,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,inconsi/5t hyph5ation & spell+ 9 ! orig9al docum5t h be5 pres]v$4 ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 correct$4 ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores4 ,! bracket$ footnotes are z 9 ! orig9al4 ,inconsi/5t or incorrect acc5ts & spell+ 9 passages 9 ,fr5*1 ,lat9 & ,italian h be5 left un*ang$4 7f9al =m sigma7 9 ! middle ( a ^w has be5 normaliz$ to 4 ,greek diacritics 7 normaliz$ to be all pres5t or all miss+1 accord+ to _! prepond]ance 9 ! quotation4 ,! p>agraph />t+ ,page #b1 column #b has an unmat*$ quote4 ,! foll[+ possible inconsi/5cies_/pr9t] errors_/ar*aic spell+s_/diff]5t names = diff]5t entities 7 id5tifi$ b left z pr9t$3 ,v&]kemp & ,v&] ,kemp ,potomac & ,patomac ,po/le?wayte & ,po/le?waite ,meckl5burg & ,meckl5b]g asc5dancy & asc5d5cy4 ,on page #cc1 ,molliores ,spsyke %\ld possibly be ,molire's ,psy*4 ,on page #eb1 multnomat %\ld possibly be ,multnomat4 ,on page #aha1 ,univ]s>y %\ld possibly be ,univ]sity4 ,on page #aib1 sculk %\ld possibly be skulk4 ,on page #ecg1 ! price ( ! ,alg]9e captives is /at$ z #cd1gi1bbh11 :i* is probably a pr9t]'s error4 ,on page #edf1 t]momet] %\ld possibly be !rmomet]4 ,,! ,,writ+s ,,( ,,?omas ,,jeff]son3 ,,be+ ,,8 ,,autobiography1 ,,correspond5ce1 ,,reports1 ,,messages1 ,,addresses1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,writ+s1 ,,(ficial ,,& ,,private4 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,jo9t ,,committee ,,( ,,congress ,,on ,,! ,,libr>y1 ,,f ,,! ,,orig9al ,,manuscripts1 ,,deposit$ ,,9 ,,! ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,/ate4 ,,) ,,explanatory ,,notes1 ,,tables ,,( ,,cont5ts1 ,,& ,a ,,copi\s ,,index ,,to ,,ea* ,,volume1 ,,z ,,well ,,z ,a ,,g5]al ,,index ,,to ,,! ,,:ole1 ,,by ,,! ,,editor ,h4 ,a4 ,,wa%+ton4 ,,vol4 ,,vii4 ,,new ,,york3 ,h4 ,w4 ,,d]by1 #fbe ,,broadway4 #ahfa4 ,ent]$1 accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahec1 by ,,taylor ,,maury1 ,9 ! ,cl]k's ,(fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt = ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia4 ,,cont5ts ,,to ,,vol4 ,,vii4 ,,book ,,ii4 ,,"p ,,iii4--,,cont9u$4--,,lett]s ,,writt5 ,,aft] ,,8 ,,return ,,to ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,d[n ,,to ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,8 ,,dea?4--7#agij-ahbf17--c4 ,adams1 ,john1 lett]s writt5 to1 #be1 #cg1 #dc1 #ed1 #fa1 #ha1 #aii1 #bag1 #bdc1 #bed1 #bfd1 #bgd1 #bhj1 #cjg1 #cac1 #ccg1 #dce4 ,adams1 ,mrs4 ,a41 lett] writt5 to1 #eb4 ,adams1 ,j4 ,q41 lett] writt5 to1 #dcf4 ,b>ry1 ,wm4 ,t41 lett] writt5 to1 #bee4 ,blat*ly1 ,c4 ,c41 lett] writt5 to1 #bfc4 ,breck5ridge1 ,g5]al1 lett]s writt5 to1 #bjd1 #bcg4 ,cabell1 ,joseph ,c41 lett]s writt5 to1 #bja1 #cbi1 #cej1 #cib4 ,campbell1 ,john1 lett] writt5 to1 #bfh4 ,c>twright1 ,major ,john1 lett] writt5 to1 #cee4 ,coop]1 ,dr41 lett] writt5 to1 #bff4 ,corey1 ,m41 lett] writt5 to1 #cah4 ,craw=d1 ,wm4 ,h41 lett] writt5 to1 #e4 ,de>borne1 ,g5]al1 lett] writt5 to1 #bad4 ,delapla9e1 ,mr41 lett] writt5 to1 #bj4 ,d5ison1 ,hon4 ,j4 ,evelyn1 lett] writt5 to1 #dae4 ,e>le1 ,?omas1 lett] writt5 to1 #caj4 ,emmet1 ,dr41 lett]s writt5 to1 #dch1 #dda4 ,engelbre*t1 ,isaac1 lett] writt5 to1 #ccg4 ,eppes1 ,francis1 lett] writt5 to1 #aig4 ,ev]ett1 ,edw>d1 lett]s writt5 to1 #bcb1 #bgj1 #cdj1 #chj1 #dcg4 ,fl[]1 ,george1 lett] writt5 to1 #hc4 ,gallat91 ,alb]t1 lett] writt5 to1 #gg4 ,g>nett1 ,rob]t ,j41 lett] writt5 to1 #ccf4 ,giles1 ,wm4 ,b41 lett]s writt5 to1 #dbd1 #dbf4 ,gilm]1 ,francis ,w41 lett] writt5 to1 #c4 ,goo*1 ,claiborne ,w41 lett] writt5 to1 #dcj4 ,hammond1 ,mr4 ,c41 lett] writt5 to1 #bae4 ,h>d+1 ,david ,h41 lett] writt5 to1 #cdf4 ,hopk9s1 ,george ,f41 lett] writt5 to1 #bei4 ,humboldt1 ,b>on1 lett] writt5 to1 #gd4 ,humphreys1 ,dr4 ,?omas1 lett] writt5 to1 #eg4 ,johnson1 ,judge1 lett]s writt5 to1 #bgf1 #bij4 ,k]*ival1 ,samuel1 lett]s writt5 to1 #i1 #ce4 ,la ,fayette1 ,m>quis de1 lett]s writt5 to1 #fe1 #cbd1 #cgh4 ,lee1 ,h41 lett]s writt5 to1 #cgf1 #djg4 ,lee1 ,wm41 lett] writt5 to1 #ef4 ,liv+/on1 ,edw>d1 lett]s writt5 to1 #cdb1 #djb4 ,logan1 ,dr41 lett] writt5 to1 #ai4 ,ludl[1 ,wm41 lett] writt5 to1 #cgg4 ,macon1 ,na?aniel1 lett] writt5 to1 #bbb4 ,madison1 ,james1 lett]s writt5 to1 #cjd1 #cgc1 #dbb1 #dcb4 ,mann]s1 ,dr4 ,john1 lett] writt5 to1 #gb4 ,mansfield1 ,j>$1 lett] writt5 to1 #bjc4 ,m>bois1 ,m4 de1 lett] writt5 to1 #gf4 ,mease1 ,dr4 ,james1 lett] writt5 to1 #daj4 ,megan1 ,mr41 lett] writt5 to1 #bhf4 ,melli%1 ,mr41 lett] writt5 to1 #ea4 ,morse1 ,j$$iah1 lett] writt5 to1 #bcc4 ,ni*olas1 ,mr41 lett] writt5 to1 #bbi4 ,pick]+1 ,timo?y1 lett] writt5 to1 #baj4 ,pleasants1 ,john ,hampd51 lett] writt5 to1 #cdd4 ,plum]1 ,gov]nor1 lett] writt5 to1 #ah4 ,presid5t1 ,!1 lett]s writt5 to1 #bhg1 #bii1 #cae4 ,rit*ie ,goo*1 lett]s writt5 to1 #bci1 #bdf4 ,roane1 ,judge1 lett]s writt5 to1 #baa1 #bab4 ,rodg]s1 ,patrick ,k41 lett] writt5 to1 #cbg4 ,roscoe1 ,mr41 lett] writt5 to1 #aie4 ,ru% ,ri*>d1 lett]s writt5 to1 #cdg1 #cgi4 ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 lett] writt5 to1 #da4 ,%ort1 ,wm41 lett]s writt5 to1 #cji1 #chi4 ,s9clair1 ,/4 ,john1 lett] writt5 to1 #bb4 ,skidman1 ,?omas1 lett] writt5 to1 #beh4 ,smi?1 ,mr4 ,m4 ,h>rison1 lett] writt5 to1 #bg4 ,smi?1 ,james1 lett] writt5 to1 #bfi4 ,smi?1 ,g5]al ,samuel1 lett]s writt5 to1 #bhd4 ,smi?1 ,t4 ,j41 lett] writt5 to1 #dja4 ,smy?1 ,g5]al ,alex&]1 lett] writt5 to1 #cid4 ,sp>ks1 ,j>$1 lett] writt5 to1 #ccb4 ,/u>t1 ,josephus ,b41 lett] writt5 to1 #fd4 ,summ]s1 ,george ,w41 c41 lett] writt5 to1 #bcj4 ,taylor1 ,john1 lett] writt5 to1 #ag4 ,taylor1 ,hugh ,p41 lett] writt5 to1 #b4 ,t]rel1 ,dabney1 lett] writt5 to1 #bjf4 ,t]ril1 ,*iles1 lett] writt5 to1 #bfj4 ,?weat1 ,ar*ibald1 lett]s writt5 to1 #aih4 ,tiffany1 ,isaac ,h41 lett] writt5 to1 #ca4 ,ticknor1 ,george1 lett] writt5 to1 #cjj4 ,van ,bur51 ,m>t91 lett] writt5 to1 #cfb4 ,vaughan1 ,john1 lett] writt5 to1 #dji4 ,wat]h\se1 ,dr4 ,b5jam91 lett]s writt5 to1 #beb1 #beg4 ,weightman1 ,mr41 lett] writt5 to1 #dej4 ,:ittemore1 ,mr4 ,rob]t1 lett] writt5 to1 #bde4 ,wiss1 ,lewis ,m41 lett] writt5 to1 #dai4 ,woodw>d1 ,mr41 lett] writt5 to1 #cch4 ,woodw>d1 ,judge ,augu/us ,b41 lett] writt5 to1 #dje4 ,wright1 ,miss1 lett] writt5 to1 #djh4 ,address lo/1 lett]s writt5 to1 #bbj1 #bbc1 #chc1 #cig1 #daa1 #dbe1 #dca1 #ddd4 ,lett]s to ,?omas ,jeff]son f ,john ,adams1 #bi1 #ch1 #dg1 #eh1 #fh1 #gj1 #he1 #bai1 #bfa1 #bgi1 #cjb1 #cif4 ,,book ,,iii4--,,"p ,i4 ,,reports ,,& ,,op9ions ,,:ile ,,secret>y ,,( ,,/ate4 #a4 ,report on ! me?od ( obta9+ fre% wat] f salt1 #dee4 #b4 ,op9ion on ! proposition = e/abli%+ a wooll5 manufactory 9 ,virg9ia1 #dfj4 #c4 ,report on copp] co9age1 #dfb4 #d4 ,op9ion on ! "q :e!r ! ,s5ate has ! "r to negative ! grade ( p]sons appo9t$ by ! ,executive to fill =eign missions1 #dfe4 #e4 ,op9ion on ! validity ( a grant made by ! ,/ate ( ,georgia to c]ta9 companies ( individuals1 ( a tract ( c\ntry1 :]e( ! ,indian "r _h nev] be5 ext+ui%$1 ) p[] to su* individuals to ext+ui% ! ,indian "r1 #dfg4 #f4 ,op9ion 9 favor ( ! ,resolution ( ,may #ba1 #agij1 direct+ t1 9 all cases :]e paym5t _h n be5 already made1 ! debts due to ! soldi]s ( ,virg9ia & ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 %\ld be paid to ! orig9al claimants1 & n to _! assignees1 #dfi4 #g4 ,report on plan = e/abli%+ uni=mity 9 ! co9s1 weights & measures1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #dgb4 #h4 ,op9ion on ! "q :e!r ! ,presid5t %\ld veto ! bill1 decl>+ t ! seat ( gov]nm5t %all be transf]r$ to ! ,potomac 9 ! ye> #agij1 #dih4 #i4 ,op9ion respect+ exp5ses & sal>ies ( =eign m9i/]s1 #eja4 #aj4 ,op9ion 9 reg>d to ! cont9uances ( ! monopoly ( ! comm]ce ( ! ,creek nation enjoy$ by ,colonel ,mc,gillivray1 #ejd4 #aa4 ,op9ion respect+ our =eign debt1 #ejf4 #ab4 ,op9ion on ! "q :e!r ,"l ,dor*e/] %\ld be p]mitt$ to m>* troops ?r\gh ! t]ritories ( ,unit$ ,/ates f ,detroit to ! ,mississippi1 #ejh4 #ac4 ,op9ion on ! "q :e!r ! real object ( ! exp$ition ( ,gov]nor ,/4 ,clair1 %\ld be notifi$ to ,"l ,dor*e/]1 #eaj4 #ad4 ,op9ion on ! proce$+s to be _h "u ! ,resid5ce ,act1 #eaa4 #ae4 ,report ( ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates on ! ,report ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,nor?-,we/ ( ! ,ohio1 #eac4 #af4 ,op9ion on c]ta9 proce$+s ( ! ,executive 9 ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,t]ritory1 #eae4 #ag4 ,report on c]ta9 lett]s betwe5 ! ,presid5t & ,gov]neur ,morris1 relative to our difficulties ) ,engl&1 #eag4 #ah4 ,report on ! ,m$it]ranean trade1 #eai4 #ai4 ,report on ! ,alg]9e prison]s1 #ecb4 #bj4 ,report on ! cod & :ale fi%]ies1 #ech4 #ba4 ,op9ion aga9/ ! con/itutionality ( a ,national ,bank1 #eee4 #bb4 ,op9ion relative to ! t5 mile squ>e = ! f$]al gov]nm5t1 #efa4 #bc4 ,report on ! policy ( secur+ peculi> m>ks to manufactur]s by law1 #efc4 #bd4 ,op9ion relative to ! demolition ( ,mr4 ,c>roll's h\se by ,major ,l',enfant1 9 lay+ out ! ,f$]al ,city #efd4 #be4 ,op9ion relative to c]ta9 l&s on ,lake ,erie1 sold by ! ,u4 ,/ates to ,p5nsylvania1 #efg4 #bf4 ,report on ! negotiations ) ,spa9 to secure ! navigation ( ! ,mississippi1 & a port on ! same1 #efh4 #bg4 ,report on ! case ( ,*>les ,russell & o!rs1 claim+ c]ta9 l&s1 #eib4 #bh4 ,report relative to negotiations at ,madrid1 #eic4 #bi4 ,op9ion on bill apportion+ repres5tation1 #eid4 #cj4 ,op9ion relative to ! re-capture ( slaves1 escap$ to ,florida1 #fja4 #ca4 ,report on ! assays at ! m9t1 #fjd4 #cb4 ,report on ! petition ( ,john ,rodg]s relative to c]ta9 l&s on ! nor?-ea/ side ( ! ,t5nessee1 #fje4 #cc4 ,report relative to ! b\nd>ies ( ! l&s betwe5 ! ,ohio & ! lakes acquir$ by treaties f ! ,indians1 #fjh4 #cd4 ,report on proce$+s ( ,secret>y ( ,/ate to transf] to ,europe ! annual fund ( #dj1jjj1 appropriat$ to t dep>tm5t1 #faj4 #ce4 ,op9ion on ! "q :e!r ! ,unit$ ,/ates h ! "r to r5\nce _! treaties ) ,france1 or hold !m susp5d$1 until ! gov]nm5t ( t c\ntry %all become e/abli%$1 #faa4 #cf4 ,op9ion relative to grant+ passports to ,am]ican vessels1 #fbd4 #cg4 ,op9ion relative to ! case ( a ,briti% vessel captur$ by a ,fr5* vessel1 pur*as$ by ,fr5* citiz5s1 & fitt$ out z a private] 9 "o ( our ports1 #fbf4 #ch4 ,op9ion on ! proposition ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury to op5 a new loan1 #fbi4 #ci4 ,op9ion relative to ! policy ( a new loan1 #fcc4 #dj4 ,report on ! re/rictions & privileges ( ! comm]ce ( ! ,unit$ /ates 9 =eign c\ntries1 #fcf4 #da4 ,report on ! m9t1 #fea4 ,,"p ,,iii4--,,cont9u$4 ,,lett]s ,,writt5 ,,aft] ,,8 ,,return ,,to ,,! ,u4 ,s4 ,,d[n ,,to ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,8 ,,dea?4 #agij-ahbf4 ,,to ,,francis ,w4 ,,gilm]4 ,,monticello1 ,june #g1 #ahaf4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i receiv$ a few days ago f ,mr4 ,dupont ! enclos$ manuscript1 ) p]mission to read x1 & a reque/1 :5 read1 to =w>d x to y1 9 expectation t y w\ld translate x4 ,x is well wor?y ( publication = ! in/ruction ( our citiz5s1 be+ pr(\nd1 s\nd1 & %ort4 ,our legislators are n suffici5tly appriz$ ( ! rightful limits ( _! p[]2 t _! true (fice is to decl>e & en=ce only our natural rights & duties1 & to take none ( !m f u4 ,no man has a natural "r to commit aggression on ! equal rights ( ano!r2 & ?is is all f :i* ! laws ought to re/ra9 him2 e man is "u ! natural duty ( contribut+ to ! necessities ( ! society2 & ?is is all ! laws %\ld en=ce on him2 &1 no man hav+ a natural "r to be ! judge betwe5 himself & ano!r1 x is 8 natural duty to submit to ! umpirage ( an imp>tial ?ird4 ,:5 ! laws h decl>$ & en=c$ all ?is1 !y h fulfill$ _! functions1 & ! idea is q unf\nd$1 t on ent]+ into society we give up any natural "r4 ,! trial ( e law by "o ( ^! texts1 w\ld less5 mu* ! labors ( our legislators1 & light5 equally our municipal codes4 ,!re is a "w ( ! fir/ ord] ( m]it n[ 9 ! press at ,wa%+ton1 by ,de/utt ,tracy1 on ! subject ( political economy1 :i* he br+s into ! compass ( ?ree hundr$ pages1 octavo4 ,9 a prelim9>y disc\rse on ! orig9 ( ! "r ( prop]ty1 he co9cides mu* ) ! pr9ciples ( ! pres5t manuscript2 b is m develop$1 m demon/rative4 ,he promises a future "w on morals1 9 :i* ,i lam5t to see t he w adopt ! pr9ciples ( ,hobbes1 or humiliation to human nature2 t ! s5se ( ju/ice & inju/ice is n d]iv$ f our natural organization1 b f\nd$ on conv5tion only4 ,i lam5t ?is ! m1 z he is unque/ionably ! able/ writ] liv+1 on ab/ract subjects4 ,assum+ ! fact1 t ! e>? has be5 creat$ 9 "t1 & consequ5tly ! dogma ( f9al causes1 we yield1 ( c\rse1 to ?is %ort syllogism4 ,man 0 creat$ = social int]c\rse2 b social int]c\rse _c be ma9ta9$ )\t a s5se ( ju/ice2 !n man mu/ h be5 creat$ ) a s5se ( ju/ice4 ,!re is an error into :i* mo/ ( ! speculators on gov]nm5t h fall51 & :i* ! well-kn[n /ate ( society ( our ,indians ought1 be=e n[1 to h correct$4 ,9 _! hypo!sis ( ! orig9 ( gov]nm5t1 !y suppose x to h comm5c$ 9 ! patri>*al or mon>*ical =m4 ,our ,indians are evid5tly 9 t /ate ( nature :i* has pass$ ! association ( a s+le family2 & n yet submitt$ to ! au?ority ( positive laws1 or ( any ackn[l$g$ magi/rate4 ,e man1 ) !m1 is p]fectly free to foll[ 8 own incl9ations4 ,b if1 9 do+ ?is1 he violates ! rights ( ano!r1 if ! case be slight1 he is puni%$ by ! dise/eem ( 8 society1 or1 z we say1 by public op9ion2 if s]i\s1 he is tomahawk$ z a dang]\s enemy4 ,_! lead]s conduct !m by ! influ5ce ( _! "* only2 & !y foll[1 or n1 z !y please1 him ( ^: "* = wisdom or w> !y h ! highe/ op9ion4 ,h5ce ! orig9 ( ! p>ties among !m adh]+ to diff]5t lead]s1 & gov]n$ by _! advice1 n by _! comm&4 ,! ,*]okees1 ! only tribe ,i "k to be contemplat+ ! e/abli%m5t ( regul> laws1 magi/rates1 & gov]nm5t1 propose a gov]nm5t ( repres5tatives1 elect$ f e t[n4 ,b ( all ?+s1 !y lea/ ?9k ( subject+ !mselves to ! w ( "o man4 ,?is1 ! only in/ance ( actual fact )9 our k1 w be !n a beg9n+ by republican1 & n by patri>*al or mon>*ical gov]nm5t1 z speculative writ]s h g5]ally conjectur$4 ,we h to jo9 9 mutual congratulations on ! appo9tm5t ( our fri5d ,correa1 to be m9i/] or envoy ( ,portugal1 "h4 ,?is1 ,i hope1 w give him to u = life4 ,nor w x at all int]f]e ) 8 botanical rambles or j\rneys4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ,portugal is s peaceable & in(f5sive1 t x has nev] any alt]cations ) its fri5ds4 ,if _! m9i/] abroad writes !m once a qu>t] t all is well1 !y desire no m4 ,i le>n1 7?\gh n f ,correa himself17 t he ?9ks ( pay+ u a visit z soon z he is ?r\gh 8 c\rse ( lectures4 ,n to lose ?is happ9ess aga9 by my abs5ce1 ,i h in=m$ him ,i %all set out = ,popl> ,=e/ ! #bj? in/ant1 & be back ! fir/ week ( ,july4 ,i wi% y & he c\ld conc]t y\r movem5ts s u to meet "h1 & t y w\ld make ?is y\r head qu>t]s4 ,x is a good c5tral po9t f :i* to visit y\r connections2 & y "k our practice ( plac+ our gue/s at _! ease1 by %[+ !m we are s ourselves & t we foll[ our necess>y vocations1 in/ead ( fatigu+ !m by hang+ unremitt+ly on _! %\ld]s4 ,i salute y ) affectionate e/eem & respect4 ,,to ,,william ,h4 ,,craw=d4 ,,monticello1 ,june #bj1 #ahaf4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i am ab\t to s9 aga9/ all discretion1 & kn[+ly1 by add+ to ! drudg]y ( y\r lett]-read+1 ?is ackn[l$gm5t ( ! receipt ( y\r favor ( ,may ! #ca/1 ) ! pap]s x cov]$4 ,i _c1 h[ev]1 d5y myself ! gratification ( express+ ! satisfaction ,i h receiv$1 n only f ! g5]al /atem5t ( affairs at ,p>is1 9 y\rs ( ,decemb] ! #ab?1 #ahad4 7z a matt] ( hi/ory :i* ,i _h n be=e receiv$47 b mo/ especially & sup]latively1 f ! p]usal ( y\r lett] ( ! #h? ( ! same mon? to ,mr4 ,fisk1 on ! subject ( draw-backs4 ,?is mo/ het]og5e\s pr9ciple 0 transplant$ into ours f ! ,briti% sy/em1 by a man ^: m9d 0 really p[]ful1 b *a9$ by native p>tialities to ev]y?+ ,engli%2 :o _h =m$ exagg]at$ ideas ( ! sup]ior p]fection ( ! ,engli% con/itution1 ! sup]ior wisdom ( _! gov]nm5t1 & s9c]ely believ$ x = ! good ( ?is c\ntry to make !m _! model 9 ev]y?+2 )\t consid]+ t :at might be wise & good = a nation ess5tially comm]cial1 & entangl$ 9 complicat$ int]c\rse ) num]\s & p[]ful neighbors1 might n be s = "o ess5tially agricultural1 & insulat$ by nature f ! abusive gov]nm5ts ( ! old _w4 ,! ex]cise1 by our own citiz5s1 ( s mu* comm]ce z may suffice to ex*ange our sup]fluities = our wants1 may be advantage\s = ! :ole4 ,b x does n foll[1 t ) a t]ritory s b\ndless1 x is ! int]e/ ( ! :ole to become a m]e city ( ,london1 to c>ry on ! bus9ess ( "o half ! _w at ! exp5se ( et]nal w> ) ! o!r half4 ,! agricultural capacities ( our c\ntry con/itute its di/+ui%+ feature2 & ! adapt+ our policy & pursuits to t1 is m likely to make u a num]\s & happy p1 ?an ! mimicry ( an ,am/]dam1 a ,hamburgh1 or a city ( ,london4 ,e society has a "r to fix ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( its association1 & to say to all individuals1 t1 if !y contemplate pursuits beyond ! limits ( ^! pr9ciples1 & involv+ dang]s :i* ! society *ooses to avoid1 !y mu/ g some:]e else = _! ex]cise2 t we want no citiz5s1 & /ill less ephem]al & pseudo-citiz5s1 on su* t]ms4 ,we may exclude !m f our t]ritory1 z we d p]sons infect$ ) disease4 ,su* is ! situation ( our c\ntry4 ,we h mo/ abundant res\rces ( happ9ess )9 ourselves1 :i* we may enjoy 9 peace & safety1 )\t p]mitt+ a few citiz5s1 infect$ ) ! mania ( rambl+ & gambl+1 to br+ dang] on ! great mass engag$ 9 innoc5t & safe pursuits at home4 ,9 y\r lett] to ,fisk1 y h fairly /at$ ! alt]natives betwe5 :i* we are to *oose3 #a1 lic5ti\s comm]ce & gambl+ speculations = a few1 ) et]nal w> = ! _m2 or1 #b1 re/rict$ comm]ce1 peace1 & /eady occupations = all4 ,if any ,/ate 9 ! ,union w decl>e t x pref]s sep>ation ) ! fir/ alt]native1 to a cont9uance 9 union )\t x1 ,i h no hesitation 9 say+1 let u sep>ate4 ,i w\ld r ! ,/ates %\ld )draw1 :i* are = unlimit$ comm]ce & w>1 & conf$]ate ) ^? alone :i* are = peace & agriculture4 ,i "k t e nation 9 ,europe w\ld jo9 9 s9c]e amity ) ! latt]1 & hold ! =m] at arm's l5g?1 by jeal\sies1 prohibitions1 re/rictions1 vexations & w>4 ,no e>?ly consid]ation c\ld induce my cons5t to contract su* a debt z ,engl& has by h] w>s = comm]ce1 to r$uce our citiz5s by taxes to su* wret*$ness1 z t labor+ sixte5 ( ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 !y are /ill unable to af=d !mselves bread1 or b>ely to e>n z mu* oatmeal or potatoes z w keep s\l & body toge!r4 ,& all ?is to fe$ ! avidity ( a few million>y m]*ants1 & to keep up "o ?\s& %ips ( w> = ! protection ( _! comm]cial speculations4 ,i return$ f ,europe aft] our gov]nm5t _h got "u way1 & _h adopt$ f ! ,briti% code ! law ( draw-backs4 ,i e>ly saw its effects 9 ! jeal\sies & vexations ( ,brita92 & t1 reta9+ x1 we mu/ become l h] an ess5tially w>r+ nation1 & meet1 9 ! end1 ! cata/rophe imp5d+ ov] h]4 ,no "o c d\bt t ?is alone produc$ ! ord]s ( c\ncil1 ! depr$ations :i* prec$$1 & ! w> :i* foll[$ !m4 ,_h we c>ri$ b our own produce1 & br\ght back b our own wants1 no nation w\ld h tr\bl$ u4 ,our comm]cial da%]s1 !n1 h already co/ u s _m ?\s& lives1 s _m millions ( doll>s1 m ?an _! p]sons & all _! comm]ce 7 wor?4 ,:5 w> 0 decl>$1 & especially aft] ,massa*usetts1 :o _h produc$ x1 took side ) ! enemy wag+ x1 ,i press$ on "s confid5tial fri5ds 9 ,congress to avail u ( ! happy opportunity ( repeal+ ! draw-back2 & ,i d rejoice to f9d t y are 9 t s5tim5t4 ,y are "y1 & may be 9 ! way ( br++ x into effect4 ,p]haps "t1 ev5 yet1 & *ange ( tone1 7= !re are symptoms ( t 9 ,massa*usetts17 may n h oblit]at$ altoge!r ! s5se ( our late feel+s & suff]+s2 may n h induc$ oblivion ( ! fri5ds we h lo/1 ! depr$ations & conflagrations we h suff]$1 & ! debts we h incurr$1 & h to labor = ?r\gh ! lives ( ! pres5t g5]ation4 ,! e>li] ! repeal is propos$1 ! m x w be befri5d$ by all ^! recollections & consid]ations4 ,?is is "o ( ?ree great measures necess>y to insure u p]man5t prosp]ity4 ,?is pres]ves our peace4 ,a second %\ld enable u to meet any w>1 by adopt+ ! report ( ! w> dep>tm5t1 = plac+ ! =ce ( ! nation at effectual comm&2 & a ?ird %\ld insure res\rces ( money by ! suppression ( all pap] circulation dur+ peace1 & lic5s+ t ( ! nation alone dur+ w>4 ,! metallic m$ium ( :i* we %\ld be possess$ at ! comm5cem5t ( a w>1 w\ld be a suffici5t fund = all ! loans we %\ld ne$ ?r\gh its cont9uance2 & if ! national bills issu$1 be bottom$ 7z is indisp5sable7 on pl$ges ( specific taxes = _! r$emption )9 c]ta9 & mod]ate epo*s1 & be ( prop] d5om9ations = circulation1 no int]e/ on !m w\ld be necess>y or j1 because !y w\ld answ] to e "o ! purposes ( ! metallic money )drawn & replac$ by !m4 ,b possibly ^! may be ! dreams ( an old man1 or t ! occasions ( realiz+ !m may h pass$ away )\t return4 ,a gov]nm5t regulat+ itself by :at is wise & j = ! _m1 un9flu5c$ by ! local & selfi% views ( ! few :o direct _! affairs1 has n be5 se5 p]haps1 on e>?4 ,or if x exi/$1 = a mom5t1 at ! bir? ( ours1 x w\ld n be easy to fix ! t]m ( its cont9uance4 ,/ill1 ,i believe x does exi/ "h 9 a great] degree ?an any:]e else2 & = its gr[? & cont9uance1 z well z = y\r p]sonal heal? & happ9ess1 ,i (f] s9c]e pray]s1 ) ! homage ( my respect & e/eem4 ,,to ,,samuel ,,k]*ival4 ,,monticello1 ,july #ab1 #ahaf4 ,,sir1--,i duly receiv$ y\r favor ( ,june ! #ac?1 ) ! copy ( ! lett]s on ! call+ a conv5tion1 on :i* y are pleas$ to ask my op9ion4 ,i h n be5 9 ! habit ( my/]i\s res]ve on any subject1 nor ( button+ up my op9ions )9 my own d\blet4 ,on ! contr>y1 :ile 9 public s]vice especially1 ,i ?\ght ! public entitl$ to frankness1 & intimately to "k :om !y employ$4 ,b ,i am n[ retir$3 ,i resign myself1 z a pass5g]1 ) confid5ce to ^? at pres5t at ! helm1 & ask b = re/1 peace & good w4 ,! "q y propose1 on equal repres5tation1 has become a p>ty "o1 9 :i* ,i wi% to take no public %>e4 ,yet1 if x be ask$ = y\r own satisfaction only1 & n to be quot$ be=e ! public1 ,i h no motive to )hold x1 & ! less f y1 z x co9cides ) y\r own4 ,at ! bir? ( our republic1 ,i committ$ t op9ion to ! _w1 9 ! draught ( a con/itution annex$ to ! ,notes on ,virg9ia1 9 :i* a provision 0 ins]t$ = a repres5tation p]man5tly equal4 ,! infancy ( ! subject at t mom5t1 & our inexp]i5ce ( self-gov]nm5t1 occasion$ gross dep>tures 9 t draught f g5u9e republican canons4 ,9 tru?1 ! abuses ( mon>*y _h s mu* fill$ all ! space ( political contemplation1 t we imag9$ ev]y?+ republican :i* 0 n mon>*y4 ,we _h n yet p5etrat$ to ! "m pr9ciple1 t gov]nm5ts are republican only 9 proportion z !y embody ! w ( _! p1 & execute x4 ,h5ce1 our fir/ con/itutions _h really no lead+ pr9ciples 9 !m4 ,b exp]i5ce & reflection h b m & m confirm$ me 9 ! p>ticul> importance ( ! equal repres5tation !n propos$4 ,on t po9t1 !n1 ,i am entirely 9 s5tim5t ) y\r lett]s2 & only lam5t t a copy-"r ( y\r pamphlet prev5ts _! appe>ance 9 ! newspap]s1 :]e alone !y w\ld be g5]ally read1 & produce g5]al effect4 ,! pres5t vacancy too1 ( o!r matt]1 w\ld give !m place 9 e pap]1 & br+ ! "q home to e man's consci5ce4 ,b inequality ( repres5tation 9 bo? ,h\ses ( our legislature1 is n ! only republican h]esy 9 ?is fir/ essay ( our revolution>y patriots at =m+ a con/itution4 ,= let x be agre$ t a gov]nm5t is republican 9 proportion z e memb] compos+ x has 8 equal voice 9 ! direction ( its conc]ns1 7n inde$ 9 p]son1 :i* w\ld be impracticable beyond ! limits ( a city1 or small t[n%ip1 b7 by repres5tatives *os5 by himself1 & responsible to him at %ort p]iods1 & let u br+ to ! te/ ( ?is canon e bran* ( our con/itution4 ,9 ! legislature1 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives is *os5 by less ?an half ! p1 & n at all 9 proportion to ^? :o d *oose4 ,! ,s5ate are /ill m disproportionate1 & = long t]ms ( irresponsibility4 ,9 ! ,executive1 ! ,gov]nor is entirely indep5d5t ( ! *oice ( ! p1 & ( _! control2 8 ,c\ncil equally s1 & at be/ b a fif? :eel to a wagon4 ,9 ! ,judici>y1 ! judges ( ! highe/ c\rts are dep5d5t on none b !mselves4 ,9 ,engl&1 :]e judges 7 nam$ & removable at ! w ( an h]$it>y executive1 f :i* bran* mo/ misrule 0 fe>$1 & has fl[$1 x 0 a great po9t ga9$1 by fix+ !m = life1 to make !m indep5d5t ( t executive4 ,b 9 a gov]nm5t f\nd$ on ! public w1 ?is pr9ciple op]ates 9 an opposite direction1 & aga9/ t w4 ,!re1 too1 !y 7 /ill removable on a concurr5ce ( ! executive & legislative bran*es4 ,b we h made !m indep5d5t ( ! nation itself4 ,!y are irremovable1 b by _! own body1 = any depravities ( conduct1 & ev5 by _! own body = ! imbecilities ( dotage4 ,! ju/ices ( ! inf]ior c\rts are self-*os51 are = life1 & p]petuate _! own body 9 succession =ev]1 s t a faction once possess+ !mselves ( ! b5* ( a c\nty1 c nev] be brok5 up1 b hold _! c\nty 9 *a9s1 =ev] indissoluble4 ,yet ^! ju/ices are ! real executive z well z judici>y1 9 all our m9or & mo/ ord9>y conc]ns4 ,!y tax u at w2 fill ! (fice ( %]iff1 ! mo/ important ( all ! executive (fic]s ( ! c\nty2 "n ne>ly all our milit>y lead]s1 :i* lead]s1 once nam$1 are removable b by !mselves4 ,! juries1 our judges ( all fact1 & ( law :5 !y *oose x1 are n select$ by ! p1 nor am5able to !m4 ,!y are *os5 by an (fic] nam$ by ! c\rt & executive4 ,*os51 did ,i say8 ,pick$ up by ! %]iff f ! l\ng+s ( ! c\rt y>d1 aft] ev]y?+ respectable has retir$ f x4 ,:]e !n is our republicanism to be f\nd8 ,n 9 our con/itution c]ta9ly1 b m]ely 9 ! _s ( our p4 ,t w\ld oblige ev5 a despot to gov]n u republicanly4 ,ow+ to ?is _s1 & to no?+ 9 ! =m ( our con/itution1 all ?+s h gone well4 ,b ?is fact1 s triumphantly misquot$ by ! enemies ( re=mation1 is n ! fruit ( our con/itution1 b has prevail$ 9 spite ( x4 ,our function>ies h done well1 because g5]ally hone/ m54 ,if any 7 n s1 !y fe>$ to %[ x4 ,b x w be said1 x is easi] to f9d faults ?an to am5d !m4 ,i d n ?9k _! am5dm5t s difficult z is pret5d$4 ,only lay d[n true pr9ciples1 & adh]e to !m inflexibly4 ,d n be fright5$ into _! surr5d] by ! al>ms ( ! timid1 or ! croak+s ( weal? aga9/ ! asc5d5cy ( ! p4 ,if exp]i5ce be call$ =1 appeal to t ( our fifte5 or tw5ty gov]nm5ts = =ty ye>s1 & %[ me :]e ! p h done half ! mis*ief 9 ^! =ty ye>s1 t a s+le despot w\ld h done 9 a s+le ye>2 or %[ half ! riots & rebellions1 ! crimes & ! puni%m5ts1 :i* h tak5 place 9 any s+le nation1 "u k+ly gov]nm5t1 dur+ ! same p]iod4 ,! true f\ndation ( republican gov]nm5t is ! equal "r ( e citiz51 9 8 p]son & prop]ty1 & 9 _! managem5t4 ,try by ?is1 z a tally1 e provision ( our con/itution1 & see if x hangs directly on ! w ( ! p4 ,r$uce y\r legislature to a conv5i5t numb] = full1 b ord]ly discussion4 ,let e man :o fights or pays1 ex]cise 8 j & equal "r 9 _! election4 ,submit !m to approbation or rejection at %ort int]vals4 ,let ! executive be *os5 9 ! same way1 & = ! same t]m1 by ^? ^: ag5t he is to be2 & leave no scre5 ( a c\ncil beh9d :i* to skulk f responsibility4 ,x has be5 ?\ght t ! p are n compet5t electors ( judges le>n$ 9 ! law4 ,b ,i d n "k t ?is is true1 &1 if d\btful1 we %\ld foll[ pr9ciple4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 _m o!r elections1 !y w\ld be guid$ by reputation1 :i* w\ld n err (t5]1 p]haps1 ?an ! pres5t mode ( appo9tm5t4 ,9 "o ,/ate ( ! ,union1 at lea/1 x has long be5 tri$1 & ) ! mo/ satisfactory success4 ,! judges ( ,connecticut h be5 *os5 by ! p e six mon?s1 = ne>ly two c5turies1 & ,i believe !re has h>dly ev] be5 an in/ance ( *ange2 s p[]ful is ! curb ( incessant responsibility4 ,if prejudice1 h[ev]1 d]iv$ f a mon>*ical in/itution1 is /ill to prevail aga9/ ! vital elective pr9ciple ( our own1 & if ! exi/+ example among ourselves ( p]iodical election ( judges by ! p be /ill mi/ru/$1 let u at lea/ n adopt ! evil1 & reject ! good1 ( ! ,engli% prec$5t2 let u reta9 amovability on ! concurr5ce ( ! executive & legislative bran*es1 & nom9ation by ! executive alone4 ,nom9ation to (fice is an executive function4 ,to give x to ! legislature1 z we d1 is a violation ( ! pr9ciple ( ! sep>ation ( p[]s4 ,x sw]ves ! memb]s f correctness1 by temptations to intrigue = (fice !mselves1 & to a corrupt b>t] ( votes2 & de/roys responsibility by divid+ x among a multitude4 ,by leav+ nom9ation 9 its prop] place1 among executive functions1 ! pr9ciple ( ! di/ribution ( p[] is pres]v$1 & responsibility weighs ) its heavie/ =ce on a s+le head4 ,! organization ( our c\nty adm9i/rations may be ?\ght m difficult4 ,b foll[ pr9ciple1 & ! knot unties itself4 ,divide ! c\nties into w>ds ( su* size z t e citiz5 c att5d1 :5 call$ on1 & act 9 p]son4 ,ascribe to !m ! gov]nm5t ( _! w>ds 9 all ?+s relat+ to !mselves exclusively4 ,a ju/ice1 *os5 by !mselves1 9 ea*1 a con/able1 a milit>y company1 a patrol1 a s*ool1 ! c>e ( _! own poor1 _! own portion ( ! public roads1 ! *oice ( "o or m jurors to s]ve 9 "s c\rt1 & ! deliv]y1 )9 _! own w>ds1 ( _! own votes = all elective (fic]s ( high] sph]e1 w relieve ! c\nty adm9i/ration ( ne>ly all its bus9ess1 w h x bett] done1 & by mak+ e citiz5 an act+ memb] ( ! gov]nm5t1 & 9 ! (fices ne>e/ & mo/ int]e/+ to him1 w atta* him by 8 /ronge/ feel+s to ! indep5d5ce ( 8 c\ntry1 & its republican con/itution4 ,! ju/ices ?us *os5 by e w>d1 w\ld con/itute ! c\nty c\rt1 w\ld d its judici>y bus9ess1 direct roads & bridges1 levy c\nty & poor rates1 & adm9i/] all ! matt]s ( common int]e/ to ! :ole c\ntry4 ,^! w>ds1 call$ t[n%ips 9 ,new ,engl&1 are ! vital pr9ciple ( _! gov]nm5ts1 & h prov$ !mselves ! wise/ inv5tion ev] devis$ by ! wit ( man = ! p]fect ex]cise ( self-gov]nm5t1 & = its pres]vation4 ,we %\ld ?us m>%al our gov]nm5t into1 #a1 ! g5]al f$]al republic1 = all conc]ns =eign & f$]al2 #b1 t ( ! ,/ate1 = :at relates to our own citiz5s exclusively2 #c1 ! c\nty republics1 = ! duties & conc]ns ( ! c\nty2 & #d1 ! w>d republics1 = ! small1 & yet num]\s & int]e/+ conc]ns ( ! neighborhood2 & 9 gov]nm5t1 z well z 9 e o!r bus9ess ( life1 x is by division & subdivision ( duties alone1 t all matt]s1 great & small1 c be manag$ to p]fection4 ,& ! :ole is cem5t$ by giv+ to e citiz51 p]sonally1 a "p 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! public affairs4 ,! sum ( ^! am5dm5ts is1 #a4 ,g5]al suffrage4 #b4 ,equal repres5tation 9 ! legislature4 #c4 ,an executive *os5 by ! p4 #d4 ,judges elective or amovable4 #e4 ,ju/ices1 jurors1 & %]iffs elective4 #f4 ,w>d divisions4 ,& #g4 ,p]iodical am5dm5ts ( ! con/itution4 ,i h ?r[n out ^! z loose heads ( am5dm5t1 = consid]ation & correction2 & _! object is to secure self-gov]nm5t by ! republicanism ( our con/itution1 z well z by ! _s ( ! p2 & to n\ri% & p]petuate t _s4 ,i am n among ^? :o fe> ! p4 ,!y1 & n ! ri*1 are our dep5d5ce = cont9u$ fre$om4 ,& to pres]ve _! indep5d5ce1 we mu/ n let our rul]s load u ) p]petual debt4 ,we mu/ make our election betwe5 economy & lib]ty1 or pr(usion & s]vitude4 ,if we run into su* debts1 z t we mu/ be tax$ 9 our meat & 9 our dr9k1 9 our necess>ies & our com=ts1 9 our labors & our amusem5ts1 = our call+s & our cre$s1 z ! p ( ,engl& are1 our p1 l !m1 mu/ come to labor sixte5 h\rs 9 ! tw5ty-f\r1 give ! e>n+s ( fifte5 ( ^! to ! gov]nm5t = _! debts & daily exp5ses3 & ! sixte5? be+ insuffici5t to af=d u bread1 we mu/ live1 z !y n[ d1 on oatmeal & potatoes2 h no "t to ?9k1 no means ( call+ ! mismanag]s to acc\nt2 b be glad to obta9 subsi/5ce by hir+ ourselves to rivet _! *a9s on ! necks ( our fell[-suff]]s4 ,our l&-hold]s1 too1 l !irs1 reta9+ inde$ ! title & /ew>d%ip ( e/ates call$ !irs1 b held really 9 tru/ = ! treasury1 mu/ w&]1 l !irs1 9 =eign c\ntries1 & be cont5t$ ) p5ury1 obscurity1 exile1 & ! glory ( ! nation4 ,?is example reads to u ! salut>y lesson1 t private =tunes are de/roy$ by public z well z by private extravagance4 ,& ?is is ! t5d5cy ( all human gov]nm5ts4 ,a dep>ture f pr9ciple 9 "o in/ance becomes a prec$5t = a second2 t second = a ?ird2 & s on1 till ! bulk ( ! society is r$uc$ to be m]e automatons ( mis]y1 to h no s5sibilities left b = s9n+ & suff]+4 ,!n beg9s1 inde$1 ! bellum omnium 9 omnia1 :i* "s philosoph]s obs]v+ to be s g5]al 9 ?is _w1 h mi/ak5 x = ! natural1 in/ead ( ! abusive /ate ( man4 ,& ! =e horse ( ?is frightful team is public debt4 ,taxation foll[s t1 & 9 its tra9 wret*$ness & oppression4 ,"s m5 look at con/itutions ) sanctimoni\s rev]5ce1 & deem !m l ! ark ( ! cov5ant1 too sacr$ to be t\*$4 ,!y ascribe to ! m5 ( ! prec$+ age a wisdom m ?an human1 & suppose :at !y did to be beyond am5dm5t4 ,i knew t age well2 ,i belong$ to x1 & labor$ ) x4 ,x des]v$ well ( its c\ntry4 ,x 0 v l ! pres5t1 b )\t ! exp]i5ce ( ! pres5t2 & =ty ye>s ( exp]i5ce 9 gov]nm5t is wor? a c5tury ( book-read+2 & ?is !y w\ld say !mselves1 7 !y to rise f ! dead4 ,i am c]ta9ly n an advocate = frequ5t & untri$ *anges 9 laws & con/itutions4 ,i ?9k mod]ate imp]fections _h bett] be borne )2 because1 :5 once kn[n1 we accommodate ourselves to !m1 & f9d practical means ( correct+ _! ill effects4 ,b ,i "k also1 t laws & in/itutions mu/ g h& 9 h& ) ! progress ( ! human m9d4 ,z t becomes m develop$1 m enlight5$1 z new discov]ies are made1 new tru?s disclos$1 & mann]s & op9ions *ange ) ! *ange ( circum/ances1 in/itutions mu/ advance also1 & keep pace ) ! times4 ,we might z well require a man to we> /ill ! coat :i* fitt$ him :5 a boy1 z civiliz$ society to rema9 ev] "u ! regim5 ( _! b>b>\s ance/ors4 ,x is ?is prepo/]\s idea :i* has lately delug$ ,europe 9 blood4 ,_! mon>*s1 in/ead ( wisely yield+ to ! gradual *ange ( circum/ances1 ( favor+ progressive accommodation to progressive improvem5t1 h clung to old abuses1 entr5*$ !mselves beh9d /eady habits1 & oblig$ _! subjects to seek ?r\gh blood & viol5ce ra% & ru9\s innovations1 :i*1 _h !y be5 ref]r$ to ! peaceful delib]ations & collect$ wisdom ( ! nation1 w\ld h be5 put into acceptable & salut>y =ms4 ,let u foll[ no su* examples1 nor weakly believe t "o g5]ation is n z capable z ano!r ( tak+ c>e ( itself1 & ( ord]+ its own affairs4 ,let u1 z our si/] ,/ates h done1 avail ourselves ( our reason & exp]i5ce1 to correct ! crude essays ( our fir/ & unexp]i5c$1 al?\gh wise1 virtu\s1 & well-mean+ c\ncils4 ,& la/ly1 let u provide 9 our con/itution = its revision at /at$ p]iods4 ,:at ^! p]iods %\ld be1 nature h]self indicates4 ,by ! ,european tables ( mortality1 ( ! adults liv+ at any "o mom5t ( "t1 a majority w be dead 9 ab\t n9ete5 ye>s4 ,at ! end ( t p]iod !n1 a new majority is come into place2 or1 9 o!r words1 a new g5]ation4 ,ea* g5]ation is z indep5d5t ( ! "o prec$+1 z t 0 ( all :i* _h gone be=e4 ,x has !n1 l !m1 a "r to *oose = itself ! =m ( gov]nm5t x believes mo/ promotive ( its own happ9ess2 consequ5tly1 to accommodate to ! circum/ances 9 :i* x f9ds itself1 t receiv$ f its pr$ecessors2 & x is = ! peace & good ( mank9d1 t a solemn opportunity ( do+ ?is e n9ete5 or tw5ty ye>s1 %\ld be provid$ by ! con/itution2 s t x may be h&$ on1 ) p]iodical repairs1 f g5]ation to g5]ation1 to ! end ( "t1 if any?+ human c s long endure4 ,x is n[ =ty ye>s s9ce ! con/itution ( ,virg9ia 0 =m$4 ,! same tables in=m u1 t1 )9 t p]iod1 two-?irds ( ! adults !n liv+ are n[ dead4 ,h !n ! rema9+ ?ird1 ev5 if !y _h ! wi%1 ! "r to hold 9 ob$i5ce to _! w1 & to laws h]et(ore made by !m1 ! o!r two-?irds1 :o1 ) !mselves1 compose ! pres5t mass ( adults8 ,if !y h n1 :o has8 ,! dead8 ,b ! dead h no rights4 ,!y are no?+2 & no?+ _c own some?+4 ,:]e !re is no sub/ance1 !re c be no accid5t4 ,?is corporeal globe1 & ev]y?+ ^u x1 belong to its pres5t corporeal inhabitants1 dur+ _! g5]ation4 ,!y alone h a "r to direct :at is ! conc]n ( !mselves alone1 & to decl>e ! law ( t direction2 & ?is decl>ation c only be made by _! majority4 ,t majority1 !n1 has a "r to depute repres5tatives to a conv5tion1 & to make ! con/itution :at !y ?9k w be ! be/ = !mselves4 ,b h[ collect _! voice8 ,?is is ! real difficulty4 ,if invit$ by private au?ority1 or c\nty or di/rict meet+s1 ^! divisions are s l>ge t few w att5d2 & _! voice w be imp]fectly1 or falsely pron\nc$4 ,"h1 !n1 w\ld be "o ( ! advantages ( ! w>d divisions ,i h propos$4 ,! mayor ( e w>d1 on a "q l ! pres5t1 w\ld call 8 w>d toge!r1 take ! simple yea or nay ( its memb]s1 convey ^! to ! c\nty c\rt1 :o w\ld h& on ^? ( all its w>ds to ! prop] g5]al au?ority2 & ! voice ( ! :ole p w\ld be ?us fairly1 fully1 & peaceably express$1 discuss$1 & decid$ by ! common reason ( ! society4 ,if ?is av5ue be %ut to ! call ( suff]ance1 x w make itself he>d ?r\gh t ( =ce1 & we %all g on1 z o!r nations are do+1 9 ! endless circle ( oppression1 rebellion1 re=mation2 & oppression1 rebellion1 re=mation1 aga92 & s on =ev]4 ,^!1 ,sir1 are my op9ions ( ! gov]nm5ts we see among m51 & ( ! pr9ciples by :i* alone we may prev5t our own f fall+ into ! same dreadful track4 ,i h giv5 !m at great] l5g? ?an y\r lett] call$ =4 ,b ,i _c say ?+s by halves2 & ,i confide !m to y\r honor1 s to use !m z to pres]ve me f ! gridiron ( ! public pap]s4 ,if y %all approve & en=ce !m1 z y h done t ( equal repres5tation1 !y may d "s good4 ,if n1 keep !m to y\rself z ! effusions ( )]$ age & useless "t4 ,i %all1 ) n ! less tru?1 assure y ( my great respect & consid]ation4 ,,to ,,john ,,taylor4 ,,monticello1 ,july #af1 #ahaf4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,y\rs ( ! #aj? is receiv$1 & ,i h to ackn[l$ge a copi\s supply ( ! turnip se$ reque/$4 ,besides tak+ c>e myself1 ,i %all endeavor aga9 to commit x to ! depository ( ! neighborhood1 g5]ally f\nd to be ! be/ precaution aga9/ los+ a good ?+4 ,i w add a ^w on ! political "p ( our lett]s4 ,i believe we d n diff] on ei!r ( ! po9ts y suppose4 ,on education c]ta9ly n2 ( :i* ! pro(s are my bill = ! diffusion ( k1 propos$ ne> =ty ye>s ago1 & my uni=m endeavors1 to ?is day1 to get our c\nties divid$ into w>ds1 "o ( ! pr9cipal objects ( :i* is1 ! e/abli%m5t ( a prim>y s*ool 9 ea*4 ,b education n be+ a bran* ( municipal gov]nm5t1 b1 l ! o!r arts & sci5ces1 an accid5t only1 ,i did n place x1 ) election1 z a fundam5tal memb] 9 ! /ructure ( gov]nm5t4 ,nor1 ,i believe1 d we diff] z to ! c\nty c\rts4 ,i ackn[l$ge ! value ( ?is in/itution2 t x is 9 tru? our pr9cipal executive & judici>y1 & t x does mu* = little pecuni>y rew>d4 ,x is _! self-appo9tm5t ,i wi% to correct2 to f9d "s means ( break+ up a cabal1 :5 su* a "o gets possession ( ! b5*4 ,:5 ?is takes place1 x becomes ! mo/ afflict+ ( tyrannies1 because its p[]s are s v>i\s1 & ex]cis$ on ev]y?+ mo/ imm$iately ar\nd u4 ,& h[ _m in/ances h y & ,i kn[n ( ^! monopolies ( c\nty adm9i/ration8 ,i knew a c\nty 9 :i* a p>ticul> family 7a num]\s "o7 got possession ( ! b5*1 & = a :ole g5]ation nev] admitt$ a man on x :o 0 n ( its clan or connexion4 ,i "k a c\nty n[ ( "o ?\s& & five hundr$ militia1 ( :i* sixty are f$]ali/s4 ,its c\rt is ( ?irty memb]s1 ( :om tw5ty are f$]ali/s1 7e ?ird man ( ! sect47 ,!re are l>ge & popul\s di/ricts 9 x )\t a ju/ice1 because )\t a f$]ali/ = appo9tm5t2 ! militia are z disproportionably "u f$]al (fic]s4 ,& !re is no au?ority on e>? :i* c break up ?is junto1 %ort ( a g5]al conv5tion4 ,! rema9+ "o ?\s& f\r hundr$ & =ty1 free1 fight+1 & pay+ citiz5s1 are gov]n$ by m5 nei!r ( _! *oice or confid5ce1 & )\t a hope ( relief4 ,!y are c]ta9ly exclud$ f ! bless+s ( a free gov]nm5t = life1 & indef9itely1 = aught ! con/itution has provid$4 ,?is solecism may be call$ any?+ b republican1 & ought und\bt$ly to be correct$4 ,i salute y ) con/ant fri5d%ip & respect4 ,,to ,,8 ,,excell5cy ,,gov]nor ,,plum]4 ,,monticello1 ,july #ba1 #ahaf4 ,i ?ank y1 ,sir1 = ! copy y h be5 s good z to s5d me1 ( y\r late spee* to ! ,legislature ( y\r ,/ate1 :i* ,i h read a second "t ) great pleasure1 z ,i _h be=e done 9 ! public pap]s4 ,x is replete ) s\nd pr9ciples1 & truly republican4 ,"s articles1 too1 are wor?y ( peculi> notice4 ,! idea t in/itutions e/abli%$ = ! use ( ! nation _c be t\*$ nor modifi$1 ev5 to make !m answ] _! end1 because ( rights gratuit\sly suppos$ 9 ^? employ$ to manage !m 9 tru/ = ! public1 may p]haps be a salut>y provision aga9/ ! abuses ( a mon>*1 b is mo/ absurd aga9/ ! nation itself4 ,yet our lawy]s & prie/s g5]ally inculcate ?is doctr9e1 & suppose t prec$+ g5]ations held ! e>? m freely ?an we d2 _h a "r to impose laws on u1 unalt]able by ourselves1 & t we1 9 l mann]1 c make laws & impose bur!ns on future g5]ations1 :i* !y w h no "r to alt]2 9 f9e1 t ! e>? belongs to ! dead & n ! liv+4 ,i rem>k also ! ph5om5on ( a *ief magi/rate recomm5d+ ! r$uction ( 8 own comp5sation4 ,?is is a solecism ( :i* ! wisdom ( our late ,congress _c be accus$4 ,i1 h[ev]1 place economy among ! fir/ & mo/ important ( republican virtues1 & public debt z ! greate/ ( ! dang]s to be fe>$4 ,we see 9 ,engl& ! consequ5ces ( ! want ( x1 _! labor]s r$uc$ to live on a p5ny 9 ! %ill+ ( _! e>n+s1 to give up bread1 & resort to oatmeal & potatoes = food2 & _! l&hold]s exil+ !mselves to live 9 p5ury & obscurity abroad1 because at home ! gov]nm5t mu/ h all ! cle> pr(its ( _! l&4 ,9 fact1 !y see ! fee simple ( ! isl& transf]r$ to ! public cr$itors1 all its pr(its go+ to !m = ! int]e/ ( _! debts4 ,our labor]s & l&hold]s mu/ come to ?is also1 unless !y sev]ely adh]e to ! economy y recomm5d4 ,i salute y ) entire e/eem & respect4 ,,to ,,doctor ,,logan4 ,,monticello1 ,july #bc1 #ahaf4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i h receiv$ & read ) great pleasure ! acc\nt y h be5 s k9d z to s5d me ( ! int]view betwe5 ! ,emp]or ,alex&] & ,mr4 ,cl>kson1 :i* ,i n[ return1 z x is 9 manuscript4 ,x %[s great condesc5sion ( "* on ! "p ( ! ,emp]or1 & p[] ( m9d also1 to be able to abdicate ! artificial di/ance betwe5 himself & o!r good1 able m51 & to conv]se z on equal gr\nd4 ,?is conv]sation too1 tak5 ) 8 late ,*ri/ian league1 seems to bespeak 9 him some?+ l a sect>ian piety2 8 "* is und\bt$ly good1 & ! _w1 ,i ?9k1 may expect good effects f x4 ,i h no d\bt t 8 firmness 9 favor ( ,france1 aft] ! deposition ( ,bonap>te1 has sav$ t c\ntry f evils /ill m sev]e ?an %e is suff]+1 & p]haps ev5 f p>tition4 ,i s9c]ely wi% t ! hi/ory ( ! secret proce$+s at ,vi5na may become kn[n1 & may reconcile to our good op9ion ( him 8 p>ticipation 9 ! demolition ( anci5t & indep5d5t ,/ates1 transf]r+ !m & _! inhabitants z f>ms & /ocks ( cattle at a m>ket to o!r own]s1 & ev5 tak+ a "p ( ! spoil to himself4 ,x is possible to suppose a case excus+ ?is1 & my p>tiality = 8 "* enc\rages me to expect x1 & to impute to o!rs1 kn[n to h no moral scruples1 ! crimes ( t conclave1 :o1 "u pret5ce ( puni%+ ! atrocities ( ,bonap>te1 rea*$ !m !mselves1 & prov$ t ) equal p[] !y 7 equally flagiti\s4 ,b let u turn ) abhorr5ce f ^! scept]$ ,scel]ats1 & disreg>d+ our own petty diff]5ces ( op9ion ab\t m5 & measures1 let u cl+ 9 mass to our c\ntry & to "o ano!r1 & bid defiance1 z we c if unit$1 to ! plund]+ comb9ations ( ! old _w4 ,pres5t me affectionately & respectfully to ,mrs4 ,logan1 & accept ! assurance ( my fri5d%ip & be/ wi%es4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,delapla9e4 ,,monticello1 ,july #bf1 #ahaf4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,9 compliance ) ! reque/ ( y\r lett] ( ! #f? in/41 ) respect to ,peyton ,r&olph1 ,i h to obs]ve t ! diff]5ce ( age betwe5 him & myself admitt$ my kn[+ little ( 8 e>ly life1 except :at ,i accid5tally caught f occasional conv]sations4 ,i 0 a /ud5t at college :5 he 0 already ,attorney ,g5]al at ! b>1 & a man ( e/abli%$ ye>s2 & ,i _h no intimacy ) him until ,i w5t to ! b> myself1 :51 ,i suppose1 he mu/ h be5 upw>ds ( =ty2 f t "t1 & especially aft] ,i became a memb] ( ! legislature1 until 8 dea?1 our intimacy 0 cordial1 & ,i 0 ) him :5 he di$4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ,i h committ$ to writ+ z _m incid5ts ( 8 life z memory enabl$ me to d1 & to give fai? to ! _m & excell5t qualities he possess$1 ,i h m5tion$ ^? m9or ones :i* he did n possess2 consid]+ true hi/ory1 9 :i* all w be believ$1 z pref]able to unqualifi$ panegyric1 9 :i* no?+ is believ$4 ,i avoid$1 too1 ! m5tion ( trivial incid5ts1 :i*1 by n di/+ui%+1 disp>age a "*2 b ,i h n be5 able to /ate e>ly dates4 ,be=e =w>d+ ?is pap] to y1 ,i receiv$ a lett] f ,peyton ,r&olph1 8 great nephew1 repeat+ ! reque/ y _h made4 ,i !re=e put ! pap] "u a blank cov]1 address$ to y1 unseal$1 & s5t x to ,peyton ,r&olph1 t he might see :at dates z well z :at incid5ts might be collect$1 supplem5t>y to m9e1 & correct any :i* ,i _h inexactly /at$2 circum/ances may h be5 misrememb]$1 b no?+1 ,i ?9k1 ( sub/ance4 ,?is acc\nt ( ,peyton ,r&olph1 !re=e1 y may expect to be =w>d$ by 8 nephew4 ,y reque/$ me :5 "h1 to communicate to y ! p>ticul>s ( two transactions 9 :i* ,i 0 myself an ag5t1 to wit3 ! c\p de ma9 ( ,arnold on ,ri*mond1 & ,t>leton's on ,*>lottesville4 ,i n[ enclose !m1 detail$ ) an exactness on :i* y may rely ) an entire confid5ce4 ,b1 hav+ an insup]able av]sion to be drawn into controv]sy 9 ! public pap]s1 ,i mu/ reque/ n to be quot$ ei!r z to ^! or ! acc\nt ( ,peyton ,r&olph4 ,accept ! assurances ( my e/eem & respect4 ,,to ,,sir ,,john ,,s9clair4 ,,monticello1 ,july #ca1 #ahaf4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,y\r favor ( ,novemb] #a/ came b lately to my h&4 ,x cov]$ a prospectus ( y\r code ( heal? & longevity1 a great & useful "w1 :i* ,i %all be happy to see br\ght to a conclusion4 ,l our good old ,frankl91 y\r labors & sci5ce g all to ! utilities ( human life4 ,i reciprocate congratulations ) y s9c]ely on ! re/oration ( peace betwe5 our two nations4 ,& :y %\ld !re h be5 w>8 = ! p>ty to :i* ! blame is to be imput$1 we appeal to ! ,exposition ( ! causes & "* ( ! w>1 a pamphlet :i*1 we are told1 has gone ?r\gh "s editions ) y4 ,if t does n ju/ify u1 !n ! blame is ours4 ,b let all ?is be =gott52 & let bo? p>ties n[ c\nt sob]ly ! value ( mutual fri5d%ip4 ,i am satisfi$ bo? w f9d t no advantage ei!r c d]ive f any act ( inju/ice :atev]1 w be ( equal value ) ^? fl[+ f fri5dly int]c\rse4 ,bo? ought to wi% = peace & cordial fri5d%ip2 we1 because y c d u m h>m ?an any o!r nation2 & y1 because we c d y m good ?an any o!r4 ,our gr[? is n[ s well e/abli%$ by regul> enum]ations ?r\gh a c\rse ( =ty ye>s1 & ! same gr\nds ( cont9uance s likely to endure = a mu* long] p]iod1 t1 speak+ 9 r\nd numb]s1 we may safely call ourselves tw5ty millions 9 tw5ty ye>s1 & =ty millions 9 =ty ye>s4 ,_m ( ! /atesm5 n[ liv+ saw ! comm5cem5t ( ! fir/ t]m1 & _m n[ liv+ w see ! end ( ! second4 ,x is n !n a m]e conc]n ( po/]ity2 a ?ird ( ^? n[ 9 life w see t day4 ,( :at importance !n to y mu/ su* a nation be1 :e!r z fri5ds or foes4 ,b is _! fri5d%ip1 de> ,sir1 to be obta9$ by ! irritat+ policy ( fom5t+ among u p>ty discord1 & a teas+ opposition2 by brib+ traitors1 ^: sale ( !mselves proves !y w\ld sell _! pur*as]s also1 if _! trea*]ies 7 wor? a price8 ,h[ mu* *eap] w\ld x be1 h[ mu* easi]1 m honorable1 m magnanim\s & secure1 to ga9 ! gov]nm5t itself1 by a moral1 a fri5dly1 & respectful c\rse ( conduct1 :i* is all !y w\ld ask = a cordial & fai?ful return4 ,i "k ! difficulties aris+ f ! irritation1 ! exasp]ation produc$ on bo? sides by ! late w>4 ,x is great ) y1 z ,i judge f y\r newspap]s2 & great] ) u1 z ,i see myself4 ,! reason lies 9 ! diff]5t degrees 9 :i* ! w> has act$ on u4 ,to y\r p x has be5 a matt] ( di/ant hi/ory only1 a m]e w> 9 ! c>natic2 ) u x has rea*$ ! bosom ( e man1 woman & *ild4 ,! m>itime p>ts h felt x 9 ! conflagration ( _! h\ses1 & t[ns1 & desolation ( _! f>ms2 ! bord]]s 9 ! massacres & scalp+s ( _! husb&s1 wives & *ildr52 & ! middle p>ts 9 _! p]sonal labors & losses 9 def5ce ( bo? fronti]s1 & ! revolt+ sc5es !y h !re witness$4 ,x is n wond]ful !n1 if _! irritations are extreme4 ,yet "t & prud5ce on ! "p ( ! two gov]nm5ts may get ov] ^!4 ,manife/ations ( cordiality betwe5 !m1 fri5dly & k9d (fices made visible to ! p on bo? sides1 w mollify _! feel+s1 & second ! wi%es ( _! function>ies to cultivate peace1 & promote mutual int]e/4 ,t ^! dispositions h be5 /rong on our "p1 9 e adm9i/ration f ! fir/ to ! pres5t "o1 t we w\ld at any "t h gone our full half-way to meet !m1 if a s+le /ep 9 advance _h be5 tak5 by ! o!r p>ty1 ,i c affirm ( my own intimate k ( ! fact4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ye> ( my own adm9i/ration1 ,i ?\ght ,i discov]$ 9 ! conduct ( ,mr4 ,add+ton "s m>ks ( comity t[>ds u1 & a will+ness to ext5d to u ! dec5cies & duties obs]v$ t[>ds o!r nations4 ,my desire to cat* at ?is1 & to improve x = ! b5efit ( my own c\ntry1 induc$ me1 9 addition to ! (ficial decl>ations f ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 to write ) my own h& to ,mr4 ,k+1 !n our ,m9i/] ,pl5ipot5ti>y at ,london1 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,i avail myself ( ?is occasion to assure y ( my p]fect satisfaction ) ! mann] 9 :i* y h conduct$ ! sev]al matt]s committ$ to y by u2 & to express my hope t ?r\gh y\r ag5cy1 we may be able to remove ev]y?+ inauspici\s to a cordial fri5d%ip betwe5 ?is c\ntry1 & ! "o 9 :i* y are /ation$2 a fri5d%ip dictat$ by too _m consid]ations n to be felt by ! wise & ! dispassionate ( bo? nations4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ) ! s9c]e/ pleasure ,i h obs]v$ on ! "p ( ! ,briti% gov]nm5t v>i\s manife/ations ( a j & fri5dly disposition t[>ds u2 we wi% to cultivate peace & fri5d%ip ) all nations1 believ+ t c\rse mo/ conducive to ! welf>e ( our own2 x is natural t ^! fri5d%ips %\ld be> "s proportion to ! common int]e/s ( ! p>ties4 ,! int]e/+ relations betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates are c]ta9ly ( ! fir/ ord]1 & z su* are e/imat$1 & w be fai?fully cultivat$ by u4 ,^! s5tim5ts h be5 communicat$ to y f "t to "t1 9 ! (ficial correspond5ce ( ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate2 b ,i h ?\ght x might n be unacceptable to be assur$ t !y p]fectly concur ) my own p]sonal convictions1 bo? 9 relation to y\rself1 & ! c\ntry 9 :i* y are4 ,my expectation 0 t ,mr4 ,k+ w\ld %[ ?is lett] to ,mr4 ,add+ton1 & t x w\ld be receiv$ by him z an ov]ture t[>ds a cordial und]/&+ betwe5 ! two c\ntries4 ,he left ! m9i/ry1 h[ev]1 & ,i nev] he>d m ( x1 & c]ta9ly nev] p]ceiv$ any good effect f x4 ,i "k t 9 ! pres5t temp]1 ! boa/ful1 ! insol5t1 & ! m5daci\s newspap]s on bo? sides1 w pres5t s]i\s imp$im5ts4 ,ours w be insult+ y\r public au?orities1 & boa/+ ( victories2 & y\rs w n be sp>+ ( provocations & abuses ( u4 ,b if ^? at our helms c\ld n place !mselves above ^! pitiful notices1 & ?r[+ aside all p]sonal feel+s1 look only to ! int]e/s ( _! nations1 !y w\ld be unequal to ! tru/s confid$ to !m4 ,i am equally confid5t1 on our "p1 9 ! adm9i/ration n[ 9 place1 z 9 t :i* w succe$ x2 & t if fri5d%ip is n h]eaft] s9c]ely cultivat$1 x w n be _! fault4 ,i w n1 h[ev]1 disguise t ! settlem5t ( ! practice ( impress+ our citiz5s is a s9e qu non1 a prelim9>y1 )\t :i* treaties ( peace are b truces4 ,b x is impossible t reasonable dispositions on bo? p>ts %\ld n remove ?is /umbl+ block1 :i* unremov$1 w be an et]nal ob/acle to peace1 & lead f9ally to ! deletion ( ! "o or ! o!r nation4 ,! regulations necess>y to keep y\r own seam5 to y\rselves are ^? :i* our int]e/s w\ld lead u to adopt1 & t int]e/ w\ld be a gu>antee ( _! obs]vance2 & ! transf] ( ^! que/ions f ! cognizance ( _! naval comm&]s to ! gov]nm5ts !mselves1 w\ld be b an act ( mutual z well z ( self-respect4 ,i did n mean1 :5 ,i began my lett]1 to h indulg$ my p5 s f> on subjects ) :i* ,i h long ceas$ to h connection2 b x may d good1 & ,i w let x g1 = al?\gh :at ,i write is f no p]sonal privity ) ! views or wi%es ( our gov]nm5t1 yet believ+ !m to be :at !y ought to be1 & confid5t 9 _! wisdom & integrity1 ,i am sure ,i haz>d no deception 9 :at ,i h said ( !m1 & ,i %all be happy inde$ if "s good %all result to bo? our c\ntries1 f ?is r5ewal ( our correspond5ce & anci5t fri5d%ip4 ,i recall ) great pleasure ! days ( our =m] int]c\rse1 p]sonal & epi/ol>y1 & c assure y ) tru? t 9 no in/ant ( "t has !re be5 any abatem5t ( my great e/eem & respect = y4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,adams4 ,,monticello1 ,augu/ #a1 #ahaf4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,y\r two philosophical lett]s ( ,may #d? & #f? h be5 too long 9 my c>ton ( lett]s to be answ]$4 ,to ! "q1 inde$1 on ! utility ( grief1 no answ] rema9s to be giv54 ,y h exhau/$ ! subject4 ,i see t1 ) ! o!r evils ( life1 x is de/9$ to temp] ! cup we are to dr9k4 ,two urns by ,jove's high ?rone h ev] /ood1 ,! s\rce ( evil "o1 & "o ( good2 ,f !nce ! cup ( mortal man he fills1 ,bless+s to ^!1 to ^? di/ributes ills2 ,to mo/ he m+les bo?4 ,putt+ to myself y\r "q1 w\ld ,i agree to live my sev5ty-?ree ye>s ov] aga9 =ev]8 ,i hesitate to say4 ,) ,*ew's limitations f tw5ty-five to sixty1 ,i w\ld say yes2 & ,i might g fur!r back1 b n come l[] d[n4 ,=1 at ! latt] p]iod1 ) mo/ ( u1 ! p[]s ( life are s5sibly on ! wane1 sight becomes dim1 he>+ dull1 memory con/antly enl>g+ its frightful blank & p>t+ ) all we h ev] se5 or kn[n1 spirits evaporate1 bodily debility creeps on palsy+ e limb1 & s faculty aft] faculty quits u1 & :]e !n is life8 ,if1 9 its full rigor1 ( good z well z evil1 y\r fri5d ,vassall c\ld d\bt its value1 x mu/ be purely a negative quantity :5 its evils alone rema94 ,yet ,i d n g into 8 op9ion entirely4 ,i d n agree t an age ( pleasure is no comp5sation = a mom5t ( pa94 ,i ?9k1 ) y1 t life is a fair matt] ( acc\nt1 & ! balance (t51 nay g5]ally1 9 its favor4 ,x is n inde$ easy1 by calculation ( int5sity & "t1 to apply a common measure1 or to fix ! p> betwe5 pleasure & pa92 yet x exi/s1 & is measurable4 ,on ! "q1 = example1 :e!r to be cut = ! /one8 ,! "y1 ) a long] prospect ( ye>s1 ?9k ^! ov]balance ! pa9 ( ! op]ation4 ,dr4 ,frankl91 at ! age ( eighty1 ?\ght 8 residuum ( life n wor? t price4 ,i %\ld h ?\ght ) him1 ev5 tak+ ! /one out ( ! scale4 ,!re is a rip5ess ( "t = dea?1 reg>d+ o!rs z well z ourselves1 :5 x is reasonable we %\ld drop (f1 & make room = ano!r gr[?4 ,:5 we h liv$ our g5]ation out1 we %\ld n wi% to encroa* on ano!r4 ,i enjoy good heal?2 ,i am happy 9 :at is ar\nd me1 yet ,i assure y ,i am ripe = leav+ all1 ?is ye>1 ?is day1 ?is h\r4 ,if x c\ld be d\bt$ :e!r we w\ld g back to tw5ty-five1 h[ c x be :e!r we w\ld g =w>d f sev5ty-?ree8 ,bodily decay is gloomy 9 prospect1 b ( all human contemplations ! mo/ abhorr5t is body )\t m9d4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ,i might accept ( "t to read ,grimm be=e ,i g4 ,fifte5 volumes ( anecdotes & incid5ts1 )9 ! compass ( my own "t & cognizance1 writt5 by a man ( g5ius1 ( ta/e1 ( po9t1 an acqua9tance1 ! measure & trav]ses ( ^: m9d ,i "k1 c\ld n fail to turn ! scale 9 favor ( life dur+ _! p]usal4 ,i mu/ write to ,ticknor to add x to my catalogue1 & hold on till x comes4 ,!re is a ,mr4 ,v&]kemp ( ,new ,york1 a correspond5t1 ,i believe1 ( y\rs1 ) :om ,i h ex*ang$ "s lett]s )\t kn[+ :o he is4 ,w y tell me8 ,i "k no?+ ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,jesuits y m5tion 9 f\r volumes4 ,is x a good "o8 ,i dislike1 ) y1 _! re/oration1 because x m>ks a retrograde /ep f light t[>ds d>kness4 ,we %all h our follies )\t d\bt4 ,"s "o or m ( !m w always be afloat4 ,b ours w be ! follies ( en?usiasm1 n ( bigotry1 n ( ,jesuitism4 ,bigotry is ! disease ( ignorance1 ( morbid m9ds2 en?usiasm ( ! free & buoyant4 ,education & free discussion are ! antidotes ( bo?4 ,we are de/9$ to be a b>ri] aga9/ ! returns ( ignorance & b>b>ism4 ,old ,europe w h to lean on our %\ld]s1 & to hobble along by our side1 "u ! monki% trammels ( prie/s & k+s1 z %e c4 ,:at a colossus %all we be :5 ! s\!rn cont95t comes up to our m>k6 ,:at a /& w x secure z a ralliance = ! reason & fre$om ( ! globe6 ,i l ! dreams ( ! future bett] ?an ! hi/ory ( ! pa/1--s good night6 ,i w dream on1 always fancy+ t ,mrs4 ,adams & y\rself are by my side m>k+ ! progress & ! obliquities ( ages & c\ntries4 ,,to ,,mrs4 ,m4 ,,h>rison ,,smi?4 ,,monticello1 ,augu/ #f1 #ahaf4 ,i h receiv$1 de> ,madam1 y\r v fri5dly lett] ( ,july #ba/1 & assure y t ,i feel ) deep s5sibility its k9d expressions t[>ds myself1 & ! m z f a p]son ?an :om no o!rs c\ld be m 9 sympa?y ) my own affections4 ,i (t5 call to m9d ! occasions ( kn[+ y\r wor?1 :i* ! societies ( ,wa%+ton furni%$2 & none m ?an ^? d]iv$ f y\r mu* valu$ visit to ,monticello4 ,i recognize ! same motives ( goodness 9 ! solicitude y express on ! rumor suppos$ to proce$ f a lett] ( m9e to ,*>les ,?omson1 on ! subject ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,x is true t1 9 writ+ to ! translator ( ! ,bible & ,te/am5t1 t subject 0 m5tion$2 b equally s t no adh]5ce to any p>ticul> mode ( ,*ri/ianity 0 !re express$1 nor any *ange ( op9ions sugge/$4 ,a *ange f :at8 ! prie/s inde$ h h]et(ore ?\ght prop] to ascribe to me religi\s1 or r anti-religi\s s5tim5ts1 ( _! own fabric1 b su* z soo!d _! res5tm5ts aga9/ ! act ( ,virg9ia = e/abli%+ religi\s fre$om4 ,!y wi%$ him to be ?\ght a!i/1 dei/1 or devil1 :o c\ld advocate fre$om f _! religi\s dictations4 ,b ,i h ev] ?\ght religion a conc]n purely betwe5 our ,god & our consci5ces1 = :i* we 7 acc\ntable to him1 & n to ! prie/s4 ,i nev] told my own religion1 nor scrut9iz$ t ( ano!r4 ,i nev] attempt$ to make a conv]t1 nor wi%$ to *ange ano!r's cre$4 ,i h ev] judg$ ( ! religion ( o!rs by _! lives1 & by ?is te/1 my de> ,madam1 ,i h be5 satisfi$ y\rs mu/ be an excell5t "o1 to h produc$ a life ( su* exempl>y virtue & correctness4 ,= x is 9 our lives1 & n f our words1 t our religion mu/ be read4 ,by ! same te/ ! _w mu/ judge me4 ,b ?is does n satisfy ! prie/hood4 ,!y mu/ h a positive1 a decl>$ ass5t to all _! int]e/$ absurdities4 ,my op9ion is t !re w\ld nev] h be5 an infidel1 if !re _h nev] be5 a prie/4 ,! artificial /ructures !y h built on ! pure/ ( all moral sy/ems1 = ! purpose ( d]iv+ f x p5ce & p[]1 revolts ^? :o ?9k = !mselves1 & :o read 9 t sy/em only :at is really !re4 ,^!1 !re=e1 !y br& ) su* nick-names z _! enmity *oses gratuit\sly to impute4 ,i h left ! _w1 9 sil5ce1 to judge ( causes f _! effects2 & ,i am consol$ 9 ?is c\rse1 my de> fri5d1 :5 ,i p]ceive ! c&or ) :i* ,i am judg$ by y\r ju/ice & disc]nm5t2 & t1 not)/&+ ! sl&]s ( ! sa9ts1 my fell[ citiz5s h ?\ght me wor?y ( tru/s4 ,! imputations ( irreligion hav+ sp5t _! =ce2 !y ?9k an imputation ( *ange might n[ be turn$ to acc\nt z a bol/] = _! dup]ies4 ,i %all leave !m1 z h]et(ore1 to grope on 9 ! d>k4 ,our family at ,monticello is all 9 good heal?2 ,ell5 speak+ ( y ) affection1 & ,mrs4 ,r&olph always regrett+ ! accid5t :i* s f> depriv$ h] ( ! happ9ess ( y\r =m] visit4 ,%e /ill *]i%es ! hope ( "s future r5ewal ( t k9dness2 9 :i* we all jo9 h]1 z 9 ! assurances ( affectionate atta*m5t & respect4 ,,john ,,adams ,,to ,,?omas ,,jeff]son4 ,,qu9cy1 ,augu/ #i1 #ahaf4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,! biography ( ,mr4 ,v&] ,kemp w\ld require a volume :i* ,i c\ld n write if a million 7 (f]$ me z a rew>d = ! "w4 ,aft] a le>n$ & sci5tific education he ent]$ ! army 9 ,holl&1 & s]v$ z capta91 ) reputation2 b lov+ books m ?an arms he resign$ 8 commission & became a prea*]4 ,my acqua9tance ) him comm5c$ at ,leyd5 9 #agij4 ,he 0 !n m9i/] ( ! ,m5oni/ congregation1 ! ri*e/ 9 ,europe2 9 t city1 :]e he 0 celebrat$ z ! mo/ elegant writ] 9 ! ,dut* language1 he 0 ! intimate fri5d ( ,luzac & ,de ,gyseca>4 ,9 #aghh1 :5 ! ,k+ ( ,prussia ?reat5$ ,holl& ) invasion1 8 p>ty insi/$ on 8 tak+ a comm& 9 ! army ( def5ce1 & he 0 appo9t$ to ! comm& ( ! mo/ expos$ & mo/ important po/ 9 ! sev5 prov9ces4 ,he 0 soon surr\nd$ by ! ,prussian =ces2 b he def5d$ 8 =tress ) a prud5ce1 =titude1 pati5ce1 & p]sev]ance1 :i* 7 admir$ by all ,europe2 till1 ab&on$ by 8 nation1 de/itute ( provisions & ammunition1 /ill refus+ to surr5d]1 he 0 (f]$ ! mo/ honorable capitulation4 ,he accept$ x2 0 (f]$ v advantage\s proposals2 b despair+ ( ! lib]ties ( 8 c\ntry1 he retir$ to ,antw]p1 det]m9$ to emigrate to ,new ,york2 wrote to me 9 ,london1 reque/+ lett]s ( introduction4 ,i s5t him lett]s to ,gov]nor ,cl9ton1 & sev]al o!rs ( our little great m54 ,8 hi/ory 9 ?is c\ntry is equally curi\s & affect+4 ,he left prop]ty 9 ,holl&1 :i* ! revolutions !re h annihilat$2 & ,i fe> is n[ p9*$ ) pov]ty4 ,8 head is deeply le>n$ & 8 he>t is pure4 ,i sc>cely "k a m amiable "*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,he has writt5 to me occasionally1 & ,i h answ]$ 8 lett]s 9 great ha/e4 ,y may well suppose t su* a man has n always be5 able to und]/& our ,am]ican politics4 ,nor h ,i4 ,_h he be5 z great a ma/] ( our language z he 0 ( 8 own1 he w\ld h be5 at ?is day "o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s *>act]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,s mu* = ,v&] ,kemp2 n[ = y\r lett] ( ,augu/ #a/4 ,y\r poet1 ! ,ionian ,i suppose1 ought to h told u :e!r ,jove1 9 ! di/ribution ( good & evil f 8 two urns1 obs]ves any rule ( equity or n2 :e!r he ?und]s out flames ( et]nal fire on ! _m1 & p[]1 & glory1 & felicity on ! few1 )\t any consid]ation ( ju/ice8 ,let u /ate a few que/ions sub ros4 #a4 ,w\ld y accept a life1 if (f]$ y1 ( equal pleasure & pa98 ,= example4 ,"o million ( mom5ts ( pleasure1 & "o million ( mom5ts ( pa96 7#a1jjj1jjj mom5ts ( pleasure #a1jjj1jjj mom5ts ( pa947 ,suppose ! pleasure z exquisite z any 9 life1 & ! pa9 z exquisite z any2 = example1 /one-gravel1 g\t1 heada*e1 e>a*e1 too?a*e1 *olic1 c4 ,i w\ld n4 ,i w\ld r be blott$ out4 #b4 ,w\ld y accept a life ( "o ye> ( incessant g\t1 heada*e1 c41 = sev5ty-two ye>s ( su* life z y h enjoy$8 ,i w\ld n4 7,"o ye> ( *olic sev5ty-two ( ,b\le de ,savon2 pretty1 b unsub/antial47 ,i _h r be ext+ui%$4 ,y may v>y ^! ,algebraical equations at pleasure & )\t end4 ,all ?is ratioc9ation1 calculation1 call x :at y w1 is f\nd$ on ! supposition ( no future /ate4 ,promise me et]nal life free f pa91 al?\gh 9 all o!r respects no bett] ?an our pres5t t]re/rial exi/5ce1 ,i "k n h[ _m ?\s& ye>s ( ,smi?field fev]s ,i w\ld n endure to obta9 x4 ,9 f9e1 )\t ! supposition ( a future /ate1 mank9d & ?is globe appe> to me ! mo/ sublime & beautiful bubble1 & bauble1 t imag9ation c conceive4 ,let u !n wi% = immortality at all haz>ds1 & tru/ ! ,rul] ) 8 skies4 ,i d2 & e>ne/ly wi% = 8 comm&s1 :i* to ! utmo/ ( my p[] %all be implicitly & pi\sly obey$4 ,x is wor? :ile to live to read ,grimm1 :om ,i h read2 & ,la ,h>pe & ,mademoiselle ,d',esp9asse ! fair fri5d ( ,d',alemb]t1 bo? ( :om ,grimm *>act]izes v di/+ui%$1 & are1 ,i am told1 9 pr9t4 ,i h n se5 !m1 b hope soon to h !m4 ,my hi/ory ( ! ,jesuits is n elegantly writt51 b is support$ by unque/ionable au?orities1 is v p>ticul> & v horrible4 ,_! re/oration is inde$ a /ep t[>ds d>kness1 cruelty1 p]fidy1 despotism1 dea? & ----6 ,i wi% we 7 out ( dang] ( bigotry & ,jesuitism6 ,may we be a b>ri] aga9/ ! returns ( ignorance & b>b>ism6 ,:at a colossus %all we be6 ,b w x n be ( brass1 iron & clay8 ,y\r ta/e is judici\s 9 lik+ bett] ! dreams ( ! future1 ?an ! hi/ory ( ! pa/4 ,^u ?is pr9ciple ,i prophecy t y & ,i %all soon meet1 & be bett] fri5ds ?an ev]4 ,s wi%es1 ,j4 ,a4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,isaac ,h4 ,,tiffany4 ,,monticello1 ,augu/ #bf1 #ahaf4 ,,sir1--,9 answ] to y\r inquiry z to ! m]its ( ,gillies' translation ( ! ,politics ( ,ari/otle1 ,i c only say t x has ! reputation ( be+ pref]able to ,ellis'1 ! only rival translation into ,engli%4 ,i h nev] se5 x myself1 & !re=e d n speak ( x f my own k4 ,b s diff]5t 0 ! /yle ( society !n1 & ) ^? p1 f :at x is n[ & ) u1 t ,i ?9k little edification c be obta9$ f _! writ+s on ! subject ( gov]nm5t4 ,!y _h j ideas ( ! value ( p]sonal lib]ty1 b none at all ( ! /ructure ( gov]nm5t be/ calculat$ to pres]ve x4 ,!y knew no m$ium betwe5 a democracy 7! only pure republic1 b impracticable beyond ! limits ( a t[n7 & an ab&onm5t ( !mselves to an ari/ocracy1 or a tyranny indep5d5t ( ! p4 ,x seems n to h occurr$ t :]e ! citiz5s _c meet to transact _! bus9ess 9 p]son1 !y alone h ! "r to *oose ! ag5ts :o %all transact x2 & t 9 ?is way a republican1 or popul> gov]nm5t1 ( ! second grade ( purity1 may be ex]cis$ ov] any ext5t ( c\ntry4 ,! full exp]im5t ( a gov]nm5t democratical1 b repres5tative1 0 & is /ill res]v$ = u4 ,! idea 7tak51 inde$1 f ! little specim5 =m]ly exi/+ 9 ! ,engli% con/itution1 b n[ lo/7 has be5 c>ri$ by u1 m or less1 into all our legislative & executive dep>tm5ts2 b x has n yet1 by any ( u1 be5 pu%$ into all ! ramifications ( ! sy/em1 s f> z to leave no au?ority exi/+ n responsible to ! p2 ^: rights1 h[ev]1 to ! ex]cise & fruits ( _! own indu/ry1 c nev] be protect$ aga9/ ! selfi%ness ( rul]s n subject to _! control at %ort p]iods4 ,! introduction ( ?is new pr9ciple ( repres5tative democracy has r5d]$ useless almo/ ev]y?+ writt5 be=e on ! /ructure ( gov]nm5t2 &1 9 a great measure1 relieves our regret1 if ! political writ+s ( ,ari/otle1 or ( any o!r anci5t1 h be5 lo/1 or are unfai?fully r5d]$ or expla9$ to u4 ,my mo/ e>ne/ wi% is to see ! republican elem5t ( popul> control pu%$ to ! maximum ( its practicable ex]cise4 ,i %all !n believe t our gov]nm5t may be pure & p]petual4 ,accept my respectful salutations4 ,,john ,,adams ,,to ,,?omas ,,jeff]son4 ,,qu9cy1 ,septemb] #c1 #ahaf4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,dr4 ,james ,freeman is a le>n$1 +5i\s1 hone/ & b5evol5t man1 :o wi%es to see ,presid5t ,jeff]son1 & reque/s me to introduce him4 ,if y w\ld introduce "s ( y\r fri5ds to me1 ,i c\ld1 ) m confid5ce1 introduce m9e to y4 ,he is a ,*ri/ian1 b n a ,py?agorian1 a ,platonic1 or a ,philonic ,*ri/ian4 ,y w k5 him1 & he w k5 y2 b y may dep5d he w nev] betray1 deceive1 or injure y4 ,)\t h9t+ to him any?+ :i* _h pass$ betwe5 y & me1 ,i ask$ him y\r "q1 ,:at are ! uses ( grief8 ,he />$1 & said ,! "q 0 new to him4 ,all he c\ld say at pres5t 01 t he _h kn[n1 9 8 own p>i%1 m ?an "o in/ance ( ladies :o _h be5 ?\ghtless1 modi%1 extravagant 9 a high degree1 :o1 ^u ! dea? ( a *ild1 _h become ?\ghtful1 mode/1 humble2 z prud5t1 amiable wom5 z any he _h kn[n4 ,^u ?is ,i read to him y\r lett]s & m9e ^u ?is subject ( grief1 ) :i* he seem$ to be pleas$4 ,y see ,i 0 n afraid to tru/ him1 & y ne$ n be4 ,s9ce ,i am1 accid5tally1 invit$ to write to y1 ,i may add a few words ^u pleasures & pa9s ( life4 ,vassall ?\ght1 an hundr$ ye>s1 nay1 an et]nity ( pleasure1 0 no comp5sation = "o h\r ( bili\s *olic4 ,read aga9 ,molliores ,spsyke1 act #b;d1 sc5e #a/1 on ! subject ( grief4 ,& read 9 ano!r place1 on e/ pay de mille maux1 p> un heureux mom5t4 ,?us diff]5tly d m5 speak ( pleasures & pa9s4 ,n[1 ,sir1 ,i w tease y ) ano!r "q4 ,:at h be5 ! abuses ( grief8 ,9 answ] to ?is "q1 ,i d\bt n y might write an hundr$ volumes4 ,a few h9ts may conv9ce y t ! subject is ample4 #a/4 ,! dea? ( ,socrates excit$ a g5]al s5sibility ( grief at ,a!ns1 9 ,attica1 & 9 all ,greece4 ,plato & ,x5ophon1 two ( 8 disciples1 took advantage ( t s5tim5t1 by employ+ _! en*ant+ /yle to repres5t _! ma/] to be great] & bett] ?an he probably 02 & :at h be5 ! effects ( ,socratic1 ,platonic1 :i* 7 ,py?agorian1 :i* 0 ,indian philosophy1 9 ! _w8 #b;d4 ,! dea? ( ,cs>1 tyrant z he 01 spread a g5]al compassion1 :i* always includes grief1 among ! ,romans4 ,! sc\ndrel ,m>k ,antony avail$ himself ( ?is mom5t>y grief to de/roy ! republic1 to e/abli% ! empire1 & to proscribe ,cic]o4 #c;d4 ,b to skip ov] all ages & nations = ! pres5t1 & desc5d to our own times4 ,! dea? ( ,wa%+ton diffus$ a g5]al grief4 ,! old tories1 ! hyp]f$]ali/s1 ! speculators1 set up a g5]al h[l4 ,orations1 pray]s1 s]mons1 mock fun]als1 7 all employ$1 n t !y lov$ ,wa%+ton1 b to keep 9 c\nt5ance ! fund+ & bank+ sy/em2 & to ca/ into ! backgr\nd & ! %ade1 all o!rs :o _h be5 conc]n$ 9 ! s]vice ( _! c\ntry 9 ! ,revolution4 #d?4 ,! dea? ( ,hamilton1 "u all its circum/ances1 produc$ a g5]al grief4 ,8 mo/ det]m9$ enemies did n l to get rid ( him 9 t way4 ,!y piti$1 too1 8 wid[ & *ildr54 ,8 p>ty seiz$ ! mom5t ( public feel+ to come =w>d ) fun]al orations1 & pr9t$ panegyrics1 re9=c$ ) mock fun]als & solemn grimaces1 & all ?is by p :o h buri$ ,otis1 ,sam ,adams1 ,hancock1 & ,g]ry1 9 comp>ative obscurity4 ,& :y8 ,m]ely to disgrace ! old ,:igs1 & keep ! funds & banks 9 c\nt5ance4 #e?4 ,! dea? ( ,mr4 ,ames excit$ a g5]al regret4 ,8 long consumption1 8 amiable "*1 & reputable tal5ts1 _h attract$ a g5]al int]e/1 & 8 dea? a g5]al m\rn+4 ,8 p>ty made ! mo/ ( x1 by processions1 orations1 & a mock fun]al4 ,& :y8 ,to glorify ! ,tories1 to aba% ! ,:igs1 & ma9ta9 ! reputation ( funds1 banks1 & speculation4 ,& all ?is 0 done 9 honor ( t insignificant boy1 by p :o h let a ,dance1 a ,g]ry1 & a ,dext]1 g to _! graves )\t notice4 #f?4 ,i almo/ %udd] at ! ?\ght ( allud+ to ! mo/ fatal example ( ! abuses ( grief :i* ! hi/ory ( mank9d has pres]v$--,! ,cross4 ,consid] :at calamities t eng9e ( grief has produc$6 ,) ! rational respect :i* is due to x1 knavi% prie/s h add$ pro/itutions ( x1 t fill1 or might fill1 ! blacke/ & bloodie/ pages ( human hi/ory4 ,i am ) anci5t fri5dly s5tim5ts1 ,,to ,,samuel ,,k]*ival4 ,,monticello1 ,septemb] #e1 #ahaf4 ,,sir1--,y\r lett] ( ,augu/ ! #af? is j receiv$4 ,t :i* ,i wrote to y "u ! address ( ,h4 ,tompk9son1 0 int5d$ = ! au?or ( ! pamphlet y 7 s k9d z to s5d me1 & !re=e1 9 y\r h&s1 f\nd its true de/9ation4 ,b ,i mu/ besee* y1 ,sir1 n to admit a possibility ( its be+ publi%$4 ,_m good p w revolt f its doctr9es1 & my wi% is to (f5d nobody2 to leave to ^? :o are to live "u x1 ! settlem5t ( _! own con/itution1 & to pass 9 peace ! rema9d] ( my "t4 ,if ^? op9ions are s\nd1 !y w occur to o!rs1 & w prevail by _! own weight1 )\t ! aid ( names1 ,i am glad to see t ! ,/aunton meet+ has reject$ ! idea ( a limit$ conv5tion4 ,! article1 h[ev]1 ne>e/ my he>t1 is ! division ( c\nties into w>ds4 ,^! w be pure & elem5t>y republics1 ! sum ( all :i*1 tak5 toge!r1 composes ! ,/ate1 & w make ( ! :ole a true democracy z to ! bus9ess ( ! w>ds1 :i* is t ( ne>e/ & daily conc]n4 ,! affairs ( ! l>g] sections1 ( c\nties1 ( ,/ates1 & ( ! ,union1 n admitt+ p]sonal transaction by ! p1 w be delegat$ to ag5ts elect$ by !mselves2 & repres5tation w ?us be sub/itut$1 :]e p]sonal action becomes impracticable4 ,yet1 ev5 ov] ^! repres5tative organs1 %\ld !y become corrupt & p]v]t$1 ! division into w>ds con/itut+ ! p1 9 _! w>ds1 a regul>ly organiz$ p[]1 enables !m by t organization to cru%1 regul>ly & peaceably1 ! usurpations ( _! unfai?ful ag5ts1 & rescues !m f ! dreadful necessity ( do+ x insurrectionally4 ,9 ?is way we %all be z republican z a l>ge society c be2 & secure ! cont9uance ( purity 9 our gov]nm5t1 by ! salut>y1 peaceable1 & regul> control ( ! p4 ,no o!r depositories ( p[] h ev] yet be5 f\nd1 :i* did n end 9 conv]t+ to _! own pr(it ! e>n+s ( ^? committ$ to _! *>ge4 ,george ! ,,iii4 9 execution ( ! tru/ confid$ to him1 has1 )9 8 own day1 load$ ! inhabitants ( ,great ,brita9 ) debts equal to ! :ole fee-simple value ( _! isl&1 & "u pretext ( gov]n+ x1 has ali5at$ its :ole soil to cr$itors :o c\ld l5d money to be lavi%$ on prie/s1 p5sions1 plund] & p]petual w>4 ,?is w\ld n h be5 s1 _h ! p reta9$ organiz$ means ( act+ on _! ag5ts4 ,9 ?is example !n1 let u read a lesson = ourselves1 & n g & d likewise4 ,s9ce writ+ my lett] ( ,july ! #ab?1 ,i h be5 told1 t on ! "q ( equal repres5tation1 our fell[ citiz5s 9 "s sections ( ! ,/ate claim p]emptorily a "r ( repres5tation = _! slaves4 ,pr9ciple w1 9 ?is1 z 9 mo/ o!r cases1 op5 ! way = u to correct conclusion4 ,7 our ,/ate a pure democracy1 9 :i* all its inhabitants %\ld meet toge!r to transact all _! bus9ess1 !re w\ld yet be exclud$ f _! delib]ations1 #a1 infants1 until arriv$ at ye>s ( discretion4 #b4 ,wom51 :o1 to prev5t depravation ( morals & ambiguity ( issue1 c\ld n mix promiscu\sly 9 ! public meet+s ( m54 #c4 ,slaves1 f :om ! un=tunate /ate ( ?+s ) u takes away ! rights ( w & ( prop]ty4 ,^? !n :o h no w c\ld be p]mitt$ to ex]cise none 9 ! popul> assembly2 & ( c\rse1 c\ld delegate none to an ag5t 9 a repres5tative assembly4 ,! bus9ess1 9 ! fir/ case1 w\ld be done by qualifi$ citiz5s only4 ,x is true1 t 9 ! g5]al con/itution1 our ,/ate is all[$ a l>g] repres5tation on acc\nt ( its slaves4 ,b e "o kn[s1 t t con/itution 0 a matt] ( compromise2 a capitulation betwe5 conflict+ int]e/s & op9ions4 ,9 tru?1 ! condition ( diff]5t descriptions ( inhabitants 9 any c\ntry is a matt] ( municipal arrangem5t1 ( :i* no =eign c\ntry has a "r to take notice4 ,all its inhabitants are m5 z to !m4 ,?us1 9 ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates1 none h ! p[]s ( citiz5s b ^? :om !y call freem52 & none are freem5 until admitt$ by a vote ( ! freem5 ( ! t[n4 ,yet1 9 ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t1 ^! non-freem5 are c\nt$ 9 _! quantum ( repres5tation & ( taxation4 ,s1 slaves ) u h no p[]s z citiz5s2 yet1 9 repres5tation 9 ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t1 !y c\nt 9 ! proportion ( ?ree to five2 & s also 9 taxation4 ,:e!r ?is is equal1 is n "h ! "q4 ,x is a capitulation ( discordant s5tim5ts & circum/ances1 & is obligatory on t gr\nd4 ,b ?is view %[s !re is no inconsi/5cy 9 claim+ repres5tation = !m = ! o!r ,/ates1 & refus+ x )9 our own4 ,accept ! r5ewal ( assurances ( my respect4 ,,to ,,john ,,adams4 ,,monticello1 ,octob] #ad1 #ahaf4 ,y\r lett]1 de> ,sir1 ( ,may ! #f?1 _h already well expla9$ ! uses ( grief4 ,t ( ,septemb] ! #c;d1 ) equal tru?1 adduces in/ances ( its abuse2 & :5 we put into ! same scale ^! abuses1 ) ! afflictions ( s\l :i* ev5 ! uses ( grief co/ u1 we may consid] its value 9 ! economy ( ! human be+1 z equivocal at lea/4 ,^? afflictions cl\d too great a portion ( life to f9d a c\nt]poise 9 any b5efits d]iv$ f its uses4 ,= sett+ aside its p>oxysms on ! occasions ( special b]eavem5ts1 all ! latt] ye>s ( ag$ m5 are ov]%ad[$ ) its gloom4 ,:i!r1 = in/ance1 c y & ,i look )\t see+ ! graves ( ^? we h kn[n8 ,& :om c we call up1 ( our e>ly companions1 :o has n left u to regret 8 loss8 ,?is1 inde$1 may be "o ( ! salut>y effects ( grief2 inasmu* z x prep>es u to loose ourselves also )\t repugnance4 ,doctor ,freeman's in/ances ( female levity cur$ by grief1 are c]ta9ly to ! po9t1 & con/itute an item ( cr$it 9 ! acc\nt we exam9e4 ,i 0 mu* mortifi$ by ! loss ( ! ,doctor's visit1 by my abs5ce f home4 ,to h %[n h[ mu* ,i feel indebt$ to y = mak+ good p kn[n to me1 w\ld h be5 "o pleasure2 & to h enjoy$ t ( 8 conv]sation1 & ! b5efits ( 8 in=mation1 s favorably report$ by my family1 w\ld h be5 ano!r4 ,i return$ home on ! ?ird day aft] 8 dep>ture4 ,! loss ( su* visits is among ! sacrifices :i* my divid$ resid5ce co/s me4 ,y\r und]tak+ ! twelve volumes ( ,dupuis1 is a degree ( h]oism to :i* ,i c\ld n h aspir$ ev5 9 my y\ng] days4 ,i h be5 cont5t$ ) ! humble a*ievem5t ( read+ ! analysis ( 8 "w by ,de/utt ,tracy1 9 two hundr$ pages octavo4 ,i believe ,i %\ld h v5tur$ on 8 own abridgm5t ( ! "w1 9 "o octavo volume1 _h x ev] come to my h&s2 b ! m>r[ ( x 9 ,tracy has satisfi$ my appetite2 & ev5 9 t1 ! prelim9>y disc\rse ( ! analyz] himself1 & 8 conclusion1 are wor? m 9 my eye ?an ! body ( ! "w4 ,= ! object ( t seems to be to smo!r all hi/ory "u ! mantle ( allegory4 ,if hi/ories s unlike z ^? ( ,h]cules & ,jesus1 c1 by a f]tile imag9ation & allegorical int]pretations1 be br\ght to ! same tally1 no l9e ( di/9ction rema9s betwe5 fact & fancy4 ,z ?is pi?y morsel w n ov]bur!n ! mail 9 pass+ & repass+ betwe5 ,qu9cy & ,monticello1 ,i s5d x = y\r p]usal4 ,p]haps x w satisfy y1 z x has me2 & may save y ! labor ( read+ tw5ty-f\r times its volume4 ,i h said to y t x 0 writt5 by ,tracy2 & ,i _h s ent]$ x on ! title page1 z ,i usually d on anonym\s works ^: au?ors are kn[n to me4 ,b ,tracy reque/$ me n to betray 8 anonyme1 = reasons :i* may n yet1 p]haps1 h ceas$ to weigh4 ,i am b\nd1 !n1 to make ! same res]ve ) y4 ,de/utt ,tracy is1 9 my judgm5t1 ! able/ writ] liv+ on intellectual subjects1 or ! op]ations ( ! und]/&+4 ,8 ?ree octavo volumes on ,ideology1 :i* con/itute ! f\ndation ( :at he has s9ce writt51 ,i h n entirely read2 because ,i am n fond ( read+ :at is m]ely ab/ract1 & unappli$ imm$iately to "s useful sci5ce4 ,bonap>te1 ) 8 repeat$ d]isions ( ,ideologi/s 7squ9t+ at ?is au?or71 has by ?is "t felt t true wisdom does n lie 9 m]e practice )\t pr9ciple4 ,! next "w ,tracy wrote 0 ! ,comm5t>y on ,montesquieu1 nev] publi%$ 9 ! orig9al1 because n safe2 b translat$ & publi%$ 9 ,philadelphia1 yet )\t ! au?or's "n4 ,he has s9ce p]mitt$ 8 "n to be m5tion$4 ,al?\gh call$ a ,comm5t>y1 x is1 9 tru?1 an elem5t>y "w on ! pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t1 compris$ 9 ab\t ?ree hundr$ pages octavo4 ,he has lately publi%$ a ?ird "w1 on ,political ,economy1 compris+ ! :ole subject )9 ab\t ! same compass2 9 :i* all its pr9ciples are demon/rat$ ) ! sev]ity ( ,euclid1 &1 l him1 )\t ev] us+ a sup]flu\s ^w4 ,i h procur$ ?is to be translat$1 & h be5 f\r ye>s endeavor+ to get x pr9t$2 b z yet1 )\t success4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! au?or has publi%$ ! orig9al 9 ,france1 :i* he ?\ght unsafe :ile ,bonap>te 0 9 p[]4 ,no pr9t$ copy1 ,i believe1 has yet rea*$ ?is c\ntry4 ,he has 8 f\r? & la/ "w n[ 9 ! press at ,p>is1 clos+1 z he conceives1 ! circle ( metaphysical sci5ces4 ,?is "w1 :i* is on ,e?ics1 ,i h n se51 b suspect ,i %all diff] f x 9 its f\ndation1 al?\gh n 9 its d$uctions4 ,i ga!r f 8 o!r works t he adopts ! pr9ciple ( ,hobbes1 t ju/ice is f\nd$ 9 contract solely1 & does n result f ! con/ruction ( man4 ,i believe1 on ! contr>y1 t x is in/9ct & innate1 t ! moral s5se is z mu* a "p ( our con/itution z t ( feel+1 see+1 or he>+2 z a wise creator mu/ h se5 to be necess>y 9 an animal de/9$ to live 9 society2 t e human m9d feels pleasure 9 do+ good to ano!r2 t ! non-exi/5ce ( ju/ice is n to be inf]r$ f ! fact t ! same act is deem$ virtu\s & "r 9 "o society :i* is held vici\s & wrong 9 ano!r2 because1 z ! circum/ances & op9ions ( diff]5t societies v>y1 s ! acts :i* may d !m "r or wrong mu/ v>y also2 = virtue does n consi/ 9 ! act we d1 b 9 ! end x is to effect4 ,if x is to effect ! happ9ess ( him to :om x is direct$1 x is virtu\s1 :ile 9 a society "u diff]5t circum/ances & op9ions1 ! same act might produce pa91 & w\ld be vici\s4 ,! ess5ce ( virtue is 9 do+ good to o!rs1 :ile :at is good may be "o ?+ 9 "o society1 & its contr>y 9 ano!r4 ,yet1 h[ev] we may diff] z to ! f\ndation ( morals1 7& z _m f\ndations h be5 assum$ z !re are writ]s on ! subject ne>ly17 s correct a ?9k] z ,tracy w give u a s\nd sy/em ( morals4 ,&1 inde$1 x is rem>kable1 t s _m writ]s1 sett+ out f s _m diff]5t premises1 yet meet all 9 ! same conclusions4 ,?is looks z if !y 7 guid$1 unconsci\sly1 by ! un]r+ h& ( in/9ct4 ,y\r hi/ory ( ! ,jesuits1 by :at "n ( ! au?or or o!r description is x to be inquir$ =8 ,:at d y ?9k ( ! pres5t situation ( ,engl&8 ,is n ?is ! great & fatal cru% ( _! fund+ sy/em1 :i*1 l dea?1 has be5 =ese5 by all1 b its h\r1 l t ( dea?1 hidd5 f mortal presci5ce8 ,x appe>s to me t all ! circum/ances n[ exi/ :i* r5d] recov]y desp]ate4 ,! int]e/ ( ! national debt is n[ equal to su* a portion ( ! pr(its ( all ! l& & ! labor ( ! isl&1 z n to leave en\gh = ! subsi/5ce ( ^? :o labor4 ,h5ce ! own]s ( ! l& ab&on x & retire to o!r c\ntries1 & ! labor] has n en\gh ( 8 e>n+s left to him to cov] 8 back & to fill 8 belly4 ,! local insurrections1 n[ almo/ g5]al1 are ( ! hungry & ! nak$1 :o _c be quiet$ b by food & raim5t4 ,b :]e are ! means ( fe$+ & clo?+ !m8 ,! l&hold] has no?+ ( 8 own to give2 he is b ! fiduci>y ( ^? :o h l5t him money2 ! l5d] is s tax$ 9 8 meat1 dr9k & clo?+1 t he has b a b>e subsi/5ce left4 ,! l&hold]1 !n1 mu/ give up 8 l&1 or ! l5d] 8 debt1 or !y mu/ compromise by giv+ up ea* "o-half4 ,b w ei!r cons5t1 peaceably1 to su* an ab&onm5t ( prop]ty8 ,or mu/ x n be settl$ by civil conflict8 ,if peaceably compromis$1 w !y agree to risk ano!r ru9 "u ! same gov]nm5t unre=m$8 ,i ?9k n2 b ,i w\ld r "k :at y ?9k2 because y h liv$ ) ,john ,bull1 & "k bett] ?an ,i d ! "* ( 8 h]d4 ,i salute ,mrs4 ,adams & y\rself ) e s5tim5t ( affectionate cordiality & respect4 ,,to ,,! ,,secret>y ,,( ,,/ate4 ,,monticello1 ,octob] #af1 #ahaf4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,if x be propos$ to place an inscription on ! capitol1 ! lapid>y /yle requires t ess5tial facts only %\ld be /at$1 & ^! ) a brevity admitt+ no sup]flu\s ^w4 ,! ess5tial facts 9 ! two inscriptions propos$ are ^!3 ,,f\nd$ #agia4--;,,burnt ,,by ,a ,,briti% ,,army #ahad4--,,re/or$ ,,by ,,congress #ahag4 ,! reasons = ?is brevity are t ! lett]s mu/ be ( extraord9>y magnitude to be read f bel[2 t little space is all[$ !m1 be+ usually put into a p$im5t or 9 a frieze1 or on a small tablet on ! wall2 & 9 our case1 a ?ird reason may be add$1 t no passion c be imput$ to ?is inscription1 e ^w be+ ju/ifiable f ! mo/ classical examples4 ,b a "q ( m importance is :e!r !re %\ld be "o at all8 ,! b>b>ism ( ! conflagration w immortalize t ( ! nation4 ,x w place !m =ev] 9 degrad$ comp>ison ) ! execrat$ ,bonap>te1 :o1 9 possession ( almo/ e capitol 9 ,europe1 injur$ no "o4 ,( ?is1 hi/ory w take c>e1 :i* all w read1 :ile our inscription w be se5 by few4 ,great ,brita91 9 h] pride & asc5d5cy1 has c]ta9ly hat$ & despis$ u beyond e e>?ly object4 ,h] hatr$ may rema91 b ! h\r ( h] contempt is pass$ & is succe$$ by dread2 n a pres5t1 b a di/ant & deep "o4 ,x is ! great] z %e feels h]self plung$ into an abyss ( ru9 f :i* no human means po9t out an issue4 ,we also h m reason to hate h] ?an any nation on e>?4 ,b %e is n n[ an object = hatr$4 ,%e is fall+ f h] transc5d5t sph]e1 :i* all m5 ought to h wi%$1 b n t %e %\ld lose all place among nations4 ,x is = ! int]e/ ( all t %e %\ld be ma9ta9$1 ne>ly on a p> ) o!r memb]s ( ! republic ( nations4 ,h] p[]1 absorb$ into t ( any o!r1 w\ld be an object ( dread to all1 & to u m ?an all1 because we are accessible to h] alone & ?r\gh h] alone4 ,! armies ( ,bonap>te ) ! fleets ( ,brita91 w\ld *ange ! aspect ( our de/9ies4 ,"u ^! prospects %\ld we p]petuate hatr$ aga9/ h]8 ,%\ld we n1 on ! contr>y1 beg9 to op5 ourselves to o!r & m rational dispositions8 ,x is n improbable t ! circum/ances ( ! w> & h] own circum/ances may h br\ght h] wise m5 to beg9 to view u ) o!r & ev5 ) k9dr$ eyes4 ,%\ld n our wise m51 !n1 lift$ above ! passions ( ! ord9>y citiz51 beg9 to contemplate :at w be ! int]e/s ( our c\ntry on s important a *ange among ! elem5ts :i* influ5ce x8 ,i ?9k x w\ld be bett] to give h] "t to %[ h] pres5t temp]1 & to prep>e ! m9ds ( our citiz5s = a correspond+ *ange ( disposition1 by acts ( comity t[>ds ,engl& r ?an by commemoration ( hatr$4 ,^! views might be greatly ext5d$4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 !y are premature1 & t ,i may see ! ru9 ( ,engl& ne>] ?an x really is4 ,?is w be matt] ( consid]ation ) ^? to ^: c\ncils we h committ$ ourselves1 & ^: wisdom1 ,i am sure1 w conclude on :at is be/4 ,p]haps !y may let x g (f on ! s+le & %ort consid]ation t ! ?+ c d no good1 & may d h>m4 ,ev] & affectionately y\rs4 ,,to ,,john ,,adams4 ,,popl> ,,=e/1 ,novemb] #be1 #ahaf4 ,i receive "h1 de> ,sir1 y\r favor ( ! #d?1 j z ,i am prep>+ my return to ,monticello = w9t] qu>t]s1 & ,i ha/5 to answ] to "s ( y\r inquiries4 ,! ,tracy ,i m5tion$ to y is ! "o connect$ by m>riage ) ,lafayette's family4 ,! mail :i* br\ght y\r lett]1 br\ght "o also f him4 ,he writes me t he is become bl9d1 & s infirm t he is no long] able to compose any?+4 ,s t we are to consid] 8 works z n[ clos$4 ,!y are ?ree volumes ( ,ideology1 "o on ,political ,economy1 "o on ,e?ics1 & "o conta9+ 8 ,comm5t>y on ,montesquieu1 & a little tract on ,education4 ,al?\gh 8 comm5t>y expla9s 8 pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t1 he _h int5d$ to h sub/itut$ = x an elem5t>y & regul> treatise on ! subject1 b he is prev5t$ by 8 infirmities4 ,8 ,analyse de ,dupuys he does n av[4 ,my books are all arriv$1 "s at ,new ,york1 "s at ,bo/on1 & ,i am glad to he> t ^? = ,h>v>d are safe also1 & ! ,uranologia y m5tion )\t tell+ me :at x is4 ,x is some?+ good1 ,i am sure1 f ! "n connect$ ) x2 & if y w\ld add to x y\r fable ( ! bees1 we %\ld receive valuable in/ruction z to ! ,uranologia bo? ( ! fa!r & son1 m valuable ?an ! ,*9ese w f our bible societies4 ,^! inc5di>ies1 f9d+ t ! days ( fire & fagot are ov] 9 ! ,atlantic hemisph]e1 are n[ prep>+ to put ! tor* to ! ,asiatic regions4 ,:at w\ld !y say 7 ! ,pope to s5d annually to ?is c\ntry1 colonies ( ,jesuit prie/s ) c>goes ( _! missal & translations ( _! ,vulgate1 to be put gratis into ! h&s ( e "o :o w\ld accept !m8 & to act ?us nationally on u z a nation8 ,i proce$ to ! lett] y 7 s good z to enclose me4 ,x is an able lett]1 speaks volumes 9 few words1 pres5ts a pr(\nd view ( awful tru?s1 & lets u see tru?s m awful1 :i* are /ill to foll[4 ,george ! ,?ird !n1 & 8 m9i/] ,pitt1 & successors1 h sp5t ! fee simple ( ! k+dom1 "u pret5ce ( gov]n+ x2 _! s9ecures1 sal>ies1 p5sions1 prie/s1 prelates1 pr9ces & et]nal w>s1 h mortgag$ to its full value ! la/ foot ( _! soil4 ,!y are r$uc$ to ! dilemma ( a bankrupt sp5d?rift1 :o1 hav+ run ?r\gh 8 :ole =tune1 n[ asks himself :at he is to d8 ,x is 9 va9 he dismisses 8 coa*es & horses1 8 grooms1 liv]ies1 cooks & butl]s4 ,?is done1 he /ill f9ds he has no?+ to eat4 ,:at 0 8 prop]ty is n[ t ( 8 cr$itors2 if /ill 9 8 h&s1 x is only z _! tru/ee4 ,to !m x belongs1 & to !m e f>?+ ( its pr(its mu/ g4 ,! re=mation ( extravagances comes too late4 ,all is gone4 ,no?+ left = retr5*m5t or frugality to g on4 ,! debts ( ,engl&1 h[ev]1 be+ due f ! :ole nation to "o half ( x1 be+ z mu* ! debt ( ! cr$itor z debtor1 if x c\ld be ref]r$ to a c\rt ( equity1 pr9ciples might be devis$ to adju/ x peaceably4 ,dismiss _! p>asites1 %ip (f _! paup]s to ?is c\ntry1 let ! l&hold]s give half _! l&s to ! money l5d]s1 & ^! la/ rel9qui% "o half ( _! debts4 ,!y w\ld /ill h a f]tile isl&1 a s\nd & effective population to labor x1 & w\ld hold t /ation among political p[]s1 to :i* _! natural res\rces & faculties entitle !m4 ,!y w\ld no long]1 inde$1 be ! lords ( ! ocean & payma/]s ( all ! pr9ces ( ! e>?4 ,!y w\ld no long] enjoy ! luxuries ( pirat+ & plund]+ ev]y?+ by sea1 & ( brib+ & corrupt+ ev]y?+ by l&2 b !y might enjoy ! m safe & la/+ luxury ( liv+ on t]ms ( equality1 ju/ice & good neighborhood ) all nations4 ,z x is1 _! fir/ ef=ts w probably be to quiet ?+s a:ile by ! palliatives ( re=mation2 to nibble a little at p5sions & s9ecures1 to bite (f a bit "h1 & a bite !re to amuse ! p2 & to keep ! gov]nm5t a go+ by encroa*m5ts on ! int]e/ ( ! public debt1 "o p] c5t4 ( :i*1 = in/ance1 )held1 gives !m a sp>e rev5ue ( t5 millions = pres5t subsi/5ce1 & spunges1 9 fact1 two hundr$ millions ( ! debt4 ,?is rem$y !y may endeavor to adm9i/] 9 brok5 doses ( a small pill at a "t4 ,! fir/ may n occasion m ?an a /rong nausea 9 ! money l5d]s2 b ! second w probably produce a revulsion ( ! /oma*1 borborisms1 & spasmodic calls = fair settlem5t & compromise4 ,b x is n 9 ! "* ( man to come to any peaceable compromise ( su* a /ate ( ?+s4 ,! pr9ces & prie/s w hold to ! fle%-pots1 ! empty bellies w seize on !m1 & ^! be+ ! multitude1 ! issue is obvi\s1 civil w>1 massacre1 exile z 9 ,france1 until ! /age is clean$ ( ev]y?+ b ! multitude1 & ! l&s get into _! h&s by su* processes z ! revolution w eng5d]4 ,!y w !n want peace & a gov]nm5t1 & :at w x be8 c]ta9ly n a r5ewal ( t :i* has already ru9$ !m4 ,_! habits ( law & ord]1 _! ideas almo/ innate ( ! vital elem5ts ( free gov]nm5t1 ( trial by jury1 habeas corpus1 fre$om ( ! press1 fre$om ( op9ion1 & repres5tative gov]nm5t1 make !m1 ,i ?9k1 capable ( be>+ a consid]able portion ( lib]ty4 ,!y w probably turn _! eyes to u1 & be dispos$ to tread 9 our foot/eps1 see+ h[ safely ^! h l$ u into port4 ,!re is no "p ( our model to :i* !y seem unequal1 unless p]haps ! elective presid5cy2 & ev5 t might possibly be rescu$ f ! tumult ( elections1 by subdivid+ ! electoral assemblages into v small p>ts1 su* z ( w>ds or t[n%ips1 & mak+ !m simultane\s4 ,b y "k !m s mu* bett] ?an ,i d1 t x is presumption to (f] my conjectures to y4 ,:ile x is mu* our int]e/ to see ?is p[] r$uc$ f its t[]+ & borr[$ height1 to )9 ! limits ( its natural res\rces1 x is by no means our int]e/ t %e %\ld be br\ght bel[ t1 or lose h] compet5t place among ! nations ( ,europe4 ,! pres5t exhau/$ /ate ( ! cont95t w1 ,i hope1 p]mit !m to g ?r\gh _! /ruggle )\t =eign int]f]5ce1 & to settle _! new gov]nm5t accord+ to _! own w4 ,i ?9k x w be fri5dly to u1 z ! nation itself w\ld be 7 x n artfully wr\ght up by ! hatr$ _! gov]nm5t be>s u4 ,& 7 !y once "u a gov]nm5t :i* %\ld treat u ) ju/ice & equity ,i %\ld myself feel ) great /r5g? ! ties :i* b9d u toge!r1 ( orig91 language1 laws & mann]s2 & ,i am p]suad$ ! two p w\ld become 9 future1 z x 0 ) ! anci5t ,greeks1 among :om x 0 reproa*ful = ,greek to be f\nd fight+ aga9/ ,greek 9 a =eign army4 ,! individuals ( ! nation ,i h ev] honor$ & e/eem$1 ! basis ( _! "* be+ ess5tially wor?y2 b ,i consid] _! gov]nm5t z ! mo/ flagiti\s :i* has exi/$ s9ce ! days ( ,philip ( ,mac$on1 :om !y make _! model4 ,x is n only f\nd$ 9 corruption itself1 b ins9uates ! same poison into ! b[els ( e o!r1 corrupts its c\ncils1 n\ri%es factions1 /irs up revolutions1 & places its own happ9ess 9 fom5t+ commotions & civil w>s among o!rs1 ?us r5d]+ itself truly ! ho/is humani g5]is4 ,! effect is n[ com+ home to itself4 ,its fir/ op]ation w fall on ! individuals :o h be5 ! *ief in/rum5ts 9 its corruptions1 & w eradicate ! families :i* h f g5]ation to g5]ation be5 fatt5+ on ! blood ( _! bre?r52 & ?is scoria once ?r[n (f1 ,i am 9 hopes a pur] nation w result1 & a pur] gov]nm5t be in/itut$1 "o :i*1 in/ead ( endeavor+ to make u _! natural enemies1 w see 9 u1 :at we really are1 _! natural fri5ds & bre?r51 & m int]e/$ 9 a frat]nal connection ) !m ?an ) any o!r nation on e>?4 ,i look1 !re=e1 to _! revolution ) great int]e/4 ,i wi% x to be z mod]ate & bloodless z w effect ! desir$ object ( an hone/ gov]nm5t1 "o :i* w p]mit ! _w to live 9 peace1 & "u ! bonds ( fri5d%ip & good neighborhood4 ,9 ?is trem5d\s tempe/1 ! di/9ctions ( :ig & tory w disappe> l *aff on a tr\bl$ ocean4 ,inde$1 !y h be5 disappe>+ f ! day ,hume fir/ began to publi% 8 hi/ory4 ,?is s+le book has done m to sap ! free pr9ciples ( ! ,engli% con/itution ?an ! l>ge/ /&+ army ( :i* _! patriots h be5 s jeal\s4 ,x is l ! portraits ( our c\ntryman ,wright1 ^: eye 0 s unhappy z to seize all ! ugly features ( 8 subject1 & to pres5t !m fai?fully1 :ile x 0 entirely ins5sible to e l9eam5t ( beauty4 ,s ,hume has conc5trat$1 9 8 fasc9at+ /yle1 all ! arbitr>y proce$+s ( ! ,engli% k+s1 z true evid5ces ( ! con/itution1 & glid$ ov] its :ig pr9ciples z ! unf\nd$ pret5sions ( facti\s demagogues4 ,he ev5 boa/s1 9 8 life writt5 by himself1 t ( ! num]\s alt]ations sugge/$ by ! read]s ( 8 "w1 he _h nev] adopt$ "o propos$ by a :ig4 ,b :at1 9 ?is same tempe/1 w become ( _! colonies & _! fleets8 ,w ! =m] assume indep5d5ce1 & ! latt] resort to piracy = subsi/5ce1 tak+ possession ( "s isl& z a po9t d'appui8 ,a pursuit ( ^! w\ld add too mu* to ! speculations on ! situation & prospects ( ,engl&1 into :i* ,i h be5 l$ by ! pi?y text ( ! lett] y s k9dly s5t me1 & :i* ,i n[ return4 ,x is wor?y ! p5 ( ,tacitus4 ,i add1 !re=e1 only my affectionate & respectful s\v5irs to ,mrs4 ,adams & y\rself4 ,,john ,,adams ,,to ,,?omas ,,jeff]son4 ,,qu9cy1 ,decemb] #af1 #ahaf4 ,y\r lett]1 de> ,sir1 ( ,novemb] #be?1 f ,popl> ,=e/1 0 s5t to me f ! po/-(fice ! next day aft] ,i _h s5t ,! ,analysis1 ) my ?anks to y4 ,?ree vols4 ( ,idiology6 ,pray expla9 to me ?is ,neological title6 ,:at does x mean8 ,:5 ,bonap>te us$ x1 ,i 0 delight$ ) x1 ^u ! common pr9ciple ( delight 9 ev]y?+ we _c und]/&4 ,does x mean ,idiotism8 ,! sci5ce ( non compos m5tuism8 ,! sci5ce ( ,lunacy8 ,! !ory ( delirium8 or does x mean ! sci5ce ( self-love8 ,( am\r propre8 or ! elem5ts ( vanity8 ,7 ,i 9 ,france at ?is "t1 ,i c\ld pr(ess bl9dness & infirmity1 & prove x too4 ,i suppose he does n av[ ! analysis1 z ,hume did n av[ 8 essay on human nature4 ,t analysis1 h[ev]1 does n %[ a man ( excessive m$iocrity4 ,_h ,i kn[n any ( ^! ?+s two ye>s ago1 ,i w\ld h writt5 him a lett]4 ,( all ?+s1 ,i wi% to see 8 ,idiology ^u ,montesquieu4 ,if y1 ) all y\r influ5ce1 h n be5 able to get y\r own translation ( x1 ) y\r own notes ^u x1 publi%$ 9 f\r ye>s1 :]e & :at is ! fre$om ( ! ,am]ican press8 ,mr4 ,taylor ( ,hazelwood1 ,port ,royal1 c h 8 volum9\s & lum9\s works publi%$ ) ease & despat*4 ,! ,uranologia1 z ,i am told1 is a collection ( plates1 /amps1 *>ts ( ! ,heav5s ^u a l>ge scale1 repres5t+ all ! con/ellations4 ,! "w ( "s ,pr(essor 9 ,sw$54 ,x is said to be ! mo/ p]fect t ev] has appe>$4 ,i h n se5 x4 ,:y %\ld ,i ride fifte5 miles to see x1 :5 ,i c see ! orig9al e cle> ev5+2 & especially z ,dupuis has almo/ made me afraid to inquire aft] any?+ m ( x ?an ,i c see ) my nak$ eye 9 a />-light night8 ,t ! ,pope w s5d ,jesuits to ?is c\ntry1 ,i d\bt n2 & ! *ur* ( ,engl&1 mission>ies too4 ,& ! ,me?odi/s1 & ! ,quak]s1 & ! ,moravians1 & ! ,sw$5burg]s1 & ! ,m5oni/s1 & ! ,scotti% ,kirk]s1 & ! ,jacobites1 & ! ,jacob9s1 & ! ,democrats1 & ! ,ari/ocrats1 & ! ,mon>*i/s1 & ! ,despoti/s ( all d5om9ations3 & e emiss>y ( e "o ( ^! sects w f9d a p>ty "h already =m$1 to give him a cordial reception4 ,no p[] or intellig5ce less ?an ,raphael's mod]ator1 c r$uce ?is *aos to ord]4 ,i am *>m$ ) ! flu5cy & rapidity ( y\r reason+ on ! /ate ( ,great ,brita94 ,i c d5y none ( y\r premises2 b ,i d\bt y\r conclusion4 ,aft] all ! convulsions t y =esee1 !y w return to t con/itution :i* y say has ru9$ !m1 & ,i say has be5 ! s\rce ( all _! p[] & importance4 ,!y h1 z y say1 too mu* s5se & k ( lib]ty1 ev] to submit to simple mon>*y1 or absolute despotism1 on ! "o h&2 & too mu* ( ! devil 9 !m ev] to be gov]n$ by popul> elections ( ,presid5ts1 ,s5ators1 & ,repres5tatives 9 ,congress4 ,in/ead ( turn+ _! eyes to u1 _! innate feel+s w turn !m f u4 ,!y h be5 taught f _! cradles to despise1 scorn1 insult1 & abuse u4 ,!y hate u m vigor\sly ?an !y d ! ,fr5*4 ,!y w\ld soon] adopt ! simple mon>*y ( ,france1 ?an our republican in/itutions4 ,y complim5t me ) m k ( !m ?an ,i c assume or pret5d4 ,if ,i %\ld write y a volume ( obs]vations ,i made 9 ,engl&1 y w\ld pron\nce x a satire4 ,suppose ! ,refra91 z ! ,fr5* call x1 or ! ,bur!n ( ! ,song1 z ! ,engli% express x1 %\ld be1 ! ,religion1 ! ,gov]nm5t1 ! ,comm]ce1 ! ,manufactures1 ! ,army & ,navy ( ,great ,brita91 are all r$uc$ to ! sci5ce ( p\nds1 %ill+s & p5ce4 ,elections appe>$ to me a m]e comm]cial traffic2 m]e b>ga9 & sale4 ,i h be5 told by sob]1 /eady freehold]s1 t !y nev] _h be51 & nev] w\ld g to ! poll1 )\t be+ paid = _! "t1 travel & exp5ses4 ,n[1 suppose an election = a ,presid5t ( ! ,briti% empire4 ,!re mu/ be a nom9ation ( c&idates by a national conv5tion1 ,congress1 or caucus--9 :i* w\ld be two p>ties--,:igs & ,tories4 ,( c\rse two c&idates at lea/ w\ld be nom9at$4 ,! empire is in/antly divid$ into two p>ties at lea/4 ,e man mu/ be paid = 8 vote by ! c&idate ( 8 p>ty4 ,! only "q w\ld be1 :i* p>ty has ! deepe/ purse4 ,! same reason+ w apply to elections ( ,s5ators & ,repres5tatives too4 ,a revolution might de/roy ! ,burr\ghs & ! ,inequalities ( repres5tation1 & might produce m tol]ation2 & ^! acquisitions might be wor? all !y w\ld co/2 b ,i dread ! exp]im5t4 ,brita9 w nev] be our fri5d till we are h] ma/]4 ,?is w happ5 9 less "t ?an y & ,i h be5 /ruggl+ ) h] p[]2 provid$ we rema9 unit$4 ,aye6 !re's ! rub6 ,i fe> !re w be great] difficulties to pres]ve our ,union1 ?an y & ,i1 our fa!rs1 bro!rs1 fri5ds1 disciples & sons h _h1 to =m x4 ,t[>ds ,great ,brita91 ,i w\ld adopt _! own maxim4 ,an ,engli% jockey says1 ,if ,i h a wild horse to break1 ,i beg9 by conv9c+ him ,i am 8 ma/]2 & !n ,i w conv9ce him t ,i am 8 fri5d4 ,i am well assur$ t no?+ w re/ra9 ,great ,brita9 f injur+ u1 b fe>4 ,y ?9k t 9 a revolution ! di/9ction ( ,:ig & ,tory w\ld disappe>4 ,i _c believe ?is4 ,t di/9ction arises f nature & society2 is n[1 & ev] w be1 "t )\t end1 among ,negroes1 ,indians1 & ,t>t>s1 z well z f$]ali/s & republicans4 ,in/ead ( disappe>+ s9ce ,hume publi%$ 8 hi/ory1 t hi/ory has only increas$ ! ,tories & dim9i%$ ! ,:igs4 ,t hi/ory has be5 ! bane ( ,great ,brita94 ,x has de/roy$ _m ( ! be/ effects ( ! revolution ( #afhh4 ,/yle has gov]n$ ! empire4 ,swift1 ,pope & ,hume1 h disgrac$ all ! hone/ hi/orians4 ,rap9 & ,burnet1 ,oldmix5 & ,coke1 conta9 m hone/ tru? ?an ,hume & ,cl>5don1 & all _! disciples & imitators4 ,b :o reads any ( !m at ?is day8 ,e "o ( ! f9e arts f ! e>lie/ times has be5 enli/$ 9 ! s]vice ( sup]/ition & despotism4 ,! :ole _w at ?is day gazes ) a/oni%m5t at ! grosse/ fictions1 because !y h be5 immortaliz$ by ! mo/ exquisite arti/s--,hom] & ,milton1 ,phideas & ,raphael4 ,! rabble ( ! classic skies1 & ! ho/s ( ,roman ,ca?olic sa9ts & angels1 are /ill ador$ 9 pa9t1 & m>ble1 & v]se4 ,raphael has sket*$ ! actors & sc5es 9 all ,apuleus's ,am\rs ( ,psy*e & ,cupid4 ,no?+ is too (f5sive to morals1 delicacy1 or dec5cy1 = ?is pa9t]4 ,raphael has pa9t$ 9 "o ( ! mo/ o/5tati\s *ur*es 9 ,italy--! ,creation--& ) :at g5ius8 ,god ,almighty is repres5t$ z leap+ into *aos1 & box+ x ab\t ) 8 fi/s1 & kick+ x ab\t ) 8 feet1 till he tumbles x into ord]6 ,no?+ is too impi\s or pr(ane = ?is great ma/]1 :o has pa9t$ s _m inimitable virg9s & *ildr54 ,to help me on 9 my c>e] ( improvem5t1 ,i h n[ read f\r volumes ( ,la ,h>pe's correspond5ce ) ,paul & a ,russian m9i/]4 ,philosoph]s6 ,nev] aga9 ?9k ( annull+ sup]/ition p] ,saltum4 ,te/9e c5te4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,melli%4 ,,monticello1 ,decemb] #ca1 #ahaf4 ,,sir1--,y\r favor ( ,novemb] #bc;d1 aft] a v long passage1 is receiv$1 & ) x ! map :i* y h be5 s k9d z to s5d me1 = :i* ,i return y _m ?anks4 ,x is h&somely execut$1 & on a well-*os5 scale2 giv+ a lum9\s view ( ! comp>ative possessions ( diff]5t p[]s 9 our ,am]ica4 ,x is on acc\nt ( ! value ,i set on x1 t ,i w make "s sugge/ions4 ,by ! *>t] ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 all ! c\ntry compreh5d+ ! wat]s :i* fl[ into ! ,mississippi1 0 made a "p ( ,l\isiana4 ,consequ5tly its nor!rn b\nd>y 0 ! summit ( ! highl&s 9 :i* its nor!rn wat]s rise4 ,b by ! ,x? ,art4 ( ! ,treaty ( ,utre*t1 ,france & ,engl& agre$ to appo9t commission]s to settle ! b\nd>y betwe5 _! possessions 9 t qu>t]1 & ^? commission]s settl$ x at ! #di? degree ( latitude4 ,see ,hut*9son's ,topographical ,description ( ,l\isiana1 p4 #g4 ,?is x 0 :i* induc$ ! ,briti% ,commission]s1 9 settl+ ! b\nd>y ) u1 to foll[ ! nor!rn wat] l9e to ! ,lake ( ! ,woods1 at ! latitude ( #di1 & !n g (f on t p>allel4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! true nor!rn b\nd>y ( ,l\isiana4 ,! we/]n b\nd>y ( ,l\isiana is1 rightfully1 ! ,rio ,bravo1 7its ma9 /ream17 f its m\? to its s\rce1 & !nce along ! highl&s & m\nta9s divid+ ! wat]s ( ! ,mississippi f ^? ( ! ,pacific4 ,! usurpations ( ,spa9 on ! ea/ side ( t riv]1 h induc$ geograph]s to suppose ! ,pu]co or ,salado to be ! b\nd>y4 ,! l9e along ! highl&s /&s on ! *>t] ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 t ( ! ,rio ,bravo1 on ! circum/ance t1 :5 ,la ,salle took possession ( ! ,bay ( ,/4 ,b]n>d1 ,panuco 0 ! ne>e/ possession ( ,spa91 & ! ,rio ,bravo ! natural half-way b\nd>y betwe5 !m4 ,on ! wat]s ( ! ,pacific1 we c f\nd no claim 9 "r ( ,l\isiana4 ,if we claim t c\ntry at all1 x mu/ be on ,a/or's settlem5t ne> ! m\? ( ! ,columbia1 & ! pr9ciple ( ! jus g5tium ( ,am]ica1 t :5 a civiliz$ nation takes possession ( ! m\? ( a riv] 9 a new c\ntry1 t possession is consid]$ z includ+ all its wat]s4 ,! l9e ( latitude ( ! s\!rn s\rce ( ! multnomat might be claim$ z appurt5ant to ,a/oria4 ,= its nor!rn b\nd>y1 ,i believe an und]/&+ has be5 come to betwe5 our gov]nm5t & ,russia1 :i* might be kn[n f "s ( its memb]s4 ,i d n "k x4 ,al?\gh ! irksom5ess ( writ+1 :i* y may p]ceive f ! pres5t lett]1 & its labor1 oblige me n[ to )draw f lett] writ+1 yet ! wi% t y\r map %\ld set to rights ! ideas ( our own c\ntrym51 z well z =eign nations1 z to our correct b\nd>ies1 has induc$ me to make ^! sugge/ions1 t y may be/[ on !m :atev] inquiry !y may m]it4 ,i salute y ) e/eem & respect4 ,,to ,,mrs4 ,,adams4 ,,monticello1 ,janu>y #aa1 #ahag4 ,i owe y1 de> ,madam1 a ?\s& ?anks = ! lett]s communicat$ 9 y\r favor ( ,decemb] #ae?1 & n[ return$4 ,!y give me m in=mation ?an ,i possess$ be=e1 ( ! family ( ,mr4 ,tracy4 ,b :at is inf9itely int]e/+1 is ! sc5e ( ! ex*ange ( ,l\is ,,xviii4 = ,bonap>te4 ,:at lessons ( wisdom ,mr4 ,adams mu/ h read 9 t %ort space ( "t6 ,m ?an fall to ! lot ( o!rs 9 ! c\rse ( a long life4 ,man1 & ! man ( ,p>is1 "u ^? circum/ances1 mu/ h be5 a subject ( pr(\nd speculation6 ,x w\ld be a s+ul> addition to t spectacle1 to see ! same bea/ 9 ! cage ( ,/4 ,hel5a1 l a lion 9 ! t[]4 ,t is probably ! clos+ v]se ( ! *apt] ( 8 crimes4 ,b n s ) ,l\is4 ,he has o!r vicissitudes to g ?r\gh4 ,i communicat$ ! lett]s1 accord+ to y\r p]mission1 to my gr&-daught]1 ,ell5 ,r&olph1 :o read !m ) pleasure & edification4 ,%e is ju/ly s5sible (1 & flatt]$ by y\r k9d notice ( h]2 & additionally s1 by ! favorable recollections ( our nor!rn visit+ fri5ds4 ,if ,monticello has any?+ :i* has m]it$ _! remembrance1 x gives x a value ! m 9 our e/imation2 & c\ld ,i1 9 ! _s ( y\r wi%1 c\nt backw>ds a score ( ye>s1 x w\ld n be long be=e ,ell5 & myself w\ld pay our homage p]sonally to ,qu9cy4 ,b ^? tw5ty ye>s6 ,alas6 :]e are !y8 ,) ^? beyond ! flood4 ,our next meet+ mu/ !n be 9 ! c\ntry to :i* !y h fl[n1--a c\ntry = u n n[ v di/ant4 ,= ?is j\rney we %all ne$ nei!r gold nor silv] 9 our purse1 nor scrip1 nor coats1 nor /aves4 ,nor is ! provision = x m easy ?an ! prep>ation has be5 k9d4 ,no?+ proves m ?an ?is1 t ! ,be+ :o presides ov] ! _w is ess5tially b5evol5t4 ,/eal+ f u1 "o by "o1 ! faculties ( enjoym5t1 se>+ our s5sibilities1 lead+ u1 l ! horse 9 8 mill1 r\nd & r\nd ! same beat5 circle1 ----,to see :at we h se51 ,to ta/e ! ta/$1 & at ea* return ,less ta/eful2 o'er our palates to decant ,ano!r v9tage-- ,until satiat$ & fatigu$ ) ?is lead5 it]ation1 we ask our own cong4 ,i he>d once a v old fri5d1 :o _h tr\bl$ himself ) nei!r poets nor philosoph]s1 say ! same ?+ 9 pla9 prose1 t he 0 tir$ ( pull+ (f 8 %oes & /ock+s at night1 & putt+ !m on aga9 9 ! morn+4 ,! wi% to /ay "h is ?us gradually ext+ui%$2 b n s easily t ( return+ once1 9 a:ile1 to see h[ ?+s h gone on4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 "o ( ! elem5ts ( future felicity is to be a con/ant & unimpassion$ view ( :at is pass+ "h4 ,if s1 ?is may well supply ! wi% ( occasional visits4 ,m]ci] has giv5 u a vision ( ! ye> #bddj2 b prophecy is "o ?+1 & hi/ory ano!r4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 p]haps x is wise & well to be cont5t$ ) ! good ?+s :i* ! ma/] ( ! fea/ places be=e u1 & to be ?ankful = :at we h1 r ?an ?\ghtful ab\t :at we h n4 ,y & ,i1 de> ,madam1 h already _h m ?an an ord9>y portion ( life1 & m1 too1 ( heal? ?an ! g5]al measure4 ,on ?is score ,i owe b\ndless ?ankfulness4 ,y\r heal? 01 "s "t ago1 n s good z x has be52 & ,i p]ceive 9 ! lett]s communicat$1 "s compla9ts /ill4 ,i hope x is re/or$2 & t life & heal? may be cont9u$ to y z _m ye>s z y\rself %all wi%1 is ! s9c]e pray] ( y\r affectionate & respectful fri5d4 ,,to ,,john ,,adams4 ,,monticello1 ,janu>y #aa1 #ahag4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,=ty-?ree volumes read 9 "o ye>1 & twelve ( !m qu>to6 ,de> ,sir1 h[ ,i envy y6 ,half a doz5 octavos 9 t space ( "t1 are z mu* z ,i am all[$4 ,i c read by c&lelight only1 & /eal+ long h\rs f my re/2 nor w\ld t "t be indulg$ to me1 c\ld ,i by t light see to write4 ,f sunrise to "o or two o'clock1 & (t5 f d9n] to d>k1 ,i am drudg+ at ! writ+ table4 ,& all ?is to answ] lett]s into :i* nei!r int]e/ nor incl9ation on my "p ent]s2 & (t5 f p]sons ^: names ,i h nev] be=e he>d4 ,yet1 writ+ civilly1 x is h>d to refuse !m civil answ]s4 ,?is is ! bur!n ( my life1 a v griev\s "o inde$1 & "o :i* ,i mu/ get rid (4 ,delapla9e lately reque/$ me to give him a l9e on ! subject ( 8 book2 mean+1 z ,i well knew1 to publi% x4 ,?is ,i con/antly refuse2 b 9 ?is in/ance yield$1 t 9 say+ a ^w = him1 ,i might say two = myself4 ,i express$ 9 x freely my suff]+s f ?is s\rce2 hop+ x w\ld h ! effect ( an indirect appeal to ! discretion ( ^?1 /rang]s & o!rs1 :o1 9 ! mo/ fri5dly dispositions1 oppress me ) _! conc]ns1 _! pursuits1 _! projects1 inv5tions & speculations1 political1 moral1 religi\s1 me*anical1 ma!matical1 hi/orical1 c41 c41 c4 ,i hope ! appeal w br+ me relief1 & t ,i %all be left to ex]cise & enjoy correspond5ce ) ! fri5ds ,i love1 & on subjects :i* !y1 or my own incl9ations pres5t4 ,9 t case1 y\r lett]s %all n be s long on my files unansw]$1 z sometimes !y h be51 to my great mortification4 ,to adv]t n[ to ! subjects ( ^? ( ,decemb] ! #ab? & #af?4 ,tracy's ,comm5t>ies on ,montesquieu h nev] be5 publi%$ 9 ! orig9al4 ,duane pr9t$ a translation f ! orig9al manuscript a few ye>s ago4 ,x sold1 ,i believe1 readily1 & :e!r a copy c n[ be _h1 ,i d\bt4 ,if x c1 y w receive x f my booksell] 9 ,philadelphia1 to :om ,i n[ write = t purpose4 ,tracy compreh5ds1 "u ! ^w ,ideology1 all ! subjects :i* ! ,fr5* t]m ,morale1 z ! correlative to ,physique4 ,8 works on ,logic1 ,gov]nm5t1 ,political ,economy & ,morality1 he consid]s z mak+ up ! circle ( ideological subjects1 or ( ^? :i* are )9 ! scope ( ! und]/&+1 & n ( ! s5ses4 ,8 ,logic occupies exactly ! gr\nd ( ,locke's "w on ! ,und]/&+4 ,! translation ( t on ,political ,economy is n[ pr9t+2 b x is no translation ( m9e4 ,i h only _h ! correction ( x1 :i* 01 inde$1 v labori\s4 ,le premi] jet hav+ be5 by "s "o :o und]/ood nei!r ,fr5* or ,engli%1 x 0 impossible to make x m ?an fai?ful4 ,b x is a valuable "w4 ,! result ( y\r fifty or sixty ye>s ( religi\s read+1 9 ! f\r words1 ,be j & good1 is t 9 :i* all our inquiries mu/ end2 z ! riddles ( all ! prie/hoods end 9 f\r m1 ubi panis1 ibi deus4 ,:at all agree 91 is probably "r4 ,:at no two agree 91 mo/ probably wrong4 ,"o ( our fan-color+ biograph]s1 :o pa9ts small m5 z v great1 inquir$ ( me lately1 ) real affection too1 :e!r he might consid] z au!ntic1 ! *ange 9 my religion mu* spok5 ( 9 "s circles4 ,n[ ?is suppos$ t !y knew :at _h be5 my religion be=e1 tak+ = x ! ^w ( _! prie/s1 :om ,i c]ta9ly nev] made ! confidants ( my cre$4 ,my answ] 01 say no?+ ( my religion4 ,x is kn[n to my ,god & myself alone4 ,its evid5ce be=e ! _w is to be s\ght 9 my life2 if t has be5 hone/ & dutiful to society1 ! religion :i* has regulat$ x _c be a bad "o4 ,affectionately adieu4 ,,to ,,william ,,lee1 ,,esq4 ,,monticello1 ,janu>y #af1 #ahag4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i receiv$1 ?ree days ago1 a lett] f ,m4 ,m>t91 #b;d ,vice ,presid5t1 & ,m4 ,p>manti]1 ,secret>y ( ! ,fr5* ,agricultural & ,manufactur+ ,society1 dat$ at ,philadelphia ! #e? in/ant4 ,x cov]$ resolutions propos+ to apply to ,congress = a grant ( two hundr$ & fifty ?\s& acres ( l& on ! ,tombigbee1 & /at+ "s ( ! g5]al pr9ciples on :i* ! society 0 to be f\nd$2 & _! lett] reque/$ me to trace = !m ! basis ( a social pact = ! local regulations ( _! society1 & to address ! answ] to y\rself1 _! #a/ ,vice ,presid5t at ,wa%+ton4 ,no "o c be m s5sible ?an ,i am ( ! honor ( _! confid5ce 9 me1 s flatt]+ly manife/$ 9 ?is resolution2 & c]ta9ly no "o c feel /rong] dispositions ?an myself to be useful to !m1 z well 9 return = ?is great m>k ( _! respect1 z f feel+s = ! situation ( /rang]s1 =c$ by ! mis=tunes ( _! native c\ntry to seek ano!r by adoption1 s di/ant & s diff]5t f t 9 all its circum/ances4 ,i commis]ate ! h>d%ips !y h to enc\nt]1 & equally applaud ! resolution ) :i* !y meet !m1 z well z ! pr9ciples propos$ = _! gov]nm5t4 ,t _! emigration may be = ! happ9ess ( _! desc5dants1 ,i c believe2 b f ! k ,i h ( ! c\ntry !y h left1 & its /ate ( social int]c\rse & com=t1 _! own p]sonal happ9ess w und]go sev]e trial "h4 ,! laws1 h[ev]1 :i* mu/ effect ?is mu/ fl[ f _! own habits1 _! own feel+s1 & ! res\rces ( _! own m9ds4 ,no /rang] to ^! c\ld possibly propose regulations adapt$ to !m4 ,e p h _! own p>ticul> habits1 ways ( ?9k+1 mann]s1 c41 :i* h gr[n up ) !m f _! infancy are become a "p ( _! nature1 & to :i* ! regulations :i* are to make !m happy mu/ be accommodat$4 ,no memb] ( a =eign c\ntry c h a suffici5t sympa?y ) ^!4 ,! in/itutions ( ,lycurgus1 = example1 w\ld n h suit$ ,a!ns1 nor ^? ( ,solon1 ,lac$mon4 ,! organizations ( ,locke 7 impracticable = ,c>ol9a1 & ^? ( ,r\sseau & ,mably = ,pol&4 ,turn+ inw>dly on myself f ^! em95t illu/rations ( ! tru? ( my obs]vation1 ,i feel all ! presumption x w\ld manife/1 %\ld ,i und]take to d :at ?is respectable society is alone qualifi$ to d suitably = itself4 ,!re are "s prelim9>y que/ions1 too1 :i* are p>ticul>ly = _! own consid]ation4 ,is x propos$ t ?is %all be a sep>ate ,/ate8 or a c\nty ( a ,/ate8 or a m]e volunt>y association1 z ^? ( ! ,quak]s1 ,dunk>s1 ,m5oni/s8 ,a sep>ate ,/ate x _c be1 because f ! tract x asks x w\ld n be m ?an tw5ty miles squ>e2 & 9 e/abli%+ new ,/ates1 reg>d is _h to a c]ta9 degree ( equality 9 size4 ,if x is to be a c\nty ( a ,/ate1 x _c be gov]n$ by its own laws1 b mu/ be subject to ^? ( ! ,/ate ( :i* x is a "p4 ,if m]ely a volunt>y association1 ! submission ( its memb]s w be m]ely volunt>y also2 z no act ( co]cion w\ld be p]mitt$ by ! g5]al law4 ,^! consid]ations mu/ control ! society1 & !mselves alone c modify _! own int5tions & wi%es to !m4 ,) ?is apology = decl9+ a task to :i* ,i am s unequal1 ,i pray !m to be assur$ ( my s9c]e wi%es = _! success & happ9ess1 & y\rself p>ticul>ly ( my high consid]ation & e/eem4 ,,to ,,doctor ,,?omas ,,humphreys4 ,,monticello1 ,febru>y #h1 #ahag4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,y\r favor ( ,janu>y #b;d did n come to my h&s until ! #e? in/ant4 ,i concur entirely 9 y\r lead+ pr9ciples ( gradual emancipation1 ( e/abli%m5t on ! coa/ ( ,africa1 & ! patronage ( our nation until ! emigrants %all be able to protect !mselves4 ,! subord9ate details might be easily arrang$4 ,b ! b>e proposition ( pur*ase by ! ,unit$ ,/ates g5]ally1 w\ld excite inf9ite indignation 9 all ! ,/ates nor? ( ,m>yl&4 ,! sacrifice mu/ fall on ! ,/ates alone :i* hold !m2 & ! difficult "q w be h[ to less5 ?is s z to reconcile our fell[ citiz5s to x4 ,p]sonally ,i am ready & desir\s to make any sacrifice :i* %all ensure _! gradual b complete retirem5t f ! ,/ate1 & effectually1 at ! same "t1 e/abli% !m else:]e 9 fre$om & safety4 ,b ,i h n p]ceiv$ ! gr[? ( ?is disposition 9 ! ris+ g5]ation1 ( :i* ,i once _h sangu9e hopes4 ,no symptoms in=m me t x w take place 9 my day4 ,i leave x1 !re=e1 to "t1 & n at all )\t hope t ! day w come1 equally desirable & welcome to u z to !m4 ,p]haps ! proposition n[ on ! c>pet at ,wa%+ton to provide an e/abli%m5t on ! coa/ ( ,africa = volunt>y emigrations ( p ( color1 may be ! corn] /one ( ?is future edifice4 ,pray+ = its completion z e>ly z may mo/ promote ! good ( all1 ,i salute y ) great e/eem & respect4 ,,john ,,adams ,,to ,,?omas ,,jeff]son4 ,,qu9cy1 ,april #ai1 #ahag4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,my lov+ & belov$ fri5d ,pick]+1 has be5 pleas$ to in=m ! _w t ,i h few fri5ds4 ,i want$ to :ip ! rogue1 & ,i _h x 9 my p[]1 if x _h be5 9 my w to d x1 till ! blood came4 ,b all my real fri5ds1 z ,i ?\ght !n1 ) ,dext] & ,gray at _! head1 insi/$ t ,i %\ld n say a ^w2 t no?+ t su* a p]son c\ld write w\ld d me ! lea/ injury2 t x w\ld betray ! con/itution & ! gov]nm5t1 if a ,presid5t1 out or 91 %\ld ent] into a newspap] controv]sy ) "o ( 8 m9i/]s1 :om he _h remov$ f 8 (fice1 9 ju/ification ( himself = t removal1 or any?+ else2 & !y talk$ a great deal ab\t ! ,,dignity ( ! (fice ( ,presid5t1 :i* ,i d n f9d t any o!r p]son1 public or private reg>ds v mu*4 ,nev]!less1 ,i fe> t ,mr4 ,pick]+'s in=mation is too true4 ,x is impossible t any man %\ld run su* a gauntlet z ,i h be5 driv5 ?r\gh1 & h _m fri5ds at la/4 ,?is all :o "k me "k1 ?\gh ,i _c say2 :o love me1 tell4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 ei!r fri5ds :o wi% to amuse & solace my old age1 or enemies :o mean to heap coals ( fire on my head1 & kill me ) k9dness2 = !y ov]:elm me ) books f all qu>t]s1 en\gh to obfuscate all eyes1 & smo!r & /ifle all human und]/&+4 ,*ateaubri&1 ,grimm1 ,tuck]1 ,dupuis1 ,la ,h>pe1 ,sismondi1 ,eu/ace1 a new translation ( ,h]odotus1 by ,b$loe1 ) m notes ?an text4 ,:at %\ld ,i d ) all ?is lumb]8 ,i make my woman-k9d1 z ! antiqu>y expresses x1 read to me all ! ,engli%1 b z !y w n read ! ,fr5*1 ,i am oblig$ to excruciate my eyes to read x myself2 & all to :at purpose8 ,i v]ily believe ,i 0 z wise & good1 sev5ty ye>s ago1 z ,i am n[4 ,at t p]iod ,lemuel ,bryant 0 my p>i% prie/1 & ,joseph ,clev]ly my ,lat9 s*oolma/]4 ,lemuel 0 a jolly1 jocul>1 & lib]al s*ol> & div9e4 ,joseph a s*ol> & a g5tleman2 b a bigot$ ,episcopalian1 ( ! s*ool ( ,bi%op ,saund]s1 & ,dr4 ,hicks1--a d[nright consci5ti\s1 passive ob$i5ce man1 9 ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,! p>son & ! p$agogue liv$ mu* toge!r1 b 7 et]nally disput+ ab\t gov]nm5t & religion4 ,"o day1 :5 ! s*oolma/] _h be5 m ?an commonly fanatical1 & decl>$ if he 7 a mon>*1 he w\ld h b "o religion 9 8 dom9ions2 ! p>son coolly repli$1 ,clev]ly6 y w\ld be ! be/ man 9 ! _w if y _h no religion4 ,tw5ty times 9 ! c\rse ( my late read+ h ,i be5 on ! po9t ( break+ out1 ,?is w\ld be ! be/ ( all possible worlds1 if !re 7 no religion 9 x666 ,b 9 ?is exclamation ,i %\ld h be5 z fanatical z ,bryant or ,clev]ly4 ,)\t religion ?is _w w\ld be some?+ n fit to be m5tion$ 9 polite society1 ,i mean hell4 ,s f> f believ+ 9 ! total & univ]sal depravity ( human nature1 ,i believe !re is no individual totally deprav$4 ,! mo/ ab&on$ sc\ndrel t ev] exi/$1 nev] yet :olly ext+ui%$ 8 consci5ce1 & :ile consci5ce rema9s !re is "s religion4 ,popes1 ,jesuits1 & ,sorboni/s1 & ,inquisitors1 h "s consci5ce & "s religion4 ,s _h ,m>ius & ,sylla1 ,cs>1 ,catil9e & ,antony2 & ,augu/us _h n mu* m1 let ,virgil & ,horace say :at !y w4 ,:at %all we ?9k ( ,virgil & ,horace1 ,sallu/1 ,qu9tilian1 ,pl9y1 & ev5 ,tacitus8 & ev5 ,cic]o1 ,brutus & ,s5eca8 ,pompey ,i leave out ( ! "q1 z a m]e politician & soldi]4 ,e "o ( ! great creatures has left indelible m>ks ( consci5ce1 & consequ5tly ( religion1 ?\gh e "o ( !m has left abundant pro(s ( pr(ligate violations ( _! consci5ces by _! little & great passions & paltry int]e/s4 ,! va/ prospect ( mank9d1 :i* ^! books h pass$ 9 review be=e me1 f ! mo/ anci5t records1 hi/ories1 traditions & fables1 t rema9 to u to ! pres5t day1 has sick5$ my v s\l1 & almo/ reconcil$ me to ,swift's travels among ! ,yahoos2 yet ,i nev] c be a misan?rope--,homo sum4 ,i mu/ hate myself be=e ,i c hate my fell[ m52 & t ,i _c1 & w n d4 ,no6 ,i w n hate any ( !m1 base1 brutal1 & devili% z "s ( !m h be5 to me4 ,f ! bottom ( my s\l1 ,i pity my fell[ m54 ,fe>s & t]rors appe> to h produc$ an univ]sal cr$ulity4 ,fe>s ( calamities 9 life1 & puni%m5ts aft] dea?1 seem to h possess$ ! s\ls ( all m54 ,b fe> ( pa9 & dea?1 "h1 d n seem to h be5 s unconqu]able1 z fe> ( :at is to come h]eaft]4 ,prie/s1 ,hi]ophants1 ,popes1 ,despots1 ,emp]ors1 ,k+s1 ,pr9ces1 ,nobles1 h be5 z cr$ul\s z %oe-blacks1 boots & kit*5 scullions4 ,! =m] seem to h believ$ 9 _! div9e rights z s9c]ely z ! latt]4 ,auto de fes1 9 ,spa9 & ,portugal1 h be5 celebrat$ ) z good fai? z excommunications h be5 practis$ 9 ,connecticut1 or z baptisms h be5 refus$ 9 ,philadelphia4 ,h[ is x possible t mank9d %\ld submit to be gov]n$1 z !y h be51 is to me an inscrutable my/]y4 ,h[ !y c\ld be> to be tax$ to build ! temple ( ,diana at ,ephesus1 ! pyramids ( ,egypt1 ,sa9t ,pet]'s at ,rome1 ,notre ,dame at ,p>is1 ,/4 ,paul's 9 ,london1 ) a million et cet]as1 :5 my navy y>ds & my quasi army made su* a popul> clamor1 ,i "k n4 ,yet all my peccadillos nev] excit$ su* a rage z ! late comp5sation law6 ,i congratulate y on ! late election 9 ,connecticut4 ,x is a k9d ( epo*a4 ,sev]al causes h conspir$4 ,"o :i* y w\ld n suspect4 ,"s "o1 no d\bt in/igat$ by ! devil1 has tak5 x into 8 head to pr9t a new edition ( ! ,indep5d5t ,:ig1 ev5 9 ,connecticut1 & has scatt]$ ! volumes ?r\gh ! ,/ate4 ,^! volumes1 x is said1 h produc$ a bur/ ( indignation aga9/ prie/craft1 bigotry & intol]ance1 & 9 conjunction ) o!r causes1 h produc$ ! late election4 ,:5 writ+ to y ,i nev] "k :5 to subscribe1 ,j4 ,a4 ,,to ,,john ,,adams4 ,,monticello1 ,may #e1 #ahag4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,abs5ces & avocations _h prev5t$ my ackn[l$g+ y\r favor ( ,febru>y ! #b;d1 :5 t ( ,april ! #ai? arriv$4 ,i _h n ! pleasure ( receiv+ ! =m] by ! h&s ( ,mr4 ,lyman4 ,8 bus9ess probably c>ri$ him 9 ano!r direction2 = ,i am f> inl&1 & di/ant f ! great l9e ( communication betwe5 ! trad+ cities4 ,y\r recomm5dations are always welcome1 = inde$1 ! subjects ( !m always m]it t welcome1 & "s ( !m 9 an extraord9>y degree4 ,!y make u acqua9t$ ) :at !re is excell5t 9 our anci5t si/] ,/ate ( ,massa*usetts1 once v5]at$ & belov$1 & /ill hang+ on our hopes1 = :at ne$ we despair ( aft] ! resurrection ( ,connecticut to light & lib]ality4 ,i _h believ$ t ! la/ retreat ( monki% d>kness1 bigotry1 & abhorr5ce ( ^? advances ( ! m9d :i* _h c>ri$ ! o!r ,/ates a c5tury ahead ( !m4 ,!y seem$ /ill to be exactly :]e _! =efa!rs 7 :5 !y s*ismatiz$ f ! cov5ant ( works1 & to consid] z dang]\s h]esies all innovations good or bad4 ,i jo9 y1 !re=e1 9 s9c]e congratulations t ?is d5 ( ! prie/hood is at l5g? brok5 up1 & t a ,prote/ant ,pop$om is no long] to disgrace ! ,am]ican hi/ory & "*4 ,if by religion we are to und]/& sect>ian dogmas1 9 :i* no two ( !m agree1 !n y\r exclamation on t hypo!sis is j1 t ?is w\ld be ! be/ ( all possible worlds1 if !re 7 no religion 9 x4 ,b if ! moral precepts1 innate 9 man1 & made a "p ( 8 physical con/itution1 z necess>y = a social be+1 if ! sublime doctr9es ( philan?ropism & deism taught u by ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 9 :i* all agree1 con/itute true religion1 !n1 )\t x1 ?is w\ld be1 z y aga9 say1 some?+ n fit to be nam$1 ev5 inde$1 a hell4 ,y c]ta9ly act$ wisely 9 tak+ no notice ( :at ! malice ( ,pick]+ c\ld say ( y4 ,7 su* ?+s to be answ]$1 our lives w\ld be wa/$ 9 ! fil? ( f5d+s & prov+s1 in/ead ( be+ employ$ 9 promot+ ! happ9ess & prosp]ity ( our fell[ citiz5s4 ,! t5or ( y\r life is ! prop] & suffici5t answ]4 ,x is =tunate = ^? 9 public tru/1 t po/]ity w judge !m by _! works1 & n by ! malignant vitup]ations & invectives ( ! ,pick]+s & ,g>d9]s ( _! age4 ,aft] all1 m5 ( en]gy ( "* mu/ h enemies2 because !re are two sides to e "q1 & tak+ "o ) decision1 & act+ on x ) effect1 ^? :o take ! o!r w ( c\rse be ho/ile 9 proportion z !y feel t effect4 ,?us1 9 ! revolution1 ,hancock & ! ,adamses 7 ! raw-head & bloody bones ( tories & traitors :o yet knew no?+ ( y p]sonally b :at 0 good4 ,i d n ent]ta9 y\r appreh5sions = ! happ9ess ( our bro!r ,madison 9 a /ate ( retirem5t4 ,su* a m9d z 81 fraught ) in=mation & ) matt] = reflection1 c nev] "k ennui4 ,besides1 !re w always be "w en\gh cut out = him to cont9ue 8 active usefulness to 8 c\ntry4 ,= example1 he & ,monroe 7! ,presid5t7 are n[ "h on ! "w ( a collegiate in/itution to be e/abli%$ 9 our neighborhood1 ( :i* !y & myself are ?ree ( six visitors4 ,?is1 if x succe$s1 w raise up *ildr5 = ,mr4 ,madison to employ 8 att5tion ?r\gh life4 ,i say if x succe$s2 = we h two v ess5tial wants 9 our way1 fir/1 means to compass our views2 &1 second1 m5 qualifi$ to fulfil !m4 ,& ^!1 y w agree1 are ess5tial wants inde$4 ,i am glad to f9d y h a copy ( ,sismondi1 because 8 is a field famili> to y1 & on :i* y c judge him4 ,8 "w is highly prais$1 b ,i h n yet read x4 ,i h be5 occupi$ & delight$ ) read+ ano!r "w1 ! title ( :i* did n promise mu* useful in=mation or amusem5t1 l',italia avanti il dom9io dei ,romani dal ,micali4 ,x has (t51 y "k1 be5 a subject ( regret1 t ,c>?age _h no writ] to give h] side ( h] own hi/ory1 :ile h] weal?1 p[] & spl5dor1 prove %e mu/ h _h a v di/+ui%$ policy & gov]nm5t4 ,micali has giv5 ! c\nt]p>t ( ! ,roman hi/ory1 = ! nations ov] :i* !y ext5d$ _! dom9ion4 ,= ?is he has glean$ up matt] f e qu>t]1 & furni%$ mat]ials = reflection & dige/ion to ^? :o1 ?9k+ z !y read1 h p]ceiv$ t !re 0 a great deal ( matt] beh9d ! curta91 c\ld t be fully )drawn4 ,he c]ta9ly gives new views ( a nation ^: spl5dor has mask$ & palliat$ _! b>b>\s ambition4 ,i am n[ read+ ,botta's hi/ory ( our own ,revolution4 ,bat+ ! anci5t practice :i* he has adopt$1 ( putt+ spee*es into m\?s :i* nev] made !m1 & fancy+ motives ( action :i* we nev] felt1 he has giv5 t hi/ory ) m detail1 precision & c&or1 ?an any writ] ,i h yet met )4 ,x is1 to be sure1 compil$ f ^? writ]s2 b x is a good secretion ( _! matt]1 ! pure f ! impure1 & pres5t$ 9 a j s5se ( "r1 9 opposition to usurpation4 ,accept assurances = ,mrs4 ,adams & y\rself ( my affectionate e/eem & respect4 ,,to ,,dr4 ,,josephus ,b4 ,,/u>t4 ,,monticello1 ,may #aj1 #ahag4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,y\r favor ( ,april #b;d is duly receiv$4 ,i am v s5sible ( ! p>tiality ) :i* y are s good z to review ! c\rse ,i h held 9 public life1 & ,i h also to be ?ankful to my fell[-citiz5s = a l indulg5ce g5]ally %[n to my endeavors to be useful to !m4 ,!y give q z mu* cr$it z is m]it$ to ! difficulties suppos$ to att5d ! public adm9i/ration4 ,!re are no my/]ies 9 x4 ,difficulties inde$ sometimes arise2 b common s5se & hone/ int5tions w g5]ally /e] ?r\gh !m1 &1 :]e !y _c be surm\nt$1 ,i h ev] se5 ! well-int5tion$ "p ( our fell[ citiz5s suffici5tly dispos$ n to look = impossibilities4 ,we all "k t a f>m1 h[ev] l>ge1 is n m difficult to direct ?an a g>d51 & does n call = m att5tion or skill4 ,i hope ) y t ! policy ( our c\ntry w settle d[n ) z mu* navigation & comm]ce only z our own ex*anges w require1 & t ! disadvantage w be se5 ( our und]tak+ to c>ry on t ( o!r nations4 ,?is1 inde$1 may br+ ga9 to a few individuals1 & enable !m to call (f f our f>ms m labor]s to be conv]t$ into lackeys & grooms = !m1 b x w br+ no?+ to our c\ntry b w>s1 debt1 & dilapidation4 ,?is has be5 ! c\rse ( ,engl&1 & h] examples h fe>ful influ5ce on u4 ,9 copy+ h] we d n seem to consid] t l premises induce l consequ5ces4 ,! bank mania is "o ( ! mo/ ?reat5+ ( ^! imitations4 ,x is rais+ up a moni$ ari/ocracy 9 our c\ntry :i* has already set ! gov]nm5t at defiance1 & al?\gh =c$ at l5g? to yield a little on ?is fir/ essay ( _! /r5g?1 _! pr9ciples are unyield$ & unyield+4 ,^! h tak5 deep root 9 ! he>ts ( t class f :i* our legislators are drawn1 & ! sop to ,c]b]us f fable has become hi/ory4 ,_! pr9ciples lay hold ( ! good1 _! pelf ( ! bad1 & ?us ^? :om ! con/itution _h plac$ z gu>ds to its portals1 are sophi/icat$ or suborn$ f _! duties4 ,t pap] money has "s advantages1 is admitt$4 ,b t its abuses also are inevitable1 &1 by break+ up ! measure ( value1 makes a lott]y ( all private prop]ty1 _c be d5i$4 ,%all we ev] be able to put a con/itutional veto on x8 ,y say ,i mu/ g to writ+ hi/ory4 ,:ile 9 public life ,i _h n "t1 & n[ t ,i am retir$1 ,i am pa/ ! "t4 ,to write hi/ory requires a :ole life ( obs]vation1 ( inquiry1 ( labor & correction4 ,its mat]ials are n to be f\nd among ! ru9s ( a decay$ memory4 ,at ?is day ,i %\ld beg9 :]e ,i ought to h left (f4 ,! solve s5es c5tem equum1 is a precept we le>n 9 y\? b = ! practice ( age2 & 7 ,i to disreg>d x1 x w\ld be b a pro( ! m ( its s\ndness4 ,if any?+ has ev] m]it$ to me ! respect ( my fell[ citiz5s1 !mselves1 ,i hope1 w\ld wi% me n to lose x by expos+ ! decay ( faculties ( :i* x 0 ! rew>d4 ,i mu/ !n1 de> ,sir1 leave to y\rself & y\r bre?r5 ( ! ris+ g5]ation1 to arraign at y\r tribunal ! actions ( y\r pr$ecessors1 & to pron\nce ! s5t5ce !y may h m]it$ or incurr$4 ,if ! sacrifices ( t age h result$ 9 ! good ( ?is1 !n all is well1 & we %all be rew>d$ by _! approbation1 & %all be au?oriz$ to say1 g ye & d likewise4 ,to y\rself ,i t5d] p]sonally ! assurance ( my great e/eem & respect4 ,,to ,,m>quis ,,de ,,la ,,fayette4 ,,monticello1 ,may #ad1 #ahag4 ,al?\gh1 de> ,sir1 mu* retir$ f ! _w1 & m$dl+ little 9 its conc]ns1 yet ,i ?9k x almo/ a religi\s duty to salute at times my old fri5ds1 7 x only to say & to "k t all's well4 ,our hobby has be5 politics2 b all "h is s quiet1 & ) y s desp]ate1 t little matt] is furni%$ u = active att5tion4 ,) y too1 x has long be5 =bidd5 gr\nd1 & !re=e imprud5t = a =eign fri5d to tread1 9 writ+ to y4 ,b al?\gh our speculations might be intrusive1 our pray]s _c b be acceptable1 & m9e are s9c]ely (f]$ = ! well-be+ ( ,france4 ,:at gov]nm5t %e c be>1 dep5ds n on ! /ate ( sci5ce1 h[ev] exalt$1 9 a select b& ( enlight5$ m51 b on ! condition ( ! g5]al m9d4 ,t1 ,i am sure1 is advanc$ & w advance2 & ! la/ *ange ( gov]nm5t 0 =tunate1 inasmu* z ! new w be less ob/ructive to ! effects ( t advancem5t4 ,= ,i consid] y\r =eign milit>y oppressions z an ephem]al ob/acle only4 ,"h all is quiet4 ,! ,briti% w> has left u 9 debt2 b t is a *eap price = ! good x has done u4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ! necess>y manufactures among ourselves1 ! pro( t our gov]nm5t is solid1 c /& ! %ock ( w>1 & is sup]ior ev5 to civil s*ism1 are preci\s facts = u2 & ( ^! ! /ronge/ pro(s 7 furni%$1 :51 ) f\r ea/]n ,/ates ti$ to u1 z dead to liv+ bodies1 all d\bt 0 remov$ z to ! a*ievem5ts ( ! w>1 _h x cont9u$4 ,b its be/ effect has be5 ! complete suppression ( p>ty4 ,! f$]ali/s :o 7 truly ,am]ican1 & _! great mass 0 s1 h sep>at$ f _! bre?r5 :o 7 m]e ,anglom51 & are receiv$ ) cordiality into ! republican ranks4 ,ev5 ,connecticut1 z a ,/ate1 & ! la/ "o expect$ to yield its /eady habits 7:i* 7 ess5tially bigot$ 9 politics z well z religion71 has *os5 a republican gov]nor1 & republican legislature4 ,massa*usetts inde$ /ill lags2 because mo/ deeply involv$ 9 ! p>ricide crimes & treasons ( ! w>4 ,b h] gangr5e is contract+1 ! s\nd fle% advanc+ on x1 & all !re w be well4 ,i m5tion$ ,connecticut z ! mo/ hopeless ( our ,/ates4 ,little ,delaw>e _h escap$ my att5tion4 ,t is ess5tially a ,quak] ,/ate1 ! fragm5t ( a religi\s sect :i*1 !re1 9 ! o!r ,/ates1 9 ,engl&1 are a homog5e\s mass1 act+ ) "o m9d1 & t direct$ by ! "m society 9 ,engl&4 ,disp]s$1 z ! ,jews1 !y /ill =m1 z ^? d1 "o nation1 =eign to ! l& !y live 94 ,!y are ,prote/ant ,jesuits1 implicitly devot$ to ! w ( _! sup]ior1 & =gett+ all duties to _! c\ntry 9 ! execution ( ! policy ( _! ord]4 ,:5 w> is propos$ ) ,engl&1 !y h religi\s scruples2 b :5 ) ,france1 ^! are laid by1 & !y become clamor\s = x4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 sil5t1 passive1 & give no o!r tr\ble ?an ( :ipp+ !m along4 ,nor is ! election ( ,monroe an ineffici5t circum/ance 9 our felicities4 ,f\r & tw5ty ye>s1 :i* he w accompli%1 ( adm9i/ration 9 republican =ms & pr9ciples1 w s consecrate !m 9 ! eyes ( ! p z to secure !m aga9/ ! dang] ( *ange4 ,! evanition ( p>ty diss5sions has h>moniz$ int]c\rse1 & sweet5$ society beyond imag9ation4 ,! w> !n has done u all ?is good1 & ! fur!r "o ( assur+ ! _w1 t al?\gh atta*$ to peace f a s5se ( its bless+s1 we w meet w> :5 x is made necess>y4 ,i wi% ,i c\ld give bett] hopes ( our s\!rn bre?r54 ,! a*ievem5t ( _! indep5d5ce ( ,spa9 is no long] a "q4 ,b x is a v s]i\s "o1 :at w !n become ( !m8 ,ignorance & bigotry1 l o!r insanities1 are incapable ( self-gov]nm5t4 ,!y w fall "u milit>y despotism1 & become ! murd]\s tools ( ! ambition ( _! respective ,bonap>tes2 & :e!r ?is w be = _! great] happ9ess1 ! rule ( "o only has taught y to judge4 ,no "o1 ,i hope1 c d\bt my wi% to see !m & all mank9d ex]cis+ self-gov]nm5t1 & capable ( ex]cis+ x4 ,b ! "q is n :at we wi%1 b :at is practicable8 ,z _! s9c]e fri5d & bro!r !n1 ,i d believe ! be/ ?+ = !m1 w\ld be = !mselves to come to an accord ) ,spa91 "u ! gu>antee ( ,france1 ,russia1 ,holl&1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 all[+ to ,spa9 a nom9al supremacy1 ) au?ority only to keep ! peace among !m1 leav+ !m o!rwise all ! p[]s ( self-gov]nm5t1 until _! exp]i5ce 9 !m1 _! emancipation f _! prie/s1 & advancem5t 9 in=mation1 %all prep>e !m = complete indep5d5ce4 ,i exclude ,engl& f ?is conf$]acy1 because h] selfi% pr9ciples r5d] h] incapable ( honorable patronage or dis9t]e/$ co-op]ation2 unless1 inde$1 :at seems n[ probable1 a revolution %\ld re/ore to h] an hone/ gov]nm5t1 "o :i* w p]mit ! _w to live 9 peace4 ,portugal grasp+ at an ext5sion ( h] dom9ion 9 ! s\?1 has lo/ h] great nor!rn prov9ce ( ,p]nambuco1 & ,i %all n wond] if ,brazil %\ld revolt 9 mass1 & s5d _! royal family back to ,portugal4 ,brazil is m popul\s1 m weal?y1 m en]getic1 & z wise z ,portugal4 ,i h be5 ins5sibly l$1 my de> fri5d1 :ile writ+ to y1 to indulge 9 t l9e ( s5tim5t 9 :i* we h be5 always associat$1 =gett+ t ^! are matt]s n belong+ to my "t4 ,n s ) y1 :o h /ill _m ye>s to be a spectator ( ^! ev5ts4 ,t ^! ye>s may inde$ be _m & happy1 is ! s9c]e pray] ( y\r affectionate fri5d4 ,,john ,,adams ,,to ,,?omas ,,jeff]son4 ,,qu9cy1 ,may #ah1 #ahag4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,lyman 0 mortifi$ t he c\ld n visit ,monticello4 ,he is gone to ,europe a second "t4 ,i regret t he did n see y1 he w\ld h execut$ any commission = y 9 ! lit]>y l9e1 at any pa9 or any exp5se4 ,i h _m appreh5sions = 8 heal?1 :i* is v delicate & prec>i\s1 b he is seiz$ ) ! mania ( all our "y cl]ical spirits = =eign travel2 ,i fe> !y w lose m ?an !y acquire1 !y w lose t unadult]at$ en?usiasm = _! native c\ntry1 :i* has produc$ ! greate/ *>act]s among u4 ,oh6 ,"l6 ,d y ?9k t ,prote/ant ,pop$om is annihilat$ 9 ,am]ica8 ,d y recollect1 or h y ev] att5d$ to ! ecclesia/ical /rifes 9 ,m>yl&1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,york1 & e "p ( ,new ,engl&8 ,:at a m]cy x is t ^! p _c :ip1 & crop1 & pillory1 & roa/1 z yet 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates6 ,if !y c\ld1 !y w\ld4 ,d y "k ! ,g5]al ( ! ,jesuits1 & consequ5tly all 8 ho/1 h _! eyes on ?is c\ntry8 ,d y "k t ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& is employ+ m means & m art1 to propagate _! demi-pop]y among u1 ?an ev]8 ,quak]s1 ,anabapti/s1 ,moravians1 ,sw$5borgians1 ,me?odi/s1 ,unit>ians1 ,no?+>ians 9 all ,europe are employ+ und]h& means to propagate _! sect>ian sy/em 9 ^! ,/ates4 ,! multitude & div]sity ( !m1 y w say1 is our security aga9/ !m all4 ,god grant x4 ,b if we consid] t ! ,presbyt]ians & ,me?odi/s are f> ! mo/ num]\s & ! mo/ likely to unite1 let a ,george ,:itefield arise1 ) a milit>y ca/1 l ,mahomet or ,loyola1 & :at w become ( all ! o!r sects :o c nev] unite8 ,my fri5ds or enemies cont9ue to ov]:elm me ) books4 ,:atev] may be _! int5tion1 *>itable or o!rwise1 !y c]ta9ly contribute to cont9ue me to vegetate1 mu* z ,i h done = ! sixte5 ye>s la/ pa/4 ,sir ,john ,malcolm's hi/ory ( ,p]sia1 & ,sir ,william ,jones' works1 are n[ p\r$ out ^u me1 & a little c>go is com+ f ,europe4 ,:at c ,i d ) all ?is le>n$ lumb]8 ,is x necess>y to salvation to inve/igate all ^! ,cosmogonies & ,my?ologies8 ,are ,bryant1 ,gebel91 ,dupuis1 or ,sir ,william ,jones1 "r8 ,:at a fr[n ^u mank9d 0 ! premature dea? ( ,sir ,william ,jones6 ,:y c\ld n ,jones & ,dupuis h conv]s$ or correspond$ ) ea* o!r8 ,_h ,jones read ,dupuis1 or ,dupuis ,jones1 ! works ( bo? w\ld be imm5sely improv$1 ?\gh ea* w\ld probably h adh]$ to 8 sy/em4 ,i %\ld admire to see a c\nsel compos$ ( ,gebel91 ,bryant1 ,jones & ,dupuis4 ,let !m live toge!r & comp>e notes4 ,! human race ought to contribute to furni% !m ) all ! books 9 ! ,univ]se1 & ! means ( subsi/5ce4 ,i am n exp]t en\gh 9 ,italian to read ,botta1 & ,i "k n t he has be5 translat$4 ,inde$1 ,i h be5 s little satisfi$ ) hi/ories ( ! ,am]ican revolution1 t ,i h long s9ce ceas$ to read !m4 ,! tru? is lo/1 9 adulatory panegyrics1 & 9 vitup]>y insol5ce4 ,i wi% y1 ,mr4 ,madison1 & ,mr4 ,monroe1 success 9 y\r collegiate in/itution4 ,& ,i wi% t sup]/ition 9 religion1 excit+ sup]/ition 9 politics1 & bo? unit$ 9 direct+ milit>y =ce1 alias glory1 may nev] bl[ up all y\r b5evol5t & philan?ropic lucubrations4 ,b ! hi/ory ( all ages is aga9/ y4 ,x is said t no ef=t 9 favor ( virtue is ev] lo/4 ,i d\bt :e!r x 0 ev] true2 :e!r x is n[ true2 b hope x w be true4 ,9 ! moral gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 no d\bt x 01 is1 & ev] w be true2 b x has n yet appe>$ to be true on ?is e>?4 ,i am1 ,sir1 s9c]ely y\r fri5d4 ,p4 ,s4 ,h y se5 ! ,philosophy ( ,human ,nature1 & ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,w> 9 ! we/]n ,/ates1 f ,k5tucky8 ,h[ vigor\sly sci5ce & lit]ature spr+ up1 z well z patriotism & h]oism1 9 transalleganian regions8 ,h y se5 ,wilk9son's hi/ory8 c41 c4 ,,john ,,adams ,,to ,,?omas ,,jeff]son4 ,,qu9cy1 ,may #bf1 #ahag4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,mr4 ,leslie ,combes ( ,k5tucky has s5t me a hi/ory ( ! late w>1 9 ! we/]n c\ntry1 by ,mr4 ,rob]t ,b4 ,m',siffee1 & ! ,philosophy ( ,human ,nature1 by ,joseph ,bu*anan4 ,! hi/ory ,i am glad to see1 because x w pres]ve facts to ! honor & immortal glory ( ! we/]n p4 ,inde$1 ,i am n sorry t ! ,philosophy has be5 publi%$1 because x has be5 a maxim ) me = sixty ye>s at lea/1 nev] to be afraid ( a book4 ,nev]!less1 ,i _c =esee mu* utility 9 review+1 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! controv]sy betwe5 ! ,spirituali/s & ! ,mat]iali/s4 ,:y %\ld "t be wa/$ 9 disput+ ab\t two sub/ances1 :5 bo? p>ties agree t nei!r kn[s any?+ ab\t ei!r4 ,if _s is an ab/raction1 a conjecture1 a *im]a2 matt] is an ab/raction1 a conjecture1 a *im]a2 = we "k z mu*1 or r z little1 ab\t "o z ! o!r4 ,we may read ,cudwor?1 ,le ,cl]c1 ,leibnitz1 ,b]kley1 ,hume1 ,bol+broke & ,prie/ley1 & a million o!r volumes 9 all ages1 & be oblig$ at la/ to confess t we h le>n$ no?+4 ,_s & matt] /ill rema9 riddles4 ,def9e ! t]ms1 h[ev]1 & ! controv]sy is soon settl$4 ,if _s is an active some?+1 & matt] an inactive some?+1 x is c]ta9 t "o is n ! o!r4 ,we c no m conceive t ext5sion1 or solidity1 c ?9k1 or feel1 or see1 or he>1 or ta/e1 or smell2 ?an we c conceive t p]ception1 memory1 imag9ation1 or reason1 c remove a m\nta91 or bl[ a rock4 ,?is enigma has puzzl$ mank9d f ! beg9n+1 & probably w to ! end4 ,economy ( "t requires t we %\ld wa/e no m 9 s idle an amusem5t4 ,9 ! elev5? disc\rse ( ,sir ,william ,jones1 be=e ! ,asiatic ,society1 vol4 iii41 page #bbi1 ( 8 works1 we f9d t ,mat]iali/s & ,immat]iali/s exi/$ 9 ,india1 & t !y accus$ ea* o!r ( a!ism1 be=e ,b]kley1 or ,prie/ley1 or ,dupuis1 or ,plato1 or ,py?agoras1 7 born4 ,inde$1 ,newton himself appe>s to h discov]$ no?+ t 0 n kn[n to ! anci5t ,indians4 ,he has only furni%$ m complete demon/rations ( ! doctr9es !y taught4 ,sir ,john ,malcolm agrees ) ,jones & ,dupuis1 9 ! ,a/rological orig9 ( hea!n my?ologies4 ,va9 man6 m9d y\r own bus9ess6 ,d no wrong2--d all ! good y c6 ,eat y\r canvas-back ducks6 ,dr9k y\r ,burgundy6 ,sleep y\r sie/a :5 necess>y1 & ,,tru/ ,,9 ,,god6 ,:at a mighty bubble1 :at a trem5d\s wat]sp\t1 has ,napoleon be51 accord+ to 8 life1 writt5 by himself6 ,he says he 0 ! creature ( ! pr9ciples & mann]s ( ! age2 by :i*1 no d\bt1 he means ! age ( ,reason2 ! progress ( ,manilius' ,ratio1 ( ,plato's ,logos1 c4 ,i believe him4 ,a :irlw9d rais$ him1 & a :irlw9d bl[$ him away to ,/4 ,hel5a4 ,he is v confid5t t ! age ( ,reason is n pa/1 & s am ,i2 b ,i hope t ,reason w nev] aga9 ra%ly & ha/ily create su* creatures z him4 ,lib]ty1 equality1 frat]nity1 & humanity1 w nev] aga91 ,i hope1 bl9dly surr5d] !mselves to an unb\nd$ ambition = national conque/s1 nor implicitly commit !mselves to ! cu/ody & gu>dian%ip ( arms & h]oes4 ,if !y d1 !y w aga9 end 9 ,/4 ,hel5a1 ,inquisitions1 ,jesuits1 & sacre liques4 ,poor ,laureate ,s\!y is wri?+ 9 torm5ts "u ! laugh ( ! ?ree k+doms1 all ,europe1 & ,am]ica1 ^u ! publication ( 8 ,wat ,tyl]4 ,i wond] :e!r he or ,bonap>te suff]s mo/4 ,i congratulate y1 & ,madison1 & ,monroe1 on y\r noble employm5t 9 f\nd+ a univ]sity4 ,f su* a noble ,triumvirate1 ! _w w expect some?+ v great & v new2 b if x conta9s any?+ q orig9al1 & v excell5t1 ,i fe> ! prejudices are too deeply root$ to suff] x to la/ long1 ?\gh x may be accept$ at fir/4 ,x w n always h ?ree su* colossal reputations to support x4 ,! ,p]nambuco ,ambassador1 8 ,secret>y ( legation1 & private ,secret>y1 respectable p1 h made me a visit4 ,hav+ be5 "s ye> or two 9 a simil> situation1 ,i c\ld n b sympa?ize ) him4 ,z ,bonap>te says1 ! age ( ,reason is n end$4 ,no?+ c totally ext+ui%1 or eclipse ! light :i* has be5 %$ abroad by ! press4 ,i am1 ,sir1 ) he>ty wi%es = y\r heal? & happ9ess1 y\r fri5d & humble s]vant4 ,,to ,,doctor ,,john ,,mann]s4 ,,monticello1 ,june #ab1 #ahag4 ,,sir1--,y\r favor ( ,may #bj? has be5 receiv$ "s "t s9ce1 b ! increas+ in]tness ( age r5d]s me sl[ 9 obey+ ! calls ( ! writ+-table1 & less equal ?an ,i h be5 to its labors4 ,my op9ion on ! "r ( ,expatriation has be51 s long ago z ! ye> #aggf1 consign$ to record 9 ! act ( ! ,virg9ia code1 drawn by myself1 recogniz+ ! "r expressly1 & prescrib+ ! mode ( ex]cis+ x4 ,! evid5ce ( ?is natural "r1 l t ( our "r to life1 lib]ty1 ! use ( our faculties1 ! pursuit ( happ9ess1 is n left to ! feeble & sophi/ical inve/igations ( reason1 b is impress$ on ! s5se ( e man4 ,we d n claim ^! "u ! *>t]s ( k+s or legislators1 b "u ! ,k+ ( k+s4 ,if he has made x a law 9 ! nature ( man to pursue 8 own happ9ess1 he has left him free 9 ! *oice ( place z well z mode2 & we may safely call on ! :ole body ( ,engli% juri/s to produce ! map on :i* ,nature has trac$1 = ea* individual1 ! geographical l9e :i* %e =bids him to cross 9 pursuit ( happ9ess4 ,x c]ta9ly does n exi/ 9 8 m9d4 ,:]e1 !n1 is x8 ,i believe1 too1 ,i might safely affirm1 t !re is n ano!r nation1 civiliz$ or savage1 :i* has ev] d5i$ ?is natural "r4 ,i d\bt if !re is ano!r :i* refuses its ex]cise4 ,i "k x is all[$ 9 "s ( ! mo/ respectable c\ntries ( cont95tal ,europe1 nor h ,i ev] he>d ( "o 9 :i* x 0 n4 ,h[ x is among our savage neighbors1 :o h no law b t ( ,nature1 we all "k4 ,?\gh long e/rang$ f legal read+ & reason+1 & little famili> ) ! decisions ( p>ticul> judges1 ,i h consid]$ t respect+ ! obligation ( ! common law 9 ?is c\ntry z a v pla9 "o1 & m]ely a "q ( docum5t4 ,if we are "u t law1 ! docum5t :i* made u s c surely be produc$2 & z f> z ?is c be produc$1 s f> we are subject to x1 & f>!r we are n4 ,mo/ ( ! ,/ates did1 ,i believe1 at an e>ly p]iod ( _! legislation1 adopt ! ,engli% law1 common & /atute1 m or less 9 a body1 z f> z localities admitt$ ( _! application4 ,9 ^! ,/ates1 !n1 ! common law1 s f> z adopt$1 is ! lex-loci4 ,!n comes ! law ( ,congress1 decl>+ t :at is law 9 any ,/ate1 %all be ! rule ( decision 9 _! c\rts1 z to matt]s aris+ )9 t ,/ate1 except :5 controll$ by _! own /atutes4 ,b ?is law ( ,congress has be5 consid]$ z ext5d+ to civil cases only2 & t no su* provision has be5 made = crim9al ones4 ,a simil> provision1 !n1 = crim9al (f5ces1 w\ld1 9 l mann]1 be an adoption ( m or less ( ! common law1 z "p ( ! lex-loci1 :]e ! (f5ce is committ$2 & w\ld cov] ! :ole field ( legislation = ! g5]al gov]nm5t4 ,i h turn$ to ! passage y ref] to 9 ,judge ,coop]'s ,ju/9ian1 & %\ld suppose ! g5]al expressions !re us$ w\ld admit ( modifications con=mable to ?is doctr9e4 ,x w\ld al>m me inde$1 9 any case1 to f9d myself ent]ta9+ an op9ion diff]5t f t ( a judgm5t s accurately organiz$ z 84 ,b ,i am q p]suad$ t1 :5ev] ,judge ,coop] %all be l$ to consid] t "q simply & nak$ly1 x is s mu* )9 8 c\rse ( ?9k+1 z lib]al z logical1 t1 reject+ all bl9d & undef9$ obligation1 he w hold to ! positive & explicit precepts ( ! law alone4 ,accept ^! ha/y s5tim5ts on ! subjects y propose1 z haz>d$ 9 pro( ( my great e/eem & respect4 ,,to ,,b>on ,,humboldt4 ,,monticello1 ,june #ac1 #ahag4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,! receipt ( y\r ,di/ributio ,geographica ,plant>um1 ) ! duty ( ?ank+ y = a "w :i* %$s s mu* new & valuable light on botanical sci5ce1 excites ! desire1 also1 ( pres5t+ myself to y\r recollection1 & ( express+ to y ^? s5tim5ts ( high admiration & e/eem1 :i*1 al?\gh long sil5t1 h nev] slept4 ,! physical in=mation y h giv5 u ( a c\ntry hi!rto s %amefully unkn[n1 has come exactly 9 "t to guide our und]/&+s 9 ! great political revolution n[ br++ x into prom95ce on ! /age ( ! _w4 ,! issue ( its /ruggles1 z !y respect ,spa91 is no long] matt] ( d\bt4 ,z x respects _! own lib]ty1 peace & happ9ess1 we _c be q s c]ta94 ,:e!r ! bl9ds ( bigotry1 ! %ackles ( ! prie/hood1 & ! fasc9at+ gl>e ( rank & weal?1 give fair play to ! common s5se ( ! mass ( _! p1 s f> z to qualify !m = self-gov]nm5t1 is :at we d n "k4 ,p]haps our wi%es may be /rong] ?an our hopes4 ,! fir/ pr9ciple ( republicanism is1 t ! lex-majoris p>tis is ! fundam5tal law ( e society ( individuals ( equal rights2 to consid] ! w ( ! society en\nc$ by ! majority ( a s+le vote1 z sacr$ z if unanim\s1 is ! fir/ ( all lessons 9 importance1 yet ! la/ :i* is ?or\ghly le>nt4 ,?is law once disreg>d$1 no o!r rema9s b t ( =ce1 :i* ends necess>ily 9 milit>y despotism4 ,?is has be5 ! hi/ory ( ! ,fr5* revolution1 & ,i wi% ! und]/&+ ( our ,s\!rn bre?r5 may be suffici5tly enl>g$ & firm to see t _! fate dep5ds on its sacr$ obs]vance4 ,9 our ,am]ica we are turn+ to public improvem5ts4 ,s*ools1 roads1 & canals1 are ev]y:]e ei!r 9 op]ation or contemplation4 ,! mo/ gigantic und]tak+ yet propos$1 is t ( ,new ,york1 = draw+ ! wat]s ( ,lake ,erie into ! ,hudson4 ,! di/ance is #cec miles1 & ! height to be surm\nt$ #ffa feet4 ,! exp5se w be great1 b its effect incalculably p[]ful 9 favor ( ! ,atlantic ,/ates4 ,int]nal navigation by /eamboats is rapidly spread+ ?r\gh all our ,/ates1 & t by sails & o>s w ere long be look$ back to z among ! curiosities ( antiquity4 ,we c\nt mu*1 too1 on its efficacy = h>bor def5ce2 & x w soon be tri$ = navigation by sea4 ,we consid] ! employm5t ( ! contributions :i* our citiz5s c sp>e1 aft] fe$+1 & clo?+1 & lodg+ !mselves com=tably1 z m useful1 m moral1 & ev5 m spl5did1 ?an t pref]r$ by ,europe1 ( de/roy+ human life1 labor & happ9ess4 ,i write ?is lett] )\t kn[+ :]e x w f9d y4 ,b :]ev] t may be1 ,i am sure x w f9d y engag$ 9 some?+ in/ructive = man4 ,if at ,p>is1 y are ( c\rse 9 habits ( society ) ,mr4 ,gallat91 our wor?y1 our able1 & excell5t m9i/]1 :o w give y1 f "t to "t1 ! details ( ! progress ( a c\ntry 9 ^: prosp]ity y are s good z to feel an int]e/1 & 9 :i* y\r "n is rev]$ among ^? ( ! great wor?ies ( ! _w4 ,god bless y1 & pres]ve y long to enjoy ! gratitude ( y\r fell[ m51 & to be bless$ ) honors1 heal? & happ9ess4 ,,to ,m4 ,,de ,,m>bois4 ,,monticello1 ,june #ad1 #ahag4 ,i ?ank y1 de> ,sir1 = ! copy ( ! int]e/+ n>rative ( ! ,complet d',arnold1 :i* y h be5 s k9d z to s5d me4 ,x ?r[s light on t incid5t ( hi/ory :i* we did n possess be=e4 ,an incid5t :i* m]its to be kn[n1 z a lesson to mank9d1 9 all its details4 ,?is m>k ( y\r att5tion recalls to my m9d ! e>li] p]iod ( life at :i* ,i _h ! pleasure ( y\r p]sonal acqua9tance1 & r5ews ! s5tim5ts ( high respect & e/eem ) :i* t acqua9tance inspir$ me4 ,i _h n fail$ to accompany y\r p]sonal suff]+s dur+ ! civil convulsions ( y\r c\ntry1 & _h s9c]ely sympa?iz$ ) !m4 ,an awful p]iod1 inde$1 has pass$ 9 ,europe s9ce our fir/ acqua9tance4 ,:5 ,i left ,france at ! close ( '#hi1 y\r revolution 01 z ,i ?\ght1 "u ! direction ( able & hone/ m54 ,b ! madness ( "s ( _! successors1 ! vices ( o!rs1 ! malici\s intrigues ( an envi\s & corrupt+ neighbor1 ! tracass]ie ( ! ,directory1 ! usurpations1 ! havoc1 & deva/ations ( y\r ,attila1 & ! equal usurpations1 depr$ations & oppressions ( y\r hypocritical deliv]]s1 w =m a m\rnful p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( man1 a p]iod ( :i* ! la/ *apt] w n be se5 9 y\r day or m9e1 & "o :i* ,i /ill fe> is to be writt5 9 *>act]s ( blood4 ,_h ,bonap>te reflect$ t su* is ! moral con/ruction ( ! _w1 t no national crime passes unpuni%$ 9 ! long run1 he w\ld n n[ be 9 ! cage ( ,/4 ,hel5a2 & 7 y\r pres5t oppressors to reflect on ! same tru?1 !y w\ld sp>e to _! own c\ntries ! p5alties on _! pres5t wrongs :i* w be inflict$ on !m on future times4 ,! se$s ( hatr$ & rev5ge :i* !y are n[ s[+ ) a l>ge h&1 w n fail to produce _! fruits 9 "t4 ,l _! bro!r robb]s on ! highway1 !y suppose ! escape ( ! mom5t a f9al escape1 & deem infamy & future risk c\nt]vail$ by pres5t ga94 ,our lot has be5 happi]4 ,:5 y witness$ our fir/ /ruggles 9 ! w> ( indep5d5ce1 y little calculat$1 m ?an we did1 on ! rapid gr[? & prosp]ity ( ?is c\ntry2 on ! practical demon/ration x 0 ab\t to exhibit1 ( ! happy tru? t man is capable ( self-gov]nm5t1 & only r5d]$ o!rwise by ! moral degradation design$ly sup]9duc$ on him by ! wick$ acts ( 8 tyrants4 ,i h mu* confid5ce t we %all proce$ successfully = ages to come1 & t1 contr>y to ! pr9ciple ( ,montesquieu1 x w be se5 t ! l>g] ! ext5t ( c\ntry1 ! m firm its republican /ructure1 if f\nd$1 n on conque/1 b 9 pr9ciples ( compact & equality4 ,my hope ( its duration is built mu* on ! enl>gem5t ( ! res\rces ( life go+ h& 9 h& ) ! enl>gem5t ( t]ritory1 & ! belief t m5 are dispos$ to live hone/ly1 if ! means ( do+ s are op5 to !m4 ,) ! consolation ( ?is belief 9 ! future result ( our labors1 ,i h t ( o!r prophets :o =etell di/ant ev5ts1 t ,i %all n live to see x falsifi$4 ,my !ory has always be51 t if we are to dream1 ! flatt]ies ( hope are z *eap1 & pleasant] ?an ! gloom ( despair4 ,i wi% to y\rself a long life ( honors1 heal? & happ9ess4 ,,to ,,alb]t ,,gallat94 ,,monticello1 ,june #af1 #ahag4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,! importance t ! enclos$ lett]s %\ld safely rea* _! de/9ation1 impels me to avail myself ( ! protection ( y\r cov]4 ,?is is an inconv5i5ce to :i* y\r situation exposes y1 :ile x adds to ! opportunities ( ex]cis+ y\rself 9 works ( *>ity4 ,accord+ to ! op9ion ,i haz>d$ to y a little be=e y\r dep>ture1 we h _h almo/ an entire *ange 9 ! body ( ,congress4 ,! unpopul>ity ( ! comp5sation law 0 complet$1 by ! mann] ( repeal+ x z to all ! _w except !mselves4 ,9 "s ,/ates1 x is said1 e memb] is *ang$2 9 all1 _m4 ,:at opposition !re 0 to ! orig9al law1 0 *iefly f s\!rn memb]s4 ,yet _m ( ^? h be5 left out1 because !y receiv$ ! advanc$ wages4 ,i h nev] kn[n s unanim\s a s5tim5t ( disapprobation2 & :at is rem>kable is1 t x 0 spontane\s4 ,! newspap]s 7 almo/ entirely sil5t1 & ! p n only unl$ by _! lead]s1 b 9 opposition to !m4 ,i confess ,i 0 highly pleas$ ) ?is pro( ( ! innate good s5se1 ! vigilance1 & ! det]m9ation ( ! p to act = !mselves4 ,among ! laws ( ! late ,congress1 "s 7 ( note2 a navigation act1 p>ticul>ly1 applicable to ^? nations only :o h navigation acts2 p9*+ "o ( !m especially1 n only 9 ! g5]al way1 b 9 ! int]c\rse ) h] =eign possessions4 ,?is "p may re-act on u1 & x rema9s = trial :i* may be> longe/4 ,a law respect+ our conduct z a neutral betwe5 ,spa9 & h] cont5d+ colonies1 0 pass$ by a majority ( "o only1 ,i believe1 & aga9/ ! v g5]al s5tim5t ( our c\ntry4 ,x is ?\ght to /ra9 our complaisance to ,spa9 beyond h] "r or m]it1 & almo/ aga9/ ! "r ( ! o!r p>ty1 & c]ta9ly aga9/ ! claims !y h to our good wi%es & neighborly relations4 ,t we %\ld wi% to see ! p ( o!r c\ntries free1 is z natural1 & at lea/ z ju/ifiable1 z t "o ,k+ %\ld wi% to see ! ,k+s ( o!r c\ntries ma9ta9$ 9 _! despotism4 ,"r to bo? p>ties1 innoc5t favor to ! ju/] cause1 is our prop] s5tim5t4 ,y w h le>n$ t an act = int]nal improvem5t1 aft] pass+ bo? ,h\ses1 0 negativ$ by ! ,presid5t4 ,! act 0 f\nd$1 av[$ly1 on ! pr9ciple t ! phrase 9 ! con/itution :i* au?orizes ,congress to lay taxes1 to pay ! debts & provide = ! g5]al welf>e1 0 an ext5sion ( ! p[]s specifically enum]at$ to :atev] w\ld promote ! g5]al welf>e2 & ?is1 y "k1 0 ! f$]al doctr9e4 ,:]eas1 our t5et ev] 01 &1 inde$1 x is almo/ ! only l&m>k :i* n[ divides ! f$]ali/s f ! republicans1 t ,congress _h n unlimit$ p[]s to provide = ! g5]al welf>e1 b 7 re/ra9$ to ^? specifically enum]at$2 & t1 z x 0 nev] meant !y %\ld provide = t welf>e b by ! ex]cise ( ! enum]at$ p[]s1 s x c\ld n h be5 meant !y %\ld raise money = purposes :i* ! enum]ation did n place "u _! action2 consequ5tly1 t ! specification ( p[]s is a limitation ( ! purposes = :i* !y may raise money4 ,i ?9k ! passage & rejection ( ?is bill a =tunate incid5t4 ,e ,/ate w c]ta9ly conc$e ! p[]2 & ?is w be a national confirmation ( ! gr\nds ( appeal to !m1 & w settle =ev] ! mean+ ( ?is phrase1 :i*1 by a m]e grammatical quibble1 has c\nt5anc$ ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t 9 a claim ( univ]sal p[]4 ,= 9 ! phrase1 to lay taxes1 to pay ! debts & provide = ! g5]al welf>e1 x is a m]e "q ( syntax1 :e!r ! two la/ inf9itives are gov]n$ by ! fir/ or are di/9ct & co-ord9ate p[]s2 a "q unequivocally decid$ by ! exact def9ition ( p[]s imm$iately foll[+4 ,x is =tunate = ano!r reason1 z ! ,/ates1 9 conc$+ ! p[]1 w modify x1 ei!r by requir+ ! f$]al ratio ( exp5se 9 ea* ,/ate1 or o!rwise1 s z to secure u aga9/ its p>tial ex]cise4 ,)\t ?is caution1 intrigue1 negotiation1 & ! b>t] ( votes might become z habitual 9 ,congress1 z !y are 9 ^? legislatures :i* h ! appo9tm5t ( (fic]s1 & :i*1 ) u1 is call$ logg+1 ! t]m ( ! f>m]s = _! ex*anges ( aid 9 roll+ toge!r ! logs ( _! newly-cle>$ gr\nds4 ,?ree ( our pap]s h pres5t$ u ! copy ( an act ( ! legislature ( ,new ,york1 :i*1 if x has really pass$1 w c>ry u back to ! times ( ! d>ke/ bigotry & b>b>ism1 to f9d a p>allel4 ,its purport is1 t all ^? :o %all h]eaft] jo9 9 communion ) ! religi\s sect ( ,%ak+ ,quak]s1 %all be deem$ civilly dead1 _! m>riages dissolv$1 & all _! *ildr5 & prop]ty tak5 out ( _! h&s4 ,?is act be+ publi%$ nak$ly 9 ! pap]s1 )\t ! usual signatures1 or any hi/ory ( ! circum/ances ( its passage1 ,i am n )\t a hope x may h be5 a m]e abortive attempt4 ,x contra/s s+ul>ly ) a cotempor>y vote ( ! ,p5nsylvania legislature1 :o1 on a proposition to make ! belief 9 ,god a necess>y qualification = (fice1 reject$ x by a great majority1 al?