,the ,catholic ,world ,a ,monthly ,magazine of ,general ,literature and ,science ,vol4 ,,xx4 ,october #ahgd to ,march #ahge ,the ,catholic ,publication ,house4 ,new ,york #ahge ,,contents ,contents4 ,the ,catholic ,world4 ,vol4 ,,xx41 ,no4 #aae4--,october1 #ahgd4 ,matter4 ,,iii4 ,hope4 ,the ,veil ,withdrawn4 ,september--,sabbath ,rest4 ,the ,present ,state ,of ,anglicanism4 ,antar ,and ,zara2 ,or1 8,the ,only ,true ,lovers40 ,assunta ,howard4 ,,iii4 ,in ,extremis4 ,a ,discussion ,with ,an ,infidel4 ,a ,legend ,of ,alsace4 ,fac,similes ,of ,irish ,national ,manuscripts4 ,congress ,of ,the ,catholic ,germans ,at ,mayence4 ,switzerland ,in #ahgc4 ,lucerne4 ,roger ,the ,rich4 ,the ,poem ,of ,izdubar4 ,new ,publications4 ,the ,catholic ,world4 ,vol4 ,,xx41 ,no4 #aaf4--,november1 #ahgd4 ,church ,chant ,versus ,church ,music4 ,a ,vision4 ,on ,the ,wing4 ,a ,southern ,flight4 ,,vii4 ,concluded4 ,the ,three ,edens4 ,a ,discussion ,with ,an ,infidel4 ,destiny4 ,the ,veil ,withdrawn4 ,fac,similes ,of ,irish ,national ,manuscripts4 ,concluded4 ,annals ,of ,the ,moss,troopers4 ,assunta ,howard4 ,,iv4 ,convalescence4 ,inscription ,for ,the ,bell 8,gabriel10 ,at ,s4 ,mary's ,of ,the ,lake1 ,lake ,george4 ,switzerland ,in #ahgc4 ,lucerne4 ,concluded4 ,a ,legend ,of ,alsace4 ,concluded4 ,wind ,and ,tide4 ,matter4 ,,iv4 ,new ,publications4 ,the ,catholic ,world4 ,vol4 ,,xx41 ,no4 #aag4--;,december1 #ahgd4 ,the ,persecution ,of ,the ,church ,in ,the ,german ,empire4 ,the ,veil ,withdrawn4 ,church ,chant ,versus ,church ,music4 ,assunta ,howard4 ,v4 ,sienna4 ,swinburne ,and ,de ,vere4 ,requies ,mea4 ,ontologism ,and ,psychologism4 ,reminiscences ,of ,a ,tile,field4 ,the ,ingenious ,device4 ,the ,rigi4 ,church ,song4 ,a ,discussion ,with ,an ,infidel4 ,the ,ice,wigwam ,of ,minnehaha4 ,a ,russian ,sister ,of ,charity4 ,new ,publications4 ,the ,catholic ,world4 ,vol4 ,,xx41 ,no4 #aah4--;,january1 #ahge4 ,the ,persecution ,of ,the ,church ,in ,the ,german ,empire4 ,christmas,tide4 ,the ,veil ,withdrawn4 ,another ,general ,convention ,of ,the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church4 ,assunta ,howard4 ,concluded4 ,matter4 ,v4 ,christmas ,in ,the ,thirteenth ,century4 ,the ,civilization ,of ,ancient ,ireland4 ,robespierre4 ,the ,better ,christmas4 ,english ,and ,scotch ,scenes4 ,the ,future ,of ,the ,russian ,church4 ,the ,leap ,for ,life4 ,the ,year ,of ,our ,lord #ahgd4 ,new ,publications4 ,the ,catholic ,world4 ,vol4 ,,xx41 ,no4 #aai4--;,february1 #ahge4 ,church ,authority ,and ,personal ,responsibility3 ,the ,church ,in ,f----4 ,are ,you ,my ,wife8 ,chapter ,i4 ,religion ,and ,state ,in ,our ,republic4 ,release4 ,the ,veil ,withdrawn4 ,the ,brooklet4 ,the ,colonization ,of ,new ,south ,wales ,by ,great ,britain4 ,a ,summer ,in ,rome4 ,matter4 ,,vi4 ,robespierre4 ,concluded4 ,robert ,cavelier ,de ,la ,salle4 ,birth,days4 ,the ,future ,of ,the ,russian ,church4 ,the ,bells ,of ,prayer4 ,new ,publications4 ,the ,catholic ,world4 ,vol4 ,,xx41 ,no4 #abj4--,march1 #ahge4 ,italian ,documents ,of ,freemasonry4 ,crown ,jewels4 ,are ,you ,my ,wife8 ,chapter ,,ii4 ,the ,colonization ,of ,new ,south ,wales ,by ,great ,britain4 ,concluded4 ,the ,veil ,withdrawn4 ,a ,bit ,of ,modern ,thought ,on ,matter4 ,the ,blind ,student4 ,turning ,from ,darwin ,to ,thomas ,aquinas4 ,the ,future ,of ,the ,russian ,church4 ,burke ,and ,the ,revolution4 ,robert ,cavelier ,de ,la ,salle4 ,concluded4 ,the ,log ,chapel ,on ,the ,rappahannock4 ,new ,publications4 ,footnotes ,cover ,page ,,contents4 ,anglicanism1 ,the ,present ,state of1 #da4 ,annals of the ,moss ,troopers1 #bbb4 ,another ,general ,convention of the ,p4 ,e4 ,church1 #dfe4 ,are you my ,wife8 #eif1 #gch4 ,assunta ,howard1 #fb1 #bcd1 #ccb1 #dgd4 ,bit of ,modern ,thought on ,matter1 ,a1 #ghf4 ,blind ,student1 ,the1 #hjb4 ,burke and the ,revolution1 #hbc4 ,bussierre's ,a ,legend of ,alsace1 #ia1 #bfj4 ,christmas in the ,thirteenth ,century1 #ejb4 ,church ,authority1 etc41 #egh4 ,church ,chant vs4 ,church ,music1 #ade1 #cag4 ,civilization of ,ancient ,ireland1 #ejf4 ,colonization of ,new ,south ,wales by ,great ,britain1 #fej1 #gei4 ,congress of the ,catholic ,germans at ,mayence1 #aji4 ,craven's ,veil ,withdrawn1 #ae1 #aic1 #big1 #ddf1 #fcj1 #gfg4 ,discussion with an ,infidel1 ,a1 #gc1 #age1 #dje4 ,eighteen ,hundred and ,seventy,four1 #efa4 ,english and ,scotch ,scenes1 #ebi4 ,fac,similes of ,irish ,national ,,mss41 #ajb1 #bac4 ,future of the ,russian ,church1 ,the1 #edd1 #gjc1 #haj4 ,german ,empire1 ,the ,persecution of the ,church in the1 #bhi1 #dcc4 ,ice,wigwam of ,minnehaha1 ,the1 #dbd4 ,infidel1 ,a ,discussion with an1 #gc1 #age1 #dje4 ,ireland1 ,the ,civilization of ,ancient1 #ejf4 ,irish ,national ,,mss41 #ajb1 #bac4 ,italian ,documents of ,freemasonry1 #gba4 ,izdubar1 ,the ,poem of1 #ach4 ,la ,salle1 ,robert ,cavelier de1 #fij1 #hcc4 ,legend of ,alsace1 ,a1 #ia1 #bfj4 ,log ,chapel on the ,rappahannock1 ,the1 #hdg4 ,lucerne1 #abc1 #bde4 ,matter1 #a1 #bgb1 #dhg1 #fff4 ,matter1 ,a ,bit of ,modern ,thought on1 #ghf4 ,minnehaha1 ,the ,ice,wigwam of1 #dbd4 ,moss ,troopers1 ,annals of the1 #bbb4 ,new ,south ,wales1 ,the ,colonization of1 #fej1 #gei4 ,on the ,wing1 #aeh4 ,ontologism and ,psychologism1 #cfj4 ,persecution of the ,church in the ,german ,empire1 ,the1 #bhi1 #dcc4 ,personal ,responsibility1 #egh4 ,poem of ,izdubar1 ,the1 #ach4 ,present ,state of ,anglicanism1 ,the1 #da4 ,protestant ,episcopal ,church1 ,general ,convention of the1 #dfe4 ,religion and ,state in our ,republic1 #fae4 ,reminiscences of a ,tile ,field1 #cgd4 ,rigi1 ,the1 #chh4 ,robert ,cavelier de ,la ,salle1 #fij1 #hcc4 ,robespierre1 #eai1 #fhj4 ,russian ,church1 ,the ,future of the1 #edd1 #gjc4 ,russian ,sister of ,charity1 ,a1 #dbh4 ,scotch ,scenes1 #ebi4 ,southern ,flight1 ,a1 #aeh4 ,summer in ,rome1 ,a1 #feh4 ,swinburne and ,de ,vere1 #cdf4 ,switzerland in #ahgc1 #abc1 #bde4 ,tile ,field1 ,reminiscences of a1 #cgd4 ,tondini's ,a ,russian ,sister of ,charity1 #dbh4 ,tondini's ,russian ,church1 #edd1 #gjc1 #haj4 ,veil ,withdrawn1 ,the1 #ae1 #aic1 #big1 #ddf1 #fcj1 #gfg4 ,year of our ,lord #ahgd1 ,the1 #efa4 ,poetry4 ,antar and ,zara1 #ee4 ,better ,christmas1 ,the1 #ebh4 ,bells of ,prayer1 ,the1 #gac4 ,birth,days1 #gjb4 ,brooklet1 ,the1 #fdi4 ,church in ,f----1 ,the1 #eie4 ,christmas ,tide1 #ddc4 ,church ,song1 #djd4 ,crown ,jewels1 #gcg4 ,destiny1 #aib4 ,episode in the ,career of ,pres4 ,mac,mahon1 #eeg4 ,hope1 #ad4 ,ingenious ,device1 ,the1 #chg4 ,inscription on the ,bell ,gabrielle at ,s4 ,mary's of the ,lake1 ,lake ,george1 #bdd4 ,leap for ,life1 ,the1 #eeg4 ,release1 #fbi4 ,requies ,mea1 #cei4 ,roger the ,rich1 #ace4 ,september--,sabbath ,rest1 #dj4 ,three ,edens1 ,the1 #agd4 ,turning from ,darwin to ,thomas ,aquinas1 #hji4 ,vision1 ,a1 #aeg4 ,wind and ,tide1 #bga4 ,new ,publications4 ,alzog's ,universal ,history1 #bhg4 ,anecdote ,biographies of ,thackeray and ,dickens1 #adc4 ,augustine1 ,s41 ,the ,works of1 #ege4 ,avancinus' ,meditations1 #gad4 ,bateman's ,ierne of ,armorica1 #gbj4 ,brica,brac ,series1 #adc1 #egf4 ,caddell's ,summer ,talk about ,lourdes1 #bhh4 ,catholic ,family ,almanac for #ahge1 #dbi4 ,characteristics from the ,writings of ,john ,henry ,newman1 #hfj4 ,charteris1 #bhh4 ,complete ,office of ,holy ,week1 ,the1 #hfj4 ,cumplido's ,the ,perfect ,lay,brother1 #hei4 ,curtius' ,history of ,greece1 #bhh4 ,didiot's ,the ,religious ,state1 #hei4 ,dodge's ,rhymes and ,jingles1 #egf4 ,excerpta ex ,rituali ,romano1 #gaf4 ,father ,eudes and his ,foundations1 #hci4 ,fleuriot's ,eagle and ,dove1 #ege4 ,greenleaf's ,testimony of the ,evangelists ,examined1 #gah4 ,harper's ,peace through the ,truth1 #hfj4 ,hewit's ,king's ,highway1 #egd4 ,history of ,greece1 #bhh4 ,history of the ,catholic ,church in ,scotland1 #bhg4 ,holland's ,mistress of the ,manse1 #dcj4 ,holy ,week1 ,the ,complete ,office of1 #hfj4 ,ierne of ,armorica1 #gbj4 ,illustrated ,catholic ,almanac for #ahge1 #dbi4 ,katherine ,earle1 #bhh4 ,king's ,highway1 #egd4 ,leguay's ,the ,mistress of ,novices1 #hei4 ,lessons in ,bible ,history1 #gae4 ,letters of ,mr4 ,gladstone and others1 #gaf4 ,letter to the ,duke of ,norfolk on ,gladstone's ,expostulation1 #heg4 ,library of the ,sacred ,heart1 #egf4 ,life of ,anne ,catherine ,emmerich1 #adb4 ,margaret ,roper1 #hfj4 ,maria ,monk's ,daughter1 #dcj4 ,marvin's ,philosophy of ,spiritualism1 #hfj4 ,meditations on the ,life and ,doctrine of ,jesus ,christ1 #gad4 ,meline's ,charteris1 #bhh4 ,mill's ,three ,essays on ,religion1 #ege4 ,milwaukee ,catholic ,magazine1 #gbj4 ,mistress of ,novices1 ,the1 #hei4 ,mistress of the ,manse1 #dcj4 ,montgomery's ,on the ,wing1 #hfj4 ,montzey's ,father ,eudes1 etc41 #hei4 ,morris' ,prisoners of the ,temple1 #gad4 ,murray's ,manual of ,mythology1 #bhg4 ,newman's ,characteristics1 #hfj4 ,newman's ,letter1 etc41 #heg4 ,nobleman of '#hi1 ,the1 #gad4 ,notes on the ,second ,plenary ,council of ,baltimore1 #dcj4 ,on the ,wing1 #hfj4 ,ordo ,divini ,officii ,recitandi ,missque ,celebrand1 juxta ,rubricas ,breviarii ac ,missalis ,romani1 ,anno #ahge1 #gai4 ,oriental and ,linguistic ,studies1 #egc4 ,outlines of ,astronomy1 #gag4 ,peace through the ,truth1 #hfj4 ,perfect ,lay,brother1 ,the1 #hei4 ,personal ,reminiscences by ,barham1 ,harness1 and ,hodder1 #egf4 ,philosophy of ,spiritualism1 ,the1 #hfj4 ,prisoners of the ,temple1 ,the1 #gad4 ,protestant ,journalism1 #bhh4 ,purgatory ,surveyed1 #gae4 ,quinton's ,the ,nobleman of '#hi1 #gad4 ,ram's ,life of ,anne ,catherine ,emmerich1 #adb4 ,rglement ,ecclesiastique de ,pierre ,le ,grand1 #gai4 ,religious ,state1 ,the1 etc41 #hei4 ,rhymes and ,jingles1 #egf4 ,sadliers' ,catholic ,directory for #ahge1 #gbj4 ,searle's ,outlines of ,astronomy1 #gag4 ,sins of the ,tongue1 #gah4 ,smith's ,notes on the ,council of ,baltimore1 #dcj4 ,stewart's ,margaret ,roper1 #hfj4 ,summer ,talk about ,lourdes1 #bhh4 ,testimony of the ,evangelists ,examined1 etc41 #gac4 ,three ,essays on ,religion1 #ege4 ,tondini's ,rglement ,ecclesiastique de ,pierre ,le ,grand1 #gai4 ,torrey's ,theory of ,true ,art1 #bhh4 ,trafton's ,katherine ,earle1 #bhh4 ,universal ,church ,history1 #bhi4 ,valiant ,woman1 ,the1 #gah4 ,walsh's ,history of the ,catholic ,church in ,scotland1 #bhg4 ,whitney's ,oriental and ,linguistic ,studies1 #egc4 ,works of ,aurelius ,augustine1 #ege4 ,young ,catholic's ,illustrated ,school ,series1 #adc4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xx41 ,,no4 #aae4--,,october1 #ahgd4 ,matter4 ,,iii4 ,the plain philosophical and scientific proofs by which we have established the actio in distans1 although sufficient1 in our judgment1 to convince every unbiassed reader of the truth of the view we have maintained1 may nevertheless prove inadequate to remove the prejudice of those who regard the timehonored doctrine of action by material contact as axiomatic and unassailable4 ,it is true that they cannot upset our arguments2 but they oppose to us other arguments1 which they confidently believe to be unanswerable4 ,it is therefore necessary for us to supplement our previous demonstration by a careful analysis of the objections which can be made against it1 and to show the intrinsic unsoundness of the reasonings by which they are supported4 ,this is what we intend to do in the present article4 ,a first objection4--,the first and chief argument advanced against the possibility of actio in distans without a material medium of communication is thus developed in the ,popular ,science ,monthly for ,november1 #ahgc 7p4 #id71 by ,j4 ,b4 ,stallo3 8,how is the mutual action of atoms existing by themselves in complete insulation1 and wholly without contact1 to be realized in thought8 ,we are here in presence of the old difficulties respecting the possibility of actio in distans which presented themselves to the minds of the physicists in ,newton's time1 and constituted one of the topics of the famous discussion between ,leibnitz and ,clarke1 in the course of which ,clarke made the remarkable admission that #8if one body attracted another without an intervening body1 that would be not a miracle1 but a contradiction2 for it would be to suppose that a body acts where it is not'--otherwise expressed3 ,inasmuch as action is but a mode of being1 the assertion that a body can act where it is not would be tantamount to the assertion that a body can be where it is not4 ,this admission was entirely in consonance with ,newton's own opinion2 indeed1 ,clarke's words are but a paraphrase of the celebrated passage in one of ,newton's letters to ,bentley1 cited by ,john ,stuart ,mill in his ,system of ,logic1 which runs as follows3 #8,it is inconceivable that inanimate brute matter should1 without the mediation of something else which is not material1 operate upon and affect other matter without mutual contact4444 ,that gravity should be innate1 inherent1 and essential to matter1 so that one body may act on another1 at a distance1 through a vacuum1 without the mediation of anything else by and through which their action and force be conveyed from one to the other1 is to me so great an absurdity that ,i believe no man1 who in philosophical matters has a competent faculty of thinking1 can ever fall into it4' 0 ,before we enter into the discussion of this objection we must remark that it is scarcely fair to allege ,newton's view as contrary to actio in distans4 ,for he neither requires a material contact of matter with matter nor a material medium of communication2 he says1 on the contrary1 that the inanimate brute matter needs the mediation of something else which is not material2 which amounts to saying that his inanimate brute matter must have all around a nonmaterial sphere of power1 without which it would never reach any distant matter4 ,this assertion1 far from being a denial of actio in distans1 seems rather to be a remote endeavor towards its explanation2 and it may be surmised that1 had ,newton been as well acquainted with the metaphysical doctrine about the essential constituents of substance as he was with the mathematical formulas of mechanics1 he would have recognized in his 8inanimate brute matter0 the potential constituent of material substance1 and in his 8something else which is not material0 the formal constituent of the same substance and the principle of its operation4 ,the only objectionable phrase we find in the passage now under consideration is that in which he describes action and force as conveyed from matter to matter4 ,but1 as he explicitly maintains that this convection requires no material medium1 the phrase1 whatever may be its verbal inaccuracy1 is not scientifically wrong1 and cannot be brought to bear against the actio in distans4 ,we therefore dismiss this part of the objection as preposterous1 and shall at once turn our attention to ,clarke's argument1 which may be reduced to the syllogistic form thus3 8,a body cannot act where it is not present either by itself or by its power4 ,but actio in distans is an action which would be exerted where the body is not present by itself1 as is evident2 and where the body is not present by its power1 as there is no medium of communication4 ,therefore the actio in distans is an impossibility40 ,the objection1 though extremely plausible1 is based on a false assumption--that is1 on the supposition that there can be distance from the active power of one element to the matter of another4 ,the truth is that1 however far matter may be distant from matter1 no active power can ever be distant from it4 ,for no distance in space is conceivable without two formal ubications4 ,now1 a material element has undoubtedly a formal ubication in space by reason of its matter1 which is the centre of its sphere of activity1 but not by reason of its active power4 ,distances1 in fact1 are always measured from a point to a point1 and never from a point to an active power1 nor from an active power to a point4 ,the matter of a primitive element marks out a point in space1 and from this point we take the direction of its exertions2 but the power of an element1 as contradistinguished from its matter1 is not a point in space1 nor does it mark a point in space1 nor is it conceivable as a term of distance4 ,and therefore to suppose that there may be a distance from the active power of an element to the point where another element is ubicated1 is to make a false supposition4 ,the active power transcends the predicament ubi1 and has no place within which we can confine it2 it is not circumscribed like matter1 and is not transmissible1 as the objection supposes1 from place to place through any material medium2 it is ready1 on the contrary1 to act directly and immediately upon any matter existing in its indefinite7#a7 sphere1 while its own matter is circumscriptively ubicated in that single point7#b7 which is the centre of the same sphere4 ,prof4 ,faraday explicitly affirmed that 8each atom extends1 so to say1 throughout the whole of the solar system1 yet always retains its own centre of force027#c7 which1 in metaphysical language1 means that while the matter of a primitive element occupies a single point1 the form constitutes around it an indefinite sphere of power4 ,and for this reason it was ,faraday's opinion that the words actio in distans should not be employed in science4 ,for although the matter of one body is distant from the matter of another1 yet the power that acts is not distant2 and therefore1 although there is no contact of matter with matter1 there is a contactus virtutis1 or a contact of power with matter1 which alone is required for the production of the effect4 ,we are far from supposing that the adversaries of the actio in distans will be silenced by the preceding answer2 as it is very probable that the answer itself will be to many of them a source of new difficulties4 ,still1 many things are true which are difficult to be understood2 and it would be against reason to deny truths sufficiently inferred from facts1 only on account of the difficulty which we experience in giving a popular explanation of them4 ,those who1 to avoid such a difficulty1 deny action at a distance1 expose themselves to other difficulties which are much more real1 as admitting of no possible solution2 and if they reject actions at a distance because their explanation appears to be difficult1 they are also bound to reject even more decidedly all actions by material contact2 for these indeed admit of no explanation whatever1 as we have already shown47#d7 ,to understand and explain how material elements can act at any distance is difficult1 for this one radical reason3 that our intellectual work is never purely intellectual1 but is always accompanied by the working of that other very useful1 but sometimes mischievous1 power which we call imagination2 and because1 when we are trying to understand something that transcends imagination1 and of which no sensible image can be formed1 our intellect finds itself under the necessity of working without the assistance of suitable sensible representations4 ,our imagination1 however1 cannot remain inactive1 and therefore it strives continually to supply the intellect with new images2 but as these1 unhappily1 are not calculated to afford any exact representation of intellectual things1 the intellect1 instead of receiving help from the imagination1 is rather embarrassed and led astray by it4 ,on the other hand1 the words which we are generally obliged to use in speaking of intellectual objects are more or less immediately drawn from sensible things1 and have still a certain connection with sensible images4 ,with such words1 our explanations must1 of course1 be metaphorical in some degree1 and represent the intelligible through the sensible1 even when the latter is incompatible with the former4 ,this is one of the reasons why1 in some cases1 men fail to express intelligibly and in an unobjectionable manner their most intellectual thoughts4 ,true it is that the metaphysicians1 by the definite form of their terminology1 have greatly diminished this last difficulty2 but1 as their language is little known outside of the philosophical world1 our use of it will scarcely help the common reader to understand what it conveys4 ,on the contrary1 the greater the exactness of our expressions1 the more strange and absurd our style will appear to him who knows of no other language than that of his senses1 his imagination1 and popular prejudice4 ,these general remarks apply most particularly to actio in distans4 ,it is objected that a cause cannot act where it is not1 and where its power is not conveyed through a material medium4 ,now1 this proposition is to be ranked among those which nothing but popular prejudice1 incompleteness of conception1 and imperfection of language cause to be received as axiomatic4 ,we have pointed out that no material medium exists through which power can be conveyed2 but as the objection is presented in popular terms and appeals to imagination1 whilst our answer has no such advantage1 it is very probable that the objection will keep its ground as long as men will be led by imagination more than by intellect4 ,to avoid this danger1 ,faraday preferred to say that 8the atom primitive element of matter is everywhere present10 and therefore can act everywhere4 ,but by this answer the learned professor1 while trying to avoid ,scylla1 struck against ,charybdis4 ,for1 if the element of matter is everywhere present1 then ,westminster ,abbey1 for instance1 is everywhere present2 which cannot be true in the ordinary sense of the words4 ,in fact1 we are accustomed to say that a body is present1 not in that place where its action is felt1 but in that from which the direction of the action proceeds1 and since such a direction proceeds from the centres of power1 to these centres alone we refer when we point out the place occupied by a body4 ,prof4 ,faraday1 on the contrary1 refers to the active powers when he says that matter is everywhere present2 for he considers the elements as consisting of power alone47#e7 ,but this way of speaking is irreconcilable with the notions we have of determinate places1 distances1 etc41 and creates a chaotic confusion in all our ideas of material things4 ,he speaks more correctly in the passage which we have already mentioned1 where he states that 8each atom element extends1 so to say1 throughout the whole of the solar system1 yet always retaining its own centre of force40 ,here the words 8so to say0 tell us clearly that the author1 having found no proper terms to express himself1 makes use of a metaphor1 and attributes extension to the material elements in a sense which is not yet adopted in common use4 ,he clearly wishes to say that 8each element extends virtually throughout space1 though it materially occupies only the central point from which its action is directed40 ,this latter answer is very good4 ,but people are not likely to realize its full meaning2 for in speaking of material substance men frequently confound that which belongs to it by reason of its matter with that which belongs to it by reason of its substantial form4 ,it is evident1 however1 that if the substance had no matter1 it would not mark out a point in space2 it is1 therefore1 only on account of its matter that a substance is formally ubicated4 ,as to the substantial form 7which is the principle of activity71 although it is said to have a kind of ubication on account of the matter to which it is terminated1 nevertheless1 of itself1 it has no capability of formal ubication1 as we have already shown4 ,hence the extent to which the active power of an element can be applied is not to be measured by the ubication of its matter2 and although no cause can act where it is not virtually by its power1 yet a cause can act where it is not present by its matter4 ,the direct answer to the argument proposed would1 therefore1 be as follows3 8,a body cannot act where it is not present either by itself or by its power40 ,granted4 8,but actio in distans is an action which would be exerted where the body is not present by itself1 as is evident40 ,granted4 8,and where the body is not present by its power40 ,false4 ,to the reason adduced1 that 8there is no medium of communication10 we simply reply that such a medium is not required1 as the active power constitutes an indefinite sphere1 and is already present after its own manner 7that is1 virtually7 wherever it is to be exerted2 and therefore it has no need of being transmitted through a medium4 ,this is the radical solution of the difficulty proposed4 ,but the notion of an indefinite sphere of activity1 on which this solution is grounded1 is1 in the eyes of our opponents1 only a whimsical invention1 inconsistent1 as they think1 with the received principles of philosophy4 ,we must therefore vindicate our preceding answer against their other objections4 ,a second objection4--,a sphere of power1 they say1 is a mere absurdity4 ,for how can the active power be there1 where its matter is not8 ,the matter is the first subject of its form2 and therefore the form must be in the matter1 and not outside of it4 ,but in a primitive substance the active power is entitatively the same thing with the substantial form2 accordingly1 the active power of a primitive substance must be entirely in its matter1 and not outside of it4 ,and the same conclusion is to be applied to the powers of all material compounds2 for in all cases the form must be supported by the matter4 ,how is it1 then1 possible to admit a sphere of power outside of its matter1 and so distant from its matter as is the sun from the planets8 ,this objection1 which we have often heard from men who should have known better1 is wholly grounded on a false conception of the relation between the matter and the form of a primitive being4 ,it is false1 in fact1 that the matter supports the substantial form1 and it is false that the substantial form exists in the matter as in a subject4 ,the accidental act requires a subject already existing2 but the substantial act requires only a potential term to which it has to give the first existence4 ,this is evident2 because if the substantial act ought to be supported by a real subject1 this real subject would be an actual substance before receiving the same substantial act2 which is a contradiction in terms4 ,and therefore the form is not supported by the matter1 but only terminated to it2 and the matter is not the subject of the form1 though it is so called by many1 but is only the substantial term1 to which the substantial form gives existence4 8,properly speaking10 says ,s4 ,thomas1 8that which is potential in regard to some accidental actuality is called subject4 ,for the subject gives actuality to the accident1 as the accident has no actuality except through its subject2 and for this reason we say that accidents are in a subject1 whereas we do not say that the substantial form is in a subject4 #8,matter1' therefore1 and #8subject1' differ in this3 that #8subject' means something which does not receive its actuality by the accession of anything else1 but exists by itself and possesses a complete actuality 7as1 for example1 a white man does not receive his being from his whiteness74 #8,matter1' on the contrary1 means something which receives its actuality from that which is given to it2 because matter has1 of itself1 only an incomplete being1 or rather no being at all1 as the ,commentator says4 ,hence1 to speak properly1 the form gives existence to the matter2 whereas the accident gives no existence to the subject1 as it is the subject that gives existence to the accident4 ,yet #8matter' is sometimes confounded with #8subject1' and vice versa407#f7 ,from this doctrine it is manifest that the matter is not the subject of the substantial form1 and consequently that the form1 or the principle of activity1 is in no need of being supported by its matter4 ,it is rather the matter itself that needs to be supported--that is1 kept in existence--by its form2 as it has no being except from it4 ,the matter is potency1 and the form is act2 now1 all act is nobler than its corresponding potency4 ,it is not1 therefore1 the potency that determines the conditions of existence of its act1 but the act itself determines the conditions of existence of its potency4 ,and thus it is not the matter that determines the range of its form1 but it is the form that determines the being of its own matter1 in the same manner as the form of a body determines its centre of gravity4 ,these considerations1 which will hereafter receive a greater development1 suffice to show that the range of the elementary power is not determined or circumscribed by its material term4 ,and thus the objection is substantially destroyed4 ,those who make this objection suppose that the activity of a material element is entitatively enclosed1 embedded1 and merged in the matter as in a physical recipient by which it must be circumscribed4 ,this supposition is a gross philosophical blunder4 ,the matter of a primitive element is not a physical recipient of the substantial form2 for it is nothing physically before it is actuated4 ,the substantial form gives to the matter its first being2 and therefore it cannot be related to it as the enclosed to the encloser or the supported to the supporter1 but only as the determiner to the determinable4 ,this is an obvious metaphysical truth that cannot be questioned4 ,moreover1 the form can determine the existence of a material point in space without being itself confined to that point4 ,this is very clearly inferred from the fact already established1 viz41 that a material point acts all around itself in accordance with the ,newtonian law2 for this fact compels the conception of a material element as a virtual sphere1 of which the matter is the central point1 while its virtual sphericity must be traced to the special character of the form4 ,now1 although the centre of a sphere borrows all its centric reality from the sphericity of which it is the intrinsic term1 yet the sphericity itself cannot be confined within its own centre2 which shows that1 although the matter of an element borrows all its reality from the substantial form of which it is the essential term1 yet the substantial form itself1 on account of its known spherical character1 must virtually extend all around