,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,text betwe5 und]scores & equal signs repres5t text pr9t$ 9 italics & bold face respectively2 text repres5ts sup]script text2 #a repres5ts #a ) a b> above4 ,small capitals h be5 transcrib$ z ,,all ,,capitals4 ,m ,transcrib]'s ,notes may be f\nd at ! end ( ?is text4 ,,irrigation ,,works ,by ! ,same ,au?or ,,riv] ,,& ,,canal ,,eng9e]+4 ,! ,*>act]i/ics ( ,op5 ,fl[+ ,/reams1 & ! pr9ciples & me?ods to be foll[$ 9 deal+ ) !m4 #gb illu/rations1 x #bbj pp41 #hvo 7#aiac74 #h_/f net4 ,,punjab ,,riv]s ,,& ,,works4 ,second ,edition4 #dg illu/rations1 viii #fd pp41 folio 7#aiab74 #h_/- net4 ,,hydraulics ,,) ,,work+ ,,tables4 ,second ,edition4 #afj illu/rations1 xii #caa pp41 #hvo 7#aiaa74 #ab_/- net4 ,,! ,,suction ,,caus$ ,,by ,,%ips4 ,expla9$ 9 ,popul> ,language4 #b plates1 #bf pp41 #hvo1 sew$ 7#aiab74 #a_/- net4 ,e4 ,f4 ,n4 ,,spon1 ,,ltd41 ,,london ,illu/ration3 ,,bridge ,,on ,,an ,,indian ,,canal4 ,frontispiece4 ,,irrigation ,,works ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,on ,,:i* ,,_! ,,design ,,& ,,work+ ,,%\ld ,,be ,,bas$1 ,,) ,,special ,,details ,,relat+ ,,to ,,indian ,,canals ,,& ,,"s ,,propos$ ,,improvem5ts ,,by ,e4 ,s4 ,,bellasis1 ,m4,,in/4,c4,e4 ,,rec5tly ,,sup]9t5d+ ,,eng9e] ,,9 ,,! ,,irrigation ,,bran* ,,( ,,! ,,public ,,works ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,india #cg ,illu/rations ,illu/ration ,london ,e4 ,f4 ,n4 ,,spon1 ,,ltd41 #eg ,,haym>ket1 ,s4,w4 ,new ,york ,,spon ,,*amb]la91 #abc ,,lib]ty ,,/reet #aiac ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,preface vii ,,*apt] ,i ,,introduction ,,article #a4 ,prelim9>y ,rem>ks #a #b4 ,g5]al ,pr9ciples ( ,canal ,design #b #c4 ,in=mation conc]n+ ,canals #aa #d4 ,losses ( ,wat] #af #e4 ,duty ( ,wat] #ba #f4 ,sket* ( a ,project #bf ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,design+ ,,( ,a ,,canal #a4 ,headworks #cj #b4 ,! ,cont\r ,map #cf #c4 ,alignm5ts & ,dis*>ges #cg #d4 ,rem>ks on ,di/ribut>ies #de #e4 ,design ( ,canal & ,bran*es #dg #f4 ,banks & ,roads #ec #g4 ,trial ,l9es #eh #h4 ,f9al ,l9e & ,e/imate #ei #i4 ,design ( a ,di/ribut>y #fj #aj4 ,be/ ,sy/em ( ,di/ribut>ies #ga #aa4 ,outlets #gf #ab4 ,masonry ,works #hj #ac4 ,pit*+ #ij #ad4 ,miscellane\s ,items #ic ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,work+ ,,( ,a ,,canal #a4 ,prelim9>y ,rem>ks #if #b4 ,gauges & ,regulators #ajc #c4 ,gauge ,read+s & ,dis*>ges #ajf #d4 ,regi/]s ( ,irrigation & ,outlets #aac #e4 ,di/ribution ( ,supply #aah #f4 ,ext5sions & ,remodell+s #abg #g4 ,remodell+ ( ,outlets #aca #h4 ,miscellane\s ,items #acg ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,punjab ,,triple ,,canal ,,project #a4 ,g5]al ,description #add #b4 ,areas & ,dis*>ges #adg #c4 ,rem>ks #aef ,,*apt] ,v ,,propos$ ,,improvem5ts ,,9 ,,irrigation ,,canals #a4 ,prelim9>y ,rem>ks #aeh #b4 ,r$uction ( ,losses 9 ! ,*annels #aei #c4 ,modules #afb ,,app5dices ,a4 ,divide ,wall on ,l[] ,*5ab ,canal #afi ,b4 ,specification = ,ma9t5ance ( ,*annels #aga ,c4 ,specification = ,ma9t5ance ( ,masonry ,works #agd ,d4 ,wat*+ & ,protect+ ,banks & ,embankm5ts #age ,e4 ,specification = ,bu%+ #agh ,f4 ,escapes #ahj ,g4 ,gauges #ahc ,h4 ,gibb's ,module #ahf ,k4 ,k5n$y's ,gauge ,outlet #aic ,,index #aif ,,preface ,:5 ,riv] & ,canal ,eng9e]+ 0 writt5 x 0 decid$ to omit ,irrigation works & to deal ) !m sep>ately because ! subject int]e/s *iefly speciali/s4 ,! pres5t book deals ) ! pr9ciples :i* gov]n ! design & managem5t ( ,irrigation works1 & x discusses ! ,canals ( ,nor!rn ,india--! l>ge/ & be/ 9 ! _w--9 detail4 ,"s ye>s ago a numb] ( rules = design+ di/ribut>ies 7 fram$1 at ! reque/ ( ! ,punjab ,gov]nm5t1 by ! late ,colonel ,s4 ,l4 ,jacob1 ,c4,i4,e41 ,r4,e41 & comm5ts on ^! rules 7 obta9$ f _m exp]i5c$ eng9e]s & record$4 ,! au?or has _h ! advantage ( read+ all ^! op9ions4 ,g5]ally ! weight ( op9ion on any po9t agrees ) :at mo/ exp]i5c$ eng9e]s w\ld sugge/1 & direct conflicts ( op9ion sc>cely occur4 ,important pap]s h be5 pr9t$ by ! ,punjab ,irrigation ,bran* on ,losses ( ,wat] & ! ,design ( ,di/ribut>ies1 on ! great ,triple ,canal ,project1 on ,gibb's ,module1 on ,k5n$y's ,gauge ,outlet1 & on ! ,l9+ ( ,wat]c\rses4 ,^! pap]s are n always accessible to eng9e]s1 & ! *ief po9ts ( int]e/ 9 !m are n1 9 mo/ cases1 disc]nible at a glance4 ,su* po9ts h be5 extract$ & are giv5 9 ?is book4 ,e4 ,s4 ,b4 ,,*elt5ham1 ,may #bj?1 #aiac4 ,,irrigation ,,works4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introduction #a4 ,prelim9>y ,rem>ks4--,! l>ge/ irrigation canals are f$ f p]5nial riv]s4 ,:5 ! canal fl[s ?r\gh\t ! ye> x is call$ a 8,p]5nial ,canal40 ,*ief among ^! are ! canals ( ,india & p>ticul>ly ^? ( ,nor!rn ,india1 "s ( :i* h b$ wid?s rang+ up to #cjj feet1 dep?s ( wat] up to #aa feet & dis*>ges up to #aj1jjj c4 ft4 p] second4 ,o!r l>ge canals z = in/ance _m ( ^? 9 ,sc9de1 ,egypt & ! ,punjab1 ?\gh f$ f p]5nial riv]s1 fl[ only :5 ! riv]s are high4 ,^! are call$ 8,inundation ,canals40 ,_m canals1 g5]ally ( mod]ate or small size1 9 o!r c\ntries & notably 9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 9 ,italy1 ,spa91 ,france & ,s\? ,africa1 are f$ f riv]s & great numb]s ( small canals f res]voirs 9 :i* /reams or ra9-wat] h be5 imp\nd$4 ,sometimes wat] = irrigation is pump$ f wells & convey$ 9 small canals4 ,9 ,au/ralia a good deal ( irrigation is effect$ f artesian wells4 ,irrigation works on a consid]able scale are be+ und]tak5 9 ,mexico & ! ,arg5t9e4 ,9 ?is book1 irrigation works ( v>i\s c\ntries are ref]r$ to & to "s ext5t describ$1 b ! p]5nial canal ( ,nor!rn ,india1 ) its di/ribut>ies1 is ! type tak5 z a basis = ! description ( ! pr9ciples & me?ods :i* %\ld be adopt$ 9 ! design1 work+ & improvem5t ( irrigation *annels & x is to be und]/ood t su* a canal is be+ ref]r$ to :]e ! context does n indicate ! contr>y4 ,any read] :o is conc]n$ ) irrigation 9 "s o!r "p ( ! _w w be able to judge = himself h[ f> ^! pr9ciples & me?ods require modification4 ,! bran*es & di/ribut>ies--all ( :i* are dealt )--( a l>ge p]5nial canal cov] all possible sizes4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ( ?is book deals ) ! design ( canals & ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ) ! work+ ( canals b z ! two subjects are to "s ext5t int]dep5d5t1 !y w bo? be dealt ) 9 a prelim9>y mann] 9 ! rema9+ articles ( ! pres5t ,*apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 describes ! ,punjab ,triple ,canal ,project4#a ,,*apt] ,v4 deals ) c]ta9 propos$ improvem5ts 9 ! work+ ( canals4 #a ,! late/ example ( canal design4 #b4 ,g5]al ,pr9ciples ( ,canal ,design4--,! head ( a canal has to be s high up ! riv] t1 :5 ! canal is suitably grad$1 ! wat] level w come out high en\gh to irrigate ! tract ( l& conc]n$4 ,if a riv] has a g5]al slope ( a foot p] mile & if ! adjo9+ c\ntry has ! same slope & is a foot high] ?an ! wat] level ( ! riv]1 & if a canal is made at a v acute angle ) ! riv]1 ) a slope ( half a foot p] mile1 ! wat] level ab\t two miles f ! canal head w be level ) ! gr\nd4 ,! headworks ( ! canal consi/ ( a weir--:i* may be provid$ ) sluices--across ! riv]1 & a head 8regulator10 provid$ ) gates1 = ! canal4 ,!re are h[ev] _m canals1 ^? = in/ance ( ! inundation canal class1 :i* h no works 9 ! riv] & ^! may g dry :5 ! riv] is l[4 ,!y usually h a regulator to prev5t too mu* wat] f go+ d[n ! canal dur+ floods4 ,if a canal is f$ f a res]voir ! headworks consi/ simply ( a sluice or sluices4 ,a canal mu/ be s design$ z to br+ ! wat] to )9 reasonable di/ance ( e "p ( ! area to be irrigat$4 ,unless ! area is small or n>r[ ! canal mu/ h 8bran*es0 & 8di/ribut>ies40 ,a g5]al sket* ( a l>ge canal is giv5 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,on a l>ge canal1 irrigation is n usually done directly f ! canal & bran*es4 ,x is all done f ! di/ribut>ies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,f ea* di/ribut>y 8wat]c\rses0 take (f at int]vals & convey ! wat] to ! fields4 ,a small canal1 say "o ^: l5g? is n m ?an #ae miles or ^: dis*>ge is n m ?an #ajj c4 feet p] second1 may be reg>d$ z a di/ribut>y & ! ^w di/ribut>y w be us$ ) ?is ext5d$ mean+4 ,x is n always ! case t ! :ole tract cov]$ by a sy/em ( canal *annels is irrigat$4 ,9 ! case ( a canal f$ f a riv]1 ! l& ne> ! riv] is (t5 high or brok5 & ! ma9 canal runs = "s di/ance be=e x rea*es ! tract to be irrigat$4 ,aga91 )9 ?is tract !re are usually portions ( l& too high to be irrigat$4 ,^? portions ( ! tract :i* c be irrigat$ are call$ ! 8comm&$ area40 ,! *annels ( a l>ge irrigation sy/em %\ld run on high gr\nd4 ,9 ! case ( a di/ribut>y1 ?is is necess>y 9 ord] t ! wat]-c\rses may run d[nhill1 & s9ce ! wat] 9 ! canal & bran*es has to fl[ into ! di/ribut>ies1 ! canal & bran*es mu/ also be 9 high gr\nd4 ,ano!r reason = adopt+ high gr\nd is t all ! *annels %\ld1 z f> z possible1 keep away f ! natural dra9age l9es ( ! c\ntry & n ob/ruct !m4 ,also a *annel 9 high gr\nd is *eape/ & safe/4 ,:5 a *annel is 9 l[ gr\nd x mu/ h high banks :i* are exp5sive to make & liable to brea*4 ,e tract ( c\ntry possesses m or less def9$ ridges & valleys4 ,:5 ! ridges are well def9$1 ! irrigation *annels1 especially ! di/ribut>ies1 foll[ !m approximately1 deviat+ slightly on "o side or ! o!r f ! v top ( ! ridge 9 ord] to secure a m direct c\rse4 ,if any "p ( a ridge is s high z to necessitate deep digg+ ! *annel does n necess>ily g ?r\gh x4 ,x may skirt x & return to ! cre/ ( ! ridge fur!r on1 especially if ?is arrangem5t %ort5s ! *annel or at lea/ does n l5g!n x mu*4 ,a *annel also goes (f ! ridge sometimes :5 adh]5ce to x w\ld give a crook$ l9e4 ,( c\rse all ! *annels--canals1 bran*es & di/ribut>ies--h to fl[ m or less 9 ! direction ( ! g5]al slope ( ! tract be+ dealt )4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,! alignm5ts ( ! *annels d n1 h[ev]1 dep5d exclusively on ! physical features ( ! c\ntry4 ,c5trality 9 ! alignm5t is desirable4 ,x w be %[n 7,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,art4 #aj7 t a di/ribut>y works mo/ economically :5 x runs d[n ! c5tre ( ! tract :i* x has to irrigate4 ,x is bett] to h %ort wat]c\rses runn+ (f f bo? sides ( a di/ribut>y ?an long wat]c\rses f only "o side4 ,! same is true ( a bran*2 x %\ld run d[n ! c5tre ( its tract ( c\ntry4 ,aga9 ! angles at :i* ! *annels bran* (f h to be consid]$4 ,if bran*es 7 tak5 (f v high up ! canal & ran p>allel to & n f> f x1 !re w\ld be an excessive l5g? ( *annel4 ,b nei!r %\ld ! bran*es be s arrang$ z to =m a s]ies ( "r angles4 ,9 ! case %[n 9 ,fig4 #b ! size ( ! ma9 or c5tral canal w\ld ( c\rse be r$uc$ at ! po9t ,a4 ,by alt]+ ! bran*es to ! positions %[n 9 dott$ l9es _! l5g? is n appreciably increas$ :ile ! l5g? ,a ,b is made ( ! r$uc$ in/ead ( ! full size4 ,moreov] ! c\rse ,b ,c is m direct ?an ,,bac & ?is may be ( ! greate/ importance z reg>ds ga9+ ! necess>y comm&4 ,:5 a *annel bifurcates1 ! total wet bord] always increases & !re is !n a great] loss f absorption4 ,! wat] is always kept 9 bulk z long z possible4 ,if ! alignm5t ( a bran* is some:at crook$ x does n foll[ t /raight5+ x--suppos+ ! features ( ! c\ntry admit ( ?is--w be desirable4 ,x may increase ! l5g? ( di/ribut>ies tak5 (f ne> ! b5ds4 ,x w be %[n 7,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,art4 #aj7 t a di/ribut>y ought1 :5 matt]s c be s arrang$1 to irrigate ! c\ntry = two miles on ei!r side ( x1 & wat]c\rses %\ld be two or ?ree miles long4 ,a di/ribut>y ne$ n !re=e ext5d "r up to ! b\nd>y ( ! comm&$ area b /op two or ?ree miles f x4 ,g5]ally x is n desirable to prolong a di/ribut>y & make x 8tail0 into ano!r *annel 7,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,art4 #c74 ,a di/ribut>y1 l a canal1 may give (f bran*es4 ,none ( ! rules m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph are int5d$ to be o!r ?an g5]al guides1 to be foll[$ z f> z ! physical features ( ! c\ntry p]mit1 or to assi/ 9 decid+ betwe5 alt]native s*emes4 ,x may = in/ance be a "q :e!r to con/ruct "o di/ribut>y or two1 betwe5 two ne>ly p>allel bran*es4 ,! two-mile rule may enable ! matt] to be decid$ or x may influ5ce ! decision arriv$ at z to ! exact alignm5ts ( ! bran*es4 ,! flatt] ! c\ntry & ! less m>k$ ! ridges ! m ! alignm5t c be bas$ on ! above rules4 ,sometimes1 z 9 ! l[ l& adjo9+ a riv]1 ! ridges are ill def9$ or non-exi/5t & ! alignm5t is bas$ entirely on ! above rules4 ,! rule z to foll[+ high gr\nd ne$ n be adh]$ to at ! tail ( any di/ribut>y if all ! l& to be irrigat$ at ! tail is l[ & if !re is a deep dra9age l9e or o!r feature ( ! c\ntry su* z to preclude ! possibility ( an ext5sion ( ! di/ribut>y4 ,possible ext5sions %\ld always be consid]$4 ,9 hilly di/ricts an irrigation canal may h to run 9 sidelong gr\nd along ! side ( a valley4 ,9 flat valleys1 ow+ to ! l& ne>e/ ! riv] hav+ receiv$ successive deposits ( silt 9 floods1 ! gr\nd g5]ally slopes away f ! riv] & a canal c irrigate ! l[ l& ev5 if tak5 (f at "r angles to ! riv]4 ,b to irrigate ! high l& ne> ! riv] & ! l& :]e x rises aga9 t[>ds ! hills or wat]%$1 a canal tak+ (f high] up ! riv] is necess>y4 ,( c\rse mu* dep5ds on :e!r ! canal is to irrigate :5 ! riv] is l[ or only :5 x is high1 & :e!r or n !re is to be a weir 9 ! riv]4 ,9 ,upp] ,egypt1 x is common = a high level canal tak+ (f f> up/ream1 to divide into two bran*es1 "o = ! l& ne> ! riv] & "o = ! l& t[>ds ! wat]%$1 & = bo? bran*es to be cross$--by means ( syphons--by a l[-level canal :i* irrigates ! l[ gr\nd4 ,simil> arrangem5ts sometimes occur on ,indian inundation canals4 ,regulators are usually provid$ at all (f-takes ( bran*es4 ,9 ! case ( a *annel tak+ (f f ano!r *annel _m times its own size !re is g5]ally only ! head regulator ( ! small] *annel b 9 o!r cases !re is a regulator 9 ea* *annel bel[ ! bifurcation4 ,?us1 :5 ! numb] ( bifurcat+ *annels is two x is call$ a d\ble regulator4 ,regulators1 ) ! 8falls0--introduc$ to flatt5 ! gradi5ts :5 ! slope ( ! c\ntry is too /eep--& dra9age cross+s & ! bridges1 provid$ at ! pr9cipal roads1 con/itute ! *ief masonry works on a canal4 ,at a fall1 mills are (t5 con/ruct$ or ! fall may be us$ = electric p[]4 ,reg>d+ curves & b5ds 9 *annels1 x is expla9$ 9 ,riv] & ,canal ,eng9e]+ t1 z reg>ds increas$ resi/ance to fl[ & consequ5t t5d5cy to silt deposit1 curves ( fair radius h v little effect1 t a curve ( a giv5 angle may p]haps h ! same effect :e!r ! radius is great or small b t if ! radius is l>ge a succession ( curves _c be got into a %ort l5g?1 t a succession ( %>p curves 9 a %ort l5g? may h great effect1 am\nt+ to an increase ( ,n 9 ,kutt]'s co-effici5t1 t a s+le %>p curve has n mu* effect1 t ! *ief objection to su* a curve is ! t5d5cy to erosion ( ! bank1 t at a place :]e ! *annel has1 9 any case1 to be protect$1 z = in/ance j bel[ a weir or fall1 !re is no objection to ! introduction ( a %>p b5d & t su* b5ds1 9 fact "r-angl$ elb[s1 exi/ )\t any evil effects at _m regulators :5 ! :ole supply is be+ turn$ into a bran*4 ,x is rem>kable t on p]5nial canals no advantage is ev] tak5 ( ! la/ m5tion$ fact4 ,cases und\bt$ly occur1 ?\gh some:at infrequ5tly1 9 :i* ! mo/ suitable & *eape/ arrangem5t w\ld be to give a canal an abrupt b5d at a fall4 ,9 ord] to r$uce eddy+1 ! b5d ne$ n be an absolute elb[ b c be made )9 ! l5g? ( ! pit*+ :i* w\ld be curv$ in/ead ( /raight4 ,?is is frequ5tly done on inundation canals1 )\t ! slighte/ drawback1 ev5 :5 !re is no fall1 ! pit*+ at bridges be+ utilis$4 ,a pit*$ b5d c be made any:]e4 ,:5 a riv] floods ! c\ntry along its banks z 9 p>ts ( ,egypt & ( ! ,punjab1 x is g5]ally necess>y to con/ruct m>g9al embankm5ts be=e irrigation c be introduc$4 ,! canal may take (f at a po9t :]e flood+ does n occur or x may pass ?r\gh ! embankm5t4#b ,if x passes ?r\gh at a po9t :]e flood+ occurs1 a masonry regulator is con/ruct$ to prev5t ! floods f enl>g+ ! gap & break+ into ! c\ntry4 #b ,= detail$ acc\nts ( su* embankm5ts & canals see ,punjab ,riv]s & ,works 7,spon7 #aiab4 ,a l>ge canal is provid$1 s f> z is practicable1 ) 8escapes0 by means ( :i* surplus wat] may be let out4 ,surplus wat] occurs *iefly aft] ra94 ,at su* times ! dem& = wat] may sudd5ly be r$uc$ & if !re 7 no escapes !re w\ld probably be s]i\s brea*es ( ! banks be=e !re 0 "t = ! r$uction ( wat]1 effect$ at ! head ( ! canal1 to take effect l[] d[n4 ,!re is usually an escape at "s po9t 9 ! ma9 l9e1 pref]ably at a po9t :]e x divides into bran*es1 & ?is escape runs back to ! riv]4 ,!re may also be escapes ne> ! tails ( ! longe/ bran*es4 ,^! escapes may dis*>ge into dra9ages or into res]voirs =m$ by runn+ a l[ embankm5t r\nd a l>ge area ( wa/e l&4 ,! dra9age ( ! :ole tract irrigat$ by a canal mu/ be c>efully se5 to4 ,! subsoil wat] level ( a tract ( c\ntry is ne>ly always rais$ by an irrigation canal4 ,! rise ne> to a canal or di/ribut>y is due to p]colation f ! *annel & is inevitable4#c ,! rise at places fur!r away1 if x occurs1 is due to ov]-wat]+ or to neglect ( dra9age4 ,imm5se damage has be5 done by 8wat]-logg+0 ( ! soil :5 irrigation wat] has be5 suppli$ to a tract ( flat c\ntry & ! cle>ance & improvem5t ( ! natural dra9ages has n be5 att5d$ to4 ,any dra9ages cross$ by ! banks ( ! irrigation *annels %\ld be provid$ ) syphons or aqu$ucts or else ! dra9age div]t$ into ano!r *annel4 ,v frequ5tly ! ma9 l9e ( a canal--:e!r great or small--9 ! upp] rea*es ne> ! hills1 has to cross heavy dra9age *annels or torr5ts & l>ge & exp5sive works are requir$ = ?is4 #c ,b see ,*ap4 ,v4 z to r$uction ( p]colation4 ,ne> ! head ( a canal & ( e bran* & di/ribut>y1 !re is an ord9>y gauge :i* %[s ! dep? ( wat] & is read daily4 ,! gauge ne> ! head ( a ma9 canal is g5]ally self-regi/]+4 ,! pr9ciples sket*$ out 9 ?is article are ^? g5]ally foll[$ 9 ! designs ( mod]n canals4 ,!y h by no means be5 foll[$ 9 all cases4 ,9 "s ( ! old] ,indian canals bo? ! canal & ! di/ribut>ies ran 9 l[ gr\nd4 ,wat]-c\rses took (f direct f ! canals1 & ! irrigation did n g5]ally ext5d f> f ! canal4 ,9 fact long di/ribut>ies 7 impracticable because !y w\ld h run into high gr\nd4 ,! banks ( ! *annels ob/ruct$ dra9ages & caus$ pe/il5tial swamps4 ,mo/ canals ( ?is type h be5 aboli%$ s9ce ! adv5t ( ,briti% rule & replac$ by o!rs prop]ly design$4 ,"s badly design$ canals h[ev]1 mo/ly ( ! inundation class1 /ill exi/ b 9 v dry tracts :]e dra9ages are ( little consequ5ce4 #c4 ,in=mation ,conc]n+ ,canals4--,ne>ly all canal irrigation is done by 8fl[10 ! wat] runn+ f ! wat]-c\rses onto ! fields1 b a small proportion is done by 8lift40 ,?is is done 9 ! case ( high pieces ( l&1 ! lift+ be+ usually done by pumps or1 9 ! ea/1 by bullocks or by manual lab\r4 ,irrigation g5]ally consi/s 9 giv+ ! l& a succession ( wat]+s1 "o previ\s to pl\gh+ & o!rs aft] ! crop is s[n1 ea* wat]+ be+ ( q mod]ate dep?4 ,on inundation canals 9 ,india ! wat]+s = ! summ] crop are ?us effect$ b = ! w9t] crop ! l& is deeply soak$ dur+ ! flood season & is aft]w>ds pl\gh$ & s[n4 ,9 ,upp] ,egypt ?is sy/em is emphasis$1 ! wat] fl[+ into va/ bas9s1 =m$ by dykes1 :]e x /&s = "s "t &1 aft] deposit+ its silt1 is dra9$ (f4 ,until rec5t times ! :ole ( ! irrigation ( ,egypt 0 bas9 irrigation4 ,9 ,l[] ,egypt ! con/ruction ( ! ,nile b>rage l$ to ! introduction ( canals :i* take (f at a prop] level & _! work+ is n re/rict$ to ! p]iod :5 ! riv] is 9 flood4 ,9 ,upp] ,egypt mo/ ( ! irrigation is /ill bas9 irrigation b ! canals tak+ (f above ! ,assiut b>rage =m a notable exception4 ,by means ( ! ,ass\an dam :i* crosses ! ,nile1 ! wat] dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! flood season & aft] ! floods are ov]1 i4e4 f ,novemb] to ,m>*1 is pond$ up & a va/ res]voir =m$ & ! imp\nd$ wat] is let d[n ! riv] 9 ,may & ,june4 ,9 "s ( ! old] irrigation canals ( ,india ! velocity 0 too high & ! *annels h s9ce _h to be remodell$ & ! cre/s ( weirs rais$ or new weirs built4 ,! m rec5t canals are free f grave defects ( ?is k9d b e canal und]goes *anges ( "s k9d & f9ality has nev] yet be5 q atta9$4 ,on "s ,indian irrigation canals made ab\t #cj ye>s ago1 great sums ( money 7 wa/$ 9 mak+ ! canals navigable4 ,!re is no?+ l en\gh navigation to pay = ! extra co/4 ,! idea has n[ be5 q giv5 up except z reg>ds timb] raft+ f up/ream4 ,?is requires no curtailm5t ( ! velocity 9 ! *annels4 ,! requirem5ts ( ! irrigation & navigation 7 always 9 conflict4 ,! m]e fact t bran*es h to be work$ 9 turns is en\gh to prev5t navigation succe$+4 ,9 ,india ! wat] us$ = irrigation is paid =1 n accord+ to ! volume us$ b accord+ to ! area irrigat$4 ,! volume us$ 9 any p>ticul> wat]c\rse is n kn[n4 ,! areas s[n are measur$4 ,c]ta9 k9ds ( crops use up m wat] ?an o!rs & ! *>ges are fix$ accord+ly4 ,9 ! canals :i* h _! headworks among ! m\nta9s ( ,we/]n ,am]ica !re are frequ5t tunnels & syphons & ! canals (t5 run 9 /eep sidelong gr\nd4 ,!re are great l5g?s ( tunnel & syphon 9 ! ,m>seilles & ,v]dun ,canals & !re are long tunnels 9 ! ,p]iy> ,canal 9 ,madras & 9 ! ,upp] ,swat ,canal 9 ! ,nor? ,we/ ,fronti] ,prov9ce ( ,india4 ,! ,tieton ,canal1 ,wa%+ton1 ,u4,s4,a41 trav]ses /eep sidelong gr\nd :i* w\ld be liable to slip if a l>ge cutt+ 7 made4 ,! cross-section ( ! *annel is a circle1 #h-;ft4 #c-;ins4 9 diamet]1 ) ! upp] "p remov$1 s t ! dep? is #f feet4 ,x is made ( re9=c$ concrete #d in*es ?ick & ! sides are ti$ toge!r by iron b>s :i* run across ! *annel above ! wat]4 ,9 ! ,santa ,ana ,canal ! *annel consi/s = #b miles ( a flume made ( wood5 8/aves40 ,a canal con/ruct$ 9 ,wyom+1 ,u4,s4,a41 aft] tak+ (f f a riv]1 passes ?r\gh a tunnel into ano!r valley & is turn$ into ano!r /ream :i* ?us becomes ! canal4 ,?is is said to save loss ( wat] by p]colation4 ,! /ream is w9d+ :ile a canal c\ld h be5 made /raight]4 ,!re may1 ow+ to ! gr\nd ne> ! /ream be+ saturat$1 h be5 less loss ( wat] at fir/ ?an !re w\ld h be5 9 ! artificial *annel b1 ow+ to ! small] wett$ area1 !re w\ld probably h be5 an ev5tual sav+ 9 adopt+ ! latt]4 ,! real advantage ( adopt+ ! natural /ream 0 probably a sav+ 9 ! co/ ( con/ruction4 7,m94 ,proc4 ,in/4 ,c4,e4 ,vol4 ,,clxii47 ,irrigation f canals :i* are suppli$ f res]voirs diff]s 9 no respect f t f o!r canals4 ,! pr9ciples on :i* res]voir capacities %\ld be calculat$ & e>!n & masonry dams con/ruct$ are giv5 9 ,riv] & ,canal ,eng9e]+4 ,sometimes1 z = in/ance :5 a res]voir becomes s]i\sly r$uc$ 9 size ow+ to silt deposit1 ! wat] is run (f aft] ! b$ ( ! res]voir has be5 soak$1 & crops are gr[n on ! soak$ soil4 ,! di/ribution ( ! wat] ( a canal z betwe5 ! ma9 *annel & ! bran*es1 is effect$ by means ( ! regulators at ! bifurcations4 ,:5 ! supply is ample & ! dem& great1 ! *annels may all be runn+ ne>ly full4 ,:5 ! dem& exce$s ! supply1 ! wat] may be r$uc$ proportionately 9 ea* bran* b ?is may result 9 ! wat] ( a bran* be+ too l[ to give prop] supplies to ! di/ribut>ies or "s ( !m1 & 9 ! wat] ( a di/ribut>y n comm&+ ! high] gr\nd4 ,moreov] x violates ! pr9ciple ( keep+ ! wat] 9 bulk z f> z possible4 ,x is m usual to give ea* bran* full supply1 or a c]ta9 l>ge fraction ( ! full supply1 9 turn1 & simil>ly ) ! di/ribut>ies4 ,! me?od ( di/ribution f a di/ribut>y to ! wat]c\rses v>ies4 ,9 _m mod]n canals !re is1 at ea* wat]c\rse head1 a sluice :i* is adju/$ at frequ5t int]vals accord+ to ! supply & ! dem&4 ,"o me?od1 :i* is excell5t because x fulfils 9 ! highe/ degree ! pr9ciple ( keep+ ! wat] 9 bulk1 is to h v l>ge wat]c\rses &1 by means ( regulators :i* are built at frequ5t int]vals1 to turn ! :ole ( ! wat] ( ! di/ribut>y into a few wat]c\rses at a "t1 beg9n+ ) ^? ne>e/ ! head ( ! di/ribut>y & work+ d[n/ream4 ,b a sy/em :i* seems em95tly suitable may be impracticable because ( local circum/ances4 ,9 ,india1 any su* arrangem5t w\ld ne$ an army ( (ficials & w\ld lead to unb\nd$ corruption4 ,9 ,india ! wat] f a di/ribut>y ent]s ! wat]c\rses ?r\gh 8outlets0 :i* are small masonry tubes pass+ ?r\gh ! banks ( ! di/ribut>y4 ,!re is no easy way ( clos+ ^! outlets or at lea/ ( keep+ !m clos$ if ! cultivators *oose to op5 !m1 b x is easy to close a :ole di/ribut>y & s regulate ! supply4 ,?is is ! *ief reason :y wat]c\rses 9 ,india d n usually take (f direct f ! canals4 ,! pres5ce ( silt 9 ! wat] ( a riv] f :i* a canal is drawn is (t5 spok5 ( z be+ a great evil4 ,if x is an evil at all x is a v mix$ evil4 ,! deposits ( silt 9 ! *annels h be5 enorm\sly r$uc$ by ! application ( sci5tific pr9ciples ( design4 ,! clayey silt :i* rema9s 9 ! wat] & rea*es ! fields1 br+s to !m greatly increas$ f]tility4 ,9 ,india ! f]tility ( ! soil is (t5 r$uc$ or de/roy$ by ! =mation on ! surface ( ! gr\nd ( an effloresc5ce call$ 8reh40 ,x consi/s ( v>i\s salts or comp\nds ( sodium & occurs *iefly :]e !re is an imp]vi\s lay] ( subsoil4 ,! salts exi/ z an +r$i5t ( ! upp] soil4 ,?is becomes saturat$ ) ra9 or canal wat] & z ! wat] evaporates ! salts are left on ! surface4 ,rem$ies are dra9age1 or flood+ ! soil & runn+ ! wat] (f1 or deep till+1 or *emical treatm5t ) lime or gypsum4 7,indian ,eng9e]+1 #h? ,jan41 #aiaj74 ,! inundation canals ( ! ,punjab h be5 describ$ 9 ,punjab ,riv]s & ,works4 ,all descriptions & rem>ks 9 ! pres5t book reg>d+ ,indian canals mu/ be assum$ to ref] to p]5nial canals unless ! contr>y is /at$ or impli$4 #d4 ,losses ( ,wat]4--,:5 wat] fl[s or /&s 9 an e>!n *annel or tank1 or is spread ov] a field1 losses occur f evaporation1 p]colation & absorption4 ,( ^!1 absorption is by f> ! mo/ important &1 unless ! contr>y is /at$ or impli$1 x w be tak5 to include ! o!rs4 ,! losses by evaporation are v small4 ,! loss by evaporation f ! surface ( ! wat]1 ev5 9 ! hot season 9 ,india :5 a hot w9d (t5 bl[s1 does n exce$ half an in* 9 #bd h\rs & on ! av]age 9 ,india is only ab\t a t5? ( an in* 9 #bd h\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,p]colation & absorption are describ$ z foll[s by ,b]es=d 9 ,punjab ,irrigation ,pap]1 ,no4 #aj1 8,! ,irrigation ,duty ( ,wat]40 ,p]colation consi/s 9 fl[ ?r\gh ! int]/ices ( b\ld]s1 %+le1 gravel or co>se s&4 ,! fl[ is simil> to t 9 pipes4 ,! wat] p]colat+ into ! soil f a *annel1 ext5ds d[nw>ds & spreads outw>ds z x desc5ds4 ,none ( x goes upw>ds4 ,9 f9e s& & ord9>y soil ! int]/ices act l capill>y tubes4 ,! wat] is absorb$ z by a sponge & x rema9s 9 ! soil by virtue ( capill>ity4 ,ow+ to ! comb9$ action ( capill>ity & gravity ! wat] spreads 9 ! mann] %[n by ! dott$ l9es 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,! am\nt ( absorption f a *annel w be great] ! great] ! area ( ! wett$ surface4 ,9 a high embankm5t ) n>r[ banks1 ! absorption ceases :5 ! wat] rea*es ! out] slopes1 except 9 s f> z x is evaporat$ f ! slopes4 ,moreov] high embankm5ts are g5]ally 9 clayey soil4 ,if banks ( s& are con/ruct$ on a lay] ( clay 7,fig4 #d47 & well ramm$1 ! absorption ceases z soon z ! banks are saturat$ & ! *annel !n holds wat] z well z any o!r except = evaporation f ! out] slopes1 b if ! b$ & subsoil are also ( s& ! absorption ( ! wat] w be f> great]4 ,absorption ceases :5 ! wat] ext5ds ne>ly d[n to ! level ( ! subsoil wat]1 i4e41 to a po9t :]e ! effect ( absorption f above plus gravitation is equal to ! effect ( absorption f bel[ m9us gravitation4 ,if a bottle is fill$ ) wat] & a small sponge jamm$ into ! neck & ! bottle turn$ upside d[n1 ! sponge becomes saturat$ b no wat] w be giv5 out4 ,b if a dry sponge is plac$ 9 contact ) ! wet "o x w absorb moi/ure until saturat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,x is kn[n t ! loss ( wat] is greatly influ5c$ by ! nature ( ! soil4 ,:5 wat] is turn$ into a dry *annel or onto a field1 ! loss is at fir/ great4 ,x decreases h\rly & daily & ev5tually becomes ne>ly con/ant1 t5d+ to rea* a fix$ am\nt :5 ! wat] ext5ds d[n to ne>ly ! level ( ! subsoil wat]4 ,obs]vations made by ,k5n$y on loamy fields ne> ! ,b>i ,doab ,canal 9 ,india %[$ t on a field previ\sly dry ! rate ( absorption is giv5 by ! equation y #jhiax#hf4 ,:]e y is ! dep? ( wat] absorb$ 9 feet & x is ! "t 9 h\rs4 ,! obs]vations ext5d$ ov] eight days4 ,d5ot+ by c ! dep? ( wat] 9 feet absorb$ 9 "o h\r1 x 0 f\nd t on a field on :i* no ra9 _h fall5 = two mon?s1 c 0 #jd to #je b on ! second wat]+ ( ! crop ab\t a mon? lat] c 0 #jb to #jc & ab\t ! same on a ?ird wat]+4 ,x 0 f\nd t at ! fir/ comm5cem5t ! rate ( absorption 0 mu* affect$ by ! /ate ( ! surface ( ! gr\nd b t ! effect 0 only tempor>y4 ,! losses 7 f\nd to be z foll[s3 ----------------------------------- ,,day4 ,,loss ,,p] ,,day4 ,,loss ,,p] ,,h\r4 7c7 ----------------------------------- ,feet4 ,feet4 #a/ #acf #jeg #bnd #aac #jdg #crd #ajg #jdf #d? #ajb #jdc #e? #if #jda #f? #ij #jcg #g? #hj #jcc #h? #gg #jcb ,total #hja ----------------------------------- ,9 ! eight days ! total loss 0 almo/ exactly eight feet4 ,! losses by absorption 9 ! v>i\s *annels ( c]ta9 canals has be5 e/imat$ to be z foll[s3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,*annel4 ,nature,mean dep? ,value ,loss p] ,rem>ks4 ( ( wat] ( ,million soil4 9 7c7 squ>e feet ,*annel4 ( wett$ surface4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,feet4 c4 ft4 p] sec4 ,ma9 ,l9e ,upp],%+le #f #jce #ig ,b>i ,doab ,canal& ,s&y ,soil ,fairly reliable ,ma9 ,l9e ,s&y #g #ij e/imates bas$ ,sirh9d ,canal ,soil on dis*>ge obs]vations4 ,bran*es ,upp] ,loam #jjgi #bb ,b>i ,doab ,canal ,bran*es ,s&y #eb ,sirh9d ,canal ,soil ,di/ribut>ies ,loam #jabdbc to #dd ,upp] ,b>i 7av]age ,doab ,canal #cc7 ,di/ribut>ies ,s&y #e to #ab ,sirh9d ,canal ,soil 7av]age #hj7 ,some:at r\gh e/imates4 ,wat]c\rses ,loam #jaed #cc to #bj ,upp] ,b>i to 7av]age ,doab ,canal #jdee #id7 ,wat]c\rses ,s&y #g to #fj ,sirh9d ,canal ,soil 7av]age #bb7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #d ,:5 ! *annel 0 9 cont9u\s fl[4 #e ,maximum value :5 fl[ 0 int]mitt5t4 ,"s in=mation z to losses ( wat] is also giv5 9 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,art4 #b4 ,! relative losses ( wat] 9 ! *annels ( ! ,upp] ,b>i ,doab ,canal 7 z foll[s3-- ,relative ,loss4 ,9 ma9 l9e & bran*es #bj ,9 di/ribut>ies #f ,9 wat]c\rses #ba ,us$ 9 ! fields #ec --- ,total #ajj ,! reasons = ! great v>iation 9 ! value ( c are n prop]ly kn[n4 ,! dep? ( wat] is n likely to h mu* influ5ce on x4 ,x is well kn[n t ! f9e silt c>ri$ by ! wat] t5ds to r5d] ! *annels wat]tight :5 x deposits4 ,! canals & bran*es receive ei!r no deposits or deposits consi/+ *iefly ( s&4 ,! di/ribut>ies1 especially 9 _! l[] rea*es1 receive deposits ( f9e silt :i* is only occasionally cle>$ away4 ,! wat]c\rses receive simil> deposits b !y are v frequ5tly cle>$ out by ! cultivators4 ,?is is p]haps ! reason :y ! rate ( loss ( wat] 9 ! wat]c\rses is ne>ly ?ree times z great z ! rate ( loss 9 ! di/ribut>ies ( ! same canal4 ,on ! ,sirh9d canal ! di/ribut>ies h m bran*es ?an on ! ,b>i ,doab canal & ! wat]c\rses are small]4 ,?is acc\nts = ! diff]5t relative losses 9 ! two cases4 ,! s&y nature ( ! soil on ! ,sirh9d canal acc\nts = ! g5]al high] value ( c on t canal4 ,! foll[+ =mula has be5 d$uc$ z giv+ ! loss by absorption on a ,punjab ,canal4 ,,wl ,p #ce d --------- #a1jjj1jjj ,:]e ,p is ! loss by absorption 9 c4 ft4 p] second 9 a rea* ^: l5g? is ,l1 wid? 7at wat] level7 ,w & dep? d4 ,accord+ to ! =mula ! loss p] million squ>e feet is #aje c4 ft4 p] second :5 d is #d ft4 & #g c4 ft4 p] second :5 d is #b feet1 ,^! figures d n agree ) ^? 9 ! prec$+ table & x is cle> t !re are n yet suffici5t data f :i* to con/ruct a =mula4 ,! fir/ /eps tak5 on ! ,b>i ,doab ,canal1 & subsequ5tly on o!r canals1 to r$uce ! losses ( wat]1 consi/$ 9 ! r$uction 9 ! numb] ( wat]c\rses4 ,?is w be ref]r$ to aga9 7,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,art4 #i74 ,fur!r /eps w be consid]$ 9 ,,*apt] ,v4 #e4 ,duty ( ,wat]4--,! numb] ( acres irrigat$ annually by a con/ant dis*>ge ( #a c4 ft4 ( wat] p] second is call$ ! 8duty0 ( wat]4 ,9 ,india on p]5nial canals ! duty may be z mu* z #bej or ev5 #cjj acres4 ,on inundation canals :i* fl[ = only five mon?s 9 ! ye> & are situat$ 9 tracts ( scanty ra9fall & light or s&y soil1 ! duty may be only #gj acres4 ,! duties ( mo/ exi/+ canals :e!r 9 ,india or else:]e1 are kn[n only approximately4 ,! duty is calculat$ on ! av]age dis*>ge ent]+ ! canal at its head less ! wat] :i* is pass$ out at escapes4 ,x ?us includes all losses ( wat]4 ,! duty v>ies n only z betwe5 "o canal & ano!r b on ! same canal f ye> to ye>4 ,x dep5ds on ! "* ( ! soil1 a s&y soil requir+ m wat] ?an a clayey soil4 ,x also dep5ds on ! ra9fall4 ,a mod]ate am\nt ( ra9 causes ! canal wat] to g fur!r1 b heavy ra9 may enable "s crops to d )\t canal wat] or may p]mit ( ! concealm5t ( canal irrigation4 ,! duty also dep5ds on ! k9d ( crops gr[n1 on ! losses 9 ! *annels by absorption & on ! quantity ( wat] available4 ,a lib]al supply ( wat] leads to c>elessness 9 ! use1 b a v re/rict$ supply is l>gely wa/$ ow+ to ! %ortness ( ! 