\gh assur$ly !re 0 n a s+le a!i/ 9 _! body4 ,& y rememb] to h he>d1 t :5 ! act = religi\s fre$om 0 be=e ! ,virg9ia ,assembly1 a motion to ins]t ! "n ( ,jesus ,*ri/ be=e ! phrase1 ! au?or ( our holy religion1 :i* /ood 9 ! bill1 0 reject$1 al?\gh t 0 ! cre$ ( a great majority ( !m4 ,i h be5 *>m$ to see t a ,presid5tial election n[ produces sc>cely any agitation4 ,on ,mr4 ,madison's election !re 0 little1 on ,monroe's all b none4 ,9 ,mr4 ,adams' "t & m9e1 p>ties 7 s ne>ly balanc$ z to make ! /ruggle fe>ful = our peace4 ,b s9ce ! decid$ asc5d5cy ( ! republican body1 f$]alism has look$ on ) sil5t b unresi/+ angui%4 ,9 ! middle1 s\!rn & we/]n ,/ates1 x is z l[ z x ev] c be2 = nature has made "s m5 mon>*i/s & tories by _! con/itution1 & "s1 ( c\rse1 !re always w be4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h _h a rem>kably cold w9t]4 ,at ,hall[ell1 9 ,ma9e1 ! m]cury 0 at ?irty-f\r degrees bel[ z]o1 ( ,fahr5heit1 :i* is sixte5 degrees l[] ?an x 0 9 ,p>is 9 #aghh-i4 ,"h x 0 at six degrees above z]o1 :i* is our greate/ degree ( cold4 ,pres5t me respectfully to ,mrs4 ,gallat91 & be assur$ ( my con/ant & affectionate fri5d%ip4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,adams4 ,,popl> ,,=e/1 ,septemb] #h1 #ahag4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,a mon?'s abs5ce f ,monticello has add$ to ! delay ( ackn[l$g+ y\r la/ lett]s1 & inde$ = a mon? be=e ,i left x1 our project$ college gave me con/ant employm5t2 =1 be+ ! only visitor 9 its imm$iate neighborhood1 all its adm9i/rative bus9ess falls on me1 & t1 :]e build+ is go+ on1 is n a little4 ,9 y\rs ( ,july #ae?1 y express a wi% to see our plan1 b ! pres5t visitors h sanction$ no plan z yet4 ,our pr$ecessors1 ! fir/ tru/ees1 _h desir$ me to propose "o to !m1 & x 0 on t occasion ,i ask$ & receiv$ ! b5efit ( y\r ideas on ! subject4 ,dige/+ ^! ) su* o!r s*emes z ,i _h be5 able to collect1 ,i made out a prospectus1 ! loos] & less satisfactory f ! unc]ta9 am\nt ( ! funds to :i* x 0 to be adapt$4 ,?is ,i address$1 9 ! =m ( a lett]1 to _! ,presid5t1 ,pet] ,c>r1 :i*1 go+ be=e ! legislature :5 a *ange 9 ! con/itution ( ! college 0 ask$1 got into ! public pap]s1 &1 among o!rs1 ,i ?9k y w f9d x 9 ,niles' ,regi/]1 9 ! e>ly "p ( #ahae4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is to be consid]$ b z a premi]e ebau*e1 = ! consid]ation & am5dm5t ( ! pres5t visitors1 & to be accommodat$ to "o ( two conditions ( ?+s4 ,if ! in/itution is to dep5d on private donations alone1 we %all be =c$ to accumulate on ! %\ld]s ( f\r pr(essors a mass ( sci5ces :i*1 if ! legislature adopts x1 %\ld be di/ribut$ among t54 ,we %all be ready = a pr(essor ( languages 9 ,april next1 = two o!rs ! foll[+ ye>1 & a f\r? a ye> aft]4 ,h[ happy %\ld we be if we c\ld h a ,ticknor = our fir/4 ,a critical classic is sc>cely to be f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,to ?is pr(essor1 a fix$ sal>y ( five hundr$ doll>s1 ) lib]al tuition fees f ! pupils1 w probably give two ?\s& doll>s a ye>4 ,we are n[ on ! look-out = a pr(essor1 mean+ to accept ( none b ( ! v fir/ ord]4 ,y ask if ,i h se5 ,bu*anan's1 ,mc,afee's1 or ,wilk9son's books8 ,i h se5 none ( !m1 b h lately read1 ) great pleasure1 ,reid ,eaton's life ( ,jackson1 if life may be call$ :at is m]ely a hi/ory ( 8 campaign ( #ahad4 ,reid's "p is well writt54 ,eaton's cont9uation is bett] = its matt] ?an /yle4 ,! :ole1 h[ev]1 is valuable4 ,i h lately receiv$ a pamphlet ( extreme int]e/ f ,france4 ,x is ,de ,pradt's ,hi/orical ,recital ( ! fir/ return ( ,l\is ,,xviii4 to ,p>is4 ,x is preci\s = ! m9uti ( ! proce$+s :i* x details1 & = _! au!nticity1 z f an eye-witness4 ,be+ b a pamphlet ,i enclose x = y\r p]usal1 assur$1 if y h n se5 x1 t x w give y pleasure4 ,i w ask its return1 because ,i value x z a morsel ( g5u9e hi/ory1 a ?+ s r>e z to be always valuable4 ,i h receiv$ "s in=mation f an eye-witness also ( :at pass$ on ! occasion ( ! second return ( ,l\is ,,xviii4 ,! ,emp]or ,alex&]1 x seems1 0 solidly oppos$ to ?is4 ,9 ! consultation ( ! alli$ sov]eigns & _! repres5tatives ) ! executive c\ncil at ,p>is1 he insi/$ t ! ,b\rbons 7 too incapable & unwor?y ( be+ plac$ at ! head ( ! nation2 decl>$ he w\ld support any o!r *oice !y %\ld freely make1 & cont9u$ to urge mo/ /r5u\sly t "s o!r *oice %\ld be made4 ,! debates ran high & w>m1 & broke (f aft] midnight1 e "o reta9+ 8 own op9ion4 ,he lodg$1 z y "k1 at ,talleyr&'s4 ,:5 !y return$ into c\ncil ! next day1 8 ho/ _h ov]come 8 firmness4 ,l\is ,,xviii4 0 accept$1 & ?r\gh ! managem5t ( ,talleyr&1 accept$ )\t any capitulation1 al?\gh ! sov]eigns w\ld h cons5t$ t he %\ld be fir/ requir$ to subscribe & swe> to ! con/itution prep>$1 be=e p]mission to ent] ! k+dom4 ,x w\ld seem z if ,talleyr& _h be5 afraid to admit ! smalle/ int]val ( "t1 le/ a *ange ( m9d w\ld br+ back ,bonap>te on !m4 ,b ,i obs]ve t ! fri5ds ( a limit$ mon>*y !re consid] ! popul> repres5tation z mu* improv$ by ! late alt]ation1 & confid5t x w 9 ! end produce a fix$ gov]nm5t 9 :i* an elective body1 fairly repres5tative ( ! p1 w be an effici5t elem5t4 ,i congratulate ,mrs4 ,adams & y\rself on ! return ( y\r excell5t & di/+ui%$ son1 & our c\ntry /ill m on su* a m9i/] ( _! =eign affairs2 & ,i r5ew to bo? ! assurance ( my high & fri5dly respect & e/eem4 ,,to ,,george ,,fl[]4 ,,popl> ,,=e/1 ,septemb] #ab1 #ahag4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,y\r favor ( ,augu/ #ab? 0 ye/]day receiv$ at ?is place1 & ,i le>n f x ) pleasure t y h f\nd a tract ( c\ntry :i* w suit y = settlem5t4 ,to u y\r fir/ pur*ase w\ld h be5 m gratify+1 by add+ y\rself & y\r fri5ds to our society2 b ! ov]rul+ consid]ation1 ) u z ) y1 is y\r own advantage1 & z x w\ld d\btless be a great com=t to y to h y\r anci5t neighbors & fri5ds settl$ ar\nd y4 ,i s9c]ely wi% t y\r proposition to pur*ase a tract ( l& 9 ! ,ill9ois on favorable t]ms1 = introduc+ a colony ( ,engli% f>m]s1 may enc\nt] no difficulties f ! e/abli%$ rules ( our l& dep>tm5t4 ,! g5]al law prescribes an op5 sale1 :]e all citiz5s may compete on an equal foot+ = any lot ( l& :i* attracts _! *oice4 ,to disp5se ) ?is 9 any p>ticul> case1 requires a special law ( ,congress1 & to special legislation we are g5]ally av]se1 le/ a pr9ciple ( favoritism %\ld creep 9 & p]v]t t ( equal rights4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 done on "s occasions :]e a special national advantage has be5 expect$ to ov]weigh t ( adh]5ce to ! g5]al rule4 ,! promis$ introduction ( ! culture ( ! v9e procur$ a special law 9 favor ( ! ,swiss settlem5t on ! ,ohio4 ,t ( ! culture ( oil1 w9e & o!r s\!rn productions1 did ! same lately = ! ,fr5* settlem5t on ! ,tombigbee4 ,x rema9s to be tri$ :e!r t ( an improv$ sy/em ( f>m+1 int]e/+ to s great a proportion ( our citiz5s1 may n also be ?\ght wor? a disp5sation ) ! g5]al rule4 ,?is ,i suppose is ! pr9cipal gr\nd on :i* y\r proposition w be que/ion$4 ,= al?\gh z to o!r =eign]s x is ?\ght bett] to disc\rage _! settl+ toge!r 9 l>ge masses1 :]e91 z 9 our ,g]man settlem5ts1 !y pres]ve = a long "t _! own languages1 habits1 & pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t1 & t !y %\ld di/ribute !mselves sp>sely among ! natives = quick] amalgamation4 ,yet ,engli% emigrants are )\t ?is inconv5i5ce4 ,!y diff] f u little b 9 _! pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t1 & mo/ ( ^? 7m]*ants except$7 :o come "h1 are suffici5tly dispos$ to adopt ours4 ,:at ! issue1 h[ev]1 ( y\r proposition may probably be1 ,i am less able to advise y ?an _m o!rs2 = dur+ ! la/ eight or t5 ye>s ,i h no k ( ! adm9i/ration ( ! l& (fice or ! pr9ciples ( its gov]nm5t4 ,ev5 ! p]sons on :om x w dep5d are all *ang$ )9 t int]val1 s z to leave me small means ( be+ useful to y4 ,:atev] !y may be1 h[ev]1 !y %all be freely ex]cis$ = y\r advantage1 & t1 n on ! selfi% pr9ciple ( increas+ our own population at ! exp5se ( o!r nations1 = ! additions to t f emigration are b z a drop 9 a bucket to ^? by natural procreation1 b to consecrate a sanctu>y = ^? :om ! misrule ( ,europe may compel to seek happ9ess 9 o!r climes4 ,?is refuge once kn[n w produce reaction on ! happ9ess ev5 ( ^? :o rema9 !re1 by w>n+ _! task-ma/]s t :5 ! evils ( ,egyptian oppression become heavi] ?an ^? ( ! ab&onm5t ( c\ntry1 ano!r ,canaan is op5 :]e _! subjects w be receiv$ z bro!rs1 & secur$ aga9/ l oppressions by a p>ticipation 9 ! "r ( self-gov]nm5t4 ,if additional motives c\ld be want+ ) u to ! ma9t5ance ( ?is "r1 !y w\ld be f\nd 9 ! animat+ consid]ation t a s+le good gov]nm5t becomes ?us a bless+ to ! :ole e>?1 its welcome to ! oppress$ re/ra9+ )9 c]ta9 limits ! measure ( _! oppressions4 ,b %\ld ev5 ?is be c\nt]act$ by viol5ce on ! "r ( expatriation1 ! o!r bran* ( our example !n pres5ts itself = imitation1 to rise on _! rul]s & d z we h done4 ,y h set to y\r own c\ntry a good example1 by %[+ !m a peaceable mode ( r$uc+ _! rul]s to ! necessity ( becom+ m wise1 m mod]ate1 & m hone/1 & ,i s9c]ely pray t ! example may "w = ! b5efit ( ^? :o _c foll[ x1 z x w = y\r own4 ,) ,mr4 ,burckbeck1 ! associate ( y\r late explanatory j\rney+1 ,i h n ! happ9ess ( p]sonal acqua9tance2 b ,i "k him ?r\gh 8 n>rative ( y\r j\rney+s toge!r ?r\gh ,france4 ,! impressions receiv$ f t1 give me confid5ce t a p>ticipation ) y\rself 9 assurances ( ! e/eem & respect ( a /rang] w n be unacceptable to him1 & ! less :5 giv5 ?r\gh y & associat$ ) ^? to y\rself4 ,,john ,,adams ,,to ,,?omas ,,jeff]son4 ,,qu9cy1 ,octob] #aj1 #ahag4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i ?ank y = y\r k9d congratulations on ! return ( my little family f ,europe4 ,to receive !m all 9 f9e heal? & good spirits1 aft] s long an abs5ce1 0 a great] bless+ ?an at my "t ( life :5 !y w5t away1 ,i _h any "r to hope1 or reason to expect4 ,if ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate c give satisfaction to 8 fell[-citiz5s 9 8 new (fice1 x w be a s\rce ( consolation to me :ile ,i live2 al?\gh x is n probable t ,i %all long be a witness ( 8 good success1 or ill success4 ,i %all soon be oblig$ to say to him1 & to y1 & to y\r c\ntry & m9e1 ,god bless y all6 ,f>e-!e-well6 ,inde$1 ,i ne$ n wait a mom5t4 ,i c say all t n[1 ) z good a w1 & z cle> a consci5ce1 z at any "t pa/1 or future4 ,i ?ank y1 also1 = ! loan ( ,de ,pradt's n>ration ( ! intrigues1 at ! second re/oration ( ! ,b\rbons4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 _m o!r in/ances1 is se5 ! influ5ce ( a s+le subtle m9d1 & a trifl+ accid5t1 9 decid+ ! fate ( mank9d = ages4 ,de ,pradt & ,talleyr& 7 well associat$4 ,i h v5tur$ to s5d ! pamphlet to ,wa%+ton ) a *>ge to return x to y4 ,! ,fr5* h a ,k+1 a *amb] ( ,pe]s1 & a *amb] ( ,deputies4 ,voila6 les ossim5s ( a con/itution ( a limit$ mon>*y2 & ( a good "o1 provid$ ! bones are unit$ by good jo9ts1 & knitt$ toge!r by /rong t5dons4 ,b :]e does ! sov]eignty reside8 ,are ! ?ree bran*es suffici5tly def9$8 ,a fair repres5tation ( ! body ( ! p by elections1 suffici5tly frequ5t1 is ess5tial to a free gov]nm5t2 b if ! ,commons _c make !mselves respect$ by ! ,pe]s1 & ! ,k+1 !y c d no good1 nor prev5t any evil4 ,c any organization ( gov]nm5t secure public & private lib]ty )\t a g5]al or univ]sal fre$om1 )\t lic5se1 or lic5ti\sness ( ?9k+1 speak+1 & writ+4 ,h ! ,fr5* su* fre$om8 ,w _! religion1 or policy1 all[ x8 ,:5 ,i ?9k ( lib]ty1 & a free gov]nm5t1 9 an anci5t1 opul5t1 popul\s1 & comm]cial empire1 ,i fe> ,i %all always recollect a fable ( ,plato4 ,love is a son ( ! god ( ri*es1 & ! goddess ( pov]ty4 ,he inh]its f 8 fa!r ! intrepidity ( 8 c\rage1 ! en?usiasm ( 8 ?\ghts1 8 g5]osity1 8 prodigality1 8 confid5ce 9 himself1 ! op9ion ( 8 own m]it1 ! impati5ce to h always ! pref]5ce2 b he d]ives f 8 "m t indig5ce :i* makes him always a begg>2 t importunity ) :i* he dem&s ev]y?+2 t timidity :i* sometimes h9d]s him f d>+ to ask any?+2 t disposition :i* he has to s]vitude1 & t dread ( be+ despis$1 :i* he c nev] ov]come4 ,su* is ,love accord+ to ,plato4 ,:o calls him a demon8 ,& su* is lib]ty 9 ,france1 & ,engl&1 & all o!r great1 ri*1 old1 corrupt$ comm]cial nations4 ,! opposite qualities ( ! fa!r & "m are p]petually te>+ to pieces himself & 8 fri5ds z well z 8 enemies4 ,mr4 ,monroe has got ! univ]sal "* among all our common p ( ,a v sm>t man4 ,& v]ily ,i am ( ! same m9d4 ,i "k n ano!r :o c\ld h execut$ s great a plan s clev]ly4 ,i wi% him ! same happy success ?r\gh 8 :ole adm9i/ration4 ,i am1 ,sir1 ) respect & fri5d%ip1 y\rs1 ,j4 ,a4 ,,to ,,! ,,honorable ,,john ,q4 ,,adams4 ,,monticello1 ,novemb] #a1 #ahag4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,y\rs ( ! #d? ( ,octob] 0 n receiv$ "h until ! #bj?1 hav+ be5 sixte5 days on its passage2 s9ce :i* unavoidable avocations h made ?is ! fir/ mom5t x has be5 9 my p[] to ackn[l$ge its receipt4 ,( ! "* ( ,m4 de ,pradt 8 political writ+s furni% a tol]able e/imate1 b n s full z y h favor$ me )4 ,he is eloqu5t1 & 8 pamphlet on colonies %[s him +5i\s4 ,i 0 gratifi$ by 8 ,recit ,hi/orique1 because1 pret5d+1 z all m5 d1 to "s "*1 & he to "o ( "s di/9ction1 ,i suppos$ he w\ld n place be=e ! _w facts ( gl>+ falsehood1 on :i* s _m liv+ & di/+ui%$ witnesses c\ld convict him4 ,we1 too1 :o are retir$ f ! bus9ess ( ! _w1 are glad to cat* a glimpse ( tru?1 "h & !re z we c1 to guide our pa? ?r\gh ! b\ndless field ( fable 9 :i* we are bewild]$ by public pr9ts1 & ev5 by ^? call+ !mselves hi/ories4 ,a ^w ( tru? to u is l ! drop ( wat] supplicat$ f ! tip ( ,laz>us' f+]4 ,x is z an obs]vation ( latitude & longitude to ! m>9] long envelop$ 9 cl\ds1 = correct+ ! %ip's way4 ,on ! subject ( weights & measures1 y w h1 at its ?re%old1 to enc\nt] ! "q on :i* ,solon & ,lycurgus act$ diff]5tly4 ,%all we m\ld our citiz5s to ! law1 or ! law to our citiz5s8 ,& 9 solv+ ?is "q _! peculi> "* is an elem5t n to be neglect$4 ,( ! two only ?+s 9 nature :i* c furni% an inv>iable /&>d1 to wit1 ! dim5sions ( ! globe itself1 & ! "t ( its diurnal revolution on its axis1 x is n p]haps ( mu* importance :i* we adopt4 ,t ( ! dim5sions ( ! globe1 pref]r$ ultimately by ! ,fr5*1 aft] fir/ adopt+ ! o!r1 has be5 object$ to f ! difficulty1 n to say impracticability1 ( ! v]ification ( _! admeasurem5t by o!r nations4 ,except ! portion ( a m]idian :i* !y adopt$ = _! op]ation1 !re is n ano!r on ! globe :i* fulfils ! requisite conditions1 to wit1 ( s consid]able l5g?1 t l5g? too divid$1 n v unequally1 by ! #de? degree ( latitude1 & t]m9at+ at ea* end 9 ! ocean4 ,n[1 ?is s+ul> l9e lies :olly 9 ,france & ,spa94 ,besides ! imm5sity ( exp5se & "t :i* a v]ification w\ld always require1 x _c be und]tak5 by any nation )\t ! jo9t cons5t ( ^! two p[]s4 ,france hav+ once p]=m$ ! "w1 & refus+1 z %e may1 to let any o!r nation re-exam9e x1 %e makes h]self ! sole depository ( ! orig9al /&>d = all nations2 & all mu/ s5d to h] to obta91 & f "t to "t to prove _! /&>ds4 ,to ?is1 inde$1 x may be answ]$1 t !re c be no reason to d\bt t ! m5suration has be5 z accurately p]=m$ z ! int]v5tion ( num]\s wat]s1 & ( high ridges ( craggy m\nta9s1 w\ld admit2 t all ! calculations h be5 free ( error1 _! co9cid5ces fai?fully report$1 & t1 :e!r 9 peace or w>1 to foes z well z fri5ds1 free access to ! orig9al w at all times be admitt$4 ,9 favor ( ! /&>d to be tak5 f ! "t employ$ 9 a revolution ( ! e>? on its axis1 x may be urg$ t ?is revolution is a matt] ( fact pres5t to all ! _w1 t its division into seconds ( "t is kn[n & receiv$ by all ! _w1 t ! l5g? ( a p5dulum vibrat+ seconds 9 ! diff]5t circles ( latitude is already kn[n to all1 & c at any "t & 9 any place be asc]ta9$ by any nation or individual1 & inf]r$ by kn[n laws f _! own to ! m$ium latitude ( #de1 :5ev] any d\bt may make ?is desirable2 & t ?is is ! p>ticul> /&>d :i* has at diff]5t times be5 contemplat$ & desir$#a by ! philosoph]s ( e nation1 & ev5 by ^? ( ,france1 except at ! p>ticul> mom5t :5 ?is *ange 0 sudd5ly propos$ & adopt$1 & "u circum/ances peculi> to ! hi/ory ( ! mom5t4 ,b ! cog5t reason :i* w decide ! fate ( :atev] y report is1 t ,engl& has lately adopt$ ! ref]5ce ( its measures to ! p5dulum4 ,x is ! m]cantile "p ( our community :i* w h mo/ to d 9 ?is innovation2 x is t :i* hav+ comm& ( all ! presses c make ! l\de/ outcry1 & y "k _! id5tification ) ,engli% regulations1 practices1 & prejudices4 ,x is f ?is id5tification alone y c hope to be p]mitt$ to adopt ev5 ! ,engli% ref]5ce to a p5dulum4 ,b ! ,engli% proposition goes only to say :at proportion _! measures be> to ! second p5dulum ( _! own latitude1 & n at all to *ange _! unit1 or to r$uce into any simple ord] ! *aos ( _! weights & measures4 ,t w\ld be innovation1 & innovation !re is h]esy & treason4 ,:e!r ! ,s5ate meant m ?an ?is ,i d n "k2 & mu* d\bt if m c be effect$4 ,h[ev]1 9 endeavors to improve our situation1 we %\ld nev] despair2 & ,i s9c]ely wi% y may be able to rally u to ei!r /&>d1 & to give u an unit1 ! aliquot "p ( some?+ inv>iable :i* may be appli$ simply & conv5i5tly to our measures1 weights1 & co9s1 & mo/ especially t ! decimal divisions may p]vade ! :ole4 ,! conv5i5ce ( ?is 9 our moni$ sy/em has be5 approv$ by all1 & ,france has foll[$ ! example4 ,! volume ( tracts :i* y h not$ 9 ! libr>y ( ,congress1 conta9s ev]y?+ :i* ,i _h !n be5 able to collect on ?is subject4 ,y w f9d "s details :i* may be ( use 9 two ?9 #dto vols41 ,nos4 #cii1 #djj1 ( *apt] xxiv42 ! latt] be+ a collection ( %eets select$ f ! ,encyclop$ie ,me?odique1 on ! weights1 measures & co9s ( all nations1 b\nd up toge!r & alone2 & ! =m] a supplem5t by ,bey]l4 ,coop]'s ,emporium too1 = ,may #ahab1 & ,augu/ #ahac1 may (f] some?+4 ,! reports ( ! ,committees ( ,p>liam5t ( #ageh-i1 ,i ?9k y w f9d 9 ,po/le?waite's ,diction>y1 :i* is also 9 ! libr>y1 *apt] #bj1 ,no4 #aj4 ,t ( ,me*a9 & ,delambre ,i h n1 nor d ,i "k :o has x4 ,i h lately se5 a book :i* y\r (fice ought to possess1 if x has x n already1 entitl$ ,memoire sur la ,l\isiane1 p> ,m4 le ,comte de ,v]g5nes1 #hvo1 ,p>is1 *ez ,lepetit1 ,jeune1 #ahjb4 ,x conta9s m 9 detail ! pro(s ( ! ext5t ( ,l\isiana z f> z ! ,rio ,gr&e ?an ,i h ev] be=e se51 & its au?or gives x au!nticity4 ,x has be5 execut$ ) great indu/ry & rese>* into ! ,fr5* records4 ,?is rem9ds me ( a ,,ms4 :i* ,gov]nor ,claiborne f\nd 9 a private family 9 ,l\isiana1 be+ a j\rnal kept 7,i =get by :om1 b7 by a confid5tial (fic] ( ! gov]nm5t1 prov+ exactly by :at connivance betwe5 ! ag5ts ( ! compagnie d'occid5t & ! ,spani>ds ^! la/ smuggl$ settlem5ts into ,l\isiana z f> z ,ass9ais1 ,adais1 c41 = ! purpose ( cov]+ ! contrab& trade ( ! company4 ,claiborne be+ afraid to tru/ ! orig9al by mail )\t keep+ a copy1 s5t x on4 ,x arriv$ safe1 & 0 deposit$ 9 ! (fice ( ,/ate4 ,he !n s5t me ! copy on ! de/ruction ( ! (fice at ,wa%+ton by ! ,briti%1 appreh5d+ ! orig9al might be involv$ 9 t de/ruction4 ,i s5t ! copy to ,colonel ,monroe1 !n ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 ) a reque/ to return x if ! orig9al 0 safe1 & to keep x if n4 ,i h he>d no m ( x2 b w n[ reque/ ( y to h se>* made = ! orig9al1 & if safe1 to return me ! copy4 ,i propose to deposit x ) ! hi/orical committee ( ! ,philosophical ,society at ,philadelphia1 = safe keep+4 ,i h no use nor wi% = su* a ?+ myself1 b ?9k x w be saf] 9 two deposits ?an "o4 ,my recomm5dation to ,colonel ,monroe1 0 to h x pr9t$4 ,i h b>ely left myself room to express my satisfaction at y\r call to ! important (fice y hold1 & to t5d] y ! assurance ( my great e/eem & respect4 ,,footnote3 #a ,if con=m+ to ?is desire ( o!r nations1 we adopt ! second p5dulum1 #c_/aj ( t = our foot w be ! same z or1 #b_/aj ( ! second rod1 because t rod is to ! p5dulum z #c to #b4 ,?is w\ld make our foot in* less ?an ! pres5t "o4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,duponceau4 ,,monticello1 ,novemb] #g1 #ahag4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,a "p ( ! in=mation ( :i* ! exp$ition ( ,lewis & ,cl>ke 0 ! object1 has be5 communicat$ to ! _w by ! publication ( _! j\rnal2 b mu* & valuable matt] yet rema9s uncommunicat$4 ,! correction ( ! longitudes ( _! map is ess5tial to its value2 to :i* purpose _! obs]vations ( ! lun> di/ances are to be calculat$ & appli$4 ,! new subjects !y discov]$ 9 ! vegetable1 animal1 & m9]al dep>tm5ts1 are to be dige/$ & made kn[n4 ,! num]\s vocabul>ies !y obta9$ ( ! ,indian languages are to be collat$ & publi%$4 ,al?\gh ! :ole exp5se ( ! exp$ition 0 furni%$ by ! public1 & ! in=mation to be d]iv$ f x 0 !irs also1 yet on ! return ( ,messrs4 ,lewis & ,cl>ke1 ! gov]nm5t ?\ght x j to leave to !m any pecuni>y b5efit :i* might result f a publication ( ! pap]s1 & suppos$1 inde$1 t ?is w\ld secure ! be/ =m ( publication4 ,b ! prop]ty 9 ^! pap]s /ill rema9$ 9 ! gov]nm5t = ! b5efit ( _! con/itu5ts4 ,) ! measures tak5 by ,gov]nor ,lewis = _! publication1 ,i 0 nev] acqua9t$4 ,aft] 8 dea?1 ,gov]nor ,cl>ke put !m1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 into ! h&s ( ! late ,doctor ,b>ton1 f :om "s ( !m pass$ to ,mr4 ,biddle1 & "s aga91 ,i believe1 f him to ,mr4 ,all54 ,:ile ! ,,ms4 books ( j\rnals 7 9 ! h&s ( ,dr4 ,b>ton1 ,i wrote to him1 on behalf ( ,gov]nor ,lewis' family1 reque/+ e>ne/ly1 t1 z soon z ^! %\ld be publi%$1 ! orig9als might be return$1 z ! family wi%$ to h !m pres]v$4 ,he promis$ 9 8 answ] t x %\ld be fai?fully done4 ,aft] 8 dea?1 ,i obta9$1 ?r\gh ! k9d ag5cy ( ,mr4 ,correa1 f ,mrs4 ,b>ton1 ?ree ( ^! books1 ( :i* ,i knew !re _h be5 t5 or twelve1 hav+ myself read !m4 ,^! 7 all %e c\ld f9d4 ,! re/1 !re=e1 ,i presume1 are 9 ! h&s ( ! o!r g5tlem54 ,aft] ! ag5cy ,i _h _h 9 effect+ ?is exp$ition1 ,i ?\ght myself au?oriz$1 &1 inde$1 t x w\ld be expect$ ( me1 t ,i %\ld foll[ up ! subject1 & endeavor to obta9 its fruits = ! public4 ,i wrote to ,g5]al ,cl>ke1 !re=e1 = au?ority to receive ! orig9al pap]s4 ,he gave x 9 ! lett]s to ,mr4 ,biddle & to myself1 :i* ,i n[ enclose4 ,z ! cu/ody ( ^! pap]s belong$ prop]ly to ! ,w>-,(fice1 & t 0 vacant at ! "t1 ,i h wait$ sev]al mon?s = its be+ fill$4 ,b ! (fice /ill rema9+ vacant1 & my di/ance r5d]+ any effectual measures1 by myself1 impracticable1 ,i ask ! ag5cy ( y\r committee1 )9 ^: prov9ce ,i propose to place ! matt]1 by mak+ x ! depository ( ! pap]s g5]ally4 ,i !re=e n[ =w>d ! ?ree volumes ( ,,ms4 j\rnals 9 my possession1 & au?orize !m1 "u ,g5]al ,cl>ke's lett]s1 to inquire = & to receive ! re/4 ,s also ! a/ronomical & geographical pap]s1 ^? relat+ to zoological1 botanical1 & m9]al subjects1 ) ! ,indian vocabul>ies1 & /ati/ical tables relative to ! ,indians4 ,( ! a/ronomical & geographical pap]s1 if ! committee w be s good z to give me a /atem5t1 ,i w1 z soon z a ,secret>y at ,w> is appo9t$1 propose to him to h made1 at ! public exp5se1 ! requisite calculations1 to h ! map correct$ 9 its longitudes & latitudes1 engrav$ & publi%$ on a prop] scale2 & ,i w ask f ,g5]al ,cl>ke ! "o he (f]s1 ) 8 corrections4 ,) respect to ! zoological & m9]alogical pap]s & subjects1 x w\ld p]haps be agreeable to ! ,philosophical ,society1 to h a dige/ ( !m made1 & publi%$ 9 _! transactions or o!rwise4 ,& if x %\ld be )9 ! views ( ! hi/orical committee to h ! ,indian vocabul>ies dige/$ & publi%$1 ,i w\ld add to !m ! rema9s ( my collection4 ,i _h ?r\gh ! c\rse ( my life avail$ myself ( e opportunity ( procur+ vocabul>ies ( ! languages ( e tribe :i* ei!r myself or my fri5ds c\ld h access to4 ,!y am\nt$ to ab\t =ty1 m or less p]fect4 ,b 9 _! passage f ,wa%+ton to ?is place1 ! trunk 9 :i* !y 7 0 /ol5 & plund]$1 & "s fragm5ts only ( ! vocabul>ies 7 recov]$4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 !y 7 su* z w\ld be wor? incorporation ) a l>g] "w1 & %all be at ! s]vice ( ! hi/orical committee1 if !y c make any use ( !m4 ,p]mit me to reque/ ! return ( ,g5]al ,cl>ke's lett]1 & to add assurances ( my respect & e/eem4 ,p4 ,s4 ,) ! volumes ( ,,ms4 j\rnal1 ,mrs4 ,b>ton deliv]$ "o by mi/ake ,i suppose1 :i* seems to h be5 ! j\rnal ( "s botani/4 ,i presume x 0 ! prop]ty ( ,dr4 ,b>ton1 & !re=e =w>d x to y to be return$ to ,mrs4 ,b>ton4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,correa4 ,,popl> ,,=e/1 ,novemb] #be1 #ahag4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i am highly gratifi$ by ! int]e/ y take 9 our ,c5tral ,college1 & ! m s z x may possibly become an inducem5t to pass m ( y\r "t ) u4 ,x is ev5 said y _h ?\ght ( engag+ a h\se 9 its neighborhood4 ,b :y ano!r h\se8 ,is n "o en\gh8 & especially "o ^: inhabitants are made s happy by y\r becom+ _! inmate8 ,:5 y %all h a wife & family wi%+ to be to !mselves1 !n ! "q ( ano!r h\se may be tak5 ad ref]5dum4 ,i wi% ,dr4 ,coop] c\ld h ! same p>tialities4 ,he seems to h misund]/ood my la/ lett]2 9 ! =m] ,i _h spok5 ( op5+ our ,physical ,s*ool 9 ! spr+ ( '#ai1 b le>n+ t t delay might r5d] 8 engagem5t unc]ta91 ! visitors det]m9$ to =ce _! prep>ations s z to receive him by midsumm] next1 & s my lett] /at$4 ,9 "o ,i n[ write1 ,i recall 8 att5tion to t circum/ance4 ,b 8 decision w no d\bt be gov]n$ by ! result ( ! proposition1 to p]mit ! m$ical /ud5ts ( ,philadelphia to att5d him4 ,i c nev] regret any circum/ance :i* may add to 8 well-be+1 = ,i mo/ s9c]ely wi% him well4 ,t himself & ,mrs4 ,coop] w be happi] 9 ! society ( ,philadelphia1 _c be d\bt$4 ,x w\ld be flatt]+ en\gh to u to be 8 second *oice4 ,i f9d f 8 in=mation t we are n to expect to obta9 9 ?is c\ntry ei!r a classical or ma!matical pr(essor ( ! fir/ ord]3 & z our in/itution _c be rais$ above ! common h]d ( academies1 colleges1 c41 already scatt]$ ov] our c\ntry1 b by sup]-em95t pr(essors1 we h det]m9$ to accept ( no m$iocrity1 & to seek 9 ,europe = :at is em95t4 ,we %all g to ,ed9burgh 9 pref]5ce1 because ( ! advantage to /ud5ts ( receiv+ communications 9 _! native tongue1 & because peculi> & p]sonal circum/ances w enable u to int]e/ ,dugald ,/ew>t & ,pr(essor ,leslie1 ( t ,college1 9 procur+ u subjects ( real wor? & em95ce4 ,i put (f writ+ to !m = a classical & ma!matical pr(essor only until ,i see :at our legislature1 :i* meets on ,monday next1 is dispos$ to d1 ei!r on ! "q s+ly ( adopt+ our college = _! univ]sity1 or on t ( ent]+ at once on a g5]al sy/em ( in/ruction1 = :i* !y h1 = "s "t be5 prep>+4 ,= ?is la/ purpose ,i h sket*$1 & put into ! h&s ( a memb] a bill1 del9eat+ a practicable plan1 entirely )9 ! means !y already h on h&1 de/9$ to ?is object4 ,my bill proposes1 #a4 ,elem5t>y s*ools 9 e c\nty1 :i* %all place e h\sehold] )9 ?ree miles ( a s*ool4 #b4 ,di/rict colleges1 :i* %all place e fa!r )9 a day's ride ( a college :]e he may dispose ( 8 son4 #c4 ,an univ]sity 9 a heal?y & c5tral situation1 ) ! (f] ( ! l&s1 build+s1 & funds ( ! ,c5tral ,college1 if !y w accept t place = _! e/abli%m5t4 ,9 ! #a/ w be taught read+1 writ+1 common ari?metic1 & g5]al notions ( geography4 ,9 ! #b;d1 anci5t & mod]n languages1 geography fully1 a high] degree ( num]ical ari?metic1 m5suration1 & ! elem5t>y pr9ciples ( navigation4 ,9 ! #c;d1 all ! useful sci5ces 9 _! highe/ degree4 ,to all ( :i* is add$ a selection f ! elem5t>y s*ools ( subjects ( ! mo/ promis+ g5ius1 ^: p>5ts are too poor to give !m fur!r education1 to be c>ri$ at ! public exp5se ?r\gh ! colleges & univ]sity4 ,! object is to br+ into action t mass ( tal5ts :i* lies buri$ 9 pov]ty 9 e c\ntry1 = want ( ! means ( developm5t1 & ?us give activity to a mass ( m9d1 :i*1 9 proportion to our population1 %all be ! d\ble or treble ( :at x is 9 mo/ c\ntries4 ,! exp5se ( ! elem5t>y s*ools = e c\nty1 is propos$ to be levi$ on ! weal? ( ! c\nty1 & all *ildr5 ri* & poor to be educat$ at ^! ?ree ye>s gratis4 ,! exp5se ( ! colleges & univ]sity1 admitt+ two pr(essors to ea* ( ! =m]1 & t5 to ! latt]1 c be completely & p]man5tly e/abli%$ ) a sum ( five hundr$ ?\s& doll>s1 9 addition to ! pres5t funds ( our ,c5tral ,college4 ,our lit]>y fund has already on h&1 & appropriat$ to ^! purposes1 a sum ( sev5 hundr$ ?\s& doll>s1 & t increas+ ye>ly4 ,?is is 9 fact & sub/ance ! plan ,i propos$ 9 a bill =ty ye>s ago1 b accommodat$ to ! circum/ances ( ?is1 in/ead ( t day4 ,i d]ive my pres5t hopes t x may n[ be adopt$1 f ! fact t ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 at _! la/ session1 pass$ a bill1 less practicable & b\ndlessly exp5sive1 & !re=e alone reject$ by ! ,s5ate1 & pr9t$ = public consid]ation & am5dm5t4 ,m9e1 aft] all1 may be an ,utopian dream1 b be+ innoc5t1 ,i h ?\ght ,i might indulge 9 x till ,i g to ! l& ( dreams1 & sleep !re ) ! dream]s ( all pa/ & future times4 ,i h tak5 measures to obta9 ! cre/$ turkey1 & w endeavor to p]petuate t beautiful & s+ul> *>act]i/ic1 & %all be n less e>ne/ 9 endeavors to raise ! ,moronni]4 ,god bless y1 & pres]ve y long 9 life & heal?1 until we>i$ ) delight+ y\r k9dr$ spirits "h1 y may wi% to enc\nt] ! great problem1 untri$ by ! liv+1 unreport$ by ! dead4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,duponceau4 ,,monticello1 ,decemb] #cj1 #ahag4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,an abs5ce ( six weeks has occasion$ y\r lett]s ( ! #e? & #aa? in/41 to lie ?us long unackn[l$g$4 ,aft] ,i _h s5t (f ! two o!r ,we/ov] ,,mss4 ,i receiv$ a ?ird ( ! same j\rnal4 ,on p]us+ x ,i am n s5sible by memory1 ( any?+ n conta9$ 9 ! =m]1 except eight pages ( a prelim9>y acc\nt ( ! abridgm5t ( our limits by successive *>t]s to o!r colonies4 ,i suppose ?is to be a copy ( ! l>ge/ ( ! o!r two1 ent]$ fair 9 a folio volume1 ) o!r docum5ts relat+ to ! gov]nm5t ( ,virg9ia4 ,x is b\nd 9 vellum1 &1 by ! arms pa/$ 9 x1 seems to h be5 int5d$ = ! %elves ( ! au?or's libr>y4 ,z ?is j\rnal is complete x might enable u to supply ! hiatuses ( ! o!r copies4 ,i n[ s5d y ! rema9s ( my ,indian vocabul>ies1 "s ( :i* are p]fect4 ,i s5d ) !m ! fragm5ts ( my dige/ ( !m1 :i* 7 ga!r$ up on ! banks ( ! riv] :]e !y _h be5 /rew$ by ! plund]]s ( ! trunk 9 :i* !y 74 ,^? w m]ely %[ ! arrangem5t ,i _h giv5 ! vocabul>ies1 accord+ to _! aff9ities & degrees ( resemblance or dissimilitude4 ,if y c recov] ,capt4 ,lewis' collection1 !y w make an important addition1 = !re 0 no "p ( 8 in/ructions :i* he execut$ m fully or c>efully1 nev] meet+ ) a s+le ,indian ( a new tribe1 )\t mak+ 8 vocabul>y ! fir/ object4 ,:at ,pr(essor ,adelung m5tions ( ! ,empress ,ca?>9e's hav+ procur$ _m vocabul>ies ( our ,indians1 is correct4 ,%e appli$ to ,m4 de ,la ,fayette1 :o1 ?r\gh ! aid ( ,g5]al ,wa%+ton1 obta9$ sev]al2 b ,i nev] le>nt ( :at p>ticul> tribes4 ,! great works ( ,pallas be+ r>e1 ,i w m5tion t !re are two editions ( x1 ! "o 9 two volumes1 ! o!r 9 f\r volumes #dto1 9 ! libr>y ,i c$$ to ,congress1 :i* maybe consult$4 ,b ! ,pr(essor's acc\nt ( ! suppos$ ,mexican ,,ms4 is q errone\s1 nor c ,i conceive ?r\gh :om he c h receiv$ 8 in=mation4 ,x has probably be5 f\nd$ on an imp]fect k ( ! foll[+ fact3 ,soon aft] ! acquisition ( ,l\isiana1 ,gov]nor ,claiborne f\nd1 9 a private family !re1 a ,,ms4 j\rnal kept1 7,i =get by :om17 b by a confid5tial (fic] ( ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t1 prov+ exactly by :at connivance betwe5 ! ag5ts ( ! compagnie d'occid5t1 & ! ,spani>ds1 ^! la/ smuggl$ settlem5ts into ,l\isiana1 z f> z ,ass9ais1 ,adais1 c41 = ! purpose ( cov]+ ! contrab& trade ( ! company4 ,claiborne1 be+ afraid to tru/ ! orig9al by mail1 )\t keep+ a copy1 s5t x on aft] be+ copi$4 ,x arriv$ safe1 & 0 deposit$ by me 9 ! (fice ( ,/ate4 ,he !n s5t me ! copy1 on ! de/ruction ( ! (fice at ,wa%+ton by ! ,briti%2 appreh5d+ ! orig9al might be involv$ 9 t de/ruction1 ,i s5t ! copy to ,colonel ,monroe1 !n ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 ) a reque/ to return x1 if ! orig9al 0 safe1 & to keep x1 if n4 ,i h he>d no m ( x4 ,my int5tion 01 & is1 if x is return$ to me1 to deposit x ) y\r committee = safe keep+ or publication4 ,:ile on ! subject ( ,l\isiana1 ,i h ?\ght ,i _h bett] commit to y also an hi/orical memoir ( my own respect+ ! important "q ( its limits4 ,:5 we fir/ made ! pur*ase we knew little ( its ext5t1 hav+ nev] be=e be5 int]e/$ to inquire into x4 ,possess+1 !n1 9 my libr>y1 ev]y?+ respect+ ,am]ica :i* ,i _h be5 able to collect by unremitt+ rese>*es1 dur+ my resid5ce 9 ,europe1 p>ticul>ly & g5]ally ?r\gh my life1 ,i avail$ myself ( ! leisure ( my succe$+ autumnal recess f ,wa%+ton1 to br+ toge!r ev]y?+ :i* my collection furni%$ on ! subject ( its b\nd>y4 ,! result 0 ! memoir ,i n[ s5d y1 copies ( :i* 7 furni%$ to our m9i/]s at ,p>is & ,madrid1 = _! in=mation z to ! ext5t ( t]ritory claim$ "u our pur*ase4 ,! ,new ,orleans ,,ms4 aft]w>ds discov]$1 furni%$ "s valuable supplem5t>y pro(s ( title4 ,i def] writ+ to ! ,secret>y at ,w> respect+ ! obs]vations ( longitude & latitude by ,capt4 ,lewis1 until ,i le>n f y :e!r !y are recov]$1 & :e!r !y are s complete z to be susceptible ( satisfactory calculation4 ,i salute y ) great respect & e/eem4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,wirt4 ,,monticello1 ,janu>y #e1 #ahah4 ,i h fir/ to ?ank y1 de> ,sir1 = ! copy ( y\r late "w :i* y h be5 s k9d z to s5d me1 & !n to r5d] y d\ble congratulations1 fir/1 on ! g5]al applause x has s ju/ly receiv$1 & next on ! public te/imony ( e/eem = its au?or1 manife/$ by y\r late call to ! executive c\ncils ( ! nation4 ,all ?is ,i d he>tily1 & !n proce$ to a case ( bus9ess on :i* y w h to advise ! gov]nm5t on ! ?re%old ( y\r (fice4 ,y h se5 ! dea? ( ,g5]al ,kosciusko ann\nc$ 9 ! pap]s 9 su* a way z n to be d\bt$4 ,he _h 9 ! funds ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates a v consid]able sum ( money1 on ! int]e/ ( :i* he dep5d$ = subsi/5ce4 ,on 8 leav+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 #agih1 he plac$ x "u my direction by a p[] ( attorney1 :i* ,i execut$ entirely ?r\gh ,mr4 ,b>nes1 :o regul>ly remitt$ 8 int]e/4 ,b he left also 9 my h&s an autograph w1 dispos+ ( 8 funds 9 a p>ticul> c\rse ( *>ity1 & mak+ me 8 executor4 ,! "q ! gov]nm5t w ask ( y1 & :i* ,i !re=e ask1 is 9 :at c\rt mu/ ?is w be prov$1 & my qualification z executor be receiv$1 to ju/ify ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 plac+ ^! funds "u ! tru/8 ,?is is to be execut$ :olly 9 ?is ,/ate1 & w occupy s long a c\rse ( "t beyond :at ,i c expect to live1 t ,i ?9k to propose to place x "u ! ,c\rt ( ,*anc]y4 ,! place ( probate g5]ally foll[s ! resid5ce ( ! te/ator4 ,t 0 9 a =eign c\ntry 9 ! pres5t case4 ,sometimes ! bona notabilia4 ,! evid5ces or repres5tations ( ^! 7! c]tificates7 are 9 my h&s4 ,! ?+s repres5t$ 7! money7 9 ^? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,b :]e are ! ,unit$ ,/ates8 ,ev]y:]e1 ,i suppose1 :]e !y h gov]nm5t or prop]ty liable to ! dem& on paym5t4 ,t is to say1 9 e ,/ate ( ! ,union1 9 ?is1 = example1 z well z any o!r1 /r5g!n$ by ! circum/ances ( ! deposit ( ! w1 ! resid5ce ( ! executor1 & ! place :]e ! tru/ is to be execut$4 ,9 no in/ance1 ,i believe1 does ! m]e habitation ( ! debtor draw to x ! place ( probate1 & if x did1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are omnipres5t by _! function>ies1 z well z prop]ty 9 e ,/ate ( ! ,union4 ,i am l$ by ^! consid]ations to suppose our di/rict or g5]al c\rt compet5t to ! object2 b y "k be/1 & by y\r advice1 sanction$ by ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1 ,i %all act4 ,i write to ! ,secret>y on ?is subject4 ,if our di/rict c\rt w d1 ,i c att5d x p]sonally2 if ! g5]al c\rt only be compet5t1 ,i am 9 hopes x w f9d means ( disp5s+ ) my p]sonal att5dance4 ,i salute y ) affectionate e/eem & respect4 ,,to ,,dr4 ,,b5jam9 ,,wat]h\se4 ,,monticello1 ,m>* #c1 #ahah4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i h j receiv$ y\r favor ( ,febru>y #bj?1 9 :i* y obs]ve t ,mr4 ,wirt1 on page #dg ( 8 ,life ( ,patrick ,h5ry1 quotes me z say+ t ,mr4 ,h5ry c]ta9ly gave ! fir/ impulse to ! ball ( revolution4 ,i well recollect to h us$ "s su* expression 9 a lett] to him1 & am tol]ably c]ta9 t our own ,/ate be+ ! subject "u contemplation1 ,i mu/ h us$ x ) respect to t only4 ,:e!r he has giv5 x a m g5]al aspect ,i _c say1 z ! passage is n 9 ! page y quote1 nor1 aft] ?umb+ ov] mu* ( ! book1 h ,i be5 able to f9d x4#b ,9 page #dag !re is some?+ l x1 b n ! exact expression1 & ev5 !re x may be d\bt$ :e!r ,mr4 ,wirt _h 8 eye on ,virg9ia alone1 or on all ! colonies4 ,b ! "q1 :o comm5c$ ! revolution8 is z difficult z t ( ! fir/ inv5tors ( a ?\s& good ?+s4 ,= example1 :o fir/ discov]$ ! pr9ciple ( gravity8 ,n ,newton2 = ,galileo1 :o di$ ! ye> t ,newton 0 born1 _h measur$ its =ce 9 ! desc5t ( gravid bodies4 ,:o inv5t$ ! ,lavois]ian *emi/ry8 ,! ,engli% say ,dr4 ,black1 by ! prep>atory discov]y ( lat5t heat4 ,:o inv5t$ ! /eamboat8 ,0 x ,g]b]t1 ! ,m>quis ( ,worce/]1 ,newcom51 ,sav>y1 ,pap91 ,fit*1 ,fulton8 ,! fact is1 t "o new idea leads to ano!r1 t to a ?ird1 & s on ?r\gh a c\rse ( "t until "s "o1 ) :om no "o ( ^! ideas 0 orig9al1 comb9es all toge!r1 & produces :at is ju/ly call$ a new inv5tion4 ,i suppose x w\ld be z difficult to trace our revolution to its fir/ embryo4 ,we d n "k h[ long x 0 hat*+ 9 ! ,briti% cab9et be=e !y v5tur$ to make ! fir/ ( ! exp]im5ts :i* 7 to develop x 9 ! end & to produce complete p>liam5t>y supremacy4 ,^? y m5tion 9 ,massa*usetts z prec$+ ! /amp act1 might be ! fir/ visible symptoms ( t design4 ,! proposition ( t act 9 #agfd1 0 ! fir/ "h4 ,y\r opposition1 !re=e1 prec$$ ours1 z occasion 0 soon] giv5 !re ?an "h1 & ! tru?1 ,i suppose1 is1 t ! opposition 9 e colony began :5ev] ! encroa*m5t 0 pres5t$ to x4 ,?is "q ( priority is z ! inquiry w\ld be :o fir/1 ( ! ?ree hundr$ ,sp>tans1 (f]$ 8 "n to ,leonidas8 ,i %all be happy to see ju/ice done to ! m]its ( all1 by ! unexceptionable umpirage ( date & facts1 & especially f ! p5 :i* is propos$ to be employ$ 9 x4 ,i rejoice1 inde$1 to le>n f y t ,mr4 ,adams reta9s ! /r5g? ( 8 memory1 8 faculties1 8 *e]fulness1 & ev5 8 epi/ol>y indu/ry4 ,?is la/ is gone f me4 ,! av]sion has be5 gr[+ on me = a consid]able "t1 & n[1 ne> ! close ( sev5ty-five1 is become almo/ insup]able4 ,i am mu* debilitat$ 9 body1 & my memory s5sibly on ! wane4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 ,i enjoy good heal? & spirits1 & am z indu/ri\s a read] z :5 a /ud5t at college4 ,n ( newspap]s4 ,^! ,i h disc>d$4 ,i rel9qui%1 z ,i ought to d1 all int]m$dl+ ) public affairs1 committ+ myself *e]fully to ! wat* & c>e ( ^? = :om1 9 my turn1 ,i h wat*$ & c>$4 ,:5 ,i contemplate ! imm5se advances 9 sci5ce & discov]ies 9 ! arts :i* h be5 made )9 ! p]iod ( my life1 ,i look =w>d ) confid5ce to equal advances by ! pres5t g5]ation1 & h no d\bt !y w consequ5tly be z mu* wis] ?an we h be5 z we ?an our fa!rs 71 & !y ?an ! burn]s ( wit*es4 ,ev5 ! metaphysical conte/1 :i* y s pleasantly describ$ to me 9 a =m] lett]1 w probably end 9 improvem5t1 by cle>+ ! m9d ( ,platonic my/icism & un9telligible j>gon4 ,al?\gh age is tak+ f me ! p[] ( communicat+ by lett] ) my fri5ds z indu/ri\sly z h]et(ore1 ,i %all /ill claim ) !m ! same place !y w ev] hold 9 my affections1 & on ?is gr\nd ,i1 ) s9c]ity & pleasure1 assure y ( my great e/eem & respect4 ,,footnote3 #b ,x 0 f\nd page #da4 ,,to ,n4 ,,burwell1 ,,esq4 ,,monticello1 ,m>* #ad1 #ahah4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,y\r lett] ( ,febru>y #ag? f\nd me suff]+ "u an attack ( rheumatism1 :i* has b n[ left me at suffici5t ease to att5d to ! lett]s ,i h receiv$4 ,a plan ( female education has nev] be5 a subject ( sy/ematic contemplation ) me4 ,x has occupi$ my att5tion s f> only z ! education ( my own daught]s occasionally requir$4 ,consid]+ t !y w\ld be plac$ 9 a c\ntry situation1 :]e little aid c\ld be obta9$ f abroad1 ,i ?\ght x ess5tial to give !m a solid education1 :i* might enable !m1 :5 become mo!rs1 to educate _! own daught]s1 & ev5 to direct ! c\rse = sons1 %\ld _! fa!rs be lo/1 or incapable1 or inatt5tive4 ,my surviv+ daught] accord+ly1 ! "m ( _m daught]s z well z sons1 has made _! education ! object ( h] life1 & be+ a bett] judge ( ! practical "p ?an myself1 x is ) h] aid & t ( "o ( h] elevs1 t ,i %all subjo9 a catalogue ( ! books = su* a c\rse ( read+ z we h practic$4 ,a great ob/acle to good education is ! inord9ate passion preval5t = novels1 & ! "t lo/ 9 t read+ :i* %\ld be in/ructively employ$4 ,:5 ?is poison infects ! m9d1 x de/roys its tone & revolts x aga9/ :olesome read+4 ,reason & fact1 pla9 & unadorn$1 are reject$4 ,no?+ c engage att5tion unless dress$ 9 all ! figm5ts ( fancy1 & no?+ s b$eck$ comes amiss4 ,! result is a bloat$ imag9ation1 sickly judgm5t1 & disgu/ t[>ds all ! real bus9esses ( life4 ,?is mass ( tra%1 h[ev]1 is n )\t "s di/9ction2 "s few modell+ _! n>ratives1 al?\gh fictiti\s1 on ! incid5ts ( real life1 h be5 able to make !m int]e/+ & useful vehicles ( a s\nd morality4 ,su*1 ,i ?9k1 are ,m>montel's new moral tales1 b n 8 old ones1 :i* are really immoral4 ,su* are ! writ+s ( ,miss ,edgewor?1 & "s ( ^? ( ,madame ,g5lis4 ,= a l reason1 too1 mu* poetry %\ld n be indulg$4 ,"s is useful = =m+ /yle & ta/e4 ,pope1 ,dryd51 ,?ompson1 ,%akspe>e1 & ( ! ,fr5*1 ,molire1 ,rac9e1 ! ,corneilles1 may be read ) pleasure & improvem5t4 ,! ,fr5* language1 become t ( ! g5]al int]c\rse ( nations1 & f _! extraord9>y advances1 n[ ! depository ( all sci5ce1 is an indisp5sable "p ( education = bo? sexes4 ,9 ! subjo9$ catalogue1 !re=e1 ,i h plac$ ! books ( bo? languages indiff]5tly1 accord+ z ! "o or ! o!r (f]s :at is be/4 ,! ornam5ts too1 & ! amusem5ts ( life1 are entitl$ to _! portion ( att5tion4 ,^!1 = a female1 are danc+1 draw+1 & music4 ,! fir/ is a heal?y ex]cise1 elegant & v attractive = "y p4 ,e affectionate p>5t w\ld be pleas$ to see 8 daught] qualifi$ to p>ticipate ) h] companions1 & )\t awkw>dness at lea/1 9 ! circles ( fe/ivity1 ( :i* %e occasionally becomes a "p4 ,x is a necess>y accompli%m5t1 !re=e1 al?\gh ( %ort use2 = ! ,fr5* rule is wise1 t no lady dances aft] m>riage4 ,?is is f\nd$ 9 solid physical reasons1 ge/ation & nurs+ leav+ little "t to a m>ri$ lady :5 ?is ex]cise c be ei!r safe or innoc5t4 ,draw+ is ?\ght less ( 9 ?is c\ntry ?an 9 ,europe4 ,x is an innoc5t & engag+ amusem5t1 (t5 useful1 & a qualification n to be neglect$ 9 "o :o is to become a "m & an in/ructor4 ,music is invaluable :]e a p]son has an e>4 ,:]e !y h n1 x %\ld n be attempt$4 ,x furni%es a delightful recreation = ! h\rs ( respite f ! c>es ( ! day1 & la/s u ?r\gh life4 ,! ta/e ( ?is c\ntry1 too1 calls = ?is accompli%m5t m /rongly ?an = ei!r ( ! o!rs4 ,i ne$ say no?+ ( h\sehold economy1 9 :i* ! mo!rs ( our c\ntry are g5]ally skill$1 & g5]ally c>eful to in/ruct _! daught]s4 ,we all "k its value1 & t dilig5ce & dext]ity 9 all its processes are ine/imable treasures4 ,! ord] & economy ( a h\se are z honorable to ! mi/ress z ^? ( ! f>m to ! ma/]1 & if ei!r be neglect$1 ru9 foll[s1 & *ildr5 de/itute ( ! means ( liv+4 ,?is1 ,sir1 is (f]$ z a summ>y sket* on a subject on :i* ,i h n ?\ght mu*4 ,x probably conta9s no?+ b :at has already occurr$ to y\rself1 & claims y\r acceptance on no o!r gr\nd ?an z a te/imony ( my respect = y\r wi%es1 & ( my great e/eem & respect4 ,,to ,,john ,,adams4 ,,monticello1 ,may #ag1 #ahah4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i 0 s un=tunate z n to receive f ,mr4 ,holly's own h& y\r favor ( ,janu>y ! #bh?1 be+ !n at my o!r home4 ,he d9$ only ) my family1 & left !m ) an impression :i* has fill$ me ) regret t ,i did n p>take ( ! pleasure 8 visit gave !m4 ,i am glad he is gone to ,k5tucky4 ,rational ,*ri/ianity w ?rive m rapidly !re ?an "h4 ,!y are fre] f prejudices ?an we are1 & bold] 9 grasp+ at tru?4 ,! "t is n di/ant1 ?\gh nei!r y nor ,i %all see x1 :5 we %all be b a second>y p to !m4 ,our gre$9ess = weal?1 & fanta/ical exp5se1 h degrad$1 & w degrade1 ! m9ds ( our m>itime citiz5s4 ,^! are ! peculi> vices ( comm]ce4 ,i _h be5 long )\t he>+ f y1 b ,i _h he>d ( y ?r\gh a lett] f ,doctor ,wat]h\se4 ,he wrote to reclaim aga9/ an expression ( ,mr4 ,wirt's1 z to ! comm5cem5t ( motion 9 ! revolution>y ball4 ,! lawy]s say t words are always to be exp\nd$ secundum subjectam mat]iem1 :i*1 9 ,mr4 ,wirt's case1 0 ,virg9ia4 ,x w\ld1 moreov]1 be z difficult to say at :at mom5t ! ,revolution began1 & :at incid5t set x 9 motion1 z to fix ! mom5t t ! embryo becomes an animal1 or ! act :i* gives him a beg9n+4 ,b ! mo/ agreeable "p ( 8 lett] 0 t :i* in=m$ me ( y\r heal?1 y\r activity1 & /r5g? ( memory2 & ! mo/ wond]ful1 t :i* assur$ me t y reta9$ y\r indu/ry & promptness 9 epi/ol>y correspond5ce4 ,"h y h entire advantage ov] me4 ,my repugnance to ! writ+ table becomes daily & h\rly m deadly & insurm\ntable4 ,9 place ( ?is has come on a can9e appetite = read+4 ,& ,i indulge x1 because ,i see 9 x a relief aga9/ ! tdium s5ectutis2 a lamp to light5 my pa? ?r\gh ! dre>y wild]ness ( "t be=e me1 ^: b\rne ,i see n4 ,los+ daily all int]e/ 9 ! ?+s ar\nd u1 some?+ else is necess>y to fill ! void4 ,) me x is read+1 :i* occupies ! m9d )\t ! labor ( produc+ ideas f my own /ock4 ,i ent] into all y\r d\bts z to ! ev5t ( ! revolution ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,!y w succe$ aga9/ ,spa94 ,b ! dang]\s enemy is )9 _! own brea/s4 ,ignorance & sup]/ition w *a9 _! m9ds & bodies "u religi\s & milit>y despotism4 ,i d believe x w\ld be bett] = !m to obta9 fre$om by degrees only2 because t w\ld by degrees br+ on light & in=mation1 & qualify !m to take *>ge ( !mselves und]/&+ly2 ) m c]ta9ty1 if 9 ! meantime1 "u s mu* control z may keep !m at peace ) "o ano!r4 ,surely1 x is our duty to wi% !m indep5d5ce & self-gov]nm5t1 because !y wi% x !mselves1 & !y h ! "r1 & we none1 to *oose = !mselves2 & ,i wi%1 moreov]1 t our ideas may be errone\s1 & !irs prove well f\nd$4 ,b ^! are speculations1 my fri5d1 :i* we may z well deliv] ov] to ^? :o are to see _! developm5t4 ,we %all only be look]s on1 f ! cl\ds above1 z n[ we look d[n on ! labors1 ! hurry & bu/le ( ! ants & bees4 ,p]haps 9 t sup]-mundane region1 we may be amus$ ) see+ ! fallacy ( our own guesses1 & ev5 ! no?+ness ( ^? labors :i* h fill$ & agitat$ our own "t "h4 ,en att5dant1 ) s9c]e affections to ,mrs4 ,adams & y\rself1 ,i salute y bo? cordially4 ,,to ,m4 ,,julli54 ,,monticello1 ,july #bc1 #ahah4 ,,sir1--,y\r favor ( ,m>* #cj?1 #ahag1 came to my h&s on ! #a/ ( ,m>*1 #ahah4 ,:ile ! /atem5t x conta9$ ( ! _m in/ances ( y\r att5tion 9 s5d+ to me y\r diff]5t writ+s 0 truly flatt]+1 x 0 equally mortify+ to p]ceive t two only ( ! eight x enum]ates1 _h ev] come to my h&s2 & t bo? ( my ackn[l$gm5ts ( ^! _h misc>ri$ also4 ,y\r fir/ favor ( ,novemb] #e?1 #ahji1 0 receiv$ by me on ! #f? ( ,may1 #ahaj1 & 0 answ]$ on ! #ae? ( ,july ( ! same ye>1 ) an ackn[l$gm5t ( ! receipt ( y\r ,essai g5]al d'education physique morale1 et intellectuelle1 & ( ! high s5se ,i ent]ta9$ ( its utility4 ,i d n recollect ?r\gh :at *annel ,i s5t ?is answ]1 b h little d\bt t x 0 ?r\gh ! (fice ( our ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 & our m9i/] !n at ! c\rt ( ,france4 ,9 a lett] f ,mr4 ,e4 ,i4 ,dupont ( ,augu/ #aa1 #ahag1 ,i receiv$ ! favor ( y\r ,esquisse d'un ouvrage sur l'education comp>e1 :i* he said _h be5 receiv$ by 8 fa!r a few days be=e 8 dea?2 & on ! #i? ( ,septemb]1 #ahag1 ,i answ]$ 8 lett]1 9 :i* 0 ! foll[+ p>agraph3 ,i duly receiv$ ! pamphlet ( ,m4 ,julli5 on ,education1 to :om ,i _h be5 indebt$ "s ye>s be=e = a valuable "w on ! same subject4 ,( ?is ,i express$ to him my high e/imation 9 a lett] ( ?anks1 :i* ,i tru/ he receiv$4 ,! pres5t pamphlet is an additional pro( ( 8 useful assiduities on ?is int]e/+ subject1 :i*1 if ! condition ( man is to be progressively ameliorat$1 z we fondly hope & believe1 is to be ! *ief in/rum5t 9 effect+ x4 ,i hop$ t ,mr4 ,e4 ,i4 ,dupont1 9 ackn[l$g+ to y ! receipt ( y\r lett] to 8 fa!r1 w\ld be ! *annel ( convey+ to y my ?anks1 z he 0 to me ( ! "w = :i* !y 7 r5d]$4 ,be assur$1 ,sir1 t n ano!r scrip1 ei!r writt5 or pr9t$1 ev] came to me f y2 & t ,i 0 incapable ( omitt+ ! ackn[l$gm5ts !y call$ =1 & ( ! neglect :i* y h _h s mu* reason to impute to me4 ,i "k well ! unc]ta9ty ( transmissions across ! ,atlantic1 b nev] be=e exp]i5c$ su* a tra9 ( !m z has tak5 place 9 y\r favors & my ackn[l$gm5ts ( !m4 ,y w p]ceive t ! lett] ,i am n[ answ]+ 0 elev5 mon?s on its passage to me4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! sc5es ( action ( ,g5]al ,kosciusko & myself1 dur+ our revolution>y w>1--8 9 ! milit>y1 m9e 9 ! civil dep>tm5t1--0 su*1 t ,i c\ld give no p>ticul>s ( ! "p he act$ 9 t w>4 ,b imm$iately on ! receipt ( y\r lett]1 ,i wrote to ,g5]al ,arm/rong1 :o _h be5 8 companion 9 arms1 & an aid to ,g5]al ,gates1 ) :om ,g5]al ,kosciusko mo/ly s]v$1 & reque/$ him to give me all ! details )9 8 k2 in=m+ him = :om1 & = :at purpose !y 7 ask$4 ,i receiv$1 two days ago only1 ! pap] ( :i* ! enclos$ is a copy1 & copi$ by myself1 because ! orig9al is 9 su* a h&writ+ z ,i am confid5t no =eign] c\ld ev] decyph]4 ,h[ev] heavily press$ by ! h& ( age1 & unequal to ! duties ( punctual correspond5ce1 ( :i* my fri5ds g5]ally w\ld h a "r to compla91 if ! cause dep5d$ on myself1 ,i am happy to f9d t 9 t ) y\rself !re has be5 no gr\nd ( reproa*4 ,lea/ ( all ?+s c\ld ,i h omitt$ any rese>*es )9 my p[] :i* might d ju/ice to ! memory ( ,g5]al ,kosciusko1 ! brave auxili>y ( my c\ntry 9 its /ruggle = lib]ty1 &1 f ! ye> #agig1 :5 our p>ticul> acqua9tance began1 my mo/ intimate & mu* belov$ fri5d4 ,on 8 la/ dep>ture f ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #agih1 he left 9 my h&s an in/rum5t appropriat+ aft] 8 dea? all ! prop]ty he _h 9 our public funds1 ! price ( 8 milit>y s]vices "h1 to ! education & emancipation ( z _m ( ! *ildr5 ( bondage 9 ?is c\ntry z x %\ld be adequate to4 ,i am n[ too old to und]take a bus9ess de si longue hale9e2 b ,i am tak+ measures to place x 9 su* h&s z w ensure a fai?ful dis*>ge ( ! philan?ropic int5tions ( ! donor4 ,i le>n ) pleasure y\r cont9u$ ef=ts = ! in/ruction ( ! future g5]ations ( m51 &1 believ+ x ! only means ( effectuat+ _! rights1 ,i wi% !m all possible success1 & to y\rself ! et]nal gratitude ( ^? :o w feel _! b5efits1 & beg leave to add ! assurance ( my high e/eem & respect4 ,,to ,,john ,,adams4 ,,monticello1 ,novemb] #ac1 #ahah4 ,! public pap]s1 my de> fri5d1 ann\nce ! fatal ev5t ( :i* y\r lett] ( ,octob] ! #bj? _h giv5 me om9\s =ebod+4 ,tri$ myself 9 ! s*ool ( affliction1 by ! loss ( e =m ( connection :i* c rive ! human he>t1 ,i "k well1 & feel :at y h lo/1 :at y h suff]$1 are suff]+1 & h yet to endure4 ,! same trials h taught me t = ills s immeasurable1 "t & sil5ce are ! only m$ic9e4 ,i w n1 !re=e1 by useless condol5ces1 op5 afre% ! sluices ( y\r grief1 nor1 al?\gh m+l+ s9c]ely my te>s ) y\rs1 w ,i say a ^w m :]e words are va91 b t x is ( "s com=t to u bo?1 t ! t]m is n v di/ant1 at :i* we are to deposit 9 ! same c]em5t1 our sorr[s & suff]+ bodies1 & to asc5d 9 ess5ce to an ec/atic meet+ ) ! fri5ds we h lov$ & lo/1 & :om we %all /ill love & nev] lose aga94 ,god bless y & support y "u y\r heavy affliction4 ,,to ,,rob]t ,,wal%4 ,,monticello1 ,decemb] #d1 #ahah4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,y\rs ( ,novemb] ! #h? has be5 "s "t receiv$2 b x is 9 my p[] to give little satisfaction z to its inquiries4 ,dr4 ,frankl9 _h _m political enemies1 z e "* mu/1 :i*1 ) decision en\gh to h op9ions1 has en]gy & tal5t to give !m effect on ! feel+s ( ! adv]s>y op9ion4 ,^! enmities 7 *iefly 9 ,p5nsylvania & ,massa*usetts4 ,9 ! =m]1 !y 7 m]ely ( ! propriet>y p>ty4 ,9 ! latt]1 !y did n comm5ce till ! ,revolution1 & !n sprung *iefly f p]sonal animosities1 :i* spread+ by little & little1 became at l5g? ( "s ext5t4 ,dr4 ,lee 0 8 pr9cipal calumniator1 a man ( mu* malignity1 :o1 besides enli/+ 8 :ole family 9 ! same ho/ility1 0 enabl$1 z ! ag5t ( ,massa*usetts ) ! ,briti% gov]nm5t1 to infuse x into t ,/ate ) consid]able effect4 ,mr4 ,iz>d1 ! ,doctor's enemy also1 b f a pecuni>y transaction1 nev] c\nt5anc$ ^! *>ges aga9/ him4 ,mr4 ,jay1 ,silas ,deane1 ,mr4 ,laur5s1 8 colleagues also1 ev] ma9ta9$ t[>ds him unlimit$ confid5ce & respect4 ,t he w\ld h waiv$ ! =mal recognition ( our indep5d5ce1 ,i nev] he>d on any au?ority wor?y notice4 ,z to ! fi%]ies1 ,engl& 0 urg5t to reta9 !m exclusively1 ,france neutral1 & ,i believe1 t _h !y be5 ultimately made a s9e qu non1 our commission]s 7,mr4 ,adams except$7 w\ld h rel9qui%$ !m1 r ?an h brok5 (f ! treaty4 ,to ,mr4 ,adams' p]sev]ance alone1 on t po9t1 ,i h always und]/ood we 7 indebt$ = _! res]vation4 ,z to ! *>ge ( subs]vi5ce to ,france1 besides ! evid5ce ( 8 fri5dly colleagues be=e nam$1 two ye>s ( my own s]vice ) him at ,p>is1 daily visits1 & ! mo/ fri5dly & confid5tial conv]sation1 conv9ce me x _h n a %ad[ ( f\ndation4 ,he possess$ ! confid5ce ( t gov]nm5t 9 ! highe/ degree1 insomu*1 t x may truly be said1 t !y 7 m "u 8 influ5ce1 ?an he "u !irs4 ,! fact is1 t 8 temp] 0 s amiable & conciliatory1 8 conduct s rational1 nev] urg+ impossibilities1 or ev5 ?+s unreasonably inconv5i5t to !m1 9 %ort1 s mod]ate & att5tive to _! difficulties1 z well z our own1 t :at 8 enemies call$ subs]vi5cy1 ,i saw 0 only t reasonable disposition1 :i*1 s5sible t advantages are n all to be on "o side1 yield+ :at is j & lib]al1 is ! m c]ta9 ( obta9+ lib]ality & ju/ice4 ,mutual confid5ce produces1 ( c\rse1 mutual influ5ce1 & ?is 0 all :i* subsi/$ betwe5 ,dr4 ,frankl9 & ! gov]nm5t ( ,france4 ,i /ate a few anecdotes ( ,dr4 ,frankl91 )9 my own k1 too mu* 9 detail = ! scale ( ,delapla9e's "w1 b :i* may f9d a cadre 9 "s ( ! m p>ticul> views y contemplate4 ,my heal? is 9 a great measure re/or$1 & our family jo9 ) me 9 affectionate recollections & assurances ( respect4 ,,to ,m4 ,,de ,,neuville4 ,,monticello1 ,decemb] #ac1 #ahah4 ,i ?ank y\r ,excell5cy = ! notice ) :i* y\r lett]s favor me1 ( ! lib]ation ( ,france f ! occupation ( ! alli$ p[]s4 ,to no "o1 n a native1 w x give m pleasure4 ,9 ! desolation ( ,europe1 to gratify ! atroci\s caprices ( ,bonap>te1 ,france s9n$ mu*2 b %e has suff]$ m ?an retaliation4 ,once reliev$ f ! incubus ( h] late oppression1 %e w rise l a giant f h] slumb]s4 ,h] soil & climate1 h] arts & em95t sci5ces1 h] c5tral position & free con/itution1 w soon make h] great] ?an %e ev] 04 ,& ,i am a false prophet1 if %e does n at "s future day1 rem9d ( h] suff]+s ^? :o h inflict$ !m ! mo/ eag]ly4 ,i hope1 h[ev]1 %e w be quiet = ! pres5t1 & risk no new tr\bles4 ,h] con/itution1 z n[ am5d$1 gives z mu* ( self-gov]nm5t z p]haps %e c yet be>1 & w give m1 :5 ! habits ( ord] %all h prep>$ h] to receive m4 ,besides ! gratitude :i* e ,am]ican owes h]1 z our sole ally dur+ ! w> ( indep5d5ce1 ,i am additionally affection$ by ! fri5d%ips ,i contract$ !re1 by ! good dispositions ,i witness$1 & by ! c\rtesies ,i receiv$4 ,i rejoice1 z a morali/1 at ! prospect ( a r$uction ( ! duties on w9e1 by our national legislature4 ,x is an error to view a tax on t liquor z m]ely a tax on ! ri*4 ,x is a prohibition ( its use to ! middl+ class ( our citiz5s1 & a condemnation ( !m to ! poison ( :iskey1 :i* is desolat+ _! h\ses4 ,no nation is drunk5 :]e w9e is *eap2 & none sob]1 :]e ! de>ness ( w9e sub/itutes ard5t spirits z ! common bev]age4 ,x is1 9 tru?1 ! only antidote to ! bane ( :iskey4 ,fix b ! duty at ! rate ( o!r m]*&ise1 & we c dr9k w9e "h z *eap z we d grog2 & :o w n pref] x8 ,its ext5d$ use w c>ry heal? & com=t to a mu* enl>g$ circle4 ,e "o 9 easy circum/ances 7z ! bulk ( our citiz5s are7 w pref] x to ! poison to :i* !y are n[ driv5 by _! gov]nm5t4 ,& ! treasury itself w f9d t a p5ny a piece f a doz51 is m ?an a groat f a s+le "o4 ,?is re=mation1 h[ev]1 w require "t4 ,our m]*ants "k no?+ ( ! inf9ite v>iety ( *eap & good w9es to be _h 9 ,europe2 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,france1 9 ,italy1 & ! ,grcian isl&s2 z !y "k little also1 ( ! v>iety ( excell5t manufactures & com=ts to be _h any:]e out ( ,engl&4 ,nor w ^! ?+s be kn[n1 nor ( c\rse call$ = "h1 until ! native m]*ants ( ^? c\ntries1 to :om !y are kn[n1 %all br+ !m =w>d1 exhibit & v5d !m at ! mod]ate pr(its !y c af=d4 ,?is alone w procure !m famili>ity ) u1 & ! pref]5ce !y m]it 9 competition ) correspond+ articles n[ 9 use4 ,our family r5ew ) pleasure _! recollections ( y\r k9d visit to ,monticello1 & jo9 me 9 t5d]+ s9c]e assurances ( ! gratification x af=d$ u1 & ( our great e/eem & respectful consid]ation4 ,,to ,,na?aniel ,,macon1 ,,esq4 ,,monticello1 ,janu>y #ab1 #ahai4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,! problem y _h wi%$ to propose to me 0 "o :i* ,i c\ld n h solv$2 = ,i knew no?+ ( ! facts4 ,i read no newspap] n[ b ,rit*ie's1 & 9 t *iefly ! adv]tisem5ts1 = !y conta9 ! only tru?s to be reli$ on 9 a newspap]4 ,i feel a mu* great] int]e/ 9 kn[+ :at has pass$ two or ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago1 ?an 9 :at is n[ pass+4 ,i read no?+1 !re=e1 b ( ! h]oes ( ,troy1 ( ! w>s ( ,lac$mon & ,a!ns1 ( ,pompey & ,cs>1 & ( ,augu/us too1 ! ,bonap>te & p>ricide sc\ndrel ( t day4 ,i h _h1 & /ill h1 su* entire confid5ce 9 ! late & pres5t ,presid5ts1 t ,i will+ly put bo? s\l & body into _! pockets4 ,:ile su* m5 z y\rself & y\r wor?y colleagues ( ! legislature1 & su* *>act]s z compose ! executive adm9i/ration1 are wat*+ = u all1 ,i slumb] )\t fe>1 & review 9 my dreams ! visions ( antiquity4 ,!re is1 inde$1 "o evil :i* awak5s me at times1 because x jo/les me at e turn4 ,x is t we h n[ no measure ( value4 ,i am ask$ eighte5 doll>s = a y>d ( broadclo?1 :i*1 :5 we _h doll>s1 ,i us$ to get = eighte5 %ill+s2 f ?is ,i c only und]/& t a doll> is n[ wor? b two in*es ( broadclo?1 b broadclo? is no /&>d ( measure or value4 ,i d n "k1 !re=e1 :]eab\ts ,i /& 9 ! scale ( prop]ty1 nor :at to ask1 or :at to give = x4 ,i saw1 inde$1 ! l ma*9]y 9 action 9 ! ye>s '#hj & '#ha1 & )\t dissatisfaction2 because 9 we>+ out1 x 0 work+ out our salvation4 ,b ,i see no?+ 9 ?is r5ewal ( ! game ( ,rob9's alive b a g5]al demoralization ( ! nation1 a fil*+ f indu/ry its hone/ e>n+s1 :]e) to build up palaces1 & raise gambl+ /ock = sw9dl]s & %av]s1 :o are too close to _! c>e] ( piracies by fraudul5t bankruptcies4 ,my dep5d5ce = a rem$y1 h[ev]1 is ) ! wisdom :i* gr[s ) "t & suff]+4 ,:e!r ! succe$+ g5]ation is to be m virtu\s ?an _! pr$ecessors1 ,i _c say2 b ,i am sure !y w h m worldly wisdom1 & en\gh1 ,i hope1 to "k t hone/y is ! fir/ *apt] 9 ! book ( wisdom4 ,i h made a great ex]tion to write y ?us mu*2 my antipa?y to tak+ up a p5 be+ s int5se t ,i h nev] giv5 y a /rong] pro(1 ?an 9 ! ef=t ( writ+ a lett]1 h[ mu* ,i value y1 & ( ! sup]lative respect & fri5d%ip ) :i* ,i salute y4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,adams4 ,,monticello1 ,m>* #ba1 #ahai4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i am indebt$ to y = ,mr4 ,b[dit*'s v le>n$ ma!matical pap]s1 ! calculations ( :i* are n = e read]1 al?\gh _! results are readily en\gh und]/ood4 ,"o ( ^! impairs ! confid5ce ,i _h repos$ 9 ,la ,place's demon/ration1 t ! ecc5tricities ( ! planets ( our sy/em c\ld oscillate only )9 n>r[ limits1 & !re=e c\ld au?orize no inf]5ce t ! sy/em mu/1 by its own laws1 come "o day to an end4 ,?is w\ld h left ! "q "o ( inf9itude1 at bo? ends ( ! l9e ( "t1 cle> ( physical au?ority4 ,mr4 ,pick]+'s pamphlet on ! pronunciation ( ! ,greek1 = :i* ,i am indebt$ to y also1 ,i h read ) great pleasure4 ,e>ly 9 life1 ! idea occurr$ to me t ! p n[ inhabit+ ! anci5t seats ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 al?\gh _! languages 9 ! int]m$iate ages _h suff]$ great *anges1 & especially 9 ! decl5sion ( _! n\ns1 & 9 ! t]m9ations ( _! words g5]ally1 yet hav+ pres]v$ ! body ( ! ^w radically ! same1 s !y w\ld pres]ve m ( its pronunciation4 ,t at lea/ x 0 probable t a pronunciation1 h&$ d[n by tradition1 w\ld reta91 z ! words !mselves d1 m ( ! orig9al ?an t ( any o!r p ^: language has no aff9ity to t orig9al4 ,= ?is reason ,i le>nt1 & h us$ ! ,italian pronunciation ( ! ,lat94 ,b t ( ! mod]n ,greeks ,i _h no opportunity ( le>n+ until ,i w5t to ,p>is4 ,!re ,i became acqua9t$ ) two le>n$ ,greeks1 ,c\nt ,c>b]ri & ,mr4 ,p>adise1 & ) a lady1 a native ,greek1 ! daught] ( ,b>on de ,tott1 :o did n und]/& ! anci5t language4 ,c>b]ri & ,p>adise spoke x4 ,f ^! in/ructors ,i le>nt ! mod]n pronunciation1 & 9 g5]al tru/$ to its or?odoxy4 ,i say1 9 g5]al1 because s\nd be+ m fugitive ?an ! writt5 lett]1 we mu/1 aft] su* a lapse ( "t1 presume 9 x "s deg5]acies1 z we see !re are 9 ! writt5 words4 ,we may n1 inde$1 be able to put our f+] on !m confid5tly1 yet nei!r are !y entirely beyond ! rea* ( all indication4 ,= example1 9 a language s rem>kable = ! euphony ( its s\nds1 if t euphony is pres]v$ 9 p>ticul> comb9ations ( its lett]s1 by an adh]5ce to ! p[]s ord9>ily ascrib$ to !m1 & is de/roy$ by a *ange ( ^! p[]s1 & ! s\nd ( ! ^w !reby r5d]$ h>%1 inh>moni\s1 & inidiomatical1 "h we may presume "s deg5]acy has tak5 place4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 ,i gave 9 to ! mod]n pronunciation g5]ally1 ,i h presum$1 z an in/ance ( deg5]acy1 _! ascrib+ ! same s\nd to ! six lett]s1 or comb9ations ( lett]s1 1 1 1 1 1 1 to all ( :i* !y give ! s\nd ( our d\ble e 9 ! ^w meet4 ,?is useless equival5ce ( ?ree v[els & ?ree diph?ongs1 did n probably exi/ among ! anci5t ,greeks2 & ! less probably z1 :ile ?is s+le s\nd1 ee1 is ov]*>g$ by s _m diff]5t repres5tative *>act]s1 ! s\nds we usually give to ^! *>act]s & comb9ations w\ld be left )\t any repres5tative signs4 ,?is w\ld imply ei!r t !y _h n ^! s\nds 9 _! language1 or no signs = _! expression4 ,probability appe>s to me1 !re=e1 aga9/ ! practice ( ! mod]n ,greeks ( giv+ ! same s\nd to all ^! diff]5t repres5tatives1 & to be 9 favor ( t ( =eign nations1 :o1 adopt+ ! ,roman *>act]s1 h assimilat$ to !m1 9 a consid]able degree1 ! p[]s ( ! correspond+ ,greek lett]s4 ,i h1 accord+ly1 except$ ?is 9 my adoption ( ! mod]n pronunciation4 ,i h be5 m d\btful 9 ! use ( ! 1 1 1 1 s\nd+ ! 1 upsilon1 z our f or v1 because ,i f9d traces ( t p[] ( 1 or ( v1 9 "s mod]n languages4 ,to g no fur!r ?an our own1 we h x 9 laugh1 c\gh1 tr\gh1 en\gh4 ,! c\nty ( ,l\isa1 adjac5t to t 9 :i* ,i live1 01 :5 ,i 0 a boy1 univ]sally pron\nc$ ,lovisa4 ,t x is n ! gh :i* gives ! s\nd ( f or v1 9 ^! words1 is prov$ by ! or?ography ( pl\gh1 tr\gh1 ?\ght1 fraught1 caught4 ,! mod]n ,greeks !mselves1 too1 giv+ up 1 upsilon1 9 ord9>y1 ! s\nd ( our ee1 /r5g!ns ! presumption t its anomal\s s\nd ( f or v1 is a corruption4 ,! same may be inf]r$ f ! cacophony ( 7elavne7 = 1 7elawne17 7,a*illefs7 = 1 7,a*illeise17 7eves7 = 1 7eeuse17 7ovk7 = ouk1 7ouk17 7ovetos7 = 1 7o-u-tos17 7zevs7 = 7zese17 ( :i* all nations h made _! ,jupit]2 & ! uselessness ( ! 9 :i* w\ld o!rwise h be5 spelt 4 ,i !re=e except ?is also f :at ,i consid] z approvable pronunciation4 ,aga9/ read+ ,greek by acc5t1 in/ead ( quantity1 z ,mr4 ,ciceitira proposes1 ,i raise bo? my h&s4 ,:at becomes ( ! sublime measure ( ,hom]1 ! full s\nd+ rhy?m ( ,demo/h5es1 if1 ab&on+ quantity1 y *op x up by acc5t8 ,:at e> c hesitate 9 its *oice betwe5 ! two foll[+ rhy?ms8 ,t1 ' 1 &1 1 ' 1 ! latt] not$ accord+ to prosody1 ! =m] by acc5t1 & dislocat+ our tee? 9 its utt]ance2 e syllable ( x1 except ! fir/ & la/1 be+ pron\nc$ aga9/ quantity4 ,& :at becomes ( ! art ( prosody8 ,is t p]fect co9cid5ce ( its rules ) ! /ructure ( _! v]se1 m]ely accid5tal8 or 0 x ( design1 & yet = no use4 ,on ! :ole1 ,i rejoice t ?is subject is tak5 up among u1 & t x is 9 s able h&s z ^? ( ,mr4 ,pick]+4 ,%\ld he ultimately e/abli% ! mod]n pronunciation ( ! lett]s )\t any exception1 ,i %all ?9k x a great /ep ga9$1 & giv+ up my exceptions1 %all will+ly rally to him2 & z he has promis$ u ano!r pap] on ! "q :e!r we %all read by quantity or by acc5t1 ,i c confid5tly tru/ x to ! correctness ( 8 le>n+ & judgm5t4 ,( ! orig9 ( acc5tuation1 ,i h nev] se5 satisfactory pro(s4 ,b ,i h g5]ally suppos$ ! acc5ts 7 int5d$ to direct ! inflections & modulations ( ! voice2 b n to affect ! quantity ( ! syllables4 ,y did n expect1 ,i am sure1 to draw on y\rself s long a disquisition on lett]s & s\nds1 nor did ,i int5d x1 b ! subject run be=e me1 & yet ,i h dropp$ mu* ( x by ! way4 ,i am delight$ ) y\r high approbation ( ,mr4 ,tracy's book4 ,! evils ( ?is deluge ( pap] money are n to be remov$1 until our citiz5s are g5]ally & radically in/ruct$ 9 _! cause & consequ5ces1 & sil5ce by _! au?ority ! int]e/$ clamors & sophi/ry ( speculat+1 %av+1 & bank+ in/itutions4 ,till !n we mu/ be cont5t to return1 quod hoc1 to ! savage /ate1 to recur to b>t] 9 ! ex*ange ( our prop]ty1 = want ( a /able1 common measure ( value1 t n[ 9 use be+ less fix$ ?an ! beads & wampum ( ! ,indian1 & to deliv] up our citiz5s1 _! prop]ty & _! labor1 passive victims to ! sw9dl+ tricks ( bank]s & m\ntebank]s4 ,if ,i _h y\r p]mission to put y\r lett] into ! h&s ( ! editor1 7,milligan17 ) or )\t any v]bal alt]ations y might *oose1 x w\ld ensure ! g5]al circulation1 :i* my prospectus & prefatory lett] w less effectually recomm5d4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! book ( m9e b ^! two articles1 & ! note on taxation 9 page #bjb4 ,i nev] knew :o ! translator 02 b ,i ?\ght him "s "o :o und]/ood nei!r ,fr5* nor ,engli%2 & probably a ,cal$onian1 f ! numb] ( ,scotticisms ,i f\nd 9 8 ,,ms4 ,! innum]able corrections 9 t1 co/ me m labor ?an w\ld h done a translation ( ! :ole de novo2 & made at la/ b an inelegant al?\gh fai?ful v]sion ( ! s5se ( ! au?or4 ,dios gu>de ,v4 ,s4 mu*os aos4 ,,to ,,doctor ,,v9e ,,utley4 ,,monticello1 ,m>* #ba1 #ahai4 ,,sir1--,y\r lett] ( ,febru>y ! #ah? came to h& on ! #a/ in/ant2 & ! reque/ ( ! hi/ory ( my physical habits w\ld h puzzl$ me n a little1 _h x n be5 = ! model ) :i* y accompani$ x1 ( ,doctor ,ru%'s answ] to a simil> inquiry4 ,i live s mu* l o!r p1 t ,i might ref] to ord9>y life z ! hi/ory ( my own4 ,l my fri5d ! ,doctor1 ,i h liv$ temp]ately1 eat+ little animal food1 & t n z an alim5t1 s mu* z a condim5t = ! vegetables1 :i* con/itute my pr9cipal diet4 ,i d\ble1 h[ev]1 ! ,doctor's glass & a half ( w9e1 & ev5 treble x ) a fri5d2 b halve its effects by dr9k+ ! weak w9es only4 ,! ard5t w9es ,i _c dr9k1 nor d ,i use ard5t spirits 9 any =m4 ,malt liquors & cid] are my table dr9ks1 & my breakfa/1 l t also ( my fri5d1 is ( tea & c(fee4 ,i h be5 ble/ ) organs ( dige/ion :i* accept & concoct1 )\t ev] murmur+1 :atev] ! palate *ooses to consign to !m1 & ,i h n yet lo/ a too? by age4 ,i 0 a h>d /ud5t until ,i ent]$ on ! bus9ess ( life1 ! duties ( :i* leave no idle "t to ^? dispos$ to fulfil !m2 & n[1 retir$1 & at ! age ( sev5ty-six1 ,i am aga9 a h>d /ud5t4 ,inde$1 my fondness = read+ & /udy revolts me f ! drudg]y ( lett] writ+4 ,& a /iff wri/1 ! consequ5ce ( an e>ly dislocation1 makes writ+ bo? sl[ & pa9ful4 ,i am n s regul> 9 my sleep z ! ,doctor says he 01 devot+ to x f five to eight h\rs1 accord+ z my company or ! book ,i am read+ int]e/s me2 & ,i nev] g to b$ )\t an h\r1 or half h\r's previ\s read+ ( some?+ moral1 :]eon to rum9ate 9 ! int]vals ( sleep4 ,b :e!r ,i retire to b$ e>ly or late1 ,i rise ) ! sun4 ,i use spectacles at night1 b n necess>ily 9 ! day1 unless 9 read+ small pr9t4 ,my he>+ is di/9ct 9 p>ticul> conv]sation1 b confus$ :5 sev]al voices cross ea* o!r1 :i* unfits me = ! society ( ! table4 ,i h be5 m =tunate ?an my fri5d 9 ! article ( heal?4 ,s free f cat>rhs t ,i h n _h "o1 79 ! brea/1 ,i mean7 on an av]age ( eight or t5 ye>s ?r\gh life4 ,i ascribe ?is exemption p>tly to ! habit ( ba?+ my feet 9 cold wat] e morn+1 = sixty ye>s pa/4 ,a fev] ( m ?an tw5ty-f\r h\rs ,i h n _h above two or ?ree times 9 my life4 ,a p]iodical heada*e has afflict$ me occasionally1 once1 p]haps1 9 six or eight ye>s1 = two or ?ree weeks at a "t1 :i* seems n[ to h left me2 & except on a late occasion ( indisposition1 ,i enjoy good heal?2 too feeble1 inde$1 to walk mu*1 b rid+ )\t fatigue six or eight miles a day1 & sometimes ?irty or =ty4 ,i may end ^! egotisms1 !re=e1 z ,i began1 by say+ t my life has be5 s mu* l t ( o!r p1 t ,i might say ) ,horace1 to e "o nom9e mutato1 n>ratur fabula de te4 ,i mu/ n end1 h[ev]1 )\t due ?anks = ! k9d s5tim5ts ( reg>d y are s good z to express t[>ds myself2 & ) my ackn[l$gm5ts = ^!1 be pleas$ to accept ! assurances ( my respect & e/eem4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,spaf=d4 ,,monticello1 ,may #aa1 #ahai4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,! int]e/ on ! late d]angem5t ( my heal? :i* 0 s k9dly express$ by _m1 c\ld n b be gratify+ to me1 z mu* z x manife/$ a s5tim5t t ,i _h n be5 m]ely an useless cyph] ( society4 ,yet a decl9e ( heal? at ! age ( #gf1 0 naturally to be expect$1 & is a w>n+ ( an ev5t :i* _c be di/ant1 & ^: approa* ,i contemplate ) little conc]n2 = inde$1 9 no circum/ance has nature be5 k9d] to u1 ?an 9 ! s(t gradations by :i* %e prep>es u to "p will+ly ) :at we are n de/9$ always to reta94 ,fir/ "o faculty is )drawn & !n ano!r1 sight1 he>+1 memory1 affections1 & fri5ds1 fil*$ "o by "o1 till we are left among /rang]s1 ! m]e monum5ts ( times1 facts1 & specim5s ( antiquity = ! obs]vation ( ! curi\s4 ,to y\r reque/ ( mat]ials = writ+ my life1 ,i "k n :at to say1 al?\gh ,i h be5 oblig$ to say some?+ to sev]al prec$+ applications ( ! same k9d4 ,"o answ] inde$ is obvi\s1 t ,i am by decay ( memory1 av]sion to labor1 & c>es m suit$ to my situation1 unequal to su* a task4 ,( ! public transactions 9 :i* ,i h borne a "p1 ,i h kept no n>rative ) a view ( hi/ory4 ,a life ( con/ant action leaves no "t = record+4 ,always ?9k+ ( :at is next to be done1 :at has be5 done is dismiss$1 & soon oblit]at$ f ! memory4 ,i _c be ins5sible to ! p>tiality :i* has induc$ sev]al p]sons to ?9k my life wor?y ( remembrance4 ,& t[>ds none m ?an y\rself1 :o give me s mu* cr$it m ?an ,i am entitl$ to1 z to :at has be5 effect$ = ! safegu>d ( our republican con/itution4 ,num]\s & able coadjutors h p>ticipat$ 9 ^! ef=ts1 & m]it equal notice4 ,my life1 9 fact1 has be5 s mu* l t ( o!rs1 t _! hi/ory is my hi/ory1 ) a m]e diff]5ce ( feature4 ,! only valuable mat]ials = hi/ory :i* ,i possess$1 7 ! pamphlets ( ! day1 c>efully collect$ & pres]v$2 b ^! pa/ on to ,congress ) my libr>y1 & are to be f\nd 9 _! depository4 ,except ! ,notes on ,virg9ia1 ,i nev] wrote any?+ b acts ( (fice1 ( :i* ,i r>ely kept a copy4 ,^! w all be f\nd 9 ! j\rnals & gazettes ( ! times4 ,!re 0 a book publi%$ 9 ,engl& ab\t #ahja1 or soon aft]1 entitl$ ,public ,*>act]s1 9 :i* 0 giv5 a sket* ( my hi/ory to t p]iod4 ,i nev] knew1 nor c\ld conjecture by :om ?is 0 writt52 b c]ta9ly by "s "o pretty intimately acqua9t$ ) myself & my connections4 ,!re 7 a few inconsid]able errors 9 x1 b 9 g5]al x 0 correct4 ,delapla9e1 9 8 ,repository1 has also giv5 "s outl9es on ! same subject2 he sets out inde$ ) an error z to ! c\nty ( my bir?4 ,*e/]field1 :i* he /ates z su*1 0 ! resid5ce ( my gr&fa!r & remot] ance/ors1 b ,albem>le 0 t ( my fa!r1 & ( my own bir? & resid5ce4 ,except+ ?is error1 ,i rem>k no o!r b 9 8 ascriptions ( m m]it ?an ,i h des]v$4 ,gir>d9's ,hi/ory ( ,virg9ia1 too1 gives _m p>ticul>s on ! same subject1 :i* are correct4 ,^! publications furni% all ! details ( facts & dates :i* c int]e/ anybody1 & m ?an ,i c\ld n[ furni% myself f a decay$ memory1 or any notes ,i reta94 ,:ile1 !re=e1 ,i feel j ackn[l$gm5ts = ! p>tial selection ( a subject = y\r employm5t1 ,i am p]suad$ y w p]ceive !re is too little new & wor?y ( public notice to devote to x a "t :i* may be s mu* m usefully employ$2 & ) a due s5se ( ! p>tiality ( y\r fri5d%ip1 ,i salute y ) assurances ( ! greate/ e/eem & respect4 ,,to ,s4 ,a4 ,,wells1 ,,esq4 ,,monticello1 ,may #ab1 #ahai4 ,,sir1--,an abs5ce ( "s "t at an occasional & di/ant resid5ce mu/ apologize = ! delay 9 ackn[l$g+ ! receipt ( y\r favor ( ,april #ab?4 ,& c&or obliges me to add t x has be5 some:at ext5d$ by an av]sion to writ+1 z well z to calls on my memory = facts s mu* oblit]at$ f x by "t z to less5 my confid5ce 9 ! traces :i* seem to rema94 ,"o ( ! inquiries 9 y\r lett]1 h[ev]1 may be answ]$ )\t an appeal to ! memory4 ,x is t respect+ ! "q :e!r committees ( correspond5ce orig9at$ 9 ,virg9ia or ,massa*usetts8 ,on :i* y suppose me to h claim$ x = ,virg9ia4 ,b c]ta9ly ,i h nev] made su* a claim4 ,! idea1 ,i suppose1 has be5 tak5 up f :at is said 9 ,wirt's hi/ory ( ,mr4 ,h5ry1 p4 #hg1 & f an inexact att5tion to its precise t]ms4 ,x is !re said ?is h\se ( burgesses ( ,virg9ia _h ! m]it ( orig9at+ t p[]ful eng9e ( resi/ance1 correspond+ committees betwe5 ! legislatures ( ! diff]5t colonies4 ,t ! fact z "h express$ is true1 y\r lett] be>s witness :5 x says t ! resolutions ( ,virg9ia = ?is purpose 7 transmitt$ to ! speak]s ( ! diff]5t ,assemblies1 & by t ( ,massa*usetts 0 laid at ! next session be=e t body1 :o appo9t$ a committee = ! specifi$ object3 add+1 ?us 9 ,massa*usetts !re 7 two committees ( correspond5ce1 "o *os5 by ! p1 ! o!r appo9t$ by ! ,h\se ( ,assembly2 9 ! =m]1 ,massa*usetts prec$$ ,virg9ia2 9 ! latt]1 ,virg9ia prec$$ ,massa*usetts4 ,to ! orig9ation ( committees = ! int]ior correspond5ce betwe5 ! c\nties & t[ns ( a ,/ate1 ,i "k ( no claim on ! "p ( ,virg9ia2 b c]ta9ly none 0 ev] made by myself4 ,i p]ceive1 h[ev]1 "o error into :i* memory _h l$ me4 ,our committee = national correspond5ce 0 appo9t$ 9 ,m>*1 '#gc1 & ,i well rememb] t go+ to ,williamsburg 9 ! mon? ( ,june foll[+1 ,peyton ,r&olph1 our *airman1 told me t mess5g]s1 be>+ despat*es betwe5 ! two ,/ates1 _h cross$ ea* o!r by ! way2 t ( ,virg9ia c>ry+ our propositions = a committee ( national correspond5ce1 & t ( ,massa*usetts br++1 z my memory sugge/$1 a simil> proposition4 ,b "h ,i mu/ h misrememb]$2 & ! resolutions br\ght u f ,massa*usetts 7 probably ^? y m5tion ( ! t[n meet+ ( ,bo/on1 on ! motion ( ,mr4 ,samuel ,adams1 appo9t+ a committee to /ate ! rights ( ! coloni/s1 & ( t prov9ce 9 p>ticul>1 & ! infr+em5ts ( !m1 to communicate !m to ! sev]al t[ns1 z ! s5se ( ! t[n ( ,bo/on1 & to reque/ ( ea* t[n a free communication ( its s5tim5ts on ?is subject8 ,i suppose1 !re=e1 t ^! resolutions 7 n receiv$1 z y ?9k1 :ile ! ,h\se ( ,burgesses 0 9 session 9 ,m>*1 #aggc2 b a few days aft] we rose1 & 7 probably :at 0 s5t by ! mess5g] :o cross$ ours by ! way4 ,!y may1 h[ev]1 h be5 /ill diff]5t4 ,i mu/ !re=e h be5 mi/ak5 9 suppos+ & /at+ to ,mr4 ,wirt1 t ! proposition ( a committee = national correspond5ce 0 ne>ly simultane\s 9 ,virg9ia & ,massa*usetts4 ,a simil> misappreh5sion ( ano!r passage 9 ,mr4 ,wirt's book1 = :i* ,i am also quot$1 has produc$ a simil> reclamation ( ! "p ( ,massa*usetts by "s ( h] mo/ di/+ui%$ & e/imable citiz5s4 ,i _h be5 appli$ to by ,mr4 ,wirt = su* facts respect+ ,mr4 ,h5ry1 z my intimacy ) him1 & p>ticipation 9 ! transactions ( ! day1 might h plac$ )9 my k4 ,i accord+ly committ$ !m to pap]1 & ,virg9ia be+ ! !atre ( 8 action1 0 ! only subject )9 my contemplation1 :ile speak+ ( him4 ,( ! resolutions & measures "h1 9 :i* he _h ! ackn[l$g$ lead1 ,i us$ ! expression t ,mr4 ,h5ry c]ta9ly gave ! fir/ impulse to ! ball ( revolution4 ,wirt1 p4 #da4 ,! expression is inde$ g5]al1 & 9 all its ext5sion w\ld compreh5d all ! si/] ,/ates4 ,b indulg5t con/ruction w\ld re/ra9 x1 z 0 really meant1 to ! subject matt] "u contemplation1 :i* 0 ,virg9ia alone2 accord+ to ! rule ( ! lawy]s1 & a fair canon ( g5]al criticism1 t e expression %\ld be con/ru$ secundum subjectam mat]iem4 ,:]e ! fir/ attack 0 made1 !re mu/ h be5 ( c\rse1 ! fir/ act ( resi/ance1 & t 0 ( ,massa*usetts4 ,our fir/ ov]t act ( w> 0 ,mr4 ,h5ry's embody+ a =ce ( militia f sev]al c\nties1 regul>ly arm$ & organiz$1 m>*+ !m 9 milit>y array1 & mak+ reprisal on ! ,k+'s treasury at ! seat ( gov]nm5t = ! public p[d] tak5 away by 8 ,gov]nor4 ,?is 0 on ! la/ days ( ,april1 #agge4 ,y\r =mal battle ( ,lex+ton 0 t5 or twelve days be=e t1 :i* greatly ov]%ad[$ 9 importance1 z x prec$$ 9 "t our little affray1 :i* m]ely am\nt$ to a levy+ ( arms aga9/ ! ,k+1 & v possibly y _h _h milit>y affrays be=e ! regul> battle ( ,lex+ton4 ,^! explanations w1 ,i hope1 assure y1 ,sir1 t s f> z ei!r facts or op9ions h be5 truly quot$ f me1 !y h nev] be5 meant to int]cept ! j fame ( ,massa*usetts1 = ! promptitude & p]sev]ance ( h] e>ly resi/ance4 ,we will+ly c$e to h] ! laud ( hav+ be5 7al?\gh n exclusively7 ! cradle ( s\nd pr9ciples1 & if "s ( u believe %e has deflect$ f !m 9 h] c\rse1 we reta9 full confid5ce 9 h] ultimate return to !m4 ,i w n[ proce$ to y\r quotation f ,mr4 ,gall[ay's /atem5ts ( :at pass$ 9 ,congress on _! decl>ation ( indep5d5ce1 9 :i* /atem5t !re is n "o ^w ( tru?1 & :]e1 be>+ "s resemblance to tru?1 x is an entire p]v]sion ( x4 ,i d n *>ge ?is on ,mr4 ,gall[ay himself2 8 des]tion hav+ tak5 place long be=e ^! measures1 he d\btless receiv$ 8 in=mation f "s ( ! loyal fri5ds :om he left beh9d him4 ,b z y\rself1 z well z o!rs1 appe> emb>rass$ by inconsi/5t acc\nts ( ! proce$+s on t memorable occasion1 & z ^? :o h endeavor$ to re/ore ! tru? h !mselves committ$ "s errors1 ,i w give y "s extracts f a writt5 docum5t on t subject1 = ! tru? ( :i* ,i pl$ge myself to heav5 & e>?2 hav+1 :ile ! "q ( indep5d5ce 0 "u consid]ation be=e ,congress1 tak5 writt5 notes1 9 my seat1 ( :at 0 pass+1 & r$uc$ !m to =m on ! f9al conclusion4 ,i h n[ be=e me t pap]1 f :i* ! foll[+ are extracts3 ,on ,friday ! #g? ( ,june1 #aggf1 ! delegates f ,virg9ia mov$1 9 ob$i5ce to in/ructions f _! con/itu5ts1 t ! ,congress %\ld decl>e t ^! unit$ colonies are1 & ( "r ought to be1 free & indep5d5t ,/ates2 t !y are absolv$ f all allegiance to ! ,briti% cr[n1 & t all political connection betwe5 !m & ! ,/ate ( ,great ,brita9 is1 & ought to be totally dissolv$2 t measures %\ld be imm$iately tak5 = procur+ ! assi/ance ( =eign p[]s1 & a conf$]ation be =m$ to b9d ! colonies m closely toge!r4 ,! h\se be+ oblig$ to att5d at t "t to "s o!r bus9ess1 ! proposition 0 ref]r$ to ! next day1 :5 ! memb]s 7 ord]$ to att5d punctually at t5 o'clock4 ,saturday1 ,june #h?1 !y proce$$ to take x into consid]ation1 & ref]r$ x to a committee ( ! :ole1 into :i* !y imm$iately resolv$ !mselves1 & pass$ t day & ,monday ! #aj? 9 debat+ on ! subject4 ,x appe>+ 9 ! c\rse ( ^! debates1 t ! colonies ( ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,delaw>e1 ,m>yl&1 & ,s\? ,c>ol9a 7 n yet matur$ = fall+ f ! p>5t /em1 b t !y 7 fa/ advanc+ to t /ate1 x 0 ?\ght mo/ prud5t to wait a:ile = !m1 & to po/pone ! f9al decision to ,july #a/4 ,b t ?is might occasion z little delay z possible1 a committee 0 appo9t$ to prep>e a ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,! committee 7 ,j4 ,adams1 ,dr4 ,frankl91 ,rog] ,%]man1 ,rob]t ,r4 ,liv+/on & myself4 ,?is 0 report$ to ! ,h\se on ,friday ! #bh? ( ,june1 :5 x 0 read & ord]$ to lie on ! table4 ,on ,monday ! #a/ ( ,july ! ,h\se resolv$ itself into a committee ( ! :ole1 & resum$ ! consid]ation ( ! orig9al motion made by ! delegates ( ,virg9ia1 :i* be+ aga9 debat$ ?r\gh ! day1 0 c>ri$ 9 ! affirmative by ! votes ( ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,connecticut1 ,massa*usetts1 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,m>yl&1 ,virg9ia1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,georgia4 ,s\? ,c>ol9a & ,p5nsylvania vot$ aga9/ x4 ,delaw>e hav+ b two memb]s pres5t1 !y 7 divid$4 ,! delegates = ,new ,york decl>$ !y 7 = x !mselves1 & 7 assur$ _! con/itu5ts 7 = x2 b t _! in/ructions hav+ be5 drawn ne> a twelvemon? be=e1 :5 reconciliation 0 /ill ! g5]al object1 !y 7 enjo9$ by !m to d no?+ :i* %\ld imp$e t object4 ,!y !re=e ?\ght !mselves n ju/ifiable 9 vot+ on ei!r side1 & ask$ leave to )draw f ! "q1 :i* 0 giv5 !m4 ,! ,committee rose & report$ _! resolution to ! ,h\se4 ,mr4 ,rutl$ge ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 !n reque/$ ! det]m9ation might be put (f to ! next day1 z he believ$ 8 colleagues1 ?\gh !y disapprov$ ( ! resolution1 w\ld !n jo9 9 x = ! sake ( unanimity4 ,! ultimate "q :e!r ! ,h\se w\ld agree to ! resolution ( ! committee 0 accord+ly po/pon$ to ! next day1 :5 x 0 aga9 mov$1 & ,s\? ,c>ol9a concurr$ 9 vot+ = x2 9 ! meantime a ?ird memb] _h come po/ f ! ,delaw>e c\nties1 & turn$ ! vote ( t colony 9 favor ( ! resolution4 ,memb]s ( a diff]5t s5tim5t att5d+ t morn+ f ,p5nsylvania also1 _! vote 0 *ang$2 s t ! :ole twelve colonies1 :o 7 au?oriz$ to vote at all1 gave _! votes = x2 & )9 a few days1 ,july #i?1 ! conv5tion ( ,new ,york approv$ ( x1 & ?us suppli$ ! void occasion$ by ! )draw+ ( _! delegates f ! vote4 ,be c>eful to obs]ve t ?is vacillation & vote 0 on ! orig9al motion ( ! #g? ( ,june by ! ,virg9ia delegates1 t ,congress %\ld decl>e ! colonies indep5d5t4 ,congress proce$$ ! same day to consid] ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 :i* has be5 report$ & laid on ! table ! ,friday prec$+1 & on ,monday ref]r$ to a committee ( ! :ole4 ,! pusillanim\s idea t we _h fri5ds 9 ,engl& wor? keep+ t]ms )1 /ill haunt$ ! m9ds ( _m4 ,= ?is reason ^? passages :i* convey$ c5sures on ! p ( ,engl& 7 /ruck out1 le/ !y give !m (f5ce4 ,! debates hav+ tak5 up ! great] p>ts ( ! #b;d1 #c;d & #d? days ( ,july1 71 9 ! ev5+ ( ! la/1 clos$4 ,! decl>ation 0 report$ by ! committee1 agre$ to by ! ,h\se1 & sign$ by e memb] pres5t except ,mr4 ,dick9son4 ,s f> my notes4 ,gov]nor ,mc,kean1 9 8 lett] to ,mc,corkle ( ,july #af?1 #ahag1 has ?r[n "s lights on ! transactions ( t day1 b tru/+ to 8 memory *iefly at an age :5 our memories are n to be tru/$1 he has conf\nd$ two que/ions1 & ascrib$ proce$+s to "o :i* belong$ to ! o!r4 ,^! two que/ions 71 #a4 ,! ,virg9ia motion ( ,june #g? to decl>e indep5d5ce1 & #b4 ,! actual decl>ation1 its matt] & =m4 ,?us he /ates ! "q on ! decl>ation itself z decid$ on ! #a/ ( ,july4 ,b x 0 ! ,virg9ia motion :i* 0 vot$ on t day 9 committee ( ! :ole2 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 z well z ,p5nsylvania1 !n vot+ aga9/ x4 ,b ! ultimate decision 9 ! ,h\se on ! report ( ! committee be+ by reque/ po/pon$ to ! next morn+1 all ! ,/ates vot$ = x1 except ,new ,york1 ^: vote 0 delay$ = ! reason be=e /at$4 ,x 0 n till ! #b;d ( ,july t ! decl>ation itself 0 tak5 up1 nor till ! #d? t x 0 decid$2 & x 0 sign$ by e memb] pres5t1 except ,mr4 ,dick9son4 ,! subsequ5t signatures ( memb]s :o 7 n !n pres5t1 & "s ( !m n yet 9 (fice1 is easily expla9$1 if we obs]ve :o !y 72 to wit1 t !y 7 ( ,new ,york & ,p5nsylvania4 ,new ,york did n sign till ! #ae?1 because x 0 n till ! #i?1 7five days aft] ! g5]al signature17 t _! conv5tion au?oriz$ !m to d s4 ,! conv5tion ( ,p5nsylvania1 le>n+ t x _h be5 sign$ by a m9ority only ( _! delegates1 nam$ a new delegation on ! #bj?1 leav+ out ,mr4 ,dick9son1 :o _h refus$ to sign4 ,will+ & ,humphreys :o _h )drawn1 reappo9t+ ! ?ree memb]s :o _h sign$1 ,morris :o _h n be5 pres5t1 & five new ones1 to wit1 ,ru%1 ,clym]1 ,smi?1 ,taylor & ,ross2 & ,morris & ! five new memb]s 7 p]mitt$ to sign1 because x manife/$ ! ass5t ( _! full delegation1 & ! express w ( _! conv5tion1 :i* might h be5 d\bt$ on ! =m] signature ( a m9ority only4 ,:y ! signature ( ,?ornton ( ,new ,hamp%ire 0 p]mitt$ s late z ! #d? ( ,novemb]1 ,i _c n[ say2 b und\bt$ly = "s p>ticul> reason :i* we %\ld f9d to h be5 good1 _h x be5 express$4 ,^! 7 ! only po/-sign]s1 & y see1 ,sir1 t !re 7 solid reasons = receiv+ ^? ( ,new ,york & ,p5nsylvania1 & t ?is circum/ance 9 no wise affects ! fai? ( ?is decl>atory *>t] ( our rights1 & ( ! rights ( man4 ,) a view to correct errors ( fact be=e !y become invet]ate by repetition1 ,i h /at$ :at ,i f9d ess5tially mat]ial 9 my pap]s2 b ) t brevity :i* ! labor ( writ+ con/ra9s me to use4 ,on ! f\r? p>ticul> articles ( inquiry 9 y\r lett]1 respect+ y\r gr&fa!r1 ! v5]able ,samuel ,adams1 nei!r memory nor memor&ums enable me to give any in=mation4 ,i c say t he 0 truly a great man1 wise 9 c\ncil1 f]tile 9 res\rces1 immovable 9 8 purposes1 & _h1 ,i ?9k1 a great] %>e ?an any o!r memb]1 9 advis+ & direct+ our measures1 9 ! nor!rn w> especially4 ,z a speak] he c\ld n be comp>$ ) 8 liv+ colleague & namesake1 ^: deep conceptions1 n]v\s /yle1 & undaunt$ firmness1 made him truly our bulw>k 9 debate4 ,b ,mr4 ,samuel ,adams1 al?\gh n ( flu5t elocution1 0 s rigor\sly logical1 s cle> 9 8 views1 abundant 9 good s5se1 & ma/] always ( 8 subject1 t he comm&$ ! mo/ pr(\nd att5tion :5ev] he rose 9 an assembly by :i* ! fro? ( declamation 0 he>d ) ! mo/ sov]eign contempt4 ,i s9c]ely rejoice t ! record ( 8 wor? is to be und]tak5 by "o s mu* dispos$ z y w be to h& him d[n fairly to t po/]ity = ^: lib]ty & happ9ess he 0 s zeal\s a labor]4 ,) s5tim5ts ( s9c]e v5]ation = 8 memory1 accept y\rself ?is tribute to x ) ! assurances ( my great respect4 ,p4 ,s4 ,augu/ #f?1 #ahbb1 s9ce ! date ( ?is lett]1 to wit1 ?is day1 ,augu/ #f?1 '#bb1 ,i receiv$ ! new publication ( ! secret ,j\rnals ( ,congress1 :]e9 is /at$ a resolution1 ,july #ai?1 #aggf1 t ! decl>ation pass$ on ! #d? be fairly engross$ on p>*m5t1 & :5 engross$1 be sign$ by e memb]2 & ano!r ( ,augu/ #b;d1 t be+ engross$ & comp>$ at ! table1 0 sign$ by ! memb]s4 ,t is to say ! copy engross$ on p>*m5t 7= durability7 0 sign$ by ! memb]s aft] be+ comp>$ at ! table ) ! orig9al "o1 sign$ on pap] z be=e /at$4 ,i add ?is ,p4 ,s4 to ! copy ( my lett] to ,mr4 ,wells1 to prev5t conf\nd+ ! signature ( ! orig9al ) t ( ! copy engross$ on p>*m5t4 ,,to ,,ezra ,,/yles1 ,,esq4 ,,monticello1 ,june #be1 #ahai4 ,y\r favor1 ,sir1 ( ! #ad?1 has be5 duly receiv$1 & ) x ! book y 7 s k9d z to =w>d to me4 ,= ?is m>k ( att5tion1 be pleas$ to accept my ?anks4 ,! sci5ce ( ! human m9d is curi\s1 b is "o on :i* ,i h n indulg$ myself 9 mu* speculation4 ,! times 9 :i* ,i h liv$1 & ! sc5es 9 :i* ,i h be5 engag$1 h requir$ me to keep ! m9d too mu* 9 action to h leisure to /udy m9utely its laws ( action4 ,i am !re=e little qualifi$ to give an op9ion on ! comp>ative wor? ( books on t subject1 & little dispos$ to d x on any book4 ,y\rs has br\ght ! sci5ce )9 a small compass1 & t is ! m]it ( ! fir/ ord]2 & especially ) "o to :om ! drudg]y ( lett] writ+ (t5 d5ies ! leisure ( read+ a s+le page 9 a week4 ,on look+ ov] ! summ>y ( ! cont5ts ( y\r book1 x does n seem likely to br+ into collision any ( ^? sect>ian diff]5ces :i* y suppose may exi/ betwe5 u4 ,9 t bran* ( religion :i* reg>ds ! moralities ( life1 & ! duties ( a social be+1 :i* tea*es u to love our neighbors z ourselves1 & to d good to all m51 ,i am sure t y & ,i d n diff]4 ,we probably diff] 9 ! dogmas ( !ology1 ! f\ndation ( all sect>ianism1 & on :i* no two sects dream alike2 = if !y did !y w\ld !n be ( ! same4 ,y say y are a ,calv9i/4 ,i am n4 ,i am ( a sect by myself1 z f> z ,i "k4 ,i am n a ,jew1 & !re=e d n adopt _! !ology1 :i* supposes ! ,god ( inf9ite ju/ice to puni% ! s9s ( ! fa!rs ^u _! *ildr51 unto ! ?ird & f\r? g5]ation2 & ! b5evol5t & sublime re=m] ( t religion has told u only t ,god is good & p]fect1 b has n def9$ him4 ,i am1 !re=e1 ( 8 !ology1 believ+ t we h nei!r words nor ideas adequate to t def9ition4 ,& if we c\ld all1 aft] ?is example1 leave ! subject z undef9able1 we %\ld all be ( "o sect1 do]s ( good1 & es*ew]s ( evil4 ,no doctr9es ( 8 lead to s*ism4 ,x is ! speculations ( crazy !ologi/s :i* h made a ,babel ( a religion ! mo/ moral & sublime ev] prea*$ to man1 & calculat$ to heal1 & n to create diff]5ces4 ,^! religi\s animosities ,i impute to ^? :o call !mselves 8 m9i/]s1 & :o engraft _! casui/ries on ! /ock ( 8 simple precepts4 ,i am sometimes m angry ) !m ?an is au?oriz$ by ! bless$ *>ities :i* he prea*es4 ,to y\rself ,i pray ! acceptance ( my great respect4 ,,to ,,john ,,adams4 ,,monticello1 ,july #i1 #ahai4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i am 9 debt to y = y\r lett]s ( ,may ! #ba/1 #bg?1 & ,june ! #bb;d4 ,! fir/1 deliv]$ me by ,mr4 ,gre5wood1 gave me ! gratification ( 8 acqua9tance2 & a gratification x always is1 to be made acqua9t$ ) g5tlem5 ( c&or1 wor?1 & in=mation1 z ,i f\nd ,mr4 ,gre5wood to be4 ,t1 on ! subject ( ,mr4 ,samuel ,adams ,wells1 %all n be =gott5 9 "t & place1 :5 x c be us$ to 8 advantage4 ,b :at has attract$ my peculi> notice1 is ! pap] f ,meckl5burg c\nty1 ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 publi%$ 9 ! ,essex ,regi/]1 :i* y 7 s k9d z to enclose 9 y\r la/1 ( ,june ! #bb;d4 ,& y seem to ?9k x g5u9e4 ,i believe x spuri\s4 ,i deem x to be a v unju/ifiable quiz1 l t ( ! volcano1 s m9utely relat$ to u z hav+ brok5 out 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 "s half a doz5 ye>s ago1 9 t "p ( ! c\ntry1 & p]haps 9 t v c\nty ( ,meckl5burg1 = ,i d n rememb] its precise locality4 ,if ?is pap] be really tak5 f ! ,raleigh ,regi/]1 z quot$1 ,i wond] x %\ld h escap$ ,rit*ie1 :o culls :at is good f e pap]1 z ! bee f e fl[]2 & ! ,national ,intellig5c]1 too1 :i* is edit$ by a ,nor? ,c>ol9ian2 & t ! fire %\ld blaze out all at once 9 ,essex1 "o ?\s& miles f :]e ! sp>k is said to h fall54 ,b if really tak5 f ! ,raleigh ,regi/]1 :o is ! n>rator1 & is ! "n subscrib$ real1 or is x z fictiti\s z ! pap] itself8 ,x appeals1 too1 to an orig9al book1 :i* is burnt1 to ,mr4 ,alex&]1 :o is dead1 to a jo9t lett] f ,caswell1 ,hughes1 & ,hoop]1 all dead1 to a copy s5t to ! dead ,caswell1 & ano!r s5t to ,doctor ,williamson1 n[ probably dead1 ^: memory did n recollect1 9 ! hi/ory he has writt5 ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ?is gigantic /ep ( its c\nty ( ,meckl5b]g4 ,horry1 too1 is sil5t 9 8 hi/ory ( ,m>ion1 ^: sc5e ( action 0 ! c\ntry bord]+ on ,meckl5burg4 ,ramsay1 ,m>%all1 ,jones1 ,gir>d91 ,wirt1 hi/orians ( ! adjac5t ,/ates1 all sil5t4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,h5ry's resolutions1 f> %ort ( indep5d5ce1 flew l lightn+ ?r\gh e pap]1 & k9dl$ bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic1 ?is flam+ decl>ation ( ! same date1 ( ! indep5d5ce ( ,meckl5burg c\nty1 ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 absolv+ x f ! ,briti% allegiance1 & abjur+ all political connection ) t nation1 al?\gh s5t to ,congress too1 is nev] he>d (4 ,x is n kn[n ev5 a twelvemon? aft]1 :5 a simil> proposition is fir/ made 9 t body4 ,arm$ ) ?is bold example1 w\ld n y h address$ our timid bre?r5 9 peals ( ?und] on _! t>dy fe>s8 ,w\ld n e advocate ( indep5d5ce h rung ! glories ( ,meckl5b]g c\nty 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 9 ! e>s ( ! d\bt+ ,dick9son & o!rs1 :o hung s heavily on u8 ,yet ! example ( indep5d5t ,meckl5b]g c\nty1 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 0 nev] once quot$4 ,! pap] speaks1 too1 ( ! cont9u$ ex]tions ( _! delegation 7,caswell1 ,hoop]1 ,hughes7 9 ! cause ( lib]ty & indep5d5ce4 ,n[ y rememb] z well z ,i d1 t we _h n a great] tory 9 ,congress ?an ,hoop]2 t ,hughes 0 v wav]+1 sometimes firm1 sometimes feeble1 accord+ z ! day 0 cle> or cl\dy2 t ,caswell1 inde$1 0 a good :ig1 & kept ^! g5tlem5 to ! not*1 :ile he 0 pres5t2 b t he left u soon1 & _! l9e ( conduct became !n unc]ta9 until ,p5n came1 :o fix$ ,hughes & ! vote ( ! ,/ate4 ,i mu/ n be und]/ood z sugge/+ any d\btfulness 9 ! ,/ate ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,no ,/ate 0 m fix$ or =w>d4 ,nor d ,i affirm1 positively1 t ?is pap] is a fabrication2 because ! pro( ( a negative c only be presumptive4 ,b ,i %all believe x su* until positive & solemn pro( ( its au!nticity be produc$4 ,& if ! "n ( ,mc,knitt be real1 & n a "p ( ! fabrication1 x ne$s a v9dication by ! production ( su* pro(4 ,= ! pres5t1 ,i mu/ be an unbeliev] 9 ! apocryphal gospel4 ,i am glad to le>n t ,mr4 ,ticknor has safely return$ to 8 fri5ds2 b %\ld h be5 mu* m pleas$ _h he accept$ ! ,pr(essor%ip 9 our ,univ]sity1 :i* we %\ld h (f]$ him 9 =m4 ,mr4 ,b[dit*1 too1 refuses u2 s fasc9at+ is ! v9culum ( ! dulce natale solum4 ,our wi% is to procure natives1 :]e !y c be f\nd1 l ^! g5tlem51 ( ! fir/ ord] ( requirem5t 9 _! respective l9es2 b pref]r+ =eign]s ( ! fir/ ord] to natives ( ! second1 we %all c]ta9ly h to g = sev]al ( our ,pr(essors1 to c\ntries m advanc$ 9 sci5ce ?an we are4 ,i set out )9 ?ree or f\r days = my o!r home1 ! di/ance ( :i*1 & its cross mails1 are great imp$im5ts to epi/ol>y communications4 ,i %all rema9 !re ab\t two mon?s2 & !re1 "h1 & ev]y:]e1 ,i am & %all always be1 affectionately & respectfully y\rs4 ,,to ,,john ,,brazi]1 ,,! ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,review ,,( ,,pick]+ ,,on ,,greek ,,pronunciation4 ,,popl> ,,=e/1 ,augu/ #bd1 #ahai4 ,,sir1--,! ackn[l$gm5t ( y\r favor ( ,july #ae?1 & ?anks = ! ,review :i* x cov]$ ( ,mr4 ,pick]+'s ,memoir on ! ,mod]n ,greek1 h be5 delay$ by a visit to an occasional b di/ant resid5ce f ,monticello1 & to an attack "h ( rheumatism :i* is j n[ mod]at+4 ,i _h be5 mu* pleas$ ) ! memoir1 & 0 mu* also ) y\r review ( x4 ,i h little hope inde$ ( ! recov]y ( ! anci5t pronunciation ( t f9e/ ( human languages1 b /ill ,i rejoice at ! att5tion ! subject seems to excite ) y1 because x is an evid5ce t our c\ntry beg9s to h a ta/e = some?+ m ?an m]ely z mu* ,greek z w pass a c&idate = cl]ical ord9ation4 ,y ask my op9ion on ! ext5t to :i* classical le>n+ %\ld be c>ri$ 9 our c\ntry4 ,a sickly condition p]mits me to ?9k1 & a rheumatic h& to write too briefly on ?is litigat$ "q4 ,! utilities we d]ive f ! rema9s ( ! ,greek & ,lat9 languages are1 fir/1 z models ( pure ta/e 9 writ+4 ,to ^! we are c]ta9ly indebt$ = ! national & *a/e /yle ( mod]n composition :i* s mu* di/+ui%es ! nations to :om ^! languages are famili>4 ,)\t ^! models we %\ld probably h cont9u$ ! inflat$ /yle ( our nor!rn ance/ors1 or ! hyp]bolical & vague "o ( ! ea/4 ,second4 ,among ! values ( classical le>n+1 ,i e/imate ! luxury ( read+ ! ,greek & ,roman au?ors 9 all ! beauties ( _! orig9als4 ,& :y %\ld n ?is innoc5t & elegant luxury take its prem95t /& ahead ( all ^? address$ m]ely to ! s5ses8 ,i ?9k myself m indebt$ to my fa!r = ?is ?an = all ! o!r luxuries 8 c>es & affections h plac$ )9 my rea*2 & m n[ ?an :5 y\ng]1 & m susceptible ( delights f o!r s\rces4 ,:5 ! decays ( age h enfeebl$ ! useful en]gies ( ! m9d1 ! classic pages fill up ! vacuum ( ennui1 & become sweet compos]s to t re/ ( ! grave into :i* we are all soon] or lat] to desc5d4 ,?ird4 ,a ?ird value is 9 ! /ores ( real sci5ce deposit$ & transmitt$ u 9 ^! languages1 to-wit3 9 hi/ory1 e?ics1 ari?metic1 geometry1 a/ronomy1 natural hi/ory1 c4 ,b to :om are ^! ?+s useful8 ,c]ta9ly n to all m54 ,!re are conditions ( life to :i* !y mu/ be =ev] e/rang$1 & !re are epo*s ( life too1 aft] :i* ! endeavor to atta9 !m w\ld be a great misemploym5t ( "t4 ,_! acquisition %\ld be ! occupation ( our e>ly ye>s only1 :5 ! memory is susceptible ( deep & la/+ impressions1 & reason & judgm5t n yet /rong en\gh = ab/ract speculations4 ,to ! morali/ !y are valuable1 because !y furni% e?ical writ+s highly & ju/ly e/eem$3 al?\gh 9 my own op9ion1 ! mod]ns are f> advanc$ beyond !m 9 ?is l9e ( sci5ce1 ! div9e f9ds 9 ! ,greek language a translation ( 8 prim>y code1 ( m importance to him ?an ! orig9al because bett] und]/ood2 &1 9 ! same language1 ! new] code1 ) ! doctr9es ( ! e>lie/ fa!rs1 :o liv$ & wrote be=e ! simple precepts ( ! f\nd] ( ?is mo/ b5ign & pure ( all sy/ems ( morality became fritt]$ into subtleties & my/]ies1 & hidd5 "u j>gons incompreh5sible to ! human m9d4 ,to ^! orig9al s\rces he mu/ n[1 !re=e1 return1 to recov] ! virg9 purity ( 8 religion4 ,! lawy] f9ds 9 ! ,lat9 language ! sy/em ( civil law mo/ con=mable ) ! pr9ciples ( ju/ice ( any :i* has ev] yet be5 e/abli%$ among m51 & f :i* mu* has be5 incorporat$ into our own4 ,! physician z good a code ( 8 art z has be5 giv5 u to ?is day4 ,!ories & sy/ems ( m$ic9e1 inde$1 h be5 9 p]petual *ange f ! days ( ! good ,hippocrates to ! days ( ! good ,ru%1 b :i* ( !m is ! true "o8 ! pres5t1 to be sure1 z long z x is ! pres5t1 b to yield its place 9 turn to ! next novelty1 :i* is !n to become ! true sy/em1 & is to m>k ! va/ advance ( m$ic9e s9ce ! days ( ,hippocrates4 ,our situation is c]ta9ly b5efit$ by ! discov]y ( "s new & v valuable m$ic9es2 & sub/itut+ ^? = "s ( 8 ) ! treasure ( facts1 & ( s\nd obs]vations record$ by him 7mix$ to be sure ) anilities ( 8 day7 & we %all h ne>ly ! pres5t sum ( ! heal+ art4 ,! /atesman w f9d 9 ^! languages hi/ory1 politics1 ma!matics1 e?ics1 eloqu5ce1 love ( c\ntry1 to :i* he mu/ add ! sci5ces ( 8 own day1 = :i* ( !m %\ld be unkn[n to him8 ,& all ! sci5ces mu/ recur to ! classical languages = ! etymon1 & s\nd und]/&+ ( _! fundam5tal t]ms4 ,= ! m]*ant ,i %\ld n say t ! languages are a necess>y4 ,e?ics1 ma!matics1 geography1 political economy1 hi/ory1 seem to con/itute ! imm$iate f\ndations ( 8 call+4 ,! agriculturi/ ne$s e?ics1 ma!matics1 *emi/ry & natural philosophy4 ,! me*anic ! same4 ,to !m ! languages are b ornam5t & com=t4 ,i "k x is (t5 said !re h be5 %9+ examples ( m5 ( great abilities 9 all ! bus9esses ( life1 )\t any o!r sci5ce ?an :at !y _h ga!r$ f conv]sations & int]c\rse ) ! _w4 ,b :o c say :at ^! m5 w\ld n h be5 _h !y />t$ 9 ! sci5ce on ! %\ld]s ( a ,demo/h5es or ,cic]o1 ( a ,locke or ,bacon1 or a ,newton8 ,to sum ! :ole1 !re=e1 x may truly be said t ! classical languages are a solid basis = mo/1 & an ornam5t to all ! sci5ces4 ,i am w>n$ by my a*+ f+]s to close ?is ha/y sket*1 & to place "h my la/ & fonde/ wi%es = ! advancem5t ( our c\ntry 9 ! useful sci5ces & arts1 & my assurances ( respect & e/eem = ! ,review] ( ! ,memoir on mod]n ,greek4 ,,to ,,judge ,,roane4 ,,popl> ,,=e/1 ,septemb] #f1 #ahai4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i _h read 9 ! ,enquir]1 & ) great approbation1 ! pieces sign$ ,hampd51 & h read !m aga9 ) r$\bl$ approbation1 9 ! copies y h be5 s k9d z to s5d me4 ,i subscribe to e title ( !m4 ,!y conta9 ! true pr9ciples ( ! revolution ( #ahjj1 = t 0 z real a revolution 9 ! pr9ciples ( our gov]nm5t z t ( #aggf 0 9 its =m2 n effect$ inde$ by ! sword1 z t1 b by ! rational & peaceable in/rum5t ( re=m1 ! suffrage ( ! p4 ,! nation decl>$ its w by dismiss+ function>ies ( "o pr9ciple1 & elect+ ^? ( ano!r1 9 ! two bran*es1 executive & legislative1 submitt$ to _! election4 ,ov] ! judici>y dep>tm5t1 ! con/itution _h depriv$ !m ( _! control4 ,t1 !re=e1 has cont9u$ ! reprobat$ sy/em1 & al?\gh new matt] has be5 occasionally incorporat$ into ! old1 yet ! leav5 ( ! old mass seems to assimilate to itself ! new1 & aft] tw5ty ye>s' confirmation ( ! f$]at$ sy/em by ! voice ( ! nation1 decl>$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( elections1 we f9d ! judici>y on e occasion1 /ill driv+ u into consolidation4 ,9 d5y+ ! "r !y usurp ( exclusively expla9+ ! con/itution1 ,i g fur!r ?an y d1 if ,i und]/& rightly y\r quotation f ! ,f$]ali/1 ( an op9ion t ! judici>y is ! la/ resort 9 relation to ! o!r dep>tm5ts ( ! gov]nm5t1 b n 9 relation to ! rights ( ! p>ties to ! compact "u :i* ! judici>y is d]iv$4 ,if ?is op9ion be s\nd1 !n inde$ is our con/itution a complete felo de se4 ,= int5d+ to e/abli% ?ree dep>tm5ts1 co-ord9ate & indep5d5t1 t !y might *eck & balance "o ano!r1 x has giv51 accord+ to ?is op9ion1 to "o ( !m alone1 ! "r to prescribe rules = ! gov]nm5t ( ! o!rs1 & to t "o too1 :i* is unelect$ by1 & indep5d5t ( ! nation4 ,= exp]i5ce has already %[n t ! impea*m5t x has provid$ is n ev5 a sc>e-cr[2 t su* op9ions z ! "o y combat1 s5t cauti\sly out1 z y obs]ve also1 by deta*m5t1 n belong+ to ! case (t51 b s\ght = out ( x1 z if to rally ! public op9ion be=eh& to _! views1 & to indicate ! l9e !y are to walk 91 h be5 s quietly pass$ ov] z nev] to h excit$ animadv]sion1 ev5 9 a spee* ( any "o ( ! body entru/$ ) impea*m5t4 ,! con/itution1 on ?is hypo!sis1 is a m]e ?+ ( wax 9 ! h&s ( ! judici>y1 :i* !y may twi/ & %ape into any =m !y please4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$1 z an axiom ( et]nal tru? 9 politics1 t :atev] p[] 9 any gov]nm5t is indep5d5t1 is absolute also2 9 !ory only1 at fir/1 :ile ! _s ( ! p is up1 b 9 practice1 z fa/ z t relaxes4 ,indep5d5ce c be tru/$ n[h]e b ) ! p 9 mass4 ,!y are inh]5tly indep5d5t ( all b moral law4 ,my con/ruction ( ! con/itution is v diff]5t f t y quote4 ,x is t ea* dep>tm5t is truly indep5d5t ( ! o!rs1 & has an equal "r to decide = itself :at is ! mean+ ( ! con/itution 9 ! cases submitt$ to its action2 & especially1 :]e x is to act ultimately & )\t appeal4 ,i w expla9 myself by examples1 :i*1 hav+ occurr$ :ile ,i 0 9 (fice1 are bett] kn[n to me1 & ! pr9ciples :i* gov]n$ !m4 ,a legislature _h pass$ ! s$ition law4 ,! f$]al c\rts _h subject$ c]ta9 individuals to its p5alties ( f9e & imprisonm5t4 ,on com+ into (fice1 ,i releas$ ^! individuals by ! p[] ( p>don committ$ to executive discretion1 :i* c\ld nev] be m prop]ly ex]cis$ ?an :]e citiz5s 7 suff]+ )\t ! au?ority ( law1 or1 :i* 0 equival5t1 "u a law unau?oriz$ by ! con/itution1 & !re=e null4 ,9 ! case ( ,m>bury & ,madison1 ! f$]al judges decl>$ t commissions1 sign$ & seal$ by ! ,presid5t1 7 valid1 al?\gh n deliv]$4 ,i deem$ deliv]y ess5tial to complete a de$1 :i*1 z long z x rema9s 9 ! h&s ( ! p>ty1 is z yet no ne$1 x is 9 posse only1 b n 9 esse1 & ,i )held deliv]y ( ! commissions4 ,!y _c issue a m&amus to ! ,presid5t or legislature1 or to any ( _! (fic]s4#c ,:5 ! ,briti% treaty ( ---- arriv$1 )\t any provision aga9/ ! impressm5t ( our seam51 ,i det]m9$ n to ratify x4 ,! ,s5ate ?\ght ,i %\ld ask _! advice4 ,i ?\ght t w\ld be a mock]y ( !m1 :5 ,i 0 pr$et]m9$ aga9/ foll[+ x1 %\ld !y advise its ratification4 ,! con/itution _h made _! advice necess>y to confirm a treaty1 b n to reject x4 ,?is has be5 blam$ by "s2 b ,i h nev] d\bt$ its s\ndness4 ,9 ! cases ( two p]sons1 ant5ati1 "u exactly simil> circum/ances1 ! f$]al c\rt _h det]m9$ t "o ( !m 7,duane7 0 n a citiz52 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives nev]!less det]m9$ t ! o!r 7,smi?1 ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a7 0 a citiz51 & admitt$ him to 8 seat 9 _! body4 ,duane 0 a republican1 & ,smi? a f$]ali/1 & ^! decisions 7 made dur+ ! f$]al asc5dancy4 ,^! are examples ( my position1 t ea* ( ! ?ree dep>tm5ts has equally ! "r to decide = itself :at is its duty "u ! con/itution1 )\t any reg>d to :at ! o!rs may h decid$ = !mselves "u a simil> "q4 ,b y intimate a wi% t my op9ion %\ld be kn[n on ?is subject4 ,no1 de> ,sir1 ,i )draw f all conte/s ( op9ion1 & resign ev]y?+ *e]fully to ! g5]ation n[ 9 place4 ,!y are wis] ?an we 71 & _! successors w be wis] ?an !y1 f ! progressive advance ( sci5ce4 ,tranquillity is ! summum bonum ( age4 ,i wi%1 !re=e1 to (f5d no man's op9ion1 nor to draw disquiet+ animadv]sions on my own4 ,:ile duty requir$ x1 ,i met opposition ) a firm & fe>less /ep4 ,b lov+ mank9d 9 my individual relations ) !m1 ,i pray to be p]mitt$ to dep>t 9 _! peace2 & l ! sup]annuat$ soldi]1 quadrag5is /ip5diis em]itis1 to hang my arms on ! po/4 ,i h unwisely1 ,i fe>1 emb>k$ 9 an ent]prise ( great public conc]n1 b n to be accompli%$ )9 my t]m1 )\t _! lib]al & prompt support4 ,a sev]e illness ! la/ ye>1 & ano!r f :i* ,i am j em]g$1 admoni% me t repetitions may be expect$1 aga9/ :i* a decl9+ frame _c long be> up4 ,i am anxi\s1 !re=e1 to get our ,univ]sity s f> advanc$ z may enc\rage ! public to p]sev]e to its f9al accompli%m5t4 ,t secur$1 ,i %all s+ my nunc demittas4 ,i hope y\r labors w be long cont9u$ 9 ! _s 9 :i* !y h always be5 ex]cis$1 9 ma9t5ance ( ^? pr9ciples on :i* ,i v]ily believe ! future happ9ess ( our c\ntry ess5tially dep5ds4 ,i salute y ) affectionate & great respect4 ,,footnote3 #c ,! con/itution controll+ ! common law 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,moore4 ,,monticello1 ,septemb] #bb1 #ahai4 ,i ?ank y1 ,sir1 = ! rem>ks on ! pronunciation ( ! ,greek language :i* y h be5 s k9d z to s5d me4 ,i h read !m ) pleasure1 z ,i _h ! pamphlet ( ,mr4 ,pick]+ on ! same subject4 ,?is "q has occupi$ long & le>n$ inquiry1 & _c1 z ,i appreh5d1 be ev] positively decid$4 ,v e>ly 9 my classical days1 ,i took up ! idea t ! anci5t ,greek language hav+ be5 *ang$ by degrees into ! mod]n1 & ! pres5t race ( t p hav+ receiv$ x by tradition1 !y _h ( c\rse bett] pret5sions to ! anci5t pronunciation also1 ?an any =eign nation c\ld h4 ,:5 at ,p>is1 ,i became acqua9t$ ) "s le>n$ ,greeks1 f :om ,i took pa9s to le>n ! mod]n pronunciation4 ,b ,i c\ld n receive x z g5u9e 9 toto4 ,i c\ld n believe t ! anci5t ,greeks _h provid$ six diff]5t notations = ! simple s\nd ( 1 iota1 & left ! five o!r s\nds :i* we give to 1 1 1 1 1 )\t any *>act]s ( notation at all4 ,i c\ld n ackn[l$ge ! 1 upsillon1 z an equival5t to our v1 z 9 1 :i* !y pron\nce ,a*illevs1 nor ! gamma1 to our y1 z 9 '1 :i* !y pron\nce alye4 ,i conclud$1 !re=e1 t z exp]i5ce proves to u t ! pronunciation ( all languages *anges1 9 _! desc5t ?r\gh "t1 t ( ! ,greek mu/ h done s also 9 "s degree2 & ! m probably1 z ! body ( ! words !mselves _h sub/antially *ang$1 & ,i presum$ t ! in/ances above m5tion$ might be class$ ) ! deg5]acies ( "t2 a presumption /r5g!n$ by _! rem>kable cacophony4 ,z to all ! o!r lett]s1 ,i h suppos$ we might yield to _! tradition>y claim ( a m or?odox pronunciation4 ,inde$1 !y s\nd mo/ ( !m z we d1 &1 :]e !y diff]1 z 9 ! 1 1 1 _! s\nds d n revolt u1 nor impair ! beauty ( ! language4 ,if we adh]e to ! ,erasmian pronunciation1 we mu/ g to ,italy = x1 z we mu/ d = ! mo/ probably correct pronunciation ( ! language ( ! ,romans1 because reject+ ! mod]n1 we mu/ argue t ! anci5t pronunciation 0 probably br\ght f ,greece1 ) ! language itself2 &1 z ,italy 0 ! c\ntry to :i* x 0 br\ght1 & f :i* x emanat$ to o!r nations1 we mu/ presume x bett] pres]v$ !re ?an ) ! nations copy+ f !m1 :o w\ld be apt to affect its pronunciation ) "s ( _! own national peculi>ities4 ,& 9 fact1 we f9d t no two nations pron\nce x alike1 al?\gh all pret5d to ! ,erasmian pronunciation4 ,b ! :ole subject is conjectural1 & all[s !re=e full & lawful scope to ! vag>ies ( ! human m9d4 ,i am glad1 h[ev]1 to see ! "q /irr$ "h2 because x may excite among our "y c\ntrym5 a _s ( inquiry & criticism1 & lead !m to m att5tion to ?is mo/ beautiful ( all languages4 ,& wi%+ t ! salut>y example y h set may h ?is good effect1 ,i salute y ) great respect & consid]ation4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,%ort4 ,,monticello1 ,octob] #ca1 #ahai4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,y\r favor ( ! #ba/ is receiv$4 ,my late illness1 9 :i* y are s k9d z to feel an int]e/1 0 produc$ by a spasmodic /ricture ( ! ilium1 :i* came ^u me on ! #g? in/4 ,! crisis 0 %ort1 pass$ ov] favorably on ! f\r? day1 & ,i %\ld soon h be5 well b t a dose ( calomel & jalap1 9 :i* 7 only eight or n9e gra9s ( ! =m]1 br\ght on a salivation4 ,( ?is1 h[ev]1 no?+ n[ rema9s b a little sor5ess ( ! m\?4 ,i h be5 able to get on horseback = ?ree or f\r days pa/4 ,z y say ( y\rself1 ,i too am an ,epicurian4 ,i consid] ! g5u9e 7n ! imput$7 doctr9es ( ,epicurus z conta9+ ev]y?+ rational 9 moral philosophy :i* ,greece & ,rome h left u4 ,epictetus inde$1 has giv5 u :at 0 good ( ! /oics2 all beyond1 ( _! dogmas1 be+ hypocrisy & grimace4 ,_! great crime 0 9 _! calumnies ( ,epicurus & misrepres5tations ( 8 doctr9es2 9 :i* we lam5t to see ! c&id "* ( ,cic]o engag+ z an accomplice4 ,diffuse1 vapid1 rhetorical1 b en*ant+4 ,8 prototype ,plato1 eloqu5t z himself1 deal+ out my/icisms incompreh5sible to ! human m9d1 has be5 deifi$ by c]ta9 sects usurp+ ! "n ( ,*ri/ians2 because1 9 8 foggy conceptions1 !y f\nd a basis ( imp5etrable d>kness :]eon to re> fabrications z deliri\s1 ( _! own inv5tion4 ,^! !y fa!r$ blasphem\sly on him :om !y claim$ z _! f\nd]1 b :o w\ld disclaim !m ) ! indignation :i* _! c>icatures ( 8 religion s ju/ly excite4 ,( ,socrates we h no?+ g5u9e b 9 ! ,memorabilia ( ,x5ophon2 = ,plato makes him "o ( 8 ,collocutors m]ely to cov] 8 own :imsies "u ! mantle ( 8 "n2 a lib]ty ( :i* we are told ,socrates himself compla9$4 ,s5eca is inde$ a f9e morali/1 disfigur+ 8 "w at times ) "s ,/oicisms1 & affect+ too mu* ( anti!sis & po9t1 yet giv+ u on ! :ole a great deal ( s\nd & practical morality4 ,b ! greate/ ( all ! re=m]s ( ! deprav$ religion ( 8 own c\ntry1 0 ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,ab/ract+ :at is really 8 f ! rubbi% 9 :i* x is buri$1 easily di/+ui%$ by its lu/re f ! dross ( 8 biograph]s1 & z sep>able f t z ! diamond f ! dunghill1 we h ! outl9es ( a sy/em ( ! mo/ sublime morality :i* has ev] fall5 f ! lips ( man2 outl9es :i* x is lam5table he did n live to fill up4 ,epictetus & ,epicurus give laws = gov]n+ ourselves1 ,jesus a supplem5t ( ! duties & *>ities we owe to o!rs4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ! innoc5t & g5u9e "* ( ?is b5evol5t morali/1 & ! rescu+ x f ! imputation ( impo/ure1 :i* has result$ f artificial sy/ems1#d inv5t$ by ultra-,*ri/ian sects1 unau?oriz$ by a s+le ^w ev] utt]$ by him1 is a mo/ desirable object1 & "o to :i* ,prie/ley has successfully devot$ 8 labors & le>n+4 ,x w\ld 9 "t1 x is to be hop$1 effect a quiet eu?anasia ( ! h]esies ( bigotry & fanaticism :i* h s long triumph$ ov] human reason1 & s g5]ally & deeply afflict$ mank9d2 b ?is "w is to be begun by w9n[+ ! gra9 f ! *aff ( ! hi/orians ( 8 life4 ,i h sometimes ?\ght ( translat+ ,epictetus 7= he has nev] be5 tol]ably translat$ into ,engli%7 by add+ ! g5u9e doctr9es ( ,epicurus f ! ,syntagma ( ,gass5di1 & an ab/ract f ! ,evangeli/s ( :atev] has ! /amp ( ! eloqu5ce & f9e imag9ation ( ,jesus4 ,! la/ ,i attempt$ too ha/ily "s twelve or fifte5 ye>s ago4 ,x 0 ! "w ( two or ?ree nights only1 at ,wa%+ton1 aft] gett+ ?r\gh ! ev5+ task ( read+ ! lett]s & pap]s ( ! day4 ,b ) "o foot 9 ! grave1 ^! are n[ idle projects = me4 ,my bus9ess is to beguile ! we>isom5ess ( decl9+ life1 z ,i endeavor to d1 by ! delights ( classical read+ & ( ma!matical tru?s1 & by ! consolations ( a s\nd philosophy1 equally indiff]5t to hope & fe>4 ,i take ! lib]ty ( obs]v+ t y are n a true disciple ( our ma/] ,epicurus1 9 indulg+ ! indol5ce to :i* y say y are yield+4 ,"o ( 8 canons1 y "k1 0 t t indulg5ce :i* pres5ts a great] pleasure1 or produces a great] pa91 is to be avoid$4 ,y\r love ( repose w lead1 9 its progress1 to a susp5sion ( heal?y ex]cise1 a relaxation ( m9d1 an indiff]5ce to ev]y?+ ar\nd y1 & f9ally to a debility ( body1 & hebetude ( m9d1 ! f>!/ ( all ?+s f ! happ9ess :i* ! well-regulat$ indulg5ces ( ,epicurus ensure2 =titude1 y "k1 is "o ( 8 f\r c>d9al virtues4 ,t tea*es u to meet & surm\nt difficulties2 n to fly f !m1 l c[>ds2 & to fly1 too1 9 va91 = !y w meet & arre/ u at e turn ( our road4 ,weigh ?is matt] well2 brace y\rself up2 take a seat ) ,correa1 & come & see ! f9e/ portion ( y\r c\ntry1 :i*1 if y h n =gott51 y /ill d n "k1 because x is no long] ! same z :5 y knew x4 ,x w add mu* to ! happ9ess ( my recov]y to be able to receive ,correa & y\rself1 & prove ! e/imation 9 :i* ,i hold y bo?4 ,come1 too1 & see our incipi5t ,univ]sity1 :i* has advanc$ ) great activity ?is ye>4 ,by ! end ( ! next1 we %all h elegant accommodations = sev5 pr(essors1 & ! ye> foll[+ ! pr(essors !mselves4 ,no second>y "* w be receiv$ among !m4 ,ei!r ! able/ :i* ,am]ica or ,europe c furni%1 or none at all4 ,!y w give u ! select$ society ( a great city sep>at$ f ! dissipations & levities ( its ephem]al insects4 ,i am glad ! bu/ ( ,condorcet has be5 sav$ & s well plac$4 ,8 g5ius %\ld be be=e u2 :ile ! lam5table1 b s+ul> act ( +ratitude :i* t>ni%$ 8 latt] days1 may be ?r[n beh9d u4 ,i w place "u ?is a syllabus ( ! doctr9es ( ,epicurus1 some:at 9 ! lapid>y /yle1 :i* ,i wrote "s tw5ty ye>s ago1 a l "o ( ! philosophy ( ,jesus1 ( ne>ly ! same age1 is too long to be copi$4 ,vale1 et tibi p]suade c>issimum te esse mihi4 ,syllabus ( ! doctr9es ( ,epicurus4 ,physical4--,! ,univ]se et]nal4 ,its p>ts1 great & small1 int]*angeable4 ,matt] & ,void alone4 ,motion inh]5t 9 matt] :i* is weighty & decl9+4 ,et]nal circulation ( ! elem5ts ( bodies4 ,gods1 an ord] ( be+s next sup]ior to man1 enjoy+ 9 _! sph]e1 _! own felicities2 b n m$dl+ ) ! conc]ns ( ! scale ( be+s bel[ !m4 ,moral4--,happ9ess ! aim ( life4 ,virtue ! f\ndation ( happ9ess4 ,utility ! te/ ( virtue4 ,pleasure active & ,9-d-l5t4 ,9-d-l5ce is ! abs5ce ( pa91 ! true felicity4 ,active1 consi/s 9 agreeable motion2 x is n happ9ess1 b ! means to produce x4 ,?us ! abs5ce ( hung] is an article ( felicity2 eat+ ! means to obta9 x4 ,! summum bonum is to be n pa9$ 9 body1 nor tr\bl$ 9 m9d4 i4 e4 ,9-d-l5ce ( body1 tranquillity ( m9d4 ,to procure tranquillity ( m9d we mu/ avoid desire & fe>1 ! two pr9cipal diseases ( ! m9d4 ,man is a free ag5t4 ,virtue consi/s 9 #a4 ,prud5ce4 #b4 ,temp]ance4 #c4 ,=titude4 #d4 ,ju/ice4 ,to :i* are oppos$1 #a4 ,folly4 #b4 ,desire4 #c4 ,fe>4 #d4 ,deceit4 ,,footnote3 #d e4 g4 ,! immaculate conception ( ,jesus1 8 deification1 ! creation ( ! _w by him1 8 miracul\s p[]s1 8 resurrection & visible asc5sion1 8 corporeal pres5ce 9 ! ,eu*>i/1 ! ,tr9ity1 orig9al s91 atonem5t1 reg5]ation1 election1 ord]s ( ,hi]>*y1 c4 ,,to ,j4 ,,adams1 ,,esq4 ,,monticello1 ,novemb] #g1 #ahai4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,?ree long & dang]\s illnesses )9 ! la/ twelve mon?s1 mu/ apologize = my long sil5ce t[>ds y4 ,! pap] bubble is !n bur/4 ,?is is :at y & ,i1 & e reason+ man1 s$uc$ by no obliquity ( m9d or int]e/1 h long =ese52 yet its disa/r\s effects are n ! less = hav+ be5 =ese54 ,we 7 labor+ "u a dropsical fulness ( circulat+ m$ium4 ,ne>ly all ( x is n[ call$ 9 by ! banks1 :o h ! regulation ( ! safety-valves ( our =tunes1 & :o cond5se & explode !m at _! w4 ,l&s 9 ?is ,/ate _c n[ be sold = a ye>'s r5t2 & unless our ,legislature h wisdom en\gh to effect a rem$y by a gradual dim9ution only ( ! m$ium1 !re w be a g5]al revolution ( prop]ty 9 ?is ,/ate4 ,ov] our own pap] & t ( o!r ,/ates com+ among u1 !y h compet5t p[]s2 ov] t ( ! bank ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re is d\bt1 n "h1 b else:]e4 ,t bank w probably con=m volunt>ily to su* regulations z ! ,legislature may prescribe = ! o!rs4 ,if !y d n1 we mu/ %ut _! doors1 & jo9 ! o!r ,/ates :i* d5y ! "r ( ,congress to e/abli% banks1 & solicit !m to agree to "s mode ( settl+ ?is con/itutional "q4 ,!y h !mselves twice decid$ aga9/ _! "r1 & twice = x4 ,_m ( ! ,/ates h be5 uni=m 9 d5y+ x1 & betwe5 su* p>ties ! ,con/itution has provid$ no umpire4 ,i d n "k p>ticul>ly ! ext5t ( ?is di/ress 9 ! o!r ,/ates2 b s\?w>dly & we/w>dly ,i believe all are involv$ 9 x4 ,god bless y1 & pres]ve y _m ye>s4 ,,to ,,colonel ,,john ,,ni*olas4 ,,monticello1 ,novemb] #aj1 #ahai4 ,,sir1--,y\r lett]1 & ! draught ( a memorial propos$ to be pres5t$ to ! ,legislature1 are duly receiv$4 ,) respect to impressions f any diff]5ces ( political op9ion1 :e!r major or m9or1 allud$ to 9 y\r lett]1 ,i h none4 ,i left !m all beh9d me on quitt+ ,wa%+ton1 :]e alone ! /ate ( ?+s _h1 till !n1 requir$ "s att5tion to !m4 ,nor 0 t ! lighte/ "p ( ! load ,i 0 !re disbur!n$ (2 & c\ld ,i p]mit myself to believe t ) ! *ange ( circum/ances a correspond+ *ange _h tak5 place 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o diff]$ f me1 & t ,i n[ /& 9 ! peace & good w ( my fell[-citiz5s g5]ally1 x w\ld inde$ be a sweet5+ +r$i5t 9 ! la/ dregs ( my life4 ,x is n !n f t s\rce t my te/imony may be scanty1 b f a decay+ memory1 illy reta9+ ?+s ( rec5t transaction1 & sc>cely ) any di/9ctness ^? ( =ty ye>s back1 ! p]iod to :i* y\r memorial ref]s3 g5]al impressions ( !m rema91 b details are mo/ly oblit]at$4 ,( ! transf] ( y\r corps f ! g5]al to ! ,/ate l9e1 & ! o!r facts 9 ! memorial prec$+ my entrance on ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,/ate gov]nm5t1 ,june #b1 #aggi1 ,i1 ( c\rse1 h no k2 b public docum5ts1 z well z liv+ witnesses1 w probably supply ?is4 ,9 #aghj1 ,i rememb] y\r appo9tm5t to a comm& 9 ! militia s5t "u ,g5]al ,/ev5s to ! aid ( ! ,c>ol9as1 ( :i* fact ! commission sign$ by myself is suffici5t pro(4 ,b ,i h no p>ticul> recollections :i* respect y\rself p]sonally 9 t s]vice4 ,( :at took place dur+ ,arnold's invasion 9 ! subsequ5t w9t] ,i h m k1 because s mu* pass$ "u my own eye1 & ,i h ! b5efit ( "s notes to aid my memory4 ,9 ! %ort int]val ( fifty-sev5 h\rs betwe5 our kn[+ !y _h ent]$ ,james riv] & _! actual deb>kation at ,we/ov]1 we c\ld get toge!r b a small body ( militia1 7my notes say ( ?ree hundr$ m5 only17 *iefly f ! city & its imm$iate vic9ities4 ,y 7 plac$ 9 ! comm& ( ^!1 & ord]$ to proce$ to ! neighborhood ( ! enemy1 n ) any view to face !m directly ) s small a =ce1 b to hang on _! skirts1 & to *eck _! m>* z mu* z c\ld be done1 to give "t = ! m di/ant militia to assemble4 ,! enemy 7 n to be delay$1 h[ev]1 & 7 9 ,ri*mond 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs f _! be+ =m$ on %ore at ,we/ov]4 ,! day be=e _! arrival at ,ri*mond1 ,i _h s5t my family to ,tuckahoe1 z ! memorial /ates1 at :i* place ,i jo9$ !m ab\t #a o'clock ( t night1 hav+ att5d$ late at ,we/ham1 to h ! public /ores & pap]s ?r[n across ! riv]4 ,y came up to u at ,tuckahoe ! next morn+1 & accompani$ me1 ,i ?9k1 to ,britton's opposite ,we/ham1 to see ab\t ! fur!r safety ( ! arms & o!r prop]ty4 ,:e!r y /ay$ !re to look aft] !m1 or w5t ) me to ! heights ( ,man*e/]1 & return$ !nce to ,britton's1 ,i d n recollect4 ,! enemy evacuat$ ,ri*mond at noon ( ! #e? ( ,janu>y1 hav+ rema9$ !re b tw5ty-?ree h\rs4 ,i return$ to x 9 ! morn+ ( ! #h?1 !y be+ /ill encamp$ at ,we/ov] & ,b]kley1 & y\rself & corps at ! ,=e/4 ,!y re-emb>k$ at #a o'clock ( ! #aj?4 ,! p>ticul>s ( y\r movem5ts d[n ! riv]1 to oppose _! re-l&+ at diff]5t po9ts1 ,i d n specifically recollect1 b1 z /at$ 9 ! memorial1 !y are s mu* 9 agreem5t ) my g5]al impressions1 t ,i h no d\bt ( _! correctness1 & "k t y\r conduct f ! fir/ advance ( ! enemy to 8 dep>ture1 0 approv$ by myself & by o!rs g5]ally4 ,! r5dezv\s ( ! militia at ! ,tuckahoe bridge1 & y\r hav+ ! comm& ( !m1 ,i ?9k ,i also rememb]1 b no?+ ( _! subsequ5t movem5ts4 ,! legislature _h adj\rn$ to meet at ,*>lottesville1 :]e1 at ! expiration ( my second ye>1 ,i decl9$ a re-election 9 ! belief t a milit>y man w\ld be m likely to r5d] s]vices adequate to ! exig5cies ( ! times4 ,( ! subsequ5t facts1 !re=e1 /at$ 9 ! memorial1 ,i h no k4 ,?is1 ,sir1 is ! sum ( ! in=mation ,i am able to give on ! subjects ( y\r memorial1 & if x may contribute to ! purposes ( ju/ice 9 y\r case1 ,i %all be happy t 9 be>+ te/imony to ! tru?1 ,i %all h r5d]$ y a j s]vice4 ,i return ! memorial & commission1 z reque/$1 & pray y to accept my respectful salutations4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,rives4 ,,monticello1 ,novemb] #bh1 #ahai4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,! di/resses ( our c\ntry1 produc$ fir/ by ! flood1 !n by ! ebb ( bank pap]1 are su* z _c fail to engage ! int]position ( ! legislature4 ,_m propositions w1 ( c\rse1 be (f]$1 f all ( :i* some?+ may probably be cull$ to make a good :ole4 ,i expla9$ to y my project1 :5 ,i _h ! pleasure ( possess+ y "h2 & ,i n[ s5d its outl9e 9 writ+1 z ,i believe ,i promis$ y4 ,al?\gh pref]able ?+s w ,i hope be (f]$1 yet "s twig ( ?is may p]haps be ?\ght wor?y ( be+ engraft$ on a bett] /ock4 ,b ,i s5d x ) no p>ticul> object or reque/1 b to use x z y please4 ,suppress x1 sugge/ x1 s\nd op9ions1 or any?+ else1 at w1 only keep+ my "n unm5tion$1 = :i* purpose x is copi$ 9 ano!r h&1 be+ ev] solicit\s to avoid all (f5ce :i* is heavily felt1 :5 retir$ f ! bu/le & cont5tions ( ! _w4 ,if we suff] ! moral ( ! pres5t lesson to pass away )\t improvem5t by ! et]nal suppression ( bank pap]1 !n inde$ is ! condition ( our c\ntry desp]ate1 until ! sl[ advance ( public in/ruction %all give to our function>ies ! wisdom ( _! /ation4 ,vale1 et tibi p]suade c>issimum te mihi esse4 ,plan = r$uc+ ! circulat+ m$ium4 ,! ple?ory ( circulat+ m$ium :i* rais$ ! prices ( ev]y?+ to sev]al times _! ord9>y & /&>d value1 9 :i* /ate ( ?+s _m & heavy debts 7 contract$2 & ! sudd5 )draw+ too great a proportion ( t m$ium1 & r$uction ( prices f> bel[ t /&>d1 con/itute ! disease "u :i* we are n[ labor+1 & :i* mu/ end 9 a g5]al revolution ( prop]ty1 if "s rem$y is n appli$4 ,t rem$y is cle>ly a gradual r$uction ( ! m$ium to its /&>d level1 t is to say1 to ! level :i* a metallic m$ium w always f9d = itself1 s z to be 9 equilibrio ) t ( ! nations ) :i* we h comm]ce4 ,to effect ?is1 ,let ! :ole ( ! pres5t pap] m$ium be susp5d$ 9 its circulation aft] a c]ta9 & n di/ant day4 ,asc]ta9 by prop] inquiry ! greate/ sum ( x :i* has at any "o "t be5 9 actual circulation4 ,take a c]ta9 t]m ( ye>s = its gradual r$uction1 suppose x to be five ye>s2 !n let ! solv5t banks issue ( t am\nt 9 new notes1 to be atte/$ by a public (fic]1 z a security t nei!r m or less is issu$1 & to be giv5 out 9 ex*ange = ! susp5d$ notes1 & ! surplus 9 disc\nt4 ,let ? ( ^! notes be> on _! face t ! bank w dis*>ge !m ) specie at ! end ( "o ye>2 ano!r #e? at ! end ( two ye>s2 a ?ird #e? at ! end ( ?ree ye>s2 & s ( ! #d? & #e?4 ,!y w be sure to be br\ght 9 at _! respective p]iods ( r$emption4 ,make x a high (f5ce to receive or pass )9 ?is ,/ate a note ( any o!r4 ,!re is little d\bt t our banks w agree readily to ?is op]ation2 if !y refuse1 decl>e _! *>t]s =feit$ by _! =m] irregul>ities1 & give summ>y process aga9/ !m = ! susp5d$ notes4 ,! ,bank ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates w probably concur also2 if n1 %ut _! doors & jo9 ! o!r ,/ates 9 respectful1 b firm applications to ,congress1 to concur 9 con/itut+ a tribunal 7a special conv5tion1 e4 g47 = settl+ amicably ! "q ( _! "r to in/itute a bank1 & t also ( ! ,/ates to d ! same4 ,a /ay-law = ! susp5sion ( executions1 & _! dis*>ge at five annual in/alm5ts1 %\ld be accommodat$ to ^! measures4 ,int]dict =ev]1 to bo? ! ,/ate & national gov]nm5ts1 ! p[] ( e/abli%+ any pap] bank2 = )\t ?is int]diction1 we %all h ! same ebbs & fl[s ( m$ium1 & ! same revolutions ( prop]ty to g ?r\gh e tw5ty or ?irty ye>s4 ,9 ?is way ! value ( prop]ty1 keep+ pace ne>ly ) ! sum ( circulat+ m$ium1 w desc5d gradually to its prop] level1 at ! rate ( ab\t e ye>1 ! sacrifices ( :at %all be sold = paym5t ( ! fir/ in/alm5ts ( debts w be mod]ate1 & "t w be giv5 = economy & indu/ry to come 9 aid ( ^? subsequ5t4 ,c]ta9ly no nation ev] be=e ab&on$ to ! av>ice & juggl+s ( private individuals to regulate1 accord+ to _! own int]e/s1 ! quantum ( circulat+ m$ium = ! nation1 to inflate1 by deluges ( pap]1 ! nom9al prices ( prop]ty1 & !n to buy up t prop]ty at #as4 9 ! p\nd1 hav+ fir/ )drawn ! float+ m$ium :i* might endang] a competition 9 pur*ase4 ,yet ?is is :at has be5 done1 & w be done1 unless /ay$ by ! protect+ h& ( ! legislature4 ,! evil has be5 produc$ by ! error ( _! sanction ( ?is ru9\s ma*9]y ( banks2 & ju/ice1 wisdom1 duty1 all require t !y %\ld int]pose & arre/ x be=e ! s*emes ( plund] & spoliation desolate ! c\ntry4 ,x is believ$ t ,h>pies are already ho>d+ _! money to comm5ce ^! sc5es on ! sep>ation ( ! legislature2 & we "k t l&s h be5 already sold "u ! hamm] = less ?an a ye>'s r5t4 ,,to ,,john ,,adams4 ,,monticello1 ,decemb] #aj1 #ahai4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i h to ackn[l$ge ! receipt ( y\r favor ( ,novemb] ! #bc;d4 ,! banks1 bankrupt law1 manufactures1 ,spani% treaty1 are no?+4 ,^! are occurr5ces :i*1 l waves 9 a /orm1 w pass "u ! %ip4 ,b ! ,miss\ri "q is a break] on :i* we lose ! ,miss\ri c\ntry by revolt1 & :at m1 ,god only kn[s4 ,f ! battle ( ,bunk]'s ,hill to ! treaty ( ,p>is1 we nev] _h s om9\s a "q4 ,x ev5 damps ! joy ) :i* ,i he> ( y\r high heal?1 & welcomes to me ! consequ5ces ( my want ( x4 ,i ?ank ,god t ,i %all n live to witness its issue4 ,s$ hc hact5us4 ,i h be5 amus+ myself latt]ly ) read+ ! volum9\s lett]s ( ,cic]o4 ,!y c]ta9ly brea! ! pure/ effusions ( an exalt$ patriot1 :ile ! p>ricide ,cs> is lo/ 9 odi\s contra/4 ,:5 ! en?usiasm1 h[ev]1 k9dl$ by ,cic]o's p5 & pr9ciples1 subsides into cool reflection1 ,i ask myself1 :at 0 t gov]nm5t :i* ! virtues ( ,cic]o 7 s zeal\s to re/ore1 & ! ambition ( ,cs> to subv]t8 ,& if ,cs> _h be5 z virtu\s z he 0 d>+ & sagaci\s1 :at c\ld he1 ev5 9 ! pl5itude ( 8 usurp$ p[]1 h done to lead 8 fell[ citiz5s into good gov]nm5t8 ,i d n say to re/ore x1 because !y nev] _h x1 f ! rape ( ! ,sab9es to ! ravages ( ! ,cs>s4 ,if _! p inde$ _h be51 l ourselves1 enlight5$1 peaceable1 & really free1 ! answ] w\ld be obvi\s4 ,re/ore indep5d5ce to all y\r =eign conque/s1 relieve ,italy f ! gov]nm5t ( ! rabble ( ,rome1 consult x z a nation entitl$ to self-gov]nm5t1 & d its w4 ,b /eep$ 9 corruption1 vice & v5ality1 z ! :ole nation 01 7& nobody _h done m ?an ,cs> to corrupt x17 :at c\ld ev5 ,cic]o1 ,cato1 ,brutus h done1 _h x be5 ref]r$ to !m to e/abli% a good gov]nm5t = _! c\ntry8 ,!y _h no ideas ( gov]nm5t !mselves1 b ( _! deg5]ate ,s5ate1 nor ! p ( lib]ty1 b ( ! facti\s opposition ( _! ,tribunes4 ,!y _h aft]w>ds _! ,tituses1 _! ,trajans & ,anton9uses1 :o _h ! w to make !m happy1 & ! p[] to m\ld _! gov]nm5t into a good & p]man5t =m4 ,b x w\ld seem z if !y c\ld n see _! way cle>ly to d x4 ,no gov]nm5t c cont9ue good1 b "u ! control ( ! p2 & _! p 7 s demoraliz$ & deprav$1 z to be incapable ( ex]cis+ a :olesome control4 ,_! re=mation !n 0 to be tak5 up ab incunabulis4 ,_! m9ds 7 to be in=m$ by education :at is "r & :at wrong2 to be enc\rag$ 9 habits ( virtue1 & det]r$ f ^? ( vice by ! dread ( puni%m5ts1 proportion$ inde$1 b irremissible2 9 all cases1 to foll[ tru? z ! only safe guide1 & to es*ew error1 :i* bewild]s u 9 "o false consequ5ce aft] ano!r1 9 endless succession4 ,^! are ! inculcations necess>y to r5d] ! p a sure basis = ! /ructure ( ord] & good gov]nm5t4 ,b ?is w\ld h be5 an op]ation ( a g5]ation or two1 at lea/1 )9 :i* p]iod w\ld h succe$$ _m ,n]os & ,commoduses1 :o w\ld h qua%$ ! :ole process4 ,i confess !n1 ,i c nei!r see :at ,cic]o1 ,cato1 & ,brutus1 unit$ & uncontroll$1 c\ld h devis$ to lead _! p into good gov]nm5t1 nor h[ ?is enigma c be solv$1 nor h[ fur!r %[n :y x has be5 ! fate ( t delightful c\ntry nev] to h kn[n1 to ?is day1 & ?r\gh a c\rse ( five & tw5ty hundr$ ye>s1 ! hi/ory ( :i* we possess1 "o s+le day ( free & rational gov]nm5t4 ,y\r intimacy ) _! hi/ory1 anci5t1 middle & mod]n1 y\r famili>ity ) ! improvem5ts 9 ! sci5ce ( gov]nm5t at ?is "t1 w enable y1 if any body1 to g back ) our pr9ciples & op9ions to ! times ( ,cic]o1 ,cato & ,brutus1 & tell u by :at process ^! great & virtu\s m5 c\ld h l$ s un5light5$ & vitiat$ a p into fre$om & good gov]nm5t1 et eris mihi magnus ,apollo4 ,cura ut valeas1 et tibi p]suadeas c>issimum te mihi esse4 ,,john ,,adams ,,to ,,?omas ,,jeff]son4 ,,montezillo1 ,decemb] #ba1 #ahai4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i mu/ answ] y\r great "q ( ! #aj? 9 ! words ( ,dalemb]t to 8 correspond5t1 :o ask$ him :at is matt]--,je v\s av\e je ne sais ri54 ,9 "s "p ( my life ,i record a great "w ( a ,scot*man on ! c\rt ( ,augu/us1 9 :i*1 ) mu* le>n+1 h>d /udy1 & fatigu+ labor1 he und]took to prove t _h ,brutus & ,cassius be5 conqu]or1 !y w\ld h re/or$ virtue & lib]ty to ,rome4 ,mais je n'en crois ri54 ,h y ev] f\nd 9 hi/ory "o s+le example ( a nation1 ?or\ghly corrupt$1 t 0 aft]w>ds re/or$ to virtue1 & )\t virtue !re c be no political lib]ty4 ,if ,i 7 a ,calv9i/1 ,i might pray t ,god by a miracle ( div9e grace w\ld in/antane\sly conv]t a :ole contam9at$ nation f turpitude to purity2 b ev5 9 ?is ,i %\ld be inconsi/5t1 = ! fatalism ( ,mahometanism1 ,mat]iali/s1 ,a!i/s1 ,pan!i/s1 & ,calv9i/s1 & *ur* ( ,engl& articles1 appe> to me to r5d] all pray] futile & absurd4 ,! ,fr5* & ! ,dut*1 9 our day1 h attempt$ re=ms & revolutions4 ,we "k ! results1 & ,i fe> ! ,engli% re=m]s w h no bett] success4 ,w y tell me h[ to prev5t ri*es f becom+ ! effects ( temp]ance & indu/ry4 ,w y tell me h[ to prev5t ri*es f produc+ luxury4 ,w y tell me h[ to prev5t luxury f produc+ effem9acy1 intoxication1 extravagance1 vice & folly8 ,:5 y w answ] me ^! que/ions1 ,i hope ,i may v5ture to answ] y\rs2 yet all ^! ought n to disc\rage u f ex]tion1 = ) my fri5d ,jeb1 ,i believe no ef=t 9 favor ( virtue is lo/1 & all good m5 ought to /ruggle bo? by _! c\ncil & example4 ,! ,miss\ri "q1 ,i hope1 w foll[ ! o!r waves "u ! %ip1 & d no h>m4 ,i "k x is high treason to express a d\bt ( ! p]petual duration ( our va/ ,am]ican empire1 & our free in/itution2 & ,i say z dev\tly z fa!r ,paul1 e/or p]petua1 b ,i am sometimes ,cass&ra en\gh to dream t ano!r ,hamilton1 & ano!r ,burr1 might r5d ?is mighty fabric 9 twa91 or p]haps into a lea%2 & a few m *oice spirits ( ! same /amp1 might produce z _m nations 9 ,nor? ,am]ica z !re are 9 ,europe4 ,to return to ! ,romans4 ,i nev] c\ld discov] t !y possess$ mu* virtue1 or real lib]ty4 ,_! ,patricians 7 9 g5]al grip+ usur]s1 & tyrannical cr$itors 9 all ages4 ,pride1 /r5g?1 & c\rage1 7 all ! virtues t compos$ _! national *>act]s2 a few ( _! nobles effect+ simplicity1 frugality1 & piety1 p]haps really possess+ !m1 acquir$ popul>ity among/ ! plebeians1 & ext5d$ ! p[] & dom9ions ( ! republic1 & advanc$ 9 glory till ri*es & luxury come 91 sat l an incubus on ! ,republic1 victam que ulcissitur orbem4 ,our w9t] sets 9 a =tnight e>li] ?an usual1 & is pretty sev]e4 ,i hope y h fair] skies1 & mild] air4 ,wi%+ y\r heal? may la/ z long z y\r life1 & y\r life z long z y desire x1 ,i am1 de> ,sir1 respectfully & affectionately1 ,,to ,h4 ,,nelson1 ,,esq4 ,,monticello1 ,m>* #ab1 #ahbj4 ,i ?ank y1 de> ,sir1 = ! in=mation 9 y\r favor ( ! #d? in/ant1 ( ! settlem5t1 = ! pres5t1 ( ! ,miss\ri "q4 ,i am s completely )drawn f all att5tion to public matt]s1 t no?+ less c\ld ar\se me ?an ! def9ition ( a geographical l9e1 :i* on an ab/ract pr9ciple is to become ! l9e ( sep>ation ( ^! ,/ates1 & to r5d] desp]ate ! hope t man c ev] enjoy ! two bless+s ( peace & self-gov]nm5t4 ,! "q sleeps = ! pres5t1 b is n dead4 ,?is ,/ate is 9 a condition ( unp>allel$ di/ress4 ,! sudd5 r$uction ( ! circulat+ m$ium f a ple?ory to all b annihilation is produc+ an entire revolution ( =tune4 ,9 o!r places ,i h kn[n l&s sold by ! %]iff = "o ye>'s r5t2 beyond ! m\nta9 we he> ( good slaves sell+ = "o hundr$ doll>s1 good horses = five doll>s1 & ! %]iffs g5]ally ! pur*as]s4 ,our produce is n[ sell+ at m>ket = "o-?ird ( its price1 be=e ?is comm]cial cata/rophe1 say fl\r at ?ree & a qu>t] & ?ree & a half doll>s ! b>rel4 ,we %\ld h less "r to expect relief f our legislators if !y _h be5 ! e/abli%]s ( ! unwise sy/em ( banks4 ,a rem$y to a c]ta9 degree 0 practicable1 t ( r$uc+ ! quantum ( circulation gradually to a level ) t ( ! c\ntries ) :i* we h comm]ce1 & an et]nal abjuration ( pap]4 ,b !y h adj\rn$ )\t do+ any?+4 ,i fe> local insurrections aga9/ ^! horrible sacrifices ( prop]ty4 ,9 e condition ( tr\ble or tranquillity be assur$ ( my con/ant e/eem & respect4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,adams4 ,,monticello1 ,m>* #ad1 #ahbj4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,a cont9uation ( poor heal? makes me an irregul> correspond5t4 ,i am1 !re=e1 y\r debtor = ! two lett]s ( ,janu>y #bj? & ,febru>y #ba/4 ,x 0 aft] y left ,europe t ,dugald ,/u>t1 conc]n+ :om y inquire1 & ,"l ,d>e1 second son ( ! ,m>quis ( ,lansd[n1 came to ,p>is4 ,!y br\ght me a lett] f ,"l ,wycombe1 :om y knew4 ,i became imm$iately intimate ) ,/u>t1 call+ mutually on ea* o!r & almo/ daily1 dur+ _! /ay at ,p>is1 :i* 0 ( "s mon?s4 ,"l ,d>e 0 a "y man ( imag9ation1 ) occasional fla%es indicat+ deep p5etration1 b ( mu* caprice1 & little judgm5t4 ,he has be5 long dead1 & ! family title is n[1 ,i believe1 9 ! ?ird son1 :o has %[n 9 ,p>liam5t tal5ts ( a sup]ior ord]4 ,/u>t is a great man1 & among ! mo/ hone/ liv+4 ,i h he>d no?+ ( 8 dy+ at top1 z y suppose4 ,mr4 ,tickn]1 h[ev]1 c give y ! be/ in=mation on t subject1 z he mu/ h he>d p>ticul>ly ( him :5 9 ,ed9burgh1 al?\gh ,i believe he did n see him4 ,i h und]/ood he 0 !n 9 ,london sup]9t5d+ ! publication ( a new "w4 ,i consid] him & ,tracy z ! able/ metaphysicians liv+2 by :i* ,i mean inve/igators ( ! ?9k+ faculty ( man4 ,/u>t seems to h giv5 its natural hi/ory f facts & obs]vations2 ,tracy its modes ( action & d$uction1 :i* he calls ,logic1 & ,ideology2 & ,cabanis1 9 8 ,physique et ,morale de l',homme1 has inve/igat$ anatomically1 & mo/ +5i\sly1 ! p>ticul> organs 9 ! human /ructure :i* may mo/ probably ex]cise t faculty4 ,& !y ask :y may n ! mode ( action call$ ?\ght1 h be5 giv5 to a mat]ial organ ( peculi> /ructure1 z t ( magnetism is to ! ne$le1 or ( ela/icity to ! spr+ by a p>ticul> manipulation ( ! /eel4 ,!y obs]ve t on ignition ( ! ne$le or spr+1 _! magnetism & ela/icity cease4 ,s on dissolution ( ! mat]ial organ by dea?1 its action ( ?\ght may cease also1 & t nobody supposes t ! magnetism or ela/icity retire to hold a sub/antive & di/9ct exi/5ce4 ,^! 7 qualities only ( p>ticul> con=mations ( matt]2 *ange ! con=mation1 & its qualities *ange also4 ,mr4 ,locke1 y "k1 & o!r mat]iali/s1 h *>g$ ) blasphemy ! spirituali/s :o h d5i$ ! ,creator ! p[] ( end[+ c]ta9 =ms ( matt] ) ! faculty ( ?\ght4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are speculations & subtleties 9 :i*1 = my own "p1 ,i h little indulg$ myself4 ,:5 ,i meet ) a proposition beyond f9ite compreh5sion1 ,i ab&on x z ,i d a weight :i* human /r5g? _c lift1 & ,i ?9k ignorance1 9 ^! cases1 is truly ! s(te/ pill[ on :i* ,i c lay my head4 ,7 x necess>y1 h[ev]1 to =m an op9ion1 ,i confess ,i %\ld1 ) ,mr4 ,locke1 pref] swall[+ "o incompreh5sibility r ?an two4 ,x requires "o ef=t only to admit ! s+le incompreh5sibility ( matt] end[$ ) ?\ght1 & two to believe1 fir/ t ( an exi/5ce call$ _s1 ( :i* we h nei!r evid5ce nor idea1 & !n secondly h[ t _s1 :i* has nei!r ext5sion nor solidity1 c put mat]ial organs into motion4 ,^? are ?+s :i* y & ,i may p]haps "k ere long4 ,we h s liv$ z to fe> nei!r horn ( ! dilemma4 ,we h1 will+ly1 done injury to no man2 & h done = our c\ntry ! good :i* has fall5 9 our way1 s f> z comm5surate ) ! faculties giv5 u4 ,t we h n done m ?an we c\ld1 _c be imput$ to u z a crime be=e any tribunal4 ,i look1 !re=e1 to ! crisis1 z ,i am sure y also d1 z "o qui summum nec metuit diem nec optat4 ,9 ! meantime be our la/ z cordial z 7 our fir/ affections4 ,,to ,,! ,,honorable ,,m>k ,,langdon ,,hill4 ,,monticello1 ,april #e1 #ahbj4 ,,sir1--,a ne> relation ( my late fri5d ,gov]nor ,langdon1 ne$s no apology = address+ a lett] to me1 t relation%ip giv+ suffici5t title to all my respect4 ,we 7 fell[ labor]s f ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ to ! accompli%m5t ( ! second revolution 9 our gov]nm5t1 ( ! same zeal & ! same s5tim5ts1 & ,i %all honor 8 memory :ile memory rema9s to me4 ,! lett] y m5tion is pro( ( my fri5d%ip & unres]v$ confid5ce 9 him2 x 0 writt5 9 w>m times1 & is !re=e too w>mly express$ = ! m reconcil$ temp] ( ! pres5t day4 ,i mu/ pray y1 !re=e1 n to let x get be=e ! public1 le/ x rek9dle a flame :i* burnt too long & too fi]cely aga9/ me4 ,x 0 my lot to be plac$ at ! head ( ! column :i* made ! fir/ brea* 9 ! ramp>ts ( f$]alism1 & to be *>g$1 on t ev5t1 ) ! duty ( *ang+ ! c\rse ( ! gov]nm5t f :at we deem$ a mon>*ical1 to its republican tack4 ,?is made me ! m>k = e %aft :i* calumny & falsehood c\ld po9t aga9/ me4 ,i bore !m ) resignation1 z "o ( ! duties impos$ on me by my po/4 ,b ,i assure y x 0 among ! mo/ pa9ful duties f :i* ,i hop$ to f9d relief 9 retirem5t4 ,tranquillity is ! summum bonum ( old age & ill heal?1 & no?+ c\ld s mu* di/urb ?is ) me z to awak5 angry feel+s f ! slumb] 9 :i* ,i wi% !m ev] to rema94 ,i besee* y !n1 good ,sir1 9 ! "n ( my dep>t$ fri5d1 n to br+ on me a cont5tion :i* nei!r duty nor public good require me to enc\nt]4 ,i regret ! circum/ances :i* h depriv$ u ( ! pleasure ( y\r visit1 b console myself ) ! ,fr5* prov]b t all is n lo/ :i* is def]r$1 & ! hope t m favorable circum/ances w "s day give u t gratification4 ,i congratulate y on ! sleep ( ! ,miss\ri "q4 ,i wi% ,i c\ld say on its dea?1 b ( ?is ,i despair4 ,! idea ( a geographical l9e once sugge/$ w brood 9 ! m9ds ( all ^? :o pref] ! gratification ( _! ungov]nable passions to ! peace & union ( _! c\ntry4 ,if ,i d n contemplate ?is subject ) pleasure1 ,i d s9c]ely t ( ! indep5d5ce ( ,ma9e1 & ! wise *oice !y h made ( ,g5]al ,k+ 9 ! ag5cy ( _! affairs1 & ,i t5d] to y\rself ! assurance ( my e/eem & respect4 ,,to ,,william ,,%ort4 ,,monticello1 ,april #ac1 #ahbj4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,y\r favor ( ,m>* ! #bg? is receiv$1 & z y reque/1 a copy ( ! syllabus is n[ enclos$4 ,x 0 orig9ally writt5 to ,dr4 ,ru%4 ,on 8 dea?1 fe>+ t ! inquisition ( ! public might get hold ( x1 ,i ask$ ! return ( x f ! family1 :i* !y k9dly compli$ )4 ,at ! reque/ ( ano!r fri5d1 ,i _h giv5 him a copy4 ,he l5t x to 8 fri5d to read1 :o copi$ x1 & 9 a few mon?s x appe>$ 9 ! ,!ological ,magaz9e ( ,london4 ,happily t repository is sc>cely kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ! syllabus1 !re=e1 is /ill a secret1 & 9 y\r h&s ,i am sure x w cont9ue s4 ,b :ile ?is syllabus is meant to place ! "* ( ,jesus 9 its true & high light1 z no impo/or himself1 b a great re=m] ( ! ,hebrew code ( religion1 x is n to be und]/ood t ,i am ) him 9 all 8 doctr9es4 ,i am a ,mat]iali/2 he takes ! side ( ,spiritualism2 he prea*es ! efficacy ( rep5tance t[>ds =giv5ess ( s92 ,i require a c\nt]poise ( good works to r$eem x1 c41 c4 ,x is ! innoc5ce ( 8 "*1 ! purity & sublimity ( 8 moral precepts1 ! eloqu5ce ( 8 inculcations1 ! beauty ( ! apologues 9 :i* he conveys !m1 t ,i s mu* admire2 sometimes1 inde$1 ne$+ indulg5ce to ea/]n hyp]bolism4 ,my eulogies1 too1 may be f\nd$ on a po/ulate :i* all may n be ready to grant4 ,among ! say+s & disc\rses imput$ to him by 8 biograph]s1 ,i f9d _m passages ( f9e imag9ation1 correct morality1 & ( ! mo/ lovely b5evol5ce2 & o!rs1 aga91 ( s mu* ignorance1 s mu* absurdity1 s mu* untru?1 *>latanism & impo/ure1 z to pron\nce x impossible t su* contradictions %\ld h proce$$ f ! same be+4 ,i sep>ate1 !re=e1 ! gold f ! dross2 re/ore to him ! =m]1 & leave ! latt] to ! /upidity ( "s1 & rogu]y ( o!rs ( 8 disciples4 ,( ?is b& ( dupes & impo/ors1 ,paul 0 ! great ,coryphu1 & fir/ corruptor ( ! doctr9es ( ,jesus4 ,^! palpable int]polations & falsifications ( 8 doctr9es1 l$ me to try to sift !m ap>t4 ,i f\nd ! "w obvi\s & easy1 & t 8 "p compos$ ! mo/ beautiful morsel ( morality :i* has be5 giv5 to u by man4 ,! syllabus is !re=e ( 8 doctr9es1 n all ( m9e4 ,i read !m z ,i d ^? ( o!r anci5t & mod]n morali/s1 ) a mixture ( approbation & diss5t4 ,i rejoice1 ) y1 to see an enc\rag+ _s ( int]nal improvem5t prevail+ 9 ! ,/ates4 ,! op9ion ,i h ev] express$ ( ! advantages ( a we/]n communication ?r\gh ! ,james riv]1 ,i /ill ent]ta92 & t ! ,cayuga is ! mo/ promis+ ( ! l9ks ( communication4 ,! hi/ory ( our ,univ]sity y "k s f>4 ,sev5 ( ! t5 pavilions de/9$ = ! pr(essors1 & ab\t ?irty dormitories1 w be complet$ ?is ye>1 & ?ree o!r1 ) six hotels = bo>d+1 & sev5ty o!r dormitories1 w be complet$ ! next ye>1 & ! :ole be 9 read9ess !n to receive ^? :o are to occupy !m4 ,b means to br+ ^! into place1 & to set ! ma*9e into motion1 mu/ come f ! legislature4 ,an opposition1 9 ! meantime1 has be5 got up4 ,t ( our alma mat]1 ,william & ,m>y1 is n ( mu* weight4 ,%e mu/ desc5d into ! second>y rank ( academies ( prep>ation = ! ,univ]sity4 ,! s]i\s enemies are ! prie/s ( ! diff]5t religi\s sects1 to ^: spells on ! human m9d its improvem5t is om9\s4 ,_! pulpits are n[ res\nd+ ) d5unciations aga9/ ! appo9tm5t ( ,doctor ,coop]1 :om !y *>ge z a mono!i/ 9 opposition to _! tri!ism4 ,ho/ile z ^! sects are1 9 e o!r po9t1 to "o ano!r1 !y unite 9 ma9ta9+ _! my/ical !ogony aga9/ ^? :o believe !re is "o ,god only4 ,! ,presbyt]ian cl]gy are l\de/2 ! mo/ intol]ant ( all sects1 ! mo/ tyrannical & ambiti\s2 ready at ! ^w ( ! lawgiv]1 if su* a ^w c\ld be n[ obta9$1 to put ! tor* to ! pile1 & to rek9dle 9 ?is virg9 hemisph]e1 ! flames 9 :i* _! oracle ,calv9 consum$ ! poor ,s]vetus1 because he c\ld n f9d 9 8 ,euclid ! proposition :i* has demon/rat$ t ?ree are "o & "o is ?ree1 nor subscribe to t ( ,calv91 t magi/rates h a "r to ext]m9ate all h]etics to ,calv9i/ic ,cre$4 ,!y pant to re-e/abli%1 by law1 t holy inquisition1 :i* !y c n[ only infuse into public op9ion4 ,we h mo/ unwisely committ$ to ! hi]ophants ( our p>ticul> sup]/ition1 ! direction ( public op9ion1 t "l ( ! univ]se4 ,we h giv5 !m /at$ & privileg$ days to collect & cate*ise u1 opportunities ( deliv]+ _! oracles to ! p 9 mass1 & ( m\ld+ _! m9ds z wax 9 ! holl[ ( _! h&s4 ,b 9 despite ( _! fulm9ations aga9/ endeavors to enlight5 ! g5]al m9d1 to improve ! reason ( ! p1 & enc\rage !m 9 ! use ( x1 ! lib]ality ( ?is ,/ate w support ?is in/itution1 & give fair play to ! cultivation ( reason4 ,c y ev] f9d a m eligible occasion ( visit+ once m y\r native c\ntry1 ?an t ( accompany+ ,mr4 ,correa1 & ( see+ ) him ?is beautiful & hopeful in/itution 9 ovo8 ,al?\gh ,i _h laid d[n z a law to myself1 nev] to write talk1 or ev5 ?9k ( politics1 to "k no?+ ( public affairs1 & !re=e _h ceas$ to read newspap]s1 yet ! ,miss\ri "q ar\s$ & fill$ me ) al>m4 ,! old s*ism ( f$]al & republican ?reat5$ no?+1 because x exi/$ 9 e ,/ate1 & unit$ !m toge!r by ! frat]nism ( p>ty4 ,b ! co9cid5ce ( a m>k$ pr9ciple1 moral & political1 ) a geographical l9e1 once conceiv$1 ,i fe>$ w\ld nev] m be oblit]at$ f ! m9d2 t x w\ld be recurr+ on e occasion & r5ew+ irritations1 until x w\ld k9dle su* mutual & mortal hatr$1 z to r5d] sep>ation pref]able to et]nal discord4 ,i h be5 among ! mo/ sangu9e 9 believ+ t our ,union w\ld be ( long duration4 ,i n[ d\bt x mu*1 & see ! ev5t at no great di/ance1 & ! direct consequ5ce ( ?is "q2 n by ! l9e :i* has be5 s confid5tly c\nt$ on2 ! laws ( nature control ?is2 b by ! ,potomac1 ,ohio & ,miss\ri1 or m probably1 ! ,mississippi upw>ds to our nor!rn b\nd>y4 ,my only com=t & confid5ce is1 t ,i %all n live to see ?is2 & ,i envy n ! pres5t g5]ation ! glory ( ?r[+ away ! fruits ( _! fa!rs' sacrifices ( life & =tune1 & ( r5d]+ desp]ate ! exp]im5t :i* 0 to decide ultimately :e!r man is capable ( self-gov]nm5t8 ,?is treason aga9/ human hope1 w signalize _! epo* 9 future hi/ory1 z ! c\nt]p>t ( ! m$al ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,y k9dly inquire aft] my heal?4 ,!re is no?+ 9 x imm$iately ?reat5+1 b swell$ legs1 :i* are kept d[n me*anically1 by b&ages f ! toe to ! knee4 ,^! ,i h worn = six mon?s4 ,b ! t5d5cy to turgidity may proce$ f debility alone4 ,i c walk ! r\nd ( my g>d52 n m4 ,b ,i ride six or eight miles a day )\t fatigue4 ,i %all set out = ,popl> ,=e/ )9 ?ree or f\r days2 a j\rney f :i* my physician augurs mu* good4 ,i salute y ) con/ant & affectionate fri5d%ip & respect4 ,,to ,,john ,,holmes4 ,,monticello1 ,april #bb1 #ahbj4 ,i ?ank y1 de> ,sir1 = ! copy y h be5 s k9d z to s5d me ( ! lett] to y\r con/itu5ts on ! ,miss\ri "q4 ,x is a p]fect ju/ification to !m4 ,i _h = a long "t ceas$ to read newspap]s1 or pay any att5tion to public affairs1 confid5t !y 7 9 good h&s1 & cont5t to be a pass5g] 9 our b>k to ! %ore f :i* ,i am n di/ant4 ,b ?is mom5t\s "q1 l a fire bell 9 ! night1 awak5$ & fill$ me ) t]ror4 ,i consid]$ x at once z ! knell ( ! ,union4 ,x is hu%$1 inde$1 = ! mom5t4 ,b ?is is a reprieve only1 n a f9al s5t5ce4 ,a geographical l9e1 co9cid+ ) a m>k$ pr9ciple1 moral & political1 once conceiv$ & held up to ! angry passions ( m51 w nev] be oblit]at$2 & e new irritation w m>k x deep] & deep]4 ,i c say1 ) consci\s tru?1 t !re is n a man on e>? :o w\ld sacrifice m ?an ,i w\ld to relieve u f ?is heavy reproa*1 9 any practicable way4 ,! cession ( t k9d ( prop]ty1 = s x is misnam$1 is a bagatelle :i* w\ld n co/ me a second ?\ght1 if1 9 t way1 a g5]al emancipation & expatriation c\ld be effect$2 & gradually1 & ) due sacrifices1 ,i ?9k x might be4 ,b z x is1 we h ! wolf by ! e>s1 & we c nei!r hold him1 nor safely let him g4 ,ju/ice is 9 "o scale1 & self-pres]vation 9 ! o!r4 ,( "o ?+ ,i am c]ta91 t z ! passage ( slaves f "o ,/ate to ano!r1 w\ld n make a slave ( a s+le human be+ :o w\ld n be s )\t x1 s _! diffusion ov] a great] surface w\ld make !m individually happi]1 & proportionally facilitate ! accompli%m5t ( _! emancipation1 by divid+ ! bur!n on a great] numb] ( coadjutors4 ,an ab/95ce too1 f ?is act ( p[]1 w\ld remove ! jeal\sy excit$ by ! und]tak+ ( ,congress to regulate ! condition ( ! diff]5t descriptions ( m5 compos+ a ,/ate4 ,?is c]ta9ly is ! exclusive "r ( e ,/ate1 :i* no?+ 9 ! con/itution has tak5 f !m & giv5 to ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t4 ,c\ld ,congress1 = example1 say1 t ! non-freem5 ( ,connecticut %all be freem51 or t !y %all n emigrate into any o!r ,/ate8 ,i regret t ,i am n[ to die 9 ! belief1 t ! useless sacrifice ( !mselves by ! g5]ation ( #aggf1 to acquire self-gov]nm5t & happ9ess to _! c\ntry1 is to be ?r[n away by ! unwise & unwor?y passions ( _! sons1 & t my only consolation is to be1 t ,i live n to weep ov] x4 ,if !y w\ld b dispassionately weigh ! bless+s !y w ?r[ away1 aga9/ an ab/ract pr9ciple m likely to be effect$ by union ?an by scission1 !y w\ld pause be=e !y w\ld p]petrate ?is act ( suicide on !mselves1 & ( treason aga9/ ! hopes ( ! _w4 ,to y\rself1 z ! fai?ful advocate ( ! ,union1 ,i t5d] ! (f]+ ( my high e/eem & respect4 ,,to ,,! ,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,,monticello1 ,may #ad1 #ahbj4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,y\r favor ( ! #c;d is receiv$1 & always ) welcome4 ,^! texts ( tru? relieve me f ! float+ falsehoods ( ! public pap]s4 ,i confess to y ,i am n sorry = ! non-ratification ( ! ,spani% treaty4 ,our ass5t to x has prov$ our desire to be on fri5dly t]ms ) ,spa92 _! diss5t1 ! imbecility & malignity ( _! gov]nm5t t[>ds u1 h plac$ !m 9 ! wrong 9 ! eyes ( ! _w1 & t is well2 b to u ! prov9ce ( ,te*as w be ! ri*e/ ,/ate ( our ,union1 )\t any exception4 ,its s\!rn "p w make m sug> ?an we c consume1 & ! ,r$ riv]1 on its nor?1 is ! mo/ luxuriant c\ntry on e>?4 ,florida1 moreov]1 is ours4 ,e nation 9 ,europe consid]s x su* a "r4 ,we ne$ n c>e = its occupation 9 "t ( peace1 &1 9 w>1 ! fir/ cannon makes x ours )\t (f5ce to anybody4 ,! fri5dly advisem5ts1 too1 ( ,russia & ,france1 z well z ! *ange ( gov]nm5t 9 ,spa91 n[ ensur$1 require a fur!r & respectful =be>ance4 ,:ile _! reque/ w rebut ! plea ( proscriptive possession1 x w give u a "r to _! approbation :5 tak5 9 ! maturity ( circum/ances4 ,i really ?9k1 too1 t nei!r ! /ate ( our f9ances1 ! condition ( our c\ntry1 nor ! public op9ion1 urges u to precipitation into w>4 ,! treaty has _h ! valuable effect ( /r5g!n+ our title to ! ,te*as1 because ! cession ( ! ,floridas 9 ex*ange = ,te*as imports an ackn[l$gm5t ( our "r to x4 ,?is prov9ce moreov]1 ! ,floridas & possibly ,cuba1 w jo9 u on ! ackn[l$gm5t ( _! indep5d5ce1 a measure to :i* _! new gov]nm5t w probably acc$e volunt>ily4 ,b :y %\ld ,i be say+ all ?is to y1 ^: m9d all ! circum/ances ( ?is affair h _h possession = ye>s8 ,i %all rejoice to see y "h2 & 7 ,i to live to see y "h f9ally1 x w\ld be a day ( jubilee4 ,b our days are all numb]$1 & m9e are n _m4 ,god bless y & pres]ve y mu*os aos ,,to ,,g5]al ,,taylor4 ,,monticello1 ,may #af1 #ahbj4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,we regrett$ mu* y\r abs5ce at ! late meet+ ( ! ,bo>d ( ,visitors1 b did n d\bt x 0 occasion$ by uncontrollable circum/ances4 ,z ! matt]s :i* came be=e u 7 ( great importance to ! in/itution1 ,i ?9k x a duty to in=m y ( !m4 ,y "k ! sanction ( ! legislature to our borr[+ #fj1jjj on ! pl$ge ( our annuity ( #ae1jjj4 ,! ,lit]>y ,bo>d (f]$ u #dj1jjj on t pl$ge1 to be repaid at five in/alm5ts1 comm5c+ at ! end ( ! ?ird ye> f ! date ( ! loan1 & int]e/ to be regul>ly paid 9 ! meantime4 ,we endeavor$ to obta9 p]mission to draw = only #ae1jjj at fir/1 & = #b1jjj mon?ly aft]w>ds1 to avoid ! paym5t ( dead int]e/4 ,?is !y decl9$1 z b\nd !mselves to keep ! :ole ( _! capital always 9 a c\rse ( fructification4 ,we !n reque/$ a po/ponem5t ( ! in/alm5ts to ! f\r? in/ead ( ! ?ird ye>1 ) an additional loan ( ! fur!r sum ( #bj1jjj1 au?oriz$ by ! law4 ,to ! po/ponem5t !y acc$$1 & we are assur$ !y w to ! fur!r loan4 ,to expla9 to !m ! urg5cy ( ?is additional ye>'s po/ponem5t1 a pap] 0 laid be=e !m ( :i* ,i enclose y a copy1 & on :i* y are n[ act+4 ,%\ld ! legislature n help u to ! #ic1fjj !re not$1 ! result w be t at ! end ( ! next ye> all ! build+s w be complet$1 7! libr>y except$17 & w !n rema9 unoccupi$ five ye>s long]1 until our funds %all be free = ! engagem5ts ( pr(essors4 ,%\ld !y1 on ! o!r h&1 give ?is aid1 our funds w be free1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! next ye>1 & w enable u to take measures = procur+ pr(essors 9 ! c\rse ( t summ]1 & to op5 ! ,univ]sity4 ,we 7 all ( op9ion t we ought to complete ! build+s = ! t5 pr(essors contemplat$1 z well z accommodations = ! /ud5ts1 be=e op5+ ! in/itution2 = 7 we to /op at any po9t %ort ( ! full e/abli%m5t1 & op5 p>tially1 z our funds w\ld !nce=w>d be absorb$ by ! pr(essors' sal>ies1 we %\ld nev] be able to advance a /ep fur!r1 nor to cov] ! :ole field ( sci5ce contemplat$ by ! law1 & made ! object ( our c>e & duty4 ,we ?\ght x bett]1 !re=e1 to risk a delay ( eight ye>s = a p]fect e/abli%m5t1 ?an to beg9 e>li] & g on =ev] ) a defective "o2 & we suppose x impossible t ei!r ! legislature1 or _! con/itu5ts1 %\ld n consid] an imm$iate comm5cem5t z wor? ! sum necess>y to procure x4 ,y w obs]ve t 9 ! e/imate enclos$1 no acc\nt is tak5 ( our subscription monies4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 too unc]ta9 9 _! collection to f\nd any necess>y contracts2 & we ?