,,old ,,crosses ,,and ,,lychgates ,illustration3 ,frontispiece #a4 ,,northampton ,,eleanor ,,cross ,,old ,,crosses ,,and ,,lychgates ,,by ,,aymer ,,vallance ,illustration ,,london ,b,t,,batsford1 ,l,,td #id1 ,,high ,,holborn ,,printed ,,in ,,great ,,britain ,,at ,,the ,,darien ,,press1 ,,edinburgh ,,preface ,the genesis of this book was an article on ,churchyard ,crosses1 written by request for the ,burlington ,magazine1 and published therein in ,september #aiah4 ,it was at a time when the hearts of the ,british people were being stirred to their innermost depths1 for the ,european ,war was yet raging1 and the question of the most suitable form of memorials of our heroic dead1 sacrificed day by day1 was continually present to us4 ,nor1 though hostilities happily ceased when the ,armistice was agreed upon within a few weeks thereafter1 has the subject of commemorating the fallen on that account declined in interest and importance4 ,nay1 its claims are1 if anything1 more insistent than ever1 for1 the vital necessity of concentrating our energies on the attainment of victory having passed away1 the nation is now at leisure to pour out its mourning heart in memorials that will tell the generations to come how it realised the bitterness and glory of the years of the ,great ,war4 ,such being the case1 it was hoped that it might prove useful to gather together a collection of examples of old crosses and lychgates1 as affording the most appropriate form of monuments for reproduction or adaptation to the needs of the present4 ,too many of the manifestations of modern so-called art betray its utter bankruptcy1 because having broken with tradition1 it has no resource left but to express itself in wayward eccentricity and ugly sensationalism1 the very antitheses of the dignified beauty which the following of time-hallowed precedent alone can impart4 ,to obtain a sufficiently representative series there has been no occasion to go beyond the confines of ,england and ,wales4 ,within those limits a very large number of types is to be found1 every one of which is illustrated in the following pages4 ,i do not pretend to have treated the subject exhaustively1 but ,i do claim that never before has so manifold a range of crosses been depicted within the compass of a single volume2 nor has so systematic an analysis and classification of the various types of crosses1 tracing the course of their historic evolution1 been attempted by any previous writer in the ,english language4 ,my classification1 based solely upon the study of anatomical form and structure1 is original1 and presents the subject in an entirely new aspect4 ,without the generous co-operation of friends and strangers alike1 my task would have been impossible4 ,a considerable amount of material had been collected by my friend1 the late ,mr ,herbert ,batsford1 and of this ,i have gladly availed myself4 ,to my dear and revered friend1 the late ,sir ,william ,st ,john ,hope1 ,i1 for one1 am more indebted archologically than ,i can find words to express4 ,no sooner did he learn that ,i had undertaken this work than he remarked to me1 ,you must quote documents1 and1 by way of giving practical effect to his advice1 he offered1 with his wonted liberality1 to place at my disposal some important notes he had made from the original accounts of the royal expenditure on the ,eleanor ,memorial ,crosses4 ,these notes1 to my profound regret1 ,i never received1 because ,st ,john ,hope1 being shortly afterwards stricken with his fatal illness1 had not the opportunity to look them up for me4 ,my pages in consequence are the poorer for lack of his invaluable material4 ,i have1 however1 been able to quote in full the historic description of ,nevill's cross from the ,rites of ,durham 7,surtees ,society1 #aijb71 of which ,st ,john ,hope was ,joint ,editor4 ,among my innumerable obligations ,i desire to record my indebtedness to the following for facilities given1 and for help in divers ways3-- ,the authorities and assistants of the ,british ,museum1 of the ,victoria and ,albert ,museum1 and of the ,guildhall ,museum2 the ,president and ,council of the ,society of ,antiquaries of ,london1 the ,royal ,institute of ,british ,architects1 the ,st ,paul's ,ecclesiological ,society2 the ,burlington ,magazine1 the ,dean of ,christ ,church1 ,oxford1 the ,provost of ,eton 7who kindly went to ,oxford expressly to examine the ,jews' cross for me71 ,mr ,f4 ,t4 ,s4 ,houghton 7who journeyed from ,birmingham to ,halesowen in order to photograph the remains of the cross-head at the latter place71 and ,dr ,f4 ,j4 ,allen1 of ,cambridge 7for photographs and much valuable information72 also to ,miss ,e4 ,k4 ,prideaux1 the ,rev4 ,g4 ,c4 ,richards1 ,f4,s4,a41 the ,revv4 ,f4 and ,f4 ,r4 ,p4 ,sumner1 and ,c4 ,eveleigh ,woodruff1 ,major ,c4 ,a4 ,markham1 and ,messrs ,harold ,brakspear1 ,f4,s4,a41 ,g4 ,c4 ,druce1 ,f4,s4,a41 ,reginald ,a4 ,smith1 ,f4,s4,a41 ,j4 ,h4 ,allchin1 and ,h4 ,elgar1 ,maidstone ,museum2 ,oxley ,grabham and ,w4 ,watson1 ,york ,museum2 ,h4 ,st ,george ,gray1 ,taunton ,museum2 ,frank ,woolnough1 ,f4,r4,met4,s41 ,ipswich ,museum2 ,richard ,scriven1 ,george ,clinch1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,f4,s4,a47,scot471 ,w4 ,plomer ,young1 ,p4 ,m4 ,c4 ,kermode1 ,g4 ,granville ,buckley1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,s4,a41 ,f4 ,h4 ,crossley1 ,f4 ,e4 ,howard1 ,arthur ,hussey1 ,f4 ,c4 ,elliston-,erwood1 ,robert ,richmond1 ,george ,h4 ,widdows1 ,f4,r4,i4,b4,a41 ,r4 ,p4 ,stone1 ,oswald ,stone1 ,p4 ,bedford1 ,alfred ,watkins2 and last1 but not least1 my publisher1 ,mr ,harry ,batsford and his assistant1 ,mr ,a4 ,w4 ,haggis1 whose constant and ready co-operation has lightened many hours of laborious research in museum libraries and of industry at ,high ,holborn4 ,,aymer ,,vallance4 ,,aymers1 ,,lynsted1 ,february #aibj4 ,,contents ,,chapter ,,page ,i4 ,,introduction #a ,,ii4 ,,monolith ,,crosses #bg ,,iii4 ,,the ,,shaft-,,on-,,steps ,,type #db ,,iv4 ,,spire-,,shaped ,,or ,,eleanor ,,crosses #id ,v4 ,,preaching ,,crosses #aac ,,vi4 ,,market ,,crosses #abe ,,vii4 ,,unclassified ,,varieties #aeh ,,viii4 ,,lychgates #afd ,,bibliography #aia ,,index #aie ,,topographical ,,list ,,of ,,subjects ,,illustrated ,,chapters ,i4 to ,,vii4--,,crosses ,subject4 ,source4 ,illustration ,page ,no4 ,referred to in ,text4 ,aldborough ,photo1 ,frith ,co4 #aic #aeh ,alphington ,del41 ,j4 ,buckler #aii #afa ,ampney ,crucis ,photo1 ,rev4 ,f4 ,sumner #ig ,rev4 ,f4 ,r4 ,p4 ,sumner #ih ,f4 ,t4 ,s4 ,houghton #ii #ej ,axbridge ,gentleman's ,magazine #adh #abh ,bakewell ,engraving by ,f4 ,l4 ,chantrey1 ,r4,a4 #ci #cb ,bedale ,photo1 ,frith ,co4 #aai #ed ,bewcastle ,gibson ,sons #c #be #bf #cb ,bingley ,frith ,co4 #ahb #abe ,bisley #aig #afc ,bishop's ,lydeard ,dr ,f4 ,j4 ,allen #bj #db1dd1 #df ,blakemere ,del41 ,j4 ,buckler #ae #ac ,blanchland ,abbey ,photo1 ,gibson ,sons #dd #da ,bleadon ,dr ,f4 ,j4 ,allen #hi #dh ,bonsall ,frith ,co4 #abj #ed ,bristol ,engraving by ,s4 and ,n4 ,buck1 #agcd #i #abc ,brigstock ,photo1 ,b4,t4,b4 #abb #ed ,bungay #ahg #aeg ,castle ,combe ,del41 ,j4 ,buckler #agc ,photo1 ,frith ,co4 #agd ,del41 ,w4 ,g4 ,allen #age #agf #aeg ,carlton ,peart ,collection1 ,r4,i4,b4,a4 #fc #dc ,charlton ,mackerel ,photo1 ,frith ,co4 #ai #db1dd ,charing ,cross1 ,engraving by ,ralph ,agas1 #agib1 ,crace #ace nr4 ,london ,collection1 ,british ,museum ,crowle ,pennant ,collection1 ,british #acf ,museum ,crace ,collection1 ,british ,museum #acg #ajh ,cheadle ,photo1 ,w4 ,watson #ce #cg ,cheapside ,photo1 ,b4,t4,b41 ,guildhall ,museum #acj ,crosses1 ,london #aca ,water ,colour ,drawing at ,society of #acb ,antiquaries1 after ,mural ,painting at ,cowdray ,drawing in ,pepysian ,library1 #acc ,cambridge ,photo1 ,g4 ,clinch1 from ,contemporary #acd ,woodcut #ajb ,cheddar ,frith ,co4 #afe #adf ,cheshunt1 ,waltham ,vetusta ,monumenta #abg ,del41 ,j4 ,buckler #abh ,vetusta ,monumenta #abi #ie1aja ,chester1 ,high ,pen ,drawing by ,randle ,holme1 ,harleian ,,mss4 #bjgc1 ,british ,museum #bd #bd1aeh ,chichester ,del41 ,j4 ,coney 7lent by ,f4 ,h4 ,crossley7 #aa ,photo1 ,j4 ,valentine #afa ,print1 ,victoria and ,albert ,museum #afb #afc #acg ,child's ,wickham ,photo1 ,b4,t4,b4 #g #ed ,coventry ,dugdale's ,warwickshire #h #aaa ,cricklade ,photo1 ,rev4 ,f4 ,r4 ,p4 ,sumner #aaf ,churchyard ,town ,cross ,rev4 ,f4 ,sumner #aag #ed ,croxden ,del41 ,j4 ,buckler #hh #dg ,crowcombe ,photochrom ,co4 #aah #df1ed ,cumnor ,del41 ,j4 ,buckler #ei #dc ,derwen ,photo1 ,aymer ,vallance #aaj #aaa #aab #eb ,doncaster ,vetusta ,monumenta #aia #aeh ,dorchester ,del41 ,j4 ,buckler #fe #dd ,doulting ,dr ,f4 ,j4 ,allen #gd #ge #gf #dc1dd ,drayton ,del41 ,j4 ,buckler #ed #df ,dundry ,j4 ,k4 ,colling #gh #dc ,dunster ,photo1 ,j4 ,valentine #agg #aef ,elstow ,peart ,collection1 ,r4,i4,b4,a #aid #aeh ,eyam ,photo1 ,j4 ,valentine #bg #bh #cb ,eynsham ,del41 ,j4 ,buckler1 #ahbj #ej #de ,fletton ,print1 ,victoria and ,albert ,museum #dj #da #cg ,geddington ,vetusta ,monumenta #abd ,photochrom ,co4 #abe #ie1if ,glastonbury ,hearne's ,antiquities #afd #ach ,gloucester ,vetusta ,monumenta #ach #ajh ,gosforth ,lysons' ,magna ,britannia #cc #cd ,great ,malvern ,photo1 ,frith ,co4 #af #ac ,grimsby ,del41 ,j4 ,buckler #di #de ,halesowen ,photo1 ,f4 ,t4 ,s4 ,houghton #hb #dg ,hardley ,knight's ,norfolk ,antiquities1 #ahib #ah #ac ,headington ,del41 ,j4 ,buckler #fi ,photo1 ,h4 ,taunt #gj #dd ,hedon ,peart ,collection1 ,r4,i4,b4,a4 #gi #df ,hereford1 ,del41 ,j4 ,buckler #gb ,whitefriars ,photochrom ,co4 #gc #dd ,preaching ,cross ,photo1 ,frith ,co4 #adc #abb ,hexham ,gibson ,sons #db #cg ,higham ,ferrers ,markham's ,old ,crosses of #ee #df ,northamptonshire ,holbech ,engraving by ,w4 ,stukeley #aj #abc ,horsington ,del41 after ,j4 ,buckler #ec #df ,ipswich ,diary of ,sir ,james ,thornhill #afi ,photo1 ,frank ,woolnough1 ,f4,r4,met4,s4 #agj ,aquatint by ,geo4 ,frost1 #ahab #aga ,photo1 ,frank ,woolnough1 ,f4,r4,met4,s4 #agb #aeb ,irtlingborough ,markham's ,old ,crosses of #ef #df ,northamptonshire ,irton ,lysons' ,magna ,britannia #cb #cd ,iron ,acton ,photo1 ,rev4 ,f4 ,sumner #add #abb ,keyingham1 ,yorks4 ,peart ,collection1 ,r4,i4,b4,a4 #fd #dd 7from #hj #dg ,lincolnshire7 ,lanteglos ,juxta ,photo1 ,frith ,co4 #id ,fowey ,f4 ,t4 ,s4 ,houghton #ie #di ,leicester ,nichol's ,leicestershire #ad #aeb ,leighton ,buzzard ,engraving in ,lyson's ,bedfordshire #adf ,del41 ,j4 ,buckler #adg #abd ,lichfield1 ,dean ,old ,engraving1 ,victoria and ,albert #aed #adb ,dentons ,museum ,london1 7see ,cheapside1 supra7 ,west ,cheap 7see ,charing ,cross1 supra7 ,charing ,cross ,engraved from ,drawing in ,pepysian #ada ,paul's ,cross ,library1 ,cambridge ,panel ,painting by ,john ,gipkyn at #adbaac1abj ,society of ,antiquaries ,lymm ,photo1 ,frith ,co4 #ahc #aeg ,madley ,alfred ,watkins1 ,f4,r4,p4,s4 #aja #ajb #ea ,maidstone ,h4 ,elgar1 from ,drawing by #afg #adf ,e4 ,pretty ,malmesbury ,dr ,g4 ,granville ,buckley1 ,f4,s4,a4 #aef ,old ,print1 ,victoria and ,albert ,museum #aeg #aeh #acc ,maughold1 ,photo1 ,j4 ,valentine #hf ,isle of ,man ,frith ,co4 #hg #df1dh ,mawgan-in-,pyder ,photo1 ,j4 ,valentine #ch #cg 7,lanherne ,house ,nunnery7 ,mawgan-in-,pyder ,lysons' ,magna ,britannia #ajf 7,churchyard ,cross7 ,mawgan-in-,pyder ,photo1 ,frith ,co4 #ajg 7,churchyard ,cross7 #ej ,mildenhall ,b4,t4,b4 #ab #aed ,milverton1 ,del41 ,j4 ,buckler1 #ahda 7per ,h4 #ahe #aef ,somerset ,st4 ,g4 ,gray7 ,mitton #aid #aie #afa ,mitchel ,troy #eg #de ,nether ,stowey #ahcg 7per ,h4 #ahd #aef ,st4 ,g4 ,gray7 ,newmarket1 ,photo1 ,f4 ,t4 ,s4 ,houghton #ij ,flintshire #ia #dh ,northampton1 ,h4 ,cooper ,son #a ,eleanor ,cross ,britton's ,architectural ,antiquities #abf #ie1ih ,northampton1 ,water ,colour in ,british ,museum 7,,mss4 #aej #adb ,old ,market ,dept471 copy of ,bridges' ,cross ,northamptonshire ,north ,petherton ,del41 ,j4 ,k4 ,colling #gg #db ,north ,hinksey ,del41 ,j4 ,buckler #hc #hd #he #dh ,norwich ,blomfield's ,antiquities of ,norfolk #aec #ach 7,t4 ,sheldrake7 ,nottingham ,stretton ,,mss4 #ahf #aeg ,oakham ,photo1 ,b4,t4,b4 #agh #agi #aef ,ombersley ,frith ,co4 #ff ,instrumenta ,ecclesiastica #fg #fh #dd ,oundle ,markham's ,old ,crosses of #afh #aef ,northamptonshire ,oxford1 ,photo1 ,b4,t4,b4 #ba ,jews' ,cross #bb #bc #ai ,paul's ,cross1 7see ,london1 ,paul's ,cross1 supra7 ,london ,pocklington ,old ,print1 ,victoria and ,albert ,museum #aad #aae #ej1ed ,poulton-le-,fylde ,photo1 ,sir ,b4 ,stone #f #bd ,raglan ,del41 ,j4 ,buckler #ga #dd ,raunds ,markham's ,old ,crosses of #de #db ,northamptonshire ,repton ,photo1 ,photochrom ,co4 #abc #ed ,ripley ,aymer ,vallance #aif #afb ,rocester ,del41 ,j4 ,buckler1 #ahcb #dg #dh #de ,rothersthorp ,markham's ,old ,crosses of #df #dg ,northamptonshire ,salisbury ,del41 ,j4 ,c4 ,buckler #aei ,photo1 ,photochrom ,co4 #afj #acg ,sandbach ,dr ,ormerod's ,cheshire #bi #cj ,j4 ,valentine ,co4 #ca #cb ,shepton ,mallet ,photo1 ,dr ,f4 ,j4 ,allen #aea ,gentleman's ,magazine1 #agha #aeb #abh ,sherburn-in-,elmet ,g4 ,b4 ,bulmer1 ,architectural ,studies in ,yorkshire1 #ahhg #aac #df1ec ,somersby ,instrumenta ,ecclesiastica #ha #dg ,somerton ,photo1 ,frith ,co4 #aff #adf ,st ,columb ,major #cg #cg ,st ,ives1 ,cornwall #if #ej ,st ,michael's ,del41 ,j4 ,buckler #ajd ,mount #aje #eb ,st ,donats ,photo1 ,aymer ,vallance #ajh ,del41 ,j4 ,buckler #aji #df1eb ,stalbridge ,photo1 ,r4 ,wilkinson #eh #dc1dd1 #df ,stanway ,del41 ,j4 ,buckler #fj #dc ,steeple ,ashton #aba #ed ,stevington ,peart ,collection1 ,r4,i4,b4,a4 #ag #dc ,stringston1 ,architectural ,association ,sketch ,book #e #dc ,somersetshire ,swaffham ,photo1 ,b4,t4,b4 #ahh #aeg ,taunton ,drawing in ,british ,museum1 ,king's #aee #adb ,collection ,thatcham ,del41 ,j4 ,buckler #fa #dc ,tottenham ,old ,engraving1 #aghh #aci ,victoria and ,albert ,museum #adj #aaa ,tyberton ,photo1 ,alfred ,watkins1 ,f4,r4,p4,s4 #ajj #ajc #ea ,wakefield ,del41 ,j4 ,buckler #aij #aeg ,waltham ,cross1 7see ,cheshunt1 supra7 ,cheshunt ,waterperry1 ,del41 ,j4 ,buckler #d #dc ,oxfordshire ,whalley ,photo1 ,gibson ,sons #cd #cg ,wells ,sime's ,map of ,wells1 ,british ,museum1 #adi #abe ,king's ,collection ,wheston1 ,engraving by ,f4 ,l4 ,chantrey1 ,r4,a4 #ib ,tideswell ,photo1 ,f4 ,chapman #ic #di ,whitford ,w4 ,marriot ,dodson #cf #ce ,wicken ,del41 ,j4 ,buckler #fb #dc1d ,winchester #ade #abd ,witney ,photo1 ,henry ,taunt #ac #aef ,wolverhampton1 ,old ,print1 ,victoria and ,albert ,museum #b #cg ,dane's ,cross ,wonford1 ,del41 ,miss ,e4 ,k4 ,prideaux #aih #afa ,st ,loye's ,woodstock ,paul ,sandby1 #aggg1 ,the ,antiquarian #ahi #aeg ,repertory ,wooler ,scott's ,border ,antiquities #dc #cg ,wymondham ,photo1 ,b4,t4,b4 #ahj #aef #aha ,yarnton ,del41 ,j4 ,buckler1 #ahba #ea #dd1de #eb ,,chapter ,,viii4--,,lychgates ,anstey ,del41 ,j4 ,buckler #baj #afg ,ashwell ,b4,t4,b4 #bae #baf #bag #bahafe1afg ,beckenham ,album at ,r4,i4,b4,a4 #bje ,del41 ,j4 ,buckler #bjf ,spring ,gardens' ,sketch ,book #bjgafe1aff ,boughton1 ,del41 ,j4 ,buckler #bca #afh ,monchelsea ,bray ,photo1 ,aymer ,vallance #bjb ,peart ,collection1 ,r4,i4,b4,a4 #bjc #afd ,chalfont1 ,photo #bjd #afd ,st ,giles ,chiddingfold ,w4 ,plomer ,young #bbg #afd ,clodock ,del41 ,j4 ,buckler #bbh #afg ,clun ,photo1 ,f4 ,h ,crossley #bce #afd ,goring ,henry ,taunt #bbf #afe ,hartfield ,f4 ,frith ,co4 #bja #afd ,hayes ,mills' ,history of the ,parish of ,hayes#bjj #afd1afe ,heston ,j4 ,drayton ,wyatt1 ,anastatic ,drawing #bac ,society ,spring ,gardens' ,sketch ,book #badafd1afe ,isleham ,drawing after ,j4 ,buckler #bbc #bbd #bbe #afg ,lenham ,photo1 ,aymer ,vallance #bbj ,spring ,gardens' ,sketch ,book #bba #bbbafe1afg ,llandrillo-yn-,rhos,photo1 ,f4 ,frith ,co4 #bcc #afh ,llanfillo ,p4 ,bedford #bbi #afg ,morwenstow ,a4 ,p4 ,s4 ,dictionary #bai #afe ,monnington-on-,wye ,photo #bcg #afg ,pattingham ,shaw's ,history of ,staffordshire #bcd #afg ,pulborough ,source unknown #bcf #afg ,rustington ,del41 ,j4 ,buckler #bcj #afh ,staple ,instrumenta ,ecclesiastica #bjh #bji #aff ,tal-y ,llyn ,photo1 ,sir ,b4 ,stone #bcb #afh ,west ,wickham ,thomas ,garratt1 ,transactions of #baa ,st ,paul's ,ecclesiological ,society1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,spring ,gardens' ,sketch ,book #bab #afg ,,addendum4 ,page #i1 line #aa from the bottom1 after extant add3-- ,one example1 removed from its site1 is in existence4 ,in the collection of the ,kent ,archological ,society at the ,museum at ,maidstone is a much mutilated head of a churchyard cross found at ,west ,malling4 ,the work1 very rude and uncouth1 appears to be of the fourteenth century4 ,on one side is a crucifixion1 unattended1 and on one end a single figure1 which may possibly represent ,st4 ,john ,baptist4 ,,old ,,crosses ,,and ,,lychgates ,i4 ,,introduction ,in pursuance of the ,christian policy of instituting an innocent practice to take the place of each of the old1 vicious customs of heathendom--the substitution of the festival of ,christmas for the former orgies of the ,saturnalia is perhaps the best known instance in point--the ,emperor ,constantine 7#cbd to #ccg ,a4,d47 caused crosses to be erected along the public ways at various points where previously had been situated terminal statues4 ,thence are believed to have originated the shrines and crucifixes1 conspicuous by the roadside at the entrance of towns and villages in the ,catholic countries of the ,continent4 ,nor throughout the ,middle ,ages1 until the sixteenth century1 when the ,english people were torn from the unity of the unreformed faith1 was our own country behind any other in its pious observance of the ancient traditional usage4 ,the reason thereof is explained by a passage in ,dives et ,pauper1 a popular treatise on the ,ten ,commandments1 which was printed by ,wynken de ,worde at ,westminster in #adif4 ,the purpose of the erection of standing crosses is therein expounded as follows3--,for this reason ben ,crosses by ye waye1 that whan folke passynge see the ,crosse1 they sholde thynke on ,hym that deyed on the ,crosse1 and worshypp ,hym above all thynge4 ,illustration3 #b4 ,,wolverhampton ,,danes' ,,cross ,,in ,,the ,,churchyard ,,monolith ,,type ,illustration3 #c4 ,,bewcastle1 ,,cumberland ,,monolith ,,type ,illustration3 #d4 ,,water ,,perry1 ,,oxfordshire ,illustration3 #e4 ,,stringston1 ,,somersetshire ,,churchyard ,,cross1 ,,with ,,plan ,,shaft-,,on-,,steps ,,type ,illustration3 #f4 ,,poulton-,,le-,,fylde1 ,,lancashire ,,market ,,cross4 ,,shaft-,,on-,,steps ,,type ,the process of the evolution of the standing cross may be traced through certain well-defined stages4 ,its most rudimentary form is that of the menhir1 a vertical monolith rising direct from the ground 7,figs4 #b and #c72 next1 the shaft is raised on steps1 and becomes a tapering stem1 while its head grows on either side into the arms of a cross 7,fig4 #af71 or expands into a lantern-like ornament1 quadrangular or polygonal on plan1 enriched with sculptured figures and tabernacle work 7,figs4 #d and #e74 ,the shaft-on-steps persisted to the last as the favourite type for churchyard crosses1 notwithstanding the introduction of other varieties4 ,the cross gained greater dignity by being mounted on an enlarged socket or foot1 interposed between the shaft itself and the steps underneath4 ,thirdly1 the shaft takes the form of a pinnacle or spire1 generally of diminishing tiers or storeys1 the whole crowned with a small cross or finial4 ,to this type the important group of ,eleanor crosses belongs 7,figs4 #a and #h74 ,hitherto the cross had been simply spectacular and monumental4 ,it next developed in a utilitarian direction1 and became a preaching cross 7,figs4 #i and #aj71 its lowest storey1 formerly closed and solid1 being opened out and made to consist of a ring of standards 7with or without a shaft in the middle71 to carry the soaring superstructure4 ,the last type1 the market cross 7,figs4 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 and #ad71 may be regarded as an expansion of the preaching cross1 the latter being intended to shelter but one occupant1 or at any rate only a very small number1 whereas the market cross is designed to shelter many persons4 ,in the fully matured market cross the whole structure is one organism1 planned as such from the outset2 but there are1 on the other hand1 some obvious instances of adaptation1 where the encircling umbrella is1 as it were1 an after-thought1 having been built up to and about a previously existing cross of the shaft-on-steps type4 ,in either case1 however1 the result ultimately obtained is identical4 ,a number of handsome market crosses1 principally belonging to the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries1 were constructed of timber framing1 with stone1 slate1 or tiled roofs4 ,the latest development was the introduction of an upper chamber above the open ground-floor stage4 ,but when1 later still1 the circular or polygonal plan was abandoned for an oblong plan in order to provide the utmost accommodation in the upper chamber1 all recognisable resemblance to the structure in the form of its origin was lost2 in a word1 the market cross had become extinct1 and had given place instead to the market house or hall4 ,illustration3 #g4 ,,child',s ,,wickham1 ,,gloucestershire ,,village ,,cross4 ,,shaft-,,on-,,steps ,,type ,illustration3 #h4 ,,coventry1 ,,warwickshire ,,eleanor ,,cross ,,type ,illustration3 #i4 ,,bristol ,,preaching ,,cross ,,type ,illustration3 #aj4 ,,holbech1 ,,lincolnshire ,,preaching ,,cross ,,type ,it may be assumed that1 for the sake of durability1 stone would be the most usual material to choose for the construction of standing crosses4 ,but there were exceptions1 as a memorable incident in the career of ,jeanne d',arc is sufficient to show4 ,the authority is a letter from two of ,jeanne's contemporaries1 ,jean and ,andr de ,laval1 grandsons of the famous ,bertrand de ,guesclin4 ,the scene was ,selles2 the date #fth ,june #adbh4 ,on that occasion1 the maid's horse1 a fine black charger1 being brought to the door of her lodging1 proved so restive that he could not be controlled4 ,lead him to the ,cross1 said ,jeanne4 ,and there he stood as quietly as though he had been bound1 while she mounted4 ,the cross was a wrought-iron one1 and was situated about fifteen paces from the north door of the church4 ,an historical memorial1 this cross might have been standing yet1 had not the surrounding cemetery been cleared and levelled to make a site for a market place4 ,again1 standing crosses might be made of wood4 ,thus1 ,joan ,wither bequeathed a sum in #aeaa for the restoration of the wooden cross in the hamlet of ,reding1 in ,eboney1 ,kent2 and ,john ,netheway1 of ,taunton1 ,somerset1 whose will is dated #dth ,august #aejc1 directed his executors to make a new crosse of tree in the churchyard of ,st ,mary ,magdalyn1 nigh the procession-way2 a provision which is interesting from another point of view1 viz41 that it unmistakably connects the churchyard cross with outdoor processions4 ,illustration3 #aa4 ,,chichester ,,the ,,market ,,cross ,illustration3 #ab4 ,,leicester ,,market ,,cross1 ,,with ,,plan ,a phenomenon in regard to churchyard crosses at the present day is the inequality of their distribution1 which1 however1 must not be taken as a criterion of their number and situation in former times4 ,indeed1 their existence was very general2 and the fact of their preservation or destruction depends on local conditions4 ,some counties1 like ,somersetshire1 ,gloucestershire1 and ,northamptonshire1 for example1 contain numbers1 while other counties contain scarcely any at all4 ,thus1 ,charles ,fowler1 ,f4,r4,i4,b4,a41 writing in #ahif concerning the ,diocese of ,llandaff1 which comprises ,glamorganshire and ,monmouthshire1 says3 ,in nearly every churchyard there are remains of a cross of some kind4 ,these crosses were placed midway between the enclosure entrance and south porch1 to the east of the principal path4444 ,many of the steps and bases of these crosses are to be found in the diocese1 but the tops have mostly all disappeared2 also very many of the shafts4 ,on the other hand1 in ,hertfordshire there are but two specimens1 both incomplete2 and again1 in ,kent1 with the exception of the ancient bases in ,folkestone and ,teynham churchyards1 there is not another example extant4 ,and yet numbers and numbers of ,kentish churchyard crosses are positively known1 through mention of them in wills1 to have been standing in the ,middle ,ages4 ,in churchyard crosses a certain feature1 occurring more particularly in the southwestern district of ,england1 has proved somewhat of a puzzle to archologists1 to wit1 the presence of a little niche or recess 7,figs4 #ae and #af71 sunk in the side of the socket or1 more rarely1 in the lower part of the shaft4 ,instances have been noted at ,wonastow and ,raglan1 in ,monmouthshire2 ,lydney and ,newland1 in ,gloucestershire2 ,blackmere1 ,brampton ,abbots1 ,colwell1 ,kingdon1 ,st ,weonards1 ,whitchurch1 and ,wigmore1 in ,herefordshire2 and at ,broadway and ,great ,malvern1 in ,worcestershire4 ,at the last named 7,fig4 #af7 the niche is hollowed out in the shaft itself4 ,it has been supposed that the purpose of the niche was to contain a light2 but a much more probable suggestion1 of the late ,sir ,william ,st ,john ,hope's1 is that the niche was designed as a receptacle for the pyx1 enclosing the ,sacred ,host1 in the course of the ,palm ,sunday procession4 ,illustration3 #ac4 ,,mildenhall1 ,,suffolk ,,market ,,cross ,illustration3 #ad4 ,,witney1 ,,oxfordshire ,,market ,,cross ,illustration3 #ae4 ,,blakemere1 ,,herefordshire ,,shaft-,,on-,,steps ,,type1 ,,with ,,niche ,illustration3 #af4 ,,great ,,malvern1 ,,worcestershire ,,cross1 ,,with ,,niche1 ,,in ,,the ,,priory ,,churchyard ,illustration3 #ag4 ,,stevington1 ,,bedfordshire ,,shaft-,,on-,,steps ,,type ,there can be no doubt that1 whatever else their uses1 churchyard crosses in medival ,england figured prominently in the ceremonial of ,palm ,sunday4 ,so indispensable1 indeed1 did they become for this purpose1 that it may be taken for granted that no parish was without one1 at any rate of wood1 if not of stone4 ,in the ,constitutions1 issued in #abbi by ,william de ,bleys1 ,bishop of ,worcester1 he ordered that there should be1 in every churchyard of his diocese1 crux decens et honesta1 vel in cimiterio erecta1 ad quam fiet processio ipso die ,palmarum1 nisi in alio loco consuevit fieri4 ,at ,hardley1 in ,norfolk1 ,henry ,bunn1 by will dated #aeja1 directed that a cross should be set up in the churchyard for the offering of boughs on ,palm ,sunday4 ,it would be interesting if the above named could be identified with the cross now standing 7,fig4 #ah74 ,the latter1 however1 is not only of later date1 but is not a churchyard cross at all1 being a secular landmark1 dating from #aedc4 ,in that year1 it is recorded1 a new cross was made1 sculptured with the crucifixion on one side1 and the arms of the city of ,norwich on the other2 and being painted1 was conveyed to ,hardley and erected there1 where the ,sheriffs of ,norwich yearly do keep a court4 ,the place1 says ,francis ,blomefield1 was the extent of the liberties of the city on the ,river ,wensum4 ,but1 to resume1 so intimately was the churchyard cross associated with the ,palm ,sunday solemnities1 that the former is very commonly referred to in documents as the ,palm ,cross4 ,as such the churchyard cross at ,bishop's ,stortford is mentioned in the parish accounts for the year #aebe--the same cross which was ultimately demolished in #afdc4 ,the ,palm ,cross is so named in the parish accounts of ,morebath1 ,devonshire1 as late as the year #aegb-gc4 ,for the rest1 it is enough to cite a number of ,kentish wills1 in which the churchyard cross is specifically named the ,palm ,cross1 viz4--at ,addington in #aebh2 ,ashford in #adfi2 ,bidborough in #aebd2 ,boughton-under-,blean in #aeei2 ,boxley in #adgf and #aebd2 ,eboney2 ,erith in #aedd2 ,faversham in #aejh1 #aeaj1 and #aeba2 ,hastingleigh in #aebh2 ,lenham in #adga 7as having then been newly erected72 ,lyminge in #aejh2 ,lynsted2 ,margate in #aeba2 ,preston-by-,faversham in #aebe2 ,reculver in #aeda2 ,old ,romney in #adhd2 ,st ,peter's1 ,sandwich1 in #aecf2 ,southfleet in #adgh2 ,strood in #adhb2 ,wittersham in #adig2 and ,woolwich in #adii and #aeae4 ,in some cases the shaft of the churchyard cross is drilled with holes sloping downward4 ,an instance of this is to be found at ,tredington1 in ,gloucestershire4 ,charles ,pooley thinks that these holes were for the affixing of some such object as a scutcheon or a figure4 ,that the suggestion is not unfeasible is shown by the will of ,alice ,findred1 widow1 who in #aebh left #b for making of a stone cross1 called a ,palm ,cross1 with a picture of the ,passion of ,christ of copper and gilt 444 to be set upon the head of the burial of her husband and children in the churchyard of ,hastingleigh1 ,kent4 ,but there is an alternative explanation of the drilled holes1 viz41 that they were meant to hold the stems of flowers or branches for adorning the cross on certain occasions1 e4g41 ,palm ,sunday1 or at the old ,lancashire ceremony of flowering1 on ,st ,john ,baptist's ,day1 #bdth ,june4 ,according to the eminent ecclesiologist1 ,dr ,daniel ,rock1 in ,the ,church of our ,fathers1 it was at the churchyard cross that the outdoor procession of palms1 having wended its way thither1 would always halt1 and1 the cross itself being wreathed and decked with flowers and branches1 the ,blessed ,sacrament1 solemnly borne in procession1 was temporarily deposited before it upon some suitable throne1 while the second station was being made4 ,this done1 the procession reformed and proceeded to the principal door for the third station1 before passing again within the church4 ,illustration3 #ah4 ,,hardley1 ,,norfolk ,,boundary ,,cross ,a certain peculiarity1 occasionally to be found in churchyard crosses1 is the scooping out of a cavity or cavities in the base or steps--cavities resembling nothing so much as the hollows in the beheading block at the ,tower of ,london4 ,an instance of this feature1 believed to have been designed as a receptacle for offerings1 occurs in the churchyard cross at ,bishop's ,lydeard 7,fig4 #bj7 in the second step from the lowest one4 ,possibly the basin-like cavities1 which here and there occur in village and roadside crosses1 may have been meant to hold