,,janus ,,9 ,,mod]n ,,life ,,janus ,,9 ,,mod]n ,,life ,,by ,w4 ,m4 ,,fl9d]s ,,petrie ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,b4,a41 c4 ,fools only le>n by _! own exp]i5ce1 ,wise m5 le>n by ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs4 ,,london3 ,,ar*ibald ,,con/able ,,co4 ,,ltd4 #aj ,,orange ,,/reet1 ,,leice/] ,,squ>e ,w4,c4 #aijg4 ,!re are two roads to re=mation = mank9d--"o ?r\gh mis=tunes ( _! own1 ! o!r ?r\gh ^? ( o!rs2 ! =m] is ! m unmi/akable1 ! latt] ! less pa9ful4444 ,= x is hi/ory1 & hi/ory alone1 :i*1 )\t involv+ u 9 actual dang]1 w mature our judgm5t1 & prep>e u to take "r views1 :atev] may be ! crisis or ! po/ure ( affairs4 ,,polybius4 ,,preface4 ,^! pap]s essay an und]/&+ ( "s ( ! v>i\s pr9ciples :i* und]lie ! c\rse ( political movem5ts 9 ! pres5t age4 ,!re is no attempt at introduc+ any consid]ations :i* are n famili> to e intellig5t p]son1 nor any comp>isons ) o!r in/ances :i* are n already well kn[n 9 hi/ory4 ,:y consid]ations :i* seem s obvi\s :5 /at$1 %\ld yet n be famili>1 may p]haps be due to ! e/rangem5t betwe5 sci5ce & corporate life1 :i* is an unhappy feature ( a "t ( transition bo? 9 education & 9 motives4 ,! po9t ( view "h is t ( public & g5]al conditions & n ( private v>iations ( beliefs4 ,su* moral factors1 ?\gh all important to ! individual1 are n s mu* ! subject ( ! direct physical causes & effects :i* are "h consid]$4 ,simil>ly ! b5eficial result ( private b5evol5ce is n add$ to ^! consid]ations1 because x is l>gely outside ( ! effects ( conduct1 & f9ds its good 9 am5d+ or neutralis+ ! evil consequ5ces ( v>i\s actions4 ,x w always h its scope1 b 9 opposition to1 r ?an 9 conc]t )1 ! direct effects :i* we are "h to consid]4 ,too (t5 ! objections to v>i\s new views are bas$ ^u "s s5tim5t ( "o p>ty1 r ?an ^u ! reason :i* is common to all p>ties4 ,"h1 on ! contr>y1 ! aim is to consid] ! natural consequ5ces ( v>i\s actions1 ap>t f p]sonal op9ion1 & !re=e on a common gr\nd :i* all read]s c equally accept4 ,! position ( a p>tisan or an advocate has be5 avoid$ s f> z possible4 ,no d\bt to _m ( ! /atem5ts & d$uctions "h1 "o p>ty or ano!r w\ld cry1 ,ana!ma4 ,z a :ole ! results are m 9 accord ) ,individualism ?an ) ,collectivism2 b an attempt is made to trace :at are ! limits ( a ,collectivism t may n involve delet]i\s consequ5ces4 ,x may seem a fault to _m m9ds t no cut & dri$ def9ite sy/em or c\rse ( action is advocat$2 _m p pref] a m$ic9e :i* is gu>ante$ to relieve all _! compla9ts1 in/ead ( a physiological rese>* on ! obscure causes ( _! tr\bles4 ,b1 if we are to advance1 we mu/ /udy ! diseases ( bodies politic ) ! same dis9t]e/$ness1 & some:at ( ! same unfeel+ temp]1 z t ( ! physiologi/ 9 deal+ ) animat$ nature4 ,su* a l9e ( /udy w be useless to ! politician1 s long z he is an opportuni/ or a placeman2 & useless to ! sociali/1 s long z he refuses to le>n by ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs4 ,! pres5t "t seems to mo/ p s inf9itely m important to !m ?an ! pa/ or future1 t !y are impati5t at ! introduction ( comp>isons :i* seem to reflect ^u _! imm$iate judgm5t1 or ( anticipations :i* w\ld *eck _! pres5t gratification4 ,!y =get t x is only a fiction to speak ( ! pres5t1 an inf9itely ?9 division betwe5 :at has be5 & t :i* w be4 ,e /ep ( ! pa/ has be5 a pres5t1 liv+1 urg5t1 imp]ative1 to ! :ole _w2 & e su* pres5t has be5 entirely condition$ by its pa/1 j z ! future to u is condition$ by our pres5t4 ,if any race n[ c>es to le>n some:at f its own pa/1 & t ( o!rs1 x may b5efit its own future2 if x pref]s a bl9d selfi%ness1 a bett] race w be welcom$ to its place4 ,janus1 :o look$ to ! pa/ & to ! future1 0 ! god ^: temple /ood always op5 dur+ w>1 t he might br+ peace ^u e>?4 ,& 9 our day x is only ! view ( ! pa/ & ! future :i* c w>n u ( evils to come1 & save u f viol5ce & confusion4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,preface v ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,"*1 ,,! ,,basis ,,( ,,society4 ,production ( "* ! mo/ important object1 p4 #a4 ,! kn[n conditions ( physical v>iation1 p4 #b4 ,m5tal equival5ts ( physical v>iation 9 7#a7 b5efits ( ability1 p4 #d2 7#b7 ,inh]itance1 p4 #d2 7#c7 ,artificial increase ( v>iation1 p4 #e2 7#d7 ,excitem5t ( v>iation1 p4 #f2 7#e7 ,ga9 by use1 p4 #f2 7#f7 ,loss by atrophy1 p4 #g2 7#g7 ,v>iation made p]man5t by competition1 p4 #aj4 ,immutability ( g5]al type1 physical & m5tal1 p4 #aa4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,pres5t ,,*anges ,,( ,,"*4 ,loss ( national "* by emigration1 p4 #ac2 by promotion ( slo?1 p4 #af4 ,lack ( adaptability1 p4 #af4 ,l[ type ( public pleasure1 p4 #ag4 ,repression ( "* by communism1 p4 #bj4 ,conditions ( successful communism1 p4 #bj4 ,communism 9 e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #bc4 ,int5se competition among h]bivora1 p4 #be4 ,communism fatali/ic1 p4 #bf4 ,de/ruction ( "* by municipal communism1 p4 #bf4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,trade ,,unionism1 ,,its ,,fl[] ,,& ,,fruition4 ,t[n influ5ce 9 ,rome1 p4 #bh4 ,decay ( ! c\ntry1 p4 #bi4 ,gr[? ( trade unions1 p4 #cj4 ,trade unions compulsory1 p4 #cj4 ,*eap production = ! prolet>iat1 p4 #cb4 ,%>+ ( prolet>iat burd5 by a trade1 p4 #cb4 ,all prop]ty hypo!cat$ to ! ,trade ,unions1 p4 #cc4 ,! social burd5 ! de/ruction ( ,rome1 p4 #cd4 ,! gr[? ( ! little-,italy p>ty1 p4 #ce4 ,devolution ( gov]nm5t1 p4 #cf4 ,! /ate regulation ( prices & wages1 p4 #cg4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,revolution ,,or ,,evolution8 ,great effects be/ produc$ by small causes1 p4 #dj4 ,revolution leads to great] tyranny1 p4 #dj2 also leads to milit>y despotism1 p4 #da4 ,radical *anges %[ ignorance1 p4 #db4 ,scope to be all[$ = gradual *ange1 p4 #dc4 ,v>iability tol]at$ by bye-laws1 p4 #dd4 ,effects ( small *anges z se5 9 ,dea? ,duties & r$uc$ colonis+ p[]1 p4 #dd4 ,income tax & expulsion ( trade1 p4 #dg2 b5efits ( tax+ extravagance1 p4 #eb2 ,iri% t5ant "r1 p4 #ec2 high int]e/ on loans1 p4 #ee2 equalisation ( l& values1 p4 #ef2 gr[? ( cities1 p4 #eg4 ,effect ( workm5's comp5sation1 p4 #eh2 ( old age p5sions1 p4 #ei2 ( /ate help = *ildr51 p4 #fj4 ,effects ( weal? 9 ! h&s ( diff]5t classes1 p4 #fj4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,ne$ ,,( ,,div]sity4 ,v>iability ne$ful = advance ( a species1 p4 #fe4 ,l>ge /ates a necess>y result ( rapid communication1 p4 #ff4 ,div]sity ne$$ !re=e )9 ! /ate1 z well z betwe5 /ates1 p4 #fg4 ,no moral obligation to uni=mity1 p4 #fg4 ,sep>ate /ates ne$$ = a d\bl$-c5tr$ div]sity1 p4 #gj4 ,div]sity z yet rema9+ 9 m>riage-law & cu/om1 p4 #ga4 ,society a mixture ( _m pa/ /ages ( culture1 p4 #gb4 ,pres5t education a b> to progress by div]sity1 p4 #gc4 ,ne$ ( div]sity 9 education1 p4 #ge4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,l9es ,,( ,,advance4 ,p]sonal initiative ess5tial1 p4 #gh4 ,prev5tion ( wa/e ! ma9 pr9ciple ( advance1 p4 #gi4 ,ga9 9 heal?1 p4 #gi4 ,ga9 9 am\nt ( activities ( life1 p4 #hj4 ,ga9 9 rapidity1 p4 #ha4 ,ga9 by work+ in/ead ( play+1 p4 #ha4 ,ga9 by sav+ wa/e 9 r5ewal1 p4 #hc4 ,ga9 by p]man5t m>riage1 p4 #hd4 ,ga9 by high-t5d+ ( families1 p4 #he4 ,ga9 by improv+ or we$+ ( bad /ocks1 p4 #hf4 ,ga9 by individualism1 p4 #hi4 ,ga9 by free comb9ations1 p4 #ib4 ,ga9 by int]national lab\r1 p4 #ic4 ,! mean+ ( w>1 by trade1 by armam5t1 & by viol5ce1 p4 #ie4 ,improvem5t ( *ecks1 p4 #ii4 ,! ultimate type ( /ates1 p4 #ajj4 ,! ultimate type ( man1 p4 #aja4 ,,index #aje ,,janus ,,9 ,,mod]n ,,life4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,"*1 ,,! ,,basis ,,( ,,society4 ,9 consid]+ or design+ any k9d ( "w ! fir/ & mo/ ess5tial condition is ! quality ( mat]ial t has to be us$4 ,y _c make a silk purse out ( a s['s e>4 ,& :at is true mat]ially is true also m5tally2 ! "* ( a p is ! ess5tial basis ( all _! in/itutions & gov]nm5t4 ,if we int5d to consid] :at improvem5ts are possible1 or :at degradations may occur1 we mu/ treat ! matt] entirely z a "q ( "*4 ,= =ms ( ,gov]nm5t let fools conte/1 :ate'er is be/ adm9i/]$ is be/1 & ! adm9i/ration dep5ds ^u ! "* ( ! p4 ,we see on all sides t races ( a l[ "* necess>ily pass1 by ! =ce ( ev5ts1 "u ! dom9ation ( o!r races :o h a high] or /rong] "*4 ,x is ! quality ( ! race :i* is ! mo/ ess5tial & det]m9+ factor 9 its hi/ory4 ,t e nation has ! k9d ( gov]nm5t :i* x des]ves1 is an old rem>k1 :i* implies t its "* det]m9es its fate4 ,! dilig5t b cauti\s ,scot2 ! slov5ly ,slov5e2 ! self-deceiv$ ,gaul2 ! t$i\sly complete & logical ,g]man2 ^! all %[ ! mann] 9 :i* _! adm9i/ration is ! product ( ! individual "*4 ,fur!r1 happ9ess is ess5tially dep5d5t ^u "*1 & is--by comp>ison--det]m9$ by "* alone1 almo/ ap>t f ext]nal circum/ances4 ,x is !re=e a matt] ( ! fir/ importance to consid] h[ "* is produc$ or modifi$4 ,possibly to "s x may appe> presumptu\s to apply to ! m9d ^? natural laws :i* x is n[ g5]ally agre$ apply to bodily developm5t4 ,yet ev5 ! probabilities ( *ance di/ribution may be %[n to apply to ! v>ieties ( m9d2 bo? by r\gh obs]vation 9 g5]al1 & also by a te/ case quantitatively appli$ 7see ,religion & ,consci5ce 9 ,anci5t ,egypt74 ,a feel+ aga9/ ?is treatm5t ( ! m9d by mat]ial law is bas$ on ! idea t x implies an abs5ce ( free-w4 ,b1 to take an illu/ration1 a railway company may be c]ta9 ( c>ry+ v closely ! same numb] ( pass5g]s ea* day1 )\t 9 ! lea/ emb>rass+ ! free-w ( any pass5g] z to :e!r or no he w travel4 ,let u notice1 !re=e1 h[ ! v>i\s pr9ciples ( physical modification are applicable also to m5tal *ange4 ,:e!r x may be t *anges take place by ! inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]i/ics1 or :e!r !y occur solely by accid5tal v>iation :i* proves b5eficial1 is a mu* debat$ "q :i* is n requisite = u to settle "h4 ,x is agre$ t 9 ! physical life ( all animals x may be se5 t3 7#a7 ,fav\rable v>iations give a det]m9+ advantage to "o individual ov] ano!r1 or to "o m ?an ano!r aga9/ a common enemy2 7#b7 ,useful v>iations t5d to be ma9ta9$ 9 successive g5]ations2 7#c7 ,artificial conditions t5d to produce v>iation2 7#d7 ,great] v>iability accompanies unusual developm5ts2 7#e7 ,gr[? is direct$ & enc\rag$ by use2 & 7#f71 z ! total activity is limit$1 !re=e disuse causes atrophy & degradation1 by fav\r+ ( p>ts m us$4 ,to ^! foll[s ! important coroll>y 7#g73 ,v>iation be+ only ( b5efit :]e !re is competition 9 :i* x gives an advantage1 its improvem5ts w cease to be ma9ta9$ 9 ! abs5ce ( competition2 x is only competition :i* makes improv$ v>iations p]man5t4 ,= in/ance1 if !re 7 no c>nivora ! swift] de] w\ld n h f\nd _! pace a b5efit1 & !re w\ld be no suffici5t cause = _! atta9+ _! pres5t swiftness4 ,9 place ( look+ on selection z m]ely a /ruggle we mu/ look on x z ! sole physical means ( p]man5t elevation1 ! motor :i* has rais$ e species to its pres5t po9t ( ability4 ,to ^! pr9ciples common to all organic nature mu/ be add$ ano!r :i* is almo/ peculi> to man alone4 ,we (t5 he> t environm5t is ! det]m9ant ( ! nature ( bo? animals & man4 ,b ! di/9ctive quality ( man is ! subjection ( ! environm5t to ! rul+ faculty2 man is n necess>ily condition$ by 8 environm5t1 b a direct measure ( 8 civilisation is ! ext5t to :i* he creates 8 own conditions4 ,o!r communal animals1 z ! ant1 ! bee1 or ! beav]1 h anticipat$ ?is to "s ext5t2 b 9 man alone c ! rul+ faculty rise to an entire rev]sal ( almo/ e condition ( environm5t4 ,! m5tal equival5ts ( ^! physical modifications are obvi\sly true 9 common exp]i5ce & 9 hi/orical example4 7#a7 ,t a fav\rable v>iation ( m9d gives a det]m9+ advantage ne$s no illu/ration1 z e %>p & able man ( bus9ess has %[n ?is 9 all ages4 7#b7 ,t m5tal qualities are inh]it$ has be5 pretty g5]ally recognis$1 & ! "w ( ,galton on ,h]$it>y ,g5ius has en=c$ ?is by /ati/ical example4 ,b ! hi/orical consequ5ces h n be5 suffici5tly notic$2 = x is obvi\sly possible by selective action to increase or dim9i% n only ! bodily activity b also ! m5tal ability se5 9 ! :ole community4 ,! s]ies ( proscriptions ( all ! lead+ m5 ( ,rome1 alt]nately on "o side & !n on ! o!r1 f ,m>ius d[n to ,octavius1 0 s disa/r\s a dra9 ( political ability1 t only ! ,julian family 0 left2 & !re 0 nev] an able emp]or ( ,roman ance/ry aft] t l9e 0 ext9ct4 ,! expulsion ( ! ,hugu5ots f ,france dra9$ x ( ! active middle class m9ds1 & left ! great gap 9 ! cont9uity ( sympa?y :i* made ! ,revolution possible4 ,! lat] expulsion or ext]m9ation also ( ! active upp] class m9ds dra9$ t l& ( ne>ly all ! h]$it>y ability ( ! race3 ! consequ5ce has be5 to leave at ! pres5t day a nation ( m$iocrities1 among :om !re is b a fraction ( ! g5ius se5 9 ,g]many & ,engl& on ei!r side ( x4 ,almo/ e lead+ "n is t ( a =eign]1 z = in/ance ,wadd+ton1 ,zurl9d51 ,eiffel1 ,re9a*1 ,ro?s*ild1 ,gambetta1 ,masp]o4 ,ano!r v important consid]ation is t sporadic ability is n inh]it$ 9 ! same mann] z long cont9u$ family ability4 ,n a s+le ,roman ,emp]or :o rose solely f 8 individual p[]s left a wor?y & capable son4 ,! ,gordians 7 a good s5atorial family1 & ran ?r\gh ?ree g5]ations on ! ?rone4 ,9 ,engl& ! same ?+ is se54 ,! ma9 s\rce ( new m5 ( ability is f /urdy ,puritan or ,quak] /ocks t h long practis$ self-d5ial & h>d "w2 old families ) long traditions ( public s]vice cont9ue usually on ! same l9e ( ability2 b ! n\veaux ri*es :o h sprung =w>d on "s lucky speculation or trade ent]prise usually g hopelessly to pieces 9 ! next g5]ation4 ,! long] a useful type has be5 ma9ta9$ ! m /able x is4 7#c7 ,t artificial conditions t5d to produce v>iation is obvi\s 9 e civilisation4 ,! m int5se is ! artificiality ( life1 ! great] are ! extremes ( ability & incompet5ce1 ( ri*es & pov]ty1 accompany+ x4 ,x is (t5 a problem to k9d he>ts t !re %\ld be su* mis]y & degradation side by side ) ! ease & welf>e ( civilisation4 ,! answ] is t x is inevitable1 because ! v same artificiality :i* gives scope to ! capable to rise1 equally gives scope = ! incapable to fall4 ,e *ance1 e op5+1 e b5efit atta9able by ex]tion1 is a means ( advance to him :o uses x2 b x is accompani$ by equal *ances ( failure1 equal op5+s to loss1 equal injuries result+ f slo?1 :i* are ! equally sure means ( degradation = ^? :o h n ! wit or en]gy to avoid !m4 ,! subm]g$ t5? is ! inevitable complem5t ( ! lead+ t5?4 7#d7 ,great] v>iability ( m9d accompanies unusual developm5t2 ?is is se5 9 ! great outbur/s ( m5tal activity :i* h occurr$ along ) ext]nal expansion 9 ! times ( ,elizabe? & ( ,victoria4 ,or 9 e>li] times ! gr[? ( ,greek lit]ature foll[+ ! ,p]iclean expansion1 or ( ,roman lit]ature ) ! ,augu/an settlem5t ( ! _w4 7#e7 ,m5tal gr[? is direct$ & enc\rag$ by use4 ,?is fact is s obvi\s t x is prov]bial1 z 9 ! say+1 ,! m9d gr[s by :at x fe$s ^u4 ,all m5tal tra9+ & tea*+ recognise ?is1 b x is true 9 lat] life z well z 9 y\?4 ,x is well kn[n h[ 9 ! lea/ civilis$ races small *ildr5 are z advanc$--or m s--?an 9 high] races4 ,! ,au/ralian is said to come to a /&/ill at t5 or twelve ye>s old4 ,! ,egyptian seldom advances m5tally aft] sixte54 ,a l[-class ,engli%man does n improve aft] tw5ty or s4 ,a capable man w cont9ue to exp& till ?irty or =ty4 ,& ! man ( ! greate/ capacity w cont9ue to gr[ m5tally1 & assimilate new l9es ( ?\ght1 until sev5ty or eighty4 ,?us ! great] ! p[] ( use & ! activity ( ! m9d1 ! long] w x cont9ue to gr[4 ,?is may well be reg>d$ z "o ( ! ma9 te/s ( a great m9d2 & x is /rictly 9 accord ) ! sy/em ( ! well-kn[n embryonic *anges pass+ f l[] to high] /ages1 & cont9u+ to gr[ 9 developm5t into high] & high] types4 ,! savage ceas$ to gr[ m5tally ev5 :ile 9 *ildhood2 ! sage cont9ues ! expansion ( m9d to extreme old age4 7#f7 ,disuse ( m9d causes atrophy & degradation4 ,?is pr9ciple is "o ( ! mo/ important ( all 9 its practical be>+s4 ,! famili> figure ( ! lat] ,m]ov+s1 ! rois fa9ants1 is an hi/orical example3 fre$ f all necessity ( ?\ght by ! assiduity ( ! mayors ( ! palace1 ! family m9d atrophi$ fur!r 9 ea* g5]ation1 until ! k+ became a puppet )\t volition 9 royal affairs4 ,! same work+ may be se5 9 ! upp] classes ( _m c\ntries1 :]e ! spur ( ! necessity ( action ceases4 ,)9 a c5tury ( ! cessation ( ! ,moori% w>s ! *ivalry ( ,spa9 began to atrophy2 ! same 0 se5 9 a c5tury aft] ! cessation ( civil w> 9 ,france4 ,9 ,engl& ! /rong tradition ( tra9+ = ! public c>e]s 9 ! civil & milit>y s]vices & p>liam5t1 has sav$ ! upp] classes m ?an else:]e4 ,b a ri* family )\t active int]e/s almo/ always %[s atrophy ( m9d4 ,!re is a f9e say+ ( ,m5cius1 ,^? :om ,god de/9es = "s great "p1 ,he fir/ *a/5s by suff]+ & toil4 ,! same t5d5cy to atrophy is equally se5 9 ! l[] classes1 :5 ! necessity ( self-help is remov$4 ,& _m ( ! mod]n movem5ts h be5 ( a degrad+ t5d5cy1 lead+ to ! hold+ back ( ! capable & ! artificial help ( ! incapable4 ,x is obvi\s t if p]sons h retrograd$ & got into difficulties1 !y are presumably less capable ?an ^? ar\nd !m4 ,if !n !y are reliev$ indep5d5tly ( _! own ex]tions1 _! incapacity is fo/]$ & !y retrograde /ill fur!r4 ,to comp5sate !m = _! incapacity by relief works1 by f>m colonies1 by outdoor relief doles1 by ma9t5ance ( _! *ildr51 w inevitably lead to fur!r atrophy ( m9d4 ,! doctr9e ( equality ( wages 9 a trade is a d\ble injury1 x enc\rages ! mo/ incapable man t c possibly squeeze into ! trade1 & x disc\rages ! capable man :o is wor? f> m ?an ! av]age4 ,x mu/ t5d to drive capable m5 out ( ! trades :i* !y might h rais$ by _! example & /imulus1 into o!r l9es :]e capacity c /ill e>n its value4 ,! m5tal atrophy t has come ov] ord9>y workm5 is appall+1 at lea/ 9 ! region ( ,london4 ,9 case aft] case1 ! common s5se & intellig5ce seems to h be5 entirely lo/1 & ! grosse/ blund]s w be made by well-paid m52 & x is safe to say t 9 mo/ bus9ess a really capable & active man c d f ?ree to six times z mu* z ! av]age workman1 beside avoid+ ! loss ( "t by mi/akes4 ,9 %ort a c]tifi$ ease ( conditions1 & abs5ce ( direct p5alties ( incapacity1 has atrophi$ ! ord9>y work+ m9d to a po9t :i* is dang]\sly l[ 9 comp>ison ) t ( o!r races4 ,! rem$y lies 9 tra9+ ! incapable by a /]n discipl9e ( gradually tea*+ !m ! maximum t !y c p]=m 9 ! day1 ) good direction & avoidance ( bad conditions4 ,aft] a c\ple ( ye>s ( su* int5sive tra9+ !y %\ld be draft$ into ord9>y factories1 ) ! w>n+ t if !y fall out ( "w aga91 ano!r ye>'s compulsory h>d tra9+ w be ! result4 ,9 ano!r way ?is atrophy ( m9d may be se5 & felt z a tempor>y condition by memb]s ( bo>ds & committees4 ,:at is ev]yone's bus9ess is nobody's bus9ess2 & :5 ea* p]son feels t he is n p]sonally responsible1 a numbness & inaction ensues :i* is *>act]i/ic ( su* bodies4 ,m51 any "o ( :om w\ld act s5sibly :5 alone1 w succumb to ! p>alys+ s5se t !y ne$ n ?9k because n9e o!r m5 are do+ s1 & ! results are well kn[n z *>act]is+ ^! assemblies :i* h nei!r a body to be kick$ nor a s\l to be damn$4 ,!re are v few public bodies :i* are n really dep5d5t on ! individual ?