\ght x bett] !re=e to res]ve !m z a cont+5t fund1 & a res\rce to cov] miscalculations & accid5ts4 ,ano!r subject on ?is1 z on =m] occasions1 gave u emb>rassm5t4 ,y may h he>d ( ! hue & cry rais$ f ! diff]5t pulpits on our appo9tm5t ( ,dr4 ,coop]1 :om !y *>ge ) ,unit>ianism z boldly z if !y knew ! fact1 & z presumptu\sly z if x 7 a crime1 & "o = :i*1 l ,s]vetus1 he %\ld be burn$2 & p]haps y may h se5 ! p>ticul> attack made on him 9 ! ,evangelical magaz9e4 ,= myself ,i 0 n dispos$ to reg>d ! d5unciations ( ^! satellites ( religi\s inquisition2 b our colleagues1 bett] judges ( popul> feel+1 ?\ght t !y 7 n to be altoge!r neglect$2 & t x might be bett] to relieve ,dr4 ,coop]1 ourselves & ! in/itution f ?is crusade4 ,i _h receiv$ a lett] f him express+ 8 uneas9ess1 n only = himself1 b le/ ?is p]secution %\ld become emb>rass+ to ! visitors1 & injuri\s to ! in/itution2 ) an (f] to resign1 if we _h ! same appreh5sions4 ,! ,visitors1 !re=e1 desir$ ! committee ( ,sup]9t5d5ce to place him at fre$om on ?is subject1 & to arrange ) him a suitable indemnification4 ,i wrote accord+ly 9 answ] to 81 & a meet+ ( tru/ees ( ! college at ,columbia happ5+ to take place soon aft] 8 receipt ( my lett]1 !y resolv$ unanim\sly t x %\ld be propos$ to1 & urg$ on _! legislature1 to e/abli% a pr(essor%ip ( ,geology & ,m9]alogy1 or a pr(essor%ip ( law1 ) a sal>y ( #a1jjj a ye> to be giv5 him1 9 addition to t ( *emi/ry1 :i* is #b1jjj a ye>1 & to pur*ase 8 collection ( m9]als2 & !y h no d\bt ( ! legislature's compliance4 ,on ! subject ( indemnification1 he is cont5t$ ) ! balance ( ! #a1ejj we _h be=e agre$ to give him1 & :i* he says w n m ?an cov] 8 actual losses ( "t & exp5se2 he adds1 x is "r ,i %\ld ackn[l$ge ! lib]ality ( y\r bo>d ) ?anks4 ,i regret ! /orm t has be5 rais$ on my acc\nt2 = x has sep>at$ me f _m fond hopes & wi%es4 ,:atev] my religi\s cre$ may be1 & p]haps ,i d n exactly "k x myself1 x is pleasure to reflect t my conduct has n br\ght1 & is n likely to br+1 discr$it to my fri5ds4 ,:]ev] ,i h be51 x has be5 my good =tune to meet )1 or to make ard5t & affectionate fri5ds4 ,i feel p]suad$ ,i %\ld h met ) ! same lot 9 ,virg9ia _h x be5 my *ance to h settl$ !re1 z ,i _h hop$ & expect$1 = ,i ?9k my c\rse ( conduct is suffici5tly habitual to c\nt on its effects4 ,i d s9c]ely lam5t t unt[>d circum/ances h br\ght on u ! irrep>able loss ( ?is pr(essor1 :om ,i h look$ to z ! corn]-/one ( our edifice4 ,i "k no "o :o c\ld h aid$ u s mu* 9 =m+ ! future regulations = our infant in/itution2 & al?\gh we may p]haps obta9 f ,europe equival5ts 9 sci5ce1 !y c nev] replace ! advantages ( 8 exp]i5ce1 8 k ( ! "*1 habits & mann]s ( our c\ntry1 8 id5tification ) its s5tim5ts & pr9ciples1 & high reputation he has obta9$ 9 x g5]ally4 ,9 ! hope ( meet+ y at our fall visitation1 & t y w d me ! favor ( mak+ ?is y\r head qu>t]s1 & ( com+ ! day be=e1 at lea/1 t we may prep>e our bus9ess at ease1 ,i t5d] y ! assurance ( my great e/eem & respect4 ,,to ,,william ,,%ort4 ,,monticello1 ,augu/ #d1 #ahbj4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i owe y a lett] = y\r favor ( ,june ! #bi?1 :i* 0 receiv$ 9 due "t2 & !re be+ no subject ( ! day1 ( p>ticul> int]e/1 ,i w make ?is a supplem5t to m9e ( ,april ! #ac?4 ,my aim 9 t 01 to ju/ify ! "* ( ,jesus aga9/ ! fictions ( 8 pseudo-foll[]s1 :i* h expos$ him to ! inf]5ce ( be+ an impo/or4 ,= if we c\ld believe t he really c\nt5anc$ ! follies1 ! falsehoods1 & ! *>latanisms :i* 8 biograph]s fa!r on him1 & admit ! miscon/ructions1 int]polations1 & !orizations ( ! fa!rs ( ! e>ly1 & fanatics ( ! latt] ages1 ! conclusion w\ld be irresi/ible by e s\nd m9d1 t he 0 an impo/or4 ,i give no cr$it to _! falsifications ( 8 actions & doctr9es1 & to rescue 8 "*1 ! po/ulate 9 my lett] ask$ only :at is grant$ 9 read+ e o!r hi/orian4 ,:5 ,livy & ,siculus1 = example1 tell u ?+s :i* co9cide ) our exp]i5ce ( ! ord] ( nature1 we cr$it !m on _! ^w1 & place _! n>rations among ! records ( cr$ible hi/ory4 ,b :5 !y tell u ( calves speak+1 ( /atues sweat+ blood1 & o!r ?+s aga9/ ! c\rse ( nature1 we reject ^! z fables n belong+ to hi/ory4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 an hi/orian1 speak+ ( a "* well kn[n & e/abli%$ on satisfactory te/imony1 imputes to x ?+s incompatible ) t "*1 we reject !m )\t hesitation1 & ass5t to t only ( :i* we h bett] evid5ce4 ,_h ,plut>* in=m$ u t ,cs> & ,cic]o pass$ _! :ole lives 9 religi\s ex]cises1 & ab/95ce f ! affairs ( ! _w1 we %\ld reject :at 0 s inconsi/5t ) _! e/abli%$ *>act]s1 /ill cr$it+ :at he relates 9 con=mity ) our ideas ( !m4 ,s aga91 ! sup]lative wisdom ( ,socrates is te/ifi$ by all antiquity1 & plac$ on gr\nd n to be que/ion$4 ,:51 !re=e1 ,plato puts into 8 m\? su* p>alogisms1 su* quibbles on words1 & sophisms z a s*ool boy w\ld be a%am$ (1 we conclude !y 7 ! :imsies ( ,plato's own foggy bra91 & acquit ,socrates ( pu]ilities s unlike 8 "*4 7,speak+ ( ,plato1 ,i w add1 t no writ]1 anci5t or mod]n1 has bewild]$ ! _w ) m ignus fatui1 ?an ?is r5[n$ philosoph]1 9 ,e?ics1 9 ,politics1 & ,physics4 ,9 ! latt]1 to specify a s+le example1 comp>e 8 views ( ! animal economy1 9 8 ,timu1 ) ^? ( ,mrs4 ,bryan 9 h] ,conv]sations on ,*emi/ry1 & weigh ! sci5ce ( ! canoniz$ philosoph] aga9/ ! good s5se ( ! unassum+ lady4 ,b ,plato's visions h furni%$ a basis = endless sy/ems ( my/ical !ology1 & he is !re=e all b adopt$ z a ,*ri/ian sa9t4 ,x is surely "t = m5 to ?9k = !mselves1 & to ?r[ (f ! au?ority ( names s artificially magnifi$4 ,b to return f ?is p>5!sis47 ,i say1 t ?is free ex]cise ( reason is all ,i ask = ! v9dication ( ! "* ( ,jesus4 ,we f9d 9 ! writ+s ( 8 biograph]s matt] ( two di/9ct descriptions4 ,fir/1 a gr\ndwork ( vulg> ignorance1 ( ?+s impossible1 ( sup]/itions1 fanaticisms1 & fabrications4 ,int]mix$ ) ^!1 aga91 are sublime ideas ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 aphorisms1 & precepts ( ! pure/ morality & b5evol5ce1 sanction$ by a life ( humility1 innoc5ce & simplicity ( mann]s1 neglect ( ri*es1 abs5ce ( worldly ambition & honors1 ) an eloqu5ce & p]suasiv5ess :i* h n be5 surpass$4 ,^! c\ld n be inv5tions ( ! grovell+ au?ors :o relate !m4 ,!y are f> beyond ! p[]s ( _! feeble m9ds4 ,!y %[ t !re 0 a "*1 ! subject ( _! hi/ory1 ^: spl5did conceptions 7 above all suspicion ( be+ int]polations f _! h&s4 ,c we be at a loss 9 sep>at+ su* mat]ials1 & ascrib+ ea* to its g5u9e au?or8 ,! diff]5ce is obvi\s to ! eye & to ! und]/&+1 & we may read z we run to ea* 8 "p2 & ,i w v5ture to affirm1 t he :o1 z ,i h done1 w und]take to w9n[ ?is gra9 f ! *aff1 w f9d x n to require a mom5t's consid]ation4 ,! p>ts fall asund] ( !mselves1 z w\ld ^? ( an image ( metal & clay4 ,!re are1 ,i ackn[l$ge1 passages n free f objection1 :i* we may1 ) probability1 ascribe to ,jesus himself2 b claim+ indulg5ce f ! circum/ances "u :i* he act$4 ,8 object 0 ! re=mation ( "s articles 9 ! religion ( ! ,jews1 z taught by ,moses4 ,t sect _h pres5t$ = ! object ( _! wor%ip1 a be+ ( t]rific "*1 cruel1 v9dictive1 caprici\s1 & unju/4 ,jesus1 tak+ = 8 type ! be/ qualities ( ! human head & he>t1 wisdom1 ju/ice1 goodness1 & add+ to !m p[]1 ascrib$ all ( ^!1 b 9 inf9ite p]fection1 to ! ,supreme ,be+1 & =m$ him really wor?y ( _! adoration4 ,moses _h ei!r n believ$ 9 a future /ate ( exi/5ce1 or _h n ?\ght x ess5tial to be explicitly taught to 8 p4 ,jesus inculcat$ t doctr9e ) emphasis & precision4 ,moses _h b\nd ! ,jews to _m idle c]emonies1 mumm]ies1 & obs]vances1 ( no effect t[>ds produc+ ! social utilities :i* con/itute ! ess5ce ( virtue2 ,jesus expos$ _! futility & insignificance4 ,! "o in/ill$ into 8 p ! mo/ anti-social _s t[>d o!r nations2 ! o!r prea*$ philan?ropy & univ]sal *>ity & b5evol5ce4 ,! (fice ( re=m] ( ! sup]/itions ( a nation1 is ev] dang]\s4 ,jesus _h to walk on ! p]il\s conf9es ( reason & religion2 & a /ep to "r or left might place him )9 ! grasp ( ! prie/s ( ! sup]/ition1 a blood-?ir/y race1 z cruel & remorseless z ! be+ :om !y repres5t$ z ! family ,god ( ,abraham1 ( ,isaac & ( ,jacob1 & ! local ,god ( ,israel4 ,!y 7 con/antly lay+ sn>es1 too1 to entangle him 9 ! web ( ! law4 ,he 0 ju/ifiable1 !re=e1 9 avoid+ ^! by evasions1 by sophisms1 by miscon/ructions & misapplications ( scraps ( ! prophets1 & 9 def5d+ himself ) ^! _! own weapons1 z suffici5t1 ad hom9es1 at lea/4 ,t ,jesus did n mean to impose himself on mank9d z ! son ( ,god1 physically speak+1 ,i h be5 conv9c$ by ! writ+s ( m5 m le>n$ ?an myself 9 t lore4 ,b t he might consci5ti\sly believe himself inspir$ f above1 is v possible4 ,! :ole religion ( ! ,jew1 inculcat$ on him f 8 infancy1 0 f\nd$ 9 ! belief ( div9e inspiration4 ,! fumes ( ! mo/ disord]$ imag9ations 7 record$ 9 _! religi\s code1 z special communications ( ! ,deity2 & z x c\ld n b happ5 t1 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 ev5ts w\ld n[ & !n turn up to :i* "s ( ^! vague rhapsodies might be accommodat$ by ! aid ( allegories1 figures1 types1 & o!r tricks ^u words1 !y h n only pres]v$ _! cr$it ) ! ,jews ( all subsequ5t times1 b are ! f\ndation ( mu* ( ! religions ( ^? :o h s*ismatis$ f !m4 ,elevat$ by ! en?usiasm ( a w>m & pure he>t1 consci\s ( ! high /ra9s ( an eloqu5ce :i* _h n be5 taught him1 he might readily mi/ake ! coruscations ( 8 own f9e g5ius = inspirations ( an high] ord]4 ,?is belief c>ri$1 !re=e1 no m p]sonal imputation1 ?an ! belief ( ,socrates1 t himself 0 "u ! c>e & admonitions ( a gu>dian ,dmon4 ,& h[ _m ( our wise/ m5 /ill believe 9 ! reality ( ^! inspirations1 :ile p]fectly sane on all o!r subjects4 ,excus+1 !re=e1 on ^! consid]ations1 ^? passages 9 ! gospels :i* seem to be> m>ks ( weakness 9 ,jesus1 ascrib+ to him :at alone is consi/5t ) ! great & pure "* ( :i* ! same writ+s furni% pro(s1 & to _! prop] au?ors _! own trivialities & imbecilities4 ,i ?9k myself au?oriz$ to conclude ! purity & di/9ction ( 8 "*1 9 opposition to ! impo/ures :i* ^? au?ors w\ld fix ^u him2 & t ! po/ulate ( my =m] lett] is no m ?an is grant$ 9 all o!r hi/orical works4 ,mr4 ,correa is "h1 on 8 f>ewell visit to u4 ,he has be5 mu* pleas$ ) ! plan & progress ( our ,univ]sity1 & has giv5 "s valuable h9ts to its botanical bran*4 ,he goes to d1 ,i hope1 mu* good 9 8 new c\ntry2 ! public in/ruction !re1 z ,i und]/&1 be+ )9 ! dep>tm5t de/9$ = him4 ,he is n )\t dissatisfaction1 & reasonable dissatisfaction too1 ) ! piracies ( ,baltimore2 b 8 ju/ice & fri5dly dispositions w1 ,i am sure1 di/+ui% betwe5 ! iniquities ( a few plund]]s1 & ! s\nd pr9ciples ( our c\ntry at l>ge1 & ( our gov]nm5t especially4 ,f _m conv]sations ) him1 ,i hope he sees1 & w promote 9 8 new situation1 ! advantages ( a cordial frat]nization among all ! ,am]ican nations1 & ! importance ( _! coalesc+ 9 an ,am]ican sy/em ( policy1 totally indep5d5t ( & unconnect$ ) t ( ,europe4 ,! day is n di/ant1 :5 we may =mally require a m]idian ( p>tition ?r\gh ! ocean :i* sep>ates ! two hemisph]es1 on ! hi!r side ( :i* no ,european gun %all ev] be he>d1 nor an ,am]ican on ! o!r2 & :51 dur+ ! rage ( ! et]nal w>s ( ,europe1 ! lion & ! lamb1 )9 our regions1 %all lie d[n toge!r 9 peace4 ,! excess ( population 9 ,europe1 & want ( room1 r5d] w>1 9 _! op9ion1 necess>y to keep d[n t excess ( numb]s4 ,"h1 room is abundant1 population scanty1 & peace ! necess>y means = produc+ m51 to :om ! r$undant soil is (f]+ ! means ( life & happ9ess4 ,! pr9ciples ( society !re & "h1 !n1 are radically diff]5t1 & ,i hope no ,am]ican patriot w ev] lose sight ( ! ess5tial policy ( int]dict+ 9 ! seas & t]ritories ( bo? ,am]icas1 ! f]oci\s & sangu9>y conte/s ( ,europe4 ,i wi% to see ?is coalition begun4 ,i am e>ne/ = an agreem5t ) ! m>itime p[]s ( ,europe1 assign+ !m ! task ( keep+ d[n ! piracies ( _! seas & ! cannibalisms ( ! ,african coa/s1 & to u1 ! suppression ( ! same enormities )9 our seas2 & = ?is purpose1 ,i %\ld rejoice to see ! fleets ( ,brazil & ! ,unit$ ,/ates rid+ toge!r z bre?r5 ( ! same family1 & pursu+ ! same object4 ,& inde$ x w\ld be ( happy augury to beg9 at once ?is conc]t ( action "h1 on ! invitation ( ei!r to ! o!r gov]nm5t1 :ile ! way might be prep>+ = )draw+ our cruis]s f ,europe1 & prev5t+ naval collisions !re :i* daily endang] our peace4 99 99 99 99 99 ,accept assurances ( ! s9c]ity ( my fri5d%ip & respect = y4 ,,to ,,doctor ,,coop]4 ,,monticello1 ,augu/ #ad1 #ahbj4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,y\rs ( ! #bd? ult4 0 receiv$ 9 due "t1 & ,i %all rejoice inde$ if ,mr4 ,elliot & ,mr4 ,nulty are jo9$ to y 9 ! in/itution at ,columbia1 :i* n[ becomes ( imm$iate int]e/ to me4 ,mr4 ,/ack has giv5 notice to 8 fir/ class t he %all dismiss !m on ! #aj? ( ! next mon?1 & 8 ma!matical assi/ant also at ! same "t1 be+ det]m9$ to take only small boys 9 future4 ,my gr&son1 ,eppes1 is ( ! fir/ class2 & ,i h propos$ to 8 fa!r to s5d him to ,columbia1 r ?an any:]e nor?w>dly4 ,i am oblig$1 !re=e1 to ask ( y by :at day he ought to be !re1 s z to be at ! comm5cem5t ( :at !y call a session1 & to be s good z to d ?is by ! fir/ mail1 z ,i %all set out to ,b$=d )9 ab\t a =tnight4 ,he is s f> advanc$ 9 ,greek & ,lat9 t he w be able to pursue !m by himself h]eaft]2 & be+ betwe5 eighte5 & n9ete5 ye>s ( age he has no "t to lose4 ,i propose t he %all comm5ce imm$iately ) ! ma!matics & natural philosophy1 to be foll[$ by a/ronomy1 *emi/ry1 m9]alogy1 botany1 natural hi/ory4 ,x w\ld be "t lo/ = him to att5d pr(essors ( e?ics1 metaphysics1 logic1 c4 ,! fir/ ( ^! may be z well acquir$ 9 ! closet z f liv+ lectures2 & suppos+ ! two la/ to mean ! sci5ce ( m9d1 ! simple read+ ( ,locke1 ,tracy1 & ,/ew>t1 w give him z mu* 9 t bran* z is real sci5ce4 ,a relation ( 8 7,mr4 ,bak]7 & classmate w g ) him4 ,i hope & believe y are mi/ak5 9 suppos+ ! reign ( fanaticism to be on ! advance4 ,i ?9k x c]ta9ly decl9+4 ,x 0 fir/ excit$ artificially by ! sov]eigns ( ,europe z an eng9e ( opposition to ,bonap>te & to ,france4 ,x rose to a great height !re1 & became inde$ a p[]ful eng9e ( loyalism1 & ( support to _! gov]nm5ts4 ,b t loyalism is giv+ way to v diff]5t dispositions1 & its prompt] fanaticism1 is vani%+ ) x4 ,9 ! meantime x _h be5 waft$ across ! ,atlantic1 & *iefly f ,engl&1 ) _! o!r fa%ions1 b x is "h also on ! wane4 ,! ambiti\s sect ( ,presbyt]ians inde$1 ! ,loyali/s ( our c\ntry1 sp>e no pa9s to keep x up4 ,b _! views ( asc5d5cy ov] all o!r sects 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates seem to excite al>m 9 all1 & to unite !m z aga9/ a common & ?reat5+ enemy4 ,& al?\gh ! ,unit>ianism !y impute to y is het]odoxy ) all ( !m1 ,i suspect ! o!r sects w admit x to _! alliance 9 ord] to /r5g!n ! phalanx ( opposition aga9/ ! ent]prises ( _! m aspir+ antagoni/s4 ,al?\gh spiritualism is mo/ preval5t ) all ^! sects1 yet ) none ( !m1 ,i presume1 is mat]ialism decl>$ h]etical4 ,mr4 ,locke1 on ^: au?ority !y (t5 plume !mselves1 op5ly ma9ta9$ ! mat]ialism ( ! s\l2 & *>g$ ) blasphemy ^? :o d5i$ t x 0 9 ! p[] ( an ,almighty ,creator to end[ ) ! faculty ( ?\ght any composition ( matt] he might ?9k fit4 ,! fa!rs ( ! *ur* ( ! ?ree fir/ c5turies g5]ally1 if n univ]sally1 7 mat]iali/s1 ext5d+ x ev5 to ! ,creator himself2 nor inde$ d ,i "k exactly#e 9 :at age ( ! *ri/ian *ur* ! h]esy ( spiritualism 0 introduc$4 ,huet1 9 8 comm5t>ies on ,orig51#f says1 ,deus igitur1 cui anima similis e/1 juxta ,orig5em1 reapse corporalis e/1 s$ graviorum tantum ratione corporum incorporeus4#g ,/4 ,mac>i1#h z speak+ ( angels says1 quam vis enim subtilia s9t1 tam5 9 sub/antia1 =ma1 et figura1 secundum t5uitatem natur eorum corpora sunt t5uia1 quemadmodum et hoc corpus 9 sub/antia sua crassum et solidum e/4#i ,/4 ,ju/9 m>tyr says expressly 1 4 ,t]tullian's words are1 quid enim ,deus nisi corpus8 & aga91 quis autem negabit ,deum esse corpus8 et si deus spiritus1 spiritus etiam corpus e/ sui g5]is1 9 su effigie1 & t ! s\l is matt] he adduces ! foll[+ tangible pro(3 9 ipso ultimo voluptatis ae/u1 quo g5itale virus expellitur1 nonne aliquid de anim s5timus exire8#aj ,! holy fa!r ?us ass]t+1 &1 z x w\ld seem1 f 8 own feel+s1 t ! sp]m infus$ into ! female matrix deposits !re ! matt] & g]m ( bo? s\l & body1 conjunctim1 ( ! new ftus4 ,al?\gh ,i d n pret5d to be famili> ) ^! fa!rs1 & give ! prec$+ quotations at second h&1 yet ,i le>n f au?ors :om ,i respect1 t n only ^? ,i h nam$1 b ,/4 ,augu/91#aa ,/4 ,basil1 ,lactantius1 ,tatian1 ,a!nagoras1 & o!rs1 concurr$ 9 ! mat]iality ( ! s\l4 ,our mod]n doctors w\ld h>dly v5ture or wi% to condemn _! fa!rs z h]etics1 ! ma9 pill>s ( _! fabric re/+ on _! %\ld]s4 ,9 ! consultations ( ! visitors ( ! univ]sity on ! subject ( releas+ y f y\r engagem5t ) u1 al?\gh "o or two memb]s seem$ al>m$ at ?is cry ( fire f ! ,presbyt]ian pulpits1 yet ! real gr\nd ( our decision 0 t our funds 7 9 fact hypo!ticat$ = five or six ye>s to r$eem ! loan we _h reluctantly made2 & al?\gh we hop$ & tru/$ t ! ensu+ legislature w\ld remit ! debt & lib]ate our funds1 yet x 0 n j1 on ?is possibility1 to /& 9 ! way ( y\r look+ out = a m c]ta9 provision4 ,! complet+ all our build+s = pr(essors & /ud5ts by ! autumn ( ! ensu+ ye>1 is n[ secur$ by suffici5t contracts1 & our confid5ce is mo/ /rong t nei!r ! ,/ate nor _! legislature w be> to see ^? build+s %ut up = five or six ye>s1 :5 !y h ! money 9 h&1 & actually appropriat$ to ! object ( education1 :i* w\ld op5 _! doors at once = ! reception ( _! sons1 n[ wait+ & call+ al\d = t in/itution4 ,! legislature meets on ! #a/ ,monday ( ,decemb]1 & be=e ,*ri/mas we %all "k :at are _! int5tions4 ,if su* z we expect1 we %all !n imm$iately take measures to engage our pr(essors & br+ !m into place ! ensu+ autumn or e>ly w9t]4 ,my hope is t y w be able & will+ to keep y\rself uncommitt$1 to take y\r place among !m ab\t t "t2 & ,i c assure y !re is n a voice among u :i* w n be cordially giv5 = x4 ,i ?9k1 too1 ,i may add1 t if ! ,presbyt]ian opposition %\ld n die by t "t1 x w be direct$ at once aga9/ ! :ole in/itution1 & n amuse itself ) nibbl+ at a s+le object4 ,x did t only because !re 0 no o!r1 & !y might ?9k x politic to mask _! designs on ! body ( ! =tress1 "u ! ---- ( a batt]y aga9/ a s+le ba/ion4 ,i w n despair !n ( ! avail ( y\r s]vices 9 an e/abli%m5t :i* ,i contemplate z ! future bulw>k ( ! human m9d 9 ?is hemisph]e4 ,god bless y & pres]ve y multos annos4 ,,footnotes3 #e ,i believe by ,a!nasius & ! c\ncil ( ,nicea4 #f ,ocellus de d',arg5s1 p4 #ig4 #g ,enfield1 vi4 #c4 #h ,ib4 #aje4 #i ,timu1 #ag4 ,enfield1 vi4 #c4 #aj ,hi/4 des ,sa9ts1 #b c4 #d p4 #bab1 #bae4 #aa ,ocellus1 #ij4 ,,to ,,john ,,adams4 ,,monticello1 ,augu/ #ae1 #ahbj4 ,i am a great default]1 my de> ,sir1 9 our correspond5ce1 b pro/rate heal? r>ely p]mits me to write2 & :5 x does1 matt]s ( bus9ess imp]i\sly press _! claims4 ,i am gett+ bett] h[ev]1 sl[ly1 swell$ legs be+ n[ ! only s]i\s symptom1 & ^!1 ,i believe1 proce$ f extreme debility4 ,i c walk b little2 b ,i ride six or eight miles a day )\t fatigue2 & )9 a few days1 ,i %all endeavor to visit my o!r home1 aft] a twelvemon?'s abs5ce f x4 ,our ,univ]sity1 f\r miles di/ant1 gives me frequ5t ex]cise1 & ! (t5]1 z ,i direct its ar*itecture4 ,its plan is unique1 & x is becom+ an object ( curiosity = ! travell]4 ,i h lately _h an opportunity ( read+ a critique on ?is in/itution 9 y\r ,nor? ,am]ican ,review ( ,janu>y la/1 hav+ be5 n )\t anxiety to see :at t able "w w\ld say ( u2 & ,i 0 reliev$ on f9d+ 9 x mu* co9cid5ce ( op9ion1 & ev5 :]e criticisms 7 indulg$1 ,i f\nd !y w\ld h be5 obviat$ _h ! developm5ts ( our plan be5 full]4 ,b ^! 7 re/ra9$ by ! "* ( ! pap] review$1 be+ m]ely a report ( outl9es1 n a detail$ treatise1 & address$ to a legislative body1 n to a le>n$ academy4 ,= example1 z an inducem5t to introduce ! ,anglo-,saxon into our plan1 x 0 said t x w\ld rew>d amply ! few weeks ( att5tion :i* alone w\ld be requisite = its atta9m5t2 leav+ bo? t]m & degree "u an indef9ite expression1 because ,i "k t n mu* "t is necess>y to atta9 x to an useful degree1 suffici5t to give su* in/ruction 9 ! etymologies ( our language z may satisfy ord9>y /ud5ts1 :ile m "t w\ld be requisite = ^? :o %\ld propose to atta9 a critical k ( x4 ,9 a lett] :i* ,i _h occasion to write to ,mr4 ,cr(ts1 :o s5t y1 ,i believe1 z well z myself1 a copy ( 8 treatise on ! ,engli% & ,g]man languages1 z prelim9>y to an etymological diction>y he m$itat$1 ,i w5t into explanations ) him ( an easy process = simplify+ ! /udy ( ! ,anglo-,saxon1 & less5+ ! t]rors & difficulties pres5t$ by its rude alphabet1 & un=m$ or?ography4 ,b ?is is a subject beyond ! b\nds ( a lett]1 z x 0 beyond ! b\nds ( a report to ! legislature4 ,mr4 ,cr(ts di$1 ,i believe1 be=e any progress 0 made 9 ! "w he _h project$4 ,! review] expresses d\bt1 r ?an decision1 on our plac+ milit>y & naval ar*itecture 9 ! dep>tm5t ( pure ma!matics4 ,milit>y ar*itecture embraces =tification & fieldworks1 :i*1 ) _! ba/ions1 curta9s1 hornworks1 r$\bts1 c41 are bas$ on a te*nical comb9ation ( l9es & angles4 ,^! are adapt$ to (f5ce & def5ce1 ) & aga9/ ! effects ( bombs1 balls1 escalades1 c4 ,b l9es & angles make ! sum ( elem5t>y geometry1 a bran* ( pure ma!matics2 & ! direction ( ! bombs1 balls1 & o!r projectiles1 ! necess>y app5dages ( milit>y works1 al?\gh no "p ( _! ar*itecture1 belong to ! conic sections1 a bran* ( transc5d5tal geometry4 ,did]ot & ,d',alemb]t1 !re=e1 9 _! ,arbor sci5ti1 h plac$ milit>y ar*itecture 9 ! dep>tm5t ( elem5t>y geometry4 ,naval ar*itecture tea*es ! be/ =m & con/ruction ( vessels2 = :i* be/ =m x has rec\rse to ! "q ( ! solid ( lea/ resi/ance2 a problem ( transc5d5tal geometry4 ,& its appurt5ant projectiles belong to ! same bran*1 z 9 ! prec$+ case4 ,x is true1 t s f> z respects ! action ( ! wat] on ! rudd] & o>s1 & ( ! w9d on ! sails1 x may be plac$ 9 ! dep>tm5t ( me*anics1 z ,did]ot & ,d',alemb]t h done2 b belong+ q z mu* to geometry1 & alli$ 9 its milit>y "* to milit>y ar*itecture1 x simplifi$ our plan to place bo? "u ! same head4 ,^! views are s obvi\s1 t ,i am sure !y w\ld h requir$ b a second ?\ght1 to reconcile ! review] to _! location "u ! head ( pure ma!matics4 ,= ?is ^w location1 see ,bailey1 ,johnson1 ,%]idan1 ,walk]1 c4 ,b if diction>ies are to be ! arbit]s ( language1 9 :i* ( !m %all we f9d neologism4 ,no matt]4 ,x is a good ^w1 well s\nd+1 obvi\s1 & expresses an idea1 :i* w\ld o!rwise require circumlocution4 ,! review] 0 ju/ifiable1 !re=e1 9 us+ x2 al?\gh he not$ at ! same "t1 z unau?oritative1 c5trality1 grade1 sp>se2 all :i* h be5 long us$ 9 common spee* & writ+4 ,i am a fri5d to neology4 ,x is ! only way to give to a language copi\sness & euphony4 ,)\t x we %\ld /ill be held to ! vocabul>y ( ,alfr$ or ( ,ulphilas2 & held to _! /ate ( sci5ce also3 = ,i am sure !y _h no words :i* c\ld h convey$ ! ideas ( oxyg51 cotyl$ons1 zoophytes1 magnetism1 electricity1 hyal9e1 & ?\s&s ( o!rs express+ ideas n !n exi/+1 nor ( possible communication 9 ! /ate ( _! language4 ,:at a language has ! ,fr5* become s9ce ! date ( _! revolution1 by ! free introduction ( new words6 ,! mo/ copi\s & eloqu5t 9 ! liv+ _w2 & equal to ! ,greek1 _h n t be5 regul>ly modifiable almo/ ad inf9itum4 ,_! rule 01 t :5ev] _! language furni%$ or adopt$ a root1 all its bran*es1 9 e "p ( spee*1 7 legitimat$ by giv+ !m _! appropriate t]m9ations4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 ,& ?is %\ld be ! law ( e language4 ,?us1 hav+ adopt$ ! adjective frat]nal1 x is a root :i* %\ld legitimate frat]nity1 frat]nation1 frat]nisation1 frat]nism1 to frat]nate1 frat]nise1 frat]nally4 ,& give ! ^w neologism to our language1 z a root1 & x %\ld give u its fell[ sub/antives1 neology1 neologi/1 neologisation2 its adjectives1 neolog\s1 neological1 neologi/ical2 its v]b1 neologise2 & adv]b1 neologically4 ,diction>ies are b ! depositories ( words already legitimat$ by usage4 ,society is ! work%op 9 :i* new ones are elaborat$4 ,:5 an individual uses a new ^w1 if ill =m$1 x is reject$ 9 society2 if well =m$1 adopt$1 & aft] due "t1 laid up 9 ! depository ( diction>ies4 ,& if1 9 ?is process ( s\nd neologisation1 our trans-,atlantic bre?r5 %all n *oose to accompany u1 we may furni%1 aft] ! ,ionians1 a second example ( a colonial dialect improv+ on its primitive4 ,b en\gh ( criticism3 let me turn to y\r puzzl+ lett] ( ,may ! #ab?1 on matt]1 _s1 motion1 c4 ,its cr[d ( scepticisms kept me f sleep4 ,i read x1 & laid x d[n2 read x1 & laid x d[n1 aga9 & aga92 & to give re/ to my m9d1 ,i 0 oblig$ to recur ultimately to my habitual anodyne1 ,i feel1 !re=e ,i exi/4 ,i feel bodies :i* are n myself3 !re are o!r exi/5ces !n4 ,i call !m matt]4 ,i feel !m *ang+ place4 ,?is gives me motion4 ,:]e !re is an abs5ce ( matt]1 ,i call x void1 or no?+1 or immat]ial space4 ,on ! basis ( s5sation1 ( matt] & motion1 we may erect ! fabric ( all ! c]ta9ties we c h or ne$4 ,i c conceive ?\ght to be an action ( a p>ticul> organization ( matt]1 =m$ = t purpose by its creator1 z well z t attraction is an action ( matt]1 or magnetism ( load/one4 ,:5 he :o d5ies to ! ,creator ! p[] ( end[+ matt] ) ! mode ( action call$ ?9k+1 %all %[ h[ he c\ld end[ ! sun ) ! mode ( action call$ attraction1 :i* re9s ! planets 9 ! track ( _! orbits1 or h[ an abs5ce ( matt] c h a w1 & by t w put matt] into motion1 !n ! ,mat]iali/ may be lawfully requir$ to expla9 ! process by :i* matt] ex]cises ! faculty ( ?9k+4 ,:5 once we quit ! basis ( s5sation1 all is 9 ! w9d4 ,to talk ( immat]ial exi/5ces1 is to talk ( no?+s4 ,to say t ! human s\l1 angels1 ,god1 are immat]ial1 is to say1 !y are no?+s1 or t !re is no ,god1 no angels1 no s\l4 ,i _c reason o!rwise3 b ,i believe ,i am support$ 9 my cre$ ( mat]ialism by ! ,lockes1 ! ,tracys1 & ! ,/ew>ts4 ,at :at age#ab ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur* ?is h]esy ( immat]ialism1 or mask$ a!ism1 crept 91 ,i d n exactly "k4 ,b a h]esy x c]ta9ly is4 ,jesus taught no?+ ( x4 ,he told u1 inde$1 t ,god is a _s1 b he has n def9$ :at a _s is1 nor said t x is n matt]4 ,& ! anci5t fa!rs g5]ally1 ( ! ?ree fir/ c5turies1 held x to be matt]1 light & ?9 inde$1 an e!rial gas2 b /ill matt]4 ,orig5 says1 ,deus se ipse corporalis e/2 s$ graviorum tantum corporum ratione1 incorporeus4 ,t]tullian1 quid enim deus nisi corpus8 ,& aga91 quis negabit deum esse corpus8 ,etsi deus spiritus1 spiritus etiam corpus e/1 sui g5]is 9 sua effigie4 ,/4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ' '-- 4 ,& ,/4 ,mac>ius1 speak+ ( angels1 says1 quamvis enim subtilia s9t1 tam5 9 sub/antia1 =ma et figur1 secundum t5uitatem natur eorum1 corpora sunt t5uia4 ,& ,/4 ,au/91 ,/4 ,basil1 ,lactantius1 ,tatian1 ,a!nagoras & o!rs1 ) ^: writ+s ,i pret5d n a famili>ity1 are said by ^? :o are bett] acqua9t$ ) !m1 to deliv] ! same doctr9e4 7,enfield x4 #c1 #a47 ,turn to y\r ,ocellus d',arg5s1 #ig1 #aje1 & to 8 ,timu #ag1 = ^! quotations4 ,9 ,engl&1 ^! ,immat]iali/s might h be5 burnt until ! #bi ,c>4 #b1 :5 ! writ de hretico combur5do 0 aboli%$2 & "h until ! ,revolution1 t /atute n hav+ ext5d$ to u4 ,all h]esies be+ n[ done away ) u1 ^! s*ismati/s are m]ely a!i/s1 diff]+ f ! mat]ial a!i/ only 9 _! belief1 t no?+ made some?+1 & f ! mat]ial dei/1 :o believes t matt] alone c op]ate on matt]4 ,reject+ all organs ( in=mation1 !re=e1 b my s5ses1 ,i rid myself ( ! pyrrhonisms ) :i* an indulg5ce 9 speculations hyp]physical & antiphysical1 s uselessly occupy & disquiet ! m9d4 ,a s+le s5se may inde$ be sometimes deceiv$1 b r>ely2 & nev] all our s5ses toge!r1 ) _! faculty ( reason+4 ,!y evid5ce realities1 & !re are en\gh ( ^! = all ! purposes ( life1 )\t plung+ into ! fa?omless abyss ( dreams & phantasms4 ,i am satisfi$1 & suffici5tly occupi$ ) ! ?+s :i* are1 )\t torm5t+ or tr\bl+ myself ab\t ^? :i* may inde$ be1 b ( :i* ,i h no evid5ce4 ,i am sure t ,i really "k _m1 _m ?+s1 & none m surely ?an t ,i love y ) all my he>t1 & pray = ! cont9uance ( y\r life until y %all be tir$ ( x y\rself4 ,,footnote3 #ab ,t ( ,a?anasius & ! ,c\ncil ( ,nica1 anno4 #cbd4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,j>vis4 ,,monticello1 ,septemb] #bh1 #ahbj4 ,i ?ank y1 ,sir1 = ! copy ( y\r ,republican :i* y h be5 s k9d z to s5d me1 & ,i %\ld h ackn[l$g$ x soon] b t ,i am j return$ home aft] a long abs5ce4 ,i h n yet _h "t to read x s]i\sly1 b 9 look+ ov] x cursorily ,i see mu* 9 x to approve1 & %all be glad if x %all lead our y\? to ! practice ( ?9k+ on su* subjects & = !mselves4 ,t x w h ?is t5d5cy may be expect$1 & = t reason ,i feel an urg5cy to note :at ,i deem an error 9 x1 ! m requir+ notice z y\r op9ion is /r5g!n$ by t ( _m o!rs4 ,y seem1 9 pages #hd & #adh1 to consid] ! judges z ! ultimate arbit]s ( all con/itutional que/ions2 a v dang]\s doctr9e inde$1 & "o :i* w\ld place u "u ! despotism ( an olig>*y4 ,our judges are z hone/ z o!r m51 & n m s4 ,!y h1 ) o!rs1 ! same passions = p>ty1 = p[]1 & ! privilege ( _! corps4 ,_! maxim is boni judicis e/ ampli>e jurisdictionem1 & _! p[] ! m dang]\s z !y are 9 (fice = life1 & n responsible1 z ! o!r function>ies are1 to ! elective control4 ,! con/itution has erect$ no su* s+le tribunal1 kn[+ t to :atev] h&s confid$1 ) ! corruptions ( "t & p>ty1 its memb]s w\ld become despots4 ,x has m wisely made all ! dep>tm5ts co-equal & co-sov]eign )9 !mselves4 ,if ! legislature fails to pass laws = a c5sus1 = pay+ ! judges & o!r (fic]s ( gov]nm5t1 = e/abli%+ a militia1 = naturalization z prescrib$ by ! con/itution1 or if !y fail to meet 9 congress1 ! judges _c issue _! m&amus to !m2 if ! ,presid5t fails to supply ! place ( a judge1 to appo9t o!r civil or milit>y (fic]s1 to issue requisite commissions1 ! judges _c =ce him4 ,!y c issue _! m&amus or di/r+as to no executive or legislative (fic] to en=ce ! fulfilm5t ( _! (ficial duties1 any m ?an ! presid5t or legislature may issue ord]s to ! judges or _! (fic]s4 ,betray$ by ,engli% example1 & unaw>e1 z x %\ld seem1 ( ! control ( our con/itution 9 ?is p>ticul>1 !y h at times ov]/epp$ _! limit by und]tak+ to comm& executive (fic]s 9 ! dis*>ge ( _! executive duties2 b ! con/itution1 9 keep+ ?ree dep>tm5ts di/9ct & indep5d5t1 re/ra9s ! au?ority ( ! judges to judici>y organs1 z x does ! executive & legislative to executive & legislative organs4 ,! judges c]ta9ly h m frequ5t occasion to act on con/itutional que/ions1 because ! laws ( meum & tuum & ( crim9al action1 =m+ ! great mass ( ! sy/em ( law1 con/itute _! p>ticul> dep>tm5t4 ,:5 ! legislative or executive function>ies act uncon/itutionally1 !y are responsible to ! p 9 _! elective capacity4 ,! exemption ( ! judges f t is q dang]\s en\gh4 ,i "k no safe depository ( ! ultimate p[]s ( ! society b ! p !mselves2 & if we ?9k !m n enlight5$ en\gh to ex]cise _! control ) a :olesome discretion1 ! rem$y is n to take x f !m1 b to in=m _! discretion by education4 ,?is is ! true corrective ( abuses ( con/itutional p[]4 ,p>don me1 ,sir1 = ?is diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,my p]sonal int]e/ 9 su* que/ions is entirely ext9ct1 b n my wi%es = ! longe/ possible cont9uance ( our gov]nm5t on its pure pr9ciples2 if ! ?ree p[]s ma9ta9 _! mutual indep5d5ce on ea* o!r x may la/ long1 b n s if ei!r c assume ! au?orities ( ! o!r4 ,i ask y\r c&id re-consid]ation ( ?is subject1 & am suffici5tly sure y w =m a c&id conclusion4 ,accept ! assurance ( my great respect4 ,,to ,,mr ,,p9ckney4 ,,monticello1 ,septemb] #cj1 #ahbj4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,an abs5ce ( "s "t f home has occasion$ me to be ?us late 9 ackn[l$g+ ! receipt ( y\r favor ( ! #f?1 & ,i see 9 x ) pleasure evid5ces ( y\r cont9u$ heal? & application to bus9ess4 ,x is n[1 ,i believe1 ab\t tw5ty ye>s s9ce ,i _h ! pleasure ( see+ y1 & we are apt1 9 su* cases1 to lose sight ( "t1 & to conceive t our fri5ds rema9 /ation>y at ! same po9t ( heal? & vigor z :5 we la/ saw !m4 ,s ,i p]ceive by y\r lett] y ?9k ) respect to myself1 b tw5ty ye>s add$ to fifty-sev5 make q a diff]5t man4 ,to ?reescore & sev5te5 add two ye>s ( pro/rate heal?1 & y h ! old1 infirm1 & n]veless body ,i n[ am1 unable to write b ) pa91 & unwill+ to ?9k )\t necessity4 ,9 ?is /ate ,i leave ! _w & its affairs to ! "y & en]getic1 & resign myself to _! c>e1 ( :om ,i h endeavor$ to take c>e :5 "y4 ,i read b "o newspap] & t ( my own ,/ate1 & m = its adv]tisem5ts ?an its news4 ,i h n read a spee* 9 ,congress = "s ye>s4 ,i h he>d1 inde$1 ( ! que/ions ( ! t>iff & ,miss\ri1 & =m$ prim facie op9ions on !m1 b )\t inve/igation4 ,z to ! t>iff1 ,i %\ld say put d[n all banks1 admit none b a metallic circulation1 t w take its prop] level ) ! l circulation 9 o!r c\ntries1 & !n our manufactur]s may "w 9 fair competition ) ^? ( o!r c\ntries1 & ! import duties :i* ! gov]nm5t may lay = ! purposes ( rev5ue w s f> place !m above equal competition4 ,! ,miss\ri "q is a m]e p>ty trick4 ,! lead]s ( f$]alism1 defeat$ 9 _! s*emes ( obta9+ p[] by rally+ p>tisans to ! pr9ciple ( mon>*ism1 a pr9ciple ( p]sonal n ( local division1 h *ang$ _! tack1 & ?r[n out ano!r b>rel to ! :ale4 ,!y are tak+ advantage ( ! virtu\s feel+s ( ! p to effect a division ( p>ties by a geographical l9e2 !y expect t ?is w ensure !m1 on local pr9ciples1 ! majority !y c\ld nev] obta9 on pr9ciples ( f$]alism2 b !y are /ill putt+ _! %\ld] to ! wrong :eel2 !y are wa/+ ,j]emiads on ! mis]ies ( slav]y1 z if we 7 advocates = x4 ,s9c]ity 9 _! declamations %\ld direct _! ef=ts to ! true po9t ( difficulty1 & unite _! c\nsels ) ours 9 devis+ "s reasonable & practicable plan ( gett+ rid ( x4 ,"s ( ^! lead]s1 if !y c\ld atta9 ! p[]1 _! ambition w\ld r use x to keep ! ,union toge!r1 b o!rs h ev] _h 9 view its sep>ation4 ,if !y pu% x to t1 !y w f9d ! l9e ( sep>ation v diff]5t f _! #cf ( latitude1 & z manufactur+ & navigat+ ,/ates1 !y w h qu>rell$ ) _! bread & butt]1 & ,i fe> n t aft] a little trial !y w ?9k bett] ( x1 & return to ! embraces ( _! natural & be/ fri5ds4 ,b ?is s*eme ( p>ty ,i leave to ^? :o are to live "u its consequ5ces4 ,we :o h gone be=e h p]=m$ an hone/ duty1 by putt+ 9 ! p[] ( our successors a /ate ( happ9ess :i* no nation ev] be=e _h )9 _! *oice4 ,if t *oice is to ?r[ x away1 ! dead w h nei!r ! p[] nor ! "r to control !m4 ,i mu/ hope1 nev]!less1 t ! mass ( our hone/ & well-mean+ bre?r5 ( ! o!r ,/ates1 w discov] ! use :i* design+ lead]s are mak+ ( _! be/ feel+s1 & w see ! precipice to :i* !y are lead1 be=e !y take ! fatal leap4 ,god grant x1 & to y heal? & happ9ess4 ,,to ,,ri*>d ,,ru%1 ,,esq4 ,,monticello1 ,octob] #bj1 #ahbj4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,9 y\r favor ( ,may #c;d1 :i* ,i h n[ to ackn[l$ge1 y s k9dly pr(f]$ y\r att5tions to any little matt]s ,i might h on t side ( ! wat]1 t ,i take ! lib]ty ( avail+ myself ( ?is pro( ( y\r goodness s f> z to reque/ y to put ! enclos$ catalogue 9 ! h&s ( "s hone/ booksell] ( ,london1 :o w procure & =w>d ! books to me1 ) c>e & good fai?4 ,!y %\ld be pack$ 9 a *eap trunk1 & n put on %ip-bo>d until ,april1 z !y w\ld be liable to damage on a w9t] passage4 ,i ask an hone/ correspond5t 9 t l9e1 because1 :5 we beg9 to import = ! libr>y ( our ,univ]s>y1 we %all ne$ "o wor?y ( entire confid5ce4 ,i s5d ?is lett] op5 to my correspond5t 9 ,ri*mond1 ,capta9 ,b]n>d ,peyton1 ) a reque/ t he w put into x a bill ( ex*ange on ,london ( #dj /]l+1 :i* ( c\rse1 !re=e1 ,i _c describe to y by nam+ draw] & drawee4 ,he w also =w>d1 by o!r conveyance1 ! duplicate & triplicate z usual4 ,?is sum w\ld m ?an cov] ! co/ ( ! books writt5 =1 accord+ to _! prices /at$ 9 pr9t$ catalogues2 b z books h ris5 ) o!r ?+s 9 price1 ,i h enl>g$ ! pr9t$ am\nt by ab\t #ae p] c5t4 to cov] any rise4 ,/ill1 %\ld x be insuffici5t1 ! booksell] is reque/$ to dock ! catalogue to ! am\nt ( ! remittance4 ,i h no news to give y2 = ,i h none b f ! newspap]s1 & believ+ little ( t myself1 x w\ld be an unwor?y pres5t to my fri5ds4 ,b ! important news lies n[ on y\r side ( ! ,atlantic4 ,engl&1 9 ?roes f a trifle1 z x w\ld seem1 b t trifle ! symptom ( an irrem$iable disease proce$+ f a long c\rse ( exhau/ion by ef=ts & bur!ns beyond h] natural /r5g?2 ,france agoniz+ betwe5 royali/s & con/itutionali/s2 ! o!r ,/ates ( ,europe press+ on to revolution & ! rights ( man1 & ! colossal p[]s ( ,russia & ,au/ria m>%all$ aga9/ !m4 ,^! are m ?an specks ( hurricane 9 ! horizon ( ! _w4 ,y1 :o are "y1 may live to see its issue2 ! beg9n+ only is = my "t4 ,nor is our side ( ! wat] entirely untr\bl$1 ! boi/]\s sea ( lib]ty is nev] )\t a wave4 ,a hide\s evil1 ! magnitude ( :i* is se51 & at a di/ance only1 by ! "o p>ty1 & m sorely felt & s9c]ely deplor$ by ! o!r1 f ! difficulty ( ! cure1 divides u at ?is mom5t too angrily4 ,! attempt by "o p>ty to prohibit will+ ,/ates f %>+ ! evil1 is ?\ght by ! o!r to r5d] desp]ate1 by accumulation1 ! hope ( its f9al eradication4 ,if a little "t1 h[ev]1 is giv5 to bo? p>ties to cool1 & to dispel _! vision>y fe>s1 !y w see t concurr+ 9 s5tim5t z to ! evil1 moral & political1 ! duty & int]e/ ( bo? is to concur also 9 div9+ a practicable process ( cure4 ,%\ld "t n be giv51 & ! s*ism be pu%$ to sep>ation1 x w be = a %ort t]m only2 two or ?ree ye>s trial w br+ !m back1 l qu>rell+ lov]s to r5ew$ embraces1 & increas$ affections4 ,! exp]im5t ( sep>ation w\ld soon prove to bo? t !y _h mutually miscalculat$ _! be/ int]e/s4 ,& ev5 7 ! p>ties 9 ,congress to sec$e 9 a passion1 ! sob]] p w\ld call a conv5tion & cem5t aga9 ! sev]ance attempt$ by ! insanity ( _! function>ies4 ,) ?is consol+ view1 my greate/ grief w\ld be = ! fatal effect ( su* an ev5t on ! hopes & happ9ess ( ! _w4 ,we exi/1 & are quot$1 z /&+ pro(s t a gov]nm5t1 s modell$ z to re/ cont9ually on ! w ( ! :ole society1 is a practicable gov]nm5t4 ,7 we to break to pieces1 x w\ld damp ! hopes & ! ef=ts ( ! good1 & give triumph to ^? ( ! bad ?r\gh ! :ole enslav$ _w4 ,z memb]s1 !re=e1 ( ! univ]sal society ( mank9d1 & /&+ 9 high & responsible relation ) !m1 x is our sacr$ duty to suppress passion among ourselves1 & n to bla/ ! confid5ce we h inspir$ ( pro( t a gov]nm5t ( reason is bett] ?an "o ( =ce4 ,?is lett] is n ( facts b ( op9ions1 z y w obs]ve2 & al?\gh ! conv]se is g5]ally ! mo/ acceptable1 ,i d n "k t1 9 y\r situation1 ! op9ions ( y\r c\ntrym5 may n be z desirable to be kn[n to y z facts4 ,!y con/itute1 inde$1 moral facts1 z important z physical ones to ! att5tion ( ! public function>y4 ,wi%+ y a long c>e] to ! s]vices y may r5d] y\r c\ntry1 & t x may be a c>e] ( happ9ess & prosp]ity to y\rself1 ,i salute y ) affectionate atta*m5t & respect4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,correa4 ,,monticello1 ,octob] #bd1 #ahbj4 ,y\r k9d lett]1 de> ,sir1 ( ,octob] #ab?1 0 h&$ to me by ,dr4 ,coop]1 & 0 ! fir/ correction ( an errone\s belief t y _h long s9ce left our %ores4 ,su* _h be5 ,colonel ,r&olph's op9ion1 & 8 _h gov]n$ m9e4 ,i receiv$ y\r adieu ) feel+s ( s9c]e regret at ! loss we 7 to su/a91 & p>ticul>ly ( ^? fri5dly visits by :i* y _h made me s happy4 ,i %all feel1 too1 ! want ( y\r c\nsel & approbation 9 :at we are do+ & h yet to d 9 our ,univ]sity1 ! la/ ( my mortal c>es1 & ! la/ s]vice ,i c r5d] my c\ntry4 ,b turn+ f myself1 ?r[+ egotism beh9d me1 & look+ to y\r happ9ess1 x is a duty & consolation ( fri5d%ip to consid] t t may be promot$ by y\r return to y\r own c\ntry4 ,!re ,i hope y w receive ! honors & rew>ds y m]it1 & :i* may make ! re/ ( y\r life easy & happy2 !re too y w r5d] preci\s s]vices by promot+ ! sci5ce ( y\r c\ntry1 & bless+ its future g5]ations ) ! advantages t be/[s4 ,nor ev5 !re %all we lose all ! b5efits ( y\r fri5d%ip2 = ?is motive1 z well z ! love ( y\r own c\ntry1 w be an incitem5t to promote t intimate h>mony betwe5 our two nations :i* is s mu* ! int]e/ ( bo?4 ,no?+ is s important z t ,am]ica %all sep>ate h]self f ! sy/ems ( ,europe1 & e/abli% "o ( h] own4 ,our circum/ances1 our pursuits1 our int]e/s1 are di/9ct1 ! pr9ciples ( our policy %\ld be s also4 ,all entanglem5ts ) t qu>t] ( ! globe %\ld be avoid$ if we mean t peace & ju/ice %all be ! pol> />s ( ! ,am]ican societies4 ,i _h writt5 a lett] to a fri5d :ile y 7 "h1 9 a "p ( :i* ^! s5tim5ts 7 express$1 & ,i _h made an extract f x to put into y\r h&s1 z conta9+ my cre$ on t subject4 ,y _h left u1 h[ev]1 9 ! morn+ e>li] ?an ,i _h be5 aw>e2 /ill ,i enclose x to y1 because x w\ld be a lead+ pr9ciple ) me1 _h ,i long] to live4 ,dur+ six & ?irty ye>s t ,i h be5 9 situations to att5d to ! conduct & *>act]s ( =eign nations1 ,i h f\nd ! gov]nm5t ( ,portugal ! mo/ j1 in(f5sive & unambiti\s ( any "o ) :i* we _h conc]n1 )\t a s+le exception4 ,i am sure t ?is is ! "* ( ours also4 ,two su* nations c nev] wi% to qu>rel ) ea* o!r4 ,subord9ate (fic]s may be neglig5t1 may h _! passions & p>tialities1 & be crim9ally remiss 9 prev5t+ ! ent]prises ( ! lawless b&itti :o are to be f\nd 9 e seaport ( e c\ntry4 ,! late piratical depr$ations :i* y\r comm]ce has suff]$ z well z ours1 & t ( o!r nations1 seem to h be5 committ$ by r5egado rov]s ( sev]al nations1 ,fr5*1 ,engli%1 ,am]ican1 :i* !y z well z we h n be5 c>eful en\gh to suppress4 ,i hope our ,congress n[ ab\t to meet w /r5g!n ! measures ( suppression4 ,( _! disposition to d x !re c be no d\bt2 = all m5 ( moral pr9ciple mu/ be %ock$ at ^! atrocities4 ,i _h repeat$ conv]sations on ?is subject ) ! ,presid5t :ile at 8 seat 9 ?is neighborhood4 ,no man c abhor ^! enormities m deeply4 ,i tru/ x w n h be5 9 ! p[] ( ab&on$ rov]s1 nor yet ( neglig5t function>ies1 to di/urb ! h>mony ( two nations s mu* dispos$ to mutual fri5d%ip1 & int]e/$ 9 x4 ,to ?is1 my de> fri5d1 y c be ma9ly in/rum5tal1 & ,i "k y\r patriotism & philan?ropy too well to d\bt y\r be/ ef=ts to cem5t u4 ,9 ^! ,i pray = y\r success1 & t heav5 may long pres]ve y 9 heal? & prosp]ity to d all ! good to mank9d to :i* y\r enlight5$ & b5evol5t m9d disposes y4 ,( ! cont9uance ( my affectionate fri5d%ip1 ) t ( my life1 & ( its f]v5t wi%es = y\r happ9ess1 accept my s9c]e assurance4 ,,to ,,! ,,rev]5d ,,j>$ ,,sp>ks4 ,,monticello1 ,novemb] #d1 #ahbj4 ,,sir1--,y\r favor ( ,septemb] #ah? is j receiv$1 ) ! book accompany+ x4 ,its delay 0 ow+ to t ( ! box ( books f ,mr4 ,guegan1 9 :i* x 0 pack$4 ,be+ j sett+ out on a j\rney ,i h "t only to look ov] ! summ>y ( cont5ts4 ,9 ?is ,i see no?+ 9 :i* ,i am likely to diff] mat]ially f y4 ,i hold ! precepts ( ,jesus1 z deliv]$ by himself1 to be ! mo/ pure1 b5evol5t1 & sublime :i* h ev] be5 prea*$ to man4 ,i adh]e to ! pr9ciples ( ! fir/ age2 & consid] all subsequ5t innovations z corruptions ( 8 religion1 hav+ no f\ndation 9 :at came f him4 ,! metaphysical insanities ( ,a?anasius1 ( ,loyola1 & ( ,calv91 are1 to my und]/&+1 m]e relapses into poly!ism1 diff]+ f paganism only by be+ m un9telligible4 ,! religion ( ,jesus is f\nd$ 9 ! ,unity ( ,god1 & ?is pr9ciple *iefly1 gave x triumph ov] ! rabble ( hea!n gods !n ackn[l$g$4 ,?9k+ m5 ( all nations ralli$ readily to ! doctr9e ( "o only ,god1 & embrac$ x ) ! pure morals :i* ,jesus inculcat$4 ,if ! fre$om ( religion1 gu>ante$ to u by law 9 !ory1 c ev] rise 9 practice "u ! ov]be>+ inquisition ( public op9ion1 tru? w prevail ov] fanaticism1 & ! g5u9e doctr9es ( ,jesus1 s long p]v]t$ by 8 pseudo-prie/s1 w aga9 be re/or$ to _! orig9al purity4 ,?is re=mation w advance ) ! o!r improvem5ts ( ! human m9d1 b too late = me to witness x4 ,accept my ?anks = y\r book1 9 :i* ,i %all read ) pleasure y\r developm5ts ( ! subject1 & ) !m ! assurance ( my high respect4 ,,to ,,joseph ,c4 ,,cabell4 ,,popl> ,,=e/1 ,novemb] #bh1 #ahbj4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i s5t 9 due "t ! ,report ( ! ,visitors to ! ,gov]nor1 ) a reque/ t he w\ld endeavor to conv5e ! ,lit]>y ,bo>d 9 "t to lay x be=e ! legislature on ! second day ( _! session4 ,x 0 enclos$ 9 a lett] :i* w expla9 itself to y4 ,if deliv]$ be=e ! cr[d ( o!r bus9ess presses on !m1 !y may act on x imm$iately1 & be=e !re w h be5 "t = unfri5dly comb9ations & manuvres by ! enemies ( ! in/itution4 ,i enclose y n[ a pap] pres5t+ "s views :i* may be useful to y 9 conv]sations1 to rebut exagg]at$ e/imates ( :at our in/itution is to co/1 & reproa*es ( deceptive e/imates4 ,"o hundr$ & sixty-two ?\s& ?ree hundr$ & sixty-f\r doll>s w be ab\t ! co/ ( ! :ole e/abli%m5t1 :5 complet$4 ,n an (fice at ,wa%+ton has co/ less4 ,! s+le build+ ( ! c\rt h\se ( ,h5rico has co/ ne>ly t2 & ! massive walls ( ! millions ( bricks ( ,william & ,m>y c\ld n n[ be built = a less sum4 ,surely ,gov]nor ,cl9ton's display ( ! gigantic ef=ts ( ,new ,york t[>ds ! education ( h] citiz5s1 w /imulate ! pride z well z ! patriotism ( our legislature1 to look to ! reputation & safety ( _! own c\ntry1 to rescue x f ! degradation ( becom+ ! ,b>b>y ( ! ,union1 & ( fall+ into ! ranks ( our own negroes4 ,to t condition x is fa/ s9k+4 ,we %all be 9 ! h&s ( ! o!r ,/ates1 :at our indig5\s pr$ecessors 7 :5 invad$ by ! sci5ce & arts ( ,europe4 ,! mass ( education 9 ,virg9ia1 be=e ! ,revolution1 plac$ h] ) ! =emo/ ( h] si/] colonies4 ,:at is h] education n[8 ,:]e is x8 ,! little we h we import1 l begg>s1 f o!r ,/ates2 or import _! begg>s to be/[ on u _! mis]able crumbs4 ,& :at is want+ to re/ore u to our /ation among our conf$]ates8 ,n m money f ! p4 ,en\gh has be5 rais$ by !m1 & appropriat$ to ?is v object4 ,x is t x %\ld be employ$ und]/&+ly1 & = _! greate/ good4 ,t good requires1 t :ile !y are in/ruct$ 9 g5]al1 compet5tly to ! common bus9ess ( life1 o!rs %\ld employ _! g5ius ) necess>y in=mation to ! useful arts1 to inv5tions = sav+ labor & increas+ our com=ts1 to n\ri%+ our heal?1 to civil gov]nm5t1 milit>y sci5ce1 c4 ,w\ld x n h a good effect = ! fri5ds ( ?is ,univ]sity to take ! lead 9 propos+ & effect+ a practical s*eme ( elem5t>y s*ools8 ,to assume ! "* ( ! fri5ds1 r ?an ! oppon5ts ( t object4 ,! pres5t plan has appropriat$ to ! prim>y s*ools =ty-five ?\s& doll>s = ?ree ye>s1 mak+ "o hundr$ & ?irty-five ?\s& doll>s4 ,i %\ld be glad to "k if ?is sum has educat$ "o hundr$ & ?irty-five poor *ildr58 ,i d\bt x mu*4 ,& if x has1 !y h co/ u "o ?\s& doll>s a piece = :at might h be5 done ) ?irty doll>s4 ,suppos+ ! lit]>y rev5ue to be sixty ?\s& doll>s1 ,i ?9k x demon/rable1 t ?is sum1 equally divid$ betwe5 ! two objects1 w\ld amply suffice = bo?4 ,"o hundr$ c\nties1 divid$ into ab\t twelve w>ds ea*1 on an av]age1 & a s*ool 9 ea* w>d ( p]haps t5 *ildr51 w\ld be "o ?\s& & two hundr$ s*ools1 di/ribut$ proportionably ov] ! surface ( ! ,/ate4 ,! inhabitants ( ea* w>d1 meet+ toge!r 7z :5 !y "w on ! roads71 build+ good log h\ses = _! s*ool & tea*]1 & contribut+ = 8 provisions1 rations ( pork1 beef1 & corn1 9 ! proportion ea* ( 8 o!r taxes1 w\ld ?us lodge & fe$ him )\t feel+ x2 & ^? ( !m :o are able1 pay+ = ! tuition ( _! own *ildr51 w\ld leave no call on ! public fund b = ! tuition fee (1 "h & !re1 an accid5tal paup]1 :o w\ld /ill be f$ & lodg$ ) 8 p>5ts4 ,suppose ?is fee t5 doll>s1 & ?ree hundr$ doll>s apportion$ to a c\nty on an av]age1 7m or less proportion$17 w\ld !re be ?irty su* paup]s = e c\nty8 ,i ?9k n4 ,! tru? is1 t ! want ( common education ) u is n f our pov]ty1 b f want ( an ord]ly sy/em4 ,m money is n[ paid = ! education ( a "p1 ?an w\ld be paid = t ( ! :ole1 if sy/ematically arrang$4 ,six ?\s& common s*ools 9 ,new ,york1 fifty pupils 9 ea*1 ?ree hundr$ ?\s& 9 all2 "o hundr$ & sixty ?\s& doll>s annually paid to ! ma/]s2 =ty e/abli%$ academies1 ) two ?\s& two hundr$ & eighte5 pupils2 & five colleges1 ) sev5 hundr$ & eighte5 /ud5ts2 to :i* la/ classes ( in/itutions sev5 hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s& doll>s h be5 giv52 & ! :ole appropriations = education e/imat$ at two & a half millions ( doll>s6 ,:at a pigmy to ?is is ,virg9ia become1 ) a population almo/ equal to t ( ,new ,york6 ,& :5ce ?is diff]5ce8 ,f ! diff]5ce _! rul]s set on ! value ( k1 & ! prosp]ity x produces4 ,b /ill1 if a pigmy1 let h] d :at a pigmy may d4 ,if among fifty *ildr5 9 ea* ( ! six ?\s& s*ools ( ,new ,york1 !re are only paup]s en\gh to employ tw5ty-five doll>s ( public money to ea* s*ool1 surely among ! t5 *ildr5 ( ea* ( our "o ?\s& & two hundr$ s*ools1 ! same sum ( tw5ty-five doll>s to ea* s*ool w tea* its paup]s1 7five times z mu* z to ! same numb] 9 ,new ,york17 & w am\nt = ! :ole to ?irty ?\s& doll>s a ye>1 ! "o-half only ( our lit]>y rev5ue4 ,d !n1 de> ,sir1 ?9k ( ?is1 & engage our fri5ds to take 9 h& ! :ole subject4 ,x w reconcile ! fri5ds ( ! elem5t>y s*ools1 & none are m w>mly s ?an myself1 light5 ! difficulties ( ! ,univ]sity1 & promote 9 e ord] ( m5 ! degree ( in/ruction proportion$ to _! condition1 & to _! views 9 life4 ,x w comb9e ) ! mass ( our =ce1 a wise direction ( x1 :i* w insure to our c\ntry its future prosp]ity & safety4 ,i _h =m]ly ?\ght t visitors ( ! s*ool might be *os5 by ! c\nty1 & *>g$ to provide tea*]s = e w>d1 & to sup]9t5d !m4 ,i n[ ?9k x w\ld be bett] = e w>d to *oose its own resid5t visitor1 ^: bus9ess x w\ld be to keep a tea*] 9 ! w>d1 to sup]9t5d ! s*ool1 & to call meet+s ( ! w>d = all purposes relat+ to x2 _! acc\nts to be settl$1 & w>ds laid (f by ! c\rts4 ,i ?9k w>d elections bett] = _m reasons1 "o ( :i* is suffici5t1 t x w keep elem5t>y education out ( ! h&s ( fanaticis+ prea*]s1 :o1 9 c\nty elections1 w\ld be univ]sally *os51 & ! pr$om9ant sect ( ! c\nty w\ld possess itself ( all its s*ools4 ,a wri/ /iff5$ by an anci5t accid5t1 n[ m s by ! effect ( age1 r5d]s writ+ a sl[ & irksome op]ation ) me4 ,i _c1 !re=e1 pres5t ^! views1 by sep>ate lett]s to ea* ( our colleagues 9 ! legislature1 b mu/ pray y to communicate !m to ,mr4 ,johnson & ,g5]al ,breck5ridge1 & to reque/ !m to consid] ?is z equally meant = !m4 ,mr4 ,gordon be+ ! local repres5tative ( ! ,univ]sity1 & among its mo/ zeal\s fri5ds1 w\ld be a m useful second to ,g5]al ,breck5ridge 9 ! ,h\se ( ,delegates1 by a free communication ( :at conc]ns ! ,univ]sity1 ) :i* he has _h little opportunity ( becom+ acqua9t$4 ,s1 also1 w\ld x be to ,mr4 ,rives1 :o w\ld be a fri5dly advocate4 ,accept ! assurances ( my con/ant & affectionate e/eem & respect4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,madison4 ,,popl> ,,=e/1 ,novemb] #bi1 #ahbj4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,! enclos$ lett] f our anci5t fri5d ,t5*e ,coxe1 came un=tunately to ,monticello aft] ,i _h left x1 & has _h a dilatory passage to ?is place1 :]e ,i receiv$ x ye/]day1 & obey its injunction ( imm$iate transmission to y4 ,we %\ld h recogniz$ ! /yle ev5 )\t a signature1 & al?\gh s writt5 z to be mu* ( x indeciph]able4 ,?is is a sample ( ! effects we may expect f ! late mis*iev\s law vacat+ e f\r ye>s ne>ly all ! executive (fic]s ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,x saps ! con/itutional & salut>y functions ( ! ,presid5t1 & introduces a pr9ciple ( intrigue & corruption1 :i* w soon leav5 ! mass1 n only ( ,s5ators1 b ( citiz5s4 ,x is m baneful ?an ! attempt :i* fail$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! gov]nm5t1 to make all (fic]s irremovable b ) ! cons5t ( ! ,s5ate4 ,?is places1 e f\r ye>s1 all appo9tm5ts "u _! p[]1 & ev5 obliges !m to act on e "o nom9ation4 ,x w keep 9 con/ant excitem5t all ! hungry cormorants = (fice1 r5d] !m1 z well z ^? 9 place1 sycophants to _! ,s5ators1 engage ^! 9 et]nal intrigue to turn out "o & put 9 ano!r1 9 cabals to swap "w2 & make ( !m :at all executive directories become1 m]e s9ks ( corruption & faction4 ,?is mu/ h be5 "o ( ! midnight signatures ( ! ,presid5t1 :5 he _h n "t to consid]1 or ev5 to read ! law2 & ! m fatal z be+ irrepealable b ) ! cons5t ( ! ,s5ate1 :i* w nev] be obta9$4 ,f4 ,gilm] has communicat$ to me ,mr4 ,correa's lett] to him ( adieux to 8 fri5ds "h1 among :om he names mo/ affectionately ,mrs4 ,madison & y\rself4 ,no =eign]1 ,i believe1 has ev] c>ri$ ) him m fri5dly regrets4 ,he 0 to sail ! next day 7,novemb] #aj7 9 ! ,briti% packet = ,engl&1 & !nce take 8 passage 9 ,janu>y = ,brazil4 ,8 pres5t views are ( c\rse liable to be affect$ by ! ev5ts ( ,portugal1 & ! possible effects ( _! example on ,brazil4 ,i expect to return to ,monticello ab\t ! middle ( ! ensu+ mon?1 & salute y ) con/ant affection & respect4 ,,to ,,?omas ,,rit*ie4 ,,monticello1 ,decemb] #be1 #ahbj4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,on my return home aft] a long abs5ce1 ,i f9d "h y\r favor ( ,novemb] ! #bc;d1 ) ,colonel ,taylor's ,con/ruction ,con/ru$1 :i* y h be5 s k9d z to s5d me1 9 ! "n ( ! au?or z well z y\rself4 ,p]mit me1 if y please1 to use ! same *annel = convey+ to him ! ?anks ,i r5d] y also = ?is m>k ( att5tion4 ,i %all read x1 ,i "k1 ) edification1 z ,i did 8 ,inquiry1 to :i* ,i ackn[l$ge myself indebt$ = _m valuable ideas1 & = ! correction ( "s errors ( e>ly op9ion1 nev] se5 9 a correct light until pres5t$ to me 9 t "w4 ,t ! pres5t volume is equally or?odox1 ,i "k be=e read+ x1 because ,i "k t ,colonel ,taylor & myself h r>ely1 if ev]1 diff]$ 9 any political pr9ciple ( importance4 ,e act ( 8 life1 & e ^w he ev] wrote1 satisfies me ( ?is4 ,s1 also1 z to ! two ,presid5ts1 late & n[ 9 (fice1 ,i "k !m bo? to be ( pr9ciples z truly republican z any m5 liv+4 ,if !re be any?+ amiss1 !re=e1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our affairs1 z ! =midable deficit lately unfold$ to u indicates1 ,i ascribe x to ! inatt5tion ( ,congress to _! duties1 to _! unwise dissipation & wa/e ( ! public contributions4 ,!y seem$1 "s little :ile ago1 to be at a loss = objects :]eon to ?r[ away ! suppos$ fa?omless funds ( ! treasury4 ,i _h fe>$ ! result1 because ,i saw among !m "s ( my old fell[ labor]s1 ( tri$ & kn[n pr9ciples1 yet (t5 9 _! m9orities4 ,i am aw>e t 9 "o ( _! mo/ ru9\s vag>ies1 ! p 7 !mselves betray$ into ! same phr5zy ) _! ,repres5tatives4 ,! deficit produc$1 & a heavy tax to supply x1 w1 ,i tru/1 br+ bo? to _! sob] s5ses4 ,b x is n f ?is bran* ( gov]nm5t we h mo/ to fe>4 ,taxes & %ort elections w keep !m "r4 ,! judici>y ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! subtle corps ( sapp]s & m9]s con/antly work+ "u gr\nd to und]m9e ! f\ndations ( our conf$]at$ fabric4 ,!y are con/ru+ our con/itution f a co-ord9ation ( a g5]al & special gov]nm5t to a g5]al & supreme "o alone4 ,?is w lay all ?+s at _! feet1 & !y are too well v]s$ 9 ,engli% law to =get ! maxim1 boni judicis e/ ampli>e jurisdictionem4 ,we %all see if !y are bold en\gh to take ! d>+ /ride _! five lawy]s h lately tak54 ,if !y d1 !n1 ) ! editor ( our book1 9 8 address to ! public1 ,i w say1 t aga9/ ?is e man %\ld raise 8 voice1 & m1 %\ld uplift 8 arm4 ,:o wrote ?is admirable address8 ,s\nd1 lum9\s1 /rong1 n a ^w too mu*1 nor "o :i* c be *ang$ b = ! worse4 ,t p5 %\ld g on1 lay b>e ^! w\nds ( our con/itution1 expose ! decisions s]iatim1 & ar\se1 z x is able1 ! att5tion ( ! nation to ^! bold speculators on its pati5ce4 ,hav+ f\nd1 f exp]i5ce1 t impea*m5t is an impracticable ?+1 a m]e sc>e-cr[1 !y consid] !mselves secure = life2 !y sculk f responsibility to public op9ion1 ! only rema9+ hold on !m1 "u a practice fir/ introduc$ into ,engl& by ,"l ,mansfield4 ,an op9ion is huddl$ up 9 conclave1 p]haps by a majority ( "o1 deliv]$ z if unanim\s1 & ) ! sil5t acquiesc5ce ( lazy or timid associates1 by a crafty *ief judge1 :o sophi/icates ! law to 8 m9d1 by ! turn ( 8 own reason+4 ,a judici>y law 0 once report$ by ! ,attorney ,g5]al to ,congress1 requir+ ea* judge to deliv] 8 op9ion s]iatim & op5ly1 & !n to give x 9 writ+ to ! cl]k to be ent]$ 9 ! record4 ,a judici>y indep5d5t ( a k+ or executive alone1 is a good ?+2 b indep5d5ce ( ! w ( ! nation is a solecism1 at lea/ 9 a republican gov]nm5t4 ,b to return to y\r lett]2 y ask = my op9ion ( ! "w y s5d me1 & to let x g out to ! public4 ,?is ,i h ev] made a po9t ( decl9+1 7"o or two in/ances only except$47 ,complim5t>y ?anks to writ]s :o h s5t me _! works1 h betray$ me sometimes be=e ! public1 )\t my cons5t hav+ be5 ask$4 ,b ,i am f> f presum+ to direct ! read+ ( my fell[ citiz5s1 :o are good en\gh judges !mselves ( :at is wor?y _! read+4 ,i am1 also1 too desir\s ( quiet to place myself 9 ! way ( cont5tion4 ,aga9/ ?is ,i am admoni%$ by bodily decay1 :i* _c be unaccompani$ by correspond+ wane ( ! m9d4 ,( ?is ,i am z yet s5sible1 suffici5tly to be unwill+ to tru/ myself be=e ! public1 & :5 ,i cease to be s1 ,i hope t my fri5ds w be too c>eful ( me to draw me =? & pres5t me1 l a ,priam 9 armor1 z a spectacle = public compassion4 ,i hope our political b>k w ride ?r\gh all its dang]s2 b ,i c 9 future be b an in]t pass5g]4 ,i salute y ) s5tim5ts ( great fri5d%ip & respect4 ,,to ,m4 ,,de ,,la ,,fayette4 ,,monticello1 ,decemb] #bf1 #ahbj4 ,x is long1 inde$1 my v de> fri5d1 s9ce ,i h be5 able to address a lett] to y4 ,= m ?an two ye>s my heal? has be5 s entirely pro/rate1 t ,i h1 ( necessity1 int]mitt$ all correspond5ce4 ,! dislocat$ wri/1 too1 :i* p]haps y may recollect1 has n[ become s /iff f ! effects ( age1 t writ+ is become a sl[ & pa9ful op]ation1 & sc>cely ev] und]tak5 b "u ! goad ( imp]i\s bus9ess4 ,9 ! meantime y\r c\ntry has be5 go+ on less well ?an ,i _h hop$4 ,b x w g on4 ,! light :i* has be5 %$ on ! m9d ( man ?r\gh ! civiliz$ _w1 has giv5 x a new direction1 f :i* no human p[] c div]t x4 ,! sov]eigns ( ,europe :o are wise1 or h wise c\nsellors1 see ?is1 & b5d to ! breeze :i* bl[s2 ! unwise alone /iff5 & meet its inevitable cru%4 ,! volcanic rumbl+s 9 ! b[els ( ,europe1 f nor? to s\?1 seem to ?reat5 a g5]al explosion1 & ! m>* ( armies into ,italy _c end 9 a simple m>*4 ,! disease ( lib]ty is cat*+2 ^? armies w take x 9 ! s\?1 c>ry x !nce to _! own c\ntry1 spread !re ! infection ( revolution & repres5tative gov]nm5t1 & raise its p f ! prone condition ( brutes to ! erect altitude ( man4 ,"s fe> our envelopm5t 9 ! w>s eng5d]+ f ! unsettl$ /ate ( our affairs ) ,spa91 & !re=e are anxi\s = a ratification ( our treaty ) h]4 ,i fe> no su* ?+1 & hope t if ratifi$ by ,spa9 x w be reject$ "h4 ,we may ju/ly say to ,spa91 :5 ?is negotiation comm5c$1 tw5ty ye>s ago1 y\r au?ority 0 ackn[l$g$ by ^? y are sell+ to u4 ,t au?ority is n[ r5\nc$1 & _! "r ( self-disposal ass]t$4 ,9 buy+ !m f y1 !n1 we buy b a w>-title1 a "r to subdue !m1 :i* y c nei!r convey nor we acquire4 ,?is is a family qu>rel 9 :i* we h no "r to m$dle4 ,settle x betwe5 y\rselves1 & we w !n treat ) ! p>ty ^: "r is ackn[l$g$4 ,) :om t w be1 no d\bt c be ent]ta9$4 ,& :y %\ld we revolt !m by pur*as+ !m z cattle1 r ?an receiv+ !m z fell[-m58 ,spa9 has held (f until %e sees !y are lo/ to h]1 & n[ ?9ks x bett] to get some?+ ?an no?+ = !m4 ,:5 %e %all see ,s\? ,am]ica equally desp]ate1 %e w be wise to sell t also4 ,) u ?+s are go+ on well4 ,! boi/]\s sea ( lib]ty inde$ is nev] )\t a wave1 & t f ,miss\ri is n[ roll+ t[>ds u1 b we %all ride ov] x z we h ov] all o!rs4 ,x is n a moral "q1 b "o m]ely ( p[]4 ,its object is to raise a geographical pr9ciple = ! *oice ( a presid5t1 & ! noise w be kept up till t is effect$4 ,all "k t p]mitt+ ! slaves ( ! s\? to spread into ! we/ w n add "o be+ to t un=tunate condition1 t x w increase ! happ9ess ( ^? exi/+1 & by spread+ !m ov] a l>g] surface1 w dilute ! evil ev]y:]e1 & facilitate ! means ( gett+ f9ally rid ( x1 an ev5t m anxi\sly wi%$ by ^? on :om x presses ?an by ! noisy pret5d]s to exclusive humanity4 ,9 ! meantime1 x is a ladd] = rivals climb+ to p[]4 ,9 a lett] to ,mr4 ,porrey1 ( ,m>* #ah?1 #ahai1 ,i in=m$ him ( ! success ( our application to ,congress on 8 behalf4 ,i enclos$ ?is lett] to y1 b he>+ no?+ f him1 & z y say no?+ ( x 9 y\rs ( ,july #bj?1 ,i am n )\t fe> x may h misc>ri$4 ,9 ! pres5t ,i enclose = him ! ,auditor's c]tificate1 & ! lett]s ( ,g5]al ,wa%+ton & myself1 :i* he _h =w>d$ to me ) a reque/ ( _! return4 ,y\r k9dness 9 deliv]+ ?is w r5d] unnecess>y ano!r lett] f me1 an ef=t :i* necess>ily obliges me to sp>e myself4 ,if y %all he> f me m seldom ?an h]et(ore1 ascribe x1 my ev] de> fri5d1 to ! heavy load ( sev5ty-sev5 ye>s & to wan+ heal?1 b n to weak5$ affections2 ^! w cont9ue :at !y h ev] be51 & w ev] be s9c]e & w>m to ! late/ brea? ( y\rs devot$ly4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,roscoe4 ,,monticello1 ,decemb] #bg1 #ahbj4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,y\r lett] receiv$ m ?an a twelvemon? ago1 ) ! two tracts on p5al jurisprud5ce1 & ! lit]>y in/itution ( ,liv]pool1 ought long s9ce to h call$ = ! ?anks ,i n[ return1 _h x be5 9 my p[] soon] to h t5d]$ !m4 ,b a long cont9uance ( ill heal? has susp5d$ all p[] ( answ]+ ! k9d att5tions ) :i* ,i h be5 honor$ dur+ x2 & x is only n[ t a /ate ( sl[ & unc]ta9 convalesc5ce enables me to make ackn[l$gm5ts :i* h be5 s long & pa9fully delay$4 ,! treatise on p5al jurisprud5ce ,i read ) great pleasure4 ,becc>ia _h demon/rat$ g5]al pr9ciples1 b practical applications 7 difficult4 ,our ,/ates are try+ !m ) m or less success2 & ! great light y h ?r[n on ! subject w1 ,i am sure1 be useful to our exp]im5t4 ,= ! ?+1 z yet1 is b 9 exp]im5t4 ,y\r ,liv]pool in/itution w also aid u 9 ! organization ( our new ,univ]sity1 an e/abli%m5t n[ 9 progress 9 ?is ,/ate1 & to :i* my rema9+ days & faculties w be devot$4 ,:5 ready = its ,pr(essors1 we %all apply = !m *iefly to y\r isl&4 ,7 we cont5t to rema9 /ation>y 9 sci5ce1 we %\ld take !m f among ourselves2 b1 desir\s ( advanc+1 we mu/ seek !m 9 c\ntries already 9 advance2 & id5tity ( language po9ts to our be/ res\rce4 ,to furni% inducem5ts1 we provide = ! ,pr(essors sep>ate build+s1 9 :i* !mselves & _! families may be h&somely & com=tably lodg$1 & to lib]al sal>ies w be add$ lucrative p]quisites4 ,?is in/itution w be bas$ on ! illimitable fre$om ( ! human m9d4 ,= "h we are n afraid to foll[ tru? :]ev] x may lead1 nor to tol]ate any error s long z reason is left free to combat x4 ,we are look+ ) wond] at :at is pass+ among y4 ,x ,resembles ocean into tempe/ wr\ght1 ,to waft a fea!r1 or to dr[n a fly4 ,!re mu/ be some?+ 9 ^! agitations m ?an meets ! eye ( a di/ant spectator4 ,y\r que5 mu/ be us$ 9 ?is z a rally+ po9t m]ely1 ar\nd :i* are ga!r+ ! discont5ts ( e qu>t] & "*4 ,if ^! fl[$ f !ories ( gov]nm5t only1 & if m]ely f ! heads ( speculative m51 !y w\ld admit ( p>ley1 ( negotiation1 ( managem5t4 ,b ,i fe> !y are ! work+s ( hungry bellies1 :i* no?+ b food w fill & quiet4 ,i s9c]ely wi% y safely out ( !m4 ,circum/ances h n\ri%$ betwe5 our k9dr$ c\ntries angry dispositions :i* bo? ought long s9ce to h bani%$ f _! bosoms4 ,i h ev] consid]$ a cordial affection z ! fir/ int]e/ ( bo?4 ,no nation on e>? c hurt u s mu* z y\rs1 none be m useful to y ?an ours4 ,! ob/acle1 we h believ$1 0 9 ! ob/9ate & un=giv+ temp] ( y\r late k+1 & a cont9uance ( 8 prejudices kept up f habit1 aft] he 0 ) drawn f p[]4 ,i hope ,i n[ see symptoms ( s\nd] views 9 y\r gov]nm5t2 9 :i* ,i "k x w be cordially met by ours1 z x w\ld h be5 by e adm9i/ration :i* has exi/$ "u our pres5t con/itution4 ,none desir$ x m cordially ?an myself1 :atev] diff]5t op9ions 7 impress$ on y\r gov]nm5t by a p>ty :o wi%es to h its weight 9 _! scale z its exclusive fri5ds4 ,my anci5t fri5d & classmate1 ,james ,maury1 in=ms me by lett] t he has s5t me a bu/ :i* ,i %all receive ) great pleasure & ?ankfulness1 & %all arrange 9 honorable file ) ^? ( "s *]i%$ *>act]s4 ,w y p]mit me to place "h my affectionate s\v5irs ( him1 & accept = y\rself ! assurance ( ! highe/ consid]ation & e/eem4 ,,to ,,francis ,,eppes4 ,,monticello1 ,janu>y #ai1 #ahba4 ,,de> ,,francis1--,y\r lett] ( ! #a/ came safely to h&4 ,i am sorry y h lo/ ,mr4 ,elliot1 h[ev] ! k9dness ( ,dr4 ,coop] w be able to keep y 9 ! track ( :at is wor?y ( y\r "t4 ,y ask my op9ion ( ,"l ,bol+broke & ,?omas ,pa9e4 ,!y 7 alike 9 mak+ bitt] enemies ( ! prie/s & ph>isees ( _! day4 ,bo? 7 hone/ m52 bo? advocates = human lib]ty4 ,pa9e wrote = a c\ntry :i* p]mitt$ him to pu% 8 reason+ to :atev] l5g? x w\ld g4 ,"l ,bol+broke 9 "o re/ra9$ by a con/itution1 & by public op9ion4 ,he 0 call$ inde$ a tory2 b 8 writ+s prove him a /rong] advocate = lib]ty ?an any ( 8 c\ntrym51 ! :igs ( ! pres5t day4 ,irritat$ by 8 exile1 he committ$ "o act unwor?y ( him1 9 connect+ himself mom5t>ily ) a pr9ce reject$ by 8 c\ntry4 ,b he r$eem$ t s+le act by 8 e/abli%m5t ( ! pr9ciples :i* prov$ x to be wrong4 ,^! two p]sons diff]$ rem>kably 9 ! /yle ( _! writ+1 ea* leav+ a model ( :at is mo/ p]fect 9 bo? extremes ( ! simple & ! sublime4 ,no writ] has exce$$ ,pa9e 9 ease & famili>ity ( /yle1 9 p]spicuity ( expression1 happ9ess ( elucidation1 & 9 simple & unassum+ language4 ,9 ?is he may be comp>$ ) ,dr4 ,frankl92 & inde$ 8 ,common ,s5se 01 = a:ile1 believ$ to h be5 writt5 by ,dr4 ,frankl91 & publi%$ "u ! borr[$ "n ( ,pa9e1 :o _h come ov] ) him f ,engl&4 ,"l ,bol+broke's1 on ! o!r h&1 is a /yle ( ! highe/ ord]4 ,! l(ty1 rhy?mical1 full-fl[+ eloqu5ce ( ,cic]o4 ,p]iods ( j measure1 _! memb]s proportion$1 _! close full & r\nd4 ,8 conceptions1 too1 are bold & /rong1 8 diction copi\s1 poli%$ & comm&+ z 8 subject4 ,8 writ+s are c]ta9ly ! f9e/ samples 9 ! ,engli% language1 ( ! eloqu5ce prop] = ! ,s5ate4 ,8 political tracts are safe read+ = ! mo/ timid religioni/1 8 philosophical1 = ^? :o are n afraid to tru/ _! reason ) discussions ( "r & wrong4 ,y h ask$ my op9ion ( ^! p]sons1 &1 to y1 ,i h giv5 x freely4 ,b1 rememb]1 t ,i am old1 t ,i wi% n to make new enemies1 nor to give (f5ce to ^? :o w\ld consid] a diff]5ce ( op9ion z suffici5t gr\nd = unfri5dly dispositions4 ,god bless y1 & make y :at ,i wi% y to be4 ,,to ,,ar*ibald ,,?weat4 ,,monticello1 ,janu>y #ai1 #ahba4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i duly receiv$ y\r favor ( ! #aa?1 cov]+ ,judge ,roane's lett]1 :i* ,i n[ return4 ,( ! k9dness ( 8 s5tim5ts express$ t[>ds myself ,i am highly s5sible2 & c\ld ,i believe t my public s]vices _h m]it$ ! approbation he s indulg5tly be/[s1 ! satisfaction ,i %\ld d]ive f x w\ld be rew>d en\gh to 8 wi% t ,i w\ld take a "p 9 ! transactions ( ! pres5t day4 ,i am s5sible ( my incompet5ce4 ,= fir/1 ,i "k little ab\t !m1 hav+ long )drawn my att5tion f public affairs1 & resign$ myself ) fold$ arms to ! c>e ( ^? :o are to c>e = u all4 ,&1 next1 ! h& ( "t press+ heavily on me1 9 m9d z well z body1 leaves to nei!r suffici5t en]gy to engage 9 public cont5tions4 ,i am s5sible ( ! inroads daily mak+ by ! f$]al1 into ! jurisdiction ( its co-ord9ate associates1 ! ,/ate gov]nm5ts4 ,! legislative & executive bran*es may sometimes err1 b elections & dep5d5ce w br+ !m to rights4 ,! judici>y bran* is ! in/rum5t :i*1 work+ l gravity1 )\t int]mission1 is to press u at la/ into "o consolidat$ mass4 ,aga9/ ?is ,i "k no "o :o1 equally ) ,judge ,roane himself1 possesses ! p[] & ! c\rage to make resi/ance2 & to him ,i look1 & h long look$1 z our /ronge/ bulw>k4 ,if ,congress fails to %ield ! ,/ates f dang]s s palpable & s imm95t1 ! ,/ates mu/ %ield !mselves1 & meet ! invad] foot to foot4 ,?is is already half done by ,colonel ,taylor's book2 because a conviction t we are "r accompli%es half ! difficulty ( correct+ wrong4 ,?is book is ! mo/ effectual retraction ( our gov]nm5t to its orig9al pr9ciples :i* has ev] yet be5 s5t by heav5 to our aid4 ,e ,/ate 9 ! ,union %\ld give a copy to e memb] !y elect1 z a /&+ in/ruction1 & ours %\ld set ! example4 ,accept ) ,mrs4 ,?weat ! assurance ( my affectionate & respectful atta*m5t4 ,,to ,,john ,,adams4 ,,monticello1 ,janu>y #bb1 #ahba4 ,i 0 q rejoic$1 de> ,sir1 to see t y _h heal? & spirits en\gh to take "p 9 ! late conv5tion ( y\r ,/ate1 = revis+ its con/itution1 & to be> y\r %>e 9 its debates & labors4 ,! am5dm5ts ( :i* we h z yet he>d1 prove ! advance ( lib]alism 9 ! int]v5+ p]iod2 & enc\rage a hope t ! human m9d w "s day get back to ! fre$om x enjoy$ two ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,?is c\ntry1 :i* has giv5 to ! _w ! example ( physical lib]ty1 owes to x t ( moral emancipation also1 = z yet x is b nom9al ) u4 ,! inquisition ( public op9ion ov]:elms 9 practice1 ! fre$om ass]t$ by ! laws 9 !ory4 ,our anxieties 9 ?is qu>t] are all conc5trat$ 9 ! "q1 :at does ! ,holy ,alliance 9 & out ( ,congress mean to d ) u on ! ,miss\ri "q8 ,& ?is1 by-!-bye1 is b ! "n ( ! case1 x is only ! ,john ,doe or ,ri*>d ,roe ( ! ejectm5t4 ,! real "q1 z se5 9 ! ,/ates afflict$ ) ?is un=tunate population1 is1 are our slaves to be pres5t$ ) fre$om & a dagg]8 ,= if ,congress has ! p[] to regulate ! conditions ( ! inhabitants ( ! ,/ates1 )9 ! ,/ates1 x w be b ano!r ex]cise ( t p[]1 to decl>e t all %all be free4 ,are we !n to see aga9 ,a!nian & ,lac$emonian conf$]acies8 ,to wage ano!r ,peloponnesian w> to settle ! asc5d5cy betwe5 !m8 ,or is ?is ! tocs9 ( m]ely a s]vile w>8 ,t rema9s to be se52 b n1 ,i hope1 by y or me4 ,surely1 !y w p>ley a:ile1 & give u "t to get out ( ! way4 ,:at a ,b$lamite is man8 ,b let u turn f our own uneas9ess to ! mis]ies ( our s\!rn fri5ds4 ,boliv> & ,morillo1 x seems1 h come to ! p>ley1 ) dispositions at l5g? to /op ! useless effusion ( human blood 9 t qu>t]4 ,i fe>$ f ! beg9n+1 t ^! p 7 n yet suffici5tly enlight5$ = self-gov]nm5t2 & t aft] wad+ ?r\gh blood & slaught]1 !y w\ld end 9 milit>y tyrannies1 m or less num]\s4 ,yet z !y wi%$ to try ! exp]im5t1 ,i wi%$ !m success 9 x2 !y h n[ tri$ x1 & w possibly f9d t _! safe/ road w be an accommodation ) ! "m c\ntry1 :i* %all hold !m toge!r by ! s+le l9k ( ! same *ief magi/rate1 leav+ to him p[] en\gh to keep !m 9 peace ) "o ano!r1 & to !mselves ! ess5tial p[] ( self-gov]nm5t & self-improvem5t1 until !y %all be suffici5tly tra9$ by education & habits ( fre$om1 to walk safely by !mselves4 ,repres5tative gov]nm5t1 native function>ies1 a qualifi$ negative on _! laws1 ) a previ\s security by compact = fre$om ( comm]ce1 fre$om ( ! press1 habeas corpus & trial by jury1 w\ld make a good beg9n+4 ,?is la/ w\ld be ! s*ool 9 :i* _! p might beg9 to le>n ! ex]cise ( civic duties z well z rights4 ,= fre$om ( religion !y are n yet prep>$4 ,! scales ( bigotry h n suffici5tly fall5 f _! eyes1 to accept x = !mselves individually1 mu* less to tru/ o!rs ) x4 ,b t w come 9 "t1 z well z a g5]al rip5ess to break entirely f ! p>5t /em4 ,y see1 my de> ,sir1 h[ easily we prescribe = o!rs a cure = _! difficulties1 :ile we _c cure our own4 ,we mu/ leave bo?1 ,i believe1 to heav51 & wrap ourselves up 9 ! mantle ( resignation1 & ( t fri5d%ip ( :i* ,i t5d] to y ! mo/ s9c]e assurances4 ,,to ,,joseph ,c4 ,,cabell4 ,,monticello1 ,janu>y #ca1 #ahba4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,y\r favors ( ! #ah? & #be? came toge!r1 ?ree days ago4 ,!y fill me ) gloom z to ! dispositions ( our legislature t[>ds ! ,univ]sity4 ,i p]ceive t ,i am n to live to see x op5$4 ,z to :at _h bett] be done )9 ! limits ( _! w1 ,i tru/ ) entire confid5ce to :at y\rself1 ,g54 ,breck5ridge & ,mr4 ,johnson %all ?9k be/4 ,y w see :at is practicable1 & give x su* %ape z y ?9k be/4 ,if a loan is to be resort$ to1 ,i ?9k sixty ?\s& doll>s w be necess>y1 includ+ ! libr>y4 ,its in/alm5ts _c beg9 until ^? ( ! =m] loan are accompli%$2 & !y %\ld n beg9 lat]1 nor be less ?an ?irte5 ?\s& doll>s a ye>4 7,i ?9k x safe to reta9 two ?\s& doll>s a ye> = c>e ( ! build+s1 improvem5t ( ! gr\nds1 & unavoidable cont+5cies47 ,to ext+ui% ?is second loan1 w require betwe5 five & six in/alm5ts1 :i* w c>ry u to ! end ( #ahcc1 or ?irte5 ye>s f ?is "t4 ,my individual op9ion is1 t we _h bett] n op5 ! in/itution until ! build+s1 libr>y1 & all1 are f9i%$1 & our funds cle>$ ( incumbrance4 ,^? build+s once erect$1 w secure ! full object infallibly at ! end ( ?irte5 ye>s1 & z mu* e>li] z ! legislature %all *oose4 ,& if we 7 to beg9 soon]1 ) half funds only1 x w\ld satisfy ! common m9d1 prev5t _! aid beyond t po9t1 & our in/itution rema9+ at t =ev]1 w\ld be no m ?an ! paltry academies we n[ h4 ,ev5 ) ! :ole funds we %all be r$uc$ to six pr(essors4 ,:ile ,h>v>d w /ill prime x ov] u ) h] tw5ty pr(essors4 ,h[ _m ( our y\?s %e n[ has1 le>n+ ! lessons ( anti-,miss\rianism1 ,i "k n2 b a g5tleman lately f ,pr9ceton1 told me he saw !re ! li/ ( ! /ud5ts at t place1 & t m ?an half 7 ,virg9ians4 ,^! w return home1 no d\bt1 deeply impress$ ) ! sacr$ pr9ciples ( our ,holy ,alliance ( re/rictioni/s4 ,b ! gloomie/ ( all prospects1 is 9 ! des]tion ( ! be/ fri5ds ( ! in/itution1 = des]tion ,i mu/ call x4 ,i "k n ! necessities :i* may =ce ?is on y4 ,g5]al ,cocke1 y say1 w expla9 !m to me2 b ,i _c conceive !m1 nor p]suade myself !y are uncontrollable4 ,i h ev] hop$1 t y\rself1 ,g54 ,breck5ridge & ,mr4 ,johnson w\ld /& at y\r po/s 9 ! legislature1 until ev]y?+ 0 effect$1 & ! in/itution op5$4 ,if x is s difficult to get along ) all ! en]gy & influ5ce ( our pres5t colleagues 9 ! legislature1 h[ c we expect to proce$ at all1 r$uc+ our mov+ p[]8 ,i "k well y\r devotion to y\r c\ntry1 & y\r =esight ( ! awful sc5es com+ on h]1 soon] or lat]4 ,) ?is =esight1 :at s]vice c we ev] r5d] h] equal to ?is8 ,:at object ( our lives c we propose s important8 ,:at int]e/ ( our own :i* ought n to be po/pon$ to ?is8 ,heal?1 "t1 labor1 on :at 9 ! s+le life :i* nature has giv5 u1 c ^! be bett] be/[$ ?an on ?is immortal boon to our c\ntry8 ,! ex]tions & ! mortifications are tempor>y2 ! b5efit et]nal4 ,if any memb] ( our college ( visitors c\ld ju/ifiably )draw f ?is sacr$ duty1 x w\ld be myself1 :o1 quadrag5is /ip5diis jamdudum p]actis1 h nei!r vigor ( body nor m9d left to keep ! field2 b ,i w die 9 ! la/ dit*1 & s ,i hope y w1 my fri5d1 z well z our firm-brea/$ bro!rs & colleagues1 ,mr4 ,johnson & ,g54 ,breck5ridge4 ,nature w n give y a second life :]e9 to atone = ! omissions ( ?is4 ,pray !n1 de> & v de> ,sir1 d n ?9k ( des]t+ u1 b view ! sacrifices :i* seem to /& 9 y\r way1 z ! less] duties1 & su* z ought to be po/pon$ to ?is1 ! greate/ ( all4 ,cont9ue ) u 9 ^! holy labors1 until hav+ se5 _! accompli%m5t1 we may say ) old ,simeon1 nunc dimittas1 ,dom9e4 ,"u all circum/ances1 h[ev]1 ( praise or blame1 ,i %all be affectionately y\rs4 ,,to ,,j>$ ,,mansfield1 ,,esq4 ,,monticello1 ,febru>y #ac1 #ahba4 ,i am favor$1 ,sir1 ) y\r lett] ( ,janu>y #bf?1 & am duly s5sible ( ! honor propos$ ( giv+ to my portrait a place among ! b5efactors ( our nation1 & ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ,we/ ,po9t 9 p>ticul>4 ,i h ev] consid]$ t e/abli%m5t z ( major importance to our c\ntry1 & 9 :atev] ,i c\ld d = x1 ,i view$ myself z p]=m+ a duty only4 ,?is is c]ta9ly m ?an requit$ by ! k9d s5tim5ts express$ 9 y\r lett]4 ,! real debt ( ! in/itution is to its able & zeal\s pr(essors4 ,mr4 ,sully1 ,i fe>1 h[ev]1 w consid] ! tr\ble ( 8 j\rney1 & ! employm5t ( 8 f9e p5cil1 z illy be/[$ on an ottamy ( #gh4 ,voltaire1 :5 reque/$ by a female fri5d to sit = 8 bu/ by ! sculptor ,pigalle1 answ]$1 ,j'ai soixante seize ans2 et ,m4 ,pigalle doit1 dit-on v5ir model] mon visage4 ,mais1 ,madame1 il faudrait que j'eusse un visage4 ,on n'en dev9]ait pe9e la place mes yeux sont enfonces de trois p\ces2 mes j\es sont de vieux p>*em9 mal colls sur des os qui ne ti5n5t ri54 ,le peu de d5ts que j'avais e/ p>ti4 ,i w conclude1 h[ev]1 ) him1 t :at rema9s is at y\r s]vice1 & t ( ! p5cil ( ,mr4 ,sully4 ,i %all be at home till ! middle ( ,april1 :5 ,i %all g = "s "t to an occasional & di/ant resid5ce4 ,)9 ?is t]m ,mr4 ,sully w be pleas$ to consult 8 own conv5i5ce1 9 :i* ! /ate ( ! roads w ( c\rse h great weight4 ,e day ( x w be equal ) me4 ,i pray y1 ,sir1 to convey to ! bre?r5 ( y\r in/itution1 & to accept = y\rself also1 ! assurance ( my high consid]ation & reg>d4 ,,to ,,g5]al ,,breck5ridge4 ,,monticello1 ,febru>y #ae1 #ahba4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i le>n1 ) deep affliction1 t no?+ is likely to be done = our ,univ]sity ?is ye>4 ,s ne> z x is to ! %ore t "o %ove m w\ld l& x !re1 ,i _h hop$ t w\ld be giv52 & t we %\ld op5 ) ! next ye> an in/itution on :i* ! =tunes ( our c\ntry may dep5d m ?an may meet ! g5]al eye4 ,! reflections t ! boys ( ?is age are to be ! m5 ( ! next2 t !y %\ld be prep>$ to receive ! holy *>ge :i* we are *]i%+ to deliv] ov] to !m2 t 9 e/abli%+ an in/itution ( wisdom = !m1 we secure x to all our future g5]ations2 t 9 fulfill+ ?is duty1 we br+ home to our own bosoms ! sweet consolation ( see+ our sons ris+ "u a lum9\s tuition1 to de/9ies ( high promise2 ^! are consid]ations :i* w occur to all2 b all1 ,i fe>1 d n see ! speck 9 our horizon :i* is to bur/ on u z a tornado1 soon] or lat]4 ,! l9e ( division lately m>k$ out betwe5 diff]5t portions ( our conf$]acy1 is su* z w nev]1 ,i fe>1 be oblit]at$1 & we are n[ tru/+ to ^? :o are aga9/ u 9 position & pr9ciple1 to fa%ion to _! own =m ! m9ds & affections ( our y\?4 ,if1 z has be5 e/imat$1 we s5d ?ree hundr$ ?\s& doll>s a ye> to ! nor!rn sem9>ies1 = ! in/ruction ( our own sons1 !n we mu/ h !re five hundr$ ( our sons1 imbib+ op9ions & pr9ciples 9 discord ) ^? ( _! own c\ntry4 ,?is cank] is eat+ on ! vitals ( our exi/5ce1 & if n arre/$ at once1 w be beyond rem$y4 ,we are n[ c]ta9ly furni%+ recruits to _! s*ool4 ,if x be ask$ :at are we to d1 or said we _c give ! la/ lift to ! ,univ]sity )\t /opp+ our prim>y s*ools1 & ^! we ?9k mo/ important2 ,i answ]1 ,i "k _! importance4 ,nobody c d\bt my zeal = ! g5]al in/ruction ( ! p4 ,:o fir/ />t$ t idea8 ,i may surely say1 myself4 ,turn to ! bill 9 ! revis$ code1 :i* ,i drew m ?an =ty ye>s ago1 & be=e :i* ! idea ( a plan = ! education ( ! p1 g5]ally1 _h nev] be5 sugge/$ 9 ?is ,/ate4 ,!re y w see develop$ ! fir/ rudim5ts ( ! :ole sy/em ( g5]al education we are n[ urg+ & act+ on2 & x is well kn[n to ^? ) :om ,i h act$ on ?is subject1 t ,i nev] h propos$ a sacrifice ( ! prim>y to ! ultimate grade ( in/ruction4 ,let u keep our eye /eadily on ! :ole sy/em4 ,if we _c d ev]y?+ at once1 let u d "o at a "t4 ,! prim>y s*ools ne$ no prelim9>y exp5se2 ! ultimate grade requires a consid]able exp5diture 9 advance4 ,a susp5sion ( proce$+ = a ye> or two on ! prim>y s*ools1 & an application ( ! :ole income1 dur+ t "t1 to ! completion ( ! build+s necess>y = ! ,univ]sity1 w\ld enable u !n to />t bo? in/itutions at ! same "t4 ,! int]m$iate bran*1 ( colleges1 academies & private classical s*ools1 = ! middle grade1 may h]eaft] receive any necess>y aids :5 ! funds %all become compet5t4 ,9 ! meantime1 !y are go+ on suffici5tly1 z !y h ev] yet gone on1 at ! private exp5se ( ^? :o use !m1 & :o 9 numb]s & means are compet5t to _! own exig5cies4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ?ree ye>s has1 ,i presume1 left no d\bt t ! pres5t plan ( prim>y s*ools1 ( putt+ money into ! h&s ( twelve hundr$ p]sons act+ = no?+1 & "u no responsibility1 is entirely ineffici5t4 ,"s o!r mu/ be ?\ght (2 & dur+ ?is pause1 if x be only = a ye>1 ! :ole rev5ue ( t ye>1 ) t ( ! la/ ?ree ye>s :i* has n be5 already ?r[n away1 w\ld place our ,univ]sity 9 read9ess to />t ) a bett] organization ( prim>y s*ools1 & bo? may !n g on1 h& 9 h&1 =ev]4 ,no dim9ution ( ! capital w 9 ?is way h be5 incurr$2 a pr9ciple :i* ought to be deem$ sacr$4 ,a rel9qui%m5t ( int]e/ on ! late loan ( sixty ?\s& doll>s1 w\ld s f>1 also1 =w>d ! ,univ]sity )\t less5+ ! capital4 ,b :at may be be/ done ,i leave ) entire confid5ce to y\rself & y\r colleagues 9 legislation1 :o "k bett] ?an ,i d ! conditions ( ! lit]>y fund & its wise/ application2 & ,i %all acquiesce ) p]fect resignation to _! w4 ,i h brood$1 p]haps ) fondness1 ov] ?is e/abli%m5t1 z x held up to me ! hope ( cont9u+ to be useful :ile ,i cont9u$ to live4 ,i _h believ$ t ! c\rse & circum/ances ( my life _h plac$ )9 my p[] "s s]vices favorable to ! outset ( ! in/itution4 ,b ?is may be egotism2 p>donable1 p]haps1 :5 ,i express a consci\sness t my colleagues & successors w d z well1 :atev] ! legislature %all enable !m to d4 ,i h ?us1 my de> ,sir1 op5$ my bosom1 ) all its anxieties1 freely to y4 ,i blame nobody = see+ ?+s 9 a diff]5t light4 ,i am sure t all act consci5ti\sly1 & t all w be done hone/ly & wisely :i* c be done4 ,i yield ! conc]ns ( ! _w ) *e]fulness to ^? :o are appo9t$ 9 ! ord] ( nature to succe$ to !m2 & = y\rself1 = our colleagues1 & = all 9 *>ge ( our c\ntry's future fame & =tune1 ,i (f] up s9c]e pray]s4 ,,to ,,dabney ,,t]rell1 ,,esq4 ,,monticello1 ,febru>y #bf1 #ahba4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,:ile y 7 9 ?is neighborhood1 y m5tion$ to me y\r int5tion ( /udy+ ! law1 & ask$ my op9ion z to ! suffici5t c\rse ( read+4 ,i gave x to y1 ore t5us1 & ) s little consid]ation t ,i d n rememb] :at x 02 b ,i h s9ce recollect$ t ,i once wrote a lett] to ,dr4 ,coop]1#ac on good consid]ation ( ! subject4 ,he 0 !n law-lectur]1 ,i believe1 at ,c>lisle4 ,my /iff5+ wri/ makes writ+ n[ a sl[ & pa9ful op]ation1 b my gr&daught] ,ell5 und]takes to copy ! lett]1 :i* ,i %all enclose h]e94 ,i notice 9 t lett] f\r di/9ct epo*s at :i* ! ,engli% laws h be5 review$1 & _! :ole body1 z exi/+ at ea* epo*1 well dige/$ into a code4 ,^! dige/s 7 by ,bracton1 ,coke1 ,mat!w ,bacon & ,black/one4 ,bracton hav+ writt5 ab\t ! comm5cem5t ( ! extant /atutes1 may be consid]$ z hav+ giv5 a dige/ ( ! laws !n 9 be+1 writt5 & unwritt51 & =m+1 !re=e1 ! textual code ( :at is call$ ! common law1 j at ! p]iod too :5 x beg9s to be alt]$ by /atutes to :i* we c appeal4 ,b s mu* ( 8 matt] is become obsolete by *ange ( circum/ances or alt]$ by /atute1 t ! /ud5t may omit him = ! pres5t1 & #a/4 ,beg9 ) #ad;,coke's f\r ,in/itutes4 ,^! give a complete body ( ! law z x /ood 9 ! reign ( ! fir/ ,james1 an epo* ! m int]e/+ to u1 z we sep>at$ at t po9t f ,engli% legislation1 & ackn[l$ge no subsequ5t /atutory alt]ations4 #b4 ,!n pass+ ov] 7= occasional read+ z h]eaft] propos$7 all ! reports & treatises to ! "t ( ,mat!w ,bacon1 read 8 abridgm5t1 compil$ ab\t "o hundr$ ye>s aft] ,coke's1 9 :i* !y are all embodi$4 ,?is gives num]\s applications ( ! old pr9ciples to new cases1 & gives ! g5]al /ate ( ! ,engli% law at t p]iod4 ,"h1 too1 ! /ud5t %\ld take up ! *anc]y bran* ( ! law1 by read+ ! fir/ & second abridgm5ts ( ! cases 9 ,equity4 ,! second is by ! same ,mat!w ,bacon1 ! fir/ hav+ be5 publi%$ "s "t be=e4 ,! alphabetical ord] adopt$ by ,bacon1 is c]ta9ly n z satisfactory z ! sy/ematic4 ,b ! arrangem5t is "u v g5]al & lead+ heads1 & ^!1 inde$1 ) v little difficulty1 might be sy/ematically in/ead ( alphabetically arrang$ & read4 #c4 ,pass+ n[ 9 l mann] ov] all int]v5+ reports & tracts1 ! /ud5t may take up ,black/one's ,comm5t>ies1 publi%$ ab\t tw5ty-five ye>s lat] ?an ,bacon's abridgm5t1 & giv+ ! sub/ance ( ^! new reports & tracts4 ,?is review is n s full z t ( ,bacon1 by any means1 b bett] dige/$4 ,"h1 too1 ,wooddeson %\ld be read z supplem5t>y to ,black/one1 "u heads too %ortly treat$ by him4 ,fonblanque's edition ( ,francis' ,maxims ( ,equity1 & ,bridgman's dige/$ ,index1 into :i* ! latt] cases are incorporat$1 are also supplem5t>y 9 ! *anc]y bran*1 9 :i* ,black/one is v %ort4 ,?is c\rse compreh5ds ab\t tw5ty-six #hvo volumes1 & read+ f\r or five h\rs a day w\ld employ ab\t two ye>s4 ,aft] ^!1 ! be/ ( ! report]s s9ce ,black/one %\ld be read = ! new cases :i* h occurr$ s9ce 8 "t4 ,:i* !y are ,i "k n1 z all ( !m are s9ce my "t4 ,by way ( *ange & relief = ano!r h\r or two 9 ! day1 %\ld be read ! law-tracts ( m]it :i* are _m1 & among !m all ^? ( ,b>on ,gilb]t are ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,9 ^! h\rs1 too1 may be read ,bracton1 7n[ translat$17 & ,ju/9ian's ,in/itute4 ,! me?od ( ^! two la/ works is v mu* ! same1 & _! language (t5 q s4 ,ju/9ian is v illu/rative ( ! doctr9es ( equity1 & is (t5 appeal$ to1 & ,coop]'s edition is ! be/ on acc\nt ( ! analogies & contra/s he has giv5 ( ! ,roman & ,engli% law4 ,aft] ,bracton1 ,reeves' ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,law may be read to advantage4 ,dur+ ?is same h\r or two ( light] law read+1 select & lead+ cases ( ! report]s may be successively read1 :i* ! sev]al dige/s w h po9t$ out & ref]r$ to4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i h "h sket*$ ! read+ 9 common law & *anc]y :i* ,i suppose necess>y = a reputable practition] 9 ^? c\rts4 ,b !re are o!r bran*es ( law 9 :i*1 al?\gh x is n expect$ he %\ld be an adept1 yet :5 x occurs to speak ( !m1 x %\ld be und]/&+ly to a dec5t degree4 ,!re are ! ,admiralty law1 ,ecclesia/ical law1 & ! ,law ( ,nations4 ,i w\ld "n z elem5t>y books 9 ^! bran*es1 ,molloy de ,jure ,m>itimo4 ,br[n's ,comp5d4 ( ! ,civil & ,admiralty ,law1 #b vols4 #hvo4 ,! ,jura ,ecclesia/ica1 #b vols4 #hvo4 ,& ,les ,in/itutions du droit de la ,nature et des ,g5s de ,reyneval1 #a vol4 #hvo4 ,besides ^! six h\rs ( law read+1 light & heavy1 & ^? necess>y = ! repa/s ( ! day1 = ex]cise & sleep1 :i* suppose to be t5 or twelve1 !re w /ill be six or eight h\rs = read+ hi/ory1 politics1 e?ics1 physics1 oratory1 poetry1 criticism1 c41 z necess>y z law to =m an accompli%$ lawy]4 ,! lett] to ,dr4 ,coop]1 ) ?is z a supplem5t1 w give y ^? ideas on a suffici5t c\rse ( law read+ :i* ,i ought to h done ) m consid]ation at ! mom5t ( y\r fir/ reque/4 ,accept !m n[ z a te/imony ( my e/eem1 & ( s9c]e wi%es = y\r success2 & ! family1 un voce1 desires me to convey !irs ) my own affectionate salutations4 ,,footnotes3 #ac ,janu>y #af1 #ahad4 #ad ,s9ce ! date ( ?is lett]1 a mo/ important & valuable edition has be5 publi%$ ( ,coke's ,fir/ ,in/itute4 ,! editor1 ,?omas1 has analyz$ ! :ole "w1 & re-compos$ its matt] 9 ! ord] ( ,black/one's ,comm5t>ies1 n omitt+ a s5t5ce ( ,"l ,coke's text1 nor ins]t+ "o n 84 ,9 notes1 "u ! text1 he has giv5 ! mod]n decisions relat+ to ! same subjects1 r5d]+ x ?us z me?odical1 lucid1 easy & agreeable to ! read] z ,black/one1 & m precise & pr(\nd4 ,x c n[ be no long] d\bt$ t ?is is ! v be/ elem5t>y "w = a beg9n] 9 ! /udy ( ! law4 ,x is n1 ,i suppose1 to be _h 9 ?is ,/ate1 & que/ionable if 9 ! ,nor?1 z yet1 & x is de>1 co/+ 9 ,engl& f\r gu9eas or n9ete5 doll>s1 to :i* add ! duty "h on import$ books1 :i*1 on ! ?ree volumes #hvo1 is some?+ m ?an ?ree doll>s1 or "o doll> ! #hvo volume4 ,?is is a tax on le>n$ read]s to support pr9t]s = ! read]s ( ,! ,delicate ,di/ress1 & ,! ,wild ,iri% ,boy4 ,,to ,,timo?y ,,pick]+1 ,,esq4 ,,monticello1 ,febru>y #bg1 #ahba4 ,i h receiv$1 ,sir1 y\r favor ( ! #ab?1 & ,i assure y ,i receiv$ x ) pleasure4 ,x is true1 z y say1 t we h diff]$ 9 political op9ions2 b ,i c say ) equal tru?1 t ,i nev] suff]$ a political to become a p]sonal diff]5ce4 ,i h be5 left on ?is gr\nd by "s fri5ds :om ,i de>ly lov$1 b ,i 0 nev] ! fir/ to sep>ate4 ,) "s o!rs1 ( politics diff]5t f m9e1 ,i h cont9u$ 9 ! w>me/ fri5d%ip to ?is day1 & to all1 & to y\rself p>ticul>ly1 ,i h ev] done moral ju/ice4 ,i ?ank y = ,mr4 ,*ann+'s disc\rse1 :i* y h be5 s k9d z to =w>d me4 ,x is n yet at h&1 b is d\btless on its way4 ,i _h receiv$ x ?r\gh ano!r *annel1 & read x ) high satisfaction4 ,no "o sees ) great] pleasure ?an myself ! progress ( reason 9 its advances t[>ds rational ,*ri/ianity4 ,:5 we %all h done away ! incompreh5sible j>gon ( ! ,tr9it>ian ari?metic1 t ?ree are "o1 & "o is ?ree2 :5 we %all h knock$ d[n ! artificial scaffold+1 re>$ to mask f view ! simple /ructure ( ,jesus2 :51 9 %ort1 we %all h unle>n$ ev]y?+ :i* has be5 taught s9ce 8 day1 & got back to ! pure & simple doctr9es he inculcat$1 we %all !n be truly & wor?ily 8 disciples2 & my op9ion is t if no?+ _h ev] be5 add$ to :at fl[$ purely f 8 lips1 ! :ole _w w\ld at ?is day h be5 ,*ri/ian4 ,i "k t ! case y cite1 ( ,dr4 ,drake1 has be5 a common "o4 ,! religion-build]s h s di/ort$ & de=m$ ! doctr9es ( ,jesus1 s muffl$ !m 9 my/icisms1 fancies & falsehoods1 h c>icatur$ !m into =ms s mon/r\s & inconceivable1 z to %ock reasonable ?9k]s1 to revolt !m aga9/ ! :ole1 & drive !m ra%ly to pron\nce its f\nd] an impo/or4 ,_h !re nev] be5 a comm5tator1 !re nev] w\ld h be5 an infidel4 ,9 ! pres5t advance ( tru?1 :i* we bo? approve1 ,i d n "k t y & ,i may ?9k alike on all po9ts4 ,z ! ,creator has made no two faces alike1 s no two m9ds1 & probably no two cre$s4 ,we well "k t among ,unit>ians !mselves !re are /rong %ades ( diff]5ce1 z betwe5 ,doctors ,price & ,prie/ley1 = example4 ,s !re may be peculi>ities 9 y\r cre$ & 9 m9e4 ,!y are hone/ly =m$ )\t d\bt4 ,i d n wi% to tr\ble ! _w ) m9e1 nor to be tr\bl$ = !m4 ,^! acc\nts are to be settl$ only ) him :o made u2 & to him we leave x1 ) *>ity = all o!rs1 ( :om1 also1 he is ! only rightful & compet5t judge4 ,i h little d\bt t ! :ole ( our c\ntry w soon be ralli$ to ! unity ( ! ,creator1 &1 ,i hope1 to ! pure doctr9es ( ,jesus also4 ,9 say+ to y s mu*1 & )\t res]ve1 on a subject on :i* ,i nev] p]mit myself to g be=e ! public1 ,i "k t ,i am safe aga9/ ! infidelities :i* h s (t5 betray$ my lett]s to ! /rictures ( ^? = :om !y 7 n writt51 & to :om ,i nev] meant to commit my peace4 ,to y\rself ,i wi% e happ9ess1 & w conclude1 z y h done1 9 ! same simple /yle ( antiquity1 da op]am ut valeas2 hoc mihi gratius fac]e nihil potes4 ,,to ,,judge ,,roane4 ,,monticello1 ,m>* #i1 #ahba4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i am indebt$ = y\r favor ( ,febru>y #be?1 & especially = y\r fri5dly indulg5ce to my excuses = retir+ f ! polemical _w4 ,i %\ld n %r9k f ! po/ ( duty1 _h n ! decays ( nature )drawn me f ! li/ ( combatants4 ,great decl9e 9 ! en]gies ( ! body import naturally a correspond+ wane ( ! m9d1 & a long+ aft] tranquillity z ! la/ & sweete/ asylum ( age4 ,x is a law ( nature t ! g5]ations ( m5 %\ld give way1 "o to ano!r1 & ,i hope t ! "o n[ on ! /age w pres]ve = _! sons ! political bless+s deliv]$ into _! h&s by _! fa!rs4 ,"t inde$ *anges mann]s & notions1 & s f> we mu/ expect in/itutions to b5d to !m4 ,b "t produces also corruption ( pr9ciples1 & aga9/ ?is x is ! duty ( good citiz5s to be ev] on ! wat*1 & if ! gangr5e is to prevail at la/1 let ! day be kept (f z long z possible4 ,we see already g]ms ( ?is1 z might be expect$4 ,b we are n ! less b\nd to press aga9/ !m4 ,! multiplication ( public (fices1 increase ( exp5se beyond income1 gr[? & entailm5t ( a public debt1 are indications solicit+ ! employm5t ( ! prun+-knife2 & ,i d\bt n x w be employ$2 good pr9ciples be+ z yet preval5t en\gh = t4 ,! great object ( my fe> is ! f$]al judici>y4 ,t body1 l gravity1 ev] act+1 ) noiseless foot1 & unal>m+ advance1 ga9+ gr\nd /ep by /ep1 & hold+ :at x ga9s1 is +ulph+ insidi\sly ! special gov]nm5ts into ! jaws ( t :i* fe$s !m4 ,! rec5t recall to fir/ pr9ciples1 h[ev]1 by ,colonel ,taylor1 by y\rself1 & n[ by ,alex&] ,smi?1 w1 ,i hope1 be he>d & obey$1 & t a tempor>y *eck w be effect$4 ,yet be n we>y ( well do+4 ,let ! eye ( vigilance nev] be clos$4 ,la/ & mo/ port5t\s ( all is ! ,miss\ri "q4 ,x is sme>$ ov] = ! pres5t2 b its geographical dem>cation is indelible4 ,:at x is to become1 ,i see n2 & leave to ^? :o w live to see x4 ,! ,univ]sity w give employm5t to my rema9+ ye>s1 & q en\gh = my s5ile faculties4 ,x is ! la/ act ( usefulness ,i c r5d]1 & c\ld ,i see x op5 ,i w\ld n ask an h\r m ( life4 ,to y ,i hope _m w /ill be giv52 &1 c]ta9 !y w all be employ$ = ! good ( our belov$ c\ntry1 ,i salute y ) s5tim5ts ( especial fri5d%ip & respect4 ,,to ,,judge ,,roane4 ,,monticello1 ,june #bg1 #ahba4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i h receiv$ ?r\gh ! h&s ( ! ,gov]nor1 ,colonel ,taylor's lett] to y4 ,x is ) extreme reluctance t ,i p]mit myself to usurp ! (fice ( an advis] ( ! public1 :at books !y %\ld read1 & :at n4 ,i yield1 h[ev]1 on ?is occasion to y\r wi% & t ( ,colonel ,taylor1 & d :at 7) a s+le exception only7 ,i nev] did be=e1 on ! _m simil> applications made to me4 ,on review+ my lett]s to ,colonel ,taylor & to ,mr4 ,?weat1 nei!r appe>$ exactly prop]4 ,ea* conta9$ matt] :i* might give (f5ce to ! judges1 )\t add+ /r5g? to ! op9ion4 ,i h1 !re=e1 out ( ! two1 cook$ up :at may be call$ an extract ( a lett] f ,?3 ,j4 to ----2 b )\t say+ x is publi%$ ) my cons5t4 ,t w\ld =ev] deprive me ( ! gr\nd ( decl9+ ! (fice ( a ,review] ( books 9 future cases4 ,i s9c]ely wi% ! att5tion ( ! public may be drawn to ! doctr9es ( ! book2 & if ?is self-/yl$ extract may contribute to x1 ,i %all be gratifi$4 ,i salute y ) con/ant fri5d%ip & respect4 ,,extract ,,( ,a ,,lett] ,,f ,,?3 ,,jeff]son ,,to ----4 ,i h read ,colonel ,taylor's book ( ,con/ructions ,con/ru$1 ) great satisfaction1 &1 ,i w say1 ) edification2 = ,i ackn[l$ge x correct$ "s errors ( op9ion into :i* ,i _h slidd5 )\t suffici5t exam9ation4 ,x is ! mo/ logical retraction ( our gov]nm5ts to ! orig9al & true pr9ciples ( ! con/itution creat+ !m1 :i* has appe>$ s9ce ! adoption ( t in/rum5t4 ,i may n p]haps concur 9 all its op9ions1 great & small2 = no two m5 ev] ?\ght alike on s _m po9ts4 ,b on all its important que/ions1 x conta9s ! true political fai?1 to :i* e ca?olic republican %\ld /eadfa/ly hold4 ,x %\ld be put into ! h&s ( all our function>ies1 au?oritatively1 z a /&+ in/ruction1 & true exposition ( our ,con/itution1 z und]/ood at ! "t we agre$ to x4 ,x is a fatal h]esy to suppose t ei!r our ,/ate gov]nm5ts are sup]ior to ! f$]al1 or ! f$]al to ! ,/ates4 ,! p1 to :om all au?ority belongs1 h divid$ ! p[]s ( gov]nm5t into two di/9ct dep>tm5ts1 ! lead+ *>act]s ( :i* are =eign & dome/ic2 & !y h appo9t$ = ea* a di/9ct set ( function>ies4 ,^! !y h made co-ord9ate1 *eck+ & balanc+ ea* o!r1 l ! ?ree c>d9al dep>tm5ts 9 ! individual ,/ates3 ea* equally supreme z to ! p[]s delegat$ to itself1 & nei!r au?oriz$ ultimately to decide :at belongs to itself1 or to its cop>c5or 9 gov]nm5t4 ,z indep5d5t1 9 fact1 z diff]5t nations1 a _s ( =be>ance & compromise1 !re=e1 & n ( encroa*m5t & usurpation1 is ! heal+ balm ( su* a con/itution2 & ea* p>ty %\ld prud5tly %r9k f all approa* to ! l9e ( dem>cation1 in/ead ( ra%ly ov]leap+ x1 or ?r[+ grapples ahead to haul to h]eaft]4 ,b1 f9ally1 ! peculi> happ9ess ( our bless$ sy/em is1 t 9 diff]5ces ( op9ion betwe5 ^! diff]5t sets ( s]vants1 ! appeal is to nei!r1 b to _! employ]s peaceably assembl$ by _! repres5tatives 9 ,conv5tion4 ,?is is m rational ?an ! jus =tioris1 or ! cannon's m\?1 ! ultima et sola ratio regum4 ,,to ,,g5]al ,,de>borne4 ,,monticello1 ,augu/ #ag1 #ahba4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,y\r favor ( ! #h? came to h& ye/]day ev5+4 ,i hope y w nev] suppose y\r lett]s to be among ^? :i* are tr\blesome to me4 ,!y are always welcome1 & x is among my great com=ts to he> f my anci5t colleagues1 & to "k t !y are well4 ,! affectionate recollection ( ,mrs4 ,de>borne1 *]i%$ by our family1 w ev] r5d] h] heal? & happ9ess int]e/+ to !m4 ,y are s f> a/]n ( ,mr4 ,adams & myself1 t y mu/ n yet talk ( old age4 ,i am happy to he> ( 8 good heal?4 ,i ?9k he w outlive u all1 ,i mean ! ,decl>ation-m51 al?\gh our s5ior s9ce ! dea? ( ,colonel ,floyd4 ,x is a race 9 :i* ,i h no ambition to w94 ,man1 l ! fruit he eats1 has 8 p]iod ( rip5ess4 ,l t1 too1 if he cont9ues long] hang+ to ! /em1 x is b an useless & unsightly app5dage4 ,i rejoice1 ) y t ! ,/ate ( ,miss\ri is at l5g? a memb] ( our ,union4 ,:e!r ! "q x excit$ is dead1 or only sleepe?1 ,i d n "k4 ,i see only t x has giv5 resurrection to ! ,h>t=d conv5tion m54 ,!y h _h ! address1 by play+ on ! hone/ feel+s ( our =m] fri5ds1 to s$uce !m f _! k9dr$ spirits1 & to borr[ _! weight into ! f$]al scale4 ,desp]ate ( rega9+ p[] "u political di/9ctions1 !y h adroitly wriggl$ into its seat "u ! auspices ( morality1 & are aga9 9 ! asc5d5cy f :i* _! s9s _h hurl$ !m4 ,x is inde$ ( little consequ5ce :o gov]ns u1 if !y s9c]ely & zeal\sly *]i% ! pr9ciples ( union & republicanism4 ,i /ill believe t ! ,we/]n ext5sion ( our conf$]acy w ensure its duration1 by ov]rul+ local factions1 :i* might %ake a small] association4 ,b :atev] may be ! m]it or dem]it ( t acquisition1 ,i divide x ) my colleagues1 to ^: c\ncils ,i 0 indebt$ = a c\rse ( adm9i/ration :i*1 not)/&+ ?is late coalition ( clay & brass1 w1 ,i hope1 cont9ue to receive ! approbation ( our c\ntry4 ,! portrait by ,/ew>t 0 receiv$ 9 due "t & good ord]1 & claims1 = ?is difficult acquisition1 ! ?anks ( ! family1 :o jo9 me 9 affectionate s\v5irs ( ,mrs4 ,de>borne & y\rself4 ,my p>ticul> salutations to bo? fl[1 z ev]1 f ! he>t1 cont9ual & w>m4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,c4 ,,hammond4 ,,monticello1 ,augu/ #ah1 #ahba4 ,,sir1--,y\r favor ( ! #g? is j n[ receiv$4 ,! lett] to :i* x ref]s 0 writt5 by me ) ! sole view ( recomm5d+ to ! /udy ( my fell[ citiz5s a book :i* ,i consid]$ z conta9+ m g5u9e doctr9es on ! subject ( our gov]nm5t1 & c>ry+ u back m truly to its fundam5tal pr9ciples1 ?an any "o :i* _h be5 writt5 s9ce ! adoption ( our con/itution4 ,z conf9$ to ?is object1 ,i ?\ght1 & /ill ?9k1 its language z pla9 & intelligible z ,i c make x4 ,b :5 we see inspir$ writ+s made to speak :atev] opposite controv]siali/s wi% !m to say1 we _c ourselves expect to f9d language incapable ( simil> di/ortion4 ,my expressions 7 g5]al2 _! p]v]sion is 9 _! misapplication to a p>ticul> case4 ,to te/ !m truly1 !y %\ld turn to ! book ) ^: op9ion !y pr(ess to co9cide4 ,if ! book e/abli%es t a ,/ate has no "r to tax ! moni$ prop]ty )9 its limits1 or t x c be call$1 z a p>ty1 to ! b> ( ! f$]al judici>y1 !n !y may inf] t ^! are my op9ions4 ,if no su* doctr9es are !re1 my lett] does n au?orize _! imputation to me4 ,x has long1 h[ev]1 be5 my op9ion1 & ,i h nev] %runk f its expression1 7al?\gh ,i d n *oose to put x into a newspap]1 nor1 l a ,priam 9 armor1 (f] myself its *ampion17 t ! g]m ( dissolution ( our f$]al gov]nm5t is 9 ! con/itution ( ! f$]al judici>y2 an irresponsible body1 7= impea*m5t is sc>cely a sc>e-cr[17 work+ l gravity by night & by day1 ga9+ a little to-day & a little to-morr[1 & advanc+ its noiseless /ep l a ?ief1 ov] ! field ( jurisdiction1 until all %all be usurp$ f ! ,/ates1 & ! gov]nm5t ( all be consolidat$ into "o4 ,to ?is ,i am oppos$2 because1 :5 all gov]nm5t1 dome/ic & =eign1 9 little z 9 great ?+s1 %all be drawn to ,wa%+ton z ! c5tre ( all p[]1 x w r5d] p[]less ! *ecks provid$ ( "o gov]nm5t on ano!r1 & w become z v5al & oppressive z ! gov]nm5t f :i* we sep>at$4 ,x w be z 9 ,europe1 :]e e man mu/ be ei!r pike or gudgeon1 hamm] or anvil4 ,our function>ies & !irs are w>es f ! same "w-%op2 made ( ! same mat]ials1 & by ! same h&4 ,if ! ,/ates look ) apa?y on ?is sil5t desc5t ( _! gov]nm5t into ! gulf :i* is to swall[ all1 we h only to weep ov] ! human "* =m$ uncontrollable b by a rod ( iron1 & ! blasphem]s ( man1 z incapable ( self-gov]nm5t1 become 8 true hi/orians4 ,b let me besee* y1 ,sir1 n to let ?is lett] get into a newspap]4 ,tranquillity1 at my age1 is ! supreme good ( life4 ,i ?9k x a duty1 & x is my e>ne/ wi%1 to take no fur!r "p 9 public affairs2 to leave !m to ! exi/+ g5]ation to ^: turn !y h fall51 & to resign ! rema9s ( a decay+ body & m9d to _! protection4 ,! abuse ( confid5ce by publi%+ my lett]s has co/ me m ?an all o!r pa9s1 & make me afraid to put p5 to pap] 9 a lett] ( s5tim5t4 ,if ,i h done x frankly 9 answ] to y\r lett]1 x is 9 full tru/ t ,i %all n be ?r[n by y into ! ar5a ( a newspap]4 ,i salute y ) great respect4 ,,to ,,john ,,adams4 ,,monticello1 ,septemb] #ab1 #ahba4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i am j return$ f my o!r home1 & %all )9 a week g back to x = ! re/ ( ! autumn4 ,i f9d "h y\r favor ( ,augu/ #bj?1 & 0 be=e 9 arre> = t ( ,may #ai?4 ,i _c answ]1 b jo9 91 y\r "q ( ,may #ai?4 ,are we to surr5d] ! pleas+ hopes ( see+ improvem5t 9 ! moral & intellectual condition ( man8 ,! ev5ts ( ,naples & ,pi$mont ca/ a gloomy cl\d ov] t hope1 & ,spa9 & ,portugal are n beyond jeop>dy4 ,& :at are we to ?9k ( ?is nor!rn triumvirate1 arm+ _! nations to dictate despotisms to ! re/ ( ! _w8 ,& ! evid5t connivance ( ,engl&1 z ! price ( secret /ipulations = cont95tal armies1 if h] own %\ld take side ) h] malcont5t & pulv]iz$ p8 ,& :at ( ! poor ,greeks1 & _! small *ance ( amelioration ev5 if ! hypocritical ,autocrat %\ld take !m "u ! iron cov] ( 8 ,ukazes4 ,w\ld ?is be light] or saf] ?an t ( ! ,turk8 ,^!1 my de> fri5d1 are speculations = ! new g5]ation1 z1 be=e !y w be resolv$1 y & ,i mu/ jo9 our deceas$ bro!r ,floyd4 ,yet ,i w n believe our labors are lo/4 ,i %all n die )\t a hope t light & lib]ty are on /eady advance4 ,we h se51 inde$1 once )9 ! records ( hi/ory1 a complete eclipse ( ! human m9d cont9u+ = c5turies4 ,& ?is1 too1 by sw>ms ( ! same nor!rn b>b>ians1 conqu]+ & tak+ possession ( ! c\ntries & gov]nm5ts ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,%\ld ?is be aga9 attempt$1 %\ld ! same nor!rn hordes1 allur$ aga9 by ! corn1 w9e1 & oil ( ! s\?1 be able aga9 to settle _! sw>ms 9 ! c\ntries ( _! gr[?1 ! art ( pr9t+ alone1 & ! va/ dissem9ation ( books1 w ma9ta9 ! m9d :]e x is1 & raise ! conqu]+ ruffians to ! level ( ! conqu]$1 in/ead ( degrad+ ^! to t ( _! conqu]ors4 ,& ev5 %\ld ! cl\d ( b>b>ism & despotism aga9 obscure ! sci5ce & lib]ties ( ,europe1 ?is c\ntry rema9s to pres]ve & re/ore light & lib]ty to !m4 ,9 %ort1 ! flames k9dl$ on ! #d? ( ,july1 #aggf1 h spread ov] too mu* ( ! globe to be ext+ui%$ by ! feeble eng9es ( despotism2 on ! contr>y1 !y w consume ^! eng9es & all :o "w !m4 ,i ?9k ) y t !re %\ld be a s*ool ( in/ruction = our navy z well z artill]y2 & ,i d n see :y ! same e/abli%m5t might n suffice = bo?4 ,bo? require ! same basis ( g5]al ma!matics1 add+ projectiles & =tifications = ! artill]y exclusively1 & a/ronomy & !ory ( navigation exclusively = ! naval /ud5ts4 ,b]\t conduct$ bo? s*ools 9 ,france1 & has left u ! be/ book extant = _! jo9t & sep>ate in/ruction4 ,x ought n to require a sep>ate pr(essor4 ,a #d? ( ,july oration deliv]$ 9 ! t[n ( ,mil=d1 9 y\r ,/ate1 gives to ,samuel ,*ase ! cr$it ( hav+ fir/ />t$ ! cry ( indep5d5ce 9 ! e>s ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,d y rememb] any?+ ( ?is8 ,i d n4 ,i h no d\bt x 0 utt]$ 9 ,massa*usetts ev5 be=e x 0 by ,?omas ,pa9e4 ,b c]ta9ly ,i nev] consid]$ ,samuel ,*ase z =emo/1 or ev5 =w>d 9 t hall[$ cry4 ,i "k t ,m>yl& hung heavily on our backs1 & t ,*ase1 al?\gh fir/ nam$1 0 n mo/ 9 unison ) u ( t delegation1 ei!r 9 politics or morals1 et c'e/ a9si que l'on ecrit l'hi/oire6 ,y\r d\bt ( ! legitimacy ( ! ^w gloriola1 is resolv$ by ,cic]o1 :o1 9 8 lett] to ,lucceius expresses a wi% ut nos metipsi vivi gloriola no/ra p]fruamur4 ,affectionately adieu4 ,,john ,,adams ,,to ,,?omas ,,jeff]son4 ,,montezillo1 ,septemb] #bd1 #ahba4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i ?ank y = y\r favor ( ! #ab? in/ant4 ,hope spr+s et]nal4 ,eight millions ( ,jews hope = a ,messiah m p[]ful & glori\s ?an ,moses1 ,david1 or ,solomon2 :o is to make !m z p[]ful z he pleases4 ,"s hundr$s ( millions ( ,musslem5 expect ano!r prophet m p[]ful ?an ,mahomet1 :o is to spread ,islamism ov] ! :ole e>?4 ,hundr$s ( millions ( ,*ri/ians expect & hope = a mill5nium 9 :i* ,jesus is to reign = a ?\s& ye>s ov] ! :ole _w be=e x is burnt up4 ,! ,h9doos expect ano!r & f9al inc>nation ( ,vi%nu1 :o is to d great & wond]ful ?+s1 ,i "k n :at4 ,all ^! hopes are f\nd$ on real or pret5d$ revelation4 ,! mod]n ,greeks1 too1 x seems1 hope = a deliv]] :o is to produce !m--! ,!mi/ocleses & ,demo/h5eses--! ,platos & ,ari/otles--! ,solons & ,lycurguses4 ,on :at prophecies !y f\nd _! belief1 ,i "k n4 ,y & ,i hope = spl5did improvem5ts 9 human society1 & va/ amelioration 9 ! condition ( mank9d4 ,our fai? may be suppos$ by m rational argum5ts ?an any ( ! =m]1 ,i own t ,i am v sangu9e 9 ! belief ( !m1 z ,i hope & believe y are1 & y\r reason+ 9 y\r lett] confirm$ me 9 !m4 ,z ,bro!r ,floyd has gone1 ,i am n[ ! olde/ ( ! little ,congressional gr\p t rema94 ,i may !re=e rationally hope to be ! fir/ to dep>t2 & z y are ! y\nge/ & mo/ en]getic 9 m9d & body1 y may !re=e rationally hope to be ! la/ to take y\r flight1 & to rake up ! fire z fa!r ,%]man1 :o always /aid to ! la/1 & commonly two days aft]w>ds1 us$ to say1 t x 0 8 (fice to sit up & rake ! a%es ov] ! coals4 ,& mu* satisfaction may y h 9 y\r (fice4 ,! *ol]a morbus has done wond]s 9 ,/4 ,hel5a & 9 ,london4 ,we %all soon he> ( a negotiation = a second wife4 ,:e!r 9 ! body1 or out ( ! body1 ,i %all always be y\r fri5d4 ,! anecdote ( ,mr4 ,*ase1 conta9$ 9 ! oration deliv]$ at ,mil=d1 mu/ be an idle rumor1 = nei!r ! ,/ate ( ,m>yl&1 nor ( _! delegates1 7 v e>ly 9 _! conviction ( ! necessity ( indep5d5ce1 nor v =w>d 9 promot+ x4 ,! old speak] ,tilghman1 ,johnson1 ,*ase1 & ,paca1 7 /eady 9 promot+ resi/ance1 b aft] "s ( !m1 ,m>yl& s5t "o1 at lea/1 ( ! mo/ turbul5t ,tories t ev] came to ,congress4 ,,to ----4 ,,monticello1 ,septemb] #bh1 #ahba4 ,,sir1--,! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 at a v e>ly p]iod1 :5 e/abli%+ its t>iff on =eign importations1 7 v mu* guid$ 9 _! selection ( objects by a desire to enc\rage manufactures )9 ourselves4 ,among o!r articles !n select$ 7 books1 on ! importation ( :i* a duty ( fifte5 p] c5t1 0 impos$1 :i*1 by ord9>y cu/om h\se *>ges1 am\nt to ab\t eighte5 p] c5t41 & add+ ! import+ booksell]s pr(it on ?is1 becomes ab\t tw5ty-sev5 p] c5t4 ,?is 0 useful at fir/1 p]haps1 t[>ds excit+ our pr9t]s to make a beg9n+ 9 t bus9ess "h4 ,b x is f\nd 9 exp]i5ce t ! home dem& is n suffici5t to ju/ify ! re-pr9t+ any b ! mo/ popul> ,engli% works1 & *eap editions ( a few ( ! classics = s*ools4 ,= ! editions ( value1 enri*$ by notes1 comm5t>ies1 c41 & = books 9 =eign liv+ languages1 ! dem& "h is too small & sp>se to reimburse ! exp5se ( re-pr9t+ !m4 ,none ( ^!1 !re=e1 are pr9t$ "h1 & ! duty on !m becomes consequ5tly n a protect+1 b really a prohibitory "o4 ,x makes a v s]i\s addition to ! price ( ! book1 & falls *iefly on a description ( p]sons little able to meet x4 ,/ud5ts :o are de/9$ = pr(essional call+s1 z mo/ ( our s*ol>s are1 are b>ely able = ! mo/ "p to meet ! exp5ses ( tuition4 ,! addition ( eighte5 or tw5ty-sev5 p] c5t4 on ! books necess>y = _! in/ruction1 am\nts (t5 to a prohibition z to !m4 ,= want ( ^! aids1 :i* are op5 to ! /ud5ts ( all o!r nations b our own1 !y ent] on _! c\rse on a v unequal foot+ ) ^? ( ! same pr(essions 9 =eign c\ntries1 & our citiz5s at l>ge1 too1 :o employ !m1 d n d]ive f t employm5t all ! b5efit :i* high] qualifications w\ld give !m4 ,x is true t no duty is requir$ on books import$ = sem9>ies ( le>n+1 b ^!1 lock$ up 9 libr>ies1 c be ( no avail to ! practical man :5 he wi%es a recurr5ce to !m = ! uses ( life4 ,( _m important books ( ref]5ce !re is n p]haps a s+le copy 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ( o!rs b a few1 & ^! too di/ant (t5 to be accessible to s*ol>s g5]ally4 ,x is believ$1 !re=e1 t if ! att5tion ( ,congress c\ld be drawn to ?is article1 !y w\ld1 9 _! wisdom1 see its impolicy4 ,sci5ce is m important 9 a republican ?an 9 any o!r gov]nm5t4 ,& 9 an infant c\ntry l ours1 we mu/ mu* dep5d = improvem5t on ! sci5ce ( o!r c\ntries1 long] e/abli%$1 possess+ bett] means1 & m advanc$ ?an we are4 ,to prohibit u f ! b5efit ( =eign light1 is to consign u to long d>kness4 ,! nor!rn sem9>ies foll[+ ) p>5tal solicitude ! int]e/s ( _! elevs 9 ! c\rse = :i* !y h prep>$ !m1 propose to petition ,congress on ?is subject1 & wi% = ! cop]ation ( ^? ( ! s\? & we/1 & ,i h be5 reque/$1 z m conv5i5t 9 position ?an !y are1 to solicit t cop]ation4 ,hav+ no p]sonal acqua9tance ) ^? :o are *>g$ ) ! direction ( ! college ( ---- ----1 ,i d n "k h[ m effectually to communicate ^! views to !m1 ?an by avail+ myself ( ! k ,i h ( y\r zeal = ! happ9ess & improvem5t ( our c\ntry4 ,i take ! lib]ty1 !re=e1 ( reque/+ y to place ! subject be=e ! prop] au?orities ( t in/itution1 & if !y approve ! measure1 to solicit a concurr5t proce$+ on _! "p to c>ry x into effect4 ,besides petition+ ,congress1 ,i w\ld propose t !y address 9 _! corporate capacity1 a lett] to _! delegates & s5ators 9 ,congress1 solicit+ _! be/ endeavors to obta9 ! repeal ( ! duty on import$ books4 ,i _c b suppose t su* an application w be respect$ by !m1 & w engage _! votes & endeavors to effect an object s reasonable4 ,a conviction t sci5ce is important to ! pres]vation ( our republican gov]nm5t1 & t x is also ess5tial to its protection aga9/ =eign p[]1 induces me1 on ?is occasion1 to /ep beyond ! limits ( t retirem5t to :i* age & incl9ation equally dispose me1 & ,i am )\t a d\bt t ! same consid]ations w induce y to excuse ! tr\ble ,i propose to y1 & t y w k9dly accept ! assurance ( my high respect & e/eem4 ,,to ,,na?aniel ,,macon4 ,,monticello1 ,novemb] #bc1 #ahba4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,abs5ce at an occasional b di/ant resid5ce1 prev5t$ my receiv+ y\r fri5dly lett] ( ,octob] #bj? till ?ree days ago4 ,a l9e f my good old fri5ds is l balm to my s\l4 ,y ask me :at y are to d ) my lett] ( ,septemb] #ai?8 ,i wrote x1 my de> ,sir1 ) no o!r view ?an to p\r my ?\ghts into y\r bosom4 ,i knew !y w\ld be safe !re1 & ,i believ$ !y w\ld be welcome4 ,b if y ?9k1 z y say1 t good may be done by %[+ x to a few well-tri$ fri5ds1 ,i h no objection to t1 b ultimately y _c d bett] ?an to ?r[ x into ! fire4 ,my confid5ce1 z y k9dly obs]v$1 has be5 (t5 abus$ by ! publication ( my lett]s = ! purposes ( int]e/ or vanity1 & x has be5 to me ! s\rce ( mu* pa9 to be exhibit$ be=e ! public 9 =ms n meant = !m4 ,i receive lett]s express$ 9 ! mo/ fri5dly & ev5 affectionate t]ms1 sometimes1 p]haps1 ask+ my op9ion on "s subject4 ,i _c refuse to answ] su* lett]s1 nor c ,i d x dryly & suspici\sly4 ,among a score or two ( su* correspond5ts1 "o p]haps betrays me4 ,i feel x mortify+ly1 b conclude ,i _h bett] incur "o trea*]y ?an (f5d a score or two ( good p4 ,i sometimes expressly desire t my lett] may n be publi%$2 b ?is is s l reque/+ a man n to /eal or *eat1 t ,i am a%am$ ( x aft] ,i h done x4 ,our gov]nm5t is n[ tak+ s /eady a c\rse z to %[ by :at road x w pass to de/ruction1 to-wit3 by consolidation fir/1 & !n corruption1 its necess>y consequ5ce4 ,! eng9e ( consolidation w be ! f$]al judici>y2 ! two o!r bran*es1 ! corrupt+ & corrupt$ in/rum5ts4 ,i fe> an explosion 9 our ,/ate ,legislature4 ,i wi% !y may re/ra9 !mselves to a /rong b temp]ate prote/ation4 ,virg9ia is n at pres5t 9 favor ) h] co-,/ates4 ,an opposition head$ by h] w\ld det]m9e all ! anti-,miss\ri ,/ates to take ! contr>y side4 ,%e _h bett] lie by1 !re=e1 till ! %oe %all p9* an ea/]n ,/ate4 ,let ! cry be fir/ rais$ f t qu>t]1 & we may fall into x ) effect4 ,b ,i fe> our ea/]n associates wi% = consolidation1 9 :i* !y w\ld be jo9$ by ! small] ,/ates g5]ally4 ,b1 ) "o foot 9 ! grave1 ,i h no "r to m$dle ) ^! ?+s4 ,ev] & affectionately y\rs4 ,,to ----4 ,,monticello1 ,novemb] #bi1 #ahba4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,y h (t5 gratifi$ me by y\r a/ronomical communications1 & ,i am n[ ab\t to amuse y ) "o ( m9e4 ,b ,i mu/ fir/ expla9 ! circum/ances :i* h drawn me into a speculation s =eign to ! pa? ( life :i* ! times 9 :i* ,i h liv$1 m ?an my own incl9ations h l$ me to pursue4 ,i _h long deem$ x incumb5t on ! au?orities ( our c\ntry1 to h ! great we/]n wild]ness beyond ! ,mississippi1 explor$1 to make kn[n its geography1 its natural productions1 its g5]al "* & inhabitants4 ,two attempts :i* ,i _h myself made =m]ly1 be=e ! c\ntry 0 ours1 ! "o f we/ to ea/1 ! o!r f ea/ to we/1 _h bo? prov$ abortive4 ,:5 call$ to ! adm9i/ration ( ! g5]al gov]nm5t1 ,i made ?is an object ( e>ly att5tion1 & propos$ x to ,congress4 ,!y vot$ a sum ( five ?\s& doll>s = its execution1 & ,i plac$ ,capta9 ,lewis at ! head ( ! ent]prise4 ,no man )9 ! range ( my acqua9tance1 unit$ s _m ( ! qualifications necess>y = its successful direction4 ,b he _h n receiv$ su* an a/ronomical education z might enable him to give u ! geography ( ! c\ntry ) ! precision desir$4 ,! ,miss\ri & ,columbia1 :i* 7 to con/itute ! tract ( 8 j\rney1 7 riv]s :i* v>i$ little 9 _! progressive latitudes1 b *ang$ _! longitudes rapidly & at e /ep4 ,to qualify him = mak+ ^! obs]vations1 s important to ! value ( ! ent]prise1 ,i enc\rag$ him to apply himself to ?is p>ticul> object1 & gave him lett]s to ,doctor ,patt]son & ,mr4 ,ellicott1 reque/+ !m to in/ruct him 9 ! necess>y processes4 ,^? = ! longitude w\ld ( c\rse be f\nd$ on ! lun> di/ances4 ,b z ^! require ess5tially ! aid ( a "t-keep]1 x occurr$ to me t dur+ a j\rney ( two1 ?ree1 or f\r ye>s1 expos$ to s _m accid5ts z himself & ! in/rum5t w\ld be1 we might expect ) c]ta9ty t x w\ld become d]ang$1 & 9 a des]t c\ntry :]e x c\ld n be repair$4 ,i ?\ght x !n highly important t "s means ( obs]vation %\ld be furni%$ him1 if any c\ld be1 :i* %\ld be practicable & compet5t to asc]ta9 8 longitudes 9 t ev5t4 ,! equatorial occurr$ to myself z ! mo/ promis+ sub/itute4 ,i obs]v$ only t ,ramsd51 9 8 explanation ( its uses1 & p>ticul>ly t ( f9d+ ! longitude at l&1 /ill requir$ 8 obs]v] to h ! aid ( a "t-keep]4 ,b ?is _c be necess>y1 = ! m>g9 ( ! equatorial circle ( ?is in/rum5t be+ divid$ into "t by h\rs1 m9utes1 & seconds1 supplies ! ma9 functions ( ! "t-keep]1 & = measur+ m]ely ! int]val ( ! obs]vations1 is su* z n to be neglect$4 ,a portable p5dulum1 = c\nt+1 by an assi/ant1 w\ld fully answ] t purpose4 ,i sugge/$ my fe>s to sev]al ( our be/ a/ronomical fri5ds1 & my wi%es t o!r processes %\ld be furni%$ him1 if any c\ld be1 :i* might gu>d u ultimately f disappo9tm5t4 ,sev]al o!r me?ods 7 propos$1 b all requir+ ! use ( a "t-keep]4 ,t ( ! equatorial be+ recomm5d$ by none1 & o!r duties refus+ me "t = protract$ consultations1 ,i rel9qui%$ ! idea = t occasion4 ,b1 if a s\nd "o1 x %\ld n be ab&on$4 ,^? des]ts are yet to be explor$1 & _! geography giv5 to ! _w & ourselves ) a correctness wor?y ( ! sci5ce ( ! age4 ,! acquisition ( ! c\ntry be=e ,capta9 ,lewis' dep>ture facilitat$ our ent]prise1 b 8 "t-keep] fail$ e>ly 9 8 j\rney4 ,8 dep5d5ce1 !n1 0 on ! compass & log-l9e1 ) ! correction ( latitudes only2 & ! true longitudes ( ! diff]5t po9ts ( ! ,miss\ri1 ( ! ,/ony ,m\nta9s1 ! ,columbia & ,pacific1 at its m\?1 rema9 yet to be obta9$ by future ent]prise4 ,! circum/ance :i* occasions a recurr5ce ( ! subject to my m9d at ?is "t p>ticul>ly is ?is3 our legislature1 "s "t ago1 came to a det]m9ation t an accurate map %\ld be made ( our ,/ate4 ,! late ,john ,wood 0 employ$ on x4 ,its fir/ elem5ts are prep>$ by maps ( ! sev]al c\nties4 ,b ^! h be5 made by *a9 & compass only1 :i* suppose ! surface ( ! e>? to be a plane4 ,to fit !m toge!r1 !y mu/ be accommodat$ to its real sph]ical surface2 & ?is c be done only by obs]vations ( latitude & longitude1 tak5 at diff]5t po9ts ( ! area to :i* !y are to be r$uc$4 ,x is true t 9 ! l[] & m popul\s p>ts ( ! ,/ate1 ! me?od ( lun> di/ances by ! circle or sextant1 & "t-keep]1 may be us$2 because ^? p>ts furni% means ( repair+ or replac+ a d]ang$ "t-keep]4 ,b ! des]ts beyond ! ,alleghany are z de/itute ( res\rce 9 t case1 z ^? ( ! ,miss\ri4 ,! "q !n recurs :e!r ! equatorial1 )\t ! auxili>y ( a "t-keep]1 is n compet5t to ! asc]ta9m5t ( longitudes at l&1 :]e a fix$ m]idian c always be obta9$8 & :e!r inde$ x may n ev]y:]e at l&1 be a readi] & pref]able in/rum5t = t purpose8 ,to ^! que/ions ,i ask y\r att5tions2 & to %[ ! gr\nds on :i* ,i ent]ta9 ! op9ion myself1 ,i w briefly expla9 ! pr9ciples ( ! process1 & ! peculi>ities ( ! in/rum5t :i* give x ! compet5ce ,i ascribe to x4 ,& %\ld y concur 9 ! op9ion1 ,i w fur!r ask y to notice any p>ticul> circum/ances claim+ att5tion 9 ! process1 & ! corrections :i* ! obs]vations may necess>ily require4 ,z to myself1 ,i am an a/ronom] ( !ory only1 little v]s$ 9 practical obs]vations1 & ! m9ute att5tions & corrections !y require4 ,i proce$ n[ to ! explanation4 ,a me?od ( f9d+ ! longitude ( a place at l&1 )\t a "t-keep]4 ,if two p]sons1 at diff]5t po9ts ( ! same hemisph]e1 7z ,gre5wi* & ,wa%+ton1 = example17 obs]ve ! same cele/ial ph5om5on1 at ! same in/ant ( "t1 ! diff]5ce ( ! times m>k$ by _! respective clocks is ! diff]5ce ( _! longitudes1 or ! di/ance betwe5 _! m]idians4 ,to cat* ) precision ! same in/ant ( "t = ^! simultane\s obs]vations1 ! moon's motion 9 h] orbit is ! be/ elem5t2 h] *ange ( place 7ab\t a half second ( space 9 a second ( "t7 is rapid en\gh to be asc]ta9$ by a good in/rum5t ) suffici5t precision = ! object4 ,b suppose ! obs]v] at ,wa%+ton1 or 9 a des]t1 to be )\t a "t-keep]2 ! equatorial is ! in/rum5t to be us$ 9 t case4 ,aga91 we h suppos$ a contemporane\s obs]v] at ,gre5wi*4 ,b 8 functions may be suppli$ by ! nautical almanac1 adapt$ to t place1 & enabl+ u to calculate = any in/ant ( "t ! m]idian di/ances !re ( ! heav5ly bodies necess>y to be obs]v$ = ?is purpose4 ,! obs]v] at ,wa%+ton1 *oos+ ! "t :5 _! position is suitable1 is to adju/ 8 equatorial to 8 m]idian1 to 8 latitude1 & to ! plane ( 8 horizon2 or if he is 9 a des]t :]e nei!r m]idian nor latitude is yet asc]ta9$1 ! advantages ( ?is noble in/rum5t are1 t x enables him to f9d bo? 9 ! c\rse ( a few h\rs4 ,?us prep>$1 let him asc]ta9 by obs]vation ! "r asc5sion ( ! moon f t ( a kn[n />1 or _! hor>y di/ance2 &1 at ! same in/ant1 h] hor>y di/ance f 8 m]idian4 ,h] "r asc5sion at ! in/ant ?us asc]ta9$1 ent] ) t ( ! nautical almanac1 & calculate1 by its tables1 :at 0 h] hor>y di/ance f ! m]idian ( ,gre5wi* at ! in/ant %e _h atta9$ t po9t ( "r asc5sion1 or t hor>y di/ance f ! same />4 ,! addition ( ^! m]idian di/ances1 if ! moon 0 betwe5 ! two m]idians1 or ! subtraction ( ! less] f ! great]1 if %e 0 on ! same side ( bo?1 is ! diff]5ces ( _! longitudes4 ,?is g5]al !ory admits diff]5t cases1 ( :i* ! obs]v] may avail himself1 accord+ to ! p>ticul> position ( ! heav5ly bodies at ! mom5t ( obs]vation4 ,case #a/4 ,:5 ! moon is on 8 m]idian1 or on t ( ,gre5wi*4 ,second4 ,:5 ! /> is on ei!r m]idian4 ,?ird4 ,:5 ! moon & /> are on ! same side ( 8 m]idian4 ,f\r?4 ,:5 !y are on diff]5t sides4 ,= in/antane\sness ( obs]vation1 ! equatorial has great advantage ov] ! circle or sextant2 = be+ truly plac$ 9 ! m]idian be=eh&1 ! telescope may be direct$ suffici5tly 9 advance ( ! moon's motion1 = "t to note its place on ! equatorial circle1 be=e %e atta9s t po9t4 ,!n obs]ve1 until h] limb t\*es ! cross-hairs2 & 9 t in/ant direct ! telescope to ! />2 t completes ! obs]vation1 & ! place ( ! /> may be read at leisure4 ,! app>atus = correct+ ! effects ( refraction & p>allax1 :i* is fix$ on ! eye-tube ( ! telescope1 saves "t by r5d]+ ! notation ( altitudes unnecess>y1 & disp5ses ) ! use ( ei!r a "t-keep] or portable p5dulum4 ,i h obs]v$ t1 if plac$ 9 a des]t :]e nei!r m]idian nor latitude is yet asc]ta9$1 ! equatorial enables ! obs]v] to f9d bo? 9 a few h\rs4 ,= ! latitude1 adju/ by ! cross-levels ! azimu? plane ( ! in/rum5t to ! horizon ( ! place4 ,br+ d[n ! equatorial plane to an exact p>allelism ) x1 its pole !n becom+ v]tical4 ,by ! nut & p9ion comm&+ x1 & by t ( ! semi-circle ( decl9ation1 direct ! telescope to ! sun4 ,foll[ its pa? ) ! telescope by ! comb9$ use ( ^! two p9ions1 & :5 x has atta9$ its greate/ altitude1 calculate ! latitude z :5 tak5 by a sextant4 ,= f9d+ ! m]idian1 set ! azimu? circle to ! horizon1 elevate ! equatorial circle to ! complem5t ( ! latitude1 & fix x by ! clamp & tight5+ screw ( ! two brass segm5ts ( ar*es bel[4 ,by ! decl9ation semicircle set ! telescope to ! sun's decl9ation ( ! mom5t4 ,turn ! in/rum5t t[>ds ! m]idian by guess1 & by ! comb9$ movem5t ( ! equatorial & azimu? circles direct ! telescope to ! sun1 !n by ! p9ion ( ! equatorial alone1 foll[ ! pa? ( ! sun ) ! telescope4 ,if x sw]ves f t pa?1 turn ! azimu? circle until x %all foll[ ! sun accurately4 ,a di/ant /ake or tree %\ld m>k ! m]idian1 to gu>d aga9/ its loss by any accid5tal jo/le ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! #ab o'clock l9e w !n be 9 ! true m]idian1 & ! axis ( ! equatorial circle w be p>allel ) t ( ! e>?4 ,! in/rum5t is !n 9 its true position = ! obs]vations ( ! night4 ,to ! compet5ce & ! advantages ( ?is me?od1 ,i w only add t ^! in/rum5ts are high-pric$4 ,m9e co/ ?irty-five gu9eas 9 ,ramsd5's %op1 a little be=e ! ,revolution4 ,i w l5g!n my lett]1 already too long1 only by assurances ( my great e/eem & respect4 ,,to ---- ,,ni*olas4 ,,monticello1 ,decemb] #aa1 #ahba4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,y\r lett] ( ,decemb] ! #ai? places me "u a dilemma1 :i* ,i _c solve b by an exposition ( ! nak$ tru?4 ,i w\ld h wi%$ ?is r to h rema9$ z hi!rto1 )\t inquiry2 b y\r inquiries h a "r to be answ]$4 ,i w d x z exactly z ! great lapse ( "t & a wan+ memory w enable me4 ,i may misrememb] indiff]5t circum/ances1 b c be "r 9 sub/ance4 ,at ! "t :5 ! republicans ( our c\ntry 7 s mu* al>m$ at ! proce$+s ( ! f$]al asc5d5cy 9 ,congress1 9 ! executive & ! judici>y dep>tm5ts1 x became a matt] ( s]i\s consid]ation h[ head c\ld be made aga9/ _! ent]prises on ! con/itution4 ,! lead+ republicans 9 ,congress f\nd !mselves ( no use !re1 br[-beat51 z !y 71 by a bold & ov]:elm+ majority4 ,!y conclud$ to retire f t field1 take a /& 9 ! ,/ate legislatures1 & endeavor !re to arre/ _! progress4 ,! ali5 & s$ition laws furni%$ ! p>ticul> occasion4 ,! sympa?y betwe5 ,virg9ia & ,k5tucky 0 m cordial1 & m intimately confid5tial1 ?an betwe5 any o!r two ,/ates ( republican policy4 ,mr4 ,madison came into ! ,virg9ia legislature4 ,i 0 !n 9 ! ,vice-,presid5cy1 & c\ld n leave my /ation4 ,b y\r fa!r1 ,colonel ,w4 ,c4 ,ni*olas1 & myself happ5+ to be toge!r1 ! engag+ ! co-op]ation ( ,k5tucky 9 an en]getic prote/ation aga9/ ! con/itutionality ( ^? laws1 became a subject ( consultation4 ,^? g5tlem5 press$ me /rongly to sket* resolutions = t purpose1 y\r fa!r und]tak+ to introduce !m to t legislature1 ) a solemn assurance1 :i* ,i /rictly requir$1 t x %\ld n be kn[n f :at qu>t] !y came4 ,i drew & deliv]$ !m to him1 & 9 keep+ _! orig9 secret1 he fulfill$ 8 pl$ge ( honor4 ,"s ye>s aft] ?is1 ,colonel ,ni*olas ask$ me if ,i w\ld h any objection to its be+ kn[n t ,i _h drawn !m4 ,i po9t$ly enjo9$ t x %\ld n4 ,:e!r he _h ungu>d$ly intimat$ x be=e to any "o1 ,i "k n2 b ,i aft]w>ds obs]v$ 9 ! pap]s repeat$ imputations ( !m to me2 on :i*1 z has be5 my practice on all occasions ( imputation1 ,i h obs]v$ entire sil5ce4 ,! "q1 inde$1 has nev] be=e be5 put to me1 nor %\ld ,i answ] x to any o!r ?an y\rself2 see+ no good end to be propos$ by x1 & ! desire ( tranquillity induc+ ) me a wi% to be )drawn f public notice4 ,y\r fa!r's zeal & tal5ts 7 too well kn[n1 to d]ive any additional di/9ction f ! p5n+ ^! resolutions4 ,t circum/ance1 surely1 0 ( f> less m]it ?an ! propos+ & c>ry+ !m ?r\gh ! legislature ( 8 ,/ate4 ,! only fact 9 ?is /atem5t1 on :i* my memory is n di/9ct1 is ! "t & occasion ( ! consultation ) y\r fa!r & ,colonel ,ni*olas4 ,x took place "h ,i "k2 b :e!r any o!r p]son 0 pres5t1 or communicat$ )1 is my d\bt4 ,i ?9k ,mr4 ,madison 0 ei!r ) u1 or consult$1 b my memory is unc]ta9 z to m9ute details4 ,i fe>1 de> ,sir1 we are n[ 9 su* ano!r crisis1 ) ?is diff]5ce only1 t ! judici>y bran* is alone & s+le h&$ 9 ! pres5t assaults on ! con/itution4 ,b its assaults are m sure & deadly1 z f an ag5t seem+ly passive & unassum+4 ,may y & y\r cotempor>ies meet !m ) ! same det]m9ation & effect1 z y\r fa!r & 8 did ! ali5 & s$ition laws1 & pres]ve inviolate a con/itution1 :i*1 *]i%$ 9 all its *a/ity & purity1 w prove 9 ! end a bless+ to all ! nations ( ! e>?4 ,) ^! pray]s1 accept ^? = y\r own happ9ess & prosp]ity4 ,,to ,,messrs4 ,,george ,w4 ,,summ]s ,,& ,,john ,b4 ,,g>l&4 ,,monticello1 ,febru>y #bg1 #ahbb4 ,,g5tlem51--,i h receiv$ y\r favor ( ! #ah?1 & am duly s5sible ( ! honor done my "n by its association ) ! in/itution =m$ 9 y\r college = improvem5t 9 ! art ( speak+4 ,! ef=ts ( ! memb]s w1 ,i tru/1 give a j reputation to ! society & reflect on its "n ! honor :i* x _c d]ive f x4 ,9 a c\ntry & gov]nm5t l ours1 eloqu5ce is a p[]ful in/rum5t1 well wor?y ( ! special pursuit ( our y\?4 ,models1 inde$1 ( *a/e & classical oratory are truly too r>e ) u2 nor d ,i recollect any rem>kable 9 ,engl&4 ,among ! anci5ts ! mo/ p]fect specim5s are p]haps to be f\nd 9 ,livy1 ,sallu/ & ,tacitus4 ,_! pi? & brevity con/itute p]fection itself = an audi5ce ( sages1 on :om fro? & fancy w\ld be lo/ 9 air4 ,b 9 ord9>y cases1 & ) u p>ticul>ly1 m developm5t is necess>y4 ,= s5atorial eloqu5ce1 ,demo/h5es is ! f9e/ model2 = ! b>1 ,cic]o4 ,! =m] _h m logic1 ! latt] m imag9ation4 ,( ! eloqu5ce ( ! p5 we h f9e samples 9 ,engli%4 ,rob]tson1 ,/]ne1 ,addison1 are ( ! fir/ m]it 9 ! diff]5t *>act]s ( composition4 ,hume1 9 ! circum/ance ( /yle is equal to any2 b 8 tory pr9ciples spread a cl\d ov] 8 _m & great excell5cies4 ,! *>ms ( 8 /yle & matt] h made tories ( all ,engl&1 & d\btful republicans "h4 ,y say t any advice :i* ,i c\ld give y w\ld be acceptable4 ,b1 = ?is1 y _c be 9 bett] h&s ?an ( ! wor?y pr(essors ( y\r own college4 ,_! c\nsels w\ld1 ,i am sure1 embrace ev]y?+ ,i c\ld (f]4 ,x w n1 h[ev]1 be a "w ( m]e sup]eorgation if x w gratify y1 & w furni% a /rong] pro( ( my desire to enc\rage y 9 y\r laudable dispositions4 ,"s ?irty-six or ?irty-sev5 ye>s ago1 ,i _h a nephew1 ! late ,pet] ,c>r1 ^: education ,i direct$1 & _h mu* at he>t 8 future =tunes4 ,resid+ abroad at ! "t 9 public s]vice1 my c\nsels to him 7 necess>ily communicat$ by lett]s4 ,se>*+ among my pap]s ,i f9d a lett] writt5 to him1 & convey+ su* advice z ,i ?\ght suitable to ! p>ticul> p]iod ( 8 age & education4 ,he 0 !n ab\t fifte51 & _h made "s progress 9 classical read+4 ,z y\r pres5t situation may be some:at simil>1 y may f9d 9 t lett] "s ?+s wor? rememb]+4 ,i enclose y a copy !re=e4 ,x 0 writt5 9 ha/e1 "u ! pressure ( (ficial labors1 & ) no view ( be+ ev] se5 b by himself4 ,x might o!rwise h be5 made m correct 9 /yle & matt]4 ,b su* z x is1 ,i place x at y\r s]vice1 & pray y to receive x m]ely z a compliance ) y\r own reque/1 & z a pro( ( my good w & ( my be/ wi%es = y\r success 9 ! c>e] ( life = :i* y are s wor?ily & laudably prep>+ y\rselves4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,edw>d ,,ev]ett1 ,,( ,,cambridge1 ,,massa*usetts4 ,,monticello1 ,m>* #b1 #ahbb4 ,i am ?ankful to y1 ,sir1 = ! v edify+ view ( ,europe :i* y h be5 s k9d z to s5d me4 ,toss$ at r&om by ! newspap]s on an ocean ( unc]ta9ties & falsehoods1 x is joyful at times to cat* ! glimm]+ ( a beacon :i* %[s u truly :]e we are4 ,de ,pradt's ,europe _h "s effect 9 ?is way2 b ! less z ! au?or 0 less kn[n 9 "*4 ,! views pres5t$ by y\r bro!r unite our confid5ce ) ! s\ndness ( 8 obs]vation & in=mation4 ,i h read ! "w ) great avidity & pr(it1 & h f\nd my ideas ( ,europe 9 g5]al1 ralli$ by x to po9ts ( good satisfaction4 ,9 ! s+le *apt] on ,engl& only1 :]e 8 !ories are new1 if we _c sudd5ly give up all our old notions1 he furni%es u abundant matt] = reflection & a revisal ( !m4 ,i h long consid]$ ! pres5t crisis ( ,engl&1 & ! orig9 ( ! evils :i* are l[]+ ov] h]1 z produc$ by enorm\s excess ( h] exp5ditures beyond h] income4 ,to pay ev5 ! int]e/ ( ! debt contract$1 %e is oblig$ to take f ! indu/ri\s s mu* ( _! e>n+s1 z n to leave en\gh = _! backs & bellies4 ,!y are daily1 !re=e1 pass+ ov] to ! paup]-li/1 to subsi/ on ! decl9+ means ( ^? /ill hold+ up1 & :5 ^! also %all be exhau/$1 :at next8 ,re=mation _c rem$y ?is4 ,x c\ld only prev5t its recurr5ce :5 once reliev$ f ! debt4 ,to effect t relief ,i see b "o possible & j c\rse4 ,consid]+ ! fund$ & real prop]ty z equal1 & ! debt z mu* ( ! "o z ! o!r1 = ! hold] ( prop]ty to give up "o-half to ^? ( ! funds1 & ! latt] to ! nation ! :ole ( :at x owes !m4 ,b ?is ! nature ( man =bids u to expect )\t bl[s1 & bl[s w decide x by a promiscu\s sacrifice ( life & prop]ty4 ,! debt ?us1 or o!rwise1 ext+ui%$1 a real repres5tation introduc$ into ! gov]nm5t ( ei!r prop]ty or p1 or ( bo?1 r5\nc+ et]nal w>1 re/ra9+ future exp5ses to future income1 & break+ up =ev] ! consum+ circle ( extravagance1 debt1 insolv5cy1 & revolution1 ! isl& w\ld !n aga9 be 9 ! degree ( =ce :i* nature has measur$ out to x1 ( respectable /ation 9 ! scale ( nations1 b n at _! head4 ,i s9c]ely wi% %e c\ld peaceably get into ?is /ate ( be+1 z ! pres5t prospects ( s\!rn ,europe seem to ne$ ! acquisition ( new weights 9 _! balance1 r ?an ! loss ( old ones4 ,i set additional value on ?is volume1 inasmu* z x has procur$ me ! occasion ( express+ to y my high e/imation ( y\r "*1 ! int]e/ ) :i* ,i look to x z an ,am]ican1 & ! great e/eem & respect ) :i* ,i beg leave to salute y4 ,,to ,,j$$iah ,,morse4 ,,monticello1 ,m>* #f1 #ahbb4 ,,sir1--,i h duly receiv$ y\r lett] ( ,febru>y ! #af?1 & h n[ to express my s5se ( ! honorable /ation propos$ to my ex-bre?r5 & myself1 9 ! con/itution ( ! society = ! civilization & improvem5t ( ! ,indian tribes4 ,! object too express$1 z t ( ! association1 is "o :i* ,i h ev] _h mu* at he>t1 & nev] omitt$ an occasion ( promot+ :ile ,i h be5 9 situations to d x ) effect1 & no?+1 ev5 n[1 9 ! calm ( age & retirem5t1 w\ld excite 9 me a m lively int]e/ ?an an approvable plan ( rais+ t respectable & un=tunate p f ! /ate ( physical & moral abjection1 to :i* !y h be5 r$uc$ by circum/ances =eign to !m4 ,t ! plan n[ propos$ is entitl$ to unmix$ approbation1 ,i am n prep>$ to say1 aft] mature consid]ation1 & ) all ! p>tialities :i* its pr(ess$ object w\ld rightfully claim f me4 ,i %all n und]take to draw ! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 private associations ( laudable views & unimpos+ numb]s1 & ^? ^: magnitude may rivalize & jeop>dize ! m>* ( regul> gov]nm5t4 ,yet su* a l9e does exi/4 ,i h se5 ! days1 !y 7 ^? :i* prec$$ ! revolution1 :5 ev5 ?is la/ & p]il\s eng9e became necess>y2 b !y 7 days :i* no man w\ld wi% to see a second "t4 ,t 0 ! case :]e ! regul> au?orities ( ! gov]nm5t _h comb9$ aga9/ ! rights ( ! p1 & no means ( correction rema9$ to !m b to organize a collat]al p[]1 :i*1 ) _! support1 might rescue & secure _! violat$ rights4 ,b su* is n ! case ) our gov]nm5t4 ,we ne$ haz>d no collat]al p[]1 :i*1 by a *ange ( its orig9al views1 & assumption ( o!rs we "k n h[ virtu\s or h[ mis*iev\s1 w\ld be ready organiz$ & 9 =ce suffici5t to %ake ! e/abli%$ f\ndations ( society1 & endang] its peace & ! pr9ciples on :i* x is bas$4 ,is n ! ma*9e n[ propos$ ( ?is gigantic /ature8 ,x is to consi/ ( ! ex-,presid5ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! ,vice ,presid5t1 ! ,heads ( all ! executive dep>tm5ts1 ! memb]s ( ! supreme judici>y1 ! ,gov]nors ( ! sev]al ,/ates & t]ritories1 all ! memb]s ( bo? ,h\ses ( ,congress1 all ! g5]al (fic]s ( ! army1 ! commission]s ( ! navy1 all ,presid5ts & ,pr(essors ( colleges & !ological sem9>ies1 all ! cl]gy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! ,presid5ts & ,secret>ies ( all associations hav+ relation to ,indians1 all comm&+ (fic]s )9 or ne> ,indian t]ritories1 all ,indian sup]9t5d5ts & ag5ts2 all ^! ex (ficio2 & z _m private individuals z w pay a c]ta9 price = memb]%ip4 ,obs]ve1 too1 t ! cl]gy w con/itute#ae n9ete5 tw5tie?s ( ?is association1 &1 by ! law ( ! majority1 may comm& ! tw5tie? "p1 :i*1 compos$ ( all ! high au?orities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 civil & milit>y1 may be outvot$ & wield$ by ! n9ete5 p>ts ) uncontrollable p[]1 bo? z to purpose & process4 ,c ?is =midable array be review$ )\t dismay8 ,x w be said1 t 9 ?is association w be all ! confid5tial (fic]s ( ! gov]nm5t2 ! *oice ( ! p !mselves4 ,no man on e>? has m implicit confid5ce ?an myself 9 ! integrity & discretion ( ?is *os5 b& ( s]vants4 ,b is confid5ce or discretion1 or is /rict limit1 ! pr9ciple ( our con/itution8 ,x w compreh5d1 inde$1 all ! function>ies ( ! gov]nm5t2 b sec$$ f _! con/itutional /ations z gu>dians ( ! nation1 & act+ n by ! laws ( _! /ation1 b by ^? ( a volunt>y society1 hav+ no limit to _! purposes b ! same w :i* con/itutes _! exi/5ce4 ,x w be ! au?orities ( ! p & all influ5tial *>act]s f among !m1 array$ on "o side1 & on ! o!r1 ! p !mselves des]t$ by _! lead]s4 ,x is a fe>ful array4 ,x w be said t ^! are imag9>y fe>s4 ,i "k !y are s at pres5t4 ,i "k x is z impossible = ^! ag5ts ( our *oice & unb\nd$ confid5ce1 to h>bor ma*9ations aga9/ ! ador$ pr9ciples ( our con/itution1 z = gravity to *ange its direction1 & gravid bodies to m\nt upw>ds4 ,! fe>s are inde$ imag9>y1 b ! example is real4 ,"u its au?ority1 z a prec$5t1 future associations w arise ) objects at :i* we %\ld %udd] at ?is "t4 ,! society ( ,jacob9s1 9 ano!r c\ntry1 0 in/itut$ on pr9ciples & views z virtu\s z ev] k9dl$ ! he>ts ( patriots4 ,x 0 ! pure patriotism ( _! purposes :i* ext5d$ _! association to ! limits ( ! nation1 & r5d]$ _! p[] )9 x b\ndless2 & x 0 ?is p[] :i* deg5]at$ _! pr9ciples & practices to su* enormities z nev] be=e c\ld h be5 imag9$4 ,yet ^! 7 m51 & we & our desc5dants w be no m4 ,! pres5t is a case :]e1 if ev]1 we are to gu>d aga9/ ourselves2 n aga9/ ourselves z we are1 b z we may be2 = :o c n[ imag9e :at we may become "u circum/ances n n[ imag9able8 ,! object ( ?is in/itution1 seems to require s haz>d\s an example z little z any :i* c\ld be propos$4 ,! gov]nm5t is1 at ?is "t1 go+ on ) ! process ( civiliz+ ! ,indians1 on a plan probably z promis+ z any "o ( u is able to devise1 & ) res\rces m compet5t ?an we c\ld expect to comm& by volunt>y taxation4 ,is x t ! new *>act]s call$ into association ) ^? ( ! gov]nm5t1 are wis] ?an ^!8 ,is x t a plan orig9at$ by a meet+ ( private individuals is bett] ?an t prep>$ by ! conc5trat$ wisdom ( ! nation1 ( m5 n self-*os51 b clo!d ) ! full confid5ce ( ! p8 ,is x t !re is no dang] t a new au?ority1 m>*+1 indep5d5tly1 along side ( ! gov]nm5t1 9 ! same l9e & to ! same object1 may n produce collision1 may n ?w>t & ob/ruct ! op]ations ( ! gov]nm5t1 or wre/ ! object entirely f _! h&s8 ,might we n z well appo9t a committee = ea* dep>tm5t ( ! gov]nm5t1 to c\nsel & direct its head sep>ately1 z volunte] ourselves to c\nsel & direct ! :ole1 9 mass8 ,& might we n d x z well = _! =eign1 _! fiscal1 & _! milit>y1 z = _! ,indian affairs8 ,& h[ _m societies1 auxili>y to ! gov]nm5t1 may we expect to see spr+ up1 9 imitation ( ?is1 (f]+ to associate !mselves 9 ?is & t ( its functions8 ,9 a ^w1 :y n take ! gov]nm5t out ( its con/itutional h&s1 associate !m inde$ ) u1 to pres]ve a semblance t ! acts are !irs1 b insur+ !m to be our own by all[+ !m a m9or vote only4 ,^! consid]ations h impress$ my m9d ) a =ce s irresi/ible1 t 79 duty b\nd to answ] y\r polite lett]1 )\t :i* ,i %\ld n h obtrud$ an op9ion7 ,i h n be5 able to )hold ! expression ( !m4 ,n kn[+ ! individuals :o h propos$ ?is plan1 ,i _c be conceiv$ z ent]ta9+ p]sonal disrespect = !m4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i see 9 ! pr9t$ li/ p]sons = :om ,i *]i% s5tim5ts ( s9c]e fri5d%ip1 & o!rs1 = ^: op9ions & purity ( purpose ,i h ! highe/ respect4 ,yet ?9k+ z ,i d1 t ?is association is unnecess>y2 t ! gov]nm5t is proce$+ to ! same object "u control ( ! law2 t !y are compet5t to x 9 wisdom1 9 means1 & incl9ation2 t ?is association1 ?is :eel )9 a :eel1 is m likely to produce collision ?an aid2 & t x is1 9 its magnitude1 ( dang]\s example2 ,i am b\nd to say1 t1 z a dutiful citiz51 ,i _c 9 consci5ce become a memb] ( ?is society1 possess+ z x does my entire confid5ce 9 ! integrity ( its views4 ,i feel ) awe ! weight ( op9ion to :i* ,i may be oppos$1 & t1 = myself1 ,i h ne$ to ask ! indulg5ce ( a belief t ! op9ion ,i h giv5 is ! be/ result ,i c d$uce f my own reason & exp]i5ce1 & t x is s9c]ely consci5ti\s4 ,repeat+1 !re=e1 my j ackn[l$gm5ts = ! honor propos$ to me1 ,i beg leave to add ! assurances to ! society & y\rself ( my highe/ confid5ce & consid]ation4 ,,footnote3 #ae ,! cl]gy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates may probably be e/imat$ at eight ?\s&4 ,! residue ( ?is society at f\r hundr$2 b if ! =m] numb] be halv$1 ! reason+ w be ! same4 ,,to ,,g5]al ,,breck5ridge4 ,,monticello1 ,april #i1 #ahbb4 ,,de> ,,g5]al1--,y\r favor ( ,m>* #bh? 0 receiv$ on ! #g? in/ant4 ,we fail$ 9 hav+ a quorum on ! #a/4 ,mr4 ,johnson & ,g5]al ,taylor 7 labor+ = ,li?g[ 9 ,ri*mond1 & ,mr4 ,madison 0 unwell4 ,on ! score ( bus9ess x 0 immat]ial1 z !re 0 n a s+le measure to be propos$4 ,! loss 0 ( ! gratification ( meet+ 9 society ) ^? :om we e/eem4 ,?is is ! valuable effect ( our semi-annual meet+s1 jubilees1 9 fact1 = fea/+ ! m9d & fo/]+ ! be/ affections ( ! he>t t[>ds ^? :o m]it !m4 ,! f\r r[s ( build+s ( accommodation are s ne>ly complet$1 t !y are c]ta9 ( be+ entirely s 9 ! c\rse ( ! summ]2 & our funds1 z y h se5 /at$ 9 our la/ ,report1 are suffici5t to meet ! exp5se1 except t ! delays 9 collect+ ! arre>s ( subscriptions oblige u to borr[ tempor>ily f ?is ye>'s annuity1 :i*1 accord+ to t ,report1 _h ano!r de/9ation4 ,^! build+s done1 we are to re/ on our o>s1 & passively await ! w ( ! legislature4 ,our future c\rse is a pla9 "o4 ,we h proce$$ f ! beg9n+ on ! s\nd det]m9ation to f9i% ! build+s be=e op5+ ! in/itution2 because1 once op5$1 all its funds w be absorb$ by pr(essors' sal>ies1 c41 & no?+ rema9 ev] to f9i% ! build+s4 ,& we h ?\ght x bett] to beg9 two or ?ree ye>s lat]1 9 ! full ext5t propos$1 ?an to op51 & g on =ev]1 ) a half-way e/abli%m5t4 ,( ! wisdom ( ?is proce$+1 & ( its great] good to ! public f9ally1 ,i _c a mom5t d\bt4 ,our "p !n is to pursue ) /ead9ess :at is "r1 turn+ nei!r to "r nor left = ! intrigues or popul> delusions ( ! day1 assur$ t ! public approbation w 9 ! end be ) u4 ,! c\ncils ( ! legislature1 at _! late session1 7 poison$ un=tunately by ! "q ( ! seat ( gov]nm5t1 & ! consequ5t jeal\sies ( our views 9 erect+ ! l>ge build+ /ill want+4 ,?is lo/ u "s fri5ds :o feel a s9c]e int]e/ 9 favor ( ! ,univ]sity1 b a /rong] "o 9 ! "q respect+ ! seat ( gov]nm5t4 ,!y seem n to h consid]$ t ! seat ( ! gov]nm5t1 & t ( ! ,univ]sity1 are incompatible ) "o ano!r2 t if ! =m] 7 to come "h1 ! latt] mu/ be remov$4 ,ev5 ,ox=d & ,cambridge plac$ 9 ! middle ( ,london1 !y w\ld be des]t$ z seats ( le>n+1 & z prop] places = tra9+ y\?4 ,^! gr\ndless jeal\sies1 x is to be hop$1 w be dissipat$ by sob] reflection1 dur+ ! sep>ation ( ! memb]s2 & !y w p]ceive1 be=e _! next meet+1 t ! l>ge build+1 )\t :i* ! in/itution _c proce$1 has no?+ to d ) ! "q ( ! seat ( gov]nm5t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! ensu+ session %\ld /ill refuse _! patronage1 a second or a ?ird w ?9k bett]1 & result f9ally 9 fulfill+ ! object ( our aim1 ! secur+ to our c\ntry a full & p]petual in/itution = all ! useful sci5ces2 "o :i* w re/ore u to our =m] /ation 9 ! conf$]acy4 ,x may be a ye> or two lat] inde$2 b x w replace u 9 full grade1 & n leave u among ! m]e subalt]ns ( ! league4 ,pati5ce & /eady p]sev]ance on our "p w secure ! bless$ end4 ,if we %r9k1 x is gone =ev]4 ,our autumnal meet+ w be int]e/+4 ,! "q w be :e!r we %all rel9qui% ! scale ( a real ,univ]sity1 ! rally+ c5tre ( ! ,s\? & ! ,we/1 or let x s9k to t ( a common academy4 ,i hope y w be ) u1 & give u ! b5efit ( y\r firm & enl>g$ views4 ,i am n at all di%e>t5$ ) :at has pass$1 nor dispos$ to give up ! %ip4 ,we h only to lie /ill1 to d & say no?+1 & firmly avoid op5+4 ,! public op9ion is advanc+4 ,x is com+ to our aid1 & w =ce ! in/itution on to consummation4 ,! numb]s are great1 & _m f great di/ances1 :o visit x daily z an object ( curiosity4 ,!y become /r5g!n$ if fri5ds1 conv]t$ if enemies1 & all l\d & zeal\s advocates1 & w %ortly give full tone to ! public voice4 ,our motto %\ld be be n we>i$ ) well-do+4 ,accept ! assurance ( my affectionate fri5d%ip & respect4 ,,to ,,messrs4 ,,rit*ie ,,& ,,goo*4 ,,monticello1 ,may #ac1 #ahbb4 ,,messrs4 ,,rit*ie ,,& ,,goo*1--,i am ?ankful to y = ! pap] y h be5 s k9d z to s5d me1 conta9+ ! arraignm5t ( ! ,presid5ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates g5]ally1 z peculators or accessories to peculation1 by an in=m] :o masks himself "u ! signature ( a ,native ,virg9ian4 ,:at relates to myself 9 ?is pap]1 7be+ 8 ,no4 ,,vi41 & ! only ,no4 ,i h se57 ,i _h be=e read 9 ! ,f$]al ,republican ( ,baltimore1 ( ,augu/ #bh?1 :i* 0 s5t to me by a fri5d1 ) ! real "n ( ! au?or4 ,x 0 publi%$ !re dur+ ! f]m5t ( a w>mly-conte/$ election4 ,i consid]$ x1 !re=e1 z an electione]+ manuvre m]ely1 & did n ev5 ?9k x requir$ ! tr\ble ( recollect+1 aft] a lapse ( ?irty-?ree ye>s1 ! circum/ances ( ! case 9 :i* he *>ges me ) hav+ purlo9$ f ! treasury ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! sum ( #a1adh4 ,b z he has ?\ght x wor? repeat+ 9 8 ,roll ( in=mations aga9/ y\r ,presid5ts nom9ally1 ,i %all give ! tru?s ( ! case1 :i* he has omitt$1 p]haps because he did n "k !m1 & v5tur$ too inconsid]ately to supply !m f 8 own conjectures4 ,on ! return f my mission to ,france1 & jo9+ ! gov]nm5t "h1 9 ! spr+ ( #agij1 ,i _h a long & heavy acc\nt to settle ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ( ! adm9i/ration ( _! pecuni>y affairs 9 ,europe1 ( :i* ! sup]9t5d5ce _h be5 confid$ to me :ile !re4 ,i gave 9 my acc\nt e>ly1 b ! pressure ( o!r bus9ess did n p]mit ! acc\nt+ (fic]s to att5d to x till ,octob] #aj?1 #agib1 :5 we settl$1 & a balance ( #hhh #fg appe>+ to be due f me1 7b errone\sly z w be %[n17 ,i paid ! money ! same day1 deliv]$ up my v\*]s1 & receiv$ a c]tificate ( x4 ,b /ill ! articles ( my draughts on ! bank]s c\ld be only provisionally pa/2 until _! acc\nts also %\ld be receiv$ to be confront$ ) m9e4 ,& x 0 n till ! #bd? ( ,june1 #ahjd1 t ,i receiv$ a lett] f ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,h>rison ! auditor1 in=m+ me t my acc\nts1 z ,m9i/] to ,france1 _h be5 adju/$ & clos$1 add+1 ! bill drawn & cr$it$ by y "u date ( ! #ba/ ( ,octob]1 #aghi1 = banco flor9s #b1hjj1 hav+ nev] yet appe>$ 9 any acc\nt ( ! ,dut* bank]s1 /& at y\r debit only z a provisional *>ge4 ,if x %\ld h]eaft] turn out1 z ,i incl9e to ?9k x w1 t ?is bill has nev] be5 negotiat$ or us$ by ,mr4 ,gr&1 y w h a j claim on ! public = its value4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ intimation to me t ,i _h too ha/ily *>g$ myself ) t draught4 ,i det]m9$1 h[ev]1 z ,i _h all[$ x 9 my acc\nt1 & paid up ! balance x _h produc$ aga9/ me1 to let x rema9 a:ile1 z !re 0 a possibility t ! draught might /ill be pres5t$ by ! hold] to ! bank]s2 & s x rema9$ till ,i 0 ne> leav+ ,wa%+ton1 on my f9al retirem5t f ! adm9i/ration 9 #ahji4 ,i !n receiv$ f ! auditor1 ,mr4 ,h>rison1 ! foll[+ note3 ,mr4 ,jeff]son1 9 8 acc\nts z late ,m9i/] to ,france1 cr$it$ among o!r sums1 a bill drawn by him on ! #ba/ ,octob]1 #aghi1 to ! ord] ( ,gr& ,co41 on ! bank]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ,am/]dam1 f4 ,banco f4 #b1hjj1 equal ) agio to curr5t flor9s #b1hgj1 & :i* 0 *>g$ to him provisionally 9 ! (ficial /atem5t made at ! ,treasury1 9 ! mon? ( ,octob]1 #ahjd4 ,b z ?is bill has n yet be5 notic$ 9 any acc\nt r5d]$ by ! bank]s1 ! presumption is /rong t x 0 nev] negotiat$ or pres5t$ = paym5t1 & ,mr4 ,jeff]son1 !re=e1 appe>s ju/ly entitl$ to receive ! value ( x1 :i*1 at =ty c5ts ! gild]1 7! rate at :i* x 0 e/imat$ 9 ! above-m5tion$ /atem5t17 am\nts to #a1adh4 ,auditor's (fice1 ,janu>y #bd?1 #ahji4 ,desir\s ( leav+ no?+ unsettl$ beh9d me1 ,i drew ! money f ! treasury1 b )\t any int]e/1 al?\gh ,i _h let x lie !re tw5ty ye>s1 & _h actually on t error paid #hhh #fg1 an app>5t balance aga9/ me1 :5 ! true balance 0 9 my favor #bei #cc4 ,! "q !n is1 h[ has ?is happ5$8 ,i h exam9$ m9utely & c /ate x cle>ly4 ,turn+ to my pocket di>y ,i f9d t on ! #ba/ day ( ,octob]1 #aghi1 ! date ( ?is bill1 ,i 0 at ,c[es 9 ,engl&1 on my return to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! entry 9 my di>y is 9 ^! words3 #aghi1 ,octob] #ba/4 ,s5t to ,gr& ,co41 lett] ( cr$it on ,will9ks1 ,van ,/aphor/s & ,hubb>d1 = #b1hjj flor9s ,banco4 ,& ,i imm$iately cr$it$ x 9 my acc\nt ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! foll[+ words3 #aghi1 ,octob] #ba4 ,by my bill on ,will9ks1 ,van ,/aphor/s & ,hubb>d1 9 favor ( ,gr& ,co41 = #b1hjj flor9s1 equal to #f1bej livres #ah s\s4 ,my acc\nt hav+ be5 kept 9 livres & s\s ( ,france1 ! auditor settl$ ?is sum at ! curr5t ex*ange1 mak+ x #a1adh4 ,?is bill1 drawn at ,c[es 9 ,engl&1 _h to pass ?r\gh ,london to ,p>is by ! ,engli% & ,fr5* mails1 9 :i* passage x 0 lo/1 by "s unkn[n accid5t1 to :i* x 0 ! m expos$ 9 ! ,fr5* mail1 by ! confusion !n prevail+2 = x 0 exactly at ! "t t m>tial law 0 proclaim$ at ,p>is1 ! c\ntry all up 9 arms1 & executions by ! mobs 7 daily p]petrat+ ?r\gh t[n & c\ntry4 ,h[ev] ?is may h be51 ! bill nev] got to ! h&s ( ,gr& ,co41 0 nev]1 ( c\rse1 =w>d$ by !m to ! bank]s ( ,am/]dam1 nor any?+ m ev] he>d ( x4 ,! auditor's fir/ conjecture !n 0 ! true "o1 t x nev] 0 negotiat$1 nor !re=e *>g$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 any ( ! bank]s' acc\nts4 ,i h n[ "u my eye a duplicate furni%$ me by ,gr& ( 8 acc\nt ( t date aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 8 private acc\nt aga9/ myself1 & ,i affirm t he has n notic$ ?is bill 9 ei!r ( ^! acc\nts1 & ! auditor assures u ! ,dut* bank]s _h nev] *>g$ x4 ,! sum ( ! :ole !n is1 t ,i drew a bill on ! ,unit$ ,/ates bank]s1 *>g$ myself ) x on ! presumption x w\ld be paid1 t x nev] 0 paid h[ev]1 ei!r by ! bank]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or anybody else4 ,x 0 surely j !n to return me ! money ,i _h paid = x4 ,yet ! ,native ,virg9ian ?9ks t ?is act ( receiv+ back ! money ,i _h ?us ?r\gh error ov]paid1 0 a palpable & manife/ art ( moral turpitude1 ab\t :i* no two hone/1 imp>tial m5 c possibly diff]4 ,i ascribe ^! h>d expressions to ! ardor ( 8 zeal = ! public good1 & z !y conta9 nei!r argum5t nor pro(1 ,i pass !m ov] )\t obs]vation4 ,inde$1 ,i h n be5 9 ! habit ( notic+ ^! morbid ejections ( sple5 ei!r ) or )\t ! names ( ^? v5t+ !m4 ,b ,i h ?\ght x a duty on ! pres5t occasion to relieve my fell[ citiz5s & my c\ntry f ! degradation 9 ! eyes ( ! _w to :i* ?is in=m] is endeavor+ to r$uce x by repres5t+ x z gov]n$ hi!rto by a succession ( sw9dl]s & peculators4 ,nor %all ,i notice any fur!r endeavors to prove or to palliate ?is palpable mis9=mation4 ,i am too old & in]t to und]take m9ute inve/igations ( intricate transactions ( ! la/ c5tury2 & ,i am n afraid to tru/ to ! ju/ice & good s5se ( my fell[-citiz5s on future1 z on =m] attempts to less5 me 9 _! e/eem4 ,i ask ( y1 g5tlem51 ! ins]tion ( ?is lett] 9 y\r pap]2 & ,i tru/ t ! pr9t]s :o h haz>d$ ! publication ( ! libel1 on anonym\s au?ority1 w ?9k t ( ! answ] a mod]ate retribution ( ! wrong to :i* !y h be5 accessory4 ,,to ,,john ,,adams4 ,,monticello1 ,june #a1 #ahbb4 ,x is v long1 my de> ,sir1 s9ce ,i h writt5 to y4 ,my dislocat$ wri/ is n[ become s /iff t ,i write sl[ & ) pa91 & !re=e write z little z ,i c4 ,yet x is due to mutual fri5d%ip to ask once 9 a:ile h[ we d8 ,! pap]s tell u t ,g5]al ,/>ke is (f at ! age ( #ic4 ,*>les ,?omson /ill lives at ab\t ! same age1 *e]ful1 sl5d] z a gras%opp]1 & s mu* )\t memory t he sc>cely recognizes ! memb]s ( 8 h\sehold4 ,an intimate fri5d ( 8 call$ on him n long s9ce2 x 0 difficult to make him recollect :o he 01 &1 sitt+ "o h\r1 he told him ! same /ory f\r times ov]4 ,is ?is life8 ,) lab'r+ /ep ,to tread our =m] foot/eps8 pace ! r\nd ,et]nal8--to beat & beat ,! beat5 track8 to see :at we h se51 ,to ta/e ! ta/$8 o'er our palates to decant ,ano!r v9tage8 ,x is at mo/ b ! life ( a cabbage2 surely n wor? a wi%4 ,:5 all our faculties h left1 or are leav+ u1 "o by "o1 sight1 he>+1 memory1 e av5ue ( pleas+ s5sation is clos$1 & a?umy1 debility & malaise left 9 _! places1 :5 fri5ds ( our y\? are all gone1 & a g5]ation is ris5 ar\nd u :om we "k n1 is dea? an evil8 ,:5 "o by "o our ties are torn1 ,& fri5d f fri5d is snat*$ =lorn1 ,:5 man is left alone to m\rn1 ,oh6 !n h[ sweet x is to die6 ,:5 trembl+ limbs refuse _! weight1 ,& films sl[ ga!r+ dim ! sight1 ,:5 cl\ds obscure ! m5tal light ',tis nature's k9de/ boon to die6 ,i really ?9k s4 ,i h ev] dread$ a dot+ old age2 & my heal? has be5 g5]ally s good1 & is n[ s good1 t ,i dread x /ill4 ,! rapid decl9e ( my /r5g? dur+ ! la/ w9t] has made me hope sometimes t ,i see l&4 ,dur+ summ] ,i enjoy its temp]ature1 b ,i %udd] at ! approa* ( w9t]1 & wi% ,i c\ld sleep ?r\gh x ) ! ,dorm\se1 & only wake ) him 9 spr+1 if ev]4 ,!y say t ,/>ke c\ld walk ab\t 8 room4 ,i am told y walk well & firmly4 ,i c only rea* my g>d51 & t ) s5sible fatigue4 ,i ride1 h[ev]1 daily4 ,b read+ is my delight4 ,i %\ld wi% nev] to put p5 to pap]2 & ! m because ( ! trea*]\s practice "s p h ( publi%+ "o's lett]s )\t leave4 ,"l ,mansfield decl>$ x a brea* ( tru/1 & puni%able at law4 ,i ?9k x %\ld be a p5it5ti>y felony2 yet y w h se5 t !y h drawn me out into ! ar5a ( ! newspap]s2 al?