water or vinegar1 to disinfect the coins paid for food in times of plague1 as mentioned below 7page #bb74 ,a curious post-,reformation use for churchyard crosses is referred to by ,miss ,curtis in ,antiquities of ,laugharne and ,pendine1 #ahga4 ,the passages are quoted for what they may be worth4 ,at ,eglwyscummin1 ,carmarthenshire1 there is a cross in the churchyard to which wolves' heads were attached4444 ,in ancient times1 when it was a necessity to exterminate certain animals1 as foxes1 wolves1 etc41 a reward was given to those who captured these animals1 and it was usual to attach their heads to the cross in the churchyard for the purpose of valuing them4 ,generally1 the heads remained on the cross for three church services1 and after that the reward was given4 ,for a wolf's head the same sum was awarded1 as was given for the capture of the greatest robber2 for 7dog7 foxes1 #bs4 #f;d41 and 7vixens7 #as4 #f;d4 ,in the register of ,laugharne church is an account of the sums given for the different animals4 ,again1 both at ,llansandurnen and at ,marrs1 in the churchyard1 is a part of the ancient cross 444 to which wolves' heads1 etc41 were attached4 ,it is but a few years ago that a farmer in ,marrs hung foxes' heads on it4 ,in the churchyard of ,amroth 7,pembrokeshire7 is a cross to which they used to attach wolves' heads1 etc4 ,the iconoclastic movement seems to have begun earlier than is commonly imagined4 ,in #aeca or #aecb1 according to ,john ,foxe in his ,actes and ,monuments1 there were many images cast down and destroyed in many places1 as the image of the crucifix in the highway by ,coggeshall 7,essex74 ,also ,john ,seward1 of ,dedham1 overthrew a cross in ,stoke ,park4 ,the spirit of sacrilege and profanity having been aroused1 many gross excesses were committed by fanatical persons4 ,thus one ,simon ,kent writes on #bgth ,may #aedi1 to inform the ,bishop of ,lincoln that a young man had nailed up a dead cat on the market cross at ,st ,ives1 ,huntingdonshire4 ,at ,south ,littleton1 ,worcestershire1 the staff and head of the cross in the churchyard were disposed of by the churchwardens in #aeeb4 ,in another ,worcestershire parish1 on the contrary1 that of ,badsey1 the churchwardens in #aeeg expended #gs4 on the churchyard cross4 ,at ,winchester1 ,bishop ,horne1 an inveterate innovator1 in the injunctions which he drew up for his cathedral church in #aega1 ordered the stone cross in the churchyard to be extinguished4 ,at ,prestbury1 ,cheshire1 the churchwardens' accounts for #aegf to #aehj record the price paid for cuttynge 7down7 the crosse in the churcheyard1 and the chargs of one with a certyficat thereof to ,manchester 7whence1 presumably1 the order for the demolition came71 and also the amount 7#ads47 received for the sale of iron which was aboute the same cross4 ,this would perhaps refer to the railing for protection1 required no longer when once the cross itself had disappeared4 ,on the other hand1 according to ,thomas ,fuller's ,church ,history of ,britain1 ,abbot ,feckenham built a cross at ,wisbech1 ,cambridgeshire1 during the period of his imprisonment in ,wisbech ,castle1 i4e41 from ,june #aehj to his death in #aehe4 ,at ,fyfield1 ,berkshire1 at the expense of ,william ,upton1 a churchyard cross was erected as late as #afbg4 ,thus individual cases of destruction 7as also of repair and reconstruction7 no doubt occurred from time to time2 but if any particular locality was denuded1 it would have been due to the prejudice and bigotry of some individual bishop1 archdeacon1 or churchwarden1 rather than to any systematic iconoclasm authorised by the central government4 ,on #bhth ,august #afdc1 however1 the ,puritan party having virtually gained the ascendancy in the kingdom1 an ,act was passed in ,parliament1 entitled ,monuments of ,superstition or ,idolatry to be demolished4 ,this ordinance provides that all crosses upon all and every 444 churches or chappels1 or other places of publique prayer1 churchyards1 or other places to any of the said churches 444 belonging1 or in any other open place1 shall1 before the 444 first day of ,november 7#afdc71 be taken away and defaced1 and none of the like hereafter permitted in any such church 444 or other places aforesaid4 ,local committees were constituted for carrying out the orders of ,parliament4 ,seven eastern counties were entrusted for purgation to the ,earl of ,manchester1 who appointed1 as ,parliamentary visitor under him1 the notorious ,william ,dowsing4 ,this person1 though unsurpassed in vandalism1 has yet been maligned so far as churchyard crosses are concerned4 ,in #afdc and #afdd he visited1 in person or by deputy1 #adi churches in ,suffolk1 keeping a minute record of each day's proceedings2 but1 strange to say1 among all the quantity of objects defaced1 his ,journal does not specify one single instance of a churchyard cross having been injured or destroyed by him4 ,in some cases the official despoilers met with popular opposition4 ,thus ,richard ,baxter relates how1 in obedience to the order sent by the ,parliament for the demolition of all images of the ,holy ,trinity and of the ,virgin ,mary to be found in churches or on the crosses of churchyards1 the churchwarden of ,kidderminster1 ,worcestershire1 determined to destroy the crucifix upon the churchyard cross there1 and accordingly set up a ladder to have reached it4 ,but the ladder proved too short1 and whilst he 7the churchwarden7 was gone to seek another1 a crowd of the opposition party of the town1 poor journeymen and servants1 took the alarm1 and ran together with weapons to defend the crucifix2 and even purposed to wreak their vengeance upon ,baxter himself1 supposing him to be the prime instigator of the iconoclasm4 ,numbers of places1 and they not necessarily of first rank nor of special size1 possessed more crosses than one4 ,for instance1 ,liverpool1 in the ,middle ,ages but an insignificant village1 as compared with its present extent and importance1 had its ,high ,cross1 ,white ,cross1 ,red ,cross1 ,town-,end ,cross1 and ,st ,patrick's ,cross--five in all4 ,at ,brackley1 in ,northamptonshire1 there were1 writes ,leland1 circa #aece to #aede1 three goodly crosses of stone in the town1 one by south at the end of the town1 thrown down a late by thieves that sought for treasure2 another at the west end of ,st ,james' ,church2 the third very antique1 fair1 and costly1 in the inward part of the ,high ,street4 ,there be divers tabernacles in this1 with ladies and men armed4 ,some say that the staplers of the town made this2 but ,i think rather some nobleman1 lord of the town4 ,illustration3 #ai4 ,,charlton ,,mackerel1 ,,somersetshire ,,churchyard ,,cross ,illustration3 #bj4 ,,bishop',s ,,lydeard1 ,,somersetshire ,,churchyard ,,cross1 ,,with ,,receptacle ,,for ,,offerings ,at ,bishop's ,stortford1 ,hertfordshire1 there were six crosses1 viz41 the churchyard cross 7taken down in #afdc72 the potter's cross1 in the middle of the town1 and one in each of the four roads leading therefrom4 ,the respective names of these were ,collin's ,cross1 ,crab ,cross1 ,wayte ,cross1 and ,maple ,cross4 ,melton ,mowbray1 in ,leicestershire1 had two crosses standing respectively at the two principal entrances to the town4 ,in #aehd the stock stone at ,thorpe ,cross was sold for #bs4 #b;d4 to ,john ,wythers1 who1 as part of the bargain1 had to undertake to plant an ash1 or a thorn tree1 in place of it4 ,in the same year1 #aehd1 the stock stone at ,kettelby ,cross1 with one stone standing1 was sold to ,william ,trigg for #es41 the purchaser undertaking1 as in the last named case1 to plant a tree to mark the site4 ,in addition to the principal cross--the ,high ,cross--of ,chester1 there was one near ,st ,michael's church4 ,another cross stood at ,barrs1 one at ,northgate1 and another at ,spittal ,boughton4 ,all three were pulled down in #aehc by order of ,archbishop ,sandys' visitors4 ,a contributor to the ,gentleman's ,magazine1 in #ahjg1 says3 ,the only remains of any cross at this time1 in or near ,chester1 is upon the ,roode1 where races are run4 ,the said meadow1 otherwise ,roodee1 or ,roodeye1 is situated by the ,river ,dee1 not far west of ,chester4 ,in former days1 down to about #aehg1 this meadow used to be submerged at high tide1 all except one little island1 upon which stood an ancient cross of such venerable repute1 as an object of pilgrimage1 as to give its name to the isle itself4 ,this cross is identical with the swete rode of ,chester1 referred to in the ribald verses1 entitled ,the ,fantasie of ,idolatrie printed under the date #aedj in ,foxe's ,actes and ,monuments4 ,when ,dr ,george ,ormerod wrote his ,chester 7finished in #ahai71 the base of this cross1 he said1 is1 or was lately remaining1 and was a few years since replaced4 ,in and around ,london1 besides the well-known crosses of ,st ,paul's1 ,cheap1 and ,charing1 there were at one time and another three more crosses which may be mentioned4 ,one1 called ,le ,broken ,cross1 was erected by the ,earl of ,gloucester in the reign of ,henry ,,iii4 7#abaf to #abgb71 but it did not stand very long4 ,its site is said to have been the place of the meeting of the ,folkmote 444 near ,st ,martin's-le-,grand1 about midway between the ,northgate of the precinct 7of ,st ,paul's7 and the church of ,st ,vedast4 ,on #eth ,september #acgi agreements were drawn up for letting the stations about the ,broken ,cross to five divers persons4 ,the cross was bodily taken down in #acij4 ,another was the ,cow ,cross at ,smithfield1 a monument referred to by ,stow as no longer standing when he wrote4 ,another instance was the ,strand ,cross1 near ,covent ,garden4 ,this cross was hexagonal on plan1 and comprised four stages4 ,it was standing in #aedg1 but was ultimately removed1 its site being occupied by the ,maypole1 which was spoken of in #agjj as new4 ,illustration3 #ba1 #bb1 #bc4 ,,oxford ,,socket ,,of ,,jews' ,,cross1 ,,preserved ,,in ,,st ,,frideswide',s ,,church ,at ,oxford there were at least two crosses1 viz41 the ,jews' cross 7,figs4 #ba-bc71 and also a noted wayside cross1 which the city records show to have been in existence in #acca4 ,it stood without the east gate of the city1 in front of the door of ,st ,john's ,hospital1 on or near the site of the present entrance to ,magdalen ,college4 ,as to the monument called the ,jews' cross1 its origin is historic4 ,in #abfh1 on ,ascension ,day1 as the usual procession of scholars and citizens returned from ,st ,frideswide's1 and was passing the ,jewish synagogue in ,fish ,street 7now ,st ,aldate's71 a ,jew suddenly burst from the group of his friends 444 and1 snatching the crucifix from its bearer1 trod it underfoot4 ,part of the penalty exacted by the ,crown was that the ,jews of ,oxford had to erect1 at their own cost1 a cross of marble on the spot where the outrage had been committed4 ,the sentence1 however1 was eventually modified to the extent that1 instead of having to endure a perpetual reminder of their humiliation and punishment opposite to the very door of the synagogue1 the ,jews were allowed to set up the expiatory cross in a less obnoxious position1 an open plot by ,merton ,college4 ,such is the site where it used to be believed that the cross stood4 ,but a certain passage in the city records seems1 as the late ,herbert ,hurst pointed out1 to contradict any previously received identification of the site of the ,jews' cross1 and to locate it rather on some spot near the north side of ,st ,frideswide's church4 ,the passage in question is as follows3 ,in #acdb1 ,adam ,blaket was indicted before ,john ,fitz ,perys and ,william le ,iremonger1 bailiffs of ,oxford1 for that he1 on the ,thursday next before ,palm ,sunday1 feloniously entered by night the enclosure of the cemetery of the ,church of ,st ,frideswyde1 and there stole and carried off one arm1 or other portion 7vana7 of the great 7capitalis7 cross of the cemetery1 of the value of half a mark1 and afterwards broke it into four parts4 ,the purloined fragments were subsequently found and seized4 ,he 7,blaket7 confessed to the taking1 and pleaded that he was at the time a lunatic and not compos mentis4 ,anyhow1 if the precise site remains uncertain1 there is extant a sculptured socket1 which1 though it is only of stone1 not marble1 ,mr ,hurst pronounced to be an undoubted part of the original ,jews' cross4 ,this socket was described by ,dr ,james ,ingram in #ahcg as having been then recently discovered1 on the removal of a quantity of rubbish from the foundation of the walls of ,st ,frideswide's1 embedded in the base of the diagonal buttress at the south-east angle of ,st ,lucy's chapel in the south transept4 ,it is now preserved in the gallery at the south end of the same transept4 ,the four sides are sculptured with what appear to be ,old ,testament subjects1 although only two are now identifiable4 ,the first is the temptation of ,adam and ,eve1 with the serpent coiling round a tree between them2 and the second is the sacrifice of ,isaac4 ,the third appears to be the sacrifice of an ox or calf2 but the whole is much mutilated4 ,nothing remains of it but the lower part of a human being on the left1 and the headless body of a cloven-footed quadruped1 the forelegs of which are in a kneeling posture4 ,above1 a hand1 issuing from a cloud1 lets down a pair of small tablets1 or an open book4 ,the subject of the fourth side is a puzzle which has hitherto defied elucidation4 ,it represents three figures1 the middle one seated between two upright figures turning away1 both having grotesque heads like apes4 ,below the right foot of one of the figures is what appears to be a dragon or demon1 with its leg on the ground4 ,at each angle of the stone is a winged dragon1 head downward1 the tail terminating in characteristic thirteenth-century foliage4 ,the stone is #a ft4 #aa in4 high1 by #b ft4 #c in4 square at the bottom1 decreasing to #a ft4 #i in4 square at the top4 ,the greatest dimension1 inclusive of the figures1 is #b ft4 #f in4 in width4 ,it goes without saying that1 so long as the land of ,britain continued to be open1 i4e41 not subdivided by enclosures--a process which dates back no earlier than the fifteenth century--boundary stones for defining the limits of contiguous parishes1 as also of the properties of individuals1 assumed much greater importance than would be attached to such marks in later times1 after hedges had grown up and fences come into use4 ,the ancient boundary mark might sometimes be a plain post or pillar1 or it might take the form of a cross4 ,the latter practice is illustrated by the will of one ,john ,cole1 of ,thelnetham1 ,suffolk1 dated #hth ,may #aebg4 ,the testator leaves #ajs4 for erecting a new cross at the spot at ,short ,grove's ,end1 where the gospel is said upon ,ascension even1 and1 moreover1 expressly directs that this new cross is to be made on the model of one already standing1 named ,trapett ,crosse at the ,hawe ,lane's ,end4 ,the will further provides for an income1 arising from certain landed estates1 sufficient to yield annually a bushel and a half of malt to be browne1 and a bushel of wheat to be baked1 to fynde a drinking on the said day in perpetuity1 for the parishioners of ,thelnetham to drink at the crosse aforenamed4 ,here1 then1 is an instance of a boundary cross explicitly designed for the observances of the ,rogation1 or gang days4 ,but later on in the sixteenth century1 the old order of things was reversed1 and the authorities proceeded to stamp out the former time-honoured usages1 one after another4 ,thus ,bishop ,parkhurst's ,injunctions for the diocese of ,norwich in #aefi1 ,grindal's for the province of ,york in #aega1 and ,sandys' ,articles for the diocese of ,london in the same year1 alike prohibited the popish ceremony of staying at any crosses during the perambulation of parish bounds on ,rogation days4 ,other ancient customs connected with standing crosses are illustrated by the terms in which prelates of the reformed ,church condemn them4 ,thus1 ,bishop ,bentham's ,injunctions for the diocese of ,coventry and ,lichfield in #aefe forbid bearers to set down the corpse of any dead body by any cross by the way1 as they bring it to the burial2 and again1 later1 ,archbishop ,grindal's ,injunctions for the ,province of ,york in #aega order that none shall rest at any cross in carrying any corpse to burying1 nor shall leave any little crosses of wood there4 ,in #aehe the ,bishop of ,st ,david's issued an ,injunction to his diocese1 among the directions whereof1 under the head of ,burial1 it is ordered3 ,first1 that there be no crosses of wood made and erected where they use to rest with the corpse2 and especially that no wooden crosses be set upon the cross in the churchyard4 ,these strenuous prohibitions only prove that the custom of placing wooden crosses for the dead upon wayside or churchyard crosses must have prevailed in ancient days1 and was still tenaciously observed by the people in spite of the drastic change of religion4 ,it may possibly be that the holes1 sometimes found drilled in churchyard crosses1 were provided1 among other purposes1 for holding the pegs on which the small wooden memorial crosses could be suspended4 ,crosses1 again1 were employed to define1 in any given locality1 the extent of the right of sanctuary1 that powerful safeguard of the age of faith and charity against summary vengeance and injustice4 ,thus1 at ,ripon inviolable security was assured within the radius of about a mile around the shrine of ,st ,wilfrid2 and accordingly a stone cross was placed close by the edge of each of the five roads leading to the city1 to mark the sanctuary bounds4 ,of these five crosses2 the only one whereof any appreciable remnant survives1 is that of ,sharow4 ,it consists of a massive stone step1 with the broken stump of the old shaft4 ,at ,wansford1 in ,northamptonshire1 the ,river ,nene is crossed by a fourteenth-century stone bridge2 and there1 embedded in the ground1 in one of the refuges1 formed by the triangular space on the top of a cutwater1 may be seen the socket of an ancient wayside cross4 ,the upper bed of the stone is barely above the level of the roadway1 but its rectangular outline1 with the round mortice-hole in the centre1 is plain and unmistakable4 ,there seems no reason to doubt that this singularly interesting relic stands in situ1 and the cross must thus have borne as direct a relationship to the bridge1 as a bridge chapel would have done4 ,near the road leading to the north entrance of ,ravenshelm 7now ,ravensworth7 ,castle1 ,county ,durham1 is an old cross1 known as the ,butter ,cross4 ,the story is told of this1 as of many other crosses and landmarks1 that the country people used to leave their produce here for the citizens of ,newcastle to fetch at the time when the town was stricken by the plague in the sixteenth century4 ,the structure consists of two steps1 a massive socket1 and a lofty shaft1 surmounted by a four-hole cross4 ,halfway between ,york and the village of ,fulford are the remains of a medival cross1 at which1 during the plague in #affe1 the country folk used to leave food1 to be fetched by the citizens1 so avoiding the risk of contagion4 ,this cross served in the same way again1 as late as the year #ahcc1 during the cholera epidemic4 ,illustration3 #bd4 ,,chester ,,high ,,cross ,historically important as having been erected to commemorate the battle between ,english and ,scots1 and the defeat of the latter1 on #agth ,october #acdf1 ,nevill's ,cross has an added interest1 inasmuch as a very full and graphic description of it has been preserved from the pen of one who was evidently well acquainted with the monument4 ,in fact he had been1 previously to the ,dissolution1 a monk in the great ,benedictine community at ,durham4 ,the following is his account1 extracted from the ,rites of ,durham1 which he wrote in #aeic3 ,on the west side of the city of ,durham there was a most notable1 famous1 and goodly large cross of stone work1 erected and set up to the honour of ,god and for the victory had thereof1 shortly after the battle of ,durham1 in the same place where the battle was fought1 called and known by the name of ,nevill's cross1 which was set up at the cost and charges of the ,lord ,ralph ,nevill1 being one of the most excellent and chief in the said battle and field4 ,which cross had seven steps about it every way1 four squared to the socket that the stalk of the cross did stand in1 which socket was made fast to a four-squared broad stone1 being the sole or bottom stone of a large thickness that the socket did stand upon1 which is a yard and a half square about every way1 which stone was one of the steps and the eighth in number4 ,also the said socket was made fast with iron and lead to the sole stone in every side of the corner of the said socket stone1 which was three-quarters deep1 and a yard and a quarter square about every way4 ,and the stalk of the cross going upward contained in length three yards and a half up to the boss1 being eight square about 7octagonal71 all of one whole piece of stone1 from the socket that it did stand in to the boss above1 into the which boss the said stalk was deeply soldered with lead and solder4 ,and in the midst of the stalk1 in every second square1 was the ,nevill cross 7saltire7 in a scutcheon1 being the ,lord ,nevill's arms1 finely cut out and wrought in the said stalk of stone4 ,also the nether end of the stalk was soldered deep in the hole of the socket that it did stand in1 with lead and solder1 and at every of the four corners of the said socket below was one of the pictures of the four ,evangelists1 being ,matthew1 ,mark1 ,luke1 and ,john1 very finely set forth and carved in stonemason work4 ,and on the height of the said stalk did stand a most large1 fine boss of stone1 being eight square round about1 finely cut out and bordered and marvellous curiously wrought4 ,and in every square of the nether side of the boss in the masonwork was the ,nevill's cross in a scutcheon in one square1 and the bull's head1 having no scutcheon1 in another square2 and so contained in every square after the same sort round about the boss4 ,and on the height of the said boss1 having a stalk of stone1 being a cross standing a little higher than the rest1 which was soldered deeply with lead and solder into the hole of the said boss above2 whereon was finely cut out and pictured on both sides of the stalk of the said cross the picture of our ,saviour ,christ1 crucified with ,his arms stretched abroad1 ,his hands nailed to the cross1 and ,his feet being nailed upon the stalk of the said cross below1 about a quarter of a yard from above the boss1 with the picture of our ,lady1 the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary1 on the one side of ,him1 and the picture of ,st ,john the ,evangelist on the other side1 most pitifully lamenting and beholding ,his torments and cruel death1 standing both on the height of the said boss4 ,all which pictures were very artificially and curiously wrought altogether1 and finely carved out of one whole entire stone1 some part thereof 7being7 through carved work1 both on the east side and the west side of the said cross1 with a cover of stone likewise over their head1 being all most finely and curiously wrought together out of the said whole stone1 which cover of stone was covered all over very finely with lead4 ,and also1 in token and remembrance of the said battle of ,durham1 and to the perpetual memory and honour of the ,lord ,nevill and his posterity for ever1 it was termed by the title and name of ,nevill's ,cross2 which so did there stand and remain1 most notorious to all passengers1 till of late1 in the year of our ,lord ,god #aehi1 in the night time1 the same was broken down and defaced by some lewd and contemptuous wicked persons1 thereunto encouraged1 as it seemeth1 by some who love ,christ the worse for the cross' sake1 as utterly and spitefully despising all ancient ceremonies and monuments4 ,on the above vivid description of ,nevill's ,cross no comment is required2 but it may not be amiss to append the note by the editors of the reissue by the ,surtees ,society in #aijc3 ,the socket is all that remains 444 ,the usual symbols of the four ,evangelists are still to be seen on the four corners1 presumably beneath the places where the statues themselves formerly stood1 round about the shaft4 ,the socket has recently been removed to a new mound some yards distant from the old site4 ,an old milestone stands where the stalk has been4 ,dr ,raine 7,st ,cuthbert7 states that documents in the ,treasury refer to an earlier ,nevill's ,cross in the same place2 but he gives no references4 ,six and a half miles south of ,durham1 in the modern village of ,ferry ,hill1 is the fragment of an old stone cross1 named ,cleve's ,cross4 ,this monument1 according to tradition1 commemorates the valour of one1 ,roger de ,ferry1 who slew a monster wild boar1 which had been the terror of the whole countryside4 ,at ,wigan1 ,lancashire1 are the rude remains of an ancient stone cross1 concerning which the following tradition is told4 ,while ,sir ,william ,bradshaigh was engaged in the holy wars or in travelling overseas1 his wife ,mabel1 weary of waiting for his return1 bigamously married a ,welsh knight4 ,after an absence of ten years1 however1 ,sir ,william came home again and1 notwithstanding his pilgrim's habit1 was recognised by his wife4 ,whereupon the ,welsh knight fled from the outraged husband1 who pursued1 and1 overtaking1 slew him4 ,dame ,mabel's confessor enjoined her to walk barefoot once every week for the rest of her life to do penance at a certain cross on the outskirts of ,wigan4 ,the cross is the same which is situated at the end of ,standishgate1 and has borne the significant name of ,mab's ,cross from the fourteenth century to this day4 ,the romantic story was used by ,sir ,walter ,scott as the basis of his novel1 ,the ,betrothed4 ,this tradition of employing crosses as places of public penance survives in the shape of the old-fashioned stocks situated at the foot of village and market crosses 7,fig4 #f74 ,of ,banbury ,cross1 ,oxfordshire1 immortalised in nursery rhyme1 it is much to be regretted that no vestige remains4 ,john ,leland1 between about #aece and #aede1 writes in his ,itinerary3 ,at the west part of the street1 which runs east and west through the town1 is a large area1 having a goodly cross with many degrees 7steps7 about it4 ,in this area is kept every ,thursday a very celebrate market4 ,as the churchyard or village cross was the centre of the life of the smaller community1 so also the market cross became the centre of the municipal life of towns and boroughs4 ,thus1 it was the custom1 at the close of the civic year1 for the mayor and electors1 being summoned by the blowing of a horn1 to assemble at the churchyard cross at ,folkestone1 and at the market cross 7now but a gaunt obelisk7 at ,ripon1 for the election of a mayor for the ensuing year of office4 ,at ,chester1 the ,high ,cross 7,fig4 #bd7 was the scene of all great civic functions4 ,here1 again and again1 royalty was received4444 ,here proclamations were read out with due formality1 and here the 7famous7 mystery plays were represented4 ,among the official uses to which market crosses were put was that of a recognised place for public proclamations4 ,thus1 it was at the market cross at ,darlington1 in #acab1 that the ,bishop's order1 prohibiting a tournament1 which had been announced to take place1 was read4 ,this particular market cross1 by the way1 no longer exists1 but its site is perpetuated by a plain cylindrical column1 surmounted by a ball1 erected at the cost of ,dame ,dorothy ,browne in #agbg4 ,at ,wells it was a time-honoured custom that public proclamations should always be read and published first at the ,high ,cross4 ,it was from the cross at ,lyme1 ,dorset1 where he landed on #aath ,june #afhe1 that the declaration of the rebel ,duke of ,monmouth was read2 and it was from the crosses of ,taunton on #bjth ,june1 and ,bridgwater1 a day or two later1 that1 emboldened by his reception in the west1 he caused himself to be proclaimed ,king of ,england--only to meet with crushing humiliation and defeat from the forces of ,king ,james ,,ii4 at ,sedgemoor on #fth ,july #afhe4 ,the strangest and ghastliest of all uses to which a village cross could be put is that of a gallows2 but1 unless tradition lies1 the notorious ,judge ,jeffreys actually hanged a man on the cross at ,wedmore1 ,somerset4 ,this identical cross1 with its tall shaft and sculptured head1 still stands1 though removed from its original site beside the shambles to the garden of the house in which ,judge ,jeffreys himself is believed to have lodged1 presumably during the ,bloody ,assize in the autumn of #afhe1 following the collapse of ,monmouth's rebellion4 ,at ,louth1 ,lincolnshire1 a market cross was erected by the parish in #aeba-bb4 ,that this structure was in the form of a roofed shelter1 with a lofty shaft rising from the midst1 is evident from the circumstances of the rebellion in #aecf4 ,the malcontents1 it is recorded1 had seized a number of the official books1 and were about to burn them unread1 when they came face to face with a certain priest1 named ,william ,morland4 ,upon his remonstrating with them1 they dragged him under the ,high ,cross and compelled him to examine the said books before consigning them to the flames4 ,meanwhile1 others of the crowd brought the registrar1 and caused him1 by a ladder1 to climb up to the altitude1 or highest part1 of the cross1 who1 in abject terror for his life1 sought to appease the mob by consenting to the destruction of the books in his charge4 ,a portion of this cross1 being1 perhaps1 so much of it as was adjudged to be superstitious1 was taken down in #aegc4 ,three stones were purchased for mending the cross in #afcb1 and further repairs1 including tiling1 were carried out in #afci4 ,the cross pales1 presumably the railings or posts about the cross1 were removed in ,october #agec2 but a proposal for enclosing the structure1 to keep it clean and decent1 was carried by the parish in ,november #agfi4 ,another cross was situated at a spot in ,louth1 known as ,julian ,bower4 ,this cross1 according to the churchwardens' accounts1 was renewed in stone in #aedd4 ,at ,peterborough