\ght & design ( "o p]son1 criticis$ & am5d$ by ! collat]al views ( o!rs4 ,9 %ort1 all action & rule mu/ be p]sonal & n corporate1 h[ev] mu* ! p]son may be *eck$ & controll$ by g5]al op9ion ( ! public1 or ( a re/rict$ body4 ,)\t p]sonal initiative atrophy is ! result4 ,ano!r great !atre ( m5tal atrophy is (ficialism1 :]e a man is b\nd to foll[ c]ta9 rules & r\t9e r ?an to ?9k4 ,a ,g]man has rem>k$ to me t a man :o is p]fectly reasonable & intellig5t 9 private life becomes q fooli% z soon z he ent]s 8 (fice4 ,?is con/ant result is ! /ronge/ reason = n ext5d+ (ficial control ( affairs ne$lessly1 or ! managem5t ( public "w by (ficials4 ,private ent]prise w always be m effective ?an an (ficial sy/em1 because x is solely ! result ( individual initiative4 ,! enorm\s monopolies ( railways 9 ,engl& are on ! :ole f> m b5eficial to ! public ?an ! ,/ate railways ( o!r c\ntries4 ,! evils ( corporate monopoly1 *eck$ by law & sup]vision ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 are less ?an ! evil ( /agnation by (ficial atrophy4 ,9 ! ,republic ( ,france ! pr9cipal l9e runs its be/ tra9s sl[] ?an1 & at ?ree times ! co/ (1 ! be/ tra9s on great ,engli% l9es4 7#g7 ,x is only competition :i* makes p]man5t ! improv$ m5tal v>iations :i* occur4 ,! evils ( competition 9 physical ?+s almo/ disappe> 9 ! m5tal field2 &1 unless misus$ z 9 a fooli%ly design$ exam9ation1 !re seems an unmix$ b5efit f unlimit$ competition ( m9d4 ,x is only by su* competition t high] types ( ability h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! pa/1 & x is to su* t we mu/ look = future improvem5t4 ,x is true t 9 v>i\s directions we f9d a dislike ( competition2 b t is ! sure/ sign t x is effective1 & !re=e b5eficial to ! :ole body4 ,we see !n t ea* ( ^? pr9ciples :i* rule 9 physical modification is equally true ( m5tal modification4 ,b ?\gh ! modes ( m5tal v>iation may be fairly cle>1 we mu/ n be c>ri$ away by ! view t !re=e great *anges 9 man are to be expect$4 ,! effects ( v>i\s conditions ^u ! body are tol]ably famili>1 yet ! av]age =m ( man has v>i$ extraord9>ily little dur+ t5 ?\s& ye>s4 ,! highe/ type ( anci5t man diff]s almo/ inappreciably f ! highe/ type ( mod]n man1 c]ta9ly by n a t5? ( ! diff]5ce t may be se5 betwe5 diff]5t types at pres5t4 ,x may be practically said t man is at a /&/ill 9 physical developm5t4 ,sanit>y improvem5ts & bett] fe$+ may d great ?+s1 b !y leave ! ess5tial =m & con/itution unalt]$4 ,! same is true ( m9d4 ,:5 we become famili> ) details ( e>ly ages no?+ is m a/oni%+ ?an to see h[ unalt]$ ! m9d ( man is 9 its ess5tials4 ,9 tales & maxims six ?\s& ye>s old we see n only ! common /ock ( prim>y in/9cts1 b also ! f9esse ( conduct 9 public life1 ! modes ( ensur+ respect 9 deal+ ) sup]iors & inf]iors1 ! att5tion to v v>i$ elem5ts ( "*1 & a f9e suavity & k9dl9ess p]vad+ ! :ole4 ,!re is n a s+le class or a s+le public body at pres5t t practically /&s z high z ! ideal ( two hundr$ g5]ations ago4 ,& :5 we look at ! mat]ial civilisation we see /ill f>!r back ! appreciation ( qualities ( "w :i* only a v small proportion ( mank9d c>e = n[4 ,! ov]:elm+ zeal = m9ute accuracy 0 z p]fect a m5tal /ate at #dgjj ,b4,c4 z x is 9 a ,royal ,society pap] ( our day4 ,! subject & ! me?od h *ang$2 b ! m5tal attitude is ! same 9 a man :o dem&$1 & 9 ^? :o execut$1 beautifully true plane surfaces1 & long measurem5ts exact to f> )9 ! v>iation ( size caus$ by a hot or a cold day1 & ! m5 n[ :o triangulate a cont95t & measure ! _w4 ,! m9d is ! same1 only ! /ock-9-trade ( x has increas$4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( hi/ory ! palaces 7 adorn$ ) table s]vices cut 9 ! h>de/ & mo/ beautiful /ones1 exquisitely =m$ & poli%$2 & su* homes 7 assur$ly inhabit$ by m5 ^: ta/es & arti/ic s5se 7 closely ! same z ! be/ ( ours1 & :o w\ld1 l u1 h revolt$ at mo/ ( ! products ( ! pres5t "t4 ,n only 0 !re ! body ( highly skill$ & intellig5t m5 to d su* "w1 b !re mu/ h be5 a widely spread /&>d ( ta/e dem&+ ?is exquisite "w z an ae/hetic pleasure4 ,! nature ( m9d is un*ang$1 its motives1 its feel+s1 its s5se ( life2 only 9 k & ! applications ( x d we diff] f ! e>lie/ civilisation t we c trace4 ,x is1 !re=e1 q unreal = u to anticipate any *ange 9 ! ess5tial nature ( man 9 ! next few ?\s& ye>s4 ,! increase ( k & its applications w n alt] t nature1 or ! relation ( m9d to m9d4 ,we %all /ill desire & admire ! same ?+s1 & be mov$ by ! same impulses2 & we may neglect z ignorant dreams all speculations ab\t any ess5tial *anges 9 ! motives or con/itution ( man4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,pres5t ,,*anges ,,( ,,"*4 ,hav+ n[ se5 h[ ! fluctuations ( am5dm5t or det]ioration ( "*1 are subject to ! same common laws z ^? ( ! v>iation ( physical /ructure1 we are 9 a position to see m cle>ly ! effect ( gradual *anges ar\nd u 9 ,engl&4 ,emigration has be5 v active 9 ! pa/ ?ree g5]ations1 & immigration has rec5tly become important4 ,! loss ( ! e>lie/ emigrants :o mov$ = religi\s & political reasons affect$ ! national "* v little2 !re 0 pl5ty ( solid "* rema9+ 9 ,engl&1 & ! removal ( ! m disputati\s elem5ts gave add$ /r5g? to ^? :o cont9u$ at home4 ,! compulsory emigration ( convicts 0 simil>ly a ga9 by remov+ ^? :o 7 mo/ out ( h>mony ) ! majority4 ,happily ^? ^: *>act]s made x mo/ irksome to !m to comply ) ! legal =mulae ( life at home1 7 j ^? be/ suit$ = ! type ( a new c\ntry1 less re/ra9$ & m v>i$1 ) great] scope = ent]prise4 ,s f> !re _h be5 a ga9 by removal ( ! two extreme types4 ,b !n succe$$ a mo/ s]i\s movem5t ( ! volunt>y selection ( p]sons :o ?\ght t _! en]gies w\ld h a bett] & m remun]ative scope 9 ! colonies4 ,?is impli$ a dra9+ away ( ^? :o _h intellig5ce to *oose a m promis+ c>e]1 en]gy to break ) _! pres5t life & />t afre%1 & :o possess$ mo/ adaptability1 self-reliance1 & hopefulness4 ,all ( ^! qualities are greatly ne$$ at home = a prosp]\s population2 & ! incessant natural selection f ! g5]al mass1 & removal ( ^? :o _h mo/ ( su* qualities1 mu/ h produc$ a s]i\s effect on ! home population4 ,we see 9 ,engl& und\bt$ly a less5+ ( /urd9ess z a :ole1 & ! defici5cy ( ! abilities :i* h be5 mo/ export$4 ,!re is a g5]al outcry ab\t ! lack ( adaptability 9 bus9ess2 & ! g5]al want ( self-reliance is %[n by all ! gr&mo!rly legislation :i* is s\ght & grant$4 ,at fir/ we succe$$ 9 gett+ rid ( "s am\nt ( less desirable /ock along ) ! capable /ock2 b 9 lat] ye>s mo/ c\ntries w n admit any b good /ock1 & we lose ! valuable examples ( national "* )\t any comp5sation4 ,! dra9 ( capacity f ! nation is a mo/ s]i\s feature ( life 9 ,engl&2 & h[ f> ! prom95ce ( ! subm]g$ t5?1 & ! l>ge proportion :o live only a week's remove f />vation1 is due to ! l[]+ ( ! /&>d ( capacity by ! emigration ( ! m capable1 is a v important "q4 ,! same consid]ation applies to ,irel& 9 a f> m acute =m1 z ! emigration has be5 ( mu* l>g] proportions4 ,a l>ge immigration into ,engl& has rec5tly gr[n up4 ,s f> z ?is is ( m en]getic m51 :o see _! way to w9 ov] our heads1 !y %\ld be welcom$4 ,! ,g]man :o comes to ,engl& to e/abli% factories & exploit ! ,engli% m>ket is at lea/ a ga9 to ! c\ntry1 z x is f> bett] he %\ld d ?is 9 ,engl& r ?an exp5d all t en]gy & managem5t out ( ,engl&4 ,! trade & manufacture ( ,engl& h be5 l>gely built up by immigrations ( ,flem+s1 ,hugu5ots1 ,dut*1 ,fr5*1 & n[ ,g]mans1 :o h ea* contribut$ to our capacity = "w4 ,9 comm]cial bus9ess ! =eign influ5ce is /rong4 ,9 nor?-we/ ,london "o-t5? ( ! private resid5ts are ( ,g]man orig94 ,a movem5t is go+ on q comp>able to o!r great race movem5ts ( pa/ hi/ory2 b x only affects ! upp] classes1 & n ! h&-lab\r]4 ,beside ?is !re is ! l>ge movem5t ( ! l[e/ & mo/ depress$ mass ( ,european humanity1 f ! s9k ( pov]ty 9 ,pol& & ,we/]n ,russia4 ,x is ess5tially a bad /ock1 "o ( ! l[e/ 9 ,europe2 & ! l>ge proportion ( crim9al cases aris+ among ^! immigrants %[s h[ undesirable !y are4 ,to all[ su* a l[ type free settlem5t 9 ,engl&1 aft] dra9+ ! capable ,engli%m5 to ! colonies1 makes a s]i\s dang] ( a national collapse "u a sudd5 pressure ( "s new circum/ances1 :i* might arise by trade or w>f>e4 ,"s o!r consequ5ces :i* fl[ f rec5t *anges w be dealt ) 9 ! f\r? *apt] 9 consid]+ ! effects ( small causes4 ,! l[ type ( "* prevail+ 9 all classes 9 ,engl& at pres5t ne$s to be fully recognis$4 ,no d\bt !re has be5 9 pa/ c5turies m ext]nal co>s5ess1 & ?is detail /rikes ! att5tion ( _m p because x diff]s f _! own pres5t conv5tion4 ,b m]e directness & pla9ness ( spee* is q immat]ial comp>$ ) ! ess5tials ( work+ p[] ( m9d & body1 & ! capacity = intellig5t int]e/s4 ,"s c5turies ago1 :5 m5 ?\ght m ab\t ! quality ( _! actions1 slo? 0 rank$ z "o ( ! sev5 deadly s9s4 ,b n[1 9 place ( reg>d+ x z any?+ wrong1 !re is an elaborate sy/em ( compulsory slo?2 x is en=c$ by heavy p5alties1 & drill$ into ! "* by example & self-int]e/4 ,"o man is =bidd5 to lay m ?an ?ree hundr$ bricks a day1 ano!r =bidd5 to make m ?an s _m glass di%es1 ano!r =bidd5 to att5d to m ?an "o ma*9e4 ,9 e trade :]e a selfi% %ort-sight$ policy has ga9$ its way1 !re is ?is sy/em1 :i* is do+ inconceivable h>m to "*4 ,! compulsory glorification ( slo? is ! mo/ delet]i\s mis=tune t c happ5 to a nation4 ,! wreck ( w>s1 pe/il5ce & fam9e1 w leave a m hopeful prospect ?an t ( a p sunk 9 organis$ slo?4 ,connect$ ) ?is is ! /range lack ( ?\ght & adaptability 9 common matt]s ( ev]yday life4 ,! daily loss ( "t1 & co/ 9 trivial matt]s1 :i* affects ?\s&s ( p]sons1 makes a heavy tax on ! :ole4 ,= in/ance1 su* a simple matt] z putt+ ! (fices ( a t]m9al /ation at ! ends ( ! plat=ms is /ill ignor$ at _m t]m9i2 ! "n ( a /ation is (t5 h>d to f9d1 & is nev] once put up 9 mo/ t]m9i2 ! price ( a ticket is (t5 n to be discov]$2 ! "r types ( c>riages are only n[ be+ tri$1 aft] p]sev]+ 9 a wrong =m = two g5]ations4 ,9 ! /reets ! same lack ( s5se is se5 9 ! imm5se omnibus sy/em1 :i* is difficult to use1 especially = /rang]s1 ow+ to ! lack ( numb]$ r\tes & conveyances4 ,x has be5 (ficially decid$ t ! numb]+ ( r\tes & omnibuses is beyond ! p[]s ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil2 & we mu/ be comp5sat$ by ! pleas+ reflection t some?+ at lea/ is too h>d = t body4 ,! ?\ghtless edict h[ev] 0 en=c$ t e vehicle mu/ c>ry a :ite light 9 front1 & all ! di/9ctive col\rs ( ! tram-c> lights 7 aboli%$1 caus+ great inconv5i5ce at night4 ,ev5 9 ! mo/ rec5t appliances ! same dulness is %[n2 electric fans are commonly plac$ :]e !y only /ir f\l air1 & n :]e !y draw 9 fre% or expel us$ air4 ,! :ole light+ sy/em /ill ?r[s away two ?irds ( all its co/ by light+ sky & walls z mu* z /reets4 ,9 e direction x seems h>d to believe t five m9utes' ?\ght has be5 giv5 to matt]s co/+ ?\s&s ( p\nds4 ,if we trac$ su* a mixture ( design & ( *ance 9 any o!r subject x w\ld lead to "s curi\s speculations on ! impli$ limitations ( ! direct+ ,intellect4 ,& 9 private matt]s x is ! same2 ! extraord9>y blund]s & ov]sights 9 common trade "w %[ t ! mo/ obvi\s details h n _h a m9ute's real ?\ght giv5 to _! arrangem5t4 ,! result is an accumulation ( difficulty & muddle :i* cripples1 if n de/roys1 ! purpose ( ! "w4 ,?is p]si/5t dulness1 & incapacity = managem5t & design1 %[s a defect ( "* :i* is a heavy detrim5t to ! :ole community4 ,! pleasures ( ! public %[ ! same l[ type z _! bus9ess4 ,! illu/rat$ pap]s t are read1 ap>t f s]i\s news1 are a revelation ( ! vacuity ( ! public m9d1 z ! adv]tisem5ts are a te/imony to its imbecility4 ,! abs5ce ( any ?\ghts or in=mation t c enl>ge ! m9d1 or give x fre% insight or und]/&+1 & ! fatuity ( ! illu/rations1 %[ ! helpless little r\nd ( common ideas ( ! well-to-d classes3 :ile ! di%+ up ( legal fil? = ! l[] classes1 & ! morbid love ( trivial accid5ts & cata/rophes1 %[s t]ribly ! m]e animalism :i* fills _! horizon4 ,! "o subject on :i* mo/ pr9t is sp5t is t :i* is absolutely futile1 sport & games4 ,:e!r "o gr\p ( m51 select$ by m]e accid5t1 is a m9ute trifle m active ?an ano!r accid5tal gr\p1 is a matt] ( su* utt] insignificance t x w\ld seem impossible to suppose t anyone w\ld turn ! head to see ! result decid$4 ,yet su* que/ions absorb mo/ ( ! int]e/s & sp>e ?\ghts & read+ ( a great "p--p]haps ! great] "p--( ! population1 j z ! races ( ! circus swamp$ all o!r int]e/s ( ! decad5t ,roman4 ,! results :i* !y crave = _c possibly mean any?+ to ! pres5t or to ! future1 z ! selection is m]ely due to accid5tal causes4 ,ev5 a l[] dep? is ! relative excell5ce ( two horses :i* are completely unkn[n to ! p]sons :o speculate on !m4 ,! utt] wa/e ( ?\ght & pr9t 9 su* int]e/s is a =m ( insanity :i* is worse ?an a drug habit1 z x implies a hopeless atrophy ( ! m9d to int]e/s :i* w\ld help x or develop x4 ,! :ole int]e/ ( bett+ on sport1 & also ( gambl+1 is ano!r evid5ce ( an un:olesome condition4 ,x implies a crav+ = excitem5t ap>t f p]sonal ex]tion1 :i* is always a bane to "*2 x involves ! idea ( ga9 ap>t f lab\r ( m9d or body1 :i* is demoralis+ to ! s5se ( "w2 x results 9 une>n$ fluctuations1 :i* induce a wa/eful habit2 & x is bas$ on ! ess5tially ung5tlemanly pr9ciple ( b5efit+ by ! loss ( ano!r1 :]eas all hon\rable ga9 is by ! %>+ ( ! b5efits ( lab\r4 ,if a l>ge "p ( ! public are det]m9$ on det]iorat+ 9 ?is mann]1 x might be bett] = ! community to satisfy x by public lott]y1 :]e "o p>ty is ! gov]nm5t1 :i* at lea/ removes ! la/-nam$ s]i\s detrim5t to "*4 ,! gam+ at ,monte ,c>lo is moral comp>$ ) promiscu\s bett+4 ,! objections to su* =ms ( int]e/ are p]haps too (t5 urg$ by morali/s :o wi% to cause an alt]ation 9 ! cu/oms ar\nd !m4 ,ev5 if we c c>e = ! b5efit ( p]sons ) su* int]e/s1 c]ta9ly we are n likely to make any diff]5ce to !m by talk+ on ! subject4 ,b z /ud5ts ( diseas$ society we may take a deep int]e/ 9 su* =ms ( ab]ration z a pa?ologi/ may 9 a case ( canc]4 ,& x is difficult to feel any p>ticul> wi% to *ange habits :i* s obvi\sly belong to a bad /ock t is h>dly wor? improv+4 ,! be/ hope is t ! unmitigat$ results ( su* m5tal disease may quickly h full effect on ! type1 & result 9 its ext]m9ation be=e a bett] class or bett] race4 ,s f> z cure is possible1 ! mo/ hopeful direction is by an increase ( useful & b5eficial int]e/s1 :i* w make su* vapid & s5seless amusem5ts decay by m]e disgu/4 ,! di/a/e = "w & crav+ = amusem5t ext5ds beyond ! above limits 9 a mann] v delet]i\s to "*4 ,x is a feature ( a decay+ civilisation1 z %[n on ! lat] ,myk5aean frescoes1 & ! rage = ! circus 9 lat] ,roman times4 ,besides ! wa/e ( "t & lab\r1 x acts injuri\sly 9 produc+ a re/less incapable type ( m9d1 br\ght m =w>d lately 9 motor+2 & also by creat+ a false social atmosph]e1 9 :i* ! bus9ess ( life is contemn$ & treat$ z a drudg]y1 in/ead ( be+ a ma9 subject ( int]e/ & emulation4 ,z ! %rewd ,c>l ,pet]s rem>ks on ,engli% society1 ,nobody c fail to be /ruck by its utt] recklessness & %all[ness1 & an increas+ objection to lab\r is noticeable "r ?r\gh ! ,briti% nation4 ,^! v>i\s =ms ( a l[ type ( "* are on ! increase1 & x does n seem at all likely t !y w be *eck$1 except by great disa/]s :i* remove ! less capable "p ( ! population1 & compel ! re/ to adopt a m en]getic mode ( life4 ,among ! v>i\s movem5ts :i* are by "s expect$ to b5efit "*1 ! communi/ic ideals h en?usia/ic support4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t all su* types ( society t5d to repress ability4 ,if any =m ( communism is to succe$ !re mu/ be a fix$ m9imum ( lab\r compulsory on ea* memb]2 & x is c]ta9 t human nature w take ! m9imum limit z all t ne$ be done4 ,! t5d5cy w be to drag d[n all en]gy to ! spe$ ( ! weake/4 ,moreov]1 if !re is to be any private peculium outside ( ! %>e ( common produce1 ! able man w at once rise into a capitali/2 if no private peculium is tol]at$ x is c]ta9 t ability w be driv5 out to o!r l&s1 or to o!r l9es ( life :]e communism _c be en=c$4 ,x mu/ always be kept 9 view t m$iocrity hates ability1 :]ev] x comes into comp>ison or competition2 & 9 a uni=m community1 m$iocrity mu/ be dom9ant1 & ability p]secut$4 ,aga9 ! communi/ic type t5ds to repress v>iation & div]sity by mak+ ev]yone subject to ! control ( ! dull av]age2 & ?is repression is mo/ fatal to due advance by natural selection ( b5eficial v>iation4 ,we may see 9 ,france h[ a c5tralis$ managem5t by ! ,/ate accompanies ! lack ( ent]prise 9 affairs4 ,x is notori\s t 9 bus9ess ! ,fr5* w n sp5d freely on creat+ new op5+s & enc\rag+ new dem&4 ,probably ! habit ( m9d & ! type ( gov]nm5t act & react by "o int5sify+ ! o!r4 ,:]e we c /udy an actual work+ sy/em ( communism 9 su* a climate z our own1 we see t x only succe$$ by "s elaborate & v =cible regulations4 ,to outsid]s1 ignorant ( ! ma*9e1 ! less advanc$ /ates ( society are g5]ally suppos$ to be v simple1 & to leave a l>ge am\nt ( lib]ty4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5ev] a b>b>ic or savage society is really und]/ood1 ! complexity :i* is ess5tial to its success is se5 to be ev5 great] ?an among ourselves4 ,! movem5t ( society has be5 f an e>li] complexity ( special re/riction1 to a lat] g5]alis$ simplicity4 ,! :ole ( nor!rn ,europe appe>s to h _h a v simil> sy/em ( communal organisation1 :i* has be5 ma9ly br\ght to light by ! rese>*es ( ,dr4 ,seebohm4 ,! peace 0 kept by mak+ e relation ( a man responsible = 8 actions2 ei!r w\nd+ 9 any degree1 or murd]1 _h to be comp\nd$ = by f9es ext5d+ ev5 to di/ant c\s9s1 :i* 7 payable to ! simil> relations ( ! injur$ or murd]$ man4 ,! imm$iate male relatives1 fa!r1 son1 bro!r1 & fir/ c\s91 7 responsible = two-?irds ( ! blood money1 & o!r relations to ! fifte5? degree made up ! rema9d]4 ,?us ! crim9al law 0 communal 9 a full s5se2 & injuries 7 fully comp5sat$ 9 a mann] :i* made e man 8 bro!r's keep] 9 a real communism4 ,h[ w\ld mod]n admir]s ( communism l to und]take ! responsibilities ( mak+ up = ! misde$s ( e relative8 ,yet t is an ess5tial "p ( communal duties4 ,! poor-law sy/em1 z reveal$ 9 ! ,norse laws1 0 t all ! poor] m5 7 b\nd to d a c]ta9 am\nt ( "w = _! *ief1 l ! paym5t ( taxes at pres5t1 :i* am\nts n[ to m ?an a mon?'s "w 9 ! ye>4 ,9 return ! *ief 0 b\nd to see t !y 7 insur$ aga9/ extreme-pov]ty or di/ress4 ,!y 7 free to accumulate weal? if !y _h ! ability to d s1 b _! b>ga9s & m>riages _h to be ratifi$ by ! *ief 9 ord] to safegu>d !m f ! follies ( incapacity4 ,:5 a man wi%$ to resign ?is position ( insurance aga9/ mis=tune !re 0 no objection to 8 indep5d5ce1 & he c\ld d s on pay+ a small fee1 & hav+ a fea/ ) ! *ief & witnesses4 ,b if aft] t he play$ ! fool1 & 8 family came to naught1 no "o 0 responsible = !m1 z he _h resign$ 8 insurance4 ,!re 0 b "o c\rse left1 a wide grave 9 ! *ur*y>d receiv$ ! :ole family alive1 & only ! "o :o surviv$ longe/ _h ! "r to live at ! co/ ( 8 *ief aft]w>ds4 ,su* 0 ! price ( communal support2 & ?is decisive treatm5t1 ev5 9 ,*ri/ian times1 ensur$ ! /urd9ess ( ! h>dy ,norseman1 by effectively we$+ ! incapable4 ,?is 0 ! practical work+ ( ! communal sy/em :i* did n *eck ability1 & :i* succe$$ 9 our climate 9 pa/ times4 ,x ne$$ a full] organisation ( p5alties & obligations ?an our pres5t individualism2 & :e!r any communism c\ld p]man5tly succe$ ) less compulsion may gravely be d\bt$4 ,9 us+ ! t]ms ,socialism & ,communism !y are tak5 "h 9 _! wide/ s5se1 z ref]r+ to all ! c\rses oppos$ to individualism4 ,su* is ! g5]al usage ( our language at pres5t1 & we _c re/rict ^! t]ms solely to extreme views1 z "s ( _! advocates w\ld wi%4 ,moreov]1 x is ! influ5ce ( views on practical life t we are consid]+1 & n an ideal /ate :i* nev] has be5 realis$1 & probably nev] c be put 9 practice4 ,a fav\rite idea has be5 t ! ,new ,te/am5t tea*+ fav\rs communism4 ,to _m su* an au?ority w\ld be decisive2 & ^? :o w\ld n accept x z au?oritative1 mu/ consid] t ! tea*+ is at lea/ t ( m5 :o _h su* an in/9ctive k ( human nature1 & su* sympa?y ) ! spr+s ( action1 t _! views h held ,we/]n man m firmly ?an any o!r sy/em4 ,! fir/ po9t to notice 9 look+ at ! tea*+1 is t x 0 giv5 to a v sev]ely select$ gr\p ( p]sons4 ,! e>ly disciples 7 "o ( ! h>de/-we$$ bodies ( m5 t ev] exi/$1 l ! ,hugu5ots or ! ,quak]s2 ready p]ception1 he>ty consci5ti\sness1 & a w to d "r at all co/s 7 ! fir/ qualifications1 & incessant p]secution f v>i\s sides we$$ out all ^? :o _h no deep root ( "*4 ,to su* a body tempor>y communism 0 almo/ a ne$ ( exi/5ce at />t+2 all ! causes & *>act]s :i* w\ld ord9>ily make x a failure 7 we$$ out1 & su* a highly select$ gr\p might safely b5efit by a sy/em :i* dep5d$ on self-abnegation4 ,b s soon z ! ,*ur* spread1 no trace ( communism rema9$2 & ev5 9 g5]al altruism ! injunctions ref]r$ only to ! ,*ur* & n to ! _w4 ,! tea*+ 0 ,be> ye "o ano!r's burd5s2 n1 be> ! burd5s ( ! ,roman rabble1 b only ^? ( ! /r+5tly we$$ community4 ,! "o say+ :i* surviv$ mo/ /rongly ( all ! ,gospel tea*+1 & is repeat$ (t5e/1 is1 ,to him t ha? %all be giv51 & f him t ha? n %all be tak5 away ev5 t :i* he seeme? to h4 ,! full b5efit ( capacity & its utmo/ ga9s1 & ! dire/ losses ( incapacity1 are ! ma9 pr9ciple t is inculcat$4 ,9 ano!r po9t ( view ! p>able ( ! prodigal son is sometimes felt to inculcate ! ignor+ ( failure 9 life1 & ! p]mitt+ ( follies to h no effect on ! position ( a p]son4 ,! prodigal son among u is too (t5 all[$ to g on dra9+ ! res\rces on :i* 8 bre?r5 rightfully h a claim4 ,b ! fa!r 9 ! p>able1 :o _h divid$ ! family prop]ty already1 0 n int5d+ to give any?