\gh ,i "k x is too late = me to buckle on ! armor ( y\?1 yet my indignation w\ld n p]mit me passively to receive ! kick ( an ass4 ,to turn to ! news ( ! day1 x seems t ! ,cannibals ( ,europe are go+ to eat+ "o ano!r aga94 ,a w> betwe5 ,russia & ,turkey is l ! battle ( ! kite & snake4 ,:i*ev] de/roys ! o!r1 leaves a de/roy] ! less = ! _w4 ,?is pugnaci\s humor ( mank9d seems to be ! law ( 8 nature1 "o ( ! ob/acles to too great multiplication provid$ 9 ! me*anism ( ! ,univ]se4 ,! cocks ( ! h5y>d kill "o ano!r up4 ,be>s1 bulls1 rams1 d ! same4 ,& ! horse1 9 8 wild /ate1 kills all ! "y males1 until worn d[n ) age & w>1 "s vigor\s y\? kills him1 & takes to himself ! ,h>em ( females4 ,i hope we %all prove h[ mu* happi] = man ! ,quak] policy is1 & t ! life ( ! fe$]1 is bett] ?an t ( ! fight]2 & x is "s consolation t ! desolation by ^! maniacs ( "o "p ( ! e>? is ! means ( improv+ x 9 o!r p>ts4 ,let ! latt] be our (fice1 & let u milk ! c[1 :ile ! ,russian holds h] by ! horns1 & ! ,turk by ! tail4 ,god bless y1 & give y heal?1 /r5g?1 & good spirits1 & z mu* ( life z y ?9k wor? hav+4 ,,to ,,rev4 ,,mr4 ,,:ittemore4 ,,monticello1 ,june #e1 #ahbb4 ,i ?ank y1 ,sir1 = ! pamphlets y h be5 s k9d z to s5d me1 & am happy to le>n t ! doctr9e ( ,jesus t !re is b "o ,god1 is advanc+ prosp]\sly among our fell[ citiz5s4 ,_h 8 doctr9es1 pure z !y came f himself1 be5 nev] sophi/icat$ = unwor?y purposes1 ! :ole civiliz$ _w w\ld at ?is day h =m$ b a s+le sect4 ,y ask my op9ion on ! items ( doctr9e 9 y\r cate*ism4 ,i h nev] p]mitt$ myself to m$itate a specifi$ cre$4 ,^! =mulas h be5 ! bane & ru9 ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 its own fatal inv5tion1 :i*1 ?r\gh s _m ages1 made ( ,*ri/5dom a slaught]-h\se1 & at ?is day divides x into ca/s ( inext+ui%able hatr$ to "o ano!r4 ,witness ! pres5t int]nec9e rage ( all o!r sects aga9/ ! ,unit>ian4 ,! religions ( antiquity _h no p>ticul> =mulas ( cre$4 ,^? ( ! mod]n _w none1 except ^? ( ! religioni/s call+ !mselves ,*ri/ians1 & ev5 among ^! ! ,quak]s h none4 ,& h5ce1 alone1 ! h>mony1 ! quiet1 ! bro!rly affections1 ! exempl>y & uns*ismatis+ society ( ! ,fri5ds1 & ,i hope ! ,unit>ians1 w foll[ _! happy example4 ,) ^! s5tim5ts ( ! mis*iefs ( cre$s & confessions ( fai?1 ,i am sure y w excuse my n giv+ op9ions on ! items ( any p>ticul> "o2 & t y w accept1 at ! same "t1 ! assurance ( ! high respect & consid]ation :i* ,i be> to its au?or4 ,,to ,,messrs4 ,,rit*ie ,,& ,,goo*4 ,,monticello1 ,june #aj1 #ahbb4 ,,messrs4 ,,rit*ie ,,& ,,goo*1--,9 my lett] to y ( ,may #ac?1 9 answ] to a *>ge by a p]son sign+ himself ,a ,native ,virg9ian1 t on a bill drawn by me = a sum equival5t to #a1adh1 ! treasury ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h made d\ble paym5t1 ,i suppos$ ,i _h done z mu* z w\ld be requir$ :5 ,i %[$ !y _h only return$ to me money :i* ,i _h previ\sly paid into ! treasury on ! presumption t su* a bill _h be5 paid = me1 b t ?is bill be+ lo/ or de/roy$ on ! way1 _h nev] be5 pres5t$1 consequ5tly nev] paid by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & t ! money 0 !re=e return$ to me4 ,?is be+ too pla9 = controv]sy1 ! pseudo ,native ( ,virg9ia1 9 8 reply1 ,no4 #cb1 9 ! ,f$]al ,republican ( ,may #bd?1 r$uces himself ultimately to ! gr\nd ( a d\ble receipt ( ! money by me1 fir/ on sale or negotiation ( ! bill 9 ,europe1 & a second "t f ! treasury4 ,b ! bill 0 nev] sold or negotiat$ any:]e4 ,x 0 n drawn to raise money 9 ! m>ket4 ,i sold x to nobody1 receiv$ no money on x1 b enclos$ x to ,gr& ,co4 = "s purpose ( acc\nt1 = :at p>ticul> purpose nei!r my memory1 aft] a lapse ( ?irty-?ree ye>s1 nor my pap]s enable me to say4 ,_h ,i pres]v$ a copy ( my lett] to ,gr& enclos+ ! bill1 t w\ld d\btless h expla9$ ! purpose4 ,b x 0 drawn on ! eve ( my emb>kation ) my family f ,c[es = ,am]ica1 & probably ! hurry ( prep>ation = t did n all[ me "t to take a copy4 ,i presume ?is because ,i f9d no su* lett] among my pap]s4 ,nor does any subsequ5t correspond5ce ) ,gr& expla9 x1 because ,i _h no private acc\nt ) him2 my acc\nt z m9i/] be+ kept ) ! treasury directly1 s t he1 receiv+ no intimation ( ?is bill1 c\ld nev] give me notice ( its misc>riage4 ,b1 h[ev] satisfactory might h be5 an explanation ( ! purpose ( ! bill1 x is unnecess>y at lea/2 ! mat]ial fact be+ e/abli%$ t x nev] got to h&1 nor 0 ev] paid by ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,& h[ does ! ,native ,virg9ian ma9ta9 8 *>ge t ,i receiv$ ! ca% :5 ,i drew ! bill8 by unc]emoni\sly ins]t+ into ! entry ( t article 9 my acc\nt1 words ( 8 own1 mak+ me say 9 direct t]ms t ,i did receive ! ca% = ! bill4 ,9 my acc\nt r5d]$ to ! treasury1 x is ent]$ 9 ^! words3 #aghi1 ,oct4 #a4 ,by my bill on ,will9cks1 ,van ,/aphor/s ,hubb>d 9 favor ( ,gr& ,co4 = #b1hjj flor9s1 equal to #f1bcj livres #ah s\s1 b he quotes x z /at$ 9 my acc\nt r5d]$ to & settl$ at ! treasury1 & yet rema9+1 z x is to be presum$1 among ! ar*ives ( t dep>tm5t1 ,by ca% receiv$ ( ,gr& = bill on ,will9cks1 c4 ,n[ ! words ca% receiv$ ( ,gr& con/itute ! v po9t1 ! pivot1 on :i* ! matt] turns1 z himself says1 & n f9d+1 he has furni%$ !m4 ,al?\gh ! int]polation ( !m is suffici5tly refut$ by ! fact t ,gr& 01 at ! "t1 9 ,france1 & myself 9 ,engl&1 yet wi%+ t conviction ( ! int]polation %\ld be f\nd$ on (ficial docum5t1 ,i wrote to ! auditor1 ,mr4 ,h>rison1 reque/+ an (ficial c]tificate ( ! v words 9 :i* t article /ood 9 my autograph acc\nt deposit$ 9 ! (fice4 ,i receiv$ ye/]day 8 answ] ( ! #c;d1 9 :i* he says1 ,i am unable to furni% ! extract y require1 z ! orig9al acc\nt r5d]$ by y ( y\r pecuni>y transactions ( a public nature 9 ,europe1 toge!r ) ! v\*]s & docum5ts connect$ ) x1 7 all de/roy$ 9 ! ,regi/]'s (fice 9 ! memorable conflagration ( #ahad4 ,) respect1 !re=e1 to ! sum ( #a1adh 9 "q1 ,i c only say t1 aft] full & repeat$ exam9ations1 ,i consid]$ y z mo/ righte\sly & ju/ly entitl$ to receive x4 ,o!rwise1 x w1 ,i tru/1 be believ$ t ,i c\ld n h cons5t$ to ! re-paym5t4 ,consid]+ ! intimacy :i* ! ,native ,virg9ian %[s ) ! treasury affairs1 we might be ju/ifi$ 9 suspect+ t he knew ?is fact ( ! de/ruction ( ! orig9al by fire :5 he v5tur$ to misquote4 ,b c]ta9ly we may call on him to say1 & to %[1 f :at orig9al he copi$ ^! words3 ca% receiv$ f ,gr&8 ,i say1 mo/ assur$ly1 f none1 = none su* ev] exi/$4 ,al?\gh ! orig9al be lo/1 :i* w\ld h convict$ him (ficially1 x happ5s t :5 ,i made f my r\gh draft a fair copy ( my acc\nt = ! treasury1 ,i took also1 ) a copy+-ma*9e1 a press-copy ( e page1 :i* ,i kept = my own use4 ,x is kn[n t copies by ?is well-kn[n ma*9e are tak5 by impression on damp pap] laid on ! face ( ! writt5 page :ile fre%1 & pass$ betwe5 roll]s z copp] plates are4 ,!y mu/ !re=e be true fac similies4 ,?is press-copy n[ lies be=e me1 has be5 %[n to sev]al p]sons1 & w be %[n to z _m z wi% or are will+ to exam9e x2 & ?is article ( my acc\nt is ent]$ 9 x 9 ^! words3 #aghi1 ,oct4 #a4 ,by my bill on ,will9cks1 ,van ,/aphor/s ,hubb>d = #b1hjj flor9s1 equal to #f1bcj livres #ah s\s4 ,an inspection ( ! acc\nt1 too1 %[s t :5ev] ,i receiv$ ca% = a bill1 x is uni=mly ent]$ by ca% receiv$ ( su* an "o1 c2 b :]e a bill 0 drawn to con/itute an item ( acc\nt only1 ! entry is by my bill on1 c4 ,n[ to ^! v words ca% receiv$ ( ,gr&1 n 9 my orig9al b int]polat$ by himself1 he con/antly appeals z pro(s ( an ackn[l$gm5t "u my own h& t ,i receiv$ ! ca%4 ,9 pro( ( ?is1 ,i mu/ reque/ pati5ce to read ! foll[+ quotations f 8 d5unciations z /&+ 9 ! ,f$]al ,republican ( ,may #bd3 ,page #b1 column #b1 #a4 #dh to #bi f ! bottom1 he ,mr4 ,j4 admits 9 8 acc\nt r5d]$ 9 #agij & settl$ 9 #agib1 t he _h receiv$ ! 'ca%1' plac+ ! ^w ca% betwe5 inv]t$ commas to h x m>k$ p>ticul>ly z a quotation t he _h receiv$ ! 'ca%' = ! bill 9 "q1 & he does n directly d5y x n[4 ,w he1 c he1 9 ! face ( 8 own decl>ation 9 writ+ to ! contr>y1 publicly say t he did n receive ! money = ?is bill 9 ,europe8 ,?is is ! po9t on :i* ! :ole matt] re/s1 ! pivot on :i* ! argum5ts turn4 ,if he did receive ! money 9 ,europe1 7no matt] :e!r at ,c[es or at ,p>is17 he c]ta9ly _h no "r to receive x a second "t f ! public treasury ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is is admitt$ ,i believe on all sides4 ,n[1 t he did receive ! money 9 ,europe on ?is bill1 is prov$ by ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! receiv] himself1 :o cr$its ! am\nt 9 8 acc\nt z settl$ at ! treasury ?us3 ca% receiv$ ( ,gr& = bill on ,will9cks1 ,van ,/aphor/s1 #b1hgf gild]s1 #a1adh doll>s4 ,col4 #c1 #a4 #bh to #ba f bottom4 ,!re is a pla9 diff]5ce 9 ! phraseology ( ! acc\nt1 f :i* an extract is giv5 by ,mr4 ,j4 z above1 & t :i* he r5d]$ to ! ,treasury4 ,9 ! =m] he gives ! cr$it ?us1 ,by my bills on ,will9cks1 c4 ,9 ! latt] he /ates1 ,by ca% receiv$ ( ,gr& = bill on ,will9cks1 c4 ,!re is a diff]5ce1 inde$1 z he /ates x1 b x is made solely by 8 own int]polation4 ,col4 #c1 #a4 #h1 f bottom4 ,t ,mr4 ,jeff]son %\ld1 9 ! v tee? ( ! facts ( ! evid5ce be=e u1 & 9 8 own brea/1 gravely say t he _h paid ! money = ?is bill1 & t !re=e x 0 b j to return him ! am\nt ( x1 :5 he _h1 by 8 own ackn[l$gm5t1 s5t x to ,gr& ,co41 & receiv$ ! money = x1 is1 ,i confess1 n only matt] ( utt] a/oni%m5t b regret4 ,i sp>e myself ! qualifications :i* ^! p>agraphs may m]it1 leav+ !m to be appli$ by e read] accord+ to ! feel+s !y may excite 9 8 own brea/4 ,he proce$s3 ,& n[ to place ?is case beyond ! rea* ( cavil or d\bt1 & to %[ mo/ conclusively t he _h negotiat$ ?is bill 9 ,europe1 & receiv$ ! ca% = x !re1 & t su* 0 ! und]/&+ ( ! matt] at ! treasury 9 #ahji1 :5 he receiv$ ! money4 ,^! are 8 own words4 ,col4 #d1 he br+s =w>d ! ov]:elm+ fact n hi!rto made public b /at$ f ! mo/ cr$itable & au!ntic s\rce1 t "o ( ! acc\nt+ (fic]s ( ! treasury sugge/$ 9 writ+ ! propriety ( tak+ bond & security f ,mr4 ,j41 = indemnification ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates aga9/ any future claim on ?is bill4 ,b x seems ! bond 0 n tak51 & ! gov]nm5t is n[ liable 9 law1 & 9 good fai? = ! paym5t ( ?is bill to ! rightful own]4 ,h[ ?is sugge/ion ( tak+ bond at ! treasury1 s solemnly p>ad$1 is m conclusive pro( ?an 8 own int]polation1 t ! ca% 0 receiv$1 ,i am s dull z n to p]ceive2 b ,i say1 t _h ! sugge/ion be5 made to me1 x w\ld h be5 in/antly compli$ )4 ,b ,i d5y 8 law4 ,7 ! bill n[ to be pres5t$ to ! treasury1 ! answ] w\ld & %\ld be ! same z a m]*ant w\ld give3 ,y h held up ?is bill ?ree & ?irty ye>s )\t notice2 we h settl$ 9 ! meantime ) ! draw]1 & h no effects ( 8 left 9 our h&s4 ,apply to him = paym5t4 ,on 8 application to me1 ,i %\ld fir/ inquire into ! hi/ory ( ! bill2 :]e x _h be5 lurk+ = ?ree & ?irty ye>s8 h[ came he by x8 by int]ception8 by trov]8 by assignm5t f ,gr&8 by pur*ase8 f :om1 :5 & :]e8 ,& accord+ to 8 answ]s ,i %\ld ei!r in/itute crim9al process aga9/ him1 or if he %[$ t all 0 fair & hone/1 ,i %\ld pay him ! money1 & look = reimbursem5t to ! qu>t] appe>+ liable4 ,! law deems sev5 ye>s' abs5ce ( a man1 )\t be+ he>d (1 su* presumptive evid5ce ( 8 dea?1 z to di/ribute 8 e/ate1 & to all[ 8 wife to m>ry aga94 ,! ,auditor ?\ght t tw5ty ye>s non-appe>ance ( a bill :i* _h be5 risk$ ?r\gh ! po/-(fices ( two nations1 0 suffici5t presumption ( its loss4 ,b ?is self-/yl$ native ( ,virg9ia ?9ks t ! ?irty-?ree ye>s n[ elaps$ are n suffici5t4 ,be x s4 ,if ! acc\nt+ (fic]s ( ! treasury h any uneas9ess on t subject1 ,i am ready to give a bond ( indemnification to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 any sum ! (fic]s w "n1 & ) ! security :i* !mselves %all approve4 ,w ?is satisfy ! native ,virg9ian8 or w he n[ try to pick "s o!r hole 9 ?is transaction1 to %ield himself f a c&id ackn[l$gm5t1 t 9 mak+ up 8 case1 he suppli$ by gratuit\s conjectures1 ! facts :i* 7 n )9 8 k1 & t ?us he has s9n$ aga9/ tru? 9 8 decl>ations be=e ! public8 ,be ?is z x may1 ,i h s mu* confid5ce 9 ! disc]nm5t & c&or ( my fell[-citiz5s1 z to leave to _! judgm5t1 & dismiss f my own notice any future torture ( words or circum/ances :i* ?is writ] may devise = _! deception4 ,inde$1 c\ld su* a d5unciation1 & on su* pro(1 b]eave me ( t confid5ce & consolation1 ,i %\ld1 ?r\gh ! rema9d] ( life1 brood ov] ! afflict+ belief t ,i _h liv$ & labor$ 9 va94 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,good5[4 ,,monticello1 ,june #ac1 #ahbb4 ,,sir1--,i ?ank y = ! volume ( ,am]ican ,jurisprud5ce1 :i* y h be5 s k9d z to s5d me4 ,i am n[ too old to read books solidly1 unless !y promise pres5t amusem5t or future b5efit4 ,to me books ( law (f] nei!r4 ,b ,i read y\r #f? *apt] ) int]e/ & satisfaction1 on ! "q :e!r ! common law 7( ,engl&7 makes a "p ( ! laws ( our g5]al gov]nm5t8 ,t x makes m or less a "p ( ! laws ( ! ,/ates is1 ,i suppose1 an unque/ionable fact4 ,n by bir?right1 a conceit z inexplicable z ! tr9ity1 b by adoption4 ,b1 z to ! g5]al gov]nm5t1 ! ,virg9ia ,report on ! ali5 & s$ition laws1 has s completely pulv]iz$ ?is pret5sion t no?+ new c be said on x4 ,/ill1 see+ t judges ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 7,i recollect1 = example1 ,elswor? & ,/ory7 _h be5 f\nd capable ( su* p>alogism1 ,i 0 glad to see t ! ,supreme ,c\rt _h giv5 x up4 ,9 ! case ( ,libel 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates di/rict ,c\rt ( ,connecticut1 ! rejection ( x 0 c]ta9ly s\nd2 because no law ( ! g5]al gov]nm5t _h made x an (f5ce4 ,b su* a case might1 ,i suppose1 be su/a9$ 9 ! ,/ate ,c\rts :i* h /ate laws aga9/ libels4 ,because z to ! portions ( p[] )9 ea* ,/ate assign$ to ! g5]al gov]nm5t1 ! ,presid5t is z mu* ! ,executive ( ! ,/ate1 z _! p>ticul> gov]nor is 9 relation to ,/ate p[]s4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are speculations ) :i* ,i no long] tr\ble myself2 & !re=e1 to my ?anks1 ,i w only add assurances ( my great respect4 ,,to ,,doctor ,,b5jam9 ,,wat]h\se4 ,,monticello1 ,june #bf1 #ahbb4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i h receiv$ & read ) ?ankfulness & pleasure y\r d5unciation ( ! abuses ( tobacco & w9e4 ,yet1 h[ev] s\nd 9 its pr9ciples1 ,i expect x w be b a s]mon to ! w9d4 ,y w f9d x is z difficult to inculcate ^! sanative precepts on ! s5sualities ( ! pres5t day1 z to conv9ce an ,a?anasian t !re is b "o ,god4 ,i wi% success to bo? attempts1 & am happy to le>n f y t ! latt]1 at lea/1 is mak+ progress1 & ! m rapidly 9 proportion z our ,platoniz+ ,*ri/ians make m /ir & noise ab\t x4 ,! doctr9es ( ,jesus are simple1 & t5d all to ! happ9ess ( man4 #a4 ,t !re is "o only ,god1 & he all p]fect4 #b4 ,t !re is a future /ate ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 #c4 ,t to love ,god ) all ?y he>t & ?y neighbor z ?yself1 is ! sum ( religion4 ,^! are ! great po9ts on :i* he endeavor$ to re=m ! religion ( ! ,jews4 ,b comp>e ) ^! ! demoraliz+ dogmas ( ,calv94 #a4 ,t !re are ?ree ,gods4 #b4 ,t good works1 or ! love ( our neighb\r1 are no?+4 #c4 ,t fai? is e ?+1 & ! m incompreh5sible ! proposition1 ! m m]it 9 its fai?4 #d4 ,t reason 9 religion is ( unlawful use4 #e4 ,t ,god1 f ! beg9n+1 elect$ c]ta9 individuals to be sav$1 & c]ta9 o!rs to be damn$2 & t no crimes ( ! =m] c damn !m2 no virtues ( ! latt] save4 ,n[1 :i* ( ^! is ! true & *>itable ,*ri/ian8 ,he :o believes & acts on ! simple doctr9es ( ,jesus8 ,or ! impi\s dogmati/s1 z ,a?anasius & ,calv98 ,v]ily ,i say ^! are ! false %eph]ds =etold z to ent] n by ! door into ! %eepfold1 b to climb up "s o!r way4 ,!y are m]e usurp]s ( ! ,*ri/ian "n1 tea*+ a c\nt]-religion made up ( ! deliria ( crazy imag9ations1 z =eign f ,*ri/ianity z is t ( ,mahomet4 ,_! blasphemies h driv5 ?9k+ m5 into infidelity1 :o h too ha/ily reject$ ! suppos$ au?or himself1 ) ! horrors s falsely imput$ to him4 ,_h ! doctr9es ( ,jesus be5 prea*$ always z pure z !y came f 8 lips1 ! :ole civiliz$ _w w\ld n[ h be5 ,*ri/ian4 ,i rejoice t 9 ?is bless$ c\ntry ( free inquiry & belief1 :i* has surr5d]$ its cre$ & consci5ce to nei!r ,k+s nor prie/s1 ! g5u9e doctr9e ( "o only ,god is reviv+1 & ,i tru/ t !re is n a "y man n[ liv+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :o w n die an ,unit>ian4 ,b mu* ,i fe>1 t :5 ?is great tru? %all be re-e/abli%$1 its vot>ies w fall into ! fatal error ( fabricat+ =mulas ( cre$ & confessions ( fai?1 ! eng9es :i* s soon de/roy$ ! religion ( ,jesus1 & made ( ,*ri/5dom a m]e ,aceldama2 t !y w give up morals = my/]ies1 & ,jesus = ,plato4 ,h[ mu* wis] are ! ,quak]s1 :o1 agree+ 9 ! fundam5tal doctr9es ( ! gospel1 s*ismatize ab\t no my/]ies1 &1 keep+ )9 ! pale ( common s5se1 suff] no speculative diff]5ces ( op9ion1 any m ?an ( feature1 to impair ! love ( _! bre?r54 ,be ?is ! wisdom ( ,unit>ians1 ?is ! holy mantle :i* %all cov] )9 its *>itable circumf]5ce all :o believe 9 "o ,god1 & :o love _! neighbor6 ,i conclude my s]mon ) s9c]e assurances ( my fri5dly e/eem & respect4 ,,to ,,john ,,adams4 ,,monticello1 ,june #bg1 #ahbb4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,y\r k9d lett] ( ! #aa? has giv5 me great satisfaction4 ,= al?\gh ,i c\ld n d\bt b t ! h& ( age 0 press+ heavily on y1 z on myself1 yet we l to "k ! p>ticul>s & ! degree ( t pressure4 ,mu* reflection too1 has be5 produc$ by y\r sugge/ion ( l5d+ my lett] ( ! #a/1 to a pr9t]4 ,i h g5]ally great av]sion to ! ins]tion ( my lett]s 9 ! public pap]s2 because ( my passion = quiet retirem5t1 & nev] to be exhibit$ 9 sc5es on ! public /age4 ,nor am ,i unm9dful ( ! precept ( ,horace1 solv]e s5esc5tem1 mature sanus equum1 ne peccet ad extremum rid5dus4 ,9 ! pres5t case1 h[ev]1 ,i see a possibility t ?is might aid 9 produc+ ! v quiet aft] :i* ,i pant4 ,i d n "k h[ f> y may suff]1 z ,i d1 "u ! p]secution ( lett]s1 ( :i* e mail br+s a fre% load4 ,!y are lett]s ( inquiry1 = ! mo/ "p1 always ( good w1 sometimes f fri5ds :om ,i e/eem1 b mu* (t5] f p]sons ^: names are unkn[n to me1 b writt5 k9dly & civilly1 & to :i*1 !re=e1 civility requires answ]s4 ,p]haps1 ! bett] kn[n failure ( y\r h& 9 its function ( writ+1 may %ield y 9 great] degree f ?is di/ress1 & s f> qualify ! mis=tune ( its disability4 ,i happ5$ to turn to my lett]-li/ "s "t ago1 & a curiosity 0 excit$ to c\nt ^? receiv$ 9 a s+le ye>4 ,x 0 ! ye> be=e ! la/4 ,i f\nd ! numb] to be "o ?\s& two hundr$ & sixty-sev51 _m ( !m requir+ answ]s ( elaborate rese>*1 & all to be answ]$ ) due att5tion & consid]ation4 ,take an av]age ( ?is numb] = a week or a day1 & ,i w repeat ! "q sugge/$ by o!r consid]ations 9 m9e ( ! #a/4 ,is ?is life8 ,at be/ x is b ! life ( a mill-horse1 :o sees no end to 8 circle b 9 dea?4 ,to su* a life1 t ( a cabbage is p>adise4 ,x occurs !n1 t my condition ( exi/5ce1 truly /at$ 9 t lett]1 if bett] kn[n1 might *eck ! k9d indiscretions :i* are s heavily oppress+ ! dep>t+ h\rs ( life4 ,su* a relief w\ld1 to me1 be an ineffable bless+4 ,b y\rs ( ! #aa?1 equally int]e/+ & affect+1 %\ld accompany t to :i* x is an answ]4 ,! two1 tak5 toge!r1 w\ld excite a jo9t int]e/1 & place be=e our fell[-citiz5s ! pres5t condition ( two anci5t s]vants1 :o hav+ fai?fully p]=m$ _! =ty or fifty campaigns1 /ip5diis omnibus expletis1 h a reasonable claim to repose f all di/urbance 9 ! sanctu>y ( invalids & sup]annuates4 ,b "s device %\ld be ?\ght ( = _! gett+ be=e ! public o!rwise ?an by our own publication4 ,y\r pr9t]1 p]haps1 c\ld frame some?+ plausible4 99 99 99 99 99's "n %\ld be left blank1 z 8 picture1 %\ld x meet 8 eye1 might give him pa94 ,i consign1 h[ev]1 ! :ole subject to y\r consid]ation1 to d 9 x :atev] y\r own judgm5t %all approve1 & repeat always1 ) tru?1 ! assurance ( my con/ant & affectionate fri5d%ip & respect4 ,,to ,,william ,t4 ,,b>ry4 ,,monticello1 ,july #b1 #ahbb4 ,,sir1--,y\r favor ( ! #ae? ( ,june is receiv$1 & ,i am v ?ankful = ! k9dness ( its expressions respect+ myself4 ,b x ascribes to me m]its :i* ,i d n claim4 ,i 0 only ( a b& devot$ to ! cause ( indep5d5ce1 all ( :om ex]t$ equally _! be/ endeavors = its success1 & h a common "r to ! m]its ( its acquisition4 ,s also is ! civil revolution ( #ahja4 ,v _m & v m]itori\s 7 ! wor?y patriots :o assi/$ 9 br++ back our gov]nm5t to its republican tack4 ,to pres]ve x 9 t1 w require unremitt+ vigilance4 ,:e!r ! surr5d] ( our oppon5ts1 _! reception into our camp1 _! assumption ( our "n1 & app>5t accession to our objects1 may /r5g!n or weak5 ! g5u9e pr9ciples ( republicanism1 may be a good or an evil1 is yet to be se54 ,i consid] ! p>ty division ( :ig & tory ! mo/ :olesome :i* c exi/ 9 any gov]nm5t1 & well wor?y ( be+ n\ri%$1 to keep out ^? ( a m dang]\s "*4 ,we already see ! p[]1 in/all$ = life1 responsible to no au?ority1 7= impea*m5t is n ev5 a sc>e-cr[17 advanc+ ) a noiseless & /eady pace to ! great object ( consolidation4 ,! f\ndations are already deeply laid by _! decisions1 = ! annihilation ( con/itutional ,/ate rights1 & ! removal ( e *eck1 e c\nt]poise to ! +ulph+ p[] ( :i* !mselves are to make a sov]eign "p4 ,if ev] ?is va/ c\ntry is br\ght "u a s+le gov]nm5t1 x w be "o ( ! mo/ ext5sive corruption1 indiff]5t & incapable ( a :olesome c>e ov] s wide a spread ( surface4 ,?is w n be borne1 & y w h to *oose betwe5 re=mation & revolution4 ,if ,i "k ! _s ( ?is c\ntry1 ! "o or ! o!r is inevitable4 ,be=e ! cank] is become invet]ate1 be=e its v5om has rea*$ s mu* ( ! body politic z to get beyond control1 rem$y %\ld be appli$4 ,let ! future appo9tm5ts ( judges be = f\r or six ye>s1 & r5ewable by ! ,presid5t & ,s5ate4 ,?is w br+ _! conduct1 at regul> p]iods1 "u revision & probation1 & may keep !m 9 equipoise betwe5 ! g5]al & special gov]nm5ts4 ,we h err$ 9 ?is po9t1 by copy+ ,engl&1 :]e c]ta9ly x is a good ?+ to h ! judges indep5d5t ( ! ,k+4 ,b we h omitt$ to copy _! caution also1 :i* makes a judge removable on ! address ( bo? legislative ,h\ses4 ,t !re %\ld be public function>ies indep5d5t ( ! nation1 :atev] may be _! dem]it1 is a solecism 9 a republic1 ( ! fir/ ord] ( absurdity & inconsi/5cy4 ,to ! pr9t$ inquiries respect+ our s*ools1 x is n 9 my p[] to give an answ]4 ,age1 debility1 an anci5t dislocat$1 & n[ /iff5$ wri/1 r5d] writ+ s sl[ & pa9ful1 t ,i am oblig$ to decl9e ev]y?+ possible requir+ writ+4 ,an act ( our legislature w in=m y ( our plan ( prim>y s*ools1 & ! annual reports %[ t x is becom+ completely abortive1 & mu/ be ab&on$ v %ortly1 aft] co/+ u to ?is day "o hundr$ & eighty ?\s& doll>s1 & yet to co/ u =ty-five ?\s& doll>s a ye> m until x %all be discont9u$2 & if a s+le boy has receiv$ ! elem5ts ( common education1 x mu/ be 9 "s "p ( ! c\ntry n kn[n to me4 ,exp]i5ce has b too fully confirm$ ! e>ly pr$ictions ( its fate4 ,b on ?is subject ,i mu/ ref] y to o!rs m able ?an ,i am to g into ! necess>y details2 & ,i conclude ) ! assurances ( my great e/eem & respect4 ,,to ,,doctor ,,wat]h\se4 ,,monticello1 ,july #ai1 #ahbb4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,an anci5tly dislocat$1 & n[ /iff5+ wri/1 makes writ+ an op]ation s sl[ & pa9ful to me1 t ,i %\ld n s soon h tr\bl$ y ) an ackn[l$gm5t ( y\r favor ( ! #h?1 b = ! reque/ x conta9$ ( my cons5t to ! publication ( my lett] ( ,june ! #bf?4 ,no1 my de> ,sir1 n = ! _w4 ,into :at a ne/ ( hornets w\ld x ?ru/ my head6 ! g5us irritable vatum1 on :om argum5t is lo/1 & reason is1 by !mselves1 disclaim$ 9 matt]s ( religion4 ,don ,quixote und]took to r$ress ! bodily wrongs ( ! _w1 b ! r$ressm5t ( m5tal vag>ies w\ld be an ent]prise m ?an ,quixotic4 ,i %\ld z soon und]take to br+ ! crazy skulls ( ,b$lam to s\nd und]/&+1 z inculcate reason into t ( an ,a?anasian4 ,i am old1 & tranquility is n[ my summum bonum4 ,keep me1 !re=e1 f ! fire & faggots ( ,calv9 & 8 victim ,s]vetus4 ,happy 9 ! prospect ( a re/oration ( primitive ,*ri/ianity1 ,i mu/ leave to y\ng] a?letes to enc\nt] & lop (f ! false bran*es :i* h be5 engraft$ into x by ! my?ologi/s ( ! middle & mod]n ages4 ,i am n aw>e ( ! peculi> resi/ance to ,unit>ianism1 :i* y ascribe to ,p5nsylvania4 ,:5 ,i liv$ 9 ,philadelphia1 !re 0 a respectable congregation ( t sect1 ) a meet+-h\se & regul> s]vice :i* ,i att5d$1 & 9 :i* ,doctor ,prie/ley (ficiat$ to num]\s audi5ces4 ,baltimore has "o or two *ur*es1 & _! pa/or1 au?or ( an ine/imable book on ?is subject1 0 elect$ *apla9 to ! late ,congress4 ,t doctr9e has n yet be5 prea*$ to u3 b ! breeze beg9s to be felt :i* prec$es ! /orm2 & fanaticism is all 9 a bu/le1 %utt+ its doors & w9d[s to keep x out4 ,b x w come1 & drive be=e x ! foggy mi/s ( ,platonism :i* h s long obscur$ our atmosph]e4 ,i am 9 hopes t "s ( ! disciples ( y\r in/itution w become mission>ies to u1 ( ^! doctr9es truly evangelical1 & op5 our eyes to :at has be5 s long hidd5 f !m4 ,a bold & eloqu5t prea*] w\ld be n[h]e li/5$ to ) m fre$om ?an 9 ?is ,/ate1 nor ) m firmness ( m9d4 ,!y might ne$ a prep>atory disc\rse on ! text ( prove all ?+s1 hold fa/ t :i* is good1 9 ord] to unle>n ! lesson t reason is an unlawful guide 9 religion4 ,!y might />tle on be+ fir/ awak$ f ! dreams ( ! night1 b !y w\ld rub _! eyes at once1 & look ! spectres boldly 9 ! face4 ,! prea*] might be exclud$ by our hi]ophants f _! *ur*es & meet+-h\ses1 b w\ld be att5d$ 9 ! fields by :ole acres ( he>]s & ?9k]s4 ,mission>ies f ,cambridge w\ld soon be greet$ ) m welcome1 ?an f ! tri!i/ical s*ool ( ,&ov]4 ,su* are my wi%es1 su* w\ld be my welcomes1 w>m & cordial z ! assurances ( my e/eem & respect = y4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,?omas ,,skidman4 ,,monticello1 ,augu/ #bi1 #ahbb4 ,y mu/ be s good1 ,sir1 z to excuse me f ent]+ into ! optical inve/igation :i* y\r lett] ( ! #ah? proposes4 ,! h& ( age presses heavily on me4 ,i h long )drawn my m9d f speculations ( t k9d2 my memory is on ! wane4 ,i am av]se ev5 to close ?9k+1 & writ+ is become sl[1 labori\s & pa9ful4 ,i w make !n b a s+le sugge/ion on ! subject ( y\r proposition1 to %[ my respect to y\r reque/4 ,to di/9ct vision x is necess>y n only t ! visual angle %\ld be suffici5t = ! p[]s ( ! human eye1 b t !re %\ld be suffici5t light also on ! object ( obs]vation4 ,9 microscopic obs]vations1 ! enl>gem5t ( ! angle ( vision may be m indulg$1 because auxili>y light may be conc5trat$ on ! object by concave mirrors4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! heav5ly bodies1 we c h no su* aid4 ,! moon1 = example1 receives f ! sun b a fix$ quantity ( light4 ,9 proportion z y magnify h] surface1 y spread t fix$ quantity ov] a great] space1 dilute x m1 & r5d] ! object m dim4 ,if y increase h] magnitude inf9itely1 y dim h] face inf9itely also1 & %e becomes invisible4 ,:5 "u total eclipse1 all ! direct rays ( ! sun be+ int]cept$1 %e is se5 b fa9tly1 & w\ld n be se5 at all b = ! refraction ( ! sol> rays 9 _! passage ?r\gh our atmosph]e4 ,9 a night ( extreme d>kness1 a h\se or a m\nta9 is n se51 z n hav+ light en\gh to impress ! limit$ s5sibility ( our eye4 ,i d suppose 9 fact t ,h]s*el has avail$ himself ( ! prop]ties ( ! p>abolic mirror to ! po9t beyond :i* its effect w\ld be c\nt]vail$ by ! dim9ution ( light on ! object4 ,i b>ely sugge/ ?is elem5t1 n pres5t$ to view 9 y\r lett]1 z "o :i* mu/ ent] into ! e/imate ( ! improv$ telescope y propose4 ,y w receive f ! pr(essional ma!maticians :om y h consult$1 rem>ks m elaborate & pr(\nd1 & mu/ be s good z to accept m9e m]ely z te/imonies ( my respect4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,george ,f4 ,,hopk9s4 ,,monticello1 ,septemb] #e1 #ahbb4 ,,sir1--,y\r lett] ( ,augu/ --1 0 receiv$ a few days ago4 ,( all ! dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce no "o seems to h be5 less advanc$ = ! la/ hundr$ ye>s ?an t ( meteorology4 ,! new *emi/ry inde$ has giv5 u a new pr9ciple ( ! g5]ation ( ra91 by prov+ wat] to be a composition ( diff]5t gases1 & has aid$ our !ory ( meteoric lights4 ,electricity /&s :]e ,dr4 ,frankl9's e>ly discov]ies plac$ x1 except ) its new modification ( galvanism4 ,b ! ph5om5a ( sn[1 hail1 halo1 aurora borealis1 haze1 loom+1 c41 are z yet v imp]fectly und]/ood4 ,i am myself an empiric 9 natural philosophy1 suff]+ my fai? to g no fur!r ?an my facts4 ,i am pleas$1 h[ev]1 to see ! ef=ts ( hypo!tical speculation1 because by ! collisions ( diff]5t hypo!ses1 tru? may be elicit$ & sci5ce advanc$ 9 ! end4 ,?is sceptical disposition does n p]mit me to say :e!r y\r hypo!sis = loom+ & ! float+ volumes ( w>m air occasionally p]ceiv$1 may or may n be confirm$ by future obs]vations4 ,m facts are yet want+ to furni% a solution on :i* we may re/ ) confid5ce4 ,i ev5 d\bt z yet :e!r ! loom+ at sea & at l& are gov]n$ by ! same laws4 ,9 ?is /ate ( unc]ta9ty1 ,i _c presume ei!r to advise or disc\rage ! publication ( y\r essay4 ,?is mu/ dep5d on circum/ances ( :i* y mu/ be abl] to judge y\rself1 & !re=e ,i return ! pap] z reque/$1 ) assurances ( my great respect4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,*iles ,,t]ril4 ,,monticello1 ,septemb] #be1 #ahbb4 ,,sir1--,i receiv$ on ! #bj?1 y\r lett] ( ! #ac?1 on ! "q :at is an ea/ & we/ l9e8 :i*1 y say1 has be5 a subject ( discussion 9 ! newspap]s4 ,i presume1 h[ev]1 x mu/ h be5 a m]e "q ( def9ition1 & t ! p>ties h diff]$ only 9 apply+ ! same appellation to diff]5t ?+s4 ,! "o def9es an ea/ & we/ l9e to be on a great circle ( ! e>?1 pass+ ?r\gh ! po9t ( dep>ture1 its nadir po9t1 & ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 its plane rectangul>1 to t ( ! m]idian ( dep>ture4 ,! o!r consid]s an ea/ & we/ l9e to be a l9e on ! surface ( ! e>?1 b\nd+ a plane at "r-angles ) its axis1 or a circle ( latitude pass+ ?r\gh ! po9t ( dep>ture1 or 9 o!r words1 a l9e :i*1 f ! po9t ( dep>ture1 passes e m]idian at a "r-angle4 ,ea* p>ty1 !re=e1 def9+ ! l9e he means1 may be p]mitt$ to call x an ea/ & we/ "o1 or at lea/ x becomes no long] a ma!matical b a philological "q ( ! mean+ ( ! words ea/ & we/4 ,! la/ is :at 0 meant probably by ! ea/ & we/ l9e 9 ! treaty ( ,gh5t4 ,! same has be5 ! und]/&+ 9 runn+ ! num]\s ea/ & we/ l9es :i* divide our diff]5t ,/ates4 ,!y h be5 run by obs]vations ( latitude at v %ort int]vals1 unit+ ! po9ts ( obs]vation by %ort direct l9es1 & ?us con/itut+ 9 fact "p ( a polygon ( v %ort sides4 ,b1 ,sir1 ,i d n pret5d to be an arbit] ( ^! le>n$ que/ions2 age has wean$ me f su* speculations1 & r5d]$ me z incompet5t z unwill+ to puzzle myself ) !m4 ,y\r claim on me z a quondam neighbor has induc$ me to haz>d ?us mu*1 n inde$ = ! newspap]s1 a vehicle to :i* ,i am nev] will+ly committ$1 b to prove my att5tion to y\r wi%es1 & to convey to y ! assurances ( my respect4 ,,john ,,adams ,,to ,,?omas ,,jeff]son4 ,,montezillo1 ,octob] #ae1 #ahbb4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i h long ent]ta9$ scruples ab\t writ+ ?is lett]1 ^u a subject ( "s delicacy4 ,b old age has ov]come !m at la/4 ,y rememb] ! f\r %ips ord]$ by ,congress to be built1 & ! f\r capta9s appo9t$ by ,wa%+ton1 ,talbot1 & ,truxton1 & ,b>ry1 c41 to c>ry an ambassador to ,algi]s1 & protect our comm]ce 9 ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,i h always imput$ ?is measure to y1 = sev]al reasons4 ,fir/1 because y frequ5tly propos$ x to me :ile we 7 at ,p>is1 negotiat+ toge!r = peace ) ! ,b>b>y p[]s4 ,secondly1 because ,i knew t ,wa%+ton & ,hamilton 7 n only indiff]5t ab\t a navy1 b av]se to x4 ,!re 0 no ,secret>y ( ! ,navy2 only f\r ,heads ( dep>tm5t4 ,y 7 ,secret>y ( ,/ate2 ,hamilton1 ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury2 ,knox1 ,secret>y ( ,w>2 & ,i believe ,brad=d 0 ,attorney ,g5]al4 ,i h always suspect$ t y & ,knox 7 9 favor ( a navy4 ,if ,brad=d 0 s1 ! majority 0 cle>4 ,b ,wa%+ton1 ,i am confid5t1 0 aga9/ x 9 8 judgm5t4 ,b 8 atta*m5t to ,knox1 & 8 def]5ce to y\r op9ion1 = ,i "k he _h a great reg>d = y1 might induce him to decide 9 favor ( y & ,knox1 ev5 ?\gh ,brad=d unit$ ) ,hamilton 9 opposition to y4 ,t ,hamilton 0 av]se to ! measure1 ,i h p]sonal evid5ce2 = :ile x 0 p5d+1 he came 9 a hurry & a fit ( impati5ce1 to make a visit to me4 ,he said he 0 likely to be call$ ^u = a l>ge sum ( money to build %ips ( w>1 to fight ! ,alg]9es1 & he ask$ my op9ion ( ! measure4 ,i answ]$ him t ,i 0 cle>ly 9 favor ( x4 ,= ,i _h always be5 ( op9ion1 f ! comm5cem5t ( ! revolution1 t a navy 0 ! mo/ p[]ful1 ! safe/ & ! *eape/ national def5ce = ?is c\ntry4 ,my advice1 !re=e1 01 t z mu* ( ! rev5ue z c\ld possibly be sp>$1 %\ld be appli$ to ! build+ & equipp+ ( %ips4 ,! conv]sation 0 ( "s l5g?1 b x 0 manife/ 9 8 looks & 9 8 air1 t he 0 disgu/$ at ! measure1 z well z at ! op9ion t ,i _h express$4 ,mrs4 ,knox n long s9ce wrote a lett] to ,doctor ,wat]h\se1 reque/+ him to procure a commission = h] son1 9 ! navy2 t navy1 says h] lady%ip1 ( :i* 8 fa!r 0 ! p>5t4 ,=1 says %e1 ,i h frequ5tly he>d ,g5]al ,wa%+ton say to my husb&1 ! navy 0 y\r *ild4 ,i h always believ$ x to be ,jeff]son's *ild1 ?\gh ,knox may h assi/$ 9 u%]+ x into ! _w4 ,hamilton's hobby 0 ! army4 ,t ,wa%+ton 0 av]se to a navy1 ,i _h full pro( f 8 own lips1 9 _m diff]5t conv]sations1 "s ( !m ( l5g?1 9 :i* he always insi/$ t x 0 only build+ & arm+ %ips = ! ,engli%4 ,si quid novi/i rectius i/is c&idus imp]ti2 si non1 8 ut]e mecum4 ,if ,i am 9 error 9 any p>ticul>1 pray correct y\r humble s]vant4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,cornelius ,,camd5 ,,blat*ly4 ,,monticello1 ,octob] #ba1 #ahbb4 ,,sir1--,i return ?anks = ! pamphlet y h be5 s k9d z to s5d me on ! subject ( commonweal?s4 ,its moral pr9ciples m]it entire approbation1 its philan?ropy especially1 & its views ( ! equal rights ( man4 ,t1 on ! pr9ciple ( a communion ( prop]ty1 small societies may exi/ 9 habits ( virtue1 ord]1 indu/ry1 & peace1 & consequ5tly 9 a /ate ( z mu* happ9ess z heav5 has be5 pleas$ to deal out to imp]fect humanity1 ,i c readily conceive1 & inde$1 h se5 its pro(s 9 v>i\s small societies :i* h be5 con/itut$ on t pr9ciple4 ,b ,i d n feel au?oriz$ to conclude f ^! t an ext5d$ society1 l t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or ( an individual ,/ate1 c\ld be gov]n$ happily on ! same pr9ciple4 ,i look to ! diffusion ( light & education z ! res\rce mo/ to be reli$ on = ameliorat+ ! condition1 promot+ ! virtue1 & advanc+ ! happ9ess ( man4 ,t e man %all be made virtu\s1 by any process :atev]1 is1 inde$1 no m to be expect$1 ?an t e tree %all be made to be> fruit1 & e plant n\ri%m5t4 ,! bri] & bramble c nev] become ! v9e & olive2 b _! asp]ities may be s(t5$ by culture1 & _! prop]ties improv$ to usefulness 9 ! ord] & economy ( ! _w4 ,& ,i d hope t1 9 ! pres5t _s ( ext5d+ to ! great mass ( mank9d ! bless+s ( in/ruction1 ,i see a prospect ( great advancem5t 9 ! happ9ess ( ! human race2 & t ?is may proce$ to an indef9ite1 al?\gh n to an inf9ite degree4 ,wi%+ e success to ! views ( y\r society :i* _! hopes c promise1 & ?ank+ y mo/ p>ticul>ly = ! k9d expressions ( y\r lett] t[>ds myself1 ,i salute y ) assurances ( great e/eem & respect4 ,,to ,,john ,,adams4 ,,monticello1 ,novemb] #a1 #ahbb4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i h rack$ my memory & ransack$ my pap]s1 to enable myself to answ] ! inquiries ( y\r favor ( ,octob] ! #ae?2 b to little purpose4 ,my pap]s furni% me no?+1 my memory1 g5]alities only4 ,i "k t :ile ,i 0 9 ,europe1 & anxi\s ab\t ! fate ( our seaf>+ m51 = "s ( :om1 !n 9 captivity 9 ,algi]s1 we 7 treat+1 & all 7 9 l dang]1 ,i =m$1 und\bt+ly1 ! op9ion t our gov]nm5t1 z soon z practicable1 %\ld provide a naval =ce suffici5t to keep ! ,b>b>y ,/ates 9 ord]2 & on ?is subject we communicat$ toge!r1 z y obs]ve4 ,:5 ,i return$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates & took "p 9 ! adm9i/ration "u ,g5]al ,wa%+ton1 ,i con/antly ma9ta9$ t op9ion2 & 9 ,decemb]1 #agij1 took advantage ( a ref]5ce to me f ! fir/ ,congress :i* met aft] ,i 0 9 (fice1 to report 9 favor ( a =ce suffici5t = ! protection ( our ,m$it]ranean comm]ce2 & ,i laid be=e !m an accurate /atem5t ( ! :ole ,b>b>y =ce1 public & private4 ,i ?9k ,g5]al ,wa%+ton approv$ ( build+ vessels ( w> to t ext5t4 ,g5]al ,knox1 ,i "k1 did4 ,b :at 0 ,colonel ,hamilton's op9ion1 ,i d n 9 ! lea/ rememb]4 ,y\r recollections on t subject are c]ta9ly corroborat$ by 8 kn[n anxieties = a close connection ) ,great ,brita91 to :i* he might appreh5d dang] f collisions betwe5 _! vessels & ours4 ,r&olph 0 !n ,attorney ,g5]al2 b 8 op9ion on ! "q ,i also entirely =get4 ,"s vessels ( w> 7 accord+ly built & s5t into ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! additions to ^! 9 y\r "t1 ,i ne$ n note to y1 :o are well kn[n to h ev] be5 an advocate = ! wood5 walls ( ,!mi/ocles4 ,"s ( ^? y add$1 7 sold "u an act ( ,congress pass$ :ile y 7 9 (fice4 ,i ?\ght1 aft]w>ds1 t ! public safety might require "s additional vessels ( /r5g?1 to be prep>$ & 9 read9ess = ! fir/ mom5t ( a w>1 provid$ !y c\ld be pres]v$ aga9/ ! decay :i* is unavoidable if kept 9 ! wat]1 & cle> ( ! exp5se ( (fic]s & m54 ,) ?is view ,i propos$ t !y %\ld be built 9 dry docks1 above ! level ( ! tide wat]s1 & cov]$ ) ro(s4 ,i fur!r advis$1 t places = ^! docks %\ld be select$ :]e !re 0 a comm& ( wat] on a high level1 z t ( ! ,tyb] at ,wa%+ton1 by :i* ! vessels might be float$ out1 on ! pr9ciple ( a lock4 ,b ! majority ( ! legislature 0 aga9/ any addition to ! navy1 & ! m9ority1 al?\gh = x 9 judgm5t1 vot$ aga9/ x on a pr9ciple ( opposition4 ,we are n[1 ,i und]/&1 build+ vessels to rema9 on ! /ocks1 "u %elt]1 until want$1 :5 !y w be laun*$ & f9i%$4 ,on my plan !y c\ld be 9 s]vice at an h\r's notice4 ,on ?is1 ! f9i%+1 aft] laun*+1 w be a "w ( "t4 ,?is is all ,i recollect ab\t ! orig9 & progress ( our navy4 ,t ( ! late w>1 c]ta9ly rais$ our rank & "* among nations4 ,yet a navy is a v exp5sive eng9e4 ,x is admitt$1 t 9 t5 or twelve ye>s a vessel goes to entire decay2 or1 if kept 9 repair1 co/s z mu* z w\ld build a new "o2 & t a nation :o c\ld c\nt on twelve or fifte5 ye>s ( peace1 w\ld ga9 by burn+ its navy & build+ a new "o 9 "t4 ,its ext5t1 !re=e1 mu/ be gov]n$ by circum/ances4 ,s9ce my proposition = a =ce adequate to ! piracies ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 a simil> necessity has aris5 9 our own seas = consid]able addition to t =ce4 ,inde$1 ,i wi% we c\ld h a conv5tion ) ! naval p[]s ( ,europe1 = !m to keep d[n ! pirates ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 & ! slave %ips on ! coa/ ( ,africa1 & = u to p]=m ! same duties = ! society ( nations 9 our seas4 ,9 ?is way1 ^? collisions w\ld be avoid$ betwe5 ! vessels ( w> ( diff]5t nations1 :i* beget w>s & con/itute ! weightie/ objection to navies4 ,i salute y ) con/ant affection & respect4 ,,to ,,doctor ,,coop]4 ,,monticello1 ,novemb] #b1 #ahbb4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,y\r favor ( ,octob] ! #ah? came to h& ye/]day4 ,! atmosph]e ( our c\ntry is unque/ionably *>g$ ) a ?reat5+ cl\d ( fanaticism1 light] 9 "s p>ts1 d5s] 9 o!rs1 b too heavy 9 all4 ,i _h no idea1 h[ev]1 t 9 ,p5nsylvania1 ! cradle ( tol]ation & fre$om ( religion1 x c\ld h aris5 to ! height y describe4 ,?is mu/ be ow+ to ! gr[? ( ,presbyt]ianism4 ,! blasphemy & absurdity ( ! five po9ts ( ,calv91 & ! impossibility ( def5d+ !m1 r5d] _! advocates impati5t ( reason+1 irritable1 & prone to d5unciation4 ,9 ,bo/on1 h[ev]1 & its neighborhood1 ,unit>ianism has advanc$ to s great /r5g?1 z n[ to humble ?is haughtie/ ( all religi\s sects2 insomu*1 t !y condesc5d to int]*ange ) !m & ! o!r sects1 ! civilities ( prea*+ freely & frequ5tly 9 ea* o!rs' meet+ h\ses4 ,9 ,rhode ,isl&1 on ! o!r h&1 no sect>ian prea*] w p]mit an ,unit>ian to pollute 8 desk4 ,9 our ,ri*mond !re is mu* fanaticism1 b *iefly among ! wom54 ,!y h _! night meet+s & pray+ p>ties1 :]e1 att5d$ by _! prie/s1 & sometimes by a h5-peck$ husb&1 !y p\r =? ! effusions ( _! love to ,jesus1 9 t]ms z amatory & c>nal1 z _! mode/y w\ld p]mit !m to use to a m]e e>?ly lov]4 ,9 our village ( ,*>lottesville1 !re is a good degree ( religion1 ) a small spice only ( fanaticism4 ,we h f\r sects1 b )\t ei!r *ur* or meet+-h\se4 ,! c\rt-h\se is ! common temple1 "o ,sunday 9 ! mon? to ea*4 ,"h1 ,episcopalian & ,presbyt]ian1 ,me?odi/ & ,bapti/1 meet toge!r1 jo9 9 hymn+ _! ,mak]1 li/5 ) att5tion & devotion to ea* o!rs' prea*]s1 & all mix 9 society ) p]fect h>mony4 ,x is n s 9 ! di/ricts :]e ,presbyt]ianism prevails undivid$ly4 ,_! ambition & tyranny w\ld tol]ate no rival if !y _h p[]4 ,sy/ematical 9 grasp+ at an asc5d5cy ov] all o!r sects1 !y aim1 l ! ,jesuits1 at engross+ ! education ( ! c\ntry1 are ho/ile to e in/itution :i* !y d n direct1 & jeal\s at see+ o!rs beg9 to att5d at all to t object4 ,! diffusion ( in/ruction1 to :i* !re is n[ s gr[+ an att5tion1 w be ! remote rem$y to ?is fev] ( fanaticism2 :ile ! m proximate "o w be ! progress ( ,unit>ianism4 ,t ?is w1 ere long1 be ! religion ( ! majority f nor? to s\?1 ,i h no d\bt4 ,9 our univ]sity y "k !re is no ,pr(essor%ip ( ,div9ity4 ,a h&le has be5 made ( ?is1 to dissem9ate an idea t ?is is an in/itution1 n m]ely ( no religion1 b aga9/ all religion4 ,occasion 0 tak5 at ! la/ meet+ ( ! ,visitors1 to br+ =w>d an idea t might sil5ce ?is calumny1 :i* weigh$ 9 ! m9ds ( "s hone/ fri5ds to ! in/itution4 ,9 our annual report to ! legislature1 aft] /at+ ! con/itutional reasons aga9/ a public e/abli%m5t ( any religi\s in/ruction1 we sugge/ ! exp$i5cy ( enc\rag+ ! diff]5t religi\s sects to e/abli%1 ea* = itself1 a pr(essor%ip ( _! own t5ets1 on ! conf9es ( ! univ]sity1 s ne> z t _! /ud5ts may att5d ! lectures !re1 & h ! free use ( our libr>y1 & e o!r accommodation we c give !m2 pres]v+1 h[ev]1 _! indep5d5ce ( u & ( ea* o!r4 ,?is fills ! *asm object$ to ours1 z a defect 9 an in/itution pr(ess+ to give in/ruction 9 all useful sci5ces4 ,i ?9k ! invitation w be accept$1 by "s sects f c&id int5tions1 & by o!rs f jeal\sy & rival%ip4 ,& by br++ ! sects toge!r1 & mix+ !m ) ! mass ( o!r /ud5ts1 we %all s(t5 _! asp]ities1 lib]alize & neutralize _! prejudices1 & make ! g5]al religion a religion ( peace1 reason1 & morality4 ,! "t ( op5+ our univ]sity is /ill z unc]ta9 z ev]4 ,all ! pavilions1 bo>d+ h\ses1 & dormitories are done4 ,no?+ is n[ want+ b ! c5tral build+ = a libr>y & o!r g5]al purposes4 ,= ?is we h no funds1 & ! la/ legislature refus$ all aid4 ,we h bett] hopes ( ! next4 ,b all is unc]ta94 ,i h he>d ) regret ( di/urbances on ! "p ( ! /ud5ts 9 y\r sem9>y4 ,! article ( discipl9e is ! mo/ difficult 9 ,am]ican education4 ,premature ideas ( indep5d5ce1 too little repress$ by p>5ts beget a _s ( insubord9ation1 :i* is ! great ob/acle to sci5ce ) u1 & a pr9cipal cause ( its decay s9ce ! revolution4 ,i look to x ) dismay 9 our in/itution1 z a break] ahead1 :i* ,i am f> f be+ confid5t we %all be able to wea!r4 ,! advance ( age1 & t>dy pace ( ! public patronage1 may probably sp>e me ! pa9 ( witness+ consequ5ces4 ,i salute y ) con/ant fri5d%ip & respect4 ,,to ,,john ,,campbell1 ,,esq4 ,,monticello1 ,novemb] #aj1 #ahbb4 ,,sir1--,i h to ackn[l$ge y\r favor ( ! #d? in/ant1 :i* gives me ! fir/ in=mation ,i _h ev] receiv$ t ! laurels :i* ,colonel ,campbell s honorably won 9 ! battle ( ,k+'s ,m\nta91 _h ev] be5 br\ght into "q by any "o4 ,to him has be5 ev] ascrib$ s mu* ( ! success ( t brilliant action z ! valor & conduct ( an able comm&] might ju/ly claim4 ,?is less5s no?+ ! m]its ( 8 companions 9 arms1 (fic]s & soldi]s1 :o1 all & e "o1 act$ well _! p>ts 9 _! respective /ations4 ,i h no pap]s on ?is subject 9 my possession1 all su* receiv$ at t day hav+ belong$ to ! records ( ! c\ncil1 b ,i rememb] well ! deep & grateful impression made on ! m9d ( e "o by t memorable victory4 ,x 0 ! joyful annunciation ( t turn ( ! tide ( success :i* t]m9at$ ! revolution>y w> ) ! seal ( our indep5d5ce4 ,! slight+ expression compla9$ (1 z haz>d$ by ! v5]able ,%elby1 might seem inexcusable 9 a y\ng] man1 b he 0 !n old1 & ,i c assure y1 de> ,sir1 f mortify+ exp]i5ce1 t ! lapses ( memory ( an old man are innoc5t subjects ( compassion m ?an ( blame4 ,! desc5dants ( ,colonel ,campbell may re/ _! heads quietly on ! pill[ ( 8 r5[n4 ,hi/ory has consecrat$1 & w =ev] pres]ve x 9 ! fai?ful annals ( a grateful c\ntry4 ,) ! expressions ( ! high s5se ,i ent]ta9 ( 8 "*1 accept ! assurance to y\rself ( my great e/eem & respect4 ,p4 ,s4 ,i receiv$ at ! same "t ) y\r lett]1 "o f ,mr4 ,william ,c4 ,pre/on1 on ! same subject4 ,writ+ is s sl[ & pa9ful to me1 t ,i mu/ pray y to make = me my ackn[l$gm5ts to him1 & my reque/ t he w consid] ?is z an answ] to 8 z well z y\r favor4 ,,to ,,james ,,smi?4 ,,monticello1 ,decemb] #h1 #ahbb4 ,,sir1--,i h to ?ank y = y\r pamphlets on ! subject ( ,unit>ianism1 & to express my gratification ) y\r ef=ts = ! revival ( primitive ,*ri/ianity 9 y\r qu>t]4 ,no hi/orical fact is bett] e/abli%$1 ?an t ! doctr9e ( "o ,god1 pure & uncomp\nd$1 0 t ( ! e>ly ages ( ,*ri/ianity2 & 0 among ! efficaci\s doctr9es :i* gave x triumph ov] ! poly!ism ( ! anci5ts1 sick5$ ) ! absurdities ( _! own !ology4 ,nor 0 ! unity ( ! ,supreme ,be+ ou/$ f ! ,*ri/ian cre$ by ! =ce ( reason1 b by ! sword ( civil gov]nm5t1 wield$ at ! w ( ! fanatic ,a?anasius4 ,! hocus-pocus phantasm ( a ,god l ano!r ,c]b]us1 ) "o body & ?ree heads1 _h its bir? & gr[? 9 ! blood ( ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( m>tyrs4 ,& a /rong pro( ( ! solidity ( ! primitive fai?1 is its re/oration1 z soon z a nation arises :i* v9dicates to itself ! fre$om ( religi\s op9ion1 & its ext]nal divorce f ! civil au?ority4 ,! pure & simple unity ( ! ,creator ( ! univ]se1 is n[ all b asc5dant 9 ! ea/]n ,/ates2 x is dawn+ 9 ! we/1 & advanc+ t[>ds ! s\?2 & ,i confid5tly expect t ! pres5t g5]ation w see ,unit>ianism become ! g5]al religion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ea/]n presses are giv+ u _m excell5t pieces on ! subject1 & ,prie/ley's le>n$ writ+s on x are1 or %\ld be1 9 e h&4 ,9 fact1 ! ,a?anasian p>adox t "o is ?ree1 & ?ree b "o1 is s incompreh5sible to ! human m9d1 t no c&id man c say he has any idea ( x1 & h[ c he believe :at pres5ts no idea8 ,he :o ?9ks he does1 only deceives himself4 ,he proves1 also1 t man1 once surr5d]+ 8 reason1 has no rema9+ gu>d aga9/ absurdities ! mo/ mon/r\s1 & l a %ip )\t rudd]1 is ! sport ( e w9d4 ,) su* p]sons1 gullability1 :i* !y call fai?1 takes ! helm f ! h& ( reason1 & ! m9d becomes a wreck4 ,i write ) fre$om1 because1 :ile ,i claim a "r to believe 9 "o ,god1 if s my reason tells me1 ,i yield z freely to o!rs t ( believ+ 9 ?ree4 ,bo? religions1 ,i f9d1 make hone/ m51 & t is ! only po9t society has any "r to look to4 ,al?\gh ?is mutual fre$om %\ld produce mutual indulg5ce1 yet ,i wi% n to be br\ght 9 "q be=e ! public on ?is or any o!r subject1 & ,i pray y to consid] me z writ+ "u t tru/4 ,i take no "p 9 controv]sies1 religi\s or political4 ,at ! age ( eighty1 tranquillity is ! greate/ good ( life1 & ! /ronge/ ( our desires t ( dy+ 9 ! good w ( all mank9d4 ,& ) ! assurance ( all my good w to ,unit>ian & ,tr9it>ian1 to ,:ig & ,tory1 accept = y\rself t ( my entire respect4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,edw>d ,,ev]ett4 ,,monticello1 ,febru>y #bd1 #ahbc4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i h read ) mu* satisfaction ! reply ( ,mr4 ,ev]ett1 y\r bro!r1 to ! criticisms on 8 "w on ! /ate ( ,europe1 & concur ) him g5]ally 9 ! doctr9es ( ! reply4 ,c]ta9ly provisions are n all[$1 by ! cons5t ( nations1 to be contrab& b :]e ev]y?+ is s1 z 9 ! ease ( a blockad$ t[n1 ) :i* all int]c\rse is =bidd54 ,on ! "q :e!r ! pr9ciple ( free bottoms mak+ free goods1 & enemy bottoms enemy goods1 is n[ to be consid]$ z e/abli%$ 9 ! law ( nations1 ,i w /ate to y a fact )9 my own k1 :i* may less5 ! weight ( our au?ority z hav+ act$ 9 ! w> ( ,france & ,engl& on ! anci5t pr9ciple t ! goods ( an enemy 9 ! bottom ( a fri5d are lawful prize2 :ile ^? ( a fri5d 9 an enemy bottom are n s4 ,engl& became a p>ty 9 ! g5]al w> aga9/ ,france on ! #a/ ( ,febru>y1 #agic4 ,we took imm$iately ! /& ( neutrality4 ,we 7 aw>e t our great int]c\rse ) ^! two m>itime nations w\ld subject u to h>assm5t by multipli$ que/ions on ! duties ( neutrality1 & t an important & e>ly "o w\ld be :i* ( ! two pr9ciples above /at$ %\ld be ! law ( action ) u8 ,we wi%$ to act on ! new "o ( free bottoms free goods2 & we _h e/abli%$ x 9 our treaties ) o!r nations1 b n ) ,engl&4 ,we det]m9$ !re=e to avoid1 if possible1 committ+ ourselves on ?is "q until we c\ld negotiate ) ,engl& h] acquiesc5ce 9 ! new pr9ciple4 ,al?\gh ! cases occurr+ 7 num]\s1 & ! m9i/]s1 ,g5et & ,hammond1 eag]ly on ! wat*1 we 7 able to avoid any decl>ation until ! massacre ( ,/4 ,dom+o4 ,! :ites1 on t occasion1 took refuge on bo>d our %ips1 !n 9 _! h>bor1 ) all ! prop]ty !y c\ld f9d room =2 & on _! passage to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 _m ( !m 7 tak5 by ,briti% cruis]s1 & _! c>goes seiz$ z lawful prize4 ,! inflammable temp] ( ,g5et k9dl$ at once1 & he wrote1 ) 8 usual passion1 a lett] reclaim+ an obs]vance ( ! pr9ciple ( free bottoms free goods1 z if already an ackn[l$g$ law ( neutrality4 ,i press$ him 9 conv]sation n to urge ?is po9t2 t al?\gh x _h be5 act$ on by conv5tion1 by ! arm$ neutrality1 x 0 n yet become a pr9ciple ( univ]sal admission2 t we wi%$ inde$ to /r5g!n x by our adoption1 & 7 negotiat+ an acquiesc5ce on ! "p ( ,great ,brita93 b if =c$ to decide prematurely1 we mu/ ju/ify ourselves by a decl>ation ( ! anci5t pr9ciple1 & t no g5]al cons5t ( nations _h z yet *ang$ x4 ,he 0 immoveable1 & on ! #be? ( ,july wrote a lett]1 s insult+1 t no?+ b a det]m9$ sy/em ( ju/ice & mod]ation w\ld h prev5t$ 8 be+ %ipp$ home 9 ! fir/ vessel4 ,i _h ! day be=e answ]$ 8 ( ! #i?1 9 :i* ,i _h be5 oblig$ 9 our own ju/ification1 to decl>e t ! anci5t 0 ! e/abli%$ pr9ciple1 /ill exi/+ & au?oritative4 ,our d5ial1 !re=e1 ( ! new pr9ciple1 & action on ! old "o1 7 =c$ ^u u by ! precipitation & intemp]ance ( ,g5et1 aga9/ our wi%es1 & aga9/ our aim2 & our involunt>y practice1 !re=e1 is ( less au?ority aga9/ ! new rule4 ,i owe y p>ticul> ?anks = ! copy ( y\r translation ( ,buttman's ,greek ,gramm>1 :i* y h be5 s k9d z to s5d me4 ,a cursory view ( x promises me a ri* m9e ( valuable criticism4 ,i obs]ve he goes ) ! h]d ( gramm>ians 9 d5y+ an ,ablative case to ! ,greek language4 ,i _c concur ) him 9 t1 b ?9k ) ! ,messrs4 ( ,port ,royal :o admit an ,ablative4 ,& :y exclude x8 ,is x because ! ,dative & ,ablative 9 ,greek are always ( ! same =m8 ,!n !re is no ,ablative to ! ,lat9 plurals1 because 9 !m z 9 ,greek1 ^! cases are always 9 ! same =m4 ,! ,greeks recogniz$ ! ,ablative "u ! appellation ( ! 1 :i* ,i h met ) & not$ f "s ( ! s*olia/s1 )\t recollect+ :]e4 ,/eph5s1 ,scapula1 ,h$]ic ackn[l$ge x z "o ( ! significations ( ! ^w 4 ,t ! ,greeks us$ x _c be d5i$4 ,= "o ( multipli$ examples :i* maybe produc$ take ! foll[+ f ! ,hippolytus ( ,euripides3 1 1 dic quo modo ju/iti clava p]cussit eum1 quo modo are ,ablatives1 !n :y n 8 ,& translat+ x into ,engli%1 %\ld we use ! #af;,dative or ,ablative preposition8 ,x is n p]haps easy to def9e v critically :at con/itutes a case 9 ! decl5sion ( n\ns4 ,all agree z to ! ,nom9ative t x is simply ! "n ( ! ?+4 ,if we admit t a di/9ct case is con/itut$ by any accid5t or modification :i* *anges ! relation :i* t be>s to ! actors or action ( ! s5t5ce1 we mu/ agree to ! six cases at lea/2 because1 = example1 to a ?+1 & f a ?+ are v diff]5t accid5ts to ! ?+4 ,x may be said t if e di/9ct accid5t or *ange ( relation con/itutes a diff]5t case1 !n !re are 9 e language z _m cases z !re are prepositions2 = ?is is ! peculi> (fice ( ! preposition4 ,b because we d n designate by special names all ! cases to :i* a n\n is liable1 is t a reason :y we %\ld ?r[ away half ( ^? we h1 z is done by ^? gramm>ians :o reject all cases1 b ! ,nom9ative1 ,g5itive1 & ,accusative1 & 9 a less degree by ^? also :o reject ! ,ablative alone8 z pu%+ ! discrim9ation ( all ! possible cases to extremities leads u to no?+ useful or practicable1 ,i am cont5t$ ) ! old six cases1 famili> to e cultivat$ language1 anci5t & mod]n1 & well und]/ood by all4 ,i ackn[l$ge myself at ! same "t n an adept 9 ! metaphysical speculations ( ,gramm>4 ,by analyz+ too m9utely we (t5 r$uce our subject to atoms1 ( :i* ! m9d loses its hold4 ,nor am ,i a fri5d to a scrupul\s purism ( /yle4 ,i readily sacrifice ! niceties ( syntax to euphony & /r5g?4 ,x is by boldly neglect+ ! rigorisms ( gramm>1 t ,tacitus has made himself ! /ronge/ writ] 9 ! _w4 ,! ,hyp]esitics call him b>b>\s2 b ,i %\ld be sorry to ex*ange 8 b>b>isms = _! wise-drawn purisms4 ,"s ( 8 s5t5ces are z /rong z language c make !m4 ,_h he scrupul\sly fill$ up ! :ole ( _! syntax1 !y w\ld h be5 m]ely common4 ,to expla9 my mean+ by an ,engli% example1 ,i w quote ! motto ( "o1 ,i believe1 ( ! regicides ( ,*>les ,i41 ,rebellion to tyrants is ob$i5ce to ,god4 ,correct its syntax1 ,rebellion aga9/ tyrants is ob$i5ce to ,god1 x has lo/ all ! /r5g? & beauty ( ! anti!sis4 ,h[ev]1 de> ,sir1 ,i pr(ess aga9 my want ( famili>ity ) ^! speculations2 ,i haz>d !m )\t confid5ce1 & (f] !m submissively to y\r consid]ation & m practis$ judgm5t4 ,al?\gh writ+1 ) bo? h&s crippl$1 is sl[ & pa9ful1 & !re=e ne>ly laid aside f necessity1 ,i h be5 decoy$ by my subjects into a v long lett]4 ,:at w\ld !re=e h be5 a good excuse = end+ ) ! fir/ page1 _c be a bad "o = conclud+ 9 ! f\r?1 ) ! assurance ( my great e/eem & respect4 ,,footnote3 #af ,see ,buttman's ,datives1 p4 #bcj1 e "o ( :i* ,i %\ld consid] z "u ! accid5t or relation call$ ,ablative1 hav+ no signification ( approa* accord+ to 8 def9ition ( ! ,dative4 ,,to ,,john ,,adams4 ,,monticello1 ,febru>y #be1 #ahbc4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i receiv$1 9 due "t1 y\r two favors ( ,decemb] ! #b;d & ,febru>y ! #aj?1 & h to ackn[l$ge = ! ladies ( my native ,/ate _! obligations to y = ! encomiums :i* y are s k9d z to be/[ on !m4 ,!y c]ta9ly claim no advantages ov] ^? ( _! si/] ,/ates1 & are s5sible ( m favorable circum/ances exi/+ ) _m ( !m1 & happily avail$1 :i* our situation does n (f]4 ,b ! pap] respect+ ,monticello1 to :i* y allude1 0 n writt5 by a ,virg9ian1 b a visitant f ano!r ,/ate2 & writt5 by memory at lea/ a doz5 ye>s aft] ! visit4 ,?is has occasion$ "s lapses ( recollection1 & a confusion ( "s ?+s 9 ! m9d ( our fri5d1 & p>ticul>ly z to ! volume ( sl&]s suppos$ to h be5 cut out ( newspap]s & pres]v$4 ,x w\ld n1 inde$1 h be5 a s+le volume1 b an encyclop$ia 9 bulk4 ,b ,i nev] _h su* a volume2 inde$1 ,i r>ely ?\ght ^? libels wor? read+1 mu* less pres]v+ & rememb]+4 ,at ! end ( e ye>1 ,i g5]ally sort$ all my pamphlets1 & _h !m b\nd accord+ to _! subjects4 ,"o ( ^! volumes consi/$ ( p]sonal alt]cations betwe5 individuals1 & calumnies on ea* o!r4 ,?is 0 lett]$ on ! back1 ,p]sonalities1 & is n[ 9 ! libr>y ( ,congress4 ,i 0 9 ! habit1 also1 :ile liv+ ap>t f my family1 ( cutt+ out ( ! newspap]s su* morsels ( poetry1 or tales1 z ,i ?\ght w\ld please1 & ( s5d+ !m to my gr&*ildr51 :o pa/$ !m on leaves ( blank pap] & =m$ !m into a book4 ,^! two volumes h be5 conf\nd$ into "o 9 ! recollection ( our fri5d4 ,h] poetical imag9ation1 too1 has height5$ ! sc5es %e visit$1 z well z ! m]its ( ! inhabitants1 to :om h] society 0 a delightful gratification4 ,i h j f9i%$ read+ ,o',me>a's ,bonap>te4 ,x places him 9 a high] scale ( und]/&+ ?an ,i _h allott$ him4 ,i _h ?\ght him ! greate/ ( all milit>y capta9s1 b an indiff]5t /atesman1 & misl$ by unwor?y passions4 ,! fla%es1 h[ev]1 :i* escap$ f him 9 ^! conv]sations ) ,o',me>a1 prove a m9d ( great expansion1 al?\gh n ( di/9ct developm5t & reason+4 ,he seizes results ) rapidity & p5etration1 b nev] expla9s logically ! process ( reason+ by :i* he arrives at !m4 ,?is book1 too1 makes u =get 8 atrocities = a mom5t1 9 commis]ation ( 8 suff]+s4 ,i w n say t ! au?orities ( ! _w1 *>g$ ) ! c>e ( _! c\ntry & p1 _h n a "r to conf9e him = life1 z a lion or tig]1 on ! pr9ciple ( self-pres]vation4 ,!re 0 no safety to nations :ile he 0 p]mitt$ to roam at l>ge4 ,b ! putt+ him to dea? 9 cold blood1 by l+]+ tortures ( m9d1 by vexations1 insults & deprivations1 0 a degree ( inhumanity to :i* ! poison+s & assass9ations ( ! s*ool ( ,borgia & ! d5 ( ,m>at nev] atta9$4 ,! book proves1 also1 t nature _h d5i$ him ! moral s5se1 ! fir/ excell5ce ( well-organiz$ man4 ,if he c\ld s]i\sly & repeat$ly affirm t he _h rais$ himself to p[] )\t ev] hav+ committ$ a crime1 x proves t he want$ totally ! s5se ( "r & wrong4 ,if he c\ld consid] ! millions ( human lives :i* he _h de/roy$ or caus$ to be de/roy$1 ! desolations ( c\ntries by plund]+s1 burn+s1 & fam9e1 ! de/itutions ( lawful rul]s ( ! _w )\t ! cons5t ( _! con/itu5ts1 to place 8 bro!rs & si/]s on _! ?rones1 ! cutt+ up ( e/abli%$ societies ( m5 & jumbl+ !m discordantly toge!r aga9 at 8 caprice1 ! demolition ( ! faire/ hopes ( mank9d = ! recov]y ( _! rights & amelioration ( _! condition1 & all ! numb]less tra9 ( 8 o!r enormities2 ! man1 ,i say1 :o c\ld consid] all ^! z no crimes1 mu/ h be5 a moral mon/]1 aga9/ :om e h& %\ld h be5 lift$ to slay him4 ,y are s k9d z to inquire aft] my heal?4 ,! bone ( my arm is well knitt$1 b my h& & f+]s are 9 a disc\rag+ condition1 kept entirely useless by an demat\s swell+ ( sl[ am5dm5t4 ,god bless y & cont9ue y\r good heal? ( body & m9d4 ,,to ,,judge ,,johnson4 ,,monticello1 ,m>* #d1 #ahbc4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i delay$ "s "t ! ackn[l$gm5t ( y\r welcome lett] ( ,decemb] #aj?1 on ! common lazy pr9ciple ( nev] do+ to-day :at we c put (f to to-morr[1 until x became d\btful :e!r a lett] w\ld f9d y at ,*>le/on4 ,le>n+ n[ t y are at ,wa%+ton1 ,i w reply to "s p>ticul>s :i* seem to require x4 ,! ,nor? ,am]ican ,review is a "w ,i d n take1 & :i* is little kn[n 9 ?is ,/ate1 consequ5tly ,i h nev] se5 its obs]vations on y\r ine/imable hi/ory1 b a review] c nev] let a "w pass unc5sur$4 ,he mu/ always make himself wis] ?an 8 au?or4 ,he w\ld o!rwise ?9k x an abdication ( 8 (fice ( c5sor4 ,on ?is occasion1 he seems to h _h m s5sibility = ,virg9ia ?an %e has = h]self2 =1 on read+ ! "w1 ,i saw no?+ to t\* our pride or jeal\sy1 b e expression ( respect & good w :i* tru? c\ld ju/ify4 ,! family ( enemies1 ^: buzz y appreh5d1 are n[ no?+4 ,y may le>n ?is at ,wa%+ton2 & _! milit>y relation has long ago _h ! full-voic$ condemnation ( 8 own ,/ate4 ,d n fe>1 !re=e1 ^! insects4 ,:at y write w be f> above _! grovell+ sph]e4 ,let me1 !n1 implore y1 de> ,sir1 to f9i% y\r hi/ory ( p>ties1 leav+ ! "t ( publication to ! /ate ( ?+s y may deem prop]1 b tak+ especial c>e t we d n lose x altoge!r4 ,we h be5 too c>eless ( our future reputation1 :ile our tories w omit no?+ to place u 9 ! wrong4 ,besides ! five-volum$ libel :i* repres5ts u z /ruggl+ = (fice1 & n at all to prev5t our gov]nm5t f be+ adm9i/]$ into a mon>*y1 ! life ( ,hamilton is 9 ! h&s ( a man :o1 to ! bitt]ness ( ! prie/1 adds ! rancor ( ! fi]ce/ f$]alism4 ,mr4 ,adams' pap]s1 too1 & 8 biography1 w desc5d ( c\rse to 8 son1 ^: p51 y "k1 is po9t$1 & 8 prejudices n 9 our favor4 ,& d\btless o!r ?+s are 9 prep>ation1 unkn[n to u4 ,on our "p we are dep5d+ on tru? to make itself kn[n1 :ile hi/ory is tak+ a contr>y set :i* may become too invet]ate = correction4 ,mr4 ,madison w probably leave some?+1 b ,i believe1 only p>ticul> passages ( our hi/ory1 & ^! *iefly conf9$ to ! p]iod betwe5 ! dissolution ( ! old & comm5cem5t ( ! new gov]nm5t1 :i* is peculi>ly )9 8 k4 ,aft] he jo9$ me 9 ! adm9i/ration1 he _h no leisure to write4 ,?is1 too1 0 my case4 ,b al?\gh ,i _h n "t to prep>e any?+ express1 my lett]s1 7all pres]v$7 w furni% ! daily occurr5ces & views f my return f ,europe 9 #agij1 till ,i retir$ f9ally f (fice4 ,^! w comm& m conviction ?an any?+ ,i c\ld h writt5 aft] my retirem5t2 no day hav+ ev] pass$ dur+ t p]iod )\t a lett] to somebody1 writt5 too 9 ! mom5t1 & 9 ! w>m? & fre%ness ( fact & feel+1 !y w c>ry int]nal evid5ce t :at !y brea! is g5u9e4 ,selections f ^!1 aft] my dea?1 may come out successively z ! maturity ( circum/ances may r5d] _! appe>ance seasonable4 ,b multipli$ te/imony1 multipli$ views w be necess>y to give solid e/abli%m5t to tru?4 ,mu* is kn[n to "o :i* is n kn[n to ano!r1 & no "o kn[s ev]y?+4 ,x is ! sum ( individual k :i* is to make up ! :ole tru?1 & to give its correct curr5t ?r\gh future "t4 ,!n d n1 de> ,sir1 )hold y\r /ock ( in=mation2 & ,i w\ld moreov] recomm5d t y tru/ x n to a s+le copy1 nor to a s+le depository4 ,leave x n 9 ! p[] ( any "o p]son1 "u ! di/emp]$ view ( an unlucky mom5t1 to deprive u ( ! weight ( y\r te/imony1 & to pur*ase1 by its de/ruction1 ! favor ( any p>ty or p]son1 z happ5$ ) a pap] ( ,dr4 ,frankl9's4 ,i _c lay d[n my p5 )\t recurr+ to "o ( ! subjects ( my =m] lett]1 = 9 tru? !re is no dang] ,i appreh5d s mu* z ! consolidation ( our gov]nm5t by ! noiseless1 & !re=e unal>m+1 in/rum5tality ( ! supreme c\rt4 ,?is is ! =m 9 :i* f$]alism n[ arrays itself1 & consolidation is ! pres5t pr9ciple ( di/9ction betwe5 republicans & ! pseudo-republicans b real f$]ali/s4 ,i mu/ com=t myself ) ! hope t ! judges w see ! importance & ! duty ( giv+ _! c\ntry ! only evid5ce !y c give ( fidelity to its con/itution & integrity 9 ! adm9i/ration ( its laws2 t is to say1 by e "o's giv+ 8 op9ion s]iatim & publicly on ! cases he decides4 ,let him prove by 8 reason+ t he has read ! pap]s1 t he has consid]$ ! case1 t 9 ! application ( ! law to x1 he uses 8 own judgm5t indep5d5tly & unbias$ by p>ty views & p]sonal favor or disfavor4 ,?r[ himself 9 e case on ,god & 8 c\ntry2 bo? w excuse him = error & value him = 8 hone/y4 ,! v idea ( cook+ up op9ions 9 conclave1 begets suspicions t some?+ passes :i* fe>s ! public e>1 & ?is1 spread+ by degrees1 mu/ produce at "s "t abridgm5t ( t5ure1 facility ( removal1 or "s o!r modification :i* may promise a rem$y4 ,= 9 tru? !re is at ?is "t m ho/ility to ! f$]al judici>y1 ?an to any o!r organ ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,i %\ld greatly pref]1 z y d1 f\r judges to any great] numb]4 ,great lawy]s are n ov] abundant1 & ! multiplication ( judges only enable ! weak to out-vote ! wise1 & ?ree concurr5t op9ions out ( f\r gives a /rong presumption ( "r4 ,i _c bett] prove my entire confid5ce 9 y\r c&or1 ?an by ! frankness ) :i* ,i commit myself to y1 & to ?is ,i add ) tru?1 assurances ( ! s9c]ity ( my great e/eem & respect4 ,,john ,,adams ,,to ,,?omas ,,jeff]son4 ,,qu9cy1 ,m>* #aj1 #ahbc4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,! sight ( y\r well kn[n h& writ+ 9 y\r favor ( #be? ,febru>y la/1 gave me great pleasure1 z x prov$ y\r arm to be re/or$1 & y\r p5 /ill manageable4 ,may x cont9ue till y %all become z p]fect a ,calv9i/ z ,i am 9 "o p>ticul>4 ,poor ,calv9's infirmities1 8 rheumatism1 8 g\ts & sciatics1 made him frequ5tly cry out1 ,mon dieu1 jusqu' qu&4 ,"l1 h[ long6 ,prat1 once *ief ju/ice ( ,new ,york1 always torm5t$ ) infirmities1 dreamt t he 0 situat$ on a s+le rock 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,he he>d a voice3 ,:y m\rns ! b>d1 ,apollo bids !e rise1 ,r5\nce ! du/1 & claim ?y native skies4 ,! ladies' visit to ,monticello has put my read]s 9 requisition to read to me ,simons' travels 9 ,switz]l&4 ,i ?\ght ,i _h "s k ( t c\ntry be=e1 b ,i f9d ,i _h no idea ( x4 ,h[ deg5]at$ are ! ,swiss4 ,!y might def5d _! c\ntry aga9/ ,france1 ,au/ria1 & ,russia2 nei!r ( :om ought to be suff]$ to m>* armies ov] _! m\nta9s4 ,^? p[]s h practic$ z mu* tyranny1 & immorality1 z ev5 ! emp]or ,napoleon did ov] !m1 or ov] ! royali/s ( ,g]many or ,italy4 ,nei!r ,france1 ,au/ria1 or ,spa91 ought to h a foot ( l& 9 ,italy4 ,all conqu]ors are alike4 ,e "o ( !m4 ,jura negat sibi lati1 nihil non arrogat armis4 ,we h no?+ b fables conc]n+ ,!seus1 ,bac*us1 & ,h]cules1 & ev5 ,seso/ris2 b ,i d>e say t e "o ( !m 0 z tyrannical & immoral z ,napoleon4 ,nebu*adnezz> is ! fir/ great conqu]or ( :om we h any?+ l hi/ory1 & he 0 z great z any ( !m4 ,alex&] & ,cs> 7 m immoral ?an ,napoleon4 ,z+is ,khan 0 z great a conqu]or z any ( !m1 & de/roy$ z _m millions ( lives1 & ?\ght he _h a "r to ! :ole globe1 if he c\ld subdue x4 ,:at are we to ?9k ( ! crusades 9 :i* ?ree millions ( lives at lea/ 7 probably sacrific$4 ,& :at "r _h ,/4 ,l\is & ,ri*>d ,cur de ,lion to ,pale/9e & ,syria m ?an ,alex&] to ,india1 or ,napoleon to ,egypt & ,italy8 ,"r & ju/ice h h>d f>e 9 ?is _w1 b !re is a p[] above :o is capable & will+ to put all ?+s "r 9 ! end2 et p\r mettre *acun sa place dans l'univ]se1 & ,i d\bt n he w4 ,mr4 ,engli%1 a ,bo/onian1 has publi%$ a volume ( 8 exp$ition ) ,i%mael ,pa%aw1 up ! riv] ,nile4 ,he advanc$ above ! ?ird cat>act1 & op5s a prospect ( a resurrection f ! dead ( ^? va/ & anci5t c\ntries ( ,abyss9ia & ,e?iopia2 a free communication ) ,india1 & ! riv] ,nig]1 & ! city ( ,tombuctoo4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is conjecture & speculation r ?an c]ta9ty2 b a free communication by l& betwe5 ,europe & ,india w ere long be op5$4 ,a few ,am]ican /eamboats1 & our ,qu9cy /one-cutt]s w\ld soon make ! ,nile z navigable z our ,hudson1 ,potomac1 or ,mississippi4 ,y see z my reason & intellect fails1 my imag9ation gr[s m wild & ungov]nable1 b my fri5d%ip rema9s ! same4 ,adieu4 ,,to ,,john ,,adams4 ,,monticello1 ,april #aa1 #ahbc4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,! wi%es express$ 9 y\r la/ favor1 t ,i may cont9ue 9 life & heal? until ,i become a ,calv9i/1 at lea/ 9 8 exclamation (1 ,mon ,dieu6 jusqu' qu&6 w\ld make me immortal4 ,i c nev] jo9 ,calv9 9 address+ 8 ,god4 ,he 0 inde$ an a!i/1 :i* ,i c nev] be2 or r 8 religion 0 dmonism4 ,if ev] man wor%ipp$ a false ,god1 he did4 ,! be+ describ$ 9 8 five po9ts1 is n ! ,god :om y & ,i ackn[l$ge & adore1 ! creator & b5evol5t gov]nor ( ! _w2 b a dmon ( malignant _s4 ,x w\ld be m p>donable to believe 9 no ,god at all1 ?an to blaspheme him by ! atroci\s attributes ( ,calv94 ,inde$1 ,i ?9k t e ,*ri/ian sect gives a great h&le to a!ism by _! g5]al dogma1 t1 )\t a revelation1 !re w\ld n be suffici5t pro( ( ! be+ ( a ,god4 ,n[ "o-six? ( mank9d only are suppos$ to be ,*ri/ians2 ! o!r five-six?s !n1 :o d n believe 9 ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian revelation1 are )\t a k ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,god6 ,?is gives completely a ga9 de cause to ! disciples ( ,ocellus1 ,timu1 ,sp9osa1 ,did]ot & ,d',holba*4 ,! argum5t :i* !y re/ on z triumphant & unansw]able is1 t 9 e hypo!sis ( cosmogony1 y mu/ admit an et]nal pre-exi/5ce ( some?+2 & accord+ to ! rule ( s\nd philosophy1 y are nev] to employ two pr9ciples to solve a difficulty :5 "o w suffice4 ,!y say !n1 t x is m simple to believe at once 9 ! et]nal pre-exi/5ce ( ! _w1 z x is n[ go+ on1 & may =ev] g on by ! pr9ciple ( reproduction :i* we see & witness1 ?an to believe 9 ! et]nal pre-exi/5ce ( an ult]ior cause1 or creator ( ! _w1 a be+ :om we see n & "k n1 ( ^: =m1 sub/ance & mode1 or place ( exi/5ce1 or ( action1 no s5se in=ms u1 no p[] ( ! m9d enables u to del9eate or compreh5d4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i hold1 7)\t appeal to revelation7 t :5 we take a view ( ! univ]se1 9 its p>ts1 g5]al or p>ticul>1 x is impossible = ! human m9d n to p]ceive & feel a conviction ( design1 consummate skill1 & indef9ite p[] 9 e atom ( its composition4 ,! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies1 s exactly held 9 _! c\rse by ! balance ( c5trifugal & c5tripetal =ces2 ! /ructure ( our e>? itself1 ) its di/ribution ( l&s1 wat]s & atmosph]e2 animal & vegetable bodies1 exam9$ 9 all _! m9ute/ p>ticles2 insects1 m]e atoms ( life1 yet z p]fectly organiz$ z man or mammo?2 ! m9]al sub/ances1 _! g5]ation & uses2 x is impossible1 ,i say1 = ! human m9d n to believe1 t !re is 9 all ?is1 design1 cause & effect1 up to an ultimate cause1 a fabricator ( all ?+s f matt] & motion1 _! pres]v] & regulator :ile p]mitt$ to exi/ 9 _! pres5t =ms1 & _! reg5]ation into new & o!r =ms4 ,we see1 too1 evid5t pro(s ( ! necessity ( a sup]9t5d+ p[]1 to ma9ta9 ! univ]se 9 its c\rse & ord]4 ,/>s1 well kn[n1 h disappe>$1 new ones h come into view2 comets1 9 _! incalculable c\rses1 may run f\l ( suns & planets1 & require r5ovation "u o!r laws2 c]ta9 races ( animals are become ext9ct2 & 7 !re no re/or+ p[]1 all exi/5ces might ext+ui% successively1 "o by "o1 until all %\ld be r$uc$ to a %apeless *aos4 ,s irresi/ible are ^! evid5ces ( an intellig5t & p[]ful ag5t1 t1 ( ! inf9ite numb]s ( m5 :o h exi/$ ?r\gh all "t1 !y h believ$1 9 ! proportion ( a million at lea/ to unit1 9 ! hypo!sis ( an et]nal pre-exi/5ce ( a creator1 r ?an 9 t ( a self-exi/5t univ]se4 ,surely ?is unanim\s s5tim5t r5d]s ?is m probable1 ?an t ( ! few 9 ! o!r hypo!sis4 ,"s e>ly ,*ri/ians1 inde$1 h believ$ 9 ! co-et]nal pre-exi/5ce ( bo? ! creator & ! _w1 )\t *ang+ _! relation ( cause & effect4 ,t ?is 0 ! op9ion ( ,/4 ,?omas1 we are in=m$ by ,c>d9al ,toleta1 9 ^! words3 ,deus ab t]no fuit jam omnipot5s1 sicut cum produxit mundum4 ,ab t]no potuit produc]e mundum4 ,si sol ab t]no esset1 lum5 ab t]no esset2 et si pes1 similit] ve/igium4 ,at lum5 et ve/igium effectus sunt effici5tis solis et p$is2 potuit ergo cum causa t]na effectus co-t]na esse4 ,cujus s5t5tia e/ ,s4 ,?omas !ologorum primus4--,c>d9al ,toleta4 ,( ! nature ( ?is be+ we "k no?+4 ,jesus tells u1 t ,god is a _s4 #d4 ,john #bd4 ,b )\t def9+ :at a _s is3 ,d[n to ! ?ird c5tury1 we "k x 0 /ill deem$ mat]ial2 b ( a light]1 subtl] matt] ?an our gross bodies4 ,s says ,orig51 ,deus igitur1 cui anima similis e/1 juxta orig9em1 reapte corporalis e/2 s$ graviorum tantum ratione corporum incorporeus4 ,^! are ! words ( ,huet 9 8 comm5t>y on ,orig54 ,orig5 himself says1 appellatio apud no/ros scriptores e/ inusitata et incognita4 ,s also ,t]tullian2 quis autem negabit deum esse corpus etsi deus spiritus8 ,spiritus etiam corporis sui g5]is1 9 sua effigie4--,t]tullian4 ,^! two fa!rs 7 ( ! ?ird c5tury4 ,calv9's "* ( ?is ,supreme ,be+ seems *iefly copi$ f t ( ! ,jews4 ,b ! re=mation ( ^! blasphem\s attributes1 & sub/itution ( ^? m wor?y1 pure1 & sublime1 seems to h be5 ! *ief object ( ,jesus 9 8 disc\rses to ! ,jews2 & 8 doctr9e ( ! cosmogony ( ! _w is v cle>ly laid d[n 9 ! ?ree fir/ v]ses ( ! fir/ *apt] ( ,john1 9 ^! words3 1 1 4 4 ' 1 4 ,:i* truly translat$ means1 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god exi/$1 & reason or m9d 0 ) ,god1 & t m9d 0 ,god4 ,?is 0 9 ! beg9n+ ) ,god4 ,all ?+s 7 creat$ by x1 & )\t x 0 made n "o ?+ :i* 0 made4 ,yet ?is text1 s pla9ly decl>+ ! doctr9e ( ,jesus1 t ! _w 0 creat$ by ! supreme1 intellig5t be+1 has be5 p]v]t$ by mod]n ,*ri/ians to build up a second p]son ( _! tri!ism1 by a mi/ranslation ( ! ^w 4 ,"o ( its legitimate mean+s1 inde$1 is a ^w4 ,b 9 t s5se x makes an unmean+ j>gon2 :ile ! o!r mean+1 reason1 equally legitimate1 expla9s rationally ! et]nal pre-exi/5ce ( ,god1 & 8 creation ( ! _w4 ,kn[+ h[ incompreh5sible x 0 t a ^w1 ! m]e action or articulation ( ! organs ( spee* c\ld create a _w1 !y und]took to make ( ?is articulation a second pre-exi/+ be+1 & ascribe to him1 & n to ,god1 ! creation ( ! univ]se4 ,! a!i/ "h plumes himself on ! uselessness ( su* a ,god1 & ! simpl] hypo!sis ( a self-exi/5t univ]se4 ,! tru? is1 t ! greate/ enemies to ! doctr9es ( ,jesus are ^?1 call+ !mselves ! expositors ( !m1 :o h p]v]t$ !m = ! /ructure ( a sy/em ( fancy absolutely incompreh5sible1 & )\t any f\ndation 9 8 g5u9e words4 ,& ! day w come1 :5 ! my/ical g5]ation ( ,jesus1 by ! ,supreme ,be+ z 8 fa!r1 9 ! womb ( a virg91 w be class$ ) ! fable ( ! g5]ation ( ,m9]va 9 ! bra9 ( ,jupit]4 ,b we may hope t ! dawn ( reason1 & fre$om ( ?\ght 9 ^! ,unit$ ,/ates1 w d away all ?is artificial scaffold+1 & re/ore to u ! primitive & g5u9e doctr9es ( ?is ! mo/ v5]at$ re=m] ( human errors4 ,s mu* = y\r quotation ( ,calv9's mon ,dieu6 jusqu' qu&6 9 :i*1 :5 address$ to ! ,god ( ,jesus1 & our ,god1 ,i jo9 y cordially1 & await 8 "t & w ) m read9ess ?an reluctance4 ,may we meet !re aga91 9 ,congress1 ) our anci5t colleagues1 & receive ) !m ! seal ( approbation1 well done1 good & fai?ful s]vants4 ,,to ,,g5]al ,,samuel ,,smi?4 ,,monticello1 ,may #c1 #ahbc4 ,,de> ,,g5]al1--,i duly receiv$ y\r favor ( ! #bd? ult4 ,b ,i am r5d]$ a sl[ correspond5t by ! loss ( ! use1 totally ( ! "o1 & almo/ totally ( ! o!r wri/1 :i* r5d]s writ+ sc>cely & pa9fully practicable4 ,i le>n ) great satisfaction t :olesome economies h be5 f\nd1 suffici5t to relieve u f ! ru9\s necessity ( add+ annually to our debt by new loans4 ,! devis] ( s salut>y a relief des]ves truly well ( 8 c\ntry4 ,i %all be glad1 too1 if an additional tax ( "o-f\r? ( a doll> a gallon on :iskey %all enable u to meet all our engagem5ts ) punctuality4 ,view+ t tax z an article 9 a sy/em ( excise1 ,i 0 once glad to see x fall ) ! re/ ( ! sy/em1 :i* ,i consid]$ z prematurely & unnecess>ily introduc$4 ,x 0 evid5t t our exi/+ taxes 7 !n equal to our exi/+ debts4 ,x 0 cle>ly =ese5 also t ! surplus f excise w\ld only become alim5t = useless (fices1 & w\ld be swall[$ 9 idl5ess by ^? :om x w\ld )draw f useful indu/ry4 ,consid]+ x only z a fiscal measure1 ?is 0 "r4 ,b ! pro/ration ( body & m9d :i* ! *eapness ( ?is liquor is spread+ ?r\gh ! mass ( our citiz5s1 n[ calls ! att5tion ( ! legislator on a v diff]5t pr9ciple4 ,"o ( 8 important duties is z gu>dian ( ^? :o f causes susceptible ( precise def9ition1 _c take c>e ( !mselves4 ,su* are infants1 maniacs1 gambl]s1 drunk>ds4 ,! la/1 z mu* z ! maniac1 requires re/rictive measures to save him f ! fatal infatuation "u :i* he is de/roy+ 8 heal?1 8 morals1 8 family1 & 8 usefulness to society4 ,"o p[]ful ob/acle to 8 ru9\s self-indulg5ce w\ld be a price beyond 8 compet5ce4 ,z a sanatory measure1 !re=e1 x becomes "o ( duty 9 ! public gu>dians4 ,yet ,i d n ?9k x foll[s necess>ily t import$ spirits %\ld be subject$ to simil> enhancem5t1 until !y become z *eap z ^? made at home4 ,a tax on :iskey is to disc\rage its consumption2 a tax on =eign spirits enc\rages :iskey by remov+ its rival f competition4 ,! price & pres5t duty ?r[ =eign spirits already out ( competition ) :iskey1 & accord+ly !y are us$ b to a salut>y ext5t4 ,y see no p]sons besott+ !mselves ) import$ spirits1 w9es1 liquors1 cordials1 c4 ,:iskey claims to itself alone ! exclusive (fice ( sot-mak+4 ,=eign spirits1 w9es1 teas1 c(fee1 seg>s1 salt1 are articles ( z innoc5t consumption z broadclo?s & silks & ought1 l !m1 to pay b ! av]age ad valorem duty ( o!r import$ com=ts4 ,all ( !m are +r$i5ts 9 our happ9ess1 & ! gov]nm5t :i* /eps out ( ! ranks ( ! ord9>y articles ( consumption to select & lay "u disproportionate bur!ns a p>ticul> "o1 because x is a com=t1 pleas+ to ! ta/e1 or necess>y to heal?1 & w !re=e be b\ght1 is1 9 t p>ticul>1 a tyranny4 ,taxes on consumption l ^? on capital or income1 to be j1 mu/ be uni=m4 ,i d n mean to say t x may n be = ! g5]al int]e/ to fo/] = a:ile c]ta9 infant manufactures1 until !y are /rong en\gh to /& aga9/ =eign rivals2 b :5 evid5t t !y w nev] be s1 x is aga9/ "r1 to make ! o!r bran*es ( indu/ry support !m4 ,:5 x 0 f\nd t ,france c\ld n make sug> "u #f h4 a lb41 0 x n tyranny to re/ra9 h] citiz5s f import+ at #a h48 or w\ld x n h be5 s to h laid a duty ( #e h4 on ! import$8 ,! p]mitt+ an ex*ange ( indu/ries ) o!r nations is a direct enc\ragem5t ( y\r own1 :i* )\t t1 w\ld br+ y no?+ = y\r com=t1 & w\ld ( c\rse cease to be produc$4 ,on ! "q ( ! next ,presid5tial election1 ,i am a m]e look] on4 ,i nev] p]mit myself to express an op9ion1 or to feel a wi% on ! subject4 ,i indulge a s+le hope only1 t ! *oice may fall on "o :o w be a fri5d ( peace1 ( economy1 ( ! republican pr9ciples ( our con/itution1 & ( ! salut>y di/ribution ( p[]s made by t betwe5 ! g5]al & ! local gov]nm5ts1 to ?is1 ,i ev] add s9c]e pray]s = y\r happ9ess & prosp]ity4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,mege>4 ,,monticello1 ,may #bi1 #ahbc4 ,i ?ank y1 ,sir1 = ! copy ( ! lett]s ( ,paul & ,amicus1 :i* y h be5 s k9d z to s5d me1 & %all le>n f !m ) satisfaction ! peculi> t5ets ( ! ,fri5ds1 & p>ticul>ly _! op9ions on ! incompreh5sibilities 7o!rwise call$ ! my/]ies7 ( ! tr9ity4 ,i ?9k ) !m on _m po9ts1 & especially on mission>y & ,bible societies4 ,:ile we h s _m ar\nd u1 )9 ! same social pale1 :o ne$ in/ruction & assi/ance1 :y c>ry to a di/ance1 & to /rang]s :at our own neighbors ne$8 ,x is a duty c]ta9ly to give our sp>+s to ^? :o want2 b to see also t !y are fai?fully di/ribut$1 & duly apportion$ to ! respective wants ( ^? receiv]s4 ,& :y give ?r\gh ag5ts :om we "k n1 to p]sons :om we "k n1 & 9 c\ntries f :i* we get no acc\nt1 :5 we c d x at %ort h&1 to objects "u our eye1 ?r\gh ag5ts we "k1 & to supply wants we see8 ,i d n "k t x is a duty to di/urb by mission>ies ! religion & peace ( o!r c\ntries1 :o may ?9k !mselves b\nd to ext+ui% by fire & fagot ! h]esies to :i* we give ! "n ( conv]sions1 & quote our own example = x4 ,7 ! ,pope1 or 8 holy allies1 to s5d 9 mission to u "s ?\s&s ( ,jesuit prie/s to conv]t u to _! or?odoxy1 ,i suspect t we %\ld deem & treat x z a national aggression on our peace & fai?4 ,i salute y 9 ! _s ( peace & good w4 ,,to ,,! ,,presid5t4 ,,monticello1 ,june #aa1 #ahbc4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,consid]+ t ,i _h n be5 to ,b$=d = a twelvemon? be=e1 ,i ?\ght myself s+ul>ly un=tunate 9 s tim+ my j\rney1 z to h be5 abs5t exactly at ! mom5t ( y\r late visit to our neighborhood4 ,! loss1 inde$1 0 all my own2 = 9 ^! %ort int]views ) y1 ,i g5]ally get my political compass rectifi$1 le>n f y :]eab\ts we are1 & correct my c\rse aga94 ,9 ex*ange = ?is1 ,i c give y b newspap] ideas1 & little inde$ ( ^!1 = ,i read b a s+le pap]1 & t ha/ily4 ,i f9d ,horace & ,tacitus s mu* bett] writ]s ?an ! *ampions ( ! gazettes1 t ,i lay ^? d[n to take up ^! ) great reluctance4 ,& on ! "q y propose1 :e!r we c1 9 any =m1 take a bold] attitude ?an =m]ly 9 favor ( lib]ty1 ,i c give y b commonplace ideas4 ,!y w be b ! wid['s mite1 & (f]$ only because reque/$4 ,! matt] :i* n[ embroils ,europe1 ! presumption ( dictat+ to an indep5d5t nation ! =m ( its gov]nm5t1 is s arrogant1 s atroci\s1 t indignation1 z well z moral s5tim5t1 enli/s all our p>tialities & pray]s 9 favor ( "o1 & our equal execrations aga9/ ! o!r4 ,i d n "k1 inde$1 :e!r all nations d n owe to "o ano!r a bold & op5 decl>ation ( _! sympa?ies ) ! "o p>ty1 & _! dete/ation ( ! conduct ( ! o!r4 ,b f>!r ?an ?is we are n b\nd to g2 & inde$1 = ! sake ( ! _w1 we ought n to increase ! jeal\sies1 or draw on ourselves ! p[] ( ?is =midable conf$]acy4 ,i h ev] deem$ x fundam5tal = ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 nev] to take active "p 9 ! qu>rels ( ,europe4 ,_! political int]e/s are entirely di/9ct f ours4 ,_! mutual jeal\sies1 _! balance ( p[]1 _! complicat$ alliances1 _! =ms & pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t1 are all =eign to u4 ,!y are nations ( et]nal w>4 ,all _! en]gies are exp5d$ 9 ! de/ruction ( ! labor1 prop]ty & lives ( _! p4 ,on our "p1 nev] _h a p s favorable a *ance ( try+ ! opposite sy/em1 ( peace & frat]nity ) mank9d1 & ! direction ( all our means & faculties to ! purposes ( improvem5t in/ead ( de/ruction4 ,) ,europe we h few occasions ( collision1 & ^!1 ) a little prud5ce & =be>ance1 may be g5]ally accommodat$4 ,( ! bre?r5 ( our own hemisph]e1 none are yet1 or = an age to come w be1 9 a %ape1 condition1 or disposition to w> aga9/ u4 ,& ! foo?old :i* ! nations ( ,europe _h 9 ei!r ,am]ica1 is slipp+ f "u !m1 s t we %all soon be rid ( _! neighborhood4 ,cuba alone seems at pres5t to hold up a speck ( w> to u4 ,its possession by ,great ,brita9 w\ld inde$ be a great calamity to u4 ,c\ld we induce h] to jo9 u 9 gu>antee+ its indep5d5ce aga9/ all ! _w1 except ,spa91 x w\ld be ne>ly z valuable to u z if x 7 our own4 ,b %\ld %e take x1 ,i w\ld n imm$iately g to w> = x2 because ! fir/ w> on o!r acc\nts w give x to u2 or ! isl& w give itself to u1 :5 able to d s4 ,:ile no duty1 !re=e1 calls on u to take "p 9 ! pres5t w> ( ,europe1 & a gold5 h>ve/ (f]s itself 9 rew>d = do+ no?+1 peace & neutrality seem to be our duty & int]e/4 ,we may gratify ourselves1 inde$1 ) a neutrality z p>tial to ,spa9 z w\ld be ju/ifiable )\t giv+ cause ( w> to h] adv]s>y2 we might & ought to avail ourselves ( ! happy occasion ( procur+ & cem5t+ a cordial reconciliation ) h]1 by giv+ assurance ( e fri5dly (fice :i* neutrality admits1 & especially1 aga9/ all appreh5sion ( our int]m$dl+ 9 ! qu>rel ) h] colonies4 ,& ,i expect daily & confid5tly to he> ( a sp>k k9dl$ 9 ,france1 :i* w employ h] at home1 & relieve ,spa9 f all fur!r appreh5sions ( dang]4 ,t ,engl& is play+ false ) ,spa9 _c be d\bt$4 ,h] gov]nm5t is look+ "o way & r[+ ano!r4 ,x is curi\s to look back a little on pa/ ev5ts4 ,dur+ ! asc5dancy ( ,bonap>te1 ! ^w among ! h]d ( k+s1 0 sauve qui peut4 ,ea* %ift$ = himself1 & left 8 bre?r5 to squ&] & d ! same z !y c\ld4 ,aft] ! battle ( ,wat]loo1 & ! milit>y possession ( ,france1 !y ralli$ & comb9$ 9 common cause1 to ma9ta9 ea* o!r aga9/ any simil> & future dang]4 ,& 9 ?is alliance1 ,l\is1 n[ av[$ly1 & ,george1 secretly b solidly1 7 ( ! contract+ p>ties2 & !re c be no d\bt t ! allies are b\nd by treaty to aid ,engl& ) _! armies1 %\ld insurrection take place among h] p4 ,! coquetry %e is n[ play+ (f betwe5 h] p & h] allies is p]fectly und]/ood by ! latt]1 & accord+ly gives no appreh5sions to ,france1 to :om x is all expla9$4 ,! diplomatic correspond5ce %e is n[ display+1 ^! d\ble pap]s fabricat$ m]ely = exhibition1 9 :i* %e makes h]self talk ( morals & pr9ciple1 z if h] qualms ( consci5ce w\ld n p]mit h] to g all l5g?s ) h] ,holy ,allies1 are all to gull h] own p4 ,x is a !atrical f>ce1 9 :i* ! five p[]s are ! actors1 ,engl& ! ,t>tuffe1 & h] p ! dupes4 ,play+ ?us s dextr\sly into ea* o!rs' h&s1 & _! own p]sons seem+ secur$1 !y are n[ look+ to _! privileg$ ord]s4 ,^! fai?ful auxili>ies1 or accomplices1 mu/ be sav$4 ,?is w> is evid5tly t ( ! g5]al body ( ! ari/ocracy1 9 :i* ,engl& is also act+ h] "p4 ,save b ! ,nobles & !re %all be no w>1 says %e1 mask+ h] measures at ! same "t "u ! =m ( fri5d%ip & m$iation1 & hypocritically1 :ile a p>ty1 (f]+ h]self z a judge1 to betray ^? :om %e is n p]mitt$ op5ly to oppose4 ,a fraudul5t neutrality1 if neutrality at all1 is all ,spa9 w get f h]4 ,& ,spa91 probably1 p]ceives ?is1 & will+ly w9ks at x r ?an h h] weight ?r[n op5ly into ! o!r scale4 ,b ,i am go+ beyond my text1 & s9n+ aga9/ ! adage ( c>ry+ coals to ,newca/le4 ,9 haz>d+ to y my crude & un9=m$ notions ( ?+s beyond my cognizance1 only be s good z to rememb] t x is at y\r reque/1 & ) z little confid5ce on my "p z pr(it on y\rs4 ,y w d :at is "r1 leav+ ! p ( ,europe to act _! follies & crimes among !mselves1 :ile we pursue 9 good fai? ! pa?s ( peace & prosp]ity4 ,to y\r judgm5t we are will+ly resign$1 ) s9c]e assurances ( affectionate e/eem & respect4 ,,to ,,judge ,,johnson4 ,,monticello1 ,june #ab1 #ahbc4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,our correspond5ce is ( t accommodat+ "*1 :i* admits ( susp5sion at ! conv5i5ce ( ei!r p>ty1 )\t inconv5i5ce to ! o!r4 ,h5ce ?is t>dy ackn[l$gm5t ( y\r favor ( ,april ! #aa?4 ,i le>n f t ) great pleasure1 t y h resolv$ on cont9u+ y\r hi/ory ( p>ties4 ,our oppon5ts are f> ahead ( u 9 prep>ations = plac+ _! cause favorably be=e po/]ity4 ,yet ,i hope ev5 f "s ( !m ! escape ( preci\s tru?s1 9 angry explosions or effusions ( vanity1 :i* w betray ! g5u9e mon>*ism ( _! pr9ciples4 ,!y d n !mselves believe :at !y endeavor to inculcate1 t we 7 an opposition p>ty1 n on pr9ciple1 b m]ely seek+ = (fice4 ,! fact is1 t at ! =mation ( our gov]nm5t1 _m _h =m$ _! political op9ions on ,european writ+s & practices1 believ+ ! exp]i5ce ( old c\ntries1 & especially ( ,engl&1 abusive z x 01 to be a saf] guide ?an m]e !ory4 ,! doctr9es ( ,europe 71 t m5 9 num]\s associations _c be re/ra9$ )9 ! limits ( ord] & ju/ice1 b by =ces physical & moral1 wield$ ov] !m by au?orities indep5d5t ( _! w4 ,h5ce _! organization ( k+s1 h]$it>y nobles1 & prie/s4 ,/ill fur!r to con/ra9 ! brute =ce ( ! p1 !y deem x necess>y to keep !m d[n by h>d labor1 pov]ty & ignorance1 & to take f !m1 z f bees1 s mu* ( _! e>n+s1 z t unremitt+ labor %all be necess>y to obta9 a suffici5t surplus b>ely to su/a9 a scanty & mis]able life4 ,& ^! e>n+s !y apply to ma9ta9 _! privileg$ ord]s 9 spl5dor & idl5ess1 to fasc9ate ! eyes ( ! p1 & excite 9 !m an humble adoration & submission1 z to an ord] ( sup]ior be+s4 ,al?\gh few among u _h gone all ^! l5g?s ( op9ion1 yet _m _h advanc$1 "s m1 "s less1 on ! way4 ,& 9 ! conv5tion :i* =m$ our gov]nm5t1 !y endeavor$ to draw ! cords ( p[] z tight z !y c\ld obta9 !m1 to less5 ! dep5d5ce ( ! g5]al function>ies on _! con/itu5ts1 to subject to !m ^? ( ! ,/ates1 & to weak5 _! means ( ma9ta9+ ! /eady equilibrium :i* ! majority ( ! conv5tion _h deem$ salut>y = bo? bran*es1 g5]al & local4 ,to recov]1 !re=e1 9 practice ! p[]s :i* ! nation _h refus$1 & to w>p to _! own wi%es ^? actually giv51 0 ! /eady object ( ! f$]al p>ty4 ,ours1 on ! contr>y1 0 to ma9ta9 ! w ( ! majority ( ! conv5tion1 & ( ! p !mselves4 ,we believ$1 ) !m1 t man 0 a rational animal1 end[$ by nature ) rights1 & ) an innate s5se ( ju/ice2 & t he c\ld be re/ra9$ f wrong & protect$ 9 "r1 by mod]ate p[]s1 confid$ to p]sons ( 8 own *oice1 & held to _! duties by dep5d5ce on 8 own w4 ,we believ$ t ! complicat$ organization ( k+s1 nobles1 & prie/s1 0 n ! wise/ nor be/ to effect ! happ9ess ( associat$ man2 t wisdom & virtue 7 n h]$it>y2 t ! trapp+s ( su* a ma*9]y1 consum$ by _! exp5se1 ^? e>n+s ( indu/ry1 !y 7 meant to protect1 &1 by ! inequalities !y produc$1 expos$ lib]ty to suff]ance4 ,we believ$ t m51 enjoy+ 9 ease & security ! full fruits ( _! own indu/ry1 enli/$ by all _! int]e/s on ! side ( law & ord]1 habituat$ to ?9k = !mselves1 & to foll[ _! reason z _! guide1 w\ld be m easily & safely gov]n$1 ?an ) m9ds n\ri%$ 9 error1 & vitiat$ & debas$1 z 9 ,europe1 by ignorance1 indig5ce & oppression4 ,! *]i%m5t ( ! p !n 0 our pr9ciple1 ! fe> & di/ru/ ( !m1 t ( ! o!r p>ty4 ,compos$1 z we 71 ( ! l&$ & labor+ int]e/s ( ! c\ntry1 we c\ld n be less anxi\s = a gov]nm5t ( law & ord] ?an 7 ! inhabitants ( ! cities1 ! /rongholds ( f$]alism4 ,& :e!r our ef=ts to save ! pr9ciples & =m ( our con/itution h n be5 salut>y1 let ! pres5t republican fre$om1 ord] & prosp]ity ( our c\ntry det]m9e4 ,hi/ory may di/ort tru?1 & w di/ort x = a "t1 by ! sup]ior ef=ts at ju/ification ( ^? :o are consci\s ( ne$+ x mo/4 ,nor w ! op5+ sc5es ( our pres5t gov]nm5t be se5 9 _! true aspect1 until ! lett]s ( ! day1 n[ held 9 private ho>ds1 %all be brok5 up & laid op5 to public view4 ,:at a treasure w be f\nd 9 ,g5]al ,wa%+ton's cab9et1 :5 x %all pass into ! h&s ( z c&id a fri5d to tru? z he 0 himself6 ,:5 no long]1 l ,cs>'s notes & memor&ums 9 ! h&s ( ,an?ony1 x %all be op5 to ! high prie/s ( f$]alism only1 & g>bl$ to say s mu*1 & no m1 z suits _! views6 ,) respect to 8 f>ewell address1 to ! au?or%ip ( :i*1 x seems1 !re are conflict+ claims1 ,i c /ate to y "s facts4 ,he _h det]m9$ to decl9e a re-election at ! end ( 8 fir/ t]m1 & s f> det]m9$1 t he _h reque/$ ,mr4 ,madison to prep>e = him some?+ val$ictory1 to be address$ to 8 con/itu5ts on 8 retirem5t4 ,?is 0 done1 b he 0 f9ally p]suad$ to acquiesce 9 a second election1 to :i* no "o m /r5u\sly press$ him ?an myself1 f a conviction ( ! importance ( /r5g!n+1 by long] habit1 ! respect necess>y = t (fice1 :i* ! weight ( 8 "* only c\ld effect4 ,:51 at ! end ( ?is second t]m1 8 ,val$ictory came out1 ,mr4 ,madison recogniz$ 9 x sev]al passages ( 8 draught1 sev]al o!rs1 we 7 bo? satisfi$1 7 f ! p5 ( ,hamilton1 & o!rs f t ( ! ,presid5t himself4 ,^! he probably put into ! h&s ( ,hamilton to =m into a :ole1 & h5ce x may all appe> 9 ,hamilton's h&-writ+1 z if x 7 all ( 8 composition4 ,i h /at$ above1 t ! orig9al objects ( ! f$]ali/s 71 #a/1 to w>p our gov]nm5t m to ! =m & pr9ciples ( mon>*y1 &1 #b;d1 to weak5 ! b>ri]s ( ! ,/ate gov]nm5ts z cord9ate p[]s4 ,9 ! fir/ !y h be5 s completely foil$ by ! univ]sal _s ( ! nation1 t !y h ab&on$ ! ent]prise1 %runk f ! odium ( _! old appellation1 tak5 to !mselves a p>ticipation ( ours1 & "u ! pseudo-republican mask1 are n[ aim+ at _! second object1 & /r5g!n$ by unsuspect+ or apo/ate recruits f our ranks1 are advanc+ fa/ t[>ds an asc5dancy4 ,i h be5 blam$ = say+1 t a preval5ce ( ! doctr9es ( consolidation w\ld "o day call = re=mation or revolution4 ,i answ] by ask+ if a s+le ,/ate ( ! ,union w\ld h agre$ to ! con/itution1 _h x giv5 all p[]s to ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t8 ,if ! :ole opposition to x did n proce$ f ! jeal\sy & fe> ( e ,/ate1 ( be+ subject$ to ! o!r ,/ates 9 matt]s m]ely its own8 ,& if !re is any reason to believe ! ,/ates m dispos$ n[ ?an !n1 to acquiesce 9 ?is g5]al surr5d] ( all _! rights & p[]s to a consolidat$ gov]nm5t1 "o & undivid$8 ,y reque/ me confid5tially1 to exam9e ! "q1 :e!r ! ,supreme ,c\rt has advanc$ beyond its con/itutional limits1 & trespass$ on ^? ( ! ,/ate au?orities8 ,i d n und]take x1 my de> ,sir1 because ,i am unable4 ,age & ! wane ( m9d consequ5t on x1 h disqualifi$ me f inve/igations s sev]e1 & rese>*es s labori\s4 ,& x is ! less necess>y 9 ?is case1 z hav+ be5 already done by o!rs ) a logic & le>n+ to :i* ,i c\ld add no?+4 ,on ! decision ( ! case ( ,coh5s vs4 ,! ,/ate ( ,virg9ia1 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ,m>*1 #ahba1 ,judge ,roane1 "u ! signature ( ,alg]non ,sidney1 wrote = ! ,enquir] a s]ies ( pap]s on ! law ( t case4 ,i consid]$ ^! pap]s maturely z !y came out1 & confess t !y appe>$ to me to pulv]ize e ^w :i* _h be5 deliv]$ by ,judge ,m>%all1 ( ! extra-judicial "p ( 8 op9ion2 & all 0 extra-judicial1 except ! decision t ! act ( ,congress _h n purport$ to give to ! corporation ( ,wa%+ton ! au?ority claim$ by _! lott]y law1 ( controll+ ! laws ( ! ,/ates )9 ! ,/ates !mselves4 ,b unable to claim t case1 he c\ld n let x g entirely1 b w5t on gratuit\sly to prove1 t not)/&+ ! elev5? am5dm5t ( ! con/itution1 a ,/ate c\ld be br\ght z a def5dant1 to ! b> ( 8 c\rt2 & aga91 t ,congress might au?orize a corporation ( its t]ritory to ex]cise legislation )9 a ,/ate1 & p>am\nt to ! laws ( t ,/ate4 ,i cite ! sum & result only ( 8 doctr9es1 accord+ to ! impression made on my m9d at ! "t1 & /ill rema9+4 ,if n /rictly accurate 9 circum/ance1 x is s 9 sub/ance4 ,?is doctr9e 0 s completely refut$ by ,roane1 t if he c be answ]$1 ,i surr5d] human reason z a va9 & useless faculty1 giv5 to bewild]1 & n to guide u4 ,& ,i m5tion ?is p>ticul> case z "o only ( sev]al1 because x gave occasion to t ?or\gh exam9ation ( ! con/itutional limits betwe5 ! ,g5]al & ,/ate jurisdictions1 :i* y h ask$ =4 ,!re 7 two o!r writ]s 9 ! same pap]1 "u ! signatures ( ,flet*] ( ,salt\n1 & ,som]s1 :o1 9 a few essays1 pres5t$ "s v lum9\s & /rik+ views ( ! "q4 ,& !re 0 a p>ticul> pap] :i* recapitulat$ all ! cases 9 :i* x 0 ?\ght ! f$]al c\rt _h usurp$ on ! ,/ate jurisdictions4 ,^! essays w be f\nd 9 ! ,enquir]s ( #ahba1 f ,may ! #aj? to ,july ! #ac?4 ,x is n 9 my pres5t p[] to s5d !m to y1 b if ,rit*ie c furni% !m1 ,i w procure & =w>d !m4 ,if !y _h be5 read 9 ! o!r ,/ates1 z !y 7 "h1 ,i ?9k !y w\ld h left1 !re z "h1 no diss5ti5ts f _! doctr9e4 ,! subject 0 tak5 up by our legislature ( #ahba-'bb1 & two draughts ( remon/rances 7 prep>$ & discuss$4 ,z well z ,i rememb]1 !re 0 no diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! matt] ( "r2 b !re 0 z to ! exp$i5cy ( a remon/rance at t "t1 ! g5]al m9d ( ! ,/ates be+ !n "u extraord9>y excitem5t by ! ,miss\ri "q2 & x 0 dropp$ on t consid]ation4 ,b ?is case is n dead1 x only sleepe?4 ,! ,indian ,*ief said he did n g to w> = e petty injury by itself1 b put x into 8 p\*1 & :5 t 0 full1 he !n made w>4 ,?ank ,heav51 we h provid$ a m peaceable & rational mode ( r$ress4 ,?is practice ( ,judge ,m>%all1 ( travell+ out ( 8 case to prescribe :at ! law w\ld be 9 a moot case n be=e ! c\rt1 is v irregul> & v c5surable4 ,i recollect ano!r in/ance1 & ! m p>ticul>ly1 p]haps1 because x 9 "s measure bore on myself4 ,among ! midnight appo9tm5ts ( ,mr4 ,adams1 7 commissions to "s f$]al ju/ices ( ! peace = ,alex&ria4 ,^! 7 sign$ & seal$ by him1 b n deliv]$4 ,i f\nd !m on ! table ( ! dep>tm5t ( ,/ate1 on my entrance into (fice1 & ,i =bade _! deliv]y4 ,m>bury1 nam$ 9 "o ( !m1 appli$ to ! ,supreme ,c\rt = a m&amus to ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 7,mr4 ,madison7 to deliv] ! commission int5d$ = him4 ,! ,c\rt det]m9$ at once1 t be+ an orig9al process1 !y _h no cognizance ( x2 & !re=e ! "q be=e !m 0 end$4 ,b ! ,*ief ,ju/ice w5t on to lay d[n :at ! law w\ld be1 _h !y jurisdiction ( ! case1 to-wit3 t !y %\ld comm& ! deliv]y4 ,! object 0 cle>ly to in/ruct any o!r c\rt hav+ ! jurisdiction1 :at !y %\ld d if ,m>bury %\ld apply to !m4 ,besides ! impropriety ( ?is gratuit\s int]f]5ce1 c\ld any?+ exce$ ! p]v]sion ( law8 ,= if !re is any pr9ciple ( law nev] yet contradict$1 x is t deliv]y is "o ( ! ess5tials to ! validity ( a de$4 ,al?\gh sign$ & seal$1 yet z long z x rema9s 9 ! h&s ( ! p>ty himself1 x is 9 fi]i only1 x is n a de$1 & c be made s only by its deliv]y4 ,9 ! h&s ( a ?ird p]son x may be made an escr[4 ,b :atev] is 9 ! executive (fices is c]ta9ly deem$ to be 9 ! h&s ( ! ,presid5t2 & 9 ?is case1 0 actually 9 my h&s1 because1 :5 ,i c\nt]m&$ !m1 !re 0 z yet no ,secret>y ( ,/ate4 ,yet ?is case ( ,m>bury & ,madison is cont9ually cit$ by b5* & b>1 z if x 7 settl$ law1 )\t any animadv]sion on its be+ m]ely an obit] diss]tation ( ! ,*ief ,ju/ice4 ,x may be impracticable to lay d[n any g5]al =mula ( words :i* %all decide at once1 & ) precision1 9 e case1 ?is limit ( jurisdiction4 ,b !re are two canons :i* w guide u safely 9 mo/ ( ! cases4 #a/4 ,! capital & lead+ object ( ! con/itution 0 to leave ) ! ,/ates all au?orities :i* respect$ _! own citiz5s only1 & to transf] to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ^? :i* respect$ citiz5s ( =eign or o!r ,/ates3 to make u sev]al z to ourselves1 b "o z to all o!rs4 ,9 ! latt] case1 !n1 con/ructions %\ld lean to ! g5]al jurisdiction1 if ! words w be> x2 & 9 favor ( ! ,/ates 9 ! =m]1 if possible to be s con/ru$4 ,& inde$1 betwe5 citiz5s & citiz5s ( ! same ,/ate1 & "u _! own laws1 ,i "k b a s+le case 9 :i* a jurisdiction is giv5 to ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t4 ,t is1 :]e any?+ b gold or silv] is made a lawful t5d]1 or ! obligation ( contracts is any o!rwise impair$4 ,! sep>ate legislatures _h s (t5 abus$ t p[]1 t ! citiz5s !mselves *ose to tru/ x to ! g5]al1 r ?an to _! own special au?orities4 #b;d4 ,on e "q ( con/ruction1 c>ry ourselves back to ! "t :5 ! con/itution 0 adopt$1 recollect ! _s manife/$ 9 ! debates1 & in/ead ( try+ :at mean+ may be squeez$ out ( ! text1 or inv5t$ aga9/ x1 con=m to ! probable "o 9 :i* x 0 pass$4 ,let u try ,coh5's case by ^! canons only1 ref]r+ always1 h[ev]1 = full argum5t1 to ! essays be=e cit$4 #a4 ,x 0 betwe5 a citiz5 & 8 own ,/ate1 & "u a law ( 8 ,/ate4 ,x 0 a dome/ic case1 !re=e1 & n a =eign "o4 #b4 ,c x be believ$1 t "u ! jeal\sies prevail+ aga9/ ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t1 at ! adoption ( ! con/itution1 ! ,/ates meant to surr5d] ! au?ority ( pres]v+ ord]1 ( en=c+ moral duties & re/ra9+ vice1 )9 _! own t]ritory8 ,& ?is is ! pres5t case1 t ( ,coh5 be+ "u ! anci5t & g5]al law ( gam+4 ,c any good be effect$ by tak+ f ! ,/ates ! moral rule ( _! citiz5s1 & subord9at+ x to ! g5]al au?ority1 or to "o ( _! corporations1 :i* may ju/ify =c+ ! mean+ ( words1 hunt+ aft] possible con/ructions1 & hang+ inf]5ce on inf]5ce1 f heav5 to e>?1 l ,jacob's ladd]8 ,su* an int5tion 0 impossible1 & su* a lic5ti\sness ( con/ruction & inf]5ce1 if ex]cis$ by bo? gov]nm5ts1 z may be done ) equal "r1 w\ld equally au?orize bo? to claim all p[]1 g5]al & p>ticul>1 & break up ! f\ndations ( ! ,union4 ,laws are made = m5 ( ord9>y und]/&+1 & %\ld1 !re=e1 be con/ru$ by ! ord9>y rules ( common s5se4 ,_! mean+ is n to be s\ght = 9 metaphysical subtleties1 :i* may make any?+ mean ev]y?+ or no?+1 at pleasure4 ,x %\ld be left to ! sophisms ( advocates1 ^: trade x is1 to prove t a def5dant is a pla9tiff1 ?\gh dragg$ into c\rt1 torto collo1 l ,bonap>te's volunte]s1 into ! field 9 *a9s1 or t a p[] has be5 giv51 because x ought to h be5 giv51 et alia talia4 ,! ,/ates suppos$ t by _! t5? am5dm5t1 !y _h secur$ !mselves aga9/ con/ructive p[]s4 ,!y 7 n lesson$ yet by ,coh5's case1 nor aw>e ( ! slipp]9ess ( ! eels ( ! law4 ,i ask = no /ra9+ ( words aga9/ ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t1 nor yet aga9/ ! ,/ates4 ,i believe ! ,/ates c be/ gov]n our home conc]ns1 & ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t our =eign ones4 ,i wi%1 !re=e1 to see ma9ta9$ t :olesome di/ribution ( p[]s e/abli%$ by ! con/itution = ! limitation ( bo?2 & nev] to see all (fices transf]r$ to ,wa%+ton1 :]e1 fur!r )drawn f ! eyes ( ! p1 !y may m secretly he b\ght & sold z at m>ket4 ,b ! ,*ief ,ju/ice says1 !re mu/ be an ultimate arbit] some:]e4 ,true1 !re mu/2 b does t prove x is ei!r p>ty8 ,! ultimate arbit] is ! p ( ! ,union1 assembl$ by _! deputies 9 conv5tion1 at ! call ( ,congress1 or ( two-?irds ( ! ,/ates4 ,let !m decide to :i* !y mean to give an au?ority claim$ by two ( _! organs4 ,& x has be5 ! peculi> wisdom & felicity ( our con/itution1 to h provid$ ?is peaceable appeal1 :]e t ( o!r nations is at once to =ce4 ,i rejoice 9 ! example y set ( s]iatim op9ions4 ,i h he>d x (t5 notic$1 & always ) high approbation4 ,"s ( y\r bre?r5 w be enc\rag$ to foll[ x occasionally1 & 9 "t1 x may be felt by all z a duty1 & ! s\nd practice ( ! primitive c\rt be aga9 re/or$4 ,:y %\ld n e judge be ask$ 8 op9ion1 & give x f ! b5*1 if only by yea or nay8 ,besides asc]ta9+ ! fact ( 8 op9ion1 :i* ! public h a "r to "k1 9 ord] to judge :e!r x is impea*able or n1 x w\ld %[ :e!r ! op9ions 7 unanim\s or n1 & ?us settle m exactly ! weight ( _! au?ority4 ,! close ( my second %eet w>ns me t x is "t n[ to relieve y f ?is lett] ( unm]ciful l5g?4 ,inde$1 ,i wond] h[ ,i h accompli%$ x1 ) two crippl$ wri/s1 ! "o sc>cely able to move my p51 ! o!r to hold my pap]4 ,b ,i am hurri$ sometimes beyond ! s5se ( pa91 :5 unbosom+ myself to fri5ds :o h>monize ) me 9 pr9ciple4 ,y & ,i may diff] occasionally 9 details ( m9or consequ5ce1 z no two m9ds1 m ?an two faces1 are ! same 9 e feature4 ,b our g5]al objects are ! same1 to pres]ve ! republican =m & pr9ciples ( our con/itution & cleave to ! salut>y di/ribution ( p[]s :i* t has e/abli%$4 ,^! are ! two %eet an*ors ( our ,union4 ,if driv5 f ei!r1 we %all be 9 dang] ( f\nd]+4 ,to my pray]s = its safety & p]petuity1 ,i add ^? = ! cont9uation ( y\r heal?1 happ9ess1 & usefulness to y\r c\ntry4 ,,to ,,presid5t ,,monroe4 ,,monticello1 ,june #bc1 #ahbc4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i h be5 lately visit$ by a ,mr4 ,miralla1 a native ( ,bu5os ,ayres1 b resid5t 9 ,cuba = ! la/ sev5 or eight ye>s2 a p]son ( intellig5ce1 ( mu* in=mation1 & frankly communicative4 ,i believe1 inde$1 he is kn[n to y4 ,i avail$ myself ( ! opportunity ( le>n+ :at 0 ! /ate ( public s5tim5t 9 ,cuba z to _! future c\rse4 ,he says !y w\ld be satisfi$ to rema9 z !y are2 b all are s5sible t t _c be2 t :5ev] circum/ances %all r5d] a sep>ation f ,spa9 necess>y1 a p]fect indep5d5ce w\ld be _! *oice1 provid$ !y c\ld see a c]ta9ty ( protection2 b t1 )\t t prospect1 !y w\ld be divid$ 9 op9ion betwe5 an incorporation ) ,mexico1 & ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates4--,columbia be+ too remote = prompt support4 ,! consid]ations 9 favor ( ,mexico are t ! ,havana w\ld be ! emporium = all ! produce ( t imm5se & weal?y c\ntry1 & ( c\rse1 ! m$ium ( all its comm]ce2 t hav+ no ports on its ea/]n coa/1 ,cuba w\ld become ! dept ( its naval /ores & /r5g?1 &1 9 effect1 w\ld1 9 a great measure1 h ! s9ews ( ! gov]nm5t 9 its h&s4 ,t 9 favor ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! fact t ?ree-f\r?s ( ! exportations f ,havana come to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 t !y are a settl$ gov]nm5t1 ! p[] :i* c mo/ promptly succor !m1 ris+ to an em95ce promis+ future security2 & ( :i* !y w\ld make a memb] ( ! sov]eignty1 :ile z to ,engl&1 !y w\ld be only a colony1 subord9at$ to h] int]e/1 & t !re is n a man 9 ! isl& :o w\ld n resi/ h] to ! bitt]e/ extremity4 ,( ?is la/ s5tim5t ,i _h n ! lea/ idea at ! date ( my late lett]s to y4 ,i _h suppos$ an ,engli% int]e/ !re q z /rong z t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & !re=e1 t1 to avoid w>1 & keep ! isl& op5 to our own comm]ce1 x w\ld be be/ to jo9 t p[] 9 mutually gu>antee+ its indep5d5ce4 ,b if !re is no dang] ( its fall+ into ! possession ( ,engl&1 ,i mu/ retract an op9ion f\nd$ on an error ( fact4 ,we are surely "u no obligation to give h]1 gratis1 an int]e/ :i* %e has n2 & ! :ole inhabitants be+ av]se to h]1 & ! climate mortal to /rang]s1 its cont9u$ milit>y occupation by h] w\ld be impracticable4 ,x is bett] !n to lie /ill 9 read9ess to receive t int]e/+ incorporation :5 solicit$ by h]self4 ,=1 c]ta9ly1 h] addition to our conf$]acy is exactly :at is want+ to r\nd our p[] z a nation to ! po9t ( its utmo/ int]e/4 ,i h ?\ght x my duty to ackn[l$ge my error on ?is occasion1 & to repeat a tru? be=e ackn[l$g$1 t1 retir$ z ,i am1 ,i "k too little ( ! affairs ( ! _w to =m op9ions ( !m wor?y ( any att5tion2 & ,i resign myself ) reason1 & p]fect confid5ce to ! c>e & guidance ( ^? to :om ! helm is committ$4 ,) ?is assurance1 accept t ( my con/ant & affectionate fri5d%ip & respect4 ,,to ,,george ,,ticknor4 ,,monticello1 ,july #af1 #ahbc4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i receiv$ 9 due "t y\r favor ( ,june #af?1 & ) x y\r ,syllabus ( lectures on ,spani% lit]ature4 ,i h consid]$ ?is ) great int]e/ & satisfaction1 z x gives me a model ( c\rse ,i wi% to see pursu$ 9 ! diff]5t bran*es ( in/ruction 9 our ,univ]sity1 i4 e4 a me?odical1 critical1 & pr(\nd explanation by way ( protection ( e sci5ce we propose to tea*4 ,i am n fully in=m$ ( ! practices at ,h>v>d1 b !re is "o f :i* we %all c]ta9ly v>y1 al?\gh x has be5 copi$1 ,i believe1 by ne>ly e college & academy 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,t is1 ! hold+ ! /ud5ts all to "o prescrib$ c\rse ( read+1 & disall[+ exclusive application to ^? bran*es only :i* are to qualify !m = ! p>ticul> vocations to :i* !y are de/9$4 ,we %all1 on ! contr>y1 all[ !m uncontroll$ *oice 9 ! lectures !y %all *oose to att5d1 & require elem5t>y qualification only1 & suffici5t age4 ,our in/itution w proce$ on ! pr9ciple ( do+ all ! good x c )\t consult+ its own pride or ambition2 ( lett+ e "o come & li/5 to :atev] he ?9ks may improve ! condition ( 8 m9d4 ,! rock :i* ,i mo/ dread is ! discipl9e ( ! in/itution1 & x is t on :i* mo/ ( our public s*ools labor4 ,! insubord9ation ( our y\? is n[ ! greate/ ob/acle to _! education4 ,we may less5 ! difficulty1 p]haps1 by avoid+ too mu* gov]nm5t1 by requir+ no useless obs]vances1 none :i* %all m]ely multiply occasions = dissatisfaction1 disob$i5ce & revolt by ref]r+ to ! m discreet ( !mselves ! m9or discipl9e1 ! grav] to ! civil magi/rates1 z 9 ,ed9burg4 ,on ?is head ,i am anxi\s = in=mation ( ! practices ( o!r places1 hav+ myself _h little exp]i5ce ( ! gov]nm5t ( y\?4 ,i presume !re are pr9t$ codes ( ! rules ( ,h>v>d1 & if s1 y w\ld oblige me by s5d+ me a copy1 & ( ^? ( any o!r academy :i* y ?9k c furni% any?+ useful4 ,y flatt] me ) a visit z soon z y le>n t ! ,univ]sity is fairly op5$4 ,a visit f y at any "t w be ! mo/ welcome possible to all our family1 :o rememb] ) peculi> satisfaction ! pleasure !y receiv$ f y\r =m] "o4 ,b 7 ,i all[$ to "n ! "t1 x %\ld n be def]r$ beyond ! autumn ( ! ensu+ ye>4 ,our la/ build+1 & t :i* w be ! pr9cipal ornam5t & key/one1 giv+ unity to ! :ole1 w !n be ne>ly f9i%$1 & af=d y a gratification comp5sat+ ! tr\ble ( ! j\rney4 ,we %all !n1 also1 be engag$ 9 our code ( regulations prep>atory to our op5+1 :i* may1 p]haps1 take place 9 ! beg9n+ ( #ahbe4 ,!re is no p]son f ^: in=mation ( ! ,european in/itutions1 & especially _! discipl9e1 ,i %\ld expect s mu* aid 9 t difficult "w4 ,come1 !n1 de> ,sir1 at t1 or any e>li] epo*1 & give to our in/itution ! b5efit ( y\r c\nsel4 ,i "k t y sc\t1 z ,i d1 ! idea ( any rival%ip4 ,our views are ,ca?olic = ! improvem5t ( our c\ntry by sci5ce1 & inde$1 x is bett] ev5 = y\r own ,univ]sity to h its yoke nat at ?is di/ance1 r ?an to =ce a ne>] "o f ! increas+ necessity = x4 ,& h[ long be=e we may expect o!rs 9 ! s\!rn1 we/]n1 & middle regions ( ?is va/ c\ntry8 ,i s5d y by mail a pr9t ( ! gr\nd-plan ( our in/itution2 x may give y "s idea ( its di/ribution & conv5i5ces1 b n ( its ar*itecture1 :i* be+ *a/ely classical1 con/itutes "o ( its di/+ui%+ *>act]s4 ,i am mu* indebt$ = y\r k9d att5tions to ,mr4 ,h>rison2 he is a y\? ( promise4 ,i c\ld n d5y myself ! gratification ( communicat+ to 8 fa!r ! "p ( y\r lett] respect+ him4 ,our family all jo9 me 9 assurances ( our fri5dly e/eem & great respect4 ,,john ,,adams ,,to ,,?omas ,,jeff]son4 ,,qu9cy1 ,augu/ #ae1 #ahbc4 ,wat*man1 :at ( ! night8 ,is d>kness t may be felt1 to prevail ov] ! :ole _w8 or c y p]ceive any rays ( a return+ dawn8 ,is ! devil to be ! ,"l's ano9t$ ov] ! :ole globe8 or d y =esee ! fulfilm5t ( ! prophecies accord+ to ,dr4 ,prie/ley's int]pretation ( !m8 ,i "k n1 b ,i h 9 "s ( my famili>1 & frivol\s lett]s to y1 told ! /ory f\r times ov]2 b if ,i h1 ,i nev] appli$ x s well z n[4 ,n long aft] ! d5\em5t ( ! trag$y ( ,l\is ,,xvi1 :5 ,i 0 ,vice-,presid5t1 my fri5d ! ,doctor came to breakfa/ ) me alone2 he 0 v sociable1 v le>n$ & eloqu5t1 on ! subject ( ! ,fr5* revolution4 ,x 0 op5+ a new era 9 ! _w1 & pres5t+ a ne> view ( ! mill5nium4 ,i li/5$2 ,i he>d ) great att5tion & p]fect sang froid4 ,at la/ ,i ask$ ! ,doctor4 ,d y really believe ! ,fr5* w e/abli% a free democratical gov]nm5t 9 ,france8 ,he answ]$3 ,i d firmly believe x4 ,w y give me leave to ask y ^u :at gr\nds y ent]ta9 ?is op9ion8 ,is x f any?+ y ev] read 9 hi/ory8 ,is !re any in/ance ( a ,roman ,ca?olic mon>*y ( five & tw5ty millions at once conv]t$ into a free & national p8 ,no4 ,i "k ( no in/ance l x4 ,is !re any?+ 9 y\r k ( human nature1 d]iv$ f books1 or exp]i5ce1 t any nation1 anci5t or mod]n1 consi/+ ( su* multitudes ( ignorant p1 ev] 71 or ev] c be conv]t$ sudd5ly into mat]ials capable ( conduct+ a free gov]nm5t1 especially a democratical republic8 ,no--,i "k no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,well !n1 ,sir1 :at is ! gr\nd ( y\r op9ion8 ,! answ] 01 my op9ion is f\nd$ altoge!r ^u revelation1 & ! prophecies4 ,i take x t ! t5 horns ( ! great bea/ 9 revelations1 mean ! t5 cr[n$ heads ( ,europe2 & t ! execution ( ! ,k+ ( ,france1 is ! fall+ (f ( ! fir/ ( ^? horns2 & ! n9e mon>*ies ( ,europe w fall "o aft] ano!r 9 ! same way4 ,su* 0 ! en?usiasm ( t great man1 t reason+ ma*9e4 ,aft] all1 h[ev]1 he did recollect himself s f> z to say3 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a possibility ( d\bt2 = ,i read ye/]day a book put into my h&s1 by a g5tleman1 a volume ( travels writt5 by a ,fr5* g5tleman 9 #afei2 9 :i* he says he _h be5 travell+ a :ole ye> 9 ,engl&2 into e "p ( x1 & conv]s$ freely ) all ranks ( p2 he f\nd ! :ole nation e>ne/ly engag$ 9 discuss+ & contriv+ a =m ( gov]nm5t = _! future regulations2 !re 0 b "o po9t 9 :i* !y all agre$1 & 9 t !y 7 unanim\s3 t mon>*y1 nobility1 & prelacy nev] w\ld exi/ 9 ,engl& aga94 ,! ,doctor paus$2 & said3 ,yet1 9 ! v next ye>1 ! :ole nation call$ 9 ! ,k+ & run mad ) nobility1 mon>*y1 & prelacy4 ,i am no ,k+ kill]2 m]ely because !y are ,k+s4 ,poor creatures2 !y "k no bett]2 !y believe s9c]ely & consci5ti\sly t ,god made !m to rule ! _w4 ,i w\ld n1 !re=e1 behead !m1 or s5d !m to ,/4 ,hel5a1 to be treat$ z ,bonap>te 02 b ,i w\ld %ut !m up l ! man 9 ! iron mask2 fe$ !m well1 give !m z mu* f9]y z !y pleas$1 until !y c\ld be conv]t$ to "r reason & common s5se4 ,i h no?+ to communicate f ?is "p ( ! c\ntry1 except t y mu/ n be surpris$ if y he> some?+ wond]ful 9 ,bo/on be=e long4 ,) my pr(\nd respects = y\r family1 & half a c5tury's affection = y\rself1 ,i am y\r humble s]vant4 ,,to ,,james ,,madison4 ,,monticello1 ,augu/ #cj1 #ahbc4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i receiv$ ! enclos$ lett]s f ! ,presid5t ) a reque/1 t aft] p]usal ,i w\ld =w>d !m to y = p]usal by y\rself also1 & to be return$ !n to him4 ,y h d\btless se5 ,timo?y ,pick]+s' f\r? ( ,july obs]vations on ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,if 8 pr9ciples & prejudices1 p]sonal & political1 gave u no reason to d\bt :e!r he _h truly quot$ ! in=mation he alleges to h receiv$ f ,mr4 ,adams1 ,i %\ld !n say1 t 9 "s ( ! p>ticul>s1 ,mr4 ,adams' memory has l$ him into unque/ionable error4 ,at ! age ( eighty-eight1 & =ty-sev5 ye>s aft] ! transactions ( ,indep5d5ce1 ?is is n wond]ful4 ,nor %\ld ,i1 at ! age ( eighty1 on ! small advantage ( t diff]5ce only1 v5ture to oppose my memory to 81 7 x n support$ by writt5 notes1 tak5 by myself at ! mom5t & on ! spot4 ,he says1 ! committee ( five1 to wit1 ,dr4 ,frankl91 ,%]man1 ,liv+/on1 & ourselves1 met1 discuss$ ! subject1 & !n appo9t$ him & myself to make ! draught2 t we1 z a sub-committee1 met1 & aft] ! urg5cies ( ea* on ! o!r1 ,i cons5t$ to und]take ! task2 t ! draught be+ made1 we1 ! sub-committee1 met1 & conn$ ! pap] ov]1 & he does n rememb] t he made or sugge/$ a s+le alt]ation4 ,n[ ^! details are q incorrect4 ,! committee ( five met2 no su* ?+ z a sub-committee 0 propos$1 b !y unanim\sly press$ on myself alone to und]take ! draught4 ,i cons5t$2 ,i drew x2 b be=e ,i report$ x to ! committee1 ,i communicat$ x sep>ately to ,dr4 ,frankl9 & ,mr4 ,adams1 reque/+ _! corrections1 because !y 7 ! two memb]s ( ^: judgm5ts & am5dm5ts ,i wi%$ mo/ to h ! b5efit1 be=e pres5t+ x to ! committee2 & y h se5 ! orig9al pap] n[ 9 my h&s1 ) ! corrections ( ,dr4 ,frankl9 & ,mr4 ,adams int]l9$ 9 _! own h& writ+s4 ,_! alt]ations 7 two or ?ree only1 & m]ely v]bal4 ,i !n wrote a fair copy1 report$ x to ! committee1 & f !m1 unalt]$1 to ,congress4 ,?is p]sonal communication & consultation ) ,mr4 ,adams1 he has misrememb]$ into ! act+s ( a sub-committee4 ,pick]+'s obs]vations1 & ,mr4 ,adams' 9 addition1 t x conta9$ no new ideas1 t x is a common-place compilation1 its s5tim5ts hackney$ 9 ,congress = two ye>s be=e1 & its ess5ce conta9$ 9 ,otis' pamphlet1 may all be true4 ,( t ,i am n to be ! judge4 ,ri*>d ,h5ry ,lee *>g$ x z copi$ f ,locke's treatise on gov]nm5t4 ,otis' pamphlet ,i nev] saw1 & :e!r ,i _h ga!r$ my ideas f read+ or reflection ,i d n "k4 ,i "k only t ,i turn$ to nei!r book nor pamphlet :ile writ+ x4 ,i did n consid] x z any "p ( my *>ge to inv5t new ideas altoge!r1 & to (f] no s5tim5t :i* _h ev] be5 express$ be=e4 ,_h ,mr4 ,adams be5 s re/ra9$1 ,congress w\ld h lo/ ! b5efit ( 8 bold & impressive advocations ( ! rights ( ,revolution4 ,= no man's confid5t & f]vid addresses1 m ?an ,mr4 ,adams'1 enc\rag$ & support$ u ?r\gh ! difficulties surr\nd+ u1 :i*1 l ! ceaseless action ( gravity weigh$ on u by night & by day4 ,yet1 on ! same gr\nd1 we may ask :at ( ^! elevat$ ?\ghts 0 new1 or c be affirm$ nev] be=e to h ent]$ ! conceptions ( man8 ,:e!r1 also1 ! s5tim5ts ( ,indep5d5ce1 & ! reasons = decl>+ x1 :i* make s great a portion ( ! in/rum5t1 _h be5 hackney$ 9 ,congress = two ye>s be=e ! #d? ( ,july1 '#gf1 or ?is dictum also ( ,mr4 ,adams be ano!r slip ( memory1 let hi/ory say4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 ,i w say = ,mr4 ,adams1 t he support$ ! ,decl>ation ) zeal & ability1 fight+ fe>lessly = e ^w ( x4 ,z to myself1 ,i ?\ght x a duty to be1 on t occasion1 a passive auditor ( ! op9ions ( o!rs1 m imp>tial judges ?an ,i c\ld be1 ( its m]its or dem]its4 ,dur+ ! debate ,i 0 sitt+ by ,doctor ,frankl91 & he obs]v$ t ,i 0 wri?+ a little "u ! acrimoni\s criticisms on "s ( its p>ts2 & x 0 on t occasion1 t by way ( com=t1 he told me ! /ory ( ,john ,?ompson1 ! hatt]1 & 8 new sign4 ,timo?y ?9ks ! in/rum5t ! bett] = hav+ a f\r? ( x expung$4 ,he w\ld h ?\ght x /ill bett]1 _h ! o!r ?ree-f\r?s gone out also1 all b ! s+le s5tim5t 7! only "o he approves71 :i* recomm5ds fri5d%ip to 8 de> ,engl&1 :5ev] %e is will+ to be at peace ) u4 ,8 ins9uations are1 t al?\gh ! high tone ( ! in/rum5t 0 9 unison ) ! w>m feel+s ( ! times1 ?is s5tim5t ( habitual fri5d%ip to ,engl& %\ld nev] be =gott51 & t ! duties x enjo9s %\ld especially be borne 9 m9d on e celebration ( ?is anniv]s>y4 ,9 o!r words1 t ! ,decl>ation1 z be+ a libel on ! gov]nm5t ( ,engl&1 compos$ 9 times ( passion1 %\ld n[ be buri$ 9 utt] oblivion1 to sp>e ! feel+s ( our ,engli% fri5ds & ,angloman fell[-citiz5s4 ,b x is n to w\nd !m t we wi% to keep x 9 m9d2 b to *]i% ! pr9ciples ( ! in/rum5t 9 ! bosoms ( our own citiz5s3 & x is a heav5ly com=t to see t ^! pr9ciples are yet s /rongly felt1 z to r5d] a circum/ance s trifl+ z ?is little lapse ( memory ( ,mr4 ,adams'1 wor?y ( be+ solemnly ann\nc$ & support$ at an anniv]s>y assemblage ( ! nation on its bir?day4 ,9 opposition1 h[ev]1 to ,mr4 ,pick]+1 ,i pray ,god t ^! pr9ciples may be et]nal1 & close ! pray] ) my affectionate wi%es = y\rself ( long life1 heal? & happ9ess4 ,,to ,,john ,,adams4 ,,monticello1 ,septemb] #d1 #ahbc4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,y\r lett] ( ,augu/ ! #ae? 0 receiv$ 9 due "t1 & ) ! welcome ( ev]y?+ :i* comes f y4 ,) its op9ions on ! difficulties ( revolutions f despotism to fre$om1 ,i v mu* concur4 ,! g5]ation :i* comm5ces a revolution r>ely completes x4 ,habituat$ f _! infancy to passive submission ( body & m9d to _! k+s & prie/s1 !y are n qualifi$ :5 call$ on to ?9k & provide = !mselves2 & _! inexp]i5ce1 _! ignorance & bigotry make !m in/rum5ts (t51 9 ! h&s ( ! ,bonap>tes & ,iturbides1 to defeat _! own rights & purposes4 ,?is is ! pres5t situation ( ,europe & ,spani% ,am]ica4 ,b x is n desp]ate4 ,! light :i* has be5 %$ on mank9d by ! art ( pr9t+1 has em95tly *ang$ ! condition ( ! _w4 ,z yet1 t light has dawn$ on ! middl+ classes only ( ! m5 9 ,europe4 ,! k+s & ! rabble1 ( equal ignorance1 h n yet receiv$ its rays2 b x cont9ues to spread1 & :ile pr9t+ is pres]v$1 x c no m rec$e ?an ! sun return on 8 c\rse4 ,a fir/ attempt to recov] ! "r ( self-gov]nm5t may fail1 s may a second1 a ?ird1 c4 ,b z a y\ng] & m in/ruct$ race comes on1 ! s5tim5t becomes m & m intuitive1 & a f\r?1 a fif?1 or "s subsequ5t "o ( ! ev] r5ew$ attempts w ultimately succe$4 ,9 ,france1 ! fir/ ef=t 0 defeat$ by ,robespi]re1 ! second by ,bonap>te1 ! ?ird by ,l\is ,,xviii4 & 8 holy allies3 ano!r is yet to come1 & all ,europe1 ,russia except$1 has caught ! _s2 & all w atta9 repres5tative gov]nm5t1 m or less p]fect4 ,?is is n[ well und]/ood to be a necess>y *eck on k+s1 :om !y w probably ?9k x m prud5t to *a9 & tame1 ?an to ext]m9ate4 ,to atta9 all ?is1 h[ev]1 riv]s ( blood mu/ yet fl[1 & ye>s ( desolation pass ov]2 yet ! object is wor? riv]s ( blood1 & ye>s ( desolation4 ,= :at inh]itance s valuable1 c man leave to 8 po/]ity8 ,! _s ( ! ,spani>d1 & 8 deadly & et]nal hatr$ to a ,fr5*man1 give me mu* confid5ce t he w nev] submit1 b f9ally defeat ?is atroci\s violation ( ! laws ( ,god & man1 "u :i* he is suff]+2 & ! wisdom & firmness ( ! ,cortes1 af=d reasonable hope1 t t nation w settle d[n 9 a temp]ate repres5tative gov]nm5t1 ) an executive prop]ly subord9at$ to t4 ,portugal1 ,italy1 ,prussia1 ,g]many1 ,greece1 w foll[ suit4 ,y & ,i %all look d[n f ano!r _w on ^! glori\s a*ievem5ts to man1 :i* w add to ! joys ev5 ( heav54 ,i obs]ve y\r toa/ ( ,mr4 ,jay on ! #d? ( ,july1 :]e9 y say t ! omission ( 8 signature to ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce 0 by accid5t4 ,our impressions z to ?is fact be+ diff]5t1 ,i %all be glad to h m9e correct$1 if wrong4 ,jay1 y "k1 _h be5 9 con/ant opposition to our labor+ majority4 ,our e/imate at ! "t 01 t he1 ,dick9son & ,johnson ( ,m>yl&1 by _! +5uity1 p]sev]ance & p>tiality to our ,engli% connection1 _h con/antly kept u a ye> beh9d :]e we ought to h be5 9 our prep>ations & proce$+s4 ,f ab\t ! date ( ! ,virg9ia in/ructions ( ,may ! #ae?1 #aggf1 to decl>e ,indep5d5ce1 ,mr4 ,jay abs5t$ himself f ,congress1 & nev] came !re aga9 until ,decemb]1 #aggh4 ,( c\rse1 he _h no "p 9 ! discussions or decision ( t "q4 ,! in/ructions to _! ,delegates by ! ,conv5tion ( ,new ,york1 !n sitt+1 to sign ! ,decl>ation1 7 pres5t$ to ,congress on ! #ae? ( ,july only1 & on t day ! j\rnals %[ ! abs5ce ( ,mr4 ,jay1 by a lett] receiv$ f him1 z !y _h done z e>ly z ! #bi? ( ,may by ano!r lett]4 ,& ,i ?9k he _h be5 omitt$ by ! conv5tion on a new election ( ,delegates1 :5 !y *ang$ _! in/ructions4 ,( ?is la/ fact1 h[ev]1 hav+ no evid5ce b an anci5t impression1 ,i %all n affirm x4 ,b :e!r s or n1 no ag5cy ( accid5t appe>s 9 ! case4 ,?is error ( fact1 h[ev]1 :e!r y\rs or m9e1 is ( little consequ5ce to ! public4 ,b tru? be+ z *eap z error1 x is z well to rectify x = our own satisfaction4 ,i h _h a fev] ( ab\t ?ree weeks1 dur+ ! la/ & prec$+ mon?1 f :i* ,i am entirely recov]$ except z to /r5g?4 ,,to ,,william ,,%ort4 ,,monticello1 ,septemb] #h1 #ahbc4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,y\r favor ( ,july #bh?1 f ,avon1 came to h& on ! #aj? ( ,augu/1 & ,i h delay$ answ]+ x on ! presumption ( y\r cont9u$ abs5ce1 b ! approa* ( ! season ( fro/ 9 t region has probably be=e ?is "t turn$ y ab\t to ! s\?4 ,i readily conceive t by ! "t ( y\r return to ,philadelphia1 y w h _h travell+ en\gh = ! pres5t1 & !re=e acquiesce 9 y\r proposition to give u ! next season4 ,y\r own conv5i5ce is a suffici5t reason1 & an auxili>y "o is t we %all !n h m = y to see & approve4 ,by t "t1 our rotunda1 7! walls ( :i* w be f9i%$ ?is mon?7 w h receiv$ its ro(1 & w %[ itself ext]nally to "s advantage4 ,its columns only w be want+1 z !y mu/ await _! capitals f ,italy4 ,we h j receiv$ f !nce1 & are n[ putt+ up1 ! m>ble capitals ( ! build+s we h already erect$1 :i* completes our :ole sy/em1 except ! rotunda & its adjac5t gymnasia4 ,all are n[ ready to receive _! occupants1 & %\ld ! legislature1 at _! next session1 lib]ate our funds z is hop$1 we %all ask b "o ye> m to procure our pr(essors1 = mo/ ( :om we mu/ g to ,europe4 ,9 y\r sub/itution ( ,monticello in/ead ( y\r annual visit to ,black ,rock1 ,i w engage y equal heal?1 & a m g5ial & pleasant climate2 b in/ead ( ! flitt+1 flirt+1 & gay assemblage ( t place1 y mu/ be cont5t$ ) ! pla9 & sob] family & neighborly society1 ) ! assurance t y %all he> no wrangl+ ab\t ! next presid5t1 al?\gh ! excitem5t on t subject w !n be at its acme4 ,num]\s h be5 ! attempts to entangle me 9 t imbroglio4 ,b at ! age ( eighty1 ,i seek quiet & abjure cont5tion4 ,i read b a s+le newspap]1 ,rit*ie's ,enquir]1 ! be/ t is publi%$ or ev] has be5 publi%$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,yon %\ld read x also1 to keep y\rself au fait ( y\r own ,/ate1 = we /ill claim y z belong+ to u4 ,a city life (f]s y inde$ m means ( dissipat+ "t1 b m frequ5t1 also1 & m pa9ful objects ( vice & wret*$ness4 ,new ,york1 = example1 l ,london1 seems to be a ,cloac9a ( all ! depravities ( human nature4 ,philadelphia d\btless has its %>e4 ,"h1 on ! contr>y1 crime is sc>cely he>d (1 brea*es ( ord] r>e1 & our societies1 if n ref9$1 are rational1 moral1 & affectionate at lea/4 ,our only blot is becom+ less (f5sive by ! great improvem5t 9 ! condition & civilization ( t race1 :o c n[ m advantage\sly comp>e _! situation ) t ( ! labor]s ( ,europe4 ,/ill x is a hide\s blot1 z well f ! het]omorph peculi>ities ( ! race1 z t1 ) !m1 physical compulsion to action mu/ be sub/itut$ = ! moral necessity :i* con/ra9s ! free labor]s to "w equally h>d4 ,we feel & deplore x morally & politically1 & we look )\t entire despair to "s r$eem+ means n yet specifically =ese54 ,i am happy 9 believ+ t ! conviction ( ! necessity ( remov+ ?is evil ga9s gr\nd ) "t4 ,_! emigration to ! we/w>d light5s ! difficulty by divid+ x1 & r5d]s x m practicable on ! :ole4 ,& ! neighborhood ( a gov]nm5t ( _! color promises a m accessible asylum ?an t f :5ce !y came4 ,ev] & affectionately y\rs4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,?omas ,,e>le4 ,,monticello1 ,septemb] #bd1 #ahbc4 ,,sir1--,y\r lett] ( ,augu/ #bh?1 ) ! pamphlet accompany+ x1 0 n receiv$ until ! #ah? in/ant4 ,t our ,creator made ! e>? = ! use ( ! liv+ & n ( ! dead2 t ^? :o exi/ n c h no use nor "r 9 x1 no au?ority or p[] ov] x2 t "o g5]ation ( m5 _c =eclose or bur!n its use to ano!r1 :i* comes to x 9 its own "r & by ! same div9e b5efic5ce2 t a prec$+ g5]ation _c b9d a succe$+ "o by its laws or contracts2 ^! d]iv+ _! obligation f ! w ( ! exi/+ majority1 & t majority be+ remov$ by dea?1 ano!r comes 9 its place ) a w equally free to make its own laws & contracts2 ^! are axioms s self-evid5t t no explanation c make !m pla9]2 = he is n to be reason$ ) :o says t non-exi/5ce c control exi/5ce1 or t no?+ c move some?+4 ,!y are axioms also pregnant ) salut>y consequ5ces4 ,! laws ( civil society inde$ = ! enc\ragem5t ( indu/ry1 give ! prop]ty ( ! p>5t to 8 family on 8 dea?1 & 9 mo/ civiliz$ c\ntries p]mit him ev5 to give x1 by te/am5t1 to :om he pleases4 ,& x is also f\nd m conv5i5t to suff] ! laws ( our pr$ecessors to /& on our impli$ ass5t1 z if positively re-enact$1 until ! exi/+ majority positively repeals !m4 ,b ?is does n less5 ! "r ( t majority to repeal :5ev] a *ange ( circum/ances or ( w calls = x4 ,habit alone conf\nds :at is civil practice ) natural "r4 ,on ! m]its ( ! pamphlet ,i say no?+ ( c\rse2 hav+ f\nd x necess>y to decl9e giv+ op9ions on books ev5 :5 desir$4 ,= ! functions ( a review]1 ,i h nei!r "t1 tal5t1 nor incl9ation1 & ,i tru/ t on reflection y\r indulg5ce w n ?9k unreasonable my unwill+ness to emb>k 9 an (fice ( s little enticem5t4 ,) my ?anks = ! pamphlet1 be pleas$ to accept ! assurance ( my great respect4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,hugh ,p4 ,,taylor4 ,,monticello1 ,octob] #d1 #ahbc4 ,,sir1--,y mu/1 ,i ?9k1 h some:at misund]/ood :at ,i may h said to y z to manuscripts 9 my possession relat+ to ! antiquities1 & p>ticul>ly ! ,indian antiquities ( our c\ntry4 ,! only manuscripts ,i n[ possess are "s folio volumes1 two ( ^! are ! proce$+s ( ! ,virg9ia ,company 9 ,engl&2 ! rema9+ f\r are ( ! ,records ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,virg9ia f #afbb to #agjj4 ,! acc\nt ( ! two fir/ volumes y w see 9 ! preface to ,/i?'s ,hi/ory ( ,virg9ia4 ,!y conta9 ! records ( ! ,virg9ia company1 copi$ f ! orig9als1 "u ! eye1 if ,i recollect rightly1 ( ! ,e>l ( ,s\?ampton1 a memb] ( ! company1 b\ght at ! sale ( 8 libr>y by ,doctor ,byrd1 ( ,we/ov]1 & sold ) t libr>y to ,isaac ,zane4 ,^! volumes happ5$ at ! "t ( ! sale1 to h be5 borr[$ by ,colonel ,r4 ,bl&1 ^: libr>y ,i b\ght1 & ) ?is1 !y 7 s5t to me4 ,i gave notice ( x to ,mr4 ,zane1 b he nev] reclaim$ !m4 ,i %all deposit !m 9 ! libr>y ( ! univ]sity1 :]e !y w be mo/ likely to be pres]v$ ) c>e4 ,! o!r f\r volumes1 ,i am confid5t1 are ! orig9al (fice records ( ! c\ncil4 ,my conjectures are t :5 ,sr4 ,john ,r&olph 0 ab\t to beg9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,virg9ia :i* he meant to write1 he borr[$ ^! volumes f ! c\ncil (fice1 to collect f !m mat]ials = 8 "w4 ,he di$ be=e he _h made any progress 9 t "w1 & !y rema9$ 9 8 libr>y1 probably unobs]v$1 dur+ ! :ole life ( ! late ,peyton ,r&olph1 8 son2 f 8 executors ,i pur*as$ 8 libr>y 9 a lump1 & ^! volumes 7 s5t to me z a "p ( x4 ,i f\nd ! leaves s rott5 z (t5 to crumble into du/ on be+ h&l$2 ,i b\nd !m1 !re=e1 toge!r1 t !y might n be unnecess>ily op5$1 & h ?us pres]v$ !m =ty-sev5 ye>s4 ,if my conjectures are "r1 !y mu/ h be5 out ( ! public (fice ab\t eighty ye>s4 ,i %all deposit !m also ) ! o!rs 9 ! same libr>y ( ! univ]sity1 :]e !y w be saf] f injury ?an 9 a public (fice4 ,i h promis$1 h[ev]1 to tru/ !m to ,mr4 ,h5+1 if he w copy & publi% !m :5 he %all h f9i%$ 8 collection ( ! laws4 ,= ?is he is peculi>ly qualifi$1 z well by 8 dilig5ce z by 8 famili>ity ) our anci5t manuscript *>act]s1 a famili>ity v necess>y = decyph]+ ^! volumes4 ,i agree ) y t x is ! duty ( e good citiz5 to use all ! opportunities :i* occur to him1 = pres]v+ docum5ts relat+ to ! hi/ory ( our c\ntry4 ,t ,i h n be5 remiss 9 ?is :ile ,i _h y\?1 heal?1 & opportunity1 is prov$ o!rwise1 z well z by ! mat]ials ,i furni%$ t[>ds ,mr4 ,h5+'s invaluable collection ( ! laws ( our c\ntry2 b !re is a "t1 & t "t is come ) me1 :5 ^! duties are no m1 :5 age & ! wane ( m9d & memory1 & ! feebl5ess ( ! p[]s ( life pass !m ov] z a legacy to y\ng] h&s4 ,i write n[ sl[ly1 labori\sly1 pa9fully4 ,i am oblig$1 !re=e1 to decl9e all correspond5ce :i* "s moral duty does n urg5tly call on me to answ]4 ,i always tru/ t ^? :o write !m w read _! answ] 9 my age & sil5ce1 & see 9 ^! a manife/ation t ,i am done ) writ+ lett]s4 ,i am sorry1 !re=e1 t ,i am n able to give any aid to ! "w y contemplate1 o!r ?an my be/ wi%es = its success1 & to ^! ,i add ! assurance ( my great respect4 ,,to ,,john ,,adams4 ,,monticello1 ,octob] #ab1 #ahbc4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i d n write ) ! ease :i* y\r lett] ( ,septemb] ! #ah? supposes4 ,crippl$ wri/s & f+]s make writ+ sl[ & labori\s4 ,b :ile writ+ to y1 ,i lose ! s5se ( ^! ?+s 9 ! recollection ( anci5t times1 :5 y\? & heal? made happ9ess out ( ev]y?+4 ,i =get = a :ile ! ho>y w9t] ( age1 :5 we c ?9k ( no?+ b h[ to keep ourselves w>m1 & h[ to get rid ( our heavy h\rs until ! fri5dly h& ( dea? %all rid u ( all at once4 ,aga9/ ?is t$ium vit1 h[ev]1 ,i am =tunately m\nt$ on a hobby1 :i*1 inde$1 ,i %\ld h bett] manag$ "s ?irty or =ty ye>s ago2 b ^: easy amble is /ill suffici5t to give ex]cise & amusem5t to an octog5>y rid]4 ,?is is ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,univ]sity1 on a scale m compreh5sive1 & 9 a c\ntry m heal?y & c5tral ?an our old ,william & ,m>y1 :i* ^! ob/acles h long kept 9 a /ate ( languor & ineffici5cy4 ,b ! t>d9ess ) :i* su* works proce$1 may r5d] x d\btful :e!r ,i %all live to see x g into action4 ,putt+ aside ^! ?+s1 h[ev]1 = ! pres5t1 ,i write ?is lett] z due to a fri5d%ip coeval ) our gov]nm5t1 & n[ attempt$ to be poison$1 :5 too late 9 life to be replac$ by new affections4 ,i _h = sometime obs]v$ 9 ! public pap]s1 d>k h9ts & my/]i\s innu5dos ( a correspond5ce ( y\rs ) a fri5d1 to :om y _h op5$ y\r bosom )\t res]ve1 & :i* 0 to be made public by t fri5d or 8 repres5tative4 ,& n[ x is said to be actually publi%$4 ,x has n yet rea*$ u1 b extracts h be5 giv51 & su* z seem$ mo/ likely to draw a curta9 ( sep>ation betwe5 y & myself4 ,7 !re no o!r motive ?an t ( indignation aga9/ ! au?or ( ?is outrage on private confid5ce1 ^: %aft seems to h be5 aim$ at y\rself m p>ticul>ly1 ?is w\ld make x ! duty ( e honorable m9d to disappo9t t aim1 by oppos+ to its impression a sev5-fold %ield ( apa?y & ins5sibility4 ,) me1 h[ev]1 no su* armor is ne$$4 ,! circum/ances ( ! times 9 :i* we h happ5$ to live1 & ! p>tiality ( our fri5ds at a p>ticul> p]iod1 plac$ u 9 a /ate ( app>5t opposition1 :i* "s might suppose to be p]sonal also2 & !re might n be want+ ^? :o wi%$ to make x s1 by fill+ our e>s ) malignant falsehoods1 by dress+ up hide\s phantoms ( _! own creation1 pres5t+ !m to y "u my "n1 to me "u y\rs1 & endeavor+ to in/il into our m9ds ?+s conc]n+ ea* o!r ! mo/ de/itute ( tru?4 ,& if !re _h be51 at any "t1 a mom5t :5 we 7 (f our gu>d1 & 9 a temp] to let ! :isp]s ( ^! p make u =get :at we _h kn[n ( ea* o!r = s _m ye>s1 & ye>s ( s mu* trial1 yet all m5 :o h att5d$ to ! work+s ( ! human m9d1 :o h se5 ! false colors "u :i* passion sometimes dresses ! actions & motives ( o!rs1 h se5 also ^? passions subsid+ ) "t & reflection1 dissipat+ l mi/s be=e ! ris+ sun1 & re/or+ to u ! sight ( all ?+s 9 _! true %ape & colors4 ,x w\ld be /range inde$1 if1 at our ye>s1 we 7 to g back an age to hunt up imag9>y or =gott5 facts1 to di/urb ! repose ( affections s sweet5+ to ! ev5+ ( our lives4 ,be assur$1 my de> ,sir1 t ,i am incapable ( receiv+ ! slighte/ impression f ! ef=t n[ made to plant ?orns on ! pill[ ( age1 wor? & wisdom1 & to s[ t>es betwe5 fri5ds :o h be5 su* = ne> half a c5tury4 ,besee*+ y !n1 n to suff] y\r m9d to be disquiet$ by ?is wick$ attempt to poison its peace1 & pray+ y to ?r[ x by among ! ?+s :i* h nev] happ5$1 ,i add s9c]e assurances ( my unabat$ & con/ant atta*m5t1 fri5d%ip & respect4 ,,to ,,! ,,presid5t4 ,,monticello1 ,octob] #bd1 #ahbc4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,! "q pres5t$ by ! lett]s y h s5t me1 is ! mo/ mom5t\s :i* has ev] be5 (f]$ to my contemplation s9ce t ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,t made u a nation1 ?is sets our compass & po9ts ! c\rse :i* we are to /e] ?r\gh ! ocean ( "t op5+ on u4 ,& nev] c\ld we emb>k on x "u circum/ances m auspici\s4 ,our fir/ & fundam5tal maxim %\ld be1 nev] to entangle ourselves 9 ! broils ( ,europe4 ,our second1 nev] to suff] ,europe to int]m$dle ) ,cis-,atlantic affairs4 ,am]ica1 ,nor? & ,s\?1 has a set ( int]e/s di/9ct f ^? ( ,europe1 & peculi>ly h] own4 ,%e %\ld !re=e h a sy/em ( h] own1 sep>ate & ap>t f t ( ,europe4 ,:ile ! la/ is labor+ to become ! domicil ( despotism1 our endeavor %\ld surely be1 to make our hemisph]e t ( fre$om4 ,"o nation1 mo/ ( all1 c\ld di/urb u 9 ?is pursuit2 %e n[ (f]s to lead1 aid1 & accompany u 9 x4 ,by acc$+ to h] proposition1 we deta* h] f ! b&s1 br+ h] mighty weight into ! scale ( free gov]nm5t1 & emancipate a cont95t at "o /roke1 :i* might o!rwise l+] long 9 d\bt & difficulty4 ,great ,brita9 is ! nation :i* c d u ! mo/ h>m ( any "o1 or all on e>?2 & ) h] on our side we ne$ n fe> ! :ole _w4 ,) h] !n1 we %\ld mo/ s$ul\sly *]i% a cordial fri5d%ip2 & no?+ w\ld t5d m to knit our affections ?an to be fight+ once m1 side by side1 9 ! same cause4 ,n t ,i w\ld pur*ase ev5 h] amity at ! price ( tak+ "p 9 h] w>s4 ,b ! w> 9 :i* ! pres5t proposition might engage u1 %\ld t be its consequ5ce1 is n h] w>1 b ours4 ,its object is to introduce & e/abli% ! ,am]ican sy/em1 ( keep+ out ( our l& all =eign p[]s1 ( nev] p]mitt+ ^? ( ,europe to int]m$dle ) ! affairs ( our nations4 ,x is to ma9ta9 our own pr9ciple1 n to dep>t f x4 ,& if1 to facilitate ?is1 we c effect a division 9 ! body ( ! ,european p[]s1 & draw ov] to our side its mo/ p[]ful memb]1 surely we %\ld d x4 ,b ,i am cle>ly ( ,mr4 ,cann+'s op9ion1 t x w prev5t in/ead ( provok+ w>4 ,) ,great ,brita9 )drawn f _! scale & %ift$ into t ( our two cont95ts1 all ,europe comb9$ w\ld n und]take su* a w>4 ,= h[ w\ld !y propose to get at ei!r enemy )\t sup]ior fleets8 ,nor is ! occasion to be slight$ :i* ?is proposition (f]s1 ( decl>+ our prote/ aga9/ ! atroci\s violations ( ! rights ( nations1 by ! int]f]5ce ( any "o 9 ! int]nal affairs ( ano!r1 s flagiti\sly begun by ,bonap>te1 & n[ cont9u$ by ! equally lawless ,alliance1 call+ itself ,holy4 ,b we h fir/ to ask ourselves a "q4 ,d we wi% to acquire to our own conf$]acy any "o or m ( ! ,spani% prov9ces8 ,i c&idly confess1 t ,i h ev] look$ on ,cuba z ! mo/ int]e/+ addition :i* c\ld ev] be made to our sy/em ( ,/ates4 ,! control :i*1 ) ,florida ,po9t1 ?is isl& w\ld give u ov] ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 & ! c\ntries & i/hmus bord]+ on x1 z well z all ^? ^: wat]s fl[ into x1 w\ld fill up ! measure ( our political well-be+4 ,yet1 z ,i am s5sible t ?is c nev] be obta9$1 ev5 ) h] own cons5t1 b by w>2 & its indep5d5ce1 :i* is our second int]e/1 7& especially its indep5d5ce ( ,engl&17 c be secur$ )\t x1 ,i h no hesitation 9 ab&on+ my fir/ wi% to future *ances1 & accept+ its indep5d5ce1 ) peace & ! fri5d%ip ( ,engl&1 r ?an its association1 at ! exp5se ( w> & h] enmity4 ,i c\ld hone/ly1 !re=e1 jo9 9 ! decl>ation propos$1 t we aim n at ! acquisition ( any ( ^? possessions1 t we w n /& 9 ! way ( any amicable arrangem5t betwe5 !m & ! "m c\ntry2 b t we w oppose1 ) all our means1 ! =cible int]position ( any o!r p[]1 z auxili>y1 /ip5di>y1 or "u any o!r =m or pretext1 & mo/ especially1 _! transf] to any p[] by conque/1 cession1 or acquisition 9 any o!r way4 ,i %\ld ?9k x1 !re=e1 advisable1 t ! ,executive %\ld enc\rage ! ,briti% gov]nm5t to a cont9uance 9 ! dispositions express$ 9 ^! lett]s1 by an assurance ( 8 concurr5ce ) !m z f> z 8 au?ority goes2 & t z x may lead to w>1 ! decl>ation ( :i* requires an act ( ,congress1 ! case %all be laid be=e !m = consid]ation at _! fir/ meet+1 & "u ! reasonable aspect 9 :i* x is se5 by himself4 ,i h be5 s long wean$ f political subjects1 & h s long ceas$ to take any int]e/ 9 !m1 t ,i am s5sible ,i am n qualifi$ to (f] op9ions on !m wor?y ( any att5tion4 ,b ! "q n[ propos$ involves consequ5ces s la/+1 & effects s decisive ( our future de/9ies1 z to rek9dle all ! int]e/ ,i h h]et(ore felt on su* occasions1 & to induce me to ! haz>d ( op9ions1 :i* w prove only my wi% to contribute /ill my mite t[>ds any?+ :i* may be useful to our c\ntry4 ,& pray+ y to accept x at only :at x is wor?1 ,i add ! assurance ( my con/ant & affectionate fri5d%ip & respect4 ,,to ,m4 ,,coray4 ,,monticello1 ,octob] #ca1 #ahbc4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,y\r favor ( ,july #aj? is lately receiv$4 ,i recollect ) pleasure ! %ort opportunity ( acqua9tance ) y af=d$ me 9 ,p>is1 by ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,p>adise1 & ! f9e editions ( ! classical writ]s ( ,greece :i* h be5 ann\nc$ by y f "t to "t1 h nev] p]mitt$ me to lose ! recollection4 ,until ^? ( ,ari/otle's ,e?ics1 & ! ,/rategicos ( ,ones&]1 ) :i* y h n[ favor$ me1 & = :i* ,i pray y to accept my ?anks1 ,i _h se5 only y\r ,lives ( ,plut>*4 ,^! ,i _h read1 & pr(it$ mu* by y\r valuable ,s*olia1 & ! aid ( a few words f a mod]n ,greek diction>y w\ld1 ,i believe1 h enabl$ me to read y\r patriotic addresses to y\r c\ntrym54 ,y h c]ta9ly begun at ! "r end t[>ds prep>+ !m = ! great object !y are n[ cont5d+ =1 by improv+ _! m9ds & qualify+ !m = self-gov]nm5t4 ,= ?is !y w owe y la/+ honors4 ,no?+ is m likely to =w>d ?is object ?an a /udy ( ! f9e models ( sci5ce left by _! ance/ors1 to :om we also are all indebt$ = ! lights :i* orig9ally l$ ourselves out ( ,go?ic d>kness4 ,no p sympa?ize m feel+ly ?an ours ) ! suff]+s ( y\r c\ntrym51 none (f] m s9c]e & ard5t pray]s to heav5 = _! success4 ,& no?+ inde$ b ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( our gov]nm5t1 nev] to entangle u ) ! broils ( ,europe1 c\ld re/ra9 our g5]\s y\? f tak+ "s "p 9 ?is holy cause4 ,possess+ ourselves ! comb9$ bless+ ( lib]ty & ord]1 we wi% ! same to o!r c\ntries1 & to none m ?an y\rs1 :i*1 ! fir/ ( civiliz$ nations1 pres5t$ examples ( :at man %\ld be4 ,n1 inde$1 t ! =ms ( gov]nm5t adapt$ to _! age & c\ntry are practicable or to be imitat$ 9 our day1 al?\gh prejudices 9 _! favor w\ld be natural en\gh to y\r p4 ,! circum/ances ( ! _w are too mu* *ang$ = t4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ,a!ns1 = example1 0 t ( ! p ( "o city mak+ laws = ! :ole c\ntry subject$ to !m4 ,t ( ,lac$mon 0 ! rule ( milit>y monks ov] ! labor+ class ( ! p1 r$uc$ to abject slav]y4 ,^! are n ! doctr9es ( ! pres5t age4 ,! equal rights ( man1 & ! happ9ess ( e individual1 are n[ ackn[l$g$ to be ! only legitimate objects ( gov]nm5t4 ,mod]n times h ! signal advantage1 too1 ( hav+ discov]$ ! only device by :i* ^! rights c be secur$1 to-wit3 gov]nm5t by ! p1 act+ n 9 p]son1 b by repres5tatives *os5 by !mselves1 t is to say1 by e man ( ripe ye>s & sane m9d1 :o ei!r contributes by 8 purse or p]son to ! support ( 8 c\ntry4 ,! small & imp]fect mixture ( repres5tative gov]nm5t 9 ,engl&1 imp$$ z x is by o!r bran*es1 ari/ocratical & h]$it>y1 %[s yet ! p[] ( ! repres5tative pr9ciple t[>ds improv+ ! condition ( man4 ,) u1 all ! bran*es ( ! gov]nm5t are elective by ! p !mselves1 except ! ,judici>y1 ( ^: sci5ce & qualifications !y are n compet5t judges4 ,yet1 ev5 9 t dep>tm5t1 we call 9 a jury ( ! p to decide all controv]t$ matt]s ( fact1 because to t inve/igation !y are entirely compet5t1 leav+ ?us z little z possible1 m]ely ! law ( ! case1 to ! decision ( ! judges4 ,& true x is t ! p1 especially :5 mod]ately in/ruct$1 are ! only safe1 because ! only hone/1 depositories ( ! public rights1 & %\ld !re=e be introduc$ into ! adm9i/ration ( !m 9 e function to :i* !y are suffici5t2 !y w err sometimes & accid5tally1 b nev] design$ly1 & ) a sy/ematic & p]sev]+ purpose ( ov]?r[+ ! free pr9ciples ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,h]$it>y bodies1 on ! contr>y1 always exi/+1 always on ! wat* = _! own aggr&izem5t1 pr(it ( e opportunity ( advanc+ ! privileges ( _! ord]1 & encroa*+ on ! rights ( ! p4 ,! public pap]s tell u t y\r nation has e/abli%$ a gov]nm5t ( "s k9d )\t in=m+ u :at x is4 ,?is is c]ta9ly necess>y = ! direction ( ! w>1 b ,i presume x is int5d$ to be tempor>y only1 z a p]man5t con/itution mu/ be ! "w ( quiet1 leisure1 mu* inquiry1 & great delib]ation4 ,! ext5t ( our c\ntry 0 s great1 & its =m] division into di/9ct ,/ates s e/abli%$1 t we ?\ght x bett] to conf$]ate z to =eign affairs only4 ,e ,/ate reta9$ its self-gov]nm5t 9 dome/ic matt]s1 z bett] qualifi$ to direct !m to ! good & satisfaction ( _! citiz5s1 ?an a g5]al gov]nm5t s di/ant f its remot] citiz5s1 & s little famili> ) ! local peculi>ities ( ! diff]5t p>ts4 ,b ,i presume t ! ext5t ( c\ntry ) y1 :i* may lib]ate itself f ! ,turks1 is n too l>ge to be associat$ "u a s+le gov]nm5t1 & t ! p>ticul> con/itutions ( our sev]al ,/ates1 !re=e1 & n t ( our f$]al gov]nm5t1 w furni% ! basis be/ adapt$ to y\r situation4 ,!re are n[ tw5ty-f\r ( ^! di/9ct ,/ates1 none small] p]haps ?an y\r ,morea1 sev]al l>g] ?an all ,greece4 ,ea* ( ^! has a con/itution fram$ by itself & = itself1 b militat+ 9 no?+ ) ! p[]s ( ! g5]al gov]nm5t 9 its appropriate dep>tm5t ( w> & =eign affairs4 ,^! con/itutions be+ 9 pr9t & 9 e h&1 ,i %all only make brief obs]vations on !m1 & on ^? provisions p>ticul>ly :i* h n fulfill$ expectations1 or :i*1 be+ v>i$ 9 diff]5t ,/ates1 leave a *oice to be made ( t :i* is be/4 ,y w f9d mu* good 9 all ( !m1 & no "o :i* w\ld be approv$ 9 all its p>ts4 ,su* inde$ are ! diff]5t circum/ances1 prejudices1 & habits ( diff]5t nations1 t ! con/itution ( no "o w\ld be reconcilable to any o!r 9 e po9t4 ,a judici\s selection ( ! p>ts ( ea* suitable to any o!r1 is all :i* prud5ce %\ld attempt2 ?is w appe> f a review ( "s p>ts ( our con/itutions4 ,our executives are elect$ by ! p = t]ms ( "o1 two1 ?ree1 or f\r ye>s1 "u ! names ( gov]nors or presid5ts1 & are religible a second "t1 or aft] a c]ta9 t]m1 if approv$ by ! p4 ,may y\r ,e?n>* be elective also8 or does y\r position among ! w>r+ p[]s ( ,europe ne$ an (fice m p]man5t1 & a lead] m /able8 ,surely y w make him s+le4 ,= if exp]i5ce has ev] taught a tru?1 x is t a plurality 9 ! supreme executive w =ev] split into discordant factions1 di/ract ! nation1 annihilate its en]gies1 & =ce ! nation to rally "u a s+le head1 g5]ally an usurp]4 ,we h1 ,i ?9k1 fall5 on ! happie/ ( all modes ( con/itut+ ! executive1 t ( eas+ & aid+ our ,presid5t1 by p]mitt+ him to *oose ,secret>ies ( ,/ate1 ( f9ance1 ( w>1 & ( ! navy1 ) :om he may advise1 ei!r sep>ately or all toge!r1 & rem$y _! divisions by adopt+ or controll+ _! op9ions at 8 discretion2 ?is saves ! nation f ! evils ( a divid$ w1 & secures to x a /eady m>* 9 ! sy/ematic c\rse :i* ! presid5t may h adopt$ = t ( 8 adm9i/ration4 ,our legislatures are compos$ ( two h\ses1 ! s5ate & repres5tatives1 elect$ 9 diff]5t modes1 & = diff]5t p]iods1 & 9 "s ,/ates1 ) a qualifi$ veto 9 ! executive *ief4 ,b to avoid all temptation to sup]ior pret5sions ( ! "o ov] ! o!r h\se1 & ! possibility ( ei!r erect+ itself into a privileg$ ord]1 might x n be bett] to *oose at ! same "t & 9 ! same mode1 a body suffici5tly num]\s to be divid$ by lot into two sep>ate h\ses1 act+ z indep5d5tly z ! two h\ses 9 ,engl&1 or 9 our gov]nm5ts1 & to %uffle _! names toge!r & re-di/ribute !m by lot1 once a week = a =tnight8 ,?is w\ld equally give ! b5efit ( "t & sep>ate delib]ation1 gu>d aga9/ an absolute passage by acclamation1 d]ange cabals1 intrigues1 & ! c\nt ( noses1 dis>m ! asc5d5cy :i* a popul> demagogue might at anytime obta9 ov] ei!r h\se1 & r5d] impossible all disputes betwe5 ! two h\ses1 :i* (t5 =m su* ob/acles to bus9ess4 ,our diff]5t ,/ates h diff]5tly modifi$ _! sev]al judici>ies z to ! t5ure ( (fice4 ,"s appo9t _! judges = a giv5 t]m ( "t2 "s cont9ue !m dur+ good behavior1 & t to be det]m9$ on by ! concurr+ vote ( two-?irds ( ea* legislative h\se4 ,9 ,engl& !y are removable by a majority only ( ea* h\se4 ,! la/ is a practicable rem$y2 ! second is n4 ,! comb9ation ( ! fri5ds & associates ( ! accus$1 ! action ( p]sonal & p>ty passions1 & ! sympa?ies ( ! human he>t1 w =ev] f9d means ( influ5c+ "o-?ird ( ei!r ! "o or ! o!r h\se1 w ?us secure _! impunity1 & e/abli% !m 9 fact = life4 ,! fir/ rem$y is ! be/1 t ( appo9t+ = a t]m ( ye>s only1 ) a capacity ( re-appo9tm5t if _! conduct has be5 approv$4 ,at ! e/abli%m5t ( our con/itutions1 ! judici>y bodies 7 suppos$ to be ! mo/ helpless & h>mless memb]s ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 soon %[$ 9 :at way !y 7 to become ! mo/ dang]\s2 t ! insuffici5cy ( ! means provid$ = _! removal gave !m a freehold & irresponsibility 9 (fice2 t _! decisions1 seem+ to conc]n individual suitors only1 pass sil5t & unhe$$ by ! public at l>ge2 t ^! decisions1 nev]!less1 become law by prec$5t1 sapp+1 by little & little1 ! f\ndations ( ! con/itution1 & work+ its *ange by con/ruction1 be=e any "o has p]ceiv$ t t invisible & helpless worm has be5 busily employ$ 9 consum+ its sub/ance4 ,9 tru?1 man is n made to be tru/$ = life1 if secur$ aga9/ all liability to acc\nt4 ,! con/itutions ( "s ( our ,/ates h made x a duty ( _! gov]nm5t to provide ) due c>e = ! public education4 ,?is we divide into ?ree grades4 #a4 ,prim>y s*ools1 9 :i* are taught read+1 writ+1 & common ari?metic1 to e infant ( ! ,/ate1 male & female4 #b4 ,int]m$iate s*ools1 9 :i* an education is giv5 prop] = artific]s & ! middle vocations ( life2 9 gramm>1 = example1 g5]al hi/ory1 log>i?ms1 ari?metic1 pla9 trigonometry1 m5suration1 ! use ( ! globes1 navigation1 ! me*anical pr9ciples1 ! elem5ts ( natural philosophy1 &1 z a prep>ation = ! ,univ]sity1 ! ,greek & ,lat9 languages4 #c4 ,an ,univ]sity1 9 :i* ^! & all o!r useful sci5ces %all be taught 9 _! highe/ degree2 ! exp5ses ( ^! in/itutions are defray$ p>tly by ! public1 & p>tly by ! individuals pr(it+ ( !m4 ,b1 :atev] be ! con/itution1 great c>e mu/ be tak5 to provide a mode ( am5dm5t1 :5 exp]i5ce or *ange ( circum/ances %all h manife/$ t any "p ( x is unadapt$ to ! good ( ! nation4 ,9 "s ( our ,/ates x requires a new au?ority f ! :ole p1 act+ by _! repres5tatives1 *os5 = ?is express purpose1 & assembl$ 9 conv5tion4 ,?is is f\nd too difficult = rem$y+ ! imp]fections :i* exp]i5ce develops f "t to "t 9 an organization ( ! fir/ impression4 ,a great] facility ( am5dm5t is c]ta9ly requisite to ma9ta9 x 9 a c\rse ( action accommodat$ to ! times & *anges ?r\gh :i* we are ev] pass+4 ,9 ,engl& ! con/itution may be alt]$ by a s+le act ( ! legislature1 :i* am\nts to ! hav+ no con/itution at all4 ,9 "s ( our ,/ates1 an act pass$ by two diff]5t legislatures1 *os5 by ! p1 at diff]5t & successive elections1 is suffici5t to make a *ange 9 ! con/itution4 ,z ?is mode may be r5d]$ m or less easy1 by requir+ ! approbation ( few] or m successive legislatures1 accord+ to ! degree ( difficulty ?\ght suffici5t1 & yet safe1 x is evid5tly ! be/ pr9ciple :i* c be adopt$ = con/itutional am5dm5ts4 ,i h /at$ t ! con/itutions ( our sev]al ,/ates v>y m or less 9 "s p>ticul>s4 ,b !re are c]ta9 pr9ciples 9 :i* all agree1 & :i* all *]i% z vitally ess5tial to ! protection ( ! life1 lib]ty1 prop]ty1 & safety ( ! citiz54 #a4 ,fre$om ( religion1 re/rict$ only f acts ( trespass on t ( o!rs4 #b4 ,fre$om ( p]son1 secur+ e "o f imprisonm5t1 or o!r bodily re/ra9t1 b by ! laws ( ! l&4 ,?is is effect$ by ! well-kn[n law ( habeas corpus4 #c4 ,trial by jury1 ! be/ ( all safe-gu>ds = ! p]son1 ! prop]ty1 & ! fame ( e individual4 #d4 ,! exclusive "r ( legislation & taxation 9 ! repres5tatives ( ! p4 #e4 ,fre$om ( ! press1 subject only to liability = p]sonal injuries4 ,?is =midable c5sor ( ! public function>ies1 by arraign+ !m at ! tribunal ( public op9ion1 produces re=m peaceably1 :i* mu/ o!rwise be done by revolution4 ,x is also ! be/ in/rum5t = enlight5+ ! m9d ( man1 & improv+ him z a rational1 moral1 & social be+4 ,i h ?us1 de> ,sir1 accord+ to y\r reque/1 giv5 y "s ?\ghts on ! subject ( national gov]nm5t4 ,!y are ! result ( ! obs]vations & reflections ( an octog5>y1 :o has pass$ fifty ye>s ( trial & tr\ble 9 ! v>i\s grades ( 8 c\ntry's s]vice4 ,!y are yet b outl9es :i* y w bett] fill up1 & accommodate to ! habits & circum/ances ( y\r c\ntrym54 ,%\ld !y furni% a s+le idea :i* may be useful to !m1 ,i %all fancy x a tribute r5d]$ to ! manes ( y\r ,hom]1 y\r ,demo/h5es1 & ! spl5did con/ellation ( sages & h]oes1 ^: blood is /ill fl[+ 9 y\r ve9s1 & ^: m]its are /ill re/+1 z a heavy debt1 on ! %\ld]s ( ! liv+1 & ! future races ( m54 ,:ile we (f] to heav5 ! w>me/ supplications = ! re/oration ( y\r c\ntrym5 to ! fre$om & sci5ce ( _! ance/ors1 p]mit me to assure y\rself ( ! cordial e/eem & high respect :i* ,i be> & *]i% t[>ds y\rself p]sonally4 ,,to ,,! ,,m>quis ,,de ,,la ,,fayette4 ,,monticello1 ,novemb] #d1 #ahbc4 ,,my ,,de> ,,fri5d1--,two dislocat$ wri/s & crippl$ f+]s h r5d]$ writ+ s sl[ & labori\s1 z to oblige me to )draw f ne>ly all correspond5ce2 n h[ev]1 f y\rs1 :ile ,i c make a /roke ) a p54 ,we h gone ?r\gh too _m try+ sc5es toge!r1 to =get ! sympa?ies & affections !y n\ri%$4 ,y\r trials h inde$ be5 long & sev]e4 ,:5 !y w end1 is yet unkn[n1 b :]e !y w end1 _c be d\bt$4 ,alliances1 ,holy or ,helli%1 may be =m$1 & ret>d ! epo* ( deliv]ance1 may swell ! riv]s ( blood :i* are yet to fl[1 b _! own w close ! sc5e1 & leave to mank9d ! "r ( self-gov]nm5t4 ,i tru/ t ,spa9 w prove1 t a nation _c be conqu]$ :i* det]m9es n to be s1 & t h] success w be ! turn+ ( ! tide ( lib]ty1 no m to be arre/$ by human ef=ts4 ,:e!r ! /ate ( society 9 ,europe c be> a republican gov]nm5t1 ,i d\bt$1 y "k1 :5 ) y1 & ,i d n[4 ,a h]$it>y *ief1 /rictly limit$1 ! "r ( w> ve/$ 9 ! legislative body1 a rigid economy ( ! public contributions1 & absolute int]diction ( all useless exp5ses1 w g f> t[>ds keep+ ! gov]nm5t hone/ & unoppressive4 ,b ! only security ( all1 is 9 a free press4 ,! =ce ( public op9ion _c be resi/$1 :5 p]mitt$ freely to be express$4 ,! agitation x produces mu/ be submitt$ to4 ,x is necess>y1 to keep ! wat]s pure4 ,we are all1 = example1 9 agitation ev5 9 our peaceful c\ntry4 ,= 9 peace z well z 9 w>1 ! m9d mu/ be kept 9 motion4 ,:o is to be ! next ,presid5t1 is ! topic "h ( e conv]sation4 ,my op9ion on t subject is :at ,i express$ to y 9 my la/ lett]4 ,! "q w be ultimately r$uc$ to ! nor!rnmo/ & s\!rnmo/ c&idate4 ,! =m] w get e f$]al vote 9 ! ,union1 & _m republicans2 ! latt]1 all ( ^? d5om9at$ ( ! old s*ool2 = y are n to believe t ^! two p>ties are amalgamat$1 t ! lion & ! lamb are ly+ d[n toge!r4 ,! ,h>t=d ,conv5tion1 ! victory ( ,orleans1 ! peace ( ,gh5t1 pro/rat$ ! "n ( f$]alism4 ,its vot>ies ab&on$ x ?r\gh %ame & mortification2 & n[ call !mselves republicans4 ,b ! "n alone is *ang$1 ! pr9ciples are ! same4 ,= 9 tru?1 ! p>ties ( ,:ig & ,tory1 are ^? ( nature4 ,!y exi/ 9 all c\ntries1 :e!r call$ by ^! names1 or by ^? ( ,ari/ocrats & ,democrats1 ,cot ,droite & ,cot ,gau*e1 ,ultras & ,radicals1 ,s]viles1 & ,lib]als4 ,! sickly1 weakly1 timid man1 fe>s ! p1 & is a tory by nature4 ,! heal?y1 /rong & bold1 *]i%es !m1 & is =m$ a :ig by nature4 ,on ! eclipse ( f$]alism ) u1 al?\gh n its ext9ction1 its lead]s got up ! ,miss\ri "q1 "u ! false front ( less5+ ! measure ( slav]y1 b ) ! real view ( produc+ a geographical division ( p>ties1 :i* might insure !m ! next ,presid5t4 ,! p ( ! nor? w5t bl9dfold into ! sn>e1 foll[$ _! lead]s = a:ile ) a zeal truly moral & laudable1 until !y became s5sible t !y 7 injur+ in/ead ( aid+ ! real int]e/s ( ! slaves1 t !y _h be5 us$ m]ely z tools = electione]+ purposes2 & t trick ( hypocrisy !n fell z quickly z x _h be5 got up4 ,to t is n[ succe$+ a di/9ction1 :i*1 l t ( republican & f$]al1 or :ig & tory1 be+ equally int]mix$ ?r\gh e ,/ate1 ?reat5s none ( ^? geographical s*isms :i* g imm$iately to a sep>ation4 ,! l9e ( division n[1 is ! pres]vation ( ,/ate rights z res]v$ 9 ! con/itution1 or by /ra9$ con/ructions ( t in/rum5t1 to m]ge all into a consolidat$ gov]nm5t4 ,! tories are = /r5g!n+ ! executive & g5]al ,gov]nm5t2 ! :igs *]i% ! repres5tative bran*1 & ! rights res]v$ by ! ,/ates1 z ! bulw>k aga9/ consolidation1 :i* mu/ imm$iately g5]ate mon>*y4 ,& al?\gh ?is division excites1 z yet1 no w>m?1 yet x exi/s1 is well und]/ood1 & w be a pr9ciple ( vot+ at ! ensu+ election1 ) ! reflect+ m5 ( bo? p>ties4 ,i ?ank y mu* = ! two books y 7 s k9d z to s5d me by ,mr4 ,gallat94 ,miss ,wright _h be=e favor$ me ) ! fir/ edition ( h] ,am]ican "w2 b h] ,few days 9 ,a!ns1 0 entirely new1 & has be5 a treat to me ( ! highe/ ord]4 ,! matt] & mann] ( ! dialogue is /rictly anci5t2 & ! pr9ciples ( ! sects are beautifully & c&idly expla9$ & contra/$2 & ! sc5]y & portraiture ( ! int]locutors are ( high] f9i% ?an any?+ 9 t l9e left u by ! anci5ts2 & l ,ossian1 if n anci5t1 x is equal to ! be/ morsels ( antiquity4 ,i augur1 f ?is in/ance1 t ,h]culaneum is likely to furni% bett] specim5s ( mod]n ?an ( anci5t g5ius2 & may we n hope m f ! same p58 ,aft] mu* sickness1 & ! accid5t ( a brok5 & disabl$ arm1 ,i am aga9 9 tol]able heal?1 b extremely debilitat$1 s z to be sc>cely able to walk into my g>d54 ,! hebetude ( age1 too1 & ext+ui%m5t ( int]e/ 9 ! ?+s ar\nd me1 are wean+ me f !m1 & dispose me ) *e]fulness to resign !m to ! exi/+ g5]ation1 satisfi$ t ! daily advance ( sci5ce w enable !m to adm9i/] ! commonweal? ) increas$ wisdom4 ,y h /ill _m valuable ye>s to give to y\r c\ntry1 & ) my pray]s t !y may be ye>s ( heal? & happ9ess1 & especially t !y may see ! e/abli%m5t ( ! pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t :i* y h *]i%$ ?r\gh life1 accept ! assurance ( my affectionate & con/ant fri5d%ip & respect4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,patrick ,k4 ,,rodg]s4 ,,monticello1 ,janu>y #bi1 #ahbd4 ,,sir1--,i h duly receiv$ y\r favor ( ! #ad?1 ) a copy ( y\r ma!matical pr9ciples ( natural philosophy1 :i* ,i h look$ into ) all ! att5tion :i* ! ru/ ( age & long cont9u$ avocations ( a v diff]5t "* p]mit me to ex]cise4 ,i ?9k !m entirely wor?y ( approbation1 bo? z to matt] & me?od1 & = _! brevity z a text book2 & ,i rem>k p>ticul>ly ! cle>ness & precision ) :i* ! propositions are en\nc$1 &1 9 ! demon/rations1 ! easy =m 9 :i* ideas are pres5t$ to ! m9d1 s z to be almo/ intuitive & self-evid5t4 ,( ,cavallo's book1 :i* y say y are enjo9$ to tea*1 ,i h no k1 hav+ nev] se5 x2 b its "* is1 ,i ?9k1 t ( m]e m$iocrity2 &1 f my p]sonal acqua9tance ) ! man1 ,i %\ld expect no m4 ,he 0 heavy1 capable en\gh ( und]/&+ :at he read1 & ) memory to reta9 x1 b )\t ! tal5t ( dige/ion or improvem5t4 ,b1 inde$1 ! ,engli% g5]ally h be5 v /ation>y 9 latt] times1 & ! ,fr5*1 on ! contr>y1 s active & successful1 p>ticul>ly 9 prep>+ elem5t>y books1 9 ! ma!matical & natural sci5ces1 t ^? :o wi% = in/ruction1 )\t c>+ f :at nation !y get x1 resort univ]sally to ! latt] language4 ,besides ! e>li] & invaluable works ( ,eul] & ,bezont1 we h latt]ly t ( ,lacroix 9 ma!matics1 ( ,leg5dre 9 geometry1 ,lavoisi] 9 *emi/ry1 ! elem5t>y works ( ,hay 9 physics1 ,biot 9 exp]im5tal physics & physical a/ronomy1 ,dum]il 9 natural hi/ory1 to say no?