,,old ,,crosses ,,& ,,ly*gates ,illu/ration3 ,frontispiece #a4 ,,nor?ampton ,,eleanor ,,cross ,,old ,,crosses ,,& ,,ly*gates ,,by ,,aym] ,,vallance ,illu/ration ,,london ,b,t,,bats=d1 ,l,,td #id1 ,,high ,,holborn ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,great ,,brita9 ,,at ,,! ,,d>i5 ,,press1 ,,ed9burgh ,,preface ,! g5esis ( ?is book 0 an article on ,*ur*y>d ,crosses1 writt5 by reque/ = ! ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 & publi%$ !re9 9 ,septemb] #aiah4 ,x 0 at a "t :5 ! he>ts ( ! ,briti% p 7 be+ /irr$ to _! inn]mo/ dep?s1 = ! ,european ,w> 0 yet rag+1 & ! "q ( ! mo/ suitable =m ( memorials ( our h]oic dead1 sacrific$ day by day1 0 cont9ually pres5t to u4 ,nor1 ?\gh ho/ilities happily ceas$ :5 ! ,armi/ice 0 agre$ ^u )9 a few weeks !reaft]1 has ! subject ( commemorat+ ! fall5 on t acc\nt decl9$ 9 int]e/ & importance4 ,nay1 its claims are1 if any?+1 m insi/5t ?an ev]1 =1 ! vital necessity ( conc5trat+ our en]gies on ! atta9m5t ( victory hav+ pass$ away1 ! nation is n[ at leisure to p\r out its m\rn+ he>t 9 memorials t w tell ! g5]ations to come h[ x realis$ ! bitt]ness & glory ( ! ye>s ( ! ,great ,w>4 ,su* be+ ! case1 x 0 hop$ t x might prove useful to ga!r toge!r a collection ( examples ( old crosses & ly*gates1 z af=d+ ! mo/ appropriate =m ( monum5ts = reproduction or adaptation to ! ne$s ( ! pres5t4 ,too _m ( ! manife/ations ( mod]n s-call$ art betray its utt] bankruptcy1 because hav+ brok5 ) tradition1 x has no res\rce left b to express itself 9 wayw>d ecc5tricity & ugly s5sationalism1 ! v anti!ses ( ! dignifi$ beauty :i* ! foll[+ ( "t-hall[$ prec$5t alone c imp>t4 ,to obta9 a suffici5tly repres5tative s]ies !re has be5 no occasion to g beyond ! conf9es ( ,engl& & ,wales4 ,)9 ^? limits a v l>ge numb] ( types is to be f\nd1 e "o ( :i* is illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,i d n pret5d to h treat$ ! subject exhau/ively1 b ,i d claim t nev] be=e has s manifold a range ( crosses be5 depict$ )9 ! compass ( a s+le volume2 nor has s sy/ematic an analysis & classification ( ! v>i\s types ( crosses1 trac+ ! c\rse ( _! hi/oric evolution1 be5 attempt$ by any previ\s writ] 9 ! ,engli% language4 ,my classification1 bas$ solely ^u ! /udy ( anatomical =m & /ructure1 is orig9al1 & pres5ts ! subject 9 an entirely new aspect4 ,)\t ! g5]\s co-op]ation ( fri5ds & /rang]s alike1 my task w\ld h be5 impossible4 ,a consid]able am\nt ( mat]ial _h be5 collect$ by my fri5d1 ! late ,mr ,h]b]t ,bats=d1 & ( ?is ,i h gladly avail$ myself4 ,to my de> & rev]$ fri5d1 ! late ,sir ,william ,/ ,john ,hope1 ,i1 = "o1 am m indebt$ ar*ologically ?an ,i c f9d words to express4 ,no soon] did he le>n t ,i _h und]tak5 ?is "w ?an he rem>k$ to me1 ,y mu/ quote docum5ts1 &1 by way ( giv+ practical effect to 8 advice1 he (f]$1 ) 8 wont$ lib]ality1 to place at my disposal "s important notes he _h made f ! orig9al acc\nts ( ! royal exp5diture on ! ,eleanor ,memorial ,crosses4 ,^! notes1 to my pr(\nd regret1 ,i nev] receiv$1 because ,/ ,john ,hope1 be+ %ortly aft]w>ds /rick5 ) 8 fatal illness1 _h n ! opportunity to look !m up = me4 ,my pages 9 consequ5ce are ! poor] = lack ( 8 invaluable mat]ial4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 be5 able to quote 9 full ! hi/oric description ( ,nevill's cross f ! ,rites ( ,durham 7,surtees ,society1 #aijb71 ( :i* ,/ ,john ,hope 0 ,jo9t ,editor4 ,among my innum]able obligations ,i desire to record my indebt$ness to ! foll[+ = facilities giv51 & = help 9 div]s ways3-- ,! au?orities & assi/ants ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 ( ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 & ( ! ,guildhall ,museum2 ! ,presid5t & ,c\ncil ( ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies ( ,london1 ! ,royal ,in/itute ( ,briti% ,ar*itects1 ! ,/ ,paul's ,ecclesiological ,society2 ! ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 ! ,dean ( ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ,ox=d1 ! ,provo/ ( ,eton 7:o k9dly w5t to ,ox=d expressly to exam9e ! ,jews' cross = me71 ,mr ,f4 ,t4 ,s4 ,h\ghton 7:o j\rney$ f ,birm+ham to ,hales[5 9 ord] to photograph ! rema9s ( ! cross-head at ! latt] place71 & ,dr ,f4 ,j4 ,all51 ( ,cambridge 7= photographs & mu* valuable in=mation72 also to ,miss ,e4 ,k4 ,prideaux1 ! ,rev4 ,g4 ,c4 ,ri*>ds1 ,f4,s4,a41 ! ,revv4 ,f4 & ,f4 ,r4 ,p4 ,sumn]1 & ,c4 ,eveleigh ,woodruff1 ,major ,c4 ,a4 ,m>kham1 & ,messrs ,h>old ,brakspe>1 ,f4,s4,a41 ,g4 ,c4 ,druce1 ,f4,s4,a41 ,reg9ald ,a4 ,smi?1 ,f4,s4,a41 ,j4 ,h4 ,all*91 & ,h4 ,elg>1 ,maid/one ,museum2 ,oxley ,grabham & ,w4 ,watson1 ,york ,museum2 ,h4 ,/ ,george ,gray1 ,taunton ,museum2 ,frank ,wooln\gh1 ,f4,r4,met4,s41 ,ipswi* ,museum2 ,ri*>d ,scriv51 ,george ,cl9*1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,f4,s4,a47,scot471 ,w4 ,plom] ,"y1 ,p4 ,m4 ,c4 ,k]mode1 ,g4 ,granville ,buckley1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,s4,a41 ,f4 ,h4 ,crossley1 ,f4 ,e4 ,h[>d1 ,ar?ur ,hussey1 ,f4 ,c4 ,elli/on-,erwood1 ,rob]t ,ri*mond1 ,george ,h4 ,widd[s1 ,f4,r4,i4,b4,a41 ,r4 ,p4 ,/one1 ,oswald ,/one1 ,p4 ,b$=d1 ,alfr$ ,watk9s2 & la/1 b n lea/1 my publi%]1 ,mr ,h>ry ,bats=d & 8 assi/ant1 ,mr ,a4 ,w4 ,haggis1 ^: con/ant & ready co-op]ation has light5$ _m h\rs ( labori\s rese>* 9 museum libr>ies & ( indu/ry at ,high ,holborn4 ,,aym] ,,vallance4 ,,aym]s1 ,,lyn/$1 ,febru>y #aibj4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,introduction #a ,,ii4 ,,monoli? ,,crosses #bg ,,iii4 ,,! ,,%aft-,,on-,,/eps ,,type #db ,,iv4 ,,spire-,,%ap$ ,,or ,,eleanor ,,crosses #id ,v4 ,,prea*+ ,,crosses #aac ,,vi4 ,,m>ket ,,crosses #abe ,,vii4 ,,unclassifi$ ,,v>ieties #aeh ,,viii4 ,,ly*gates #afd ,,bibliography #aia ,,index #aie ,,topographical ,,li/ ,,( ,,subjects ,,illu/rat$ ,,*apt]s ,i4 to ,,vii4--,,crosses ,subject4 ,s\rce4 ,illu/ration ,page ,no4 ,ref]r$ to 9 ,text4 ,aldbor\gh ,photo1 ,fri? ,co4 #aic #aeh ,alph+ton ,del41 ,j4 ,buckl] #aii #afa ,ampney ,crucis ,photo1 ,rev4 ,f4 ,sumn] #ig ,rev4 ,f4 ,r4 ,p4 ,sumn] #ih ,f4 ,t4 ,s4 ,h\ghton #ii #ej ,axbridge ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e #adh #abh ,bakewell ,engrav+ by ,f4 ,l4 ,*antrey1 ,r4,a4 #ci #cb ,b$ale ,photo1 ,fri? ,co4 #aai #ed ,bewca/le ,gibson ,sons #c #be #bf #cb ,b+ley ,fri? ,co4 #ahb #abe ,bisley #aig #afc ,bi%op's ,lyde>d ,dr ,f4 ,j4 ,all5 #bj #db1dd1 #df ,blakem]e ,del41 ,j4 ,buckl] #ae #ac ,blan*l& ,abbey ,photo1 ,gibson ,sons #dd #da ,bleadon ,dr ,f4 ,j4 ,all5 #hi #dh ,bonsall ,fri? ,co4 #abj #ed ,bri/ol ,engrav+ by ,s4 & ,n4 ,buck1 #agcd #i #abc ,brig/ock ,photo1 ,b4,t4,b4 #abb #ed ,bungay #ahg #aeg ,ca/le ,combe ,del41 ,j4 ,buckl] #agc ,photo1 ,fri? ,co4 #agd ,del41 ,w4 ,g4 ,all5 #age #agf #aeg ,c>lton ,pe>t ,collection1 ,r4,i4,b4,a4 #fc #dc ,*>lton ,mack]el ,photo1 ,fri? ,co4 #ai #db1dd ,*>+ ,cross1 ,engrav+ by ,ralph ,agas1 #agib1 ,crace #ace nr4 ,london ,collection1 ,briti% ,museum ,cr[le ,p5nant ,collection1 ,briti% #acf ,museum ,crace ,collection1 ,briti% ,museum #acg #ajh ,*eadle ,photo1 ,w4 ,watson #ce #cg ,*eapside ,photo1 ,b4,t4,b41 ,guildhall ,museum #acj ,crosses1 ,london #aca ,wat] ,col\r ,draw+ at ,society ( #acb ,antiqu>ies1 aft] ,mural ,pa9t+ at ,c[dray ,draw+ 9 ,pepysian ,libr>y1 #acc ,cambridge ,photo1 ,g4 ,cl9*1 f ,contempor>y #acd ,woodcut #ajb ,*$d> ,fri? ,co4 #afe #adf ,*e%unt1 ,wal?am ,vetu/a ,monum5ta #abg ,del41 ,j4 ,buckl] #abh ,vetu/a ,monum5ta #abi #ie1aja ,*e/]1 ,high ,p5 ,draw+ by ,r&le ,holme1 ,h>leian ,,mss4 #bjgc1 ,briti% ,museum #bd #bd1aeh ,*i*e/] ,del41 ,j4 ,coney 7l5t by ,f4 ,h4 ,crossley7 #aa ,photo1 ,j4 ,val5t9e #afa ,pr9t1 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum #afb #afc #acg ,*ild's ,wickham ,photo1 ,b4,t4,b4 #g #ed ,cov5try ,dugdale's ,w>wick%ire #h #aaa ,cricklade ,photo1 ,rev4 ,f4 ,r4 ,p4 ,sumn] #aaf ,*ur*y>d ,t[n ,cross ,rev4 ,f4 ,sumn] #aag #ed ,croxd5 ,del41 ,j4 ,buckl] #hh #dg ,cr[combe ,photo*rom ,co4 #aah #df1ed ,cumnor ,del41 ,j4 ,buckl] #ei #dc ,d]w5 ,photo1 ,aym] ,vallance #aaj #aaa #aab #eb ,donca/] ,vetu/a ,monum5ta #aia #aeh ,dor*e/] ,del41 ,j4 ,buckl] #fe #dd ,d\lt+ ,dr ,f4 ,j4 ,all5 #gd #ge #gf #dc1dd ,drayton ,del41 ,j4 ,buckl] #ed #df ,dundry ,j4 ,k4 ,coll+ #gh #dc ,dun/] ,photo1 ,j4 ,val5t9e #agg #aef ,el/[ ,pe>t ,collection1 ,r4,i4,b4,a #aid #aeh ,eyam ,photo1 ,j4 ,val5t9e #bg #bh #cb ,eyn%am ,del41 ,j4 ,buckl]1 #ahbj #ej #de ,fletton ,pr9t1 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum #dj #da #cg ,g$d+ton ,vetu/a ,monum5ta #abd ,photo*rom ,co4 #abe #ie1if ,gla/onbury ,he>ne's ,antiquities #afd #ach ,gl\ce/] ,vetu/a ,monum5ta #ach #ajh ,gos=? ,lysons' ,magna ,britannia #cc #cd ,great ,malv]n ,photo1 ,fri? ,co4 #af #ac ,grimsby ,del41 ,j4 ,buckl] #di #de ,hales[5 ,photo1 ,f4 ,t4 ,s4 ,h\ghton #hb #dg ,h>dley ,knight's ,norfolk ,antiquities1 #ahib #ah #ac ,head+ton ,del41 ,j4 ,buckl] #fi ,photo1 ,h4 ,taunt #gj #dd ,h$on ,pe>t ,collection1 ,r4,i4,b4,a4 #gi #df ,h]e=d1 ,del41 ,j4 ,buckl] #gb ,:itefri>s ,photo*rom ,co4 #gc #dd ,prea*+ ,cross ,photo1 ,fri? ,co4 #adc #abb ,hexham ,gibson ,sons #db #cg ,higham ,f]r]s ,m>kham's ,old ,crosses ( #ee #df ,nor?ampton%ire ,holbe* ,engrav+ by ,w4 ,/ukeley #aj #abc ,hors+ton ,del41 aft] ,j4 ,buckl] #ec #df ,ipswi* ,di>y ( ,sir ,james ,?ornhill #afi ,photo1 ,frank ,wooln\gh1 ,f4,r4,met4,s4 #agj ,aquat9t by ,geo4 ,fro/1 #ahab #aga ,photo1 ,frank ,wooln\gh1 ,f4,r4,met4,s4 #agb #aeb ,irtl+bor\gh ,m>kham's ,old ,crosses ( #ef #df ,nor?ampton%ire ,irton ,lysons' ,magna ,britannia #cb #cd ,iron ,acton ,photo1 ,rev4 ,f4 ,sumn] #add #abb ,key+ham1 ,yorks4 ,pe>t ,collection1 ,r4,i4,b4,a4 #fd #dd 7f #hj #dg ,l9coln%ire7 ,lanteglos ,juxta ,photo1 ,fri? ,co4 #id ,f[ey ,f4 ,t4 ,s4 ,h\ghton #ie #di ,leice/] ,ni*ol's ,leice/]%ire #ad #aeb ,leighton ,buzz>d ,engrav+ 9 ,lyson's ,b$=d%ire #adf ,del41 ,j4 ,buckl] #adg #abd ,li*field1 ,dean ,old ,engrav+1 ,victoria & ,alb]t #aed #adb ,d5tons ,museum ,london1 7see ,*eapside1 supra7 ,we/ ,*eap 7see ,*>+ ,cross1 supra7 ,*>+ ,cross ,engrav$ f ,draw+ 9 ,pepysian #ada ,paul's ,cross ,libr>y1 ,cambridge ,panel ,pa9t+ by ,john ,gipkyn at #adbaac1abj ,society ( ,antiqu>ies ,lymm ,photo1 ,fri? ,co4 #ahc #aeg ,madley ,alfr$ ,watk9s1 ,f4,r4,p4,s4 #aja #ajb #ea ,maid/one ,h4 ,elg>1 f ,draw+ by #afg #adf ,e4 ,pretty ,malmesbury ,dr ,g4 ,granville ,buckley1 ,f4,s4,a4 #aef ,old ,pr9t1 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum #aeg #aeh #acc ,maughold1 ,photo1 ,j4 ,val5t9e #hf ,isle ( ,man ,fri? ,co4 #hg #df1dh ,mawgan-9-,pyd] ,photo1 ,j4 ,val5t9e #ch #cg 7,lanh]ne ,h\se ,nunn]y7 ,mawgan-9-,pyd] ,lysons' ,magna ,britannia #ajf 7,*ur*y>d ,cross7 ,mawgan-9-,pyd] ,photo1 ,fri? ,co4 #ajg 7,*ur*y>d ,cross7 #ej ,mild5hall ,b4,t4,b4 #ab #aed ,milv]ton1 ,del41 ,j4 ,buckl]1 #ahda 7p] ,h4 #ahe #aef ,som]set ,/4 ,g4 ,gray7 ,mitton #aid #aie #afa ,mit*el ,troy #eg #de ,ne!r ,/[ey #ahcg 7p] ,h4 #ahd #aef ,/4 ,g4 ,gray7 ,newm>ket1 ,photo1 ,f4 ,t4 ,s4 ,h\ghton #ij ,fl9t%ire #ia #dh ,nor?ampton1 ,h4 ,coop] ,son #a ,eleanor ,cross ,britton's ,ar*itectural ,antiquities #abf #ie1ih ,nor?ampton1 ,wat] ,col\r 9 ,briti% ,museum 7,,mss4 #aej #adb ,old ,m>ket ,dept471 copy ( ,bridges' ,cross ,nor?ampton%ire ,nor? ,pe!rton ,del41 ,j4 ,k4 ,coll+ #gg #db ,nor? ,h9ksey ,del41 ,j4 ,buckl] #hc #hd #he #dh ,norwi* ,blomfield's ,antiquities ( ,norfolk #aec #ach 7,t4 ,%eldrake7 ,nott+ham ,/retton ,,mss4 #ahf #aeg ,oakham ,photo1 ,b4,t4,b4 #agh #agi #aef ,omb]sley ,fri? ,co4 #ff ,in/rum5ta ,ecclesia/ica #fg #fh #dd ,oundle ,m>kham's ,old ,crosses ( #afh #aef ,nor?ampton%ire ,ox=d1 ,photo1 ,b4,t4,b4 #ba ,jews' ,cross #bb #bc #ai ,paul's ,cross1 7see ,london1 ,paul's ,cross1 supra7 ,london ,pockl+ton ,old ,pr9t1 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum #aad #aae #ej1ed ,p\lton-le-,fylde ,photo1 ,sir ,b4 ,/one #f #bd ,raglan ,del41 ,j4 ,buckl] #ga #dd ,raunds ,m>kham's ,old ,crosses ( #de #db ,nor?ampton%ire ,repton ,photo1 ,photo*rom ,co4 #abc #ed ,ripley ,aym] ,vallance #aif #afb ,roce/] ,del41 ,j4 ,buckl]1 #ahcb #dg #dh #de ,ro!r/horp ,m>kham's ,old ,crosses ( #df #dg ,nor?ampton%ire ,salisbury ,del41 ,j4 ,c4 ,buckl] #aei ,photo1 ,photo*rom ,co4 #afj #acg ,s&ba* ,dr ,orm]od's ,*e%ire #bi #cj ,j4 ,val5t9e ,co4 #ca #cb ,%epton ,mallet ,photo1 ,dr ,f4 ,j4 ,all5 #aea ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e1 #agha #aeb #abh ,%]burn-9-,elmet ,g4 ,b4 ,bulm]1 ,ar*itectural ,/udies 9 ,york%ire1 #ahhg #aac #df1ec ,som]sby ,in/rum5ta ,ecclesia/ica #ha #dg ,som]ton ,photo1 ,fri? ,co4 #aff #adf ,/ ,columb ,major #cg #cg ,/ ,ives1 ,cornwall #if #ej ,/ ,mi*ael's ,del41 ,j4 ,buckl] #ajd ,m\nt #aje #eb ,/ ,donats ,photo1 ,aym] ,vallance #ajh ,del41 ,j4 ,buckl] #aji #df1eb ,/albridge ,photo1 ,r4 ,wilk9son #eh #dc1dd1 #df ,/anway ,del41 ,j4 ,buckl] #fj #dc ,/eeple ,a%ton #aba #ed ,/ev+ton ,pe>t ,collection1 ,r4,i4,b4,a4 #ag #dc ,/r+/on1 ,ar*itectural ,association ,sket* ,book #e #dc ,som]set%ire ,swaffham ,photo1 ,b4,t4,b4 #ahh #aeg ,taunton ,draw+ 9 ,briti% ,museum1 ,k+'s #aee #adb ,collection ,?at*am ,del41 ,j4 ,buckl] #fa #dc ,tott5ham ,old ,engrav+1 #aghh #aci ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum #adj #aaa ,tyb]ton ,photo1 ,alfr$ ,watk9s1 ,f4,r4,p4,s4 #ajj #ajc #ea ,wakefield ,del41 ,j4 ,buckl] #aij #aeg ,wal?am ,cross1 7see ,*e%unt1 supra7 ,*e%unt ,wat]p]ry1 ,del41 ,j4 ,buckl] #d #dc ,ox=d%ire ,:alley ,photo1 ,gibson ,sons #cd #cg ,wells ,sime's ,map ( ,wells1 ,briti% ,museum1 #adi #abe ,k+'s ,collection ,:e/on1 ,engrav+ by ,f4 ,l4 ,*antrey1 ,r4,a4 #ib ,tideswell ,photo1 ,f4 ,*apman #ic #di ,:it=d ,w4 ,m>riot ,dodson #cf #ce ,wick5 ,del41 ,j4 ,buckl] #fb #dc1d ,w9*e/] #ade #abd ,witney ,photo1 ,h5ry ,taunt #ac #aef ,wolv]hampton1 ,old ,pr9t1 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum #b #cg ,dane's ,cross ,won=d1 ,del41 ,miss ,e4 ,k4 ,prideaux #aih #afa ,/ ,loye's ,wood/ock ,paul ,s&by1 #aggg1 ,! ,antiqu>ian #ahi #aeg ,rep]tory ,wool] ,scott's ,bord] ,antiquities #dc #cg ,wymondham ,photo1 ,b4,t4,b4 #ahj #aef #aha ,y>nton ,del41 ,j4 ,buckl]1 #ahba #ea #dd1de #eb ,,*apt] ,,viii4--,,ly*gates ,an/ey ,del41 ,j4 ,buckl] #baj #afg ,a%well ,b4,t4,b4 #bae #baf #bag #bahafe1afg ,beck5ham ,album at ,r4,i4,b4,a4 #bje ,del41 ,j4 ,buckl] #bjf ,spr+ ,g>d5s' ,sket* ,book #bjgafe1aff ,b\ghton1 ,del41 ,j4 ,buckl] #bca #afh ,mon*elsea ,bray ,photo1 ,aym] ,vallance #bjb ,pe>t ,collection1 ,r4,i4,b4,a4 #bjc #afd ,*alfont1 ,photo #bjd #afd ,/ ,giles ,*idd+fold ,w4 ,plom] ,"y #bbg #afd ,clodock ,del41 ,j4 ,buckl] #bbh #afg ,clun ,photo1 ,f4 ,h ,crossley #bce #afd ,gor+ ,h5ry ,taunt #bbf #afe ,h>tfield ,f4 ,fri? ,co4 #bja #afd ,hayes ,mills' ,hi/ory ( ! ,p>i% ( ,hayes#bjj #afd1afe ,he/on ,j4 ,drayton ,wyatt1 ,ana/atic ,draw+ #bac ,society ,spr+ ,g>d5s' ,sket* ,book #badafd1afe ,isleham ,draw+ aft] ,j4 ,buckl] #bbc #bbd #bbe #afg ,l5ham ,photo1 ,aym] ,vallance #bbj ,spr+ ,g>d5s' ,sket* ,book #bba #bbbafe1afg ,ll&rillo-yn-,rhos,photo1 ,f4 ,fri? ,co4 #bcc #afh ,llanfillo ,p4 ,b$=d #bbi #afg ,morw5/[ ,a4 ,p4 ,s4 ,diction>y #bai #afe ,monn+ton-on-,wye ,photo #bcg #afg ,patt+ham ,%aw's ,hi/ory ( ,/af=d%ire #bcd #afg ,pulbor\gh ,s\rce unkn[n #bcf #afg ,ru/+ton ,del41 ,j4 ,buckl] #bcj #afh ,/aple ,in/rum5ta ,ecclesia/ica #bjh #bji #aff ,tal-y ,llyn ,photo1 ,sir ,b4 ,/one #bcb #afh ,we/ ,wickham ,?omas ,g>ratt1 ,transactions ( #baa ,/ ,paul's ,ecclesiological ,society1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,spr+ ,g>d5s' ,sket* ,book #bab #afg ,,add5dum4 ,page #i1 l9e #aa f ! bottom1 aft] extant add3-- ,"o example1 remov$ f its site1 is 9 exi/5ce4 ,9 ! collection ( ! ,k5t ,ar*ological ,society at ! ,museum at ,maid/one is a mu* mutilat$ head ( a *ur*y>d cross f\nd at ,we/ ,mall+4 ,! "w1 v rude & unc\?1 appe>s to be ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,on "o side is a crucifixion1 unatt5d$1 & on "o end a s+le figure1 :i* may possibly repres5t ,/4 ,john ,bapti/4 ,,old ,,crosses ,,& ,,ly*gates ,i4 ,,introduction ,9 pursuance ( ! ,*ri/ian policy ( in/itut+ an innoc5t practice to take ! place ( ea* ( ! old1 vici\s cu/oms ( hea!ndom--! sub/itution ( ! fe/ival ( ,*ri/mas = ! =m] orgies ( ! ,saturnalia is p]haps ! be/ kn[n in/ance 9 po9t--! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e 7#cbd to #ccg ,a4,d47 caus$ crosses to be erect$ along ! public ways at v>i\s po9ts :]e previ\sly _h be5 situat$ t]m9al /atues4 ,!nce are believ$ to h orig9at$ ! %r9es & crucifixes1 conspicu\s by ! roadside at ! entrance ( t[ns & villages 9 ! ,ca?olic c\ntries ( ! ,cont95t4 ,nor ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages1 until ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 ! ,engli% p 7 torn f ! unity ( ! unre=m$ fai?1 0 our own c\ntry beh9d any o!r 9 its pi\s obs]vance ( ! anci5t traditional usage4 ,! reason !re( is expla9$ by a passage 9 ,dives et ,paup]1 a popul> treatise on ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts1 :i* 0 pr9t$ by ,wynk5 de ,worde at ,we/m9/] 9 #adif4 ,! purpose ( ! erection ( /&+ crosses is !re9 exp\nd$ z foll[s3--,= ?is reason b5 ,crosses by ye waye1 t :an folke passynge see ! ,crosse1 !y %olde ?ynke on ,hym t dey$ on ! ,crosse1 & wor%ypp ,hym above all ?ynge4 ,illu/ration3 #b4 ,,wolv]hampton ,,danes' ,,cross ,,9 ,,! ,,*ur*y>d ,,monoli? ,,type ,illu/ration3 #c4 ,,bewca/le1 ,,cumb]l& ,,monoli? ,,type ,illu/ration3 #d4 ,,wat] ,,p]ry1 ,,ox=d%ire ,illu/ration3 #e4 ,,/r+/on1 ,,som]set%ire ,,*ur*y>d ,,cross1 ,,) ,,plan ,,%aft-,,on-,,/eps ,,type ,illu/ration3 #f4 ,,p\lton-,,le-,,fylde1 ,,lanca%ire ,,m>ket ,,cross4 ,,%aft-,,on-,,/eps ,,type ,! process ( ! evolution ( ! /&+ cross may be trac$ ?r\gh c]ta9 well-def9$ /ages4 ,its mo/ rudim5t>y =m is t ( ! m5hir1 a v]tical monoli? ris+ direct f ! gr\nd 7,figs4 #b & #c72 next1 ! %aft is rais$ on /eps1 & becomes a tap]+ /em1 :ile its head gr[s on ei!r side into ! arms ( a cross 7,fig4 #af71 or exp&s into a lant]n-l ornam5t1 quadrangul> or polygonal on plan1 enri*$ ) sculptur$ figures & tab]nacle "w 7,figs4 #d & #e74 ,! %aft-on-/eps p]si/$ to ! la/ z ! fav\rite type = *ur*y>d crosses1 not)/&+ ! introduction ( o!r v>ieties4 ,! cross ga9$ great] dignity by be+ m\nt$ on an enl>g$ socket or foot1 int]pos$ betwe5 ! %aft itself & ! /eps und]nea?4 ,?irdly1 ! %aft takes ! =m ( a p9nacle or spire1 g5]ally ( dim9i%+ ti]s or /oreys1 ! :ole cr[n$ ) a small cross or f9ial4 ,to ?is type ! important gr\p ( ,eleanor crosses belongs 7,figs4 #a & #h74 ,hi!rto ! cross _h be5 simply spectacul> & monum5tal4 ,x next develop$ 9 a utilit>ian direction1 & became a prea*+ cross 7,figs4 #i & #aj71 its l[e/ /orey1 =m]ly clos$ & solid1 be+ op5$ out & made to consi/ ( a r+ ( /&>ds 7) or )\t a %aft 9 ! middle71 to c>ry ! so>+ sup]/ructure4 ,! la/ type1 ! m>ket cross 7,figs4 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 & #ad71 may be reg>d$ z an expansion ( ! prea*+ cross1 ! latt] be+ int5d$ to %elt] b "o occupant1 or at any rate only a v small numb]1 :]eas ! m>ket cross is design$ to %elt] _m p]sons4 ,9 ! fully matur$ m>ket cross ! :ole /ructure is "o organism1 plann$ z su* f ! outset2 b !re are1 on ! o!r h&1 "s obvi\s in/ances ( adaptation1 :]e ! encircl+ umbrella is1 z x 71 an aft]-?\ght1 hav+ be5 built up to & ab\t a previ\sly exi/+ cross ( ! %aft-on-/eps type4 ,9 ei!r case1 h[ev]1 ! result ultimately obta9$ is id5tical4 ,a numb] ( h&some m>ket crosses1 pr9cipally belong+ to ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 7 con/ruct$ ( timb] fram+1 ) /one1 slate1 or til$ ro(s4 ,! late/ developm5t 0 ! introduction ( an upp] *amb] above ! op5 gr\nd-floor /age4 ,b :51 lat] /ill1 ! circul> or polygonal plan 0 ab&on$ = an oblong plan 9 ord] to provide ! utmo/ accommodation 9 ! upp] *amb]1 all recognisable resemblance to ! /ructure 9 ! =m ( its orig9 0 lo/2 9 a ^w1 ! m>ket cross _h become ext9ct1 & _h giv5 place in/ead to ! m>ket h\se or hall4 ,illu/ration3 #g4 ,,*ild',s ,,wickham1 ,,gl\ce/]%ire ,,village ,,cross4 ,,%aft-,,on-,,/eps ,,type ,illu/ration3 #h4 ,,cov5try1 ,,w>wick%ire ,,eleanor ,,cross ,,type ,illu/ration3 #i4 ,,bri/ol ,,prea*+ ,,cross ,,type ,illu/ration3 #aj4 ,,holbe*1 ,,l9coln%ire ,,prea*+ ,,cross ,,type ,x may be assum$ t1 = ! sake ( durability1 /one w\ld be ! mo/ usual mat]ial to *oose = ! con/ruction ( /&+ crosses4 ,b !re 7 exceptions1 z a memorable incid5t 9 ! c>e] ( ,jeanne d',arc is suffici5t to %[4 ,! au?ority is a lett] f two ( ,jeanne's contempor>ies1 ,jean & ,&r de ,laval1 gr&sons ( ! fam\s ,b]tr& de ,guescl94 ,! sc5e 0 ,selles2 ! date #f? ,june #adbh4 ,on t occasion1 ! maid's horse1 a f9e black *>g]1 be+ br\ght to ! door ( h] lodg+1 prov$ s re/ive t he c\ld n be controll$4 ,lead him to ! ,cross1 said ,jeanne4 ,& !re he /ood z quietly z ?\gh he _h be5 b\nd1 :ile %e m\nt$4 ,! cross 0 a wr\ght-iron "o1 & 0 situat$ ab\t fifte5 paces f ! nor? door ( ! *ur*4 ,an hi/orical memorial1 ?is cross might h be5 /&+ yet1 _h n ! surr\nd+ cemet]y be5 cle>$ & levell$ to make a site = a m>ket place4 ,aga91 /&+ crosses might be made ( wood4 ,?us1 ,joan ,)] bequea!d a sum 9 #aeaa = ! re/oration ( ! wood5 cross 9 ! hamlet ( ,r$+1 9 ,eboney1 ,k5t2 & ,john ,ne!way1 ( ,taunton1 ,som]set1 ^: w is dat$ #d? ,augu/ #aejc1 direct$ 8 executors to make a new crosse ( tree 9 ! *ur*y>d ( ,/ ,m>y ,magdalyn1 nigh ! procession-way2 a provision :i* is int]e/+ f ano!r po9t ( view1 viz41 t x unmi/akably connects ! *ur*y>d cross ) outdoor processions4 ,illu/ration3 #aa4 ,,*i*e/] ,,! ,,m>ket ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #ab4 ,,leice/] ,,m>ket ,,cross1 ,,) ,,plan ,a ph5om5on 9 reg>d to *ur*y>d crosses at ! pres5t day is ! inequality ( _! di/ribution1 :i*1 h[ev]1 mu/ n be tak5 z a crit]ion ( _! numb] & situation 9 =m] times4 ,inde$1 _! exi/5ce 0 v g5]al2 & ! fact ( _! pres]vation or de/ruction dep5ds on local conditions4 ,"s c\nties1 l ,som]set%ire1 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 & ,nor?ampton%ire1 = example1 conta9 numb]s1 :ile o!r c\nties conta9 sc>cely any at all4 ,?us1 ,*>les ,f[l]1 ,f4,r4,i4,b4,a41 writ+ 9 #ahif conc]n+ ! ,diocese ( ,ll&aff1 :i* comprises ,glamorgan%ire & ,monm\?%ire1 says3 ,9 ne>ly e *ur*y>d !re are rema9s ( a cross ( "s k9d4 ,^! crosses 7 plac$ midway betwe5 ! enclosure entrance & s\? por*1 to ! ea/ ( ! pr9cipal pa?4444 ,_m ( ! /eps & bases ( ^! crosses are to be f\nd 9 ! diocese1 b ! tops h mo/ly all disappe>$2 also v _m ( ! %afts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ,h]t=d%ire !re are b two specim5s1 bo? incomplete2 & aga91 9 ,k5t1 ) ! exception ( ! anci5t bases 9 ,folke/one & ,teynham *ur*y>ds1 !re is n ano!r example extant4 ,& yet numb]s & numb]s ( ,k5ti% *ur*y>d crosses are positively kn[n1 ?r\gh m5tion ( !m 9 wills1 to h be5 /&+ 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,9 *ur*y>d crosses a c]ta9 feature1 occurr+ m p>ticul>ly 9 ! s\?we/]n di/rict ( ,engl&1 has prov$ some:at ( a puzzle to ar*ologi/s1 to wit1 ! pres5ce ( a little ni*e or recess 7,figs4 #ae & #af71 sunk 9 ! side ( ! socket or1 m r>ely1 9 ! l[] "p ( ! %aft4 ,in/ances h be5 not$ at ,wona/[ & ,raglan1 9 ,monm\?%ire2 ,lydney & ,newl&1 9 ,gl\ce/]%ire2 ,blackm]e1 ,brampton ,abbots1 ,colwell1 ,k+don1 ,/ ,weon>ds1 ,:it*ur*1 & ,wigmore1 9 ,h]e=d%ire2 & at ,broadway & ,great ,malv]n1 9 ,worce/]%ire4 ,at ! la/ nam$ 7,fig4 #af7 ! ni*e is holl[$ out 9 ! %aft itself4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t ! purpose ( ! ni*e 0 to conta9 a light2 b a mu* m probable sugge/ion1 ( ! late ,sir ,william ,/ ,john ,hope's1 is t ! ni*e 0 design$ z a receptacle = ! pyx1 enclos+ ! ,sacr$ ,ho/1 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,palm ,sunday procession4 ,illu/ration3 #ac4 ,,mild5hall1 ,,suffolk ,,m>ket ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #ad4 ,,witney1 ,,ox=d%ire ,,m>ket ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #ae4 ,,blakem]e1 ,,h]e=d%ire ,,%aft-,,on-,,/eps ,,type1 ,,) ,,ni*e ,illu/ration3 #af4 ,,great ,,malv]n1 ,,worce/]%ire ,,cross1 ,,) ,,ni*e1 ,,9 ,,! ,,priory ,,*ur*y>d ,illu/ration3 #ag4 ,,/ev+ton1 ,,b$=d%ire ,,%aft-,,on-,,/eps ,,type ,!re c be no d\bt t1 :atev] else _! uses1 *ur*y>d crosses 9 m$ival ,engl& figur$ prom95tly 9 ! c]emonial ( ,palm ,sunday4 ,s indisp5sable1 inde$1 did !y become = ?is purpose1 t x may be tak5 = grant$ t no p>i% 0 )\t "o1 at any rate ( wood1 if n ( /one4 ,9 ! ,con/itutions1 issu$ 9 #abbi by ,william de ,bleys1 ,bi%op ( ,worce/]1 he ord]$ t !re %\ld be1 9 e *ur*y>d ( 8 diocese1 crux dec5s et hone/a1 vel 9 cimit]io erecta1 ad quam fiet processio ipso die ,palm>um1 nisi 9 alio loco consuevit fi]i4 ,at ,h>dley1 9 ,norfolk1 ,h5ry ,bunn1 by w dat$ #aeja1 direct$ t a cross %\ld be set up 9 ! *ur*y>d = ! (f]+ ( b\ghs on ,palm ,sunday4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ if ! above nam$ c\ld be id5tifi$ ) ! cross n[ /&+ 7,fig4 #ah74 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 is n only ( lat] date1 b is n a *ur*y>d cross at all1 be+ a secul> l&m>k1 dat+ f #aedc4 ,9 t ye>1 x is record$1 a new cross 0 made1 sculptur$ ) ! crucifixion on "o side1 & ! arms ( ! city ( ,norwi* on ! o!r2 & be+ pa9t$1 0 convey$ to ,h>dley & erect$ !re1 :]e ! ,%]iffs ( ,norwi* ye>ly d keep a c\rt4 ,! place1 says ,francis ,blomefield1 0 ! ext5t ( ! lib]ties ( ! city on ! ,riv] ,w5sum4 ,b1 to resume1 s intimately 0 ! *ur*y>d cross associat$ ) ! ,palm ,sunday solemnities1 t ! =m] is v commonly ref]r$ to 9 docum5ts z ! ,palm ,cross4 ,z su* ! *ur*y>d cross at ,bi%op's ,/ort=d is m5tion$ 9 ! p>i% acc\nts = ! ye> #aebe--! same cross :i* 0 ultimately demoli%$ 9 #afdc4 ,! ,palm ,cross is s nam$ 9 ! p>i% acc\nts ( ,moreba?1 ,devon%ire1 z late z ! ye> #aegb-gc4 ,= ! re/1 x is en\gh to cite a numb] ( ,k5ti% wills1 9 :i* ! *ur*y>d cross is specifically nam$ ! ,palm ,cross1 viz4--at ,add+ton 9 #aebh2 ,a%=d 9 #adfi2 ,bidbor\gh 9 #aebd2 ,b\ghton-"u-,blean 9 #aeei2 ,boxley 9 #adgf & #aebd2 ,eboney2 ,eri? 9 #aedd2 ,fav]%am 9 #aejh1 #aeaj1 & #aeba2 ,ha/+leigh 9 #aebh2 ,l5ham 9 #adga 7z hav+ !n be5 newly erect$72 ,lym+e 9 #aejh2 ,lyn/$2 ,m>gate 9 #aeba2 ,pre/on-by-,fav]%am 9 #aebe2 ,reculv] 9 #aeda2 ,old ,romney 9 #adhd2 ,/ ,pet]'s1 ,s&wi*1 9 #aecf2 ,s\?fleet 9 #adgh2 ,/rood 9 #adhb2 ,witt]%am 9 #adig2 & ,woolwi* 9 #adii & #aeae4 ,9 "s cases ! %aft ( ! *ur*y>d cross is drill$ ) holes slop+ d[nw>d4 ,an in/ance ( ?is is to be f\nd at ,tr$+ton1 9 ,gl\ce/]%ire4 ,*>les ,pooley ?9ks t ^! holes 7 = ! affix+ ( "s su* object z a scut*eon or a figure4 ,t ! sugge/ion is n unfeasible is %[n by ! w ( ,alice ,f9dr$1 wid[1 :o 9 #aebh left #b = mak+ ( a /one cross1 call$ a ,palm ,cross1 ) a picture ( ! ,passion ( ,*ri/ ( copp] & gilt 444 to be set ^u ! head ( ! burial ( h] husb& & *ildr5 9 ! *ur*y>d ( ,ha/+leigh1 ,k5t4 ,b !re is an alt]native explanation ( ! drill$ holes1 viz41 t !y 7 meant to hold ! /ems ( fl[]s or bran*es = adorn+ ! cross on c]ta9 occasions1 e4g41 ,palm ,sunday1 or at ! old ,lanca%ire c]emony ( fl[]+1 on ,/ ,john ,bapti/'s ,day1 #bd? ,june4 ,accord+ to ! em95t ecclesiologi/1 ,dr ,daniel ,rock1 9 ,! ,*ur* ( our ,fa!rs1 x 0 at ! *ur*y>d cross t ! outdoor procession ( palms1 hav+ w5d$ its way ?i!r1 w\ld always halt1 &1 ! cross itself be+ wrea!d & deck$ ) fl[]s & bran*es1 ! ,bless$ ,sacram5t1 solemnly borne 9 procession1 0 tempor>ily deposit$ be=e x ^u "s suitable ?rone1 :ile ! second /ation 0 be+ made4 ,?is done1 ! procession re=m$ & proce$$ to ! pr9cipal door = ! ?ird /ation1 be=e pass+ aga9 )9 ! *ur*4 ,illu/ration3 #ah4 ,,h>dley1 ,,norfolk ,,b\nd>y ,,cross ,a c]ta9 peculi>ity1 occasionally to be f\nd 9 *ur*y>d crosses1 is ! scoop+ out ( a cavity or cavities 9 ! base or /eps--cavities resembl+ no?