+ m to ! prodigal1 h[ev] p5it5t he might be2 =giv5ess might be 81 b ! o!r bro!r 0 reassur$ at once by ! =mal decl>ation1 ,all t ,i h is ?9e4 ,! greate/ p5it5ce1 & ! fulle/ =giv5ess aft] x1 w n give ! prodigal a f>?+ beyond ^? rights :i* he has already misus$4 ,ano!r appeal has be5 made1 to a comp>ison ) nature1 9 fav\r ( communism4 ,x is ask$ :y we %\ld be /ruggl+ l ! c>nivora1 in/ead ( peacefully br[s+ 9 amity l h]bivora4 ,b x w\ld be h>d to f9d a m int5se example ( competition ?an t among ! cattle4 ,look at ! skeleton ( a bull1 & see h[ e rib is broad5$ out into an arm\r plat+ = its vitals1 ea* rib lapp+ ov] ! o!r1 s t no op5+ c be f\nd = ! po9t ( its adv]s>y's horn4 ,none b ^? ?us pro( aga9/ gor+ h ev] surviv$ ! desp]ate /ruggle ( ! /ronge/4 ,9 place ( ! artificial paddocks1 :]e man has plac$ a s+le bull to "l ! h]d1 look at ! trag$y ( ! wild cattle1 :]e ! dispossess$ *ief ( ! ,*ill+ham bre$ mopes ap>t 9 sull5 ang]1 a ,saturn de?ron$ & bani%$ by ! ,jupit] :o n[ leads ! race4 ,!n reflect h[ competition is m bitt] & m int5se 9 ! bov9e commune ?an among any individuali/ic c>nivora4 ,! communi/ic view appe>s to t5d to fatalism4 ,?is is practically se5 = in/ance 9 ,tol/oi's ,peace & ,w>1 :]e ! gigantic movem5ts ( ! ,fr5* & ,russian ho/s are look$ on z inh]5t 9 ! millions ( p1 & n orig9at+ 9 ! lead]s4 ,& ! habit ( look+ to ! commune z ! s\rce ( action w naturally t5d t[>d a s5se ( ! impossibility ( alt]+ ! det]m9ation ( a :ole p1 & ! p[]lessness ( ! individual aga9/ su* =ces4 ,n[ no?+ m surely und]m9es activity & initiative ?an a fatali/ic view4 ,x saps ! :ole spr+s ( action1 & de/roys ! _s ( advance & improvem5t4 ,9 ?is aspect !re=e we aga9 see h[ injuri\s ! communi/ic ideal is to solid "*4 ,! rec5t gr[? ( municipalis+ ent]prises is ano!r outcome ( ?is _s4 ,! pr9ciple ( x seems to be to absorb any public bus9ess :i* appe>s pr(itable1 :e!r conveyance1 supplies ( mat]ial1 or contract+ = public "w4 ,ap>t f ! fact t only /rong p]sonal int]e/ 9 managem5t w make su* ent]prises pr(itable1 !re is also ! inh]5t objection to ! bad managem5t :i* cl+s to ! atrophy ( m9d ( (ficials1 z su*2 b !re is also ano!r s]i\s influ5ce ^u "*1 :i* we %\ld notice4 ,! en]gy & initiative ne$$ to />t & "w improvem5ts1 :i* is ! ess5tial s\rce ( pr(it 9 bus9ess1 is easily suppress$ or driv5 away4 ,_m an ent]prise :i* w\ld succe$ well is set aside because ( ! risks or ! tr\ble ( />t+ x1 _m ano!r is left alone ow+ to little det]r+ causes2 & if ! great inc5tive ( ! possibility ( l>ge pr(its on "s s*emes1 to comp5sate = ! risks ( _m failures1 is cut away by a municipality hav+ ! "r ( seizure ( :atev] succe$s1 ! :ole ent]pris+ "* is cut d[n at ! roots1 to ! imm5se injury ( ! nation at l>ge4 ,suppos+ t "s public ent]prise makes #bj p] c5t4 pr(it to its %>ehold]s1 ! p :o use x are c]ta9ly bett] (f1 or !y w\ld leave x alone1 & ! pr(it is no loss to ! community1 z x m]ely means s mu* transf]r$ f "o pocket to ano!r1 & none wa/$4 ,b if su* ent]prises are *ok$ at ! roots by fe> ( seizure1 ! :ole community suff]s4 ,:o w c>e to develop suburbs by />t+ electric trams :5 ! :ole c be seiz$ 9 tw5ty-"o ye>s1 s soon z x beg9s to repay ! risks incurr$8 ,?is %ort-sight$ grasp+ sy/em has held ,engl& back beh9d mo/ civilis$ c\ntries1 & be5 a gigantic public loss1 n only by h9d]+ specific ent]prises1 b m by ?w>t+ mo/ valuable *>act]i/ics4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,trade ,,unionism1 ,,its ,,fl[] ,,& ,,fruition4 ,:5 we are cont9ually assur$ t !re is a new & bett] way ( do+ any?+1 x is only reasonable to ask if anyone has tri$ x be=e4 ,! pro( ( ! pudd+ is 9 ! eat+1 & if "s "o has eat5 su* a pudd+ be=e u1 we may be sav$ f us+ up good mat]ials 9 a bad concoction4 ,until n[ ! att5tion ( hi/orians has be5 s fix$ ^u ! great milit>y autocracy ( ,rome1 t ! gr[? ( trade unionism & socialism "u t gov]nm5t has be5 ov]look$4 ,"h we w trace & put toge!r su* facts z seem curi\sly p>allel to ! gr[? ( mod]n unionism2 & :i*1 :5 !y out/ep our pres5t position1 may s]ve to %[ :at fur!r developm5ts may be expect$ by u4 ,! fir/ great /ep1 :i* bore c5turies ( bitt] results1 0 ! fav\r+ ( ! t[nsman z aga9/ ! c\ntryman4 ,! vot] 9 ,rome c\ld pu% laws to 8 own advantage 9 ! hurly-burly ( ! public assembly1 :ile ! c\ntryman 0 work+ h>d 9 8 furr[ miles away4 ,! conqu]$ prov9ces 7 a great temptation2 !y _h to yield tribute1 gra9 came p\r+ into ,rome1 & :y %\ld n ?is abundance b5efit ! citiz5 by be+ sold at a l[ price8 ,!y =got ! c\ntryman4 ,8 toil 0 none ! less because ,c>?age or ,sicily or ,egypt 7 be+ plund]$4 ,b 8 pay 0 mu* ! less if 8 produce lo/ its m>ket value4 ,! *eap corn ( ,grac*us 0 ! knell ( ! hone/ agriculturi/1 z ,pr(essor ,oman has po9t$ out4 ,! only rem$y 0 to try to *eap5 production 9 ,italy4 ,?is 0 done by giv+ up ! small f>m] altoge!r1 & runn+ only big e/ates by slave-lab\r1 ! human ma*9e :i* 0 to ,rome :at ma*9]y is to u4 ,?is /av$ (f ! evil some:at4 ,b soon ! t[nsman dem&$ m & m1 & at la/ free doles ( corn 7 giv5 to him1 & agriculture became impossible 9 ,italy4 ,:at tribute-corn did to ,italy1 *eap transport has done to ,engl&4 ,! t[nsman is always fav\r$ at ! co/ ( ! c\ntryman1 & ! c\ntry is be+ depopulat$4 ,n only *eap bread1 b doles ( e k9d--hospitals1 wa%-h\ses1 music1 games1 libr>ies--all are giv5 to ! t[nsman1 :ile ! c\ntryman _c possibly %>e 9 su* doles4 ,a l>ge policy ( equival5t b5efits to ! c\ntryman w\ld be ! only corrective to ?is "o-sid$ & delet]i\s fav\ritism4 ,b ! votes c>ry x1 z !y did 9 ,rome4 ,9 ! e>li] "p ( ! second c5tury1 "u ,trajan1 two little /atem5ts %[ :at 0 go+ on4 ,a guild or trade union ( firem5 9 ,asia ,m9or wi%$ to be incorporat$3 b ! emp]or =bade1 because su* trade guilds became political c5tres4 ,!re mu/ h be5 "s exp]i5ce ( su* movem5t = x to be anticipat$4 ,! o!r /atem5t is t ! m able & weal?y m5 avoid$ ent]+ ! guild ( p]man5t ald]m51 or curia1 because ( ! burd5s :i* 7 ?r[n ^u !m4 ,a c5tury lat]1 ab\t #bcj ,a4,d41 all trades 7 organis$ into corporations or trades unions1 recognis$ by ! gov]nm5t1 in/ead ( be+ only private societies z be=e4 ,?is seems to h be5 a compulsory unionism2 b !re 0 "s diff]5ce 9 class betwe5 ?is trades unionism & our own4 ,9 ,rome ! trades 7 9 ! h&s ( small] m51 & n ( l>ge firms & companies z mu* z ) u2 & on ! o!r h& ! m]e me*anic 0 usually a slave1 ?is slave lab\r be+ economically ! equival5t ( ma*9]y 9 our "t4 ,h5ce ! ,roman trades unions 7 small employ]s ( ! /atus ( our plumb]s or uphol/]]s1 m ?an1 z ) u1 a l>ge mass ( crude lab\r organis$ aga9/ all capital4 ,!y 7 trade unions1 r ?an unions ( ! me*anics z aga9/ ! manag]s4 ,! compulsory entry ( all ! ma/] employ]s into a union w\ld no d\bt be a /ep v welcome to mod]n unionism2 & ! compulsory ext5sion ( x1 s z to leave no free lab\r1 w\ld be an ideal condition1 9 :i* picket+ w\ld be q sup]s$$ by legal compulsion to jo9 ! union4 ,! diff]5ces !re=e 7 ma9ly su* z our trades unions w\ld desire1 & aim at 9 future2 9 %ort unionism by #bcj ,a4,d4 0 m develop$ ?an x is at pres5t ) u4 ,b "h came 9 a v difficult "q1 :i* is be=e u also :5ev] unionism becomes dom9ant 9 any trade4 ,x is all v well to let unions pillage capital1 or ev5 pillage ea* o!r1 b c !y be all[$ to pillage ! poor8 ,?is at once cla%es ) ! fav\r+ ( ! prolet>iat4 ,x has already rais$ an acute difficulty 9 ,engl&4 ,! ,bricklay]s' ,union _c be compet$ ) f abroad1 except v slightly by means ( import$ wood5 h\ses4 ,h5ce ?is union has be5 able to close its grip firmly on ! ?roat ( ! public2 x has rais$ wages1 & x has cut d[n "w f eight hundr$ or n9e hundr$ bricks laid daily to two hundr$ & sev5ty or ?ree hundr$ & ?irty 9 diff]5t /&>ds n[4 ,by rais+ ! co/ ( lab\r to ab\t ?ree times ! am\nt1 ! co/ ( build+ z a :ole mu/ be ne>ly d\bl$4 ,! de>ness ( lodg+ ( ! poor is really due to ! remorseless extortion ( ! bricklay]s1 abett$ by ! extravagant build+ regulations locally 9 =ce 9 _! int]e/1 to increase ! exp5diture on a build+4 ,9 ! c\ntry !re is disgraceful ov]cr[d+ = lack ( cottage accommodation1 & 9 t[ns mis]able rooms fet* high r5ts4 ,! gr\nd-l&lord1 :o is s mu* abus$1 has little to d ) ?is2 = gr\nd-r5ts are seldom m ?an a t5? ( ! h\se r5t & taxes4 ,if all l& 7 confiscat$ to-morr[ x w\ld n l[] mo/ r5tals m ?an a fraction4 ,if ! ,bricklay]s' ,union & all its results 7 aboli%$1 r5tals w\ld desc5d to ne>ly half ! pres5t am\nts4 ,if we 7 to meet ?is difficulty 9 ! way t ,rome dealt ) x1 ! ,gov]nm5t w\ld give ! ,bricklay]s' ,union an absolute monopoly ( build+1 on condition t dwell+s "u a c]ta9 value 7 *>g$ at a ?ird ( ! co/ ( lab\r1 t is on ! old t]ms ( a full day's "w fifty ye>s ago1 leav+ all lat] pr(its to be ga9$ f ! weal?i] classes4 ,9 ! pres5t /raits ab\t h\s+ x is by no means c]ta9 t ?is w\ld n be a popul> c\rse4 ,9 ,rome ! gra9 import]s & ! bak]s 7 ! two trades :i* t\*$ ! prolet>iat mo/ closely4 ,& e>ly 9 ! ?ird c5tury ^!1 & probably o!r ess5tial trades1 7 organis$ z monopoli/ unions1 on condition t ! union 0 b\nd ov] to d a c]ta9 am\nt ( "w = ! poor at a nom9al rate4 ,?us ! wa/rel 0 fav\r$ & protect$1 ) 8 "r to ma9t5ance2 & all pr(its ( ! bus9ess 7 to be made f "w done = ^? :o c\ld af=d to pay = x4 ,?is is unque/ionably an ideal t[>d :i* a great deal ( social legislation is t5d+ at pres5t4 ,railway companies & tramways are b\nd to c>ry workm5 at nom9al rates1 :ile all _! pr(its are to be e>n$ f weal?4 ,s f> has ?is burd5 be5 impos$1 t ! con/ruction ( "o railway l9e at lea/ has be5 prev5t$ by ! heavy toll ( *eap transport :i* 0 dem&$ be=e sanction+ x4 ,if ! trade is n 9 ! h&s ( a s+le firm = a :ole di/rict1 l a railway company1 !re arises ! problem1 h[ is ! burd5 ( *eap "w = ! poor to be di/ribut$ ov] ! con/itu5t firms8 ,?is 0 solv$ 9 ,rome by ! union1 :i* 0 ! sole body recognis$ 9 law4 ,ea* memb] ( ! union 0 assess$ by 8 union1 on ! basis ( bo? 8 capital & 8 trade returns1 & he _h to d s mu* ( ! *eap "w 9 proportion4 ,h5ce ! weal? ( ea* firm det]m9$ ! am\nt ( _! prolet>iat taxation4 ,if !y c\ld )draw tempor>ily "p ( ! capital f ! bus9ess1 _! assessm5t w\ld be light]4 ,h5ce to ea* p]son ! aim 0 to "w ) ! smalle/ am\nt ( capital1 & to remove f ! bus9ess all sp>e capital1 & inve/ x else:]e4 ,?is naturally result$ 9 bus9ess be+ badly work$4 ,! difficulty 0 met by ! law t all capital once 9 ! bus9ess c\ld nev] be )drawn2 & all pr(its--&1 lat]1 all acquir$ weal?--mu/ be kept 9 ! bus9ess1 s t ! ri*] firms %\ld d _! full %>e ( prolet>iat s]vice4 ,! results ( ^! logical developm5ts ( unionism & help to ! prolet>iat1 7 t _m )drew altoge!r f unions1 retir+ on a small compet5ce r ?an live "u su* a burd51 & t !re 0 a g5]al decl9e ( comm]ce & ( indu/ry4 ,prop]ty hav+ ?us become ! gauge ( responsibility 9 ! union1 ! only way to prev5t des]tions 0 to decl>e t ! prop]ty 0 atta*$ to ! union p]man5tly1 & :osoev] acquir$ x did s "u ! impli$ cov5ant ( supply+ ! %>e ( union "w out ( x4 ,! result ( ?is law 0 t no "o ) capital w\ld jo9 a trade union1 z _! :ole prop]ty became atta*$ to ! union2 & poor p]sons 7 n desir$ on unions1 z !y c\ld n take up a %>e ( ! prolet>iat s]vice4 ,?is condition 0 met by ! law =cibly enroll+ capitali/s 9 ! unions1 & dem&+ _! p]sonal s]vice z well z ! use ( _! capital4 ,by #bgj ,a4,d4 ,aurelian _h made unionism compulsory = life s z to prev5t ! able m5 f )draw+1 to bett] !mselves by free "w individually4 ,he also gave a w9e dole1 & gave bread 9 place ( corn1 to save ! wa/rel ! tr\ble ( bak+4 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury e memb]1 & all 8 sons1 & all 8 prop]ty1 belong$ inali5ably to ! trades union4 ,by #cfi ,a4,d4 all prop]ty h[ev] acquir$ belong$ to ! union4 ,yet /ill m5 w\ld leave all !y _h to get out ( ! hateful bondage1 & s ! unpopul> trades--su* z ! money]s 9 #chj ,a4,d4 & ! bak]s 9 #djh--7 recruit$ by requir+ t ev]yone :o m>ri$ ! daught] ( a unioni/ mu/ jo9 8 fa!r-9-law's bus9ess4 ,& ?us ! ,empire 0 an imm5se gaol :]e all work$ n accord+ to ta/e b by =ce1 z ,waltz+ rem>ks 9 8 great "w ,corporations ,pr(essionnelles1 :]e ! =ego+ facts are /at$4 ,!re 0 b "o end possible to ?is accumulation ( move ^u move1 on ! false basis ( compulsory trade unionism1 & "w "u co/ = ! prolet>iat4 ,! :ole sy/em 0 s de/ructive ( "* & ( weal? t x ru9$ ! empire4 ,slav]y 0 by no means ! de/ruction ( ,rome1 x fl\ri%$ 9 ! c5turies :5 ! ,gov]nm5t 0 /ronge/1 & dim9i%$ 9 advance ( ! social decay4 ,vice 0 by no means ! de/ruction ( ,rome1 x 0 wor/ :5 ,rome 0 mo/ p[]ful & 0 less5$ 9 ! decl9e4 ,! "o movem5t :i* grew /eadily z ,rome decl9$1 & :i* 0 intimately connect$ ) e /age ( t decl9e1 0 ! compulsion ( lab\r & ! ma9t5ance ( ! wa/rel z a burd5 on society4 ,x 0 t :i* pull$ d[n ! greate/ political organism1 by ! cru%+ ( initiative & "*1 & by ! /eady dra9 on all =ms ( weal?4 ,! free ,go? 0 ! welcome deliv]] f social bondage4 ,?is gr[? ( trade unionism has be5 foll[$ "h z a :ole1 )\t /opp+ to note o!r effects ( ! same type ( m9d1 :i* are also v in/ructive to u4 ,we n[ turn back to look at "s e>li] developm5ts4 ,! ,empire _h a long age ( int]nal peace1 f ! accession ( ,vespasian to ! rise ( ,sev]us1 compris+ f\r or five g5]ations4 ,m5 _h =gott5 9 ,italy & ! prov9ces :at w> meant1 z ! only tr\bles _h be5 fronti] fight+4 ,!y ceas$ to value ! /r5g? ( unity1 & ! importance ( keep+ ! empire b\nd toge!r4 ,! say+s attribut$ to ,galli5us 9 ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury _c be look$ on z m]ely wild vag>ies1 contr>y to all ! public op9ion ar\nd him4 ,_h no "o else advocat$ ! subdivision ( ! empire1 he w\ld nev] h cont9u$ to je/ ab\t n ne$+ ! produce ( ,gaul or ( ,syria4 ,su* phrases mu/ h be5 famili> among a little-,italy p>ty1 ( :om ,galli5us 0 ! ag5t & m\?piece4 ,& su* a situation w help to expla9 8 conduct reg>d+ ! captivity ( ,val]ian 8 fa!r 9 ,p]sia4 ,a glance at old ,val]ian %[s him to h be5 a rigid g5tleman ( ! old s*ool1 l ,galba or ,n]va4 ,&1 :5 he 0 captur$1 ! little-,italy p>ty :o _h hold ( ,galli5us 7 reliev$ r ?an o!rwise4 ,_h ,george ,,iii be5 captur$ by ! ,fr5*1 probably ,george ,,iv & ,*>les ,james ,fox w\ld n h be5 v anxi\s = 8 return4 ,! policy ( ! p>ty seems to h be5 to enc\rage ea* prov9ce to />t a sep>ate gov]nm5t "u its local rul]1 9 t\* ) ! ,roman ,gov]nm5t1 b ) recognis$ indep5d5ce4 ,brita9 0 sep>at$1 & 0 only reunit$ to ! empire at lat] times = %ort p]iods2 ,po/umus1 ,victor9us1 ,tetricus1 ,c>ausius1 ,allectus1 ,con/antius1 ,magn5tius1 ,magnus ,maximus1 ,jov9us1 all rul$ )\t any *eck f ,italy4 ,syria 0 sep>at$ ) su* good w t ! co9age = ,z5obia 0 /ruck at ! ,imp]ial m9t 9 ,alex&ria4 ,9 all1 n9ete5 indep5d5t rul]s are enum]at$ 9 ?is reign2 & no attempt 0 made to reunite ! prov9ces4 ,!re 7 ga9s 9 su* a c\rse2 ! heavy *>ge on ,italy ( keep+ a great army 0 less5$2 ! risks ( civil w> seem$ to be r$uc$1 :5 ea* prov9ce 0 n tempt$ to set up its own rul] = ! :ole empire2 & local feel+s & v>iations c\ld h free scope4 ,x might be ?\ght t ?ree c5turies ( rule _h fitt$ ! prov9ces to hold _! own 9 ! _w1 & to be rul$ indep5d5tly4 ,! result ( ! exp]im5t 9 devolution1 or home rule all r\nd1 0 a "t ( su* an>*y1 mis]y & loss1 z _h n be5 kn[n s9ce a unifi$ civilisation _h exi/$ 9 ^? l&s4 ,aft] ! imm$iate cata/rophes _h be5 some:at rectifi$ by succe$+ emp]ors1 ,aurelian took up ! great task ( reunit+ ! :ole empire4 ,he c>ri$ ?is out victori\sly2 ,tetricus f ,gaul & ,z5obia f ,syria adorn$ 8 triumph4 ,b ,rome 0 bitt] at su* a policy4 ,a furi\s rebellion broke out1 nom9ally call$ ! revolt ( ! m9t2 t x 0 a great social movem5t 0 se5 by ,gibbon1 ?\gh he confesses t x is my/]i\s h[ ?ree s5ators1 mo/ ( ! s5atorial families1 & multitudes ( m9or p 7 involv$ 9 x4 ,! fight+ 0 s sev]e t five ?\s& ( ,aurelian's tra9$ army 7 kill$4 ,t ! m9t workm5 took "p 9 x is c]ta93 b probably ! m9t 0 adopt$ z headqu>t]s ( ! movem5t ow+ to its /r5g?4 ,all ?is %[s t1 s f> f ! great victories mak+ ,aurelian popul> 9 ,rome1 !y 7 mo/ bitt]ly oppos$4 ,! only gr\nd = ?is mu/ be t a v /rong p>ty clung to ! little-,italy policy1 & hat$ ,aurelian 9 consequ5ce4 ,?is movem5t gives good gr\nd = int]pret+ ! policy ( ,galli5us 9 ! way we h done above1 z be+ a great p>ty policy & n m]ely an imp]ial freak4 ,)9 less ?an a g5]ation lat] came ! va/ sociali/ decree ( ,diocletian1 regulat+ all prices & wages ?r\gh\t ! empire4 ,a maximum value 0 fix$ = e k9d ( food--gra91 w9e1 oil1 meat1 fi%1 vegetables & fruit4 ,h5ce su* food w\ld nev] be produc$ :]e ! natural conditions prev5t$ a pr(it )9 ?is maximum price2 nor w\ld x be transport$ beyond ! di/ance )9 :i* ! maximum yield$ a pr(it4 ,:ole di/ricts mu/ h be5 cut (f f diff]5t k9ds ( supply by su* legislation4 ,mean:ile ! wages ( lab\r]s1 ( artizans1 & ( pr(essions 7 all equally regulat$1 s t ! be/ m5 c\ld nev] h _! sup]ior ability rew>d$4 ,! prices ( sk9s & lea!r1 ( all clo?