+ ( _m deta*$ essays ( ,monge & o!rs1 & ! transc5d5t labors ( ,laplace1 & ,i am in=m$1 by a highly in/ruct$ p]son rec5tly f ,cambridge1 t ! ma!maticians ( t in/itution1 s5sible ( be+ 9 ! re> ( ^? ( ! cont95t1 & ascrib+ ! cause mu* to _! too long-cont9u$ pref]5ce ( ! geometrical ov] ! analytical me?ods1 :i* ! ,fr5* h s mu* cultivat$ & improv$1 h n[ adopt$ ! latt]2 & t !y h also giv5 up ! fluxion>y1 = ! diff]5tial calculus4 ,to conf9e a s*ool1 !re=e1 to ! obsolete "w ( ,cavallo1 is to %ut out all advances 9 ! physical sci5ces :i* h be5 s great 9 latt] times4 ,i am glad1 h[ev]1 to le>n f y\r "w1 & to expect f ^? x promis$ 9 succession1 :i* w d\btless be ( equal grade1 t s good a c\rse ( in/ruction is pursu$ 9 ,william & ,m>y4 ,x is v long s9ce ,i h _h any in=mation ( ! /ate ( education 9 t sem9>y1 to :i*1 z my alma mat]1 my atta*m5t has be5 ev] s9c]e1 al?\gh n exclusive4 ,:5 t college 0 locat$ at ! middle plantation 9 #afic1 ,*>les city 0 a fronti] c\nty1 & !re 7 no inhabitants above ! falls ( ! riv]s1 sixty miles only high] up4 ,x 01 !re=e1 a position1 ne>ly c5tral to ! population1 z x !n 02 b :5 ! fronti] became ext5d$ to ! ,s&y riv]1 ?ree hundr$ miles we/ ( ,williamsburg1 ! public conv5i5ce call$1 fir/ = a removal ( ! seat ( gov]nm5t1 & latt]ly1 n = a removal ( ! college1 b1 = ! e/abli%m5t ( a new "o1 9 a m c5tral & heal?y situation2 n di/urb+ ! old "o 9 its possessions or functions1 b leav+ !m unimpair$ = ! b5efit ( ^? to :om x is conv5i5t4 ,& inde$1 ,i d n =esee t ! numb] ( its /ud5ts is likely to be mu* affect$2 because ,i presume t1 at pres5t1 its di/ance & autumnal climate prev5t its receiv+ _m /ud5ts f above ! tide-wat]s1 & especially f above ! m\nta9s4 ,?is is1 !re=e1 "o ( ! cases :]e ! lawy]s say !re is damnum absque injuri2 & !y in/ance1 z 9 po9t1 ! settlem5t ( a new s*oolma/] 9 ! neighborhood ( an old "o4 ,at any rate x is "o ( ^? cases :]e9 ! public int]e/ rightfully prevails1 & ! ju/ice ( :i* w be yield$ to by none1 ,i am sure1 ) m dutiful & c&id acquiesc5ce ?an ! enlight5$ fri5ds ( our anci5t & v5]able in/itution4 ,! only rival%ip1 ,i hope1 betwe5 ! old & ! new1 w be 9 do+ ! mo/ good possible 9 _! respective sections ( c\ntry4 ,z ! diagrams ( y\r book h n be5 engrav$1 ,i return y ! ,,ms4 ( !m1 :i* mu/ be ( value to y\rself4 ,!y furni% favorable specim5s ( ! graphical tal5t ( y\r =m] pupil4 ,p]mit me to add1 t ,i %all always be ready & happy to receive ) p>ticul> welcome ! visit ( :i* y flatt] me ) ! hope1 & to avail myself ( ! occasion ( assur+ y p]sonally ( my great respect & e/eem4 ,,to ,,joseph ,c4 ,,cabell4 ,,monticello1 ,febru>y #c1 #ahbd4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i am favor$ ) y\r two lett]s ( ,janu>y ! #bf? & #bi?1 & ,i am glad t y\rself & ! fri5ds ( ! ,univ]sity are s well satisfi$1 t ! provisos am5datory ( ! ,univ]sity ,act are m]e nullities4 ,i _h n be5 able to put out ( my head ! ,algebraical equation1 :i* 0 among ! fir/ ( my college lessons1 t a-a#j4 ,yet ,i *e]fully arrange myself to y\r op9ions4 ,i did n suppose1 nor d ,i n[ suppose x possible1 t bo? h\ses ( ! legislature %\ld ev] cons5t1 = an additional fifte5 ?\s& doll>s ( rev5ue1 to set all ! ,pr(essors & /ud5ts ( ! ,univ]sity adrift2 & if =eign]s w h ! same confid5ce :i* we h 9 our legislature1 no h>m w h be5 done by ! provisos4 ,y recollect t we _h agre$ t ! ,visitors :o are ( ! legislature %\ld fix on a c]ta9 day ( meet+1 aft] ! ris+ ( ! ,assembly1 to put into imm$iate motion ! measures :i* ?is act 0 expect$ to call =4 ,y w ( c\rse rem9d ! ,gov]nor t a re-appo9tm5t ( ,visitors is to be made on ! day foll[+ ,sunday1 ! #bi? ( ?is mon?2 & z he is to appo9t ! day ( _! fir/ meet+1 x w\ld be well to recomm5d to him t :i* our bre?r5 !re %all fix on4 ,x may be designat$ by ! ,gov]nor z ! ?ird1 f\r?1 c41 day aft] ! ris+ ( ! legislature1 :i* w give x c]ta9ty en\gh4 ,y ask :at sum w\ld be desirable = ! pur*ase ( books & app>atus8 ,c]ta9ly ! l>ge/ y c obta94 ,=ty or fifty ?\s& doll>s w\ld enable u to pur*ase ! mo/ ess5tial books ( texts & ref]5ce = ! s*ools1 & su* an app>atus = ma!matics1 a/ronomy & *emi/ry1 z may enable u to set out ) tol]able compet5ce1 if we c1 ?r\gh ! banks & o!rwise1 anticipate ! :ole sum at once4 ,i rem>k :at y say on ! subject ( committ+ ourselves to any "o = ! law appo9tm5t4 ,y\r caution is p]fectly j4 ,i hope1 & am c]ta91 t ?is w be ! /&+ law ( discretion & duty ) e memb] ( our bo>d1 9 ?is & all cases4 ,y "k we h all1 f ! beg9n+1 consid]$ ! high qualifications ( our pr(essors1 z ! only means by :i* we c\ld give to our in/itution spl5dor & pre-em95ce ov] all its si/] sem9>ies4 ,! only "q1 !re=e1 we c ev] ask ourselves1 z to any c&idate1 w be1 is he ! mo/ highly qualifi$8 ,! college ( ,philadelphia has lo/ its "* ( primacy by indulg+ motives ( favoritism & nepotism1 & by conf]r+ ! appo9tm5ts z if ! pr(essor%ips 7 entru/$ to !m z provisions = _! fri5ds4 ,& ev5 t ( ,ed9burgh1 y "k1 is also mu* l[]$ f ! same cause4 ,we are next to obs]ve1 t a man is n qualifi$ = a pr(essor1 kn[+ no?+ b m]ely 8 own pr(ession4 ,he %\ld be o!rwise well educat$ z to ! sci5ces g5]ally2 able to conv]se und]/&+ly ) ! sci5tific m5 ) :om he is associat$1 & to assi/ 9 ! c\ncils ( ! faculty on any subject ( sci5ce on :i* !y may h occasion to delib]ate4 ,)\t ?is1 he w incur _! contempt1 & br+ disreputation on ! in/itution4 ,) respect to ! pr(essor%ip y m5tion1 ,i sc>cely "k any ( our judges p]sonally2 b ,i w "n1 = example1 ! late ,judge ,roane1 :o1 ,i believe1 0 g5]ally admitt$ to be among ! able/ ( !m4 ,8 k 0 conf9$ to ! common law *iefly1 :i* does n con/itute "o-half ( ! qualification ( a really le>n$ lawy]1 mu* less t ( a pr(essor ( law = an ,univ]sity4 ,& z to any o!r bran*es ( sci5ce1 he mu/ h /ood mute 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 lit]>y associates1 or ( any le>n$ /rang]s or o!rs visit+ ! ,univ]sity4 ,w\ld ?is con/itute ! spl5did /& we propose to take8 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! tru/s ,i h ex]cis$ ?r\gh life ) p[]s ( appo9tm5t1 ,i c say ) tru?1 & ) unspeakable com=t1 t ,i nev] did appo9t a relation to (fice1 & t m]ely because ,i nev] saw ! case 9 :i* "s "o did n (f]1 or occur1 bett] qualifi$2 & ,i h ! mo/ unlimit$ confid5ce1 t 9 ! appo9tm5t ( ,pr(essors to our nursl+ in/itution1 e individual ( my associates w look ) a s+le eye to ! sublimation ( its "*1 & adopt1 z our sacr$ motto1 detur digniori4 ,9 ?is way x w honor u1 & bless our c\ntry4 ,i p]ceive t ,i h p]mitt$ my reflections to run into g5]alities beyond ! scope ( ! p>ticul> intimation 9 y\r lett]4 ,i w let !m g1 h[ev]1 z a g5]al confession ( fai?1 n belong+ m]ely to ! pres5t case4 ,"n me affectionately to our bre?r5 ) y1 & be assur$ y\rself ( my con/ant fri5d%ip & respect4 ,,to ,,j>$ ,,sp>ks4 ,,monticello1 ,febru>y #d1 #ahbd4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i duly receiv$ y\r favor ( ! #ac?1 & ) x1 ! la/ numb] ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,review4 ,?is has anticipat$ ! "o ,i %\ld receive 9 c\rse1 b h n yet receiv$1 "u my subscription to ! new s]ies4 ,! article on ! ,african colonization ( ! p ( color1 to :i* y invite my att5tion1 ,i h read ) great consid]ation4 ,x is1 inde$1 a f9e "o1 & w d mu* good4 ,i le>n f x m1 too1 ?an ,i _h be=e kn[n1 ( ! degree ( success & promise ( t colony4 ,9 ! disposition ( ^! un=tunate p1 !re are two rational objects to be di/9ctly kept 9 view4 ,fir/4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( a colony on ! coa/ ( ,africa1 :i* may introduce among ! aborig9es ! arts ( cultivat$ life1 & ! bless+s ( civilization & sci5ce4 ,by do+ ?is1 we may make to !m "s retribution = ! long c\rse ( injuries we h be5 committ+ on _! population4 ,& consid]+ t ^! bless+s w desc5d to ! nati natorum1 et qui nasc5tur ab illis1 we %all 9 ! long run h r5d]$ !m p]haps m good ?an evil4 ,to fulfil ?is object1 ! colony ( ,si]ra ,leone promises well1 & t ( ,mesurado adds to our prospect ( success4 ,"u ?is view1 ! colonization society is to be consid]$ z a mission>y society1 hav+ 9 view1 h[ev]1 objects m humane1 m ju/ifiable1 & less aggressive on ! peace ( o!r nations1 ?an ! o!rs ( t appellation4 ,! second object1 & ! mo/ int]e/+ to u1 z com+ home to our physical & moral *>act]s1 to our happ9ess & safety1 is to provide an asylum to :i* we c1 by degrees1 s5d ! :ole ( t population f among u1 & e/abli% !m "u our patronage & protection1 z a sep>ate1 free & indep5d5t p1 9 "s c\ntry & climate fri5dly to human life & happ9ess4 ,t any place on ! coa/ ( ,africa %\ld answ] ! latt] purpose1 ,i h ev] deem$ entirely impossible4 ,& )\t repeat+ ! o!r argum5ts :i* h be5 urg$ by o!rs1 ,i w appeal to figures only1 :i* admit no controv]sy4 ,i %all speak 9 r\nd numb]s1 n absolutely accurate1 yet n s wide f tru? z to v>y ! result mat]ially4 ,!re are 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates a million & a half ( p ( color 9 slav]y4 ,to s5d (f ! :ole ( ^! at once1 nobody conceives to be practicable = u1 or exp$i5t = !m4 ,let u take tw5ty-five ye>s = its accompli%m5t1 )9 :i* "t !y w be d\bl$4 ,_! e/imat$ value z prop]ty1 9 ! fir/ place1 7= actual prop]ty has be5 lawfully ve/$ 9 t =m1 & :o c lawfully take x f ! possessors87 at an av]age ( two hundr$ doll>s ea*1 "y & old1 w\ld am\nt to six hundr$ millions ( doll>s1 :i* mu/ be paid or lo/ by somebody4 ,to ?is1 add ! co/ ( _! transportation by l& & sea to ,mesurado1 a ye>'s provision ( food & clo?+1 implem5ts ( husb&ry & ( _! trades1 :i* w am\nt to ?ree hundr$ millions m1 mak+ ?irty-six millions ( doll>s a ye> = tw5ty-five ye>s1 ) insurance ( peace all t "t1 & x is impossible to look at ! "q a second "t4 ,i am aw>e t at ! end ( ab\t sixte5 ye>s1 a gradual detraction f ?is sum w comm5ce1 f ! gradual dim9ution ( bre$]s1 & g on dur+ ! rema9+ n9e ye>s4 ,calculate ?is d$uction1 & x is /ill impossible to look at ! ent]prise a second "t4 ,i d n say ?is to induce an inf]5ce t ! gett+ rid ( !m is =ev] impossible4 ,= t is nei!r my op9ion nor my hope4 ,b only t x _c be done 9 ?is way4 ,!re is1 ,i ?9k1 a way 9 :i* x c be done2 t is1 by emancipat+ ! aft]-born1 leav+ !m1 on due comp5sation1 ) _! mo!rs1 until _! s]vices are wor? _! ma9t5ance1 & !n putt+ !m to indu/ri\s occupations1 until a prop] age = deportation4 ,?is 0 ! result ( my reflections on ! subject five & =ty ye>s ago1 & ,i h nev] yet be5 able to conceive any o!r practicable plan4 ,x 0 sket*$ 9 ! ,notes on ,virg9ia1 "u ! f\rte5? qu]y4 ,! e/imat$ value ( ! new-born infant is s l[1 7say twelve doll>s & fifty c5ts17 t x w\ld probably be yield$ by ! own] gratis1 & w\ld ?us r$uce ! six hundr$ millions ( doll>s1 ! fir/ head ( exp5se1 to ?irty-sev5 millions & a half2 leav+ only ! exp5ses ( n\ri%m5t :ile ) ! "m1 & ( transportation4 ,& f :at fund are ^! exp5ses to be furni%$8 ,:y n f t ( ! l&s :i* h be5 c$$ by ! v ,/ates n[ ne$+ ?is relief8 ,& c$$ on no consid]ation1 = ! mo/ "p1 b t ( ! g5]al good ( ! :ole4 ,^! cessions already con/itute "o f\r? ( ! ,/ates ( ! ,union4 ,x may be said t ^! l&s h be5 sold2 are n[ ! prop]ty ( ! citiz5s compos+ ^? ,/ates2 & ! money long ago receiv$ & exp5d$4 ,b an equival5t ( l&s 9 ! t]ritories s9ce acquir$1 may be appropriat$ to t object1 or s mu*1 at lea/1 z may be suffici5t2 & ! object1 al?\gh m important to ! slave ,/ates1 is highly s to ! o!rs also1 if !y 7 s]i\s 9 _! argum5ts on ! ,miss\ri "q4 ,! slave ,/ates1 too1 if m int]e/$1 w\ld also contribute m by _! gratuit\s lib]ation1 ?us tak+ on !mselves alone ! fir/ & heavie/ item ( exp5se4 ,9 ! plan sket*$ 9 ! ,notes on ,virg9ia1 no p>ticul> place ( asylum 0 specifi$2 because x 0 ?\ght possible1 t 9 ! revolution>y /ate ( ,am]ica1 !n comm5c$1 ev5ts might op5 to u "s "o )9 practicable di/ance4 ,?is has n[ happ5$4 ,/4 ,dom+o has become indep5d5t1 & ) a population ( t color only2 & if ! public pap]s are to be cr$it$1 _! ,*ief (f]s to pay _! passage1 to receive !m z free citiz5s1 & to provide !m employm5t4 ,?is leaves1 !n1 = ! g5]al conf$]acy1 no exp5se b ( nurture ) ! "m a few ye>s1 & w\ld call1 ( c\rse1 = a v mod]ate appropriation ( ! vacant l&s4 ,suppose ! :ole annual increase to be ( sixty ?\s& effective bir?s1 fifty vessels1 ( f\r hundr$ tons bur!n ea*1 con/antly employ$ 9 t %ort run1 w\ld c>ry (f ! increase ( e ye>1 & ! old /ock w\ld die (f 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature1 less5+ f ! comm5cem5t until its f9al disappe>ance4 ,9 ?is way no violation ( private "r is propos$ ,volunt>y surr5d]s w\ld probably come 9 z fa/ z ! means to be provid$ = _! c>e w\ld be compet5t to x4 ,look+ at my own ,/ate only1 & ,i presume n to speak = ! o!rs1 ,i v]ily believe t ?is surr5d] ( prop]ty w\ld n am\nt to m1 annually1 ?an half our pres5t direct taxes1 to be cont9u$ fully ab\t tw5ty or tw5ty-five ye>s1 & !n gradually dim9i%+ = z _m m until _! f9al ext9ction2 & ev5 ?is half tax w\ld n be paid 9 ca%1 b by ! deliv]y ( an object :i* !y h nev] yet kn[n or c\nt$ z "p ( _! prop]ty2 & ^? n possess+ ! object w be call$ on = no?+4 ,i d n g into all ! details ( ! bur!ns & b5efits ( ?is op]ation4 ,& :o c\ld e/imate its bless$ effects8 ,i leave ?is to ^? :o w live to see _! accompli%m5t1 & to enjoy a beatitude =bidd5 to my age4 ,b ,i leave x ) ?is admonition1 to rise & be do+4 ,a million & a half are )9 _! control2 b six millions1 7:i* a majority ( ^? n[ liv+ w see !m atta917 & "o million ( ^! fight+ m51 w say1 we w n g4 ,i am aw>e t ?is subject involves "s con/itutional scruples4 ,b a lib]al con/ruction1 ju/ifi$ by ! object1 may g f>1 & an am5dm5t ( ! con/itution1 ! :ole l5g? necess>y4 ,! sep>ation ( infants f _! mo!rs1 too1 w\ld produce "s scruples ( humanity4 ,b ?is w\ld be /ra9+ at a gnat1 & swall[+ a camel4 ,i am mu* pleas$ to see t y h tak5 up ! subject ( ! duty on import$ books4 ,i hope a crusade w be kept up aga9/ x1 until ^? 9 p[] %all become s5sible ( ?is /a9 on our legislation1 & %all wipe x f _! code1 & f ! remembrance ( man1 if possible4 ,i salute y ) assurances ( high respect & e/eem4 ,,to ,,rob]t ,j4 ,,g>nett4 ,,monticello1 ,febru>y #ad1 #ahbd4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i h to ?ank y = ! copy ( ,colonel ,taylor's ,new ,views ( ! ,con/itution1 & %all read !m ) ! satisfaction & edification :i* ,i h ev] d]iv$ f :atev] he has writt54 ,b ,i fe> x is ! voice ( "o cry+ 9 ! wild]ness4 ,^? :o =m]ly usurp$ ! "n ( f$]ali/s1 :i*1 9 fact1 !y nev] 71 h n[ op5ly ab&on$ x1 & are z op5ly m>*+ by ! road ( con/ruction1 9 a direct l9e to t consolidation :i* 0 always _! real object4 ,!y1 almo/ to a man1 are 9 possession ( "o bran* ( ! gov]nm5t1 & appe> to be v /rong 9 y\rs4 ,! ?ree great que/ions ( am5dm5t n[ be=e y1 w give ! measure ( _! /r5g?4 ,i mean1 #a/1 ! limitation ( ! t]m ( ! presid5tial s]vice2 #b;d1 ! plac+ ! *oice ( presid5t effectually 9 ! h&s ( ! p2 #c;d1 ! giv+ to ,congress ! p[] ( int]nal improvem5t1 on condition t ea* ,/ate's f$]al proportion ( ! monies s exp5d$1 %all be employ$ )9 ! ,/ate4 ,! fri5ds ( consolidation w\ld r take ^! p[]s by con/ruction ?an accept !m by direct inve/iture f ! ,/ates4 ,yet1 z to int]nal improvem5t p>ticul>ly1 !re is probably n a ,/ate 9 ! ,union :i* w\ld n grant ! p[] on ! condition propos$1 or :i* w\ld grant x )\t t4 ,! be/ g5]al key = ! solution ( que/ions ( p[] betwe5 our gov]nm5ts1 is ! fact t e =eign & f$]al p[] is giv5 to ! f$]al gov]nm5t1 & to ! ,/ates e p[] purely dome/ic4 ,i recollect b "o in/ance ( control ve/$ 9 ! f$]al1 ov] ! ,/ate au?orities 9 a matt] purely dome/ic1 :i* is t ( metallic t5d]s4 ,! f$]al is1 9 tru?1 our =eign gov]nm5t1 :i* dep>tm5t alone is tak5 f ! sov]eignty ( ! sep>ate ,/ates4 ,! real fri5ds ( ! con/itution 9 its f$]al =m1 if !y wi% x to be immortal1 %\ld be att5tive1 by am5dm5ts1 to make x keep pace ) ! advance ( ! age 9 sci5ce & exp]i5ce4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 ! ,european gov]nm5ts h resi/$ re=mation1 until ! p1 see+ no o!r res\rce1 und]take x !mselves by =ce1 _! only weapon1 & "w x out ?r\gh blood1 desolation & long-cont9u$ an>*y4 ,"h x w be by l>ge fragm5ts break+ (f1 & refus+ re-union b on condition ( am5dm5t1 or p]haps p]man5tly4 ,if ,i c see ^! ?ree great am5dm5ts prevail1 ,i %all consid] x z a r5ew$ ext5sion ( ! t]m ( our lease1 %all live 9 m confid5ce1 & die 9 m hope4 ,& ,i d tru/ t ! republican mass1 :i* ,colonel ,taylor ju/ly says is ! real f$]al "o1 is /ill /rong en\gh to c>ry ^! truly f$]o-republican am5dm5ts4 ,) my pray]s = ! issue1 accept my fri5dly & respectful salutations4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,isaac ,,engelbre*t4 ,,monticello1 ,febru>y #be1 #ahbd4 ,,sir1--,! k9dness ( ! motive :i* l$ to ! reque/ ( y\r lett] ( ! #ad? in/ant1 & :i* w\ld give "s value to an article f me1 r5d]s compliance a duty ( gratitude2 kn[+ no?+ m moral1 m sublime1 m wor?y ( y\r pres]vation ?an ,david's description ( ! good man1 9 8 #ae? ,psalm1 ,i w "h transcribe x f ,brady ,tate's v]sion3 ,"l1 :o's ! happy man t may to ?y ble/ c\rts repair1 ,n /rang]-l1 to visit !m1 b to inhabit !re8 ',tis he ^: e ?\ght & de$ by rules ( virtue moves1 ,^: g5]\s tongue disda9s to speak ! ?+ 8 he>t disproves4 ,:o nev] did a sl&] =ge1 8 neighbor's fame to w\nd1 ,nor he>k5 to a false report by malice :isp]$ r\nd4 ,:o1 vice1 9 all its pomp & p[]1 c treat ) j neglect2 ,& piety1 ?\gh clo!d 9 rags1 religi\sly respect4 ,:o1 to 8 plight$ v[s & tru/1 has ev] firmly /ood1 ,& ?\gh he promise to 8 loss he makes 8 promise good4 ,^: s\l 9 usury disda9s 8 treasure to employ1 ,:om no rew>ds c ev] bribe ! guiltless to de/roy4 ,! man :o by ?is /eady c\rse has happ9ess ensur$1 ,:5 e>?'s f\ndation %akes1 %all /& by provid5ce secur$4 ,accept ?is z a te/imony ( my respect = y\r reque/1 an ackn[l$gm5t ( a due s5se ( ! favor ( y\r op9ion1 & an assurance ( my good w & be/ wi%es4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,woodw>d4 ,,monticello1 ,m>* #bd1 #ahbd4 ,i h to ?ank y1 de> ,sir1 = ! copy ,i h receiv$ ( y\r ,sy/em ( ,univ]sal ,sci5ce1 = :i*1 ,i presume1 ,i am indebt$ to y\rself4 ,x w be a monum5t ( ! le>n+ ( ! au?or & ( ! analyz+ p[]s ( 8 m9d4 ,:e!r x may be adopt$ 9 g5]al use is yet to be se54 ,^! analytical views inde$ mu/ always be ramifi$ accord+ to _! object4 ,y\rs is on ! great scale ( a me?odical encyclop$ia ( all human sci5ces1 tak+ = ! basis ( _! di/ribution1 matt]1 m9d1 & ! union ( bo?4 ,"l ,bacon f\nd$ 8 fir/ great division on ! faculties ( ! m9d :i* h cognizance ( ^! sci5ces4 ,x does n seem to h be5 obs]v$ by any "o t ! orig9ation ( ?is division 0 n ) him4 ,x _h be5 propos$ by ,*>ron m ?an tw5ty ye>s be=e1 9 8 book de la ,sagesse1 ,b4 #a1 c4 #ad1 & an imp]fect ascription ( ! sci5ces to ^! respective faculties 0 !re attempt$4 ,?is excell5t moral "w 0 publi%$ 9 #afjj4 ,"l ,bacon is said n to h ent]$ on 8 great "w until 8 retirem5t f public (fice 9 #afba4 ,:]e sci5ces are to be arrang$ 9 accommodation to ! s*ools ( an univ]sity1 !y w be gr\p$ to co9cide ) ! k9dr$ qualifications ( ,pr(essors 9 ord9>y4 ,= a libr>y1 :i* 0 my object1 _! divisions & subdivisions w be made su* z to ?r[ conv5i5t masses ( books "u ea* sep>ate head4 ,?us1 9 ! libr>y ( a physician1 ! books ( t sci5ce1 ( :i* he has _m1 w be subdivid$ "u _m heads2 & ^! ( law1 ( :i* he has few1 w be plac$ "u a s+le "o4 ,! lawy]1 aga91 w di/ribute 8 law books "u _m subdivisions1 8 m$ical "u a s+le "o4 ,y\r idea ( mak+ ! subject matt] ( ! sci5ces ! basis ( _! di/ribution1 is c]ta9ly m reasonable ?an t ( ! faculties to :i* !y are address$4 ,! mat]iali/s w p]haps criticize a basis1 "o-half ( :i* !y w say is a non-exi/5ce2 adh]+ to ! axiom ( ,ari/otle1 nihil e/ 9 intellectu quod prius non fu]it 9 s5su1 & affirm+ t we c h no evid5ce ( any exi/5ce :i* impresses no s5se4 ,( ?is op9ion 7 mo/ ( ! anci5t philosoph]s1 & sev]al ( ! e>ly & or?odox fa!rs ( ! *ri/ian *ur*4 ,inde$1 ,jesus himself1 ! f\nd] ( our religion1 0 unque/ionably a mat]iali/ z to man4 ,9 all 8 doctr9es ( ! resurrection1 he tea*es expressly t ! body is to rise 9 sub/ance4 ,9 ! ,apo/les' ,cre$1 we all decl>e t we believe 9 ! resurrection ( ! body4 ,jesus said t ,god is _s )\t def9+ x4 ,t]tullian supplies ! def9ition1 quis negabit ,deum esse corpus1 etsi ,deus ,spiritus8 spiritus etiam corporis sui g5]is 9 su effigie4 ,& ,orig51 accipi1 docet1 pro eo quod non e/ simile huic no/ro crassiori et visibli corpori1 s$ quod e/ naturalit] subtile et velut aura t5ue4 ,! mod]n philosoph]s mo/ly consid] ?\ght z a function ( our mat]ial organization2 & ,locke p>ticul>ly among !m1 *>ges ) blasphemy ^? :o d5y t ,omnipot5ce c\ld give ! faculty ( ?9k+ to c]ta9 comb9ations ( matt]4 ,7 ,i to re-compose my tabul> view ( ! sci5ces1 ,i %\ld c]ta9ly transpose a p>ticul> bran*4 ,! naturali/s1 y "k1 di/ribute ! hi/ory ( nature into ?ree k+doms or dep>tm5ts3 zoology1 botany1 m9]alogy4 ,ideology or m9d1 h[ev]1 occupies s mu* space 9 ! field ( sci5ce1 t we might p]haps erect x into a f\r? k+dom or dep>tm5t4 ,b1 inasmu* z x makes a "p ( ! animal con/ruction only1 x w\ld be m prop] to subdivide zoology into physical & moral4 ,! latt] includ+ ideology1 e?ics1 & m5tal sci5ce g5]ally1 9 my catalogue1 consid]+ e?ics1 z well z religion1 z supplem5ts to law 9 ! gov]nm5t ( man1 ,i _h plac$ !m 9 t sequ5ce4 ,b c]ta9ly ! faculty ( ?\ght belongs to animal hi/ory1 is an important portion ( x & %\ld !re f9d its place4 ,b ^! are speculations 9 :i* ,i d n n[ p]mit myself to labor4 ,my m9d unwill+ly engages 9 sev]e inve/igations4 ,its en]gies1 inde$1 are no long] equal to !m4 ,be+ to ?ank y = y\r hook1 its subject has run away ) me into a labyr9? ( ideas no long] famili>1 & writ+ also has become a sl[ & irksome op]ation ) me4 ,i h be5 oblig$ to avail myself ( ! p5 ( a gr&daught] = ?is communication4 ,i w "h1 !re=e1 close my task ( ?9k+1 h]s ( writ+1 & y\rs ( read+1 ) assurances ( my con/ant & high respect & e/eem4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,edw>d ,,ev]ett4 ,,monticello1 ,m>* #bg1 #ahbd4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i h to ?ank y = y\r ,greek read]1 :i*1 = ! use ( s*ools1 is evid5tly pref]able to ! ,collectanea ,grca4 ,^! h n arrang$ _! selections s well 9 gradation f ! easi] to ! m difficult /yles4 ,on ! subject ( ! ,greek ablative1 ,i d>e say t y\r hi/orical explanation is ! true "o4 ,9 ! e>ly /ages ( languages1 ! di/9ctions ( cases may well be suppos$ s few z to be readily effect$ by *anges ( t]m9ation4 ,! ,greeks1 9 ?is way1 seem to h =m$ five1 ! ,lat9s six1 & to h suppli$ _! defici5cies z !y occurr$ 9 ! progress ( developm5t1 by prepositive words4 ,9 lat] times1 ! ,italians1 ,spani>ds1 & ,fr5*1 h dep5d$ on prepositions altoge!r1 )\t any inflection ( ! primitive ^w to d5ote ! *ange ( case4 ,:at is s+ul> z to ! ,engli% is1 t 9 its e>ly =m ( ,anglo-,saxon1 hav+ di/+ui%$ sev]al cases by *anges ( t]m9ation1 at lat] p]iods x has dropp$ ^!1 reta9s b t ( ! g5itive1 & supplies all ! o!rs by prepositions4 ,^! subjects1 ) me1 are nei!r favorites nor famili>2 & y\r lett] has occasion$ me to look m into ! p>ticul> "o 9 "q ?an ,i _h ev] done be=e4 ,turn+1 = satisfaction1 to ! "w ( ,tracy1 ! mo/ pr(\nd ( our ideological writ]s1 & to ! volume p>ticul>ly :i* treats ( gramm>1 ,i f9d :at ,i suppose to be ! correct doctr9e ( ! case4 ,omitt+ unnecess>y words to abridge writ+1 ,i copy :at he says3 ,il y a des langues qui p> c]ta9s *angem5s de des95ce1 appells cas1 indiqu5t quelquesuns des rapports des noms avec d'autres noms2 mais beauc\p de langues n'ont po9t de cas2 et celles qui en ont1 n'en ont qu'un petit nombre1 t&is que les div]s rapports qu'une ide peut avoir avec une autre sont extrmem5t multiplis3 a9si1 les cas ne peuv5t exprim] qu'en g5]al1 les pr9cipaux de ces rapports4 ,aussi dans t\tes les langues1 meme dans celles qui out des cas1 on a s5ti le beso9 de mots di/9cts1 sep>s des autres1 et expressem5t de/9s cet usage2 ils ce qu'on appelle des prepositions4 #b ,tracy ,elem5s d',ideologie1 c4 #c1 #e1 p4 #aad1 & he names ! ,basque & ,p]uvian languages1 ^: n\ns h su* v>i\s *anges ( t]m9ation z to express all ! relations :i* o!r languages express by prepositions1 & !re=e hav+ no prepositions4 ,on ?is gr\nd1 ,i suppose1 !n1 we may re/ ! "q ( ! ,greek ablative4 ,x leaves ) me a s+le difficulty only1 to-wit3 ! in/ances :]e !y h giv5 ! ablative signification to ! dative t]m9ation1 "s ( :i* ,i quot$ 9 my =m] lett] to y4 ,i h j receiv$ a lett] f ,coray1 at ,p>is1 ( ! #bh? ,decemb]1 9 :i* he confirms ! late naval success ( ! ,greeks1 b expresses a melan*oly fe> = 8 nation1 qui a montr jusqu' ce mom5t des prodiges de valeur1 mais qui1 delivre d'un j\g de ,cannibass1 ne peut encore poss$] ni les leons d'in/ruction1 ni celles de l'expri5ce4 ,i confess ,i h ! same fe>s = our ,s\? ,am]ican bre?r52 ! qualifications = self-gov]nm5t 9 society are n innate4 ,!y are ! result ( habit & long tra9+1 & = ^! !y w require "t & probably mu* suff]+4 ,i salute y ) assurances ( great e/eem & respect4 ,,to ,,edw>d ,,liv+/on4 ,,monticello1 ,april #d1 #ahbd4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,x 0 ) great pleasure ,i le>n$ t ! good p ( ,new ,orleans _h re/or$ y aga9 to ! c\ncils ( our c\ntry4 ,i did n d\bt ! aid x w\ld br+ to ! rema9s ( our old s*ool 9 ,congress1 9 :i* y\r e>ly labors _h be5 s useful4 ,y w f9d1 ,i suppose1 on revisit+ our m>itime ,/ates1 ! names ( ?+s m *ang$ ?an ! ?+s !mselves2 t ?\gh our old oppon5ts h giv5 up _! appellation1 !y h n1 9 assum+ ours1 ab&on$ _! views1 & t !y are z /rong ne>ly z !y ev] 74 ,^! c>es1 h[ev]1 are no long] m9e4 ,i resign myself *e]fully to ! manag]s ( ! %ip1 & ! m cont5t$ly1 z ,i am ne> ! end ( my voyage4 ,i h le>n$ to be less confid5t 9 ! conclusions ( human reason1 & give m cr$it to ! hone/y ( contr>y op9ions4 ,! radical idea ( ! "* ( ! con/itution ( our gov]nm5t1 :i* ,i h adopt$ z a key 9 cases ( d\btful con/ruction1 is1 t ! :ole field ( gov]nm5t is divid$ into two dep>tm5ts1 dome/ic & =eign1 7! ,/ates 9 _! mutual relations be+ ( ! latt]27 t ! =m] dep>tm5t is res]v$ exclusively to ! respective ,/ates )9 _! own limits1 & ! latt] assign$ to a sep>ate set ( function>ies1 con/itut+ :at may be call$ ! =eign bran*1 :i*1 in/ead ( a f$]al basis1 is e/abli%$ z a di/9ct gov]nm5t quoad hoc1 act+ z ! dome/ic bran* does on ! citiz5s directly & co]cively2 t ^! dep>tm5ts h di/9ct directories1 co-ord9ate1 & equally indep5d5t & supreme1 ea* )9 its own sph]e ( action4 ,:5ev] a d\bt arises to :i* ( ^! bran*es a p[] belongs1 ,i try x by ?is te/4 ,i recollect no case :]e a "q simply betwe5 citiz5s ( ! same ,/ate1 has be5 transf]r$ to ! =eign dep>tm5t1 except t ( inhibit+ t5d]s b ( metallic money1 & ex po/ facto legislation4 ,! causes ( ^! s+ul>ities are well rememb]$4 ,i ?ank y = ! copy ( y\r spee* on ! "q ( national improvem5t1 :i* ,i h read ) great pleasure1 & recognize 9 x ^? p[]s ( reason+ & p]suasion ( :i* ,i _h =m]ly se5 f y s _m pro(s4 ,yet1 9 c&or1 ,i mu/ say x has n remov$1 9 my m9d1 all ! difficulties ( ! "q4 ,& ,i %\ld really be al>m$ at a diff]5ce ( op9ion ) y1 & suspici\s ( my own1 7 x n t ,i h1 z companions 9 s5tim5ts1 ! ,madisons1 ! ,monroes1 ! ,r&olphs1 ! ,macons1 all good m5 & true1 ( primitive pr9ciples4 ,9 "o s5tim5t ( ! spee* ,i p>ticul>ly concur4 ,if we h a d\bt relative to any p[]1 we ought n to ex]cise x4 ,:5 we consid] ! ext5sive & deep-seat$ opposition to ?is assumption1 ! conviction ent]ta9$ by s _m1 t ?is d$uction ( p[]s by elaborate con/ruction pro/rates ! rights res]v$ to ! ,/ates1 ! difficulties ) :i* x w rub along 9 ! c\rse ( its ex]cise2 t *anges ( majorities w be *ang+ ! sy/em backw>ds & =w>ds1 s t no und]tak+ "u x w be safe2 t !re is n a ,/ate 9 ! ,union :i* w\ld n give ! p[] will+ly1 by way ( am5dm5t1 ) "s little gu>d1 p]haps1 aga9/ abuse2 ,i _c b ?9k x w\ld be ! wise/ c\rse to ask an express grant ( ! p[]4 ,a gov]nm5t held toge!r by ! b&s ( reason only1 requires mu* compromise ( op9ion2 t ?+s ev5 salut>y %\ld n be cramm$ d[n ! ?roats ( diss5t+ bre?r51 especially :5 !y may be put into a =m to be will+ly swall[$1 & t a great deal ( indulg5ce is necess>y to /r5g!n habits ( h>mony & frat]nity4 ,9 su* a case1 x seems to me x w\ld be saf] & wis] to ask an express grant ( ! p[]4 ,?is w\ld r5d] its ex]cise smoo? & acceptable to all1 & insure to x all ! facilities :i* ! ,/ates c\ld contribute1 to prev5t t k9d ( abuse :i* all w fe>1 because all "k x is s mu* practis$ 9 public bodies1 ,i mean ! b>t]+ ( votes4 ,x w\ld reconcile e "o1 if limit$ by ! proviso1 t ! f$]al proportion ( ea* ,/ate %\ld be exp5d$ )9 ! ,/ate4 ,) ?is s+le security aga9/ p>tiality & corrupt b>ga9+1 ,i suppose !re is n a ,/ate1 p]haps n a man 9 ! ,union1 :o w\ld n cons5t to add ?is to ! p[]s ( ! g5]al gov]nm5t4 ,b age has wean$ me f que/ions ( ?is k9d4 ,my delight is n[ 9 ! passive occupation ( read+2 & x is ) great reluctance ,i p]mit my m9d ev] to enc\nt] subjects ( difficult inve/igation4 ,y h _m ye>s yet to come ( vigor\s activity1 & ,i confid5tly tru/ !y w be employ$ 9 *]i%+ e measure :i* may fo/] our bro!rly union1 & p]petuate a con/itution ( gov]nm5t de/9$ to be ! primitive & preci\s model ( :at is to *ange ! condition ( man ov] ! globe4 ,) ?is confid5ce1 equally /rong 9 y\r p[]s & purposes1 ,i pray y to accept ! assurance ( my cordial e/eem & respect4 ,,to ,,john ,,hampd5 ,,pleasants4 ,,monticello1 ,april #ai1 #ahbd4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i receiv$ 9 due "t y\r favor ( ! #ab?1 reque/+ my op9ion on ! proposition to call a conv5tion = am5d+ ! con/itution ( ! ,/ate4 ,t ?is %\ld n be p]fect _c be a subject ( wond]1 :5 x is consid]$ t ours 0 n only ! fir/ ( ! ,am]ican ,/ates1 b ! fir/ nation 9 ! _w1 at lea/ )9 ! records ( hi/ory1 :i* peaceably by its wise m51 =m$ on free delib]ation1 a con/itution ( gov]nm5t = itself1 & deposit$ x 9 writ+1 among _! ar*ives1 always ready & op5 to ! appeal ( e citiz54 ,! o!r ,/ates1 :o successively =m$ con/itutions = !mselves also1 _h ! b5efit ( our outl9e1 & h made on x1 d\btless1 successive improvem5ts4 ,"o 9 ! v outset1 & :i* has be5 adopt$ 9 e subsequ5t con/itution1 0 to lay its f\ndation 9 ! au?ority ( ! nation4 ,to our conv5tion no special au?ority _h be5 delegat$ by ! p to =m a p]man5t con/itution1 ov] :i* _! successors 9 legislation %\ld h no p[]s ( alt]ation4 ,!y _h be5 elect$ = ! ord9>y purposes ( legislation only1 & at a "t :5 ! e/abli%m5t ( a new gov]nm5t _h n be5 propos$ or contemplat$4 ,al?\gh1 !re=e1 !y gave to ?is act ! title ( a con/itution1 yet x c\ld be no m ?an an act ( legislation subject1 z _! o!r acts 71 to alt]ation by _! successors4 ,x has be5 said1 inde$1 t ! acquiesc5ce ( ! p suppli$ ! want ( orig9al p[]4 ,b x is a dang]\s lesson to say to !m :5ev] y\r function>ies ex]cise unlawful au?ority ov] y1 if y d n g into actual resi/ance1 x w be deem$ acquiesc5ce & confirmation4 ,h[ long _h we acquiesc$ "u usurpations ( ! ,briti% p>liam5t8 ,_h t confirm$ !m 9 "r1 & made our revolution a wrong8 ,besides1 no au?ority has yet decid$ :e!r ?is resi/ance mu/ be in/antane\s2 :5 ! "r to resi/ ceases1 or :e!r x has yet ceas$8 ,( ! tw5ty-f\r ,/ates n[ organiz$1 tw5ty-?ree h disapprov$ our doctr9e & example1 & h deem$ ! au?ority ( _! p a necess>y f\ndation = a con/itution4 ,ano!r defect :i* has be5 correct$ by mo/ ( ! ,/ates is1 t ! basis ( our con/itution is 9 opposition to ! pr9ciple ( equal political rights1 refus+ to all b freehold]s any p>ticipation 9 ! natural "r ( self-gov]nm5t4 ,x is believ$1 = example1 t a v great majority ( ! militia1 on :om ! bur!n ( milit>y duty 0 impos$ 9 ! late w>1 7 m5 unrepres5t$ 9 ! legislation :i* impos$ ?is bur!n on !m4 ,h[ev] nature may by m5tal or physical disqualifications h m>k$ infants & ! weak] sex = ! protection1 r ?an ! direction ( gov]nm5t1 yet among ! m5 :o ei!r pay or fight = _! c\ntry1 no l9e ( "r c be drawn4 ,! exclusion ( a majority ( our freem5 f ! "r ( repres5tation is m]ely arbitr>y1 & an usurpation ( ! m9ority ov] ! majority2 = x is believ$ t ! non-freehold]s compose ! majority ( our free & adult male citiz5s4 ,& ev5 among our citiz5s :o p>ticipate 9 ! repres5tative privilege1 ! equality ( political rights is entirely pro/rat$ by our con/itution4 ,^u :i* pr9ciple ( "r or reason c any "o ju/ify ! giv+ to e citiz5 ( ,w>wick z mu* weight 9 ! gov]nm5t z to tw5ty-two equal citiz5s 9 ,l\don1 & simil> inequalities among ! o!r c\nties8 ,if ^! fundam5tal pr9ciples are ( no importance 9 actual gov]nm5t1 !n no pr9ciples are important1 & x is z well to rely on ! dispositions ( an adm9i/ration2 good or evil1 z on ! provisions ( a con/itution4 ,i %all n ent] into ! details ( small] defects1 al?\gh o!rs !re d\btless are1 ! re=mation ( "s ( :i* might v mu* less5 ! exp5ses ( gov]nm5t1 improve its organization1 & add to ! wisdom & purity ( its adm9i/ration 9 all its p>ts2 b ^! ?+s ,i leave to o!rs1 n p]mitt+ myself to take sides 9 ! political que/ions ( ! day4 ,i will+ly acquiesce 9 ! in/itutions ( my c\ntry1 p]fect or imp]fect2 & ?9k x a duty to leave _! modifications to ^? :o are to live "u !m1 & are to p>ticipate ( ! good or evil !y may produce4 ,! pres5t g5]ation has ! same "r ( self-gov]nm5t :i* ! pa/ "o has ex]cis$ = itself4 ,& ^? 9 ! full vigor ( body & m9d are m able to judge = !mselves ?an ^? :o are s9k+ "u ! wane ( bo?4 ,if ! s5se ( our citiz5s on ! "q ( a conv5tion c be fairly & fully tak51 its result w1 ,i am sure1 be wise & salut>y2 & f> f arrogat+ ! (fice ( advice1 no "o w m passively acquiesce 9 x ?an myself4 ,retir+1 !re=e1 to ! tranquillity call$ = by increas+ ye>s & debility1 ,i wi% n to be und]/ood z int]m$dl+ 9 ?is "q2 & to my pray]s = ! g5]al good1 ,i h only to add assurances to y\rself ( my great e/eem4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,david ,,h>d+1 ,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,jeff]son ,,debat+ ,,society ,,( ,,h+ham4 ,,monticello1 ,april #bj1 #ahbd4 ,,sir4--,i h duly receiv$ y\r favor ( ! #f? in/ant1 in=m+ me ( ! in/itution ( a debat+ society 9 ,h+ham1 compos$ ( adh]5ts to ! republican pr9ciples ( ! revolution2 & ,i am ju/ly s5sible ( ! honor done my "n by associat+ x ) ! title ( ! society4 ,! object ( ! society is laudable1 & 9 a republican nation1 ^: citiz5s are to be l$ by reason & p]suasion1 & n by =ce1 ! art ( reason+ becomes ( fir/ importance4 ,9 ?is l9e1 antiquity has left u ! f9e/ models = imitation2 & he :o /udies & imitates !m mo/ ne>ly1 w ne>e/ approa* ! p]fection ( ! art4 ,among ^! ,i %\ld consid] ! spee*es ( ,livy1 ,sallu/1 & ,tacitus1 z pre-em95t specim5s ( logic1 ta/e1 & t s5t5ti\s brevity :i*1 us+ n a ^w to sp>e1 leaves n a mom5t = inatt5tion to ! he>]4 ,amplification is ! vice ( mod]n oratory4 ,x is an insult to an assembly ( reasonable m51 disgu/+ & revolt+ in/ead ( p]suad+4 ,spee*es measur$ by ! h\r1 die ) ! h\r4 ,i w n1 h[ev]1 fur!r indulge ! disposition ( ! age to s]monize1 & especially to ^? surr\nd$ by s mu* bett] advice4 ,) my apologies1 !re=e1 = haz>d+ ev5 ^! obs]vations1 & my pray]s = ! success ( y\r in/itution1 be pleas$ to accept = ! society & y\rself ! assurances ( my high consid]ation4 ,,to ,,ri*>d ,,ru%4 ,,monticello1 ,april #bf1 #ahbd4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i h h]et(ore in=m$ y t our legislature _h und]tak5 ! e/abli%m5t ( an ,univ]sity 9 ,virg9ia2 t x 0 plac$ 9 my neighborhood1 & "u ! direction ( a bo>d ( sev5 visitors1 ( :om ,i am "o1 ,mr4 ,madison ano!r1 & o!rs equally wor?y ( confid5ce4 ,we h be5 f\r or five ye>s engag$ 9 erect+ our build+s1 all ( :i* are n[ ready to receive _! t5ants1 "o except$1 :i* ! pres5t season w put into a /ate = use4 ,! la/ session ( our legislature _h by new donations lib]at$ ! rev5ue ( fifte5 ,m4 ,d4 a ye>1 ) :i* !y _h be=e end[$ ! in/itution1 & we propose to op5 x ! beg9n+ ( ! next ye>4 ,we require ! int]v5+ "t = seek+ out & engag+ ,pr(essors4 ,z to ^! we h det]m9$ to receive no "o :o is n ( ! fir/ ord] ( sci5ce 9 8 l9e2 & z su* 9 e bran* _c be obta9$ ) u1 we propose to seek "s ( !m at lea/ 9 ! c\ntries ahead ( u 9 sci5ce1 & pref]ably 9 ,great ,brita91 ! l& ( our own language1 habits & mann]s4 ,b h[ to f9d out ^? :o are ( ! fir/ grade ( sci5ce1 ( sob] correct habits & morals1 h>moniz+ temp]s1 tal5ts = communication1 is ! difficulty4 ,our fir/ /ep is to s5d a special ag5t to ! ,univ]sities ( ,ox=d1 ,cambridge & ,ed9burgh1 to make ! selection = u2 & ! p]son appo9t$ = ?is (fice is ! g5tleman :o w h& y ?is lett]1--,mr4 ,francis ,walk] ,gilm]1--! be/-educat$ subject we h rais$ s9ce ! revolution1 highly qualifi$ 9 all ! important bran*es ( sci5ce1 pr(ess+ p>ticul>ly t ( ! law1 :i* he has practis$ "s ye>s at our ,supreme ,c\rt ) good success & flatt]+ prospects4 ,8 morals1 8 amiable temp] & discretion1 w d ju/ice to any confid5ce y may be will+ to place 9 him1 = ,i commit him to y z 8 m5tor & guide 9 ! bus9ess he goes on4 ,we d n c]ta9ly expect to obta9 su* kn[n *>act]s z 7 ! ,cull5s1 ! ,rob]tsons & ,porsons ( ,great ,brita91 m5 ( ! fir/ em95ce e/abli%$ !re 9 reputation & (fice1 & ) emolum5ts n to be bett]$ any:]e4 ,b we "k t !re is ano!r race tread+ on _! heels1 prep>+ to take _! places1 & z well & sometimes bett] qualifi$ to fill !m4 ,^! :ile unsettl$1 surr\nd$ by a cr[d ( competitors1 ( equal claims & p]haps sup]ior cr$it & int]e/1 may pref] a com=table c]ta9ty "h = an unc]ta9 hope !re1 & a l+]+ delay ev5 ( t4 ,f ?is description we expect we may draw pr(essors equal to ^? ( ! highe/ "n4 ,! difficulty is to di/+ui% !m2 = we are told t s ov]*>g$ are all bran*es ( bus9ess 9 t c\ntry1 & su* ! difficulty ( gett+ ! means ( liv+1 t x is deem$ all[able 9 e?ics = ev5 ! mo/ honorable m9ds to give highly exagg]at$ recomm5dations & c]tificates to enable a fri5d or proteg to get into a livelihood2 & t ! mom5t our ag5t %\ld be kn[n to be on su* a mission1 he w\ld be ov]:elm$ by applications f num]\s pret5d]s1 all ( :om1 wor?y or unwor?y1 w\ld be support$ by su* recomm5dations & su* names z w\ld conf\nd all discrim9ation4 ,on ?is head our tru/ & hope is 9 y4 ,y\r k ( ! /ate ( ?+s1 y\r means ( f9d+ out a "* or two at ea* place1 truly tru/wor?y1 & into ^: h&s y c commit our ag5t ) entire safety1 = in=mation1 caution & co-op]ation1 induces me to reque/ y\r patronage & aid 9 our endeavors to obta9 su* m51 & su* only z w fulfil our views4 ,an unlucky selection 9 ! outset w\ld =ev] bla/ our prospects4 ,f our in=mation ( ! "* ( ! diff]5t ,univ]sities1 we expect we %\ld g to ,ox=d = our classical pr(essor1 to ,cambridge = ^? ( ,ma!matics1 ,natural ,philosophy & ,natural ,hi/ory1 & to ,ed9burgh = a pr(essor ( ,anatomy1 & ! elem5ts or outl9es only ( ,m$ic9e4 ,we h /ill our eye on ,mr4 ,blaett]man = ! pr(essor%ip ( mod]n languages1 & ,mr4 ,gilm] is in/ruct$ to engage him1 if no v mat]ial objection to him may h aris5 unkn[n to u4 ,we c place 9 ,mr4 ,gilm]'s h&s b a mod]ate sum at pres5t = m]ely text books to beg9 )1 & = indisp5sable articles ( app>atus1 ,ma!matical1 ,a/ronomical1 ,physical1 ,*emical & ,anatomical4 ,we are 9 ! hope ( a sum ( #ej1jjj1 z soon z we c get a settlem5t pass$ ?r\gh ! public (fices4 ,my exp]i5ce 9 deal+ ) ! booksell] ,lack+ton1 on y\r recomm5dation1 has induc$ me to recomm5d him to ,mr4 ,gilm]1 & if we c engage 8 fidelity1 we may put into 8 h&s ! l>g] supply ( books :5 we are ready to call = x1 & p>ticul>ly :at we %all propose to seek 9 ,engl&4 ,al?\gh ,i h tr\bl$ y ) _m p>ticul>s1 ,i yet leave abundance = v]bal explanation ) ,mr4 ,gilm]1 :o possesses a full k ( ev]y?+1 & our full confid5ce 9 ev]y?+4 ,he takes ) him plans ( our e/abli%m5t1 :i* we ?9k x may be enc\rag+ to %[ to ! p]sons to :om he w make propositions1 z well to let !m see ! com=ts provid$ = !mselves1 z to %[ by ! ext5siv5ess & exp5se ( ! scale1 t x is no ephem]al ?+ to :i* !y are invit$4 ,) my e>ne/ solicitations t y w give u all y\r aid 9 an und]tak+ on :i* we re/ ! hopes & happ9ess ( our c\ntry1 accept ! assurances ( my s9c]e fri5d%ip1 atta*m5t & respect4 ,,to ,,joseph ,c4 ,,cabell4 ,,monticello1 ,may #af1 #ahbd4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,y\r favor ( ! #e?1 f ,williamsburg1 has be5 duly receiv$1 & pres5ts to u a case ( pregnant "*1 admitt+ important issues1 & requir+ s]i\s consid]ation & conduct2 yet ,i am m incl9$ to view x ) hope ?an dismay4 ,x involves two que/ions4 ,fir/4 ,%all ! college ( ,william & ,m>y be remov$8 ,second4 ,to :at place8 ,z to ! fir/1 ,i nev] d\bt$ ! lawful au?ority ( ! legislature ov] ! college1 z be+ a public in/itution & end[$ f ! public prop]ty1 by public ag5ts = t function1 & = public purposes4 ,"s h d\bt$ ?is au?ority )\t a rel9qui%m5t ( :at !y call a ve/$ "r by ! body corporate4 ,b z _! volunt>y rel9qui%m5t is a circum/ance ( ! case1 x is reliev$ f t d\bt4 ,i c]ta9ly nev] wi%$ t my v5]able alma mat] %\ld be di/urb$4 ,i consid]$ x z an actual possession ( t anci5t & e>lie/ settlem5t ( our =efa!rs1 & 0 dispos$ to see x yield$ z a c\rtesy1 r ?an tak5 z a "r4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 are free to r5\nce a b5efit1 & we to receive x4 ,_h we dissolv$ x on ! pr9ciple ( "r1 to give a direction to its funds m useful to ! public1 ! pr(essors1 al?\gh _! *>t]$ t5ure is dur+ pleasure only1 might h reasonably expect$ a vale ( a ye> or two's sal>y1 z an int]m$iate support1 until !y c\ld f9d o!r employm5t = _! tal5ts4 ,& not)/&+ t _! ab&onm5t is volunt>y1 ?is %\ld /ill be giv5 !m4 ,on ?is fir/ "q ,i ?9k we %\ld be absolutely sil5t & passive1 tak+ no "p 9 x until ! old in/itution is loos5$ f its f\ndation & fairly plac$ on its :eels4 #b4 ,on ! second "q1 to :at place %all x be mov$8 we may take ! field boldly4 ,ri*mond1 x seems1 claims x1 b on :at gr\nd ( advantage to ! public8 ,:5 ! pr(essors1 _! *>t] & funds %all be translat$ to ,ri*mond1 w !y become m enlight5$ !re ?an at ! old place8 ,w !y possess m sci5ce8 be m capable ( communicat+ x8 or m compet5t to raise x f ! dead1 9 a new sect1 ?an to keep x alive 9 ! anci5t "o8 ,or has ,ri*mond any peculi>ities m favorable = ! communication ( ! sci5ces g5]ally ?an ! place :i* ! legislature has pref]r$ & fix$ on = t purpose8 ,?is w n be pret5d$4 ,b x seems !y possess advantages = a m$ical s*ool4 ,let u scan !m4 ,anatomy may be z compet5tly taught at ! ,univ]sity z at ,ri*mond1 ! only subjects ( discretion :i* ei!r place c c\nt on are equally acquirable at bo?4 ,& z to m$ic9e1 :atev] c be le>n$ f lectures or books1 may be taught at ! ,univ]sity ( ,virg9ia z well z at ,ri*mond1 or ev5 at ,baltimore1 ,philadelphia1 ,new ,york1 or ,bo/on1 ) ! ine/imable additional advantage ( acquir+1 at ! same "t1 ! k9dr$ sci5ces by att5d+ ! o!r s*ools4 ,b ,ri*mond ?9ks x c h a hospital :i* w furni% subjects = ! cl9ical bran* ( m$ic9e4 ,! classes ( p :i* furni% subjects = ! hospitals ( ,baltimore1 ,philadelphia1 ,new ,york & ,bo/on1 d n exi/ at ,ri*mond4 ,! %ipp+ con/antly pres5t at ^? places1 furni% _m pati5ts4 ,is !re a %ip at ,ri*mond8 ,! class ( :ite s]vants 9 ^? cities :i* is num]\s & p5niless1 & ^: regul> res\rce 9 sickness is always ! hospital1 con/itutes ! great body ( _! pati5ts2 ?is class does n exi/ at ,ri*mond4 ,! s]vants !re are slaves1 ^: ma/]s are by law oblig$ to take c>e ( !m 9 sickness z 9 heal?1 & :o c\ld n be admitt$ into a hospital4 ,^! res\rces1 !n1 be+ null1 ! free inhabitants alone rema9 = a hospital at ,ri*mond4 ,& ,i w ask h[ _m families 9 ,ri*mond w\ld s5d _! husb&s1 wives1 or *ildr5 to a hospital1 9 sickness1 to be att5d$ by nurses h>d5$ by habit aga9/ ! feel+s ( pity1 to lie 9 public rooms h>ass$ by ! cries & suff]+s ( disease "u e =m1 al>m$ by ! groans ( ! dy+1 expos$ z a corpse to be lectur$ ov] by a cl9ical pr(essor1 to be cr[d$ & h&l$ by 8 /ud5ts to he> _! case le>n$ly expla9$ to !m1 its ?reat5+ symptoms develop$1 & its probable t]m9ation =ebod$8 ,9 v9dication ( ,ri*mond1 ,i may surely answ] t !re is n 9 ! place a family s he>tless1 z1 rel9qui%+ _! own t5d] c>es ( a *ild or p>5t1 to ab&on !m 9 sickness to ?is la/ res\rce ( pov]ty2 = x is pov]ty alone :i* peoples hospitals1 & ^? alone :o are on ! *>ities ( _! p>i% w\ld g to _! hospital4 ,h !y paup]s en\gh to fill a hospital8 & sickness en\gh among ^!8 ,"o reason alleg$ = ! removal ( ! college to ,ri*mond is t ,williamsburg is sickly1 is happily little apt = ! situation ( a hospital4 ,no ,sir2 ,ri*mond is no place to furni% subjects = cl9ical lectures4 ,i h always _h ,norfolk 9 view = ?is purpose4 ,! climate & pont9e c\ntry ar\nd ,norfolk r5d] x truly sickly 9 itself4 ,x is1 moreov]1 ! r5dezv\s n only ( ! %ipp+ ( comm]ce1 b ( ! vessels ( ! public navy4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates h !re a hospital already e/abli%$1 & suppli$ ) subjects f ^! local circum/ances4 ,i _h ?\ght & h m5tion$ to y\rself & our colleagues1 t :5 our m$ical s*ool has got well "u way1 we %\ld propose to ! f$]al gov]nm5t ! association ) t e/abli%m5t1 & at our own exp5se1 ( ! cl9ical bran* ( our m$ical s*ool1 s t our /ud5ts1 aft] qualify+ !mselves ) ! o!r bran*es ( ! sci5ce "h1 might complete _! c\rse ( prep>ation by att5d+ cl9ical lectures = six or twelve mon?s at ,norfolk4 ,b ,ri*mond has ano!r claim1 z be+ ! seat ( gov]nm5t4 ,! indisposition ( ,ri*mond t[>ds our ,univ]sity has n be5 unfelt4 ,b w\ld x n be wis] 9 !m to re/ satisfi$ ) ! gov]nm5t & _! local academy8 ,c !y af=d1 on ! "q ( a *ange ( ! seat ( gov]nm5t1 by ho/iliz+ ! middle c\nties1 to transf] !m f ! ea/]n to ! we/]n int]e/8 ,to make x _! int]e/ to )draw f ! =m] t gr\nd ( claim1 if us$ = adv]s>y purposes8 ,) ?+s z !y are1 let bo? p>ties rema9 cont5t & unit$4 ,if1 !n1 ,william & ,m>y is to be remov$1 & n to ,ri*mond1 c !re be two op9ions h[ its funds are to be direct$ to ! be/ advantage = ! public8 ,:5 x 0 f\nd t t sem9>y 0 entirely ineffectual t[>ds ! object ( public education1 & t "o on a bett] plan1 & 9 a bett] situation1 mu/ be provid$1 :at 0 s obvi\s z to employ = t purpose ! funds ( ! "o ab&on$1 ) :at m w\ld be necess>y1 to raise ! new e/abli%m5t8 ,& :at s obvi\s z to d n[ :at might reasonably h be5 done !n1 by consolidat+ toge!r ! in/itutions & _! funds8 ,! plan sanction$ by ! legislature requir$ = our ,univ]sity t5 pr(essors1 b ! funds appropriat$ w ma9ta9 b eight1 & "s ( ^! are consequ5tly ov]-bur!n$ ) duties2 ! hundr$ ?\s& doll>s ( pr9cipal :i* y say /ill rema9s to ,william & ,m>y1 by its int]e/ ( six ?\s& doll>s1 w\ld give u ! two defici5t pr(essors1 ) an annual surplus = ! pur*ase ( books2 & c]ta9ly ! legislature w see no public int]e/1 aft] ! exp5se incurr$ on ! new e/abli%m5t1 9 sett+ up a rival 9 ! city ( ,ri*mond2 !y _c ?9k x bett] to h two in/itutions crippl+ "o ano!r1 ?an "o ( heal?y p[]s1 compet5t to t highe/ grade ( in/ruction :i* nei!r1 ) a divid$ support1 c\ld expect to atta94 ,ano!r argum5t may ev5tually arise 9 favor ( consolidation4 ,! cont+5t gift at ! late session1 ( fifty ?\s& doll>s1 = books & app>atus1 %[s a s5se 9 ! legislature t ^? objects are /ill to be provid$4 ,if we fail 9 obta9+ t sum1 !y w feel an incumb5cy to provide x o!rwise4 ,:at s ready z ! d]elict capital ( ,william & ,m>y1 & ! l>ge libr>y !y uselessly possess8 ,%\ld t college !n be remov$1 ,i _c d\bt t ! legislature1 keep+ 9 view its orig9al object1 w consolidate x ) ! ,univ]sity4 ,b x w n be remov$4 ,ri*mond is d\btless 9 e>ne/1 b t ! visitors %\ld concur is impossible4 ,! pr(essors are ! prime-mov]s1 & d n mean exactly :at !y propose4 ,!y hold up ?is raw-head & bloody-bones 9 t]rorem to u1 to =ce u to receive !m into our in/itution4 ,m5 :o h degrad$ & f\nd]$ ! vessel ^: helm 0 entru/$ to !m1 want n[ to =ce _! incompet5ce on u4 ,i "k none ( !m p]sonally1 b judge ( !m f ! fact & ! op9ion ,i he> f e "o acqua9t$ ) ! case1 t x has be5 de/roy$ by _! incompet5ce & mis-managem5t4 ,until ! dea? ( ,bi%op ,madison1 x kept at its usual /& ( ab\t eighty /ud5ts4 ,x is n[ dw9dl$ to ab\t tw5ty1 & ! pr(essors ackn[l$ge t on op5+ our doors1 !irs may be %ut4 ,_! funds 9 t case1 w\ld c]ta9ly be acceptable & salut>y to u4 ,b n ) ! incubus ( _! faculty4 ,:5 !y f9d t _! fe9t gives u no al>m1 !y w retract1 w recall _! gramm> s*ool1 make _! college useful z a sectional s*ool ( prep>ation = ! ,univ]sity1 & tea* ! languages1 survey+1 navigation1 plane trigonometry1 & su* o!r elem5ts ( sci5ce z w be useful to _m ^: views d n call = a univ]sity education4 ,i w only add to ?is long lett] an op9ion t we _h bett] say z little z we c on ?is :ole subject2 give !m no al>m2 let !m petition = ! removal2 let !m get ! old /ructure completely on :eels1 & n till !n put 9 our claim to its reception4 ,i %all communicate y\r lett]1 z y reque/1 to ,mr4 ,madison1 & ) x ?is answ]4 ,:y c y n call on u on y\r way to ,w>m9/]1 & make ?is a subject ( conv]sation8 ,) my devot$ respects to ,mrs4 ,cabell1 assure h] t %e c be n[h]e m cordially receiv$ ?an by ! family ( ,monticello4 ,& ! deviation f y\r direct road is too small to m]it consid]ation4 ,ev] & affectionately y\r fri5d & s]vant4 ,,to ,,major ,,john ,,c>twright4 ,,monticello1 ,june #e1 #ahbd4 ,,de> ,,& ,,v5]able ,,sir1--,i am mu* indebt$ = y\r k9d lett] ( ,febru>y ! #bi?1 & = y\r valuable volume on ! ,engli% con/itution4 ,i h read ?is ) pleasure & mu* approbation1 & ?9k x has d$uc$ ! con/itution ( ! ,engli% nation f its rightful root1 ! ,anglo-,saxon4 ,x is really wond]ful1 t s _m able & le>n$ m5 %\ld h fail$ 9 _! attempts to def9e x ) correctness4 ,no wond] !n1 t ,pa9e1 :o ?\ght m ?an he read1 %\ld h cr$it$ ! great au?orities :o h decl>$1 t ! w ( p>liam5t is ! con/itution ( ,engl&4 ,s ,m>bois1 be=e ! ,fr5* revolution1 obs]v$ to me1 t ! ,almanac ,royal 0 ! con/itution ( ,france4 ,y\r d]ivation ( x f ! ,anglo-,saxons1 seems to be made on legitimate pr9ciples4 ,hav+ driv5 out ! =m] inhabitants ( t "p ( ! isl& call$ ,engl&1 !y became aborig9es z to y1 & y\r l9eal ance/ors4 ,!y d\btless _h a con/itution2 & al?\gh !y h n left x 9 a writt5 =mula1 to ! precise text ( :i* y may always appeal1 yet !y h left fragm5ts ( _! hi/ory & laws1 f :i* x may be inf]r$ ) consid]able c]ta9ty4 ,:atev] _! hi/ory & laws %[ to h be5 practis$ ) approbation1 we may presume 0 p]mitt$ by _! con/itution2 :atev] 0 n s practic$1 0 n p]mitt$4 ,& al?\gh ?is con/itution 0 violat$ & set at naught by ,norman =ce1 yet =ce _c *ange "r4 ,a p]petual claim 0 kept up by ! nation1 by _! p]petual dem& ( a re/oration ( _! ,saxon laws1 :i* %[s !y 7 nev] rel9qui%$ by ! w ( ! nation4 ,9 ! pull+s & haul+s = ^! anci5t rights1 betwe5 ! nation1 & its k+s ( ! races ( ,plantag5ets1 ,tudors & ,/u>ts1 !re 0 sometimes ga91 & sometimes loss1 until ! f9al re-conque/ ( _! rights f ! ,/u>ts4 ,! de/itution & expulsion ( ?is race broke ! ?read ( pret5d$ inh]itance1 ext+ui%$ all regal usurpations1 & ! nation re-ent]$ into all its rights2 & al?\gh 9 _! bill ( rights !y specifically reclaim$ "s only1 yet ! omission ( ! o!rs 0 no r5unciation ( ! "r to assume _! ex]cise also1 :5ev] occasion %\ld occur4 ,! new ,k+ receiv$ no rights or p[]s1 b ^? expressly grant$ to him4 ,x has ev] appe>$ to me1 t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! :ig & ! tory ( ,engl& is1 t ! :ig d$uces 8 rights f ! ,anglo-,saxon s\rce1 & ! tory f ! ,norman4 ,& ,hume1 ! great apo/le ( toryism1 says1 9 s _m words1 note ,,aa to *apt] #db1 t1 9 ! reign ( ! ,/u>ts1 x 0 ! p :o encroa*$ ^u ! sov]eign1 n ! sov]eign :o attempt$1 z is pret5d$1 to usurp ^u ! p4 ,?is supposes ! ,norman usurpations to be rights 9 8 successors4 ,& aga91 ,c1 #aei1 ! commons e/abli%$ a pr9ciple1 :i* is noble 9 itself1 & seems speci\s1 b is beli$ by all hi/ory & exp]i5ce1 t ! p are ! orig9 ( all j p[]4 ,& :]e else w ?is deg5]ate son ( sci5ce1 ?is traitor to 8 fell[ m51 f9d ! orig9 ( j p[]s1 if n 9 ! majority ( ! society8 ,w x be 9 ! m9ority8 ,or 9 an individual ( t m9ority8 ,our ,revolution comm5c$ on m favorable gr\nd4 ,x pres5t$ u an album on :i* we 7 free to write :at we pleas$4 ,we _h no occasion to se>* into mu/y records1 to hunt up royal p>*m5ts1 or to inve/igate ! laws & in/itutions ( a semi-b>b>\s ance/ry4 ,we appeal$ to ^? ( nature1 & f\nd !m engrav$ on our he>ts4 ,yet we did n avail ourselves ( all ! advantages ( our position4 ,we _h nev] be5 p]mitt$ to ex]cise self-gov]nm5t4 ,:5 =c$ to assume x1 we 7 novices 9 its sci5ce4 ,its pr9ciples & =ms _h ent]$ little into our =m] education4 ,we e/abli%$ h[ev] "s1 al?\gh n all its important pr9ciples4 ,! con/itutions ( mo/ ( our ,/ates ass]t1 t all p[] is inh]5t 9 ! p2 t !y may ex]cise x by !mselves1 9 all cases to :i* !y ?9k !mselves compet5t1 7z 9 elect+ _! function>ies executive & legislative1 & decid+ by a jury ( !mselves1 9 all judici>y cases 9 :i* any fact is involv$17 or !y may act by repres5tatives1 freely & equally *os52 t x is _! "r & duty to be at all times arm$2 t !y are entitl$ to fre$om ( p]son1 fre$om ( religion1 fre$om ( prop]ty1 & fre$om ( ! press4 ,9 ! /ructure ( our legislatures1 we ?9k exp]i5ce has prov$ ! b5efit ( subject+ que/ions to two sep>ate bodies ( delib]ants2 b 9 con/itut+ ^!1 natural "r has be5 mi/ak51 "s mak+ "o ( ^! bodies1 & "s bo?1 ! repres5tatives ( prop]ty in/ead ( p]sons2 :]eas ! d\ble delib]ation might be z well obta9$ )\t any violation ( true pr9ciple1 ei!r by requir+ a great] age 9 "o ( ! bodies1 or by elect+ a prop] numb] ( repres5tatives ( p]sons1 divid+ !m by lots into two *amb]s1 & r5ew+ ! division at frequ5t int]vals1 9 ord] to break up all cabals4 ,virg9ia1 ( :i* ,i am myself a native & resid5t1 0 n only ! fir/ ( ! ,/ates1 b1 ,i believe ,i may say1 ! fir/ ( ! nations ( ! e>?1 :i* assembl$ its wise m5 peaceably toge!r to =m a fundam5tal con/itution1 to commit x to writ+1 & place x among _! ar*ives1 :]e e "o %\ld be free to appeal to its text4 ,b ?is act 0 v imp]fect4 ,! o!r ,/ates1 z !y proce$$ successively to ! same "w1 made successive improvem5ts2 & sev]al ( !m1 /ill fur!r correct$ by exp]i5ce1 h1 by conv5tions1 /ill fur!r am5d$ _! fir/ =ms4 ,my own ,/ate has gone on s f> ) its premi]e ebau*e2 b x is n[ propos+ to call a conv5tion = am5dm5t4 ,among o!r improvem5ts1 ,i hope !y w adopt ! subdivision ( our c\nties into w>ds4 ,! =m] may be e/imat$ at an av]age ( tw5ty-f\r miles squ>e2 ! latt] %\ld be ab\t six miles squ>e ea*1 & w\ld answ] to ! hundr$s ( y\r ,saxon ,alfr$4 ,9 ea* ( ^! might be1 #a/4 ,an elem5t>y s*ool2 #b;d4 ,a company ( militia1 ) its (fic]s2 #c;d4 ,a ju/ice ( ! peace & con/able2 #d?4 ,ea* w>d %\ld take c>e ( _! own poor2 #e?4 ,_! own roads2 #f?4 ,_! own police2 #g?4 ,elect )9 !mselves "o or m jurors to att5d ! c\rts ( ju/ice2 & #h?4 ,give 9 at _! ,folk-h\se1 _! votes = all function>ies res]v$ to _! election4 ,ea* w>d w\ld ?us be a small republic )9 itself1 & e man 9 ! ,/ate w\ld ?us become an act+ memb] ( ! common gov]nm5t1 transact+ 9 p]son a great portion ( its rights & duties1 subord9ate inde$1 yet important1 & entirely )9 8 compet5ce4 ,! wit ( man _c devise a m solid basis = a free1 durable & well-adm9i/]$ republic4 ,) respect to our ,/ate & f$]al gov]nm5ts1 ,i d n ?9k _! relations correctly und]/ood by =eign]s4 ,!y g5]ally suppose ! =m] subord9ate to ! latt]4 ,b ?is is n ! case4 ,!y are co-ord9ate dep>tm5ts ( "o simple & integral :ole4 ,to ! ,/ate gov]nm5ts are res]v$ all legislation & adm9i/ration1 9 affairs :i* conc]n _! own citiz5s only1 & to ! f$]al gov]nm5t is giv5 :atev] conc]ns =eign]s1 or ! citiz5s ( o!r ,/ates2 ^! functions alone be+ made f$]al4 ,! "o is ! dome/ic1 ! o!r ! =eign bran* ( ! same gov]nm5t2 nei!r hav+ control ov] ! o!r1 b )9 its own dep>tm5t4 ,!re are "o or two exceptions only to ?is p>tition ( p[]4 ,b1 y may ask1 if ! two dep>tm5ts %\ld claim ea* ! same subject ( p[]1 :]e is ! common umpire to decide ultimately betwe5 !m8 ,9 cases ( little importance or urg5cy1 ! prud5ce ( bo? p>ties w keep !m alo( f ! que/ionable gr\nd2 b if x c nei!r be avoid$ nor compromis$1 a conv5tion ( ! ,/ates mu/ be call$1 to ascribe ! d\btful p[] to t dep>tm5t :i* !y may ?9k be/4 ,y w p]ceive by ^! details1 t we h n yet s f> p]fect$ our con/itutions z to v5ture to make !m un*angeable4 ,b /ill1 9 _! pres5t /ate1 we consid] !m n o!rwise *angeable ?an by ! au?ority ( ! p1 on a special election ( repres5tatives = t purpose expressly3 !y are until !n ! lex legum4 ,b c !y be made un*angeable8 ,c "o g5]ation b9d ano!r1 & all o!rs1 9 succession =ev]8 ,i ?9k n4 ,! ,creator has made ! e>? = ! liv+1 n ! dead4 ,rights & p[]s c only belong to p]sons1 n to ?+s1 n to m]e matt]1 un5d[$ ) w4 ,! dead are n ev5 ?+s4 ,! p>ticles ( matt] :i* compos$ _! bodies1 make "p n[ ( ! bodies ( o!r animals1 vegetables1 or m9]als1 ( a ?\s& =ms4 ,to :at !n are atta*$ ! rights & p[]s !y held :ile 9 ! =m ( m58 ,a g5]ation may b9d itself z long z its majority cont9ues 9 life2 :5 t has disappe>$1 ano!r majority is 9 place1 holds all ! rights & p[]s _! pr$ecessors once held1 & may *ange _! laws & in/itutions to suit !mselves4 ,no?+ !n is un*angeable b ! inh]5t & unali5able rights ( man4 ,i 0 glad to f9d 9 y\r book a =mal contradiction1 at l5g?1 ( ! judici>y usurpation ( legislative p[]s2 = su* ! judges h usurp$ 9 _! repeat$ decisions1 t ,*ri/ianity is a "p ( ! common law4 ,! pro( ( ! contr>y1 :i* y h adduc$1 is incontrov]tible2 to wit1 t ! common law exi/$ :ile ! ,anglo-,saxons 7 yet ,pagans1 at a "t :5 !y _h nev] yet he>d ! "n ( ,*ri/ pron\nc$1 or knew t su* a "* _h ev] exi/$4 ,b x may amuse y1 to %[ :51 & by :at means1 !y /ole ?is law 9 ^u u4 ,9 a case ( qu>e imp$it 9 ! ,ye>-book #cd1 ,,ii1 #f1 folio #ch1 7anno #adeh17 a "q 0 made1 h[ f> ! ecclesia/ical law 0 to be respect$ 9 a common law c\rt8 ,& ,prisot1 ,*ief ,ju/ice1 gives 8 op9ion 9 ^! words3 ,a tiel leis qu'ils de se9t eglise ont en anci5 scripture1 covi5t n\s donn] cr$5ce2 c> ceo common ley sur quels t\ts mann]s leis sont fonds4 ,et auxy1 ,sir1 n\s sumus oblgs de conu/re l\r ley de sa9t eglise2 et semblablem5t ils sont obligs de consu/re no/re ley4 ,et1 ,sir1 si poit app]] or n\s que l'evesque ad fait come un ord9>y f]a en tiel cas1 adong n\s devons cee adjug] bon1 ou aut]m5t nemy1 c4 ,see ,s4 ,c4 ,fitzh4 ,abr4 ,qu4 imp4 #hi1 ,bro4 ,abr4 ,qu4 imp4 #ab4 ,f9* 9 8 fir/ book1 c4 #c1 is ! fir/ aft]w>ds :o quotes ?is case & mi/akes x ?us3 ,to su* laws ( ! *ur* z h w>rant 9 holy scripture1 our law give? cr$5ce4 ,& cites ,prisot2 mi/ranslat+ anci5 scripture1 into holy scripture4 ,:]eas ,prisot palpably says1 to su* laws z ^? ( holy *ur* h 9 anci5t writ+1 x is prop] = u to give cr$5ce1 to wit1 to _! anci5t writt5 laws4 ,?is 0 9 #afac1 a c5tury & a half aft] ! dictum ( ,prisot4 ,w+ate1 9 #afeh1 erects ?is false translation into a maxim ( ! common law1 copy+ ! words ( ,f9*1 b cit+ ,prisot1 ,w+4 ,max4 #c4 ,& ,%epp>d1 title1 ,religion1 9 #afge1 copies ! same mi/ranslation1 quot+ ! ,y4 ,b4 ,f9* & ,w+ate4 ,hale expresses x 9 ^! words3 ,*ri/ianity is p>cel ( ! laws ( ,engl&4 #a ,v5tr4 #bic1 #c ,keb4 #fjg4 ,b he quotes no au?ority4 ,by ^! e*o+s & re-e*o+s f "o to ano!r1 x _h become s e/abli%$ 9 #agbh1 t 9 ! case ( ! ,k+ vs4 ,wool/on1 #b ,/ra4 #hcd1 ! c\rt w\ld n suff] x to be debat$1 :e!r to write aga9/ ,*ri/ianity 0 puni%able 9 ! temporal c\rt at common law8 ,wood1 !re=e1 #dji1 v5tures /ill to v>y ! phrase1 & say1 t all blasphemy & pr(an5ess are (f5ces by ! common law2 & cites #b ,/ra4 ,!n ,black/one1 9 #agfc1 ,,iv4 #ei1 repeats ! words ( ,hale1 t ,*ri/ianity is "p ( ! laws ( ,engl&1 cit+ ,v5tris & ,/range4 ,& f9ally1 ,"l ,mansfield1 ) a little qualification1 9 ,evans' case1 9 #agfg1 says1 t ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( reveal$ religion are "p ( ! common law4 ,?us +ulph+ ,bible1 ,te/am5t & all into ! common law1 )\t cit+ any au?ority4 ,& ?us we f9d ?is *a9 ( au?orities hang+ l9k by l9k1 "o ^u ano!r1 & all ultimately on "o & ! same hook1 & t a mi/ranslation ( ! words anci5 scripture1 us$ by ,prisot4 ,f9* quotes ,prisot2 ,w+ate does ! same4 ,%epp>d quotes ,prisot1 ,f9* & ,w+ate4 ,hale cites nobody4 ,! c\rt 9 ,wool/on's case1 cites ,hale4 ,wood cites ,wool/on's case4 ,black/one quotes ,wool/on's case & ,hale4 ,& ,"l ,mansfield1 l ,hale1 v5tures x on 8 own au?ority4 ,"h ,i might defy ! be/-read lawy] to produce ano!r scrip ( au?ority = ?is judici>y =g]y2 & ,i might g on fur!r to %[1 h[ "s ( ! ,anglo-,saxon prie/s int]polat$ into ! text ( ,alfr$'s laws1 ! #bj?1 #ba/1 #bb;d1 & #bc;d *apt]s ( ,exodus1 & ! #ae? ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 f ! #bc;d to ! #bi? v]ses4 ,b ?is w\ld lead my p5 & y\r pati5ce too f>4 ,:at a conspiracy ?is1 betwe5 ,*ur* & ,/ate6 ,s+ ,tant>>a1 rogues all1 rogues all1 ,s+ ,tant>>a1 rogues all6 ,i mu/ /ill add to ?is long & rambl+ lett]1 my ackn[l$gm5ts = y\r good wi%es to ! ,univ]sity we are n[ e/abli%+ 9 ?is ,/ate4 ,!re are "s novelties 9 x4 ,( t ( a pr(essor%ip ( ! pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t1 y express y\r approbation4 ,!y w be f\nd$ 9 ! rights ( man4 ,t ( agriculture1 ,i am sure1 y w approve2 & t also ( ,anglo-,saxon4 ,z ! hi/ories & laws left u 9 t type & dialect1 mu/ be ! text books ( ! read+ ( ! le>n]s1 !y w imbibe ) ! language _! free pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t4 ,! volumes y h be5 s k9d z to s5d1 %all be plac$ 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,hav+ at ?is "t 9 ,engl& a p]son s5t = ! purpose ( select+ "s ,pr(essors1 a ,mr4 ,gilm] ( my neighborhood1 ,i _c b recomm5d him to y\r patronage1 c\nsel & gu>dian%ip1 aga9/ imposition1 mis9=mation1 & ! deceptions ( p>tial & false recomm5dations1 9 ! selection ( *>act]s4 ,he is a g5tleman ( great wor? & correctness1 my p>ticul> fri5d1 well educat$ 9 v>i\s bran*es ( sci5ce1 & wor?y ( entire confid5ce4 ,y\r age ( eighty-f\r & m9e ( eighty-"o ye>s1 insure u a spe$y meet+4 ,we may !n commune at leisure1 & m fully1 on ! good & evil :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( our long lives1 we h bo? witness$2 & 9 ! meantime1 ,i pray y to accept assurances ( my high v5]ation & e/eem = y\r p]son & "*4 ,,to ,,m>t9 ,,van ,,bur54 ,,monticello1 ,june #bi1 #ahbd4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i h to ?ank y = ,mr4 ,pick]+'s elaborate philippic aga9/ ,mr4 ,adams1 ,g]ry1 ,smi?1 & myself2 & ,i h delay$ ! ackn[l$gm5t until ,i c\ld read x & make "s obs]vations on x4 ,i c\ld n h believ$1 t = s _m ye>s1 & to su* a p]iod ( advanc$ age1 he c\ld h n\ri%$ passions s vehem5t & vip]\s4 ,x appe>s1 t = ?irty-ye>s pa/1 he has be5 indu/ri\sly collect+ mat]ials = vitup]at+ ! *>act]s he _h m>k$ = 8 hatr$2 "s ( :om1 c]ta9ly1 if enmities t[>ds him _h ev] exi/$1 _h =gott5 !m all1 or buri$ !m 9 ! grave ) !mselves4 ,z to myself1 !re nev] _h be5 any?+ p]sonal betwe5 u1 no?+ b ! g5]al opposition ( p>ty s5tim5t2 & our p]sonal int]c\rse _h be5 t ( urbanity1 z himself says4 ,b x seems he has be5 all ?is "t brood+ ov] an enmity :i* ,i _h nev] felt1 & t ) respect to myself1 z well z o!rs1 he has be5 writ+ f> & ne>1 & 9 e direction1 to get hold ( orig9al lett]s1 :]e he c\ld1 copies1 :]e he c\ld n1 c]tificates & j\rnals1 cat*+ at e gossip+ /ory he c\ld he> ( 9 any qu>t]1 supply+ by suspicions :at he c\ld f9d n[h]e else1 & !n argu+ on ?is motley f>rago1 z if e/abli%$ on gospel evid5ce4 ,& :ile express+ 8 wond]1 t at ! age ( eighty-eight1 ! /rong passions ( ,mr4 ,adams %\ld n h cool$2 t on ! contr>y1 !y _h acquir$ ! ma/]y ( 8 s\l1 7p4 #ajj27 t :]e ^! 7 enli/$1 no reliance c\ld be plac$ on 8 /atem5ts1 7p4 #ajd27 ! facility & little tru? ) :i* he c\ld repres5t facts & occurr5ces1 conc]n+ p]sons :o 7 ! objects ( 8 hatr$1 7p4 #c27 t he is capable ( mak+ ! grosse/ misrepres5tations1 &1 f deta*$ facts1 & (t5 f b>e suspicions1 ( draw+ unw>rantable inf]5ces1 if suit$ to 8 purpose at ! in/ant1 7p4 #aga27 :ile mak+ su* *>ges1 ,i say1 on ,mr4 ,adams1 in/ead ( 8 ecce homo 7p4 #ajj27 h[ ju/ly might we say to him1 mutato nom9e1 de te fabula n>ratur4 ,= ! assiduity & indu/ry he has employ$ 9 8 b5evol5t rese>*es aft] matt] ( crim9ation aga9/ u1 ,i ref] to 8 pages #ac1 #ad1 #cd1 #cf1 #df1 #ga1 #gi1 #ij1 bis4 #ib1 #ic1 bis4 #aja1 t]4 #ajd1 #aaf1 #aah1 #ada1 #adc1 #adf1 #aej1 #aea1 #aec1 #afh1 #aga1 #agb4 ,t ,mr4 ,adams' /rictures on him1 writt5 & pr9t$1 %\ld h excit$ "s notice on 8 "p1 0 n p]haps to be wond]$ at4 ,b ! suffici5cy ( 8 motive = ! l>ge attack on me may be m que/ionable4 ,he says1 7p4 #d7 ( ,mr4 ,jeff]son ,i %\ld h said no?+1 b = 8 lett] to ,mr4 ,adams1 ( ,octob] ! #ab?1 #ahbc4 ,n[ ! object ( t lett] 0 to soo! ! feel+s ( a fri5d1 w\nd$ by a publication :i* ,i ?\ght an outrage on private confid5ce4 ,n a ^w or allusion 9 x respect+ ,mr4 ,pick]+1 nor 0 x suspect$ t x w\ld draw =? 8 p5 9 ju/ification ( ?is infidelity1 :i* he has1 h[ev]1 und]tak5 9 ! c\rse ( 8 pamphlet1 b m p>ticul>ly 9 its conclusion4 ,he arraigns me on two gr\nds1 my actions & my motives4 ,! v actions1 h[ev]1 :i* he arraigns1 h be5 su* z ! great majority ( my fell[ citiz5s h approv$4 ,! approbation ( ,mr4 ,pick]+1 & ( ^? :o ?\ght ) him1 ,i _h no "r to expect4 ,my motives he *ooses to ascribe to hypocrisy1 to ambition1 & a passion = popul>ity4 ,( ^! ! _w mu/ judge betwe5 u4 ,x is no (fice ( 8 or m9e4 ,to t tribunal ,i h ev] submitt$ my actions & motives1 )\t ransack+ ! ,union = c]tificates1 lett]s1 j\rnals1 & gossip+ tales1 to ju/ify myself & we>y !m4 ,nor %all ,i d ?is on ! pres5t occasion1 b leave /ill to !m ^! antiquat$ p>ty diatribes1 n[ newly revamp$ & p>ad$1 z if !y _h n be5 already a ?\s& times repeat$1 refut$1 & adjudg$ aga9/ him1 by ! nation itself4 ,if no action is to be deem$ virtu\s = :i* malice c imag9e a s9i/] motive1 !n !re nev] 0 a virtu\s action2 no1 n ev5 9 ! life ( our ,savi\r himself4 ,b he has taught u to judge ! tree by its fruit1 & to leave motives to him :o c alone see into !m4 ,b :il/ ,i leave to its fate ! libel ( ,mr4 ,pick]+1 ) ! ?\s&s ( o!rs l x1 to :i* ,i h giv5 no o!r answ] ?an a /eady c\rse ( simil> action1 !re are two facts or fancies ( 8 :i* ,i mu/ set to rights4 ,! "o respects ,mr4 ,adams1 ! o!r myself4 ,he obs]ves t my lett] ( ,octob] ! #ab?1 #ahbc1 ackn[l$ges ! receipt ( "o f ,mr4 ,adams1 ( ,septemb] ! #ah?1 :i*1 hav+ be5 writt5 a few days aft] ,cunn+ham's publication1 he says 0 no d\bt writt5 to apologize to me = ! po9t$ reproa*es he _h utt]$ aga9/ me 9 8 confid5tial lett]s to ,cunn+ham4 ,& ?us hav+ no d\bt ( 8 conjecture1 he consid]s x z prov51 goes on to suppose ! cont5ts ( ! lett]1 7#ai1 #bb17 makes x place ,mr4 ,adams at my feet su+ = p>don1 & cont9ues to rant ^u x1 z an und\bt$ fact4 ,n[1 ,i d mo/ solemnly decl>e1 t s f> f be+ a lett] ( apology1 z ,mr4 ,pick]+ s und\bt$ly assumes1 !re 0 n a ^w or allusion 9 x respect+ ,cunn+ham's publication4 ,! o!r allegation respect+ myself1 is equally false4 ,9 page #cd1 he quotes ,doctor ,/u>t z hav+1 tw5ty ye>s ago1 in=m$ him t ,g5]al ,wa%+ton1 :5 he became a private citiz51 call$ me to acc\nt = expressions 9 a lett] to ,mazzei1 requir+1 9 a tone ( unusual sev]ity1 an explanation ( t lett]4 ,he adds ( himself1 9 :at mann] ! latt] humbl$ himself & appeas$ ! j res5tm5t ( ,wa%+ton1 w nev] be made kn[n1 z "s "t aft] 8 dea? ! correspond5ce 0 n to be f\nd1 & a di>y = an important p]iod ( 8 presid5cy 0 also miss+4 ,! di>y be+ ( transactions dur+ 8 presid5cy1 ! lett] to ,mazzei n kn[n "h until "s "t aft] he became a private citiz51 & ! pret5d$ correspond5ce ( c\rse aft] t1 ,i "k n :y ?is lo/ di>y & suppos$ correspond5ce are br\ght toge!r "h1 unless = ins9uations wor?y ( ! lett] itself4 ,! correspond5ce c\ld n be f\nd1 inde$1 because x _h nev] exi/$4 ,i d affirm t !re nev] pass$ a ^w1 writt5 or v]bal1 directly or indirectly1 betwe5 ,g5]al ,wa%+ton & myself on ! subject ( t lett]4 ,he w\ld nev] h degrad$ himself s f> z to take to himself ! imputation 9 t lett] on ! ,samsons 9 combat4 ,! :ole /ory is a fabrication1 & ,i defy ! fram]s ( x1 & all mank9d1 to produce a scrip ( a p5 betwe5 ,g5]al ,wa%+ton & myself on ! subject1 or any o!r evid5ce m wor?y ( cr$it ?an ! suspicions1 suppositions & presumptions ( ! two p]sons "h quot+ & quot$ = x4 ,) ,doctor ,/u>t ,i _h n mu* acqua9tance4 ,i suppos$ him to be an hone/ man1 knew him to be a v weak "o1 &1 l ,mr4 ,pick]+1 v prone to antipa?ies1 boil+ ) p>ty passions1 & "u ! dom9ion ( ^! readily welcom+ fancies = facts4 ,b come ! /ory f :omsoev] x might1 x is an unqualifi$ falsehood4 ,?is lett] to ,mazzei has be5 a preci\s !me ( crim9ation = f$]al malice4 ,x 0 a long lett] ( bus9ess1 9 :i* 0 ins]t$ a s+le p>agraph only ( political in=mation z to ! /ate ( our c\ntry4 ,9 ?is in=mation !re 0 n "o ^w :i* w\ld n !n h be51 or w\ld n n[ be approv$ by e republican 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 look+ back to ^? times1 z y w see by a fai?ful copy n[ enclos$ ( ! :ole ( :at t lett] said on ! subject ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or ( its gov]nm5t4 ,?is p>agraph1 extract$ & translat$1 got into a ,p>is pap] at a "t :5 ! p]sons 9 p[] !re 7 labor+ "u v g5]al disfavor & _! fri5ds 7 eag] to cat* ev5 at /raws to buoy !m up4 ,to !m1 !re=e1 ,i h always imput$ ! int]polation ( an entire p>agraph additional to m9e1 :i* makes me *>ge my own c\ntry ) +ratitude & inju/ice to ,france4 ,!re 0 n a ^w 9 my lett] respect+ ,france1 or any ( ! proce$+s or relations betwe5 ?is c\ntry & t4 ,yet ?is int]polat$ p>agraph has be5 ! bur!n ( f$]al calumny1 has be5 con/antly quot$ by !m1 made ! subject ( unceas+ & virul5t abuse1 & is /ill quot$1 z y see1 by ,mr4 ,pick]+1 page #cc1 z if x 7 g5u9e1 & really writt5 by me4 ,& ev5 ,judge ,m>%all makes hi/ory desc5d f its dignity1 & ! erm9e f its sanctity1 to exagg]ate1 to record1 & to sanction ?is =g]y4 ,9 ! v la/ note ( 8 book1 he says1 a lett] f ,mr4 ,jeff]son to ,mr4 ,mazzei1 an ,italian1 0 publi%$ 9 ,flor5ce1 & re-publi%$ 9 ! ,moniteur1 ) v sev]e /rictures on ! conduct ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,& in/ead ( ! lett] itself1 he copies :at he says are ! rem>ks ( ! editor1 :i* are an exagg]at$ comm5t>y on ! fabricat$ p>agraph itself1 & sil5tly leaves to 8 read] to make ! ready inf]5ce t ^! 7 ! s5tim5ts ( ! lett]4 ,pro( is ! duty ( ! affirmative side4 ,a negative _c be positively prov$4 ,b1 9 defect ( impossible pro( ( :at 0 n 9 ! orig9al lett]1 ,i h its press-copy /ill 9 my possession4 ,x has be5 %[n to sev]al1 & is op5 to any "o :o wi%es to see x4 ,i h presum$ only1 t ! int]polation 0 done 9 ,p>is4 ,b ,i nev] saw ! lett] 9 ei!r its ,italian or ,fr5* dress1 & x may h be5 done "h1 ) ! comm5t>y h&$ d[n to po/]ity by ! ,judge4 ,! g5u9e p>agraph1 re-translat$ ?r\gh ,italian & ,fr5* into ,engli%1 z x appe>$ "h 9 a f$]al pap]1 besides ! mutilat$ hue :i* ^! translations & re-translations ( x produc$ g5]ally1 gave a mi/ranslation ( a s+le ^w1 :i* entirely p]v]t$ its mean+1 & made x a pliant & f]tile text ( misrepres5tation ( my political pr9ciples4 ,! orig9al1 speak+ ( an ,anglican1 mon>*ical & ari/ocratical p>ty1 :i* _h sprung up s9ce he _h left u1 /ates _! object to be to draw ov] u ! sub/ance1 z !y _h already done ! =ms ( ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t4 ,n[ ! =ms "h meant1 7 ! levees1 bir?days1 ! pomp\s cavalcade to ! /ate h\se on ! meet+ ( ,congress1 ! =mal spee* f ! ?rone1 ! procession ( ,congress 9 a body to re-e*o ! spee* 9 an answ]1 c41 c4 ,b ! translator "h1 by sub/itut+ =m 9 ! s+ul> numb]1 = =ms 9 ! plural1 made x mean ! frame or organization ( our gov]nm5t1 or its =m ( legislative1 executive & judici>y au?orities1 cord9ate & indep5d5t2 to :i* =m x 0 to be inf]r$ t ,i 0 an enemy4 ,9 ?is s5se !y always quot$ x1 & 9 ?is s5se ,mr4 ,pick]+ /ill quotes x1 pages #cd1 #ce1 #ch1 & c\nt5ances ! inf]5ce4 ,n[ ,g5]al ,wa%+ton p]fectly und]/ood :at ,i meant by ^! =ms1 z !y 7 frequ5t subjects ( conv]sation betwe5 u4 ,:51 on my return f ,europe1 ,i jo9$ ! gov]nm5t 9 ,m>*1 #agij1 at ,new ,york1 ,i 0 mu* a/oni%$1 inde$1 at ! mimicry ,i f\nd e/abli%$ ( royal =ms & c]emonies1 & m al>m$ at ! unexpect$ ph5om5on1 by ! mon>*ical s5tim5ts ,i he>d express$ & op5ly ma9ta9$ 9 e company1 & among o!rs by ! high memb]s ( ! gov]nm5t1 executive & judici>y1 7,g5]al ,wa%+ton alone except$17 & by a great "p ( ! legislature1 save only "s memb]s :o _h be5 ( ! old ,congress1 & a v few ( rec5t introduction4 ,i took occasion1 at v>i\s times1 ( express+ to ,g5]al ,wa%+ton my disappo9tm5t at ^! symptoms ( a *ange ( pr9ciple1 & t ,i ?\ght !m enc\rag$ by ! =ms & c]emonies :i* ,i f\nd prevail+1 n at all 9 "* ) ! simplicity ( republican gov]nm5t1 & look+ z if wi%fully to ^? ( ,european c\rts4 ,8 g5]al explanations to me 71 t :5 he arriv$ at ,new ,york to ent] on ! executive adm9i/ration ( ! new gov]nm5t1 he obs]v$ to ^? :o 7 to assi/ him t plac$ z he 0 9 an (fice entirely new to him1 unacqua9t$ ) ! =ms & c]emonies ( o!r gov]nm5ts1 /ill less appriz$ ( ^? :i* might be prop]ly e/abli%$ "h1 & himself p]fectly indiff]5t to all =ms1 he wi%$ !m to consid] & prescribe :at !y %\ld be2 & ! task 0 assign$ p>ticul>ly to ,g5]al ,knox1 a man ( p>ade1 & to ,colonel ,humphreys1 :o _h resid$ "s "t at a =eign c\rt4 ,!y1 he said1 7 ! au?ors ( ! pres5t regulations1 & t o!rs 7 propos$ s highly /ra9$ t he absolutely reject$ !m4 ,att5tive to ! diff]5ce ( op9ion prevail+ on ?is subject1 :5 ! t]m ( 8 second election arriv$1 he call$ ! ,heads ( dep>tm5ts toge!r1 obs]v$ to !m ! situation 9 :i* he _h be5 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! gov]nm5t1 ! advice he _h tak5 & ! c\rse he _h obs]v$ 9 compliance ) x2 t a prop] occasion _h n[ arriv$ ( revis+ t c\rse1 ( correct+ x 9 any p>ticul>s n approv$ 9 exp]i5ce2 & he desir$ u to consult toge!r1 agree on any *anges we %\ld ?9k = ! bett]1 & t he %\ld will+ly con=m to :at we %\ld advise4 ,we met at my (fice4 ,hamilton & myself agre$ at once t !re 0 too mu* c]emony = ! "* ( our gov]nm5t1 & p>ticul>ly1 t ! p>ade ( ! in/allation at ,new ,york ought n to be copi$ on ! pres5t occasion1 t ! ,presid5t %\ld desire ! ,*ief ,ju/ice to att5d him at 8 *amb]s1 t he %\ld adm9i/] ! oa? ( (fice to him 9 ! pres5ce ( ! high] (fic]s ( ! gov]nm5t1 & t ! c]tificate ( ! fact %\ld be deliv]$ to ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate to be record$4 ,r&olph & ,knox diff]$ f u1 ! latt] vehem5tly2 !y ?\ght x n advisable to *ange any ( ! e/abli%$ =ms1 & we au?oriz$ ,r&olph to report our op9ions to ! ,presid5t4 ,z ^! op9ions 7 divid$1 & no positive advice giv5 z to any *ange1 no *ange 0 made4 ,?us ! =ms :i* ,i _h c5sur$ 9 my lett] to ,mazzei 7 p]fectly und]/ood by ,g5]al ,wa%+ton1 & 7 ^? :i* he himself b b>ely tol]at$4 ,he _h furni%$ me a prop] occasion = propos+ _! re=mation1 & my op9ion n prevail+1 he knew ,i c\ld n h meant any "p ( ! c5sure = him4 ,mr4 ,pick]+ quotes1 too1 7page #cd7 ! expression 9 ! lett]1 ( ! m5 :o 7 ,samsons 9 ! field1 & ,solomons 9 ! c\ncil1 b :o _h _h _! heads %orn by ! h>lot ,engl&2 or1 z express$ 9 _! re-translation1 ! m5 :o 7 ,solomons 9 c\ncil1 & ,samsons 9 combat1 b ^: hair _h be5 cut (f by ! :ore ,engl&4 ,n[ ?is expression also 0 p]fectly und]/ood by ,g5]al ,wa%+ton4 ,he knew t ,i meant x = ! ,c9c9nati g5]ally1 & t f :at _h pass$ betwe5 u at ! comm5cem5t ( t in/itution1 ,i c\ld n mean to include him4 ,:5 ! fir/ meet+ 0 call$ = its e/abli%m5t1 ,i 0 a memb] ( ! ,congress !n sitt+ at ,annapolis4 ,g5]al ,wa%+ton wrote to me1 ask+ my op9ion on t proposition1 & ! c\rse1 if any1 :i* ,i ?\ght ,congress w\ld obs]ve respect+ x4 ,i wrote him frankly my own disapprobation ( x2 t ,i f\nd ! memb]s ( ,congress g5]ally 9 ! same s5tim5t2 t ,i ?\ght !y w\ld take no express notice ( x1 b t 9 all appo9tm5ts ( tru/1 honor1 or pr(it1 !y w\ld sil5tly pass by all c&idates ( t ord]1 & give an uni=m pref]5ce to o!rs4 ,on 8 way to ! fir/ meet+ 9 ,philadelphia1 :i* ,i ?9k 0 9 ! spr+ ( #aghd1 he call$ on me at ,annapolis4 ,x 0 a little aft] c&le-light1 & he sat ) me till aft] midnight1 conv]s+1 almo/ exclusively1 on t subject4 ,:ile he 0 feel+ly indulg5t to ! motives :i* might induce ! (fic]s to promote x1 he concurr$ ) me entirely 9 condemn+ x2 & :5 ,i express$ an idea t if ! h]$it>y quality 7 suppress$1 ! in/itution might p]haps be indulg$ dur+ ! lives ( ! (fic]s n[ liv+1 & :o _h actually s]v$2 no1 he said1 n a fibre ( x ought to be left1 to be an eye-sore to ! public1 a gr\nd ( dissatisfaction1 & a l9e ( sep>ation betwe5 !m & _! c\ntry2 & he left me ) a det]m9ation to use all 8 influ5ce = its entire suppression4 ,on 8 return f ! meet+ he call$ on me aga91 & relat$ to me ! c\rse ! ?+ _h tak54 ,he said t f ! beg9n+1 he _h us$ e endeavor to prevail on ! (fic]s to r5\nce ! project altoge!r1 urg+ ! _m consid]ations :i* w\ld r5d] x odi\s to _! fell[ citiz5s1 & disreputable & injuri\s to !mselves2 t he _h at l5g? prevail$ on mo/ ( ! old (fic]s to reject x1 al?\gh ) great & w>m opposition f o!rs1 & especially ! y\ng] ones1 among :om he nam$ ,colonel ,w4 ,s4 ,smi? z p>ticul>ly intemp]ate4 ,b t 9 ?is /ate ( ?+s1 :5 he ?\ght ! "q safe1 & ! meet+ draw+ to a close1 ,major ,l',enfant arriv$ f ,france1 ) a bundle ( eagles1 = :i* he _h be5 s5t !re1 ) lett]s f ! ,fr5* (fic]s :o _h s]v$ 9 ,am]ica1 pray+ = admission into ! ord]1 & a solemn act ( _! k+ p]mitt+ !m to we> its ensign4 ,?is1 he said1 *ang$ ! face ( matt]s at once1 produc$ an entire revolution ( s5tim5t1 & turn$ ! torr5t s /rongly 9 an opposite direction t x c\ld be no long] )/ood2 all he c\ld !n obta9 0 a suppression ( ! h]$it>y quality4 ,he add$1 t x 0 ! ,fr5* applications1 & respect = ! approbation ( ! k+1 :i* sav$ ! e/abli%m5t 9 its modifi$ & tempor>y =m4 ,disapprov+ ?us ( ! in/itution z mu* z ,i did1 & consci\s t ,i knew him to d s1 he c\ld nev] suppose t ,i meant to include him among ! ,samsons 9 ! field1 ^: object 0 to draw ov] u ! =m1 z !y made ! lett] say1 ( ! ,briti% gov]nm5t1 & especially its ari/ocratic memb]1 an h]$it>y h\se ( lords4 ,add to ?is1 t ! lett] say+ t two out ( ! ?ree bran*es ( legislature 7 aga9/ u1 0 an obvi\s exception ( him2 x be+ well kn[n t ! majorities 9 ! two bran*es ( ,s5ate & ,repres5tatives1 7 ! v in/rum5ts :i* c>ri$1 9 opposition to ! old & real republicans1 ! measures :i* 7 ! subjects ( condemnation 9 ?is lett]4 ,g5]al ,wa%+ton !n1 und]/&+ p]fectly :at & :om ,i meant to designate1 9 bo? phrases1 & t !y c\ld n h any application or view to himself1 c\ld f9d 9 nei!r any cause ( (f5ce to himself2 & !re=e nei!r ne$$1 nor ev] ask$ any explanation ( !m f me4 ,_h x ev5 be5 o!rwise1 !y mu/ "k v little ( ,g5]al ,wa%+ton1 :o %\ld believe to be )9 ! laws ( 8 "* :at ,doctor ,/u>t is said to h imput$ to him4 ,be ?is1 h[ev]1 z x may1 ! /ory is infam\sly false 9 e article ( x4 ,my la/ p>t+ ) ,g5]al ,wa%+ton 0 at ! inauguration ( ,mr4 ,adams1 9 ,m>*1 #agig1 & 0 w>mly affectionate2 & ,i nev] _h any reason to believe any *ange on 8 "p1 z !re c]ta9ly 0 none on m9e4 ,b "o session ( ,congress int]v5$ betwe5 t & 8 dea?1 ! ye> foll[+1 9 my passage to & f :i*1 z x happ5$ to be n conv5i5t to call on him1 ,i nev] _h ano!r opportunity2 & z to ! cessation ( correspond5ce obs]v$ dur+ t %ort int]val1 no p>ticul> circum/ance occurr$ = epi/ol>y communication1 & bo? ( u 7 too mu* oppress$ ) lett]-writ+1 to tr\ble1 ei!r ! o!r1 ) a lett] ab\t no?+4 ,! tru? is1 t ! f$]ali/s1 pret5d+ to be ! exclusive fri5ds ( ,g5]al ,wa%+ton1 h ev] done :at !y c\ld to s9k 8 "*1 by hang+ !irs on x1 & by repres5t+ z ! enemy ( republicans him1 :o1 ( all m51 is be/ entitl$ to ! appellation ( ! fa!r ( t republic :i* !y 7 endeavor+ to subv]t1 & ! republicans to ma9ta94 ,!y _c d5y1 because ! elections proclaim$ ! tru?1 t ! great body ( ! nation approv$ ! republican measures4 ,g5]al ,wa%+ton 0 himself s9c]ely a fri5d to ! republican pr9ciples ( our con/itution4 ,8 fai?1 p]haps1 9 its duration1 might n h be5 z confid5t z m9e2 b he repeat$ly decl>$ to me1 t he 0 det]m9$ x %\ld h a fair *ance = success1 & t he w\ld lose ! la/ drop ( 8 blood 9 its support1 aga9/ any attempt :i* might be made to *ange x f its republican =m4 ,he made ^! decl>ations ! (t5]1 because he knew my suspicions t ,hamilton _h o!r views1 & he wi%$ to quiet my jeal\sies on ?is subject4 ,= ,hamilton frankly av[$1 t he consid]$ ! ,briti% con/itution1 ) all ! corruptions ( its adm9i/ration1 z ! mo/ p]fect model ( gov]nm5t :i* _h ev] be5 devis$ by ! wit ( man2 pr(ess+ h[ev]1 at ! same "t1 t ! _s ( ?is c\ntry 0 s fundam5tally republican1 t x w\ld be vision>y to ?9k ( introduc+ mon>*y "h1 & t1 !re=e1 x 0 ! duty ( its adm9i/rators to conduct x on ! pr9ciples _! con/itu5ts _h elect$4 ,g5]al ,wa%+ton1 aft] ! retirem5t ( 8 fir/ cab9et1 & ! composition ( 8 second1 entirely f$]al1 & at ! head ( :i* 0 ,mr4 ,pick]+ himself1 _h no opportunity ( he>+ bo? sides ( any "q4 ,8 measures1 consequ5tly1 took m ! hue ( ! p>ty 9 ^: h&s he 04 ,^! measures 7 c]ta9ly n approv$ by ! republicans2 yet 7 !y n imput$ to him1 b to ! c\nsellors ar\nd him2 & 8 prud5ce s f> re/ra9$ _! impassion$ c\rse & bias1 t no act ( /rong m>k1 dur+ ! rema9d] ( 8 adm9i/ration1 excit$ mu* dissatisfaction4 ,he liv$ too %ort a "t aft]1 & too mu* )drawn f in=mation1 to correct ! views into :i* he _h be5 delud$2 & ! cont9u$ assiduities ( ! p>ty drew him into ! vortex ( _! intemp]ate c>e]2 sep>at$ him /ill f>!r f 8 real fri5ds1 & excit$ him to actions & expressions ( dissatisfaction1 :i* griev$ !m1 b c\ld n loos5 _! affections f him4 ,!y w\ld n suff] ! tempor>y ab]ration to weigh aga9/ ! immeasurable m]its ( 8 life2 & al?\gh !y tumbl$ 8 s$uc]s f _! places1 !y pres]v$ 8 memory embalm$ 9 _! he>ts1 ) undim9i%$ love & devotion2 & !re x =ev] w rema9 embalm$1 9 entire oblivion ( e tempor>y ?+ :i* might cl\d ! glories ( 8 spl5did life4 ,x is va91 !n1 = ,mr4 ,pick]+ & 8 fri5ds to endeavor to falsify 8 "*1 by repres5t+ him z an enemy to republicans & republican pr9ciples1 & z exclusively ! fri5d ( ^? :o 7 s2 & _h he liv$ long]1 he w\ld h return$ to 8 anci5t & unbias$ op9ions1 w\ld h replac$ 8 confid5ce 9 ^? :om ! p approv$ & support$1 & w\ld h se5 t !y 7 only re/or+ & act+ on ! pr9ciples ( 8 own fir/ adm9i/ration4 ,i f9d1 my de> ,sir1 t ,i h writt5 y a v long lett]1 or r a hi/ory4 ,! civility ( hav+ s5t me a copy ( ,mr4 ,pick]+'s diatribe1 w\ld sc>cely ju/ify its address to y4 ,i d n publi% ^! ?+s1 because my rule ( life has be5 nev] to h>ass ! public ) f5d+s & prov+s ( p]sonal sl&]s2 & lea/ ( all w\ld ,i desc5d into ! ar5a ( sl&] ) su* a *ampion z ,mr4 ,pick]+4 ,i h ev] tru/$ to ! ju/ice & consid]ation ( my fell[ citiz5s1 & h no reason to rep5t x1 or to *ange my c\rse4 ,at ?is "t ( life too1 tranquillity is ! summum bonum4 ,b al?\gh ,i decl9e all newspap] controv]sy1 yet :5 falsehoods h be5 advanc$1 )9 ! k ( no "o s mu* z myself1 ,i h sometimes deposit$ a contradiction 9 ! h&s ( a fri5d1 :i*1 if wor? pres]vation1 may1 :5 ,i am no m1 nor ^? :om ,i might (f5d1 ?r[ light on hi/ory1 & recall t into ! pa? ( tru?4 ,& if ( no o!r value1 ! pres5t communication may amuse y ) anecdotes n kn[n to e "o4 ,i _h meant to h add$ "s views on ! amalgamation ( p>ties1 to :i* y\r favor ( ! #h? has "s allusion2 an amalgamation ( "n1 b n ( pr9ciple4 ,tories are tories /ill1 by :atev] "n !y may be call$4 ,b my lett] is already too unm]cifully long1 & ,i close x "h ) assurances ( my great e/eem & respectful consid]ation4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,madison4 ,,monticello1 ,july #ad1 #ahbd4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i h att5tively read y\r lett] to ,mr4 ,:eaton on ! "q :e!r1 at ! date ( ! message to ,congress recomm5d+ ! emb>go ( #ahjg1 we _h k ( ! ord] ( c\ncil ( ,novemb] #aa?2 & accord+ to y\r reque/ ,i h resort$ to my pap]s1 z well z my memory1 = ! te/imony ^! might af=d additional to y\rs4 ,!re is no fact 9 ! c\rse ( my life :i* ,i recollect m /rongly1 ?an t ( my be+ at ! date ( ! message 9 possession ( an ,engli% newspap] conta9+ a copy ( ! proclamation4 ,i am almo/ c]ta91 too1 t x 0 "u ! ord9>y au!ntication ( ! gov]nm5t2 & betwe5 ,novemb] #aa? & ,decemb] #ag?1 !re 0 "t en\gh 7?irty-five days7 to admit ! receipt ( su* a pap]1 :i* ,i ?9k came to me ?r\gh a private *annel1 probably put on bo>d "s vessel ab\t sail+1 ! mom5t x appe>$4 ,turn+ to my pap]s1 ,i f9d t ,i _h prep>$ a fir/ draught ( a message 9 :i* 0 ?is p>agraph3 ,! ,briti% regulations _h be=e r$uc$ u to a direct voyage1 to a s+le port ( _! enemies1 & x is n[ believ$ !y w int]dict all comm]ce :atev] ) !m4 ,a proclamation1 too1 ( t gov]nm5t (----7n (ficially inde$ communicat$ to u1 yet s giv5 out to ! public z to become a rule ( action ) !m17 seems to h %ut ! door on all negotiation ) u except z to ! s+le aggression on ! ,*esapeake4 ,y1 h[ev]1 sugge/$ a sub/itute 7:i* ,i h n[ be=e me1 writt5 ) a p5cil &7 :i*1 ) "s unimportant am5dm5ts1 ,i pref]r$ to my own1 & 0 ! "o ,i s5t to ,congress4 ,x 0 9 ^! words1 ! communications n[ made1 %[+ ! great & increas+ dang]s ) :i* seam51 c41----ports ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is %[s t we communicat$ to !m pap]s ( in=mation on ! subject2 & z x 0 our int]e/1 & our duty1 to give !m ! /ronge/ in=mation we possess$ to ju/ify our op9ion & _! action on x1 !re c be no d\bt we s5t !m ?is id5tical pap]4 ,= :at /rong] c\ld we s5d !m8 ,i am ! m /r5g!n$ 9 ! belief t we did s5d x1 f ! fact1 :i* ! newspap]s ( ! day w prove1 t 9 ! reprobations ( ! measure publi%$ 9 !m by its enemies1 !y indulg$ !mselves 9 sev]e criticisms on our hav+ consid]$ a newspap] z a prop] docum5t to lay be=e ,congress1 & a suffici5t f\ndation = s s]i\s a measure2 & consid]+ ?is z no suffici5t in=mation ( ! fact1 !y cont9u$ p]sev]+ly to d5y t we _h k ( ! ord] ( c\ncil :5 we recomm5d$ ! emb>go2 admitt+1 because !y c\ld n d5y1 ! exi/5ce ( ! ord]1 !y insi/$ only on our suppos$ ignorance ( x z furni%+ !m a gr\nd ( crim9ation4 ,b ,i _h no idea t ?is gratuit\s *>ge 0 believ$ by any "o at ?is day4 ,9 addition to our te/imony1 ,i am sure ,mr4 ,gallat91 ,g5]al ,de>borne & ,mr4 ,smi?1 w recollect t we possess$ ! newspap]1 & act$ on a view ( ! proclamation x conta9$4 ,if y ?9k ?is /atem5t c add any?+ 9 corroboration ( y\rs1 make :at use y please ( x1 & accept assurances ( my con/ant affection & respect4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,lewis ,e4 ,,beck1 ,,albany4 ,i ?ank y1 ,sir1 = y\r pamphlet on ! climate ( ! we/1 & h read x ) great satisfaction4 ,al?\gh x does n yet e/abli% a satisfactory !ory1 x is an additional /ep t[>ds x4 ,m9e 0 p]haps ! fir/ attempt1 n to =m a !ory1 b to br+ toge!r ! few facts !n kn[n1 & sugge/ !m to public att5tion4 ,!y 7 writt5 betwe5 =ty & fifty ye>s ago1 be=e ! close ( ! revolution>y w>1 :5 ! we/]n c\ntry 0 a wild]ness1 untrodd5 b by ! foot ( ! savage or ! hunt]4 ,x is n[ fl\ri%+ 9 population & sci5ce1 & aft] a few ye>s m ( obs]vation & collection ( facts1 !y w d\btless furni% a !ory ( solid f\ndation4 ,ye>s are requisite = ?is1 /eady att5tion to ! !rmomet]1 to ! plants gr[+ !re1 ! times ( _! leaf+ & fl[]+1 its animal inhabitants1 bea/s1 birds1 reptiles & insects2 its preval5t w9ds1 quantities ( ra9 & sn[1 temp]ature ( f\nta9s1 & o!r indexes ( climate4 ,we want ?is inde$ = all ! ,/ates1 & ! "w %\ld be repeat$ once or twice 9 a c5tury1 to %[ ! effect ( cle>+ & culture t[>ds *anges ( climate4 ,my ,notes give a v imp]fect idea ( :at our climate 01 half a c5tury ago1 at ?is place1 :i* be+ ne>ly c5tral to ! ,/ate may be tak5 = its m$ium4 ,latt]ly1 aft] sev5 ye>s ( close & exact obs]vation1 ,i h prep>$ an e/imate ( :at x is n[1 :i* may "s day be add$ to ! =m] "w2 & ,i hope some?+ l ?is is do+ 9 ! o!r ,/ates1 :i*1 :5 all %all be br\ght toge!r1 may produce !ories m]it+ confid5ce4 ,i tru/ t y\rself w n be inatt5tive to ?is s]vice1 & t to t ( ! pres5t epo* y may be able to add a second at ! di/ance ( ano!r half c5tury4 ,) ?is wi% accept ! assurance ( my respectful consid]ation4 ,,to ,h4 ,,lee4 ,,monticello1 ,augu/ #aj1 #ahbd4 ,,sir1--,i h duly receiv$ y\r favor ( ! #ad?1 & ) x ! prospectus ( a newspap] :i* x cov]$4 ,if ! /yle & _s ( t %\ld be ma9ta9$ 9 ! pap] itself1 x w be truly wor?y ( ! public patronage4 ,z to myself1 x is _m ye>s s9ce ,i h ceas$ to read b a s+le pap]4 ,i am no long]1 !re=e1 a g5]al subscrib] = any o!r4 ,yet1 to enc\rage ! hopeful 9 ! outset1 ,i h sometimes subscrib$ = ! fir/ ye> on condition ( be+ discont9u$ at ! end ( x1 )\t fur!r w>n+4 ,i d ! same n[ ) pleasure = y\rs2 & unwill+ to h out/&+ acc\nts1 :i* ,i am liable to =get1 ,i n[ enclose ! price ( ! tri-weekly pap]4 ,i am no believ] 9 ! amalgamation ( p>ties1 nor d ,i consid] x z ei!r desirable or useful = ! public2 b only t1 l religi\s diff]5ces1 a diff]5ce 9 politics %\ld nev] be p]mitt$ to ent] into social int]c\rse1 or to di/urb its fri5d%ips1 its *>ities1 or ju/ice4 ,9 t =m1 !y are c5sors ( ! conduct ( ea* o!r1 & useful wat*m5 = ! public4 ,m5 by _! con/itutions are naturally divid$ into two p>ties3 #a4 ,^? :o fe> & di/ru/ ! p1 & wi% to draw all p[]s f !m into ! h&s ( ! high] classes4 #b4 ,^? :o id5tify !mselves ) ! p1 h confid5ce 9 !m1 *]i% & consid] !m z ! mo/ hone/ & safe1 al?\gh n ! mo/ wise depository ( ! public int]e/s4 ,9 e c\ntry ^! two p>ties exi/1 & 9 e "o :]e !y are free to ?9k1 speak1 & write1 !y w decl>e !mselves4 ,call !m1 !re=e1 lib]als & s]viles1 ,jacob9s & ultras1 :igs & tories1 republicans & f$]ali/s1 ari/ocrats & democrats1 or by :atev] "n y please1 !y are ! same p>ties /ill1 & pursue ! same object4 ,! la/ appellation ( ari/ocrats & democrats is ! true "o express+ ! ess5ce ( all4 ,a pap] :i* %all be gov]n$ by ! _s ( ,mr4 ,madison's celebrat$ report1 ( :i* y express 9 y\r prospectus s j & high an approbation1 _c be false to ! rights ( all classes4 ,! gr&fa!rs ( ! pres5t g5]ation ( y\r family ,i knew well4 ,!y 7 fri5ds & fell[ labor]s ) me 9 ! same cause & pr9ciple4 ,_! desc5dants _c foll[ bett] guides4 ,accept ! assurance ( my be/ wi%es & respectful consid]ation4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,wm4 ,,ludl[4 ,,monticello1 ,septemb] #f1 #ahbd4 ,,sir1--,! idea :i* y pres5t 9 y\r lett] ( ,july #cj?1 ( ! progress ( society f its rude/ /ate to t x has n[ atta9$1 seems con=mable to :at may be probably conjectur$4 ,inde$1 we h "u our eyes tol]able pro(s ( x4 ,let a philosophic obs]v] comm5ce a j\rney f ! savages ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 ea/w>dly t[>ds our sea-coa/4 ,^! he w\ld obs]ve 9 ! e>lie/ /age ( association liv+ "u no law b t ( nature1 subscrib+ & cov]+ !mselves ) ! fle% & sk9s ( wild bea/s4 ,he w\ld next f9d ^? on our fronti]s 9 ! pa/oral /ate1 rais+ dome/ic animals to supply ! defects ( hunt+4 ,!n succe$ our own semi-b>b>\s citiz5s1 ! pione]s ( ! advance ( civilization1 & s 9 8 progress he w\ld meet ! gradual %ades ( improv+ man until he w\ld rea* 81 z yet1 mo/ improv$ /ate 9 our seaport t[ns4 ,?is1 9 fact1 is equival5t to a survey1 9 "t1 ( ! progress ( man f ! infancy ( creation to ! pres5t day4 ,i am eighty-"o ye>s ( age1 born :]e ,i n[ live1 9 ! fir/ range ( m\nta9s 9 ! int]ior ( our c\ntry4 ,& ,i h obs]v$ ?is m>* ( civilization advanc+ f ! sea coa/1 pass+ ov] u l a cl\d ( light1 increas+ our k & improv+ our condition1 insomu* z t we are at ?is "t m advanc$ 9 civilization "h ?an ! seaports 7 :5 ,i 0 a boy4 ,& :]e ?is progress w /op no "o c say4 ,b>b>ism has1 9 ! meantime1 be5 rec$+ be=e ! /eady /ep ( amelioration2 & w 9 "t1 ,i tru/1 disappe> f ! e>?4 ,y seem to ?9k t ?is advance has br\ght on too complicat$ a /ate ( society1 & t we %\ld ga9 9 happ9ess by tread+ back our /eps a little way4 ,i ?9k1 myself1 t we h m ma*9]y ( gov]nm5t ?an is necess>y1 too _m p>asites liv+ on ! labor ( ! indu/ri\s4 ,i believe x might be mu* simplifi$ to ! relief ( ^? :o ma9ta9 x4 ,y\r exp]im5t seems to h ?is 9 view4 ,a society ( sev5ty families1 ! numb] y "n1 may v possibly be gov]n$ z a s+le family1 subsi/+ on _! common indu/ry1 & hold+ all ?+s 9 common4 ,"s regulators ( ! family y /ill mu/ h1 & x rema9s to be se5 at :at p]iod ( y\r increas+ population y\r simple regulations w cease to be suffici5t to pres]ve ord]1 peace1 & ju/ice4 ,! exp]im5t is int]e/+2 ,i %all n live to see its issue1 b ,i wi% x success equal to y\r hopes1 & to y\rself & society prosp]ity & happ9ess4 ,,to ,,g5]al ,,la ,,fayette4 ,,monticello1 ,octob] #i1 #ahbd4 ,i h duly receiv$1 my de> fri5d & ,g5]al1 y\r lett] ( ! #a/ f ,philadelphia1 giv+ u ! welcome assurance t y w visit ! neighborhood :i*1 dur+ ! m>* ( our enemy ne> x1 0 cov]$ by y\r %ield f 8 robb]ies & ravages4 ,9 pass+ ! l9e ( y\r =m] m>* y w exp]i5ce pleas+ recollections ( ! good y h done4 ,my neighbors1 too1 ( our academical village1 :o well rememb] _! obligations to y1 h express$ to y1 9 a lett] f a committee appo9t$ = t purpose1 _! hope t y w accept manife/ations ( _! feel+s1 simple inde$1 b z cordial z any y w h receiv$4 ,x w be an additional honor to ! ,univ]sity ( ! ,/ate t y w h be5 its fir/ gue/4 ,gratify !m1 !n1 by ?is assurance to _! committee1 if x has n be5 done4 ,b :at recollections1 de> fri5d1 w ?is call up to y & me6 ,:at a hi/ory h we to run ov] f ! ev5+ t y\rself1 ,m\sni]1 ,b]nau1 & o!r patriots settl$1 9 my h\se 9 ,p>is1 ! outl9es ( ! con/itution y wi%$6 ,& to trace x ?r\gh all ! disa/r\s *apt]s ( ,robespi]re1 ,b>ras1 ,bonap>te1 & ! ,b\rbons6 ,^! ?+s1 h[ev]1 are = our meet+4 ,y m5tion ! return ( ,miss ,wright to ,am]ica1 accompani$ by h] si/]2 b d n say :at h] /ay is to be1 nor :at h] c\rse4 ,%\ld x lead h] to a visit ( our ,univ]sity1 :i*1 9 its ar*itecture only1 is z yet an object1 h]self & h] companion w n[h]e f9d a welcome m he>ty ?an ) ,mrs4 ,r&olph1 & all ! inhabitants ( ,monticello4 ,?is ,a!num ( our c\ntry1 9 embryo1 is z yet b promise2 & n 9 a /ate to recall ! recollections ( ,a!ns4 ,b ev]y?+ has its beg9n+1 its gr[?1 & end2 & :o kn[s ) :at future delici\s morsels ( philosophy1 & by :at future ,miss ,wright rak$ f its ru9s1 ! _w may1 "s day1 be gratifi$ & in/ruct$8 ,y\r son ,george we %all be v happy inde$ to see1 & to r5ew 9 him ! recollections ( y\r v de> family2 & ! revolution>y m]it ( ,m4 le ,vasseur has t passport to ! e/eem ( e ,am]ican1 &1 to me1 ! additional "o ( hav+ be5 y\r fri5d & co-op]ator1 & he w1 ,i hope1 jo9 y 9 mak+ head-qu>t]s ) u at ,monticello4 ,b all ^! ?+s revoir1 9 ! meantime we are impati5t t y\r c]emonies at ,york %\ld be ov]1 & give y to ! embraces ( fri5d%ip4 ,p4 ,s4 ,w y come by ,mr4 ,madison's1 or let him or me "k on :at day he may meet y "h1 & jo9 u 9 our greet+s8 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,ru%4 ,,monticello1 ,octob] #ac1 #ahbd4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i mu/ aga9 beg ! protection ( y\r cov] = a lett] to ,mr4 ,gilm]2 al?\gh a little d\btful :e!r he may n h left y4 ,y w h se5 by our pap]s ! delirium into :i* our citiz5s are ?r[n by a visit f ,g5]al ,la ,fayette4 ,he is mak+ a triumphant progress ?r\gh ! ,/ates1 f t[n to t[n1 ) acclamations ( welcome1 su* z no cr[n$ head ev] receiv$4 ,x w h a good effect 9 favor ( ! ,g5]al ) ! p 9 ,europe1 b probably a diff]5t "o ) _! sov]eigns4 ,its effect "h1 too1 w be salut>y z to ourselves1 by rally+ u toge!r & /r5g!n+ ! habit ( consid]+ our c\ntry z "o & indivisible1 & ,i hope we %all close x ) some?+ m solid = him ?an d9n]s & balls4 ,! eclat ( ?is visit has almo/ m]g$ ! ,presid5tial "q1 on :i* no?+ sc>cely is said 9 our pap]s4 ,t "q w lie ultimately betwe5 ,craw=d & ,adams2 b1 at ! same "t1 ! vote ( ! p w be s di/ract$ by subord9ate c&idates1 t possibly !y may make no election1 & let x g to ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 ,!re1 x is ?\ght1 ,craw=d's *ance is be/4 ,we h no?+ else int]e/+ be=e ! public4 ,( ! two que/ions ( ! t>iff & public improvem5ts1 ! =m]1 p]haps1 is n yet at re/1 & ! latt] w excite boi/]\s discussions4 ,x happ5s t bo? ^! measures fall 9 ) ! we/]n int]e/s1 & x is _! secession f ! agricultural ,/ates :i* gives su* /r5g? to ! manufactur+ & consolidat+ p>ties1 on ^! two que/ions4 ,! latt] is ! mo/ dread$1 because ?\ght to am\nt to a det]m9ation 9 ! f$]al gov]nm5t to assume all p[]s non-enum]at$ z well z enum]at$ 9 ! con/itution1 & by giv+ a loose to con/ruction1 make ! text say :atev] w relieve !m f ! bridle ( ! ,/ates4 ,^! are difficulties = y\r day2 ,i %all give !m ! slip4 ,accept ! assurance ( my fri5dly atta*m5t & great respect4 ,,to ,,edw>d ,,ev]ett4 ,,monticello1 ,octob] #ae1 #ahbd4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i h yet to ?ank = y\r 4 4 4 oration1 deliv]$ 9 pres5ce ( ,g5]al ,la ,fayette4 ,x is all excell5t1 mu* ( x sublimely s1 well wor?y ( its au?or & 8 subject1 ( :om we may truly say1 z 0 said ( ,g]manicus1 fruitur fam sui4 ,y\r lett] ( ,septemb] ! #aj? gave me ! fir/ in=mation t m9e to ,major ,c>twright _h got into ! newspap]s2 & ! fir/ notice1 inde$1 t he _h receiv$ x4 ,i 0 a /rang] to 8 p]son1 b n to 8 respectable & patriotic "*4 ,i receiv$ f him a long & int]e/+ lett]1 & answ]$ x ) frankness1 go+ )\t res]ve into sev]al subjects1 to :i* 8 lett] _h l$1 b on :i* ,i did n suppose ,i 0 writ+ = ! newspap]s4 ,! publication ( a lett] 9 su* a case1 )\t ! cons5t ( ! writ]1 is n a fair practice4 ,! "p :i* y quote1 may draw on me ! ho/ ( judges & div9es4 ,!y may cavil b _c refute x4 ,^? :o read ,prisot's op9ion ) a c&id view to und]/&1 & n to *icane x1 _c mi/ake its mean+4 ,! reports 9 ! ,ye>-books 7 tak5 v %ort4 ,! op9ions ( ! judges 7 writt5 d[n s5t5ti\sly1 z notes or memor&a1 & n ) all ! developm5t :i* !y probably us$ 9 deliv]+ !m4 ,prisot's op9ion1 to be fully express$1 %\ld be ?us p>aphras$3 ,to su* laws z ^? ( holy *ur* h record$1 & pres]v$ 9 _! anci5t books & writ+s1 x is prop] = u to give cr$5ce2 = s is1 or s says ! common law1 or law ( ! l&1 on :i* all mann] ( o!r laws re/ = _! au?ority1 or are f\nd$2 t is to say1 ! common law1 or ! law ( ! l& common to u all1 & e/abli%$ by ! au?ority ( u all1 is t f :i* is d]iv$ ! au?ority ( all o!r special & subord9ate bran*es ( law1 su* z ! canon law1 law m]*ant1 law m>itime1 law ( ,gavelk9d1 ,bor\gh ,engli%1 corporation laws1 local cu/oms & usages1 to all ( :i* ! common law requires its judges to p]mit au?ority 9 ! special or local cases belong+ to !m4 ,! evid5ce ( ^! laws is pres]v$ 9 _! anci5t treatises1 books & writ+s1 9 l mann] z our own common law itself is kn[n1 ! text ( its orig9al enactm5ts hav+ be5 long lo/1 & its sub/ance only pres]v$ 9 anci5t & tradition>y writ+s4 ,& if x appe>s1 f _! anci5t books1 writ+s & records1 t ! bi%op1 9 ?is case1 accord+ to ! rules prescrib$ by ^! au?orities1 has done :at an ord9>y w\ld h done 9 su* case1 !n we %\ld adjudge x good1 o!rwise n4 ,to decide ?is "q1 !y w\ld h to turn to ! anci5t writ+s & records ( ! canon law1 9 :i* !y w\ld f9d evid5ce ( ! laws ( adv[sons1 qu>e imp$it1 ! duties ( bi%ops & ord9>ies1 = :i* t]ms ,prisot c\ld nev] h meant to ref] !m to ! ,old or ,new ,te/am5t1 les sa9cts scriptures1 :]e surely !y w\ld n be f\nd4 ,a lic5se :i* %\ld p]mit anci5 scripture to be translat$ holy scripture1 annihilates at once all ! evid5ce ( language4 ,) su* a lic5se1 we might rev]se ! six? comm&m5t into ?\ %all n omit murd]4 ,x w\ld be ! m extraord9>y 9 ?is case1 :]e ! mi/ranslation 0 to effect ! adoption ( ! :ole code ( ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian laws into ! text ( our /atutes1 to conv]t religi\s (f5ces into temporal crimes1 to make ! brea* ( e religi\s precept a subject ( indictm5t1 submit ! "q ( idolatry1 = example1 to ! trial ( a jury1 & to a c\rt1 its puni%m5t1 to ! ?ird & f\r? g5]ation ( ! (f5d]4 ,d we all[ to our judges ?is lump+ legislation8 ,! t]m common law1 al?\gh x has m ?an "o mean+1 is p]fectly def9ite1 secundum subjectam mat]iem4 ,its mo/ probable orig9 0 on ! conque/ ( ! ,hept>*y by ,alfr$1 & ! amalgamation ( _! sev]al codes ( law into "o1 :i* became common to !m all4 ,! au!ntic text ( ^! enactm5ts has n be5 pres]v$2 b _! sub/ance has be5 committ$ to _m anci5t books & writ+s1 s fai?fully z to h be5 deem$ g5u9e f g5]ation to g5]ation1 & obey$ z su* by all4 ,we h "s fragm5ts ( !m collect$ by ,lamb>d1 ,wilk9s & o!rs1 b ab\nd+ ) pro(s ( _! spuri\s au!nticity4 ,magna ,*>ta is ! e>lie/ /atute1 ! text ( :i* has come d[n to u 9 an au!ntic =m1 & !nce d[nw>d we h !m entire4 ,we d n "k exactly :5 ! common law & /atute law1 ! lex scripta et non scripta1 began to be contra-di/+ui%$1 s z to give a second acceptation to ! =m] t]m2 :e!r be=e1 or aft] ,prisot's day1 at :i* "t we "k t ne>ly two c5turies & a half ( /atutes 7 9 pres]vation4 ,9 lat] times1 on ! introduction ( ! *anc]y bran* ( law1 ! t]m common law began to be us$ 9 a ?ird s5se1 z ! correlative ( *anc]y law4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 hav+ be5 long aft] ,prisot's "t1 c\ld n h be5 ! s5se 9 :i* he us$ ! t]m4 ,he mu/ h meant ! anci5t lex non scripta1 because1 _h he us$ x z inclusive ( ! lex scripta1 he w\ld h put 8 f+] on ! /atute :i* _h enjo9$ on ! judges a def]5ce to ! laws ( holy *ur*4 ,b no su* /atute exi/+1 he mu/ h ref]r$ to ! common law 9 ! s5se ( a lex non scripta4 ,:5ev]1 !n1 ! t]m common law is us$ 9 ei!r ( ^! s5ses1 & x is nev] employ$ 9 any o!r1 x is readily kn[n 9 :i* ( !m1 by ! context & subject matt] "u consid]ation2 :i*1 9 ! pres5t case1 leave no room = d\bt4 ,i d n rememb] ! occasion :i* l$ me to take up ?is subject1 :ile a practition] ( ! law4 ,b ,i "k ,i w5t into x ) all ! rese>* :i* a v copi\s law libr>y enabl$ me to indulge2 & ,i fe> n = ! accuracy ( any ( my quotations4 ,! doctr9e might be disprov$ by _m o!r & diff]5t topics ( reason+2 b hav+ satisfi$ myself ( ! orig9 ( ! =g]y1 & f\nd h[1 l a roll+ sn[-ball1 x _h ga!r$ volume1 ,i leave its fur!r pursuit to ^? :o ne$ fur!r pro(1 & p]haps ,i h already gone fur!r ?an ! feeble d\bt y express$ might require4 ,i salute y ) great e/eem & respect4 ,,to ----4 ,,monticello1 ,decemb] #bb1 #ahbd4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,! proposition to remove ,william & ,m>y ,college to ,ri*mond ) all its pres5t funds1 & to add to x a musical s*ool1 is no?+ m nor less ?an to remove ! ,univ]sity also to t place4 ,because1 if bo? rema91 !re w n be /ud5ts en\gh to make ei!r wor?y ! acceptance ( m5 ( ! fir/ ord] ( sci5ce4 ,!y mu/ ea* fall d[n to ! level ( our pres5t academies1 "u ! direction ( common tea*]s1 & our /ate ( education mu/ /& exactly :]e x n[ is4 ,few ( ! ,/ates h be5 able to ma9ta9 "o univ]sity1 none two4 ,surely ! legislature1 aft] su* an exp5se incurr$ = a real univ]sity1 & j z x is prep>$ to g into action "u hopeful auspices1 w n cons5t to de/roy x by ?is side-w9d4 ,z to ! be/ c\rse to be tak5 ) ,william & ,m>y1 ,i am n s good a judge z our colleagues on ! spot4 ,!y h "u _! eyes ! work+s ( ! enemies ( ! ,univ]sity1 mask$ & unmask$1 & ! intrigues ( ,ri*mond1 :i*1 aft] fail+ to obta9 x 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 endeavors to /eal its location at ?is late h\r4 ,& !y c be/ see :at measures are mo/ likely to c\nt]act ^! insidi\s designs4 ,on ! "q ( ! removal1 ,i ?9k our p>ticul> fri5ds _h bett] take no active "p1 b vote sil5tly = or aga9/ x1 accord+ to _! own judgm5t z to ! public utility2 & if !y divide on ! "q1 s mu* ! bett] p]haps4 ,i am glad ! visitors & pr(essors h invok$ ! int]f]5ce ( ! legislature1 because x is an ackn[l$gm5t ( its au?ority on behalf ( ! ,/ate to sup]9t5d & control x1 ( :i* ,i nev] _h a d\bt4 ,x is an in/itution e/abli%$ = ! public good1 & n = ! p]sonal emolum5t ( ! pr(essors1 end[$ f ! public l&s & organiz$ by ! executive function>y ^: legal (fice x 04 ,! acquiesc5ce ( bo? corporations "u ! au?ority ( ! legislature1 removes :at might o!rwise h be5 a difficulty ) "s4 ,if ! "q ( removal be decid$ affirmatively1 ! next is1 h[ %all _! funds be dispos$ ( mo/ advantage\sly = ! ,/ate 9 g5]al8 ,^! are ab\t "o hundr$ ?\s& doll>s too mu* = a second>y or local in/itution4 ,! giv+ a "p ( !m to a s*ool at ,w9*e/]1 & "p to ,hampd5 ,sidney1 is well1 z f> z x goes2 b does n g f> en\gh4 ,:y %\ld n e "p ( ! ,/ate p>ticipate equally ( ! b5efit ( ?is rev]sion ( "r :i* accrues to ! :ole equally8 ,?is w\ld be no m a violation ( law ?an ! giv+ x to a few4 ,yon "k t ! ,rockfi% report propos$ an int]m$iate grade ( s*ools betwe5 ! prim>y & ! univ]sity4 ,9 t report ! objects ( ! middle s*ools are /at$4 ,see page #aj ( ! copy ,i n[ enclose y4 ,9 ^! s*ools %\ld be taught ,lat9 & ,greek1 to a good degree1 ,fr5* also1 num]ical ari?metic1 ! elem5ts ( geometry1 survey+1 navigation1 geography1 ! use ( ! globes1 ! outl9es ( ! sol> sy/em1 & elem5ts ( natural philosophy4 ,two pr(essors w\ld suffice = ^!1 to wit3 "o = languages1 ! o!r = s mu* ( ma!matics & natural philosophy z is "h propos$4 ,?is degree ( education w\ld be adapt$ to ! circum/ances ( a v great numb] ( our citiz5s1 :o1 be+ int5d$ = lives ( bus9ess1 w\ld n aim at an univ]sity education4 ,x w\ld give u a body ( yeomanry1 too1 ( sub/antial in=mation1 well prep>$ to become a firm & /eady support to ! gov]nm5t2 z s*ools ( anci5t languages1 too1 !y w\ld be prep>atories = ! ,univ]sity4 ,y h n[ an happy opportunity ( c>ry+ ?is int]m$iate e/abli%m5t into execution )\t lay+ a c5t ( tax on ! p1 or tak+ "o f ! treasury4 ,divide ! ,/ate into college di/ricts ( ab\t eighty miles squ>e ea*4 ,!re w\ld be ab\t eight su* di/ricts bel[ ! ,alleghany1 & two beyond x1 :i* w\ld be necess>ily ( l>g] ext5t because ( ! sp>s5ess ( _! population4 ,! only advance ^! colleges w\ld call =1 w\ld be = a dwell+ h\se = ! tea*]1 ( ab\t "o ?\s& two hundr$ doll>s co/1 & a bo>d+ h\se ) f\r or five b$ rooms1 & a s*ool room = probably ab\t tw5ty or ?irty boys4 ,! :ole %\ld n co/ m ?an five ?\s& doll>s1 b ! funds ( ,william & ,m>y w\ld enable y to give !m t5 ?\s& doll>s ea*4 ,! di/ricts might be s laid (f t ! pr9cipal t[ns & ! academies n[ exi/+ might =m conv5i5t sites = _! colleges2 z1 = example1 ,williamsburgh1 ,ri*mond1 ,fr$]icksburg1 ,hampd5 ,sidney1 ,lyn*burg or ,lex+ton1 ,/aunton1 ,w9*e/]1 c4 ,?us1 ( ,william & ,m>y1 y w make t5 colleges1 ea* z useful z %e ov] 01 leav+ "o 9 ,williamsburg by itself1 plac+ z good a "o )9 a day's ride ( e man 9 ! ,/ate1 & get our :ole s*eme ( education completely e/abli%$4 ,i h said t no advance is necess>y b = ! erection ( ! build+s = ^! s*ools4 ,because ! boys s5t to !m w\ld be exclusively ( a class ( p>5ts 9 compet5t circum/ances to pay tea*]s = ! education ( _! own *ildr54 ,! t5 ?\s& doll>s giv5 to ea*1 w\ld af=d a surplus to ma9ta9 by its int]e/ "o or two p]sons duly select$ = _! g5ius1 f ! prim>y s*ools1 ( ^? too poor to proce$ f>!r ( _! own means4 ,y w rememb] t ( ! ?ree bills ,i orig9ally gave y1 "o 0 = ^! di/rict colleges1 & go+ into ! necess>y details4 ,w y n h e memb] 9 favor ( ?is proposition1 except ^? :o are = gobbl+ up ! :ole funds !mselves8 ,! pres5t pr(essors might all be employ$ 9 ! college ( ,ri*mond or ,williamsburg1 or any o!r !y w\ld pref]1 ) reasonable sal>ies 9 ! meantime1 until ! sy/em %\ld get "u way4 ,?is occasion ( complet+ our sy/em ( education is a ,god-s5d :i* ought n to pass away neglect$4 ,_m may be />tl$ at ! fir/ idea4 ,b reflection on ! ju/ice & advantage ( ! measure w produce conv]ts daily & h\rly to x4 ,i c]ta9ly w\ld n propose t ! ,univ]sity %\ld claim a c5t ( ^! funds 9 competition ) ! di/rict colleges4 ,w\ld x n be bett] to say no?+ ab\t ! la/ donation ( fifty ?\s& doll>s1 & endeavor to get ! money f ,congress1 & to press = x imm$iately4 ,i _c d\bt _! all[+ x1 & x w\ld be mu* bett] to get x f !m ?an to revive ! displeasure ( our own legislature4 ,y are aw>e t we h yet two pr(essors to appo9t1 to wit3 ( natural hi/ory & moral philosophy1 & t we h no "t to lose4 ,i propose t su* ( our colleagues z are ( ! legislature1 %\ld "n a day ( meet+1 conv5i5t to !mselves1 & give notice ( x by mail to ,mr4 ,madison1 ,g5]al ,cocke1 & myself4 ,b x %\ld n be till ! arrival ( ! ?ree pr(essors expect$ at ,norfolk4 ,on _! arrival only c we publi% ! day ( op5+4 ,our ,ri*mond mail-/age arrives "h on ,sunday & dep>ts on ,w$nesday1 & arrives aga9 on ,?ursday & dep>ts on ,sunday4 ,ea* af=d+ two sp>e int]v5+ days1 & requir+ f "h an abs5ce ( six days4 ,mr4 ,long1 pr(essor ( anci5t languages1 is locat$ 9 8 ap>tm5ts at ! ,univ]sity4 ,he drew1 by lot1 pavilion ,no4 #e4 ,he appe>s to be a mo/ amiable man1 ( f9e und]/&+1 well qualifi$ = 8 dep>tm5t1 & acquir+ e/eem z fa/ z he becomes kn[n4 ,inde$1 ,i h great hope t ! :ole selection w fulfil our wi%es4 ,ev] & affectionately y\rs4 ,,to ,,john ,,adams4 ,,monticello1 ,janu>y #h1 #ahbe4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,x is long s9ce ,i h writt5 to y4 ,?is proce$s f ! difficulty ( writ+ ) my crippl$ wri/1 & f an unwill+ness to add to y\r inconv5i5ces ( ei!r read+ by ! eyes1 or writ+ by ! h&s ( o!rs4 ,! acc\nt ,i receive ( y\r physical situation afflicts me s9c]ely2 b if body or m9d 0 "o ( !m to give way1 x is a great com=t t x is ! m9d :i* rema9s :ole1 & t its vigor1 & t ( memory cont9ues firm4 ,y\r he>+1 too1 is good1 z ,i am told4 ,9 ?is y h ! advantage ( me4 ,! dulness ( m9e makes me lose mu* ( ! conv]sation ( ! _w1 & mu* a /rang] to :at is pass+ 9 x4 ,acquiesc5ce is ! only pill[1 al?\gh n always a s(t "o4 ,i h _h "o advantage ( y4 ,?is ,presid5tial election has giv5 me few anxieties4 ,) y ?is mu/ h be5 impossible1 indep5d5tly ( ! "q1 :e!r we are at la/ to end our days "u a civil or a milit>y gov]nm5t4 ,i am com=t$ & protect$ f o!r solicitudes by ! c>es ( our ,univ]sity4 ,9 "s dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce we believe ,europe to be 9 advance be=e u1 & t x w\ld advance ourselves 7 we to draw f !nce in/ructors 9 ^! bran*es1 & ?us to improve our sci5ce1 z we h done our manufactures1 by borr[$ skill4 ,i h be5 mu* squibb$ = ?is1 p]haps by disappo9t$ applicants = pr(essor%ips1 to :i* !y 7 deem$ incompet5t4 ,we wait only ! arrival ( ?ree ( ! pr(essors engag$ 9 ,engl&1 to op5 our ,univ]sity4 ,i h lately be5 read+ ! mo/ extraord9>y ( all books1 & at ! same "t ! mo/ demon/rative by num]\s & unequivocal facts4 ,x is ,fl\r5s's exp]im5ts on ! functions ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 9 v]tebrat$ animals4 ,he takes out ! c]ebrum completely1 leav+ ! c]ebellum & o!r p>ts ( ! sy/em un9jur$4 ,! animal loses all its s5ses ( he>+1 see+1 feel+1 smell+1 ta/+1 is totally depriv$ ( w1 intellig5ce1 memory1 p]ception1 c4 ,yet lives = mon?s 9 p]fect heal?1 ) all its p[]s ( motion1 b )\t mov+ b on ext]nal excitem5t1 />v+ ev5 on a pile ( gra91 unless cramm$ d[n its ?roat2 9 %ort1 9 a /ate ( ! mo/ absolute /upidity4 ,he takes ! c]ebellum out ( o!rs1 leav+ ! c]ebrum unt\*$4 ,! animal reta9s all its s5ses1 faculties1 & und]/&+1 b loses ! p[] ( regulat$ motion1 & exhibits all ! symptoms ( drunk5ness4 ,:ile he makes incisions 9 ! c]ebrum & c]ebellum1 l5g?wise & crosswise1 :i* heal & get well1 a puncture 9 ! m$ulla elongata is in/ant dea?2 & _m o!r mo/ int]e/+ ?+s too long = a lett]4 ,cabanis _h prov$ by ! anatomical /ructure ( c]ta9 portions ( ! human frame1 t !y might be capable ( receiv+ f ! h& ( ! ,creator ! faculty ( ?9k+2 ,fl\r5s proves t !y h receiv$ x2 t ! c]ebrum is ! ?9k+ organ2 & t life & heal? may cont9ue1 & ! animal be entirely )\t ?\ght1 if depriv$ ( t organ4 ,i wi% to see :at ! spirituali/s w say to ?is4 ,:e!r 9 ?is /ate ! s\l rema9s 9 ! body1 depriv$ ( its ess5ce ( ?\ght8 or :e!r x leaves x1 z 9 dea?1 & :]e x goes8 ,8 memoirs & exp]im5ts h be5 report$ on ) approbation by a committee ( ! in/itute1 compos$ ( ,cuvi]1 ,b]?olet1 ,dum>il1 ,portal & ,p9el4 ,b all ?is1 y & ,i %all "k bett] :5 we meet aga91 9 ano!r place1 & at no di/ant p]iod4 ,9 ! meantime1 t ! reviv$ p[]s ( y\r frame1 & ! anodyne ( philosophy may pres]ve y f all suff]+1 is my s9c]e & affectionate pray]4 ,,to ,,william ,,%ort1 ,,esq4 ,,monticello1 ,janu>y #h1 #ahbe4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i return$ ! fir/ volume ( ,hall by a mail ( a week ago1 & by ?is1 %all return ! second4 ,we h kept !m long1 b e memb] ( ! family wi%$ to read 8 book1 9 :i* case1 y "k1 x _h a long gauntlet to run4 ,x is impossible to read ?or\ghly su* writ+s z ^? ( ,h>p] & ,otis1 :o take a page to say :at requires b a s5t5ce1 or r1 :o give y :ole pages ( :at is no?+ to ! purpose4 ,a cursory race ov] ! gr\nd is z mu* z !y c claim4 ,x is easy = !m1 at ?is day1 to endeavor to :itewa% _! p>ty1 :5 ! great] "p are dead ( ^? :o witness$ :at pass$1 o!rs old & become indiff]5t to ! subject1 & o!rs indispos$ to take ! tr\ble ( answ]+ !m4 ,z to ,otis1 8 attempt is to prove t ! sun does n %9e at mid-day2 t t is n a fact :i* e "o saw4 ,he m]its no notice4 ,x is well kn[n t ,h>p] _h little scruple ab\t facts :]e detection 0 n obvi\s4 ,by plac+ 9 false lights :atev] admits x1 & pass+ ov] 9 sil5ce :at does n1 a plausible aspect may be pres5t$ ( any?+4 ,he takes great pa9s to prove1 = in/ance1 t ,hamilton 0 no mon>*i/1 by exagg]at+ 8 own intimacy ) him1 & ! impossibility1 if he 0 s1 t he %\ld n1 at "s "t1 h betray$ x to him4 ,?is may pass ) un9=m$ read]s1 b n ) ^? :o h _h x f ,hamilton's own m\?4 ,i am "o ( ^?1 & b "o ( _m4 ,at my own table1 9 pres5ce ( ,mr4 ,adams1 ,knox1 ,r&olph1 & myself1 9 a dispute betwe5 ,mr4 ,adams & himself1 he av[$ 8 pref]5ce ( mon>*y ov] e o!r gov]nm5t1 & 8 op9ion t ! ,engli% 0 ! mo/ p]fect model ( gov]nm5t ev] devis$ by ! wit ( man1 ,mr4 ,adams agree+ if its corruptions 7 done away4 ,:ile ,hamilton insi/$ t ) ^! corruptions x 0 p]fect1 & )\t !m x w\ld be an impracticable gov]nm5t4 ,c any "o read ,mr4 ,adams' def5ce ( ! ,am]ican con/itutions )\t see+ t he 0 a mon>*i/8 ,& ,j4 ,q4 ,adams1 ! son1 0 m explicit ?an ! fa!r1 9 8 answ] to ,pa9e's rights ( man4 ,s mu* = lead]s4 ,_! foll[]s 7 divid$4 ,"s w5t ! same l5g?s1 o!rs1 & ,i believe ! great] "p1 only wi%$ a /rong] ,executive4 ,:5 ,i arriv$ at ,new ,york 9 #agij1 to take a "p 9 ! adm9i/ration1 be+ fre% f ! ,fr5* revolution1 :ile 9 its fir/ & pure /age1 & consequ5tly some:at :ett$ up 9 my own republican pr9ciples1 ,i f\nd a /ate ( ?+s1 9 ! g5]al society ( ! place1 :i* ,i c\ld n h suppos$ possible4 ,be+ a /rang] !re1 ,i 0 fea/$ f table to table1 at l>ge set d9n]s1 ! p>ties g5]ally f tw5ty to ?irty4 ,! revolution ,i _h left1 & t we _h j gone ?r\gh 9 ! rec5t *ange ( our own gov]nm5t1 be+ ! common topics ( conv]sation1 ,i 0 a/oni%$ to f9d ! g5]al preval5ce ( mon>*ical s5tim5ts1 insomu* t 9 ma9ta9+ ^? ( republicanism1 ,i _h always ! :ole company on my h&s1 nev] sc>cely f9d+ among !m a s+le co-advocate 9 t argum5t1 unless "s old memb] ( ,congress happ5$ to be pres5t4 ,! fur!/ t any "o w\ld g1 9 support ( ! republican features ( our new gov]nm5t1 w\ld be to say1 ! pres5t con/itution is well z a beg9n+1 & may be all[$ a fair trial2 b x is1 9 fact1 only a /epp+ /one to some?+ bett]4 ,among _! writ]s1 ,d5ny1 ! editor ( ! ,portfolio1 :o 0 a k9d ( oracle ) !m1 & /yl$ ! ,addison ( ,am]ica1 op5ly av[$ 8 pref]5ce ( mon>*y ov] all o!r =ms ( gov]nm5t1 prid$ himself on ! av[al1 & ma9ta9$ x by argum5t freely & )\t res]ve1 9 8 publications4 ,i d n1 myself1 "k t ! ,essex junto ( ,bo/on 7 mon>*i/s1 b ,i h always he>d x s said1 & nev] d\bt$4 ,^!1 my de> ,sir1 are b deta*$ items f a great mass ( pro(s !n fully be=e ! public4 ,!y are unkn[n to y1 because y 7 abs5t 9 ,europe1 & !y are n[ disav[$ by ! p>ty4 ,b1 _h x n be5 = ! firm & det]m9$ /& !n made by a c\nt]-p>ty1 no man c say :at our gov]nm5t w\ld h be5 at ?is day4 ,mon>*y1 to be sure1 is n[ defeat$1 & !y wi% x %\ld be =gott5 t x 0 ev] advocat$4 ,!y see t x is desp]ate1 & treat its imputation to !m z a calumny2 & ,i v]ily believe t none ( !m h x n[ 9 direct aim4 ,yet ! _s is n done away4 ,! same p>ty takes n[ :at !y deem ! next be/ gr\nd1 ! consolidation ( ! gov]nm5t2 ! giv+ to ! f$]al memb] ( ! gov]nm5t1 by unlimit$ con/ructions ( ! con/itution1 a control ov] all ! functions ( ! ,/ates1 & ! conc5tration ( all p[] ultimately at ,wa%+ton4 ,! true hi/ory ( t conflict ( p>ties w nev] be 9 possession ( ! public1 until1 by ! dea? ( ! actors 9 x1 ! ho>ds ( _! lett]s %all be brok5 up & giv5 to ! _w4 ,i %\ld n fe> to appeal to ^? ( ,h>p] himself1 if he has kept copies ( !m1 = abundant pro( t he 0 himself a mon>*i/4 ,i %all n live to see ^! unreveal$ pro(s1 nor probably y2 = "t w be requisite4 ,b "t w1 9 ! end1 produce ! tru?4 ,&1 aft] all1 x is b a tru? :i* exi/s 9 e c\ntry1 :]e n suppress$ by ! rod ( despotism4 ,m51 accord+ to _! con/itutions1 & ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y are plac$1 diff] hone/ly 9 op9ion4 ,"s are :igs1 lib]als1 democrats1 call !m :at y please4 ,o!rs are tories1 s]viles1 ari/ocrats1 c4 ,! latt] fe> ! p1 & wi% to transf] all p[] to ! high] classes ( society2 ! =m] consid] ! p z ! safe/ depository ( p[] 9 ! la/ resort2 !y *]i% !m !re=e1 & wi% to leave 9 !m all ! p[]s to ! ex]cise ( :i* !y are compet5t4 ,?is is ! division ( s5tim5t n[ exi/+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is ! common division ( :ig & tory1 or accord+ to our d5om9ations ( republican & f$]al2 & is ! mo/ salut>y ( all divisions1 & ought1 !re=e1 to be fo/]$1 in/ead ( be+ amalgamat$4 ,=1 take away ?is1 & "s m dang]\s pr9ciple ( division w take its place4 ,b !re is really no amalgamation4 ,! p>ties exi/ n[ z h]et(ore4 ,! "o1 inde$1 has ?r[n (f its old "n1 & has n yet assum$ a new "o1 al?\gh obvi\sly consolidationi/s4 ,& among ^? 9 ! (fices ( e d5om9ation ,i believe x to be a b>e m9ority4 ,i h gone into ^! facts to %[ h[ "o-sid$ a view ( ?is case ,h>p] has pres5t$4 ,i d n recall ^! recollections ) pleasure1 b r wi% to =get !m1 nor did ,i ev] p]mit !m to affect social int]c\rse4 ,& n[1 lea/ ( all1 am dispos$ to d s4 ,peace & good w ) all mank9d is my s9c]e wi%4 ,i will+ly leave to ! pres5t g5]ation to conduct _! affairs z !y please4 ,& 9 my g5]al affection to ! :ole human family1 & my p>ticul> devotion to my fri5ds1 be assur$ ( ! high & special e/imation 9 :i* y\rself is cordially held4 ,,to ,,joseph ,c4 ,,cabell4 ,,monticello1 ,janu>y #aa1 #ahbe4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,we are dreadfully nonpluss$ "h by ! non-arrival ( our ?ree ,pr(essors4 ,we appreh5d t ! idea ( our op5+ on ! #a/ ( ,febru>y prevails s mu* abroad1 7al?\gh we h always m5tion$ x d\btfully17 z t ! /ud5ts w assemble on t day )\t await+ ! fur!r notice :i* 0 promis$4 ,to s5d !m away w be disc\rag+1 & to op5 an ,univ]sity )\t ,ma!matics or ,natural ,philosophy w\ld br+ on u ridicule & disgrace4 ,we !re=e publi% an adv]tisem5t1 /at+ t on ! arrival ( ^! ,pr(essors1 notice w be giv5 ( ! day ( op5+ ! in/itution4 ,gov]nor ,b>b\r writes me hopefully ( gett+ our fifty ?\s& doll>s f ,congress4 ,! proposition has be5 orig9at$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 ref]r$ to ! committee ( claims1 ! *airman ( :i* has prep>$ a v favorable report1 & a bill con=mable1 assum+ ! repaym5t ( all int]e/ :i* ! ,/ate has actually paid4 ,! legislature w c]ta9ly owe to u ! recov]y ( ?is money2 = _h !y n giv5 x 9 "s measure ! rev]5c$ "* ( a donation = ! promotion ( le>n+1 x w\ld nev] h be5 paid4 ,x is to be hop$1 !re=e1 t ! displeasure incurr$ by wr++ x f !m at ! la/ session1 w n[ give way to a contr>y feel+1 & ev5 place u on a gr\nd ( "s m]it4 ,%\ld ?is s5tim5t take place1 & ! arrival ( our ,pr(essors1 & fill+ our dormitories ) /ud5ts on ! #a/ ( ,febru>y1 enc\rage !m to look m favorably t[>ds u1 p]haps x might dispose !m to enl>ge some:at _! ord] on ! same fund4 ,y obs]ve ! ,proctor has /at$ 9 a lett] accompany+ our ,report1 t x w take ab\t tw5ty-five ?\s& doll>s m ?an we h to f9i% ! ,rotunda4 ,besides ?is1 an ,anatomical !atre 7co/+ ab\t z mu* z "o ( our hotels1 say ab\t five ?\s& doll>s17 is indisp5sable to ! s*ool ( ,anatomy4 ,!re _c be a s+le dissection until a prop] !atre is prep>$1 giv+ an advantage\s view ( ! op]ation to ^? )91 & effectually exclud+ obs]vation f )\t4 ,ei!r ! additional sums1 !re=e1 ( tw5ty-five ?\s& & five ?\s& doll>s w be want+1 or we mu/ be p]mitt$ to appropriate a "p ( ! fifty ?\s& to a !atre1 leav+ ! ,rotunda unf9i%$ = ! pres5t4 ,yet ,i %\ld ?9k nei!r ( ^! objects an equival5t = r5ew+ ! displeasure ( ! legislature4 ,unless we c c>ry _! he>ty patronage ) u1 ! in/itution c nev] fl\ri%4 ,i w\ld n1 !re=e1 h9t at ?is additional aid1 unless x 7 agreeable to our fri5ds g5]ally1 & tol]ably sure ( be+ c>ri$ )\t irritation4 ,9 y\r lett] ( ,decemb] ! #ca/1 y say my h&-writ+ & my lett]s h great effect !re1 i4 e4 at ,ri*mond4 ,i am s5sible1 my de> ,sir1 ( ! k9dness ) :i* ?is enc\ragem5t is held up to me4 ,b my views ( _! effect are v diff]5t4 ,:5 ,i retir$ f ! adm9i/ration ( public affairs1 ,i ?\ght ,i saw "s evid5ce t ,i retir$ ) a good degree ( public favor1 & t my conduct 9 (fice _h be5 consid]$1 by ! "o p>ty at lea/1 ) approbation1 & ) acquiesc5ce by ! o!r4 ,b ! attempt 9 :i* ,i h emb>k$ s e>ne/ly1 to procure an improvem5t 9 ! moral condition ( my native ,/ate1 al?\gh1 p]haps1 9 o!r ,/ates x may h /r5g!n$ good dispositions1 x has assur$ly weak5$ !m )9 our own4 ,! attempt ran f\l ( s _m local int]e/s1 ( s _m p]sonal views1 & s mu* ignorance1 & ,i h be5 consid]$ z s p>ticul>ly its promot]1 t ,i see evid5tly a great *ange ( s5tim5t t[>ds myself4 ,i _c d\bt its hav+ dissatisfi$ ) myself a respectable m9ority1 if n a majority ( ! ,h\se ( ,delegates4 ,i feel x deeply1 & v disc\rag+ly4 ,yet ,i %all n give way4 ,i h ev] f\nd 9 my progress ?r\gh life1 t1 act+ = ! public1 if we d always :at is "r1 ! approbation d5i$ 9 ! beg9n+ w surely foll[ u 9 ! end4 ,x is f po/]ity we are to expect remun]ation = ! sacrifices we are mak+ = _! s]vice1 ( "t1 quiet & good w4 ,& ,i fe> n ! appeal4 ,! multitude ( f9e "y m5 :om we %all r$eem f ignorance1 :o w feel t !y owe to u ! elevation ( m9d1 ( "* & /ation !y w be able to atta9 f ! result ( our ef=ts1 w insure _! rememb]+ u ) gratitude4 ,we w n1 !n1 be we>y 9 well-do+4 ,usque ad aras amicus tuus4 ,,to ,,g5]al ,,alex&] ,,smy?4 ,,monticello1 ,janu>y #ag1 #ahbe4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i h duly receiv$ f\r pro( %eets ( y\r explanation ( ! ,apocalypse1 ) y\r lett]s ( ,decemb] #bi? & ,janu>y #h?2 9 ! la/ ( :i* y reque/ t1 s soon z ,i %all be ( op9ion t ! explanation y h giv5 is correct1 ,i w\ld express x 9 a lett] to y4 ,f ?is y mu/ be s good z to excuse me1 because ,i make x an inv>iable rule to decl9e ev] giv+ op9ions on new publications 9 any case :atev]4 ,no man on e>? has less ta/e or tal5t = criticism ?an myself1 & lea/ & la/ ( all %\ld ,i und]take to criticize works on ! ,apocalypse4 ,x is betwe5 fifty & sixty ye>s s9ce ,i read x1 & ,i !n consid]$ x z m]ely ! rav+s ( a maniac1 no m wor?y nor capable ( explanation ?an ! incoh]5ces ( our own nightly dreams4 ,i 01 !re=e1 well pleas$ to see1 9 y\r fir/ pro( %eet1 t x 0 said to be n ! production ( ,/4 ,john1 b ( ,c]9?us1 a c5tury aft] ! dea? ( t apo/le4 ,yet ! *ange ( ! au?or's "n does n less5 ! extravagances ( ! composition2 & come !y f :omsoev] !y may1 ,i _c s f> respect !m z to consid] !m z an allegorical n>rative ( ev5ts1 pa/ or subsequ5t4 ,!re is n coh]5ce en\gh 9 !m to c\nt5ance any suite ( rational ideas4 ,y w judge1 !re=e1 f ?is h[ impossible ,i ?9k x t ei!r y\r explanation1 or t ( any man 9 ! heav5s above1 or on ! e>? b5ea?1 c be a correct "o4 ,:at has no mean+ admits no explanation2 & p>don me if ,i say1 ) ! c&or ( fri5d%ip1 t ,i ?9k y\r "t too valuable1 & y\r und]/&+ ( too high an ord]1 to be wa/$ on ^! p>alogisms4 ,y w p]ceive1 ,i hope1 also1 t ,i d n consid] !m z revelations ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 :om ,i w\ld n s f> blaspheme z to impute to him a pret5sion ( revelation1 c\*$ at ! same "t 9 t]ms :i*1 he w\ld "k1 7 nev] to be und]/ood by ^? to :om !y 7 address$4 ,9 ! c&or ( ^! obs]vations1 ,i hope y w see pro(s ( ! confid5ce1 e/eem & respect :i* ,i truly ent]ta9 = y4 ,,john ,,adams ,,to ,,?omas ,,jeff]son4 ,,qu9cy1 ,janu>y #bc1 #ahbe4 ,,my ,,de> ,,sir1--,we ?9k ourselves possess$1 or at lea/ we boa/ t we are s1 ( lib]ty ( consci5ce on all subjects & ( ! "r ( free inquiry & private judgm5t 9 all cases1 & yet h[ f> are we f ^! exalt$ privileges 9 fact4 ,!re exi/s1 ,i believe1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,*ri/ian _w1 a law :i* makes x blasphemy to d5y1 or to d\bt ! div9e inspiration ( all ! books ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 f ,g5esis to ,revelations4 ,9 mo/ c\ntries ( ,europe x is puni%$ by fire at ! /ake1 or ! rack1 or ! :eel4 ,9 ,engl& itself1 x is puni%$ by bor+ ?r\gh ! tongue ) a r$-hot pok]4 ,9 ,am]ica x is n mu* bett]2 ev5 9 our ,massa*usetts1 :i*1 ,i believe1 ^u ! :ole1 is z temp]ate & mod]ate 9 religi\s zeal z mo/ ( ! ,/ates1 a law 0 made 9 ! latt] end ( ! la/ c5tury1 repeal+ ! cruel puni%m5ts ( ! =m] laws1 b sub/itut+ f9e & imprisonm5t ^u all ^? blasphemies ^u any book ( ! ,old ,te/am5t or ,new4 ,n[1 :at free inquiry1 :5 a writ] mu/ surely enc\nt] ! risk ( f9e or imprisonm5t = adduc+ any argum5ts = inve/igation into ! div9e au?ority ( ^? books8 ,:o w\ld run ! risk ( translat+ ,volney's ,re*]*es ,n\velles8 ,:o w\ld run ! risk ( translat+ ,dap9's8 ,b ,i _c enl>ge ^u ?is subject1 ?\gh ,i h x mu* at he>t4 ,i ?9k su* laws a great emb>rassm5t1 great ob/ructions to ! improvem5t ( ! human m9d4 ,books t _c be> exam9ation1 c]ta9ly ought n to be e/abli%$ z div9e inspiration by p5al laws4 ,x is true1 few p]sons appe> desir\s to put su* laws 9 execution1 & x is also true t "s few p]sons are h>dy en\gh to v5ture to dep>t f !m2 b z long z !y cont9ue 9 =ce z laws1 ! human m9d mu/ make an awkw>d & clumsy progress 9 its inve/igations4 ,i wi% !y 7 repeal$4 ,! sub/ance & ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 z ,i und]/& x1 is et]nal & un*angeable1 & w be> exam9ation =ev]2 b x has be5 mix$ ) extrane\s +r$i5ts1 :i*1 ,i ?9k1 w n be> exam9ation1 & !y ought to be sep>at$4 ,adieu4 ,,to ----4#ag ,,monticello1 ,febru>y #c1 #ahbe4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,al?\gh our ,pr(essors 71 on ! #e? ( ,decemb]1 /ill 9 an ,engli% port1 t !y 7 safe raises me f ! dead1 = ,i 0 almo/ ready to give up ! %ip4 ,t 0 eight weeks ago2 !y may !re=e be daily expect$4 ,9 mo/ public sem9>ies text-books are prescrib$ to ea* ( ! sev]al s*ools1 z ! norma doc5di 9 t s*ool2 & ?is is g5]ally done by au?ority ( ! tru/ees4 ,i %\ld n propose ?is g5]ally 9 our ,univ]sity1 because ,i believe none ( u are s mu* at ! heights ( sci5ce 9 ! sev]al bran*es1 z to und]take ?is1 & !re=e t x w be bett] left to ! ,pr(essors until occasion ( int]f]5ce %all be giv54 ,b !re is "o bran* 9 :i* we are ! be/ judges1 9 :i* h]esies may be taught1 ( s int]e/+ a "* to our own ,/ate & to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z to make x a duty 9 u to lay d[n ! pr9ciples :i* are to be taught4 ,x is t ( gov]nm5t4 ,mr4 ,gilm] be+ )drawn1 we "k n :o 8 successor may be4 ,he may be a ,ri*mond lawy]1 or "o ( t s*ool ( quondam f$]alism1 n[ consolidation4 ,x is our duty to gu>d aga9/ su* pr9ciples be+ dissem9at$ among our y\?1 & ! diffusion ( t poison1 by a previ\s prescription ( ! texts to be foll[$ 9 _! disc\rses4 ,i !re=e enclose y a resolution :i* ,i ?9k ( propos+ at our next meet+1 /rictly confid+ x to y\r own k alone1 & to t ( ,mr4 ,loyall1 to :om y may communicate x1 z ,i am sure x w h>monize ) 8 pr9ciples4 ,i wi% x kept to ourselves1 because ,i h always f\nd t ! less su* ?+s are spok5 ( be=eh&1 ! less ob/ruction is contriv$ to be ?r[n 9 _! way4 ,i h communicat$ x to ,mr4 ,madison4 ,%\ld ! bill = di/rict colleges pass 9 ! end1 our s*eme ( education w be complete4 ,b ! bran* ( prim>y s*ools may ne$ att5tion1 & %\ld be br\ght1 l ! re/1 to ! =um ( ! legislature4 ,! ,gov]nor1 9 8 annual message1 gives a favorable acc\nt ( !m 9 ! lump4 ,b ?is is n suffici5t4 ,we %\ld "k ! op]ation ( ! law e/abli%+ ^! s*ools m 9 detail4 ,we %\ld "k h[ mu* money is furni%$ to ea* c\nty e ye>1 & h[ mu* education x di/ributes e ye>1 & su* a /atem5t %\ld be laid be=e ! legislature e ye>4 ,! sum ( education r5d]$ 9 ea* c\nty 9 ea* ye> %\ld be e/imat$ by add+ toge!r ! numb] ( mon?s :i* ea* s*ol> att5d$1 & /at+ ! sum total ( ! mon?s :i* all ( !m toge!r att5d$1 e4 g41 9 any c\nty "o s*ol> att5d$ two mon?s1 ?ree o!rs f\r mon?s ea*1 eight o!rs six mon?s ea*1 !n ! sum ( ^! add$ toge!r w make sixty-two mon?s ( s*ool+ af=d$ 9 ! c\nty t ye>2 & ! numb] ( sixty-two mon?s ent]$ 9 a table opposite to ! "n ( ! c\nty1 gives a satisfactory idea ( ! sum or quantum ( education x r5d]$ 9 t ye>4 ,?is w enable u to take _m int]e/+ & important views ( ! suffici5cy ( ! plan e/abli%$1 & ( ! am5dm5ts necess>y to produce ! greate/ effect4 ,i enclose a =m ( ! table :i* w\ld be requir$1 9 :i* y w ( c\rse be s5sible t ! numb]s ent]$ are at hap-haz>d1 & exempli gratia1 z ,i "k no?+ ( ! sums furni%$ or quantum ( education r5d]$ 9 ea* or any c\nty4 ,i s5d also ! =m ( su* a resolution z %\ld be pass$ by ! "o or ! o!r h\se1 p]haps bett] 9 ! l[] "o1 & mov$ by "s memb] n[ise connect$ ) u1 = ! less we appe> be=e ! h\se1 ! less we %all excite dissatisfaction4 ,i m5tion$ to y =m]ly our want ( an anatomical hall = dissection4 ,b if we get ! fifty ?\s& doll>s f ,congress1 we c *>ge to t1 z ! libr>y fund1 ! six ?\s& doll>s ( ! build+ fund :i* we h advanc$ = x 9 books & app>atus1 & repay+ f ! =m] ! six ?\s& doll>s due to ! latt]1 apply s mu* ( x z is necess>y = ! anatomical build+4 ,no application on ! subject ne$ !re=e be made to our legislature4 ,b ,i he> no?+ ( our prospects be=e ,congress4 ,y\rs affectionately4 ,resolv$1 ,t ! ,gov]nor be reque/$ to h prep>$ & laid be=e ! legislature1 at _! next session1 a /atem5t 9 detail ( ! sum ( education :i*1 "u ! law e/abli%+ prim>y s*ools1 has be5 r5d]$ 9 ! s*ools ( ea* c\nty respectively2 t x be /at$ 9 a tabul> =m1 9 ! fir/ column ( :i* table %all be ! names ( ! c\nties alphabetically arrang$1 & !n1 = e ye>1 two o!r columns1 9 ! fir/ ( :i* %all be ent]$1 opposite to ! "n ( ea* c\nty1 ! sum ( money furni%$ x 9 t ye>1 & 9 ! second %all be /at$ ! sum ( education r5d]$ 9 ! same c\nty & ye>2 :i* sum is to be e/imat$ by add+ toge!r ! numb] ( mon?s ( s*ool+ :i* ! sev]al individuals att5d+ receiv$4 ,& t h5ce=w>d a simil> /atem5t be prep>$ & laid be=e ! legislature e ye> = t ye>4 ,accomac #djj #baf mon?s s*ool+4 ,albem>le #ejj #bcd ,amelia #bej #ahc ,amh]/ #djj #baj ,augu/a #hjj #dfa c4 ,,footnote3 #ag ,address lo/4 ,,to ----4#ah ,,monticello1 ,febru>y #bj1 #ahbe4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i ?ank y = ! copy ( y\r ,*]okee gramm>1 :i* ,i h gone ov] ) att5tion & satisfaction4 ,we g5]ally le>n languages = ! b5efit ( read+ ! books writt5 9 !m4 ,b "h our rew>d mu/ be ! addition made to ! philosophy ( language4 ,9 ?is po9t ( view y\r analysis ( ! ,*]okee adds valuable matt] = reflection1 & /r5g!ns our desire to see m ( ^! languages z sci5tifically elucidat$4 ,_! grammatical devices = ! modification ( _! words by a syllable prefix$ to1 or ins]t$ 9 ! middle1 or add$ to its end1 & by o!r comb9ations s diff]5t f ours1 prove t if man came f "o /ock1 8 languages did n4 ,a late gramm>ian has said t all words 7 orig9ally monosyllables4 ,! ,indian languages disprove ?is4 ,i %\ld conjecture t ! ,*]okees1 = example1 h =m$ _! language n by s+le words1 b by phrases4 ,i h kn[n "s *ildr5 le>n to speak1 n by a ^w at a "t1 b by :ole phrases4 ,?us ! ,*]okee has no "n = fa!r 9 ! ab/ract1 b only z comb9$ ) "s "o ( 8 relations4 ,a complex idea be+ a fasciculus ( simple ideas bundl$ toge!r1 x is r>e t diff]5t languages make up _! bundles alike1 & h5ce ! difficulty ( translat+ f "o language to ano!r4 ,european nations h s long _h int]c\rse ) "o ano!r1 z to h approximat$ _! complex expressions mu* t[>ds "o ano!r4 ,b ,i believe we %all f9d x impossible to translate our language into any ( ! ,indian1 or any ( !irs into ours4 ,i hope y w pursue y\r und]tak+1 & t o!rs w foll[ y\r example ) o!r ( _! languages4 ,x w op5 a wide field = reflection on ! grammatical organization ( languages1 _! /ructure & "*4 ,i am p]suad$ t among ! tribes on our two cont95ts a great numb] ( languages1 radically diff]5t1 w be f\nd4 ,x w be curi\s to consid] h[ s _m s radically diff]5t w be f\nd4 ,x w be curi\s to consid] h[ s _m s radically diff]5t h be5 pres]v$ by su* small tribes 9 cot]m9\s settlem5ts ( mod]ate ext5t4 ,i _h once collect$ ab\t ?irty vocabul>ies =m$ ( ! same ,engli% words1 expressive ( su* simple objects only z mu/ be pres5t & famili> to e "o "u ^! circum/ances4 ,!y wore un=tunately lo/4 ,b ,i rememb] t on a trial to arrange !m into families or dialects1 ,i f\nd 9 "o in/ance t ab\t half a doz5 might be s class$1 9 ano!r p]haps ?ree or f\r4 ,bot ,i am sure t a ?ird at lea/1 if n m1 7 p]fectly insulation f ea* o!r4 ,yet ?is is ! only index by :i* we c trace _! filiation4 ,i _h receiv$ y\r obs]vations on ! *anges propos$ 9 ,h>v>d ,college1 )\t kn[+ f :om !y came to me1 & _h be5 s mu* pleas$ ) !m z to h put !m by = pres]vation4 ,^! obs]vations1 ) ! report & docum5ts to :i* !y relate1 are a treasure ( in=mation to u2 !y give to our infant in/itution ! exp]i5ce ( y\r anci5t & em95t e/abli%m5t4 ,i hope t we %all be l cordial colleagues 9 (fice1 act+ 9 h>mony & affection = ! same object4 ,our ,european pr(essors1 five 9 numb]1 are at l5g? arriv$1 & excite /rong presumptions t !y h be5 judici\sly select$4 ,we h ann\nc$ our op5+ on ! #g? ( ! ensu+ mon? ( ,m>*4 ,) s9c]e wi%es = ! prosp]ity ( y\rs1 z well z ours1 ,i pray y to accept assurances ( my high e/eem & respect4 ,,footnote3 #ah ,address lo/4 ,,to ,,?omas ,,jeff]son ,,smi?4 ,,monticello1 ,febru>y #ba1 #ahbe4 ,?is lett] w1 to y1 be z "o f ! dead4 ,! writ] w be 9 ! grave be=e y c weigh its c\nsels4 ,y\r affectionate & excell5t fa!r has reque/$ t ,i w\ld address to y some?+ :i* might possibly h a favorable influ5ce on ! c\rse ( life y h to run1 & ,i too1 z a namesake1 feel an int]e/ 9 t c\rse4 ,few words w be necess>y1 ) good dispositions on y\r "p4 ,adore ,god4 ,rev]5ce & *]i% y\r p>5ts4 ,love y\r neighbor z y\rself1 & y\r c\ntry m ?an y\rself4 ,be j4 ,be true4 ,murmur n at ! ways ( ,provid5ce4 ,s %all ! life into :i* y h ent]$1 be ! portal to "o ( et]nal & ineffable bliss4 ,& if to ! dead x is p]mitt$ to c>e = ! ?+s ( ?is _w1 e action ( y\r life w be "u my reg>d4 ,f>ewell4 ,! portrait ( a good man by ! mo/ sublime ( poets1 = y\r imitation4 ,"l1 :o's ! happy man t may to ?y ble/ c\rts repair2 ,n /rang]-l to visit !m1 b to inhabit !re8 ',tis he ^: e ?\ght & de$ by rules ( virtue moves2 ,^: g5]\s tongue disda9s to speak ! ?+ 8 he>t disproves4 ,:o nev] did a sl&] =ge1 8 neighbor's fame to w\nd2 ,nor he>k5 to a false report1 by malice :isp]$ r\nd4 ,:o vice 9 all its pomp & p[]1 c treat ) j neglect2 ,& piety1 ?\gh clo!d 9 rage1 religi\sly respect4 ,:o to 8 plight$ v[s & tru/ has ev] firmly /ood2 ,& ?\gh he promise to 8 loss1 he makes 8 promise good4 ,^: s\l 9 usury disda9s 8 treasure to employ2 ,:om no rew>ds c ev] bribe ! guiltless to de/roy4 ,! man1 :o1 by ?is /eady c\rse1 has happ9ess insur'd1 ,:5 e>?'s f\ndations %ake1 %all /&1 by ,provid5ce secur'd4 ,a ,decalogue ( ,canons = obs]vation 9 practical life4 #a4 ,nev] put (f till to-morr[ :at y c d to-day4 #b4 ,nev] tr\ble ano!r = :at y c d y\rself4 #c4 ,nev] sp5d y\r money be=e y h x4 #d4 ,nev] buy :at y d n want1 because x is *eap2 x w be de> to y4 #e4 ,pride co/s u m ?an hung]1 ?ir/ & cold4 #f4 ,we nev] rep5t ( hav+ eat5 too little4 #g4 ,no?+ is tr\blesome t we d will+ly4 #h4 ,h[ mu* pa9 h co/ u ! evils :i* h nev] happ5$4 #i4 ,take ?+s always by _! smoo? h&le4 #aj4 ,:5 angry1 c\nt t51 be=e y speak2 if v angry1 an hundr$4 ,,to ,,edw>d ,,liv+/on1 ,,esq4 ,,monticello1 ,m>* #be1 #ahbe4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i "k h[ apt we are to consid] ^? :om we knew long ago1 & h n s9ce se51 to be exactly /ill :at !y 7 :5 we knew !m2 & to h be5 /ation>y 9 body & m9d z !y h be5 9 our recollections4 ,h y n be5 "u t illusion ) respect to myself8 ,:5 ,i _h ! pleasure ( be+ a fell[-labor] ) y 9 ! public s]vice1 age _h rip5$1 b n yet impair$ :atev] ( m9d ,i _h at any "t possess$4 ,b five-&-tw5ty *ill+ w9t]s h s9ce roll$ ov] my head1 & :it5$ e hair ( x4 ,worn d[n by "t 9 bodily /r5g?1 unable to walk ev5 into my g>d5 )\t too mu* fatigue1 ,i _c d\bt t ! m9d has also suff]$ its portion ( decay4 ,if reason & exp]i5ce _h n taught me ?is law ( nature1 my own consci\sness is a suffici5t monitor1 & w>ns me to keep 9 m9d ! gold5 precept ( ,horace1 ,solve s5esc5tem1 matur sanus1 equum1 ne ,peccet ad extremum rid5dus4 ,i am n equal1 de> ,sir1 to ! task y h propos$ to me4 ,to exam9e a code ( laws newly r$uc$ to sy/em & text1 to weigh _! be>+s on ea* o!r 9 all _! p>ts1 _! h>mony ) reason & nature1 & _! adaptation to ! habits & s5tim5ts ( ^? = :om !y are prep>$1 & :om1 9 ?is case1 ,i d n "k1 is a task f> above :at ,i am n[1 or p]haps ev] 04 ,i h att5d$ to s mu* ( y\r "w z has be5 h]et(ore laid be=e ! public1 & h look$1 ) "s att5tion also1 into :at y h n[ s5t me4 ,x w c]ta9ly arrange y\r "n ) ! sages ( antiquity4 ,"t & *anges 9 ! condition & con/itution ( society may require occasional & correspond+ modifications4 ,"o s+le object1 if y\r provision atta9s x1 w entitle y to ! endless gratitude ( society2 t ( re/ra9+ judges f usurp+ legislation4 ,& ) no body ( m5 is ?is re/ra9t m want+ ?an ) ! judges ( :at is commonly call$ our g5]al gov]nm5t1 b :at ,i call our =eign dep>tm5t4 ,!y are practis+ on ! con/itution by inf]5ces1 analogies1 & sophisms1 z !y w\ld on an ord9>y law4 ,!y d n seem aw>e t x is n ev5 a con/itution1 =m$ by a s+le au?ority1 & subject to a s+le sup]9t5d5ce & control2 b t x is a compact ( _m indep5d5t p[]s1 e s+le "o ( :i* claims an equal "r to und]/& x1 & to require its obs]vance4 ,h[ev] /rong ! cord ( compact may be1 !re is a po9t ( t5sion at :i* x w break4 ,a few su* doctr9al decisions1 z b>efac$ z t ( ! ,coh5s1 happ5+ to be> imm$iately on two or ?ree ( ! l>ge ,/ates1 may induce !m to jo9 9 arre/+ ! m>* ( gov]nm5t1 & 9 ar\s+ ! co-,/ates to pay "s att5tion to :at is pass+1 to br+ back ! compact to its orig9al pr9ciples1 or to modify x legitimately by ! express cons5t ( ! p>ties !mselves1 & n by ! usurpation ( _! creat$ ag5ts4 ,!y imag9e !y c lead u into a consolidate gov]nm5t1 :ile _! road leads directly to its dissolution4 ,?is memb] ( ! gov]nm5t 0 at fir/ consid]$ z ! mo/ h>mless & helpless ( all its organs4 ,b x has prov$ t ! p[] ( decl>+ :at ! law is1 ad libitum1 by sapp+ & m9+1 slily1 & )\t al>m1 ! f\ndations ( ! con/itution1 c d :at op5 =ce w\ld n d>e to attempt4 ,i h n obs]v$ :e!r1 9 y\r code1 y h provid$ aga9/ caucuss+ judicial decisions1 & = requir+ judges to give _! op9ions s]iatim1 e man = himself1 ) 8 reasons & au?orities at l>ge1 to be ent]$ ( record 9 8 own words4 ,a reg>d = reputation1 & ! judgm5t ( ! _w1 may sometimes be felt :]e consci5ce is dormant1 or indol5ce inexcitable4 ,exp]i5ce has prov$ t impea*m5t 9 our =ms is completely ineffici5t4 ,i am pleas$ ) ! /yle & diction ( y\r laws4 ,pla9 & intelligible z ! ord9>y writ+s ( common s5se1 ,i hope x w produce imitation4 ,( all ! c\ntries on e>? ( :i* ,i h any k1 ! /yle ( ! ,acts ( ! ,briti% p>liam5t is ! mo/ b>b>\s1 unc\?1 & un9telligible4 ,x c be und]/ood by ^? alone :o are 9 ! daily habit ( /udy+ su* tautolog\s1 involv$ & p>5!tical j>gon4 ,:]e !y f\nd _! model1 ,i "k n4 ,nei!r anci5t nor mod]n codes1 nor ev5 _! own e>ly /atutes1 furni% any su* example4 ,&1 l fai?ful apes1 we copy x fai?fully4 ,9 decl9+ ! und]tak+ y s flatt]+ly propose to me1 ,i tru/ y w see b an approvable caution = ! age ( f\r score & two1 to avoid expos+ itself be=e ! public4 ,! mis=tune ( a weak5$ m9d is an ins5sibility ( its weakness4 ,sev5 ye>s ago1 inde$1 ,i emb>k$ 9 an ent]prise1 ! e/abli%m5t ( an ,univ]sity1 :i* plac$ & keeps me /ill "u ! public eye4 ,! call 0 imp]i\s1 ! necessity mo/ urg5t1 & ! haz>d ( titubation less1 by ^? sev5 ye>s1 ?an x n[ is4 ,! in/itution is at l5g? happily advanc$ to completion1 & has comm5c$ "u auspices z favorable z ,i c\ld expect4 ,i hope x w prove a bless+ to my own ,/ate1 & n unuseful p]haps to "s o!rs4 ,at all haz>ds1 & secur$ by ! aid ( my able coadjutors1 ,i %all cont9ue1 :ile ,i am 9 be+1 to contribute to x :atev] my weak5$ & weak5+ p[]s c4 ,b assur$ly x is ! la/ object = :i* ,i %all obtrude myself on ! public obs]vation4 ,wi%+ anxi\sly t y\r great "w may obta9 complete success1 & become an example = ! imitation & improvem5t ( o!r ,/ates1 ,i pray y to be assur$ ( my unabat$ fri5d%ip & respect4 ,,to ,,judge ,,augu/us ,b4 ,,woodw>d4 ,,monticello1 ,april #c1 #ahbe4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,y\r favor ( ,m>* #be? has be5 duly receiv$4 ,! fact is unque/ionable1 t ! ,bill ( ,rights1 & ! ,con/itution ( ,virg9ia1 7 drawn orig9ally by ,george ,mason1 "o ( our really great m51 & ( ! fir/ ord] ( greatness4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,preamble to ! latt] is ?is3 ,i 0 !n at ,philadelphia ) ,congress2 & kn[+ t ! ,conv5tion ( ,virg9ia 0 engag$ 9 =m+ a plan ( gov]nm5t1 ,i turn$ my m9d to ! same subject1 & drew a sket* or outl9e ( a ,con/itution1 ) a preamble1 :i* ,i s5t to ,mr4 ,p5dleton1 presid5t ( ! conv5tion1 on ! m]e possibility t x might sugge/ some?+ wor? incorporation into t be=e ! conv5tion4 ,he in=m$ me aft]w>ds by lett]1 t he receiv$ x on ! day on :i* ! ,committee ( ! ,:ole _h report$ to ! ,h\se ! plan !y _h agre$ to2 t t _h be5 s long 9 h&1 s disput$ in* by in*1 & ! subject ( s mu* alt]cation & debate2 t !y 7 worri$ ) ! cont5tions x _h produc$1 & c\ld n f m]e lassitude1 h be5 induc$ to op5 ! in/rum5t aga92 b t1 be+ pleas$ ) ! ,preamble to m9e1 !y adopt$ x 9 ! ,h\se1 by way ( am5dm5t to ! ,report ( ! ,committee2 & ?us my ,preamble became tack$ to ! "w ( ,george ,mason4 ,! ,con/itution1 ) ! ,preamble1 0 pass$ on ! #bi? ( ,june1 & ! ,committee ( ,congress _h only ! day be=e t report$ to t body ! draught ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,! fact is1 t t ,preamble 0 prior 9 composition to ! ,decl>ation2 & bo? hav+ ! same object1 ( ju/ify+ our sep>ation f ,great ,brita91 !y us$ necess>ily ! same mat]ials ( ju/ification1 & h5ce _! similitude4 ,)drawn by age f all o!r public s]vices & att5tions to public ?+s1 ,i am clos+ ! la/ sc5es ( life by fa%ion+ & fo/]+ an e/abli%m5t = ! in/ruction ( ^? :o are to come aft] u4 ,i hope its influ5ce on _! virtue1 fre$om1 fame & happ9ess1 w be salut>y & p]man5t4 ,! =m & di/ributions ( its /ructure are orig9al & unique1 ! ar*itecture *a/e & classical1 & ! :ole well wor?y ( attract+ ! curiosity ( a visit4 ,%\ld x s prove to y\rself at any "t1 x w be a great gratification to me to see y once m at ,monticello2 & ,i pray y to be assur$ ( my cont9u$ & high respect & e/eem4 ,,to ,,h5ry ,,lee1 ,,esq4 ,,monticello1 ,may #h1 #ahbe4 ,,de> ,,sir1-- 99 99 99 99 99 ,t ,george ,mason 0 au?or ( ! bill ( rights1 & ( ! con/itution f\nd$ on x1 ! evid5ce ( ! day e/abli%$ fully 9 my m9d4 ,( ! pap] y m5tion1 purport+ to be in/ructions to ! ,virg9ia delegation 9 ,congress1 ,i h no recollection4 ,if x 7 any?+ m ?an a project ( "s private h&1 t is to say1 _h any su* in/ructions be5 ev] giv5 by ! conv5tion1 !y w\ld appe> 9 ! j\rnals1 :i* we possess entire4 ,b ) respect to our rights1 & ! acts ( ! ,briti% gov]nm5t contrav5+ ^? rights1 !re 0 b "o op9ion on ?is side ( ! wat]4 ,all ,am]ican :igs ?\ght alike on ^! subjects4 ,:5 =c$1 !re=e1 to resort to arms = r$ress1 an appeal to ! tribunal ( ! _w 0 deem$ prop] = our ju/ification4 ,?is 0 ! object ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,n to f9d out new pr9ciples1 or new argum5ts1 nev] be=e ?\ght (1 n m]ely to say ?+s :i* _h nev] be5 said be=e3 b to place be=e mank9d ! common s5se ( ! subject1 9 t]ms s pla9 & firm z to comm& _! ass5t1 & to ju/ify ourselves 9 ! indep5d5t /& we are compell$ to take4 ,nei!r aim+ at orig9ality ( pr9ciple or s5tim5t1 nor yet copi$ f any p>ticul> & previ\s writ+1 x 0 int5d$ to be an expression ( ! ,am]ican m9d1 & to give to t expression ! prop] tone & _s call$ = by ! occasion4 ,all its au?ority re/s !n on ! h>moniz+ s5tim5ts ( ! day1 :e!r express$ 9 conv]sation1 9 lett]s1 pr9t$ essays1 or 9 ! elem5t>y books ( public "r1 z ,ari/otle1 ,cic]o1 ,locke1 ,sidney1 c4 ,! hi/orical docum5ts :i* y m5tion z 9 y\r possession1 ought all to be f\nd1 & ,i am p]suad$ y w f9d1 to be corroborative ( ! facts & pr9ciples advanc$ 9 t ,decl>ation4 ,be pleas$ to accept assurances ( my great e/eem & respect4 ,,to ,,miss ,,wright4 ,,monticello1 ,augu/ #g1 #ahbe4 ,i h duly receiv$2 de> ,madam1 y\r lett] ( ,july #bf?1 & le>n f x ) mu* regret1 t ,miss ,wright1 y\r si/]1 is s mu* indispos$ z to be oblig$ to visit our m$ic9al spr+s4 ,i wi% %e may be =tunate 9 f9d+ ^? :i* may be adapt$ to h] case4 ,we h tak5 too little pa9s to asc]ta9 ! prop]ties ( our diff]5t m9]al wat]s1 ! cases 9 :i* !y are respectively rem$ial1 ! prop] process 9 _! use1 & o!r circum/ances necess>y to give u _! full value4 ,my own heal? is v l[1 n hav+ be5 able to leave ! h\se = ?ree mon?s1 & suff]+ mu* at times4 ,9 ?is /ate ( body & m9d1 y\r lett] c\ld n h f\nd a m ineffici5t c\nsellor1 "o sc>cely able to ?9k or to write4 ,at ! age ( eighty-two1 ) "o foot 9 ! grave1 & ! o!r uplift$ to foll[ x1 ,i d n p]mit myself to take "p 9 any new ent]prises1 ev5 = bett]+ ! condition ( man1 n ev5 9 ! great "o :i* is ! subject ( y\r lett]1 & :i* has be5 ?r\gh life t ( my greate/ anxieties4 ,! m>* ( ev5ts has n be5 su* z to r5d] its completion practicable )9 ! limits ( "t allott$ to me2 & ,i leave its accompli%m5t z ! "w ( ano!r g5]ation4 ,& ,i am *e]$ :5 ,i see t on :i* x is devolv$1 tak+ x up ) s mu* good w1 & su* m9ds engag$ 9 its enc\ragem5t4 ,! abolition ( ! evil is n impossible2 x ought nev] !re=e to be despair$ (4 ,e plan %\ld be adopt$1 e exp]im5t tri$1 :i* may d some?+ t[>ds ! ultimate object4 ,t :i* y propose is well wor?y ( trial4 ,x has succe$$ ) c]ta9 portions ( our :ite bre?r51 "u ! c>e ( a ,rapp & an ,ow52 & :y may x n succe$ ) ! man ( color8 ,an op9ion is haz>d$ by "s1 b prov$ by none1 t moral urg5cies are n suffici5t to induce him to labor2 t no?+ c d ?is b physical co]cion4 ,b ?is is a problem :i* ! pres5t age alone is prep>$ to solve by exp]im5t4 ,x w\ld be a solecism to suppose a race ( animals creat$1 )\t suffici5t =esight & en]gy to pres]ve _! own exi/5ce4 ,x is disprov$1 too1 by ! fact t !y exi/1 & h exi/$ ?r\gh all ! ages ( hi/ory4 ,we are n suffici5tly acqua9t$ ) all ! nations ( ,africa1 to say t !re may n be "s 9 :i* habits ( indu/ry are e/abli%$1 & ! arts practis$ :i* are necess>y to r5d] life com=table4 ,! exp]im5t n[ 9 progress 9 ,/4 ,dom+o1 ^? ( ,si]ra ,leone & ,cape ,mesurado1 are b beg9n+4 ,y\r proposition has its aspects ( promise also2 & %\ld x n answ] fully to calculations 9 figures1 x may yet1 9 its developm5ts1 lead to happy results4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 ,i mu/ leave to ano!r g5]ation4 ,! ent]prise ( a diff]5t1 b yet important "*1 9 :i* ,i h emb>k$ too late 9 life1 ,i f9d m ?an suffici5t to occupy ! enfeebl$ en]gies rema9+ to me1 & t to div]t !m to o!r objects1 w\ld be a des]tion ( ^!4 ,y are "y1 de> ,madam1 & h p[]s ( m9d :i* may d mu* 9 excit+ o!rs 9 ?is ardu\s task4 ,i am confid5t !y w be s ex]t$1 & ,i pray to heav5 = _! success1 & t y may be rew>d$ ) ! bless+s :i* su* ef=ts m]it4 ,,to ,,john ,,vaughan1 ,,esq4 ,,monticello1 ,septemb] #af1 #ahbe4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i am n able to give y any p>ticul> acc\nt ( ! pap] h&$ y by ,mr4 ,lee1 z be+ ei!r ! orig9al or a copy ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 s5t by myself to 8 gr&fa!r4 ,! draught1 :5 complet$ by myself1 ) a few v]bal am5dm5ts by ,dr4 ,frankl9 & ,mr4 ,adams1 two memb]s ( ! committee1 9 _! own h&-writ+1 is n[ 9 my own possession1 & a fair copy ( ?is 0 report$ to ! committee1 pass$ by !m )\t am5dm5t1 & !n report$ to ,congress4 ,?is lett] %\ld be among ! records ( ! old ,congress2 & :e!r ?is or ! "o f :i* x 0 copi$ & n[ 9 my h&s1 is to be call$ ! orig9al1 is a "q ( def9ition4 ,to t 9 my h&s1 if wor? pres]v+1 my relations ) our ,univ]sity gives irresi/ible claims4 ,:5ev]1 9 ! c\rse ( ! composition1 a copy became ov]*>g$1 & difficult to be read ) am5dm5ts1 ,i copi$ x fair1 & :5 t also 0 cr[d$ ) o!r am5dm5ts1 ano!r fair copy 0 made1 c4 ,^! r\gh draughts ,i s5t to di/ant fri5ds :o 7 anxi\s to "k :at 0 pass+4 ,b h[ _m1 & to :om1 ,i d n recollect4 ,"o s5t to ,mazzei 0 giv5 by him to ! ,c\ntess de ,tessie 7aunt ( ,madame de ,lafayette7 z ! orig9al1 & is probably n[ 9 ! h&s ( h] family4 ,:e!r ! pap] s5t to ,r4 ,h4 ,lee 0 "o ( ^!1 or :e!r1 aft] ! passage ( ! in/rum5t1 ,i made a copy = him1 ) ! am5dm5ts ( ,congress1 may1 ,i ?9k1 be kn[n f ! face ( ! pap]4 ,! docum5ts ,mr4 ,lee has giv5 y mu/ be ( great value1 & until all ^! private ho>ds are made public1 ! real hi/ory ( ! revolution w n be kn[n4 ,,to ,,dr4 ,,james ,,mease4 ,,monticello1 ,septemb] #bf1 #ahbe4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,x is n = me to e/imate ! importance ( ! circum/ances conc]n+ :i* y\r lett] ( ! #h? makes inquiry4 ,!y prove1 ev5 9 _! m9ut5ess1 ! sacr$ atta*m5ts ( our fell[ citiz5s to ! ev5t ( :i* ! pap] ( ,july #d?1 #aggf1 0 b ! decl>ation1 ! g5u9e effusion ( ! s\l ( our c\ntry at t "t4 ,small ?