j ^? gases :i* 7 gl[+ s respl5d5cy ar\nd ! /> 9 ,cygnus la/ ,novemb]--or r at ! "t :5 t light :i* rea*$ u la/ ,novemb] set out f ! remote /> 9 ! ,swan4 ,:5 we view ! outbur/ ( t remote sun 9 ?is way ! ?\ghts sugge/$ are n altoge!r satisfactory4 ,t sun %[s f> too mu* resemblance to our own1 & behav$1 s f> z c be judg$1 f> too mu* z our own sun w\ld behave if r\s$ to _m times its pres5t degree ( heat & spl5d\r4 ,:5 we he> ( a railway accid5t x is a matt] ( special int]e/ to u 7if we travel mu*7 to le>n :e!r ! conditions "u :i* ! accid5t took place resembl$ ^? "u :i* ! tra9s proce$ by :i* we *iefly travel4 ,:5 an express tra9 suff]s 9 su* a way z to %[ "s special dang] aris+ f great velocity1 we f9d ourselves to "s degree conc]n$ p]sonally 9 ! inve/igation :i* foll[s1 if we travel g5]ally by quick tra9s4 ,if a bridge breaks d[n1 & we h (t5 to trav]se bridges 9 railway j\rney+1 we are simil>ly conc]n$1 especially if any ( ! bridges we h to cross resemble 9 /ructure ! "o :i* has giv5 way4 ,s also ( _m o!r special =ms ( dang] 9 railway travell+4 ,n[1 on ! same pr9ciple1 we _c b reg>d ) consid]able int]e/ ! circum/ance t1 app>5tly1 a cata/rophe has tak5 place 9 ! /> 9 ,cygnus1 :i* has n only affect$ a sun resembl+ our own v closely 9 con/itution1 b has produc$ effects v closely correspond+ to ^? :i* w\ld affect our own sun if1 ?r\gh any cause1 he 7 excit$ to _m times 8 pres5t degree ( heat4 ,let u pause a little to reflect ^u ! effects :i* w\ld foll[ a great increase ( ! sun's lu/re4 ,a *ange 9 our own sun1 su* z affect$ ! /> 9 ,cygnus1 or t o!r /> 9 ! ,nor!rn ,cr[n1 w\ld unque/ionably de/roy e liv+ creature on ! face ( ?is e>?2 nor c\ld any ev5 escape :i* may exi/ on ! o!r planets ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,! /> 9 ! ,nor!rn ,cr[n %one out ) m ?an #hjj times its =m] lu/re3 ! /> 9 ,cygnus ) f #ejj to _m ?\s& times its =m] lu/re1 accord+ z we take ! highe/ possible e/imate ( its brightness be=e ! cata/rophe1 or consid] t x may h be5 v mu* fa9t]4 ,n[1 if our sun 7 to increase t5fold 9 brightness1 all ! high] =ms ( animal life & ne>ly all vegetable life w\ld inevitably be de/roy$ on ?is e>?4 ,a few /ubborn animalcules might survive1 &1 possibly1 a few ( ! l[e/ =ms ( vegetation1 b naught else4 ,if ! sun increas$ a hundr$fold 9 lu/re 8 heat w\ld d\btless /]ilise ! :ole e>?4 ,! same w\ld happ5 9 o!r planets4 ,! heat fall+ on ! remote/ memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em w\ld n1 inde$1 be excessive accord+ to our conceptions4 ,b if we reg>d ,neptune1 ,uranus1 ,saturn1 & ,jupit] z ! abode ( life 7:i*1 = my own "p1 ,i consid] altoge!r improbable71 we _c b suppose ! ord]s ( liv+ creatures 9 ea* ( ^! planets to be well fitt$ to exi/ "u ! conditions subsi/+ ar\nd !m4 ,if ?is is s--z :o c = a mom5t d\bt8--a sudd5 enorm\s increase 9 ! sun's heat1 ?\gh n mak+ ! supply receiv$ by ^? planets mu* great] ?an1 or ev5 equal to1 ! supply :i* we receive f ! sun1 w\ld prove z fatal to liv+ creatures !re z to liv+ creatures on our e>?4 ,if1 !n1 ! sun increas$ 9 spl5d\r z ! />s h increas$ :i* ! a/ronom]s call new />s or tempor>y />s1 !re w\ld be an end ( life ^u ?is e>?2 & no?+ %ort ( ei!r ! spontane\s developm5t ( life1 or ( ! creation ( v>i\s =ms ( life1 c\ld p our e>? afre%4 ,sci5ce kn[s no?+ ( spontane\s g5]ation1 & believ]s 9 revelation reject ! doctr9e4 ,sci5ce kn[s no?+ ( ! creation ( liv+ =ms1 b believ]s 9 revelation accept ! doctr9e4 ,c]ta9 x is t if our sun ev] und]goes ! baptism ( fire :i* has affect$ "s few among 8 bro!r suns1 "o or o!r ( ^! processes 7if creation c be call$ a process7 mu/ come into op]ation1 or else our e>? & h] companion worlds w\ld = ev] aft] rema9 absolutely devoid ( life4 ,b if our sun1 )\t suff]+ s great a *ange1 und]w5t a *ange ( less degree1 x might well happ5 t ?\gh !re w\ld be enorm\s de/ruction ( life ^u ! e>? & o!r planets1 "s life 7presumably ! /ronge/ & be/7 w\ld survive4 ,9 t case1 aft] a long p]iod ( "t1 ! e>? w\ld aga9 be well peopl$1 & x might ev5 be t ! v>i\s races ( t]re/rial creatures w\ld be improv$1 by ! desolation :i* ! great sol> conflagration _h wr\ght4 ,x is some:at curi\s1 consid]+ h[ little !re is 9 ! ord9>y progress ( ev5ts to sugge/ ! idea1 t mo/ ( ! anci5t sy/ems ( cosmogony recognis$ ! p]iodical de/ruction ( liv+ creatures on ! e>? by fire z well z by wat]4 ,ea* =m ( de/ruction 0 suppos$ to be br\ght ab\t by planet>y influ5ces4 ,! ,ecpyrosis1 or de/ruction by fire1 0 effect$ :5 all ! planets 7 9 conjunction ) ,canc]2 ! ,cataclysm1 or de/ruction by flood1 :5 all ! planets 7 9 conjunction ) ,capricorn4 ,ea* =m ( de/ruction 0 suppos$ also to purify ! human race4 ,t[>ds ! t]m9ation ( ea* era1 writes ,lyell1 speak+ ( ^! old ideas1 ! gods c\ld no long] be> ) ! wick$ness ( m51 & a %ock ( ! elem5ts or a deluge ov]:elm$ !m2 aft] :i* calamity ,a/rea aga9 desc5d$ on ! e>?1 to r5ew ! gold5 age4 ,! ,greeks und\bt$ly borr[$ all su* doctr9es f ! ,egyptians1 :o believ$ ! _w to be subject to occasional conflagrations & deluges1 :]eby ! gods arre/$ ! c>e] ( human wick$ness1 & purifi$ ! e>? f guilt4 ,aft] ea* reg5]ation mank9d 0 9 a /ate ( virtue & happ9ess1 f :i* !y gradually deg5]at$ aga9 into vice & immorality4 ,consid]+ t we h e reason to believe ! records ( great floods to relate to ev5ts :i* actually occurr$1 h[ev] imp]fectly rememb]$1 x seems n unreasonable to believe t ! tradition ( great heats _h its orig9 9 obs]v$ ph5om5a4 ,z nei!r ord9>y conflagrations nor volcanic outbur/s w\ld h sugge/$ traditions ( ! k9d1 x w\ld seem n impossible t at c]ta9 times our sun may h acquir$ = a "t unusual lu/re & heat1 caus+ great & widely spread de/ruction among all =ms ( animal & vegetable life4 ,?is idea may possibly seem to _m1 especially at a fir/ view1 too wild to be ent]ta9$ = a mom5t4 ,our sun %9es1 s f> z appe>s to ord9>y obs]vation1 ) /eadfa/ lu/re f ye> to ye>1 & also f age to age4 ,if an occasional hot season sugge/s = a :ile to "s t ! sun has gr[n hott]1 or a cool season t he has gr[n cool]1 ! re/oration ( cool or w>m] wea!r1 z ! case may be1 causes ! ?\ght to be quickly ca/ on "o side t a *ange ( ei!r k9d has tak5 place4 ,aga91 if we exam9e ! hi/orical records ( pa/ ages1 we f9d little to sugge/ ! idea1 or ev5 ! possibility1 t ! sun 9 =m] times %one ) great] spl5d\r or ) less ?an at pres5t4 ,! m5 ( ^? days 7 =m$ l ! m5 ( our own day1 & c\ld n h support$ any mu* great] degree ( heat or ( cold ?an m5 c support at pres5t4 ,any sudd5 accession 7or dim9ution7 ( sol> light & heat1 su* z we are consid]+1 w\ld c]ta9ly h attract$ m>k$ att5tion1 & h be5 record$ = ! b5efit ( future ages4 ,! geologic record1 aga91 does1 inde$1 sugge/ v>iations 9 ! sun's emission ( heat z con/itut+ "o among ! few available explanations ( ! exi/5ce ( tropical =ms ( life 9 c]ta9 /rata & ( arctic =ms 9 o!r /rata4 ,b ev5 if ?is explanation be ! true "o1 :i* is by no means e/abli%$1 su* v>iations mu/ ( necessity h be5 sl[1 ! condition ( increas$ heat cont9u+ = _m ages 9 succession1 & ! l ) ! condition ( dim9i%$ heat4 ,we h no evid5ce1 hi/orical or geological1 ( ! occurr5ce ( any sudd5 accession ( sol> heat1 foll[$ by a quick return to ! normal temp]ature1 unless we f9d su* evid5ce 9 ! tradition preval5t among ,egyptian1 ,indian1 & ,*9ese cosmogoni/s1 t at c]ta9 recurr+ epo*s 9 ! pa/ our e>? has und]gone de/ruction & r5ovation by fire4 ,yet1 z ,i %all n[ %[1 x appe>s t ! "o only natural int]pretation :i* c be giv5 ( ! outbur/ ( a new or tempor>y sun indicates an ev5t :i* might happ5 to our own sun1 & an ev5t :i* if x happ5$ at all w\ld happ5 p]iodically4 ,moreov]1 :ile x w appe> t !re is no reason = fe>+ ! possible occurr5ce 7:i* w\ld1 9 su* case1 be really ! recurr5ce7 ( su* a cata/rophe 9 ! case ( our own sun z has affect$ ! />s 9 ! ,cr[n & 9 ,cygnus1 !re is no reason = reject+ z incr$ible ! idea t cata/rophes v s]i\s 9 _! "* may h affect$ our sun2 & !re is abundant reason = believ+ t small alt]ations 9 ! sun's total emission ( light & heat take place v (t51 9 "s cases p]iodically2 9 o!rs--s f> z we c yet judge--p]iodically4 ,la/ly1 x w be se5 t !re is always a possibility t our own or any o!r sun may und]go precisely su* a *ange z ! />s 9 ,cygnus & ! ,nor!rn ,cr[n4 ,"s inde$1 ev5 among m5 ( sci5ce 7z ! ,abb ,moigno1 = example7 believe t x 0 an ev5t ( ?is sort :i* ,/4 ,pet] pr$ict$ :5 he wrote1 t z ! old _w1 be+ ov]fl[$ ) wat]1 p]i%$1 s ! heav5s & ! e>? :i* are n[1 by ! same ^w are kept 9 /ore1 res]v$ unto fire4 ,accord+ to t view1 ! day ( de/ruction w come z a ?ief 9 ! night2 9 ! :i* ! heav5s %all pass away ) a great noise1 & ! elem5ts %all melt ) f]v5t heat1 ! e>? also1 & ! works t are !re9 %all be burn$ up4 99 99 99 99 99 ,let u consid] h[ ! sudd5 brightness ( a new /> may be expla9$4 ,i mu/ confess t = my own "p ,i d n atta* mu* weight to ! sugge/ion once made by ,mr4 ,hugg9s1 t an actual conflagration _h tak5 place 9 ! case ( ! new /> 9 ! ,nor!rn ,cr[n4 ,x does n seem to me t any process ( m]e burn+ c\ld acc\nt = ! enorm\s accession ( light & heat :i* t sun und]w5t4 ,consid] ! case ( our own sun4 ,8 heat is v f> beyond t :i* w\ld be giv5 out by any matt] kn[n to u und]go+ any kn[n process ( true combu/ion4 ,t is to say1 if a mass z l>ge z ! sun ( any kn[n sub/ance 7 caus$ to burn1 "u any conditions we c imag9e1 ! mom5t>y emission ( heat by t mass w\ld be v mu* less ?an ! mom5t>y emission ( heat by ! sun4 ,n[ x is q conceivable t by "s great accession ( combu/ible matt]1 "s supply ( fuel exce$+ _m times 8 entire mass1 ! sun's entire emission ( heat might be v l>gely increas$4 ,b ?\gh su* an idea is conceivable1 x seems altoge!r f>-fet*$4 ,! conception is1 9 fact1 inadmissible z an explanation ( ! increase ( heat ( a tempor>y />1 n because ( ! improbability ( ! sudd5 accession ( s enorm\s a quantity ( matt] 7?\gh t improbability is v great71 b because if s enorm\s a quantity ( matt] fell ^u ! sun1 _m times z mu* heat w\ld be g5]at$ by ! me*anical effect ( ! impact z by ! combu/ion ( ! fre%ly receiv$ matt]4 ,s t ev5 ) ! d>+ assumption "h made1 combu/ion w\ld acc\nt = only a small portion ( ! increase ( light & heat4 ,hugg9s' idea 0 inde$ some:at diff]5t4 ,he suppos$ t 9 consequ5ce ( "s great int]nal convulsion ( ! sun 9 ! ,nor!rn ,cr[n a l>ge volume ( hydrog5 & o!r gases 0 evolv$ f ! int]ior1 ! hydrog5 !n by burn+ giv+ out ! light correspond+ to ! bright l9es4 ,at ! same "t1 ! mass ( ! sun w\ld be int5sely heat$ by ! surr\nd+ mass ( gl[+ hydrog54 ,:5 ! lib]ation ( gas f ! int]ior ceas$ ! flame w\ld die out1 & ! sun's surface w\ld gradually cool4 ,b if we judge by ! case ( our own sun1 ! heat ( ! burn+ hydrog5 w\ld be no?+ ne> s great z ! heat ( ! gl[+ hydrog5 already outside & )9 ! visible globe ( a sun4 ,on ! :ole x seems altoge!r m probable t ! accession ( spl5d\r obs]v$ 9 ! case ( tempor>y />s is due to ! d[nfall ( enorm\s masses ( matt] ^u ! surface ( ^! suns4 ,x is1 no d\bt1 well kn[n to mo/ ( my read]s t ! d[nfall ( meteoric matt] ^u ! surface ( our own sun has be5 consid]$ a suffici5t explanation ( ! sun's entire emission ( light & heat4 ,! !ory t ! sun's heat & light are ?us excit$ has long s9ce be5 ab&on$2 b n because ! cause w\ld be insuffici5t4 ,x has be5 abundantly prov$ t a d[nfall ( meteors1 n suffici5t 9 quantity to add appreciably to ! sun's size 9 _m ?\s&s ( ye>s1 w\ld g5]ate m heat & light ?an he emits 9 t "t4 ,! meteoric !ory has be5 ab&on$ simply because x has be5 %[n t no su* d[nfall is tak+ place4 ,! reason :y meteoric impact w\ld suffice to w>m ! sun to 8 pres5t temp]ature if ! meteoric %[]s 7 heavy1 & to w>m him f> beyond 8 pres5t temp]ature if = a few days v heavy meteoric %[]s fell ^u him1 is simply t 8 attraction ^u matt] approa*+ him f )\t is capable ( g5]at+ a trem5d\s velocity4 ,we "k t :5 a cannon-ball /rikes a metal t>get1 ) a velocity p]haps ( "s #djj y>ds p] second1 great heat is excit$1 & !re is a mom5t>y fla% ( light4 ,if ! velocity 7 d\bl$1 ! quantity ( heat w\ld be d\bl$ also4 ,conceive1 !n1 ! trem5d\s heat :i* w\ld be excit$ if a cannon-ball c\ld be caus$ to /rike a t>get ) a velocity exce$+ t j nam$ "s #aejj times6 ,! ball & t>get w\ld bo? be vaporis$ by ! %ock1 if--:i*1 h[ev]1 c\ld nev] happ5--! t>get resi/$ ! bl[ & br\ght ! ball to re/4 ,n[ matt] :i* rea*es ! sun f )\t1 "u ! influ5ce ( 8 trem5d\s attraction1 /rikes 8 globe ) a velocity #aejj times great] ?an t ( a cannon ball /rik+ a t>get at a di/ance ( two or ?ree hundr$ y>ds4 ,! heat excit$ is1 !re=e1 v int5se2 & if meteors 7 %[]+ at all times & 9 d5se flights ^u ! sun's surface1 we %\ld require no o!r explanation ( ! sun's heat4 ,b x appe>s t meteoric sy/ems are nei!r s num]\s nor s ri* z to acc\nt = ! sun's uni=m emission ( heat1 ?\gh occasional meteoric %[]s ^u ! sun may be heavy en\gh to increase appreciably ! am\nt ( heat he emits4 ,x w\ld seem1 f exp]im5ts :i* h be5 made by ,pr(essor ,piazzi ,smy?1 ( ! ,ed9burgh ,obs]vatory1 & lat] by ! ,a/ronom] ,royal at ,gre5wi*1 t f "t to "t ! sun's emission ( heat really is great] ?an usual4 ,x seems n at all improbable t ! increase is due to ! occasional fall ( l>ge masses ( meteors 9 great numb]s ^u ! sun4 ,aga91 x seems t su* falls occur p]iodically1 or r t at regul> int]vals great meteoric /reams p\r ^u ! sun's surface4 ,= in/ance1 ! p]iodic increase & decrease 9 ! numb] ( sun-spots is accompani$ 7s f> z we c judge by ! obs]vations made at ,ed9burgh & ,gre5wi*7 by an accession & dim9ution ( ! sol> heat2 & if ! *ange is attribut$ to ! passage ( a meteoric /ream a?w>t ! sun1 we %\ld h to assign to su* a /ream a p]iod ( r m ?an elev5 ye>s4 ,?is1 f :at we "k ab\t ! association betwe5 meteors & comets1 w\ld correspond simply to ! exi/5ce ( a comet ^: pa? int]sects ! sun's globe1 & :i* is foll[$ by a tra9 ( millions ( l>ge meteoric masses1 _m ( :i* are consum$ at ea* passage ( ! ri* portion ( ! tra9 a?w>t ! globe ( ! sun4 ,?is comet mu/ ( necessity be inconspicu\s1 s9ce x has hi!rto escap$ detection4 ,9 fact1 its head & nucleus mu/ long s9ce h be5 entirely de/roy$4 ,only ! meteoric tra91 f> m widely scatt]$1 rema9s1 simply because at ea* passage pa/ ! sun1 ?\gh _m are captur$1 f> great] numb]s get safely pa/4 ,i am c>eful to rem9d ! read] t ?\gh ,i h1 = conv5i5ce1 us$ ! indicative mood 9 describ+ ^! matt]s1 ,i am 9 reality pres5t+ m]ely a !ory4 ,x may be t ! sol> spots & ! accessions ( heat are produc$ 9 "s o!r way4 ,b ,i mu/ admit ,i f9d /rong reasons = reg>d+ z probable ! g5]al !ory1 t ! alt]nations ( sol> activity 7n ! sol> activity itself be x not$7 are excit$ f )\t4 ,& s9ce we "k1 z a matt] ( fact1 t meteors exi/ 9 enorm\s numb]s )9 ! sol> sy/em1 & t !y aggregate ) rapidly increas+ d5sity 9 ! sun's neighb\rhood1 we mu/ believe t !y fall ^u ! sun 9 enorm\s numb]s4 ,we also p]ceive t ! supply _c be uni=m1 b mu/ v>y greatly f "t to "t2 :ile :at we "k ab\t ! p]iodicity ( meteoric %[]s on our own e>? sugge/s ! belief1 we may almo/ say ! c]ta9ty1 t !re mu/ be p]iodic d[nfalls ( v heavy meteoric %[]s ^u ! sun's surface4 ,we h1 !n1 /rong probability 9 fav\r ( ! belief t ev5ts may occur :i*1 if !y occurr$1 might be expect$1 ) a high degree ( probability1 to produce effects resembl+ ^? actually obs]v$1--viz41 ! production ( a heat m int5se ?an usual1 accompani$ by signs ( great di/urbance l ! sun-spots4 ,x does1 !re=e1 seem at lea/ n improbable t ^! accessions ( heat & ^! signs ( great di/urbance really are br\ght ab\t 9 ! way suppos$4 ,a fur!r argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! meteoric orig9 ( sol> alt]nations ( heat is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t1 on "o occasion at lea/1 a sol> ph5om5on1 correspond+ precisely to :at we %\ld expect to see1 if great meteoric masses fell ^u ! sun1 has be5 foll[$ by precisely ! same signs ( t]re/rial di/urbance :i* accompany & foll[ ! =mation ( great sol> spots4 ,i ref] to ! rem>kable occurr5ce witness$ by ,c>r+ton & ,hodgson 7at diff]5t obs]vatories7 9 ,septemb]1 #ahei1 :5 two int5sely bright po9ts ( light 7 se5 travell+ beside ea* o!r at ! rate ( ab\t #abj miles p] second along a %ort arc ( ! sun's surface1--an arc only equal 9 l5g? to "s f\r-&-a-half times ! diamet] ( our e>?4 ,on t occasion ! emission ( sol> heat may or may n h be5 increas$ 9 an appreciable degree = sev]al m9utes4 ,my own belief is t x mu/ h be52 b we c]ta9ly h no means ( prov+ t x 04 ,:at we d "k c]ta9ly is1 t on t day all ! ph5om5a :i* usually accompany ! exi/5ce ( _m & l>ge sun-spots %[$ !mselves ) exagg]at$ int5sity4 ,! magnetic ne$le 0 greatly di/urb$1 auroras display$ _! col\r$ /ream]s 9 bo? hemisph]es1 telegraphic communication 0 int]rupt$1 & ev]y?+ t5d$ to %[ t a di/urbance ( ! same g5]al "* z t :i* produces sun-spots1 b mu* m active :ile x la/$1 _h affect$ ! sun4 ,x seems1 !n1 altoge!r reasonable to inf] t sun-spots are due to ! same cause z ! di/urbance :i* !n occurr$4 ,s t if we conclude1 ) mo/ a/ronom]s compet5t to =m an op9ion1 t ! di/urbance witness$ by ,c>r+ton & ,hodgson 0 due to ! d[nfall ( two v l>ge meteoric masses ^u ! sun1 x w\ld foll[ t sun-spots are due to m wide-spread meteoric %[]s1 n consi/+ ( masses s l>ge4 ,! read] w long s9ce h guess$1 no d\bt1 to :at all ?is t5ds4 ,if ! p]iodical v>iations ( ! sun's surface are due to meteoric & cometic sy/ems ^: orbits int]sect ! sun's globe1 _! p]iods be+ %ort 7t is1 la/+ b a few ye>s71 x may well be t m important meteoric & cometic sy/ems int]sect+ ! sun's globe exi/1 :i* h mu* long] p]iods4 ,:5 next "o ( ^! makes its passage a?w>t ! sun1 f> m important sol> di/urbances may take place ?an ^? :i* occur :5 ! regul>ly recurr+ sy/ems salute ! sun4 ,two or ?ree times 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce comets h approa*$ v close to ! surface ( ! sun1 z 9 #afhj1 & aga9 9 #ahdc1 b )\t actually imp++ ^u x4 ,v slight *anges 9 ! motions ( ^? comets1 ow+ to ! di/urb+ influ5ces ( ! planets1 w\ld cause _! v nuclei to /rike ! sun1 & _! meteoric tra9s to p\r aft]w>ds 9 a full /ream ^u him = _m days1 or ev5 = _m mon?s & ye>s 9 succession4 ,n[ ,i d n ?9k our sun w\ld necess>ily suff] v mu* f any ( ^! kn[n comets4 ,!y may long s9ce h p>t$ ) ! great] quantity ( _! sub/ance4 ,b x is q possible t ev5 "o ( ^? well-kn[n comets ( ! sol> sy/em might cause v s]i\s outbur/s ( sol> heat & light2 & x is c]ta9ly n only possible b extremely probable t o!r comets1 su* z h visit$ ! sol> sy/em on pa?s =tunately n br++ !m ne> to ! sun1 w\ld h work$ mu* mis*ief _h _! pa?s be5 diff]5tly situat$4 ,we "k t ,newton held ?is op9ion4 ,he consid]$ ! real dang] f comets to reside1 n 9 ! possibility t "o might /rike our e>?1 b 9 ! possibility t "o1 fall+ ^u ! sun1 might excite t orb to a degree ( heat s int5se t all life on ?is e>? w\ld be de/roy$4 ,x is true t1 9 ,newton's "t1 physical laws 7 n s well und]/ood z at pres5t1 & a consid]able portion ( ,newton's reason+ 0 consequ5tly inexact4 ,b no?+ :i* is n[ kn[n opposes itself to ! belief :i* ,newton adopt$ on ?is subject4 ,on ! contr>y1 :]eas ,newton only recognis$ ! dang] aris+ f ! consumption ( a comet z fuel = ! sun1 we n[ recognise a f> m s]i\s dang]1 f ! =ce ( meteoric impact1 & ! heat excit$ z ! !rmal equival5t ( ! de/roy$ velocities4 ,( ?is "p ( ! dang] ,newton _h no cle> conception1 ! relations betwe5 me*anical en]gy & heat n hav+ be5 e/abli%$ until q rec5t times4 ,x appe>s to me1 h[ev]1 t ! dang] 9 ! case ( our own sun--or may we n say our dang]8--arises only f ! possibility t "s "o ( ! comets :i* visit u f ! />-dep?s may make /raight = ! sun2 & ?is dang] is exce$+ly small4 ,almo/ c]ta9ly a comet :i*1 leav+ ! doma9 ( ano!r sun1 falls "u ! attractive influ5ce ( our own1 w\ld approa* him on a pa? pass+ _m millions ( miles f 8 surface4 ,! *ances aga9/ a m direct approa* are s great t !y may be reg>d$ z1 to all int5ts & purposes1 ov]:elm+4 ,a comet might visit u f ! />-dep? on a de/ructive c\rse1 j z a s+le black ball might be drawn at ! fir/ trial f a bag conta9+ a million :ite balls & only t s+le black "o4 ,b ! dang] is exce$+ly small4 ,we see1 inde$1 t o!r suns h suff]$ 9 ?is way1 assum+ cometic d[nfall to be ! true cause ( /ell> outbur/s4 ,!re are s _m millions ( suns1 h[ev]1 9 ! region ( space to :i* telescopic survey ext5ds t ! occurr5ce ( t5 or twelve su* outbur/s 9 ! c\rse ( f\r or five c5turies ne$ n be reg>d$ z imply+ any s]i\s dang]4 ,moreov]1 all ! suns :i* h ?us suff]$ lie )9 a p>ticul> region ( ! heav5s1--viz41 9 ! ,milky ,way1 & 9 t half ( ! ,milky ,way :i* is mo/ irregul>1 "o may almo/ say ragg$1 9 /ructure4 7,) "o exception--! /> 9 ! ,nor!rn ,cr[n1 :i*1 nev]!less1 lies on a fa9t outly+ /ream] ( ! ,milky ,way n disc]nible to ord9>y vision47 ,if !n our sun belongs to ?is region ( space1 ! dang] = him & = u is some:at great] ?an my previ\s argum5t w\ld indicate4 ,=1 9 t case1 we mu/ comp>e ! numb] ( outbur/s1 n ) ! total numb] ( />s )9 telescopic range1 b ) ! numb] ( ^? />s :i* lie )9 ?is p>ticul> region ( space4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if our sun does n lie )9 t region ( space1 ! dang] = him & = u is v mu* less2 = in/ead ( a c]ta9 small numb] ( accid5ts among 8 fell[ suns1 !re h be5 no su* accid5ts1 only accid5ts affect+ o!r suns :i* mu/ be diff]5tly class$4 ,! case may be comp>$ to ! e/imation ( ! dang]s1 let u say1 ( travell+ by ocean /eam%ips on a p>ticul> r\te4 ,if we take ! total numb] ( accid5ts1 = in/ance1 to /eam%ips travell+ betwe5 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 we %\ld e/imate ! risk ( ! j\rney z v small1 ! numb] ( pass5g]s :o h lo/ _! lives be+ v small comp>$ ) ! numb] :o h made ! j\rney4 ,b ev5 ?is small risk is dim9i%$ if we e/imate ! dang] = a pass5g] by ,cun>d /eam%ips1 simply because no pass5g] has yet lo/ 8 life ?r\gh accid5t to "o ( ^! ,cun>d vessels4 ,s 9 ! case ( our sun1 ! dang] ( an outbur/ su* z has affect$ ! />s 9 ! ,nor!rn ,cr[n & ,cygnus is small en\gh :5 we e/imate x by comp>+ ! numb] ( su* accid5ts ) ! total numb] ( />s1 b vani%es almo/ into no?+ness :5 we note t no insulat$ /> l our sun seems hi!rto to h und]gone "o ( ^! trem5d\s cata/rophes4 ,b z reg>ds ! fate ( worlds circl+ r\nd suns :i* h suff]$ 9 ?is way1 we c =m b "o op9ion4 ,beyond all d\bt1 if su* worlds exi/$ & 7 inhabit$ :5 _! c5tral orb blaz$ =? ) _m hundr$ times its =m] lu/re1 all life mu/ h p]i%$ f _! surface4 ,we may believe1 z _m d1 t no conditions are too unlike ^? we are famili> ) on e>? to r5d] life impossible2 t ! creatures subsi/+ 9 a _w expos$ to ! mo/ fi]y heat or to ! mo/ int5se cold are adapt$ z p]fectly to ! conditions "u :i* !y subsi/ z we are to ! circum/ances ( t]re/rial life4 ,b ev5 adopt+ ?is view1 ?\gh x seems to accord ill ) :at we "k ( our own e>?1--:]e life ceases t[>ds ! pol> & ov] l>ge tracts ( ! equatorial regions1--we c\ld n believe t creatures ?us adapt$ to ! conditions prevail+ ar\nd !m c\ld endure an entire *ange ( ^? conditions4 ,) ! accessions ( heat 9 ! />s 9 ,cygnus & ! ,cr[n1 su* *ange mu/ inevitably h tak5 place4 ,!re=e1 z ,i ?9k1 we mu/ reg>d ! cata/rophes affect+ ^? remote suns z assur$ly involv+ ,! ,end ( _m ,worlds4 ,note4--,:at is /at$ 9 ! latt] portion ( ?is *apt] applies n[ only to ! /> 9 ! ,nor!rn ,cr[n2 = ! /> 9 ,cygnus has n fad$ into a small />1 b into a small nebula6 ,= ! fur!r hi/ory ( ?is />1 ! read] is ref]r$ to my =?com+ treatise entitl$1 ,pleasant ,ways 9 ,sci5ce4 ,,footnotes3 #g ,its place is indicat$ 9 my ,s*ool ,atlas1 z well z 7( c\rse7 9 my ,libr>y ,atlas1 f ! latt] ( :i* ! small maps illu/rat+ ! pres5t article h be5 prick$ (f4 ,! new /> is m>k$ ,t 9 ! ,cr[n 7,map ,,viii471 & mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! /> 1 z 9 ,roscoe's ,treatise on ,spectral ,analysis1 & 9 "s a/ronomical works4 ,! /> is a well kn[n fif? magnitude />1 :i* has %one ) no p]ceptible increase or dim9ution ( spl5d\r s9ce ,bay]'s "t c]ta9ly1 & probably = ?\s&s ( ye>s be=e4 #h ,?is *apt] 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 ,febru>y1 #ahgg1 :5 ! /> 0 already invisible to ! nak$ eye4 #i ,x w be rememb]$ by ^? famili> ) ! hi/ory ( sol> obs]vation1 t :5 ! spectrum ( ! sol> prom95ce 0 fir/ obs]v$1 ! orange-yell[ bright l9e 0 suppos$ to be ! well-kn[n d\ble sodium l9e4 ,x is s ne> to ?is pair ( l9es1 t :ile !y are call$ ,d #a & ,d #b1 x has be5 call$ ,d #c2 & 9 a spectroscope ( small disp]sive p[] ! ?ree w\ld be se5 z "o4 ,illu/ration ,,vi4 ,,! ,,aurora ,,borealis4 ,among ! objects 9 view1 :5 ! rec5t ,pol> exp$ition 0 fitt$ out1 0 ! hope t dur+ ! w9t] ( #ahge-gf ! sci5tific obs]v]s :o accompani$ ! exp$ition might be able to /udy ! ,aurora ,borealis "u unusually fav\rable conditions4 ,?is hope 01 z mo/ ( my read]s d\btless "k1 disappo9t$4 ,few auroras 7 se51 & ^? se5 7 n rem>kable ei!r = brilliancy or = beauty ( col\r4 ,yet 9 ! v disappo9tm5t ( ! hope :i* _h be5 ent]ta9$ on ?is subject !re 0 v significant evid5ce respect+ ! aurora1 z w pres5tly be %[n4 ,! quiesc5ce1 at t "t1 ( ! =ces :i* produce ! auroral /ream]s _h its mean+1 & a v /range "o4 ,! aurora is "o ( ^? ph5om5a ( nature :i* are *>act]iz$ by exce$+ beauty1 & sometimes by an impos+ gr&eur1 b are unaccompani$ by any dang]1 & inde$1 s f> z c be det]m9$1 by any influ5ce :atev] ^u ! conditions :i* affect our well-be+4 ,comp>+ ! aurora ) a ph5om5on ak9 to x 9 orig9--lightn+--we f9d 9 ?is respect ! mo/ m>k$ contra/4 ,bo? ph5om5a are caus$ by electrical dis*>ges2 bo? are exce$+ly beautiful4 ,x is d\btful :i* is ! m impos+ s f> z visible effects are conc]n$4 ,:5 ! auroral cr[n is fully =m$1 & ! vault ( heav5 is cov]$ ) ! auroral bann]s1 wav+ hi!r & ?i!r sil5tly1 n[ fad+ f view1 anon gl[+ ) m int5se spl5d\r1 ! m9d is n less impress$ ) a s5se ( ! wondr\s p[]s :i* surr\nd u ?an :51 z ! =k$ lightn+s leap f ! ?und]cl\d1 ! :ole heav5s gl[ ) violet light1 & !n s9k sudd5ly into d>kness4 ,! solemn /illness ( ! auroral display is z impressive 9 its k9d z ! cra%+ peal ( ! ?und]bolt4 ,b !re is a /rik+ contra/ betwe5 ! feel+s ) :i* we reg>d ! safe spl5d\rs ( ! aurora & ! t]rible glory ( ! lightn+ fla%4 ,"o display we contemplate ) ! calmness eng5d]$ by absolute security2 ! o!r--no matt] h[ little ! fe> ( dea? may affect ! reason--_c be reg>d$ )\t excit+ ! consci\sness ( dang]4 ,we witness 9 safety1 s f> z itself is conc]n$1 ! fla% ^: light illum9ates ! cl\d masses above & ar\nd u1 b = aught we "k x may be ! la/ we %all ev] see1 s9ce no man kill$ by lightn+ ev] saw ! fla% :i* br\ght 8 dea?4 ,i d n purpose to consid] "h at any l5g? ^? facts respect+ ! aurora :i* prop]ly f9d _! place 9 text-books ( sci5ce1 b ^? only :i* are less commonly dealt )1 & seem at once mo/ sugge/ive & mo/ p]plex+4 ,! read] is no d\bt aw>e t auroras1 or pol> /ream]s1 z !y are sometimes call$1 are appe>ances se5 n ar\nd ! true poles ( ! e>?1 b ar\nd ! magnetic poles1 :i* lie v f> away f ^? geographical poles :i* our arctic & ant>ctic seam5 h 9 va9 attempt$ to rea*4 ,we 9 ,engl&1 ?\gh mu* ne>] to ! nor? pole ?an ! inhabitants ( ,canada1 see f> few] auroras ?an !y d1 & ^? we see are f> less spl5did1 simply because we are f>!r away f ! nor!rn magnetic pole4 ,?is w be se5 f ! accompany+ pair ( maps 7f my ,elem5t>y ,physical ,geography71 %[+ :]e ! nor!rn & s\!rn magnetic poles lie4 ,aga91 y w see f ! nor!rn map1 t f ,engl& ! nor!rn magnetic pole lies t[>ds ! we/ ( due nor?4 ,t is :y :5 we see a fully develop$ auroral ar* 9 ?is c\ntry its cr[n lies t[>ds ! we/ ( nor? 7almo/ midway betwe5 nor? & nor?-we/74 ,i may h occasion at ano!r "t to consid] ! curi\s *anges :i* affect ! actual position ( ! magnetic poles & l9es2 9 ?is place ,i m]ely note t :at is n[ said respect+ !m only ref]s to ! pres5t "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--,! ,nor!rn ,magnetic ,m]idians & ,l9es ( ,equal ,dip4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--,! ,s\!rn ,magnetic ,m]idians & ,l9es ( ,equal ,dip4 ,! =mation ( auroral /ream]s ar\nd ! magnetic poles ( ! e>? %[s t ^! lights are due to electrical dis*>ges1 j z ! g5]al magnetic ph5om5a ( ! e>? indicate ! exi/5ce ( electrical curr5ts4 ,! e>?1 9 fact1 ) its envelope ( air1 moi/ & d5se ne> ! surface1 r>e & dry above may be reg>d$ z an enorm\s magnetic in/rum5t1 a core surr\nd$ by conduct+ matt]1 9 :i* electrical curr5ts pass :5ev] ! condition ( ! e>?'s magnetism *anges4 ,! dis*>ges ( electricity1 ?\gh only visible at night1 take place 9 reality 9 ! daytime also4 ,accord+ to _! ext5t & position1 v>y+ ) ! v>y+ conditions "u :i* !y take place1 _! aspect *anges4 ,moreov]1 f diff]5t p>ts ( ! e>? ! appe>ance ( ! aurora is diff]5t4 ,f l[ latitudes 7,i speak n[ ( magnetic latitudes z indicat$ by ! clos$ curves ar\nd ! magnetic poles 9 ! maps71 ! auroral ar* is se5 t[>ds ! nor? 9 our hemisph]e1 t[>ds ! s\? 