+1 & ( jewell]y 7 likewise def9$4 ,! consequ5ce mu/ h be5 t ! losses 9 bad ye>s ( supply1 ow+ to wea!r & o!r circum/ances1 mu/ h fall5 :olly on ! produc]1 :o might be ru9$ by ! :ole brunt ( ! loss1 in/ead ( be+ p>tly comp5sat$ by a rise 9 prices :i* tax$ ! :ole body ( us]s4 ,no wond] t aft] su* a law ! :ole empire plung$ ev] deep] into pov]ty & confusion4 ,! co9age depreciat$ ev5 m rapidly ?an be=e2 & ! economic di/ress ( su* a fix$ sy/em ) a fall+ curr5cy mu/ h be5 ov]:elm+4 ,su* 7 ! results ( "o ( ! great sociali/ic attempts to rem$y ! c\rse ( ev5ts by artificial legislation4 ,we ?us see h[ by ! e/abli%m5t ( unionism1 ! fe$+ ( paup]s1 ! devolution ( ! empire1 & ! legislation on prices & wages1 ! sociali/ic policy br\ght to naught ! greate/ social organism t _h yet appe>$ 9 ! _w4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,revolution ,,or ,,evolution8 ,^? p]sons :o are unaccu/om$ to consid] ! great effects :i* fl[ f a cont9u\s action ( small causes1 are too liable to suppose t a l>ge result c only be obta9$ by a viol5t & imm$iate action4 ,!y suppose t only "s mighty impulse c *ange ! face ( affairs2 !y pray t ! m\nta9s be r5t1 & look to ! e>?quake & ! tempe/1 n ?9k+ t x is ! /ill small voice t really directs4 ,!y =get t x is ! humble e>?worms t pl\gh ! l&1 & ! invisible bact]ia t de/roy nations & alt] ! face ( politics4 ,ignor+ ! f>-rea*+ aft]-effects ( action1 m5 are l$ to ov]-d all ! *anges :i* !y attempt to c>ry out by direct & imm$iate means4 ,?is is l a *ild :o asks to h its h& cut (f because its f+] a*es4 ,! bad effect ( sudd5 & viol5t *anges may be/ be obs]v$ 9 our own hi/ory4 ,! great *anges ( ! ,civil ,w> left ,engl& )\t any *ecks on ! viol5ce ( p>ties4 ,! ,k+ & ,lords _h be5 aboli%$1 & ! ,commons rul$ alone4 ,! fi]ce factions ( ! ,presbyt]ians & ,indep5d5ts w\ld h wreck$ ! c\ntry1 _h n a rul] come =w>d f> m arbitr>y ?an ! "o already reject$4 ,*>les _h look$ ov] ! wall :5 he tri$ to arre/ five memb]s1 b ,cromwell /ole ! horse outright :5 he dismiss$ ! p>liam5t by arm$ =ce4 ,pride's ,purge 0 a great] violation ( popul> lib]ties ?an any?+ done by ,tudor or ,/u>t2 & ! effect ( half a g5]ation ( su* viol5ce 0 t ! nation 0 he>tily glad to get back a worse k+ ?an ! "o !y _h behead$4 ,cromwell's great s]vice 01 t he sav$ ,engl& f a fanatical & facti\s ,h\se ( ,commons1 by ex]cis+ mon>*ical pr]ogatives :i* ,*>les nev] d>$ to ass]t4 ,! ne$s ( ! "t drove him1 z a capable man1 to act = ! highe/ good outside ! law4 ,:5 we he> a faction laud+ ,cromwell n[1 x may be ov]look$ t he made %ort "w ( ,fif? ,mon>*y m5 & o!r extremi/s2 & t ! great /ruggle ( m9d to him 0 ! dire necessity ( cru%+ ! factions1 & ( us+ t compulsion :i* he cle>ly saw 0 ! only alt]native to an>*y4 ,! bitt] p]secut+ _s ( ! factions 0 f> m viol5t ?an any c\rse ( action :i* prec$$ or foll[$ _! rule4 ,nei!r ,*>les ,i nor ,*>les ,,ii t\*$ ! private religi\s actions ( ! p2 b ! factions proscrib$ ev5 ! private use ( ! ,book ( ,common ,pray]4 ,! subsequ5t ,five-mile ,act regulat+ public meet+s = wor%ip 0 mild comp>$ ) ! domicili>y visitations 9 se>* ( ! ,pray] ,book 9 #afde4 ,b = ! visits ( ! p>liam5t>y soldi]y1 break+ into *apels & putt+ _! swords to ! brea/s ( ! kneel+ communicants1 !re w\ld nev] h be5 ! mild] disp]sions ( ! ,re/oration4 ,b = ! bitt] p]secution ( ! s-call$ ,malignants1 & ! deprivation ( ! cl]gy ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry by ! p>liam5t1 !re w\ld nev] h be5 ! mild] rev]sion ( ,b>?olomew's ,day1 #affb4 ,9 e po9t ! viol5t *anges ( con/itution wr\ght m tyranny & m p]sonal h>d%ip ?an 0 ev5 caus$ by ! revulsion :i* foll[$4 ,9 ,france ! same effect 0 se54 ,! ,revolution probably caus$ m blood%$ & m p]sonal mis]y 9 t5 ye>s1 ?an ! old rgime _h done 9 a c5tury4 ,engl& has paid tw5ty-five millions a ye> = a c5tury pa/ z int]e/ on ! debt incurr$ = cru%+ ,napoleon4 ,ano!r result %\ld be not$ ) c>e4 ,a great popul> f]m5t ) a dim9ution ( con/itutional control1 mu/ result 9 e/abli%+ a milit>y despotism z ! less] evil = ! c\ntry4 ,caes>1 ,aurelian1 ,cromwell1 ,napoleon1 all arose f ! popul> p>ty1 z ! necess>y sub/itutes1 by arbitr>y action1 = ! con/itutionalism :i* _h be5 aboli%$4 ,9 ! place ( ! legally regulat$ c\rses1 m or less unsuitable & corrupt$1 x prov$ absolutely necess>y :5 !y 7 aboli%$ to h "s o!r supreme au?ority ) p[] to en=ce ob$i5ce4 ,we are n conc]n$ at ?is po9t to consid] ! relative "r or wrong ( ! v>i\s p>ties j m5tion$2 t has no?+ to d ) ! matt]4 ,! lesson is t a viol5t & rapid *ange ( con/itution leads to worse evils ?an ^? :i* x is s\ght to rem$y4 ,e exi/+ ord] ( ?+s1 h[ev] imp]fect or bad1 mu/ h a c]ta9 balance ( p>ts or x c\ld n cont9ue4 ,& :5 t balance is de/roy$ ! results c seldom be =ese54 ,x is exactly ! same 9 nature2 :5 any species ( animal is ext]m9at$ sudd5ly--z by fire>ms--! f>-rea*+ consequ5ces ( its disappe>ance _c be anticipat$2 o!r species w increase or disappe>1 & ev5 vegetable life w be modifi$4 ,! phrase !re=e ( a radical re=m1 or briefly radicalism1 is 9 defiance ( natural sci5ce & ( hi/orical exp]i5ce2 x d5ies ! pr9ciple ( gradual evolution 9 ! developm5t ( in/itutions & ( "*4 ,a small am\nt ( exp]i5ce ( diff]5t types is en\gh to %[ its fallacy1 = radicals say t travell+ abroad always spoils a good radical4 ,9 ord] to avoid viol5t *ange x is ne$ful to all[ free scope = gradual *ange4 ,! greate/ cata/rophes may be caus$ by ! accumulation ( small =ces2 :5 a t9y /ream becomes damm$ by a l&slip x may =m a lake1 :i* 9 bur/+ w deva/ate a :ole valley4 ,s :5 ! gradual movem5t ( a p is *eck$1 & an artificial condition is en=c$ by laws1 ! break+ d[n ( su* re/rictions w cause :olesale disa/]4 ,_h ! ,romans all[$ free immigration ( ,go?ic settl]s !re w\ld nev] h be5 ! ,go?ic conque/ ( ,italy4 ,7 ! ,cali=nians & ,au/ralians to all[ a free immigration ( ,japanese1 "u fair & equal laws1 !y w\ld n h to fe> a squadron dem&+ ju/ice 9 _! ports4 ,! necessity ( viol5t *anges is !re=e always ! fault ( ^? :o prev5t gradual *anges to fit new conditions4 ,if ! ,h\se ( ,commons tries aga9 ! exp]im5t ( ! ,long ,p>liam5t1 & by =ce or subt]fuge abrogates ! second *amb]1 x w be l>gely due to ! ,h\se ( ,lords refus+ *anges 9 its mode ( action4 ,an ,upp] ,h\se :i* elect$ a legislative committee1 l ! election ( ,scot* & ,iri% ,pe]s1 w\ld be 9 a f> /rong] position4 ,! ,h\se ( ,commons at pres5t is too mu* l an elephant pick+ up p9s2 & if ! public become s mu* disgu/$ ) its incapacity = bus9ess t at "s crisis !y ?r[ ! re9s ( p[] to an able man l ,kit*5]1 x w be l>gely due to ! fossilisation ( ! ,rules ( ,proc$ure4 ,a ,l[] ,h\se :i* allott$ its "t /rictly accord+ to ! value ( its votes ( supply1 or ( ! int]e/s involv$--:i* regi/]$ its decisions in/antly1 z by ! electric signals :i* are n[ f\nd 9 e hotel1 & :i* employ$ diagrams 9 debate by means ( ! lant]n & scre5 :i* are n[ f\nd 9 e s*ool--w\ld /& a bett] *ance ( cop+ ) its bus9ess 9 a cr$itable mann]4 ,! fault ( viol5t *ange1 & all its damag+ consequ5ces1 re/s 9 ! fir/ place on ^? :o resi/ gradual *ange4 ,x is !re=e ne$ful to leave ! way op5 = gradual *anges4 ,9 e new law1 ! *anges ( circum/ance :i* are likely to arise %\ld be anticipat$1 by leav+ ! way op5 = !m to beg9 to act g5tly & gradually4 ,! pr9ciple ( fix$ f9es 7bas$ on income tax71 reg>dless ( any reflection on "*1 = v>i\s infractions ( a civil law 7or ev5 ( "s crim9al laws7 %\ld be always op51 s t1 z necessities arise1 ! preval5ce ( su* f9es w\ld call att5tion to ! ne$ ( "s *ange4 ,an excell5t sy/em has be5 f\nd 9 all[+ a dep>tm5t a l>ge latitude 9 int]pret+ a law1 or a disp5s+ p[] 9 adm9i/]+ x2 & ?is sy/em might well be ext5d$ s f> z x 0 n s]i\sly abus$ by fav\ritism4 ,ano!r mode ( *ange is to p]mit a v>iety ( types 9 diff]5t places1 z 9 local adm9i/ration1 & !n all[ a l>ge latitude = ! adoption ( any type f\nd to "w well 9 ano!r place4 ,?is is p>tly rea*$ by v>y+ bye-laws2 b ?is might well be ext5d$ high] 9 ! scale1 & ) local lib]ty to adopt any bye-law already sanction$ else:]e4 ,! ways w\ld ?us be op5 = gradual movem5ts1 :i* c\ld ext5d until !y produc$ su* pressure on ! l>g] & m organic laws z to cause a s]i\s legislative /ep4 ,we w n[ turn to obs]ve ! f>-rea*+ actual & probable effects ( v>i\s laws1 :i* at fir/ might seem q inadequate to cause su* *anges4 ,"s ye>s h pass$ s9ce ! graduation ( dea?-duties1 & we c beg9 to see ! effects4 ,! simple action ( a tax1 )\t any compulsion1 has produc$ a pr(\nd *ange 9 a family sy/em :i* c5turies or ?\s&s ( ye>s _h left unalt]$4 ,! notori\s cl++ to p[] & money among ! ag$1 has giv5 way be=e ! screw ( ! ,/ate4 ,! cu/om :i* left ! control ( l>ge e/ates to m5 g5]ally betwe5 fifty & eighty ye>s ( age1 & hamp]$ _! developm5t by ! dy+ h&1 has l>gely yield$ to ! ,indian cu/om1 ( ! division ( prop]ty among sons on _! m>riage or entry on public life4 ,x is becom+ habitual = a fa!r to e/abli% 8 sons ) ! family prop]ty1 & only to reta9 su* a portion ( ! e/ate z he may wi% to fill 8 decl9+ activities4 ,?is is a v b5eficial *ange1 ?\gh by no means a grateful "o to ! ,ex*equ] :i* has br\ght x ab\t4 ,9 less] prop]ties ! same action occurs2 a fa!r w buy an annuity = himself1 & di/ribute ! rema9+ capital1 ea* son be+ at lib]ty ei!r to place 8 portion at comp\nd int]e/1 s z to replace at ! probable date ( 8 fa!r's dea? ! full am\nt :i* he w\ld h receiv$ o!rwise1 or else to tru/ to replac+ ! am\nt :5 he may be at 8 mo/ remun]ative age4 ,n only is ?is a great social *ange1 ) f>-rea*+ consequ5ces 9 ! managem5t ( prop]ty1 b x w also act 9 o!r l9es4 ,:5 a man deals ) 8 prop]ty 9 ! un*eck$ privacy ( a w1 he c neglect ! pressure ( p]sonality ( 8 *ildr5 9 fav\r ( ! s5tim5t ( leav+ a p[]ful family "n 9 p]petuity4 ,b primog5iture mu/ m or less succumb be=e ! obvi\s p]sonal claims ( ^? :o are jo9+ 9 ! daily life4 ,x requires n only a fl9ty he>t b also a braz5 face1 to leave y\ng] sons p5niless :5 p]sonally di/ribut+ ! means ( ensur+ ! happ9ess & ! am5ities ( life4 ,h5ce x is probable t e/ates w be mu* m sub-divid$1 & sons enc\rag$ to cont9ue to live on corn]s ( ! pat]nal acres4 ,9 %ort x w be a /ep t[>d ! ,fr5* inf9itesimal splitt+ ( prop]ty4 ,?is aga9 w act 9 a fundam5tal mann] on our colonis+ ability4 ,primog5iture has made u a colonis+ race2 no sy/em is s p]fect = ensur+ a supply ( fit coloni/s4 ,:5 ea* weal?y h\se 9 ! l& educat$ two or ?ree /urdy sons1 ) e b5efit ( heal? & k1 & !n s5t !m out to =m new c5tres1 ) a small capital to />t )1 & a res]ve ( help at home = any dire em]g5cies1 ! mo/ p]fect colonis+ ma*9e _h be5 evolv$4 ,)\t ^! conditions ,engl& c\ld nev] h fill$ o!r cont95ts z %e has4 ,:5 sons /ay at home on portions ( ! old e/ate1 & h n en\gh weal? = ! high tra9+ ( _! families1 all ?is colonis+ p[] w be at an end4 ,france _c colonise because h] dome/ic sy/em does n produce ?is type ( man1 fitt$ 9 p]son & 9 condition to take up su* a life4 ,our high dea?-duties are a c]ta9 way to /op educat$ colonisation4 ,ano!r *ange is also se5 result+ f ^! duties4 ,engl&1 m ?an o!r l&s1 0 ri* 9 private treasure h\ses ( preci\s ?+s--pictures1 /atu>y1 libr>ies1 & o!r collections4 ,^! repres5t$ a l>ge am\nt ( capital lock$ up1 b x yield$ a ri* int]e/ 9 ! home education ( ! upp] classes1 9 r$eem+ !m f ! dull1 unimag9ative1 co>se1 or sordid lives ( weal?y classes 9 "s o!r l&s4 ,s long z a duty only equal to a few mon?s' or a ye>'s int]e/ 0 levi$1 ! succession 0 n too burd5some1 & ! /ate reap$ a /eady small return4 ,b :5 ! possession ( su* means ( am5ity involves at ea* g5]ation a cru%+ tax on ! productive "p ( an e/ate1 !y mu/ be sacrific$4 ,! collections are vani%+ to o!r l&s1 :]e su* %ort-sight$ policy is unkn[n1 & ,engl& w be left b>e4 ,a f> m pr(itable policy w\ld h be5 to exempt all arti/ic or hi/orical collections f dea?-duties1 if !y 7 ?r[n op5 to ! public = a c]ta9 numb] ( days 9 ea* ye>4 ,!y w\ld ?us h become p>tly public museums1 provid$ free ( all co/ to ! surr\nd+ di/ricts4 ,ano!r s]i\s consid]ation is t #aj or #ae p] c5t41 or ev5 #bj p] c5t4 9 case ( beque/s = public purposes1 is tak5 (f accumulat$ national capital & ?r[n into ye>ly income4 ,! e/ate duty is incessantly eat+ up ! national res]ves1 & us+ !m = curr5t exp5ses4 ,we %\ld call any family :i* did ?is %ameless sp5d?rifts1 yet ?is is ! immoral fa%ion ( our taxation4 ,! effect ( income tax is "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s economic subjects1 because x directly t\*es ! production ( weal?4 ,!re is little objection to income tax = em]g5cies ( w>1 because if m]ely nom9al 7#a;d4 9 ! p\nd7 dur+ peace1 ! true am\nt taxable w be well kn[n1 & a sudd5 increase w be truly collect$ & w n h di/9ct economic effects if only us$ = a ye> or two4 ,b treat+ direct tax on incomes z a l>ge s\rce ( rev5ue has v important effects on a comm]cial nation4 ,a tax z high z #as4 9 ! p\nd is practically a tax on all ,engli% ent]prise z comp>$ ) =eign4 ,if a mill c be run at ,calais to produce non-dutiable articles1 free ( income tax on its divid5ds1 :ile a mill at ,dov] pays #e p] c5t4 tax on its divid5ds1 t con/itutes a discrim9ation ( #e p] c5t4 aga9/ ! ,engli% manufactur]'s capital4 ,! outcome ( ! :ole is t all %>es ( ,engli% companies w /& p]man5tly at #e p] c5t4 l[] value ?an ! %>es ( =eign companies4 ,or 9 o!r words #d int]e/ w h to be paid by an ,engli% company = #ie rais$ by deb5ture1 :ile ! =eign company w raise #ajj = ! same int]e/4 ,! imm$iate result is t inve/m5ts w increas+ly be made 9 =eign gov]nm5ts & companies1 ^: divid5ds are payable abroad1 in/ead ( 9 ,london4 ,?is is n m]ely an evasion ( tax1 b x is p]fectly legal if ! divid5ds are sp5t abroad4 ,no "o ne$ pay tax on any co/ ( =eign travel or resid5ce if !y draw ! money f =eign s\rces1 & d n let x be trapp$ 9 ,london4 ,?us !re w be an ev] increas+ dem& = purely =eign inve/m5t1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( tax on ! inve/m5ts 9 ,engl&4 ,if ! proposal 0 c>ri$ out to tax all inve/m5ts mu* high] z une>n$ income1 x w\ld cripple all ,engli% manufacture = lack ( ! capital1 :i* w\ld be driv5 abroad to escape ! tax4 ,x might be ?\ght t o!r gov]nm5ts w come into l9e1 & tax equally ) ours2 b if !y see _! own comm]cial advantage !y w be v lo? to put ?is b> on ,engli% capital fl[+ into _! l& to ga9 fre$om4 ,ev5 if ,france & ,g]many did z we d1 x might be well wor? :ile = ,monaco to become ! f9ancial c5tre ( ,europe by hav+ no income tax on companies c5tr$ !re4 ,! rec5t ,de ,be]s decision illu/rates ?is v cle>ly4 ,a company ) its "w abroad1 & its inve/ors l>gely abroad1 is tax$ on all its income because x uses a few squ>e y>ds ( space 9 ,london z an (fice4 ,obvi\sly x w n rema94 ,london w no long] be ! c5tre ( comm]cial "w ( ! _w if #e p] c5t4 or p]haps #aj p] c5t4 is ! price to be paid by all :o use x4 ,no company w rema9 9 ,engl& t is n fix$ by its works be+ "h1 & all ^? :o are fix$ "h w "w at a p]man5t disadvantage comp>$ to ! =eign]4 ,x is d\btless ?\ght t ! l>ge income yield$ by ! int]e/ on ! national debt is a safe & easy subject ( taxation2 ,italy inde$ raises #bj p] c5t4 income tax on its debt int]e/4 ,b ?is tax is purely nom9al1 z x is disc\nt$ 9 ! price ( /ock1 & su* a gov]nm5t is m]ely pay+ ) ! left h& :at x takes ) ! "r4 ,! case is se5 cle>ly 9 ,italian /ock :i* /&s at #bj p] c5t4 l[] value ?an x o!rwise w\ld2 t is to say1 t ,italy pays say #d = ! loan ( #hj n[1 in/ead ( = ! loan ( #ajj :i* x w\ld receive if ?is tax 0 n impos$4 ,! same is equally true ( ! tax z appli$ to gov]nm5t sal>ies2 x _c be evad$1 & !re=e x is m]ely a dim9ution ( ! sal>y1 or a depreciation ( ! quality ( m5 obta9$ = ! nom9al sal>y4 ,a gov]nm5t _c tax its own paym5ts by any f9ancial juggl]y4 ,( c\rse a gov]nm5t c *eat l a private p]son2 promise a c]ta9 paym5t1 & !n break its ^w1 & pay less by a tax4 ,b t is only a transi5t pr(it rais$ by ! sale ( its "*1 & is n a p]man5t b>ga94 ,ano!r effect ( income tax w be se5 if ! propos$ high] grad+ ( incomes is c>ri$ out4 ,! same *anges t we h trac$ ow+ to ! dea? duties w be produc$ by ! life duties4 ,prop]ty w be sub-divid$ :]ev] possible4 ,e *ild w h a tru/ creat$ = its b5efit1 e memb] ( a family w h a sep>ate income1 e l>ge e/ate w be nom9ally ! prop]ty ( a gr\p ( indep5d5t p]sons--a family club4 ,?is w t5d1 l ! dea? duties1 t[>d equal %>es1 in/ead ( ! p>5t hive sy/em ( primog5iture2 & x likewise m>ks ! end ( educat$ colonis+4 ,! effect ( ?is may be good = family life1 b x w be disa/r\s comm]cially4 ,!re w no long] be ! l>ge capitali/s :o c take ! risks ( great ent]prises4 ,to raise a l>ge float+ capital = great und]tak+s w require ! co-op]ation ( s _m small capitali/s1 t x w n be wor? :ile = any "o inve/or to give "t to ! affair4 ,! lack ( p]sonal conc]n & int]e/1 & ! co/ ( deal+ ) widely collect$ capital1 w all be a detrim5t to ent]prises ( l>ge ext5t4 ,b ! mo/ disa/r\s z well z immoral k9d ( taxation w be t propos$ z additional ^u all p]man5t inve/m5ts1 "u ! guise ( une>n$ income4 ,x is a fatally easy screw = a gov]nm5t to put on2 b ! effect ( x w be to p5alise all ,briti% manufacture 9 competition ) =eign productions4 ,all t we h notic$ ab\t ! effect ( a #e p] c5t4 tax w apply f> m rapidly & decisively if a #aj p] c5t4 tax %\ld be put on4 ,%ipp]s w\ld sail "u ano!r flag & transf] _! (fices ( regi/ration2 manufactur]s w\ld pass to a tax-free c\ntry2 & a l>g] proportion ( p]sons liv+ on fix$ income w\ld sp5d x abroad4 ,beside ! mat]ial disadvantages ( su* high taxation on ent]prise1 x w\ld be a grave moral detrim5t4 ,x is too (t5 =gott5 t 9 taxation ! gov]nm5t wields "o ( ! greate/ means ( moral education4 ,:at does x say n[ by its taxation8 ,suppose a man to h sav$ #ajj1 & to consid] :e!r he w sp5d x on unremun]ative pleasures1 or on useful public works4 ,! gov]nm5t says1 ,if y w sp5d y\r money on wa/e & luxury1 pay+ = useless & mon/r\s rooms1 mak+ m5 /& idle 9 y\r hall1 or decorate y\r extravagant food2 if y w make wom5 wa/e _! eyes & lives on a fre% absurdity ( fa%ion1 or sell _! s\ls2 or if y w pay boys to become ne'er-d-weels on golf-l9ks--9 %ort if y w d z mu* mis*ief z possible1 we w take #e p] c5t4 ( y\r money4 ,b if y sp5d x on b5efit+ ! _w1 improv+ cultivation1 build+ railways1 op5+ ! wa/e places & mak+ !m blossom1 we w take #ah p] c5t41 & leave y only #hb out ( y\r #ajj4 ,t is to say #e p] c5t4 on ! orig9al e>n+ ( ! capital1 #e p] c5t4 tax on inve/m5t income1 & #aj p] c5t4 on dea? duties1 z e/imat$ on l>ge capital by ! ,income ,tax ,commission1 #aijf4 ,& if ! propos$ high] tax+ ( s-call$ une>n$ income 7 c>ri$ out1 ?is gov]nm5t claim w\ld rise to #bc p] c5t4 or ev5 high]4 ,9 all reason1 aft] money :5 e>n$ has paid its tax ( #e p] c5t4 x %\ld be free ( all fur!r claims1 at lea/ if employ$ = public utility1 & !re %\ld be no tax on divid5ds :atev]1 nor any dea? duties on sav+s2 all su* taxation falls ev5tually on ! capital ( ! useful und]tak+s1 & directly cripples ! indu/ry ( ! c\ntry4 ,! only way to escape ! deadly effects ( income tax ^u home manufactures & produce w\ld be to lay a c\nt]vail+ duty on all imports1 & a b\nty on all exports4 ,!n1 & only !n1 w\ld ! manufactur] or f>m] "h be on exactly ! same foot+ z "o abroad4 ,!n1 & only !n1 w\ld free trade be really c>ri$ out4 ,s long z taxes fall on home production or home capital1 :i* d n fall simil>ly abroad1 s long free trade _c exi/4 ,ano!r highly immoral view ( taxation is t ( pluck+ ! goose s t x feels x lea/4 ,su* a maxim 0 appropriate & excell5t = an opportuni/ m9i/] ( an autocratic sov]eign4 ,b ! fir/ necessity = ! political heal? ( a democracy is t ! individual %all feel e tax2 su* is ! only way to prev5t ! squ&]+ ( public money by ! votes ( ignorant taxpay]s4 ,x w\ld be v :olesome if ! national exp5diture 0 pres5t$ z a s]ies ( p]sonal bills1 %[+ h[ mu* 0 sp5t on ea* dep>tm5t by an av]age #ej1 or #ajj1 or #bjj h\sehold]4 ,he w\ld !n be z mu* a%am$ ( ! smallness ( "s items z ( ! l>g5ess ( o!rs4 ,:at is ne$$ 9 place ( ! tax ^u indu/ry is a tax ^u extravagance4 ,we are accu/om$ to taxes :i* f> exce$ ! prime co/ ^u tobacco & alcohol2 & o!r luxuries %\ld also be simil>ly tax$4 ,if in/ead ( tax+ income 7:i* is (t5 requisite = reasonable liv+1 or else usefully sp5t on improvem5ts ( ! _w71 we _h ! luxuries tax$1 ! only p to compla9 7if ! *ange 7 gradual7 w\ld be ^? :o wa/$ in/ead ( us+ _! income4 ,let all o/5tation be tax$ v heavily1 spaci\s rooms1 l>ge numb]s ( s]vants1 co/ly food1 motor c>s 7n pr(essionally ne$$71 entrance money = amusem5ts1 & tailors' & mill9]s' bills2 & !n a mu* small] am\nt ( su* extravagance w equally bespeak weal?1 & ga9 z mu* social consid]ation z at pres5t4 ,su* w\ld be a moral taxation 9 place ( ! pres5t :olly immoral & indef5sible sy/em ( tax+ indu/ry & leav+ wa/e un*eck$4 ,we w n[ look to o!r ev5tual results ( small cont9ual action4 ,! effect ( transf]r+ little by little ! prop]ty 9 ,iri% l& to ! pres5t occupi]s has n be5 suffici5tly notic$4 ,= ! pres5t g5]ation su* a transf]5ce 0 m]ry en\gh to ! t5ant4 ,b :5 he sells to ano!r t5ant :at is to happ58 ,w a future t5ant ent] & gradually expropriate ! pres5t t5ant1 by treat+ him z a l&lord8 ,c]ta9ly ! pres5t t5ant w n be s fooli% z to be ?us trapp$1 he w dem& money on ! nail4 ,h[ !n is ! future t5ant to get 8 capital to buy ! l&8 ,9 mo/ cases he w h to get x by borr[+ on mortgage4 ,& if ! gov]nm5t is n prep>$ to always keep op5 a loan (fice = e incom+ t5ant to ! end ( "t1 a loan society or company mu/ be 8 resort4 ,!n if he %\ld n pay ?is r5t to ! di/ant intangible society1 8 mortgage w be =eclos$4 ,9 place ( a body ( l&lords1 & l&lords' ag5ts :o c\ld always be p]sonally approa*$1 ,irel& w fall into ! h&s ( a l&lordism ( di/ant money-l5d]s )\t s\ls or feel+s1 & :om nei!r bl&i%m5ts nor bullets c affect4 ,! rem$y = l& difficulties & v>i\s ills1 t has be5 s (t5 propos$1 namely ! ,/ate own]%ip ( ! l&1 is by no means promis+4 ,! greate/ objection t c be flung at a l&lord is t he is an abs5tee4 ,no am\nt ( ag5cy1 no excell5ce 9 ! subord9ate1 is ?