+s may1 p]haps1 l ! relics ( sa9ts1 help to n\ri% our devotion to ?is holy bond ( our ,union1 & keep x long] alive & w>m 9 our affections4 ,?is effect may give importance to circum/ances1 h[ev] small4 ,at ! "t ( writ+ t in/rum5t1 ,i lodg$ 9 ! h\se ( a ,mr4 ,graaf1 a new brick h\se1 ?ree /ories high1 ( :i* ,i r5t$ ! second floor consi/+ ( a p>lor & b$-room1 ready furni%$4 ,9 t p>lor ,i wrote habitually1 & 9 x wrote ?is pap]1 p>ticul>ly4 ,s f> ,i /ate f writt5 pro(s 9 my possession4 ,! proprietor1 ,graaf1 0 a "y man1 son ( a ,g]man1 & !n newly m>ri$4 ,i ?9k he 0 a bricklay]1 & t 8 h\se 0 on ! s\? side ( ,m>ket /reet1 probably betwe5 ,sev5? & ,eigh? /reets1 & if n ! only h\se on t "p ( ! /reet1 ,i am sure !re 7 few o!rs ne> x4 ,i h "s idea t x 0 a corn] h\se1 b no o!r recollections ?r[+ light on ! "q1 or wor? communication4 ,i am ill1 !re=e only add assurance ( my great respect & e/eem4 ,,to ----4 ,,monticello1 ,octob] #be1 #ahbe4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i "k n :e!r ! pr(essors to :om anci5t & mod]n hi/ory are assign$ 9 ! ,univ]sity1 h yet decid$ on ! c\rse ( hi/orical read+ :i* !y w recomm5d to _! s*ools4 ,if !y h1 ,i wi% ?is lett] to be consid]$ z n writt51 z _! c\rse1 ! result ( mature consid]ation1 w be pref]able to any?+ ,i c\ld recomm5d4 ,"u ?is unc]ta9ty1 & ! r z y are ( nei!r ( ^! s*ools1 ,i may haz>d "s g5]al ideas1 to be correct$ by :at !y may recomm5d h]eaft]4 ,9 all cases ,i pref] orig9al au?ors to compil]s4 ,= a c\rse ( anci5t hi/ory1 !re=e1 ( ,greece & ,rome especially1 ,i %\ld advise ! usual suite ( ,h]odotus1 ,?ucydides1 ,x5ophon1 ,diodorus1 ,livy1 ,cs>1 ,suetonius1 ,tacitus1 & ,dion1 9 _! orig9als if und]/ood1 & 9 translations if n4 ,= its cont9uation to ! f9al de/ruction ( ! empire we mu/ !n be cont5t ) ,gibbons1 a compil]1 & ) ,segur1 = a judici\s recapitulation ( ! :ole4 ,aft] ?is g5]al c\rse1 !re are a numb] ( p>ticul> hi/ories fill+ up ! *asms1 :i* may be read at leisure 9 ! progress ( life4 ,su* is ,arrian1 #b ,curtius1 ,polybius1 ,sallu/1 ,plut>*1 ,dionysius1 ,halic>nassus1 ,micasi1 c4 ,! anci5t univ]sal hi/ory %\ld be on our %elves z a book ( g5]al ref]5ce1 ! mo/ le>n$ & mo/ fai?ful p]haps t ev] 0 writt54 ,its /yle is v pla9 b p]spicu\s4 ,9 mod]n hi/ory1 !re are b two nations ) ^: c\rse x is int]e/+ to u to be intimately acqua9t$1 to wit3 ,france & ,engl&4 ,= ! =m]1 ,millot's ,g5]al ,hi/ory ( ,france may be suffici5t to ! p]iod :5 #a ,davila comm5ces4 ,he %\ld be foll[$ by ,p]efixe1 ,sully1 ,voltaire's ,l\is ,,xiv4 & ,,xv41 la ,cretelles ,,xviii4me sicle1 ,m>montel's ,reg5ce1 ,f\longion's ,fr5* ,revolution1 & ,madame de ,/ael's1 mak+ up by a succession ( p>ticul> hi/ory1 ! g5]al "o :i* !y want4 ,( ,engl& !re is z yet no g5]al hi/ory s fai?ful z ,rap9's4 ,he maybe foll[$ by ,ludl[1 ,fox1 ,bel%am1 ,hume & ,brodie4 ,hume's1 7 x fai?ful1 w\ld be ! f9e/ piece ( hi/ory :i* has ev] be5 writt5 by man4 ,its un=tunate bias may be p>tly ascrib$ to ! accid5t ( 8 hav+ writt5 backw>ds4 ,8 maid5 "w 0 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,/u>ts4 ,x 0 a fir/ essay to try 8 /r5g? be=e ! public4 ,& :e!r z a ,scot*man he _h really a p>tiality = t family1 or ?\ght t ! l[] _! degradation1 ! m fame he %\ld acquire by rais+ !m up to "s favor1 ! object ( 8 "w 0 an apology = !m4 ,he sp>$ no?+1 !re=e1 to wa% !m :ite1 & to palliate _! misgov]nm5t4 ,= ?is purpose he suppress$ tru?s1 advanc$ falsehoods1 =g$ au?orities1 & falsifi$ records4 ,all ?is is prov$ on him unansw]ably by ,brodie4 ,b s bewit*+ 0 8 /yle & mann]1 t 8 read]s 7 unwill+ to d\bt any?+1 swall[$ ev]y?+1 & all ,engl& became tories by ! magic ( 8 art4 ,8 p5 revolutioniz$ ! public s5tim5t ( t c\ntry m completely ?an ! /&+ armies c\ld ev] h done1 :i* 7 s mu* dread$ & deprecat$ by ! patriots ( t day4 ,hav+ succe$$ s em95tly 9 ! acquisition ( =tune & fame by ?is "w1 he und]took ! hi/ory ( ! two prec$+ dyna/ies1 ! ,plantag5ets & ,tudors4 ,x 0 all-important 9 ?is second "w1 to ma9ta9 ! !sis ( ! fir/1 t x 0 ! p :o encroa*$ on ! sov]eign1 n ! sov]eign :o usurp$ on ! rights ( ! p4 ,&1 aga91 *apt] #ec;d1 ! grievances "u :i* ! ,engli% labor$ to wit3 :ipp+1 pillory+1 cropp+1 imprison+1 f9+1 c41 :5 consid]$ 9 !mselves1 )\t reg>d to ! con/itution1 sc>cely des]ve ! "n1 nor 7 !y ei!r bur!nsome on ! p's prop]ties1 or anywise %ock+ to ! natural humanity ( mank9d4 ,dur+ ! con/ant w>s1 civil & =eign1 :i* prevail$ :ile ^! two families occupi$ ! ?rone1 x 0 n difficult to f9d abundant in/ances ( practices ! mo/ despotic1 z are wont to occur 9 times ( viol5ce4 ,to make ?is second epo* support ! ?ird1 !re=e1 requir$ b a little g>bl+ ( au?orities4 ,& x !n rema9$1 by a ?ird "w1 to make ( ! :ole a complete hi/ory ( ,engl&1 on ! pr9ciples on :i* he _h advocat$ t ( ! ,/u>ts4 ,?is w\ld compreh5d ! ,saxon & ,norman conque/s1 ! =m] exhibit+ ! g5u9e =m & political pr9ciples ( ! p con/itut+ ! nation1 & f\nd$ 9 ! rights ( man2 ! latt] built on conque/ & physical =ce1 n at all affect+ moral rights1 nor ev5 ass5t$ to by ! free w ( ! vanqui%$4 ,! battle ( ,ha/+s1 inde$1 0 lo/1 b ! natural rights ( ! nation 7 n /ak$ on ! ev5t ( a s+le battle4 ,_! w to recov] ! ,saxon con/itution cont9u$ unabat$1 & 0 at ! bottom ( all ! unsuccessful insurrections :i* succe$$ 9 subsequ5t times4 ,! victors & vanqui%$ cont9u$ 9 a /ate ( liv+ ho/ility1 & ! nation may /ill say1 aft] los+ ! battle ( ,ha/+s1 ,:at ?\gh ! field is lo/8 ,all is n lo/2 ! unconqu]able w ,& /udy ( rev5ge1 immortal hate ,& c\rage nev] to submit or yield4 ,! gov]nm5t ( a nation may be usurp$ by ! =cible intrusion ( an individual into ! ?rone4 ,b to conqu] its w1 s z to re/ ! "r on t1 ! only legitimate basis1 requires long acquiesc5ce & cessation ( all opposition4 ,! :ig hi/orians ( ,engl&1 !re=e1 h always gone back to ! ,saxon p]iod = ! true pr9ciples ( _! con/itution1 :ile ! tories & ,hume1 _! ,coryphu1 date x f ! ,norman conque/1 & h5ce conclude t ! cont9ual claim by ! nation ( ! good old ,saxon laws1 & ! /ruggles to recov] !m1 7 encroa*m5ts ( ! p on ! cr[n1 & n usurpations ( ! cr[n on ! p4 ,hume1 ) ,brodie1 %\ld be ! la/ hi/ories ( ,engl& to be read4 ,if fir/ read1 ,hume makes an ,engli% tory1 f :5ce x is an easy /ep to ,am]ican toryism4 ,b !re is a hi/ory1 by ,baxt]1 9 :i*1 abridg+ some:at by leav+ out "s entire incid5ts z less int]e/+ n[ ?an :5 ,hume wrote1 he has giv5 ! re/ 9 ! id5tical words ( ,hume1 except t :5 he comes to a fact falsifi$1 he /ates x truly1 & :5 to a suppression ( tru?1 he supplies x1 nev] o!rwise *ang+ a ^w4 ,x is1 9 fact1 an editic expurgation ( ,hume4 ,^? :o %r9k f ! volume ( ,rap91 may read ?is fir/1 & f ?is lay a fir/ f\ndation 9 a basis ( tru?4 ,= mod]n cont95tal hi/ory1 a v g5]al idea may be fir/ aim$ at1 leav+ = future & occasional read+ ! p>ticul> hi/ories ( su* c\ntries z may excite curiosity at ! "t4 ,?is may be obta9$ f ,mollet's ,nor!rn ,antiquities1 ,vol4 ,esprit et ,murs des ,nations1 ,millot's ,mod]n ,hi/ory1 ,russel's ,mod]n ,europe1 ,hallam's ,middle ,ages1 & ,rob]tson's ,*>les ,v4 ,y ask :at book ,i w\ld recomm5d to be fir/ read 9 law4 ,i am v glad to f9d f a conv]sation ) ,mr4 ,gilm]1 t he consid]s ,coke ,littleton1 z me?odiz$ by ,?omas1 z unque/ionably ! be/ elem5t>y "w1 & ! "o :i* w be ! text book ( 8 s*ool4 ,x is n[ z agreeable read+ z ,black/one1 & mu* m pr(\nd4 ,i pray y to consid] ?is ha/y & imp]fect sket* z int5d$ m]ely to prove my wi% to be useful to y1 & t ) x y w accept ! assurance ( my e/eem & respect4 ,,to ,,! ,,honorable ,j4 ,,evelyn ,,d5ison1 ,m4 ,p4 ,,monticello1 ,novemb] #i1 #ahbe4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,y\r favor ( ,july #cj? 0 duly receiv$1 & we h n[ at h& ! books y h be5 s k9d z to s5d to our ,univ]sity4 ,!y are truly acceptable 9 !mselves1 = we might h be5 ye>s n kn[+ ( _! exi/5ce2 b give ! great] pleasure z evid5ce ( ! int]e/ y h tak5 9 our infant in/itution4 ,x is go+ on z successfully z we c\ld h expect$2 & ,i h no reason to regret ! measure tak5 ( procur+ ,pr(essors f abroad :]e sci5ce is s mu* ahead ( u4 ,y witness$ "s ( ! puny squibs ( :i* ,i 0 ! butt on t acc\nt4 ,!y 7 probably f disappo9t$ c&idates1 ^: unwor?9ess _h occasion$ _! applications to be pass$ ov]4 ,! measure has be5 g5]ally approv$ 9 ! ,s\? & ,we/2 & by all lib]al m9ds 9 ! ,nor?4 ,x has be5 peculi>ly =tunate1 too1 t ! ,pr(essors br\ght f abroad 7 z happy selections z c\ld h be5 hop$1 z well = _! qualifications 9 sci5ce z correctness & amiabl5ess ( "*4 ,i ?9k ! example w be foll[$1 & t x _c fail to be "o ( ! efficaci\s means ( promot+ t cordial good w1 :i* x is s mu* ! int]e/ ( bo? nations to *]i%4 ,^! tea*]s c nev] utt] an unfri5dly s5tim5t t[>ds _! native c\ntry2 & ^? into :om _! in/ructions w be infus$1 are n ( ord9>y significance only3 !y are exactly ! p]sons :o are to succe$ to ! gov]nm5t ( our c\ntry1 & to rule its future enmities1 its fri5d%ips & =tunes4 ,z x is our int]e/ to receive in/ruction ?r\gh ?is *annel1 s ,i ?9k x is y\rs to furni% x2 = ^! two nations hold+ cordially toge!r1 h no?+ to fe> f ! unit$ _w4 ,!y w be ! models = reg5]at+ ! condition ( man1 ! s\rces f :i* repres5tative gov]nm5t is to fl[ ov] ! :ole e>?4 ,i le>n f y ) great pleasure1 t a ta/e is reviv+ 9 ,engl& = ! recov]y ( ! ,anglo-,saxon dialect ( our language2 = a m]e dialect x is1 z mu* z ^? ( ,pi]s ,pl[man1 ,g[]1 ,d\glas1 ,*auc]1 ,sp5s]1 ,%akspe>e1 ,milton1 = ev5 mu* ( ,milton is already antiquat$4 ,! ,anglo-,saxon is only ! e>lie/ we possess ( ! _m %ades ( mutation by :i* ! language has tap]$ d[n to its mod]n =m4 ,vocabul>ies we ne$ = ea* ( ^! /ages f ,somn] to ,bailey1 b n gramm>s = ea* or any ( !m4 ,! gramm> has *ang$ s little1 9 ! desc5t f ! e>lie/1 to ! pres5t =m1 t a little obs]vation suffices to und]/& its v>iations4 ,we are greatly indebt$ to ! wor?ies :o h pres]v$ ! ,anglo-,saxon =m1 f ,doctor ,hickes d[n to ,mr4 ,boswor?4 ,_h !y n giv5 to ! public :at we possess ?r\gh ! press1 t dialect w\ld by ?is "t h be5 irrecov]ably lo/4 ,i ?9k x1 h[ev]1 a mis=tune t !y h endeavor$ to give x too mu* ( a le>n$ =m1 to m\nt x on all ! scaffold+ ( ! ,greek & ,lat91 to load x ) _! g5d]s1 numb]s1 cases1 decl5sions1 conjugations1 c4 ,/rip x ( ^! emb>rassm5ts1 ve/ x 9 ! ,roman type :i* we h adopt$ in/ead ( our ,engli% black lett]1 re=m its unc\? or?ography1 & assimilate its pronunciation1 z mu* z may be1 to ! pres5t ,engli%1 j z we d 9 read+ ,pi]s ,pl[man or ,*auc]1 & ) ! cotempor>y vocabul>y = ! few lo/ words1 we und]/& x z we d !m4 ,= example1 ! ,anglo-,saxon text ( ! ,"l's pray]1 z giv5 u #f? ,mat!w1 ix41 is spelt & writt5 ?us1 9 ! equival5t ,roman type3 ,fa$] ure !e ! e>t 9 heaf5um1 si ?9 nama y*algod4 ,to becume ?9 rice4 ,g]rur! ?9 willa on e>?am1 swa swa on he(5um4 ,ume doeghw amli c hlaf syle u to dg4 ,& =gyfus ure gyltas1 swa swa we =gifa? urum gylt5dum4 ,& ne ge-ldde ?u u on co/nunge1 ae alys u ( yfele4 ,i %\ld spell & pron\nce ?us3 ,fa!r our1 ?\ ?a art 9 heav5um1 si ?9e "n y-hall[$4 ,come ?9 ric-y-wur? ?9e w on e>?am1 s s on heav5um3 ourn daynhamlican loaf sell u to-day1 & =give u our guilts s s we =give? ourum guilt5dum4 ,& no y-lead ?\ u on co/nunge1 ac a-lease u ( evil4 ,& "h x is to be obs]v$ by-!-bye1 t !re is b ! s+le ^w temptation 9 our pres5t v]sion ( ?is pray] t is n ,anglo-,saxon2 = ! ^w trespasses tak5 f ! ,fr5*1 7 9 ! orig9al7 might z well h be5 translat$ by ! ,anglo-,saxon guilts4 ,! le>n$ app>atus 9 :i* ,dr4 ,hickes & 8 successors h muffl$ our ,anglo-,saxon1 is :at has fright5$ u f enc\nt]+ x4 ,! simplification ,i propose may1 on ! contr>y1 make x a regul> "p ( our common ,engli% education4 ,s little read+ & writ+ 0 !re among our ,anglo-,saxon ance/ors ( t day1 t !y _h no fix$ or?ography4 ,to produce a giv5 s\nd1 e "o jumbl$ ! lett]s toge!r1 accord+ to 8 unlett]$ notion ( _! p[]1 & all jumbl$ !m diff]5tly1 j z w\ld be done at ?is day1 7 a doz5 peasants1 :o h le>nt ! alphabet1 b h nev] read1 desir$ to write ! ,"l's pray]4 ,h5ce ! v>i$ modes ( spell+ by :i* ! ,anglo-,saxons meant to express ! same s\nd4 ,! ^w _m1 = example1 0 spelt 9 tw5ty diff]5t ways2 yet we _c suppose !y 7 tw5ty diff]5t words1 or t !y _h tw5ty diff]5t ways ( pron\nc+ ! same ^w4 ,! ,anglo-,saxon or?ography1 !n1 is n an exact repres5tation ( ! s\nds meant to be convey$4 ,we mu/ drop 9 pronunciation ! sup]flu\s consonants1 & give to ! rema9+ lett]s _! pres5t ,engli% s\nd2 because1 n kn[+ ! true "o1 ! pres5t enunciation is z likely to be "r z any o!r1 & inde$ m s1 & facilitates ! acquisition ( ! language4 ,x is mu* to be wi%$ t ! publication ( ! pres5t c\nty dialects ( ,engl& %\ld g on4 ,x w re/ore to u our language 9 all its %ades ( v>iation4 ,x w incorporate into ! pres5t "o all ! ri*es ( our anci5t dialects2 & :at a /ore ?is w be1 may be se5 by runn+ ! eye ov] ! c\nty gloss>ies1 & obs]v+ ! words we h lo/ by ab&onm5t & disuse1 :i* 9 s\nd & s5se are inf]ior to no?+ we h reta9$4 ,:5 ^! local vocabul>ies are publi%$ & dige/$ toge!r into a s+le "o1 x is probable we %all f9d t !re is n a ^w 9 ,%akspe>e :i* is n n[ 9 use 9 "s ( ! c\nties 9 ,engl&1 f :5ce we may obta9 its true s5se4 ,& :at an ex*ange w _! recov]y be = ! volumes ( idle comm5t>ies & conjectures ) :i* t div9e poet has be5 mask$ & metamorphos$4 ,we %all f9d 9 him new sublimities :i* we _h nev] ta/$ be=e1 & f9d beauties 9 our anci5t poets :i* are lo/ to u n[4 ,x is n t ,i am m]ely an en?usia/ = ,palology4 ,i set equal value on ! beautiful engraftm5ts we h borr[$ f ,greece & ,rome1 & ,i am equally a fri5d to ! enc\ragem5t ( a judici\s neology3 a language _c be too ri*4 ,! m copi\s1 ! m susceptible ( embelli%m5t x w become4 ,!re are sev]al ?+s want+ to promote ?is improvem5t4 ,to repr9t ! ,saxon books 9 mod]n type2 re=m _! or?ography2 publi% 9 ! same way ! treasures /ill exi/+ 9 manuscript4 ,&1 m ?an all ?+s1 we want1 a diction>y on ! plan ( ,/eph5s or ,scapula1 9 :i* ! ,saxon root1 plac$ alphabetically1 %all be foll[$ by all its cognate modifications ( n\ns1 v]bs1 c41 :e!r ,anglo-,saxon1 or f\nd 9 ! dialects ( subsequ5t ages4 ,we want1 too1 an elaborate hi/ory ( ! ,engli% language4 ,9 "t our c\ntry may be able to co-op]ate ) y 9 ^! labors1 ( common advantage1 b z yet x is too mu* a blank1 call+ = o!r & m press+ att5tions4 ,we h too mu* to d 9 ! improvem5ts ( :i* x is susceptible1 & :i* are deem$ m imm$iately useful4 ,lit]ature is n yet a di/9ct pr(ession ) u4 ,n[ & !n a /rong m9d arises1 & at its int]vals ( leisure f bus9ess1 emits a fla% ( light4 ,b ! fir/ object ( "y societies is bread & cov]+2 sci5ce is b second>y & subsequ5t4 ,i owe apology = ?is long lett]4 ,x mu/ be f\nd 9 ! circum/ance ( its subject hav+ made an int]e/+ "p 9 ! t5or ( y\r lett]1 & 9 my atta*m5t to x4 ,x is a hobby :i* too (t5 runs away ) me :]e ,i meant n to give up ! re94 ,our y\? seem dispos$ to m\nt x ) me1 & to beg9 _! c\rse :]e m9e is end+4 ,our family recollects ) pleasure ! visit ) :i* y favor$ u2 & jo9 me 9 assur+ y ( our fri5dly & respectful recollections1 & ( ! gratification x w ev] be to u to he> ( y\r heal? & welf>e4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,lewis ,m4 ,,wiss4 ,,monticello1 ,novemb] #bg1 #ahbe4 ,,sir1--,disqualifi$ by age & ill heal? f und]tak+ m9ute inve/igations1 ,i f9d x w be easi] = me to /ate to y my proposition ( a lock-dock1 = lay+ up vessels1 high & dry1 ?an to inve/igate y\rs4 ,y w !n judge = y\rself :e!r any "p ( m9e has anticipat$ any "p ( y\rs4 ,:ile ,i 0 at ,wa%+ton1 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! gov]nm5t1 ,congress 0 mu* divid$ 9 op9ion on ! subject ( a navy1 a "p ( !m wi%+ to g ext5sively into prep>ation ( a fleet1 ano!r "p oppos$ to x1 on ! objection t ! repairs & pres]vation ( a %ip1 ev5 idle 9 h>bor1 9 t5 or twelve ye>s1 am\nt to h] orig9al co/4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ 9 ,engl&1 t if !y c\ld be sure ( peace a doz5 ye>s x w\ld be *eap] = !m to burn _! fleet1 & build a new "o :5 want+1 ?an to keep ! old "o 9 repair dur+ t t]m4 ,i le>nt t1 9 ,v5ice1 !re 7 !n %ips1 ly+ on _! orig9al /ocks1 ready = laun*+ at any mom5t1 :i* _h be5 s = eighty ye>s1 & 7 /ill 9 a /ate ( p]fect pres]vation2 & t ?is 0 effect$ by dispos+ ( !m 9 docks pump$ dry1 & kept s by con/ant pump+4 ,x occurr$ to me t ?is exp5se ( con/ant pump+ might be sav$ by comb9+ a lock ) ! common wet dock1 :]ev] !re 0 a runn+ /ream ( wat]1 ! b$ ( :i*1 )9 a reasonable di/ance1 0 ( a suffici5t height above ! high-wat] level ( ! h>bor4 ,?is 0 ! case at ! navy-y>d1 on ! ea/]n bran* at ,wa%+ton1 ! high-wat] l9e ( :i* 0 sev5ty-eight feet l[] ?an ! gr\nd on :i* ! ,capitol /&s1 & to :i* x 0 f\nd t ! wat] ( ! ,tyb] creek c\ld be br\ght = wat]+ ! city4 ,my proposition !n 0 z foll[s3 ,let a b be ! high-wat] level ( ! h>bor1 & ! vessel to be laid up draw eighte5 feet wat]4 ,make a *amb] ,a tw5ty feet deep bel[ high wat] & tw5ty feet high above x1 z c d e f1 & at ! upp] end make ano!r *amb]1 ,b1 c f ---------------------------------------- ------ 4 g a b 4 ,b 4 444444444444444444444444,a44444444------ -------------------- h i d e ------------------- ! bottom ( :i* %\ld be 9 ! high-wat] level1 & ! tops tw5ty feet above t4 g h is ! wat] ( ! ,tyb]4 ,:5 ! vessel is to be introduc$1 op5 ! gate at c b a4 ,! tide wat] rises 9 ! *amb] ,a to ! level b i1 & floats ! vessel 9 ) x4 ,%ut ! gate c b d & op5 t ( f i4 ,! wat] ( ! ,tyb] fills bo? *amb]s to ! level c f g1 & ! vessel floats into ! *amb] ,b2 !n op5+ bo? gates c b d & f i1 ! wat] fl[s out1 & ! vessel settles d[n on ! /ays previ\sly prep>$ at ! bottom i h to receive h]4 ,! gate at g h mu/ ( c\rse be clos$1 & ! wat] ( ! fe$+ /ream be div]t$ else:]e4 ,! *amb] ,b is to h a ro( ov] x ( ! con/ruction ( t ov] ! meal m>ket at ,p>is1 except t t is hemisph]ical1 ?is semi-cyl9drical4 ,= ?is con/ruction see ,del5ne's ar*itecture1 ^: inv5tion x 04 ,! diamet] ( ! dome ( ! meal m>ket is consid]ably ov] "o hundr$ feet4 ,x w be se5 at once1 t in/ead ( mak+ ! *amb] ,b ( suffici5t wid? & l5g? = a s+le vessel only1 x may be wid5$ to :atev] span ! semi-circul> fram+ ( ! ro( c be tru/$1 & to :atev] l5g? y please1 s z to admit two or m vessels 9 bread?1 & z _m 9 l5g? z ! localities r5d] exp$i5t4 ,i _h a model ( ?is lock-dock made & exhibit$ 9 ! ,presid5t's h\se1 dur+ ! session ( ,congress at :i* x 0 propos$4 ,b ! advocates = a navy did n fancy x1 & ^? oppos$ to ! build+ ( %ips altoge!r1 7 equally indispos$ to provide protection = !m4 ,ridicule 0 also resort$ to1 ! ord9>y sub/itute = reason1 :5 t fails1 & ! proposition 0 pa/ ov]4 ,i !n ?\ght & /ill ?9k ! measure wise1 to h a prop] numb] ( vessels always ready to be laun*$1 ) no?+ unf9i%$ ab\t !m1 except ! plant+ _! ma/s1 :i* mu/ ( necessity be omitt$1 to be br\ght "u a ro(4 ,hav+ no view 9 ?is proposition b to comb9e = ! public a provision = def5ce1 ) economy 9 its pres]vation1 ,i h ?\ght no m ( x s9ce4 ,& if any ( my ideas anticipat$ y\rs1 y are welcome to appropriate !m to y\rself1 )\t objection on my "p1 &1 ) ?is assurance1 ,i pray y to accept t ( my be/ wi%es & respects4 ,to ----4#ai ,,monticello4 ,decemb] #ah1 #ahbe4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,y\r lett]s are always welcome1 ! la/ m ?an all o!rs1 its subject be+ "o ( ! de>e/ to my he>t4 ,to my gr&-daught] y\r comm5dations _c fail to be an object ( high ambition1 z a c]ta9 passport to ! good op9ion ( ! _w4 ,if %e does n cultivate !m ) assiduity & affection1 %e w illy fulfil my p>t+ injunctions4 ,i tru/ %e w m]it a cont9uance ( y\r favor1 & f9d 9 h] new situation ! g5]al e/eem %e s happily possess$ 9 ! society %e left4 ,y tell me %e repeat$ to y an expression ( m9e1 t ,i %\ld be will+ to g aga9 ov] ! sc5es ( pa/ life4 ,i %\ld n be unwill+1 )\t1 h[ev]1 wi%+ x2 & :y n8 ,i h enjoy$ a great] %>e ( heal? ?an falls to ! lot ( mo/ m52 my spirits h nev] fail$ me except "u ^? p>oxysms ( grief :i* y1 z well z myself1 h exp]i5c$ 9 e =m1 & ) good heal? & good spirits1 ! pleasures surely outweigh ! pa9s ( life4 ,:y n1 !n1 ta/e !m aga91 fat & lean toge!r8 ,7 ,i inde$ p]mitt$ to cut (f f ! tra9 ! la/ sev5 ye>s1 ! balance w\ld be mu* 9 favor ( tread+ ! gr\nd ov] aga94 ,be+ at t p]iod 9 ! neighborhood ( our w>m spr+s1 & well 9 heal?1 ,i wi%$ to be bett]1 & tri$ !m4 ,!y de/roy$1 9 a great degree1 my int]nal organism1 & ,i h nev] s9ce _h a mom5t ( p]fect heal?4 ,i h n[ be5 eight mon?s conf9$ almo/ con/antly to ! h\se1 ) n[ & !n int]vals ( a few days on :i* ,i c\ld get on horseback4 ,i presume y h receiv$ a copy ( ! life ( ,ri*>d ,h4 ,lee1 f 8 gr&son ( ! same "n1 au?or ( ! "w4 ,y & ,i "k t he m]it$ mu* dur+ ! revolution4 ,eloqu5t1 bold1 & ev] wat*ful at 8 po/1 ( :i* 8 biograph] omits no pro(4 ,i am n c]ta9 :e!r ! fri5ds ( ,george ,mason1 ( ,patrick ,h5ry1 y\rself1 & ev5 ( ,g5]al ,wa%+ton1 may n reclaim "s fea!rs ( ! plumage giv5 him1 noble z 0 8 prop] & orig9al coat4 ,b on ?is subject ,i w anticipate y\r own judgm5t4 ,i le>n ) s9c]e pleasure t y h exp]i5c$ lately a great r5ovation ( y\r heal?4 ,t x may cont9ue to ! ultimate p]iod ( y\r wi%es is ! s9c]e pray] ( usque ad eras amicissimi tui4 ,,footnote3 #ai ,address lo/4 ,,to ,,james ,,madison4 ,,monticello1 ,decemb] #bd1 #ahbe4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i h = "s "t consid]$ ! "q ( int]nal improvem5t z desp]ate4 ,! torr5t ( g5]al op9ion sets s /rongly 9 favor ( x z to be irresi/ible4 ,& ,i suppose t ev5 ! opposition 9 ,congress w h]eaft] be feeble & =mal1 unless some?+ c be done :i* may give a gleam ( enc\ragem5t to our fri5ds1 or al>m _! oppon5ts 9 _! fanci$ security4 ,i le>n f ,ri*mond t ^? :o ?9k ) u !re are 9 a /ate ( p]fect dismay1 n kn[+ :at to d or :at to propose4 ,mr4 ,gordon1 our repres5tative1 p>ticul>ly1 has writt5 to me 9 v despond+ t]ms1 n dispos$ to yield inde$1 b press+ = op9ions & advice on ! subject4 ,i h no d\bt y are press$ 9 ! same way1 & ,i hope y h devis$ & recomm5d$ some?+ to !m4 ,if y h1 /op "h & read no m1 b consid] all t foll[s z non-av5ue4 ,i %all be bett] satisfi$ to adopt implicitly any?+ :i* y may h advis$1 ?an any?+ occurr+ to myself4 ,= ,i h long ceas$ to ?9k on subjects ( ?is k9d1 & pay little att5tion to public proce$+s4 ,b if y h done no?+ 9 x1 !n ,i risk = y\r consid]ation :at has occurr$ to me1 & is express$ 9 ! enclos$ pap]4#bj ,bailey's propositions1 :i* came to h& s9ce ,i wrote ! pap]1 & :i* ,i suppose to h come f ! ,presid5t himself1 %[ a little hesitation 9 ! purposes ( 8 p>ty2 & 9 t /ate ( m9d1 a bolt %ot critically may decide ! conte/ by its effect on ! less bold4 ,! olive bran* held out to !m at ?is mom5t may be accept$1 & ! con/itution ?us sav$ at a mod]ate sacrifice4 ,i say no?+ ( ! pap]1 :i* w expla9 itself4 ,! foll[+ heads ( consid]ation1 or "s ( !m1 may weigh 9 its favor3 ,x may intimidate ! wav]+4 ,x may break ! we/]n coalition1 by (f]+ ! same ?+ 9 a diff]5t =m4 ,x w be view$ ) favor 9 contra/ ) ! ,georgia opposition & fe> ( /r5g!n+ t4 ,x w be an example ( a temp]ate mode ( opposition 9 future & simil> cases4 ,x w delay ! measure a ye> at lea/4 ,x w give u ! *ance ( bett] times & ( int]v5+ accid5ts2 & 9 no way place u 9 a worse ?an our pres5t situation4 ,i d n dwell on ^! topics2 y\r m9d w develop !m4 ,! fir/ "q is1 :e!r y approve ( do+ any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,if n1 s5d x back to me1 & x %all be suppress$2 = ,i w\ld n haz>d s important a measure aga9/ y\r op9ion1 nor ev5 )\t its support4 ,if y ?9k x may be a canvass on :i* to put some?+ good1 make :at alt]ations y please1 & ,i w =w>d x to ,gordon1 "u ! mo/ sacr$ injunctions t x %all be s us$ z t n a %ad[ ( suspicion %all fall on y or myself1 t x has come f ei!r ( u4 ,b :at y d1 d z promptly z y\r conv5i5ce w admit1 le/ x %\ld be anticipat$ by some?+ worse4 ,ev] & affectionately y\rs4 ,,footnote3 #bj ,see "u head ( ,miscellane\s ,pap]s1 ! pap] "h allud$ to1 entitl$1 ,! solemn ,decl>ation & ,prote/ ( ! ,commonweal? ( ,virg9ia on ! pr9ciples ( ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 & on ! violations ( !m4 ,,to ,,william ,b4 ,,giles4 ,,monticello1 ,decemb] #be1 #ahbe4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,y\r favor ( ! #ae? 0 receiv$ f\r days ago4 ,x f\nd me engag$ 9 :at ,i c\ld n lay aside till ?is day4 ,f> advanc$ 9 my eighty-?ird ye>1 worn d[n ) infirmities :i* h conf9$ me almo/ entirely to ! h\se = sev5 or eight mon?s pa/1 x afflicts me mu* to receive appeals to my memory = transactions s f> back z t :i* is ! subject ( y\r lett]4 ,my memory is inde$ become almo/ a blank1 ( :i* no bett] pro( c probably be giv5 y ?an by my solemn prote/ation1 t ,i h n ! lea/ recollection ( y\r int]v5tion betwe5 ,mr4 ,john ,q4 ,adams & myself1 9 :at pass$ on ! subject ( ! emb>go4 ,n ! slighte/ trace ( x rema9s 9 my m9d4 ,yet ,i h no d\bt ( ! exactitude ( ! /atem5t 9 y\r lett]4 ,& ! less1 z ,i recollect ! int]view ) ,mr4 ,adams1 to :i* ! previ\s communications :i* _h pass$ betwe5 him & y\rself 7 probably & naturally ! prelim9>y4 ,t int]view ,i rememb] well2 n inde$ 9 ! v words :i* pass$ betwe5 u1 b 9 _! sub/ance1 :i* 0 ( a "* too awful1 too deeply engrav$ 9 my m9d1 & influ5c+ too mat]ially ! c\rse ,i _h to pursue1 ev] to be =gott54 ,mr4 ,adams call$ on me p5d+ ! emb>go1 & :ile endeavors 7 mak+ to obta9 its repeal4 ,he made "s apologies = ! call1 on ! gr\nd ( our n be+ !n 9 ! habit ( confid5tial communications1 b t t :i* he _h !n to make1 involv$ too s]i\sly ! int]e/ ( our c\ntry n to ov]rule all o!r consid]ations ) him1 & make x 8 duty to reveal x to myself p>ticul>ly4 ,i assur$ him !re 0 no occasion = any apology = 8 visit2 t1 on ! contr>y1 8 communications w\ld be ?ankfully receiv$1 & w\ld add a confirmation ! m to my entire confid5ce 9 ! rectitude & patriotism ( 8 conduct & pr9ciples4 ,he spoke !n ( ! dissatisfaction ( ! ea/]n portion ( our conf$]acy ) ! re/ra9ts ( ! emb>go !n exi/+1 & _! re/lessness "u x4 ,t !re 0 no?+ :i* might n be attempt$1 to rid !mselves ( x4 ,t he _h in=mation ( ! mo/ unque/ionable c]ta9ty1 t c]ta9 citiz5s ( ! ea/]n ,/ates 7,i ?9k he nam$ ,massa*usetts p>ticul>ly7 7 9 negotiation ) ag5ts ( ! ,briti% gov]nm5t1 ! object ( :i* 0 an agreem5t t ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates %\ld take no fur!r "p 9 ! w> !n go+ on2 t1 )\t =mally decl>+ _! sep>ation f ! ,union ( ! ,/ates1 !y %\ld )draw f all aid & ob$i5ce to !m2 t _! navigation & comm]ce %\ld be free f re/ra9t & int]ruption by ! ,briti%2 t !y %\ld be consid]$ & treat$ by !m z neutrals1 & z su* might conduct !mselves t[>ds bo? p>ties2 &1 at ! close ( ! w>1 be at lib]ty to rejo9 ! conf$]acy4 ,he assur$ me t !re 0 em95t dang] t ! conv5tion w\ld take place2 t ! temptations 7 su* z might debau* _m f _! fidelity to ! ,union2 & t1 to enable its fri5ds to make head aga9/ x1 ! repeal ( ! emb>go 0 absolutely necess>y4 ,i express$ a j s5se ( ! m]it ( ?is in=mation1 & ( ! importance ( ! disclosure to ! safety & ev5 ! salvation ( our c\ntry2 & h[ev] reluctant ,i 0 to ab&on ! measure1 7a measure :i* p]sev]$ 9 a little long]1 we _h subsequ5t & satisfactory assurance w\ld h effect$ its object completely17 f t mom5t1 & influ5c$ by t in=mation1 ,i saw ! necessity ( ab&on+ x1 & in/ead ( effect+ our purpose by ?is peaceful weapon1 we mu/ fight x out1 or break ! ,union4 ,i !n recomm5d$ to yield to ! necessity ( a repeal ( ! emb>go1 & to endeavor to supply its place by ! be/ sub/itute1 9 :i* !y c\ld procure a g5]al concurr5ce4 ,i _c too (t5 repeat1 t ?is /atem5t is n pret5d$ to be 9 ! v words :i* pass$2 t x only gives fai?fully ! impression rema9+ on my m9d4 ,! v words ( a conv]sation are too transi5t & fugitive to be s long reta9$ 9 remembrance4 ,b ! sub/ance 0 too important to be =gott51 n only f ! revolution ( measures x oblig$ me to adopt1 b also f ! r5ewals ( x 9 my memory on ! frequ5t occasions ,i h _h ( do+ ju/ice to ,mr4 ,adams1 by repeat+ ?is pro( ( 8 fidelity to 8 c\ntry1 & ( 8 sup]iority ov] all ord9>y consid]ations :5 ! safety ( t 0 br\ght into "q4 ,) ?is be/ ex]tion ( a wan+ memory :i* ,i c comm&1 accept assurances ( my con/ant & affectionate fri5d%ip & respect4 ,,to ,,william ,b4 ,,giles4 ,,monticello1 ,decemb] #bf1 #ahbe4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i wrote y a lett] ye/]day1 ( :i* y w be free to make :at use y please4 ,?is w conta9 matt]s n int5d$ = ! public eye4 ,i see1 z y d1 & ) ! deepe/ affliction1 ! rapid /rides ) :i* ! f$]al bran* ( our gov]nm5t is advanc+ t[>ds ! usurpation ( all ! rights res]v$ to ! ,/ates1 & ! consolidation 9 itself ( all p[]s1 =eign & dome/ic2 & t too1 by con/ructions :i*1 if legitimate1 leave no limits to _! p[]4 ,take toge!r ! decisions ( ! f$]al c\rt1 ! doctr9es ( ! ,presid5t1 & ! miscon/ructions ( ! con/itutional compact act$ on by ! legislature ( ! f$]al bran*1 & x is b too evid5t1 t ! ?ree rul+ bran*es ( t dep>tm5t are 9 comb9ation to /rip _! colleagues1 ! ,/ate au?orities1 ( ! p[]s res]v$ by !m1 & to ex]cise !mselves all functions =eign & dome/ic4 ,"u ! p[] to regulate comm]ce1 !y assume indef9itely t also ov] agriculture & manufactures1 & call x regulation to take ! e>n+s ( "o ( ^! bran*es ( indu/ry1 & t too ! mo/ depress$1 & put !m into ! pockets ( ! o!r1 ! mo/ fl\ri%+ ( all4 ,"u ! au?ority to e/abli% po/ roads1 !y claim t ( cutt+ d[n m\nta9s = ! con/ruction ( roads1 ( digg+ canals1 & aid$ by a little sophi/ry on ! words g5]al welf>e1 a "r to d1 n only ! acts to effect t1 :i* are specifically enum]at$ & p]mitt$1 b :atsoev] !y %all ?9k1 or pret5d w be = ! g5]al welf>e4 ,& :at is our res\rce = ! pres]vation ( ! con/itution8 ,reason & argum5t8 ,y might z well reason & argue ) ! m>ble columns encircl+ !m4 ,! repres5tatives *os5 by ourselves8 ,!y are jo9$ 9 ! comb9ation1 "s f incorrect views ( gov]nm5t1 "s f corrupt ones1 suffici5t vot+ toge!r to out-numb] ! s\nd p>ts2 & ) majorities only ( "o1 two1 or ?ree1 bold en\gh to g =w>d 9 defiance4 ,are we !n to /& to our arms1 ) ! hot-head$ ,georgian8 ,no4 ,t mu/ be ! la/ res\rce1 n to be ?\ght ( until mu* long] & great] suff]+s4 ,if e infraction ( a compact ( s _m p>ties is to be resi/$ at once1 z a dissolution ( x1 none c ev] be =m$ :i* w\ld la/ "o ye>4 ,we mu/ h pati5ce & long] endurance !n ) our bre?r5 :ile "u delusion2 give !m "t = reflection & exp]i5ce ( consequ5ces2 keep ourselves 9 a situation to pr(it by ! *apt] ( accid5ts2 & sep>ate f our companions only :5 ! sole alt]natives left1 are ! dissolution ( our ,union ) !m1 or submission to a gov]nm5t )\t limitation ( p[]s4 ,betwe5 ^! two evils1 :5 we mu/ make a *oice1 !re c be no hesitation4 ,b 9 ! mean:ile1 ! ,/ates %\ld be wat*ful to note e mat]ial usurpation on _! rights2 to d5\nce !m z !y occur 9 ! mo/ p]emptory t]ms2 to prote/ aga9/ !m z wrongs to :i* our pres5t submission %all be consid]$1 n z ackn[l$gm5ts or prec$5ts ( "r1 b z a tempor>y yield+ to ! less] evil1 until _! accumulation %all ov]weigh t ( sep>ation4 ,i w\ld g /ill fur!r1 & give to ! f$]al memb]1 by a regul> am5dm5t ( ! con/itution1 a "r to make roads & canals ( int]communication betwe5 ! ,/ates1 provid+ suffici5tly aga9/ corrupt practices 9 ,congress1 7log-roll+1 c417 by decl>+ t ! f$]al proportion ( ea* ,/ate ( ! moneys s employ$1 %all be 9 works )9 ! ,/ate1 or else:]e ) its cons5t1 & ) a due salvo ( jurisdiction4 ,?is is ! c\rse :i* ,i ?9k safe/ & be/ z yet4 ,y ask my op9ion ( ! propriety ( giv+ publicity to :at is /at$ 9 y\r lett]1 z hav+ pass$ betwe5 ,mr4 ,john ,q4 ,adams & y\rself4 ,( ?is no "o c judge b y\rself4 ,x is "o ( ^? que/ions :i* belong to ! =um ( feel+4 ,?is alone c decide on ! degree ( confid5ce impli$ 9 ! disclosure2 :e!r "u no circum/ances x 0 to be communicat$ to o!rs8 ,x does n seem to be ( t "*1 or at all to we> t aspect4 ,!y are hi/orical facts :i* belong to ! pres5t1 z well z future times4 ,i d\bt :e!r a s+le fact1 kn[n to ! _w1 w c>ry z cle> conviction to x1 ( ! correctness ( our k ( ! treasonable views ( ! f$]al p>ty ( t day1 z t disclos$ by ?is1 ! mo/ nef>i\s & d>+ attempt to dissev] ! ,union1 ( :i* ! ,h>t=d conv5tion 0 a subsequ5t *apt]2 & bo? ( ^! hav+ fail$1 consolidation becomes ! f\r? *apt] ( ! next book ( _! hi/ory4 ,b ?is op5s ) a va/ accession ( /r5g? f _! y\ng] recruits1 :o1 hav+ no?+ 9 !m ( ! feel+s or pr9ciples ( '#gf1 n[ look to a s+le & spl5did gov]nm5t ( an ari/ocracy1 f\nd$ on bank+ in/itutions1 & money$ incorporations "u ! guise & cloak ( _! favor$ bran*es ( manufactures1 comm]ce & navigation1 rid+ & rul+ ov] ! plund]$ pl\ghman & begg>$ yeomanry4 ,?is w be to !m a next be/ bless+ to ! mon>*y ( _! fir/ aim1 & p]haps ! sure/ /epp+-/one to x4 ,i le>n ) great satisfaction t y\r s*ool is ?riv+ well1 & t y h at its head a truly classical s*ol>4 ,he is "o ( ?ree or f\r :om ,i c he> ( 9 ! ,/ate4 ,we 7 oblig$ ! la/ ye> to receive %ameful ,lat9i/s into ! classical s*ool ( ! ,univ]sity1 su* z we w c]ta9ly refuse z soon z we c get f bett] s*ools a suffici5cy ( ^? prop]ly in/ruct$ to =m a class4 ,we mu/ get rid ( ?is ,connecticut ,lat91 ( ?is b>b>\s confusion ( long & %ort syllables1 :i* r5d]s d\btful :e!r we are li/5+ to a read] ( ,*]okee1 ,%awnee1 ,iroquois1 or :at4 ,our ,univ]sity has be5 mo/ =tunate 9 ! five pr(essors procur$ f ,engl&4 ,a f9] selection c\ld n h be5 made4 ,besides _! be+ ( a grade ( sci5ce :i* has left little sup]ior beh9d1 ! correctness ( _! moral "*1 _! accommodat+ dispositions1 & zeal = ! prosp]ity ( ! in/itution1 leave u no?+ m to wi%4 ,i v]ily believe t z high a degree ( education c n[ be obta9$ "h1 z 9 ! c\ntry !y left4 ,& a f9] set ( y\?s ,i nev] saw assembl$ = in/ruction4 ,!y committ$ "s irregul>ities at fir/1 until !y le>n$ ! lawful l5g? ( _! te!r2 s9ce :i* x has nev] be5 transgress$ 9 ! smalle/ degree4 ,a great proportion ( !m are sev]ely devot$ to /udy1 & ,i fe> n to say t )9 twelve or fifte5 ye>s f ?is "t1 a majority ( ! rul]s ( our ,/ate w h be5 educat$ "h4 ,!y %all c>ry h5ce ! correct pr9ciples ( our day1 & y may c\nt assur$ly t !y w exhibit _! c\ntry 9 a degree ( s\nd respectability x has nev] kn[n1 ei!r 9 our days1 or ^? ( our =efa!rs4 ,i _c live to see x4 ,my joy mu/ only be t ( anticipation4 ,b t y may see x 9 full fruition1 is ! probable consequ5ce ( ! tw5ty ye>s ,i am ahead ( y 9 "t1 & is ! s9c]e pray] ( y\r affectionate & con/ant fri5d4 ,,to ,,claiborne ,w4 ,,goo*4 ,,monticello1 ,janu>y #i1 #ahbf4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i h duly receiv$ y\r favor ( ,decemb] ! #ca/1 & fe>1 ) y1 all ! evils :i* ! pres5t l[]+ aspect ( our political horizon s om9\sly port5ds4 ,t at "s future day1 :i* ,i hop$ to be v di/ant1 ! free pr9ciples ( our gov]nm5t might *ange ) ! *ange ( circum/ances 0 to be expect$4 ,b ,i c]ta9ly did n expect t !y w\ld n ov]-live ! g5]ation :i* e/abli%$ !m4 ,& :at ,i /ill less expect$ 01 t my favorite we/]n c\ntry 0 to be made ! in/rum5t ( *ange4 ,i _h ev] & fondly *]i%$ ! int]e/s ( t c\ntry1 rely+ on x z a b>ri] aga9/ ! deg5]acy ( public op9ion f our orig9al & free pr9ciples4 ,b ! bait ( local int]e/s1 artfully prep>$ = _! palate1 has decoy$ !m f _! k9dr$ atta*m5ts1 to alliances ali5 to !m4 ,yet al?\gh ,i h little hope t ! torr5t ( consolidation c be )/ood1 ,i %\ld n be = giv+ up ! %ip )\t ef=ts to save h]4 ,%e liv$ well ?r\gh ! fir/ squall1 & may wea!r ! pres5t "o4 ,b1 de> ,sir1 ,i am n ! *ampion call$ = by our pres5t dang]s4 ,non tali auxilio1 nee def5soribus i/is1 tempus eget4 ,a wan+ body1 a wan+ m9d1 & wan+ memory1 ) habitual ill heal?1 w>n me to )draw & rel9qui% ! ar5a to y\ng] & abl] a?letes4 ,i am s5sible myself1 if o!rs are n1 t ?is is my duty4 ,if my di/ant fri5ds "k x n1 ^? ar\nd me c in=m !m t !y %\ld n1 9 fri5d%ip1 wi% to call me into conflicts1 expos+ only ! decays :i* nature has inscrib$ among h] unalt]able laws1 & injur+ ! common cause by a s5ile & puny def5ce4 ,i w1 h[ev]1 say "o ^w on ! subject4 ,! ,s\? ,c>ol9a resolutions1 ,van ,bur5's motion1 & above all ,bayley's propositions1 %[ t o!r ,/ates are com+ =w>d on ! subject1 & bett] = any "o to take ! lead ?an ,virg9ia1 :]e opposition is consid]$ z common-place1 & a m]e matt] ( =m & habit4 ,we %all see :at our co-,/ates propose1 & be=e ! close ( ! session we may %ape our own c\rse m und]/&+ly4 ,accept ! assurance ( my great e/eem & respect4 ,to----4#ba ,,monticello1 ,janu>y #ba1 #ahbf4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,y\r favor ( ,janu>y #ae? is receiv$1 & ,i am entirely s5sible ( ! k9dness ( ! motives :i* sugge/$ ! caution x recomm5d$4 ,b ,i believe :at ,i h done is ! only ?+ ,i c\ld h done ) honor or consci5ce4 ,mr4 ,giles reque/$ me to /ate a fact :i* he knew himself1 & ( :i* he knew me to be possess$4 ,:at use he int5d$ to make ( x ,i knew n1 nor _h ,i a "r to inquire1 or to indicate any suspicion t he w\ld make an unfair "o4 ,t 0 8 conc]n1 n m9e1 & 8 "* 0 suffici5t to su/a9 ! responsibility = x4 ,i knew1 too1 t if an unc&id use %\ld be made ( x1 !re w\ld be f\nd ^? :o w\ld s prove x4 ,indep5d5t ( ! t]ms ( intimate fri5d%ip 9 :i* ,mr4 ,giles & myself h ev] liv$ toge!r1 ! _w's respect entitl$ him to ! ju/ice ( my te/imony to any tru? he might call =2 & h[ t te/imony %\ld connect me ) :atev] he may d or write h]eaft]1 & ) 8 :ole c>e]1 z y appreh5d1 is n und]/ood by me4 ,) 8 p]sonal controv]sies ,i h no?+ to d4 ,i nev] took any "p 9 !m1 or 9 ^? ( any o!r p]son4 ,add to ?is1 t ! /atem5t ,i h giv5 him on ! subject ( ,mr4 ,adams1 is entirely honorable to him 9 e s5tim5t & fact x conta9s4 ,!re is n a ^w 9 x :i* ,i w\ld wi% to recall4 ,x is "o :i* ,mr4 ,adams himself might will+ly quote1 did he ne$ to quote any?+4 ,x 0 simply t dur+ ! cont9uance ( ! emb>go1 ,mr4 ,adams in=m$ me ( a comb9ation 7)\t nam+ any "o conc]n$ 9 x17 :i* _h = its object a sev]ance ( ! ,union1 = a "t at lea/4 ,t ,mr4 ,adams & myself n be+ !n 9 ! habit ( mutual consultation & confid5ce1 ,i consid]$ x z ! /rong] pro( ( ! purity ( 8 patriotism1 :i* 0 able to lift him above all p>ty passions :5 ! safety ( 8 c\ntry 0 endang]$4 ,nor h ,i kept ?is honorable fact to myself4 ,dur+ ! late canvas1 p>ticul>ly1 ,i _h m ?an "o occasion to quote x to p]sons :o 7 express+ op9ions respect+ him1 ( :i* ?is 0 a direct corrective4 ,i h nev] ent]ta9$ = ,mr4 ,adams any b s5tim5ts ( e/eem & respect2 & if we h n ?\ght alike on political subjects1 ,i yet nev] d\bt$ ! hone/y ( 8 op9ions1 ( :i* ! lett] 9 "q1 if publi%$1 w be an additional pro(4 ,/ill1 ,i recognize y\r fri5d%ip 9 sugge/+ a review ( x1 & am glad ( ?is1 z ( e o!r occasion ( repeat+ to y ! assurance ( my con/ant atta*m5t & respect4 ,,footnote3 #ba ,address lo/4 ,,to ,,james ,,madison4 ,,monticello1 ,febru>y #ag1 #ahbf4 ,,de> ,,sir1-- 99 99 99 99 99 ,imm$iately on see+ ! ov]:elm+ vote ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives aga9/ giv+ u ano!r doll>1 ,i rode to ! ,univ]sity & desir$ ,mr4 ,brock5br\gh to engage 9 no?+ new1 to /op ev]y?+ on h& :i* c\ld be done )\t1 & to employ all 8 =ce & funds 9 f9i%+ ! circul> room = ! hooks1 & ! anatomical !atre4 ,^! _c be done )\t3 & = ^! & all our debts we h funds en\gh4 ,b ,i ?9k x prud5t !n to cle> ! decks ?or\ghly1 to see h[ we %all /&1 & :at we may accompli% fur!r4 ,9 ! meantime1 !re h arriv$ = u 9 diff]5t ports ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 t5 boxes ( books f ,p>is1 sev5 f ,london1 & f ,g]many ,i "k n h[ _m2 9 all1 p]haps1 ab\t tw5ty-five boxes4 ,n "o ( ^! c be op5$ until ! book-room is completely f9i%$1 & all ! %elves ready to receive _! *>ge directly f ! boxes z !y %all be op5$4 ,?is _c be till ,may4 ,i he> no?+ def9itive ( ! ?ree ?\s& doll>s duty ( :i* we are ask+ ! remission f ,congress4 ,9 ! selection ( our ,law ,pr(essor1 we mu/ be rigor\sly att5tive to 8 political pr9ciples4 ,y w recollect t be=e ! revolution1 ,coke ,littleton 0 ! univ]sal elem5t>y book ( law /ud5ts1 & a s\nd] :ig nev] wrote1 nor ( pr(\nd] le>n+ 9 ! or?odox doctr9es ( ! ,briti% con/itution1 or 9 :at 7 call$ ,engli% lib]ties4 ,y rememb] also t our lawy]s 7 !n all :igs4 ,b :5 8 black-lett] text1 & unc\? b cunn+ le>n+ got out ( fa%ion1 & ! honi$ ,mansfieldism ( ,black/one became ! /ud5ts' hornbook1 f t mom5t1 t pr(ession 7! nurs]y ( our ,congress7 began to slide into toryism1 & ne>ly all ! "y brood ( lawy]s n[ are ( t hue4 ,!y suppose !mselves1 inde$1 to be :igs1 because !y no long] "k :at :igism or republicanism means4 ,x is 9 our sem9>y t t ve/al flame is to be kept alive2 x is !nce x is to spread anew ov] our own & ! si/] ,/ates4 ,if we are true & vigilant 9 our tru/1 )9 a doz5 or tw5ty ye>s a majority ( our own legislature w be f "o s*ool1 & _m disciples w h c>ri$ its doctr9es home ) !m to _! sev]al ,/ates1 & w h leav5$ ?us ! :ole mass4 ,new ,york has tak5 /rong gr\nd 9 v9dication ( ! con/itution2 ,s\? ,c>ol9a _h already done ! same4 ,al?\gh ,i 0 aga9/ our lead+1 ,i am equally aga9/ omitt+ to foll[ 9 ! same l9e1 & back+ !m firmly2 & ,i hope t y\rself or "s o!r w m>k out ! track to be pursu$ by u4 ,y w h se5 9 ! newspap]s "s proce$+s 9 ! legislature1 :i* h co/ me mu* mortification4 ,my own debts _h become consid]able1 b n beyond ! effect ( "s lopp+ ( prop]ty1 :i* w\ld h be5 little felt1 :5 our fri5d 99 99 99 99 99 gave me ! c\p de grace4 ,ev] s9ce t ,i h be5 pay+ twelve hundr$ doll>s a ye> int]e/ on 8 debt1 :i*1 ) my own1 0 absorb+ s mu* ( my annual income1 z t ! ma9t5ance ( my family 0 mak+ deep & rapid inroads on my capital1 & _h already done x4 ,/ill1 sales at a fair price w\ld leave me compet5tly provid$4 ,_h crops & prices = sev]al ye>s be5 su* z to ma9ta9 a /eady competition ( sub/antial bidd]s at m>ket1 all w\ld h be5 safe4 ,b ! long succession ( ye>s ( /unt$ crops1 ( r$uc$ prices1 ! g5]al pro/ration ( ! f>m+ bus9ess1 "u levies = ! support ( manufactur]s1 c41 ) ! calamit\s fluctuations ( value 9 our pap] m$ium1 h kept agriculture 9 a /ate ( abject depression1 :i* has peopl$ ! we/]n ,/ates by sil5tly break+ up ^? on ! ,atlantic1 & glutt$ ! l& m>ket1 :ile x drew (f its bidd]s4 ,9 su* a /ate ( ?+s1 prop]ty has lo/ its "* ( be+ a res\rce = debts4 ,highl& 9 ,b$=d1 :i*1 9 ! days ( our ple?ory1 sold readily = f fifty to "o hundr$ doll>s ! acre1 7& su* sales 7 _m !n17 w\ld n n[ sell = m ?an f t5 to tw5ty doll>s1 or "o-qu>t] or "o-fif? ( its =m] price4 ,reflect+ on ^! ?+s1 ! practice occurr$ to me1 ( sell+1 on fair valuation1 & by way ( lott]y1 (t5 resort$ to be=e ! ,revolution to effect l>ge sales1 & /ill 9 con/ant usage 9 e ,/ate = individual z well z corporation purposes4 ,if x is p]mitt$ 9 my case1 my l&s "h alone1 ) ! mills1 c41 w pay e ?+1 & leave me ,monticello & a f>m free4 ,if refus$1 ,i mu/ sell ev]y?+ "h1 p]haps consid]ably 9 ,b$=d1 move ?i!r ) my family1 :]e ,i h n ev5 a log hut to put my head into1 & :e!r gr\nd = burial1 w dep5d on ! depr$ations :i*1 "u ! =m ( sales1 %all h be5 committ$ on my prop]ty4 ,! "q !n ) me 0 ultrum horum8 ,b :y afflict y ) ^! details8 ,inde$1 ,i _c tell1 unless pa9s are less5$ by communication ) a fri5d4 ,! fri5d%ip :i* has subsi/$ betwe5 u1 n[ half a c5tury1 & ! h>mony ( our political pr9ciples & pursuits1 h be5 s\rces ( con/ant happ9ess to me ?r\gh t long p]iod4 ,& if ,i remove beyond ! rea* ( att5tions to ! ,univ]sity1 or beyond ! b\rne ( life itself1 z ,i soon mu/1 x is a com=t to leave t in/itution "u y\r c>e1 & an assurance t x w n be want+4 ,x has also be5 a great solace to me1 to believe t y are engag$ 9 v9dicat+ to po/]ity ! c\rse we h pursu$ = pres]v+ to !m1 9 all _! purity1 ! bless+s ( self-gov]nm5t1 :i* we _h assi/$ too 9 acquir+ = !m4 ,if ev] ! e>? has beheld a sy/em ( adm9i/ration conduct$ ) a s+le & /eadfa/ eye to ! g5]al int]e/ & happ9ess ( ^? committ$ to x1 "o :i*1 protect$ by tru?1 c nev] "k reproa*1 x is t to :i* our lives h be5 devot$4 ,to myself y h be5 a pill> ( support ?r\gh life4 ,take c>e ( me :5 dead1 & be assur$ t ,i %all leave ) y my la/ affections4 ,,to ,,john ,,adams4 ,,monticello1 ,m>* #be1 #ahbf4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,my gr&son1 ,?omas ,j4 ,r&olph1 ! be>] ( ?is lett]1 be+ on a visit to ,bo/on1 w\ld ?9k he _h se5 no?+ 7 he to leave )\t see+ y4 ,al?\gh ,i truly sympa?ize ) y 9 ! tr\ble ^! int]ruptions give1 yet ,i mu/ ask = him p]mission to pay to y 8 p]sonal respects4 ,l o!r "y p1 he wi%es to be able 9 ! w9t] nights ( old age1 to rec\nt to ^? ar\nd him1 :at he has he>d & le>nt ( ! h]oic age prec$+ 8 bir?1 & :i* ( ! ,argonauts individually he 0 9 "t to h se54 ,x 0 ! lot ( our e>ly ye>s to witness no?+ b ! dull monotony ( a colonial subs]vi5ce2 & ( our rip] ye>s1 to brea/ ! labors & p]ils ( work+ out ( x4 ,!irs are ! ,halcyon calms succe$+ ! /orm :i* our ,argosy _h s /\tly wea!r$4 ,gratify 8 ambition !n1 by receiv+ 8 be/ b[2 & my solicitude = y\r heal?1 by enabl+ him to br+ me a favorable acc\nt ( x4 ,m9e is b indiff]5t1 b n s my fri5d%ip & respect = y4 ,,to ,,john ,,qu9cy ,,adams4 ,,monticello1 ,m>* #cj1 #ahbf4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i am ?ankful = ! v int]e/+ message & docum5ts ( :i* y h be5 s k9d z to s5d me a copy1 & w /ate my recollections z to ! p>ticul> passage ( ! message to :i* y ask my att5tion4 ,on ! conclusion ( peace1 ,congress1 s5sible ( _! "r to assume indep5d5ce1 w\ld n condesc5d to ask its ackn[l$gm5t f o!r nations1 yet 7 will+1 by "s ( ! ord9>y int]national transactions1 to receive :at w\ld imply t ackn[l$gm5t4 ,!y appo9t$ commission]s1 !re=e1 to propose treaties ( comm]ce to ! pr9cipal nations ( ,europe4 ,i 0 !n a memb] ( ,congress1 0 ( ! committee appo9t$ to prep>e in/ructions = ! commission]s1 01 z y suppose1 ! draughtsman ( ^? actually agre$ to1 & 0 jo9$ ) y\r fa!r & ,dr4 ,frankl91 to c>ry !m into execution4 ,b ! /ipulations mak+ "p ( ^! in/ructions1 :i* respect$ private]+1 blockades1 contrab&1 & fre$om ( ! fi%]ies1 7 n orig9al conceptions ( m9e4 ,!y _h be=e be5 sugge/$ by ,dr4 ,frankl91 9 "s ( 8 pap]s 9 possession ( ! public1 & _h1 ,i ?9k1 be5 recomm5d$ 9 "s lett] ( 8 to ,congress4 ,i happ5 only to h be5 ! ins]t] ( !m 9 ! fir/ public act :i* gave ! =mal sanction ( a public au?ority4 ,we accord+ly propos$ our treaties1 conta9+ ^! /ipulations1 to ! pr9cipal gov]nm5ts ( ,europe4 ,b we 7 !n j em]g$ f a subord9ate condition2 ! nations _h z yet kn[n no?+ ( u1 & _h n yet reflect$ on ! relations :i* x might be _! int]e/ to e/abli% ) u4 ,mo/ ( !m1 !re=e1 li/5$ to our propositions ) coyness & res]ve2 old ,fr$]ic alone clos+ ) u )\t hesitation4 ,! negotiator ( ,portugal1 inde$1 sign$ a treaty ) u1 :i* 8 gov]nm5t did n ratify1 & ,tuscany 0 ne> a f9al agreem5t4 ,becom+ s5sible1 h[ev]1 ourselves1 t we %\ld d no?+ ) ! great] p[]s1 we ?\ght x bett] n to hamp] our c\ntry ) engagem5ts to ^? ( less significance1 & suff]$ our p[]s to expire )\t clos+ any o!r negotiations4 ,au/ria soon aft] became desir\s ( a treaty ) u1 & h] ambassador press$ x (t5 on me2 b our comm]ce ) h] be+ no object1 ,i evad$ h] repeat$ invitations4 ,_h ^! gov]nm5ts be5 !n appriz$ ( ! /ation we %\ld s soon occupy among nations1 all1 ,i believe1 w\ld h met u promptly & ) frankness4 ,^! pr9ciples w\ld !n h be5 e/abli%$ ) all1 & f be+ ! conv5tional law ) u alone1 w\ld h slid into _! engagem5ts ) "o ano!r1 & become g5]al4 ,^! are ! facts )9 my recollection4 ,!y h n yet got into writt5 hi/ory2 b _! adoption by our s\!rn bre?r5 w br+ !m into obs]vance1 & make !m1 :at !y %\ld be1 a "p ( ! law ( ! _w1 & ( ! re=mation ( pr9ciples = :i* !y w be indebt$ to u4 ,i pray y to accept ! homage ( my fri5dly & high consid]ation4 ,,to ,,! ,,honorable ,,edw>d ,,ev]ett4 ,,monticello1 ,april #h1 #ahbf4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i ?ank y = ! v able & eloqu5t spee* y h be5 s k9d z to s5d me on ! am5dm5t ( ! con/itution1 propos$ by ,mr4 ,mc,duffie4 ,i h read x ) pleasure & satisfaction1 & concur ) mu* ( its cont5ts4 ,on ! "q ( ! lawfulness ( slav]y1 t is ( ! "r ( "o man to appropriate to himself ! faculties ( ano!r )\t 8 cons5t1 ,i c]ta9ly reta9 my e>ly op9ions4 ,on t1 h[ev]1 ( ?ird p]sons to int]f]e betwe5 ! p>ties1 & ! effect ( conv5tional modifications ( t pret5sion1 we are probably ne>] toge!r4 ,i ?9k ) y1 also1 t ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is a compact ( indep5d5t nations subject to ! rules ackn[l$g$ 9 simil> cases1 z well t ( am5dm5t provid$ )9 itself1 z1 9 case ( abuse1 ! ju/ly dread$ hut unavoidable ultimo ratio g5tium4 ,! report on ! ,panama "q m5tion$ 9 y\r lett] has z ,i suppose1 got sep>at$ by ! way4 ,x w probably come by ano!r mail4 ,9 "s ( ! lett]s y h be5 k9d en\gh to write me1 ,i h be5 made to hope ! favor ( a visit f ,wa%+ton4 ,x w\ld be receiv$ ) s9c]e welcome1 & unwill+ly rel9qui%$ if no circum/ance %\ld r5d] x inconv5i5t to y\rself4 ,i repeat always ) pleasure ! assurances ( my great e/eem & respect4 ,,to ,,dr4 ,,emmett1 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,virg9ia4 ,,monticello1 ,april #bg1 #ahbf4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,x is "t to ?9k ( ! introduction ( ! s*ool ( ,botany into our in/itution4 ,n t ,i suppose ! lectures c be begun 9 ! pres5t ye>1 b t we may ?is ye> make ! prep>ations necess>y = comm5c+ !m ! next4 ,= t bran*1 ,i presume1 c be taught advantage\sly only dur+ ! %ort season :ile nature is 9 g5]al bloom1 say dur+ a c]ta9 portion ( ! mon?s ( ,april & ,may1 :51 susp5d+ ! o!r bran*es ( y\r dep>tm5t1 t ( ,botany may claim y\r exclusive att5tion4 ,( ?is1 h[ev]1 y are to be ! judge1 z well z ( :at ,i may n[ propose on ! subject ( prep>ation4 ,i w d ?is 9 writ+1 :ile sitt+ at my table1 & at ease1 because ,i c rally !re1 = y\r consid]ation1 ) m composure ?an 9 extempore conv]sation1 my ?\ghts on :at we h to d 9 ! pres5t season4 ,i suppose y 7 well acqua9t$1 by "*1 if n p]sonally1 ) ! late ,abb ,correa1 :o pa/ "s "t among u1 fir/ z a di/+ui%$ savant ( ,europe1 & aft]w>ds z ambassador ( ,portugal1 resid5t ) our gov]nm5t4 ,pr(\ndly le>n$ 9 sev]al o!r bran*es ( sci5ce1 he 0 s1 above all o!rs1 9 t ( ,botany2 9 :i* he pref]r$ an amalgamation ( ! me?ods ( ,l9nu & ( ,jussieu1 to ei!r ( !m exclusively4 ,our in/itution be+ !n on h&1 9 :i* t 0 ( c\rse to be "o ( ! subjects ( in/ruction1 ,i avail$ myself ( 8 pres5ce & fri5d%ip to obta9 f him a g5]al idea ( ! ext5t ( gr\nd we %\ld employ1 & ! numb] & "* ( ! plants we %\ld introduce into x4 ,he accord+ly sket*$ = me a m]e outl9e ( ! scale he w\ld recomm5d1 re/ra9$ altoge!r to objects ( use1 & indulg+ n at all 9 ?+s ( m]e curiosity1 & especially n yet ?9k+ ( a hot-h\se1 or ev5 ( a gre5-h\se4 ,i enclose y a copy ( 8 pap]1 :i* 0 ! m satisfactory to me1 z x co9cid$ ) ! mod]ate views to :i* our end[m5ts z yet conf9e u4 ,i am /ill ! m satisfi$1 z x seem$ to be confirm$ by y\r own way ( ?9k+1 z ,i und]/ood x 9 our conv]sation ( ! o!r day4 ,to y\r judgm5t altoge!r 8 ideas w be submitt$1 z well z my own1 n[ to be sugge/$ z to ! op]ations ( ! pres5t ye>1 prep>atory to ! comm5cem5t ( ! s*ool 9 ! next4 #a4 ,our fir/ op]ation mu/ be ! selection ( a piece ( gr\nd ( prop] soil & site1 suppose ( ab\t six acres1 z ,m4 ,correa proposes4 ,9 *oos+ ?is we are to reg>d ! circum/ances ( soil1 wat]1 & di/ance4 ,i h dilig5tly exam9$ all our gr\nds ) ?is view1 & ?9k t t on ! public road1 at ! upp] corn] ( our possessions1 :]e ! /ream issues f !m1 has m ( ! requisite qualities ?an any o!r spot we possess4#bb #agj y>ds squ>e1 tak5 at t angle1 w\ld make ! six acres we want4 ,b ! angle at ! road is acute1 & ! =m ( ! gr\nd w be trapezoid1 n squ>e4 ,i w\ld take1 !re=e1 = its bread?1 all ! gr\nd betwe5 ! road & ! dam ( ! brick ponds1 ext5d+ ea/w>dly up ! hill1 z f> & z wide z our quantity w\ld require4 ,! bottom gr\nd w\ld suit = ! g>d5 plants2 ! hill sides = ! trees4 #b4 ,op]ation4 ,enclose ! gr\nd ) a s]p5t9e brick wall sev5 feet high4 ,?is w\ld take ab\t #hj1jjj bricks1 & co/ #hjj1 & x mu/ dep5d on our f9ances :e!r !y w af=d t imm$iately1 or all[ u1 = a:ile1 b enclosure ( po/s & rails4 #c4 ,op]ation4 ,=m all ! hill sides into level t]rasses ( conv5i5t bread?1 curv+ ) ! hill1 & ! level gr\nd into b$s & alleys4 #d4 ,op]ation4 ,make out a li/ ( ! plants ?\ght necess>y & suffici5t = botanical purposes1 & ( ! trees we propose to introduce1 & take measures 9 "t = procur+ !m4 ,z to ! se$s ( plants1 mu* may be obta9$ f ! g>d5]s ( our own c\ntry4 ,i h1 moreov]1 a special res\rce4 ,= ?ree-&-tw5ty ye>s ( ! la/ tw5ty-five1 my good old fri5d ,?on91 sup]9t5d5t ( ! g>d5 ( plants at ,p>is1 has regul>ly s5t me a box ( se$s1 ( su* exotics1 z to u1 z w\ld suit our climate1 & conta9+ no?+ indig5\s to our c\ntry4 ,^! ,i regul>ly s5t to ! public & private g>d5s ( ! o!r ,/ates1 hav+ z yet no employm5t = !m "h4 ,b dur+ ! la/ two ye>s ?is envoi has be5 int]mitt$4 ,i "k n :y4 ,i w imm$iately write & reque/ a re-comm5cem5t ( t k9d (fice1 on ! gr\nd t we c n[ employ !m ourselves4 ,!y c be "h 9 e>ly spr+4 ,! trees ,i %\ld propose w\ld be exotics ( di/+ui%$ usefulness1 & accommodat$ to our climate2 su* z ! ,l>*1 ,c$> ( ,libanus1 ,cork1 ,oak1 ! ,m>onni]1 ,mahogany8 ! ,cata*u or ,indian rubb] tree ( ,napul1 7#cj7 ,teak tree1 or ,indian oak ( ,burman1 7#bc7 ! v>i\s woods ( ,brazil1 c4 ,! se$ ( ! ,l>* c be obta9$ f a tree at ,monticello4 ,cones ( ! ,c$> ( ,libanus are 9 mo/ ( our se$ %ops1 b may be _h fre% f ! trees 9 ! ,engli% g>d5s4 ,! ,m>onni] & ,cork-oak1 ,i c obta9 f ,france4 ,!re is a ,m>onni] at ,m\nt ,v]non1 b x is a se$l+1 & n !re=e select4 ,! o!rs maybe got ?r\gh ! means ( our m9i/]s & consuls 9 ! c\ntries :]e !y gr[1 or f ! se$ %ops ( ,engl&1 :]e !y may v possibly be f\nd4 ,la/ly1 a g>d5] ( suffici5t skill mu/ be obta9$4 ,?is1 de> ,sir1 is ! sum ( :at occurs to me at pres5t2 ?9k ( x1 & let u at once ent] on ! op]ations4 ,accept my fri5dly & respectful salutations4 ,,footnote3 #bb ,to wit1 #ai1cfj squ>e y>ds #d acres = ! g>d5 ( plants4 #i1fhj #b acres = ! plants ( trees4 ------ #bi1jdj squ>e y>ds #f acres 9 ! :ole4 ,,to ,,doctor ,,john ,p4 ,,emmet4 ,,monticello1 ,may #b1 #ahbf4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,! difficulties sugge/$ 9 y\r favor ( ! #bh? ult41 are ^? :i* mu/ occur at ! comm5cem5t ( e und]tak+4 ,a full view ( ! subject h[ev] w1 ,i ?9k1 solve !m4 ,9 e m$itat$ ent]prise1 ! means we c employ are to be e/imat$1 & to ^! mu/ be proportion$ our expectations ( effect4 ,if1 = example1 to ! cultivation ( a giv5 field we c devote b "o hundr$ doll>s1 we are n to expect ! product :i* #a1jjj w\ld extract f x4 ,apply+ ?is pr9ciple to ! pres5t subject ( education1 f a rev5ue ( #ae1jjj1 & ) eight ,pr(essors1 we _c expect to obta9 t grade ( in/ruction to our y\?1 :i* #ae1jjj gu9eas & ?irty or =ty in/ructors w\ld give4 ,review+1 !n1 ! bran*es ( sci5ce 9 :i* we wi% our y\? to obta9 "s in/ruction1 we mu/ di/ribute !m into s _m gr\ps z we c employ ,pr(essors1 & z equally too z practicable4 ,we mu/ take into acc\nt also ! "t :i* our y\?s c g5]ally af=d to ! :ole circle ( education1 & proportion ! ext5t ( in/ruction 9 ea* bran* to ! quota ( t "t1 & ( ! ,pr(essor's att5tion :i* may fall to its %>e4 ,9 ! smalle/ ( our academies1 two ,pr(essors alone c be af=d$1--"o ( languages1 ano!r ( sci5ces1 or ( ,philosophy1 z he is g5]ally /yl$4 ,! degree ( in/ruction :i* c be giv5 9 ea* bran*1 at ^! s*ools1 mu/ be v mod]ate4 ,yet !re are y\?s ^: means c af=d no m1 & :o nev]!less are glad ev5 ( t4 ,! mo/ highly end[$ ( our ,sem9>ies has a rev5ue ( p]haps #be1jjj or #cj1jjj4 ,!y consequ5tly may subdivide ! sci5ces into twelve or fifte5 s*ools1 & give a proportionably m m9ute degree ( in/ruction 9 ea*4 ,x has enabl$ !m1 = example1 to h five or six ,pr(essors ( ,!ology4 ,9 ,europe1 "s ( _! lit]>y in/itutions c af=d to employ tw5ty1 ?irty1 or =ty ,pr(essors4 ,our legislature1 contemplat+ _! means1 took _! /& at a rev5ue ( #ae1jjj1 meant = an e/abli%m5t ( t5 ,pr(essors1 b equal 9 fact to eight only4 ,accommodat+ ourselves1 !re=e1 to _! views1 we _h to di/ribute into eight gr\ps ^? sci5ces 9 :i* we wi%$ our y\? %\ld receive in/ruction1 & to cont5t ourselves ) ! portion :i* t numb] c\ld give4 ,on ! ,pr(essors x w\ld ( c\rse devolve to =m _! lectures on su* a scale ( ext5sion only1 z to give to ea* ( ! sci5ces allott$ !m its due %>e ( _! "t4 ,b ano!r mat]ial "q is1 :at is ! :ole t]m ( "t :i* ! /ud5ts c give to ! :ole c\rse ( in/ruction8 ,i %\ld say t ?ree ye>s %\ld be all[$ to g5]al education1 & two1 or r ?ree1 to ! p>ticul> pr(ession = :i* !y are de/9$4 ,we receive our /ud5ts at ! age ( sixte51 expect$ to be previ\sly s f> qualifi$ 9 ! languages1 anci5t & mod]n1 z t "o ye> 9 our s*ools %all suffice = _! la/ poli%4 ,a /ud5t !n ) u may give 8 fir/ ye> "h to languages & ,ma!matics2 8 second to ,ma!matics & ,physics2 8 ?ird to ,physics & ,*emi/ry1 ) ! o!r objects ( t s*ool4 ,i p>ticul>ize ?is di/ribution m]ely = illu/ration1 & n z t :i* ei!r is1 or p]haps ought to be e/abli%$4 ,?is w\ld ascribe "o ye> to ,languages1 two to ,ma!matics1 two to ,physics1 & "o to ,*emi/ry & its associates4 ,let u see next h[ ! items ( y\r s*ool may be accommodat$ to ?is scale2 b by way ( illu/ration only1 z be=e4 ,! allotm5ts to y\r s*ool are ,botany1 ,zoology1 ,m9]alogy1 ,*emi/ry1 ,geology & ,rural ,economy4 ,?is la/1 h[ev]1 ne$ n be consid]$ z a di/9ct bran*1 b z "o :i* may be suffici5tly treat$ by seasonable alliances ) ! k9dr$ subjects ( ,*emi/ry1 ,botany & ,zoology4 ,suppose !n y give twelve doz5 lectures a ye>2 say two doz5 to ,botany & ,zoology1 two doz5 to ,m9]alogy & ,geology1 & eight doz5 to ,*emi/ry4 ,or ,i %\ld ?9k t ,m9]alogy1 ,geology & ,*emi/ry might be advantage\sly bl5d$ 9 ! same c\rse4 ,!n y\r ye> w\ld be =m$ into two gr& divisions2 "o-?ird to ,botany & ,zoology1 & two-?irds to ,*emi/ry & its associates1 ,m9]alogy & ,geology4 ,to ! la/1 inde$1 ,i w\ld give ! lea/ possible "t4 ,to le>n1 z f> z obs]vation has in=m$ u1 ! ord9>y arrangem5t ( ! diff]5t /rata ( m9]als 9 ! e>?1 to "k f _! habitual collocations & proximities1 :]e we f9d "o m9]al1 :e!r ano!r1 = :i* we are seek+1 may be expect$ to be 9 its neighborhood1 is useful4 ,b ! dreams ab\t ! modes ( creation1 inquiries :e!r our globe has be5 =m$ by ! ag5cy ( fire or wat]1 h[ _m millions ( ye>s x has co/ ,vulcan or ,neptune to produce :at ! fiat ( ! ,creator w\ld effect by a s+le act ( w1 is too idle to be wor? a s+le h\r ( any man's life4 ,y w say t two-?irds ( a ye>1 or any bett] e/imat$ p>tition ( x1 c give b an inadequate k ( ! :ole sci5ce ( ,*emi/ry4 ,b consid] t we d n expect our s*ools to turn out _! alumni already en?ron$ on ! p9nacles ( _! respective sci5ces2 b only s f> advanc$ 9 ea* z to be able to pursue !m by !mselves1 & to become ,newtons & ,la ,places by en]gies & p]sev]ances to be cont9u$ ?r\gh life4 ,i h said t our orig9al plan compreh5d$ t5 ,pr(essors1 & we hope to be able ere long to supply ! o!r two4 ,"o %\ld relieve ! ,m$ical ,pr(essor f ,anatomy & ,surg]y1 & a s*ool = ! o!r w\ld be made up ( ! sur*>ges ( y\rs1 & t ( ,physics4 ,f ^! views ( ! subject1 de> ,sir1 y\r only difficulty appe>s to be s to proportion ! "t y c give to ! diff]5t bran*es committ$ to y1 z to br+1 )9 ! compass ( a ye>1 = example1 t degree ( in/ruction 9 ea* :i* ! ye> w af=d4 ,?is may require "s exp]i5ce1 & cont9u$ ef=ts at cond5sation4 ,b1 once effect$1 x w place y\r m9d at ease1 & give to our c\ntry a result proportion$ to ! means x furni%es1 & :i* ought to satisfy1 & w satisfy1 all reasonable m54 ,i am c]ta9 x w ^? to :om ! *>ge & direction ( ?is in/itution h be5 p>ticul>ly confid$1 & to none assur$ly m ?an to him f :om y\r d\bts h drawn ?is unau?oritative exposition ( ! public expectations4 ,&1 ) ?is assurance1 be pleas$ to accept t ( my s9c]ely fri5dly e/eem & respect4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,aft] seal+ ! enclos$ lett]1 x occurr$ to me t be+ on a g5]al subject1 & "o equally applicable to ! cases ( y\r colleagues1 ! o!r ,pr(essors1 ,i %\ld wi% x to be read by !m also4 ,x may produce an union ( views1 & h>mony ( action1 :i* may be useful to ! ,in/itution4 ,y\rs affectionately4 ,,to ----4 ,,monticello1 ,may #ae1 #ahbf4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,! s5tim5ts ( ju/ice :i* h dictat$ y\r lett]s ( ! #c;d & #i? in/41 are wor?y ( all praise1 & m]it & meet my ?ankful ackn[l$gm5ts4 ,7 y\r fa!r n[ liv+ & propos+1 z y are1 to publi% a second edition ( 8 memoirs1 ,i am satisfi$ he w\ld give a v diff]5t aspect to ! pages ( t "w :i* respect ,arnold's invasion & surprise ( ,ri*mond1 9 ! w9t] ( #aghj-ha4 ,he 0 !n1 ,i believe1 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 too di/ant f ! sc5e ( ^? transactions to relate !m on 8 own k1 or ev5 to sift !m f ! *aff ( ! rumors !n afloat1 rumors :i* vani%$ soon be=e ! real tru?1 z vapors be=e ! sun1 oblit]at$ by _! notoriety1 f e c&id m9d1 & by ! voice ( ! _m :o1 z actors or spectators knew :at _h truly pa/4 ,! facts %all speak = !mselves4 ,g5]al ,wa%+ton _h j giv5 notice to all ! ,gov]nors on ! sea-bo>d1 nor? & s\?1 t an emb>cation 0 tak+ place at ,new ,york1 de/9$ = ! s\?w>d1 z 0 giv5 out !re2 & on ,sunday ! #ca/ ( ,decemb]1 #aghj1 we receiv$ in=mation t a fleet _h ent]$ our capes4 ,x happ5$ =tunately t our legislature 0 at t mom5t 9 session1 & )9 two days ( _! ris+1 s t1 dur+ ^! two days1 we _h ! b5efit ( _! pres5ce1 & ( ! c\nsel & in=mation ( ! memb]s individually4 ,on ,monday ! #a/ ( ,janu>y1 we 7 9 susp5se z to ! de/9ation ( ?is fleet1 :e!r up ! bay1 or up our riv]4 ,on ,tuesday at #aj o'clock1 h[ev]1 we receiv$ in=mation t !y _h ent]$ ,james riv]2 &1 on g5]al advice1 we in/antly prep>$ ord]s = call+ 9 ! militia1 "o-half f ! ne>] c\nties1 & a f\r? f ! m remote1 :i* w\ld con/itute a =ce ( betwe5 f\r & five ?\s& m51 ( :i* ord]s ! memb]s ( ! legislature1 :i* adj\rn$ t day1 took *>ge1 ea* to 8 respective c\nty2 & we began ! removal ( ev]y?+ f ,ri*mond4 ,! w9d be+ fair & /rong1 ! enemy asc5d$ ! riv] z rapidly almo/ z ! expresses c\ld ride1 :o 7 dispat*$ to u f "t to "t1 to notify _! progress4 ,at #e ,p4 ,m4 on ,?ursday1 we le>nt t !y _h !n be5 ?ree h\rs l&$ at ,we/ov]4 ,! :ole militia ( ! adjac5t c\nties 7 n[ call$ =1 & to come on individually1 )\t wait+ any regul> array4 ,at #a ,p4 ,m4 ! next day1 7,friday17 !y ent]$ ,ri*mond1 & on ,saturday1 aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs possession1 burn+ "s h\ses1 de/roy+ prop]ty1 c41 !y retreat$1 encamp$ t ev5+ t5 miles bel[1 & rea*$ _! %ipp+ at ,we/ov] ! next day1 7,sunday47 ,by ?is "t _h assembl$ ?ree hundr$ militia "u ,colonel ,ni*olas1 six miles above ,we/ov]1 & two hundr$ "u ,g5]al ,nelson1 at ,*>les city ,c\rt ,h\se1 eight miles bel[4 ,two or ?ree hundr$ at ,pet]sburg _h put !mselves "u ,g5]al ,smallwood1 ( ,m>yl&1 accid5tally !re on 8 passage ?r\gh ! ,/ate2 & ,b>on ,/eub5 ) eight hundr$1 & ,colonel ,gibson ) "o ?\s&1 7 also on ! s\? side ( ,james riv]1 aim+ to rea* ,hood's be=e ! enemy %\ld h pass$ x1 :]e !y hop$ !y c\ld arre/ !m4 ,b ! w9d1 hav+ %ift$1 c>ri$ !m d[n z prosp]\sly z x _h br\ght !m up ! riv]4 ,)9 ! fir/ five days1 !re=e1 ab\t tw5ty-five hundr$ m5 _h collect$ at ?ree or f\r diff]5t po9ts1 ready = junction4 ,i 0 abs5t myself f ,ri*mond 7b always )9 obs]v+ di/ance ( ! enemy7 ?ree days only1 dur+ :i* ,i 0 nev] (f my horse b to take food or re/1 & 0 ev]y:]e :]e my pres5ce c\ld be ( any s]vice2 & ,i may ) confid5ce *all5ge any "o to put 8 f+] on ! po9t ( "t :5 ,i 0 9 a /ate ( remissness f any duty ( my /ation4 ,b ,i 0 n ) ! army6 true2 = fir/1 :]e 0 x8 second1 ,i 0 engag$ 9 ! m important function ( tak+ measures to collect an army2 &1 )\t milit>y education myself1 in/ead ( jeop>diz+ ! public safety by pret5d+ to take its comm&1 ( :i* ,i knew no?+1 ,i _h committ$ x to p]sons ( ! art1 m5 :o knew h[ to make ! be/ use ( x1 to ,/eub5 = in/ance1 to ,nelson & o!rs1 possess+ t milit>y skill & exp]i5ce1 ( :i* ,i _h none4 ,let our condition1 too1 at t "t be duly consid]$4 ,)\t arms1 )\t money ( effect1 )\t a regul> soldi] 9 ! ,/ate1 or a regul> (fic]1 except ,/eub51 a militia scatt]$ ov] ! c\ntry1 & call$ at a mom5t's w>n+ to leave _! families & firesides1 9 ! dead ( w9t]1 to meet an enemy ready m>%all$1 & prep>$ at all po9ts to receive !m4 ,yet _h "t be5 giv5 !m by ! ha/y retreat ( t enemy1 ,i h no d\bt b ! ru% to arms1 & to ! protection ( _! c\ntry1 w\ld h be5 z rapid & univ]sal z 9 ! invasion dur+ our late w>1 :51 at ! fir/ mom5t ( notice1 our citiz5s rose 9 mass1 f e "p ( ! ,/ate1 & )\t wait+ to be m>%all$ by _! (fic]s1 arm$ !mselves1 & m>*$ (f by ones & by twos1 z quickly z !y c\ld equip !mselves4 ,( ! individuals ( ! same h\se "o w\ld />t 9 ! morn+1 a second at noon1 a ?ird 9 ! ev5+1 no "o wait+ an h\r = ! company ( ano!r4 ,?is ,i saw myself on ! late occasion1 & %\ld h se5 on ! =m] _h w9d1 & tide1 & a ,h[e1 in/ead ( an ,arnold1 slack5$ _! pace ev] s little4 ,& is ! surprise ( an op5 & un>m$ place1 al?\gh call$ a city1 & ev5 a capital1 s unprec$5t$ z to be a matt] ( indelible reproa*8 ,:i* ( our own capitals dur+ ! same w>1 0 n 9 possession ( ! same enemy1 n m]ely by surprise & = a day only1 b p]man5tly8 ,t ( ,georgia8 ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a8 ,nor? ,c>ol9a8 ,p5nsylvania8 ,new ,york8 ,connecticut8 ,rhode ,isl&8 ,massa*usetts8 ,& if o!rs 7 n1 x 0 because ! enemy saw no object 9 tak+ possession ( !m4 ,add to ! li/ 9 ! late w>1 ,wa%+ton1 ! metropolis ( ! ,union1 cov]$ by a =t1 ) troops & a d5se population4 ,& :at capital on ! cont95t ( ,europe1 7,/4 ,pet]sburg & its regions ( ice except$17 did n ,bonap>te take & hold at 8 pleasure8 ,is x !n j t ,ri*mond & its au?orities alone %\ld be plac$ "u ! reproa* ( hi/ory1 because1 9 a mom5t ( peculi> d5udation ( res\rces1 by ! c\p de ma9 ( an enemy1 l$ on by ! h& ( =tune direct+ ! w9ds & wea!r to _! wi%es1 x 0 surpris$ & held = tw5ty-f\r h\rs8 ,or /range t t enemy ) su* advantages1 %\ld be enabl$ !n to get (f1 )\t risk+ ! honors he _h a*iev$ by burn+s & de/ructions ( prop]ty peculi> to 8 pr9ciples ( w>f>e8 ,we1 at lea/1 may leave ^! glories to _! own trumpet4 ,dur+ ?is crisis ( trial ,i 0 left alone1 unassi/$ by ! co-op]ation ( a s+le public function>y4 ,=1 ) ! legislature1 e memb] ( ! c\ncil _h dep>t$ to take c>e ( 8 own family4 ,unaid$ ev5 9 my bodily labors1 b by my horse1 & he1 exhau/$ at l5g? by fatigue1 sunk "u me 9 ! public road1 :]e ,i _h to leave him1 & ) my saddle & bridle on my %\ld]s1 to walk afoot to ! ne>e/ f>m1 :]e ,i borr[$ an unbrok5 colt1 & proce$$ to ,man*e/]1 opposite to ,ri*mond1 :i* ! enemy _h evacuat$ a few h\rs be=e4 ,)\t fur!r pursu+ ^! m9ute details1 ,i w "h ask ! favor ( y to turn to ,gir>d9's ,hi/ory ( ,virg9ia1 :]e su* ( !m z are wor?y ! notice ( hi/ory1 are relat$ 9 t scale ( ext5sion :i* its objects admit4 ,t "w 0 writt5 at ,milton1 )9 two or ?ree miles ( ,monticello2 & at ! reque/ ( ! au?or1 ,i communicat$ to him e pap] ,i possess$ on ! subject1 ( :i* he made ! use he ?\ght prop] = 8 "w4 ,see 8 pages #dec1 #dfj1 & ! app5dix xi4-xv4 ,i c assure y ( ! tru? ( e fact he has drawn f ^! pap]s1 & ( ! g5u95ess ( su* z he has tak5 ! tr\ble ( copy+4 ,x happ5$ t dur+ ^? eight days ( incessant labor1 = ! b5efit ( my own memory1 ,i c>efully not$ e circum/ance wor? x4 ,^! memor&ums 7 (t5 writt5 on horseback1 & on scraps ( pap] tak5 out ( my pocket at ! mom5t1 =tunately pres]v$ to ?is day1 & n[ ly+ be=e me4 ,i wi% y c\ld see !m4 ,b my pap]s ( t p]iod are /it*$ toge!r 9 l>ge masses1 & s tatt]$ & t5d] z n to admit removal fur!r ?an f _! %elves to a read+ table4 ,!y be> an int]nal evid5ce ( fidelity :i* mu/ c>ry conviction to e "o :o sees !m4 ,we h no?+ 9 our neighborhood :i* c\ld comp5sate ! tr\ble ( a visit to x1 unless p]haps our ,univ]sity1 :i* ,i believe y h n se51 & ,i c assure y is wor? see+4 ,%\ld y ?9k s1 ,i w\ld ask z mu* ( y\r "t at ,monticello z w\ld enable y to exam9e ^! pap]s at y\r ease4 ,_m o!rs too are int]sp]s$ among !m1 :i* h relation to y\r object1 _m lett]s f ,g5]als ,gates1 ,gre5e1 ,/eph5s & o!rs engag$ 9 ! ,s\!rn w>1 & 9 ! ,nor? also4 ,all %\ld be laid op5 to y )\t res]ve1 = !re is n a tru? exi/+ :i* ,i fe>1 or w\ld wi% unkn[n to ! :ole _w4 ,dur+ ! invasions ( ,arnold1 ,phillips & ,cornwallis1 until my "t ( (fice _h expir$1 ,i made x a po9t1 once a week1 by lett]s to ! ,presid5t ( ,congress1 & to ,g5]al ,wa%+ton1 to give !m an exact n>rative ( ! transactions ( ! week4 ,^! lett]s %\ld /ill be 9 ! (fice ( /ate 9 ,wa%+ton1 & 9 ! presses at ,m\nt ,v]non4 ,or1 if ! =m] 7 de/roy$ by ! conflagrations ( ! ,briti%1 ! latt] are surely safe1 & may be appeal$ to 9 corroboration ( :at ,i h n[ writt54 ,!re is ano!r transaction1 v errone\sly /at$ 9 ! same "w1 :i* al?\gh n conc]n+ myself1 is )9 my own k1 & ,i ?9k x a duty to communicate x to y4 ,i am sorry t n be+ 9 possession ( a copy ( ! memoirs1 ,i am n able to quote ! page1 & /ill less ! facts !mselves1 v]batim f ! text4 ,b ( ! sub/ance1 z recollect$1 ,i am c]ta94 ,x is said !re t1 ab\t ! "t ( ,t>leton's exp$ition up ! nor? bran* ( ,james riv] to ,*>lottesville & ,monticello1 ,simcoe 0 deta*$ up ! s\!rn bran*1 & p5etrat$ z f> z ,new ,london1 9 ,b$=d1 :]e he de/roy$ a dept ( arms1 c41 c4 ,i 0 ) my family1 at ! "t1 at a possession ,i h )9 ?ree miles ( ,new ,london1 & ,i c assure y ( my own k t he did n advance to )9 fifty miles ( ,new ,london4 ,hav+ rea*$ ! l[] end ( ,buck+ham1 z ,i h und]/ood1 he he>d ( a deposit ( arms1 & a p>ty ( new recruits "u ,b>on ,/eub51 some:]e 9 ,pr9ce ,edw>d2 he left ! ,buck+ham road imm$iately1 at or ne> ,francisco's1 pu%$ directly s\? at ?is new object1 0 disappo9t$1 & return$ to & d[n ,james riv] to head qu>t]s4 ,i _h !n return$ to ,monticello myself1 & f !nce saw ! smokes ( 8 conflagration ( h\ses & prop]ty on t riv]1 z !y successively arose 9 ! horizon at a di/ance ( tw5ty-five or ?irty miles4 ,i mu/ repeat t 8 excursion f ,francisco's is n f my own k1 b z ,i h he>d x f ! inhabitants on ! ,buck+ham road1 :i* = _m ye>s ,i travell$ six or eight times a ye>4 ,! p>ticul>s ( t1 !re=e1 may ne$ inquiry & correction4 ,^! are all ! recollections )9 ! scope ( y\r reque/1 :i* ,i c /ate ) precision & c]ta9ty2 & ( ^! y are free to make :at use y ?9k prop] 9 ! new edition ( y\r fa!r's "w2 & ) :i* ,i pray y to accept ! assurances ( my great e/eem & respect4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,weightman4 ,,monticello1 ,june #bd1 #ahbf4 ,,respect$ ,,sir1--,! k9d invitation ,i receive f y1 on ! "p ( ! citiz5s ( ! city ( ,wa%+ton1 to be pres5t ) !m at _! celebration on ! fiftie? anniv]s>y ( ,am]ican ,indep5d5ce1 z "o ( ! surviv+ sign]s ( an in/rum5t pregnant ) our own1 & ! fate ( ! _w1 is mo/ flatt]+ to myself1 & height5$ by ! honorable accompanim5t propos$ = ! com=t ( su* a j\rney4 ,x adds s5sibly to ! suff]+s ( sickness1 to be depriv$ by x ( a p]sonal p>ticipation 9 ! rejoic+s ( t day4 ,b acquiesc5ce is a duty1 "u circum/ances n plac$ among ^? we are p]mitt$ to control4 ,i %\ld1 inde$1 ) peculi> delight1 h met & ex*ang$ !re congratulations p]sonally ) ! small b&1 ! remnant ( t ho/ ( wor?ies1 :o jo9$ ) u on t day1 9 ! bold & d\btful election we 7 to make = our c\ntry1 betwe5 submission or ! sword2 & to h enjoy$ ) !m ! consolatory fact1 t our fell[ citiz5s1 aft] half a c5tury ( exp]i5ce & prosp]ity1 cont9ue to approve ! *oice we made4 ,may x be to ! _w1 :at ,i believe x w be1 7to "s p>ts soon]1 to o!rs lat]1 b f9ally to all17 ! signal ( ar\s+ m5 to bur/ ! *a9s "u :i* monki% ignorance & sup]/ition _h p]suad$ !m to b9d !mselves1 & to assume ! bless+s & security ( self-gov]nm5t4 ,t =m :i* we h sub/itut$1 re/ores ! free "r to ! unb\nd$ ex]cise ( reason & fre$om ( op9ion4 ,all eyes are op5$1 or op5+1 to ! rights ( man4 ,! g5]al spread ( ! light ( sci5ce has already laid op5 to e view ! palpable tru?1 t ! mass ( mank9d has n be5 born ) saddles on _! backs1 nor a favor$ few boot$ & spurr$1 ready to ride !m legitimately1 by ! grace ( ,god4 ,^! are gr\nds ( hope = o!rs4 ,= ourselves1 let ! annual return ( ?is day =ev] refre% our recollections ( ^! rights1 & an undim9i%$ devotion to !m4 ,i w ask p]mission "h to express ! pleasure ) :i* ,i %\ld h met my anci5t neighbors ( ! city ( ,wa%+ton & its vic9ities1 ) :om ,i pass$ s _m ye>s ( a pleas+ social int]c\rse2 an int]c\rse :i* s mu* reliev$ ! anxieties ( ! public c>es1 & left impressions s deeply engrav$ 9 my affections1 z nev] to be =gott54 ,) my regret t ill heal? =bids me ! gratification ( an acceptance1 be pleas$ to receive = y\rself1 & ^? = :om y write1 ! assurance ( my highe/ respect & fri5dly atta*m5ts4 ,,book ,,iii4 ,,(ficial ,,pap]s ,,"p ,i4--,,reports ,,& ,,op9ions ,,:ile ,,secret>y ,,( ,,/ate4 ,,ii4--,,inaugural ,,addresses ,,& ,,messages4 ,,iii4--,,replies ,,to ,,public ,,addresses4 ,,iv4--,,indian ,,addresses4 ,,introductory ,,to ,,book ,,iii4 ,?is division ( ! "w embraces all ! important (ficial pap]s ( ,?omas ,jeff]son1 f ! "t at :i* he ent]$ ^u ! duties ( ! ,secret>y%ip ( ,/ate to ! end ( 8 ,presid5tial t]m1 ) ! exception ( 8 (ficial lett]s1 a "p ( :i* w be f\nd pr9t$ 9 ,book ,,ii41 devot$ to 8 g5]al correspond5ce1 bo? (ficial & private4 ,x be+ ! wi% ( ! ,libr>y committee1 "u ^: sup]vision ?is "w has be5 prep>$1 t x %\ld be compress$ )9 z few volumes z 0 consi/5t ) ju/ice to ! reputation ( ! au?or1 & ! great body ( ,mr4 ,jeff]son's (ficial lett]s hav+ be5 already publi%$ among ! ,am]ican ,/ate ,pap]s & ,sp>ks' ,diplomatic ,correspond5ce1 ! mo/ int]e/+ & valuable only h be5 select$ = re-publication 9 ?is "w1 z specim5s ( ! au?or's mann] 9 ! prep>ation ( su* pap]s4 ,all omitt$ "h w be f\nd 9 ! publications j ref]r$ to4 ,! (ficial pap]s embrac$ 9 ?is division ( ! "w1 h be5 classifi$1 = ! purposes ( easy ref]5ce1 "u ! foll[+ heads3 ,,"p ,i4--,reports & ,op9ions :ile ,secret>y ( ,/ate4--,"u ?is head are includ$ ,jeff]son's ,reports to ,congress1 :i* h be5 publi%$ be=e2 also1 8 ,reports to ! ,presid5t1 & 8 ,cab9et ,op9ions1 bo? ( :i* 7 private1 & are n[ = ! fir/ "t giv5 to ! public4 ,x seems to h be5 ! practice ( ,wa%+ton1 to take ! writt5 op9ions ( 8 ,secret>ies ^u important po9ts aris+ dur+ 8 adm9i/ration1 & ! op9ions ( ,jeff]son1 "h publi%$1 7 giv5 9 reply to que/ions prop\nd$ & po9ts submitt$ to him by ! ,presid5t1 9 con=mity ) ?is practice4 ,!y relate to a great v>iety ( matt]s connect$ ) ! e>ly hi/ory ( our gov]nm5t1 & ! pr9ciples ( int]pretation to be appli$ to ! ,f$]al ,con/itution1 & w be f\nd int]e/+ & valuable4 ,,"p ,,ii4--,inaugural ,address & ,messages4--,dur+ ! adm9i/ration ( ,wa%+ton & ,adams1 x 0 ! cu/om ( ! ,presid5t1 at ! op5+ ( ea* session ( ,congress1 to meet bo? ,h\ses 9 p]son1 & deliv] a writt5 spee*1 to :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( a few days1 ea* ,h\se w\ld return an answ] ?r\gh a committee appo9t$ to wait ^u him1 he1 at ! same "t1 return+ a brief reply4 ,mr4 ,jeff]son1 at ! beg9n+ ( 8 ,presid5tial t]m1 *ang$ ?is sy/em4 ,in/ead ( meet+ ! ,h\ses ( ,congress 9 p]son1 & address+ to !m a spee*1 he s5t !m a writt5 message1 ?us sub/itut+ messages = spee*es4 ,8 reasons = ?is *ange 7 ! great] conv5i5ce ( messages ov] spee*es1 ! economy ( "t1 & ! relief ( ,congress f ! necessity ( answ]+ on subjects 9 reg>d to :i* !y 7 (t5 v imp]fectly in=m$4 ,! g5]al op9ion ( ! c\ntry at ! "t seems to h approv$ ! *ange2 & ! mode ( communicat+ ) ,congress by messages 9 pref]5ce to spee*es1 has be5 inv>iably adopt$ by ! ,presid5ts ev] s9ce4 ,?is division ( ! "w conta9s ,jeff]son's ,inaugural ,address & regul> & special messages4 ,,"p ,,iii4--,replies to ,public ,addresses4--,! public addresses receiv$ by ,mr4 ,jeff]son1 & answ]$ by him1 7 v num]\s4 ,?is 0 p>ticul>ly ! case at ! "t ( ! ,emb>go1 ! attack on ! ,*esapeake1 & ! t]m9ation ( 8 ,presid5tial s]vice4 ,! plan ( ?is "w does n admit ! publication ( ! :ole ( ^! ,addresses & ,replies2 nor1 inde$1 is !re any necessity = x4 ,x is only necess>y t a few ( ! ,replies %\ld be publi%$1 z specim5s ( ! re/4 ,?is has be5 done1 select+ su* z h ! highe/ claim1 & omitt+ none :i* possess any hi/orical value4 ,,"p ,,iv4--,indian ,addresses4--,!re is a numb] ( ^! ,addresses4 ,!y possess a c]ta9 int]e/ z exhibit+ ! humane policy ( our gov]nm5t t[>ds ! ,indians1 our ef=ts to civilize !m1 to make !m agriculturi/s1 to keep !m at peace ) ourselves & ) ea* o!r1 & ! mann] 9 :i* _! l&s 7 acquir$ f !m1 always by pur*ase1 ) _! own free cons5t4 ,"s ( ! mo/ important h1 !re=e1 be5 incorporat$ 9 ! "w4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,reports ,,& ,,op9ions ,,:ile ,,secret>y ,,( ,,/ate4 ,i4--,report on ! me?ods = obta9+ ,fre% ,wat] f ,salt4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 to :om 0 ref]r$ by ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! petition ( ,jacob ,isaacs ( ,newport 9 ,rhode ,isl&1 has exam9$ into ! tru? & importance ( ! allegations !re9 set =?1 & makes !reon ! foll[+ report3 ,! petition] sets =?1 t by v>i\s exp]im5ts1 ) consid]able labor & exp5se1 he has discov]$ a me?od ( conv]t+ salt-wat] into fre%1 9 ! proportion ( #h p>ts out ( #aj1 by a process s simple t x may be p]=m$ on bo>d ( vessels at sea by ! common iron caboose1 ) small alt]ations1 by ! same fire1 & 9 ! same "t1 :i* is us$ = cook+ ! %ip's provisions1 & (f]s to convey to ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates a fai?ful acc\nt ( 8 art or secret1 to be us$ by1 or )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 on _! giv+ to him a rew>d suitable to ! importance ( ! discov]y1 & 9 ! op9ion ( gov]nm5t1 adequate to 8 exp5ses & ! "t he has devot$ to ! br++ x into effect4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! m]it ( ! petition]'s discov]y1 x becomes necess>y to exam9e ! advances already made 9 ! art ( conv]t+ salt-wat] into fre%4 ,"l ,bacon1 to :om ! _w is indebt$ = ! fir/ g]ms ( s _m bran*es ( sci5ce1 _h obs]v$1 t ) a heat suffici5t = di/illation1 salt w n rise 9 vapor1 & t salt-wat] di/ill$ is fre%2 & x w\ld seem1 t all mank9d might h obs]v$ t ! e>? is suppli$ ) fre% wat] *iefly by exhalation f ! sea1 :i* is1 9 fact1 an ins5sible di/illation effect$ by ! heat ( ! sun2 yet ?is1 al?\gh ! mo/ obvi\s1 0 n ! fir/ idea 9 ! essays = conv]t+ salt-wat] into fre%2 filtration 0 tri$ 9 va91 & congelation c\ld be resort$ to only 9 ! colde/ regions & seasons4 ,9 all ! e>li] trials by di/illation1 "s mixture 0 ?\ght necess>y to aid ! op]ation by a p>tial precipitation ( ! salt1 & o!r =eign matt]s conta9$ 9 sea-wat]4 ,( ?is k9d1 7 ! me?ods ( ,sir ,ri*>d ,hawk9s 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ( ,glaub]1 ,hauton1 & ,li/]1 9 ! sev5te5?1 & ( ,hales1 ,appleby1 ,butl]1 ,*apman1 ,h(fman1 & ,dore1 9 ! eighte5?2 nor 0 !re any?+ 9 ^! me?ods wor?y not+ on ! pres5t occasion1 except ! v simple /ill contriv$ extempore by ,capta9 ,*apman1 & made f su* mat]ials z are to be f\nd on bo>d e %ip1 great or small2 ?is 0 a common pot1 ) a wood$ lid ( ! usual =m2 9 ! c5tre ( :i* a hole 0 bor$ to receive p]p5dicul>ly1 a %ort wood5 tube made ) an in*-&-a-half aug]1 :i* p]p5dicul> tube receiv$ at its top1 & at an acute angle1 ano!r tube ( wood also1 :i* desc5d$ until x jo9$ a ?ird ( pewt] made by roll+ up a di% & pass+ x obliquely ?r\gh a cask ( cold wat]2 ) ?is simple ma*9e he obta9$ two qu>ts ( fre% wat] an h\r1 & obs]v$ t ! exp5se ( fuel w\ld be v trifl+1 if ! /ill 0 contriv$ to /& on ! fire along ) ! %ip's boil]4 ,9 #agfb1 ,doctor ,l9d1 propos+ to make exp]im5t ( sev]al diff]5t mixtures1 fir/ di/ill$ ra9-wat]1 :i* he suppos$ w\ld be ! pure/1 & !n sea-wat]1 )\t any mixture1 :i* he expect$ w\ld be ! lea/ pure1 9 ord] to arrange betwe5 ^! two suppos$ extremes1 ! degree ( m]it ( ! sev]al +r$i5ts he meant to try2 to 8 great surprise1 z he confesses1 ! sea-wat] di/ill$ )\t any mixture1 0 z pure z ! ra9-wat]2 he pursu$ ! discov]y & e/abli%$ ! fact1 t a pure & potable fre% wat] may be obta9$ f salt-wat] by simple di/illation1 )\t ! aid ( any mixture = f9+ or precipitat+ its =eign cont5ts4 ,9 #agfg1 he propos$ an extempore /ill1 :i*1 9 fact1 0 ,*apman's1 only sub/itut+ a gun-b>rel in/ead ( ,*apman's pewt] tube1 & ! h&-pump ( ! %ip to be cut 9 two obliquely & jo9$ aga9 at an acute angle1 in/ead ( ,*apman's wood5 tubes bor$ expressly2 or in/ead ( ! wood5 lid & upright tube1 he propos$ a tea-kettle 7)\t its lid or h&le7 to be turn$ bottom upw>ds ov] ! m\? ( ! pot by way ( /ill-head1 & a wood5 tube lead+ f ! sp\t to a gun-b>rel pass+ ?r\gh a cask ( wat]1 ! :ole lut$ ) equal p>ts ( *alk & meal moi/5$ ) salt-wat]4 ,) ?is app>atus ( a pot1 tea-kettle1 & gun-b>rel1 ! ,dolph91 a tw5ty-gun %ip1 9 h] voyage ar\nd ! _w 9 #agfh1 f #ef gallons ( sea-wat] & ) #i lbs4 ( wood & #fi lbs4 ( pit-coal made #db gallons ( good fre% wat]1 at ! rate ( #h gallons an h\r4 ,! ,dorset%ire1 9 h] passage f ,gibralt> to ,mahon 9 #agfi1 made #ai qu>ts ( pure wat] 9 f\r h\rs ) #aj lbs4 ( wood1 & ! ,slambal 9 #aggc1 betwe5 ,bombay & ,b5gal1 ) ! h&-pump1 gun-b>rel1 & a pot ( #f gallons ( sea-wat]1 made t5 qu>ts ( fre% wat] 9 ?ree h\rs4 ,9 #agga1 ,dr4 ,irv9 putt+ toge!r ,l9d's idea ( di/ill+ )\t a mixture1 ,*apman's /ill1 & ,dr4 ,frankl9's me?od ( cool+ by evaporation1 obta9$ a premium ( five ?\s& p\nds f ! ,briti% p>liam5t4 ,he wet 8 tube con/antly ) a mop in/ead ( pass+ x ?r\gh a cask ( wat]2 he enl>g$ its bore also1 9 ord] to give a free passage to ! vapor1 & !reby increase its quantity by less5+ ! resi/ance or pressure on ! evaporat+ surface4 ,?is la/ improvem5t 0 8 own2 x d\btless contribut$ to ! success ( 8 process2 & we may suppose ! enl>gem5t ( ! tube to be useful to t po9t at :i* ! c5tral p>ts ( ! vapor pass+ ?r\gh x w\ld beg9 to escape cond5sation4 ,"l ,mulgrave us$ 8 me?od 9 8 voyage t[>ds ! nor? pole 9 #aggc1 mak+ f #cd to #dj gallons ( fre% wat] a day1 )\t any great addition ( fuel1 z he says4 ,m4 de ,b\ga9ville1 9 8 voyage r\nd ! _w1 us$ v successfully a /ill :i* _h be5 contriv$ 9 #agfc by ,poyssoni] to gu>d aga9/ ! wat] be+ ?r[n ov] f ! boil] into ! pipe1 by ! agitation ( ! %ip4 ,9 ?is1 "o s+ul>ity 01 t ! furnace or fire-box 0 9 ! middle ( ! boil]1 s t ! wat] surr\nd$ x 9 contact4 ,?is /ill1 h[ev]1 0 exp5sive1 & occupi$ mu* room4 ,su* 0 ! advances already made 9 ! art ( obta9+ fre% f salt-wat]1 :5 ,mr4 ,isaacs1 ! petition]1 sugge/$ 8 discov]y4 ,z ! m]it ( ?is c\ld be asc]ta9$ by exp]im5t only1 ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate ask$ ! favor ( ,mr4 ,ritt5h\se1 ,presid5t ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 ( ,dr4 ,wi/>1 pr(essor ( *emi/ry 9 ! college at ,philadelphia1 & ,dr4 ,hut*9son1 pr(essor ( *emi/ry 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 to be pres5t at ! exp]im5ts4 ,mr4 ,isaacs fix$ ! pot1 a small caboose1 ) a t9 cap & /raight tube ( t9 pass+ obliquely ?r\gh a cask ( cold wat]2 he made use ( a mixture1 ! composition ( :i* he did n expla91 & f #bd p9ts ( sea-wat]1 tak5 up ab\t ?ree miles out ( ! ,capes ( ,delaw>e1 at flood-tide1 he di/ill$ #bb p9ts ( fre% wat] 9 f\r h\rs ) #bj lbs4 ( season$ p9e1 :i* 0 a little wett$ by hav+ la9 9 ! ra94 ,9 a second exp]im5t ( ! #ba/ ( ,m>*1 p]=m$ 9 a furnace1 & five-gallon /ill at ! college1 f #cb p9ts ( sea-wat] he drew #ca p9ts ( fre% wat] 9 #g h\rs & #bd m9utes1 ) #ea lbs4 ( hickory1 :i* _h be5 cut ab\t six mon?s4 ,9 ord] to decide :e!r ,mr4 ,isaacs' mixture contribut$ 9 any & :at degree to ! success ( ! op]ation1 x 0 ?\ght prop] to repeat 8 exp]im5t "u ! same circum/ances exactly1 except ! omission ( ! mixture4 ,accord+ly1 on ! next day1 ! same quantity ( sea-wat] 0 put into ! same /ill1 ! same furnace 0 us$1 & fuel f ! same p>cel2 x yield$1 z 8 _h done1 #ca p9ts fre% wat] 9 #aa m9utes m ( "t1 & ) #aj lbs4 less ( wood4 ,on ! #bd? ( ,m>*1 ,mr4 ,isaacs p]=m$ a ?ird exp]im5t4 ,= ?is1 a common iron pot ( ?ree & a half gallons 0 fix$ 9 brick "w1 & ! f9e f ! he>? w\nd once ar\nd ?is pot spirally1 & !n pass$ (f up a *imney4 ,! cap 0 ( t91 & a /raight t9 tube ( ab\t two in*es diamet] pass+ obliquely ?r\gh a b>rel ( wat]1 s]v$ in/ead ( a worm4 ,f sixte5 p9ts ( sea-wat] he drew (f fifte5 p9ts ( fre% wat]1 9 two h\rs fifty-five m9utes1 ) #c lbs4 ( dry hickory & #h lbs4 ( season$ p9e4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 also repeat$ ! next day1 ) ! same app>atus1 & fuel f ! same p>cel2 b )\t ! mixture1 sixte5 p9ts ( sea-wat] yield$ 9 l mann] fifte5 p9ts ( fre% 9 "o m9ute m ( "t1 & ) lb4 less ( wood4 ,on ! :ole1 x 0 evid5t t ,mr4 ,isaacs' mixture produc$ no advantage ei!r 9 ! process or result ( ! di/illation4 ,! di/ill$ wat] 9 all ^! in/ances1 0 f\nd on exp]im5t to be z pure z ! be/ pump wat] ( ! city2 its ta/e1 inde$1 0 n z agreeable1 b x 0 n su* z to produce any disgu/4 ,9 fact1 we dr9k1 9 common life1 9 _m places1 & "u _m circum/ances1 & almo/ always at sea1 a worse ta/$ & probably a less :olesome wat]4 ,! obta9+ fre% f salt-wat] 0 = ages consid]$ z an important desid]atum = ! use ( navigators4 ,! process = do+ ?is by simple di/illation is s efficaci\s1 ! erect+ an extempore /ill ) su* ut5sils z are f\nd on bo>d ( e %ip1 is s practicable1 z to au?orize ! ass]tion t ?is desid]atum is satisfi$ to a v useful degree4 ,b ?\gh ?is has be5 done = upw>ds ( ?irty ye>s1 ?\gh its reality has be5 e/abli%$ by ! actual exp]i5ce ( sev]al vessels :i* h _h rec\rse to x1 yet nei!r ! fact nor ! process is kn[n to ! mass ( seam51 to :om x w\ld be ! mo/ useful1 & = :om x 0 pr9cipally want$4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate is !re=e ( op9ion t s9ce ! subject has n[ be5 br\ght "u obs]vation1 x %\ld be made ! occasion ( dissem9at+ its k g5]ally & effectually among ! seaf>+ citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! foll[+ is "o ( ! _m me?ods :i* might be propos$ = do+ ?is3 ,let ! cle>ance = e vessel sail+ f ! ports ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates be pr9t$ on a pap]1 9 ! back :]e( %all be a pr9t$ acc\nt ( ! essays :i* h be5 made = obta9+ fre% f salt-wat]1 m5tion+ %ortly ^? :i* h be5 unsuccessful1 & m fully ^? :i* h succe$$1 describ+ ! me?ods :i* h be5 f\nd to answ] = con/ruct+ extempore /ills ( su* implem5ts z are g5]ally on bo>d ( e vessel1 ) a recomm5dation 9 all cases :]e !y %all h occasion to resort to ?is exp$i5t = obta9+ wat]1 to publi% ! result ( _! trial 9 "s gazette on _! return to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or to communicate x = publication to ! (fice ( ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 9 ord] t o!rs may1 by _! success1 be enc\rag$ to make simil> trials1 & be b5efit$ by any improvem5ts or new ideas :i* may occur to !m 9 practice4 ,,ii4 ,op9ion on ! proposition = e/abli%+ a ,wooll5 ,manufactory 9 ,virg9ia4 ,! ,h\se ( ,delegates ( ,virg9ia seem$ dispos$ to adv5ture #b1ejj = ! enc\ragem5t ( ?is und]tak+1 b ! ,s5ate did n concur4 ,by _! return+ to ! subject1 h[ev]1 at a subsequ5t session1 & wi%+ m specific propositions1 x is probable !y might be induc$ to concur1 if !y saw a c]ta9 provision t _! money w\ld n be paid = no?+4 ,"s unsuccessful exp]im5ts h]et(ore may h sugge/$ ?is caution4 ,suppose ! propositions br\ght into "s su* %ape z ?is3 ,! und]tak] is to contribute #a1jjj1 ! ,/ate #b1ejj1 viz43 ! und]tak] hav+ laid out 8 #a1jjj 9 ! necess>y implem5ts to be br\ght f ,europe1 & ^! be+ l&$ 9 ,virg9ia z a security t he w proce$1 let ! ,/ate pay = ! fir/ necess>y purposes !n to occur #a1jjj ,let x pay him a /ip5d ( #ajj a ye> = ! fir/ ?ree ye>s #cjj ,let x give him a b\nty 7suppose "o-?ird7 on e y>d ( wooll5 clo? equal to good pla9s1 :i* he %all weave = five ye>s1 n exce$+ #bej a ye> 7#bj1jjj y>ds7 ! f\r fir/ ye>s1 & #bjj ! fif? #a1bjj ------ #b1ejj ,to e workman :om he %all import1 let !m give1 aft] he %all h work$ 9 ! manufactory five ye>s1 w>rants = ---- acres ( l&1 & pay ! exp5ses ( survey1 pat5ts1 c4 ,?is la/ article is to meet ! proposition ( ! und]tak]4 ,i d n l x1 because x t5ds to draw (f ! manufactur] f 8 trade4 ,i %\ld bett] l a premium to him on 8 cont9uance 9 x2 z1 = in/ance1 t he %\ld be free f ,/ate taxes z long z he %\ld c>ry on 8 trade4 ,! ,presid5t's int]v5tion seems necess>y till ! contracts %all be conclud$4 ,x is presum$ he w\ld n l to be emb>rass$ aft]w>ds ) ! details ( sup]9t5d5ce4 ,suppose1 9 8 answ] to ! ,gov]nor ( ,virg9ia1 he %\ld say t ! und]tak] be+ 9 ,europe1 m specific propositions _c be obta9$ f him 9 "t to be laid be=e ?is assembly2 t 9 ord] to secure to ! ,/ate ! b5efits ( ! e/abli%m5t1 & yet gu>d !m aga9/ an unproductive grant ( money1 he ?9ks "s plan l ! prec$+ "o might be propos$ to ! und]tak]4 ,t z x is n kn[n :e!r he w\ld accept x exactly 9 t =m1 x might disappo9t ! views ( ! ,/ate 7 !y to prescribe t or any o!r =m rigor\sly1 consequ5tly t a discretion>y p[] mu/ be giv5 to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,t he w\ld will+ly cop]ate ) _! executive 9 effect+ ! contract1 & c]ta9ly w\ld n conclude x on any t]ms worse = ! ,/ate ?an ^? be=e expla9$1 & t ! contracts be+ once conclud$1 8 di/ance & o!r occupations w\ld oblige him to leave ! execution op5 to ! ,executive ( ! ,/ate4 ,,iii4 ,! ,report on ,copp] ,co9age1 communicat$ to ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 ,april #ae?1 #agij4 ,april #ad1 #agij4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 to :om 0 ref]r$1 by ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 ! lett] ( ,john ,h4 ,mit*ell1 recit+ c]ta9 proposals = supply+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) copp] co9age1 has _h ! same "u consid]ation1 accord+ to in/ructions1 & begs leave to report !reon z foll[s3 ,! p]son :o wi%es to und]take ! supply ( a copp] co9age1 sets =?1 t ! sup]iority ( 8 app>atus & process = co9+1 enables him to furni% a co9age bett] & *eap] ?an c be done by any c\ntry or p]son :atev]2 t 8 dies are engrav$ by ! fir/ arti/ 9 t l9e 9 ,europe2 t 8 app>atus = /rik+ ! edge at ! same bl[ ) ! faces1 is new1 & s+ul>ly +5i\s2 t he co9s by a press on a new pr9ciple1 & work$ by a fire-eng9e1 m regul>ly ?an c be done by h&2 t he w deliv] any quantity ( co91 ( any size & device1 ( pure1 unalloy$ copp]1 wrapp$ 9 pap] & pack$ 9 casks1 ready = %ipp+1 = f\rte5 p5ce /]l+ ! p\nd4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate has be=e be5 appriz$1 f o!r s\rces ( in=mation1 ( ! great improvem5ts made by ?is und]tak]1 9 sundry arts2 he is acqua9t$ ) ! arti/ :o inv5t$ ! me?od ( /rik+ ! edge1 & bo? faces ( ! co9 at "o bl[2 he has se5 8 process & co9s1 & s5t to ! =m] ,congress "s specim5s ( !m1 ) c]ta9 (f]s f him1 be=e he ent]$ into ! s]vice ( ! pres5t und]tak]1 7:i* specim5s he takes ! lib]ty ( n[ submitt+ to ! inspection ( ! ,h\se1 z pro(s ( ! sup]iority ( ?is me?od ( co9age1 9 gold & silv] z well z copp]47 ,he is1 !re=e1 ( op9ion1 t ! und]tak]1 aid$ by t arti/1 & by 8 own excell5t ma*9es1 is truly 9 a condition to furni% co9 9 a /ate ( high] p]fection ?an has ev] yet be5 issu$ by any nation2 t p]fection 9 ! engrav+ is among ! greate/ safegu>ds aga9/ c\nt]feits1 because engrav]s ( ! fir/ class are few1 & elevat$ by _! rank 9 _! art1 f> above ! base & dang]\s bus9ess ( c\nt]feit+4 ,t ! p]fection ( co9s w inde$ disappe>1 aft] !y are = "s "t worn among o!r pieces1 & especially :]e ! figures are r fa9tly reliev$1 z on ^? ( ?is arti/2 yet1 _! high f9i%+1 :ile new1 is n ! less a gu>d aga9/ c\nt]feits1 because ^!1 if c>ri$ to any ext5t1 may be u%]$ into circulation new1 also1 & consequ5tly1 may be comp>$ ) g5u9e co9s 9 ! same /ate2 t1 !re=e1 :5ev] ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all be dispos$ to h a co9 ( _! own1 x w be desirable to aim at ?is k9d ( p]fection4 ,t ?is _c be bett] effect$1 ?an by avail+ !mselves1 if possible1 ( ! s]vices ( ! und]tak]1 & ( ?is arti/1 ^: excell5t me?ods & ma*9es are said to h abridg$1 z well z p]fect$1 ! op]ations ( co9age4 ,^! op]ations1 h[ev]1 & _! exp5se1 be+ new1 & unkn[n "h1 he is unable to say :e!r ! price propos$ be reasonable or n4 ,he is also unc]ta9 :e!r1 in/ead ( ! l>g] copp] co91 ! ,legislature might n pref] a light] "o ( billon1 or mix$ metal1 z is practis$1 ) conv5i5ce1 by sev]al o!r nations--a specim5 ( :i* k9d ( co9age is submitt$ to _! inspection4 ,b ! propositions "u consid]ation suppose t ! "w is to be c>ri$ on 9 a =eign c\ntry1 & t ! implem5ts are to rema9 ! prop]ty ( ! und]tak]2 :i* conditions1 9 8 op9ion1 r5d] !m inadmissible1 = ^! reasons3 ,co9age is peculi>ly an attribute ( sov]eignty4 ,to transf] its ex]cise into ano!r c\ntry1 is to submit x to ano!r sov]eign4 ,its transportation across ! ocean1 besides ! ord9>y dang]s ( ! sea1 w\ld expose x to acts ( piracy1 by ! crews to :om x w\ld be confid$1 z well z by o!rs appriz$ ( its passage4 ,9 "t ( w>1 x w\ld (f] to ! ent]prises ( an enemy1 :at h be5 emphatically call$ ! s9ews ( w>4 ,if ! w> 7 ) ! nation )9 ^: t]ritory ! co9age is1 ! fir/ act ( w>1 or reprisal1 might be to arre/ ?is op]ation1 ) ! implem5ts & mat]ials co9$ & unco9$1 to be us$ at _! discretion4 ,! reputation & pr9ciples ( ! pres5t und]tak] are safegu>ds aga9/ ! abuses ( a co9age1 c>ri$ on 9 a =eign c\ntry1 :]e no *ecks c\ld be provid$ by ! prop] sov]eign1 no regulations e/abli%$1 no police1 no gu>d ex]cis$2 9 %ort1 none ( ! num]\s cautions hi!rto ?\ght ess5tial at e m9t2 b 9 h&s less entitl$ to confid5ce1 ^! w become dang]s4 ,we may be secur$1 inde$1 by prop] exp]im5ts z to ! purity ( ! co9 deliv]$ u accord+ to contract1 b we _c be secur$ aga9/ t :i*1 ?\gh less pure1 %all be /ruck 9 ! g5u9e die1 & protect$ aga9/ ! vigilance ( ,gov]nm5t1 till x %all h ent]$ into circulation4 ,we lose ! opportunity ( call+ 9 & re-co9+ ! clipp$ money 9 circulation1 or we d\ble our risk by a d\ble transportation4 ,we lose1 9 l mann]1 ! res\rce ( co9+ up our h\sehold plate 9 ! in/ant ( great di/ress4 ,we lose ! means ( =m+ arti/s to cont9ue ! works1 :5 ! common accid5ts ( mortality %all h depriv$ u ( ^? :o began !m4 ,9 f9e1 ! c>ry+ on a co9age 9 a =eign c\ntry1 z f> z ! ,secret>y kn[s1 is )\t example2 & g5]al example is weighty au?ority4 ,he is1 !re=e1 ( op9ion1 on ! :ole1 t a m9t1 :5ev] e/abli%$1 %\ld be e/abli%$ at home2 t ! sup]iority1 ! m]it1 & means ( ! und]tak]1 w sugge/ him z ! prop] p]son to be engag$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t & conduct ( a m9t1 on a scale :i*1 rel9qui%+ no?+ 9 ! p]fection ( ! co91 %all be duly proportion$ to our purposes4 ,&1 9 ! mean:ile1 he is ( op9ion ! pres5t proposals %\ld be decl9$4 ,,iv4--,op9ion on ! "q :e!r ! ,s5ate has ! "r to negative ! grade ( p]sons appo9t$ by ! ,executive to fill ,=eign ,missions4 ,,new ,,york1 ,april #bd1 #agij4 ,! con/itution hav+ decl>$ t ! ,presid5t %all nom9ate &1 by & ) ! advice & cons5t ( ! ,s5ate1 %all appo9t ambassadors1 o!r public m9i/]s1 & consuls1 ! ,presid5t desir$ my op9ion :e!r ! ,s5ate has a "r to negative ! grade he may ?9k x exp$i5t to use 9 a =eign mission z well z ! p]son to be appo9t$4 ,i ?9k ! ,s5ate has no "r to negative ! grade4 ,! con/itution has divid$ ! p[]s ( gov]nm5t into ?ree bran*es1 ,legislative1 ,executive & ,judici>y1 lodg+ ea* ) a di/9ct magi/racy4 ,! ,legislative x has giv5 completely to ! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 ,x has decl>$ t ! ,executive p[]s %all be ve/$ 9 ! ,presid5t1 submitt+ special articles ( x to a negative by ! ,s5ate1 & x has ve/$ ! ,judici>y p[] 9 ! c\rts ( ju/ice1 ) c]ta9 exceptions also 9 favor ( ! ,s5ate4 ,! transaction ( bus9ess ) =eign nations is ,executive altoge!r4 ,x belongs1 !n1 to ! head ( t dep>tm5t1 except z to su* portions ( x z are specially submitt$ to ! ,s5ate4 ,exceptions are to be con/ru$ /rictly4 ,! con/itution itself inde$ has tak5 c>e to circumscribe ?is "o )9 v /rict limits2 = x gives ! nom9ation ( ! =eign ag5ts to ! ,presid5t1 ! appo9tm5ts to him & ! ,s5ate jo9tly1 & ! commission+ to ! ,presid5t4 ,?is analysis calls our att5tion ! /rict import ( ea* t]m4 ,to nom9ate mu/ be to propose4 ,appo9tm5t seems t act ( ! w :i* con/itutes or makes ! ag5t1 & ! commission is ! public evid5ce ( x4 ,b !re are /ill o!r acts previ\s to ^! n specially enum]at$ 9 ! con/itution1 to wit3 #a/4 ,! de/9ation ( a mission to ! p>ticul> c\ntry :]e ! public s]vice calls = x1 & second ! "* or grade to be employ$ 9 x4 ,! natural ord] ( all ^! is fir/1 de/9ation2 second1 grade2 ?ird1 nom9ation2 f\r?1 appo9tm5t2 fif?1 commission4 ,if appo9tm5t does n compreh5d ! neighbor+ acts ( nom9ation or commission1 7& ! con/itution says x %all n1 by giv+ !m exclusively to ! ,presid5t17 /ill less c x pret5d to compreh5d ^? previ\s & m remote1 ( de/9ation & grade4 ,! con/itution1 analyz+ ! ?ree la/1 %[s !y d n compreh5d ! two fir/4 ,! f\r? is ! only "o x submits to ! ,s5ate1 %ap+ x into a "r to say t ,a or ,b is unfit to be appo9t$4 ,n[1 ?is _c compreh5d a "r to say t ,a or ,b is inde$ fit to be appo9t$1 b ! grade fix$ on is n ! fit "o to employ1 or1 our connections ) ! c\ntry ( 8 de/9ation are n su* z to call = any mission4 ,! ,s5ate is n suppos$ by ! con/itution to be acqua9t$ ) ! conc]ns ( ! ,executive dep>tm5t4 ,x 0 n int5d$ t ^! %\ld be communicat$ to !m1 nor c !y !re=e be qualifi$ to judge ( ! necessity :i* calls = a mission to any p>ticul> place1 or ( ! p>ticul> grade1 m or less m>k$1 :i* special & secret circum/ances may call =4 ,all ?is is left to ! ,presid5t4 ,!y are only to see t no unfit p]son be employ$4 ,x may be object$ t ! ,s5ate may by cont9ual negatives on ! p]son1 d :at am\nts to a negative on ! grade1 & s1 indirectly1 defeat ?is "r ( ! ,presid5t4 ,b ?is w\ld be a brea* ( tru/2 an abuse ( p[] confid$ to ! ,s5ate1 ( :i* t body _c be suppos$ capable4 ,s ! ,presid5t has a p[] to convoke ! ,legislature1 & ! ,s5ate might defeat t p[] by refus+ to come4 ,?is equally am\nts to a negative on ! p[] ( convok+4 ,yet nobody w say !y possess su* a negative1 or w\ld be capable ( usurp+ x by su* oblique means4 ,if ! con/itution _h meant to give ! ,s5ate a negative on ! grade or de/9ation1 z well z ! p]son1 x w\ld h said s 9 direct t]ms1 & n left x to be effect$ by a sidew9d4 ,x c\ld nev] mean to give !m ! use ( "o p[] ?r\gh ! abuse ( ano!r4 ,v4--,op9ion ^u ! validity ( a grant made by ! ,/ate ( ,georgia to c]ta9 companies ( individuals1 ( a tract ( c\ntry :]e( ! ,indian "r _h nev] be5 ext+ui%$1 ) p[] to su* individuals to ext+ui% ! ,indian "r4 ,may #c;d1 #agij4 ,! ,/ate ( ,georgia1 hav+ grant$ to c]ta9 individuals a tract ( c\ntry1 )9 _! *>t]$ limits1 :]e( ! ,indian "r has nev] yet be5 acquir$2 ) a proviso 9 ! grants1 :i* implies t ^? individuals may take measures = ext+ui%+ ! ,indian rights "u ! au?ority ( t ,gov]nm5t1 x becomes a "q h[ f> ?is grant is good8 ,a society1 tak+ possession ( a vacant c\ntry1 & decl>+ !y mean to occupy x1 does !reby appropriate to !mselves z prime occupants :at 0 be=e common4 ,a practice introduc$ s9ce ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 au?orizes !m to g fur!r1 & to fix ! limits :i* !y assume to !mselves2 & x seems1 = ! common good1 to admit ?is "r to a mod]ate & reasonable ext5t4 ,if ! c\ntry1 in/ead ( be+ altoge!r vacant1 is ?9ly occupi$ by ano!r nation1 ! "r ( ! native =ms an exception to t ( ! new com]s2 t is to say1 ^! w only h a "r aga9/ all o!r nations except ! natives4 ,consequ5tly1 !y h ! exclusive privilege ( acquir+ ! native "r by pur*ase or o!r j means4 ,?is is call$ ! "r ( premption1 & is become a pr9ciple ( ! law ( nations1 fundam5tal ) respect to ,am]ica4 ,!re are b two means ( acquir+ ! native title4 ,fir/1 w>2 = ev5 w> may1 sometimes1 give a j title4 ,second1 contracts or treaty4 ,! ,/ates ( ,am]ica be=e _! pres5t union possess$ completely1 ea* )9 its own limits1 ! exclusive "r to use ^! two means ( acquir+ ! native title1 &1 by _! act ( union1 !y h z completely c$$ bo? to ! g5]al gov]nm5t4 ,art4 #b;d1 ,section #a/4 ,! ,presid5t %all h p[]1 by & ) ! advice ( ! ,s5ate1 to make treaties1 provid$ two ?irds ( ! ,s5ators pres5t concur4 ,art4 #a/1 ,section #h?1 ,! ,congress %all h p[] to decl>e w>1 to raise & support armies4 ,section #aj?1 ,no ,/ate %all ent] into any treaty1 alliance or conf$]ation4 ,no ,/ate %all1 )\t ! cons5t ( ,congress1 keep troops or %ips ( w> 9 "t ( peace1 ent] into any agreem5t or compact ) ano!r ,/ate or ) a =eign p[]1 or engage 9 w>1 unless actually invad$ or 9 su* imm95t dang] z w n admit ( delay4 ,^! p>agraphs ( ! con/itution1 decl>+ t ! g5]al gov]nm5t %all h1 & t ! p>ticul> ones %all n h1 ! "r ( w> & treaty1 are s explicit t no comm5t>y c expla9 !m fur!r1 nor c any expla9 !m away4 ,consequ5tly1 ,georgia1 possess+ ! exclusive "r to acquire ! native title1 b hav+ rel9qui%$ ! means ( do+ x to ! g5]al gov]nm5t1 c only h put h] grantee into h] own condition4 ,%e c\ld convey to !m ! exclusive "r to acquire2 b %e c\ld n convey :at %e _h n h]self1 t is1 ! means ( acquir+4 ,= ^! !y mu/ come to ! g5]al gov]nm5t1 9 ^: h&s !y h be5 wisely deposit$ = ! purposes bo? ( peace & ju/ice4 ,:at is to be done8 ,! "r ( ! g5]al gov]nm5t is1 9 my op9ion1 to be ma9ta9$4 ,! case is s\nd1 & ! means ( do+ x z practicable z c ev] occur4 ,b respect & fri5d%ip %\ld1 ,i ?9k1 m>k ! conduct ( ! g5]al t[>ds ! p>ticul> gov]nm5t1 & explanations %\ld be ask$ & "t & color giv5 !m to tread back _! /eps be=e co]cion is held up to _! view4 ,i am told !re is already a /rong p>ty 9 ,georgia oppos$ to ! act ( _! gov]nm5t4 ,i %\ld ?9k x bett] !n t ! fir/ measures1 :ile firm1 be yet s temp]ate z to secure _! alliance & aid to ! g5]al gov]nm5t4 ,might n ! eclat ( a proclamation revolt _! pride & passion1 & ?r[ !m ha/ily into ! opposite scale8 ,x w be prop] inde$ to require f ! gov]nm5t ( ,georgia1 9 ! fir/ mom5t1 t :ile ! g5]al gov]nm5t %all be expect+ & consid]+ h] explanations1 ?+s %all rema9 9 /atu quo1 & n a move be made t[>ds c>ry+ :at !y h begun into execution4 ,p]haps x might n be sup]flu\s to s5d "s p]son to ! ,indians int]e/$1 to expla9 to !m ! views ( gov]nm5t & to wat* ) _! aid ! t]ritory 9 "q4 ,,vi4--,op9ion 9 favor ( ! resolutions ( ,may #ba/1 #agij direct+ t1 9 all cases :]e paym5t _h n be5 already made1 ! debts due to ! soldi]s ( ,virg9ia & ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 %\ld be paid to ! orig9al claimants or _! attorneys1 & n to _! assignees4 ,june #c;d1 #agij4 ,! acc\nts ( ! soldi]s ( ,virg9ia & ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 hav+ be5 exam9$ by ! prop] (fic] ( gov]nm5t1 ! balances due to ea* individual asc]ta9$1 & a li/ ( ^! balances made out1 ?is li/ became kn[n to c]ta9 p]sons be=e ! soldi]s !mselves _h in=mation ( x1 & ^? p]sons1 by unfair means1 z is said1 & = v inadequate consid]ations1 obta9$ assignm5ts f _m ( ! soldi]s ( :atev] sum %\ld be due to !m f ! public1 )\t specify+ ! am\nt4 ,! legislature1 to defeat ?is fraud1 pass$ resolutions on ! #ba/ ( ,may1 #agif1 direct+ t :]e paym5t _h n be5 made to ! orig9al claimant 9 p]son or 8 repres5tatives1 x %all be made to him or !m p]sonally1 or to _! attorney1 produc+ a p[] = t purpose1 atte/$ by two ju/ices ( ! c\nty :]e he resides1 & specify+ ! c]ta9 sum he is to receive4 ,x has be5 object$ to ^! resolutions t !y annul transf]s ( prop]ty :i* 7 good by ! laws "u :i* !y 7 made2 t !y take f ! assignees _! lawful prop]ty2 are contr>y to ! pr9ciples ( ! con/itution1 :i* condemn retrospective laws2 & are1 !re=e1 n wor?y ( ! ,presid5t's approbation4 ,i agree 9 an almo/ unlimit$ condemnation ( retrospective laws4 ,! few in/ances ( wrong :i* !y r$ress are s ov]weigh$ by ! insecurity !y draw ov] all prop]ty & ev5 ov] life itself1 & by ! atroci\s violations ( bo? to :i* !y lead t x is bett] to live "u ! evil ?an ! rem$y4 ,! only "q ,i %all make is1 :e!r ^! resolutions annul acts :i* 7 valid :5 !y 7 done8 ,?is "q respects ! laws ( ,virg9ia & ,nor? ,c>ol9a only4 ,on ! latt] ,i am n qualifi$ to decide1 & !re=e beg leave to conf9e myself to ! =m]4 ,by ! common law ( ,engl& 7adopt$ 9 ,virg9ia7 ! conveyance ( a "r to a debt or o!r ?+ :]e( ! p>ty is n 9 possession1 is n only void1 b sev]ely puni%able "u ! names ( ,ma9t5ance & ,*amp]ty4 ,! ,law-m]*ants1 h[ev]1 :i* is p]mitt$ to h c\rse betwe5 m]*ants1 all[s ! assignm5t ( a bill ( ex*ange = ! conv5i5ce ( comm]ce4 ,?is1 !re=e1 =ms "o exception to ! g5]al rule1 t a m]e "r or ?+ 9 action is n assignable4 ,a second exception has be5 =m$ by an ,engli% /atute 7copi$ into ! laws ( ,virg9ia7 p]mitt+ promissory notes to be assign$4 ,! laws ( ,virg9ia h gone yet fur!r ?an ! /atute1 & h all[$1 z a ?ird exception1 t a bond %\ld be assign$1 :i* _c be done ev5 at ?is day 9 ,engl&4 ,s t1 9 ,virg9ia1 :5 a debt has be5 settl$ betwe5 ! p>ties & put into ! =m ( a bill ( ex*ange1 promissory note or bond1 ! law admits x to be transf]r$ by assignm5t4 ,9 all o!r cases ! assignm5t ( a debt is void4 ,! debts f ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ! soldi]s ( ,virg9ia1 n hav+ be5 put into ei!r ( ^! =ms1 ! assignm5ts ( !m 7 void 9 law4 ,a cr$itor may give an ord] on 8 debtor 9 favor ( ano!r1 b if ! debtor does n accept x1 he mu/ be su$ 9 ! cr$itor's "n2 :i* %[s t ! ord] does n transf] ! prop]ty ( ! debts4 ,! cr$itor may appo9t ano!r to be 8 attorney to receive & recov] 8 debt1 & he may cov5ant t :5 receiv$ ! attorney may apply x to 8 own use4 ,b he mu/ sue z attorney to ! orig9al proprietor1 & n 9 8 own "r4 ,?is proves t a p[] ( attorney1 ) su* a cov5ant1 does n transf] ! prop]ty ( ! debt4 ,a fur!r pro( 9 bo? cases is1 t ! orig9al cr$itor may at any "t be=e paym5t or acceptance revoke ei!r 8 ord] or 8 p[] ( attorney4 ,9 t ev5t ! p]son 9 ^: favor !y 7 giv5 has rec\rse to a c\rt ( equity4 ,:5 !re1 ! judge exam9es :e!r he has done equity4 ,if he f9ds 8 transaction has be5 a fair "o1 he gives him aid4 ,if he f9ds x has be5 o!rwise1 n p]mitt+ 8 c\rt to be made a h&maid to fraud1 he leaves him )\t rem$y 9 equity z he 0 9 law4 ,! assignm5ts 9 ! pres5t case1 !re=e1 if unfairly obta9$1 z seems to be admitt$1 are void 9 equity z !y are 9 law4 ,& !y d]ive _! nullity f ! laws "u :i* !y 7 made1 n f ! new resolutions ( ,congress4 ,^! are n retrospective4 ,!y only direct _! treasur] n to give validity to an assignm5t :i* _h x n be=e1 by paym5ts to ! assignee until he 9 :om ! legal prop]ty /ill is1 %all ord] x 9 su* a =m z to %[ he is appriz$ ( ! sum he is to "p )1 & its read9ess to be paid into 8 or any o!r h&s1 & t he *ooses1 not)/&+1 to acquiesce "u ! fraud :i* has be5 practis$ on him4 ,9 t case he has only to execute be=e two ju/ices a p[] ( attorney to ! same p]son1 express+ ! specific sum ( 8 dem&1 & x is to be compli$ )4 ,actual paym5t1 9 ?is case1 is an important act4 ,if made to ! assignee1 x w\ld put ! bur!n ( pro( & process on ! orig9al own]4 ,if made to t own]1 x puts x on ! assignee1 :o mu/ !n come =w>d & %[ t 8 transaction has be5 t ( an hone/ man4 ,gov]nm5t seems to be do+ 9 ?is :at e individual1 ,i ?9k1 w\ld feel himself b\nd to d 9 ! case ( 8 own debt4 ,=1 be+ free 9 ! law1 to pay to ! "o or ! o!r1 he w\ld c]ta9ly give ! advantage to ! p>ty :o has suff]$ wrong r ?an to him :o has committ$ x4 ,x is n honorable to take a m]e legal advantage1 :5 x happ5s to be contr>y to ju/ice4 ,b x is honorable to embrace a salut>y pr9ciple ( law :5 a rel9qui%m5t ( x is solicit$ only to support a fraud4 ,i ?9k ! resolutions1 !re=e1 m]it approbation4 ,i h be=e pr(ess$ my incompet5ce to say :at are ! laws ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a on ?is subject4 ,!y1 l ,virg9ia1 adopt$ ! ,engli% laws 9 ! gross4 ,^! laws =bid 9 g5]al ! buy+ & sell+ ( debts1 & _! policy 9 ?is is s wise t ,i presume !y _h n *ang$ x till ! contr>y be %[n4 ,,vii4--,plan = e/abli%+ uni=mity 9 ! ,co9age1 ,weights1 & ,measures ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,communicat$ to ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 ,july #ac1 #agij4 ,,new ,,york1 ,july #d1 #agij4 ,,sir3--,9 ob$i5ce to ! ord] ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives ( ,janu>y #ae?1 ,i h n[ ! honor to enclose y a report on ! subject ( measures1 weights1 & co9s4 ,! l5g? ( "t :i* int]v5$ betwe5 ! date ( ! ord] & my arrival 9 ?is city1 prev5t$ my receiv+ x till ! #ae? ( ,april2 & an illness :i* foll[$ soon aft] add$1 unavoidably1 "s weeks to ! delay2 s t x 0 n till ab\t ! #bj? ,may t ,i 0 able to f9i% ! report4 ,a desire to less5 ! numb] ( its imp]fections induc$ me /ill to )hold x a:ile1 till1 on ! #ae? ( ,june1 came to my h&s1 f ,p>is1 a pr9t$ copy ( a proposition made by ! ,bi%op ( ,autun1 to ! ,national ,assembly ( ,france1 on ! subject ( weights & measures2 & ?ree days aft]w>ds ,i receiv$1 ?r\gh ! *annel ( ! public pap]s1 ! spee* ( ,sir ,john ,riggs ,mill]1 ( ,april #ac?1 9 ! ,briti% ,h\se ( ,commons1 on ! same subject4 ,9 ! report :i* ,i _h prep>$1 & 0 !n ab\t to give 91 ,i _h propos$ ! latitude ( #ch1 z t :i* %\ld fix our /&>d1 because x 0 ! m$ium latitude ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 b ! proposition be=e ! ,national ,assembly ( ,france1 to take t ( #de z be+ a middle t]m betwe5 ! equator & bo? poles1 & a t]m :i* consequ5tly might unite ! nations ( bo? hemisph]es1 appe>$ to me s well *os51 & s j1 t ,i did n hesitate a mom5t to pref] x to t ( #ch4 ,x became necess>y1 ( c\rse1 to con=m all my calculations to t /&>d--an op]ation :i* has be5 ret>d$ by my o!r occupations4 ,^! circum/ances w1 ,i hope1 apologize = ! delay :i* has att5d$ ! execution ( ! ord] ( ! ,h\se2 &1 p]haps1 a disposition on _! "p to h due reg>d = ! proce$+s ( o!r nations1 engag$ on ! same subject1 may induce !m /ill to def] decid+ ultimately on x till _! next session4 ,%\ld ?is be ! case1 & %\ld any new matt] occur 9 ! meantime1 ,i %all ?9k x my duty to communicate x to ! ,h\se1 z supplem5tal to ! pres5t report4 ,i h ! honor to be1 ) s5tim5ts ( ! mo/ pr(\nd respect1 ,sir1 y\r mo/ ob$i5t & mo/ humble s]vant4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 to :om 0 ref]r$1 by ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 to prep>e & report a prop] plan or plans = e/abli%+ uni=mity 9 ! curr5cy1 weights1 & measures ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ob$i5ce !reto1 makes ! foll[+ report3-- ,to obta9 uni=mity 9 measures1 weights1 & co9s1 x is necess>y to f9d "s measure ( inv>iable l5g?1 ) :i*1 z a /&>d1 !y may be comp>$4 ,!re exi/s n 9 nature1 z f> z has be5 hi!rto obs]v$1 a s+le subject or species ( subject1 accessible to man1 :i* pres5ts "o con/ant & uni=m dim5sion4 ,! globe ( ! e>? itself1 inde$1 might be consid]$ z inv>iable 9 all its dim5sions1 & t its circumf]5ce w\ld furni% an inv>iable measure2 b no "o ( its circles1 great or small1 is accessible to admeasurem5t ?r\gh all its p>ts1 & ! v>i\s trials to measure def9ite portions ( !m1 h be5 ( su* v>i\s result z to %[ !re is no dep5d5ce on t op]ation = c]ta9ty4 ,matt]1 !n1 by its m]e ext5sion1 furni%+ no?+ inv>iable1 its motion is ! only rema9+ res\rce4 ,! motion ( ! e>? r\nd its axis1 ?\gh n absolutely uni=m & inv>iable1 may be consid]$ z su* = e human purpose4 ,x is measur$ obvi\sly1 b unequally1 by ! dep>ture ( a giv5 m]idian f ! sun1 & its return to x1 con/itut+ a sol> day4 ,?r[+ toge!r ! inequalities ( sol> days1 a mean int]val1 or day1 has be5 f\nd1 & divid$1 by v g5]al cons5t1 into #hf1djj equal p>ts4 ,a p5dulum1 vibrat+ freely1 9 small & equal arcs1 may be s adju/$ 9 its l5g?1 z1 by its vibrations1 to make ?is division ( ! e>?'s motion into #hf1djj equal p>ts1 call$ seconds ( mean "t4 ,su* a p5dulum1 !n1 becomes itself a measure ( det]m9ate l5g?1 to :i* all o!rs may be ref]r$ to z to a /&>d4 ,b ev5 a p5dulum is n )\t its unc]ta9ties4 #a4 ,! difficulty ( asc]ta9+1 9 practice1 its c5tre ( oscillation1 z dep5d+ on ! =m ( ! bob1 & its di/ance f ! po9t ( susp5sion2 ! effect ( ! weight ( ! susp5d+ wire t[>ds displac+ ! c5tre ( oscillation2 t c5tre be+ seat$ )9 ! body ( ! bob1 & !re=e inaccessible to ! measure1 are s\rces ( consid]able unc]ta9ty4 #b4 ,bo? !ory & exp]i5ce prove t1 to pres]ve its iso*ronism1 x mu/ be %ort] t[>ds ! equator1 & long] t[>ds ! poles4 #c4 ,! height ( ! situation above ! common level1 z be+ an increm5t to ! radius ( ! e>?1 dim9i%es ! l5g? ( ! p5dulum4 #d4 ,! p5dulum be+ made ( metal1 z is be/1 x v>ies its l5g? ) ! v>iations 9 ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e4 #e4 ,to cont9ue small & equal vibrations1 ?r\gh a suffici5t l5g? ( "t1 & to c\nt ^! vibrations1 ma*9]y & a p[] are necess>y1 :i* may ex]t a small b con/ant ef=t to r5ew ! wa/e ( motion2 & ! difficulty is s to apply ^!1 z t !y %all nei!r ret>d or accel]ate ! vibrations4 #a4 ,9 ord] to avoid ! unc]ta9ties :i* respect ! c5tre ( oscillation1 x has be5 propos$ by ,mr4 ,leslie1 an +5i\s arti/ ( ,philadelphia1 to sub/itute1 = ! p5dulum1 a uni=m cyl9drical rod1 )\t a bob4 ,c\ld ! diamet] ( su* a rod be inf9itely small1 ! c5tre ( oscillation w\ld be exactly at two-?irds ( ! :ole l5g?1 measur$ f ! po9t ( susp5sion4 ,giv+ x a diamet] :i* %all r5d] x suffici5tly inflexible1 ! c5tre w be displac$1 inde$2 b1 9 a second rod n ! 7#a7 six hundr$ ?\s&? "p ( its l5g?1 & n ! hundr$? "p z mu* z 9 a second p5dulum ) a sph]ical bob ( prop] diamet]4 ,?is displacem5t is s inf9itely m9ute1 !n1 t we may consid] ! c5tre ( oscillation1 = all practical purposes1 z resid+ at two-?irds ( ! l5g? f ! c5tre ( susp5sion4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ^! two c5tres might be easily & accurately asc]ta9$ 9 practice4 ,b ! :ole rod is bett] = a /&>d ?an any portion ( x1 because s5sibly def9$ at bo? its extremities4 #b4 ,! unc]ta9ty aris+ f ! diff]5ce ( l5g? requisite = ! second p5dulum1 or ! second rod1 9 diff]5t latitudes1 may be avoid$ by fix+ on "s "o latitude1 to :i* our /&>d %all ref]4 ,t ( #ch1 z be+ ! middle latitude ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 might seem ! mo/ conv5i5t1 7 we to consid] ourselves alone2 b connect$ ) o!r nations by comm]ce & sci5ce1 x is bett] to fix on t p>allel :i* bids faire/ to be adopt$ by !m also4 ,! #de?1 z be+ ! middle t]m betwe5 ! equator & pole1 has be5 h]et(ore propos$ 9 ,europe1 & ! proposition has be5 lately r5ew$ !re "u circum/ances :i* may v possibly give x "s effect4 ,?is p>allel is di/+ui%$ ) u also z =m+ our pr9cipal nor!rn b\nd>y4 ,let ! completion ( ! #de? degree1 !n1 give ! /&>d = our union1 ) ! hope t x may become a l9e ( union ) ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! second rod = #de ( latitude1 & t = #ca1 our o!r extreme1 is to be exam9$4 ,! second p5dulum = #de ( latitude1 accord+ to ,sir ,isaac ,newton's computation1 mu/ be ( 7#b7 #ci4adiab in*es ,engli% measure2 & a rod1 to vibrate 9 ! same "t1 mu/ be ( ! same l5g? betwe5 ! c5tres ( susp5sion & oscillation2 &1 consequ5tly1 its :ole l5g? #eh4g 7or1 m exactly1 #eh4gbcfh7 in*es4 ,?is is long] ?an ! rod :i* %all vibrate seconds 9 ! #ca ( latitude1 by ab\t #a_/fgi "p ( its :ole l5g?2 a diff]5ce s m9ute1 t x might be neglect$1 z ins5sible1 = ! common purposes ( life1 b1 9 cases requir+ p]fect exactness1 ! second rod1 f\nd by trial ( its vibrations 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 may be correct$ by computation = ! 7#c7 latitude ( ! place1 & s br\ght exactly to ! /&>d ( #de4 #c4 ,by mak+ ! exp]im5t 9 ! level ( ! ocean1 ! diff]5ce w be avoid$1 :i* a high] position might occasion4 #d4 ,! expansion & contraction ( ! rod ) ! *ange ( temp]ature1 is ! f\r? s\rce ( unc]ta9ty be=e m5tion$4 ,accord+ to ! high au?ority s (t5 quot$1 an iron rod1 ( giv5 l5g?1 may v>y1 betwe5 summ] & w9t]1 9 temp]ate latitudes1 & 9 ! common exposure ( h\se clocks1 f #a_/agbh to #a_/beib ( its :ole l5g?1 :i*1 9 a rod ( #eh4g in*es1 w be f ab\t two to ?ree hundr$?s ( an in*4 ,?is may be avoid$ by adju/+ & pres]v+ ! /&>d 9 a cell>1 or o!r place1 ! temp]ature ( :i* nev] v>ies4 ,iron is nam$ = ?is purpose1 because ! lea/ expansible ( ! metals4 #e4 ,! practical difficulty result+ f ! effect ( ! ma*9]y & mov+ p[] is v inconsid]able 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! arts2 &1 9 _! progress t[>ds p]fection1 w become less & less4 ,to e/imate & obviate ?is1 w be ! arti/'s prov9ce4 ,x is z no?+ :5 comp>$ ) ! s\rces ( inaccuracy hi!rto att5d+ measures4 ,be=e quitt+ ! subject ( ! inconv5i5ces1 "s ( :i* att5d ! p5dulum alone1 o!rs bo? ! p5dulum & rod1 x mu/ be add$ t ! rod w\ld h an accid5tal b v preci\s advantage ov] ! p5dulum 9 ?is c\ntry1 9 ! ev5t ( our fix+ ! foot at ! ne>e/ aliquot "p ( ei!r2 = ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! common foot1 & ^? s to be d$uc$1 w\ld be ?ree times great] 9 ! case ( ! p5dulum ?an 9 t ( ! rod4 ,let ! /&>d ( measure1 !n1 be a uni=m cyl9drical rod ( iron1 ( su* l5g? z1 9 latitude #de1 9 ! level ( ! ocean1 & 9 a cell>1 or o!r place1 ! temp]ature ( :i* does n v>y ?r\gh ! ye>1 %all p]=m its vibrations 9 small & equal arcs1 9 "o second ( mean "t4 ,a /&>d ( inv>iable l5g? be+ ?us obta9$1 we may proce$ to id5tify1 by t1 ! measures1 weights & co9s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 b "h a d\bt pres5ts itself z to ! ext5t ( ! re=mation m$itat$ by ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 ,! exp]im5t made by ,congress 9 ! ye> "o ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & eighty-six1 by decl>+ t !re %\ld be "o money ( acc\nt & paym5t ?r\gh ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & t its p>ts & multiples %\ld be 9 a decimal ratio1#bc has obta9$ su* g5]al approbation1 bo? at home & abroad1 t no?+ seems want+ b ! actual co9age1 to bani% ! discordant p\nds1 %ill+s1 p5ce1 & f>?+s ( ! diff]5t ,/ates1 & to e/abli% 9 _! /ead ! new d5om9ations4 ,is x 9 contemplation ) ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives to ext5d a l improvem5t to our measures & weights1 & to arrange !m also 9 a decimal ratio8 ,! facility :i* ?is w\ld introduce into ! vulg> ari?metic w\ld1 unque/ionably1 be soon & s5sibly felt by ! :ole mass ( ! p1 :o w\ld !reby be enabl$ to compute = !mselves :atev] !y %\ld h occasion to buy1 to sell1 or to measure1 :i* ! pres5t complicat$ & difficult ratios place beyond _! computation = ! mo/ "p4 ,or1 is x ! op9ion ( ! ,repres5tatives t ! difficulty ( *ang+ ! e/abli%$ habits ( a :ole nation opposes an insup]able b> to ?is improvem5t8 ,"u ?is unc]ta9ty1 ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate ?9ks x 8 duty to submit alt]native plans1 t ! ,h\se may1 at _! w1 adopt ei!r ! "o or ! o!r1 exclusively1 or ! "o = ! pres5t & ! o!r = a future "t1 :5 ! public m9d may be suppos$ to h become famili>iz$ to x4 ,i4 ,& fir/1 on ! supposition t ! pres5t measures & weights are to be reta9$ b to be r5d]$ uni=m & inv>iable1 by br++ !m to ! same inv>iable /&>d4 ,! fir/ settl]s ( ^! ,/ates1 hav+ come *iefly f ,engl&1 br\ght ) !m ! measures & weights ( t c\ntry4 ,^! alone are g5]ally e/abli%$ among u1 ei!r by law or usage2 & ^!1 !re=e1 are alone to be reta9$ & fix$4 ,we mu/ resort to t c\ntry = in=mation ( :at !y are1 or ought to be4 ,?is re/s1 pr9cipally1 on ! evid5ce ( c]ta9 /&>d measures & weights1 :i* h be5 pres]v$1 ( long "t1 9 diff]5t deposits4 ,b diff]5ces among ^! hav+ be5 kn[n to exi/1 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 9 ! ye>s #ageg & #ageh1 appo9t$ committees to inquire into ! orig9al /&>ds ( _! weights & measures4 ,^! committees1 assi/$ by able ma!maticians & arti/s1 exam9$ & comp>$ ) ea* o!r ! sev]al /&>d measures & weights1 & made reports on !m 9 ! ye>s #ageh & #agei4 ,! circum/ances "u :i* ^! reports 7 made entitle !m to be consid]$1 z f> z !y g1 z ! be/ writt5 te/imony exi/+ ( ! /&>d measures & weights ( ,engl&2 & z su*1 !y w be reli$ on 9 ! progress ( ?is report4 ,,measures ,,( ,,l5g?4 ,! measures ( l5g? 9 use among u are3 ,! league ( #c miles1 ,! fa?om ( #b y>ds1 ,! mile ( #h furlongs1 ,! ell ( a y>d & qu>t]1 ,! furlong ( #dj poles or p]*es1 ,! y>d ( #c feet1 ,! foot ( #ab in*es1 & ,! pole or p]* ( #e y>ds1 ,! in* ( #aj l9es4 ,on ?is bran* ( _! subject1 ! committee ( #ageg-ageh1 says t ! /&>d measures ( l5g? at ! receipt ( ! ex*equ]1 are a y>d1 suppos$ to be ( ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,vii41 & a y>d & ell suppos$ to h be5 made ab\t ! ye> #afja2 t !y are brass rods1 v co>sely made1 _! divisions n exact1 & ! rods b5t2 & t 9 ! ye> #agdb1 "s memb]s ( ! ,royal ,society _h be5 at great pa9s 9 tak+ an exact measure ( ^! /&>ds1 by v curi\s in/rum5ts1 prep>$ by ! +5i\s ,mr4 ,graham2 t ! ,royal ,society _h _h a brass rod made pursuant to _! exp]im5ts1 :i* 0 made s accurately1 & by p]sons s skilful & exact1 t x 0 ?\ght n easy to obta9 a m exact "o2 & ! committee1 9 fact1 f\nd x to agree ) ! /&>ds at ! ex*equ]1 z ne> z x 0 possible4 ,!y furni% no means1 to p]sons at a di/ance1 ( kn[+ :at ?is /&>d is4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is suppli$ by ! evid5ce ( ! second p5dulum1 :i*1 accord+ to ! au?ority be=e quot$1 is1 at ,london1 #ci4afhb ,engli% in*es1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! second rod !re is ( #eh4gebc ( ! same in*es4 ,:5 we %all h f\nd1 !n1 by actual trial1 ! second rod = #de by add+ ! diff]5ce ( _! comput$ l5g?1 to wit3 #bhg_/ajjjj ( an in*1 or r #c_/aj ( a l9e 7:i* 9 practice w endang] less error ?an an attempt at s m9ute a fraction z ! t5 ?\s&? p>ts ( an in*7 we %all h ! second rod ( ,london1 or a true measure ( #eh ,engli% in*es4 ,or1 to %ort5 ! op]ation1 )\t v>y+ ! result1 ,let ! /&>d rod ( #de be divid$ into #ehg equal p>ts1 & let ea* ( ^! p>ts be decl>$ a l9e4 #aj l9es an in*1 #e y>ds a p]* or pole1 #ab in*es a foot1 #dj poles or p]*es a furlong1 #c feet a y>d1 #h furlongs a mile1 #c feet #i in*es an ell1 #c miles a league4 #f feet a fa?om1 ,,sup]ficial ,,measures ,our measures ( surface are1 ! acre ( #d roods & ! rood ( #dj squ>e poles2 s e/abli%$ by a /atute ( #cc ,edw4 #a4 ,let !m rema9 ! same4 ,,measures ,,( ,,capacity4 ,! measures ( capacity 9 use among u are ( ! foll[+ names & proportions3 ,! gill1 f\r ( :i* make a p9t4 ,two p9ts make a qu>t4 ,two qu>ts a pottle4 ,two pottles a gallon4 ,two gallons a peck1 dry measure4 ,eight gallons make a measure call$ a firk91 9 liquid sub/ances1 & a bu%el1 dry4 ,two firk9s1 or bu%els1 make a measure call$ a rundlet or kild]k91 liquid1 & a /rike1 dry4 ,two kild]k9s1 or /rikes1 make a measure call$ a b>rel1 liquid1 & a coomb1 dry2 ?is la/ t]m be+ anci5t & little us$4 ,two b>rels1 or coombs1 make a measure call$ a hog%ead1 liquid1 or a qu>t]1 dry2 ea* be+ ! qu>t] ( a ton4 ,a hog%ead & a ?ird make a ti]ce1 or ?ird ( a ton4 ,two hog%eads make a pipe1 butt1 or pun*eon2 & ,two pipes make a ton4 ,b no "o ( ^! measures is ( a det]m9ate capacity4 ,! report ( ! committee ( #ageg-h1 %[s t ! gallon is ( v v>i\s cont5t2 & t be+ ! unit1 all ! o!rs mu/ v>y ) x4 ,! gallon & bu%el conta9-- #bbd & #agib cubic in*es1 accord+ to ! /&>d w9e gallon pres]v$ at ,guildhall4 #bca & #ahdh1 accord+ to ! /atute ( #e? ( ,anne4 #bfd4h & #baah4d1 accord+ to ! anci5t ,rum=d qu>t1 ( #abbh1 exam9$ by ! committee4 #bfe4e & #babd1 accord+ to ?ree /&>d bu%els pres]v$ 9 ! ,ex*equ]1 to wit3 "o ( ,h5ry ,,vii41 )\t a rim2 "o dat$ #ajia1 suppos$ = #aeia1 or #afja1 & "o dat$ #afja4 #bff4be & #bacj1 accord+ to ! anci5t ,rum=d gallon ( #abbh1 exam9$ by ! committee4 #bfh4ge & #baej1 accord+ to ! ,w9*e/] bu%el1 z decl>$ by /atute #ac1 #ad1 ,william ,,iii41 :i* has be5 ! model = "s ( ! gra9 ,/ates4 #bga1 less #b spoonfuls1 & #bafh1 less #af spoonfuls1 accord+ to a /&>d gallon ( ,h5ry ,,vii41 & ano!r dat$ #afja1 m>k$ ,e4 ,e41 bo? 9 ! ,ex*equ]4 #bga & #bafh1 accord+ to a /&>d gallon 9 ! ,ex*equ]1 dat$ #afja1 m>k$ ,e41 & call$ ! corn gallon4 #bgb & #bagf1 accord+ to ! ?ree /&>d corn gallons la/ m5tion$1 z measur$ 9 #afhh1 by an arti/ = ! ,commission]s ( ! ,excise1 g5]ally us$ 9 ! seaport t[ns1 & by m]cantile p1 & !nce introduc$ into "s ( ! gra9 ,/ates4 #bgg4ah & #bbag4dd1 z e/abli%$ = ! measure ( coal by ! /atute #ab ,anne4 #bgh & #bbbd1 accord+ to ! /&>d bu%el ( ,h5ry ,,vii41 ) a copp] rim1 9 ! ,ex*equ]4 #bgh4d & #bbbg4b accord+ to two /&>d p9ts ( #afja & #afjb1 9 ! ,ex*equ]4 #bhj & #bbdj1 accord+ to ! /&>d qu>t ( #afja1 9 ! ,ex*equ]4 #bhb & #bbef1 accord+ to ! /&>d gallon = be] & ale 9 ! ,treasury4 ,!re are1 moreov]1 v>ieties on ^! v>ieties1 f ! b>rel to ! ton1 inclusive2 =1 if ! b>rel be ( h]r+s1 x mu/ conta9 #bh gallons by ! /atute #ac ,eliz4 c4 #aa4 ,if ( w9e1 x mu/ conta9 #ca gallons by ! /atute #b ,h5ry ,,vi4 c4 #aa1 & #a ,ri*4 ,,iii4 c4 #ae4 ,if ( be] or ale1 x mu/ conta9 #cd gallons by ! /atute #a ,william & ,m>y1 c4 #bd1 & ! high] measures 9 proportion4 ,9 ^? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :i* h n adopt$ ! /atutes ( ,william & ,m>y1 & ( ,anne be=e cit$1 nor _! sub/ance1 ! w9e gallon ( #bca cubic in*es re/s on ! au?ority ( v long usage1 be=e ! #e? ( ,anne1 ! orig9 & f\ndation ( :i* are unkn[n2 ! bu%el is ! ,w9*e/] bu%el1 by ! #aa ,h5ry ,,vii4 undef9$2 & ! b>rel ( ale #cb gallons1 & ( be] #cf gallons1 by ! /atute #bc ,h5ry ,,viii c4 #d4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate is n in=m$ :e!r !re h be5 any1 & :at1 alt]ations ( ^! measures by ! laws ( ! p>ticul> ,/ates4 ,x is propos$ to reta9 ?is s]ies ( measures1 b to fix ! gallon to "o det]m9ate capacity1 z ! unit ( measure1 bo? wet & dry2 = conv5i5ce is 9 favor ( aboli%+ ! di/9ction betwe5 wet & dry measures4 ,! w9e gallon1 :e!r ( #bbd or #bca cubic in*es1 may be altoge!r disreg>d$1 z conc]n+1 pr9cipally1 ! m]cantile & ! weal?y1 ! lea/ num]\s "p ( ! society1 & ! mo/ capable ( r$uc+ "o measure to ano!r by calculation4 ,?is gallon is little us$ among ! mass ( f>m]s1 ^: *ief habits & int]e/s are 9 ! size ( ! corn bu%el4 ,( ! /&>d measures be=e /at$1 two are pr9cipally di/+ui%$ 9 au?ority & practice4 ,! /atute bu%el ( #baej cubic in*es1 :i* gives a gallon ( #bfh4ge cubic in*es1 & ! /&>d gallon ( #afja1 call$ ! corn gallon ( #bga or #bgb cubic in*es1 :i* has introduc$ ! m]cantile bu%el ( #bbgf in*es4 ,! =m] ( ^! is mo/ us$ 9 "s ( ! gra9 ,/ates1 ! latt] 9 o!rs4 ,! middle t]m ( #bgj cubic in*es may be tak5 z a mutual compromise ( conv5i5ce1 & z (f]+ ?is g5]al advantage3 t ! bu%el be+ ( #bafj cubic in*es1 is exactly a cubic foot & a qu>t]1 & s facilitates ! conv]sion ( wet & dry measures into solid cont5ts & tonnage1 & simplifies ! connection ( measures & weights1 z w be %[n h]eaft]4 ,x may be add$1 9 favor ( ?is1 z a m$ium measure1 t eight ( ! /&>d1 or /atute measures be=e enum]at$1 are bel[ ?is t]m1 & n9e above x4 ,! measures to be made = use1 be+ f\r sid$1 ) rectangul> sides & bottom4 ,! p9t w be #c in*es squ>e1 & #c in*es deep2 ,! qu>t #c in*es squ>e1 & #g in*es deep2 ,! pottle #c in*es squ>e1 & #ae in*es deep1 or #d1 #e1 & #f in*es2 ,! gallon #f in*es squ>e1 & #g in*es deep1 or #e1 #f1 & #i in*es2 ,! peck #f1 #i1 & #aj in*es2 ,! half bu%el #ab in*es squ>e1 & #g in*es deep2 & ,! bu%el #ab in*es squ>e1 & #ae in*es deep1 or #i1 #ae1 & #af in*es4 ,cyl9drical measures h ! advantage ( sup]ior /r5g?1 b squ>e ones h ! great] advantage ( enabl+ e "o :o has a rule 9 8 pocket1 to v]ify _! cont5ts by measur+ !m4 ,moreov]1 till ! circle c be squ>$1 ! cyl9d] _c be cub$1 nor its cont5ts exactly express$ 9 figures4 ,let ! measures ( capacity1 !n1 = ! ,unit$ ,/ates be-- ,a gallon ( #bgj cubic in*es2 ,! gallon to conta9 #b pottles2 ,! pottle #b qu>ts2 ,! qu>t #b p9ts2 ,! p9t #d gills2 ,two gallons to make a peck2 ,eight gallons a bu%el or firk92 ,two bu%els1 or firk91 a /rike or kild]k92 ,two /rikes1 or kild]k9s1 a coomb or b>rel2 ,two coombs1 or b>rels1 a qu>t] or hog%ead2 ,a hog%ead & a ?ird "o ti]ce2 ,two hog%eads a pipe1 butt1 or pun*eon2 & ,two pipes a ton4 ,& let all measures ( capacity ( dry subjects be /rick5 ) a /raight /rike4 ,,weights4 ,!re are two s]ies ( weights 9 use among u2 ! "o call$ avoirdupois1 ! o!r troy4 ,9 ! ,avoirdupois s]ies3 ,! p\nd is divid$ into #af ounces2 ,! ounce into #af dra*ms2 ,! dra*m into #d qu>t]s4 ,9 ! ,troy s]ies3 ,! p\nd is divid$ into #ab ounces2 ,! ounce 7accord+ to ! subdivision ( ! apo!c>ies7 into #h dra*ms2 ,! dra*m into #c scruples2 ,! scruple into #bj gra9s4 ,accord+ to ! subdivision = gold & silv]1 ! ounce is divid$ into tw5ty p5nyweights1 & ! p5nyweight into tw5ty-f\r gra9s4 ,s t ! p\nd troy conta9s #egfj gra9s1 ( :i* #gjjj are requisite to make ! p\nd avoirdupois2 ( c\rse ! weight ( ! p\nd troy is to t ( ! #gjjj1 or z #add to #age4 ,x is rem>kable t ?is is exactly ! proportion ( ! anci5t liquid gallon ( ,guildhall ( #bbd cubic in*es1 to ! corn gallon ( #bgb2 = #bbd are to #bgb z #add to #age4 7#d47 ,x is fur!r rem>kable /ill1 t ?is is also ! exact proportion betwe5 ! specific weight ( any measure ( :eat1 & ( ! same measure ( wat]3 = ! /atute bu%el is ( #fd p\nds ( :eat4 ,n[ z #add to #age1 s are #fd p\nds to #gg4g p\nds2 b #gg4g p\nds is kn[n to be ! weight ( 7#e47 #baej4d cubic in*es ( pure wat]1 :i* is exactly ! cont5t ( ! ,w9*e/] bu%el1 z decl>$ by ! /atute #ac1 #ad1 ,w4 #c4 ,t /atute det]m9$ ! bu%el to be a cyl9d] ( #ah in*es diamet]1 & #h in*es dep?4 ,su* a cyl9d]1 z ne>ly z x c be cub$1 & express$ 9 figures1 conta9s #baej4dbe cubic in*es2 a result :i* reflects au?ority on ! decl>ation ( ,p>liam5t1 & induces a favorable op9ion ( ! c>e ) :i* !y inve/igat$ ! cont5ts ( ! anci5t bu%el1 & also a belief t !re might exi/ evid5ce ( x at t day1 unkn[n to ! committees ( #ageh & #agei4 ,we f9d1 !n1 9 a cont9u$ proportion #fd to #gg4g z #bbd to #bgb1 & z #add to #age1 t is to say1 ! specific weight ( a measure ( :eat1 to t ( ! same measure ( wat]1 z ! cubic cont5ts ( ! wet gallon1 to ^? ( ! dry2 & z ! weight ( a p\nd troy to t ( a p\nd avoirdupois4 ,?is seems to h be5 s comb9$ z to r5d] x indiff]5t :e!r a ?+ 7 dealt out by weight or measure2 = ! dry gallon ( :eat1 & ! liquid "o ( w9e1 7 ( ! same weight2 & ! avoirdupois p\nd ( :eat1 & ! troy p\nd ( w9e1 7 ( ! same measure4 ,wat] & ! v9\s liquors1 :i* ent] mo/ into comm]ce1 are s ne>ly ( a weight1 t ! diff]5ce1 9 mod]ate quantities1 w\ld be neglect$ by bo? buy] & sell]2 "s ( ! w9es be+ a little heavi]1 & "s a little light]1 ?an wat]4 ,ano!r rem>kable correspond5ce is t betwe5 weights & measures4 ,= #ajjj ounces avoirdupois ( pure wat] fill a cubic foot1 ) ma!matical exactness4 ,:at circum/ances ( ! times1 or purposes ( b>t] or comm]ce1 call$ = ?is comb9ation ( weights & measures1 ) ! subjects to be ex*ang$ or pur*as$1 are n n[ to be asc]ta9$4 ,b a triple set ( exact proportionals repres5t+ weights1 measures1 & ! ?+s to be weigh$ & measur$1 & a relation s integral betwe5 weights & solid measures1 mu/ h be5 ! result ( design & sci5tific calculation1 & n a m]e co9cid5ce ( haz>d4 ,x proves t ! dry & wet measures1 ! heavy & light weights1 mu/ h be5 orig9al p>ts ( ! sy/em !y compose--contr>y to ! op9ion ( ! committee ( #ageg1 #ageh1 :o ?\ght t ! avoirdupois weight 0 n an anci5t weight ( ! k+dom1 nor ev] ev5 a legal weight1 b dur+ a s+le ye> ( ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii42 &1 !re=e1 conclud$1 o!rwise ?an w be "h propos$1 to suppress x altoge!r4 ,_! op9ion 0 f\nd$ *iefly on ! sil5ce ( ! laws z to ?is weight4 ,b ! h>mony "h develop$ 9 ! sy/em ( weights & measures1 ( :i* ! avoirdupois makes an ess5tial memb]1 corroborat$ by a g5]al use1 f v high antiquity1 ( t1 or ( a ne>ly simil> weight "u ano!r 7#f47 "n1 seem /rong] pro(s t ?is is legal weight1 ?an ! m]e sil5ce ( ! writt5 laws is ( ! contr>y4 ,be ?is z x may1 x is 9 su* g5]al use ) u1 t1 on ! pr9ciple ( popul> conv5i5ce1 its high] d5om9ations1 at lea/1 mu/ be pres]v$4 ,x is by ! avoirdupois p\nd & ounce t our citiz5s h be5 us$ to buy & sell4 ,b ! small] subdivisions ( dra*ms & qu>t]s are n 9 use ) !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y h be5 us$ to weigh _! money & m$ic9e ) ! p5nyweights & gra9s troy weight1 & are n 9 ! habit ( us+ ! p\nds & ounces ( t s]ies4 ,x w\ld be = _! conv5i5ce1 !n1 to suppress ! p\nd & ounce troy1 & ! dra*m & qu>t] avoirdupois2 & to =m into "o s]ies ! avoirdupois p\nd & ounce1 & ! troy p5nyweight & gra94 ,! avoirdupois ounce conta9s #ah p5nyweights #e gra9s troy weight4 ,divide x1 !n1 into #ah p5nyweights1 & ! p5nyweight1 z h]et(ore1 into #bd gra9s1 & ! new p5nyweight w conta9 betwe5 a ?ird & a qu>t] ( a gra9 m ?an ! pres5t troy p5nyweight2 or1 m accurately1 x w be to t z #hge to #hfd--;a diff]5ce n to be notic$1 ei!r 9 money or m$ic9e1 bel[ ! d5om9ation ( an ounce4 ,b x w be necess>y to ref] ^! weights to a det]m9ate mass ( "s sub/ance1 ! specific gravity ( :i* is inv>iable4 ,ra9 wat] is su* a sub/ance1 & may be ref]r$ to ev]y:]e1 & ?r\gh all "t4 ,x has be5 f\nd by accurate exp]im5ts t a cubic foot ( ra9 wat] weighs #ajjj ounces avoirdupois1 /&>d weights ( ! ex*equ]4 ,x is true t among ^! /&>d weights ! committee report small v>iations2 b ?is exp]im5t mu/ decide 9 favor ( ^? p>ticul> weights1 betwe5 :i*1 & an integral mass ( wat]1 s rem>kable a co9cid5ce has be5 f\nd4 ,to r5d] ?is /&>d m exact1 ! wat] %\ld be weigh$ always 9 ! same temp]ature ( air2 z heat1 by increas+ its volume1 less5s its specific gravity4 ,! cell> ( uni=m temp]ature is be/ = ?is also4 ,let x1 !n1 be e/abli%$ t an ounce is ( ! weight ( a cube ( ra9 wat]1 ( "o-t5? ( a foot2 or1 r1 t x is ! ?\s&? "p ( ! weight ( a cubic foot ( ra9 wat]1 weigh$ 9 ! /&>d temp]ature2 t ! s]ies ( weights ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all consi/ ( p\nds1 ounces1 p5nyweights1 & gra9s2 :]e( #bd gra9s %all be "o p5nyweight2 #ah p5nyweights "o ounce2 #af ounces "o p\nd4 ,,co9s4 ,congress1 9 #aghf1 e/abli%$ ! money unit at #cge4fd troy gra9s ( pure silv]4 ,x is propos$ to enl>ge ?is by ab\t ! ?ird ( a gra9 9 weight1 or a mill 9 value2 t is to say1 to e/abli% x at #cgf 7or1 m exactly1 #cge4ihicdc7 in/ead ( #cge4fd gra9s2 because x w be %[n t ?is1 z ! unit ( co91 w l9k 9 sy/em ) ! units ( l5g?1 surface1 capacity1 & weight1 :5ev] x %all be ?\ght prop] to ext5d ! decimal ratio ?r\gh all ^! bran*es4 ,x is to pres]ve ! possibility ( do+ ?is1 t ?is v m9ute alt]ation is propos$4 ,we h ?is proportion1 !n1 #hge to #hfd1 z #cge4ihicdc gra9s troy to #cga4bfbfbgg2 ! expression ( ! unit 9 ! new gra9s4 ,let x be decl>$1 !re=e1 t ! money unit1 or doll> ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 %all conta9 #cga4bfb ,am]ican gra9s ( pure silv]4 ,if no?+ m1 !n1 is propos$1 ?an to r5d] uni=m & /able ! sy/em we already possess1 ?is may be effect$ on ! plan h]e9 detail$2 ! sum ( :i* is3 #a/4 ,t ! pres5t measures ( l5g? be reta9$1 & fix$ by an inv>iable /&>d4 #b;d4 ,t ! measures ( surface rema9 z !y are1 & be inv>iable also z ! measures ( l5g? to :i* !y are to ref]4 #c;d4 ,t ! unit ( capacity1 n[ s equivocal1 be settl$ at a m$ium & conv5i5t t]m1 & def9$ by ! same inv>iable measures ( l5g?4 #d?4 ,t ! m kn[n t]ms 9 ! two k9ds ( weights be reta9$1 & r$uc$ to "o s]ies1 & t !y be ref]r$ to a def9ite mass ( "s sub/ance1 ! specific gravity ( :i* nev] *anges4 ,& #e?4 ,t ! quantity ( pure silv] 9 ! money unit be express$ 9 p>ts ( ! weights s def9$4 ,9 ! :ole ( ?is no *ange is propos$1 except an ins5sible "o 9 ! troy gra9 & p5nyweight1 & ! v m9ute "o 9 ! money unit4 ,,ii4 ,b if x be ?\ght t1 ei!r n[1 or at any future "t1 ! citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates may be induc$ to und]take a ?or\gh re=mation ( _! :ole sy/em ( measures1 weights & co9s1 r$uc+ e bran* to ! same decimal ratio already e/abli%$ 9 _! co9s1 & ?us br++ ! calculation ( ! pr9cipal affairs ( life )9 ! ari?metic ( e man :o c multiply & divide pla9 numb]s1 great] *anges w be necess>y4 ,! unit ( measure is /ill t :i* mu/ give law ?r\gh ! :ole sy/em2 & f :atev] unit we set out1 ! co9cid5ces betwe5 ! old & new ratios w be r>e4 ,all t c be done1 w be to *oose su* a unit z w produce ! mo/ ( ^!4 ,9 ?is respect ! second rod has be5 f\nd1 on trial1 to be f> pref]able to ! second p5dulum4 ,,measures ,,( ,,l5g?4 ,let ! second rod1 !n1 z be=e describ$1 be ! /&>d ( measure2 & let x be divid$ into five equal p>ts1 ea* ( :i* %all be call$ a foot2 =1 p]haps1 x may be bett] g5]ally to reta9 ! "n ( ! ne>e/ pres5t measure1 :]e !re is "o tol]ably ne>4 ,x w be ab\t "o qu>t] ( an in* %ort] ?an ! pres5t foot4 ,let ! foot be divid$ into #aj in*es2 ,! in* into #aj l9es2 ,! l9e into #aj po9ts2 ,let #aj feet make a decad2 #aj decads "o rood2 #aj roods a furlong2 #aj furlongs a mile4 ,,sup]ficial ,,measures4 ,sup]ficial measures h be5 e/imat$1 & s may cont9ue to be1 9 squ>es ( ! measures ( l5g?1 except 9 ! case ( l&s1 :i* h be5 e/imat$ by squ>es1 call$ roods & acres4 ,let ! rood be equal to a squ>e1 e side ( :i* is #ajj feet4 ,?is w be #f4dhc ,engli% feet less ?an ! ,engli% 7#g47 rood e way1 & #acaa squ>e feet less 9 its :ole cont5ts2 t is to say1 ab\t "o-eigh?2 9 :i* proportion1 also1 #d roods w be less ?an ! pres5t acre4 ,,measures ,,( ,,capacity4 ,let ! unit ( capacity be ! cubic foot1 to be call$ a bu%el4 ,x w conta9 #afbj4jeejfhfb cubic in*es1 ,engli%2 be ab\t "o-f\r? less ?an t be=e propos$ to be adopt$ z a m$ium2 "o-t5? less ?an ! bu%el made f #h ( ! ,guildhall gallons2 & "o-f\rte5? less ?an ! bu%el made f #h ,iri% gallons ( #bag4f cubic in*es4 ,let ! bu%el be divid$ into #aj pottles2 ,ea* pottle into #aj demi-p9ts2 ,ea* demi-p9t into #aj metres1 :i* w be ( a cubic in* ea*4 ,let #aj bu%els be a qu>t]1 & #aj qu>t]s a la/1 or d\ble ton4 ,! measures = use be+ f\r-sid$1 & ! sides & bottoms rectangul>1 ! bu%el w be a foot cube4 ,! pottle #e in*es squ>e & f\r in*es deep2 ,! demi-p9t #b in*es squ>e1 & #b in*es deep2 ,! metre1 an in* cube4 ,,weights4 ,let ! weight ( a cubic in* ( ra9 wat]1 or ! ?\s&? "p ( a cubic foot1 be call$ an ounce2 & let ! ounce be divid$ into #aj d\ble scruples3 ,! d\ble scruple into #aj c>ats2 ,! c>at into #aj m9ims or demi-gra9s2 ,! m9im into #aj mites4 ,let #aj ounces make a p\nd2 #aj p\nds a /one2 #af /ones a k5tal2 #aj k5tals a hog%ead4 ,,co9s4 ,let ! money unit1 or doll>1 conta9 elev5?-twelf?s ( an ounce ( pure silv]4 ,?is w be #cgf troy gra9s1 7or m exactly1 #cge4ieicdc troy gra9s17 :i* w be ab\t a ?ird ( a gra91 7or m exactly1 4#cdicdc ( a gra917 m ?an ! pres5t unit4 ,?is1 ) ! twelf? ( alloy already e/abli%$1 w make ! doll> or unit1 ( ! weight ( an ounce1 or ( a cubic in* ( ra9 wat]1 exactly4 ,! s]ies ( mills1 c5ts1 dimes1 doll>s1 & eagles1 to rema9 z already e/abli%$ 7#h47 ,! second rod1 or ! second p5dulum1 express$ 9 ! measures ( o!r c\ntries1 w give ! proportion betwe5 _! measures & ^? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,measures1 weights & co9s1 ?us ref]r$ to /&>ds un*angeable 9 _! nature1 7z is ! l5g? ( a rod vibrat+ seconds1 & ! weight ( a def9ite mass ( ra9 wat]17 w !mselves be un*angeable4 ,^! /&>ds1 too1 are su* z to be accessible to all p]sons1 9 all times & places4 ,! measures & weights d]iv$ f !m fall 9 s ne>ly ) "s ( ^? n[ 9 use1 z to facilitate _! introduction2 & be+ arrang$ 9 decimal ratio1 !y are )9 ! calculation ( e "o :o possesses ! fir/ elem5ts ( ari?metic1 & ( easy comp>ison1 bo? = =eign]s & citiz5s1 ) ! measures1 weights1 & co9s ( o!r c\ntries4 ,a gradual introduction w\ld less5 ! inconv5i5ces :i* might att5d too sudd5 a sub/itution1 ev5 ( an easi] = a m difficult sy/em4 ,aft] a giv5 t]m1 = in/ance1 x might beg9 9 ! cu/om-h\ses1 :]e ! m]*ants w\ld become famili>iz$ to x4 ,aft] a fur!r t]m1 x might be introduc$ into all legal proce$+s1 & m]*ants & trad]s 9 =eign commodities might be requir$ to use x 9 _! deal+s ) "o ano!r4 ,aft] a /ill fur!r t]m1 all o!r descriptions ( p might receive x into common use4 ,too long a po/ponem5t1 on ! o!r h&1 w\ld increase ! difficulties ( its reception ) ! increase ( our population4 ,app5dix1 conta9+ illu/rations & developm5ts ( "s passages ( ! prec$+ report4 7#a47 ,9 ! second p5dulum ) a sph]ical bob1 call ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5tres ( susp5sion & ( ! bob1 #bx#ai4ege1 or #b;d1 & ! radius ( ! bob r2 !n #b;d3r33r3 rr_/#b;d & ( ?is la/ proportional expresses ! displacem5t ( ! c5tre ( oscillation1 to wit3 #brr_/#ex#b;drr_/#e;d4 ,two in*es h be5 propos$ z a prop] diamet] = su* a bob4 ,9 t case r w be #a4 in*1 & rr_/#e;d #a_/ighg in*es4 ,9 ! cyl9drical second rod1 call ! l5g? ( ! rod1 #c x #ai4ege4 or #c;d1 & its radius r & rr_/#bx#c;drr_/#f;d w express ! displacem5t ( ! c5tre ( oscillation4 ,x is ?\ght ! rod w be suffici5tly inflexible if x be ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,!n r w be 4#a in*1 & rr_/#f;d #a_/aagde in*es1 :i* is b ! #abj? "p ( ! displacem5t 9 ! case ( ! p5dulum ) a sph]ical bob1 & b ! #fhi1gaj? "p ( ! :ole l5g? ( ! rod4 ,if ! rod be ev5 ( half an in* diamet]1 ! displacem5t w be b #a_/ahgi ( an in*1 or #a_/aajcef ( ! l5g? ( ! rod4 7#b47 ,sir ,isaac ,newton computes ! p5dulum = #de to be #cf p\ces #h4dbh lignes4 ,pic>d made ! ,engli% foot #aa p\ces #b4f lignes1 & ,dr4 ,maskelyne #aa p\ces #c4aa lignes4 ,d',alemb]t /ates x at #aa p\ces #c lignes1 :i* has be5 us$ 9 ^! calculations z a middle t]m1 & gives u #cf p\ces #h4dbh lignes #ci4adia in*es4 ,?is l5g? = ! p5dulum ( #de _h be5 adopt$ 9 ?is report be=e ! ,bi%op ( ,autun's proposition 0 kn[n "h4 ,he relies on ,mairan's ratio = ! l5g? ( ! p5dulum 9 ! latitude ( ,p>is1 to wit3 #ejd3beg33gb p\ces to a #d? proportional1 :i* w be #cf4gadbh p\ces#ci4afai in*es1 ! l5g? ( ! p5dulum = latitude #dh #ej'4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & ! p5dulum = #de is 4#jaac ( an in*2 s t ! p5dulum = #de w\ld be e/imat$1 accord+ to ,mairan1 at #ci4afai--4jaac #ci4aejf in*es1 almo/ precisely ! same ) ,newton's computation h]e9 adopt$4 7#c47 ,sir ,isaac ,newton's computations = ! diff]5t degrees ( latitude1 f #cj to #de1 are z foll[s3 ,pi$s4 ,lignes4 #cj #c #g4idh #ce #c #h4jii #dj #c #h4bfa #da #c #h4bid #db #c #h4cbg #dc #c #h4cfa #dd #c #h4cid #de #c #h4dbh 7#d47 ,or1 m exactly1 #add3age33bbd3bgb4b4 7#e47 ,or1 m exactly1 #fb4e3agbh33gg4g3baej4ci4 7#f47 ,! m]*ant's weight4 7#g47 ,! ,eng4 rood conta9s #aj1hij sq4 feet #ajd4cee feet sq4 7#h47 ,! ,measures1 ,weights1 & ,co9s ( ! ,decimal ,sy/em1 e/imat$ 9 ^? ( ,engl&1 n[ us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #a4 ,,measures ,,( ,,l5g?4 ,feet4 ,equival5t 9 ,engli% measure4 ,! po9t1 4#jja 4#jaa in*4 ,! l9e1 4#ja 4#aag ,! in*1 4#a #a4agd1 ab\t #a_/g m ?an ! ,eng4 in*4 ,! foot1 #a4 #aa4gddgcf ab\t #a_/dh less ?an ! 4#ighgbh feet1 ,engli% foot4 ,! decad1 #aj4 #i4ghg1 ab\t #a_/dh less ?an ! #aj feet rod ( ! c>p5t]s4 ,! rood1 #ajj4 #ig4hgb1 ab\t #a_/af less ?an ! side ( an ,engli% squ>e rood4 ,! furlong1 #ajjj4 #igh4gbh1 ab\t m ?an ! ,eng4 fur4 ,! mile1 #ajjjj4 #ighg4bh1 ab\t #a-f_/g ,engli% mile1 ne>ly ! ,scot* & ,iri% mile1 & ! ,g]man mile4 #b4 ,,sup]ficial ,,measure4 ,roods4 ,! hundr$?1 4#ja #ie4fi squ>e feet ,engli%4 ,! t5?1 4#a #ieg4i ,! rood1 #a4 #iegi4jhe ,! d\ble acre1 #aj4 #b4aii1 or say #b4b acres ,engli%4 ,! squ>e furlong1 #ajj4 #bb4 #c4 ,,measure ,,( ,,capacity4 ,bu%els4 ,cub4 ,in*es ,! metre1 4#jja #a4fb ,! demi-p9t1 4#ja #af4b1 ab\t #a_/bd less ?an ! ,engli% half-p9t4 ,! pottle1 4#a #afb4jje1 ab\t m ?an ! ,engli% pottle4 ,! bu%el1 #a4 #afbj4jeejfhfb 4#icgecahfhdadhhdceb cub feet4 ab\t less ?an ! middle siz$ ,engli% bu%el4 ,! qu>t]1 #aj4 #i4cge1 ab\t less ?an ! ,eng4 qr4 ,! la/1 #ajj4 #ic4gec1 ab\t #a_/g m ?an ! ,eng4 la/4 #d4 ,,weights4 ,p\nds4 ,avoirdupois4 ,troy4 ,mite1 4#jjjja 4#jda gra9s1 ab\t less ?an ! ,engli% mite4 ,m9im1 or 4#jjja 4#daja1 ab\t less demi-gra91 ?an half-gra9 troy4 ,c>at1 4#jja 4#daja1 ab\t #a_/dj m ?an ! c>at troy4 ,d\ble 4#ja #da4jag1 ab\t #a_/dj scruple1 m ?an #b scruples troy4 ,ounce1 4#a #icgecahfhdadh #daj4agjaibdca #hdceb oz4 4#hedeb oz4 ab\t #a_/af less ?an ! ounce avoirdupois4 ,p\nd1 #a4 #i4cge 4#gabaja lb41 ab\t 4#eheiegdaggei lb4 less ?an ! p\nd troy4 ,/one1 #aj4 #ic4gec oz4 #g4aba ab\t less #e4heie lb4 ?an ! ,engli% /one ( #h lbs4 avoirdupois4 ,k5tal1 #ajj4 #icg4eca oz4 #ga4ba ab\t #d_/aj less #eh4eieg lb4 ?an ! ,engli% k5tal ( #ajj lbs4 avoirdupois4 ,hog%ead1 #ajjj4 #icge4cah oz4 #gab4aja #ehe4iegd lb4 #e4 ,,co9s4 ,doll>s4 ,! mill1 4#jja ,! c5t1 4#ja ,! dime1 4#a ,troy gra9s4 ,doll>1 #a4 #cge4ihicdcjf pure silv]4 #cd4ahjhdicg alloy4 ------------ ,eagle1 #aj4 #daj4agjaibdc ,po/script4 ,janu>y #aj1 #agia4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to obs]ve t ! measures1 weights1 & co9s1 propos$ 9 ! prec$+ report1 w be d]iv$ altoge!r f me*anical op]ations1 viz43 ,a rod1 vibrat+ seconds1 divid$ into five equal p>ts1 "o ( ^! subdivid$1 & multipli$ decimally1 = e measure ( l5g?1 surface1 & capacity1 & ^! la/ fill$ ) wat]1 to det]m9e ! weights & co9s4 ,! ari?metical e/imates 9 ! report 7 int5d$ only to give an idea ( :at ! new measures1 weights1 & co9s1 w\ld be ne>ly1 :5 comp>$ ) ! old4 ,! l5g? ( ! /&>d or second rod1 !re=e1 0 assum$ f t ( ! p5dulum2 & z !re has be5 small diff]5ces 9 ! e/imates ( ! p5dulum by diff]5t p]sons1 t ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton 0 tak51 ! highe/ au?ority ! _w has yet kn[n4 ,b1 if ev5 he has err$1 ! measures1 weights1 & co9s propos$1 w n be an atom ! m or less4 ,9 cub+ ! new foot1 :i* 0 e/imat$ at 4#ighgbh ( an ,engli% foot1 or #aa4gddgcf ,engli% in*es1 an ari?metical error ( an unit happ5$ 9 ! f\r? column ( decimals1 & 0 repeat$ 9 ano!r l9e 9 ! six? column1 s z to make ! result "o t5 ?\s&? & "o million? ( a foot too mu*4 ,! ?\s&? "p ( ?is error 7ab\t "o t5 million? ( a foot7 consequ5tly fell on ! metre ( measure1 ! ounce weight1 & ! unit ( money4 ,9 ! la/ x made a diff]5ce ( ab\t ! tw5ty-fif? "p ( a gra9 ,troy1 9 weight1 or ! n9ety-?ird ( a c5t 9 value4 ,z x happ5$1 ?is error 0 on ! favorable side1 s t ! detection ( x approximates our e/imate ( ! new unit exactly t mu* ne>] to ! old1 & r$uces ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m to #cd1 in/ead ( #ch hundr$?s ( a gra9 ,troy2 t is to say1 ! money unit in/ead ( #cge4fd ,troy gra9s ( pure silv]1 z e/abli%$ h]et(ore1 w n[ be #cge4ihicdcjf gra9s1 z f> z our k ( ! l5g? ( ! second p5dulum enables u to judge2 & ! curr5t ( au?orities s9ce ,sir ,isaac ,newton's "t1 gives reason to believe t 8 e/imate is m probably above ?an bel[ ! tru?1 consequ5tly future corrections ( x w br+ ! e/imate ( ! new unit /ill ne>] to ! old4 ,! numb]s 9 :i* ! ari?metical error be=e m5tion$ %[$ itself 9 ! table1 at ! end ( ! report1 h be5 rectifi$1 & ! table re-pr9t$4 ,! head ( sup]ficial measures 9 ! la/ "p ( ! report1 is ?\ght to be n suffici5tly develop$4 ,x is propos$ t ! rood ( l&1 be+ #ajj feet squ>e1 7& ne>ly a qu>t] ( ! pres5t acre17 %all be ! unit ( l& measure4 ,?is w naturally be divid$ into t5?s & hundr$?s1 ! latt] ( :i* w be a squ>e decad4 ,its multiples w also1 ( c\rse1 be t5s1 :i* may be call$ d\ble acres1 & hundr$s1 :i* w be equal to a squ>e furlong ea*4 ,! surveyor's *a9 %\ld be compos$ ( #ajj l9ks ( "o foot ea*4 ,,footnote3 #bc ,see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #afb4 ,,viii4--,op9ion ^u ! "q :e!r ! ,presid5t %\ld veto ! ,bill1 decl>+ t ! seat ( gov]nm5t %all be transf]r$ to ! ,potomac1 9 ! ye> #agij4 ,july #ae1 #agij4 ,a bill hav+ pass$ bo? h\ses ( ,congress1 & be+ n[ be=e ! ,presid5t1 decl>+ t ! seat ( ! f$]al gov]nm5t %all be transf]r$ to ! ,potomac 9 ! ye> #agij1 t ! session ( ,congress next ensu+ ! pres5t %all be held 9 ,philadelphia1 to :i* place ! (fices %all be transf]r$ be=e ! #a/ ( ,decemb] next1 a writ] 9 a public pap] ( ,july #ac1 has urg$ on ! consid]ation ( ! ,presid5t1 t ! con/itution has giv5 to ! two h\ses ( ,congress ! exclusive "r to adj\rn !mselves2 t ! w ( ! ,presid5t mix$ ) !irs 9 a decision ( ?is k9d1 w\ld be an inop]ative +r$i5t1 repugnant to ! con/itution1 & t he ought n to p]mit !m to "p1 9 a s+le in/ance1 ) _! con/itutional rights2 consequ5tly1 t he ought to negative ! bill4 ,t is n[ to be consid]$4 ,e man1 & e body ( m5 on e>?1 possesses ! "r ( self-gov]nm5t4 ,!y receive x ) _! be+ f ! h& ( nature4 ,individuals ex]cise x by _! s+le w2 collections ( m5 by t ( _! majority2 = ! law ( ! majority is ! natural law ( e society ( m54 ,:5 a c]ta9 description ( m5 are to transact toge!r a p>ticul> bus9ess1 ! times & places ( _! meet+ & sep>at+1 dep5d on _! own w2 !y make a "p ( ! natural "r ( self-gov]nm5t4 ,?is1 l all o!r natural rights1 may be abridg$ or modifi$ 9 its ex]cise by _! own cons5t1 or by ! law ( ^? :o depute !m1 if !y meet 9 ! "r ( o!rs2 b z f> z x is n abridg$ or modifi$1 !y reta9 x z a natural "r1 & may ex]cise !m 9 :at =m !y please1 ei!r exclusively by !mselves1 or 9 association ) o!rs1 or by o!rs altoge!r1 z !y %all agree4 ,ea* h\se ( ,congress possesses ?is natural "r ( gov]n+ itself1 &1 consequ5tly1 ( fix+ its own times & places ( meet+1 s f> z x has n be5 abridg$ by ! law ( ^? :o employ !m1 t is to say1 by ! ,con/itution4 ,?is act manife/ly consid]s !m z possess+ ?is "r ( c\rse1 & !re=e has n[h]e giv5 x to !m4 ,9 ! sev]al diff]5t passages :]e x t\*es ?is "r1 x treats x z an exi/+ ?+1 n z "o call$ into exi/5ce by !m4 ,to ev9ce ?is1 e passage ( ! con/itution %all be quot$1 :]e ! "r ( adj\rnm5t is t\*$2 & x w be se5 t no "o ( !m pret5ds to give t "r2 t1 on ! contr>y1 e "o is evid5tly introduc$ ei!r to enl>ge ! "r :]e x w\ld be too n>r[1 to re/ra9 x :]e1 9 its natural & full ex]cise1 x might be too l>ge1 & lead to inconv5i5ce1 to def5d x f ! latitude ( its own phrases1 :]e ^! 