8turns0 or rotational p]iods ( fl[ 9 ! diff]5t *annels4 ,!re is an obvi\s connection betwe5 ! duty ( wat] & ! total dep? ( ! wat]1 kn[n 9 ,india z 8delta10 giv5 to ! fields4 ,calculations are mu* simplifi$1 :ile /ill be+ accurate en\gh = all practical purposes1 by assum+ t ! numb] ( seconds1 7#hf1djj7 9 a day is twice ! numb] ( squ>e feet1 7#dc1efj7 9 an acre4 ,assum+ ?is to be ! case a dis*>ge ( #a c4 ft4 p] second = a day gives #b acre-feet1 i4e41 x w cov] an acre ( gr\nd to a dep? ( #b feet 9 a day2 & 9 six mon?s x w cov] #ajj acres to dep? ( #cfe feet4 ,9 ,nor!rn ,india ! ye> is divid$ into two halves 9 ea* ( :i* a crop is gr[n & ! duty is calculat$ = ea* crop4 ,9 ?is case1 if ! fl[ ( a canal has be5 cont9u\s1 a duty ( #ajj acres p] cubic foot ( its mean dis*>ge p] second1 corresponds to a total dep? ( #cfe feet ov] ! area irrigat$4 ,g5]ally ! fl[ 9 ! half-ye> has n be5 cont9u\s4 ,9 o!r c\ntries1 & 9 ,india on canals o!r ?an ! p]5nial canals1 ! p]iods ( fl[ v>y a great deal4 ,! duty _c be calculat$ f delta or vice v]sa until ! p]iod ( fl[ is /at$4 ,! daily gauge-read+s & daily dis*>ges correspond+ to !m1 hav+ be5 book$1 ! dis*>ges are add$ up4 ,! total1 divid$ by ! numb] ( days on :i* ! canal has be5 runn+1 gives ! av]age daily dis*>ge4 ,suppose t dur+ ! 8kh>if0 or summ] crop :i* is consid]$ to la/ f #a/ ,april to #cj? ,septemb] or #ahc days1 ! canal 0 clos$ = #ac days & t ! total ( ! daily dis*>ges on ! rema9+ #agj days comes to #hej1jjj c4 ft4 p] second4 ,! av]age daily dis*>ge is #e1jjj c4 ft4 p] second4 ,suppose ! kh>if area irrigat$ to be #ejj1jjj acres1 ! kh>if duty is #ajj acres4 ,to f9d delta ! total ( ! daily dis*>ges has to be multipli$ by ! numb] ( seconds 9 a day & divid$ by ! numb] ( squ>e feet 9 an acre 7^! figures are1 z already /at$1 v ne>ly 9 ! ratio ( two to "o7 & divid$ aga9 by ! numb] ( acres irrigat$4 ,?us1 9 ! above case1 delta is v ne>ly #hej1jjj #b_/ejj1jjj or #cd feet4 ,= comp>+ ! results ( "o canal or "o ye> ) ano!r1 delta is ! m conv5i5t figure to take4 ,z soon z ! areas irrigat$ by ! canals are kn[n = any crop1 ! ,*ief ,eng9e] ( ! prov9ce issues a /atem5t ( ! value ( delta = ea* p]5nial canal & comp>es !m ) ^? = previ\s ye>s4 ,! value ( delta = ! ,punjab canals ranges f #c to #d feet = ! kh>if & f #ah to #ba feet = ! 8rabi0 or w9t] crop4 ,individual canals v>y greatly1 ! wor/ hav+ ne>ly twice z high a figure z ! be/4 ,! diff]5ces are due to ! causes already m5tion$4 ,al?\gh ! figures ( duty take no acc\nt ( ! numb] ( days a canal 0 clos$1 !y are ! mo/ conv5i5t /&>d = judg+ g5]ally ( ! "w likely to be done by a project$ canal4 ,x w readily be se5 t figures ( duty are n exact & are only an approximate guide4 ,! delta figures are1 on ! p]5nial canals ( ! ,punjab1 also work$ out = ea* mon? ( ! crop1 ! volume ( wat] us$ f ! beg9n+ ( ! crop up to ! end ( ! mon? be+ divid$ by ! area irrigat$ up to ! end ( ! mon?4 ,b :5 irrigation is 9 full sw+1 "s little delay occurs 9 book+ ! fields4 ,moreov] ! same field is wat]$ a numb] ( times dur+ ! crop & mu* dep5ds on :e!r wat]+s h j be5 giv5 or are j ab\t to be giv54 ,! figures are useful to "s ext5t = comp>ison4 ,! figures = ! rabi crop ( #aijh-ji 7 z foll[s1 ! figure = ,m>* be+ ! f9al figure = ! crop4 ,up to end ( ,oct41 ,nov41 ,dec41 ,jan41 ,feb41 ,m>*4 ,progressive value ( delta4 #afi #acd #abi #adg #aga #bje4 ,"o great pr9ciple to be foll[$ 9 ord] to obta9 a high duty is to re/rict ! supply ( wat]4 ,a cultivator ^: wat]c\rse is always runn+ full may wa/e great quantities ( wat]1 b if he kn[s t x is only to run = a few days out ( a =tnight he w use ! wat] c>efully4 ,x is n1 ( c\rse1 meant t ! wat] kept back is run into escapes & wa/$4 ,x goes to irrigate o!r l&s4 ,! available supply ( wat] %\ld be spread ov] z l>ge an area ( l& z j1 & only j1 to suffice4#f ,o!r me?ods ( improv+ ! duty are ! r$uction 9 ! numb] ( wat]c\rses1 ! apportionm5t ( ! sizes ( outlets1 wat]c\rses & di/ribut>ies to ! "w t !y h to d1 c>eful att5tion to ! di/ribution ( ! wat] & ! prev5tion ( wa/age due to c>elessness4 #f ,a sy/em ( lavi% supply is 9 mo/ cases likely to lead to h>m by wat]-logg+ ( ! soil or its exhau/ion by ov]-cropp+ or to rais+ ( ! spr+ level & injury to ! public heal?4 ,! foll[+ in=mation conc]n+ duties is tak5 f ,buckley's ,irrigation ,pocket ,book3-- ---------------------------------------- ----- ,,place4 ,,rabi ,,duty4 ,,kh>if ,,duty ---------------------------------------- ----- ,acres ,acres ,upp] ,india #ace to #bcgg #di to #abj 7,punjab & ,unit$ ,prov9ces7 ,l[] ,*5ab ,canal#hacc to #acd #dg to #hh 7,punjab7 ,b5gal #ef to #acj #eg to #aac ,bombay #he to #aah #eh to #aei ---------------------------------------- ----- #g ,occasionally z l[ z #ih or ev5 #fb4 #h ,! mo/ rec5t canal4 ,! p]iod ( fl[ 9 ea* case w\ld be six mon?s or less4 ,! av]age rabi duties on ! ,l[] ,*5ab & ,upp] ,b>i ,doab ,canals1 9 ! ,punjab1 calculat$ on ! dis*>ges at ! di/ribut>y heads1 = p]iods ( #c & #e ye>s respectively1 end+ ,m>*1 #aijd1 7 #bjh & #bfc acres respectively1 b 9 ! latt] case #aa p] c5t4 ( ! area receiv$ only 8fir/ wat]+s40 ,= ! kh>if ! figures are #ajj & #ih respectively4 ,9 ,italy ! duty is #ee to #gj acres1 9 ,spa9 f #de to #bje acres1 9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates ( ,am]ica g5]ally #fj to #aej acres4 ,9 ,s\? ,cali=nia ! duty is #aej to #cjj acres1 :51 z is usual1 surface irrigation is employ$1 b #cjj to #ejj acres ) subsoil irrigation1 ! wat] be+ deliv]$ 9 a pipe bel[ gr\nd level 7,,*apt] ,v47 ,9 bas9 irrigation 9 ,egypt ! duty is #bj to #be acres1 b ! p]iod ( fl[ is only #dj days4 ,! bas9s are flood$ to ab\t #c feet 9 dep?4 #f4 ,sket* ( a ,project4--,! tract ( c\ntry to be dealt ) 9 an irrigation project may be limit$ ei!r by ! natural features ( ! c\ntry1 by its levels1 by ! quantity ( wat] available or by f9ancial consid]ations4 ,if ! tract is small or n>r[1 & p>ticul>ly if x is n v flat1 x may be obvi\s t !re is only "o l9e on :i* ! irrigation *annel c conv5i5tly be con/ruct$ b 9 any consid]able s*eme a cont\r plan ( ! :ole tract is absolutely necess>y4 ,! surveys = su* a plan are exp5sive & take "t & x is desirable1 z f> z possible1 to settle be=eh& ! area ov] :i* !y are to ext5d4 ,?is may be done to "s ext5t by ! exam9ation ( any exi/+ levels & ( ! tract itself4 ,v high1 s&y or swampy gr\nd1 :e!r occurr+ at ! edge ( ! tract or 9 ! middle ( x1 may h to be left out4 ,! rema9d]1 z already m5tion$1 is call$ ! comm&$ area4 ,:5 l& occupi$ by h\ses or roads or :i* is v mu* brok51 or :i* = any reason _c be irrigat$1 has also be5 d$uct$1 ! balance is ! 8culturable comm&$ area40 ,ei!r be=e or aft] ! culturable comm&$ area has be5 approximately asc]ta9$1 ! proportion ( x :i* is to be irrigat$ mu/ be settl$4 ,?is dep5ds on local circum/ances4 ,9 ,india ! supply ( wat] is calculat$ on ! supposition t a fraction1 g5]ally f to 1 ( ! culturable comm&$ area w be irrigat$ ea* ye>4 ,! re/ w be ly+ fall[ or be tempor>ily out ( use or be us$ = crops :i* d n require canal irrigation4 ,! re/riction ( ! area is necess>y ei!r because ! supply ( wat] is limit$ or 9 ! int]e/s ( ! p4 ,too lib]al a supply ( wat] t5ds1 z already /at$1 to ov] cultivation1 & exhau/ion & wat]-logg+ ( ! soil4 ,! next /ep is to e/imate ! duty & ! dis*>ge ( ! canal & !n to fix its ma9 dim5sions4 ,9 ,nor!rn ,india ! duty 9 ! rabi is high] ?an 9 ! kh>if4 ,x may be #bjj acres 9 ! rabi & #ajj acres 9 ! kh>if4 ,local circum/ances det]m9e :i* crop has ! great] area4 ,suppose t x is e/imat$ t bo? w be equal4 ,!n ! total annual area = :i* wat] is to be provid$ mu/ be divid$ by two & ?is gives ! kh>if area4 ,dur+ ! kh>if !re is usually an ample supply ( wat] & ! kh>if mean supply ( ! canal is bas$ on ! kh>if area & ! kh>if duty4 ,! full supply is n run all ?r\gh ! crop because ! dem& fluctuates1 ! dem& be+ greate/ :5 all ! crops h be5 s[n & :5 !re is no ra91 b f exp]i5ce ( o!r canals ! ratio ( ! kh>if full supply to ! kh>if mean supply c be e/imat$4 ,! ratio is g5]ally ab\t #abe4 ,on ! kh>if full supply dep5ds ! size ( ! *annel1 e *annel be+ con/ruct$ s z to c>ry a c]ta9 8full supply0 or maximum dis*>ge & ! top ( ! bank be+ made at su* a height t !re %all be a suffici5t m>g9 or 8free-bo>d0 above ! 8full supply level40 ,! canal runs full provid$ t !re is a suffici5t supply 9 ! riv] or t ! wat] level ( ! riv] is high en\gh--?is la/ condition ref]r+ to canals :i* h no weir 9 ! riv]--& provid$ also t !re is a suffici5t 8dem&0 = ! wat]4 ,at o!r times a canal runs ) less ?an full supply4 ,?is g5]ally occurs ?r\gh\t mo/ ( ! rabi1 ! supply ( wat] 9 ! riv] be+ !n re/rict$4 ,! di/ribut>ies are g5]ally run full or ?s full1 "s be+ clos$1 9 turn1 to give wat] to ! o!rs4 ,9 ! case ( a c\ntry :]e !re is only "o crop 9 ! ye>1 ! av]age dis*>ge ( ! canal c be f\nd by divid+ ! area by ! e/imat$ duty4 ,! ,f4,s4 dis*>ge c be assum$ to be> su* a relation to ! av]age dis*>ge z may be f\nd by exp]i5ce to be suitable4 ,on "s ,indian inundation canals ! ,f4,s4 dis*>ge is tak5 z twice ! av]age dis*>ge4 ,! ,f4,s4 dis*>ge ( ! canal hav+ be5 arriv$ at1 ! alignm5ts ( ! canal & bran*es are next sket*$ out on ! cont\r plan & c]ta9 tracts & dis*>ges are assign$ to ea* bran*4 ,! gradi5ts c be asc]ta9$ f ! levels ( ! c\ntry & ! cross-section ( ! *annel c !n be sket*$ out4 ,if ! velocity is too great = ! soil 8falls0 c be introduc$4 ,! above proc$ure w enable a r\gh idea to be =m$ ( ! co/ ( ! e>?work ( ! s*eme4 ,! co/ ( ! headworks & masonry works & di/ribut>ies c be be/ e/imat$ by obta9+ actual figures = exi/+ works ( simil> "*1 ! di/ribut>ies be+ reckon$ at s mu* p] mile4 ,! probable rev5ue :i* ! canal w br+ 9 w dep5d ^u ! rate *>g$ = ! wat] & ! co/ & ma9t5ance1 matt]s :i* c only be det]m9$ by local consid]ations bas$ on ! figures = exi/+ canals4 ,! masonry works on a canal consi/ ( ! headworks & ( bridges1 regulators & dra9age cross+s4 ,! pr9ciples ( design = su* works h be5 dealt ) 9 ,riv] & ,canal ,eng9e]+4 ,x is ( c\rse economical to make a bridge & fall 9 "o4 ,if ! (f-take ( a di/ribut>y is any:]e 9 ! neighb\rhood ! fall %\ld ( c\rse be d[n/ream ( x4 ,! positions ( ! falls %\ld be fix$ 9 accordance ) ^! consid]ations4 ,if ! longitud9al section is su* t ! position ( ! fall _c be mu* alt]$1 x may be feasible to div]t a road s t ! bridge may be at ! be/ site = ! fall4 ,9 ! case ( a railway cross+1 a skew bridge is (t5 necess>y4 ,9 ! case ( a road cross+ x may be feasible to introduce curves 9 ! road b "h also a skew bridge is (t5 necess>y4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,design+ ,,( ,a ,,canal4 #a4 ,headworks4--,9 ! design ( head works no v precise rules c be laid d[n4 ,"s g5]al ideas c h[ev] be giv5 z to ! *ief po9ts to be att5d$ to & "s g5]al & approximate rules /at$4 ,9 e case a l>ge scale plan ( ! riv] is ( c\rse requir$ & also a close exam9ation ( x & /udy ( its "*4 ,an attempt to =eca/ its action is !n possible4 ,gauge read+s = sev]al ye>s & calculations ( dis*>ges are ( c\rse necess>y4 ,if ! b$ ( ! riv]1 9 c\rse ( "t1 rises up/ream ( ! weir or sc\rs d[n/ream ( x1 a l>ge am\nt ( protection to ! b$ & banks w become necess>y4 ,"s description ( headworks & weirs1 ) a plan ( ! headworks ( ! ,sirh9d ,canal1 ,india1 has be5 giv5 9 ,riv] & ,canal ,eng9e]+1 ,,*apt]s ,,iv4 & ,x4 ,rem>ks reg>d+ ! collection ( in=mation = su* works are giv5 9 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ( ! same "w4 ,x is also expla9$ h[1 by keep+ ! gates ( ! "u-sluices clos$1 a 8pond0 is =m$ betwe5 ! divide wall & ! canal head s t heavy s& deposits 9 ! pond & does n ent] ! canal4 ,by clos+ ! canal & op5+ ! "u-sluices ! deposit is sc\r$ away4 ,! be/ site = ! headworks ( a canal dep5ds on ! /ability & g5]al "* ( ! b$ ( ! riv] b 9 decid+ betwe5 any two propos$ sites1 ! "q ( ! additional co/ ( ! canal1 if ! upp] site is adopt$1 has to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,su* co/ may1 9 rugg$ c\ntry1 be consid]able4 ,9 ! case ( ,indian p]5nial canals1 ! head is (t5 close to ! hills :]e ! riv] b$ is ( b\ld]s & %+le & fairly /able1 b x is (t5 at a di/ance f ! hills & 9 su* cases a gradual rise 9 ! b$ ( ! riv]1 ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( a weir1 is m probable ?an sc\r4 ,su* a rise may necessitate a rais+ ( ! cre/ ( ! weir & ( ! b$ ( ! canal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,9 ! g5]al arrangem5t ( a headworks a great deal dep5ds on local conditions4 ,sometimes ! riv] runs 9 a fairly /raight & def9$ *annel & ! weir c !n be run /raight across x4 ,sometimes1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,ganges ,canal1 !re is a succession ( isl&s & v>i\s %ort weirs are requir$ 9 ! diff]5t *annels4 ,at ! heads ( ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n ,jumna ,canals1 ! riv]1 on issu+ f ! hills1 wid5s out 7,fig4 #e47 & ! weir is built obliquely & n 9 a /raight l9e4 ,its cre/ is high] at ! ea/ ?an at ! we/ side4 ,!re are "u-sluices at bo? sides4 ,! up/ream end & we/ side ( ! isl& are revett$4 ,! old head ( ! ,we/]n ,jumna ,canal1 z %[n 9 ! figure1 exi/$ long be=e ! adv5t ( ! ,briti%1 & a tempor>y weir1 made ( gabions fill$ ) /ones1 0 con/ruct$ across ! riv] e ye> dur+ ! l[ wat] p]iod & swept away dur+ ! floods4 ,to h c>ri$ ! weir along ! l9e %[n dott$1 ! head ( ! ,we/]n ,jumna ,canal be+ ( c\rse br\ght up to x1 w\ld app>5tly h be5 feasible & *eap]1 b ! (f-take w\ld h be5 9 %all[ wat] because ( ! curve 9 ! riv]1 & !re w\ld h be5 no curr5t along ! face ( ! head regulator ( ! canal4 ,! level ( ! floor ( ! "u-sluices is g5]ally ab\t ! same z t ( ! b$ ( ! canal4 ,! sill--made to exclude %+le & s& z f> z possible--( ! canal head regulator may be #c feet high] & ! cre/ ( ! weir #f to #i feet high]4 ,! top ( ! weir %utt]s is #a to #be feet above ! ,f4,s4 level ( ! canal :i* may be #e feet or m above ! b$ ( ! canal4 ,if ! weir is provid$ ) fall+ %utt]s ! wid? ( ! wat]way ( ! "u-sluices may be ab\t ? ( ! wid? ( ! wat]way ( ! weir alone1 o!rwise ab\t ?4 ,9 ne>ly all cases ! weir has a flat top & flat slopes bo? up/ream & d[n/ream4 ,9 a case :]e ! riv] b$ is ( s&1 ! dep? ( wat] on ! cre/ ( ! weir 9 floods may be #ae feet & ! velocity #ad or #ae feet p] second4 ,! d[n/ream slope ( ! weir may be ab\t #a 9 #ae1 & ! up/ream slope #a 9 #f4 ,:]e ! riv] b$ is ( b\ld]s ! velocity may be /ill high]4 ,! faces ( ! weir are usually ( hamm]-dress$ /one4 ,a lock = ! passage ( rafts is add$ if necess>y4 ,unless ! banks ( ! riv] are high1 x is necess>y to con/ruct embankm5ts to prev5t ! riv] wat]1 :5 head$ up by ! weir dur+ ! floods1 f spill+ ov] ! c\ntry ) possible damage to ! canal4 ,if ! riv] has side *annels !y h to be clos$4 ,! /ream may also h to be tra9$1 by means ( guide banks or spurs1 s z to rema9 9 "o *annel & fl[ pa/ ! canal head & n =m %oals aga9/ x4 ,:]e ! riv] is un/able1 x may %ift its c\rse s z to /rike ! weir obliquely & ?is may cause excessive head+ up at "o side ( ! weir4 ,9 su* cases x is usual to divide ! weir into bays or sections1 ea* ab\t #ejj feet long1 by 8divide walls0 runn+ at "r angles to ! weir4 ,! free-bo>d or height ( ! masonry walls & tops ( embankm5ts above ,h4,f4 ,level is ab\t #e feet4 ,! span ( ea* op5+ 9 ! "u-sluices is g5]ally #bj to #ce feet4 ,! pi]s may be #e feet ?ick4 ,x is usual to make ea* alt]nate pi] project up/ream fur!r ?an ! o!rs s t long logs com+ d[n ! riv] dur+ floods1 broadside on1 may be swung r\nd & n be caught & held aga9/ ! pi]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f;,a4 ,figs4 #f & #f;,a %[ ! headworks ( ! ,upp] ,*5ab ,canal n[ "u con/ruction 7,,*apt] ,,iv47 ,! site is 9 a l[ flat pla91 b no bett] site c\ld be f\nd4 ,! weir consi/s ( #h bays ( #ejj feet ea*4 ,! cre/ is #aj feet above ! riv] b$ & ! fall+ %utt]s #f feet high4 ,! slopes are #a 9 #f & #a 9 #ae4 ,! bulk ( ! "w is rubble masonry 9 lime4 ,! l[] lay] up/ream ( ! cre/ is ( puddle2 up/ream ( ! second l9e ( wells x is rubble masonry 9 half s& & half lime2 up/ream ( ! l[] l9e ( wells x is ( dry /one & !re is an int]m$iate lay] ( rubble masonry 9 lime ) ! /ones laid flat4 ,bel[ ! cre/ !re is a wall ( masonry #i feet ?ick & on ! cre/ !re are two /rips ( a%l> betwe5 :i* ! %utt]s lie :5 d[n4 ,! extreme up/ream & d[n/ream portions ( ! b$ protection are ( dry /one & #d feet ?ick :ile next to ! weir are concrete blocks #b feet ?ick re/+ on dry /one4 ,! wid? ( ! cre/ is #ad feet1 ( ! weir #adj feet1 ( ! protection #gj feet up/ream & #aaj feet d[n/ream4 ,! guide banks h tops #dj feet wide & #ah & #ad feet above ! cre/ ( ! weir 9 ! up/ream & d[n/ream l5g?s respectively1 ! side slopes be+ #b to #a & ! wat] slope be+ cov]$1 up to ,h4,w4 level1 by dry /one pit*+ #d feet ?ick4 ,! left guide bank runs up/ream = #c1bej feet f ! c5tre l9e ( ! canal & ! "r #bjjj feet f ! l9e ( cre/ %utt]s4 ,! "u-sluices h #h bays ( #ce feet ea* & ! canal head regulator #cf op5+s ( #fe feet ea*1 ! l>ge op5+s %[n 9 ! figure be+ sub-divid$4 ,! cre/ ( ! weir is no less ?an #aj feet above ! riv] b$ & ! %utt]s add #f feet to ?is4 ,! floor ( ! "u-sluices is #d feet high] ?an ! riv] b$4 ,!re is ?us ample all[ance = a possible rise 9 ! riv] b$4 #b4 ,! ,cont\r ,map4--,! cont\r map1 besides %[+ ! cont\rs ( ! c\ntry to be irrigat$ & ( a /rip ( c\ntry1 ev5 if n to be irrigat$1 :i* w be trav]s$ by ! ma9 l9e1 %\ld %[ all its ma9 features1 namely3--/reams1 dra9ages1 railways1 roads1 embankm5ts1 res]voirs1 t[ns1 villages1 habitations1 & ! b\nd>ies ( woods & cultivat$ l&s4 ,x %\ld also %[ ! highe/ wat] levels 9 all /reams or exi/+ canals4 ,a map %[+ z _m z possible ( ! above features %\ld be obta9$ & l9es ( levels run = ! cont\rs4 ,9 do+ ?is1 ! po9ts :]e ! l9es ( levels cut or pass ne> to any ( ! above features or b\nd>y l9es1 %\ld be not$4 ,x may be necess>y to correct inaccuracies 9 ! plan or to supply defects 9 x4 ,! great] ! tr\ble tak5 to d ?is ! less w be ! tr\ble exp]i5c$ lat] on4 ,! heights ( ! cont\r l9es w1 9 v flat c\ntry1 h ev5tually to be only #a foot ap>t4 ,?is w necessitate runn+ l9es ( levels half-a-mile ap>t at ! mo/1 & pref]ably #bjjj feet ap>t1 ! pegs 9 ea* l9e be+ ab\t #ejj feet ap>t4 ,9 less flat c\ntry ! heights ( ! cont\r l9es c be fur!r ap>t ?an #a foot4 ,:atev] di/ance ap>t is decid$ on = !m1 ! survey %\ld be done once = all4 ,on "o ( ! ,indian canals 9 flat c\ntry1 ! l9es ( levels 7 at fir/ tak5 #e miles ap>t1 ! bran*es r\ghly align$ & !n fur!r surveys made4 ,?is l$ to great exp5se & delay & ! proc$ure has n be5 repeat$4 ,9 mak+ a cont\r survey1 a base l9e1 z c5trally situat$ & z long z possible1 %\ld be laid d[n1 ) side l9es p>allel to x ne> ! b\nd>ies ( ! tract4 ,! cross l9es at half-mile or o!r int]vals %\ld !n be laid d[n4 ,"s ( !m may run out beyond ! side l9es4 ,circuits ( levels %\ld be run along ! base l9e1 ! side l9es & ! two extreme cross l9es & be c>efully *eck$4 ,! rema9+ cross l9es %\ld !n be levell$4 ,all ! levels hav+ be5 %[n on ! map ! cont\rs %\ld be sket*$ 94 ,! scale ( ! map = a l>ge project may be two in*es to a mile4 ,if x is likely t ! survey w h to be ext5d$1 x w be easi] to d ?is by prolong+ ! base l9e & runn+ m cross l9es1 ?an by prolong+ ea* ( ! cross l9es already survey$4 ,?is c be borne 9 m9d :5 select+ ! base l9e4 #c4 ,alignm5ts & ,dis*>ges4--,on ! cont\r map ! propos$ alignm5ts ( ! canal1 bran*es1 di/ribut>ies1 & escapes1 det]m9$ aft] c>eful consid]ation ( all matt]s affect+ !m1 are %[n4 ,! tracts to be irrigat$ by ea* bran* & ea* di/ribut>y are n[ m>k$ (f1 ! 8irrigation b\nd>ies0 foll[+ approximately ! valleys & l9es ( dra9age4 ,any l>ge tracts ( l& :i* _c be irrigat$ are ( c\rse %[n & are exclud$4 ,=e/s or o!r l&s :i* are n to be irrigat$ %\ld be simil>ly dealt )1 o!rwise confusion is likely to arise lat]4 ,! comm&$ area dep5d5t on ea* di/ribut>y is n[ asc]ta9$ f ! map4 ,a c]ta9 p]c5tage be+ d$uct$ = scatt]$ unculturable areas ! culturable comm&$ areas are obta9$4 ,! proportion to be irrigat$ 79 ,india 9 ! kh>if7 hav+ previ\sly be5 decid$1 ! numb] ( acres to be actually irrigat$ by ea* di/ribut>y is arriv$ at4 ,! next /ep is to asc]ta9 ! dis*>ges4#i ,a g5]al duty = ! :ole canal hav+ be5 e/imat$ by consid]+ ! actual figures = o!r canals ! full supply ( ! canal at its head is arriv$ at4 7,,*apt] ,i1 ,art4 #f74 ,9 ,nor!rn ,india x w be ! kh>if duty & kh>if full supply4 ,s9ce "s wat] is lo/ by absorption 9 ! *annels1 ! duty ( ! wat] on a bran* is high] ?an t ( ! :ole canal bas$ on its head dis*>ge1 & ! duty on a di/ribut>y is high] /ill4 ,9 design+ a canal1 an attempt has to be made to e/imate ! losses ( wat] 9 ! ma9 canal & bran*es1 s t ! duties ( ! bran*es & di/ribut>ies may be e/imat$ & ! *annels design$ accord+ly4 ,on ! ,we/]n ,jumna ,canal ! figures 7 e/imat$ to be z foll[s3-- ,kh>if4 ,rabi4 ,av]age dis*>ge at canal head 7c4 ft4 p] sec47 #cecf #bgee ,duty bas$ on ! dis*>ge 7acres7 #ih #ach ,e/imat$ loss ( wat] 9 canal & bran*es 7c4 ft4 p] sec47 #djj #cjj ,av]age dis*>ge at di/ribut>y head 7c4 ft4 p] sec47 #cacf #bdee ,duty bas$ on ! dis*>ge 7acres7 #aaa #aed #i ,9 ?is ,article & 9 ! re/ ( ?is ,*apt] x is assum$ t ! canal is a ,nor!rn ,indian "o4 ,any modifications necess>y to suit canals 9 o!r c\ntries w readily sugge/ !mselves4 ,! "q ( duty is "o :i* if n c>efully consid]$1 may cause "s confusion4 ,a canal & bran*es1 hav+ be5 design$ ) c]ta9 assum$ duties & ) dis*>ges bas$ on c]ta9 values ( ,n 9 ,kutt]'s co-effici5t1 h1 let x be suppos$1 be5 con/ruct$ to a great] or less ext5t4 ,:5 ! "t comes = con/ruct+ ! di/ribut>ies1 ! eng9e]s conc]n$ may h diff]5t ideas1 bas$ on lat] exp]i5ce1 z reg>ds ! probable duty & ! mo/ suitable value ( ,n4 ,if !y design ! di/ribut>ies ) a high] duty & a l[] value ( ,n1 x is obvi\s t !y c provide m di/ribut>ies ?an at fir/ design$1 or c increase _! l5g?s4 ,9 ei!r case !y w\ld provide = an increas$ comm&$ area4 ,if !y d n d ?is1 !y ought to adh]e to ! values at fir/ propos$1 ?us mak+ ! *annels l>g] ?an1 accord+ to _! ideas1 w\ld be necess>y4 ,^! l>g] *annels w be able to d m irrigation1 by an increase1 n 9 ! comm&$ area1 b 9 ! proportion ( x :i* is irrigat$4 ,any o!r c\rse w\ld result 9 ! canal c>ry+ m wat] ?an c\ld presumably be us$ by ! di/ribut>ies4 ,aga91 ! "q h[ ! assum$ duty 0 arriv$ at may ne$ consid]ation4 ,x may h be5 arriv$ at by tak+ ! duty figures ( "s exi/+ canal1 bas$ on dis*>ge figures :i* 7 ! result1 n ( obs]v$ b ( calculat$ dis*>ges1 & if ! calculations 7 bas$ on a value ( ,n :i* exp]i5ce has prov$ to be wrong1 a correction is obvi\sly ne$$4 ,_m mi/akes ( ! k9ds indicat$ above h be5 made1 n p]haps 9 ! case ( a project :i* has be5 rec5tly got up & is !n quickly c>ri$ out 9 its entirety1 b 9 "o :i* is c>ri$ out sl[ly or aft] a long p]iod has elaps$ or 9 "o :i* consi/s ( ext5sions ( an exi/+ sy/em4 ,s great1 h[ev]1 is ! ela/icity ( a *annel--by :i* is meant its capacity = adapt+ itself to v>i$ dis*>ges1 a small *ange 9 ! dep? ( wat] caus+ a great *ange 9 ! dis*>ge--& s consid]able has be5 ! unc]ta9ty z to ! real duty to be expect$1 t any mi/akes made h n usually result$ 9 any s]i\s tr\ble4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bifurcation ,,at ,,tail ,,( ,,canal4 ,! ,di/ribut>ies h ,gates & ,w9*es4 ,to face p4 #da4 ,x has be5 /at$ 7,,*apt] ,i1 ,art4 #b7 t x is n desirable to let "o *annel tail into ano!r4 ,9 old canals a di/ribut>y us$ sometimes1 aft] runn+ p>allel to a canal1 to be br\ght back t[>ds x & tail into x4 ,! advantage ( ?is 0 t ! di/ribut>y _h n to be made v small t[>ds ! tail & t1 if ! dem& abruptly ceas$1 ! di/ribut>y 0 n likely to brea*4 ,! pr9ciple 01 h[ev]1 ess5tially bad4 ,! l[] "p ( ! di/ribut>y 0 obvi\sly too ne> ! canal & n c5trally situat$ z reg>ds ! irrigat$ /rip4 ,! portion at ! extreme tail 0 sup]flu\s4 ,aga91 :atev] volume ( wat] 0 c>ri$ ?r\gh ! di/ribut>y & back into ! canal1 0 ne$lessly deta*$ in/ead ( be+ kept 9 bulk4 ,moreov] ! duty ( wat] on su* a di/ribut>y _c be asc]ta9$ )\t a tail gauge & ! obs]vation ( dis*>ges at ! tail4 ,!re are simil> objections to "o di/ribut>y tail+ into ano!r4 ,ea* %\ld be sep>ate & di/9ct4 ,a major di/ribut>y is "o ^: dis*>ge is m ?an #dj c4 ft4 p] second4 ,x may be z mu* z #bej c4 ft4 p] second4 ,a bran*1 z soon z x rea*es a po9t :]e its dis*>ge becomes only #bej c4 ft4 p] second %\ld be consid]$ z a major di/ribut>y4 ,a m9or di/ribut>y is "o ^: dis*>ge is f #h to #dj c4 ft4 p] second4 ,a m9or di/ribut>y is ne>ly always a bran* ( a major di/ribut>y4 ,!re are in/ances ( 8direct m9ors10 i4e41 m9ors tak+ (f f canals or bran*es4 ,su* a m9or1 unless its dis*>ge is a l>ge fraction ( t ( ! canal :i* supplies x--& ?is c seldom be ! case--is objectionable because ! petty native (ficial :o has to see to ! regulation ( supplies c manipulate ! supply easily & )\t detection1 & ! numb] ( p]sons irrigat+ f x be+ small1 he c make private arrangem5ts ) !m4 ,on ! ,sidhnai ,canal !re are "s half-doz5 di/ribut>ies ea* ( :i* _h "o or two m9ors :i* took (f close to ! head ( ! di/ribut>y4 ,! p :o irrigat$ f ! m9ors manag$ to get ! heads %ift$ & tak5 (f direct f ! canal1 on ! gr\nd t1 ! wat] level 9 ! canal be+ high] ?an 9 ! di/ribut>y1 !re w\ld be bett] comm& & less silt deposit4 ,! irrigation on all ^! m9ors ran up to a figure f> 9 excess ( :at _h be5 int5d$1 to ! detrim5t ( l&s fur!r d[n ! canal4 ,! m9or heads h all be5 retransf]r$ to ! di/ribut>ies1 ! difficulty z to comm& be+ got ov]1 z x %\ld h be5 at fir/1 by con/ruct+ weirs 9 ! di/ribut>ies4 ,! fall 9 ! wat] surface at ! di/ribut>y head1 i4e41 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! wat] level 9 ! canal & t 9 ! di/ribut>y d[n/ream ( its head b up/ream ( ! weir1 is q trifl+ or ev5 inappreciable4 ,9 "s ( ! old] ,indian canals x 0 ! cu/om to place ! heads ( di/ribut>ies1 n j above a fall b sev]al hundr$ feet above x1 ! idea be+ t ! di/ribut>y !n receiv$ less silt4 ,?is practice has n[ be5 discont9u$4 ,!re is no valid reason = foll[+ x4 ,! "q :e!r1 :5 a *annel crosses a road on ! skew1 a skew bridge %\ld be con/ruct$ or curves introduc$ into ! road or *annel1 is "o :i* requires "s consid]ation4 ,z f> z possible ! l9es ( *annels %\ld be fix$ s z to cross important#aj roads on ! squ>e or ) a small angle ( skew4 ,9 ! case ( ma9 canals or bran*es1 ! introduction ( special curves is g5]ally out ( ! "q1 b if ! road is n /raight some?+ c be done by %ift+ ! l9e "o way or ! o!r4 ,9 ! case ( 8major0 di/ribut>ies1 curves c to "s ext5t be introduc$4 ,9 ! case ( 8m9or0 di/ribut>ies x is (t5 possible to curve ! *annel1 ) a radius ( say #ejj feet1 s t x w cross ! road at "r angles4 ,!re is v little objection to a skew bridge if ! angle ( skew is n great4 ,! angle ( cross+ hav+ be5 made z ne> to #ij z possible1 ! bridge c be made skew ?\gh n necess>ily s mu* askew z ! road4 ,slight curves c be introduc$ into ! road4 ,:5 ! road is made askew1 a bridge on ! squ>e involves at lea/ ?ree consid]able curves 7,fig4 #g7 & ! tak+ up ( extra l&4 ,x also causes1 9 p]petuity mo/ likely1 a m or less inconv5i5t & unsightly arrangem5t & "o :i*1 9 mo/ c\ntries1 w\ld n be tol]at$4 ,:5 ! angle ( skew is n great1 x is be/ to introduce no curve at all into ! road4 ,9 ! case ( a 8village0 road1 :i* may be m or less undef9$ & liable to be %ift$1 ! difficulty ab\t l& may n be great1 b ev5 9 ?is case ! angle ( cross+ %\ld1 if possible1 be kept ne> to #ij1 especially 9 ! case ( m9ors1 & :]e curves h to be introduc$ into ! road !y %\ld be suitable ones4 ,abrupt angles are n only unsightly b are unfair to ! c>t driv]s4 ,! cross+s ( village roads by ! m9ors ( a c]ta9 great mod]n canal h be5 /igmatis$ z 8hide\s40 ,indian canals c af=d to d "w prop]ly4 #aj ,9 ,india 8di/rict0 & 8prov9cial0 roads4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 #d4 ,rem>ks on ,di/ribut>ies4--,be=e a canal sy/em c be prop]ly design$1 x is necess>y to det]m9e c]ta9 po9ts 9 connection ) ! work+ ( ! di/ribut>ies4 ,a di/ribut>y is int5d$ to irrigate a c]ta9 kh>if area4 ,its av]age kh>if supply is det]m9$ f ! assum$ kh>if duty4 ,x g5]ally runs full 9 ! kh>if b n always4 ,9 a v dry tract su* z ! ,montgom]y di/rict ( ! ,punjab1 ! dem& is s great & s /eady t a di/ribut>y practically runs full ?r\gh ! great] "p ( ! kh>if4 ,9 su* a case ! canal or bran* mu/ be s design$ t x c keep all di/ribut>ies full at ! same "t4 ,its ,f4,s4 dis*>ge w be ! sum ( all ! ,f4,s4 dis*>ges ( ! di/ribut>ies plus ! losses ( wat] by absorption4 ,b 9 o!r cases1 especially if ! ra9fall is consid]able1 a di/ribut>y does n require its full supply1 ei!r all ?r\gh ! kh>if or = long at a "t4 ,an e/imate mu/ !n be made ( :at x w require4 ,x may be e/imat$ t its requirem5ts w be met if1 dur+ ! p]iod ( greate/ dem&1 x is clos$ = two days out ( a =tnight & receives full supply = ! rema9+ twelve days4 ,9 ?is case1 s9ce ! v>i\s di/ribut>ies ne$ n all be clos$ on ! same days1 ! canal or bran* c be s design$ t x w c>ry a full supply equal 7aft] d$uct+ losses7 to ?s ( ! aggregate full supplies ( ! di/ribut>ies4 ,9 o!r cases ! fraction may be ?s4 ,x is likely to be l[] ! great] ! ra9fall ( ! di/rict4 ,ev5 9 ! case :5 ! di/ribut>ies run full ?r\gh ne>ly ! :ole ( ! kh>if1 !re w be p]iods :5 !y only run ) ab\t ?s full supply4 ,if full supply 7 run at su* times1 _m ( ! outlets w\ld dis*>ge m wat] ?an 0 requir$1 ! cultivators w\ld p>tly close !m1 & brea*es 9 ! banks ( ! di/ribut>y might result4 ,?us ! wat] level ( a di/ribut>y mu/ always be s arrang$ t x w h a good 8comm&0 :5 x is runn+ ) ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( ! full supply dis*>ge4 ,! wat] level ) ?s full supply is g5]ally #e to #ge feet bel[ ! full supply level b x %\ld be calculat$ 9 ea* case4 ,g5]ally x w be correct to make ! wat] level1 :5 full supply is run1 ab\t #a foot above ! high gr\nd trav]s$ by ! di/ribut>y1 exclud+ any exceptionally high portions ( small area4 ,a m exact me?od is giv5 9 ,art4 #i4 ,! great] ! proportion ( ! culturable area :i* is to be irrigat$1 ! less %\ld be ! area ( any high l& :i* is exclud$4 ,! ,f4,s4 levels ( ! di/ribut>ies at _! (f-takes mu/ be settl$ 9 accordance ) ! =ego+ rem>ks1 & ^! ,f4,s4 levels mu/ be ent]$ on ! plan4 ,neglect to ?us fix ! ,f4,s4 levels ( di/ribut>ies be=e design+ ! canals has frequ5tly l$ to tr\ble4 ,! head ne$$ at a bifurcation 9 ord] to get ! supply into a bran* or di/ribut>y is always small unless ! velocity is high4 ,= a velocity ( #c feet p] second ! head requir$ is only ab\t #af ft41 = #b ft4 p] second #a ft4 ,on an ,inundation ,canal :i* has no weir across ! riv]1 ! mean supply d[n/ream ( ! regulator 7:i* is built a few miles d[n ! canal le/ x %\ld be damag$ by ! %ift+ ( ! riv]7 is1 z has be5 m5tion$1 ab\t half ! full supply4 ,! comm& 9 su* canals is n g5]ally v good4 ,a di/ribut>y c (t5 obta9 only mean supply & x %\ld be design$ s z to comm& ! c\ntry :5 x is c>ry+ mean supply4 ,a detail$ description ( ,inundation ,canals 9 ,nor!rn ,india1 is giv5 9 ,punjab ,riv]s & ,works4 ,let ,m1 ,f1 m1 f1 be ! mean & full supply dis*>ges at ! heads ( a canal & ( an av]age di/ribut>y on x & let ! numb] ( di/ribut>ies be n4 ,x has be5 se5 7,*ap4 ,i4 ,art4 #f47 t ,m #h;,f ab\t4 ,let k be ! proportion ( ! supply lo/ by absorption 9 canal & bran*es4 ,!n n m 7#a - k7 ,m #h 7#a - k7 ,f4 ,if ! di/ribut>ies all run ) full supplies--at ! "t ( greate/ dem&--= #d days out ( #e1 !n1 nf #abe 7#a - k7,f f #abe - ---- #aef m #h ,s9ce k dep5ds on ! wett$ area1 x is n likely to be s great = ,f z = ,m1 b ! above gives a g5]al idea ( ! ratio ( ! full kh>if dis*>ge to ! mean kh>if dis*>ge4 ,on a l>ge canal ! circum/ances ( ! di/ribut>ies w n all be simil>4 ,"s w run full = a great] proportion ( _! "t ?an o!rs4 ,!y c be divid$ into gr\ps & ! ratio ( ! full to ! mean supply calculat$ = ea* gr\p4 ,! mean supply is1 z above /at$1 obta9$ f ! area to be irrigat$1 & ! duty z e/imat$ at ! di/ribut>y head4 ,at "o "t a sy/em 0 introduc$ ( mak+ di/ribut>ies ( l>ge size ) ! idea ( runn+ !m = %ort p]iods4 ,"o reason giv5 = ab&on+ ?is arrangem5t1 0 t !re 0 a t5d5cy to run su* a di/ribut>y = too long4 ,?is reason is n v intelligible4 ,x w\ld be applicable to any di/ribut>y :i* 0 n int5d$ to be run )\t cessation4 ,! result w\ld be t "s o!r di/ribut>y w\ld be kept %ort ( wat] & ?is w\ld imply extremely bad managem5t4 ,! *ief reason aga9/ su* a di/ribut>y is ! great] co/ ( its con/ruction4 ,x w\ld effect a sav+ ( wat]4 ,! ratio ( ! dis*>ge to ! wett$ area w\ld be high1 ?