9 ! o!r hemisph]e4 ,f po9ts ne>] ! magnetic pole x is se5 ov]head1 & :5 t pole is approa*$ /ill ne>]1 ! cr[n ( ! ar* is se5 on ! side remote f ! pole1--t is1 t[>ds ! s\? 9 our hemisph]e1 t[>ds ! nor? 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,rememb]+ t ! aurora is due to electrical dis*>ges 9 ! upp] regions ( ! air1 x is int]e/+ to le>n :at are ! appe>ances pres5t$ by ! aurora at places :]e ! auroral ar* is high above ! horizon1--^! be+1 9 fact1 places ne>ly "u ! auroral ar*4 ,m4 ,*4 ,m>t9s1 :o obs]v$ a great numb] ( auroras at ,spitzb]g5 9 #ahci1 ?us writes 7z translat$ by ,mr4 ,glai%]7 respect+ !m3 ,at times !y are simple diffus$ gleams or lum9\s pat*es2 at o!rs1 quiv]+ rays ( pure :ite :i* run across ! sky1 />t+ f ! horizon z if an invisible p5cil 7 be+ drawn ov] ! cele/ial vault2 at times x /ops 9 its c\rse1 ! incomplete rays d n rea* ! z5i?1 b ! aurora cont9ues at "s o!r po9t2 a b\quet ( rays d>ts =?1 spreads out into a fan1 !n becomes pale1 & dies out4 ,at o!r times long gold5 drap]ies float above ! head ( ! spectator1 & take a ?\s& folds & undulations z if agitat$ by ! w9d4 ,!y appe> to be b at a slight elevation 9 ! atmosph]e1 & x seems /range t ! ru/l+ ( ! folds z !y d\ble back on ea* o!r is n audible4 ,g5]ally1 a lum9\s b[ is se5 9 ! nor?2 a black segm5t sep>ates x f ! horizon1 ! d>k col\r =m+ a contra/ ) ! pure :ite or bright r$ ( ! b[1 :i* d>ts =? rays1 ext5ds1 becomes divid$1 & soon pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a lum9\s fan1 :i* fills ! nor!rn sky1 & m\nts ne>ly to ! z5i?1 :]e ! rays1 unit+1 =m a cr[n1 :i* 9 its turn d>ts =? lum9\s jets 9 all directions4 ,! sky !n looks l a cupola ( fire2 ! blue1 ! gre51 ! yell[1 ! r$1 & ! :ite vibrate 9 ! palpitat+ rays ( ! aurora4 ,b ?is brilliant spectacle la/s only a few m9utes2 ! cr[n fir/ ceases to emit lum9\s jets1 & !n gradually dies out2 a diffus$ light fills ! sky2 "h & !re a few lum9\s pat*es1 resembl+ light cl\ds1 op5 & close ) incr$ible rapidity1 l a he>t t is beat+ fa/4 ,!y soon get pale 9 _! turn1 ev]y?+ fades away & becomes confus$1 ! aurora seems to be 9 its dea?-?roes2 ! />s1 :i* its light _h obscur$1 %9e ) a r5ew$ brightness2 & ! long pol> night1 sombre & pr(\nd1 aga9 assumes its sway ov] ! icy solitudes ( e>? & ocean4 ,! association betwe5 auroral ph5om5a & ^? ( t]re/rial magnetism has long be5 plac$ beyond a d\bt4 ,w>g5t9 9 #agej fir/ e/abli%$ ! fact1 :i* _h be5 previ\sly not$1 h[ev]1 by ,halley & ,celsius4 ,b ! ext5sion ( ! relation to ph5om5a occurr+ outside ! e>?--v f> away f ! e>?--belongs to rec5t times4 ,! fir/ po9t to be notic$1 z %[+ t ! aurora dep5ds p>tly on extra-t]re/rial circum/ances1 is ! fact t ! frequ5cy ( its appe>ance v>ies greatly f "t to "t4 ,x is said t ! aurora 0 h>dly ev] se5 9 ,engl& dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ?\gh ! nor!rn magnetic pole 0 !n mu* ne>] to ,engl& ?an x is at pres5t4 ,halley /ates t be=e ! great aurora ( #agaf none _h be5 se5 7or at lea/ record$7 9 ,engl& = m ?an eighty ye>s1 & no rem>kable aurora s9ce #aegd4 ,9 ! records ( ! ,p>is ,academy ( ,sci5ces no aurora is m5tion$ betwe5 #afff & #agaf4 ,at ,b]l9 "o 0 record$ 9 #agjg z a v unusual ph5om5on2 & ! "o se5 at ,bologna 9 #agbc 0 describ$ z ! fir/ :i* _h ev] be5 se5 !re4 ,celsius1 :o describ$ 9 #agcc no less ?an ?ree hundr$ & sixte5 obs]vations ( ! aurora 9 ,sw$5 betwe5 #agjf & #agcb1 /ates t ! olde/ inhabitants ( ,upsala consid]$ ! ph5om5on z a great r>ity be=e #agaf4 ,&]son1 ( ,hamburg1 /ates t 9 ,icel& ! frequ5t occurr5ce ( auroras betwe5 #agaf & #agcb 0 reg>d$ ) great a/oni%m5t4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 !y _h be5 frequ5t4 ,"h1 !n1 we seem to f9d ! evid5ce ( "s cause ext]nal to ! e>?1 z produc+ auroras1 or at lea/ z t5d+ to make _! occurr5ce m or less frequ5t4 ,! e>? has rema9$ to all appe>ance un*ang$ 9 g5]al respects dur+ ! la/ ?ree c5turies1 yet 9 ! sixte5? h] magnetic poles h be5 frequ5tly surr\nd$ by auroral /ream]s2 dur+ ! sev5te5? ^! /ream]s h be5 seldom se52 dur+ ! la/ two-?irds ( ! sev5te5? c5tury auroras h aga9 be5 frequ5t2 & dur+ ! pres5t c5tury !y h occurr$ sometimes frequ5tly dur+ sev]al ye>s 9 succession1 at o!rs v seldom4 ,let u inquire a little m closely into ! circum/ances att5d+ auroral displays1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :at ext]nal cause x is :i* ?us influ5ces _! occurr5ce4 ,connect$ z auroras are ) ! ph5om5a ( t]re/rial magnetism1 we may expect to f9d "s help 9 our inquiry f ! /udy ( ^! ph5om5a4 ,n[ x appe>s c]ta9 t magnetic ph5om5a are p>tly influ5c$ by *anges 9 ! sun's condition4 ,we may well believe t !y are 9 ! ma9 due to ! sun's ord9>y action1 b ! peculi>ities :i* affect !m seem to dep5d on *anges 9 ! sun's action4 ,x is f\nd t ! daily oscillation ( ! magnetic ne$le corresponds ) ! diurnal *ange 9 ! position ( ! sun ow+ to ! e>?'s rotation4 ,an annual *ange affect+ t oscillation dep5ds on ! v>y+ di/ance ( ! sun z ! ye> proce$s4 ,! daily *ange is n only great] ?an ! annual1 b is *>act]iz$ by irregul>ities1 :5 ! face ( ! sun %[s ! greate/ numb] ( spots4 ,x 0 f\nd by ,g5]al ,sab9e1 says ,mr4 ,balf\r ,/ew>t1 t ! aggregate value ( magnetic di/urbances at ,toronto atta9$ a maximum 9 #ahdh1 nor 0 he sl[ to rem>k t ?is 0 also ,s*wabe's p]iod ( maximum sun-spots4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds f\nd1 by obs]vations made at ,kew1 t #ahei 7ano!r ( ,s*wabe's ye>s7 0 also a ye> ( maximum magnetic di/urbance4444 ,!re is also "s reason to believe t on "o occasion our lum9>y 0 caught 9 ! v act4 ,on ! fir/ ( ,septemb]1 #ahfi1 two a/ronom]s1 ,c>r+ton & ,hodgson1 7 indep5d5tly obs]v+ ! sun's disc1 :i* exhibit$ at t "t a v l>ge spot1 :51 ab\t a qu>t] pa/ elev51 !y notic$ a v bright /> ( light sudd5ly break out ov] ! spot & move ) great velocity across ! sun's surface4 ,on ,mr4 ,c>r+ton s5d+ aft]w>ds to ,kew ,obs]vatory1 at :i* place ! position ( ! magnet is record$ cont9u\sly by photography1 x 0 f\nd t a magnetic di/urbance _h brok5 out at ! v mom5t :5 ?is s+ul> appe>ance _h be5 obs]v$4 ,! dip ( ! magnetic ne$le1 its deflection f ! nor?1 ! inf]iority ( its directive =ce1 7 all ?ree simultane\sly & abruptly alt]$1 & cont9u$ s = _m h\rs4 ,nor are we left 9 any d\bt z to ! connection betwe5 su* well-m>k$ di/urbances ( ! magnetic ne$le4 ,:ile ! ne$le 0 ?us viol5tly displac$1 vivid auroras occurr$ ov] ! great] "p ( bo? ! nor!rn & s\!rn 7magnetic7 hemisph]es4 ,!y 7 se5 9 latitudes :]e usually auroras are z infrequ5t z ra9 9 ,p]u1--at ,rome1 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 ev5 )9 eighte5 degrees ( ! equator4 ,! di/urbance ( ! e>?'s electrical condition 0 well %[n 9 o!r ways4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,v4 ,walk]1 ! telegraphi/1 f\nd t /rong electrical curr5ts affect$ ! v>i\s telegraphic l9es ?r\gh\t ,engl&4 ,^! curr5ts *ang$ 9 direction e two or ?ree m9utes4 ,9 _m places x 0 impossible to s5d telegraphic messages4 ,9 ,am]ica "s ( ! signalm5 receiv$ sev]e electric %ocks4 ,at a /ation 9 ,norway1 says ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el1 ! telegraphic app>atus 0 set fire to2 & at ,bo/on1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 a flame ( fire foll[$ ! p5 ( ,ba9's electric telegraph 7:i* writes d[n ! message ^u *emically prep>$ pap]74 ,_m ( my read]s w d\btless rememb] ! auroras ( ,may #ac1 #ahfi1 & ,octob] #bd1 #ahgj1 bo? ( :i* occurr$ :5 ! sun's surface 0 m>k$ by _m spots1 & bo? ( :i* 7 accompani$ by rem>kable di/urbance ( ! e>?'s magnetism4 ,x may1 !n1 fairly be assum$ t ! occurr5ce ( auroras dep5ds 9 "s way1 directly or indirectly1 on ! condition ( ! sun4 ,b :at ! real nature ( t connection may be is n to be easily det]m9$4 ,x is cle> t ! elev5-ye>-p]iod ( sun-spots is n ! only1 or ev5 ! *ief p]iod affect+ auroras1 = we h se5 t sometimes = a full c5tury1 or ev5 m1 v few auroras are se54 ,x is n by any means c]ta9 t ! connection betwe5 ! sun's condition & ! occurr5ce ( auroras is ( ! nature ( cause & effect2 q probably sun-spots & auroras dep5d on "s common cause z yet undetect$1--& possibly nev] to be detect$ by man4 ,reg>d+ ! auroral /ream]s z t]re/rial lights only1 b 9 "s s5se l ! light reflect$ by planets 9 hav+ _! real s\rce 9 ! sun1 we c no long] speak1 z ,humboldt 0 wont to d1 ( our planet possess+ a p[] ( emitt+ light ( its own4 ,yet 8 mann] ( deal+ ) auroral light /ill possesses int]e/ = u1 especially 9 relation to ! "q :e!r ^! pol> lights are emitt$ by o!r planets & may possibly be disc]n$ f our e>?4 ,x results f ! ph5om5a ( ! aurora1 said ,humboldt1 t ! e>? is end[$ ) ! prop]ty ( emitt+ a light di/9ct f t ( ! sun4 ,! int5sity ( ?is light is r great] ?an t ( ! moon 9 its fir/ qu>t]4 ,x is at times1 z on ,janu>y #g1 #ahca1 /rong en\gh to admit ( "o's read+ pr9t$ *>act]s )\t difficulty4 ,?is light ( ! e>?1 ! emission ( :i* t[>ds ! poles is almo/ cont9u\s 7?is1 h[ev]1 is n /rictly ! case71 rem9ds u ( ! light ( ,v5us1 ! "p ( :i* n light$ by ! sun (t5 glimm]s ) a dim phosphoresc5t light4 ,o!r planets may also possess a light evolv$ out ( _! own sub/ance4 ,i w\ld v5ture1 h[ev]1 to express /rong d\bts z to ! possibility ( disc]n+1 ei!r on ,v5us or on any o!r planet1 ! auroral gleams :i* may v probably illum9ate at times _! nocturnal skies4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! aurora1 :5 at its brighte/ & cov]+ a l>ge "p ( ! sky1 only gives ab\t z mu* light z ! moon 9 h] fir/ qu>t]1--t is1 z "o half ( a disc s small t #ahj1jjj su* discs w\ld n equal ! entire sky4 ,! lum9osity ( ! aurora is !n 9 reality v small2 probably f> less ?an t ( ! e>?'s surface :5 illum9at$ by ! full moon4 ,a di/ant hill on :i* ! rays ( ! full moon are fall+ seems /rongly illum9at$1 & yet its light is really s fa9t t we c\ld sc>cely disc]n x at all save = ! fav\r+ effect ( contra/4 ,we "k ?is1 because we (t5 see portions ( ! moon's surface :i* are illum9at$ by e>?%9e 7:5 we see :at is call$ ! old moon 9 ! new moon's arms71 & ^! portions are q fa9t by comp>ison ) ! re/ ( ! moon2 yet e>?%9e exce$s moon%9e at lea/ twelve times1 & probably m ne>ly tw5ty times 9 spl5d\r4 ,! glimm]+ phosphoresc5t light1 suppos$ to h be5 se5 on p>ts ( ,v5us n light$ by ! moon1 is a ph5om5on ab\t :i* exp]i5c$ telescopi/s are some:at d\btful1 ?\gh ,webb speaks ( ! appe>ance z rem>kably well atte/$1 quot+1 among/ o!rs1 ! foll[+ cases4 ,9 #agae1 ,d]ham1 9 8 ,a/ro-,!ology1 says t ! sph]icity or rotundity is manife/ 9 our moon1 yea1 & 9 ,v5us1 too1 9 ^: greate/ falcations 7i4e41 :5 !y appe> z cresc5ts7 ! d>k p>ts ( _! globes may be p]ceiv$1 exhibit+ !mselves "u ! appe>ance ( a dull & ru/y col\r4 ,9 #ahjf1 ! ph5om5on display$ itself beautifully to ,h>d+ ?ree times & to ,s*rt] once )9 five weeks4 ,gu?rie & o!rs notic$ x a few ye>s ago1 ) small reflectors1 9 ,scotl&2 ,pur*as1 at ,ross1 9 ,engl&2 ,de ,vico & ,palomba1 _m times 9 ,italy4 ,w9necke records a simil> obs]vation1 ?\gh v fa9t1 #ahga1 ,septemb] #be1 a little be=e noon4 ,van ,hahn also says he saw x repeat$ly1 by day z well z by night1 & ) sev]al in/rum5ts2 he 01 h[ev]1 an inf]ior obs]v]4 ,! d>k side is sometimes describ$ z grey1 sometimes z r$di%4 ,! ph5om5on has1 on ! o!r h&1 be5 look$ = specially1 on sev]al occasions1 by practis$ obs]v]s1 us+ v f9e in/rum5ts1 :o h fail$ to recognise any trace ( x4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable obs]vations ev] made on ,v5us mu/ "h be m5tion$4 ,mdl] /ates t on "o occasion1 :5 he 0 obs]v+ ! planet1 he saw a numb] ( bru%es ( light div]g+ f ! circul> side 7i4e41 ! outside ( ! planet's cresc5t71 la/+ z long z ! planet c\ld be se5 t ev5+1 & rema9+ un*ang$ :5 he *ang$ ! position ( ! telescopic eye-piece1 or us$ a diff]5t "o4 ,he attempts no explanation1 says ,webb1 b ?9ks x c\ld n h be5 an optical illusion4 ,?is is c]ta9ly possible1 b x is an in/ructive in/ance ( ! ov]sights :i* may be incid5tal ev5 to great philosoph]s1 t x nev] seems to h occurr$ to him to try ano!r telescope6 ,x _c be d\bt$ t ! evid5ce w\ld h be5 greatly /r5g!n$ _h he *ang$ telescope z well z eye-piece2 ?\gh x is n readily to be expla9$ h[ a kn[n telescope1 frequ5tly us$ z well be=e z aft] ?is /range appe>ance 0 se51 c\ld = "o ev5+ only h play$ s /range a trick z ,mdl]'s mu/ h done1 if :at he saw 0 m]ely an in/rum5tal illusion4 ,h[ev]1 :e!r we h telescopic evid5ce or n respect+ auroral lights surr\nd+ ! pol> regions ( o!r planets1 we c h v little d\bt t "s among ! planets1 if n all ( !m1 resemble our e>? 9 ?is z 9 s _m o!r respects4 ,! aurora is a cosmical ph5om5on1 n "o peculi> to our own e>?4 ,x is n1 inde$1 altoge!r c]ta9 t our sun himself may n be girt r\nd by mighty auroral /ream]s1 & t ! light ( ^! may n con/itute a notewor?y portion ( ! corona ( glory se5 ar\nd him dur+ ! "t ( total eclipse4 ,?is view1 inde$1 al?\gh x has n be5 def9itely ent]ta9$ z ,i h "h express$ x1 has be5 sugge/$ by reason+ :i* l$ o!rs to suppose t ! col\r$ prom95ces ar\nd ! sun may be auroras4 ,p]ceiv+ ! nature ( ! connection betwe5 t]re/rial magnetism & auroras1 ,balf\r ,/ew>t reason$ t we may ext5d our inquiries & ask1 ,if ! sun's action is able to create a t]re/rial aurora1 :y may he n also create an aurora 9 8 own atmosph]e8 ,x occurr$ indep5d5tly to ,g5]al ,sab9e1 ,pr(4 ,*allis1 & himself1 t ! r$ flames visible dur+ a total sol> eclipse may be sol> auror4 ,we n[ "k t ! sol> flames are n auror1 nor1 prop]ly speak+1 flames at all1 b great masses ( gl[+ vap\r4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 by any means s cle> t ! sol> corona is n auroral 9 its nature4 ,! foll[+ reason+1 appli$ by ,balf\r ,/ew>t to ! sun's prom95ces1 applies ) mu* great] =ce to ! corona4 ,aft] m5tion+ ! height 7f #gj1jjj to #hj1jjj7 :i* "s prom95ces atta91 he proce$s1 ,consid]+ ! gravity ( ! sun1 we are naturally unwill+ to suppose t !re c be any consid]able am\nt ( atmosph]e at su* a di/ance f 8 surface2 & we are !re=e induc$ to seek = an explanation ( ^! r$ flames among/ ^? ph5om5a :i* require ! smalle/ possible am\nt ( atmosph]e = _! manife/ation4 ,n[ ! exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,gassiot & ! obs]v$ height ( ! t]re/rial aurora alike conv9ce u t ?is meteor w answ] our requirem5ts be/4 ,& besides ?is1 ! curv$ appe>ance ( ^! r$ flames1 & _! high act9ic p[]1 9 virtue ( :i* "o ( !m1 n visible to ! eye1 0 photograph$ by ,mr4 ,de la ,rue1 are bonds ( union betwe5 ^! & t]re/rial auror4 ,all ?is & mu* m may be said ( ! sol> corona4 ,its /ream]s ext5d n #gj1jjj or #hj1jjj miles1 b #gjj1jjj or #hjj1jjj miles1 f ! surface ( ! sun1 :]e ! pressure mu/ be f> small] ?an ne> ! summits ( ev5 ! l(tie/ prom95ces4 ,!y are curv$ & /riat$1 l ^? ( ! aurora1 :]eas ! %apes ( ! prom95ces be> only a di/ant resemblance to auroral /ream]s4 ,!y possess a high act9ic 7i4e41 photographic7 p[]1 z is %ewn by ! read9ess ) :i*1 dur+ ! total eclipse ( ,decemb]1 #ahga1 !y 7 photograph$1 no less ?an six well-def9$ negatives be+ tak5 bo? by ,col4 ,t5nant1 at ,ootacamund1 & by ,mr4 ,davis1 at ,baikal1 dur+ ! brief cont9uance 7only a few m9utes7 ( total obscuration4 ,9 e respect ! sol> corona accords f> bett] ?an d ! sol> col\r$ prom95ces ) ! appe>ance we %\ld expect to recognise 9 sol> auroras4 ,9 p>ticul>1 x has always seem$ to me t ! curv$1 especially ! d\bly curv$1 /ream]s ( ! corona c only be well expla9$ by reg>d+ ! corona z 9 ! ma9 an auroral ph5om5on4 ,if mighty curr5ts prevail$ 9 ! high] regions ( a r>e atmosph]e1 ext5d+ hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( miles f ! sun's surface1 appe>ances su* z ^! curv$ /ream]s w\ld und\bt$ly be expla9$4 ,b no "o :o consid]s ! effect ( ! sun's trem5d\s attractive p[] on su* an atmosph]e c fail to p]ceive t1 accord+ to ! kn[n laws connect+ gase\s pressure & d5sity1 ! d5sity ( t atmosph]e w\ld be enorm\sly great1 ev5 at a v great di/ance f ! sun's surface1 if ! curv$ /ream]s really 7 caus$ by atmosph]ic curr5ts4 ,we "k1 on ! contr>y1 f ! behavi\r ( comets :i* h pass$ v ne> to ! sun1 t ! atmosph]e above 8 visible surface mu/ be v r>e inde$4 ,x mu/ n be und]/ood1 h[ev]1 t ,i reg>d ! corona z simply a great sol> aurora4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! :ole region fill$ by ! corona is occupi$ by imm5se numb]s ( scatt]$ meteors1 & extremely probable t l>ge quantities ( cometic matt] exi/ )9 ! same region4 ,vapor\s masses may also be !re1 circl+ indep5d5tly ar\nd ! sun4 ,b t ?is region is illum9at$ con/antly by auroral light1 v>y+ greatly 9 int5sity & position1 seems v /rongly indicat$ by all t we "k ab\t ! corona1 z se5 dur+ diff]5t total eclipses ( ! sun4 ,if we s view$ ! sol> corona1 & f\nd our e>?1 !re=e1 9 ?is respect resembl+ ! great c5tral orb ( ! sol> sy/em1 we c\ld n b reg>d z extremely probable ! !ory t o!r planets also resemble ! c5tral body 9 ?is respect4 ,we might !n picture to ourselves e orb 9 ! sol> sy/em c>ry+ onw>d its fa9tly lum9\s cr[ns ( boreal & au/ral light1 n %9+ ) con/ant lu/re1 or 9 ! same con/ant position1 b at "o "t leap+ 9 col\r$ /eam]s to a great di/ance f ! body !y adorn$1 & anon s9k+ d[n & gr[+ fa9t] & fa9t]1 or occasionally disappe>+ altoge!r4 ,!n1 :5 "s great di/urbance affect$ ! c5tral sun1 & caus$ 8 auroral bann]s to %9e out m brilliantly & to atta9 a great] ext5sion1 sudd5ly ! auroral /ream]s ( all ! planets w\ld leap out into new light & life1 play+ ar\nd ! nor!rn & s\!rn magnetic poles ( ^? orbs1 ev5 z electric bru%es play ar\nd ! positive & negative electrodes ( a ,geissl]'s tube4 ,sudd5ly at lea/ s f> z ea* planet is conc]n$1 b n sudd5ly ?r\gh\t ! :ole sy/em4 ,= ! magnetic influ5ces1 l ! light & heat ( ! sun1 require "t = _! transmission4 ,yet1 s rapidly d !y travel t1 9 a few h\rs1 ! auroral illum9ation w\ld ext5d f ! c5tral sun to ! out]mo/ limits ( 8 sy/em4 ,x rema9s t ,i %\ld make a few rem>ks on ! evid5ce :i* t wond]ful in/rum5t ( rese>*1 ! spectroscope1 has af=d$ respect+ ! light ( ! aurora4 ,ang/rm 0 ! fir/ to obs]ve ! spectrum ( ! aurora borealis4 ,he f\nd t ! great] "p ( ! auroral light1 z obs]v$ 9 #ahfg1 0 ( "o col\r1 yell[1 b ?ree fa9t b&s ( gre5 & gre5i% blue col\r 7 also se54 ,! aurora ( ,april #ae1 #ahfi1 0 se5 "u v fav\rable conditions 9 ,am]ica4 ,pr(4 ,w9lock1 obs]v+ x at ,new ,york1 f\nd its spectrum to consi/ ( five bright l9es1 ( :i* ! brighte/ 0 ! yell[ l9e j m5tion$4 ,"o ( ! o!rs seems to agree v ne>ly1 if n exactly1 9 position ) a gre5 l9e1 :i* is ! mo/ conspicu\s feature ( ! spectrum ( ! sol> corona4 ,dur+ ! aurora ( ,octob] #f1 #ahfi1 ,flgel notic$ ! /rong yell[ l9e & a fa9t gre5 b&4 ,s*midt1 on ,april #e1 #ahgj1 made a simil> obs]vation4 ,he saw ! /rong yell[ l9e1 & f x !re ext5d$ t[>ds ! violet end ( ! spectrum a fa9t gre5i% b&1 :i*1 h[ev]1 at times %[$ ?ree def9$ l9es1 fa9t]1 ?an ! yell[ l9e4 ,x 0 n till ! magnific5t aurora ( ,octob] #bd1 #be1 #ahgj1 t any r$ l9es 7 se5 9 ! spectrum ( an aurora4 ,on t occasion ! backgr\nd ( auroral light 0 ruddy1 & on ! ruddy backgr\nd !re 7 se5 ?ree deep r$ /ream]s v well def9$4 ,! ruddy /ream]s1 on ! night ( ,octob] #be1 conv]g$ t[>ds ! auroral cr[n1 :i* 0 on t occasion s+ul>ly well se54 ,fr/] ( ,b]l9 fail$ to see any r$ l9e or b& despite ! m>k$ rudd9ess ( ! auroral light4 ,b ,capron at ,guild=d saw a fa9t l9e 9 ! r$ "p ( ! spectrum2 & ,elg] at ,b$=d obs]v$ a r$ b& 9 ! light ( ! r$ /ream]s1 ! b& disappe>+1 h[ev]1 :5 ! spectroscope 0 direct$ on ! :ite rays ( ! aurora4 ,z yet ! auroral spectrum has n be5 int]pret$4 ,x is n a spectrum :i* c be 7at pres5t7 artificially produc$4 ,we und]/& ! spectrum ( ! sun & />s1 because spectra ( ! same ord] c be produc$ 9 our laboratories4 ,! spectra ( ! planets1 s f> z !y diff] f ! spectrum ( reflect$ sunlight 9 %[+ signs ( ! absorptive action ( ! planet>y atmosph]e1 h be5 simil>ly int]pret$4 ,s also ! spectra ( ! col\r$ sol> prom95ces are und]/ood1 :ile ^? ( nebul & comets1 ?\gh n z yet ?or\ghly expla9$1 h be5 p>tly int]pret$1 because ( _! p>tial agreem5t ) ! kn[n spectra ( e>?ly elem5ts4 ,b z yet nei!r ! spectrum ( ! aurora nor t ( ! sol> corona has be5 expla9$4 ,! reason probably is1 t ! conditions "u :i* ! light ( ! aurora z ( ! corona is =m$ are n su* z h be5 or p]haps c be atta9$ or ev5 approa*$ 9 laboratory exp]im5ts4 ,illu/ration ,,vii4 ,,! ,,lun> ,,halo4 ,!re are "s ph5om5a ( nature :i* sugge/ false ideas4 ,= in/ance1 :5 we look at ! broad expanse ( ocean on a moonlit night1 & see a pa? ( glory on its surface1 direct$ t[>ds ! moon's place1 we seem to be assur$ by ! s5se ( sight t t broad track is illum9at$ :ile ! wat]s all ar\nd are d>k4 ,a little consid]ation1 h[ev]1 assures u t ! impression is a false "o1 t 9 ?is case see+ is n believ+4 ,! moon's rays really illum9e ! :ole surface :i* lies be=e u1 & we fail to receive light f o!r p>ts ?an ! track bel[ ! moon1 n because !y receive no light1 b because ! light :i* !y receive is n reflect$ t[>ds u4 ,an obs]v]1 /ation$ a mile or two t[>ds ! "r or t[>ds ! left ( our /ation1 sees a diff]5t track ( light1 :ile ! "p :i* seems bright to u seems d>k to him4 ,! ra9b[ is ano!r ph5om5on ( ?is deceptive k9d4 ,we seem to see an ar* ( _m col\rs susp5d$ 9 ! air1--& :5 we le>n t x is due to ! pres5ce ( drops ( wat] 9 ! air1 we are apt to inf] t :]e we see ! r$ ar* !re are drops lit up ) r$ light1 :]e ! yell[1 gre51 or violet ar*1 t ! drops are agl[ ) yell[1 gre51 or violet light4 ,b 9 reality ?is is n s2 ! same drops :i* seem gre5 to u w seem r$ to ano!r obs]v]1 violet to ano!r1 & to yet o!r obs]v]s w %[ none ( ! prismatic col\rs1 b only ! dull grey col\r ( ! cl\d on :i* ! ra9b[ is se54 ,we h "h a pretty emblem ( ! v>i$ aspects :i* ev5ts ( ! same real nature pres5t to diff]5t p]sons1 or accord+ to ! diff]5t circum/ances "u :i* ! same p]son may see !m4 ,"o %all see ev5ts 9 rosy t9ts1 or ) ! fre%ness ( spr+ hues1 or ) ! melan*oly symboll$ by ! deep] indigo 7z :5 ,! heavy-skirt$ ev5+ droops ) fro/7-- :ile to o!rs ! same ev5ts %all %[ only ! ord9>y t9ts ( common-place life4 ,! lun> halo is "o ( ! ph5om5a ?us deceptive to ! view4 ,we see all ar\nd ! moon a circle or arc ( light1 ne>ly :ite1 ?\gh sometimes fa9t t9ts ( col\r c be p]ceiv$ 9 x1 :ile ! space )9 ! circle seems manife/ly d>k] ?an ! space outside4 ,! appe>ance ( ! halo z se5 "u fav\rable conditions is %[n 9 fig4 #aa1 on ! next page4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! d>k space r\nd ! moon is n g5]ally s well se5 z 9 c\ntries :]e ! air is cle>]4 ,b ?is is 9 reality ! *>act]i/ic feature ( ! halo1 z its "n %[s4 ,= ! "n is d]iv$ f a ,greek ^w signify+ ?re%+-floor 7! old ?re%+-floors be+ r\nd71 & ?us naturally describes a r\nd space relatively cle>1 surr\nd$ on all sides by a r+ ( aggregat$ matt]4 ,we seem 9 look+ at ! lun> halo1 !n1 to see ! moon at ! c5tre ( a d>k space1 surr\nd$ by a r+ ( bright p>ticles1 outside :i* aga9 are p>ticles n q s brightly illum9at$ z ^? =m+ ! r+1 b m brightly ?an ^? )9 ! r+4 ,b 9 reality ?is impression1 :i*1 s f> z ! s5se ( sight is conc]n$1 seems =c$ ^u ! m9d1 is entirely errone\s4 ,!re is no real di/9ction betwe5 ! space :i* looks d>k all r\nd ! moon1 ! space beyond :i* does n look d>k1 & ! r+ betwe5 ! two spaces :i* looks bright4 ,^! are all equally illum9at$ by ! moon1 9 ! same s5se1 at lea/1 t we say ! surface ( a moonlit sea is all equally illum9at$1 neglect+ slight diff]5ces :i* d n conc]n ! po9t we are specially deal+ )4 ,precisely z ! pa? ( light on ! ocean is n a real pa? ( illum9ation1 b\nd$ on ei!r side by d>k spaces1 s ! r+ ( light r\nd ! moon is n a real r+ ( light1 b\nd$ on "o side by a less bright region1 & )9 by a d>k space4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--,lun> ,halo ,al?\gh my object 9 ^! essays is n specially to deal ) sci5tific matt]s1 b r ) ! ?\ghts 7mu* m important 9 my belief7 :i* !y sugge/--s t1 9 deal+ ) my pres5t subject1 ,i wi% r to call att5tion to ! manifold ways 9 :i* our s5ses may deceive u unless _! evid5ce is c>efully cross-exam9$--yet x may be wor? :ile to notice h[ ! p>ticul> illusion "h consid]$ has deceiv$ ev5 ! sci5tific elect4 ,x _h be5 notic$ by ,tyndall1 9 c]ta9 exp]im5ts1 t a v s5sitive measur] ( heat1 :5 plac$ "u ! moon's rays1 ga!r$ toge!r by a p[]ful cond5s]1 seem$ to indicate cool+ r ?an heat+1 z we %\ld expect4 ,on ?is a ,fr5* /ud5t ( sci5ce po9t$ to ! d>k5+ "u ! moon :]e ! lun> halo is se5 z evid5ce t our satellite possesses a c]ta9 p[] ( cle>+ away vapor\s matt] f ! air4 ,on peut dire1 he said1 speak+ ( ! d>k space )9 ! halo1 que la lune ouvre alors une porte p> laquelle s'*appe le calorique que l'action solaire a emmagas9 dans les c\*es infrieures4 ,"o may say1 t is1 t ! moon !n op5s a door ?r\gh :i* ! heat escapes1 :i* ! sun's action has /or$ up 9 ! l[] lay]s 7( ! air74 ,x w be manife/1 if we rememb] t a lun> halo c (t5 be se5 at ! same "t f /ations hundr$s ( miles ap>t1 t !re c be no su* op5+ ( cle> air4 ,= ! cl\d lay] 9 :i* ! halo is =m$ is b a few miles above ! obs]v]2 & !re=e1 if "o obs]v] saw a circul> op5+ 9 ?is lay]1 ) ! moon at its c5tre1 ano!r1 a hundr$ miles f him1 w\ld see ! space 9 a v diff]5t direction4 ,! moon w\ld n only n be at ! c5tre ( ! space = ?is second obs]v]1 b w\ld n be visible ?r\gh ! space at all4 ,moreov]1 ! space c\ld n possibly seem r\nd to bo? obs]v]s2 if x seem$ r\nd to "o1 x w\ld look l a v flat oval ( d>kness 7almo/ a m]e l9e7 to ! o!r4 ,! real explanation ( ! lun> halo is v diff]5t4 ,:5 y see su* a halo1 y may be c]ta9 t !re is1 high up 9 ! air1 a lay] ( light fea!ry cl\d--! cirrus cl\d1 z x is call$--compos$ ( t9y cry/als ( ice4 ,^! cry/als1 z we "k f ^? :i* 9 w9t] sometimes fall 7n z sn[1 b z little ice-/>s71 h all a def9ite %ape4 ,!y are 9 fact little prisms ( ice1 ) angles l ^? ( an equilat]al triangle4 ,^! little prisms deflect ! light :i* falls ^u !m1 j z "o ( ! drops ( a *&eli] deflects any light :i* falls ^u x4 ,if y hold a prism-drop ( a *&eli] betwe5 ! eye & a light1 y w see t ! prism looks d>k2 x is really lit up1 b x s5ds ! light away 9 su* a direction t ! eye receives none4 ,n[ move x gradually away f ! l9e ( sight to ! light1 & at a c]ta9 di/ance x appe>s full ( light2 or1 to speak m correctly1 x s5ds ! light x receives directly t[>ds y\r eye4 ,beyond t position x aga9 looks d>k1 b n s d>k z :5 x 0 ne>ly betwe5 ! eye & ! light4 ,! little cry/als ( ice p]=m ! same "p ) respect to ! moon1 :5 we see a lun> halo4 ,^? betwe5 u & ! moon1 or )9 a c]ta9 di/ance f ! l9e ( sight to ! moon1 are1 9 reality1 lit up by ! moon's rays2 b !y s5d (f ^? rays 9 su* directions t we d n receive ! light4 ,?us1 all ! space ly+ t[>ds ! moon1 & = a c]ta9 di/ance all r\nd1 looks d>k4 ,b1 at a c]ta9 di/ance1 ^! little cry/als s5d u light4 ,if we c\ld see !m sep>ately1 !y w\ld seem to be full ( light4 ,t is ! di/ance :]e ice-cry/als ( _! kn[n %ape act mo/ fav\rably 9 deflect+ light1--t is1 s5d (f mo/ = all ! v>y+ positions 7n places7 !y c be 94 ,at great] di/ances1 a small proportion s5d u light4 ,?us1 at t di/ance we h a r+ ( light1 & outside ! r+ we h a gradual fall+ (f 9 ! quantity ( light4 ,b ! read] w be apt1 p]haps1 to say1 ,h[ c all ?is be prov$8 ,no "o has ev] be5 among ! ice-cry/als ( ! fea!ry cl\ds :5 !y are p]=m+ ?is "w4 ,:5 ,coxwell & ,glai%] made _! highe/ asc5t1 ! fea!r-cl\ds seem$ almo/ z high above !m z ev]4 ,nor1 if any "o c\ld rea* ^? cl\ds1 c\ld he see ! ice-cry/als at _! "w4 ,yet !re are few po9ts ab\t :i* sci5ce is m c]ta9ly assur$ ?an ab\t ?is explanation ( ! halo4 ,= we "k ! %ape con/antly assum$ by ice-cry/als2 we "k accord+ to :at precise law ice b5ds rays ( light fall+ ^u x2 h5ce we c calculate q c]ta9ly :]e1 if ice-cry/als make ! halo1 its r+s %\ld be se54 ,& ! halo has ! precise position ?us calculat$ f ! kn[n laws ( optics1 & ! kn[n facts ab\t ice & ice-cry/als4 ,! diamet] ( ! halo %\ld be1 & is1 ab\t eighty times ! app>5t diamet] ( ! moon1 or some:at less ?an half ! arc :i* sep>ates ! po9t ov]head f ! horizon4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 yet /rong] evid5ce4 ,haloes =m ar\nd ! sun z well z r\nd ! moon1--9 fact1 m frequ5tly4 ,sol> haloes h s mu* m light 9 !m t we c recognise v>ieties ( t9t4 ,n[1 x foll[s f ! laws ( optics t1 = ! r$ "p ( ! sun's light1 ! halo r+ %\ld h a small] diamet] ?an ! halo r+ = ! violet "p1 int]m$iate col\rs hav+ _! correspond+ int]m$iate halo r+s4 ,?us1 ! halo r+1 z a :ole1 %\ld be ra9b[-t9t$1 r$ on ! inside1 !n orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 indigo1 & violet2 & ^! col\rs are %[n 7"u fav\rable conditions7 9 ?is ord]4 ,! /ud5t look+ out = haloes1 sol> or lun>1 mu/ be c>eful n to conf\nd !m ) sol> & lun> coronas1 t is1 n ! corona ( a/ronomy1 b r+s ( light ar\nd ! sun & moon1 mu* small] ?an ! true halo r+s4 ,:at ,i h said above ab\t ! size ( ! true halo w suffice to prev5t su* a mi/ake4 ,coronas are n ne>ly s easily1 ?