the old market cross1 long since swept away1 was a covered cross1 as is evident from the town accounts1 which note1 in #afdi1 a sum of money received under the market cross by several fellows for the use of the poor2 and1 again1 a further sum in #afeb from the standers under the cross4 ,in parts of ,wales it was formerly the custom for labourers offering themselves for hire to congregate at the village cross1 bargains made at such a spot being regarded as of more binding nature than those made elsewhere4 ,it was indeed considered peculiarly dishonourable and impious to break a contract made at the cross4 ,the village cross of ,rhuddlan1 in ,flintshire1 was so much frequented for hiring purposes1 that the amount of the wages prevailing there became the standard for the time being for the whole district4 ,there was also this distinction1 viz41 that labourers1 hired at ,rhuddlan1 were hired for a week1 during which term the rate agreed upon could not be altered2 as distinguished from the crosses of other places where the custom was for the labourer to be hired by the day only--the scale of his pay being liable to fluctuate accordingly from day to day4 ,in addition to the several kinds of crosses above enumerated1 some writers name weeping crosses4 ,what is meant by a weeping cross is not clear1 nor has anyone pretended to assign to such edifices1 if indeed they ever existed except in popular fallacy1 any characteristic features by which they may be recognised as distinct from other crosses4 ,for all practical purposes1 then1 the weeping cross is not4 ,or again1 it might well have been in any given case that a cross was provided in order that a preacher might deliver his sermon from its steps4 ,but unless such a cross was constructed with the architectural features of a pulpit cross 7like those1 for instance1 at ,iron ,acton 7,fig4 #add7 or the ,blackfriars' ,cross at ,hereford 7,fig4 #adc77 then surely it must only be reckoned with the normal type of churchyard or village cross1 from which it differs in no particular whatever4 ,in a word1 the one standard by which the various crosses in the following pages are grouped and classified is not their respective use and purpose1 real or imaginary1 but their structural shape4 ,,ii4 ,,monolith ,,crosses ,the peculiar form of many crosses of ,cornish type1 among others1 viz41 a thick1 rude monolith1 with rounded head1 is accounted for by some authorities1 who pronounce such crosses to be nothing else than primeval menhirs4 ,these venerated stones1 then1 it is stated1 instead of being demolished on the conversion of the populace from paganism1 were retained1 and1 after having the crucifixion or some other ,christian device incised1 or sculptured in bas-relief1 upon the upper portion of the shaft1 pressed into the service of the newly adopted faith4 ,such1 at any rate1 was the practice of ,st ,patrick1 in the fifth century4 ,it is true that if in any place he found the old superstitious worship too deep-rooted and perverse to admit of transformation1 as it befell at ,magh ,sleacht1 in ,county ,cavan1 where he encountered a group of thirteen pagan menhirs1 he could not do but overthrow them without ruth2 but whenever1 on the other hand1 as beside ,lough ,hacket1 in ,county ,galway1 he found other menhirs1 the popular regard for which was capable of being diverted into ,christian channels1 he spared the pillar-stones1 sanctifying them with holy names and emblems4 ,the cutting away of certain portions of the top of the stone would result in a short-armed cross2 or1 again1 a little shaping1 combined with piercing1 would produce the four-holed cross1 so-called1 viz41 a cross within a ring or circle4 ,it should be remarked at the outset that the dating of these early monuments is a study which has hitherto been strangely neglected4 ,antiquaries1 like the late ,j4 ,romilly ,allen1 for example1 have analysed and codified the ornamented motifs of early crosses with methodical precision2 but the chronological side of the subject is still a matter of debate4 ,so widely do experts differ that sometimes it happens that the same monument will be assigned by some to the fifth or sixth1 and by others to later dates ranging to the twelfth century4 ,even when the cross happens to be inscribed with runes1 which might be expected to afford an authentic clue as to its date and origin1 the readings and interpretations propounded by connoisseurs are so irreconcilable as to make one sceptical of arriving at truth or finality through their guidance4 ,the whole question of chronology yet awaits investigation by some competent authority4 ,it must be understood1 therefore1 that the dates attributed to the several examples in this section cannot pretend to be anything else but approximate1 although every care has been taken to obtain the most approved estimate4 ,illustration3 #be1 #bf4 ,,bewcastle1 ,,cumberland ,,two ,,views ,,of ,,monolith ,,in ,,the ,,churchyard ,illustration3 #bg1 #bh4 ,,eyam1 ,,derbyshire ,,views ,,of ,,cross ,,in ,,churchyard1 ,,showing ,,front ,,and ,,back ,illustration3 #bi1 #cj4 ,,sandbach1 ,,cheshire ,,details ,,of ,,crosses1 ,,with ,,plan1 ,,showing ,,how ,,they ,,stand ,illustration3 #ca4 ,,sandbach1 ,,cheshire ,south of the church1 in the churchyard at ,bewcastle1 ,cumberland1 stands an obelisk or shaft of an early cross 7,figs4 #c1 #be1 and #bf71 strikingly like the famous cross at ,ruthwell1 in ,dumfriesshire4 ,the head of the latter is fairly complete1 but in the case of the ,bewcastle cross the head was broken off long ago1 wrote ,bishop ,g4 ,f4 ,browne4 ,about the year #afjj1 it was sent 444 to ,lord ,arundel1 and1 beyond a description in ,camden1 with an attempt at a representation of the ,runic inscription it bore1 nothing has been heard of it since4 ,the height of the surviving part is #ad ft4 #f in4 ,it is incised with ,anglian runes1 which1 however1 are so much worn1 and have been so variously rendered1 that no reliance can be placed on their alleged authority4 ,scholars also differ widely as to the date of the cross1 some placing it as early as #ffe1 and others even as late as #aaej4 ,the west face comprises three standing human figures1 in three tiers1 the lowest depicting a man with a hawk1 while the middle one1 a nimbed figure1 has been identified as ,christ setting ,his feet upon the heads of monsters4 ,on the east face is one long uninterrupted vine scroll1 with birds and beasts in the volutes4 ,the north and south faces are subdivided into panels containing chequers1 interlaced knots1 and scrollwork4 ,in one of the scrolls on the south face is the oldest detached dial in existence1 as distinct from dials on the walls of buildings4 ,it presents a combination of the old #bd-system and the octaval system2 but the gnomon is missing4 ,in the churchyard of ,eyam1 ,derbyshire1 is a peculiarly handsome cross1 of ,anglo-,saxon workmanship1 of about the year #gjj 7,figs4 #bg and #bh74 ,the cross now measures #i ft4 #d in4 high2 but the head is detached and obviously incomplete1 if indeed it belongs to the shaft at all4 ,assuming1 however1 that it does belong1 the existing lines and proportions would make the cross in its original state attain a total height of some #aa ft4 #f in4 ,the width across the arms is #c ft4 #c in4 ,both faces of the cross-top are sculptured with four angels each1 that one at the intersection being encircled with a ring4 ,all that part of the head below the central medallion is missing4 ,the obverse of the shaft has two panels of figure-subjects above a very rich and elaborate interlaced knot-ornament4 ,the edges have an interlaced pattern derived from a six-cord plait4 ,the reverse of the shaft is occupied with the volutes of a vine scroll4 ,in the churchyard of ,bakewell1 ,derbyshire1 stands the relic of a monolith with short-limbed cross-head 7,fig4 #ci74 ,it dates from about #hjj to #ijj2 and1 exclusive of the boulder which forms the base1 stands #g ft4 #aj in4 high1 by about #b ft4 wide over all at the widest part4 ,one portion is sculptured with four compartments of figure-subjects1 presumably scriptural1 the uppermost one being apparently a crucifixion1 though the stone is too much curtailed1 and the ornament too broken1 for certainty on the point4 ,the other face and the sides are occupied with so-called vine scroll1 an adaptation of debased classical ,roman work4 ,illustration3 #cb4 ,,irton1 ,,cumberland ,,cross ,,in ,,the ,,churchyard ,the two mutilated crosses standing side by side in the market square at ,sandbach1 ,cheshire 7,figs4 #bi1 #cj1 and #ca71 have had an eventful history4 ,dating from the ninth century1 it is on record that they were still standing in #aehe2 but1 since they are not mentioned by ,webb in #afba1 the assumption is that they had been broken up in the interval4 ,anyhow1 the different parts became dispersed4 ,some were taken1 by ,sir ,john ,crewe1 to ,utkinton ,hall1 where they remained until his death in #agaa4 ,they were subsequently removed to ,tarporley rectory4 ,thence1 after ,cole1 the antiquary1 had seen and made drawings of them in #ageg1 they were taken to ,oulton ,park1 where they were seen and drawn by ,s4 ,lysons4 ,other portions1 however1 of these crosses never left ,sandbach1 some of the lower parts being built into a wall by the town well1 while the summit was found to have been buried in a garden4 ,lastly1 through the zealous instrumentality of ,dr ,george ,ormerod1 the various fragments were collected1 and re-erected at ,sandbach in ,september #ahaf4 ,the two crosses stand on a substructure of two steps1 with two sockets1 in which the crosses are fixed4 ,at the angle of each stage of the platform are stone posts1 on which figures have been rudely carved4 ,the head of either cross had been broken off1 so that their proper height has been reduced4 ,the crosses are now of unequal height4444 ,the taller one is #af ft4 #h in4 high2 the shorter one1 #aa ft4 #aa in4 high4 ,both crosses are of rectangular section1 and tapering4 ,it is not easy to convey in words an adequate idea of the extraordinary richness and variety of their sculptured ornament1 which includes patterns derived from three-cord1 four-cord1 and eight-cord plaits1 and figure of eight knots1 as well as much the finest series of figure subjects 444 probably in all ,england4 ,on the larger cross the ,crucifixion amid the ,evangelistic symbols1 and beneath it the ,nativity1 with the ox and ass adoring1 are clearly discernible2 but the identification of other subjects is in many cases only conjectural4 ,the smaller cross bears a variety of human figures placed within 444 lozenges4 ,the stone of the crosses is of lower ,silurian formation1 practically indestructible by the natural action of the weather1 a circumstance which accounts for the remarkable preservation of those parts which the wanton hand of man has spared4 ,the monolith cross in the churchyard at ,irton1 ,cumberland 7,fig4 #cb71 stands #i ft4 #h in4 high1 and1 with the exception of the cross-head1 the surface of which is much worn1 is a singularly perfect specimen4 ,its edges are ornamented with quasi-classic vine scrolls4 ,the obverse and reverse are covered with interlaced ornaments and key patterns4 ,the uppermost panel on one face is a diaper formed by a repetition of small ,greek crosses1 set diagonally4 ,the date of this cross is approximately #iej4 ,the tall sandstone cross1 now in the churchyard of ,gosforth1 in ,cumberland 7,fig4 #cc71 is classed by the late ,mr ,j4 ,romilly ,allen as belonging to a well-known type1 ,mercian in origin1 in which the shaft is cylindrical below and rectangular in the upper part4 ,it may be dated from about #ajjj to #ajff4 ,a second cross1 which is recorded to have stood at a distance of #g ft4 from the first named1 disappeared1 probably in the year #aghi4 ,in the extant cross the four flat faces of the upper part of the shaft gradually die off into the round surface of the lower part1 giving a semicircular line of intersection1 which is emphasised by a roll moulding1 forming a continuation of the mouldings on the four square angles4 ,the four flat surfaces exhibit a great variety of human and animal forms1 with zoomorphic ornament and abstract plaits4 ,some of the subjects have been interpreted as illustrating the stories of ,heimdal and ,loke1 from ,norse mythology1 though the whole is actually surmounted by a ,christian four-holed cross for head4 ,the round part of the shaft in crosses of this type is not1 as a rule1 ornamented4 ,the ,gosforth cross1 therefore1 is in this respect exceptional4 ,its height is #ad ft4 #f in4 ,illustration3 #cc4 ,,gosforth1 ,,cumberland ,,cross ,,in ,,the ,,churchyard ,within ,whitford parish1 ,flintshire1 about a mile from the village1 on open ground1 and quite unprotected1 stands an ancient monolith cross1 known as ,maen y ,chwyfan 7,fig4 #cf74 ,the name can be traced back at least to the year #achh4 ,the first part of it is identical with the first syllable of the word menhir4 ,the last part of the name is of doubtful signification4 ,some have thought that the whole means ,st ,cwyfan's stone4 ,the precise age of the cross is likewise doubtful1 but it may be dated from about #iej to #ajjj4 ,its total height above ground is #aa ft4 #c in41 by #aa in4 thick1 the stem diminishing in width from #b ft4 #e in4 at the base to #a ft4 #h in4 at the neck of the solid wheel-head1 the diameter of which is #b ft4 #d in4 ,the flat stone1 through which the stem passes for support1 measures #d ft4 #aa in4 by #d ft4 #d in4 ,the cross is incised on the edges1 as well as on both faces2 though almost all the ornament of the lower half of the reverse1 or west face1 has perished4 ,the condition of the obverse1 or east face1 is by far the most perfect1 and exhibits a wonderful combination of patterns--crosses1 knots1 osier-plaits1 and other devices4 ,in the head1 the ,triquetra1 or three-cornered knot1 is conspicuous4 ,altogether the ,maen y ,chwyfan is the most important and striking monument of its kind in ,north ,wales4 ,illustration3 #cd4 ,,whalley1 ,,lancashire ,,cross ,,in ,,the ,,churchyard ,illustration3 #ce4 ,,cheadle1 ,,cheshire ,,cross1 ,,now ,,in ,,york ,,museum ,writing in #ahgb1 ,mr ,j4 ,t4 ,blight described the early twelfth-century cross 7now in the cemetery of ,lanherne ,house ,nunnery1 ,mawgan-in-,pyder1 ,cornwall7 7,fig4 #ch7 as having been removed several years since from the ,chapel ,close of the ,barton of ,roseworthy1 in the parish of ,gwinear4 ,the crucifix1 sculptured in low relief1 is of the rudest and most primitive character1 while the cross itself belongs to the class known as four-holed4 ,it is of ,pentewan stone4 ,interlaced work forms the greater part of the ornament1 and on the lower portion of the shaft1 on either face1 is an ancient inscription4 ,the shaft has an unmistakable entasis4 ,the head of another four-holed cross1 the holes having the shape of rough trefoils1 is to be seen in the churchyard of ,st ,columb ,major1 ,cornwall4 ,both faces of the cross are similarly sculptured with the ,triquetra 7,fig4 #cg74 ,the height is #c ft4 #a in4 by #b ft4 #i in4 wide1 over all1 the material granite4 ,at ,cheadle1 ,cheshire1 in #ahge1 there were dug up1 in a brickfield opposite to the ,convalescent ,hospital1 the fragments of an early cross1 probably of the tenth century1 of ,anglo-,saxon type 7,fig4 #ce74 ,in each limb of the cross1 as well as at the intersection1 is a convex boss4 ,the material of the cross is a coarse grit stone4 ,the dimensions are #a ft4 #d in4 wide at the greatest width1 by #b ft4 #h in4 in height4 ,it is now preserved at the ,museum at ,york4 ,in the parish churchyard of ,whalley1 ,lancashire1 stands a cross 7,fig4 #cd71 which was1 no doubt1 originally a monolith1 but has been broken across1 and appears to have had its fractured edges trimmed and squared4 ,at any rate1 part of the stem1 perhaps as much as #b ft4 of the height1 where the cross-head rests upon it1 is obviously missing4 ,the arms also are missing1 but the cross was originally of much the same outline as that of the cross at ,irton and that from ,cheadle4 ,the ornament of the ,whalley cross1 however1 is of much more refined execution4 ,the date of it may be about #ajjj4 ,in the churchyard of ,wolverhampton1 ,staffordshire1 opposite to the south porch1 stands an ancient shaft1 #ad ft4 high1 traditionally known as the ,danes' cross 7,fig4 #b74 ,it rises from a round stone1 #g ft4 in diameter1 and its form is that of a cylinder1 #b ft4 #f in4 in diameter1 tapering toward the neck4 ,almost the entire surface of the shaft is covered with sculptured ornament of about the year #aaej to #aage4 ,there is1 or was1 a somewhat similar example in the churchyard of ,leek1 in the same county4 ,another twelfth-century cross is that inscribed in memory of ,ralph's son1 ,william1 at ,fletton1 in ,huntingdonshire 7,figs4 #dj1 #da74 ,this cross is a monolith1 though the continuity of the design is interrupted by a heavy fillet1 forming a horizontal band round the middle of the shaft4 ,illustration3 #cf4 ,,whitford1 ,,flintshire ,,east ,,side ,,of ,,cross1 ,,named ,,maen ,y ,,chwyfan ,illustration3 #cg4 ,,st ,,columb ,,major1 ,,cornwall ,,head ,,of ,a ,,cross ,,in ,,the ,,churchyard ,illustration3 #ch4 ,,mawgan-,,in-,,pyder1 ,,cornwall ,,lanherne ,,house ,,nunnery1 ,,cross ,,from ,,roseworthy1 ,,gwinear ,illustration3 #ci4 ,,bakewell1 ,,derbyshire ,,cross ,,in ,,churchyard ,illustration3 #dj1 #da4 ,,fletton1 ,,huntingdonshire ,,front ,,and ,,back ,,of ,,cross ,illustration3 #db4 ,,hexham1 ,,northumberland ,,cross ,,at ,,st ,,giles' ,,hospital ,illustration3 #dc4 ,,wooler1 ,,hedgeley ,,moor1 ,,northumberland ,,percy',s ,,cross ,illustration3 #dd4 ,,blanchland1 ,,northumberland ,,cross ,,in ,,the ,,abbey ,,churchyard ,the remains of the cross in the grounds of the ,spital at ,hexham 7,fig4 #db7 offer an instance of vine scrollwork1 derived from debased late-classic ornament4 ,another side of the shaft is sculptured in low relief with a primitive representation of the ,crucifixion between two figures1 which1 however1 bear but slight resemblance to the ,mary and ,john of post-,conquest tradition4 ,on the plain of ,hedgeley ,moor1 near ,wooler1 in the north part of ,northumberland1 stands a monolith1 commonly known as ,percy's ,cross 7,fig4 #dc71 because it is alleged to mark the spot where1 on #bdth ,april #adfd1 ,sir ,ralph ,percy fell in a desperate attempt1 on the part of ,margaret of ,anjou1 wife of ,henry ,,vi41 to recover the throne for her demented husband4 ,so rude and primitive is this monument that it is hard to believe that it could have been executed in the technically skilled period of the fifteenth century4 ,it displays conspicuously1 however1 the badges of the house of ,percy--the luces1 or pike1 the mascles1 and the crescents1 sculptured on its eight sides4 ,the pillar stands on a plain1 rugged socket4 ,this cross became the rallying point1 where the men of the north1 opposed to the religious innovations of ,henry ,,viii41 gathered under the banner of the ,five ,wounds1 badge of the ill-starred ,pilgrimage of ,grace1 in #aecf-g4 ,percy's ,cross1 on ,hedgeley ,moor1 must not be confounded with the ,percy ,cross at ,otterburn1 erected to commemorate the battle of ,chevy ,chase1 fought on #aith ,august #achh4 ,the latter cross is a simple monolith1 which has a decided entasis1 and is mounted on a pile of masonry1 resembling but roughly a flight of circular steps4 ,the cross in the churchyard of ,blanchland ,abbey1 ,northumberland 7,fig4 #dd71 is an interesting example of ,gothic design applied to a monolith4 ,from the style of its head this cross can scarcely date back any earlier than the late-thirteenth1 or early-fourteenth century4 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,shaft-,,on-,,steps ,,type ,the average form of standing cross1 and such to which the vast majority of them1 not in churchyards only1 but also on village greens and squares1 or by the wayside1 belongs1 is that of the shaft-on-steps type4 ,the fully developed cross of this sort consists of steps or calvary1 socket1 shaft or stem1 capital or knop1 and head4 ,the latter1 it should be remarked1 is that part of the cross which1 no doubt on account of the sacred or legendary significance of the figures sculptured upon it1 is now most commonly absent4 ,the remaining elements consisting of such simple units1 it is truly wonderful how great variety of treatment is to be observed in crosses of the kind4 ,the resources of their design may almost be said to be unlimited4 ,it rarely happens that any two examples are found quite alike in all respects4 ,for though the simplest of motifs be adopted1 yet a minute change of detail1 such as a hollow chamfer instead of a plain1 flat bevel1 or the setting of an angle pedestal diagonally instead of squarely with the side it adjoins1 or some such other slight divergence1 if insignificant in itself1 will not fail to produce1 by consistent repetition1 a widely different result in the aggregate4 ,the parts which lend themselves more appropriately than the rest to ornamental treatment are the socket1 the knop1 and most of all1 the head4 ,the steps1 whether circular1 rectangular1 hexagonal1 or octagonal on plan1 are not made the subject for ornament1 except rarely1 and then it is confined to a moulded overhanging drip1 or a moulded set-off in the angle between the tread and the riser1 as for example1 at ,bishop's ,lydeard 7,fig4 #bj71 ,charlton ,mackerel 7,fig4 #ai71 and ,north ,petherton1 in ,somersetshire 7,fig4 #gg71 and ,raunds1 in ,northamptonshire 7,fig4 #de74 ,raunds cross has two steps1 and the riser of the upper one is enriched with late-,gothic quatrefoil panelling4 ,such treatment1 however1 is altogether exceptional2 and even in this case can scarcely be authentic1 seeing that the quatrefoils are not properly spaced1 as they must have been spaced1 had they been designed for the position they now occupy4 ,illustration3 #de4 ,,raunds1 ,,northamptonshire ,,churchyard ,,cross ,on the other hand1 the stone block or socket1 into which the shaft is mortised 7and furthermore1 as a rule1 secured with lead71 was regarded as a thoroughly appropriate place for ornament4 ,it is most usually square on plan1 and its upper bed made octagonal by means of steps or broaches1 in the shaping of which a very great variety is manifested4 ,the commonest form of step is diamond-pointed1 but there are others which take the shape of a sort of round hump4 ,examples of plain diamond steps occur in the sockets of ,thatcham 7,fig4 #fa7 and ,water ,perry 7,fig4 #d7 crosses4 ,the socket at ,stanway1 ,gloucestershire 7,fig4 #fj71 with its severely geometrical triangles and lozenges1 is of most unusual form4 ,it measures #a ft4 #aj in4 high1 exclusive of the fractured stump of the shaft4 ,convex angle-stops occur at ,carlton 7,fig4 #fc71 ,cumnor 7,fig4 #ei71 ,stringston 7,fig4 #e71 and ,wicken 7,fig4 #fb74 ,the socket of the last-named cross is #b ft4 #f in4 square by #a ft4 #h in4 high4 ,its octagonal shaft is #aa in4 square at the foot1 with pointed stops reaching up to a height of #i in4 ,some of the round stops1 at the corners of sockets1 have a diagonal ridge extending to the outer angle1 as at ,carlton 7,fig4 #fc71 ,stevington 7,fig4 #ag71 and ,stringston 7,fig4 #e74 ,the knop of the last-named1 it may be mentioned1 consisted of four demi-angels1 holding shields1 but their heads have been broken off1 and themselves made almost unrecognisable through defacement4 ,to resume1 the sockets of the crosses at ,elmswell in ,suffolk1 at ,bradford ,abbas and ,stalbridge 7,fig4 #eh71 both in ,dorsetshire1 and of at least a dozen crosses in ,somersetshire1 including ,doulting 7,figs4 #gd1 #ge1 and #gf71 ,evercreech1 ,minehead1 ,north ,petherton 7,fig4 #gg71 ,west ,pennard1 and ,wraxall1 have angle-pedestals on every alternate cant of the octagon4 ,these pedestals may have been designed for statuettes of the four ,evangelists4 ,whatever the subject of the figures1 the effect of the whole group1 with the tall shaft in the middle1 must have been very handsome4 ,at ,dundry 7,fig4 #gh7 and ,wick ,st ,laurence1 both in ,somersetshire1 instead of detached or engaged pedestals1 there are1 at the angles of the square socket1 clasping buttresses with mouldings4 ,the plan of ,dundry1 ,wraxall1 and ,yatton is made extra elaborate and complex by means of a plinth1 forming an eight-pointed figure1 inserted between the socket and the topmost step of the calvary4 ,at ,headington 7,figs4 #fi and #gj71 ,ombersley 7,figs4 #ff1 #fg1 and #fh71 ,raglan 7,fig4 #ga71 and ,wicken 7,fig4 #fb71 the sockets are handsomely panelled with late-,gothic tracery ornament1 principally quatrefoils4 ,the sockets of ,doulting 7,figs4 #gd1 #ge1 and #gf7 and ,west ,pennard crosses1 in ,somersetshire1 have emblems of the ,passion carved on the sides2 that at ,charlton ,mackerel 7,fig4 #ai7 has the ,evangelistic symbols in the same position4 ,more rarely1 as at ,bishop's ,lydeard 7,fig4 #bj7 and ,long ,sutton1 both also in ,somersetshire1 and at ,rampisham and ,stalbridge 7,fig4 #eh71 both in ,dorsetshire1 and ,yarnton1 ,oxfordshire 7,figs4 #ea and #eb71 the panels of the socket contain sculptured figure-subjects4 ,an octagonal socket at ,westcote1 ,gloucestershire1 has a standing figure under a trefoiled niche on each side4 ,this is an early example1 since its date is the thirteenth century4 ,at ,didmarton1 in the same county1 is a fourteenth-century socket1 octagonal on plan1 having a half-length figure sculptured on every alternate side4 ,the churchyard cross at ,dorchester1 ,oxfordshire 7,fig4 #fe71 had lost its original head by the time that ,buckler made his sketch in #ahac4 ,according to him1 the lower step was #f in4 high1 and the next one above it #aj in4 high4 ,the socket was #a ft4 #g in4 square on plan1 by #a ft4 #f in4 high2 the shaft being a monolith #h ft4 #f in4 high from socket to head4 ,as to the socket1 the transition from square to octagon1 by means of stops1 is very effective4 ,the cross has since suffered drastic restoration4 ,the treatment of the stops on the socket may be compared with that at ,keyingham1 ,yorkshire 7,fig4 #fd71 and ,headington1 ,oxfordshire 7,fig4 #fi74 ,the ,whitefriars' cross 7,figs4 #gb and #gc71 so-called1 about a mile from ,hereford1 is believed to have been built1 shortly after the great plague at ,hereford in the fourteenth century1 by ,lewis ,charlton1 ,bishop from #acfa to #acfi4 ,on the summit of a lofty flight of seven steps rises a high pedestal1 hexagonal on plan1 each side of which has a sunk panel1 sculptured with a shield charged with a lion rampant4 ,the cornice is embattled1 and the whole was crowned with a moulded socket4 ,such was the state of the monument in #ahjf1 the shaft and cross-head having completely disappeared1 thereby reducing the total height to some #ae ft4 ,a new shaft and cross1 disproportionately large1 were restored by the year #ahge4 ,the peculiar feature of this cross is the lofty pedestal1 which scarcely has any parallel1 with the exception of the crosses of ,helpston1 in ,northamptonshire1 and of ,aylburton and ,clearwell1 both in ,gloucestershire4 ,as to the shaft1 whether it be cylindrical1 clustered1 square1 or octagonal1 it usually tapers1 but is very seldom ornamented1 beyond having a stop near the foot of each alternate cant in an octagonal stem4 ,a few crosses may now be described1 illustrating different treatments of the shaft4 ,the cross in the churchyard at ,rocester1 ,staffordshire 7,figs4 #dg and #dh71 has three steps1 each #f in4 high4 ,the socket is #b ft4 #d in4 high1 and the tapering stem1 which is #a ft4 square over all at the bottom1 is #aa ft4 #i in4 high1 exclusive of the capital4 ,the stem1 in the form of four keel-moulded shafts1 with a vertical strip of dog-tooth ornament between them1 must be of early date1 possibly as early as #abcj4 ,the socket of the ,great ,grimsby churchyard cross 7,fig4 #di7 may be earlier still1 although the stem or shaft itself might be somewhat later1 perhaps about the middle of the thirteenth century4 ,on plan the stem consists of four engaged shafts1 each with a keel-mould on its outermost projection4 ,the step is #c ft4 #h in4 square by #i in4 high4 ,next is a socket1 #b ft4 #g in4 square on plan1 consisting of two stages1 the lower having a trefoiled arcade on each of its four sides1 the upper one octagonal1 with mouldings4 ,the shaft is #f ft4 #b in4 high1 including the capital4 ,the total height is #aj ft4 #c in4 ,the village cross at ,harringworth1 ,northamptonshire1 has1 not unlike the last example1 a shaft composed of a cluster of eight engaged columns4 ,it is apparently of late thirteenth-century date4 ,two ,oxfordshire examples1 both of about the same date1 #abij1 viz41 the churchyard cross at ,yarnton 7,figs4 #ea and #eb7 and the market cross at ,eynsham 7,fig4 #ej71 are adorned with sculpture1 notably with canopied figures in low relief surrounding the foot of the shaft4 ,both shafts are much weather-worn1 and that of ,yarnton has lost its upper half1 but the design of the two crosses appears to have been very similar4 ,yarnton cross stands upon two circular steps1 the lower one of which has a diameter of about #f ft4 #i in4 or #g ft4 ,the socket has a circular plinth cut out of the same block of stone1 and is on plan a quatrefoil of four circles1 with the corners of a smaller square occupying the inner angles4 ,the moulded capping is also cut in the same block4 ,on each of the four semicircular faces is a niche incised with a figure in armour1 kneeling1 except on the eastern face1 which exhibits a figure reclining somewhat in the familiar ,dying ,gaul attitude4 ,the figure on the south face has a shield on the left arm4 ,the bottom of the shaft is square on plan1 with beaded angles1 while the other part is on plan a circle1 surrounded by four smaller engaged circles1 or segments of circles4 ,the figures round the shaft are four saints1 now too much worn to be identified1 under steep gables1 with crockets4 ,the cross at ,eynsham differs from that at ,yarnton more in the socket than in any other part4 ,the ,eynsham socket is a square block1 with a figure sculptured at each angle1 and gabled panels between4 ,the upper part of the shaft is complete1 and shows what must have been the form of the portion now wanting from ,yarnton