its matter1 and constitute1 so to say1 an atmosphere of power expanding as far1 at least1 from the central point as is necessary for the production of the phenomena of universal gravitation4 ,nor can this be a sufficient ground for inferring1 as the objection does1 that in such a case the form would be distant from its matter as much as the sun is from the planets4 ,the form1 as such1 cannot be considered as a term of the relation of distance2 for1 as we have already remarked1 there is no distance without two formal ubications4 ,now1 the form1 as such1 has no formal ubication1 but is reduced to the predicament ubi only by the ubication of its own matter4 ,hence it is impossible rationally to conceive a distance between the matter and its form1 however great may be the sphere of activity of the material element4 ,when the substantial form is regarded as a principle of accidental actions1 we may indeed consider it1 if not as composed of1 at least as equivalent to1 a continuous series of concentric spherical forms overlying one another throughout the whole range of activity2 and we may thus conceive every one of them as virtually distant from the material centre1 its virtual distance being measured by its radius4 ,but1 strictly speaking1 the radius measures the distance between the agent and the patient1 not between the agent and its own power2 and1 on the other hand1 as the imagined series of concentric sphericities continues uninterruptedly up to the very centre of the sphere1 we can easily perceive that the substantial form1 even as a principle of action1 is immediately and intrinsically terminated to its own matter4 ,a third objection4--,what conception can we form of an indefinite sphere8 ,for a sphere without a spherical surface is inconceivable4 ,but an indefinite sphere is a sphere without a spherical surface2 for if there were a surface1 there would be a limit2 and if there were a limit1 the sphere would not extend indefinitely4 ,it is therefore impossible to conceive an indefinite sphere of activity4 ,this objection is easily answered4 ,a sphere without a spherical form is indeed inconceivable2 but it is not necessary that the spherical form should be a limiting surface1 as the objection assumes4 ,we may imagine an indefinite sphere of matter2 that is1 a body having a density continually decreasing in the inverse ratio of the squared distances from a central point4 ,its sphericity would consist in the spherical decrease of its density2 which means that the body would be a sphere1 not on account of an exterior spherical limit1 but on account of its interior constitution4 ,now1 what we say of an indefinite sphere of matter applies1 by strict analogy1 to an indefinite sphere of power4 ,only1 in passing from the former to the latter1 the word density should be replaced by intensity2 for intensity is to power what density is to matter4 ,and thus an indefinite sphere of power may have its spherical character within itself without borrowing it from a limiting surface4 ,we may1 therefore1 consider this third objection as solved4 ,let us add that in our sphere of power not only all the conditions are fulfilled which the law of gravitation requires1 but1 what is still more satisfactory1 all the conditions also which befit the metaphysical constitution of a primitive substance4 ,we have a centre 7matter71 the existence of which essentially depends on the existence of a principle of activity 7form7 constituting a virtual sphere4 ,take away the substantial form1 and the matter will cease to have existence4 ,take away the virtual sphericity1 and the centre will be no more4 ,but let the spherical form be created2 the centre will immediately be called into existence as the essential and intrinsic term of sphericity1 it being impossible for a real sphericity not to give existence to a real centre4 ,and although this spherical form possesses an intensity of power decreasing in proportion as the sphere expands1 still it has everywhere the same property of giving existence to its centre1 since it has everywhere an intrinsic spherical character essentially connected with a central point as its indispensable term4 ,whence we see that the substantial form1 though virtually extending into an indefinite sphere1 is everywhere terminated to its own matter4 ,thus the ,newtonian law and the actio in distans1 far from being opposed to the known metaphysical law of the constitution of things1 serve rather to make it more evident by affording us the means of representing to ourselves in an intelligible and almost tangible manner the ontologic relation of matter and form in the primitive substance4 ,a fourth objection4--,a power which virtually extends throughout an indefinite sphere must possess an infinite intensity4 ,but no material element possesses a power of infinite intensity4 ,therefore no element extends its power throughout an indefinite sphere4 ,the major of this syllogism is proved thus3 ,in an indefinite sphere we can conceive an infinite multitude of concentric spherical surfaces1 to every one of which the active power of the element can be applied for the production of a finite effect4 ,but the finite taken an infinite number of times gives infinity4 ,therefore the total action of an element in its sphere will be infinite2 which requires a power of infinite intensity4 ,the answer to this objection is not difficult4 ,from the fact that the active powers virtually extend through an indefinite sphere and act everywhere in accordance with the ,newtonian law1 it is impossible to prove that material elements possess a power of infinite intensity4 ,we concede1 of course1 that in an indefinite sphere 8an infinite multitude of concentric spherical surfaces can be conceived1 to every one of which the active power of the element can be applied for the production of a finite effect40 ,we also concede that 8the finite taken an infinite number of times gives infinity40 ,but when it is argued that therefore 8the total action of an element in its sphere will be infinite10 we must distinguish4 ,the total action will be infinite in this sense3 that it would reach an infinite multitude of terms1 if they existed in its sphere1 and produce in each of them a determinate effect1 according to their distance--this we concede4 ,the total action will be infinite--that is1 the total effort of the element will be infinitely intense2 this we deny4 ,the schoolmen would briefly answer that the action will be infinite terminative1 but not intensive4 ,this distinction1 which entirely upsets the objection1 needs a few words of explanation4 ,in the action of one element upon another the power of the agent1 while exerted on the patient1 is not prevented from exerting itself at the very same time upon any other element existing in its sphere of activity4 ,this is a wellknown physical law4 ,hence the same element can emit a thousand actions simultaneously1 without possessing a thousand powers or a thousandfold power1 by the simultaneous application of its single power to a thousand different terms4 ,the actions of an agent are therefore indefinitely multiplied by the mere multiplication of the terms1 with no multiplication of the active power2 and accordingly an active power of finite intensity may have an infinite applicability4 ,this is true of all created powers4 ,our intellect1 for instance1 is substantially finite1 and yet it can investigate and understand any number of intelligible objects4 ,this amounts to saying that1 if there is no limit to possible intellectual conceptions1 there is no limit to the number of intelligible terms2 but from this fact it would be absurd to infer that a created intellect has a power of infinite intensity4 ,in like manner1 the motive power of a material element is substantially finite1 and yet it can be applied to the production of a number of movements which has no limit but the number of the terms capable of receiving the motion4 ,the infinity of the total action is therefore grounded on an assumed infinity of terms1 not on an infinite intensity of the power4 ,nor can this be a matter of surprise4 ,for1 as the motive power is not transmitted from the agent to the patient1 it remains whole and entire in the agent1 however much it may be exerted in all directions4 ,it is not absorbed1 or exhausted1 or weakened by its exertions1 and1 while acting on any number of terms1 is yet ready to act on any number of other terms as intensely as it would on each of them separately4 ,if ten new planets were now created1 the sun would need no increase of power to attract them all2 its actual power would suffice to govern their course without the least interference with the gravitation of the other existing planets4 ,and the reason of this is that the power of all material elements is naturally determined to act1 and therefore needs no other condition for its exertion than the presence of the movable terms within the reach of its activity4 ,the number of such terms is therefore at every instant the measure of the number of the real actions4 ,we have said that the active power is not weakened by its exertions4 ,in fact1 a cause is never weakened by the mere production of its connatural effects1 but only because1 while producing its effects1 it is subjected to the action of other agents which tends to alter and break up its natural constitution4 ,now1 to be altered and impaired may be the lot of those causes whose causality arises from the conspiration of many active principles1 as is the case with all the physical compounds4 ,but primitive causes1 such as the first elements of matter1 are altogether unalterable and incorruptible with respect to their substantial being1 and can never be impaired4 ,when we burn a piece of paper1 the paper with its composition is destroyed1 but we know that its first components remain unaltered1 and preserve still the same active powers which they possessed when they were all united in the piece of paper4 ,this incontrovertible fact maybe confirmed priori by reflecting that the active principle1 or the substantial form1 of a primitive element1 is not exposed to the influence of any natural agent capable of impairing it4 ,everything that is impaired is impaired by its contrary4 ,now1 the active principle has no contrary4 ,the only thing which might be imagined to be contrary to a motive power would be a motive power of an opposite nature1 such as the repulsive against the attractive4 ,motive powers1 however1 do not act on one another1 but on their matter only1 as matter alone is passive4 ,on the other hand1 even if one power could act on another1 its motive action would only produce an accidental determination to local movement1 which determination surely would not alter in the least the substance of a primitive being4 ,hence1 although two opposite actions1 when terminated to the same subject1 can neutralize each other1 yet two opposite motive powers can never exercise any influence on each other by their natural actions2 and therefore1 in spite of their finite entity1 they are never impaired or weakened1 and are applicable to the production of an unlimited number of actions4 ,a fifth objection4--,an action of infinite intensity cannot but proceed from a power of infinite intensity4 ,but1 according to the ,newtonian law1 two elements1 when their distance has become infinitely small1 act on one another with an intensity infinitely great4 ,therefore1 if the ,newtonian law hold good even to the very centre of the element1 the elementary power possesses infinite intensity4 ,to this we reply that the mathematical expression of the intensity of the action1 in the case of infinitesimal distances1 does not become infinite1 except when the action is supposed to last for a finite unit of time4 ,but the action continued for a finite unit of time is not the actual action of an element2 it is the integral of all the actions exerted in the infinite series of infinitesimal instants which makes up the finite unit of time4 ,to judge of the true intensity of the actual exertion1 it is necessary to exclude from the calculation the whole of the past or future actions1 and to take into account the only action which corresponds to the infinitesimal present4 ,in other terms1 the actual action is expressed1 not by an integral1 but by a differential4 ,in fact1 the elements act when they are1 not when they have been1 or when they will be2 they act in their present1 not in their future or in their past2 and the present1 the now1 is only an instant1 which1 though connecting the past with the future1 has in itself neither past nor future1 and therefore has a rigorously infinitesimal duration4 ,it is this instant1 and not the finite unit of time1 that measures the actual effort of the elements4 ,accordingly1 the action as actually proceeding from the elements1 when at infinitesimal distance1 is infinitely less than the integral calculated for a finite unit of time2 which shows that the argument proposed has no foundation4 ,this answer serves also to complete our solution of the preceding objection4 ,it was there objected that the active power of an element can be applied to the production of an infinite multitude of finite effects2 to which we answered that a finite power was competent to do this by being applied simultaneously to an infinite multitude of terms4 ,but now we add that none of those effects acquire a finite intensity1 except by the continuation of the action during a finite unit of time1 and therefore that the true effect produced in every instant of time is infinitesimal4 ,hence the infinite multitude of such effects1 as related to the instant of their actual production1 is an infinite multitude of infinitesimals1 and the total effort of a primitive element in every instant of time is therefore finite1 not infinite4 ,a sixth objection4--,if we admit that a material element has an indefinite sphere of power1 we must also admit that the element has a kind of immensity4 ,for the active power must evidently be present entitatively in all the parts of space where it is ready to act4 ,accordingly1 as by the hypothesis it is ready to act everywhere1 its sphere being unlimited1 it must be present everywhere and extend without limit4 ,in other words1 the elementary power would share with ,god the attribute of immensity--which is impossible4 ,this objection1 which1 in spite of its apparent strength1 contains only an appeal to imagination instead of intellect1 might be answered from ,s4 ,thomas in two different ways4 ,the first answer is suggested by the following passage3 8,the phrase1 ,a thing is everywhere and in all times1 can be understood in two manners3 ,first1 as meaning that the thing possesses in its entity the reason of its extending to every place and to every time2 and in this manner it is proper of ,god to be everywhere and for ever4 ,secondly1 as meaning that the thing has nothing in itself by which it be determined to a certain place or time407#g7 ,according to this doctrine1 a thing can be conceived to be everywhere1 either by a positive intrinsic determination to fill all space1 or by the absence of any determination implying a special relation to place4 ,we might therefore admit that the elementary power is everywhere in this second manner2 for although the matter of an element marks out a point in space1 we have seen that its power1 as such1 has no determination by which it can be confined to a limited space4 ,and yet nothing would oblige us to concede that the active power of an element1 by its manner of being everywhere1 8shares in ,god's immensity02 for it is evident that an absence of determination has nothing common with a positive determination1 and is not a share of it4 ,the second answer is suggested by a passage in which the holy doctor inquires 8whether to be everywhere be an attribute of ,god alone10 and in which he proposes to himself the objection that 8universals are everywhere2 so also the first matter1 as existing in all bodies1 is everywhere2 and therefore something is everywhere besides ,god40 ,to which he very briefly replies3 8,universals and the first matter are indeed everywhere1 but they have not everywhere the same being407#h7 ,this answer can be applied to the active power of primitive elements with as much reason1 to say the least1 as it is to the first matter4 ,the active power may therefore be admitted to be everywhere1 not indeed like ,god1 who is everywhere formally1 and 8has everywhere the same being10 but in a quite different manner--that is1 by extending everywhere virtually1 and by possessing everywhere a different degree of virtual being4 ,we know1 in fact1 that this is the case1 as the exertions of such a power become weaker and weaker in proportion as the object acted on is more and more distant from the centre of activity4 ,yet a third answer1 which may prove to be the best1 can be drawn from the direct comparison of the pretended immensity of the elementary power with the real immensity of the divine substance4 ,god's immensity is an infinite attribute1 which contains in itself the formal reason of the existence of space1 and therefore eminently contains in itself all possible ubications4 ,by his immensity ,god is essentially everywhere with his whole substance1 and is as infinite and entire in any one point of space as he is in the whole of the universe and outside of it4 ,on the other hand1 what is the pretended immensity of the elementary power8 ,it is unnecessary to remark that an indefinite sphere of power does not give existence to space1 as it presupposes it2 but it is important to notice that1 however great may be the expansion of that virtual sphere1 the essence and the substance of the element are absolutely confined to that single point1 where its form is terminated to its matter4 ,both matter and form are included in the essence of an element2 hence there only can the element be with its essence and substance where its matter and its form are together4 ,but they are not together1 except in a single point4 ,therefore the element1 however great may be the virtual expansion of its sphere of power1 is essentially and substantially present only in a single point4 ,from this every one will see that there is no danger of confounding the virtual ubiquity of created power with ,god's immensity4 ,divine immensity has been ingeniously1 though somewhat strangely1 defined by a philosopher to be 8a sphere of which the centre is everywhere40 ,the power of an element1 on the contrary1 is 8a sphere of which the centre is ubicated in a single point40 ,if this does not preclude the notion that the element 8shares in ,god's immensity10 we fail to see why every creature should not share also in ,god's eternity1 by its existence in each successive moment of time4 ,the objection is therefore insignificant4 ,as to the virtual sphere itself1 we must bear in mind that its power loses continually in intensity as the virtual expansion is increased1 till millions of millions of elements are required to produce the least appreciable effect4 ,hence the virtuality of elementary powers tends continually towards zero as its limit1 although it never reaches it4 ,and as a decreasing series1 though implying an infinity of terms1 may have a finite value1 as mathematicians know1 so the virtuality of the elementary powers1 although extending after its own manner beyond any finite limit1 represents only a finite property of a finite being4 ,from what we have said in these pages the intelligent reader will realize1 we hope1 that the muchmaligned actio in distans1 as explained by us according to ,faraday's conception1 can bear any amount of philosophical scrutiny4 ,the principles which have formed the basis of our preceding answers are the three following3 #ast4 ,motive powers have no other formal ubication than that from which their exertions proceed2 #b;d4 ,motive powers are never distant from any matter2 #c;d4 ,motive powers are not merged or embedded in the matter to which they belong1 but constitute a virtual sphere around it4 ,that actio in distans not only is possible1 but is the only action possible with the material agents1 has been proved in our preceding article4 ,the embarrassment we experience in its explanation arises1 not from our reason1 but from our habit of relying too much on our imagination4 8,imagination10 says ,s4 ,thomas1 8cannot rise above space and time40 ,we depict to ourselves intellectual relations as local relations4 ,the idea that a material point situated on the earth can exert its power on the polar star suggests to us the thought that the active power of that element must share the ubication of the polar star1 and be locally present to it4 ,yet the true relation of the power to the star is not a local relation1 and the exertion of the power is not terminated to the place where the star is1 but to the star itself as to its proper subject2 and therefore the relation is a relation of act to potency1 not a relation of local presence4 ,there is nothing local in the principle of activity1 except the central point from which its action is directed2 and there is nothing local in its action1 except the direction from that central point to the subject to which the action is terminated4 ,true it is that we speak of a sphere of power1 which seems to imply local relations4 ,but such a sphere is not locally determined by the power1 which has no ubication1 but by the matter to which that power is to be applied4 ,for the necessity of admitting a sphere of power arises from the fact that all the matter placed at equal distance from the centre of activity is equally acted on4 ,it is only from matter to matter that distance can be conceived2 and thus it is only from matter to matter1 and not from matter to power1 that the radius of a sphere can be traced4 ,abstract geometry deals with imaginary points1 but physical geometry requires real points of matter4 ,power is above geometry1 and therefore it transcends space2 hence the difficulty of understanding its nature and of explaining the mode of its operation4 ,nevertheless1 power and matter are made for one another1 and must have a mutual coordination1 since they necessarily conspire into unity of essence4 ,hence whatever can be predicated potentially of the matter can be virtually predicated of the power2 and1 as the matter of an element1 though actuated in a single point of space1 is everywhere potentially--viz41 can be moved to any distant place--so also the principle of activity1 though formally terminated to a single point1 is everywhere virtually--that is1 it can impart motion to matter at any distance4 ,thus actio in distans might directly be inferred1 as a necessary result1 from the ontological correlation of the essential principles of matter4 ,but we have no need of priori arguments1 as1 in questions of fact1 the best arguments are those which arise from the analysis of the facts themselves4 ,these arguments we have already given2 and1 so long as they are not refuted1 we maintain that nothing but actio in distans offers a philosophical explanation of natural facts4 ,to ,be ,continued4 ,hope4 ,youthful hope around thee lingers2 ,soon its transient lines will fly3 ,time and ,death with frosty fingers ,touch its blossoms1 and they die4 ,yet rejoice while hope is keeping ,watch upon her emerald throne4 ,ere thy cheek is pale with weeping1 ,ere thy dreams of love have flown4 ,the ,veil ,withdrawn4 ,translated1 ,by ,permission1 ,from ,the ,french ,of ,madame ,craven1 ,author ,of 8,a ,sister's ,story10 8,fleurange10 ,etc4 ,,xvi4 ,as soon as ,i rose from my place ,i perceived the young lady who had been collecting money in the morning not far off4 ,she was going by with her mother without observing me1 and ,i followed in the crowd that was making its way to the door4 ,but a pouring rain was falling from the clouds which were so threatening two hours before1 and a great many who were going out suddenly stopped and came back to remain under shelter during the shower4 ,in consequence of this ,i all at once found myself beside the young lady1 who was diligently seeking her mother1 from whom she had been separated by the crowd4 ,she observed me this time1 and with a childlike smile and a tone of mingled terror and confidence that were equally touching1 said3 8,excuse me1 madame1 but1 as you are taller than ,i1 please tell me if you see my mother--a lady in black with a gray hat40 8,yes10 ,i replied1 8,i see her1 and she is looking for you also4 ,i will aid you in reaching her40 ,we had some trouble in opening a passage1 but after some time succeeded in getting to the place where her mother had been pushed by the crowd at some distance from the door of the church4 ,she was looking anxiously in every direction1 and when she saw us her face lighted up1 and she thanked me with equal simplicity and grace of manner for the service ,i had rendered her daughter4 ,we conversed together for some minutes1 during which ,i learned that though ,i had met them twice that day in the same church1 it was not the one they usually attended1 their home being in another quarter of the city4 ,the daughter had been invited to collect money at ,s4 ,roch's that day1 and wishing1 for some reason1 to be at home by four o'clock1 they had returned for the afternoon service1 which ends an hour earlier there than anywhere else4 ,this variation from their usual custom had probably caused a misunderstanding about the carriage which should have been at the door1 and they felt embarrassed about getting to the ,rue ,st4 ,dominique1 where they resided1 as the violent rain prevented them from going on foot4 ,glad to be able to extricate them from their embarrassment1 ,i at once offered to take them home in my carriage1 which was at the door4 ,they accepted the offer with gratitude4 ,their manners and language would have left no doubt as to their rank1 even if ,i had not met them in society4 ,and ,i soon learned more than enough to satisfy me on this point4 ,as soon as we were seated in the carriage the elder of the two ladies said3 8,i know whom ,i have to thank for the favor you have done me1 madame1 for no one can forget the ,duchessa di ,valenzano who has ever seen her1 even but once1 and no one can be ignorant of her name1 which is in every mouth4 ,but it is not the same with us4 ,allow me1 therefore1 to say that ,i am the ,comtesse de ,kergy1 and this is my daughter ,diana1 444 who is very happy1 ,i assure you1 as well as surprised1 at the accident that has brought her in contact with one she has talked incessantly about ever since she had the happiness of seeing you first40 ,her daughter blushed at these words1 but did not turn away her eyes1 which were fastened on me with a sympathetic expression of charming navet that inspired an irresistible attraction towards her in return4 ,the name of ,kergy was a wellknown one4 ,i had heard it more than once1 and was trying to recall when and where ,i heard it for the first time1 when1 as we were crossing the ,place du ,carrousel1 the young ,diana1 looking at the clock on the ,tuileries1 suddenly exclaimed3 8,it is just going to strike four4 ,we ought to feel greatly obliged to madame1 mamma for1 had it not been for her1 we should have been extremely late1 and ,gilbert would have been surprised and anxious at our not arriving punctually40 ,gilbert6444 ,this name refreshed my memory4 ,gilbert de ,kergy was the name of the young traveller whom ,i had once seen at the large dinnerparty4 ,he must be the very person in question4444 ,before ,i had time to ask1 ,mme4 de ,kergy put an end to my uncertainty on the subject4 8,my son10 said she1 8has recently made an interesting tour in the ,southern ,states of ,america1 and it is with respect to this journey there is to be a discussion today which we promised to attend4 ,i have given up my large salon for the purpose1 on condition 7a condition ,diana proposed7 that the meeting should end with a small collection in behalf of the orphan asylum for which she was soliciting contributions this morning--a work in which she is greatly interested40 8,my husband1 who has also travelled a great deal10 ,i replied1 8had1 ,i believe1 the pleasure of meeting ,m4 de ,kergy on one occasion1 and conversing with him40 8,gilbert has not forgotten the conversation10 exclaimed the young ,diana with animation4 8,he often speaks of it4 ,he told us about you also1 madame1 and described you so accurately that ,i knew you at once as soon as ,i saw you1 before any one told me your name40 ,i made no reply1 and we remained silent till1 having crossed the bridge1 we approached the ,rue ,st4 ,dominique1 when ,diana1 suddenly leaning towards her mother1 whispered a few words in her ear4 ,mme4 de ,kergy began to laugh4 8,really10 said she1 8this child takes everything for granted2 but you are so kind1 ,i will allow her to repeat aloud what she has just said to me40 8,well10 said the young girl1 8,i said the discussion would certainly be interesting1 for ,gilbert is to take a part in it1 as well as several other good speakers1 and those who attend will at the close aid in a good work4 ,i added that ,i should be very much pleased1 madame1 if you would attend40 ,i was by no means prepared for this invitation1 and at first did not know what reply to make1 but quickly bethought myself that there would be more than an hour before ,lorenzo's return4 ,i knew1 moreover1 that1 even according to his ideas1 ,i should be in very good society1 and it could not displease him in the least if ,i attended a discussion at the ,htel de ,kergy under the auspices of the countess and her daughter4 ,besides1 on my part1 ,i felt a good deal of curiosity1 never having attended anything like a public discussion4 ,in short1 ,i decided1 without much hesitation1 to accept the invitation1 and the young ,diana clapped her hands with joy4 ,we were just entering the open portecochre of a large court1 where we found quite a number of equipages and footmen4 ,the carriage stopped before the steps and in five minutes ,i was seated between ,diana and her mother near a platform at one end of a drawingroom large enough to contain one hundred and fifty or two hundred persons4 ,i cannot now give a particular account of