\gh !y h be5 q z ?or\ghly1 expla9$ by sci5ce1 z haloes4 ,x is s+ul> to obs]ve h[ utt]ly unlike ! int]pretation ( ! halo by sci5ce is f ! natural int]pretation4 ,! obs]v] w\ld say1 ,!re surely is a d>k space all r\nd ! moon1 & r\nd t a r+ ( light1--,i see ^! ?+s1 & see+ is believ+4 ,sci5ce says !re is no d>k space1 & !re is no r+ ( light2 :ile ! eye ( sci5ce p]ceives some?+ :]e ! lun> halo %9es :i* ord9>y vision _c recognise4 ,up yond]1 _m miles above ! e>?1 sci5ce sees millions ( cry/als ( ice1 c>ri$ hi!r & ?i!r--s light are !y--by e movem5t ( ! air4 ,sci5ce sees ^! ice cry/als deflect+ ! rays ( moonlight1 sift+ ! r$ rays f ! orange1 & ^! f ! yell[1 yell[ f gre51 gre5 f blue1 blue f indigo1 & indigo f violet4 ,sci5ce1 9 f9e1 p]ceives processes tak+ place 9 ^? high] regions ( air comp>$ ) :i* ! mo/ delicate analyses ( ! laboratory are utt]ly co>se & imp]fect4 ,!re is a pur] & nobl] poetry 9 ! lun> halo z ?us und]/ood ?an 9 its m]e visible ph5om5a1 attractive & beautiful ?\gh ^! are4 ,idle inde$ is ! fe> t ! int]pretation ( ?is special my/]y ( nature w leave ! numb] ( nature's my/]ies dim9i%$ by "o4 ,on ! contr>y1 = ! "o my/]y expla9$ _m deep] my/]ies are sugge/$4 ,! ph5om5a disc]nible by ! s5se ( sight are expla9$1 b only by br++ into ! range ( a pur] & m pi]c+ vision ph5om5a inf9itely m wond]ful4 ,if "o c\ld see ?r\gh "s amaz+ ext5sion ( visual p[]1 or if ev5 ! imag9ation c\ld adequately picture1 ! ru% ( light waves ( all ord]s ( l5g? ^u ! l9e ( cry/al break]s1 _! deflection 9 all directions1 _! sep>ation into _! v>i\s ord]s ( wave-l5g?2 if "o c\ld p]ceive ! actual illum9ation ( ! ice-cry/als1 ev5 :]e !y seem d>k to u1 & ! cont9ual fluctuations ( ! tr\bl$ sea ( e!r betwe5 ! cry/al break]s & ! e>? bel[1--! sc5e w\ld inf9itely transc5d 9 int]e/ & my/]y1 ! picture w\ld be inf9itely m sugge/ive ( solemn ?\ghts1 ?an ! sc5e--beautiful ?\gh x d\btless is--pres5t$ by ! halo-girt moon to ord9>y vision4 ,truly !y "k little ( ! real mean+ ( sci5ce :o reg>d x z depriv+ natural ph5om5a ( _! effect on ! imag9ation1 z robb+ ,nature ( h] poetic influ5ce4 ,illu/ration ,,viii4 ,,moonlight4 ,! light ( ! moon & ! *anges ( ! moon 7 probably ! fir/ ph5om5a :i* l$ m5 to /udy ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,9 our times1 :5 mo/ m5 live :]e artificial illum9ation is us$ at night1 we c sc>cely appreciate ! full value ( moonlight to m5 :o _c obta9 artificial light4 ,especially mu/ moonlight h be5 valuable to ! class ( m5 among :om1 accord+ to all traditions1 ! fir/ a/ronom]s appe>$4 ,! till] ( ! soil might f>e tol]ably well )\t nocturnal light1 ?\gh ev5 he1--z inde$ ! famili> designation ( ! h>ve/-moon %[s u1--f9ds special value1 sometimes1 9 moonlight4 ,b to ! %eph]d moonlight & its *anges mu/ h be5 ( extreme importance z he wat*$ 8 h]ds & flocks by night4 ,we c und]/& h[ c>efully he w\ld note ! *ange f ! new moon to ! "t :5 ?r\gh\t ! :ole night1 or at lea/ ( ! d>ke/ h\rs1 ! full moon illum9at$ ! hills & valleys ov] :i* 8 wat* ext5d$1 & !nce to ! "t :5 ! sickle ( ! fa/ wan+ moon %one b = a %ort "t be=e ! ris+ ( ! sun4 ,to him1 naturally1 ! lun> mon?1 & its subdivision1 ! week1 w\ld be ! *ief measure ( "t4 ,he w\ld obs]ve--or r he c\ld n help obs]v+--! passage ( ! moon ar\nd ! zodiacal b&1 "s tw5ty moon-bread?s wide1 :i* is ! lun> roadway among ! />s4 ,^! w\ld be ! fir/ purely a/ronomical obs]vations made by man2 s t we le>n )\t surprise t be=e ! pres5t division ( ! zodiac 0 adopt$ ! old ,*aldean a/ronom]s 7z well z ! ,indian1 ,p]sian1 ,egyptian1 & ,*9ese a/ronom]s1 :o /ill foll[ ! practice7 divid$ ! zodiac into #bh lun> mansions1 ea* mansion correspond+ ne>ly to "o day's motion ( ! moon among ! />s4 ,x is easy to und]/& h[ ! fir/ r\gh obs]vations ( moonlight & its *anges taught m5 ! true nature ( ! moon1 z an opaque globe circl+ r\nd ! e>?1 & borr[+ h] light f ! sun4 ,!y p]ceiv$1 fir/1 t ! moon 0 only full :5 %e 0 opposite ! sun1 %9+ at h] highe/ 9 ! s\? at midnight :5 ! sun 0 at 8 l[e/ b5ea? ! nor!rn horizon4 ,be=e ! "t ( full moon1 !y saw t m or less ( ! moon's disc 0 illum9at$ z he 0 ne>] or f>!r f ! position opposite ! sun1 ! illum9at$ side be+ t[>ds ! we/--t is1 t[>ds ! sun2 :ile aft] full moon ! same law 0 p]ceiv$ 9 ! am\nt ( light1 ! illum9at$ side be+ /ill t[>ds ! sun1 t is1 t[>ds ! ea/4 ,!y c\ld n fail to obs]ve ! horn$ moon sometimes 9 ! daytime1 ) h] horns turn$ directly f ! sun1 & %[+ z pla9ly1 by h] aspect1 :5ce h] light 0 d]iv$1 z does any t]re/rial ball lit up ei!r by a lamp or by ! sun4 ,! explanation !y gave 0 ! explanation /ill giv5 by a/ronom]s4 ,let u briefly consid] x4 ,9 do+ s ,i propose to modify ! ord9>y text-book illu/ration :i* has always seem$ to me +5i\sly calculat$ 7) its d\ble set ( div]sely illum9at$ moons ar\nd ! e>?7 to make a simple subject obscure4 ,9 fig4 #ab1 let ,e repres5t ! e>? "o half 9 d>kness1 ! o!r half illum9at$ by ! rays ( ! sun ,s1 :i* %\ld be suppos$ plac$ at a mu* great] di/ance to ! left1--9 fact1 ab\t five y>ds away f ,e4 ,to pres]ve ! "r proportions1 also1 ! sun ought to be mu* small] & ! e>? a m]e po9t4 ,i m5tion ?is to prev5t ! read] f adopt+ errone\s ideas z to ! size ( ^! bodies4 ,9 reality x is q impossible to %[ 9 su* figures ! true proportions ( ! heav5ly bodies & ( _! di/ances4 ,next let ,m#a1 ,m#b1 ,m#c1 etc41 repres5t ! moon 9 diff]5t positions along h] circuit ar\nd ! e>? at ,e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--;,expla9+ ! ,moon's *anges4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--;,illu/rat+ ! ,moon's *anges4 ,n[1 x is cle> t :5 ! moon is at ,m#a1 h] illum9at$ face is turn$ f ! e>?1 ,e4 ,%e !re=e _c be se52 & accord+ly1 9 fig4 #ab1 %e is pres5t$ z a black disc at #a to correspond ) h] invisibility :5 %e is z at ,m#a4 ,%e passes on to ,m#b2 & n[ f ,e a "p ( h] illum9at$ half c be se5 t[>ds ! sun1 :i* w\ld be t[>ds ! "r1 if we imag9e an eye at ,e look+ t[>ds ,m#b4 ,h] appe>ance !n is z %[n at #b1 fig4 #ac4 ,9 any int]m$iate portion betwe5 ,m#a & ,m#b1 ! sickle ( light is visible b n>r[]4 ,we see also t all ?is "t ! moon's place on ! sky _c be f> f ! sun's place1 = ! l9e f ,e to ,m#b is n greatly incl9$ to ! l9e f ,e to ,s4 ,:5 ! moon has got r\nd to ,m#c1 ! obs]v] on ! e>? sees z mu* ( ! d>k half z ( ! bright half ( ! moon1 ! bright half be+ se51 ( c\rse1 t[>ds ! sun4 ,?us ! moon appe>s z at #c1 fig4 #ac1 ,aga9 z to position1 ! moon is n[ a qu>t] ( a circuit ( ! heav5s f ! sun1 = ! l9e f ,e to ,m#c is squ>e to ! l9e f ,e to ,s4 ,we see simil>ly t :5 at ,m#d ! moon appe>s z %[n at #d1 fig4 #ac1 = n[ ! obs]v] at ,e sees z small a "p ( ! moon's d>k side z he _h se5 ( h] bright side :5 %e 0 at ,m#b4 ,:5 %e is at ,m#e ! obs]v] at ,e sees h] bright face only1 ! d>k face be+ turn$ directly f him4 ,%e1 !re=e1 appe>s z at #e1 fig4 #ac4 ,also be+ n[ exactly opposite ! sun1 z we see f fig4 #ab1 %e is at h] highe/ :5 ! sun is at 8 l[e/1 or at midnight2 & at ?is "t %e rules ! night z ! sun rules ! day4#aj ,z ! moon passes on to ,m#f1 a portion ( h] d>k half comes into view1 ! bright side be+ n[ t[>ds ! left1 z we look at ,m#e f ,e1 fig4 #ab4 ,h] appe>ance1 !re=e1 is z %[n at #e4 ,:5 at ,m#g %e is se5 z at #g1 half-bright & half-d>k1 z :5 %e 0 at ,m#c1 b ! halves int]*ang$4 ,at ,m#h %e appe>s z at #h1 &1 la/ly1 at ,m#a %e is aga9 undisc]nible4 ,! anci5t ,*aldean a/ronom]s c\ld h little d\bt z to ! validity ( ?is explanation4 ,9 fact1 :ile x is ! explanation obvi\sly sugge/$ by obs]v$ facts1 "o _c see h[ any o!r c\ld h occurr$ to !m4 ,b if !y _h _h any d\bts = a :ile1 ! occurr5ce ( eclipses w\ld soon h remov$ ^? d\bts4 ,!y mu/ e>ly h notic$ t at times ! full moon became fir/ p>tly obscur$1 !n ei!r :olly disappe>$ or *ang$ 9 col\r to a deep copp]y r$1 & aft] a :ile reappe>$4 ,sometimes ! d>k5+ 0 less complete1 s t at ! "t ( greate/ d>kness a portion ( ! moon seem$ eat5 out1 ?\gh n by a well def9$ or black %ad[4 ,^! ph5om5a1 !y w\ld f9d1 occurr$ only at ! "t ( full moon4 ,& if !y 7 closely obs]vant1 !y w\ld f9d t ^! eclipses ( ! moon only occurr$ :5 ! full moon 0 on or ne> ! great circle r\nd ! /ell> heav5s1 :i* !y _h le>n$ to be ! sun's track4 ,!y c\ld h>dly fail to inf] t ^! d>k5+s ( ! moon 7 caus$ by ! e>?'s %ad[1 ne> :i* ! moon mu/ always pass :5 %e is full1 & ?r\gh :i* %e mu/ sometimes pass m or less fully2 9 fact1 :5ev]1 at ! "t ( full1 %e is on or ne> ! plane 9 :i* ! e>? travels r\nd ! sun4 ,sol> eclipses w\ld probably be obs]v$ lat]4 ,= ?\gh a total eclipse ( ! sun is a mu* m /rik+ ph5om5on ?an a total eclipse ( ! moon1 yet ! latt] are f> m common4 ,a p>tial eclipse ( ! sun may readily pass unnotic$1 unless ! sun's rays are s mitigat$ by haze or mi/ t x is possible to look at 8 disc )\t pa94 ,:5ev] sol> eclipses came to be not$1 & we "k f ! ,*aldean discov]y ( ! great eclipse p]iod1 call$ ! ,s>os1 t !y 7 obs]v$ at lea/ two ?\s& ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 ! fact t ! moon is an opaque body circl+ r\nd ! e>?1 & mu* ne>] to ! e>? ?an ! sun is1 mu/ be reg>d$ z demon/rat$4 ,n only w\ld eclipses ( ! sun be obs]v$ to occur only :5 ! moon 0 pass+ betwe5 ! e>? & ! sun1 b 9 an eclipse ( ! sun1 :e!r total or p>tial1 ! r\nd black body cutt+ (f ! sun's light :olly or p>tially w\ld be se5 to h ! famili> dim5sions ( ! lun> orb4 ,leav+ sol> & lun> eclipses = description on ano!r occasion1 ,i w n[ proce$ to consid] a peculi>ity ( moonlight :i* mu/ v e>ly h attract$ att5tion1--,i mean ! ph5om5on call$ ! h>ve/-moon4 ,! moon circuits ! heav5s 9 a pa? b slightly incl9$ to t ( ! sun1 call$ ! ecliptic1 & = our pres5t purpose we may speak ( ! moon z travell+ 9 ! ecliptic4 ,n[ we "k t dur+ ! w9t] half ( ! ye> ! sun is s\? ( ! equator1 ! circle ( ! heav5ly sph]e :i* passes ?r\gh ! ea/ & we/ po9ts ( ! horizon1 & has its plane squ>e to ! pol> axis ( ! heav5s4 ,dur+ ! o!r or summ] half ( ! ye> he is nor? ( ! equator4 ,9 ! =m] case ! sun is above ! horizon less ?an half ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 day be+ s mu* %ort] z ! sun is f>!r s\? ( ! equator2 :]eas 9 ! latt] case ! sun is above ! horizon m ?an twelve h\rs1 day be+ s mu* ! long] z ! sun is f>!r nor? ( ! equator4 ,precisely simil> *anges affect ! moon1 only1 in/ead ( tak+ place 9 a ye> 7! "t 9 :i* ! sun circuits ! /ell> heav5s71 !y occur 9 :at is call$ a sid]eal mon?1 ! "t 9 :i* ! moon completes h] circuit ( ! /ell> heav5s4 ,= ab\t a =tnight ! moon is above ! horizon long] ?an %e is bel[ ! horizon1 :ile dur+ ! next =tnight %e is bel[ ! horizon long] ?an %e is above ! horizon4 ,n[ cle>ly :5 ! l5g? ( :at we may call ! moon's diurnal pa? 7mean+ h] pa? above ! horizon7 is l5g!n+ mo/1 ! "t ( h] ris+ on successive nights mu/ *ange lea/4 ,%e comes to ! s\? lat] & lat] ea* successive night by ab\t #ej m9utes1 because %e is always travell+ t[>ds ! ea/ at su* a rate z to complete "o circuit 9 ab\t f\r weeks2 & los+ ?us "o day 9 #bh1 %e losses ab\t #ej m9utes p] day4 ,if ! int]val betwe5 h] ris+ & h] arriv+ to ! s\? 7 always ! same1 %e w\ld rise #ej m9utes lat] night aft] night4 ,b if ! int]val is l5g!n+1 say by #aj m9utes p] night1 %e w\ld ( c\rse rise only #dj m9utes lat]3 if ! int]val is l5g!n+ #bj m9utes p] night1 %e w\ld rise only #cj m9utes lat]1 & s =?4 ,b ! lun> diurnal arc is l5g!n+ all ! "t %e is pass+ f h] position f>!/ s\? ( ! equator to h] position f>!/ nor?1 j 9 ! same way z ! sol> day is l5g!n+ f mid-w9t] to midsumm]1 only to a mu* great] degree4 ,& z ! sol> day l5g!ns fa/e/ at spr+ :5 ! sun crosses ! equator f s\? to nor?1 s ! "t ! moon is above ! horizon l5g!ns mo/1 day by day1 :5 ! moon is cross+ ! equator f s\? to nor?4 ,x l5g!ns1 !n1 f an h\r to an h\r & #bj m9utes 9 "o day1 t is1 ! int]val betwe5 moon-rise & moon-sett+ increases f #cj to #dj m9utes4 ,at ?is "t1 !n1 :5ev] x happ5s 9 ea* lun> mon?1 ! moon's "t ( ris+ *anges lea/3 in/ead ( ! moon ris+ night aft] night #ej m9utes lat]1 ! actual diff]5ce v>ies only f #aj to #bj m9utes4 ,n[ if ?is happ5s at a "t :5 ! moon is n ne>ly full1 x is n specially notic$1 because ! moon's light is n !n specially useful4 ,b if x happ5s :5 ! moon is ne>ly full1 x is notic$1 because h] light is !n s useful4 ,a moon ne>ly full1 aft]w>ds q full1 & !n = a day or two /ill ne>ly full1 ris+ night aft] night at ne>ly ! same "t1 rema9+ also night aft] night long] above ! horizon1 manife/ly s]ves man = ! "t be+ 9 ! mo/ conv5i5t way possible4 ,b x is cle> t z ! full moon is opposite ! sun1 & z to fulfil ! condition describ$ we h se5 t %e mu/ be cross+ ! equator f s\? to nor?1 ! sun1 opposite to h]1 mu/ be at ! "p ( 8 pa? :]e he crosses ! equator f nor? to s\?4 ,9 o!r words1 ! "t ( ye> mu/ be ! autumnal equ9ox4 ,?us ! moon :i* comes to full ne>e/ to ,septemb] #bb or #bc w behave 9 ! conv5i5t way describ$4 ,at ?is "t1 moreov]1 :5 %e rises night aft] night ne>ly at ! same "t1 ! nights are l5g!n+ fa/e/ :ile ! "t ! moon is above ! horizon is l5g!n+ /ill m1 & !re=e1 9 all respects1 ! moon is !n do+ h] be/1 s to speak1 to illum9ate ! nights4 ,at ?is season ! moon is call$ ! h>ve/-moon1 f ! assi/ance %e sometimes r5d]s to h>ve/]s4 ,! moon :i* is full ne>e/ to ,septemb] #bb-bc may prec$e or foll[ t date4 ,9 ! =m] case only c x prop]ly be call$ a h>ve/-moon4 ,9 ! latt] x is sometimes call$ ! hunt]'s moon4 ,! full moon occurr+ ne>e/ to h>ve/ "t w always p>take m or less ( ! qualities ( a full moon occurr+ at ! autumnal equ9ox3 & simil>ly ( a full moon foll[+ ! autumnal equ9ox4 ,s t1 9 almo/ e ye>1 !re may be said to be a h>ve/-moon & a hunt]'s moon4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 x w v (t5 happ5 t 9 any p>ticul> agricultural di/rict ! h>ve/ has to be ga!r$ 9 dur+ ! wrong half ( ! lun> mon?1 t is1 dur+ ! la/ & fir/1 in/ead ( ! second & ?ird qu>t]s4 ,! read] mu/ n fall into ! mi/ake ( suppos+1 z ,i h se5 sometimes /at$ 9 text-books ( a/ronomy1 t we are m fav\r$ 9 ?is respect ?an ! inhabitants ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,x is q true t ! same full moon %9es on u z on our fri5ds 9 ,new ,zeal&1 ,au/ralia1 & ,cape ,colony1 & also t our autumn is _! spr+1 & _! spr+ our autumn4 ,b ! full moon we h 9 autumn behaves 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e n z ) u1 b z our spr+ full moon behaves2 & ! full moon ( our spr+1 :i* is _! autumn1 behaves ) !m z our autumn moon behaves ) u4 ,x is1 !re=e1 = !m a h>ve/-moon if x occur be=e ! equ9ox1 & a hunt]'s moon if x occur aft] ! equ9ox4 ,a v little consid]ation w %[ :y ?is is4 ,9 fact if1 9 ! explanation giv5 above1 ! words nor? & s\? be int]*ang$1 & ,m>* #ba-bb writt5 = ,septemb] #bb-bc1 ! explanation w be precisely t :i* ,i %\ld h giv5 respect+ ! h>ve/ 7or ,m>*7 moon ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 if ,i _h be5 writ+ = s\!rn read]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hav+ ?us consid]$ ! moon z a light-giv]1 bo? 9 respect ( h] mon?ly *anges & ( t ye>ly *ange :i* causes h] s]vices to be mo/ useful 9 h>ve/ "t1 let u consid] :at sci5ce tells u ( ! orb :i* ?us usefully reflects to u ! sol> rays4 ,! moon is a globe ab\t #baei miles 9 diamet]1 travell+ r\nd ! e>? at a mean di/ance ( #bch1hah miles4 ,h] pa? r\nd ! e>? is n1 h[ev]1 a circle1 b an ellipse1 :i* itself is con/antly v>y+ 9 %ape4 ,! av]age ecc5tricity ( ! moon's pa? is su* t h] greate/ & lea/ di/ances1 z %e circuits r\nd x1 are #bea1iec miles & #bbe1fhc miles respectively2 b :5 x is mo/ ecc5tric1 h] greate/ & lea/ di/ances are #beb1idh miles & #bba1eic miles respectively2 :ile1 :5 x is lea/ ecc5tric1 !y are respectively #bej1cbd miles & #bbg1cab miles4 ,! e>?'s surface exce$s ! moon's ne>ly #ac times1 ! actual numb] ( squ>e miles 9 ! moon's surface am\nt+ to #ad1fjj1jjj4 ,?is is ne>ly equal to ,europe & ,africa toge!r1 or1 m ne>ly /ill1 to ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica toge!r1 )\t _! isl&s4 ,9 volume our e>? exce$s ! moon r m ?an #di times3 or1 m ne>ly1 if ! e>?'s volume be repres5t$ by #aj1jjj1 ! moon's w be repres5t$ by #bji4 ,! mat]ials ( ! moon's globe are ei!r light] or 7m probably7 !y are less closely compact$ ?an ^? =m+ our e>?1--=1 accord+ to ! be/ mod]n e/imates1 ! e>? exce$s ! moon 9 mass ne>ly #ha times4 ,assum+ z ! mo/ probable value ( ! e>?'s mean d5sity ab\t #e-g_/aj times ! d5sity ( wat]1 ! moon's mean d5sity is equal to #c-df_/ajj times t ( wat]4 ,gravity at h] surface is accord+ly mu* less ?an at ! surface ( ! e>?2 a quantity ( matt] weigh+ six p\nds at ! surface ( ! e>? w\ld weigh almo/ exactly "o p\nd at ! surface ( ! moon4 ,! moon circuits once r\nd ! e>? 9 #bg;d4 #g;h4 #dcm4 #aa4es4 ,?is is ! "t 9 :i*1 view$ f ! e>?1 %e seems to complete "o circuit r\nd ! /ell> heav5s1 & is !re=e call$ a sid]eal mon?4 ,b z ! e>? is all ! "t travell+ ! same way r\nd ! sun1 ! lun> mon? is long]4 ,?us1 suppose ,s 7fig4 #ad7 to be ! sun1 ,e ! e>? at ! beg9n+ ( a lun> mon?1 ,m#a ,m#b ,m#c ,m#d ! moon's pa?1 & ,m#a ! moon's place on ! l9e jo9+ ,e & ,s4 ,if ! e>? rema9$ at re/ :ile ! moon w5t r\nd ! pa? ,m#a ,m#c1 !n aft] complet+ "o circuit ! moon w\ld aga9 be at ,m#a on ! l9e jo9+ ,e & ,s1 or x w\ld be new moon aga94 ,b ! e>? is mov+ onw>ds along ! arc ,,ee ( h] circuit r\nd ! sun4 ,s t :5 ! moon has complet$ "o circuit %e is at ,m#d 7,em#a drawn p>allel to ,,em#a7 & has /ill to travel "s di/ance be=e %e gets r\nd to ,m on ! l9e jo9+ ,s & ,e4 ,! lunation1 or int]val betwe5 successive new moons1 has an av]age duration ( #bi;d4 #ab;h4 #ddm4 #chs41 exce$+ a sid]eal mon? by #b;d4 #e;h4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--;,expla9+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 a sid]eal lun> mon? & a common lun> mon? or lunation4 ,x w\ld n1 h[ev]1 be correct to reg>d ! e>? z ! true c5tre ( ! moon's motion4 ,! moon is 9 reality a planet circl+ r\nd ! sun1 b l>gely p]turb$ by ! attraction ( its companion planet ! e>?4 ,if ! moon's pa? 9 ! c\rse ( a ye> 7 c>efully drawn to scale1 or1 bett]1 7 modell$ by means ( a f9e wire1 x w\ld sc>cely be di/+ui%able f a simil> picture or model ( ! e>?'s pa? r\nd ! sun4 ,or ?us1 ! entire wid? ( ! moon's track is ab\t #dgg1fcf miles1 :ile ! diamet] ( ! orbit along :i* %e & ! e>? bo? travel is ne>ly #ajd1jjj1jjj miles1 or #che times z great4 ,if we draw !n a circle #c-he_/ajj in*es 9 diamet] to repres5t ! e>?'s pa? r\nd ! sun1 some:at ecc5trically plac$1 & ! circul> l9e is #a-ajj? ( an in* wide1 ! moon's track w\ld be fairly repres5t$ by a curve t\*+ alt]nately ! inside & ! outside edge ( ?is circul> l9e1 at equidi/ant po9ts divid+ ! circle into ab\t #bd p>ts4 ,reg>d+ ! moon z a planet1 %e may be said to h a ye>1 & seasons1 & day & night1 z ! e>? has1 b v unlike our seasons & days4 ,h] axis is incl9$ only #a degrees f uprightness to h] pa?1 :]eas our e>?'s axis is incl9$ #bc degrees4 ,! sun's range ( mid-day altitude is 9 fact n q equal to ! range ( our sun 9 mid-day height1 f f\r days be=e to f\r days aft] ei!r spr+ or autumn4 ,! lun> day la/s a lun> mon?1 daytime & night-"t ea* la/+ r m ?an a =tnight4 ,! lun> ye> ( seasons is n1 z is commonly /at$1 ! same 9 l5g? z ours4 ,%e goes r\nd ! sun 9 ! same "t1 s t h] sid]eal ye> is ! same z ours2 b ow+ to ! sway+ r\nd ( h] axis h] ye> ( seasons or tropical ye> is %ort]4 ,our tropical ye> is also %ort] ?an ! sid]eal ye>1 b v little %ort]1 because ! e>?'s axis sways r\nd once only 9 #be1hfh ye>s4 ,! moon's axis sways r\nd once 9 #ah ye>s1 & accord+ly ! ye> ( seasons is mu* m effectively %ort5$4 ,x la/s1 9 fact1 only #cdf;d4 #ad;h4 #cdm4 ( our "t2 & conta9s only #aa lun> days4 ,s t ,i _c altoge!r agree ) ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el's /atem5t1 t ! moon's situation ) respect to ! sun is mu* l t ( our e>?1 & by a rotation on its axis x enjoys an agreeable v>iety ( seasons1 & ( day & night4 ,:5 ! moon is exam9$ ) a telescope h] surface is se5 to be m>k$ by _m irregul>ities4 ,!re are l>ge d>k regions :i* 7 =m]ly ?\ght to be seas1 b are n[ kn[n to be l&-surfaces4 ,"s ( ^! regions are s+ul>ly level1 & h be5 ?\ght to be old sea-bottoms4 ,m\nta9s & m\nta9 ranges are ano!r important feature ( ! moon's surface4 ,"s1 l our ,rocky ,m\nta9s & ,&es1 =m long cont9u\s *a9s2 o!rs =m elevat$ plateaus :5ce ridges ext5d 9 v>i\s directions4 ,a v /rik+ =m is t ( n>r[ ridges little rais$ above ! g5]al level1 b rea*+ ov] enorm\s areas ( ! moon's globe4 ,x is a sy/em ( ?is k9d1 radiat+ f a great lun> crat] call$ ,ty*o1 :i* gives to small photographs ( ! moon ! appe>ance ( a peel$ orange4 ,!y are suppos$ to indicate ! action ( trem5d\s =ces ( upheaval1 9 pa/ ages1 bur/+ op5 portions ( ! moon's cru/4 ,b ! mo/ *>act]i/ic ( all ! lun> features are ! crat] m\nta9s1 :i* exi/ on a scale n only mu* l>g] relatively to ! moon's globe ?an ! scale on :i* t]re/rial crat]s are =m$1 b mu* l>g] absolutely4 ,!y are also f> m num]\s4 ,"s p>ts ( ! moon's surface1 especially 9 ! bright s\?-we/]n qu>t] ( h] face1 are lit]ally cr[d$ ) crat]s ( v>i\s dim5sions4 ,!re are few signs ( ! =m] emission ( lava f ! lun> crat]s4 ,)9 "s ( !m rec5t *anges h be5 suspect$4 ,a rem>kable in/ance is t ( ! crat] ,l9n1 m>k$ 9 ,mdl]'s map z a deep1 well-wall$ crat]1 "s f\r miles 9 diamet]4 ,at pres5t only a small crat] c be se5 9 its place4 ,! surr\nd+ region is r conspicu\sly bright4 ,x is n necess>y to inf] t !re has be5 any volcanic di/urbance1 h[ev]4 ,f> m probably ! walls h be5 ?r[n d[n ?r\gh ! long-cont9u$ action ( t alt]nate expansion & contraction1 :i* mu/ affect ! moon's cru/ z ! long =tnightly day proce$s1 & !n ! equally long lun> night4 ,!re are _m well-m>k$ valleys on ! moon1 besides clefts & rav9es4 ,! features call$ rilles are among ! mo/ p]plex+ objects on ! moon's surface4 ,webb1 9 8 *>m+ & mo/ useful little book1 ,cele/ial ,objects = ,common ,telescopes1 ?us describes !m3 ,^! mo/ s+ul> furr[s pass *iefly ?r\gh levels1 int]sect crat]s 7prov+ a m rec5t date71 reappe> beyond ob/ruct+ m\nta9s1 z ?\gh c>ri$ ?r\gh by a tunnel1 & comm5ce & t]m9ate ) little ref]5ce to any conspicu\s feature ( ! neighb\rhood4 ,! idea ( artificial =mation is negativ$ by _! magnitude2 !y h be5 m probably ref]r$ to cracks 9 a %r9k+ surface4 ,"s obs]vations w\ld seem to %[ t !y h be5 =m$ f r[s ( closely-adjac5t small crat]s4 ,faults1 also1 or clos$ cracks :]e ! surface is high] on "o side ?an on ! o!r1 h be5 recognis$ f ! c>eful /udy ( ! %ad[s on ! moon's disc4 ,f measurem5ts ( ! %ad[s ( lun> m\nta9s1 x appe>s t _! av]age height is ab\t five miles4 ,9 comp>+ ?is elevation ) t assign$ to t]re/rial m\nta9s1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ^! are measur$ f ! sea-level2 if ! av]age height ( t]re/rial m\nta9s 7 det]m9$ ) ref]5ce to ! sea-bottom x w\ld be f> great]4 ,/ill1 ev5 tak+ ?is circum/ance into acc\nt1 ! av]age height ( ! lun> m\nta9s be>s a f> great] ratio to ! diamet] ( ! globe on :i* !y /& ?an ! av]age height ( our m\nta9s to ! e>?'s diamet]4 ,sev]al circum/ances agree 9 %[+ t ! moon's atmosph]e mu/ be exce$+ly r>e4 ,! %ad[s ( lun> m\nta9s are ei!r actually black or ne>ly s4 ,:5 ! moon hides ! sun 9 total eclipse1 no sign c be se5 ( any refractive ef=t ex]t$ on ! sun's rays4 ,:5 a /> is hidd5 7or occult$7 by ! moon1 ! /> vani%es 9 an in/ant & reappe>s ) equal sudd5ness4 ,x is c]ta9 f ^! ph5om5a t ! moon has ei!r no air1 or air exce$+ly t5u\s4 ,x is equally cle> t %e has no wat]1 = if %e _h we %\ld und\bt$ly be able to recognise ! occasional =mation or dissipation ( mi/ & vap\r ov] p>ts ( ! moon's surface4 ,no signs ( su* ph5om5a h ev] be5 obs]v$4 ,! moon is c]ta9ly at pres5t a wat]less globe1 s f> at lea/ z h] surface is conc]n$4 ,x has be5 ?\ght t ?\gh !re is no wat] & v little air on ! side ( ! moon turn$ t[>ds ! e>?1 !re may be bo? wat] & air on ! f>!r unse5 side4 ,! !ory has be5 long s9ce giv5 up1 b ! reason+ on :i* x dep5ds is wor? not+4 ,ow+ to ! /range circum/ance t ! moon rotates on h] axis 9 ! same "t 9 :i* %e revolves r\nd ! e>?1 %e always pres5ts ! same face t[>ds ! e>?1 or v ne>ly s4 ,if h] axis 7 exactly squ>e to ! pa? 9 :i* %e circuits ! e>?1 & if %e revolv$ at a uni=m rate1 we %\ld h exactly ! same side con/antly turn$ t[>ds u4 ,b z ! axis is incl9$ ab\t #f f uprightness to ! pa? r\nd ! e>? 7:i*1 be x rememb]$1 is n 9 ! same plane z ! pa? r\nd ! sun1 b incl9$ #e #h to x71 ! nor!rn & s\!rn p>ts ( ! moon are alt]nately sway$ ov] by ab\t #f into view4 ,?is app>5t sway+ is call$ a libration1 & ! libration j describ$ is call$ ! libration 9 latitude4 ,aga91 z ! moon does n travel at a uni=m rate r\nd ! e>?1 b fa/] ?an h] mean rate :5 ne>] to u1 & sl[] :5 f>!r f u1 %e alt]nately ga9s & loses 9 h] motion ( revolution z comp>$ ) h] motion ( rotation1 by a quantity v>y+ betwe5 #e & #g1 to :i* v>y+ ext5t ! p>ts ea/ & we/ ( h] mean disc are alt]nately sway$ into view4 ,?is is call$ ! libration 9 longitude4 ,?us we see1 beyond ! edge ( ! mean half turn$ t[>ds u1 a consid]able fr+e ( ! o!r half4 ,if a globe1 z ,,pap,b1 fig4 #ae1 7 divid$ into two halves to repres5t ! f>!r & ne>] halves ( ! moon1 & held s t t divid+ circle 7 se5 z ,,pep 9 ! figure1 !n ,ppep,p w\ld repres5t ! "p br\ght into view at diff]5t times by ! app>5t sway+ describ$ above2 :ile ,ppep,p w\ld repres5t ! p>ts sway$ out ( view4 ,! regions ?us alt]nately 9 view & out ( view h _! greate/ bread?1 n at ! poles or ea/ & we/1 b at m,mm & m,mm1 :]e ! two librations act toge!r4 ,! n>r[ fr+e bord]+ ^! regions is t br\ght into or out ( view by *anges 9 ! place ( ! obs]v] on e>?1 due to ! e>?'s rotation4 ,x is call$ ! p>allactic fr+e1 any *ange 9 ! app>5t position ( a heav5ly body1 or "p ( "o1 on acc\nt ( ! e>?'s rotation1 be+ t]m$ p>allax4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--;,illu/rat+ lun> libration4 ,la/ly1 let u return to ! consid]ation ( moonlight1 z dep5d+ on ! condition ( ! moon's surface1 ,to "o :o obs]ves ! moon z se5 on ! sky1 h] light appe>s :ite2 b x mu/ n be suppos$ t %e is a :ite body4 ,c>eful e/imates ( ! quantity ( light %e reflects %[ t %e is m ne>ly black ?an :ite1 ?\gh 9 reality %e is nei!r "o nor ! o!r4 ,x has be5 said1 & truly1 t if ! surface ( ! moon 7 cov]$ ) black velvet %e w\ld /ill appe> :ite2 = ev5 black velvet reflects "s light1 & :atev] light ! moon reflect$ w\ld %[ h] by contra/ ) ! blackness ( ! sky1 z a lum9\s body or :ite4 ,x foll[s f ! obs]vations made by ,zlln] t if ! moon's surface 7 cov]$ ) :ite sn[ %e c\ld give u ab\t #d times z mu* light z %e actually does4 ,if %e 7 cov]$ ) :ite pap] %e w\ld give m ?an #d times z mu* light z %e does4 ,if %e _h a surface ( :ite s&/one h] light w\ld be ne>ly half z great aga9 z x is4 ,%e gives r m light ?an %e w\ld if h] surface consi/$ entirely ( wea!r$ grey s&/one1 or ( clay m>l1 & m ?an twice z mu* light z %e w\ld give if h] surface 7 ( moi/ e>?1 or d>k grey sy5ite4 ,z "s p>ts ( h] surface are obvi\sly mu* bright] ?an o!rs1 we mu/ inf] t "s p>ts %9e ) mu* m1 & o!rs ) mu* less1 brightness ?an wea!r$ grey s&/one4 ,probably "s p>ts are mu* bright] ?an :ite s&/one1 & "s mu* d>k] ?an d>k grey sy5ite4 ,f ! degree 9 :i* h] lu/re *anges ) h] *ang+ aspect1 ,zlln] inf]s t h] m\nta9s h an av]age slope ( ab\t fifty-two degrees4 ,,footnotes3 #aj ,x has be5 ?\ght by "s t1 9 ! beg9n+1 ! moon 0 always opposite ! sun1 ?us always rul+ ! night4 ,milton ?us und]/ood ! acc\nt giv5 9 ! fir/ book ( ,g5esis4 ,= he says1-- ,less bright ! morn1 ,b opposite 9 levell'd we/ 0 set ,8 mirror1 ) full face1 borr[+ h] light ,f him2 = o!r light %e ne$$ none ,9 t aspect2 & /ill t di/ance keeps ,till night1 !n 9 ! ea/ h] turn %e %9es1 ,revolv'd on ,heav'n's great axle4 ,x 0 only z a consequ5ce ( ,adam's transgression t he conceives ! angels s\ght to puni% ! human race by alt]+ ! movem5ts ( ! cele/ial bodies-- ,to ! blank moon ,h] (fice !y prescribe-- ,x is h>dly necess>y to say1 p]haps1 t ?is int]pretation is n sci5tifically admissible4 ,illu/ration ,,ix4 ,,! ,,planet ,,m>s4 ,e "o :o notices ! />s at all1--& :o t ?9ks & c see does n8--mu/ h obs]v$ dur+ ! autumn ( #ahgg two bright />s 9 ! s\!rn heav5s4 ,"o ( ^! %one ) a lu/re :i* b = its ruddy hue w\ld h caus$ ! /> to be tak5 = ! planet ,jupit]2 ! o!r %one ) a some:at yell[i% light1 & 0 mu* fa9t]1 ?