cross4 ,another instance of an ornamented shaft is that of ,mitchel ,troy 7,fig4 #eg74 ,there the stem1 a monolith of reddish sandstone1 about #a ft4 by #h in4 on plan at the foot1 tapers to about half the above dimensions at the point where it is broken off1 at a height of about #aa ft4 ,the angles are chamfered1 and the chamfers are ornamented with ball-flowers alternating with shields1 sixteen ball-flowers on each chamfer4 ,the date of this cross is the fourteenth century4 ,two ,northamptonshire crosses1 those of ,higham ,ferrers 7c4 #acbj7 and ,irthlingborough 7c4 #abhj7 respectively 7,figs4 #ee and #ef71 are ornamented with sculptured decorations throughout the whole height of the shaft4 ,at ,ashton-under-,hill1 ,gloucestershire1 the face of the shaft of the cross1 about a third of the distance up from the bottom1 is ornamented with a scutcheon4 ,a certain number of ,somersetshire crosses has a figure under a niche on one side of the shaft4 ,in cases where1 as at ,burton ,st ,david1 ,broadway1 ,holford1 ,montacute1 and ,wiveliscombe1 the niche and figure are sunk into the body of the monolith itself1 there can scarcely be any objection to the device4 ,but where1 on the contrary1 the statue1 set on a bracket1 stands prominently forward beyond the face of the shaft1 the effect is anything but happy4 ,for then the shaft looks so weighted down in one direction as almost to overbalance4 ,the crosses at ,bishop's ,lydeard 7,fig4 #bj7 and ,crowcombe 7,fig4 #aah7 are particularly exaggerated instances in point2 others only less marked being the crosses at ,drayton 7,fig4 #ed71 ,fitzhead1 ,heathfield1 ,hinton ,st ,george1 and ,horsington 7,fig4 #ec74 ,but this peculiarity is not confined to ,somersetshire4 ,thus1 at ,stalbridge1 ,dorsetshire 7,fig4 #eh71 a conspicuous statue and niche occur on one side of the shaft1 while at ,bradford ,abbas1 in the same county1 the churchyard cross1 though much decayed1 affords unmistakable traces of having had a statue sculptured on each of the four sides of the shaft4 ,a similar arrangement is to be found in ,langley ,abbey cross1 ,norfolk4 ,illustration3 #df4 ,,rothersthorp1 ,,northamptonshire ,,head ,,of ,,cross ,the knop1 though richly sculptured1 is rarely the pronounced and distinctive feature that it is at ,maughold 7,figs4 #hf1 #hg71 ,st ,donat's 7,figs4 #ajh1 #aji71 and ,sherburn-in-,elmet 7,fig4 #aac71 or in the so-called ,ravenspurne cross1 a monument now standing at ,hedon1 ,yorkshire 7,fig4 #gi74 ,the chamfers of its shaft have traces of figures about midway1 and the head is large and imposing1 but too ill-defined for the subject to be identified4 ,it has1 however1 been described as having curious sculptured emblems of our ,lord and the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary4 ,the cross is said to have been erected to commemorate the landing of ,henry ,,iv4 in #acii at ,ravenspur1 near ,spurn ,head1 in the ,east ,riding4 ,edward ,,iv4 also landed there in #adga4 ,ravenspur was a well-known seaport in former times1 but its site is now completely submerged4 ,the cross stood on the seashore at ,kilnsea until #ahah1 when it was removed further inland1 for safety from the encroaching sea4 ,it was eventually set up in the town of ,hedon4 ,usually the knop is reduced to a mere bead1 or at any rate is nothing more prominent than the expanding cove beneath the actual head1 as at ,ampney ,crucis1 ,derwen1 and in the two crosses at ,cricklade4 ,a factor of immense importance in preserving the organic coherence between shaft and head 7wherever the latter takes the form of a cross7 is that the lines of the shaft below the knop and of the lower limb of the cross above the knop1 should be absolutely continuous1 as though passing through1 but not interrupted by1 the knop4 ,this requisite is satisfactorily exemplified by two very fine ,lincolnshire specimens1 viz41 the well proportioned cross at ,somersby 7,fig4 #ha71 and one1 now at ,keyingham1 ,yorkshire 7,fig4 #hj71 known1 from the name of him who set it up there1 as the ,owst cross1 since the exact place from which it originally came in ,lincolnshire has not been recorded4 ,in both these instances1 the handsome knop1 moulded and embattled1 is but a surrounding band or ring1 which occasions no sort of break in the composition1 nor interferes at all with the even trend of its upward lines4 ,at ,somersby the motif of the crenellated knop is admirably followed up in the battlements of the gabled roof over the head of the crucifix4 ,the shaft is octagonal1 and the cross stands altogether #ae ft4 high4 ,the crown and glory of the cross is the head1 and it was upon this that the choicest art of the sculptor was lavished2 and it is instructive to trace the development from the rudimentary crudities of the thirteenth to the perfect maturity of the late-fifteenth century4 ,in pulling down an old barn in the village of ,rothersthorp1 ,northamptonshire1 in #ahfi1 there was found the head of a cross 7,fig4 #df71 which was placed in the parish church in about #ahij4 ,the stone is #b ft4 #i in4 high by #a ft4 #c in4 wide4 ,the crucifix1 which is surrounded by a ring1 springs from a mass of thirteenth-century foliage1 the capital beneath being surrounded with a belt of foliage of similar kind4 ,at ,halesowen1 ,worcestershire 7,fig4 #hb71 in or about #aiae1 there was found1 built into the walls of a cottage1 the sculptured head of a cross1 which may date as far back as #acjj to #acbj4 ,it is of red sandstone1 and much weatherworn1 besides the deliberate defacement which it has undergone4 ,on plan it is an oblong square1 #aj in4 by #f in41 the extreme height being #a ft4 #g in4 ,on one side is a crucifixion without attendant figures2 and1 on the opposite side1 the ,blessed ,virgin enthroned1 holding her ,divine ,son on one arm and an apple in the other hand4 ,the ends of the cross-head contain unidentified figures1 one a female saint1 conjectured to be ,st ,agatha1 the other an ecclesiastic1 vested in amice and chasuble1 and holding his crosier in his left hand4 ,that which he wears on his head is broken1 but it looks more like a tiara than a mitre4 ,this cross-head is a peculiarly interesting example1 not only because of its early date1 but also because its existence is hardly known4 ,the cross-head found among the ruins of ,croxden ,abbey1 ,staffordshire 7,fig4 #hh71 and sketched by ,buckler in the first half of the nineteenth century1 is of a somewhat unusual type for its purpose1 with handsome crocketing4 ,the ,christ has the feet crossed and fastened with a single nail in the newer fashion1 though the arms are1 in the ancient mode1 perfectly horizontal4 ,the work dates probably from the closing years of the fourteenth century4 ,how widely individual treatment might vary within a comparatively short space of time is illustrated by the fragments of the cross-head1 found built into the east gable of ,north ,hinksey church1 in ,berkshire1 near ,oxford 7,figs4 #hc1 #hd1 and #he74 ,the cross is of rich floriation1 overlaid upon which is a perfectly plain narrow cross1 bearing the image of the ,crucified1 ,whose feet are crossed1 as at ,croxden2 while1 on the contrary1 the arms and hands are dragged upward in the fashion that prevailed at a much later period4 ,this cross-head belongs to about the middle of the fourteenth century4 ,the shaft and steps still stand in the churchyard1 to the south of the chancel4 ,the shaft is fractured at a height of #h ft4 #i in4 from the socket2 the total height1 including socket and steps1 is #ac ft4 #h in4 ,at ,bleadon1 ,somersetshire1 a few years ago1 wrote ,c4 ,pooley in #ahgg1 during the restoration of the church1 in removing the plaster1 there was found embedded in a recess in the east wall of the porch1 the sculptured stone head of a cross of the time of ,edward ,,iii4 7,fig4 #hi74 ,the side exposed1 the reverse1 portrays the ,blessed ,virgin and ,child between two donors1 a man and woman1 kneeling4 ,the remarkable feature of this cross-head is the gilding and polychrome decoration1 of which considerable traces had survived4 ,the crucifix1 on the obverse1 being turned inward to the wall1 is hidden from view2 but1 since this particular cross belongs to the same group as those1 for example1 of ,stoke-sub-,hamdon1 ,stringston1 and ,wedmore1 in the same county1 in which the upper part of the figure-sculpture is pierced through from front to back1 the arms and upper limb of the cross remain clearly visible from the reverse side4 ,in the churchyard of ,newmarket1 ,flintshire 7,figs4 #ij1 #ia71 stands a remarkable cross1 with octagonal socket and shaft1 both having diamond-pointed stops4 ,the shaft is #f ft4 #e in4 high1 and surmounted with a massive capital or knop4 ,the head is tabernacled on all four faces1 but its end niches are empty4 ,the niches of the obverse and reverse have each a crucifixion1 the one unaccompanied1 the other between ,mary and ,john4 ,this curious anomaly of a double yet divergent representation in one and the same cross-head occurs also at ,mitton1 ,yorkshire4 ,the cross-head at ,newmarket measures #c ft4 #f in4 wide at its widest1 by #a ft4 #f in4 from front to back4 ,the date of the work is about the middle of the fourteenth century4 ,at ,maughold1 ,isle of ,man 7,figs4 #hf1 #hg71 just outside the churchyard gate1 and at a distance of about #ij ft4 from the north-west angle of the church1 stands a cross of very remarkable design1 quite unlike the distinctive ,manxland type4 ,it is1 in fact1 of middle-,gothic1 belonging1 to all appearance1 with its blunt cusps and its turgid crockets and finial1 to the approximate period of #accj to #acdj4 ,some authorities1 however1 assign it to a date some hundred years or more later4 ,the head and knop are in two pieces1 which1 being of ,st ,bees sandstone1 a material foreign to the island1 must have been imported thither1 perhaps already carved complete1 ready for fixing4 ,the knop is square1 measuring #ad in4 every way4 ,the head is #b ft4 #g in4 high1 by #ah in4 wide at the widest part1 by #h in4 thick4 ,both head and shaft are tenoned into the knop4 ,the shaft1 #e ft4 #a in4 high1 is octagonal throughout the greatest extent of its length1 but the alternate sides have stops1 so that the shaft is actually square on plan at top and bottom4 ,the head is of most unusual shape1 the principal panel on either side presenting a sort of rough resemblance to a pointed spade2 and containing1 on the west1 a ,madonna and ,child1 and1 on the east1 a crucifixion1 with the arms spread out quite horizontally1 after the manner of earlier tradition4 ,on the knop1 under the crucifix1 is a heater-shaped shield1 bearing1 alone of the six shields in the composition1 a heraldic charge1 viz41 the ,three ,legs of ,man 7only reversed71 with huge rowels to the spurs4 ,the shield on the knop beneath the ,madonna has a rose encircled by a ring1 which has a bezel in the form of a cross4 ,the north side has1 at the top1 a shield with a double rose4 ,lower down1 on the same edge of the head1 are rude representations of oak leaves1 pointing downward2 and below1 on the knop1 is a shield with a chalice1 which has the invected foot with points1 characteristic of the fourteenth century4 ,the shield at the top of the south edge is per fess1 a bud or flower with two wavy leaves on either hand2 while underneath are three oak leaves on the shield itself1 and one below the shield4 ,beneath the last-named leaf is a sunk panel with the representation of a warrior on his knees 7no doubt the donor71 turning1 with hands upraised1 toward the ,madonna in the adjoining panel4 ,on the knop1 below the kneeling figure1 is a shield with an unidentified charge1 a square object entirely composed of vertical flutings1 above an oak leaf4 ,the top surface of the head is almost flat1 and appears to have borne a capstone1 the dowel holes for attaching which yet remain4 ,the shaft is let into a plain square socket4 ,the cross1 though weathered1 is in wonderful preservation1 and is now protected by an iron railing4 ,it is not known ever to have stood on any other than the present site4 ,at ,wheston1 a hamlet in ,tideswell1 ,derbyshire1 is a roadside cross of stone1 of the late-fourteenth century1 with octagonal1 tapering shaft1 culminating in a cusped rood1 the uppermost limb of which is appreciably shorter than the arms 7,figs4 #ib1 #ic74 ,on the obverse is a crucifix with the arms horizontally outstretched4 ,the figure is bared to the waist1 but the remainder of the body downwards is missing4 ,on the reverse is a ,virgin and ,child1 a ,gothic rosette being sculptured near the end of each limb of the cross4 ,the figure-sculpture is coarse and primitive4 ,the shaft is mounted on four steps1 the topmost one of which forms the socket1 and1 by means of diamond stops1 assumes an octagonal plan4 ,the cross in the churchyard at ,lanteglos juxta ,fowey1 ,cornwall 7,figs4 #id1 #ie71 was discovered1 about the year #ahej1 buried deeply in the trench which runs round the wall of the church4 ,after having lain prostrate for two or three years more1 it was at last raised and placed erect1 with a disused millstone for base1 near the church porch4 ,it is of granite1 encrusted with lichen4 ,the shaft1 #h ft4 high1 is octagonal1 and tapers slightly from #ad in4 at greatest width across the bottom2 the four alternate sides being sculptured with sunk panelling1 wheels1 and rosettes of ,gothic character4 ,the head1 about #b ft4 high1 is an oblong square on plan4 ,the widest sides have double canopies1 with the ,crucifixion1 unattended1 on the north1 and the ,blessed ,virgin and ,child on the south4 ,the ends1 being narrower1 have each a single canopy1 enshrining an unidentified figure4 ,mr ,j4 ,t4 ,blight supposed them to represent ,saints ,peter and ,paul2 but ,mr ,f4 ,t4 ,s4 ,houghton believes that one of the two is meant for ,st ,tecla4 ,so far as one may venture to judge from the extremely rude and unskilled figure-sculpture1 the work seems to be of the late-fourteenth century4 ,the above cross is typical of a certain number of ,cornish crosses belonging to the matured medival period1 in which the head is set direct on to the shaft1 without intervening neck1 or knop4 ,besides this feature there should be noted another characteristic in the crosses1 for instance1 at ,callington1 ,st ,ives 7,fig4 #if71 and ,mawgan-in-,pyder 7,figs4 #ajf1 #ajg71 to wit their disproportionately thick and sturdy stem1 as contrasted with the moderate size of the head4 ,at ,st ,ives the cross-head was unearthed in the churchyard in #ahcb1 and re-erected on a new base in #aheb4 ,the height of the cross1 as now standing1 is #aj ft4 #f in4 ,the reverse of the sculptured head portrays the ,madonna and ,child1 with a kneeling figure1 most likely meant for the donor4 ,the obverse is remarkable because the ,crucifixion is introduced not1 so to speak1 per se1 but rather incidentally1 as constituting part of the ,holy ,trinity group4 ,the crucified ,son1 then1 is placed between the knees of the ,eternal ,father1 ,whose hands upraised on either side1 the right in benediction1 may be observed above the arms of the crucifix4 ,all and any representations of this nature1 depicting the ,trinity1 were peculiarly obnoxious to the reformers1 and are yet commonly objected to as being anthropomorphic4 ,similar representations of the ,trinity occur on one side of the cross-head1 with the ,crucifixion on the other side1 at ,cogenhoe1 in ,northamptonshire1 and ,pocklington1 in the ,east ,riding of ,yorkshire 7,figs4 #aad1 #aae74 ,there is also a ,trinity in the head of the cross at ,henley-in-,arden1 ,warwickshire4 ,the same subject again is sculptured in the head of another ,cornish cross1 that in ,mawgan-in-,pyder churchyard 7,figs4 #ajf1 #ajg74 ,it is made of ,catacluse stone1 and is a late-,gothic example1 with very rich tabernacle-work in the head4 ,in fact1 it was singled out by the late ,j4 ,t4 ,blight as the most elaborate specimen of the kind in ,cornwall4 ,on the opposite side to the ,trinity is a subject of uncertain identity1 most likely the ,annunciation4 ,a single figure1 vested in pontificals1 occupies either end of the head4 ,the shaft is hexagonal1 with diamond-pointed stops1 now much overgrown and practically hidden from view4 ,it stands #e ft4 #b in4 high4 ,at ,ampney ,crucis1 ,gloucestershire 7,figs4 #ig1 #ih1 #ii71 the churchyard cross was overthrown at some unknown period4 ,in ,january #ahed the head of it was discovered1 built up amid a heap of rubbish in the cavity of the rood-staircase4 ,taken thence1 it was reinstated in its proper place in the churchyard about #ahfj4 ,there are two stone steps1 which measure respectively #g ft4 #f in4 and #e ft4 square1 and an octagonal socket4 ,the shaft is square on plan1 changing1 by means of stops1 into an octagon4 ,the stops1 however1 instead of terminating in diamond-points1 or otherwise dying away into the chamfer1 are crowned with engaged pinnacles1 extending some way up the canted sides1 a most unusual and charming device4 ,it is a misfortune that the effect of this fine cross is spoilt by the faulty1 modern treatment of the upper portion of the stem1 which1 being made too short1 is obliged to contract much too abruptly to the junction with the head4 ,instead of tapering truly1 with a series of straight lines converging gradually upward1 the shaft is pared away in a concave outline1 which results in very serious disfigurement4 ,the total height is only about #aj ft4 ,the head is in excellent preservation1 and1 though not elaborate1 an exceedingly beautiful specimen4 ,it is an oblong square on plan1 and thus has two wide sides 7occupied respectively by the ,blessed ,virgin and ,child1 and by the ,crucifixion between ,mary and ,john7 and two narrow ends 7one occupied by an unidentified ecclesiastic1 the other by an unidentified warrior74 ,the canopies are severely plain1 being no more than cusped trefoils2 while the top is coped in the shape of a gabled roof4 ,the work is of the latter part of the fourteenth century4 ,two interesting ,herefordshire examples1 brought to light a few years ago1 have been reinstalled under the auspices of the ,society for the ,protection of ,ancient ,buildings 7as recorded in the ,committee's ,report1 dated ,june #aiaf74 ,these two crosses1 which are at ,madley 7,figs4 #aja1 #ajb7 and ,tyberton 7,figs4 #ajj1 #ajc71 respectively1 bear a striking resemblance to one another4 ,the heads of both are gabled1 with a crucifixion on the obverse1 and on the reverse a ,virgin1 crowned and throned1 with her ,child standing1 fully draped1 on her knee4 ,the ,tyberton cross-head is by far the more perfect of the two4 ,it had been misused as a finial1 or hip-knob1 at the end of the brick church4 ,the head of the ,madley cross is so badly defaced that the figure of the ,madonna is all but obliterated4 ,this cross-head was found among the effects of a private gentleman1 ,mr ,robert ,clarke1 of ,hereford1 after whose death it was restored to the very complete base and shaft1 which stand in the churchyard4 ,the shafts of both crosses 7monoliths1 evidently from the same quarry7 stand complete4 ,they are of octagonal section1 with long pointed stops on the four alternate sides1 so that the foot of the shaft is square on plan4 ,the chamfer-stops of the two crosses differ slightly4 ,both shafts had a similar moulded knop at their junction with the head4 ,the ,madley cross-head is executed in a coarse1 soft sandstone1 which has suffered much from disintegration4 ,but the ,tyberton head owes its better preservation not a little to the fact that it is executed in stone of more durable quality4 ,both these crosses seem to be of approximately the same date1 viz41 the late-fourteenth or early-fifteenth century4 ,in the courtyard of the castle1 ,st ,michael's ,mount1 ,cornwall1 is a fifteenth-century cross 7,figs4 #ajd and #aje74 ,the head is an oblong square on plan1 measuring #a ft4 #d in4 by #a ft41 by about #c ft4 #c in4 high to the top of the pinnacles at the angles4 ,on one side is a seated ,madonna and ,child2 on the other a crucifix between ,mary and ,john4 ,at one end is a male figure wearing a cap and civilian gown2 at the other a crowned figure holding what appears to be a sword4 ,the knop is octagonal and moulded1 with ,gothic square pateras round the neck1 just above the junction with the octagonal shaft4 ,at ,derwen1 in ,denbighshire1 there stands1 immediately opposite to the south porch of the nave1 a churchyard cross1 which is not only the most perfect one in the district1 but also one of the finest in the ,principality 7,figs4 #aaj1 #aaa1 and #aab74 ,unfortunately1 its effect is marred by the fact that the shaft leans much out of the perpendicular1 towards the east4 ,there are two oblong steps4 ,the lower portion of the basement1 writes the ,rev4 ,elias ,owen1 in #ahhf1 has only some of its stones remaining in position4 ,it measures #g ft4 #d in4 by #h ft4 #c in4 ,in height the step is #h in41 in breadth #a ft4 ,the second part measures #f ft4 #a in4 by #e ft4 #f in4 ,in height the step is #aj in41 in breadth #a ft4 #d in4 ,the stones forming these steps are large4 ,the socket1 or pedestal1 is a ponderous stone1 #b ft4 #i in4 square at the base1 and #b ft4 #d in4 high4 ,the upper bed is brought to an octagon by broaches of convex outline1 and the upper edge is slightly canted4 ,the shaft1 which is mortised into the pedestal1 is #ac in4 square at the base1 but by sculptured heads1 which serve as broaches1 or stops to the chamfering1 it becomes octagonal4 ,the chamfers are enriched with sculptures in relief1 equidistant from one another1 representing angels1 human heads1 and foliage2 and1 at the top1 oak leaves underneath the bead moulding4 ,heads and quatrefoils ornament the cove which forms the neck of the shaft4 ,the height of the latter is #f ft4 #a in42 and the total height of the cross1 including the steps1 is #ac ft4 #a in4 ,originally1 when complete1 it was higher still1 but the top of the head1 which now measures #b ft4 #aj in4 high1 has vanished4 ,the result is a somewhat blunted and ungainly appearance4 ,the head is oblong on plan1 its four faces sculptured like tabernacled niches1 enshrining sculpture4 ,the east and west faces1 #a ft4 #i in4 wide each1 have double canopies1 while the ends1 being no more than #a ft4 #a in4 wide1 have each a single canopy4 ,the subjects1 though much worn1 can be identified as follows3 ,north face1 the ,blessed ,virgin1 with her ,child on her left arm2 south face1 ,st ,michael1 treading on the dragon1 and weighing souls in a pair of scales2 east face1 the ,coronation of the ,blessed ,virgin1 with two kneeling donors1 the ,dove at the top of the group sadly mutilated2 west face1 the ,crucifixion1 flanked by ,mary and ,john4 ,much of the ornamental detail suggests late-fourteenth century work1 but it is tolerably certain that it is not earlier than the second half of the fifteenth century4 ,to south of the church1 in the churchyard of ,st ,donat's1 ,glamorganshire1 stands a cross admirable in preservation as it is also in its proportions and detail 7,figs4 #ajh1 #aji74 ,if there is a fault to be found in it1 the arms of the ,christ are dragged upward in too oblique a position4 ,the canopy-work is superb1 and1 regarding the structure as a whole1 it must be pronounced an exquisite and refined specimen of the very perfection of ,gothic design4 ,its date is the end of the fifteenth century4 ,in the south aisle of ,sherburn-in-,elmet church1 ,yorkshire1 may be seen what looks like a pair of churchyard cross-heads 7,fig4 #aac7 of identical design1 viz41 a crucifixion between ,mary and ,john1 under a crocketed gable1 the extremities of the cross ornamented with emblems of the ,passion1 and the interspaces filled with exquisite late-,gothic pierced tracery4 ,the history of these two sculptures is a strange one4 ,the head of the cross had been cast down and buried at some unknown date in the past4 ,but it was dug up in the latter part of the nineteenth century amid the ruins of a small chantry chapel in the corner of the churchyard4 ,the owners of the chantry disputed the possession of the cross-head with the churchwardens2 and1 incredible as it may seem1 the dispute was settled to the satisfaction of both parties by a method which recalls the judgment of ,solomon4 ,the head of the cross being1 ,janus-like1 of identical design on both sides1 was sawn asunder down through the middle1 so that each of the rival claimants received a similar sculptured ornament4 ,one section was then erected against the wall of a chapel on the east side of the church porch at ,sherburn1 while the other section was built into a stable wall at a farm house called ,steeton ,hall4 ,since #ahhg1 however1 the two sundered halves1 though not yet attached together as they ought to be1 have been set up close to one another in ,sherburn church1 a puzzle to all who are unacquainted with their story4 ,it should be added that the cross-head rises out of a richly-moulded knop1 below which1 though the shaft is wanting1 enough remains to show that the original stem of the cross was octagonal4 ,in the basement of the west tower of ,pocklington church1 ,yorkshire1 is a beautiful late-,gothic cross-head 7,figs4 #aad1 #aae71 fitted on to a modern stem and base4 ,on the obverse is sculptured the ,crucifixion between ,mary and ,john2 on the reverse is the ,trinity1 while a single figure occupies either end4 ,beneath is the inscription3 ,orate pro aia1 ,iohis ,soteby4 ,at ,cricklade1 ,wiltshire1 are two crosses of the fifteenth century1 one in ,st ,mary's 7,fig4 #aaf71 the other in ,st ,sampson's churchyard 7,fig4 #aag74 ,the latter example1 however1 was not originally in the churchyard1 but stood1 at least down to #ahjg1 as the market or town cross4 ,both these crosses must1 as built1 have closely resembled one another1 but that at ,st ,mary's is now much the more complete of the two4 ,it stands on steps4 ,the head is lantern-shaped1 an oblong on plan1 the overhang being corbelled forward by means of a demi-angel at each angle4 ,the tabernacling is rich1 and the figure-sculpture within it almost intact1 though weather-beaten4 ,the subject on the west is the ,crucifixion between ,mary and ,john2 on the south1 the ,assumption2 on the north1 a bishop2 and on the east1 a queen with a knight4 ,the cross now at ,st ,sampson's has no steps1 but the socket is handsomely panelled with sunk quatrefoils round its sides4 ,all the figure-sculpture from the lantern head1 which was formerly corbelled on angels1 like the other1 has been missing at least from #ahjf onwards1 if not earlier4 ,illustration #dg43 ,,rocester1 ,,staffordshire ,,churchyard ,,cross1 ,,plan ,,and ,,sections ,the village crosses of ,crowcombe 7,fig4 #aah71 ,bedale 7,fig4 #aai71 ,bonsall 7,fig4 #abj71 ,repton 7,fig4 #abc71 ,brigstock 7,fig4 #abb71 and ,child's ,wickham 7,fig4 #g71 especially those which stand on high flights of steps adapted to the fall of the ground1 all illustrate how charmingly such structures group in with their surroundings1 and how great an ornament they contribute to the village landscape1 even though they may have been robbed of their original head4 ,the cross at ,brigstock is comparatively intact4 ,it bears the royal arms 7quarterly ,france modern and ,england71 and the initials ,e4,r41 with the date #aehf4 ,the cross at ,child's ,wickham dates from the fifteenth century4 ,it is1 unfortunately1 disfigured by an eighteenth-century urn in place of the medival cross-head4 ,in many cases the original heads have been replaced by square blocks with sundials4 ,at ,steeple ,ashton 7,fig4 #aba71 however1 the classic column and sundial-block and globe are no doubt all of one date1 the late-seventeenth1 or the eighteenth century4 ,illustration3 #dh4 ,,rocester1 ,,staffordshire ,,churchyard ,,cross ,illustration3 #di4 ,,great ,,grimsby1 ,,lincolnshire ,,churchyard ,,cross ,illustration3 #ej4 ,,eynsham1 ,,oxfordshire ,,market ,,cross ,illustration3 #ea1 #eb4 ,,yarnton1 ,,oxfordshire ,,churchyard ,,cross1 ,,with ,,details ,,and ,,plan ,illustration3 #ec4 ,,horsington1 ,,somersetshire ,,roadside ,,cross ,illustration3 #ed4 ,,drayton1 ,,somersetshire ,,churchyard ,,cross ,illustration3 #ee4 ,,higham ,,ferrers1 ,,northamptonshire ,,churchyard ,,cross ,illustration3 #ef4 ,,irthlingborough1 ,,northamptonshire ,,market ,,cross ,illustration3 #eg4 ,,mitchel ,,troy1 ,,monmouthshire ,,churchyard ,,cross ,illustration3 #eh4 ,,stalbridge1 ,,dorsetshire ,,market ,,cross ,illustration3 #ei4 ,,cumnor1 ,,berkshire ,,remains ,,of ,,churchyard ,,cross ,illustration3 #fj4 ,,stanway1 ,,gloucestershire ,,socket ,,of ,,cross ,illustration3 #fa4 ,,thatcham1 ,,berkshire ,,remains ,,of ,,cross ,,in ,,the ,,street ,illustration3 #fb4 ,,wicken1 ,,cambridgeshire ,,socket1 ,,and ,,foot ,,of ,,shaft ,illustration3 #fc4 ,,carlton1 ,,bedfordshire ,,socket1 ,,and ,,fragment ,,of ,,the ,,shaft1 ,,of ,,the ,,churchyard ,,cross ,illustration3 ,elevation of the ,base ,plan4 #fd4 ,,keyingham1 ,e4,r4 ,,yorkshire ,,socket ,,and ,,steps ,illustration3 #fe4 ,,dorchester1 ,,oxfordshire ,,churchyard ,,cross1 ,,before ,,restoration ,illustration3 #ff1 #fg1 #fh4 ,,ombersley1 ,,worcestershire ,,churchyard ,,cross1 ,,with ,,detail ,,of ,,socket1 ,,and ,,also ,,the ,,plan ,illustration3 #fi1 #gj4 ,,headington1 ,,oxfordshire ,,churchyard ,,cross1 ,,before ,,and ,,after ,,restoration ,illustration3 #ga4 ,,raglan1 ,,monmouthshire ,,base ,,of ,,churchyard ,,cross ,illustration3 #gb4 ,,hereford ,,whitefriars' ,,cross1 ,,before ,,restoration ,illustration3 #gc4 ,,hereford ,,whitefriars' ,,cross1 ,,after ,,restoration ,illustration3 #gd1 #ge1 #gf4 ,,doulting1 ,,somersetshire ,,socket ,,of ,,churchyard ,,cross ,illustration3 #gg4 ,,north ,,petherton1 ,,somersetshire ,,churchyard ,,cross ,illustration3 #gh4 ,,dundry1 ,,somersetshire ,,churchyard ,,cross ,illustration3 #gi4 ,,hedon1 ,e4,r4 ,,yorkshire ,,the ,,ravenspurne ,,cross ,illustration3 #hj4 ,,keyingham1 ,e4,r4 ,,yorkshire ,,old ,,cross ,,from ,,lincolnshire1 ,,re-,,erected ,,by ,,the ,,late ,,mr ,,owst ,,upon ,,his ,,private ,,ground ,,at ,,keyingham ,illustration3 #ha4 ,,somersby1 ,,lincolnshire ,,churchyard ,,cross ,illustration3 #hb4 ,,halesowen1 ,,worcestershire ,,remains ,,of ,,cross-,,head1 ,,showing ,,all ,,four ,,sides ,illustration3 #hc4 ,,remains ,,of ,,cross-,,head ,illustration3 #hc1 #hd1 #he4 ,,north ,,hinksey1 ,,berkshire ,,churchyard ,,cross1 ,,in ,,perspective ,,and ,,elevation ,illustration3 #hf1 #hg4 ,,maughold1 ,,isle ,,of ,,man ,,the ,,village ,,cross1 ,,from ,,two ,,points ,,of ,,view ,illustration3 #hh4 ,,croxden1 ,,staffordshire ,,cross ,,head ,,from ,,the ,,abbey ,,ruins ,illustration3 #hi4 ,,bleadon1 ,,somersetshire ,,head ,,of ,,cross ,illustration3 #ij1 #ia4 ,,newmarket1 ,,flintshire ,,head ,,of ,,churchyard ,,cross ,illustration3 #ib1 #ic4 ,,wheston1 ,,tideswell1 ,,derbyshire ,,roadside ,,cross1 ,,showing ,,front ,,and ,,back ,illustration3 #id1 #ie4 ,,lanteglos ,,juxta ,,fowey1 ,,cornwall ,,cross ,,in ,,the ,,churchyard ,illustration3 #if4 ,,st ,,ives1 ,,cornwall ,,churchyard ,,cross ,illustration3 #ig1 #ih1 #ii4 ,,ampney ,,crucis1 ,,gloucestershire ,,churchyard ,,cross1 ,,with ,,details ,,of ,,head ,illustration3 #ajj4 ,,tyberton1 ,,herefordshire ,,churchyard ,,cross ,illustration3 #aja4 ,,madley1 ,,herefordshire ,,churchyard ,,cross ,illustration3 #ajb43 ,,madley ,,head ,,of ,,churchyard ,,cross ,illustration3 #ajc4 ,,tyberton ,,reverse ,,of ,,head ,,of ,,churchyard ,,cross ,illustration3 #ajd1 #aje4 ,,st ,,michael',s ,,mount1 ,,cornwall ,,head ,,of ,,cross ,,in ,,the ,,castle ,,courtyard ,illustration3 #ajf1 #ajg4 ,,mawgan-,,in-,,pyder1 ,,cornwall ,,churchyard ,,cross ,illustration3 #ajh1 #aji4 ,,st ,,donat',s1 ,,glamorganshire ,,churchyard ,,cross1 ,,with ,,detail ,,of ,,head ,illustration3 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aab4 ,,derwen1 ,,denbighshire ,,the ,,coronation ,,of ,,our ,,lady ,,churchyard ,,cross1 ,,with ,,details ,,st ,,michael1 ,,weighing ,,souls ,illustration3 #aac4 ,,sherburn-,,in-,,elmet1 ,w4,r4 ,,yorkshire ,,head ,,of ,,the ,,old ,,churchyard ,,cross ,illustration3 #aad1 #aae4 ,,pocklington1 ,e4,r4 ,,yorkshire ,,cross1 ,,with ,,detail ,,of ,,head ,illustration3 #aaf1 #aag4 ,,cricklade1 ,,wiltshire ,,st ,,mary',s ,,churchyard ,,cross ,,the ,,town ,,cross1 ,,now ,,removed ,,to ,,st ,,sampson',s ,,church ,illustration3 #aah4 ,,crowcombe1 ,,somerset ,,village ,,cross ,illustration3 #aai4 ,,bedale1 ,n4,r4 ,,yorkshire ,illustration3 #abj4 ,,bonsall1 ,,derbyshire ,,market ,,cross ,illustration3 #aba4 ,,steeple ,,ashton1 ,,wiltshire ,,village ,,cross ,illustration3 #abb4 ,,brigstock1 ,,northamptonshire ,,market ,,cross ,illustration3 #abc4 ,,repton1 ,,derbyshire ,,village ,,cross ,,iv4 ,,spire-,,shaped1 ,,or ,,eleanor ,,crosses ,on #bhth ,november #abij the ,queen-,consort1 ,eleanor of ,castile1 died at ,harby1 in ,nottinghamshire4 ,edward ,i41 prostrated with grief--the sincerity of his devotion to his wife was perhaps the most favourable trait in his character--resolved to perpetuate her memory by erecting crosses at the various stopping-places of the funeral procession on its way to ,london4 ,the route chosen1 though not the most direct one1 was arranged expressly so that the body might rest1 each night of its journey1 at some large and important town1 or else at some conventual house1 for the fitting celebration of the solemn offices for the dead4 ,a stone cross was built1 if not upon the exact spot1 in the near neighbourhood of the spot1 where the body had reposed on each occasion1 viz41 at ,lincoln1 ,grantham1 ,stamford1 ,geddington1 ,northampton1 or rather ,hardingston 7reached on #ith ,december71 ,stony ,stratford1 ,woburn1 ,dunstable1 ,st ,albans 7#acth ,december71 ,waltham1 or rather ,cheshunt1 ,london 7where the body lay for the night1 probably in ,st ,paul's ,cathedral1 a cross being afterwards erected in ,west ,cheap71 and1 finally1 ,charing village1 which was the last halting-place on the way to the entombment in ,westminster ,abbey on #agth ,december4 ,there were set up altogether twelve ,eleanor crosses4 ,some have reckoned the number at fifteen1 supposing that similar crosses were erected also at ,harby1 ,newark1 and ,leicester1 but of these there is no evidence4 ,so far as can be judged from documents and existing remains1 it would seem that certain principal features were common to the design of all the crosses of the series1 although they varied in minor details4 ,the general outline was borrowed from that of a spire of diminishing stages4 ,a statue of ,queen ,eleanor occupied each of the niches in the middle storey2 a notable peculiarity being the multiplication of the effigies of the person commemorated4 ,three or four statues of the queen occur in one and the same monument1 standing1 backs to the central shaft1 their faces looking forward in opposite directions4 ,the lowest stage or storey was carved with blind tracery1 so designed as to divide1 with a vertical moulding1 each side1 or cant1 into two panels1 with trefoil cusping in the head1 having heraldic shields1 one in each panel4 ,the shields respectively bore the arms of 7#a7 ,england 7three leopards only1 for the kings of ,england had not yet arrogated to themselves the sovereignty of ,france72 7#b7 quarterly1 ,castile and ,leon1 the arms of ,queen ,eleanor's father2 and 7#c7 ,ponthieu 7three bendlets within a bordure71 the arms of her mother1 ,joanna1 ,countess of ,ponthieu1 in ,picardy4 ,not the slightest remains of any of the original crosses exist in situ1 except at ,geddington1 ,northampton1 and ,waltham4 ,regrettable as is the disappearance of all but three crosses of the series1 it is yet a matter for congratulation that those which do happen to survive represent each of them an individual variety of treatment2 for1 however much they may resemble one another in details1 or even in their main scheme and proportions1 the difference of plan is a fundamental factor1 and such that necessarily results in striking divergences4 ,geddington cross is triangular1 ,waltham cross hexagonal1 and ,northampton cross octagonal on plan4 ,of these three there can be no question that that at ,geddington 7,figs4 #abd and #abe71 on account of its triangular section1 is the least satisfying aesthetically2 indeed1 its optical effect is1 in certain aspects1 decidedly unpleasing4 ,not only does it look as though part of the fabric were missing1 or the whole structure lop-sided1 but the anomalous position of the shafts1 or standards1 rising at each outer angle right before the face of the figures1 gives the latter a caged appearance1 and1 by intercepting a direct view of them1 infallibly detracts from the prominence which is their proper due4 ,the triangular shape1 then1 is more diverting as an ingenious planning experiment than admirable as a model for reproduction4 ,in plain words1 it is an architectural eccentricity4 ,again1 ,geddington cross1 encrusted as is the entire surface with sculptured diaper patterns1 and lacking as it does the dignified reticence of contrasted plain spaces1 such as occur in ,northampton 7,figs4 #a and #abf7 and ,waltham 7,figs4 #abg1 #abh1 and #abi7 crosses1 must compare unfavourably with either of them4 ,whoever the designer of ,geddington cross may have been1 it is certain he was not the artist that ,battle or ,crundale was1 to whose genius the crosses of ,northampton and ,waltham respectively are owing4 ,royal account rolls1 extant down to the year #abic1 throw considerable light on the progress of the work1 the identity of the artists engaged on it1 and the cost of their services1 as well as of the material used4 ,but the particulars of the several undertakings are not always kept distinct1 so that it is difficult1 if not impossible1 to disentangle the precise amount of the cost of any individual cross4 ,john1 of ,battle1 a master mason1 contracted for his share of the work of a number of crosses1 viz41 at ,northampton1 ,stony ,stratford1 ,woburn1 ,dunstable1 and ,st ,albans1 for #ie each4 ,the imagery and much of the ornamental sculpture was executed in ,london4 ,the figures of the queen1 for the crosses of ,lincoln and ,northampton1 were the work of ,william1 of ,ireland2 while ,alexander1 of ,abingdon1 another image maker1 provided the statues for other crosses1 the figures all being produced at a uniform rate of five marks1 or #c4 #fs4 #h;d4 each4 ,purbeck marble1 from the quarries at ,corfe1 was used for parts of the crosses at ,lincoln1 ,northampton1 ,stony ,stratford1 ,dunstable1 ,st ,albans1 ,waltham1 and ,charing4 ,the first of the stopping-places at which crosses were erected was ,lincoln4 ,the ,eleanor cross there stood on ,swine ,green1 opposite the ,gilbertine ,priory of ,st ,catherine1 where the queen's body rested4 ,the cross was built by ,richard1 of ,stowe1 otherwise ,gainsborough1 then master mason of the works of the cathedral4 ,from time to time1 during the years #abia to #abic1 he received payments1 amounting to #ajf4 #acs4 #d;d41 for the king's work4 ,the statues1 and some of the carved ornament for the cross1 were executed at ,westminster by ,william1 of ,ireland1 called in the accounts ,imaginator i4e41 image maker4 ,william1 as mentioned above1 received #c4 #fs4 #h;d4 each for the statues of the queen2 while the ornaments for the head of the cross seem to have cost #ac4 ,it is computed that the total cost of the cross at ,lincoln amounted to about #acd4 ,not a vestige of it now remains4 ,the cross at ,grantham1 ,lincolnshire1 stood in an open space on the ,london road1 at a place called ,peter ,church ,hill4 ,dr ,william ,stukeley1 in #aggf1 recorded that the people had some memory of it in his time2 and1 moreover1 he was shown a stone carved with foliage work1 said to be part of it4 ,all remains of the cross have long since vanished4 ,in his account of ,stamford1 ,lincolnshire1 printed in #afdf1 ,richard ,butcher says3 ,not far from ,high ,dike1 on the north side of the town of ,stamford1 near unto ,york highway1 and about twelve score from the ,towngate1 called ,clement ,gate1 stands an ancient cross of freestone1 of a very curious fabric1 having many scutcheons insculped in the stone about it1 as the arms of ,castile and ,leon quartered 444 and divers other hatchments1 of which only the ruins appear to the eye4 ,in the edition of #afei1 the cross is referred to in the past tense1 showing that it had been removed in the interval4 ,r4 ,symond1 in a note dated ,august #afde1 writes3 ,on the hill1 before ye come to the town 7of ,stamford71 stands a lofty1 large cross4444 ,upon the top of this cross these three shields are often carved3 7#a7 ,england1 7#b7 ,ponthieu1 7#c7 ,castile and ,leon quarterly4 ,the cross was pulled down by the soldiers of the ,parliament during the ,civil ,war1 but the foundations were laid bare1 in the process of excavations conducted by ,dr ,stukeley1 while vicar of ,all ,saints1 ,stamford1 #agbi to #agdg4 ,illustration3 #abd4 ,,geddington1 ,,northamptonshire ,,plan ,,of ,,eleanor ,,cross ,illustration3 #abe4 ,,geddington1 ,,northamptonshire ,,eleanor ,,cross1 ,,in ,,the ,,village ,the ,eleanor cross at ,geddington1 ,northamptonshire1 is still standing1 in the middle of a wide space in the village4 ,the principal part of the material is ,weldon stone1 but the string courses and weatherings are of ,stanion stone1 which has a slightly harder texture4 ,the cross is raised on eight hexagonal steps2 it comprises three storeys1 and is little short of #db ft4 in height4 ,as may be seen by the plan 7in which the spaces ,a1 ,b1 and ,c represent the situation of the figures71 the middle stage is so placed in relation to that beneath it that its outer angles correspond with the middle of each side in the lower stage4 ,the base is a triangle of equal sides2 each #e ft4 #a in4 wide4 ,the royal accounts1 which are wanting from the year #abid onward1 contain no entry referring to ,geddington cross2 whence it has been inferred that the latter could not have been erected until #abid or after4 ,tradition says that a favourite sport of the place used to be squirrel-baiting4 ,a sufficient number of wild squirrels having been caught for the purpose1 would be turned loose in the village1 where the crowds1 surrounding them in a ring1 with shouts and all manner of hideous noises1 proceeded to hunt and beat their helpless victims to death4 ,sometimes the terrified little creatures would vainly seek refuge by running up the cross and trying to hide behind the pinnacles and tabernacle work4 ,but their cruel tormentors ruthlessly dislodged them thence1 pelting them with stones until they were driven forth and killed4 ,the only marvel1 in the circumstances1 is that any part of the original stonework of the cross should have survived such reckless violence4 ,the cross was repaired in #ahjj1 and again in #ahij4 ,the famous ,eleanor cross of ,northampton 7,figs4 #a1 #abf7 stands about a mile distant from the town1 and actually in the parish of ,hardingston4 ,the monument is picturesquely placed on a roadside bank1 with a fine background of trees4 ,the spot was chosen because ,delapr1 close by1 a house of ,cluniac nuns1 afforded the funeral procession a convenient halt for the night4 ,for the more solid parts of the cross1 as distinct from its ornamental detail1 ,barnack stone seems to have been used4 ,the mason responsible for the design1 as already mentioned1 was ,john1 of ,battle4 ,the sculptor1 ,william1 of ,ireland1 was paid #be for his work1 including the ornamental carvings and the four statues 7nearly #f ft4 high7 of the queen at #c4 #fs4 #h;d4 apiece4 ,the distinctive feature of this cross1 not known to have occurred on any other of the series1 is an open book carved on every alternate one of the eight sides of the lowest storey4 ,the latter is about #ad ft4 high1 the next storey above it #ab ft4 high4 ,at the present day there are nine steps1 all octagonal on plan4 ,formerly there were seven1 while the engraving in ,vetusta ,monumenta1 #agia1 depicts eight steps4 ,what was the original termination of this cross will never be known4 ,it disappeared so long ago that1 even in #adfj1 the monument was spoken of as crux sine capite4 ,the first recorded restoration of the cross took place in #agac4 ,at the ,quarter ,sessions in that year the ,justices authorised the expenditure of a sum not exceeding #cj on repairing the cross1 which accordingly underwent thorough restoration and partial rebuilding4 ,there was then erected on the summit a stone cross paty1 #c ft4 high1 while gnomons for sundials1 facing the four cardinal points1 were fixed to the tracery of the topmost storey4 ,also1 on the west side of the bottom storey were placed the arms of ,queen ,anne and a marble tablet1 with a long inscription in ,latin4 ,further repairs were effected in #agfb2 and the cross was renovated once again1 under the direction of the architect1 ,edward ,blore1 in #ahdj4 ,the commemorative tablets and the modern cross on the summit were then removed1 a broken shaft being erected in place of the cross paty4 ,blore1 at the same time1 renewed the ornamental cresting1 one of the gables1 and much of the substantial stonework of the cross2 and he recut all but two of the armorial shields4 ,in #ahhd further repairs were effected1 consisting mainly of the renewal and strengthening of the decayed platform steps4 ,in ,march #aijj the care and maintenance of the cross were formally vested in the ,county ,council4 ,illustration3 #abf4 ,,northampton1 7,,hardingston7 ,,the ,,eleanor ,,cross ,illustration3 #abg1 #abh4 ,,cheshunt1 ,,hertfordshire ,,waltham ,,cross ,the ,eleanor cross at ,stony ,stratford1 ,buckinghamshire1 was built by ,john ,battle and his assistants1 ,simon1 of ,pabenham1 and others1 the ornamental sculpture1 comprising shafts1 heads1 and bands1 being executed by ,ralph1 of ,chichester4 ,this cross stood a little north of the ,horseshoe ,inn4 ,it was pulled down by the ,puritans about #afdf1 but ,cole1 the antiquary1 was assured by an old inhabitant that he remembered part of it remaining at the western extremity of the town4 ,the same executants carried out the ,bedfordshire crosses of ,woburn and ,dunstable4 ,the last-named is described as having been a cross of wonderful size4 ,it stood in the main street 444 where ,watling ,street crosses the ,icknield way2 and is said to have been demolished by troops1 under the ,earl of ,essex1 in #afdc4 ,parts of its foundation 444 have been met with during recent alterations in the roadway 7,dr ,james ,galloway1 #aiad74 ,in the heart of the town of ,st ,albans stood another ,eleanor cross1 described in #aeif as verie stately1 the same executants as in the preceding instances being employed4 ,the greater part of this cross was destroyed by order of ,parliament in #afdc4 ,fragments1 however1 stood in the market place until #agjb1 when they were cleared away to make room for the erection of an octagonal market house in #agjc4 ,illustration3 #abi4 ,,cheshunt ,,section ,,of ,,middle ,,storey ,,of ,,waltham ,,cross ,waltham ,cross 7,figs4 #abg1 #abh1 and #abi7 stands at the junction of ,eleanor ,cross ,road and ,high ,street1 in the parish of ,cheshunt1 ,hertfordshire4 ,the monument was the work of ,roger ,crundale and ,dyminge de ,ligeri1 or de ,reyns1 in or about #abic4 ,it was built largely of ,caen stone4 ,apart from the difference necessarily entailed by its hexagonal plan1 ,waltham ,cross in many respects recalls that of ,hardingston1 ,northampton4 ,in #agba ,dr ,stukeley contributed to ,vetusta ,monumenta an imaginary restoration2 which was followed1 in ,april #agia1 by an engraving1 by ,basire1 from ,schnebbelie's drawing1 showing the cross in its actual state4 ,it had by then become much dilapidated1 nothing having been done to keep it in repair beyond the strengthening of the base with new brickwork in #ageg4 ,it is believed that the cross originally stood upon ten steps4 ,these had entirely disappeared by #agia4 ,the present steps1 four in number1 are quite modern4 ,the cross1 having been renovated in #ahcc to #ahcd1 and again in #ahhg to #ahhi1 has lost so much that practically no part of the original fabric beyond the core1 the three figures1 and parts of the lowest storey1 survives4 ,the pinnacle at the top is a conjectural restoration1 the ancient head1 as in the cases also of ,geddington and ,northampton crosses1 having so utterly perished as to leave no indication of how the cross should properly terminate4 ,illustration3 #acj1 #aca4 ,,london1 ,,west ,,cheap ,,remains ,,from ,,the ,,eleanor ,,cross1 ,,in ,,the ,,guildhall ,,museum ,illustration3 #acb4 ,,london1 ,,west ,,cheap ,,the ,,second ,,of ,,the ,,three ,,crosses ,,erected ,,on ,,the ,,spot ,illustration3 #acc1 #acd3 ,,london1 ,,west ,,cheap ,,the ,,third ,,cross ,,erected ,,on ,,the ,,spot ,illustration3 #ace4 ,,charing ,,detail ,,of ,,old ,,prospect1 ,,showing ,,position ,,of ,,charing ,,cross ,west ,cheap ,cross 7,figs4 #acj-acd7 stood in the middle of the roadway1 opposite to the spot where ,wood ,street opens at right angles out of ,cheapside4 ,three successive crosses have occupied this identical position4 ,the first was an ,eleanor cross1 built by the mason1 ,michael1 of ,canterbury1 who contracted to execute the work for #cjj4 ,the character of the design may be judged from two fragments of the stone panelling of the lowest storey1 now preserved in the ,guildhall ,museum 7,figs4 #acj and #aca74 ,these exhibit trefoil cusping1 and the same armorial shields which occur in the three existing crosses at ,geddington1 ,northampton1 and ,waltham4 ,some twenty years after its erection1 ,cheapside ,cross figured in the festivities which followed the birth of ,prince ,edward 7afterwards ,king ,edward ,,iii47 on #acth ,november #acab4 ,a great pageant was organised in the ,city in honour of the occasion1 and at the cross in ,cheap a pavilion was set up1 and in it a tun of wine placed1 from which all who passed by might freely drink4 ,from whatever cause1 the cross was so soon allowed to fall into disrepair that its reconstruction came to be contemplated when it had been standing only about seventy-five years1 ,sir ,robert ,launde1 knight1 whose will is dated #acfg1 making a bequest to the building of the cross in ,cheapside4 ,the matter at last became so urgent that1 in #adda1 ,henry ,,vi4 issued a licence to the ,mayor of ,london to rebuild the cross in more beautiful manner4 ,the new cross1 raised mainly at the cost of the ,city1 was not finished until #adhf4 ,why it should have taken so long a space of time to bring it to completion is not apparent4 ,it was a very sumptuous and elaborate structure2 but its builders did not attempt to adhere to the model of an ,eleanor cross1 ,scripture subjects and figures of saints taking the place of the statues of the ,queen4 ,the monument was surmounted by a crucifix1 with a dove over it2 the other sculptures comprising the ,resurrection1 the ,blessed ,virgin and ,child1 and ,st ,edward the ,confessor4 ,during the night of #bast ,june #aeha1 unknown iconoclasts defaced all these figures1 that of the ,blessed ,virgin in the upper tier being subjected to greater indignities than the rest4 ,in addition to being mutilated it was discovered to have been bound with ropes1 ready to be torn down4 ,a reward was offered for the apprehension of the offenders1 but they were never caught4 ,queen ,elizabeth notified to the ,court of ,aldermen her wish that the damage should be made good4 ,the ,lord ,mayor thereupon wrote to the ,lords of the ,council1 asking ,her ,majesty's further directions2 and he was particularly anxious touching the repairing and garnishing of the images of the cross4 ,in #aeie the image of the ,blessed ,virgin was renovated and made secure4 ,in #aeif a new ,infant was placed in her arms1 an addition which was coarsely and clumsily rendered1 as one would expect at that period4 ,four years after1 on the plea that the woodwork of the upper part1 including the cross on the top of all1 was out of repair1 a pyramid was substituted for the former finial cross1 and a semi-nude statue of ,diana for that of the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,queen ,elizabeth ordered that a plain gilt cross should be set up on the summit of the pyramid4 ,the ,city magnates demurred1 but ultimately complied4 ,next1 the statue of the ,blessed ,virgin was restored1 and the whole structure cleansed2 but only twelve nights after the erection of the new statue of the ,virgin1 the latter was again attacked1 decrowned1 and nearly beheaded1 and the figure of the ,infant taken away4 ,in the course of its existence the cross of #adda to #adhf had been repeatedly repaired and regilt4 ,it had already lost every trace of its fifteenth-century origin by #aedg1 when1 on #aith ,february1 the coronation procession of ,edward ,,vi4 passed at its foot1 an incident which was depicted by a contemporary1 or nearly contemporary1 hand upon the stucco walls of the dining hall at ,cowdray ,house1 near ,midhurst1 ,sussex 7,fig4 #acb74 ,the mural painting1 unfortunately1 perished in the devastating fire at ,cowdray on the night of #bdth to #beth ,september #agic4 ,the rebuilding of ,cheapside ,cross was resolved upon in #afjj4 ,the new cross was erected in #afjf 7,figs4 #acc and #acd74 ,the question of the advisability of crowning the latter with a crucifix having been raised1 the two ,universities were formally consulted on the subject4 ,opinions were divided1 but ,dr ,george ,abbot1 then ,vice-,chancellor of ,oxford1 and afterwards ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 pronounced definitely against a crucifix4 ,a simple cross1 therefore1 unaccompanied by a dove1 was attached to the top of the new structure2 while the base was encircled by an iron railing as a precaution against attack4 ,this1 the third and last of the ,cheapside crosses1 stood for a shorter period than either of its predecessors4 ,it was overthrown on #bnd ,may #afdc1 as recorded by ,evelyn in his ,diary1 under this date1 in the following passage3 ,i went to ,london1 where ,i saw the furious and zealous people demolish that stately ,crosse in ,cheapside4 ,illustration3 #acf1 #acg4 ,,charing1 ,,near ,,london ,,the ,,eleanor ,,cross1 ,,and ,,the ,,cross ,,which ,,succeeded ,,the ,,former ,,on ,,the ,,same ,,site ,charing ,cross1 built to commemorate the last resting-place of the ,queen's body before it reached ,westminster ,abbey1 occupied1 as the detail from a prospect1 by ,ralph ,agas 7c4 #aefj71 of ,london and neighbourhood shows 7,fig4 #ace71 approximately the same site where ,herbert ,le ,sueur's superb equestrian statue of ,charles ,i4 now stands4 ,the original cross 7,fig4 #acf7 is described as having been the finest and stateliest of all the ,eleanor crosses4 ,it was the work of ,richard ,crundale1 who1 dying in #abic1 was succeeded by ,roger ,crundale2 and ,alexander1 of ,ireland1 carved the statues of the ,queen for the cross1 which is computed to have cost nearly #hjj4 ,by #aeij it had become much weather-beaten and defaced with age4 ,it may have been about this time that the old cross was entirely rebuilt1 the ,gothic work disappearing1 and a monument of new design1 in the current fashion of the day1 being erected in its place 7,fig4 #acg74 ,the ,parliament having decreed the destruction of the cross in #afdc1 it was finally demolished in the summer of #afdg4 ,lilly1 writing in #agae1 says that some of the stones of the old fabric were used for the pavement in front of ,whitehall1 while others were cut up and polished to make knife handles and other small objects as souvenirs4 ,with ,eleanor crosses there should be classed a small group of crosses1 which1 though erected neither for the same purpose nor at the same time as the ,eleanor crosses1 yet closely resemble the latter in being fashioned in the graceful shape of a spire of diminishing stages4 ,illustration3 #ach4 ,,gloucester ,,high ,,cross ,the old cross at ,gloucester 7,fig4 #ach7 stood on elevated ground at the meeting of ,northgate1 ,southgate1 and ,westgate ,streets4 ,it was raised on steps1 and was octagonal on plan4 ,the ground storey1 and the next above it1 dated apparently from about #acbj4 ,but the uppermost storey1 consisting of a cluster of turrets with little vanes1 the central turret or shaft surmounted by an orb and fourways cross1 can hardly have been any earlier than the sixteenth century4 ,coventry ,cross 7,fig4 #h7 had similar vanes which 7called girouettes in ,french1 because of their gyrating or revolving with the wind71 being gilt1 and glittering gaily in the sunlight1 imparted additional charm to the stone crosses whereto they were attached4 ,the total height of ,gloucester ,cross was #cd ft4 #f in4 ,when drawn in #agej1 on the eve of its demolition1 the cross contained1 in the niches of its middle storey1 statues of the following kings and queens of ,england3--,king ,john1 ,henry ,,ii41 ,queen ,eleanor1 ,edward ,,iii41 ,richard ,,ii41 ,richard ,,iii41 ,queen ,elizabeth1 and ,charles ,i4 ,the whole was surrounded by an iron railing of obviously later date than the cross itself4 ,illustration3 #aci1 #adj4 ,,tottenham1 ,,middlesex ,,high ,,cross1 ,,before ,,and ,,after ,,restoration ,the old market cross at ,abingdon1 ,berkshire1 is said to have been erected by the ,guild of the ,holy ,cross1 a fraternity attached to ,st ,helen's ,parish ,church4 ,the cross was repaired in #afje2 and1 on the occasion of the signing of the ,treaty with the ,scots in #afda1 two thousand persons assembled round it to sing a psalm of thanksgiving4 ,it was destroyed by ,waller's army in #afdd4 ,the structure was both later in date and more elaborate than any other of its class except ,coventry ,cross 7,fig4 #h71 to which1 in very many respects1 it bore a striking resemblance4 ,abingdon ,cross1 however1 was octagonal1 whereas that of ,coventry was hexagonal on plan4 ,the lowest stage of either cross was solid1 with surface tracery-panelling2 while each of the three diminishing stages above consisted of niches with figures1 and was further enriched with flying buttresses and with pinnacles surmounted by king's beasts holding iron rods1 or pivots1 to which were attached metal vanes like little banners4 ,the similarity between the two crosses is explained by the fact that1 in bequeathing #bjj on #beth ,december #aeda for building a new cross at ,coventry1 ,sir ,william ,holles1 formerly ,lord ,mayor of ,london1 expressly directed that it was to be modelled upon that already existing at ,abingdon4 ,coventry ,cross1 then1 was begun in #aeda and finished in #aedd4 ,it stood #eg ft4 high1 mounted on three steps1 and was divided into four stages comprising in all eighteen niches for statues4 ,the statues in the first-floor storey1 reckoning from the south1 were ,henry ,,iv41 ,king ,john1 ,edward ,i41 ,henry ,,ii41 ,richard ,i41 and ,henry ,v42 in the second storey1 ,edward ,,iii41 ,st ,michael1 ,henry ,,iii41 ,st ,george1 and ,richard ,,ii42 and in the uppermost storey1 a religious1 ,st ,peter1 a religious1 a king1 ,st ,james the ,less1 and ,st ,christopher4 ,above the topmost storey the cross swelled out into a tabernacled lantern surmounted by a metal vane pierced with the ,royal arms 7quarterly ,france1 modern1 and ,england71 the supporting rod having a crown upon its summit4 ,in later times the cross was surmounted by allegorical figures of ,justice and ,mercy4 ,the cross underwent some repairs in #afbi2 but on #abth ,august #affh a covenant was entered upon by the ,mayor and certain stone cutters and masons for the thorough renewing of all defective parts of the stonework1 with good1 sure stone from ,sroby quarry1 ,warwickshire1 as well as the iron and lead necessary for fixing the statues4 ,their work completed1 the masons were to leave all the scaffolding in position1 that the gilders and painters might then carry out their share of the embellishing4 ,the total cost of the work executed in #affh1 and following year1 was #bgf4 #bs4 #a;d4 ,by #agfj nothing survived of the structure but the lowest storey and a portion of that above it4 ,and in #agga the last vestiges of ,coventry ,cross were bodily swept away4 ,to this same type belongs the ,high ,cross at ,tottenham 7,figs4 #aci1 #adj71 ,middlesex1 although at the present day it sadly belies its real character4 ,dressed1 as it is1 in ,gothic mouldings1 crockets1 and panel-work1 it looks as though it should belong1 at least1 to the latter half of the fourteenth century 7,fig4 #adj74 ,but the ornament1 unfortunately1 is a mere superficial casing of nineteenth-century creation2 and1 to judge from an engraving1 of the year #aghh1 representing the cross as it stood before it underwent falsification 7,fig4 #aci71 it can