this meeting1 though it was an event in my life4 ,the principal subject discussed was1 ,i think1 the condition of the blacks1 not yet emancipated1 in the ,southern ,states of ,america4 ,an ,american of the ,north1 who could express himself very readily in ,french1 first spoke1 and after him a missionary priest1 who considered the question from a no less elevated point of view1 though quite different from that of the philanthropist1 and the discussion had already grown quite animated before it became ,gilbert de ,kergy's turn to speak4 ,when he rose1 there was a movement in the whole assembly1 and his first words excited involuntary attention1 which soon grew to intense interest1 and for the first time in my life ,i felt the power of language and the effect that eloquence can produce4 ,it was strange1 but he began with a brief1 brilliant sketch of places that seemed familiar to me2 for ,lorenzo had visited them1 and he had such an aptness for description that ,i felt as if ,i had seen them in his company4 ,my first thought was to regret his absence4 ,why was he not here with me now to listen to this discussion1 to become interested in it1 and perhaps take a part in it8444 ,i had a vague feeling that this reunion was of a nature to render him as he appeared to me during the first days of our wedded life1 when his extensive travels and noble traits made me admire his courage and recognize his genius1 the prestige of which was only surpassed in my eyes by that of his tenderness6444 ,but another motive intensified this desire and regret4 ,the boldness1 the intelligence1 and the adventurous spirit of the young traveller were1 of course1 traits familiar to me1 and which ,i was happy and proud to recognize2 but1 alas6 the resemblance ceased when1 quitting the field of observation and descriptions of nature1 and all that memory and intelligence can glean1 the orator soared to loftier regions1 and linked these facts themselves with questions of a higher nature and wider scope than those of mere earthly interest4 ,he did this with simplicity1 earnestness1 and consummate ability1 and while he was speaking ,i felt that my mind rose without difficulty to the level of his1 and expanded suddenly as if it had wings6 ,it was a moment of keen enjoyment1 but likewise of keen suffering2 for ,i felt the difference that the greater or less elevation of the soul can produce in two minds that are equally gifted6 ,i clearly saw what was wanting in ,lorenzo's4 ,i recognized the cause of the something lacking which had so often troubled me1 and ,i felt more intensely and profoundly pained than ,i had that very morning4 ,while listening to ,gilbert ,i only thought of ,lorenzo1 and1 if ,i reluctantly acknowledged the superiority of the former1 ,i felt at the same time that there was nothing to prevent the latter from becoming his equal2 for1 ,i again said to myself1 ,lorenzo was not merely a man of the world1 leading a frivolous1 aimless life1 as might seem from his present habits4 ,love of labor and love of nature and art do not characterize such a man1 and he possessed these traits in a high degree4 ,he had therefore to be merely detached from other influences4 ,this was my task1 my duty1 and it should also be my happiness2 for ,i had no positive love for the world1 whose pleasures ,i knew so well4 ,no1 ,i did not love it4 ,i loved what was higher and better than that4 ,i felt an immense void within that great things alone could fill4 ,and ,i seemed today to have entered into the sphere of these great things2 but ,i was there alone1 and this was torture4 ,all my actual impressions were therefore centred in an ardent desire to put an end to this solitude by drawing into that higher region him from whom ,i was at the moment doubly separated4 ,this was assuredly a pure and legitimate desire1 but ,i did not believe myself capable of obtaining its realization without difficulty1 and sufficiently calculating the price ,i must pay for such a victory and the efforts by which it must often be merited4444 ,while these thoughts were succeeding each other in my mind ,i almost forgot to listen to the end of the discourse1 which terminated the meeting in the midst of the applause of the entire audience4 ,the vast hall of discussion was instantly changed into a salon again1 where everybody seemed to be acquainted1 and where ,i found the lite of those ,i had met in other places4 ,but assembled together for so legitimate an object1 they at once inspired me with interest1 respect1 and a feeling of attraction4 ,it was ,paris under quite a new aspect1 and it seemed to me1 if ,i had lived in a world like this1 ,i should never have experienced the terrible distress which ,i have spoken of1 and which the various emotions of the day had alone succeeded in dissipating4 ,the charming young ,diana1 light and active1 had ascended the platform1 and was now talking to her brother4 ,gilbert started with surprise at her first words1 and his eyes turned towards the place where ,i was standing4 ,then ,i almost instantly saw them descend from the platform and come towards me4 ,diana looked triumphant4 8,this is my brother ,gilbert1 madame10 said she1 her eyes sparkling4 8,and it is ,i who have the honor of presenting him to you1 as he seems to have waited for his little sister to do it40 ,he addressed me some words of salutation1 to which ,i responded4 ,as he stood near me1 ,i again observed his calm1 thoughtful1 intelligent face1 which had struck me so much the only time ,i remembered to have seen him before4 ,while speaking a few moments previous his face was animated1 and his eyes flashed with a fire that added more than once to the effect of his clear1 penetrating voice1 which was always well modulated4 ,his gestures also1 though not numerous or studied1 had a natural grace and the dignity which strength of conviction1 joined to brilliant eloquence1 gives to the entire form of an orator4 ,his manner was now so simple that ,i felt perfectly at ease with him1 and told him without any hesitation how happy ,i was at the double goodfortune that had brought me in contact with his sister1 and had resulted in my coming to this meeting where ,i had been permitted to hear him speak4 8,this day will be a memorable one for me as well as for her1 madame10 he replied1 8and ,i shall never forget it40 ,there was not the least inflection in his voice to make me regard his words as anything more than mere politeness1 but their evident sincerity caused me a momentary embarrassment4 ,he seemed to attach too much importance to this meeting1 but it passed away4 ,he inspired me with almost as much confidence as if he had been a friend4 ,i compared him with ,landolfo1 and wondered what effect so different an influence would have on ,lorenzo1 and ,i could not help wishing he were his friend also4444 ,i continued silent1 and he soon resumed3 8,the ,duca di ,valenzano is not here80 8,no2 he will be sorry1 and ,i regret it for his sake40 8,the presence of such a traveller would have been a great honor to us40 8,he was very happy to have an opportunity of conversing with you on one occasion40 8,it was a conversation ,i have never forgotten4 ,it would have been for my advantage to renew it1 but ,i never go into society--at ,paris40 8,and elsewhere80 8,elsewhere it is a different thing10 said he1 smiling4 8,i am as social while travelling as ,i am uncivilized at my return40 8,we must not expect1 then1 to meet you again in ,paris2 but if you ever go to ,italy1 may we not hope you will come to see us80 8,if you will allow me to do so10 said he eagerly4 8,yes1 certainly4 ,i think ,i can promise that the wellknown hospitality of the ,neapolitans will not be wanting towards the ,comte ,gilbert de ,kergy40 ,after a moment's silence he resumed3 8,you must have been absent when ,i was at ,naples4 ,that was two years ago40 8,i was not married then1 and ,i am not a ,neapolitan40 8,and not an ,italian1 perhaps40 8,do you say so on account of the color of my hair8 ,that would be astonishing on the part of so observant a traveller1 for you must have noticed that our great masters had almost as many blondes as brunettes for their models4 ,however1 ,i am neither ,english nor ,german1 as perhaps you are tempted to think4 ,i am a ,sicilian40 8,i have never seen in ,sicily or anywhere else a person who resembled you40 ,these words implied a compliment1 and probably such an one as ,i had never received2 and1 ,i need not repeat1 ,i was not fond of compliments4 ,but this was said without the least smile or the slightest look that indicated any desire to flatter or please me4 ,was not this a more subtle flattery than ,i had been accustomed to receive8444 ,and did it not awaken unawares the vanity ,i had long thought rooted out of the bottom of my heart8 ,i can affirm nothing positive as to this1 for there is always something lacking in the knowledge of one's self1 however thoroughly we may think we have acquired it4 ,but ,i am certain it never occurred to me at the time to analyze the effect of this meeting on me4 ,i was wholly absorbed in the regret and hope it awakened4 ,as ,i was on the point of leaving1 ,mme4 de ,kergy asked permission to call on me with her daughter the next day at four o'clock--a permission ,i joyfully granted--and ,diana accompanied me to the very foot of the steps4 ,i kissed her smiling face1 as ,i took leave1 and gave my hand to her brother1 who had come with us to help me in getting into the carriage4 ,,xvii4 ,all the way from the ,rue ,st4 ,dominique to the ,rue de ,rivoli ,i abandoned myself to the pleasant thoughts excited by the events of the day4 ,for within a few hours ,i had successively experienced the inward sweetness of prayer1 the charm of congenial society1 and the pleasure of enthusiasm4 ,a new life seemed to be infused into my heart1 soul1 and mind1 which had grown frivolous in the atmosphere of the world1 and ,i felt1 as it were1 entranced4 ,those who have felt themselves thus die and rise again to a new life will understand the feeling of joy ,i experienced4 ,in all the blessings hitherto vouchsafed me1 even in the love itself that had been1 so to speak1 the sun of my happiness1 there had been one element wanting1 without which everything seemed dark1 unsatisfactory1 wearisome1 and depressing--an element which my soul had an imperious1 irresistible1 undeniable need of6 ,yes1 ,i realized this1 and while thus taking a clearer view of my state ,i also felt that this need was reasonable and just1 and might be supplied without much difficulty4 ,was not ,lorenzo gifted with a noble nature1 and capable of the highest things8 ,had he not chosen me1 and loved me to such a degree as to make me an object of idolatry8 ,well1 ,i would point out to him the loftier heights he ought to attain4 ,i1 in my turn1 would open to him a new world6444 ,such were the thoughts1 aspirations1 and dreams my heart was filled with on my way home4 ,as ,i approached the ,rue de ,rivoli1 however1 ,i began to feel uneasy at being out so much later than ,i had anticipated1 lest ,lorenzo should have returned and been anxious about my absence4 ,i was pleased to learn1 therefore1 on descending from the carriage1 that he had not yet come home1 and ,i joyfully ascended the staircase1 perfectly satisfied with the way in which ,i had spent the morning4 ,i took off my hat1 smoothed my hair1 and then proceeded to arrange the salon according to his taste and my own4 ,i arranged the flowers1 as well as the books and other things1 and endeavored to give the room1 though in a hotel1 an appearance of comfort and elegance that would entice him to remain at home2 for ,i had formed the project of trying to induce him to spend the evening with me4 ,i seemed to have so many things to say to him1 and longed to communicate all the impressions ,i had received6 ,with this object in view ,i took a bold step1 but one that was authorized by the intimacy that existed between us and the friends whose guests we were to have been that day--,i sent them an excuse1 not only for myself1 but my husband1 hoping to find means afterwards of overcoming his displeasure1 should he manifest any4 ,having made these arrangements1 ,i was beginning to wonder at his continued absence when a letter was brought me which served to divert my mind for a time from every other thought4 ,it was a letter from ,livia which ,i had been impatiently awaiting4 ,we had corresponded regularly since our separation1 and ,i had begun to be surprised at a silence of unusual length on her part4 ,it was not dated at ,messina1 but at ,naples1 and ,i read the first page1 which was in answer to the contents of my letter1 without finding any explanation of this4 ,finally ,i came to what follows3 8,i told you in my last letter that ,i had obtained my father's consent1 but on one condition--that he should have the choice of the monastery ,i must enter on leaving home4 ,what difference did it make8 ,as to this ,i was1 and am1 wholly indifferent4 ,i should make the same vows everywhere1 and in them all ,i should go to ,god by the same path4 ,in them all ,i should be separated from the world and united to him alone4 ,and this was all ,i sought4 ,the convent my father chose is not in ,sicily4 ,it is a house known and venerated by every one in ,naples4 ,i shall be received on the second of ,september4 ,meanwhile1 ,i have come here under ,ottavia's escort1 and am staying with our aunt1 ,donna ,clelia1 who has established herself here for the winter with her daughters4 ,so everything is arranged1 ,gina4 ,the future seems plain4 ,i see distinctly before me my life and death1 my joys and sorrows1 my labors and my duty4 ,i am done with all that is called happiness in the world1 as well as with its misfortunes1 its trials1 its conflicting troubles1 its numberless disappointments1 and its poignant woes4 8,therefore ,i cannot make use of the word sacrifice4 ,it wounds me when ,i hear it used1 for ,i blush at the little ,i have to give up in view of the immensity ,i am to receive6 ,yes2 ,i blush when ,i remember it was suffering and humiliation that first made me raise my eyes to ,him whom alone we should love1 and whom alone ,i now feel ,i can love4 ,if ,i had not been wholly sure of this1 ,i should never have been so bold as to aspire to the union that waits me--the only one here below in which the ,bridegroom can satisfy the boundless affection of the heart that gives itself to him6444 8,but to return to you1 my dear ,gina4 ,are you as happy as ,i desire you to be1 and as you deserve to be8 ,your last letter was sad2 and the calmer and better satisfied ,i feel about my own lot1 the more ,i think of yours4 ,whatever happens1 my dearest sister1 do not forget that we both have but one goal4 ,your way is longer and more perilous than mine1 but the great aim of us both should be to really love ,god above all things1 and1 in him and for him1 to cherish all the objects of our affection4 ,yes1 even those whom we prefer to all other creatures on earth4 ,i am not using the language of a religious1 but simply that of truth and common sense4 ,if this letter reaches you on your return from some gay scene1 at a time when you will not feel able to enter into its meaning1 you must lay it aside4 ,but if you read it when your mind is calm1 and you are at leisure to listen to your inner self1 you will understand what your ,livia means by writing you in this way4 ,whatever happens1 whether we are near each other or are widely separated1 we shall always be united in heart1 my dear sister4 ,the convent grates will not separate me from you4 ,death itself cannot divide us4 ,one thing1 and one alone1 in the visible or invisible world1 can raise a barrier between us and really separate us4 ,and rather than behold this barrier rise1 ,i would1 as ,i have already told you1 my beloved sister1 rather see you dead4 ,gina1 ,i love you as tenderly as any one ever loved another4 ,i will pray for you on the second of ,september 7,sunday74 ,probably when you read this ,i shall already have left the world4 ,but ,i shall not have left you1 dear sister4 ,i shall be nearer you than when distance alone separated us4 ,besides1 ,i am at ,naples1 to which you will soon return1 and you will find that the grates will neither hide my face1 nor my thoughts1 nor my heart1 nor my soul from you4444 8,gina1 let me once more repeat that there is only one way of attaining real happiness--there is only one object worthy of our love4 ,let me beseech you not to desire any other passionately4 ,but1 no2 you would not understand me2 you would not believe me now44440 ,everything added to the effect of this letter--its date1 and the day1 the hour1 and the moment in which it was received4 ,the deed my sister had accomplished that very day had brought us nearer together1 as she said4 ,had not a breath of the purer air she breathed reached me already and preserved me through the day from the aimless frivolity of my usual life8 8,happiness10 it has been said1 8is ,christian2 pleasure is not40 ,had ,i not profoundly realized the force of this saying for one day8 ,had ,i not experienced a happiness as different as possible from the pleasure ,i enjoyed in the world8 ,and did ,i not feel desirous this very instant of attaining the one at the expense of the other1 and not only of taking a different view of life myself1 but of imparting this desire to 8,him who ne'er from me shall separate407#i7 ,the day was beginning to decline1 and ,i gradually sank into a short1 profound slumber such as is usually attended by confused dreams4 ,in mine most of those who had occupied my thoughts during the day passed successively before me--,livia first1 covered with a long white veil1 and next to her was the pleasant1 smiling face of ,diana4444 ,then ,i was once more at the ,htel de ,kergy1 listening again to some parts of ,gilbert's address4 ,but when ,i was on the point of calling ,lorenzo to hear him also1 it no longer seemed to be ,gilbert1 but ,lorenzo himself1 on the platform1 repeating the same words with an air of mockery1 and gazing at me1 in return1 with the penetrating look so peculiar to him4444 ,then everything changed1 and ,i found myself at twilight at the fork of a road in the country1 and1 while ,i was hesitating which path to take1 ,i saw ,gilbert beside me4 ,he was familiar with the way1 he said1 and offered to be my guide2 but ,i repulsed his arm1 and made a violent effort to overtake ,lorenzo1 whom ,i suddenly perceived at a distance on the other road4444 ,then ,livia seemed to be beside me1 and give me her hand to help me along4 ,finally ,i saw ,lorenzo just before me again1 but he did not look like the same person2 he was poorly clad1 and his face was pale and altered4 ,i recognized him1 however1 and sprang forward to overtake him1 when ,i awoke breathless1 and with the painful feeling of uneasiness that such sleep generally produces when terminated by such an awakening4444 ,my heart throbbed4444 ,i found it difficult at first to recall what had occupied my mind before ,i fell asleep4 ,i soon came to myself1 however1 and was able to account for the utter darkness that surrounded me4 ,i hastened to ring the bell and1 when a light was brought1 ,i looked at the clock with a surprise that gave way to anxiety4 ,at that instant ,i heard the bell that announced ,lorenzo's return at last4 ,i heard him enter the antechamber1 and ,i ran to open the drawingroom door myself4 ,but ,i stopped short4 ,it was not ,lorenzo2 it was ,landolfo ,landini1 and he was alone4 ,i drew back with a terrified look without daring to ask a question4 ,but he smiled1 as he closed the door behind him1 and1 taking my hand1 said3 8,do not be alarmed1 my dear cousin1 ,i beg4 ,nothing in particular has happened to ,lorenzo--nothing1 at least1 which you are not prepared to hear after what occurred last night40 ,i breathed once more4444 ,i know not what other fear crossed my mind1 but ,i said with tolerable calmness3 8,that means he has been playing again1 or at least betting at the races1 and has lost80 8,yes1 cousin1 frightfully4 ,there--,i ought not to have told you1 but ,i see no reason for concealing it from you2 and as ,i have this opportunity of speaking privately to you1 ,i will profit by it to give you another piece of advice more serious than any ,i have yet given you4 ,immediately make use of all the influence you still have over him to persuade him to leave ,paris4 ,there is some fatality about this place1 as far as he is concerned4 ,he is more prudent everywhere else1 and will become so here once more4 ,the fever he has been seized with again must absolutely be broken up4 ,the deuce60 continued he1 8two or three more relapses like this would lead to consequences that would test all your courage1 ma belle duchesse1 and bring you1 as well as him1 to extremities you are ill fitted to bear4 ,that is what ,i am most anxious about1 you will allow me to say2 for1 without making you the shadow of a declaration1 ,i find you so beautiful1 so good1 and so adorable that the mere thought of you some day44440 8,keep to the point1 ,lando1 if you please10 said ,i with an impatient air4 8,where is ,lorenzo8 ,why did he not return with you1 and why have you come to tell me what he would probably tell me himself80 8,tell you himself8 ,he will take care not to do that4 ,i have already told you ,i am betraying his confidence1 but it is for his good as well as yours4 ,it is best for you to know that the sum he has lost today surpasses the resources he has on hand1 and in order to make the necessary arrangements to pay at once the debt he has incurred1 he is obliged to write to his agent at ,naples or ,sicily4 ,he went directly to the club for this purpose1 and commissioned me to tell you it was for nothing of importance1 and beg you to attend the dinnerparty without him1 and present his excuses to your friends4 ,he will join you in the evening40 ,everything now seemed easily arranged according to my wishes1 and of itself1 as it were4 8,that is very fortunate10 said ,i eagerly1 telling him of the excuse ,i had sent for us both4 8,therefore1 ,lando1 go back to the club1 ,i beg2 or rather1 ,i will write ,lorenzo myself that he can arrange his affairs at his leisure1 and return when he pleases to dine with me4 ,i shall wait till he comes40 ,i hastily seized my pen to write him1 but ,lando resumed3 8,oh6 as to that1 cousin1 you will only waste your trouble2 for seeing how late it was1 and that he could not possibly be here in season to accompany you1 he accepted an invitation to dine with an acquaintance of his 7and yours also1 ,i suppose7 whom he met at the races today40 8,an acquaintance of his84440 ,i repeated1 my heart filling with a keen anguish that made me turn pale without knowing why4 ,lando perceived it4 8,do not be alarmed10 said he1 smiling4 8,it is not ,mme4 de ,b----1 though she was at the races also1 and made a fruitless effort to divert ,lorenzo's mind from what was going on4 ,really1 in your place10 continued he with his usual levity1 8,i should regret she did not succeed4 ,that would have been much better than 444 ,come1 444 do not frown4 ,i am joking4 ,to be serious1 ,lorenzo is not going to dine with her today1 but with a lady from ,milan who has just arrived1 and whom you doubtless know4 ,it is ,donna ,faustina ,reali1 the ,marquise de ,villanera64440 ,faustina ,reali6444 ,this name seemed to justify the strange presentiment ,i had just had1 and ,i was tempted to exclaim with ,hamlet1 8,o my prophetic soul60 thou hast not deceived me6444 ,i had at that moment a sudden intuition of the past1 the present1 and the future4 ,i saw clearly before me a life in which ,i should no longer be able to influence ,lorenzo1 or even to guide myself6444 ,i controlled my agitation1 however1 by a powerful effort1 and ,lando soon left me1 renewing his first injunctions1 and persuaded he had fully reassured me on other points4 ,i gave him my hand with a smile as he left the room1 and as soon as ,i found myself alone ,i covered my face with my hands1 and exclaimed3 8,o my dreams6 my pleasant dreams6 ,where have they vanished80 ,,xviii4 ,faustina ,reali6444 ,that was the nevertobeforgotten name ,i had read on the card ,lorenzo snatched so violently from my hands at ,naples6 ,i had never seen it again1 never heard it pronounced1 but ,i remembered only too well the expression of my husband's face when he saw it1 and the way in which he tore up the card on which it was written6444 ,i endeavored to lead the conversation at another time back to this circumstance1 but at once desisted1 frightened at the manner in which he imposed silence on me1 and a certain impression of both mystery and danger remained associated with the name4 ,as soon as ,i became calmer1 however1 ,i acknowledged that ,i really knew nothing1 absolutely nothing1 to cause the violent emotion ,i had just experienced4 ,it had an imaginary cause1 then1 and might simply be owing to my mind1 so recently lost in vague dreams1 and perhaps a little too high flown1 being suddenly recalled to a painful and unpleasant1 as well as very commonplace reality4 ,i had imagined ,i was going to transform1 as by the stroke of a wand1 my husband's habits1 tastes1 occupations--nay1 his entire life--but was brought to my senses by learning he had just lost an enormous sum at the races1 and his mind1 for the moment1 was absorbed in the necessary complications for paying the debt4 ,i had planned spending several hours alone with him that evening1 during which1 away from the bustle of the world1 ,i would give him a minute account of my recent impressions1 and tell him of all the wishes1 projects1 and ardent desires of which he was the object4 ,i would rouse a nobler pride in his soul1 and appeal to a thousand sentiments that were dormant1 but not extinct2 and ,i believe ,i expected to see them awakened at the mere sound of my voice6444 ,instead of this1 444 ,i was alone1 and he was with another4444 ,and what other8444 ,who was this ,faustina1 whose name had so suddenly appeared in my life1 and who1 at the very hour when ,i was aiming at so pure and elevated an influence over him1 came thus1 like an evil genius1 to thrust herself between us8444 ,i reminded myself in vain that ,lorenzo had no idea of the plans ,i had1 unbeknown to him1 formed for the evening1 but supposed me at this very moment to be with my friends1 where he had promised to join me2 but nothing could calm the sudden agitation of my heart1 nothing could check the flood of thoughts that sprang from my anxiety1 jealousy1 and misconceptions1 and my excitement became more intense in proportion to the lateness of the hour4 ,would he never come8444 ,and what would he say when he should arrive8444 ,i was sure he would try to conceal his interview with ,donna ,faustina1 and perhaps ,i ought to hide my knowledge of that as well as everything else1 and feign ignorance of all that had occurred1 in order not to betray ,lando's indiscretion4444 ,but what should ,i do when his eyes1 so accustomed to interpret every expression of my face1 should be fastened on me8 ,how could ,i practise any dissimulation with him8 ,it was not1 indeed1 my place to do anything of the kind4 ,i had no cause to blush or be intimidated4 ,and should he discover1 after all1 that ,i was not deceived1 so much the better2 and should he be displeased1 so much the worse for ,lando4 ,i had arrived at this point in my reflections when ,i heard the bell ringing loudly in the next room4 ,then there was a quick step1 which this time was really his1 and ,lorenzo entered the room4 ,he was pale and appeared excited1 but said in a sufficiently calm tone3 8,i have just come from ,m----'s1 where ,i supposed ,i should find you2 but ,i learned that1 in sending my apology1 you also excused yourself1 and ,i did not remain an instant4 ,what is the matter1 ,ginevra8444 ,are you ill8444 ,why did you not go8 ,why did you remain at home alone in this way80 ,his expression was singular4 ,it was at once affectionate and troubled4 ,he looked earnestly at me1 as he gave me his hand1 and put back my hair in order to see my face more distinctly4 ,my cheeks were burning4 ,the traces of the tears ,i had shed were visible1 and1 with his scrutinizing eyes upon me1 ,i felt it hardly possible to restrain those that still filled my own4444 ,he took my head between his two hands1 and held it a moment against his breast in silence4 ,the throbbing of his heart perhaps equalled that of mine4 ,i was touched1 speechless and disarmed1 and less than ever in a condition to dissimulate anything1 when he suddenly said3 8,why have you been crying1 ,ginevra8 ,i must know40 ,raising my still tearful eyes towards him1 and looking confidingly in his face1 ,i replied3 8,i have been crying1 ,lorenzo1 because ,i heard ,donna ,faustina is here1 and that you had gone to see her40 ,he started1 and1 though accustomed to the variations of his mobile face1 ,i was struck with the effect my words had produced4 ,his face reddened1 then turned paler than before1 and for some moments he was incapable of making any reply1 and even seemed to forget my proximity4 ,he seated himself beside the table1 and remained silent4 ,i looked at him with amazement and anxiety4 ,at length he said3 8,who has told you anything about ,donna ,faustina1 and what do you know of her80 8,no one has told me anything about her1 and all ,i know of her you have told me yourself by the very emotion you show at her name40 ,he was again silent for a moment1 and then resumed in his usual tone1 as if he had triumphed over all hesitation3 8,well1 ,ginevra1 even if you had not known of her being in ,paris1 or had never heard of her name or existence1 ,i had resolved to speak to you about her this very evening4 ,listen to me4 ,it is not1 after all1 a long story40 ,he had perfectly recovered his selfcontrol1 and yet he continued with some effort3 8,it is not for you to be jealous of her1 ,ginevra4 ,it is she who has reason to be jealous of you4 ,she has done you no wrong2 whereas1 without suspecting it1 you have done her a great and irreparable injury40 ,i opened my eyes with surprise4 8,it is not necessary to tell you when and where ,i met her for the first time1 but perhaps it is right ,i should