\gh surpass+ mo/ ( ! fix$ />s 9 brightness4 ,! =m] 0 ! planet ,m>s1 ! latt] ! r+$ planet ,saturn4 ,! motions ( ^! two />s ) respect to ea* o!r & to ! neighb\r+ />s 7 suffici5tly conspicu\s to attract att5tion4 ,dur+ ,octob] ^! />s attract$ /ill m att5tion1 because !y drew ne>] & ne>] toge!r1 to all appe>ance1 until on ,novemb] #d? !y 7 at _! ne>e/1 :5 ! di/ance sep>at+ !m 0 ab\t "o-?ird ! app>5t diamet] ( ! moon1 s t 9 a telescope %[+ at "o view ! :ole disc ( ! moon1 ,m>s & ,saturn on ! night ( ,novemb] #d? appe>$ l a spl5did d\ble />1 ! prim>y a f9e r$ orb1 ! companion a small] body1 b att5d$ by a spl5did r+ sy/em & companion moons4 ,x 0 /range :5 we look$ at ^! two />s1 ! yell[ "o app>5tly mu* small] ?an ! bright]1 & ! pair seem+ly close toge!r1 to consid] h[ ?or\ghly ! reality diff]$ f ^! appe>ances4 ,! fa9t] & seem+ly ! small] ( ! two />s 0 9 reality "s f\r ?\s& times l>g] ?an ! bright]1 & _h1 among eight orbs att5d+ ^u x1 "o ne>ly z l>ge z ! ruddy planet :i* z actually se5 s completely out%one ,saturn himself4 ,aga91 in/ead ( be+ ne> ea* o!r1 ^? two bodies 7 9 reality sep>at$ by a di/ance exce$+ "s sixte5 times t :i* sep>at$ u f ! ne>] ( ! two4 ,i propose n[ to consid] "s ( ! m int]e/+ *>act]i/ics ( ^! two planets1 pres5t+ specially ^? features :i* m>k ,saturn z ! repres5tative ( "o family ( bodies1 & ,m>s z ! repres5tative ( ano!r & an entirely diff]5t family4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--,! pa?s ( ,m>s & ,saturn dur+ ! autumn ( #ahgg4 ,x w be well to consid] ,m>s fir/2 = al?\gh1 z w pres5tly be se51 ,saturn came e>li] ( ! two to ! portion ( 8 pa? :]e he 0 mo/ fav\rably se51 !re 0 no?+ specially rem>kable ab\t ! approa* ( ,saturn on t occasion1 :]eas ,m>s 9 ! ye> #ahgg made a ne>] approa* to ! e>? ?an he has = ?irty-two ye>s pa/1 or w = "s =ty-sev5 ye>s to come4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 let u note ! app>5t pa?s on :i* ! two planets h be5 & are n[ travell+4 ,fig4 #af pres5ts t "p ( ! zodiac along :i* lay ! app>5t pa?s ( ,m>s & ,saturn 9 #ahgg4 ,! />s m>k$ ) ,greek lett]s belong to ! con/ellation ,aqu>ius1 or ! ,wat]-,be>] 78 j> is =m$ by ! />s 9 ! upp] "r-h& corn] ( ! picture71--) a s+le exception1 ! /> m>k$ 1 :i*1 ) ^? close to x n lett]$1 belongs to ! con/ellation ,pisces1 or ! ,fi%es4 ,?us ! loops trav]s$ by ! two planets 9 #ahgg bo? fell 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,wat]-,be>]2 b1 z w be se5 f ! symbols on ! ecliptic1 ^! loops lie 9 ! zodiacal sign ,pisces1 :i* beg9s at & ends at 4 ,! signs h long s9ce pass$ away1 9 fact1 f ! con/ellations to :i* !y orig9ally belong$4 ,x w be notic$ t ,m>s describ$ a wide loop rang+ to a consid]able di/ance f ! ecliptic 7or sun's track74 ,saturn1 on ! o!r h&1 travell$ on a n>r[ & %ort] loop ly+ mu* ne>] to ! ecliptic1 8 :ole track1 except j :]e he 0 turn+1--8 /ation>y po9ts1--ly+ ne>ly p>allel to ! ecliptic4 ,x may be well to m5tion ! reason ( ?is well-m>k$ diff]5ce4 ,m>s does n 9 reality range ev5 q s widely f ! plane ( ! ecliptic z ,saturn does4 ,nay1 8 pa? is ev5 less incl9$ to ! ecliptic4 7,?is may s\nd l repetition1 b ! incl9ation ( a planet's pa? to ! ecliptic is "o ?+1 ! range ( ! planet nor? & s\? ( ! ecliptic1 9 miles1 is ano!r4 ,m]cury1 = example1 has ( all planets ! pa? mo/ incl9$ to ! ecliptic1 b ,m]cury nev] atta9s any?+ l ! same di/ance f ! plane ( ! ecliptic :i* is atta9$ by ! remote planet ,uranus1 ^: pa? is ( all o!rs ! lea/ incl9$ to ! plane ( ! ecliptic4 ,9 fact1 none ( ! planets1 except ,v5us & ,m>s1 h s small a range f ! ecliptic 9 actual di/ance z ,m]cury has47 ,! reason :y ! range ( ,m>s f ! ecliptic appe>$ s mu* great] ?an t ( ,saturn1 9 #ahgg1 is simil> to ! reason :y ,m>s1 ?\gh mu* small] ?an ,saturn1 l>gely out%one him4 ,m>s look$ l>g] because he 0 ne>]1 8 loop look$ l>g] because 8 real pa? 0 ne>]4 ,= ! same reason t a hut close by seems to /& high] above ! horizon ?an a palace at a di/ance1 or a m\nta9 yet fur!r away1 s ! displacem5t ( ,m>s f ! ecliptic plane appe>$ great] ?an t ( ,saturn1 ?\gh 9 reality mu* less4 ,let u consid] h[ ! pa?s ( ^! planets are really situat$4 ,i "k ( no bett] way ( %[+ ?is ?an by draw+ ! pa?s ( ! two families ( planets sep>ately4 ,x is 9 fact utt]ly impossible to give an accurate yet cle> view ( ! sol> sy/em 9 a s+le picture2 & ! /ud5t may take x = grant$ t e draw+ or plate 9 :i* ?is has ev] be5 attempt$ is f "o cause or ano!r mislead+4 ,9 figs4 #ag & #ah ! %ape & position ( ! planet>y pa?s are correctly %[n4 ,v little description is necess>y1 b x may be m5tion$ t on ea* orbit ! po9t ne>e/ to ! sun is indicat$ by ! initial lett] ( ! planet1 :ile ! po9t f>!/ f ! sun is indicat$ by ! same lett] acc5t$4 ,! places :]e ea* pa? crosses ! plane ( ! e>?'s--:i* is suppos$ to be ! plane ( ! pap]--are m>k$ & 1 ! =m] sign m>k+ :]e ! planet 9 travell+ r\nd 9 ! direction %[n by ! arr[s crosses ! plane ( ! e>?'s pa? f bel[ upw>ds1 :ile ! latt] m>ks ! place :]e ! planet 9 travell+ r\nd crosses ! plane ( ! e>?'s pa? f above d[nw>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--,! pa?s ( ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ! ,e>?1 & ,m>s1 ar\nd ! ,sun4 ,fig4 #ag %[s ! pa?s ( ! inn] family ( planets ( :i* our e>? is a memb]4 ,fig4 #ah %[s ! out] family ( planets1 & inside ( x ! r+ ( small planets call$ a/]oids4 ,inside t r+1 aga91 we see ! pa?s ( ! inn] family ( planets2 b !y appe> on a v small scale inde$4 ,9 fact1 ! scales app5d$ to ! two figures %[ t a l5g? :i* repres5ts #ej1jjj1jjj miles 9 fig4 #ag1 repres5ts #a1jjj1jjj1jjj miles 9 fig4 #ah2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! scale ( fig4 #ah is only "o-tw5tie? ( ! scale ( fig4 #ag4 ,on ! scale ( fig4 #ag ! sun w\ld be fairly repres5t$ by an ord9>y p9-hole2 on ! scale ( fig4 #ah ! sun w\ld be sc>cely visible4 ,! dots r\nd ! orbits %[ ! planets' places at int]vals ( #aj days 9 fig4 #ag1 & ( #ajjj days 9 fig4 #ah1 />t+ always f ! left side ( orbit 7on horizontal l9e ?r\gh sun74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--,! pa?s ( ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 ,uranus1 & ,neptune1 ar\nd ! r+ ( small planets4 ,n[ look+ at fig4 #ah & not+ h[ small is ! di/ance ( ! pa? ( ,m>s f ! e>?'s pa?1 comp>$ ) ! di/ance ( ,saturn's pa?1 we und]/& :y ,saturn1 despite 8 f> sup]ior size1 %9es f> less brightly 9 our skies ?an ,m>s does4 ,9 fact1 9 ,octob]1 #ahgg1 ! ,e>? & ,m>s 7 on ! p>ts ( _! tracks :i* lay ne>e/ toge!r1 t is1 ! p>ts occupy+ ! l[] "r-h& corn] ( fig4 #ag2 & turn+ to fig4 #ah1 we p]ceive t ! di/ance sep>at+ ! two pa?s "h is v small inde$ comp>$ ) ,saturn's di/ance4 ,s t1 :5 we look$ at ,m>s & ,saturn z !y %one 9 conjo9$ spl5d\r 9 our skies1 9 #ahgg1 we saw 9 ! bright orb ( ,m>s ! planet ^: track lies ne>e/ to u 9 t direction1 :]eas 9 look+ at ,saturn ! range ( view pass$ a?w>t ! track ( ,m>s1 ?r\gh ! r+ ( a/]oids1 & pa/ ! orbit ( ,jupit]1 be=e ent]+ ! wide & b>r5 region :i* sep>ates ! orbits ( ! two giant memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,we /udy ,m>s "u mu* m fav\rable conditions ?an ei!r ,jupit] or ,saturn4 ,& yet1 at a fir/ view1 ! telescopic aspect ( ?is int]e/+ planet is exce$+ly disappo9t+4 ,galileo1 :o q easily discov]$ ! moons ( ,jupit] ) 8 l>ge/ telescope1 c\ld b>ely detect ) x ! fact t ,m>s is n q r\nd at all times1 b is se5 sometimes 9 ! %ape ( ! moon two or ?ree days be=e or aft] full4 ,i d>e n affirm1 he wrote on ,decemb] #cj1 #afaj1 to 8 fri5d ,ca/elli1 t ,i c obs]ve ! phases ( ,m>s2 yet1 unless ,i mi/ake1 ,i ?9k ,i already p]ceive t he is n p]fectly r\nd4 ,b ev5 9 a l>ge telescope "o c see v little except "u v fav\rable conditions4 ,x has only be5 by long & c>eful /udy1 & piec+ toge!r ! in=mation obta9$ at v>i\s times1 t a/ronom]s h obta9$ a k ( ! facts :i* appe> 9 our text-books ( a/ronomy4 ,! possessor ( a telescope :o %\ld expect1 on turn+ ! in/rum5t t[>ds ,m>s1 to p]ceive :at he has read 9 descriptions ( ! planet1 w\ld be consid]ably disappo9t$4 ,fir/ notic$ among ! features ( ! planet 7 two :ite spots ( light occupy+ ! nor!rn & s\!rn p>ts ( 8 disc4 ,^! are n[ kn[n to be regions ( sn[ & ice1 l ^? :i* surr\nd ! poles ( our own e>?4 ,b h[ diff]5t ! reality mu/ be f :at we seem to see 9 ! telescope6 ,^! two t9y :ite specks repres5t hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( squ>e miles cov]$ ov] ) great masses ( sn[ & ice1 :i* d\btless are mov$ by di/urb+ =ces simil> to ^? :i* make our arctic regions = ! mo/ "p impassable ev5 = ! mo/ d>+ ( our seam54 ,! sn[-caps ( ,m>s *ange 9 size z ! planet circuits r\nd ! sun1 complet+ 8 ye> ( seasons 7:i* la/s #fhg ( our days74 ,!y are l>ge/ 9 ! w9t] ( ,m>s1 smalle/ 9 ! ,m>tian summ]2 s t1 z x is w9t] = "o hemisph]e :5 x is summ] = ! o!r1 "o ( ! sn[-caps is l>g] ?an ! o!r at ! w9t] & summ] seasons4 ,9 ! same way1 our arctic sn[s ext5d m widely dur+ our w9t]1 :ile ! ant>ctic sn[s !n retreat2 :]eas1 dur+ our summ]1 :5 x is w9t] 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 ! ant>ctic sn[s advance & our arctic sn[s retreat4 ,b we h /ill to le>n :y ^! :ite spots are kn[n to be masses ( sn[4 ,!y might well f analogy be consid]$ to be sn[s1 s9ce !y behave l ! sn[s ( our pol> regions4 ,yet t w\ld be v diff]5t f prov+ !m to be sn[ masses4 ,i %all n[ %[ h[ ?is has be5 done1 & aft]w>ds describe ! l&s & seas ( ! planet1 & give a %ort acc\nt ( ! rec5t int]e/+ discov]y ( two moons att5d+ on ! planet :i* ,t5nyson _h call$ ! moonless ,m>s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ev5 be=e ! poles ( ,m>s _h be5 discov]$1 obs]v]s _h p]ceiv$ t ! planet has m>ks ^u its surface4 ,cass9i1 9 #afff1 at ,p>is1 f\nd by obs]v+ ^! spots t ! planet turns on its axis once 9 ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs =ty m9utes4 ,9 ! same ye> ,dr4 ,hooke obs]v$ ,m>s4 ,he 0 9 d\bt :e!r ! planet turn$ once r\nd or twice r\nd 9 ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 = ) 8 imp]fect telescope two opposite faces ( ! planet seem$ s mu* alike t he 0 d\btful :e!r !y really 7 two diff]5t faces or ! same4 ,=tunately he publi%$ two pictures ( ! planet1 tak5 on ! same night 9 ,m>*1 #afff1 & we h be5 able to keep su* good c\nt ( ,m>s's turn+ on 8 axis1 t we "k exactly h[ _m times he has turn$ s9ce t di/ant "t4 ,h[ev]1 at pres5t1 we ne$ n fur!r consid] ! turn+ motion ( ,m>s1 b r :at ! telescope has %[n u ab\t him4 ,only1 let x be rememb]$ t he has a day ( ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs ?irty-sev5 m9utes1 & is 9 ?is respect mu* l our e>?4 ,m>aldi1 ,cass9i's nephew1 e>ly 9 ! la/ c5tury obs]v$ sev]al spots on ,m>s1 &1 9 p>ticul>1 "o some:at triangul> d>k spot1 :i* 0 "o ( ,hooke's m>k+s1 b m cle>ly se5 by ,m>aldi4 ,ab\t ?is "t x 0 se5 t ! d>k] m>k+s h a some:at gre5i% col\r2 & t[>ds ! end ( la/ c5tury1 or1 m exactly1 ab\t a hundr$ ye>s ago1 ! idea 0 ma9ta9$ by ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el t ! d>k-gre5i% m>k+s are seas1 :ile ! light] p>ts ( ,m>s1 to :i* ! planet owes its some:at ruddy col\r1 are l&s4 ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el also 0 ! fir/ to %[ t ,m>s1 l our e>?1 has seasons4 ,x _h be5 suppos$ by ,cass9i1 ,m>aldi1 & o!rs1 t ! axis ( ,m>s is upright to ! level ( ! pa? 9 :i* he travels4 ,( c\rse1 if ?is 7 s1 ! light ( ! sun w\ld always fall on ! planet 9 ! same way2 = ! sun is 9 t level4 ,b ! axis1 l t ( our own e>?1 is b[$ consid]ably f uprightness2 s t at "o "p ( 8 ye> ! sun's rays fall m fully on 8 nor!rn regions1 & 8 s\!rn regions are correspond+ly turn$ away f ! sun2 !n x is summ] 9 8 nor!rn regions1 w9t] 9 8 s\!rn4 ,at ! opposite season ! rev]se holds1 & !n w9t] prevails ov] 8 nor!rn & summ] ov] 8 s\!rn regions4 ,midway betwe5 ^! two seasons1 ! sun's rays are equably di/ribut$ ov] bo? hemisph]es ( ,m>s1 & !n ! days & nights are equal1 & x is spr+ 9 t hemisph]e :i* is pass+ f w9t] to summ]1 & autumn 9 ! o!r hemisph]e :i* is pass+ f summ] to w9t]4 ,all ^! *anges are precisely l ^? :i* take place 9 ! case ( our own e>?4 ,only1 ! ye> ( ,m>s1 & !re=e 8 seasons1 are long]4 ,he takes #fhg days 9 travell+ r\nd ! sun1 giv+ ne>ly #agb days1 or m ?an five & a half ( our mon?s1 = ea* season4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,fig4 #bj4 ,fig4 #ba4 ,figs4 #ai-ba4--,?ree ,views ( ,m>s4 ,figs4 #ai1 #bj1 & #ba are ?ree views ( ,m>s1 drawn by ,mr4 ,na?aniel ,gre51 an excell5t obs]v]1 :o has paid special att5tion to ?is planet4 ,fig4 #ai %[s a fa9tly-m>k$ sea runn+ nor? & s\? 7! upp] "p ( ! picture be+ ! s\?1 because t is ! way 9 :i* ! telescope us$ by a/ronom]s inv]ts objects47 ,?is is "o ( ! m>k+s :i* deceiv$ ,hooke4 ,?is picture 0 drawn on ,may #cj1 #ahgc1 at half-pa/ sev5 9 ! ev5+4 ,! second picture 0 drawn two days e>li]1 at eight 9 ! ev5+2 b x %[s ! planet z x w\ld h look$ on ,may #cj at ab\t a qu>t] pa/ n9e 9 ! ev5+1 by :i* "t ! sea runn+ nor? & s\? _h be5 c>ri$ ov] to ! "r & lo/ to view4 ,b ano!r nor? & s\? sea _h come into view on ! "r4 ,! ?ird picture %[s a view tak5 ?ree h\rs lat]1 or at elev5 on ,may #bh1 :5 ! planet appe>$ precisely z he w\ld h appe>$ at a qu>t] pa/ elev5 9 ! e>ly morn+ ( ,may #ca1 _h wea!r !n p]mitt$ ,mr4 ,gre5 to cont9ue 8 obs]vations4 ,y see 9 x ! great nor? & s\? sea :i* ,m>aldi _h notic$1 ! o!r ( ^? two :i* _h deceiv$ ,hooke4 ,x w be se5 f ^! draw+s1 :i*1 be x rememb]$1 7 tak5 at ! telescope1 t x is possible f a great numb] ( su* draw+s to make a *>t ( ,m>s1 %[+ its l&s & seas n z !y are se5 9 ! telescope1 b z !y might be laid d[n by inhabitants ( ,m>s 9 a map or planisph]e4 ,?is has be5 done1 ) gradually increas+ accuracy1--fir/ by ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el1 next by ,be] & ,mdl]1 !n by ,phillips1 & la/ly by myself4 7,9 claim+ = my own *>t great] accuracy1 ,i am simply ass]t+ ! sup]ior complet5ess ( ! li/ ( telescopic draw+s :i* ,i 0 able to consult47 ,! result is %[n 9 ! accompany+ *>t 7fig4 #bb71 :i* pres5ts ! :ole surface ( ,m>s divid$ into l&s & seas & pol> sn[s1 ) ! names atta*$ ( v>i\s obs]v]s :o h at sundry times contribut$ to our k ( ! planet's features4 ,b n[ x w be ask$ by ! ?\ghtful read]1 h[ c any "o possibly be sure t ! regions call$ cont95ts & seas d really consi/ ( l& & wat]8 ,at any rate1 ! d\bt might well be ent]ta9$ respect+ ! wat]4 ,= l& is a wide t]m1 includ+ all k9ds ( rock surface1 s&1 e>?y soil1 & s =?2 b x may seem to require pro( t ! sub/ance we call wat] really exi/s out yond] 9 space1 ei!r 9 ! =m ( sn[ & ice at ! ,m>tian poles1 or z fl[+ wat] 9 ! ,m>tian seas1 or 9 ! vapor\s =m 9 ! planet's air4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4--;,*>t ( ,m>s1 f #bg draw+s by ,mr4 ,dawes4 ,v /range1 !n1 at fir/ mu/ ! /atem5t seem1 t we are z sure ( ! exi/5ce ( wat] 9 all ^! =ms on ,m>s z if we _h s5t "s mess5g] to ! planet :o _h br\ght back = /udy by our *emi/s a block ( ,m>tian ice1 a vessel full ( ,m>tian wat]1 & a flask ( ,m>tian air saturat$ ) aque\s vap\r4 ,inde$1 ,i d n "k ( any discov]y effect$ by man :i* m /rik+ly displays ! p[] ( human +5uity 9 ma/]+ difficulties :i*1 at a fir/ view1 seem altoge!r insup]able4 ,:5 we "k t a mass ( ice z l>ge z ,great ,brita9 w\ld appe> at ! di/ance ( ,m>s a m]e bright po9t2 t a sea z l>ge z ! ,m$it]ranean w\ld appe> l a fa9t1 gre5i%-blue1 /reak2 & t cl\d masses su* z w\ld cov] ! :ole ( ,europe w\ld only pres5t ! appe>ance ( a :iti% gl>e1 h[ hopeless seems ! task ( attempt+ to det]m9e :at is ! real *emical con/itution ( objects ?us se56 ,x might well be ?\ght t no possible explanation ( ! me?od us$ by a/ronom]s c\ld s]ve to e/abli% its validity4 ,yet no?+ c be simpl] ?an ! pr9ciple ( ! me?od1 or m satisfactory ?an its application 9 ?is special case4 ,fir/1 let ! read] rid 8 m9d ( ! difficulty aris+ f ! enorm\s di/ance ( ! cele/ial bodies4 ,to d ?is let him note t !re are "s ?+s :i* a body close by c tell u no m c]ta9ly ?an a remote body4 ,= in/ance1 we are j z c]ta9 t ,m>s is a body capable ( reflect+ sunlight z we are t a cricket-ball is4 ,we "k z c]ta9ly1 too1 t ! quality ( ,m>s is su* t m ( ! r$ ( ! sun's light is s5t to u ?an ( ! o!r col\rs4 ,= we p]ceive t ,m>s is a ruddy planet4 ,s9ce di/ance 9 no way int]f]es ) our p]ception ( ^! g5]al facts1 & o!rs l !m1 we ne$ n necess>ily f9d 9 m]e di/ance any difficulty 9 ! way ( recognis+ "s o!r facts4 ,all t we require to be %[n be=e admitt+ ! validity ( ! evid5ce is1 t x is ( su* a k9d t di/ance does n affect its quality1 h[ev] mu* di/ance may & mu/ affect ! quantity ( evid5ce4 ,n[ !re is a means ( tak+ ! light :i* comes f a body %9+ ei!r ) its own or ) reflect$ light1 & analyz+ x into its compon5t col\rs4 ,! spectroscope is ! in/rum5t by :i* ?is is accompli%$4 ,i d n propose to describe "h ! nature ( ?is in/rum5t1 or ! details ( ! v>i\s me?ods 9 :i* x is employ$4 ,i note only t x sep>ates ! rays ( diff]5t col\r com+ f an object1 & lays !m side by side = u1--! r$ rays by !mselves1 ! orange rays by !mselves1 & s ) ! yell[1 gre51 blue1 indigo1 & violet4 ,& n only are ! rays ( ^! col\rs set by !mselves1 b ! r$ rays are sort$ 9 ord]1 f ! deepe/ br[n-r$#aa to a t9t ( r$ 7! lighte/7 :i* mu/ almo/ be call$ orange2 ! orange 9 ord]1 f orange :i* mu/ almo/ be call$ r$ to a t9t 7! lighte/ orange7 :i* mu/ almo/ be call$ yell[2 ! yell[1 f an almo/ orange yell[ to a yell[ j beg9n+ to be t+$ ) gre52 ! gre51 f an almo/ yell[ gre5 7! lighte/7 to a gre5 :i* may almo/ be call$ blue 7! d>ke/72 ! blue1 f ?is t9t to ! beg9n+ ( ! indigo2 ! indigo1 f ?is t9t to ! fir/ rays ( ! violet2 & la/ly ! violet1 ?r\gh all ! t9ts ( ?is beautiful col\r to a blacki%-br[n violet1 :]e ! visible spectrum ends4 ,all ^! t9ts are sort$ 9 ord] by ! spectroscope1 j z a skilful col\ri/ might range 9 due sequ5ce a myriad t9ts ( col\r4 ,b ?is is only true ( really :ite light1 su* light z comes f a gl[+ mass ( metal burn+ at a :ite heat4 ,9 o!r cases 7ev5 :5 ! light may seem :ite to ! eye7 "s ( ! t9ts are f\nd1 :5 ! spectroscope spreads out ! col\rs = u1 to be miss+4 ,& we "k t ?is may be caus$ 9 two ways4 ,ei!r ! s\rce ( light nev] gave out ^? miss+ t9ts2 or1 ! s\rce ( light gave !m out1 b "s absorb+ m$ium /opp$ !m on _! way be=e !y rea*$ ! spectroscope ) :i* we exam9e !m4 ,!re may be cases :]e we _c tell v easily :i* ( ^! is ! true cause4 ,b sometimes we c1 z ! in/ances ,i h n[ to deal ) w %[ y4 ,! sun's own light %[s "u ?is me?od ( spectroscopic analysis millions ( t9ts1 9 fact ,i might say millions ( r$ t9ts1 & s =?1 "r ?r\gh ! spectral li/ ( col\rs4 ,b also _m ?\s&s ( t9ts are want+4 ,imag9e a ra9b[-col\r$ ribbon1 ! col\rs rang$ along its l5g?1 s t ! ribbon is black at bo? ends1 & t f ! black ( "o end ! col\r m]ges into v deep r$1 & !nce by ins5sible gradations ?r\gh orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 indigo1 & violet1 into ! black ( ! o!r end4 ,!n suppose t t5s ( ?\s&s ( ! f9e ?reads :i* run a?w>t ! ribbon--i4e41 ! %ort cross ?reads--are drawn out4 ,!n ! ribbon1 laid on a d>k backgr\nd %[+ ?r\gh ! spaces :]e ! ?reads 7 drawn out1 w\ld repres5t ! sol> spectrum4 ,we "k !n t ! light ( ! sun's gl[+ mass ei!r wants p>ticul> t9ts orig9ally1 or %9es ?r\gh vap\rs :i* prev5t ! free passage ( rays ( ^? col\rs4 ,bo? causes might be at "w1 n "o only4 ,at pres5t we are n conc]n$ ) ?is p>ticul> po9t2 b ,i only m5tion t1 9 reality1 no t9ts are actually want+1 ?\gh "s are v mu* enfeebl$4 ,! sun's light fall+ on any opaque object is reflect$4 ,if ! object is :ite1 ! light gives exactly ! same spectrum1 only fa9t]4 ,?us1 ,i take a piece ( :ite pap] on :i* ! sun's rays are fall+1 & exam9e its light ) "o ( ,br[n+'s spectroscopes4 ,i get ! ord9>y sol> spectrum4 ,! cold :ite pap] gives me 9 fact a spectrum :i* speaks ( a heat s int5se t ! mo/ /ubborn metals are n m]ely melt$ b vaporiz$ 9 x4 ,b ?is heat resides 9 ! sun1 n 9 ! pap]4 ,n[1 speak+ g5]ally1 ,m>s also s5ds u sunlight1 s t :5 we spread out ) ! spectroscope ! rays com+ f ?is planet1 we get ! sol> spectrum1 only ( c\rse v mu* enfeebl$4 ,b close exam9ation %[s t o!r t9ts besides ^? miss+ f ! sol> spectrum are miss+ f ! spectrum ( ,m>s4 ,he reflects to u ! sunlight1 almo/ z x rea*es him1 b he ab/racts f x a few t9ts on 8 own acc\nt4 ,:5 we inquire :at ^! t9ts are1 we f9d t !y are t9ts :i* are sometimes want+ ev5 f direct sunlight4 ,:5 ! sun s9ks v l[ & looks l a great r$ ball ?r\gh ! moi/ure-lad5 air1 8 spectrum is n ! same exactly z t ( ! sun %9+ high 9 ! mid heav54 ,x %[s o!r gaps ?an ^? correspond+ to ! ord9>y myriads ( miss+ t9ts4 ,its r$ col\r %[s inde$ t "s ?+ has happ5$ to ! sunlight2 b1 oddly en\gh 7at fir/ sight at lea/71 ! gaps are *iefly 9 ! r$ "p ( ! spectrum1 j :at "o w\ld expect if ! sun's light %[$ a want in/ead ( an excess ( ruddy light4 ,! fact is1 h[ev]1 t ! violet1 indigo1 & blue are weak5$ altoge!r1 n by ! m]e ab/raction ( t9ts "h & !re4 ,! r$ suff]s "u a few ab/ractions ( t9t1 b rema9s on ! :ole little weak5$4 ,n[ ! same gaps :i* at su* times appe> 9 ! spectrum ( ! sun are f\nd 7g5]ally1 if n always7 9 ! spectrum ( ! planet ,m>s1 ev5 :5 he is %9+ high 9 ! heav5s1 s t 8 light is n at ! "t absorb$ by ! d5s] portions ( our air4 ,9 fact ! gaps h be5 se5 9 ! spectrum ( ,m>s :5 ! planet has be5 %9+ high] 9 ! heav5s ?an ! moon1 ^: spectrum 0 f\nd on trial 7at ! "t7 n to %[ ! same gaps1--z ( c\rse x mu/ h done1 & ev5 m m>k$ly1 if ! miss+ t9ts _h be5 ab/ract$ by our own air4 ,no d\bt c rema91 !n1 t ! sun's light1 :i* rea*es u aft] fall+ on ,m>s1 has suff]$ at ,m>s ! same absorption :i* our own air produces on ! rays ( ! sun :5 he is l[ d[n4 ,b we "k :at x is 9 our air :i* causes ?is absorption4 ,x is ! aque\s vap\r4 ,we "k ?is f sev]al indep5d5t s]ies ( rese>*es4 ,x 0 prov$ fir/ by an ,am]ican physici/1 ,pr(essor ,cooke ( ,h>v>d1 :o f\nd t ^! l9es 9 ! r$ are always d>k] :5 ! air is moi/]4 ,!n by ,janss51 :o obs]v$ ! spectrum ( great bonfires lit at a di/ance ( _m miles1 on ! ,swiss m\nta9s1 f9d+ ^! same l9es 9 ! spectrum ( ! fire-light :5 ! air 0 heavily lad5 ) moi/ure4 ,:]e=e we "k t ! air ( ,m>s mu/ also conta9 ! same sub/ance--! vap\r ( wat]--:i*1 9 our own air1 produces ^! d>k l9es4 ,we c1 inde$1 und]/& t ! ruddy col\r ( ,m>s is 9 "p due to ?is moi/ure1 :i*1 precisely z 9 our own air x makes ! sun & moon look r$1 w\ld1 9 ! air ( a planet1 make ! planet itself look r$4 ,b h[ mu* foll[s f ! discov]y t !re is moi/ure 9 ! air ( ,m>s6 ,?is moi/ure c only come f wat] 9 suffici5t quantities4 ,!re mu/1 !re=e1 be seas on ,m>s4 ,we %\ld be sure ( ?is f ! spectroscopic evid5ce1 ev5 )\t ! evid5ce giv5 by ! telescope4 ,we _c d\bt = a mom5t1 h[ev]1 kn[+ z we d h[ ! telescope %[s gre5i% m>k+s on ,m>s1 t ^! really are ! seas & oceans ( ! planet4 ,& aga91 ! :ite spots at ! poles ( ,m>s c no long] be reg>d$ d\btfully4 ,if we c\ld n see !m1 b knew only1 f ! spectroscopic evid5ce1 t ,m>s mu/ h l>ge seas1 we %\ld be sure t 8 pol> regions mu/ be cov]$ ) ev]la/+ ice & sn[1 v>y+ ) ! seasons1 b always surr\nd+1 9 enorm\s masses1 ! poles !mselves4 ,see+ t ! telescope pres5ts spots to our view :i*1 long be=e ! spectroscopic evid5ce _h be5 obta9$ or hop$ =1 _h be5 reg>d$ z analogues ( our pol> sn[s1 we c n[ ent]ta9 no mann] ( d\bt t !y really are s4 ,b aga91 recognis+ ! pres5ce ( enorm\s masses ( sn[ & ice ar\nd ! poles ( ,m>s1 & kn[+ t n only are !re wide oceans1 seas1 & lakes1 b t !re is an atmosph]e capable ( c>ry+ mi/ & cl\d1 h[ _m circum/ances1 correspond+ to ^? :i* we associate ) ! wants ( liv+ creatures1 pres5t !mselves to our consid]ation6 ,x rema9s t ,i %\ld n[ consid] "s ( ^! po9ts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h se5 t ,m>s has wat] 9 all its =ms1 solid1 liquid1 & vapor\s4 ,we p]ceive also t 8 pol> regions d n ext5d v mu* f>!r t[>ds 8 equator ?an d ! pol> ice & sn[s ( our own e>?4 7,( c\rse ! =m] d n ext5d s f> 9 actual di/ance2 ,i ref] to _! ext5t comp>$ ) ! globe !y belong to47 ,x w\ld appe> !n1 at a fir/ view1 t ! climate ( ,m>s _c be v unlike t ( our e>?4 ,yet ?is is sc>cely possible4 ,= ,m>s is s mu* f>!r ?an we are f ! sun t he receives less ?an half z mu* light & heat f t lum9>y4 ,& x is n easy to conceive t ! defici5cy c be comp5sat$ by any effects due to ! nature ( ! ,m>tian air4 ,x is m likely by f> t ?is air is mu* r>] ?an t x is mu* d5s] ?an ours4 ,= n only c x be %[n t ) ! same relative quantity ( air a small] planet w\ld h a small] quantity above ea* squ>e mile ( its surface ?an w\ld a l>g] "o1#ab b ! gravity at ! surface ( ! small] planet be+ less1 ! air !re is mu* less compress$ by its own weight 7hav+ 9 fact mu* less weight71 & is !re=e r>]4 ,?us ! probability is t ! air ( ,m>s is l t at 7or ev5 above7 ! summits ( our highe/ m\nta9s1 :]e we "k t an int5se cold prevails4 ,x is n t ! sun's rays d n fall !re ) z mu* heat+ p[] z at ! sea-level1 = exp]im5t %[s t !y fall ) ev5 great] p[]4 ,b !re is less air to be w>m$ & to reta9 ! heat4 ,! diff]5ce may be comp>$ 9 fact to t betwe5 a well-wat]$ c\ntry ne> ! sea & an arid des]t4 ,! sun's rays fall z fi]cely on "o z on ! o!r1 b because !re is no moi/ure 9 ! des]t to receive 7aft] ! fa%ion *>act]i/ic ( wat]7 ! sol> heat & reta9 x1 ! heat passes away s soon z ! sun has set1 & int5se cold prevails1 :ile ov] ! well-wat]$ region ! temp]ature is mu* m uni=m1 & w>m nights prevail4 ,s is x at ! summits ( l(ty m\nta9s4 ,! sun's rays are p\r$ on !m z hotly z else:]e1 b !re is little air to reta9 ! moi/ure1 s t ! heat passes away almo/ z quickly z x is receiv$1 & dur+ ! night z mu* fre% sn[ is =m$ z _h be5 melt$ dur+ ! day4 ,& s x w\ld c]ta9ly be ) ,m>s1 if1 o!r ?+s be+ ! same1 ! air 7 z r>e z x is at ! summits ( our l(tie/ m\nta9s4 ,if1 z seems probable1 ! air is /ill r>] ?an ?is1 ! cold w\ld be /ill m int5se4 ,x w\ld seem1 !n1 t ei!r "s important diff]5ce exi/s1 by :i* ! ,m>tian air is enabl$ to reta9 ! sun's heat ev5 m effectively ?an our air does 7= ! climate z indicat$ by ! limits ( ! pol> sn[s seems ! same1 ?\gh ! di/ance f ! sun is great]72 or else !re is "s mi/ake 9 ! supposition t ! same g5]al /ate ( ?+s prevails on ,m>s z on our own e>?4 ,i confess t ?\gh ,pr(essor ,tyndall has %[n cle>ly h[ ! atmosph]e ( a m di/ant planet might make up = ! defici5t supply ( sol> heat1 by m effectively reta9+ ! heat1 ,i "k ( no?+ 9 ei!r ! telescopic or ! spectroscopic evid5ce respect+ any ( ! planets :i* t5ds to %[1 or ev5 r5d]s x likely1 t any su* arrangem5t exi/s1--except+ always ! peculi>ity 9 ,m>s's case :i* we are n[ endeav\r+ to expla94 ,insomu* t %\ld any o!r explanation ( ! difficulty be sugge/$1 & appe> to h weight 9 its fav\r1 ,i appreh5d t ! m]e possibility ( an atmosph]ic arrangem5t1 su* z has be5 sugge/$1 %\ld n prev5t our admitt+ ?is o!r explanation4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t !re is su* an explanation4 ,x seems to me t !re are good reasons = reg>d+ ,m>s z a planet :i* has pass$ to a mu* lat] /age ( planet>y life ?an t ?r\gh :i* our e>? is n[ pass+1 & t 9 ?is circum/ance "s ( ! peculi>ities ( 8 appe>ance f9d _! explanation4 ,z a planet outside ! e>?1 ,m>s mu/ probably be reg>d$ z "o =m$ some:at be=e ! e>?4 ,z a mu* small] planet1 he w\ld be n only less heat$ :5 fir/ f\nd 7:atev] !ory ( planet>y =mation we adopt71 b w\ld also h p>t$ mu* m rapidly 7relatively7 ) 8 heat1 accord+ to ! same law :i* makes a small mass ( metal cool m quickly ?an a l>ge "o4 ,if he has a r>] atmosph]e he w\ld be a cold] planet on t acc\nt also4 ,be+ also remot] f ! sun1 he receives less heat f t orb1 & we ?us h a f\r? reason = reg>d+ ,m>s z a mu* cold] planet ?an our e>?1 bo? z to inh]5t heat & z to heat receiv$ f )\t4 ,x seems to me t we may 9 ?is consid]ation f9d ! real mean+ ( ! comp>atively limit$ ext5sion ( ! ,m>tian sn[s4 ,x has be5 well po9t$ out by ,pr(essor ,tyndall t = ! =mation ( great glacial masses1 n great cold only1 b great heat also is requir$4 ,! sn[s :i* fall on m\nta9 slopes1 to be compact$ into ice & aft]w>ds to =m great glaci]s1 7 rais$ into ! air by ! sun's heat4 ,e ice p>ticle repres5ts ! action ( t heat ^u ! p>ticles ( wat] at ! surface ( ocean1 sea1 or lake1 or ( wet soil4 ,if ! sun's heat sudd5ly di$ out1 !re w\ld prevail an int5se cold1 & ! sn[s & ice n[ exi/+ w\ld assur$ly rema94 ,! wat]s also ( ! e>? w\ld congeal4 ,b no new sn[s w\ld fall4 ,! congeal$ seas view$ f "s remote planet w\ld appe> un*ang$4 ,= !y w\ld n be cov]$ ) sn[ & brok5 ice1 nor !re=e :ite2 b w\ld consi/ ( pure ice ?r\gh\t1 reta9+ ! p>tial transp>5cy & gre5i% col\r ( deep-sea wat]4 ,no w9ds w\ld di/urb ! surface ( ! froz5 seas1 = w9ds h _! orig9 9 heat1 & ) ! dea? ( ! sol> heat ! w9ds w\ld utt]ly die out also4 ,if we are to *oose betwe5 ^! two explanations1--"o t ! sn[s & ice h n ! great range we %\ld expect1 because ! temp]ature is someh[ rais$ despite ,m>s's great] di/ance to ! same temp]ature :i* we exp]i5ce1 & ! o!r t x is n heat b cold :i* dim9i%es ! quantity ( ,m>tian sn[1 ,i conceive t !re is e reason ! case admits ( = accept+ ! latt] in/ead ( ! =m] explanation4 ,z extreme cold w\ld c]ta9ly prev5t glacial masses f be+ v l>ge & deep1 simply because ! /ores :5ce ! ice 0 ga!r$ w\ld be less1 ! sn[ caps ( a v cold planet w\ld v>y z readily ) v>y+ seasons z ^? ( a planet l our e>?4 ,= ?