7 n meant to compreh5d x1 or to provide = its ex]cise by o!rs1 :5 !y _c ex]cise x !mselves4 ,a majority ( ea* h\se %all con/itute a quorum to d bus9ess2 b a small] numb] may adj\rn f day to day1 & may be au?oriz$ to compel ! att5dance ( abs5t memb]s4 ,art4 #a4 ,sec4 #e4 ,a majority ( e collection ( m5 be+ naturally necess>y to con/itute its w1 & x be+ frequ5tly to happ5 t a majority is n assembl$1 x 0 necess>y to enl>ge ! natural "r by giv+ to a small] numb] ?an a majority a "r to compel ! att5dance ( ! abs5t memb]s1 &1 9 ! meantime1 to adj\rn f day to day4 ,?is clause1 !n1 does n pret5d to give to a majority a "r :i* x knew t majority w\ld h ( !mselves1 b to a numb] less ?an a majority1 a "r to :i* x knew t less] numb] c\ld n h ( !mselves4 ,nei!r h\se1 dur+ ! session ( ,congress1 %all1 )\t ! cons5t ( ! o!r1 adj\rn = m ?an ?ree days1 nor to any o!r place ?an t 9 :i* ! two h\ses %all be sitt+4 ,ibid4 ,ea* h\se ex]cis+ sep>ately its natural "r to meet :5 & :]e x %\ld ?9k be/1 x might happ5 t ! two h\ses w\ld sep>ate ei!r 9 "t or place1 :i* w\ld be inconv5i5t4 ,x 0 necess>y1 !re=e1 to keep !m toge!r by re/ra9+ _! natural "r ( decid+ on sep>ate times & places1 & by requir+ a concurr5ce ( w4 ,b1 z x might happ5 t ob/9acy1 or a diff]5ce ( object1 might prev5t ?is concurr5ce1 x goes on to take f !m1 9 t in/ance1 ! "r ( adj\rnm5t altoge!r1 & to transf] x to ano!r1 by decl>+1 ,art4 #b1 ,sec4 #c1 t 9 case ( disagreem5t betwe5 ! two h\ses1 ) respect to ! "t ( adj\rnm5t1 ! ,presid5t may adj\rn !m to su* "t z he %all ?9k prop]4 ,^! clauses1 !n1 d n import a gift1 to ! two h\ses1 ( a g5]al "r ( adj\rnm5t1 :i* x 0 kn[n !y w\ld h )\t t gift1 b to re/ra9 or abrogate ! "r x 0 kn[n !y w\ld h1 9 an in/ance :]e1 ex]cis$ 9 its full ext5t1 x might lead to inconv5i5ce1 & to give t "r to ano!r :o w\ld n naturally h _h x4 ,x also gives to ! ,presid5t a "r1 :i* he o!rwise w\ld n h _h1 to conv5e bo? h\ses1 or ei!r ( !m1 on extraord9>y occasions4 ,?us sub/itut+ ! w ( ano!r1 :]e !y are n 9 a situation to ex]cise _! own4 ,e ord]1 resolution1 or vote1 to :i* ! concurr5ce ( ! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives may be necess>y 7except on a "q ( adj\rnm5t71 %all be pres5t$ to ! ,presid5t = 8 approbation1 c4 ,art4 #a1 ,sec4 #g4 ,! latitude ( ! g5]al words "h us$ w\ld h subject$ ! natural "r ( adj\rnm5t ( ! two h\ses to ! w ( ! ,presid5t1 :i* 0 n int5d$4 ,!y !re=e expressly except que/ions ( adj\rnm5t out ( _! op]ation4 ,!y d n "h give a "r ( adj\rnm5t1 :i* x 0 kn[n w\ld exi/ )\t _! gift1 b !y def5d ! exi/+ "r aga9/ ! latitude ( _! own phrases1 9 a case :]e !re 0 no good reason to abridge x4 ,! exception admits !y w h ! "r ( adj\rnm5t1 )\t po9t+ out ! s\rce f :i* !y w d]ive x4 ,^! are all ! passages ( ! con/itution 7"o only except$1 :i* %all be pres5tly cit$7 :]e ! "r ( adj\rnm5t is t\*$2 & x is evid5t t none ( ^! are introduc$ to give t "r2 b e "o supposes x to be exi/+1 & provides "s specific modification = cases :]e ei!r a defeat 9 ! natural "r1 or a too full use ( x1 w\ld occasion inconv5i5ce4 ,! "r ( adj\rnm5t1 !n1 is n giv5 by ! con/itution1 & consequ5tly x may be modifi$ by law )\t int]f]+ ) t in/rum5t4 ,x is a natural "r1 &1 l all o!r natural rights1 may be abridg$ or regulat$ 9 its ex]cise by law2 & ! concurr5ce ( ! ?ird bran* 9 any law regulat+ its ex]cise is s effici5t an +r$i5t 9 t law1 t ! "r _c be o!rwise ex]cis$ b aft] a repeal by a new law4 ,! express t]ms ( ! con/itution itself %[ t ?is "r may be modifi$ by law1 :51 9 ,art4 #a1 ,sec4 #d4 7! only rema9+ passage on ! subject n yet quot$7 x says1 ,! ,congress %all assemble at lea/ once 9 e ye>1 & su* meet+ %all be ! fir/ ,monday 9 ,decemb]1 unless !y %all1 by law1 appo9t a diff]5t day4 ,!n ano!r day may be appo9t$ by law2 & ! ,presid5t's ass5t is an effici5t +r$i5t 9 t law4 ,nay fur!r1 !y _c adj\rn ov] ! fir/ ,monday ( ,decemb] b by a law4 ,?is is ano!r con/itutional abridgm5t ( _! natural "r ( adj\rnm5t2 & complet+ our review ( all ! clauses 9 ! con/itution :i* t\* t "r1 au?orizes u to say no "p ( t in/rum5t gives x2 & t ! h\ses hold x1 n f ! con/itution1 b f nature4 ,a consequ5ce ( ?is is1 t ! h\ses may1 by a jo9t resolution1 remove !mselves f place to place1 because x is a "p ( _! "r ( self-gov]nm5t2 b t z ! "r ( self-gov]nm5t does n compreh5d ! gov]nm5t ( o!rs1 ! two h\ses _c1 by a jo9t resolution ( _! majorities only1 remove ! executive & judici>y f place to place4 ,^! bran*es possess+ also ! rights ( self-gov]nm5t f nature1 _c be controll$ 9 ! ex]cise ( !m b by a law1 pass$ 9 ! =ms ( ! con/itution4 ,! clause ( ! bill 9 "q1 !re=e1 0 necess>y to be put into ! =m ( a law1 & to be submitt$ to ! ,presid5t1 s f> z x proposes to effect ! removal ( ! ,executive & ,judici>y to ,philadelphia4 ,s f> z respects ! removal ( ! pres5t h\ses ( legislation ?i!r1 x 0 n necess>y to be submitt$ to ! ,presid5t2 b su* a submission is n repugnant to ! con/itution4 ,on ! contr>y1 if he concurs1 x w s f> fix ! next session ( ,congress at ,philadelphia t x _c be *ang$ b by a regul> law4 ,! s5se ( ,congress itself is always respectable au?ority4 ,x has be5 giv5 v rem>kably on ! pres5t subject4 ,! address to ! ,presid5t 9 ! pap] ( ! #ac? is a complete dige/ ( all ! argum5ts urg$ on ! floor ( ! ,repres5tatives aga9/ ! con/itutionality ( ! bill n[ be=e ! ,presid5t2 & !y 7 ov]rul$ by a majority ( t h\se1 compreh5d+ ! delegation ( all ! ,/ates s\? ( ! ,hudson1 except ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,at ! la/ session ( ,congress1 :5 ! bill = rema9+ a c]ta9 t]m at ,new ,york1 & !n remov+ to ,susquehanna or ,g]mant[n 0 object$ to on ! same gr\nd1 ! objection 0 ov]rul$ by a majority compreh5d+ ! delegations ( ! nor!rn half ( ! union ) t ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,s t ! s5se ( e ,/ate 9 ! union has be5 express$1 by its delegation1 aga9/ ?is objection ,s\? ,c>ol9a except$1 & except+ also ,rhode ,isl&1 :i* has nev] yet _h a delegation 9 place to vote on ! "q4 ,9 bo? ^! in/ances1 ! ,s5ate concurr$ ) ! majority ( ! ,repres5tatives4 ,! s5se ( ! two h\ses is /rong] au?ority 9 ?is case1 z x is giv5 aga9/ _! own suppos$ privilege4 ,x w\ld be z t$i\s1 z x is unnecess>y1 to take up & discuss "o by "o1 ! objections propos$ 9 ! pap] ( ,july #ac4 ,e "o ( !m is f\nd$ on ! supposition t ! two h\ses hold _! "r ( adj\rnm5t f ! con/itution4 ,?is error be+ correct$1 ! objections f\nd$ on x fall ( !mselves4 ,x w\ld also be "w ( m]e sup]]ogation to %[ t1 grant+ :at ?is writ] takes = grant$ 7t ! ,presid5t's ass5t w\ld be an inop]ative +r$i5t1 because exclud$ by ! con/itution1 z he says71 yet ! p>ticul> views ( ! writ] w\ld be fru/rat$1 = on e hypo!sis ( :at ! ,presid5t may d1 ,congress mu/ g to ,philadelphia4 #a4 ,if he ass5ts to ! bill1 t ass5t makes good law ( ! "p relative to ! ,patomac2 & ! "p = hold+ ! next session at ,philadelphia is good1 ei!r z an ord9ance1 or a vote ( ! two h\ses1 conta9+ a complete decl>ation ( _! w 9 a case :]e x is compet5t to ! object2 s t !y mu/ g to ,philadelphia 9 t case4 #b4 ,if he diss5ts f ! bill x annuls ! "p relative to ! ,patomac2 b z to ! clause = adj\rn+ to ,philadelphia1 8 diss5t be+ z ineffici5t z 8 ass5t1 x rema9s a good ord9ance or vote1 ( ! two h\ses = go+ ?i!r1 & consequ5tly !y mu/ g 9 ?is case also4 #c4 ,if ! ,presid5t )holds 8 w out ( ! bill altoge!r1 by a t5 days' sil5ce1 !n ! "p relative to ! ,potomac becomes a good law )\t 8 w1 & t relative to ,philadelphia is good also1 ei!r z a law1 or an ord9ance1 or a vote ( ! two h\ses2 & consequ5tly 9 ?is case also !y g to ,philadelphia4 ,,ix4--,op9ion respect+ ! exp5ses & sal>ies ( =eign ,m9i/]s4 ,july #ag1 #agij4 ,! bill on ! int]c\rse ) =eign nations re/ra9s ! ,presid5t f all[+ to ,m9i/]s ,pl5ipot5ti>y1 or to ,congress1 m ?an #i1jjj1 & #d1ejj = _! p]sonal s]vices1 & o!r exp5ses4 ,?is def9ition ( ! objects = :i* ! all[ance is provid$ appe>+ vague1 ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate ?\ght x 8 duty to conf] ) ! g5tlem5 h]et(ore employ$ z m9i/]s 9 ,europe1 to obta9 f !m1 9 aid ( 8 own in=mation1 an enum]ation ( ! exp5ses incid5t to ^! (fices1 & _! op9ion :i* ( !m w\ld be includ$ )9 ! fix$ sal>y1 & :i* w\ld be entitl$ to be *>g$ sep>ately4 ,he1 !re=e1 ask$ a conf]5ce ) ! ,vice-,presid5t1 :o 0 acqua9t$ ) ! resid5ces ( ,london & ! ,hague1 & ! ,*ief ,ju/ice1 :o 0 acqua9t$ ) t ( ,madrid1 :i* took place ye/]day4 ,! ,vice-,presid5t1 ,*ief ,ju/ice1 & ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 concurr$ 9 ! op9ion t ! sal>ies nam$ by ! act are mu* bel[ ^? ( ! same grade at ! c\rts ( ,europe1 & less ?an ! public good requires !y %\ld be4 ,consequ5tly1 t ! exp5ses n includ$ )9 ! def9ition ( ! law1 %\ld be all[$ z an additional *>ge4 #a4 ,c\ri]s1 ,gazettes1 ,translat+ necess>y pap]s1 ,pr9t+ necess>y pap]s1 ,aids to poor ,am]icans4--,all ?ree agre$ t ^! ought to be all[$ z additional *>ges1 n includ$ )9 ! mean+ ( ! phrase1 8 p]sonal s]vices1 & o!r exp5ses4 #b4 ,po/age1 ,/ation>y1 ,c\rt-fees4--,"o ( ! g5tlem5 be+ ( op9ion t ! phrase p]sonal s]vices1 & o!r exp5ses1 0 meant to compreh5d all ! ord9>y exp5ses ( ! (fice1 consid]$ ?is second class ( exp5ses z ord9>y1 & !re=e includ$ 9 ! fix$ sal>y4 ,! fir/ class be=e m5tion$1 he _h view$ z extraord9>y4 ,! o!r two g5tlem5 7 ( op9ion ?is second class 0 also out ( ! def9ition1 & might be all[$ 9 addition to ! sal>y4 ,"o ( !m1 p>ticul>ly1 consid]$ ! phrase z mean+ p]sonal s]vices & p]sonal exp5ses1 t is1 exp5ses = 8 p]sonal accommodation1 com=ts1 & ma9t5ance4 ,?is second class ( exp5ses is n )9 t description4 #c4 ,c]emonies2 su* z diplomatic & public d9n]s1 galas1 & illum9ations4 ,"o g5tleman only 0 ( op9ion ^! might be all[$4 ,! exp5ses ( ! fir/ class may probably am\nt to ab\t fifty doll>s a ye>4 ,^? ( ! second1 to ab\t f\r or five hundr$ doll>s4 ,^? ( ! ?ird are s diff]5t at diff]5t c\rts1 & s indef9ite 9 all ( !m1 t no g5]al e/imate c be propos$4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate ?\ght x 8 duty to lay ?is in=mation be=e ! ,presid5t1 suppos+ x might be satisfactory to himself1 z well z to ! diplomatic g5tlem51 to leave no?+ unc]ta9 z to _! all[ances2 & because1 too1 a previ\s det]m9ation is 9 "s degree necess>y to ! =m+ an e/imate :i* may n exce$ ! :ole sum appropriat$4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate has also consult$ on ! subject ( ! ,morocco consul%ip1 ) ,mr4 ,b>clay1 :o furni%$ him ) ! note1 ( :i* a copy accompanies ?is4 ,consid]+ all circum/ances1 ,mr4 ,b>clay is ( op9ion1 we _h bett] h only a consul !re1 & t he %\ld be ! "o n[ resid+ at ,morocco1 because1 z secret>y to ! ,emp]or1 he sees him e day1 & possesses 8 e>4 ,he is ( op9ion six hundr$ doll>s a ye> might suffice = him1 & t x %\ld be propos$ to him n z a sal>y1 b z a sum 9 gross int5d$ to cov] 8 exp5ses1 & to save ! tr\ble ( keep+ acc\nts4 ,t ?is consul %\ld be au?oriz$ to appo9t ag5ts 9 ! seaports1 :o w\ld be suffici5tly paid by ! consignm5ts ( vessels4 ,he ?9ks ! consul at ,morocco w\ld mo/ conv5i5tly receive 8 all[ance ?r\gh ! *annel ( our ,*>g at ,madrid1 on :om1 also1 ?is consulate _h bett] be made dep5d5t = in/ructions1 in=mation1 & correspond5ce1 because ( ! daily int]c\rse betwe5 ,morocco & ,cadiz4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 on a view ( ,mr4 ,b>clay's note1 v mu* d\bts ! suffici5cy ( ! sum ( six hundr$ doll>s2 he supposes a little money !re may save a great deal2 b he is unable to propose any specific augm5tation till a view ( ! :ole diplomatic e/abli%m5ts & its exp5ses1 may furni% bett] gr\nds = x4 ,app5d$ to ?is note1 7 ! foll[+ e/imate ( ! exp5ses ( =eign m9i/]s1 & ( ! probable calls on our =eign fund1 f ,july #a1 #agij1 to ,july #a1 #agia4--;,,ed4 ,e/imate ( ! ,exp5ses ( a ,m9i/] ,pl5ipot5ti>y4 ,july #ai1 #agij4 ,m9i/] ,pl5ipot5ti>y1 8 sal>y #i1jjj ,8 outfit1 suppose x to happ5 once 9 sev5 ye>s1 w av]age #a1bhe ,8 return at a qu>t]'s sal>y w av]age #cba ,extras1 viz43 ,gazettes1 ,translat+1 ,pr9t+1 ,aids to poor ,am]ican sailors1 ,c\ri]s1 & ,po/age1 ab\t #cej ,8 ,secret>y #a1cej ------- #ab1cif ,e/imate = a ,*>g des ,affaires4 ,*>g des ,affaires1 8 sal>y #d1ejj ,8 outfit1 once 9 sev5 ye>s1 equal to an annual sum ( #fdc ,8 return at a qu>t]'s sal>y1 d #afa ,extras1 z above #cej ------ #e1fed ,! ,ag5t at ! ,hague1 8 sal>y #a1cjj ,extras #ajj ----- #a1djj ,e/imate ( ! ,annual ,exp5ses ( ! ,e/abli%m5t propos$4 ,france1 a ,m9i/] ,pl5ipot5ti>y #ab1cjf ,london1 d4 d4 #ab1cjf ,madrid1 a ,*>g des ,affaires #e1fed ,lisbon1 d4 d4 d4 #e1fed ,hague1 an ag5t #a1djj ,morocco1 a consul #a1hjj ,pres5ts to =eign m9i/]s on tak+ leave1 at #a1jjj ea*1 m or less1 accord+ to _! favor & "t4 ,!re w be five ( !m4 ,if ex*ang$ once 9 sev5 ye>s1 x w be annually #gae ----- #ci1hce ,e/imate ( ! probable calls on our =eign fund f ,july #a1 #agij1 :5 ! act = =eign int]c\rse pass$1 to ,july #a1 #agia4 ,france1 a ,m9i/] ,pl5ipot5ti>y1 8 outfit #i1jjj ,8 sal>y1 suppose x to comm5ce ,augu/ #a/ #h1bej ,extras #cbj ,secret>y #a1bcg4e - #ah1hjg4e ,*>g1 suppose him to rema9 till ,novemb] #a/4 ,sal>y #a1ejj ,extras #aag ,8 return1 a qu>t]'s sal>y #a1abe - #b1gdb ,madrid1 a ,*>g1 8 sal>y #d1ejj ,extras #cej - #d1hej ,lisbon1 a ,*>g1 7or ,resid5t17 8 outfit #d1ejj ,8 sal>y1 suppose x to comm5ce ,janu>y #a1 #agia #b1bej ,extras #age - #f1ibe ,london1 an ,ag5t1 suppose to comm5ce ,octob] #a/1 at #a1cej sal>y #a1jab4e ,extras1 7at #ajj a ye>7 #ge - #a1jhg4e ,hague1 an ,ag5t #a1djj ,morocco1 ,consul #a1hjj - #c1bjj ,pres5ts to =eign ,m9i/]s4 ,! dye ab\t #ejj ,two m$als & *a9s #b1jjj - #b1ejj --------- #dj1aab ,x4--,op9ion 9 reg>d to ! cont9uance ( ! monopoly ( ! comm]ce ( ! ,creek nation1 enjoy$ by ,col4 ,mc,gillivray3 ,july #bi?1 #agij4 ,colonel ,mc,gillivray1 ) a company ( ,briti% m]*ants1 hav+ hi!rto enjoy$ a monopoly ( ! comm]ce ( ! ,creek nation1 ) a "r ( import+ _! goods duty free1 & consid]+ ^! privileges z ! pr9cipal s\rces ( 8 p[] ov] t nation1 is unwill+ to ent] into treaty ) u1 unless !y c be cont9u$ to him4 ,& ! "q is h[ ?is may be done consi/5tly ) our laws1 & s z to avoid j compla9ts f ^? ( our citiz5s :o w\ld wi% to p>ticipate ( ! trade8 ,our citiz5s1 at ?is "t1 are n p]mitt$ to trade 9 t nation4 ,! nation has a "r to give u _! peace1 & to )hold _! comm]ce1 to place x "u :atev] monopolies or regulations !y please4 ,if !y insi/ t only ,colonel ,mc,gillivray & 8 company %all be p]mitt$ to trade among !m1 we h no "r to say ! contr>y4 ,we %all ev5 ga9 "s advantage 9 sub/itut+ citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates in/ead ( ,briti% subjects1 z associates ( ,colonel ,mc,gillivray1 & exclud+ bo? ,briti% & ,spani>ds f ! c\ntry4 ,suppose1 !n1 x be expressly /ipulat$ by treaty1 t no p]son be p]mitt$ to trade 9 ! ,creek c\ntry1 )\t a lic5se f ! ,presid5t1 t b a fix$ numb] %all be p]mitt$ to trade !re at all1 & t ! goods import$ = & s5t to ! ,creek nation1 %all be duty free4 ,x may fur!r be ei!r express$ t ! p]son lic5s$ %all be approv$ by ! lead] or lead]s ( ! nation1 or )\t ?is1 x may be und]/ood betwe5 ! ,presid5t & ,mc,gillivray t ! /ipulat$ numb] ( lic5ses %all be s5t to him blank1 to fill up4 ,a treaty made by ! ,presid5t1 ) ! concurr5ce ( two-?irds ( ! ,s5ate1 is a law ( ! l&1 & a law ( sup]ior ord]1 because x n only repeals pa/ laws1 b _c itself be repeal$ by future ones4#bd ,! treaty1 !n1 w legally control ! duty acts1 & ! acts = lic5s+ trad]s1 9 ?is p>ticul> in/ance4 ,:5 a citiz5 applies = a lic5se1 :o is n ( ,mc,gillivray's p>tn]%ip1 he w be told t b a giv5 numb] c\ld be lic5s$ by ! treaty1 & t ! numb] is full4 ,x seems t 9 ?is way no law w be violat$1 & no j cause ( compla9t w be giv52 on ! contr>y1 ! treaty w h bett]$ our situation1 ?\gh n 9 ! full degree :i* might h be5 wi%$4 ,,footnote3 #bd ,at a lat] p]iod1 ^u review+ ?is op9ion1 ! foll[+ note 0 app5d$ by ,mr4 ,jeff]son4--,ed4--viz4 ,unless ) ! cons5t or default ( ! o!r contract+ p>ty4 ,x may well be d\bt$1 too1 & p]haps d5i$1 t ! treaty p[] c control a law4 ,! "q "h propos$ 0 !n ( ! fir/ impression4 ,subsequ5t inve/igations h prov$ t ! contr>y position is ! m g5]al tru?4 ,,xi4--,op9ion respect+ our =eign debt4 ,augu/ #bf1 #agij4 ,on consid]ation ( ! lett] ( our bank]1 ( ,janu>y #be?1 #agij1 ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury's answ] to x1 & ! draught ( p[]s & in/ructions to him1 ,i am ( op9ion1 z ,i always h be51 t ! pur*ase ( our debt to ,france by private speculators1 w\ld h be5 an op]ation extremely injuri\s to our cr$it2 & t ! consequ5ce =ese5 by our bank]1 t ! pur*as]s w\ld h be5 oblig$1 9 ord] to make good _! paym5ts1 to deluge ! m>kets ( ,am/]dam ) ,am]ican pap] ( all sorts1 & to sell x at any price1 0 a probable "o4 ,& ! m s1 z we "k t ! p>ticul> individuals :o 7 engag$ 9 t speculation1 possess no means ( _! own adequate to ! paym5ts !y w\ld h _h to make4 ,:ile we mu/ n d\bt t ^! motives1 toge!r ) a prop] reg>d = ! cr$it ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 _h real & full weight ) our bank]s1 t[>ds induc+ !m to c\nt]work ^! private speculations2 yet1 to ascribe _! indu/ry 9 ?is bus9ess :olly to ^! motives1 might lead to a too great & dang]\s confid5ce 9 !m4 ,x 0 obvi\sly _! int]e/ to defeat all su* speculations1 because !y t5d$ to take out ( _! h&s1 or at lea/ to divide ) !m1 ! pr(its ( ! great op]ation ( transf]r+ ! ,fr5* debt to ,am/]dam1 an object ( fir/ rate magnitude to !m1 & on ! undivid$ enjoym5ts ( :i* !y might c\nt1 if private speculators c\ld be baffl$4 ,x has be5 a conte/ ( dext]ity & cunn+1 9 :i* our *ampions h obta9$ ! victory4 ,! manuvre ( op5+ a loan ( ?ree millions ( flor9s1 has1 on ! :ole1 be5 useful to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ?\gh unau?oriz$1 ,i ?9k %\ld be confirm$4 ,! measure propos$ by ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1 ( s5d+ a sup]9t5d5t ( _! future op]ations1 w effectually prev5t _! do+ ! l aga91 & ! fund+ laws leave no dang] t su* an exp$i5t might at any future "t be useful to u4 ,! report ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1 & ! draught ( in/ructions1 pres5t ?is plan to view3 ,fir/1 to borr[ on ! be/ t]ms we c1 n exce$+ ^? limit$ by ! law1 su* a sum z may answ] all dem&s ( pr9cipal or int]e/ ( ! =eign debts1 due1 or to become due be=e ! end ( #agia4 ,?is ,i ?9k he supposes w be ab\t ?ree & a half millions ( doll>s4 ,second1 to consid] two ( ! ?ree millions ( flor9s already borr[$ by our bank]s z1 s f>1 an execution ( ?is op]ation2 consequ5tly1 t !re w rema9 b ab\t two & a half millions ( doll>s to be borr[$ on ! old t]ms4 ,?ird1 to borr[ no m z yet1 t[>ds complet+ ! transf] ( ! ,fr5* debt to ,am/]dam1 unless we c d x on m advantage\s t]ms4 ,f\r?1 to consid] ! ?ird millions ( flor9s already borr[$ by our bank]s1 z1 s f>1 an execution ( ! p[]s giv5 ! ,presid5t to borr[ two millions ( doll>s1 by ! act ( ! #ab? ( ,augu/4 ,! :ole ( ?is appe>s to me to be wise4 ,if ! ?ird million be employ$ 9 buy+ up our =eign pap]1 on ! ex*ange ( ,am/]dam1 by creat+ a dem& = t species ( pap]1 x w excite a cupidity 9 ! moni$ m5 to obta9 m ( x by new loans1 & consequ5tly enable u to borr[ m & on l[] t]ms4 ,! sav+ ( int]e/1 too1 on ! sum s to be b\ght1 may be appli$ 9 buy+ up m pr9cipal1 & !reby keep ?is salut>y op]ation go+4 ,i w\ld only take ! lib]ty ( sugge/+ ! ins]tion ( "s su* clause z ! foll[+1 into ! in/ructions3 ,! ag5ts to be employ$ %all nev] op5 a loan = m ?an "o million ( doll>s at a "t1 nor op5 a new loan till ! prec$+ "o has be5 fill$1 & expressly approv$ by ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,a new man1 alight+ on ! ex*ange ( ,am/]dam1 ) p[]s to borr[ twelve millions ( doll>s1 w be imm$iately beset ) bank]s & brok]s1 :o w p\r into 8 e>1 f ! mo/ unsuspect$ qu>t]s1 su* in=mations & suspicions z may lead him exactly into _! sn>es4 ,s wond]fully dext]\s are !y 9 wrapp+ up & complicat+ _! propositions1 !y w make x evid5t1 ev5 to a cle>-head$ man1 7n 9 ! habit ( ?is bus9ess17 t two & two make five4 ,! ag5t1 !re=e1 %\ld be gu>d$1 ev5 aga9/ himself1 by putt+ x out ( 8 p[] to ext5d ! effect ( any errone\s calculation beyond "o million ( doll>s4 ,7 he able1 "u a delusive calculation1 to commit su* a sum z twelve millions ( doll>s1 :at w\ld be said ( ! gov]nm5t8 ,our bank]s told me !mselves t !y w\ld n *oose1 9 ! conduct ( ?is great loan1 to op5 = m ?an two or ?ree millions ( flor9s at a "t1 & c]ta9ly nev] = m ?an five4 ,by contract+ = only "o million ( doll>s at a "t1 ! ag5t w h frequ5t occasions ( try+ to bett] ! t]ms4 ,i d>e say t ?is caution1 ?\gh n express$ 9 ! in/ructions1 is int5d$ by ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury to be c>ri$ into _! execution4 ,b1 p]haps1 x w be desirable = ! ,presid5t1 t 8 s5se ( x also %\ld be express$ 9 writ+4 ,,xii4--,op9ion ^u ! "q :at ! answ] ( ! ,presid5t %\ld be 9 case ,"l ,dor*e/] %\ld apply = p]mission to m>* troops ?r\gh ! t]ritory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 f ,detroit to ! ,mississippi4 ,,george ,,wa%+ton ,,to ,,?omas ,,jeff]son4 ,,unit$ ,,/ates1 ,augu/ #bg1 #agij4 ,provid$ ! dispute betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ,spa9 %\ld come to ! decision ( arms1 f a v>iety ( circum/ances 7individually unimportant & inconclusive1 b v mu* ! rev]se :5 comp>$ & comb9$17 !re is no d\bt 9 my m9d1 t ,new ,orleans1 & ! ,spani% po/s above x on ! ,mississippi1 w be among ! fir/ attempts ( ! =m]2 & t ! r$uction ( !m w be und]tak5 by a comb9$ op]ation f ,detroit4 ,! consequ5ces ( hav+ s =midable & ent]priz+ a p z ! ,briti% on bo? our flanks & re>1 ) _! navy 9 front1 z !y respect our we/]n settlem5ts :i* may be s$uc$ !reby1 z !y reg>d ! security ( ! ,union & its comm]ce ) ! ,we/ ,indies1 are too obvi\s to ne$ enum]ation4 ,:at !n %\ld be ! answ] ( ! ,executive ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ,"l ,dor*e/]1 9 case he %\ld apply = p]mission to m>* troops ?r\gh ! t]ritory ( ! said ,/ates f ,detroit to ! ,mississippi8 ,:at notice ought be tak5 ( ! measure1 if x %\ld be und]tak5 )\t leave1 :i* is ! mo/ probable proce$+ ( ! two8 ,! op9ion ( ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate is reque/$ 9 writ+ ^u ! above /atem5ts4 ,op9ion on ! que/ions /at$ 9 ! ,presid5t's note ( ,augu/ #bg?1 #agij4 ,augu/ #bh1 #agij4 ,i am s deeply impress$ ) ! magnitude ( ! dang]s :i* w att5d our gov]nm5t1 if ,l\isiana & ! ,floridas be add$ to ! ,briti% empire1 t1 9 my op9ion1 we ought to make ourselves p>ties 9 ! g5]al w> expect$ to take place1 %\ld ?is be ! only means ( prev5t+ ! calamity4 ,b ,i ?9k we %\ld def] ?is /ep z long z possible2 because w> is full ( *ances1 :i* may relieve u f ! necessity ( int]f]+2 & if necess>y1 /ill ! lat] we int]f]e1 ! bett] we %all be prep>$4 ,x is (t5 inde$ m easy to prev5t ! capture ( a place1 ?an to retake x4 ,%\ld x be s 9 ! case 9 "q1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two op]ations ( prev5t+ & retak+1 w n be s co/ly z two1 ?ree1 or f\r ye>s m ( w>4 ,s t ,i am = pres]v+ neutrality z long1 & ent]+ into ! w> z late1 z possible4 ,if ?is be ! be/ c\rse1 x decides1 9 a good degree1 :at %\ld be our conduct1 if ! ,briti% ask leave to m>* troops ?r\gh our t]ritory1 or m>* !m )\t leave4 ,x is well en\gh agre$1 9 ! laws ( nations1 t = a neutral p[] to give or refuse p]mission to ! troops ( ei!r bellig]5t p>ty to pass ?r\gh _! t]ritory1 is no brea* ( neutrality1 provid$ ! same refusal or p]mission be ext5d$ to ! o!r p>ty4 ,if we give leave ( passage !n to ! ,briti% troops1 ,spa9 w h no j cause ( compla9t aga9/ u1 provid$ we ext5d ! same leave to h] :5 dem&$4 ,if we refuse1 7z inde$ we h a "r to d17 & ! troops %\ld pass not)/&+1 ( :i* !re c be little d\bt1 we %all /& committ$4 ,= ei!r we mu/ ent] imm$iately into ! w>1 or pocket an ackn[l$g$ insult 9 ! face ( ! _w2 & "o insult pocket$ soon produces ano!r4 ,!re is inde$ a middle c\rse1 :i* ,i %\ld be incl9$ to pref]2 t is1 to avoid giv+ any answ]4 ,!y w proce$ not)/&+1 b to d ?is "u our sil5ce1 w admit ( palliation1 & produce apologies1 f milit>y necessity2 & w leave u free to pass x ov] )\t di%onor1 or to make x a h&le ( qu>rel h]eaft]1 if we %\ld h use = x z su*4 ,b1 if we are oblig$ to give an answ]1 ,i ?9k ! occasion n su* z %\ld induce u to haz>d t answ] :i* might commit u to ! w> at s e>ly a /age ( x2 & !re=e t ! passage %\ld be p]mitt$4 ,if !y %\ld pass )\t hav+ ask$ leave1 ,i %\ld be = express+ our dissatisfaction to ! ,briti% c\rt1 & keep+ alive an alt]cation on ! subject1 till ev5ts %\ld decide :e!r x is mo/ exp$i5t to accept _! apologies1 or pr(it ( ! aggression z a cause ( w>4 ,,xiii4--,op9ion on ! "q :e!r x w be exp$i5t to notify to ,"l ,dor*e/] ! real object ( ! exp$ition prep>+ by ,gov]nor ,/4 ,clair4 ,augu/ #bi1 #agij4 ,on consid]+ m fully ! "q :e!r x w be exp$i5t to notify to ,"l ,dor*e/] ! real object ( ! exp$ition prep>+ by ,gov]nor ,/4 ,clair1 ,i /ill ?9k x w n be exp$i5t4 ,=1 if ! notification be e>ly1 he w get ! ,indians out ( ! way1 & defeat our object4 ,if x be s late z n to leave him "t to )draw !m be=e our /roke be /ruck1 x w !n be s late also z n to leave him "t to )draw any secret aids he may h s5t !m4 ,& ! notification w betray to him t he may g on )\t fe> 9 8 exp$ition aga9/ ! ,spani>ds1 & = :i* he may yet h suffici5t "t aft] our exp$ition is ov]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if he %\ld suspect our prep>ations are to prev5t 8 pass+ our t]ritory1 ^! suspicions may induce him to decl9e 8 exp$ition1 z1 ev5 %\ld he ?9k he c\ld ei!r =ce or /eal a passage1 he w\ld n divide 8 troops1 leav+ 7z he w\ld suppose7 an enemy betwe5 !m able to take ^? he %\ld leave1 & cut (f ! return ( ^? he %\ld c>ry4 ,^! suspicions1 too1 w\ld mislead bo? him & ! ,indians1 & s enable u to take ! latt] m completely by surprise1 & prev5t him f s5d+ secret aid to ^? :om he w\ld n suppose ! objects ( ! ent]prise2 ?us effect+ a d\ble purpose ( prev5t+ 8 ent]prise1 & secur+ our own4 ,might x n ev5 be exp$i5t1 ) a view to det] 8 ent]prise1 to in/ruct ,gov]nor ,/4 ,clair ei!r to cont9ue 8 pursuit ( ! ,indians till ! season be too f> advanc$ = ,"l ,dor*e/] to move2 or1 on disb&+ 8 militia1 to give !m g5]al ord]s 7:i* might rea* ! e>s ( ,"l ,dor*e/]7 to be ready to assemble at a mom5t's w>n+1 ?\gh no su* assembly be really int5d$8 ,always tak+ c>e nei!r to say nor d1 aga9/ _! passage1 :at might directly commit ei!r our peace or honor4 ,,xiv4--,op9ion on proce$+s to be _h "u ! ,resid5ce act4 ,novemb] #bi1 #agij4 ,a t]ritory n exce$+ t5 miles squ>e 7or1 ,i presume1 "o hundr$ squ>e miles 9 any =m7 to be locat$ by metes & b\nds4 ,?ree commission]s to be appo9t$4 ,i suppose !m n entitl$ to any sal>y4 ,if !y live ne> ! place !y may1 9 "s in/ances1 be influ5c$ by self int]e/1 & p>tialities2 b !y w pu% ! "w ) zeal4 ,if !y are f a di/ance1 & nor?w>dly1 !y w be m imp>tial1 b may affect delays4 ,! commission]s to pur*ase or accept su* quantity ( l& on ! ea/ side ( ! riv] z ! ,presid5t %all deem prop] = ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 viz41 = ! f$]al ,capitol1 ! (fices1 ! ,presid5t's h\se & g>d5s1 ! t[n h\se1 m>ket h\se1 public walks & hospital4 ,= ! ,presid5t's h\se1 (fices & g>d5s1 ,i %\ld ?9k two squ>es %\ld be consolidat$4 ,= ! ,capitol & (fices1 "o squ>e4 ,= ! m>ket1 "o squ>e4 ,= ! public walks1 n9e squ>es consolidat$4 ,! expression su* quantity ( l& z ! ,presid5t %all deem prop] = ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is vague4 ,x may !re=e be ext5d$ to ! acceptance or pur*ase ( l& en\gh = ! t[n2 & ,i h no d\bt x is ! wi%1 & p]haps expectation4 ,9 t case1 x w be to be laid out 9 lots & /reets4 ,i %\ld propose ^! to be at "r angles1 z 9 ,philadelphia1 & t no /reet be n>r[] ?an "o hundr$ feet1 ) foot ways ( fifte5 feet4 ,:]e a /reet is long & level1 x might be "o hundr$ & tw5ty feet wide4 ,i %\ld pref] squ>es ( at lea/ two hundr$ y>ds e way1 :i* w be ab\t eight acres ea*4 ,! commission]s %\ld h "s ta/e 9 ar*itecture1 because !y may h to decide betwe5 diff]5t plans4 ,!y w1 h[ev]1 be subject to ! ,presid5t's direction 9 e po9t4 ,:5 ! ,presid5t %all h made up 8 m9d z to ! spot = ! t[n1 w\ld !re be any impropriety 9 8 say+ to ! neighbor+ l& hold]s1 ,i w fix ! t[n "h if y w jo9 & pur*ase & give ! l&s4 ,!y may well af=d x by ! increase ( value x w give to _! own circumjac5t l&s4 ,! lots to be sold out 9 bread?s ( fifty feet2 _! dep?s to ext5d to ! diagonal ( ! squ>e4 ,i d\bt mu* :e!r ! obligation to build ! h\ses at a giv5 di/ance f ! /reet1 contributes to its beauty4 ,x produces a disgu/+ monotony2 all p]sons make ?is compla9t aga9/ ,philadelphia4 ,! contr>y practice v>ies ! appe>ance1 & is mu* m conv5i5t to ! inhabitants4 ,9 ,p>is x is =bidd5 to build a h\se beyond a giv5 height2 & x is admitt$ to be a good re/riction4 ,x keeps d[n ! price ( gr\nd1 keeps ! h\ses l[ & conv5i5t1 & ! /reets light & airy4 ,fires are mu* m manageable :]e h\ses are l[4 ,,xv4--,report by ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates on ! ,report ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,gov]nm5t nor?-we/ ( ! ,ohio4 ,decemb] #ad1 #agij4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate hav+ _h "u 8 consid]ation ! report made by ! ,secret>y ( ! ,gov]nm5t nor?-we/ ( ! ,ohio1 ( 8 proce$+s = c>ry+ into effect ! resolution ( ,congress ( ,augu/ #bi?1 #aghh1 respect+ ! l&s ( ! inhabitants ( ,port ,v9c5nes1 makes ! foll[+ report !reon to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates3 ,! resolution ( ,congress ( ,augu/ #bi?1 #aghh1 _h confirm$ 9 _! possessions & titles ! ,fr5* & ,canadian inhabitants & o!r settl]s at t po/1 :o1 9 or be=e ! ye> #aghc1 _h settl$ !re1 & _h pr(ess$ !mselves citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or any ( !m1 & _h made a donation to e head ( a family1 ( ! same description ( f\r hundr$ acres ( l&1 "p ( a squ>e to be laid (f adjo9+ ! improvem5ts at ! po/4 ,! ,secret>y ( ! nor?-we/]n gov]nm5t1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! ,gov]nor1 has c>ri$ ?is resolution into effect1 z to all ! claims to :i* he ?\ght x c\ld be cle>ly appli$3 !re rema91 h[ev]1 ! foll[+ description ( cases1 on :i* he asks fur!r in/ructions3 #a4 ,c]ta9 cases )9 ! lett] ( ! resolution1 b r5d]$ d\btful by ! condition annex$1 to ! grants ( l&s 9 ! ,ill9ois c\ntry4 ,! cases ( ^! claimants1 fifte5 9 numb]1 are specially /at$ 9 ! pap]s h]eto annex$1 numb] #b1 & ! l&s are laid (f = !m b rema9 ungrant$ till fur!r ord]s4 #b4 ,c]ta9 p]sons :o1 by removals f "o "p ( ! t]ritory to ano!r1 are n ( ! lett] ( ! resolutions1 b )9 its equity1 z !y conceive4 #c4 ,c]ta9 heads ( families1 :o became su* soon aft] ! ye> #aghc1 :o petition = a p>ticipation ( ! donation1 & urge extraord9>y militia s]vice to :i* !y are expos$4 #d4 ,"o hundr$ & fifty acres ( l& )9 ! village grant$ "u ! =m] gov]nm5t ( t c\ntry1 to ! ,pianke%aw ,indians1 & on _! removal sold by !m 9 p>cels to individual inhabitants1 :o 9 "s in/ances h highly improv$ !m bo? be=e & s9ce ! ye> #aghc4 #e4 ,l&s grant$ bo? be=e & aft] #aghc1 by au?ority f ! comm&ant ( ! po/1 :o1 accord+ to ! usage "u ! ,fr5* & ,briti% gov]nm5ts1 ?9k+ himself au?oriz$ to grant l&s1 delegat$ t au?ority to a c\rt ( civil & crim9al jurisdiction1 ^: grants be=e #aghc1 am\nt to tw5ty-six ?\s& acres1 & betwe5 t & #aghg1 7:5 ! practice 0 /opp$17 to tw5ty-two ?\s& acres4 ,!y are g5]ally 9 p>cels f f\r hundr$ acres d[n to ! size ( h\se lots2 & "s ( !m "u consid]able improvem5t4 ,"s ( ! t5ants urge t !y 7 induc$ by ! c\rt itself to come & settle ^! l&s "u assurance ( _! au?ority to grant !m1 & t a loss ( ! l&s & improvem5ts w involve !m 9 ru94 ,besides ^! small grants1 !re are "s mu* l>g]1 sometimes ( _m leagues squ>e1 :i* a s5se ( _! impropriety has prev5t$ ! grantees f br++ =w>d4 ,_m pret5d$ grants1 too1 ( ?is class are believ$ to be =g]ies1 & are1 !re=e1 to be gu>d$ aga9/4 #f4 ,two ?\s& f\r hundr$ acres ( good l&1 & ?ree ?\s& acres ( sunk5 l&1 held "u ! ,fr5*1 ,briti%1 & ,am]ican gov]nm5ts1 z commons = ! use ( ! inhabitants ( ! village g5]ally1 & = ?irty ye>s pa/ kept "u inclosure = ^! purposes4 ,! legislature alone be+ compet5t to au?orize ! grant ( l&s 9 cases z yet unprovid$ = by ! laws4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate is ( op9ion t ! report ( ! ,secret>y ( ! nor?-we/]n gov]nm5t1 ) ! pap]s !re9 ref]r$ to1 %\ld be laid be=e ,congress = _! det]m9ation4 ,au!ntic copies ( !m are h]e) enclos$ to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,xvi4--,op9ion on c]ta9 proce$+s ( ! ,executive 9 ! ,nor?-we/]n ,t]ritory4 ,decemb] #ad1 #agij4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate hav+ _h "u 8 consid]ation1 ! j\rnal ( ! proce$+s ( ! ,executive 9 ! ,nor?-we/]n ,t]ritory1 ?9ks x 8 duty to extract !refrom1 = ! notice ( ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! articles ( ,april #be?1 ,june #f?1 #bh?1 & #bi?4 ,"s ( :i* are h]eto annex$4 ,conceiv+ t ! regulations1 purport$ 9 ^! articles1 are beyond ! compet5ce ( ! executive ( ! said gov]nm5t1 t !y am\nt1 9 fact1 to laws1 & z su*1 c\ld only fl[ f its regul> legislature4 ,t x is ! duty ( ! g5]al gov]nm5t to gu>d its subord9ate memb]s f ! encroa*m5ts ( ea* o!r1 ev5 :5 !y are made ?r\gh error or inadv]t5ce1 & to cov] its citiz5s f ! ex]cise ( p[]s n au?oriz$ by ! law4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate is ( op9ion t ! said articles be laid be=e ! ,attorney ,g5]al = consid]ation1 & if he f9ds !m to be aga9/ law1 t 8 op9ion be communicat$ to ! ,gov]nor ( ! ,nor?-we/]n ,t]ritory1 = 8 future conduct4 ,! foll[+ are ! extracts allud$ to above4 ,extracts f ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,proce$+s 9 ! ,executive ,dep>tm5t ( gov]nm5t 9 ! ,t]ritory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 nor?-we/ ( ! ,ohio1 report$ to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by ,w9?rop ,s>g5t1 ,secret>y4 ,april #be1 #agij4--,! gov]nor 0 pleas$ to issue ! foll[+ ord]1 viz43 ,all ! inhabitants are =bidd5 to ent]ta9 any /rang]s1 :ite1 ,indian1 or negro1 let !m come f :atsoev] place1 )\t acqua9t+ ! (fic] comm&+ ! troops1 ( ! names ( su* /rang]s1 & ! place f :5ce !y came4 ,& e /rang] arriv+ at ,cahokia1 is ord]$ to pres5t himself to said (fic] )9 two h\rs aft] 8 arrival1 on pa9 ( imprisonm5t4 ,june #f1 #agij4--,! ,gov]nor at ,kaskaskias1 0 pleas$ to make ! foll[+ proclamation3 ,! practice ( sell+ spiritu\s liquors to ! ,indians 9 ! villages be+ att5d$ ) v ill consequ5ces1 x is expressly prohibit$2 & all & e p]son transgress+ ?is ord]1 w be liable to be tri$ & f9$ at ! pleasure ( ! c\rt ( qu>t] sessions ( ! peace4 ,& z x may be necess>y t spiritu\s liquors %\ld be v5d$ 9 small quantities to :ite travell]s & o!rs2 to prev5t all dang] ( imposition & extortion1 no p]son :osoev] %all sell 9 any ( ! villages or _! environs1 spiritu\s liquors to any :ite p]son1 travell]1 or inhabitant1 9 any quantity less ?an "o qu>t at "o "t1 )\t obta9+ a lic5se f ! gov]nor1 :i* lic5se %all n be grant$ b ^u ! recomm5dation ( ! ,ju/ices ( ! ,peace 9 _! c\rt ( qu>t] sessions1 & on 8 or _! giv+ security 9 ! sum ( two hundr$ doll>s1 to abide by all ! regulations made by law respect+ retail]s ( spiritu\s liquors1 & ! ord]s ( ! said c\rt ( qu>t] sessions 9 ! premises 9 ! meantime4 ,& = e (f5ce1 he or !y %all be liable to prosecution by indictm5t & f9e at ! pleasure ( ! c\rt1 & to ! =feiture ( _! bonds4 ,nor %all any p]son und]take or ex]cise ! call+ or occupation ( an ,inn-hold] or ,tav]n-keep]1 )\t obta9+ 9 ! same mann]1 & "u ! same re/rictions & p5alties1 a lic5se = s do+4 ,,proclamation4--,:]eas1 8 ,excell5cy1 ,ar?ur ,/4 ,clair1 ,esq41 gov]nor & comm&]-9-*ief ( ?is ,t]ritory1 did by proclamation giv5 at ! ,kaskaskias ! #aj? in/ant1 /rictly prohibit all p]sons1 n citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ! ,t]ritory1 f hunt+ or kill+ any k9d ( game )9 ! same1 ei!r = ! fle% or sk9s1 ^u p5alty n only ( =feit+ ! fle% & sk9s :i* !y might acquire1 b also prosecution & puni%m5t z trespass]s4 ,& x appe>+ to me to be p>ticul>ly ess5tial to ! int]e/s ( ?is c\ntry1 t an obs]vance ( ! ord] & prohibition %\ld be obta9$1 ,i d h]eby call ^u all civil & milit>y (fic]s1 :o n[ are1 or h]eaft] may be appo9t$1 to use _! be/ endeavors = detect+ & br++ to ju/ice e p]son :o %all violate ! same4 ,&1 :]eas1 x appe>s to me to be exp$i5t t gov]nm5t %\ld receive in=mation ( all *>act]s1 =eign]s & o!rs1 com+ into ! ,t]ritory1 ,i d h]eby ord] & direct t any p]son arriv+ at ?is1 or any ( ! milit>y po/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates )9 ! same1 %\ld pres5t himself to ! comm&+ (fic] ( ! troops 9 two h\rs next aft] 8 arrival2 & ! inhabitants are h]eby =bidd5 to ent]ta9 su* *>act]s1 :e!r :ites1 ,indians1 or negroes1 )\t imm$iate in=mation !re( to ! said comm&+ (fic]s4 ,giv5 "u my h& & seal at ! t[n ( ,po/ ,v9c5nes1 & c\nty ( ,knox1 ?is #bh? day ( ,june1 ,a4 ,d4 #agij1 & ( ! ,indep5d5ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! f\rte5?4 7,sign$17 ,,w9?rop ,,s>g5t4 ,june #bi1 #agij4--;,x is to be consid]$ z a /&+ ord] h]eaft]1 t no p]son enroll$ 9 ! militia %all leave ! village or /ations1 = a long] abs5ce ?an tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 )\t in=m+ him 7,mayor ,hamtramck7 or ! comm&+ (fic] = ! "t be+1 ( _! int5tion4 ,& all intellig5ce or discov]ies ( ,indians1 to be imm$iately report$4 7,sign$17 ,,w9?rop ,,s>g5t4 ,,xvii4--,report on c]ta9 lett]s f ! ,presid5t to ,mr4 ,g\v]neur ,morris1 & f ,mr4 ,morris to ! ,presid5t1 relative to our difficulties ) ,engl&--#agij4 ,decemb] #ae1 #agij4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate hav+ _h "u consid]ation ! two lett]s ( ,octob] #ac?1 #aghi1 f ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 to ,mr4 ,g\v]neur ,morris2 & ^? ( ,mr4 ,morris to ! ,presid5t1 ( ,janu>y #bb;d1 ,april #g?1 #ac?1 ,may #a/1 #bi?1 ,july #c;d1 ,augu/ #af?1 & ,septemb] #ah?1 ref]r$ to him by ! ,presid5t1 makes ! foll[+ report !reon3 ,! ,presid5t's lett] ( ,janu>y #bb;d1 au?oriz$ ,mr4 ,morris to ent] into conf]5ce ) ! ,briti% m9i/]s 9 ord] to discov] _! s5tim5ts on ! foll[+ subjects3 #a4 ,_! ret5tion ( ! we/]n po/s contr>y to ! treaty ( peace4 #b4 ,indemnification = ! negroes c>ri$ (f aga9/ ! /ipulations ( ! same treaty4 #c4 ,a treaty = ! regulation ( ! comm]ce betwe5 ! two c\ntries4 #d4 ,! ex*ange ( a m9i/]4 ,! lett]s ( ,mr4 ,morris be=e m5tion$1 /ate ! communications1 oral & writt51 :i* h pass$ betwe5 him & ! m9i/]s2 & f ^! ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate draws ! foll[+ inf]5ces3 #a4 ,t ! ,briti% c\rt is decid$ n to surr5d] ! po/s 9 any ev5t2 & t !y w urge z a pretext t ?\gh our c\rts ( ju/ice are n[ op5 to ,briti% subjects1 !y 7 s long %ut aft] ! peace z to h defeat$ irrem$ially ! recov]y ( debts 9 _m cases4 ,!y sugge/1 inde$1 ! idea ( an indemnification on our "p4 ,b probably 7 we dispos$ to admit _! "r to indemnification1 !y w\ld take c>e to set x s high z to insure a disagreem5t4 #b4 ,t z to indemnification = ! negroes1 _! measures = conceal+ !m 7 9 ! fir/ in/ance s efficaci\s1 z to r$uce our dem& = !m1 s f> z we c support x by direct pro(1 to be v small inde$4 ,its smallness seems to h kept x out ( discussion4 ,7 o!r difficulties remov$1 !y w\ld probably make none ( ?is article4 #c4 ,t !y equivocate on e proposal ( a treaty ( comm]ce1 & au?orize 9 _! communications ) ,mr4 ,morris ! same conclusions :i* h be5 drawn f ^? !y _h _h f "t to "t ) ,mr4 ,adams1 & ^? ?r\gh ,mayor ,beck)2 to wit1 t !y d n mean to submit _! pres5t advantages 9 comm]ce to ! risk :i* might att5d a discussion ( !m1 :]eon "s reciprocity c\ld n fail to be dem&$4 ,unless1 inde$1 we w\ld agree to make x a treaty ( alliance z well z comm]ce1 s z to und]m9e our obligations ) ,france4 ,?is me?od ( /ripp+ t rival nation ( its alliances1 !y tri$ successfully ) ,holl&1 endeavor$ at x ) ,spa91 & h pla9ly & repeat$ly sugge/$ to u4 ,= ?is !y w\ld probably relax "s ( ! rigors !y ex]cise aga9/ our comm]ce4 #d4 ,t z to a m9i/]1 _! ,secret>y = =eign affairs is dispos$ to ex*ange "o1 b meets ) opposition 9 8 cab9et1 s z to r5d] ! issue unc]ta94 ,f ! :ole ( :i*1 ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate is ( op9ion t ,mr4 ,morris' lett]s remove any d\bts :i* might h be5 ent]ta9$ z to ! int5tions & dispositions ( ! ,briti% cab9et4 ,t x w\ld be di%onorable to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 useless & ev5 injuri\s1 to r5ew ! propositions = a treaty ( comm]ce1 or = ! ex*ange ( a m9i/]2 & t ^! subjects %\ld n[ rema9 dormant1 till !y %all be br\ght =w>d e>ne/ly by !m4 ,t ! dem&s ( ! po/s1 & ( indemnification = ! negroes1 %\ld n be aga9 made till we are 9 read9ess to d ourselves ! ju/ice :i* may be refus$4 ,t ,mr4 ,morris %\ld be in=m$ t he has fulfill$ ! object ( 8 ag5cy to ! satisfaction ( ! ,presid5t1 inasmu* z he has enabl$ him to judge ( ! real views ( ! ,briti% cab9et1 & t x is 8 pleasure t ! matt]s committ$ to him be left 9 ! situation 9 :i* ! lett] %all f9d !m4 ,t a prop] comp5sation be giv5 to ,mr4 ,morris = 8 s]vices h]e91 :i* hav+ be5 begun on ! #bb;d ( ,janu>y1 & end$ ! #ah? ( ,septemb]1 compreh5d a space ( ne> eight mon?s2 t ! all[ance to an ag5t may be prop]ly fix$ any:]e betwe5 ! half & ! :ole ( :at is all[$ to a ,*>g d'affaires2 :i*1 accord+ to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ! "t ( ?is appo9tm5t1 0 at ! rate ( #c1jjj a ye>2 consequ5tly1 t su* a sum ( betwe5 "o & two ?\s& doll>s be all[$ him z ! ,presid5t %all deem prop]1 on a view ( ! int]f]5ce :i* ?is ag5cy may h _h ) ,mr4 ,morris' private pursuits 9 ,europe4 ,,xviii4--,report relative to ! ,m$it]ranean trade4 ,decemb] #bh1 #agij4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 to :om 0 ref]r$ by ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives s mu* ( ! spee* ( ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to bo? ,h\ses ( ,congress1 z relates to ! trade ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 ) in/ructions to report !reupon to ! ,h\se1 has _h ! same "u consid]ation1 & !reupon makes ! foll[+ report3 ,! loss ( ! records ( ! cu/om h\ses 9 sev]al ( ! ,/ates1 :i* took place ab\t ! comm5cem5t & dur+ ! c\rse ( ! late w>1 has depriv$ u ( (ficial in=mation1 z to ! ext5t ( our comm]ce & navigation 9 ! ,m$it]ranean sea4 ,accord+ to ! be/ :i* may be obta9$ f o!r s\rces m]it+ respect1 x may be conclud$ t ab\t "o-six? ( ! :eat & fl\r export$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ab\t "o-f\r? 9 value ( _! dri$ & pickl$ fi%1 & "s rice1 f\nd _! be/ m>kets 9 ! ,m$it]ranean ports2 t ^! articles con/itut$ ! pr9cipal "p ( :at we s5t into t sea2 t t comm]ce load$ outw>ds f eighty to "o hundr$ %ips1 annually1 ( tw5ty ?\s& tons1 navigat$ by ab\t twelve hundr$ seam54 ,x 0 ab&on$ e>ly 9 ! w>4 ,& aft] ! peace :i* ensu$1 x 0 obvi\s to our m]*ants1 t _! adv5tures into t sea w\ld be expos$ to ! depr$ations ( ! piratical ,/ates on ! coa/ ( ,b>b>y4 ,congress1 too1 0 v e>ly att5tive to ?is dang]1 & by a commission ( ! #ab? ( ,may1 #aghd1 au?oriz$ c]ta9 p]sons1 nam$ m9i/]s pl5ipot5ti>y = t purpose1 to conclude treaties ( peace & amity ) ! ,b>b>y p[]s4 ,& x be+ aft]w>ds f\nd m exp$i5t t ! negotiations %\ld be c>ri$ on at ! resid5ces ( ^? p[]s4 ,congress1 by a f>!r commission1 be>+ date ! #aa? ( ,m>*1 #aghe1 emp[]$ ! same m9i/]s pl5ipot5ti>y to appo9t ag5ts to repair to ! said p[]s at _! prop] resid5ces1 & !re to negotiate su* treaties4 ,! :ole exp5ses 7 limit$ to eighty ?\s& doll>s4 ,ag5ts 7 accord+ly s5t to ,morocco & ,algi]s4 ,be=e ! appo9tm5t ( ! "o to ,morocco1 x 0 kn[n t a cruis] ( t ,/ate _h tak5 a vessel ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & t ! emp]or1 on ! fri5dly int]position ( ! c\rt ( ,madrid _h lib]at$ ! crew1 & made re/itution ( ! vessel & c>go1 z f> z _! condition admitt$4 ,?is 0 a happy presage ( ! lib]al treaty he aft]w>ds conclud$ ) our ag5t1 /ill "u ! fri5dly m$iation ( ,spa91 & at an exp5se ( betwe5 n9e & t5 ?\s& doll>s only4 ,on 8 dea?1 :i* has tak5 place n long s9ce1 x becomes necess>y1 accord+ to _! usage1 to obta9 imm$iately a recognition ( ! treaty by 8 successor1 & consequ5tly1 to make provision = ! exp5ses :i* may att5d x4 ,! am\nt ( ! =m] furni%es "o gr\nd ( e/imate2 b ! "* & dispositions ( ! successor1 :i* are unkn[n "h1 may influ5ce x mat]ially4 ,! fri5d%ip ( ?is p[] is important1 because our ,atlantic z well z ,m$it]ranean trade is op5 to 8 annoyance1 & because we c>ry on a useful comm]ce ) 8 nation4 ,! ,alg]9es _h also tak5 two vessels ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) tw5ty-"o p]sons on bo>d1 :om !y reta9$ z slaves4 ,on ! arrival ( ! ag5t s5t to t reg5cy1 ! dey refus$ utt]ly to treat ( peace on any t]ms1 & dem&$ #ei1dif doll>s = ! ransom ( our captives4 ,?is mission !re=e prov$ ineffectual4 ,:ile ^! negotiations 7 on foot at ,morocco & ,algi]s1 an ambassador f ,tripoli arriv$ 9 ,london4 ,! m9i/]s pl5ipot5ti>y ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates met him 9 p]son4 ,he dem&$ = ! peace ( t ,/ate1 ?irty ?\s& gu9eas2 & und]took to engage t ( ,tunis = a l sum4 ,^! dem&s 7 beyond ! limits ( ,congress1 & ( reason1 & no?+ 0 done4 ,nor 0 x ( importance1 z1 ,algi]s rema9+ ho/ile1 ! peace ( ,tunis & ,tripoli 0 ( no value1 & :5 t ( ! =m] %\ld be obta9$1 !irs w\ld soon foll[4 ,our navigation1 !n1 into ! ,m$it]ranean1 has n be5 resum$ at all s9ce ! peace4 ,! sole ob/acle has be5 ! unprovok$ w> ( ,algi]s2 & ! sole rem$y mu/ be to br+ t w> to an end1 or to palliate its effects4 ,its effects may1 p]haps1 be palliat$ by insur+ our %ips & c>goes de/9$ = t sea1 & by =m+ a conv5tion ) ! reg5cy1 = ! ransom ( our seam51 accord+ to a fix$ t>iff4 ,t t>iff w1 probably1 be high1 & ! rate ( insurance s settl$1 9 ! long run1 z to pay = ! vessels & c>goes captur$1 & some?+ m4 ,:at proportion w be captur$ no?+ b exp]i5ce c det]m9e4 ,our comm]ce diff]s f t ( mo/ ( ! nations ) :om ! pr$atory ,/ates are 9 habits ( w>4 ,!irs is spread all ov] ! face ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 & !re=e mu/ be s\ght = all ov] its face4 ,ours mu/ all ent] at a /rait only five leagues wide2 s t _! cruis]s1 tak+ a safe & comm&+ position ne> ! /rait's m\?1 may v effectually inspect :atev] ent]s x4 ,s safe a /ation1 ) a c]ta9ty ( receiv+ = _! prison]s a good & /at$ price1 may tempt _! cupidity to seek our vessels p>ticul>ly4 ,nor is x c]ta9 t our seam5 c\ld be induc$ to engage 9 t navigation1 ?\gh ) ! security ( ,alg]9e fai? t !y w\ld be lib]at$ on ! paym5t ( a fix$ sum4 ,! tempor>y deprivation ( lib]ty1 p]haps *a9s1 ! dang] ( ! pe/1 ! p]ils ( ! engagem5t prec$+ _! surr5d]1 & possible delays ( ! ransom1 might turn else:]e ! *oice ( m51 to :om all ! re/ ( ! _w is op54 ,9 e case1 ^! w\ld be emb>rassm5ts :i* w\ld ent] into ! m]*ants' e/imate1 & endang] ! pref]5ce ( =eign bottoms n expos$ to !m4 ,& ^u ! :ole1 ?is exp$i5t does n fulfil our wi% ( a complete re-e/abli%m5t ( our comm]ce 9 t sea4 ,a second plan might be to obta9 peace by pur*as+ x4 ,= ?is we h ! example ( ri* & p[]ful nations1 9 ?is in/ance c\nt+ _! int]e/ m ?an _! honor4 ,if1 con=m+ to _! example1 we det]m9e to pur*ase a peace1 x is prop] to inquire :at a peace may co/4 ,?is be+ m]ely a matt] ( conjecture1 we c only comp>e toge!r su* op9ions z h be5 obta9$1 & f !m =m "o = ourselves4 ,mr4 ,wolf1 a respectable ,iri%man1 :o _h resid$ v long at ,algi]s1 ?\ght a peace might be obta9$ f t reg5cy1 & ! r$emption ( our captives includ$1 = sixty or sev5ty ?\s& p\nds /]l+4#be ,8 "* & op9ion bo? m]it$ respect4 ,yet 8 e/imate be+ ! l[e/ ( all :o h haz>d$ an op9ion on ?is subject1 "o is apt to fe> 8 judgm5t might h be5 biass$ by ! hope he ent]ta9$ t ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld *>ge him ) ?is negotiation4 ,capta9 ,o',bri51 "o ( our captives1 :o _h be5 9 ,algi]s f\r ye>s & a half at ! date ( 8 la/ lett]1 a v s5sible man1 & to :om we are indebt$ = v m9ute in=mation1 supposes t peace alone1 might be b\ght = t sum1 t is to say1 = ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty-two ?\s& doll>s4 ,! ,tripol9e ambassador1 be=e m5tion$1 ?\ght t peace c\ld be made ) ! ?ree small] p[]s = n9ety ?\s& p\nds /]l+1 to :i* 7 to be add$ ! exp5ses ( ! mission & o!r incid5tal exp5ses4 ,b he c\ld n answ] = ,algi]s2 !y w\ld dem& m4 ,! m9i/]s pl5ipot5ti>y1 :o conf]r$ ) him1 _h judg$ t z mu* mu/ be paid to ,algi]s z to ! o!r ?ree p[]s toge!r2 & consequ5tly1 t accord+ to ?is measure1 ! peace ( ,algi]s w\ld co/ f an hundr$ to an hundr$ & tw5ty-five ?\s& p\nds /]l+2 or f f\r hundr$ & sixty to five hundr$ & sev5ty-five ?\s& doll>s4 ,! latt] sum seem$ to meet ! ideas ( ! ,c\nt de ,v]g5nes1 :o1 f a v long resid5ce at ,con/ant9ople1 0 a good judge ( :at relat$ to ! porte1 or its dep5d5cies4 ,a p]son ^: "n is n free to be m5tion$ "h1 a native ( ! cont95t ( ,europe1 :o _h long liv$1 & /ill lives at ,algi]s1 ) :om ! m9i/] pl5ipot5ti>y ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 at ,p>is1 _h _m & long conv]sations1 & f\nd 8 in=mation full1 cle>1 & consi/5t1 0 ( op9ion ! peace ( ,algi]s c\ld n be b\ght by ! ,unit$ ,/ates = less ?an "o million ( doll>s4 ,& :5 t is paid1 all is n done4 ,on ! dea? ( a dey1 7& ! pres5t "o is betwe5 sev5ty & eighty ye>s ( age17 respectable pres5ts mu/ be made to ! successor1 t he may recognize ! treaty & v (t5 he takes ! lib]ty ( alt]+ x4 ,:5 a consul is s5t or *ang$1 new pres5ts mu/ be made4 ,if ^! ev5ts leave a consid]able int]val1 occasion mu/ be made ( r5ew+ pres5ts4 ,& ) all ?is !y mu/ see t we are 9 condition to *a/ise an infraction ( ! treaty2 consequ5tly "s m>9e =ce mu/ be exhibit$ 9 _! h>bor f "t to "t4 ,! late peace ( ,spa9 ) ,algi]s is said to h co/ f ?ree to five millions ( doll>s4 ,hav+ receiv$ ! money1 !y take ! vessels ( t nation on ! mo/ gr\ndless pretexts2 c\nt+1 t ! same =ce :i* b\nd ,spa9 to s h>d a treaty1 may break x ) impunity4 ,_! treaty ) ,france1 :i* _h expir$1 0 ab\t two ye>s ago r5ew$ = fifty ye>s4 ,! sum giv5 at ! "t ( r5ewal is n kn[n4 ,b pres5ts are to be repeat$ e t5 ye>s1 & a tribute ( "o hundr$ ?\s& doll>s to be annually paid4 ,yet p]ceiv+ t ,france1 emb>rass$ at home ) h] dome/ic affairs1 0 less capable ( act+ abroad1 !y took six vessels ( t nation 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ ye>1 & reta9 ! captives1 =ty-f\r 9 numb]1 9 slav]y4 ,x is ! op9ion ( ,capta9 ,o',bri51 t ^? nations are be/ treat$ :o pay a small] sum 9 ! beg9n+1 & an annual tribute aft]w>ds4 ,9 ?is way he in=ms u t ! ,dut*1 ,danes1 ,sw$es1 & ,v5etians pay to ,algi]s1 f tw5ty-f\r to ?irty ?\s& doll>s a ye>1 ea*2 ! two fir/ 9 naval /ores1 ! two la/ *iefly 9 money4 ,x is suppos$1 t ! peace ( ! ,b>b>y ,/ates co/s ,great ,brita9 ab\t sixty ?\s& gu9eas1 or two hundr$ & eighty ?\s& doll>s a ye>4 ,b x mu/ be not$ t ^! facts _c be au!ntically advanc$2 z f a pr9ciple ( self-condemnation1 ! gov]nm5ts keep !m f ! public eye z mu* z possible4 ,nor mu/ we omit f9ally to recollect1 t ! ,alg]9es1 att5tive to res]ve always a suffici5t alim5t = _! piracies1 w nev] ext5d _! peace beyond c]ta9 limits1 & consequ5tly1 t we may f9d ourselves 9 ! case ( ^? nations to :om !y refuse peace at any price4 ,! ?ird exp$i5t is to repel =ce by =ce4 ,sev]al /atem5ts are h]eto annex$ ( ! naval =ce ( ,algi]s1 tak5 9 #aghe1 #aghf1 #aghg1 #aghh1 & #aghi1 diff]+ 9 small degrees1 b concurr+ 9 ! ma94 ,f ^! x results t !y h usually _h ab\t n9e *ebecs1 f t5 to ?irty-six guns1 & f\r galleys1 :i* h be5 r$uc$ by losses to six *ebecs & f\r galleys4 ,!y h a =ty-gun frigate on ! /ocks1 & expect two cruis]s f ! gr& seignior4 ,! "* ( _! vessels is1 t !y are %>p built & swift1 b s light z n to /& ! broadside ( a good frigate4 ,_! guns are ( diff]5t calibres1 unskilfully po9t$ & work$4 ,! vessels illy manuvr$1 b cr[d$ ) m51 "o ?ird ,turks1 ! re/ ,moors1 ( det]m9$ brav]y1 & re/+ _! sole hopes on bo>d+4 ,b two ( ^! vessels belong to ! gov]nm5t1 ! re/ be+ private prop]ty4 ,if !y come out ( ! h>bor toge!r1 !y sep>ate imm$iately 9 que/ ( prey2 & x is said !y 7 nev] kn[n to act toge!r 9 any in/ance4 ,nor d !y come out at all1 :5 !y "k !re are vessels cruis+ = !m4 ,!y p]=m ?ree cruises a ye>1 betwe5 ! middle ( ,april & ,novemb]1 :5 !y unrig & lay up = ! w9t]4 ,:5 n conf9$ )9 ! /raits1 !y rove nor?w>dly to ! *annel1 & we/w>dly to ! we/w>d isl&s4 ,!y are at peace at pres5t1 ) ,france1 ,spa91 ,engl&1 ,v5ice1 ! ,unit$ ,ne!rl&s1 ,sw$51 & ,d5m>k2 & at w> ) ,russia1 ,au/ria1 ,portugal1 ,naples1 ,s>d9ia1 ,g5oa1 & ,malta4 ,%\ld ! ,unit$ ,/ates propose to v9dicate _! comm]ce by arms1 !y w\ld1 p]haps1 ?9k x prud5t to possess a =ce equal to ! :ole ( t :i* may be oppos$ to !m4 ,:at t equal =ce w\ld be1 w belong to ano!r dep>tm5t to say4 ,at ! same "t x might nev] be necess>y to draw out ! :ole at once1 nor p]haps any proportion ( x1 b = a small "p ( ! ye>2 z x is reasonable to presume t a conc]t ( op]ation might be arrang$ among ! p[]s at w> ) ! ,b>b>y ,/ates1 s z t1 ea* p]=m+ a t\r ( giv5 duration1 & 9 giv5 ord]1 a con/ant cruise dur+ ! eight temp]ate mon?s ( e ye>1 may be kept up be=e ! h>bor ( ,algi]s1 till ! object ( su* op]ations be completely obta9$4 ,portugal has s+ly1 = sev]al ye>s pa/1 kept up su* a cruise be=e ! /raits ( ,gibralt>1 & by t means has conf9$ ! ,alg]9es closely )94 ,b two ( _! vessels h be5 out ( ! /raits 9 ! la/ five ye>s4 ,%\ld ,portugal effect a peace ) !m1 z has be5 appreh5d$ = "s "t1 ! ,atlantic w imm$iately become ! pr9cipal sc5e ( _! piracies2 _! peace ) ,spa9 hav+ r$uc$ ! pr(its ( _! ,m$it]ranean cruises bel[ ! exp5ses ( equipm5t4 ,^u ! :ole1 x re/s ) ,congress to decide betwe5 w>1 tribute1 & ransom1 z ! means ( re-e/abli%+ our ,m$it]ranean comm]ce4 ,if w>1 !y w consid] h[ f> our own res\rces %all be call$ =?1 & h[ f> !y w enable ! ,executive to engage1 9 ! =ms ( ! con/itution1 ! co-op]ation ( o!r p[]s4 ,if tribute or ransom1 x w re/ ) !m to limit & provide ! am\nt2 & ) ! ,executive1 obs]v+ ! same con/itutional =ms1 to take arrangem5ts = employ+ x to ! be/ advantage4 ,no4 #a4--;,extract ( a lett] f ,ri*>d ,o',bri51 "o ( ! ,am]ican captives at ,algi]s1 to ,congress4 ,algi]s1 ,decemb] #bf1 #aghi4 ,x 0 ! op9ion ( ,mr4 ,john ,wolf1 :o resid$ _m ye>s 9 ?is city1 t ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica may obta9 a peace = "o hundr$ ye>s ) ?is reg5cy1 = ! sum ( sixty or sev5ty ?\s& p\nds /]l+1 & ! r$emption ( fifte5 ,am]icans includ$4 ,mr4 ,wolf 0 ! ,briti% *>g des affaires 9 ,algi]s1 & 0 mu* ! fri5d ( ,am]ica1 b he is no m4 ,i h n[ be5 f\r ye>s & a half 9 captivity1 & ,i h mu* reason to ?9k1 t ,am]ica may obta9 a peace ) ,algi]s = ! sum ( sixty-five or sev5ty ?\s& p\nds1 consid]+ ! pres5t /ate ( ,algi]s4 ,t ?is reg5cy w\ld f9d x _! int]e/ to take two or ?ree ,am]ican cruis]s 9 "p paym5t = mak+ a peace2 & also w\ld take ma/s1 y>ds1 plank1 scantl+1 t>1 pit*1 & turp5t9e1 & ,philadelphia iron1 z a "p paym5t2 all to be regulat$ at a c]ta9 fix$ price by treaty4 ,no4 #b4--;,extract ( a lett] f ! ,honorable ,john ,adams1 ,m9i/] ,pl5ipot5ti>y = ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ,london1 to ! ,honorable ,john ,jay1 ,secret>y = ,=eign ,affairs4 ,london1 ,febru>y #bb1 #aghf ,on ,monday ev5+ ano!r conf]5ce 0 held ) ! ,tripolitan ambassador4 ,:5 he began to expla9 himself conc]n+ 8 dem&s1 he said !y w\ld be diff]5t accord+ to ! duration ( ! treaty4 ,if t 7 p]petual1 !y w\ld be great]2 if = a t]m ( ye>s1 less2 8 advice 0 t x %\ld be p]petual4 ,once sign$ by ! ba%aw1 dey1 & o!r (fic]s1 x w\ld be indissoluble & b9d+ =ev] ^u all _! successors4 ,b if a tempor>y treaty 7 made1 x might be difficult & exp5sive to revive x4 ,= a p]petual treaty1 su* z !y n[ _h ) ,spa91 a sum ( ?irty ?\s& gu9eas mu/ be paid ^u ! deliv]y ( ! articles sign$ by ! dey & o!r (fic]s4 ,if x 7 agre$ to1 he w\ld s5d 8 secret>y by l& to ,m>seilles1 & f !nce1 by wat]1 to ,tripoli1 :o %\ld br+ x back by ! same r\te1 sign$ by ! dey1 c4 ,he _h propos$ s small a sum 9 consid]ation ( ! circum/ances1 b decl>$ x 0 n half ( :at _h be5 lately paid !m by ,spa94 ,if we *ose to treat ^u a diff]5t plan1 he w\ld make a treaty p]petual ^u ! paym5t ( twelve ?\s& five hundr$ gu9eas = ! fir/ ye>1 & ?ree ?\s& gu9eas annually1 until ! ?irty ?\s& gu9eas 7 paid4 ,x 0 obs]v$ t ^! 7 l>ge sums1 & va/ly beyond expectation2 b 8 excell5cy answ]$1 t !y nev] made a treaty = less4 ,^u ! arrival ( a prize1 ! dey & o!r (fic]s are entitl$1 by _! laws1 to l>ge %>es1 by :i* !y might make great] pr(its ?an ^? sums am\nt$ to1 & !y nev] w\ld give up ?is advantage = less4 ,he 0 told1 t al?\gh !re 0 full p[] to treat1 ! ,am]ican m9i/]s 7 limit$ to a mu* small] sum2 s t x w\ld be impossible to d any?+ until we wrote to ,congress & "k _! pleasure4 ,colonel ,smi? 0 pres5t at ?is1 z he _h be5 at ! la/ conf]5ce1 & agre$ to g to ,p>is1 to communicate all to ,mr4 ,jeff]son1 & p]suade him to come "h1 t we may jo9 9 f>!r conf]5ces1 & transmit ! result to ,congress4 ,! ambassador believ$ t ,tunis & ,morocco w\ld treat ^u ! same t]ms1 b c\ld n answ] = ,algi]s4 ,!y w\ld dem& m4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,jeff]son arrives1 we %all insi/ ^u kn[+ ! ultimatum1 & transmit x to ,congress4 ,congress w p]ceive t "o hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s& gu9eas w be indisp5sable to conclude ) ! f\r p[]s at ?is rate1 besides a pres5t to ! ambassadors1 & _! incid5tal *>ges4 ,besides ?is1 a pres5t ( five hundr$ gu9eas is made1 ^u ! arrival ( a consul 9 ea* ,/ate4 ,no man wi%es m f]v5tly t ! exp5se c\ld be less1 b ! fact _c be alt]$1 & ! tru? ought n to be conceal$4 ,x may be reasonably conclud$ t ?is great affair _c be f9i%$ = mu* less ?an two hundr$ ?\s& p\nds /]l+4 ,no4 #c4--;,extract ( a ,lett] f ! ,honorable ,?omas ,jeff]son1 ,m9i/] ,pl5ipot5ti>y = ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ,p>is1 to ! ,honorable ,john ,jay1 ,secret>y = =eign ,affairs4 ,p>is1 ,may #bc1 #aghf4 ,lett]s receiv$ bo? f ,madrid & ,algi]s1 :ile ,i 0 9 ,london1 hav+ sugge/$ t treaties ) ! ,/ates ( ,b>b>y w\ld be mu* facilitat$ by a previ\s "o ) ! ,ottoman ,porte1 x 0 agre$ betwe5 ,mr4 ,adams & myself1 t on my return ,i %\ld consult1 on ?is subject1 ! ,c\nt ,de ,v]g5nes1 ^: long resid5ce at ,con/ant9ople r5d]$ him ! be/ judge ( its exp$i5cy4 ,v>i\s circum/ances h put x out ( my p[] to consult him till to-day4 ,i /at$ to him ! difficulties we 7 likely to meet ) at ,algi]s1 & ask$ 8 op9ion1 :at w\ld be ! probable exp5se ( a diplomatic mission to ,con/ant9ople1 & :at its effects at ,algi]s4 ,he said t ! exp5se w\ld be v great2 = t pres5ts mu/ be made at t c\rt1 & e "o w\ld be gap+ aft] !m2 & t x w\ld n procure u a peace at ,algi]s "o p5ny ! *eap]4 ,he obs]v$ t ! ,b>b>y ,/ates ackn[l$g$ a sort ( vassalage to ! ,porte1 & avail$ !mselves ( t relation :5 any?+ 0 to be ga9$ by x2 b t :5ev] x subject$ !m to ! dem& f ! ,porte1 !y totally disreg>d$ x2 t money 0 ! sole ag5t4 ,he cit$ ! pres5t example ( ,spa91 :i*1 ?\gh hav+ a treaty ) ! ,porte1 w\ld probably be oblig$ to buy a peace at ,algi]s1 at ! exp5se ( upw>ds ( six millions ( livres4 ,i told him we _h calculat$1 f ! dem&s & in=mation ( ! ,tripol9e ambassador at ,london1 t to make peace ) ! f\r ,b>b>y ,/ates w\ld co/ u betwe5 two & ?ree hundr$ ?\s& gu9eas1 if b\ght ) money4 ,! sum did n seem to exce$ 8 expectations4 ,i m5tion$ to him1 t consid]+ ! unc]ta9ty ( a peace1 :5 b\ght1 p]haps ,congress might ?9k x m eligible to e/abli% a cruise ( frigates 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 & ev5 blockade ,algi]s4 ,he suppos$ x w\ld require t5 vessels1 great & small4 ,i obs]v$ to him t ,m4 ,de ,massiac _h =m]ly done x ) five2 he said x 0 true1 b t vessels ( relief w\ld be necess>y4 ,i h9t$ to him t ,i ?\ght ! ,engli% capable ( adm9i/]+ aid to ! ,alg]9es4 ,he seem$ to ?9k x impossible1 on acc\nt ( ! sc&al x w\ld br+ on !m4 ,i ask$ him :at _h occasion$ ! blockade by ,m4 ,de ,massiac1 he said an infraction ( _! treaty by ! ,alg]9es4 ,no4 #d4--;,extract ( a ,lett] f ,ri*>d ,o',bri5 to ! ,hon4 ,?omas ,jeff]son4 ,algi]s1 ,april #bh1 #aghg4 ,x seems ! ,neapolitan ambassador _h obta9$ a truce ) ?is reg5cy = ?ree mon?s2 & ! ambassador wrote 8 c\rt ( 8 success2 b ab\t ! #a/ ( ,april1 :5 ! cruis]s 7 fitt+ out1 ! ambassador w5t to ! dey1 & hop$ ! dey w\ld give ! necess>y ord]s to ! capta9s ( 8 cruis]s n to take ! ,neapolitan vessels4 ,! dey said ! mean+ ( ! truce 0 n to take ! ,neapolitan cruis]s1 b if 8 *ebecks %\ld meet ! ,neapolitan m]*antm5 to take !m & s5d !m = ,algi]s4 ,! ambassador said1 ! ,neapolitan cruis]s w\ld n want a pass on ^? t]ms4 ,! dey said1 if 8 *ebecks %\ld meet ei!r m5 ( w> or m]*ant vessels1 to take !m2 s gave ord]s accord+ly4 ,! ,alg]9es sail$ ! #i? in/ant1 & are gone1 ,i believe1 (f ! coa/ ( ,italy4 ,?is %[s !re is v little confid5ce to be put 9 ! royal ^w4 ,no pr9ciple ( national honor w b9d ^? p2 & ,i believe n mu* confid5ce to be put 9 !m 9 treaties4 ,! ,alg]9es are n incl9able to a peace ) ! ,neapolitans4 ,i he> ( no negotiation4 ,:5 ! two frigates arrive ) ! money = ! ransom ( ! slaves1 ,i believe !y are done ) ! ,neapolitans4 ,extract ( a ,lett] f ,ri*>d ,o',bri5 to ! ,hon4 ,?omas ,jeff]son4 ,algi]s1 ,june #ac1 #aghi4 ,! cruis]s _h ord]s to take ! ,danes2 b ,i believe ,d5m>k1 suspect+ t on acc\nt ( _! alliance ) ,russia1 t ! gr& seignior w\ld ord] ! reg5cy ( ,algi]s to make w> aga9/ ! ,danes2 accord+ly1 ! ,danes h evacuat$ ! ,m$it]ranean seas1 until ! affairs ( ,europe are m settl$4 ,! ,dani% %ip ) ! tribute is %ortly expect$4 ,%e is wor? fifty ?\s& doll>s2 s t ! ,alg]9es w n make kn[n publicly _! int5tion ( break+ ) ,d5m>k1 until ?is %ip arrives ) ! tribute4 ,i am v sure t ,mr4 ,rob9d> is v s5sible ( ! int5tion ( ^? sea-robb]s1 ! t]ror & sc\rge ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,! reason ! ,alg]9es h n committ$ any depr$ations on ! ,engli%1 is1 t ! cruis]s h n met ) any ( !m ri*ly load$2 = if !y _h met a ri* %ip f ,london = ,livorna1 !y w\ld c]ta9ly h br\ght h] into port1 & said t su* %ip 0 load$ = ! enemy ( ,algi]s at ,livorna2 b if t 0 n a suffici5t excuse1 hove ov]bo>d or clipt ! pass4 ,consul ,logie has be5 treat$ ) mu* contempt by ! ,alg]9e m9i/ry2 & y may dep5d1 t :5 ! dey goes to 8 long home1 t 8 successor w n r5ew ! peace ) ,great ,brita91 )\t a l>ge sum ( money is paid1 & v valuable pres5ts4 ,?is ,i well "k2 ! :ole m9i/ry says1 t ! peace ) ! ,engli% is v old1 & t ! ,engli% mu/ con=m to ! cu/om ( o!r nations1 9 giv+ ! gov]nm5t "h money & pres5ts4 ,9 fact1 ! ,alg]9es are try+ _! endeavors to f9d "s nation to break ! peace ) !m4 ,i ?9k1 if !y _h treat$ ! ,engli% 9 su* a mann] z !y h ! ,fr5*1 t ! ,engli% w\ld res5t x4 ,extract ( a ,lett] f ,ri*>d ,o',bri5 to ! ,hon4 ,?omas ,jeff]son4 ,algi]s1 ,june #ac1 #aghi4 ,:at dep5d5ce or fai? c\ld be giv5 to a peace ) ! ,alg]9es1 consid]+ _! pres5t haught9ess1 & ) :at contempt & d]ision d !y treat all nations2 s t1 9 my op9ion1 until ! ,alg]9es m /rictly adh]e to ! treaties !y h already made1 x w\ld be impolitic 9 any nation to try to make a peace "h2 = ,i see !y take m f ! nations !y are at peace )1 ?an f ^? !y are at decl>$ w> )4 ,! ,portuguese1 ,i hope1 w keep ! ,alg]9es inside ! /raits2 = only consid] ! bad consequ5ce ( ! ,alg]9es go+ into ! m> ,gr&i4 ,%\ld ! ,portuguese make a sudd5 peace ) ?is reg5cy1 ! ,alg]9es w\ld imm$iately g out ( ! /raits1 & ( c\rse1 take _m an ,am]ican4 ,no4 #e4--;,extract ( a ,lett] f ! ,hon4 ,john ,adams1 ,esq41 ,m9i/] ,pl5ipot5ti>y ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ! ,c\rt ( ,great ,brita91 to ! ,hon4 ,john ,jay1 ,esq41 ,secret>y = ,=eign ,affairs4 ,febru>y #af1 #aghf4 ,! ,am]ican comm]ce c be protect$ f ^! ,africans only by negotiation1 or by w>4 ,if pres5ts %\ld be exact$ f u1 z ample z ^? :i* are giv5 by ,engl&1 ! exp5se may am\nt to sixty ?\s& p\nds /]l+ a ye>1 an enorm\s sum to be sure2 b inf9itely less ?an ! exp5se ( fight+4 ,two frigates ( #cj guns ea* w\ld co/ z mu* to fit !m = ! sea1 besides ! accumulat+ *>ges ( /ores1 provisions1 pay1 & clo?+4 ,! p[]s ( ,europe g5]ally s5d a squadron ( m5 ( w> ) _! m9i/]s1 & (f] battle at ! same "t t !y propose treaties & promise pres5ts4 ,no4 #f4--,sev]al /atem5ts ( ! ,m>9e =ce ( ,algi]s4--,public & private ,may #bj1 #aghf4--,mr4 ,lamb says x consi/s ( #i ,*ebecs f #cf to #h guns2 mann$1 ! l>ge/ ) #djj m51 #aj ,r[ ,galleys & s 9 proportion4 ,may #bg1 #aghg4--,mr4 ,r&all furni%es two /atem5ts1 viz43 ,a m g5]al "o--#a ,setye ( #cd guns4 #b #cb #a #bf #a #bd #a ,*ebec #bj #a #ah #a #aj --- #h #d half-galleys1 c>ry+ f #abj to #acj ,moors4 #c galliots ( #gj1 #fj1 & #ej ,moors4 ,a m p>ticul> "o z foll[s3 #a ( #cb guns1 viz4 #b eighte5s1 #bd n9es1 #f f\rs1 & #dej m54 #a ( #bh #b twelves1 #bd #b sixes1 #djj #a ( #bd #bj f\rs1 #cej #a ( #bj #bj sixes1 #cjj #b ( #ah #ah #bfj #a ( #af #af #bej #b small craft4 --- #i #ee gun-boats1 c>ry+ #a twelve p\nd] ea*1 = def5ce ( ! h>bor4 ,june #h1 #aghf4--;,a lett] f ! ?ree ,am]ican capta9s1 ,o',bri51 ,c(f91 & ,/eph5s1 /ate !m z #a ( #cb #a ( #cj #c ( #bd #c ( #ah #a ( #ab --- #i & #ee gun-boats4 ,septemb] #be1 #aghg4--;,capta9 ,o',bri5 furni%es ! foll[+ /atem5t #a ( #cj guns1 #djj m51 #ajf feet l5g?1 /raight keel4 #a ( #bf #cbj #if #b ( #bb #bdj #hj #a ( #bb #bdj #ge #a ( #bb #bdj #gj #a ( #ah #bjj #gj #a ( #af #ahj #fd #a ( #ab #aej #ej --- #i ,galleys #a ( #d #gj #dj #b ( #b #df #cb #a ( #b #dj #cb ,febru>y #e1 #aghh4--,/atem5t by ! inhabitants ( ,algi]s1 spok5 ( 9 ! report4 #i vessels f #cf d[n to #bj guns4 #d or #e small]4 ,ab\t ?is date ! ,alg]9es lo/ two or ?ree vessels1 /r&$ or tak54 ,decemb]1 #aghi4--;,capta9 ,o',bri5 furni%es ! late/ /atem5t4 #a %ip ( #bd guns1 receiv$ lately f ,france4 #e l>ge cruis]s4 --- #f #c galleys1 & #fj gun-boats4 ,9 ! fall ( #aghi1 !y laid ! keel ( a #dj gun frigate1 & !y expect two cruis]s f ! gr& seignior4 ,no4 #g4--,translation ( a ,lett] f ,c\nt ,d',e/a+ to ! ,hon4 ,?omas ,jeff]son1 ,esq4 ,p>is1 ,may #ag1 #aghd4 ,,sir1--,9 giv+ y an acc\nt ( an op9ion ( ,mr4 ,massiac1 & :i* absolutely corresponds ) my own1 ,i _c too mu* obs]ve h[ great a diff]5ce may take place 9 ! c\rse ( =ty ye>s betwe5 ! means :i* he requir$ & ^? :i* political circum/ances1 t ,i _c asc]ta91 may exact4 ,?is ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 aft]w>ds vice-,admiral1 _h ! mode/y1 :5 a capta91 to propose a means = ! r$uction ( ,algi]s1 less brilliant to himself1 b m sure & economical ?an ! "o gov]nm5t 0 ab\t to adopt4 ,!y want$ him to und]take a bomb>dm5t2 he propos$ a simple blockade4 ,all ! =ce he reque/$ 0 a s+le man-(-w>1 two /rong frigates1 & two sloops-(-w>4 ,i am conv9c$1 t by block+ up ,algi]s by cross-an*or+1 & ) a long t[1 t is to say1 ) sev]al cables splic$ to ea* o!r1 & ) iron *a9s1 "o might1 if necess>y1 always rema9 !re1 & !re is no ,b>b>ian p[] ?us conf9$1 :i* w\ld n sue = peace4 ,dur+ ! w> be=e la/ ! ,engli% rema9$1 ev5 9 w9t]1 at an*or be=e ,morbian1 on ! coa/ ( ,brittany1 :i* is a mu* m dang]\s coa/4 ,exp$iti\s prep>ation = sail+ ( ! vessels :i* =m ! blockade1 :i* %\ld be ( a suffici5t numb] to prev5t any?+ f ent]+ or go+ out1 :ile ! re/ rema9 at _! /ations1 ! *oice ( ^! /ations1 skilful manuvres1 /rict wat* dur+ ! night1 e precaution aga9/ ! elem5t :i* e seaman ought to be acqua9t$ )2 also1 aga9/ ! enemy to prev5t ! sudd5 attack ( boats1 & to repel !m 9 case !y %\ld make an attack by boats prep>$ = ! purpose1 frequ5t refre%m5ts = ! crews1 reliev+ ! m51 an un%ak5 con/ancy & exactness 9 s]vice1 are ! means1 :i* 9 my op9ion1 w\ld r5d] ! ev5t indubitable4 ,bomb>dm5ts are b transitory4 ,x is1 if ,i may s express myself1 l break+ glass w9d[s ) gu9eas4 ,none h produc$ effect aga9/ ! b>b>ians4 ,ev5 an imp]fect blockade1 7 "o to h ! pati5ce & c\rage to p]si/ !re91 w\ld occasion a p]petual evil1 x w\ld be insupportable 9 ! long run4 ,to obta9 ! end propos$ no advantage ought to be lo/4 ,if sev]al p[]s w\ld come to a good und]/&+1 & pursue a plan =m$ on ! pr9ciples ( humanity2 if !y 7 n c\nt]act$ by o!rs1 x w\ld require b a few ye>s to compel ! b>b>ians to cease be+ pirates2 !y w\ld become m]*ants 9 spite ( !mselves4 ,x is ne$less to obs]ve1 t ! unsuccessful attempts ( ,spa91 & ^? "u :i* ! republic ( ,v5ice1 p]haps1 hides o!r views1 h increas$ ! /r5g? z well z ! self-love ( all ! b>b>ians4 ,we are assur$ t ! ,alg]9es h fitt$ out m]*antm5 ) heavy cannon4 ,?is w\ld r5d] x necess>y to block ! place ) two %ips1 s t "o ( ! two might rema9 moor$ ne> ! b>1 :ile ! o!r might prep>e to support su* ( ! frigates z %\ld give *ase4 ,b _! *ebecs1 ev5 _! frigates1 & all _! vessels1 al?\gh ov]*>g$ ) m51 are moreov] s badly arm$ & manuvr$ t assi/ance f )\t w\ld be mo/ to be fe>$4 ,y\r excell5cy has told me ! only true means ( br++ to t]ms ! only p :o c take a pleasure 9 di/urb+ our comm]ce4 ,y see1 ,i speak z an ,am]ican citiz52 ?is title1 de> to my he>t1 ! value ( :i* ,i ju/ly prize1 af=ds me ! happy opportunity ( (f]+1 /ill m p>ticul>ly1 ! homage1 ! s9c]e atta*m5t1 & ! respect ) :i* ,i h ! honor to be1 c4 ,,e/a+4 ,,footnote3 #be ,see ,no4 #a accompany+ ?is report4 ,,xix4--,report on ! ,alg]9e ,prison]s4 ,decemb] #bh1 #agij4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 hav+ _h "u consid]ation ! situation ( ! citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 captivity at ,algi]s1 makes ! foll[+ report !reupon to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates3 ,:5 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 at _! late session1 7 pleas$ to ref] to ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 ! petition ( our citiz5s 9 captivity at ,algi]s1 !re /ill exi/$ "s expectation t c]ta9 measures1 :i* _h be5 employ$ to effect _! r$emption1 ! success ( :i* dep5d$ on _! secrecy1 might prove effectual4 ,in=mation receiv$ dur+ ! recess ( ,congress has s f> weak5$ ^? expectations1 z to make x n[ a duty to lay be=e ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a full /atem5t ( :at has be5 attempt$ = ! relief ( ^! our suff]+ citiz5s1 z well be=e1 z s9ce he came into (fice1 t he may be enabl$ to decide :at fur!r is to be done4 ,on ! #be? ( ,july1 #aghe1 ! s*oon] ,m>ia1 ,capta9 ,/ev5s1 belong+ to a ,mr4 ,fo/]1 ( ,bo/on1 0 tak5 (f ,cape ,/4 ,v9c5ts1 by an ,alg]9e corsair2 &1 five days aft]w>ds1 ! %ip ,dauph91 ,capta9 ,o',bri51 belong+ to ,messieurs ,irv9s ( ,philadelphia1 0 tak5 by ano!r ,alg]9e1 ab\t fifty leagues we/w>d ( ,lisbon4 ,^! vessels1 ) _! c>goes & crews1 tw5ty-"o p]sons 9 numb]1 7 c>ri$ into ,algi]s4 ,congress _h "s "t be=e commission$ m9i/]s pl5ipot5ti>y = ent]+ into treaties ( amity & comm]ce ) ! ,b>b>y ,p[]s1 & to s5d to !m prop] ag5ts = prep>+ su* treaties4 ,an ag5t 0 accord+ly appo9t$ = ,algi]s1 & 8 in/ructions prep>$1 :5 ! ,m9i/]s ,pl5ipot5ti>y receiv$ in=mation ( ^! captures4 ,?\gh ! ransom ( captives 0 n among ! objects express$ 9 _! commissions1 because at _! dates ! case did n exi/1 yet !y ?\ght x _! duty to und]take t ransom1 fe>+ t ! captives might be sold & disp]s$ ?r\gh ! int]ior & di/ant c\ntries ( ,africa1 if ! previ\s ord]s ( ,congress %\ld be wait$ =4 ,!y !re=e add$ a supplem5t>y in/ruction to ! ag5t to negotiate _! ransom4 ,b1 :ile act+ ?us )\t au?ority1 !y ?\ght !mselves b\nd to (f] a price s mod]ate z n to be disapprov$4 ,!y !re=e re/ra9$ him to two hundr$ doll>s a man2 :i* 0 some?+ less ?an _h be5 j be=e paid = ab\t ?ree hundr$ ,fr5* captives1 by ! ,ma?ur9s1 a religi\s ord] ( ,france1 in/itut$ 9 anci5t times = ! r$emption ( ,*ri/ian captives f ! infidel ,p[]s4 ,on ! arrival ( ! ag5t at ,algi]s1 ! dey dem&$ fifty-n9e ?\s& f\r hundr$ & n9ety-six doll>s = ! tw5ty-"o captives1 & c\ld be br\ght to abate b little f t dem&4 ,! ag5t1 !re=e1 return$ 9 #aghf1 )\t hav+ effect$ ei!r peace or ransom4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! next ye>1 #aghg1 ! ,m9i/] ,pl5ipot5ti>y ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ,p>is procur$ an int]view ) ! g5]al ( ! religi\s ord] ( ,ma?ur9s1 be=e m5tion$1 to engage him to l5d 8 ag5cy1 at ! exp5se ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = ! r$emption ( _! captive citiz5s4 ,he pr(f]$ at once all ! s]vices he c\ld r5d]1 ) ! lib]ality & ! zeal :i* di/+ui% 8 "*4 ,he obs]v$1 t he _h ag5ts on ! spot1 con/antly employ$ 9 seek+ out & r$eem+ ! captives ( _! own c\ntry2 t ^! %\ld act = u1 z = !mselves2 t no?+ c\ld be accept$ = _! ag5cy2 & t he w\ld only expect t ! price ( r$emption %\ld be ready on our "p1 s z to cov] ! engagem5t into :i* he %\ld ent]4 ,he add$1 t1 by ! "t all exp5ses 7 paid1 _! la/ r$emption _h am\nt$ to ne> two ?\s& five hundr$ livres a man1 & t he c\ld by no means flatt] u t !y c\ld r$eem our captives z *eap z _! own4 ,! pirates w\ld take advantage ( its be+ out ( _! ord9>y l9e4 ,/ill he 0 9 hopes !y w\ld n be mu* high]4 ,! proposition 0 !n submitt$ to ,congress1 t is to say1 9 ,febru>y1 #aghg1 & on ! #ai? ( ,septemb]1 9 ! same ye>1 _! ,m9i/] ,pl5ipot5ti>y at ,p>is receiv$ _! ord]s to embrace ! (f]s ( ! ,ma?ur9s4 ,?is he imm$iately notifi$ to ! g5]al1 obs]v+1 h[ev]1 t he did n desire him to ent] into any engagem5ts till a suffici5t sum to cov] !m %\ld be actually deposit$ 9 ,p>is4 ,! g5]al wi%$ t ! :ole might be kept rigor\sly secret1 z1 %\ld ! b>b>ians suspect him to be act+ = ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !y w\ld dem& su* sums z he c\ld nev] agree to give1 ev5 ) our cons5t1 because x w\ld injure 8 future pur*ases f !m4 ,he said he _h in=mation f 8 ag5t at ,algi]s1 t our captives receiv$ s lib]al a daily all[ance z to ev9ce t x came f a public s\rce4 ,he recomm5d$ t ?is %\ld be discont9u$2 engag+ t he w\ld h an all[ance adm9i/]$ to !m1 mu* %ort inde$ ( :at !y _h hi!rto receiv$1 b su* z 0 giv5 to 8 own c\ntrym51 q suffici5t = physical necessities1 & m likely to prep>e ! op9ion1 t z !y 7 subsi/$ by 8 *>ity1 !y 7 to be r$eem$ by x also4 ,^! ideas1 sugge/$ to him by ! dang] ( rais+ 8 m>ket1 7 approv$ by ! ,m9i/] ,pl5ipot5ti>y2 because1 ?is be+ ! fir/ in/ance ( a r$emption by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 x w\ld =m a prec$5t1 because a high price giv5 by u might induce ^! pirates to ab&on all o!r nations 9 pursuit ( ,am]icans2 :]eas1 ! contr>y w\ld take place1 c\ld our price ( r$emption be fix$ at ! l[e/ po9t4 ,to de/roy1 !re=e1 e expectation ( a r$emption by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! bills ( ! ,spani% consul at ,algi]s1 :o _h made ! k9d advances be=e spok5 ( = ! su/5ance ( our captives1 7 n answ]$4 ,on ! contr>y1 a h9t 0 giv5 t ^! advances _h bett] be discont9u$1 z x 0 n kn[n t !y w\ld be reimburs$4 ,x 0 necess>y ev5 to g fur!r1 & to suff] ! captives !mselves & _! fri5ds to believe = a:ile1 t no att5tion 0 paid to !m1 no notice tak5 ( _! lett]s4 ,!y are /ill "u ?is impression4 ,x w\ld h be5 unsafe to tru/ !m ) a secret1 ! disclosure ( :i* might =ev] prev5t _! r$emption1 by rais+ ! dem&s ( ! captors to sums :i* a due reg>d = our seam51 /ill 9 fre$om1 w\ld =bid u to give4 ,?is 0 ! mo/ try+ ( all circum/ances1 & drew f !m ! mo/ afflict+ reproa*es4 ,x 0 a twelvemon? aft]w>ds be=e ! money c\ld be deposit$ 9 ,p>is1 & ! negotiation be actually put into tra94 ,9 ! meantime ! g5]al _h receiv$ in=mation f ,algi]s ( a v consid]able *ange ( prices !re4 ,)9 ! la/ two or ?ree ye>s ! ,spani>ds1 ! ,neapolitans1 & ! ,russians1 _h r$eem$ at exorbitant sums4 ,slaves 7 become sc>ce1 & w\ld h>dly be sold at any price4 ,/ill he ent]$ on ! bus9ess ) an assurance ( do+ ! be/ 9 8 p[]2 & he 0 au?oriz$ to (f] z f> z ?ree ?\s& livres1 or five hundr$ & fifty-five doll>s a man4 ,he wrote imm$iately to consult a confid5tial ag5t at ,m>seilles1 on ! be/ mode ( c>ry+ ?is bus9ess into effect2 f :om he receiv$ ! answ] ,no4 #b1 h]eto annex$4 ,no?+ fur!r 0 kn[n ( 8 progress or prospects1 :5 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives 7 pleas$1 at _! la/ session1 to ref] ! petition ( our captives at ,algi]s to ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate4 ,! prec$+ n>rative %[s t no report c\ld h !n be5 made )\t risk+ ! object1 ( :i* "s hopes 7 /ill ent]ta9$4 ,lat] advices1 h[ev]1 f ! *>g des affaires ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 at ,p>is1 in=ms u1 t ^! measures1 ?\gh n yet desp]ate1 are n to be c\nt$ on4 ,besides ! exorbitance ( price1 be=e fe>$1 ! late transf] ( ! l&s & rev5ues ( ! cl]gy 9 ,france to ! public1 by )draw+ ! means1 seems to h susp5d$ ! proce$+s ( ! ,ma?ur9s 9 ! purposes ( _! in/itution4 ,x is "t1 !re=e1 to look ab\t = some?+ m promis+1 )\t rel9qui%+1 9 ! mean:ile1 ! *ance ( success ?r\gh !m4 ,endeavors to collect in=mation1 :i* h be5 cont9u$ a consid]able "t1 z to ! ransoms :i* w\ld probably be dem&$ f u1 & ^? actually paid by o!r nations1 enable ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate to lay be=e ! ,presid5t ! foll[+ %ort view1 collect$ f orig9al pap]s n[ 9 8 possession1 or f in=mation deliv]$ to him p]sonally4 ,pass+ ov] ! ransoms ( ! ,ma?ur9s1 :i* are kept f> bel[ ! common level by special circum/ances3 ,9 #aghf1 ! dey ( ,algi]s dem&$ f our ag5t #ei1dif = tw5ty-"o captives1 :i* 0 #b1hcc a man4 ,! ag5t flatt]$ himself !y c\ld be ransom$ = #a1bjj apiece4 ,8 secret>y in=m$ u1 at ! same "t1 t ,spa9 _h paid #a1fjj4 ,9 #aghg1 ! ,russians r$eem$ at #a1edf a man4 ,9 #aghh1 a well-in=m$ inhabitant ( ,algi]s assur$ ! ,m9i/] ,pl5ipot5ti>y ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ,p>is1 t no nation _h r$eem$1 s9ce ! ,spani% treaty1 at less ?an f #bej to #cjj /]l+1 ! m$ium ( :i* is #a1bcg4 ,capta9 ,o',bri51 at ! same date1 ?9ks we mu/ pay #a1hjj1 & m5tions a ,savoy capta91 j r$eem$ at #d1jgd4 ,9 #aghi1 ,mr4 ,logie1 ! ,engli% consul at ,algi]s1 in=m$ a p]son :o wi%$ to ransom "o ( our common sailors1 t he w\ld co/ f #dej to #ejj /]l+1 ! mean ( :i* is #b1acg4 ,9 ,decemb] ( ! same ye>1 ,capta9 ,o',bri5 ?9ks our m5 w n[ co/ #b1bij ea*1 ?\gh a ,jew m]*ant believes he c\ld get !m = #b1bfd4 ,9 #agij1 ,july #i?1 a ,mr4 ,simpson1 ( ,gibralt>1 :o1 at "s p>ticul> reque/1 _h tak5 pa9s to f9d = :at sum our captives c\ld be r$eem$1 f9ds t ! f\rte5 w co/ #cd1gi1bbh1 :i* is #b1dhe a man4 ,at ! same date1 "o ( !m1 a ,scot* boy1 a common m>9]1 0 actually r$eem$ at #h1jjj livres1 equal to #a1dha1 :i* is )9 n9ete5 doll>s ( ! price ,simpson /ates = common m52 & ! *>g des affaires ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ,p>is is in=m$ t ! :ole may be r$eem$ at t rate1 add+ fifty p] c5t4 on ! capta9s1 :i* w\ld br+ x to #a1ega a man4 ,x is f\nd !n t ! prices are #a1bjj1 #a1bcg1 #a1dha1 #a1edf1 #a1ega1 #a1fjj1 #a1hjj1 #b1acg1 #b1bfd1 #b1dhe1 #b1hcc1 & #b1ibj doll>s a man1 n notic+ t ( #d1jgd1 because x 0 = a capta94 ,9 #aghf1 !re 7 #b1bjj captives 9 ,algi]s1 :i*1 9 #aghi1 _h be5 r$uc$ by dea? or ransom to #fee4 ,( ours six h di$1 & "o has be5 ransom$ by 8 fri5ds4 ,f ^! facts & op9ions1 "s conjecture may be =m$ ( ! t]ms on :i* ! lib]ty ( our citiz5s may be obta9$4 ,b %\ld x be ?\ght bett] to repress =ce by =ce1 ano!r exp$i5t = _! lib]ation may p]haps (f]4 ,captures made on ! enemy may p]haps put u into possession ( "s ( _! m>9]s1 & ex*ange be sub/itut$ = ransom4 ,x is n inde$ a fix$ usage ) !m to ex*ange prison]s4 ,x is r _! cu/om to refuse x4 ,h[ev]1 su* ex*anges are sometimes effect$1 by all[+ !m m or less ( advantage4 ,!y h sometimes accept$ ( two ,moors = a ,*ri/ian1 at o!rs !y h refus$ five or six = "o4 ,p]haps ,turki% captives may be objects ( great] p>tiality ) !m1 z _! gov]nm5t is entirely 9 ! h&s ( ,turks1 :o are treat$ 9 e in/ance z a sup]ior ord] ( be+s4 ,ex*ange1 too1 w be m practicable 9 our case1 z our captives h n be5 sold to private individuals1 b are reta9$ 9 ! h&s ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,! lib]ation ( our citiz5s has an intimate connection ) ! lib]ation ( our comm]ce 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 n[ "u ! consid]ation ( ,congress4 ,! di/resses ( bo? proce$ f ! same cause1 & ! measures :i* %all be adopt$ = ! relief ( ! "o1 may1 v probably1 involve ! relief ( ! o!r4 ,,xx4--,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 to :om 0 ref]r$ by ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 ! repres5tation f ! ,g5]al ,c\rt ( ! ,commonweal? ( ,massa*usetts1 on ! subjects ( ! cod & :ale fi%]ies1 toge!r ) ! sev]al pap]s accompany+ x1 has _h ! same "u consid]ation1 & !reupon makes ! foll[+ report3 ,febru>y #a1 #agia4 ,! repres5tation sets =? t1 be=e ! late w>1 ab\t f\r ?\s& seam51 & ab\t tw5ty-f\r ?\s& tons ( %ipp+1 7 annually employ$ f t ,/ate1 9 ! :ale fi%]y1 ! produce :]e( 0 ab\t ?ree hundr$ & fifty ?\s& p\nds lawful money a ye>4 ,t1 previ\s to ! same p]iod1 ! cod fi%]y ( t ,/ate employ$ f\r ?\s& m51 & tw5ty-eight ?\s& tons ( %ipp+1 & produc$ ab\t two hundr$ & fifty ?\s& p\nds a ye>4 ,t ^! bran*es ( bus9ess1 annihilat$ dur+ ! w>1 h be51 9 "s degree1 recov]$ s9ce2 b t !y labor "u _m & heavy emb>rassm5ts1 :i*1 if n remov$1 or less5$1 w r5d] ! fi%]ies e ye> less ext5sive & important4 ,t ^! emb>rassm5ts are1 heavy duties on _! produce abroad1 & b\nties on t ( _! competitors2 & duties at home on sev]al articles1 p>ticul>ly us$ 9 ! fi%]ies4 ,& x asks t ! duties be tak5 (f2 t b\nties be giv5 to ! fi%]m52 & ! national influ5ce be us$ abroad1 = obta9+ bett] m>kets = _! produce4 ,! cod & :ale fi%]ies1 c>ri$ on by diff]5t p]sons1 f diff]5t ports1 9 diff]5t vessels1 9 diff]5t seas1 & seek+ diff]5t m>kets1 agree 9 "o circum/ance1 9 be+ z unpr(itable to ! adv5tur]1 z important to ! public4 ,a succ9ct view ( _! rise1 progress1 & pres5t /ate1 ) diff]5t nations1 may enable u to note ! circum/ances :i* h att5d$ _! prosp]ity1 & _! decl9e2 to judge ( ! emb>rassm5ts :i* are said to oppress ours2 to see :e!r !y dep5d on our own w1 & may1 !re=e1 be rem$i$ imm$iately by ourselves1 or1 :e!r dep5d+ on ! w ( o!rs1 !y are )\t ! rea* ( rem$y f u1 ei!r directly or indirectly4 ,_! hi/ory be+ z unconnect$ z _! practice1 !y %all be sep>ately consid]$4 ,)9 tw5ty ye>s aft] ! suppos$ discov]y ( ,newf\ndl&1 by ! ,cabots1 we f9d t ! abundance ( fi% on its banks1 _h already drawn ! att5tion ( ! p ( ,europe4 ,=1 z e>ly z #aeag1 or #aeai1 we are told ( fifty %ips be+ se5 !re at "o "t4 ,! fir/ adv5tur]s 9 t fi%]y 7 ! ,biscayans1 ( ,spa91 ! ,basques & ,bas-,bretons1 ( ,france1 all unit$ anci5tly 9 language1 & /ill 9 habits1 & 9 extreme pov]ty4 ,! la/ circum/ance enabl$ !m long to reta9 a consid]able %>e ( ! fi%]y4 ,9 #aegg1 ! ,fr5* _h "o hundr$ & fifty vessels !re2 ! ,spani>ds _h /ill "o hundr$1 & ! ,portuguese fifty1 :5 ! ,engli% _h only fifte54 ,! ,spani>ds & ,portuguese seem at l5g? to h retir$ sil5tly1 ! ,fr5* & ,engli% claim+ ! fi%]y exclusively1 z an appurt5ance to _! adjac5t colonies1 & ! pr(its be+ too small = nations sur*>g$ ) ! preci\s metals proce$+ f _! m9es4 ,)\t mat]ials to trace ! int]m$iate progress1 we only "k t1 s late z #agdd1 ! ,fr5* employ$ !re five hundr$ & sixty-f\r %ips1 & tw5ty-sev5 ?\s& five hundr$ seam51 & took "o million two hundr$ & =ty-six ?\s& qu9tals ( fi%1 :i* 0 ?ree times ! ext5t to :i* ,engl& & h] colonies toge!r1 c>ri$ ?is fi%]y at t "t4 ,! ,engli%1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 _h employ$1 g5]ally1 ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty vessels 9 ! ,newf\ndl& fi%]y4 ,ab\t #afgj we f9d !m r$uc$ to eighty1 & "o hundr$1 ! inhabitants ( ,new ,engl& beg9n+ n[ to supplant !m4 ,a little be=e ?is1 ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t p]ceiv+ t _! citiz5s 7 unable to subsi/ on ! scanty pr(its :i* suffic$ = _! poor] competitors1 endeavor$ to give !m "s advantage by prohibit+ ! importation ( =eign fi%2 &1 at ! close ( ! c5tury1 !y =m$ "s regulations = _! gov]nm5t & protection1 & remitt$ to !m "s duties4 ,a successful w> enabl$ !m1 9 #agac1 to =ce f ! ,fr5* a cession ( ! ,isl& ( ,newf\ndl&2 "u ^! enc\ragem5ts1 ! ,engli% & ,am]ican fi%]ies began to ?rive4 ,9 #agca we f9d ! ,engli% take two hundr$ ?\s& qu9tals ( fi%1 & ! ,am]icans two hundr$ & ?irty ?\s&1 besides ! refuse fi%1 n fit = ,european m>kets4 ,!y cont9ue to ga9 gr\nd1 & ! ,fr5* to lose x1 insomu* t1 ab\t #agee1 !y are said to h be5 on a p>2 &1 9 #agfh1 ! ,fr5* h only two hundr$ & fifty-n9e vessels1 ( tw5ty-f\r ?\s& f\r hundr$ & tw5ty tons1 n9e ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & tw5ty-two seam51 tak+ two hundr$ ?\s& qu9tals1 :ile ,am]ica alone1 = "s ?ree or f\r ye>s be=e t1 & s on1 to ! comm5cem5t ( ! late w>1 employ$ six hundr$ & sixty-five vessels1 ( tw5ty-five ?\s& six hundr$ & fifty tons1 & f\r ?\s& f\r hundr$ & five seam51 & took f ?ree hundr$ & fifty ?\s& to upw>ds ( f\r hundr$ ?\s& qu9tals ( fi%1 & ,engl& a /ill great] quantity1 five hundr$ & tw5ty-six ?\s& qu9tals1 z is said4 ,spa9 _h =mally rel9qui%$ h] pret5sions to a p>ticipation 9 ^! fi%]ies1 at ! close ( ! prec$+ w>2 &1 at ! end ( ?is1 ! adjac5t cont95t & isl&s be+ divid$ betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! ,engli% & ,fr5*1 7= ! la/ reta9$ two small isl&s m]ely = ?is object17 ! "r ( fi%+ 0 appropriat$ to !m also4 ,france1 s5sible ( ! necessity ( balanc+ ! p[] ( ,engl& on ! wat]1 &1 !re=e1 ( improv+ e res\rce = rais+ seam51 & see+ t h] fi%]m5 c\ld n ma9ta9 _! competition )\t "s public patronage1 adopt$ ! exp]im5t ( b\nties on h] own fi%1 & duties on t ( =eign nations br\ght into h] m>kets4 ,b1 not)/&+ ?is1 h] fi%]ies dw9dle1 f a *ange tak5 place1 ins5sibly1 9 ! "* ( h] navigation1 :i*1 f be+ ! mo/ economical1 is n[ become ! mo/ exp5sive4 ,9 #aghf1 %e is said to h employ$ b sev5 ?\s& m5 9 ?is fi%]y1 & to h tak5 f\r hundr$ & tw5ty-six ?\s& qu9tals2 &1 9 #aghg1 b six ?\s& m51 & "o hundr$ & tw5ty-eight ?\s& qu9tals4 ,%e seems n yet s5sible t ! un?rift9ess ( h] fi%]ies proce$s f ! want ( economy1 & n ! want ( m>kets2 & t ! enc\ragem5t ( our fi%]y abridges t ( a rival nation1 ^: p[] on ! ocean has long ?reat5$ ! loss ( all balance on t elem5t4 ,! plan ( ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t1 s9ce ! peace1 has be5 to prohibit all =eign fi% 9 _! m>kets1 & !y h giv5 f eighte5 to fifty ?\s& p\nds /]l+ on e fi%+ vessel comply+ ) c]ta9 conditions4 ,?is policy is said to h be5 s f> successful1 z to h rais$ ! numb] ( seam5 employ$ 9 t bus9ess1 9 #aghf1 to f\rte5 ?\s&1 & ! quantity ( fi% tak51 to #gcb1jjj qu9tals4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! fi%]ies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 annihilat$ dur+ ! w>2 _! vessels1 ut5sils1 & fi%]m5 de/roy$2 _! m>kets 9 ! ,m$it]ranean & ,briti% ,am]ica lo/1 & _! produce duti$ 9 ^? ( ,france2 _! competitors enabl$ by b\nties to meet & und]sell !m at ! few m>kets rema9+ op51 )\t any public aid1 &1 inde$1 pay+ aids to ! public2--su* 7 ! hopeless auspices "u :i* ?is important bus9ess 0 to be resum$4 ,yet x 0 resum$1 &1 aid$ by ! m]e =ce ( natural advantages1 !y employ$1 dur+ ! ye>s #aghf1 #aghg1 #aghh1 & #aghi1 on an av]age1 five hundr$ & ?irty-n9e vessels1 ( n9ete5 ?\s& "o hundr$ & eighty-five tons1 ?ree ?\s& two hundr$ & eighty-sev5 seam51 & took two hundr$ & fifty ?\s& six hundr$ & fifty qu9tals ( fi%4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& an (ficial pap] 99 99 99 99 99 %[s t1 9 ! la/ ( ^? ye>s1 our exportation am\nt$ to ?ree hundr$ & sev5ty-five ?\s& & tw5ty qu9tals1 & ?irty ?\s& f\r hundr$ & sixty-"o b>rels2 d$uction made ( ?ree ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & "o qu9tals1 & six ?\s& ?ree hundr$ & =ty-?ree b>rels ( =eign fi%1 receiv$ & re-export$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 ! calculations 99 99 99 99 99 :i* accompany ! repres5tation1 %[ t ! pr(its ( ! sales 9 ! ye>s #aghg & #aghh1 7 too small to af=d a liv+ to ! fi%]m51 & on ^? ( #aghi1 !re 0 su* a loss z to )draw ?irty-?ree vessels1 ( ! t[n ( ,m>blehead alone1 f ! fur!r pursuit ( ?is bus9ess2 & ! appreh5sion is1 t1 )\t "s public aid1 ^? /ill rema9+ w cont9ue to )draw1 & ?is :ole comm]ce be engross$ by a s+le nation4 ,?is rapid view ( ! cod fi%]y enables u to disc]n "u :at policy x has n\ri%$ or decl9$ 9 ! h&s ( o!r nations1 & to m>k ! fact1 t x is too poor a bus9ess to be left to itself1 ev5 ) ! nation mo/ advantage\sly situat$4 ,x w n[ be prop] to c\nt ! advantages :i* aid1 & ! disadvantages :i* oppose u1 9 ?is conflict4 ,our advantages are-- #a4 ,! neighborhood ( ! great fi%]ies1 :i* p]mits our fi%]m5 to br+ home _! fi% to be salt$ by _! wives & *ildr54 #b4 ,! %ore fi%]ies1 s ne> at h&1 z to enable ! vessels to run into port 9 a /orm1 & s less5 ! risk1 = :i* di/ant nations mu/ pay insurance4 #c4 ,! w9t] fi%]ies1 :i*1 l h\sehold manufactures employ portions ( "t1 :i* w\ld o!rwise be useless4 #d4 ,! smallness ( ! vessels1 :i* ! %ortness ( ! voyage enables u to employ1 & :i*1 consequ5tly1 require b a small capital4 #e4 ,! *eapness ( our vessels1 :i* d n co/ above ! half ( ! ,baltic fir vessels1 comput+ price & duration4 #f4 ,_! excell5ce z sea boats1 :i* decreases ! risk & quick5s ! return4 #g4 ,! sup]iority ( our m>9]s 9 skill1 activity1 ent]prise1 sobriety1 & ord]4 #h4 ,! *eapness ( provisions4 #i4 ,! *eapness ( casks1 :i*1 ( itself1 is said to be equal to an extra pr(it ( fifte5 p] c5t4 ,^! advantages are ( su* =ce1 t1 :ile exp]i5ce has prov$ t no o!r nation c make a m]cantile pr(it on ! ,newf\ndl& fi%]y1 nor c support x )\t national aid1 we c make a liv+ pr(it1 if v5t = our fi% c be procur$4 ,( ! disadvantages oppos$ to u1 ^? :i* dep5d on ourselves1 are-- ,tonnage & naval duties on ! vessels employ$ 9 ! fi%]y4 ,impo/ duties on salt4 ,on tea1 rum1 sug>1 molasses1 hooks1 l9es1 & leads1 duck1 cordage1 & cables1 iron1 hemp1 & tw9e1 us$ 9 ! fi%]y2 co>se wooll5s1 worn by ! fi%]m51 & ! poll tax levi$ by ! ,/ate on _! p]sons4 ,! /atem5t ,no4 #f1 %[s ! am\nt ( ^!1 exclusive ( ! ,/ate tax & drawback on ! fi% export$1 to be #e #be p] man1 or #eg #ge p] vessel ( sixty-five tons4 ,:5 a bus9ess is s ne>ly 9 equilibrio t "o c h>dly disc]n :e!r ! pr(it be suffici5t to cont9ue x or n1 small] sums ?an ^! suffice to turn ! scale aga9/ x4 ,to ^! disadvantages1 add ineffectual duties on ! importation ( =eign fi%4 ,9 ju/ification ( ^! la/1 x is urg$ t ! =eign fi% receiv$1 is 9 ex*ange = ! produce ( agriculture4 ,to :i* x may be answ]$1 t ! ?+ giv51 is m m]*antable ?an t receiv$ 9 ex*ange1 & agriculture has too _m m>kets to be all[$ to take away ^? ( ! fi%]ies4 ,x w re/1 !re=e1 ) ! wisdom ( ! ,legislature to decide1 :e!r prohibition %\ld n be oppos$ to prohibition1 & high duty to high duty1 on ! fi% ( o!r nations2 :e!r any1 & :i*1 ( ! naval & o!r duties may be remitt$1 or an equival5t giv5 to ! fi%]man1 9 ! =m ( a drawback1 or b\nty2 & :e!r ! loss ( m>kets abroad1 may n1 9 "s degree1 be comp5sat$1 by creat+ m>kets at home2 to :i* might contribute ! con/itut+ fi% a "p ( ! milit>y ration1 9 /ations n too di/ant f navigation1 a "p ( ! necess>y sea /ores ( vessels1 & ! enc\rag+ private individuals to let ! fi%]m5 %>e ) ! cultivator1 9 furni%+ ! supplies ( ! table4 ,a habit introduc$ f motives ( patriotism1 w\ld soon be foll[$ f motives ( ta/e2 & :o w und]take to fix ! limits to ?is dem&1 if x c be once excit$1 ) a nation :i* d\bles1 & w cont9ue to d\ble1 at v %ort p]iods8 ,( ! disadvantages :i* dep5d on o!rs1 are-- #a4 ,! loss ( ! ,m$it]ranean m>kets4 #b4 ,exclusions f ! m>kets ( "s ( our neighbors4 #c4 ,high duties 9 ^? ( o!rs2 &1 #d4 ,b\nties to ! individuals 9 competition ) u4 ,! consid]ation ( ^! w f9d its place m aptly1 aft] a review ( ! condition ( our :ale fi%]y %all h l$ u to ! same po9t4 ,to ?is bran* ( ! subject1 !re=e1 we w n[ proce$4 ,! :ale fi%]y 0 fir/ br\ght into notice ( ! s\!rn nations ( ,europe1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 by ! same ,biscayans & ,basques :o l$ ! way to ! fi%]y ( ,newf\ndl&4 ,!y began x on _! own coa/s1 b soon f\nd t ! pr9cipal resid5ce ( ! :ale 0 9 ! ,nor!rn seas1 into :i*1 !re=e1 !y pursu$ him4 ,9 #aegh !y employ$ tw5ty-five %ips 9 t bus9ess4 ,! ,dut* & ,hamburgh]s took x up aft] ?is1 & ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! =m] employ$ ab\t two hundr$ %ips1 & ! latt] ab\t ?ree hundr$ & fifty4 ,! ,engli% endeavor$ also to p>ticipate ( x4 ,9 #afgb1 !y (f]$ to _! own fi%]m5 a b\nty ( six %ill+s a ton1 on ! oil !y %\ld br+ home1 & in/itut$1 at diff]5t times1 diff]5t exclusive companies1 all ( :i* fail$ ( success4 ,!y rais$ _! b\nty1 9 #agcc1 to tw5ty %ill+s a ton1 on ! admeasurem5t ( ! vessel4 ,9 #agdj1 to ?irty %ill+s1 ) a privilege to ! fi%]m5 aga9/ be+ impress$4 ,! ,basque fi%]y1 support$ by pov]ty alone1 _h ma9ta9$ b a feeble exi/5ce1 be=e competitors aid$ by ! b\nties ( _! nation1 & 01 9 f9e1 annihilat$ by ! w> ( #agde1 at ! close ( :i* ! ,engli% b\nty 0 rais$ to =ty %ill+s4 ,f ?is epo*1 _! :ale fi%]y w5t on betwe5 ! limits ( tw5ty-eight & sixty-sev5 vessels1 till ! comm5cem5t ( ! la/ w>4 ,! ,dut*1 9 ! meantime1 _h decl9$ gradually to ab\t "o hundr$ & ?irty %ips1 & h1 s9ce t1 fall5 d[n to less ?an half t numb]4 ,s t _! fi%]y1 not)/&+ a b\nty ( ?irty flor9s a man1 z well z t ( ,hamburg1 is n[ ne>ly out ( competition4 ,9 #agae1 ! ,am]icans began _! :ale fi%]y4 ,!y 7 l$ to x at fir/ by ! :ales :i* pres5t$ !mselves on _! coa/s4 ,!y attack$ !m !re 9 small vessels ( =ty tons4 ,z ! :ale1 be+ infe/$1 retir$ f ! coa/1 !y foll[$ him f>!r & f>!r into ! ocean1 /ill enl>g+ _! vessels ) _! adv5tures1 to sixty1 "o hundr$1 & two hundr$ tons4 ,hav+ ext5d$ _! pursuit to ! ,we/]n ,isl&s1 !y fell 91 accid5tally1 ) ! sp]maceti :ale1 ( a diff]5t species f t ( ,gre5l&1 :i* alone _h hi!rto be5 kn[n 9 comm]ce3 m fi]ce & active1 & ^: oil & head matt] 0 f\nd to be m valuable1 z x might be us$ 9 ! int]ior ( h\ses )\t (f5d+ ! smell4 ,! di/9ction n[ fir/ arose betwe5 ! ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn fi%]ies3 ! object ( ! =m] be+ ! ,gre5l& :ale1 :i* frequ5ts ! ,nor!rn coa/s & seas ( ,europe & ,am]ica2 t ( ! latt] be+ ! sp]maceti :ale1 :i* 0 f\nd 9 ! ,s\!rn seas1 f ! ,we/]n ,isl&s & coa/ ( ,africa1 to t ( ,brazil1 & /ill on to ! ,falkl& ,isl&s4 ,"h1 aga91 )9 s\nd+s1 on ! coa/ ( ,brazil1 !y f\nd a ?ird species ( :ale1 :i* !y call$ ! black or ,brazil :ale1 small] ?an ! ,gre5l&1 yield+ a /ill less valuable oil1 fit only = summ] use1 z x becomes opaque at #ej degrees ( ,fahr5heit's t]momet]1 :ile t ( ! sp]maceti :ale is limpid to #da1 & ( ! ,gre5l& :ale to #cf1 ( ! same !rmomet]4 ,x is only wor? tak+1 !re=e1 :5 x falls 9 ! way ( ! fi%]m51 b n wor? seek+1 except :5 !y h fail$ ( success aga9/ ! sp]maceti :ale1 9 :i* case1 ?is k9d1 easily f\nd & tak51 s]ves to mod]ate _! loss4 ,9 #agga ! ,am]icans _h "o hundr$ & eighty-?ree vessels1 ( ?irte5 ?\s& eight hundr$ & tw5ty tons1 9 ! ,nor!rn fi%]y1 & "o hundr$ & tw5ty-"o vessels1 ( f\rte5 ?\s& & tw5ty tons1 9 ! ,s\!rn1 navigat$ by f\r ?\s& & fifty-n9e m54 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! late w>1 !y _h "o hundr$ & sev5ty-sev5 vessels 9 ! ,nor!rn1 & "o hundr$ & ?irty-two 9 ! ,s\!rn fi%]y4 ,at t p]iod1 our fi%]y be+ susp5d$1 ! ,engli% seiz$ ! opportunity ( pu%+ !irs4 ,!y gave additional b\nties ( #ejj1 #djj1 #cjj1 #bjj1 #ajj /]l+1 annually1 to ! five %ips :i* %\ld take ! greate/ quantities ( oil4 ,! effect ( :i* 0 su*1 z1 by ! ye> #aghf1 to d\ble ! quantity ( common oil necess>y = _! own consumption4 ,f9d+1 on a review ( ! subject1 at t "t1 t _! b\nties _h co/ ! ,gov]nm5t #ac #ajs4 /]l+ a man1 annually1 or sixty p] c5t4 on ! c>goes1 a "p ( :i* w5t consequ5tly to ease ! pur*ases ( ?is article made by =eign nations1 !y r$uc$ ! nor!rn b\nty f =ty to ?irty %ill+s ! ton ( admeasurem5t4 ,!y _h1 "s little "t be=e1 turn$ _! att5tion to ! ,s\!rn fi%]y1 & giv5 v great b\nties 9 x1 & _h invit$ ! fi%]m5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to conduct _! ent]prises4 ,"u _! guidance1 & ) su* enc\ragem5t1 ?is fi%]y1 :i* _h only begun ) !m 9 #aghd or #aghe1 0 ris+ into value4 ,9 #aghh !y increas$ _! b\nties1 & ! temptations to our fi%]m51 "u ! g5]al description ( =eign]s :o _h be5 employ$ 9 ! :ale fi%]y1 to pass ov] ) _! families & vessels to ! ,briti% dom9ions1 ei!r 9 ,am]ica or ,europe1 b pref]ably to ! latt]4 ,! effect ( ^! measures _h be5 prep>$1 by our :ale oils becom+ subject1 9 _! m>ket1 to ! =eign duty ( #ah #es4 /]l+ ! ton1 :i*1 be+ m ?an equal to ! price ( ! common oil1 op]at$ z a prohibition on t1 & gave to _! sp]maceti oil a pref]5ce ov] ours to t am\nt4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! fi%]m5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 left )\t res\rce1 by ! loss ( _! m>ket1 began to ?9k ( accept+ ! ,briti% invitation1 & ( remov+1 "s to ,nova ,scotia1 pref]r+ small] advantages 9 ! neighborhood ( _! anci5t c\ntry & fri5ds1 o!rs to ,great ,brita91 po/pon+ c\ntry & fri5ds to high premiums4 ,! ,gov]nm5t ( ,france c\ld n be inatt5tive to ^! proce$+s4 ,!y saw ! dang] ( lett+ f\r or five ?\s& seam51 ( ! be/ 9 ! _w1 be transf]r$ to ! m>9e /r5g? ( ano!r nation1 & c>ry ov] ) !m an art1 :i* !y possess$ almo/ exclusively4 ,to give "t = a c\nt]plan1 ! ,m>quis de ,lafayette1 ! valuable fri5d & citiz5 ( ?is1 z well z t c\ntry1 wrote to a g5tleman 9 ,bo/on1 to dissuade ! fi%]m5 f accept+ ! ,briti% proposals1 & to assure !m t _! fri5ds 9 ,france w\ld endeavor to d some?+ = !m4 ,a vessel 0 !n arriv$ f ,halifax at ,nantucket1 to take (f ^? :o _h propos$ to remove4 ,two families _h gone abroad1 & o!rs 7 go+4 ,9 ?is mom5t1 ! lett] arriv+1 susp5d$ _! designs4 ,n ano!r w5t abroad1 & ! vessel return$ to ,halifax ) only ! two families4 ,! plan adopt$ by ! ,fr5* m9i/ry1 v diff]5t f t ( ! fir/ mov]1 0 to give a c\nt] invitation to ! ,nantucket m5 to remove & settle 9 ,dunkirk1 (f]+ !m a b\nty ( fifty livres 7betwe5 n9e & t5 doll>s7 a ton on ! admeasurem5t ( ! vessels !y %\ld equip = ! :ale fi%]y1 ) "s o!r advantages4 ,n9e families only1 ( ?irty-?ree p]sons1 accept$ ! invitation4 ,?is 0 9 #aghe4 ,9 #aghf1 ! m9i/ry 7 l$ to see t _! invitation w\ld produce b little effect1 & t ! true means ( prev5t+ ! emigration ( our fi%]m5 to ! ,briti% dom9ions w\ld be to enable !m /ill to foll[ _! call+ f _! native c\ntry1 by giv+ !m a new m>ket = _! oils1 in/ead ( ! old "o !y _h lo/4 ,! duties 71 !re=e1 abat$ on ,am]ican :ale oil imm$iately1 & a fur!r abatem5t promis$ by ! lett] ,no4 #h1 &1 9 ,decemb]1 #aghg1 ! arrt ,no4 #i 0 pass$4 ,! rival fi%]m5 imm$iately endeavor$ to turn ?is measure to _! own advantage1 by p\r+ _! :ale oils into ! m>kets ( ,france1 :]e !y 7 enabl$1 by ! great premiums receiv$ f _! ,gov]nm5t1 p]haps1 too1 by extraord9>y indemnifications1 to und]sell bo? ! ,fr5* & ,am]ican fi%]m54 ,to repel ?is measure1 ,france %ut h] ports to all =eign fi% oils :atev]1 by ! arrt ,no4 #aj4 ,! ,briti% :ale fi%]y fell1 9 consequ5ce1 ! ensu+ ye> f two hundr$ & tw5ty-two to "o hundr$ & sev5ty-eight %ips4 ,b ?is g5]al exclusion has palsi$ our fi%]y also4 ,on ! #g? ( ,decemb]1 #aghh1 !re=e1 by ! arrt ,no4 #aa1 ! ports ( ,france /ill rema9+ %ut to all o!r nations1 7 aga9 op5$ to ! produce ( ! :ale fi%]ies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 cont9u+1 h[ev]1 _! endeavors to recov] a %>e 9 ?is fi%]y !mselves1 by ! aid ( our fi%]m54 ,9 #aghd1 #aghe1 #aghf1 !y _h _h f\r %ips4 ,9 #aghg1 ?ree4 ,9 #aghh1 sev5te5 9 ! two fi%]ies ( f\r ?\s& five hundr$ tons4 ,^! co/ !m 9 b\nty #bbe1jjj livres1 :i* divid$ on "o ?\s& five hundr$ & fifty tons ( oil1 ! quantity !y took1 am\nt$ to #ade livres 7ne> tw5ty-sev5 doll>s7 ! ton1 &1 on ab\t "o hundr$ natives on bo>d ! sev5te5 %ips1 7= !re 7 "o hundr$ & fifty ,am]icans engag$ by ! voyage7 came to #b1bbe livres1 or ab\t #daf doll>s a man4 ,we h _h1 dur+ ! ye>s #aghg1 #aghh & #aghi1 on an av]age1 n9ety-"o vessels1 ( five ?\s& eight hundr$ & tw5ty tons1 9 ! nor!rn1 & ?irty-"o ( f\r ?\s& ?ree hundr$ & n9ety tons 9 ! s\!rn fi%]y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,^! details w enable ,congress to see ) :at a competition we h to /ruggle = ! cont9uance ( ?is fi%]y1 n to say its increase4 ,aga9/ prohibitory duties 9 "o c\ntry1 & b\nties to ! adv5tur]s 9 bo? ( ^? :i* are cont5d+ ) ea* o!r = ! same object1 ours h no auxili>ies1 b pov]ty & rigor\s economy4 ,! bus9ess1 unaid$1 is a wret*$ "o4 ,! ,dut* h peculi> advantages = ! nor!rn fi%]y1 z be+ )9 six or eight days' sail ( ! gr\nds1 z navigat+ ) m economy ?an any o!r nation 9 ,europe1 _! seam5 cont5t ) l[] wages1 & _! m]*ants ) l[] pr(it4 ,yet ! memorial ,no4 #ac1 f a committee ( ! :ale m]*ants to ! ,/ates ,g5]al ( ,holl&1 9 ! ye> #agge1 /ates t f\rte5 millions ( guild]s1 equal to five million six hundr$ ?\s& doll>s1 has be5 lo/ 9 t fi%]y 9 =ty-sev5 ye>s1 be+ ab\t "o hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s& doll>s a ye>4 ,! ,/ates ,g5]al1 !reupon1 gave a b\nty ( ?irty guild]s a man to ! fi%]m54 ,a p]son imm$iately acqua9t$ ) ! ,briti% :ale fi%]y1 & ^: in=mation m]its confid5ce1 has giv5 assurance t ! %ips employ$ 9 _! nor!rn fi%]y1 9 #aghh1 sunk #hjj ea*1 on an av]age1 m ?an ! am\nt ( ! produce & b\nties4 ,an ,engli% %ip ( ?ree hundr$ tons & =ty-two seam51 9 ?is fi%]y1 g5]ally br+s home1 aft] a f\r mon?s' voyage1 tw5ty-five tons ( oil1 wor? #dcg #ajs4 /]l+2 b ! wages ( ! (fic]s & seam5 w be #djj2 !re rema9 b #cg #ajs41 n wor? tak+ into acc\nt1 t[>ds ! outfit & m]*ants' pr(it4 ,^!1 !n1 mu/ be paid by ! ,gov]nm5t2 & x is on ?is idea t ! ,briti% b\nty is calculat$4 ,our vessels = ! nor!rn fi%]y av]age sixty-f\r tons1 & co/1 :5 built1 fitt$ out1 & victuall$ = ! fir/ voyage1 ab\t ?ree ?\s& doll>s4 ,!y h tak51 on an av]age1 ! ?ree la/ ye>s1 accord+ to ! /atem5t ,no4 #ab1 eighte5 tons ( oil1 wor?1 at our m>ket1 n9e hundr$ doll>s1 :i* are to pay all exp5ses1 & subsi/ ! fi%]m5 & m]*ant4 ,our vessels = ! s\!rn fi%]y av]age "o hundr$ & =ty tons1 & co/1 :5 built1 fitt$ out1 & victuall$1 = _! fir/ voyage1 ab\t six ?\s& five hundr$ doll>s4 ,!y h tak5 on an av]age1 ! ?ree la/ ye>s1 accord+ to ! same /atem5t1 ?irty-two tons ( oil ea*1 wor? at our m>ket ?ree ?\s& two hundr$ doll>s1 :i* are1 9 l mann]1 to pay all exp5ses1 & subsi/ ! own]s & navigators4 ,^! exp5ses are great1 z ! voyages are g5]ally ( twelve mon?s' duration4 ,no hope c arise ( _! condition be+ bett]$ by an augm5tation ( ! price ( oil4 ,?is is kept d[n by ! competition ( ! vegetable oils1 :i* answ] ! same purposes1 n q s well1 b well en\gh to become pref]able1 7 ! price to be rais$1 & s well1 inde$1 z to be m g5]ally us$ ?an ! fi% oils = light+ h\ses & cities4 ,! ,am]ican :ale fi%]y is pr9cipally foll[$ by ! inhabitants ( ! isl& ( ,nantucket--a s& b> ( ab\t fifte5 miles long1 & ?ree broad1 capable ( ma9ta9+1 by its agriculture1 ab\t tw5ty families2 b x employ$ 9 ^! fi%]ies1 be=e ! w>1 betwe5 five or six ?\s& m5 & boys2 &1 9 ! only h>bor x possesses1 x _h "o hundr$ & =ty vessels1 "o hundr$ & ?irty-two ( :i* 7 ( ! l>g] k9d1 z be+ employ$ 9 ! s\!rn fi%]y4 ,9 agriculture1 !n1 !y h no res\rce2 &1 if t ( _! fi%]y _c be pursu$ f _! own habitations1 x is natural !y %\ld seek o!rs f :i* x c be foll[$1 & pref]ably ^? :]e !y w f9d a sam5ess ( language1 religion1 laws1 habits1 & k9dr$4 ,a =eign emiss>y has lately be5 among !m1 = ! purpose ( r5ew+ ! invitations to a *ange ( situation4 ,b1 atta*$ to _! native c\ntry1 !y pref] cont9u+ 9 x1 if _! cont9uance !re c be made supportable4 ,?is br+s u to ! "q1 :at relief does ! condition ( ?is fi%]y require8 #a4 ,a remission ( duties on ! articles us$ = _! call+4 #b4 ,a retaliat+ duty on =eign oils1 com+ to seek a competition ) !m 9 or f our ports4 #c4 ,free m>kets abroad4 #a4 ,! remission ( duties w /& on ne>ly ! same gr\nd ) t to ! cod fi%]m54 #b4 ,! only nation ^: oil is br\ght hi!r = competition ) our own1 makes ours pay a duty ( ab\t eighty-two doll>s ! ton1 9 _! ports4 ,!irs is br\ght "h1 too1 to be re%ipp$ fraudul5tly1 "u our flag1 into ports :]e x c\ld n be receiv$ "u !irs1 & ought n to be cov]$ by ours1 if we mean to pres]ve our own admission into !m4 ,! #c;d & pr9cipal object is to f9d m>kets = ! v5t ( oil4 ,portugal1 ,engl&1 ,holl&1 ,sw$51 ,d5m>k1 ,prussia1 ,russia1 ! ,hanse t[ns1 supply !mselves & some?+ m4 ,spa9 & ,italy receive supplies f ,engl&1 & ne$ ! less1 z _! skies are cle>]4 ,france is ! only c\ntry :i* c take our surplus1 & !y take pr9cipally ( ! common oil2 z ! habit is b comm5c+ ) !m ( ascrib+ a j value to sp]maceti :ale4 ,"s ( ?is1 h[ev]1 f9ds its v5t !re4 ,!re 01 inde$1 a p>ticul> int]e/ p]petually solicit+ ! exclusion ( our oils f _! m>kets4 ,! late gov]nm5t !re saw well t :at we %\ld lose !reby w\ld be ga9$ by o!rs1 n by !mselves4 ,& we are to hope t ! pres5t gov]nm5t1 z wise & fri5dly1 w also view u1 n z rivals1 b z co-op]ators aga9/ a common rival4 ,fri5dly arrangem5ts ) !m1 & accommodation to mutual int]e/1 r5d]$ easi] by fri5dly dispositions exi/+ on bo? sides1 may long secure to u ?is important res\rce = our seam54 ,nor is x ! int]e/ ( ! fi%]man alone1 :i* calls = ! cultivation ( fri5dly arrangem5ts ) t nation2 besides five-eights ( our :ale oil1 & two-?irds ( our salt$ fi%1 !y take f u "o-f\r? ( our tobacco1 ?ree-f\r?s ( our live /ock 99 99 99 99 99 a consid]able & gr[+ portion ( our rice1 great supplies1 occasionally1 ( o!r gra92 9 #aghi1 :i*1 inde$1 0 extraord9>y1 f\r millions ( bu%els ( :eat1 & upw>ds ( a million ( bu%els ( rye & b>ley 99 99 99 99 99 & ne>ly ! :ole c>ri$ 9 our own vessels4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!y are a free m>ket n[1 & w1 9 "t1 be a valuable "o = %ips & %ip timb]1 pota%1 & peltry4 ,engl& is ! m>ket = ! greate/ "p ( our sp]maceti oil4 ,!y impose on all our oils a duty ( eighte5 p\nds five %ill+s /]l+ ! ton1 :i*1 z to ! common k9d1 is a prohibition1 z has be5 be=e obs]v$1 &1 z to ! sp]maceti1 gives a pref]5ce ( !irs ov] ours to t am\nt1 s z to leave1 9 ! end1 b a scanty b5efit to ! fi%]m52 &1 n long s9ce1 by a *ange ( con/ruction1 )\t any *ange ( law1 x 0 made to exclude our oils f _! ports1 :5 c>ri$ 9 our vessels4 ,on "s *ange ( circum/ance1 x 0 con/ru$ back aga9 to ! reception ( our oils1 on pay+ always1 h[ev]1 ! same duty ( eighte5 p\nds five %ill+s4 ,?is s]ves to %[ t ! t5ure by :i* we hold ! admission ( ?is commodity 9 _! m>kets1 is z prec>i\s z x is h>d4 ,nor c x be ann\nc$ t !re is any disposition on _! "p to arrange ?is or any o!r comm]cial matt]1 to mutual conv5i5ce4 ,! ex p>te regulations :i* !y h begun = m\nt+ _! navigation on ! ru9s ( ours1 c only be oppos$ by c\nt] regulations on our "p4 ,& ! loss ( seam51 ! natural consequ5ce ( lo/ & ob/ruct$ m>kets = our fi% & oil1 calls1 9 ! fir/ place1 = s]i\s & timely att5tion4 ,x w be too late :5 ! seaman %all h *ang$ 8 vocation1 or gone ov] to ano!r int]e/4 ,if we _c recov] & secure = him ^! important bran*es ( employm5t1 x behooves u to replace !m by o!rs equival5t4 ,we h ?ree nurs]ies = =m+ seam53 #a4 ,our coa/+ trade1 already on a safe foot+4 #b4 ,our fi%]ies1 :i*1 9 spite ( natural advantages1 give j cause ( anxiety4 #c4 ,our c>ry+ trade1 our only res\rce ( indemnification = :at we lose 9 ! o!r4 ,! produce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* is c>ri$ to =eign m>kets1 is extremely bulky4 ,t "p ( x :i* is n[ 9 ! h&s ( =eign]s1 & :i* we may resume into our own1 )\t t\*+ ! rights ( ^? nations :o h met u 9 fair arrangem5ts by treaty1 or ! int]e/s ( ^? :o1 by _! volunt>y regulations1 h paid s j & lib]al a respect to our int]e/s1 z be+ measur$ back to !m aga91 places bo? p>ties on z good gr\nd1 p]haps1 z treaties c\ld place !m--! proportion1 ,i say1 ( our c>ry+ trade1 :i* may be resum$ )\t affect+ ei!r ( ^! descriptions ( nations1 w f9d con/ant employm5t = t5 ?\s& seam51 be wor? two millions ( doll>s1 annually1 w g on augm5t+ ) ! population ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 secure to u a full indemnification = ! seam5 we lose1 & be tak5 :olly f ^? :o =ce u to ?is act ( self protection 9 navigation4 ,h5ce1 too1 w\ld foll[1 t _! ,newf\ndl& %ips1 n receiv+ provisions f u 9 _! bottoms1 nor p]mitt$ 7by a law ( _! own7 to receive 9 ours1 mu/ draw _! subsi/5ce f ,europe1 :i* w\ld increase t "p ( _! exp5ses 9 ! proportion ( f\r to sev51 & s f> op]ate z a duty t[>ds re/or+ ! level betwe5 !m & u4 ,! tables ,no4 #b & #ab1 w %[ ! quantity ( tonnage1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! mass ( seam5 ^: int]e/s are 9 di/ress2 & ,no4 #ag1 ! mat]ials = indemnification4 ,if regulations exactly ! c\nt]p>t ( ^? e/abli%$ aga9/ u1 w\ld be ineffectual1 f a diff]5ce ( circum/ances1 o!r regulations equival5t c give no reasonable gr\nd ( compla9t to any nation4 ,admitt+ _! "r ( keep+ _! m>kets to !mselves1 ours _c be d5i$ ( keep+ our c>ry+ trade to ourselves4 ,& if !re be any?+ unfri5dly 9 ?is1 x 0 9 ! fir/ example4 ,! loss ( seam51 unnotic$1 w\ld be foll[$ by o!r losses 9 a long tra94 ,if we h no seam51 our %ips w be useless1 consequ5tly our %ip timb]1 iron1 & hemp2 our %ip build+ w be at an end1 %ip c>p5t]s g ov] to o!r nations1 our "y m5 h no call to ! sea1 our produce1 c>ri$ 9 =eign bottoms1 be saddl$ ) w>-freight & insurance 9 times ( w>2 & ! hi/ory ( ! la/ hundr$ ye>s %[s1 t ! nation :i* is our c>ri] has ?ree ye>s ( w> = e f\r ye>s ( peace4 7,no4 #ah47 ,we lose1 dur+ ! same p]iods1 ! c>riage = bellig]5t p[]s1 :i* ! neutrality ( our flag w\ld r5d] an incalculable s\rce ( pr(it2 we lose at ?is mom5t ! c>riage ( our own produce to ! annual am\nt ( two millions ( doll>s1 :i*1 9 ! possible progress ( ! encroa*m5t1 may ext5d to five or six millions1 ! wor? ( ! :ole1 ) an increase 9 ! proportion ( ! increase ( our numb]s4 ,x is easi]1 z well z bett]1 to /op ?is tra9 at its entrance1 ?an :5 x %all h ru9$ or bani%$ :ole classes ( useful & indu/ri\s citiz5s4 ,x w d\btless be ?\ght exp$i5t t ! resumption sugge/$ %\ld take effect s gradually1 z n to endang] ! loss ( produce = ! want ( transportation2 b t1 9 ord] to create transportation1 ! :ole plan %\ld be develop$1 & made kn[n at once1 t ! individuals :o may be dispos$ to lay !mselves out = ! c>ry+ bus9ess1 may make _! calculations on a full view ( all circum/ances4 ,on ! :ole1 ! hi/orical view we h tak5 ( ^! fi%]ies1 proves !y are s poor 9 !mselves1 z to come to no?+ ) di/ant nations1 :o d n support !m f _! treasury4 ,we h se5 t ! advantages ( our position place our fi%]ies on a gr\nd some:at high]1 su* z to relieve our treasury f giv+ !m support2 b n to p]mit x to draw support f !m1 nor to disp5se ! gov]nm5t f ! obligation ( effectuat+ free m>kets = !m2 t1 = ! great proportion ( our salt$ fi%1 = our common oil1 & a "p ( our sp]maceti oil1 m>kets may p]haps be pres]v$1 by fri5dly arrangem5ts t[>ds ^? nations ^: arrangem5ts are fri5dly to u1 & ! residue be comp5sat$ by giv+ to ! seam5 ?r[n out ( bus9ess ! c]ta9ty ( employm5t 9 ano!r bran*1 ( :i* we h ! sole disposal4 ,,xxi4--,op9ion aga9/ ! con/itutionality ( a ,national ,bank4 ,febru>y #ae1 #agia4 ,! bill = e/abli%+ a ,national ,bank und]takes among o!r ?+s3-- #a4 ,to =m ! subscrib]s into a corporation4 #b4 ,to enable !m 9 _! corporate capacities to receive grants ( l&2 & s f> is aga9/ ! laws ( ,mortma94#bf #c4 ,to make ali5 subscrib]s capable ( hold+ l&s2 & s f> is aga9/ ! laws ( ali5age4 #d4 ,to transmit ^! l&s1 on ! dea? ( a proprietor1 to a c]ta9 l9e ( successors2 & s f> *anges ! c\rse ( ,desc5ts4 #e4 ,to put ! l&s out ( ! rea* ( =feiture or es*eat2 & s f> is aga9/ ! laws ( ,=feiture & ,es*eat4 #f4 ,to transmit p]sonal *attels to successors 9 a c]ta9 l9e2 & s f> is aga9/ ! laws ( ,di/ribution4 #g4 ,to give !m ! sole & exclusive "r ( bank+ "u ! national au?ority2 & s f> is aga9/ ! laws ( ,monopoly4 #h4 ,to communicate to !m a p[] to make laws p>am\nt to ! laws ( ! ,/ates2 = s !y mu/ be con/ru$1 to protect ! in/itution f ! control ( ! ,/ate legislatures2 & s1 probably1 !y w be con/ru$4 ,i consid] ! f\ndation ( ! ,con/itution z laid on ?is gr\nd3 ,t all p[]s n delegat$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by ! ,con/itution1 nor prohibit$ by x to ! ,/ates1 are res]v$ to ! ,/ates or to ! p4 ,x,i,ith am5dm5t4 ,to take a s+le /ep beyond ! b\nd>ies ?us specially drawn ar\nd ! p[]s ( ,congress1 is to take possession ( a b\ndless field ( p[]1 no long] susceptible ( any def9ition4 ,! incorporation ( a bank1 & ! p[]s assum$ by ?is bill1 h n1 9 my op9ion1 be5 delegat$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by ! ,con/itution4 #a4 ,!y are n among ! p[]s specially enum]at$3 = ^! are3 #a/4 ,a p[] to lay taxes = ! purpose ( pay+ ! debts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 b no debt is paid by ?is bill1 nor any tax laid4 ,7 x a bill to raise money1 its orig9ation 9 ! ,s5ate w\ld condemn x by ! ,con/itution4 #b;d4 ,to borr[ money4 ,b ?is bill nei!r borr[s money nor ensures ! borr[+ x4 ,! proprietors ( ! bank w be j z free z any o!r money hold]s1 to l5d or n to l5d _! money to ! public4 ,! op]ation propos$ 9 ! bill1 fir/1 to l5d !m two millions1 & !n to borr[ !m back aga91 _c *ange ! nature ( ! latt] act1 :i* w /ill be a paym5t1 & n a loan1 call x by :at "n y please4 #c4 ,to regulate comm]ce ) =eign nations1 & among ! ,/ates1 & ) ! ,indian tribes4 ,to erect a bank1 & to regulate comm]ce1 are v diff]5t acts4 ,he :o erects a bank1 creates a subject ( comm]ce 9 its bills2 s does he :o makes a bu%el ( :eat1 or digs a doll> out ( ! m9es2 yet nei!r ( ^! p]sons regulates comm]ce !reby4 ,to make a ?+ :i* may be b\ght & sold1 is n to prescribe regulations = buy+ & sell+4 ,besides1 if ?is 0 an ex]cise ( ! p[] ( regulat+ comm]ce1 x w\ld be void1 z ext5d+ z mu* to ! int]nal comm]ce ( e ,/ate1 z to its ext]nal4 ,= ! p[] giv5 to ,congress by ! ,con/itution does n ext5d to ! int]nal regulation ( ! comm]ce ( a ,/ate1 7t is to say ( ! comm]ce betwe5 citiz5 & citiz517 :i* rema9 exclusively ) its own legislature2 b to its ext]nal comm]ce only1 t is to say1 its comm]ce ) ano!r ,/ate1 or ) =eign nations1 or ) ! ,indian tribes4 ,accord+ly ! bill does n propose ! measure z a regulation ( trade1 b z productive ( consid]able advantages to trade4 ,/ill less are ^! p[]s cov]$ by any o!r ( ! special enum]ations4 ,,ii4 ,nor are !y )9 ei!r ( ! g5]al phrases1 :i* are ! two foll[+3-- #a4 ,to lay taxes to provide = ! g5]al welf>e ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 t is to say1 to lay taxes = ! purpose ( provid+ = ! g5]al welf>e4 ,= ! lay+ ( taxes is ! p[]1 & ! g5]al welf>e ! purpose = :i* ! p[] is to be ex]cis$4 ,!y are n to lay taxes ad libitum = any purpose !y please2 b only to pay ! debts or provide = ! welf>e ( ! ,union4 ,9 l mann]1 !y are n to d any?+ !y please to provide = ! g5]al welf>e1 b only to lay taxes = t purpose4 ,to consid] ! latt] phrase1 n z describ+ ! purpose ( ! fir/1 b z giv+ a di/9ct & indep5d5t p[] to d any act !y please1 :i* might be = ! good ( ! ,union1 w\ld r5d] all ! prec$+ & subsequ5t enum]ations ( p[] completely useless4 ,x w\ld r$uce ! :ole in/rum5t to a s+le phrase1 t ( in/itut+ a ,congress ) p[] to d :atev] w\ld be = ! good ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 &1 z !y w\ld be ! sole judges ( ! good or evil1 x w\ld be also a p[] to d :atev] evil !y please4 ,x is an e/abli%$ rule ( con/ruction :]e a phrase w be> ei!r ( two mean+s1 to give x t :i* w all[ "s mean+ to ! o!r p>ts ( ! in/rum5t1 & n t :i* w\ld r5d] all ! o!rs useless4 ,c]ta9ly no su* univ]sal p[] 0 meant to be giv5 !m4 ,x 0 int5d$ to lace !m up /raitly )9 ! enum]at$ p[]s1 & ^? )\t :i*1 z means1 ^! p[]s c\ld n be c>ri$ into effect4 ,x is kn[n t ! v p[] n[ propos$ z a means 0 reject$ z an end by ! ,conv5tion :i* =m$ ! ,con/itution4 ,a proposition 0 made to !m to au?orize ,congress to op5 canals1 & an am5datory "o to emp[] !m to incorporate4 ,b ! :ole 0 reject$1 & "o ( ! reasons = rejection urg$ 9 debate 01 t !n !y w\ld h a p[] to erect a bank1 :i* w\ld r5d] ! great cities1 :]e !re 7 prejudices & jeal\sies on ! subject1 adv]se to ! reception ( ! ,con/itution4 #b4 ,! second g5]al phrase is1 to make all laws necess>y & prop] = c>ry+ into execution ! enum]at$ p[]s4 ,b !y c all be c>ri$ into execution )\t a bank4 ,a bank !re=e is n necess>y1 & consequ5tly n au?oriz$ by ?is phrase4 ,x has be5 urg$ t a bank w give great facility or conv5i5ce 9 ! collection ( taxes4 ,suppose ?is 7 true3 yet ! ,con/itution all[s only ! means :i* are necess>y1 n ^? :i* are m]ely conv5i5t = effect+ ! enum]at$ p[]s4 ,if su* a latitude ( con/ruction be all[$ to ?is phrase z to give any non-enum]at$ p[]1 x w g to e "o1 = !re is n "o :i* +5uity may n torture into a conv5i5ce 9 "s in/ance or o!r1 to "s "o ( s long a li/ ( enum]at$ p[]s4 ,x w\ld swall[ up all ! delegat$ p[]s1 & r$uce ! :ole to "o p[]1 z be=e obs]v$4 ,!re=e x 0 t ! ,con/itution re/ra9$ !m to ! necess>y means1 t is to say1 to ^? means )\t :i* ! grant ( p[] w\ld be nugatory4 ,b let u exam9e ?is conv5i5ce & see :at x is4 ,! report on ?is subject1 page #c1 /ates ! only g5]al conv5i5ce to be1 ! prev5t+ ! transportation & re-transportation ( money betwe5 ! ,/ates & ! treasury1 7= ,i pass ov] ! increase ( circulat+ m$ium1 ascrib$ to x z a want1 & :i*1 accord+ to my ideas ( pap] money1 is cle>ly a dem]it47 ,e ,/ate w h to pay a sum ( tax money into ! treasury2 & ! treasury w h to pay1 9 e ,/ate1 a "p ( ! int]e/ on ! public debt1 & sal>ies to ! (fic]s ( gov]nm5t resid5t 9 t ,/ate4 ,9 mo/ ( ! ,/ates !re w /ill be a surplus ( tax money to come up to ! seat ( gov]nm5t = ! (fic]s resid+ !re4 ,! paym5ts ( int]e/ & sal>y 9 ea* ,/ate may be made by treasury ord]s on ! ,/ate collector4 ,?is w take up ! great export ( ! money he has collect$ 9 8 ,/ate1 & consequ5tly prev5t ! great mass ( x f be+ drawn out ( ! ,/ate4 ,if !re be a balance ( comm]ce 9 favor ( t ,/ate aga9/ ! "o 9 :i* ! gov]nm5t resides1 ! surplus ( taxes w be remitt$ by ! bills ( ex*ange drawn = t comm]cial balance4 ,& s x mu/ be if !re 0 a bank4 ,b if !re be no balance ( comm]ce1 ei!r direct or circuit\s1 all ! banks 9 ! _w c\ld n br+ up ! surplus ( taxes1 b 9 ! =m ( money4 ,treasury ord]s !n1 & bills ( ex*ange may prev5t ! displacem5t ( ! ma9 mass ( ! money collect$1 )\t ! aid ( any bank2 & :]e ^! fail1 x _c be prev5t$ ev5 ) t aid4 ,p]haps1 inde$1 bank bills may be a m conv5i5t vehicle ?an treasury ord]s4 ,b a little diff]5ce 9 ! degree ( conv5i5ce1 _c con/itute ! necessity :i* ! con/itution makes ! gr\nd = assum+ any non-enum]at$ p[]4 ,besides2 ! exi/+ banks w1 )\t a d\bt1 ent] into arrangem5ts = l5d+ _! ag5cy1 & ! m favorable1 z !re w be a competition among !m = x2 :]eas ! bill deliv]s u up b\nd to ! national bank1 :o are free to refuse all arrangem5t1 b on _! own t]ms1 & ! public n free1 on su* refusal1 to employ any o!r bank4 ,t ( ,philadelphia1 ,i believe1 n[ does ?is bus9ess1 by _! po/-notes1 :i*1 by an arrangem5t ) ! treasury1 are paid by any ,/ate collector to :om !y are pres5t$4 ,?is exp$i5t alone suffices to prev5t ! exi/5ce ( t necessity :i* may ju/ify ! assumption ( a non-enum]at$ p[] z a means = c>ry+ into effect an enum]at$ "o4 ,! ?+ may be done1 & has be5 done1 & well done1 )\t ?is assumption2 !re=e1 x does n /& on t degree ( necessity :i* c hone/ly ju/ify x4 ,x may be said t a bank ^: bills w\ld h a curr5cy all ov] ! ,/ates1 w\ld be m conv5i5t ?an "o ^: curr5cy is limit$ to a s+le ,/ate4 ,s x w\ld be /ill m conv5i5t t !re %\ld be a bank1 ^: bills %\ld h a curr5cy all ov] ! _w4 ,b x does n foll[ f ?is sup]ior conv5i5cy1 t !re exi/s any:]e a p[] to e/abli% su* a bank2 or t ! _w may n g on v well )\t x4 ,c x be ?\ght t ! ,con/itution int5d$ t = a %ade or two ( conv5i5ce1 m or less1 ,congress %\ld be au?oriz$ to break d[n ! mo/ anci5t & fundam5tal laws ( ! sev]al ,/ates2 su* z ^? aga9/ ,mortma91 ! laws ( ,ali5age1 ! rules ( desc5t1 ! acts ( di/ribution1 ! laws ( es*eat & =feiture1 ! laws ( monopoly8 ,no?+ b a necessity inv9cible by any o!r means1 c ju/ify su* a pro/itution ( laws1 :i* con/itute ! pill>s ( our :ole sy/em ( jurisprud5ce4 ,w ,congress be too /raight-lac$ to c>ry ! con/itution into hone/ effect1 unless !y may pass ov] ! f\ndation-laws ( ! ,/ate gov]nm5t = ! slighte/ conv5i5ce ( !irs8 ,! negative ( ! ,presid5t is ! %ield provid$ by ! con/itution to protect aga9/ ! invasions ( ! legislature3 #a4 ,! "r ( ! ,executive4 #b4 ,( ! ,judici>y4 #c4 ,( ! ,/ates & ,/ate legislatures4 ,! pres5t is ! case ( a "r rema9+ exclusively ) ! ,/ates1 & consequ5tly "o ( ^? int5d$ by ! ,con/itution to be plac$ "u its protection4 ,x mu/ be add$1 h[ev]1 t unless ! ,presid5t's m9d on a view ( ev]y?+ :i* is urg$ = & aga9/ ?is bill1 is tol]ably cle> t x is unau?oris$ by ! ,con/itution2 if ! pro & ! con hang s ev5 z to balance 8 judgm5t1 a j respect = ! wisdom ( ! legislature w\ld naturally decide ! balance 9 favor ( _! op9ion4 ,x is *iefly = cases :]e !y are cle>ly misl$ by error1 ambition1 or int]e/1 t ! ,con/itution has plac$ a *eck 9 ! negative ( ! ,presid5t4 ,,footnote3 #bf ,?\gh ! ,con/itution controls ! laws ( ,mortma9 s f> z to p]mit ,congress itself to hold l& = c]ta9 purposes1 yet n s f> z to p]mit !m to communicate a simil> "r to o!r corporate bodies4 ,,xxii4--,op9ion relative to locat+ ! ,t5 ,mile ,squ>e = ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t1 & build+ ! ,f$]al city4 ,m>* #aa1 #agia4 ,objects :i* may m]it ! att5tion ( ! ,presid5t1 at ,georget[n4 ,! commission]s to be call$ into action4 ,de$s ( cession to be tak5 f ! l&-hold]s4 ,site ( ! capitol & ,presid5t's h\se to be det]m9$ on4 ,proclamation complet+ ! location ( ! t]ritory1 & fix+ ! site ( ! capitol4 ,t[n to be laid (f4 ,squ>es ( res]ve are to be decid$ on = ! capitol1 ,presid5t's h\se1 (fices ( gov]nm5t1 t[nh\se1 prison1 m>ket1 & public walks4 ,o!r squ>es = pres5t sale designat$4 ,t]ms ( sale to be settl$4 ,z !re is n z yet a t[n legislature1 & ?+s may be done be=e !re is "o to prev5t !m1 :i* yet x w\ld be desirable to prev5t1 x w\ld seem ju/ifiable & exp$i5t t ! ,presid5t %\ld =m a capitul>y ( su* regulations z he may ?9k necess>y to be obs]v$1 until !re %all be a t[n legislature to und]take ?is (fice2 su* capitul>y to be ind5t$1 sign$1 seal$1 & record$1 accord+ to ! laws ( conveyance 9 ,m>yl&4 ,& to be ref]r$ to 9 e de$ = conveyance ( ! lots to pur*as]s1 s z to make a "p !re(4 ,! same ?+ might be effect$1 by ins]t+ special cov5ants = e regulation 9 e de$2 b ! =m] me?od is ! %orte/4 ,i _c help aga9 sugge/+ "h "o regulation =m]ly sugge/$1 to wit3 ,to provide = ! ext+ui%m5t ( fires1 & ! op5ness & conv5i5ce ( ! t[n1 by prohibit+ h\ses ( excessive height4 ,& mak+ x unlawful to build on any "o's pur*ase any h\se ) m ?an two floors betwe5 ! common level ( ! e>? & ! eaves1 nor ) any o!r floor 9 ! ro( ?an "o at ! eaves4 ,to consid] 9 :at way ! contracts = ! public build+s %all be made1 & :e!r z _m bricks %\ld n be made ?is summ] z may employ brick-lay]s 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! season ( #agib1 till m c be made 9 t season4 ,) respect to ! am5dm5t ( ! location s z to include ,blad5sburgh4 ,i am ( op9ion x may be done ) ! cons5t ( ! legislature ( ,m>yl&1 & t t cons5t may be s f> c\nt$ on1 z to r5d] x exp$i5t to decl>e ! location at once4 ,illu/ration ,! location ,a ,b ,c ,d ,a hav+ be5 once made1 ,i consid] z obligatory & unalt]able1 b by cons5t ( p>ties1 except s f> z 0 necess>y to r5d] x practicable by a correction ( ! beg9n+4 ,t correction might be lawfully made ei!r by /opp+ at ! riv]1 or at ! spr+ ( ,hunt+ creek1 or by l5g!n+ ! c\rse f ! c\rt-h\se s t ! second c\rse %\ld /rike ! m\? ( ,hunt+ creek4 ,i am ( op9ion1 !re=e1 t ! beg9n+ at ! m\? ( ,hunt+ creek1 is legally ju/ifiable4 ,b ,i w\ld advise ! location ,e ,f ,g ,h ,e to be haz>d$ s z to include ,blad5sburgh1 because x is a bett] location1 & ,i ?9k w c]ta9ly be confirm$ by ,m>yl&4 ,t ,/ate w necess>ily h to pass ano!r act confirm+ :atev] location %all be made1 because h] =m] act au?oriz$ ! delegates !n 9 (fice1 to convey ! l&s4 ,b z !y 7 n locat$1 no conveyance has be5 made1 & ^? p]sons are n[ out ( (fice1 & disp]s$4 ,suppose ! non-concurr5ce ( ,m>yl& %\ld defeat ! location ,e ,f ,g ,h ,e1 x c only be done on ?is pr9ciple1 t ! fir/ location ,a ,b ,c ,d ,a 0 valid1 & unalt]able1 b by mutual cons5t4 ,!n _! non-concurr5ce w re-e/abli% ! fir/ location ,a ,b ,c ,d ,a1 & ! second location w be good = ! "p ,e ,i ,d ,k ,e )\t _! concurr5ce1 & ?is w place u :]e we %\ld be 7 we n[ to complete ! location ,e ,b ,c ,k ,e4 ,consequ5tly1 ! exp]im5t ( an am5dm5t propos$ c lose no?+1 & may ga91 & probably w ga91 ! bett] location4 ,:5 ,i say x c lose no?+1 ,i c\nt z no?+1 ! triangle ,a ,i ,e1 :i* w\ld be 9 nei!r ( ! locations4 ,p]haps ?is might be tak5 9 aft]w>ds1 ei!r ) or )\t ! cons5t ( ,virg9ia4 ,,xxiii4--,report on ! policy ( secur+ p>ticul> m>ks to ,manufactur]s1 by law4 ,decemb] #i1 #agia4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 to :om 0 ref]r$ by ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives ! petition ( ,samuel ,breck & o!rs1 proprietors ( a sail-clo? manufactory 9 ,bo/on1 pray+ t !y may h ! exclusive privilege ( us+ p>ticul> m>ks = designat+ ! sail-clo? ( _! manufactory1 has _h ! same "u consid]ation1 & !reupon ,reports1 ,t x w\ld1 9 8 op9ion1 contribute to fidelity 9 ! execution ( manufactur]s1 to secure to e manufactory an exclusive "r to "s m>k on its w>es1 prop] to itself4 ,t ?is %\ld be done by g5]al laws1 ext5d+ equal "r to e case to :i* ! au?ority ( ! ,legislature %\ld be compet5t4 ,t ^! cases are ( divid$ jurisdiction3 ,manufactures made & consum$ )9 a ,/ate be+ subject to ,/ate legislation1 :ile ^? :i* are export$ to =eign nations1 or to ano!r ,/ate1 or into ! ,indian ,t]ritory1 are alone )9 ! legislation ( ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t4 ,t x w1 !re=e1 be reasonable = ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t to provide 9 ?is behalf by law = ^? cases ( manufacture g5]ally1 & ^? only :i* relate to comm]ce ) =eign nations1 & among ! sev]al ,/ates1 & ) ! ,indian ,tribes4 ,& t ?is may be done by p]mitt+ ! own] ( e manufactory1 to ent] 9 ! records ( ! c\rt ( ! di/rict :]e9 8 manufactory is1 ! "n ) :i* he *ooses to m>k or designate 8 w>es1 & r5d]+ x p5al 9 o!rs to put ! same m>k to any o!r w>es4 ,,xxiv4--,op9ion relative to ! demolition ( ,mr4 ,c>roll's h\se by ,major ,l',enfant1 9 lay+ out ! ,f$]al ,city4 ,decemb] #aa1 #agia4 ,obs]vations on ,major ,l',enfant's lett] ( ,decemb] #g?1 #agia1 to ! ,presid5t1 ju/ify+ 8 demolition ( ! h\se ( ,mr4 ,c>roll1 ( ,dudd+ton4 ,he says t ,mr4 ,c>roll erect$ 8 h\se p>tly on a ma9 /reet1 & altoge!r on gr\nd to :i* ! public _h a m imm$iate title ?an himself c\ld claim4 ,:5 blam+ ,mr4 ,c>roll1 !n1 he consid]s ?is z a /reet2 b :5 ju/ify+ himself1 he consid]s x n yet z a /reet1 = to acc\nt = 8 n hav+ po9t$ out to ,c>roll a situation :]e he might build1 he says1 ,! ,presid5t _h n yet sanction$ ! plan = ! di/ribution ( ! city1 nor det]m9$ if he w\ld approve ! situation ( ! sev]al areas propos$ to him 9 t plan = public use1 & t ,i w\ld h be5 highly to be blam$ to h anticipat$ 8 op9ion !reon4 ,?is latt] exculpation is solid2 ! fir/ is )\t f\ndation4 ,! plan ( ! city has n yet be5 def9itely det]m9$ by ! ,presid5t4 ,sale to individuals1 or p>tition decide ! plan z f> z ^! sales or p>titions g4 ,a de$ ) ! :ole plan annex$1 execut$ by ! ,presid5t1 & record$1 w ultimately fix x4 ,b till a sale1 or p>tition1 or de$1 x is op5 to alt]ation4 ,consequ5tly1 !re is z yet no su* ?+ z a /reet1 except adjac5t to ! lots actually sold or divid$2 ! erection ( a h\se 9 any "p ( ! gr\nd _c z yet be a nuisance 9 law4 ,mr4 ,c>roll is t5ant 9 common ( ! soil ) ! public1 & ! erection ( a h\se by a t5ant 9 common on ! common prop]ty1 is no nuisance4 ,mr4 ,c>roll has act$ imprud5tly1 intemp]ately1 fooli%ly2 b he has n act$ illegally4 ,!re mu/ be an e/abli%m5t ( ! /reets1 be=e 8 h\se c become a nuisance 9 ! eye ( ! law4 ,!re=e1 till t e/abli%m5t1 nei!r ,major ,l',enfant1 nor ! commission]s1 w\ld h _h a "r to demoli% 8 h\se1 )\t 8 cons5t4 ,! ,major says he _h z mu* "r to pull d[n a h\se1 z to cut d[n a tree4 ,?is is true1 if he has receiv$ no au?ority to d ei!r1 b /ill !re w be ?is diff]5ce3 ,to cut d[n a tree or to demoli% a h\se 9 ! soil ( ano!r1 is a trespass2 b ! cutt+ a tree1 9 ?is c\ntry1 is s slight a trespass1 t a man w\ld be ?\ght litigi\s :o %\ld prosecute x2 if he prosecut$ civilly1 a jury w\ld give small damages2 if crim9ally1 ! judge w\ld n inflict imprisonm5t1 nor impose b a small f9e4 ,b ! demolition ( a h\se is s gross a trespass1 t any man w\ld prosecute x2 if civilly1 a jury w\ld give great damages2 if crim9ally1 ! judge w\ld puni% heavily by f9e & imprisonm5t4 ,9 ! pres5t case1 if ,c>roll 0 to br+ a civil action1 ! jury w\ld probably puni% 8 folly by small damages2 b if he 7 to prosecute crim9ally1 ! judge w\ld z probably v9dicate ! insult on ! laws1 & ! brea* ( ! peace1 by heavy f9es & imprisonm5t4 ,s t if ,major ,l',enfant is "r 9 say+ he _h z mu* au?ority to pull d[n a h\se z to cut d[n a tree1 /ill he w\ld feel a diff]5ce 9 ! puni%m5t ( ! law4 ,b is he "r 9 say+ he _h z mu* au?ority to pull d[n a h\se z to cut d[n a tree8 ,i d n "k :at h be5 ! au?orities giv5 him expressly or by implication1 b ,i c v readily conceive t ! au?orities :i* he has receiv$1 :e!r f ! ,presid5t or f ! commission]s1 :e!r v]bal or writt51 may h gone to ! demolition ( trees1 & n h\ses4 ,i am sure he has receiv$ no au?ority1 ei!r f ! ,presid5t or commission]s1 ei!r expressly or by implication1 to pull d[n h\ses4 ,an ord] to him to m>k on ! gr\nd ! l9es ( ! /reets & lots1 might imply an ord] to remove trees or small ob/ructions1 :]e !y insup]ably prev5t$ 8 op]ations2 b a p]son mu/ "k little ( geometry :o c\ld n1 9 an op5 field1 designate /reets & lots1 ev5 :]e a l9e pass$ ?r\gh a h\se1 )\t pull+ ! h\se d[n4 ,9 tru?1 ! blame on ,major ,l',enfant1 is = hav+ pull$ d[n ! h\se1 ( 8 own au?ority1 & :5 he _h reason to believe he 0 9 opposition1 to ! s5tim5ts ( ! ,presid5t2 & 8 fault is aggravat$ by its hav+ be5 done to gratify private res5tm5t aga9/ ,mr4 ,c>roll1 & mo/ probably n because x 0 necess>y2 & ! /yle 9 :i* he writes ! ju/ification ( 8 act1 %[s t a cont9uation ( ! same res5tm5t r5d]s him /ill unable to acquiesce "u ! au?ority f :i* he has be5 reprov$4 ,he desires a l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 8 (fice1 & t ( ! commission]s4 ,:at %\ld be ?is l9e8 & :o is to draw x8 ,if we consid] ! matt] "u ! act ( ,congress only1 ! ,presid5t has au?ority only to "n ! commission]s1 & to approve or disapprove c]ta9 proce$+s ( !irs4 ,!y h ! :ole executive p[]1 & /& betwe5 ! ,presid5t & ! subord9ate ag5ts4 ,9 ?is view1 !y may employ or dismiss1 ord] & c\nt]m&1 take on !mselves su* p>ts ( ! execution z !y please1 & assign o!r p>ts to subord9ate ag5ts4 ,consequ5tly1 "u ! act ( ,congress1 _! w is ! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 subord9ate ag5ts1 :ile no su* l9e c exi/ betwe5 !mselves & _! ag5ts4 ,"u ! de$ f ! proprietors to ! ,presid5t1 8 p[]s are mu* m ample4 ,i d n accurately recollect ! t5or ( ! de$2 b ,i am pretty sure x 0 su* z to put mu* m ample p[] into ! h&s ( ! ,presid5t1 & to commit to him ! :ole execution ( :atev] is to be done "u ! de$2 & ?is goes p>ticul>ly to ! lay+ out ! t[n3 s t z to ?is1 ! ,presid5t is c]ta9ly au?oriz$ to draw ! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ,l',enfant & ! commission]s4 ,b ,i believe !re is no necessity = x1 z f> z ,i h be5 able to judge1 f conv]sations & consultations ) ! commission]s4 ,i ?9k !y are dispos$ to foll[ implicitly ! w ( ! ,presid5t1 :5ev] !y c f9d x out2 b ,l',enfant's lett]s d n brea! ! same mod]ation or acquiesc5ce2 & ,i ?9k x w\ld be mu* saf] to say to him1 ! ord]s ( ! commission]s are y\r l9e ( dem>cation1 ?an by attempt+ to def9e 8 p[]s1 to give him a l9e :]e he may meet ) ! commission]s foot to foot1 & *icane & raise opposition to _! ord]s :5ev] he ?9ks !y pass 8 l9e4 ,i confess1 t on a view ( ,l',enfant's proce$+s & lett]s latt]ly1 ,i am ?or\ghly p]suad$ t1 to r5d] him useful1 8 temp] mu/ be subdu$2 & t ! only means ( prev5t+ 8 giv+ con/ant tr\ble to ! ,presid5t1 is to submit him to ! unlimit$ control ( ! commission]s2 we "k ! discretion & =be>ance ) :i* !y w ex]cise x4 ,,xxv4--,op9ion relative to c]ta9 l&s on ,lake ,erie1 sold by ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ,p5nsylvania4 ,decemb] #ai1 #agia4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 to :om 0 ref]r$1 by ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a lett] f ! ,gov]nor ( ,p5nsylvania1 ) ! docum5ts !re9 m5tion$1 on ! subject ( c]ta9 l&s on ,lake ,erie1 hav+ _h ! same "u consid]ation1 !reupon ,reports3-- ,t ,congress1 by _! resolution ( ,june #f?1 #aghh1 direct$ ! ,geograph] ,g5]al ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to asc]ta9 ! quantity ( l& belong+ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates betwe5 ,p5nsylvania & ,lake ,erie1 & au?oriz$ a sale !re(4 ,t a sale 0 accord+ly made to ! commonweal? ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,t ,congress1 by _! resolution ( ,septemb] #d?1 #aghh1 rel9qui%$ to ! said commonweal? all _! "r to ! gov]nm5t & jurisdiction ( ! said tract ( l&2 b ! "r ( soil 0 n transf]r$ by ! resolution4 ,t a survey ( ! said tract has be5 s9ce made1 & ! am\nt ( ! pur*ase money be5 settl$ betwe5 ! comptroll]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ( ! said commonweal?1 & t ! ,gov]nor ( ,p5nsylvania decl>es 9 ! said lett]1 to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 t he is ready to close ! transaction on behalf ( ! said commonweal?4 ,t !re is no p]son at pres5t au?oriz$1 by law1 to convey to ! said commonweal? ! "r ( soil1 9 ! said tract ( l&4 ,& ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate is !re=e ( op9ion t ! said lett] & docum5ts %\ld be laid be=e ! legislature ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to make su* provision by law = convey+ ! said "r ( soil1 z !y 9 _! wisdom %all ?9k fit4 ,,xxvi4--,report relative to negotiations ) ,spa9 to secure ! free navigation ( ! ,mississippi1 & a port on ! same4 ,decemb] #bb1 #agia4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate reports to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 t "o ( ! commission]s ( ,spa91 9 ! "n ( bo?1 has lately communicat$ to him v]bally1 by ord] ( 8 c\rt1 t 8 ,ca?olic ,maje/y1 appriz$ ( our solicitude to h "s arrangem5t made respect+ our free navigation ( ! riv] ,mississippi1 & ! use ( a port !reon1 is ready to ent] into treaty !reon at ,madrid4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate is ( op9ion t ?is ov]ture %\ld be att5d$ to )\t delay1 & t ! proposal ( treat+ at ,madrid1 ?\gh n :at might h be5 desir$1 %\ld yet be accept$1 & a commission pl5ipot5ti>y made out = ! purpose4 ,t ,mr4 ,c>mi*ael1 ! pres5t *>g de affaires ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ,madrid1 f ! local acqua9tance :i* he mu/ h acquir$ ) p]sons & circum/ances1 w\ld be an useful & prop] memb] ( ! commission2 b t x w\ld be useful also to jo9 ) him "s p]son m p>ticul>ly acqua9t$ ) ! circum/ances ( ! navigation to be treat$ (4 ,t ! fund appropriat$ by ! act provid+ ! means ( int]c\rse betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & =eign nations1 w insuffici5tly furni% ! ord9>y & regul> dem&s on x1 & is consequ5tly inadequate to ! mission ( an additional commission] express f h5ce4 ,t1 !re=e1 x w be advisable1 on ?is acc\nt1 z well z = ! sake ( despat*1 to con/itute "s "o ( ! m9i/]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ,europe1 jo9tly ) ,mr4 ,c>mi*ael1 commission]s pl5ipot5ti>y = ! special purpose ( negotiat+ & conclud+1 ) any p]son or p]sons duly au?oriz$ by 8 ,ca?olic ,maje/y1 a conv5tion or treaty = ! free navigation ( ! riv] ,mississippi by ! citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 "u su* accommodations ) respect to a port1 & o!r circum/ances1 z may r5d] ! said navigation practicable1 useful1 & free f dispute2 sav+ to ! ,presid5t & ,s5ate _! respective rights z to _! ratification ( ! same2 & t ! said negotiation be at ,madrid1 or su* o!r place 9 ,spa91 z %all be desir$ by 8 ,ca?olic ,maje/y4 ,m>* #ah1 #agib4 ,! appo9tm5t ( ,mr4 ,c>mi*ael & ,mr4 ,%ort1 z commission]s to negotiate1 ) ! c\rt ( ,spa91 a treaty or conv5tion relative to ! navigation ( ! ,mississippi1 & :i* p]haps may be ext5d$ to o!r int]e/s1 r5d]+ x necess>y t ! subjects to be treat$ ( %\ld be develop$1 & ! conditions ( arrangem5t expla9$3 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate reports to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! foll[+ obs]vations on ! subjects ( negotiation betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica & ! c\rt ( ,spa91 to be communicat$ by way ( in/ruction to ! commission]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 appo9t$ z be=e m5tion$1 to manage t negotiation4 ,^! subjects are1 ,i4 ,b\nd>y4 ,,ii4 ,! navigation ( ! ,mississippi4 ,,iii4 ,comm]ce4 ,i4 ,z to b\nd>y1 t betwe5 ,georgia & ,florida is ! only "o :i* w ne$ any explanation4 ,spa9 sets up a claim to possessions )9 ! ,/ate ( ,georgia1 f\nd$ on h] hav+ rescu$ !m by =ce f ! ,briti% dur+ ! late w>4 ,! foll[+ view ( ! subject seems to admit no reply3 ,! sev]al ,/ates n[ compris+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 71 f _! fir/ e/abli%m5t1 sep>ate & di/9ct societies1 dep5d5t on no o!r society ( m5 :atev]4 ,!y cont9u$ at ! head ( _! respective gov]nm5ts ! executive magi/rate :o presid$ ov] ! "o !y _h left1 & !reby secur$1 9 effect1 a con/ant amity ) ! nation4 ,9 ?is /age ( _! gov]nm5t _! sev]al b\nd>ies 7 fix$2 & p>ticul>ly ! s\!rn b\nd>y ( ,georgia1 ! only "o n[ 9 "q1 0 e/abli%$ at ! #ca/ degree ( latitude f ! ,apala*icola we/w>dly2 & ! we/]n b\nd>y1 orig9ally ! ,pacific ocean1 01 by ! treaty ( ,p>is1 r$uc$ to ! middle ( ! ,mississippi4 ,! "p :i* our *ief magi/rate took 9 a w>1 wag$ aga9/ u by ! nation among :om he resid$1 oblig$ u to discont9ue him1 & to "n "o )9 e ,/ate4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is w> we 7 jo9$ by ,france z an ally1 & by ,spa9 & ,holl& z associates2 hav+ a common enemy1 ea* s\ght t common enemy :]ev] !y c\ld f9d him4 ,france1 on our invitation1 l&$ a l>ge army )9 our t]ritories1 cont9u$ x ) u two ye>s1 & aid$ u 9 recov]+ sundry places f ! possession ( ! enemy4 ,b %e did n pret5d to keep possession ( ! places rescu$4 ,spa9 ent]$ into ! remote we/]n "p ( our t]ritory1 dislodg$ ! common enemy f sev]al ( ! po/s !y held !re91 to ! annoyance ( ,spa92 & p]haps ?\ght x necess>y to rema9 9 "s ( !m1 z ! only means ( prev5t+ _! return4 ,we1 9 l mann]1 dislodg$ !m f sev]al po/s 9 ! same we/]n t]ritory1 to wit3 ,v9c5nes1 ,cahokia1 ,kaskaskia1 c41 rescu$ ! inhabitants1 & reta9$ con/antly aft]w>ds bo? !m & ! t]ritory "u our possession & gov]nm5t4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! w>1 ,great ,brita91 on ! #cj? ( ,novemb]1 #aghb1 by treaty ackn[l$g$ our indep5d5ce1 & our b\nd>y1 to wit3 ! ,mississippi to ! we/1 & ! completion ( ! #ca/ degree1 c4 to ! s\?4 ,9 h] treaty ) ,spa91 conclud$ sev5 weeks aft]w>ds1 to wit1 ,janu>y #bj?1 #aghc1 %e c$$ to h] ! two ,floridas1 :i* _h be5 def9$ 9 ! proclamation ( #agfc1 & ,m9orca2 & by ! eigh? article ( ! treaty1 ,spa9 agre$ to re/ore1 )\t comp5sation1 all ! t]ritories conqu]$ by h]1 & n includ$ 9 ! treaty1 ei!r "u ! head ( cessions or re/itutions1 t is to say1 all except ,m9orca & ! ,floridas4 ,accord+ to ?is /ipulation1 ,spa9 0 expressly b\nd to h deliv]$ up ! possessions %e _h tak5 )9 ! limits ( ,georgia1 to ,great ,brita91 if !y 7 conque/s on ,great ,brita91 :o 0 to deliv] !m ov] to ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 or r1 %e %\ld h deliv]$ !m to ! ,unit$ ,/ates !mselves1 z /&+ quoad hoc 9 ! place ( ,great ,brita94 ,& %e 0 b\nd by natural rights to deliv] !m to ! same ,unit$ ,/ates on a mu* /rong] gr\nd1 z ! real & only proprietors ( ^? places :i* %e _h tak5 possession ( 9 a mom5t ( dang]1 )\t hav+ _h any cause ( w> ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 to :om !y belong$1 & )\t hav+ decl>$ any2 b1 on ! contr>y1 conduct+ h]self 9 o!r respects z a fri5d & associate4 ,vattel1 #a4 #c1 #abb4 ,x is an e/abli%$ pr9ciple1 t conque/ gives only an in*oate treaty ( peace1 :i* does n become p]fect till confirm$ by ! treaty ( peace1 & by a r5unciation or ab&onm5t by ! =m] proprietor4 ,_h ,great ,brita9 be5 t =m] proprietor1 %e 0 s f> f confirm+ to ,spa9 ! "r to ! t]ritory ( ,georgia1 invad$ by ,spa91 t %e expressly rel9qui%$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates any "r t might rema9 9 h]2 & aft]w>ds complet$ t rel9qui%m5t1 by procur+ & consolidat+ ) x ! agreem5t ( ,spa9 h]self to re/ore su* t]ritory )\t comp5sation4 ,x is /ill m palpable1 t a w> exi/+ betwe5 two nations1 z ,spa9 & ,great ,brita91 c\ld give to nei!r ! "r to seize & appropriate ! t]ritory ( a ?ird1 :i* is ev5 neutral1 mu* less :i* is an associate 9 ! w>1 z ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 ) ,spa94 ,see1 on ?is subject1 ,grotius1 #a4 #c1 c4 #f1 #bf4 ,puff5dorf1 #a4 #h1 c4 #ag1 #bc4 ,vattel1 #a4 #c1 #aig1 #aih4 ,on ! conclusion ( ! g5]al peace1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates lo/ no "t 9 requir+ f ,spa9 an evacuation ( _! t]ritory ,?is has be5 hi!rto delay$ by means :i* we ne$ n expla9 to t c\rt1 b :i* h be5 equally contr>y to our "r & to our cons5t4 ,%\ld ,spa9 pret5d1 z has be5 intimat$1 t !re 0 a secret article ( treaty betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,great ,brita91 agree+1 if at ! close ( ! w> ! latt] %\ld reta9 ! ,floridas1 t !n ! s\!rn b\nd>y ( ,georgia %\ld be ! completion ( ! #cb;d degree ( latitude1 ! commission]s may safely d5y all k ( ! fact1 & refuse conf]5ce on any su* po/ulatum4 ,or1 %\ld !y f9d x necess>y to ent] into any argum5t on ! subject1 !y w ( c\rse d x hypo!tically2 & 9 t way may ju/ly say1 on ! "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 suppose t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 exhau/$ by a bloody & exp5sive w> ) ,great ,brita91 might h be5 will+ to h pur*as$ peace by rel9qui%+1 "u a p>ticul> cont+5cy1 a small "p ( _! t]ritory1 x does n foll[ t ! same ,unit$ ,/ates1 recruit$ & bett] organiz$1 mu/ rel9qui% ! same t]ritory to ,spa9 )\t /rik+ a bl[4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates1 too1 h irrevocably put x out ( _! p[] to d x1 by a new con/itution1 :i* gu>antees e ,/ate aga9/ ! invasion ( its t]ritory4 ,a disa/r\s w>1 inde$1 might1 by necessity1 sup]s$e ?is /ipulation1 7z necessity is above all law17 & oblige !m to ab&on a "p ( a ,/ate2 b no?+ %ort ( ?is c ju/ify or obta9 su* an ab&onm5t4 ,! s\!rn limits ( ,georgia dep5d *iefly on1 #a4 ,! *>t] ( ,c>ol9a to ! lords proprietors1 9 #affc1 ext5d+ s\?w>dly to ! riv] ,ma!o1 n[ call$ ,/4 ,john1 suppos$ 9 ! *>t] to be 9 latitude #ca1 & s we/ 9 a direct l9e z f> z ! ,s\? ,sea4 ,see ! *>t] 9 #d?#bg ,memoires de l',am]ique1 #eed4 #b4 ,on ! proclamation ( ! ,briti% ,k+1 9 #agfc1 e/abli%+ ! b\nd>y betwe5 ,georgia & ! two ,floridas to beg9 on ! ,mississippi1 9 ?irty-"o degrees ( latitude nor? ( ! equator1 & runn+ ea/w>dly to ! ,appala*icola2 !nce1 along ! said riv] to ! m\? ( ! ,fl9t2 !nce1 9 a direct l9e1 to ! s\rce ( ,/4 ,m>y's riv]1 & d[n ! same to ! ocean4 ,?is proclamation w be f\nd 9 ,po/le?wayte voce ,briti% ,am]ica4 #c4 ,on ! treaties betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,great ,brita91 ( ,novemb] #cj1 #aghb1 & ,septemb] #c1 #aghc1 repeat+ & confirm+ ^! anci5t b\nd>ies1-- ,!re 0 an int]m$iate transaction1 to wit3 a conv5tion conclud$ at ! ,p>do1 9 #agci1 :]eby x 0 agre$ t ,m9i/]s ,pl5ipot5ti>y %\ld be imm$iately appo9t$ by ,spa9 & ,great ,brita9 = settl+ ! limits ( ,florida & ,c>ol9a4 ,! conv5tion is to be f\nd 9 ! collections ( treaties4 ,b ! proce$+s ( ! ,pl5ipot5ti>ies are unkn[n "h4 ,qu4 ,if x 0 on t occasion t ! s\!rn b\nd>y ( ,c>ol9a 0 transf]r$ f ! latitude ( ,ma!o or ,/4 ,john's riv] fur!r nor? to ! ,/4 ,m>y's8 ,or 0 x ! proclamation ( #agfc1 :i* fir/ remov$ ?is b\nd>y8 ,if ! commission]s c procure 9 ,spa9 a copy ( :atev] 0 agre$ on 9 consequ5ce ( ! conv5tion ( ! ,p>do1 x is a desirable ,/ate pap] "h4 ,to ?is demon/ration ( our rights may be add$ ! explicit decl>ation ( ! c\rt ( ,spa91 t %e w\ld acc$e to !m4 ,?is took place 9 conv]sations & correspond5ce !reon betwe5 ,mr4 ,jay1 ,m9i/] ,pl5ipot5ti>y = ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ! c\rt at ,madrid1 ! ,m>quis de ,la ,fayette1 & ! ,c\nt de ,florida ,blanca4 ,monsieur de ,la ,fayette1 9 8 lett] ( ,febru>y #ai1 #aghc1 to ! ,c\nt de ,florida ,blanca1 /ates ! result ( _! conv]sations on limits 9 ^! words3 ,) respect to limits1 8 ,ca?olic ,maje/y has adopt$ ^? t are det]m9$ by ! prelim9>ies ( ! #cj? ( ,novemb]1 betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! c\rt ( ,london4 ,! ,c\nt de ,florida ,blanca1 9 8 answ] ( ,febru>y #bb;d1 to ,m4 de ,la ,fayette1 says1 al?\gh x is 8 ,maje/y's int5tion to abide = ! pres5t by ! limits e/abli%$ by ! treaty ( ! #cj? ( ,novemb]1 #aghb1 betwe5 ! ,engli% & ! ,am]icans1 ! ,k+ int5ds to in=m himself p>ticul>ly :e!r x c be 9 any ways inconv5i5t or prejudicial to settle t affair amicably ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & ,m4 de ,la ,fayette1 9 8 lett] ( ! same day to ,mr4 ,jay1 :]e9 he _h ins]t$ ! prec$+1 says1 on receiv+ ! answ] ( ! ,c\nt de ,florida ,blanca1 7to wit3 8 answ]1 be=e m5tion$1 to ,m4 de ,la ,fayette17 ,i desir$ an explanation respect+ ! addition t relates to ! limits4 ,i 0 answ]$1 t x 0 a fix$ pr9ciple to abide by ! limits e/abli%$ by ! treaty betwe5 ! ,engli% & ! ,am]icans2 t 8 rem>k relat$ only to m]e unimportant details1 :i* he wi%$ to receive f ! ,spani% comm&ants1 :i* w\ld be amicably regulat$1 & w\ld by no means oppose ! g5]al pr9ciple4 ,i ask$ him1 be=e ! ,ambassador ( ,france1 ,m4 de ,montmor91 :e!r he w\ld give me 8 ^w ( honor = x2 he assur$ me he w\ld1 & t ,i might engage x to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,see ! report s5t h]e)4 ,,ii4--,! navigation ( ! ,mississippi4 ,our "r to navigate t riv]1 f its s\rce to :]e our s\!rn b\nd>y /rikes x1 is n que/ion$4 ,x is f t po9t d[nw>ds1 only1 t ! exclusive navigation is claim$ by ,spa92 t is to say1 :]e %e holds ! c\ntry on bo? sides1 to wit3 ,l\isiana on ! we/1 & ,florida on ! ea/4 ,our "r to p>ticipate 9 ! navigation ( t "p ( ! riv]1 also1 is to be consid]$1 "u #a4 ,! ,treaty ( ,p>is ( #agfc1 #b4 ,! ,revolution ,treaty ( #aghb-c4 #c4 ,! law ( nature & nations4 #a4 ,! w> ( #agee-agfc1 0 c>ri$ on jo9tly by ,great ,brita9 & ! ?irte5 colonies1 n[ ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 aga9/ ,france & ,spa94 ,at ! peace :i* 0 negotiat$ by our common magi/rate1 a "r 0 secur$ to ! subjects ( ,great ,brita9 7! common designation ( all ^? "u 8 gov]nm5t7 to navigate ! ,mississippi 9 its :ole bread? & l5g?1 f its s\rce to ! sea1 & expressly t "p :i* is betwe5 ! isl& ( ,new ,orleans & ! "r bank ( ! riv]1 z well z ! passage bo? 9 & out ( its m\?2 & t ! vessels %\ld n be /opp$1 visit$1 or subject$ to ! paym5t ( any duty :atsoev]4 ,^! are ! words ( ! treaty1 article ,,vii4 ,florida 0 at ! same "t c$$ by ,spa91 & its ext5t we/w>dly 0 fix$ to ! lakes ,pont*>tra9 & ,maurepas1 & ! riv] ,mississippi2 & ,spa9 receiv$ soon aft] f ,france a cession ( ! isl& ( ,new ,orleans1 & all ! c\ntry %e held we/w>d ( ! ,mississippi1 subject ( c\rse to our "r ( navigat+ betwe5 t c\ntry & ! isl& previ\sly grant$ to u by ,france4 ,?is "r 0 n p>cell$ out to u 9 sev]alty1 t is to say1 to ea* ! exclusive navigation ( s mu* ( ! riv] z 0 adjac5t to our sev]al %ores--9 :i* way x w\ld h be5 useless to all--b x 0 plac$ on t foot+ on :i* alone x c\ld be wor? any?+1 to wit3 z a "r to all to navigate ! :ole l5g? ( ! riv] 9 common4 ,! import ( ! t]ms & ! reason ( ! ?+ prove x 0 a "r ( common 9 ! :ole1 & n a sev]al "r to ea* ( a p>ticul> "p4 ,to :i* may be add$ ! evid5ce ( ! /ipulation itself1 t we %\ld navigate betwe5 ,new ,orleans & ! we/]n bank1 :i*1 be+ adjac5t to none ( our ,/ates1 c\ld be held by u only z a "r ( common4 ,su* 0 ! nature ( our "r to navigate ! ,mississippi1 z f> z e/abli%$ by ! treaty ( ,p>is4 #b4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! ,revolution>y w>1 9 :i* ! ?irte5 colonies1 ,spa91 & ,france1 7 oppos$ to ,great ,brita91 ,spa9 took possession ( sev]al po/s held by ! ,briti% 9 ,florida4 ,x is unnecess>y to inquire :e!r ! possession ( half a doz5 po/s scatt]$ ?r\gh a c\ntry ( sev5 or eight hundr$ miles ext5t1 c\ld be consid]$ z ! possession & conque/ ( t c\ntry4 ,if x 01 x gave /ill b an in*oate "r1 z 0 be=e expla9$1 :i* c\ld n be p]fect$ b by ! rel9qui%m5t ( ! =m] possession at ! close ( ! w>2 b c]ta9ly x c\ld n be consid]$ z a conque/ ( ! riv]1 ev5 aga9/ ,great ,brita91 s9ce ! possession ( ! %ores1 to wit1 ( ! isl& ( ,new ,orleans on ! "o side1 & ,l\isiana on ! o!r1 hav+ und]gone no *ange1 ! "r 9 ! wat] w\ld rema9 ! same1 if consid]$ only 9 its relation to !m2 & if consid]$ z a di/9ct "r1 indep5d5t ( ! %ores1 !n no naval victories obta9$ by ,spa9 ov] ,great ,brita91 9 ! c\rse ( ! w>1 gave h] ! color ( conque/ ov] any wat] :i* ! ,briti% fleet c\ld ent]4 ,/ill less c %e be consid]$ z hav+ conqu]$ ! riv]1 z aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) :om %e 0 n at w>4 ,we _h a common "r ( navigation 9 ! "p ( ! riv] betwe5 ,florida1 ! isl& ( ,new ,orleans1 & ! we/]n bank1 & no?+ :i* pass$ betwe5 ,spa9 & ,great ,brita91 ei!r dur+ ! w>1 or at its conclusion1 c\ld less5 t "r4 ,accord+ly1 at ! treaty ( ,novemb]1 #aghb1 ,great ,brita9 confirm$ ! rights ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ! navigation ( ! riv]1 f its s\rce to its m\?1 & 9 ,janu>y1 #aghc1 complet$ ! "r ( ,spa9 to ! t]ritory ( ,florida1 by an absolute rel9qui%m5t ( all h] rights 9 x4 ,?is rel9qui%m5t c\ld n include ! navigation held by ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 _! own "r1 because ?is "r exi/$ 9 !mselves only1 & 0 n 9 ,great ,brita94 ,if x add$ any?