\gh ?is w\ld be to "s ext5t neutraliz$ by ! great] frequ5cy ( closures1 s9ce1 :5 wat] is admitt$ to a dry *annel1 ! absorption is at fir/ great4 ,!re w\ld also be "s difficulty 9 ! di/ribution ( ! wat] because ( ! %ort p]iod = :i* x w\ld rema9 op54 ,x w be se5 7,*apt] ,,iii4 ,art4 #e71 t x is desirable to op5 & close always at ! same h\r ( ! day4 ,an ord9>y di/ribut>y might run = #aa days out ( #ad4 ,"o ( d\ble ! size c\ld n conv5i5tly be run = #e days4 ,a di/ribut>y c always be enl>g$ if necess>y1 b if made too l>ge x is extremely difficult to make x small]4 ,x 0 also1 at "o "t1 usual to make m9ors1 :5 !re 7 sev]al on a di/ribut>y1 ( l>ge capacities s t !y ran 9 turns4 ,! prec$+ rem>ks apply to ?is case4 ,! sy/em has be5 ab&on$4 #e4 ,design ( ,canal & ,bran*es4--,! apportion+ ( dis*>ges to ! v>i\s *annels hav+ be5 effect$ z describ$ 9 ,art4 #b1 ! design+ ( ! canal & bran*es is proce$$ )4 ,r\gh longitud9al sections ( all ! l9es are prep>$ by means ( ! cont\r map1 ! gr\nd levels be+ %[n at int]vals ( "o foot--or :atev] ! v]tical di/ance betwe5 ! cont\rs may be--& ! horizontal di/ances obta9$ f ! map by scal+4 ,on ^! longitud9al sections ! l9es propos$ = ! b$ & ,f4,s4 levels are %[n rea* by rea* & also ! mean velocities & dis*>ges4 ,! laws ( silt+ & sc\r+ & ! pr9ciples on :i* *annels %\ld be design$ are fully gone into 9 ,riv] & ,canal ,eng9e]+4 ,x is !re expla9$ t1 = a *annel ( dep? ,d1 !re is a c]ta9 critical velocity1 ,v1 :i* j prev5ts ! deposit ( ! silt1 consi/+ ( heavy clay & f9e s&1 f\nd 9 ,indian riv]s--?is silt ent]s ! canal 9 su* imm5se quantities t ! canal silt cle>ances w\ld be impossible if mu* ( x 0 deposit$ 9 ! *annels--t s& ( grades heavi] ?an #a may deposit 9 ! head ( a canal & well nigh ?reat5 its exi/5ce1 t ! cle> wat] ent]+ ! canal 9 w9t] may pick up & c>ry on "s ( ! s& b t prop] /eps = prev5t+ ! deposit 9 ! canal c be tak5 at ! headworks4 ,?is la/ "q has be5 ref]r$ to 9 ,art4 #a4 ,! foll[+ additional rules = design+ canals 9 ,nor!rn ,india are *iefly tak5 f ^? giv5 by ,k5n$y 9 ! explanatory notes to 8 ,hydraulic ,diagrams1 :i* are 9 use 9 ! ,irrigation ,bran* 9 ,nor!rn ,india4 7#a7 ,ne> ! hills :]e ! b$ is ( %+le ! velocity may exce$ ,v4 ,a few o!r soils w /& #aa ,v4 7#b7 ,9 ord9>y *annels any excess ov] ,v w give mu* tr\ble l[] d[n4 7#c7 ,9 ! fir/ f\r or five miles ( a di/ribut>y1 ,v %\ld be all[$ & gradually be r$uc$ to #he ,v at ! tail1 ! gradi5t be+ r$uc$ if conv5i5t1 :ile a m9or or bran* di/ribut>y %\ld h less ?an ,v at its (f-take & /ill less at ! tail4 ,! s& is drawn (f by ! outlets & 9 ! l[] "p ( a di/ribut>y x is (t5 non-exi/5t4 7#d7 ,if !re is effici5t silt trapp+ at ! head ( ! canal any figures arriv$ at by ! prec$+ rules %\ld be multipli$ by #i4 7#e7 ,9 ! case ( a canal hav+ its head f> f ! hills1 ! s& is f9] & any figures arriv$ at z above may be multipli$ by1 p]haps1 ab\t #ge1 b fur!r exp]i5ce is ne$$ to decide ?is4 7#f7 ,if ! soil is v poor1 especially if ! dep? ( wat] is m ?an #f or #g feet1 ! velocity %\ld be less ?an ,v--say #i ,v--s z n to cause fall+ 9 ( ! banks4 ,dep?s ( m ?an #i or #ie feet %\ld1 z f> z possible1 be avoid$ = ! same reason4 7#g7 ,at a bifurcation1 "o bran* *annel may h no rais$ sill1 &1 ow+ to its small] dep?1 x may draw (f no surface wat] & get an undue %>e ( roll+ s&4 ,its velocity %\ld be great] ?an ,v & t ( ! o!r bran* be less ?an ,v4 7#h7 ,at su* a bifurcation x may be necess>y1 dur+ times ( l[ supply1 to head up ! wat] 9 ! ma9 *annel & "s silt may tempor>ily be deposit$ 9 x4 ,:5 ! head+ up ceases1 ! silt is sc\r$ away b x mo/ly goes into ! bran* ^: b$ level is ! l[]4 ,x is be/ to design su* bifurcations s t ! sill levels ( ! two bran*es are equal &1 if possible1 s t _! b$ levels are equal4#aa ,o!rwise ! *annel :i* is likely to get mo/ silt %\ld h ! /eep] gradi5t4 7#i7 ,any exi/+ well e/abli%$ rgime %\ld n be tamp]$ )4 #aa ,app5dix ,a 9 ,riv] & ,canal ,eng9e]+ deals ) "s in/ances ( fallacies 9 que/ions conc]n+ fl[ 9 op5 /reams4 ,an extract f x describ+ a rem>kable divide wall rec5tly con/ruct$ at ! head ( ! ,gag]a bran*1 ,l[] ,*5ab ,canal1 is giv5 9 ,app5dix ,a ( ?is book4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t 9 design+ ,irrigation ,*annels 9 ! pla9s ( ,india 9 accordance ) ,k5n$y's figures1 ! maximum ratio ( b$ wid? to dep? ( wat] is z foll[s3-- ,dis*>ge1 c4 ft4 p] second #aj #be #ajj #bjj #ejj #a1jjj ,ratio #ce #d #de #e #f #f ,! actual gradi5ts ( ! canals g5]ally range f ab\t #a 9 #h1jjj = a ma9 canal to #a 9 #b1jjj = ! tail ( a di/ribut>y1 b ne> ! head ( a canal :]e ! b$ is ( b\ld]s & %+le1 ! gradi5t may be z /eep z #a 9 #a1jjj4ab ,! velocity 9 ?is la/ case may be #e feet p] second b g5]ally x is n m ?an #c or #d feet p] second 9 canals & bran*es1 & #a to #b feet p] second 9 di/ribut>ies4 #ab ,on ! ,upp] ,jhelum ,canal1 #a 9 #igj4 ,9 design+ ! *annels1 ,n1 9 ,kutt]'s co-effici5t1 may be tak5 z #jbbe or #jbj1 accord+ to judgm5t4 ,= new & smoo? *annels #jbj is g5]ally correct4 ,a *annel g5]ally becomes r\gh] by use b sometimes x becomes smoo!r4 ,cases h occurr$ 9 :i* ,n has be5 f\nd to be #jaf4 ,?is "q is discuss$ 9 ,hydraulics1 ,*ap4 ,,vi4 ,! b$ wid? ( a canal is r$uc$1 :]e a di/ribut>y takes (f1 9 su* a way t :5 ! canal & di/ribut>y are bo? runn+ full1 ! dep? ( wat] 9 ! canal cont9ues to be uni=m & ! fl[ to be uni=m4 ,:5 ! di/ribut>y is clos$ !re is head+ up 9 ! canal up/ream ( ! (f-take1 b n en\gh to make any appreciable diff]5ce unless ! capacity ( ! di/ribut>y is a l>ge fraction ( t ( ! canal & ev5 !n no h>m is likely to result4 ,! prec$+ rules & pr9ciples be+ tak5 into consid]ation1 ! *annels are design$4 ,! b$ levels1 gradi5ts & dep?s are s arrang$ z to give ! velocities suit$ to ! soil & to ma9ta9 ! prop] relation ( dep? to velocity4 ,! b$ wid? is arrang$ s z to give ! prop] dis*>ge4 ,! full supply level ( ! canal & bran*es has also to be s arrang$ t x %all be high]1 at ea* di/ribut>y (f-take1 ?an ! full supply level ( ! di/ribut>y4 ,x is desirable to be able to give a di/ribut>y its full supply ev5 :5 ! canal is l[4 ,g5]ally ! slope ( ! c\ntry along any l9e is great] ?an w\ld be suitable = ! b$1 & 8falls0 are introduc$4 ,! (f-take ( a di/ribut>y is g5]ally j above a fall & !re is g5]ally an ample m>g9 betwe5 its ,f4,s4 level & t ( ! canal4 ,! dis*>ge ( ! canal dur+ ! great] "p ( ! rabi may be only ab\t half ! full supply4 ,?is dis*>ge %\ld be e/imat$ & ! wat] level correspond+ to x calculat$ & %[n on ! longitud9al section4 ,if possible ! levels %\ld be s arrang$ t ev5 ) its lea/ supply ! wat] level 9 ! canal w enable full supply to be giv5 to a di/ribut>y4 ,if ?is _c o!rwise be manag$ x may be necess>y to con/ruct a regulator 9 ! canal bel[ ! head ( ! di/ribut>y s t1 dur+ l[ supplies1 ! wat] c be head$ up4 ,x has be5 /at$ 9 ,riv] & ,canal ,eng9e]+1 ,*apt] ,,iv41 t su* head+ up1 if tempor>y1 is n at all likely to cause silt deposit 9 ! canal4 ,! design+ ( ! di/ribut>ies is n proce$$ ) at ?is /age4 ,s9ce no irrigation is usually done directly f ! canal & bran*es1 !y are design$ )\t any p>ticul> connection betwe5 ! level ( ! wat] & t ( ! c\ntry trav]s$4 ,dang]\sly high embankm5ts are ( c\rse avoid$ z f> z possible4 ,! b$ is design$ at su* a level t ! excavation & embankm5t at any place w be1 z ne>ly z possible1 equal4 ,l& 9 ,india is *eap4 ,:5 ! excavation exce$s ! embankm5t ! balance is made into a spoil bank4 ,:5 ! excavation is less ?an ! embankm5t ! balance is got f borr[-pits4 ,! side slopes ( *annels 9 excavation are g5]ally #a to #a1 9 embankm5t #a to #a4 ,! sides ( *annels ( small or mod]ate size usually become ab\t to #a1 or ev5 v]tical1 by ! deposit ( silt on ! slopes4 ,?is r$uction ( area is all[$ = 9 ! design i4e4 ! b$ wid? is s design$ t ! *annel w c>ry ! requir$ dis*>ge1 n ) ! side slopes z execut$1 b :5 !y h become to #a4 ,9 l>ge canals h[ev] ! sides d n always silt up b r t5d to fall 94 ,:5 ?is is expect$ to occur ! all[ance above describ$ is n made4 ,b]ms are left s t if any "p ( ! sides fall 91 ! bank w n also fall 94 ,! b]ms also all[ ( ! *annel be+ wid5$ if t ev] becomes necess>y4 ,type sections are giv5 9 ,figs4 #h & #i4 #f4 ,banks & ,roads4--,figs4 #h & #i %[ ! banks & spoil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,! scale is #f feet to an in*4 ,! dep? ( wat]1 9 ?is p>ticul> case1 is #g feet1 & ! bank1 exclud+ ! small rais$ bank1 #b feet above ! wat]4 ,! inside edge ( ! bank1 :]e ! small rais$ bank is %[n1 is kept p>allel to ! canal = a consid]able di/ance4 ,its position is got by draw+ a l9e1 %[n dott$1 at1 g5]ally1 #a to #a4 ,! embank$ "p ( ! slope is actually made at #a to #a1 b ! excavation is at #a to #a1 s t a b]m is left4 ,! wid? ( ?is b]m ( c\rse v>ies z ! dep? ( digg+ v>ies4 ,if !re is likely to be mu* fall+ 9 ( ! sides ! b]m c be made wid]1 ! dott$ l9e />t+1 n f ! edge ( ! b$1 b f a po9t fur!r 94 ,on an inundation canal 9 s&y soil ! b]m may be #bj feet wide4 ,9 figure #h1 ! inside slope above ! b]m is suppos$ to h silt$ up to a slope ( #a to #a4 ,9 cases :]e x is expect$ ! :ole inside slope w silt to to #a ! dott$ l9e1 to give ! edge ( ! bank1 c be %ift$ t[>ds ! *annel s t ! b]m at ! gr\nd level :5 ! *annel is excavat$ w be v small = ! m9imum dep? ( digg+4 ,!re is no ne$ = ! inn] edge ( ! bank to run p>allel to ! canal = great di/ances4 ,its position c be %ift$ :5ev] suitable & ! wid? ( ! b]m at gr\nd level v>i$4 ,?is prev5ts ! occupation ( a ne$lessly great wid? ( l&4 ,x us$ at "o "t to be n unusual to make a bank ) a b]m on ! l& side1 simil> to t =m$ by ! spoil 9 ,fig4 #h1 b at ab\t ! level ( full supply 9 ! canal4 ,! pr9ciple is n a good "o4 ,sali5t angles are liable to be worn away4 ,if e>? has to be add$ to a bank to /r5g!n x1 ! :ole c be wid5$ or ! re> slope flatt5$4 ,! roadway is %[n #ah feet wide1 :i* is ne>ly ! maximum4 ,= ! dra9age ( ra9 wat] x has a transv]se slope1 away f ! canal1 ( ab\t #a 9 #ej4 ,! small rais$ bank on ! canal side is to give safety to :eel$ vehicles4 ,x is provid$ on ! patrol bank#ac on ma9 l9es & places :]e !re is mu* traffic or :]e !re is pl5ty ( wid? ( bank to sp>e4 ,:5 ! gr\nd level is1 = a consid]able di/ance1 above ! prop] bank level--:i* is at a fix$ height above ! ,f4,s4 ,level--s t ! road & its side-dra9 h to be cut out1 mu* e>?work c be sav$ by all[+ !m to be at a high] level &1 9 ! case at lea/ ( ! non-patrol road1 giv+ ! road a r$uc$ wid?4 #ac ,a canal has an unmetall$ driv+ road--call$ ! 8patrol road0 or 8inspection road0 on "o bank4 ,?is road is res]v$ = ! use ( (ficials4 ,o!rwise1 x w\ld soon be cut up & worn away1 & ! co/ ( repairs w\ld be excessive4 ,! patrol road %\ld be on t bank :i* is1 9 ! morn+ 7! "t :5 inspections are usually made7 9 ! %ade ( trees plant$ on ! l&w>d side4 ,trees are n usually plant$ ne> ! wat] edge z !y are sometimes bl[n d[n4 ,9 ,nor!rn ,india ! canals g5]ally fl[ 9 a s\!rly direction1 s t ! left bank is be/ = ! patrol bank4 ,on ! o!r bank !re is a bridle road :i* is op5 to ! public4 ,ne> a re/ h\se--unless !re is a bridge actually at ! place--! patrol road %\ld be on ! same bank z ! re/ h\se4 ,x c if necess>y cross at ! fir/ bridge4 ,frequ5tly !re is also on "o or bo? sides ( ! canal a 8b\nd>y road10 :i* is op5 to ! public1 along ! toe ( ! out] slope4 ,along a di/ribut>y !re may be a b\nd>y road on "o side4 ,x is g5]ally ! only road :i* c take :eel$ traffic1 & 9 ?is case x %\ld be res]v$ = (ficials unless money is provid$ to keep x always 9 repair4 ,(ficials h to be on t\r = weeks or mon?s at a "t1 & 9 all wea!rs4 ,_! baggage c>ts also h to prec$e & foll[ !m4 ,any?+ :i* facilitates _! t\r+ ab\t & see+ ?+s = !mselves is1 9 ,india1 mo/ desirable4 ,at a wat]c\rse cross+ ! b\nd>y road along a di/ribut>y %\ld be tak5 by a curv$ incl9e up on to ! bank & d[n aga94 ,?us n only is ! co/ ( a culv]t sav$1 b any t\r+ (ficial :o is driv+ obta9s a view ( ! *annel :i* he _c get f ! b\nd>y road4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,9 %all[ digg+1 ! plan ( sett+ back ! banks 7,fig4 #aj7 & lett+ silt deposit z %[n by ! dott$ l9es1 is "o :i* %\ld be foll[$ mu* (t5] ?an x is4 ,x n only gives ev5tually a v /rong bank1 b x enables ! borr[ pits1 f :i* ! e>? = ! banks is got1 to be dug inside ! banks4 ,outside borr[ pits1 besides be+ a s\rce ( exp5se1 ow+ to comp5sation hav+ to be paid to ^? 9 ^: l& !y are dug1 cause great areas ( holl[s :i* are n only unsightly1 b are (t5 full ( /agnant wat] & are ?us a fruitful s\rce ( mosquitoes & mal>ia4 ,insuffici5t att5tion has hi!rto be5 paid to ?is matt]4 ,9 design+ ea* rea* ( a canal or bran*1 type cross sections %\ld be drawn out = sev]al diff]5t dep?s ( digg+1 e4g41 "o = v %all[ digg+1 i4e41 :]e ! b$ is little1 if at all1 above ! gr\nd level1 "o = deep digg+ :]e ! gr\nd is high] ?an ! wat] level1 & "o = ! 8balanc+ dep?10 :]e ! area ( ! *annel excavation is equal to ! e>? requir$ = ! banks4 ,9 calculat+ ! e>?work ! sectional area ( ! digg+ or ( ! embankm5t is tak51 :i*ev] is ! great]4 ,! prop] wid? & height ( bank = any *annel dep5ds p>tly on ! maximum dep? ( wat] 9 ! *annel1 & p>tly on ! dis*>ge4 ,giv5 a dep? ( wat] ( say #h feet1 a brea* w obvi\sly be m disa/r\s ) a great volume ( wat] ?an ) a small volume4 ,! foll[+ /atem5t gives "s figures suitable to ! r light & friable soils ( ,nor!rn ,india1 b ! "q is l>gely "o ( judgm5t4 ,g5]ally a l[ & r wide bank is pref]able to a high] & n>r[] "o4 ,if a road1 ) or )\t ! small rais$ bank next ! canal1 is requir$1 special wid?s c1 ( c\rse1 be arrang$ =4 ,a #ad-;foot bank is requir$ = a driv+ road4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,top ,wid? (,height ( ,bank ,greate/ ,greate/ ,bank4 above ,f4 ,s4 ,admissible ,admissible ,dis*>ge4 ,dep? ( ,wat]4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,feet4 ,feet4 ,c4 ft4 p] sec4 ,feet4 #bj #b #ab1jjj #ab #ah #b #h1jjj #ab #af #b #e1jjj #aa #ad #b #c1jjj #aj #af #ae #b1jjj #i #ad #ae #a1ejj #i #ab #ae #a1bjj #h #aj #ae #a1jjj #g #i #ae #gjj #f #h #ae #ejj #ee #g #ae #djj #e #f #a #cjj #de #e #a #bjj #d #d #a #ajj #ce #c #a #ej #c ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,! spoil 9 ,fig4 #h is %[n at a diff]5t level f ! bank prop]1 z x %\ld be to give a neat /raight edge to ! bank4 ,! wid? ( ! spoil may v>y e *a94 ,9 ,fig4 #i ! spoil is rais$ to avoid tak+ up too mu* l&4 ,! spoil pres5ts ! be/ appe>ance :5 its height is kept uni=m = z long a l5g? z possible1 ! wid? v>y+ accord+ to necessity1 ,:5 ! height has to be alt]$1 ! *ange %\ld be made by means ( a %ort ramp4 ,:5 ! spoil is high] ?an ! road1 gaps 9 x are left at int]vals s t ra9 wat] c pass away4 ,:5 ! spoil is heavy = a v %ort l5g? x c1 9 ord] to avoid a %ort & unsightly heap1 :i* w\ld result f ! adoption ( ! section %[n 9 ,fig4 #i1 be plac$ z 9 ,fig4 #h1 "s ( x be+ l$ askew4 ,! small *annel %[n outside ! bank 9 ,fig4 #h is a wat]c\rse = enabl+ trees to be gr[n4 ,x has1 ( c\rse1 to be grad$1 & x may be 9 cutt+ or 9 embankm5t4 ,if any silt cle>ances ( ! canal are likely to be necess>y1 ! wat]c\rse mu/ be set back to all[ room = ! spoil4 ,su* spoil1 if s&y1 is to a l>ge ext5t wa%$ d[n or bl[n away & does n accumulate to any?+ l ! ext5t t w\ld be expect$4#ad ,moreov] ! spoil c ext5d onto ! wat]c\rse :5 ! trees h gr[n big1 & no long] ne$ wat]+4 ,outside ! wat]c\rse is %[n ! b\nd>y road & ! l& b\nd>y pill>4 ,! small *annel 9 ,fig4 #i is a dra9 = ra9 wat]4 ,x c be us$ z a plantation wat]c\rse if ! wat] is lift$4 #ad ,?is fact has be5 quot$ 7,! ,pione] ,mail1 8,silt10 #h? ,m>*1 #aiac7 z %[+ t ! silt suppos$ to be cle>$ is n really cle>$4 ,?is may be ! case to "s ext5t1 b %ortage ( spoil is little pro( ( x4 ,:]e !re is no spoil1 "s extra l&1 p]haps #bj feet on ei!r bank1 is usually tak5 up = gett+ e>? f = repairs4 #g4 ,trial ,l9es4--,! propos$ l9es ( *annel1 det]m9$ z expla9$ 9 ,art4 #e %\ld next be laid d[n on ! gr\nd4 ,a l9e %\ld consi/ ( a numb] ( /raight portions4 ,! curves %\ld n be put 94 ,trial pits %\ld be dug at int]vals4 ,"s defects 9 ! l9e may at once become app>5t because ! cont\r map1 ow+ *iefly to ! l9es ( levels hav+ be5 tak5 a consid]able di/ance ap>t1 is n p]fect4 ,a l9e may pass ?r\gh a pat* ( v high or v l[ gr\nd or too ne> to "s build+ or o!r object ) :i* x is desirable n to int]f]e4 ,alt]ation may be desirable at a dra9age cross+ or at ! (f-take ( a bran*4 ,! l9es %\ld be correct$ :]e necess>y4 ,sometimes ! corrections may be v consid]able4 ,all[ance c be made = ! alt]ations :i* w occur :5 ! curves are laid out4 ,:]e !re is d\bt z to :i* l9e is ! be/1 trial pits may be dug to obta9 fur!r in=mation reg>d+ ! soil4 ,! l9e %\ld n[ be levell$1 c>eful *ecks be+ made1 a longitud9al section ( x prep>$ & ! propos$ b$1 bank & ,f4,s4 level %[n4 ,! gr\nd levels asc]ta9$ by levell+ ! l9e1 are c]ta9 to disagree1 to "s ext5t1 ) ! cont\r l9es4 ,! latt] 7 got only by inf]5ce f ! levels ( po9ts 9 ! survey l9es1 & !y %\ld be correct$ 9 accordance ) ! fre% levels n[ available4 ,if ! l9e does n seem to be ! be/ t c be got1 a fre% l9e c be m>k$ on ! plan & ! above proc$ure repeat$4 #h4 ,f9al ,l9e & ,e/imate4--,z soon z ! be/ l9e seems to h be5 f\nd1 a l>ge scale plan ( ! c\ntry along its c\rse %\ld be made by tak+ be>+s or (f-sets f po9ts 9 x to ! v>i\s objects & not+ :]e ! l9e cuts !m4 ,on ?is plan w be %[n ! exact alignm5t1 ! curves be+ put 9 & ! /raight portions slightly %ift$ :]e necess>y s t ! l9e may pass at a prop] di/ance f any build+s or o!r objects4 ,b be=e ?is proc$ure is c>ri$ out1 or :ile x is be+ c>ri$ out1 ! e/imate = ! "w c be prep>$ f ! longitud9al section already tak54 ,su* a section is ( c\rse amply suffici5t = a 8project e/imate10 9 :i* only approximate figures are giv51 & x is q ne> en\gh = any e/imate4 ,9 ! case ( small works :i* h (t5 to be execut$ ) great promptitude1 lam5table delays h occurr$ ow+ to ! eng9e] def]r+ ! prep>ation ( 8 e/imate till he _h got ! l9e exactly fix$4 ,moreov] !re is a *ance ( ! lab\r be+ ?r[n away 9 case ! sanction+ au?ority directs any *ange 9 ! alignm5t to be made4 ,9 ! case ( a l>ge s*eme1 a project e/imate is prep>$4 ,9 ?is ! e>?work & ! area ( l& to be occupi$ are calculat$ pretty accurately4 ,designs & e/imates are also prep>$ = ! headworks & = ! *ief regulators4 ,= works ( :i* !re are to be _m ( "o type--bridges1 falls1 di/ribut>y heads & small dra9age syphons--! co/ is arriv$ at f lump sum figures1 "o draw+ ( ea* k9d be+ submitt$ z a type4 ,! di/ribut>ies are approximately e/imat$ at mileage rates4 ,9 ! case ( a small s*eme ev]y?+ is e/imat$ 9 detail except p]haps ! di/ribut>ies or "s ( !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,canal ,,) ,,bridge ,,& ,,di/ribut>y ,,head4 ,! ,head has ,gates & ,w9*es4 ,to face p4 #fa4 #i4 ,design ( a ,di/ribut>y4--,a di/ribut>y is a canal 9 m9iature &1 l a canal1 x may h bran*es4 ,x has masonry bridges1 falls & dra9age syphons4 ,x has1 z already m5tion$1 a masonry regulator at its head4 ,at ! (f-take ( any bran* or di/ribut>y !re is a regulator 9 ! head ( ! bran*4 ,if ! bran* takes (f a l>ge proportion ( ! wat] !re is a d\ble regulator4 ,a di/ribut>y gives (f wat]c\rses z a canal gives (f di/ribut>ies4 ,! wat]c\rses belong to ! p & n to ,gov]nm5t & !y are cle>$ & ma9ta9$ by ! p4 ,ea* wat]c\rse has a masonry head kn[n z an 8outlet0 7,fig4 #aa74 ,! outlet is ! po9t :]e ! wat] passes f ! h&s ( ,gov]nm5t (ficials to ^? ( ! cultivators4 ,! outlet is ( masonry & its op5+ is n adju/able b is fix$ 9 su* a way t its dis*>ge1 :5 ! di/ribut>y is full1 be>s1 z ne>ly z c be arrang$1 ! same ratio to ! ,f4,s4 dis*>ge ( ! di/ribut>y z ! area int5d$ to be irrigat$ by ! wat]c\rse be>s to t int5d$ to be irrigat$ by ! di/ribut>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,! floor ( ! outlet is level ) ! b$ ( ! di/ribut>y4 ,x ?us draws (f roll+ s& :i* might o!rwise accumulate 9 ! di/ribut>y4 ,small outlets are made ( e>!nw>e pipes1 ab\t #d feet 9 diamet]1 laid 9 concrete4 ,two pipes1 or ?ree1 may be laid side by side4 ,if m ?an ?ree w\ld be requir$1 a masonry op5+ is adopt$4 ,! dis*>ge ?r\gh an outlet1 is g5]ally #b to #e c4 feet p] second p] squ>e foot ( outlet area1 & ! head #a to #e feet4 ,= ! tract ( c\ntry allott$ to any di/ribut>y1 a cont\r map is prep>$ on a fairly l>ge scale1 say #d in*es to a mile4 ,on ! map ! l9e is laid d[n & a r\gh longitud9al section1 %[+ ! gr\nd level1 is prep>$ z 9 ! case ( a canal4 ,x has already be5 /at$ 7,art4 #d7 t a di/ribut>y is s design$ t its wat] level1 :5 ?ree-f\r?s ( ! full supply is run1 %all be well above ! level ( mo/ ( ! gr\nd along its c\rse4 ,9 o!r words x %\ld h a good comm&4 ,a good rule is to all[ a fall ( #e feet f ! level ( ! wat] 9 ! di/ribut>y to t 9 ! wat]c\rse1 a slope ( #a 9 #d1jjj = ! wat] fl[+ along ! wat]c\rse1 & a fall ( #c feet = ! wat] at ! tail ( ! wat]c\rse to ! level ( ! gr\nd4 ,?is la/ level is1 l ! o!r gr\nd levels1 tak5 f ! cont\r map4 ,?is proc$ure1 9 %ort1 consi/s 9 mak+ ! wat] level ( ! wat]c\rse at its head gov]n t ( ! di/ribut>y1 j z ! wat] level 9 ! di/ribut>y at its head 0 made to gov]n t 9 ! canal4 ,! enl>g$ cont\r map ( ! di/ribut>y area %[s1 among o!r ?+s1 ! b\nd>ies ( ! l&s belong+ to ea* village4 ,g5]ally a wat]c\rse supplies wat] to only "o village4 ,:51 h[ev]1 a village is f> f ! di/ribut>y1 its wat]c\rse has to pass = a long di/ance ?r\gh o!r villages & x w\ld be wa/eful ( wat] to h two sep>ate wat]c\rses4 ,9 su* cases "o wat]c\rse may s]ve two villages or m4 ,:5 a village is ne> to ! di/ribut>y & its l& ext5ds = a long di/ance p>allel to ! di/ribut>y1 x may h sev]al wat]c\rses = itself alone4 ,a wat]c\rse c g5]ally be mo/ conv5i5tly dug along ! b\nd>y l9e ( two villages1 or !re may be "s o!r l9e :i* ! p p>ticul>ly desire4#ae ,subject to1 or modifi$ by1 ^! consid]ations a wat]c\rse is design$ to run on high gr\nd l a di/ribut>y4 #ae ,!y also frequ5tly wi% ! 8*ak0--! area irrigat$ by a wat]c\rse--s arrang$ t two m5 :o are 8enemies0 %all n be includ$ 9 ! same 8*ak40 ,?is condition c be compli$ ) only up to a c]ta9 po9t4 ,arrangem5ts may be modifi$ b n 9 su* a way z to upset ! prop] rules4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cont\r ,,map 7,,"p7 ,,& ,,l9e ,,( ,,di/ribut>y4 ,! scale is #a in* to #b miles4 ,! cont\r l9es at #a foot int]vals are %[n dott$1 ! roads by d\ble l9es4 ,! l9e ( ! di/ribut>y1 9 ord] to foll[ ! ridge ( ! c\ntry1 w\ld h gone m to ! left ( ! plan ne> ! village4 ,! %ift+ ( ! l9e to ! "r br+s x ne>] to ! c5tre ( ! irrigat$ tract--suppos$ to be ! :ole area %[n--& enables a s+le bridge to be built at ! bifurcation ( ! two roads4 ,suitable l9es = ma9 wat]c\rses are %[n 9 ?9 firm l9es4 ,x is assum$ t ! comm& is suffici5t to enable ! wat]c\rses to run (f at ! consid]able angles %[n4 ,to face page #fc ,! great object is to r$uce ! total l5g? ( *annels1 i4e41 m9ors & wat]c\rses4 ,no wat]c\rse c be all[$ to run alongside ( or ne> to ano!r4 ,x may run alongside a canal or di/ribut>y :5 really necess>y to ga9 comm& b n o!rwise4 ,! long] ! wat]c\rse ! l>g] ! *ak4 ,! dis*>ge ( an outlet may be any?+ up to #d or #e c4 feet p] second4 ,?is limits ! size ( a *ak4 ,if a *ak is too big x c be split up or a m9or c be design$4 ,v small *aks are to be avoid$1 b x is difficult to fix a m9imum size4 ,! irrigation b\nd>y ( ! di/ribut>y1 z fix$ 9 ! project1 is %[n on ! map b 9 practice x w n be exactly foll[$4 ,= v>i\s reasons ! b\nd>ies ( a *ak may run some:at outside x or /op %ort ( x4 ,:]e a di/ribut>y gives (f a m9or & !re is a d\ble regulator1 wat]c\rses %\ld1 z f> z possible1 be tak5 (f f "o or o!r ( ! bran* *annels & n f up/ream ( ! d\ble regulator4 ,o!rwise1 irregul>ities are likely to occur1 bo? ( ! regulators be+ p>tially clos$ at ! same "t--a ?+ :i* is nev] necess>y 9 legitimate di/ribution ( ! supply--9 ord] to head up ! wat] & increase ! dis*>ges ( ! outlets4 ,a wat]c\rse ne>ly always gives (f bran*es & g5]ally a sy/em ( turns is arrang$ by ! f>m]s among !mselves1 ea* bran* 9 turn tak+ ! :ole dis*>ge ( ! wat]c\rse = a day or "p ( a day1 ! o!r bran*es be+ clos$ by small dams ( e>?4 ,to irrigate a field alongside ! wat]c\rse a gap is cut 9 its bank4 ,= fields fur!r away1 small] *annels run (f f ! wat]c\rses at num]\s po9ts4 ,sev]al gaps & sev]al field *annels may be 9 fl[ at "o "t1 & !re is a dam 9 ! wat]c\rse bel[ ! l[e/ "o4 ,occasionally1 on an old canal1 "o wat]c\rse crosses ano!r1 ! l&s irrigat$ be+ at diff]5t levels1 b su* cross+s d n (t5 occur 9 sy/ems ( wat]c\rses laid out accord+ to mod]n me?ods4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 q legitimate4 ,! l9es ( ! ma9 wat]c\rses are sket*$ on ! map1 _! irrigation b\nd>ies %[n on x1 & ,f4,s4 dis*>ges allott$ to !m accord+ to ! areas :i* are to be dep5d5t on !m4 ,9 ord] t ?is may conv5i5tly be done ! 8full supply duty0 or 8full supply factor0 = ! di/ribut>y is obta9$4 ,x be>s ! same ratio to ! ord9>y duty t ! mean supply be>s to ! full supply4 ,! total ( ! ,f4,s4 dis*>ges ( all ! wat]c\rses %\ld1 ) an all[ance = loss by absorption 9 ! di/ribut>y1 be ! same z ! ,f4,s4 dis*>ge ( ! di/ribut>y4 ,if ! results are v discrepant x %[s t ! sizes ( ! outlets ne$ revision4 ,possibly !y may all be too l>ge4 ,9 8colonization0 s*emes :]e a canal is con/ruct$ to irrigate wa/e l&s--:i* are ! prop]ty ( ,gov]nm5t & :i* are divid$ into squ>e blocks & giv5 out to coloni/s--,gov]nm5t has complete control ( ! wat]c\rse sy/em1 & c arrange x exactly z desir$1 b 9 o!r cases l&[n]s (t5 /r5u\sly oppose ! passage ( wat]c\rses ?r\gh _! l&s4 ,compulsory proc$ure accord+ to legal me?ods is t$i\s1 b ! practical rule is n to let anyone h wat] until any wat]c\rses :i* are to pass ?r\gh 8 l& h be5 n only agre$ to b con/ruct$4 ,9 ord9>y cases ,gov]nm5t possesses no p[] z to ! precise l9e on :i* a wat]c\rse is dug4 ,x fixes ! site ( ! outlet & assigns c]ta9 l& to x1 & sket*es out ! l9e ( ! wat]c\rse4 ,if ! p *oose to alt] ! l9e !y c d s1 b great alt]ations 9 ! ma9 wat]c\rses are n g5]ally feasible4 ,! positions ( ! outlets#af hav+ be5 settl$ aft] discussion ) ! cultivators1 a table is prep>$ %[+ ! *a9age ( ! outlets1 ! probable head or diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,f4,s4 level ( ! di/ribut>y & ( ! wat]c\rse1 & ! ,f4,s4 dis*>ge4 ,f ?is ! sizes ( ! outlets are calculat$ & %[n 9 ano!r column4 ,if ! l5g? ( ! outlet b>rel is n m ?an #e or #f times ! diamet]--9 ! case ( a b>rel ^: cross section is n r\nd or squ>e1 ! mean diamet]--! dis*>ge c be calculat$ z = a 8%ort tube10 b if long] ! =mula = fl[ 9 pipes %\ld be us$1 all[ance be+1 ( c\rse1 made = ! head lo/ at ! entrance4 ,! outlets g5]ally consi/ at fir/ ( wood5 8%oots0 or long tubes1 rectangul> 9 cross section4 ,?is is because1 aft] !y h be5 te/$ by a ye> or two ye>s' work+1 ! sizes ne>ly always require adju/m5t & ! cultivators (t5 wi% to h ! site %ift$4 #af ,! positions c be slightly alt]$ by ! ,eng9e]s = any suffici5t reason4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,! unc]ta9ty z to ! prop] size ( an outlet is due to sev]al causes4 ,if ! comm& is v good !re may be a cle> fall f ! outlet into ! wat]c\rse4 ,9 ?is case ! dis*>ge dep5ds only on ! dep? ( wat] 9 ! di/ribut>y1 & is kn[n pretty accurately4 ,b ord9>ily ! outlet is subm]g$1 & its dis*>ge dep5ds on ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! wat] levels 9 ! di/ribut>y & 9 ! wat]c\rse4 ,! latt] level is n fix$4 ,! cultivators c l[] x1 to an ext5t :i* dep5ds *iefly on ! di/ance ( ! fields f ! di/ribut>y1 by deep5+ or wid5+ ! wat]c\rse4 ,9 ?is way ! dis*>ge ( ! wat]c\rse is increas$ except :5 a dam is tempor>ily made 9 x = ! purpose ( irrigat+ any comp>atively high l&4 ,?is unc]ta9ty z to ! dis*>ge c 9 "s cases be got ov] by build+ a ci/]n 7,fig4 #aa74 ,?is has ! same effect z rais+ ! level ( ! b>rel1 ! real outlet be+ no long] subm]g$1 & ! dis*>ge dep5d+ on ! dep? ( ! cre/ ( ! ov]fall bel[ ! wat] 9 ! di/ribut>y4 ,b su* ci/]ns add greatly to ! co/ ( an outlet1 & !y c only be adopt$ :5 !re is good comm&4 ,a great cause ( unc]ta9ty z to ! prop] size ( an outlet is ! v>iability ( ! duty ( ! wat] on ! wat]c\rse4 ,! soil may be clayey or s&y1 ! wat]c\rse may be %ort or long1 ! crops gr[n may be ord9>y ones or may be *iefly rice1 :i* requires ?ree or f\r times z mu* wat] z mo/ o!r crops1 & ! cultivators may be c>eful or ! opposite4 ,aga91 ! p may1 if ! outlet gives a pl5tiful supply1 (t5 keep x clos$1 b !re is no record ( su* closures nor w\ld ! p admit t !y occur4 ,^! causes may all op]ate 9 "o direction--on a :ole di/ribut>y ?is _c happ5 to ! same ext5t--& ?us enorm\s diff]5ces 9 duty may occur4 ,!re is no way ( arriv+ at ! prop] size = an outlet except trial4 ,obs]vations ( ! dis*>ges ( ! outlets are ( v limit$ use4 ,! dis*>ge may v>y accord+ to ! p>ticul> fields be+ irrigat$4 ,obs]vations ( dis*>ges w be useful 9 cases :]e ! p compla91 or :5 ! dis*>ge is obvi\sly mu* great] or mu* less ?an int5d$ & w 9 su* cases enable tempor>y adju/m5ts to be made1 b by plac+ a dam 9 a wat]c\rse & turn+ ! wat] on to a high field ne> its head ! p c make x appe> t ! dis*>ge is only a fraction ( :at x %\ld be4 ,on any di/ribut>y !re are g5]ally "s wat]c\rses :i* h a poor comm&1 ! head at ! outlet be+1 say1 #a ft4 or ev5 less4 ,probably ! irrigation is a good deal less ?an x %\ld be4 ,9 su* cases ! rules may be set aside & a lib]al size ( outlet giv54 ,! size may be #b or #c times ! calculat$ size4 ,!re is no h>m 9 ?is4 ,! irrigation _c increase mu*4 ,simil> cases frequ5tly occur on inundation canals especially ne> ! heads ( canals or di/ribut>ies4 ,! con/ruction ( masonry outlets on a di/ribut>y is n usually a f9al settlem5t ( ! matt]4 ,fur!r adju/m5ts become necess>y4 ,?is matt] w be dealt ) 9 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,on ! old] canals little or insuffici5t att5tion 0 giv5 to ! "q ( ! sizes ( outlets4 ,! sizes 7 f> too great &1 z long z all ! outlets 9 a di/ribut>y rema9$ op51 wat] c\ld n rea* ! tail4 ,! di/ribut>y us$ to be divid$ into two or ?ree rea*es & ! outlets 9 ! up/ream rea*es us$ to be clos$ p]iodically4 ,! closures _h to be effect$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( native subord9ates & ! sy/em gave rise to corruption on a colossal scale4 ,! tail villages nev] obta9$ any?