\gh less heat w\ld be p\r$ ^u !m ) ! return+ summ]1 less heat w\ld be requir$ to melt away _! outskirts4 ,i ?9k we may fairly reg>d ,m>s z 9 all probability a some:at old & decrepit planet4 ,he is n absolutely dead1 l our own moon1 :]e we see nei!r seas nor cl\ds1 nei!r sn[ nor ice1 no effects1 9 f9e1 ( ei!r heat or cold4 ,b ,i ?9k he has pass$ f> on ! road t[>ds planet>y dea?1--t is1 t[>ds t /age ( a planet's exi/5ce :5 at lea/ ! high] =ms ( life c no long] exi/ ^u ! planet's surface4 ,!re is "o peculi>ity ( ! planet's appe>ance :i* seems /rik+ly to accord ) ?is view t ,m>s holds a position int]m$iate betwe5 t ( our e>? & ! moon1--z inde$ we might fairly expect f 8 int]m$iate proportions4 ,! seas ( our e>? cov] ne>ly ?ree-qu>t]s ( h] entire globe4 ,! moon has no visible wat] on h] surface4 ,if we exam9e ! *>t ( ,m>s at page #afg1 we see t ! seas & oceans ( ! planet are mu* small] 7relatively z well z actually7 ?an are ! seas ( our own e>?4 ,i h c>efully e/imat$ _! relative ext5t 9 ! foll[+ simple b effective way4 ,i drew a *>t su* z ! above-m5tion$1 b on a projection ( my own inv5tion1 9 :i* equal surfaces on a globe are repres5t$ by equal surfaces on ! planisph]e4 ,!n ,i cut out ) a pair ( scissors ! p>ts repres5t+ l& & ! p>ts repres5t+ wat] 7leav+ ! pol> p>ts z d\btful71 & c>efully weigh$ ^! 9 a delicate balance4 ,i f\nd t !y 7 almo/ exactly equal3 :atev] prepond]ance !re 0 seem$ to be 9 fav\r ( ! l&4 ,?us1 if we assume t1 :5 9 ! same /age ( planet>y exi/5ce1 ,m>s _h z great a relative ext5t ( wat] surface z our e>?1 or t ab\t #gb_/ajj ( ! surface ( ,m>s 7 orig9ally wat]1 we %\ld h to admit t ! wat] _h s f> be5 )drawn into ! planet's int]ior z to dim9i% ! wat]-surface by #bb_/ajj 7= !re are n[ b>ely #ej_/ajj74 ,at a v fair assumption z to ! slopes ( ! ,m>tian sea-bottoms1 x w\ld foll[ t m ?an half ! ,m>tian wat] orig9ally exi/+ above ! surface _h be5 )drawn into ! int]ior1 z ! planet's mass gradually cool$4 ,i am aw>e ! assumption above m5tion$ is 9 itself some:at d>+1 & is n support$ by direct evid5ce4 ,b1 s9ce we h v /rong reasons = consid]+ t ! moon once _h seas1 :i* h be5 )drawn 9 ! way sugge/$1 & s9ce ,m>s unque/ionably holds a position midway betwe5 ! e>? & moon z to size & presumably z to age1#ac x seems n unreasonable to f9d 9 ! "* ( h] seas1--less ext5d$ relatively ?an ! e>?'s1 b1 unlike ! moon's1 /ill exi/+1--! evid5ce t %e has gone p>tially ?r\gh ! process ?r\gh :i* ! moon has long s9ce pass$ completely4 ,i ?9k x v likely t ! rec5t discov]y ( two ,m>tian satellites w lead _m to look ) m disfav\r ?an ev] on ! idea t ,m>s may n at pres5t be ! abode ( life4 ,= moons seem s manife/ly conv5i5t additions to a planet's surr\nd+s1 z light-giv]s1 "t-measur]s1 & tide-rul]s1 t _m w reg>d ! m]e fact t ^! conv5i5ces exi/ z pro( positive t !y are at ?is pres5t "t subs]v+ ! purposes :i* !y are capable ( subs]v+4 ,i w\ld po9t out1 h[ev]1 t our own moon mu/ h exi/$ = ages be=e any liv+ creatures1 f> less any reason+ be+s1 c\ld pr(it by h] light1 or by ! regul>ity ( h] motions1 or by h] action 9 sway+ ! wat]s ( ocean4 ,& d\btless %e w cont9ue to exi/ = ages aft] all life %all h pass$ away f ! e>?4 ,aga91 !re c be no "q t our e>? w\ld pres5t a mo/ attractive sc5e if %e 7 view$ f ! moon1 & w\ld be a mo/ useful ornam5t ( ! lun> skies4 ,yet we h e reason to believe t !re is n a liv+ creature on ! moon at pres5t to pr(it by h] light4 ,! case may well be ! same 7ap>t f ! actual evid5ce t x is ! same7 ) ,m>s4 ,8 satellites may long s9ce h s]v$ mo/ useful purposes to 8 inhabitants2 b x by no means foll[s t because if !re 7 inhabitants on ,m>s n[ ! same purposes w\ld /ill be subs]v$1 !re=e !re are inhabitants !re4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 )\t consid]+ ! "q :e!r ! satellites ( ,m>s s]ve su* special purposes = creatures liv+ on ! planet1 consid] briefly ! hi/ory ( _! discov]y1 _! nature1 & ! laws ( _! motion ar\nd ! planet4 ,a/ronom]s _h long exam9$ ! neighb\rhood ( ,m>s ) v p[]ful telescopes1 9 ! hope ( discov]+ ,m>tian moons4 ,b ! hope _h s ?or\ghly be5 ab&on$ = _m ye>s t ! planet _h come to be kn[n z moonless ,m>s4 ,! con/ruction1 h[ev]1 ( ! f9e telescope :i* has be5 m\nt$ at ,wa%+ton1 ) an object-glass tw5ty-six in*es 9 diamet]1 caus$ at lea/ ,am]ican a/ronom]s to hope t aft] all a ,m>tian moon or two might be discov]$4 ,tak+ advantage ( ! exceptionally fav\rable opportunity pres5t$ dur+ ! planet's close approa* to our e>? 9 ! autumn ( #ahgg1 ,pr(4 ,asaph ,hall1 ( ! ,wa%+ton ,obs]vatory1 paid special att5tion to ! se>* = ,m>tian moons4 ,at la/1 on ,augu/ #af1 #ahgg1 he detect$ close by ! planet a fa9t po9t ( light1 :i* he 0 unable to exam9e fur!r at ! "t 7to see if x behav$ z a satellite1 or z "o ( ! fix$ />s74 ,b on ! #ah? he saw x aga91 & det]m9$ its nature4 ,he also saw ano!r /ill fa9t] po9t ( light clos] to ! planet2 & subsequ5t obs]vations %ew$ t ?is object also 0 a satellite4 ,dur+ ! next few weeks bo? ! moons 7 obs]v$ z closely z possible1 9 fact1 :5ev] wea!r p]mitt$1 & ! result is t we n[ "k ! true nature ( _! pa?s4 ,9 fig4 #bc ^! pa?s are %[n z !y appe>$ 9 #ahgg4 ,( c\rse ! pa?s !mselves are n se52 b if ! satellites left beh9d !m a f9e tra9 or wake ( light1 ! %ape ( ?is tra9 w\ld be z %[n 9 fig4 #bc4 ,! satellites !mselves c\ld n be %[n at all 9 a picture on s small a scale--! diamet] ( ei!r w\ld c]ta9ly be less ?an ! cross-bread? ( ! f9e elliptical l9e repres5t+ its track4 ,! size ( ! planet is correctly indicat$1 & ! true pose ( ! planet 9 #ahgg is %[n 9 ! figure1 8 s\!rn pole be+ some:at b[$ t[>ds ! e>?4 ,?is is ! upp]mo/ pole2 = ! figure repres5ts ! planet & 8 satellites' orbits z !y w\ld appe> 9 an a/ronomical telescope1 :i* inv]ts objects4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4--,m>s & ! pa?s ( ! ,m>tian satellites z at pres5t situat$4 ,! out] satellite is probably n m ?an t5 miles or s 9 diamet]1 ! inn] "o1 p]haps1 ! same2 b nei!r c be measur$4 ,9 ! mo/ p[]ful telescopes !y appe> z m]e po9ts ( light4 ,nor is x easy to det]m9e1 f _! lu/re1 or r f _! fa9tness1 _! true dim5sions2 = we _c comp>e !m directly 9 ?is respect ) objects ( kn[n size1 because _! visibility is p>tly affect$ by ! proximity ( ! planet1 ^: ov]p[]+ light dims _! feeble rays4 ,?is rem>k applies ) special =ce to ! inn] satellite4 ,! di/ance ( ! out] satellite f ,m>s's c5tre is ab\t #ad1cjj miles1 f ,m>s's surface ab\t #ab1jjj miles4 ,! inn] travels at a di/ance ( ab\t #e1gej miles f ! c5tre1 & ab\t #c1dej miles f ! surface ( ,m>s4 ,! motions ( ! satellites z se5 f ,m>s mu/ be v diff]5t f ^? ( our own moon4 ,?us1 our moon moves s sl[ly among ! />s t %e requires ne>ly an h\r to trav]se a di/ance equal to h] own app>5t diamet]4 ,! out] moon ( ,m>s trav]ses a simil> di/ance--t is1 n h] own app>5t diamet]1 b an arc on ! /ell> heav5s equal to our moon's app>5t diamet]--9 ab\t two & a half m9utes1 :ile ! inn] moon moves s rapidly z to trav]se ! same di/ance 9 ab\t =ty seconds4 ,to bo? moons1 !re=e1 b to ! inn] 9 p>ticul>1 ,job's description ( our moon z walk+ 9 brightness w\ld seem s+ul>ly applicable1 s f> at lea/ z ! rapidity ( _! motions is conc]n$4 ,_! brightness1 h[ev]1 _c be comp>able to our moon's4 ,= not)/&+ _! mu* great] proximity1 x is easily %[n t !y mu/ pres5t mu* small] discs1 & be+ illum9at$ by a m di/ant sun1 _! discs _c %9e s brightly z our moon's4 ,t is1 n only are ! discs small]1 b _! intr9sic brightness is less4 ,assum+ ! out] moon to be t5 miles1 ! inn] fifte5 miles 9 diamet]1 x is easily %[n t ! two toge!r1 if full at ! same "t1 c h>dly give "o-twelf? z mu* light to ,m>tians z our moon gives to u4 ,yet !re c be no d\bt t ! ,m>tian moons mu/ be 7or h be57 mo/ useful additions to ! ,m>tian skies4 ,!y d n give a useful measure ( "t int]m$iate 9 l5g? betwe5 ! day & ! ye>1 z our moon does2 = ! out] travels r\nd ! planet 9 ab\t ?irty & a qu>t] h\rs1 ! inn] 9 ab\t sev5 & a half h\rs4 ,nor c !y ex]t an influ5ce ^u ! ,m>tian seas correspond+ to t ex]t$ by our own moon 9 g5]at+ ! lun> tidal wave4 ,b _! motions mu/ s]ve usefully to indicate ! progress ( "t1 bo? by night & by day1 = !y mu/ be visible by day unless v close to ! sun4 ,!y mu/ be ev5 m useful ?an our moon 9 indicat+ ! longitude ( %ips at sea1 see+ t ! accuracy ) :i* a moon indicates longitude is directly proportional to h] velocity ( motion among ! />s4 ,i h said t !re does n seem to be any valid reason = consid]+ t n[ is ! accept$ "t ) ^! moons2 _! s]vices may h be5 ( imm5se value 9 long pa/ ages1 & n[ be valueless = want ( any creatures to be b5efit$ by !m4 ,b ^? :o n only believe t no object 9 nature 0 made )\t "s special purpose1 b t we are able to assign to ea* object its orig9al purpose1 %\ld be well satisfi$ if !y f9d reason = believ+ t1 dur+ millions ( ye>s long1 long ago1 ! moons lately discov]$ by our a/ronom]s 7 measur+ "t = pa/ races ( ,m>tians1 sway+ tides 9 wid] seas ?an ^? :i* n[ lave ! %ores ( ,m>tian cont95ts1 & enabl+ ,m>tian travell]s to guide _! c\rse ov] ! trackless ocean & arid des]t ) f> great] safety ?an c our voyag]s by sea & l& despite all ! advances ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,,footnotes3 #aa ,br[n is n ! "r ^w = ! t9t ( r$ :]e ! visible spectrum beg9s4 ,i "k1 h[ev]1 ( no ^w prop]ly express+ ! col\r4 #ab ,suppose !re are two planets ,a & ,b ( equal d5sity1 ( :i* ,a has a diamet] twice z great z t ( ,b4 ,!n ! volume ( ,a is eight times great] ?an ,b's volume4 ,s t if ! volume ( its atmosph]e exce$ ! volume ( ,b's air 9 ! same degree1 ! planet ,a has eight times z mu* air z ! planet ,b4 ,b ! surface ( ,a is only f\r times z great z ! surface ( ,b2 s t if ,a _h only f\r times z mu* air z ,b1 !re w\ld be ! same quantity ( air above ea* squ>e mile ( ,a's surface z above ea* ( ,b's surface4 ,s9ce !n ,a has eight times--n m]ely f\r times--z mu* air z ,b1 x foll[s t ,a has twice z mu* air ov] ea* squ>e mile ( surface z ,b has4 ,& simil>ly 9 all su* cases1 ! g5]al law be+ t ! l>g] planet has m air ov] ea* squ>e mile ( surface 9 ! same degree t its diamet] exce$s t ( ! o!r4 #ac ,by age "h ,i d n mean absolute age1 b relative age4 ,i speak ( ,m>s & ! ,moon z old] ?an ! e>? 9 ! same s5se t ,i %\ld speak ( a fly 9 autumn z old] ?an a five-ye>-old rav54 ,illu/ration ,x4 ,,! ,,planet ,,jupit]4 ,two or ?ree ye>s ago ,i _h occasion to consid] 9 ! ,day ( ,re/ ! giant planet ,jupit]1 ! l>ge/ & mo/ massive ( all ! bodies circl+ ar\nd ! sun4 ,i !n pres5t$ a new !ory respect+ ,jupit]'s condition1 to :i* ,i _h be5 l$ 9 #ahfi1 :5 ,i 0 visit+ o!r worlds ?an ours4 ,s9ce !n1 9 fact )9 ! la/ few mon?s1 obs]vations h be5 made :i* place ! new !ory on a some:at firm basis2 & ,i propose n[ briefly to reconsid] ! subject 9 ! light ( ^! late/ obs]vations4 ,9 ! fir/ place ,i w\ld call ! read]'s att5tion to ! way 9 :i* mod]n sci5ce has alt]$ our ideas respect+ "t z well z space1 ?\gh ! *ange has only be5 notic$ specially z x affects space4 ,9 =m] ages m5 reg>d$ ! region ( space ov] :i* !y 9 "s s5se _h rule z v ext5sive inde$4 ,?is e>? 0 ! mo/ important body 9 ! univ]se1 all o!rs be+ n only made = ! s]vice ( ! e>?1 b be+ 9 all respects1 9 size1 9 range1 & s =?1 altoge!r subord9ate to x4 ,/ep by /ep m5 pass$ f ?is to an entirely diff]5t conception ( our e>?'s position 9 space4 ,%[n fir/ to be a globe )9 ! doma9 ( ! heav5ly bodies1 !n to be a globe subord9ate to ! sun1 !n to be a memb] ( "o family among ?\s&s ea* ) its rul+ sun1 !n to belong to a galaxy ( suns :i* is b "o among myriads ( millions ( su* galaxies1 & la/ly %[n to ! eye ( reason1 ?\gh n to direct obs]vation1 z belong+ to a galaxy ( galaxies itself b "o among millions ( ! same ord]1 :i* 9 turn belong to high] & high] ord]s endlessly1 ! e>? has come to be reg>d$1 despite its importance to ourselves1 z b a po9t 9 space4 ,! m9ute/ p>ticle by :i* a ma!matician might attempt to picture ! conception ( a ma!matical po9t1 comp>+ t p>ticle ) any ne> object h[ev] l>ge1 a h\se1 a m\nta91 ! e>? itself1 w\ld be b ! grosse/ repres5tation ( a po9t1 by comp>ison ) ! massive e>?1 :5 %e is consid]$ ) ref]5ce to ! univ]se ( ! fix$ />s or r to t portion ( ! univ]se1 itself b a po9t 9 space1 ov] :i* ! survey ( ! a/ronom] ext5ds4 ,all ?is has be5 admitt$4 ,m5 h fully le>n$ to recognise1 ?\gh !y are q unable to conceive1 ! utt] m9ut5ess1 "o may say ! evanesc5ce1 ( _! abode 9 space4 ,b along ) ! ext5sion ( our ideas respect+ space1 a correspond+ ext5sion has be5 made1 or %\ld h be5 made1 9 our conceptions respect+ "t4 ,we h le>n$ to recognise ! "t dur+ :i* our e>? has be5 & w be a fit abode = liv+ creatures z exce$+ly %ort comp>$ ) ! "t dur+ :i* %e 0 be+ fa%ion$ into fitness = t purpose1 & ) ! ons ( ons to foll[1 aft] life has disappe>$ f h] surface4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is b "o /ep t[>ds ! et]nities to :i* mod]n sci5ce po9ts4 ,! e>? is b "o ( _m bodies ( a sy/em2 & ?\gh x has be5 ! cu/om to reg>d ! bir? ( t sy/em z if x _h be5 effect$1 if "o may s speak1 9 a s+le cont9u\s ef=t 7la/+ millions ( millions ( ye>s1 mayhap1 b br++ all ! planets & _! c5tral sun simultane\sly into fitness = _! purpose71 !re is no reason :atev] = suppos+ ?is to h be5 really ! case1 :ile !re are _m reasons = reg>d+ x z utt]ly unlikely4 ,x seems z ?\gh m5 c\ld n dive/ !mselves ( ! idea t our e>?'s hi/ory is ! hi/ory ( ! sol> sy/em & ( ! univ]se4 ,precisely z *ildr5 c h>dly be br\ght to und]/&1 = a long "t1 :at hi/ory really means1 h[ g5]ation aft] g5]ation ( _! own race has pass$ away1 & h[ _! own race has succe$$ c\ntless o!rs1 s sci5ce1 /ill "y1 seems sc>cely to appreciate ! real mean+ ( its own discov]ies4 ,x foll[s directly f ^! t _w aft] _w l our e>?1 9 ?is our own sy/em or among ! millions peopl+ space1 has _h its day1 & t ! sy/ems !mselves1 on :i* su* worlds att5d1 are b ! exi/5t repres5tatives ( _! ord]1 & succe$ c\ntless o!r sy/ems :i* h long s9ce s]v$ _! purpose4 ,yet1 /rangely en\gh1 /ud5ts ( sci5ce cont9ue = ! mo/ "p to speak ( o!r worlds1 & o!r suns1 & o!r sy/ems1 z ?\gh ?is pres5t era1 ?is bank & %oal ( "t1 7 ! sole p]iod to :i* to ref] 9 consid]+ ! condition ( ^? worlds & suns & sy/ems4 ,x does n seem to occur to !m t1--n possibly or probably1 b mo/ c]ta9ly1--myriads among ! cele/ial bodies mu/ be pass+ ?r\gh /ages prec$+ ^? :i* are compatible ) ! exi/5ce or support ( life1 :ile myriads ( o!rs mu/ long s9ce h pass$ t /age4 ,& ?us ideas appe> /range & fanciful to !m :i*1 rightly appreh5d$1 are alone 9 /rict accordance ) analogy4 ,to consid] ,jupit] or ,saturn z 9 ! extreme y\? ( planet>y exi/5ce1 /ill gl[+ ) su* heat z p]vad$ ! :ole frame ( our e>? be=e %e became a habitable _w1 /ill envelop$ 9 cl\d masses conta9+ )9 !m ! v oceans ( ^? future worlds1 all ?is is reg>d$ z fanciful & s5sational4 ,yet ^? :o s reg>d su* !ories d n hesitate to admit t e planet mu/ once 9 its life pass ?r\gh ! fi]y /age ( planet>y exi/5ce1 nor are !y prep>$ to %[ any reason :y ! /age mu/ be reg>d$ z pa/ 9 ! case ( e planet or ev5 ( mo/ ( ! planets4 ,see+ t1 on ! o!r h&1 !re are abundant reasons = believ+ t planets diff] v widely z reg>ds ! duration ( ! v>i\s /ages ( _! life1 & t our e>? is by no means "o ( ! longe/ liv$1 we may v fairly expect to f9d among ! planets "s :i* are v mu* y\ng] ?an our e>?1--n y\ng]1 x w be und]/ood1 9 ye>s1 b y\ng] 9 ! s5se ( be+ less advanc$ 9 developm5t4 ,:5 we fur!r f9d t all ! evid5ce accords ) ?is view1 we may reg>d x z ! "o to :i* true sci5ce po9ts4 ,all t we "k ab\t ! processes ?r\gh :i* our e>? has pass$ sugge/s ! probability1 ,i w ev5 say ! c]ta9ty1 t planets s mu* l>g] ?an %e is z are ,jupit] & ,saturn mu/ require mu* long] p]iods = e "o ( ^? processes4 ,a va/ mass l ,jupit] w\ld n cool d[n f ! temp]ature :i* our e>? possess$ :5 h] surface 0 molt5 to t :i* %e at pres5t possesses 9 ! same "t z ! e>?1 b 9 a p]iod _m times long]4 ,suppos+ ,bis*(f to be "r 9 assign+ #cdj1jjj1jjj ye>s to t era ( our e>?'s pa/1 ,i h calculat$ t ,jupit] w\ld require ab\t sev5 times & ,saturn ne>ly five times z long1 or ab\t #b1chj1jjj1jjj & #a1ejj1jjj1jjj ye>s respectively1 & by ^! respective p]iods w\ld !y be beh9d ! e>? z respects ?is /age ( developm5t4 ,suppose1 h[ev]1 on ! o!r h&1 t ,bis*(f has greatly ov]rat$ ! l5g? ( t era--& ,i mu/ confess t exp]im5ts on ! cool+ ( small masses ( rock1 su* z he dealt )1 seem to af=d v unsatisfactory evid5ce respect+ ! cool+ ( a great globe l our e>?4 ,say t in/ead ( #cdj1jjj1jjj ye>s we mu/ assign b a t5? "p ( t "t to ! era 9 "q4 ,ev5 !n we f9d = ! correspond+ era ( ,jupit]'s exi/5ce ab\t #bch1jjj1jjj ye>s1 & = t ( ,saturn's #aej1jjj1jjj ye>s1 or 9 "o case m ?an #bjj1jjj1jjj ye>s long]1 9 ! o!r m ?an #aaj1jjj1jjj ye>s long] ?an 9 our e>?'s case4 ,?is relates to b "o era only ( our e>?'s pa/4 ,t era 0 prec$$ by o!rs :i* are usually consid]$ to h la/$ mu* long]4 ,! e>?1 accord+ to ! nebul> !ory ( ,laplace1 0 once a mighty r+ surr\nd+ ! sun1 & _h to contract into globe =m1 a process requir+ _m millions ( ye>s4 ,:5 fir/ =m$ into a globe %e 0 vapor\s1 & _h to contract--=m+ ! moon 9 s do+--until %e became a mass1 fir/ ( liquid1 !n ( pla/ic half solid matt]1 gl[+ ) fire & cov]$ ) tracts ( flu5t heat4 ,"h 0 ano!r /age ( h] pa/ exi/5ce1 requir+ probably _m hundr$s ( millions ( ye>s4 ,jupit] & ,saturn _h to pass ?r\gh simil> /ages ( developm5t1 & requir$ _m times z _m ye>s = ea* ( !m4 ,is x !n reasonable to suppose t !y h arriv$ at ! same /age ( developm5t z our e>?1 or inde$ z ea* o!r4 ,suppos+ = a mom5t t we 7 fully assur$ t ,jupit] & ,saturn _h sep>ate exi/5ce1 hundr$s ( millions ( ye>s be=e our e>? _h be5 sep>at$ f ! great gl[+ mass ( vap\r =m]ly con/itut+ ! sol> sy/em1 & t hav+ ?is enorm\s />t1 s to speak1 !y ne$ n necess>ily be reg>d$ z n[ v greatly 9 arre> z respects developm5t1 or might ev5 be 9 advance ( ! e>?1 x is altoge!r improbable t ei!r ( !m1 & f> m improbable t bo? ( !m1 are pass+ ?r\gh precisely ! same /age ( developm5t4 ,if we knew only ( two %ips1 t "o _h to travel f ,new ,york to ,london1 & ano!r f ,canton to ,liv]pool1 "s "t dur+ ! ye>1 & t ! "o :i* _h to make ! long] j\rney 0 likely to />t sev]al weeks be=e ! o!r1 w\ld x n be r unsafe to conclude1 :5 ! =m] _h ent]$ ! m\? ( ! ,?ames1 t 9 all probability ! o!r 0 sail+ up ! ,m]sey8 ,yet some?+ l ?is1 or 9 reality mu* wild] ?an ?is1 is ! reason+ :i* p]mits ! /ud5t ( sci5ce to believe1 indep5d5tly ( ! evid5ce1 or altoge!r aga9/ all evid5ce1 t ,jupit] & ,saturn are necess>ily pass+ ?r\gh ! v /age ( planet>y exi/5ce ?r\gh :i* ! "o planet we "k mu* ab\t is pass+4 ,x seems to me t ! /ud5t ( sci5ce %\ld be prep>$ to wid5 8 conceptions ( "t ev5 z he has be5 compell$ to wid5 8 conceptions ( space4 ,z he kn[s t ! planets are n1 z 0 once suppos$1 m]e att5dants ^u our e>? & belong+ to h] special doma9 9 space1 s %\ld he und]/& t nei!r d ! o!r planets app]ta9 ( necessity to ! doma9 ( "t 9 :i* our e>?'s exi/5ce has be5 ca/1 or only d s 9 ! same s5se t l h] !y occupy a c]ta9 doma9 9 space1 n h] doma91 b ! sun's4 ,_! hi/ory 9 "t1 l h]s1 d\btless belongs to ! hi/ory ( ! sol> sy/em1 b ! duration ( t sy/em enorm\sly surpasses ! duration ( ! e>? z a planet1 & immeasurably surpasses ! duration ( t p>ticul> /age ( life ?r\gh :i* %e is n[ pass+4 ,prep>$ ?us to view ! o!r planets indep5d5tly ( preconceiv$ ideas z to _! resemblance to our own e>?1 we %all n f9d mu* occasion to hesitate1 ,i ?9k1 9 accept+ ! conclusion t ,jupit] is a v mu* y\ng] planet4 ,we h se5 already t ! enorm\s mass ( ,jupit]1 surpass+ t ( our e>? #cdj times1 is sugge/ive ( ! enorm\s duration ( e /age ( 8 exi/5ce1 & !re=e ( 8 pres5t extreme y\?4 ,8 bulk yet m enorm\sly exce$s t ( our e>?1 z1 accord+ to ! be/ measurem5ts1 no less ?an #abcj globes1 z l>ge z our e>?1 might be =m$ out ( ! mighty volume ( ! pr9ce ( planets4 ,9 ?is sup]iority ( bulk1 ne>ly f\r times great] ?an 8 va/ sup]iority ( mass1 we f9d ! fir/ direct evid5ce f obs]vation 9 fav\r ( ! !ory t ,jupit] is /ill int5sely hot4 ,h[ c a mass s va/1 possess+ an attractive p[] 9 its own sub/ance s great t1 "u simil> conditions1 x %\ld be compress$ to a f> great] degree ?an our e>?1 & be1 !re=e1 consid]ably m d5se1 come to be consid]ably r>]8 ,we no long] believe t !re is any great div]sity ( mat]ial ?r\gh\t ! sol> sy/em4 ,we _c suppose1 z ,:ewell once invit$ u to d1 t ,jupit] consi/s :olly or almo/ :olly ( wat]4 ,nor c we imag9e t any mat]ial mu* light] ?an ord9>y rocks con/itutes ! *ief portion ( 8 bulk4 ,we are1 to all int5ts & purposes1 =c$ to believe t ! contractive effect due to 8 mighty attractive en]gy is c\nt]act$ by "s o!r =ce4 ,nor c we hesitate1 s9ce ?is is admitt$1 to look = ! resi/+ =ce 9 ! expansive effects due to heat4 ,we "k t 9 ! case ( ! sun1 :]e a mu* mighti] contractive p[] is at "w1 a mu* m int5se heat s resi/s x t ! sun has a mean d5sity no great] ?an ,jupit]'s4 ,we h e reason1 !n1 :i* bulk & mass c supply1 to believe t ,jupit] is f> hott] ?an ! e>?--t 9 fact1 z ! sun1 exce$+ ,jupit] m ?an #ajjj times 9 volume1 is _m times hott] ?an he is1 s ,jupit]1 exce$+ our e>? #abjj times 9 volume1 is v mu* hott] ?an ! e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4--,! ,planet ,jupit]4 ,b :5 we consid] ! aspect ( ,jupit] we f9d t simil> reason+ applies to 8 atmosph]e4 ,! telescope %[s ,jupit] z an orb cont9ually v>y+ 9 aspect1 s z to assure u t we d n see 8 real surface4 ,! v>iable envelope we d see pres5ts1 fur!r1 all ! appe>ance ( be+ lad5 ) enorm\sly deep cl\ds4 ,! figure 7#bd7 %[s ! planet z se5 by ,h]r ,lohse on ,febru>y #e1 #ahgb1 & s]ves to illu/rate ! r\nd$ cl\ds (t5 se5 9 ,jupit]'s equatorial zone1 z ?\gh float+ 9 ! deep atmosph]e !re4 ,al?\gh r\nd$ cl\ds su* z ^! are n con/antly pres5t1 !y are v (t5 se52 _! appe>ance1 ev5 on a few occasions only1 w\ld suffice = ! argum5t ,i n[ propose to draw f !m4 ,x is impossible to reg>d !m z flat r\nd cl\ds4 ,manife/ly !y are globul>4 ,n[ !y may n be q z deep z !y are long1 or ev5 broad1 b suppos+ !m only half z deep z !y are broad1 t w\ld correspond to mu* m ?an a ?ird ( ! diamet] ( our e>?1 %[n 9 ! same picture4 ,! atmosph]e 9 :i* !y float w\ld necess>ily be deep] /ill1 b t dep? alone w\ld be ab\t #c1jjj miles4 ,n[ an atmosph]e #c1jjj miles deep "u ! trem5d\s attraction ( ,jupit]'s mass w\ld be compress$ ne> its base to a d5sity _m times exce$+ t ( ! d5se/ solids if 7:i* ( c\rse is impossible7 x c\ld rema9 9 ! gase\s =m ) su* d5sity4 ,! fact1 !n1 t an atmosph]e1 c]ta9ly gase\s1 exi/s ar\nd ,jupit] to ?is enorm\s dep? at lea/1 proves to demon/ration t !re mu/ be "s p[] resi/+ its attractive en]gy2 & aga91 we h little *oice b to admit t t p[] is no o!r ?an ! planet's int5se heat4 ,z we ext5d our scrut9y into ! evid5ce f direct obs]vation1 we f9d /ill o!r pro(s indep5d5t ( ^? j consid]$4 ,"o pro( alone1 be x rememb]$1 is all t is requir$1 b x w be f\nd t !re are _m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h f\nd reasons = believ+ t ! planet ,jupit] is exp&$ by heat 9 su* sort t ! contractive or cond5s+ p[] ( 8 own mighty attractive en]gy is ov]come4 ,we "k c]ta9ly t1 reg>d+ ! planet we see z a :ole1 its globe is ( v small d5sity4 ,we h e reason to believe t x is made ( ! same mat]ials1 speak+ g5]ally1 z our e>?4 ,we "k t its mass z a :ole possesses _m times ! gravitat+ p[] ( our e>?'s mass4 ,x is highly probable1 !re=e1 t ! condition ( its sub/ance is v diff]5t f t ( our e>?'s sub/ance4 ,& z we "k ( no cause save heat :i* c\ld keep ! planet 9 ?is /ate1 x is altoge!r probable t ! planet is extremely hot4 ,! argum5t1 be x notic$1 is indep5d5t ( t bas$ on ! probability t ,jupit]1 ow+ to 8 enorm\s mass1 has n cool$ ne>ly s mu* z our e>? has4 ,we !n notic$ ano!r v p[]ful argum5t1 simil> 9 k9d1 b also q indep5d5t1 d]iv$ f ! aspect ( ! planet4 ,jupit]'s appe>ance indicates cle>ly t he has a deep cl\d-lad5 atmosph]e1 & we "k t su* an atmosph]e1 if ( ! same temp]ature z our e>?'s1 w\ld be compress$ enorm\sly1 :]eas ! obs]v$ mobility ( ,jupit]'s cl\d-envelope1 & o!r circum/ances1 indicate t ?is enorm\s compression does n exi/4 ,we inf]1 !n1 t "s cause is at "w exp&+ ! atmosph]e2 & we "k ( no o!r cause b heat :i* c\ld d s effectively4 ,b n[ let u consid] c]ta9 details :i* ! telescope has br\ght to our k4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a numb] ( circum/ances indicate a trem5d\s activity 9 t deep cl\d-lad5 air4 ,! cl\d-belts sometimes *ange rem>kably 9 appe>ance & %ape 9 a v %ort "t4 ,mr4 ,webb1 9 8 excell5t little treatise1 ,cele/ial ,objects = ,common ,telescopes1 gives in/ances f ! obs]vations ( ,s\?1 :i* ,i "h translate into non-te*nical t]ms3--,on ,june #c1 #ahci1 at ab\t n9e 9 ! ev5+1 ,s\? saw ) 8 l>ge telescope1 j bel[ ! pr9cipal belt ( ,jupit]1 a spot ( enorm\s size4 ,x 0 d>k1 & !re=e probably repres5t$ an op5+ 9 a great cl\d-lay] by :i* a l[] or inn] lay] 0 br\ght into view4 7,= ?\gh ! planet's real globe may be s int5sely hot z to emit a great deal ( light1 x is probable t mo/ ( ! light s emitt$ is conceal$ by ! enwrapp+ cl\d masses1 & t ! great] "p ( ! light we receive f ! planet is reflect$ sunlight2 s t ! inn] cl\d-lay]s w\ld be ! d>k]47 ,s\? e/imat$ ?is spot z ab\t #bj1jjj miles 9 diamet]4 ,i %[$ x1 he says1 to "s g5tlem5 :o 7 pres5t2 its enorm\s ext5t 0 su* t on my wi%+ to h a portrait ( x1 "o ( ! g5tlem51 :o 0 a good draughtsman1 k9dly und]took to draw me "o2 :il/ ,i1 on ! o!r h&1 extremely desir\s t its actual magnitude %\ld n re/ on e/imation1 propos$1 on acc\nt ( ! sc&al\s un/ead9ess ( ! l>ge in/rum5t1 to measure x ) my five-feet telescope4 ,hav+ obta9$ = my companion ! necess>y draw+ in/rum5ts1 ,i w5t to "w1 he prep>+ himself to comm5ce 84 ,b on look+ into ! telescope1 ,s\? 0 a/oni%$ to f9d t ! l>ge d>k spot1 except at its ea/]n & we/]n edges1 _h become mu* :it] ?an any ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! planet2 & ?irty-f\r m9utes aft] ^! obs]vations _h comm5c$1 ^! qu]y ?ree8 mis]able scraps 7 ! only rema9s ( a spot :i* b a few m9utes be=e _h ext5d$ ov] at lea/ #bj1jjj miles1--or two & a half times ! diamet] ( ! e>?4 ,! cl\d envelope1 !n1 ( ,jupit] is c]ta9ly n 9 a /ate ( quiesc5ce4 ,( c\rse we ne$ n suppose t w9ds _h c>ri$ cl\d masses a?w>t ! trem5d\s op5+ se5 by ,s\?4 ,t w\ld imply a motion ( #aj1jjj miles 9 ! half-h\r or s ( obs]vation1--suppos+ contr>y w9ds to h ru%$ t[>ds ! c5tre1--or d\ble t velocity if ! entire bread? ( ! spot _h be5 trav]s$ 9 t "t4 ,a velocity ( #bj1jjj miles1 & /ill m ( #dj1jjj miles p] h\r1 may fairly be reg>d$ z incr$ible4 ,x w\ld exce$ m ?an a hundr$-fold 7tak+ ! lea/ numb]7 ! velocity ( our mo/ trem5d\s hurricanes4 ,& al?\gh ! sol> hurricanes w\ld seem to h a velocity1 at times1 ( #cjj1jjj or #djj1jjj miles p] h\r1 we h no reason = suppos+ t w9ds ( t5s ( ?\s&s ( miles p] h\r c\ld be rais$ 9 ! atmosph]e ( ,jupit]4 ,z ,i h said1 h[ev]1 x is n necess>y to suppose ?is4 ,we may conceive t cl\ds _h =m$ v rapidly at ! high] elevation :]e be=e !y _h be5 want+4 ,cl\ds may =m z readily & quickly ov] an area a ?\s& miles across z ov] an area two or ?ree miles across4 ,inde$ ,webb1 ref]r+ to su* *anges z ,s\? witness$1 says t ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el once obs]v$ a cl\d-bank 9 our own air1 :i* =m$ s rapidly t x cross$ ! sky at ! rate ( #cjj miles an h\r1 n mov+1 ( c\rse1 at t rate1 b be+ =m$ along diff]5t p>ts ( its app>5t progress almo/ simultane\sly1 s z to appe> to travel ) ?is enorm\s velocity4 ,b n[ ,i wi% ! read] specially to notice h[ ?is obs]vation ( ,s\?'s may s]ve to expla9 ano!r1 equally rem>kable & at fir/ sight f> m p]plex+2 & h[1 :5 ! two obs]vations are br\ght toge!r1 a v s+ul> piece ( in=mation is obta9$ respect+ ,jupit]'s cl\d-envelope4 ,let a b1 fig4 #be1 repres5t ! great d>k space se5 by ,s\?1 j bel[ ! pr9cipal belt1 & let u suppose ! planet turn$ r\nd until ?is d>k space1 or r ?is op5+ 9 ! planet's out] cl\d-envelope1 is br\ght to ! edge z at a c d1 fig4 #bf4 ,!n ?is op5+ w\ld really cause a depression 9 ! planet's outl9e at d c1 ! %ad$ "p be+ depress$4 ,! depression might n be obs]vable 9 any ord9>y telescope4 ,= at ! edge ( ,jupit] ! features ( ! belt are g5]ally lo/1 & ! outl9e is at all times smoo!d 9 appe>ance by t peculi>ity ( vision :i* makes all bright objects se5 on a d>k backgr\nd appe> some:at l>g] ?an !y actually are4 7,?is is really due to a fr++1 z x 71 ( ! image on ! ret9a ( ! eye47 ,b ?