\ght to comp5sate = ! p]sonal int]e/1 ! p]sonal influ5ce & c>e1 ( a good consci5ti\s l&lord sp5d+ 8 life among 8 t5ants4 ,yet ! ,/ate own]%ip w\ld be worse ?an any abs5tee l&lord4 ,! ag5t w\ld be t ( an imp]sonal gov]nm5t1 & responsible to nobody s long z he fulfill$ a c]ta9 set ( h>d rules4 ,he w\ld h no p]sonality m or less pliable beh9d him1 b w\ld bl9dly c>ry out ! g5]al dictates ( a ,p>liam5t or a ,rev5ue (fice1 :i* nei!r knew nor c>$ ab\t any p]sonal exceptions or local details4 ,we all "k ! ways ( ! ,inl& ,rev5ue already2 ! extortions :i* h to be t$i\sly reclaim$ at a great] co/ ( "t ?an ! refund$ money is wor?2 ! />v+ ( ! ,po/ ,(fice 9 ord] to wr+ a pr(it ( #ej p] c5t4 on ! :ole correspond5ce ( ! c\ntry2 ! v>i\s illegal dem&s :i* h _h to be resi/$ by legal trial1 & appeal ov] appeal1 at a ru9\s co/ to ^? :o w n be *eat$2 we see 9 ,france & ,italy ! atrophy ( a railway sy/em :i* is rul$ by gov]nm5t (ficials4 ,& yet unobs]vant en?usia/s wi% t e field %\ld be "u "s petty (ficial ti$ by r$ tape1 & e f>m] b\nd by laws & regulations :i* c\ld nev] be appli$ to ev5 a small di/rict )\t individual h>d%ip4 ,! t[nsman _c be all[$ to play political exp]im5ts ) ! l>ge/ indu/ry ( ,engl&1 ( :i* he is pr(\ndly ignorant3 x mu/ re/ ) ! f>m] only1 to decide if he pref] to be "u ! ,inl& ,rev5ue or "u 8 l&lord4 ,x is notori\s t gov]nm5t l&s are adm9i/]$ m wa/efully & less remun]atively ?an any private prop]ty2 & x w\ld be ru9\s to tie up ! :ole c\ntry to su* adm9i/ration4 ,x is useless to say t ^! are m]e abuses :i* mu/ be rectifi$4 ,let !m be rectifi$ 9 ! m9or scale fir/1 be=e ! sy/em c be appli$ 9 ! major scale4 ,!re is no k9d ( gov]nm5t 9 ! _w t w\ld n ru9 ?is c\ntry if x introduc$ ,/ate own]%ip4 ,human nature does n all[ ( x1 & only ignorance ( human nature c\ld propose x4 ,ano!r l>ge effect ( trifles is se5 9 ! cumulative "* ( borr[]s4 ,mr4 ,h>old ,cox1 ,m4,p41 has rem9d$ ^? :o are 9 fav\r ( r confiscatory proposals1 t a loss ( "* ( a public body1 s t _! good fai? is n c]ta91 may easily mean t !y h to pay #d p] c5t4 in/ead ( #c p] c5t4 = loans3 & h5ce t all r5ts ( public works paid = by loans w h to be #cc p] c5t4 high]4 ,?is loss is f> m ?an c\ld be ga9$ by entire confiscation ( gr\nd values1 & entire ru9 ( all l&lords4 ,t ?is is by no means only a future risk may be se5 9 ! /ock li/ any day4 ,india is n entirely safe2 !re are risks ( f9ancial ru9--by conque/1 by ru9\s w>s aga9/ invasion1 by ru9 9 insurrection1 by ejectm5t1 or by hav+ to drop ,india ow+ to a collapse ( ! navy4 ,yet all ^! risks toge!r are ?\ght to be less ?an ! risk ( bad fai? on ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil4 ,_! /ock /&s at a l[] price ?an ,india /ock4 ,su* is ! l>ge result ( ! _m little t\*es ( folly & extravagance :i* h l[]$ ! f9ancial b>omet]4 ,ano!r in/ance ( remote *anges is 9 ! effects ( ! /eam eng9e & o!r *eap & rapid communication4 ,! full ext5t ( ! *anges caus$ are yet f> f be+ complet$4 ,ext]nally ! great *ange is t ( ! equalisation ( l& values = agriculture all ov] ! _w1 z ! produce c be c>ri$ f l& to l& = a small "p ( its value4 ,h5ce tropical l&s ) rapid gr[? & high f]tility w compete ) o!rs2 & ! *eapness ( lab\r !re1 ow+ to ! small] requirem5ts 9 a w>m] climate1 w react on all agricultural wages4 ,!re w also be a dem& = *eap lab\r to "w tropical l&s to _! full ext5t2 & ! facility = transportation ( lab\r]s w result 9 con/antly %ift+ en]getic p f r cool] climates into ! hott] l& = a "t1 & )draw+ !m aga94 ,! same sy/em we already c>ry out = gov]n+ classes 9 ,india2 & *eap transport w make x possible = an en]getic race to hold hot c\ntries cont9u\sly1 )\t decay due to en]vation by climate1 z 0 ! case 9 all e>li] nor!rn invad]s4 ,int]nally ! *anges ow+ to *eap communication are t l& ( simil> quality equalises 9 value2 & h5ce ! wor/ l& w fall to bottom price all ov] ! c\ntry1 & _c be locally ( any high] value4 ,also x w be difficult to get p to live 9 unpleasant di/ricts1 z !y c easily %ift ab\t2 h5ce wages w ne$ to be high] 9 su* di/ricts1 & !re=e ! l& w be /ill l[]4 ,?us ! mobility ( ! inhabitants exagg]ates ! v>iation ( l& values already due to diff]+ quality4 ,! m bulky indu/ries t ne$ *eap l&1 & n mu* lab\r1 w be fix$ 9 ! unpleasant di/ricts2 & peasant proprietors w t5d to ! worse l&1 z be+ abnormally l[ 9 value4 ,reg>d+ movem5t ( population only1 z capable m5 c move ab\t freely to get "w t gives !m full scope1 ! less capable w supplant ! capable 9 all "w t !y are able to d4 ,h5ce we %all no long] f9d m5 ( high quality lead+ simple lives 9 remote di/ricts4 ,! ga9 to ! :ole community is cle>1 b we lose "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ types ( national "*4 ,! free & rapid transit 9 cities w cause !m to be mu* less cr[d$ 9 "o mass4 ,at ,*icago m5 g to bus9ess f five miles out 9 five m9utes4 ,our cumbr\s /oppages along ! :ole r\te mu/ be entirely giv5 up = ! out] di/ricts ( ,london4 ,:at is ne$$ is a s]ies ( new c5tres tw5ty to ?irty miles out ( ,london2 jo9$1 "s to ! ,city1 "s to ! ,we/ ,end1 by non-/op tra9s1 at sixty miles an h\r4 ,su* is c]ta9ly ! type ( great city :i* w f9ally be rea*$--a c\nty cov]$ ) sep>ate c5tres l9k$ by tra9s at ! highe/ spe$4 ,z we %all note fur!r on1 ! developm5t ( great equatorial e/ates ( ,european p[]s1 & ! gr[? ( imm5se p]man5t armam5ts are bo? ! inevitable result ( rapid communication4 ,we see ?us h[ ! :ole type ( human life & conditions has be5 alt]$1 & ! :ole balance ( circum/ances readju/$1 by ! evolution ( *eap motor p[]4 ,we h already notic$ ano!r effect ( ?is *ange1 9 ! increase ( emigration dra9+ ! m capable p]sons f ,engl&1 & s leav+ a residue inf]ior 9 en]gy1 initiative & self-reliance4 ,?is det]ioration ( ! occupants ( ,engl& & ,irel& is ?us due to ! purely me*anical contrivance ( a /eam eng9e4 ,we h n[ trac$ ! l>ge effects ( small economic causes1 & we see h[ su* app>5tly insignificant alt]ations may be f> m effective & act f> m b5eficially ?an sma%+ ! social ma*9e ) a sl$ge hamm] because x does n run smoo?ly4 ,we w n[ turn to look at "s ( ! effects ( fav\rite ideas ( ! pres5t "t4 ,! comp5sation to workm5 = accid5t seems at fir/ sight a righte\s *>ge ^u capital = ! b5efit ( ^? :o are injur$ 9 _! bus9ess4 ,! imm$iate effect ^u "* is to save ! c>eless1 ?\ghtless1 & incompet5t f ! results ( _! faults2 ?is at once r$uces l>gely ! we$+ & educational effects ( ! bad qualities4 ,no man w\ld ev] h become c>eful if he did n f9d ! necessity ( be+ s4 ,ev5 if a t5d5cy to mal+]+ c be avoid$1 yet ! tea*+ effect is done away4 ,x may be ?\ght t x is bett] to save ! individual f 8 indiscretions r ?an cure ! race4 ,l mo/ s5tim5talism x causes m mis]y 9 ! long run4 ,ano!r1 & entirely sep>ate1 effect is to prev5t ! employm5t ( ^? :o by age or bodily defect are ! m liable to accid5t2 ! imm$iate h>d%ip ( loss ( employm5t to ^! classes is1 9 ! total1 probably great] ?an ! h>d%ip ( loss ( employm5t by accid5ts :i* x is s\ght to comp5sate4 ,we injure ! individual z well z ! race by su* gr&mo!r+4 ,a sev]e law dem&+ full & adequate protection ( work]s1 :]e !y c be me*anically protect$1 is ! utmo/ t c\ld be b5eficially en=c$4 ,! provision ( old age p5sions is ano!r pleas+ s*eme4 ,9 ! fir/ place x w dim9i% ! ne$ ( =esight & ( self-re/ra9t2 x w ?us weak5 "* by remov+ ! great driv+ =ce ( self-int]e/4 ,! burd5 w h to be borne by all1 includ+ ^? :o are already at ! la/ gasp1 & w t5d to pu% su* ov] ! bord] l9e4 ,x w n discrim9ate betwe5 ^? :o h borne a l>ge %>e 9 ! co/ ( national r5ewal by br++ up a family1 & ^? :o h selfi%ly squ&]$ all !y receiv$4 ,& l outdoor poor relief1 x w be disc\nt$ 9 wages1 & t5d to l[] ! wage rate if no sav+s are to be expect$4 ,a s\nd] plan w\ld be to rev]t to ! k9d ( communal sy/em ( our =efa!rs1 & make a legal dem& = a p5sion (1 say1 #b a ye> f e *ild1 & #ajs4 a ye> f e gr[n up nephew or gr&*ild4 ,?us ^? :o h done mo/ = ! ,/ate by r5ewal w\ld receive mo/ 9 return1 & ! greate/ inducem5t w\ld be giv5 to br+ up *ildr5 to active & capable lives4 ,! idea ( a "r to ma9t5ance w\ld be ! knell ( any ,/ate :i* und]took x4 ,! end[m5t ( wa/rels1 ! tax+ ( all ! capable = ! propagation ( ! incapable1 & ! :olesale det]ioration ( "*1 w\ld be utt] ru9 to a nation4 ,nature kn[s ( no "r to ma9t5ance1 b only ! necessity ( gett+ rid ( ^? :o ne$ x by m5d+ or end+ !m4 ,!re is ano!r movem5t :i* seems mo/ desirable & humane at fir/ sight1 & irreproa*able 9 its economic aspect3 ! sav+ ( infant life by great] c>e4 ,a huge wa/e ( life is go+ on1 & x has be5 prov$ t x is prev5table4 ,b h[ev] mu* we mu/ sympa?ise ) x1 we _c %ut our eyes to its mean+4 ,engl& produces ov] #cjj1jjj excess ( bir?s ov] dea?s ye>ly1 & p]haps a t5? m might be add$ to t by c>e ( infant life4 ,b w\ld t t5? be ( ! be/ /ock or ! wor/8 ,we mu/ agree t x w\ld be ( ! l[]1 or l[e/ type ( c>eless1 ?riftless1 dirty1 & incapable families t ! increase w\ld be obta9$4 ,is x wor? :ile to dilute our increase ( population by #aj p] c5t4 m ( ! mo/ inf]ior k9d8 ,w ,engl& be /rong] = hav+ "o ?irtie? m1 & t ( ! wor/ /ock1 add$ to ! population e ye>8 ,?is movem5t is do+ away ) "o ( ! few rema9s ( natural we$+ out ( ! unfit t our civilisation has left to u4 ,& x w c]ta9ly cause m mis]y ?an happ9ess 9 ! c\rse ( a c5tury4 ,la/ly1 let u look to ! g5]al "q ( ! results ( ! accumulation ( weal? 9 ! h&s ( diff]5t classes4 ,r\ghly we may divide ?ree classes ( money-e>n]s3 ! l[]1 :o receive weekly pay1 & are tempt$ to sp5d x all by ! c]ta9ty ( poor relief :5 ne$$2 ! middle1 :o receive ye>ly pay1 & mu/ save if !y are to avoid los+ ca/e 9 late life2 ! upp]1 :o make l>ge b unc]ta9 pr(its by organis+ "w1 or by f9ancial manipulation1 regul> or irregul>4 ,dur+ ! la/ c5tury we h se5 a great gr[? ( weal? 9 ,engl&4 ,at fir/ x spread to workm5 & manufactur]s1 !n to ! middle classes g5]ally1 & latt]ly mu* has accumulat$ 9 ! h&s ( l>ge op]ators ) tru/s & f9ancial deal+s4 ,:at has be5 ! result ( ! weal? 9 ! h&s ( ea* class1 to t class1 & to ! :ole community8 ,! rise ( workm5's pay has ma9ly be5 us$ up2 !re has be5 a great b5efit by improv+ ! conditions ( life1 b p]haps half ( ! increase has be5 lo/ 9 m]e wa/e2 v little has gone t[>d lift+ families to a high] class1 & b a v small proportion has be5 sav$4 ,! :ole prop]ty ( ! poor is e/imat$ n[ at ne>ly a ye>'s income1 ! result ( sav+s 9 a c5tury1 or less ?an #a p] c5t4 sav$4 ,:5 we turn to ! middle classes !re is a worse spectacle4 ,!re 01 broadly speak+1 b little ne$ to raise ! /&>d ( exp5diture among ! middle classes4 ,!y 7 fairly com=table1 & ne$ n h sp5t m on !mselves2 _! ga9s might h be5 sp5t on pr(itable ent]prises1 or giv5 = end[m5ts to public purposes4 ,on ! contr>y1 b a small "p ( _! ga9s h be5 sav$ or remun]atively sp5t1 & f> ! great] "p has disappe>$ 9 ev]-increas+ o/5tation4 ,x has be5 turn$ into a curse by creat+ an absurdly artificial /&>d ( liv+ & ( sociality1 s burd5some t e man is a%am$ to ask a fri5d to ! leg ( mutton d9n]s ( 8 gr&fa!r's /&>d4 ,x is ?\ght mean to sp5d less p] head on a s+le d9n] ?an ! am\nt :i* ought to keep a man 9 com=t = a c\ple ( weeks4 ,real1 g5ial sociality has be5 uproot$ & kill$ 9 ! s5seless race ( o/5tation4 ,& practically no?+ has be5 done = public b5efits by end[m5ts4 ,z a manufactur] 9 a p>k1 ) a motor1 rem>k$1 y _c expect anyone n to sp5d up to 8 income4 ,! idea ( us+ :at is really requisite = successful liv+1 & n squ&]+ money beyond t1 is entirely =gott54 ,! simplicity ( hav+ no?+ t is unnecess>y1 ! pleasure ( hav+ a l>ge balance to use beyond ! ne$s ( life1 & ! com=t ( nev] ne$+ to worry ab\t money1 are all unkn[n to ^? :o sp5d up to ! hilt1 & :o turn _! money into a gr9d+ curse ( life4 ,! di/ribution ( surplus weal? among ! middle classes has prov$ an entire failure 9 national economics4 ,n[1 la/ly1 ! surplus is pass+ into a new class1 ! l>ge bus9ess speculator1 ! f9anci]1 & tru/-man4 ,s f> z we c yet see1 ?is class is ju/ify+ itself f> m ?an ! middle class4 ,9 fifty ye>s ! middle classes h n giv5 z mu* to end[ education z ! millionaires h giv5 9 five ye>s4 ,a man ) a gigantic income _c sp5d m ?an a few p] c5t4 ( x on himself4 ,he mu/ use x = l>ge public ent]prises :i* b5efit mank9d4 ,to put x 9 ano!r =m1 a great deal] has organis$ a me?od = tax+ ! community 9 su* a way t !y d n notice x4 ,& if he sp5ds ! tax on public improvem5ts or end[m5ts--railways1 new inv5tions1 or univ]sities--he is an active b5efactor to ! :ole community4 ,he sponges up ! surplus :i* w\ld o!rwise be fritt]$ away 9 o/5tation or luxury1 & drops x out :]e x is a p]man5t b5efit4 ,z a pr9ciple we may hate ! tru/-man & multi-millionaire1 b he may be a less] curse ?an ! extravagant middle or l[]-class man4 ,w> is hateful1 b x may be a less] curse ?an rott+ 9 peace4 ,s long z ! av]age man %[s by 8 selfi% luxury t he is incapable ( manag+ weal?1 s long ! private tax]--:o prev5ts "s ( ! wa/e--w be a positive bless+ to ! community4 ,! evolution ( ! great money-manag] type n[ go+ on is a di/9ct /ep =w>d 9 ! prev5tion ( wa/e1 & ! gr[? ( a bett] sy/em ( exp5diture4 ,a million p\nds a ye> scatt]$ ov] a hundr$ ?\s& m5 w be all eat5 up 9 luxuries or lo/ 9 folly2 spread among a ?\s& m5 x w only swell _! wa/eful pride ( life2 b put x 9 ! h&s ( t5 m5 :o h work$ = x1 & !y w sp5d mo/ ( x 9 useful "w t w be> fruit4 ,until ! education1 moral & intellectual1 ( ! av]age man is on a high] plane1 x w be well = ! surplus weal? to be 9 ! saf] h&s ( ^? :o h prov$ _! capacity = avoid+ wa/e4 ,! evolution ( society is n fitt$ at pres5t = a weal?y middle-class1 or a prolet>iat dom9ation4 ,we h n[ se5 9 _m directions h[ great are ! *anges 9 ! con/itution ( society1 :i* are br\ght ab\t by a succession ( small movem5ts1 ea* ( :i* imp]ceptibly be>s its %>e 9 ! *ange4 ,we see ?us h[ c>efully small t5d5cies %\ld be wat*$2 & we le>n h[ ne$less & (t5 h[ futile is a viol5t uproot+ ( in/itutions in/ead ( a gradual gr[?4 ,ano!r lesson to note is t e attempt to int]f]e by legislation 9 ! natural work+ ( causes is m likely to d h>m ?an good4 ,! long lesson1 :i* x took all ! middle ages to tea*1 0 t legislative int]f]5ce ) trade always did h>m2 we h come to believe t 9 a half-he>t$ way1 b we are /ill p]petually long+ to t9k] society by int]f]+ ) natural cause & effect4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,ne$ ,,( ,,div]sity4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! aims ( gov]nm5t 9 all ages has be5 ! secur+ ( uni=mity1 & mu* ( ! mis]y ( mank9d has be5 caus$ by ! en=c+ ( x4 ,b :5 we look at nature we see t a highly uni=m species is ! lea/ likely to advance2 & a se$sman or a bre$] w try to break up too uni=m a /ra9 by excit+ conditions :i* may lead to b5eficial new v>ieties4 ,x is only 9 a fluctuat+ species 9 :i* new sports easily arise1 or are quickly develop$ by conditions1 t we c expect to acquire new qualities or b5eficial advance4 ,x is !re=e "o ( ! ess5tials = an advanc+ species t x %\ld h full scope = div]sity1 s t any new v>ieties may n be cru%$ out by a uni=mity ( conditions4 ,too uni=m a type ( gov]nm5t is a deadly ?+4 ,compulsory or?odoxy kill$ ! vitality ( ,spa91 &--s f> z x succe$$--t ( ,france also4 ,no /ate 0 m brilliant or vigor\s ?an ! ,norman rule 9 ,sicily1 :i* equally patronis$ ,muhamm$an & ,*ri/ian4 ,div]sity may be secur$ 9 two ways1 ei!r by l>ge v>ieties )9 a s+le great /ate1 or by diff]5ces betwe5 homog5e\s small /ates4 ,! div]sity )9 a l>ge /ate may be se5 9 ,engl& or ,am]ica2 div]sity betwe5 small /ates 0 atta9$ betwe5 ! cities ( anci5t ,greece or m$iaeval ,italy4 ,b we meet ) limit+ conditions 9 ! necessity ( comb9ation = mutual support2 & 9 small /ates t c be c>ri$ out by a vigor\s intol]ance :i* we$s out ^? :o are n con=mable1 & drives !m into m cong5ial communities4 ,intol]ance1 !re=e1 is a ga9 to a small community1 ?\gh detrim5tal to a l>ge /ate :]e x excludes ! neighb\rhood ( v>iety4 ,9 mod]n times x is ) l>ge /ates t we h ma9ly to deal4 ,!y are a necess>y developm5t :]e communication is suffici5tly easy = ! conc5trat$ milit>y pressure ( ! :ole to be br\ght to be> on a s+le po9t4 ,if /ates are s small t conc5tration on ! bord] is too easy1 ! /ate w exp&2 if conc5tration is difficult ow+ to size1 ! /ate w t5d to fall ap>t aga94 ,! size = /ates :i* is mo/ successful is a function ( ! facility ( int]nal communication4 ,let ^? :o deplore ! absorption ( small /ates1 & ! gr[? ( ,imp]ialism 9 all c\ntries1 pond] ! tale ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 :o res5t$ ! p[] ( ! :ite man1 & consid]$ h[ to rid !mselves ( him4 ,_! great c\ncil 0 rejoic$1 :5 "o sage said t if !y w\ld d z he said1 he w\ld promise t no :ite man %\ld rema94 ,if ! :ite man is to g y mu/ give up all t he br\ght1 ! horse1 ! gun1 ! blanket1 ! firewat]2 if y w d ?is y may be free4 ,!y ?\ght--& !n said1 ,no1 he mu/ /ay4 ,s1 if we are will+ to rev]t to no?