+ l _! prop] %>e ( wat]4 ,! upp] villages 7 ov]-wat]$ & ! soil 0 (t5 wat]-logg$ & damag$4 ,moreov]1 ev5 if all conc]n$ _h ! be/ int5tions1 x 0 impossible to /op all leakage 9 ! clos$ outlets1 except by mak+ e>!n dams 9 ! wat]c\rses1 & great wa/e ( wat] result$ f ?is4 ,! wat] level ( ! di/ribut>y ) full supply1 design$ s z to be at lea/ #e ft4 above ! wat] level 9 ! wat]c\rse heads--or to be #a foot above high gr\nd if ?is simpl] plan is adopt$--is drawn on ! r\gh longitud9al section & also ! l9e ( ,f4,s41 falls be+ introduc$ :]e desirable & ! gradi5ts1 ,f4,s4 dep?s ( wat] & wid?s ( *annels be+ arrang$1 j z 9 ! case ( a canal1 s z to give ! requir$ dis*>ges1 velocities suit$ to ! soil & a suitable ratio ( dep? to velocity4 ,! b$ wid? ( a di/ribut>y decreases 9 :ole numb]s ( feet4 ,! decrease occurs at outlets b n at e outlet4 ,z ! *annel becomes small] its velocity becomes less & ?is necessitates1 accord+ to ! laws ( silt+ & sc\r1 a r$uc$ dep? ( wat]4 ,! height & wid? ( ! banks 9 ! tail portion ( a di/ribut>y %\ld be made r great] ?an else:]e--reg>d be+ _h to ! dep? & volume ( ! wat]--s t brea*es may n occur :5 ! dem& abruptly slack5s4 ,! longitud9al section ( a di/ribut>y %\ld h horizontal l9es = %[+ ! foll[+3 #a4 ,datum #e4 ,draw-(f #i4 ,bank wid? #ac4 ,dep? ( digg+ #b4 ,b$ gradi5t #f4 ,f4,s4 dis*>ge#aj4 ,height ( #ad4 ,b$ level bank #c4 ,village #g4 ,velocity #aa4 ,f4,s4 dep? #ae4 ,gr\nd level#ag #d4 ,l& wid? #h4 ,v #ab4 ,b$ wid? #af4 ,*a9age#ah ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #ag ,call$ 8,natural ,surface0 9 ,india4 #ah ,call$ 8,r$uc$ ,di/ance0 9 ,india4 ,a specim5 ( a longitud9al section is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,x %[s only a few ( ! above items4 ,9 practice all w\ld be %[n1 l>ge %eets ( pap] be+ us$ ) all ! l9es & titles pr9t$ on !m4 ,:5 a di/ribut>y is con/ruct$ ! side slopes are made #a to #a 9 excavation & #a to #a 9 embankm5t4 ,! sides usually silt up till !y are to #a or ev5 v]tical4 ,! silt+ up to to #a is1 z 9 ! case ( a canal1 all[$ = 9 ! design+4 ,! b]ms are left s t1 if any "p ( ! side falls 91 ! bank w n also fall 94 ,!y also all[ ( wid5+ ( ! *annel4 ,! rem>ks made 9 ,art4 #f reg>d+ ! design ( banks1 apply to di/ribut>ies1 especially l>ge ones4 ,on a di/ribut>y !re is seldom mu* spoil4 ,:]e !re is no spoil1 a /rip ( l&1 outside ! bank & #aj feet wide1 c be tak5 up on ei!r bank f :i* to obta9 e>? = repairs4 ,on a m9or ! wid? ( ! /rip is sometimes only #e feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,:5 a di/ribut>y passes ?r\gh l& :i* is irrigat$ f wells1 x frequ5tly cuts ?r\gh ! small wat]c\rses :i* run f ! well to ! fields4 ,9 su* cases1 ei!r a syphon or a supplem5t>y well is provid$ at ,gov]nm5t co/4 ,if sev]al wat]c\rses1 all f ! same well1 are cut ?r\gh1 x is g5]ally possible to comb9e !m = ! purpose ( ! cross+4 ,! wi%es ( ! cultivators 9 ?is matt] are met z f> z possible4 ,! proc$ure z reg>ds lay+ out ! l9e on ! gr\nd1 digg+ trial pits1 correct+ ! l9e & prep>+ ! e/imate are ! same z = ! case ( a canal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 #aj4 ,be/ ,sy/em ( ,di/ribut>ies4--,let ,,ab 7,fig4 #ac7 repres5t a portion ( a di/ribut>y1 ! irrigation b\nd>y ,,cd be+ two miles f ,,ab4 ,9 ord] to irrigate a rectangul> plot ,,acdb1 ! ma9 & bran* wat]c\rses w\ld be arrang$ some:at z %[n by ! full & dott$ l9es respectively4 ,g5]ally1 ! :ole supply ( ! ma9 wat]c\rse w\ld be s5t 9 turn d[n ea* bran*1 ! o!r bran*es be+ !n dry4 ,! av]age l5g? op5 is ,,age4 ,! ends ( ! bran*es lie on a l9e drawn say #bjj feet f ! l9es ,,bd & ,,dc1 s9ce x is n necess>y = ! wat]c\rses to ext5d to ! outside edges ( ! fields4 ,)9 ! field !re are small field wat]c\rses :i* ext5d to e "p ( x4 ,by describ+ ?ree rectangles on ,,ac1 mak+ ,,ab great] ?an1 equal to & less ?an ,,ac1 x c be se5 t ! av]age l5g? ( wat]c\rse op5 is lea/--relatively to ! area ( ! block--:5 ,,ab is equal to ,,ac1 i4e41 :5 ! block s]v$ by ! wat]c\rse is squ>e z 9 ! figure4 ,if ,,ab is #d times ,,ac1 ! av]age l5g? ( wat]c\rse op5 is increas$--relatively to ! area ( ! block--9 ab\t ! ratio ( #c to #b4 ,mod]ate deviations f a squ>e are ( little consequ5ce4 ,suppose two p>allel di/ribut>ies to be #d miles ap>t1 ea* ( !m be+ an av]age ,indian "o1 say sixte5 miles long ) a gradi5t ( "o 9 #d1jjj1 & side slopes ( to #a1 ! b$ wid? & dep? ( wat] at ! head be+ respectively #ace feet & #bi feet1 & at ! tail #c feet & #a foot4 ,! dis*>ge ( ! di/ribut>y1 ) ,n #jbbe1 w be #gb c4 ft4 p] second4 ,! dis*>ge available = ! #b mile /rip along "o bank w be #cf c4 ft4 p] second4 ,if ! duty is #cjj acres p] c4 ft4 ! area irrigat$ 9 ?is /rip w be #aj1hjj acres1 or #a1cej acres = ea* ( ! eight squ>es l ,,acdb4 ,ea* ma9 wat]c\rse w\ld !n h to dis*>ge #de c4 ft4 p] second4 ,suppos+ its gradi5t to be #a 9 #d1jjj & its side slopes to #a & ,n to be #jbbe1 its b$ wid? w\ld be #c feet & dep? ( wat] #ade feet4 ,its wet bord] w\ld be #fc feet1 & its av]age l5g? #ebhjb #ebhj - #bjj or #ab1edf feet4 ,its wett$ area w\ld be #gi1jdj squ>e feet1 & ! total wett$ area ( ! #af wat]c\rses--on ! two sides ( ! di/ribut>y--w\ld be #a1bfd1fdj squ>e feet4 ,! wett$ bord] ( ! di/ribut>y itself is #aie feet at ! head & #e feet at ! tail1 av]age #abbe feet1 & its wett$ area is #e1bhj #af #abbe or #a1jcd1hhj squ>e feet4 ,if ! di/ribut>ies 7 two miles ap>t1 !re w\ld be twice ! numb] ( di/ribut>ies1 & ea* squ>e w\ld be "o squ>e mile in/ead ( f\r4 ,ea* wat]c\rse w\ld h to dis*>ge #aabe c4 ft4 p] second4 ,x w\ld h a b$ wid? ( #b ft41 dep? ( wat] #h ft41 wet bord] #ch feet1 l5g? #f1agc feet1 & wett$ area #bc1deg feet4 ,! total wett$ area ( ! #fd wat] c\rses w\ld be #a1eja1bdh squ>e feet1 or #ah p] c5t4 m ?an be=e4 ,ea* di/ribut>y w\ld dis*>ge #cf c4 ft4 p] second1 ! b$ wid? & dep? at ! head be+ #aj feet & #bbd feet1 & at ! tail #b feet & #ge feet4 ,! wet bord] at ! head & tail w\ld be #ade & #ce feet1 mean #i feet1 & ! wett$ area ( ! two di/ribut>ies w\ld be #a1ebj1fdj squ>e feet or #ej p] c5t4 m ?an be=e4 ,suppos+ t1 9 ! case ( ! l>g] di/ribut>y consid]$ above1 ! #b-mile squ>e 0 consid]$ too l>ge1 & t rectangles #a mile wide 7 adopt$1 s t ! wat]c\rses 7 a mile ap>t1 _! numb] w\ld be d\bl$ & _! l5g? & size r$uc$4 ,_! total wett$ area w\ld n be greatly affect$1 b ! diff]5ce 9 ! wett$ areas ( ! two small di/ribut>ies z comp>$ ) ! "o l>ge "o1 w\ld be ! same z be=e4 ,9 practice1 ( c\rse1 di/ribut>ies are n always p>allel1 nor are ! blocks ( irrigation all squ>es1 & frequ5tly1 ow+ to peculi>ities 9 ! levels ( ! gr\nd or ! features ( ! c\ntry1 or ! b\nd>ies ( villages1 x is necess>y to align ! wat]c\rses 9 a p>ticul> mann]1 or to con/ruct m ?an "o wat]c\rse :]e "o w\ld o!rwise h suffic$1 b ! above calculations %[ 9 a g5]al way ! advantages ( l>ge wat]c\rses & ( n plac+ ! di/ribut>ies too ne> toge!r4 ,x is commonly said t a wat]c\rse dis*>g+ m ?an #d or #e c4 ft4 p] second is objectionable because ! cultivators1 if !re are too _m ( !m on "o wat]c\rse1 _c organize !mselves 9 ord] to "w x & keep x 9 ord]4 ,?is matt] is mu* exagg]at$4 ,on ! inundation canals ( ! ,punjab a wat]c\rse (t5 dis*>ges #aj c4 ft4 p] second1 & is sev]al miles long & requires heavy cle>ances1 b ! p h no p>ticul> difficulty 9 manag+ x4 ,k5n$y1 a great au?ority on que/ions ( irrigation1 /ates t ! l5g? ( a wat]c\rse may be ?ree miles4 ,?is1 if ! angle made by a wat]c\rse ) ! di/ribut>y is #de1 gives r m ?an two miles z ! wid? ( ! /rip to be irrigat$4 ,suppose t a di/ribut>y in/ead ( be+ two miles f ea* side ( ! irrigat$ /rip1 ran along "o side ( x1 & 0 f\r miles f ! o!r side4 ,if ! block 7 squ>e1 z be=e1 ! side ( a squ>e w\ld be #d miles1 & ea* wat]c\rse w\ld h to dis*>ge #ah c4 ft4 p] second1 :i* is f> too mu*4 ,! blocks w\ld h to be rectangles1 ea* be+ only "o mile wide measur$ p>allel to ! di/ribut>y4 ,x has be5 already se5 t ! l5g? ( wat]c\rse 9 ?is case is great] ?an :5 ! block is squ>e & ea* side is two miles4 ,?us c5trality 9 ! alignm5t ( ! di/ribut>y is an advantage4 ,a m9or di/ribut>y has be5 def9$ 7,,*apt] ,,ii41 ,art4 #c7 z be+ "o dis*>g+ n m ?an #dj c4 ft4 p] second1 b ! t]m has come to be us$ to designate a bran* ( a major di/ribut>y1 & 9 t s5se x w be us$ 9 ?is article4 ,:5 ! %ape ( ! area comm&$ by a di/ribut>y is su* t wat]c\rses exce$+ #b miles 9 l5g? w\ld o!rwise be requir$1 "o or m m9ors are (t5 add$4 ,frequ5tly x is a "q :e!r to let "s ( ! wat]c\rses be m ?an two miles long1 or to con/ruct a m9or & ?us %ort5 ! wat]c\rses to p]haps only "o mile4 ,:i* me?od is be/ has n be5 def9itely settl$4 ,x is kn[n t ! loss ( wat] 9 wat]c\rses is heavy1 b if a m9or is add$ ! loss 9 x has to be consid]$4 ,! loss mu/ be high 9 any *annel 9 :i* ! ratio ( wet bord] to sectional area is small4 ,! m9or also co/s money 9 con/ruction & 9 ma9t5ance4 ,on ! :ole ! matt]1 z f> z conc]ns co/ & loss ( wat]1 is1 p]haps1 almo/ ev5ly balanc$1 b z reg>ds di/ribution ( ! supply a sy/em )\t m9ors is pref]able4 ,! (f-take ( a m9or is g5]ally f> f ! canal1 i4e41 9 a m or less out-(-!-way place1 & x is impossible to see t ! regulation is prop]ly c>ri$ out4 ,irregul>ities & corruption are sure to arise4 ,ev5 if ! supply is fairly di/ribut$ z betwe5 ! m9or & ! di/ribut>y x is almo/ c]ta9 t ! regulator1 if a d\ble "o1 w be manipulat$ = ! illegal b5efit ( outlets 9 ! di/ribut>y up/ream ( ! bifurcation4 ,!re are sure to be "s su* outlets n v f> di/ant4 ,9 any case ea* m9or adds "o1 if n two1 to ! already v l>ge numb] ( gauges :i* h to be ent]$ daily 9 ! sub-divisional (fic]'s regi/] 7,,*apt] ,,iii41 ,art4 #c71 & adds also to ! mileage ( *annel to be inspect$ & ma9ta9$4 ,^! consid]ations %\ld1 9 _m cases1 ?\gh ( c\rse n 9 all1 turn ! scale aga9/ ! con/ruction ( a m9or4 ,at "o "t x became usual to con/ruct m9ors ev5 :5 wat]c\rses m ?an two miles long w\ld n o!rwise h result$4 ,?is cu/om 0 condemn$ "s ye>s ago1 & is n likely to be re-e/abli%$4 ,mo/ ( ! difficulties j m5tion$ c1 9 ! case ( a m9or :i* is n too l>ge1 ei!r absolutely or relatively to ! ma9 di/ribut>y d[n/ream ( ! (f-take1 be got ov] by mak+ ! m9or head l a wat]c\rse outlet1 build+ x up to ! prop] size1 remov+ ! regulat+ app>atus & aboli%+ ! read+ ( ! gauge1 b 9 ?is case ! m9or is n likely to be bigg] ?an a l>ge wat]c\rse4 ,su* m9ors %\ld n be con/ruct$1 & any exi/+ ones %\ld1 aft] ! head has be5 treat$ z above1 be made ov] to ! p & consid]$ z wat]c\rses4 #aa4 ,outlets4--,! top ( ! head & tail walls ( an outlet are level ) ! ,f4,s4 levels 9 ! di/ribut>y & wat]c\rse respectively4 ,! /eps 9 ! head wall enable ! cultivators to g d[n ei!r to /op up ! outlet or to remove any ob/ruction4 ,! /epp+ is arrang$ s z to fall inside ! side slope ultimately propos$4 ,x is usual1 9 "s places1 to h ! entrance to ! 8b>rel0 ( ! outlet made ( ca/ iron4 ,! ca/ iron pieces are made ( v>i\s /&>d sizes4 ,?is to "s ext5t prev5ts ! 8b>rel0 be+ built to a wrong size4 ,a discrepancy betwe5 ! size ( ! masonry b>rel & t ( ! iron w\ld be notic$1 b if ! masonry b>rel is built too l>ge ! iron head does n always re/rict ! dis*>ge4 ,! action is ! same z 9 a 8div]g+ tube0 well kn[n 9 hydraulics4 ,= sizes up to ab\t #ej or #fj squ>e in*es ! b>rel %\ld be ne>ly squ>e4 ,= l>g] sizes ! height %\ld exce$ ! wid?4 ,up to ab\t #ajj or #abj squ>e in*es ! wid? c be kept d[n to #g or #h in*es s t an ord9>y brick c be laid across to =m ! ro(4 ,= l>g] outlets ! height c be f #ae to #c times ! wid?1 & ! ro( c be made ( l>ge bricks1 concrete blocks or slabs ( /one or ( a flat ar* ( brickwork or by corbell+1 b 9 ?is la/ case !re %\ld be two complete c\rses above ! top ( ! outlet4 ,! less ! wid? ! *eap] ! ro(1 ! easi] ! adju/m5t ( size & ! less ! t5d5cy to silt deposit dur+ l[ supplies4 ,if pipes are us$ !y %\ld be laid 9 concrete4 ,if ca/ iron head pieces are to be us$ !re %\ld be sev]al sizes ( "o wid? & ! wid?s ( ! masonry outlets %\ld be made to suit ^! wid?s4 ,a masonry outlet is n g5]ally built till ! wat]c\rse has be5 sometime 9 use4 ,! exact position ( ! outlet %\ld !n be s fix$ t ! wat]c\rse %all run out /raight or ) a curve & %\ld n be crook$4 ,! wid? betwe5 p>apets %\ld be1 = a driv+ road or "o to be made into su*1 #aj ft4 7if ! bank is wid]1 x %\ld be n>r[$ j at ! outlet site7 & = a non-driv+ road1 #h feet to #c feet accord+ to ! ultimate wid? ( ! bank4 ,e>? back+ %\ld be mo/ c>efully put 9 & ramm$1 o!rwise a brea* may occur & ! outlet be de/roy$4 ,v>i\s attempts h be5 made to provide gates or %utt]s = outlets4 ,! *ief result has be5 tr\ble & increas$ co/4 ,if grooves are made & %utt]s provid$1 ! %utt]s are soon brok5 or lo/ by ! p4 ,h+$ flap %utt]s are objectionable because !y are (t5 clos$ by boys or by malici\s p]sons or by neighb\rs :o wi% to increase ! supply 9 _! own outlet4 ,! cultivator1 :5 he wi%es to r$uce ! supply or to close ! outlet1 c easily d ?is by ob/ruct+ ! orifice ) a piece ( wood or an e>!nw>e vessel or a bundle ( bru%wood or grass4 ,z reg>ds tempor>y outlets1 wood5 outlets if l>ge 7unless made ( season$ wood & !re=e co/ly7 are liable to give great tr\ble4 ,wat] escapes r\nd ! outside or ?r\gh ! jo9ts4 ,pipes may d well if laid 9 puddle b are brittle & co/ly if ( l>ge size4 ,! irrigators may int]f]e bo? ) wood5 outlets & pipes & !y are liable to be displac$ or brok54 ,a tempor>y outlet1 if small1 c be made ( bricks laid 9 mud4 ,! jo9ts c be po9t$ ) lime mort>4 ,:5 ! outlet is made p]man5t ! same bricks are us$ aga94 ,b all k9ds ( tempor>y outlets are liable to give tr\ble especially 9 light or s&y soil4 ,!re is mu* to be said 9 fav\r ( build+ masonry outlets at ! fir/1 mak+ a b>rel only1 i4e41 omitt+ ! head & tail walls & tak+ ! *ance ( hav+ to alt] ! size4 ,! alt]ation is n v exp5sive4 ,! head & tail walls are built :5 ! size has be5 f9ally settl$4 ,! adju/m5t c be made by rais+ or l[]+ ! ro(4 ,?is %\ld be done ov] ! :ole l5g? ( ! outlet b l[]+ c be done tempor>ily ov] a l5g? ( #c feet at ! tail end ( ! outlet4 ,?is c be done ev5 :5 ! di/ribut>y is 9 fl[4 ,a r$uction ov] a %ort l5g? at ! up/ream end ( a b>rel does n1 z already rem>k$1 necess>ily r$uce ! dis*>ge mu*4 ,on inundation canals ! rules reg>d+ outlets h to be modifi$4 ,great numb]s ( wat]c\rses take (f directly f ! canals4 ,9 su* cases1 especially ne> ! head ( a canal1 ! gr\nd to be wat]$ is (t5 #e to #h feet above ! canal b$ & x is :olly unsuitable to place ! outlet at b$ level4 ,! co/ ( ! tail wall w\ld be excessive4 ,! floor level 9 su* cases mu/ be at ab\t ! l[e/ probable cle>$ b$ level ( ! wat]c\rse1 say1 9 ord] to be safe1 a foot or half a foot bel[ ! usual cle>$ b$ ( ! wat]c\rse1 s t wat] ne$ nev] be prev5t$ f ent]+ ! wat]c\rse4 ,! irrigators %\ld be consult$ z to ! floor level & _! wi%es be att5d$ to z f> z possible4 ,= lift outlets ! floor %\ld be at ! b$ level ( ! canal or di/ribut>y4 ,if ?is b$ is to be rais$ 9 ! c\rse ( remodell+1 ! floor %\ld be at ! old b$ level until ! b$ has actually be5 rais$1 unless !re is a weir :i* raises ! wat]4 ,x is necess>y t lift outlets %\ld "w h[ev] small ! canal supply may be4 ,9 a di/ribut>y or small canal1 ! head wall %\ld be built up to ,f4,s4 level b 9 a canal ) deep wat] ! head wall %\ld rea* up to j above ! ro( ( ! outlet & be subm]g$ 9 high supplies4 ,! /epp+ ( ! head wall %\ld be set back if ! *annel is to be wid5$ & %\ld project into ! *annel if ! *annel is to be n>r[$4 ,! c5tre l9e ( ! *annel ne> ! outlet site mu/ always be laid d[n & ! outlet built at "r angles to x & also at ! correct di/ance f x4 ,occasionally !re is a wide b]m1 say #bj ft4 or ev5 #ej ft41 betwe5 a *annel & its bank4 ,9 su* a case ! outlet %\ld be built to suit ! bank4 ,! long op5 cut is h[ev] objectionable because ! p cle> x & heap ! spoil 9 ,gov]nm5t l&4 ,sometimes ! bank1 especially if x is crook$1 c be %ift$ s z to come close to ! *annel at ! outlet site4 ,sometimes ! outlets on inundation canals are l>ge4 ,= outlets ( m ?an #be squ>e feet 9 area1 grooves %\ld be provid$ s t ! cultivators c use a gate if necess>y4 #ab4 ,masonry ,works4--,! positions & descriptions ( all ! masonry works ( a propos$ canal or di/ribut>y are ( c\rse %[n on ! longitud9al section ( ! *annel & f ?is ! dis*>ges & wat] levels are obta9$4 ,! pr9ciples ( design to be foll[$#ai = bridges1 weirs1 falls1 regulators & syphons1 are discuss$ 9 ,riv] & ,canal ,eng9e]+4 ,x is m5tion$ t !re is no special reason = mak+ ! wat]way ( a regulator exactly ! same z t ( ! /ream1 & t ! wat]way may be su* z to give ! maximum velocity consid]$ desirable1 & t ! f\ndations ( a bridge %\ld be made s deep t x w be possible to add a floor1 at a l[] level ?an ! b$ ( ! /ream--) ! up/ream & d[n/ream pit*+ slop+ up to ! b$--s z to increase ! wat]way & s save pull+ d[n ! bridge 9 case ! dis*>ge ( ! *annel is increas$4 ,x rema9s to consid] c]ta9 po9ts affect+ ,irrigation ,canals4 #ai ,s f> z conc]ns _! capacity = deal+ ) fl[+ wat]4 ,! span ( a bridge1 :]e !re are no pi]s1 is g5]ally made z %[n by ! dott$ l9es 9 ,figure #ad1 s t ! mean wid? ( wat]way is ! same z t ( ! *annel4 ,! ar*es1 9 ,nor!rn ,india1 us$ at "o "t to be #fj z %[n by ! upp] curv$ l9e1 b 9 rec5t ye>s ar*es ( #ij z %[n by ! l[] curv$ l9e1 h frequ5tly be5 adopt$1 ! spr++ ( ! ar* be+ bel[ ! ,f4,s4 level1 s t ! /ream is some:at contract$4 ,! #ij ar* gives a r$uc$ ?ickness & height ( abutm5t4 ,x causes increas$ di/urbance ( ! wat]1 & ?is may necessitate m d[n/ream protection4 ,an advantage ( hav+ ! spr++ n l[] ?an ! ,f4,s4 level is t ?is admits ( a rais+ ( ! ,f4,s4 level 9 case ! *annel is remodell$1 & ?is arrangem5t is /ill common on di/ribut>ies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,:5 a fall & bridge are comb9$1 ! bridge is plac$ bel[ ! fall z ?is gives a l[] level = ! roadway4 ,! side walls ( ! fall are produc$ d[n/ream to =m ^? ( ! bridge4 ,! roads 9 ,india are g5]ally unf5c$ & ! banks ( canals close to bridges1 on bo? sides ( ! canal & bo? above & bel[ ! bridge1 are g5]ally m or less worn d[n by cattle1 :i*1 :5 be+ driv5 home 9 ! ev5+ & out to graze 9 ! morn+1 g d[n to ! /ream to dr9k4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ?is damage ! banks are sometimes pit*$1 above ! bridge z well z bel[ x1 b ! cattle g5]ally make a fre% 8ght0 fur!r away4 ,! be/ plan is to all[ a 8ght0 on "o bank ei!r above or bel[ ! bridge & to protect ! o!r ?ree places4 ,9 ! ,punjab ! wid?s ( roadways betwe5 ! k]bs & p>apets ( bridges respectively h be5 fix$ z foll[s3-- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,k9d ,,( ,,road4 ,,ne> ,,t[ns4#bj;,,9 ,,! ,,c\ntry4#ba ---------------------------------------- ------- ,k]bs4,p>apets4 ,k]bs4 ,p>apets4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,prov9cial #bb #bce #af #age ,di/rict #ah #aie #ad #aee ,village #ad #aee #he #aj ---------------------------------------- ------- #bj ,! figures %[ ! maximum4 ,! g5]al wid? %\ld be ! same z = neighb\r+ bridges on ! same road4 #ba ,! p>apets %\ld be :itewa%$ s z to be visible at night4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,fig4 #ae %[s a head regulator = a di/ribut>y4 ,! scale is #aj feet to an in*4 ,x has a d\ble set ( grooves = ! ins]tion ( ! planks ) :i* ! regulation is effect$4 ,only "o set ( grooves is ord9>ily us$1 b :5 ! di/ribut>y has to be clos$ = silt cle>ance & all leakage /opp$1 bo? sets ( grooves c be us$ & e>? ramm$ 9 betwe5 ! two sets ( planks4 ,! floor is %[n a foot l[] ?an ! b$ ( ! di/ribut>y4 ,?is r$uces ! action ( ! wat] on ! floor1 & enables ! b$ ( ! di/ribut>y to be l[]$ if ev] ! occasion = ?is %\ld arise4 ,?is is a good rule--9 spite ( ! fact t 9 re-modell+s ! t5d5cy is = ! b$s to be rais$--= all regulators or bridges1 a rais$ sill be+ add$ 79 regulators7 to r$uce ! l5g? ( ! ne$les or ! numb] ( ! planks4 ,su* sill %\ld1 :]e ne$les are to be us$1 be fairly wide1 especially if regulation is to be done :ile ! masonry is some:at new4 ,! di/ribut>y %[n has a b$ wid? ( #aj ft4 ,! span ( ! two op5+s 9 ! head might h be5 f\r feet ea*1 b are actually five feet1 & ?is enables ! di/ribut>y to be increas$ 9 size at any "t4 ,! pit*$ portion ( ! *annel tap]s4 ,unless ne$les are us$1 in/ead ( horizontal planks1 spans are n usually great] ?an #e or #f feet4 ,long] spans w\ld give rise to difficulties 9 manipulat+ ! planks4 ,sometimes di/ribut>y heads are built skew1 b !re is seldom or nev] any good reason = ?is4 ,a curve c always be introduc$ bel[ ! head to give ! alignm5t ! desir$ direction4#bb ,! small circles %[n on ! plan are 8bump+ po/s40 ,on ! left is %[n a portion ( ! small rais$ bank at ! edge ( ! road4 #bb ,! curve c be q %>p 7see ,,*ap4 ,i41 ,art4 #b71 & c be made1 if necess>y1 )9 ! l5g? ( ! pit*+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,figure #af is a d\ble regulator ) ne$les4 ,! scale is #cj feet to an in*4 ,! spans are #ae feet4 ,! roadway is on ar*es1 b ! regulat+ plat=m on /eel beams4 ,! ne$les are se5 at ! up/ream sides ( ! regulators4 ,!y are work$ f ! plat=ms to :i* access is obta9$ ?r\gh ! gaps 9 ! up/ream p>apets4 ,! regulat+ plat=m %\ld g5]ally be only j cle> ( ! ,f4,s4 level1 & !re=e l[] ?an ! roadway4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ne$le ,,regulator ,,& ,,bridge4 ,ne$les ly+ on ,bank4 ,to face p4 #he4 ,frequ5tly ! roadway ( a bridge or small regulator is c>ri$1 n on ar*es1 b on /eel beams4 ,! rail+s may be ( wood or ( gas pipe ) ! ends plugg$1 runn+ ?r\gh angle iron po/s4 ,9 ! case ( su* a regulator ! roadway is sometimes s light t camels are n all[$ to cross ov]4 ,?is causes unnecess>y h>d%ip4 ,bridges are n too num]\s4 ,if ! regulation is done by gates1 bo? road & plat=m are c>ri$ on ar*es4 ,! regulators on inundation canals1 & "s on p]5nial canals1 are n /rong en\gh to admit ( ! fl[ ( wat] be+ entirely /opp$1 s t ! dep? ( wat] w\ld be p]haps #aj feet up/ream & nil d[n/ream4 ,?is might cause ! ov]turn+ ( ! pi]s1 or ! =mation ( /reams "u ! floor4 ,9 su* cases a maximum p]missible head+ up is decid$ on4 ,su* ord]s are1 9 ,india1 liable to be lo/ sight ( 9 c\rse ( "t1 & !y are1 at lea/ on inundation canals1 :]e sudd5 em]g5cies (t5 occur1 h>dly reasonable4 ,an eng9e driv] is n told t he mu/ nev] entirely close 8 ?rottle valve4 ,regulators %\ld be s design$ t ! wat] c be completely %ut (f4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks %[ ! *ief po9ts 9 fav\r ( ne$les & horizontal planks respectively4 ,advantages ( ,ne$les4 ,ne$les c be plac$ or remov$ by "o man4 ,ne$les d n require hooks1 etc41 :i* are liable to be brok5 or lo/4 ,a ne$le regulator requires few pi]s1 & is !re=e *eap4 ,wat] fall+ ov] planks ?r[s a /ra9 on ! floor4 ,regulation ) ne$les is easy & rapid4 ,a jamm$ plank1 especially if l[ d[n & n horizontal1 may give great tr\ble4 ,advantages ( ,planks4 ,float+ rubbi% is n liable to collect above ! ,regulator because ! wat] fl[s ov] ! planks4 ,by means ( d\ble grooves & e>? fill+1 leakage c be q /opp$4 ,= l>ge works ! advantages are g5]ally ) ne$les1 b = small works1 e4g4 di/ribut>y heads & %all[ wat]1 ) planks4 ,ne$les #ad feet long are n too long = tra9$ m54 ,planks are m likely ?an ne$les to arre/ roll+ s&1 & ?is c be tak5 into consid]ation 9 design+ d\ble regulators4 ,see numb] #h ( ,k5n$y's rules1 ,article #e4 ,:5 planks are us$ !re %\ld be two sets ( grooves4 ,planks are v suitable = escape heads :i* h only occasionally to be op5$1 e>? be+ fill$ 9 betwe5 ! two sets ( planks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af;,a ,reg>d+ not*$ falls1 9 ! case ( small di/ribut>ies ! not*es are s n>r[ t !y are extremely liable to be ob/ruct$ ei!r accid5tally by float+ rubbi% or wilfully by p]sons ^: outlets are up/ream ( !m4 ,weirs are n op5 to ?is objection1 & are frequ5tly adopt$4 ,!re is n ! lea/ *ance ( _! caus+ any silt+ wor? m5tion+4 ,a simple weir if made ( ! prop] height = ! ,f4,s4 dis*>ge1 w cause a slight head+ up ) ?s ( ! ,f4,s4 dis*>ge1 & ?is unfairly b5efits any outlets = a consid]able di/ance up/ream ( ! weir4 ,?is difficulty c be got ov] by mak+ ! weir z 9 ,fig4 #af;,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bridge ,,& ,,not* ,,fall4 ,9 ?is case ! usual practice ( plac+ ! bridge d[n/ream ( ! fall has n be5 foll[$4 ,! gauge well is se5 on ! left bank4 ,to face p4 #hg4 ,= ci/]ns bel[ falls ! usual rule = ! dep? is ,k ,h ,h ,d :]e ,h is ! dep? ( wat] 9 ! up/ream rea*1 & ,d is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! up/ream & d[n/ream wat] levels4 ,ano!r rule = di/ribut>ies is ,h ,d ,k ----- #c ! l5g? ( ! ci/]n be+ #c ,h & its wid? ! b$ wid? ( ! *annel4 ,at 8incomplete0 falls1 i4e41 :]e ! tail wat] level is above ! cre/1 x is n unusual to con/ruct a l[-level ar*1 :i* =ms a syphon4 ,! object is to allay ! surg+ ( ! surface wat]4 ,! "q ( skew bridges has be5 dealt ) 9 ,art4 #c4 ,ano!r "q is t ( ! heights ( bridges4 ,irrigation *annels1 especially ! small] ones1 are v frequ5tly at a high level1 & bridges h ramps :i* are exp5sive to make & to ma9ta91 & are inconv5i5t4 ,! l[]+ ( di/ribut>y bridges 9 su* cases1 s t !y become syphons1 or ne>ly s1 has (t5 be5 advocat$ & is frequ5tly desirable4 ,! b$ %\ld slope d[n to ! floor & up aga94 ,! head+ up c be r$uc$ by giv+ ample wat]way1 b x w n be necess>y to d ?is if !re is head to sp>e4 ,! fall 9 ! wat] surface c be recognis$ & %[n on ! longitud9al section4 ,! /ructure becomes "o ( ! incomplete falls above describ$4 ,! cr[n ( ! ar* c1 if desirable1 be kept above ,f4,s4 level1 s t float+ rubbi% w n accumulate4 ,! wid? betwe5 ! p>apets ( a regulator c be #aj feet 9 ! case ( a driv+ road4 ,x may be less1 accord+ to ! wid? ( ! bank1 9 o!r cases4 ,! upp] lay] ( ! floor ( a bridge or regulator is ( brick on edge4 ,bel[ ?is !re is a lay] ( brick laid flat1 & bel[ ?is1 concrete ( a ?ickness rang+ f #e feet to #c feet4 ,! ?icknesses ( pi]s range f #ae to #c feet4 ,! bricks us$ = canal "w 9 ,nor!rn ,india are #aj in*es long1 #d in*es wide1 & #b in*es ?ick4 ,! ?icknesses ( walls are ab\t #hc1 #abe1 #ag1 #ba1 #be feet1 & s on4 ,! slopes ( ramps %\ld be ab\t #c 9 #ajj = di/rict roads1 & #e 9 #ajj = village roads4 ,rail+s %\ld be provid$ along ! tops ( high walls & top ( pit*+ ne> to public roads or canal patrol roads4 ,bump+ po/s %\ld be provid$ = all p>apets1 & %\ld n be s plac$ z to s]i\sly ob/ruct ! roadway4 ,! qu>t]s = ! regulat+ /aff %\ld1 :5 conv5i5t1 be 9 ! =k betwe5 ! two pr9cipal bran*es4 ,!y may be on ! bank--) f\ndations on pill>s c>ri$ d[n to gr\nd level--b n 9 su* a position z to ob/ruct ! road or any road likely to be made4 ,re/s consi/+ ( two p>allel timb]s bolt$ to blocks ( masonry rea*+ up a foot f ! gr\nd1 %\ld be provid$ = ! ne$les or planks4 ,! bolt head %\ld be c\nt]sunk s z n to damage ! ne$les & planks :5 !y are hurri$ly laid d[n4 ,:5 two or m works are close toge!r !y %\ld be made to con=m1 & ! :ole site %\ld be consid]$ ) ref]5ce to a neat & suitable arrangem5t ( works1 ramps & roadways4 ,if an outlet is ne> to a m9or or di/ribut>y head ! p>apets ( ! two %\ld be 9 l9e4 ,if two masonry works ( any k9d are ne> toge!r x is (t5 suitable to pit* ! int]v5+ space4 ,if !re are outlets or di/ribut>ies on opposite banks !y %\ld be exactly opposite ea* o!r4 ,:]e a road crosses a bridge or regulator1 ! bank %\ld be at ! same level z ! road1 ! bank be+ gradually ramp$ back to its orig9al level4 ,! space 9 front ( any qu>t]s %\ld h a slight slope = dra9age1 b o!rwise be at "o level & be connect$ ) ! road or bank by prop] ramps4 ,! b]m or bank %\ld be made at ! exact level ( ! top ( any pit*+ or side wall :i* adjo9s x4 ,w+ walls are frequ5tly made too %ort1 s t ! e>? at _! ends =ms a /eep slope & is worn away1 & ! bank or roadway is cut into4 ,! walls %\ld ext5d to su* a po9t t ! e>? at _! ends _c assume a slope /eep] ?an ! slope ( ! bank4 ,x is obvi\s t = e masonry "w !re %\ld be a l>ge scale site plan#bc %[+ all roads1 ramps1 & adjo9+ works1 bo? exi/+ & propos$ roads be+ %[n = "s little di/ance f ! "w4 #bc ,x is1 or 0 until rec5tly1 9 "s p>ts ( ,india1 ! cu/om to omit ! prep>ation ( site plans1 & to leave ! fix+ ( ! exact site ( a "w & ! arrangem5t ( ramps & o!r details to ! judgm5t ( ! assi/ant eng9e] :o 0 build+ x4 ,mu* unsightly "w result$4 ,a *ief eng9e] 9 ! ,punjab rec5tly issu$ "s ord]s on ! subject4 ,= ea* k9d ( masonry "w !re is usually a type design4 ,a few ( its dim5sions1 :i* are fix$1 are m>k$ on x4 ,! o!r dim5sions are v>iable4 ,x w\ld be a great advantage to add to ! design a tabul> /atem5t to %[ h[ ^! dim5sions %\ld v>y "u diff]5t circum/ances4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 #ac4 ,pit*+4 ,! object ( pit*+ up/ream ( bridges or regulators or d[n/ream ( bridges :]e !re may be little or no sc\r+ action1 may be p>tly to protect ! bank f damage by cattle or we>1 or to prev5t s&y sides f fall+ 94 ,9 su* cases !re may be pit*+ ( ! sides only1 & x may be ( brick on edge laid dry & "u ?is "o brick flat re/+ on ramm$ balla/ 7,fig4 #ag74 ,d[n/ream ( regulators or weirs & d[n/ream ( bridges if contract$ or hav+ pi]s :i* cause a ru% ( wat]1 especially if ! soil is s(t1 ! side pit*+ may be z above1 b ) ! bricks ov] "o-six? ( ! area plac$ on end & project+ = half _! l5g?4 ,?is 8r\gh5$ pit*+0 t5ds some:at to r$uce ! eddy+4 ,! b$ protection %\ld be solid concrete or blocks ( concrete or masonry4 ,imm$iately d[n/ream ( regulators or weirs :]e !re is great di/urbance1 bo? side & b$ pit*+ may consi/ ( solid concrete or ( concrete or masonry blocks 7,fig4 #ah74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,?ree k9ds ( toe walls are %[n 9 ,figures #ag1 #ai & #bj4 ,! k9d %[n 9 ,fig4 #ai conta9s1 = a giv5 dep? bel[ ! b$1 f> m masonry ?an ! "o %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag4 ,x is also liable to be displac$ & brok5 if sc\r occurs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,! e>? %\ld 9 all cases be c>efully cut to ! prop] slope1 s t no made e>? has to be add$4 ,if ! slope has already fall5 9 too mu*1 well ramm$ e>? %\ld be add$4 ,! flat brick & ramm$ balla/ c be v>i$ z ! "w proce$s1 m be+ us$ 9 s(t places & less 9 h>d4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! ,punjab1 l>ge bricks1 ! l5g?1 bread?1 & ?ickness be+ ab\t twice ! correspond+ dim5sions ( an ord9>y brick1 are made1 & are extremely useful & *eap = pit*+4 ,:]e ! soil is s&y su* bricks c be burn$ )\t crack+4 ,sometimes ! curta9 wall :i* runs across ! b$ at ! d[n/ream end ( ! pit*+ is c>ri$ into ! banks & built up s z to =m a pr(ile wall 7,fig4 #ba74 ,?is is n v suitable1 because ! pit*+ ( ! sides is apt to settle & leave ! pr(ile wall /&+ out4 ,x is bett] to lay a r[ ( blocks on ! slope4 ,if a hole t5ds to =m 9 ! b$ d[n/ream ( ! curta9 wall1 blocks ( masonry or concrete c be laid & left to take up _! own positions 7,fig4 #bb74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,:5 sc\r ( ! b$ or sides occurs d[n/ream ( pit*+1 x is sometimes said t any ext5sion ( ! pit*+ d[n/ream is foll[$ by ext5sion ( ! sc\r4 ,?is may happ5 if ! cross section ( ! /ream d[n/ream ( ! pit*$ section has become great] ?an ! pit*$ section4 ,9 ?is case !re is eddy+1 due to abrupt enl>gem5t ( ! /ream :]e ! pit*+ ends4 ,! increas$ wid? & l[]$ b$ level 7n c\nt+ m]e local holl[s7 ( ! /ream %\ld be adh]$ to 9 ! pit*+4 ,:]e ! masonry ( ! regulator ends & ! pit*+ beg9s1 !re w be an abrupt or tap]$ enl>gem5t1 b ! eddies--at v l[ supplies !re may be a fall--_c d h>m4 ,?is pr9ciple ( enl>g+ ! pit*$ cross section c be foll[$1 ev5 9 a new *annel1 if ! soil is light & sc\r is fe>$1 & = ?is reason ! matt] is m5tion$ 9 ! pres5t ,*apt] in/ead ( 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,x 0 once ! cu/om to splay out ! sides ( a *annel1 d[n/ream ( a regulator or weir1 s z to =m a sort ( pool 9 :i* ! eddies exhau/$ !mselves1 b ?is gives curv$ banks & requires extra l& & is n a v conv5i5t or neat arrangem5t4 ,:]e sc\r ( ! sides is likely to occur1 or has occurr$1 imm$iately d[n/ream ( ! pit*+ ! latt] may be turn$ 9 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,pit*+ has con/antly to be replac$ or ext5d$ ow+1 g5]ally1 to failure to pit* a suffici5t l5g? or to ram well ! e>? "u ! pit*+1 or to use prop]ly ramm$ balla/ or flat brick1 or to give prop] b$ protection1 or to ! use ( dry brick pit*+ :5 a /rong] k9d is ne$$4 ,! side slopes ( pit*+ %\ld be #a to #a4 ,!y c be to #a 9 r>e cases1 e4g41 :5 !re is no room = #a to #a1 or 9 cont9uation ( exi/+ to #a pit*+4 ,no absolute rule c be laid d[n z to ! l5g? to be pit*$1 b 9 a ,punjab di/ribut>y x is (t5 ab\t #e times ! b$ wid?4 #ad4 ,miscellane\s ,items4 ,on ,indian canals ! *a9age#bd is m>k$ at e ?\s& feet4 ,five ?\s& feet is call$ a 8canal mile40 ,! di/ance m>ks are (t5 ca/ iron slabs1 fix$ 9 a cyl9drical block ( brickwork ab\t #ba feet 9 diamet] & #ae feet high1 ! upp] edge be+ r\nd$ to a radius ( #d feet4 ,! w$ge-%ap$ bricks = ^! blocks are specially m\ld$4 ,! iron slab %\ld project ab\t eight in*es & h ab\t a foot emb$d$ 9 ! brickwork4 #bd ,9 ,india1 in/ead ( ! simple ^w 8*a9age0 ! t]m 8r$uc$ di/ance0 is us$4 ,x is ! di/ance r$uc$ to a common />t+ po9t z levels are r$uc$ to mean sea level4 ,! expression is puzzl+ to non-pr(essionals & new com]s4 ,on a canal hav+ a wide bank ! di/ance m>k is put at ! out] edge ( ! patrol bank1 e>? be+ add$1 if necess>y1 to increase ! wid?4 ,on a di/ribut>y ) a n>r[ bank ! m>k %\ld be on ! opposite bank n ! patrol bank4 ,to enable ! miles to be easily di/+ui%$ ! masonry block c be sunk only #e foot 9 ! gr\nd1 ! o!rs be+ sunk a foot4 ,9 all cases ! masonry block re/s on a pill>1 #ag feet squ>e1 ( bricks laid 9 mud1 c>ri$ d[n to ! gr\nd level4 ,pr(ile walls 7,fig4 #ba1 page #ib7 us$ occasionally to be built at frequ5t int]vals along a di/ribut>y4 ,!y w n prev5t sc\r occurr+1 if ! /ream is t5d+ to sc\r1 unless v close toge!r4 ,su* walls are ( "s use z %[+ :e!r ! *annel is alt]+1 b !y are exp5sive & h to be alt]$ if1 z (t5 happ5s1 ! *annel is remodell$4 ,x is a mu* bett] plan to lay d[n blocks--ab\t #a foot cubes--( masonry or concrete1 along ! c5tre l9e at e #ejj feet1 ) _! upp] faces level ) ! b$4 ,if ! b$ sc\rs !y may be displac$ b o!rwise !y are useful n only = %[+ :at silt1 if any1 has deposit$1 b = %[+ ! c5tre l9e ( ! *annel4 ,)\t !m ! c5tre l9e is liable to be alt]$ 9 silt cle>ances or b]m cutt+s4 ,to enable a block to be readily f\nd & to be replac$ 9 prop] position if displac$1 !re %\ld be two small concrete pill>s exactly opposite to x & equidi/ant f x1 "o on ei!r bank ( ! *annel4 ,su* blocks & pill>s may ) advantage be plac$ at q %ort int]vals on curves4 ,! re/ h\ses = ! use ( (ficials on t\r are g5]ally at int]vals ( ab\t #h to #ad miles4 ,!re is g5]ally a re/ h\se ne> to a l>ge regulator & frequ5tly !re is "o ne> to a small regulator4 ,?is facilitates inspection "w & dis*>ge obs]vations & x saves money1 because ! h\se c be look$ aft] by "o ( ! regulat+ /aff4 ,n infrequ5tly ! h\se is plac$ j too f> away f ! regulator4 ,simil>ly if a re/ h\se is ne> a railway /ation x %\ld be )9 a qu>t] ( a mile ( x--always provid$ t ?is does n br+ x too ne> to villages or huts--& n a mile or m away z is sometimes ! case4 ,x is also a mi/ake to place a re/ h\se (f ! l9e ( *annel unless p]haps :5 x is on a di/rict road :i* crosses ! *annel4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,work+ ,,( ,a ,,canal4 #a4 ,prelim9>y ,rem>ks4 ,a l>ge canal is "u a ,sup]9t5d+ ,eng9e] & x (t5 con/itutes 8 sole *>ge4 ,x consi/s g5]ally ( ?ree to five 8divisions10 ea* "u an ,executive ,eng9e]4 ,a division has two to f\r subdivisions1 ea* "u a ,subdivisional ,(fic]4 ,a subdivision is divid$1 = purpose ( eng9e]+ "w & ma9t5ance1 into sev]al1 g5]ally ?ree or f\r1 sections1 ea* consi/+ ( "s #bj miles ( canal & "s #dj miles ( di/ribut>y1 & be+ 9 *>ge ( a native ov]se] or subov]se]1 & = purposes ( wat] di/ribution & rev5ue1 into a few sections ea* hav+1 p]haps1 "s #cj1jjj acres ( irrigation & be+ 9 *>ge ( a native zillad>4 ,z f> z possible ! b\nd>ies ( divisions & subdivisions are co-t]m9\s ) ^? ( ! bran*es ( ! canal4 ,a di/ribut>y is always :olly )9 a subdivision4 ,at e regulator !re is a gauge read]1 :o1 suppli$ :5 necess>y ) p]man5t assi/ants1 sees to ! regulation ( ! supply4 ,if !re is a telegraph (fice at ! regulator ! telegraph 8signall]0 may h *>ge ( ! regulation4 ,! zillad> has a /aff ( "s t5 or twelve patw>is1 :o record 9 books ! fields wat]$ & :o are 9 t\* ) ! p & "k :5 ! dem& = wat] is great1 mod]ate or small1 & = :at k9d ( crops x is ne$$4 ,9 ea* division !re is g5]ally a ,deputy ,collector :o is a native (ficial1 rank+ z a ,subdivisional ,(fic]4 ,8 duty is to specially sup]vise ! rev5ue /aff 9 ! :ole division4 ,bo? he & ! ,subdivisional ,(fic] h magi/]ial p[]s :i* are ex]cis$ 9 try+ petty cases connect$ ) ! canal4 ,along a ma9 canal & its bran*es !re is ne>ly always a 8canal dak0 or sy/em ( conveyance ( bags conta9+ correspond5ce = ! (ficials /ation$ on ! canal or t\r+ along x4 ,along ! ma9 l9e1 & mo/ ( ! way d[n ! bran*es1 !re is a l9e ( telegraph = ! special use ( ! canal (ficials4 ,! telegraph (fices are at ! *ief regulators1 ) tapp+ /ations1 = ! use ( (ficials on t\r1 at ! re/ h\ses ne> to :i* ! l9e runs4 ,h[ev] c>efully a canal has be5 design$1 alt]ations 9 ! *annels f silt+ & sc\r soon take place & !y g on m or less )\t cessation4 ,9 a di/ribut>y1 especially if ! gradi5t has ( necessity be5 made some:at flat1 !re is q likely to be a deposit 9 ! upp] rea*4 ,! deposit is g5]ally greate/ at ! head & decreases1 9 go+ d[n/ream1 at a fairly uni=m rate4 ,x may ext5d = half-a-mile or less or m4 ,or a deposit may occur on ! sides1 :i* gr[ out & contract ! *annel4 ,?is (t5 occurs ov] a great l5g? ( a di/ribut>y or ev5 ov] ! :ole ( x4 ,sometimes a di/ribut>y sc\rs its b$1 or ! sides may fall 9 some:at4 ,cle>ances ( ! silt & cutt+ ( ! b]ms are effect$ at int]vals4 ,fall+ 9 ( ! sides may be /opp$ by means ( bu%+1 & sc\r ( ! b$ may be /opp$ by rais+ ! cre/ ( a fall or by introduc+ a weir1 b 9 ! meantime ! *anges cause ! dis*>ge tables = ! di/ribut>y to become m or less errone\s4 ,9 _m cases silt deposits 9 ! upp] "p ( ! di/ribut>y dur+ ! summ] mon?s :5 ! riv] wat] is heavily silt$ & sc\rs away aga9 9 ! w9t]1 ! rgime ( ! *annel be+1 on ! :ole1 p]man5t4 ,! *anges :i* occur 9 ! bran*es & ma9 canal are simil> to ! above & ! rem$ies adopt$ are simil>4 ,on "s ( ! old] canals ! sc\r 0 s s]i\s t _m int]m$iate weirs _h to be con/ruct$4 ,! rem>kable silt+ 9 ! head rea* ( ! ,sirh9d ,canal has be5 describ$ 9 ,riv] & ,canal ,eng9e]+1 ,*apt] ,v4 ,! rem$y consi/$ 9 keep+ ! gates ( ! "u-sluices prop]ly clos$ s t a pond 0 =m$ 9 :i* ! riv] silt deposit$4 ,:5 necess>y ! canal is clos$1 ! sluices op5$1 & ! silt sc\r$ away4 ,= a plan ( ! headworks see fig4 #bd4 ,9 work+ a canal1 x is necess>y to arrange s t ! wat] s5t d[n any *annel is z ne>ly z possible 9 accordance ) ! dem&4 ,! zillad> supplies ! ,subdivisional ,(fic]1 e week or t5 days1 ) an 8ind5t0 %[+ h[ mu* wat] is requir$ 9 ea* di/ribut>y & ! ,subdivisional ,(fic] makes ind5ts on ! subdivision next above4 ,! (fic] 9 *>ge ( ! headworks ?us kn[s :at ! dem& is4 ,:5 x is m ?an ! supply available1 ! wat] is dealt out to ! v>i\s divisions accord+ to rules approv$ ( by ! ,sup]9t5d+ ,eng9e] ( ! canal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,e gauge-read] has to be giv5 def9ite in/ructions z to ! gauge read+ to be ma9ta9$1 until fur!r ord]s1 9 ea* di/ribut>y4 ,at ! places :]e ! l>ge bran*es take (f1 ! gauge read] is in/ruct$ :at gauge to ma9ta9 9 ea*4 ,9 ! ev5t ( too mu* wat] arriv+1 he turns ! surplus into ! escape if !re is "o4 ,if !re is no escape he has usually to raise ! gauge read+s ( ! bran*es by equal am\nts4 ,by means ( ! telegraph1 adju/m5t is promptly effect$ at ! headworks4 ,x has already be5 m5tion$ t ra9 may cause an abrupt r$uction 91 or ev5 cessation ( ! dem& = wat]4 ,at ! same "t x increases ! actual supply4 ,ra91 or ! signs ( ra91 9 any "p ( a canal sy/em ought always to be report$ to ! o!r p>ts4 ,ow+ to *anges 9 ! *annels1 to fluctuation 9 ! wat] level ( ! riv]1 especially dur+ ! night1 to ra9 or to *anges 9 ! temp]ature & moi/ure ( ! air & to lack ( cont9u\s att5tion on ! "p ( ! gauge read]1 p>ticul>ly at night1 !re is a con/ant1 ?