\gh ! depression might n be recognisable1 x w\ld exi/1 &1 z we %all pres5tly see1 x might be detect$ 9 ano!r way ?an by be+ actually se54 ,:5 ! cl\ds =m$ :i* conceal$ ! spot1--we d n "k h[ quickly1 b c]ta9ly 9 less ?an ?irty-f\r m9utes1--! depression1 _h ! spot be5 at ! edge1 w\ld h be5 remov$4 ,?is *ange1 h[ev]1 l ! exi/5ce ( ! depression1 w\ld d\btless n h be5 disc]nible by ord9>y vision4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,fig4 #bf4 ,n[1 let u consid] ! second obs]vation m5tion$ above4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,fig4 #bh4 ,fig4 #bi4 ,on ,?ursday1 ,june #bf1 #ahbh1 ! second satellite ( ,jupit] 0 ab\t to make a passage across ! planet's face4 ,x 0 obs]v$1 j be=e ?is passage or transit began1 9 ! position %[n 9 fig4 #bg by ! late ,admiral ,smy?4 ,he 0 us+ an excell5t telescope4 ,x gradually made its entry1 look+ = a few m9utes l a small :ite m\nta9 on ! edge ( ! planet1 & f9ally disappe>$4 ,! read] mu/ und]/& t ! moon 0 n hid+ itself beh9d ! planet1 b 0 on ?is side ( x1 & simply lo/ to view because its brightness 0 ! same1 or v ne>ly ! same1 z t ( ! planet's edge4 7,its place is %[n 9 fig4 #bh1 b ( c\rse ! little d>k r+ 0 n s se547 ,at lea/ #ab or #ac m9utes mu/ h elaps$1 says ,smy?1 :51 accid5tally turn+ to ,jupit] aga91 to my a/oni%m5t ,i p]ceiv$ ! same satellite outside ! disc1 z %[n 9 fig4 #bi4 ,x rema9$ visible !re = at lea/ f\r m9utes1 & !n sudd5ly vani%$4 ,to %[ t ! obs]vation 0 n due to any local or p]sonal peculi>ity1 x is only necess>y to m5tion t two o!r a/ronom]s1 ,mr4 ,macle> at ,biggleswade1 & ,dr4 ,pe>son at ,s\? ,kilwor?1 obs]v$ ! same extraord9>y behavi\r ( ,jupit]'s second satellite4 ,! ?ree telescopes are ?us describ$ by ,admiral ,smy?1-- ,mr4 ,macle>'s1 #c in*es 9 op5+1 #c feet long2 ,dr4 ,pe>son's1 #f in*es 9 op5+1 #ab feet long2 ,adm4 ,smy?'s1 #c in*es 9 op5+1 #e feet long2 all good obs]v+ telescopes4 ,n[1 ( c\rse1 ! satellite did n really /op4 ,no?+ %ort ( a miracle c\ld h /opp$ ! satellite1 or1 if ! satellite c\ld h /opp$1 h set x travell+ on aga9 z usual4 ,= ! satellite did n lose "o mile1 or *ange its velocity by ! ?\s&? "p ( a mile p] h\r or ev5 p] annum4 ,b suppose su* a *ange _h tak5 place at ! edge ( ,jupit] z we h se5 w\ld c]ta9ly h tak5 place !re if ! *anges affect+ ! spot :i* ,s\? saw _h occurr$ to a region at ! edge1 z 9 fig4 #bf1 in/ead ( ! middle1 z 9 fig4 #be4 ,!n ,smy?'s obs]vation w\ld be p]fectly expla9$4 ,we require1 inde$1 to suppose ! *ange occurr+ 9 a diff]5t ord]1 ! out] cl\d-lay] be+ 9 ! fir/ in/ance well-develop$ & v rapidly becom+ dissipat$1 s t ! outl9e :i* _h at fir/ be5 at its usual level1 0 v rapidly depress$ to ! inn] cl\d-lay]4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 if ! rapid =mation ( cl\ds by cond5sation c occur on ,jupit]1 s also c ! rapid dissipation occur1 especially at t p>ticul> "p :]e ,smy? saw ! satellite behave s /rangely4 ,= t "p is be+ c>ri$1 by ! planet's swift rotation1 into sunlight1 & ! extra heat to :i* x is ?us expos$ might readily effect ! dissipation ( widely ext5d$ cl\d /rata1 suppos+ ! temp]ature ne> t critical value at :i* cl\ds =m or are dissipat$4 ,"h1 !n1 is an explanation ( a ph5om5on :i* o!rwise seems utt]ly inexplicable4 ,! explanation requires only t a process l "o :i* has be5 obs]v$ to occur on ,jupit]'s disc %\ld occur at a "p ( 8 surface =m+ at ! mom5t a portion ( 8 outl9e4 ,if we _h nev] kn[n ( su* *anges z ,s\? & o!r obs]v]s h not$ 9 ! m>k+s ( ,jupit]1 we %\ld be compell$ by ,smy?'s obs]vation to admit _! possibility4 ,if we _h nev] kn[n ( ,smy?'s obs]vation we %\ld be compell$ by ,s\?'s to admit t su* a *ange ( outl9e z is indicat$ by ,smy?'s obs]vation mu/ be possible1--mu/1 9 fact1 occur :5ev] cl\d-masses =m or are dissipat$ ov] wide areas at ! app>5t edge ( ! planet4 ,:5 we h bo? =ms ( evid5ce x seems altoge!r unreasonable to ent]ta9 any fur!r d\bt on ?is po9t4 ,b ,smy?'s obs]vation1 ?us int]pret$1 indicates an enorm\s di/ance betwe5 ! out] & inn] cl\d-lay]s :i* =m$ ! planet's edge ne> ! satellite 9 figs4 #bh & #bi respectively4 ,i f9d aft] mak+ e possible all[ance = errors 9 8 e/imate ( "t1 n tak5 x w\ld seem f 8 obs]vatory clock1 t ! di/ance sep>at+ ^! cl\d-lay]s _c h be5 less ?an #c1ejj miles1 or n f> f half ! diamet] ( our e>?4 ,x is ! />tl+ nature ( ?is result :i* p]haps det]s _m f accept+ ! explanation ( ,smy?'s obs]vation "h advanc$4 ,b !re is no o!r explanation4 ,! satellite _c h /opp$ 9 its c\rse2 ,jupit] _c h %ift$ 8 place bodily2 ! satellite 0 on ?is side ( ! planet1--!re=e no effects ( ! planet's atmosph]e on ! l9e ( sight f ! planet c help u2 ?ree obs]v]s at diff]5t /ations saw ! ph5om5on1--!re=e nei!r effects ( our e>?'s atmosph]e nor p]sonal peculi>ities c acc\nt = ! /range ph5om5on4 ,explanation is set at defiance1 says ,webb2 demon/rably nei!r 9 ! atmosph]e ( ! e>? nor ,jupit]1 :]e & :at c\ld h be5 ! cause8 ,! explanation ,i h advanc$ is ! only possible answ] to ?is "q4 ,i might occupy tw5ty times ! space "h available to me 9 detail+ v>i\s o!r ph5om5a all po9t+ 9 ! same way1--t is1 all t5d+ to %[ t ,jupit] is a planet gl[+ ) int5se heat1 surr\nd$ by a deep cl\d-lad5 atmosph]e1 int5sely hot 9 its l[] portions1 b n necess>ily s 9 ! p>ts we see1 & und]go+ *anges 7consequ5ces ( heat7 ( a /up5d\s nature1 su* z ! small heat ( ! remote sun1 :i* %9es on ,jupit] ) less ?an ! #bg? "p ( ! heat we receive1 c\ld n by any possibility produce4 ,b p>tly because space w n p]mit1 p>tly because mo/ ( ^! ph5om5a h be5 describ$ 9 my ,orbs ,ar\nd ,u1 & ,o!r ,worlds1 ,i cont5t myself by describ+ a s+ul> obs]vation rec5tly made1 :i*1 ) ,s\?'s & ,smy?'s1 seems to place ! !ory ,i h advanc$ beyond ! possibility ( d\bt or cavil4 ,mr4 ,todd ( ,adelaide has rec5tly obta9$ = 8 obs]vatory a f9e #h-;in* telescope by ,mr4 ,cooke4 ,) ?is in/rum5t1 m\nt$ 9 ,decemb]1 #ahgd1 he has made _m valuable obs]vations ( ! motions ( ,jupit]'s satellites4 ,ord9>ily1 ( c\rse1 ! entry ( ea* satellite on ! planet's face & ! egress !refrom1 ! disappe>ance ( ea* satellite beh9d ! planet or 9 ! planet's %ad[ 7n necess>ily ! same ?+7 & ! reappe>ance1 are effect$ 9 :at may be call$ ! normal way2 & ,mr4 ,todd's exp]i5ce 9 ?is respect has be5 l t ( o!r obs]v]s4 ,b on two occasions he & 8 assi/ant1 ,mr4 ,r+wood1 obs]v$ t a satellite1 :5 pass+ beh9d ! planet's edge1 did n disappe> at once1 b rema9$ visible z if se5 ?r\gh ! edge1 = ab\t two m9utes4 ,! same satellite behav$ ?us on ea* occasion1--viz4 ! satellite ne>e/ ! planet4 ,z ?is satellite travels at ! rate ( ab\t #fde miles p] m9ute1 x w\ld foll[ t ! satellite 0 se5 ?r\gh a dep? ( ne>ly #acjj miles1 or1 aft] mak+ all possible all[ance = optical illusions1 "s #ijj or #ajjj miles4 ,! effect ( refraction _c !n be great 9 ! air ( ,jupit]1 to ?is dep? bel[ ! usual limit ( ! upp] cl\ds1--= o!rwise ! satellite w\ld h be5 altoge!r di/ort$4 ,& ?is v fact1 t = #ajjj miles or s bel[ ! highe/ cl\ds ! *ange ( atmosph]ic d5sity is n suffici5t to produce any noticeable refractive effects1 implies t ! true base ( ! atmosph]e ( ,jupit] lies v f> l[] yet--p]haps _m hundr$s ( miles l[]4 ,if ! read] n[ look aga9 at ! picture at page #bja1 he w und]/&1 ,i ?9k1 h[ ^? great r\nd :ite cl\ds 9 ! *ief belt1--cl\ds ?\s&s ( miles long & broad1--are probably hundr$s ( miles deep also1 & float 9 an atmosph]e /ill deep]4 ,all t we "k ab\t ,jupit]1 9 f9e1 f direct obs]vation1 z well z all t we c inf] respect+ ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! sol> sy/em1 t5ds to %[ t he is /ill an extremely "y planet4 ,he is ! giant ( ! sol> family 9 bulk1 & probably he is f> old] ?an our e>? 9 ye>s2 b 9 developm5t he is1 9 all probability1 ! y\nge/ ( ! sun's family ( planets1 & c]ta9ly f> y\ng] ?an ! e>? on :i* we live4 ,illu/ration ,,xi ,,! ,,r+$ ,,planet ,,saturn4 ,v diff]5t f ! ruddy planet :i* approa*$ s closely to him 9 ,novemb]1 #ahgg1 is ,saturn1 ! r+$ _w1 ! mo/ wond]ful ( all ! planets if ! complexity ( ! sy/em att5d+ on him is consid]$1 & 9 size inf]ior only to ! giant ,jupit]4 ,x w h be5 notic$1 p]haps1 by ^? :o are famili> ) ! aspect ( ! planets1 t ! contra/ betwe5 ,m>s & ,saturn dur+ _! late approa* to u 0 n only great] ?an usual1 b great] ?an 0 to be expect$ ev5 :5 acc\nt 0 tak5 ( ! unusual lu/re ( ,m>s4 ,i h (t5 wond]$ :e!r ! anci5t a/ronom]s 7 ev] p]plex$ by ! v>y+ lu/re ( ,saturn4 ,!y recognis$ ! fact t ,m>s has an orbit ( great ecc5tricity 7see ! picture ( ! orbits ( ,m>s1 ,v5us1 etc41 at page #aef72 & !re 0 no?+ 9 ! v>y+ lu/re ( ,m>s :i* c\ld n be p]fectly well expla9$ by 8 kn[n v>iations ( di/ance1 :e!r ! ,ptolemaic or ! ,cop]nican sy/em 7 accept$4 ,b ) ,saturn ! case is diff]5t4 ,8 di/ance at successive returns to our midnight skies is subject to mod]ate *anges only4 ,yet 8 brilliancy v>ies 9 a rem>kable mann]4 ,we n[ "k t ^? *anges are due to ! op5+ & clos+ ( t m>vell\s sy/em ( r+s :i* r5d]s ?is planet ! mo/ beautiful ( all ! objects ( telescopic obs]vation :i* ! heav5s pres5t to u4 ,:5 ! edge ( ! r+s is turn$ t[>ds ! e>?1 we see only ! mo/ delicate ?read ( light on ei!r side ( ! planet's disc4 ,b :5 ! r+s are op5$ out to _! full ext5t !y reflect t[>ds u z mu* light z we receive f ! disc4 ,at su* times ! planet pres5ts a mu* m brilliant appe>ance ?an :5 ! r+ is turn$ ne>ly edgewise2 9 fact to ! nak$ eye he seems v ne>ly twice z bright4 ,n[ at pres5t ! r+s are turn$ ne>ly edgewise t[>ds ! e>?4 ,9 ,july & ,augu/1 #ahfi1 ! planet pres5t$ 9 ! telescope ! appe>ance pres5t$ 9 fig4 #cj1 :]e x w be se5 t ! %ort] axis ( ! oval into :i* any "o ( ! r+-outl9es is ?r[n is ne>ly equal to half ! l>g] axis4 ,s9ce !n ! r+s h be5 sl[ly clos+ up2 & at pres5t ! r+s are s little op5 t ! correspond+ %ort] axis1 if x c\ld be directly se51 w\ld appe> to be ab\t "o-sixte5? only ( ! l>g] axis4 ,! r+s 7 turn$ exactly edgewise t[>ds ! sun at two 9 ! aft]noon1 on ,/4 ,val5t9e's day1 #ahgh1 accord+ to calculations :i* ,i made 9 #ahfd1 & publi%$ 9 a table "u ! head ,passages ( ! ,r+s plane ?r\gh ! ,sun betwe5 ! ye>s #afjj & #bjjj1 9 my treatise entitl$ ,saturn & its ,sy/em4 ,! ,nautical ,almanac = #ahgh1 inde$ makes ! passage ( ! r+s plane ?r\gh ! sun occur some:at e>li]1 /at+ t at noon on ,febru>y #ad ! sun's c5tre w\ld pass s\? ( ! r+'s horizon by ab\t "o-fif? ( its app>5t diamet] 7z se5 by u74 ,b my own calculation took into acc\nt c]ta9 small details :i*1 9 matt]s ( ?is sort1 ! ,nautical ,almanac comput]s neglect4 ,aft] all1 x matt]$ v little to t]re/rial obs]v]s :e!r ! sun's light pass$ f ! nor!rn to ! s\!rn side ( ! r+s a few h\rs e>li] or lat]3 ! mom5t :5 x pass$ c\ld n possibly be obs]v$1 ev5 if x _h occurr$ dur+ ! night h\rs4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance x occurr$ at midday1 & un=tunately none ( ! int]e/+ ph5om5a pres5t$ 9 p[]ful telescopes :5 ! r+s are turn$ edgewise to ! sun or e>? c\ld be obs]v$1 = !y occurr$ :5 ,saturn & ! sun 7 ne>ly 9 ! same "p ( ! heav5s1 & :5 ! planet !re=e 0 utt]ly lo/ 9 ! spl5d\r ( ! sol> rays4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4--,! planet ,saturn 9 ,july & ,augu/1 #ahfi4 ,b n[ let u briefly consid] :at is kn[n or may be surmis$ respect+ ! noble planet :i* 0 s f> out%one 9 ,novemb]1 #ahgg1 by ! comp>atively m9ute orb ( ,m>s4 ,saturn travels at a di/ance f ! sun exce$+ r m ?an n9e & a half times t ( our own e>?4 ,! second figure ( orbits 7see page #aeg7 %[s ! wide span ( 8 orbit comp>$ ) ! e>?'s1 & yet x w be se5 t ! orbits ( ,uranus & ,neptune1 planets unkn[n to ! anci5ts1 are s wide t ! pa? ( ,saturn becomes 9 turn small by comp>ison4 ,saturn has a globe ab\t #gj1jjj miles 9 diamet]1 :]e x bulges out at ! equator2 b he is some:at flatt5$ at 8 poles1 s t 8 pol> diamet] is ab\t #gjjj miles less ?an ! equatorial diamet]4 ,9 volume he exce$s our e>? ab\t #gjj times2 b 9 mass only ab\t n9ety times3 = 8 mean d5sity is b ab\t #ac_/ajj ( ! e>?'s4 ,9 fact1 if we c\ld imag9e an ocean ( wat] wide en\gh & deep en\gh = ! planets to be all set 9 x1 ,saturn w\ld float ) ab\t "o-f\r? ( 8 bulk out ( wat]1--always suppos+ t no *ange took place 9 8 d5sity directly aft] he 0 imm]s$4 ,saturn1 inde$1 w\ld float highe/ ( all ! planets1 or r all ( !m w\ld s9k except ,saturn & ,neptune1 & ,saturn w\ld float high] ?an ,neptune4 ,uranus w\ld j s9k4 ,jupit] is half z heavy aga9 z he %\ld be to float4 ,all ! t]re/rial planets1 ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ! ,e>?1 & ,m>s1 w\ld g to ! bottom at once4 ,x is almo/ impossible to reg>d any feature ( ,saturn z bett] des]v+ to be consid]$ fir/ ?an 8 r+ sy/em4 ,yet = ! sake ( pres]v+ a due sequ5ce ( ideas we mu/ fir/ consid] 8 globe4 ,we f9d ourselves at once 9 pres5ce ( difficulties l ^? we enc\nt]$ :5 we consid]$ ! planet ,jupit]4 ,h[ is x t ! mighty mass ( a planet l ,saturn1 con/ruct$1 we h e reason to believe1 ( mat]ials resembl+ ^? :i* con/itute our e>?1 has s fail$ to ga!r 9 its sub/ance t ! mean d5sity is mu* less ?an t ( ! e>?'s globe8 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t gravity prevails ?r\gh\t ! frame ( ,saturn z ?r\gh\t our e>?'s frame4 ,e p>ticle ( t enorm\s globe is drawn t[>ds ! c5tre ) a =ce almo/ exactly ! same z w\ld be ex]t$ by ! attraction ( ! entire mass ( t portion ( ! planet :i* lies ne>] to ! c5tre ?an ! p>ticle1 if ?is mass 7 collect$ at ! c5tre4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,x is n m]ely ! attraction ex]t$ on ea* p>ticle ( ,saturn's mass :i* has to be consid]$1 b ! entire weight ( all ! sup]9cumb5t matt]4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 attraction & weight1 by ! way1 is v commonly ov]look$ 9 consid]+ ! planets' int]iors4 ,i ?9k x 0 ,sir ,david ,brew/] :o argu$ t z attraction c easily be %[n to dim9i% d[nw>ds t[>ds ! c5tre1 x is possible to conceive t ! int]ior ( a planet may be holl[4 ,! error is readily p]ceiv$1 if we take a famili> in/ance :]e ! attraction is ! same yet ! effect ( pressure v mu* great]4 7,)\t voyag+ to ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 :i* is tr\blesome1 & c]ta9ly n a famili> exp]i5ce1 we _c rea* places :]e ! attraction ( gravity is greatly less ?an at ! surface47 ,take a massive ar* ( brickwork3 ! bricks ne> ! top are subject to ! same attraction z ^? belong+ to ! f\ndation2 b ! pressure to :i* ! f\ndation bricks are expos$ is v mu* great] ?an t affect+ ! upp] bricks4 ,s aga9 ) a deep sea3 ! p>ticles at ! bottom ( su* a sea are subject to no great] attraction ?an ! p>ticles ne> ! top2 b we "k t a /rong holl[ case ( metal :i* ne> ! top ( su* a sea w\ld be sc>cely press$ at all1 & w\ld suff] no *ange ( %ape1 w be cru%$ p]fectly flat "u ! trem5d\s pressure to :i* x w be expos$ :5 sunk to ! bottom4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 no escape f ! conclusion t ! int]ior portions ( a planet l ,saturn or ,jupit]1 nay1 ev5 ( a body l our e>? or ! moon1 mu/ be subject to trem5d\s pressure1 a pressure exce$+ _m hundr$-fold ! greate/ :i* we c obta9 exp]im5tally1 & t "u t enorm\s pressure ! d5sity ( ! mat]ials compos+ ^? c5tral p>ts mu/ be increas$4 ,h[ is x !n t ,saturn is ( mu* small] d5sity ?an ! e>?8 ,i c imag9e no o!r explanation at once s natural & s complete z ?is1 t an int5se heat p]vad+ ! entire frame ( ! planet enables x to resi/ ! trem5d\s pressure due to m]e weight4 ,! planet's mass is exp&$ by ! heat2 l>ge portions :i* at ord9>y temp]atures w\ld be solid are liquifi$ or ev5 vaporis$2 matt]s :i* are liquid on our e>? are vaporis$2 &1 9 f9e1 ! planet assumes 7z se5 f our di/ant /ation7 ! appe>ance ( be+ v mu* l>g] ?an x really is4 ,we measure n ! true globe1 :i*1 = aught t is kn[n1 may be exce$+ly d5se1 b ! dim5sions ( cl\d-lay]s float+ high 9 ! planet's atmosph]e4 ,9 describ+ ,jupit]1 ,i consid]$ ! *anges :i* h be5 notic$ 9 t planet's outl9e1 & obs]v$ t x is impossible adequately to expla9 ! evid5ce1 )\t assum+ t ! *anges ( outl9e are real4 ,! outl9e is n t ( a solid globe1 h[ev]1 b ( cl\d-lay]s surr\nd+ su* a globe1 & probably at a great di/ance f its surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4--,saturn's squ>e-%\ld]$ aspect4 ,9 ,saturn's case we h v s+ul> evid5ce to ! same purpose4 ,x 0 obs]v$ by ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el 9 ,april1 #ahje1 t ,saturn occasionally appe>s di/ort$1 z ?\gh bulg+ out 9 ! latitudes midway betwe5 ! pole & ! equator ( ! planet4 ,fig4 #ca repres5ts ! appe>ance ( ! planet s f> z %ape is conc]n$1 b ! r+ 0 n1 :5 ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el obs]v$ x1 s n>r[ z x is %[n 9 fig4 #ca4 ,9 fact ! r+ _h be5 turn$ edgewise to ! e>? two ye>s be=e2 & :5 ,h]s*el notic$ ! abnormal appe>ance ( ,saturn1 ! r+s _h begun to op5 out1 ?\gh _! out]mo/ outl9e 0 /ill f> )9 ! regions ( ! planet :i* seem$ to project z %[n4 ,fig4 #ca 9 fact repres5ts ,saturn z se5 by ,s*rt] 9 #ahjc1 :51 z he said1 ! planet did n seem to pres5t a truly sph]oidal figure4 ,h]s*el te/$ 8 obs]vations by us+ sev]al telescopes ( diff]5t dim5sions1--t51 sev51 tw5ty1 & =ty feet 9 l5g?4 ,9 #ahah1 :5 ! r+s 7 sc>cely visible1 ,kit*5] saw ! planet z %[n 9 fig4 #ca1 or squ>e-%\ld]$1 z "s h call$ x4 ,on "o occasion ! pres5t ,a/ronom]-,royal saw ! planet ( t figure4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahee1 ,coolidge1 us+ ! f9e refractor ( ! ,cambridge ,u4,s4 ,obs]vatory1 notic$ t ! equatorial diamet] 0 n ! greate/2 on ! #i? ! planet seem$ ( its usual %ape2 b on ,decemb] #f1 ,coolidge writes1 ,i _c p]suade myself t x is an optical illusion :i* makes ! maximum diamet] ( ! ball int]sect ! limb half-way betwe5 ! nor!rn edge ( ! equatorial belt1 & ! inn] ellipse ( ! inn] bright r+4 ,?is 0 at a "t :5 ! r+s 7 ne>ly at _! greate/ op5+2 s t1 includ+ ,s*rt]'s obs]vation1 we h ,saturn out ( %ape :5 8 r+ has pres5t$ e %ape betwe5 t %[n 9 fig4 #cj & t %[n 9 fig4 #ca4 ,aga91 9 ! report ( ! ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory = #ahfj-fa1 :5 ! r+ 0 ne>ly clos$1 x is /at$ t ,saturn has sometimes appe>$ to assume ! squ>e-%\ld]$ aspect4 ,la/ly1 ! em95t obs]v]s1 ,g4 ,bond & ,g4 ,p4 ,bond1 fa!r & son1 h se5 ,saturn abnormally %ap$1 flatt5$ unduly 9 ! nor? pol> regions 9 #ahdh1 :5 ! r+ 0 turn$ edgewise t[>ds u1 & unsymmetrical 9 v>y+ ways 9 #ahee-eg1 :5 ! r+ 0 mo/ widely op5$4 ,yet ! planet's outl9e is usually a p]fect oval1 & has be5 %[n to be s by c>eful measurem5ts effect$ 9 "s in/ances by ! same obs]v]s1 :o1 mak+ equally c>eful measurem5ts1 h f\nd ! planet to be di/ort$4 ,does x n seem abundantly cle> t ! great cl\d-lay]s :i* float 9 ! atmosph]e ( ,saturn h a widely v>y+ range 9 height1 & t !re=e z we see & measure ! outl9e ( ! cl\d-lay]s1 we see & measure 9 effect a planet :i* is v>iable 9 figure8 ,?is seems s natural & complete an explanation ( ! obs]v$ peculi>ities t x appe>s idle on ! "o h& to reject ! evid5ce ( "s among ! mo/ skilful obs]v]s :o h ev] liv$2 or1 on ! o!r1 to imag9e t ! solid frame ( ! planet has und]gone *anges s trem5d\s z w\ld be involv$ by ! obs]v$ v>iations ( outl9e if !y really signifi$ t a solid planet _h *ang$ 9 %ape4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! mighty globe ( ,saturn turns ^u its axis ne>ly z quickly z ,jupit]4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! ,jovian day la/s only #i ( our h\rs1 & z ! diamet] ( ,jupit] is ab\t t5 times ! e>?'s1 ! equatorial p>ts ( ! giant planet travel "s tw5ty-six or tw5ty-sev5 times z fa/ z ^? ( our own e>?1 :i* move 7rotationally7 at ! rate ( m ?an a ?\s& miles an h\r4 ,saturn's equatorial p>ts d n move q s fa/1--9 fact1 9 ?is respect1 ,jupit] comes fir/ ( all ! memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em1 includ+ ! sun himself4 ,saturn's equatorial circuit be+ almo/ n9e times ! e>?'s1 :ile 8 day is little m ?an five-twelf?s ( ! e>?'s1 x foll[s t 8 equatorial p>ts move twelve-fif?s ( n9e times1 or ne>ly tw5ty-two times fa/] ?an ! e>?'s4 ,_! actual rotational rate is r m ?an #bb1jjj miles an h\r1 or #cfg miles a m9ute1 or m ?an six miles a second4 ,?is is a wond]ful rate ( motion4 ,x always seems to me "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ results ( mod]n a/ronomical rese>* t we h to recognise 9 bodies l t dull look+ />1--! heavy sl[-mov+ ,saturn1 z ! anci5ts call$ him1#ad--motions ( su* trem5d\s swiftness4 ,! planet is n only ru%+ bodily along ?r\gh space ) a velocity ( ne>ly six miles p] second1 b 8 equatorial p>ts are be+ c>ri$ r\nd ) a velocity some:at exce$+ six miles p] second4 7,! co9cid5ce mu/ be reg>d$ z accid5tal1 b x has ?is curi\s effect1 t ! equatorial p>ts ( ,saturn ne> ! middle ( ! disc we see are actually almo/ at re/ ) respect to ! sun1 be+ c>ri$ =w>d ) ! planet at ! rate ( ab\t five miles & n9e-t5?s p] second1 & backw>d r\nd ! planet at ! rate ( ab\t six miles & "o-t5? p] second4 ,9 fact !re are always two po9ts on ! disc :i* are almo/ exactly at re/ ) respect to ! sun1 viz41 ^? two po9ts nor? & s\? ( ! equator :]e ! rotational velocity is ab\t five miles & n9e-t5?s p] second1 ! velocity ( ,saturn 9 8 orbit47#ae ,b let u turn f ! contemplation ( ,saturn's globe1 int]e/+ ?\gh x und\bt$ly is1 to /udy ^? m>vell\s objects1 ! ,saturnian r+s4 ,! hi/ory ( _! discov]y is int]e/+1 b mu/ n "h deta9 u long4 ,briefly1 x runs z foll[s3-- ,galileo1 9 ,july1 #afaj1 obs]v+ ! planet ,saturn ) a telescope n p[]ful en\gh to %[ ! r+s1 imag9$ at fir/ t ,saturn _h two companion planets1 "o on ei!r side ( him1 z ?\gh help+ ! planet along ^u 8 road4 7,f a table relat+ to ! r+s1 9 my treatise on ,saturn & its ,sy/em1 ! aspect ( ! r+1 at ! "t ( any su* obs]vation1 c at once be inf]r$4 ,9 ! pres5t case1 = example1 x w be se5 f ! table t ! r+s 7 clos+ up z ! "t ( _! disappe>ance1 ,decemb] #bh1 #afab1 drew ne>47 ,a ye> & a half lat]1 ,galileo look$ aga9 at ,saturn1 & lo6 ! companion planets 7 gone4 ,he 0 p]plex$ beyond measure4 ,:at is to be said conc]n+ s /range a metamorphosis8 he ask$4 ,are ! two less] />s consum$ aft] ! mann] ( ! sol> spots8 ,h !y vani%$ or sudd5ly fl$8 ,has ,saturn1 p]haps1 dev\r$ 8 own *ildr58 ,or 7 ! appe>ances inde$ an illusion or fraud1 ) :i* ! glasses h s long deceiv$ me1 z well z _m o!rs to :om ,i h %[n !m8 ,n[1 p]haps1 is ! "t come to revive ! well-nigh )]$ hopes ( ^? :o1 guid$ by m pr(\nd contemplations1 h discov]$ ! fallacy ( ! new obs]vations1 & demon/rat$ ! utt] impossibility ( _! exi/5ce4 ,i d n "k :at to say 9 a case s surpris+1 s unlook$ =1 & s novel4 ,! %ortness ( ! "t1 ! unexpect$ nature ( ! ev5t1 ! weakness ( my und]/&+1 & ! fe> ( be+ mi/ak51 h greatly conf\nd$ me4 ,hevelius 0 simil>ly p]plex$ by ! con/antly v>y+ appe>ance ( ! planet4 ,saturn1 he in=m$ 8 contempor>ies1 pres5ts five v>i\s figures to ! obs]v]1 to wit--fir/1 ! mono-sph]ical2 secondly1 ! tri-sph]ical2 ?irdly1 ! sph]ico-ansat$2 f\r?ly1 ! elliptico-ansat$2 fif?ly1 & f9ally1 ! sph]ico-cuspidat$2 ( :i* we c only say1 l ,mr4 ,gilb]t's ,f]d9&o1 t we "k x's v clev]2 b we d n und]/& x4 ,x 0 n till #afei t ,huygh5s1 us+ a telescope =ty y>ds long1 0 able to make out ! real mean+ ( ! app5dages :i* _h s p]plex$ ,galileo & ,hevelius4 ,he ann\nc$ to ! _w1 9 an anagram1 8 discov]y t ,saturn is girdl$ ab\t by a flat r+ n[h]e t\*+ ! planet4 ,huygh5s also discov]$ ! l>ge/ ( ,saturn's moons4 ,he look$ = no m1 hav+ ! idea t1 s9ce six planets & six moons 7 n[ kn[n1 no m moons exi/$4 ,9 #affc ! ,bro!rs ,ball discov]$ t ! r+s are divid$ into two1 or1 at any rate1 t a broad black /ripe1 su* z is %[n 9 fig4 #cj1 sep>ates ! out] portion ( ! r+ f ! inn]4 ,two ye>s lat] ^! obs]v]s saw ! /ripe on ! nor!rn side ( ! r+s1 :5 ! r+s _h s %ift$ 9 position t obs]v]s saw _! s\!rn side4 ,dom9ic ,cass9i recognis$ a correspond+ /ripe on ! s\!rn side4 ,?is 0 reg>d$ z prov+ t !re is a real division betwe5 ! r+s4 ,! wid? ( ! gap ?us sep>at+ ! outside ( ! inn] r+ f ! inside ( ! out] _c be less ?an #a1fjj miles4 ,cass9i also detect$ ano!r ,saturnian moon 9 ,octob]1 #afga1 &1 lat]1 he discov]$ ?ree o!rs1 mak+ five ,saturnian moons 9 all4 ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el obs]v$ ! r+s ) great c>e4 ,he confirm$ ! discov]y ( ! great division betwe5 ! r+s2 b reject$ ! idea :i* 0 beg9n+ to be ent]ta9$ 9 8 "t1 t !re are _m divisions4 ,he f\nd reasons = suspect+1 b nev] actually prov$1 t ! out] r+ turns r\nd 9 ab\t #aj h\rs4 ,he also detect$ two small moons close to ! out] r+4 ,"o o!r moon1 detect$ indep5d5tly by ,bond at ! ,h>v>d ,obs]vatory1 ,cambridge1 ,u4,s41 & by ,lassell 9 ?is c\ntry 9 #ahdh1 completes ! set ( eight moons n[ kn[n to revolve ar\nd ! planet ,saturn4 ,we ne$ n "h say mu* m ab\t ^! moons1 sav+1 p]haps1 to note t ! span ( ! entire ,saturnian sy/em ( moons am\nts to ab\t #d1djj1jjj miles1 ne>ly d\ble t ( ! ,jovian sy/em4 ,?is is ! l>ge/ sy/em ( satellites kn[n to u4 ,x is wond]ful to reflect1 :5 we look at ! dull1 sl[-mov+ ,saturn1 t n only is ! planet itself #gjj times l>g] ?an ! e>?1 n only is x girdl$ ab\t by a r+ sy/em hav+ a span exce$+ m ?an #bj times ! diamet] ( ?is e>? on :i* we live1 b t ! entire span ( ! sy/em ov] :i* t di/ant planet rules exce$s m ?an eighte5-fold ! di/ance sep>at+ our e>? f ! moon4 ,return we n[1 h[ev]1 to ! consid]ation ( ! ,saturnian r+-sy/em4 ,9 #ahej a s+ul> discov]y 0 made4 ,x 0 f\nd by ,bond1 9 ,am]ica1 &1 a few days lat]1 indep5d5tly1 by ,dawes1 9 ,engl&1 t inside ! inn] bright r+ !re is a d>k r+ almo/ z wide z ! out] bright r+4 ,"o ( ! /range/ circum/ances ab\t ?is inn] r+ is t :]e x crosses ,saturn's disc ! outl9e ( ! planet c be di/9ctly trac$ ?r\gh ! d>k r+1 :i* is ?us1 9 a s5se1 a semi-transp>5t body4 ,i say 9 a s5se1 because x does n foll[ t x really consi/s ( semi-transp>5t matt] any m ?an x foll[s f our be+ able to see ?r\gh a gauze veil t ! individual ?reads =m+ ! gauze are made ( a semi-transp>5t mat]ial4 ,on exam9+ record$ obs]vations ( ! planet evid5ce 0 f\nd t ?is d>k r+ is n1 z 0 at fir/ suppos$1 a rec5t =mation4 ,:]e x crosses ,saturn x _h be5 mi/ak5 9 =m] times = a d>k belt4 ,x _h always be5 suppos$ t ! r+s are solid1 or at any rate cont9u\s bodies4 ,! y\ng] ,cass9i1 inde$1 v5tur$ to express d\bts on ! subject1 b ) ?is solit>y exception1 no suspicion _h ev] exi/$ among a/ronom]s t ! r+s are o!rwise ?an cont9u\s1 until ! discov]y ( ! d>k r+4 ,:5 ! s+ul> fact 0 discov]$ t ! body ( ! planet c be se5 ?r\gh ! slate-col\r$ r+1 ! solidity ( ?is r+1 at any rate1 began naturally to be que/ion$4 ,! idea 0 sugge/$ t ?is =mation may be fluid4 ,ma!maticians appli$ rigor\s processes ( inve/igation to ! "q :e!r a fluid r+ c possibly exi/ 9 su* a position4 ,! inquiry l$ to a re-exam9ation ( ! :ole subject ( ! r+-sy/em & its /ability4 ,ma!maticians took up ! "q :]e ,laplace _h left x m ?an half a c5tury be=e4 ,he _h decid$ t solid r+s might1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 revolve ar\nd a planet )\t be+ brok54 ,b 8 inquiry _h n be5 c>ri$ to a conclusion4 ,n[1 :5 ! "w 0 complet$1 x 0 f\nd t ! requisite conditions are c]ta9ly n fulfill$ by ! ,saturnian r+-sy/em4 ,! r+s %\ld be situat$ ecc5trically1 & heavi] at "o side ?an ! opposite4 ,9 fact !y %\ld h a p]ceptible bias4 ,!y exhibit1 on ! contr>y1 ! mo/ p]fect symmetry ( figure--?is symmetry1 inde$1 con/itutes ! great *>m ( ,saturn's telescopic appe>ance2 & al?\gh1 occasionally1 ! ball has n seem$ to be q 9 ! middle ( ! r+-sy/em1 ! displacem5t has nev] approa*$ t :i* !ory requires4 ,! conclusion to :i* ma!maticians arriv$ 0 accord+ly ! foll[+3-- ,! r+s may be held to be =m$ ( a multitude ( t9y satellites1 travell+ ne>ly 9 "o plane1 ea* pursu+ its own c\rse ar\nd ,saturn1 accord+ to ! laws ( satellite motion1 ?