+ s mu* z ! holl[s 9 ! behead+ block at ! ,t[] ( ,london4 ,an in/ance ( ?is feature1 believ$ to h be5 design$ z a receptacle = (f]+s1 occurs 9 ! *ur*y>d cross at ,bi%op's ,lyde>d 7,fig4 #bj7 9 ! second /ep f ! l[e/ "o4 ,possibly ! bas9-l cavities1 :i* "h & !re occur 9 village & roadside crosses1 may h be5 meant to hold wat] or v9eg>1 to dis9fect ! co9s paid = food 9 times ( plague1 z m5tion$ bel[ 7page #bb74 ,a curi\s po/-,re=mation use = *ur*y>d crosses is ref]r$ to by ,miss ,curtis 9 ,antiquities ( ,laugh>ne & ,p5d9e1 #ahga4 ,! passages are quot$ = :at !y may be wor?4 ,at ,eglwyscumm91 ,c>m>!n%ire1 !re is a cross 9 ! *ur*y>d to :i* wolves' heads 7 atta*$4444 ,9 anci5t times1 :5 x 0 a necessity to ext]m9ate c]ta9 animals1 z foxes1 wolves1 etc41 a rew>d 0 giv5 to ^? :o captur$ ^! animals1 & x 0 usual to atta* _! heads to ! cross 9 ! *ur*y>d = ! purpose ( valu+ !m4 ,g5]ally1 ! heads rema9$ on ! cross = ?ree *ur* s]vices1 & aft] t ! rew>d 0 giv54 ,= a wolf's head ! same sum 0 aw>d$1 z 0 giv5 = ! capture ( ! greate/ robb]2 = 7dog7 foxes1 #bs4 #f;d41 & 7vix5s7 #as4 #f;d4 ,9 ! regi/] ( ,laugh>ne *ur* is an acc\nt ( ! sums giv5 = ! diff]5t animals4 ,aga91 bo? at ,llans&urn5 & at ,m>rs1 9 ! *ur*y>d1 is a "p ( ! anci5t cross 444 to :i* wolves' heads1 etc41 7 atta*$4 ,x is b a few ye>s ago t a f>m] 9 ,m>rs hung foxes' heads on x4 ,9 ! *ur*y>d ( ,amro? 7,pembroke%ire7 is a cross to :i* !y us$ to atta* wolves' heads1 etc4 ,! iconocla/ic movem5t seems to h begun e>li] ?an is commonly imag9$4 ,9 #aeca or #aecb1 accord+ to ,john ,foxe 9 8 ,actes & ,monum5ts1 !re 7 _m images ca/ d[n & de/roy$ 9 _m places1 z ! image ( ! crucifix 9 ! highway by ,cogge%all 7,essex74 ,also ,john ,sew>d1 ( ,d$ham1 ov]?rew a cross 9 ,/oke ,p>k4 ,! _s ( sacrilege & pr(anity hav+ be5 ar\s$1 _m gross excesses 7 committ$ by fanatical p]sons4 ,?us "o ,simon ,k5t writes on #bg? ,may #aedi1 to in=m ! ,bi%op ( ,l9coln t a "y man _h nail$ up a dead cat on ! m>ket cross at ,/ ,ives1 ,hunt+don%ire4 ,at ,s\? ,littleton1 ,worce/]%ire1 ! /aff & head ( ! cross 9 ! *ur*y>d 7 dispos$ ( by ! *ur*w>d5s 9 #aeeb4 ,9 ano!r ,worce/]%ire p>i%1 on ! contr>y1 t ( ,badsey1 ! *ur*w>d5s 9 #aeeg exp5d$ #gs4 on ! *ur*y>d cross4 ,at ,w9*e/]1 ,bi%op ,horne1 an invet]ate innovator1 9 ! injunctions :i* he drew up = 8 ca!dral *ur* 9 #aega1 ord]$ ! /one cross 9 ! *ur*y>d to be ext+ui%$4 ,at ,pre/bury1 ,*e%ire1 ! *ur*w>d5s' acc\nts = #aegf to #aehj record ! price paid = cuttynge 7d[n7 ! crosse 9 ! *ur*ey>d1 & ! *>gs ( "o ) a c]tyficat !re( to ,man*e/] 7:5ce1 presumably1 ! ord] = ! demolition came71 & also ! am\nt 7#ads47 receiv$ = ! sale ( iron :i* 0 ab\te ! same cross4 ,?is w\ld p]haps ref] to ! rail+ = protection1 requir$ no long] :5 once ! cross itself _h disappe>$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 accord+ to ,?omas ,full]'s ,*ur* ,hi/ory ( ,brita91 ,abbot ,feck5ham built a cross at ,wisbe*1 ,cambridge%ire1 dur+ ! p]iod ( 8 imprisonm5t 9 ,wisbe* ,ca/le1 i4e41 f ,june #aehj to 8 dea? 9 #aehe4 ,at ,fyfield1 ,b]k%ire1 at ! exp5se ( ,william ,upton1 a *ur*y>d cross 0 erect$ z late z #afbg4 ,?us individual cases ( de/ruction 7z also ( repair & recon/ruction7 no d\bt occurr$ f "t to "t2 b if any p>ticul> locality 0 d5ud$1 x w\ld h be5 due to ! prejudice & bigotry ( "s individual bi%op1 ar*deacon1 or *ur*w>d51 r ?an to any sy/ematic iconoclasm au?oris$ by ! c5tral gov]nm5t4 ,on #bh? ,augu/ #afdc1 h[ev]1 ! ,puritan p>ty hav+ virtually ga9$ ! asc5dancy 9 ! k+dom1 an ,act 0 pass$ 9 ,p>liam5t1 entitl$ ,monum5ts ( ,sup]/ition or ,idolatry to be demoli%$4 ,?is ord9ance provides t all crosses ^u all & e 444 *ur*es or *appels1 or o!r places ( publique pray]1 *ur*y>ds1 or o!r places to any ( ! said *ur*es 444 belong+1 or 9 any o!r op5 place1 %all1 be=e ! 444 fir/ day ( ,novemb] 7#afdc71 be tak5 away & defac$1 & none ( ! l h]eaft] p]mitt$ 9 any su* *ur* 444 or o!r places a=esaid4 ,local committees 7 con/itut$ = c>ry+ out ! ord]s ( ,p>liam5t4 ,sev5 ea/]n c\nties 7 entru/$ = purgation to ! ,e>l ( ,man*e/]1 :o appo9t$1 z ,p>liam5t>y visitor "u him1 ! notori\s ,william ,d[s+4 ,?is p]son1 ?\gh unsurpass$ 9 v&alism1 has yet be5 malign$ s f> z *ur*y>d crosses are conc]n$4 ,9 #afdc & #afdd he visit$1 9 p]son or by deputy1 #adi *ur*es 9 ,suffolk1 keep+ a m9ute record ( ea* day's proce$+s2 b1 /range to say1 among all ! quantity ( objects defac$1 8 ,j\rnal does n specify "o s+le in/ance ( a *ur*y>d cross hav+ be5 injur$ or de/roy$ by him4 ,9 "s cases ! (ficial despoil]s met ) popul> opposition4 ,?us ,ri*>d ,baxt] relates h[1 9 ob$i5ce to ! ord] s5t by ! ,p>liam5t = ! demolition ( all images ( ! ,holy ,tr9ity & ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y to be f\nd 9 *ur*es or on ! crosses ( *ur*y>ds1 ! *ur*w>d5 ( ,kidd]m9/]1 ,worce/]%ire1 det]m9$ to de/roy ! crucifix ^u ! *ur*y>d cross !re1 & accord+ly set up a ladd] to h rea*$ x4 ,b ! ladd] prov$ too %ort1 & :il/ he 7! *ur*w>d57 0 gone to seek ano!r1 a cr[d ( ! opposition p>ty ( ! t[n1 poor j\rneym5 & s]vants1 took ! al>m1 & ran toge!r ) weapons to def5d ! crucifix2 & ev5 purpos$ to wreak _! v5geance ^u ,baxt] himself1 suppos+ him to be ! prime in/igator ( ! iconoclasm4 ,numb]s ( places1 & !y n necess>ily ( fir/ rank nor ( special size1 possess$ m crosses ?an "o4 ,= in/ance1 ,liv]pool1 9 ! ,middle ,ages b an insignificant village1 z comp>$ ) its pres5t ext5t & importance1 _h its ,high ,cross1 ,:ite ,cross1 ,r$ ,cross1 ,t[n-,end ,cross1 & ,/ ,patrick's ,cross--five 9 all4 ,at ,brackley1 9 ,nor?ampton%ire1 !re 71 writes ,lel&1 circa #aece to #aede1 ?ree goodly crosses ( /one 9 ! t[n1 "o by s\? at ! end ( ! t[n1 ?r[n d[n a late by ?ieves t s\ght = treasure2 ano!r at ! we/ end ( ,/ ,james' ,*ur*2 ! ?ird v antique1 fair1 & co/ly1 9 ! inw>d "p ( ! ,high ,/reet4 ,!re be div]s tab]nacles 9 ?is1 ) ladies & m5 arm$4 ,"s say t ! /apl]s ( ! t[n made ?is2 b ,i ?9k r "s nobleman1 "l ( ! t[n4 ,illu/ration3 #ai4 ,,*>lton ,,mack]el1 ,,som]set%ire ,,*ur*y>d ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #bj4 ,,bi%op',s ,,lyde>d1 ,,som]set%ire ,,*ur*y>d ,,cross1 ,,) ,,receptacle ,,= ,,(f]+s ,at ,bi%op's ,/ort=d1 ,h]t=d%ire1 !re 7 six crosses1 viz41 ! *ur*y>d cross 7tak5 d[n 9 #afdc72 ! pott]'s cross1 9 ! middle ( ! t[n1 & "o 9 ea* ( ! f\r roads lead+ !refrom4 ,! respective names ( ^! 7 ,coll9's ,cross1 ,crab ,cross1 ,wayte ,cross1 & ,maple ,cross4 ,melton ,m[bray1 9 ,leice/]%ire1 _h two crosses /&+ respectively at ! two pr9cipal entrances to ! t[n4 ,9 #aehd ! /ock /one at ,?orpe ,cross 0 sold = #bs4 #b;d4 to ,john ,wy!rs1 :o1 z "p ( ! b>ga91 _h to und]take to plant an a%1 or a ?orn tree1 9 place ( x4 ,9 ! same ye>1 #aehd1 ! /ock /one at ,kettelby ,cross1 ) "o /one /&+1 0 sold to ,william ,trigg = #es41 ! pur*as] und]tak+1 z 9 ! la/ nam$ case1 to plant a tree to m>k ! site4 ,9 addition to ! pr9cipal cross--! ,high ,cross--( ,*e/]1 !re 0 "o ne> ,/ ,mi*ael's *ur*4 ,ano!r cross /ood at ,b>rs1 "o at ,nor?gate1 & ano!r at ,spittal ,b\ghton4 ,all ?ree 7 pull$ d[n 9 #aehc by ord] ( ,ar*bi%op ,s&ys' visitors4 ,a contributor to ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e1 9 #ahjg1 says3 ,! only rema9s ( any cross at ?is "t1 9 or ne> ,*e/]1 is ^u ! ,roode1 :]e races are run4 ,! said mead[1 o!rwise ,roodee1 or ,roodeye1 is situat$ by ! ,riv] ,dee1 n f> we/ ( ,*e/]4 ,9 =m] days1 d[n to ab\t #aehg1 ?is mead[ us$ to be subm]g$ at high tide1 all except "o little isl&1 ^u :i* /ood an anci5t cross ( su* v5]able repute1 z an object ( pilgrimage1 z to give its "n to ! isle itself4 ,?is cross is id5tical ) ! swete rode ( ,*e/]1 ref]r$ to 9 ! ribald v]ses1 entitl$ ,! ,fantasie ( ,idolatrie pr9t$ "u ! date #aedj 9 ,foxe's ,actes & ,monum5ts4 ,:5 ,dr ,george ,orm]od wrote 8 ,*e/] 7f9i%$ 9 #ahai71 ! base ( ?is cross1 he said1 is1 or 0 lately rema9+1 & 0 a few ye>s s9ce replac$4 ,9 & ar\nd ,london1 besides ! well-kn[n crosses ( ,/ ,paul's1 ,*eap1 & ,*>+1 !re 7 at "o "t & ano!r ?ree m crosses :i* may be m5tion$4 ,"o1 call$ ,le ,brok5 ,cross1 0 erect$ by ! ,e>l ( ,gl\ce/] 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,iii4 7#abaf to #abgb71 b x did n /& v long4 ,its site is said to h be5 ! place ( ! meet+ ( ! ,folkmote 444 ne> ,/ ,m>t9's-le-,gr&1 ab\t midway betwe5 ! ,nor?gate ( ! prec9ct 7( ,/ ,paul's7 & ! *ur* ( ,/ ,v$a/4 ,on #e? ,septemb] #acgi agreem5ts 7 drawn up = lett+ ! /ations ab\t ! ,brok5 ,cross to five div]s p]sons4 ,! cross 0 bodily tak5 d[n 9 #acij4 ,ano!r 0 ! ,c[ ,cross at ,smi?field1 a monum5t ref]r$ to by ,/[ z no long] /&+ :5 he wrote4 ,ano!r in/ance 0 ! ,/r& ,cross1 ne> ,cov5t ,g>d54 ,?is cross 0 hexagonal on plan1 & compris$ f\r /ages4 ,x 0 /&+ 9 #aedg1 b 0 ultimately remov$1 its site be+ occupi$ by ! ,maypole1 :i* 0 spok5 ( 9 #agjj z new4 ,illu/ration3 #ba1 #bb1 #bc4 ,,ox=d ,,socket ,,( ,,jews' ,,cross1 ,,pres]v$ ,,9 ,,/ ,,frideswide',s ,,*ur* ,at ,ox=d !re 7 at lea/ two crosses1 viz41 ! ,jews' cross 7,figs4 #ba-bc71 & also a not$ wayside cross1 :i* ! city records %[ to h be5 9 exi/5ce 9 #acca4 ,x /ood )\t ! ea/ gate ( ! city1 9 front ( ! door ( ,/ ,john's ,hospital1 on or ne> ! site ( ! pres5t entrance to ,magdal5 ,college4 ,z to ! monum5t call$ ! ,jews' cross1 its orig9 is hi/oric4 ,9 #abfh1 on ,asc5sion ,day1 z ! usual procession ( s*ol>s & citiz5s return$ f ,/ ,frideswide's1 & 0 pass+ ! ,jewi% synagogue 9 ,fi% ,/reet 7n[ ,/ ,aldate's71 a ,jew sudd5ly bur/ f ! gr\p ( 8 fri5ds 444 &1 snat*+ ! crucifix f its be>]1 trod x und]foot4 ,"p ( ! p5alty exact$ by ! ,cr[n 0 t ! ,jews ( ,ox=d _h to erect1 at _! own co/1 a cross ( m>ble on ! spot :]e ! outrage _h be5 committ$4 ,! s5t5ce1 h[ev]1 0 ev5tually modifi$ to ! ext5t t1 in/ead ( hav+ to endure a p]petual rem9d] ( _! humiliation & puni%m5t opposite to ! v door ( ! synagogue1 ! ,jews 7 all[$ to set up ! expiatory cross 9 a less obnoxi\s position1 an op5 plot by ,m]ton ,college4 ,su* is ! site :]e x us$ to be believ$ t ! cross /ood4 ,b a c]ta9 passage 9 ! city records seems1 z ! late ,h]b]t ,hur/ po9t$ out1 to contradict any previ\sly receiv$ id5tification ( ! site ( ! ,jews' cross1 & to locate x r on "s spot ne> ! nor? side ( ,/ ,frideswide's *ur*4 ,! passage 9 "q is z foll[s3 ,9 #acdb1 ,adam ,blaket 0 indict$ be=e ,john ,fitz ,p]ys & ,william le ,iremong]1 bailiffs ( ,ox=d1 = t he1 on ! ,?ursday next be=e ,palm ,sunday1 feloni\sly ent]$ by night ! enclosure ( ! cemet]y ( ! ,*ur* ( ,/ ,frideswyde1 & !re /ole & c>ri$ (f "o arm1 or o!r portion 7vana7 ( ! great 7capitalis7 cross ( ! cemet]y1 ( ! value ( half a m>k1 & aft]w>ds broke x into f\r p>ts4 ,! purlo9$ fragm5ts 7 subsequ5tly f\nd & seiz$4 ,he 7,blaket7 confess$ to ! tak+1 & plead$ t he 0 at ! "t a lunatic & n compos m5tis4 ,anyh[1 if ! precise site rema9s unc]ta91 !re is extant a sculptur$ socket1 :i*1 ?\gh x is only ( /one1 n m>ble1 ,mr ,hur/ pron\nc$ to be an und\bt$ "p ( ! orig9al ,jews' cross4 ,?is socket 0 describ$ by ,dr ,james ,+ram 9 #ahcg z hav+ be5 !n rec5tly discov]$1 on ! removal ( a quantity ( rubbi% f ! f\ndation ( ! walls ( ,/ ,frideswide's1 emb$d$ 9 ! base ( ! diagonal buttress at ! s\?-ea/ angle ( ,/ ,lucy's *apel 9 ! s\? transept4 ,x is n[ pres]v$ 9 ! gall]y at ! s\? end ( ! same transept4 ,! f\r sides are sculptur$ ) :at appe> to be ,old ,te/am5t subjects1 al?\gh only two are n[ id5tifiable4 ,! fir/ is ! temptation ( ,adam & ,eve1 ) ! s]p5t coil+ r\nd a tree betwe5 !m2 & ! second is ! sacrifice ( ,isaac4 ,! ?ird appe>s to be ! sacrifice ( an ox or calf2 b ! :ole is mu* mutilat$4 ,no?+ rema9s ( x b ! l[] "p ( a human be+ on ! left1 & ! headless body ( a clov5-foot$ quadrup$1 ! =elegs ( :i* are 9 a kneel+ po/ure4 ,above1 a h&1 issu+ f a cl\d1 lets d[n a pair ( small tablets1 or an op5 book4 ,! subject ( ! f\r? side is a puzzle :i* has hi!rto defi$ elucidation4 ,x repres5ts ?ree figures1 ! middle "o seat$ betwe5 two upright figures turn+ away1 bo? hav+ grotesque heads l apes4 ,bel[ ! "r foot ( "o ( ! figures is :at appe>s to be a dragon or demon1 ) its leg on ! gr\nd4 ,at ea* angle ( ! /one is a w+$ dragon1 head d[nw>d1 ! tail t]m9at+ 9 *>act]i/ic ?irte5?-c5tury foliage4 ,! /one is #a ft4 #aa 94 high1 by #b ft4 #c 94 squ>e at ! bottom1 decreas+ to #a ft4 #i 94 squ>e at ! top4 ,! greate/ dim5sion1 inclusive ( ! figures1 is #b ft4 #f 94 9 wid?4 ,x goes )\t say+ t1 s long z ! l& ( ,brita9 cont9u$ to be op51 i4e41 n subdivid$ by enclosures--a process :i* dates back no e>li] ?an ! fifte5? c5tury--b\nd>y /ones = def9+ ! limits ( contigu\s p>i%es1 z also ( ! prop]ties ( individuals1 assum$ mu* great] importance ?an w\ld be atta*$ to su* m>ks 9 lat] times1 aft] h$ges _h gr[n up & f5ces come into use4 ,! anci5t b\nd>y m>k might sometimes be a pla9 po/ or pill>1 or x might take ! =m ( a cross4 ,! latt] practice is illu/rat$ by ! w ( "o ,john ,cole1 ( ,!lne?am1 ,suffolk1 dat$ #h? ,may #aebg4 ,! te/ator leaves #ajs4 = erect+ a new cross at ! spot at ,%ort ,grove's ,end1 :]e ! gospel is said ^u ,asc5sion ev51 &1 moreov]1 expressly directs t ?is new cross is to be made on ! model ( "o already /&+1 nam$ ,trapett ,crosse at ! ,hawe ,lane's ,end4 ,! w fur!r provides = an income1 aris+ f c]ta9 l&$ e/ates1 suffici5t to yield annually a bu%el & a half ( malt to be br[ne1 & a bu%el ( :eat to be bak$1 to fynde a dr9k+ on ! said day 9 p]petuity1 = ! p>i%ion]s ( ,!lne?am to dr9k at ! crosse a=5am$4 ,"h1 !n1 is an in/ance ( a b\nd>y cross explicitly design$ = ! obs]vances ( ! ,rogation1 or gang days4 ,b lat] on 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! old ord] ( ?+s 0 rev]s$1 & ! au?orities proce$$ to /amp out ! =m] "t-hon\r$ usages1 "o aft] ano!r4 ,?us ,bi%op ,p>khur/'s ,injunctions = ! diocese ( ,norwi* 9 #aefi1 ,gr9dal's = ! prov9ce ( ,york 9 #aega1 & ,s&ys' ,articles = ! diocese ( ,london 9 ! same ye>1 alike prohibit$ ! popi% c]emony ( /ay+ at any crosses dur+ ! p]ambulation ( p>i% b\nds on ,rogation days4 ,o!r anci5t cu/oms connect$ ) /&+ crosses are illu/rat$ by ! t]ms 9 :i* prelates ( ! re=m$ ,*ur* condemn !m4 ,?us1 ,bi%op ,b5?am's ,injunctions = ! diocese ( ,cov5try & ,li*field 9 #aefe =bid be>]s to set d[n ! corpse ( any dead body by any cross by ! way1 z !y br+ x to ! burial2 & aga91 lat]1 ,ar*bi%op ,gr9dal's ,injunctions = ! ,prov9ce ( ,york 9 #aega ord] t none %all re/ at any cross 9 c>ry+ any corpse to bury+1 nor %all leave any little crosses ( wood !re4 ,9 #aehe ! ,bi%op ( ,/ ,david's issu$ an ,injunction to 8 diocese1 among ! directions :]e(1 "u ! head ( ,burial1 x is ord]$3 ,fir/1 t !re be no crosses ( wood made & erect$ :]e !y use to re/ ) ! corpse2 & especially t no wood5 crosses be set ^u ! cross 9 ! *ur*y>d4 ,^! /r5u\s prohibitions only prove t ! cu/om ( plac+ wood5 crosses = ! dead ^u wayside or *ur*y>d crosses mu/ h prevail$ 9 anci5t days1 & 0 /ill t5aci\sly obs]v$ by ! p 9 spite ( ! dra/ic *ange ( religion4 ,x may possibly be t ! holes1 sometimes f\nd drill$ 9 *ur*y>d crosses1 7 provid$1 among o!r purposes1 = hold+ ! pegs on :i* ! small wood5 memorial crosses c\ld be susp5d$4 ,crosses1 aga91 7 employ$ to def9e1 9 any giv5 locality1 ! ext5t ( ! "r ( sanctu>y1 t p[]ful safegu>d ( ! age ( fai? & *>ity aga9/ summ>y v5geance & inju/ice4 ,?us1 at ,ripon inviolable security 0 assur$ )9 ! radius ( ab\t a mile ar\nd ! %r9e ( ,/ ,wilfrid2 & accord+ly a /one cross 0 plac$ close by ! edge ( ea* ( ! five roads lead+ to ! city1 to m>k ! sanctu>y b\nds4 ,( ^! five crosses2 ! only "o :]e( any appreciable remnant survives1 is t ( ,%>[4 ,x consi/s ( a massive /one /ep1 ) ! brok5 /ump ( ! old %aft4 ,at ,wans=d1 9 ,nor?ampton%ire1 ! ,riv] ,n5e is cross$ by a f\rte5?-c5tury /one bridge2 & !re1 emb$d$ 9 ! gr\nd1 9 "o ( ! refuges1 =m$ by ! triangul> space on ! top ( a cutwat]1 may be se5 ! socket ( an anci5t wayside cross4 ,! upp] b$ ( ! /one is b>ely above ! level ( ! roadway1 b its rectangul> outl9e1 ) ! r\nd mortice-hole 9 ! c5tre1 is pla9 & unmi/akable4 ,!re seems no reason to d\bt t ?is s+ul>ly int]e/+ relic /&s 9 situ1 & ! cross mu/ ?us h borne z direct a relation%ip to ! bridge1 z a bridge *apel w\ld h done4 ,ne> ! road lead+ to ! nor? entrance ( ,rav5%elm 7n[ ,rav5swor?7 ,ca/le1 ,c\nty ,durham1 is an old cross1 kn[n z ! ,butt] ,cross4 ,! /ory is told ( ?is1 z ( _m o!r crosses & l&m>ks1 t ! c\ntry p us$ to leave _! produce "h = ! citiz5s ( ,newca/le to fet* at ! "t :5 ! t[n 0 /rick5 by ! plague 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! /ructure consi/s ( two /eps1 a massive socket1 & a l(ty %aft1 surm\nt$ by a f\r-hole cross4 ,halfway betwe5 ,york & ! village ( ,ful=d are ! rema9s ( a m$ival cross1 at :i*1 dur+ ! plague 9 #affe1 ! c\ntry folk us$ to leave food1 to be fet*$ by ! citiz5s1 s avoid+ ! risk ( contagion4 ,?is cross s]v$ 9 ! same way aga91 z late z ! ye> #ahcc1 dur+ ! *ol]a epidemic4 ,illu/ration3 #bd4 ,,*e/] ,,high ,,cross ,hi/orically important z hav+ be5 erect$ to commemorate ! battle betwe5 ,engli% & ,scots1 & ! defeat ( ! latt]1 on #ag? ,octob] #acdf1 ,nevill's ,cross has an add$ int]e/1 inasmu* z a v full & graphic description ( x has be5 pres]v$ f ! p5 ( "o :o 0 evid5tly well acqua9t$ ) ! monum5t4 ,9 fact he _h be51 previ\sly to ! ,dissolution1 a monk 9 ! great ,b5$ict9e community at ,durham4 ,! foll[+ is 8 acc\nt1 extract$ f ! ,rites ( ,durham1 :i* he wrote 9 #aeic3 ,on ! we/ side ( ! city ( ,durham !re 0 a mo/ notable1 fam\s1 & goodly l>ge cross ( /one "w1 erect$ & set up to ! hon\r ( ,god & = ! victory _h !re(1 %ortly aft] ! battle ( ,durham1 9 ! same place :]e ! battle 0 f\ght1 call$ & kn[n by ! "n ( ,nevill's cross1 :i* 0 set up at ! co/ & *>ges ( ! ,"l ,ralph ,nevill1 be+ "o ( ! mo/ excell5t & *ief 9 ! said battle & field4 ,:i* cross _h sev5 /eps ab\t x e way1 f\r squ>$ to ! socket t ! /alk ( ! cross did /& 91 :i* socket 0 made fa/ to a f\r-squ>$ broad /one1 be+ ! sole or bottom /one ( a l>ge ?ickness t ! socket did /& ^u1 :i* is a y>d & a half squ>e ab\t e way1 :i* /one 0 "o ( ! /eps & ! eigh? 9 numb]4 ,also ! said socket 0 made fa/ ) iron & lead to ! sole /one 9 e side ( ! corn] ( ! said socket /one1 :i* 0 ?ree-qu>t]s deep1 & a y>d & a qu>t] squ>e ab\t e way4 ,& ! /alk ( ! cross go+ upw>d conta9$ 9 l5g? ?ree y>ds & a half up to ! boss1 be+ eight squ>e ab\t 7octagonal71 all ( "o :ole piece ( /one1 f ! socket t x did /& 9 to ! boss above1 into ! :i* boss ! said /alk 0 deeply sold]$ ) lead & sold]4 ,& 9 ! mid/ ( ! /alk1 9 e second squ>e1 0 ! ,nevill cross 7saltire7 9 a scut*eon1 be+ ! ,"l ,nevill's arms1 f9ely cut out & wr\ght 9 ! said /alk ( /one4 ,also ! ne!r end ( ! /alk 0 sold]$ deep 9 ! hole ( ! socket t x did /& 91 ) lead & sold]1 & at e ( ! f\r corn]s ( ! said socket bel[ 0 "o ( ! pictures ( ! f\r ,evangeli/s1 be+ ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 ,luke1 & ,john1 v f9ely set =? & c>v$ 9 /onemason "w4 ,& on ! height ( ! said /alk did /& a mo/ l>ge1 f9e boss ( /one1 be+ eight squ>e r\nd ab\t1 f9ely cut out & bord]$ & m>vell\s curi\sly wr\ght4 ,& 9 e squ>e ( ! ne!r side ( ! boss 9 ! masonwork 0 ! ,nevill's cross 9 a scut*eon 9 "o squ>e1 & ! bull's head1 hav+ no scut*eon1 9 ano!r squ>e2 & s conta9$ 9 e squ>e aft] ! same sort r\nd ab\t ! boss4 ,& on ! height ( ! said boss1 hav+ a /alk ( /one1 be+ a cross /&+ a little high] ?an ! re/1 :i* 0 sold]$ deeply ) lead & sold] into ! hole ( ! said boss above2 :]eon 0 f9ely cut out & pictur$ on bo? sides ( ! /alk ( ! said cross ! picture ( our ,savi\r ,*ri/1 crucifi$ ) ,8 arms /ret*$ abroad1 ,8 h&s nail$ to ! cross1 & ,8 feet be+ nail$ ^u ! /alk ( ! said cross bel[1 ab\t a qu>t] ( a y>d f above ! boss1 ) ! picture ( our ,lady1 ! ,bless$ ,virg9 ,m>y1 on ! "o side ( ,him1 & ! picture ( ,/ ,john ! ,evangeli/ on ! o!r side1 mo/ pitifully lam5t+ & behold+ ,8 torm5ts & cruel dea?1 /&+ bo? on ! height ( ! said boss4 ,all :i* pictures 7 v artificially & curi\sly wr\ght altoge!r1 & f9ely c>v$ out ( "o :ole entire /one1 "s "p !re( 7be+7 ?r\gh c>v$ "w1 bo? on ! ea/ side & ! we/ side ( ! said cross1 ) a cov] ( /one likewise ov] _! head1 be+ all mo/ f9ely & curi\sly wr\ght toge!r out ( ! said :ole /one1 :i* cov] ( /one 0 cov]$ all ov] v f9ely ) lead4 ,& also1 9 tok5 & remembrance ( ! said battle ( ,durham1 & to ! p]petual memory & hon\r ( ! ,"l ,nevill & 8 po/]ity = ev]1 x 0 t]m$ by ! title & "n ( ,nevill's ,cross2 :i* s did !re /& & rema91 mo/ notori\s to all pass5g]s1 till ( late1 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l ,god #aehi1 9 ! night "t1 ! same 0 brok5 d[n & defac$ by "s lewd & contemptu\s wick$ p]sons1 !reunto enc\rag$1 z x seeme?1 by "s :o love ,*ri/ ! worse = ! cross' sake1 z utt]ly & spitefully despis+ all anci5t c]emonies & monum5ts4 ,on ! above vivid description ( ,nevill's ,cross no comm5t is requir$2 b x may n be amiss to app5d ! note by ! editors ( ! reissue by ! ,surtees ,society 9 #aijc3 ,! socket is all t rema9s 444 ,! usual symbols ( ! f\r ,evangeli/s are /ill to be se5 on ! f\r corn]s1 presumably b5ea? ! places :]e ! /atues !mselves =m]ly /ood1 r\nd ab\t ! %aft4 ,! socket has rec5tly be5 remov$ to a new m\nd "s y>ds di/ant f ! old site4 ,an old mile/one /&s :]e ! /alk has be54 ,dr ,ra9e 7,/ ,cu?b]t7 /ates t docum5ts 9 ! ,treasury ref] to an e>li] ,nevill's ,cross 9 ! same place2 b he gives no ref]5ces4 ,six & a half miles s\? ( ,durham1 9 ! mod]n village ( ,f]ry ,hill1 is ! fragm5t ( an old /one cross1 nam$ ,cleve's ,cross4 ,?is monum5t1 accord+ to tradition1 commemorates ! val\r ( "o1 ,rog] de ,f]ry1 :o slew a mon/] wild bo>1 :i* _h be5 ! t]ror ( ! :ole c\ntryside4 ,at ,wigan1 ,lanca%ire1 are ! rude rema9s ( an anci5t /one cross1 conc]n+ :i* ! foll[+ tradition is told4 ,:ile ,sir ,william ,brad%aigh 0 engag$ 9 ! holy w>s or 9 travell+ ov]seas1 8 wife ,mabel1 we>y ( wait+ = 8 return1 bigam\sly m>ri$ a ,wel% knight4 ,aft] an abs5ce ( t5 ye>s1 h[ev]1 ,sir ,william came home aga9 &1 not)/&+ 8 pilgrim's habit1 0 recognis$ by 8 wife4 ,:]eupon ! ,wel% knight fl$ f ! outrag$ husb&1 :o pursu$1 &1 ov]tak+1 slew him4 ,dame ,mabel's confessor enjo9$ h] to walk b>efoot once e week = ! re/ ( h] life to d p5ance at a c]ta9 cross on ! outskirts ( ,wigan4 ,! cross is ! same :i* is situat$ at ! end ( ,/&i%gate1 & has borne ! significant "n ( ,mab's ,cross f ! f\rte5? c5tury to ?is day4 ,! romantic /ory 0 us$ by ,sir ,walt] ,scott z ! basis ( 8 novel1 ,! ,betro!d4 ,?is tradition ( employ+ crosses z places ( public p5ance survives 9 ! %ape ( ! old-fa%ion$ /ocks situat$ at ! foot ( village & m>ket crosses 7,fig4 #f74 ,( ,banbury ,cross1 ,ox=d%ire1 immortalis$ 9 nurs]y rhyme1 x is mu* to be regrett$ t no ve/ige rema9s4 ,john ,lel&1 betwe5 ab\t #aece & #aede1 writes 9 8 ,it9]>y3 ,at ! we/ "p ( ! /reet1 :i* runs ea/ & we/ ?r\gh ! t[n1 is a l>ge area1 hav+ a goodly cross ) _m degrees 7/eps7 ab\t x4 ,9 ?is area is kept e ,?ursday a v celebrate m>ket4 ,z ! *ur*y>d or village cross 0 ! c5tre ( ! life ( ! small] community1 s also ! m>ket cross became ! c5tre ( ! municipal life ( t[ns & bor\ghs4 ,?us1 x 0 ! cu/om1 at ! close ( ! civic ye>1 = ! mayor & electors1 be+ summon$ by ! bl[+ ( a horn1 to assemble at ! *ur*y>d cross at ,folke/one1 & at ! m>ket cross 7n[ b a gaunt obelisk7 at ,ripon1 = ! election ( a mayor = ! ensu+ ye> ( (fice4 ,at ,*e/]1 ! ,high ,cross 7,fig4 #bd7 0 ! sc5e ( all great civic functions4 ,"h1 aga9 & aga91 royalty 0 receiv$4444 ,"h proclamations 7 read out ) due =mality1 & "h ! 7fam\s7 my/]y plays 7 repres5t$4 ,among ! (ficial uses to :i* m>ket crosses 7 put 0 t ( a recognis$ place = public proclamations4 ,?us1 x 0 at ! m>ket cross at ,d>l+ton1 9 #acab1 t ! ,bi%op's ord]1 prohibit+ a t\rnam5t1 :i* _h be5 ann\nc$ to take place1 0 read4 ,?is p>ticul> m>ket cross1 by ! way1 no long] exi/s1 b its site is p]petuat$ by a pla9 cyl9drical column1 surm\nt$ by a ball1 erect$ at ! co/ ( ,dame ,doro?y ,br[ne 9 #agbg4 ,at ,wells x 0 a "t-hon\r$ cu/om t public proclamations %\ld always be read & publi%$ fir/ at ! ,high ,cross4 ,x 0 f ! cross at ,lyme1 ,dorset1 :]e he l&$ on #aa? ,june #afhe1 t ! decl>ation ( ! rebel ,duke ( ,monm\? 0 read2 & x 0 f ! crosses ( ,taunton on #bj? ,june1 & ,bridgwat]1 a day or two lat]1 t1 embold5$ by 8 reception 9 ! we/1 he caus$ himself to be proclaim$ ,k+ ( ,engl&--only to meet ) cru%+ humiliation & defeat f ! =ces ( ,k+ ,james ,,ii4 at ,s$gemoor on #f? ,july #afhe4 ,! /range/ & gha/lie/ ( all uses to :i* a village cross c\ld be put is t ( a gall[s2 b1 unless tradition lies1 ! notori\s ,judge ,jeffreys actually hang$ a man on ! cross at ,w$more1 ,som]set4 ,?is id5tical cross1 ) its tall %aft & sculptur$ head1 /ill /&s1 ?