\gh p]haps small1 fluctuation 9 ! wat] level 9 all p>ts ( a canal4 ,x may happ5 t--ow+ to enl>gem5t ( ! *annels by sc\r1 or to o!r causes--! *annels ( a canal sy/em are able to c>ry m wat] ?an 0 int5d$4 ,9 su* cases ! *annels are usually run ) z mu* z !y c c>ry4 ,?is may give a lavi% supply & a l[]$ duty1 b x increases ! irrigat$ area4 ,to re/rict ! supply w\ld cause loss ( rev5ue4 ,sometimes h[ev]1 x is re/rict$ to prev5t wat]-logg+ ( ! soil4 ,! prop] proc$ure is to ext5d ! canal to o!r tracts4 ,9 ,india ! f>m]s pay = ! wat]1 n accord+ to ! volume us$1 b accord+ to ! area irrigat$4 ,diff]5t rates p] acre are *>g$ = diff]5t k9ds ( crops accord+ to ! v>y+ am\nts ( wat] :i* !y are kn[n to require4 ,sug>cane1 :i* is s[n 9 ! spr+ & /&s = ne>ly a ye> be=e be+ cut1 ?us ext5d+ ov] ! :ole ( ! kh>if & mo/ ( ! rabi1 is assess$ at ! highe/ rate4 ,next comes rice :i* crop1 ?\gh only f\r or five mon?s elapse betwe5 its s[+ & reap+1 requires a great quantity ( wat]4 ,g>d5s :i* receive wat] all ! ye> r\nd also pay a high rate4 ,o!r kh>if crops are cotton & millet4 ,! *ief rabi crops are :eat1 b>ley & 8gram40 ,e field irrigat$ is book$ by a patw>i :o is provid$ ) a 8field map0 & 8field book0 = ea* village 7p]haps #f or #h7 9 8 beat4 ,! map enables him to recognise at a glance ! field 9 :i* he is /&+4 ,x has a numb] 9 ! map &1 by ref]r+ to ?is numb] 9 ! field book1 he f9ds ! area ( ! field4 ,! patw>i is also provid$ ) a 8field regi/]0 9 :i* he books ea* field :i* is wat]$1 %[+ its area & ! k9d ( crop gr[n1 ! date ( book+ & ! "n ( ! own] & t5ant4 ,he goes ab\t ent]+ up all new irrigation & 8 proce$+s are subject$ to rigor\s *eck by ! zillad> & ,deputy ,collector1 & also by ! eng9e]+ /aff4 ,at ! end ( ! crop ! entries are ab/ract$ into a 8dem& /atem5t0 9 :i* all ! fields cultivat$ by "o p]son are br\ght toge!r &1 ! prop] rates be+ appli$ to !m1 ! sum payable by ?is p]son is arriv$ at4 ,! dem& /atem5t goes to ! ,collector ( ! di/rict1 :o levies ! money & pays x into ! ,treasury to ! cr$it ( ! canal conc]n$4 ,!re is a special *>ge = any l& wat]$ 9 an 8unau?oris$ mann]40 ,?is includes tak+ wat] :5 x 0 ano!r man's turn1 or tak+ x f an outlet :i* has be5 wilfully enl>g$ or--9 "s di/ricts--f ano!r man's outlet ev5 ) 8 cons5t4 ,! sizes ( ! outlets are c>efully apportion$ to ! l& allott$ to !m & ! area :i* !y irrigate is con/antly be+ look$ into 9 ord] to see if ! size is correct or ne$s alt]+4 ,if a man borr[s wat] f ano!r outlet su* borr[+ may or may n come to light b 9 any case confusion z to outlet sizes results4 ,! wat] rates *>g$ = ord9>y au?oris$ irrigation are decid$ly l[4 ,9 "o di/rict !re 0 a case 9 :i* a man1 be+ unable to get z mu* wat] z he ne$$ f 8 own outlet1 took wat] = "s fields1 by p]mission1 f a neighb\r's outlet4 ,?is be+ f\nd out he 0 *>g$ = ^? fields at d\ble ! usual rate4 ,he cont9u$ regul>ly to use ! wat] & to pay ! d\ble rate4 ,!re 7 sev]al cases ( ?is k9d 9 t "o di/rict4 ,s9ce paym5t = ! wat] is n made accord+ to ! volume us$1 ! cultivators are m or less c>eless & wa/eful 9 us+ x4 ,z a rule !y ov]-wat] ! l& & frequ5tly damage or spoil x by wat]-logg+4 ,!y d n always keep 9 prop] ord] ! banks ( ! wat]c\rses4 ,! banks (t5 brea* & wat] escapes4 ,any area ?us flood$ is *>g$ = if x is se5 by an (ficial4 ,! eng9e]s h p[] to close su* a wat]c\rse until x is put 9 ord]1 b ?is w\ld cause loss ( rev5ue & is n (t5 done4 ,! real rem$y = all ?is is1 z already /at$1 rigid re/riction ( ! supply4 ,! p w !n le>n--!y are already le>n+--to use wat] m economically4 ,:5 ! crop 9 any field or "p ( a field fails to come to maturity1 ! wat] rate on x is remitt$4 ,! fail$ area is kn[n1 9 ! ,punjab1 z 8kh>ba40 ,on "s canals ! fail$ areas are liable to be l>ge & an irrigation regi/]1 9 ord] to be complete1 has to %[ !m or1 :at is ! same ?+1 to %[ bo? ! gross & ! net areas1 ! latt] be+ ! area left aft] d$uct+ ! kh>ba or remitt$ area4 #b4 ,gauges & ,regulation4--,9 e canal1 bran* & major or m9or di/ribut>y !re is a 8head gauge0 bel[ ! head regulator4 ,at e d\ble regulator !re is a gauge 9 ea* bran* & also an up/ream gauge4 ,^! gauges are us$ = ! regulation ( ! supply4 ,! z]os ( ! gauges are at ! b$ levels4 ,tables are prep>$ %[+ ! dis*>ges correspond+ to ea* gauge read+--except 9 ! case ( up/ream gauges--at int]vals ( #a foot4 ,! "q (t5 arises :e!r x is necess>y to h a gauge ne> ! tail ( a di/ribut>y4 ,if ! outlets h n be5 prop]ly adju/$ & if wat] does n rea* ! tail 9 prop] quantity1 a tail gauge is absolutely ess5tial & its read+s %\ld be c>efully wat*$ by ! ,sub-divisional ,(fic]4 ,to take no action until compla9ts arise or until ! irrigation returns at ! end ( ! crop %[ t "s "o has suff]$1 is n correct4 ,:5 x is kn[n t suffici5t wat] always rea*es ! tail1 a tail gauge is n necess>y4 ,!re may be int]m$iate gauges on a canal or bran* or di/ribut>y4 ,= conv5i5ce ( read+ !y are usually at places :]e a di/ribut>y or m9or takes (f or :]e !re is a re/ h\se4 ,!y s]ve to %[ :e!r ! wat] level at t place alt]s :ile t at o!r places is /ation>y1 & ?us give indications ( any *anges occurr+ 9 ! *annel4 ,! numb] ( su* int]m$iate gauges %\ld be rigor\sly kept d[n4 ,9 fact h>dly any are necess>y4 ,! gauge regi/] :i* ! ,subdivisional ,(fic] has to inspect daily1 is1 9 any case1 volum9\s en\gh4 ,at a d\ble regulator x is nev] necess>y1 except z a v tempor>y arrangem5t 9 case ( an accid5t1 to p>tially close bo? *annels at once4 ,"o or ! o!r %\ld be fully op54 ,! up/ream gauge read+ %[s :e!r ?is rule is be+ adh]$ to4 ,if ! b$ levels ( all ?ree *annels at ! regulator are ! same1 ! read+ on "o or o!r ( ! d[n/ream gauges %\ld be ab\t ! same--= ! fall 9 ! wat] pass+ ?r\gh an op5 regulator is g5]ally negligible--z t ( ! up/ream gauge4 ,9 o!r cases ! diff]5ce 9 ! b$ levels has to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,imm$iately d[n/ream ( ! (f-take ( a *annel1 !re is1 unless ! wat] fl[s 9 )\t any appreciable fall1 mu* oscillation ( ! wat]4 ,= ?is reason ! gauge is frequ5tly fix$ "s #ejj feet d[n ! *annel4 ,?is is any?+ b a good arrangem5t4 ,! gauge-read]'s qu>t]s are close to ! (f-take & he w n keep go+ d[n to ! gauge4 ,moreov] an (ficial com+ along ! ma9 *annel _c see ! gauge4 ,! gauge %\ld be close to ! head & 9 a gauge well :]e oscillations ( ! wat] are r$uc$ to v small am\nts4 ,! up/ream gauge requires no well4#be #be ,= fur!r details z to gauges see ,app5dix ,g4 ,all gauges %\ld be obs]v$ daily1 9 ! morn+1 & ! reports s5t by canal dak1 po/ or wire at ! e>lie/ possible mom5t4 ,?is %\ld be rigidly en=c$4 ,! regi/] %\ld be po/$ & laid be=e ! ,subdivisional ,(fic] daily ) ! lea/ possible delay4 ,x is only 9 ?is way t ! ,subdivisional ,(fic] c keep prop] control ( ! wat]1 & detect irregul>ities4 ,sometimes tr\ble arises ow+ to ! gauge reports n com+ 9 regul>ly4 ,! subov]se] c be made responsible = see+ to ?is matt] z reg>ds all ! gauge read]s 9 8 section4 ,gauge read]s (t5 r$uce ! supply 9 a bran* or di/ribut>y at night = fe> ( a rise occurr+ 9 ! night & caus+ a brea*4 ,?is is to save !mselves ! tr\ble ( wat*+ at night4 ,!y are also brib$ to tamp] ) ! supply & run m or less 9 any *annel or keep up ! supply = a long] or %ort] "t4 ,all regulation %\ld be rigor\sly *eck$ by ! subov]se]1 zillad> & ,subdivisional ,(fic]4 ,irregul>ities c be spe$ily detect$ if prop] /eps are tak5 su* z go+ to ! regulator unexpect$ly4 ,! wat]m>ks on ! banks c also be se54 ,if any man is f\nd to h delay$ ent]+ a gauge read+ 9 8 book or despat*+ ! gauge report x is evid5ce ( an int5tion to deceive4 ,! subov]se] or zillad> %\ld be requir$ to ent] 9 8 note-book all ! *ecks he makes & ! ,subdivisional ,(fic] %\ld see ! entries & take suitable /eps4 ,!re 0 =m]ly a g5]al ord] 9 ! ,punjab t ! ,subdivisional ,(fic] %\ld write ! gauge regi/] ) 8 own h&4 ,su* an ord] is n n[ consid]$ necess>y nor has ! ,subdivisional ,(fic]1 n[-a-days1 "t to comply ) x4 ,! regi/] %\ld h[ev] be writt5 by ! cl]k c>efully & neatly & n be made ov] to anyone else4 ,! regulation %\ld usually be s effect$ t ru%es ( wat] 9 any portion ( ! *annel are avoid$1 b if sc\r occurs 9 a p>ticul> "p ( ! *annel x may be necess>y to try & obta9 slack wat] !re4 ,until x is prov$ by exp]i5ce t !y are unnecess>y1 s\nd+s %\ld be tak5 p]iodically d[n/ream ( l>ge works4 ,:5 a bran* or escape is clos$ ! leakage %\ld be c>efully /opp$4 ,! necess>y mat]ials %\ld be always kept ready 9 suffici5t quantity4 #c4 ,gauge ,read+s & ,dis*>ges4 ,= ! head gauge ( ea* di/ribut>y & = c]ta9 gauges 9 ! canals1 dis*>ge tables1 bas$ on actual obs]vations1 are prep>$4 ,if *anges occur 9 ! upp] "p ( a *annel1 ! dis*>ge correspond+ to a giv5 gauge read+ is alt]$4 ,"o rem$y = ?is is to h a second gauge d[n/ream ( ! 8silt w$ge0 or sc\r$ or n>r[$ rea*4 ,! ind5ts are !n made out ) ref]5ce to ! second gauge1 b any slight adju/m5ts due to fluctuation 9 ! wat] level ( ! canal1 are effect$ by means ( ! head gauge4 ,unless ! zillad> & ,subdivisional ,(fic] are on ! al]t1 ! gauge read] is likely to evade go+ to ! l[] gauge e morn+1 & to ent] fictiti\s read+s = x1 inf]r+ !m f ! read+s ( ! head gauge4 ,if !re are any outlets betwe5 ! two gauges1 _! dis*>ge has to be obs]v$ or e/imat$ & add$ to ! dis*>ge ( ! di/ribut>y z ent]$ 9 ! table correspond+ to ! read+s on ! second gauge4 ,! above sy/em c be work$ ) advantage 9 cases :]e ! di/ribut>y bifurcates two or ?ree miles f its (f-take4 ,! m5 9 *>ge ( ! two regulators c "w toge!r1 "o ( !m or an assi/ant1 go+ daily f "o regulator to ! o!r & back4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 ! vitiat+ ( ! dis*>ge table at ! head gauge has to be fac$1 & ! table to be con/antly correct$4 ,x is impossible to frame be=eh& any rule or =mula :i* w\ld give a c]ta9 correction = a c]ta9 dep? ( silt deposit4 ,moreov]1 !re might or might n be a contraction ( ! *annel due to deposit on ! sides4 ,! usual plan is to obs]ve a dis*>ge "s "t dur+ ea* mon?4 ,if ! result is 9 excess ( ! tabul> dis*>ge1 all ! dis*>ges = t mon? are increas$ 9 ! same proportion4 ,!y c be book$ accord+ to ! table & totall$1 & ! correction appli$ to ! total4 ,dis*>ges ( canals & bran*es at _! heads or at ! b\nd>ies ( divisions1 are obs]v$ by ! ,subdivisional ,(fic] ab\t once a mon?4 ,dis*>ges ( di/ribut>ies are obs]v$ ab\t once a mon?1 usually by zillad>s4 ,!y are also to "s ext5t obs]v$ by ! ,subdivisional ,(fic]1 b mu* is left to 8 discretion4 ,delta is work$ out = ea* di/ribut>y mon? by mon?1 & also1 ( c\rse1 = ea* crop4 ,?us a g5]al duty 8at di/ribut>y heads0 c be obta9$1 & may be us$ 9 new projects#bf in/ead ( ! duty at ! canal head1 all[ance be+ made = ! wat] lo/ by absorption 9 ! canal & bran*es4 #bf ,see ,,*ap4 ,,iv41 ,art4 #b4 ,x _c be said t ^! important figures are obta9$ z c>efully z !y c\ld be4 ,if ! ,subdivisional ,(fic] p]sonally obs]v$ ! dis*>ge at ea* di/ribut>y head1 ev5 e o!r mon?1 ! reliability ( ! results w\ld be mu* increas$4 ,9 addition to ?is ! dis*>ges ( canals & bran*es at ! b\nd>ies ( subdivisions %\ld be obs]v$ & ! results comp>$ ) ! di/ribut>y dis*>ges1 s z to %[ ! loss by absorption4 ,at fir/ grave discrepancies among ! results w\ld be f\nd1 b !y w\ld be r$uc$ z ! causes ( error became kn[n4 ,= ! me?od ( inve/igat+ ! causes ( discrepant dis*>ges see ,riv] & ,canal ,eng9e]+1 ,,*ap4 ,,iii41 ,art4 #e4 ,a specim5 ( a ,subdivisional ,(fic]'s gauge regi/] is giv5 9 table ,i4 ,! zillad> keeps a simil> regi/]4 ,! columns head$ ,g conta9 ! gauge read+s1 ^? head$ ,d ! dis*>ges4 ,until "s ye>s ago !re 7 no columns = dis*>ges4 ,! daily dis*>ges ( ! canal & ( ! bran*es at _! heads--& at int]m$iate po9ts if !y 7 at ! b\nd>ies ( divisions--7 ent]$ 9 ! ,executive ,eng9e]'s (fice & ! duty 0 work$ out at ! end ( ea* crop4 ,! zillad> m]ely ind5t$ = a c]ta9 gauge read+ at ! di/ribut>y head1 & ! ,subdivisional ,(fic] c\ld tell pretty ne>ly :at gauge read+ he requir$ 9 ! canal at ! beg9n+ ( 8 subdivision4 ,s9ce ! ye> #aijj or !reab\ts1 ! zillad>s h be5 requir$ to le>n a good deal ab\t dis*>ges4 ,!y h to "k h[ to obs]ve ! dis*>ge ( a di/ribut>y1 & to le>n h[ ! dis*>ge ( an outlet v>ies ) ! head or diff]5ce betwe5 ! up/ream & d[n/ream wat] levels4 ,!y are suppos$ to ind5t = c]ta9 dis*>ges1 & n m]ely = c]ta9 gauge read+s4 ,all ?is k is useful to ! zillad>s & t5ds to increase _! effici5cy1 b a practice ( con/antly ?9k+ 9 dis*>ges in/ead ( 9 gauge read+s is unnecess>y4 ,if ! *annels 7 ( all sorts ( sizes matt]s w\ld be diff]5t4 ,actually ! size ( a *annel is apportion$ to its "w1 & ! proportion ( its full supply :i* x is c>ry+ at any mom5t is easily grasp$ by means ( gauge read+s alone4 ,,table ,i--,,gauge ,,& ,,dis*>ge ,,regi/]4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,octob]1 #aiab4 ,ma9 ,l9e1 ,upp] ,b>i ,doab ,canal4 ------------------------------------- ,tibri ,regulator ,dh>iwal ----------------------------------- ,above ,ma9 ,kasur ,nangal ,canal ,bran* ,di/ribut>y --------------------------------- ,date4 ,g4,g4,d4,g4,d4 ,g4 ,d4 -------------------------------- #a #dj #ajj #b #dj #ajj #c #dj #ajj 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 #bi #db #aaj #cj #db #aaj #ca #db #aaj ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,total #abga #cbee ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,no4 ( days 9 fl[ #ca #ca ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,av]age #da #aje ---------------------------------------- ------------ ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,octob]1 #aiab4 ,ma9 ,l9e1 ,upp] ,b>i ,doab ,canal4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,kunj> ,aliwal ,regulator ---------------------------------------- ---- ,kal] ,above,amrits> ,lahore ,escape ,di/ribut>y ,bran* ,bran* ---------------------------------------- ,date4 ,g4 ,d4 ,g4,g4,d4,g4,d4,g4,d4 ---------------------------------------- #a #b #c 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 #bi #cj #ca ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,total ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,no4 ( days 9 fl[ ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,av]age ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,z reg>ds ! weekly ind5ts1 ! deal+ ) dis*>ges in/ead ( gauge read+s is ( little practical value4 ,! zillad> m]ely kn[s t on "s outlets ! dem& is great1 on o!rs mod]ate1 & he judges t ! di/ribut>y ne$s say1 #d feet ( wat]1 its full supply gauge be+ #e feet4 ,he _c tell h[ _m cubic feet ea* outlet requires4 ,if he is requir$ to ind5t 9 cubic feet p] second 7he is n always requir$ to d ?is7 he probably gets at ! dis*>ge f ! gauge read+1 & n ! gauge read+ f ! dis*>ge4 ,z reg>ds ! g5]al ind5t made by ! ,subdivisional ,(fic]1 ! same rem>ks apply4 ,he c probably tell :at gauge he requires )\t go+ into dis*>ges4 ,reg>d+ ! work+ out ( delta mon? by mon?1 n only are dis*>ges m or less d\btful1 b ! area irrigat$ is seldom correct till ne> ! end ( ! crop4 ,h[ev]1 ! figures1 t[>ds ! end ( a crop1 may be useful4 ,if delta on any di/ribut>y is high] ?an is usual on t di/ribut>y1 x may be desirable1 if ! supply 9 ! :ole canal is %ort1 to r$uce ! supply to t di/ribut>y some:at1 b ?is rem$y c be prop]ly appli$ aft] ! end ( ! crop by alt]+ ! turns 7,art4 #e74 ,any /eps 9 ! direction ( alt]+ outlets c only be tak5 aft] ! end ( ! crop4 ,admitt+1 h[ev]1 t ! work+ out ( delta dur+ ! crop is useful1 x c be done by add+ up ! gauge read+s = ! mon? & tak+ ! av]age read+ & ! dis*>ge correspond+ to x4 ,?is is n q ! same z ! av]age ( ! daily dis*>ges1 b ! diff]5ce is small1 & !re w\ld be a :olesale & mo/ salut>y sav+ 9 cl]ical "w4 ,all ! columns head$ ,d c\ld be omitt$4 ,! h&9ess & compactness ( ! regi/] w\ld be va/ly increas$4 ,! dis*>ges are only approximately kn[n1 & ref9em5ts ( proc$ure are unnecess>y4 ,! correction ( ! dis*>ge table1 by means ( obs]v$ dis*>ges1 once a mon?1 c ( c\rse be effect$ )\t book+ ! daily dis*>ges4#bg #bg ,!re %\ld1 9 any case1 be a special place 9 ! gauge regi/] = %[+ ! dis*>ge tables1 ) a note ( ! dis*>ge obs]vations f :i* ! table 0 fram$ or 9 consequ5ce ( :i* x 0 alt]$4 ,suppos+ ! columns ,d to be reta9$ ! calculations ( delta c be made z %[n 9 table ,,ii4 ! =m be+ pr9t$ 9 ! gauge book4 ,to facilitate ! add+ up ( ! dis*>ges a l9e c be left blank 9 table ,i4 aft] ea* t5 days1 & ! total = ! t5 days %[n on x4 ,if ! column ,d is n reta9$1 ! gauge read+s c be add$ up4 ,! dis*>ge correspond+ to ! mean gauge read+ ( ! mon?1 multipli$ by ! numb] ( days ! di/ribut>y 0 9 fl[1 gives ! figure to be ent]$ 9 column #b ( table ,,ii4 ,! f9al work+ out ( delta crop by crop is ( c\rse ( ! greate/ value4 ,! po9t :i* ne$s att5tion is1 z already rem>k$1 great] accuracy 9 ! dis*>ges4 ,= reasons :i* h already be5 giv5 7,,*ap4 ,i41 ,art4 #e1 & ,,*ap4 ,,ii41 ,art4 #i7 ! values ( delta on diff]5t di/ribut>ies w nev] be ! same1 b ! causes ( high values c always be inve/igat$ &1 to "s ext5t1 rem$i$4 ,,table ,,ii4--,,calculation ,,( ,,delta ,,= ,,rabi1 #aiab-ac1 ,,nangal ,,di/ribut>y4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,mon?4 ,total ( ,no4 ( days,irrigat$ ,delta ,rem>ks4 dis*>ges 9 fl[4 area up up to ---------------------- to date4 date4 ,= ,up to ,= ,up to mon?4date4mon?4date4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,acres ,feet ,octo- #cbee #cbee #ca #ca #feaj #aj b] ,novem- #ccij #fcde #bg #eh #ijjj #ada ,clos$ #c days b] because ( brea*4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #d4 ,regi/]s ( ,irrigation & ,outlets4 ,x is obvi\s t a ,subdivisional ,(fic] _c look prop]ly into matt]s connect$ ) ! work+ ( 8 *annels unless he has1 ready to h&1 a regi/] %[+1 crop by crop1 ! area irrigat$ by ea* di/ribut>y & ea* outlet & keeps x po/$ up to date4 ,9 #ahhh ! ,*ief ,eng9e] ( ! ,punjab ,irrigation direct$ t ea* ,subdivisional ,(fic] %\ld keep up ,engli% regi/]s ( irrigation by villages4 ,! ord] 0 = ye>s lo/ sight (4 ,! matt] has lately1 9 view ( c]ta9 rec5t occurr5ces on a l>ge p]5nial canal1 aga9 come to notice1 & ?is mo/ ess5tial factor 9 ! work+ ( a canal is1 x is believ$1 receiv+ att5tion4 ,z to ! precise =m :i* an irrigation regi/] %\ld take1 op9ions & practices diff] some:at4 ,9 all cases ! net irrigat$ areas %\ld be %[n--kh>if1 rabi1 & total--& ! total remitt$ area4 ,! areas remitt$ = kh>if & rabi sep>ately may or may n be %[n4 ,! net p]c5tage ( ! comm&$ culturable area irrigat$--total ( ! two crops--c be %[n 9 r$ ink & is mo/ useful4#bh ,x enables ! g5]al /ate ( affairs on any outlet to be se5 at a glance & %[s h[ x comp>es ) o!r outlets & ) ! :ole di/ribut>y4 #bh ,provid$ t ! culturable comm&$ area is prop]ly %[n & is n made to include jungles or o!r tracts :i* 7 nev] int5d$ to be irrigat$4 ,besides ! irrigation figures x is necess>y to record = ea* outlet its *a9age1 size ( b>rel#bi & comm&$ culturable area4 ,9 ! case ( a di/ribut>y :i* has be5 work+ = ye>s1 & on :i* ! outlets are und]go+ few alt]ations1 x may be suitable to record ! above items 9 a sep>ate 8outlet regi/]10 & to give 9 ! irrigation regi/] a ref]5ce to ! page ( ! outlet regi/]4 ,b ev5 9 su* a case alt]ations w h to be made f "t to "t 9 ! outlet regi/] & !re is great dang] ( its becom+ spoilt1 imp]fect or un9telligible4 ,9 ! case ( a di/ribut>y on :i* ! outlets are und]go+ frequ5t *anges1 ! items "u consid]ation %\ld be %[n crop by crop1 & also ! mat]ial ( ! outlet--wood or masonry--& ! wid? & mean height ( ! b>rel4 ,9 no o!r way c ! work+ ( ! outlet be prop]ly foll[$ & und]/ood4 ,x is probable t ?is proc$ure is ! be/ 9 e case1 i4e41 ev5 :5 ! alt]ations made are n frequ5t4 ,by arrang+ ! regi/] z %[n 9 table ,,iii4 ! repetition ( ! entries1 :5 !y und]go no alt]ation1 is avoid$1 only dots hav+ to be made4 #bi ,! sizes ( ! outlets %\ld be measur$ by ! subov]se] & "s *eck$ by ! ,subdivisional ,(fic] & ! correct sectional area1 z actually built1 ent]$4 ,! specim5 %[s only two outlets on a page1 & cov]s five ye>s1 b ?ree outlets c easily be %[n on a l>ge page1 & ! p]iod c be sev5 ye>s4 ,if !re are m ?an ?ree outlets 9 ! village1 ! l[e/ "p ( ! page %[s ! total ( ! page in/ead ( ! total ( ! village1 & ! o!r outlets are %[n on ! next page1 ! gr& total = ! village com+ at ! foot4 ,,table ,,iii4--,,regi/] ,,by ,,outlets ,,& ,,villages4 ,di/ribut>y 4444444444444444444444444444444444 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,in=mation reg>d+ outlet4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,dim5sions ( b>rel ,"n & ,sectional------------------- description ,ye> ,*a9age,mat]ial area ( ( outlet4 b>rel4 ,wid? ,height 7m9imum7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,regi/] no4 #aijb-jc ,"n #aijc-jd #aijd-je ,bank #aije-jf #aijf-jg ,fl[ or lift ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,regi/] no4 #aijb-jc ,"n #aijc-jd #aijd-je ,bank #aije-jf #aijf-jg ,fl[ or lift ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,total #aijb-jc ( #aijc-jd #aijd-je ,village #aije-jf ,page #aijf-jg ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,village 4444444444444444444444444444444444 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,work+ ( outlet4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,area 9 acres4 ,"n & ----------------------------------- ,net description ,ye> ,net irrigat$ irrigat$1 ( outlet4 ,comm&$ ,remitt$---------------p] c5t ( culturable ,kh>if,rabi,totalculturable4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,regi/] no4 #aijb-jc ,"n #aijc-jd #aijd-je ,bank #aije-jf #aijf-jg ,fl[ or lift ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,regi/] no4 #aijb-jc ,"n #aijc-jd #aijd-je ,bank #aije-jf #aijf-jg ,fl[ or lift ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,total #aijb-jc ( #aijc-jd #aijd-je ,village #aije-jf ,page #aijf-jg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,all ! outlets ( ! upp]mo/ village on ! di/ribut>y %\ld be ent]$1 fir/1 ev5 ?\gh "s ( !m may be d[n/ream (1 & be> s]ial numb]s l[] ?an1 ! outlets ( ! next village4 ,:5 "o outlet irrigates two or ?ree villages ! irrigation ( ! sep>ate villages c be ent]$ on "o page 9 ! places usually allott$ to outlets1 & ! l[e/ "p ( ! page c %[ ! total = ! outlet1 ! necess>y *anges 9 ! head+s1 etc4 be+ made4 ,if any ( ! villages has o!r outlets ^! w appe> on ano!r page & ! total = ! village c also be %[n4 ,! village totals %\ld be po/$ into a second regi/] prep>$ some:at z %[n 9 table ,,iv4 & totall$4 ,! totals %[ ! irrigation = ! :ole di/ribut>y4#cj ,if necess>y ! fail$ areas c be %[n 9 ! regi/] 9 r$ ink4 ,if any village is irrigat$ f two or m di/ribut>ies1 ea* portion ( ! village %\ld be dealt ) z if x 0 a sep>ate village4 #cj ,v long *annels1 e4g4 inundation canals f :i* direct irrigation takes place1 c be divid$ into rea*es & ! irrigation ( ! rea*es dealt ) z if !y 7 sep>ate *annels4 ,a rea* %\ld g5]ally end at a bifurcation or /opdam4 ,9 all regi/]s "s blank spaces %\ld be left = ! ins]tion ( new outlets or new villages4 ,! numb] ( pages to be left w dep5d on local circum/ances1 :i* %\ld be consid]$4 ,9 case figures are suppli$ by ! rev5ue au?orities & deal only ) :ole villages1 ! details obta9$ by ! canal /aff %\ld always be add$ up & *eck$ ) !m4 ,simil>ly ! comm&$ culturable areas = ! outlets & villages %\ld be add$ up & *eck$ ) ! kn[n total = ! di/ribut>y4 ,,table ,,iv4--,,ab/ract ,,( ,,irrigation ,,by ,,villages ,,& ,,*annels4 ,canal4444444444444444444444 ,di/ribut>y44444444444444 ,f44444444444444444444444 ,to444444444444444444444444 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,"n ( ,comm&$ ,net ,areas ,irrigat$ 9 ,acres4 ,village4,culturable ,detail4 ---------------------------- ,area 7,acres7 #aijbaijcaijdaijeaijfaijgaijh -#jc -#jd -#je -#jf -#jg -#jh -#ji ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,kh>if ,rabi ,total ,p] c5t ( ,culturable ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,kh>if ,rabi ,total ,p] c5t ( ,culturable ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,kh>if ,rabi ,total ,p] c5t ( ,culturable ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,total ,! p]c5tages ( culturable comm&$ area irrigat$ by diff]5t outlets w1 z already expla9$1 always %[ discrepancies4 ,any special causes ( l[ p]c5tages1 e4g4 a l>ge proportion ( rice1 c be briefly not$ 9 ! regi/]4 ,on inundation canals1 & "s o!rs1 ! alignm5t & *a9age are liable to und]go alt]ation4 ,9 su* cases x is be/ to adh]e to ! orig9al *a9age until all ! alt]ations 9 alignm5t h be5 c>ri$ out4 #e4 ,di/ribution ( ,supply4 ,! "q h[ ! supply ( a canal is to be di/ribut$ :5 x is less ?an ! dem&1 is n always v simple4 ,suppose t ! ma9 canal1 aft] p]haps giv+ (f sev]al di/ribut>ies1 divides1 at "o place1 into ?ree bran*es1 ,a1 ,b1 & ,c1 ^: full supply dis*>ges are respectively #b1ejj1 #b1jjj & #a1ejj c4 ft4 p] second4 ,suppose t ! total dis*>ge rea*+ ! trifurcation is expect$ to be1 :5 at ! l[e/ dur+ ! crop1 only #b1bjj c4 ft4 p] second1 in/ead ( #f1jjj4 ,x w\ld be possible1 suppos+ ! dis*>ge tables to be fairly accurate1 to keep all ! *annels runn+ ) dis*>ges proportionate to _! full supplies1 b ?is w\ld n be suitable4 ,! wat] levels w\ld n be high en\gh to enable full supplies to be got into ! di/ribut>ies1 or at lea/ into "s ( !m4 ,moreov]1 ! runn+ ( l[ supplies causes mu* loss by absorption4 ,! plan usually adopt$ is to give ea* *annel full supply1 or ne>ly full supply1 9 turn1 & = su* a numb] ( days t ! turn ( ea* bran* w recur ab\t once a =tnight1 t be+ a suitable p]iod hav+ reg>d to ! exig5cies ( crops1 & hav+ ! advantage t ! turn ( ea* bran* comes on a p>ticul> day ( ! week1 s t ev]yone conc]n$1 & especially ! irrigat+ community1 c rememb] & und]/& x4 ,table ,v4 %[s h[ ! turns 9 ! above case c be arrang$4 ,! figures %[ ! dis*>ges4 ,,table ,v4 --------------------------- ,,day4 ,a ,b ,c --------------------------- #a #b1bjj #b #b1bjj #c #b1bjj #d #b1bjj #e #b1bjj #f #b1jjj #bjj #g #b1jjj #bjj #h #b1jjj #bjj #i #b1jjj #bjj #aj #b1jjj #bjj #aa #gjj #a1ejj #ab #gjj #a1ejj #ac #gjj #a1ejj #ad #gjj #a1ejj --------------------------- ,total #ac1hjjaj1jjj #g1jjj ,correct dis*>ge#ab1hjjaj1cjj #g1gjj accord+ to ,full ,supply4 --------------------------- ,! ord]s giv5 to ! gauge read]s 9 ^! cases are simple1 namely to give ea* bran* full supply 9 turn1 & to s5d ! re/ ( ! wat] d[n ! *annel next on ! li/4 ,! numb] ( days allott$ to ! l>g] bran*es are great] ?an to ! smalle/ because ?is w probably be simple/ 9 ! end1 & also because ! numb] ( di/ribut>ies on a l>g] bran* is likely to be great]1 & ! allotm5t to ! di/ribut>ies is ?us facilitat$ some:at4 ,ea* bran* receives wat] 9 "o p]iod ( consecutive days4 ,any splitt+ up ( ! turn w\ld be highly objectionable4 ,x w\ld cause wa/e ( wat]1 & w\ld give rise to mu* difficulty 9 r$i/ribut+ ! supply among its di/ribut>ies4 ,ea* bran* receives its residuum turn be=e x receives its full supply turn4 ,! advantage ( ?is is t wat] is n let into ! *annel sudd5ly4 ,! total supplies ( ,a1 ,b & ,c are 9 ! ratio ( #ach1 #aj1 & #g1 & n1 z !y %\ld be #abh1 #ajc1 & #gg1 b no clos] approximation c be got4 ,if ! numb] ( days ( full supply allott$ to ea* bran* is *ang$1 or if ! residuum f ,c is giv5 to ,b1 in/ead ( ,a1 ! relative total dis*>ges diff] /ill m f :at !y %\ld be4 ,if n[ ! total supply is suppos$ to be increas$ to #b1gjj c4 ft4 p] second1 ! dis*>ges are z %[n 9 table ,,vi4 ,,table ,,vi4 ----------------------------- ,,day4 ,a ,b ,c ----------------------------- #a #b1ejj #bjj #b #b1ejj #bjj #c #b1ejj #bjj #d #b1ejj #bjj #e #b1ejj #bjj #f #b1jjj #gjj #g #b1jjj #gjj #h #b1jjj #gjj #i #b1jjj #gjj #aj #b1jjj #gjj #aa #a1bjj #a1ejj #ab #a1bjj #a1ejj #ac #a1bjj #a1ejj #ad #a1bjj #a1ejj ----------------------------- ,total #ag1cjj #aa1jjj #i1ejj ,correct ,dis*>ge4#ae1gjj #ab1fjj #i1ejj ----------------------------- ,consid]+ bo? ! above tables1 ,a always receives m wat] ?an its %>e1 :ile ,b & ,c on ! :ole receive too little4 ,consid]+ table ,v4 by itself1 matt]s might1 p]haps1 be set "r by alt]+ ! total numb] ( days f #ad to #ac or #ab1 b ?is1 besides be+ some:at objectionable = ! reason already giv51 might n improve matt]s :5 table ,,vi4 came into op]ation4 ,x is desirable to avoid frequ5t *anges or complicat$ rules4 ,x is objectionable to make any turn consi/ ( o!r ?an a :ole numb] ( days4 ,! %ift+ ( ! regulator gates is begun at sunrise1 a "t :5 (ficials are ab\t & c see :at is happ5+4 ,all gauges are read e>ly 9 ! morn+1 & ^? at regulators are read aft] ! regulation has be5 done & ! fl[ has become /eady4 ,if any regulation 7 done 9 ! ev5+1 ! entry 9 ! gauge regi/] ( t day w\ld convey a wrong impression1 & ! dis*>ge w\ld be incorrectly book$4 ,moreov]1 any sy/em ( regul>ly book+ ev5+ z well z morn+ gauges leads to swell+ ( ! already volum9\s gauge regi/]4 ,! be/ me?od ( adju/+ matt]s is to make slight alt]ations 9 ! full supply gauges4 ,suppose ! normal full supplies 9 all ?ree bran*es to be #f feet4 ,:5 table ,,vi4 is 9 op]ation ! full supply ( ,a c be r$uc$ to ab\t #eh feet4 ,?is w\ld give1 dur+ ! fir/ #e days1 less wat] to ,a & m to ,b1 & !re is ! fur!r advantage t a v small supply1 #bjj c4 ft4 p] second1 is n run 9 any bran*4 ,z reg>ds table ,v41 bran* ,a nev] receives full supply4 ,?is is a r>e case4#ca ,if x 7 safe1 z x might be1 to run slightly m ?an full supply 9 ,c1 ?is c\ld be done1 & x w\ld increase ! supply 9 ,c dur+ ! la/ f\r days & r$uce t 9 ,a4 ,o!rwise a c]ta9 gauge w\ld h to be fix$ = ,a :i* w\ld give x less ?an #b1bjj c4 ft4 p] second dur+ ! fir/ #e days1 & ! balance w\ld g to bran* ,b4 ,simil>ly1 ! gauge ( ,b c\ld be slightly r$uc$1 & ?is w\ld increase ! balance go+ to ,c4 ,! ord]s giv5 to ! gauge read] are1 z be=e1 to s5d ! full supply d[n "o *annel1 & ! balance to ! next4 ,! only additional proc$ure necess>y is to in=m ! gauge read] f "t to "t :at ! full supply gauges are4 ,9 any case su* in=mation has probably to be convey$ to him at times because ! *annels und]go *anges1 & ! dis*>ge correspond+ to a giv5 gauge also *anges4 #ca ,! total dis*>ge1 #b1bjj c4 ft4 p] second1 assum$1 is v l[ comp>$ ) ! full supply ( #f1jjj c4 ft4 p] second4 ,:5 ! dis*>ge ( ! canal exce$s #c1ejj c4 ft4 p] second !re is1 :5 ,b & ,c are receiv+ wat]1 a second residuum1 :i* goes to ,a4 ,tables c be work$ out = sev]al dis*>ges ( ! ma9 canal1 b x is ! m9imum dis*>ge :i* is ! mo/ important factor 9 ! case4 ,! m9imum dis*>ge1 or some?