\gh ( c\rse di/urb$ by ! attraction ( its fell[-satellites4 ,we owe ?is !ory pr9cipally to ! lab\rs ( ,pr(essor ,j4 ,cl]k ,maxwell1 :o ga9$ ! ,adams ,prize (f]$ by ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge = ! be/ ma!matical essay ^u ! conditions "u :i* a r+-sy/em su* z ,saturn's c exi/4 ,b ,pr(essor ,pi]ce1 ( ,am]ica1 _h 7some:at e>li]7 suppli$ a complete refutation ( ! idea t ! r+s are solid & cont9u\s bodies4 ,:5 ! r+s are fully op51 z 9 fig4 #cj1 ! ,saturnian sy/em af=ds z *>m+ an object = telescopic obs]vation z ! a/ronom] c desire4 ,! r+s are !n exhibit$ 9 _! full beauty4 ,! divisions1 ! d>k r+1 & ! /range %ad+ ( ! middle r+1 c be well se5 9 a telescope ( adequate p[]4 ,! telescopic view is /ill m int]e/+ :5 7z 9 fig4 #cj7 ! planet ?r[s a well-m>k$ %ad[ ^u ! r+s4 ,b p]haps ! mo/ beautiful ( all ! features :i* ,saturn pres5ts to ! telescopi/ is ! /range v>iety ( col\r to be obs]v$ ^u 8 surface1 & ^u t ( ! r+s4 ,mr4 ,br[n+1 ! em95t optician1 ?us describes ! col\rs :i* ! planet pres5ts 9 8 #ab-;in* reflector3-- ,! col\rs ,i h us$1 he says1 ref]r+ to a pa9t+ ( ! planet1 7--= ! r+s1 yell[-o*re 7%ad$ ) ! same7 & sepia2 = ! globe1 yell[ o*re & br[n madd]1 orange & purple1 %ad$ ) sepia4 ,! great division 9 ! r+s is col\r$ sepia 7n black z commonly describ$74 ,! pole & ! n>r[ belts situat$ ne> x on ! globe are pale cobalt blue4 ,^! t9ts1 he adds1 are ! ne>e/ ,i c\ld f9d to ^? se5 on ! planet2 b !re is a mudd9ess ab\t all t]re/rial col\rs :5 comp>$ ) ! col\rs ( ! objects se5 9 ! heav5s4 ,^! col\rs c\ld n be repres5t$ 9 all _! brilliancy & purity1 unless we c\ld dip our p5cil 9 a ra9b[1 & transf] ! prismatic t9ts to our pap]4 ,i c corroborate ^! rem>ks f obs]vations made ^u ! planet ) an #h-;in* reflector4 ,x is1 inde$1 a circum/ance wor?y ( note1 t ! col\rs ( ! planets are mu* m /rik+ly exhibit$ by reflect+ telescopes ?an by refractors1 insomu* t1 :ile ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el & ,messrs4 ,de la ,rue & ,lassell1 mak+ use ( ! =m] class ( in/rum5ts1 h all record$ ! m>k$ impression :i* ! col\rs ( ,saturn & ,jupit] h made ^u !m1 we f9d t few correspond+ obs]vations h be5 made by obs]v]s :o h be5 arm$ ) ev5 ! mo/ p]fect specim5s ( ! refract+ telescope4 ,x mu/ be notic$1 h[ev]1 t ! col\rs ( ,saturn & 8 r+-sy/em c only be se5 9 ! mo/ fav\rable obs]v+ wea!r4 ,,footnotes3 #ad ,:o assign$ to him1 z 8 repres5tative metal1 lead--a metal heavy1 dull1 & sl[1 z ,don ,armado puts x1 9 ,love's ,lab\r's ,lo/4 #ae ,att5tion has lately be5 call$1 by ! a/ronom]s ( ! ,wa%+ton ,obs]vatory1 to ! fact t ! /atem5t usually made 9 our books ( a/ronomy1 t ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el's late/ det]m9ation ( ,saturn's rotation p]iod 0 #aj;h4 #bim41 is incorrect4 ,8 only det]m9ation ( ! p]iod gave #aj;h4 #afm4 #dds4 = ! ,saturnian day4 ,illu/ration ,,xii4 ,,fanci$ ,,figures ,,among ,,! ,,/>s4 ,i ,,?9k t e ?\ghtful /ud5t ( ! />s mu/ h wond]$ h[ ! figures ( ! v>i\s objects n[ pictur$ 9 our />-maps came to be imag9$ 9 ! heav5s !mselves4 ,x is a conv5i5t answ] to inquiries ( ! sort to say t x became necess>y at an e>ly /age 9 ! progress ( a/ronomy to h "s means ( id5tify+ & nam+ />-gr\ps1 & t ! arrangem5t into con/ellations 0 z suitable z any o!r t c\ld h be5 desir$4 ,b x seems to me altoge!r unlikely t1 9 ! infancy ( a sci5ce1 a m]e arbitr>y arrangem5t1 su* z ?is explanation supposes1 %\ld h be5 adopt$4 ,if we try to imag9e ! position ( ! fir/ obs]v]s ( ! />s1 :at !y want$1 & :at !y 7 likely to d1--& ?is a priori me?od ( deal+ ) su* que/ions is1 ,i believe1 ! only safe "o1--we p]ceive t ! division ( ! />s into sets nam$ aft] animals & o!r objects1 )\t any real resemblance to sugge/ su* nom5clature1 is z unlikely a c\rse z c\ld possibly be conceiv$4 ,beyond all "q1 ,i ?9k1 ! fir/ wat*]s ( ! skies 7!y c sc>cely be call$ a/ronom]s7 w\ld h tak5 advantage ( imag9$ simil>ity1 m or less close1 betwe5 ea* rem>kable gr\p ( />s & "s kn[n object1 to id5tify ! gr\p1 & to obta9 a "n by :i* to speak ( x4 ,yet x mu/ be admitt$ t1 z ! con/ellations are at pres5t arrang$ & figur$1 x is v difficult1 9 ! great majority ( cases1 to imag9e ! lea/ resemblance betwe5 a con/ellation & ! object f :i* x d]ives its "n4 ,?is is n only true ( ! mod]n con/ellations1 ! prepo/]\s pneumatic ma*9es1 pr9t+ presses1 microscopes1 & s =?1 ) :i* ,hevelius & 8 successors fooli%ly cr[d$ ! heav5s4 ,ev5 ! olde/ ( ! old con/ellations ( ,ptolemy1 nay1 "s ev5 ( ^? :i* are f\nd among all nations1 pres5t1 accord+ to _! pres5t configuration1 sc>ce any resemblance to _! antitypes4 ,= in/ance1 x is well kn[n t ! ,great ,be> 0 recognis$ by _m nations besides ! ,greeks & ^?1 :oev] !y may h be51 f :om ! ,greeks d]iv$ ! con/ellation4 ,we le>n t :5 ,am]ica 0 discov]$ ! ,iroquois ,indians call$ ?is con/ellation ,ok\>i1 or ! ,be>4 ,s ! inhabitants ( ,nor!rn ,asia1 ! ,pho5icians1 ! ,p]sians1 & o!rs1 call$ ?is con/ellation ! ,be>4 ,! ,egyptians1 n kn[+ ! be>1 call$ ! con/ellation ! ,hippopotamus1 an animal resembl+ ! be> 9 sev]al respects1 z 9 its heavy body1 %ort inconspicu\s tail1 small head1 & %ort e>s4 ,yet ! con/ellation1 z at pres5t figur$1 is c]ta9ly n 9 ! remote/ degree l a be>4 ,ap>t f ! enorm\s tail giv5 9 ! pictures to ! be> 7almo/ tailless 9 reality71 x is impossible = ! livelie/ imag9ation to recognise a be> z ! con/ellation is at pres5t =m$4 ,flamm>ion says t1 ev5 if we take 9 ! small] />s t /& 9 ! feet & head1 no +5uity c make x 9 ?is or any o!r way resemble a be>1 add+ ! absurd explanation giv5 by ,ari/otle1 t ! "n is d]iv$ f ! fact t ( all human animals ! be> 0 ?\ght to be ! only "o t d>$ to v5ture into ! froz5 regions ( ! nor?1 & tempt _! solitude & cold4 ,z ?\gh ! %eph]ds & till]s ( ! soil1 :o fir/ gave names to ! />s1 7 likely to consid] su* f>-fet*$ reasons1 ev5 if !y _h kn[n ei!r ! habits ( ! pol> be>s or _h consid]$ ! relation ( ! nor!rn />-gr\ps to ! pol> regions ( ! e>?4 ,n[ ! "q :e!r any real resemblance attract$ ! att5tion ( ! e>li] obs]v]s 9 su* cases z ?is is by no means )\t int]e/4 ,if su* a resemblance =m]ly exi/$1 & does n n[ exi/1 x w\ld foll[ t q a consid]able proportion ( ! />s h *ang$ 9 brightness4 ,consid]+ t ea* /> is a sun1 ! c5tre1 mo/ probably1 ( a sy/em l t :i* circles ar\nd our own sun1 su* a conclusion w\ld be v />tl+ inde$4 ,x w\ld h a special int]e/ = ourselves1 some:at 9 ! same way t ! news t _m railway accid5ts occur has an int]e/ = ^? :o travel mu* by rail4 ,if accid5ts frequ5tly happ5 to ^? o!r suns1 9 su* sort t !y ei!r lose or ga9 greatly 9 brightness1 an accid5t ( "o or o!r k9d might well happ5 to our own sun1 9 :i* case ! inhabitants ( ?is e>? w\ld p]i%4 ,= _m ( ! />s1 by our supposition1 w\ld h *ang$ s mu* z ei!r to lose _! "* z ! def9+ />s ( a con/ellation or by accession ( brightness to acquire t "* :i* 9 old times !y _h n possess$4 ,n[1 assur$ly1 a *ange ( brightness compet5t to affect our sun's "* 7z view$ f any remote /> sy/em7 9 equal degree1 w\ld be de/ructive to ! inhabitants ( ! e>?4 ,none at lea/ ( ! high] races ( animals or plants c\ld be> ! int5se cold result+ f a *ange ( ! =m] k9d1 or ! int5se heat result+ f a *ange ( ! latt] k9d4 ,yet1 if ! con/ellations 7 once nam$ because ( _! imag9$ resemblance to v>i\s objects1 & if no su* resemblance c n[ be ev5 imag9$1 a *ange ( "o or o!r k9d 9 ! condition ( our sun mu/ be reg>d$ z probable1--mu* 9 ! same way t a regul> travell] by tra9 on any l9e mu/ be reg>d$ z expos$ to dang]1 if accid5ts are kn[n to be cont9ually happ5+ on t l9e4 ,:at ,i n[ propose to d is to inquire :e!r we may n f9d ! true figures & proportions ( ! anci5t con/ellations 9 ano!r way--viz41 n by look+ = !m among ! con/ellations z at pres5t b\nd$ & figur$ 9 our />-maps1 b by se>*+ ! heav5s !mselves = !m4 ,?is g5]al me?od ( se>* occurr$ to me v long ago :ile ,i 0 prep>+ v>i\s />-atlases1 b ! special mode ( illu/ration "h adopt$ occurr$ to me lately1 :ile prep>+ = "y a/ronom]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates a s]ies ( mon?ly maps %[+ ! skies t[>ds ! nor?1 s\?1 ea/1 & we/1 at diff]5t times ( ! night all ! ye> r\nd1 & 9 v>i\s latitudes )9 ! limits ( ! ,/ates4 ,:5 ,i 0 9 ,am]ica ,i notic$1 z ,i travell$ ab\t ov] a tol]ably wide range ( latitude1 t ! v>y+ attitudes assum$ by sev]al ( ! con/ellations sugge/$ features ( resemblance to diff]5t objects4 ,9 con/ruct+ maps1 simple 9 appe>ance1 b bas$ 9 reality on c>eful calculations1 ?is *>act]i/ic came out m cle>ly4 ,adopt+ a p>ticul> way ( pres5t+ ! connection betwe5 ! v>i\s />s ( a con/ellation1 ,i (t5 f\nd ! figure sugge/$ :i* _h actually be5 associat$ ) ! gr\p ( />s ?us connect$4 ,la/ly1 ! idea ( ext5d+ ?is me?od to o!r cases naturally occurr$ to me1 & "s ( ! results are pres5t$ 9 ! pres5t essay4 ,! me?od ( del9eation ref]r$ to is simply t ( connect+ ! />s ( a gr\p by l9es1 ad libitum1 t is1 n m]ely introduc+ s _m l9es z w connect all ! />s into a s+le set1 b :]e necess>y to complete ! del9eation ( ! imag9$ figure1 add+ o!r l9es connect+ pairs ( />s belong+ to ! gr\p1 yet n s _m t e pair ( />s is connect$ by a l9e4 ,! l9es1 aga91 ne$ n be /raight4 ,on ! contr>y1 :]e a gr\p ( />s =ms a /ream1 ! natural way ( jo9+ !m is by l9es s curv$ z to foll[ ! s]p5t9e c\rse ?us sugge/$4 ,& 9 o!r cases a slight curvature ( ! l9es jo9+ pairs ( />s w seem p]missible1 because correspond+ to a configuration sugge/$ by ! />s !mselves4 ,x is easily se5 t 9 "s ( ! simple/ cases1 ! figure associat$ ) a con/ellation is at once sugge/$ by ?is me?od ( del9eation4 ,= in/ance1 take ! case ( ! ,nor!rn ,cr[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4--,! ,nor!rn ,cr[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4--,! ,dolph94 ,9 ?is con/ellation we h a gr\p :i*1 :ile consi/+ ( only a few />s1 yet sugge/s v naturally ! idea ( a coronet ( gems1 z %[n 9 fig4 #cb4 ,! same is true also1 ?\gh p]haps 9 less degree1 ( ! ,dolph91 z %[n 9 fig4 #cc4 ,x is notewor?y1 by ! way1 t ?is con/ellation c h>dly h be5 inv5t$ by l&sm54 ,= ?\gh 9 our own "t :5 ! pictures ( sea-creatures are accurately drawn1 s t p]sons :o h nev] be5 to sea may h a correct idea ( ! figure ( su* creatures1 9 old times x 0 exce$+ly unlikely t any b sailors w\ld h su* famili> k ( ! dolph9 z to be rem9d$ ( t creature by a gr\p ( />s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4--,! ,scorpion4 ,a mu* m complex con/ellation ?an ei!r ( ^? j m5tion$--! ,scorpion1--is ev5 bett] repres5t$ by l9eation1 z %[n 9 fig4 #cd4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 ) cases s rem>kable z ^! t ! difficulty sugge/$ at ! outset is really connect$4 ,! in/ances ( really rem>kable resemblance are s few t !y mu/ be reg>d$ z altoge!r exceptional4 ,! be/ pro( t ! ,scorpion is unmi/akably pictur$ by ! />s is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! mod]n map-mak]s h n 9 ?is case dep>t$ mu* f ! old] del9eations4 ,no "o1 9 fact1 :o kn[s :at a ,scorpion is l1 c\ld h any d\bt z to ! configuration ( ! body1 at lea/1 ( ! cele/ial ,scorpion4 ,s t ?\gh su* a case illu/rates well ! way 9 :i* ! me?od ( del9eation ,i h sugge/$ may be made to picture ! object se5 by ! anci5t obs]v]s 9 ! heav5s1 x does n af=d any answ] to ! difficulty indicat$ by ^? :o ass]t t ! ,great ,be>1 ! ,lion1 ! ,%ip1 & o!r ( ! old con/ellation figures1 h no real exi/5ce among ! />s4 ,be=e leav+ ! ,scorpion1 h[ev]1 ,i mu/ call att5tion to "o or two po9ts :i* ?is rem>kable con/ellation seems to e/abli%4 ,fir/1 x is cle> t 9 its case real resemblance sugge/$ ! association ( a gr\p ( />s ) a famili> object4 ,s9ce ?is resemblance rema9s1 we inf] t ! gr\p ( />s pres5ts n[ an appe>ance closely resembl+ t :i* x pres5t$ f\r or five ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,& z !re is no special reason :y ! />s ( ! ,scorpion m ?an ^? ( o!r con/ellations %\ld reta9 _! lu/re un*ang$1 we ga9 a c]ta9 probability = ! belief t all ! con/ellations are n[ v mu* z !y 7 :5 fir/ nam$4 ,inde$1 x s happ5s t ! region occupi$ by ! ,scorpion is p]haps t "p ( ! heav5s :]e *anges w\ld on ! :ole mo/ probably occur1 ! region ( ! ,milky ,way cross$ by ! ,scorpion be+ exceptionally irregul>4 ,we may note also t ! "p ( ! e>? :]e ! obs]v]s liv$ :o call$ ?is con/ellation ! ,scorpion mu/ h be5 "o :]e ! reptile is well kn[n1 a conclusion :i* seems to dispose ( ! belief t ! fir/ a/ronom]s liv$ 9 high latitudes4 ,let u1 n[1 h[ev]1 take "s ( ! m difficult cases4 ,we _c d bett]1 p]haps1 ?an take at ! v outset ! ,great ,be>1 a con/ellation ( :i* _m a/ronom]s h ass]t$ t x no long] pres5ts & probably nev] did pres5t ! slighte/ resemblance to a be>4 ,i w\ld lay d[n1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! hypo!sis t ! />s 9 ! region ( ! heav5s n[ occupi$ by ! ,great ,be> mu/ h rem9d$ ! e>lie/ obs]v]s ( a l>ge1 heavily-bodi$1 small-head$1 %ort-e>$1 & %ort-tail$ creature1 su* z ei!r a be> or a hippopotamus4 ,next1 x may be tak5 = grant$ t ! creature ( :i* !y 7 ?us rem9d$ 0 "o ) :i* !y 7 famili>2 & z we h already se5 t ! inv5tors ( ! olde/ con/ellations _c h liv$ 9 v high latitudes1 we may conclude ) great probability t ! be> imag9$ 9 ! heav5s 0 n ! ,pol> be>1 b ! be> f :i* ! fir/ %eph]d a/ronom]s _h to def5d _! h]ds & flocks1--! ,syrian be>1 z x is commonly call$1 ?\gh ! species inhabit$ also ! great] "p ( ,asia ,m9or 9 =m] times4 ,! ,indians may be suppos$ to h se5 ! grizzly be>1 n ! small] black be>1 9 ! heav5s4 ,! features to be look$ =1 !n1 among ! />s1 are ^? common to ! be>s ( comp>atively l[ latitudes--n ^? ( ! pol> be>4 ,s mu* premis$ we may proce$ to inquire :e!r ! region ( ! heav5s occupi$ by ! ,great ,be> pres5ts su* a creature ) suffici5t di/9ctness to sugge/ ! idea ( ! animal to p]sons famili> ) its aspect4 ,x is p]haps h>dly necess>y to rem>k t we mu/ n expect to f9d a complete f> less a p]fect picture ( a be>1 or lion1 or %ip1 9 a l>ge region ( ! heav5s su* z is occupi$ by ^! con/ellations4 ,if "s *>act]i/ic feature ( a be> c\ld be recognis$ 9 a gr\p ( />s1 ! anci5t obs]v] w\ld be cont5t to recognise ! region ( ! heav5s :i* w\ld be occupi$ by ! entire figure ( ! animal1 z belong+ to a ,great ,be>1 unless "s m>k$ peculi>ity 9 ! />s ( t region absolutely prev5t$ ! mo/ lively imag9ation f conceiv+ a be>'s body !re4 ,z an in/ance ( ! latt] k9d may be m5tion$ ! ,bull & ! ,%ip1 bo? ( :i* con/ellation figures are se5 only 9 "p4 ,! ,bull's head is exce$+ly well m>k$1 z is ! /]n ( ! %ip ,argo1 b ! livelie/ imag9ation _c recognise ! body & tail ( a bull1 or ! =e-"p ( a %ip1 :]e ^! %\ld be4 ,consequ5tly ! anci5ts always reg>d$ ! ,bull z a half bull1 & 7z ,aratus is c>eful to m5tion7 !y recognis$ only ! /]n ( ! good %ip ,argo4 ,b 9 g5]al1 :]e only "s m>k$ feature ( an object c\ld be imag9$1 or p]haps two or ?ree1 !y yet conceiv$ ! :ole object to be %[n 9 ! heav5s1 ?\gh x may h be5 altoge!r impossible to di/ribute ! o!r />s ov] ! rema9+ portion ( ! object 9 su* a way z to %[ any natural association4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4--,! ,great ,be>4 ,! ,great ,be> seems to h be5 a con/ellation ( ?is sort4 ,"o c recognise ! head ( an animal l ! be> or ! hippopotamus1 & also ! feet ( su* a creature1 b ! prop] disposal ( ! />s =m+ ! animal's body is n s easy4 ,?is w\ld n int]f]e1 h[ev]1 ) ! *oice ( ! be> to repres5t ! region ( />s occupi$ by ! con/ellation4 ,e "o :o has se5 faces & figures 9 ! fire--& :o has n8--kn[s t "o or two features w suffice to sugge/ a resemblance2 ei!r ! imag9ation does all ! re/1 or else ! idea is sugge/$ t "s o!r object p>tially conceals t portion ( ! imag9$ figure :i* is want+4 ,fig4 #ce %[s h[1 z ,i conceive1 a be> 0 figur$ 9 ! heav5s by ^? :o1 9 v>i\s nations1 gave to ! />s ( ?is "p ( ! sky ! "n ( ! ,great ,be>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4--,! ,be>'s ,head4 ,x w be notic$ 9 ! fir/ place t ! fam\s ,sept5triones 7! sev5 />s ( ! ,pl\gh1 z 9 ,engl& ! set is call$1 ! ,dipp] z x is call$ 9 ,am]ica1 ! ,corn-measur] z x 0 call$ by ! anci5t ,*9ese7 has little or no?+ to d ) ! configuration ( ! ,be>1 ?\gh =m+ a "p ( ! con/ellation4 ,x is ! set ( small />s =m+ ! head :i* seems to h sugge/$ ! idea ( a be>1 ?\gh two ( ! paws are also well def9$ by ! />s4 ,b ! outl9+ ( ! head ( a be> or hippopotamus is really suffici5tly close to require no v lively imag9ation to fill x 94 ,fig4 #cf1 giv+ ^! />s only1 s]ves to %[ ?is1 ,i ?9k4 ,t ! entire figure ( a be> or hippopotamus 0 n recognis$ seems fur!r %[n by ! figure assign$ to ! con/ellation 9 ! ,zodiac ( ,t5tyra1 or ,d5d]ah1 :]e x appe>s z 9 fig4 #cg4 ,! small] figure is suppos$ to repres5t ! ,little ,be>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4--,! con/ellations ( ! ,be>s1 repres5t$ z a hippopotamus 787 & wolf 787 9 ! ,d5d]ah ,zodiac4 ,9 ! second place1 ! read] famili> ) ! con/ellations w p]ceive t sev]al />s n at pres5t app]ta9+ to ! ,great ,be> are includ$ )9 ! configuration itself ( ! animal 9 fig4 #ce4 ,?us ! ?ird magnitude /> beh9d ! "r e> belongs to ! con/ellation ( ! ,dragon2 ! ?ird magnitude /> ne> ! h9d qu>t]s is ,cor ,c>oli1 ! *ief /> ( ! mod]n con/ellation ,canes ,v5atici1 or ! ,hunt+ ,dogs4 ,x appe>s to me t we ought n to expect t ! fir/ obs]v]s ( ! heav5s1 9 recognis+ imag9>y features ( resemblance betwe5 a gr\p ( />s & "s kn[n object1 w\ld be c>eful to inquire :e!r "s among ^? />s 7 includ$ 9 a gr\p :i* !y _h comp>$ or might aft]w>ds comp>e ) ano!r object4 ,x is v necess>y = ! a/ronom] ( our "t1 nay1 x may h ev5 be5 v necess>y = ! a/ronom]s ( ! times ( ,hipp>*us1 ,ptolemy1 etc41 to h ! limits ( ! con/ellations cle>ly def9$1 & to let no conspicu\s /> be common to diff]5t con/ellations4 ,b z reg>ds ! figures fanci$ 9 ! heav5s by ! fir/ obs]v]s ( ! />s1 consid]ations ( t sort w\ld be ( no importance :atev]4 ,inde$1 x is wor?y ( notice t ev5 s late z ! "t ( ,bay]1 :o gave to ! />s _! ,greek lett]s1 ! con/ellations 7 n sep>at$ f ea* o!r4 ,he call$ ! /> n[ kn[n z ,beta ,tauri only1 ,gamma ,auriga also1 s t n[ ,auriga has />s ,alpha1 ,beta1 ,delta1 & s =?1 b no ,gamma4 ,simil>ly1 we look 9 va9 = any /> ,delta 9 ! con/ellation ,pegasus1 simply because ,bay] call$ "o & ! same /> ,alpha ,&rom$ & ,delta ,pegasi1 ! a/ronom]s ( our own "t reta9+ only ! =m] "n = ?is />1--! bright "o adorn+ ! head ( ,&rom$a4 ,ev5 9 our "t x has be5 f\nd impossible prop]ly to sep>ate ! old] con/ellations f ea* o!r1 s t to ?is day ! ,scorpion rema9s entangl$ ) ! legs ( ,ophiu*us1 :o is fur!r inextricably mix$ up ) ! ,s]p5t4 ,9 fact1 ! ,s]p5t is divid$ into two sep>ate p>ts by ! body ( ,ophiu*us1 map-mak]s hav+ no *oice b ei!r to all[ ,ophiu*us to divide ! ,s]p5t1 or ! ,s]p5t to divide ,ophiu*us4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4--,! ,orig9al ,con/ellation ( ! ,lion4 ,9 ! next case1 t ( ! ,great ,lion1 we h /ill fur!r to dep>t f ! mod]n configuration ( ! con/ellation4 ,no "o c imag9e ! remote/ resemblance betwe5 any "p ( a lion & ! gr\p+ ( />s fall+ on ! correspond+ portion ( ,leo 9 ! mod]n con/ellation4 ,! nose ( ! ,lion n[ falls ne> 7fig4 #ch72 & =m+ ! outl9e ( ! mane1 ! end ( ! tail1 ! ne>] =e-paw1 ! ne>] h9d-paw4 ,! orig9al ,lion1 ,i _c d\bt1 0 imag9$ some:at z pictur$ 9 fig4 #ch4 ,! head & mane are unmi/akably pictur$ among ! />s1 ! paws fairly1 ! relatively small qu>t]s & ! tuft$ tail exce$+ly well--always rememb]+ t any?+ l v close resemblance is n to be look$ = betwe5 a widely ext5d$ gr\p ( />s & ! figure ( an animal or o!r l>ge object4 ,if we rememb] also t uncultur$ nations1 l *ildr51 are mu* quick] 9 imag9+ resemblances ?an ^? c>efully tra9$ to recognise ! arti/ic del9eation ( objects1 we _c be surpris$ to f9d t ne>ly all ^? nations :o 7 acqua9t$ ) ! lion imag9$ a l>ge leon9e figure 9 ! "p ( ! heav5s n[ c5trally occupi$ by our mod]n & mo/ puny ,lion1 b includ+ portions ( ,canc]1 ! :ole ( ,leo ,m9or 7"o ( ,hevelius's absurd inv5tions71 ! ,hair ( ,b]5ice1 & a /> or two belong+ to ,virgo4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4--,! ,orig9al ,%ip ,argo4 ,we h to treat 9 a simil> way ! con/ellation ,argo ( our pres5t maps1 to get ! good %ip ,argo1 z ! anci5ts mu/ h conceiv$ ! con/ellation4 ,fig4 #ci %[s ! ,%ip z ,i imag9e %e 0 orig9ally pictur$4 ,! />s :i* m>k h] curv$ poop belong 9 "p at pres5t 7z d\btless !y h long belong$7 to ! ,l>g] ,dog1 :ile ^? :i* m>k ! /e]+-o> belong to ! mod]n con/ellation ,columba ,noa*i1 or ,noah's ,dove4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$ t ! bright /> ,canopus1 %[n 9 ! wat]1 0 n visible 9 ! "t ( ! fir/ obs]v]s 9 ! latitude :]e !y probably dwelt4 ,! mighty gyrat+ motion ( ! e>? has caus$ ^! />s to be br\ght five or six degrees fur!r f ! s\!rn pole ( ! heav5s4 ,b ,canopus & a few ( ! small />s ne> x are ! only />s :i* h ?us be5 add$ to ! con/ellation z se5 f ! regions inhabit$ by ! fir/ obs]v]s4 7,canopus 0 kn[n to ! ,arabian & ,egyptian a/ronom]s47 ,?is introduces ano!r po9t :i* seems wor? notic+4 ,at pres5t ! %ip ,argo is nev] se5 f any "p ( ! e>?'s surface z pictur$ 9 fig4 #ci4 ,:5 due s\?1 ! position :5ce 9 all nor!rn latitudes ! con/ellation is mo/ fav\rably se51 ! %ip is always tilt$ up at ! /]n3 "o w\ld say1 9 m nautical phrase1 %e is d[n by ! head1 if ! %ip _h any =e-"p2 b f "t immemorial %e has be5 a half-%ip only4 ,"s #d1jjj ye>s ago1 h[ev]1 ,argo /ood ne>ly on an ev5 keel :5 due s\?4 ,aga91 x is to ! mighty gyrational motion ( ! e>? t we h to look = ! cause ( ! great *ange 9 ! app>5t position ( ! %ip4 ,! sph]e ( ! fix$ />s has rema9$ all ! "t un*ang$1 or v ne>ly s1 b ! direction 9 :i* ! e>?'s axis ( rotation po9ts has sway$ r\nd 7mu* z ! axis ( a reel+ top sways r\nd7 ?r\gh ab\t "o-six? "p ( a complete gyration4 ,9 ! regions :]e a/ronomy fir/ began z a sci5ce1 ,argo n only /ood on an ev5 keel b almo/ on ! horizon :5 due s\?2 & ! features ( resemblance to a %ip1 :i* ,i h endeav\r$ to portray 9 fig4 #ci1 mu/ h seem$ mu* m /rik+ !re 7& !n7 ?an n[4 ,! =e-"p ( ! %ip1 or r t region ( ! heav5s :]e ! =e-"p %\ld be1 is occupi$ by great masses ( ! ,milky ,way 9 "o ( its brighte/ & mo/ rem>kable portions4 ,i h sometimes fanci$ t 9 "s ( ! old ,zodiac temples ( />-wor%ipp]s ! con/ellation ,argo 0 depict$ z a mighty %ip1 gemm$ ) />s1 & heavily lad5 9 its =e-"p ) great masses ( gild$ cl\d to repres5t ! ,milky ,way1 & t f su* repres5tations ( ! con/ellation came ! tradition ( ! %ip ,argo & its c>go ( gold5 fleece4 ,_m p>ts ( ! /ory ( ,jason & 8 companions seem to relate to objects depict$ 9 ! old con/ellation-domes1--z ^? relat+ to ! ,dragon1 to ,h]cules1 ,ca/or & ,pollux1 ! ,c5taur1 etc4 ,!re is also a curi\s ref]5ce1 9 ! tradition1 to ! /]n ( ! %ip1 :i* is mu* l :at we c imag9e z result+ f an attempt to expla9 ! appe>ance ( ?is "p only1 9 ! set ( con/ellation figures4 ,we read t ! entrance to ! ,eux9e ,sea 0 fabl$ to be clos$ up by c]ta9 rocks call$ ,symplegades 7! ,cla%]s71 :i* float$ on ! wat]1 & :5 any?+ attempt$ to pass ?r\gh came toge!r ) su* velocity t n ev5 birds c\ld escape4 ,ph9eas advis$ !m to let a bird fly ?r\gh1 & if ! bird pass$ safely1 to v5ture ! passage4 ,x pass$ ) only ! loss ( its tail2 & ! ,argo1 fav\r$ by ,juno1 & impell$ by ! utmo/ ef=ts ( its h]oic crew1 pass$ also1 ?\gh s n>r[ly t ! meet+ rocks c>ri$ away "p ( h] /]n-works1 :i* rema9$ fix$ !re !nce=w>d4 ,= my own "p1 ,i ?9k we may n only reg>d ! /ory ( ! %ip ,argo z 9 reality a v]sion1 ?\gh mu* modifi$1 ( ! acc\nt ( ,noah's deluge1 b consid] ! s]ies ( con/ellations1 ,aqu>ius1 ,cetus1 ,eridanus1 ,argo1 ,corvus1 ,c5taurus1 ,ara1 & ,sagitt>ius1 z typify+ ! same n>rative4 ,x is some:at curi\s t if we place ^! con/ellations 9 _! orig9al position1--t is1 z !y 7 be=e ! *anges :i* ! e>?'s great gyration has introduc$ dur+ ! la/ f\r ?\s& ye>s or s1--we f9d ! foll[+ co9cid5ces ) ! acc\nt ( ! deluge4 ,fir/ comes ,aqu>ius 7^: beg9n+ w\ld correspond ) ! sun's position on or ab\t ! sev5te5? day ( ! second mon? ( ! old ,pleiades ye>7 p\r+ wat]4 ,8 range on ! ecliptic 7or ! space he occupies 9 ! annual range repres5t$ 9 ! zodiac temple7 is ab\t =ty days4 ,!n came ! wat]y con/ellations ,eridanus1 ! riv]1 & ,cetus1 ! sea mon/]1 hav+1 ) ! %ip ,argo1 a range ( ab\t #aej days ( ! annual circuit4 ,ab\t =ty days lat] 9 ! circuit we f9d ,corvus1 ! rav51 ^: feet re/ on ,hydra1 ! great cele/ial sea-s]p5t1 z ?\gh no dry l& c\ld be f\nd by ! bird4 ,a dove also1 if we accept ! int]pretation above giv5 ( ! ,argo n>rative1 may h be5 repres5t$ 9 ?is "p ( ! /> temple4 ,next we h ! ,c5taur1 orig9ally we "k repres5t$ z a man only1 (f]+ an animal z sacrifice on ! alt> ,ara4 ,!re is a cl\d ( />s ris+ f ! alt>3 we may recall ,manilius's acc\nt ( ! con/ellation1-- ,ara1 f]5s ?uris1 /ellis imitantibus1 ignem4#af ,9 ?is cl\d is ! ,b[ ( ,sagitt>ius1 ! b[ be+ orig9ally alone %[n1 z x is inde$ ! only figure :i* c be imag9$ among ! />s ( ?is region4 ,s t ^! con/ellation figures seem to typify ,noah (f]+ sacrifice on ! ,alt>1 & ! ,b[ ( ,promise set 9 ! cl\d above ! alt>4 ,x is curi\s1 too1 t :ile ! "t ( ,noah's leav+ ! ark 0 a ye> & t5 days f ! beg9n+ ( ! ra9s1 ! con/ellation ,sagitt>ius ov]laps ! conjo9$ wat]y signs ,capricornus & ,aqu>ius 7runn+ s\? ( !m7 by ab\t s mu* z w\ld correspond to t5 days ( ! annual circuit ( ! heav5s4 ,! objections to ! view ( matt]s above indicat$ are1 fir/1 t ! con/ellations ref]r$ to seem to h be5 =m$ because ( real resemblance betwe5 ! />-gr\ps & ! figures associat$ ) !m2 &1 secondly1 t ! ,zodiac temples 7 probably erect$ by />-wor%ipp]s1 & w\ld sc>cely h be5 employ$ to typify su* a n>rative z t ( ! ,deluge4 ,! !ory t ! n>rative itself 0 an attempt to int]pret pictures repres5t$ on a ,zodiac temple w1 ( c\rse1 be objectionable to _m read]s2 ?\gh !y may n be unwill+ to believe t ! fable ( ! ,argonautic exp$ition _h its orig9 9 "s su* way4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x w h be5 notic$ t 9 ! figures :i* ,i h giv5 ( ! ,great ,be>1 ,lion1 & ,%ip1 ,i h n altoge!r adh]$ to my idea ( simply connect+ ! />s ( a gr\p by l9es4 ,to say ! tru?1 al?\gh a r\gh notion ( a be>1 lion1 or %ip may ?us be giv51 ! figure s pres5t$ is n altoge!r satisfactory to ! m9d4 ,9 any case1 z = in/ance ev5 9 ! ,scorpion 7( all ^! figures ! be/ m>k$71 ! l9e-figure is v imp]fect4 ,b 9 "s cases x does sugge/ ! idea ( an animal or figure1 or a "p ( ei!r1 mu* 9 ! same way t ! idea ( a human figure c be sugge/$ by a few l9es =m+ a skeleton figure1 su* z our old fri5d ,tommy ,traddles us$ to draw4 ,n[ ! ,lion1 ,be>1 & ,%ip are n well suit$ = ?is sort ( del9eation1 z anyone w f9d :o tries to sugge/ ! idea ( a be>1 lion1 or %ip 7( ! old-fa%ion$ heavily-/]n$ sort7 by means ( a few l9es4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to %[ t 9 "s cases a skeleton figure c be =m$ by jo9+ ! />s ( a con/ellation1 & t ! figure ?us =m$ repres5ts 7( c\rse 9 an utt]ly in>ti/ic sort ( way7 ! object associat$ ) ^? />s1 ,i w n[ take "o or two in/ances 9 :i* su* resemblance sugge/$ itself to me )\t be+ specially s\ght =4 ,i might add to ! ,cr[n1 ,dolph91 & ,scorpion1 ! ,*air ( ,cassiopeia1 ! figure ( ,orion1 & ! con/ellation ( ! ,cup2 ,i omit ^!1 h[ev]1 n because !y are unfit = my purpose1 b because !y s obvi\sly illu/rate my argum5t4 ,no "o1 ) ! lea/ p[] ( imag9ation1 c fail to see h[ a *air1 a belt$ giant1 & a cup1 are pictur$1 z x 71 9 ^! con/ellations4 ,i w take o!rs :]e ! resemblance is less obvi\s4 ,?us1 ,i ?9k sc>cely anyone :o is acqua9t$ ) ! con/ellation ,&rom$a c h fail$ to be p]plex$ by ! association ( ! figure ( a *a9$ lady ) ?is gr\p ( />s4 ,9 ! arrangem5t ( ! />s !mselves1 )\t l9es drawn to connect !m1 no su* figure c be imag9$2 at lea/ ,i fail utt]ly = my own "p :5 ,i attempt to picture su* a figure1 ev5 n[ t ,i recognise h[ ! figure is =m$1 skeleton-wise1 by connect+ l9es4 ,i _c b ?9k ?is figure mu/ h be5 imag9$ f pictures ( ! gr\ps ( />s ) l9es connect+ !m1 & n f ! />s !mselves4 ,!re is ?is reason1 among o!rs1 = s ?9k+4 ,! lady's head is repres5t$ by a s+le />1 ,alph]at4 ,n[ a s+le /> 9 ! sky1 h[ev] bright1 is n l>ge en\gh to repres5t ! head ( a human figure l ,&rom$a's4 ,b ! repres5tation ( a bright /> l ,alph]at 9 a *>t or sculpture has suffici5t size to s]ve = a head1 because size is ! only way 9 :i* brightness c be indicat$4 ,9 fig4 #dj ! />s =m+ ! con/ellation ,&rom$a are %[n2 also ! *air ( ,cassiopeia2 &1 on ! "r1 "o ( ! fi%es & ! triangle4 ,a gr\p ( />s 9 ! upp] left-h& corn] m>ks ! place ( ! rock to :i* ! *a9s are fa/5$ :i* b9d ,&rom$a's "r h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4--;,&rom$a4 ,x _c be said t ! skeleton picture %ewn 9 fig4 #dj is v graceful or arti/ic2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x _c1 ,i ?9k1 be d\bt$ t !re is en\gh 9 x to sugge/ ! idea ( a *a9$ p]son4 ,! fi% naturally sugge/s ! idea t ! place is by ! sea-%ore4 ,& ! *air sugge/s ! idea ( "s "o on ! %ore wait+ & wat*+4 ,9 our own "t1 probably1 ! idea sugge/$ w\ld be t ( a p]son tak+ a ba?1 :ile "s "o sat 9 a *air on ! s&s & wait$ = _! turn4 ,b to ! old obs]v]s ( ! heav5s1 unfamili> z !y 7 ) sea-side div]sions1 ! notion w\ld m naturally occur ( a woman *a9$ to a rock1 ,lift+ h] long :ite arms1 widespread1 to ! walls ( ! basalt2 :ile n f> (f 0 imag9$ among ! />s ! mon/] ,cetus com+ onw>d1 bulky & black z a galley1 ,lazily coa/+ along1 z ! fi% fl$ leap+ be=e x4 ,"o ( ^! fi% is se5 close by ! figure ( ! *a9$ ,&rom$a4 ,ne> at h& !y imag9$ ! fa!r & "m ( ! lady2 ,cassiopeia sitt+ close to ! %ore2 b ,cepheus f> 9 ! palace ,sat 9 ! mid/ ( 8 hall1 on 8 ?rone1 l a %eph]d ( p1 ,*ok+ 8 woe dry-ey$1 :ile ! slaves wail$ l\dly ar\nd him4 ,! /ory ( ,&rom$a1 z ! read] d\btless kn[s1 is n ( ,greek orig94 ,its real orig9 is lo/ 9 a f> antiquity4 ,! ,indians h ! same /ory 9 _! a/ronomical my?ology1 & almo/ ! same names4 ,?us ,wil=d1 9 8 ,asiatic ,rese>*es1 relat+ 8 conv]sation ) an ,indian a/ronom]1 says1 ,i ask$ him to %[ me 9 ! heav5s ! con/ellation ( ,ant>mada1 & he imm$iately po9t$ to ,&rom$a1 ?