\gh remov$ f its orig9al site beside ! %ambles to ! g>d5 ( ! h\se 9 :i* ,judge ,jeffreys himself is believ$ to h lodg$1 presumably dur+ ! ,bloody ,assize 9 ! autumn ( #afhe1 foll[+ ! collapse ( ,monm\?'s rebellion4 ,at ,l\?1 ,l9coln%ire1 a m>ket cross 0 erect$ by ! p>i% 9 #aeba-bb4 ,t ?is /ructure 0 9 ! =m ( a ro($ %elt]1 ) a l(ty %aft ris+ f ! mid/1 is evid5t f ! circum/ances ( ! rebellion 9 #aecf4 ,! malcont5ts1 x is record$1 _h seiz$ a numb] ( ! (ficial books1 & 7 ab\t to burn !m unread1 :5 !y came face to face ) a c]ta9 prie/1 nam$ ,william ,morl&4 ,^u 8 remon/rat+ ) !m1 !y dragg$ him "u ! ,high ,cross & compell$ him to exam9e ! said books be=e consign+ !m to ! flames4 ,mean:ile1 o!rs ( ! cr[d br\ght ! regi/r>1 & caus$ him1 by a ladd]1 to climb up to ! altitude1 or highe/ "p1 ( ! cross1 :o1 9 abject t]ror = 8 life1 s\ght to appease ! mob by cons5t+ to ! de/ruction ( ! books 9 8 *>ge4 ,a portion ( ?is cross1 be+1 p]haps1 s mu* ( x z 0 adjudg$ to be sup]/iti\s1 0 tak5 d[n 9 #aegc4 ,?ree /ones 7 pur*as$ = m5d+ ! cross 9 #afcb1 & fur!r repairs1 includ+ til+1 7 c>ri$ out 9 #afci4 ,! cross pales1 presumably ! rail+s or po/s ab\t ! cross1 7 remov$ 9 ,octob] #agec2 b a proposal = enclos+ ! /ructure1 to keep x clean & dec5t1 0 c>ri$ by ! p>i% 9 ,novemb] #agfi4 ,ano!r cross 0 situat$ at a spot 9 ,l\?1 kn[n z ,julian ,b[]4 ,?is cross1 accord+ to ! *ur*w>d5s' acc\nts1 0 r5ew$ 9 /one 9 #aedd4 ,at ,pet]bor\gh ! old m>ket cross1 long s9ce swept away1 0 a cov]$ cross1 z is evid5t f ! t[n acc\nts1 :i* note1 9 #afdi1 a sum ( money receiv$ "u ! m>ket cross by sev]al fell[s = ! use ( ! poor2 &1 aga91 a fur!r sum 9 #afeb f ! /&]s "u ! cross4 ,9 p>ts ( ,wales x 0 =m]ly ! cu/om = lab\r]s (f]+ !mselves = hire to congregate at ! village cross1 b>ga9s made at su* a spot be+ reg>d$ z ( m b9d+ nature ?an ^? made else:]e4 ,x 0 inde$ consid]$ peculi>ly di%on\rable & impi\s to break a contract made at ! cross4 ,! village cross ( ,rhuddlan1 9 ,fl9t%ire1 0 s mu* frequ5t$ = hir+ purposes1 t ! am\nt ( ! wages prevail+ !re became ! /&>d = ! "t be+ = ! :ole di/rict4 ,!re 0 also ?is di/9ction1 viz41 t lab\r]s1 hir$ at ,rhuddlan1 7 hir$ = a week1 dur+ :i* t]m ! rate agre$ ^u c\ld n be alt]$2 z di/+ui%$ f ! crosses ( o!r places :]e ! cu/om 0 = ! lab\r] to be hir$ by ! day only--! scale ( 8 pay be+ liable to fluctuate accord+ly f day to day4 ,9 addition to ! sev]al k9ds ( crosses above enum]at$1 "s writ]s "n weep+ crosses4 ,:at is meant by a weep+ cross is n cle>1 nor has anyone pret5d$ to assign to su* edifices1 if inde$ !y ev] exi/$ except 9 popul> fallacy1 any *>act]i/ic features by :i* !y may be recognis$ z di/9ct f o!r crosses4 ,= all practical purposes1 !n1 ! weep+ cross is n4 ,or aga91 x might well h be5 9 any giv5 case t a cross 0 provid$ 9 ord] t a prea*] might deliv] 8 s]mon f its /eps4 ,b unless su* a cross 0 con/ruct$ ) ! ar*itectural features ( a pulpit cross 7l ^?1 = in/ance1 at ,iron ,acton 7,fig4 #add7 or ! ,blackfri>s' ,cross at ,h]e=d 7,fig4 #adc77 !n surely x mu/ only be reckon$ ) ! normal type ( *ur*y>d or village cross1 f :i* x diff]s 9 no p>ticul> :atev]4 ,9 a ^w1 ! "o /&>d by :i* ! v>i\s crosses 9 ! foll[+ pages are gr\p$ & classifi$ is n _! respective use & purpose1 real or imag9>y1 b _! /ructural %ape4 ,,ii4 ,,monoli? ,,crosses ,! peculi> =m ( _m crosses ( ,corni% type1 among o!rs1 viz41 a ?ick1 rude monoli?1 ) r\nd$ head1 is acc\nt$ = by "s au?orities1 :o pron\nce su* crosses to be no?+ else ?an primeval m5hirs4 ,^! v5]at$ /ones1 !n1 x is /at$1 in/ead ( be+ demoli%$ on ! conv]sion ( ! populace f paganism1 7 reta9$1 &1 aft] hav+ ! crucifixion or "s o!r ,*ri/ian device incis$1 or sculptur$ 9 bas-relief1 ^u ! upp] portion ( ! %aft1 press$ into ! s]vice ( ! newly adopt$ fai?4 ,su*1 at any rate1 0 ! practice ( ,/ ,patrick1 9 ! fif? c5tury4 ,x is true t if 9 any place he f\nd ! old sup]/iti\s wor%ip too deep-root$ & p]v]se to admit ( trans=mation1 z x befell at ,magh ,slea*t1 9 ,c\nty ,cavan1 :]e he enc\nt]$ a gr\p ( ?irte5 pagan m5hirs1 he c\ld n d b ov]?r[ !m )\t ru?2 b :5ev]1 on ! o!r h&1 z beside ,l\gh ,hacket1 9 ,c\nty ,galway1 he f\nd o!r m5hirs1 ! popul> reg>d = :i* 0 capable ( be+ div]t$ into ,*ri/ian *annels1 he sp>$ ! pill>-/ones1 sanctify+ !m ) holy names & emblems4 ,! cutt+ away ( c]ta9 portions ( ! top ( ! /one w\ld result 9 a %ort-arm$ cross2 or1 aga91 a little %ap+1 comb9$ ) pi]c+1 w\ld produce ! f\r-hol$ cross1 s-call$1 viz41 a cross )9 a r+ or circle4 ,x %\ld be rem>k$ at ! outset t ! dat+ ( ^! e>ly monum5ts is a /udy :i* has hi!rto be5 /rangely neglect$4 ,antiqu>ies1 l ! late ,j4 ,romilly ,all51 = example1 h analys$ & codifi$ ! ornam5t$ motifs ( e>ly crosses ) me?odical precision2 b ! *ronological side ( ! subject is /ill a matt] ( debate4 ,s widely d exp]ts diff] t sometimes x happ5s t ! same monum5t w be assign$ by "s to ! fif? or six?1 & by o!rs to lat] dates rang+ to ! twelf? c5tury4 ,ev5 :5 ! cross happ5s to be inscrib$ ) runes1 :i* might be expect$ to af=d an au!ntic clue z to its date & orig91 ! read+s & int]pretations prop\nd$ by connoisseurs are s irreconcilable z to make "o sceptical ( arriv+ at tru? or f9ality ?r\gh _! guidance4 ,! :ole "q ( *ronology yet awaits inve/igation by "s compet5t au?ority4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood1 !re=e1 t ! dates attribut$ to ! sev]al examples 9 ?is section _c pret5d to be any?+ else b approximate1 al?\gh e c>e has be5 tak5 to obta9 ! mo/ approv$ e/imate4 ,illu/ration3 #be1 #bf4 ,,bewca/le1 ,,cumb]l& ,,two ,,views ,,( ,,monoli? ,,9 ,,! ,,*ur*y>d ,illu/ration3 #bg1 #bh4 ,,eyam1 ,,d]by%ire ,,views ,,( ,,cross ,,9 ,,*ur*y>d1 ,,%[+ ,,front ,,& ,,back ,illu/ration3 #bi1 #cj4 ,,s&ba*1 ,,*e%ire ,,details ,,( ,,crosses1 ,,) ,,plan1 ,,%[+ ,,h[ ,,!y ,,/& ,illu/ration3 #ca4 ,,s&ba*1 ,,*e%ire ,s\? ( ! *ur*1 9 ! *ur*y>d at ,bewca/le1 ,cumb]l&1 /&s an obelisk or %aft ( an e>ly cross 7,figs4 #c1 #be1 & #bf71 /rik+ly l ! fam\s cross at ,ru?well1 9 ,dumfries%ire4 ,! head ( ! latt] is fairly complete1 b 9 ! case ( ! ,bewca/le cross ! head 0 brok5 (f long ago1 wrote ,bi%op ,g4 ,f4 ,br[ne4 ,ab\t ! ye> #afjj1 x 0 s5t 444 to ,"l ,arundel1 &1 beyond a description 9 ,camd51 ) an attempt at a repres5tation ( ! ,runic inscription x bore1 no?+ has be5 he>d ( x s9ce4 ,! height ( ! surviv+ "p is #ad ft4 #f 94 ,x is incis$ ) ,anglian runes1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are s mu* worn1 & h be5 s v>i\sly r5d]$1 t no reliance c be plac$ on _! alleg$ au?ority4 ,s*ol>s also diff] widely z to ! date ( ! cross1 "s plac+ x z e>ly z #ffe1 & o!rs ev5 z late z #aaej4 ,! we/ face comprises ?ree /&+ human figures1 9 ?ree ti]s1 ! l[e/ depict+ a man ) a hawk1 :ile ! middle "o1 a nimb$ figure1 has be5 id5tifi$ z ,*ri/ sett+ ,8 feet ^u ! heads ( mon/]s4 ,on ! ea/ face is "o long un9t]rupt$ v9e scroll1 ) birds & bea/s 9 ! volutes4 ,! nor? & s\? faces are subdivid$ into panels conta9+ *equ]s1 int]lac$ knots1 & scrollwork4 ,9 "o ( ! scrolls on ! s\? face is ! olde/ deta*$ dial 9 exi/5ce1 z di/9ct f dials on ! walls ( build+s4 ,x pres5ts a comb9ation ( ! old #bd-sy/em & ! octaval sy/em2 b ! gnomon is miss+4 ,9 ! *ur*y>d ( ,eyam1 ,d]by%ire1 is a peculi>ly h&some cross1 ( ,anglo-,saxon workman%ip1 ( ab\t ! ye> #gjj 7,figs4 #bg & #bh74 ,! cross n[ measures #i ft4 #d 94 high2 b ! head is deta*$ & obvi\sly incomplete1 if inde$ x belongs to ! %aft at all4 ,assum+1 h[ev]1 t x does belong1 ! exi/+ l9es & proportions w\ld make ! cross 9 its orig9al /ate atta9 a total height ( "s #aa ft4 #f 94 ,! wid? across ! arms is #c ft4 #c 94 ,bo? faces ( ! cross-top are sculptur$ ) f\r angels ea*1 t "o at ! int]section be+ encircl$ ) a r+4 ,all t "p ( ! head bel[ ! c5tral m$allion is miss+4 ,! obv]se ( ! %aft has two panels ( figure-subjects above a v ri* & elaborate int]lac$ knot-ornam5t4 ,! edges h an int]lac$ patt]n d]iv$ f a six-cord plait4 ,! rev]se ( ! %aft is occupi$ ) ! volutes ( a v9e scroll4 ,9 ! *ur*y>d ( ,bakewell1 ,d]by%ire1 /&s ! relic ( a monoli? ) %ort-limb$ cross-head 7,fig4 #ci74 ,x dates f ab\t #hjj to #ijj2 &1 exclusive ( ! b\ld] :i* =ms ! base1 /&s #g ft4 #aj 94 high1 by ab\t #b ft4 wide ov] all at ! wide/ "p4 ,"o portion is sculptur$ ) f\r comp>tm5ts ( figure-subjects1 presumably scriptural1 ! upp]mo/ "o be+ app>5tly a crucifixion1 ?\gh ! /one is too mu* curtail$1 & ! ornam5t too brok51 = c]ta9ty on ! po9t4 ,! o!r face & ! sides are occupi$ ) s-call$ v9e scroll1 an adaptation ( debas$ classical ,roman "w4 ,illu/ration3 #cb4 ,,irton1 ,,cumb]l& ,,cross ,,9 ,,! ,,*ur*y>d ,! two mutilat$ crosses /&+ side by side 9 ! m>ket squ>e at ,s&ba*1 ,*e%ire 7,figs4 #bi1 #cj1 & #ca71 h _h an ev5tful hi/ory4 ,dat+ f ! n9? c5tury1 x is on record t !y 7 /ill /&+ 9 #aehe2 b1 s9ce !y are n m5tion$ by ,webb 9 #afba1 ! assumption is t !y _h be5 brok5 up 9 ! int]val4 ,anyh[1 ! diff]5t p>ts became disp]s$4 ,"s 7 tak51 by ,sir ,john ,crewe1 to ,utk9ton ,hall1 :]e !y rema9$ until 8 dea? 9 #agaa4 ,!y 7 subsequ5tly remov$ to ,t>porley rectory4 ,!nce1 aft] ,cole1 ! antiqu>y1 _h se5 & made draw+s ( !m 9 #ageg1 !y 7 tak5 to ,oulton ,p>k1 :]e !y 7 se5 & drawn by ,s4 ,lysons4 ,o!r portions1 h[ev]1 ( ^! crosses nev] left ,s&ba*1 "s ( ! l[] p>ts be+ built into a wall by ! t[n well1 :ile ! summit 0 f\nd to h be5 buri$ 9 a g>d54 ,la/ly1 ?r\gh ! zeal\s in/rum5tality ( ,dr ,george ,orm]od1 ! v>i\s fragm5ts 7 collect$1 & re-erect$ at ,s&ba* 9 ,septemb] #ahaf4 ,! two crosses /& on a sub/ructure ( two /eps1 ) two sockets1 9 :i* ! crosses are fix$4 ,at ! angle ( ea* /age ( ! plat=m are /one po/s1 on :i* figures h be5 rudely c>v$4 ,! head ( ei!r cross _h be5 brok5 (f1 s t _! prop] height has be5 r$uc$4 ,! crosses are n[ ( unequal height4444 ,! tall] "o is #af ft4 #h 94 high2 ! %ort] "o1 #aa ft4 #aa 94 high4 ,bo? crosses are ( rectangul> section1 & tap]+4 ,x is n easy to convey 9 words an adequate idea ( ! extraord9>y ri*ness & v>iety ( _! sculptur$ ornam5t1 :i* includes patt]ns d]iv$ f ?ree-cord1 f\r-cord1 & eight-cord plaits1 & figure ( eight knots1 z well z mu* ! f9e/ s]ies ( figure subjects 444 probably 9 all ,engl&4 ,on ! l>g] cross ! ,crucifixion amid ! ,evangeli/ic symbols1 & b5ea? x ! ,nativity1 ) ! ox & ass ador+1 are cle>ly disc]nible2 b ! id5tification ( o!r subjects is 9 _m cases only conjectural4 ,! small] cross be>s a v>iety ( human figures plac$ )9 444 loz5ges4 ,! /one ( ! crosses is ( l[] ,silurian =mation1 practically inde/ructible by ! natural action ( ! wea!r1 a circum/ance :i* acc\nts = ! rem>kable pres]vation ( ^? p>ts :i* ! wanton h& ( man has sp>$4 ,! monoli? cross 9 ! *ur*y>d at ,irton1 ,cumb]l& 7,fig4 #cb71 /&s #i ft4 #h 94 high1 &1 ) ! exception ( ! cross-head1 ! surface ( :i* is mu* worn1 is a s+ul>ly p]fect specim54 ,its edges are ornam5t$ ) quasi-classic v9e scrolls4 ,! obv]se & rev]se are cov]$ ) int]lac$ ornam5ts & key patt]ns4 ,! upp]mo/ panel on "o face is a diap] =m$ by a repetition ( small ,greek crosses1 set diagonally4 ,! date ( ?is cross is approximately #iej4 ,! tall s&/one cross1 n[ 9 ! *ur*y>d ( ,gos=?1 9 ,cumb]l& 7,fig4 #cc71 is class$ by ! late ,mr ,j4 ,romilly ,all5 z belong+ to a well-kn[n type1 ,m]cian 9 orig91 9 :i* ! %aft is cyl9drical bel[ & rectangul> 9 ! upp] "p4 ,x may be dat$ f ab\t #ajjj to #ajff4 ,a second cross1 :i* is record$ to h /ood at a di/ance ( #g ft4 f ! fir/ nam$1 disappe>$1 probably 9 ! ye> #aghi4 ,9 ! extant cross ! f\r flat faces ( ! upp] "p ( ! %aft gradually die (f into ! r\nd surface ( ! l[] "p1 giv+ a semicircul> l9e ( int]section1 :i* is emphasis$ by a roll m\ld+1 =m+ a cont9uation ( ! m\ld+s on ! f\r squ>e angles4 ,! f\r flat surfaces exhibit a great v>iety ( human & animal =ms1 ) zoomorphic ornam5t & ab/ract plaits4 ,"s ( ! subjects h be5 int]pret$ z illu/rat+ ! /ories ( ,heimdal & ,loke1 f ,norse my?ology1 ?\gh ! :ole is actually surm\nt$ by a ,*ri/ian f\r-hol$ cross = head4 ,! r\nd "p ( ! %aft 9 crosses ( ?is type is n1 z a rule1 ornam5t$4 ,! ,gos=? cross1 !re=e1 is 9 ?is respect exceptional4 ,its height is #ad ft4 #f 94 ,illu/ration3 #cc4 ,,gos=?1 ,,cumb]l& ,,cross ,,9 ,,! ,,*ur*y>d ,)9 ,:it=d p>i%1 ,fl9t%ire1 ab\t a mile f ! village1 on op5 gr\nd1 & q unprotect$1 /&s an anci5t monoli? cross1 kn[n z ,ma5 y ,*wyfan 7,fig4 #cf74 ,! "n c be trac$ back at lea/ to ! ye> #achh4 ,! fir/ "p ( x is id5tical ) ! fir/ syllable ( ! ^w m5hir4 ,! la/ "p ( ! "n is ( d\btful signification4 ,"s h ?\ght t ! :ole means ,/ ,cwyfan's /one4 ,! precise age ( ! cross is likewise d\btful1 b x may be dat$ f ab\t #iej to #ajjj4 ,its total height above gr\nd is #aa ft4 #c 941 by #aa 94 ?ick1 ! /em dim9i%+ 9 wid? f #b ft4 #e 94 at ! base to #a ft4 #h 94 at ! neck ( ! solid :eel-head1 ! diamet] ( :i* is #b ft4 #d 94 ,! flat /one1 ?r\gh :i* ! /em passes = support1 measures #d ft4 #aa 94 by #d ft4 #d 94 ,! cross is incis$ on ! edges1 z well z on bo? faces2 ?\gh almo/ all ! ornam5t ( ! l[] half ( ! rev]se1 or we/ face1 has p]i%$4 ,! condition ( ! obv]se1 or ea/ face1 is by f> ! mo/ p]fect1 & exhibits a wond]ful comb9ation ( patt]ns--crosses1 knots1 osi]-plaits1 & o!r devices4 ,9 ! head1 ! ,triquetra1 or ?ree-corn]$ knot1 is conspicu\s4 ,altoge!r ! ,ma5 y ,*wyfan is ! mo/ important & /rik+ monum5t ( its k9d 9 ,nor? ,wales4 ,illu/ration3 #cd4 ,,:alley1 ,,lanca%ire ,,cross ,,9 ,,! ,,*ur*y>d ,illu/ration3 #ce4 ,,*eadle1 ,,*e%ire ,,cross1 ,,n[ ,,9 ,,york ,,museum ,writ+ 9 #ahgb1 ,mr ,j4 ,t4 ,blight describ$ ! e>ly twelf?-c5tury cross 7n[ 9 ! cemet]y ( ,lanh]ne ,h\se ,nunn]y1 ,mawgan-9-,pyd]1 ,cornwall7 7,fig4 #ch7 z hav+ be5 remov$ sev]al ye>s s9ce f ! ,*apel ,close ( ! ,b>ton ( ,rosewor?y1 9 ! p>i% ( ,gw9e>4 ,! crucifix1 sculptur$ 9 l[ relief1 is ( ! rude/ & mo/ primitive "*1 :ile ! cross itself belongs to ! class kn[n z f\r-hol$4 ,x is ( ,p5tewan /one4 ,int]lac$ "w =ms ! great] "p ( ! ornam5t1 & on ! l[] portion ( ! %aft1 on ei!r face1 is an anci5t inscription4 ,! %aft has an unmi/akable entasis4 ,! head ( ano!r f\r-hol$ cross1 ! holes hav+ ! %ape ( r\gh trefoils1 is to be se5 9 ! *ur*y>d ( ,/ ,columb ,major1 ,cornwall4 ,bo? faces ( ! cross are simil>ly sculptur$ ) ! ,triquetra 7,fig4 #cg74 ,! height is #c ft4 #a 94 by #b ft4 #i 94 wide1 ov] all1 ! mat]ial granite4 ,at ,*eadle1 ,*e%ire1 9 #ahge1 !re 7 dug up1 9 a brickfield opposite to ! ,convalesc5t ,hospital1 ! fragm5ts ( an e>ly cross1 probably ( ! t5? c5tury1 ( ,anglo-,saxon type 7,fig4 #ce74 ,9 ea* limb ( ! cross1 z well z at ! int]section1 is a convex boss4 ,! mat]ial ( ! cross is a co>se grit /one4 ,! dim5sions are #a ft4 #d 94 wide at ! greate/ wid?1 by #b ft4 #h 94 9 height4 ,x is n[ pres]v$ at ! ,museum at ,york4 ,9 ! p>i% *ur*y>d ( ,:alley1 ,lanca%ire1 /&s a cross 7,fig4 #cd71 :i* 01 no d\bt1 orig9ally a monoli?1 b has be5 brok5 across1 & appe>s to h _h its fractur$ edges trimm$ & squ>$4 ,at any rate1 "p ( ! /em1 p]haps z mu* z #b ft4 ( ! height1 :]e ! cross-head re/s ^u x1 is obvi\sly miss+4 ,! arms also are miss+1 b ! cross 0 orig9ally ( mu* ! same outl9e z t ( ! cross at ,irton & t f ,*eadle4 ,! ornam5t ( ! ,:alley cross1 h[ev]1 is ( mu* m ref9$ execution4 ,! date ( x may be ab\t #ajjj4 ,9 ! *ur*y>d ( ,wolv]hampton1 ,/af=d%ire1 opposite to ! s\? por*1 /&s an anci5t %aft1 #ad ft4 high1 traditionally kn[n z ! ,danes' cross 7,fig4 #b74 ,x rises f a r\nd /one1 #g ft4 9 diamet]1 & its =m is t ( a cyl9d]1 #b ft4 #f 94 9 diamet]1 tap]+ t[>d ! neck4 ,almo/ ! entire surface ( ! %aft is cov]$ ) sculptur$ ornam5t ( ab\t ! ye> #aaej to #aage4 ,!re is1 or 01 a some:at simil> example 9 ! *ur*y>d ( ,leek1 9 ! same c\nty4 ,ano!r twelf?-c5tury cross is t inscrib$ 9 memory ( ,ralph's son1 ,william1 at ,fletton1 9 ,hunt+don%ire 7,figs4 #dj1 #da74 ,?is cross is a monoli?1 ?\gh ! cont9uity ( ! design is int]rupt$ by a heavy fillet1 =m+ a horizontal b& r\nd ! middle ( ! %aft4 ,illu/ration3 #cf4 ,,:it=d1 ,,fl9t%ire ,,ea/ ,,side ,,( ,,cross1 ,,nam$ ,,ma5 ,y ,,*wyfan ,illu/ration3 #cg4 ,,/ ,,columb ,,major1 ,,cornwall ,,head ,,( ,a ,,cross ,,9 ,,! ,,*ur*y>d ,illu/ration3 #ch4 ,,mawgan-,,9-,,pyd]1 ,,cornwall ,,lanh]ne ,,h\se ,,nunn]y1 ,,cross ,,f ,,rosewor?y1 ,,gw9e> ,illu/ration3 #ci4 ,,bakewell1 ,,d]by%ire ,,cross ,,9 ,,*ur*y>d ,illu/ration3 #dj1 #da4 ,,fletton1 ,,hunt+don%ire ,,front ,,& ,,back ,,( ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #db4 ,,hexham1 ,,nor?umb]l& ,,cross ,,at ,,/ ,,giles' ,,hospital ,illu/ration3 #dc4 ,,wool]1 ,,h$geley ,,moor1 ,,nor?umb]l& ,,p]cy',s ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #dd4 ,,blan*l&1 ,,nor?umb]l& ,,cross ,,9 ,,! ,,abbey ,,*ur*y>d ,! rema9s ( ! cross 9 ! gr\nds ( ! ,spital at ,hexham 7,fig4 #db7 (f] an in/ance ( v9e scrollwork1 d]iv$ f debas$ late-classic ornam5t4 ,ano!r side ( ! %aft is sculptur$ 9 l[ relief ) a primitive repres5tation ( ! ,crucifixion betwe5 two figures1 :i*1 h[ev]1 be> b slight resemblance to ! ,m>y & ,john ( po/-,conque/ tradition4 ,on ! pla9 ( ,h$geley ,moor1 ne> ,wool]1 9 ! nor? "p ( ,nor?umb]l&1 /&s a monoli?1 commonly kn[n z ,p]cy's ,cross 7,fig4 #dc71 because x is alleg$ to m>k ! spot :]e1 on #bd? ,april #adfd1 ,sir ,ralph ,p]cy fell 9 a desp]ate attempt1 on ! "p ( ,m>g>et ( ,anj\1 wife ( ,h5ry ,,vi41 to recov] ! ?rone = h] dem5t$ husb&4 ,s rude & primitive is ?is monum5t t x is h>d to believe t x c\ld h be5 execut$ 9 ! te*nically skill$ p]iod ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,x displays conspicu\sly1 h[ev]1 ! badges ( ! h\se ( ,p]cy--! luces1 or pike1 ! mascles1 & ! cresc5ts1 sculptur$ on its eight sides4 ,! pill> /&s on a pla91 rugg$ socket4 ,?is cross became ! rally+ po9t1 :]e ! m5 ( ! nor?1 oppos$ to ! religi\s innovations ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 ga!r$ "u ! bann] ( ! ,five ,w\nds1 badge ( ! ill-/>r$ ,pilgrimage ( ,grace1 9 #aecf-g4 ,p]cy's ,cross1 on ,h$geley ,moor1 mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! ,p]cy ,cross at ,ott]burn1 erect$ to commemorate ! battle ( ,*evy ,*ase1 f\ght on #ai? ,augu/ #achh4 ,! latt] cross is a simple monoli?1 :i* has a decid$ entasis1 & is m\nt$ on a pile ( masonry1 resembl+ b r\ghly a flight ( circul> /eps4 ,! cross 9 ! *ur*y>d ( ,blan*l& ,abbey1 ,nor?umb]l& 7,fig4 #dd71 is an int]e/+ example ( ,go?ic design appli$ to a monoli?4 ,f ! /yle ( its head ?is cross c sc>cely date back any e>li] ?an ! late-?irte5?1 or e>ly-f\rte5? c5tury4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,%aft-,,on-,,/eps ,,type ,! av]age =m ( /&+ cross1 & su* to :i* ! va/ majority ( !m1 n 9 *ur*y>ds only1 b also on village gre5s & squ>es1 or by ! wayside1 belongs1 is t ( ! %aft-on-/eps type4 ,! fully develop$ cross ( ?is sort consi/s ( /eps or calv>y1 socket1 %aft or /em1 capital or knop1 & head4 ,! latt]1 x %\ld be rem>k$1 is t "p ( ! cross :i*1 no d\bt on acc\nt ( ! sacr$ or leg5d>y significance ( ! figures sculptur$ ^u x1 is n[ mo/ commonly abs5t4 ,! rema9+ elem5ts consi/+ ( su* simple units1 x is truly wond]ful h[ great v>iety ( treatm5t is to be obs]v$ 9 crosses ( ! k9d4 ,! res\rces ( _! design may almo/ be said to be unlimit$4 ,x r>ely happ5s t any two examples are f\nd q alike 9 all respects4 ,= ?\gh ! simple/ ( motifs be adopt$1 yet a m9ute *ange ( detail1 su* z a holl[ *amf] in/ead ( a pla91 flat bevel1 or ! sett+ ( an angle p$e/al diagonally in/ead ( squ>ely ) ! side x adjo9s1 or "s su* o!r slight div]g5ce1 if insignificant 9 itself1 w n fail to produce1 by consi/5t repetition1 a widely diff]5t result 9 ! aggregate4 ,! p>ts :i* l5d !mselves m appropriately ?an ! re/ to ornam5tal treatm5t are ! socket1 ! knop1 & mo/ ( all1 ! head4 ,! /eps1 :e!r circul>1 rectangul>1 hexagonal1 or octagonal on plan1 are n made ! subject = ornam5t1 except r>ely1 & !n x is conf9$ to a m\ld$ ov]hang+ drip1 or a m\ld$ set-(f 9 ! angle betwe5 ! tread & ! ris]1 z = example1 at ,bi%op's ,lyde>d 7,fig4 #bj71 ,*>lton ,mack]el 7,fig4 #ai71 & ,nor? ,pe!rton1 9 ,som]set%ire 7,fig4 #gg71 & ,raunds1 9 ,nor?ampton%ire 7,fig4 #de74 ,raunds cross has two /eps1 & ! ris] ( ! upp] "o is enri*$ ) late-,go?ic quatrefoil panell+4 ,su* treatm5t1 h[ev]1 is altoge!r exceptional2 & ev5 9 ?is case c sc>cely be au!ntic1 see+ t ! quatrefoils are n prop]ly spac$1 z !y mu/ h be5 spac$1 _h !y be5 design$ = ! position !y n[ occupy4 ,illu/ration3 #de4 ,,raunds1 ,,nor?ampton%ire ,,*ur*y>d ,,cross ,on ! o!r h&1 ! /one block or socket1 into :i* ! %aft is mortis$ 7& fur!rmore1 z a rule1 secur$ ) lead71 0 reg>d$ z a ?or\ghly appropriate place = ornam5t4 ,x is mo/ usually squ>e on plan1 & its upp] b$ made octagonal by means ( /eps or broa*es1 9 ! %ap+ ( :i* a v great v>iety is manife/$4 ,! commone/ =m ( /ep is diamond-po9t$1 b !re are o!rs :i* take ! %ape ( a sort ( r\nd hump4 ,examples ( pla9 diamond /eps occur 9 ! sockets ( ,?at*am 7,fig4 #fa7 & ,wat] ,p]ry 7,fig4 #d7 crosses4 ,! socket at ,/anway1 ,gl\ce/]%ire 7,fig4 #fj71 ) its sev]ely geometrical triangles & loz5ges1 is ( mo/ unusual =m4 ,x measures #a ft4 #aj 94 high1 exclusive ( ! fractur$ /ump ( ! %aft4 ,convex angle-/ops occur at ,c>lton 7,fig4 #fc71 ,cumnor 7,fig4 #ei71 ,/r+/on 7,fig4 #e71 & ,wick5 7,fig4 #fb74 ,! socket ( ! la/-nam$ cross is #b ft4 #f 94 squ>e by #a ft4 #h 94 high4 ,its octagonal %aft is #aa 94 squ>e at ! foot1 ) po9t$ /ops rea*+ up to a height ( #i 94 ,"s ( ! r\nd /ops1 at ! corn]s ( sockets1 h a diagonal ridge ext5d+ to ! out] angle1 z at ,c>lton 7,fig4 #fc71 ,/ev+ton 7,fig4 #ag71 & ,/r+/on 7,fig4 #e74 ,! knop ( ! la/-nam$1 x may be m5tion$1 consi/$ ( f\r demi-angels1 hold+ %ields1 b _! heads h be5 brok5 (f1 & !mselves made almo/ unrecognisable ?r\gh defacem5t4 ,to resume1 ! sockets ( ! crosses at ,elmswell 9 ,suffolk1 at ,brad=d ,abbas & ,/albridge 7,fig4 #eh71 bo? 9 ,dorset%ire1 & ( at lea/ a doz5 crosses 9 ,som]set%ire1 includ+ ,d\lt+ 7,figs4 #gd1 #ge1 & #gf71 ,ev]cree*1 ,m9ehead1 ,nor? ,pe!rton 7,fig4 #gg71 ,we/ ,p5n>d1 & ,wraxall1 h angle-p$e/als on e alt]nate cant ( ! octagon4 ,^! p$e/als may h be5 design$ = /atuettes ( ! f\r ,evangeli/s4 ,:atev] ! subject ( ! figures1 ! effect ( ! :ole gr\p1 ) ! tall %aft 9 ! middle1 mu/ h be5 v h&some4 ,at ,dundry 7,fig4 #gh7 & ,wick ,/ ,laur5ce1 bo? 9 ,som]set%ire1 in/ead ( deta*$ or engag$ p$e/als1 !re are1 at ! angles ( ! squ>e socket1 clasp+ buttresses ) m\ld+s4 ,! plan ( ,dundry1 ,wraxall1 & ,yatton is made extra elaborate & complex by means ( a pl9?1 =m+ an eight-po9t$ figure1 ins]t$ betwe5 ! socket & ! topmo/ /ep ( ! calv>y4 ,at ,head+ton 7,figs4 #fi & #gj71 ,omb]sley 7,figs4 #ff1 #fg1 & #fh71 ,raglan 7,fig4 #ga71 & ,wick5 7,fig4 #fb71 ! sockets are h&somely panell$ ) late-,go?ic trac]y ornam5t1 pr9cipally quatrefoils4 ,! sockets ( ,d\lt+ 7,figs4 #gd1 #ge1 & #gf7 & ,we/ ,p5n>d crosses1 9 ,som]set%ire1 h emblems ( ! ,passion c>v$ on ! sides2 t at ,*>lton ,mack]el 7,fig4 #ai7 has ! ,evangeli/ic symbols 9 ! same position4 ,m r>ely1 z at ,bi%op's ,lyde>d 7,fig4 #bj7 & ,long ,sutton1 bo? also 9 ,som]set%ire1 & at ,rampi%am & ,/albridge 7,fig4 #eh71 bo? 9 ,dorset%ire1 & ,y>nton1 ,ox=d%ire 7,figs4 #ea & #eb71 ! panels ( ! socket conta9 sculptur$ figure-subjects4 ,an octagonal socket at ,we/cote1 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 has a /&+ figure "u a trefoil$ ni*e on ea* side4 ,?is is an e>ly example1 s9ce its date is ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,at ,didm>ton1 9 ! same c\nty1 is a f\rte5?-c5tury socket1 octagonal on plan1 hav+ a half-l5g? figure sculptur$ on e alt]nate side4 ,! *ur*y>d cross at ,dor*e/]1 ,ox=d%ire 7,fig4 #fe71 _h lo/ its orig9al head by ! "t t ,buckl] made 8 sket* 9 #ahac4 ,accord+ to him1 ! l[] /ep 0 #f 94 high1 & ! next "o above x #aj 94 high4 ,! socket 0 #a ft4 #g 94 squ>e on plan1 by #a ft4 #f 94 high2 ! %aft be+ a monoli? #h ft4 #f 94 high f socket to head4 ,z to ! socket1 ! transition f squ>e to octagon1 by means ( /ops1 is v effective4 ,! cross has s9ce suff]$ dra/ic re/oration4 ,! treatm5t ( ! /ops on ! socket may be comp>$ ) t at ,key+ham1 ,york%ire 7,fig4 #fd71 & ,head+ton1 ,ox=d%ire 7,fig4 #fi74 ,! ,:itefri>s' cross 7,figs4 #gb & #gc71 s-call$1 ab\t a mile f ,h]e=d1 is believ$ to h be5 built1 %ortly aft] ! great plague at ,h]e=d 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 by ,lewis ,*>lton1 ,bi%op f #acfa to #acfi4 ,on ! summit ( a l(ty flight ( sev5 /eps rises a high p$e/al1 hexagonal on plan1 ea* side ( :i* has a sunk panel1 sculptur$ ) a %ield *>g$ ) a lion rampant4 ,! cornice is embattl$1 & ! :ole 0 cr[n$ ) a m\ld$ socket4 ,su* 0 ! /ate ( ! monum5t 9 #ahjf1 ! %aft & cross-head hav+ completely disappe>$1 !reby r$uc+ ! total height to "s #ae ft4 ,a new %aft & cross1 disproportionately l>ge1 7 re/or$ by ! ye> #ahge4 ,! peculi> feature ( ?is cross is ! l(ty p$e/al1 :i* sc>cely has any p>allel1 ) ! exception ( ! crosses ( ,help/on1 9 ,nor?ampton%ire1 & ( ,aylburton & ,cle>well1 bo? 9 ,gl\ce/]%ire4 ,z to ! %aft1 :e!r x be cyl9drical1 clu/]$1 squ>e1 or octagonal1 x usually tap]s1 b is v seldom ornam5t$1 beyond hav+ a /op ne> ! foot ( ea* alt]nate cant 9 an octagonal /em4 ,a few crosses may n[ be describ$1 illu/rat+ diff]5t treatm5ts ( ! %aft4 ,! cross 9 ! *ur*y>d at ,roce/]1 ,/af=d%ire 7,figs4 #dg & #dh71 has ?ree /eps1 ea* #f 94 high4 ,! socket is #b ft4 #d 94 high1 & ! tap]+ /em1 :i* is #a ft4 squ>e ov] all at ! bottom1 is #aa ft4 #i 94 high1 exclusive ( ! capital4 ,! /em1 9 ! =m ( f\r keel-m\ld$ %afts1 ) a v]tical /rip ( dog-too? ornam5t betwe5 !m1 mu/ be ( e>ly date1 possibly z e>ly z #abcj4 ,! socket ( ! ,great ,grimsby *ur*y>d cross 7,fig4 #di7 may be e>li] /ill1 al?\gh ! /em or %aft itself might be some:at lat]1 p]haps ab\t ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,on plan ! /em consi/s ( f\r engag$ %afts1 ea* ) a keel-m\ld on its out]mo/ projection4 ,! /ep is #c ft4 #h 94 squ>e by #i 94 high4 ,next is a socket1 #b ft4 #g 94 squ>e on plan1 consi/+ ( two /ages1 ! l[] hav+ a trefoil$ arcade on ea* ( its f\r sides1 ! upp] "o octagonal1 ) m\ld+s4 ,! %aft is #f ft4 #b 94 high1 includ+ ! capital4 ,! total height is #aj ft4 #c 94 ,! village cross at ,h>r+wor?1 ,nor?ampton%ire1 has1 n unlike ! la/ example1 a %aft compos$ ( a clu/] ( eight engag$ columns4 ,x is app>5tly ( late ?irte5?-c5tury date4 ,two ,ox=d%ire examples1 bo? ( ab\t ! same date1 #abij1 viz41 ! *ur*y>d cross at ,y>nton 7,figs4 #ea & #eb7 & ! m>ket cross at ,eyn%am 7,fig4 #ej71 are adorn$ ) sculpture1 notably ) canopi$ figures 9 l[ relief surr\nd+ ! foot ( ! %aft4 ,bo? %afts are mu* wea!r-worn1 & t ( ,y>nton has lo/ its upp] half1 b ! design ( ! two crosses appe>s to h be5 v simil>4 ,y>nton cross /&s ^u two circul> /eps1 ! l[] "o ( :i* has a diamet] ( ab\t #f ft4 #i 94 or #g ft4 ,! socket has a circul> pl9? cut out ( ! same block ( /one1 & is on plan a quatrefoil ( f\r circles1 ) ! corn]s ( a small] squ>e occupy+ ! inn] angles4 ,! m\ld$ capp+ is also cut 9 ! same block4 ,on ea* ( ! f\r semicircul> faces is a ni*e incis$ ) a figure 9 arm\r1 kneel+1 except on ! ea/]n face1 :i* exhibits a figure recl9+ some:at 9 ! famili> ,dy+ ,gaul attitude4 ,! figure on ! s\? face has a %ield on ! left arm4 ,! bottom ( ! %aft is squ>e on plan1 ) bead$ angles1 :ile ! o!r "p is on plan a circle1 surr\nd$ by f\r small] engag$ circles1 or segm5ts ( circles4 ,! figures r\nd ! %aft are f\r sa9ts1 n[ too mu* worn to be id5tifi$1 "u /eep gables1 ) crockets4 ,! cross at ,eyn%am diff]s f t at ,y>nton m 9 ! socket ?an 9 any o!r "p4 ,! ,eyn%am socket is a squ>e block1 ) a figure sculptur$ at ea* angle1 & gabl$ panels betwe54 ,! upp] "p ( ! %aft is complete1 & %[s :at mu/ h be5 ! =m ( ! portion n[ want+ f ,y>nton cross4 ,ano!r in/ance ( an ornam5t$ %aft is t ( ,mit*el ,troy 7,fig4 #eg74 ,!re ! /em1 a monoli? ( r$di% s&/one1 ab\t #a ft4 by #h 94 on plan at ! foot1 tap]s to ab\t half ! above dim5sions at ! po9t :]e x is brok5 (f1 at a height ( ab\t #aa ft4 ,! angles are *amf]$1 & ! *amf]s are ornam5t$ ) ball-fl[]s alt]nat+ ) %ields1 sixte5 ball-fl[]s on ea* *amf]4 ,! date ( ?is cross is ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,two ,nor?ampton%ire crosses1 ^? ( ,higham ,f]r]s 7c4 #acbj7 & ,ir?l+bor\gh 7c4 #abhj7 respectively 7,figs4 #ee & #ef71 are ornam5t$ ) sculptur$ decorations ?r\gh\t ! :ole height ( ! %aft4 ,at ,a%ton-"u-,hill1 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 ! face ( ! %aft ( ! cross1 ab\t a ?ird ( ! di/ance up f ! bottom1 is ornam5t$ ) a scut*eon4 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( ,som]set%ire crosses has a figure "u a ni*e on "o side ( ! %aft4 ,9 cases :]e1 z at ,burton ,/ ,david1 ,broadway1 ,hol=d1 ,montacute1 & ,wiveliscombe1 ! ni*e & figure are sunk into ! body ( ! monoli? itself1 !re c sc>cely be any objection to ! device4 ,b :]e1 on ! contr>y1 ! /atue1 set on a bracket1 /&s prom95tly =w>d beyond ! face ( ! %aft1 ! effect is any?