acknowledge that ,i was inspired with a passion for her such as a man willingly imagines he can never feel but once in his life40 ,i could not repress a start4 8,wait1 ,ginevra2 hear me to the end4 ,she was married and virtuous4 ,i left her1 444 but ,i had just learned she was free1 and was about to go to see her when ,i was called to ,sicily by the lawsuit on which my property depends4 ,you know the rest4444 ,the sight of you effaced the impressions of the past4 ,i was still free--free from any promise that bound me to her1 though perhaps she was expecting me to return to ,milan44440 8,you forgot her1 and offered me your hand84440 ,i exclaimed with mingled pity and almost reproach4 ,he replied with some emotion3 8,yes1 ,ginevra1 and without any scruple2 for after passing a month in your vicinity1 ,i felt ,i loved her no longer1 and at that time 444 ,i did not know she loved me40 ,his brow grew dark4 ,he stopped an instant1 and then rapidly continued3 8,at a later day ,i ascertained1 444 ,i had reason to believe1 444 beyond a doubt1 that the feeling she had succeeded in hiding from me existed really1 profoundly1 444 and that she had suffered4444 ,ginevra6 in the intoxication of my new happiness ,i could not feel any regret1 but ,i acknowledge ,i had a moment of remorse4 ,yes2 ,i never wished to hear her name again1 never to see her or hear anything that would recall her4444 ,i was almost irritated at ,naples at finding her card among those left on your arrival there4444 ,i was angry with her1 poor ,faustina1 when ,i should have been grateful as well as you40 8,what do you mean80 8,it was at ,naples1 which she happened to be passing through1 that the news of our marriage reached her4 ,and when we arrived just after1 she wished to show1 by leaving her card1 that she should henceforth only consider herself my friend and yours4 ,but at that time ,i did not regard it in this way1 and ,i was unjust as well as ungrateful40 8,and now1 ,lorenzo80 ,i said with many commingled feelings ,i could not have defined4 8,now1 ,ginevra1 ,i think she was generous1 and it would be well for you to be so in your turn4 ,she wishes to know you1 and ,i come to ask you to receive her tomorrow4444 ,you hesitate6444 ,i do not suppose1 however10 said he a little loftily1 as he frowned1 8that you think me capable of making such a proposition to my wife1 if the ,marquise de ,villanera had not a spotless reputation1 and ,i were not certain that there is no reason why you should not grant her the favor ,i beg40 ,lorenzo was perfectly sincere at the moment he uttered these words4 ,but as ,i write the account of that day by the light of events that followed1 ,i do not feel the same assurance ,i did at the time he was talking4 ,all he then affirmed was true2 but he did not tell me everything4 ,he did not1 for instance1 explain how he happened to learn1 at a time when he had better have never known them1 the sentiments that had hitherto been concealed from him4 ,still less did he tell me the effect this revelation produced on him4 ,but with regard to this he doubtless did not deceive me any more than he did himself4 ,meanwhile1 it was not possible to give more heed to a vague1 inexplicable presentiment it would have been impossible to justify1 than to what he said4 ,i therefore consented1 without any further hesitation1 to the interview he proposed1 and gave him my hand4 ,he kissed it and held it lightly in his2 then gave me a new proof of his confidence as well as unexpected satisfaction by the following words3 8,this interview1 ,ginevra1 will not commit you to any great extent at the most1 as1 for many reasons it would be useless to give you1 ,i wish1 if not too great a disappointment for you1 to leave ,paris--sooner than we intended4 ,we will go in a week40 ,he saw the ray of joy that flashed from my eyes1 and looked at me with an air of surprise4 ,i was afraid of compromising poor ,lando by betraying my knowledge of the danger that rendered this departure so opportune4 ,i was also afraid he would regard it as a new proof of the jealous distrust he had just allayed1 and hastened to speak of ,livia's letter and my desire to return to ,naples1 where ,i had just learned ,i should find my sister4 ,he accepted this explanation1 and the day full of so many different causes of excitement ended more tranquilly than ,i had anticipated two hours before4 ,it was difficult1 however1 when ,i once more found myself alone1 to collect my troubled thoughts4 ,a confused crowd of new impressions had replaced those of the morning4 ,the projects inspired by the lofty eloquence of ,gilbert de ,kergy all at once seemed chimerical4 ,my hopes had fled beyond recall4 ,and yet ,i could not account for my apprehension4 ,anxiety1 a vague anxiety1 persistently prevailed over everything4 ,i only succeeded in regaining my calmness at last by two considerations3 we were to leave ,paris1 and it was ,lorenzo himself who proposed our departure4 ,,xix4 ,the following day1 for some reason or other ,i did not explain to myself1 ,i gave unusual attention to my toilet4 ,i generally read while my waiting maid was arranging my hair according to her own fancy1 but that day ,i turned more than once towards the mirror4 ,i observed with pleasure the golden lustre of my hair in the morning sunlight1 and suggested myself the addition of a bow of ribbon of the same color as my belt4 ,after ,i was dressed ,i gave1 before leaving my room1 a scrutinizing look in a large glass where ,i could see myself from head to foot4 ,it seemed to me ,i was becomingly attired1 and ,i felt pleased4 ,my satisfaction was confirmed by an exclamation that escaped ,lorenzo as soon as he caught sight of me4 ,he was already seated at the breakfast table1 which stood at one end of the room4 8,you are charming this morning1 ,ginevra60 said he1 smiling4 ,he then grew thoughtful4 ,after remaining silent a few moments1 he resumed1 perhaps to divert my mind from another thought he supposed it occupied with3 8,i was sorry to leave you alone so long yesterday4 ,how did you while away the time during the long afternoon80 ,if he had asked this question the evening before at the imaginary ttette ,i had planned1 what a minute1 animated account should ,i have given him6 ,how readily the thoughts which then occupied my mind would have sprung to my lips6 ,he regarded me as a child1 but ,i was no longer one2 and beholding me all at once in the new aspect of an energetic1 courageous woman1 capable of aiding him with a firm hand in ascending to higher regions1 he would have been surprised and touched2 the passing gleam that sometimes manifested itself in his eyes would perhaps have been less transient this time1 and ,i should have succeeded in kindling a flame of which this light was a mere emblem6444 ,lorenzo1 if you had only been willing6 ,if you had only listened to me then1 entered into my feelings1 and read my heart1 what a life ours might have been6444 ,ah6 happiness and goodness are more closely allied in this world than is usually supposed4 ,if virtue sometimes does not escape misfortune1 it is sure there is no happiness without it6 ,but the impetus by which ,i hoped to attain my aim at a single bound had been suddenly checked1 and ,i no longer remembered now what ,i longed to say the evening before1 or the motive ,i then had in view4 ,i therefore answered my husband's question with the utmost coolness without interrupting my breakfast3 8,i went to ,s4 ,roch's4 ,it rained in torrents1 and1 finding the ,comtesse de ,kergy and her daughter at the door without any carriage1 ,i took them home40 8,i am glad you did4 ,there is no family more respected1 and ,kergy is one of the most intelligent of travellers40 8,yes1 so ,i should suppose4 ,i have heard him speak of his travels4 ,there was a meeting at the ,htel de ,kergy yesterday at four o'clock1 which ,i was invited to attend1 and he made an address40 8,and spoke very ably1 ,i have no doubt4 ,i have heard him1 and can judge40 8,you have heard him80 8,yes1 a fortnight ago4444 ,though scarcely acquainted1 we are the founders and chief supporters of a review devoted to art and scientific subjects1 the acting committee of which summoned a meeting of its members to draw up some resolution1 and at this meeting he spoke40 8,he is very eloquent1 is he not80 8,very eloquent indeed1 but1 on the whole1 visionary40 8,visionary80 8,yes1 visionary1 and sometimes incomprehensible even4 ,he soars to such vague heights that no one can follow him4 ,but in spite of this1 he is a fellow of great talent1 and has a noble nature1 ,i should think40 ,lorenzo rose while speaking1 and drew a memorandumbook from his pocket3 8,i will write down the address of the ,htel de ,kergy1 that ,i may not forget to leave my card40 8,mme4 de ,kergy and her daughter10 said ,i1 8are coming to see me today about four o'clock40 ,he was silent a moment1 and then said3 8,and till that time80 8,till then10 ,i replied1 turning red1 8,i shall be at home and alone40 8,very well10 rejoined he1 taking up a newspaper1 while ,i silently went to a seat near the open window4 ,i compared the conversation which had just taken place with the one ,i imagined the evening before4 ,i remembered the effect of the very name of her whose visit ,i was now expecting1 and ,i felt inclined to both laugh and cry4 ,in a word1 ,i was nervous and agitated1 and doubtless manifested my uneasiness and irritation more than ,i wished4 ,lorenzo raised his eyes1 and looked at me a moment4 8,what are you thinking of1 ,ginevra80 8,are you quite sure10 said ,i abruptly1 8that this ,donna ,faustina is not a jettatrice80 ,he rose and somewhat impatiently threw his paper on the table4 ,but quickly overcoming himself1 he said calmly3 8,do you find any evidence in what ,i related last evening that she ever brought illluck to any one80 8,if it is not she10 ,i exclaimed quickly1 8,i hope1 at least1 you do not think44440 ,i was about to add1 8that it is ,i10 but ,i stopped on seeing the cloud that came over his face4 8,come1 ,ginevra10 said he1 8you are really too childish6 ,you are joking1 doubtless1 but no one knows better than you how to point a jest4 ,but you shall tell me yourself what you think of the ,marquise de ,villanera after seeing her4 ,as for me1 ,i am going away4 ,it is not necessary to have a third party when she comes4 ,i will go meanwhile to see ,kergy4 ,but10 added he1 as he was leaving the room1 8as you have consented to receive her1 remember ,i depend on your doing so politely40 ,he went away1 leaving me in a frame of mind by no means serene4 ,i felt angry with him1 and at the same time dissatisfied with myself4 ,everything went contrary to what ,i had hoped1 and ,i awaited my visitor with a mixture of anguish and illhumor4 ,i felt a kind of uneasiness analogous to that experienced when there is thunder in the air4 ,i tried to apply myself to something1 but1 finding this impossible1 ,i ended by returning to the window1 where1 book in hand1 ,i rose from time to time to see what was going on in the street or the garden of the ,tuileries4 ,at length1 about two o'clock1 ,i saw a small coup coming around the corner from the ,rue ,st4 ,florentin4 ,i had seen an endless number pass while ,i stood there1 but ,i watched this one without a shadow of doubt as to the direction it would take4 ,it was but a moment1 indeed1 before ,i saw it stop at the door of the hotel4 ,we were not1 to be sure1 the only occupants1 but it never occurred to me that the person in the carriage would ask for any one but myself4 ,i returned to the drawingroom1 therefore1 and had taken the seat ,i usually occupied when ,i received callers1 when the ,marquise de ,villanera was announced in a loud voice4 ,i rose to meet her4 ,there was a moment's silence1 doubtless caused by an equal degree of curiosity on both sides4 ,it was only for an instant that passed like a flash1 but nevertheless each of us had scanned the other from head to foot4 ,at the first glance she did not seem young4 ,i was not twenty years old myself then1 and ,i judged as one is apt to at that age4 ,in reality1 she was not thirty4 ,she was tall and finelooking4 ,her form was noble and graceful1 her features delicate and regular1 her hair and eyebrows black as jet1 her complexion absolutely devoid of color1 and her eyes of a lively blue4 ,this somewhat too bright a color gave a cold1 hard look to her eyes1 but their expression changed as soon as she began to speak1 and became sweet1 caressing1 beseeching1 irresistible4 ,she was dressed in black1 apparently with extreme simplicity1 but in reality with extreme care4 ,i had not time to wonder how ,i should break this silence4 ,it was she who spoke first1 and her very first words removed the timidity and embarrassment that rendered this interview still more painful4 ,what she said ,i am really unable to remember1 and ,i cannot comprehend now the effect of her words2 but ,i know they wrought a complete transformation in the feelings ,i experienced the evening before at the very mention of her name6 ,women often wonder in vain what the charm is by which other women succeed in pleasing1 and1 as ,bossuet says1 in 8drawing after them captive souls40 ,in their eyes1 at least1 this charm is inexplicable4 ,but this is not always the case2 for there are some women who1 while they reserve for one the absolute ascendency of their empire1 like to feel able to exert it over every one4 ,such was ,donna ,faustina4 ,however deep the strange1 secret warning of my heart might be1 it was beyond my power to resist her4 ,while she was talking ,i felt my prejudices vanish like snow before the sun1 and it could not possibly have been otherwise1 perhaps2 at least without a penetration ,i was not endowed with1 a distrust ,i was wholly incapable of1 and an experience ,i did not then possess4 ,did she really feel a kind of attraction towards me that rendered her sincere at this first interview8 ,i prefer to think so4 ,yes1 ,i prefer not to believe that deceit and perfidy could disguise themselves to such a degree under an appearance of cordiality1 simplicity1 artlessness1 and sincerity4 ,i prefer to hope it was not wholly by consummate art she won my confidence while seeming to repose unlimited confidence in me4 ,she very soon learned all she wished concerning me1 and in return gave me her whole history2 and however singular this sudden frankness on the part of a stranger ought to have appeared to me--and1 indeed1 was--the grace of her manner and the charm of her language prevented any doubt or criticism from crossing my mind4 ,young1 without position or fortune1 she had married a man three times as old as herself1 with whom she lived in strict retirement4 ,her meeting with ,lorenzo 7but how this happened she did not explain7 had been the only ray of joy in her life4 ,she did not hide from me either the grief his departure caused her or the extent of her disappointment when she vainly awaited his return after she was left free4 ,but all these feelings1 she said1 belonged to the past4 ,nothing remained but a friendship which she could not give up4 ,the death of the aged ,marquis de ,villanera had of course left her free again1 but it had also taken away her only protector4 ,she felt alone in the world now1 and begged me1 in the midst of my happiness1 to consider her loneliness and take pity on her4 ,while thus speaking she fixed upon me her large1 blue eyes bathed in tears4 ,and as ,i listened to her1 tears also streamed down my cheeks4 ,i almost reproached myself for being happy4 ,lorenzo's inconstancy weighed on my heart like remorse1 and all that was generous in my nature responded to her appeal4 ,consequently1 before our interview was over ,i embraced her1 calling her my dear ,faustina1 and she clasped me in her arms1 calling me for the twentieth time 8her lovely1 darling ,ginevra40 ,my navet may seem astonishing4 ,i was1 indeed1 nave at that time1 and it would have been surprising had ,i not been4 ,people of more penetration than ,i would have been blinded4 ,lorenzo himself was at that time4 ,when he found us together at his return1 and comprehended the result of our interview from the very first words he heard1 he turned towards me with eyes lit up with tenderness and gratitude4 ,his first1 and probably his only1 feeling at meeting again the woman to whom he thought he had been ungrateful and almost disloyal1 had been a kind of humiliation4 ,to get rid of this feeling1 he had sought some means of repairing this wrong1 and1 thanks to my docility to him and my generosity towards her1 he persuaded himself he had found a way4 ,in the state of affairs at that moment ,i had the advantage4 ,i gained that day a new1 but1 alas6 the last1 triumph over my rival6 ,,xx4 ,lorenzo accompanied the marchioness to her carriage1 and then returned an instant to inform me she would dine with us that evening1 and that he had invited ,lando to join us4 ,he embraced me affectionately before he went away1 looking at me with an expression that caused me a momentary joy1 but which was followed by a feeling of melancholy as profound as if his kiss had been an adieu4 ,but though my apprehensions of the evening before were allayed1 ,i could not get rid of a vague uneasiness impossible to overcome--perhaps the natural result of the hopes that1 on the one hand1 had been disappointed since the previous day1 and1 on the other1 the fears that had been removed4 ,but my mind was still greatly troubled1 and though the atmosphere around me had apparently become calm and serene1 ,i felt1 so to speak1 the earth tremble almost insensibly beneath my feet1 and could hear the rumbling of thunder afar off4 ,my interview with ,donna ,faustina lasted so long that ,i had not been alone half an hour before ,mme4 de ,kergy and her daughter were announced4 ,this call1 which1 under any circumstances1 would have given me pleasure1 was particularly salutary at this moment1 for it diverted my mind and effected a complete1 beneficial change of impressions4 ,after the somewhat feverish excitement ,i had just undergone1 it was of especial benefit to see and converse with these agreeable companions of the evening before4 ,i breathed more freely1 and forgot ,donna ,faustina while listening to their delightful conversation4 ,my eyes responded to ,diana's smiling looks1 and her mother inspired me with a mingled attraction and confidence that touched me and awakened in my soul the dearest1 sweetest1 and most poignant memories of the past4 ,mme4 de ,kergy perceived this1 and likewise noticed1 ,i think1 the traces of recent agitation in my face4 ,she rose1 as if fearing it would be indiscreet to prolong her visit4 8,oh6 do not go yet10 ,i said1 taking hold of her hand to detain her4 8,but you look fatigued or ill4 ,i do not wish to abuse the permission you gave me40 8,you do me good1 on the contrary4 ,i have a slight headache1 it is true1 but it is soothing to talk with you40 8,truly80 8,yes1 truly40 8,well1 then1 let me propose1 in my turn1 a drive in my carriage4 ,the weather is fine today4 ,come and take the air with us4 ,it will do you good1 and afford us great pleasure40 ,i felt quite disposed on my part to accept the sympathy manifested by ,mme4 de ,kergy1 and at once accepted her invitation4 ,i took a seat in her calche1 and1 after an hour's drive with her and her daughter1 ,i had not only recovered from the nervous agitation of the morning1 but we had become fully acquainted1 and for the first time in ,paris ,i ceased to feel myself a stranger4 8,what a pity you are going away so soon60 exclaimed ,diana4 8,yes1 indeed10 said her mother2 8for it seems to me you would find some resources at my house you have not found elsewhere1 and we might reveal ,paris under a different--perhaps ,i may say under a more favorable--aspect than it generally appears to strangers1 even in the fashionable world1 which is1 ,i imagine1 nearly the same everywhere40 ,i made no reply1 for the regret she expressed awoke a similar feeling in my heart1 and aroused all the recollections of the evening before4 ,i once more felt for an instant an ardent desire to take refuge in a different sphere4 ,i longed more earnestly than ever to escape from that in which some vague peril seemed to threaten me4 ,we were1 it is true1 to leave ,paris1 but for what a motive6444 ,what a pitiful aspect the life ,lorenzo wished to escape from took in comparison with the one so different which ,mme4 de ,kergy had just given me a glimpse of6444 ,the thought of this contrast embittered the joy ,i felt in view of our departure4 ,we agreed1 however1 as we separated1 to meet every day during this last week1 and ,mme4 de ,kergy promised to take me1 before my departure1 through various parts of the unknown world of charity in ,paris1 whose existence she had revealed to me1 that ,i might1 at least1 have a less imperfect idea of it before leaving ,france4 ,on my return ,i found ,lando as well as ,lorenzo in the drawingroom1 and learned that1 as the weather was fine1 they had decided we should dine at some caf ,i do not now remember1 in the ,champs ,elyses1 and afterwards1 instead of returning home1 we should take seats under the trees1 and quietly listen in the open air to the music of one of the famous orchestras4 ,the hotel the ,marquise de ,villanera stopped at was on the way2 we could call for her1 and she would remain with us the rest of the evening4 ,this new programme did not displease me4 ,i rather preferred this way of meeting the marchioness again1 instead of the one ,i anticipated after ,lorenzo told me she would dine with us4 ,in spite of the favorable impression she produced1 this prospect annoyed me4 ,the arrangement now proposed suited me better4 ,i unhesitatingly assented to it1 but could not help thinking1 as ,i did so1 how much ,i should have preferred passing the evening alone with him6444 ,i longed for solitude--but shared with him6 ,my heart was full of things ,i wished to give utterance to1 and it seemed as if a kind of fatality multiplied obstacles around us1 and kept us absorbed in matters wholly foreign to the sentiments ,i found it impossible to awaken during the too brief moments in which we were together4 ,my heart was filled with these desires and regrets while ,i was preparing to accompany him1 and they cast a shade over the evening ,i am giving an account of4 ,lando took a seat in front of us1 and our carriage soon drew up at the door of the marchioness1 who followed us in her little coup4 ,she descended when we arrived at our place of destination1 and ,lorenzo1 as was proper1 gave her his arm4 ,i took ,lando's1 and we proceeded towards the room that had been reserved for us1 traversing on our way the principal coffeeroom1 which was filled with people4 ,every eye turned towards us4 ,i saw that ,lando's vanity was more gratified than mine by the observations that reached our ears4 ,i looked at ,lorenzo2 he too seemed to be proud of the effect produced by the one leaning on his arm1 and for the first time did not appear to notice the flattering murmur of which ,i was the object4 ,i noticed this1 and it did not increase my goodhumor4 ,but after we arrived at the little diningroom that was ours for the time1 ,faustina seemed wholly occupied with me4 ,we took off our bonnets1 and while ,i was silently admiring her magnificent tresses1 which made her resemble some antique statue1 she went into open ecstasy about my 8golden hair10 my form1 and my features2 but while she was thus going on1 evidently supposing it was not displeasing to me1 ,lorenzo stopped her4 8,take care1 marchioness10 said he1 smiling1 8you do not know ,ginevra4 ,do not take another step in that direction4 ,no one can venture on that ground but myself alone40 ,he uttered these last words with an accent that made my heart beat and rendered ,faustina silent4 ,an expression flashed from her blue eyes quicker than the sharpest lightning1 and seemed to give them a terrible brilliancy4 ,however1 she soon resumed her playfulness and graceful ease of manner4 ,like most ,italian ladies1 she had that naturalness1 that total absence of affectation1 which often gives to their conversation an originality without parallel1 and makes all wit which is less spontaneous than theirs seem factitious and almost defective4 ,it has an inexpressible charm which fascinates1 enchants1 sets every one at ease1 and gives to their very coquetry an appearance of artlessness4 ,we were full of liveliness and gayety at the table4 ,never was a dinner more agreeable4 ,donna ,faustina had an uncommon talent for relating things without appearing to try to win attention4 ,she could mimic other women without any appearance of malice1 and even sound their praises with an earnestness that made her more charming than those of whom she was speaking4 ,sometimes1 too1 she would change her tone1 and1 after making the room ring with our laughter1 she would entertain us with some serious account which displayed a powerful1 cultivated mind1 with all her exuberant gayety4 ,in short1 when she was present1 nothing was thought of but her1 and even those whom she wittingly or unwittingly threw into the shade could not deny the charm by which they were eclipsed4 ,it was1 however1 with some surprise ,i recalled after dinner the conversation that had affected me so strongly some hours before1 and ,i asked myself if this was the melancholy1 forsaken woman whose fate had moved me to tears4 ,she seemed to have almost read my thoughts2 for1 as we were returning to the open air1 she left ,lorenzo's arm1 and came to take mine4 8,ginevra10 said she in a low voice1 8you find me gay and happy as a child this evening4 ,it is because ,i no longer feel alone4 ,i have found1 not only friends1 but a sister6444 ,i am filled with love and gratitude to you40 ,the ,champs ,elyses were illuminated4 ,we could see each other as distinctly as by daylight4 ,she seemed much affected and sincere4 ,perhaps she spoke the truth at that moment4444 ,perhaps she had only looked deep enough into her own heart to feel persuaded that the romantic friendship she wished to make me believe in was real4 ,however this may be1 the illusion did not last long either for her1 or ,lorenzo1 or myself4 ,the music was delightful1 and ,i listened to it for some time in silence4 ,faustina had taken a seat at my right hand4 ,lorenzo sat next her1 and ,lando beside me4 8,bravo6 ,cousin ,ginevra10 said the latter in a low tone as soon as the first piece was ended4 8,thank heaven1 your influence is still all it ought to be6444 ,i am delighted1 but not surprised60 ,so many things had occupied my mind since my last conversation with him that ,i was at a loss to know what he referred to4 8,you have persuaded ,lorenzo to leave ,paris80 8,no2 he proposed going of his own accord40 8,indeed6 ,when was that80 8,last evening40 8,and when are you to leave80 8,next ,monday40 8,a whole week6 ,it is a long time4444 ,in spite of my personal regret to lose you1 ,i wish your departure could take place sooner40 8,and ,i also10 ,i murmured without knowing why1 for at that moment ,i was not at all preoccupied with the cause of ,lando's anxiety4 8,endeavor1 at least1 to make him pass every evening like this4 ,your friend is pleasing2 she amuses him1 and may be able to divert him from other things40 8,lando1 stop60 ,i exclaimed with a vehemence ,i could not repress4 ,he uttered a slight exclamation of surprise1 and ,i hastily continued1 lest he might have comprehended me3 8,yes1 be quiet1 ,i beg1 while they are playing the ,marche du ,prophte4 ,i wish to hear it undisturbed40 ,but ,i did not listen to the ,marche du ,prophte4 ,i only listened to--,i only heard--the voices beside me4 ,lorenzo and his companion at first continued to converse in an animated manner on subjects apparently indifferent1 but concerning people and places ,i was entirely ignorant of4444 ,recollections of the past were recalled which ,i knew nothing about4 ,a long silence soon intervened1 and when at last they resumed the conversation1 it was in so low a tone ,i was unable to follow it4 ,lorenzo and ,lando returned on foot1 and ,i took ,donna ,faustina home4 ,before separating we embraced each other once more1 saying au revoir2 but after leaving her ,i thought without any regret that before another week ,i should bid her a long farewell1 and perhaps even then ,i should not have been sorry were it for ever4 ,,xxi4 ,during the following week1 that looked so long to ,lando1 and was indeed long enough to affect my whole life1 what transpired8444 ,apparently nothing very different from the evening ,i have just described2 nothing that did not seem the natural consequence of the intimacy so suddenly formed between ,donna ,faustina and myself1 the recent date of which ,i alone seemed not to have forgotten4 ,but little by little1 ,i might say hour by hour1 ,i felt a secret1 powerful1 subtle influence growing up around me1 and the deepest instincts of my heart1 for a moment repressed1 were violently roused1 causing me to suffer all the pangs of doubt1 anxiety1 and the most cruel suspicion4 ,but as nothing new seemed to justify these feelings1 ,i forced myself to conceal them1 for fear of rendering myself odious in ,lorenzo's eyes and losing the charm of my generous confidence4 ,moreover1 did not my continuing to manifest this confidence oblige him to merit it8444 ,and could ,faustina be treacherous while ,i was redoubling my cordiality and affection1 and confiding in her as a friend8 ,was ,i not in a certain manner protecting myself by obliging both of them in honor not to deceive me8 ,but honor1 we know1 in such cases--honor alone1 without the holy restraints imposed by conscience--is a feeble barrier and a mere mockery4 ,those who imagine they have not overstepped this barrier sometimes make it recede before them1 and believe themselves still within its limits when they are already far beyond the line it first marked out4444 ,a barrier so easily changed soon trenches on the enemy's ground1 and the honor that is purely human--insufficient guardian of vows the most solemn--after violating the most sacred obligations1 often becomes subject to some imaginary duty1 and1 according to a barbarous code that keeps pace with that of the ,gospel