\gh ,i _h n giv5 him any in=mation ab\t x be=eh&4 ,he aft]w>ds br\ght me a v r>e & curi\s "w 9 ,sanscrit1 :i* conta9$ a *apt] devot$ to ,upana*atras1 or extra-zodiacal con/ellations1 ) draw+s ( ,capuja 7,cepheus71 & ( ,casyapi 7,cassiopeia71 seat$ & hold+ a lotus fl[] 9 h] h&2 ( ,ant>mada1 *a9$1 ) ! fi% beside h]2 & la/1 ( ,p>asiea 7,p]seus71 :o1 accord+ to ! explanation ( ! book1 held ! head ( a mon/] :i* he _h sla9 9 combat2 blood 0 dropp+ f x1 & = hair x _h snakes4 ,z ano!r illu/ration ( ! me?od ,i h describ$1 ,i give ! con/ellation ,pegasus1 or1 z x 0 sometimes call$1 ! ,half-horse4 ,i d n ass]t t fig4 #da pres5ts a v well %ap$ /e$1 any m ?an t 9 fig4 #dj a lady ( exquisite proportions is pictur$4 ,b "o c p]ceive h[ ! />s sugge/ ! idea ( a horse 9 "o case1 & ( a human figure ) uprais$ fa/5$ arms 9 ! o!r4 ,x is commonly /at$ t ,pegasus is "o ( ! con/ellations %[+ no resemblance at all to ! figure associat$ ) x4 ,i ?9k fig4 #da suffices to %[ t !re is "s slight resemblance at lea/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4--,pegasus4 ,x may be m5tion$1 9 pass+1 t all ! nations ( antiquity w\ld n be likely to =m equally cle> conceptions ( figures 9 ! heav5s4 ,!re are m>k$ diff]5ces betwe5 ! v>i\s races ( ! human family 9 ?is respect1 j z !re are m>k$ diff]5ces betwe5 v>i\s p]sons 9 ! p[] ( imag9+ figures "u diff]5t conditions4 ,"s p]sons see figures at once 9 a cl\d1 9 ! outl9e ( a tree1 9 a fire1 9 a gr\p ( accid5tal m>k+s1 & s =?2 :ile o!rs n only d n see su* figures1 b _c imag9e !m ev5 :5 _! outl9es are indicat$4 ,s x is ) diff]5t races ( m54 ,!re h be5 "s :i*1 ev5 :5 only j em]g+ f ! utt]ly savage /ate1 possess$ s mu* ( ! imag9ative p[] z to be able to picture = !mselves1 by l9es cut ) rude fl9t in/rum5ts on pieces ( bone1 horn1 or ivory1 ! animals ) :i* !y 7 famili>4 ,we h ev5 among su* pictures "s belong+ to an age s remote t ! mammo? 7or hairy elephant7 _h n yet entirely disappe>$ f ,europe2 =1 9 ! cave ( ,la ,madele9e1 at ,dordogne1 among o!r relics ( ! /one age1 !re has actually be5 f\nd a draw+ ( ! mammo? scrat*$ on a piece ( mammo? tusk4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are "s races 9 exi/5ce at ! pres5t day1 9 a m advanc$ /age ( civilization1 :o _c p]ceive ev5 9 well-execut$ col\r$ draw+s any resemblance to ! objects pictur$4 ,an aborig9al ,new ,holl&]1 says ,oldfield1 be+ %[n a col\r$ engrav+ ( a memb] ( 8 own tribe1 decl>$ x to be a %ip1 ano!r a kang>oo1 & s on2 n "o ( a doz5 id5tify+ ! portrait z hav+ any connection ) himself4 ,a rude draw+1 ) all ! less] p>ts mu* exagg]at$1 !y c realise4 ,?us1 to give !m an idea ( a man1 ! head mu/ be drawn disproportionately l>ge4 ,dr4 ,coll+wood tells u t :5 he %[$ a copy ( ! ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news to ! ,kibalaus ( ,=mosa1 he f\nd x impossible to int]e/ !m by po9t+ out ! mo/ /rik+ illu/rations1 :i* !y did n appe> to compreh5d4 ,d5ham 7,i quote ?r\gh\t f ,lubbock's mo/ valuable & int]e/+ "w on ! ,orig9 ( ,civilization7 says t ,bookhal\m1 a man o!rwise ( consid]able intellig5ce1 ?\gh he readily recognis$ figures1 c\ld n und]/& a l&scape4 ,i c\ld n1 he says1 make him und]/& ! pr9t ( ! s&-w9d 9 ! des]t1 :i* is really s well describ$ by ,capta9 ,lyons' draw+4 ,he w\ld look at x upside d[n2 & :5 ,i twice rev]s$ x = him he exclaim$1 ',:y6 :y6 x's all ! same4' ,a camel or a human figure 0 all ,i c\ld make him und]/&1 & at ^! he 0 all agitation & delight4 ',gieb6 ,gieb6--wond]ful6 wond]ful6' ,! eyes fir/ took 8 att5tion1 !n ! o!r features2 at ! sight ( ! sword1 he exclaim$1 ',allah6 ,allah6' &1 on discov]+ ! guns1 in/antly exclaim$1 ',:]e is ! p[d]8' ,we h 9 ! consid]ation ( ?is div]sity ( "* betwe5 diff]5t races & nations1 z respects ! p[] z well ( imag9+ z ( del9eat+ figures 7! two are closely connect$71 "o means ( judg+ to :at race we owe ! orig9al con/ellations4 ,= al?\gh "s figures 9 ! heav5s are manife/ en\gh1 o!rs require a consid]able p[] ( imag9ation4 ,& x %\ld be not$ t ?is mu/ h be5 true ev5 if we suppose 7:i* ,i ?9k ,i h succe$$ 9 %[+ we ne$ n d7 t _m ( ! />s h *ang$ 9 brightness1 & t ?us resemblances h disappe>$ :i* =m]ly exi/$4 ,=1 9 any case1 ! heav5s f\r1 t51 or tw5ty ?\s& ye>s ago1 or at :atev] remote p]iod we set ! orig9al inv5tion ( ! con/ellations1 mu/ h pres5t$ ! same *>act]i/ics z at pres5t4 ,x c nev] h be5 ! case t all ! />-gr\ps c\ld be comp>$ at once1 obvi\sly1 ) ! figures ( m5 & animals4 ,s t only a race ( lively imag9ation c\ld h f\nd figures = all ! />-gr\ps1 z 0 c]ta9ly done 9 v remote times by "s race4 ,! race1 !n1 to :om we owe ! g5]al sy/em ( con/ellations1 0 probably "o ) s mu* tal5t = arti/ic del9eation t 9 lat] ages ?is p w\ld h become di/+ui%$ = skill 9 pa9t+ & sculpture4 ,i ?9k ! sculptures f\nd 9 ,babylon1 & ! traditions left ( ! arti/ic skill ( ! ,babylonians1 correspond well ) ! belief t ! con/ellations _h _! orig91 & a/ronomy its fir/ developm5t1 among t p or a k9dr$ race4 ,b ! *ief lesson to be d]iv$ 7& ,i ?9k x may fairly be d]iv$7 f ! /udy ( ! con/ellation-gr\ps is1 t en\gh resemblance /ill rema9s1 if only ! arbitr>y b\nd>ies inv5t$ = ! con/ellation figures 9 rec5t times are ov]look$1 to assure u t no v great *anges h tak5 place 9 ! aspect ( ! heav5s = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,a few />s "h & !re h c]ta9ly *ang$ greatly 9 brightness1 & "s few h *ang$ consid]ably ev5 9 position2 :ile a consid]able numb] h probably *ang$ slightly 9 brightness1 & all1 or v ne>ly all1 h *ang$ some:at 9 position4 ,b on ! :ole ! aspect ( ! /ell> heav5s n[ is ! same z x 0 :5 ! con/ellation figures 7 fir/ imag9$4 ,?is ?\ght n only assures u ( ! p]man5ce ( our own sun 7see+ t among ! ?\s&s ( 8 fell[-suns :i* spangle ! heav5s s few h *ang$ 9 lu/re71 b seems to me to give to ! /udy ( ! />s a s+ul> *>m4 ,our antiqu>ies & ar*ologi/s pres5t = our /udy ! relics ( long pa/ ages1 & we may (t5 re/ assur$ t ! objects ?us ga!r$ = u 7 really us$ 9 old times1 ?\gh probably 9 a mann] n und]/ood by u1 & :5 9 a condition v unlike t 9 :i* !y h rea*$ our times4 ,9 ne>ly all su* in/ances1 h[ev]1 d\bt exi/s z to ! antiquity ( ! relic1 z to ! race to :om x really belong$1 & z to its real use & purport4 ,b z reg>ds ! /ell> heav5s we h no d\bt4 ,( all ! objects on :i* ! eyes ( remote races h re/$1 ! cele/ial bodies are und\bt$ly ! mo/ anci5t1 :ile at ! same "t !y & !y alone 7 mo/ c]ta9ly contemplat$ by all mank9d4 ,f ! v e>lie/ ages1 f ! "t :5 ! *ild-man fir/ turn$ 8 ?\ghts f m]e animal wants to ! wond]s ( nature1 ! />s1 & ! sun & moon & planets mu/ h drawn to !mselves ! att5tion ( all :o _h eyes to see ev5 ?\gh !y _h no p[] to und]/& ! glories ( ! />-dep?s4 ,m5 pictur$ among ! />s ! objects mo/ famili> to !m1 ! h]ds & flocks :i* !y t5d$1 ! h]dsman himself1 ! waggon]1 ! huntsman1 ! birds ( ! air1 ! bea/s ( ! field1 ! fi%es ( ! sea1 ! %ip1 ! alt>1 ! b[1 ! arr[1 &1 "o may say1 all t accord+ to _! k exi/$ 9 ! heav5s above1 9 ! e>? b5ea?1 & 9 ! wat]s "u ! e>?4 ,imp]fect & anomal\s z ^! mean+s are1 9 relation to mod]n a/ronomy1 ) its exact me?ods1 elaborate in/rum5ts1 & pr(\nd inve/igations into ! mean+ ( all ! ph5om5a ( ! heav5s1 !y nev]!less reta9 _! place1 & are likely long to d s1 9 virtue ( ! hold :i* !y took1 9 remote ages1 on ! imag9ation ( mank9d 9 g5]al4 ,,footnotes3 #af ,! alt>1 be>+ fire ( inc5se1 pictur$ by />s4 ,a rem>kably bright & complex portion ( ! ,milky ,way lies ne> ! con/ellation ,ara1 giv+ ! appe>ance ( smoke asc5d+ f ! alt>1 only ! alt> mu/ be set upright1 z 9 my ,gnomonic ,atlas1 n inv]t$ z 9 all ! mod]n maps4 7,x is %[n prop]ly 9 ! old ,f>nese globe74 ,illu/ration ,,xiii4 ,,transits ,,( ,,v5us4 ,z a transit ( ,v5us1 visible 9 ?is c\ntry1 occurs 9 ,decemb]1 #ahhb1 my read]s1 al?\gh !y may n c>e = an acc\nt ( ! ma!matical relations involv$ 9 ! obs]vation & calculation ( a transit1 w probably be int]e/$ by a simple explanation ( ! reasons :y transits ( ,v5us are s important 9 a/ronomy4 ,( c\rse x is kn[n t a transit ( ,v5us is ! app>5t passage ( ! planet across ! face ( ! sun1 :51 9 pass+ betwe5 ! e>? & sun1 z %e does ab\t eight times 9 ?irte5 ye>s1 %e *ances to come s close to ! imag9>y l9e jo9+ ! c5tres ( ^? bodies t1 z se5 f ! e>?1 %e appe>s to be ^u ! face ( ! sun4 ,we may comp>e h] to a dove circl+ r\nd a dovecot1 & com+ once 9 ea* circuit betwe5 an obs]v] & h] h\se4 ,if 9 h] circuit %e flew n[ high]1 n[ l[]1 or1 9 o!r words1 if ! plane ( h] pa? 7 some:at aslant1 %e w\ld appe> to pass sometimes above ! cot1 & sometimes bel[ x1 b f "t to "t %e w\ld seem to fly "r across x4 ,s ,v5us1 9 circuit+ r\nd ! sun1 appe>s sometimes1 :5 %e comes betwe5 u & ! sun1 to pass above 8 face1 & sometimes to pass bel[ x2 b occasionally passes "r across x4 ,9 su* a case %e is said to transit ! sun's disc1 & ! ph5om5on is call$ a transit ( ,v5us4 ,%e has a companion 9 ^! circuit+ motions1 ! planet ,m]cury1 ?\gh ?is planet travels mu* ne>] to ! sun4 ,x is z ?\gh1 :ile a dove 7 fly+ ar\nd a dovecot at a di/ance ( sev]al y>ds1 a sp>r[ 7 circl+ r\nd ! cot at a little m ?an half ! di/ance1 fly+ a good deal m quickly4 ,x w be und]/ood t ,m]cury also crosses ! face ( ! sun f "t to "t--9 fact1 a great deal (t5] ?an ,v5us2 b1 = a reason pres5tly to be expla9$1 ! transits ( ,m]cury are ( no great importance 9 a/ronomy4 ,"o occurr$ 9 #ahfa1 ano!r 9 #ahfh2 ano!r 9 ,may1 #ahgh2 yet v little att5tion 0 paid to ^? ev5ts2 & be=e ! next transit ( ,v5us1 9 #ahhb1 !re w be a transit ( ,m]cury1 9 ,novemb]1 #ahha2 yet no arrangem5ts h be5 made = obs]v+ ,m]cury 9 transit on ^! occasions2 :]eas a/ronom]s began to lay _! plans = obs]v+ ! transit ( ,v5us 9 #ahhb1 z f> back z #aheg4 ,! illu/ration :i* ,i h already us$ w s]ve excell5tly to %[ ! g5]al pr9ciples on :i* ! value ( a transit ( ,v5us dep5ds2 & z1 = "s inscrutable reasons1 any /atem5t 9 :i* ,v5us1 ! sun1 & ! e>? are introduc$1 seems by _m to be reg>d$ z1 ( its v nature1 too p]plex+ = anyone b ! a/ronom] ev5 to attempt to und]/&1 my talk 9 ! next few p>agraphs %all be ab\t a dove1 a dovecot1 & a w9d[1 :]eby1 p]haps1 "s may be tempt$ to ma/] ! ess5tial po9ts ( ! a/ronomical "q :o w\ld be driv5 out ( he>+ if ,i spoke ab\t planets & orbits1 asc5d+ nodes & desc5d+ nodes1 +ress & egress1 & contacts int]nal & ext]nal4 ,suppose ,d1 fig4 #db1 to be a dove fly+ betwe5 ! w9d[ ,a ,b & ! dovecot ,c c1 & let u suppose t a p]son look+ at ! dove j ov] ! b> ,a sees h] app>5tly cross ! cot at ! level a1 at ! foot ( "o r[ ( op5+s1 :ile ano!r p]son look+ at ! dove j ov] ! b> ,b sees h] cross ! cot app>5tly at ! level b1 at ! foot ( ! r[ ( op5+s next above ! r[ a4 ,n[ suppose t ! obs]v] does n "k ! di/ance or size ( ! cot1 b t he does "k 9 "s way t ! dove flies j midway betwe5 ! w9d[ & ! cot2 !n x is p]fectly cle> t ! di/ance a b betwe5 ! two r[s ( op5+s is exactly ! same z ! di/ance ,a ,b betwe5 ! two w9d[-b>s2 s t our obs]v]s ne$ only measure ,a ,b ) a foot-rule to "k ! scale on :i* ! dovecot is made4 ,if ,a ,b is "o foot1 = in/ance1 !n a b is also "o foot2 & if ! dovecot has ?ree equal divisions1 z %[n at ! side1 !n ,c c is exactly "o y>d 9 height4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,?us we h "h a case :]e two obs]v]s1 )\t leav+ _! w9d[1 c tell ! size ( a di/ant object4 ,& x is q cle> t :]ev] ! dove may pass betwe5 ! w9d[ & ! h\se1 ! obs]v]s w be equally able to det]m9e ! size ( ! cot1 if only !y "k ! relative di/ances ( ! dove & dovecot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,?us1 if ,d a is twice z great z ,d ,a1 z 9 fig4 #dc1 !n a b is twice z great z ,a ,b1 ! l5g? :i* ! obs]v]s "k2 & if ,d a is only equal to half ,d ,a1 z 9 fig4 #dd1 !n a b is only equal to half ! kn[n l5g? ,a ,b4 ,9 e possible case ! l5g? ( a b is kn[n4 ,take "o o!r case 9 :i* ! proportion is n q s simple3--,suppose t ,d a is great] ?an ,d ,a 9 ! proportion ( #ah to #g1 z 9 fig4 #de2 !n b a is great] ?an ,a ,b 9 ! same proportion2 s t1 = in/ance1 if ,a ,b is a l5g? ( #g in*es1 b a is a l5g? ( #ah in*es4 ,we see f ^! simple cases h[ ! actual size ( a di/ant object c be le>n$ by two obs]v]s :o d n leave _! room1 s long only z !y "k ! relative di/ances ( t object & ( ano!r :i* comes3 betwe5 x & !m4 ,we ne$ n specially conc]n ourselves by inquir+ h[ !y c\ld det]m9e ?is la/ po9t3 x is en\gh t x might become kn[n to !m 9 _m ways4 ,to m5tion only "o4 ,suppose ! sun 0 %9+ s z to ?r[ ! %ad[ ( ! dove on a uni=mly pav$ c\rt betwe5 ! h\se & ! dovecot1 !n x is easy to conceive h[ ! position ( ! %ad[ on ! uni=m pav+ w\ld enable ! obs]v]s to det]m9e 7by c\nt+ r[s7 ! relative di/ances ( dove & dovecot4 ,n[1 ,v5us comes betwe5 ! e>? & sun precisely z ! dove 9 fig4 #de comes betwe5 ! w9d[ ,a ,b & ! dovecot b a4 ,! relative di/ances are kn[n exactly1 & h be5 kn[n = hundr$s ( ye>s4 ,!y 7 fir/ le>n$ by direct obs]vation2 ,v5us go+ r\nd & r\nd ! sun1 )9 ! pa? ( ! e>?1 is se5 n[ on "o side 7! ea/]n side7 ( ! sun z an ev5+ />1 & n[ on ! o!r side 7! we/]n side7 z a morn+ />1 & :5 %e seems f>!/ away f ! sun 9 direction ,e ,v 7fig4 #df7 9 "o case1 or ,e v 9 ! o!r case1 we "k t ! l9e ,e ,v or ,e v1 z ! case may be1 mu/ j t\* h] pa?2 & p]ceiv+ h[ f> h] place 9 ! heav5s is f ! sun's place at ^? times1 we "k1 9 fact1 ! size ( ei!r angle ,s ,e ,v or ,s ,e v1 &1 !re=e1 ! %ape ( ei!r triangle ,s ,e ,v or ,s ,e v4 ,b ?is am\nts to say+ t we "k :at proportion ,s ,e be>s to ,s ,v--t is1 :at proportion ! di/ance ( ! e>? be>s to ! di/ance ( ,v5us4#ag ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,?is proportion has be5 f\nd to be v ne>ly t ( #ajj to #gb2 s t :5 ,v5us is on a l9e betwe5 ! e>? & sun1 h] di/ances f ^! two bodies are z #bh to #gb1 or z #g to #ah4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,^! di/ances are proportion$ precisely !n z ,d ,a to ,d a 9 fig4 #de2 & ! v same reason+ :i* 0 true 9 ! case ( dove & dovecot is true :5 = ! dove & dovecot we sub/itute ,v5us & ! sun respectively1 :ile = ! two obs]v]s look+ out f a w9d[ we sub/itute two obs]v]s /ation$ at two diff]5t p>ts ( ! e>?4 ,x makes no diff]5ce 9 ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( ! problem t 9 "o case we h to deal ) in*es1 & 9 ! o!r ) ?\s&s ( miles2 j z 9 speak+ ( fig4 #de we reason$ t if ,a ,b1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! eye-level ( ! two obs]v]s1 is #g in*es1 !n b a is #ah in*es1 s we say t if two /ations1 ,a & ,b1 fig4 #dg1 on ! e>? ,e1 are #gjjj miles ap>t 7measur+ ! di/ance 9 a /raight l9e71 & an obs]v] at ,a sees ,v5us' c5tre on ! sun's disc at a1 :ile an obs]v] at ,b sees h] c5tre on ! sun's disc at b1 !n b a 7measur$ 9 a /raight l9e1 & reg>d$ z "p ( ! upright diamet] ( ! sun7 is equal to #ah1jjj miles4 ,s t if two obs]v]s1 s plac$1 c\ld obs]ve ,v5us at ! same in/ant1 & note exactly :]e h] c5tre seem$ to fall1 !n s9ce !y w\ld ?us h le>n$ :at proportion b a is ( ! :ole diamet] ,s ,s' ( ! sun1 !y w\ld "k h[ _m miles !re are 9 t diamet]4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 !y f\nd1 on comp>+ notes1 t b a is ab\t ! #dg? "p ( ! :ole diamet]1 !y w\ld "k t ! diamet] ( ! sun is ab\t #dg times #ah1jjj miles1 or ab\t #hdf1jjj miles4 ,n[1 f9d+ ! real size ( an object l ! sun1 ^: app>5t size we c s easily measure1 is ! same ?+ z f9d+ 8 di/ance4 ,any "o c tell h[ _m times its own diamet] ! sun is remov$ f u4 ,take a circul> disc an in* 9 diamet]1--a halfp5ny1 = in/ance--& see h[ f> away x mu/ be plac$ to exactly hide ! sun4 ,! di/ance w be f\nd to be r m ?an #ajg in*es1 s t ! sun1 l ! halfp5ny :i* hides 8 face1 mu/ be r m ?an #ajg times 8 own diamet] f u4 ,b #ajg times #hdf1jjj miles am\nts to #ij1ebb1jjj miles4 ,?is1 !re=e1 if ! imag9$ obs]vations 7 correctly made1 w\ld be ! sun's di/ance4 ,i %all next %[ h[ ,halley & ,delisle contriv$ two simple plans to avoid ! manife/ difficulty ( c>ry+ out 9 a direct mann] ! simultane\s obs]vations j describ$1 f /ations ?\s&s ( miles ap>t4 ,we h se5 t ! det]m9ation ( ! sun's di/ance by obs]v+ ,v5us on ! sun's face w\ld be a matt] ( p]fect simplicity if we c\ld be q sure t two obs]vations 7 correctly made1 & at exactly ! same mom5t1 by a/ronom]s /ation$ "o f> to ! nor?1 ! o!r f> to ! s\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,! =m] w\ld see ,v5us z at ,a1 fig4 #dh1 ! o!r w\ld see h] z at ,b2 & ! di/ance betwe5 ! two l9es a a & b b along :i* h] c5tre is travell+1 z wat*$ by ^! two obs]v]s1 is kn[n q c]ta9ly to be #ah1jjj miles1 if ! obs]v]s' /ations are #g1jjj miles ap>t 9 a nor?-&-s\? direction 7measur$ 9 a /raight l9e74 ,!nce ! diamet] ,s ,s ( ! sun is det]m9$1 because x is obs]v$ t ! kn[n di/ance a b is su* & su* a "p ( x4 ,& ! real diamet] 9 miles be+ kn[n1 ! di/ance mu/ be #ajg times z great1 because ! sun looks z l>ge z any globe w\ld look :i* is remov$ to a di/ance exce$+ its own diamet] 7great or small7 #ajg times4 ,b un=tunately x is no easy matt] to get ! di/ance a b1 fig4 #dh1 det]m9$ 9 ?is simple mann]4 ,! di/ance #ah1jjj miles is kn[n2 b ! difficulty is to det]m9e :at proportion ! di/ance be>s to ! diamet] ( ! sun ,s ,s4 ,all t we h he>d ab\t ,halley's me?od & ,delisle's me?od relates only to ! contrivances devis$ by a/ronom]s to get ov] ?is difficulty4 ,x is manife/ t ! difficulty is v great4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,=1 fir/1 ! obs]v]s w\ld be sev]al ?\s& miles ap>t4 ,h[ !n are !y to ensure t _! obs]vations %all be made simultane\sly8 ,aga91 ! di/ance a b is really a v m9ute quantity1 & a v slight mi/ake 9 obs]vation w\ld cause a v great mi/ake 9 ! measurem5t ( ! sun's di/ance4 ,accord+ly1 ,halley devis$ a plan by :i* "o obs]v] 9 ! nor? 7or z at ,a1 fig4 #dg7 w\ld wat* ,v5us z %e trav]s$ ! sun's face along a l[] pa?1 z a a fig4 #di2 :ile ano!r 9 ! s\? 7or z at ,b1 fig4 #dg7 w\ld wat* h] z %e trav]s$ a high] pa?1 z b b fig4 #di4 ,by tim+ h] !y c\ld tell h[ long ^! pa?s 71 & !re=e h[ plac$ on ! sun's face1 z 9 fig4 #di2 t is1 h[ f> ap>t1 :i* is ! same ?+ z det]m9+ b a1 fig4 #dh4 ,?is 0 ,halley's plan1 & z x requires t ! duration ( ! transit %\ld be tim$1 x is call$ ! me?od ( durations4 ,delisle propos$ ano!r me?od--viz41 t "o obs]v] %\ld "t ! exact mom5t :5 ,v5us1 se5 f "o /ation1 began to trav]se ! pa? a a1 :ile ano!r %\ld "t ! exact mom5t :5 %e began to trav]se ! pa? b b2 ?is w\ld %[ h[ mu* b is 9 advance ( a1 & !nce ! position ( ! two pa?s c be det]m9$4 ,or two obs]v]s might note ! end ( ! transit1 ?us f9d+ h[ mu* a is 9 advance ( b ,?is is ,delisle's me?od1 & x has ?is advantage ov] ,halley's--t an obs]v] is only requir$ to see ei!r ! beg9n+ or ! end ( ! transit1 n bo?4 ,i %all n "h consid]1 except 9 a g5]al way1 ! v>i\s a/ronomical conditions :i* affect ! application ( ^! two me?ods4 ,( c\rse1 all ! "t t a transit la/s1 ! e>? is turn+ on h] axis2 & z a transit may la/ z long z eight h\rs1 & g5]ally la/s f f\r to six h\rs1 x is cle> t ! face ( ! e>? turn$ t[>ds ! sun mu/ *ange consid]ably betwe5 ! beg9n+ & end ( a transit4 ,s t ,halley's me?od1 :i* requires t ! :ole duration ( a transit %\ld be se51 is hamp]$ ) ! difficulty aris+ f ! fact t a /ation exce$+ly well plac$ = obs]v+ ! beg9n+ ( ! transit might be v ill plac$ = obs]v+ ! end1 & vice v]s4 ,delisle's me?od is free f ?is objection1 because an obs]v] has only to note ! beg9n+ or ! end1 n bo?4 ,b x is hamp]$ by ano!r4 ,two obs]v]s :o employ ,halley's me?od h ea* ( !m only to consid] h[ long ! passage ( ,v5us ov] ! sun's face la/s2 & !y are s free f all occasion to "k ! exact "t at :i* ! transit beg9s & ends1 t !oretically ea* obs]v] might use su* an in/rum5t z a /op-wat*1 sett+ x go+ 7"r or wrong z to ! "t x %[$7 :5 ! transit began1 & /opp+ x :5 ! transit 0 ov]4 ,b = ,delisle's me?od ?is r\gh-&-ready me?od w\ld n s]ve4 ,! two obs]v]s h to comp>e ! two mom5ts at :i* !y sev]ally saw ! transit beg91--& to d ?is1 be+ _m ?\s& miles ap>t1 !y mu/ "k ! exact "t4 ,suppose !y ea* _h a *ronomet] :i* _h orig9ally be5 set to ,gre5wi* "t1 & :i*1 be+ excell5tly con/ruct$ & c>efully wat*$1 might be tru/$ to %[ exact ,gre5wi* "t1 ev5 ?\gh sev]al mon?s _h elaps$ s9ce x 0 set4 ,!n all ! requirem5ts ( ! me?od w\ld be q z well satisfi$ z ^? ( ! o!r me?od w\ld be if ! /op-wat*es j spok5 ( w5t at a p]fectly true rate dur+ ! h\rs t ! transit la/$4 ,b x is "o ?+ to con/ruct a "t-measure :i* w n lose or ga9 a few seconds 9 a few h\rs1 & q ano!r to con/ruct "o :i* w n lose or ga9 a few seconds 9 a j\rney ( _m ?\s& miles1 foll[$ p]haps by two or ?ree mon?s' /ay at ! select$ /ation4 ,an error ( five seconds w\ld be p]fectly fatal 9 apply+ ,delisle's me?od1 & no *ronomet] c\ld be tru/$ "u ! conditions describ$ to %[ true "t )9 t5 or twelve seconds4 ,h5ce a/ronom]s _h to provide = o!r me?ods ( gett+ true "t 7say ,gre5wi* "t7 ?an ! use ( *ronomet]s2 & on ! accuracy ( ^! a/ronomical me?ods ( gett+ true "t dep5d$ ! successful use ( ,delisle's me?od4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,!n ano!r difficulty _h to be consid]$1 :i* affect$ bo? me?ods4 ,x 0 agre$ by bo? ,halley & ,delisle t ! prop] mom5t to "t ! beg9n+ or end ( transit 0 ! in/ant :5 ,v5us 0 j )9 ! sun's disc1 z 9 fig4 #ej1 ei!r hav+ j complet$ h] entry1 or be+ j ab\t to beg9 to pass (f ! sun's face4 ,if at ?is mom5t ,v5us pres5t$ a neatly def9$ r\nd disc1 exactly t\*+ ! edge ( ! sun1 also neatly def9$1 ?is plan w\ld be p]fect4 ,at ! v in/ant :5 ! contact ceas$ at ! entry ( ,v5us1 ! sun's light w\ld break ?r\gh betwe5 ! edges ( ! two discs1 & ! obs]v] w\ld only h to note t in/ant2 :ile1 :5 ,v5us 0 leav+ ! sun1 he w\ld only h to notice ! in/ant :5 ! f9e ?read ( light 0 sudd5ly divid$ by a d>k po9t4 ,b un=tunately ,v5us does n behave 9 ?is way1 at lea/ n always4 ,) a v p[]ful & v excell5t telescope1 9 p]fectly calm1 cle> wea!r1 & ) ! sun high above ! horizon1 %e probably behaves mu* z ,halley & ,delisle expect$4 ,b "u less fav\rable conditions1 %e pres5ts at ! mom5t ( entry or exit "s su* appe>ance z is %[n 9 figures #ea1 #eb1 & #ec1 :ile ) a v l[ sun %e assumes all sorts ( %apes1 cont9ually *ang+1 be+ = "o mom5t1 p]haps1 z 9 "o or o!r ( figs4 #ea1 #eb1 & #ec1 & 9 ! next di/ort$ into "s su* pleas+ %ape z is pictur$ 9 fig4 #ed4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,accord+ly1 _m a/ronom]s are dispos$ to reg>d bo? ,halley's me?od & ,delisle's z obsolete1 & to place reliance on ! simple me?od ( direct obs]vation fir/ describ$4 ,!y w\ld1 h[ev]1 ( c\rse br+ to _! aid all ! +5i\s devices ( mod]n a/ronomical obs]vation 9 ord] to ov]come ! difficulties inh]5t 9 t me?od4 ,"o ( ! contrivances naturally sugge/$ to meet su* difficulties is to photograph ! sun ) ,v5us ^u 8 face4 ,! ,am]ican a/ronom]s1 9 p>ticul>1 consid] t ! photographic results obta9$ dur+ ! transit ( #ahgd w outweigh ^? obta9$ by all ! o!r me?ods4 ,! ,g]man & ,russian a/ronom]s1 z well z ^? ( ,"l ,l9dsay's exp$ition1 :ile plac+ great reliance on photography1 employ$ also a me?od ( measur+ ! position ( ,v5us on ! sun's disc1 by means ( a k9d ( telescope specially con/ruct$ = su* "w1 ! peculi>ities ( :i* ne$ n be "h consid]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,! obs]vations made 9 #agfi 7 s imp]fect t a/ronom]s d$uc$ a di/ance fully #c1jjj1jjj miles too great4 ,( late1 o!r me?ods ( obs]vation _h set !m mu* ne>] ! true di/ance1 :i* has be5 judg$ to lie c]ta9ly betwe5 #ia1hjj1jjj miles & #ib1fjj1jjj miles--a tol]ably wide range4 ,b x may p]haps occur to "s t ! di/ance ( ! sun may be *ang+4 ,! e>? might be draw+ /eadily 9 t[>ds ! sun1 & s all our measurem5ts might be deceptive4 ,nay1 ! pa9ful ?\ght might pres5t itself t :5 ! obs]vations ( #agfi 7 made1 ! sun really 0 f>!r away ?an at pres5t by m ?an #c1jjj1jjj ( miles4 ,if ?is 7 s1 ! e>? w\ld1 9 ! c\rse ( a c5tury1 h r$uc$ h] di/ance by fully "o-?irtie? "p1 s t1 suppos+ ! approa* to cont9ue1 %e w\ld 9 #c1jjj ye>s fall into ! sun1 :ile1 long be=e t p]iod _h elaps$1 ! increas$ heat to :i* %e w\ld be expos$ w\ld r5d] life impossible4 ,=tunately1 we "k q c]ta9ly t no su* approa* is tak+ place4 ,x is kn[n t ! di/ance ( ! e>? f ! sun _c *ange )\t a correspond+ *ange 9 h] p]iod ( revolution--t is1 9 ! l5g? ( ! ye>4 ,! law connect+ ^! two 7indicat$ 9 ! note1 page #bgi7 is su* t1 on ! r$uction ( ! di/ance by any mod]ate portion ! p]iod w\ld be r$uc$ by a portion half z great aga94 ,= in/ance3 if ! di/ance ( ! e>? f ! sun 7 r$uc$ by a ?irtie? "p 7or ab\t #c1jjj1jjj miles7 ! l5g? ( ! ye> w\ld be r$uc$ by a ?irtie? & half a ?irtie?--t1 is1 by a tw5tie? "p1 or by m ?an eighte5 days4 ,we "k t no su* *ange has tak5 place dur+ ! la/ c5tury1 or s9ce ! beg9n+ ( hi/ory4 ,nay1 f ! ,*aldean e/imate ( ! l5g? ( ! ye>1 :i* only exce$$ ours by ab\t two m9utes1 x is easily %[n t ! di/ance ( ! e>? f ! sun has n dim9i%$ #bjj miles )9 ! la/ #b1ejj ye>s4 ,s t1 assum+ ev5 t ! e>? is approa*+ ! sun at ?is rate1 or eight miles 9 a c5tury1 x w\ld be #a1bej1jjj ye>s be=e ! di/ance w\ld be dim9i%$ by #ajj1jjj miles1 :i* is ! probable limit ( error 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! sun's di/ance4 ,if1 f9ally1 x be ask$1 ,:at1 aft] all1 is ! use ( det]m9+ ! sun's di/ance8 ! answ] we %all give mu/ dep5d on ! answ] giv5 to ! "q1 ,:at1 aft] all1 is ! use ( kn[+ any facts 9 a/ronomy o!r ?an ^? useful 9 navigation1 survey+1 & s on8 ,& ,i ?9k t ?is "q w\ld introduce ano!r & a wid] "o--viz41 ,:at is ! use ( t quality 9 man's nature :i* makes him seek aft] k = its own sake8 ,i c]ta9ly d n propose to consid] ?is "q1 nor d ,i ?9k t ! read] w f9d any difficulty 9 und]/&+ :y ,i d n4 ,b accept+ ! facts3 7#a7 t we are s con/itut$ z to seek aft] k2 & 7#b7 t k ab\t ! cele/ial orbs is int]e/+ to u1 q ap>t f ! use ( su* k 9 navigation & survey+1 x is easy to %[ t ! det]m9ation ( ! sun's di/ance is a matt] full ( int]e/4 ,= on our e/imate ( ! sun's di/ance dep5d our ideas z to ! scale1 n only ( ! sol> sy/em1 b ( ! :ole ( ! visible univ]se4 ,! size ( ! sun1 8 mass1 & !re=e 8 might1 ! scale ( ^? wond]ful op]ations :i* we "k to be tak+ place ^u1 & )91 & ar\nd ! sun2 all ^! relations1 z well z our e/imate ( ! size & mass ( e planet1 & !re=e our e/imate ( ! e>?'s relative importance 9 ! sol> sy/em1 dep5d absolutely & directly on ! e/imate we =m ( ! sun's di/ance4 ,su* be+ ! case 7?is be+ 9 po9t ( fact ! c>d9al problem ( dim5sional a/ronomy7 x _c b be ?\ght t1 great z 7 ! tr\ble & exp5se ( ! exp$itions s5t out to obs]ve ! transit ( #ahgd1 !y 7 devot$ to an altoge!r wor?y cause4 ,,footnotes3 #ag ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a mu* m p]fect way ( det]m9+ ?is proportion1 by apply+ ! law :i* ,kepl] f\nd to connect ! di/ances ( ! planets f ! sun ) ! times 9 :i* !y complete ! circuits ( _! orbits4 ,! law is t1 if we take any two planets1 & write d[n ! numb]s express+ _! p]iods ( circuit 7say 9 days71 & ! numb]s express+ _! di/ances f ! sun 7say 9 miles7 9 ! same ord]2 !n if we multiply ea* numb] ( ! fir/ pair into itself1 & ea* numb] ( ! second pair twice into itself1 ! f\r numb]s ?us obta9$ w be proportional2 t is to say1 z ! fir/ is to ! second1 s w ! ?ird be to ! f\r?4 ,n[1 z e "o kn[s :o has work$ sums 9 ! rule ( ?ree1 :5 any ?ree are giv5 out ( f\r proportionals1 ! f\r? c always be f\nd2 b we "k ! p]iods ( circuit bo? ( ! e>? & ,v5us 7#cfebefd days & #bbdgjjh days respectively7 v exactly inde$1 because !y h trav]s$ _! orbits s _m times s9ce !y began to be obs]v$ by a/ronom]s4 ,we c call ! e>?'s di/ance #ajj1 & !n apply+ ! rule j /at$1 we get ,v5us' di/ance relatively to ! e>?'s4 ,! read] :o c>es to "w out ?is little sum w f9d no difficulty :atev]--if at lea/ he is able to extract ! cube roots ( any numb]4 ,! proportion runs ?us3-- #cfebefd #cfebefd 3 #bbdgjjh #bbdgjjh 33 #ajj #ajj #ajj 3 7,v5us' di/ance cub$47 ,"w out ?is sum & we get = ,v5us' di/ance #gbccc4 ,! ratio ( ,v5us' di/ance to ! e>?'s is almo/ exactly express$ by ! numb]s #bag & #cjj4 ,hazell1 ,watson1 & ,v9ey1 ,pr9t]s1 ,london & ,aylesbury4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores4 ,obvi\s pr9t]'s errors correct$4 ,e ef=t has be5 made to replicate ?is text z fai?fully z possible1 includ+ non-/&>d punctuation1 inconsi/5tly hyph5at$ words1 & o!r inconsi/5cies4