+ b happy4 ,= !n ! %aft looks s weight$ d[n 9 "o direction z almo/ to ov]balance4 ,! crosses at ,bi%op's ,lyde>d 7,fig4 #bj7 & ,cr[combe 7,fig4 #aah7 are p>ticul>ly exagg]at$ in/ances 9 po9t2 o!rs only less m>k$ be+ ! crosses at ,drayton 7,fig4 #ed71 ,fitzhead1 ,hea?field1 ,h9ton ,/ ,george1 & ,hors+ton 7,fig4 #ec74 ,b ?is peculi>ity is n conf9$ to ,som]set%ire4 ,?us1 at ,/albridge1 ,dorset%ire 7,fig4 #eh71 a conspicu\s /atue & ni*e occur on "o side ( ! %aft1 :ile at ,brad=d ,abbas1 9 ! same c\nty1 ! *ur*y>d cross1 ?\gh mu* decay$1 af=ds unmi/akable traces ( hav+ _h a /atue sculptur$ on ea* ( ! f\r sides ( ! %aft4 ,a simil> arrangem5t is to be f\nd 9 ,langley ,abbey cross1 ,norfolk4 ,illu/ration3 #df4 ,,ro!r/horp1 ,,nor?ampton%ire ,,head ,,( ,,cross ,! knop1 ?\gh ri*ly sculptur$1 is r>ely ! pron\nc$ & di/9ctive feature t x is at ,maughold 7,figs4 #hf1 #hg71 ,/ ,donat's 7,figs4 #ajh1 #aji71 & ,%]burn-9-,elmet 7,fig4 #aac71 or 9 ! s-call$ ,rav5spurne cross1 a monum5t n[ /&+ at ,h$on1 ,york%ire 7,fig4 #gi74 ,! *amf]s ( its %aft h traces ( figures ab\t midway1 & ! head is l>ge & impos+1 b too ill-def9$ = ! subject to be id5tifi$4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 describ$ z hav+ curi\s sculptur$ emblems ( our ,"l & ! ,bless$ ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,! cross is said to h be5 erect$ to commemorate ! l&+ ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 9 #acii at ,rav5spur1 ne> ,spurn ,head1 9 ! ,ea/ ,rid+4 ,edw>d ,,iv4 also l&$ !re 9 #adga4 ,rav5spur 0 a well-kn[n seaport 9 =m] times1 b its site is n[ completely subm]g$4 ,! cross /ood on ! sea%ore at ,kilnsea until #ahah1 :5 x 0 remov$ fur!r inl&1 = safety f ! encroa*+ sea4 ,x 0 ev5tually set up 9 ! t[n ( ,h$on4 ,usually ! knop is r$uc$ to a m]e bead1 or at any rate is no?+ m prom95t ?an ! exp&+ cove b5ea? ! actual head1 z at ,ampney ,crucis1 ,d]w51 & 9 ! two crosses at ,cricklade4 ,a factor ( imm5se importance 9 pres]v+ ! organic coh]5ce betwe5 %aft & head 7:]ev] ! latt] takes ! =m ( a cross7 is t ! l9es ( ! %aft bel[ ! knop & ( ! l[] limb ( ! cross above ! knop1 %\ld be absolutely cont9u\s1 z ?\gh pass+ ?r\gh1 b n int]rupt$ by1 ! knop4 ,?is requisite is satisfactorily exemplifi$ by two v f9e ,l9coln%ire specim5s1 viz41 ! well proportion$ cross at ,som]sby 7,fig4 #ha71 & "o1 n[ at ,key+ham1 ,york%ire 7,fig4 #hj71 kn[n1 f ! "n ( him :o set x up !re1 z ! ,ow/ cross1 s9ce ! exact place f :i* x orig9ally came 9 ,l9coln%ire has n be5 record$4 ,9 bo? ^! in/ances1 ! h&some knop1 m\ld$ & embattl$1 is b a surr\nd+ b& or r+1 :i* occasions no sort ( break 9 ! composition1 nor int]f]es at all ) ! ev5 tr5d ( its upw>d l9es4 ,at ,som]sby ! motif ( ! cr5ellat$ knop is admirably foll[$ up 9 ! battlem5ts ( ! gabl$ ro( ov] ! head ( ! crucifix4 ,! %aft is octagonal1 & ! cross /&s altoge!r #ae ft4 high4 ,! cr[n & glory ( ! cross is ! head1 & x 0 ^u ?is t ! *oice/ art ( ! sculptor 0 lavi%$2 & x is in/ructive to trace ! developm5t f ! rudim5t>y crudities ( ! ?irte5? to ! p]fect maturity ( ! late-fifte5? c5tury4 ,9 pull+ d[n an old b>n 9 ! village ( ,ro!r/horp1 ,nor?ampton%ire1 9 #ahfi1 !re 0 f\nd ! head ( a cross 7,fig4 #df71 :i* 0 plac$ 9 ! p>i% *ur* 9 ab\t #ahij4 ,! /one is #b ft4 #i 94 high by #a ft4 #c 94 wide4 ,! crucifix1 :i* is surr\nd$ by a r+1 spr+s f a mass ( ?irte5?-c5tury foliage1 ! capital b5ea? be+ surr\nd$ ) a belt ( foliage ( simil> k9d4 ,at ,hales[51 ,worce/]%ire 7,fig4 #hb71 9 or ab\t #aiae1 !re 0 f\nd1 built into ! walls ( a cottage1 ! sculptur$ head ( a cross1 :i* may date z f> back z #acjj to #acbj4 ,x is ( r$ s&/one1 & mu* wea!rworn1 besides ! delib]ate defacem5t :i* x has und]gone4 ,on plan x is an oblong squ>e1 #aj 94 by #f 941 ! extreme height be+ #a ft4 #g 94 ,on "o side is a crucifixion )\t att5dant figures2 &1 on ! opposite side1 ! ,bless$ ,virg9 en?ron$1 hold+ h] ,div9e ,son on "o arm & an apple 9 ! o!r h&4 ,! ends ( ! cross-head conta9 unid5tifi$ figures1 "o a female sa9t1 conjectur$ to be ,/ ,aga?a1 ! o!r an ecclesia/ic1 ve/$ 9 amice & *asuble1 & hold+ 8 crosi] 9 8 left h&4 ,t :i* he we>s on 8 head is brok51 b x looks m l a ti>a ?an a mitre4 ,?is cross-head is a peculi>ly int]e/+ example1 n only because ( its e>ly date1 b also because its exi/5ce is h>dly kn[n4 ,! cross-head f\nd among ! ru9s ( ,croxd5 ,abbey1 ,/af=d%ire 7,fig4 #hh71 & sket*$ by ,buckl] 9 ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 is ( a some:at unusual type = its purpose1 ) h&some crocket+4 ,! ,*ri/ has ! feet cross$ & fa/5$ ) a s+le nail 9 ! new] fa%ion1 ?\gh ! arms are1 9 ! anci5t mode1 p]fectly horizontal4 ,! "w dates probably f ! clos+ ye>s ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,h[ widely individual treatm5t might v>y )9 a comp>atively %ort space ( "t is illu/rat$ by ! fragm5ts ( ! cross-head1 f\nd built into ! ea/ gable ( ,nor? ,h9ksey *ur*1 9 ,b]k%ire1 ne> ,ox=d 7,figs4 #hc1 #hd1 & #he74 ,! cross is ( ri* floriation1 ov]laid ^u :i* is a p]fectly pla9 n>r[ cross1 be>+ ! image ( ! ,crucifi$1 ,^: feet are cross$1 z at ,croxd52 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 ! arms & h&s are dragg$ upw>d 9 ! fa%ion t prevail$ at a mu* lat] p]iod4 ,?is cross-head belongs to ab\t ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! %aft & /eps /ill /& 9 ! *ur*y>d1 to ! s\? ( ! *ancel4 ,! %aft is fractur$ at a height ( #h ft4 #i 94 f ! socket2 ! total height1 includ+ socket & /eps1 is #ac ft4 #h 94 ,at ,bleadon1 ,som]set%ire1 a few ye>s ago1 wrote ,c4 ,pooley 9 #ahgg1 dur+ ! re/oration ( ! *ur*1 9 remov+ ! pla/]1 !re 0 f\nd emb$d$ 9 a recess 9 ! ea/ wall ( ! por*1 ! sculptur$ /one head ( a cross ( ! "t ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 7,fig4 #hi74 ,! side expos$1 ! rev]se1 portrays ! ,bless$ ,virg9 & ,*ild betwe5 two donors1 a man & woman1 kneel+4 ,! rem>kable feature ( ?is cross-head is ! gild+ & poly*rome decoration1 ( :i* consid]able traces _h surviv$4 ,! crucifix1 on ! obv]se1 be+ turn$ inw>d to ! wall1 is hidd5 f view2 b1 s9ce ?is p>ticul> cross belongs to ! same gr\p z ^?1 = example1 ( ,/oke-sub-,hamdon1 ,/r+/on1 & ,w$more1 9 ! same c\nty1 9 :i* ! upp] "p ( ! figure-sculpture is pi]c$ ?r\gh f front to back1 ! arms & upp] limb ( ! cross rema9 cle>ly visible f ! rev]se side4 ,9 ! *ur*y>d ( ,newm>ket1 ,fl9t%ire 7,figs4 #ij1 #ia71 /&s a rem>kable cross1 ) octagonal socket & %aft1 bo? hav+ diamond-po9t$ /ops4 ,! %aft is #f ft4 #e 94 high1 & surm\nt$ ) a massive capital or knop4 ,! head is tab]nacl$ on all f\r faces1 b its end ni*es are empty4 ,! ni*es ( ! obv]se & rev]se h ea* a crucifixion1 ! "o unaccompani$1 ! o!r betwe5 ,m>y & ,john4 ,?is curi\s anomaly ( a d\ble yet div]g5t repres5tation 9 "o & ! same cross-head occurs also at ,mitton1 ,york%ire4 ,! cross-head at ,newm>ket measures #c ft4 #f 94 wide at its wide/1 by #a ft4 #f 94 f front to back4 ,! date ( ! "w is ab\t ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,at ,maughold1 ,isle ( ,man 7,figs4 #hf1 #hg71 j outside ! *ur*y>d gate1 & at a di/ance ( ab\t #ij ft4 f ! nor?-we/ angle ( ! *ur*1 /&s a cross ( v rem>kable design1 q unlike ! di/9ctive ,manxl& type4 ,x is1 9 fact1 ( middle-,go?ic1 belong+1 to all appe>ance1 ) its blunt cusps & its turgid crockets & f9ial1 to ! approximate p]iod ( #accj to #acdj4 ,"s au?orities1 h[ev]1 assign x to a date "s hundr$ ye>s or m lat]4 ,! head & knop are 9 two pieces1 :i*1 be+ ( ,/ ,bees s&/one1 a mat]ial =eign to ! isl&1 mu/ h be5 import$ ?i!r1 p]haps already c>v$ complete1 ready = fix+4 ,! knop is squ>e1 measur+ #ad 94 e way4 ,! head is #b ft4 #g 94 high1 by #ah 94 wide at ! wide/ "p1 by #h 94 ?ick4 ,bo? head & %aft are t5on$ into ! knop4 ,! %aft1 #e ft4 #a 94 high1 is octagonal ?r\gh\t ! greate/ ext5t ( its l5g?1 b ! alt]nate sides h /ops1 s t ! %aft is actually squ>e on plan at top & bottom4 ,! head is ( mo/ unusual %ape1 ! pr9cipal panel on ei!r side pres5t+ a sort ( r\gh resemblance to a po9t$ spade2 & conta9+1 on ! we/1 a ,madonna & ,*ild1 &1 on ! ea/1 a crucifixion1 ) ! arms spread out q horizontally1 aft] ! mann] ( e>li] tradition4 ,on ! knop1 "u ! crucifix1 is a heat]-%ap$ %ield1 be>+1 alone ( ! six %ields 9 ! composition1 a h]aldic *>ge1 viz41 ! ,?ree ,legs ( ,man 7only rev]s$71 ) huge r[els to ! spurs4 ,! %ield on ! knop b5ea? ! ,madonna has a rose encircl$ by a r+1 :i* has a bezel 9 ! =m ( a cross4 ,! nor? side has1 at ! top1 a %ield ) a d\ble rose4 ,l[] d[n1 on ! same edge ( ! head1 are rude repres5tations ( oak leaves1 po9t+ d[nw>d2 & bel[1 on ! knop1 is a %ield ) a *alice1 :i* has ! invect$ foot ) po9ts1 *>act]i/ic ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! %ield at ! top ( ! s\? edge is p] fess1 a bud or fl[] ) two wavy leaves on ei!r h&2 :ile und]nea? are ?ree oak leaves on ! %ield itself1 & "o bel[ ! %ield4 ,b5ea? ! la/-nam$ leaf is a sunk panel ) ! repres5tation ( a w>rior on 8 knees 7no d\bt ! donor71 turn+1 ) h&s uprais$1 t[>d ! ,madonna 9 ! adjo9+ panel4 ,on ! knop1 bel[ ! kneel+ figure1 is a %ield ) an unid5tifi$ *>ge1 a squ>e object entirely compos$ ( v]tical flut+s1 above an oak leaf4 ,! top surface ( ! head is almo/ flat1 & appe>s to h borne a cap/one1 ! d[el holes = atta*+ :i* yet rema94 ,! %aft is let into a pla9 squ>e socket4 ,! cross1 ?\gh wea!r$1 is 9 wond]ful pres]vation1 & is n[ protect$ by an iron rail+4 ,x is n kn[n ev] to h /ood on any o!r ?an ! pres5t site4 ,at ,:e/on1 a hamlet 9 ,tideswell1 ,d]by%ire1 is a roadside cross ( /one1 ( ! late-f\rte5? c5tury1 ) octagonal1 tap]+ %aft1 culm9at+ 9 a cusp$ rood1 ! upp]mo/ limb ( :i* is appreciably %ort] ?an ! arms 7,figs4 #ib1 #ic74 ,on ! obv]se is a crucifix ) ! arms horizontally out/ret*$4 ,! figure is b>$ to ! wai/1 b ! rema9d] ( ! body d[nw>ds is miss+4 ,on ! rev]se is a ,virg9 & ,*ild1 a ,go?ic rosette be+ sculptur$ ne> ! end ( ea* limb ( ! cross4 ,! figure-sculpture is co>se & primitive4 ,! %aft is m\nt$ on f\r /eps1 ! topmo/ "o ( :i* =ms ! socket1 &1 by means ( diamond /ops1 assumes an octagonal plan4 ,! cross 9 ! *ur*y>d at ,lanteglos juxta ,f[ey1 ,cornwall 7,figs4 #id1 #ie71 0 discov]$1 ab\t ! ye> #ahej1 buri$ deeply 9 ! tr5* :i* runs r\nd ! wall ( ! *ur*4 ,aft] hav+ la9 pro/rate = two or ?ree ye>s m1 x 0 at la/ rais$ & plac$ erect1 ) a disus$ mill/one = base1 ne> ! *ur* por*4 ,x is ( granite1 encru/$ ) li*54 ,! %aft1 #h ft4 high1 is octagonal1 & tap]s slightly f #ad 94 at greate/ wid? across ! bottom2 ! f\r alt]nate sides be+ sculptur$ ) sunk panell+1 :eels1 & rosettes ( ,go?ic "*4 ,! head1 ab\t #b ft4 high1 is an oblong squ>e on plan4 ,! wide/ sides h d\ble canopies1 ) ! ,crucifixion1 unatt5d$1 on ! nor?1 & ! ,bless$ ,virg9 & ,*ild on ! s\?4 ,! ends1 be+ n>r[]1 h ea* a s+le canopy1 en%r9+ an unid5tifi$ figure4 ,mr ,j4 ,t4 ,blight suppos$ !m to repres5t ,sa9ts ,pet] & ,paul2 b ,mr ,f4 ,t4 ,s4 ,h\ghton believes t "o ( ! two is meant = ,/ ,tecla4 ,s f> z "o may v5ture to judge f ! extremely rude & unskill$ figure-sculpture1 ! "w seems to be ( ! late-f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! above cross is typical ( a c]ta9 numb] ( ,corni% crosses belong+ to ! matur$ m$ival p]iod1 9 :i* ! head is set direct on to ! %aft1 )\t int]v5+ neck1 or knop4 ,besides ?is feature !re %\ld be not$ ano!r *>act]i/ic 9 ! crosses1 = in/ance1 at ,call+ton1 ,/ ,ives 7,fig4 #if71 & ,mawgan-9-,pyd] 7,figs4 #ajf1 #ajg71 to wit _! disproportionately ?ick & /urdy /em1 z contra/$ ) ! mod]ate size ( ! head4 ,at ,/ ,ives ! cross-head 0 une>!d 9 ! *ur*y>d 9 #ahcb1 & re-erect$ on a new base 9 #aheb4 ,! height ( ! cross1 z n[ /&+1 is #aj ft4 #f 94 ,! rev]se ( ! sculptur$ head portrays ! ,madonna & ,*ild1 ) a kneel+ figure1 mo/ likely meant = ! donor4 ,! obv]se is rem>kable because ! ,crucifixion is introduc$ n1 s to speak1 p] se1 b r incid5tally1 z con/itut+ "p ( ! ,holy ,tr9ity gr\p4 ,! crucifi$ ,son1 !n1 is plac$ betwe5 ! knees ( ! ,et]nal ,fa!r1 ,^: h&s uprais$ on ei!r side1 ! "r 9 b5$iction1 may be obs]v$ above ! arms ( ! crucifix4 ,all & any repres5tations ( ?is nature1 depict+ ! ,tr9ity1 7 peculi>ly obnoxi\s to ! re=m]s1 & are yet commonly object$ to z be+ an?ropomorphic4 ,simil> repres5tations ( ! ,tr9ity occur on "o side ( ! cross-head1 ) ! ,crucifixion on ! o!r side1 at ,cog5hoe1 9 ,nor?ampton%ire1 & ,pockl+ton1 9 ! ,ea/ ,rid+ ( ,york%ire 7,figs4 #aad1 #aae74 ,!re is also a ,tr9ity 9 ! head ( ! cross at ,h5ley-9-,ard51 ,w>wick%ire4 ,! same subject aga9 is sculptur$ 9 ! head ( ano!r ,corni% cross1 t 9 ,mawgan-9-,pyd] *ur*y>d 7,figs4 #ajf1 #ajg74 ,x is made ( ,catacluse /one1 & is a late-,go?ic example1 ) v ri* tab]nacle-"w 9 ! head4 ,9 fact1 x 0 s+l$ out by ! late ,j4 ,t4 ,blight z ! mo/ elaborate specim5 ( ! k9d 9 ,cornwall4 ,on ! opposite side to ! ,tr9ity is a subject ( unc]ta9 id5tity1 mo/ likely ! ,annunciation4 ,a s+le figure1 ve/$ 9 pontificals1 occupies ei!r end ( ! head4 ,! %aft is hexagonal1 ) diamond-po9t$ /ops1 n[ mu* ov]gr[n & practically hidd5 f view4 ,x /&s #e ft4 #b 94 high4 ,at ,ampney ,crucis1 ,gl\ce/]%ire 7,figs4 #ig1 #ih1 #ii71 ! *ur*y>d cross 0 ov]?r[n at "s unkn[n p]iod4 ,9 ,janu>y #ahed ! head ( x 0 discov]$1 built up amid a heap ( rubbi% 9 ! cavity ( ! rood-/aircase4 ,tak5 !nce1 x 0 re9/at$ 9 its prop] place 9 ! *ur*y>d ab\t #ahfj4 ,!re are two /one /eps1 :i* measure respectively #g ft4 #f 94 & #e ft4 squ>e1 & an octagonal socket4 ,! %aft is squ>e on plan1 *ang+1 by means ( /ops1 into an octagon4 ,! /ops1 h[ev]1 in/ead ( t]m9at+ 9 diamond-po9ts1 or o!rwise dy+ away into ! *amf]1 are cr[n$ ) engag$ p9nacles1 ext5d+ "s way up ! cant$ sides1 a mo/ unusual & *>m+ device4 ,x is a mis=tune t ! effect ( ?is f9e cross is spoilt by ! faulty1 mod]n treatm5t ( ! upp] portion ( ! /em1 :i*1 be+ made too %ort1 is oblig$ to contract mu* too abruptly to ! junction ) ! head4 ,in/ead ( tap]+ truly1 ) a s]ies ( /raight l9es conv]g+ gradually upw>d1 ! %aft is p>$ away 9 a concave outl9e1 :i* results 9 v s]i\s disfigurem5t4 ,! total height is only ab\t #aj ft4 ,! head is 9 excell5t pres]vation1 &1 ?\gh n elaborate1 an exce$+ly beautiful specim54 ,x is an oblong squ>e on plan1 & ?us has two wide sides 7occupi$ respectively by ! ,bless$ ,virg9 & ,*ild1 & by ! ,crucifixion betwe5 ,m>y & ,john7 & two n>r[ ends 7"o occupi$ by an unid5tifi$ ecclesia/ic1 ! o!r by an unid5tifi$ w>rior74 ,! canopies are sev]ely pla91 be+ no m ?an cusp$ trefoils2 :ile ! top is cop$ 9 ! %ape ( a gabl$ ro(4 ,! "w is ( ! latt] "p ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,two int]e/+ ,h]e=d%ire examples1 br\ght to light a few ye>s ago1 h be5 re9/all$ "u ! auspices ( ! ,society = ! ,protection ( ,anci5t ,build+s 7z record$ 9 ! ,committee's ,report1 dat$ ,june #aiaf74 ,^! two crosses1 :i* are at ,madley 7,figs4 #aja1 #ajb7 & ,tyb]ton 7,figs4 #ajj1 #ajc71 respectively1 be> a /rik+ resemblance to "o ano!r4 ,! heads ( bo? are gabl$1 ) a crucifixion on ! obv]se1 & on ! rev]se a ,virg91 cr[n$ & ?ron$1 ) h] ,*ild /&+1 fully drap$1 on h] knee4 ,! ,tyb]ton cross-head is by f> ! m p]fect ( ! two4 ,x _h be5 misus$ z a f9ial1 or hip-knob1 at ! end ( ! brick *ur*4 ,! head ( ! ,madley cross is s badly defac$ t ! figure ( ! ,madonna is all b oblit]at$4 ,?is cross-head 0 f\nd among ! effects ( a private g5tleman1 ,mr ,rob]t ,cl>ke1 ( ,h]e=d1 aft] ^: dea? x 0 re/or$ to ! v complete base & %aft1 :i* /& 9 ! *ur*y>d4 ,! %afts ( bo? crosses 7monoli?s1 evid5tly f ! same qu>ry7 /& complete4 ,!y are ( octagonal section1 ) long po9t$ /ops on ! f\r alt]nate sides1 s t ! foot ( ! %aft is squ>e on plan4 ,! *amf]-/ops ( ! two crosses diff] slightly4 ,bo? %afts _h a simil> m\ld$ knop at _! junction ) ! head4 ,! ,madley cross-head is execut$ 9 a co>se1 s(t s&/one1 :i* has suff]$ mu* f dis9tegration4 ,b ! ,tyb]ton head owes its bett] pres]vation n a little to ! fact t x is execut$ 9 /one ( m durable quality4 ,bo? ^! crosses seem to be ( approximately ! same date1 viz41 ! late-f\rte5? or e>ly-fifte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! c\rty>d ( ! ca/le1 ,/ ,mi*ael's ,m\nt1 ,cornwall1 is a fifte5?-c5tury cross 7,figs4 #ajd & #aje74 ,! head is an oblong squ>e on plan1 measur+ #a ft4 #d 94 by #a ft41 by ab\t #c ft4 #c 94 high to ! top ( ! p9nacles at ! angles4 ,on "o side is a seat$ ,madonna & ,*ild2 on ! o!r a crucifix betwe5 ,m>y & ,john4 ,at "o end is a male figure we>+ a cap & civilian g[n2 at ! o!r a cr[n$ figure hold+ :at appe>s to be a sword4 ,! knop is octagonal & m\ld$1 ) ,go?ic squ>e pat]as r\nd ! neck1 j above ! junction ) ! octagonal %aft4 ,at ,d]w51 9 ,d5bigh%ire1 !re /&s1 imm$iately opposite to ! s\? por* ( ! nave1 a *ur*y>d cross1 :i* is n only ! mo/ p]fect "o 9 ! di/rict1 b also "o ( ! f9e/ 9 ! ,pr9cipality 7,figs4 #aaj1 #aaa1 & #aab74 ,un=tunately1 its effect is m>r$ by ! fact t ! %aft leans mu* out ( ! p]p5dicul>1 t[>ds ! ea/4 ,!re are two oblong /eps4 ,! l[] portion ( ! basem5t1 writes ! ,rev4 ,elias ,ow51 9 #ahhf1 has only "s ( its /ones rema9+ 9 position4 ,x measures #g ft4 #d 94 by #h ft4 #c 94 ,9 height ! /ep is #h 941 9 bread? #a ft4 ,! second "p measures #f ft4 #a 94 by #e ft4 #f 94 ,9 height ! /ep is #aj 941 9 bread? #a ft4 #d 94 ,! /ones =m+ ^! /eps are l>ge4 ,! socket1 or p$e/al1 is a pond]\s /one1 #b ft4 #i 94 squ>e at ! base1 & #b ft4 #d 94 high4 ,! upp] b$ is br\ght to an octagon by broa*es ( convex outl9e1 & ! upp] edge is slightly cant$4 ,! %aft1 :i* is mortis$ into ! p$e/al1 is #ac 94 squ>e at ! base1 b by sculptur$ heads1 :i* s]ve z broa*es1 or /ops to ! *amf]+1 x becomes octagonal4 ,! *amf]s are enri*$ ) sculptures 9 relief1 equidi/ant f "o ano!r1 repres5t+ angels1 human heads1 & foliage2 &1 at ! top1 oak leaves und]nea? ! bead m\ld+4 ,heads & quatrefoils ornam5t ! cove :i* =ms ! neck ( ! %aft4 ,! height ( ! latt] is #f ft4 #a 942 & ! total height ( ! cross1 includ+ ! /eps1 is #ac ft4 #a 94 ,orig9ally1 :5 complete1 x 0 high] /ill1 b ! top ( ! head1 :i* n[ measures #b ft4 #aj 94 high1 has vani%$4 ,! result is a some:at blunt$ & unga9ly appe>ance4 ,! head is oblong on plan1 its f\r faces sculptur$ l tab]nacl$ ni*es1 en%r9+ sculpture4 ,! ea/ & we/ faces1 #a ft4 #i 94 wide ea*1 h d\ble canopies1 :ile ! ends1 be+ no m ?an #a ft4 #a 94 wide1 h ea* a s+le canopy4 ,! subjects1 ?\gh mu* worn1 c be id5tifi$ z foll[s3 ,nor? face1 ! ,bless$ ,virg91 ) h] ,*ild on h] left arm2 s\? face1 ,/ ,mi*ael1 tread+ on ! dragon1 & weigh+ s\ls 9 a pair ( scales2 ea/ face1 ! ,coronation ( ! ,bless$ ,virg91 ) two kneel+ donors1 ! ,dove at ! top ( ! gr\p sadly mutilat$2 we/ face1 ! ,crucifixion1 flank$ by ,m>y & ,john4 ,mu* ( ! ornam5tal detail sugge/s late-f\rte5? c5tury "w1 b x is tol]ably c]ta9 t x is n e>li] ?an ! second half ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,to s\? ( ! *ur*1 9 ! *ur*y>d ( ,/ ,donat's1 ,glamorgan%ire1 /&s a cross admirable 9 pres]vation z x is also 9 its proportions & detail 7,figs4 #ajh1 #aji74 ,if !re is a fault to be f\nd 9 x1 ! arms ( ! ,*ri/ are dragg$ upw>d 9 too oblique a position4 ,! canopy-"w is sup]b1 &1 reg>d+ ! /ructure z a :ole1 x mu/ be pron\nc$ an exquisite & ref9$ specim5 ( ! v p]fection ( ,go?ic design4 ,its date is ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! s\? aisle ( ,%]burn-9-,elmet *ur*1 ,york%ire1 may be se5 :at looks l a pair ( *ur*y>d cross-heads 7,fig4 #aac7 ( id5tical design1 viz41 a crucifixion betwe5 ,m>y & ,john1 "u a crocket$ gable1 ! extremities ( ! cross ornam5t$ ) emblems ( ! ,passion1 & ! int]spaces fill$ ) exquisite late-,go?ic pi]c$ trac]y4 ,! hi/ory ( ^! two sculptures is a /range "o4 ,! head ( ! cross _h be5 ca/ d[n & buri$ at "s unkn[n date 9 ! pa/4 ,b x 0 dug up 9 ! latt] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury amid ! ru9s ( a small *antry *apel 9 ! corn] ( ! *ur*y>d4 ,! own]s ( ! *antry disput$ ! possession ( ! cross-head ) ! *ur*w>d5s2 &1 incr$ible z x may seem1 ! dispute 0 settl$ to ! satisfaction ( bo? p>ties by a me?od :i* recalls ! judgm5t ( ,solomon4 ,! head ( ! cross be+1 ,janus-l1 ( id5tical design on bo? sides1 0 sawn asund] d[n ?r\gh ! middle1 s t ea* ( ! rival claimants receiv$ a simil> sculptur$ ornam5t4 ,"o section 0 !n erect$ aga9/ ! wall ( a *apel on ! ea/ side ( ! *ur* por* at ,%]burn1 :ile ! o!r section 0 built into a /able wall at a f>m h\se call$ ,/eeton ,hall4 ,s9ce #ahhg1 h[ev]1 ! two sund]$ halves1 ?\gh n yet atta*$ toge!r z !y ought to be1 h be5 set up close to "o ano!r 9 ,%]burn *ur*1 a puzzle to all :o are unacqua9t$ ) _! /ory4 ,x %\ld be add$ t ! cross-head rises out ( a ri*ly-m\ld$ knop1 bel[ :i*1 ?\gh ! %aft is want+1 en\gh rema9s to %[ t ! orig9al /em ( ! cross 0 octagonal4 ,9 ! basem5t ( ! we/ t[] ( ,pockl+ton *ur*1 ,york%ire1 is a beautiful late-,go?ic cross-head 7,figs4 #aad1 #aae71 fitt$ on to a mod]n /em & base4 ,on ! obv]se is sculptur$ ! ,crucifixion betwe5 ,m>y & ,john2 on ! rev]se is ! ,tr9ity1 :ile a s+le figure occupies ei!r end4 ,b5ea? is ! inscription3 ,orate pro aia1 ,iohis ,soteby4 ,at ,cricklade1 ,wilt%ire1 are two crosses ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 "o 9 ,/ ,m>y's 7,fig4 #aaf71 ! o!r 9 ,/ ,sampson's *ur*y>d 7,fig4 #aag74 ,! latt] example1 h[ev]1 0 n orig9ally 9 ! *ur*y>d1 b /ood1 at lea/ d[n to #ahjg1 z ! m>ket or t[n cross4 ,bo? ^! crosses mu/1 z built1 h closely resembl$ "o ano!r1 b t at ,/ ,m>y's is n[ mu* ! m complete ( ! two4 ,x /&s on /eps4 ,! head is lant]n-%ap$1 an oblong on plan1 ! ov]hang be+ corbell$ =w>d by means ( a demi-angel at ea* angle4 ,! tab]nacl+ is ri*1 & ! figure-sculpture )9 x almo/ intact1 ?\gh wea!r-beat54 ,! subject on ! we/ is ! ,crucifixion betwe5 ,m>y & ,john2 on ! s\?1 ! ,assumption2 on ! nor?1 a bi%op2 & on ! ea/1 a que5 ) a knight4 ,! cross n[ at ,/ ,sampson's has no /eps1 b ! socket is h&somely panell$ ) sunk quatrefoils r\nd its sides4 ,all ! figure-sculpture f ! lant]n head1 :i* 0 =m]ly corbell$ on angels1 l ! o!r1 has be5 miss+ at lea/ f #ahjf onw>ds1 if n e>li]4 ,illu/ration #dg43 ,,roce/]1 ,,/af=d%ire ,,*ur*y>d ,,cross1 ,,plan ,,& ,,sections ,! village crosses ( ,cr[combe 7,fig4 #aah71 ,b$ale 7,fig4 #aai71 ,bonsall 7,fig4 #abj71 ,repton 7,fig4 #abc71 ,brig/ock 7,fig4 #abb71 & ,*ild's ,wickham 7,fig4 #g71 especially ^? :i* /& on high flights ( /eps adapt$ to ! fall ( ! gr\nd1 all illu/rate h[ *>m+ly su* /ructures gr\p 9 ) _! surr\nd+s1 & h[ great an ornam5t !y contribute to ! village l&scape1 ev5 ?\gh !y may h be5 robb$ ( _! orig9al head4 ,! cross at ,brig/ock is comp>atively intact4 ,x be>s ! royal arms 7qu>t]ly ,france mod]n & ,engl&71 & ! initials ,e4,r41 ) ! date #aehf4 ,! cross at ,*ild's ,wickham dates f ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,x is1 un=tunately1 disfigur$ by an eighte5?-c5tury urn 9 place ( ! m$ival cross-head4 ,9 _m cases ! orig9al heads h be5 replac$ by squ>e blocks ) sundials4 ,at ,/eeple ,a%ton 7,fig4 #aba71 h[ev]1 ! classic column & sundial-block & globe are no d\bt all ( "o date1 ! late-sev5te5?1 or ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 #dh4 ,,roce/]1 ,,/af=d%ire ,,*ur*y>d ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #di4 ,,great ,,grimsby1 ,,l9coln%ire ,,*ur*y>d ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #ej4 ,,eyn%am1 ,,ox=d%ire ,,m>ket ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #ea1 #eb4 ,,y>nton1 ,,ox=d%ire ,,*ur*y>d ,,cross1 ,,) ,,details ,,& ,,plan ,illu/ration3 #ec4 ,,hors+ton1 ,,som]set%ire ,,roadside ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #ed4 ,,drayton1 ,,som]set%ire ,,*ur*y>d ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #ee4 ,,higham ,,f]r]s1 ,,nor?ampton%ire ,,*ur*y>d ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #ef4 ,,ir?l+bor\gh1 ,,nor?ampton%ire ,,m>ket ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #eg4 ,,mit*el ,,troy1 ,,monm\?%ire ,,*ur*y>d ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #eh4 ,,/albridge1 ,,dorset%ire ,,m>ket ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #ei4 ,,cumnor1 ,,b]k%ire ,,rema9s ,,( ,,*ur*y>d ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #fj4 ,,/anway1 ,,gl\ce/]%ire ,,socket ,,( ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #fa4 ,,?at*am1 ,,b]k%ire ,,rema9s ,,( ,,cross ,,9 ,,! ,,/reet ,illu/ration3 #fb4 ,,wick51 ,,cambridge%ire ,,socket1 ,,& ,,foot ,,( ,,%aft ,illu/ration3 #fc4 ,,c>lton1 ,,b$=d%ire ,,socket1 ,,& ,,fragm5t ,,( ,,! ,,%aft1 ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*y>d ,,cross ,illu/ration3 ,elevation ( ! ,base ,plan4 #fd4 ,,key+ham1 ,e4,r4 ,,york%ire ,,socket ,,& ,,/eps ,illu/ration3 #fe4 ,,dor*e/]1 ,,ox=d%ire ,,*ur*y>d ,,cross1 ,,be=e ,,re/oration ,illu/ration3 #ff1 #fg1 #fh4 ,,omb]sley1 ,,worce/]%ire ,,*ur*y>d ,,cross1 ,,) ,,detail ,,( ,,socket1 ,,& ,,also ,,! ,,plan ,illu/ration3 #fi1 #gj4 ,,head+ton1 ,,ox=d%ire ,,*ur*y>d ,,cross1 ,,be=e ,,& ,,aft] ,,re/oration ,illu/ration3 #ga4 ,,raglan1 ,,monm\?