+ v ne> x1 g5]ally la/s ?r\gh ab\t half ! crop1 & x is :5 ! supply is at a m9imum t c>e & ju/ice 9 ! di/ribution are mo/ ne$$4 ,! *ief objection to ! arrangem5ts above describ$ is t ! surplus to be s5t d[n "o *annel or ano!r is sometimes s small t x mu/ be to a great ext5t wa/$4 ,! be/ means ( prev5t+ ?is is to h ! dis*>ge tables1 includ+ "o = ! ma9 canal at "s po9t high] up ?an ! trifurcation1 con/antly correct$4 ,9 t case1 x is kn[n "u :at circum/ances a small surplus w occur1 & ! ord]s c be modifi$ s z to prev5t its occurr5ce4 ,! ord]s w ( c\rse be m complicat$1 & w h to be dealt ) by an eng9e] & n a gauge read]4 ,! turns1 once satisfactorily arrang$1 may g on = ye>s )\t alt]ation4 ,!y may require alt]+ if any bran* is f\nd1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 to be do+ worse ?an or bett] ?an ! o!rs1 ?\gh ! correction c probably be made by alt]+ ! full supply gauge4 ,! turns ( ! bran*es hav+ be5 arrang$1 x rema9s to settle ^? ( ! di/ribut>ies4 ,! total available dis*>ge be+1 z be=e1 assum$ to be r m ?an "o-?ird ( ! full supply dis*>ge1 ea* di/ribut>y tak+ (f f ! ma9 canal1 :]e x is n possible or n desirable to regulate ! height ( ! wat] level 9 ! canal1 c be run ) full supply = f\r or five days out ( ea* =tnight1 & !n clos$4 ,:e!r x be f\r days or five may (t5 dep5d on special circum/ances su* z :e!r ! di/ribut>y is do+ well or o!rwise4 ,if necess>y ! full supply c be adju/$4 ,:5 ! canal supply increases ! f\r or five days c be increas$4 ,! same pr9ciple c be adopt$ = any di/ribut>y ^: (f-take is 9 ! upp] "p ( a bran*1 i4e41 :]e ! bran* is _m times l>g] ?an ! di/ribut>y1 & :]e x is n possible or n desirable to regulate ! wat] level ( ! bran*4 ,= a di/ribut>y fur!r d[n ! bran*1 ! turns ( bran* & di/ribut>y c be arrang$ z expla9$ above = a canal bifurcation4 ,! ord]s giv5 to ! gauge read] are1 z be=e1 to give ! *annel ^: turn x is1 full supply & to s5d ! balance d[n ! o!r *annel4 ,:5 ! turn ( di/ribut>y is ov] x becomes ! turn ( ! bran*4 ,! di/ribut>y w\ld n be clos$ if ?is w\ld cause ! full supply 9 ! bran* to be exce$$4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t e di/ribut>y receives full supply dur+ "p ( ! "t :5 ! bran* is receiv+ full supply4 ,if its turn came only :5 ! bran* 0 receiv+ a residuum supply1 or r :5 ! residuum supply 0 rea*+ ! di/ribut>y (f-take--= 9 ! case ( a di/ribut>y ^: (f-take is f> d[n a long bran* ! two ?+s are n ! same--x might1 9 ! ev5t ( ! supply 9 ! ma9 canal fall+ exceptionally l[1 receive no wat] at all4 ,! "t tak5 by a rise 9 travell+ d[n a canal is v mu* ! same z t tak5 by a fall & ea* takes effect m or less gradually4 ,:5 a bran* receives1 at any po9t1 a tempor>y increase 9 its supply1 ow+ to ! closure ( a di/ribut>y =1 say1 ?ree days1 !re w be a rise la/+ = ?ree days at a po9t fur!r d[n4 ,! rise w take "s "t to come to its height1 & "s "t to die away4 ,!re w be ab\t ?ree days f ! comm5cem5t ( ! rise to ! comm5cem5t ( ! fall1 or f ! end ( ! rise to ! end ( ! fall4 ,if1 ei!r 9 ! ma9 canal or 9 a bran*1 !re is any di/ribut>y into :i* full supply _c be got1 its turn c be increas$ accord+ly4 ,ow+ to ! %ortness ( ! turns1 & to all[ance hav+ to be made = ! "t occupi$ by rises & falls 9 travell+ d[n ! bran*1 ! fix+ ( ! turns = di/ribut>ies ne> ! tail ( ! bran* requires a good deal ( consid]ation4 ,matt]s are facilitat$ by mak+ a sket* 7,fig4 #be7 9 :i* ! wid?s ( ! *annels1 z drawn1 are r\ghly 9 proportion to ! full supply dis*>ges4 ,if #ad copies ( ! sket* are made ! arrangem5ts = ea* day c be %[n on !m1 full supply be+ %[n black & residuum hat*$4 ,di/ribut>ies w\ld be %[n z well z ! ma9 *annels4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,! irrigation regi/]s ( c\rse %[ h[ ! irrigation ( ! diff]5t *annels is go+ on f ye> to ye> & if *anges 9 ! turns become necess>y !y c be effect$4 ,aft] ! wat] has ent]$ ! wat]c\rses ! canal (ficials h no?+ to d ) its di/ribution4 ,! p arrange among !mselves a sy/em ( turns1 ea* p]son tak+ ! wat] = a c]ta9 numb] ( 8pah>s0--a pah> is a wat* ( ?ree h\rs--or fractions ( a pah>4 ,! zillad> c h[ev] be call$ 9 by any p]son :o has a dispute ) 8 neighb\r4 ,if ! matt] is n settl$ ! p]son aggriev$ c lodge a =mal compla9t & a canal (fic] !n tries ! case1 & if necess>y puni%es ! (f5d]4 ,9 =m] days x 0 usual1 9 "s places1 = no regul> turns to be fix$ = ! di/ribut>ies1 ord]s be+ issu$ reg>d+ !m f "t to "t4 ,! weak po9t ab\t any su* plan is t 9 ! ev5t ( ! controll+ (fic] delay+1 ow+ to any accid5t1 to issue an ord]1 no "o kn[s :at to d4 ,ord]s 7 also sometimes issu$ to zillad>s giv+ !m discretion>y p[]s 9 di/ribution4 ,no "o w\ld n[ issue su* ord]s4 ,! ess5tial pr9ciple is to remove p[] f ! h&s ( ! subord9ates4 ,! work+ ( ! ma9 *annels by turns & ! con/ruction ( outlets ( su* a size t !y nev] require closure1 has result$--9 places :]e su* matt]s are att5d$ to--9 ! absolute de/ruction ( su* p[]4#cb ,! only way 9 :i* a zillad> c injure anyone is to say t wat] is n 9 dem&4 ,?is w\ld h[ev] result 9 damag+ ! :ole ( ! villages 9 8 *>ge4 ,he is n likely to d ?is4 #cb ,9 ! pr9t$ =m lately 9 use 9 ! ,punjab = reports on zillad>s1 "o ( ! que/ions ask$ is :e!r 88 arrangem5ts0 = ! di/ribution ( wat] are satisfactory1 z if t 0 /ill consid]$ to be ! zillad>'s bus9ess4 ,9 case ! supply is :olly or p>tially int]rupt$ ow+ to a brea* or an accid5t at ! headworks1 or o!r cause1 "o p>ticul> bran* or di/ribut>y may lose its turn or "p ( x4 ,if its loss is n great x may be be/ to all[ ! turns to take _! usual c\rse1 b o!rwise !y %\ld be tempor>ily alt]$ 9 su* a way z to comp5sate ! *annels :i* h suff]$4 ,on inundation canals ! wat] at a regulator is sometimes head$ up1--all bran*es be+ p>tially clos$--9 ord] to give m wat] to outlets 9 ! up/ream rea*4 ,!re are ev5 "s regulators--or r /op-dams--con/ruct$ solely = ?is purpose at places :]e !re is no bifurcation ( ! canal or di/ribut>y4 ,any su* head+ up %\ld be plann$ out be=eh& & days = x fix$1 & also ! gauge read+4 ,if ! wat]1 )\t any head+ up1 rises to ! ne$ful height on ! gauge1 no?+ has to be done4 ,!re are also places on inundation canals :]e ! l& is high & is only irrigable dur+ floods4 ,at su* places x is usual1 on "s canals1 to all[ ! p to make cuts 9 ! bank :5 ! wat] atta9s a c]ta9 height4 ,ow+ to ! high level ( ! c\ntry1 no?+ 9 ! nature ( a brea* c occur4 ,9 "o canal division :]e ! above arrangem5t 0 9 =ce1 ! p us$ to s5d applications to ! ,executive ,eng9e] = leave to cut ! banks4 ,?is result$ 9 mu* delay4 ,a li/ 0 prep>$ %[+ exactly :]e ! banks might be cut1 ! p 7 in=m$ & ! =malities 7 mu* r$uc$4 #f4 ,ext5sions & ,remodell+s4 ,an exi/+ canal or di/ribut>y may ne$ remodell+ = v>i\s reasons1 & 9 v>i\s degrees4 ,if ! velocity is too high & ! b$ has sc\r$1 or ! sides h fall5 91 x may be necess>y to raise ! cre/s ( falls1 or to con/ruct int]m$iate weirs1 or to wid5 ! *annel & r$uce ! dep?4 ,if ! comm& is n good x may be necess>y to regrade ! *annel4 ,if silt deposit occurs1 ! cross-section ( ! *annel may h to be alt]$1 to give a bett] relation betwe5 ,d & ,v4 ,if !re is surplus wat]1 ext5sions or enl>gem5ts ( *annels may be desirable & ^! c sometimes be und]tak5 to a mod]ate ext5t m]ely by re/rict+ a some:at too lavi% supply to exi/+ di/ribut>ies4 ,if ! wat] level is dang]\sly high x may h to be l[]$1 or ! banks rais$ & /r5g!n$4 ,sometimes x is desirable to cut (f b5ds ei!r to %ort5 ! *annel & ga9 comm& or because ! b5ds are %>p & cause fall+ 9 ( ! banks or1 if num]\s1 silt+4 ,9 all cases ! g5]al pr9ciples are ! same z = entirely new projects1 b c]ta9 details require consid]ation4 ,! di/ribut>ies ( ! old] canals 7 con/ruct$ be=e ,k5n$y's laws reg>d+ silt+ 7 kn[n1 & x has be5 necess>y to remodel _m ( !m4 ,9 "s cases ! gradi5t 0 wrong1 9 o!rs ! cross-section4#cc ,9 "s cases a di/ribut>y ran 9 r l[ gr\nd1 & x 0 propos$ to ab&on x & con/ruct a new "o on high gr\nd4 ,x 0 h[ev] po9t$ out by ,k5n$y 7,punjab ,irrigation ,pap] ,no4 #aj1 8,remodell+ ( ,di/ribut>ies on old ,canals107 t irrigation _h become e/abli%$ along ! c\rse ( ! di/ribut>y1 t mo/ ( x w\ld rema9 !re & t a new alignm5t w\ld result 9 increas$ l5g? ( wat]c\rses4 ,su* di/ribut>ies h !re=e be5 all[$ to rema9 v mu* z !y 74 #cc ,! difficulty ( r$uc+ ! size ( a *annel :i* is too l>ge is well kn[n & has be5 discuss$ 9 ,riv] & ,canal ,eng9e]+1 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,x is !re expla9$ t a mod]ate r$uction ( wid? c be effect$ by 8bu%+10 b t = great r$uctions1 groynes or tra9+ walls are necess>y4 ,:5 ! b$ ( a di/ribut>y is too l[ x has be5 sugge/$ t x c\ld be rais$ by fill+ 9 e>? 9 ea* alt]nate l5g? ( #ejj feet1 & leav+ ! re/ to silt1 b ?is w\ld be exp5sive4 ,remodell+ %\ld n be consid]$ piecemeal1 b reg>d %\ld be _h to ! :ole *annel4 ,:5 a di/ribut>y is remodell$ ! outlets %\ld ( c\rse be dealt ) z well z ! *annel4 ,! *ief ?+ to consid] is n :e!r ! *annel z x exi/s is exactly z x 0 orig9ally design$ to be1 b h[ x is do+ its "w & :at k9d ( alt]ation x ne$s4 ,ev5 :5 a simple silt cle>ance or b]m cutt+ ( a *annel has to be und]tak51 ! "w ne$ n always consi/ 9 bl9dly re/or+ ! *annel to its orig9al condition4 ,x may be bo? feasible & desirable to remodel x to a slight ext5t1 l[]+ ! wat] = in/ance 9 rea*es :]e ! outlets draw (f v good supplies & ?us b5efit+ less =tunate rea*es l[] d[n4 ,! irrigation b\nd>ies ( ! ext5d$ or remodell$ *annel %\ld z f> z possible foll[ dra9ages1 b ^! are n always important or pron\nc$4 ,! actual irrigation b\nd>ies %\ld be %[n & also ^? ( any neighb\r+ *annels ( o!r canals1 & any suitable adju/m5ts %\ld be made4 ,reg>d+ ! p]c5tage ( area to be irrigat$1 x has already be5 /at$ t "o canal or di/ribut>y irrigates a f> high] p]c5tage ?an ano!r4 ,g5]ally :5 !re is a high p]c5tage 9 any tract1 x is undesirable to cut x d[n unless x has v rec5tly sprung up to ! detrim5t ( o!r tracts4 ,9 "s remodell+ projects a uni=m p]c5tage is tak5 on ! :ole area includ+ bo? new & old irrigation4 ,?is plan is suitable :5 ! p]c5tage ( old irrigation is n v high4 ,9 o!r cases ! old irrigation to be provid$ = may be tak5 z ! maximum area actually irrigat$1 a little be+ p]haps add$ = ext5sions4 ,if ! irrigation ( consid]able areas ( jungle tracts is contemplat$ & if ^! consi/ ( num]\s small pat*es1 a fur!r p]c5tage c be add$ = !m4 ,if !re are l>ge jungle tracts !y c ( c\rse be dealt ) sep>ately & any suitable p]c5tage adopt$ = !m4 ,! p]c5tage = ea* portion ( a remodell+ project is n necess>ily ! same4 ,if ! dis*>ge ( a *annel is increas$1 ! wat]ways ( bridges may ne$ increas+4 ,?is c (t5 be done 7,*apt] ,,ii41 ,art4 #ab7 by mak+ a floor at a l[ level4 ,or ! wat]way may be all[$ to rema9 small1 ! floor be+ add$ at ! b$ level & ! bridge !n becom+ an incomplete fall1 7page #hg74 ,! fall 9 ! wat] surface1 ?\gh small1 c be recognis$ & %[n on ! longitud9al section4 ,9 remodell+ s*emes1 ! longitud9al section %\ld give all possible in=mation4 ,x %\ld %[ n only ! levels ( b$ & banks1 b ! ,f4,s4 levels 79 blue figures7 above & bel[ all falls or regulators1 & ! levels ( floors & wat]ways ( bridges4 ,! plan %\ld %[ all wat]c\rses & ! 8*aks0 or areas assign$ to !m4#cd ,on ea* *ak ! actual av]age irrigation c be %[n 9 blue figures & ! propos$ irrigation 9 r$4 ,! 8draw-(f0 = ea* propos$ outlet c !n be %[n on ! longitud9al section4 ,! area actually irrigat$1 z %[n on ! map1 %\ld 9 ea* case be ! mean ( at lea/ ?ree ye>s1 & if possible ( five ye>s4 ,! numb] ( ye>s %\ld be m5tion$ 9 a note on ! map4 ,cross-sections ( *annels %\ld always be drawn to natural scale1 & n ) ! horizontal scale diff]+ f ! v]tical4 #cd ,! field maps m5tion$ on page #aja are prep>$ to a v l>ge scale & %[ all wat]c\rses4 ,! maps %\ld always be correct$ up to date by ! patw>is4 ,! *ak maps :i* are on a small] scale--say #d in*es to ! mile--c ?us be kept correct4 #g4 ,remodell+ ( outlets4 ,:5 a *annel is remodell$1 ! remodell+ ( ! outlets may consi/ 9 alt]ations ( ! numb] or sites or 9 alt]ations ( _! sizes4 ,reg>d+ ! =m]1 a map %\ld be prep>$ %[+ all wat]c\rses1 *aks & cont\rs4#ce ,on ?is map new l9es = ! wat]c\rses c be %[n1 ! pr9ciples enunciat$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii41 ,art4 #i1 be+ g5]ally foll[$1 b 9 su* a way z to utilise exi/+ wat]c\rses & outlets z f> z possible4 ,! "w (t5 consi/s 9 ! abolition ( a c]ta9 numb] ( wat]c\rses1 :5 ^! are too close toge!r & run p>allel to "o ano!r4 ,!re may1 h[ev]1 be little ga9 9 amalgamat+ two su* wat]c\rses if !y s]ve two diff]5t villages4 ,!re is no?+ to prev5t ! p f divid+ ! wat]c\rse into two z soon z x gets away f ! canal1 & !y are likely to d ?is 9 _m cases4 ,:5 "o bran* has a flatt] slope ?an ! o!r x w\ld lose comm& if x took (f fur!r d[n4 ,! p on ! /eep] bran* might n agree to us+ ! flatt] "o because ( silt tr\ble1 or increas$ height ( embankm5t4 ,9 a new project x is n difficult to get ! p to d :at is ne$$1 b :5 once irrigation has become e/abli%$ x is (t5 difficult to get suitable *anges made4 ,! advantages ( amalgamat+ wat]c\rses1 ?\gh appreciable1 h be5 a good deal exagg]at$4 ,! *ief advantage is ga9$ by r$uction 9 ! sizes ( outlets4 ,!n1 h[ev] _m bran*es ! wat]c\rse may h1 !y c only run 9 turns & n all toge!r4 ,x may happ5 t two wat]c\rses1 ?\gh tak+ (f ne> "o ano!r1 run 9 diff]5t directions & t ! *aks are ( suitable %apes & sizes4 ,9 su* a case ! only advantage ( amalgamat+ is t x saves an outlet 9 ! canal bank4 ,no sav+ 9 ! l5g? ( wat]c\rse w be effect$ because !re w be a bifurcation z soon z ! wat]c\rse leaves ! canal b\nd>y4 ,if bo? outlets are ( suitable design & prop] size or require only slight alt]ation1 bo? c rema9 b o!rwise amalgamation c be effect$4 ,9 "s cases amalgamation might give a dis*>ge great] ?an t usually all[$ = an outlet b ?is ne$ =m no ob/acle4 ,! *ief reason = limit+ ! dis*>ge is ! alleg$ inability ( ! f>m]s to manage a l>ge *annel4 ,?is matt] is exagg]at$ z already /at$ 7page #gd74 ,9 ! case "u consid]ation x obvi\sly makes no diff]5ce :e!r !re are two wat]c\rses ea* dis*>g+ #e c4 ft4 p] second1 or "o dis*>g+ #aj c4 ft4 p] second1 & imm$iately divid+ into two4 ,v small wat]c\rses %\ld1 :5 possible1 be jo9$ to o!rs b if !re is no o!r ne> en\gh !y mu/ g5]ally rema91 h[ev] small !y may be4 #ce ,9 small remodell+ s*emes ! l9es ( exi/+ wat]c\rses %[ h[ ! c\ntry slopes1 & a cont\r plan is n a necessity4 ,reg>d+ ! alt]ations 9 sizes ( outlets1 :e!r or n !re are alt]ations 9 _! numb] & position1 in=mation z to ! actual duties on ! wat]c\rses %\ld be obta9$4 ,! dis*>ge ( ! wat]c\rses %\ld be obs]v$ sev]al times & add$ up & *eck$ ) ! dis*>ge ( ! di/ribut>y4 ,! areas irrigat$ are kn[n f ! irrigation regi/]4 ,if ! duties are abnormal ! causes c be gone into1 & a judgem5t c be =m$ z to h[ f> !y w rema9 9 exi/5ce1 & :e!r any wat]c\rse is (t5 kept clos$4 ,if s ! outlet is too l>ge4 ,! duties1 modifi$ s f> z may seem desirable1 c be us$ = calculat+ ! sizes ( ! remodell$ outlets4 ,b alt]ations ( ! sizes aft] a ye> or two ye>s' work+ w probably be necess>y4 ,! above proc$ure is also applicable to a case :]e ! old wat]c\rses _h no masonry heads b 7 m]ely op5 cuts z on "s inundation canals4 ,a common case is t 9 :i* ! *annel is n remodell$--or at lea/ its wat] level rema9s v mu* z be=e--b m]ely ! outlets are alt]$ 9 numb]1 position or size1 or 9 any or all ( ^!4 ,if ! l& irrigat$ by an outlet is high1 ! irrigation may be f> %ort ( :at 0 expect$1 & ! size ( ! outlet may h to be increas$ or its site %ift$1 g5]ally up/ream4 ,?is is (t5 done at ! reque/ ( ! p1 & at _! exp5se4#cf #cf ,on "s ( ! m mod]n canals ! p are n all[$ to pay = outlets1 s t no "q ( own]%ip c arise4 ,old outlets %\ld always be remov$ :5 sup]s$$ by o!rs4 ,o!rwise !y are apt to be reop5$ or claims set up reg>d+ !m4 ,ne> ! tail ( a *annel ! dis*>ge ( an outlet may be an appreciable fraction ( t ( ! *annel4 ,9 su* a case ! adju/m5t ( ! size ( ! outlet1 & t ( ! *annel or ( any weir or fall 9 ! *annel1 %\ld be consid]$ toge!r1 ! irrigation on ! outlet & t on ! *annel d[n/ream ( x be+ comp>$4 ,& simil>ly z to ! sizes ( any two or m tail outlets4 ,su* outlets are sometimes left )\t masonry heads on ! gr\nd t ?is injures no "o4 ,x may injure an outlet up/ream ( !m by draw+ d[n ! wat]4 ,tail outlets (t5 ne$ con/ruct+ or r$uc+ 9 size to raise ! wat] level 9 ! rea* up/ream ( !m4 ,:5ev] ! size ( an old outlet is alt]$ ! design %\ld be alt]$ if unsuitable4 ,! p>apets %\ld be br\ght into prop] l9e1 ! roadway correct$1 ! floor level adju/$ & any splay$ w+ walls aboli%$4 ,if ! outlet is skew x %\ld be made squ>e4 ,all ?is %\ld also be done to all old outlets or heads ( m9ors ev5 if ! sizes are correct1 :5ev] remodell+ ( outlets on any *annel is und]tak54#cg #cg ,:]ev] an outlet is built or alt]$1 a template1 made to ! exact size ( b>rel requir$1 %\ld be suppli$ to ! subord9ate 9 *>ge ( ! "w4 ,x 0 /at$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 t ! con/ruction ( masonry outlets on a di/ribut>y is n usually a f9al settlem5t ( ! matt]4 ,9 _m cases a prop] proportion ( wat] does n rea* ! tail4 ,ev5 9 su* a case matt]s h occasionally be5 left alone1 or ! old & p]nici\s sy/em ( clos+ ! upp] outlets has be5 resort$ to4 ,9 su* circum/ances ! irrigation ( a gr\p ( tail villages w be f\nd to be less ?an t ( a gr\p high] up1 ! p to "s ext5t acquiesc+ 9 ! old idea t a tail village mu/ be a suff]]4 ,gov]nm5t1 or at lea/ ! ,irrigation ,dep>tm5t1 has no p>ticul> direct int]e/ 9 ! matt]4 ,! total area irrigat$1 w probably be v mu* ! same 9 any case4 ,b an eng9e] :o takes an int]e/ 9 ?is "p ( 8 "w w n all[ matt]s to rema9 long 9 ! /ate describ$4 ,he w1 ( 8 own accord1 adju/ ! outlets & equalise1 z f> z possible1 ! irrigat$ p]c5tages4 ,! p w di/urb matt]s to "s ext5t by enl>g+ wat]c\rses1 b !re is a limit to ?is & x c be met by an occasional r$uction ( an outlet4 ,a di/ribut>y1 :5 once its outlets h be5 c>efully adju/$1 atta9s to some?+ approa*+ p]fection 9 its work+4 ,any excess 9 ! supply is tak5 p>tly by ! upp] outlets b "p ( x gets to ! tail4 ,simil>ly any defici5cy 9 ! supply is di/ribut$ ov] ! *annel4 ,! outlets :i* h a poor comm& & small head are mo/ affect$ 9 ei!r case4 ,on ! :ole !y d n lose or ga9 m ?an ! o!rs4 ,! work+ ( su* a di/ribut>y causes great satisfaction to ! eng9e] & n ! lea/ +r$i5t 9 ?is is ! k t he has :olly de/roy$ ! p[] ( 8 native subord9ate4 ,9 an inundation canal division 9 ! ,punjab1 "s doz5 di/ribut>ies1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #e to #bh miles1 & ) dis*>ges rang+ up to #cjj c4 feet p] second1 7 dealt ) z above 9 "o season4 ,! eng9e] 9 *>ge be+ specially desir\s t suffici5t wat] %\ld rea* ! tails1 r$uc$ ! sizes ( "s outlets too mu*4 ,:5 an outlet ( #a or #b sq4 feet has to be r$uc$ to a small fraction ( its size x is n easy to say :at ! fraction %all be4 ,wat] rea*$ ! tails ( all ! *annels 9 suffici5t quantity1 9 "s cases 9 r m quantity ?an 0 necess>y4 ,:5 ! irrigation regi/] 0 exam9$1 x 0 f\nd t ! g5]al results 7 entirely satisfactory4 ,9 a small proportion ( cases outlets _h irrigat$ too little & _h to be re-enl>g$ some:at4 ,aft] a second season h>dly any *anges 7 ne$$4 ,:5 any silt cle>ance or b]m-cutt+ seem$ necess>y ! irrigation regi/] aga9 came into play4 ,if1 = in/ance ! tail outlets1 z a :ole1 7 receiv+ too little wat]1 enl>gem5t ( ! up/ream rea*es 0 effect$ ) consequ5t l[]+ ( ! wat] level !re4 ,9 ! case above describ$ ! *annels fl[$ = only five mon?s 9 ! ye>4 ,"s ( !m silt$ a good deal b z ?is silt+ 0 r\ghly ! same e ye>1 x did n greatly affect ! "q ( outlet sizes4 ,on a p]5nial di/ribut>y ( :i* ! head rea* silts dur+ "p ( ! ye> & sc\rs dur+ ! o!r "p1 a prop] di/ribution ( supply by adju/m5t ( outlet sizes alone may be m difficult4 ,if ! silt 0 frequ5tly cle>$1 ?is w\ld cause ne$less exp5se & int]f]5ce ) irrigation4 ,9 cases :]e ! di/ribut>y is n run con/antly1 some?+ c be done by att5d+ to ! regulation4 ,:5 !re is silt 9 ! head rea*1 ! dis*>ge c be r$uc$ & ! p]iod ( fl[ proportionately increas$4 ,! l[]$ wat] level r$uces ! supplies ( ! upp] outlets1 & increases ! dis*>ges ( ^? l[] d[n4 ,moreov] ! p]iodical silt+ & sc\r are n always s]i\s4 ,also x is n ess5tial t ! supply to ea* wat]c\rse %\ld be exactly ! same e ye>4 ,!re are always good & bad seasons4 ,x is suffici5t if a wat]c\rse is n all[$ to suff] on ! :ole1 & is nev] all[$ to suff] mu*4 ,!re is no d\bt t x is possible to deal satisfactorily 9 ! above mann] ) v _m di/ribut>ies4 ,x is frequ5tly report$ t 8difficulty is exp]i5c$ 9 gett+ wat] to ! tail40 ,?is is ow+ to timidity 9 r$uc+ ! sizes ( outlets4 ,! suitable plan is to r$uce !m to su* an ext5t z to cause a prop] supply to rea* ! tail & !n1 if necess>y to enl>ge "s4 ,x has be5 already rem>k$ t only a %ort l5g? ( ! b>rel ne$ be alt]$4 ,! co/ ( ?is is v small4 ,! real difficulty 9 ! case is n ! impossibility ( secur+ good results1 b ! impracticability1 9 _m cases1 ( secur+ ! con/ant att5tion :i* ! proc$ure dem&s4#ch #ch ,see also ,*apt] ,v4 ,art #c4 #h4 ,miscellane\s ,items4 ,at ! headworks ( a canal !re is a p]man5t /aff ( m5 :o "w ! gates & look aft] ! works4 ,!y assi/ 9 dis*>ge obs]vations & 9 read+ ! gauges1 & !y may h to take s\nd+s 9 ! riv] to see :at *anges are tak+ place4 ,"s "o is on wat* day & night & reads ! gauges at frequ5t int]vals4 ,! (fic] 9 *>ge occasionally inspects ! works at night )\t notice4 ,detail$ rules reg>d+ ! above matt]s1 & any o!rs t are necess>y ow+ to special local conditions1 are drawn up4 ,sometimes !re is difficulty 9 gett+ ! /aff to att5d prop]ly to ! regulation ( ! supply 9 ! canal at night4 ,probably "s 8tell-tale0 wat*es w\ld be useful4 ,!y w\ld at lea/ %[ ! times at :i* ! m5 conc]n$ w5t to ! gauges or o!r po9ts4 ,at ! headworks1 & at all important regulators1 a /ock ( concrete blocks %\ld be kept ready = ! execution ( any urg5t repairs4 ,reg>d+ ! ord9>y ma9t5ance "w on ! *annels1 details are giv5 9 ,app5dices ,b & ,c4 ,app5dix ,d1 repr9t$ f ,punjab ,riv]s & ,works1 conta9s rules = wat*+ & protect+ any banks or embankm5ts :i* require x4 ,silt cle>ances & b]m cutt+ ( *annels h be5 m5tion$ 9 ,art4 #a4 ,special att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! accurate rang+ ( ! c5tre l9e4 ,o!rwise ! *annel may become crook$4 ,! great defect 9 ! e>?work ord9>ily met ) 9 ! banks ( canals & di/ribut>ies is t ! clods are n brok54 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is new banks are extremely liable to brea*1 & mu* tr\ble & exp5se result4 ,sometimes a dam is ?r[n across a new di/ribut>y1 & ! *annel up/ream ( x is gradually fill$ ) wat]1 ! bank be+ wat*$ & leakages made good4 ,! dam is !n %ift$ to a place fur!r d[n4 ,9 ?is way ! banks are consolidat$4 ,:5 a di/ribut>y is clos$ = silt cle>ance or o!r "w1 if ! head regulator has planks & a d\ble set ( grooves1 x is possible to /op all leakage by fill+ 9 e>? betwe5 ! two sets ( planks & ramm+ x1 b o!rwise x is necess>y to con/ruct an e>!n dam j bel[ ! regulator4 ,up/ream ( ! dam ! wat]1 ow+ to ! leakage ?r\gh ! planks1 gates or ne$les1 rises to ! same level z ! wat] 9 ! canal4 ,native subord9ates h a rem>kable aptitude = all[+ su* dams to break :ile ! "w 9 ! di/ribut>y is 9 progress or be=e x is measur$4 ,n[ & !n ! dam is wilfully cut4 ,! rem$y is to make ! dam ( prop] /r5g?--! top %\ld be #h feet wide & a foot above ! wat]1--& to h x wat*$ day & night4 ,at a b5d 9 a *annel !re is (t5 a silt bank next ! convex bank1 & a holl[ ne> ! concave bank4 ,! av]age b$ level is probably v mu* ! same z 9 ! /raight rea*es4 ,removal ( ! silt bank is unnecess>y1 & if remov$ x quickly =ms aga94 ,any l5g? ( *annel 9 :i* ! dep? ( silt to be cle>$ is small1 say #ej foot 9 a l>ge *annel & #dj foot 9 a small "o1 %\ld n be cle>$1 provid$ its l5g? is consid]able 7say #a1jjj feet71 & t x is n close to 7say )9 #c1jjj or #b1jjj feet f7 ! head ( ! *annel4 ,e/imates %\ld be prep>$ accord+ly1 ! %all[ digg+ be+ /ruck out4 ,cle>+ a small dep? ( silt m]ely gives contractors a *ance ( *eat+ by scrap+ ! b$4 ,if ! wat]c\rses at ! tail ( a di/ribut>y are silt$1 ! p %\ld be press$ to cle> !m4 ,o!rwise !re w be head+ up ( ! wat] ( ! di/ribut>y1 & silt deposit may result4 ,:5 a *annel is sc\r$1 any regulator 9 x c be kept p>tly clos$ s z to r$uce ! surface slope 9 ! rea* up/ream ( ! regulator & enc\rage ! deposit ( silt4 ,a table %\ld1 9 su* cases1 be drawn up giv+ ! gauge read+s to be ma9ta9$ at ! tail ( ! rea* correspond+ to giv5 read+s at ! head4 ,v>i\s me?ods ( protect+ banks are describ$ 9 ,riv] & ,canal ,eng9e]+1 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,! gr[+ ( plants on ! inn] slopes ( *annels ^: sides fall 91 ne$s special att5tion4 ,"s rem>ks on ?is are giv5 9 ,punjab ,riv]s & ,works1 ,*apt] ,,ii41 ,art4 #c4 ,a specification = bu%+ is giv5 9 ,app5dix ,e ( ?is volume4 ,a ,subdivisional ,(fic] g5]ally receives a /eady /ream ( applications f memb]s ( ! irrigat+ community reg>d+--among o!r matt]s--outlets or wat]c\rses4 ,g5]ally ^! applications are made ov] to ! zillad> to be report$ on4 ,9 a l>ge numb] ( cases ! applicant /ates t ! irrigation ( 8 l& or 8hold+0 is n satisfactory1 or has fall5 (f1 & sometimes he asks t x may be transf]r$1 :olly or 9 "p1 to ano!r wat]c\rse :i* he ?9ks w give a bett] supply4 ,9 all su* cases1 & 9 "s o!rs1 ! fir/ requirem5t is a /atem5t ( ! irrigation figures4 ,! irrigation regi/] gives only ! total = ! wat]c\rse4 ,a pr9t$ =m %\ld be prep>$ ) spaces = %[+ ! "n ( ! di/ribut>y1 villages1 wat]c\rses1 hold+s & applicants conc]n$1 & ! nature ( ! application4 ,bel[ ?is is a =m1 prep>$ some:at z %[n bel[4 ,:5 ?is =m is fill$ 91 ! /ate ( affairs c at once be se5 & mu* tr\ble is sav$4 ,! zillad> obta9s ! figures f ! old field regi/]s4 ,! am\nt ( detail requir$ z to ! applicant's l&s dep5ds on ! nature ( 8 application4 ,if x deals ) only "p ( 8 l& ! o!r p>ts %\ld also be %[n4 ,he may = in/ance be giv+ a disproportionate %>e ( wat] to "o "p4 ,if a transf] to ano!r wat]c\rse is ask$ =1 ! figures = t wat]c\rse are also requir$4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,areas 9 ,acres4 ,applicant's ,hold+4 ,total (,total ( ------------------------------- ,wat]- ,di/rib- ,total4 c\rse4 ut>y4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,culturable comm&$4 ,net #ai444-ai444 irri-#ai444-ai444 gat$#ai444-ai444 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,total ( #c ye>s ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,av]age ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,p] c5t4 ( culturable comm&$ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,if an application ref]s to a :ole wat]c\rse1 ! ,subdivisional ,(fic] c frequ5tly1 ) ! aid ( an irrigation regi/] & a set ( *ak maps1 bo? kept up to date1 dispose p]sonally ( ! case4 ,a good plan is to settle cases :5 on t\r ne> ! place conc]n$1 ! applicant & ! zillad> be+ pres5t z well z any o!r p]sons conc]n$4 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( cases h to come up aga9 on ! foll[+ t\r1 b all are settl$ 9 less "t ?an is occupi$ if ! pap]s g up & d[n betwe5 ! ,subdivisional ,(fic] & ! zillad>1 ! 8file0 ( pap]s 9 any p>ticul> case be+ con/antly swoll5 by rem9d]s f ! applicant4#ci ,moreov]1 ! applicants "k t _! views are kn[n to ! ,subdivisional ,(fic]4 ,if ! outlets on a *annel ne$ a g5]al remodell+1 su* applications z ^? "u consid]ation receive att5tion 9 connection ) ! s*eme4 ,o!rwise all ! applications conc]n+ "o di/ribut>y c be consid]$ toge!r4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a case is press+1 or ! /eps to be tak5 obvi\s1 x c be settl$ )\t ref]5ce to any o!r case4 #ci ,! plan ( p]sonal settlem5t is di/a/eful n only to ! subord9ates1 b to ! mun%i :o has *>ge ( ! 8v]nacul> files40 ,ord9>ily he c delay a case1 or manipulate x to "s ext5t4 ,! g5]al arrangem5ts = ! 8rev5ue0 "w or assessm5t ( wat] rates h be5 /at$ 9 ,art4 #a4 ,9 ! ,punjab ! remissions = fail$ crops are a s\rce ( tr\ble4 ,9 "s di/ricts ! fail$ areas are small1 & no p>ticul> tr\ble arises1 b 9 o!r di/ricts su* areas are (t5 v l>ge4 ,on p]5nial canals ! crop inspection is done by ! zillad>s1 on mo/ ( ! inundation canals by ! subord9ates ( ! ,di/rict ,magi/rate4#dj ,9 bo? cases ! am\nt ( lab\r involv$ is enorm\s1 & ! corruption to :i* ! sy/em gives rise is also enorm\s4 ,9 ! case ( ! inundation canals ! sup]ior /aff ( ! ,di/rict ,magi/rate nom9ally make *ecks1 b ! "t at _! disposal is :olly inadequate4 ,9 ! case ( ! p]5nial canals ! ,canal ,eng9e]s are able to ex]cise consid]able *ecks1 b no?+ l en\gh4 ,9 fact ! /ate ( a crop & ! proportion ( ! *>ge on x :i* %\ld be remitt$ is a difficult ?+ to judge1 ev5 if ! subord9ates 7 )\t guile4 ,x is und]/ood t a new & /atesmanlike sy/em is n[ to be introduc$1 ! ,di/rict ,magi/rate decid+1 9 consultation ) ! ,executive ,eng9e]1 :e!r ! season is su* z to call = any g5]al remission = ea* k9d ( crop1 &1 if s1 to :at ext5t4 ,! proportion to be remitt$ 9 t crop is !n to be fix$1 & x is to be ! same = e "o4 #dj ,(ficially call$ ! 