amid all our civilization1 persuades him whose sole guide it is that he would be disloyal if he ceased to be a traitor6 ,this is a sad1 commonplace occurrence in the world1 which does not excite anything more than a smile or a shrug of the shoulders on the part even of those who would tremble with indignation if any one should think them capable of betraying the confidence of a friend--what do ,i say8--even of a stranger or an enemy6 ,i will not undertake to follow ,lorenzo in this obscure phase of his life4 ,neither will ,i try to penetrate into the soul of ,faustina4 ,i will only speak of the influence her crossing my path had on my life2 for the account ,i have undertaken is one of bitter trials and formidable dangers1 and the extraordinary grace ,i derived therefrom6 ,during the last week of our stay in ,paris my time was strangely divided between ,mme4 de ,kergy1 who came every morning to take me on the proposed rounds1 and ,donna ,faustina1 with whom ,i unfailingly found myself every evening4 ,i thus daily went from one world to another exactly opposite1 and seemed to undergo a periodical transformation1 becoming1 according to the hour1 as different as the two women with whom ,i thus became simultaneously connected1 but whom ,i never beheld together4 ,every day ,i appreciated more fully the beneficial intimacy1 that had commenced at the same time as the other intimacy1 to which ,i already hesitated to give its true name1 and ,i found more and more salutary the happy influences of the morning1 which always diverted my mind from the annoying recollections of the evening before4 ,mme4 de ,kergy's simple dignity and sweetness of manner were allied with a noble mind and a large heart4 ,though somewhat imposing1 every one felt at ease with her1 because she entered into every one's feelings1 criticised nobody1 and only gave others the lesson of her example4 ,i considered myself fortunate to see her so often1 and wished ,i could always remain under her guidance4 ,i accompanied her in her charitable rounds through ,paris1 and at the sight of the misery ,i thus witnessed ,i felt ,i had never understood before to what an extent both misery and charity can extend4 ,and yet poverty and humanity are to be found in all countries and in all climes4 ,certainly1 we also have the poor amongst us1 and ,southern ,italy is called1 par excellence1 the land of beggars and wretchedness4 ,nevertheless1 when my imagination transported me to the gates of the convent where ,don ,placido daily distributed alms1 without any great discernment perhaps1 but accompanied with pious words1 received by those to whom they were addressed as alms of almost equal value1 ,i asked myself if this did not somewhat counterbalance the excessive poverty and the lack of a more rigid and discriminating way of alleviating it4 ,and when ,i witnessed the profound misery at ,paris1 augmented by the climate1 and often embittered by hatred2 when ,i saw this vast number greedy for the things of this world1 but without any hope of those in a better1 ,i asked myself if any possible compensation in the world could be given the poor who are deprived of the precious faith that would console1 sustain1 and ennoble them4 ,yes1 ennoble them2 the word is not too strong to express the living exemplification of the ,gospel ,i had often observed in accompanying ,livia and ,ottavia to the miserable habitations where they were welcomed so cordially4 8,ah6 signora10 these socalled wretched creatures would sometimes say1 looking at us with an air of compassion1 8yes1 we will pray for you1 and our ,lord will hear us2 for1 after all1 we poor are his favorites4 ,he chose to take upon himself our likeness1 and not that of the rich40 ,a thousand expressions of the same nature crossed my mind while accompanying my noble1 saintly friend to the places where she exercised1 and taught her young daughter to exercise1 a double mission of charity4 ,one day in particular1 seeing the charming ,diana kneeling beside the bed of a poor old woman whose infirmities were incurable1 but who was without religion1 ,i recalled the words that fell from the lips of a poor woman at ,naples who had implored the cure of her malady through the intercession of some saint1 and had obtained it1 8,ah6 mia cara signora1 doctors are for the rich2 as for us1 we have the saints40 8,you must relate all this to ,gilbert10 said ,mme4 de ,kergy1 listening to me with a beaming face4 8,in spite of the absorbing interest he takes in discoveries and inventions of all kinds1 he is not incapable of comprehending this solution--the highest and most simple of all--of the great problem repeated under so many different forms4 ,he would readily acknowledge that1 viewed in this light1 the inequalities of social life assume a wonderfully different aspect40 ,this was not the first time ,i had heard her speak in this way of ,gilbert de ,kergy since we had daily met4 ,among other things1 she explained1 on one occasion1 the object of various associations of which he was an active member4 8,he could explain all this much better than ,i10 she added2 8but ,i have urged him in vain to accompany us in our explorations through what ,i call his domain4 ,he absolutely refuses1 and1 though ,i am accustomed to his uncivilized ways1 they afflict me1 because he often yields to them to the injury of others as well as himself40 ,one day1 however1 ,i found his card at my door when ,i returned home2 but ,i had seen him only once since the meeting at the ,htel de ,kergy4 ,saturday arrived1 the day but one before our departure1 and ,i was to take my last drive with ,mme4 de ,kergy4 ,i was suffering from a thousand conflicting emotions1 agitated and melancholy1 and sorry to be separated from her1 and yet happy and impatient to leave ,paris1 where ,i now seemed to behold nothing but two large blue eyes following me everywhere4 ,on the other hand1 however1 a strange1 inexplicable regret weighed on my heart when ,i thought of the world into which ,i had not yet penetrated1 except in imagination1 but where ,i longed to be transplanted with ,lorenzo1 that our lives might bring forth better fruit4 ,while conversing with ,mme4 de ,kergy such a life seemed less chimerical4 ,i felt my wishes might easily be realized if 444 ,i could not wholly define my thought1 but it was there1 alive1 actual1 and poignant1 and the recollection of its source added a degree of tenderness to the affectionate farewell ,i bade ,mme4 de ,kergy when her carriage stopped to leave me at my door4 ,my eyes were filled with tears4 ,i found it difficult to tear myself away4 ,she1 on her part1 pressed my hand1 and1 fastening her softest look on me1 finally said3 8,my dear ,ginevra0 7,i had some time before begged her to call me so71 8would it be indiscreet to ask you to come and dine with us tomorrow1 and spend your last evening with us80 8,o madame60 ,i exclaimed with a joy ,i did not try to conceal1 8how happy ,i should be to come60 8,then ,i shall depend on seeing you--both of you2 for of course my invitation extends likewise to the ,duca di ,valenzano40 ,i felt my face turn red simply at these words4 ,alas6 why8 ,because ,i was at once terrified at the thought of conveying an invitation to ,lorenzo which1 ten days before1 he would have eagerly accepted4 ,now ,i felt if he replied in the affirmative1 it would be a triumph for me2 if in the negative1 a painful defeat4 ,all this rapidly crossed my mind1 and made me silent for a moment4 ,finally ,i replied3 8,i do not know whether my husband has any engagement for tomorrow or not2 but as for me1 ,i hope nothing will prevent my coming4 ,at all events1 you shall have my reply in a few hours40 ,this reply was despatched at a late hour that same evening1 and was to this effect3 8,that important business would oblige my husband to be absent the whole day1 and ,i alone should be able to accept ,mme4 de ,kergy's invitation40 ,what it cost me to write this note ,mme4 de ,kergy never imagined4 ,and yet1 when ,i hastily wrote these lines1 ,i had no positive reason for doubting the truth of the excuse assigned for ,lorenzo's absence--no reason except the promptings of my own heart1 to which ,i was less able than ever1 within a few hours1 to impose silence4 ,but to relate what took place from the time ,i left ,mme4 de ,kergy till ,i wrote her the above note3 ,that evening1 as usual1 ,i was to meet ,donna ,faustina1 but not her alone4 ,our friends were to assemble to bid us farewell1 and it was at this soire ,i saw her for the first time in all the clat of a brilliant toilet4 ,and1 though ,i was far from foreseeing it1 it was there ,i spoke to her for the last time6444 ,and ,i was still further from foreseeing in what place and in what way ,i should afterwards find myself beside her for an instant6444 ,we both attracted much attention that evening4 ,which of us was the more beautiful ,i cannot tell4 ,as to this1 ,i was indifferent to the opinion of all but one4 ,what he thought ,i longed to know1 and ,i now watched him in my turn4 ,as ,i have said1 he had good reason to pride himself on his penetration2 but that was a faculty by no means lacking on my part1 and one1 it may be remarked en passant1 that ,sicilians of both sexes are said to be rarely devoid of4 ,in this respect we were well matched4 ,i knew every line in his forehead1 and understood every movement of his mouth and the slightest change in his mobile1 expressive face1 and during the whole evening1 when for the first time ,i was able to observe them together without attracting his attention1 ,i used as much art in studying him as he knew how to use in studying others4 ,i followed them with my eyes around the room2 whereas1 separated from me by the crowd1 he forgot my presence1 and1 by some phenomenon akin to that of second sight1 every word they uttered seemed to resound distinctly in my ears6444 ,it was with reluctance ,i gave her my hand when ,i left her4 ,it was she1 and not ,lorenzo1 who was at that moment the object of the resentment that burned in my heart4 ,i had doubtless overcome some of my faults at that time1 but far from all4 ,i was not so frivolous as is usually the case at my age4 ,i loved everything great and noble4 ,but with all this1 ,i was impetuous1 wilful1 and jealous1 and1 though not occupied about my appearance1 ,i was with myself4 ,the happiness ,i had an indisputable right to was menaced4 ,all means of defending my rights seemed allowable1 but to use address1 prudence1 and management would have amounted almost to insincerity in my eyes4 ,pretexts1 and even excuses1 are seldom wanting for yielding to the impulse of the moment4 ,therefore ,i yielded to mine when ,i again found myself alone with ,lorenzo1 breaking a long silence which he did not notice1 or would not ask the reason of1 with a violent outburst ,i afterwards regretted1 but which1 at the moment1 it seemed impossible to repress4 8,i have tried to please you1 ,lorenzo1 and must still believe in your sincerity1 which it would kill me to doubt2 but ,i can no longer have any faith in the false1 perfidious friendship of that woman4444 ,my heart1 my whole soul1 revolts against her4444 ,god forgive me1 ,lorenzo1 ,i really believe ,i hate her1 and feel as if ,i could never see her again64440 ,such were a few of the hasty1 incoherent words that escaped from my lips4 ,lorenzo1 with folded arms1 compressed brow1 and a cold1 ironical look of surprise1 listened without interrupting me4 ,as ,i gazed at him1 ,i felt my impetuosity die away and give place to intolerable anguish4 ,my heart swelled1 and ,i should have burst out into sobs had not a certain pride hindered me from responding to the icy coldness of his smile with tears4 ,he did not excuse himself1 and by no means tried to defend her whom ,i thus attacked4 ,he made neither protestations nor reproaches4 8,as you please1 cara mia10 said he with a calmness that seemed a thousand times more cruel than anger4 8,i will not attempt to oppose the furious fit of jealousy ,i see you are in4 ,indulge in it at your leisure4444 ,nothing is easier than to find some excuse for not spending tomorrow evening with ,donna ,faustina--and the day after1 ma belle ,ginevra10 continued he with a sarcastic look that was more marked than his words4 8,you seem to forget we are both going away1 and very probably you will never see her again4444 ,this is a reassuring circumstance1 and ought to have sufficed1 it seems to me1 to prevent you from making so absurd a scene as this40 ,his manner and words completely disconcerted me4 ,i now felt painfully mortified at my outburst1 and an earnest desire to repair it4 ,and yet the sensation caused by his injustice still raged in my heart4 ,but ,i repressed this by degrees1 and when ,lorenzo was on the point of leaving the room1 ,i said in a low tone3 8,forgive me2 ,i was too hasty4 ,but ,i have suffered more than you may have supposed40 ,he made no reply1 and his coldness restored my selfcontrol4 8,it is not necessary to seek any pretext to avoid meeting ,donna ,faustina10 continued ,i with a sangfroid nearly equal to his own4 8,mme4 de ,kergy has invited me1 and you also1 to dine there tomorrow1 and pass the evening40 8,very well1 go2 nothing could be more fortunate4 ,as for me1 ,i shall not go with you4 ,i have business ,i am obliged to finish before my departure4 ,to morrow ,i shall be absent all the morning1 and shall not return in season to accompany you40 ,i knew through ,lando what business he referred to4 ,i knew he was to settle the next day the important accounts ,i had learned about the preceding ,sunday4 ,i recollected likewise that he was afterwards to dine with ,lando4444 ,it was not1 then1 an imaginary excuse ,i had to transmit to ,mme4 de ,kergy1 and yet1 when ,i wrote the note before mentioned1 it was with a trembling hand and a heart heavier than it had ever been in my life6 ,to ,be ,continued4 ,september--,sabbath ,rest4 ,most holy of the numbers1 sacred ,seven6 ,which reverently the ancient sages held1 ,and by thy hidden charm the music swelled ,of rare old prophecies and songs of heaven1 ,we wonder1 yet the secret have not riven 7,so closely are the mysteries sentinelled71 ,if only by the calendar7#aj7 compelled1 ,thy sign of grace unto this month was given4 ,rather1 we think1 a fair connection lies ,between the blessedness of ,sabbath peace1 ,when all of labor finds divine surcease1 ,the while rich incense rises to the skies1 ,and that sweet rest from summer's burdened days1 ,which makes the ripe year now yield sevenfold praise6 ,the ,present ,state ,of ,anglicanism4 ,a bill for the regulation of public worship1 prepared by ,dr4 ,tait1 ,protestant ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 and which after certain modifications has passed through ,parliament1 is causing the state church to undergo another of those feverish crises which for about thirty years past have marked with a new feature its internal as well as its external disorganization4 ,before that period it had been the chief boast of that church1 in every section of her members1 whether 8,high0 or 8,evangelical10 to have repudiated the 8blasphemous fables and dangerous deceits0 of the ancient faith from which she had apostatized1 the ancient unity from which she had severed herself1 and the ancient doctrines which she denounced4 ,since that period1 however1 a change has come over a portion of the ,establishment1 by the formation in its bosom of a new party1 differing from all its predecessors1 and possessing1 moreover1 its own scale of belief1 graduated ad libitum4 ,the thoughtful and earnest writers of the ,tracts for the ,times1 becoming painfully conscious of the want of consistency of belief1 and also of the need of a spiritual head or centre of authority in their own communion1 sought anxiously into the details of its origin and history1 and also into the past and present of the ancient church1 from whose venerable features they removed the veil of obloquy and misrepresentation which had been thrown over them4 ,their search proved that to be a merely human institution which they had regarded as divine1 and the unveiling of that longhidden countenance revealed to them the divine lineaments of the one true ,mother who for three weary centuries had been to ,england a 8,mother out of sight407#aa7 ,most of those men transferred their allegiance whither alone it was due2 having dug to the foundations of their edifice to find them giving way at every corner1 they took refuge in the city against which so often the 8hail descended1 and the wind blew1 but it fell not2 for it was built upon a rock40 ,but they did not fail to leave an abiding impression upon the communion they abandoned4 ,many who forbore to follow their example were yet unable to deny the truth of the principles which had found their ultimate resolution in this exodus1 although they persuaded themselves and others that it was their duty to remain in order to solidify and adorn that structure which they designate the 8church of their baptism10 slow to believe that it is a house 8built on the sand40 ,thus1 during the last thirty years or so1 it has been the aim of a small but increasing number of ,anglicans to claim consideration for their communion on higher grounds than its founders would by any means have approved1 and1 becoming suddenly shy of its state parentage1 to declare it to be a 8,branch0 and a 8,sister0 of that church which the creators of their own moved heaven and earth1 or rather the gates of hell1 to destroy4 ,in order to support their claim1 they find it necessary to distort the meaning of their formularies in the vain endeavor to coax or to force them into some resemblance to the teaching of the ,council of ,trent1 those which are hopelessly irreconcilable being left out of the account as little differences which it is inconvenient to remember4 ,in numerous cases they are practically set aside1 or contradicted1 notwithstanding the fact that at their 8ordination0 the ministers of the ,church of ,england solemnly bind themselves to teach in accordance with these very formularies4 ,moreover1 finding their own mutilated communion service insufficient1 and yet claiming and professing to 8say ,mass10 which they were never intended to say1 and which in their present position they are utterly incapable of celebrating1 the ritualistic ministers are in the habit of supplementing the deficiencies of their own liturgy by private interpolations from the ,roman ,missal1 which1 in case they are questioned on the subject1 they designate as 8prayers from ancient sources10 a statement less honest than true4 ,one thing after another do they imitate or claim as their own1 now a doctrine1 now a practice1 which for three hundred years their communion has emphatically disowned3 vestments1 lights1 prayers for the dead1 confession1 transubstantiation1 in some 8extreme0 quarters intercession of the saints2 here a gesture and there a decoration1 which only has its fitness and meaning in the ancient church and her venerable ritual1 but which with them can claim no title but that of doctrinal1 disciplinary1 and decorative disobedience--however great may be the pains they take to force the false to simulate the true1 and however pertinaciously they may dare1 as they do1 to appropriate to themselves and to their chaotic schism the very name of the ,catholic ,church1 out of whose fold they are content to remain in hereditary apostasy4 ,among the four principal sections of 8,high10 8,low10 8,broad10 and 8,no0 church1 into which the ,anglican communion is divided1 the 8,low0 or 7so called7 8,evangelical0 school is the sternest opponent of the new 8,extreme0 or 8,ritualistic0 party1 which it very mistakenly honors with the name of ,romanizers4 ,we say mistakenly1 because1 however they may imitate according to their various shades of opinion the outward ceremonial of the church1 or adopt1 at choice1 more or less of her doctrines1 yet all this in their case is but a double development of ,protestantism 7to say nothing of the effect it produces of making them rest satisfied with the shadow instead of seeking the substance727#ab7 for none are so bitter as they against the church they are so desirous to resemble1 and also none are so practically disobedient to their own ecclesiastical superiors1 in spite of reiterated professions to the contrary4 ,it is this persistent disobedience which has brought about the present crisis4 ,in the ,evangelical party there exists a society calling itself the 8,church ,association10 of which one principal object is to watch over the principles of the reformation17#ac7 and to keep a jealous eye upon the movements of tractarianism in all its varied developments4 ,chiefly in consequence of the representations of this society1 and also of the determination of the ,high,church clergy not to obey the decision that has been given against various of their practices in the 8,purchas judgment10 until they should have obtained a redecision from another court to which they had appealed1 ,dr4 ,tait1 ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 laid before the ,houses of ,parliament a bill entitled the 8,public ,worship ,regulation ,bill10 of which the object is to secure the suppression of all the illegal practices in which ,ritualists habitually indulge1 and also to secure obedience to their legally and ecclesiastically constituted authorities4 ,rightly or wrongly1 all the innovations or changes that have been gradually rousing 8the ,protestant feeling of the country10 and which are in fact1 if not in intention1 imitations of ,catholic ritual1 were to be put down4 ,the bill requires that in each diocese a local court should be established1 before which any churchwarden1 or three parishioners1 8having cause of complaint against the incumbent1 as failing to observe the directions contained in the ,book of ,common ,prayer1 relating to the performance of the services1 rites1 and ceremonies of the said book1 or as having made or permitted unlawful addition to1 alteration of1 or omission from such services10 etc41 etc41 shall be empowered to lay their complaint against the said incumbent1 who is to be allowed the space of fourteen days in which to give his answer4 ,should no answer be given1 it will be considered that the charges laid against him are true1 and proceedings will be taken accordingly4 ,should an unsatisfactory answer be given1 8the bishop may1 if he think fit1 within six months after he has received a representation in the manner aforesaid1 proceed to consider the same in public1 with the assistance of the chancellor of the diocese or his substitute1 444 and the bishop shall1 after due consideration1 pronounce judgment in regard to such representation40 ,to this an amendment was suggested by ,lord ,shaftesbury1 which was adopted1 namely1 that instead of a local bishop1 a secular judge1 to be selected by the two ,archbishops of ,canterbury and ,york1 should be appointed1 under the title of 8,judge of ,public ,worship10 and whose office it should be to assist the bishop of any diocese where his services might be required for the hearing of cases1 after which not the bishop1 but the judge1 should1 in conclusion1 pronounce sentence according to law4 ,upon this1 the ,spectator1 a leading periodical of the ,broad ,church party1 observes3 8,so far as the bill is intended to ascertain and enforce the existing law of the church in relation to public worship1 the change 7namely1 from a bishop to a secular judge7 makes the whole difference between a tribunal which ,englishmen will respect and trust and one which they would hardly have taken the trouble even to consult1 so deep would have been1 in general1 their distrust of the oracle consulted4444 ,lord ,shaftesbury having provided a genuine judge1 the complainant who prefers a bishop will not often get his antagonist to agree with him1 and such complainants will be few40 ,of this general mistrust of the ,anglican bishops we have more to say1 but for the present we keep to the consideration of the bill4 ,lord ,shaftesbury's suggestion was followed by one from ,dr4 ,magee1 ,bishop of ,peterborough1 which1 although not adopted1 is too remarkable a specimen of ,episcopal counsel to be unnoticed4 7,the ,church ,times respectfully designates it as 8one of the prettiest bits of logrolling ever seen067 ,bishop ,magee proposed1 and his proposal was 8powerfully seconded by the ,lord ,chancellor10 that there should be 8neutral regions of ritual laid down by the bill1 within which a variety of usages as practised in many churches at the present time should all be admissible1 even though the actual directions of the rubric against some of them be explicit40 ,whereupon the ,spectator goes on to suggest that a varied selection of 8concessions0 should be made1 suitable to the divergent or opposite tastes of ,extreme1 ,high1 ,low1 ,broad1 and ,no ,churchmen2 such as1 for instance1 the optional reading or omission of the words as to the regeneration of the child by the act of baptism1 as a concession acceptable to the ,evangelicals4 ,for its own part it would like an optional reading or omission of the ,athanasian ,creed1 and so on1 and1 8to make the compromise a thoroughly sound one10 the laity of each parish1 it considers1 ought to be consulted as to the usage to be adopted4 ,it is hard to imagine anything better calculated to make 8confusion worse confounded0 than plans like these1 at a time1 too1 when all the ,anglican parties alike confess that 8in no day has there been so wide a variety of tendency1 opinion1 and belief in the ,church of ,england as now40 ,one of the great features in the checkered progress of this bill has been the speech of the late premier1 the negative and destructive character of which it is difficult adequately to estimate1 and which1 upon its delivery1 to quote the words of the ,westminster ,gazette1 8produced an ecclesiastical conflagration40 ,even ,mr4 ,gladstone's late colleagues hold aloof from his propositions1 and the outcry that was raised soon indisposed his humbler followers to agree with him2 yet he laid bare many real difficulties and told many plain truths which might make the friends of the archbishop's bill reasonably hesitate4 ,but as it is1 this speech has only fired the zealous determination of the great majority of the ,house1 both liberal and conservative1 to strike a blow at the external manifestations of ritualism1 come what may1 and has set the 8,protestant feeling of the country0 on horseback4 ,the bill is doubtless peculiarly vulnerable1 and ,mr4 ,gladstone did not spare its weak points1 amply demonstrating its dangerous scope and character1 and the extreme probability of its leading to convulsions far more serious to the welfare of the ,established ,church than what he termed any panic about ,ritualism4 ,it enforces the observation of the rubrics with a rigidity dependent only upon episcopal discretion in the use of a certain dispensing power4 ,the bishops may protect whom they please1 provided they are ready with written reasons for vetoing the proceedings against the accused1 which is certainly an adroit expedient for catching obnoxious ritualists and letting offenders of another class escape4 ,all might work well if only bishops will be discreet47#ad7 ,mr4 ,gladstone showed1 however1 that he entertained profound doubts of the discretion of twentyseven or twentyeight bishops4 ,but1 whether his fears are well grounded or not1 many minds would agree with him in recoiling from such slippery legislation1 although1 on the other hand1 he launches himself into a course of which it would be difficult to foresee the results4 ,in his six remarkable resolutions he not only reduces the bill so that it should only effect its real objects1 but he explicitly asserts the impolicy of uniformity in the matter of enforcing the rubrics4 ,it is really little less than the repeal of the ,act of ,uniformity1 and the six resolutions involve the abolition of that religious settlement which has prevailed in ,england for more than two centuries4 ,finding them rejected by an overwhelming majority1 ,mr4 ,gladstone withdrew them2 8but they may yet furnish a fruitful contribution to the discussion of the position of the ,church of ,england40 ,but if1 as we have seen1 the ,broad,church section openly proclaims its deep mistrust of its ecclesiastical rulers1 and one object of the ,evangelical 8,church ,association0 is declared to be 8to teach them the law10 it is reserved for the organs of the extreme ritualistic party to treat their bishops1 week after week1 to an amount of supercilious insolence1 which is occasionally varied by invective and abuse1 unsurpassed in the annals of even ,puritan polemics4 ,in the ,church ,times for ,may #bb we find a lengthy monition1 headed in doublesized capitals1 8,what the ,bishops ought to do10 and which1 in a tone of mock compassion1 thus commences3 8,it has been a hard time lately for our ,right ,reverend ,fathersin,god4444 ,according to their wont1 their lordships have seemed1 with one noble exception1 to give their support to ,dr4 ,tait's plan for stamping out ritualism40 8,the gods have evidently a spite against the primate1 or he would scarcely have committed such blunders1 etc40 8,the poor archbishop has1 however1 excuse enough for his peevishness40 8,we have been compelled repeatedly1 in the interests of truth1 etc41 to point out what their lordships ought not to do2 unfortunately the occasions which necessarily call forth such remarks occur too frequently2 it is therefore only right that we should also give the bishops the benefit of our own experience1 and explain to them how they might hope to gain that respect which they certainly do not now possess40 ,and further on the same modest writer requests his ecclesiastical superiors to remember that they are immensely inferior to many of their clergy in natural gifts1 mental culture1 and parochial experience1 adding3 8,take1 for instance1 the question of confession4 ,it is evident from their lordships' utterances respecting it that they are in the darkest ignorance both as to its principles and practice1 444 and this though there are plenty of clergymen who1 by long experience in the confessional1 