%ire ,,base ,,( ,,*ur*y>d ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #gb4 ,,h]e=d ,,:itefri>s' ,,cross1 ,,be=e ,,re/oration ,illu/ration3 #gc4 ,,h]e=d ,,:itefri>s' ,,cross1 ,,aft] ,,re/oration ,illu/ration3 #gd1 #ge1 #gf4 ,,d\lt+1 ,,som]set%ire ,,socket ,,( ,,*ur*y>d ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #gg4 ,,nor? ,,pe!rton1 ,,som]set%ire ,,*ur*y>d ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #gh4 ,,dundry1 ,,som]set%ire ,,*ur*y>d ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #gi4 ,,h$on1 ,e4,r4 ,,york%ire ,,! ,,rav5spurne ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #hj4 ,,key+ham1 ,e4,r4 ,,york%ire ,,old ,,cross ,,f ,,l9coln%ire1 ,,re-,,erect$ ,,by ,,! ,,late ,,mr ,,ow/ ,,^u ,,8 ,,private ,,gr\nd ,,at ,,key+ham ,illu/ration3 #ha4 ,,som]sby1 ,,l9coln%ire ,,*ur*y>d ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #hb4 ,,hales[51 ,,worce/]%ire ,,rema9s ,,( ,,cross-,,head1 ,,%[+ ,,all ,,f\r ,,sides ,illu/ration3 #hc4 ,,rema9s ,,( ,,cross-,,head ,illu/ration3 #hc1 #hd1 #he4 ,,nor? ,,h9ksey1 ,,b]k%ire ,,*ur*y>d ,,cross1 ,,9 ,,p]spective ,,& ,,elevation ,illu/ration3 #hf1 #hg4 ,,maughold1 ,,isle ,,( ,,man ,,! ,,village ,,cross1 ,,f ,,two ,,po9ts ,,( ,,view ,illu/ration3 #hh4 ,,croxd51 ,,/af=d%ire ,,cross ,,head ,,f ,,! ,,abbey ,,ru9s ,illu/ration3 #hi4 ,,bleadon1 ,,som]set%ire ,,head ,,( ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #ij1 #ia4 ,,newm>ket1 ,,fl9t%ire ,,head ,,( ,,*ur*y>d ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #ib1 #ic4 ,,:e/on1 ,,tideswell1 ,,d]by%ire ,,roadside ,,cross1 ,,%[+ ,,front ,,& ,,back ,illu/ration3 #id1 #ie4 ,,lanteglos ,,juxta ,,f[ey1 ,,cornwall ,,cross ,,9 ,,! ,,*ur*y>d ,illu/ration3 #if4 ,,/ ,,ives1 ,,cornwall ,,*ur*y>d ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #ig1 #ih1 #ii4 ,,ampney ,,crucis1 ,,gl\ce/]%ire ,,*ur*y>d ,,cross1 ,,) ,,details ,,( ,,head ,illu/ration3 #ajj4 ,,tyb]ton1 ,,h]e=d%ire ,,*ur*y>d ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #aja4 ,,madley1 ,,h]e=d%ire ,,*ur*y>d ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #ajb43 ,,madley ,,head ,,( ,,*ur*y>d ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #ajc4 ,,tyb]ton ,,rev]se ,,( ,,head ,,( ,,*ur*y>d ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #ajd1 #aje4 ,,/ ,,mi*ael',s ,,m\nt1 ,,cornwall ,,head ,,( ,,cross ,,9 ,,! ,,ca/le ,,c\rty>d ,illu/ration3 #ajf1 #ajg4 ,,mawgan-,,9-,,pyd]1 ,,cornwall ,,*ur*y>d ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #ajh1 #aji4 ,,/ ,,donat',s1 ,,glamorgan%ire ,,*ur*y>d ,,cross1 ,,) ,,detail ,,( ,,head ,illu/ration3 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aab4 ,,d]w51 ,,d5bigh%ire ,,! ,,coronation ,,( ,,our ,,lady ,,*ur*y>d ,,cross1 ,,) ,,details ,,/ ,,mi*ael1 ,,weigh+ ,,s\ls ,illu/ration3 #aac4 ,,%]burn-,,9-,,elmet1 ,w4,r4 ,,york%ire ,,head ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,*ur*y>d ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #aad1 #aae4 ,,pockl+ton1 ,e4,r4 ,,york%ire ,,cross1 ,,) ,,detail ,,( ,,head ,illu/ration3 #aaf1 #aag4 ,,cricklade1 ,,wilt%ire ,,/ ,,m>y',s ,,*ur*y>d ,,cross ,,! ,,t[n ,,cross1 ,,n[ ,,remov$ ,,to ,,/ ,,sampson',s ,,*ur* ,illu/ration3 #aah4 ,,cr[combe1 ,,som]set ,,village ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #aai4 ,,b$ale1 ,n4,r4 ,,york%ire ,illu/ration3 #abj4 ,,bonsall1 ,,d]by%ire ,,m>ket ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #aba4 ,,/eeple ,,a%ton1 ,,wilt%ire ,,village ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #abb4 ,,brig/ock1 ,,nor?ampton%ire ,,m>ket ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #abc4 ,,repton1 ,,d]by%ire ,,village ,,cross ,,iv4 ,,spire-,,%ap$1 ,,or ,,eleanor ,,crosses ,on #bh? ,novemb] #abij ! ,que5-,consort1 ,eleanor ( ,ca/ile1 di$ at ,h>by1 9 ,nott+ham%ire4 ,edw>d ,i41 pro/rat$ ) grief--! s9c]ity ( 8 devotion to 8 wife 0 p]haps ! mo/ fav\rable trait 9 8 "*--resolv$ to p]petuate h] memory by erect+ crosses at ! v>i\s /opp+-places ( ! fun]al procession on its way to ,london4 ,! r\te *os51 ?\gh n ! mo/ direct "o1 0 arrang$ expressly s t ! body might re/1 ea* night ( its j\rney1 at "s l>ge & important t[n1 or else at "s conv5tual h\se1 = ! fitt+ celebration ( ! solemn (fices = ! dead4 ,a /one cross 0 built1 if n ^u ! exact spot1 9 ! ne> neighb\rhood ( ! spot1 :]e ! body _h repos$ on ea* occasion1 viz41 at ,l9coln1 ,gran?am1 ,/am=d1 ,g$d+ton1 ,nor?ampton1 or r ,h>d+/on 7rea*$ on #i? ,decemb]71 ,/ony ,/rat=d1 ,woburn1 ,dun/able1 ,/ ,albans 7#ac? ,decemb]71 ,wal?am1 or r ,*e%unt1 ,london 7:]e ! body lay = ! night1 probably 9 ,/ ,paul's ,ca!dral1 a cross be+ aft]w>ds erect$ 9 ,we/ ,*eap71 &1 f9ally1 ,*>+ village1 :i* 0 ! la/ halt+-place on ! way to ! entombm5t 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey on #ag? ,decemb]4 ,!re 7 set up altoge!r twelve ,eleanor crosses4 ,"s h reckon$ ! numb] at fifte51 suppos+ t simil> crosses 7 erect$ also at ,h>by1 ,new>k1 & ,leice/]1 b ( ^! !re is no evid5ce4 ,s f> z c be judg$ f docum5ts & exi/+ rema9s1 x w\ld seem t c]ta9 pr9cipal features 7 common to ! design ( all ! crosses ( ! s]ies1 al?\gh !y v>i$ 9 m9or details4 ,! g5]al outl9e 0 borr[$ f t ( a spire ( dim9i%+ /ages4 ,a /atue ( ,que5 ,eleanor occupi$ ea* ( ! ni*es 9 ! middle /orey2 a notable peculi>ity be+ ! multiplication ( ! effigies ( ! p]son commemorat$4 ,?ree or f\r /atues ( ! que5 occur 9 "o & ! same monum5t1 /&+1 backs to ! c5tral %aft1 _! faces look+ =w>d 9 opposite directions4 ,! l[e/ /age or /orey 0 c>v$ ) bl9d trac]y1 s design$ z to divide1 ) a v]tical m\ld+1 ea* side1 or cant1 into two panels1 ) trefoil cusp+ 9 ! head1 hav+ h]aldic %ields1 "o 9 ea* panel4 ,! %ields respectively bore ! arms ( 7#a7 ,engl& 7?ree leop>ds only1 = ! k+s ( ,engl& _h n yet arrogat$ to !mselves ! sov]eignty ( ,france72 7#b7 qu>t]ly1 ,ca/ile & ,leon1 ! arms ( ,que5 ,eleanor's fa!r2 & 7#c7 ,pon?ieu 7?ree b5dlets )9 a bordure71 ! arms ( h] "m1 ,joanna1 ,c\ntess ( ,pon?ieu1 9 ,pic>dy4 ,n ! slighte/ rema9s ( any ( ! orig9al crosses exi/ 9 situ1 except at ,g$d+ton1 ,nor?ampton1 & ,wal?am4 ,regrettable z is ! disappe>ance ( all b ?ree crosses ( ! s]ies1 x is yet a matt] = congratulation t ^? :i* d happ5 to survive repres5t ea* ( !m an individual v>iety ( treatm5t2 =1 h[ev] mu* !y may resemble "o ano!r 9 details1 or ev5 9 _! ma9 s*eme & proportions1 ! diff]5ce ( plan is a fundam5tal factor1 & su* t necess>ily results 9 /rik+ div]g5ces4 ,g$d+ton cross is triangul>1 ,wal?am cross hexagonal1 & ,nor?ampton cross octagonal on plan4 ,( ^! ?ree !re c be no "q t t at ,g$d+ton 7,figs4 #abd & #abe71 on acc\nt ( its triangul> section1 is ! lea/ satisfy+ ae/hetically2 inde$1 its optical effect is1 9 c]ta9 aspects1 decid$ly unpleas+4 ,n only does x look z ?\gh "p ( ! fabric 7 miss+1 or ! :ole /ructure lop-sid$1 b ! anomal\s position ( ! %afts1 or /&>ds1 ris+ at ea* out] angle "r be=e ! face ( ! figures1 gives ! latt] a cag$ appe>ance1 &1 by int]cept+ a direct view ( !m1 infallibly detracts f ! prom95ce :i* is _! prop] due4 ,! triangul> %ape1 !n1 is m div]t+ z an +5i\s plann+ exp]im5t ?an admirable z a model = reproduction4 ,9 pla9 words1 x is an ar*itectural ecc5tricity4 ,aga91 ,g$d+ton cross1 encru/$ z is ! entire surface ) sculptur$ diap] patt]ns1 & lack+ z x does ! dignifi$ retic5ce ( contra/$ pla9 spaces1 su* z occur 9 ,nor?ampton 7,figs4 #a & #abf7 & ,wal?am 7,figs4 #abg1 #abh1 & #abi7 crosses1 mu/ comp>e unfav\rably ) ei!r ( !m4 ,:oev] ! design] ( ,g$d+ton cross may h be51 x is c]ta9 he 0 n ! arti/ t ,battle or ,crundale 01 to ^: g5ius ! crosses ( ,nor?ampton & ,wal?am respectively are ow+4 ,royal acc\nt rolls1 extant d[n to ! ye> #abic1 ?r[ consid]able light on ! progress ( ! "w1 ! id5tity ( ! arti/s engag$ on x1 & ! co/ ( _! s]vices1 z well z ( ! mat]ial us$4 ,b ! p>ticul>s ( ! sev]al und]tak+s are n always kept di/9ct1 s t x is difficult1 if n impossible1 to dis5tangle ! precise am\nt ( ! co/ ( any individual cross4 ,john1 ( ,battle1 a ma/] mason1 contract$ = 8 %>e ( ! "w ( a numb] ( crosses1 viz41 at ,nor?ampton1 ,/ony ,/rat=d1 ,woburn1 ,dun/able1 & ,/ ,albans1 = #ie ea*4 ,! imag]y & mu* ( ! ornam5tal sculpture 0 execut$ 9 ,london4 ,! figures ( ! que51 = ! crosses ( ,l9coln & ,nor?ampton1 7 ! "w ( ,william1 ( ,irel&2 :ile ,alex&]1 ( ,ab+don1 ano!r image mak]1 provid$ ! /atues = o!r crosses1 ! figures all be+ produc$ at a uni=m rate ( five m>ks1 or #c4 #fs4 #h;d4 ea*4 ,purbeck m>ble1 f ! qu>ries at ,corfe1 0 us$ = p>ts ( ! crosses at ,l9coln1 ,nor?ampton1 ,/ony ,/rat=d1 ,dun/able1 ,/ ,albans1 ,wal?am1 & ,*>+4 ,! fir/ ( ! /opp+-places at :i* crosses 7 erect$ 0 ,l9coln4 ,! ,eleanor cross !re /ood on ,sw9e ,gre51 opposite ! ,gilb]t9e ,priory ( ,/ ,ca!r9e1 :]e ! que5's body re/$4 ,! cross 0 built by ,ri*>d1 ( ,/[e1 o!rwise ,ga9sbor\gh1 !n ma/] mason ( ! works ( ! ca!dral4 ,f "t to "t1 dur+ ! ye>s #abia to #abic1 he receiv$ paym5ts1 am\nt+ to #ajf4 #acs4 #d;d41 = ! k+'s "w4 ,! /atues1 & "s ( ! c>v$ ornam5t = ! cross1 7 execut$ at ,we/m9/] by ,william1 ( ,irel&1 call$ 9 ! acc\nts ,imag9ator i4e41 image mak]4 ,william1 z m5tion$ above1 receiv$ #c4 #fs4 #h;d4 ea* = ! /atues ( ! que52 :ile ! ornam5ts = ! head ( ! cross seem to h co/ #ac4 ,x is comput$ t ! total co/ ( ! cross at ,l9coln am\nt$ to ab\t #acd4 ,n a ve/ige ( x n[ rema9s4 ,! cross at ,gran?am1 ,l9coln%ire1 /ood 9 an op5 space on ! ,london road1 at a place call$ ,pet] ,*ur* ,hill4 ,dr ,william ,/ukeley1 9 #aggf1 record$ t ! p _h "s memory ( x 9 8 "t2 &1 moreov]1 he 0 %[n a /one c>v$ ) foliage "w1 said to be "p ( x4 ,all rema9s ( ! cross h long s9ce vani%$4 ,9 8 acc\nt ( ,/am=d1 ,l9coln%ire1 pr9t$ 9 #afdf1 ,ri*>d ,but*] says3 ,n f> f ,high ,dike1 on ! nor? side ( ! t[n ( ,/am=d1 ne> unto ,york highway1 & ab\t twelve score f ! ,t[ngate1 call$ ,clem5t ,gate1 /&s an anci5t cross ( free/one1 ( a v curi\s fabric1 hav+ _m scut*eons insculp$ 9 ! /one ab\t x1 z ! arms ( ,ca/ile & ,leon qu>t]$ 444 & div]s o!r hat*m5ts1 ( :i* only ! ru9s appe> to ! eye4 ,9 ! edition ( #afei1 ! cross is ref]r$ to 9 ! pa/ t5se1 %[+ t x _h be5 remov$ 9 ! int]val4 ,r4 ,symond1 9 a note dat$ ,augu/ #afde1 writes3 ,on ! hill1 be=e ye come to ! t[n 7( ,/am=d71 /&s a l(ty1 l>ge cross4444 ,^u ! top ( ?is cross ^! ?ree %ields are (t5 c>v$3 7#a7 ,engl&1 7#b7 ,pon?ieu1 7#c7 ,ca/ile & ,leon qu>t]ly4 ,! cross 0 pull$ d[n by ! soldi]s ( ! ,p>liam5t dur+ ! ,civil ,w>1 b ! f\ndations 7 laid b>e1 9 ! process ( excavations conduct$ by ,dr ,/ukeley1 :ile vic> ( ,all ,sa9ts1 ,/am=d1 #agbi to #agdg4 ,illu/ration3 #abd4 ,,g$d+ton1 ,,nor?ampton%ire ,,plan ,,( ,,eleanor ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #abe4 ,,g$d+ton1 ,,nor?ampton%ire ,,eleanor ,,cross1 ,,9 ,,! ,,village ,! ,eleanor cross at ,g$d+ton1 ,nor?ampton%ire1 is /ill /&+1 9 ! middle ( a wide space 9 ! village4 ,! pr9cipal "p ( ! mat]ial is ,weldon /one1 b ! /r+ c\rses & wea!r+s are ( ,/anion /one1 :i* has a slightly h>d] texture4 ,! cross is rais$ on eight hexagonal /eps2 x comprises ?ree /oreys1 & is little %ort ( #db ft4 9 height4 ,z may be se5 by ! plan 79 :i* ! spaces ,a1 ,b1 & ,c repres5t ! situation ( ! figures71 ! middle /age is s plac$ 9 relation to t b5ea? x t its out] angles correspond ) ! middle ( ea* side 9 ! l[] /age4 ,! base is a triangle ( equal sides2 ea* #e ft4 #a 94 wide4 ,! royal acc\nts1 :i* are want+ f ! ye> #abid onw>d1 conta9 no entry ref]r+ to ,g$d+ton cross2 :5ce x has be5 inf]r$ t ! latt] c\ld n h be5 erect$ until #abid or aft]4 ,tradition says t a fav\rite sport ( ! place us$ to be squirrel-bait+4 ,a suffici5t numb] ( wild squirrels hav+ be5 caught = ! purpose1 w\ld be turn$ loose 9 ! village1 :]e ! cr[ds1 surr\nd+ !m 9 a r+1 ) %\ts & all mann] ( hide\s noises1 proce$$ to hunt & beat _! helpless victims to dea?4 ,sometimes ! t]rifi$ little creatures w\ld va9ly seek refuge by runn+ up ! cross & try+ to hide beh9d ! p9nacles & tab]nacle "w4 ,b _! cruel torm5tors ru?lessly dislodg$ !m !nce1 pelt+ !m ) /ones until !y 7 driv5 =? & kill$4 ,! only m>vel1 9 ! circum/ances1 is t any "p ( ! orig9al /onework ( ! cross %\ld h surviv$ su* reckless viol5ce4 ,! cross 0 repair$ 9 #ahjj1 & aga9 9 #ahij4 ,! fam\s ,eleanor cross ( ,nor?ampton 7,figs4 #a1 #abf7 /&s ab\t a mile di/ant f ! t[n1 & actually 9 ! p>i% ( ,h>d+/on4 ,! monum5t is picturesquely plac$ on a roadside bank1 ) a f9e backgr\nd ( trees4 ,! spot 0 *os5 because ,delapr1 close by1 a h\se ( ,cluniac nuns1 af=d$ ! fun]al procession a conv5i5t halt = ! night4 ,= ! m solid p>ts ( ! cross1 z di/9ct f its ornam5tal detail1 ,b>nack /one seems to h be5 us$4 ,! mason responsible = ! design1 z already m5tion$1 0 ,john1 ( ,battle4 ,! sculptor1 ,william1 ( ,irel&1 0 paid #be = 8 "w1 includ+ ! ornam5tal c>v+s & ! f\r /atues 7ne>ly #f ft4 high7 ( ! que5 at #c4 #fs4 #h;d4 apiece4 ,! di/9ctive feature ( ?is cross1 n kn[n to h occurr$ on any o!r ( ! s]ies1 is an op5 book c>v$ on e alt]nate "o ( ! eight sides ( ! l[e/ /orey4 ,! latt] is ab\t #ad ft4 high1 ! next /orey above x #ab ft4 high4 ,at ! pres5t day !re are n9e /eps1 all octagonal on plan4 ,=m]ly !re 7 sev51 :ile ! engrav+ 9 ,vetu/a ,monum5ta1 #agia1 depicts eight /eps4 ,:at 0 ! orig9al t]m9ation ( ?is cross w nev] be kn[n4 ,x disappe>$ s long ago t1 ev5 9 #adfj1 ! monum5t 0 spok5 ( z crux s9e capite4 ,! fir/ record$ re/oration ( ! cross took place 9 #agac4 ,at ! ,qu>t] ,sessions 9 t ye> ! ,ju/ices au?oris$ ! exp5diture ( a sum n exce$+ #cj on repair+ ! cross1 :i* accord+ly und]w5t ?or\gh re/oration & p>tial rebuild+4 ,!re 0 !n erect$ on ! summit a /one cross paty1 #c ft4 high1 :ile gnomons = sundials1 fac+ ! f\r c>d9al po9ts1 7 fix$ to ! trac]y ( ! topmo/ /orey4 ,also1 on ! we/ side ( ! bottom /orey 7 plac$ ! arms ( ,que5 ,anne & a m>ble tablet1 ) a long inscription 9 ,lat94 ,fur!r repairs 7 effect$ 9 #agfb2 & ! cross 0 r5ovat$ once aga91 "u ! direction ( ! ar*itect1 ,edw>d ,blore1 9 #ahdj4 ,! commemorative tablets & ! mod]n cross on ! summit 7 !n remov$1 a brok5 %aft be+ erect$ 9 place ( ! cross paty4 ,blore1 at ! same "t1 r5ew$ ! ornam5tal cre/+1 "o ( ! gables1 & mu* ( ! sub/antial /onework ( ! cross2 & he recut all b two ( ! armorial %ields4 ,9 #ahhd fur!r repairs 7 effect$1 consi/+ ma9ly ( ! r5ewal & /r5g!n+ ( ! decay$ plat=m /eps4 ,9 ,m>* #aijj ! c>e & ma9t5ance ( ! cross 7 =mally ve/$ 9 ! ,c\nty ,c\ncil4 ,illu/ration3 #abf4 ,,nor?ampton1 7,,h>d+/on7 ,,! ,,eleanor ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #abg1 #abh4 ,,*e%unt1 ,,h]t=d%ire ,,wal?am ,,cross ,! ,eleanor cross at ,/ony ,/rat=d1 ,buck+ham%ire1 0 built by ,john ,battle & 8 assi/ants1 ,simon1 ( ,pab5ham1 & o!rs1 ! ornam5tal sculpture1 compris+ %afts1 heads1 & b&s1 be+ execut$ by ,ralph1 ( ,*i*e/]4 ,?is cross /ood a little nor? ( ! ,horse%oe ,inn4 ,x 0 pull$ d[n by ! ,puritans ab\t #afdf1 b ,cole1 ! antiqu>y1 0 assur$ by an old inhabitant t he rememb]$ "p ( x rema9+ at ! we/]n extremity ( ! t[n4 ,! same executants c>ri$ out ! ,b$=d%ire crosses ( ,woburn & ,dun/able4 ,! la/-nam$ is describ$ z hav+ be5 a cross ( wond]ful size4 ,x /ood 9 ! ma9 /reet 444 :]e ,watl+ ,/reet crosses ! ,icknield way2 & is said to h be5 demoli%$ by troops1 "u ! ,e>l ( ,essex1 9 #afdc4 ,p>ts ( its f\ndation 444 h be5 met ) dur+ rec5t alt]ations 9 ! roadway 7,dr ,james ,gall[ay1 #aiad74 ,9 ! he>t ( ! t[n ( ,/ ,albans /ood ano!r ,eleanor cross1 describ$ 9 #aeif z v]ie /ately1 ! same executants z 9 ! prec$+ in/ances be+ employ$4 ,! great] "p ( ?is cross 0 de/roy$ by ord] ( ,p>liam5t 9 #afdc4 ,fragm5ts1 h[ev]1 /ood 9 ! m>ket place until #agjb1 :5 !y 7 cle>$ away to make room = ! erection ( an octagonal m>ket h\se 9 #agjc4 ,illu/ration3 #abi4 ,,*e%unt ,,section ,,( ,,middle ,,/orey ,,( ,,wal?am ,,cross ,wal?am ,cross 7,figs4 #abg1 #abh1 & #abi7 /&s at ! junction ( ,eleanor ,cross ,road & ,high ,/reet1 9 ! p>i% ( ,*e%unt1 ,h]t=d%ire4 ,! monum5t 0 ! "w ( ,rog] ,crundale & ,dym+e de ,lig]i1 or de ,reyns1 9 or ab\t #abic4 ,x 0 built l>gely ( ,ca5 /one4 ,ap>t f ! diff]5ce necess>ily entail$ by its hexagonal plan1 ,wal?am ,cross 9 _m respects recalls t ( ,h>d+/on1 ,nor?ampton4 ,9 #agba ,dr ,/ukeley contribut$ to ,vetu/a ,monum5ta an imag9>y re/oration2 :i* 0 foll[$1 9 ,april #agia1 by an engrav+1 by ,basire1 f ,s*nebbelie's draw+1 %[+ ! cross 9 its actual /ate4 ,x _h by !n become mu* dilapidat$1 no?+ hav+ be5 done to keep x 9 repair beyond ! /r5g!n+ ( ! base ) new brickwork 9 #ageg4 ,x is believ$ t ! cross orig9ally /ood ^u t5 /eps4 ,^! _h entirely disappe>$ by #agia4 ,! pres5t /eps1 f\r 9 numb]1 are q mod]n4 ,! cross1 hav+ be5 r5ovat$ 9 #ahcc to #ahcd1 & aga9 9 #ahhg to #ahhi1 has lo/ s mu* t practically no "p ( ! orig9al fabric beyond ! core1 ! ?ree figures1 & p>ts ( ! l[e/ /orey1 survives4 ,! p9nacle at ! top is a conjectural re/oration1 ! anci5t head1 z 9 ! cases also ( ,g$d+ton & ,nor?ampton crosses1 hav+ s utt]ly p]i%$ z to leave no indication ( h[ ! cross %\ld prop]ly t]m9ate4 ,illu/ration3 #acj1 #aca4 ,,london1 ,,we/ ,,*eap ,,rema9s ,,f ,,! ,,eleanor ,,cross1 ,,9 ,,! ,,guildhall ,,museum ,illu/ration3 #acb4 ,,london1 ,,we/ ,,*eap ,,! ,,second ,,( ,,! ,,?ree ,,crosses ,,erect$ ,,on ,,! ,,spot ,illu/ration3 #acc1 #acd3 ,,london1 ,,we/ ,,*eap ,,! ,,?ird ,,cross ,,erect$ ,,on ,,! ,,spot ,illu/ration3 #ace4 ,,*>+ ,,detail ,,( ,,old ,,prospect1 ,,%[+ ,,position ,,( ,,*>+ ,,cross ,we/ ,*eap ,cross 7,figs4 #acj-acd7 /ood 9 ! middle ( ! roadway1 opposite to ! spot :]e ,wood ,/reet op5s at "r angles out ( ,*eapside4 ,?ree successive crosses h occupi$ ?is id5tical position4 ,! fir/ 0 an ,eleanor cross1 built by ! mason1 ,mi*ael1 ( ,cant]bury1 :o contract$ to execute ! "w = #cjj4 ,! "* ( ! design may be judg$ f two fragm5ts ( ! /one panell+ ( ! l[e/ /orey1 n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,guildhall ,museum 7,figs4 #acj & #aca74 ,^! exhibit trefoil cusp+1 & ! same armorial %ields :i* occur 9 ! ?ree exi/+ crosses at ,g$d+ton1 ,nor?ampton1 & ,wal?am4 ,"s tw5ty ye>s aft] its erection1 ,*eapside ,cross figur$ 9 ! fe/ivities :i* foll[$ ! bir? ( ,pr9ce ,edw>d 7aft]w>ds ,k+ ,edw>d ,,iii47 on #ac? ,novemb] #acab4 ,a great pageant 0 organis$ 9 ! ,city 9 hon\r ( ! occasion1 & at ! cross 9 ,*eap a pavilion 0 set up1 & 9 x a tun ( w9e plac$1 f :i* all :o pass$ by might freely dr9k4 ,f :atev] cause1 ! cross 0 s soon all[$ to fall into disrepair t its recon/ruction came to be contemplat$ :5 x _h be5 /&+ only ab\t sev5ty-five ye>s1 ,sir ,rob]t ,launde1 knight1 ^: w is dat$ #acfg1 mak+ a beque/ to ! build+ ( ! cross 9 ,*eapside4 ,! matt] at la/ became s urg5t t1 9 #adda1 ,h5ry ,,vi4 issu$ a lic5ce to ! ,mayor ( ,london to rebuild ! cross 9 m beautiful mann]4 ,! new cross1 rais$ ma9ly at ! co/ ( ! ,city1 0 n f9i%$ until #adhf4 ,:y x %\ld h tak5 s long a space ( "t to br+ x to completion is n app>5t4 ,x 0 a v sumptu\s & elaborate /ructure2 b its build]s did n attempt to adh]e to ! model ( an ,eleanor cross1 ,scripture subjects & figures ( sa9ts tak+ ! place ( ! /atues ( ! ,que54 ,! monum5t 0 surm\nt$ by a crucifix1 ) a dove ov] x2 ! o!r sculptures compris+ ! ,resurrection1 ! ,bless$ ,virg9 & ,*ild1 & ,/ ,edw>d ! ,confessor4 ,dur+ ! night ( #ba/ ,june #aeha1 unkn[n iconocla/s defac$ all ^! figures1 t ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 9 ! upp] ti] be+ subject$ to great] indignities ?an ! re/4 ,9 addition to be+ mutilat$ x 0 discov]$ to h be5 b\nd ) ropes1 ready to be torn d[n4 ,a rew>d 0 (f]$ = ! appreh5sion ( ! (f5d]s1 b !y 7 nev] caught4 ,que5 ,elizabe? notifi$ to ! ,c\rt ( ,ald]m5 h] wi% t ! damage %\ld be made good4 ,! ,"l ,mayor !reupon wrote to ! ,lords ( ! ,c\ncil1 ask+ ,h] ,maje/y's fur!r directions2 & he 0 p>ticul>ly anxi\s t\*+ ! repair+ & g>ni%+ ( ! images ( ! cross4 ,9 #aeie ! image ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 0 r5ovat$ & made secure4 ,9 #aeif a new ,infant 0 plac$ 9 h] arms1 an addition :i* 0 co>sely & clumsily r5d]$1 z "o w\ld expect at t p]iod4 ,f\r ye>s aft]1 on ! plea t ! woodwork ( ! upp] "p1 includ+ ! cross on ! top ( all1 0 out ( repair1 a pyramid 0 sub/itut$ = ! =m] f9ial cross1 & a semi-nude /atue ( ,diana = t ( ! ,bless$ ,virg94 ,que5 ,elizabe? ord]$ t a pla9 gilt cross %\ld be set up on ! summit ( ! pyramid4 ,! ,city magnates demurr$1 b ultimately compli$4 ,next1 ! /atue ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 0 re/or$1 & ! :ole /ructure cleans$2 b only twelve nights aft] ! erection ( ! new /atue ( ! ,virg91 ! latt] 0 aga9 attack$1 decr[n$1 & ne>ly behead$1 & ! figure ( ! ,infant tak5 away4 ,9 ! c\rse ( its exi/5ce ! cross ( #adda to #adhf _h be5 repeat$ly repair$ & regilt4 ,x _h already lo/ e trace ( its fifte5?-c5tury orig9 by #aedg1 :51 on #ai? ,febru>y1 ! coronation procession ( ,edw>d ,,vi4 pass$ at its foot1 an incid5t :i* 0 depict$ by a contempor>y1 or ne>ly contempor>y1 h& ^u ! /ucco walls ( ! d9+ hall at ,c[dray ,h\se1 ne> ,midhur/1 ,sussex 7,fig4 #acb74 ,! mural pa9t+1 un=tunately1 p]i%$ 9 ! deva/at+ fire at ,c[dray on ! night ( #bd? to #be? ,septemb] #agic4 ,! rebuild+ ( ,*eapside ,cross 0 resolv$ ^u 9 #afjj4 ,! new cross 0 erect$ 9 #afjf 7,figs4 #acc & #acd74 ,! "q ( ! advisability ( cr[n+ ! latt] ) a crucifix hav+ be5 rais$1 ! two ,univ]sities 7 =mally consult$ on ! subject4 ,op9ions 7 divid$1 b ,dr ,george ,abbot1 !n ,vice-,*ancellor ( ,ox=d1 & aft]w>ds ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 pron\nc$ def9itely aga9/ a crucifix4 ,a simple cross1 !re=e1 unaccompani$ by a dove1 0 atta*$ to ! top ( ! new /ructure2 :ile ! base 0 encircl$ by an iron rail+ z a precaution aga9/ attack4 ,?is1 ! ?ird & la/ ( ! ,*eapside crosses1 /ood = a %ort] p]iod ?an ei!r ( its pr$ecessors4 ,x 0 ov]?r[n on #bnd ,may #afdc1 z record$ by ,evelyn 9 8 ,di>y1 "u ?is date1 9 ! foll[+ passage3 ,i w5t to ,london1 :]e ,i saw ! furi\s & zeal\s p demoli% t /ately ,crosse 9 ,*eapside4 ,illu/ration3 #acf1 #acg4 ,,*>+1 ,,ne> ,,london ,,! ,,eleanor ,,cross1 ,,& ,,! ,,cross ,,:i* ,,succe$$ ,,! ,,=m] ,,on ,,! ,,same ,,site ,*>+ ,cross1 built to commemorate ! la/ re/+-place ( ! ,que5's body be=e x rea*$ ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 occupi$1 z ! detail f a prospect1 by ,ralph ,agas 7c4 #aefj71 ( ,london & neighb\rhood %[s 7,fig4 #ace71 approximately ! same site :]e ,h]b]t ,le ,sueur's sup]b eque/rian /atue ( ,*>les ,i4 n[ /&s4 ,! orig9al cross 7,fig4 #acf7 is describ$ z hav+ be5 ! f9e/ & /atelie/ ( all ! ,eleanor crosses4 ,x 0 ! "w ( ,ri*>d ,crundale1 :o1 dy+ 9 #abic1 0 succe$$ by ,rog] ,crundale2 & ,alex&]1 ( ,irel&1 c>v$ ! /atues ( ! ,que5 = ! cross1 :i* is comput$ to h co/ ne>ly #hjj4 ,by #aeij x _h become mu* wea!r-beat5 & defac$ ) age4 ,x may h be5 ab\t ?is "t t ! old cross 0 entirely rebuilt1 ! ,go?ic "w disappe>+1 & a monum5t ( new design1 9 ! curr5t fa%ion ( ! day1 be+ erect$ 9 its place 7,fig4 #acg74 ,! ,p>liam5t hav+ decre$ ! de/ruction ( ! cross 9 #afdc1 x 0 f9ally demoli%$ 9 ! summ] ( #afdg4 ,lilly1 writ+ 9 #agae1 says t "s ( ! /ones ( ! old fabric 7 us$ = ! pavem5t 9 front ( ,:itehall1 :ile o!rs 7 cut up & poli%$ to make knife h&les & o!r small objects z s\v5irs4 ,) ,eleanor crosses !re %\ld be class$ a small gr\p ( crosses1 :i*1 ?\gh erect$ nei!r = ! same purpose nor at ! same "t z ! ,eleanor crosses1 yet closely resemble ! latt] 9 be+ fa%ion$ 9 ! graceful %ape ( a spire ( dim9i%+ /ages4 ,illu/ration3 #ach4 ,,gl\ce/] ,,high ,,cross ,! old cross at ,gl\ce/] 7,fig4 #ach7 /ood on elevat$ gr\nd at ! meet+ ( ,nor?gate1 ,s\?gate1 & ,we/gate ,/reets4 ,x 0 rais$ on /eps1 & 0 octagonal on plan4 ,! gr\nd /orey1 & ! next above x1 dat$ app>5tly f ab\t #acbj4 ,b ! upp]mo/ /orey1 consi/+ ( a clu/] ( turrets ) little vanes1 ! c5tral turret or %aft surm\nt$ by an orb & f\rways cross1 c h>dly h be5 any e>li] ?an ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,cov5try ,cross 7,fig4 #h7 _h simil> vanes :i* 7call$ gir\ettes 9 ,fr5*1 because ( _! gyrat+ or revolv+ ) ! w9d71 be+ gilt1 & glitt]+ gaily 9 ! sunlight1 imp>t$ additional *>m to ! /one crosses :]eto !y 7 atta*$4 ,! total height ( ,gl\ce/] ,cross 0 #cd ft4 #f 94 ,:5 drawn 9 #agej1 on ! eve ( its demolition1 ! cross conta9$1 9 ! ni*es ( its middle /orey1 /atues ( ! foll[+ k+s & que5s ( ,engl&3--,k+ ,john1 ,h5ry ,,ii41 ,que5 ,eleanor1 ,edw>d ,,iii41 ,ri*>d ,,ii41 ,ri*>d ,,iii41 ,que5 ,elizabe?1 & ,*>les ,i4 ,! :ole 0 surr\nd$ by an iron rail+ ( obvi\sly lat] date ?an ! cross itself4 ,illu/ration3 #aci1 #adj4 ,,tott5ham1 ,,middlesex ,,high ,,cross1 ,,be=e ,,& ,,aft] ,,re/oration ,! old m>ket cross at ,ab+don1 ,b]k%ire1 is said to h be5 erect$ by ! ,guild ( ! ,holy ,cross1 a frat]nity atta*$ to ,/ ,hel5's ,p>i% ,*ur*4 ,! cross 0 repair$ 9 #afje2 &1 on ! occasion ( ! sign+ ( ! ,treaty ) ! ,scots 9 #afda1 two ?\s& p]sons assembl$ r\nd x to s+ a psalm ( ?anksgiv+4 ,x 0 de/roy$ by ,wall]'s army 9 #afdd4 ,! /ructure 0 bo? lat] 9 date & m elaborate ?an any o!r ( its class except ,cov5try ,cross 7,fig4 #h71 to :i*1 9 v _m respects1 x bore a /rik+ resemblance4 ,ab+don ,cross1 h[ev]1 0 octagonal1 :]eas t ( ,cov5try 0 hexagonal on plan4 ,! l[e/ /age ( ei!r cross 0 solid1 ) surface trac]y-panell+2 :ile ea* ( ! ?ree dim9i%+ /ages above consi/$ ( ni*es ) figures1 & 0 fur!r enri*$ ) fly+ buttresses & ) p9nacles surm\nt$ by k+'s bea/s hold+ iron rods1 or pivots1 to :i* 7 atta*$ metal vanes l little bann]s4 ,! simil>ity betwe5 ! two crosses is expla9$ by ! fact t1 9 bequea?+ #bjj on #be? ,decemb] #aeda = build+ a new cross at ,cov5try1 ,sir ,william ,holles1 =m]ly ,"l ,mayor ( ,london1 expressly direct$ t x 0 to be modell$ ^u t already exi/+ at ,ab+don4 ,cov5try ,cross1 !n1 0 begun 9 #aeda & f9i%$ 9 #aedd4 ,x /ood #eg ft4 high1 m\nt$ on ?ree /eps1 & 0 divid$ into f\r /ages compris+ 9 all eighte5 ni*es = /atues4 ,! /atues 9 ! fir/-floor /orey1 reckon+ f ! s\?1 7 ,h5ry ,,iv41 ,k+ ,john1 ,edw>d ,i41 ,h5ry ,,ii41 ,ri*>d ,i41 & ,h5ry ,v42 9 ! second /orey1 ,edw>d ,,iii41 ,/ ,mi*ael1 ,h5ry ,,iii41 ,/ ,george1 & ,ri*>d ,,ii42 & 9 ! upp]mo/ /orey1 a religi\s1 ,/ ,pet]1 a religi\s1 a k+1 ,/ ,james ! ,less1 & ,/ ,*ri/oph]4 ,above ! topmo/ /orey ! cross swell$ out into a tab]nacl$ lant]n surm\nt$ by a metal vane pi]c$ ) ! ,royal arms 7qu>t]ly ,france1 mod]n1 & ,engl&71 ! support+ rod hav+ a cr[n ^u its summit4 ,9 lat] times ! cross 0 surm\nt$ by allegorical figures ( ,ju/ice & ,m]cy4 ,! cross und]w5t "s repairs 9 #afbi2 b on #ab? ,augu/ #affh a cov5ant 0 ent]$ ^u by ! ,mayor & c]ta9 /one cutt]s & masons = ! ?or\gh r5ew+ ( all defective p>ts ( ! /onework1 ) good1 sure /one f ,sroby qu>ry1 ,w>wick%ire1 z well z ! iron & lead necess>y = fix+ ! /atues4 ,_! "w complet$1 ! masons 7 to leave all ! scaffold+ 9 position1 t ! gild]s & pa9t]s might !n c>ry out _! %>e ( ! embelli%+4 ,! total co/ ( ! "w execut$ 9 #affh1 & foll[+ ye>1 0 #bgf4 #bs4 #a;d4 ,by #agfj no?+ surviv$ ( ! /ructure b ! l[e/ /orey & a portion ( t above x4 ,& 9 #agga ! la/ ve/iges ( ,cov5try ,cross 7 bodily swept away4 ,to ?is same type belongs ! ,high ,cross at ,tott5ham 7,figs4 #aci1 #adj71 ,middlesex1 al?\gh at ! pres5t day x sadly belies its real "*4 ,dress$1 z x is1 9 ,go?ic m\ld+s1 crockets1 & panel-"w1 x looks z ?\gh x %\ld belong1 at lea/1 to ! latt] half ( ! f\rte5? c5tury 7,fig4 #adj74 ,b ! ornam5t1 un=tunately1 is a m]e sup]ficial cas+ ( n9ete5?-c5tury creation2 &1 to judge f an engrav+1 ( ! ye> #aghh1 repres5t+ ! cross z x /ood be=e x und]w5t falsification 7,fig4 #aci71 x c sc>cely date any fur!r back ?an ! e>ly "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,aga91 ! anci5t ,butt] ,cross1 at ,sc>bor\gh1 :i* /&s1 or at lea/ 9 #ahfj /ood1 9 ,l[ ,conduit ,/reet1 0 ( ! same type1 b squ>e on plan4 ,9 fact1 x may be describ$ z %ap$ exactly l an obelisk1 only ) e>ly-f\rte5?