scarcely date any further back than the early part of the sixteenth century4 ,again1 the ancient ,butter ,cross1 at ,scarborough1 which stands1 or at least in #ahfj stood1 in ,low ,conduit ,street1 was of the same type1 but square on plan4 ,in fact1 it may be described as shaped exactly like an obelisk1 only with early-fourteenth-century ,gothic details4 ,how far such an object may1 or may not1 have been genuine1 it is perhaps wisest to leave an open question4 ,v4 ,,preaching ,,crosses ,whether or not preaching crosses1 for the delivery of outdoor sermons1 were required before the advent of the ,friars in the first half of the thirteenth century1 it may be assumed that1 from that time forward1 they did exist and were in use4 ,the ,dominicans1 or ,black ,friars1 came to ,england in #abba2 the ,franciscans1 or ,grey ,friars1 in or about #abbd2 the ,carmelites1 or ,white ,friars1 in #abdj1 and the ,austin ,friars in #abej4 ,twenty years after the arrival of the first of the ,friars occurs the first recorded mention of ,paul's ,cross1 which attained afterwards to the dignity of the most celebrated of all preaching crosses1 not merely in ,london1 nor even in ,england alone1 but throughout ,christendom4 ,it must be stated1 however1 that no actual record of the cross as a preaching-place is found before #achb2 the cross at the outset being resorted to rather for secular and general assemblies of the people4 ,but in course of time1 perhaps by reason of its convenient situation1 the cross seems to have been the focus of every phase of the life of the capital2 many of the most stirring and momentous events in ,english history1 whether civil or ecclesiastical1 being enacted beneath its shadow4 ,the full story of ,paul's ,cross would fill volumes4 ,yet a few representative episodes are enough to show of what varied scenes and movements it was the centre4 ,at the cross took place the promulgation of laws1 public announcements1 political propaganda1 the reading of ,papal ,bulls1 the administration of oaths1 elections1 examinations1 recantations1 and the performance of public penances2 while in the sermons preached in the pulpit of ,paul's ,cross1 each successive variety of religious opinion was propounded from the time of the ,lollards1 and through the successive stages of the ,reformation and counter-,reformation1 until the cross itself came to an end in the reign of ,charles ,i4 ,the first specific mention of ,paul's ,cross was in #abda1 when ,king ,henry ,,iii4 met an assemblage of the citizens of ,london there before he set out for ,gascony in connection with the ,french war4 ,from that time onward there occur very numerous references to ,paul's ,cross1 the earlier ones1 for the most part1 recording meetings of the citizens there4 ,the earliest notice of the cross as a place of proclamation was in #abef-eg1 when ,justice ,mansell read a document of the king's1 assuring the citizens of his purpose to preserve their rights and liberties4 ,in #abeg the king1 having called a folk-moot at the cross1 was present in person2 and again met his subjects there in #abeh4 ,in #abei-fj another folk-moot was held at the cross by ,henry ,,iii41 on which occasion proclamation was made1 requiring every stripling to take the oath of allegiance to the crown4 ,in ,october #abfa a bull of ,pope ,urban was read at the cross by the king's order4 ,in #abff the king made ,alan la ,zouche constable and warden of the ,city in the presence of the people at ,paul's ,cross4 ,on #acth ,may #abfi a bull of ,pope ,innocent was read2 and in #abgd-ge the ,mayor of ,london was elected in a folk-moot at the cross4 ,illustration3 #ada4 ,,london ,,paul',s ,,cross ,in #acaa the new statutes1 made in the ,parliament of that year1 were published and proclaimed 444 super crucem lapideam2 whence it has been inferred by ,mr ,paley ,baildon1 ,f4,s4,a41 that ,paul's ,cross1 or the ,high ,cross1 as it was also called1 must have comprised a raised platform surrounded by a parapet1 with a lofty shaft in the middle1 somewhat after the fashion of the ,mercat ,cross at ,edinburgh1 the cross at ,aberdeen1 and other ,scottish examples4 ,illustration3 #adb4 ,,london ,,paul',s ,,cross ,on #gth ,march #acgh1 during the time when the ,bishop of ,carlisle was preaching at the cross1 he was disturbed by a tumult arising out of a quarrel between certain trade corporations hard by in ,west ,cheap4 ,from that date onward1 down to #afcc1 sermons at ,paul's ,cross were of very frequent occurrence4 ,in #acgh also1 the ,bishop of ,london excommunicated at ,paul's ,cross the murderers of ,robert ,hawle and two other victims1 who had been sacrilegiously slain in the quire of ,westminster ,abbey during the solemnisation of ,high ,mass on #aath ,august4 ,on #abth ,july #achb the ,archbishop issued an order that the preacher at the cross1 whoever he might be1 on the following ,sunday was to take advantage of the occasion1 when the fullest number of persons should be gathered together for the sermon1 to denounce publicly and solemnly two contumacious heretics1 ,nicholas ,hereford and ,philip ,reppyingdon1 holding up the cross and lighting of candles1 and throwing the same down upon the ground1 to have been1 and still to be so excommunicated by us4 ,in the same year1 #achb1 ,paul's ,cross suffered very great injury from tempest or earthquake2 and on #ahth ,may #achg ,archbishop ,courtenay and other ,bishops1 desirous of repairing the damage1 offered an indulgence to any of the faithful who should contribute toward that object4 ,in two years' time the cross seems to have been put in order4 ,thomas ,kempe1 ,bishop of ,london1 however1 rebuilt it1 some time between #addi and #adgj2 giving it the aspect which illustrations have made familiar1 viz41 an octagonal pulpit of wood1 raised on stone steps and roofed with a lead-covered cupola1 surmounted by a large cross 7,figs4 #ada and #adb74 ,the arms of ,bishop ,kempe were introduced in several places on the roof4 ,from the time of the erection of this new pulpit-cross1 the old name of ,high ,cross1 applicable to the different form of the earlier structure1 seems to have died out of use4 ,meanwhile1 on ,quinquagesima ,sunday #achh1 a great stir was caused by a ,wycliffite sermon preached at ,paul's ,cross by ,r4 ,wimbledon4 ,in #adja1 under pressure from ,archbishop ,arundel1 two ,wycliffites1 ,john ,purvey1 and a doctor of divinity1 named ,herford1 recanted their errors at ,paul's ,cross4 ,in #adeg ,bishop ,pecocke1 of ,chichester1 a prelate1 so it would appear1 of sadly modernist tendencies1 made his submission at ,paul's ,cross1 abjured his unorthodoxy1 and submitted to the burning of his books at the same time and place4 ,in a sermon at the cross1 on #dth ,march #adfa-fb1 the ,bishop of ,exeter urged the justice of the title of ,prince ,edward of ,york to the throne4 ,in #adhc ,jane ,shore was compelled to do public penance at ,paul's ,cross2 and on #aith ,june of the same year the ,lord ,mayor's brother1 ,dr ,ralph ,shaw1 in his sermon at the cross1 openly intimated that the validity of ,edward ,v4's right to the crown was questionable1 and that there were substantial reasons 7which did1 in fact1 ultimately prevail7 why both of the young princes should be debarred from succession4 ,illustration3 #adc4 ,,hereford ,,black ,,friars' ,,cross ,illustration3 #add4 ,,iron ,,acton1 ,,gloucestershire ,,preaching ,,cross ,,in ,,the ,,churchyard ,on a certain ,sunday1 in #adib1 two men did public penance for heresy1 standing at ,paul's ,cross all the sermon time1 the one garnished with painted and written papers1 the other having a faggot on his neck4 ,on ,passion ,sunday another man with a faggot stood before the preacher all the sermon while at ,paul's ,cross2 and on the ,sunday next following 7,palm ,sunday71 four men stood and did their open penance 444 in the sermon time1 and many of their books were burnt before them at the ,cross4 ,on #abth ,may #aeba1 in the presence of ,cardinal ,wolsey1 ,bishop ,fisher1 of ,rochester1 delivered at ,paul's ,cross a sermon in denunciation of the ,german heresiarch1 ,luther4 ,in #aecd the king1 ,henry ,,viii41 caused sermons to be preached against his wife1 ,catherine of ,aragon1 and also against ,papal supremacy4 ,in the same year1 ,elizabeth ,burton and six of her most prominent supporters 7all of them ultimately hanged at ,tyburn7 were brought to ,paul's ,cross for public exposure and degradation there1 for the crime of having dared to express disapproval of the king's liaison with ,anne ,boleyn4 ,on #bdth ,february #aech1 the ,rood of ,grace1 from ,boxley ,abbey1 in ,kent1 an image which was alleged1 by means of wires and other devices1 to simulate various gestures and changes of countenance1 was exhibited at ,paul's ,cross by ,bishop ,hilsey1 of ,rochester1 and1 at his incitement1 broken and plucked to pieces amid the jeers of the mob4 ,the like was done by the blood of ,hayles1 which in like manner1 by ,crumwell1 was brought to ,paul's ,cross1 and there proved to be the blood of a duck1 according to the veracious ,foxe4 ,from this time onward ,paul's ,cross witnessed the delivery of a succession of controversial sermons1 first on one side and then on the other4 ,when ,edward ,,vi4 ascended the throne1 ,bishop ,latimer1 of ,worcester1 became a frequent preacher at ,paul's ,cross4 ,thus in the month of ,january #aedh he preached no less than four times4 ,in #aedi the ,privy ,council delivered to ,bishop ,bonner a set of articles1 which he was required to advocate in a series of quarterly sermons at ,paul's ,cross4 ,but the ,bishop in preaching there having neglected to comply1 was cited1 on information laid against him by ,latimer and ,hooper1 to appear for examination before the ,king's commissioners on #ajth ,september #aedi4 ,on #ast ,november #aeeb1 at ,paul's ,cross1 ,bishop ,ridley1 of ,london1 preached at great length in favour of the latest version of the ,book of ,common ,prayer4 ,on #acth ,august #aeec ,gilbert ,bourne1 a chaplain of ,queen ,mary1 and ,canon of ,st ,paul's1 preaching at the cross1 narrowly escaped being murdered4 ,one of the audience aimed a dagger at the preacher4 ,the weapon1 missing its mark1 the point became embedded in one of the wooden posts of the pulpit4 ,on the following ,sunday ,thomas ,watson1 preaching at the same place1 was protected by a guard of #bjj soldiers with halberds4 ,at the same time an order was issued forbidding apprentices to attend the sermon1 armed with knives or daggers4 ,on #bnd ,december #aeed1 in the presence of ,cardinal ,pole1 the ,lord-,chancellor preached at ,paul's ,cross commending the reconciliation of the kingdom1 and its restoration to communion with the ,holy ,see4 ,illustration3 #ade4 ,,winchester ,,butter ,,cross ,abbot ,feckenham preached at the cross on #ahth ,june #aeee1 and ,dr ,hugh ,glasier1 ,queen ,mary's chaplain1 on #beth ,august of the same year4 ,on #bgth ,october #aehd ,samuel ,harsnett1 subsequently ,archbishop of ,york1 delivered at ,paul's ,cross a sermon1 which caused no little stir1 on ,predestination4 ,on #bjth ,august #aehh ,dean ,newell made1 at the cross1 the first public announcement of the defeat of the ,spanish ,armada4 ,on #agth ,november #aeie1 at a special thanksgiving service for the long reign of ,queen ,elizabeth1 ,bishop ,fletcher1 of ,london1 preached at ,paul's ,cross1 which had been repaired and partly enclosed with a low brick wall for the occasion4 ,in #afaf1 at the instance of ,harry ,farley1 one ,john ,gipkyn painted a panel picture1 in which he represented1 by anticipation1 the attendance of ,james ,i4 at a sermon at ,paul's ,cross1 which actually came to pass on #bfth ,march #afbj4 ,the panel now in the possession of the ,society of ,antiquaries affords the most authentic view extant of the preaching cross 7see ,fig4 #adb74 ,charles ,i4 attended in state to hear a sermon at the cross in #afcj1 and ,archbishop ,laud preached there in #afca1 perhaps the last preacher of eminence to occupy the pulpit--for in #afcc the use of ,paul's ,cross as an open-air pulpit was formally abandoned4 ,its consequent demolition cannot have been long delayed1 although it has been contended that the cross was pulled down only that the pulpit might be reconstructed on a grander scale--a project which1 however1 was never attempted4 ,in a publication of the year #afda occurs the passage3 ,paul's ,crosse1 the most famous preaching-place1 is downe and quite taken away1 which shows that the date usually given for the abolition of the cross1 viz41 #afdc1 cannot be correct4 ,but it is the fact that1 in ,may #afdc1 the parishioners of ,st ,faith's complained of the obstruction caused by the presence of stones1 rubbish1 and pales in the churchyard1 presumably the uncleared refuse from the demolished cross4 ,in time the very site was forgotten2 but in the spring of #ahgi it was discovered by ,mr ,c4 ,f4 ,penrose1 the cathedral surveyor4 ,the cross stood about #ab ft4 from the wall of ,old ,st ,paul's2 and close to the north-east corner of ,wren's cathedral4 ,the octagonal base measured some #cg ft4 across4 ,the platform itself1 writes ,rev4 ,w4 ,sparrow ,simpson1 was supported by a vault4 ,a brick wall was found which probably carried the timber supports of the pulpit proper4 ,the probable diameter of the pulpit itself was #ah ft4 ,paul's ,cross was not the only preaching cross in ,london4 ,there were1 at least1 two others4 ,one stood in the churchyard on the south side of ,st ,michael's1 ,cornhill4 ,this cross was built by ,sir ,john ,rudstone1 ,mayor1 who1 dying in #aeca1 was buried beneath it4 ,st ,mary ,spital1 without ,bishopsgate1 also had an open-air pulpit-cross1 where special sermons were preached in ,easter week1 year by year4 ,illustration3 #adf1 #adg4 ,,leighton ,,buzzard1 ,,bedfordshire ,,market ,,cross ,in the majority of cases it is likely enough that there was not a distinctive pulpit-cross1 the steps of the ordinary churchyard cross sufficing to afford a platform for the preacher1 when occasion required4 ,there remain1 indeed1 no more than two crosses obviously and primarily designed as preaching crosses1 viz41 that at ,iron ,acton1 ,gloucestershire1 and the ,black ,friars' ,cross at ,hereford4 ,the preaching cross at ,iron ,acton 7,fig4 #add7 stands in the north part of the churchyard1 and is a very good example of its kind4 ,the base1 #aj ft4 #i in4 in diameter at the ground level1 consists of three brick-built steps1 topped with stone slabs1 forming drips with a slight overhang4 ,these steps are octagonal on plan4 ,upon the second step 7and thus encompassing the top step and the low stone plinth resting on the same7 stand the piers of the cross4 ,the piers are buttressed each with one diagonal buttress1 like the cross itself1 square on plan4 ,the arched openings 7#b ft4 #aa in4 wide7 are obtuse headed4 ,one arch 7the northern one according to ,lysons1 the southern one according to ,charles ,pooley7 is open from top to bottom to make an entrance doorway4 ,the three others are railed in with a low fence1 composed of a pair of arches1 cusped in the head1 beneath a transom4 ,the mullions between these small arches had disappeared previously to #ahfh2 so the present mullions are modern restorations4 ,the ceiling within is vaulted1 with ribs and sculptured bosses1 some of the latter representing acorns and oak leaves4 ,in the centre1 forming a pendant1 are the remains of a capital of an octagonal shaft1 now perished1 though the traces of its footing on the floor were remarked by ,charles ,pooley in1 or shortly before1 #ahfh4 ,the whole cross upward from the springing level of the principal arches is sadly mutilated1 all the pinnacles1 as well as the statues1 wanting4 ,the total height of that which survives of the cross is #ai ft4 #b in4 ,the upper part is a shaft with four panelled sides1 having1 at the foot of each1 between a pair of shields borne by demi-angels clad in albs1 a pedestal for a standing statue1 with projecting canopy overhead4 ,of these eight shields four exhibit emblems of the ,passion2 two are blank and two are armorial4 ,one of these last is quarterly per fesse dancetty argent and gules1 ,acton2 while the other shield is ,acton as before1 impaling quarterly or and gules a bend argent1 ,fitz-,nichol4 ,robert ,poyntz1 lord of the manor of ,iron ,acton1 married1 for second wife1 ,catherine1 daughter of ,sir ,thomas ,fitz-,nichol1 and died on #aeth ,june #adci4 ,the cross1 then1 dates from the early part of the fifteenth century4 ,contiguous to the ancient house of the order within the city of ,hereford stands the ,black ,friars' ,cross 7,fig4 #adc71 which apparently dates from the reign of ,richard ,,ii4 ,it is hexagonal on plan1 and is mounted on steps4 ,its six arches were all open down to the bottom in #ahjf1 but were fenced in some time previously to #ahge1 after the manner of those of the ,iron ,acton preaching cross4 ,in the middle is a hexagonal socket1 its sides panelled with ,gothic panel-work4 ,from the top of the socket rises a central shaft from which springs the vaulting of the roof4 ,the cornice is embattled1 and from the midst rose the stump of the shaft1 now replaced by a modern shaft and cross4 ,the whole structure has1 in fact1 been completely renovated since #ahge4 ,besides those above named there is a small class of open crosses1 which1 though not built for the purpose of preaching crosses1 yet resemble the latter more than any others1 and must therefore1 from the point of view of design and construction1 be grouped under the same head4 ,these1 then1 comprise the crosses of ,bristol1 ,holbeach 7,lincolnshire71 ,leighton ,buzzard 7,bedfordshire71 and lastly ,winchester4 ,the ,high ,cross at ,bristol 7,fig4 #i7 stood at the junction of four main thoroughfares3 ,broad ,street1 ,wine ,street1 ,corn ,street1 and ,high ,street4 ,the site had already been occupied by a cross1 when a new cross was erected in #acgc4 ,the cross of that date was constructed of coarse-grained oolite1 specially liable to absorb moisture2 but the original paint 7blue and vermilion with gilding7 effectually preserved it from the weather for centuries4 ,above the arches of the lowest stage was a stage comprising four niches1 which were eventually filled with statuary1 standing figures1 facing toward the four cardinal points4 ,a statue of ,king ,john faced northward1 ,henry ,,iii4 eastward1 ,edward ,,iii4 westward1 and ,edward ,,iv4 southward4 ,the cross was taken down in #afcc1 to be erected on an enlarged scale1 its height1 by the addition of an extra stage or storey1 attaining to a total of #ci ft4 #f in4 ,the new storey contained four seated figures1 representing1 respectively1 ,king ,henry ,,vi4 facing eastward1 ,queen ,elizabeth facing westward1 ,king ,james ,i4 southward1 and ,charles ,i4 northward4 ,above these1 again1 was a tier of armorial shields1 with pairs of putti for supporters1 obviously an addition of the same period1 viz41 ,charles ,i4's reign4 ,then also was the cross embellished with fresh painting and gilding1 and encircled with an iron railing to protect its lowest stage4 ,the latter consisted of four open arches1 grouped about a central shaft4 ,the cross was redecorated in #afig4 ,it was subsequently taken down in #agcc4 ,its remains were then carted to the ,guild ,hall1 whence1 after a short interval1 they were taken and set up in the ,college ,green1 to north of the cathedral4 ,there it was standing in #agcg1 when ,r4 ,west made the drawing1 which was engraved and published in #agdc4 ,the cross in its new position was painted to look like grey marble1 with the ornaments gilt1 and the figures tinted in their natural colours4 ,not many years later1 viz41 in #agfc1 it was again taken down1 and its portions relegated to an obscure corner of the cathedral4 ,finally1 ,dean ,barton gave the remains to ,sir ,richard ,colt ,hoare1 of ,stourton1 who transported them1 in ,august #agff1 and set up the cross once more1 with a new base1 summit1 and central pier in the gardens of ,stourhead1 ,wiltshire4 ,the cross at ,holbeach was pulled down in #afhc1 but ,dr ,william ,stukeley made a drawing of it1 dated #agbb 7,fig4 #aj74 ,the structure thus depicted appears to have been pentagonal on plan1 four steps supporting the piers1 which were buttressed with buttresses1 square on plan1 panelled on their outward face1 and surmounted by pinnacles4 ,the open arches were four-centred4 ,the roof underneath was vaulted with lierne and tierceron ribs1 having carved bosses at the intersections4 ,above the arches was a parapet or frieze1 comprising on each side a shield between two quatrefoils4 ,above1 in the midst1 rose a huge crocketed pinnacle1 forming the shaft for the cross which originally crowned the summit4 ,the ,market ,cross at ,leighton ,buzzard 7,figs4 #adf1 #adg71 also1 is remarkable in being pentagonal on plan4 ,apart from the difficulty of treating a five-sided structure satisfactorily1 the design is faulty1 because the upper stage of the cross 7admirable though it be1 per se1 with its statuary1 its flying buttresses1 and its exquisite cluster of pinnacles7 altogether lacks coherent continuity with the open stage beneath1 the latter finishing abruptly with a pronounced horizontal break1 which divides the cross into two distinct parts1 upper and lower4 ,the piers are buttressed and the arches four-centred4 ,above the latter runs a frieze of masks1 surmounted by crenellation4 ,the cross stands on a base of five steps1 and is #bg ft4 high4 ,the total height1 including the weathercock1 is #ch ft4 ,the original figures1 representing the ,blessed ,virgin and ,child1 a ,bishop1 ,st ,john ,evangelist1 ,christ1 and a ,king1 were taken down in #aheb and replaced by modern replicas4 ,fortunately1 the old figures were preserved for the embellishment of the ,town ,hall1 and when the architect1 ,g4 ,f4 ,bodley1 repaired the cross in #aijj1 he restored them to their proper position4 ,the modern copies were1 at the same time1 set up against the outside walls of the ,town ,hall1 where they still remain4 ,mr ,bodley assigned the cross to the late-fourteenth or early-fifteenth century4 ,if this be somewhat too early1 the cross can hardly be of later date than the middle of the fifteenth century4 ,the ,butter ,cross1 at ,winchester 7,fig4 #ade71 stands on the pavement alongside the ,high ,street1 at the point whence a narrow lane leads to the north-west angle of the cathedral churchyard4 ,the cross is remarkable for its lightness and the gracefulness of its proportions4 ,it is mounted on five octagonal steps2 it is square on plan1 and is enhanced by pinnacles and two tiers of flying buttresses4 ,the open arches of the lowest stage are four-centred1 and surround a central shaft4 ,the next stage above forms an open tabernacle for statues1 of which1 however1 by #agda1 only one original figure1 #e ft4 #aj in4 high1 survived4 ,the cross measures between #de and #ej ft4 in height2 and dates1 apparently1 from the second half of the fifteenth century1 but has been sadly over-restored4 ,,vi4 ,,market ,,crosses ,the general intent of market crosses1 as defined by ,bishop ,milner1 was twofold1 viz41 religious and ethical--first1 to incite public homage to the religion of ,christ crucified1 and secondly1 to inspire men with a sense of morality and piety amidst the ordinary transactions of life4 ,this being so1 every town had its cross1 at which engagements1 whether of a religious or worldly interest1 were entered into1 says another writer1 ,brady4 ,it would seem that1 at first1 there was no difference of form between the market or village cross and the normal churchyard cross of shaft-on-steps type4 ,but as the need developed of providing for the greater comfort and convenience of folk gathered round the cross for market business1 the demand was met by erecting a penthouse roof about the lower part of the already existing cross4 ,such a transformation is known to have taken place at ,norwich1 and obviously also must have been effected at ,castle ,combe in ,wiltshire1 ,bingley in ,yorkshire1 and at ,axbridge and ,cheddar in ,somersetshire4 ,this method of adaptation1 however1 cannot have proved entirely satisfactory1 because the platform or steps of the shaft in such cases occupied too much of the space beneath the shelter4 ,and so the distinctive form of market cross was evolved at length1 planned from the outset as a cross and roof combined in one coherent structure1 the base of the central shaft being surrounded by a footing of only a single step1 a convenient bench to sit upon1 instead of the old-fashioned high flight of graduated steps4 ,such a typical market cross might be built either of stone or of timber work1 its essential feature always being the covered in space for shelter from the weather4 ,illustration3 #adh4 ,,axbridge1 ,,somersetshire ,,market ,,cross ,in ,wells1 at the junction of ,sadler ,street with the ,high ,street1 stood a cross1 which must have been the most beautiful of all structures of its kind4 ,as represented in the prospect of the city1 drawn by ,william ,simes1 in #agce 7,fig4 #adi71 it was a ,gothic work of singular richness and elegance4 ,its bottom storey consisted of two-centred arches between buttressed piers surmounted by pinnacles1 with a parapet of open tracery4 ,the upper portion consisted of a lantern of two diminishing stages1 with late-,gothic traceried windows and parapets1 with pinnacles at the angles1 the lower one of the two stages connected with the ground storey by flying buttresses4 ,the whole was crowned by a most gracefully tapered spire1 terminating in a weathercock4 ,this exquisite monument was swept away by order of the ,corporation1 ,december #aghe1 on the ground that part of the cross having lately fallen down1 and the remainder being in a ruinous state and dangerous1 the entire cross must be demolished1 and its materials carried elsewhere to some convenient place4 ,this cross obviously dated from the middle of the fifteenth century or even earlier1 and was1 doubtless1 the same cross1 referred to by ,bishop ,beckington 7#addc-fd71 in his charter providing for the conveyance of water by conduit to the high cross in the market place4 ,nevertheless1 it has been identified by at least two writers1 ,charles ,pooley and ,alex4 ,gordon1 with a cross which the antiquary ,leland relates that he saw in process of construction4 ,leland describes this cross as having two concentric rings1 an outer ring or circumference of seven pillars1 and an inner circumference of six pillars1 with a vaulted ceiling under the ,domus ,civica4 ,this particular building was completed in #aedb4 ,it was erected by ,bishop ,william ,knight1 with the help of a bequest from ,dean ,richard ,woolman4 ,but the cross of ,simes' map must have been1 at least1 a century earlier in date than the cross of #aedb1 the account of which tallies neither in architectural style nor in shape with the other4 ,in the one illustrated1 there is no sign of two concentric arcades1 while the lantern storey is far too small ever to have served for the headquarters of the municipal body4 ,the discrepancies1 in short1 are such that one is driven to the conclusion that there must have been1 at one and the same time1 two separate crosses at ,wells4 ,it should be added that the tolls of the market cross1 which he built1 were given1 by ,bishop ,knight's will1 for the use of the choristers of the ,cathedral ,church for ever4 ,illustration3 #adi4 ,,wells1 ,,somersetshire ,,market ,,cross ,illustration3 #aej4 ,,northampton ,,market ,,cross ,the ,market ,cross of ,axbridge1 ,somersetshire 7,fig4 #adh71 illustrated1 after a painting of the year #agef1 in a communication from ,george ,bennett to the ,gentleman's ,magazine1 #ahje1 was demolished in or about #aggj4 ,the structure appears to have been hexagonal on plan4 ,its piers were buttressed1 its arches four-centred4 ,the surrounding parapet was of pierced ,gothic tracery1 interrupted by a pinnacle over each of the piers4 ,the roof was conical1 with a lofty vane4 ,the height to which the steps within1 beneath the central shaft1 rose1 suggests that this was an instance where the cross must have been in existence first1 and the shelter a subsequent addition4 ,illustration3 #aea4 ,,shepton ,,mallet1 ,,somersetshire ,,inscription ,,on ,,market ,,cross ,illustration3 #aeb4 ,,shepton ,,mallet1 ,,somersetshire ,,market ,,cross ,illustration3 #aec4 ,,norwich ,,market ,,cross1 ,,with ,,plan ,,and ,,detail ,illustration3 #aed4 ,,lichfield ,,market ,,cross ,illustration3 #aee4 ,,taunton1 ,,somersetshire ,,market ,,cross ,at ,shepton ,mallet a market cross 7,fig4 #aeb7 was erected in #aejj by private benefaction1 as recorded on the original engraved brass1 or latten plate1 attached to the structure4 ,the text of the inscription 7see ,fig4 #aea7 7in modernised spelling7 is as follows3 ,of your charity pray for the souls of ,walter ,buckland1 and ,agnes his wife1 with whose goods this cross was made in the year of our ,lord ,god1 #aejj1 whose obit shall be kept for ever in this parish church of ,shepton ,mallet1 the #bhth day of ,november1 whose souls ,jesu pardon4 ,there are certain lands1 apparently a part of the ,bucklands' bequest1 the revenues of which are devoted to keeping the cross in repair1 any surplus being distributed among the poor4 ,this ',cross ,charity1' as it is called1 was formerly administered by trustees1 but has recently--the passage was written in #aijg--;been transferred to the ,urban ,council4 ,the title-deeds have long been lost2 and some years ago the ,charity ,commissioners were inclined to alienate the property from the cross4 ,the trustees1 however1 tenaciously fulfilled their obligations1 and from #ahda onwards1 if not before1 kept the cross in thorough repair4 7,dr ,f4 ,j4 ,allen47 ,the character of the cross has been so much changed from time to time by reconstruction and misrestoration1 that it has now become impossible to determine what the ancient design really was2 but it seems to have consisted of a shelter very like that formerly at ,axbridge1 with a central spire like that formerly at ,taunton 7,fig4 #aee74 ,from the presence of pinnacles at the angles there can be deduced but one logical conclusion1 viz41 that the piers must have been1 and should yet be1 buttressed4 ,the buttresses1 however1 have completely disappeared4 ,the frequent traffic of heavy vehicles--for