are well qualified to instruct their lordships about it40 ,now1 this is too unreasonable6 ,as if an ,anglican bishop ought fairly to be expected to trouble himself about an obsolete custom that had practically disappeared from the ,anglican ,prayer,book1 of which there is no mention in the ,catechism1 and none in the communion service but one ambiguous phrase which may mean anything67#ae7 ,but to return to the ,church ,times1 which with its compeers of the 8extreme0 school seems to do its best to expose the ,babel of confusion in which it dwells1 and which its own voice does its little utmost to increase4 ,from this we learn that 8it is now decided by archiepiscopal authority1 and illustrated by archiepiscopal example1 that truth is not one1 but two40 ,why only now1 we should like to know1 when no true successor of the archapostate ,cranmer could consistently teach otherwise--,cranmer1 of whom his biographer1 ,alexander ,knox1 writes as follows3 8,to form a church by any sharply defined lines was scarcely ,cranmer's object4444 ,he looked more to extension than to exactness of periphery40 ,and this man1 8whose life was the incarnation of theological and moral contradictions1 and whose creed was only consistent in its gross ,erastianism1 left these as his double legacy to the national ,establishment1 of which he was the principal contriver407#af7 ,the same writer 7,knox7 demonstrates the success of ,cranmer's idea in another place1 where he describes the constitution of the ,anglican communion in the following remarkable words3 8,in ,england1 as ,i have already been endeavoring to show1 all is peculiar4 ,in the ,establishment1 the theology common to ,luther and ,melanchthon was adopted in the ,articles1 but the unmixed piety of the primitive church was retained in the daily liturgy and occasional offices4 ,thus our church1 by a most singular arrangement of ,providence1 has1 as it were1 a ,catholic soul united to a ,lutheran body of best and mildest temperament4444 ,may we not discover traces of the ,all wise ,hand in these principles of liberality1 which are implanted in the very bosom of our ,establishment by the adoption of articles that are deemed by different men to countenance their different opinions80 ,and ,bishop ,burnet1 in the ,introduction to his ,commentary on the ,articles1 declares that 8when an article is conceived in such general terms that it can admit of different senses1 yet even when the senses are plainly contrary one to another1 both 7i4e4 persons of opposite opinions7 may subscribe to the ,articles with a good conscience1 and without any equivocation40 ,well indeed did ,dr4 ,newman describe these articles as the 8stammering lips of ambiguous formularies40 ,after these confessions of ,anglicans themselves1 what reason have they to be surprised if their present archiepiscopal authority decides that truth is not one1 but two8 ,the same ritualistic organ we have been quoting speaks of a certain proposal as one which could only be made 8by a madman or a bishop40 ,in the ,church ,times for ,june #ab1 under the title of 8,the ,worship ,bill in the ,lords10 we find the following courteous1 charitable1 and refined observations3 8,the scheme devised by ,archbishops ,tait and ,thompson for harrying the ritualists1 and nearly pulling down the ,church of ,england in order to do so1 like that lord chiefjustice in ,china who burnt down his townhouse to roast a suckingpig1 is not going quite as its authors hoped10 etc4 ,again3 8,but ,dr4 ,tait has been contented to remain to the present hour in entire ignorance of the laws1 usages1 and temper of the ,church of ,england1 and therefore it is impossible for the most charitable critic to give him credit for religious motives4 ,the best that can be said of him is that he has a creed of some kind1 which is ,erastianism1 and therefore prefers the ,english ,establishment to the ,scottish1 as the wealthier and more dignified of the two4 ,the bishops have collectively betrayed their trust1 and convinced churchmen that the episcopal seats in the ,house of ,lords are a weakness and not a strength to the church40 8,this misconduct of the bishops will do much to destroy the unreal glamour which their official position has enabled them to throw over the eyes of the moderate ,high,church clergy1 who now learn that no considerations of faith1 honor1 and duty have the least weight with their lordships when any personal questions intervene1 and therefore their wings will be clipped pretty closely when10 etc4 8,but there is1 we are thankful to say1 a deep rooted distrust of the bishops10 and 8even archiepiscopal mops and brooms cannot drive back the waters of ritualism60 ,with specimens such as these before us1 we do not wonder that ,dr4 ,pusey1 who is a gentleman as well as a ,christian1 thought it advisable at the opening of his speech before the recent ritualistic meeting at ,s4 ,james' ,hall1 against the archbishop's bill1 to express his hope that the words of ,s4 ,paul would not be forgotten1 8,thou shalt not speak evil of the ruler of my people40 ,before quitting this part of the subject there is one thing we wish to say4 ,let these men be content to settle their own quarrel with each other and with their bishops as best they may1 but let them1 if they will not hear ,s4 ,paul1 remember a command that was given amid the thunders of ,sinai3 8,thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor02 and let them1 if they can1 refrain from 8evil speaking1 lying1 and slandering0 not only against the ,catholic ,church in general1 but also against the noble church in ,france in particular1 whose close union and devoted filial obedience to her ,head1 the ,vicar of ,jesus ,christ1 they appear to regard with a peculiar and malignant envy4 ,would that it were a holy emulation instead6 ,these men dare to say that the church in ,france has been 8brought to ruin03 that it is 8,rome and its agents who have procured that ruin10 and by means which they 8will expose on a future occasion40 ,they aver that there is not a canonical authority1 but 8an absolute despotism10 8a hateful absolutism0 exercised by 8the bishops over the inferior clergy0 7in which statement we cannot but perceive a reflection of the perpetual episcopal nightmare which troubles the ritualistic dreams at home72 the said inferior clergy being described as 8veritable pariahs1 who from one day to another1 at the caprice of a bishop1 can be reduced to become crossingsweepers or cabdrivers0--a 8reduction0 which we are allowed to suppose must be very common from the additional declaration that 8it is a principle with the bishops to crush the wills of their clergy10 while they themselves1 8being merely the prefects of the ,pope1 have in their turn to submit to a tyranny no less painful10 the ,pope making himself 8lord and master more and more02 in fact1 8the only person who is free in the ,roman ,church1 ever since the ,council of ,trent1 is the ,pope407#ag7 ,elsewhere in this same exponent of reckless ritualism we find the following singular justification of the tone so habitually adopted by that party towards their spiritual superiors3 8,we hear a good deal about the reverence of the elder tractarians for bishops and dignitaries1 but we fail to see the merit of their conduct when we reflect that it cost us a disastrous exodus ,romewards40 ,an apparently unconscious testimony to the inevitable tendency and final result of respect for lawful authority4 ,but we will no longer detain the reader over specimens of ,high,anglican journalism1 further than to remark the admiring sympathy expressed by this party for the selfstyled 8,old ,catholic0 movement1 and especially for the apostate ,reinkens--a sympathy to be expected from men who1 instead of escaping from schism1 seek to justify it1 and1 feeling themselves strengthened by the rebellion of others1 applaud each fresh example of revolt4 ,thus a long and laudatory notice on the new ,german schismatics commences as follows3 8,the text of the ,old ,catholic ,declaration at ,bonn1 on reform in general1 444 is published1 and is1 on the whole1 extremely satisfactory4 ,at present the movement bears a remarkable resemblance to the ideal ,english ,reformation2 and we pray that it may keep a great deal nearer to its theory than we have been able to do40 ,as a pendant to the above we will mention two 8resolutions0 moved at a meeting of the 8,society for the ,reunion of ,christendom10 recently held in ,s4 ,george's ,hall1 the first of which was as follows3 8,that the only adequate solution for the internal distractions of the ,english ,church1 as of ,christendom generally1 is to be found in the restoration of corporate unity in the great ,christianity commonwealth40 ,the second stood thus3 8,that the marriage of ,h4,r4,h4 the ,duke of ,edinburgh to the daughter of the ,czar affords hope of such mutual understanding between the ,english and ,russian churches as may facilitate future intercommunion40 ,alas1 poor ,church of ,england6 ,within the breast of many of her more earnest members is lovingly cherished the delusive dream of the 8corporate reunion0 of what they are pleased to call the 8three branches of the church40 ,wearied of their long isolation1 they stretch out their hands--to whom8 ,on the one side1 to a schism about double the age of their own1 but too free from many of their errors and too devoted to the ,ever ,blessed ,mother of ,god to give easy welcome to so dubious an ally as the creation of ,cranmer and his king2 and1 on the other side1 to a schism of a few months old1 to which they equally look forward to join hand in hand1 and thus1 by adding schism to schism1 fondly expect ,catholic unity as the result6 ,but what1 then1 is their attitude with regard to the ancient church8 ,opposition1 strengthened by jealous fear4 ,there is in the ,church of ,england an hereditary antipathy to the ,catholic ,church1 which is evinced in its ,articles1 more fully developed in its ,homilies1 and sustained in the writings not only of the first reformers1 but of all the succession of ,anglican divines1 with scarcely an exception1 no matter how much they may have differed among themselves in their several schools of religious opinion4 ,nor is the spirit dead within it now4 ,for instance1 was there ever a more gigantic commotion than that which was raised all over ,england1 in every corner of the land1 and among clergy and laity alike1 than that which followed upon the simple act of ,pope ,pius ,,ix41 when1 within the memory of the present generation1 he exchanged the government of the ,catholic ,church in ,england by vicarsapostolic for that of a regular and established hierarchy8 8,the same animus exists even among the less ,protestant and more eminent of its champions in the present day1 among whom we need only mention the names of ,dr4 ,wordsworth1 ,mr4 ,palmer1 and the ,dean of ,canterbury among moderate ,high ,churchmen40 ,it manifests itself also quite as plainly in the ,tractarian1 ,ritualistic1 and 8,extreme0 schools of ,high,church development2 for instance1 ,f4 ,harper quotes a letter published and signed by an 8,old ,tractarian10 in which the ,catholic bishops are described as 8the present managers of the ,roman schism in ,england10 and a clergyman of the same school1 well known at ,oxford1 on one occasion observed to the writer of the present notice3 8,we are the ,catholics2 you are simply ,romanists2 that is to say1 ,roman schismatics40 ,dr4 ,pusey1 in his recent speech before the meeting at ,st4 ,james' ,hall against the archbishop's bill1 expresses as emphatically as ever his assured conviction of the ,catholicity of his own communion1 in spite of the many difficulties to be overcome before that view can be accepted by ordinary minds4 ,after speaking of the 8undivided church of ,christ10 he goes on to say3 8,we are perfectly convinced 444 that we are standing within her own recorded limits1 and are exponents of her own recorded principles10 adding1 8,the ,church of ,england is ,catholic0 7great cheering71 8and no power on earth can make the ,church of ,england today a ,protestant society4444 ,her limits we claim to be those of the ,catholic ,church40 ,and1 wonderful as it may seem1 the venerable doctor is convinced of the truth of these affirmations1 his nature being too noble and sincere wilfully to exaggerate4 ,his speech1 which is in condemnation of the archbishop's bill as being aimed against those charged with making unlawful additions to their church's ritual1 while those who make unlawful omissions from it are likely to be left unmolested1 concludes with these words3 8,if dark days do come1 444 ,i mean to stand just where ,i am1 within the ,church of ,england0 7loud and prolonged cheering74444 8,i mean to resist the voices from without and from within that will call on me to go to ,rome2 but still to endeavor1 by active toil1 by patient welldoing1 and by fervent charity1 to defend and maintain the catholic nature of the ,church of ,england407#ah7 ,there is one ,voice which may yet will to be heard 8within10 and which may at the same time confer grace1 that he who has taught so many souls the way to their true and only home may himself also find his own true ,mother and his ,home at last4 ,meanwhile1 what is the condition of this 8,catholic0 ,church of ,england6 ,never was there a 8house0 more notoriously 8divided against itself20 and every effort of the ,tractarian party to force sound doctrine upon her or elicit it from her has resulted in a more deliberate annihilation of truth on her part1 by the formal declaration that on fundamental doctrines her ministers1 according to their respective tastes1 are free to teach two opposite beliefs4 ,it was thus when the 8,gorham judgment0 ruled that baptismal regeneration was 8an open question0 in the church of ,england4 ,her ministers are equally allowed to teach that it is a true doctrine or that it is a false one4 ,truth is made not only 8two10 but antagonistic to itself4 ,a subsequent judgment did the same thing with regard to the doctrine of the ,real ,presence in the ,eucharist1 which is taught in a variety of ways by the clergy of the ,tractarian schools1 sometimes as consubstantiation1 and by some as transubstantiation itself1 although this doctrine is explicitly repudiated by the ,anglican formularies4 ,by the decision pronounced in the case of ,mr4 ,bennett of ,froome ,selwood1 the ,real ,presence in the ,eucharist was1 equally with the doctrine of its opposite1 which might be truly designated as the 8real absence10 authorized to be believed and taught4 ,it thus not unfrequently happens that the adoration of the consecrated elements practised and inculcated in one parish by the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,a4 is in the very next parish denounced as idolatry by his neighbor the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,b427#ai7 and in cases where the one gentleman happens to be appointed to succeed the other in either parish1 what must be the confusion of ideas produced in the minds of the hapless parishioners with regard to the only two sacraments which their catechism teaches them are 8generally necessary to salvation08 ,every judgment given by the authorized tribunals of the ,establishment on matters of doctrine recognizes by implication that the real strength of the ,church of ,england lies in the indifference of the ,english people to dogmatic truth4 ,we quote the words of ,mr4 ,wilberforce3 ,that which dishonors the ,church of ,england in the judgment of all other ,christians1 whether ,catholic or ,protestant1 is its great merit in the eyes of its own members4 ,they want to profess their various religions1 from ,calvinism to semipopery1 without impediment1 and the ,church of ,england is the only community in the world in which they can do it4 ,even professed unbelievers desire to maintain that institution for the same reason4 ,a church which teaches nothing is in their judgment the next best thing to no church at all2 thus the ,pall ,mall ,gazette often writes against ,christianity1 but never against the ,church of ,england4 ,what unbelievers fear is a church which claims to be divine and which teaches only one religion4 8,we have a regard10 says the rationalistic ,saturday ,review1 8selfish it may be1 but very sincere1 for the ,church of ,england as an eminently useful institution4 ,if the ,liberation ,society chuckles over the revelation of a #8divided church1' the only way to checkmate it is to make all varieties of doctrine equally lawful1 though they are mutually contradictory40 ,again3 when such a man as ,lord ,selborne says that the opposition to the archbishop's bill is based on the idea that 8every clergyman is to be his own pope10 and ,lord ,hatherley that 8every one was determined to have his own way10 and the ,bishop of ,peterborough that 8those clergymen who were so loud in crying out against the tyranny of the bishops arrogated to themselves a right to do exactly what they pleased02 8every clergyman wishing that there should be excipienda in favor of the practices in which he himself indulged1 but objected to include those of his neighbor in the list10 and that 8every one was equally anxious to be himself exempted from prosecution1 and equally jealous of the power of prosecuting his neighbor0--the real character of the socalled 8,catholic revival0 in the ,protestant ,church of ,england was acknowledged by the most eminent partisans of that institution4 ,ritualism1 they perceive1 is simply ,protestantism and the right of private judgment in their extremest form4 ,how vain it is to exorcise such a spirit in a sect founded on the right of revolt1 and so utterly indifferent to positive truth that1 as the ,bishop of ,peterborough frankly confessed1 the word compromise is written all over the pages of the ,anglican ,prayer,book1 was undesignedly admitted by ,lord ,salisbury4 8,there were10 he said1 8three parties in the church1 which might be described as the ,sacramental1 the ,emotional1 and the ,philosophical1 and the great problem to be solved was how to reconcile their views40 ,the problem1 he knows1 is insoluble4 ,the very men who profess to revive ,catholic dogma can only suggest a 8considerate disagreement10 which in plain words is an arrangement to betray ,god's revealed truth by an impious compromise with error4 ,before closing this rapid and imperfect notice of the present state of the ,anglican ,communion1 a reflection suggests itself upon which we must say a few words4 ,it may reasonably be asked1 ,what is the authority which the ritualistic party professes to obey8 ,they refuse the right of the state1 to which their community owes its being1 to rule them in matters ecclesiastical2 they refuse obedience practically1 whether professedly or not1 to their bishops1 for whom they appear to have neither affection1 confidence1 nor respect2 and they not only refuse submission to her whom they themselves acknowledge to be the 8,mother and ,mistress of all churches10 but they openly express their sympathy and admiration for those who rebel against her authority1 invariably taking the part of the revolted against the ,catholic ,church4 8,is there1 then1 any authority upon earth to which they allow themselves responsible1 and if so1 where is it to be found80 ,we give the answer in the words of the able writer quoted above37#bj7 8,anglicans having destroyed1 as far as their influence extends1 the whole authority of the living church1 they affect1 since they must obey something1 to reserve all their obedience for what they call the primitive church4 ,the late ,dean ,mansel tells us that some of the worst enemies of revealed truth employed the same pretext4 #8,the earlier deists1' he says 7naming five notorious ones71 #8carried on their attack under cover of a reverence for primitive ,christianity2' and he goes on to ask1 #8,has such a supposition ever been made1 except by wicked men desirous to find an excuse for their transgression of the law8' ,now1 this is exactly the attitude of ,anglicans towards the authority of the church4 ,they exalt her prerogatives1 and admit that she is #8infallible'2 but they deny in the same breath that she has the power to teach or to #8pass decrees1' because that would imply the obligation of obedience1 and they are resolved to obey nothing but themselves1 and therefore they have invented the theory of the ,christian ,church which may be enunciated in the following terms3 8 #8,the church of ,god1 though destined by her ,founder to a divine life1 has become by degrees a mere human thing4 ,in spite of the promises1 her decay began with her existence1 since even the apostolic sees all 8erred in matters of faith407#ba7 ,she was designed to be ,one1 but is now divided4 ,she was intended to be universal1 but 444 it is far more convenient that she should be simply national4 ,she still has a voice1 but cannot use it4 ,her decrees would be irreformable if she had not lost the power to make any4 ,she is theoretically infallible1 but her infallibility may be corrected by any intelligent ,christian who feels qualified for the task4 ,she has a right to enjoin obedience1 but everybody has a right to refuse it2 for though obedience was once a ,christian duty1 yet1 since there is no longer anything to obey1 this particular virtue has lapsed1 and every one is a law to himself4 ,it is no doubt her office to correct the errors of others1 but unfortunately she has not yet succeeded in detecting her own4 8,every tongue that resisteth her in judgment she shall condemn10 but meanwhile it is quite lawful for every tongue to condemn her44444 ,unity is her essential mark1 by which she was always to be recognized1 but as it has no centre it is now purely chimerical4 ,the great teachers of ,christendom fancied the ,pope was that centre1 but this was evidently delusion4 ,it was in the beginning a condition of salvation to 8hear the church10 but as she has lost her voice nobody can be expected to hear her now1 and the conditions of salvation are changed4 ,it used to be her business to impose terms of communion1 but it is the peculiar privilege of modern ,christians to substitute others for them4 ,the defection of millions in the earlier ages1 who became ,arians or ,donatists1 did not in the least affect her unity or impair her authority2 but the rebellion of certain ,englishmen--whose fathers had obeyed her for a thousand years1 or of ,russians1 who have invented a local religion and do not even aspire to an universal one--is quite fatal to both4 ,of all former apostates it was rightly said1 8,they went out from us because they were not of us10 but no one would think of saying this of men who live under the ,british ,constitution1 because they have a clear right to 8go out0 whenever they please4' 0 ,such is the ,anglican theory1 444 in the face of which the ,anglican prophets go to their temples1 and loudly proclaim1 8,i believe in ,one1 ,holy1 ,catholic ,church40 ,the natural result of such teaching is that a majority of ,englishmen have long ceased to believe in anything of the kind4 ,nor is the ,anglican theory about the ,catholic ,church a more impossible absurdity than what they profess to believe1 and apparently do believe1 about their own1 although they do not state their belief in the bare and unambiguous manner in which we will state it for them4 ,that sect 8existed10 they tell us1 8before the socalled ,reformation1 which was only a trivial episode in its history4 ,it left the ,church of ,england exactly what it was before1 and only made it a little more ,catholic4 ,if its founders called the ,mass a #8blasphemous fable1' they must have intended that it was the most sacred rite of the ,christian religion4 ,if1 whenever they altered their new ,prayer,book 7which they did very often71 it was always to make it less ,catholic1 this was probably in the hope that its doctrine would improve in quality as it lessened in quantity4 ,if its bishops for many generations persecuted ,catholics to death or tortured them as #8idolaters' this was only a quarrel of brothers1 and they were as deeply enamored of the ,catholic faith as those whom they murdered for professing it4 ,if for more than a hundred years they gave the highest dignities to men who had never received episcopal ordination1 that fact proved nothing against their reverence for the apostolic succession1 or their conviction that they possessed it themselves4 ,in like manner their casting down altars 7in some cases making them into pavingstones71 and substituting a #8wooden table1' in no way affect our constant declaration that the doctrine of the ,christian sacrifice was always most firmly held and taught in the ,anglican ,church4 ,that they allowed their clergy every variety of creed may have been one way of testifying their conviction that truth is one4 ,their constant execration of the ,catholic faith must be interpreted as meaning something quite opposite2 in the same way1 if you suppress the ,homilies and reverse the ,articles1 which for some sagacious reason were written as they are1 you will find the genuine theology of our founders4 8,finally1 if the ,church of ,england pretended to be fiercely ,protestant for three centuries1 this was only to take the world by surprise about the year #ahgj1 and thus secure the #8,catholic revival' which will hasten the time when ,dr4 ,tait will be universally recognized as the legitimate successor of ,s4 ,anselm--particularly in his religious views--and the ,anglican reformation justly appreciated as a noble protest against the noxious errors of ,protestantism1 with which it accidentally coincided in point of time1 but had nothing in common in point of doctrine40 ,but of what avail is all this8 ,ritualists succeed in revealing the disorganization of their sect1 only to show that it is incurable1 and yet are able to persuade themselves that such a sect as this1 which exists only to 8neutralize0 the revelation of the ,most ,high1 is an integral part of that majestic and inflexible 8,church of the living ,god10 upon which he has lavished all the highest gifts which even divine munificence could bestow4 ,speaking of some recent conversions to the ,catholic ,church1 the ,church ,herald says3 8,from what we hear from quarters which are well informed1 there can be little doubt that another large and influential exodus in the same direction is imminent40 ,if ,anglicans are not converted now1 the case does indeed seem hopeless4 ,but they need more than ever at this moment a solemn warning4 ,they may begin to desire reconciliation1 and to flee from the house of bondage2 but1 if they think they can criticise the church as they have been in the habit of criticising their own sect2 if they propose to teach instead of to learn2 to command instead of to obey2 if they do not seek her pardon and blessing in the loving spirit of penance1 humility1 and submission1 let them remember that the church of ,god is no home for the lawless and selfsufficient4 ,but to all those who in humility and sincerity are seeking the truth1 ,we would say with all possible intensity of entreaty3 8,let him that is athirst come4 ,and whosoever will1 let him take the water of life freely10 for 8the ,,spirit and the ,,bride say1 ,,come40 ,antar ,and ,zara2 ,or1 8,the ,only ,true ,lovers40 ,an ,eastern ,romance ,narrated ,in ,,songs4 ,by ,aubrey ,de ,vere4 ,part ,,vi4 ,they ,sang4 ,i4 ,the people met me at the rescued gate1 ,on streaming in the immeasurable joy1 ,warriors with wounds1 gray priests1 old men sedate1 ,the wife1 the child1 the maiden1 and the boy4 ,then followed others--some as from a tomb1 ,their face a blank1 and vacant2 blinded some2 ,some that had whitened in the dungeon's gloom2 ,some1 from long years of lonely silence1 dumb4 ,anatomies of children with wild glare1 ,like beasts new caught2 and manlike spectres pale2 ,and shapes like women1 fair1 or one time fair 7,unhappiest these71 that would not lift the veil4 ,then saw ,i what is wrought on man by men3 ,then saw ,i woman's glory and her shame3 ,then learned ,i that which freedom is--till then ,the soldier1 not of her1 but of her name4 ,the meaning then of ,country1 ,virtue1 ,faith1 ,flashed on me1 lightninglike3 ,i pressed my brow ,down on the wayside dust1 and vowed till death ,my life to these4 ,that was my bridal vow4 ,,ii4 ,a dream was mine that not for long ,our joy should have its home on earth2 ,that love1 by anguish winged1 and wrong1 ,should early seek its place of birth2 ,that all thy hand hath done and dared ,should scantlier serve our country's need ,than some strange suffering 'twixt us shared ,her last great harvest's sanguine seed4 ,i saw false friends their treaties snap ,like osiers in a giant's hand2 ,saw sudden flames our cities wrap2 ,saw1 drowned in blood1 our ,christian land4 ,i saw from far the nations come ,to avenge the lives they scorned to save1 ,till1 ransomed by our martyrdom ,our country carolled o'er our grave6 ,,iii4 ,still to protect the lowly in their place1 ,the power unjust to meet1 defiant still1 ,is ours2 and ours to subjugate the base ,in our own hearts to ,god's triumphant will4 ,we1 playmates once amid the flowers and rills1 ,are now two hunters chasing hart and hind1 ,two shepherds guarding flocks on holy hills1 ,two eaglets launched along a single wind4 ,what next8 ,two souls--a husband and a wife-- ,bearing one cross o'er heights the ,saviour trod2-- ,what last8 ,two spirits in the life of life ,singing ,god's lovesong under eyes of ,god4 ,,iv4 ,i dreamed a dream when six years old3-- ,against my mother's knee one day1 ,protected by her mantle's fold1 ,all weary1 weak1 and wan ,i lay4 ,then seemed it that in caverns drear ,i roamed forlorn4 ,the weeks went by ,from month to month1 from year to year3 ,at last ,i laid me down to die4 ,an angel by me stood1 and smiled2 ,he wrapt me round2 aloft he bore2 ,he wafted me o'er wood and wild2 ,he laid me at my mother's door4 ,how oft in sleep with heart that yearned ,have ,i not seen that face6 ,ah6 me1 ,how slowly1 seeing1 ,i discerned ,that likeness strange it bears to thee6 ,v4 ,if some great angel thus bespake1 8,near1 and thy nearest1 he shall be1 ,yet thou--a dreamer though awake-- ,but thine own