-c5tury ,go?ic details4 ,h[ f> su* an object may1 or may n1 h be5 g5u9e1 x is p]haps wise/ to leave an op5 "q4 ,v4 ,,prea*+ ,,crosses ,:e!r or n prea*+ crosses1 = ! deliv]y ( outdoor s]mons1 7 requir$ be=e ! adv5t ( ! ,fri>s 9 ! fir/ half ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 x may be assum$ t1 f t "t =w>d1 !y did exi/ & 7 9 use4 ,! ,dom9icans1 or ,black ,fri>s1 came to ,engl& 9 #abba2 ! ,franciscans1 or ,grey ,fri>s1 9 or ab\t #abbd2 ! ,c>melites1 or ,:ite ,fri>s1 9 #abdj1 & ! ,au/9 ,fri>s 9 #abej4 ,tw5ty ye>s aft] ! arrival ( ! fir/ ( ! ,fri>s occurs ! fir/ record$ m5tion ( ,paul's ,cross1 :i* atta9$ aft]w>ds to ! dignity ( ! mo/ celebrat$ ( all prea*+ crosses1 n m]ely 9 ,london1 nor ev5 9 ,engl& alone1 b ?r\gh\t ,*ri/5dom4 ,x mu/ be /at$1 h[ev]1 t no actual record ( ! cross z a prea*+-place is f\nd be=e #achb2 ! cross at ! outset be+ resort$ to r = secul> & g5]al assemblies ( ! p4 ,b 9 c\rse ( "t1 p]haps by reason ( its conv5i5t situation1 ! cross seems to h be5 ! focus ( e phase ( ! life ( ! capital2 _m ( ! mo/ /irr+ & mom5t\s ev5ts 9 ,engli% hi/ory1 :e!r civil or ecclesia/ical1 be+ enact$ b5ea? its %ad[4 ,! full /ory ( ,paul's ,cross w\ld fill volumes4 ,yet a few repres5tative episodes are en\gh to %[ ( :at v>i$ sc5es & movem5ts x 0 ! c5tre4 ,at ! cross took place ! promulgation ( laws1 public ann\ncem5ts1 political propag&a1 ! read+ ( ,papal ,bulls1 ! adm9i/ration ( oa?s1 elections1 exam9ations1 recantations1 & ! p]=mance ( public p5ances2 :ile 9 ! s]mons prea*$ 9 ! pulpit ( ,paul's ,cross1 ea* successive v>iety ( religi\s op9ion 0 prop\nd$ f ! "t ( ! ,loll>ds1 & ?r\gh ! successive /ages ( ! ,re=mation & c\nt]-,re=mation1 until ! cross itself came to an end 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,i4 ,! fir/ specific m5tion ( ,paul's ,cross 0 9 #abda1 :5 ,k+ ,h5ry ,,iii4 met an assemblage ( ! citiz5s ( ,london !re be=e he set out = ,gascony 9 connection ) ! ,fr5* w>4 ,f t "t onw>d !re occur v num]\s ref]5ces to ,paul's ,cross1 ! e>li] ones1 = ! mo/ "p1 record+ meet+s ( ! citiz5s !re4 ,! e>lie/ notice ( ! cross z a place ( proclamation 0 9 #abef-eg1 :5 ,ju/ice ,mansell read a docum5t ( ! k+'s1 assur+ ! citiz5s ( 8 purpose to pres]ve _! rights & lib]ties4 ,9 #abeg ! k+1 hav+ call$ a folk-moot at ! cross1 0 pres5t 9 p]son2 & aga9 met 8 subjects !re 9 #abeh4 ,9 #abei-fj ano!r folk-moot 0 held at ! cross by ,h5ry ,,iii41 on :i* occasion proclamation 0 made1 requir+ e /ripl+ to take ! oa? ( allegiance to ! cr[n4 ,9 ,octob] #abfa a bull ( ,pope ,urban 0 read at ! cross by ! k+'s ord]4 ,9 #abff ! k+ made ,alan la ,z\*e con/able & w>d5 ( ! ,city 9 ! pres5ce ( ! p at ,paul's ,cross4 ,on #ac? ,may #abfi a bull ( ,pope ,innoc5t 0 read2 & 9 #abgd-ge ! ,mayor ( ,london 0 elect$ 9 a folk-moot at ! cross4 ,illu/ration3 #ada4 ,,london ,,paul',s ,,cross ,9 #acaa ! new /atutes1 made 9 ! ,p>liam5t ( t ye>1 7 publi%$ & proclaim$ 444 sup] crucem lapideam2 :5ce x has be5 inf]r$ by ,mr ,paley ,baildon1 ,f4,s4,a41 t ,paul's ,cross1 or ! ,high ,cross1 z x 0 also call$1 mu/ h compris$ a rais$ plat=m surr\nd$ by a p>apet1 ) a l(ty %aft 9 ! middle1 some:at aft] ! fa%ion ( ! ,m]cat ,cross at ,ed9burgh1 ! cross at ,ab]de51 & o!r ,scotti% examples4 ,illu/ration3 #adb4 ,,london ,,paul',s ,,cross ,on #g? ,m>* #acgh1 dur+ ! "t :5 ! ,bi%op ( ,c>lisle 0 prea*+ at ! cross1 he 0 di/urb$ by a tumult aris+ out ( a qu>rel betwe5 c]ta9 trade corporations h>d by 9 ,we/ ,*eap4 ,f t date onw>d1 d[n to #afcc1 s]mons at ,paul's ,cross 7 ( v frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,9 #acgh also1 ! ,bi%op ( ,london excommunicat$ at ,paul's ,cross ! murd]]s ( ,rob]t ,hawle & two o!r victims1 :o _h be5 sacrilegi\sly sla9 9 ! quire ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey dur+ ! solemnisation ( ,high ,mass on #aa? ,augu/4 ,on #ab? ,july #achb ! ,ar*bi%op issu$ an ord] t ! prea*] at ! cross1 :oev] he might be1 on ! foll[+ ,sunday 0 to take advantage ( ! occasion1 :5 ! fulle/ numb] ( p]sons %\ld be ga!r$ toge!r = ! s]mon1 to d5\nce publicly & solemnly two contumaci\s h]etics1 ,ni*olas ,h]e=d & ,philip ,reppy+don1 hold+ up ! cross & light+ ( c&les1 & ?r[+ ! same d[n ^u ! gr\nd1 to h be51 & /ill to be s excommunicat$ by u4 ,9 ! same ye>1 #achb1 ,paul's ,cross suff]$ v great injury f tempe/ or e>?quake2 & on #ah? ,may #achg ,ar*bi%op ,c\rt5ay & o!r ,bi%ops1 desir\s ( repair+ ! damage1 (f]$ an indulg5ce to any ( ! fai?ful :o %\ld contribute t[>d t object4 ,9 two ye>s' "t ! cross seems to h be5 put 9 ord]4 ,?omas ,kempe1 ,bi%op ( ,london1 h[ev]1 rebuilt x1 "s "t betwe5 #addi & #adgj2 giv+ x ! aspect :i* illu/rations h made famili>1 viz41 an octagonal pulpit ( wood1 rais$ on /one /eps & ro($ ) a lead-cov]$ cupola1 surm\nt$ by a l>ge cross 7,figs4 #ada & #adb74 ,! arms ( ,bi%op ,kempe 7 introduc$ 9 sev]al places on ! ro(4 ,f ! "t ( ! erection ( ?is new pulpit-cross1 ! old "n ( ,high ,cross1 applicable to ! diff]5t =m ( ! e>li] /ructure1 seems to h di$ out ( use4 ,mean:ile1 on ,qu9quagesima ,sunday #achh1 a great /ir 0 caus$ by a ,wycliffite s]mon prea*$ at ,paul's ,cross by ,r4 ,wimbl$on4 ,9 #adja1 "u pressure f ,ar*bi%op ,arundel1 two ,wycliffites1 ,john ,purvey1 & a doctor ( div9ity1 nam$ ,h]=d1 recant$ _! errors at ,paul's ,cross4 ,9 #adeg ,bi%op ,pecocke1 ( ,*i*e/]1 a prelate1 s x w\ld appe>1 ( sadly mod]ni/ t5d5cies1 made 8 submission at ,paul's ,cross1 abjur$ 8 unor?odoxy1 & submitt$ to ! burn+ ( 8 books at ! same "t & place4 ,9 a s]mon at ! cross1 on #d? ,m>* #adfa-fb1 ! ,bi%op ( ,exet] urg$ ! ju/ice ( ! title ( ,pr9ce ,edw>d ( ,york to ! ?rone4 ,9 #adhc ,jane ,%ore 0 compell$ to d public p5ance at ,paul's ,cross2 & on #ai? ,june ( ! same ye> ! ,"l ,mayor's bro!r1 ,dr ,ralph ,%aw1 9 8 s]mon at ! cross1 op5ly intimat$ t ! validity ( ,edw>d ,v4's "r to ! cr[n 0 que/ionable1 & t !re 7 sub/antial reasons 7:i* did1 9 fact1 ultimately prevail7 :y bo? ( ! "y pr9ces %\ld be deb>r$ f succession4 ,illu/ration3 #adc4 ,,h]e=d ,,black ,,fri>s' ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #add4 ,,iron ,,acton1 ,,gl\ce/]%ire ,,prea*+ ,,cross ,,9 ,,! ,,*ur*y>d ,on a c]ta9 ,sunday1 9 #adib1 two m5 did public p5ance = h]esy1 /&+ at ,paul's ,cross all ! s]mon "t1 ! "o g>ni%$ ) pa9t$ & writt5 pap]s1 ! o!r hav+ a faggot on 8 neck4 ,on ,passion ,sunday ano!r man ) a faggot /ood be=e ! prea*] all ! s]mon :ile at ,paul's ,cross2 & on ! ,sunday next foll[+ 7,palm ,sunday71 f\r m5 /ood & did _! op5 p5ance 444 9 ! s]mon "t1 & _m ( _! books 7 burnt be=e !m at ! ,cross4 ,on #ab? ,may #aeba1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,c>d9al ,wolsey1 ,bi%op ,fi%]1 ( ,ro*e/]1 deliv]$ at ,paul's ,cross a s]mon 9 d5unciation ( ! ,g]man h]esi>*1 ,lu!r4 ,9 #aecd ! k+1 ,h5ry ,,viii41 caus$ s]mons to be prea*$ aga9/ 8 wife1 ,ca!r9e ( ,aragon1 & also aga9/ ,papal supremacy4 ,9 ! same ye>1 ,elizabe? ,burton & six ( h] mo/ prom95t support]s 7all ( !m ultimately hang$ at ,tyburn7 7 br\ght to ,paul's ,cross = public exposure & degradation !re1 = ! crime ( hav+ d>$ to express disapproval ( ! k+'s liaison ) ,anne ,boleyn4 ,on #bd? ,febru>y #aech1 ! ,rood ( ,grace1 f ,boxley ,abbey1 9 ,k5t1 an image :i* 0 alleg$1 by means ( wires & o!r devices1 to simulate v>i\s ge/ures & *anges ( c\nt5ance1 0 exhibit$ at ,paul's ,cross by ,bi%op ,hilsey1 ( ,ro*e/]1 &1 at 8 incitem5t1 brok5 & pluck$ to pieces amid ! je]s ( ! mob4 ,! l 0 done by ! blood ( ,hayles1 :i* 9 l mann]1 by ,crumwell1 0 br\ght to ,paul's ,cross1 & !re prov$ to be ! blood ( a duck1 accord+ to ! v]aci\s ,foxe4 ,f ?is "t onw>d ,paul's ,cross witness$ ! deliv]y ( a succession ( controv]sial s]mons1 fir/ on "o side & !n on ! o!r4 ,:5 ,edw>d ,,vi4 asc5d$ ! ?rone1 ,bi%op ,latim]1 ( ,worce/]1 became a frequ5t prea*] at ,paul's ,cross4 ,?us 9 ! mon? ( ,janu>y #aedh he prea*$ no less ?an f\r times4 ,9 #aedi ! ,privy ,c\ncil deliv]$ to ,bi%op ,bonn] a set ( articles1 :i* he 0 requir$ to advocate 9 a s]ies ( qu>t]ly s]mons at ,paul's ,cross4 ,b ! ,bi%op 9 prea*+ !re hav+ neglect$ to comply1 0 cit$1 on in=mation laid aga9/ him by ,latim] & ,hoop]1 to appe> = exam9ation be=e ! ,k+'s commission]s on #aj? ,septemb] #aedi4 ,on #a/ ,novemb] #aeeb1 at ,paul's ,cross1 ,bi%op ,ridley1 ( ,london1 prea*$ at great l5g? 9 fav\r ( ! late/ v]sion ( ! ,book ( ,common ,pray]4 ,on #ac? ,augu/ #aeec ,gilb]t ,b\rne1 a *apla9 ( ,que5 ,m>y1 & ,canon ( ,/ ,paul's1 prea*+ at ! cross1 n>r[ly escap$ be+ murd]$4 ,"o ( ! audi5ce aim$ a dagg] at ! prea*]4 ,! weapon1 miss+ its m>k1 ! po9t became emb$d$ 9 "o ( ! wood5 po/s ( ! pulpit4 ,on ! foll[+ ,sunday ,?omas ,watson1 prea*+ at ! same place1 0 protect$ by a gu>d ( #bjj soldi]s ) halb]ds4 ,at ! same "t an ord] 0 issu$ =bidd+ appr5tices to att5d ! s]mon1 arm$ ) knives or dagg]s4 ,on #bnd ,decemb] #aeed1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,c>d9al ,pole1 ! ,"l-,*ancellor prea*$ at ,paul's ,cross comm5d+ ! reconciliation ( ! k+dom1 & its re/oration to communion ) ! ,holy ,see4 ,illu/ration3 #ade4 ,,w9*e/] ,,butt] ,,cross ,abbot ,feck5ham prea*$ at ! cross on #ah? ,june #aeee1 & ,dr ,hugh ,glasi]1 ,que5 ,m>y's *apla91 on #be? ,augu/ ( ! same ye>4 ,on #bg? ,octob] #aehd ,samuel ,h>snett1 subsequ5tly ,ar*bi%op ( ,york1 deliv]$ at ,paul's ,cross a s]mon1 :i* caus$ no little /ir1 on ,pr$e/9ation4 ,on #bj? ,augu/ #aehh ,dean ,newell made1 at ! cross1 ! fir/ public ann\ncem5t ( ! defeat ( ! ,spani% ,armada4 ,on #ag? ,novemb] #aeie1 at a special ?anksgiv+ s]vice = ! long reign ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 ,bi%op ,flet*]1 ( ,london1 prea*$ at ,paul's ,cross1 :i* _h be5 repair$ & p>tly enclos$ ) a l[ brick wall = ! occasion4 ,9 #afaf1 at ! in/ance ( ,h>ry ,f>ley1 "o ,john ,gipkyn pa9t$ a panel picture1 9 :i* he repres5t$1 by anticipation1 ! att5dance ( ,james ,i4 at a s]mon at ,paul's ,cross1 :i* actually came to pass on #bf? ,m>* #afbj4 ,! panel n[ 9 ! possession ( ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies af=ds ! mo/ au!ntic view extant ( ! prea*+ cross 7see ,fig4 #adb74 ,*>les ,i4 att5d$ 9 /ate to he> a s]mon at ! cross 9 #afcj1 & ,ar*bi%op ,laud prea*$ !re 9 #afca1 p]haps ! la/ prea*] ( em95ce to occupy ! pulpit--= 9 #afcc ! use ( ,paul's ,cross z an op5-air pulpit 0 =mally ab&on$4 ,its consequ5t demolition _c h be5 long delay$1 al?\gh x has be5 cont5d$ t ! cross 0 pull$ d[n only t ! pulpit might be recon/ruct$ on a gr&] scale--a project :i*1 h[ev]1 0 nev] attempt$4 ,9 a publication ( ! ye> #afda occurs ! passage3 ,paul's ,crosse1 ! mo/ fam\s prea*+-place1 is d[ne & q tak5 away1 :i* %[s t ! date usually giv5 = ! abolition ( ! cross1 viz41 #afdc1 _c be correct4 ,b x is ! fact t1 9 ,may #afdc1 ! p>i%ion]s ( ,/ ,fai?'s compla9$ ( ! ob/ruction caus$ by ! pres5ce ( /ones1 rubbi%1 & pales 9 ! *ur*y>d1 presumably ! uncle>$ refuse f ! demoli%$ cross4 ,9 "t ! v site 0 =gott52 b 9 ! spr+ ( #ahgi x 0 discov]$ by ,mr ,c4 ,f4 ,p5rose1 ! ca!dral surveyor4 ,! cross /ood ab\t #ab ft4 f ! wall ( ,old ,/ ,paul's2 & close to ! nor?-ea/ corn] ( ,wr5's ca!dral4 ,! octagonal base measur$ "s #cg ft4 across4 ,! plat=m itself1 writes ,rev4 ,w4 ,sp>r[ ,simpson1 0 support$ by a vault4 ,a brick wall 0 f\nd :i* probably c>ri$ ! timb] supports ( ! pulpit prop]4 ,! probable diamet] ( ! pulpit itself 0 #ah ft4 ,paul's ,cross 0 n ! only prea*+ cross 9 ,london4 ,!re 71 at lea/1 two o!rs4 ,"o /ood 9 ! *ur*y>d on ! s\? side ( ,/ ,mi*ael's1 ,cornhill4 ,?is cross 0 built by ,sir ,john ,rud/one1 ,mayor1 :o1 dy+ 9 #aeca1 0 buri$ b5ea? x4 ,/ ,m>y ,spital1 )\t ,bi%opsgate1 also _h an op5-air pulpit-cross1 :]e special s]mons 7 prea*$ 9 ,ea/] week1 ye> by ye>4 ,illu/ration3 #adf1 #adg4 ,,leighton ,,buzz>d1 ,,b$=d%ire ,,m>ket ,,cross ,9 ! majority ( cases x is likely en\gh t !re 0 n a di/9ctive pulpit-cross1 ! /eps ( ! ord9>y *ur*y>d cross suffic+ to af=d a plat=m = ! prea*]1 :5 occasion requir$4 ,!re rema91 inde$1 no m ?an two crosses obvi\sly & prim>ily design$ z prea*+ crosses1 viz41 t at ,iron ,acton1 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 & ! ,black ,fri>s' ,cross at ,h]e=d4 ,! prea*+ cross at ,iron ,acton 7,fig4 #add7 /&s 9 ! nor? "p ( ! *ur*y>d1 & is a v good example ( its k9d4 ,! base1 #aj ft4 #i 94 9 diamet] at ! gr\nd level1 consi/s ( ?ree brick-built /eps1 topp$ ) /one slabs1 =m+ drips ) a slight ov]hang4 ,^! /eps are octagonal on plan4 ,^u ! second /ep 7& ?us encompass+ ! top /ep & ! l[ /one pl9? re/+ on ! same7 /& ! pi]s ( ! cross4 ,! pi]s are buttress$ ea* ) "o diagonal buttress1 l ! cross itself1 squ>e on plan4 ,! ar*$ op5+s 7#b ft4 #aa 94 wide7 are obtuse head$4 ,"o ar* 7! nor!rn "o accord+ to ,lysons1 ! s\!rn "o accord+ to ,*>les ,pooley7 is op5 f top to bottom to make an entrance doorway4 ,! ?ree o!rs are rail$ 9 ) a l[ f5ce1 compos$ ( a pair ( ar*es1 cusp$ 9 ! head1 b5ea? a transom4 ,! mullions betwe5 ^! small ar*es _h disappe>$ previ\sly to #ahfh2 s ! pres5t mullions are mod]n re/orations4 ,! ceil+ )9 is vault$1 ) ribs & sculptur$ bosses1 "s ( ! latt] repres5t+ acorns & oak leaves4 ,9 ! c5tre1 =m+ a p5dant1 are ! rema9s ( a capital ( an octagonal %aft1 n[ p]i%$1 ?\gh ! traces ( its foot+ on ! floor 7 rem>k$ by ,*>les ,pooley 91 or %ortly be=e1 #ahfh4 ,! :ole cross upw>d f ! spr++ level ( ! pr9cipal ar*es is sadly mutilat$1 all ! p9nacles1 z well z ! /atues1 want+4 ,! total height ( t :i* survives ( ! cross is #ai ft4 #b 94 ,! upp] "p is a %aft ) f\r panell$ sides1 hav+1 at ! foot ( ea*1 betwe5 a pair ( %ields borne by demi-angels clad 9 albs1 a p$e/al = a /&+ /atue1 ) project+ canopy ov]head4 ,( ^! eight %ields f\r exhibit emblems ( ! ,passion2 two are blank & two are armorial4 ,"o ( ^! la/ is qu>t]ly p] fesse dancetty arg5t & gules1 ,acton2 :ile ! o!r %ield is ,acton z be=e1 impal+ qu>t]ly or & gules a b5d arg5t1 ,fitz-,ni*ol4 ,rob]t ,poyntz1 "l ( ! manor ( ,iron ,acton1 m>ri$1 = second wife1 ,ca!r9e1 daught] ( ,sir ,?omas ,fitz-,ni*ol1 & di$ on #ae? ,june #adci4 ,! cross1 !n1 dates f ! e>ly "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,contigu\s to ! anci5t h\se ( ! ord] )9 ! city ( ,h]e=d /&s ! ,black ,fri>s' ,cross 7,fig4 #adc71 :i* app>5tly dates f ! reign ( ,ri*>d ,,ii4 ,x is hexagonal on plan1 & is m\nt$ on /eps4 ,its six ar*es 7 all op5 d[n to ! bottom 9 #ahjf1 b 7 f5c$ 9 "s "t previ\sly to #ahge1 aft] ! mann] ( ^? ( ! ,iron ,acton prea*+ cross4 ,9 ! middle is a hexagonal socket1 its sides panell$ ) ,go?ic panel-"w4 ,f ! top ( ! socket rises a c5tral %aft f :i* spr+s ! vault+ ( ! ro(4 ,! cornice is embattl$1 & f ! mid/ rose ! /ump ( ! %aft1 n[ replac$ by a mod]n %aft & cross4 ,! :ole /ructure has1 9 fact1 be5 completely r5ovat$ s9ce #ahge4 ,besides ^? above nam$ !re is a small class ( op5 crosses1 :i*1 ?\gh n built = ! purpose ( prea*+ crosses1 yet resemble ! latt] m ?an any o!rs1 & mu/ !re=e1 f ! po9t ( view ( design & con/ruction1 be gr\p$ "u ! same head4 ,^!1 !n1 comprise ! crosses ( ,bri/ol1 ,holbea* 7,l9coln%ire71 ,leighton ,buzz>d 7,b$=d%ire71 & la/ly ,w9*e/]4 ,! ,high ,cross at ,bri/ol 7,fig4 #i7 /ood at ! junction ( f\r ma9 ?or\ghf>es3 ,broad ,/reet1 ,w9e ,/reet1 ,corn ,/reet1 & ,high ,/reet4 ,! site _h already be5 occupi$ by a cross1 :5 a new cross 0 erect$ 9 #acgc4 ,! cross ( t date 0 con/ruct$ ( co>se-gra9$ oolite1 specially liable to absorb moi/ure2 b ! orig9al pa9t 7blue & v]milion ) gild+7 effectually pres]v$ x f ! wea!r = c5turies4 ,above ! ar*es ( ! l[e/ /age 0 a /age compris+ f\r ni*es1 :i* 7 ev5tually fill$ ) /atu>y1 /&+ figures1 fac+ t[>d ! f\r c>d9al po9ts4 ,a /atue ( ,k+ ,john fac$ nor?w>d1 ,h5ry ,,iii4 ea/w>d1 ,edw>d ,,iii4 we/w>d1 & ,edw>d ,,iv4 s\?w>d4 ,! cross 0 tak5 d[n 9 #afcc1 to be erect$ on an enl>g$ scale1 its height1 by ! addition ( an extra /age or /orey1 atta9+ to a total ( #ci ft4 #f 94 ,! new /orey conta9$ f\r seat$ figures1 repres5t+1 respectively1 ,k+ ,h5ry ,,vi4 fac+ ea/w>d1 ,que5 ,elizabe? fac+ we/w>d1 ,k+ ,james ,i4 s\?w>d1 & ,*>les ,i4 nor?w>d4 ,above ^!1 aga91 0 a ti] ( armorial %ields1 ) pairs ( putti = support]s1 obvi\sly an addition ( ! same p]iod1 viz41 ,*>les ,i4's reign4 ,!n also 0 ! cross embelli%$ ) fre% pa9t+ & gild+1 & encircl$ ) an iron rail+ to protect its l[e/ /age4 ,! latt] consi/$ ( f\r op5 ar*es1 gr\p$ ab\t a c5tral %aft4 ,! cross 0 r$ecorat$ 9 #afig4 ,x 0 subsequ5tly tak5 d[n 9 #agcc4 ,its rema9s 7 !n c>t$ to ! ,guild ,hall1 :5ce1 aft] a %ort int]val1 !y 7 tak5 & set up 9 ! ,college ,gre51 to nor? ( ! ca!dral4 ,!re x 0 /&+ 9 #agcg1 :5 ,r4 ,we/ made ! draw+1 :i* 0 engrav$ & publi%$ 9 #agdc4 ,! cross 9 its new position 0 pa9t$ to look l grey m>ble1 ) ! ornam5ts gilt1 & ! figures t9t$ 9 _! natural col\rs4 ,n _m ye>s lat]1 viz41 9 #agfc1 x 0 aga9 tak5 d[n1 & its portions relegat$ to an obscure corn] ( ! ca!dral4 ,f9ally1 ,dean ,b>ton gave ! rema9s to ,sir ,ri*>d ,colt ,ho>e1 ( ,/\rton1 :o transport$ !m1 9 ,augu/ #agff1 & set up ! cross once m1 ) a new base1 summit1 & c5tral pi] 9 ! g>d5s ( ,/\rhead1 ,wilt%ire4 ,! cross at ,holbea* 0 pull$ d[n 9 #afhc1 b ,dr ,william ,/ukeley made a draw+ ( x1 dat$ #agbb 7,fig4 #aj74 ,! /ructure ?us depict$ appe>s to h be5 p5tagonal on plan1 f\r /eps support+ ! pi]s1 :i* 7 buttress$ ) buttresses1 squ>e on plan1 panell$ on _! outw>d face1 & surm\nt$ by p9nacles4 ,! op5 ar*es 7 f\r-c5tr$4 ,! ro( und]nea? 0 vault$ ) li]ne & ti]c]on ribs1 hav+ c>v$ bosses at ! int]sections4 ,above ! ar*es 0 a p>apet or frieze1 compris+ on ea* side a %ield betwe5 two quatrefoils4 ,above1 9 ! mid/1 rose a huge crocket$ p9nacle1 =m+ ! %aft = ! cross :i* orig9ally cr[n$ ! summit4 ,! ,m>ket ,cross at ,leighton ,buzz>d 7,figs4 #adf1 #adg71 also1 is rem>kable 9 be+ p5tagonal on plan4 ,ap>t f ! difficulty ( treat+ a five-sid$ /ructure satisfactorily1 ! design is faulty1 because ! upp] /age ( ! cross 7admirable ?\gh x be1 p] se1 ) its /atu>y1 its fly+ buttresses1 & its exquisite clu/] ( p9nacles7 altoge!r lacks coh]5t cont9uity ) ! op5 /age b5ea?1 ! latt] f9i%+ abruptly ) a pron\nc$ horizontal break1 :i* divides ! cross into two di/9ct p>ts1 upp] & l[]4 ,! pi]s are buttress$ & ! ar*es f\r-c5tr$4 ,above ! latt] runs a frieze ( masks1 surm\nt$ by cr5ellation4 ,! cross /&s on a base ( five /eps1 & is #bg ft4 high4 ,! total height1 includ+ ! wea!rcock1 is #ch ft4 ,! orig9al figures1 repres5t+ ! ,bless$ ,virg9 & ,*ild1 a ,bi%op1 ,/ ,john ,evangeli/1 ,*ri/1 & a ,k+1 7 tak5 d[n 9 #aheb & replac$ by mod]n replicas4 ,=tunately1 ! old figures 7 pres]v$ = ! embelli%m5t ( ! ,t[n ,hall1 & :5 ! ar*itect1 ,g4 ,f4 ,bodley1 repair$ ! cross 9 #aijj1 he re/or$ !m to _! prop] position4 ,! mod]n copies 71 at ! same "t1 set up aga9/ ! outside walls ( ! ,t[n ,hall1 :]e !y /ill rema94 ,mr ,bodley assign$ ! cross to ! late-f\rte5? or e>ly-fifte5? c5tury4 ,if ?is be some:at too e>ly1 ! cross c h>dly be ( lat] date ?an ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! ,butt] ,cross1 at ,w9*e/] 7,fig4 #ade71 /&s on ! pavem5t alongside ! ,high ,/reet1 at ! po9t :5ce a n>r[ lane leads to ! nor?-we/ angle ( ! ca!dral *ur*y>d4 ,! cross is rem>kable = its lightness & ! gracefulness ( its proportions4 ,x is m\nt$ on five octagonal /eps2 x is squ>e on plan1 & is enhanc$ by p9nacles & two ti]s ( fly+ buttresses4 ,! op5 ar*es ( ! l[e/ /age are f\r-c5tr$1 & surr\nd a c5tral %aft4 ,! next /age above =ms an op5 tab]nacle = /atues1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 by #agda1 only "o orig9al figure1 #e ft4 #aj 94 high1 surviv$4 ,! cross measures betwe5 #de & #ej ft4 9 height2 & dates1 app>5tly1 f ! second half ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 b has be5 sadly ov]-re/or$4 ,,vi4 ,,m>ket ,,crosses ,! g5]al int5t ( m>ket crosses1 z def9$ by ,bi%op ,miln]1 0 tw(old1 viz41 religi\s & e?ical--fir/1 to incite public homage to ! religion ( ,*ri/ crucifi$1 & secondly1 to inspire m5 ) a s5se ( morality & piety amid/ ! ord9>y transactions ( life4 ,?is be+ s1 e t[n _h its cross1 at :i* engagem5ts1 :e!r ( a religi\s or worldly int]e/1 7 ent]$ into1 says ano!r writ]1 ,brady4 ,x w\ld seem t1 at fir/1 !re 0 no diff]5ce ( =m betwe5 ! m>ket or village cross & ! normal *ur*y>d cross ( %aft-on-/eps type4 ,b z ! ne$ develop$ ( provid+ = ! great] com=t & conv5i5ce ( folk ga!r$ r\nd ! cross = m>ket bus9ess1 ! dem& 0 met by erect+ a p5?\se ro( ab\t ! l[] "p ( ! already exi/+ cross4 ,su* a trans=mation is kn[n to h tak5 place at ,norwi*1 & obvi\sly also mu/ h be5 effect$ at ,ca/le ,combe 9 ,wilt%ire1 ,b+ley 9 ,york%ire1 & at ,axbridge & ,*$d> 9 ,som]set%ire4 ,?is me?od ( adaptation1 h[ev]1 _c h prov$ entirely satisfactory1 because ! plat=m or /eps ( ! %aft 9 su* cases occupi$ too mu* ( ! space b5ea? ! %elt]4 ,& s ! di/9ctive =m ( m>ket cross 0 evolv$ at l5g?1 plann$ f ! outset z a cross & ro( comb9$ 9 "o coh]5t /ructure1 ! base ( ! c5tral %aft be+ surr\nd$ by a foot+ ( only a s+le /ep1 a conv5i5t b5* to sit ^u1 in/ead ( ! old-fa%ion$ high flight ( graduat$ /eps4 ,su* a typical m>ket cross might be built ei!r ( /one or ( timb] "w1 its ess5tial feature always be+ ! cov]$ 9 space = %elt] f ! wea!r4 ,illu/ration3 #adh4 ,,axbridge1 ,,som]set%ire ,,m>ket ,,cross ,9 ,wells1 at ! junction ( ,sadl] ,/reet ) ! ,high ,/reet1 /ood a cross1 :i* mu/ h be5 ! mo/ beautiful ( all /ructures ( its k9d4 ,z repres5t$ 9 ! prospect ( ! city1 drawn by ,william ,simes1 9 #agce 7,fig4 #adi71 x 0 a ,go?ic "w ( s+ul> ri*ness & elegance4 ,its bottom /orey consi/$ ( two-c5tr$ ar*es betwe5 buttress$ pi]s surm\nt$ by p9nacles1 ) a p>apet ( op5 trac]y4 ,! upp] portion consi/$ ( a lant]n ( two dim9i%+ /ages1 ) late-,go?ic trac]i$ w9d[s & p>apets1 ) p9nacles at ! angles1 ! l[] "o ( ! two /ages connect$ ) ! gr\nd /orey by fly+ buttresses4 ,! :ole 0 cr[n$ by a mo/ gracefully tap]$ spire1 t]m9at+ 9 a wea!rcock4 ,?is exquisite monum5t 0 swept away by ord] ( ! ,corporation1 ,decemb] #aghe1 on ! gr\nd t "p ( ! cross hav+ lately fall5 d[n1 & ! rema9d] be+ 9 a ru9\s /ate & dang]\s1 ! entire cross mu/ be demoli%$1 & its mat]ials c>ri$ else:]e to "s conv5i5t place4 ,?is cross obvi\sly dat$ f ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury or ev5 e>li]1 & 01 d\btless1 ! same cross1 ref]r$ to by ,bi%op ,beck+ton 7#addc-fd71 9 8 *>t] provid+ = ! conveyance ( wat] by conduit to ! high cross 9 ! m>ket place4 ,nev]!less1 x has be5 id5tifi$ by at lea/ two writ]s1 ,*>les ,pooley & ,alex4 ,gordon1 ) a cross :i* ! antiqu>y ,lel& relates t he saw 9 process ( con/ruction4 ,lel& describes ?is cross z hav+ two conc5tric r+s1 an out] r+ or circumf]5ce ( sev5 pill>s1 & an inn] circumf]5ce ( six pill>s1 ) a vault$ ceil+ "u ! ,domus ,civica4 ,?is p>ticul> build+ 0 complet$ 9 #aedb4 ,x 0 erect$ by ,bi%op ,william ,knight1 ) ! help ( a beque/ f ,dean ,ri*>d ,woolman4 ,b ! cross ( ,simes' map mu/ h be51 at lea/1 a c5tury e>li] 9 date ?an ! cross ( #aedb1 ! acc\nt ( :i* tallies nei!r 9 ar*itectural /yle nor 9 %ape ) ! o!r4 ,9 ! "o illu/rat$1 !re is no sign ( two conc5tric arcades1 :ile ! lant]n /orey is f> too small ev] to h s]v$ = ! headqu>t]s ( ! municipal body4 ,! discrepancies1 9 %ort1 are su* t "o is driv5 to ! conclusion t !re mu/ h be51 at "o & ! same "t1 two sep>ate crosses at ,wells4 ,x %\ld be add$ t ! tolls ( ! m>ket cross1 :i* he built1 7 giv51 by ,bi%op ,knight's w1 = ! use ( ! *ori/]s ( ! ,ca!dral ,*ur* = ev]4 ,illu/ration3 #adi4 ,,wells1 ,,som]set%ire ,,m>ket ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #aej4 ,,nor?ampton ,,m>ket ,,cross ,! ,m>ket ,cross ( ,axbridge1 ,som]set%ire 7,fig4 #adh71 illu/rat$1 aft] a pa9t+ ( ! ye> #agef1 9 a communication f ,george ,b5nett to ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e1 #ahje1 0 demoli%$ 9 or ab\t #aggj4 ,! /ructure appe>s to h be5 hexagonal on plan4 ,its pi]s 7 buttress$1 its ar*es f\r-c5tr$4 ,! surr\nd+ p>apet 0 ( pi]c$ ,go?ic trac]y1 int]rupt$ by a p9nacle ov] ea* ( ! pi]s4 ,! ro( 0 conical1 ) a l(ty vane4 ,! height to :i* ! /eps )91 b5ea? ! c5tral %aft1 rose1 sugge/s t ?is 0 an in/ance :]e ! cross mu/ h be5 9 exi/5ce fir/1 & ! %elt] a subsequ5t addition4 ,illu/ration3 #aea4 ,,%epton ,,mallet1 ,,som]set%ire ,,inscription ,,on ,,m>ket ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #aeb4 ,,%epton ,,mallet1 ,,som]set%ire ,,m>ket ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #aec4 ,,norwi* ,,m>ket ,,cross1 ,,) ,,plan ,,& ,,detail ,illu/ration3 #aed4 ,,li*field ,,m>ket ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #aee4 ,,taunton1 ,,som]set%ire ,,m>ket ,,cross ,at ,%epton ,mallet a m>ket cross 7,fig4 #aeb7 0 erect$ 9 #aejj by private b5efaction1 z record$ on ! orig9al engrav$ brass1 or latt5 plate1 atta*$ to ! /ructure4 ,! text ( ! inscription 7see ,fig4 #aea7 79 mod]nis$ spell+7 is z foll[s3 ,( y\r *>ity pray = ! s\ls ( ,walt] ,buckl&1 & ,agnes 8 wife1 ) ^: goods ?is cross 0 made 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l ,god1 #aejj1 ^: obit %all be kept = ev] 9 ?is p>i% *ur* ( ,%epton ,mallet1 ! #bh? day ( ,novemb]1 ^: s\ls ,jesu p>don4 ,!re are c]ta9 l&s1 app>5tly a "p ( ! ,buckl&s' beque/1 ! rev5ues ( :i* are devot$ to keep+ ! cross 9 repair1 any surplus be+ di/ribut$ among ! poor4 ,?is ',cross ,*>ity1' z x is call$1 0 =m]ly adm9i/]$ by tru/ees1 b has rec5tly--! passage 0 writt5 9 #aijg--;be5 transf]r$ to ! ,urban ,c\ncil4 ,! title-de$s h long be5 lo/2 & "s ye>s ago ! ,*>ity ,commission]s 7 incl9$ to ali5ate ! prop]ty f ! cross4 ,! tru/ees1 h[ev]1 t5aci\sly fulfill$ _! obligations1 & f #ahda onw>ds1 if n be=e1 kept ! cross 9 ?or\gh repair4 7,dr ,f4 ,j4 ,all547 ,! "* ( ! cross has be5 s mu* *ang$ f "t to "t by recon/ruction & misre/oration1 t x has n[ become impossible to det]m9e :at ! anci5t design really 02 b x seems to h consi/$ ( a %elt] v l t =m]ly at ,axbridge1 ) a c5tral spire l t =m]ly at ,taunton 7,fig4 #aee74 ,f ! pres5ce ( p9nacles at ! angles !re c be d$uc$ b "o logical conclusion1 viz41 t ! pi]s mu/ h be51 & %\ld yet be1 buttress$4 ,! buttresses1 h[ev]1 h completely disappe>$4 ,! frequ5t traffic ( heavy vehicles--= ! m>ket 0 once mu* busi] ?an x has become s9ce ! introduction ( ! railway--w\ld probably h damag$ ! project+ buttresses2 & _! omission1 !re=e1 curtail+ ! ext5t ( ! area occupi$ by ! cross1 may h be5 design$ to less5 ! liability ( ! latt] to collisions ) m>ket c>ts4 ,x is suppos$ t ! top ( ! c5tral spire fell 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 damag+ ! sub/ructure4 ,anyh[1 at "s "t 9 ! sev5te5?1 or 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! hexagonal %elt] 0 tak5 d[n f ar\nd ! c5tral pi] 7:i* /ill rema9s intact71 & 0 !n rebuilt 9 its pres5t =m1 portions only ( ! old ,go?ic p>apet1 & ! p9nacles1 be+ re-us$4 ,?is rebuild+ has escap$ record1 b t x did take place ! int]nal evid5ce ( ! /ructure itself makes suffici5tly obvi\s4 ,! abs5ce1 already m5tion$1 ( buttresses2 ! clumsy1 squ>e blocks :i* d duty = ! bases ( ! pi]s2 ! classic impo/s ( ! latt]1 & ! depress$ ar*es 7uncon/ructional1 because !y are n turn$ ) v\ssoirs1 b =m$ ea* ( "o huge pair ( /ones1 camb]$ to simulate an ar* 9 outl9e71 & ! exagg]at$ly prom95t key/ones1 c\ld nev] h be5 p]petrat$ at ! e>ly date ( #aejj1 b at "s subsequ5t rebuild+1 ( :i* ! sum ( !m af=ds cumulative & conv9c+ pro(4 ,*>les ,pooley 7,old ,/one ,crosses ( ,som]set1 #ahgg7 /ates t ! cross 0 rebuilt f ! gr\nd 9 #ahda3 b he 0 cle>ly mi/ak54 ,dr ,f4 ,j4 ,all51 ( ,cambridge1 is positive on ?is po9t4 ,8 gr&fa!r1 z "o ( ! tru/ees ( ! ,%epton ,mallet cross1 0 l>gely responsible = ! rebuild+ 9 "q2 & 8 own "m & uncle1 liv+ z *ildr5 9 _! fa!r's h\se1 fac+ ! cross1 7 eye-witnesses ( ! progress ( ! "w1 & c\ld di/9ctly rememb] t only ! spire above ! ro( 0 recon/ruct$4 ,m9or repairs may h be5 done at ! same "t to ! re/ ( ! build+1 b x 0 c]ta9ly n tak5 d[n bodily4 ,! ar*itect employ$ 0 ,g4 ,b4 ,mann]s1 ( ,ba?2 & x is claim$ t 8 design = ! mod]n spire is a c>eful reproduction ( ! orig9al "o4 ,to :at ext5t ?is is ! case may p]haps be judg$ by comp>+ ! spire actually /&+ ) an illu/ration1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e1 #agha1 f a draw+ made 9 #agdg4 ,! latt] may be faulty1 b1 su* z x is1 its value z a record c sc>cely be ov]rat$1 s9ce x furni%es ! e>lie/ extant v]sion ( ,%epton ,mallet cross4 ,! accompany+ lett]press says3 ,on ! top ( ! cross1 on ! ea/ side1 are figures 9 ni*es1 &1 above all1 a mod]n wea!rcock4 ,! engrav+1 x is true1 %[s figures on m sides ( ! head ?an "o2 b ! discrepancy ne$ n be mat]ial1 if "o may conjecture t all ! figures1 o!r ?an ^? on ! ea/ side1 _h p]i%$ 9 ! int]val betwe5 #agdg & #agha4 ,9 any ev5t ! massive1 c>v$ /one cyl9d]1 depict$ z capp+ ! spire 9 #agdg1 _c h be5 ! orig9al cross-head ( #aejj1 :i*1 accord+ to ,pooley1 0 a heavy1 lant]n-%ap$ /one1 be>+ figures ( our ,savi\r on ! cross betwe5 two malefactors1 besides ! images ( sev]al sa9ts4 ,?is cross-head 0 probably remov$ at ! "t ( ! rebuild+ ( ! %elt]2 & ! cross-head :i* succe$$ x is mo/ likely ! same "o :i* fell1 z already m5tion$1 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,pooley concludes 8 notice ( ,%epton ,mallet cross ?us3 ,"s ( ! fragm5ts ( ! old cross ,i saw ly+ 9 a build]'s y>d at ,d>%ill1 a hamlet 9 ,%epton ,mallet p>i%4 ,a gr&son ( t build]1 writes ,dr ,f4 ,j4 ,all51 9 ,septemb] #aiai1 n[ liv+ at ,%epton1 /ates t he c well rememb] 8 gr&fa!r sell+ a selection ( ^? fragm5ts to ,"l ,portman1 :o remov$ !m to 8 h\se at ,bl&=d4 ,illu/ration3 #aef1 #aeg4 ,,malmesbury1 ,,wilt%ire ,,m>ket ,,cross1 ,,) ,,section ,illu/ration3 #aeh4 ,,malmesbury ,,plan ,,( ,,m>ket ,,cross ,at ,malmesbury1 ,wilt%ire1 !re /&s1 "s #bjj ft4 directly s\? ( ! s\? end ( ! old transept ( ! ,abbey ,*ur*1 & ab\t #ej ft4 ea/ ( ! s\?