the market was once much busier than it has become since the introduction of the railway--would probably have damaged the projecting buttresses2 and their omission1 therefore1 curtailing the extent of the area occupied by the cross1 may have been designed to lessen the liability of the latter to collisions with market carts4 ,it is supposed that the top of the central spire fell in the eighteenth century1 damaging the substructure4 ,anyhow1 at some time in the seventeenth1 or in the early part of the eighteenth century1 the hexagonal shelter was taken down from around the central pier 7which still remains intact71 and was then rebuilt in its present form1 portions only of the old ,gothic parapet1 and the pinnacles1 being re-used4 ,this rebuilding has escaped record1 but that it did take place the internal evidence of the structure itself makes sufficiently obvious4 ,the absence1 already mentioned1 of buttresses2 the clumsy1 square blocks which do duty for the bases of the piers2 the classic imposts of the latter1 and the depressed arches 7unconstructional1 because they are not turned with voussoirs1 but formed each of one huge pair of stones1 cambered to simulate an arch in outline71 and the exaggeratedly prominent keystones1 could never have been perpetrated at the early date of #aejj1 but at some subsequent rebuilding1 of which the sum of them affords cumulative and convincing proof4 ,charles ,pooley 7,old ,stone ,crosses of ,somerset1 #ahgg7 states that the cross was rebuilt from the ground in #ahda3 but he was clearly mistaken4 ,dr ,f4 ,j4 ,allen1 of ,cambridge1 is positive on this point4 ,his grandfather1 as one of the trustees of the ,shepton ,mallet cross1 was largely responsible for the rebuilding in question2 and his own mother and uncle1 living as children in their father's house1 facing the cross1 were eye-witnesses of the progress of the work1 and could distinctly remember that only the spire above the roof was reconstructed4 ,minor repairs may have been done at the same time to the rest of the building1 but it was certainly not taken down bodily4 ,the architect employed was ,g4 ,b4 ,manners1 of ,bath2 and it is claimed that his design for the modern spire is a careful reproduction of the original one4 ,to what extent this is the case may perhaps be judged by comparing the spire actually standing with an illustration1 which appeared in the ,gentleman's ,magazine1 #agha1 from a drawing made in #agdg4 ,the latter may be faulty1 but1 such as it is1 its value as a record can scarcely be overrated1 since it furnishes the earliest extant version of ,shepton ,mallet cross4 ,the accompanying letterpress says3 ,on the top of the cross1 on the east side1 are figures in niches1 and1 above all1 a modern weathercock4 ,the engraving1 it is true1 shows figures on more sides of the head than one2 but the discrepancy need not be material1 if one may conjecture that all the figures1 other than those on the east side1 had perished in the interval between #agdg and #agha4 ,in any event the massive1 carved stone cylinder1 depicted as capping the spire in #agdg1 cannot have been the original cross-head of #aejj1 which1 according to ,pooley1 was a heavy1 lantern-shaped stone1 bearing figures of our ,saviour on the cross between two malefactors1 besides the images of several saints4 ,this cross-head was probably removed at the time of the rebuilding of the shelter2 and the cross-head which succeeded it is most likely the same one which fell1 as already mentioned1 in the eighteenth century4 ,pooley concludes his notice of ,shepton ,mallet cross thus3 ,some of the fragments of the old cross ,i saw lying in a builder's yard at ,darshill1 a hamlet in ,shepton ,mallet parish4 ,a grandson of that builder1 writes ,dr ,f4 ,j4 ,allen1 in ,september #aiai1 now living at ,shepton1 states that he can well remember his grandfather selling a selection of those fragments to ,lord ,portman1 who removed them to his house at ,blandford4 ,illustration3 #aef1 #aeg4 ,,malmesbury1 ,,wiltshire ,,market ,,cross1 ,,with ,,section ,illustration3 #aeh4 ,,malmesbury ,,plan ,,of ,,market ,,cross ,at ,malmesbury1 ,wiltshire1 there stands1 some #bjj ft4 directly south of the south end of the old transept of the ,abbey ,church1 and about #ej ft4 east of the south-east angle of ,st ,paul's ,parish ,church1 a handsome market cross 7,figs4 #aef1 #aeg1 #aeh7 of the same type as those of ,cheddar1 ,chichester1 and ,salisbury4 ,the following is ,leland's account of the cross3 ,there is a right fair and costly piece of work in the market place1 made all of stone1 and curiously vaulted1 for poor market folks to stand dry when rain cometh4 ,there be eight great pillars1 and eight open arches1 and the work is eight square 7octagonal74 ,one great pillar in the middle beareth up the vault4 ,the men of the town made this piece of work in hominum memoria 7within living memory74 ,leland wrote between about #aece and #aede2 and the date assigned to the cross is #adij4 ,with regard to the open arches it would be more accurate to state that two only of the number are open to the ground4 ,the six others are confined at the bottom by a low fence-wall4 ,a deeply moulded flying buttress rises from each pier1 clear of the richly-groined roof1 the light ribs being drawn into a cluster by a wide string-band supporting a large pinnacle and ogee finial4 ,this pinnacle bears traces of sculptured figures1 and1 on the west face1 of a crucifix2 but the faces of the work are much abraded by the weather1 and perhaps rough treatment1 for most of the bosses have been broken from the groined vault4 ,illustration3 #aei4 ,,salisbury ,,poultry1 ,,or ,,market ,,cross ,illustration3 #afj4 ,,salisbury ,,poultry ,,cross1 ,,as ,,restored ,illustration3 #afa1 #afb4 ,,chichester ,,market ,,cross1 ,,with ,,section ,illustration3 #afc4 ,,chichester ,,plan ,,of ,,market ,,cross ,the ,market ,cross at ,chichester 7,figs4 #aa1 #afa-afc7 was built shortly before #aejj by ,bishop ,edward ,storey1 who endowed it with an estate at ,amberley1 ,sussex1 producing a yearly rental of #be1 that the means for keeping the cross in constant repair might be assured4 ,it is octagonal on plan1 its eight arches all open to the ground4 ,this is much the most elaborately ornamented of the crosses of its class4 ,the flying buttresses 7unlike those of ,malmesbury cross7 are crocketed at intervals all the way along their ogee course2 and the side walls above the arches are richly panelled4 ,splendid though ,chichester cross is still1 it has been shamefully disfigured by incongruous innovations intruding upon the original design4 ,it was probably at the restoration1 under ,charles ,,ii41 that the bust of ,charles ,i4 was set up in an oval recess1 inserted in the place of one of the niches of the parapet4 ,the clock above was fixed in #agbd4 ,again the cross suffered excessive repair1 and further alterations in #agdf4 ,in the case of the market crosses of ,chichester and ,malmesbury the ring of pinnacles and the flying buttresses1 converging upon the central shaft1 itself culminating in a sculptured lantern1 resemble in general effect the crown steeples of ,king's ,college1 ,aberdeen1 and of the collegiate church of ,st ,giles at ,edinburgh4 ,but there is a difference4 ,in the ,scottish instances the lantern is structurally upheld by the combined thrust of the flying buttresses1 without vertical support4 ,in the ,english market crosses1 on the contrary1 the shaft1 rising from the floor and passing right up through the roof1 sustains the lantern from directly underneath4 ,salisbury ,poultry ,cross 7,figs4 #aei1 #afj7 must originally have been constructed in the same way1 but1 some time before ,may #aghi 7see illustration in ,archologia1 ,vol4 ,,ix41 p4 #cgc7 the whole of the original superstructure above the roof had perished4 ,the pinnacles1 flying buttresses1 and lantern1 which now crown the roof1 are only a modern restoration1 albeit a very excellent one4 ,the plan of the ,poultry ,cross is hexagonal4 ,in addition to this cross there are known to have existed at one time in ,salisbury the ,cheese ,cross1 ,bernard's ,cross1 and that before the west door of the cathedral4 ,one of the number was erected by ,lawrence de ,st ,martino1 as a penance enjoined before ,september #achh1 by ,bishop ,radulph ,ergham because ,lawrence1 who was infected with ,lollardism1 had been guilty of flagrant irreverence toward the ,blessed ,sacrament4 ,to complete his penance he was required to come and kneel in the open air1 barefoot and bareheaded1 before the said cross every ,saturday for the rest of his life4 ,a record of his offence and of its punishment was to be inscribed upon the cross itself1 and1 assuming this penance cross to be the actually existing market cross1 it has been conjectured that the six panelled sides of its central pillar bore the required text4 ,but the identity is very doubtful1 more especially as #achh seems too early a date1 by some hundred years1 for the ,poultry ,cross4 ,the old ,market ,cross at ,glastonbury 7,fig4 #afd7 has unfortunately disappeared4 ,the shelter was octagonal and gabled4 ,but the singular feature of the design was that the gables1 instead of surmounting the arched openings1 were placed over the spandrels and the piers between the arches4 ,conformably1 then1 with the canted plan of the structure1 the face of each gable was returned at an angle from its central vertical line1 a simple but quite unusual device1 which produced a remarkably quaint and original effect4 ,the picturesqueness was enhanced by the presence hard by of a water conduit1 which grouped charmingly with the more imposing structure of the market cross4 ,both1 however1 becoming dilapidated through neglect1 were demolished in #ahjh4 ,at ,norwich 7,fig4 #aec7 the first market cross was erected in the time of ,edward ,,iii4 7#acbg-cg74 ,it is known to have been repaired in the reign of ,henry ,,iv4 7#acii-adac74 ,the structure must have been of considerable size1 since it contained a chapel and four shops4 ,becoming decayed1 it was pulled down in #aeja1 and rebuilt1 the new cross being finished in #aejc4 ,like its predecessor1 it contained an oratory or chapel4 ,it was octagonal1 raised on steps1 and appears to have been originally an instance1 on a large scale1 of a spire-shaped cross with an entrance on the west side between two vices leading to the upper storeys4 ,in the seventeenth century1 apparently1 the cross was surrounded by sixteen pillars1 i4e41 eight large and eight intermediate pillars of slenderer size1 to support a flat leaded roof for the shelter of the market people--an addition which totally altered the aspect of the original spire-shaped cross4 ,meanwhile1 in the first year of ,edward ,,vi41 the crucifixes which had adorned the cross were taken down by order of the ,king's visitors4 ,the standard weights and measures of the city used to be kept in the market cross4 ,the oratory in it was let in #aegd to the company of workers in leather4 ,in #afdf the cross was repaired by means of a graduated tax1 levied on all the citizens in proportion to their means4 ,in #afdf1 also1 the floor of the cross was paved4 ,in #affd it was appointed for the ,court of ,guard1 and in #afgb was beautified and adorned according to the fashion of the day4 ,just sixty years afterwards the cross was again alleged to be in decay1 its materials were sold and the whole cross swept away1 the demolition beginning in ,august #agcb4 ,illustration3 #afd4 ,,glastonbury1 ,,somersetshire ,,market ,,cross ,illustration3 #afe4 ,,cheddar1 ,,somersetshire ,,market ,,cross ,illustration3 #aff4 ,,somerton1 ,,somersetshire ,,market ,,cross ,illustration3 #afg4 ,,maidstone ,,market ,,cross ,illustration3 #afh4 ,,oundle1 ,,northamptonshire ,,market ,,cross ,at ,lichfield 7,fig4 #aed71 the ,market ,cross1 octagonal on plan1 with two-centred open arches1 and with figures by way of pinnacles at the angles of the parapet1 was erected at the cost of ,dean ,denton 7#aeba-cb74 ,at ,northampton1 the ,market ,cross 7,fig4 #aej7 was erected in #aece4 ,it stood upon an octagonal platform of stone1 #b ft4 in height1 and comprised eight wooden columns1 the entire surface of their cylindrical shafts carved1 supporting the pointed arches of the octagonal shelter4 ,and the timbers from one pillar to the next pillar were arched and carved4 ,in the middle 7of the platform7 were three steps or rounds of stone to sit upon1 as well as for means of approach on one side to the doorway which1 locked from market to market1 gave access to the stairway curtained within the cylindrical shaft of stone rising in the centre4 ,this shaft terminated above the roof in a lantern with glazed windows1 within which were deposited the standard weights and measures1 and other utensils connected with the market4 ,there was ample room to walk round upon the lead-covered roof between the lantern and the embattled parapet4 ,the latter was ornamented at every angle of the octagon with a standard1 or post1 surmounted by a little ape holding a rod with a vane attached4 ,the whole was set out and beautified with branches of lead1 and1 upon all squares 7faces7 little panels of lead like coats of arms gilt1 and a great ornament to the place4 ,the cross1 unfortunately1 perished in the general conflagration at ,northampton1 on #bjth ,september #afge4 ,illustration3 #afi4 ,,ipswich ,,market ,,cross ,the old ,market ,cross at ,taunton1 ,somersetshire1 apparently dated from about the middle of the sixteenth century4 ,it was hexagonal on plan1 with pointed arches springing from columns1 presumably cylindrical1 with polygonal bases4 ,above the arches was a penthouse roof of boarding1 designed1 no doubt1 to augment the area of the shelter beneath4 ,the top of the walls was crenellated1 with pinnacles at the angles4 ,the central shaft rose into two diminishing tiers of niches for statues4 ,the original top having vanished1 its place was taken by a square block with sundials on the faces1 with an ogee roof surmounted by a weathercock4 ,the cross was demolished in #agfi1 but its general appearance is perpetuated by a very rough drawing in the ,british ,museum 7,fig4 #aee74 ,illustration3 #agj1 #aga1 #agb4 ,,ipswich1 ,,suffolk ,,market ,,cross1 ,,with ,,details ,,of ,,wood ,,carving ,illustration3 #agc4 ,,castle ,,combe1 ,,wiltshire ,,market ,,cross ,illustration3 #agd1 #age1 #agf4 ,,castle ,,combe1 ,,wiltshire ,,market ,,cross1 ,,with ,,plan1 ,,section1 ,,and ,,details ,the ,market ,cross at ,cheddar1 ,somersetshire 7,fig4 #afe71 is a stone structure of six four-centred open arches and shelter1 evidently built up round an older cross of the shaft-on-steps type4 ,the shaft1 which dates from the fifteenth century1 is octagonal1 and1 with its knop1 rears through the top of the roof4 ,the piers of the surrounding arches are buttressed and the parapet is embattled4 ,extensive renewing took place in #ahcd1 and the steps were repaired in #ahce4 ,the ,market ,cross at ,somerton1 ,somersetshire 7,fig4 #aff71 which may be compared with that of ,cheddar1 was built in #afgc1 a surprisingly late date in view of the character of the cross itself4 ,the latter is octagonal1 with pyramidal roof of eight cants2 its piers are buttressed1 and1 above a stringcourse with gargoyles at the outer angles1 rises an embattled parapet4 ,so closely1 indeed1 are the forms of architectural tradition adhered to1 that1 but for the segmental arches with their heavy keystones1 one would have had little hesitation in assigning the cross to the first half of the sixteenth century4 ,at ,maidstone 7,fig4 #afg71 the ,market ,cross1 or as it was formerly called1 from its original purpose1 the ,corn ,cross1 stood at the top of ,high ,street in the centre of the roadway4 ,the date of its erection is unknown1 but it is thought to have been about the middle of the sixteenth century1 at the time of the incorporation of the borough by ,edward ,,vi4 ,a sketch1 ascribed to ,cornelius ,jansen1 drawn upon ass's skin and dated #afbc--the property1 through the ,bosville family1 of ,j4 ,h4 ,baverstock--shows the cross to have been an octagonal structure with an umbrella-like roof1 covered apparently with slates1 and surmounted by a leaden cross4 ,later drawings and paintings show that the arches were four-centred1 and supported on clustered wooden shafts1 and that1 in place of the cross on the top1 there had been substituted a lead-covered dome1 or cupola1 from the summit of which rose a pole of turned wood4 ,in the spandrels of the arches were curious carvings illustrative of a butcher's calling4 ,about #afjh it was converted into the butcher's market4 ,the cross1 says ,william ,newton in his ,antiquities of ,maidstone1 #agda1 appears to have been very large2 but only a part of it is now remaining1 which is handsomely covered with lead1 and used for the fish market4 ,in #agga it was considered to be an obstruction to the traffic1 and was accordingly moved on rollers a slight distance to the side of the street1 just below the square stone conduit shown in the illustration2 but it did not stand there very long1 for it was finally demolished in #aghj4 ,illustration3 #agg4 ,,dunster1 ,,somersetshire ,,yarn-,,market ,,cross ,illustration3 #agh1 #agi4 ,,oakham1 ,,rutland ,,butter ,,cross1 ,,with ,,detail ,,of ,,the ,,interior ,illustration3 #ahj1 #aha4 ,,wymondham1 ,,norfolk ,,market ,,cross1 ,,with ,,detail ,,of ,,the ,,ground-,,floor ,,storey ,illustration3 #ahb4 ,,bingley1 ,w4,r4 ,,yorkshire ,,market ,,cross ,illustration3 #ahc4 ,,lymm1 ,,cheshire ,,market ,,cross ,illustration3 #ahd4 ,,nether ,,stowey1 ,,somersetshire ,,market ,,cross ,illustration3 #ahe4 ,,milverton1 ,,somersetshire ,,market ,,cross ,illustration3 #ahf4 ,,nottingham ,,the ,,malt ,,cross ,at ,leicester1 the last remains of the ancient cross were cleared away in #aefi4 ,meanwhile1 a successor to it had been built in #aeeg4 ,this new ,market ,cross 7,fig4 #ab7 was octagonal on plan1 having open arches on pillars and a cupola roof4 ,in its turn it was demolished between #agfi and #aggc4 ,at ,ipswich1 a preaching cross1 erected in #aeaj by ,edmund ,daundy1 ,bailiff of the town1 and said to be a near relative of ,cardinal ,wolsey1 is believed to have occupied the same spot on the ,cornhill1 where subsequently1 in #afbh1 the market cross was built 7,figs4 #afi-agb74 ,the latter was projected1 at least1 as early as #afaj1 when ,benjamin ,osborne promised #ej1 which1 by will dated ,june #afai1 he bequeathed toward the building4 ,but it was not until #afbh that the ,corporation managed to obtain any payment from his executors1 and then the sum available from his estate was #f short of the proper amount4 ,the figures in the inscription1 recording the benefaction upon a shield in one of the spandrels1 were thereupon altered from #ej to #dd 7,fig4 #agb74 ,the structure1 #bh ft4 in diameter1 comprised eight stone columns1 supporting elliptical arches of wood1 with an embattled parapet above a cornice1 elaborately carved with scrollwork and grotesques4 ,five masks from the old wood carving1 together with the shield inscribed as above mentioned1 are yet preserved in the ,ipswich ,museum4 ,the roof1 an ogee-shaped cupola1 covered with lead1 was framed into a centre post1 carried on cross-beams just above the level of the eaves4 ,the upper end of the post ran up through the middle of the roof in the form of a square terminal of four stages1 the lowest part being carved with a group of figures supporting a gilt ball1 like an orb1 with a cross on the top4 ,on the occasion of the ,proclamation of ,king ,charles ,,ii41 on #ajth ,may #affj1 the cross was ordered to be beautified--painted or rather emblazoned with the arms of local celebrities4 ,the arms included those of ,ipswich borough and of the families of ,daundy1 ,bloss1 ,long1 and ,sparrowe1 as well as two tradesmen's marks1 ,c4 ,a41 and ,b4 ,k4 ,m4 ,the carved faces in the museum yet retain their flesh tints4 ,in ,april #afid the ,corporation ordered that a new statue of ,justice should be erected upon the summit of the cross4 ,in #agbc the ,corporation voted thanks to ,mr ,francis ,nugent 7who represented ,ipswich in three ,parliaments7 for his present of a statue of ,justice1 which was brought from his seat at ,dallinghoe4 ,this1 an allegorical figure1 holding the scales1 is of stone1 painted brown1 and also is preserved in ,ipswich ,museum4 ,a sketch and plan by ,sir ,james ,thornhill 7,fig4 #afi71 in ,may #agaa1 shows that the cross at that time stood surrounded by a balustrade4 ,the cross was pulled down bodily at the beginning of ,january #ahab1 by order of a ,great ,court previously held4 ,an aquatint1 from a contemporary drawing by ,george ,frost1 was published in the same year 7,fig4 #aga74 ,the ,market ,cross at ,mildenhall1 ,suffolk 7,fig4 #ac71 with its timber posts and lead-covered roof1 dates from the fifteenth century4 ,illustration3 #ahg4 ,,bungay1 ,,suffolk ,,market ,,cross ,illustration3 #ahh4 ,,swaffham1 ,,norfolk ,,market ,,cross ,illustration3 #ahi4 ,,woodstock1 ,,oxfordshire ,,market ,,cross ,illustration3 #aij4 ,,wakefield1 ,w4,r4 ,,yorkshire ,,market ,,cross ,the old ,butter ,cross at ,oakham 7,fig4 #agh7 recalls that at ,mildenhall1 than which1 however1 it is probably later by a century or more4 ,the ,oakham cross is octagonal on plan1 the eight oak posts which support the roof resting on blocks of stone for bases4 ,in the centre is a solid stone pier1 encircled by seats for the market women4 ,the interior construction of the roof is a fine example of carpentry 7,fig4 #agi74 ,at ,oundle1 ,northamptonshire1 stood a market cross1 very like the last-named1 octagonal on plan1 with an eight-sided pyramidal roof1 covered with ,colly ,weston slates1 and supported by eight wooden posts 7,fig4 #afh74 ,the interior comprised a central shaft1 with a square socket1 bearing the date #aeia1 and mounted on two octagonal steps of stone1 having overhanging drips4 ,the cross1 not mentioned by ,bridges1 has long since been demolished4 ,the view is from an undated lithograph1 initialled ,j4 ,s4 ,the ,market ,cross at ,wymondham1 ,norfolk 7,figs4 #ahj1 #aha71 with its quaint timber-framed upper storey1 approached by an external stair1 dates from #afag4 ,the face of the braces between the piers of the open ground-storey are carved with tops1 spindles1 spoons1 and such like wooden ware1 for the abundant manufacture of which the town had long been famous4 ,at ,dunster1 ,somersetshire1 the ,yarn-,market ,cross1 as it is called1 is octagonal on plan1 with an immense span of roof relieved by dormers 7,fig4 #agg74 ,the arrangement of the timbers1 extending radially from the centre of the cross1 is somewhat remarkable1 writes ,alex4 ,gordon4 ,this cross was built about the year #afjj4 ,the weather-vane at the summit of the lantern bears the date #afdg4 ,the ,market ,cross1 or ,butter ,cross1 at ,witney1 ,oxfordshire 7,fig4 #ad71 was built1 according to ,joseph ,skelton1 by ,william ,blake1 of ,coggs1 in #afhc4 ,lavish renovation has now robbed it of much of its proper charm1 but the planning of the roof1 with its gables facing four ways1 constitutes an entirely delightful composition4 ,at ,milverton1 ,somersetshire1 the ,market ,cross1 commonly called ,fair ,cross1 was standing1 and is referred to in an indenture dated ,march #agae 7,fig4 #ahe74 ,the vane bore the date #agjf4 ,eight cylindrical columns of stone1 surrounding the base and shaft of a medieval cross1 sustained the shelter1 above which was an upper chamber1 used for storage only1 access thereto being obtained by means of a ladder through the window opening in one of the sides4 ,the chamber was covered with a slate-healed pyramid of eight cants4 ,the cross1 which1 strangely enough1 was in private ownership1 was demolished by the proprietor himself in or about #ahej4 ,the ,market ,cross at ,nether ,stowey1 ,somersetshire1 was erected about #agej on the site of an earlier cross1 of which nothing but a few fragments of stone from the base had survived4 ,the eighteenth-century structure was octagonal on plan1 eight cylindrical columns supporting the eight-canted pyramidal roof1 from the top of which rose a square turret1 with a clock in the lower part1 and a bell in the open bell-cote at the top 7,fig4 #ahd74 ,having been allowed to fall into dilapidation1 the whole cross was swept away by the lord of the manor about #ahfj4 ,at ,castle ,combe1 ,wiltshire1 the ,market ,cross is apparently another instance where the shelter was built up over an already existing stone cross 7,figs4 #agc1 #agf74 ,the latter has a bold1 square socket1 sculptured with late-,gothic tracery ornament4 ,the shelter seems to be sixteenth-century work4 ,its pyramidal roof1 supported on four stone piers1 had lost the original summit of the cross-shaft before ,buckler made his drawing of the north-west view of the cross4 ,it was then surmounted by a sundial of the seventeenth or eighteenth century4 ,later restoration1 however1 has substituted a quasi-,gothic pinnacle4 ,at ,lymm1 ,cheshire1 though no market is now held there1 the old ,market ,cross remains1 a quaint and unusual structure1 standing on the top of a boulder1 with steps partly hewn out of the natural rock 7,fig4 #ahc74 ,the cross is built of stone1 and consists of a massive central pier1 square on plan1 between four smaller piers1 likewise square1 supporting the roof at the corners4 ,the roof1 cross-ridged1 has pediments facing four ways1 and surmounted each by a substantial hip-knob4 ,on the faces of the pediments are sundials4 ,from the centre of the roof rises a lofty weathercock with a wrought-iron frame4 ,the ,malt ,cross at ,nottingham stood opposite the lower end of ,sheep ,lane1 and is said to have been erected in #agad1 although the old vane at the summit bore the date #afhf4 ,the structure1 hexagonal on plan1 and roofed with a cupola supported on ,doric columns1 was raised upon a three-foot high platform of four steps 7,fig4 #ahf74 ,the boss surmounting the cupola had a sundial on each of its six sides4 ,the ,malt ,cross was taken down1 and the materials were sold by public auction in ,october #ahjd4 ,as the seventeenth century advanced the market cross exhibited more and more marked divergence from the original architectural forms1 including the abandonment of the cross on the summit1 and the adoption1 in many instances1 of a sundial in place of the cross4 ,this tendency only increased in the eighteenth century4 ,instances of it are afforded by the market crosses--rectangular on plan--at ,woodstock 7,fig4 #ahi7 and ,wakefield 7,fig4 #aij74 ,other eighteenth-century market crosses1 e4g41 those of ,bungay 7#aghi7 7,fig4 #ahg7 and ,swaffham 7#aghc7 7,fig4 #ahh71 might almost be mistaken in appearance for bandstands1 but from the fact that1 aloft upon their lead-covered domes1 the allegorical figure of ,justice1 emphasising the duty of fair dealing1 continues to proclaim their purpose of open-air shelters for the transaction of business4 ,,vii4 ,,unclassified ,,varieties ,it is not easy to devise a system for the classification of crosses1 which shall1 without loss of precision1 be both exhaustive enough and comprehensive enough to embrace every possible variety4 ,there remain1 then1 a few anomalous instances which seem not to admit of inclusion in any of the categories already considered4 ,the first to note is ,doncaster cross 7,fig4 #aia71 of which an engraving was published in ,vetusta ,monumenta1 ,july #agec1 from an old painting1 formerly the property of ,lord ,fairfax1 who sold it in #afgb to ,alderman ,thoresby1 of ,leeds4 ,an ancient manuscript1 accompanying the painting1 recorded all that was known of the history of the cross4 ,the latter bore on the shaft1 at about a third of its height up from the bottom1 an inscription in ,norman ,french3 ,this is the cross of ,ote de ,tilli1 on whose soul ,god have mercy4 ,amen4 ,the said ,ote de ,tilli was seneschal of the ,earl of ,conisborough1 and was a witness of the charter of foundation of ,kirkstall ,abbey in #aaeb4 ,his name occurs in other charters of ,king ,stephen's reign1 and also of others in the reigns of ,henry ,,ii4 and ,richard ,i4 ,the cross stood at the south end of the town of ,doncaster1 on the ,london road4 ,the shaft was #ah ft4 high1 and consisted of a large central cylinder with four engaged cylindrical shafts1 having a total circumference of #aa ft4 #g in4 ,it stood upon five circular steps1 resting upon a hexagonal base or plinth4 ,on the summit of the stone cross there formerly rose five slender iron crosses1 the central one higher than the rest2 but in #afdd the monument was defaced by the troops under the ,earl of ,manchester1 losing its iron crosses4 ,to make up the deficiency the mayor1 in #afgh1 erected four dials1 a ball1 and vane on the top of the cross4 ,of not dissimilar plan is the stump of a shaft at ,elstow 7,fig4 #aib71 in ,bedfordshire4 ,again1 there is a tall pillar of clustered columns in three stages at ,aldborough 7,fig4 #aic74 ,all three examples appear to date from the thirteenth century4 ,illustration3 #aia4 ,,doncaster1 ,w4,r4 ,,yorkshire ,illustration3 #aib4 ,,elstow1 ,,bedfordshire ,,cross ,,near ,,the ,,church ,illustration3 #aic4 ,,aldborough1 ,e4,r4 ,,yorkshire ,,village ,,cross ,illustration3 #aid1 #aie4 ,,mitton1 ,w4,r4 ,,yorkshire ,,head ,,of ,,cross ,,in ,,the ,,churchyard1 ,,showing ,,obverse ,,and ,,reverse ,,faces ,at ,chester1 where ,watergate ,street ends and ,eastgate ,street begins1 and where1 at the point of junction1 ,bridge ,street leads off at a right angle southward to the ,dee ,bridge1 there stood the ,high ,cross on a hexagonal platform or step outside the entrance to the ,pentice1 which itself extended the whole length of the south side of ,st ,peter's ,church4 ,the design of this cross was so abnormal that one is at a loss to place it under any known classification4 ,a plain cylindrical column supported an immense and lofty superstructure1 exceeding the height of shaft and socket put together1 and consisting of a double-storeyed lantern1 with two tiers of niches for statues surrounding it4 ,the whole was surmounted by an orb and cross1 but the drawing by ,randle ,holme the third1 among the ,harleian manuscripts at the ,british ,museum 7,fig4 #bd71 gives two alternative details to finish off the summit1 viz41 a crucifix1 or a crowned shield of