+ to ! rights ( ,spa9 respect+ ! riv] betwe5 ! ea/]n & we/]n banks1 x c\ld only be t portion ( "r :i* ,great ,brita9 _h reta9$ to h]self 9 ! treaty ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 held sev5 weeks be=e1 to wit1 a "r ( us+ x 9 common ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,s t z by ! treaty ( #agfc1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h obta9$ a common "r ( navigat+ ! :ole riv] f its s\rce to its m\?1 s by ! treaty ( #aghb1 t common "r 0 confirm$ to !m by ! only p[] :o c\ld pret5d claims aga9/ !m1 f\nd$ on ! /ate ( w>2 nor has t common "r be5 transf]r$ to ,spa9 by ei!r conque/ or cession4 ,b our "r is built on gr\nd /ill broad] & m unque/ionable1 to wit3 #c4 ,on ! law ( nature & nations4 ,if we appeal to ?is1 z we feel x writt5 on ! he>t ( man1 :at s5tim5t is writt5 9 deep] *>act]s ?an t ! ocean is free to all m51 & _! riv]s to all _! inhabitants8 ,is !re a man1 savage or civiliz$1 unbias$ by habit1 :o does n feel & atte/ ?is tru?8 ,accord+ly1 9 all tracts ( c\ntry unit$ "u ! same political society1 we f9d ?is natural "r univ]sally ackn[l$g$ & protect$ by lay+ ! navigable riv]s op5 to all _! inhabitants4 ,:5 _! riv]s ent] ! limits ( ano!r society1 if ! "r ( ! upp] inhabitants to desc5d ! /ream is 9 any case ob/ruct$1 x is an act ( =ce by a /rong] society aga9/ a weak]1 condemn$ by ! judgm5t ( mank9d4 ,! late case ( ,antw]p & ! ,s*eldt 0 a /rik+ pro( a g5]al union ( s5tim5t on ?is po9t2 z x is believ$ t ,am/]dam _h sc>cely an advocate out ( ,holl&1 & ev5 !re its pret5sions 7 advocat$ on ! gr\nd ( treaties1 & n ( natural "r4 7,! commission]s w\ld d well to exam9e ?or\ghly :at 0 writt5 on ?is occasion47 ,! commission]s w be able p]haps to f9d1 ei!r 9 ! practice or ! pret5sions ( ,spa91 z to ! ,dauro1 ,tagus1 & ,guadiana1 "s ackn[l$gm5ts ( ?is pr9ciple on ! "p ( t nation4 ,?is s5tim5t ( "r 9 favor ( ! upp] inhabitants mu/ become /rong] 9 ! proportion :i* _! ext5t ( c\ntry be>s to ! l[]4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates hold #fjj1jjj squ>e miles ( habitable t]ritory on ! ,mississippi & its bran*es1 & ?is riv] & its bran*es af=d _m ?\s&s ( miles ( navigable wat]s p5etrat+ ?is t]ritory 9 all its p>ts4 ,! inhabitable gr\nds ( ,spa9 bel[ our b\nd>y & bord]+ on ! riv]1 :i* alone c pret5d any fe> ( be+ incommod$ by our use ( ! riv]1 are n ! ?\s&? "p ( t ext5t4 ,?is va/ portion ( ! t]ritory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has no o!r outlet = its productions1 & ^! productions are ( ! bulkie/ k9d4 ,& 9 tru?1 _! passage d[n ! riv] may n only be innoc5t1 z to ! ,spani% subjects on ! riv]1 b _c fail to enri* !m f> beyond _! pres5t condition4 ,! real int]e/s !n ( all ! inhabitants1 upp] & l[]1 concur 9 fact ) _! rights4 ,if we appeal to ! law ( nature & nations1 z express$ by writ]s on ! subject1 x is agre$ by !m1 t1 7 ! riv]1 :]e x passes betwe5 ,florida & ,l\isiana1 ! exclusive "r ( ,spa91 /ill an innoc5t passage along x is a natural "r 9 ^? inhabit+ its bord]s above4 ,x w\ld inde$ be :at ^? writ]s call an imp]fect "r1 because ! modification ( its ex]cise dep5ds 9 a consid]able degree on ! conv5i5cy ( ! nation ?r\gh :i* !y are to pass4 ,b x is /ill a "r z real z any o!r "r1 h[ev] well-def9$2 & 7 x to be refus$1 or to be s %ackl$ by regulations1 n necess>y = ! peace or safety ( its inhabitants1 z to r5d] its use impracticable to u1 x w\ld !n be an injury1 ( :i* we %\ld bee entitl$ to dem& r$ress4 ,! "r ( ! upp] inhabitants to use ?is navigation is ! c\nt]p>t to t ( ^? possess+ ! %ore bel[1 & f\nd$ 9 ! same natural relations ) ! soil & wat]4 ,& ! l9e at :i* _! rights meet is to be advanc$ or )drawn1 s z to equalize ! inconv5i5ces result+ to ea* p>ty f ! ex]cise ( ! "r by ! o!r4 ,?is e/imate is to be fairly made ) a mutual disposition to make equal sacrifices1 & ! numb]s on ea* side are to h _! due weight 9 ! e/imate4 ,spa9 holds s v small a tract ( habitable l& on ei!r side bel[ our b\nd>y1 t x may 9 fact be consid]$ z a /rait ( ! sea2 = ?\gh x is eighty leagues f our b\nd>y to ! m\? ( ! riv]1 yet x is only "h & !re 9 spots & slips t ! l& rises above ! level ( ! wat] 9 times ( inundation4 ,!re are1 !n1 & ev] mu/ be1 s few inhabitants on h] "p ( ! riv]1 t ! free/ use ( its navigation may be admitt$ to u )\t _! annoyance4 ,= au?orities on ?is subject1 see ,grot4 #a4 #b4 c4 #b #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 c4 #c4 #g1 #h1 #ab4 ,puff5dorf1 #a4 #c4 c4 #c4 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f4 ,wolff's ,in/4 #caj1 #caa1 #cab4 ,vattel1 #a4 #a4 #bib4 #a4 #b4 #abc to #aci4 ,illu/ration ,x is ess5tial to ! int]e/s ( bo? p>ties t ! navigation ( ! riv] be free to bo?1 on ! foot+ on :i* x 0 def9$ by ! treaty ( ,p>is1 viz43 ?r\gh its :ole bread?4 ,! *annel ( ! ,mississippi is rem>kably w9d+1 cross+ & recross+ p]petually f "o side to ! o!r ( ! g5]al b$ ( ! riv]4 ,)9 ! elb[s ?us made by ! *annel1 !re is g5]ally an eddy sett+ upw>ds1 & x is by tak+ advantage ( ^! eddies1 & con/antly cross+ f "o to ano!r ( !m1 t boats are enabl$ to asc5d ! riv]4 ,)\t ?is "r ! :ole riv] w\ld be impracticable bo? to ! ,am]icans & ,spani>ds4 ,x is a pr9ciple t ! "r to a ?+ gives a "r to ! means1 )\t :i* x c\ld n be us$1 t is to say1 t ! means foll[ _! end4 ,?us1 a "r to navigate a riv]1 draws to x a "r to moor vessels to its %ores1 to l& on !m 9 cases ( di/ress1 or = o!r necess>y purposes1 c4 ,?is pr9ciple is f\nd$ 9 natural reason1 is evid5c$ by ! common s5se ( mank9d1 & decl>$ by ! writ]s be=e quot$4 ,see ,grot4 #a4 #b4 c4 #b4 #ae4 ,puff5d4 #a4 #c4 c4 #c4 #h4 ,vattel1 #a4 #b4 #abi4 ,! ,roman law1 :i*1 l o!r municipal laws1 plac$ ! navigation ( _! riv]s on ! foot+ ( nature1 z to _! own citiz5s1 by decl>+ !m public1#bh 7flum9a publica sunt1 hoc e/ populi ,romani1 ,in/4 #b4 t4 #a4 #b17 decl>$ also t ! "r to ! use ( ! %ores 0 incid5t to t ( ! wat]4 ,ibid1 #a1 #c1 #d1 #e4 ,! laws ( e c\ntry probably d ! same4 ,?is mu/ h be5 s und]/ood betwe5 ,france & ,great ,brita91 at ! treaty ( ,p>is1 :5 a "r 0 c$$ to ,briti% subjects to navigate ! :ole riv]1 & expressly t "p betwe5 ! isl& ( ,new ,orleans & ! we/]n bank1 )\t /ipulat+ a ^w ab\t ! use ( ! %ores1 ?\gh bo? ( !m belong$ !n to ,france1 & 7 to belong imm$iately to ,spa94 ,_h n ! use ( ! %ores be5 consid]$ z incid5t to t ( ! wat]1 x w\ld h be5 expressly /ipulat$2 s9ce its necessity 0 too obvi\s to h escap$ ei!r p>ty4 ,accord+ly1 all ,briti% subjects us$ ! %ores habitually = ! purposes necess>y to ! navigation ( ! riv]2 & :5 a ,spani% ,gov]nor und]took at "o "t to =bid ?is1 & ev5 cut loose ! vessels fa/5+ to _! %ores1 a ,briti% frigate w5t imm$iately1 moor$ itself to ! %ore opposite to ! t[n ( ,new ,orleans1 & set out gu>ds ) ord]s to fire on su* z might attempt to di/urb h] moor+s4 ,! ,gov]nor acquiesc$1 ! "r 0 con/antly ex]cis$ aft]w>ds1 & no int]ruption ev] (f]$4 ,?is incid5tal "r ext5ds ev5 beyond ! %ores1 :]e circum/ances r5d] x necess>y to ! ex]cise ( ! pr9cipal "r2 z1 9 ! case ( a vessel damag$1 :]e ! m]e %ore c\ld n be a safe deposit = h] c>go till %e c\ld be repair$1 %e may remove x into safe gr\nd (f ! riv]4 ,! ,roman law %all be quot$ "h too1 because x gives a good idea bo? ( ! ext5t & ! limitations ( ?is "r4 ,ins4 #a4 #b4 t4 #a4 #d4 #bi,rip>um quoque usus publicus e/1 ut volunt jura g5tium1 sicut et ipsius flum9is usus publicus e/4 ,itaque et navigium ad ripes appell]e1 et funes de arboribus ibi natis relig>e1 et navis on]a 9 8 locis repon]e1 lib]um quique e/ sicuti nec p] flum5 ipsum navig>e quisquam prohibetur4 ,& aga91 #e1 #cjlittorum quoque usus publicus1 sive juri g5tium e/1 ut et ipsius m>is et ob id data e/ facultas vol5tibus1 casas ibi sibi compon]e1 9 quas se recip]e poss9t1 c4 ,aga91 #a4 #ca,nemo igitur ad littora m>is acc$]e prohibitur2 veluti deambul>e aut navem appell]e1 sic tam5 ut a villis1 id e/ domiciliis monum5tisque ibi positis1 et ab edificiis ab/9eat1 nec iis damnum inf]at4 ,among incid5tal rights are ^? ( hav+ pilots1 buoys1 beacons1 l&m>ks1 light-h\ses1 c41 to guide ! navigators4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ^! at jo9t exp5se1 & "u jo9t regulations1 may be ! subject ( a future conv5tion4 ,9 ! meantime1 bo? %\ld be free to h _! own1 & refuse ^? ( ! o!r1 bo? z to use & exp5se4 ,v peculi> circum/ances att5d+ ! riv] ,mississippi1 require t ! incid5tal "r ( accommodation on ! %ore1 :i* ne$s only occasional ex]cise on o!r riv]s1 %\ld be habitual & con/ant on ?is4 ,sea vessels _c navigate t riv]1 nor ! riv] vessels g to sea4 ,! navigation w\ld be useless !n )\t an entrept :]e ^! vessels might safely deposit _! own c>goes1 & take ^? left by ! o!rs2 & :]e w>eh\ses & keep]s might be con/antly e/abli%$ = ! safegu>d ( ! c>goes4 ,x is admitt$1 inde$1 t ! incid5tal "r ?us ext5d$ into ! t]ritory ( ! bord]+ inhabitants1 is liable to /rict] modifications 9 proportion z x int]f]es ) _! t]ritorial "r4 ,b ! inconv5i5ces ( bo? p>ties are /ill to h _! weight1 & reason & mod]ation on bo? sides are to draw ! l9e betwe5 !m4 ,z to ?is1 we c\nt mu* on ! lib]ality ( ,spa91 on h] concurr5ce 9 op9ion ) u1 t x is = ! int]e/ ( bo? p>ties to remove completely ?is g]m ( discord f betwe5 u1 & draw our fri5d%ip z close z circum/ances proclaim t x %\ld be1 & on ! consid]ations :i* make x palpable t a conv5i5t spot plac$ "u our exclusive occupation1 & exempt$ f ! jurisdiction & police ( _! gov]nm5t1 is f> m likely to pres]ve peace ?an a m]e free port1 :]e et]nal alt]cations w\ld keep u 9 et]nal ill humor ) ea* o!r4 ,! policy ( ?is measure1 & inde$ ( a mu* l>g] concession1 hav+ be5 =m]ly sket*$ 9 a pap] ( ,july #ab?1 #agij1 s5t to ! commission]s sev]ally1 !y are n[ ref]r$ to t4 ,if ?is be agre$ to1 ! mann] ( fix+ on t extra t]ritorial spot becomes highly int]e/+4 ,! mo/ desirable to u1 w\ld be a p]mission to s5d commission]s to *oose su* spot1 bel[ ! t[n ( ,new ,orleans1 z !y %\ld f9d mo/ conv5i5t4 ,if ?is be refus$1 x w\ld be bett] n[ to fix on ! spot4 ,our in=mation is1 t ! :ole c\ntry bel[ ! t[n1 & = sixty miles above x1 on ! we/]n %ore1 is l[1 m>%y1 & subject to su* deep inundation = _m miles f ! riv]1 t if capable ( be+ reclaim$ at all by bank+1 x w\ld /ill nev] af=d an entrept suffici5tly safe2 t on ! ea/]n side ! only l&s bel[ ! t[n1 n subject to inundation1 are at ! ,det\r aux ,anglais1 or ,engli% ,turn1 ! highe/ "p ( :i*1 is t :]eon ! =t ,/4 ,m>ie =m]ly /ood4 ,ev5 ?is is said to h be5 rais$ by art1 & to be v little above ! level ( ! inundations4 ,?is spot !n is :at we w\ld fix on1 if oblig$ n[ to decide1 ) f "o to z _m squ>e miles ( ! circumjac5t l&s z c be obta9$1 & compreh5d+ expressly ! %ores above & bel[ ! site ( ! =t z f> z possible4 ,b z to ! spot itself1 ! limits1 & ev5 :e!r x %all be extra t]ritorial1 or only a free port1 & :at regulations x %all be laid "u1 ! conv5i5ce ( t ,gov]nm5t is entitl$ to s mu* respect & att5tion on our "p1 t ! arrangem5t mu/ be left to ! managem5t ( ! commission]s1 :o w d\btless use _! be/ ef=ts to obta9 all !y c = u4 ,! wor/ foot+ on :i* ! det]m9ation ( ! gr\nd c\ld be plac$1 w\ld be a ref]5ce to jo9t commission]s2 because _! disagreem5t1 a v probable1 nay1 a c]ta9 ev5t1 w\ld undo ! :ole conv5tion1 & leave u exactly :]e we n[ are4 ,unless inde$ !y w engage to u1 9 case ( su* disagreem5t1 ! highe/ gr\nd at ! ,det\r aux ,anglais1 ( conv5i5t ext5t1 includ+ ! l&+s & h>bor !reto adjac5t4 ,?is w\ld ensure u t gr\nd1 unless bett] c\ld be f\nd & mutually pref]r$1 & close ! delay ( "r "u :i* we h s long labor$ = peace-sake4 ,x w probably be urg$1 because x 0 urg$ on a =m] occasion1 t1 if ,spa9 grants to u ! "r ( navigat+ ! ,mississippi1 o!r nations w become entitl$ to x by virtue ( treaties giv+ !m ! rights ( ! mo/ favor$ nation4 ,two answ]s may be giv5 to ?is3 #a4 ,:5 ^? treaties 7 made1 no nations c\ld be "u contemplation b ^? !n exi/+1 or ^? at mo/ :o might exi/ "u simil> circum/ances4 ,am]ica did n !n exi/ z a nation2 & ! circum/ances ( h] position & comm]ce1 are s totally dissimil> to ev]y?+ !n kn[n1 t ! treaties ( t day 7 n adapt$ to any su* be+4 ,!y w\ld bett] fit ev5 ,*9a ?an ,am]ica2 because1 z a manufactur+ nation1 ,*9a resembles ,europe m4 ,:5 we solicit$ ,france to admit our :ale oils into h] ports1 ?\gh %e _h exclud$ all =eign :ale oils1 h] m9i/] made ! objection n[ "u consid]ation1 & ! =ego+ answ] 0 giv54 ,x 0 f\nd to be solid2 & ! :ale oils ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are 9 consequ5ce admitt$1 ?\gh ^? ( ,portugal & ! ,hanse t[ns1 & ( all o!r nations1 are exclud$4 ,aga91 :5 ,france & ,engl& 7 negotiat+ _! late treaty ( comm]ce1 ! great dissimilitude ( our comm]ce 7:i* furni%es raw mat]ials to employ ! indu/ry ( o!rs1 9 ex*ange = articles :]eon indu/ry has be5 exhau/$7 f ! comm]ce ( ! ,european nations 7:i* furni%es ?+s ready wr\ght only7 0 sugge/$ to ! att5tion ( bo? negotiators1 & t !y %\ld keep _! nations free to make p>ticul> arrangem5ts ) ours1 by communicat+ to ea* o!r only ! rights ( ! mo/ favor$ ,european nation4 ,ea* 0 sep>ately s5sible ( ! importance ( ! di/9ction2 & z soon z x 0 propos$ by ! "o1 x 0 acc$$ to by ! o!r1 & ! ^w ,european 0 ins]t$ 9 _! treaty4 ,x may fairly be consid]$ !n z ! rational & receiv$ int]pretation ( ! diplomatic t]m1 g5tis amicissim#cb t x has n 9 view a nation unkn[n 9 _m cases at ! "t ( us+ ! t]m1 & s dissimil> 9 all cases z to furni% no gr\nd ( j reclamation to any nation4 ,b ! decisive answ] is1 t ,spa9 does n grant u ! navigation ( ! riv]4 ,we h an inh]5t "r to x2 & %e may repel ! dem& ( any o!r nation by c&idly /at+ h] act to h be51 :at 9 tru? x is1 a recognition only1 & n a grant4 ,if ,spa9 appreh5ds t o!r nations may claim access to our ports 9 ! ,mississippi1 "u _! treaties ) u1 giv+ !m a "r to come & trade 9 all our ports1 ?\gh we w\ld n *oose to ins]t an express /ipulation aga9/ !m1 yet we %all ?9k ourselves ju/ifi$ to acquiesce 9 fact1 "u any regulations ,spa9 may f "t to "t e/abli% aga9/ _! admission4 ,%\ld ,spa9 r5ew ano!r objection1 :i* %e reli$ mu* on be=e t ! ,engli% at ! ,revolution treaty c\ld n c$e to u :at ,spa9 _h tak5 f !m by conque/1 & :at ( c\rse !y did n possess !mselves1 ! prec$+ obs]vations furni% suffici5t matt] = refutation4 ,to conclude ! subjects ( b\nd>y & navigation1 ea* ( ! foll[+ conditions is to be consid]$ by ! commission]s z a s9e qu non4 #a4 ,t our s\!rn b\nd>y rema9 e/abli%$ at ! completion ( ?irty-"o degrees ( latitude on ! ,mississippi1 & s on to ! ocean1 z has be5 be=e describ$1 & our we/]n "o along ! middle ( ! *annel ( ! ,mississippi1 h[ev] t *annel may v>y1 z x is con/antly v>y+1 & t ,spa9 cease to occupy or to ex]cise jurisdiction 9 any "p nor?w>d or ea/w>d ( ^! b\nd>ies4 #b4 ,t our "r be ackn[l$g$ ( navigat+ ! ,mississippi1 9 its :ole bread? & l5g?1 f its s\rce to ! sea1 z e/abli%$ by ! treaty ( #agfc4 #c4 ,t nei!r ! vessels1 c>goes1 or ! p]sons on bo>d1 be /opp$1 visit$1 or subject$ to ! paym5t ( any duty :atsoev]2 or1 if a visit mu/ be p]mitt$1 t x be "u su* re/rictions z to produce ! lea/ possible inconv5i5ce4 ,b x %\ld be altoge!r avoid$1 if possible1 z ! p>5t ( p]petual broils4 #d4 ,t su* conv5i5ces be all[$ u a%ore1 z may r5d] our "r ( navigation practicable & "u su* regulations z may bon fide respect ! pres]vation ( peace & ord] alone1 & may n h 9 object to emb>rass our navigation1 or raise a rev5ue on x4 ,:ile ! sub/ance ( ?is article is made a s9e qu non1 ! modifications ( x are left altoge!r to ! discretion & managem5t ( ! commission]s4 ,we might add1 z a fif? s9e qu non1 t no phrase %\ld be admitt$ 9 ! treaty :i* c\ld express or imply t we take ! navigation ( ! ,mississippi z a grant f ,spa94 ,b1 h[ev] disagreeable x w\ld be to subscribe to su* a s5tim5t1 yet1 7 ! conclusion ( a treaty to hang on t s+le objection1 x w\ld be exp$i5t to waive x1 & to meet1 at a future day1 ! consequ5ces ( any resumption !y may pret5d to make1 r ?an at pres5t1 ^? ( a sep>ation )\t com+ to any agreem5t4 ,we "k n :e!r ,spa9 has x 9 idea to ask a comp5sation = ! asc]ta9m5t ( our "r4 #a4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 %e _c 9 reason ask a comp5sation = yield+ :at we h a "r to1 t is to say1 ! navigation ( ! riv]1 & ! conv5i5ces incid5t to x ( natural "r4 #b4 ,9 ! second place1 we h a claim on ,spa9 = indemnification = n9e ye>s' exclusion f t navigation1 & a reimbursem5t ( ! heavy duties 7n less = ! mo/ "p ?an #ae p] c5t4 on extravagant valuations7 levi$ on ! commodities %e has p]mitt$ to pass to ,new ,orleans4 ,! rel9qui%m5t ( ?is w be no unwor?y equival5t = any accommodations %e may indulge u )1 beyond ! l9e ( our /rict "r4 ,& ?is claim is to be br\ght into view 9 prop] "t & mann]1 m]ely to be ab&on$ 9 consid]ation ( su* accommodations4 ,we h no?+ else to give 9 ex*ange4 ,= z to t]ritory1 we h nei!r ! "r nor ! disposition to ali5ate an in* ( :at belongs to any memb] ( our ,union4 ,su* a proposition1 !re=e1 is totally inadmissible1 & n to be treat$ ( = a mom5t4 #c4 ,on ! =m] conf]5ces on ! navigation ( ! ,mississippi1 ,spa9 *ose to bl5d ) x ! subject ( comm]ce2 &1 accord+ly1 specific propositions !reon pass$ betwe5 ! negotiators4 ,h] object1 !n1 0 to obta9 our r5unciation ( ! navigation1 & to hold out comm]cial arrangem5ts1 p]haps z a lure to u2 p]haps1 h[ev]1 %e might !n1 & may n[1 really set a value on comm]cial arrangem5ts ) u1 & may receive !m z a consid]ation = accommodat+ u 9 ! navigation2 or1 may wi% = !m1 to h ! appe>ance ( receiv+ a consid]ation4 ,comm]cial arrangem5ts1 if acceptable 9 !mselves1 w n be ! less s if c\pl$ ) ^? relat+ to navigation & b\nd>y4 ,we h only to take c>e t !y be acceptable 9 !mselves4 ,!re are two pr9ciples :i* may be propos$ z ! basis ( a comm]cial treaty3 #a4 ,t ( ex*ang+ ! privileges ( native citiz5s2 or1 #b4 ,^? ( ! mo/ favor$ nation4 #a4 ,) ! nations hold+ important possessions 9 ,am]ica1 we are ready to ex*ange ! rights ( native citiz5s1 provid$ !y be ext5d$ ?r\gh ! :ole possessions ( bo? p>ties1 b ! propositions ( ,spa91 made on ! =m] occasion1 7a copy ( :i* accompanies ?is17 71 t we %\ld give _! m]*ants1 vessels1 & productions1 ! privilege ( native m]*ants1 vessels1 & productions1 ?r\gh ! :ole ( our possessions1 & !y give ! same to ours only 9 ,spa9 & ! ,can>ies4 ,?is is inadmissible1 because unequal2 &1 z we believe t ,spa9 is n ripe = an equal ex*ange on ?is basis1 we avoid propos+ x4 #b4 ,?\gh treaties1 :i* m]ely ex*ange ! rights ( ! mo/ favor$ nations1 are n )\t all inconv5i5ce1 yet !y h _! conv5i5ces also4 ,x is an important "o1 t !y leave ea* p>ty free to make :at int]nal regulations !y please1 & to give :at pref]5ces !y f9d exp$i5t to native m]*ants1 vessels1 & productions4 ,& z we already h treaties on ?is basis1 ) ,france1 ,holl&1 ,sw$51 & ,prussia1 ! two =m] ( :i* are p]petual1 x w be b small additional emb>rassm5t to ext5d x to ,spa94 ,on ! contr>y1 we are s5sible x is "r to place t nation on ! mo/ favor$ foot+1 :e!r we h a treaty ) !m or n1 & x c d u no h>m to secure by treaty a reciprocation ( ! "r4 ,( ! f\r treaties be=e m5tion$1 ei!r ! ,fr5* or ! ,prussian might be tak5 z a model4 ,b x w\ld be useless to propose ! ,prussian2 because we h already suppos$ t ,spa9 w\ld nev] cons5t to ^? articles :i* give to ea* p>ty access to all ! dom9ions ( ! o!r2 &1 )\t ?is equival5t1 we w\ld n agree to tie our own h&s s mat]ially 9 w>1 z w\ld be done by ! #bc;d article1 :i* r5\nces ! "r ( fitt+ out private]s1 or ( captur+ m]*ant vessels4 ,! ,fr5* treaty1 !re=e1 is propos$ z ! model4 ,9 ?is1 h[ev]1 ! foll[+ *anges are to be made4 ,we %\ld be admitt$ to all ! dom9ions ( ,spa91 to :i* any o!r =eign nation is1 or may be admitt$4 ,article #e be+ an exemption f a p>ticul> duty 9 ,france1 w ( c\rse be omitt$1 z inapplicable to ,spa94 ,article #h to be omitt$1 z unnecess>y ) ,morocco1 & inefficaci\s1 & little honorable ) any ( ! ,b>b>y p[]s4 ,b x may furni% occasion to s\nd ,spa9 on ! project ( a conv5tion ( ! p[]s at w> ) ! ,b>b>y ,/ates1 to keep up1 by rotation1 a con/ant cruise ( a giv5 =ce on _! coa/s1 till !y %all be compell$ to r5\nce =ev]1 & aga9/ all nations1 _! pr$atory practices4 ,p]haps ! infidelities ( ! ,alg]9es to _! treaty ( peace ) ,spa91 ?\gh ! latt] does n *oose to break op5ly1 may induce h] to subsidize u to cruise aga9/ !m ) a giv5 =ce4 ,article #i & #aj1 conc]n+ fi%]ies1 to be omitt$1 z inapplicable4 ,article #aa4 ,! fir/ p>agraph ( ?is article1 respect+ ! droit d'auba9e1 to be omitt$2 t law be+ suppos$ peculi> to ,france4 ,article #ag1 giv+ asylum 9 ! ports ( ei!r to ! arm$ vessels ( ! o!r1 ) ! prizes tak5 f ! enemies ( t o!r1 mu/ be qualifi$ z x is 9 ! #ai? article ( ! ,prussian treaty2 z ! /ipulation 9 ! latt] "p ( ! article1 t no %elt] or refuge %all be giv5 9 ! ports ( ! "o to su* z %all h made prize on ! subjects ( ! o!r ( ! p>ties1 w\ld =bid u 9 case ( a w> betwe5 ,france & ,spa91 to give %elt] 9 our ports to prizes made by ! latt] on ! =m]1 :ile ! fir/ "p ( ! article w\ld oblige u to %elt] ^? made by ! =m] on ! latt]--a v dang]\s cov5ant1 & :i* ought nev] to be repeat$ 9 any o!r in/ance4 ,article #bi4 ,consuls %\ld be receiv$ 9 all ! ports at :i* ! vessels ( ei!r p>ty may be receiv$4 ,article #cj1 conc]n+ free ports 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,free ports 9 ! ,spani% possessions 9 ,am]ica1 & p>ticul>ly at ! ,havana1 ,san ,dom+o1 9 ! isl& ( t "n1 & ,/4 ,john ( ,porto ,rico1 are m to be desir$ ?an expect$4 ,x c1 !re=e1 only be recomm5d$ to ! be/ endeavors ( ! commission]s to obta9 !m4 ,x w be some?+ to obta9 = our vessels1 fl\r1 c41 admission to ^? ports dur+ _! pleasure4 ,9 l mann]1 if !y c\ld be prevail$ on to re-e/abli% our "r ( cutt+ log-wood 9 ! bay ( ,campea*y1 on ! foot+ on :i* x /ood be=e ! treaty ( #agfc1 x w\ld be desirable1 & n endang]1 to u1 any conte/ ) ! ,engli%1 :o1 by ! ,revolution treaty1 are re/ra9$ to ! s\?-ea/]n p>ts ( ,yucatan4 ,article #ca4 ,! act ( ratification1 on our "p1 may require a twelvemon? f ! date ( ! treaty1 z ! ,s5ate meets regul>ly b once a ye>2 & to return x to ,madrid1 = ex*ange1 may require f\r mon?s m4 ,x w\ld be bett]1 inde$1 if ,spa9 w\ld s5d h] ratification to be ex*ang$ by h] repres5tative "h4 ,! treaty mu/ n exce$ twelve or fifte5 ye>s' duration1 except ! clauses relat+ to b\nd>y1 & ! navigation ( ! ,mississippi1 :i* mu/ be p]petual & f9al4 ,inde$1 ^! two subjects _h bett] be 9 a sep>ate in/rum5t4 ,!re might h be5 m5tion$ a ?ird species ( arrangem5t1 t ( mak+ special agreem5ts on e special subject ( comm]ce1 & ( sett+ a t>iff ( duty to be paid on ea* side1 on e p>ticul> article2 b ?is w\ld require 9 our commission]s a v m9ute k ( our comm]ce1 z x is impossible to =esee e proposition ( ?is k9d :i* might be br\ght into discussion1 & to prep>e !m = x by in=mation & in/ruction f h5ce4 ,our comm]ce1 too1 is1 z yet1 r 9 a c\rse ( exp]im5t1 & ! *annels 9 :i* x w ultimately fl[1 are n suffici5tly kn[n to enable u to provide = x by special agreem5t4 ,nor h ! exig5cies ( our new gov]nm5t1 z yet1 s f> develop$ !mselves1 z t we c "k to :at degree we may or mu/ h rec\rse to comm]ce = ! purposes ( rev5ue4 ,no common consid]ation1 !re=e1 ought to induce u1 z yet1 to arrangem5ts ( ?is k9d4 ,p]haps no?+ %\ld d x ) any nation1 %ort ( ! privileges ( natives 9 all _! possessions1 =eign & dome/ic4 ,x 7 to be wi%$1 inde$1 t "s positively favorable /ipulations respect+ our gra91 fl\r1 & fi%1 c\ld be obta9$1 ev5 on our giv+ reciprocal advantages to "s o!r commodities ( ,spa91 say h] w9es & br&ies4 ,b1 #a/4 ,if we quit ! gr\nd ( ! mo/ favor$ nation1 z to c]ta9 articles = our conv5i5ce1 ,spa9 may insi/ on do+ ! same = o!r articles = h] conv5i5ce1 & ?us our commission]s w get !mselves on ! gr\nd ( a treaty ( detail1 = :i* !y w n be prep>$4 #b;d4 ,if we grant favor to ! w9es & br&ies ( ,spa91 !n ,portugal & ,spa9 w dem& ! same2 & 9 ord] to create an equival5t1 ,portugal may lay a duty on our fi% & gra91 & ,france1 a prohibition on our :ale oils1 ! removal ( :i* w be propos$ z an equival5t4 ,?is mu*1 h[ev]1 z to gra9 & fl\r1 may be attempt$4 ,!re has1 n long s9ce1 be5 a consid]able duty laid on !m 9 ,spa94 ,?is 0 :ile a treaty on ! subject ( comm]ce 0 p5d+ betwe5 u & ,spa91 z t c\rt consid]s ! matt]4 ,x is n g5]ally ?\ght "r to *ange ! /ate ( ?+s p5d+ a treaty conc]n+ !m4 ,on ?is consid]ation1 & on ! motive ( cultivat+ our fri5d%ip1 p]haps ! commission]s may induce !m to re/ore ?is commodity to ! foot+ on :i* x 01 on op5+ ! conf]5ces ) ,mr4 ,g>doqui1 on ! #bf? day ( ,july1 #aghe4 ,if ,spa9 says1 d ! same by y\r tonnage on our vessels1 ! answ] may be1 t our =eign tonnage affects ,spa9 v little1 & o!r nations v mu*2 :]eas ! duty on fl\r 9 ,spa9 affects u v mu*1 & o!r nations v little4 ,consequ5tly1 !re w\ld be no equality 9 reciprocal rel9qui%m5t1 z !re _h be5 none 9 ! reciprocal innovation2 & ,spa91 by insi/+ on ?is1 w\ld1 9 fact1 only be aid+ ! int]e/s ( h] rival nations1 to :om we %\ld be =c$ to ext5d ! same indulg5ce4 ,at ! "t ( op5+ ! conf]5ces1 too1 we _h1 z yet1 n erect$ any sy/em2 our gov]nm5t itself be+ n yet erect$4 ,innovation !n 0 unavoidable on our "p1 if x be innovation to e/abli% a sy/em4 ,we did x on fair & g5]al gr\nd2 on gr\nd favorable to ,spa94 ,b !y _h a sy/em1 &1 !re=e1 innovation 0 avoidable on _! "p4 ,x is kn[n to ! commission]s t we f\nd x exp$i5t to ask ! int]position ( ,france1 lately1 to br+ on ?is settlem5t ( our b\nd>y1 & ! navigation ( ! ,mississippi4 ,h[ f> t int]position has contribut$ to produce x1 is unc]ta94 ,b we h reason to believe t h] fur!r int]f]5ce w\ld n produce an agreeable effect on ,spa94 ,! commission]s1 !re=e1 are to avoid all fur!r communications on ! subject ) ! m9i/]s ( ,france1 giv+ !m su* explanations z may pres]ve _! good dispositions4 ,b if1 ultimately1 !y %all f9d !mselves unable to br+ ,spa9 to agreem5t on ! subject ( ! navigation & b\nd>y1 ! int]position ( ,france1 z a mutual fri5d1 & ! gu>antee ( our limits1 is !n to be ask$1 9 :atev] light ,spa9 may *oose to consid] x4 ,%\ld ! negotiations on ! subject ( navigation & b\nd>y assume1 at any "t1 an unhopeful aspect1 x may be prop] t ,spa9 %\ld be giv5 to und]/&1 t1 if !y are discont9u$ )\t com+ to any agreem5t1 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates _c be responsible = ! long] =be>ance ( _! we/]n inhabitants4 ,at ! same "t ! ab&onm5t ( ! negotiation %\ld be s manag$ z t1 )\t engag+ u to a fur!r susp5sion ( ! ex]cise ( our rights1 we may n be committ$ to resume !m on ! in/ant4 ,! pres5t turbid situation ( ,europe _c leave u long )\t a safe occasion ( resum+ our t]ritory & navigation1 & ( c>v+ = ourselves ^? conv5i5ces1 on ! %ores1 :i* may facilitate & protect ! latt] effectually & p]man5tly4 ,we _h a "r to expect t1 p5d+ a negotiation1 all ?+s w\ld h rema9$ 9 /atu quo1 & t ,spa9 w\ld n h proce$$ to possess h]self ( o!r p>ts ( our t]ritory4 ,b %e has lately tak5 & =tifi$ a new po/ on ! ,walnut hills1 above ! m\? ( ! ,yazoo riv]1 & f> above ! #ca/ degree4 ,?is g>rison ought to h be5 in/antly dislodg$2 b = our wi% to be 9 fri5d%ip ) ,spa91 & our confid5ce 9 h] assurances to bide by ! limits e/abli%$ 9 our treaty ) ,engl&1 compla9ts ( ?is unfri5dly & unc&id proc$ure may be br\ght =w>d or n1 z ! commission]s %all see exp$i5t4 ,,footnotes3 #bg ,mr4 ,%ort is desir$ to pur*ase ?is book at ,am/]dam1 or ,p>is1 z he may n f9d x at ,madrid1 & :5 x %all h answ]$ ! purposes ( ?is mission1 let x be s5t "h = ! use ( ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate's (fice4 #bh ,riv]s belong to ! public1 t is to say to ! ,roman p4 #bi ,! use ( ! banks belong also to ! public by ! laws ( nations1 z ! use ( ! riv] itself does4 ,!re=e1 e "o is free to moor 8 vessel to ! bank1 to fa/5 8 cables to ! trees gr[+ on x1 to deposit ! c>go ( 8 vessel 9 ^? places 9 l mann] z e "o is free to navigate ! riv] itself4 #cj ,! use ( ! %ores also belongs to ! public1 or is "u ! law ( nations1 z is t ( ! sea itself4 ,!re=e x is1 t ^? :o *oose1 h a "r to build huts !re1 into :i* !y may betake !mselves4 #ca ,nobody1 !re=e1 is prohibit$ f l&+ on ! sea %ore1 walk+ !re1 or moor+ _! vessel !re1 s nev]!less t !y keep out ( ! villas1 t is1 ! habitations1 monum5ts1 & public build+s1 erect$ !re1 & d !m no injury4 #cb ,! mo/ favor$ nation4 ,,xxvii4--,report on ! case ( ,*>les ,russell & o!rs1 claim+ c]ta9 l&s4 ,janu>y #ba1 #agib4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 to :om 0 ref]r$1 by ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! lett] ( ! ,gov]nor ( ,virg9ia ( ,janu>y #g?1 #agib1 ) ! report ( a committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,delegates ( t commonweal?1 ( ,decemb] #ab?1 #agia1 & resolution ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly !reon1 ( ,decemb] #ag?1 on ! case ( ,*>les ,russell1 late an (fic] 9 ! s]vice ( ! said commonweal?1 /at+ t a consid]able "p ( ! tract ( c\ntry allott$ = ! (fic]s & soldi]s hav+ fall5 into ! ,/ate ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a on ! ext5sion ( _! common b\nd>y1 ! legislature ( ! said ,/ate _h1 9 #agha1 pass$ an act sub/itut+ 9 lieu !re( ! tract ( c\ntry betwe5 ! said b\nd>y & ! riv]s ,mississippi1 ,ohio1 ,t5nessee1 & subject+ ! same to ! claims ( _! (fic]s & soldi]s4 ,t ! said ,*>les ,russell _h 9 consequ5ce !re(1 direct$ w>rants = two ?\s& six hundr$ & sixty-six & two-?irds acres ( l& to be locat$ )9 ! said tract ( c\ntry2 b t ! same belong+ to ! ,*ickasaws1 he is unable to obta9 a "r !reto1 & t !re are o!r (fic]s & soldi]s ( ! said commonweal? "u l circum/ances3 ,reports1 ,t ! tract ( c\ntry be=e describ$1 is )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ! ,*ickasaw nation z e/abli%$ by ! treaty ( ,hopewell1 ! #af? day ( ,janu>y #aghf4 ,t ! "r ( occupancy ( ! said l&s1 !re=e1 be+ ve/$ 9 ! said nation1 ! case ( ! said ,*>les ,russell1 & o!r (fic]s & soldi]s ( ! said commonweal?1 becomes prop] to be ref]r$ to ! legislature ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = _! consid]ation4 ,,xxviii4--,report relative to negotiations at ,madrid4 ,m>* #g1 #agib4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate hav+ und]/ood1 f communications ) ! commission]s ( 8 ,ca?olic ,maje/y1 subsequ5t to t :i* he report$ to ! ,presid5t on ! #bb;d ( ,decemb] la/1 t ?\gh !y consid]$ ! navigation ( ! ,mississippi z ! pr9cipal object ( negotiation betwe5 ! two c\ntries1 yet x 0 expect$ by _! c\rt t ! conf]5ces w\ld ext5d to all ! matt]s :i* 7 "u negotiation on ! =m] occasion ) ,mr4 ,g>doqui1 & p>ticul>ly to "s arrangem5ts ( comm]ce1 is ( op9ion1 t1 to r5ew ! conf]5ces on ?is subject also1 s9ce !y desire x1 w be b fri5dly & respectful1 & c lead to no?+ )\t our own cons5t2 & t1 to refuse x1 might ob/ruct ! settlem5t ( ! que/ions ( navigation & b\nd>y2 &1 !re=e1 reports to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! foll[+ obs]vations & in/ructions to ! commission]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 appo9t$ to negotiate ) ! c\rt ( ,spa9 a treaty or conv5tion relative to ! navigation ( ! ,mississippi2 :i* obs]vations & in/ructions1 he is ( op9ion1 %\ld be laid be=e ! ,s5ate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & _! decision be desir$1 :e!r !y w advise & cons5t t a treaty be ent]$ into by ! commission]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) ,spa9 con=mable !reto4 ,aft] /at+ to our commission]s ! f\ndation ( our rights to navigate ! ,mississippi1 & to hold our s\!rn b\nd>y at ! #ca/ degree ( latitude1 & t ea* ( ^! is to be a s9e qu non1 x is propos$ to add z foll[s3 ,on ! =m] conf]5ces on ! navigation ( ! ,mississippi1 ,spa9 *ose to bl5d ) x ! subject ( comm]ce2 &1 accord+ly1 specific propositions !reon pass$ betwe5 ! negotiators4 ,h] object !n 0 to obta9 our r5unciation ( ! navigation1 & to hold out comm]cial arrangem5ts p]haps z a lure to u4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 %e might !n1 & may n[1 really set a value on comm]cial arrangem5ts ) u1 & may receive !m z a consid]ation = accommodat+ u 9 ! navigation1 or may wi% = !m to h ! appe>ance ( receiv+ a consid]ation4 ,comm]cial arrangem5ts1 if acceptable 9 !mselves1 w n be ! less s1 if c\pl$ ) ^? relat+ to navigation & b\nd>y4 ,we h only to take c>e t !y be acceptable 9 !mselves4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,xxix4--,op9ion on ! ,bill apportion+ ,repres5tation4 ,april #d1 #agib4 ,! ,con/itution has decl>$ t repres5tatives & direct taxes %all be apportion$ among ! sev]al ,/ates accord+ to _! respective numb]s4 ,t ! numb] ( repres5tatives %all n exce$ "o = e #cj1jjj1 b ea* ,/ate %all h at lea/ "o repres5tative1 & until su* enum]ation %all be made1 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,hamp%ire %all be entitl$ to *oose #c1 ,massa*usetts #b4 ,! bill = apportion+ repres5tatives among ! sev]al ,/ates1 )\t expla9+ any pr9ciple at all1 :i* may %[ its con=mity ) ! con/itution1 to guide future apportionm5ts1 says1 t ,new ,hamp%ire %all h #c memb]s1 ,massa*usetts #af1 c4 ,we are1 !re=e1 to f9d by exp]im5t :at has be5 ! pr9ciple ( ! bill2 to d :i*1 x is prop] to /ate ! f$]al or repres5table numb]s ( ea* ,/ate1 & ! numb]s allott$ to !m by ! bill4 ,!y are z foll[s3-- ,memb]s4 ,v]mont #he1ecb #c ,new ,hamp%ire #ada1hbc #e ,massa*usetts #dge1cbg #af ,rhode ,isl& #fh1ddd #b ,connecticut #bhe1ida #h ,new ,york #ceb1iae #aa ,new ,j]sey #agi1eef #f ,p5nsylvania #dcb1hhj #ad ,delaw>e #ee1ech #b ,m>yl& #bgh1eac #i ,virg9ia #fcj1eeh #ba ,k5tucky #fh1gje #b ,nor? ,c>ol9a #cec1eba #aa ,s\? ,c>ol9a #bjf1bcf #f ,georgia #gj1hdc #b --------- --- #c1fcf1cab #abj ,x happ5s t ?is repres5tation1 :e!r tri$ z betwe5 great & small ,/ates1 or z betwe5 nor? & s\?1 yields1 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 a tol]ably j result2 &1 consequ5tly1 c\ld n be object$ to on t gr\nd1 if x 7 obta9$ by ! process prescrib$ 9 ! ,con/itution2 b if obta9$ by any process out ( t1 x becomes arbitr>y & inadmissible4 ,! #a/ memb] ( ! clause ( ! ,con/itution above cit$ is express1 t repres5tatives %all be apportion$ among ! sev]al ,/ates accord+ to _! respective numb]s4 ,t is to say1 !y %all be apportion$ by "s common ratio--= proportion1 & ratio1 are equival5t words2 &1 9 ! def9ition ( proportion among numb]s1 t !y h a ratio common to all1 or 9 o!r words1 a common divisor4 ,n[1 trial w %[ t !re is no common ratio1 or divisor1 :i*1 appli$ to ! numb]s ( ea* ,/ate1 w give to !m ! numb] ( repres5tatives allott$ 9 ?is bill4 ,= try+ ! sev]al ratios ( #bi1 #cj1 #ca1 #cb1 #cc1 ! allotm5ts w\ld be z foll[s3-- #bi #cj #ca #cb #cc ,! ,bill -- -- -- -- -- -------- ,v]mont #b #b #b #b #b #c ,new ,hamp%ire #d #d #d #d #d #e ,massa*usetts #af #ae #ae #ad #ad #af ,rhode ,isl& #b #b #b #b #b #b ,connecticut #h #g #g #g #g #h ,new ,york #ab #aa #aa #aa #aj #aa ,new ,j]sey #f #e #e #e #e #f ,p5nsylvania #ad #ad #ac #ac #ac #ad ,delaw>e #a #a #a #a #a #b ,m>yl& #i #i #h #h #h #i ,virg9ia #ba #ba #bj #ai #ai #ba ,k5tucky #b #b #b #b #b #b ,nor? ,c>ol9a #ab #aa #aa #aa #aj #ab ,s\? ,c>ol9a #g #f #f #f #f #g ,georgia #b #b #b #b #b #b --- --- --- --- --- --- #aah #aab #aji #ajg #aje #abj ,!n ! bill rev]ses ! con/itutional precept1 because1 by x1 repres5tatives are n apportion$ among ! sev]al ,/ates1 accord+ to _! respective numb]s4 ,x w be said t1 ?\gh1 = taxes1 !re may always be f\nd a divisor :i* w apportion !m among ! ,/ates accord+ to numb]s exactly1 )\t leav+ any rema9d]1 yet1 = repres5tatives1 !re c be no su* common ratio1 or divisor1 :i*1 appli$ to ! sev]al numb]s1 w divide !m exactly1 )\t a rema9d] or fraction4 ,i answ]1 !n1 t taxes mu/ be divid$ exactly1 & repres5tatives z ne>ly z ! ne>e/ ratio w admit2 & ! fractions mu/ be neglect$1 because ! ,con/itution calls absolutely t !re be an apportionm5t or common ratio1 & if any fractions result f ! op]ation1 x has left !m unprovid$ =4 ,9 fact x c\ld n b =esee t su* fractions w\ld result1 & x meant to submit to !m4 ,x knew !y w\ld be 9 favor ( "o "p ( ! ,union at "o "t1 & ( ano!r at ano!r1 s z1 9 ! end1 to balance occasional irregul>ities4 ,b in/ead ( su* a s+le common ratio1 or uni=m divisor1 z prescrib$ by ! ,con/itution1 ! bill has appli$ two ratios1 at lea/1 to ! diff]5t ,/ates1 to wit1 t ( #cj1jbf to ! sev5 foll[+3 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,new ,york1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,m>yl&1 ,virg9ia1 ,k5tucky & ,georgia2 & t ( #bg1ggj to ! eight o!rs1 namely3 ,v]mont1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,massa*usetts1 ,connecticut1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,delaw>e1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 z foll[s3-- ,rhode ,isl& #fh1ddd divid$ by #cj1jbf gives #b ,new ,york #ceb1iae #aa ,p5nsylvania #dcb1hhj #ad ,m>yl& #bgh1eac #i ,virg9ia #fcj1eeh #ba ,k5tucky #eh1gje #b ,georgia #gj1hdc #b ,v]mont #he1ecb divid$ by #bg1ggj gives #c ,new ,hamp%ire #ada1hbc #e ,massa*usetts #dge1cbg #af ,connecticut #bce1ida #h ,new ,j]sey #agi1eef #f ,delaw>e #ee1ech #b ,nor? ,c>ol9a #cec1eba #ab ,s\? ,c>ol9a #bjf1bcf #g ,& if two ratios be appli$1 !n fifte5 may1 & ! di/ribution become arbitr>y1 in/ead ( be+ apportion$ to numb]s4 ,ano!r memb] ( ! clause ( ! ,con/itution :i* has be5 cit$1 says ! numb] ( repres5tatives %all n exce$ "o = e #cj1jjj1 b ea* ,/ate %all h at lea/ "o repres5tative4 ,?is la/ phrase proves t x _h no contemplation t all fractions1 or numb]s bel[ ! common ratio 7 to be unrepres5t$2 & x provides especially t 9 ! case ( a ,/ate ^: :ole numb] %all be bel[ ! common ratio1 "o repres5tative %all be giv5 to x4 ,?is is ! s+le in/ance :]e x all[s repres5tation to any small] numb] ?an ! common ratio1 & by provid+ especially = x 9 ?is1 %ews x 0 und]/ood t1 )\t special provision1 ! small] numb] w\ld 9 ?is case1 be involv$ 9 ! g5]al pr9ciple4 ,! fir/ phrase ( ! above citations1 t ! numb] ( repres5tatives %all n exce$ "o = e #cj1jjj1 is violat$ by ?is bill :i* has giv5 to eight ,/ates a numb] exce$+ "o = e #cj1jjj1 to wit1 "o = e #bg1ggj4 ,9 answ] to ?is1 x is said t ?is phrase may mean ei!r ! #cj1jjj 9 ea* ,/ate1 or ! #cj1jjj 9 ! :ole ,union1 & t 9 ! latt] case x s]ves only to f9d ! am\nt ( ! :ole repres5tation2 :i*1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( population1 is #abj memb]s4 ,suppose ! phrase might be> bo? mean+s1 :i* w common s5se apply to x8 ,:i* did ! univ]sal und]/&+ ( our c\ntry apply to x8 ,:i* did ! ,s5ate & ,repres5tatives apply to x dur+ ! p5d5cy ( ! fir/ bill1 & ev5 till an advanc$ /age ( ?is second bill1 :5 an +5i\s g5tleman f\nd out ! doctr9e ( fractions1 a doctr9e s difficult & inobvi\s1 z to be reject$ at fir/ sight by ! v p]sons :o aft]w>ds became its mo/ zeal\s advocates8 ,! phrase /&s 9 ! mid/ ( a numb] ( o!rs1 e "o ( :i* relates to ,/ates 9 _! sep>ate capacity4 ,w n pla9 common s5se !n1 und]/& x1 l ! re/ ( its context1 to relate to ,/ates 9 _! sep>ate capacities8 ,b if ! phrase ( "o = #cj1jjj is only meant to give ! aggregate ( repres5tatives1 & n at all to influ5ce _! apportionm5t among ! ,/ates1 !n ! #abj be+ once f\nd1 9 ord] to apportion !m1 we mu/ recur to ! =m] rule :i* does x accord+ to ! numb]s ( ! respective ,/ates2 & we mu/ take ! ne>e/ common divisor1 z ! ratio ( di/ribution1 t is to say1 t divisor :i*1 appli$ to e ,/ate1 gives to !m su* numb]s z1 add$ toge!r1 come ne>e/ to #abj4 ,?is ne>e/ common ratio w be f\nd to be #bh1feh1 & w di/ribute #aai ( ! #abj memb]s1 leav+ only a s+le residu>y "o4 ,x w be f\nd too to place #if1fdh fractional numb]s 9 ! eight nor!rnmo/ ,/ates1 & #ajf1ehb 9 ! sev5 s\!rnmo/4 ,! foll[+ table %[s x3 ,ratio1 #bh1feh ,fraction4 ------ ,v]mont #he1hcb #b #bg1haf ,new ,hamp%ire #ada1hbc #d #bf1cia ,massa*usetts #dge1cbg #af #ac1eii ,rhode ,isl& #fh1ddd #b #aj1gbh ,connecticut #bce1ida #h #e1jgg ,new ,york #ceb1iae #ab #f1fai ,new ,j]sey #aai1hef #f #f1djh ,p5nsylvania #dcb1hhj #ae #aj #if1fdh ,delaw>e #ee1ech #a #bf1fhj ,m>yl& #bgh1ejc #i #ah1aia ,virg9ia #fcj1eeh #ba #bd1edj ,k5tucky #fh1gje #b #aj1ihi ,nor? ,c>ol9a #cec1eba #ab #g1bbe ,s\? ,c>ol9a #bjf1bcf #g #d1bcj ,virg9ia #gj1hdc #b #bc1acg #aje1ehb --------- ---- ------- ------- #c1fcf1cab #aai #bjb1bcj #bjb1bcj ,:atev] may h be5 ! int5tion1 ! effect ( neglect+ ! ne>e/ divisor1 7:i* leaves b "o residu>y memb]17 & adopt+ a di/ant "o 7:i* leaves eight71 is m]ely to take a memb] f ,new ,york & ,p5nsylvania1 ea*1 & give !m to ,v]mont & ,new ,hamp%ire4 ,b x w be said1 ?is is giv+ m ?an "o = #cj1jjj4 ,true1 b has x n be5 j said t ! "o = #cj1jjj is prescrib$ only to fix ! aggregate numb]1 & t we are n to m9d x :5 we come to apportion !m among ! ,/ates8 ,t = ?is we mu/ recur to ! =m] rule :i* di/ributes !m accord+ to ! numb]s 9 ea* ,/ate8 ,besides does n ! bill itself apportion among sev5 ( ! ,/ates by ! ratio ( #bg1ggj8 :i* is mu* m ?an "o = #cj1jjj4 ,:]e a phrase is susceptible ( two mean+s1 we ought c]ta9ly to adopt t :i* w br+ ^u u ! fewe/ inconv5i5ces4 ,let u weigh ^? result+ f bo? con/ructions4 ,f t giv+ to ea* ,/ate a memb] = e #cj1jjj 9 t ,/ate results ! s+le inconv5i5ce t !re may be l>ge portions unrepres5t$1 b x be+ a m]e haz>d on :i* ,/ate ?is w fall1 haz>d w equalize x 9 ! long run4 ,f ! o!rs result exactly ! same inconv5i5ce4 ,a ?\s& cases may be imag9$ to prove x4 ,take "o4 ,suppose eight ( ! ,/ates _h #de1jjj inhabitants ea*1 & ! o!r sev5 #dd1iii ea*1 t is to say ea* "o less ?an ea* ( ! o!rs4 ,! aggregate w\ld be #fgd1iic1 & ! numb] ( repres5tatives at "o = #cj1jjj ( ! aggregate1 w\ld be #bb4 ,!n1 aft] giv+ "o memb] to ea* ,/ate1 di/ribute ! sev5 residu>y memb]s among ! sev5 highe/ fractions1 & ?\gh ! diff]5ce ( population be only an unit1 ! repres5tation w\ld be ! d\ble4 ,fractions4 #a/4 #de1jjj #b #ae1jjj #b;d4 #de1jjj #b #ae1jjj #c;d4 #de1jjj #b #ae1jjj #d?4 #de1jjj #b #ae1jjj #e?4 #de1jjj #b #ae1jjj #f?4 #de1jjj #b #ae1jjj #g?4 #de1jjj #b #ae1jjj #h?4 #de1jjj #a #ae1jjj #i?4 #dd1iii #a #ad1iii #aj?4 #dd1iii #a #ad1iii #aa?4 #dd1iii #a #ad1iii #ab?4 #dd1iii #a #ad1iii #ac?4 #dd1iii #a #ad1iii #ad?4 #dd1iii #a #ad1iii #ae?4 #ad1iii ------- -- #fgd1iic #bb ,"h a s+le inhabitant ! m w\ld c\nt z #cj1jjj4 ,nor is ?is case imag9able1 only x w resemble ! real "o :5ev] ! fractions happ5 to be pretty equal ?r\gh ! :ole ,/ates4 ,! numb]s ( our c5sus happ5 by accid5t to give ! fractions all v small1 or v great1 s z to produce ! /ronge/ case ( inequality t c\ld possibly h occurr$1 & :i* may nev] occur aga94 ,! probability is t ! fractions w g5]ally desc5d gradually f #bi1iii to #a4 ,! inconv5i5ce !n ( l>ge unrepres5t$ fractions att5ds bo? con/ructions2 & :ile ! mo/ obvi\s con/ruction is liable to no o!r1 t ( ! bill incurs _m & griev\s ones4 #a4 ,if y p]mit ! l>ge fraction 9 "o ,/ate to *oose a repres5tative = "o ( ! small fractions 9 ano!r ,/ate1 y take f ! latt] its election1 :i* con/itutes real repres5tation1 & sub/itute a virtual repres5tation ( ! disfran*is$ fractions1 & ! t5d5cy ( ! doctr9e ( virtual repres5tation has be5 too well discuss$ & appreciat$ by reason+ & resi/ance on a =m] great occasion to ne$ developm5t n[4 #b4 ,! bill does n say t x has giv5 ! residu>y repres5tatives to ! greate/ fraction2 ?\gh 9 fact x has done s4 ,x seems to h avoid$ e/abli%+ t into a rule1 le/ x might n suit on ano!r occasion4 ,p]haps x may be f\nd ! next "t m conv5i5t to di/ribute !m among ! small] ,/ates2 at ano!r "t among ! l>g] ,/ates2 at o!r times accord+ to any o!r crot*et :i* +5uity may inv5t1 & ! comb9ations ( ! day give /r5g? to c>ry2 or !y may d x arbitr>ily by op5 b>ga9s & cabal4 ,9 %ort ?is con/ruction introduces into ,congress a scramble1 or a v5due = ! surplus memb]s4 ,x g5]ates wa/e ( "t1 hot blood1 & may at "s "t1 :5 ! passions are high1 ext5d a disagreem5t betwe5 ! two ,h\ses1 to ! p]petual loss ( ! ?+1 z happ5s n[ 9 ! ,p5nsylvania assembly2 :]eas ! o!r con/ruction r$uces ! apportionm5t always to an ari?metical op]ation1 ab\t :i* no two m5 c ev] possibly diff]4 #c4 ,x leaves 9 full =ce ! violation ( ! precept :i* decl>es t repres5tatives %all be apportion$ among ! ,/ates accord+ to _! numb]s1 i4 e41 by "s common ratio4 ,view+ ?is bill ei!r z a violation ( ! con/itution1 or z giv+ an inconv5i5t exposition ( its words1 is x a case :]e9 ! ,presid5t ought to int]pose 8 negative8 ,i ?9k x is4 #a4 ,! non-us] ( 8 negative beg9s already to excite a belief t no ,presid5t w ev] v5ture to use x2 & has1 consequ5tly1 begott5 a desire to raise up b>ri]s 9 ! ,/ate legislatures aga9/ ,congress1 ?r[+ (f ! control ( ! con/itution4 #b4 ,x c nev] be us$ m pleas+ly to ! public1 ?an 9 ! protection ( ! con/itution4 #c4 ,no invasions ( ! con/itution are fundam5tally s dang]\s z ! tricks play$ on _! own numb]s1 apportionm5t1 & o!r circum/ances respect+ !mselves1 & affect+ _! legal qualifications to legislate = ! union4 #d4 ,! majorities by :i* ?is bill has be5 c>ri$ 7to wit3 ( "o 9 ! ,s5ate & two 9 ! ,repres5tatives7 %[ h[ divid$ ! op9ions 7 !re4 #e4 ,! :ole ( bo? h\ses admit ! con/itution w be> ! o!r exposition1 :]eas ! m9orities 9 bo? d5y x w be> t ( ! bill4 #f4 ,! application ( any "o ratio is intelligible to ! p1 & w1 !re=e be approv$1 :]eas ! complex op]ations ( ?is bill w nev] be compreh5d$ by !m1 & ?\gh !y may acquiesce1 !y _c approve :at !y d n und]/&4 ,,xxx4--,op9ion relative to a case ( recapture1 by citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ( slaves escap$ into ,florida1 & ( an ,am]ican capta9 entic+ ,fr5* slaves f ,/4 ,dom+o4 ,decemb] #c1 #agib4 ,compla9t has be5 made by ! ,repres5tatives ( ,spa9 t c]ta9 individuals ( ,georgia ent]$ ! ,/ate ( ,florida1 & )\t any application to ! ,gov]nm5t1 seiz$ & c>ri$ into ,georgia1 c]ta9 p]sons1 :om !y claim$ to be _! slaves4 ,?is aggression 0 ?\ght ! m (1 z !re exi/s a conv5tion betwe5 t gov]nm5t & ! ,unit$ ,/ates aga9/ receiv+ fugitive slaves4 ,! m9i/] ( ,france has compla9$ t ! ma/] ( an ,am]ican vessel1 :ile ly+ )9 a h>bor ( ,/4 ,dom+o1 hav+ entic$ "s negroes on bo>d 8 vessel1 "u pretext ( employm5t1 b\ght !m (f1 & sold !m 9 ,georgia z slaves4 #a4 ,has ! g5]al gov]nm5t cognizance ( ^! (f5ces8 #b4 ,if x has1 is any law already provid$ = try+ & puni%+ !m8 #a4 ,! ,con/itution says ,congress %all h p[] to lay & collect taxes1 duties1 impo/s1 & excises1 to pay ! debts c41 provide = ! common def5ce & g5]al welf>e ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,i d n consid] ?is clause z rea*+ ! po9t4 ,i suppose its mean+ to be1 t ,congress may collect taxes = ! purpose ( provid+ = ! g5]al welf>e1 9 ^? cases :]e9 ! ,con/itution emp[]s !m to act = ! g5]al welf>e4 ,to suppose t x 0 meant to give !m a di/9ct sub/antive p[]1 to d any act :i* might t5d to ! g5]al welf>e1 is to r5d] all ! enum]ations useless1 & to make _! p[]s unlimit$4 ,we mu/ seek ! p[] !re=e 9 "s o!r clause ( ! ,con/itution4 ,x says fur!r1 t ,congress %all h p[] to def9e & puni% piracies & felonies committ$ on ! high seas1 & (f5ces aga9/ ! law ( nations4 ,^! (f5ces 7 n committ$ on ! high seas1 & consequ5tly n )9 t bran* ( ! clause4 ,are !y aga9/ ! law ( nations1 tak5 z x may be 9 its :ole ext5t1 z f\nd$1 #a/1 9 nature2 #b;d1 usage2 #c;d1 conv5tion8 ,s mu* may be said 9 ! affirmative1 t ! legislators ought to s5d ! case be=e ! judici>y = discussion2 & ! r1 :5 x is consid]$ t unless ! (f5d]s c be puni%$ "u ?is clause1 !re is no o!r :i* goes directly to _! case1 & consequ5tly our peace ) =eign nations w be con/antly at ! discretion ( individuals4 #b4 ,h ! legislators s5t ?is "q be=e ! ,c\rts by any law already provid$8 ,! act ( #aghi1 *apt] #bj1 section #i1 says ! di/rict c\rts %all h cognizance concurr5t ) ! c\rts ( ! sev]al ,/ates1 or ! circuit c\rts1 ( all causes1 :]e an ali5 sues = a tort only1 9 violation ( ! law ( nations3 b :at if !re be no ali5 ^: int]e/ is su* z to support an action = ! tort8--:i* is precisely ! case ( ! aggression on ,florida4 ,if ! act 9 describ+ ! jurisdiction ( ! ,c\rts1 _h giv5 !m cognizance ( proce$+s by way ( indictm5t or in=mation aga9/ (f5d]s "u ! law ( nations1 = ! public wrong1 & on ! public behalf1 z well z to an individual = ! special tort1 x w\ld h be5 ! ?+ desir$4 ,! same act1 section #ac1 says1 ! ,supreme ,c\rt %all h exclusively all su* jurisdiction ( suits or proce$+s aga9/ ambassadors1 or o!r public m9i/]s1 or _! dome/ics or dome/ic s]vants1 z a c\rt ( law c h or ex]cise consi/5tly1 ) ! law ( nations4--,/ill ?is is n ! case1 no ambassador1 c41 be+ conc]n$ "h4 ,i f9d no?+ else 9 ! law applicable to ?is "q1 & !re=e presume ! case is /ill to be provid$ =1 & t ?is may be done by enl>g+ ! jurisdiction ( ! c\rts1 s t !y may su/a9 indictm5ts & in=mations on ! public behalf1 = (f5ces aga9/ ! law ( nations4 ,a note add$ by ,mr4 ,jeff]son at a lat] p]iod4 ,on fur!r exam9ation x does appe> t ! #aa? section ( ! judici>y act above cit$ gives to ! circuit c\rts exclusively1 cognizance ( all crimes & (f5ces cognizable "u ! au?ority ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & n o!rwise provid$ =4 ,?is removes ! difficulty1 h[ev]1 b "o /ep fur!r2--= que/ions !n arise1 #a/4 ,:at is ! peculi> "* ( ! (f5ce 9 "q2 to wit1 treason1 felony1 misdemeanor1 or trespass8 #b;d4 ,:at is its specific puni%m5t--capital or :at8 #c;d4 ,:5ce is ! v5ue to come8 ,,xxxi4--,report on ,assays at ! ,m9t1 communicat$ to ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 ,janu>y #h1 #agic4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 to :om 0 ref]r$1 by ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! resolution ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives ( ! #bi? ( ,novemb]1 #agib1 on ! subject ( exp]im5ts ( ,france1 ,engl&1 ,spa91 & ,portugal1 reports3 ,t assays & exp]im5ts h be51 accord+ly1 made at ! m9t1 by ! director1 & "u 8 c>e & inspection1 ( sundry gold & silv] co9s ( ,france1 ,engl&1 ,spa91 & ,portugal1 & ( ! quantity ( f9e gold & alloy 9 ea* ( !m1 & ! specific gravities ( ^? ( gold giv5 9 by ! director1 a copy ( :i*1 & ( ! lett] cov]+ x1 are conta9$ 9 ! pap]s m>k$ ,a & ,b4 ,a4 ,janu>y #g1 #agic4 ,,sir3--,i h1 h]e)1 enclos$ ! result ( our assays1 c41 ( ! co9s ( ,france1 ,engl&1 ,spa91 & ,portugal4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! exp]im5ts1 a v small s\rce ( error 0 detect$1 too late = ! pres5t occasion1 b :i* w be c>efully gu>d$ aga9/ 9 future4 ,i am1 ) ! mo/ p]fect e/eem1 y\r mo/ ob$i5t humble s]vant1 ,,david ,,ritt5h\se1 ,director ( ! ,m9t4 ,,?omas ,,jeff]son1 ,secret>y ( ,/ate4 ,b4 ,assay ( gold co9s4 ,9 #bd gra9s4 ,date ----------------------------- ,specific ,f9e gold4 ,alloy4 gravity4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- grs4 #cb pts4 grs4 #cb pts4 #agbf #ba #af #b #af #ag4dh #agcd #ba #ai #b #ac #ag4ch ,fr5* gu9eas1 #agdb #ba #bf #b #jf #ag4eh #agec #ba #jc #b #bi #ag4bc #agge #ba #bb #b #aj #ag4eg #aghf #ba #bb #b #aj #ag4ea ,d\ble d4 #aghi #ba #bb #b #aj #ag4ej #agij #ba #be #b #jg #ag4eg #aggf #ba #ba #b #aa #ag4ec #aghj #ba #jj #c #jj #ag4eg ,spani% pi/oles1 #aghf #ba #ah #b #ad #ag4fc #aghh #ba #jb #b #cj #ag4jj #agee #ba #bh #b #jd #ag4gh #aggg #ba #ca #b #ja #ag4ge #aghe #ba #cj #b #jb #ag4gh ,engli% gu9eas1 #aghh #ba #ca #b #ja #ag4gi #aghi #bb #jc #a #bi #ag4gh #agia #bb #ja #a #ca #ag4gd ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #agci #ba #ca #b #ja #ag4fc #aggj #bb #je #a #bg #ag4gh ,half johannes ( #aggf #bb #je #a #bg #ag4hg ,portugal1 #aghe #ba #cj #b #jb #ag4fh #aghh #ba #ca #b #ja #ag4gh ,silv] co9s4 ,9 #ab ounces4 ,date4 -------------------------------- ,f9e silv]4 ,alloy4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- oz4 dwts4 grs4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,engli% half-cr[n ( ,william ,,iii4 #aj #ai #ji #a #jj #ad ,engli% %ill+1 #aghg #aa #jj #jb #j #ai #ba ,fr5* cr[n1 #agia #aj #af #jj #a #jd #jj ,d4 half-cr[n1 #agci #aj #ag #jj #a #jc #jj ,d4 #agib #aj #af #ai #a #jc #je #aggb #aj #ae #je #a #jd #ai ,spani% doll> ( #aghb #aj #ad #jb #a #je #ba #agij #aj #ad #jj #a #jf #jj #agia #aj #ad #ba #a #je #jb ,,m9t1 ,janu>y #g1 #agic4 ,assay$ by ,mr4 ,david ,ott1 "u my inspection1 at ! m9t1 9 pursuance ( a resolution ( ,congress ( ,novemb] #bi1 #agib4 ,i h add$ ! specific gravity ( ea* piece ( gold co94 ,,david ,,ritt5h\se1 ,director ( ! ,m9t4 ,,xxxii4----,report on ! petition ( ,john ,rog]s1 relative to c]ta9 l&s on ! nor?-ea/ side ( ! ,t5nessee4 ,febru>y #af1 #agic4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 to :om 0 ref]r$1 by ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! petition ( ,john ,rog]s1 sett+ =?1 t z an (fic] ( ! ,/ate ( ,virg9ia1 dur+ ! la/ w>1 he became entitl$ to two ?\s& acres ( l&s on ! nor?-ea/ side ( ! ,t5nessee1 at its conflu5ce ) ! ,ohio1 & to two ?\s& f\r hundr$ acres 9 diff]5t p>cels1 betwe5 ! same riv] & ! ,mississippi1 all ( !m )9 ! =m] limit ( ,virg9ia1 :i* l&s 7 allott$ to him "u an act ( ! ,legislature ( ,virg9ia1 be=e its de$ ( cession to ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 t by ! treaty ( ,hopewell1 9 #aghf1 ! "p ( ! c\ntry compreh5d+ ^! l&s 0 c$$ to ! ,*ickasaw ,indians2 & pray+ comp5sation = ! same1 ,reports1 ,t ! portion ( c\ntry compreh5d+ ! said p>cels ( l&1 has be5 ev] und]/ood to be claim$1 & has c]ta9ly be5 us$1 by ! ,*ickasaw & ,*]okee ,indians = _! hunt+ gr\nds4 ,! ,*ickasaws hold+ exclusively f ! ,mississippi to ! ,t5nessee1 & ext5d+ _! claim across t riv]1 ea/w>dly1 into ! claims ( ! ,*]okees1 _! cont]m9\s neighbors4 ,t ! gov]nm5t ( ,virg9ia 0 s well appriz$ ( ! rights ( ! ,*ickasaws to a portion ( c\ntry )9 ! limit ( t ,/ate1 t ab\t ! ye> #aghj1 !y in/ruct$ _! ag5t1 resid+ ) ! s\!rn ,indians1 to avail himself ( ! fir/ opportunity :i* %\ld (f]1 to pur*ase ! same f !m1 & t1 !re=e1 any act ( t ,legislature allott+ ^! l&s to _! (fic]s & soldi]s mu/ probably h be5 pass$ on ! supposition1 t a pur*ase ( ! ,indian "r c\ld be made1 :i* pur*ase1 h[ev]1 has nev] be5 made4 ,t1 at ! treaty ( ,hopewell1 ! true b\nd>y betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates on ! "o "p1 & ! ,*]okees & ,*ickasaws on ! o!r1 0 exam9$ into & ackn[l$g$1 & by cons5t ( all p>ties1 ! unsettl$ limits betwe5 ! ,*]okees & ,*ickasaws 7 at ! same "t asc]ta9$1 & 9 t "p p>ticul>ly1 7 decl>$ to be ! highl&s divid+ ! wat]s ( ! ,cumb]l& & ,t5nessee1 :]eby ! :ole ( ! petition]'s locations 7 f\nd to be 9 ! ,*ickasaw c\ntry4 ,t ! "r ( occupation ( ! ,*]okees & ,*ickasaws 9 ?is portion ( ! c\ntry1 hav+ nev] be5 obta9$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or ^? "u :om !y claim x1 _c be said to h be5 c$$ by !m at ! treaty ( ,hopewell1 b only recogniz$ z belong+ to ! ,*ickasaws1 & reta9$ to !m4 ,t ! c\ntry s\? ( ! ,ohio 0 =m]ly conte/$ betwe5 ! ,six ,nations & ! s\!rn ,indians = hunt+ gr\nds4 ,t ! ,six ,nations sold = a valuable consid]ation to ! !n gov]nm5t _! "r to t c\ntry1 describ+ x z ext5d+ f ! m\? ( ! ,t5nessee upw>ds4 ,t no evid5ce c at ?is "t & place be procur$1 z to ! "r ( ! s\!rn ,indians1 t is to say1 ! ,*]okees & ,*ickasaws1 to ! same c\ntry2 b x is believ$ t !y volunt>ily )drew _! claims )9 ! ,cumb]l& riv]1 reta9+ _! "r s f>1 :i* consequ5tly c\ld n be convey$ f !m1 or to u1 by ! act ( ! ,six ,nations1 unless x be prov$ t ! ,six ,nations _h acquir$ a "r to ! c\ntry betwe5 ! ,cumb]l& & ,t5nessee riv]s by conque/ ov] ! ,*]okees & ,*ickasaws1 :i* x is believ$ _c be prov$4 ,t1 !re=e1 ! locations ( ! petition] mu/ be consid]$ z made )9 ! ,indian t]ritory1 & insusceptible ( be+ r$uc$ into 8 possession1 till ! ,indian "r be pur*as$4 ,t ?is places him on ! same foot+ ) ,*>les ,russell & o!rs1 (fic]s ( ! same ,/ate1 :o _h locat$ _! b\nty l&s 9 l mann]1 )9 ! ,*ickasaw l9es1 ^: case 0 laid be=e ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ! la/ session1 & rema9s undecid$ on2 & t ! same & no o!r measure %\ld be dealt to ?is petition] :i* %all be provid$ = !m4 ,,xxxiii4--,report relative to ! ,b\nd>ies ( ! ,l&s betwe5 ! ,ohio & ! ,lakes acquir$ by treaties f ! ,indians4 ,m>* #aj1 #agic4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 accord+ to in/ructions receiv$ f ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,reports1 ,t1 = ! in=mation ( ! commission]s appo9t$ to treat ) ! we/]n ,indians1 he has exam9$ ! sev]al treaties ent]$ into ) !m subsequ5t to ! decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 & relat+ to ! l&s betwe5 ! ,ohio & ! lakes1 & also ! ext5t ( ! grants1 res]vations1 & appropriations ( ! same l&s1 made ei!r by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or by individual ,/ates )9 ! same p]iod1 & f9ds t ! l&s obta9$ by ! said treaties1 & n s grant$1 res]v$1 or appropriat$1 are b\nd$ by ! foll[+ l9es1 to wit3 ,nor?w>dly4 ,by a l9e runn+ f ! =k ( ! ,tusc>ora's bran* ( ! ,musk+um1 at ! cross+-place above ,=t ,lawr5ce4 ,we/w>dly 7t[>ds ! portage ( ! ,big-,miami7 to ! ma9 bran* ( t riv]1 !n d[n ! ,miami1 to ! =k ( t riv] next bel[ ! old =t1 :i* 0 tak5 by ! ,fr5* 9 #ageb1 !nce due we/ to ! riv] ,de la ,panse1 & d[n t riv] to ! ,waba%2 :i* l9es 7 e/abli%$ ) ! ,wi&ots1 ,delaw>es1 ,*ippawas1 & ,ottawas1 by ! treaty ( ,=t ,mc,intosh1 & ) ! ,%awanese by t ( ! ,great ,miami4 ,we/w>dly4 ,by ! b\nds ( ! ,waba% ,indians4 ,ea/w>dly4 ,by ! million ( acres appropriat$ to milit>y claimants1 by ! resolution ( ,congress ( ,octob] #bc1 #aghg1 & ly+ 9 ! angle betwe5 ! sev5? range ( t[n%ips c\nt$ we/w>dly1 f ! ,p5nsylvania b\nd>y1 & ! t5? range c\nt$ f ! ,ohio nor?w>dly along ! said sev5?1 :i* million ( acres may p]haps ext5d we/w>dly1 s z to compreh5d ! twelf? range ( t[n%ips1 c\nt$ 9 t direction f ! ,p5nsylvania b\nd>y1 "u :i* view ! said twelf? range may be assum$ = ! ea/]n b\nd>y ( ! t]ritory n[ "u consid]ation1 f ! said t5? range to ! ,indian l9e4 ,s\?w>dly4 ,by ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ! said t5? range ( t[n%ips to ! ,sioto riv]1 & along ! said riv] to :at %all be ! nor!rn limits ( ! appropriations = ! ,virg9ia l9e2 7:i* two la/ l9es are ^? ( ! l&s grant$ to ! ,sioto company17 !nce along :at %all be ! nor!rn limits ( ! said appropriations ( ! ,virg9ia l9e to ! little ,miami1 & along ! same to :at %all be ! nor!rn limit ( "o million ( acres ( l& pur*as$ by ,john ,c4 ,symmes2 !nce due we/ along ! said nor!rn limit ( ! said ,john ,c4 ,symmes1 to ! ,great ,miami1 & d[n ! same to its m\?1 !n along ! ,ohio to ,g5]al ,cl>k's l&s1 & r\nd ! said l&s to ! ,ohio aga91 & d[n ! same to ! ,waba%1 or ! l&s ( ! ,indians inhabit+ x4 ,:i* sev]al l9es are del9eat$ on ! copy ( ,hut*9s' map accompany+ ?is report2 ! dott$ p>ts ( ! del9eation d5ot+ t !y are conjectural4 ,& x is fur!r necess>y to apprize ! commission]s t ?\gh ! po9ts at :i* ^! sev]al l9es t\*es ! ,ohio1 are tak5 f actual surveys1 yet ! c\ntry includ$ by ! said l9es1 n be+ laid d[n f actual survey1 _! l5g?s & int]sections ) ea* o!r1 & ) ! wat]c\rses1 z appe>+ 9 ! maps1 are n at all to be reli$ on4 ,no notice is "h tak5 ( ! l&s at ! m\? ( ! ,ohio appropriat$ = milit>y b\nties by ! same resolution ( ,congress ( ,octob] #bb1 #aghg1 nor ( ! settlem5t ( ,cahokea1 ,kaskaskia1 ,po/ ,v9c5nes1 c41 because ^! c conc]n no ,indians b ^? ( ! ,ill9ois & ,waba%1 ^: int]e/s %\ld be transact$ ) !mselves sep>ately1 & n be p]mitt$ to be plac$ "u ! patronage ( ! we/]n ,indians4 ,,xxxiv4--,report on ! proce$+s ( ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate to transf] to ,europe ! annual fund ( #dj1jjj1 appropriat$ to t ,dep>tm5t4 ,april #ah1 #agic4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate ?9k+ x 8 duty to communicate to ! ,presid5t 8 proce$+s ( ! pres5t ye> = transf]r+ to ,europe ! annual fund ( #dj1jjj appropriat$ to ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,/ate1 7a report :]e(1 0 unnecess>y ! two =m] ye>s1 z monies already 9 ! h&s ( our bank]s 9 ,europe 7 put "u 8 ord]s17 ,reports1 ,t 9 consequ5ce ( ! ,presid5t's ord] ( ,m>* #bc;d1 he receiv$ f ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1 ,m>* #ca/1 a w>rant on ! ,treasur] = #ci1ejj2 t x be+ necess>y to pur*ase private bills ( ex*ange to transf] ! money to ,europe1 he consult$ ) p]sons acqua9t$ ) t bus9ess1 :o advis$ him n to let x be kn[n t he 0 to pur*ase bills at all1 z x w\ld raise ! ex*ange2 & to def] ! pur*ase a few days until ! ,briti% packet %\ld be gone1 on :i* ev5t bills g5]ally sunk "s few p] c5t4 ,he !re=e def]r$ ! pur*ase1 or giv+ any ord]s = x till ,april #aj?1 :5 he engag$ ,mr4 ,vaughan 7^: l9e ( bus9ess enabl$ him to d x )\t suspicion17 to make ! pur*ase = him4 ,he !n deliv]$ ! w>rant to ! ,treasur]1 & receiv$ a cr$it at ! ,bank ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = #ci1ejj1 :]eon he _h an acc\nt op5$ betwe5 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,/ate & ! ,bank ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,t ,mr4 ,vaughan procur$ = him ! next day ! foll[+ bills3 ,will+1 ,morris1 & ,swanwi*1 on ,john & ,francis ,b>+ ,co41 ,london1 #c1jjjac1jjj4 ,walt] ,/ew>t on ,joseph ,bir*1 ,m>*1 ,liv]pool1 #djja1gcc #cc4 ,rob]t ,gilm] ,co41 on ,james ,/ra*an & ,james ,mack5zie1 ,london1 endors$ by ,mordecai ,lewis4 #bjj #aej #fjj #b1fjj #bej -------------------- #d1jjj #ag1ccc #cc4 ,av]ag+ #ds4 #g-ch_/ajj;d4 ! doll>1 or ab\t #b p] c5t4 above p>1 :i* add$ to ! "o p] c5t loss h]et(ore always su/a9$ on ! gov]nm5t bills 7:i* all[$ b #ii flor9s1 in/ead ( #ajj d4 = e #dj7 w r5d] ! fund some:at l>g] ?is ye> ?an h]et(ore2 t ^! bills be+ drawn on ,london1 7= none c\ld be got on ,am/]dam b to consid]able loss1 add$ to ! risk ( ! pres5t possible situation ( t place71 he _h !m made payable to ,mr4 ,p9ckney1 & enclos$ !m to him by ,capta9 ,cutt+1 9 ! lett] ( ,april #ab?1 n[ communicat$ to ! ,presid5t1 & at ! same "t wrote ! lett]s ( ! same date to our bank]s at ,am/]dam & to ,col4 ,humphreys1 n[ also communicat$ to ! ,presid5t1 :i* w place "u 8 view ! foot+ on :i* ?is bus9ess is put1 & :i* is /ill subject to any *ange he may ?9k prop] to direct1 z nei!r ! lett]s1 nor bills are yet gone4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate proposes1 h]eaft]1 to remit 9 ! c\rse ( ea* qu>t] #aj1jjj = ! ensu+ qu>t]1 z t w enable him to take advantage ( ! times :5 ex*ange is l[4 ,he proposes to direct1 at ?is "t1 a fur!r pur*ase ( #ab1aff #ff1 7:i* ) ! #ejj =m]ly obta9$ & #ag1ccc #cc n[ remitt$1 w make #cj1jjj ( ?is ye>'s fund17 at long sight1 :i* circum/ance ) ! pres5t l[ rate ( ex*ange1 w enable him to remit x to advantage4 ,he has only fur!r to add t he deliv]$ to ,mr4 ,vaughan ord]s on ! bank ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 favor ( ! p]sons !mselves f :om ! bills 7 pur*as$1 = _! respective sums4 ,,xxxv4--,op9ion on ! "q :e!r ! ,unit$ ,/ates h a "r to r5\nce _! treaties ) ,france1 or to hold !m susp5d$ till ! gov]nm5t ( t c\ntry %all be e/abli%$4 ,april #bh1 #agic4 ,i proce$ 9 compliance ) ! requisition ( ! ,presid5t to give an op9ion 9 writ+ on ! g5]al "q1 :e!r ! ,unit$ ,/ates h a "r to r5\nce _! treaties ) ,france1 or to hold !m susp5d$ till ! gov]nm5t ( t c\ntry %all be e/abli%$8 ,9 ! consultation at ! ,presid5t's on ! #ai? in/41 ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury took ! foll[+ positions & consequ5ces4 ,france 0 a mon>*y :5 we ent]$ into treaties ) x2 b x has decl>$ itself a republic1 & is prep>+ a republican =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,z x may issue 9 a republic or a milit>y despotism1 or some?+ else :i* may possibly r5d] our alliance ) x dang]\s to ourselves1 we h a "r ( election to r5\nce ! treaty altoge!r1 or to decl>e x susp5d$ till _! gov]nm5t %all be settl$ 9 ! =m x is ultimately to take2 & !n we may judge :e!r we w call ! treaties into op]ation aga91 or decl>e !m =ev] null4 ,hav+ t "r ( election1 n[1 if we receive _! m9i/] )\t any qualifications1 x w am\nt to an act ( election to cont9ue ! treaties2 & if ! *ange !y are und]go+ %\ld issue 9 a =m :i* %\ld br+ dang] on u1 we %all n be !n free to r5\nce !m4 ,to elect to cont9ue !m is equival5t to ! mak+ a new treaty1 at ?is "t1 9 ! same =m1 t is to say1 ) a clause ( gu>antee2 b to make a treaty ) a clause ( gu>antee1 dur+ a w>1 is a dep>ture f neutrality1 & w\ld make u associates 9 ! w>4 ,to r5\nce or susp5d ! treaties1 !re=e1 is a necess>y act ( neutrality4 ,if ,i d n subscribe to ! s\ndness ( ?is reason+1 ,i d mo/ fully to its +5uity4 ,i %all n[ lay d[n ! pr9ciples :i*1 accord+ to my und]/&+1 gov]n ! case4 ,i consid] ! p :o con/itute a society or nation z ! s\rce ( all au?ority 9 t nation2 z free to transact _! common conc]ns by any ag5ts !y ?9k prop]2 to *ange ^! ag5ts individually1 or ! organization ( !m 9 =m or function :5ev] !y please2 t all ! acts done by ^! ag5ts "u ! au?ority ( ! nation1 are ! acts ( ! nation1 are obligatory to !m & enure to _! use1 & c 9 no wise be annull$ or affect$ by any *ange 9 ! =m ( ! gov]nm5t1 or ( ! p]sons adm9i/]+ x1 consequ5tly ! treaties betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,france1 7 n treaties betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,l\is ,capet1 b betwe5 ! two nations ( ,am]ica & ,france2 & ! nations rema9+ 9 exi/5ce1 ?\gh bo? ( !m h s9ce *ang$ _! =ms ( gov]nm5t1 ! treaties are n annull$ by ^! *anges4 ,! law ( nations1 by :i* ?is "q is to be det]m9$1 is compos$ ( ?ree bran*es4 #a4 ,! moral law ( our nature4 #b4 ,! usages ( nations4 #c4 ,_! special conv5tions4 ,! fir/ ( ^! only conc]ns ?is "q1 t is to say ! moral law to :i* man has be5 subject$ by 8 creator1 & ( :i* 8 feel+s or consci5ce1 z x is sometimes call$1 are ! evid5ce ) :i* 8 creator has furni%$ him4 ,! moral duties :i* exi/ betwe5 individual & individual 9 a /ate ( nature1 accompany !m into a /ate ( society1 & ! aggregate ( ! duties ( all ! individuals compos+ ! society con/itutes ! duties ( t society t[>ds any o!r2 s t betwe5 society & society ! same moral duties exi/ z did betwe5 ! individuals compos+ !m1 :ile 9 an unassociat$ /ate1 & _! mak] n hav+ releas$ !m f ^? duties on _! =m+ !mselves into a nation4 ,compacts !n1 betwe5 nation & nation1 are obligatory on !m by ! same moral law :i* obliges individuals to obs]ve _! compacts4 ,!re are circum/ances1 h[ev]1 :i* sometimes excuse ! non-p]=mance ( contracts betwe5 man & man2 s are !re also betwe5 nation & nation4 ,:5 p]=mance1 = in/ance1 becomes impossible1 non-p]=mance is n immoral2 s if p]=mance becomes self-de/ructive to ! p>ty1 ! law ( self-pres]vation ov]rules ! laws ( obligation 9 o!rs4 ,= ! reality ( ^! pr9ciples ,i appeal to ! true f\nta9s ( evid5ce1 ! head & he>t ( e rational & hone/ man4 ,x is !re nature has writt5 h] moral laws1 & :]e e man may read !m = himself4 ,he w nev] read !re ! p]mission to annul 8 obligations = a "t1 or =ev]1 :5ev] !y become dang]\s1 useless1 or disagreeable2 c]ta9ly n :5 m]ely useless or disagreeable1 z seems to be said 9 an au?ority :i* has be5 quot$1 7,vattel1 p4 #b1 #aig7 & ?\gh he may1 "u c]ta9 degrees ( dang]1 yet ! dang] mu/ be imm95t1 & ! degree great4 ,( ^!1 x is true1 t nations are to be judges = !mselves2 s9ce no "o nation has a "r to sit 9 judgm5t ov] ano!r1 b ! tribunal ( our consci5ces rema9s1 & t also ( ! op9ion ( ! _w4 ,^! w revise ! s5t5ce we pass 9 our own case1 & z we respect ^!1 we mu/ see t 9 judg+ ourselves we h hone/ly done ! "p ( imp>tial & rigor\s judges4 ,b reason :i* gives ?is "r ( self-lib]ation f a contract 9 c]ta9 cases1 has subject$ x to c]ta9 j limitations4 ,i4 ,! dang] :i* absolves u mu/ be great1 inevitable & imm95t4 ,is su* ! "* ( t n[ appreh5d$ f our treaties ) ,france8 ,:at is t dang]8 #a/4 ,is x t if _! gov]nm5t issues 9 a milit>y despotism1 an alliance ) !m may ta9t u ) despotic pr9ciples8 ,b _! gov]nm5t :5 we alli$ ourselves to x1 0 p]fect despotism1 civil1 & milit>y1 yet ! treaties 7 made 9 t v /ate ( ?+s1 &1 !re=e1 t dang] c furni% no j cause4 #b;d4 ,is x t _! gov]nm5t may issue 9 a republic1 & too mu* /r5g!n our republican pr9ciples8 ,b ?is is ! hope ( ! great mass ( our con/itu5ts1 & n _! dread4 ,!y d n look ) long+ to ! happy mean ( a limit$ mon>*y4 #c;d4 ,b1 says ! doctr9e ,i am combatt+1 ! *ange ! ,fr5* are und]go+1 may possibly end 9 some?+ we "k n :at1 & may br+ on u dang] we "k n :5ce4 ,9 %ort1 x may end 9 a ,raw-head & bloody bones 9 ! d>k4 ,v well--let ,raw-head & bloody bones come4 ,we %all be ju/ifi$ 9 mak+ our peace ) him by r5\nc+ our anci5t fri5ds & 8 enemies2 = obs]ve1 x is n ! possibility ( dang] :i* absolves a p>ty f 8 contract = t possibility always exi/s1 & 9 e case4 ,x exi/$ 9 ! pres5t "o1 at ! mom5t ( mak+ ! contract4 ,if possibilities w\ld void contracts1 !re nev] c\ld be a valid contract1 = possibilities hang ov] ev]y?+4 ,obligation is n susp5d$ till ! dang] is become real1 & ! mom5t ( x s imm95t1 t we c no long] avoid decision )\t =ev] los+ ! opportunity to d x4 ,b c a dang] :i* has n yet tak5 its %ape1 :i* does n yet exi/1 & nev] may exi/ :i* _c !re=e be def9$--c su* a dang]1 ,i ask1 be s imm95t t if we fail to pron\nce on x 9 ?is mom5t1 we c nev] h ano!r opportunity ( do+ x8 #d4 ,z to ! dang] appreh5d$1 ,is x t 7! treaties rema9+ valid7 ! clause gu>antee+ _! ,we/ ,indian l&s w engage u 9 ! w>8 ,b does ! gu>antee engage u to ent] into ! w> on any ev5t8 ,are we to ent] into x be=e we are call$ on by our allies8 ,h we be5 call$ on by !m8 ,%all we ev] be call$ on8 ,is x _! int]e/ to call on u8 ,c !y call on u be=e _! isl&s are invad$1 or imm$iately ?reat5$8 ,if !y c save !m !mselves1 h !y a "r to call on u8 ,are we oblig$ to g to w> at once1 )\t try+ peaceable negotiations ) _! enemy8 ,if all ^! que/ions are aga9/ u1 !re are /ill o!rs left beh9d4 ,are we 9 a condition to g to w>8 ,c we be expect$ to beg9 be=e we are 9 condition8 ,w ! isl&s be lo/ if we d n save !m8 ,h we ! means ( sav+ !m8 ,if we _c save !m1 are we b\nd to g to w> = a desp]ate object8 ,_m1 if n mo/ ( ^! que/ions (f] gr\nds ( d\bt :e!r ! clause ( gu>antee w draw u into ! w>4 ,consequ5tly1 if ?is be dang] appreh5d$1 x is n yet c]ta9 en\gh to au?orize u 9 s\nd morality to decl>e1 at ?is mom5t1 ! treaties null4 #e4 ,is dang] appreh5d$ f ! #ag? article ( ! treaty ( comm]ce1 :i* admits ,fr5* %ips ( w> & private]s to come & g freely1 ) prizes made on _! enemies1 :ile _! enemies are n to h ! same privilege ) prizes made on ! ,fr5*8 ,b ,holl& & ,prussia h approv$ ( ?is article 9 our treaty ) ,france1 by subscrib+ to an express salvo ( x 9 our treaties ) !m4 7,dut* treaty #bb1 conv5tion #f4 ,prussian treaty #ai47 ,& ,engl&1 9 h] la/ treaty ) ,france1 7,art4 #dj17 has ent]$ into ! same /ipulation v]batim1 & plac$ u 9 h] ports on ! same foot+ 9 :i* %e is 9 ours1 9 case ( a w> ( ei!r ( u ) ,france4 ,if we are engag$ 9 su* a w>1 ,engl& mu/ receive prizes made on u by ! ,fr5*1 & exclude ^? made on ! ,fr5* by u4 ,nay1 fur!r2 9 ?is v article ( h] treaty ) ,france1 is a salvo ( any simil> article 9 any ant]ior treaty ( ei!r p>ty2 & ours ) ,france be+ ant]ior1 ?is salvo confirms x expressly4 ,nei!r ( ^! ?ree p[]s1 !n1 h a "r to compla9 ( ?is article 9 our treaty4 #f4 ,is ! dang] appreh5d$ f ! #bb;d article ( our treaty ( comm]ce1 :i* prohibits ! enemies ( ,france f fitt+ out private]s 9 our po/s1 or sell+ _! prizes "h2 b we are free to refuse ! same ?+ to ,france1 !re be+ no /ipulation to ! contr>y2 & we ought to refuse x on pr9ciples ( fair neutrality4 #g4 ,b ! reception ( a m9i/] f ! republic ( ,france1 )\t qualifications1 x is ?\ght1 w br+ u into dang]2 because ?is1 x is said1 w det]m9e ! cont9uance ( ! treaty1 & take f u ! "r ( self-lib]ation1 :5 at any "t h]eaft] our safety w\ld require u to use x4 ,! reception ( ! m9i/] at all1 79 favor ( :i* ,colonel ,hamilton has giv5 8 op9ion1 ?\gh reluctantly1 z he confess$17 is an ackn[l$gm5t ( ! legitimacy ( _! gov]nm5t2 & if ! qualifications m$itat$ are to d5y t legitimacy1 x w be a curi\s comp\nd :i* is to admit & to d5y ! same ?+4 ,b ,i d5y t ! reception ( a m9i/] has any ?+ to d ) ! treaties4 ,!re is n a ^w 9 ei!r ( !m ab\t s5d+ m9i/]s4 ,?is has be5 done betwe5 u "u ! common usage ( nations1 & c h no effect ei!r to cont9ue or annul ! treaties4 ,b h[ c any act ( election h ! effect to cont9ue a treaty :i* is ackn[l$g$ to be go+ on /ill8--= x 0 n pret5d$ ! treaty 0 void1 b only voidable if we *oose to decl>e x s4 ,to make x void1 w\ld require an act ( election1 b to let x g on1 requires only t we %\ld d no?+2 & do+ no?+ c h>dly be an infraction ( peace or neutrality4 ,b ,i g fur!r & d5y t ! mo/ explicit decl>ation made at ?is mom5t t we ackn[l$ge ! obligation ( ! treaties1 c\ld take f u ! "r ( non-compliance at any future "t1 :5 compliance w\ld involve u 9 great & inevitable dang]4 ,i conclude1 !n1 t few ( ^! s\rces ?reat5 any dang] at all2 & f none ( !m is x inevitable2 & consequ5tly1 none ( !m give u ! "r at ?is mom5t ( releas+ ourselves f our treaties4 ,,ii4 ,a second limitation on our "r ( releas+ ourselves1 is t we are to d x f s mu* ( ! treaties only z is br++ great & inevitable dang] on u1 & n f ! residue1 all[+ ! o!r p>ty a "r at ! same "t1 to det]m9e :e!r on our non-compliance ) t "p1 !y w decl>e ! :ole void4 ,?is "r !y w\ld h1 b we %\ld n4 ,vattel1 #b4 #bjb4 ,! only "p ( ! treaty :i* c really lead u into dang]1 is ! clause ( gu>antee4 ,t clause is all t we c\ld susp5d 9 any case1 & ! residue w rema9 or n at ! w ( ! o!r p>ty4 ,,iii4 ,a ?ird limitation is t :5 a p>ty f necessity or dang] )holds compliance ) "p ( a treaty1 x is b\nd to make comp5sation :]e ! nature ( ! case admits & does n disp5se ) x4 #b ,vattel1 #cbd4 ,wolf1 #bgj4 #ddc4 ,if actual circum/ances excuse u f ent]+ into ! w> "u ! clause ( gu>antee1 x w be a "q :e!r !y excuse u f comp5sation4 ,our weight 9 ! w> admits ( an e/imate2 & t e/imate w\ld =m ! measure ( comp5sation4 ,if1 9 )hold+ a compliance ) any "p ( ! treaties we d x )\t j cause or comp5sation1 we give to ,france a cause ( w>1 & s become associat$ 9 x on ! o!r side4 ,an injur$ fri5d is ! bitt]e/ ( foes1 & ,france has n discov]$ ei!r timidity1 or ov]-mu* =be>ance on ! late occasions4 ,is ?is ! position we wi% to take = our con/itu5ts8 ,x is c]ta9ly n ! "o !y w\ld take = !mselves4 ,i w proce$ n[ to exam9e ! pr9cipal au?ority :i* has be5 reli$ on = e/abli%+ ! "r ( self-lib]ation2 because ?\gh j 9 "p1 x w\ld lead u f> beyond ju/ice1 if tak5 9 all ! latitude ( :i* 8 expressions w\ld admit4 ,que/ions ( natural "r are triable by _! con=mity ) ! moral s5se & reason ( man4 ,^? :o write treatises ( natural law1 c only decl>e :at _! own moral s5se & reason dictate 9 ! sev]al cases !y /ate4 ,su* ( !m z happ5 to h feel+s & a reason co9cid5t ) ^? ( ! wise & hone/ "p ( mank9d1 are respect$ & quot$ z witnesses ( :at is morally "r or wrong 9 p>ticul> cases4 ,grotius1 ,puff5dorf1 ,wolf1 & ,vattel are ( ?is numb]4 ,:]e !y agree _! au?ority is /rong2 b :]e !y diff]1 7& !y (t5 diff]17 we mu/ appeal to our own feel+s & reason to decide betwe5 !m4 ,! passages 9 "q %all be trac$ ?r\gh all ^! writ]s2 t we may see :]e9 !y concur1 & :]e t concurr5ce is want+4 ,x %all be quot$ f !m 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y wrote1 t is to say1 f ,grotius fir/1 z be+ ! e>lie/ writ]1 ,puff5dorf next1 !n ,wolf1 & la/ly ,vattel1 z late/ 9 "t4 ,,grotius #b4 #af4 #af4 ,hi!r mu/ be ref]r$ ! common "q conc]n+ p]sonal & real treaties4 ,if inde$ x be ) a free p1 !re c be no d\bt b t ! engagem5t is 9 its nature real1 because ! subject is a p]man5t ?+1 & ev5 ?\gh ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,/ate be *ang$ into a k+dom1 ! treaty rema9s2 because ! same body rema9s ?\gh ! head is *ang$2 & z x 0 be=e n[1 ! gov]nm5t :i* is ex]cis$ by a k+ does n cease to be ! gov]nm5t ( ! p4 ,!re is an exception :5 ! object seems peculi> to ! gov]nm5t1 z if free cities contract a league = ! def5ce ( _! fre$om4 ,,puff5dorf #h4 #i4 #f4 ,x is c]ta9 t e alliance made ) a republic is real 9 its nature1 & cont9ues consequ5tly to ! t]ms agre$ on by ! treaty1 al?\gh ! magi/rates :o conclud$ x be dead be=e1 s t ! =m ( gov]nm5t is *ang$ ev5 f a democracy to a mon>*y1 = 9 ?is case ! p d n cease to be ! same1 & ! k+1 9 ! case suppos$1 be+ e/abli%$ by ! cons5t ( ! p :o aboli%$ ! republican gov]nm5t1 is und]/ood to accept ! cr[n ) all ! engagem5ts :i* ! p confess+ x _h contract$ z be+ free & gov]n+ !mselves4 ,!re mu/ nev]!less be an exception ( ! alliances contract$ ) a view to pres]ve ! pres5t gov]nm5t2 z if two republics league = mutual def5ce aga9/ ^? :o w\ld und]take to invade _! lib]ty2 = if "o ( ^! two p cons5t aft]w>ds volunt>ily to *ange ! =m ( ! gov]nm5t1 ! alliance ends ( itself1 because ! reason on :i* x 0 f\nd$ no long] subsi/s4 ,,wolf #aadf4 ,! alliance :i* is made ) a free p1 or ) a popul> gov]nm5t1 is a real alliance2 & z :5 ! =m ( gov]nm5t *anges1 ! p rema9 ! same 7= x is ! association :i* =ms ! p1 & n ! mann] ( adm9i/]+ ! gov]nm5t74 ,?is alliance subsi/s1 ?\gh ! =m ( gov]nm5t *anges1 unless1 z is evid5t1 ! reason ( ! alliance 0 p>ticul> to ! popul> /ate4 ,,vattel #b4 #aig4 ,! same "q pres5ts itself 9 real alliances1 & 9 g5]al on e alliance made ) a ,/ate1 & n 9 p>ticul> ) a k+ = ! def5ce ( 8 p]son4 ,we ought1 )\t d\bt1 to def5d our ally aga9/ all invasion1 aga9/ all =eign viol5ce1 & ev5 aga9/ rebel subjects4 ,we ought1 9 l mann]1 to def5d a republic aga9/ ! ent]prises ( an oppressor ( ! public lib]ty4 ,b we ought to recollect t we are ! ally ( ! /ate or ( ! nation1 & n its judge4 ,if ! nation has depos$ its k+ 9 =m2 if ! p ( a republic h driv5 away its magi/rates1 & h e/abli%$ !mselves free1 or if !y h ackn[l$g$ ! au?ority ( an usurp]1 :e!r expressly or tacitly1 to oppose ^! dome/ic arrangem5ts--to conte/ _! ju/ice or validity--w\ld be to m$dle ) ! gov]nm5t ( ! nation1 & to d x an injury4 ,! ally rema9s ! ally ( ! /ate1 not)/&+ ! *ange :i* has tak5 place2 b if ?is *ange r5d]s ! alliance useless1 dang]\s1 or disagreeable to x1 x is free to r5\nce x2 = x may say ) tru?1 t x w\ld n h alli$ itself ) ?is nation1 if x _h be5 "u ! pres5t =m ( its gov]nm5t4 ,! doctr9e !n ( ,grotius1 ,puff5dorf1 & ,wolf is1 t treaties rema9 obligatory1 not)/&+ any *ange 9 ! =m ( gov]nm5t1 except 9 ! s+le case1 :]e ! pres]vation ( t =m 0 ! object ( ! treaty2 !re ! treaty ext+ui%es1 n by ! election or decl>ation ( ! p>ty rema9+ 9 /atu quo1 b indep5d5tly ( t1 by ! evani%m5t ( ! object4 ,vattel lays d[n 9 fact ! same doctr9e1 t treaties cont9ue obligatory1 not)/&+ a *ange ( gov]nm5t by ! w ( ! o!r p>ty2--t to oppose t w w\ld be a wrong2 & t ! ally rema9s an ally1 not)/&+ ! *ange4 ,s f> he concurs ) all ! previ\s writ]s3--b he !n adds :at !y _h n said nor c\ld say2 b if ?is *ange r5d]s ! alliance useless1 dang]\s or disagreeable to x1 x is free to r5\nce x4 ,x 0 unnecess>y = him to h specifi$ ! exception ( dang] 9 ?is p>ticul> case1 because ! exception exi/s 9 all cases1 & its ext5t has be5 consid]$2 b :5 he adds t1 because a contract is become m]ely useless or disagreeable we are free to r5\nce x1--he is 9 opposition to ,grotius1 ,puff5dorf1 & ,wolf1 :o admit no su* lic5se aga9/ ! obligation ( treaties1 & he is 9 opposition to ! morality ( e hone/ man to :om we may safely appeal to decide :e!r he feels himself free to r5\nce a contract ! mom5t x becomes m]ely useless or disagreeable to him4 ,we may appeal to ,vattel himself 9 ^? p>ts ( 8 book :]e he _c be misund]/ood1 & to 8 kn[n "*1 z "o ( ! mo/ zeal\s & con/ant advocates = ! pres]vation ( good fai? 9 all our deal+s4 ,let u he> him on o!r occasions2 & fir/ :]e he %[s :at degree ( dang] or injury w au?orize self-lib]ation f a treaty3 ,if simple lesion1 7lesion--! loss su/a9$ by sell+ a ?+ = less ?an half value1 :i* degree ( loss r5d]s ! sale void by ! ,roman law17 if simple lesion1 says he1 or "s degree ( disadvantage 9 a treaty does n suffice to r5d] x invalid1 x is n s z to inconv5i5ce :i* w\ld g to ! ru9 ( ! nation4 ,z e treaty ought to be made by suffici5t p[]1 a treaty p]nici\s to ! ,/ate is null1 & n at all obligatory4 ,no gov]nor ( a nation hav+ p[] to engage ?+s capable ( de/roy+ ! ,/ate1 = ! safety ( :i* ! empire entru/s to him1 ! nation itself1 b\nd necess>ily to :atev] its pres]vation & safety require1 _c ent] into engagem5ts contr>y to its indisp5sable obligations4 ,"h !n we f9d t ! degree ( injury or dang] :i* he deems suffici5t to lib]ate u f a treaty1 is t :i* w\ld g to ! absolute ru9 or de/ruction ( ! ,/ate2--n simply ! lesion ( ! ,roman law1 n m]ely ! be+ disadvantage\s or dang]\s2 = z he himself says1 ,section #aeh1 lesion _c r5d] a treaty invalid4 ,x is 8 duty :o ent]s into engagem5ts1 to weigh well all ?+s be=e he concludes4 ,he may d ) 8 prop]ty :at he pleases4 ,he may rel9qui% 8 rights or r5\nce 8 advantages1 z he judges prop]4 ,! acceptant is n oblig$ to in=m himself ( 8 motives nor to weigh !n j value4 ,if we c\ld free ourselves f a compact because we f9d ourselves injur$ by x1 !re w\ld be no?+ firm 9 ! contracts ( nations4 ,civil laws may set limits to lesion1 & det]m9e ! degree capable ( produc+ a nullity ( ! contract2 b sov]eigns ackn[l$ge no judge4 ,h[ e/abli% lesion among !m8 ,:o w det]m9e ! degree suffici5t to invalidate a treaty8 ,! happ9ess & peace ( nations require manife/ly t _! treaties %\ld n dep5d on a means ( nullity s vague & s dang]\s4 ,let u he> him aga9 on ! g5]al subject ( ! obs]vation ( treaties1 ,section #afc3 ,x is demon/rat$ 9 natural law t he :o promises ano!r1 conf]s on him a p]fect "r to require ! ?+ promis$1 & t consequ5tly1 n to obs]ve a p]fect promise is to violate ! "r ( ano!r2 x is z manife/ inju/ice z to plund] any "o ( _! "r4 ,all ! tranquillity1 ! happ9ess & security ( mank9d1 re/ on ju/ice or ! obligation to respect ! rights ( o!rs4 ,! respect ( o!rs = our "r ( doma9 & prop]ty is ! security ( our actual possessions4 ,! fai? ( promises is ! security = ! ?+s :i* _c be deliv]$ or execut$ on ! spot4 ,no m security1 no m comm]ce among m51 if !y ?9k !mselves n b\nd to pres]ve fai?1 to keep _! ^w4 ,?is obligation1 !n1 is z necess>y z x is natural & indubitable among nations :o live toge!r 9 a /ate ( nature1 & :o ackn[l$ge no sup]ior on e>?4 ,to ma9ta9 ord] & peace 9 _! society1 nations & _! gov]nors !n ought to obs]ve inviolably _! promises & _! treaties4 ,?is is a great tru?1 al?\gh too (t5 neglect$ 9 practice1 is g5]ally ackn[l$g$ by all nations1 ! reproa* ( p]fidy is a bitt] affront among sov]eigns4 ,n[ he :o does n obs]ve a treaty is assur$ly p]fidi\s1 s9ce he violates 8 fai?4 ,on ! contr>y1 no?+ is s glori\s to a pr9ce & 8 nation z ! reputation ( inviolable fidelity to 8 ^w4 ,aga91 ,section #bai1 ,:o w d\bt t treaties are ( ! ?+s sacr$ among nations8 ,!y decide matt]s ! mo/ important2 !y impose rules on ! pret5sions ( sov]eigns1 !y cause ! rights ( nations to be ackn[l$g$2 !y assume _! mo/ preci\s int]e/s4 ,among political bodies1 sov]eigns1 :o ackn[l$ge no sup]ior on e>?1 treaties are ! only means ( adju/+ _! diff]5t pret5sions2 ( e/abli%+ a rule1 to "k on :at to c\nt1 on :at to dep5d4 ,b treaties are b va9 words1 if nations d n consid] !m z respectable engagem5ts1 z rules inviolable = sov]eigns1 & sacr$ ?r\gh ! :ole e>?4 ,section #bbj3 ,! fai? ( treaties1 t firm & s9c]e w1 t inv9cible con/ancy 9 fulfill+ engagem5ts1 ( :i* a decl>ation is made 9 a treaty1 is !n holy & sacr$ among nations1 ^: safety & repose x ensures2 & if nations w n be want+ to !mselves1 !y w load ) infamy :oev] violates 8 fai?4 ,aft] evid5ce s copi\s & explicit ( ! respect ( ?is au?or = ! sanctity ( treaties1 we %\ld h>dly h expect$ t 8 au?ority w\ld h be5 resort$ to = a wanton invalidation ( !m :5ev] !y %\ld become m]ely useless or disagreeable4 ,we %\ld h>dly h expect$ t1 reject+ all ! re/ ( 8 book1 ?is scrap w\ld h be5 cull$ & made ! hook :]eon to hang su* a *a9 ( immoral consequ5ces4 ,_h ! passage accid5tally met our eye1 we %\ld h imag9$ x _h fall5 f ! au?or's p5 "u "s mom5t>y view1 n suffici5tly develop$ to f\nd a conjecture :at he meant1 & we may c]ta9ly affirm t a fragm5t l ?is _c weigh aga9/ ! au?ority ( all o!r writ]s2 aga9/ ! uni=m & sy/ematic doctr9e ( ! v "w f :i* x is torn2 aga9/ ! moral feel+s & ! reason ( all hone/ m54 ,if ! t]ms ( ! fragm5t are n misund]/ood1 !y are 9 full contradiction to all ! writt5 & unwritt5 evid5ces ( morality4 ,if !y are misund]/ood1 !y are no long] a f\ndation = ! doctr9es :i* h be5 built on !m4 ,b ev5 _h ?is doctr9e be5 z true z x is manife/ly false1 x w\ld h be5 ask$1 to :om is x t ! treaties ) ,france h become disagreeable8 ,h[ w x be prov$ t !y are useless8 ,! conclusion ( ! s5t5ce sugge/s a reflection too /rong to be suppress$1 = ! p>ty may say ) tru? t x w\ld n h alli$ itself ) ?is nation if x _h be5 "u ! pres5t =m ( its gov]nm5t4 ,! republic ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates alli$ itself ) ,france :5 "u a despotic gov]nm5t4 ,%e *anges h] gov]nm5t1 & decl>es x %all be a republic2 prep>es a =m ( republic extremely free1 & 9 ! meantime is gov]n+ h]self z su*4 ,& x is propos$ t ,am]ica %all decl>e ! treaties void1 because x may say ) tru? t x w\ld n h alli$ itself ) t nation if x _h be5 "u ! pres5t =m ( its gov]nm5t4 ,:o is ! ,am]ican :o c say ) tru? t he w\ld n h alli$ himself to ,france if %e _h be5 a republic8 ,or t a republic ( any =m w\ld be z disagreeable z h] anci5t despotism8 ,^u ! :ole ,i conclude1 t ! treaties are /ill b9d+1 not)/&+ ! *ange ( gov]nm5t 9 ,france2 t no "p ( !m b ! clause ( gu>antee holds up dang]1 ev5 at a di/ance1 & consequ5tly t a lib]ation f no o!r "p w\ld be prep>$ 9 any case2 t if t clause may ev] br+ dang]1 x is nei!r extreme nor imm95t1 nor ev5 probable t ! au?ority = r5\nc+ a treaty1 :5 useless or disagreeable1 is ei!r misund]/ood or 9 opposition to itself1 to all o!r writ]s1 & to e moral feel+2 t 7 x n s1 ^! treaties are 9 fact nei!r useless or disagreeable2 t ! receiv+ a m9i/] f ,france at ?is "t is an act ( no significance ) respect to ! treaties1 am\nt+ nei!r to an admission nor d5ial ( !m1 =asmu* z he comes n "u any /ipulation 9 !m2 t 7 x an explicit admission1 or 7 x an express decl>ation ( _! obligation n[ to be made1 x w\ld n take f u t "r :i* exi/s at all times1 ( lib]at+ ourselves :5 an adh]5ce to ! treaties w\ld be ru9\s or de/ructive to ! society2 & t ! n r5\nc+ ! treaties n[ is s f> f be+ a brea* ( neutrality1 t ! do+ x w\ld be ! brea*1 by giv+ j cause ( w> to ,france4 ,,xxxvi4--,op9ion relative to grant+ ( passports to ,am]ican vessels4 ,may #c1 #agic4 ,x has be5 /at$ 9 our treaties ) ! ,fr5*1 ,dut* & ,prussians1 t :5 x happ5s t ei!r p>ty is at w>1 & ! o!r neutral1 ! neutral %all give passports ( a c]ta9 t5or to ! vessels belong+ to _! subjects1 9 ord] to avoid diss5sion2 & x has be5 ?\ght t passports ( su* high import to ! p]sons & prop]ty ( our citiz5s %\ld h ! highe/ sanction2 t ( ! signature ( ! ,presid5t1 & seal ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! au?ority ( ,congress also1 9 ! case ( sea lett]s to ,ea/ ,india vessels1 0 9 favor ( ?is sanction4 ,x is n[ become a "q :e!r ^! passports %all be giv5 only to %ips own$ & built 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or may be giv5 also to ^? own$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ?\gh built 9 =eign c\ntries4 ,! p]sons & prop]ty ( our citiz5s are entitl$ to ! protection ( our gov]nm5t 9 all places :]e !y may lawfully g4 ,no laws =bid a m]*ant to buy1 own1 & use a =eign-built vessel4 ,%e is1 !n1 8 lawful prop]ty1 & entitl$ to ! protection ( 8 nation :5ev] he is lawfully us+ h]4 ,! laws inde$1 = ! enc\ragem5t ( %ip build+1 h giv5 to home-built vessels ! exclusive privilege ( be+ regi/]$ & pay+ light] duties4 ,to ?is privilege1 !re=e1 ! =eign-built vessel1 ?\gh own$ at home1 does n pret5d4 ,b ! laws h n said t !y )draw _! protection f ! =eign-built vessel4 ,to ?is protection1 !n1 %e reta9s h] title1 not)/&+ ! pref]5ce giv5 to ! home-built vessel z to duties4 ,x w\ld be h>d inde$ because ! law has giv5 "o valuable "r to home-built vessels1 to inf] t x _h tak5 away all rights f ^? =eign-built4 ,9 con=mity ) ! idea t all ! vessels ( a ,/ate are entitl$ to its protection1 ! treaties be=e m5tion$ h settl$ t passports %all be giv51 n m]ely to ! vessels built 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b to ! vessels belong+ to !m2 & :5 "o ( ^! nations %all take a vessel1 if %e has n su* a passport1 !y are to conclude %e does n belong to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & is !re=e lawful prize2 s t to refuse ^! passports to =eign-built vessels belong+ to our m]*ants1 is to give !m up to capture ) _! c>goes4 ,! mo/ important int]e/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates hang ^u ?is "q4 ,! produce ( ! e>? is _! pr9ciple s\rce ( weal?4 ,our home-built vessels w\ld suffice = ! transportation ( a v small "p ( ?is produce to m>ket1 & ev5 a "p ( ^! vessels w be )drawn by high premiums to o!r l9es ( bus9ess4 ,all ! re/ ( our produce1 !n1 mu/ rema9 on our h&s1 or h its price r$uc$ by a w> insurance4 ,_m descriptions ( our produce w n be> ?is r$uction1 & w\ld1 !re=e1 rema9 on h&4 ,we %all lose also a great proportion ( ! pr(its ( navigation4 ,! great h>ve/ = ^! is :5 o!r nations are at w>1 & our flag neutral4 ,b if we c augm5t our /ock ( %ipp+ only by ! sl[ process ( build+1 ! h>ve/ w be ov] :ile we are only prep>+ in/rum5ts to reap x4 ,! mom5t ( bre$+ seam5 w be lo/ = want ( bottoms to emb>k !m 94 ,france & ,holl& p]mit our vessels to be neutraliz$ ) !m2 n ev5 to suff] !irs to be pur*as$ "h might give !m j cause to revoke ! privilege ( naturalization giv5 to ours1 & w\ld inflict on ! %ip-build+ ,/ates & artizans a sev]e injury4 ,objection4 ,to protect =eign-built vessels w less5 ! dem& = %ip build+ "h4 ,answ]4 ,n at all2 because z long z we c build *eap] ?an o!r nations1 we %all be employ$ 9 pref]5ce to o!rs2 besides1 %all we p]mit ! greate/ "p ( ! produce ( our fields to rot on our h&s1 or lose half its value by subject+ x to high insurance1 m]ely t our %ip build]s may h brisk] employ8 ,%all ! :ole mass ( our f>m]s be sacrific$ to ! class ( %ip wrights8 ,objection4 ,!re w be collusive transf]s ( =eign %ips to our m]*ants1 m]ely to obta9 = !m ! cov] ( our passports4 ,answ]4 ,! same objection lies to giv+ passports to home-built vessels4 ,!y may be own$1 & are own$ by =eign]s1 & may be collusively re-transf]r$ to our m]*ants to obta9 our passports4 ,to less5 ! dang] ( collusion1 h[ev]1 ,i %\ld be = deliv]+ passports 9 our own ports only1 if !y 7 to be s5t blank to =eign ports to be deliv]$ !re1 ! p[] ( *eck+ collusion w\ld be small1 & !y might be employ$ to cov] purposes ( no b5efit to u 7:i* we ought n to c\nt5ance71 & to ?r[ our vessels out ( bus9ess2 b if issu$ only to vessels 9 our own ports1 we c g5]ally be c]ta9 t ! vessel is our prop]ty2 & always t ! c>go is ( our produce4 ,/ate ! case t x %all be f\nd t all our %ipp+1 home-built & =eign-built1 is inadequate to ! transportation ( our produce to m>ket2 s t aft] all ^! are load$1 !re %all yet rema9 produce on h&4 ,?is mu/ be put into vessels own$ by =eign]s4 ,%\ld ^! obta9 collusively ! protection ( our passport1 x w cov] _! vessel inde$1 b x w cov] also our c>go4 ,i repeat x !n1 t if ! issu+ passports be conf9$ to our ports1 x w be our own vessels = ! mo/ "p1 & always our c>goes :i* w be cov]$ by !m4 ,i am1 !re=e1 ( op9ion1 t passports ought to be issu$ to all vessels belong+ to citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b only on _! cle>+ out f our own ports1 & = t voyage only4 ,,xxxvii4--,op9ion relative to case ( a ,briti% vessel captur$ by a ,fr5* vessel1 pur*as$ by ,fr5* citiz5s1 & fitt$ out z a ,private] 9 "o ( our ports4 ,may #af1 #agic4 ,! facts sugge/$1 or to be tak5 = grant$1 because ! contr>y is n kn[n1 9 ! case n[ to be consid]$1 are1 t a vessel 0 pur*as$ at ,*>le/on1 & fitt$ out z a private] by ,fr5* citiz5s1 mann$ ) =eign]s *iefly1 b p>tly ) citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! comm& giv5 to a ,fr5* citiz5 by a regul> commission f 8 gov]nm5t2 t %e has made prize ( an ,engli% vessel 9 ! op5 sea1 & s5t h] into ,philadelphia4 ,! ,briti% m9i/] dem&s re/itution1 & ! "q is1 :e!r ! ,executive ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all und]take to make x8 ,?is transaction may be consid]$1 #a/1 z an (f5ce aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 #b;d1 z an injury to ,great ,brita94 ,9 ! fir/ view x is n n[ to be tak5 up4 ,! op9ion be+1 t x has be5 an act ( disrespect to ! jurisdiction ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ( :i* prop] notice is to be tak5 at a prop] "t4 ,"u ! second po9t ( view1 x appe>s to me wrong on ! "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7:]e n con/ra9$ by treaties7 to p]mit "o p>ty 9 ! pres5t w> to d :at _c be p]mitt$ to ! o!r4 ,we _c p]mit ! enemies ( ,france to fit out private]s 9 our ports1 by ! #bb;d article ( our treaty4 ,we ought n1 !re=e1 to p]mit ,france to d x2 ! treaty leav+ u free to refuse1 & ! refusal be+ necess>y to pres]ve a fair neutrality4 ,yet consid]+ t ! pres5t is ! fir/ case :i* has aris52 t x has be5 9 ! fir/ mom5t ( ! w>1 9 "o ( ! mo/ di/ant ports ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & be=e measures c\ld be tak5 by ! gov]nm5t to meet all ! cases :i* may fl[ f ! infant /ate ( our gov]nm5t1 & novelty ( our position1 x ought to be plac$ by ,great ,brita9 among ! accid5ts ( loss to :i* a nation is expos$ 9 a /ate ( w>1 & by no means z a prem$itat$ wrong on ! "p ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,9 ! la/ light x _c be tak51 because ! act f :i* x results plac$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) ! (f5d$1 & n ! (f5d+ p>ty4 ,h] m9i/] has se5 himself t !re c\ld h be5 on our "p nei!r p]mission or connivance4 ,a v mod]ate apology !n f ! ,unit$ ,/ates ought to satisfy ,great ,brita94 ,! "o we h made already is ample1 to wit1 a po9t$ disapprobation ( ! transaction1 a promise to prosecute & puni% accord+ to law su* ( our citiz5s z h be5 conc]n$ 9 x1 & to take effectual measures aga9/ a repetition4 ,to dem& m w\ld be a wrong 9 ,great ,brita92 = to dem& satisfaction beyond :at is adequate1 is wrong4 ,b x is propos$ fur!r to take ! prize f ! captors & re/ore h] to ! ,engli%4 ,?is is a v s]i\s proposition4 ,! dilemma propos$ 9 our conf]5ces1 appe>s to me unansw]able4 ,ei!r ! commission to ! comm&] ( ! private] 0 good1 or n good4 ,if n good1 !n ! tribunals ( ! c\ntry w take cognizance ( ! transaction1 receive ! dem& ( ! =m] own]1 & make re/itution ( ! capture2 & !re be+1 on ?is supposition1 regul> rem$y at law1 x w\ld be irregul> = ! gov]nm5t to int]pose4 ,if ! commission be good1 !n ! capture hav+ be5 made on ! high seas1 "u a valid commission f a p[] at w> ) ,great ,brita91 ! ,briti% own] has lo/ all 8 "r1 & ! prize w\ld be deem$ good1 ev5 9 8 own c\rts1 7 ! "q to be br\ght be=e 8 own c\rts4 ,he has n[ no m claim on ! vessel ?an any /rang] w\ld h :o nev] own$ h]1 8 :ole "r be+ transf]r$ by ! laws ( w> to ! captor4 ,! legal "r !n be+ 9 ! captors1 on :at gr\nd c we take x f him8 ,n on t ( "r1 = ! "r has be5 transf]r$ to him4 ,x c only be by an act ( =ce1 t is to say1 ( reprisal = ! (f5ce committ$ aga9/ u 9 ! port ( ,*>le/on4 ,b ! mak+ reprisal on a nation is a v s]i\s ?+4 ,remon/rance & refusal ( satisfaction ought to prec$e2 & :5 reprisal foll[s1 x is consid]$ z an act ( w>1 & nev] yet fail$ to produce x 9 ! case ( a nation able to make w>2 besides1 if ! case 7 important en\gh to require reprisal1 & ripe = t /ep1 ,congress mu/ be call$ on to take x2 ! "r ( reprisal be+ expressly lodg$ ) !m by ! ,con/itution1 & n ) ! ,executive4 ,i !re=e ?9k t ! satisfaction already made to ! gov]nm5t ( ,great ,brita9 is q equal to :at ought to be desir$ 9 ! pres5t case2 t ! prop]ty ( ! ,briti% own] is transf]r$ by ! laws ( w> to ! captor2 t = u to take x f ! captor w\ld be an act ( =ce or reprisal1 :i* ! circum/ances ( ! case d n ju/ify1 & to :i* ! p[]s ( ! ,executive are n compet5t by ! ,con/itution4 ,,xxxviii4-,op9ion on ! proposition ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury to op5 a new ,loan4 ,june #e1 #agic4 ,in/ructions hav+ be5 giv5 to borr[ two millions ( flor9s 9 ,holl&1 & ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury propos+ to op5 a fur!r loan ( ?ree millions ( flor9s1 :i* he says a compreh5sive view ( ! affairs ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 v>i\s relations1 appe>s to him to recomm5d1 ! ,presid5t is pleas$ to ask :e!r ,i see any objections to ! proposition8 ,! p[] to borr[ money is confid$ to ! ,presid5t by ! two acts ( ! #d? & #ab? ( ,augu/1 #agij1 & ! monies1 :5 borr[$1 are appropriat$ to two purposes only3 to wit1 ! twelve millions to be borr[$ "u ! =m]1 are appropriat$ to dis*>ge ! arre>s ( int]e/ & in/alm5ts ( ! =eign debt2 & ! two millions1 "u ! latt]1 to ! pur*ase ( ! public debt1 "u direction ( ! tru/ees ( ! s9k+ fund4 ,^! appropriations r5d] v simple ! duties ( ! ,presid5t 9 ! dis*>ge ( ?is tru/4 ,he has only to look to ! paym5t ( ! =eign debt1 & ! pur*ase ( ! g5]al "o4 ,& 9 ord] to judge = himself ( ! necessity ( ! loan propos$ = effect+ ^! two purposes1 he w ne$ f ! treasury ! foll[+ /atem5ts3-- ,a4 ,a /atem5t ( ! nett am\nt ( ! loans already made "u ^! acts1 add+ to t ! two millions ( flor9s n[ 9 c\rse ( be+ borr[$4 ,?is w =m ! debit ( ! tru/4 ,! cr$it side ( ! acc\nt w consi/ ( ! foll[+ /atem5ts1 to wit3-- ,b4 ,am\nt ( ! pr9cipal & int]e/ ( =eign debt1 paid & payable1 to ! close ( #agib4 ,c4 ,ditto1 payable to ! close ( #agic4 ,d4 ,ditto1 payable to ! close ( #agid 7= ,i ?9k our prep>ations %\ld be a ye> be=eh&74 ,e4 ,am\nt ( monies necess>y = ! s9k+ fund to ! end ( #agid4 ,if ! am\nt ( ! f\r la/ articles exce$s ! fir/1 x w prove a fur!r loan necess>y1 & to :at ext5t4 ,! treasury alone c furni% ^! /atem5ts ) p]fect accuracy4 ,b to %[ t !re is probable cause to g into ! exam9ation1 ,i w haz>d a /atem5t f mat]ials :i*1 ?\gh p]haps n p]fectly exact1 are n mu* o!rwise4 ,report ( ,janu>y #c1 #agic4 ,new ,edition4 ,dr4 ,! tru/ = loans4 ,a4 ,to nett am\nt ( loans to ,june #a1 #agib1 z /at$ 9 ! treasury report1 to wit1 #ah1fgh1jjj flor9s1 at #ii flor9s to #dj1 ! treasury ex*ange #g1ede1iab ,to loan n[ go+ on = #b1jjj1jjj flor9s #hjh1jhj ---------- #h1cec1iib ,cr4 ,flor9s4 ,b4 ,by *>ges on remittances to ,france #aj1jgc #a ,by reimbursem5t to ,spa9 #fhj1jjj ,by int]e/ paid to =eign (fic]s #aje1jjj ---------- #gie1jic #a #cba1bci #df ,by pr9cipal paid to =eign (fic]s #aia1caf #ij ,by am\nt ( ,fr5* debt1 pr9cipal & ,livres4 int]e/1 payable to end ( #agia #bf1jjj1jjj ,by ditto1 = #agib #c1dej1jjj ---------- #bi1dej1jjj #e1cde1aga ,c4 ,by ditto1 = #agic #c1daj1jjj #fah1iae ,d4 ,by ditto1 = #agid #c1bej1jjj #efi1hgf ,e4 ,by necess>y = s9k+ fund at #ej1jjj a mon?1 f ,july #a1 #agic1 to ,dec4 #ca1 #agid #ijj1jjj ,balance :i* w rema9 9 h&s ( ! tru/1 at end ( #agid #chg1dgd #fd ------------- #h1cec1iib #fj ,s t in/ead ( an additional loan be+ necess>y1 ! monies already borr[$ w suffice = all ! purposes to :i* !y c be legally appli$ to ! end ( #agid1 & leave a surplus ( #chg #dgd #fd to cov] *>ges & errors4 ,& z1 on acc\nt ( ! unsettl$ /ate ( ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t1 x is n propos$ to pay 9 advance1 or b little s1 any fur!r sum w\ld be ly+ at a dead int]e/ & risk4 ,p]haps x might be said t new monies mu/ be borr[$ = ! curr5t dome/ic s]vice ( ! ye>4 ,to ?is ,i %\ld answ]1 t no law has au?oriz$ ! op5+ ( a loan = ?is purpose4 ,if x %\ld be said t ! monies h]et(ore borr[$ are s f> put out ( our p[] t we _c comm& !m be=e an in/alm5t w be due1 ,i %\ld answ]1 t c]ta9ly ,i w\ld r borr[ ?an fail 9 a paym5t2 b if borr[+ w secure a paym5t 9 "t1 ! two millions ( flor9s n[ borr[+ are suffici5t to secure x4 ,if we _c get ?is sum 9 "t1 !n we _c get an additional sum 9 "t4 ,! above acc\nt might be /at$ 9 ano!r way1 :i* might1 p]haps1 be m satisfactory1 to wit3 ,dr4 ,! tru/ = loans4 ,to nett am\nt ( loans to ,june #a1 #agib4 #ah1fgh1jjj flor9s1 at #ii flor9s to #dj #g1ede1iab ,cr4 ,flor9s ,by *>ges on remittances to ,france #aj1jgc #a ,by reimbursem5t to ,spa9 #fhj1jjj ,by int]e/ paid to =eign (fic]s #aje1jjj --------- #gie1jgc #a #cba1bci #df ,by pr9cipal paid to =eign (fic]s #aia1caf #ij ,by paym5ts to ,france #aj1jgc1jdc #h #d1jfi1iah #ed ,livres4 ,by ditto to ,/4 ,dom+o #d1jjj1jjj #gbf1jjj ,by ditto to d4 #c1jjj1jjj #edd1ejj ,by d4 to ,mr4 ,t]nant ,i /ate ?is by memory #bd1jjj #d1cef ,balance 9 h& to be c>ri$ to new debit #a1fhh1eha #aj ------------- #g1ede1iab #jj ,dr4 ,! tru/ = loans4 ,to balance z p] contra #a1fhh1eha #aj ,to two millions ( flor9s1 new loan1 :5 effect$ #hjh1jhj ------------- #b1dif1ffa #aj ,cr4 ,by ! foll[+ paym5ts :5 made1 to wit3 ,balance due to ,france1 to close ( ye> #agib ,livres4 7#e1cde1aga-e1cdd1ggd #ed7 #cif #df ,in/alm5ts & int]e/ to close ( ye> #agic #c1daj1jjj #fah1iae d4 d #agid #c1bej1jjj #ehi1hge ,necess>y = s9k+ fund f ,july #a1 #agic1 to ,decemb] #ca1 #agid #ijj1jjj ,balance w !n be 9 h& to be c>ri$ to new debit #chg1dgd #fd ------------- #b1dif1ffa #aj ,by ?is /atem5t1 x w\ld seem z if all ! paym5ts to ,france1 hi!rto made & ord]$1 w\ld n acquit ! ye> #agib4 ,s t we h nev] yet be5 cle> ( arre>s to h]4 ,! am\nt ( ! ,fr5* debt is /at$ accord+ to ! conv5tion1 & ! int]e/ is calculat$ accord+ly4 ,int]e/ on ! t5 million loan is kn[n to h be5 paid = ! ye>s #aghd1 #aghe1 & is !re=e d$uct$4 ,x is n kn[n :e!r x 0 paid on ! same loan = ! ye>s #aghf-g-h-i1 previ\s to ! paym5t ( ,decemb] #c1 #agij1 or :e!r x 0 includ$ 9 t paym5t2 !re=e ?is is n d$uct$4 ,b if1 9 fact1 x 0 paid be=e t day1 x w !n h less5$ ! debt s mu*1 to wit1 #djj1jjj livres a ye>1 = f\r ye>s1 mak+ #a1fjj1jjj flor9s1 equal to #bij1djj1 :i* sum w\ld put u 9 advance ne> half ( ! in/alm5ts ( #agic4 ,note1--livres are e/imat$ at #ah_/ajj c5ts1 propos$ by ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury to ! ,fr5* m9i/ry z ! p> ( ! metals1 to be ! rate ( conv]sion4 ,?is unc]ta9ty ) respect to ! true /ate ( our acc\nt ) ,france1 & ! diff]5ce ( ! result f :at has be5 und]/ood1 %[s t ! g5tlem5 :o are to give op9ions on ?is subject1 mu/ d x 9 ! d>k1 & sugge/s to ! ,presid5t ! propriety ( hav+ an exact /atem5t ( ! acc\nt ) ,france communicat$ to !m1 z ! gr\nd on :i* !y are to give op9ions4 ,x w probably be mat]ial 9 t ab\t to be giv5 on ! late application ( ,mr4 ,g5et1 on :i* ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury is prep>+ a report4 ,,xxxix4--,op9ion relative to ! policy ( a new loan4 ,june #ag1 #agic ,i _c see my way cle> 9 ! case :i* ! ,presid5t has be5 pleas$ to ask my op9ion1 b by recurr+ to ^! lead+ que/ions3 ,( ! #g1hih1iii #hh borr[$1 or r ( ! #g1ede1iab1 nett proce$s !re(1 h[ mu* has be5 appli$ to ! paym5t ( ! =eign1 & pur*ase ( ! g5]al debt8 ,to ! balance !re(1 :i* %\ld be on h&1 & ! two millions ( flor9s n[ borr[+1 is any & :at addition necess>y1 = ! same objects1 = ! ye>s #agic1 #agid8 ,! /atem5t furni%$ by ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury does n answ] ^! que/ions4 ,x only %[s :at has be5 done ) some:at less ?an ?ree millions out ( ne> eight millions ( doll>s :i* h be5 borr[$1 & 9 s do+ x takes cr$it = two sums :i* are n to come out ( ?is sum1 & !re=e n to be left 9 ! acc\nt4 ,!y are ! foll[+3 #a4 ,a sum ( #bhd1ija #hi exp5d$ 9 pur*ases ( ! public debt4 ,9 ! g5]al report ( ! tru/ees ( ! s9k+ fund1 made to ,congress ! #bc;d ( ,febru>y la/1 & pr9t$1 x appe>s1 page #bi1 t ! :ole am\nt ( monies laid out by !m 0 #a1cjb1djg #fd1 f :i* 7 to be d$uct$1 z is m5tion$ 9 ! note !re subjo9$1 ! pur*ases made out ( ! int]e/ fund 7!n ab\t #ej1jjj z well z ,i recollect74 ,call ! sum paid !n #a1beb1djg #fd4 ,by ! ,treasury report1 p4 #ch1 7new edition17 x appe>s t ! surplus ( dome/ic rev5ue to ! end ( #agij1 appropriat$ to ?is object1 0 #a1cgd1fef #dj1 & p4 #cd1 t ! monies drawn f ,europe on acc\nt ( ! =eign loans1 7 n ! in/rum5t ( ^! pur*ases2 & 9 "s "p1 to :i* ,i am n able j n[ to turn1 ,i recollect pretty c]ta9ly t x is said ^! pur*ases 7 actually c>ri$ to acc\nt1 z 0 prop]1 aga9/ ! dome/ic surplus1 consequ5tly !y are n to be all[$ 9 ! =eign acc\nt also4 ,or if all[$ 9 ?is1 ! sum w !n be due f ! surplus acc\nt1 & s mu/ less5 ! sum to be borr[$ = ! s9k+ fund1 :i* am\nts to ! same4 #b4 ,! #a/ in/alm5t due to ! bank #bjj1jjj4 ,?\gh ! fir/ paym5t ( ! subscription ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ! bank might h be5 made1 9 ! fir/ in/ant1 out ( ! =eign monies to be imm$iately repaid to !m by ! money borr[$ ( ! bank1 yet ?is useless =mality 0 avoid$1 & x 0 a m]e op]ation ( ! p5 on pap]1 )\t ! displacem5t ( a s+le doll>4 ,see reports p4 #ab4 ,&1 9 any ev5t1 ! f9al reimbursem5t 0 nev] to be made out ( ! =eign fund1 :i* 0 appropriat$ solely to ! paym5t ( ! =eign1 & pur*ase ( ! g5]al debt4 ,^! two sums1 !re=e1 ( #bhd1ija #hi & #bjj1jjj are to be add$ to ! balance ( #ege1dhd #bh subject to future disposition1 & w make #a1jej1chf #ag actually "h1 & /ill to be appli$ to ! prop] appropriation4 ,h[ev]1 ?is acc\nt1 z be=e obs]v$1 be+ only ( a "p ( ! monies borr[$1 no judgm5t c be =m$ f x ( ! exp$i5cy ( borr[+ m2 nor %\ld ,i h /opp$ to make a criticism on x1 b to %[ :y no su* sums z ! two above m5tion$1 7 ins]t$ 9 ! g5]al acc\nt sket*$ = ! ,presid5t1 ,june #e4 ,i mu/ add t ! miscellane\s sum ( #di1djj 9 ?is acc\nt1 is probably cov]$ by "s o!r articles ( t z f> z x is *>geable on ?is fund2 because t acc\nt1 "u "o =m or ano!r1 takes up all ! articles *>geable on ?is fund :i* _h appe>$ 9 ! pr9t$ reports4 ,i mu/1 !re=e1 proce$ to r5ew my /atem5t ( ,june #e1 ins]t+ !re9 ! #a/ in/alm5t ( ! ,dut* loan ( #djd1jdj #dj payable ?is mon?1 :i* n hav+ be5 m5tion$ 9 any ( ! reports h]et(ore publi%$1 0 n ins]t$ 9 my /atem5t4 ,i w add a l sum = ! ye> #agid1 because ,i ?9k we %\ld n[ prep>e = ! :ole ( t ye>4 ,z ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury does n seem to contemplate ! furni%+ any fix$ sum = ! s9k+ fund1 ,i %all leave t article out ( ! acc\nt4 ,! ,presid5t c easily add to its result any sum he may decide to h furni%$ to t fund4 ,! acc\nt1 s correct$1 w /& ?us3 ,dr4 ,! tru/ = loans4 ,to nett am\nt ( loans to ,june #a1 #agib #g1ede1iab ,to loan n[ go+ on = #b1jjj1jjj flor9s #hjh1jhj ---------- #h1cec1iib ,cr4 ,flor9s4 ,by *>ges on remittances to ,france #aj1jgc #a ,by reimbursem5t to ,spa9 #fhj1jjj ,by int]e/ paid to =eign (fic]s #aje1jjj ------- #gie1jgc #acba1bci #df ,by pr9cipal paid to =eign (fic]s #aia1caf #ij ,by am\nt ( ,fr5* debt1 pr9cipal & int]e/ ,livres4 payable to end ( #agia #bf1jjj1jjj ,by ditto = #agib #c1dej1jjj ---------- #bi1dej1jjj #e1cde1aga ,by ditto = #agic #c1daj1jjj #fah1iae ,by #a/ in/alm5t ( ,dut* debt due ,june #agic #djd1jdj #dj ,by in/alm5ts & int]e/ to ,france = #agid #c1bej1jjj #efi1hge ,by in/alm5t to ,holl& = #agid #djd1jdj #dj ,balance w !n rema9 9 h&s ( ! tru/1 #dii1cic #hd ------------ #h1cec1iib #jj ,s t x appe>s !re w\ld be a balance 9 ! h&s ( ?is tru/1 at ! close ( #agid1 ( #dii1cic #hd1 7 no monies to be furni%$ 9 ! meantime to ! s9k+ fund2 b %\ld ! ,presid5t det]m9e to furni% t ) ! #ijj1jjj propos$ 9 my /atem5t ( ,june #e1 !n a loan w\ld be necess>y = ab\t #djj1jjj1 say 9 ne> r\nd numb]s1 #a1jjj1jjj ( guild]s1 9 addition to ! #b1jjj1jjj n[ borr[+4 ,i am1 individually1 ( op9ion t t sum ought to be furni%$ to ! s9k+ fund1 & consequ5tly t an additional loan1 to ?is ext5t1 %\ld be made1 consid]+ ! subject 9 a legal po9t ( view only4 ,! reasons 9 favor ( ! ext5sion are1 ,! appreh5sion ( ! ext5sion ( our w> to o!r ,indian nations1 & p]haps to ,europe itself4 ,! disability ?is might produce to borr[ at all1 ?is is1 9 my judgm5t1 a weighty consid]ation4 ,! possibility t ! gov]nm5t ( ,france may become s settl$ z t we may haz>d ! anticipation ( paym5t1 & s avoid dead int]e/4 ,! reasons aga9/ x are1 ,! possibility t ,france may cont9ue1 = "s "t yet1 s unsettl$ z to r5d] an anticipation ( paym5ts haz>d\s4 ,! risk ( los+ ! capital borr[$ by a successful invasion ( ! c\ntry ( deposit1 if x be left 9 ,europe2 or by an ext5sion ( ! bankruptcies n[ %ak+ ! mo/ solid h\ses2 & :5 & :]e !y w end we "k n4 ,! loss ( int]e/ on ! dead sum1 if ! sum itself be safe4 ,! execution ( a p[] = "o object1 :i* 0 giv5 to be execut$ b = a v diff]5t "o4 ,! commitm5t ( ! ,presid5t1 on ?is acc\nt1 to ev5ts1 or to ! criticisms ( ^? :o1 ?\gh ! measures %\ld be p]fectly wise1 may misjudge x ?r\gh error or passion4 ,! appreh5sion t ! head ( ! dep>tm5t means to provide idle money to be lodg$ 9 ! banks ready = ! corruption ( ! next legislature1 z x is believ$ ! late ones 7 corrupt$1 by gratify+ p>ticul> memb]s ) va/ disc\nts = objects ( speculation4 ,i confess t ! la/ reasons h mo/ weight ) me4 ,,xl4--,report on ! privileges & re/rictions on ! comm]ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 =eign c\ntries4 ,decemb] #af1 #agic4 ,,sir1--,accord+ to ! pleasure ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 express$ 9 _! resolution ( ,febru>y #bc1 #agia1 ,i n[ lay be=e !m a report on ! privileges & re/rictions on ! comm]ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 =eign c\ntries4 ,9 ord] to keep ! subject )9 ^? b\nds :i* ,i suppos$ to be "u ! contemplation ( ! ,h\se1 ,i h re/ra9$ my /atem5ts to ^? c\ntries only ) :i* we c>ry on a comm]ce ( "s importance1 & to ^? articles also ( our produce :i* are ( s5sible weight 9 ! scale ( our exports2 & ev5 ^! articles are sometimes gr\p$ toge!r1 accord+ to ! degree ( favor or re/riction ) :i* !y are receiv$ 9 ea* c\ntry1 & t degree express$ 9 g5]al t]ms )\t detail+ ! exact duty levi$ on ea* article4 ,to h gone fully into ^! m9uti1 w\ld h be5 to copy ! t>iffs & books ( rates ( ! diff]5t c\ntries1 & to h hidd51 "u a mass ( details1 ^? g5]al & important tru?s1 ! extraction ( :i*1 9 a simple =m1 ,i conceiv$ w\ld be/ answ] ! inquiries ( ! ,h\se1 by cond5s+ mat]ial in=mation )9 ^? limits ( "t & att5tion1 :i* ?is portion ( _! duties may ju/ly claim4 ,! plan1 inde$1 ( m9ute details :i* h be5 impracticable ) "s c\ntries1 = want ( in=mation4 ,s9ce prep>+ ?is report1 :i* 0 put into its pres5t =m 9 "t to h be5 giv5 9 to ! la/ session ( ,congress1 alt]ations ( ! conditions ( our comm]ce ) "s =eign nations h tak5 place--"s ( !m indep5d5t ( w>2 "s aris+ out ( x4 ,france has propos$ to ent] into a new treaty ( comm]ce ) u1 on lib]al pr9ciples2 & has1 9 ! meantime1 relax$ "s ( ! re/ra9ts m5tion$ 9 ! report4 ,spa9 has1 by an ord9ance ( ,june la/1 e/abli%$ ,new ,orleans1 ,p5sacola1 & ,/4 ,augu/9e into free ports1 = ! vessels ( fri5dly nations hav+ treaties ( comm]ce ) h]1 provid$ !y t\* = a p]mit at ,corcubion 9 ,gallicia1 or at ,alicant2 & our rice is1 by ! same ord9ance1 exclud$ f t c\ntry4 ,! circum/ances ( w> h necess>ily giv5 u fre] access to ! ,we/ ,indian isl&s1 :il/ !y h also drawn on our navigation vexations & depr$ations ( ! mo/ s]i\s nature4 ,to h endeavor$ to describe all ^!1 w\ld h be5 z impracticable z useless1 s9ce ! sc5es w\ld h be5 %ift+ :ile "u description4 ,i !re=e ?9k x be/ to leave ! report z x 0 =m$1 be+ adapt$ to a p>ticul> po9t ( "t1 :5 ?+s 7 9 _! settl$ ord]1 t is to say1 to ! summ] ( #agib4 ,i h ! honor to be1 c4 ,to ! ,speak] ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 to :om 0 ref]r$1 by ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 ! report ( a committee on ! writt5 message ( ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ( ! #ad? ( ,febru>y1 #agia1 ) in/ruction to report to ,congress ! nature & ext5t ( ! privileges & re/rictions ( ! comm]cial int]c\rse ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) =eign nations1 & ! measures :i* he %\ld ?9k prop] to be adopt$ = ! improvem5t ( ! comm]ce & navigation ( ! same1 has _h ! same "u consid]ation1 & !reupon makes ! foll[+ ,report3 ,! c\ntries ) :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates h _! *ief comm]cial int]c\rse are ,spa91 ,portugal1 ,france1 ,great ,brita91 ! ,unit$ ,ne!rl&s1 ,d5m>k1 & ,sw$51 & _! ,am]ican possessions2 & ! articles ( export1 :i* con/itute ! basis ( t comm]ce1 ) _! respective am\nts1 are1 ,bread-/uff1 t is to say1 bread gra9s1 meals1 & bread1 to ! annual am\nt ( #g1fdi1hhg ,tobacco #d1cdi1efg ,rice #a1gec1gif ,wood #a1bfc1ecd ,salt$ fi% #ida1fif ,pot & pe>l a% #hci1jic ,salt$ meats #eii1acj ,indigo #ecg1cgi ,horses & mules #cci1gec ,:ale oil #beb1eia ,flax se$ #bcf1jgb ,t>1 pit* & turp5t9e #bag1agg ,live provisions #acg1gdc ,%ips ,=eign goods #fbj1bgd ,to desc5d to articles ( small] value ?an ^!1 w\ld lead into a m9ut5ess ( detail nei!r necess>y nor useful to ! pres5t object4 ,! proportions ( our exports1 :i* g to ! nations be=e m5tion$1 & to _! dom9ions1 respectively1 are z foll[s3 ,to ,spa9 & its dom9ions #b1jje1ijg ,portugal & its dom9ions #a1bhc1dfb ,france & its dom9ions #d1fih1gce ,great ,brita9 & its dom9ions #i1cfc1daf ,! ,unit$ ,ne!rl&s & _! dom9ions #a1ifc1hhj ,d5m>k & its dom9ions #bbd1dae ,sw$5 & its dom9ions #dg1bdj ,our imports f ! same c\ntries1 are1 ,spa9 & its dom9ions #cce1aaj ,portugal & its dom9ions #eie1gfc ,france & its dom9ions #b1jfh1cdh ,great ,brita9 & its dom9ions #ae1bhe1dbh ,unit$ ,ne!rl&s & _! dom9ions #a1agb1fib ,d5m>k & its dom9ions #cea1cfd ,sw$5 & its dom9ions #ad1cbe ,^! imports consi/ mo/ly ( articles on :i* indu/ry has be5 exhau/$4 ,our navigation1 dep5d+ on ! same comm]ce1 w appe> by ! foll[+ /atem5t ( ! tonnage ( our own vessels1 ent]+ 9 our ports1 f ^? sev]al nations & _! possessions1 9 "o ye>2 t is to say2 f ,octob]1 #aghi1 to ,septemb]1 #agij1 inclusive1 z foll[s3 ,tons4 ,spa9 #ai1fie ,portugal #bc1egf ,france #aaf1daj ,great ,brita9 #dc1ehj ,unit$ ,ne!rl&s #eh1heh ,d5m>k #ad1fee ,sw$5 #gej ,( our comm]cial objects1 ,spa9 receives favorably our bread-/uff1 salt$ fi%1 wood1 %ips1 t>1 pit*1 & turp5t9e4 ,on our meals1 h[ev]1 z well z on ^? ( o!r =eign c\ntries1 :5 re-export$ to _! colonies1 !y h lately impos$ duties ( f half-a-doll> to two doll>s ! b>rel1 ! duties be+ s proportion$ to ! curr5t price ( _! own fl\r1 z t bo? toge!r are to make ! con/ant sum ( n9e doll>s p] b>rel4 ,!y d n disc\rage our rice1 pot & pe>l a%1 salt$ provisions1 or :ale oil2 b ^! articles1 be+ 9 small dem& at _! m>kets1 are c>ri$ ?i!r b 9 a small degree4 ,_! dem& = rice1 h[ev]1 is increas+4 ,nei!r tobacco nor indigo are receiv$ !re4 ,our comm]ce is p]mitt$ ) _! ,can>y isl&s "u ! same conditions4 ,!mselves1 & _! colonies1 are ! actual consum]s ( :at !y receive f u4 ,our navigation is free ) ! k+dom ( ,spa92 =eign goods be+ receiv$ !re 9 our %ips on ! same conditions z if c>ri$ 9 _! own1 or 9 ! vessels ( ! c\ntry ( :i* su* goods are ! manufacture or produce4 ,portugal receives favorably our gra9 & bread1 salt$ fi%1 & o!r salt$ provisions1 wood1 t>1 pit*1 & turp5t9e4 ,= flax-se$1 pot & pe>l a%1 ?\gh n disc\rag$1 !re is little dem&4 ,our %ips pay #bj p] c5t4 on be+ sold to _! subjects1 & are !n free-bottoms4 ,=eign goods 7except ^? ( ! ,ea/ ,indies7 are receiv$ on ! same foot+ 9 our vessels z 9 _! own1 or any o!rs2 t is to say1 on g5]al duties ( f #bj to #bh p] c5t41 &1 consequ5tly1 our navigation is unob/ruct$ by !m4 ,tobacco1 rice1 & meals1 are prohibit$4 ,!mselves & _! colonies consume :at !y receive f u4 ,^! regulations ext5d to ! ,azores1 ,madeira1 & ! ,cape de ,v]d isl&s1 except t 9 ^!1 meals & rice are receiv$ freely4 ,france receives favorably our bread-/uffs1 rice1 wood1 pot & pe>l a%es4 ,a duty ( #e s\s ! qu9tal1 or ne>ly #d c5ts1 is paid on our t>1 pit*1 & turp5t9e4 ,our :ale oils pay #f livres ! qu9tal1 & are ! only =eign :ale oils admitt$4 ,our indigo pays #e livres ! qu9tal1 _! own #b2 b a diff]5ce ( quality1 /ill m ?an a diff]5ce ( duty1 prev5ts its seek+ t m>ket4 ,salt$ beef is receiv$ freely = re-exportation2 b if = home consumption1 x pays five livres ! qu9tal4 ,o!r salt$ provisions pay t duty 9 all cases1 & salt$ fi% is made lately to pay ! prohibitory "o ( tw5ty livres ! qu9tal4 ,our %ips are free to c>ry ?i!r all =eign goods :i* may be c>ri$ 9 _! own or any o!r vessels1 except tobaccoes n ( our own gr[?2 & !y p>ticipate ) !irs1 ! exclusive c>riage ( our :ale oils & tobaccoes4 ,dur+ _! =m] gov]nm5t1 our tobacco 0 "u a monopoly1 b paid no duties2 & our %ips 7 freely sold 9 _! ports1 & conv]t$ into national bottoms4 ,! fir/ national assembly took f our %ips ?is privilege4 ,!y emancipat$ tobacco f its monopoly1 b subject$ x to duties ( eighte5 livres1 fifte5 s\s ! qu9tal1 c>ri$ 9 _! own vessels1 & five livres c>ri$ 9 ours--a diff]5ce m ?an equal to ! freight ( ! article4 ,!y & _! colonies consume :at !y receive f u4 ,great ,brita9 receives our pot & pe>l a%es free1 :il/ ^? ( o!r nations pay a duty ( two %ill+s & ?ree p5ce ! qu9tal4 ,!re is an equal di/9ction 9 favor ( our b> iron2 ( :i* article1 h[ev]1 we d n produce en\gh = our own use4 ,woods are free f u1 :il/ !y pay "s small duty f o!r c\ntries4 ,indigo & flax se$ are free f all c\ntries4 ,our t> & pit* pay elev5 p5ce1 /]l+1 ! b>rel4 ,f o!r ali5 c\ntries !y pay ab\t a p5ny & a ?ird m4 ,our tobacco1 = _! own consumption1 pays "o %ill+ & ?ree p5ce1 /]l+1 ! p\nd1 cu/om & excise1 besides heavy exp5ses ( collection2 & rice1 9 ! same case1 pays sev5 %ill+s & f\rp5ce1 /]l+1 ! hundr$ weight2 :i*1 r5d]+ x too de>1 z an article ( common food1 x is consequ5tly us$ 9 v small quantity4 ,our salt$ fi% & o!r salt$ provisions1 except bacon1 are prohibit$4 ,bacon & :ale oils are "u prohibitory duties2 s are our gra9s1 meals1 & bread1 z to int]nal consumption1 unless 9 times ( su* sc>city z may raise ! price ( :eat to fifty %ill+s1 /]l+1 ! qu>t]1 & o!r gra9s & meals 9 proportion4 ,our %ips1 ?\gh pur*as$ & navigat$ by _! own subjects1 are n p]mitt$ to be us$1 ev5 9 _! trade ) u4 ,:ile ! vessels ( o!r nations are secur$ by /&+ laws1 :i* _c be alt]$ b by ! concurr5t w ( ! ?ree bran*es ( ! ,briti% legislature1 9 c>ry+ ?i!r any produce or manufacture ( ! c\ntry to :i* !y belong1 :i* may be lawfully c>ri$ 9 any vessels1 ours1 ) ! same prohibition ( :at is =eign1 are fur!r prohibit$ by a /&+ law1 7#ab ,c>4 #b1 #ah1 sect4 #c17 f c>ry+ ?i!r all & any ( our own dome/ic productions & manufactures4 ,a subsequ5t act1 inde$1 has au?oriz$ _! executive to p]mit ! c>riage ( our own productions 9 our own bottoms1 at its sole discretion2 & ! p]mission has be5 giv5 f ye> to ye> by proclamation1 b subject e mom5t to be )drawn on t s+le w2 9 :i* ev5t1 our vessels hav+ any?+ on bo>d1 /& int]dict$ f ! entry ( all ,briti% ports4 ,! disadvantage ( a t5ure :i* may be s sudd5ly discont9u$1 0 exp]i5c$ by our m]*ants on a late occasion1#cc :5 an (ficial notification t ?is law w\ld be /rictly en=c$1 gave !m j appreh5sions = ! fate ( _! vessels & c>goes despat*$ or de/9$ = ! ports ( ,great ,brita94 ,! m9i/] ( t c\rt1 inde$1 frankly express$ 8 p]sonal conviction1 t ! words ( ! ord] w5t f>!r ?an 0 int5d$1 & s he aft]w>ds (ficially in=m$ u2 b ! emb>rassm5ts ( ! mom5t 7 real & great1 & ! possibility ( _! r5ewal lays our comm]ce to t c\ntry "u ! same species ( disc\ragem5t z to o!r c\ntries1 :]e x is regulat$ by a s+le legislator2 & ! di/9ction is too rem>kable n to be notic$1 t our navigation is exclud$ f ! security ( fix$ laws1 :ile t security is giv5 to ! navigation ( o!rs4 ,our vessels pay 9 _! ports "o %ill+ & n9e p5ce1 /]l+1 p] ton1 light & tr9ity dues1 m ?an is paid by ,briti% %ips1 except 9 ! port ( ,london1 :]e !y pay ! same z ,briti%4 ,! great] "p ( :at !y receive f u1 is re-export$ to o!r c\ntries1 "u ! useless *>ges ( an int]m$iate deposit1 & d\ble voyage4 ,f tables publi%$ 9 ,engl&1 & compos$1 z is said1 f ! books ( _! cu/omh\ses1 x appe>s1 t ( ! indigo import$ !re 9 ! ye>s #aggc1 '#d1 '#e1 "o-?ird 0 re-export$2 & f a docum5t ( au?ority1 we le>n1 t ( ! rice & tobacco import$ !re be=e ! w>1 f\r-fif?s 7 re-export$4 ,we are assur$1 inde$1 t ! quantities s5t ?i!r = re-exportation s9ce ! w>1 are consid]ably dim9i%$1 yet less s ?an reason & national int]e/ w\ld dictate4 ,! :ole ( our gra9 is re-export$ :5 :eat is bel[ fifty %ill+s ! qu>t]1 & o!r gra9s 9 proportion4 ,! ,unit$ ,ne!rl&s prohibit our pickl$ beef & pork1 meals & bread ( all sorts1 & lay a prohibitory duty on spirits di/ill$ f gra94 ,all o!r ( our productions are receiv$ on v>i$ duties1 :i* may be reckon$1 on a m$ium1 at ab\t ?ree p] c5t4 ,!y consume b a small proportion ( :at !y receive4 ,! residue is p>tly =w>d$ = consumption 9 ! inl& p>ts ( ,europe1 & p>tly re-%ipp$ to o!r m>itime c\ntries4 ,on ! latt] portion !y int]cept betwe5 u & ! consum]1 s mu* ( ! value z is absorb$ 9 ! *>ges att5d+ an int]m$iate deposit4 ,=eign goods1 except "s ,ea/ ,india articles1 are receiv$ 9 vessels ( any nation4 ,our %ips may be sold & neutraliz$ !re1 ) exceptions ( "o or two privileges1 :i* some:at less5 _! value4 ,d5m>k lays consid]able duties on our tobacco & rice1 c>ri$ 9 _! own vessels1 & half z mu* m1 if c>ri$ 9 ours2 b ! exact am\nt ( ^! duties is n p]fectly kn[n "h4 ,!y lay su* z am\nt to prohibitions on our indigo & corn4 ,sw$5 receives favorably our gra9s & meals1 salt$ provisions1 indigo1 & :ale oil4 ,!y subject our rice to duties ( sixte5 mills ! p\nd weight1 c>ri$ 9 _! own vessels1 & ( =ty p] c5t4 additional on t1 or tw5ty-two & f\r-t5?s mills1 c>ri$ 9 ours or any o!rs4 ,be+ ?us r5d]$ too de> z an article ( common food1 little ( x is consum$ ) !m4 ,!y consume "s ( our tobaccoes1 :i* !y take circuit\sly ?r\gh ,great ,brita91 levy+ heavy duties on !m also2 _! duties ( entry1 t[n duties1 & excise1 be+ #d4cd doll>s ! hundr$ weight1 if c>ri$ 9 _! own vessels1 & ( =ty p] c5t4 on t additional1 if c>ri$ 9 our own or any o!r vessels4 ,!y prohibit altoge!r our bread1 fi%1 pot & pe>l a%es1 flax-se$1 t>1 pit*1 & turp5t9e1 wood1 7except oak timb] & ma/s17 & all =eign manufactures4 ,"u s _m re/rictions & prohibitions1 our navigation ) !m is r$uc$ to almo/ no?+4 ,) our neighbors1 an ord] ( ?+s mu* h>d] pres5ts itself4 ,spa9 & ,portugal refuse1 to all ^? p>ts ( ,am]ica :i* !y gov]n1 all direct int]c\rse ) any p b !mselves4 ,! commodities 9 mutual dem& betwe5 !m & _! neighbors1 mu/ be c>ri$ to be ex*ang$ 9 "s port ( ! dom9ant c\ntry1 & ! transportation betwe5 t & ! subject /ate1 mu/ be 9 a dome/ic bottom4 ,france1 by a /&+ law1 p]mits h] ,we/ ,india possessions to receive directly our vegetables1 live provisions1 horses1 wood1 t>1 pit*1 turp5t9e1 rice1 & maize1 & prohibits our o!r bread /uff2 b a susp5sion ( ?is prohibition hav+ be5 left to ! colonial legislatures1 9 times ( sc>city1 x 0 =m]ly susp5d$ occasionally1 b latt]ly )\t int]ruption4 ,our fi% & salt$ provisions 7except pork7 are receiv$ 9 _! isl&s "u a duty ( ?ree colonial livres ! qu9tal1 & our vessels are z free z _! own to c>ry our commodities ?i!r1 & to br+ away rum & molasses4 ,great ,brita9 admits 9 h] isl&s our vegetables1 live provisions1 horses1 wood1 t>1 pit*1 & turp5t9e1 rice & bread /uff1 by a proclamation ( h] executive1 limit$ always to ! t]m ( a ye>1 b hi!rto r5ew$ f ye> to ye>4 ,%e prohibits our salt$ fi% & o!r salt$ provisions4 ,%e does n p]mit our vessels to c>ry ?i!r our own produce4 ,h] vessels alone may take x f u1 & br+ 9 ex*ange rum1 molasses1 sug>1 c(fee1 cocoa-nuts1 g+]1 & pim5to4 ,!re are1 inde$1 "s fre$oms 9 ! isl& ( ,dom9ica1 b1 "u su* circum/ances1 z to be little us$ by u4 ,9 ! ,briti% cont95tal colonies1 & 9 ,newf\ndl&1 all our productions are prohibit$1 & our vessels =bidd5 to ent] _! ports4 ,_! gov]nors1 h[ev]1 9 times ( di/ress1 h p[] to p]mit a tempor>y importation ( c]ta9 articles 9 _! own bottoms1 b n 9 ours4 ,our citiz5s _c reside z m]*ants or factors )9 any ( ! ,briti% plantations1 ?is be+ expressly prohibit$ by ! same /atute ( #ab ,c>4 #b1 c4 #ah1 commonly call$ ! navigation act4 ,9 ! ,dani% ,am]ican possessions a duty ( #e p] c5t4 is levi$ on our corn1 corn meal1 rice1 tobacco1 wood1 salt$ fi%1 indigo1 horses1 mules & live /ock1 & ( #aj p] c5t4 on our fl\r1 salt$ pork & beef1 t>1 pit* & turp5t9e4 ,9 ! ,am]ican isl&s ( ! ,unit$ ,ne!rl&s & ,sw$51 our vessels & produce are receiv$1 subject to duties1 n s heavy z to h be5 compla9$ (2 b !y are heavi] 9 ! ,dut* possessions on ! cont95t4 ,to sum up ^! re/rictions1 s f> z !y are important3 ,,fir/4 ,9 ,europe-- ,our bread /uff is at mo/ times "u prohibitory duties 9 ,engl&1 & consid]ably duti$ on re-exportation f ,spa9 to h] colonies4 ,our tobaccoes are heavily duti$ 9 ,engl&1 ,sw$5 & ,france1 & prohibit$ 9 ,spa9 & ,portugal4 ,our rice is heavily duti$ 9 ,engl& & ,sw$51 & prohibit$ 9 ,portugal4 ,our fi% & salt$ provisions are prohibit$ 9 ,engl&1 & "u prohibitory duties 9 ,france4 ,our :ale oils are prohibit$ 9 ,engl& & ,portugal4 ,& our vessels are d5i$ naturalization 9 ,engl&1 & ( late 9 ,france4 ,,second4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,indies-- ,all int]c\rse is prohibit$ ) ! possessions ( ,spa9 & ,portugal4 ,our salt$ provisions & fi% are prohibit$ by ,engl&4 ,our salt$ pork & bread /uff 7except maize7 are receiv$ "u tempor>y laws only1 9 ! dom9ions ( ,france1 & our salt$ fi% pays !re a weighty duty4 ,,?ird4 ,9 ! article ( navigation-- ,our own c>riage ( our own tobacco is heavily duti$ 9 ,sw$51 & lately 9 ,france4 ,we c c>ry no article1 n ( our own production1 to ! ,briti% ports 9 ,europe4 ,nor ev5 our own produce to h] ,am]ican possessions4 ,su* be+ ! re/rictions on ! comm]ce & navigation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ! "q is1 9 :at way !y may be/ be remov$1 modifi$ or c\nt]act$8 ,z to comm]ce1 two me?ods occur4 #a4 ,by fri5dly arrangem5ts ) ! sev]al nations ) :om ^! re/rictions exi/3 ,or1 #b4 ,by ! sep>ate act ( our own legislatures = c\nt]vail+ _! effects4 ,!re c be no d\bt b t ( ^! two1 fri5dly arrangem5t is ! mo/ eligible4 ,in/ead ( emb>rass+ comm]ce "u piles ( regulat+ laws1 duties & prohibitions1 c\ld x be reliev$ f all its %ackles 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 c\ld e c\ntry be employ$ 9 produc+ t :i* nature has be/ fitt$ x to produce1 & ea* be free to ex*ange ) o!rs mutual surplusses = mutual wants1 ! greate/ mass possible w\ld !n be produc$ ( ^? ?+s :i* contribute to human life & human happ9ess2 ! numb]s ( mank9d w\ld be increas$1 & _! condition bett]$4 ,w\ld ev5 a s+le nation beg9 ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?is sy/em ( free comm]ce1 x w\ld be advisable to beg9 x ) t nation2 s9ce x is "o by "o only t x c be ext5d$ to all4 ,:]e ! circum/ances ( ei!r p>ty r5d] x exp$i5t to levy a rev5ue1 by way ( impo/1 on comm]ce1 its fre$om might be modifi$1 9 t p>ticul>1 by mutual & equival5t measures1 pres]v+ x entire 9 all o!rs4 ,"s nations1 n yet ripe = free comm]ce 9 all its ext5t1 might /ill be will+ to mollify its re/rictions & regulations = u1 9 proportion to ! advantages :i* an int]c\rse ) u might (f]4 ,p>ticul>ly !y may concur ) u 9 reciprocat+ ! duties to be levi$ on ea* side1 or 9 comp5sat+ any excess ( duty by equival5t advantages ( ano!r nature4 ,our comm]ce is c]ta9ly ( a "* to entitle x to favor 9 mo/ c\ntries4 ,! commodities we (f] are ei!r necess>ies ( life1 or mat]ials = manufacture1 or conv5i5t subjects ( rev5ue2 & we take 9 ex*ange1 ei!r manufactures1 :5 !y h receiv$ ! la/ f9i% ( art & indu/ry1 or m]e luxuries4 ,su* cu/om]s may reasonably expect welcome & fri5dly treatm5t at e m>ket4 ,cu/om]s1 too1 ^: dem&s1 increas+ ) _! weal? & population1 mu/ v %ortly give full employm5t to ! :ole indu/ry ( any nation :atev]1 9 any l9e ( supply !y may get into ! habit ( call+ = f x4 ,b %\ld any nation1 contr>y to our wi%es1 suppose x may bett] f9d its advantage by cont9u+ its sy/em ( prohibitions1 duties & regulations1 x behooves u to protect our citiz5s1 _! comm]ce & navigation1 by c\nt] prohibitions1 duties & regulations1 also4 ,free comm]ce & navigation are n to be giv5 9 ex*ange = re/rictions & vexations2 nor are !y likely to produce a relaxation ( !m4 ,our navigation involves /ill high] consid]ations4 ,z a bran* ( indu/ry1 x is valuable1 b z a res\rce ( def5ce1 ess5tial4 ,its value1 z a bran* ( indu/ry1 is enhanc$ by ! dep5d5ce ( s _m o!r bran*es on x4 ,9 times ( g5]al peace x multiplies competitors = employm5t 9 transportation1 & s keeps t at its prop] level2 & 9 times ( w>1 t is to say1 :5 ^? nations :o may be our pr9cipal c>ri]s1 %all be at w> ) ea* o!r1 if we h n )9 ourselves ! means ( transportation1 our produce mu/ be export$ 9 bellig]5t vessels1 at ! increas$ exp5se ( w>-freight & insurance1 & ! articles :i* w n be> t1 mu/ p]i% on our h&s4 ,b x is z a res\rce ( def5ce t our navigation w admit nei!r neglect nor =be>ance4 ,! position & circum/ances ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates leave !m no?+ to fe> on _! l&-bo>d1 & no?+ to desire beyond _! pres5t rights4 ,b on _! seabo>d1 !y are op5 to injury1 & !y h !re1 too1 a comm]ce :i* mu/ be protect$4 ,?is c only be done by possess+ a respectable body ( citiz5-seam51 & ( arti/s & e/abli%m5ts 9 read9ess = %ip-build+4 ,7 ! ocean1 :i* is ! common prop]ty ( all1 op5 to ! indu/ry ( all1 s t e p]son & vessel %\ld be free to take employm5t :]ev] x c\ld be f\nd1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld c]ta9ly n set ! example ( appropriat+ to !mselves1 exclusively1 any portion ( ! common /ock ( occupation4 ,!y w\ld rely on ! ent]prise & activity ( _! citiz5s = a due p>ticipation ( ! b5efits ( ! seaf>+ bus9ess1 & = keep+ ! m>9e class ( citiz5s equal to _! object4 ,b if p>ticul> nations grasp at undue %>es1 &1 m especially1 if !y seize on ! means ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 to conv]t !m into alim5t = _! own /r5g?1 & )draw !m entirely f ! support ( ^? to :om !y belong1 def5sive & protect+ measures become necess>y on ! "p ( ! nation ^: m>9e res\rces are ?us invad$2 or x w be dis>m$ ( its def5ce2 its productions w lie at ! m]cy ( ! nation :i* has possess$ itself exclusively ( ! means ( c>ry+ !m1 & its politics may be influ5c$ by ^? :o comm& its comm]ce4 ,! c>riage ( our own commodities1 if once e/abli%$ 9 ano!r *annel1 _c be resum$ 9 ! mom5t we may desire4 ,if we lose ! seam5 & arti/s :om x n[ occupies1 we lose ! pres5t means ( m>9e def5ce1 & "t w be requisite to raise up o!rs1 :5 disgrace or losses %all br+ home to our feel+s ! error ( hav+ ab&on$ !m4 ,! mat]ials = ma9ta9+ our due %>e ( navigation1 are ours 9 abundance4 ,&1 z to ! mode ( us+ !m1 we h only to adopt ! pr9ciples ( ^? :o put u on ! def5sive1 or o!rs equival5t & bett] fitt$ to our circum/ances4 ,! foll[+ pr9ciples1 be+ f\nd$ 9 reciprocity1 appe> p]fectly j1 & to (f] no cause ( compla9t to any nation3 #a4 ,:]e a nation imposes high duties on our productions1 or prohibits !m altoge!r1 x may be prop] = u to d ! same by !irs2 fir/ burd5+ or exclud+ ^? productions :i* !y br+ "h1 9 competition ) our own ( ! same k9d2 select+ next1 su* manufactures z we take f !m 9 greate/ quantity1 & :i*1 at ! same "t1 we c\ld ! soone/ furni% to ourselves1 or obta9 f o!r c\ntries2 impos+ on !m duties light] at fir/1 b heavi] & heavi] aft]w>ds1 z o!r *annels ( supply op54 ,su* duties hav+ ! effect ( indirect enc\ragem5t to dome/ic manufactures ( ! same k9d1 may induce ! manufactur] to come himself into ^! ,/ates1 :]e *eap] subsi/5ce1 equal laws1 & a v5t ( 8 w>es1 free ( duty1 may ensure him ! highe/ pr(its f 8 skill & indu/ry4 ,& "h1 x w\ld be 9 ! p[] ( ! ,/ate gov]nm5ts to co-op]ate ess5tially1 by op5+ ! res\rces ( enc\ragem5t :i* are "u _! control1 ext5d+ !m lib]ally to arti/s 9 ^? p>ticul> bran*es ( manufacture = :i* _! soil1 climate1 population & o!r circum/ances h matur$ !m1 & fo/]+ ! preci\s ef=ts & progress ( h\sehold manufacture1 by "s patronage suit$ to ! nature ( its objects1 guid$ by ! local in=mations !y possess1 & gu>d$ aga9/ abuse by _! pres5ce & att5tions4 ,! oppressions on our agriculture1 9 =eign ports1 w\ld ?us be made ! occasion ( reliev+ x f a dep5d5ce on ! c\ncils & conduct ( o!rs1 & ( promot+ arts1 manufactures & population at home4 #b4 ,:]e a nation refuses p]mission to our m]*ants & factors to reside )9 c]ta9 p>ts ( _! dom9ions1 we may1 if x %\ld be ?\ght exp$i5t1 refuse resid5ce to !irs 9 any & e "p ( ours1 or modify _! transactions4 #c4 ,:]e a nation refuses to receive 9 our vessels any productions b our own1 we may refuse to receive1 9 !irs1 any b _! own productions4 ,! fir/ & second clauses ( ! bill report$ by ! committee1 are well =m$ to effect ?is object4 #d4 ,:]e a nation refuses to consid] any vessel z ours :i* has n be5 built )9 our t]ritories1 we %\ld refuse to consid] z !irs1 any vessel n built )9 _! t]ritories4 #e4 ,:]e a nation refuses to our vessels ! c>riage ev5 ( our own productions1 to c]ta9 c\ntries "u _! dom9ation1 we might refuse to !irs ( e description1 ! c>riage ( ! same productions to ! same c\ntries4 ,b z ju/ice & good neighborhood w\ld dictate t ^? :o h no "p 9 impos+ ! re/riction on u1 %\ld n be ! victims ( measures adopt$ to defeat its effect1 x may be prop] to conf9e ! re/riction to vessels own$ or navigat$ by any subjects ( ! same dom9ant p[]1 o!r ?an ! inhabitants ( ! c\ntry to :i* ! said productions are to be c>ri$4 ,& to prev5t all inconv5i5ce to ! said inhabitants1 & to our own1 by too sudd5 a *eck on ! means ( transportation1 we may cont9ue to admit ! vessels m>k$ = future exclusion1 on an advanc$ tonnage1 & = su* l5g? ( "t only1 z may be suppos$ necess>y to provide aga9/ t inconv5i5ce4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( "s ( ^! pr9ciples by ,great ,brita91 alone1 has already lo/ u 9 our comm]ce ) t c\ntry & its possessions1 betwe5 eight & n9e hundr$ vessels ( ne> #dj1jjj tons burd51 accord+ to /atem5ts f (ficial mat]ials1 9 :i* !y h confid5ce4 ,?is involves a proportional loss ( seam51 %ipwrights1 & %ip-build+1 & is too s]i\s a loss to admit =be>ance ( "s effectual rem$y4 ,x is true we mu/ expect "s inconv5i5ce 9 practice f ! e/abli%m5t ( discrim9at+ duties4 ,b 9 ?is1 z 9 s _m o!r cases1 we are left to *oose betwe5 two evils4 ,^! inconv5i5ces are no?+ :5 weigh$ aga9/ ! loss ( weal? & loss ( =ce1 :i* w foll[ our p]sev]ance 9 ! plan ( indiscrim9ation4 ,:5 once x %all be p]ceiv$ t we are ei!r 9 ! sy/em or 9 ! habit ( giv+ equal advantages to ^? :o ext+ui% our comm]ce & navigation by duties & prohibitions1 z to ^? :o treat bo? ) lib]ality & ju/ice1 lib]ality & ju/ice w be conv]t$ by all into duties & prohibitions4 ,x is n to ! mod]ation & ju/ice ( o!rs we are to tru/ = fair & equal access to m>ket ) our productions1 or = our due %>e 9 ! transportation ( !m2 b to our own means ( indep5d5ce1 & ! firm w to use !m4 ,nor d ! inconv5i5ces ( discrim9ation m]it consid]ation4 ,n "o ( ! nations be=e m5tion$1 p]haps n a comm]cial nation on e>?1 is )\t !m4 ,9 our case "o di/9ction alone w suffice3 t is to say1 betwe5 nations :o favor our productions & navigation1 & ^? :o d n favor !m4 ,"o set ( mod]ate duties1 say ! pres5t duties1 = ! fir/1 & a fix$ advance on ^! z to "s articles1 & prohibitions z to o!rs1 = ! la/4 ,/ill1 x mu/ be repeat$ t fri5dly arrangem5ts are pref]able ) all :o w come into !m2 & t we %\ld c>ry into su* arrangem5ts all ! lib]ality & _s ( accommodation :i* ! nature ( ! case w admit4 ,france has1 ( h] own accord1 propos$ negotiations = improv+1 by a new treaty on fair & equal pr9ciples1 ! comm]cial relations ( ! two c\ntries4 ,b h] int]nal di/urbances h hi!rto prev5t$ ! prosecution ( !m to effect1 ?\gh we h _h repeat$ assurances ( a cont9uance ( ! disposition4 ,proposals ( fri5dly arrangem5t h be5 made on our "p1 by ! pres5t gov]nm5t1 to t ( ,great ,brita91 z ! message /ates2 b1 be+ already on z good a foot+ 9 law1 & a bett] 9 fact1 ?an ! mo/ favor$ nation1 !y h n1 z yet1 discov]$ any disposition to h x m$dl$ )4 ,we h no reason to conclude t fri5dly arrangem5ts w\ld be decl9$ by ! o!r nations1 ) :om we h su* comm]cial int]c\rse z may r5d] !m important4 ,9 ! mean:ile1 x w\ld re/ ) ! wisdom ( ,congress to det]m9e :e!r1 z to ^? nations1 !y w n surcease ex p>te regulations1 on ! reasonable presumption t !y w concur 9 do+ :atev] ju/ice & mod]ation dictate %\ld be done4 ,,footnote3 #cc ,april #ab1 #agib4 ,,xli4--,report on ! ,m9t4 ,communicat$ to ! ,s5ate1 ,decemb] #ca1 #agic4 ,,philadelphia1 ,decemb] #cj1 #agic4 ,,sir1--,i am in=m$1 by ! ,director ( ! ,m9t1 t an imp$im5t has aris5 to ! co9age ( ! preci\s metals1 :i* x is my duty to lay be=e y4 ,x w be recollect$1 t1 9 pursuance ( ! au?ority ve/$ 9 ! ,presid5t1 by ,congress1 to procure arti/s f abroad1 if necess>y1 ,mr4 ,dro/1 at ,p>is1 s well kn[n by ! sup]ior /yle ( 8 co9age1 0 engag$ = our m9t2 b t1 aft] occasion+ to u a consid]able delay1 he decl9$ com+4 ,t !reupon1 our m9i/] at ,london1 accord+ to ! in/ructions he _h receiv$1 endeavor$ to procure1 !re1 a *ief co9] & assay]2 t1 z to ! latt]1 he succe$$ 9 s5d+ ov] a ,mr4 ,albion ,coxe1 = t (fice1 b t he c\ld procure no p]son !re m qualifi$ to dis*>ge ! duties ( *ief co9]1 ?an might be _h "h2 &1 !re=e1 did n engage "o4 ,! duties ( ?is la/ (fice h consequ5tly be51 hi!rto1 p]=m$1 & well p]=m$1 by ,h5ry ,voight1 an arti/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b ! law requir+ ^! (fic]s to give a security1 9 ! sum ( t5 ?\s& doll>s ea*1 nei!r is able to d x4 ,! co9age ( ! preci\s metals has1 !re=e1 be5 prev5t$ = "s "t pa/1 ?\gh1 9 ord] t ! m9t might n be entirely idle1 ! co9age ( copp] has be5 go+ on2 ! tru/ 9 t1 at any "o po9t ( "t1 be+ ( b small am\nt4 ,x n[ rema9s to det]m9e h[ ?is difficulty is to be got ov]4 ,if by dis*>g+ ^! (fic]s1 & seek+ o!rs1 x may well be d\bt$ if any c be f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 equally capable ( fulfill+ _! duties2 & to seek !m f abroad1 w\ld /ill add to ! delay2 & if f\nd ei!r at home or abroad1 !y mu/ /ill be ( ! description ( arti/s ^: circum/ances & connections r>ely enable !m to give security 9 s l>ge a sum4 ,! o!r alt]native w\ld be to less5 ! security%ip 9 money1 & to confide t x w be suppli$ by ! vigilance ( ! director1 :o1 leav+ z small masses ( metal 9 ! h&s ( ! (fic]s1 at any "o "t1 z ! c\rse ( _! process w admit1 may r$uce ! risk to :at w\ld n be consid]able4 ,to give an idea ( ! ext5t ( ! tru/ to ! sev]al (fic]s1 bo? z to sum & "t1 x may be prop] to /ate ! c\rse ( ! bus9ess1 accord+ to :at ! director is ( op9ion x %\ld be4 ,! treasur]1 he obs]ves1 %\ld receive ! bullion2 ! assay]1 by an op]ation on a few gra9s ( x1 is to asc]ta9 its f95ess4 ,! treasur] is !n to deliv] x to ! ref9]1 to be melt$ & mix$ to ! /&>d f95ess2 ! assay] "h1 aga91 exam9+ a few gra9s ( ! melt$ mass1 & c]tify+ :5 x is ( due f95ess2 ! ref9] !n deliv]s x to ! *ief co9]1 to be roll$ & co9$1 & returns x1 :5 co9$1 to ! treasur]4 ,by ?is x appe>s1 t a few gra9s only1 at a "t1 are 9 ! h&s ( ! assay]1 ! mass be+ confid$1 = op]ation1 to ! ref9] & *ief co9]4 ,x is to be obs]v$ t ! law has n tak5 notice ( ! (fice ( ref9]1 ?\gh s important an (fic] ought1 x %\ld seem1 to be ( ! ,presid5t's nom9ation1 & ought to give a security ne>ly equal to t requir$ f ! *ief co9]4 ,i h ?\ght x my duty to give ?is in=mation "u an impression t x is prop] to be communicat$ to ! ,legislature1 :o w decide1 9 _! wisdom1 :e!r x w be exp$i5t to make x ! duty ( ! treasur] to receive & keep ! bullion be=e co9age2 ,to less5 ! pecuni>y security requir$ f ! *ief co9] & assay]2 & ,to place ! (fice ( ! ref9] "u ! same nom9ation ) t ( ! o!r *ief (fic]s2 to fix 8 sal>y1 & require due security4 ,i h ! honor to be1 ) ! mo/ p]fect respect & atta*m5t1 sir1 y\r mo/ ob$i5t & mo/ humble s]vant4 ,,end ,,( ,,vol4 ,,vii4 ,,index ,,to ,,vol4 ,,vii4 ,,adams1 ,,john--,8 e/imate ( life1 #cj4 ,8 read+1 #ei1 #fi4 ,8 religi\s op9ions1 #ei1 #fh1 #bai1 #bhj4 ,calumnies ( ,pick]+ aga9/1 #eh1 #fb4 ,8 views ( metaphysics1 #ga4 ,8 views ( ,bonap>te1 #ga4 ,lett] ( condol5ce to1 f ,mr4 ,jeff]son1 #ajg4 ,olde/ sign] ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 #bah1 #bai4 ,,adams1 ,j4 ,q4--,made ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 #he4 ,,alex&]1 ,,emp]or--,8 "* & views1 #bj4 ,,advice--,lett] (1 #dja4 ,,anatomy--,exp]im5ts 91 #chh4 ,,anglo ,,saxon--,! language1 #daf4 ,,apocalypse1 ,,!--,view (1 #cid4 ,,a/ronomy--,new me?od ( f9d+ longitude1 #bbc1 #bbf4 ,,banks--,evils ( ! ,bank+ sy/em1 #fd1 #aaa1 #aae4 ,susp5sion (1 #adb4 ,di/ress result+ !refrom1 #aea4 ,jeff]son's plan = r$uc+ circulat+ m$ium1 #adf4 ,,b>b>y ,,/ates--,_! piracies1 #bej4 ,ef=ts to r$eem ,alg]9e prison]s1 #ecb4 ,,bol+broke1 ,,"l--,8 writ+s1 #aig4 ,,bonap>te--,8 "*1 #bge4 ,,books--,%\ld be import$ free ( duty1 #bbj4 ,,campbell1 ,,col4--,h]o ( ,k+'s ,m\nta91 #bfh4 ,,capitol--,:e!r !re %\ld be any inscription on new "o1 #da4 ,,*emi/ry--,progress (1 #bei4 ,,c9c9nati ,,society--,hi/ory (1 #cfh4 ,,classics--,! /udy (1 #aca4 ,,climate--,( we/]n c\ntry1 #cge4 ,,co9age--,report on copp] co9age1 #dfb4 ,report on co9s1 weights & measures1 #dgb4 ,,colonization ,,( ,,negroes--,views on1 #ccb4 ,,comm]ce--,treaties ) ,european p[]s1 #dcf4 ,our ,m$it]ranean trade1 #eai4 ,re/riction & privileges ( our =eign comm]ce1 #fcf4 ,free ,trade1 h[ f> practicable1 #fdf4 ,,committees ,,( ,,correspond5ce--,orig9 (1 #abj4 ,,comp5sation ,,law--,unpopul>ity (1 #gh4 ,,congress--,:e!r x has a "r to adj\rn to a new place ( meet+ )\t cons5t ( ,presid5t1 #die4 ,,consolidation--,dang]s (1 #bbc1 #bic1 #dcj4 ,rapid /rides t[>ds1 #dbf1 #dcj4 ,,con/itution--,rules = int]pret+1 #bif1 #ccf1 #cdb1 #ceh4 ,di/ribution ( p[]s betwe5 ,/ate & ,f$]al gov]nm5ts1 #big1 #ceh4 ,:o ! f9al arbit] betwe5 ,/ate & ,f$]al gov]nm5ts1 #bih1 #ceh4 ,%\ld be easily am5dable1 #cbc1 #ccf4 ,simil>ity ( ,con/itutions ( diff]5t ,/ates1 #cbc4 ,,c\rts1 ,,c\nty--,magi/rates (1 %\ld be elect$ by ! p1 #ab1 #ah4 ,,cuba--,%\ld n be all[$ to pass to ,engl&1 #bhh1 #bii4 ,p (1 h[ affect$1 #bii4 ,%\ld belong to ! ,u4 ,/ates1 #caf4 ,,david1 ,,k+--,8 description ( a good man1 #ccg4 ,,debt1 ,,=eign--,h[ x %\ld be manag$1 #ejf4 ,,drawbacks--,%\ld be repeal$1 #f4 ,,education--,g5]al plan (1 #ih1 #ahg1 #cbb1 #cih4 ,female education1 #aja4 ,nor!rn tea*]s & pr(essors1 #ahg4 ,common s*ool sy/em ( ,virg9ia a failure1 #bef4 ,,eloqu5ce--,models (1 #bca4 ,,emb>go--,circum/ances "u :i*1 resort$ to1 #cgc4 ,circum/ances :i* l$ to its repeal1 #dbe1 #dca4 ,treasonable conduct ( ,massa*usetts 9 relation to1 #dbe1 #dca4 ,,engl&--,feel+ ( t[>ds ,u4 ,/ates1 #db1 #eai4 ,debt (1 #dc4 ,condition & prospects (1 #de1 #dh1 #bcb4 ,con/itution (1 #dh4 ,p>ties 91 #ej4 ,discont5ts 91 #aif4 ,orig9 ( h] con/itution1 #cee4 ,effects ( ,norman conque/1 #dac4 ,indemnity = slaves c>ri$ (f by1 dur+ ,revolution>y w>1 #eah4 ,comm]cial relations (1 ) ,unit$ ,/ates1 #eah4 ,,europe--,condition (1 #ahb1 #aic1 #bag1 #bdd1 #bhh4 ,revolutions 91 #cjg4 ,,expatriation--,exi/s z a natural "r1 #gb4 ,,france--,condition (1 #ff1 #gf4 ,return to1 ( ,l\is ,,xviii41 #hb4 ,con/itution (1 #hf4 ,alli$ p[]s dep>t1 #aji4 ,h] revolution1 #cjb4 ,h] progress 9 sci5ce1 #cbc4 ,:e!r our treaties )1 rema9 ,obligatory aft] h] revolution1 #faa4 ,n all[$ to equip private]s 9 our ports1 #bbf4 ,,frankl91 ,,b5jam9--,calumnies aga9/1 #ajh4 ,,fi%]ies--,report on ,cod fi%]ies1 #ehh4 ,hi/ory ( ,cod fi%]ies1 #ech4 ,hi/ory ( :ale fi%]ies1 #edd4 ,,g5]ations--,"o has no "r to b9d ano!r1 #af1 #ai1 #caa1 #cei4 ,,gov]nm5t--,views on1 #c1 #bfc1 #cjg1 #cah1 #ceg4 ,%\ld reflect w ( p 9 all its dep>tm5ts1 #i1 #cai4 ,is progressive1 #ae4 ,%\ld be remodell$ f "t to "t1 #ad1 #ai4 ,pr9ciple ( repres5tation1 #cb4 ,mu/ be adapt$ to ea* p>ticul> p1 #ef4 ,majority mu/ gov]n1 #ge4 ,europe _c be> republican gov]nm5t1 #cbe4 ,,greek--,pronunciation (1 #aab1 #acg4 ,! ablative case 91 #bgb1 #cdj4 ,,grief--,its uses & abuses1 #cc1 #cg4 ,,hamilton1 ,a4--,8 mon>*ical pr9ciples1 #chi4 ,,hi/ory--,c\rse (1 indicat$ = ,univ]sity ( ,virg9ia1 #dab4 ,,improvem5t1 ,,int]nal--,progress (1 #ge1 #dbb4 ,p[] (1 does n belong to f$]al gov]nm5t1 #gi4 ,,indep5d5ce1 ,,decl>ation ,,(--,its hi/ory1 #abb1 #cjd4 ,jeff]son's op9ion ( ,meckl5burg ,decl>ation1 #abh4 ,au?or%ip (1 #djg4 ,orig9al r\gh draft (1 #dji4 ,! h\se 9 :i* writt51 #daj4 ,celebration ( #ej? anniv]s>y (1 #dej4 ,,indians--,_! language1 #if1 #djj4 ,plan = civiliz+1 #bcc4 ,! "r to ext+ui% ,indian titles belongs to f$]al & n ,/ate gov]nm5ts1 #dfg4 ,,jay1 ,,john--,:y he did n sign ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 #cjh4 ,,jeff]son1 ,,?omas--,8 e/imate ( life1 #be1 #dba4 ,decay ( 8 faculties1 #eb1 #agi1 #cbg4 ,resign$ to dea?1 #eb1 #bdc4 ,oppress$ by correspond5ce1 #ed1 #bed4 ,8 occupations 9 8 old age1 #aaa1 #aaf4 ,8 habits ( life1 #aaf4 ,mat]ials = 8 biography1 #aag4 ,application = 8 portrait1 #bjc4 ,compla9s ( publication ( 8 lett]s1 #bbb4 ,settlem5ts ( 8 acc\nts on 8 return f ,france1 #bci1 #bdf4 ,8 relations ) ,j4 ,adams1 #cad4 ,calumnies ( ,pick]+1 #cfb4 ,8 relations ) ,wa%+ton unaffect$ by ! ,mazzei lett]1 #cfd4 ,_! fri5d%ip un9t]rupt$ to ! la/1 #cgj4 ,8 losses by security debt1 #dcc4 ,,judici>y1 ,,f$]al--,decisions (1 d n b9d o!r dep>tm5ts ( ! gov]nm5t1 #acd1 #agg4 ,ea* dep>tm5t decides = itself1 #acd1 #agg4 ,dang] to our sy/em f encroa*m5ts (1 #aib1 #aii1 #baf1 #bef1 #bgh1 #bic1 #cba1 #djc4 ,,k5tucky ,,resolutions--,drawn by ,jeff]son1 #bbi4 ,,kosciusko--,8 w1 #ih4 ,8 s]vices to ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ajf4 ,,la ,,fayette--,8 visit to ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cgh1 #cgi4 ,,l&s1 ,,public--,settlem5ts on1 #hc4 ,,langdon1 ,,gov]nor--,8 relations ) ,jeff]son1 #aed4 ,,language--,is progressive1 #agd1 #dah4 ,,law--,c\rse ( read+ 91 #bjg4 ,common law no "p ( law ( ,unit$ ,/ates1 #bea4 ,*ri/ianity no "p ( common law1 #cei4 ,orig9 ( common law1 #cha4 ,,law1 ,,int]national--,pr9ciple ( free %ips make free goods c41 n law ( nations1 #bgj4 ,,lee1 ,r4 ,h4--,biography (1 #dbb4 ,,lewis ,,& ,,cl>ke--,j\rnal ( _! exp$ition1 #ia4 ,,liv+/on1 ,e4--,8 code1 #chc1 #dhc4 ,,loan--,proposition = new loan1 #fbi4 ,,lott]ies--,jeff]son applies = leave to sell 8 prop]ty by lott]y1 #dcd4 ,,l\isiana--,b\nd>ies (1 #ea4 ,,manufactures--,:e!r a m>k %\ld be secur$ to ea* by law1 #efc4 ,,mat]ialism--,views on1 #aec1 #age4 ,,mazzei ,,lett]--,hi/ory & explanation (1 #cfd4 ,,metaphysics--,views on1 #aec1 #age4 ,,m9i/]s--,s5ate has no "r to negative ! grade ( a m9i/]1 x c only negative ! p]son appo9t$ by ! ,executive1 #dfe4 ,,missions1 ,,religi\s--,to =eign ,/ates objectionable1 #bhg4 ,,m9t--,! co9] at ! m9t unable to give security1 #fea4 ,,mississippi ,,riv]--,our "r to navigate1 #efh4 ,,miss\ri ,,"q--#aej1 #aea1 #aid1 #bjj4 ,evil ( a geographical l9e1 #aea1 #aeh1 #aei1 #ahj1 #ahb1 #aid4 ,,monroe1 ,,james--,8 election to ,presid5cy1 #hj4 ,,navy--,orig9 ( navy ( ,unit$ ,/ates1 #bfa1 #bfd4 ,,neutrality--,a neutral nation may refuse bellig]5ts "r to pass ?r\gh its t]ritory1 #eji4 ,,novels--,evil (1 #ajb4 ,,(fices--,rotation 91 #aij4 ,,optics--,views on1 sugge/$1 #beh4 ,,oratory--,defects ( mod]n1 #cdg4 ,,pa9e1 ,,?omas--,8 writ+s1 #aig4 ,,p>ties--,hi/ory (1 9 ,u4 ,s41 #bgg1 #bij4 ,orig9al views ( f$]al & republican1 #bij4 ,republican p>ty becomes f$]aliz$1 #cbe1 #cdb4 ,necessity (1 #cgf4 ,a /rong mon>*ical p>ty at ! beg9n+ ( our gov]nm5t1 #cij4 ,,po/s1 ,,nor?-,,we/]n--,engl& refuses to surr5d]1 #eah4 ,,quak]s--,"* (1 #ff4 ,,r&olph1 ,,peyton--,"* (1 #bj4 ,,religion--,jeff]son's views on1 #bh1 #fa1 #abg1 #afd1 #agj1 #ahe1 #baj1 #bde1 #beb1 #beg1 #bff1 #bfi1 #bha4 ,sy/em ( ,jesus comp>$ ) anci5t philosoph]s1 #ach1 #aef1 #afd1 #ahe4 ,jesus z a re=m]1 #afd4 ,mod]n fanaticism1 #agj4 ,religi\s intol]ance1 #cif4 ,,repres5tation--,bill apportion+1 #eid4 ,,revolution1 ,,!--,:o begun x1 #ii1 #ajc1 #aba4 ,circum/ances att5d+ ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 #abb4 ,,revolution>y ,,debt--,^? due soldi]s ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,virg9ia %\ld be paid to !mselves & n _! assignees1 #dfi4 ,,roman ,,p ,,& ,,con/itution--#adh1 #aej4 ,,sci5ces--,di/ribution (1 #cci4 ,progress ( ,france 91 #cbg4 ,,slaves--,n entitl$ to be repres5t$1 #cf4 ,emancipation (1 #eh1 #caj4 ,amelioration ( condition (1 #djc1 #dcg4 ,re-capture ( slaves escap$ to ,florida1 #fja4 ,,society--,its progress1 #cgg4 ,,s\? ,,am]ican ,,prov9ces--,incapable ( self-gov]nm5t1 #fg1 #ge1 #ajd1 #baj4 ,,spa9--,treaty )1 reject$1 #afj4 ,,taylor1 ,,john--,jeff]son's op9ion ( 8 con/itution con/ru$1 #bac1 #baf4 ,,tracy1 ,,de/utt--,8 works1 #ch1 #ee4 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,virg9ia--,organization (1 #ha1 #afa1 #agc1 #aif1 #cbi1 #cib1 #dda4 ,religi\s objections to appo9tm5t ( ,dr4 ,coop] 91 #aef1 #afb1 #aga4 ,difficulties surr\nd+1 #bja1 #bjd1 #bcg1 #cib4 ,necessity = a s\!rn ,univ]sity1 #bje4 ,arrangem5t = religi\s wor%ip1 #bfg4 ,/ud5ts all[$ to select tickets1 #cjj4 ,difficulties ( discipl9e1 #cja4 ,progress (1 #cji4 ,selection ( pr(essors =1 #cdh4 ,inculcation ( f$]al doctr9es 91 %\ld be gu>d$ aga9/1 #cig4 ,necessity = an ,anatomical ,hall1 #cic1 #cih4 ,appo9tm5t ( =eign pr(essors1 #dae4 ,libr>y (1 #dcb4 ,e/abli%m5t ( s*ool ( ,botany1 #dch1 #dda4 ,,unit$ ,,/ates--,true policy (1 #f4 ,animosity to ,engl& gr[+ out ( la/ w>1 #bb4 ,relations (1 ) ,european p[]s1 #bhh4 ,relations (1 ) ,engl&1 #bb4 ,dang] ( dissolution ( ,union1 #ahb4 ,%\ld disconnect _! policy f t ( ,europe1 #ahc1 #cae4 ,dang]s :i* ?reat5 !m1 #baa1 #bad4 ,,v&] ,,kemp--,hi/ory (1 #bi4 ,,virg9ia--,programme ( new con/itution =1 #i4 ,arnold's invasion (1 #add1 #ddd4 ,hi/orical docum5ts (1 #cab4 ,h] fir/ con/itution1 #cdd4 ,defects 91 #cae4 ,au?or%ip ( bill ( rights1 con/itution (1 #dje1 #djg4 ,,w>--,b5efits ( ! la/ w>1 #ff4 ,,w>ds--,c\nties %\ld be divid$ into1 #ce4 ,,wa%+ton1 ,,g54--,au?or%ip ( ,f>ewell ,address1 #bia4 ,no unk9d feel+ betwe5 him & ,jeff]son on acc\nt ( ,mazzei lett]1 #cfd4 ,=ms & c]emonies adopt$ dur+ 8 adm9i/ration1 #cfg4 ,he 0 a true republican1 #cga4 ,,wa%+ton ,,city--,locat+ (1 #eab1 #efa4 ,,wat]--,report on me?ods ( obta9+ fre% wat] f salt1 #dee4 ,,weights ,,& ,,measures--,a /&>d (1 #hg4 ,report on1 #dgb4 ,,:iskey--,evils ( its *eapness1 #bhe4 ,,william ,,& ,,m>y ,,college--,its f\ndation1 #cbh4 ,proposition to consolidate x ) ,univ]sity1 #cej1 #chd4 ,its *>t] is "u ! p[] ( ! legislature1 #cej1 #chd4 ,,w9es--,use ( b5eficial1 #aaj4