-ea/ angle ( ,/ ,paul's ,p>i% ,*ur*1 a h&some m>ket cross 7,figs4 #aef1 #aeg1 #aeh7 ( ! same type z ^? ( ,*$d>1 ,*i*e/]1 & ,salisbury4 ,! foll[+ is ,lel&'s acc\nt ( ! cross3 ,!re is a "r fair & co/ly piece ( "w 9 ! m>ket place1 made all ( /one1 & curi\sly vault$1 = poor m>ket folks to /& dry :5 ra9 come?4 ,!re be eight great pill>s1 & eight op5 ar*es1 & ! "w is eight squ>e 7octagonal74 ,"o great pill> 9 ! middle be>e? up ! vault4 ,! m5 ( ! t[n made ?is piece ( "w 9 hom9um memoria 7)9 liv+ memory74 ,lel& wrote betwe5 ab\t #aece & #aede2 & ! date assign$ to ! cross is #adij4 ,) reg>d to ! op5 ar*es x w\ld be m accurate to /ate t two only ( ! numb] are op5 to ! gr\nd4 ,! six o!rs are conf9$ at ! bottom by a l[ f5ce-wall4 ,a deeply m\ld$ fly+ buttress rises f ea* pi]1 cle> ( ! ri*ly-gro9$ ro(1 ! light ribs be+ drawn into a clu/] by a wide /r+-b& support+ a l>ge p9nacle & ogee f9ial4 ,?is p9nacle be>s traces ( sculptur$ figures1 &1 on ! we/ face1 ( a crucifix2 b ! faces ( ! "w are mu* abrad$ by ! wea!r1 & p]haps r\gh treatm5t1 = mo/ ( ! bosses h be5 brok5 f ! gro9$ vault4 ,illu/ration3 #aei4 ,,salisbury ,,p\ltry1 ,,or ,,m>ket ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #afj4 ,,salisbury ,,p\ltry ,,cross1 ,,z ,,re/or$ ,illu/ration3 #afa1 #afb4 ,,*i*e/] ,,m>ket ,,cross1 ,,) ,,section ,illu/ration3 #afc4 ,,*i*e/] ,,plan ,,( ,,m>ket ,,cross ,! ,m>ket ,cross at ,*i*e/] 7,figs4 #aa1 #afa-afc7 0 built %ortly be=e #aejj by ,bi%op ,edw>d ,/orey1 :o end[$ x ) an e/ate at ,amb]ley1 ,sussex1 produc+ a ye>ly r5tal ( #be1 t ! means = keep+ ! cross 9 con/ant repair might be assur$4 ,x is octagonal on plan1 its eight ar*es all op5 to ! gr\nd4 ,?is is mu* ! mo/ elaborately ornam5t$ ( ! crosses ( its class4 ,! fly+ buttresses 7unlike ^? ( ,malmesbury cross7 are crocket$ at int]vals all ! way along _! ogee c\rse2 & ! side walls above ! ar*es are ri*ly panell$4 ,spl5did ?\gh ,*i*e/] cross is /ill1 x has be5 %amefully disfigur$ by incongru\s innovations intrud+ ^u ! orig9al design4 ,x 0 probably at ! re/oration1 "u ,*>les ,,ii41 t ! bu/ ( ,*>les ,i4 0 set up 9 an oval recess1 ins]t$ 9 ! place ( "o ( ! ni*es ( ! p>apet4 ,! clock above 0 fix$ 9 #agbd4 ,aga9 ! cross suff]$ excessive repair1 & fur!r alt]ations 9 #agdf4 ,9 ! case ( ! m>ket crosses ( ,*i*e/] & ,malmesbury ! r+ ( p9nacles & ! fly+ buttresses1 conv]g+ ^u ! c5tral %aft1 itself culm9at+ 9 a sculptur$ lant]n1 resemble 9 g5]al effect ! cr[n /eeples ( ,k+'s ,college1 ,ab]de51 & ( ! collegiate *ur* ( ,/ ,giles at ,ed9burgh4 ,b !re is a diff]5ce4 ,9 ! ,scotti% in/ances ! lant]n is /ructurally upheld by ! comb9$ ?ru/ ( ! fly+ buttresses1 )\t v]tical support4 ,9 ! ,engli% m>ket crosses1 on ! contr>y1 ! %aft1 ris+ f ! floor & pass+ "r up ?r\gh ! ro(1 su/a9s ! lant]n f directly und]nea?4 ,salisbury ,p\ltry ,cross 7,figs4 #aei1 #afj7 mu/ orig9ally h be5 con/ruct$ 9 ! same way1 b1 "s "t be=e ,may #aghi 7see illu/ration 9 ,ar*ologia1 ,vol4 ,,ix41 p4 #cgc7 ! :ole ( ! orig9al sup]/ructure above ! ro( _h p]i%$4 ,! p9nacles1 fly+ buttresses1 & lant]n1 :i* n[ cr[n ! ro(1 are only a mod]n re/oration1 albeit a v excell5t "o4 ,! plan ( ! ,p\ltry ,cross is hexagonal4 ,9 addition to ?is cross !re are kn[n to h exi/$ at "o "t 9 ,salisbury ! ,*eese ,cross1 ,b]n>d's ,cross1 & t be=e ! we/ door ( ! ca!dral4 ,"o ( ! numb] 0 erect$ by ,lawr5ce de ,/ ,m>t9o1 z a p5ance enjo9$ be=e ,septemb] #achh1 by ,bi%op ,radulph ,ergham because ,lawr5ce1 :o 0 infect$ ) ,loll>dism1 _h be5 guilty ( flagrant irrev]5ce t[>d ! ,bless$ ,sacram5t4 ,to complete 8 p5ance he 0 requir$ to come & kneel 9 ! op5 air1 b>efoot & b>ehead$1 be=e ! said cross e ,saturday = ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,a record ( 8 (f5ce & ( its puni%m5t 0 to be inscrib$ ^u ! cross itself1 &1 assum+ ?is p5ance cross to be ! actually exi/+ m>ket cross1 x has be5 conjectur$ t ! six panell$ sides ( its c5tral pill> bore ! requir$ text4 ,b ! id5tity is v d\btful1 m especially z #achh seems too e>ly a date1 by "s hundr$ ye>s1 = ! ,p\ltry ,cross4 ,! old ,m>ket ,cross at ,gla/onbury 7,fig4 #afd7 has un=tunately disappe>$4 ,! %elt] 0 octagonal & gabl$4 ,b ! s+ul> feature ( ! design 0 t ! gables1 in/ead ( surm\nt+ ! ar*$ op5+s1 7 plac$ ov] ! sp&rels & ! pi]s betwe5 ! ar*es4 ,con=mably1 !n1 ) ! cant$ plan ( ! /ructure1 ! face ( ea* gable 0 return$ at an angle f its c5tral v]tical l9e1 a simple b q unusual device1 :i* produc$ a rem>kably qua9t & orig9al effect4 ,! picturesqu5ess 0 enhanc$ by ! pres5ce h>d by ( a wat] conduit1 :i* gr\p$ *>m+ly ) ! m impos+ /ructure ( ! m>ket cross4 ,bo?1 h[ev]1 becom+ dilapidat$ ?r\gh neglect1 7 demoli%$ 9 #ahjh4 ,at ,norwi* 7,fig4 #aec7 ! fir/ m>ket cross 0 erect$ 9 ! "t ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 7#acbg-cg74 ,x is kn[n to h be5 repair$ 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 7#acii-adac74 ,! /ructure mu/ h be5 ( consid]able size1 s9ce x conta9$ a *apel & f\r %ops4 ,becom+ decay$1 x 0 pull$ d[n 9 #aeja1 & rebuilt1 ! new cross be+ f9i%$ 9 #aejc4 ,l its pr$ecessor1 x conta9$ an oratory or *apel4 ,x 0 octagonal1 rais$ on /eps1 & appe>s to h be5 orig9ally an in/ance1 on a l>ge scale1 ( a spire-%ap$ cross ) an entrance on ! we/ side betwe5 two vices lead+ to ! upp] /oreys4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 app>5tly1 ! cross 0 surr\nd$ by sixte5 pill>s1 i4e41 eight l>ge & eight int]m$iate pill>s ( sl5d]] size1 to support a flat lead$ ro( = ! %elt] ( ! m>ket p--an addition :i* totally alt]$ ! aspect ( ! orig9al spire-%ap$ cross4 ,mean:ile1 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ,edw>d ,,vi41 ! crucifixes :i* _h adorn$ ! cross 7 tak5 d[n by ord] ( ! ,k+'s visitors4 ,! /&>d weights & measures ( ! city us$ to be kept 9 ! m>ket cross4 ,! oratory 9 x 0 let 9 #aegd to ! company ( work]s 9 lea!r4 ,9 #afdf ! cross 0 repair$ by means ( a graduat$ tax1 levi$ on all ! citiz5s 9 proportion to _! means4 ,9 #afdf1 also1 ! floor ( ! cross 0 pav$4 ,9 #affd x 0 appo9t$ = ! ,c\rt ( ,gu>d1 & 9 #afgb 0 beautifi$ & adorn$ accord+ to ! fa%ion ( ! day4 ,j sixty ye>s aft]w>ds ! cross 0 aga9 alleg$ to be 9 decay1 its mat]ials 7 sold & ! :ole cross swept away1 ! demolition beg9n+ 9 ,augu/ #agcb4 ,illu/ration3 #afd4 ,,gla/onbury1 ,,som]set%ire ,,m>ket ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #afe4 ,,*$d>1 ,,som]set%ire ,,m>ket ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #aff4 ,,som]ton1 ,,som]set%ire ,,m>ket ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #afg4 ,,maid/one ,,m>ket ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #afh4 ,,oundle1 ,,nor?ampton%ire ,,m>ket ,,cross ,at ,li*field 7,fig4 #aed71 ! ,m>ket ,cross1 octagonal on plan1 ) two-c5tr$ op5 ar*es1 & ) figures by way ( p9nacles at ! angles ( ! p>apet1 0 erect$ at ! co/ ( ,dean ,d5ton 7#aeba-cb74 ,at ,nor?ampton1 ! ,m>ket ,cross 7,fig4 #aej7 0 erect$ 9 #aece4 ,x /ood ^u an octagonal plat=m ( /one1 #b ft4 9 height1 & compris$ eight wood5 columns1 ! entire surface ( _! cyl9drical %afts c>v$1 support+ ! po9t$ ar*es ( ! octagonal %elt]4 ,& ! timb]s f "o pill> to ! next pill> 7 ar*$ & c>v$4 ,9 ! middle 7( ! plat=m7 7 ?ree /eps or r\nds ( /one to sit ^u1 z well z = means ( approa* on "o side to ! doorway :i*1 lock$ f m>ket to m>ket1 gave access to ! /airway curta9$ )9 ! cyl9drical %aft ( /one ris+ 9 ! c5tre4 ,?is %aft t]m9at$ above ! ro( 9 a lant]n ) glaz$ w9d[s1 )9 :i* 7 deposit$ ! /&>d weights & measures1 & o!r ut5sils connect$ ) ! m>ket4 ,!re 0 ample room to walk r\nd ^u ! lead-cov]$ ro( betwe5 ! lant]n & ! embattl$ p>apet4 ,! latt] 0 ornam5t$ at e angle ( ! octagon ) a /&>d1 or po/1 surm\nt$ by a little ape hold+ a rod ) a vane atta*$4 ,! :ole 0 set out & beautifi$ ) bran*es ( lead1 &1 ^u all squ>es 7faces7 little panels ( lead l coats ( arms gilt1 & a great ornam5t to ! place4 ,! cross1 un=tunately1 p]i%$ 9 ! g5]al conflagration at ,nor?ampton1 on #bj? ,septemb] #afge4 ,illu/ration3 #afi4 ,,ipswi* ,,m>ket ,,cross ,! old ,m>ket ,cross at ,taunton1 ,som]set%ire1 app>5tly dat$ f ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 hexagonal on plan1 ) po9t$ ar*es spr++ f columns1 presumably cyl9drical1 ) polygonal bases4 ,above ! ar*es 0 a p5?\se ro( ( bo>d+1 design$1 no d\bt1 to augm5t ! area ( ! %elt] b5ea?4 ,! top ( ! walls 0 cr5ellat$1 ) p9nacles at ! angles4 ,! c5tral %aft rose into two dim9i%+ ti]s ( ni*es = /atues4 ,! orig9al top hav+ vani%$1 its place 0 tak5 by a squ>e block ) sundials on ! faces1 ) an ogee ro( surm\nt$ by a wea!rcock4 ,! cross 0 demoli%$ 9 #agfi1 b its g5]al appe>ance is p]petuat$ by a v r\gh draw+ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,fig4 #aee74 ,illu/ration3 #agj1 #aga1 #agb4 ,,ipswi*1 ,,suffolk ,,m>ket ,,cross1 ,,) ,,details ,,( ,,wood ,,c>v+ ,illu/ration3 #agc4 ,,ca/le ,,combe1 ,,wilt%ire ,,m>ket ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #agd1 #age1 #agf4 ,,ca/le ,,combe1 ,,wilt%ire ,,m>ket ,,cross1 ,,) ,,plan1 ,,section1 ,,& ,,details ,! ,m>ket ,cross at ,*$d>1 ,som]set%ire 7,fig4 #afe71 is a /one /ructure ( six f\r-c5tr$ op5 ar*es & %elt]1 evid5tly built up r\nd an old] cross ( ! %aft-on-/eps type4 ,! %aft1 :i* dates f ! fifte5? c5tury1 is octagonal1 &1 ) its knop1 re>s ?r\gh ! top ( ! ro(4 ,! pi]s ( ! surr\nd+ ar*es are buttress$ & ! p>apet is embattl$4 ,ext5sive r5ew+ took place 9 #ahcd1 & ! /eps 7 repair$ 9 #ahce4 ,! ,m>ket ,cross at ,som]ton1 ,som]set%ire 7,fig4 #aff71 :i* may be comp>$ ) t ( ,*$d>1 0 built 9 #afgc1 a surpris+ly late date 9 view ( ! "* ( ! cross itself4 ,! latt] is octagonal1 ) pyramidal ro( ( eight cants2 its pi]s are buttress$1 &1 above a /r+c\rse ) g>goyles at ! out] angles1 rises an embattl$ p>apet4 ,s closely1 inde$1 are ! =ms ( ar*itectural tradition adh]$ to1 t1 b = ! segm5tal ar*es ) _! heavy key/ones1 "o w\ld h _h little hesitation 9 assign+ ! cross to ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,at ,maid/one 7,fig4 #afg71 ! ,m>ket ,cross1 or z x 0 =m]ly call$1 f its orig9al purpose1 ! ,corn ,cross1 /ood at ! top ( ,high ,/reet 9 ! c5tre ( ! roadway4 ,! date ( its erection is unkn[n1 b x is ?\ght to h be5 ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 at ! "t ( ! incorporation ( ! bor\gh by ,edw>d ,,vi4 ,a sket*1 ascrib$ to ,cornelius ,jans51 drawn ^u ass's sk9 & dat$ #afbc--! prop]ty1 ?r\gh ! ,bosville family1 ( ,j4 ,h4 ,bav]/ock--%[s ! cross to h be5 an octagonal /ructure ) an umbrella-l ro(1 cov]$ app>5tly ) slates1 & surm\nt$ by a lead5 cross4 ,lat] draw+s & pa9t+s %[ t ! ar*es 7 f\r-c5tr$1 & support$ on clu/]$ wood5 %afts1 & t1 9 place ( ! cross on ! top1 !re _h be5 sub/itut$ a lead-cov]$ dome1 or cupola1 f ! summit ( :i* rose a pole ( turn$ wood4 ,9 ! sp&rels ( ! ar*es 7 curi\s c>v+s illu/rative ( a but*]'s call+4 ,ab\t #afjh x 0 conv]t$ into ! but*]'s m>ket4 ,! cross1 says ,william ,newton 9 8 ,antiquities ( ,maid/one1 #agda1 appe>s to h be5 v l>ge2 b only a "p ( x is n[ rema9+1 :i* is h&somely cov]$ ) lead1 & us$ = ! fi% m>ket4 ,9 #agga x 0 consid]$ to be an ob/ruction to ! traffic1 & 0 accord+ly mov$ on roll]s a slight di/ance to ! side ( ! /reet1 j bel[ ! squ>e /one conduit %[n 9 ! illu/ration2 b x did n /& !re v long1 = x 0 f9ally demoli%$ 9 #aghj4 ,illu/ration3 #agg4 ,,dun/]1 ,,som]set%ire ,,y>n-,,m>ket ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #agh1 #agi4 ,,oakham1 ,,rutl& ,,butt] ,,cross1 ,,) ,,detail ,,( ,,! ,,int]ior ,illu/ration3 #ahj1 #aha4 ,,wymondham1 ,,norfolk ,,m>ket ,,cross1 ,,) ,,detail ,,( ,,! ,,gr\nd-,,floor ,,/orey ,illu/ration3 #ahb4 ,,b+ley1 ,w4,r4 ,,york%ire ,,m>ket ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #ahc4 ,,lymm1 ,,*e%ire ,,m>ket ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #ahd4 ,,ne!r ,,/[ey1 ,,som]set%ire ,,m>ket ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #ahe4 ,,milv]ton1 ,,som]set%ire ,,m>ket ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #ahf4 ,,nott+ham ,,! ,,malt ,,cross ,at ,leice/]1 ! la/ rema9s ( ! anci5t cross 7 cle>$ away 9 #aefi4 ,mean:ile1 a successor to x _h be5 built 9 #aeeg4 ,?is new ,m>ket ,cross 7,fig4 #ab7 0 octagonal on plan1 hav+ op5 ar*es on pill>s & a cupola ro(4 ,9 its turn x 0 demoli%$ betwe5 #agfi & #aggc4 ,at ,ipswi*1 a prea*+ cross1 erect$ 9 #aeaj by ,edmund ,daundy1 ,bailiff ( ! t[n1 & said to be a ne> relative ( ,c>d9al ,wolsey1 is believ$ to h occupi$ ! same spot on ! ,cornhill1 :]e subsequ5tly1 9 #afbh1 ! m>ket cross 0 built 7,figs4 #afi-agb74 ,! latt] 0 project$1 at lea/1 z e>ly z #afaj1 :5 ,b5jam9 ,osborne promis$ #ej1 :i*1 by w dat$ ,june #afai1 he bequea!d t[>d ! build+4 ,b x 0 n until #afbh t ! ,corporation manag$ to obta9 any paym5t f 8 executors1 & !n ! sum available f 8 e/ate 0 #f %ort ( ! prop] am\nt4 ,! figures 9 ! inscription1 record+ ! b5efaction ^u a %ield 9 "o ( ! sp&rels1 7 !reupon alt]$ f #ej to #dd 7,fig4 #agb74 ,! /ructure1 #bh ft4 9 diamet]1 compris$ eight /one columns1 support+ elliptical ar*es ( wood1 ) an embattl$ p>apet above a cornice1 elaborately c>v$ ) scrollwork & grotesques4 ,five masks f ! old wood c>v+1 toge!r ) ! %ield inscrib$ z above m5tion$1 are yet pres]v$ 9 ! ,ipswi* ,museum4 ,! ro(1 an ogee-%ap$ cupola1 cov]$ ) lead1 0 fram$ into a c5tre po/1 c>ri$ on cross-beams j above ! level ( ! eaves4 ,! upp] end ( ! po/ ran up ?r\gh ! middle ( ! ro( 9 ! =m ( a squ>e t]m9al ( f\r /ages1 ! l[e/ "p be+ c>v$ ) a gr\p ( figures support+ a gilt ball1 l an orb1 ) a cross on ! top4 ,on ! occasion ( ! ,proclamation ( ,k+ ,*>les ,,ii41 on #aj? ,may #affj1 ! cross 0 ord]$ to be beautifi$--pa9t$ or r emblazon$ ) ! arms ( local celebrities4 ,! arms includ$ ^? ( ,ipswi* bor\gh & ( ! families ( ,daundy1 ,bloss1 ,long1 & ,sp>r[e1 z well z two tradesm5's m>ks1 ,c4 ,a41 & ,b4 ,k4 ,m4 ,! c>v$ faces 9 ! museum yet reta9 _! fle% t9ts4 ,9 ,april #afid ! ,corporation ord]$ t a new /atue ( ,ju/ice %\ld be erect$ ^u ! summit ( ! cross4 ,9 #agbc ! ,corporation vot$ ?anks to ,mr ,francis ,nug5t 7:o repres5t$ ,ipswi* 9 ?ree ,p>liam5ts7 = 8 pres5t ( a /atue ( ,ju/ice1 :i* 0 br\ght f 8 seat at ,dall+hoe4 ,?is1 an allegorical figure1 hold+ ! scales1 is ( /one1 pa9t$ br[n1 & also is pres]v$ 9 ,ipswi* ,museum4 ,a sket* & plan by ,sir ,james ,?ornhill 7,fig4 #afi71 9 ,may #agaa1 %[s t ! cross at t "t /ood surr\nd$ by a balu/rade4 ,! cross 0 pull$ d[n bodily at ! beg9n+ ( ,janu>y #ahab1 by ord] ( a ,great ,c\rt previ\sly held4 ,an aquat9t1 f a contempor>y draw+ by ,george ,fro/1 0 publi%$ 9 ! same ye> 7,fig4 #aga74 ,! ,m>ket ,cross at ,mild5hall1 ,suffolk 7,fig4 #ac71 ) its timb] po/s & lead-cov]$ ro(1 dates f ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 #ahg4 ,,bungay1 ,,suffolk ,,m>ket ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #ahh4 ,,swaffham1 ,,norfolk ,,m>ket ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #ahi4 ,,wood/ock1 ,,ox=d%ire ,,m>ket ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #aij4 ,,wakefield1 ,w4,r4 ,,york%ire ,,m>ket ,,cross ,! old ,butt] ,cross at ,oakham 7,fig4 #agh7 recalls t at ,mild5hall1 ?an :i*1 h[ev]1 x is probably lat] by a c5tury or m4 ,! ,oakham cross is octagonal on plan1 ! eight oak po/s :i* support ! ro( re/+ on blocks ( /one = bases4 ,9 ! c5tre is a solid /one pi]1 encircl$ by seats = ! m>ket wom54 ,! int]ior con/ruction ( ! ro( is a f9e example ( c>p5try 7,fig4 #agi74 ,at ,oundle1 ,nor?ampton%ire1 /ood a m>ket cross1 v l ! la/-nam$1 octagonal on plan1 ) an eight-sid$ pyramidal ro(1 cov]$ ) ,colly ,we/on slates1 & support$ by eight wood5 po/s 7,fig4 #afh74 ,! int]ior compris$ a c5tral %aft1 ) a squ>e socket1 be>+ ! date #aeia1 & m\nt$ on two octagonal /eps ( /one1 hav+ ov]hang+ drips4 ,! cross1 n m5tion$ by ,bridges1 has long s9ce be5 demoli%$4 ,! view is f an undat$ li?ograph1 initiall$ ,j4 ,s4 ,! ,m>ket ,cross at ,wymondham1 ,norfolk 7,figs4 #ahj1 #aha71 ) its qua9t timb]-fram$ upp] /orey1 approa*$ by an ext]nal /air1 dates f #afag4 ,! face ( ! braces betwe5 ! pi]s ( ! op5 gr\nd-/orey are c>v$ ) tops1 sp9dles1 spoons1 & su* l wood5 w>e1 = ! abundant manufacture ( :i* ! t[n _h long be5 fam\s4 ,at ,dun/]1 ,som]set%ire1 ! ,y>n-,m>ket ,cross1 z x is call$1 is octagonal on plan1 ) an imm5se span ( ro( reliev$ by dorm]s 7,fig4 #agg74 ,! arrangem5t ( ! timb]s1 ext5d+ radially f ! c5tre ( ! cross1 is some:at rem>kable1 writes ,alex4 ,gordon4 ,?is cross 0 built ab\t ! ye> #afjj4 ,! wea!r-vane at ! summit ( ! lant]n be>s ! date #afdg4 ,! ,m>ket ,cross1 or ,butt] ,cross1 at ,witney1 ,ox=d%ire 7,fig4 #ad71 0 built1 accord+ to ,joseph ,skelton1 by ,william ,blake1 ( ,coggs1 9 #afhc4 ,lavi% r5ovation has n[ robb$ x ( mu* ( its prop] *>m1 b ! plann+ ( ! ro(1 ) its gables fac+ f\r ways1 con/itutes an entirely delightful composition4 ,at ,milv]ton1 ,som]set%ire1 ! ,m>ket ,cross1 commonly call$ ,fair ,cross1 0 /&+1 & is ref]r$ to 9 an ind5ture dat$ ,m>* #agae 7,fig4 #ahe74 ,! vane bore ! date #agjf4 ,eight cyl9drical columns ( /one1 surr\nd+ ! base & %aft ( a m$ieval cross1 su/a9$ ! %elt]1 above :i* 0 an upp] *amb]1 us$ = /orage only1 access !reto be+ obta9$ by means ( a ladd] ?r\gh ! w9d[ op5+ 9 "o ( ! sides4 ,! *amb] 0 cov]$ ) a slate-heal$ pyramid ( eight cants4 ,! cross1 :i*1 /rangely en\gh1 0 9 private own]%ip1 0 demoli%$ by ! proprietor himself 9 or ab\t #ahej4 ,! ,m>ket ,cross at ,ne!r ,/[ey1 ,som]set%ire1 0 erect$ ab\t #agej on ! site ( an e>li] cross1 ( :i* no?+ b a few fragm5ts ( /one f ! base _h surviv$4 ,! eighte5?-c5tury /ructure 0 octagonal on plan1 eight cyl9drical columns support+ ! eight-cant$ pyramidal ro(1 f ! top ( :i* rose a squ>e turret1 ) a clock 9 ! l[] "p1 & a bell 9 ! op5 bell-cote at ! top 7,fig4 #ahd74 ,hav+ be5 all[$ to fall into dilapidation1 ! :ole cross 0 swept away by ! "l ( ! manor ab\t #ahfj4 ,at ,ca/le ,combe1 ,wilt%ire1 ! ,m>ket ,cross is app>5tly ano!r in/ance :]e ! %elt] 0 built up ov] an already exi/+ /one cross 7,figs4 #agc1 #agf74 ,! latt] has a bold1 squ>e socket1 sculptur$ ) late-,go?ic trac]y ornam5t4 ,! %elt] seems to be sixte5?-c5tury "w4 ,its pyramidal ro(1 support$ on f\r /one pi]s1 _h lo/ ! orig9al summit ( ! cross-%aft be=e ,buckl] made 8 draw+ ( ! nor?-we/ view ( ! cross4 ,x 0 !n surm\nt$ by a sundial ( ! sev5te5? or eighte5? c5tury4 ,lat] re/oration1 h[ev]1 has sub/itut$ a quasi-,go?ic p9nacle4 ,at ,lymm1 ,*e%ire1 ?\gh no m>ket is n[ held !re1 ! old ,m>ket ,cross rema9s1 a qua9t & unusual /ructure1 /&+ on ! top ( a b\ld]1 ) /eps p>tly hewn out ( ! natural rock 7,fig4 #ahc74 ,! cross is built ( /one1 & consi/s ( a massive c5tral pi]1 squ>e on plan1 betwe5 f\r small] pi]s1 likewise squ>e1 support+ ! ro( at ! corn]s4 ,! ro(1 cross-ridg$1 has p$im5ts fac+ f\r ways1 & surm\nt$ ea* by a sub/antial hip-knob4 ,on ! faces ( ! p$im5ts are sundials4 ,f ! c5tre ( ! ro( rises a l(ty wea!rcock ) a wr\ght-iron frame4 ,! ,malt ,cross at ,nott+ham /ood opposite ! l[] end ( ,%eep ,lane1 & is said to h be5 erect$ 9 #agad1 al?\gh ! old vane at ! summit bore ! date #afhf4 ,! /ructure1 hexagonal on plan1 & ro($ ) a cupola support$ on ,doric columns1 0 rais$ ^u a ?ree-foot high plat=m ( f\r /eps 7,fig4 #ahf74 ,! boss surm\nt+ ! cupola _h a sundial on ea* ( its six sides4 ,! ,malt ,cross 0 tak5 d[n1 & ! mat]ials 7 sold by public auction 9 ,octob] #ahjd4 ,z ! sev5te5? c5tury advanc$ ! m>ket cross exhibit$ m & m m>k$ div]g5ce f ! orig9al ar*itectural =ms1 includ+ ! ab&onm5t ( ! cross on ! summit1 & ! adoption1 9 _m in/ances1 ( a sundial 9 place ( ! cross4 ,?is t5d5cy only increas$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,in/ances ( x are af=d$ by ! m>ket crosses--rectangul> on plan--at ,wood/ock 7,fig4 #ahi7 & ,wakefield 7,fig4 #aij74 ,o!r eighte5?-c5tury m>ket crosses1 e4g41 ^? ( ,bungay 7#aghi7 7,fig4 #ahg7 & ,swaffham 7#aghc7 7,fig4 #ahh71 might almo/ be mi/ak5 9 appe>ance = b&/&s1 b f ! fact t1 al(t ^u _! lead-cov]$ domes1 ! allegorical figure ( ,ju/ice1 emphasis+ ! duty ( fair deal+1 cont9ues to proclaim _! purpose ( op5-air %elt]s = ! transaction ( bus9ess4 ,,vii4 ,,unclassifi$ ,,v>ieties ,x is n easy to devise a sy/em = ! classification ( crosses1 :i* %all1 )\t loss ( precision1 be bo? exhau/ive en\gh & compreh5sive en\gh to embrace e possible v>iety4 ,!re rema91 !n1 a few anomal\s in/ances :i* seem n to admit ( inclusion 9 any ( ! categories already consid]$4 ,! fir/ to note is ,donca/] cross 7,fig4 #aia71 ( :i* an engrav+ 0 publi%$ 9 ,vetu/a ,monum5ta1 ,july #agec1 f an old pa9t+1 =m]ly ! prop]ty ( ,"l ,fairfax1 :o sold x 9 #afgb to ,ald]man ,?oresby1 ( ,le$s4 ,an anci5t manuscript1 accompany+ ! pa9t+1 record$ all t 0 kn[n ( ! hi/ory ( ! cross4 ,! latt] bore on ! %aft1 at ab\t a ?ird ( its height up f ! bottom1 an inscription 9 ,norman ,fr5*3 ,?is is ! cross ( ,ote de ,tilli1 on ^: s\l ,god h m]cy4 ,am54 ,! said ,ote de ,tilli 0 s5es*al ( ! ,e>l ( ,conisbor\gh1 & 0 a witness ( ! *>t] ( f\ndation ( ,kirk/all ,abbey 9 #aaeb4 ,8 "n occurs 9 o!r *>t]s ( ,k+ ,/eph5's reign1 & also ( o!rs 9 ! reigns ( ,h5ry ,,ii4 & ,ri*>d ,i4 ,! cross /ood at ! s\? end ( ! t[n ( ,donca/]1 on ! ,london road4 ,! %aft 0 #ah ft4 high1 & consi/$ ( a l>ge c5tral cyl9d] ) f\r engag$ cyl9drical %afts1 hav+ a total circumf]5ce ( #aa ft4 #g 94 ,x /ood ^u five circul> /eps1 re/+ ^u a hexagonal base or pl9?4 ,on ! summit ( ! /one cross !re =m]ly rose five sl5d] iron crosses1 ! c5tral "o high] ?an ! re/2 b 9 #afdd ! monum5t 0 defac$ by ! troops "u ! ,e>l ( ,man*e/]1 los+ its iron crosses4 ,to make up ! defici5cy ! mayor1 9 #afgh1 erect$ f\r dials1 a ball1 & vane on ! top ( ! cross4 ,( n dissimil> plan is ! /ump ( a %aft at ,el/[ 7,fig4 #aib71 9 ,b$=d%ire4 ,aga91 !re is a tall pill> ( clu/]$ columns 9 ?ree /ages at ,aldbor\gh 7,fig4 #aic74 ,all ?ree examples appe> to date f ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 #aia4 ,,donca/]1 ,w4,r4 ,,york%ire ,illu/ration3 #aib4 ,,el/[1 ,,b$=d%ire ,,cross ,,ne> ,,! ,,*ur* ,illu/ration3 #aic4 ,,aldbor\gh1 ,e4,r4 ,,york%ire ,,village ,,cross ,illu/ration3 #aid1 #aie4 ,,mitton1 ,w4,r4 ,,york%ire ,,head ,,( ,,cross ,,9 ,,! ,,*ur*y>d1 ,,%[+ ,,obv]se ,,& ,,rev]se ,,faces ,at ,*e/]1 :]e ,wat]gate ,/reet ends & ,ea/gate ,/reet beg9s1 & :]e1 at ! po9t ( junction1 ,bridge ,/reet leads (f at a "r angle s\?w>d to ! ,dee ,bridge1 !re /ood ! ,high ,cross on a hexagonal plat=m or /ep outside ! entrance to ! ,p5tice1 :i* itself ext5d$ ! :ole l5g? ( ! s\? side ( ,/ ,pet]'s ,*ur*4 ,! design ( ?is cross 0 s abnormal t "o is at a loss to place x "u any kn[n classification4 ,a pla9 cyl9drical column support$ an imm5se & l(ty sup]/ructure1 exce$+ ! height ( %aft & socket put toge!r1 & consi/+ ( a d\ble-/orey$ lant]n1 ) two ti]s ( ni*es = /atues surr\nd+ x4 ,! :ole 0 surm\nt$ by an orb & cross1 b ! draw+ by ,r&le ,holme ! ?ird1 among ! ,h>leian manuscripts at ! ,briti% ,museum 7,fig4 #bd71 gives two alt]native details to f9i% (f ! summit1 viz41 a crucifix1 or a cr[n$ %ield ( ! royal arms4 ,! ,high ,cross 0 newly gild$ 9 #aebi4 ,x 0 ov]?r[n & defac$ by ! ,puritans 9 #afdf1 or1 accord+ to ano!r acc\nt1 9 #afdh4 ,9 #ahjd ! rema9s 7 discov]$ buri$ 9 ! por* ( ,/ ,pet]'s ,*ur*1 & 7 tak5 to ,ne!rleigh ,h\se1 & !re us$ to =m a k9d ( ornam5tal rockwork 9 ! g>d5s4 ,! late ,ar*deacon ,b>b]1 writ+ 9 #aiaj1 says t 9 ! ,grosv5or ,museum at ,*e/] !re is a pla9 /one block1 :i*1 ?