8,collector0 9 "s prov9ces1 & 8,deputy ,commission]0 9 o!rs4 ,x has be5 m5tion$ t "s irrigation is effect$ by lift4 ,! simple/ =m ( lift is a horizontal pole :i* re/s1 n f> f its ?ick end1 on a support4 ,f its ?ick end is susp5d$ a bucket1 & f its ?9 end a weight4 ,a man lifts ! ?9 end s t ! bucket !n dips into ! wat] & is fill$4 ,pull+ d[n ! ?9 end he raises ! bucket & empties x4 ,a greatly improv$ lift+ app>atus is ! ,p]sian :eel :i* is v]tical & has slung f x1 l ! buckets ( a dr$g] b mov+ v]tically1 a numb] ( e>!n j>s1 :i* scoop up ! wat]4 ,z ea* j> passes ov] ! top ( ! :eel x assumes a horizontal position1 dis*>ges its wat] into a %oot1 & desc5ds 9 an inv]t$ position4 ,! :eel is mov$ by a simple cog-:eel arrangem5t actuat$ by a bullock :i* is driv5 r\nd & r\nd 9 a circul> track4 ,! ,p]sian :eel is us$ = lifts ( any height4 ,! lift f a canal wat]c\rse is a few feet1 t f a well may be #ej feet or m4 ,mo/ p]sons consid] t a sy/em ( *>g+ = wat] by volume w\ld be a v great advance on pres5t me?ods4 ,x has be5 said t if ! wat] 7 wa/$ x w\ld be difficult = ! cultivators to br+ home ! responsibility to any individual4 ,?is objection does n seem to h great =ce4 ,e individual w\ld h a direct int]e/ 9 economis+ ! wat]1 & any cultivator :o 0 habitually c>eless w\ld soon be detect$ by ! o!rs4 ,9 all probability ! result w\ld be a great improvem5t 9 ! duty ( ! wat]4 ,b ! ju/ice ( any v rigid sy/em ( *>g+ by volume is some:at d\btful4 ,! great diff]5ce 9 ! duty ( wat] on diff]5t wat]c\rses has be5 m5tion$ m ?an once4 ,_m ( ! causes ( ?is are beyond ! control ( ! f>m]s1 & x w\ld probably be necess>y to *>ge r$uc$ rates to "s ( !m4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,punjab ,,triple ,,canal ,,project4#da #da ,see ,report on ! ,project ,e/imates ( ! ,upp] ,jhelum1 ,upp] ,*5ab1 & ,l[] ,b>i ,doab ,canals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 #a4 ,g5]al ,description4 ,fig4 #bf %[s "p ( ! ,punjab4 ,! areas m>k$ ,l4,j41 ,l4,c41 ,u4,b4,d41 & ,s4,c4 are already irrigat$ by ! ,l[] ,jhelum1 ,l[] ,*5ab1 ,upp] ,b>i ,doab#db & ,sirh9d ,canals4 ,! areas :i* x is consid]$ v desirable to irrigate1 & :i* are provid$ = 9 ! ,triple ,canal ,project1 are m>k$ ,u4,j41 ,u4,c41 & ,l4,b4,d41 & ! new canals are %[n by dott$ l9es4 ,o!r areas ne$+ irrigation lie on ! left bank ( ! l[] "p ( ! ,sutlej1 p>tly 9 ,briti% t]ritory & p>tly 9 ,bahawalpur ,/ate1 & "o area1#dc ( scant ra9fall & subject to occasional fam9e1 lies imm$iately ,s\? ( ! ,sirh9d ,canal tract4 ,!re is also a v l>ge area betwe5 ! ,indus & ! ,jhelum1 & x has be5 propos$ to irrigate x f ! ,indus1 b on acc\nt ( ! pres5ce ( s&-hills ! project is n likely to be s useful z o!rs1 & x is held 9 abeyance4 ,p]haps a small canal may be con/ruct$1 z a t5tative measure1 to irrigate "p ( ! tract4 #db ,doab means 8two wat]s10 or ! tract betwe5 two riv]s4 ,! names ( ! ?ree ,doabs "u consid]ation are =m$ f ^? ( ! riv]s4 ,!y are call$ ! ,je* 7,jhelum-,*5ab71 ,re*na 7,ravi-,*5ab71 & ,b>i 7,beas-,ravi7 ,doabs4 #dc ,x w\ld be v exp5sive to br+ wat] = ?is tract f ! ,beas & across ! ,sutlej4 ,! w9t] dis*>ges ( ! riv]s 7available = ! rabi crop7 aft] ! exi/+ irrigation has be5 suppli$1 are z foll[s3 ,indus1 #i1dcd c4 feet p] second 7m9imum7 ,jhelum1 #f1hjj 7av]age7 ,*5ab1 ,nil ,ravi1 ,nil ,beas1 #d1jjj 7m9imum7 ,sutlej1 ,nil ,9 summ] all ! riv]s h dis*>ges 7available = ! kh>if crop7 f> exce$+ any requirem5ts4 ,x 0 at "o "t propos$ to supply ! ,l[] ,b>i ,doab ,canal f ne> ! junction ( ! ,beas & ,sutlej1 & a project = ?is 0 prep>$1 b be=e x 0 sanction$ a proposal 0 put =w>d to convey ! surplus wat] ( ! ,jhelum ea/w>d across ! ,*5ab & ,ravi4 ,?is valuable sugge/ion 0 made by ,sir ,james ,wilson1 :o 0 !n ,settlem5t ,commission] ( ! ,punjab1 &1 indep5d5tly1 by ! late ,colonel ,s4 ,l4 ,jacob1 ,r4,e41 :o _h be5 a ,*ief ,eng9e] 9 ! ,punjab4 ,! proposals 71 h[ev]1 to take (f ! supply f ! ,jhelum l[] d[n ?an z n[ arrang$ 9 ! ,triple ,project4 ,?is w\ld h result$ 9 only a p>tial utilisation ( ! ,jhelum wat]1 9 mutilation or heavy alt]ations to ! exi/+ ,l[] ,jhelum & ,l[] ,*5ab ,canals1 9 = ev] deb>r+ ! ,upp] ,jhelum & ,upp] ,*5ab tracts f irrigation1 & 9 a v co/ly s*eme = ! ,l[] ,b>i ,doab ,canal4#dd #dd ,colonel ,jacob made 8 sugge/ion :5 9 ,engl& aft] retir+ f ,india1 & :5 he _h no levels to guide him4 ,! ,triple ,project z prep>$ by ,sir ,john ,b5ton1 ,k4,c4,i4,e41 rec5tly ,inspector ,g5]al ( ,irrigation 9 ,india1 gets ov] all ! above objections4 ,! ,upp] ,jhelum ,canal is to irrigate ! c\ntry :i* x trav]ses1 & 9 ! w9t]1 :5 ! supply 9 ! riv]s is re/rict$1 x is to deliv] into ! riv] ,*5ab1 above ! weir at ! head ( ! ,l[] ,*5ab ,canal1 a dis*>ge equal to t drawn out high] up by ! ,upp] ,*5ab ,canal4#de ,?us ! ,l[] ,*5ab ,canal1 :i* at pres5t draws (f ! :ole ( ! wat] ( ! ,*5ab 9 w9t]1 w n be injuri\sly affect$ 9 any way4 ,! ,upp] ,*5ab ,canal aft] irrigat+ its own tract is to deliv] a l>ge volume ( wat] into ! ,ravi4 ,! wat] w be tak5 across t riv] by a level cross+1 & supply ! ,l[] ,b>i ,doab ,canal4 ,! wat] br\ght into ! ,sutlej f ! ,beas w rema9 available = irrigation on ! left bank ( ! ,sutlej1 or possibly = ! dry tract ,s\? ( ! ,sirh9d ,canal area4 ,?is f9e s*eme pres5t$ _m difficulties & is necess>ily co/ly4 ,! wat] has to be convey$ a great di/ance1 & !re w be mu* loss by absorption4 ,! ,ravi cross+ w be a v heavy "w4 ,! ,upp] ,jhelum ,canal has to be tak5 by a circuit\s c\rse r\nd a range ( hills1 & to cross num]\s heavy torr5ts4 ,! s*eme w1 h[ev]1 prove remun]ative 9 spite ( imm5se difficulties z to lab\r1 caus$ by ! outbreak ( plague 9 ! ,punjab a few ye>s ago4 #de ,! ,indus is at a high] level ?an ! ,jhelum4 ,! latt] riv] runs 9 a comp>atively deep valley1 & x is un=tunately impossible to convey ! wat] ( ! ,indus across ?is valley4 #b4 ,areas & ,dis*>ges4 ,! figures on :i* ! dis*>ges 9 ! ,triple ,project are bas$ =m a useful & int]e/+ object lesson4 ,9 ord] to obta9 suffici5t wat] 9 ! w9t]1 x is necess>y to r$uce ! rabi supply to ! exi/+ ,l[] ,jhelum ,canal4 ,! figure above giv5 = ! ,jhelum indicates ! supply available aft] ! r$uction4 ,m wat] w be suppli$ to ! ,l[] ,jhelum ,canal = ! kh>if1 ! canal be+ enl>g$ = ?is purpose1 & its total irrigation w be unaffect$4 ,! proportion ( ! culturable comm&$ area to be irrigat$ 9 ! new tracts is #ge p] c5t41 b f ?is ! area irrigat$ by wells 9 ! ,upp] ,jhelum & ,upp] ,*5ab tracts is d$uct$4 ,on ! ,l[] ,b>i ,doab ,canal !re is little well ,irrigation1 b !re are "s l[-ly+ tracts ne> ! riv]s1 & ( ^! only #ej p] c5t4 w be irrigat$4 ,! kh>if & rabi areas are 9 all cases to be equal4 ,! areas to be irrigat$ 9 ea* crop are z bel[-- ,l[] ,jhelum ,canal #chc1jia acres ,upp] ,jhelum ,canal #agb1dhj ,upp] ,*5ab ,canal #cbd1ahd ,l[] ,b>i ,doab ,canal #dda1bfd --------- ,total #a1cba1jai ,! total1 exclud+ ! exi/+ ,l[] ,jhelum ,canal1 is #icg1ibh acres4 ,) an equal area 9 ! o!r crop1 ! new annual irrigation am\nts to #a1hge1hef acres4 ,! kh>if duty is tak5 z #ajj acres at ! di/ribut>y heads1 ?is be+ ab\t ! figure actually obta9$ on ! ,l[] ,*5ab & ,upp] ,b>i ,doab ,canals1 & ! requir$ kh>if dis*>ges at ! di/ribut>y heads are3 ,l[] ,jhelum #c1hba c4 feet p] second ,upp] #a1gbe ,*5ab #c1bdb ,l[] ,b>i ,doab #d1dac ----- ,total1 exclud+ ,l[] ,jhelum #i1chj ,! losses ( wat] 9 canal & bran*es h be5 f\nd to be1 on ! ,upp] ,b>i ,doab ,canal #aj c4 feet p] second1 & on ! ,l[] ,*5ab ,canal #h c4 feet p] second1 p] million squ>e feet ( wett$ area respectively4 ,! conditions ( ! latt] canal mo/ resemble ^? on ! new canals "u consid]ation4 ,! losses calculat$ on ! wett$ areas ( ! *annels1 z design$1 at #h c4 feet p] second p] million squ>e feet1 are z foll[s1 9 c4 feet p] second3 ,l[] ,jhelum ,canal #fbd #a1bhh ,upp] ,jhelum ,canal #ffd ,upp] ,*5ab ,canal #a1afa #b1abf ,l[] ,b>i ,doab ,canal #ife ----- ,total #c1dad ,b 9 dry ye>s ! canals w be work$ 9 rotation dur+ ! rabi1 ! ,upp] ,*5ab & ,l[] ,b>i ,doab ,canals be+ work$ toge!r1 & ! ,upp] ,jhelum & ,l[] ,jhelum toge!r4 ,:5 ! ,l[] ,jhelum ,canal is clos$1 9 c\rse ( rotation1 ! ,upp] ,jhelum ,canal w /ill be fl[+1 & ! loss 9 x1 #ffd c4 feet p] second1 has to be add$ to ! figure 7#b1abf7 giv5 above1 ?us br++ up ! loss to #b1gij c4 feet p] second4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 :at ! /ate ( affairs w be 9 ! rabi1 ! /ati/ics obta9$ on ! ,l[] ,*5ab ,canal 7 exam9$4 ,^! %[ t ! rabi duty at ! di/ribut>y heads on t canal is #bjf acres4 ,on ! ,upp] ,b>i ,doab ,canal ! duty at ! di/ribut>y heads is #bfc acres1 b #aa p] c5t4 ( ! area receives only 8fir/ wat]+s40 ,! duty bas$ on ! rema9+ area is #bcd acres4 ,b ! above duties are only atta9$ by runn+ high] supplies 9 ,octob] & ,m>* ?an dur+ ! int]v5+ f\r mon?s ( ! crop4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks & figures are tak5 f ! ,report on ! ,project ,e/imates3-- 8,! /ati/ics ( work+ ( di/ribut>ies ( ! ,*5ab & ,b>i ,doab ,canals give ! av]age dis*>ges %[n 9 ! foll[+ table = ! ?ree ye>s end+ ) #aijc-jd4 ,! losses by absorption are calculat$ on ! wett$ areas = ! diff]5t rotational p]iods4 ,! av]age dis*>ge less absorption is ! supply :i* rea*$ ! heads ( ! di/ribut>ies4 ,,*5ab ,,canal4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,p]iod4 ,,av]- -------------------------------------- ,,age4 ,,p>ticul>s4 ,octo- ,octo- ,no- ,de-,janu- ,feb-,m>*4 b] b] vem- cem-ary4 ru- #a/- #af?- b] b] ary #ae? #ca/ ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,cu- ,cu- ,cu- ,cu- ,cu- ,cu- ,cu- ,cu- secs4 secs4secs4secs4secs4secs4 secs4 secs4 ,av]age supply ent]+ head ( canal #aj1aifaj1bheg1ghhe1eice1abge1ejj #f1fjc #f1hji ,d$uct absorption #a1fcc #a1fcca1beja1jeca1jcba1aga #a1dcc #a1bfb ---------------------------------------- ---- ,supply at di/rib- ut>y heads = #a1aee1fhe acres1 ! av]age ,b>i area #h1efc #h1febf1echd1eajd1jied1cbi #e1agj #e1edf ---------------------------------------- ---- ,proportional supply = #a1afd1eie acres #h1fca #h1gbaf1eijd1egfd1abhd1cfd #e1baa #e1eia ,add absorption = new projects #c1dad #c1dadb1acib1acib1acib1aci #c1dad #b1efd ---------------------------------------- ---- ,supply requir$ = new projects at heads ( canals#ab1jdeab1jceh1gbif1gaef1bfgf1ejc #h1fbe #h1aee ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- 8,! av]age dis*>ge giv5 by ! ?ird l9e is #e1edf1 & ! av]age area be+ #a1aee1fhe acres1 ! duty at ! heads ( di/ribut>ies 0 #bjh4 8,! area #a1afd1eie is ! p]5nial rabi irrigation ( ! new projects1 ! area #aef1dbd acres1 receiv+ only fir/ wat]+s1 be+ omitt$ to admit ( a fair comp>ison1 & is only #a p] c5t4 "u ! av]age atta9$ on ! ,*5ab ,canal 9 ! ?ree ye>s = :i* ! table is prep>$4 8,! absorption add$ = ! two fir/ p]iods is on ! supposition t all ! canals are op5 ?r\gh\t ,octob] & ,m>*1 tatill+#df ) an av]age absorption loss ( #b1aci cusecs#dg be+ 9 =ce dur+ ! o!r f\r mon?s4 ,! la/ l9e ( ! table %[s ! av]age ,rabi dis*>ge requir$ by ! new projects at ! heads ( canals1 inclusive ( all losses calculat$ on ! ,*5ab ,canal basis ( a duty ( #bjh acres p] cusec obta9$ at ! heads ( di/ribut>ies4 #df 8,ttl0 is ! ,indian ^w = rotational closure4 #dg 8,cusec0 is us$ 9 ,india = c4 ft4 p] second4 8,! ,b>i ,doab ,canal /ati/ics furni% ! means ( ! adequacy ( available supply be+ gaug$4 ,! foll[+ table furni%es p>ticul>s = ! av]age supply ( wat] ent]+ ! head ( ! canal = ! five ye>s #ahih-ii1 #ahii-aijj1 #aija-jb1 #aijb-jc1 #aijc-jd4 ,! figures = ! ye> #aijj-ja are omitt$1 z x 0 a v abnormal "o ( v pl5te\s supply & heavy ra9fall3-- 8,! av]age irrigation = ! five ye>s 9 "q 0 #ddb1cjb inclusive ( #aa p] c5t4 :i* only receives fir/ wat]+s4 ,?is divid$ by ! av]age supply1 #a1fhe1 ent]+ ! head ( a canal gives a duty ( #bfc acres p] cusec at ! heads ( di/ribut>ies4 ,,b>i ,,doab ,,canal4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,p]iod4 ,,av]- -------------------------------------- ,,age4 ,,p>ticul>s4 ,octo- ,octo- ,no- ,de-,janu- ,feb-,m>*4 b] b] vem- cem-ary4 ru- #a/- #af?- b] b] ary #ae? #ca/ ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,cu- ,cu- ,cu- ,cu- ,cu- ,cu- ,cu- ,cu- secs4 secs4secs4secs4secs4secs4 secs4 secs4 ,av]age supply ent]+ head ( canal #c1gfi #b1hifb1agja1geea1fbba1iaf #b1iji #b1bhd ,d$uct absorption #eii #eii #eii #eii #eii #eii #eii #eii ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,supply at heads ( di/ribut>ies 7a7 #c1agj #b1biga1egaa1aefa1jbca1cag #b1caj #a1fhe ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,correspond+ supply = new s*emes #c figures l9e 7a7 #i1eaj #f1hiad1gacc1dfhc1jfic1iea #f1icj #e1jee ,add absorption = new projects #c1dad #c1dadb1acib1acib1acib1aci #c1dad #b1efd ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,supply requir$ = new projects at heads ( canals#ab1ibdaj1cjef1hebe1fjge1bjhf1jija j1cdd #g1fai ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- 8,! rabi irrigation ( ! new projects is #a1cba1jai acres1#dh & ?is divid$ by #ddb1cjb gives approximately ! multipli] #c ref]r$ to at 7a7 9 ! above table4 #dh ,includ+ ! ,l[] ,jhelum4 8,! figures giv5 9 ! above table & 9 ! =ego+ rem>ks relate to ! aggregate ( ! areas 9 ! rabi :i* receives a p]5nial supply & :i* only receives fir/ & la/ wat]+s4 ,on ! ,upp] ,b>i ,doab ,canal ! rabi :i* receives p]5nial irrigation is av]agely #cic1fdi acres2 ! av]age supply ( #a1fhe cusecs gives on ?is area a duty ( #bcd acres p] cusec at ! heads ( ! di/ribut>ies4 8,9 ! case ( ! ?ree projects ! aggregate rabi area receiv+ p]5nial irrigation z %[n by ! table1 p>agraph #badi supra1 is #a1afd1eie acres3 ?is is #bif times #cic1fdi2 s t ! proportional supply requir$ on ?is basis w\ld be slightly less ?an t giv5 by ! multipli] #c 9 ! above table4 #di ,n pr9t$4 ,! area is ! total rabi area less ! area :i* is to receive only fir/ wat]+s4 ,9 explanation ( ! diff]5ce ( ! duties3-- ,l[] ,*5ab ,canal #bjh acres p] cusec1 ,upp] ,b>i ,doab ,canal #bcd ditto1 x may be /at$ t ! ,l[] ,*5ab ,canal is a comp>atively new "w1 & t ! duty has be5 /eadily ris+ &1 ) ! p]fect wat]c\rse sy/em1 may be reli$ on to rea* ! ,upp] ,b>i ,doab ,canal #bcd acres p] cusec 9 ! c\rse ( "t = wat] arriv+ at ! heads ( di/ribut>ies4 99 99 99 99 99 8#bg4 ,summ>y ( conclusions z to suffici5cy ( supply4--,! foll[+ table %[s all ! =ego+ results 9 a =m readily admitt+ ( comp>ison3-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,p>tic- ,,p]iod4 ,,ul>s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ #a/ to #f? to ,novem- ,de- ,janu- ,febru- ,m>*4 #ae? #ca/ b]4 cem- ary4 ary4 ,octob]4,octob]4 b]4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,cusecs4 ,cusecs4,cusecs4 ,cu- ,cu- ,cusecs4 ,cusecs4 secs4 secs4 ,,av]age ,,supplies ,,available4 ,v fa- v\rable #ba1djj #ae1aej #aa1hejh1fbfaa1bjj #ac1ajj #ba1bej ye>s #a 7#ac4jfc77ac1jfc7 7#ac1jfc77ac1jfc7 9 #d ,ord9>y #ac1ijj #aa1hej #aj1jjjg1djj #g1fjj #i1ajj #af1ejj ye>s #b #ac1jfc #ac1jfc 9 #d ,dry ye>s #aj1aej #i1ajj #g1bge #e1iej #e1faj #f1ajj #aa1cde #a 9 #d ,m9imum ( #i1gaj #h1jjc #f1fbd #e1haj #e1efc #e1afc #i1gia #ad ye>s ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,require- m5ts on av]age ( ,l[] #ab1jde #ab1ace #h1gbi #f1gae #f1bfg #f1ejc #h1fbe ,*5ab ,canal = #c ye>s ,require- m5ts on av]age ( ,upp] ,b>i #ab1ibd #aj1cje #f1heb #e1fjg #e1bjh #f1jij #aj1cdd ,doab ,canal = #e ye>s ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,p>tic- ,av]age,d$uct ,supply at,duty calcu-,duty calcu- ,,ul>s4 supply loss byheads ( lat$ on lat$ on 9 absorp-di/ribu-#a1cba1jai #a1afd1eie riv]4 tion4 t>ies4 acres1 ! acres1 ! gross rabi p]5nial area4 area4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,cusecs4,cusecs4 ,cusecs4 ,,av]age ,,supplies ,,available4 ,v fa- v\rable #aa1haa #c1dad #h1cig #aeh #aci ye>s #a 9 #d ,ord9>y #i1idf #b1ihi #f1ieg #ahi #afg ye>s #b 9 #d ,dry ye>s #g1fea #b1efd #e1jhg #bei #bbi #a 9 #d ,m9imum ( #f1ifh #b1deh #d1eaj #bic #beh #ad ye>s ---------------------------------------- ----- ,require- m5ts on av]age ( ,l[] #h1aee #b1efd #e1eia #bcf #bjh ,*5ab ,canal = #c ye>s ,require- m5ts on av]age ( ,upp] ,b>i #g1fai #b1efd #e1jee #bfa #bcj ,doab ,canal = #e ye>s ---------------------------------------- --------------- 8,! #ac1jfc %[n 9 brackets repres5ts ! p>ts ( ! available supply :i* ! canals c c>ry1 ! capacity be+ z foll[s3-- ,cusecs4 ,l[] ,jhelum ,canal #d1efc ,upp] ,jhelum ,canal #h1ejj ------ ,total #ac1jfc ------ 8,! av]age supplies & duty figures are bas$ on ! #ac1jfc cusec maximum capacity & n on ! l>g] available supplies writt5 above ^! figures :]e !y occur4 8,! above table goes to %[ ! foll[+3 7i7 ,9 ord] to utilize ! l>ge supplies available 9 ! ,jhelum ,riv] 9 ,octob] & ,m>* e ye> & 9 "s or all ( ! int]v5+ mon?s 9 o!r ye>s1 x is advisable to give ! ,upp] ,jhelum ,canal ! l>ge capacity ( #h1ejj cusecs propos$4 7ii7 ,9 fav\rable & ord9>y ye>s1 t is1 9 #c out ( #d1 ! available supply w be ample1 z %[n by ! l[ duties ( #ahi & #afg comp>$ ) ^? obta9+ on ! ,l[] ,*5ab & ,upp] ,b>i ,doab ,canals4 7iii7 ,9 dry ye>s1 t is1 #a 9 #d1 x w be necess>y to atta9 a duty almo/ exactly ! same z t n[ obta9+ on ! ,upp] ,b>i ,doab ,canal4 7iv7 ,t an exceptionally dry ye> might occur once 9 #ad ye>s1 :5 ! supply w\ld be #aj p] c5t4 %ort ( t requir$ by ! av]age ,upp] ,b>i ,doab ,canal /&>d ( requirem5ts3 su* exceptional cases %\ld be met by remissions1 :i* w be f> pref]able to wa/+ ! good supplies ( #ac ye>s out ( #ad4 7v7 ,t ! occasional occurr5ce ( dry ye>s makes x inadvisable to attempt a great] proportion ( rabi ?an half ( ! annual irrigation40 #c4 ,rem>ks4 ,! ,report on ! ,project e/imates gives1 = ea* tract1 rem>ks on its soil1 ra9fall1 height ( subsoil wat]1 circum/ances z to exi/+ irrigation f wells or small canals & liability to floods4 ,on a consid]ation ( ^! matt]s ! decision z to ! p>ticul> p>ts ( ! tracts :i* are to be irrigat$ & ! areas :i* are1 9 ! rabi1 to receive only re/rict$ irrigation1 dep5ds4#ej #ej ,x is n unusual1 9 tracts :]e ! level ( ! subsoil wat] is high1 say )9 #ae feet ( ! surface1 to h "s 8kh>if di/ribut>ies40 ,^! are clos$ 9 ! rabi4 ,?is t5ds to prev5t wat]-logg+ ( ! soil4 ,9 ! rabi ! p lift wat] f wells4 ,!re may also be kh>if di/ribut>ies 9 dry tracts if !re is no wat] to sp>e 9 ! rabi4 ,9 calculat+ ! sizes ( ! canals1 ,n 9 ,kutt]'s co-effici5t 0 tak5 at #jbj4 ,9 %>p curves ! b$ is pav$ on ! side next ! concave bank4 ,9 high embankm5ts :]e ! soil is s&y ! be/ mat]ial is us$ z a core wall4 ,! torr5t works on ! ,upp] ,jhelum ,canal h be5 m5tion$ 9 ,riv] & ,canal ,eng9e]+1 ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,reg>d+ ! effect ( ! new canals on ! inundation canals :i* take (f1 l[] d[n1 f ! ,*5ab bel[ its conflu5ce ) ! ,jhelum1 x has = long be5 ! policy to gradually %ift ! heads ( ^! canals up/ream 9 ord] to obta9 bett] supplies1 or r to c\nt]act ! effect ( ! ab/raction ( wat] = ! rec5tly con/ruct$ ,l[] ,*5ab & ,l[] ,jhelum ,canals4 ,any su* ab/raction ( wat] has n mu* effect on ! floods1 b x has mu* effect 9 ,april & ,may1 :5 ! riv]s h n fully ris51 & 9 ,septemb]1 :5 !y are fall+4 ,9 ord] to e/imate ! effect on ! wat] level ( ! ,*5ab--bel[ its junction ) ! ,jhelum--x 0 necess>y to obs]ve dis*>ges ( ! riv]1 n only 9 ! w9t] :5 x is l[1 b 9 ! summ] :5 x is high4 ,! dep? ( ! wat] 0 9 "s places #dj feet1 & ! /ream #b1jjj feet wide4 ,=tunately ! ,subdivisional ,(fic] 0 a native ( ,india & did n mu* m9d ! sun4 ,a dis*>ge curve 7,riv] & ,canal ,eng9e]+1 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,art4 #e17 hav+ be5 prep>$1 x 0 possible to con/ruct a diagram ) p]iods ( "t z ! abscissas1 ! ord9ates repres5t+ ! av]age kn[n gauge read+s on ! diff]5t dates & ano!r set ( ord9ates repres5t+ ! probable dis*>ges4 ,by d$uct+ ! dis*>ges :i* x 0 int5d$ t ! new p]5nial canals %\ld draw (f1 x 0 possible to draw fre% ord9ates repres5t+ ! dim9i%$ riv] dis*>ges & ! r$uc$ riv] gauge read+s correspond+ to !m4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! wat] level w\ld be l[]$ by ab\t #ac feet 9 ,april & ,may1 & by ab\t #ae feet 9 ,septemb]4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 %[n t by %ift+ ! heads ( ! inundation canals up/ream--! gradi5ts ( ! canals be+ flatt] ?an t ( ! riv]--! effect ( ! l[]+ ( ! wat] level c\ld1 z h]et(ore1 be nullifi$4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,propos$ ,,improvem5ts ,,9 ,,irrigation ,,canals4 #a4 ,prelim9>y ,rem>ks4--,! *ief improvem5ts :i* h be5 "u consid]ation dur+ rec5t ye>s are ?ree 9 numb]4 ,! fir/ is increas$ economy ( wat] 9 its actual use 9 ! fields2 ! second is r$uction ( ! losses by absorption 9 ! *annels2 & ! ?ird is di/ribution by means ( modules4 ,reg>d+ ! fir/1 x has long be5 kn[n t ! ord9>y me?ods ( lay+ on ! wat] are m or less wa/eful4 ,9 ,cali=nia1 :5 ! wat] in/ead ( be+ appli$ to ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 is br\ght 9 a pipe & deliv]$ bel[ ! gr\nd level1 ! duty is increas$ f #bej to #ejj acres4 ,9 ,india a field is divid$1 by means ( small ridges ( e>?1 into l>ge comp>tm5ts4 ,! wat] is let into a comp>tm5t & gradually cov]s x4 ,by ! "t ! fur!r side is soak$ ! ne>] side has receiv$ f> too mu* wat]4 ,frequ5tly ! wat] = a comp>tm5t1 in/ead ( be+ c>ri$ up to x by a small wat]c\rse1 is pass$ ?r\gh ano!r comp>tm5t & ?is adds to ! wa/e4 ,also ! numb] ( wat]+s giv5 to a crop is (t5 #e or #f1 :5 #d w\ld suffice4 ,exp]im5ts made on ! ,upp] ,b>i ,doab ,canal1 by ,k5n$y1 %[$ t ! wat] us$ 9 ! fields 0 ne>ly d\ble :at x might h be54 ,! #ec c4 ft4 %[n 9 ,*apt] #a1 ,art4 #d1 z rea*+ ! fields1 7 us$ up :5 #bh c4 ft4 w\ld h suffic$4 ,x is n c]ta9 t ! wa/e is g5]ally q z mu* z ! above4 ,x is possible t ! re/rict$ supplies might h giv5 small] yields ( crops4 ,m rec5t exp]im5ts made by ,kan?ack on ! same canal give ! ne$less wa/e z ab\t #be p] c5t4 ,! field comp>tm5ts ought1 accord+ to ,k5n$y1 to be #gj;ft4 squ>e1 ! small bran* wat]c\rses be+ #adj;ft4 ap>t4 ,x w\ld be bett] to h /ill small] comp>tm5ts1 b ?is w\ld be r h>d on ! p4 ,at "o "t ,gov]nm5t issu$ ord]s1 9 ,nor!rn ,india1 t comp>tm5ts ( #abif squ>e feet 7 to be us$1 & t1 o!rwise1 increas$ wat] rates w\ld be *>g$1 b ! ord]s 7 nev] en=c$4 ,!y 7 ?\ght to press too h>dly on ! p4 ,extreme measures = en=c+ economy 9 ! use ( wat] 9 any c\ntry are likely to be introduc$ only :5 !y become absolutely necess>y ow+ to ! supplies ( wat] be+ o!rwise insuffici5t4 #b4 ,r$uction ( ,losses 9 ! ,*annels4--,= sev]al ye>s exp]im5ts h be5 go+ on 9 ! ,punjab z to ! effect ( l9+ wat]c\rses ) v>i\s mat]ials4 ,! foll[+ conclusions h be5 arriv$ at#ea3-- #ea ,punjab ,irrigation ,pap] ,no4 #aa ,c4 8,l9+ ( ,wat]c\rses to r$uce absorption losses4 ,exp]im5ts ( #aijh-aiaa40 ,i4 ,,ord9>y ,,unl9$ ,,tr5*es4 7a7 ,! rate ( absorption v>ies greatly1 & ?is is due probably to unequal fissur+ ( ! upp] lay]s ( ! soil4 7b7 ,! rate ( absorption 9 ! ?ree hotte/ mon?s av]ag$ #jega feet p] h\r1 or m ?an d\ble ! rate 7#jbf7 9 ! ?ree colde/ mon?s4 ,! diff]5ce is ascrib$ to ! great] viscosity ( ! wat] :5 cold4 7c7 ,! av]age losses ) canal wat] 7 #jcae feet p] h\r1 or #hge c4 feet p] second p] million sq4 feet4#eb ,) well wat] ! figures 7 #ajif & #cje4 ,! conclusion is t ! silt 9 canal wat] r$uces ! losses by m ?an two-?irds4 #eb ,?is loss ( #hge c4 ft4 p] second 0 9 wat] only ab\t a foot deep4 ,?is confirms ! conclusion arriv$ at 9 ,*apt] ,i1 ,art4 #d1 t ! dep? ( wat] is n a factor ( mu* importance4 7d7 ,) canal wat] ! av]age loss decreas$ by #dj p] c5t4 7f #jdia to #jbic7 9 ab\t f\r ye>s4 ,?is 0 no d\bt due to ! effect ( ! silt4 ,) well wat] ! loss at ! end ( f\r ye>s 7#bbic7 0 ne>ly f\r times z great z at fir/ 7#jeia74 ,?is may h be5 due to removal ( ! f9] p>ticles ( soil by ! wat]1 b ! exp]im5ts 7 made at only "o place1 & 7 n conclusive4 ,,ii4 ,,l9$ ,,tr5*es4 7e7 ,) tr5*es l9$ ) crude oil in* ?ick1 or ) ,portl& cem5t in* ?ick1 or ) clay puddle #f in*es ?ick1 ! 8effici5cy ratios10 z comp>$ ) unl9$ tr5*es1 are respectively ab\t #dj1 #eg & #eg1 ! age ( ! l9+ be+ f\r ye>s4 ,! effici5cy ratio is ! inv]se ( ! loss4 ,?us ) an effici5cy ratio ( #c ! loss 9 ! l9$ tr5* is #cc p] c5t4 ( t 9 ! unl9$ tr5*4 7f7 ,! effici5cy ratio 9 ! case ( oil may dim9i% at ! rate ( #aj p] c5t4 p] annum1 b 9 ! case ( cem5t & clay puddle x t5ds to increase r ?an to decrease4 ,assum+ t ! effici5cy ratios are only #cj1 #de & #de1 & t ! loss 9 an unl9$ *annel is #h c4 feet p] second p] million sq4 feet1 ! sav+ 9 wat] by us+ *annels l9$ ) oil1 cem5t & puddle respectively w\ld be #ecc1 #fbe & #fbe c4 feet p] second4 ,! av]age duty ( ! wat] at ! canal head is ab\t #bdb acres1 & ! av]age rev5ue p] acre is ,rs #cic4 ,! rev5ue f #a c4 ft4 ( wat] at ! canal head is ?us ,rs #iej4 ,only ab\t half ! wat] rea*es ! fields 7,*apt] ,i41 ,art4 #d71 & ! rev5ue f #a c4 ft4 ( wat] :i* rea*es ! fields is ab\t ,rs #aijj4 ,! mean ( ! above two sums is ,rs #adbe4 ,if #f c4 ft4 ( wat] p] second c\ld be sav$ ! rev5ue w\ld be increas$ by ,rs #h1eej p] annum4 ,! co/ ( l9+ a million squ>e feet ( *annel ) oil1 cem5t & puddle is e/imat$ at ,rs #cj1jjj1 ,rs #bg1ejj & ,rs #ce1jjj respectively4 ,all[ance has to be made = ! fact t wat]c\rses fl[ int]mitt5tly1 & t a l9$ *annel gives no sav+ :5 x is n 9 fl[1 also t ext5sions ( canals might h to be und]tak5 9 ord] to utilise ! wat] sav$4 ,aft] mak+ ^! all[ances x is e/imat$1 9 ! pap] above quot$1 t ! sav+ effect$ by l9+ a million squ>e feet ) oil1 cem5t or puddle repres5ts ! int]e/ on a capital sum ( ,rs #fi1cjj1 ,rs #ha1bej & ,rs #ha1bej respectively1 or #b or #c times ! sums sunk 9 con/ruct+ ! l9+s4 ,hi!rto ! exp]im5ts h be5 c>ri$ out on a mod]ate scale1 b ext5sive op]ations are n[ be+ und]tak5 on ! ,l[] ,*5ab ,canal1 & possibly on o!rs4 ,9 cases :]e x is n desir$ to incur mu* exp5diture1 x may be a good plan to con/ruct wat]c\rses to a cross section some:at l>g] ?an t ultimately desir$4 ,! silt deposit$ on ! b$ & sides =ms1 9 mo/ cases1 a m imp]vi\s l9+ ?an ! orig9al soil4 ,! same plan c be adopt$ 9 ! tail portion ( a di/ribut>y4 ,9 a l>g] *annel !re w\ld be less c]ta9ty t any deposit w\ld take place unless %ort l5g?s1 at frequ5t int]vals1 7 excavat$ to ! true or ultimate section1 s z to =m weirs & spurs2 & ev5 ^! might n /&4 ,9 ,italy1 9 cases :]e ! wat] naturally conta9s lime 9 susp5sion1 ! b$s ( canals h become gradually wat]tight by ! deposit ( lime 9 ! *annel4#ec ,9 "s cases lime has be5 artificially add$4 ,x appe>s t a consid]able p]iod ( "t is necess>y = ! process4 #ec ,m94 ,proc4 ,in/4 ,c4 ,e4 ,vol4 ,,cxvi4 #c4 ,modules4--,a module is an appliance :i* automatically gives a con/ant dis*>ge ?r\gh an ap]ture1 h[ev] ! wat] level on ei!r ! up/ream or d[n/ream side ( ! ap]ture may fluctuate4 ,9 an old & simple =m ( module !re is a horizontal orifice 9 :i* works loosely a tap]+ rod atta*$ to a float4 ,! wat] passes ?r\gh ! annul> space surr\nd+ ! rod4 ,if ! wat] level rises1 ! rise ( ! float br+s a ?ick] "p ( ! rod to ! orifice & r$uces ! annul> space4 ,9 ano!r k9d ( module ! wat] is dis*>g$ ?r\gh a syphon4 ,if ! wat] level alt]s1 ! syphon moves 9 su* a way t ! head1 or diff]5ce betwe5 ! levels ( its two ends1 rema9s ! same4 ,! great objections to modules are t !y are liable to get out ( ord] or to be tamp]$ )4 ,a module rec5tly inv5t$ & pat5t$ by ,gibb#ed has no movable p>ts1 & is n liable to ^! objections4 #ed ,= description see ,app5dix ,h4 ,a few ye>s ago ! "q ( ! desirability ( us+ modules = ! outlets ( di/ribut>ies 9 ,india 0 rais$4 ,! op9ions ( a l>ge numb] ( ! s5ior canal eng9e]s 7 call$ = & consid]$1 & s9ce !n ! subject has be5 ?or\ghly discuss$4 ,!re are c]ta9 inh]5t difficulties 9 ! way ( modul+ ! outlets ( a di/ribut>y4 ,ow+1 = in/ance1 to ra9 fur!r up ! canal1 or to ! closure ( a di/ribut>y ow+ to a brea* 9 x1 ! canal supply may increase1 & x may be necess>y to let m wat] into ! di/ribut>y "u consid]ation4 ,"u ! pres5t sy/em any excesses ( wat] are automatically tak5 by ! outlets4 ,if all outlets 7 rigidly modul$ !y w\ld dis*>ge no m ?an be=e ! excess supply came 91 & ! excess supply w\ld all g to ! tail ( ! di/ribut>y1 &1 mo/ likely1 brea* ! banks4 ,to get ov] ?is difficulty1 ! module has to be s arrang$ t :5 ! wat] level 9 ! di/ribut>y rises to a c]ta9 8maximum limit0 ! module ceases to act z su*1 & ! dis*>ge drawn (f f ! di/ribut>y increases z ! wat] level rises4 ,aga91 ! dis*>ge ( ! di/ribut>y may at times be consid]ably less ?an its full supply4 ,9 ord] t1 9 su* a case1 ! outlets t[>ds ! tail ( ! di/ribut>y may n be :olly depriv$ ( wat]1 x has to be arrang$ s t :5 ! wat] level 9 ! di/ribut>y falls bel[ a c]ta9 8m9imum limit0 ! modules cease to act z su*1 & draw (f supplies :i* are less ! l[] ! wat] level4 ,su* supplies are n 9 proportion to ! full supplies ( ! outlets4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 be %[n pres5tly t l[ supplies ne$ seldom be run4 ,:5 a di/ribut>y1 say ! upp] rea*1 conta9s silt1 ! wat] level correspond+ to a giv5 dis*>ge is high] ?an be=e1 & c>e has to be tak5 t ! maximum limit is high en\gh4 ,at ! same "t ! m9imum limit mu/ be s l[ t x w n be pass$ :5 ! silt sc\rs out4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! maximum & m9imum limits is call$ ! 8range0 ( ! module4 ,9 ,gibb's module ! above conditions c be compli$ )4 ,! module is plac$ outside ! bank ( ! di/ribut>y4 ,! wat] is drawn (f f ! di/ribut>y by a pipe1 ^: l[] edge is at ! b$ level ( ! di/ribut>y1 & deliv]$ f ! module into ! wat]c\rse ?r\gh a rectangul> ap]ture at a high] level ?an t ( ! pipe4 ,x is possible t1 ow+ to ! high level ( ! ap]ture1 "s roll+ silt :i* w\ld o!rwise h pass$ out ( ! di/ribut>y may rema9 9 x4 ,! height ( ! ap]ture also prev5ts ! wat]c\rse f draw+ (f any wat] at all :5 ! wat] level ( ! di/ribut>y falls bel[ a c]ta9 level1 b ?is objection is n important4 ,an escape weir or not* is provid$ s t :5 ! wat] level 9 ! di/ribut>y rises to ! maximum limit "s wat] ov]fl[s into ! wat]c\rse4 ,on ! :ole x appe>s t all difficulties c be got ov]1 ?\gh a good deal ( c>e & precision is necess>y 9 fix+ ! exact height ( ! maximum & m9imum limits4 ,! difficulties "u consid]ation w all be r$uc$ if "s ( ! outlets on a di/ribut>y are left unmodul$1 & ?is is desirable on o!r gr\nds4 ,:5 ! supply is normal1 i4e4 betwe5 ! maximum & m9imum limits1 & all modules are work+1 ! supply ent]+ ! di/ribut>y mu/ be regulat$ ) great precision4 ,! outlets draw (f a c]ta9 supply4 ,if less ?an ?is ent]s ! di/ribut>y ! tail outlets mu/ g %ort4 ,if m ent]s !re w be a surplus at ! tail1 ?\gh x c probably be dispos$ (1 because ! tail wat] w rise above ! maximum limit4 ,= %ort p]iods1 say an h\r or two1 no tr\ble arises because ! di/ribut>y acts z a res]voir1 ! wat] level ris+ to take 9 any excess supply1 & fall+ to all[ = a defici5cy4 ,at ! tail ! rise & fall may be h>dly p]ceptible4 ,b if ! supply 7 defici5t = a :ole night ! tail outlets w\ld c]ta9ly g %ort4 ,?is c\ld !oretically be rem$i$ to "s ext5t by lett+ 9 an excess supply = a %ort "t & caus+ ! wat] level at ! tail to rise above ! maximum limit1 b 9 practice no su* sy/em ( comp5sation c\ld be work$4 ,! v fact ( ! tail outlets hav+ gone %ort = a night w\ld n be kn[n4 ,! prop] me?od ( prev5t+ any su* tr\bles z ^? "u consid]ation is to leave "s ( ! outlets on ! di/ribut>y un-modul$4 ,x has be5 m ?an once m5tion$ t !re are p]iods :5 a di/ribut>y is run1 n full1 b ab\t ?ree-f\r?s full4 ,if t 7 done 9 ! case ( a di/ribut>y ^: outlets 7 mo/ly modul$1 ! wat] level w\ld probably be bel[ ! m9imum limit1 & ! modules w\ld n be act+ z su*4 ,! outlets w\ld n1 "u ^! circum/ances1 obta9 _! prop] proportionate supplies4 ,?is difficulty c1 no d\bt1 be got ov] by runn+ ! di/ribut>y full = %ort p]iods at a "t in/ead ( ?ree-f\r?s full = long] p]iods4 ,! p1 :5 once !y und]/ood ! case1 c\ld arrange to use ! wat] 9 great] volume = two days in/ead ( 9 small] volume = ?ree4 ,if ?is arrangem5t comes into =ce x w n be necess>y to design di/ribut>ies--see ,*apt] ,,iii1 ,art4 #d--s z to h a good comm& :5 ?ree-f\r?s full supply is run4 ,on ne>ly e di/ribut>y !re are "s wat]c\rses ^: comm& is bad1 & x has be5 /at$ 7,*apt] ,,ii1 ,art4 #i7 t 9 an ord9>y unmodul$ di/ribut>y ! sizes ( ! outlets 9 su* cases %\ld be extremely lib]al4 ,to module any su* outlet w\ld cause a l[]+ ( ! wat] level 9 ! wat]c\rse & w\ld int]f]e ) ! irrigation4 ,su* outlets %\ld n be modul$4 ,aga91 !re are "s few outlets :i* are n subm]g$1 i4e41 !re is a free fall into ! wat]c\rse4 ,! dis*>ge does n dep5d on ! wat] level 9 ! wat]c\rse1 & x is n affect$ by any enl>gem5t or cle>ance ( x4 ,x dep5ds only on ! wat] level 9 ! di/ribut>y4 ,?is wat] level1 if mo/ ( ! outlets are modul$1 w be fairly con/ant4 ,su* outlets ne$ n be modul$1 & !y %\ld n be modul$ unless ! o!r unmodul$ outlets 9 ! rea* conc]n$ are suffici5tly num]\s1 & p]haps n ev5 !n1 because modul+ involves "s exp5se4 ,a di/ribut>y g5]ally has "s falls :i* divide x into rea*es4 ,imm$iately up/ream ( a fall ! wat] level = a giv5 dis*>ge is n affect$ by ! silt+ or sc\r+ ( ! *annel4 ,any outlets ne> to & up/ream ( ! fall are less subject ?an o!rs to v>iation 9 dis*>ge1 & are suitable = non-modul+ 9 case a suffici5t numb] ( unmodul$ outlets is n o!rwise obta9able4 ,reg>d+ ! wat]c\rses at ! extreme tail ( a di/ribut>y x has be5 po9t$ out 7,*apt] ,,iii41 ,art4 #g7 t 9 an ord9>y case !y %\ld n be left )\t masonry outlets1 because !y may !n l[] ! wat] level & s unfairly r$uce ! supply ( any wat]c\rse1 ev5 ?\gh up/ream ( !m1 :i* has su* an outlet4 ,b any outlets ne> ! tail ( a di/ribut>y c suitably be left unmodul$ because ( ! difficulty ( ensur+ t ! supply at ! tail %all be exactly :at is ne$$4 ,gibb's modules h be5 tri$ on v>i\s di/ribut>ies 9 ! ,punjab & f\nd to give good results4 ,x is believ$ h[ev] t 9 only "o case has a :ole di/ribut>y be5 modul$4 ,! di/ribut>y is a l>ge "o1 its l5g? be+ #ce miles4 ,x appe>s t ! dis*>ge rea*+ ! tail ( ! di/ribut>y is n con/ant b v>ies1 z 0 to be expect$1 :5 ! head dis*>ge v>ies = any l5g? ( "t4 ,! comm& on ! di/ribut>y is good4 ,!re is no?