+ quick] ?an a cob1 we might get back to a ,hept>*y4 ,! mod]n condition ( great /ates be+ !re=e =c$ ^u u by ! railway & telegraph1 ! only practical "q is ! =m ( life 9 su* communities4 ,uni=mity t is en=c$1 ei!r by law1 or by cu/om or fa%ion1 is c]ta9ly a detrim5t1 z x w suppress ! useful v>iations :5 !y arise4 ,& ! objection to x bur/s out 9 ! =m ( an>*ism1 :i* is specially a disease ( great /ates4 ,! am\nt ( an>*ism is v closely relat$ to ! size ( ! /ate2 & x is probably an exact measure ( ! int]nal /ra9 produc$ by repulsion ( div]se types & ! pressure ne$$ to keep !m toge!r4 ,x is only a v crude =m ( intol]ance to expect _m t5s ( millions ( p to agree 9 religion1 morals1 & gov]nm5t4 ,a degree ( intol]ance t may succe$1 & ev5 be useful1 = "s ?\s&s1 w be disa/r\s if appli$ to z _m millions ( m54 ,b "h we run aga9/ ano!r guid+ pr9ciple ( _m p4 ,x is (t5 assum$ t possibly 9 gov]nm5t1 probably 9 religion1 & c]ta9ly 9 morals1 !re is an absolute /&>d ( "r & wrong1 immutable & irremovable4 ,to take ! la/ subject--t ( morals--to ! utilit>ian !y are ! conditions = ! well-be+ ( society1 & may v>y indef9itely ) ! v>iations ( society1 & he recognises t !re is p]haps no action :i* may n belong to ! be/ code ( morality = c]ta9 possible conditions4 ,to ! !ologian morals are ! ,div9e dictates1 :i* h v>i$ imm5sely "u diff]5t disp5sations2 & ! ,patri>*al1 e>ly ,jewi%1 ,prophetic1 or ,*ri/ian codes are repres5t$ z q incompatible "o ) ano!r4 ,! subjects ( si/]-m>riage1 concub9age ( captives1 lapidation1 private rev5ge1 communal or individual responsibility1 & o!rs1 all %[ h[ entirely v>iable ! pres5tation ( ! moral /&>d is = diff]5t /ates ( society4 ,h5ce we mu/ always reg>d any giv5 moral /&>d z be+ rightly associat$ ) "s p>ticul> condition ( society & typical ( x2 mu* z ! col\r ( r$ heat1 or yell[ heat1 or :ite heat1 is typical ( p>ticul> temp]atures4 ,& in/ead ( bl9dly reprobat+ ^? among u :o d n con=m to our pres5t !oretical /&>d1 or ev5 ! pres5t normal /&>d1 we %\ld reg>d !m z fragm5ts ( a diff]5t society gone a/ray 9 "t or space4 ,?us we see t div]sity %\ld be tol]at$ up to ! limits ( ! laws t are absolutely necess>y to avoid confusion & misund]/&+ betwe5 memb]s ( ! same community3 & !re is no con/ra9+ pr9ciple :i* w\ld n>r[ ! v>iability all[able1 %ort ( p]mitt+ inju/ice1 h>d%ip1 or unfair competition betwe5 ^? :o ne$ to "w toge!r 9 mutual confid5ce & good fai?4 ,x may truly be said t civilisation is ! means = giv+ scope to div]sity4 ,"u /agnant & uni=m conditions !re may be a fossilis$ =m ( civilisation2 b any liv+ =m mu/ yield opportunities = individual ef=t1 & e su* opportunity is ! mak+ or m>r+ ( ! man :o rises to x or :o falls be=e x4 ,! lead+ t5? & ! subm]g$ t5? are equally ! pro( t a liv+ civilisation is do+ its "w ( sort+ out ! be/ & gett+ rid ( ! wor/ /ock4 ,f ano!r po9t ( view1 tol]ation is ess5tial to completion4 ,! enorm\s v>iety ( "*1 & ability = special "w1 is all ne$$ 9 a complete community4 ,!re are _m wrong p>adises 9 a :ole society4 ,we see ! necessity = m5tal div]sity1 f ! pure ma!matician :o is pr\d ( ! inapplicability ( 8 results1 ?r\gh all ! successive /ages ( rese>* "w1 comm]cial "w1 adm9i/rative managem5t1 & me*anical "w1 ev5 d[n to m]ely automatic "w :i* ne$s no m m9d ?an a c['s4 ,& x is p]fectly cle> t su* m5tal div]sity mu/ h correspond+ v>iety ( ext]nal life to accommodate x4 ,! /ud5t or exp]im5tal work] f9ds ! di/urbances ( communal life almo/ insuff]able1 :ile ! me*anical work] w\ld be mis]able almo/ to suicide 9 ! sil5ce & lack ( excitem5t ( a life devot$ to ab/ract ?\ght or to million?s ( an in*4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! productions ( ! ext]nals ( life diff] s pr(\ndly 9 a complete society1 we mu/ expect & all[ equally great diff]5ces 9 all ! feel+s1 in/9cts1 & requirem5ts4 ,"o man may h a physical repulsion to affect+ 8 m9d & condition by /imulants & n>cotics1 a repulsion t ext5ds m or less to e "o addict$ to su* drugg+ ( ! s5ses4 ,b x w\ld be a mis=tune to be )\t t v>iety1 & ! _w w\ld be poor] by los+ ,fal/aff1 or ev5 ,b>dolph4 ,! utmo/ we c say is t we %\ld nev] be bl9d to ! bad effects on ! community ( a l[ type if x be too widely diffus$4 ,s long z ! extreme p>ties are b a small portion1 & ! di/ribution ( v>iation is normal1 mo/ 9 ! middle c\rse & ?9n+ away to ! upp] & l[] limits1 ! society is /able & b5efits by its v>iations4 ,b if ! curve ( v>iation is irregul>1 & %[s two l>ge gr\ps ) few] 9 ! middle c\rse betwe5 !m1 ! condition is dang]\s4 ,we _h su* a condition 9 ,engl& 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & aft] a long /ruggle ( ea* gr\p to capture ! middle p>ty1 ! sep>ation into two communities took place4 ,! spiritual ance/ors ( ,clif=d & ,p]ks & ,byles 7 happy 9 _! p>adise ( intol]ant puritanism 9 ,new ,engl&1 :ile ,old ,engl& _h int]nal peace = a c\ple ( c5turies4 ,ano!r su* process ( fission n[ seems gr[+ imm95t1 & x is aga9 ! "q z to :i* gr\p w capture ! middle p>ty4 ,! positive dang] ( a div]sity runn+ into two sep>ate gr\ps is notori\s 9 hi/ory4 ,! ,copts invit$ ! ,arab invasion to rid !m ( ,byzant9e bondage2 ! ,britons invit$ ! ,saxons to save !m f _! neighb\rs4 ,! ideals ( a ,c\nty ,c\ncil :i* w n tol]ate a quiet squ>e 9 ,london1 or ( lab\r memb]s :o promote m>*es ( ! unemploy$ & unlimit$ taxation at _! w1 may drive ! be/ ?\ght 9 ,engl& to ! tranquillity ( a well-gov]n$ capital abroad2 & z !re are _m p n[ :o w\ld pref] 9 ,engl& a ,bo] dom9ation to t ( ! p>ty repres5t$ by ,cecil1 ,halifax1 & ,riley1 s !re are _m o!rs :o w\ld r submit to a ,g]man gov]nm5t ( ,london ?an to a sack+ by a hungry mob4 ,! segregation into two gr\ps ) an un/able l9k betwe5 !m is fatal to ! virtues class$ z ,patriotism4 ,a /udi\s ,engli%man w\ld soon] h a ,japanese or ,russian pr(essor = a neighb\r1 ?an h ! av]age dr9k+ workman & r[dy family :o may be 8 di/ant c\s9s4 ,& assur$ly he w\ld make no p]sonal sacrifices to keep out ( ,engl& any p :o 7 prov$ to be ! moral or intellectual sup]iors ( ! re/ ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,we ?us see t div]sity1 h[ev] great1 mu/ v>y ab\t a s+le c5tre1 if x is to be fav\rable to society z a :ole4 ,look+ at ! g5]al dom9ation ( mod]n law x is truly a/oni%+ h[ mu* uni=mity is possible4 ,b ! fact ( a uni=m law be+ 9 =ce mu/ n bl9d u to ! exi/5ce ( a great am\nt ( div]sity be+ n[ tol]at$ side by side ) x4 ,= in/ance1 we are s accu/om$ to ?9k ( only "o type ( m>riage t ! v>i\s /ages recognis$ 9 ,roman law seem a/oni%+4 ,yet 9 legal /atus 9 ,engl& !re are t5 /ages surviv+1 mo/ ( :i* are tol]at$ by ! law4 ,!re is 7#a7 royal ass5t1 ne$ful 9 ! royal family1 j z x is ne$ful 9 e family 9 "s ,african communities2 7#b7 normal religi\s or civil m>riage2 7#c7 m>riage ( divorc$ p]sons1 only civil2 7#d7 )9 prohibit$ degrees1 b tol]at$ socially1 z deceas$ wife's si/]1 or 7#e7 n tol]at$1 z uncle & niece2 7#f7 quasi-p]man5t connection ) full legal responsibility = *ildr52 7#g7 tempor>y lic5se4 ,only 9 case ( lack ( full cons5t does ! law /ep 9 to puni%1 9 7#h7 m>riage "u age1 7#i7 bigamy or 7#aj7 viol5ce4 ,e "o ( ^! /ages has be5 normal 9 "s conditions ( society1 & mo/ are normal 9 "s c\ntries ev5 at pres5t4 ,we may1 = example1 in/ance 7#a7 normal 9 ,b592 7#b7 religi\s m>riage only normal 9 ,engl&2 7#c7 normal 9 ,ea/]n ,europe2 7#d7 normal 9 our colonies2 7#e7 normal 9 ,italy2 7#f7 normal 9 ,islam2 7#g7 normal 9 ,madagasc> 9 int]regnum ( sov]eignty1 & 9 o!r c\ntries2 7#h7 normal 9 ,india2 7#i7 normal 9 ,islam2 7#aj7 normal 9 mo/ w>f>e4 ,& ea* ( ^! /ages c>ries ) x 9 ,engl& diff]5t legal & social conditions4 ,aga91 z reg>ds ! p]iod ( ! m>riage c]emony1 ! ,*ur* has _h a long & h>d fight to get x recognis$ z a hym5eal c]emony & n a mat]nity c]emony2 yet ! latt] /atus is recognis$ 9 law z equal to ! =m]1 & x is /ill preval5t among a ?ird ( m>riages 9 "s ,au/ralian colonies1 & v l>gely 9 ,engl&1 bo? 9 ! c\ntry f end to end & 9 t[n life4 ,on ! :ole "s fifte5 hundr$ ye>s ( *ur* pressure has n turn$ ! scale v f> aga9/ ! old] cu/om1 :i* we might well call approximation by trial & error4 ,su* is ! div]sity :i* is yet uncontroll$4 ,we mu/ reg>d society1 !re=e1 z 9 ! above def9ite subject1 9 ! light ( a mixture ( _m /ages ( evolution4 ,we may /ill sit at table ) palaeoli?ic man1 put into mod]n dress & eat+ mod]n di%es x is true1 b absolutely 9 ! palaeoli?ic /age ( ?\ght & intellect2 he is entirely absorb$ 9 ! int]e/s ( hunt+ wild animals1 & devot$ to 8 appliances = ! *ase1 :ile incapable ( mak+ or improv+ any?+ belong+ to a high] k9d ( civilisation4 ,crime & illegalities are v l>gely m]ely survivals ( diff]5t conditions ( society1 :i* ! law ( ! majority has n succe$$ 9 repress+4 ,z su*1 ! m reasonable & fav\rable mode ( deal+ ) !m w\ld be deportation to communities :]e su* actions are /ill normal4 ,in/ead ( five ye>s' s5t5ce = bigamy1 let u exile a man to a ,muhamm$an c\ntry4 ,if we 7 s]i\sly to e/abli% isl& communities :]e !ft1 viol5ce1 an>*y1 & o!r phases incompatible ) any passable div]sity1 7 /ill normal & unpuni%$1 we might leave all ^? :o pref]r$ to practise su* conditions to "w out _! own life & views ) k9dr$ m9ds4 ,reg>d+ n[ ! individual r ?an ! community1 we see 9 mod]n education a v s]i\s =ce act+ aga9/ t div]sity :i* is ne$ful = progress4 ,s f> z x is a social =ce1 ow+ to ! h]d+ toge!r ( l>ge masses ( *ildr51 & s de/roy+ family types1 x is ma9ly delet]i\s4 ,! en=cem5t ( trivial & s5seless regulations by boys !mselves is entirely a detrim5t to "*1 z de/roy+ a habit ( deal+ ) matt]s on _! own m]its1 & creat+ a t]rible bogey ( s5seless public op9ion4 ,! compulsory games & ! ord]+ ( ! use ( p]sonal "t1 is ano!r detrim5t1 = x c]ta9ly de/roys "s ability :i* might f9d its foot+ 9 ! "* p]man5tly4 ,b beside ! detrim5t ( ! sy/em ( h]d+1 !re is ! m direct "q ( ! influ5ce ( ! tea*+4 ,mo/ *ildr5 beg9 ) a great curiosity conc]n+ ! _w & _! exp]i5ce ( x1 a curiosity :i* :5 unguid$ leads to _m unpleasant & inconv5i5t results4 ,h5ce1 in/ead ( guid+ x aright1 & enc\rag+ ! b5efits ( x1 ! selfi% & lazy plan ( eld]s is to de/roy & oblit]ate ! reason+ int]e/ 9 ?+s1 & try to en=ce 9 its place a k ( matt]s1 :i* are g5]ally less useful1 & c]ta9ly less int]e/+1 ?an ^? :i* a *ild wants to "k ab\t4 ,! lead+ factor ( "*1 ! acquisition ( k ( b5efits & injuries1 ( good & ( evil1 is ma9ly root$ out2 & ! new plants ( ab/ract ideas & bookwork require g5]ally _m ye>s to take good root1 if !y d s at all4 ,?is sy/em lies at ! base ( ! un9tellectual "* ( ! av]age educat$ ,engli%man1 :o takes no useful int]e/ 9 any?+4 ,z an example ( ?is1 !re is a =eign l& full ( int]e/1 sci5tific1 hi/orical1 & social2 = a qu>t] ( a c5tury hundr$s ( ,engli%m5 h be5 !re 9 com=table (ficial positions ) reasonable leisure4 ,yet !re is n a s+le good memoir produc$1 n ev5 a hundr$ pages ( orig9al matt]1 outside ( (ficial "w1 by all ?is mass ( educat$ m9ds dur+ ne>ly a g5]ation4 ,! possibility ( :at might h be5 done 9 su* gr& opportunities has be5 /amp$ out by ! education :i* !y h suff]$4 ,!y are all ( regulation patt]n1 ) z little v>iation z is possible betwe5 diff]5t temp]am5ts--amiable upright m51 :o w leave no trace ( anyone be+ ! wis] 9 future = _! exi/5ce4 ,su* is ! product ( ! numb+ *ill ( uni=mity1 & ! we$+ out ( ! advanc+ p[] ( div]sity4 ,we are all famili> ) ! epigram ( ,engl& hav+ a hundr$ religions b only "o sauce2 b we see a worse mis=tune 9 ! absurd incongruity ( n[ hav+ two hundr$ religions & only "o sy/em ( elem5t>y education4 ,amid ! great v>iety ( m9ds1 :i* is illu/rat$ by ! free *oice ( religi\s belief & practice1 we c]ta9ly require a great div]sity ( education to br+ out ! be/ developm5t ( ea* type4 ,we require simultane\s exp]im5t on a small scale1 in/ead ( va/ exp]im5ts ( ,acts :i* apply to ! :ole c\ntry = a g5]ation at a "t4 ,e ,act is only an exp]im5t1 & "o :i* is usually spoil$ by attempt+ too mu* 9 a compromise1 :i* is nei!r fi%1 fle%1 nor f[l4 ,_h !re be5 9 #ahgj a hundr$ s*ools us$ = exp]im5t1 say five ( tw5ty diff]5t types 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 ! life-hi/ory ( ! pupils w\ld by n[ h giv5 u a firm basis = rational adju/m5t ( a sy/em4 ,x is fatu\s to suppose x possible to make "o ,procru/ean b$ to fit *ildr5 ( ! c\ntry1 ! m9+ c5tre1 ! manufactur+ di/rict1 ! comm]cial t[n1 or ! fi%] folk--( ! ,york%ire tyke1 ! ,suffolk dumpl+1 or ! ,hamp%ire hog4 ,nor is x m]ely ! success ( a sy/em 9 produc+ exam9ation results t has to be atta9$4 ,x is q possible t ! be/ work]s 9 aft] life may n be ! be/ to cram ) tempor>y bookwork4 ,no?+ %ort ( tw5ty ye>s ( active life c te/ ! value ( ! education on :i* x is bas$4 ,%\ld we n at lea/ try ! effect ( v>y+ am\nt ( control by ! c5tral bo>d1 ! local c\ncil1 & ! tea*] himself8 ,may n "s latitude 9 subject be all[$ to a tea*]1 to foll[ l9es :i* 8 own m9d is be/ capable ( mak+ useful8 ,%\ld n a great diff]5ce be made betwe5 ! t[n1 :]e an infant s*ool is ne$$1 to keep *ildr5 safe :ile p>5ts are at "w1 & ! c\ntry :]e !y c be left to play 9 ! op58 ,%\ld n c\ntry tea*+ be adapt$ to mak+ agriculturi/s8 ,might x n be possible to leave *ildr5 entirely 9 ! fields till sixte51 provid$ t !y c\ld pass 9 read+ at n9e1 & 9 figures at twelve1 h[ev] x 0 le>n$8 ,a solid two ye>s' half-tim+ f sixte5 to eighte51 :5 !y valu$ k1 might be wor? all !y ga9 9 ! pres5t way4 ,su* are a few ( ! que/ions to :i* answ]s are necess>y1 be=e we c beg9 to provide = ! div]sity ( education1 :i* is c]ta9ly requisite if we are to make x successful--a help in/ead ( a detrim5t 9 aft] life4 ,& 9 m detail$ education is x n possible to let a *ild's m9d gr[ on :at is ( int]e/ to x--to fur!r x on :atev] subjects are mo/ attractive & easy to t type ( m9d1 until ! habit ( le>n+ is s develop$ t x c be m easily levell$ up on ! subjects :i* h be5 neglect$8 ,! m]e habit ( le>n+ & apply+ k has to be acquir$ to beg9 )1 & surely ! easi] subjects are ! be/ on :i* to practise ! p[] ( conc5tration ( m9d4 ,! tra9] kn[s t 8 monkeys _c be taught unless !y c conc5trate att5tion on ! subject 9 h&4 ,9 e direction we ne$ to ga9 div]sity--9 types ( society1 9 cu/oms1 9 v>ieties ( m9d2 & to ga9 ?is basis = useful v>iation we mu/ beg9 by cultivat+ div]sity & provid+ = its success1 9 place ( attack+ & cru%+ x :]ev] x appe>s4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,l9es ,,( ,,advance4 ,be=e we c imag9e :at may be l9es ( possible advance1 = ! individual or ! community1 we %\ld base our ideas on obs]v+ :at h be5 ! means ( advance 9 ! pa/4 ,_m ( ! ,utopian visions :i* h be5 sket*$ by diff]5t writ]s are 9 flagrant contradiction ( all hi/ory & human nature4 ,x is at lea/ f> m likely t ga9 9 ! future w be on simil> l9es to ^? :i* h be5 successful 9 ! pa/1 r ?an on l9es oppos$ to all previ\s gr[?4 ,! p]sonal1 r ?an ! communal1 advance is ! ma9 consid]ation1 inasmu* z x is p]sonal initiative ( ! mo/ able :i* helps ! re/ ( ! community =w>d4 ,! greate/ improvem5ts are ! result ( a s+le m9d1 animat+ p]haps a small gr\p ( simil> m9ds4 ,we all "k h[ su* great b5efits z prison re=m1 ! abolition ( slav]y1 ! re/riction ( *ild lab\r1 & simil> movem5ts ( :i* ! public are n[ pr\d1 7 ea* orig9at$ by "o m9d1 & work$ by a small gr\p 9 ! tee? ( ! bitt]e/ opposition to />t )4 ,x goes )\t say+ t ! same is ! case 9 all inv5tions2 x takes n only an inv5tor1 b also a comm]cial organis] 7seldom "o & ! same man71 to help ! public to any improvem5t4 ,if t5 ?\s& m5 c\ld be pick$ out ( any "o c\ntry1 s z to remove ! mo/ fruitful m9ds1 t c\ntry w\ld come to an entire /&/ill1 & w\ld cont9ue 9 me*anical repetition until a fre% g5]ation gave a *ance ( ! rise ( orig9al m9ds4 ,probably n m ?an "o 9 a ?\s& m9ds causes useful advance among ! o!rs4 ,& ! majority ( m5 lead automatic lives1 ( :i* ! reflexes h be5 tra9$ by tea*+ & exp]i5ce to d :at is requir$1 & ! daily actions are p]=m$ )\t a s+le real ?\ght1 b only 9 response to ext]nal /imuli ( sights & ord]s4 ,x is !re=e 9 ! developm5t ( ! able individuals1 & 9 giv+ e *ance to su* :5ev] !y arise1 t ! hopes ( ! great mass mu/ lie4 ,x is p]haps n too mu* to say t all g5]al popul> advance ( ! community at l>ge is bas$ on ! prev5tion ( wa/e4 ,:]ev] wa/e exi/s improvem5t is possible2 & we ne$ n tr\ble ourselves mu* ab\t ! con/ruction ( ! social organism1 s long z we c lay our f+] on ! wa/e & *eck x4 ,z ) a ma*9e we "k ! am\nt ( =ce t is put into x1 & c see :at p]c5tage is yield$ up usefully 9 its output1 s x is ) a community4 ,! design ( ! nature & quality ( "w done by ! community or ! ma*9e is ano!r matt]2 ?\gh t aga9 comes "u ! head ( wa/e if ! quality is bad4 ,we w n[ look m precisely at ! ga9s by prev5tion ( wa/e 9 heal?1 life1 en]gy1 & r5ewal4 ,! sav+ ( heal? is "o ( ! greate/ /eps t has be5 made1 z x has be5 sudd5ly p]=m$ )9 a g5]ation4 ,man _h unconsci\sly conqu]$ bact]ia to a great ext5t by ! inv5tion ( cook+1 & by ! exp]im5tal le>n+ ( cleanl9ess2 b ! sci5tific attack on bact]ia & protozoa has giv5 ! prospect ( prev5t+ all epidemic disease1 & l>gely increas+ ! effici5cy ( man 9 ! mo/ f]tile c\ntries4 ,?is advance means ! economic exploitation ( ! :ole tropical regions1 :i*--) *eap transport--w provide an imm5se fre% basis = ! advantage ( o!r l&s4 ,! ga9 9 antiseptic surg]y1 giv+ safety = op]ation on all int]nal organs1 z x only affects ! small proportion ( sick & injur$1 is n ( s mu* g5]al importance z ! conque/ ( ! microorganisms1 :i* h hi!rto rul$ ! be/ "p ( ! _w4 ,x is 9 ! complete dom9ation ov] all =ms ( life1 h[ev] m9ute1 t we %all f9d "o ( ! greate/ l9es = future advance4 ,only a small b& ( work]s1 ab\t "o 9 a hundr$ million ( ! _w's population1 has made ?is advance possible4 ,! sav+ ( life is ano!r great /ep :i* w give man f> high] p[]2 n only 9 ! m]e h9drance ( dea?1 b f> m 9 ! increas$ p[] ( "w p] day4 ,! p[] ( cont9uity ( "w is a gr[? ( civilisation2 & x is obvi\s t a man :o c d twelve h\rs' "w p] day1 in/ead ( six h\rs1 n only lives virtually twice z long1 b co/s ! community only half z mu* = :at he does4 ,?is cont9uity ( "w1 or indu/ry1 is se5 9 bo? high & l[ classes ( "w4 ,"s races c d m ?an twice z mu* agricultural "w 9 ! day z o!rs4 ,! same is true ( sci5tific or comm]cial "w4 ,& !re h be5 "s ( ! highe/ m9ds :i* c\ld only "w = two h\rs a day1 :ile o!rs c\ld "w up to f\rte5 or sixte5 h\rs daily4 ,?is p[] ( cont9uity ( "w is obvi\sly !n a matt] improvable by cultivation1 bo? 9 ! individual & 9 ! race2 & z x may easily d\ble a man's effective life x is c]ta9ly a l9e ( great promise = ! future4 ,ano!r direction = sav+ a portion ( life is 9 ! rapidity ( ?\ght & action4 ,x is easy to f9d a diff]5ce ( two or ?ree times ! am\nt ( "w p] h\r betwe5 diff]5t m54 ,all t we h j said ab\t ! cont9uity ( "w applies to its rapidity2 & a l>ge ga9 may be look$ = 9 cultivat+ pace & vig\r4 ,we ne$ h>dly note t trades-union ideals w\ld de/roy in/ead ( promot+ ^! mo/ promis+ & fruitful l9es ( advance4 ,9 transport f place to place ! movem5t at fifty miles an h\r in/ead ( five means a ga9 ( sev]al ye>s ( life to mo/ m54 ,b "h we h probably rea*$ ! useful limits1 z any possible fur!r sav+ w\ld n yield mu* m "t4 ,! sav+ ( en]gy is ano!r =m ( ! "q ( cont9uity ( "w4 ,! ideal ( "w--z v>i$ z possible1 & z int]e/+ z possible--be+ ! joy ( life & ! greate/ good1 is an aim h>dly yet grasp$ by m ?an a v few p]sons4 ,to ! majority1 "w is a hateful ?