thought in him shalt see02 ,if some great angel thus bespake1 8,near1 and his nearest1 thou shalt be1 ,yet still his fancy shall mistake ,that beauty he but dreams1 for thee02 ,if1 last1 some pitying angel spake1 8,through life unsevered ye shall be1 ,and fancy's dreams suffice to slake ,your thirst for immortality02 ,then would ,i cry for love's great sake1 8,o ,death6 since truth but dwells with thee1 ,come quick1 and semblance substance make-- ,in heaven abides ,reality40 ,,vi4 ,upon my gladness fell a gloom3 ,thee saw ,i--on some faroff day-- ,my husband1 by thy loved one's tomb3 ,i could not help thee where ,i lay4 ,ah6 traitress ,i1 to die the first6 ,ah6 hapless thou1 to mourn alone6 ,sudden that truth upon me burst1 ,confessed so oft2 till then unknown4 ,there lives ,who loves him6--loves and loved ,better a millionfold than ,i6 ,that ,love with countenance unremoved ,looked on him from eternity4 ,that ,love1 all ,wisdom and all ,power1 ,though ,i were dust1 would guard him still1 ,and1 faithful at the last dread hour1 ,stand near him1 whispering1 8,fear no ill60 ,,vii4 8,fear not to love2 nor deem thy soul too slight ,to walk in human love's heroic ways3 ,great ,love shall teach thee how to love aright1 ,though few the elect of earth who win his praise4 8,fear not1 ,o maid6 nor doubt lest wedded life ,thy childhood's heavenward yearnings blot or blur2 ,there needs the vestal heart to make the wife2 ,the best that once it hoped survives in her4 8,all love is ,sacrifice--a flame that still ,illumes1 yet cleanses as with fire1 the breast3 ,it frees and lifts the holier heart and will2 ,a heap of ashes pale it leaves the rest40 ,thus spake the hermit from his stony chair2 ,then long time watched her speeding towards her home1 ,as when a dove through sunset's roseate air ,sails to her nest o'er crag and ocean's foam4 ,,viii4 8,we knew thee from thy childhood1 princely maid2 ,we watched thy growing greatness hour by hour3 ,palmlike thy ,faith uprose3 beneath its shade ,successive every virtue came to flower4 8,goodwill was thine1 like fount that overflows ,its marge1 and clothes with green the thirsty sod3 ,good thoughts1 like angels1 from thy bosom rose1 ,and winged through golden airs their way to ,god4 8,to ,goodness1 ,reverence1 ,honor1 from the first ,thy soul was vowed4 ,it was that spiritual troth ,that fitted maid for wife1 and in her nursed ,the woman's heart--not years nor outward growth4 8,walk with the holy women praised of old ,who served their ,god and sons heroic bore3--0 ,thus sang the minstrels1 touching harps of gold ,while maidens wreathed with flowers the bridal door4 ,,ix4 8,holy was love at first1 all true1 all fair1 ,virtue's bright crown1 and ,honor's mystic feast1 ,purer than snows1 more sweet than morning air1 ,more rich than roses in the kindling east4 8,then were the hearts of lovers blithe and glad1 ,and steeped in freshness like a dewdrenched fleece3 ,then glittered marriage like a cloud sunclad ,or flood that feeds the vale with boon increase 8,then in its innocence great love was strong-- ,love that with innocence renews the earth3 ,then ,faith was sovran1 ,right supreme o'er wrong3 ,then sacred as the altar was the hearth4 8,with hope's clear anthem then the valleys rang2 ,with songs celestial thrilled the household bowers3--0 ,thus to the newly wed the minstrels sang ,as home they paced1 while children scattered flowers4 ,x4 ,circling in upper airs we met1 ,singing ,god's praise1 and springtide new3-- ,on two glad spirits fell one net ,inwoven of sunbeams and of dew4 ,one song we sang2 at first ,i thought ,thy voice the echo of mine own2 ,we looked for nought2 we met unsought3 ,we met1 ascending toward the ,throne4 ,,xi4 ,life of my better life6 this day with thee ,i stand on earthly life's supremest tower2 ,heavenward across the far infinity ,with thee ,i gaze in awe1 yet gaze in power4 ,love first1 then ,fame1 illumed that bygone night3 ,how little knew ,i then of ,god or man6 ,now breaks the morn eternal1 broad and bright2 ,my spirit1 franchised1 bursts its narrow span4 ,sweet1 we must suffer6 ,joys1 thou said'st1 like these ,make way for holy suffering4 ,let it come4 ,shall that be suffering named which crowns and frees8 ,the happiest death man dies is martyrdom4 ,never were bridal rites more deeply dear ,than when of old to bridegroom and to bride ,that ,pagan ,empire cried1 8,false gods revere60-- ,they turned2 they kissed each other2 and they died4 ,,xii4 ,fair is this land through which we ride ,to that far keep1 our bridal bower3 ,a sacred land of strength and pride1 ,a land of beauty and of power4 ,a mountain land through virtue bold1 ,high built1 and bordering on the sun2 ,a prophettrodden land1 and old2 ,our own unvanquished ,lebanon6 ,the hermit's grot her gorges guard-- ,the patriarch's tomb4 ,there snowy dome ,and granite ridges sweet with nard ,o'ergaze and fence the patriot's home4 ,no realm of rivermouth and pelf2 ,no traffic realm of corn and wine2 ,god keeps1 and lifts her1 to ,himself3-- ,his bride she is1 as ,i am thine4 ,when down that ,moslem deluge rolled1 ,the ,faith1 enthroned 'mid ruins1 sat ,here1 in her ,lebanonian hold1 ,firm as the ark on ,ararat4 ,war still is hers1 though loving peace2 ,war--not for empire1 but her ,lord2-- ,a lion land of slow increase2 ,for trenchant is the ,moslem sword4 ,,xiii4 ,alas6 that sufferer weak and wan ,whom1 yestereve1 our journey o'er1 ,deserted by the caravan1 ,we found upon our gallery floor6 ,how long she gasped upon my breast6 ,we bathed her brows in wine and myrrh2-- ,how deathlike sank at last to rest ,while rose the sun6 ,i feared to stir4 ,all night ,i heard our bridal bells ,that chimed so late o'er springing corn3 ,half changed they seemed to funeral knells-- ,she1 too1 had had her bridal morn6 ,revived she woke4 ,the pang was past3 ,she woke to live1 to smile1 to breathe3 ,oh6 what a look was that she cast1 ,awaking1 on my nuptial wreath ,,xiv4 ,high on the hills the nuptial feast was spread3 ,descending1 choir to choir the maidens sang1 8,safe to her home our beauteous bride is led10 ,while1 each to each1 the darkening ledges rang4 ,from vale and plain came up the revellers' shout3 ,maidens with maidens danced1 and men with men2 ,till1 one by one1 the festal fires burned out ,by lonely waters4 ,there was silence then4 ,keen flashed the stars1 with breath that came and went1 ,through mountain chasms3--around1 beneath1 above1 ,they whispered1 glancing through the bridal tent1 8,we too are lovers3 heaven is naught but love60 ,assunta ,howard4 ,,iii4 ,in ,extremis4 ,how slowly and drearily the time drags on1 through all the weary length of hours and days1 in a household where one has suddenly been stricken down from full life and health to the unconscious delirium of fever--when in hushed silence and with folded hands the watchers surround the sufferer with a loving anxiety2 whose agony is in their helplessness to stay for one moment the progress of the disease1 which seems possessed of a fiend like consciousness of its own fatal power to destroy2 when life and death hang in the balance1 and at any moment the scale may turn1 and in its turning may gladden loving hearts or break them2 and1 oh6 above and beyond all1 when through the clouding of the intellect no ray from the clear light of faith penetrates the soul1 and the prostrate body1 stretched upon its cross1 fails to discern the nearness of that other cross upon this ,calvary of suffering1 from which flows in perennial streams the fountain of salvation6 ,oh6 if in the ears1 heedless of earthly sounds and words1 there could be whispered those blessed words from ,divine lips1 8,this day thou shalt be with me10 what heart that loves would not rejoice even in its anguish1 and unselfishly exclaim1 8,depart1 ,o ,christian soul6 ,i will even crush down my poor human love1 lest its great longing should turn thy happy soul away from the contemplation of its reward1 exceeding great--to be in ,paradise1 to be with ,christ08 ,but1 alas6 there were two crucified within reach of those precious1 saving drops1 and one alone said1 8,lord1 remember me40 ,when the family of ,mr4 ,carlisle first realized that the master of the house had indeed been prostrated by the fever which had proved so fatal in its ravages1 they were stunned with surprise and grief4 ,it was just the calamity1 of all others the least expected1 the heaviest to endure4 ,mrs4 ,grey's affection for her brother was the deepest sentiment of her superficial nature1 and for the time she was bowed down with sorrow2 which1 however1 constantly found vent in words and tears4 ,she would rise from it soon1 but not until the emergency had passed4 ,she lived only in the sunshine2 she lost herself when the clouds gathered4 ,assunta was the first to recover her calmness and presence of mind4 ,necessity made her strong2 not so much for the sake of the sick man--that might come by and by--but for his sister1 who clung to the young girl as to the last plank from the shipwreck of her bright1 happy life4 ,the physician was in constant attendance1 and at the first he had proposed sending a nurse4 ,but the faithful ,giovanni had pleaded with so much earnestness to be allowed the privilege of attending his master that he was installed in the sick room4 ,and truly no better choice could have been made1 for he combined the physical strength of the man with the gentleness of woman1 and every service was rendered with the tenderness of that love which ,mr4 ,carlisle had the rare power of inspiring and retaining in dependents4 ,but only ,assunta was able to quiet his wandering mind1 and control the wild vagaries of delirium4 ,it was a painful duty to strive to still the ringing of those bells1 once so full of harmony1 now 8jangled1 out of tune1 and harsh40 ,but1 once recognizing where her duty lay1 she would have performed it at any cost to herself4 ,her good and devoted friend1 ,f4 du ,pont1 came to see her the second day of the illness1 and brought sympathy and consolation in his very presence4 ,she had so longed for him that his coming seemed an echo of her earnest wish--his words of comfort an answer to her prayers4 8,father10 she said at length1 8you know all--the past and the present circumstances4 ,may ,i not1 in the present necessity1 and in spite of the past1 forget all but the debt of gratitude ,i owe1 and devote myself to my dear friend and guardian8 ,you know10 she added1 as if there were pain in the remembrance1 8it was ,mr4 ,carlisle's care for me that exposed him to the fever4 ,i would nurse him as a sister1 if ,i might40 8,my dear child10 replied the priest1 8,i do not see how you could do less4 ,from my knowledge of ,mrs4 ,grey1 ,i should consider her entirely unfit for the services of a sickroom4 ,it seems1 therefore1 your plain duty to perform this act of charity4 ,i think1 my child1 that the possible nearness of death will calm all merely human emotion4 ,give that obedient little heart of yours into ,god's keeping1 and then go to your duty as in his sight1 and ,i am not afraid4 ,the world will probably look upon what it may consider a breach of propriety with much less leniency than the angels4 ,but human respect1 always bad enough as a motive1 is never so wholly bad as when it destroys the purity of our intention1 and consequently the merit of our charity1 at a time when1 bending beneath the burden of some heavy trial1 we are the more closely surrounded by ,god's love and protection4 ,follow the pillar of the cloud1 my child4 ,it is leading you away from the world40 8,father10 said ,assunta1 and her voice trembled1 while tears filled her eyes1 8do you think he will die8 ,indeed1 it is not for my own sake that ,i plead for his life4 ,he is not prepared to go4 ,will you not pray for him1 father8 ,oh6 how gladly would ,i give my life as the price of his soul1 and trust myself to the mercy of ,god60 8,and it is to that mercy you must trust him1 my poor child4 ,do you1 then1 think that his soul is dearer to you than to ,him who died to save it8 ,you must have more confidence4 ,but ,i have not yet told you the condition ,i must impose upon your position as nurse4 ,it is implicit obedience to the physician1 and a faithful use of all the precautions he recommends4 ,while charity does sometimes demand the risk or even the sacrifice of life1 we have no right to take the matter into our own hands4 ,i do not apprehend any danger for you1 if you will follow the good doctor's directions4 ,i will try to see him on my way home4 ,do you promise80 8,yes1 father10 said ,assunta1 with a faint smile2 8you leave me no alternative40 8,but ,i have not yet put a limit to your obedience4 ,you are excited and worn out this afternoon1 and ,i will give you a prescription4 ,it is a lovely day1 almost springlike2 and you are now1 this very moment1 to go down into the garden for half an hour--and the time must be measured by your watch1 and not by your feelings4 ,take your rosary with you1 and as you walk up and down the orange avenue let no more serious thoughts enter your mind than the sweet companionship of the ,blessed ,mother may suggest4 ,you will come back stronger1 ,i promise you40 8,you are so kind1 father10 said ,assunta gratefully4 8,if you knew what a blessing you bring with you1 you would take compassion on me1 and come soon again40 8,i shall come very soon1 my child2 and meanwhile ,i shall pray for you1 and for all1 most fervently4 ,but1 come1 we will walk together as far as the garden40 ,and summoning the priest who had accompanied him1 and who had been looking at the books in the library during this conversation1 they were about to descend the stairs1 when ,mrs4 ,grey came forward to meet them4 8,o ,f4 du ,pont60 she exclaimed impetuously1 8will you not come and look at my poor brother1 and tell me what you think of him8 ,they say priests know so much40 ,and then she burst into tears4 ,f4 ,joseph tried to soothe her with hopeful words1 and1 when they reached the door of the darkened chamber1 she was again calm4 ,the good priest's face expressed the sympathy he felt as they entered softly1 and stood where they would not attract the attention of those restless eyes4 ,mr4 ,carlisle was wakeful and watchful1 but comparatively quiet4 ,it was pitiful to see with what rapid strides the fever was undermining that manly strength1 and hurrying on towards the terrible moment of suspense when life and death confront each other in momentary combat4 ,with an earnest prayer to ,god1 the priest again raised the heavy damask curtain1 and softly retired1 followed by ,mrs4 ,grey4 8,will he recover80 was her eager question4 8,dear madam10 replied he1 8,i think there is much room for hope1 though ,i cannot deny that he is a very sick man4 ,for your encouragement1 ,i can tell you that ,i have seen many patients recover in such cases when it seemed little short of miraculous4 ,it will be many days yet before you must think of giving up good hope4 ,and remember that all your strength will be needed40 8,oh60 said ,mrs4 ,grey impulsively1 8,i could not live if it were not for ,assunta4 ,she is an angel40 8,yes1 she is a good child10 said the priest kindly2 8and she is now going to obey some orders that ,i have given her1 that she may return to you more angelic than ever4 ,dear madam1 you have my deepest sympathy4 ,i wish that ,i could serve you otherwise than by words40 ,the two priests bade ,assunta goodby at the garden gate4 ,f4 ,joseph's heart was full of pity for the young girl1 whose act of sacrifice in surrendering human happiness for conscience' sake had been followed by so severe a trial4 ,but1 remembering the blessed mission of suffering to a soul like hers1 he prayed--not that her chalice might be less bitter1 but that strength might be given her to accept it as from the hand of a loving ,father4 ,and so ,assunta1 putting aside every thought of self1 took her place in the sickroom4 ,she had a double motive in hanging her picture of ,st4 ,catherine1 from which she was never separated1 at the foot of the bed4 ,it was a favorite with ,mr4 ,carlisle1 and often in his delirium his eyes would rest upon it1 in almost conscious recognition2 while to ,assunta it was a talisman--a constant reminder of her mother1 and of those dying words which now seemed stamped in burning letters on her heart and brain4 ,mrs4 ,grey often visited the room2 but she controlled her own agitation so little1 and was so unreasonable in the number of her suggestions1 that she generally left the patient worse than she found him4 ,assunta recognized her right to come and go as she pleased1 but she could not regret her absence when her presence was almost invariably productive of evil consequences4 ,the first ,sunday1 ,assunta thought she might venture to assist at ,mass at the nearest church2 it would be strength to her body as well as her soul4 ,she was not absent from the house an hour1 yet she was met on her return by ,clara1 in a state of great excitement4 8,assunta1 we have had a dreadful time10 she said4 8,severn woke up just after you left1 and literally screamed for help1 because1 he said1 a great black cross had fallen on you1 and you would be crushed to death unless some one would assist him to raise it4 ,in his efforts1 he was almost out of bed4 ,i reasoned with him1 and told him it was all nonsense2 that there was no cross1 and that you had gone to church4 ,but the more ,i talked and explained1 the worse he got2 until ,i was perfectly disheartened1 and came to meet you40 ,and with the ready tears streaming down her pretty face1 she did look the very picture of discouragement4 8,poor ,clara10 said ,assunta1 gently embracing her1 8it is hard for you to bear all this1 you are so little accustomed to sickness4 ,but you ought not to contradict ,mr4 ,carlisle1 for it is all real to him1 and opposition only excites him4 ,i can never soothe him except by agreeing with him40 8,but where does he get such strange ideas80 asked the sobbing ,clara4 8,where do our dreams come from80 said ,assunta4 8,i think1 however1 that this fancy can be traced to the night when we visited the ,colosseum1 and sat for a long time on the steps of the cross in the centre4 ,you know it is a black one10 she added1 smiling1 to reassure her friend4 8,and now1 ,clara1 ,i really think you ought to order the close carriage1 and take a drive this morning4 ,it would do you good1 and you will not be needed at all for the next two or three hours40 ,mrs4 ,grey's face brightened perceptibly4 ,it was the very thing for which she was longing1 but she would not propose it herself for fear it would seem heartless4 ,to seem1 and not to be1 was her motto4 8,but would not people think it very strange10 she asked1 8and ,severn so sick80 8,i do not believe that people will know or think anything about it10 answered ,assunta patiently4 8,you can take ,amalie with you for company1 and drive out on the ,campagna40 ,and having lightened one load1 she turned towards her guardian's room4 8,are you not coming to breakfast80 said ,mrs4 ,grey4 8,presently40 ,and ,assunta hastened to the bedside4 ,giovanni had been entirely unable to control the panic which seemed to have taken possession of ,mr4 ,carlisle4 ,he continued his cries for assistance1 and the suffering he evidently endured showed how real the fancy was to him4 8,dear friend10 said the young girl1 pushing back the hair from his burning forehead1 8look at me4 ,do you not see that ,i am safe80 ,mr4 ,carlisle turned towards her1 and1 in sudden revulsion of feeling1 burst into a wild laugh4 8,i knew10 he said1 8that1 if they would only come and help me1 ,i should succeed4 ,but it was very heavy2 it has made me very tired40 8,yes1 you have had hard work1 and it was very kind in you to undertake it for me4 ,but now you must rest4 ,it would make me very unhappy if ,i thought that my safety had caused any injury to you40 ,and while she was talking1 ,assunta had motioned to ,giovanni to bring the soothing medicine the doctor had left1 and she succeeded in administering it to her patient1 almost without his knowledge1 so engrossed was he in his present vagary4 8,but there was a cross80 he asked4 8,yes10 she answered1 in a meaning tone1 8a very heavy one2 but it did not crush me40 8,who lifted it80 he asked eagerly4 8,a powerful hand raised its weight from my shoulders1 and ,i have the promise of ,his help always1 if ,i should ever be in trouble again1 and only will cry to ,him40 8,well1 whoever he is10 said ,mr4 ,carlisle1 8he did not hurry much when ,i called--and now ,i am so tired4 ,and ,clara said there was no cross2 that ,i was mistaken4 ,i am never mistaken10 he answered1 in something of his old1 proud voice4 8,she ought to know that40 ,assunta did not answer1 but she sat patiently soothing her guardian into quiet at least1 if not sleep4 ,once he looked at her1 and said1 8,my precious child is safe20 but1 as she smiled1 he laughed aloud1 and then shut his eyes again4 ,an hour she remained beside the bed1 and then she crept softly from the room1 to take what little breakfast she could find an appetite for1 and to assist ,mrs4 ,grey in preparing for her drive4 ,with such constant demands upon her sympathy and strength1 it is not strange that ,assunta's courage sometimes failed4 ,but1 when the physician assured her that her guardian's life was1 humanly speaking1 in her hands1 she determined that no thought or care for herself should interfere with the performance of her duty4 ,mrs4 ,grey's drive having proved an excellent tonic1 she was tempted to repeat it often--always with a protest and with some misgivings of conscience1 which were1 however1 set aside without difficulty4 ,it was a singular coincidence that ,mr4 ,sinclair should so often be found riding on horseback in the same direction4 ,a few words only would be exchanged--of enquiry for the sufferer1 of sympathy for his sister4 ,but somehow1 as the days went by1 the tone in which the words of sympathy were expressed grew more tender1 and conveyed the impression of something held back out of respect and by an effort4 ,the manner1 too--which showed so little1 and yet seemed to repress so much--began to have the effect of heightening the color in ,mrs4 ,grey's pretty face1 and softening a little the innocent piquancy of her youthful ways4 ,it was no wonder that1 loving the brightness and sunshine of life1 and regarding with a sort of dread the hush and solemnity which pervade the house of sickness1 and which may at any moment become the house of mourning1 she should have allowed her anxiety for her brother to diminish a little under the influence of the new thought and feeling which were gaining possession now1 in the absence of all other excitement4 ,and yet she loved her brother as much as such hearts can love--as deeply as any love can penetrate in which there is no spirit of sacrifice--love's foundation and its crown4 ,if the illness had lasted but a day1 or at the most two1 she could have devoted herself with apparent unselfishness and tender assiduity to the duties of nursing4 ,but1 as day after day went on without much perceptible change in ,mr4 ,carlisle1 her first emotion subsided into a sort of graceful perplexity at finding herself out of her element4 ,and by the time the second week was drawing towards its close--with the new influence of ,mr4 ,sinclair's sympathy seconding the demands of her own nature--she began to act like any other sunflower1 when it 8turns to the god that it loves40 ,and yet she continued to be very regular in her visits to the sickroom1 and very affectionate to ,assunta2 but it may be greatly doubted whether she lost many hours' sleep4 ,surely it would be most unjust to judge ,clara ,grey and ,assunta ,howard by the same standard4 ,undine1 before and after the possession of a human soul1 could hardly have been more dissimilar4 ,it was the fifteenth day of ,mr4 ,carlisle's illness when ,assunta was summoned from his bedside by ,mrs4 ,grey1 who desired to see her for a few moments in her own room4 ,as the young girl entered1 she found her sitting before a bright woodfire2 on her lap was an exquisite bouquet fresh from fairyland1 or--what is almost the same thing--an ,italian garden4 ,in her hand she held a card1 at which she was looking with a somewhat perturbed expression4 8,assunta1 love10 she exclaimed1 8,i want you to tell me what to do4 ,see these lovely flowers that ,mr4 ,sinclair has just sent me1 with this card4 ,read it40 ,and as she handed her the dainty card1 whose perfume seemed to rival that of the flowers1 the color mounted becomingly into her cheeks4 ,there were only these words written3 8,i have brought a close carriage1 and hope to persuade you to drive a little while this afternoon4 ,i will anxiously await your reply in the garden4 ,yours1 ,s----40 8,well80 questioned ,clara1 a little impatiently1 for ,assunta's face was very grave4 8,dear ,clara10 she replied1 8,i have no right to advise you1 and ,i certainly shall not question the propriety of anything you do4 ,i was only thinking whether ,i had not better tell you that ,i see a change in your brother this afternoon1 and ,i fear it is for the worse4 ,i am longing for the doctor's visit40 8,do you really think he is worse80 exclaimed ,clara4 8,he looks to me just the same4 ,but perhaps ,i had better not go out4 ,i had a little headache1 and thought a drive might do me good4 ,but1 poor ,severn6 of course ,i ought not to leave him40 8,you must not be influenced by what ,i say10 said ,assunta4 8,i may be entirely mistaken1 and so ,i should not alarm you4 ,god knows1 ,i hope it may be so60 8,then you think ,i might go for an hour or two1 just to get a breath of air10 said ,mrs4 ,grey4 8,mr4 ,sinclair will certainly think ,i have found it necessary to call a papal consistory1 if ,i keep him much longer on the promenade40 ,poor ,assunta1 worn out with her two weeks of watching and anxiety1 looked for a moment with a sort of incredulous wonder at the incarnation of unconscious selfishness before her4 ,for one moment she looked 8upon this picture and on that0--the noble1 devoted brother1 sick unto death2 and that man1 the acquaintance of a few days1 now walking impatiently up and down the orange avenue4 ,the flush of indignation changed her pale cheeks to scarlet1 and an almost pharisaical thanksgiving to ,god that she was not like some women swept across her heart1 while a most unwonted sarcasm trembled on her lips4 ,she instantly checked the unworthy feeling and its expression2 but she was so unstrung by care and fatigue that she could not so easily control her emotion1 and1 before the object of unusual indignation had time to wonder at the delay of her reply1 she had thrown herself upon the sofa1 and was sobbing violently4 ,mrs4 ,grey was really alarmed1 so much so that she dropped both card and flowers upon the floor1 and forgot entirely her waiting cavalier1 as she knelt beside the excited girl1 and put her arms about her4 8,assunta dear1 what is the matter8 ,are you ill8 ,oh6 what have ,i done80 she exclaimed4 8,my poor guardian--my dear1 kind friend1 he is dying6 ,may ,god have mercy on him and on me60 were the words that escaped ,assunta's lips between the sobs4 ,a shudder passed through ,mrs4 ,grey at this unexpected putting into words of the one thought she had so carefully kept from her mind2 and her own tears began to flow4 ,just at this moment the physician's step sounded in the hall1 and she went hastily to summon him4 ,he took in the whole scene at a glance1 and1 seating himself at once upon the sofa beside ,assunta1 he put his hand gently and soothingly upon her head1 as a father might have done4 8,poor child60 said he kindly1 8,i have been expecting this40 ,the action expressing sympathy just when she needed it so much caused her tears to flow afresh1 but less tumultuously than before4 ,the remains of ,mrs4 ,grey's lunch were standing on a sidetable1 and the good doctor poured out a glass of wine1 which ,assunta took obediently4 ,then1 making an effort at selfcontrol1 she said3 8,please do not waste a moment on me4 ,do go to ,mr4 ,carlisle2 he seems very ill4 ,i have been weak and foolish1 but ,i will control myself better next time40 8,i have just left ,mr4 ,carlisle's room10 replied the doctor4 8,i will not deceive you4 ,he is1 as you say1 very ill2 but ,i hope we may save him yet4 ,you must call up all your courage1 for you will be much needed tonight40 ,he knew by the effect that he had touched the right chord1 so he continued3 8,and now1 ,miss ,howard1 ,i am going to ask of you the favor to send one of your servants to my house1 to notify my wife that ,i shall not return tonight4 ,i will not leave you until the crisis is passed--successfully1 ,i hope10 he added with a smile4 ,assunta went at once to give the desired order1 relieved and grateful that they would have the support of the physician's presence and skill2 and yet the very fact of his remaining discouraged the hope he had tried to inspire4 ,when she had gone1 he turned to address a few comforting words to ,mrs4 ,grey1 when1 suddenly recollecting himself1 he said3 8,by the way1 ,mrs4 ,grey1 ,i forgot to tell you that ,i met ,mr4 ,sinclair down stairs1 and he begged me to inquire if you had received a message from him4 ,can ,i be of service in taking him your reply80 8,o poor man6 ,i quite forgot him10 exclaimed the easily diverted ,clara1 as she stooped to pick up the neglected flowers4 8,thank you for your kind offer1 but ,i had better run down myself1 and apologize for my apparent rudeness40 ,and1 hastily wiping her eyes1 she threw a shawl over her shoulders and a becoming white rigolette about her head1 and with a graceful bow of apology she left the room4 8,extraordinary woman60 thought the doctor4 8,one would suppose that a dying brother would be an excuse1 even to that puppy ,sinclair4 ,i wish he had had to wait longer--it wouldn't have hurt him a bit--he has never had half enough of it to do4 ,and what the devil is he coming here for now1 anyhow80 he added to his former charitable reflections1 as he went to join ,assunta in her faithful vigil beside the unconscious and apparently dying man4 ,mr4 ,sinclair met ,mrs4 ,grey at the foot of the stairs with an assumption of interest and