+ to %[ t matt]s w\ld n h be5 improv$1 & money sav$1 by leav+ "s ( ! outlets )\t modules4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ above1 t at ! d[n/ream end ( a rea* end+ 9 a fall1 ! ,f4,s4 level ( a di/ribut>y is n affect$ by silt4 ,at ! up/ream end ( ! rea* x is affect$4 ,!re are ?us two gradi5ts1 "o flat1 & "o /eep4 ,x appe>s to h be5 decid$ 9 "o case 9 ! ,punjab1 t ! m9imum limit ( supply = ! module %\ld be ab\t half an in* bel[ ! flat l9e & ! maximum limit #c feet above ! /eep l9e4 ,9 _m cases a great] range w\ld be requir$1#ee say a foot4 #ee ,x is und]/ood t a range ( a foot c easily be arrang$ =1 & t ranges ( #c or #d feet c be introduc$ at slightly increas$ co/4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,art4 #g1 ! case ( a di/ribut>y )\t modules b ) ! outlets c>efully adju/$1 0 consid]$4 ,! "q to be decid$ 9 ea* case is :e!r su* an arrangem5t is pref]able to modul+ "s ( ! outlets4 ,?is turns l>gely on ! am\nt ( att5tion :i* w\ld be be/[$ on ! case4 ,9 view ( ! difficulty ( secur+ su* att5tion & ( ! tr\ble ( con/antly mak+ alt]ations 9 a c]ta9 numb] ( outlets1 x is probable t modul+ w 9 _m cases be consid]$ pref]able4 ,! "q ( modul+ ! heads ( di/ribut>ies has also be5 consid]$ 9 ! ,punjab4 ,= m9or or small di/ribut>ies modules are feasible4 ,= a l>ge di/ribut>y a module w\ld be exp5sive & x appe>s t ! pres5t sy/em ( regulat+ is pref]able4 ,k5n$y's 8,gauge ,outlet10 :i* is a k9d ( semi-module is describ$ 9 ,app5dix ,k4 ,x is be+ tri$ 9 ! ,punjab4 ,,app5dices4 ,,app5dix ,a4 ,,divide ,,wall ,,on ,,l[] ,,*5ab ,,canal4 7,see page #ej1 fir/ footnote47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,! ,gag]a bran* ( ! ,l[] ,*5ab ,canal--! left-h& bran* 9 fig4 #bg--0 f\nd to silt4 ,x 0 propos$ to make a divide wall 7fig4 #bg7 ext5d+ up to full supply level4 ,! idea is un9telligible4 ,! silt does n travel by itself b is c>ri$ or roll$ by ! wat]4 ,z long z wat] ent]$ ! ,gag]a bran*1 silt w\ld g ) x4 ,! au?orities1 :o _h app>5tly accept$ ! proposal1 alt]$ ! e/imate :5 !y receiv$ x1 & ord]$ ! wall to be made z %[n dott$ & ( only half ! height4 ,?is 0 done4 ,! idea seems to h be5 t ! wall w\ld act z a sill & /op roll+ silt4 ,?is is intelligible1 b su* sills d n always h mu* effect on roll+ silt4 ,moreov]1 !re 0 a l>ge gap1 ,a ,b1 9 ! wall4 ,! "w is said to h prov$ useless1 & proposals h be5 made to cont9ue ! wall f ,a to ,b4 ,9 ?is =m x is conceivable t x may be ( use4 ,,app5dix ,b4 ,,specification ,,= ,,ma9t5ance ,,( ,,*annels4 7,see page #ach47 ,i4 ,,roads ,,& ,,banks4 #a4 ,fill+ ,holes4--,holes to be all dug out & ?or\ghly op5$ & inspect$1 !n to be fill$ 9 ) ramm$ e>?4 ,nev] to be fill$ 9 a hurry or )\t digg+ out4 #b4 ,dress+4--,heavy soil to be dress$ ev54 ,light s&y soil to be di/urb$ z little z possible1 & grass 9 su* soil n to be remov$ except :5 9 l>ge tufts4 ,:5 dress+ is done1 ! road to be giv5 7z f> z possible7 a transv]se slope f ! canal side ( ab\t #a 9 #ej4 #c4 ,trees4--,bran*es to be lopp$ s z n to ob/ruct rid]s4 ,great c>e is ne$$ to see t ! m5 d n lop ne$lessly high4 ,roots1 if project+ on road1 to be cov]$ up or cut out4 #d4 ,petty ,repairs4--,settlem5t or we>+ d[n1 if slight1 %\ld be made good on ma9t5ance e/imates1 o!rwise on special e/imates4 ,cracks %\ld be dug out & fill$ 9 & ramm$4 ,old 8dead m50 or walls ( e>? %\ld be utilis$ or at lea/ levell$ d[n4 #e4 ,s& or 8,reh0 ,soil4--,c be dug out to a dep? ( #i in*es & remov$ to a di/ance1 & 7! places hav+ be5 inspect$ by ! ,subdivisional ,(fic]7 replac$ by good soil got f pits or b]ms1 ! places be+ select$ ) c>e4 ,if ! lead is slightly askew1 ! /uff remov$ c be put 9 ! same pits f :i* e>? is got4 #f4 ,lay+ long co>se ,grass on ,road4--,?is c be done 9 cases :]e ! removal ( s& or 8reh0 is n practicable or has prov$ ineffective4 ,! grass is laid crosswise to prev5t :eels s9k+ 94 ,,ii4 ,,jungle ,,& ,,trees4 #a4 ,jungle4--,to be cut close to ! gr\nd or to be dug out by ! roots :5 ord]$4 ,to be burn$ z soon z dry4 ,dead bran*es1 twigs1 etc41 to be burn$ or remov$ to re/-h\ses1 & n left ab\t on canal l&4 ,precautions to be tak5 aga9/ damage by fire to =e/s1 etc4 ,cle>ance to include ! *annel#ef & bo? roads1 & any jungle on ! slopes ( ! spoil :i* ob/ructs ! roads4#eg #ef ,jungle on inside slopes n to be cle>$ :]e banks fall 9 or :]e *annel is too wide4 #eg ,:5 an embankm5t runs p>allel to an inundation canal1 a *a9 or s di/ant1 ! int]v5+ space ne$ n be cle>$1 nor ne$ ! top ( a bank be cle>$ if x is s unev5 t x is n a road4 #b4 ,trees4--,trees :i* fall into a *annel or across a road to h _! bran*es cut away at once4 ,! trunk to be remov$ s f> z is possible4 ,trees :i* are dead or brok5 (f %\ld be fell$1 also ^? :i* h be5 bl[n into incl9$ positions1 unless bad gaps w be caus$4 ,trees 7unless requir$ = /ock7 to be sold z !y lie & remov$1 includ+ ! p>ts bel[ gr\nd1 by pur*as]s1 )9 a fix$ "t4 ,logs1 etc41 n to be left ly+ ab\t on canal l&4 ,/umps1 etc41 to be made into *>coal & ! holes fill$ up4 ,note4--,! above works 7,p>ts ,i4 & ,,ii47 to be done imm$iately aft] ! ra9s 7repairs to roads & removal ( trees1 bran*es1 etc41 be+ also done dur+ ! ra9s or :5ev] necess>y7 & f9i%$ at late/ by #ca/ ,octob]4 ,,iii4 ,,cattle ,,cross+s ,,or ,,gh,,ts4 #a4 ,repairs4--,ghts to be dress$1 /r5g!n$1 & kept neat1 ! bank be+ ?r[n back & curv$ s z to give a long inn] slope1 & lumps1 etc41 levell$ (f4 #b4 ,closures4--,to be clos$ 7by ord] ( ,subdivisional ,(fic] & no "o ( l[] rank7 only :5 v ne> to a bridge or ne> to ano!r ght4#eh ,if clos$1 to be /ak$ up & bu%+ to be add$4 ,n to be clos$ by loose ?orny bran*es4 ,n to be all[$ close to any mile/one1 outlet1 etc4 #eh ,reg>d+ ghts at bridges1 see ,*ap4 ,,ii41 ,art4 #ab4 #c4 ,small ,ghts4--,ghts :]e only foot-pass5g]s cross1 c run diagonally up ! slopes or z may be conv5i5t4 ,!y %\ld be dress$ & kept 9 ord]4 #d4 ,canal ,road at ,ghts4--,at all ghts c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! canal road1 especially if us$ = driv+1 is n cut up & is kept 9 prop] ord]4 ,,iv4 ,,miscellane\s ,,items4 #a4 ,rubbi% or ,ob/ructions 9 ,b$ ( ,*annel4--,to be remov$ f ! *annel :5 x is laid dry1 & n left till x is ab\t to be reop5$4#ei ,old /akes1 etc41 to be sawn (f :5 crook$ or too high4 #ei ,:]e ! b$ is too l[1 no rubbi% cle>ance %\ld be done except 9 ! case ( v l>ge snags1 etc4 #b4 ,tempor>y ,aqu$ucts or ,damag$ ,wood5 ,bridges4#fj--,to be remov$ be=e wat] is expect$ 7b n soon] ?an is necess>y7 & ! banks repair$ & made good4 #fj ,?is applies to inundation canals4 ,,app5dix ,c4 ,,specification ,,= ,,ma9t5ance ,,( ,,masonry ,,works4 7,see page #ach47 #a4 ,g5]al ,repairs4--,masonry1 pla/]1 pit*+1 etc41 to be kept 9 repair4 ,pit*+1 :]e defective or out ( l9e1 to be made "r4 ,bump+ po/s to be fix$ 9 prop] positions4 ,e>? to be add$ to ramps1 etc41 :]e ne$$4 ,metall+ to be regul>ly se5 to4 ,ne$les1 planks1 hooks1 rail+s1 w9*es1 lamp-po/s1 lamps1 etc41 to be kept 9 ord] & complete4 ,bricks1 bats1 etc41 to be prop]ly /ack$4 ,ne$les1 etc41 to be neatly /ack$ on re/s or ) bricks "u !m4 ,all surplus & useless ne$les1 etc41 to be remov$4 ,huts to be kept 9 repair4 ,extra mud walls or scre5s n to be all[$ :5 unsightly4 ,all v]&ah op5+s to be edg$ ) a #f-;in* b& ( :itewa%4 #b4 ,jungle4--,all masonry to be kept free f jungle gr[?1 & all pi]s free f caught jungle4 ,= ?is purpose long bamboo we$-hooks to be suppli$4 #c4 ,dress+1 etc4--,rubbi%1 lumps ( e>?1 logs1 etc41 to be cle>$ away1 pits & holes fill$ up4 ,banks1 slopes1 etc41 ( ma9 & bran* *annels 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! "w to be specially levell$ & dress$4 ,note4--,all works %\ld be specially se5 to 9 ,octob]1 & ev]y?+ be 9 ord] by #ca/ ,octob]4 ,,app5dix ,d4 ,,wat*+ ,,& ,,protect+ ,,banks ,,& ,,embankm5ts4#fa 7,see page #ach47 #fa ,?is is repr9t$ f ,punjab ,riv]s & ,works4 ,x 0 drawn up = inundation canals & flood embankm5ts4 #a4 ,wat*+4--,e wat*man employ$ to h a fix$ headqu>t]s & a fix$ beat4 ,if !re is no p]man5t hut on or ne> ! bank1 grass huts %\ld be erect$ by ! m5 at ! places fix$4 ,! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ! m5 to be frequ5tly te/$ by ! mate & subov]se]4 ,! subov]se]s te/s to be record$ 9 a book & to =m ! subject ( frequ5t inquiry by ! ,subdivisional ,(fic]1 :o w also record 8 rem>ks & take prop] action 9 case ! subov]se] is 9 fault4 #b4 ,gauge ,read]s1 ,regulat+ ,e/abli%m5t1 ,bungal[ ,wat*m51 etc4--,to be made to assi/ :5ev] possible4 ,! allotm5t ( a beat to ea* su* man has be5 sep>ately ord]$4 #c4 ,employm5t ( ,m5 on ,repairs4--,! m51 :5 n o!rwise occupi$1 to d petty repairs1 etc41 )9 _! beats1 b n to be put on miscellane\s duties & s5t ab\t z mess5g]s1 nor to act z ord]lies or khalassies4 #d4 ,/r5g? ( ,e/abli%m5t4--,%\ld g5]ally be great] = "o & a half mon?s 9 ,july & ,augu/ ?an at o!r times4 ,c>e to be tak5 z to ?is & z to dismiss+ m5 :5 no long] ne$$4 #e4 ,/akes & ,mallets4--,to be collect$ be=eh&1 if necess>y1 at suitable places1 to be acc\nt$ = at end ( fl[ season & balance tak5 c>e (4 #f4 ,brea*es4--,! ,e/abli%m5t to be tra9$ by ! ,subdivisional ,(fic] to report e brea* to all (ficials ) ! greate/ possible spe$4 ,! mate1 d>oga1 & subov]se] to rema9 !re till ! brea* is clos$ & to promptly s5d a report on ! prescrib$ =m to ! ,subdivisional ,(fic]4 #g4 ,s]i\s ,brea*es4--,9 case ( s]i\s brea*es ( ma9 *annels ! ,subdivisional ,(fic] to himself rea* ! spot z soon z possible4 #h4 ,brea* ,reports4--,see pr9t$ =m ,m#fb atta*$4 ,to be promptly submitt$ = ea* brea* to ! ,executive ,eng9e]4 ,! report conta9s a column = co/ ( closure4 ,?is means ! /oppage ( ! fl[ & n ! complete mak+ up ( ! banks4 ,! column = rem>ks ( ! ,executive ,eng9e] %\ld be fill$ 9 & ! report promptly return$ to ! ,subdivisional ,(fic]1 :o w1 9 ! meantime1 be mak+ up ! banks & prep>+ a requisition or e/imate4 #fb ,n pr9t$4 #i4 ,progress ,report4--,) ! ,executive ,eng9e]'s mon?ly progress report a li/ ( brea*es w be submitt$1 canal by canal1 ) columns %[+ date ( occurr5ce & co/ ( closure4 ,! return %\ld be on ! atta*$ =m ,g4#fc ,! ,subdivisional ,(fic] %\ld also submit ?is =m to ! ,executive ,eng9e]4 #fc ,n pr9t$4 ,! =m diff]s slightly f a =m prescrib$ by ! ,*ief ,eng9e] = g5]al use 9 ! ,prov9ce4 #aj4 ,e/imates4--,! co/ ( brea*es is n to be *>g$ to ma9t5ance e/imates4 ,at ! close ( ea* mon? ! ,executive ,eng9e] %\ld submit or sanction an e/imate1 accompani$ by ! brea* reports1 = clos+ any brea*es :i* h occurr$ & mak+ up ! banks4 #aa4 ,brea*es 9 ! ,flood$ ,area ne> ,canal ,heads4--,^! may be ( special importance4 ,x may be impossible to d any good & money may be uselessly sp5t4 ,9 any su* cases ! ,subdivisional ,(fic] %\ld at once proce$ to ! spot & ! case %\ld be report$ by wire to ! ,executive ,eng9e] &1 if necess>y1 to ! ,sup]9t5d+ ,eng9e]4 #ab4 ,brea*es 9 ,flood ,embankm5ts4--,! ,subdivisional ,(fic] mu/ at once proce$ to ! spot & ! case be report$ by wire to ! ,executive ,eng9e] & ,sup]9t5d+ ,eng9e]4 ,! ,brea* ,report =ms c be submitt$ p>tially fill$ 9 at ! e>lie/ possible mom5t & a complete =m aft]w>ds4 ,,app5dix ,e4 ,,specification ,,= ,,bu%+4 7,see page #aci47 #a4 ,! object ( bu%+ is to =m a silt b]m & ?us prev5t or /op ! fall+ 9 ( ! banks4 #b4 ,! bran*es mu/ be ?ickly pack$ 9 ord] t ! wat] among !m may become /ill1 & also 9 ord] t !y may n be %ift$ by ! /ream4 ,if ?ickly pack$1 ! pegs requir$ w also be few]4 ,mo/ ( ! bran*es %\ld be leafy & fre%ly cut1 b1 mix$ ) ^!1 !re may be a proportion ( kik> or o!r leafless bran*es4 ,frequ5tly x is possible to utilise jungle trees ( small value1 bu%es1 scrub jungle1 or ev5 long grass4 #c4 ,except :5 ! bu%es are to be v small or ! l5g? to be bu%$ v %ort1 ! propos$ l9e = ! edge ( ! b]m %\ld be m>k$ out by long /akes driv5 9 ! wat] at fairly close int]vals4 ,o!rwise ! "w may be badly done & ! b]m =m$ imp]fect & out ( l9e4 #d4 ,z ! b]m =m$ is n likely 9 any case to be p]fectly /raight1 & z subsequ5t additions to x w be difficult1 :ile trimm+ x w be easy1 ! bu%es %\ld ext5d slightly beyond ! l9e ( ! propos$ b]m4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! l[] bran*es1 :i* _c be se5 :5 once subm]g$1 are long en\gh4 #e4 ,! bran*es %\ld be pil$ up to above wat]-level1 s t1 z !y settle1 !y w assume ! position desir$1 b to lay !m high above full-supply level on ! slopes is useless & wa/eful4 ,if ! pegs h to be driv5 at a high level1 ! bran*es %\ld be atta*$ to !m by ?9 ropes or tw9e4 ,long pegs /&+ up high above ! gr\nd are also wa/eful4 ,! pegs %\ld z f> z possible be kept 9 l9e & _! heads at "o level4 #f4 ,if bu%+ is begun dur+ l[ supply1 x ne$ n1 at fir/1 ext5d up to full-supply level4 ,m bran*es1 fre%ly cut1 c be add$ z ! supply rises4 ,9 any case x is g5]ally necess>y to make "s additions to bu%+ f "t to "t1 & ?is %\ld be expla9$ to contractors & o!rs :5 fix+ ! rates4 #g4 ,if ! trees f :i* bran*es are cut are 9 desirable places1 ! bran*es %\ld be cut ) judgm5t2 b :]e trees are 9 places :]e !y %\ld n be 7e4g41 on ! inside slopes ( ! *annels71 all ! bran*es may be cut (f4 ,! trunk may be left tempor>ily 9 ord] to supply m bran*es4 ,,app5dix ,f4 ,,escapes4 7,see page #i47 ,!re are no def9ite rules reg>d+ ! capacity ( ! escapes to be provid$ on a canal4 ,on "s canals 9 dry tracts ( c\ntry ! dis*>g+ p[] ( ! escapes is a m]e fraction ( t ( ! canal4 ,9 o!r cases x is ab\t half t ( ! canal4 ,9 a di/rict liable to heavy ra9 an escape1 say at a po9t :]e a canal divides into bran*es1 %\ld be able to dis*>ge ab\t half ( ! ma9 canal supply4 ,on bran*es1 escapes1 if provid$ at all1 usually dis*>ge into res]voirs1 & _! p]iod ( work+ is v limit$3 x may be only tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,on di/ribut>ies1 escapes are seldom provid$4 ,x has be5 sugge/$1 9 connection ) modules1 t ! p irrigat+ f ea* wat]c\rse %\ld be responsible = dispos+1 by means ( x1 ( a c]ta9 quantity ( surplus wat]4 ,?is w\ld be too rigid a rule4 ,on "s wat]c\rses !re is mu* wa/e l& or l& "u rice cultivation2 9 su* cases surplus wat] c be pass$ (f )\t damage4 ,! canal subord9ates are fully cognisant ( su* cases1 & !y arrange accord+ly4 ,9 o!r cases surplus wat] w\ld d "s damage2 b on ne>ly e di/ribut>y ! full supply1 ev5 :5 !re is no dem& = wat]1 c be got rid ( = a few h\rs1 or ev5 m1 )\t a brea* occurr+4 ,escapes at outlets1 9 connection ) modules1 c be arrang$ by means ( wa/e weirs or by means ( ,gregotti's syphons 7sifoni autolivelatori74 ,! foll[+ is an abridg$ translation ( "p ( a pamphlet by ,gregotti3-- ,! figure repres5ts "o ( ! syphons in/all$ 9 ! 8,c5trali ,milani40 ,a is ! supply bas9 ( ! 8,c5trali10 :i* ends 9 ! syphon ,b4 ,! latt] is con/ruct$ ) m\?piece ( rectangul> section a1 :i* is subm]g$ 9 ! bas9 ,a4 ,a weir divides ! m\?piece ( ! syphon f ! desc5d+ bran*1 c1 ( ! same1 also rectangul> 9 section4 ,! weir cre/ is at level dd1 f #b to #g cm4 bel[ ! maximum level ( wat] surface :i* x is desir$ n to exce$ 9 ! supply bas94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,! desc5d+ bran*1 c1 has at its base a small tank e1 :i* =ms a wat] seal4 ,! syphon is complet$ by a tube f1 :i* is atta*$ to ! intake bran* ( ! syphon & :i* ends at a level ( #b to #g cm4 above ! previ\sly m5tion$ surface dd4 ,z soon z ! wat] surface 9 ! supply bas9 t5ds to rise above ! plane dd1 a filam5t ( wat]1 9 fall+ ov] ! weir b1 p\rs d[n ! desc5d+ bran* c1 & :5 ! wat] has ris5 f #b to #g cm4 above ! cre/ ( ! weir1 ! ?ickness ( ! fall+ /ream has become su* t x is able1 by lapp+1 ) a wave-l c\rse1 ! wall gg1 to extract ! air t has become enclos$ 9 ! syphon1 & :i* _c be replac$ because ! space 9 :i* ! /ream acts is clos$ at its base by ! wat] 9 ! tank e2 & at ! top also ! a]ation tube is clos$ by ! rise 9 ! wat] surface ( ! supply bas94 ,f ?is po9t ! syphon action quickly becomes fully e/abli%$ & beg9s to give its full dis*>ge4 ,! dis*>ge t is giv5 is equal to t ( an orifice 9 a ?9 p>tition if c]ta9 limitations are all[$ = betwe5 ! fall us$ 9 ! syphon & ! height ( ! ar*1 t is1 ! di/ance f ! cre/ ( ! weir to ! inside ro( ( ! syphon4 ,! dis*>ge is giv5 by ! =mula ,q ,a7#b;g h74 ,q dis*>ge ( syphon 9 cubic metres p] sec4 a coeffici5t ( r$uction ( dis*>ge :i* v>ies betwe5 wide limits4 ,a ! m9imum cross-sectional area ( ! syphon 9 squ>e metres4 g value ( accel]ation due to gravity4 h ! fall1 or ! diff]5ce ( level 9 metres betwe5 ! wat] surfaces 9 ! supply bas9 ,a & 9 ! small tank e4 ,z soon z ! supply bas9 surface falls1 ! op5+ ( ! a]ation tube becomes uncov]$ & air is drawn into ! syphon4 ,b until ! surface has fall5 "s c5timetres ! supply ( air is n suffici5t to cause ! syphon action to /op completely1 & ?us ! escape v>ies gradually f ! maximum dis*>ge to z]o z ! wat] surface falls a few c5timetres till x rea*es its orig9al level4 ,9 c]ta9 cases x is possible to d )\t ! a]ation tube1 especially :5 ! fall us$ 9 ! syphon is n great & :5 x is possible to arrange matt]s s t ! velocity ( ! wat] fl[+ pa/ 9 front ( ! syphon is small4 ,! syphon ) a wid? ( #c metres escapes #h cubic metres p] sec4 ( wat]4 ,,app5dix ,g4 ,,gauges4 7,see ,*ap4 ,,iii41 ,arts4 #b & #c2 also see ,hydraulics1 ,*ap4 ,,viii41 ,art4 #e1 & ,app5dix ,h47 #a4 ,! gauge %\ld be plac$ on t bank & fac+ 9 t direction :i* enables x to be mo/ conv5i5tly read by ! gauge read] & by (ficials pass+ ! place4 #b4 ,! gauge %\ld be ( enamell$ iron secur$ by copp] screws to a po/ ( squ>$ & season$ wood :i* is ei!r driv5 be=eh&#fd into ! *annel or spik$ to a masonry "w4 ,ev5 9 ! deepe/ *annel a long en\gh po/ c be arrang$ =4 ,a masonry pill> is n necess>y4 ,! po/ may be rectangul> 9 cross-section1 ) up/ream & d[n/ream edges cut %>p4 ,?is prev5ts1 or greatly r$uces1 ! heap+ up ( wat] at ! up/ream side & ! =mation ( a holl[ d[n/ream4 ,if ! 8,w>d0 gauge ( two v]tical planks is us$1 ! planks %\ld meet at an acute angle1 n a "r angle1 & n be wid] ?an #g in*es ea*4 #fd ,driv+ aft] ! gauge is atta*$ may loos5 or break ! screws4 #c4 ,! top ( ! gauge %\ld be slightly above ! highe/ probable wat]-level4 ,! po/ %\ld ext5d up to ! top ( ! gauge4 #d4 ,if ev] ! grad$ b$ ( ! *annel is alt]$ ! z]o ( ! gauge %\ld be alt]$4 ,!re may be "s risk ( confusion at fir/1 b x c be avoid$ by ex]cis+ due c>e & mak+ notes4 ,! levels ( ! old & new z]os %\ld be record$4 #e4 ,a gauge at a di/ance f ! bank is objectionable4 ,x collects jungle1 _c be prop]ly read1 & is liable to be damag$ by float+ logs or boats4 ,a gauge %\ld be z ne> z possible to "o bank or ! o!r4 ,if ! bank is v]tical1 ! gauge %\ld be q close to x4 ,if1 ow+ to silt deposit1 ! gauge is dry at l[ supply1 ! deposit c be remov$ by ! gauge read]4 #f4 ,e regulator %\ld be giv5 a "n1 g5]ally t ( a neighb\r+ village & n t ( a *annel1 & ! gauge book head+s %\ld be drawn up 9 an intellig5t & sy/ematic mann]4 ,ea* ma9 *annel %\ld be ent]$ 9 ord]1 & ea* regulator on ! *annel--toge!r ) ! head gauges ( all *annels :i* take (f !re--%\ld be ent]$1 comm5c+ f up/ream4 ,a specim5 is giv5 on page #aji4 ,?us ! head gauge ( any bran* appe>s 9 ! regi/] ( ! ma9 *annel f :i* x takes (f1 o!r gauges on ! bran* appe>+ 9 ! regi/] = ! bran*4 ,& simil>ly z reg>ds a di/ribut>y :i* has gauges o!r ?an ! head gauge4 #g4 ,ea* gauge read] %\ld be suppli$ ) a regi/]1 ea* page hav+1 besides ! c\nt]foil1 z _m deta*able slips--m>k$ (f by p]=ations--z !re are (ficials--usually ! ,subdivisional ,(fic]1 zillad> & subov]se]--to :om daily gauge reports are to be s5t4 ,! titles & addresses ( ^! (ficials are pr9t$ on ! backs ( ! respective slips4 ,! slips & c\nt]foil h pr9t$ on !m a =m--simil> to "p ( ! specim5 %[n on page #aji--%[+ ! names ( all ! gauges read by t p>ticul> gauge read]1 s t he has m]ely to fill 9 ! date & read+s1 te> (f ! slips & despat* !m4 ,! po/+ ( ! regi/] 9 ! subdivision is facilitat$ if ea* gauge has a numb] & if ! correspond+ numb]s are pr9t$--besides ! names--on ! gauge slips4 ,if ! gauge read] does n "k ,engli%1 ! head+s ( ! slips are pr9t$ 9 ! v]nacul>4 ,if ! gauge read+s are telegraph$1 !re may be only "o slip--besides ! c\nt]foil--:i* is s5t to ! telegraph signall]4 ,,app5dix ,h4 ,,gibb',s ,,module4#fe 7,see p4 #afd47 #fe ,?is description has be5 suppli$ by ,gl5field ,k5n$y1 ,kilm>nock4 ,! modules c1 x is und]/ood1 be obta9$ f !m4 ,! attributes ( a p]fect module are _m & v>i$1 b 9 ,gibb's module !y h all be5 successfully embodi$ 9 :at is probably ! simple/ piece ( app>atus ( its k9d ev] devis$4 ,! foll[+ summ>y ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ,gibb's module is1 !re=e1 equival5t to an enum]ation ( ! attributes ( a p]fect module3-- ,gibb's module ,_c be tamp]$ )1 ,_c get out ( ord]1 s9ce x has no mov+ ,silt or o!r solid matt] 9 ! wat] p>ts1 & because ( its _c affect its action1 extreme simplicity4 ,requires no att5tion1 ,x is accurate1 be+ design$ on sci5tific ,works ) v small loss ( head1 hydraulic pr9ciples4 ,x is portable1 & c be erect$ at any desir$ site v simply & easily4 ,x is /rong & durable4 ,! range ( v>iation ( bo? up- & d[n/ream wat]-levels ?r\gh :i* ! dis*>ge rema9s con/ant is m ?an suffici5t to meet all ! requirem5ts ( irrigation canals4 ,! suffici5cy ( ! deliv]y c be asc]ta9$ at a glance4 ,! wat] c be drawn f any desir$ dep? 9 ! p>5t *annel4 ,:5 desir$1 means are provid$ :]eby ! supply c be clos$ or op5$ at w4 ,means are provid$1 if desir$1 = a sudd5 increase ( dis*>ge :5 ! up/ream wat]-level exce$s a c]ta9 limit1 s t surplus wat]1 :i* might endang] ! safety ( ! canal1 is all[$ to escape into ! bran* :5ev] ! dang] limit is rea*$4 ,! up/ream wat]-level at :i* escapem5t beg9s c be fix$ 9 accordance ) ! requirem5ts ( ea* site1 & ! action ( ! escape not* is indep5d5t ( ! op5+ & clos+ ( ! module4 ,no design+ or calculations are requir$4 ,^! h already be5 work$ out4 ,kn[n ! dis*>ge requir$1 ! module is suppli$ complete & ready = sett+ 9 position 9 ! canal bank4 ,,hydraulic ,,pr9ciple4 ,! entire abs5ce ( mov+ p>ts is ! *ief feature ( ,gibb's module2 ! wat] simply regulates itself by us+ up all ! excess ( en]gy ov] & above t requir$ to dis*>ge ! correct supply ( wat]4 ,! way 9 :i* ?is takes place w be und]/ood f ! foll[+ analogy3-- ,we all "k t :5 we /ir tea 9 a cup s z to make x sp91 ! liquid rises at ! rim ( ! cup & curves d[n into a depression 9 ! middle1 & ! great] ! sp9 ! m m>k$ ?is effect is4 ,x is1 we "k1 ! c5trifugal =ce produc$ by ! sp9 t makes ! tea rema9 high at ! rim ( ! cup4 ,if1 :ile ! tea is ?us sp9n+1 a teaspoon is held s t x dips slightly bel[ ! surface ( ! liquid ne> ! rim1 x w ob/ruct ! fl[ ( ! out] portion ( ! liquid1 :i* w fall 9 t[>ds ! depression 9 ! middle4 ,! reason = ?is1 ( c\rse1 is t ! c5trifugal =ce is absorb$ :5 we int]rupt any "p ( ! sp9 ) ! teaspoon2 h5ce ! liquid mu/ fall1 & we "k t :5 liquid falls x uses up 8head0 or en]gy4 ,9 ,gibb's module a simil> action is made to take place 9 a /eel *amb]1 semicircul> or spiral 9 plan1 ?r\gh :i* ! wat] fl[s 9 a semicircul> pa? in/ead ( circulat+ r\nd & r\nd z 9 ! teacup4 ,! surface ( ! /ream1 h[ev]1 assumes ! same =m z x does 9 a cup1 because x fl[s "u ! same conditions4 ,across ! *amb] are fix$ a numb] ( v]tical /eel diaphragm plates :i* take ! place ( ! teaspoon 9 ! above analogy4 ,! l[] edges ( ^! plates are ( su* a %ape1 & !y are fix$ at su* a height f ! bottom ( ! *amb]1 z to all[ a /ream ( j ! correct requir$ dis*>ge ( wat] to fl[ "u !m )\t int]f]5ce4 ,b if1 ow+ to an increase ( head caus$ by a rise 9 ! up/ream wat]-level1 ! wat] t5ds to rise high] at ! circumf]5ce ( ! *amb]1 !n ! wat] at ! surface ( ! /ream /rikes aga9/ ! diaphragm plates1 & its c5trifugal =ce be+ absorb$1 x w fall 9 t[>ds ! c5tre j z happ5$ 9 ! teacup :5 ! spoon 0 us$ 9 place ( ^! plates4 ,9 ?is way ! excess head t caus$ ! additional rise ( wat] at ! circumf]5ce is us$ up by ! fall back t[>ds ! c5tre4 ,! full capacity ( ! semicircle or spiral = us+ up excess head or en]gy 9 ?is way is made available by ! use ( a suffici5t numb] ( diaphragm plates fix$ at suitable int]vals4 ,:5 ! range ( head to be dealt ) is n l>ge1 !n a semicircul> *amb] is suffici5t2 b = l>ge ranges ( head ! *amb] is made ( spiral =m s z to lead ! wat] r\nd a complete revolution or m1 z may be necess>y4 ,,/ructural ,,details4 ,fig4 #bi %[s ! g5]al =m & /ructure ( ! type ( module suitable = irrigation4 ,fig4 #cj is f a photograph4 ,! work+ *amb] or %ell ,a is con/ruct$ ( mild /eel plat+ securely rivet$ to a framework ( angle /eel1 & ! semicircul> =m ( ! %ell ) ! rigid diaphragm plates ,b ,b rivet$ to ! walls makes a v /rong /ructure1 & ensures durability4 ,! 8lead+-90 b5d ,c is ( ca/ iron /rongly bolt$ to ! /eel %ell1 & is s design$ z to deliv] ! wat] into ! module *amb] 9 a completely e/abli%$ vortex condition4 ,! socket ,d on ?is 8lead+-90 b5d is made s z to all[ ( consid]able latitude 9 ! v]tical alignm5t ( ! /raight lead+-9 pipe1 s t ! wat] c be drawn f any desir$ dep? 9 ! p>5t *annel1 & ! proportion ( silt drawn (f is ?us br\ght "u control4 ,illu/ration3 -- ,,end ,,elevation4 -- -- ,,plan4 -- -- ,,front ,,elevation4 -- ,,fig4 #bi4--;,details ( ,gibb's ,pat5t ,module4 ,grooves ,e ,e & a %utt] ,f1 z illu/rat$1 = clos+ (f ! fl[ ?r\gh ! module1 are provid$1 if requir$1 b all modules are n fitt$ 9 ?is way1 because _m irrigation au?orities consid] x undesirable to provide ! consum]s ) unre/rict$ facilities = clos+ (f _! supplies )\t previ\sly giv+ notice ( su* an action4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--,! ,complet$ ,module 7,op5 ,type = ,l[ ,heads74 ,an escape not* ,h is provid$ 9 ! position indicat$ :5 desir$4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be f\nd difficult to det]m9e be=eh& ! up/ream wat]-level at :i* x is necess>y to all[ ?is escape ( surplus supply1 s t x is g5]ally m satisfactory to cut ! escape not* aft] ! modules h be5 in/all$ & actual exp]i5ce has indicat$ a suitable level = ! not* cre/4 ,9 ! /&>d type ( module = irrigation purposes ! top ( ! module *amb] is completely op51 z %[n1 & ?is is ! type g5]ally recomm5d$1 z x is f\nd t consum]s h great] confid5ce 9 an app>atus :i* hides no?+ f !m4 ,to meet ! ne$s ( special cases1 h[ev]1 a second type is also made 9 :i* ! *amb] is completely clos$ & consid]ably r$uc$ 9 height1 be+ ?us specially suitable = sites :]e space is conf9$4 ,pipes ,i1 ( diamet] suitable = all sizes ( modules1 are also suppli$4 ,^! may ei!r be weld$ /eel or ca/ iron1 z desir$4 ,an #ah-;feet l5g? ( pipe is usually f\nd suffici5t to br+ ! supply ?r\gh ! canal bank to ! module4 ,all modules suppli$ are treat$ ) anti-corrosive pa9t1 :i* ensures ! protection ( ! metal4 ,,app5dix ,k4 ,,k5n$y',s ,,gauge ,,outlet4#ff 7,see p4 #afh47 #ff ,see ,punjab ,irrigation ,bran* ,pap] ,no4 #ab1 8,results ( ,te/s ( ,k5n$y's ,gauge ,outlet40 ,,fig4 #ca %[s a bell-m\!d orifice dis*>g+ into an air-space4 ,! jet spr+s across ! air-space & trav]ses a gradually div]g+ tube4 ,let a1 ,a be ! sectional areas ( ! /ream at ! air-space & ! d[n/ream end ( ! tube respectively1 & let ,v1 v1 & ,p1 ,p be ! correspond+ velocities & pressures4 ,let resi/ances be neglect$4 ,s9ce ! pressure 9 ! air-space is ,p1 ,v 7#b;g h7 or ! dis*>ge ?r\gh ! tube dep5ds only on h & n on h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,by ,b]n\illi's !orem1 ,v ,p v ,p ---- ---- ----- -- #b;g ,w #b;g ,w or ,p - ,p ,v - v --------- ---------4 ,w #b;g ,?is quantity 7s9ce v is small7 is n mu* less ?an h or ,v_/#b;g4 ,9 o!r words1 ! wat] levels ( two ci/]ns ) an air-space betwe5 !m diff] only a little1 or h is small4 ,! above case 7two ci/]ns & air-space7 is m5tion$ 9 ,hydraulics1 ,*ap4 ,v4 ,! pr9ciple is simply t ! velocity head at ! air-space is reconv]t$ into pressure head by pass+ ! /ream ?r\gh a gradually div]g+ tube4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( su* a tube ! velocity head w\ld be wa/$ by caus+ eddies 9 ! d[n/ream ci/]n4 ,if ! d[n/ream ci/]n is a wat]c\rse ^: wat]-level is consid]ably l[] ?an t ( ! up/ream ci/]n or di/ribut>y1 ,v is obvi\sly unaffect$4 ,also ,p is obvi\sly r$uc$4 ,!re=e1 by ,b]n\illi1 v is increas$1 or ! /ream does n fill ! exp&$ tube & !re are eddies 9 ! tube4 ,! wat]-level 9 ! wat]c\rse may ev5 be l[] ?an ! end ( ! tube4 ,! dis*>ge is unaffect$4 ,9 practice !re are1 ( c\rse1 resi/ances1 b ?is fact does n affect ! g5]al conclusions /at$ above4 ,! m9imum work+ head 7diff]5ce betwe5 ! two wat]-levels7 :i* gives a con/ant dis*>ge is great] ?an w\ld be ! case 9 ! abs5ce ( resi/ances4 ,?is 8m9imum work+ head = modul>ity0 has be5 f\nd to be #ba foot1 #db foot1 & #fa foot1 ! correspond+ values ( ! 8depression10 h1 be+ respectively #a foot1 #b feet1 & #c feet4 ,:5 ! work+ head is less ?an ! above1 ! dis*>ge is less & x dep5ds on ! work+ head4 ,! depression %\ld1 accord+ to ,k5n$y1 be ab\t #age feet1 b x may be m4 ,! *ief difficulty 9 us+ ! gauge outlet z a module is t ! air v5t c be /opp$ up4 ,?is conv]ts ! app>atus into a comp\nd div]g+ tube 7,hydraulics1 ,*ap4 ,,iii41 ,art4 #ag74 ,! dis*>ge is1 ( c\rse1 increas$1 & x becomes dep5d5t at all times on ! work+ head4 ,ano!r difficulty is t any rise or fall 9 ! wat]-level ( ! di/ribut>y 7& su* rises & falls may occur ow+ to silt+ or sc\r1 h[ev] c>efully ! dis*>ge may be regulat$7 alt]s ! dis*>ge some:at1 ?\gh n to ! same degree z 9 an ord9>y outlet ) a work+ head (1 say1 #e foot4 ,9 %ort1 ,k5n$y's gauge outlet1 or 8semi-module0 z x is sometimes call$1 c modify b n d away ) ! v>iations ( ! dis*>ges ( outlets4 ,,index4 ,absorption1 #af1 #aei4 ,alignm5t1 pr9ciples (1 #d4 ,alignm5t1 c5trality 91 #e4 ,alt]ation 9 l9e1 #ei4 ,assiut ,b>rage1 #aa4 ,ass\an ,dam1 #aa4 ,banks1 con/ruction (1 #ach4 -- protection (1 #aci1 #age1 #agh4 -- wid? & height (1 #ef4 ,banks & ,roads1 #ec4 ,bas9 ,irrigation1 #aa4 ,b]ms1 #ec4 ,bifurcations1 #dg4 ,bifurcation1 head ne$$ at1 #de4 ,borr[ pits1 #ee4 ,bran*es ( ,canals1 #c4 ,brea*es 9 ,banks1 #agf4 ,bricks us$ = canal "w 9 ,india1 #hh4 ,bridges1 #h1 #hj1 #hg1 #acj4 -- ,skew1 #bi1 #db4 ,bu%+ ( banks1 #agh4 ,canal & bran*es1 #bj1 #dg4 ,canal1 b$ wid? (1 #ea4 -- suppli$ f res]voirs1 #c1 #ac4 -- inundation1 #a1 #de1 #gi1 #abg1 #aef4 -- p]5nial1 #a4 ,capill>ity1 #af4 ,cattle ,ghts1 #ha1 #agc4 ,cem5t = l9+ *annels1 #afj4 ,*a9age1 #ic1 #aah4 ,*annels1 alt]ations 91 #ig4 -- enl>gem5t (1 #ig1 #aci4 -- gradi5ts (1 #ej4 -- side slopes (1 #eb4 ,colonization ,s*emes1 #fd4 ,comm&1 #b4 ,comm&$ area1 #d4 ,cont\r l9es1 #cg4 -- plan1 #bf1 #cf1 #fc4 -- survey1 #cg4 ,crops1 failure (1 #ajc1 #adb4 -- k9ds (1 #aja4 ,culturable comm&$ area1 #bf1 #aac4 ,curves & b5ds 9 *annels1 #h1 #aci4 8,delta10 #bb1 #aaj4 ,deputy ,collector1 #if4 ,designs & ,e/imates1 #fj4 ,design ( canals1 #b1 #bf1 #cj1 #dg1 #adg1 #aef4 ,dis*>ge ( canal dur+ rabi1 #eb1 #aah4 ,dis*>ge obs]vations1 #ajg4 ,dis*>ges ( ,punjab riv]s1 #ade1 #aeg4 ,dis*>ge tables1 #ajf4 -- ?r\gh an outlet1 #fa4 ,di/ance m>ks1 #ic4 ,di/ribution ( wat]1 #ad1 #aah1 #abe4 ,di/ribut>ies1 #c1 #bj1 #dd1 #df4 -- be/ sy/em (1 #ga4 ,di/ribut>y1 b$ wid? (1 #fh4 -- design (1 #fj4 -- height & wid? ( banks1 #fh4 -- kh>if1 #aef4 -- longitud9al section (1 #fi4 -- major & m9or1 #da4 -- (f-take (1 #ea4 -- remodell+ (1 #abh4 -- side slopes (1 #fi4 -- /rip ( l& =1 #fi4 -- ) ?ree f\r?s full supply1 #de1 #fh1 #aff4 ,divide ,walls1 #cc1 #afi4 ,divisions1 canal1 #if4 ,dra9age1 #aj4 ,dra9age ,cross+s1 #h1 #aef4 ,duty ( wat]1 #ba1 #be1 #ci1 #adh1 #aec1 #aed4 ,duty1 improvem5t (1 #bd1 #ajb1 #aeh4 ,ea/]n ,jumna ,canal1 #ca4 ,effloresc5ce call$ 8,reh10 #ae4 ,egypt1 irrigation 91 #aa4 ,embankm5ts1 #i1 #cc1 #aef4 ,escapes1 #i1 #ajj1 #ahj4 ,e/imates = "w1 #ei4 ,evaporation1 #af4 ,executive ,eng9e]1 #if4 ,ext5sions ( canals1 #abg4 ,extra l&1 #eh4 ,fall+ ,%utt]s1 #cb4 ,falls1 #h1 #ha1 #hg4 -- incomplete1 #hg1 #acj4 -- not*1 #hf4 ,field book1 #aja4 -- map1 #aja4 -- regi/]1 #aja4 ,f9al l9e1 #ei4 ,fl[ & lift1 #aa4 ,full supply duty1 #fd4 ,full supply factor1 #fd4 ,ganges ,canal1 #ca4 ,gauges1 #aj1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #ahc4 ,gauge read]1 #if1 #ih1 #aje1 #ahd4 ,gauge read+1 #aje1 #aba4 -- regi/]1 #aje1 #ajf1 #ajh1 #aaa4 ,gibb's module1 #afd1 #ahf4 ,guide banks1 #ce4 ,head = di/ribut>y1 #hb1 #hc4 ,headworks1 #b1 #cj1 #ih1 #ii1 #acg4 ,ind5ts = wat]1 #ih1 #ajh1 #aaj4 ,inundation canals1 #a1 #de1 #gi1 #abg1 #aef4 ,irrigation b\nd>ies1 #cc1 #abi4 -- 9 v>i\s c\ntries1 #a4 -- regi/]s1 #aac4 -- unau?oris$1 #aja4 ,k5n$y's gauge outlet1 #afh1 #aic4 -- ,rules = *annel design1 #dh4 ,kh>if or ,summ] ,crop1 #bc4 ,kutt]'s co-effici5ts1 #ea4 ,lift irrigation1 #aa1 #adb4 ,lime = mak+ *annels wat]tight1 #afb4 ,longitud9al section1 #fi1 #acj4 ,losses ( wat] 9 *annels1 #af1 #ch1 #aei4 ,l[ supplies1 #aah1 #abc4 ,l[] ,*5ab ,canal1 #be1 #add4 ,l[] ,egypt1 #aa4 ,l[] ,jhelum ,canal1 #add4 ,ma9t5ance "w1 #ach1 #aga1 #agd4 ,m>g9al ,embankm5ts1 #i4 ,masonry works1 #bi1 #hj1 #hi4 -- -- l>ge scale site plan1 #hi4 -- -- type designs1 #hi4 ,mills1 #h4 ,m9ors1 "q ( desirability (1 #ge4 ,modules1 #afb1 #ahf4 ,navigation1 #ab4 ,ne$les & horizontal planks1 #he4 ,oil = l9+ *annels1 #afj4 ,old] ,indian canals1 #aj1 #fh1 #ih4 ,outlet1 dis*>ge (1 #fa4 -- regi/]s1 #aac4 ,outlets1 #ae1 #fa1 #ff1 #fg4 -- applications reg>d+1 #adj4 -- design (1 #gf4 -- on inundation canals1 #gi4 -- on old] canals1 #fh4 -- positions (1 #fe4 -- remodell+ (1 #aca4 -- regi/] (1 #aac4 -- size (1 #aad1 #acd4 -- tempor>y1 #gh4 -- v>iability ( duty on1 #ff4 ,p>apets1 wid? betwe51 #gg4 ,patw>i1 #if1 #aja4 ,p]colation1 #af4 ,p]5nial ,canals1 #a4 ,pit*+1 #ij4 ,plan1 l>ge scale1 #ei4 ,po/al sy/em1 #ig4 ,pr(ile walls1 #ia1 #id4 ,project1 sket* (1 #bf4 ,proportion ( l& to be irrigat$1 #bg1 #aef4 ,puddle = l9+ *annels1 #afj4 ,punjab1 projects = canals 91 #add4 ,punjab riv]s1 #ade1 #adg4 ,qu>t]s = regulat+ /aff1 #hh4 ,rabi or w9t] crop1 #bc4 ,rail+s1 #hh4 ,ra91 #i1 #bb1 #ajj4 ,ramps1 #hh4 ,ratio ( b$ wid? to dep?1 #ej4 ,r$uction 9 size ( *annel1 #abh4 ,regi/]s1 irrigation1 #aac4 ,regulation ( supply1 #ajc1 #aba1 #abg4 ,regulators1 #g1 #hj1 #hd1 #ahd4 -- p]missible head+ up1 #he4 ,remodell+s ( *annels1 #abg4 -- ( outlets & wat]c\rses1 #aca1 #acd4 ,re/ ,h\ses1 #ie4 ,res]voirs1 #ac4 ,rules = design+ canals1 ,k5n$y's1 #dh4 ,s*eme1 co/ (1 #bh1 #ei4 ,sides1 fall+ 9 (1 #aci4 ,sidhnai canal m9ors1 #da4 ,silt1 cle>ance (1 #ig1 #ach1 #aci4 -- deposit1 #ae1 #ig4 -- trapp+ at ,headworks1 #dg4 ,silt+ & sc\r+1 #ae1 #dh1 #ih1 #aci4 ,sirh9d ,canal1 #ai1 #add4 -- -- silt+ 9 ! head rea* (1 #ih4 ,soil1 wat]-logg+ (1 #aj1 #bd1 #ajb4 ,spoil ,banks1 #eb1 #eg4 ,subdivisions1 canal1 #ie4 ,subdivisional (fic]1 #if4 ,subov]se]1 #if4 ,sup]9t5d+ ,eng9e]1 #if4 ,supply c>ri$1 #ajj4 -- di/ribution (1 #ad1 #aah4 -- mean & full1 #bg1 #df1 #abb4 -- regulation (1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #ajf1 #abg4 ,syphons1 #g1 #ga1 #hg1 #aha4 ,tail+ ( "o *annel into ano!r1 #dj4 ,telegraph1 l9e (1 #ig4 ,tra9+ ( riv]s1 #cc4 ,trial l9es1 #eh4 ,trial pits1 #eh4 ,triple canal project1 #add4 ,tunnels1 #ac4 ,turns1 or rotational p]iods ( fl[1 #ad1 #aah4 ,type cross sections1 #ef4 ,"u-sluices1 #cb4 ,upp] ,b>i ,doab ,canal1 #ai1 #add4 -- ,*5ab ,canal1 #cc1 #add4 -- ,egypt1 #aa4 ,upp] ,jhelum ,canal1 #ej1 #add4 ,velocity1 #ab1 #ej4 ,village l&s1 #fb4 ,wat*+ banks1 #age4 ,wat]1 paym5t =1 #ab1 #ajj1 #ajb1 #adb1 #adc4 ,wat] level1 fluctuation 91 #ajj1 #abd4 ,wat]c\rse1 limit ( size (1 #gd4 ,wat]c\rses1 #d1 #bj1 #fe4 -- applications reg>d+1 #adj4 -- = trees1 #eh4 -- remodell+ (1 #aca4 -- ) poor comm&1 #fg1 #acc1 #aff4 ,wat]+s1 #aa1 #bd4 ,wat]-logg+ ( ! soil1 #aj1 #bd1 #ajb4 ,wave1 travel (1 d[n a *annel1 #abd4 ,we/]n ,am]ica1 canals 91 #ab4 -- ,jumna ,canal1 #ca1 #ci4 ,w+ ,walls1 #hi4 ,works1 arrangem5t (1 #hi4 -- two or m close toge!r1 #hi4 -- urg5t repairs (1 #acg4 ,zillad>1 #if4 ,h>vey ,heal+1 ,pr9t]s1 ,man*e/] ,/reet1 ,*elt5ham4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,! inconsi/5t use ( p]iods aft] ,roman num]als has be5 reta9$2 o!r inconsi/5cies 7spell+1 hyph5ation1 =matt+ & lay-out7 h be5 reta9$ z well1 except :5 m5tion$ bel[4 ,dep5d+ on ! h>d- & s(tw>e us$ & _! sett+s1 n all elem5ts may display z int5d$4 ,"s ( ! tables are be/ view$ 9 a wide w9d[4 ,page #ba3 ,! equation does n agree ) ! calculations giv54 ,page #ff1 ,fig4 #aa3 ,!re are two illu/rations labell$ ,fig4 #aa1 ! hyp]l9ks po9t to ! appropriate illu/ration4 ,*anges made ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 correct$ sil5tly4 ,footnotes & illu/rations h be5 mov$ out ( text p>agraphs4 ,"s tables h be5 re-arrang$ or split2 9 sev]al tables1 ! data alignm5t has be5 /&>dis$4 ,page #ah1 table1 ,total ( second column3 #hic *ang$ to #hja ,page #ci3 ,kutt]s *ang$ to ,kutt]'s ,page #ic3 m>k$ out *ang$ to m>k$ at ,page #fi3 #c ,dep? ( digg+ *ang$ to #ac4 ,dep? ( digg+ ,page #aji1 fir/ av]age #a *ang$ to #da ,page #aag3 ,net ,areas ,irrigat$ 9 ,areas *ang$ to ,net ,areas ,irrigat$ 9 ,acres ,page #aej3 ,cusecs4 add$ z 9 simil> tables ,index3 ,cattle ,ghats *ang$ to ,cattle ,ghts2 ,l9e = mak+ 444 *ang$ to ,lime = mak+ 4442 ,l[] ,*5al ,canal *ang$ to ,l[] ,*5ab ,canal4