+1 to be done solely 9 ord] to get means = enjoym5t 9 "s o!r way4 ,?is ess5tially savage & uncultivat$ ideal ne$s to be /eadily root$ out by ! bett] adaptation ( "w to ! individual4 ,an education :i* />t$ by cultivat+ ! natural int]e/s1 us+ !m = m5tal developm5t1 & only sup]add+ :at fur!r k 0 really requisite = life1 w\ld greatly help to eradicate ! false & l[ idea ( "w :i* prevails4 ,!re is a common feel+ t bus9ess _c be int]e/+ 9 itself2 b !re are few1 if any1 bus9esses :i* if intellig5tly foll[$ w n yield scope = "s real int]e/ ( obs]vation & /udy4 ,! great] application ( m9d to ! "w ( life w leave f> less scope = fruitless amusem5t &--z a great pa9t] rem>k$--!re is no?+ ( int]e/ 9 life to be comp>$ ) "w4 ,to m9ds :i* are incapable ( cont9uity ( "w1 or ( relaxation by v>iation ( "w1 m]e amusem5ts are ne$ful4 ,d>w9's heal? prev5t$ m ?an two h\rs' "w a day1 & ! flimsie/ ( novels 0 8 ne$ful relaxation4 ,b ! ne$ ( amusem5t = ?is purpose mu/ be tak5 z ! index ( incapacity = cont9uity--z an un=tunate failure ( m5tal & physical heal?--z a disa/r\s defect :5 x occurs along ) great abilities :i* c only ?us "w at l[ spe$4 ,! same may be said ( a?letics2 ! ne$ ( physical ex]cise outside ( "w is an index ( incapacity = physical heal? adapt$ to ! "w1 an un=tunate failure ( ^? :o are ( defective condition4 ,! idea t no "o c be too /rong & robu/ is a wild exagg]ation2 physical /r5g? ne$s to be proportion$ to ! nature ( "w1 & a sl5d] wiry man w d f> bett] = indoor life ?an a ple?oric mass ( brawn & muscle :i* ne$s mu* ex]cise to keep 9 heal?4 ,unlimit$ robu/ness is n an absolute good1 to be pursu$ at all co/s1 or else we %\ld make e s*oolboy a ,hun1 liv+ )\t %elt]1 & fe$+ on flaps ( raw meat :i* =m ! only saddle ( 8 horse4 ,9 brief1 ! ne$ ( a?letics %[s a weakness ( body to be rem$i$1 or a physical ov]-developm5t unsuit$ to ! p]son's "w 9 life2 x is ! m>k ( unfitness1 & ! ne$ ceases s soon z a man is adapt$ to 8 "w4 ,! ne$ ( sp5d+ any consid]able "t on amusem5t is ! sign ( an incapacity1 :i* has to be remov$ by /r5g!n+ ! m9d 9 ! individual or 9 ! race4 ,! passion = amusem5t is ! sure evid5ce ( a defective education1 :i* has left ! m9d incapable ( cont9uity1 or b>e ( int]e/s4 ,an important advance !re=e lies 9 bett] use ( ! "t :i* is at pres5t wa/$ 9 fruitless action ( m9d or body2 bett] adaptation & education = ! "w ( life w gradually raise ! /&>d s t ?is =m ( wa/e w be avoid$4 ,we d n expect a uni=m type ( horse to be equally adapt$ to draught or hunt+ or rac+2 & simil>ly we ought to specialise on diff]5t types ( m5 fitt$ = agriculture1 or me*anical "w1 or (fice "w4 ,! great subject ( ! wa/e by r5ewal ( ! population 9 ea* g5]ation has an imm5se v>iety ( aspects2 b ! ess5tial importance ( x is se5 :5 we reflect t ab\t half ! lab\r ( ! _w is swall[$ up 9 ?is r5ewal4 ,! burd5 ( production1 ( re>+1 ( education1 & ! wa/e & loss 9 ! process1 exce$s t ( any o!r activity1 su* z supply ( food or %elt]1 = ! adult4 ,h5ce any possible sav+ 9 ?is great mass ( lab\r1 or r$uction ( wa/e1 is ( ! fir/ importance to ! individual & ! race4 ,^? :o h propos$ tempor>y m>riage h>dly seem to h consid]$ t "o ( ! mo/ important economies adopt$1 p]haps dat+ f a pre-human p]iod1 0 t ( p]man5t m>riage4 ,?is sav$ at a /roke ! enorm\s loss ( "t & en]gy 9 ! rivalries ( repeat$ mat+4 ,! ga9 to ! race by leav+ ! memb]s free = cont9u\s "w is great] ?an ! loss by reproduc+ inf]ior /ocks4 ,!re is no ne$ = ! sy/em to h be5 int5tionally adopt$ = ?is purpose2 b m]ely a race :i* economis$ ! "t ( repeat$ mat+ w\ld soon ou/ a race 9 :i* x 0 cu/om>y4 ,= ?is reason any fanci$ recon/ruction ( society )\t p]man5t m>riage is entirely futile2 ev5 if x c\ld be univ]sal1 yet ! advantage giv5 to ! lazy & emotional type ( man above ! cont9u\s work] w\ld soon pull d[n ! race4 ,"o frequ5t argum5t = a m revocable union is ! numb] ( divorces effect$ or desir$4 ,b ne>ly all su* are among p ^: judgm5t 9 any o!r l9e ( life w\ld c]ta9ly n be tru/$1 & :o habitually get into tr\ble ov] o!r communal obligations4 ,to aboli% m>riage = _! b5efit w\ld be z reasonable z all[+ all debts to be repudiat$ because su* p _c pay _! ,i4,o4,u4's4 ,!re is moreov] a great ga9 9 p]man5t m>riage :5 judici\sly effect$1 by ! new m5tal pivot ( a s5se ( p]man5t ensurance ( v>i\s ( ! conditions ( life1 :i* lib]ates ! att5tion ( bo? p>ties f a l>ge numb] ( po9ts1 & leaves ea* free to conc5trate att5tion on a p>tial phase ( feel+s & duties4 ,x is a f> high] & a spiritual c\nt]p>t ( a successful bus9ess p>tn]%ip1 :]e ea* memb] tru/s ! o!r to manage a diff]5t "p ( ! affair4 ,all ?is m5tal economy & help w\ld be impossible )\t p]man5ce4 ,ano!r wa/age :i* has be5 greatly r$uc$ 9 mod]n times is t ( high bir? rate & high dea? rate4 ,! allusions 9 m$iaeval times %[ a /ate mu* l t n[ describ$ among ! ,slov5es1 :]e incessant mat]nity is only balanc$ by ! r$uction ( *ildr5 due to fil?1 neglect1 & bad conditions4 ,! mod]n ideal ( a small family c>efully t5d$ is an imm5se advance1 bo? = ! individual life & = ! sav+ ( wa/e4 ,b its b5efits %\ld be s\ght & n comm&$4 ,if ! neglectful1 dirty1 & wa/eful /ocks ( l[ type 9 our mid/ let _! *ildr5 die (f1 x is ! only balance to _! ov]gr[?1 :i* w\ld soon outnumb] ! bett] class ( population4 ,! "r end to beg9 at is by insi/+ on h>d "w & tidy liv+1 "u p5al enactm5ts2 ! sav+ ( ! *ildr5 may !n be left to take c>e ( itself4 ,to beg9 at ! s5tim5tal end1 z is n[ ! fa%ion1 is to degrade ! :ole race by swamp+ x ) ! wor/ /ocks4 ,! l9e ( progress 9 inv5tion is ! remorseless scrapp+ ( poor] ma*9es4 ,! m s]i\s ! progress becomes1 ! m scrapp+ ne$s to be done4 ,we mu/ n be surpris$ !n if a sign ( human progress ( m9d & body %\ld be ! l>ge numb] ( ineffici5ts :o are ?r[n out ( "w on ! scrap heap ( society4 ,9 ano!r direction advance has be5 made by g5]al l5g!n+ ( ! /ages ( life4 ,! e>ly m>riage & e>ly dea?s ( pa/ times br\ght ! co/ ( r5ewal at e tw5ty ye>s1 :i* 0 a mu* sev]] tax on ! community ?an r5ewal 9 ?irty or =ty ye>s4 ,!re is probably also a great b5efit 9 ! high] developm5t ( p>5ts be=e ea* g5]ation4 ,x is well recognis$ h[ ! lat] *ildr5 ( a family are m able1 & ( a m f9i%$ quality ?an ! e>li]2 great examples ( su* a view 9 old] lit]ature be+ ,joseph & ,david1 & 9 our own hi/ory1 ,alfr$4 ,! long] gr[? ( m9d be=e ea* g5]ation appe>s to be a great ga9 ( advance = ! race4 ,among ! l[] races1 by f> ! mo/ advanc$ are ^? l ! ,zulu1 :i* h a long p]iod ( h>d tra9+ & active life be=e settl+ d[n to family duties4 ,! (t5 debat$ problem deal+ ) ! human refuse ( bad /ocks is "o :i* presses mo/ on an advanc$ civilisation4 ,we w n d l ! ,*ri/ian ,norseman1 :5 he put ! ne'er-d-weel family into a wide grave 9 ! *ur*y>d1 & wip$ 8 h&s ( !m4 ,we w n ev5 leave !m to ext]m9ate !mselves by _! own follies1 vices1 & ignorance4 ,b if ! /ate takes up ! burd5 ( su* wa/rels x mu/ h an entire control ( !m4 ,responsibility )\t rule is worse ?an rule )\t responsibility4 ,! only safe c\rse is a rigor\s en=cem5t ( p>5tal duties2 ) ! alt]native ( p5al s]vitude 9 /ate work%ops1 ! "m & *ildr5 toge!r1 ! fa!r else:]e4 ,!re is no middle c\rse1 ( semi-ma9t5ance by s*ool meals1 :i* w n injure ! *ildr5 by _! be+ correspond+ly neglect$ at home1 injure ! p>5ts by l[]+ ! spur ( necessity to "w1 & injure ! /ate by flood+ x ) ! wor/ types4 ,mu* m dra/ic treatm5t ( ! unfit has be5 advocat$1 z by ,dr4 ,r5t\l4 ,9 a future p]iod ( civilisation a logical c\rse ( treatm5t might h a *ance ( adoption2 b 9 our age any s]i\s *anges ( ! habits ( ?\ght & action w n be tol]at$1 unless br\ght ab\t v gradually "u small influ5ces1 su* z we h notic$ z act+ ?r\gh taxation4 ,:at we ne$ is to try to give effect to ! gospel ( giv+ to him t ha?1 & tak+ away f him t ha? n4 ,! mo/ likely op5+ = su* a l9e ( advance w\ld be giv+ p>tial /ate ma9t5ance to ! be/ /ocks1 s z to ensure l>ge returns f !m1 & tax+ d[n ! wor/ /ocks--exactly ! opposite c\rse to ! pres5t craze4 ,let u try to realise if !re be a practical sy/em = ?is advance4 ,we %\ld ne$ a ,bo>d ( ,heal? 9 ea* area ( ab\t #aj1jjj inhabitants1 compos$ ( ?ree exam9+ doctors4 ,e *ild on leav+ s*ool1 or at ab\t fifte51 %\ld be exam9$1 m]ely by a glance at ! great] bulk ( normal cases1 b c>efully 9 extreme cases4 ,! f9e/ #e p] c5t4 bo? m5tally 7%[n by s*ool-leav+ c]tificates7 & physically z well1 %\ld be premiat$ by assi/$ high] education ( suitable type4 ,! wor/ #aj p] c5t4 %\ld be rem&$ to a tra9+ s*ool :]e physical & m5tal developm5t w\ld be sci5tifically c>ri$ out1 & z mu* pr(it z possible made f _! lab\r t[>d self-support4 ,?is w\ld reclaim ! hooligan class effectually be=e !y run amuck1 & help on ^? :o ne$ c>e & assi/ance to get a good foot+ 9 life4 ,no c\rse c\ld possibly be k9d] = ! weakl+s4 ,at ! age ( tw5ty a fur!r exam9ation ( bo? ! be/ & ! wor/ classes %\ld ensue4 ,! be/ half ( ! mo/ able %\ld receive a c]tificate grant+ !m practically free support = all *ildr5 !y may h aft] !y h rea*$ ! age ( tw5ty-five4 ,! wor/ half ( ! mo/ incapable1 or #e p] c5t4 ( all1 %\ld be requir$ to report resid5ce dur+ _! lives to ! ,bo>d ( ,heal? ( _! di/rict1 & in=m$ t if !y _h any *ildr5 !y mu/ pay a heavy f9e1 or else g into s]vitude4 ,?is w\ld practically mean ! segregation ( ! l[e/ class ( ! unfits "u compulsory "w4 ,x w\ld be *eap] to ! /ate to keep !m ?us at "w1 ?an to pay poor rates to ma9ta9 ?is subm]g$ tw5tie? & _! helpless families4 ,9 all ^! proposals !re w\ld be no ,sociali/ic con/ra9t ( ! great majority1 :i* is normal 9 m9d & body4 ,b su* att5tion to ! unfit w\ld be m]ely add+ a por* to ! poorh\se1 ! hospital1 & ! asylum1 & !re sort+ ov] ! mat]ial :i* c be possibly sav$ f a bad end4 ,! n9e-t5?s ( p :o 7 ord9>y w\ld be ?us left ev5 m free = individual gr[? ?an !y n[ are1 :5 hamp]$ by ! ineffici5t residue4 ,we might n exclude ! ?\ght ( ano!r fav\rite idea ( "s re=m]s :i* 9 a modifi$ %ape might be all[$ to gradually take root4 ,s9ce ,sp5c] ,wells famili>is$ ! _w ) an op]ation = :i* he w always be rememb]$1 hundr$s ( wom5 h gladly improv$ _! heal? by a safe treatm5t1 :i*1 if any?+1 ?reat5$ to become too fa%ionable4 ,e woman :o 01 z above1 requir$ to report h] resid5ce z be+ unfit1 & be+ liable to heavy p5alties on hav+ *ildr51 %\ld be (f]$ ! option ( p]fect fre$om if %e *ose ! op]ation4 ,! m>riage ( su* wom51 ) m5 :o 7 condemn$ z unfit1 w\ld entirely free bo? p>ties f report+ & inspection 9 future1 & give ! be/ prospect ( happy lives to ! weake/ & less capable ( ! community1 free f :at w\ld be only too truly encumbrances to su* p4 ,?is c\rse might give a p]man5tly safe l9e ( improvem5t1 )\t any consequ5t /igma or h>d%ip 9 ! _w ar\nd2 & s g5tle a *ange--b5eficial to ! individual z well z ! community--seems n outside ( future possibilities4 ,at lea/ su* a c\rse w\ld be ! m practicable =m ( su* a propos$ *ange4 ,( c\rse1 no su* legislation w\ld be complete 9 its action1 & evasions w\ld (t5 occur4 ,b if x *eck$ ev5 "o half ( ! gr[? ( bad /ock x w\ld be an enorm\s ga94 ,we n[ turn to o!r l9es ( advance f ! communal po9t ( view4 ,! old sy/em ( community1 9 :i* all ! nations ( nor!rn ,europe liv$1 0 bas$ on ea* man be+ 8 bro!r's keep]2 e "o 0 liable to f9es if any relative committ$ a crime1 9 proportion to _! clos5ess ( relation4 ,to ?is succe$$ individual responsibility1 bo? 9 prop]ty & 9 p5alties4 ,?is raises ! "q :e!r x is possible to sep>ate prop]ty & p5alty 9 communism4 ,at pres5t ! t5d5cy is to a /ate communism1 begun by heavy dea? duties & taxation 7= a v>iety ( purposes :i* ! tax$ d n use or require71 am\nt+ to a qu>t] ( all prop]ty4 ,if ?is sy/em is ext5d$1 & prop]ty becomes m l>gely hypo!cat$ to public purposes1 !n :5 a man is condemn$ 9 heavy damages or f9es 8 neighb\rs w suff] by r$uction ( ! rateable prop]ty4 ,w x n be ?\ght m fair = 8 relatives to be responsible = ! public loss8 ,& if s1 we indirectly rev]t to ! paym5t by relatives ( a %>e ( all f9es4 ,to anyone :o has _h exp]i5ce ( comb9$ lab\r1 x is obvi\s h[ two p work+ toge!r d n p]=m twice z mu* z "o alone4 ,!re is always a loss by "o wait+ on ! action ( ano!r2 & x appe>s z if ! am\nt ( "w done only increas$ z ! squ>e root ( ! numb] ( p work+ toge!r4 ,h5ce ! gr\p-"w ( communi/ic ta/e is v wa/eful4 ,?is is practically se5 among ! ,slavs 9 ,russia1 :]e communal agriculture--:i* is extoll$ by its admir]s--produces f> less p] acre on f9e l&1 ?an is obta9$ by individual agriculture on poor l& 9 ,engl&4 ,aga9 x is notori\s h[ ! ,iri%man :o goes to "w ap>t among individuali/ p1 !n fl\ri%es z he nev] does :5 held d[n by ! communal claims socially en=c$ among 8 own c\ntrym54 ,?is is ! root ( ! success ( ! ,iri% out ( _! own l&4 ,?us we see h[ communal action is ! m wa/eful =m ( lab\r2 & h[ x 0 a great advance = man :5 he made individual success entirely dep5d ^u individual lab\r4 ,ano!r "q is :at =m ( gov]nm5t w mo/ fav\r ! /rong bre$s & ! new /ra9s ( ability z !y arise8 ,c]ta9ly any sy/em :i* ties ! actions ( "o p]son ) ^? ( o!rs is detrim5tal to ability4 ,! bett] man is held back by ! co-op]ation ) o!rs1 by _! l[] example1 & by _! direct disfav\r4 ,any communi/ic tie is unfav\rable to advance2 & x 0 a great /ep 9 fav\r ( new & improv$ v>iations :5 ea* individual /ood entirely on 8 own res\rces1 & 0 n b\nd by 8 inf]ior k94 ,9 e way1 !re=e1 individualism 0 a l9e ( advance = m5 9 ! pa/2 & ! pr9ciples :i* are involv$ promise t x w yet likewise be ! ma9 l9e ( future advance4 ,if we look practically at :i* class ( gov]nm5t is associat$ ) advance ( ideas1 ( inv5tions1 & new types ( ?\ght1 let u put on "o h& ! m individuali/ c\ntries1 ,am]ica1 ,engl&1 ,g]many1 & p]haps ,france1 & on ! o!r h& ! m communi/ c\ntries1 ,switz]l&1 ,norway1 ,irel&1 ,greece1 ,au/ralia1 & especially ,new ,zeal&4 ,c we "q = a mom5t :i* type ( c\ntry is mo/ advanc+ ! intellect & abilities ( man8 ,b we mu/ n =get t ,union is /r5g?1 ! motto t ,belgium /rangely took on sep>at+ f ,holl&2 & comb9$ action has great advantages4 ,9 ?is view ! b5eficial comb9ation is t to :i* all contribute )\t "o be+ a h9drance to ! o!r4 ,h[ f> c ^! b5efits be ga9$ )\t loss to ! improv$ individual8 ,! ma9 pr9ciple is t all comb9ations mu/ be entirely volunt>y1 & h no suspicion ( co]cion ab\t !m4 ,:]e ev5 peaceful p]suasion comes 91 ability is cru%$1 & ! :ole community is ! los] by x4 ,co]cive union ( individuals is ! unp>donable s9 aga9/ human nature1 because x kills ! hopes ( ! future4 ,! safe l9e ( advance is comb9ation by l>ge clubs = e purpose1 ) heal?y rivalry betwe5 simil> in/itutions--b5efit clubs1 co-op]ative /ores1 co-op]ative works1 holiday clubs1 & insurance ( all k9ds4 ,e inducem5t %\ld be held out to jo9 9 su* comb9ations1 giv+ !m ! assi/ance & security ( (ficial auditors1 z is provid$ = fri5dly societies at pres5t ,e l9e 9 :i* any class c pr(itably unite = economic action1 on an entirely volunt>y basis1 & )\t any tie on ! individual beyond 8 %>e 9 ! ent]prise1 is a cle> ga9 to society4 ,9 ?is way ! taxation = ^! ends w\ld fall on ^? :o b5efit by !m1 & n on ^? :o d n want !m4 ,?us ! individual w\ld be free to take1 or leave alone1 ! b5efits provid$2 & _m purposes to :i* taxation is n[ appli$ w\ld be f> bett] effect$ by gigantic clubs ( ^? classes :o want su* assi/ance4 ,taxation mu/ be /rictly limit$ to ^? purposes 9 :i* all p]sons mu/ necess>ily %>e1 su* z protection & ju/ice4 ,h5ce a future l9e ( advance lies 9 a great developm5t ( purely volunt>y co-op]ation 9 any "o class1 9 ord] to obta9 ! advantages ( comb9ation4 ,9 "o direction x is cle> :at imm5se sav+s might be ?us effect$4 ,co-op]ative pur*ase ( supplies & cook+1 ) di/ribution ( hot meals to subscrib]s1 w\ld save p]haps a ?ird ( ! co/ ( liv+ to ! work+ classes4 ,& if ! prepaid weekly subscriptions might be d$uct$ be=e wages 7 receiv$1 su* a sy/em w\ld g f> to solve ! "q ( prop] fe$+ ( *ildr54 ,aga91 ! education ( h&-work]s 9 ! subject ( economics c be be/ fur!r$ by ! exp]i5ce ga9$ 9 co-op]ative works1 & ev5 on ?is gr\nd alone e enc\ragem5t %\ld be giv5 to su* comb9ations ( work]s4 ,ano!r l9e ( advance n[ com+ into practical view is ! use ( v>i\s nationalities1 accord+ to _! abilities = diff]5t k9ds ( works 9 =eign c\ntries4 ,we h se51 9 ,europe1 ,italian m9]s tak5 to _m l&s = tunnell+ & subm>9e "w1 we h ,norwegians l>gely employ$ 9 our %ipp+1 & ,engli% eng9e]s f9d _m c>e]s abroad4 ,( rec5t ye>s ! great mass ( *eap skill$ lab\r ( ,*9a & ,japan has be5 gett+ its due %>e ( ! _w's "w4 ,! infam\s mann] 9 :i* ! ,*9ese h be5 treat$ 9 ,am]ica is app>5tly n[ ne>ly at an end2 ! ,republic :]e all m5 are free & equal w be co]c$ into fairness by ! reasonable refusal to take ,am]ican goods z long z ! ,am]icans w n take ,*9ese lab\r4 ,9 ,briti% ,columbia ! ,japanese are object$ to because !y are m indu/ri\s1 m economical1 m sob] & quiet ?an ! :ite1 :o1 z _! inf]ior 9 ^! pr9cipal respects1 _c be> _! competition4 ,! ,am]icans are likewise try+ to prev5t _! indu/ry1 :ile at ! same "t wi%+ to make ! ,panama ,canal ) ,*9ese lab\r2 9 ?is !y w probably be rebuff$1 unless ! :ole national position is put on a fair basis4 ,! objections to ,*9ese lab\r 9 ,s\? ,africa h nev] be5 put on ! real fact--tacitly felt1 ?\gh unexpress$--t ! :ite dreads ! competition ( an economical p4 ,fir/ !y 7 said to be tortur$ 9 slav]y1 a lie :i* s]v$ its big political purpose until x 0 f\nd t !y w\ld n leave2 !n ! dang] ( public crime & burgl>y 0 put =w>d1 until x 0 %[n t !re 7 few] crim9als 9 proportion ?an among o!r inhabitants2 !n a cry ( immorality 0 rais$1 until ! ,colonial ,secret>y /at$ t ! ,kaffirs :o w\ld replace !m _h j ! same habits4 ,n[ ! ,transvaal refuses to de/roy its own welf>e by ! fals5ess ( play+ ) any ( ^! cries2 b su* hatr$ to free lab\r has all s]v$ ! political ends :i* 7 int5d$ by an unscrupul\s p>ty t revels 9 keep+ a consci5ce4 ,mean:ile ! ,prussian ,bo>d ( ,agriculture desires to import ,*9ese agriculturi/s into ,g]many2 & x w be /range if ! great ,g]man coalfields 9 ,s\? ,wales are n run by ! *eape/ lab\r t c be obta9$4 ,we h no laws to prev5t ,*9ese work+ freely 9 ,engl&1 & we _c af=d to wreck our great ,*9a trade by />t+ a gross inju/ice ( exclusion4 ,if objections are felt--by a p s immoral z ourselves--to ! tol]ation ( any habit ( =eign resid5ts1 let x be legislat$ ^u equally = all nationalities 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ?is way ! ,canadians expell$ ! r[dy negroes :o _h tak5 refuge ) !m 9 ! days ( slav]y4 ,a rigid & imp>tial puni%m5t ( r[dyism cle>$ out ! undesirable negro1 & left ! in(f5sive beh9d4 ,! only possible c\rse ( safety is n by any laws direct$ aga9/ any "o race2 = :5 su* laws break d[n 9 ! gr[? ( ! future !re w be a t]rible economic--if n political--cata/rophe4 ,rigid laws to *eck evils ( all inhabitants ( a c\ntry alike are s\nd & safe1 & w prev5t mo/ ( ! objectionable results ( immigration1 ,jewi%1 ,italian1 ,*9ese1 or any o!r4 ,) su* laws a great advance c be made by ! free use ( t k9d ( lab\r :i* is mo/ adapt$ to ! "w1 :atev] s\rce x may come f4 ,su* mu/ inevitably be ! c\rse ( ! di/ant future2 & ^? :o play ) hold+ :at !y please to call a :ite man's l& w f9d t mean :ites ( hot c\ntries are :olly inf]ior to o!r races :i* are fitt$ = su* a position4 ,bret ,h>te has well /at$ ! consci\s hate & fe> ) :i* inf]iority always reg>ds ! possibility ( ev5-h&$ ju/ice1 & :i* is ! key-note to ! vulg> clam\r ab\t s]vile & degrad$ races4 ,ano!r subject :i* has seem$ to be a mo/ promis+ l9e ( advance is t ( ! r$uction or abolition ( w>f>e4 ,we mu/ n limit our view 9 ?is to op5 & direct viol5ce1 !re are o!r =ms ( w>f>e q z effective1 & caus+ z mu*1 or m1 mis]y 9 ! total4 ,! w>f>e ( trade is always go+ on1 ea* nation is pu%+ its neighb\rs z mu* z x c = its own b5efit4 ,"s ga9 b5efit by clos$ m>kets & ble$+ a monopoly1 o!rs b5efit by op5 m>kets1 & ea* fights = :at x wants by trade me?ods back$ ) =ce4 ,! free trad] hone/ly believes t all ?is c & %\ld be aboli%$ by ea* c\ntry produc+ :at x is be/ fitt$ =1 & a tacit or legal und]/&+ t !re is to be no trade rivalry on ! v>i\s l9es ?us assign$ to diff]5t c\ntries4 ,su* w\ld be ! only sy/em :i* c\ld aboli% trade w>f>e4 ,"u su* a sy/em advance w\ld be greatly *eck$1 if n kill$4 ,look at ! hi/ory ( qu99e2 only tw5ty ye>s ago x 0 #ajs4 an ounce1 & ! gr[]s 7?