the royal arms4 ,the ,high ,cross was newly gilded in #aebi4 ,it was overthrown and defaced by the ,puritans in #afdf1 or1 according to another account1 in #afdh4 ,in #ahjd the remains were discovered buried in the porch of ,st ,peter's ,church1 and were taken to ,netherleigh ,house1 and there used to form a kind of ornamental rockwork in the gardens4 ,the late ,archdeacon ,barber1 writing in #aiaj1 says that in the ,grosvenor ,museum at ,chester there is a plain stone block1 which1 though without any of the richly sculptured ornament depicted by ,holme1 purports to be the head of the ancient cross1 while the shaft is said to be in the grounds of ,plas ,newydd1 at ,llangollen4 ,illustration3 #aif4 ,,ripley1 ,w4,r4 ,,yorkshire ,,base ,,in ,,the ,,churchyard ,there is1 again1 a certain type of cross which cannot exactly be classified under any of the previously described varieties4 ,the type in question1 as exemplified at ,alphington 7,fig4 #aii7 and at ,st ,loye's1 ,wonford1 near ,exeter 7,fig4 #aih71 appears to be peculiar to ,devonshire4 ,at first sight the cross looks much like a variety of monolith1 but the cross-head is in fact worked in a separate block of stone4 ,the shortness of the arms1 as compared with the height of the upper limb1 is striking4 ,another feature is a small niche or hollow sunk in the face of the cross at the point of intersection4 ,for the rest1 the socket does not differ at all from many examples occurring in the shaft-on-steps group4 ,the cross-head at ,mitton1 ,yorkshire 7,figs4 #aid1 #aie71 is peculiar inasmuch as the crucifixion is sculptured on both faces1 but in totally different fashions4 ,that on the west face has the arms stretched horizontally1 within a sexfoil frame1 and might well be of the thirteenth century4 ,whereas the sculpture on the east face1 though much more weatherworn1 is of a style that could not have been designed before the late-fourteenth1 or perhaps even the fifteenth century4 ,the arms of the ,christ in this instance are drawn upwards in an unusually oblique direction4 ,it is impossible that these two representations could have been executed at one and the same date4 ,the circular outline of the head1 too1 is peculiar1 and suggestive rather of a gable-cross than of a standing cross4 ,possibly the west face only was sculptured in the first instance1 for a gable-cross1 the sculpture on the east face being added later in order to adapt the stone for the head of a churchyard cross4 ,anyhow1 since ,buckler's drawings were made1 the head has been mounted on a modern shaft and pedestal4 ,illustration3 #aig4 ,,bisley1 ,,gloucestershire ,,monument ,,in ,,the ,,churchyard ,a very strange socket1 comprising two stages1 both cylindrical with a slight batter1 stands to the north of the church in the churchyard at ,ripley1 ,yorkshire 7,fig4 #aif74 ,the topmost stage is about #b ft4 #c in4 high1 and the diameter of its upper bed is #b ft4 #i in4 ,it has had sunk into it1 from the shaft of a cross1 a mortise #h in4 deep by #ah in4 by #aj in4 ,the bottom stage is #b ft4 high by about #d ft4 #h in41 the diameter of its upper bed1 which varies from #f to #g in4 wider all round than the foot of the upper stage4 ,a most peculiar feature is the series of eight cavities averaging #f in4 deep and from #ad to #ag in4 high1 by #g to #aj in4 wide at the top4 ,it cannot be that these cavities were receptacles for offerings1 for eight of them would be largely in excess of any reasonable requirements of alms-gathering4 ,it has been called a weeping cross on the supposition that the hollows were meant for penitents to kneel in4 ,but this again cannot be1 for the spaces available are not nearly large enough for such a purpose4 ,it may be that the bottom stage of the ,ripley cross is1 after all1 nothing else than the inverted bowl of a font1 and the hollows surrounding it niches for statuary4 ,the problem1 however1 is one which has not hitherto been satisfactorily explained4 ,illustration3 #aih4 ,,st ,,loye',s1 ,,wonford1 ,,devonshire ,at ,bisley1 ,gloucestershire1 in the west end of the churchyard1 stands a singular structure of stone1 of early-thirteenth-century work 7,fig4 #aig74 ,circular on plan at the foot and hexagonal above1 it now measures about #ab ft4 high1 the original cross or finial at the apex having disappeared4 ,this monument has been variously described as a cross1 a well-head1 or a bone-house4 ,probably it is rather a combination between a cross 7for with such it must almost certainly have been crowned7 and a lantern for the poor souls' light4 ,the trefoil-headed openings in each cant seem designed expressly for emitting the light of a lamp burning within1 while the dormer-like hoods of the said openings would shelter the flame from wind and rain4 ,such lantern pillars are known to have been in use in the ,middle ,ages1 though they have very rarely survived to our own times4 ,there exists1 however1 a fine example of late-fourteenth or early-fifteenth century work1 standing outside the north-east part of the ,dom at ,regensburg1 in ,bavaria4 ,illustration3 #aii4 ,,alphington1 ,,devonshire ,,viii4 ,,lychgates ,lychgates are so named from the old ,anglo-,saxon word lich1 or ,german leiche1 meaning corpse1 because they stood at the entrance of the churchyard1 where the bearers of the dead might deposit their burden1 and rest awhile before passing through1 and into the church for the solemn funeral rites4 ,some lychgates are actually provided with a long flat slab for this very purpose1 as is the case1 for instance1 at ,ashprington and ,atherington1 both in ,devonshire1 and at ,chiddingfold1 ,surrey 7,fig4 #bbg74 ,usually also they are fitted with benches4 ,the rubric of the ,prayer ,book of #aedi directed that the officiating minister at funerals should go to meet the corpse at the church style1 i4e41 lychgate2 and again1 according to the ,prayer ,book now in use 7of the year #affb71 the clergyman and the clerks meeting the corpse at the entrance of the churchyard 7i4e41 at the lychgate1 wherever one exists71 there begin the burial service1 and thence precede the body into the church4 ,in some places1 as at ,heston and ,hayes1 in ,middlesex1 and at ,chalfont ,st ,giles1 the entrance gates form turnstiles1 being fixed to a central post1 which revolves on a pivot4 ,there is hardly scope for any very great variety of types in lychgates1 but they may be classified generally under certain main groups1 viz41 first1 the porch-shape1 in which the roof-ridge has the same axis as the passage way2 secondly1 the shed-like form1 in which the roof-ridge runs transversely to the axial line of the passage way2 thirdly1 a rare variety1 embodying both the previous features1 and such that is exemplified by the charming lychgate at ,clun1 ,shropshire 7,fig4 #bce71 where two roof-ridges cross one another at right angles2 or at ,berrynarbor1 ,devonshire1 where the lychgate is on the plan of a cross2 and1 lastly1 lychgates formed by the combination of the requisite passage way with a church house or other building4 ,to this class belongs the entrance to the churchyard at ,penshurst1 ,kent1 an example well known and admired for its picturesqueness4 ,other instances are those of ,hartfield in ,sussex 7,fig4 #bja71 ,long ,compton in ,warwickshire1 ,chalfont ,st ,giles in ,buckinghamshire 7,fig4 #bjd71 and ,bray in ,berkshire 7,figs4 #bjb1 #bjc74 ,the last-named specimen is of exceptional interest1 not only because it contains an ancient chapel1 but also because it bears1 on one of the uprights of the entrance1 the date of its construction1 #addh1 a most unusual circumstance4 ,the penthouse gallery1 shown on the left of the photograph1 is a modern addition4 ,it will also be noticed1 on comparison of the two illustrations1 that the west window of the old chapel-chamber has1 since #ahgi1 been robbed of some of its mullions1 and now consists of three lights only4 ,two ,welsh examples of lychgates1 with a room built over each1 are enumerated by the ,rev4 ,elias ,owen1 in #ahhf1 viz41 ,derwen1 ,denbighshire1 where the upper storey is utilised for parochial purposes1 and ,whitford1 ,flintshire1 where it served as a schoolroom4 ,latterly1 when the school increased in numbers1 the lychgate was blocked up and formed into a class-room in addition to the upper part4 ,the same writer remarks that a fully equipped lychgate includes seats1 a lychcross and a lychstone4 ,as a rule1 both lychcrosses and lychstones have disappeared 444 but underneath the roof of ,caerwys 7,flintshire7 lychgate are still to be seen the beam and socket1 where once stood the wooden lychcross1 and on the ground are traceable the foundation stones of the two lychseats1 and of the lychstone in the centre of the porch4 ,this rest for the coffin was a low wall of about a coffin's length4 ,some of the distinctive features of lychgates were destroyed in the eighteenth century4 ,thus the beam that stretched from wall to wall1 and had a wooden cross inserted into it1 has1 in nearly every instance1 been sawn away4 ,the above-named example at ,caerwys1 however1 according to the ,inventory of the ,royal ,commission1 still survives4 ,the place was visited in ,july #aiaj1 and the report runs3 ,within the covered lychgate is a pre-,reformation oak frame1 the two uprights supporting a beam in which a cross was fixed1 the ancient custom having been to set down corpses on their way to burial upon the lychstone immediately beneath this cross4 ,the distribution of lychgates in various districts is most unequal4 ,thus nearly every one of the twenty-four churches of the ,deanery of ,woodleigh1 ,devonshire1 is said to possess a lychgate4 ,an instance1 which may safely be pronounced unique1 is that of ,troutbeck1 ,westmorland1 where there are1 or were1 no less than three stone lychgates to one and the same churchyard4 ,illustration3 #bjj4 ,,hayes1 ,,middlesex ,,lychgate ,lychgates are constructed1 it goes without saying1 of the most convenient native material available4 ,thus1 the ,welsh examples illustrated are of indigenous stone2 whereas in ,middlesex1 ,hertfordshire1 ,kent1 and other districts in which freestone is not available1 the lack of it is amply compensated by the development of the resources of timber4 ,kent1 though deficient in churchyard crosses1 may justly claim to rival1 if not indeed to surpass1 the other counties of ,england in respect of the admirable lychgates which it contains4 ,the handsomest stands at ,beckenham 7,figs4 #bje-bjg71 on the south side of the old churchyard4 ,the gate is of the shed variety1 but the roof-ridge1 instead of running the whole length from end to end 7as it does at ,lenham in the same county 7,figs4 #bbj1 #bba1 and #bbb71 at ,ashwell1 ,hertfordshire 7,figs4 #bae-bah71 ,hayes 7,fig4 #bjj7 and ,heston 7,figs4 #bac and #bad7 in ,middlesex1 ,morwenstow in ,cornwall 7,fig4 #bai71 ,isleham in ,cambridgeshire 7,figs4 #bbc-bbe71 and ,goring in ,oxfordshire 7,fig4 #bbf771 is hipped1 with very charming result4 ,but hipping alone is not enough to ensure full sthetic effect4 ,one has only to compare two examples of hipped roofs1 viz41 that at ,beckenham1 already named1 and the not dissimilar instance at ,staple 7,figs4 #bjh1 #bji71 in the same county1 to realise what very different artistic values two gates1 based on one identical motif1 may possess4 ,the ,beckenham lychgate is far superior to the other1 no doubt because of the excellent proportions of its parts4 ,the old drawing1 by ,buckler 7,fig4 #bjf71 shows that at one time the large oblique struts were wanting2 a deficiency which altered the whole appearance of the lychgate1 tending1 as it did1 to make the roof look heavy and ill-balanced4 ,the large struts1 however1 had been supplied by #ahga4 ,the pronounced tilt of the roof toward the eaves1 by means of sprockets 7see the section drawings1 ,fig4 #bjg71 gives additional character to this beautiful lychgate4 ,at the present day it cannot1 unfortunately1 be seen to proper advantage1 because of the intrusive presence of a modern brick wall1 abutting close up against either end of the gate1 and concealing its lower part4 ,the roof is now tiled1 but it is believed that it was originally thatched1 or shingled4 ,the difference of effect produced by varying the number of bays is illustrated by comparing the lychgates of ,west ,wickham 7,figs4 #baa1 #bab7 and ,beckenham1 both of one bay each2 those of ,isleham1 ,staple1 ,lenham1 and ,ashwell1 all of two bays each1 and that of ,anstey with its three bays4 ,as to the last-named1 ,buckler's amazingly incorrect draughtsmanship in the right hand lower corner fortunately does not avail to disguise the sturdy dignity and grand outline of this magnificent example4 ,at ,ashwell1 ,hertfordshire1 the timber lychgate1 which forms the south-west entrance to the churchyard1 probably dates from the fifteenth century4 ,the three standards carrying the horizontal lintel are so much more massive at the top than at the bottom that they must certainly have been cut from tree trunks inverted1 like the angle spurs used in the construction of ancient timber-framed houses4 ,the windbrace in the roof1 and the engrailed vergeboard under the end gable should be noticed4 ,the lychgate which forms the western entrance to the churchyard at ,lenham1 ,kent1 comprises two passage ways1 each having a four-centred arch of timber overhead4 ,the narrower gate1 that on the south1 has the head cambered out of a single piece of oak to the four-centred outline4 ,the northern1 the wider gate1 has the head built together of two pieces1 shaped to the requisite form4 ,the supporting struts and braces are much worn with age and weather1 but happily unrestored4 ,the roof is tiled4 ,the main part of the timberwork is of the fifteenth century1 says ,mr ,e4 ,c4 ,lee1 except the roof1 the rafters of which1 built into the adjoining house1 are very poor and rough4444 ,the strutting at ,a is bad in construction1 all the strain being thrown on the pins4 ,there is a tradition that this gate was brought hither from ,canterbury some time about #aggj2 but it is1 in all probability1 without historical basis1 as also are many other traditions of a similar kind4 ,the lychgate at ,pulborough1 ,sussex 7,fig4 #bcf71 is an example of a pyramidal roof1 and may be contrasted with the cross-ridged construction of the lychgates at ,clun in ,shropshire 7,fig4 #bce71 or ,monnington-on-,wye in ,herefordshire 7,fig4 #bcg74 ,all three are square on plan1 and built of timber4 ,the ornamental wood-patterning at ,clun is closely allied to the typical domestic work of ,shropshire and ,cheshire1 only in this instance it is open instead of being filled in between with wattle and daub4 ,some lychgates belonging to the shed type are of composite materials1 partly masonry and partly timberwork4 ,to this class belong the gates at ,pattingham1 ,staffordshire 7,fig4 #bcd71 with its timber-framed gables in the long roof2 ,llanfillo1 ,brecknockshire 7,fig4 #bbi71 and ,clodock1 ,herefordshire 7,fig4 #bbh74 ,the last-named is of uncommon character1 having timber posts supplemented by masonry pier-walls1 with recesses1 like niches1 in their inner sides4 ,the stone piers are each #h ft4 #h in4 long by #b ft4 thick1 and the clear opening between them is #g ft4 #d in4 wide4 ,the roofing is of stone slates4 ,it is believed to have been erected in #affg4 ,to judge of the respective effects produced by timberwork on the one hand1 and stonework on the other1 one has only to compare the porch-like lychgates of ,rustington1 ,sussex 7,fig4 #bcj71 and ,boughton ,monchelsea1 ,kent 7,fig4 #bca71 with those of ,talyllyn 7,fig4 #bcb7 and ,llandrillo-yn-,rhos 7,fig4 #bcc74 ,it happens that the date of the construction of the last-named is known1 viz41 #afgg4 ,otherwise1 both this one and ,talyllyn are so rude in construction1 and so conspicuous for the absence of architectural detail1 that it would be rash to attempt to assign a more precise date to either of them than some period subsequent to ,queen ,elizabeth's reign4 ,it is difficult1 says ,herbert ,north in ,the ,old ,churches of ,arllechwedd1 to conjecture the date of the local lychgates4 ,of six specimens1 past and present1 noted by him in ,carnarvonshire1 every one bore1 or bears1 a date some time within the eighteenth century4 ,the lychgate of ,llanrug is dated #agah2 ,caerhun and ,llanfaglan1 #agbh2 the old gate1 now demolished1 at ,dolwyddelan1 was dated #agcf2 the gate at ,bettws-y-,coed is dated #agef1 and ,llanrhychwyn1 #agfb4 ,in one case only1 that of ,dolwyddelan1 the parish accounts show clearly that the work executed in the year specified was of the nature of repairs to an already existing structure4 ,with regard to the other lychgates1 however1 there is no way of determining whether they were repaired merely1 or built afresh at the dates recorded on them4 ,with one exception1 the lychgate of ,bettws-y-,coed1 where there is on the east side1 over the gateway1 a fine curved beam1 #aj in4 square1 of really medieval aspect1 internal evidence is of little avail1 because the structures themselves are of quite plain and simple character1 devoid of any distinctive architectural feature whatever4 ,it is1 however1 a very extraordinary coincidence if occasion arose for all the six lychgates to require repairing within a space of less than fifty years4 ,one can scarcely be rash1 then1 in assuming that1 in the majority of instances1 these lychgates were built at the actual dates respectively inscribed upon them4 ,illustration3 #bja4 ,,hartfield1 ,,sussex ,,lychgate ,,building ,illustration3 #bjb4 ,,bray1 ,,berkshire ,illustration3 #bjc4 ,,bray1 ,,berkshire ,,lychgate1 ,,from ,,the ,,churchyard ,illustration3 #bjd4 ,,chalfont ,,st ,,giles1 ,,buckinghamshire ,,lychgate ,illustration3 #bje4 ,,beckenham1 ,,kent ,,lychgate ,illustration3 #bjf1 #bjg4 ,,beckenham1 ,,kent ,,lychgate ,illustration3 #bjh1 #bji4 ,,staple1 ,,kent ,,plan ,,and ,,sections ,,of ,,lychgate ,illustration3 #baj4 ,,anstey1 ,,hertfordshire ,,lychgate ,illustration3 #baa1 #bab4 ,,west ,,wickham1 ,,kent ,,lychgate ,illustration3 #bac1 #bad4 ,,heston1 ,,middlesex ,,lychgate ,illustration3 #bae1 #baf4 ,,ashwell1 ,,hertfordshire ,,lychgate1 ,,elevation ,,and ,,section1 ,,showing ,,roof ,,construction ,illustration3 #bag1 #bah4 ,,ashwell1 ,,hertfordshire ,,lychgate1 ,,plan ,,and ,,end ,,elevation ,illustration3 #bai4 ,,morwenstow1 ,,cornwall ,,lychgate ,illustration3 #bbj4 ,,lenham1 ,,kent ,,lychgate1 ,,from ,,within ,,the ,,churchyard ,illustration3 #bba4 ,,lenham1 ,,kent ,,lychgate ,,details ,illustration3 #bbb4 ,,lenham1 ,,kent ,,lychgate1 ,,sections ,,and ,,ground ,,plan ,illustration3 #bbc4 ,,isleham1 ,,cambridgeshire ,,lychgate ,illustration3 #bbd1 #bbe4 ,,isleham1 ,,cambridgeshire ,,lychgate ,illustration3 #bbf4 ,,goring1 ,,oxfordshire ,,lychgate ,illustration3 #bbg4 ,,chiddingfold1 ,,surrey ,,lychgate1 ,,with ,,coffin ,,slab ,illustration3 #bbh4 ,,clodock1 ,,herefordshire ,,lychgate ,illustration3 #bbi4 ,,llanfillo1 ,,brecknockshire ,,lychgate ,illustration3 #bcj4 ,,rustington1 ,,sussex ,,lychgate ,illustration3 #bca4 ,,boughton ,,monchelsea1 ,,kent ,,lychgate ,illustration3 #bcb4 ,,talyllyn1 ,,merionethshire ,illustration3 #bcc4 ,,llandrillo-,,yn-,,rhos1 ,,denbighshire ,illustration3 #bcd4 ,,pattingham1 ,,staffordshire ,,lychgate ,illustration3 #bce4 ,,clun1 ,,shropshire ,,lychgate ,illustration3 #bcf4 ,,pulborough1 ,,sussex ,,lychgate ,illustration3 #bcg4 ,,monnington-,,on-,,wye1 ,,herefordshire ,,lychgate ,,bibliography ,vetusta ,monumenta1 ,vol4 ,i41 #agdg2 ,vol4 ,,ii41 #aghi2 and ,vol4 ,,iii41 #agif4 ,folio4 ,published by the ,society of ,antiquaries of ,london4 ,these miscellanies contain a number of plates1 dating from #agbh1 and letterpress descriptions of ancient stone crosses4 ,an ,essay towards a ,history and ,description of ,ancient ,stone ,crosses in ,the ,architectural ,antiquities of ,great ,britain1 by ,,john ,,britton1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,vol4 ,i41 #dto4 ,london1 #ahjg4 ,village ,crosses 7,leicestershire1 ,lincolnshire1 and ,bedfordshire7 in ,the ,ecclesiologist1 pp4 #hi-ij1 ,february #ahdd4 ,ancient ,crosses in ,the ,ecclesiologist1 pp4 #bih-cjj1 ,august #ahde4 ,crosses in ,village or ,churchyard1 pp4 #ahf-aij of ,a ,handbook of ,english ,ecclesiology4 ,cambridge ,camden ,society1 #ahdg4 ,ancient ,stone ,crosses of ,england1 by ,,alfred ,,rimmer4 ,london1 #ahge4 ,concerning ,crosses1 by ,,florence ,,peacock1 in ,curious ,church ,gleanings1 edited by ,william ,andrews1 ,f4,r4,h4,s4 ,london and ,hull1 #ahif4 ,early ,sculptured ,stones in ,england1 ,parts ,i4 and ,,ii41 by ,bishop ,g4 ,f4 ,,browne1 in ,the ,magazine of ,art4 ,vol4 ,,viii4 ,cassell ,co41 #ahhe4 ,the ,cross in ,ritual1 ,architecture1 and ,art1 by the ,rev4 ,g4 ,s4 ,,tyack1 #ahif4 ,churchyard ,crosses1 by ,,aymer ,,vallance1 in ,the ,burlington ,magazine1 ,no4 #ahf1 ,vol4 ,,xxxiii41 ,september #aiah4 ,wayside ,crosses 7a pamphlet71 prepared under the direction of the ,advisory ,committee of the ,wayside ,cross ,society4 ,london1 ,chiswick ,press1 #aiag4 ,market ,crosses and ,halls1 by ,,walter ,h4 ,,godfrey1 ,f4,s4,a41 in the ,architectural ,review for ,september #aiai4 ,the ,early ,christian ,monuments of ,cheshire and ,lancashire1 by ,j4 ,,romilly ,,allen1 ,f4,s4,a47,scot471 ,december #ahic4 ,some ,cheshire ,crosses1 by the ,ven4 ,archdeacon ,,edward ,,barber1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a41 in ,memorials of ,old ,cheshire4 ,london1 #aiaj4 ,old ,stone ,crosses of the ,vale of ,clwyd and ,neighbouring ,parishes1 by the ,rev4 ,,elias ,,owen1 ,m4,a4 ,london1 ,oswestry1 and ,wrexham1 #ahhf4 ,cornish ,crosses in ,the ,ecclesiologist1 pp4 #bag-bai1 ,november #ahdi4 ,ancient ,crosses and other ,antiquities in ,cornwall1 by ,j4 ,t4 ,,blight1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,london and ,penzance1 #ahgb4 ,old ,cornish ,crosses1 by ,,arthur ,g4 ,,langdon1 with an ,article on their ,ornament by ,j4 ,romilly ,allen4 ,truro1 #ahif4 ,pre-,norman ,cross ,fragments at ,aspatria1 ,workington1 ,distington1 ,bridekirk1 ,gilcrux1 ,plumbland1 and ,isell1 by the ,rev4 ,w4 ,s4 ,,calverley1 ,f4,s4,a41 in ,transactions of the ,cumberland and ,westmoreland ,antiquarian and ,archological ,society4 ,vol4 ,,xi4 ,kendal1 #ahia4 ,the ,runic ,roods of ,ruthwell and ,bewcastle1 by ,,james ,,king ,,hewison4 #dto4 ,glasgow1 #aiad4 ,the ,ancient ,crosses of ,dartmoor1 by ,,william ,,crossing4 ,london and ,exeter1 #ahhg4 ,three ,pre-,norman ,crosses in ,derbyshire1 by ,g4 ,,le ,,blanc ,,smith1 in ,the ,reliquary1 ,july #aijd4 ,the ,old ,stone ,crosses of ,dorset1 with an ,introduction and ,descriptive ,article1 by ,,alfred ,,pope4 ,collotype ,illustrations4 ,london1 #aijf4 ,notes on the ,old ,crosses of ,gloucestershire1 by ,,charles ,,pooley1 ,f4,s4,a41 ,london1 #ahfh4 ,the ,ancient ,crosses of ,stortford1 by ,j4 ,l4 ,,glasscock1 #aije4 ,the ,ancient ,crosses of ,lancashire1 by ,,henry ,,taylor1 ,f4,s4,a41 first published serially1 in seven parts1 in ,transactions of the ,lancashire and ,cheshire ,antiquarian ,society1 and republished in separate form under title of ,the ,ancient ,crosses and ,holy ,wells of ,lancashire4 ,manchester1 #aijf4 ,the ,crosses of ,lancashire1 by the ,rev4 ,p4 ,h4 ,,ditchfield1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a41 in ,memorials of ,old ,lancashire4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,london1 #aiji4 ,manx ,crosses1 by ,p4 ,m4 ,c4 ,,kermode4 ,london1 #aijg4 ,parish of ,kirk ,maughold1 comprises an illustrated account of the ,standing ,cross in ,the ,manx ,archological ,survey1 ,fourth ,report4 ,douglas1 ,isle of ,man1 #aiae4 ,st ,paul's ,cross3 the most ,famous ,spot in ,london1 by ,,john ,b4 ,,marsh1 #ahib4 ,chapters in the ,history of ,old ,st ,paul's1 by ,w4 ,,sparrow ,,simpson1 ,london1 #ahha2 and ,st ,paul's ,cathedral and ,old ,city ,life1 by the same1 ,london1 #ahid1 contain much information concerning ,paul's ,cross4 ,paul's ,cross1 being ,chapter ,,viii4 of ,methuen's ,little ,guide to ,st ,paul's ,cathedral1 ,london1 by ,,george ,,clinch1 #aijf4 ,the ,early ,history1 ,form1 and ,function of ,paul's ,cross1 by ,w4 ,,paley ,,baildon1 ,f4,s4,a41 in ,proceedings of the ,society of ,antiquaries1 #bnd ,may1 #aiah4 ,early ,christian ,sculpture in ,northamptonshire1 by ,j4 ,,romilly ,,allen1 ,f4,s4,a47,scot471 in ,the ,associated ,architectural ,societies' ,reports and ,papers4 ,the ,stone ,crosses of the ,county of ,northampton1 by ,,christopher ,a4 ,,markham1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,london and ,northampton1 #aija4 ,the ,missing ,termination of ,queen ,eleanor's ,cross at ,northampton1 by ,r4 ,c4 ,,scriven1 in ,the ,associated ,architectural ,societies' ,reports and ,papers4 ,vol4 ,,xviii4 ,lincoln1 #ahhf4 ,eleanor of ,castile1 ,queen of ,england1 and the ,monuments ,erected to her ,memory1 by ,,james ,,galloway1 ,a4,m41 ,m4,d41 in ,historical ,sketches of ,old ,charing4 ,london1 #aiad4 ,an ,historical and ,descriptive ,account of the ,old ,stone ,crosses of ,somerset1 by ,,charles ,,pooley1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,london1 #ahgg4 ,crosses of ,somerset1 an ,appendix to ,pooley's work1 was contributed by ,e4 ,h4 ,,bates ,,harbin to ,notes and ,queries for ,somerset and ,dorset4 ,vol4 ,,xv41 ,part #aah4 ,sherborne1 #aiag4 ,the ,old ,stone ,crosses of ,somersetshire1 by ,,alex4 ,,gordon1 in two parts1 in ,the ,reliquary1 ,october #ahie and ,july #ahif4 ,wolverhampton ,cross ,shaft1 by ,professor ,w4 ,r4 ,,lethaby1 in ,proceedings of the ,society of ,antiquaries4 ,vol4 ,,xxv41 ,n4,s41 pp4 #aeh-aei4 ,pre-,norman ,cross ,shaft at ,nunburnholme1 ,yorkshire1 by ,j4 ,,romilly ,,allen1 in ,the ,reliquary4 ,,index ,,to ,,text ,n4,b4--,items in italics refer to the subject of ,,lychgates1 while all other items refer to ,,crosses4 ,see also ,alphabetical ,list of ,illustrations at the commencement of the ,book ,abingdon ,cross1 #aaj ,actes and ,monuments1 #ae1 #ah ,alexander of ,abingdon1 #ie ,angle-pedestals1 #dc ,anglican ,runes1 #cb ,ashprington ,lychgate1 #afd ,atherington ,lychgate1 #afd ,banbury ,cross1 #bd ,battle1 ,john of1 #ie ,baxter1 ,richard1 #af ,berrynarbor ,lychgate1 #afd ,bettws-y-,coed ,lychgate1 #afh ,bishop's ,lydeard1 #ad ,bishop's ,stortford1 #ah ,boundary ,crosses1 #ac ,brackley1 ,northants41 #af ,bradshaigh1 ,sir ,william1 #bd ,caerhun ,lychgate1 #afh ,caerwys 7,flints47 ,lychgate1 #afe ,calvary1 #db ,cavities in ,base or ,steps1 #ad ,ceremonial ,functions1 #ba ,charing ,cross1 ,london1 #ah ,cheapside ,cross1 ,london1 #ah ,chester ,high ,cross1 #ah1 #be1 #aeh ,constantine1 ,emperor1 #a ,cornish ,type1 #bg ,crown ,steeples1 #acg ,crucifixion1 #cd ,dane's ,cross1 ,wolverhampton1 #cg ,demolitions by ,parliamentary ,visitors1 #af ,derwen ,lychgate1 #afe ,diamond-pointed ,step1 #db ,distribution of ,remaining ,crosses1 #i ,dives et ,pauper1 #a ,dolwyddelan ,lychgate1 #afh ,dowsing's ,journal1 #af ,dunstable1 ,eleanor ,cross1 #aja ,eglwyscummin1 ,carmarthenshire1 #ae ,eleanor ,crosses1 #id-ajh ,plans1 #ie ,royal ,account ,rolls1 #ie ,eleanor ,cross1 ,dunstable1 #aja ,st ,albans1 #aja ,stony ,stratford1 #aja ,woburn1 #aja ,eleanor of ,castile1 #id ,elizabeth1 ,queen1 #ajf ,evangelistic ,symbols1 #cd ,fyfield1 ,berks41 #af ,gallows1 ,the ,cross used as1 #be ,hardley1 ,norfolk1 #ac ,head of ,cross1 ,varieties of ,form1 #dg ,henry ,,vi41 #da ,,viii41 #da ,hire of ,labourers at ,cross1 #bf ,iconoclastic ,movement1 #ae ,ipswich1 ,preaching ,cross1 #aeb ,jeanne d',arc1 #g ,jews' ,cross1 ,oxford1 #ai ,knop1 ,treatment of1 #df ,launde1 ,sir ,robert1 #ajb ,leek1 ,staffs41 #cg ,liverpool1 ,cross formerly at1 #af ,llanfaglan1 ,lychgate1 #afh ,llanrhychwyn ,lychgate1 #afh ,llanrug ,lychgate1 #afh ,london1 ,crosses at1 #ah1 #ajb ,minor ,preaching ,crosses1 #abj ,paul's ,cross1 #aac-abj ,long ,compton ,lychgate1 #afd ,louth1 ,lincs41 #be ,lychcrosses1 #afe ,lychgates1 #afd-afh ,classification of ,types1 #afd ,construction1 #afe ,distribution of1 #afe ,materials ,used1 #afe ,lychseats1 #afe ,lychstones1 #afe ,lyme1 ,dorset1 #be ,margaret of ,anjou1 #da ,market ,crosses1 #b1 #abe-aeg ,general ,intent of1 #abe ,tolls1 #abh ,melton ,mowbray1 #ah ,menhirs1 #bg ,mercian ,type1 #cd ,monoliths1 #a1 #bg ,monmouth1 ,duke of1 #be ,netheway1 ,john1 #g ,nevill's ,cross1 ,durham1 #bb ,niche in ,head1 #afa ,socket or ,shaft1 #i ,outdoor ,processions to ,cross1 #i ,oxford1 ,jews' ,cross1 #ai ,palm ,crosses1 #ac ,sunday ,ceremonials1 #ac ,paul's ,cross1 ,london 7see ,london71 #aac-abj ,pecocke1 ,bishop of ,chichester1 #aaf ,penshurst ,lychgate1 #afd ,percy's ,cross1 #da ,peterborough1 #bf ,poor ,soul's ,light1 #afc ,preaching ,crosses1 #b1 #aac-abd ,processionate to ,cross1 #i ,proclamations from ,crosses1 #be ,ravensworth ,butter ,cross1 #bb ,reding in ,eboney1 ,kent1 #g ,regensburg1 ,bavaria1 #afc ,rhuddlan1 #bf ,ruthwell1 ,dumfriesshire1 #cb ,st ,albans1 ,eleanor ,cross1 #aja ,preaching ,cross1 #aja ,st ,cwyfan's ,stone1 #ce ,st ,patrick1 #bg ,sacrilege and ,profanity1 #ae ,sanctuary ,crosses1 #ba ,scarborough1 ,butter ,cross1 #aaa ,sedgemoor1 ,battle of1 #be ,shaft-on-,steps ,type1 #db ,shaft ,treatment1 #dd1 #de ,smithfield1 ,cow ,cross1 #ah ,socket1 ,treatment of1 #de ,south ,littleton1 ,worcestershire1 #ae ,statues of ,eleanor ,crosses1 #if ,steps1 ,treatment of1 #dd ,stony ,stratford1 ,eleanor ,cross1 #aja ,thornhill1 ,sir ,james1 #aed ,tolls of ,market ,cross1 #abh ,turnstile ,lychgates1 #afd ,unclassified ,varieties of ,crosses1 #aeh ,wansford1 ,northants41 #ba ,weeping ,crosses1 #bf ,whitford1 ,flintshire1 #cd ,whitford ,lychgate1 #afe ,wigan ,cross1 ,lancs41 #bd ,william de ,bley's ,constitution1 #ac ,wither1 ,joan1 #g ,woburn1 ,beds41 ,eleanor ,cross at1 #aja ,wolsey1 ,cardinal1 #aah ,woodleigh 7,derwen71 ,deanery of1 ,lychgates1 #afe ,wynken de ,worde1 #a ,printed in ,great ,britain at ,,the ,,darien ,,press1 ,edinburgh ,transcriber's ,notes3 #a4 ,obvious spelling and punctuation errors have been corrected4 #b4 ,page #aaf1 paragraph #b1 the name ,robert ,hawke has been corrected to ,robert ,hawle ,robert ,hauley 7,haule or ,hawle7 - records at ,westminster ,abbey4 #c4 ,superscripts are represented using the caret character1 e4g4 ,dr4 #d4 ,italics are shown as text4 #e4 ,in the ,,topographical ,,list ,,of ,,subjects ,,illustrated1 the page number that pertains to the bracketed lines1 is always at the bottom bracket4