\gh )\t any ( ! ri*ly sculptur$ ornam5t depict$ by ,holme1 purports to be ! head ( ! anci5t cross1 :ile ! %aft is said to be 9 ! gr\nds ( ,plas ,newydd1 at ,llangoll54 ,illu/ration3 #aif4 ,,ripley1 ,w4,r4 ,,york%ire ,,base ,,9 ,,! ,,*ur*y>d ,!re is1 aga91 a c]ta9 type ( cross :i* _c exactly be classifi$ "u any ( ! previ\sly describ$ v>ieties4 ,! type 9 "q1 z exemplifi$ at ,alph+ton 7,fig4 #aii7 & at ,/ ,loye's1 ,won=d1 ne> ,exet] 7,fig4 #aih71 appe>s to be peculi> to ,devon%ire4 ,at fir/ sight ! cross looks mu* l a v>iety ( monoli?1 b ! cross-head is 9 fact work$ 9 a sep>ate block ( /one4 ,! %ortness ( ! arms1 z comp>$ ) ! height ( ! upp] limb1 is /rik+4 ,ano!r feature is a small ni*e or holl[ sunk 9 ! face ( ! cross at ! po9t ( int]section4 ,= ! re/1 ! socket does n diff] at all f _m examples occurr+ 9 ! %aft-on-/eps gr\p4 ,! cross-head at ,mitton1 ,york%ire 7,figs4 #aid1 #aie71 is peculi> inasmu* z ! crucifixion is sculptur$ on bo? faces1 b 9 totally diff]5t fa%ions4 ,t on ! we/ face has ! arms /ret*$ horizontally1 )9 a sexfoil frame1 & might well be ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,:]eas ! sculpture on ! ea/ face1 ?\gh mu* m wea!rworn1 is ( a /yle t c\ld n h be5 design$ be=e ! late-f\rte5?1 or p]haps ev5 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! arms ( ! ,*ri/ 9 ?is in/ance are drawn upw>ds 9 an unusually oblique direction4 ,x is impossible t ^! two repres5tations c\ld h be5 execut$ at "o & ! same date4 ,! circul> outl9e ( ! head1 too1 is peculi>1 & sugge/ive r ( a gable-cross ?an ( a /&+ cross4 ,possibly ! we/ face only 0 sculptur$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 = a gable-cross1 ! sculpture on ! ea/ face be+ add$ lat] 9 ord] to adapt ! /one = ! head ( a *ur*y>d cross4 ,anyh[1 s9ce ,buckl]'s draw+s 7 made1 ! head has be5 m\nt$ on a mod]n %aft & p$e/al4 ,illu/ration3 #aig4 ,,bisley1 ,,gl\ce/]%ire ,,monum5t ,,9 ,,! ,,*ur*y>d ,a v /range socket1 compris+ two /ages1 bo? cyl9drical ) a slight batt]1 /&s to ! nor? ( ! *ur* 9 ! *ur*y>d at ,ripley1 ,york%ire 7,fig4 #aif74 ,! topmo/ /age is ab\t #b ft4 #c 94 high1 & ! diamet] ( its upp] b$ is #b ft4 #i 94 ,x has _h sunk into x1 f ! %aft ( a cross1 a mortise #h 94 deep by #ah 94 by #aj 94 ,! bottom /age is #b ft4 high by ab\t #d ft4 #h 941 ! diamet] ( its upp] b$1 :i* v>ies f #f to #g 94 wid] all r\nd ?an ! foot ( ! upp] /age4 ,a mo/ peculi> feature is ! s]ies ( eight cavities av]ag+ #f 94 deep & f #ad to #ag 94 high1 by #g to #aj 94 wide at ! top4 ,x _c be t ^! cavities 7 receptacles = (f]+s1 = eight ( !m w\ld be l>gely 9 excess ( any reasonable requirem5ts ( alms-ga!r+4 ,x has be5 call$ a weep+ cross on ! supposition t ! holl[s 7 meant = p5it5ts to kneel 94 ,b ?is aga9 _c be1 = ! spaces available are n ne>ly l>ge en\gh = su* a purpose4 ,x may be t ! bottom /age ( ! ,ripley cross is1 aft] all1 no?+ else ?an ! inv]t$ b[l ( a font1 & ! holl[s surr\nd+ x ni*es = /atu>y4 ,! problem1 h[ev]1 is "o :i* has n hi!rto be5 satisfactorily expla9$4 ,illu/ration3 #aih4 ,,/ ,,loye',s1 ,,won=d1 ,,devon%ire ,at ,bisley1 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 9 ! we/ end ( ! *ur*y>d1 /&s a s+ul> /ructure ( /one1 ( e>ly-?irte5?-c5tury "w 7,fig4 #aig74 ,circul> on plan at ! foot & hexagonal above1 x n[ measures ab\t #ab ft4 high1 ! orig9al cross or f9ial at ! apex hav+ disappe>$4 ,?is monum5t has be5 v>i\sly describ$ z a cross1 a well-head1 or a bone-h\se4 ,probably x is r a comb9ation betwe5 a cross 7= ) su* x mu/ almo/ c]ta9ly h be5 cr[n$7 & a lant]n = ! poor s\ls' light4 ,! trefoil-head$ op5+s 9 ea* cant seem design$ expressly = emitt+ ! light ( a lamp burn+ )91 :ile ! dorm]-l hoods ( ! said op5+s w\ld %elt] ! flame f w9d & ra94 ,su* lant]n pill>s are kn[n to h be5 9 use 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 ?\gh !y h v r>ely surviv$ to our own times4 ,!re exi/s1 h[ev]1 a f9e example ( late-f\rte5? or e>ly-fifte5? c5tury "w1 /&+ outside ! nor?-ea/ "p ( ! ,dom at ,reg5sburg1 9 ,bav>ia4 ,illu/ration3 #aii4 ,,alph+ton1 ,,devon%ire ,,viii4 ,,ly*gates ,ly*gates are s nam$ f ! old ,anglo-,saxon ^w li*1 or ,g]man lei*e1 mean+ corpse1 because !y /ood at ! entrance ( ! *ur*y>d1 :]e ! be>]s ( ! dead might deposit _! burd51 & re/ a:ile be=e pass+ ?r\gh1 & into ! *ur* = ! solemn fun]al rites4 ,"s ly*gates are actually provid$ ) a long flat slab = ?is v purpose1 z is ! case1 = in/ance1 at ,a%pr+ton & ,a!r+ton1 bo? 9 ,devon%ire1 & at ,*idd+fold1 ,surrey 7,fig4 #bbg74 ,usually also !y are fitt$ ) b5*es4 ,! rubric ( ! ,pray] ,book ( #aedi direct$ t ! (ficiat+ m9i/] at fun]als %\ld g to meet ! corpse at ! *ur* /yle1 i4e41 ly*gate2 & aga91 accord+ to ! ,pray] ,book n[ 9 use 7( ! ye> #affb71 ! cl]gyman & ! cl]ks meet+ ! corpse at ! entrance ( ! *ur*y>d 7i4e41 at ! ly*gate1 :]ev] "o exi/s71 !re beg9 ! burial s]vice1 & !nce prec$e ! body into ! *ur*4 ,9 "s places1 z at ,he/on & ,hayes1 9 ,middlesex1 & at ,*alfont ,/ ,giles1 ! entrance gates =m turn/iles1 be+ fix$ to a c5tral po/1 :i* revolves on a pivot4 ,!re is h>dly scope = any v great v>iety ( types 9 ly*gates1 b !y may be classifi$ g5]ally "u c]ta9 ma9 gr\ps1 viz41 fir/1 ! por*-%ape1 9 :i* ! ro(-ridge has ! same axis z ! passage way2 secondly1 ! %$-l =m1 9 :i* ! ro(-ridge runs transv]sely to ! axial l9e ( ! passage way2 ?irdly1 a r>e v>iety1 embody+ bo? ! previ\s features1 & su* t is exemplifi$ by ! *>m+ ly*gate at ,clun1 ,%rop%ire 7,fig4 #bce71 :]e two ro(-ridges cross "o ano!r at "r angles2 or at ,b]ryn>bor1 ,devon%ire1 :]e ! ly*gate is on ! plan ( a cross2 &1 la/ly1 ly*gates =m$ by ! comb9ation ( ! requisite passage way ) a *ur* h\se or o!r build+4 ,to ?is class belongs ! entrance to ! *ur*y>d at ,p5%ur/1 ,k5t1 an example well kn[n & admir$ = its picturesqu5ess4 ,o!r in/ances are ^? ( ,h>tfield 9 ,sussex 7,fig4 #bja71 ,long ,compton 9 ,w>wick%ire1 ,*alfont ,/ ,giles 9 ,buck+ham%ire 7,fig4 #bjd71 & ,bray 9 ,b]k%ire 7,figs4 #bjb1 #bjc74 ,! la/-nam$ specim5 is ( exceptional int]e/1 n only because x conta9s an anci5t *apel1 b also because x be>s1 on "o ( ! uprights ( ! entrance1 ! date ( its con/ruction1 #addh1 a mo/ unusual circum/ance4 ,! p5?\se gall]y1 %[n on ! left ( ! photograph1 is a mod]n addition4 ,x w also be notic$1 on comp>ison ( ! two illu/rations1 t ! we/ w9d[ ( ! old *apel-*amb] has1 s9ce #ahgi1 be5 robb$ ( "s ( its mullions1 & n[ consi/s ( ?ree lights only4 ,two ,wel% examples ( ly*gates1 ) a room built ov] ea*1 are enum]at$ by ! ,rev4 ,elias ,ow51 9 #ahhf1 viz41 ,d]w51 ,d5bigh%ire1 :]e ! upp] /orey is utilis$ = p>o*ial purposes1 & ,:it=d1 ,fl9t%ire1 :]e x s]v$ z a s*oolroom4 ,latt]ly1 :5 ! s*ool increas$ 9 numb]s1 ! ly*gate 0 block$ up & =m$ into a class-room 9 addition to ! upp] "p4 ,! same writ] rem>ks t a fully equipp$ ly*gate includes seats1 a ly*cross & a ly*/one4 ,z a rule1 bo? ly*crosses & ly*/ones h disappe>$ 444 b und]nea? ! ro( ( ,ca]wys 7,fl9t%ire7 ly*gate are /ill to be se5 ! beam & socket1 :]e once /ood ! wood5 ly*cross1 & on ! gr\nd are traceable ! f\ndation /ones ( ! two ly*seats1 & ( ! ly*/one 9 ! c5tre ( ! por*4 ,?is re/ = ! c(f9 0 a l[ wall ( ab\t a c(f9's l5g?4 ,"s ( ! di/9ctive features ( ly*gates 7 de/roy$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,?us ! beam t /ret*$ f wall to wall1 & _h a wood5 cross ins]t$ into x1 has1 9 ne>ly e in/ance1 be5 sawn away4 ,! above-nam$ example at ,ca]wys1 h[ev]1 accord+ to ! ,inv5tory ( ! ,royal ,commission1 /ill survives4 ,! place 0 visit$ 9 ,july #aiaj1 & ! report runs3 ,)9 ! cov]$ ly*gate is a pre-,re=mation oak frame1 ! two uprights support+ a beam 9 :i* a cross 0 fix$1 ! anci5t cu/om hav+ be5 to set d[n corpses on _! way to burial ^u ! ly*/one imm$iately b5ea? ?is cross4 ,! di/ribution ( ly*gates 9 v>i\s di/ricts is mo/ unequal4 ,?us ne>ly e "o ( ! tw5ty-f\r *ur*es ( ! ,dean]y ( ,woodleigh1 ,devon%ire1 is said to possess a ly*gate4 ,an in/ance1 :i* may safely be pron\nc$ unique1 is t ( ,tr\tbeck1 ,we/morl&1 :]e !re are1 or 71 no less ?an ?ree /one ly*gates to "o & ! same *ur*y>d4 ,illu/ration3 #bjj4 ,,hayes1 ,,middlesex ,,ly*gate ,ly*gates are con/ruct$1 x goes )\t say+1 ( ! mo/ conv5i5t native mat]ial available4 ,?us1 ! ,wel% examples illu/rat$ are ( indig5\s /one2 :]eas 9 ,middlesex1 ,h]t=d%ire1 ,k5t1 & o!r di/ricts 9 :i* free/one is n available1 ! lack ( x is amply comp5sat$ by ! developm5t ( ! res\rces ( timb]4 ,k5t1 ?\gh defici5t 9 *ur*y>d crosses1 may ju/ly claim to rival1 if n inde$ to surpass1 ! o!r c\nties ( ,engl& 9 respect ( ! admirable ly*gates :i* x conta9s4 ,! h&some/ /&s at ,beck5ham 7,figs4 #bje-bjg71 on ! s\? side ( ! old *ur*y>d4 ,! gate is ( ! %$ v>iety1 b ! ro(-ridge1 in/ead ( runn+ ! :ole l5g? f end to end 7z x does at ,l5ham 9 ! same c\nty 7,figs4 #bbj1 #bba1 & #bbb71 at ,a%well1 ,h]t=d%ire 7,figs4 #bae-bah71 ,hayes 7,fig4 #bjj7 & ,he/on 7,figs4 #bac & #bad7 9 ,middlesex1 ,morw5/[ 9 ,cornwall 7,fig4 #bai71 ,isleham 9 ,cambridge%ire 7,figs4 #bbc-bbe71 & ,gor+ 9 ,ox=d%ire 7,fig4 #bbf771 is hipp$1 ) v *>m+ result4 ,b hipp+ alone is n en\gh to ensure full /hetic effect4 ,"o has only to comp>e two examples ( hipp$ ro(s1 viz41 t at ,beck5ham1 already nam$1 & ! n dissimil> in/ance at ,/aple 7,figs4 #bjh1 #bji71 9 ! same c\nty1 to realise :at v diff]5t arti/ic values two gates1 bas$ on "o id5tical motif1 may possess4 ,! ,beck5ham ly*gate is f> sup]ior to ! o!r1 no d\bt because ( ! excell5t proportions ( its p>ts4 ,! old draw+1 by ,buckl] 7,fig4 #bjf71 %[s t at "o "t ! l>ge oblique /ruts 7 want+2 a defici5cy :i* alt]$ ! :ole appe>ance ( ! ly*gate1 t5d+1 z x did1 to make ! ro( look heavy & ill-balanc$4 ,! l>ge /ruts1 h[ev]1 _h be5 suppli$ by #ahga4 ,! pron\nc$ tilt ( ! ro( t[>d ! eaves1 by means ( sprockets 7see ! section draw+s1 ,fig4 #bjg71 gives additional "* to ?is beautiful ly*gate4 ,at ! pres5t day x _c1 un=tunately1 be se5 to prop] advantage1 because ( ! intrusive pres5ce ( a mod]n brick wall1 abutt+ close up aga9/ ei!r end ( ! gate1 & conceal+ its l[] "p4 ,! ro( is n[ til$1 b x is believ$ t x 0 orig9ally ?at*$1 or %+l$4 ,! diff]5ce ( effect produc$ by v>y+ ! numb] ( bays is illu/rat$ by comp>+ ! ly*gates ( ,we/ ,wickham 7,figs4 #baa1 #bab7 & ,beck5ham1 bo? ( "o bay ea*2 ^? ( ,isleham1 ,/aple1 ,l5ham1 & ,a%well1 all ( two bays ea*1 & t ( ,an/ey ) its ?ree bays4 ,z to ! la/-nam$1 ,buckl]'s amaz+ly incorrect draughtsman%ip 9 ! "r h& l[] corn] =tunately does n avail to disguise ! /urdy dignity & gr& outl9e ( ?is magnific5t example4 ,at ,a%well1 ,h]t=d%ire1 ! timb] ly*gate1 :i* =ms ! s\?-we/ entrance to ! *ur*y>d1 probably dates f ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! ?ree /&>ds c>ry+ ! horizontal l9tel are s mu* m massive at ! top ?an at ! bottom t !y mu/ c]ta9ly h be5 cut f tree trunks inv]t$1 l ! angle spurs us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( anci5t timb]-fram$ h\ses4 ,! w9dbrace 9 ! ro(1 & ! engrail$ v]gebo>d "u ! end gable %\ld be notic$4 ,! ly*gate :i* =ms ! we/]n entrance to ! *ur*y>d at ,l5ham1 ,k5t1 comprises two passage ways1 ea* hav+ a f\r-c5tr$ ar* ( timb] ov]head4 ,! n>r[] gate1 t on ! s\?1 has ! head camb]$ out ( a s+le piece ( oak to ! f\r-c5tr$ outl9e4 ,! nor!rn1 ! wid] gate1 has ! head built toge!r ( two pieces1 %ap$ to ! requisite =m4 ,! support+ /ruts & braces are mu* worn ) age & wea!r1 b happily unre/or$4 ,! ro( is til$4 ,! ma9 "p ( ! timb]work is ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 says ,mr ,e4 ,c4 ,lee1 except ! ro(1 ! raft]s ( :i*1 built into ! adjo9+ h\se1 are v poor & r\gh4444 ,! /rutt+ at ,a is bad 9 con/ruction1 all ! /ra9 be+ ?r[n on ! p9s4 ,!re is a tradition t ?is gate 0 br\ght hi!r f ,cant]bury "s "t ab\t #aggj2 b x is1 9 all probability1 )\t hi/orical basis1 z also are _m o!r traditions ( a simil> k9d4 ,! ly*gate at ,pulbor\gh1 ,sussex 7,fig4 #bcf71 is an example ( a pyramidal ro(1 & may be contra/$ ) ! cross-ridg$ con/ruction ( ! ly*gates at ,clun 9 ,%rop%ire 7,fig4 #bce71 or ,monn+ton-on-,wye 9 ,h]e=d%ire 7,fig4 #bcg74 ,all ?ree are squ>e on plan1 & built ( timb]4 ,! ornam5tal wood-patt]n+ at ,clun is closely alli$ to ! typical dome/ic "w ( ,%rop%ire & ,*e%ire1 only 9 ?is in/ance x is op5 in/ead ( be+ fill$ 9 betwe5 ) wattle & daub4 ,"s ly*gates belong+ to ! %$ type are ( composite mat]ials1 p>tly masonry & p>tly timb]work4 ,to ?is class belong ! gates at ,patt+ham1 ,/af=d%ire 7,fig4 #bcd71 ) its timb]-fram$ gables 9 ! long ro(2 ,llanfillo1 ,brecknock%ire 7,fig4 #bbi71 & ,clodock1 ,h]e=d%ire 7,fig4 #bbh74 ,! la/-nam$ is ( uncommon "*1 hav+ timb] po/s supplem5t$ by masonry pi]-walls1 ) recesses1 l ni*es1 9 _! inn] sides4 ,! /one pi]s are ea* #h ft4 #h 94 long by #b ft4 ?ick1 & ! cle> op5+ betwe5 !m is #g ft4 #d 94 wide4 ,! ro(+ is ( /one slates4 ,x is believ$ to h be5 erect$ 9 #affg4 ,to judge ( ! respective effects produc$ by timb]work on ! "o h&1 & /onework on ! o!r1 "o has only to comp>e ! por*-l ly*gates ( ,ru/+ton1 ,sussex 7,fig4 #bcj71 & ,b\ghton ,mon*elsea1 ,k5t 7,fig4 #bca71 ) ^? ( ,talyllyn 7,fig4 #bcb7 & ,ll&rillo-yn-,rhos 7,fig4 #bcc74 ,x happ5s t ! date ( ! con/ruction ( ! la/-nam$ is kn[n1 viz41 #afgg4 ,o!rwise1 bo? ?is "o & ,talyllyn are s rude 9 con/ruction1 & s conspicu\s = ! abs5ce ( ar*itectural detail1 t x w\ld be ra% to attempt to assign a m precise date to ei!r ( !m ?an "s p]iod subsequ5t to ,que5 ,elizabe?'s reign4 ,x is difficult1 says ,h]b]t ,nor? 9 ,! ,old ,*ur*es ( ,arlle*w$d1 to conjecture ! date ( ! local ly*gates4 ,( six specim5s1 pa/ & pres5t1 not$ by him 9 ,c>n>von%ire1 e "o bore1 or be>s1 a date "s "t )9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! ly*gate ( ,llanrug is dat$ #agah2 ,ca]hun & ,llanfaglan1 #agbh2 ! old gate1 n[ demoli%$1 at ,dolwyddelan1 0 dat$ #agcf2 ! gate at ,bettws-y-,co$ is dat$ #agef1 & ,llanrhy*wyn1 #agfb4 ,9 "o case only1 t ( ,dolwyddelan1 ! p>i% acc\nts %[ cle>ly t ! "w execut$ 9 ! ye> specifi$ 0 ( ! nature ( repairs to an already exi/+ /ructure4 ,) reg>d to ! o!r ly*gates1 h[ev]1 !re is no way ( det]m9+ :e!r !y 7 repair$ m]ely1 or built afre% at ! dates record$ on !m4 ,) "o exception1 ! ly*gate ( ,bettws-y-,co$1 :]e !re is on ! ea/ side1 ov] ! gateway1 a f9e curv$ beam1 #aj 94 squ>e1 ( really m$ieval aspect1 int]nal evid5ce is ( little avail1 because ! /ructures !mselves are ( q pla9 & simple "*1 devoid ( any di/9ctive ar*itectural feature :atev]4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a v extraord9>y co9cid5ce if occasion arose = all ! six ly*gates to require repair+ )9 a space ( less ?an fifty ye>s4 ,"o c sc>cely be ra%1 !n1 9 assum+ t1 9 ! majority ( in/ances1 ^! ly*gates 7 built at ! actual dates respectively inscrib$ ^u !m4 ,illu/ration3 #bja4 ,,h>tfield1 ,,sussex ,,ly*gate ,,build+ ,illu/ration3 #bjb4 ,,bray1 ,,b]k%ire ,illu/ration3 #bjc4 ,,bray1 ,,b]k%ire ,,ly*gate1 ,,f ,,! ,,*ur*y>d ,illu/ration3 #bjd4 ,,*alfont ,,/ ,,giles1 ,,buck+ham%ire ,,ly*gate ,illu/ration3 #bje4 ,,beck5ham1 ,,k5t ,,ly*gate ,illu/ration3 #bjf1 #bjg4 ,,beck5ham1 ,,k5t ,,ly*gate ,illu/ration3 #bjh1 #bji4 ,,/aple1 ,,k5t ,,plan ,,& ,,sections ,,( ,,ly*gate ,illu/ration3 #baj4 ,,an/ey1 ,,h]t=d%ire ,,ly*gate ,illu/ration3 #baa1 #bab4 ,,we/ ,,wickham1 ,,k5t ,,ly*gate ,illu/ration3 #bac1 #bad4 ,,he/on1 ,,middlesex ,,ly*gate ,illu/ration3 #bae1 #baf4 ,,a%well1 ,,h]t=d%ire ,,ly*gate1 ,,elevation ,,& ,,section1 ,,%[+ ,,ro( ,,con/ruction ,illu/ration3 #bag1 #bah4 ,,a%well1 ,,h]t=d%ire ,,ly*gate1 ,,plan ,,& ,,end ,,elevation ,illu/ration3 #bai4 ,,morw5/[1 ,,cornwall ,,ly*gate ,illu/ration3 #bbj4 ,,l5ham1 ,,k5t ,,ly*gate1 ,,f ,,)9 ,,! ,,*ur*y>d ,illu/ration3 #bba4 ,,l5ham1 ,,k5t ,,ly*gate ,,details ,illu/ration3 #bbb4 ,,l5ham1 ,,k5t ,,ly*gate1 ,,sections ,,& ,,gr\nd ,,plan ,illu/ration3 #bbc4 ,,isleham1 ,,cambridge%ire ,,ly*gate ,illu/ration3 #bbd1 #bbe4 ,,isleham1 ,,cambridge%ire ,,ly*gate ,illu/ration3 #bbf4 ,,gor+1 ,,ox=d%ire ,,ly*gate ,illu/ration3 #bbg4 ,,*idd+fold1 ,,surrey ,,ly*gate1 ,,) ,,c(f9 ,,slab ,illu/ration3 #bbh4 ,,clodock1 ,,h]e=d%ire ,,ly*gate ,illu/ration3 #bbi4 ,,llanfillo1 ,,brecknock%ire ,,ly*gate ,illu/ration3 #bcj4 ,,ru/+ton1 ,,sussex ,,ly*gate ,illu/ration3 #bca4 ,,b\ghton ,,mon*elsea1 ,,k5t ,,ly*gate ,illu/ration3 #bcb4 ,,talyllyn1 ,,m]ione?%ire ,illu/ration3 #bcc4 ,,ll&rillo-,,yn-,,rhos1 ,,d5bigh%ire ,illu/ration3 #bcd4 ,,patt+ham1 ,,/af=d%ire ,,ly*gate ,illu/ration3 #bce4 ,,clun1 ,,%rop%ire ,,ly*gate ,illu/ration3 #bcf4 ,,pulbor\gh1 ,,sussex ,,ly*gate ,illu/ration3 #bcg4 ,,monn+ton-,,on-,,wye1 ,,h]e=d%ire ,,ly*gate ,,bibliography ,vetu/a ,monum5ta1 ,vol4 ,i41 #agdg2 ,vol4 ,,ii41 #aghi2 & ,vol4 ,,iii41 #agif4 ,folio4 ,publi%$ by ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies ( ,london4 ,^! miscellanies conta9 a numb] ( plates1 dat+ f #agbh1 & lett]press descriptions ( anci5t /one crosses4 ,an ,essay t[>ds a ,hi/ory & ,description ( ,anci5t ,/one ,crosses 9 ,! ,ar*itectural ,antiquities ( ,great ,brita91 by ,,john ,,britton1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,vol4 ,i41 #dto4 ,london1 #ahjg4 ,village ,crosses 7,leice/]%ire1 ,l9coln%ire1 & ,b$=d%ire7 9 ,! ,ecclesiologi/1 pp4 #hi-ij1 ,febru>y #ahdd4 ,anci5t ,crosses 9 ,! ,ecclesiologi/1 pp4 #bih-cjj1 ,augu/ #ahde4 ,crosses 9 ,village or ,*ur*y>d1 pp4 #ahf-aij ( ,a ,h&book ( ,engli% ,ecclesiology4 ,cambridge ,camd5 ,society1 #ahdg4 ,anci5t ,/one ,crosses ( ,engl&1 by ,,alfr$ ,,rimm]4 ,london1 #ahge4 ,conc]n+ ,crosses1 by ,,flor5ce ,,peacock1 9 ,curi\s ,*ur* ,glean+s1 edit$ by ,william ,&rews1 ,f4,r4,h4,s4 ,london & ,hull1 #ahif4 ,e>ly ,sculptur$ ,/ones 9 ,engl&1 ,p>ts ,i4 & ,,ii41 by ,bi%op ,g4 ,f4 ,,br[ne1 9 ,! ,magaz9e ( ,art4 ,vol4 ,,viii4 ,cassell ,co41 #ahhe4 ,! ,cross 9 ,ritual1 ,ar*itecture1 & ,art1 by ! ,rev4 ,g4 ,s4 ,,tyack1 #ahif4 ,*ur*y>d ,crosses1 by ,,aym] ,,vallance1 9 ,! ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 ,no4 #ahf1 ,vol4 ,,xxxiii41 ,septemb] #aiah4 ,wayside ,crosses 7a pamphlet71 prep>$ "u ! direction ( ! ,advisory ,committee ( ! ,wayside ,cross ,society4 ,london1 ,*iswick ,press1 #aiag4 ,m>ket ,crosses & ,halls1 by ,,walt] ,h4 ,,godfrey1 ,f4,s4,a41 9 ! ,ar*itectural ,review = ,septemb] #aiai4 ,! ,e>ly ,*ri/ian ,monum5ts ( ,*e%ire & ,lanca%ire1 by ,j4 ,,romilly ,,all51 ,f4,s4,a47,scot471 ,decemb] #ahic4 ,"s ,*e%ire ,crosses1 by ! ,v54 ,ar*deacon ,,edw>d ,,b>b]1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a41 9 ,memorials ( ,old ,*e%ire4 ,london1 #aiaj4 ,old ,/one ,crosses ( ! ,vale ( ,clwyd & ,neighb\r+ ,p>i%es1 by ! ,rev4 ,,elias ,,ow51 ,m4,a4 ,london1 ,oswe/ry1 & ,wrexham1 #ahhf4 ,corni% ,crosses 9 ,! ,ecclesiologi/1 pp4 #bag-bai1 ,novemb] #ahdi4 ,anci5t ,crosses & o!r ,antiquities 9 ,cornwall1 by ,j4 ,t4 ,,blight1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,london & ,p5zance1 #ahgb4 ,old ,corni% ,crosses1 by ,,ar?ur ,g4 ,,langdon1 ) an ,article on _! ,ornam5t by ,j4 ,romilly ,all54 ,truro1 #ahif4 ,pre-,norman ,cross ,fragm5ts at ,aspatria1 ,work+ton1 ,di/+ton1 ,bridekirk1 ,gilcrux1 ,plumbl&1 & ,isell1 by ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,s4 ,,calv]ley1 ,f4,s4,a41 9 ,transactions ( ! ,cumb]l& & ,we/morel& ,antiqu>ian & ,ar*ological ,society4 ,vol4 ,,xi4 ,k5dal1 #ahia4 ,! ,runic ,roods ( ,ru?well & ,bewca/le1 by ,,james ,,k+ ,,hewison4 #dto4 ,glasg[1 #aiad4 ,! ,anci5t ,crosses ( ,d>tmoor1 by ,,william ,,cross+4 ,london & ,exet]1 #ahhg4 ,?ree ,pre-,norman ,crosses 9 ,d]by%ire1 by ,g4 ,,le ,,blanc ,,smi?1 9 ,! ,reliqu>y1 ,july #aijd4 ,! ,old ,/one ,crosses ( ,dorset1 ) an ,introduction & ,descriptive ,article1 by ,,alfr$ ,,pope4 ,collotype ,illu/rations4 ,london1 #aijf4 ,notes on ! ,old ,crosses ( ,gl\ce/]%ire1 by ,,*>les ,,pooley1 ,f4,s4,a41 ,london1 #ahfh4 ,! ,anci5t ,crosses ( ,/ort=d1 by ,j4 ,l4 ,,glasscock1 #aije4 ,! ,anci5t ,crosses ( ,lanca%ire1 by ,,h5ry ,,taylor1 ,f4,s4,a41 fir/ publi%$ s]ially1 9 sev5 p>ts1 9 ,transactions ( ! ,lanca%ire & ,*e%ire ,antiqu>ian ,society1 & republi%$ 9 sep>ate =m "u title ( ,! ,anci5t ,crosses & ,holy ,wells ( ,lanca%ire4 ,man*e/]1 #aijf4 ,! ,crosses ( ,lanca%ire1 by ! ,rev4 ,p4 ,h4 ,,dit*field1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a41 9 ,memorials ( ,old ,lanca%ire4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,london1 #aiji4 ,manx ,crosses1 by ,p4 ,m4 ,c4 ,,k]mode4 ,london1 #aijg4 ,p>i% ( ,kirk ,maughold1 comprises an illu/rat$ acc\nt ( ! ,/&+ ,cross 9 ,! ,manx ,ar*ological ,survey1 ,f\r? ,report4 ,d\glas1 ,isle ( ,man1 #aiae4 ,/ ,paul's ,cross3 ! mo/ ,fam\s ,spot 9 ,london1 by ,,john ,b4 ,,m>%1 #ahib4 ,*apt]s 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,old ,/ ,paul's1 by ,w4 ,,sp>r[ ,,simpson1 ,london1 #ahha2 & ,/ ,paul's ,ca!dral & ,old ,city ,life1 by ! same1 ,london1 #ahid1 conta9 mu* in=mation conc]n+ ,paul's ,cross4 ,paul's ,cross1 be+ ,*apt] ,,viii4 ( ,me?u5's ,little ,guide to ,/ ,paul's ,ca!dral1 ,london1 by ,,george ,,cl9*1 #aijf4 ,! ,e>ly ,hi/ory1 ,=m1 & ,function ( ,paul's ,cross1 by ,w4 ,,paley ,,baildon1 ,f4,s4,a41 9 ,proce$+s ( ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies1 #bnd ,may1 #aiah4 ,e>ly ,*ri/ian ,sculpture 9 ,nor?ampton%ire1 by ,j4 ,,romilly ,,all51 ,f4,s4,a47,scot471 9 ,! ,associat$ ,ar*itectural ,societies' ,reports & ,pap]s4 ,! ,/one ,crosses ( ! ,c\nty ( ,nor?ampton1 by ,,*ri/oph] ,a4 ,,m>kham1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,london & ,nor?ampton1 #aija4 ,! ,miss+ ,t]m9ation ( ,que5 ,eleanor's ,cross at ,nor?ampton1 by ,r4 ,c4 ,,scriv51 9 ,! ,associat$ ,ar*itectural ,societies' ,reports & ,pap]s4 ,vol4 ,,xviii4 ,l9coln1 #ahhf4 ,eleanor ( ,ca/ile1 ,que5 ( ,engl&1 & ! ,monum5ts ,erect$ to h] ,memory1 by ,,james ,,gall[ay1 ,a4,m41 ,m4,d41 9 ,hi/orical ,sket*es ( ,old ,*>+4 ,london1 #aiad4 ,an ,hi/orical & ,descriptive ,acc\nt ( ! ,old ,/one ,crosses ( ,som]set1 by ,,*>les ,,pooley1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,london1 #ahgg4 ,crosses ( ,som]set1 an ,app5dix to ,pooley's "w1 0 contribut$ by ,e4 ,h4 ,,bates ,,h>b9 to ,notes & ,qu]ies = ,som]set & ,dorset4 ,vol4 ,,xv41 ,"p #aah4 ,%]borne1 #aiag4 ,! ,old ,/one ,crosses ( ,som]set%ire1 by ,,alex4 ,,gordon1 9 two p>ts1 9 ,! ,reliqu>y1 ,octob] #ahie & ,july #ahif4 ,wolv]hampton ,cross ,%aft1 by ,pr(essor ,w4 ,r4 ,,le?aby1 9 ,proce$+s ( ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies4 ,vol4 ,,xxv41 ,n4,s41 pp4 #aeh-aei4 ,pre-,norman ,cross ,%aft at ,nunburnholme1 ,york%ire1 by ,j4 ,,romilly ,,all51 9 ,! ,reliqu>y4 ,,index ,,to ,,text ,n4,b4--,items 9 italics ref] to ! subject ( ,,ly*gates1 :ile all o!r items ref] to ,,crosses4 ,see also ,alphabetical ,li/ ( ,illu/rations at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,book ,ab+don ,cross1 #aaj ,actes & ,monum5ts1 #ae1 #ah ,alex&] ( ,ab+don1 #ie ,angle-p$e/als1 #dc ,anglican ,runes1 #cb ,a%pr+ton ,ly*gate1 #afd ,a!r+ton ,ly*gate1 #afd ,banbury ,cross1 #bd ,battle1 ,john (1 #ie ,baxt]1 ,ri*>d1 #af ,b]ryn>bor ,ly*gate1 #afd ,bettws-y-,co$ ,ly*gate1 #afh ,bi%op's ,lyde>d1 #ad ,bi%op's ,/ort=d1 #ah ,b\nd>y ,crosses1 #ac ,brackley1 ,nor?ants41 #af ,brad%aigh1 ,sir ,william1 #bd ,ca]hun ,ly*gate1 #afh ,ca]wys 7,fl9ts47 ,ly*gate1 #afe ,calv>y1 #db ,cavities 9 ,base or ,/eps1 #ad ,c]emonial ,functions1 #ba ,*>+ ,cross1 ,london1 #ah ,*eapside ,cross1 ,london1 #ah ,*e/] ,high ,cross1 #ah1 #be1 #aeh ,con/ant9e1 ,emp]or1 #a ,corni% ,type1 #bg ,cr[n ,/eeples1 #acg ,crucifixion1 #cd ,dane's ,cross1 ,wolv]hampton1 #cg ,demolitions by ,p>liam5t>y ,visitors1 #af ,d]w5 ,ly*gate1 #afe ,diamond-po9t$ ,/ep1 #db ,di/ribution ( ,rema9+ ,crosses1 #i ,dives et ,paup]1 #a ,dolwyddelan ,ly*gate1 #afh ,d[s+'s ,j\rnal1 #af ,dun/able1 ,eleanor ,cross1 #aja ,eglwyscumm91 ,c>m>!n%ire1 #ae ,eleanor ,crosses1 #id-ajh ,plans1 #ie ,royal ,acc\nt ,rolls1 #ie ,eleanor ,cross1 ,dun/able1 #aja ,/ ,albans1 #aja ,/ony ,/rat=d1 #aja ,woburn1 #aja ,eleanor ( ,ca/ile1 #id ,elizabe?1 ,que51 #ajf ,evangeli/ic ,symbols1 #cd ,fyfield1 ,b]ks41 #af ,gall[s1 ,! ,cross us$ z1 #be ,h>dley1 ,norfolk1 #ac ,head ( ,cross1 ,v>ieties ( ,=m1 #dg ,h5ry ,,vi41 #da ,,viii41 #da ,hire ( ,lab\r]s at ,cross1 #bf ,iconocla/ic ,movem5t1 #ae ,ipswi*1 ,prea*+ ,cross1 #aeb ,jeanne d',arc1 #g ,jews' ,cross1 ,ox=d1 #ai ,knop1 ,treatm5t (1 #df ,launde1 ,sir ,rob]t1 #ajb ,leek1 ,/affs41 #cg ,liv]pool1 ,cross =m]ly at1 #af ,llanfaglan1 ,ly*gate1 #afh ,llanrhy*wyn ,ly*gate1 #afh ,llanrug ,ly*gate1 #afh ,london1 ,crosses at1 #ah1 #ajb ,m9or ,prea*+ ,crosses1 #abj ,paul's ,cross1 #aac-abj ,long ,compton ,ly*gate1 #afd ,l\?1 ,l9cs41 #be ,ly*crosses1 #afe ,ly*gates1 #afd-afh ,classification ( ,types1 #afd ,con/ruction1 #afe ,di/ribution (1 #afe ,mat]ials ,us$1 #afe ,ly*seats1 #afe ,ly*/ones1 #afe ,lyme1 ,dorset1 #be ,m>g>et ( ,anj\1 #da ,m>ket ,crosses1 #b1 #abe-aeg ,g5]al ,int5t (1 #abe ,tolls1 #abh ,melton ,m[bray1 #ah ,m5hirs1 #bg ,m]cian ,type1 #cd ,monoli?s1 #a1 #bg ,monm\?1 ,duke (1 #be ,ne!way1 ,john1 #g ,nevill's ,cross1 ,durham1 #bb ,ni*e 9 ,head1 #afa ,socket or ,%aft1 #i ,outdoor ,processions to ,cross1 #i ,ox=d1 ,jews' ,cross1 #ai ,palm ,crosses1 #ac ,sunday ,c]emonials1 #ac ,paul's ,cross1 ,london 7see ,london71 #aac-abj ,pecocke1 ,bi%op ( ,*i*e/]1 #aaf ,p5%ur/ ,ly*gate1 #afd ,p]cy's ,cross1 #da ,pet]bor\gh1 #bf ,poor ,s\l's ,light1 #afc ,prea*+ ,crosses1 #b1 #aac-abd ,processionate to ,cross1 #i ,proclamations f ,crosses1 #be ,rav5swor? ,butt] ,cross1 #bb ,r$+ 9 ,eboney1 ,k5t1 #g ,reg5sburg1 ,bav>ia1 #afc ,rhuddlan1 #bf ,ru?well1 ,dumfries%ire1 #cb ,/ ,albans1 ,eleanor ,cross1 #aja ,prea*+ ,cross1 #aja ,/ ,cwyfan's ,/one1 #ce ,/ ,patrick1 #bg ,sacrilege & ,pr(anity1 #ae ,sanctu>y ,crosses1 #ba ,sc>bor\gh1 ,butt] ,cross1 #aaa ,s$gemoor1 ,battle (1 #be ,%aft-on-,/eps ,type1 #db ,%aft ,treatm5t1 #dd1 #de ,smi?field1 ,c[ ,cross1 #ah ,socket1 ,treatm5t (1 #de ,s\? ,littleton1 ,worce/]%ire1 #ae ,/atues ( ,eleanor ,crosses1 #if ,/eps1 ,treatm5t (1 #dd ,/ony ,/rat=d1 ,eleanor ,cross1 #aja ,?ornhill1 ,sir ,james1 #aed ,tolls ( ,m>ket ,cross1 #abh ,turn/ile ,ly*gates1 #afd ,unclassifi$ ,v>ieties ( ,crosses1 #aeh ,wans=d1 ,nor?ants41 #ba ,weep+ ,crosses1 #bf ,:it=d1 ,fl9t%ire1 #cd ,:it=d ,ly*gate1 #afe ,wigan ,cross1 ,lancs41 #bd ,william de ,bley's ,con/itution1 #ac ,)]1 ,joan1 #g ,woburn1 ,b$s41 ,eleanor ,cross at1 #aja ,wolsey1 ,c>d9al1 #aah ,woodleigh 7,d]w571 ,dean]y (1 ,ly*gates1 #afe ,wynk5 de ,worde1 #a ,pr9t$ 9 ,great ,brita9 at ,,! ,,d>i5 ,,press1 ,ed9burgh ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 #a4 ,obvi\s spell+ & punctuation errors h be5 correct$4 #b4 ,page #aaf1 p>agraph #b1 ! "n ,rob]t ,hawke has be5 correct$ to ,rob]t ,hawle ,rob]t ,hauley 7,haule or ,hawle7 - records at ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 #c4 ,sup]scripts are repres5t$ us+ ! c>et "*1 e4g4 ,dr4 #d4 ,italics are %[n z text4 #e4 ,9 ! ,,topographical ,,li/ ,,( ,,subjects ,,illu/rat$1 ! page numb] t p]ta9s to ! bracket$ l9es1 is always at ! bottom bracket4