\gh compet+ among !mselves7 did n ?9k !y c\ld improve ! process or r$uce ! price4 ,! *emi/ 9 ,europe /epp$ into ! m>ket & sma%$ ! old sy/em by mu* *eap] artificial qu99e4 ,b ! gr[]s1 soon] ?an be ru9$1 inv5t$ extraction by petroleum1 & br\ght d[n ! price to #as4 #f;d4 an ounce4 ,n[ "h 7 two acts ( viol5t trade w>f>e betwe5 c\ntries2 ! result be+ su* an improvem5t t in/ead ( "o ( ! mo/ life-sav+ m$ic9es be+ a luxury1 x c n[ be us$ six times m freely ?an be=e4 ,)\t trade w> ?is w\ld nev] h come ab\t4 ,free trade implies free competition1 & t is trade-w>f>e4 ,ano!r =m ( trade w> is hold+ a c\ntry = ! sake ( a monopoly ( trade1 ?us enabl+ a gr\p ( manufactur]s--say ( ,france--to tax all ! inhabitants "u _! gov]nm5t1 especially 9 colonies--z ,algi]s1 ,madagasc>1 ,tahiti1 c4 ,?is is simply a =m ( tribute1 l ! taxation levi$ by ,rome on v>i\s conqu]$ c\ntries2 x holds back ! tax$ c\ntries4 ,if o!r c\ntries wi% to get a %>e ( t trade !y w h to fight1 by trade or by viol5ce1 to conqu] ! "r to jo9 9 x4 ,& a trade w> :i* %ut1 say1 all ,engli% m>kets to ,france1 until all ,fr5* m>kets 7 op5 to ,engl&1 w\ld n violate any economic pr9ciple4 ,x is meet+ =ce by =ce1 exclusion by exclusion2 & no %udd] at our us+ trade w> ourselves w prev5t = an in/ant ! trade w> :i* is us$ aga9/ u4 ,our pr9ciples w n weigh a fea!r 9 o!r nations' practice4 ,b w>f>e is a tempor>y measure1 & retaliation mu/ only be tempor>y4 ,! great dang] w\ld be 9 e/abli%+ a p]man5t sy/em ( taxation ( =eign productions1 :i* w\ld be work$ to ! utmo/ by trades unions at home1 9 ord] to enable !m to ble$ ! c\ntry to dea? by high prices4 ,?is t]rible dang] ( ru9 is ! ma9 reason aga9/ protective duties1 ?\gh seldom1 if ev]1 notic$ 9 public discussion ( ! subject4 ,ano!r =m ( w>f>e is ! relative burd5 ( armam5ts4 ,?is may be call$ sl[ combu/ion1 9 contra/ to ! op5 flame ( w>4 ,n[ if !re is no jo9t limitation--z at pres5t--! mo/ long-sight$ & p[]ful nation /&s to w9 at ?is game2 ! result is ! same z if actual w> 7 9 progress1 b ! t]rors & de/ruction ( w> are avoid$4 ,b if !re be a jo9t limitation ( armam5t--z "s hope may be e/abli%$--x mu/ be on su* a basis t no "o /ate is left 9 a condition ( cle> sup]iority to ano!r1 o!rwise x w\ld tie ! inf]ior /ate to be 9 a p]man5tly inf]ior condition4 ,& ! qualities :i* w w9 w be subt]fuge1 evasion1 & bad fai?2 :i*ev] /ate contrives to be bett] prep>$ ?an ano!r beh9d ! agreem5t w /& to w9 :5 ! w> does come4 ,9 ! unlimit$ condition ! qualities w9 :i* are ^? be/ = mank9d 9 all o!r respects2 9 ! limit$ condition ! qualities w w9 :i* are wor/ = mank9d o!rwise4 ,! real fact is t great armam5ts are l great /ates1 a ne$ful condition ( ! new spe$ ( communication4 ,:5 x took two or ?ree mon?s to move an army f c5tral ,europe to ,engl&1 we _h two or ?ree mon?s to prep>e2 :5 x takes only two or ?ree days we mu/ be always prep>$4 ,no "o c put ! clock back1 & /eam is ! end ( small armam5ts4 ,)9 a g5]ation ( quick transport be+ />t$1 big armam5ts 7 f\nd ne$ful1 & w nev] cease to be ne$ful4 ,great p]man5t comb9ations ( /ates are ! only l9e ( relief "u ! new conditions1 :i* b9d mank9d = ev] 9 ! future4 ,let u look n[ at direct w>4 ,:at are ! qualities :i* tell = success1 look+ to ! w>s ( rec5t times ) :i* we are famili>8 ,9 ! bra9s ( ! army ! ma9 qualities h be5 7#a7 ,=esight2 7#b7 ,comb9+ p[]2 7#c7 ,hone/y2 7#d7 ,imag9ation2 7#e7 ,skill2 & 9 ! muscle ( ! army 7#f7 ,physique2 7#g7 ,indu/ry2 7#h7 ,t5acity4 ,9 %ort1 success 9 w> requires precisely ! same qualities z success 9 peace4 ,ev5 if ! cause is bad1 yet x is ! be/ man all r\nd t w9s4 ,9 ea* case rec5tly ! w9n] has be5 ! bett] p[] = future civilisation4 ,w> !n may be def9$ z ! conc5tration into a ye> ( ! same results :i* w\ld take place by economic causes )9 p]haps a g5]ation or a c5tury4 ,s f> z viol5t *anges are undesirable--z we h notic$ be=e--s f> w> is undesirable4 ,b on ! purely humanit>ian view x may be bett] to flee be=e "o's enemies = ?ree mon?s ?an h ?ree ye>s' fam9e2 x may be bett] to kill #ajj1jjj 9 a brief campaign ?an />ve a million dur+ a :ole g5]ation by bad trade ow+ to sl[ economic *anges4 ,w> /rikes ! imag9ation & impresses ! ?\ghtless ) its horror1 b a />v+ peace may be a f> m pa9ful process4 ,x is difficult to see t any ( ! causes ( trade w>1 armam5t w>1 or op5 w> are at all likely to be less 9 ! future ?an !y h be5 9 ! pa/2 & if ! causes are ! same we mu/ expect l effects4 ,nor d we see t any result ( ^! diff]5t k9ds ( w> is injuri\s to t "* ( man :i* is requisite = 8 advance 9 bett] l9es4 ,ea* ( ^! =ms ( competition t5ds to give an advantage to ! be/ qualifi$ race1 & to promote ! mo/ b5eficial /ra9s ( "*4 ,on ! g5]al pr9ciple t sl[ evolution is pref]able to viol5t *anges we mu/ look = advance by int5sifi$ trade w> r ?an by armam5ts1 & by ! /ra9 ( armam5t r ?an by op5 w>4 ,a direction 9 :i* great improvem5ts ( organisation may be atta9$ w\ld be 9 bett] adaptation ( *ecks4 ,s f> z possible1 *ecks %\ld be aboli%$ by e/abli%+ int]e/s 9 ! same direction betwe5 diff]5t p>ties4 ,! pr(it-%>+ movem5t is an excell5t beg9n+ ( :at ne$s to be fully & exactly c>ri$ out4 ,! *ecks ( inspection1 :i* h be5 s greatly multipli$ lately1 are peculi>ly liable to abuses2 & a sy/em ( few] & f> sup]ior inspectors1 mu* less inspection1 & mu* heavi] p5alties to correspond1 w\ld 9 ! long run prove ! saf] l9e4 ,! great *eck by popul> election is v wa/eful1 a g5]al election co/+ ! c\ntry ov] a million p\nds 9 v>i\s ways4 ,precisely z fair a *eck w\ld be ga9$ by summon+ "o 9 a hundr$ ( ! electors by lot at ! day ( election2 & ! nurs+ ( a con/itu5cy w\ld be mu* dim9i%$4 ,la/ly1 let u look at ! f9al type to :i* man w probably be l$ by natural survival4 ,?is enquiry is limit$ ?r\gh\t to ^? qualities :i* are ! product ( ext]nal causes2 & no attempt is made to e/imate ! m spiritual side ( man or 8 high] m5tal developm5t4 ,= t we h n ! same physical basis ( rese>*1 & x w\ld be a fruitless mixture to include su* consid]ations--h[ev] important--9 an enquiry :i* by its scope might be simil>ly applicable to l[] organisms4 ,we are !re=e deal+ "h only ) ! physical basis ( civilisation4 ,= ! sake ( safety f aggression & prev5tion ( small qu>rels1 f$]ations ( great size mu/ prevail2 :ile ^? f$]ations :i* all[ = ! greate/ div]sity betwe5 ! /ates w prove m adaptable & vigor\s4 ,simil>ly1 /ates :i* all[ ( ! greate/ div]sity ( life to ! individual w succe$ be/1 by ! promotion ( ! mo/ vigor\s /ra9s4 ,m sy/ematic law w be ne$$ betwe5 /ates4 ,?is may p]haps be on ! l9e ( all contracts be+ on ! sell]'s law1 & all m>riage on ! husb&'s law1 reg>dless ( *ange ( resid5ce2 & all contracts be+ suable on _! own law 9 any /ate4 ,! greate/ empires h 9 ! pa/ all[$ great div]sity betwe5 /ates4 ,p]sia left ea* l& to its own laws1 & only requir$ ! control ( a satrap1 a small tribute1 & unification ( army & navy4 ,rome int]f]$ v little ) local law1 & left ! pr9cipal cities autonom\s ?r\gh\t ! empire4 ,brita9 has c>efully pres]v$ local law :]e a sy/em exi/$1 z 9 ,india1 ! ,cape1 & _m v>ieties ne>] home1 ev5 9 ,engl& itself4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates h kept local laws ( /ates & local legislatures4 ,h5ce x is likely t gr\ps ( /ates ) great v>iety ( type w prevail1 only unifi$ by a common sy/em ( def5ce & compulsory taxation = t purpose4 ,x is ev5 conceivable t su* a sy/em might be e/abli%$ 9 ,engl&1 if ! ,privy ,c\ncil 0 supplem5t$ by ,colonial ex-m9i/]s ( long /&+1 & 0 grant$ p[]s ( assessm5t ov] all p>liam5ts = ! common def5ce4 ,! type ( man :i* mu/ prevail is t ( ! greate/ indu/ry & greate/ individuality2 ea* man belong+ to _m volunt>y societies = v>i\s unit$ b5efits4 ,agriculture1 ! ma9 indu/ry ( man1 w be f> m elaborate & economical2 z mu* s z ! pres5t ,*9ese sy/em1 or ev5 c>ri$ to fur!r detail ) ma*9]y4 ,& ! unlimit$ supply ( atmosph]ic nitrates1 n[ 9 sight1 w also greatly increase production4 ,pr(it-%>+ or ! %>ehold+ ( all work]s mu/ gradually prevail 9 all indu/ries4 ,! gr[? ( rapidity ( ?\ght & action1 & ! economy ( organisation1 w enable a liv+ to be e>n$ ) p]haps half a day's lab\r1 or less4 ,! l>ge balance ( "t1 beyond t :i* w be ne$$ = b>e necessities1 w be sp5t on a mu* great] developm5t ( natural res\rces & conv5i5ces ( life2 ea* man w ?us enjoy ! result ( an imm5se accumulat$ capital ( improvem5ts & b5efits4 ,9 %ort1 ea* "o w be ri*1 ei!r by ! *eapness ( articles or abundance ( money1 a m]ely relative "q4 ,! accumulat$ weal? ( improvem5t w leave a small] pr(it on lab\r1 or 9 o!r words capital w comm& a v l[ int]e/4 ,!re=e !re w be less inducem5t to "w = sav+2 & h5ce sp>e "t w be m readily employ$ 9 ! p]sonal que/ ( k1 & enl>gem5t ( m5tal int]e/s1 9 lit]ature1 9 sci5ce1 9 hi/ory1 & 9 ! arts1 or among ! less capable 9 m]e amusem5ts4 ,b ! high] ! social organisation & rew>d ( ability1 ! m int5se w be ! we$+ ( ! less capable1 & ! m highly su/a9$ w be ! g5]al level ( ability4 ,t fluctuation w occur is inevitable2 b x w be gradually und]/ood t ! utmo/ fre$om ( lab\r & communication is ! only way to all[ *anges to be gradual1 & s to av]t ! great & disgraceful cata/rophes ( =cible migration ( hordes4 ,h5ce !re w t5d to be an incessant fl[ ( lab\r f c\ntry to c\ntry1 assi/$ by int]national lab\r bureaus3 ?us ! wage ( any giv5 ability w be equalis$ ov] ! _w1 & h5ce prices ( all produce w equalise also4 ,! :ole ( ?is action w fur!r en=ce ! p[] ( ability1 & t5d to end or m5d ! less capable4 ,we mu/1 !n1 look = a _w ) approximately equal civilisation & prices 9 all l&s2 b ) ea* p develop$ 9 _! own l9es ( ability1 9 accord ) climate & conditions1 to su* a po9t t no o!r p c compete ) !m 9 _! own conditions4 ,! equatorial races t5d+ to h less initiative & vig\r ?an ^? ( cold] climates1 ! equatorial l&s w !re=e t5d to be ea* atta*$ to a temp]ate l& :i* w supply m en]gy to _! developm5t2 :ile a /eady drift ( population f cold] to hott] l&s w take place1 z = a g5]ation or two !y w reta9 a great] vig\r4 ,?us ! tropics w be ! seat ( ! ke5e/ competition & ext9ction ( races2 :ile ! bord]s ( ! arctic regions w always af=d mo/ room = human increase4 ,s f> z peoples turn _! backs on ! inevitable goal1 !y w h to pa9fully retrace _! c\rse1 or else disappe> by ext9ction2 :ile ! peoples :o move t[>d ! l9es ( success w be ! fa!rs ( ! future4 ,w !y be f\nd 9 ,ea/ or ,we/8 ,,index4 ,a4 ,ability1 inh]it$1 #d sporadic1 n inh]it$1 #e driv5 out1 #c1 #d1 #h1 #ba fav\r$ by w>1 #ih ,adm9i/ration dep5ds on "*1 #a ,advance *eck$ by communism1 #bj1 #ba *eck$ by education1 #gc-ge due to individual1 #gh1 #hj ga9$ by sav+ wa/e1 #gi ,agriculture1 elaboration (1 #aja to be sav$ f t[nsm51 #ed ,amusem5t1 passion =1 #bj1 #hb1 #hc ,an>*ism1 product ( great /ates1 #fg ,armam5ts1 big1 ne$ful1 #ih w> by1 #ig ,artificial conditions enc\rage v>iation1 #e ,a?letics1 ne$$ by ! unfit1 #hb ,atrophy ( m9d1 #g-i ,aurelian1 #cf ,automatic lives ( majority1 #gi ,b4 ,b>b>ic society1 complex1 #ba ,b>?olomew's ,day1 #affb1 #da ,b5evol5ce1 scope (1 v4 ,bett+1 #ai ,bir? rate1 wa/e ( high1 #he ,bricklay]s' ,union1 influ5ce (1 #ca ,build+1 de> 9 ,engl&1 #ca ,bye-laws1 value (1 #dd ,c4 ,capacity1 see ,ability4 ,capital us$ = income1 #dg ,capitali/s1 result ( dim9i%+1 #ej ,cata/rophes produc$ by small causes1 #db ,cattle1 competition among1 #be ,*ange1 gradual1 to be all[$1 #dc effect (1 #ac1 #fc viol5t1 injuri\s1 #da ,"*1 ! basis ( society1 #a production (1 #b subject to natural law1 #b l[ type at pres5t1 #ae-ai kill$ by municipalis+1 #bf gr[n by exp]i5ce1 #gd ,*ecks1 bett] use (1 #ii ,*ildr51 lat] m able1 #hf ma9t5ance (1 #h1 #fj1 #hf-hh ,*9ese lab\r1 ne$ =1 #ic-ie ,civil w>1 results (1 #ci-da ,civilisation a means ( div]sity1 #fh ,clubs1 b5efit (1 #ib ,collections1 disp]sal (1 #df ,colonis+ result ( primog5iture1 #de1 #df ,comb9ations1 mu/ be volunt>y1 #ia ,comb9$ lab\r1 wa/eful1 #ij ,committees1 m9d (1 #i ,commons rule alone1 #ci-da weakness (1 #dc ,communal organisation ( e>ly ,europe1 #bb ,communication1 results (1 #ef1 #ff1 #ih ,communism a b> to useful v>iation1 #bj1 #ba & e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 #bd & fatalism1 #be1 #bf & lab\r1 #ij ,comp5sation = accid5ts1 #eh ,competition1 necessity (1 #c1 #aj dislike (1 #aj among cattle1 #be ,cont9uity ( "w1 p[] (1 #hj1 #ha ,co-op]ation a ma9 l9e ( advance1 #ib ,cox1 ,mr4 ,h>old1 #ee ,crimes1 survivals ( e>ly life1 #gc ,crim9als to be sort$ into communities1 #gc ,cromwell an arbitr>y rul]1 #dj value (1 9 an>*y1 #dj1 #da ,d4 ,dea? duties1 effect (1 #dd1 #df ,despotism1 a refuge f an>*y1 #da ,devolution ( ! ,roman ,empire1 #cf ,diocletian1 decree ( prices1 #cg1 #ch ,disciples1 e>ly1 h>d-we$$1 #bd ,diseases ( bodies politic1 vi41 #ai ,div]sity1 ne$ (1 #fe-gg1 #ajj ( moral /&>ds1 #fg1 #fh ( types requir$1 #fi dang]\s =m (1 #gj /ill exi/+1 #ga-c ( m>riage laws1 #ga1 #gb ,dulness ( obs]vation1 #af1 #ag ,e4 ,education1 a b> to advance1 #gc-gf exp]im5ts ne$$1 #ge v>iety (1 ne$$1 #ge1 #gf ,elections1 wa/e by1 #ajj ,emigration b5eficial1 #ac h>mful1 #ac1 #ad ,environm5t subject to man1 #c ,equatorial races1 future (1 #ajc ,escape ( ! capable1 #h ,extremes ( condition appe> toge!r1 #e ,f4 ,factions ( ! ,civil ,w>1 #ci1 #dj ,f>m colonies1 #h ,fatalism & communism1 #bf ,f$]ations mu/ prevail1 #ajj ,five-mile ,act1 #dj ,france1 ability dra9$ f1 #d co/ ( ,revolution 91 #da ,free-trade only possible ) b\nties1 #eb ,free-w a subject ( normal v>iation1 #b ,g4 ,galli5us1 #ce ,g]man immigration1 #ae ,gov]nm5t _c tax its own paym5ts1 #di ,grac*us1 *eap com (1 #bi ,gradual *anges to be all[$1 #dc ,h4 ,happ9ess bas$ on "*1 #b ,heal?1 sav+ (1 #gi1 #hj ,h\s+ problem1 cause (1 #ca ,hugu5ots closely we$$1 #bd expulsion (1 #d ,i4 ,illu/rat$ pap]s1 #ah ,immigration1 #ad1 #ae ,income tax1 effect on trade1 #dg-di ,individual ?\ght ess5tial1 #i ,individualism a l9e ( advance1 #ia ,infant life1 sav+ (1 #fj ,inspection1 abuse (1 #ii ,intellect1 limitations (1 #ag ,intol]ance ( ,puritans1 #ci-da1 #gj ga9 & loss (1 #ff ,inve/m5ts1 =eign1 dem& =1 #dh ,irel&1 emigration injur+1 #ad l&-hold+ 91 #ec ,italian lab\r abroad1 #ic ,j4 ,janus1 ! peace br+]1 vii4 ,japanese too indu/ri\s1 #ic ,l4 ,lab\r1 comb9$1 wa/eful1 #ij 9 ! tropics1 #ef ,l& 9 ,irel&1 #ec /ate own]%ip (1 #ec-ee equal values (1 #ef ,laws imp>tial to all resid5ts1 #id ,life1 infant1 sav+ (1 #fj ,life-duties1 effect (1 #di ,light+ sy/em faulty1 #ag ,little-,italy p>ty1 #ce-cg ,loans1 risks (1 #ee ,local adm9i/ration1 v>iety 91 #dd ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 #ag1 #ee ,l[ races pass "u high]1 #a ,m4 ,malignants depriv$1 #da ,man subjugates environm5t1 #c p]man5ce ( type (1 #aj-ab f9al type (1 #ajj-ajb ,m>riage c]emony1 p]iod (1 #gb laws1 div]sity (1 #ga1 #gb tempor>y1 #hd ,m$ical exam9ation ( *ildr51 #hg ,m5cius quot$1 #g ,m5tal *anges simil> to physical1 #b-g qualities inh]it$1 #d gr[? enc\rag$ by use1 #f gr[? to old age1 #f ,m]ov+s1 degradation (1 #g ,middle-class wa/e1 #fa ,m9d subject to natural v>iation1 #b-g v>iability induc$1 #f arre/$ at v>i\s ages1 #f atrophy (1 #g-i un*ang$ 9 nature1 #aa-ab ,monopolies1 #i1 #if ,moral /&>d typical ( a society1 #fh ,morality1 relative /&>d (1 #fg-fh ,municipalis+ ent]prises1 #bf ,n4 ,nationalisation ( l&1 #ec-ee ,nationalities1 use ( v>i\s1 #ic ,new ,te/am5t tea*+1 #bc1 #bd ,norse poor law1 #bb1 #hf ,o4 ,(ficialism1 #i ,old age p5sions1 #ei ,oman1 ,pr(41 #bi ,p4 ,pa/s h all be5 pres5t1 vii4 ,patriotism kill$ by sep>ate gr\ps1 #ga ,p]man5ce ( type ( man1 #aj-ab ,pet]s1 ,c>l1 op9ion (1 #bj ,physical *anges simil> to m5tal1 #b-g ,pleasures1 l[ type (1 #ag-ai ,polybius on hi/ory1 iv4 ,pov]ty results f opportunity1 #e ,pray]1 ,book ( ,common1 proscrib$1 #dj ,pres5t "t1 app>5t importance (1 vii4 ,prices1 consequ5ce ( regulat+1 #cg1 #ch ,primog5iture dim9i%$1 #de effect (1 #de1 #df ,private ent]prise mo/ effective1 #i ,prodigal son1 8 rights1 #bd ,pr(its to be e>n$ f weal?1 #cj-cb ,pr(it-%>+1 #ib1 #ii ,prolet>iat1 support (1 #cj-cb ,prop]ty p>t$ 9 life1 #dd1 #di ,proscriptions1 disa/r\s effect (1 #d ,prov9ces p>t$ f ,rome1 #cf ,r4 ,radicalism contr>y to evolution1 #db ,railway /ations1 faulty1 #af ,railways1 effects (1 #ef1 #ff ,rapidity1 ga9 by1 #ha ,reason+ int]e/ oblit]at$1 #gd ,regulation patt]n m51 #gd ,relatives1 responsibility (1 #bb1 #hi ,rem$y = ! incapable1 #h ,r5ewal ( population1 #hc ,r5t\l1 ,dr41 #hg ,responsibility )\t rule1 #hf ,retaliation 9 trade w>1 #ig ,retrograde *>act]s ru9$ by help1 #g ,rul+ faculty ( man1 #c ,s4 ,scrapp+ ( ma*9es & m51 #he ,seebohm1 ,dr41 #bb ,selection ! means ( elevation1 #c1 #bj repress$ by communism1 #bj-bg ,slav]y n fatal to ,rome1 #cd ,slo? a deadly s91 #af n[ compulsory1 #af ,socialism1 use ( ^w1 #bc ,society1 b>b>ic complexity1 #ba a mixture ( /ages1 #gb f9al type (1 #ajj-ajc ,sport1 #ah1 #ai ,/ates1 l>ge1 a result ( spe$1 #ff ,subm]g$ t5?1 #f1 #ad1 #fi1 #hh ,survivals ( e>li] /ages1 #gb1 #gc ,t4 ,taxation 9 dea? duties1 #dd-df on capital1 #dg on trade1 #dg-ej 9 life duties1 #di immoral1 #ej1 #ea %\ld be felt1 #eb limitations (1 #ib ,taxation ( extravagance1 #eb ,t5?1 subm]g$1 #f1 #ad1 #fi ,!ologic morality1 #fh ,?\ght1 lack (1 at pres5t1 #af ,t[n1 type (1 #eg ,t[nsman fav\r$1 #bh ,trade unionism & slo?1 #af1 #ha 9 ,rome1 #bi-cd compulsory1 #cj-cd & ! poor1 #cj1 #ca assessm5t ( tax1 #cb ,transit1 rapid1 result (1 #ef-eh ,tru/-man class1 #fb ,tru/s1 creation (1 #di ,u4 ,unfit1 treatm5t (1 #hg-hi ,uni=mity1 evils (1 #fe1 #fg ,un9tellectual "*1 s\rce (1 #gd ,utilit>ian morality1 #fg ,v4 ,v>iability induc$1 #f ,v>iation produc$ by artificial conditions1 #e ne$$ = advance1 #fe1 #fi ab\t "o c5tre1 #gj ,vice n fatal to ,rome1 #cd ,viol5t *anges injuri\s1 #ci-da ,w4 ,wages1 equality (1 #h ,waltz+ quot$1 #cd ,w> by trade1 #ie by armam5ts1 #ig by viol5ce1 #ih fav\rs be/ /ocks1 #ih causes1 p]man5t1 #ii ,wa/e1 taxation (1 #eb ! b> to advance1 #gi ,weal? held by diff]5t classes1 #fj ,:ite lab\r dreads competition1 #id1 #ie ,"w1 di/a/e =1 #bj1 #ha p[] (1 #hj1 #ha to be adapt$ to ! p]son1 #ha1 #hb ,workm51 atrophy among1 #h ,workm5's ,comp5sation ,act1 #eh ,,bradbury1 ,,agnew ,,co4 ,,ld41 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,london ,,& ,,tonbridge4 ,transcrib]'s ,note ,obvi\s punctuation & spell+ errors h be5 repair$4 ,pg4 #ajh3 ,add$ miss+ sub-topic head+ ,i4 ( ,index4