anxiety which successfully concealed his inward impatience4 ,but truly it would have been difficult to resist that appealing face1 with its traces of recent tears and the flush caused by excited feeling4 ,as a general thing1 with all due deference to poetic opinion1 8love is 7not7 loveliest when embalmed in tears40 ,but ,mrs4 ,grey was an exception to many rules4 ,her emotion was usually of the ,aprilshower sort1 gentle1 refreshing1 even beautifying4 ,very little she knew of the storm of suffering which desolates the heart1 and whose ravages leave a lasting impression upon the features4 ,such emotions also sometimes1 but rarely1 leave a beauty behind them2 but it is a beauty not of this world1 the beauty of holiness2 not of ,mrs4 ,grey's kind1 for it never would have touched ,mr4 ,sinclair as hers did now4 8,my dear ,mrs4 ,grey10 he said1 taking her hand in both his1 8how grieved ,i am to see you showing so plainly the results of care and watching6 ,privileged as he must be who is the recipient of such angelic ministrations1 ,i must yet protest--as a friend1 ,i trust ,i have a right to do so--against such overexertion on your part4 ,you will be ill yourself2 and then who or what will console me80 ,mr4 ,sinclair knew this was a fiction4 ,he knew well enough that ,mrs4 ,grey had never looked fresher or prettier in her life4 ,but the rle he had assigned to himself was the dangerously tender one of sympathy2 and where a sufficient occasion for displaying his part was not supplied1 he must needs invent one4 ,clara was not altogether deceived1 for1 as she put her lacebordered handkerchief to her eyes1 from which the tears began again to flow1 she replied3 8,you are mistaken1 ,mr4 ,sinclair4 ,i am quite well1 and not at all fatigued2 while dear ,assunta is thin and pale1 and thoroughly worn out with all she has done4 ,i can never be grateful enough to her40 ,had the lady raised her eyes1 she might have been astonished at the expression of contempt which curled ,mr4 ,sinclair's somewhat hard mouth1 as he rejoined3 8,yes2 ,i quite understand ,miss ,howard's motive in her devotion to her guardian1 and it is not strange that she should be pale4 ,how do you suppose ,i should look and feel if the dearest friend ,i have in the world were at this moment lying in her brother's place80 ,mrs4 ,grey might have received a new light about the young girl had she not been rendered obtuse to the first part of this speech by the very pointed allusion to herself afterwards1 that was accompanied by a searching look1 which she would not see1 for she still kept her handkerchief before her eyes4 ,mr4 ,sinclair placed her disengaged hand upon his arm1 and gently drew her towards the garden4 ,had she been able to look down into the heart of the man who walked so protectingly beside her1 she would doubtless have been surprised to find a disappointment lurking in the place where she had begun to feel her image was enshrined4 ,she would have seen that ,assunta's face had occupied a niche in the inner sanctuary of the heart of this man of the world1 before which he would have been content to bow2 that pique at her entire indifference to his pretensions1 and the reserve behind which she always retreated in his presence1 had led him to transfer his attentions to the older lady and the smaller fortune2 and that his jealous observation had brought to his notice1 what was apparent to no one else1 the relations between ,assunta and her guardian4 ,all this would not have been very flattering to ,mrs4 ,grey1 so it was perhaps as well that the gift of clairvoyance was not hers2 though it is a sad thought for men and angels how few hearts there are that would bear to have thrown on them the clear light of unveiled truth4 ,the day is to come when the secrets of all hearts are to be revealed4 ,but ,mr4 ,sinclair1 even if he knew this startling fact1 would not have considered it worth while to anticipate that dread hour by revealing to the lovely lady at his side any of those uncomfortable circumstances which would inevitably stand in the way of the consummation of his present wish4 ,so he bravely undertook the noble enterprise of deceiving a trusting heart into believing in a love which did not exist1 but which it was not so very difficult to imagine just at that moment1 with the little hand resting confidingly on his arm1 and the tearful eyes raised to meet his4 ,in a broken voice1 ,mrs4 ,grey said3 8,mr4 ,sinclair1 ,i came down myself to thank you for the beautiful flowers you sent me1 and to excuse myself from driving with you this afternoon4 ,poor ,severn is worse1 they think4 ,oh6 if he should not recover1 what will become of me80 ,and as she spoke1 she burst into renewed weeping1 and threw herself upon a seat beneath a group of orangetrees1 whose perfume stole upon the senses with a subtle yet bewildering influence4 ,mr4 ,sinclair sat down beside her1 saying gently3 8,i hope1 dear ,mrs4 ,grey1 it is not so serious as that4 ,i am confident that you have been needlessly alarmed40 ,the world will1 no doubt1 pardon him--seeing that ,mammon was his chosen master--if the thought was not altogether unpleasing that1 should ,mr4 ,carlisle die now1 before ,assunta could have a claim upon him1 it would make an almost princely addition to the dowry of his sister4 ,nor on this account were his words less tender as he added3 8,but1 even so1 do you not know of one heart waiting1 longing to devote itself to you1 and only with difficulty restrained from placing itself at your feet by the iron fetters of propriety8 ,tell me1 ,clara1 may ,i break these odious chains1 and say what is in my heart80 8,mr4 ,sinclair1 you must not speak such words to me now1 and my poor brother so ill4 ,indeed1 ,i cannot stay to hear you4 ,thank you very much for your kind sympathy1 but ,i must leave you now40 8,without one word of hope8 ,do ,i deserve this80 ,and truly the pathos he put into his voice was calculated to melt a heart of stone2 and ,clara's was much more impressible4 ,she paused beside him1 and1 allowing him still to retain in his the hand he had taken1 continued3 8,i think you take an unfair advantage of my lonely position4 ,i cannot give you a favorable answer this afternoon1 for ,i am so bewildered4 ,i begin to think that ,i ought not to have come down at all2 but ,i wanted to tell you how much ,i appreciated the bouquet40 8,i hope you read its meaning10 said ,mr4 ,sinclair1 rising4 8,and do you not see a happy omen in your present position1 under a bower of orange blossoms8 ,it needs but little imagination to lower them until they encircle the head of the most lovely of brides4 ,will you accept this as a pledge of that bright future which ,i have dared to picture to myself80 ,and as he spoke he put up his hand to break off a cluster of the white blossoms and darkgreen leaves1 when ,giovanni appeared at the gate4 8,signora10 he said1 8will you please to come upstairs8 ,the ,signorina is very anxious to see you40 8,i am coming10 she replied4 8,pardon me1 ,mr4 ,sinclair1 and forget what has been said40 ,and she walked towards the house4 8,do you refuse the pledge80 he asked1 placing the flowers in her hand1 after raising them to his lips4 8,really10 answered ,clara1 almost petulantly1 8,i am so perplexed1 ,i do not know what to say4 ,yes1 ,i will take the flowers1 if that will please you40 ,saying which1 she began to ascend the stairs4 8,and ,i take hope with me10 said ,mr4 ,sinclair1 in a tender tone4 ,but as he turned to go he mentally cursed ,giovanni for the interruption2 8for10 thought he1 8in one minute more ,i would have had her promise1 and who knows but now that brother of hers may recover and interfere80 ,assunta met ,mrs4 ,grey just outside the door of ,mr4 ,carlisle's room1 and drew her into the library1 where she sat down beside her on the sofa1 and1 putting her arm affectionately about her1 began to speak to her with a calmness which1 under the circumstances1 could only come from the presence of ,god4 8,i thought1 dear ,clara1 that ,i had better ask you to come here1 while ,i talk to you a little about your brother1 and what the doctor says4 ,we must both of us try to prepare40 ,here her voice broke1 and ,mrs4 ,grey interrupted her with1 8,tell me1 ,assunta1 quickly1 is he worse80 8,i fear so1 dear10 replied ,assunta2 8but we must help each other to keep up what courage and hope we may4 ,it is a common sorrow1 ,clara1 for he has been more than a brother to me40 8,but1 ,assunta1 ,i do not understand4 ,you are so calm1 and yet you say such dreadful things4 ,does the doctor think he will die80 ,and once again she shuddered at that word1 to her so fearful and so incomprehensible4 8,i dare not deceive you1 dear--,i dare not deceive myself4 ,the crisis has come1 and he seems to be sinking fast4 ,o ,clara1 pray for him60 8,i cannot pray2 ,i do not know how4 ,i have never prayed in my life4 ,but let me go to him--my poor1 dear ,severn60 ,and ,mrs4 ,grey was rushing from the room1 when ,assunta begged her to wait one moment1 while she besought her to be calm4 ,life hung upon a thread1 which the least agitation might snap in a moment4 ,she could not give up that one last hope4 ,mrs4 ,grey of course promised2 but the instant she approached the bed1 and saw the change that a few hours had made1 she shrieked aloud2 and ,assunta1 in answer to the doctor's look of despair1 summoned her maid1 and she was carried to her own room in violent hysterics1 the orange blossoms still in her hand4 ,truly they seemed an omen of death rather than of a bridal4 ,the doctor followed to administer an opiate1 and then ,assunta and himself again took up their watch by ,mr4 ,carlisle4 ,hour after hour passed4 ,everything that skill could suggest was done4 ,once only ,assunta left the room for a moment to inquire for ,mrs4 ,grey1 and1 finding that she was sleeping under the influence of the anodyne1 she instantly returned4 ,she dared not trust herself to think how different was this death from that other she remembered4 ,she could not have borne to entertain for one moment the thought that this soul was going forth without prayer1 without sacrament1 to meet its ,god4 ,she did everything the doctor wished1 quietly and calmly4 ,the hours did not seem long1 for she had almost lost her sense of time1 so near the confines of eternity4 ,she did not even feel now--she only waited4 ,it was nearly twelve when the doctor said in a low voice3 8,we can do nothing more now2 we must leave the rest to nature40 8,and to ,god10 whispered ,assunta1 as she sank on her knees beside the bed2 and1 taking in both hers her guardian's thin1 outstretched hand1 she bowed her head1 and from the very depths of her soul went up a prayer for his life--if it might be--followed by a fervent but agonized act of resignation to the sweet will of ,god4 ,she was so absorbed that she did not notice a sudden brightening of the doctor's face as he bent over his patient4 ,but in a moment more she felt a motion1 and the slightest possible pressure of her hand4 ,she raised her head1 and her eyes met those of her guardian1 while a faint smile--one of his own peculiar1 winning smiles--told her that he was conscious of her presence4 ,at last1 rousing himself a little more1 he said3 8,petite1 no matter where ,i am1 it is so sweet to have you here40 ,and1 with an expression of entire content1 he closed his eyes again1 and fell into a refreshing sleep4 8,thank ,god60 murmured ,assunta1 and her head dropped upon her folded hands4 ,the doctor came to her1 and whispered the joyful words1 8,he will live60 but1 receiving no answer1 he tried to lift the young girl from her knees1 and found that she had fainted4 ,poor child6 like ,mary1 the ,blessed ,mother of ,sorrows1 she had stood beneath her cross until it was lightened of its burden1 ,she had nerved herself to bear her sorrow2 she had not counted on the strength which would be needed for the reaction of joy4 8,better so10 said the doctor1 as he placed her upon the couch1 8,she would never have taken rest in any other way40 ,to ,be ,continued4 ,a ,discussion ,with ,an ,infidel4 ,,xi4 ,primeval ,generation4 ,reader4 ,i should like to hear1 doctor1 how 8primeval generation0 can afford you an argument against the ,mosaic history of creation1 and against the necessity of a ,creator4 ,bchner4 8,there was a time when the earth--a fiery globe--was not merely incapable of producing living beings1 but was hostile to the existence of vegetable and animal organisms0 7p4 #fc74 ,reader4 ,granted4 ,bchner4 8,as soon as the temperature permitted it1 organic life developed itself0 7ibid47 ,reader4 ,not too much haste1 doctor4 ,the assertion that 8life developed itself0 presupposes that life already existed somewhere1 though undeveloped4 ,how do you account for this assumption8 ,bchner4 8,it is certain1 says ,burmeister1 that the appearance of animal bodies upon the surface of the earth is a function which results with mathematical certainty from existing relations of forces0 7ibid47 ,reader4 ,it is impossible to believe ,burmeister on his word4 ,you know that he is a shortsighted philosopher4 ,a man who says that 8the earth and the world are eternal10 that 8eternity belongs to the essence of matter10 and that matter nevertheless 8is not unchangeable10 forfeits all claim to be trusted in speculative questions4 ,i1 therefore1 cannot yield to his simple assertion2 and if what he says is true1 as you believe1 ,i think that you are ready to assign some reason for it1 which will convince me also4 ,bchner4 ,nothing is easier1 sir4 ,for 8there is exhibited 7in the terrestrial strata7 a constant relation of the external conditions of the surface of the earth to the existence of organic beings1 and a necessary dependence of the latter on the condition of the earth0 7p4 #fd74 8,it was only with the present existing differences of climate that the endless variety of organic forms appeared which we now behold4444 ,of man the highest organic being of creation1 not a trace was found in the primary strata2 only in the uppermost1 the socalled alluvial layer1 in which human life could exist1 he appears on the stage--the climax of gradual development0 7p4 #fe74 ,reader4 ,how does this show that 8organic life developed itself0 and was a mere result of the development of the earth8 ,it seems to me that your answer has no bearing on the question1 and that it is1 on your lips1 even illogical4 ,for you say somewhere3 8,it is certain that no permanent transmutation of one species of animals into another has as yet been observed2 nor any of the higher organisms was produced by the union of inorganic substances and forces without a previously existing germ produced by homogeneous parents0 7p4 #fh74 ,this being certain1 as you own1 ,i ask3 ,if every organism is produced by parents1 whence did the parents come8 ,could they have arisen from the merely accidental concurrence of external circumstances and conditions1 or were they created by an external power8 ,in your theory1 they must have arisen from external circumstances1 and therefore they had no parents2 whilst you affirm that without homogeneous parents they could not naturally be produced4 ,moreover1 if the first parents arose from a concurrence of external conditions1 why does not the same happen today8 ,bchner4 8,this question has ever occupied philosophers and naturalists1 and has given rise to a variety of conflicting opinions4 ,before entering upon this question1 we must limit the axiom ,omne vivum ex ovo to that extent that1 though applicable to the infinite majority of organisms1 it does not appear to be universally valid0 7p4 #fi74 ,reader4 ,then you evidently contradict yourself4 ,bchner4 8,at any rate1 the question of spontaneous generations is not yet settled0 7ibid47 ,reader4 ,do you mean that living organisms can be produced without previously existing homogeneous parents1 or germs1 merely by the concurrence of inorganic elements and natural forces8 ,bchner4 ,yes1 sir2 and 8although modern investigations tend to show that this kind of generation1 to which formerly was ascribed an extended sphere of action1 does not exactly possess a scientific basis1 it is still not improbable that it exists even now in the production of minute and imperfect organisms0 7p4 #gj74 ,reader4 ,you are cutting your own throat1 doctor4 ,for you own that your theory has no scientific basis2 and what you say about the non improbability of some spontaneous generations has no weight whatever with a philosophical mind4 ,bchner4 ,indeed 8the question of the first origin of all highly organized plants and animals appears at first sight incapable of solution without the assumption of a higher power1 which has created the first organisms1 and endowed them with the faculty of propagation0 7p4 #ga74 ,reader4 8,at first sight10 you say4 ,very well4 ,i accept this confession1 which1 on your lips1 has a peculiarly suggestive meaning4 ,bchner4 8,believing naturalists point to this fact with satisfaction4 ,they remind us1 at the same time1 of the wonderful structure of the organic world1 and recognize in it the prevalence of an immediate and personal creative power1 which1 full of design1 has produced this world4 #8,the origin of organic beings1' says ,b4 ,cotta1 #8is1 like that of the earth1 an insoluble problem1 leaving us only the appeal to an unfathomable power of a ,creator' 0 7ibid47 ,reader4 ,cotta is more affirmative than you4 ,he recognizes that the problem is incapable of solution without a ,creator1 and does not add 8at first sight40 ,what do you reply8 ,bchner4 8,we might answer these believers1 that the germs of all living beings had from eternity existed in universal space1 or in the chaotic vapors from which the earth was formed2 and these germs1 deposited upon the earth1 have there and then become developed1 according to external necessary conditions4 ,the facts of these successive organic generations would thus be sufficiently explained2 and such an explanation is at least less odd and farfetched than the assumption of a creative power1 which amused itself in producing1 in every particular period1 genera of plants and animals1 as preliminary studies for the creation of man--a thought quite unworthy of the conception of a perfect ,creator0 7ibid47 ,reader4 ,i am afraid1 doctor1 that all this nonsense proceeds from cold hearted maliciousness more than from ignorance4 ,for how can you be ignorant that1 if there be anything odd and farfetched in any theory of cosmogony1 it is not the recognition of a creative power1 but the assumption of eternal germs wandering about from eternity amid chaotic vapors8 ,your preference for this last assumption is an insult to reason1 which has no parallel but the act of passionate folly by which the ,jews preferred ,barabbas to ,christ4 ,the ,creator1 as you well know1 had no need of 8preliminary studies03 yet he might have 8amused himself10 if he so wished17#bb7 in making different genera of plants and animals1 just as noblemen and princes amuse themselves1 without disgracing their rank1 in planting gardens1 and petting dogs1 horses1 and birds4 ,but this is not the question4 ,you pretend that the germs of all living beings had from eternity existed in universal space4 ,this you cannot prove either philosophically or scientifically2 and we have already established in a preceding discussion that nothing changeable can have existed from eternity4 ,bchner4 8,but we stand in need of no such arguments0 7p4 #gb74 ,reader4 ,why1 then1 do you bring them forward8 ,bchner4 8,the facts of science prove with considerable certainty that the organic beings which people the earth owe their origin and propagation solely to the conjoined action of natural forces and materials1 and that the gradual change and development of the surface of the earth is the sole1 or at least the chief1 cause of the gradual increase of the living world0 7p4 #gb74 ,reader4 ,this is another of your vain assertions4 ,for you confess that 8it is impossible at present to demonstrate with scientific exactness0 the gradual development of organic beings from mere material forces2 and you had previously affirmed that 8there must have existed individuals of the same species1 to produce others of the same kind0 7p4 #fh74 ,where are1 then1 to be found the facts of science which 8prove with considerable certainty0 the contrary of what you acknowledge to be the fact8 ,is your method of reasoning a mere oscillation between contradictories8 ,bchner4 8,we may hope that future investigations will throw more light on the subject0 7ibid47 ,reader4 ,very well4 ,but1 if this is the case1 surely no 8fact of science0 proves1 as yet1 the spontaneous evolution of life from inorganic matter4 ,and you may be certain that the future investigations of science will not give the lie to the investigations of the past4 ,bchner4 8,our present knowledge is1 however1 sufficient to render it highly probable1 nay1 perhaps morally certain1 that a spontaneous generation exists1 and that higher forms have gradually and slowly become developed from previously existing lower forms1 always determined by the state of the earth1 but without the immediate influence of a higher power0 7ibid47 ,reader4 ,all this ,i have already answered2 and ,i am rather tired1 doctor1 of repeating the same remarks over and over again4 ,why should you make these empty assertions1 if you had real arguments to produce8 ,and1 if you have no arguments1 what is the use of saying and gainsaying at random1 as you do1 the same things8 ,why do you assert that 8the immediate influence of a higher power0 has nothing to do with the origin of life1 when you know that your assertion must remain unproved and can easily be refuted8 ,if 8our present knowledge renders it highly probable1 nay1 perhaps1 morally certain1 that a spontaneous generation exists10 why did you say the contrary just a few lines before8 ,it is inconceivable that a thinking man should be satisfied with such a suicidal process of arguing4 ,bchner4 8,the law of a gradual development of primeval times is impressed upon the present living organic world0 7p4 #ge74 8,all animal forms are originally so much alike1 that it is often impossible to distinguish the embryo of a sheep from that of a man1 whose future genius may perhaps revolutionize the world0 7p4 #gf74 ,reader4 ,what does it matter if it is impossible for us to distinguish the embryo of a sheep from that of a man8 ,is it necessary to see with our eyes what distinguishes the one from the other in order to know that they are different8 ,if we are reasonable1 we must be satisfied that their different development proves very conclusively their different constitution4 ,but let this pass4 ,your line of argument requires you to show that the first eggs and the first seeds are spontaneous products of blind inorganic forces1 without any immediate interference or influence of a higher power4 ,while this is not proved1 nothing that you may say can help you out of your false position4 ,you may well allege with ,vogt 8the general law prevalent through the whole animal world1 that the resemblance of a common plan of structure which connects various animals is more striking the nearer they are to their origin1 and that these resemblances become fainter in proportion to the progress of their development and their subjection to the elements from which they draw their nourishment0 7p4 #gf74 ,we know this2 but what of it8 ,the question is not about the development of life from a germ1 but about the development of a germ from inorganic forces2 and this is what you try constantly to forget4 ,you say3 8,the younger the earth was1 the more definite and powerful must the influence of external conditions have been2 and it is by no means impossible to imagine that the same germs might1 by very different external circumstances1 have conduced to very heterogeneous developments0 7p4 #gg74 ,were this as true as it is false1 it would not advance your cause by one step2 for you here assume the germs as already existing4 ,bchner4 8,the comparatively greater force of nature in former periods is manifested in the singular forms of antediluvian animals as well as in their enormous size0 7p4 #gh74 ,reader4 ,were those animals the product of merely inorganic forces8 ,bchner4 ,so it is believed4 ,reader4 ,on what ground8 ,bchner4 8,if the contemplation of surrounding nature strikes us so much by its grandeur that we cannot divest ourselves of the idea of a direct creative cause1 the origin of this feeling is owing to the fact that we contemplate as a whole the united effects of natural forces through a period of millions of years2 and1 thinking only of the present1 and not of the past1 cannot imagine that nature has produced all this out of itself4 ,the law of analogies2 the formation of prototypes2 the necessary dependence upon external circumstances which organic bodies exhibit in their origin and form2 the gradual development of higher organic forms from lower organisms2 the circumstance that the origin of organic beings was not a momentary process1 but continued through all geological periods2 that each period is characterized by creatures peculiar to it1 of which some individuals only are continued in the next period--all these relations rest upon incontrovertible facts1 and are perfectly irreconcilable with the idea of a personal almighty creative power1 which could not have adopted such a slow and gradual labor1 and have rendered itself dependent upon the natural phases of the development of the earth0 7pp4 #hd1 #he74 ,reader4 ,if this is your ground for asserting the origin of organic beings from the mere forces of matter1 all ,i can say is that you should learn a little philosophy before you venture again to write a book for the public4 ,were you a philosopher1 you would know that1 independently of 8the united effects of natural forces through a period of millions of years10 every grain of dust that floats in the air affords us a sufficient proof of the existence of 8a personal almighty creative power02 your 8law of analogies0 would suggest to you the thought of a primitive source of life2 8the formation of prototypes0 would compel you to ask1 ,who formed them8 and how could they be formed without an archetypal idea1 which matter could not possess8 ,you would see that nothing can be gained by asserting1 as you do1 that 8the gradual development of the higher organic forms from lower organisms rests upon incontrovertible facts10 while you cannot cite a single one in support of your assertion4 ,you would take care not to attribute to the ,creator an imaginary waste of time in 8the slow and gradual labor0 of peopling the earth with organic beings1 nor entertain the absurd notion that he would have rendered himself 8dependent upon the natural phases of the development of the earth10 merely because his action harmonized with the order of things he had created4 ,lastly1 you would have kept in view that the fact of which you were bound to give an explanation was not the development of new organisms from existing organisms1 but the origin of the first organisms themselves from inorganic matter4 ,why did you leave aside this last point1 than which no other had a greater need of demonstration8 ,bchner4 ,i may not be a philosopher2 but certain it is that 8science has never obtained a greater victory over those who assume an extramundane or supernatural principle to explain the problem of existence1 than by means of geology and petrifaction4 ,never has the human mind more decisively saved the rights of nature4 ,nature knows neither a supernatural beginning nor a supernatural continuance0 7p4 #hh74 ,reader4 ,how stupid indeed6 ,your ,masonic science cannot stand on its legs1 and you boast of victories6 ,do you not see1 doctor1 the absurdity of your pretension8 ,when did science attack religion1 and was not defeated8 ,i speak of your infidel science1 mind you2 for true science has no need of attacking religion4 ,your science tries 8to explain the problem of existence by means of geology and petrifaction0 without a supernatural principle4 ,but is the origin of existence a problem8 and can it be solved by geology and petrifaction8 ,historical facts are no problems4 ,you may blot out history1 it is true1 as you might also put out the light1 and remain in the dark to your full satisfaction4 ,thus everything might become a problem4 ,but can you call this a scientific process8 ,why do you not appeal to geology and petrifaction to explain1 say1 the origin of ,rome1 and thus obtain 8a great victory0 over history8 ,yet it would be less absurd to believe that ,rome is a work of nature than to believe that life originated in dead inorganic matter4 ,the origin of life and of all other things is a primitive fact1 which lies outside the province of geology altogether4 ,philosophy alone can account for it2 and philosophy proclaims that your infidel theory of primeval generation is a shameless imposture4 ,bchner4 ,this is a severe remark1 sir4 ,reader4 ,i will take it back when you shall have proved that the first organic germs originated in inorganic matter without supernatural intervention4 ,,xii4 ,design ,in ,nature4 ,reader4 ,everything in nature speaks of ,god2 but you1 doctor1 seem quite insensible to the eloquence of creation4 ,bchner4 ,i deny the eloquence of creation4 ,indeed1 8design in nature has ever been1 and is still1 one of the chief arguments in favor of the theory which ascribes the origin and preservation of the world to a ruling and organizing creative power4 ,every flower which unfolds its blossoms1 every gust of wind which agitates the air1 every star which shines by night1 every wound which heals1 every sound1 everything in nature1 affords to the believing teleologist an opportunity for admiring the unfathomable wisdom of that higher power4 ,modern science has pretty much emancipated itself from such empty notions1 and abandons these innocent studies to such as delight in contemplating nature rather with the eyes of the feeling than with those of the intellect0 7p4 #hi74 ,reader4 ,this is no reason why you should blind yourself to the evidence of the facts4 ,every one knows that ,masonic science hates teleology4 ,no wonder at that4 ,this science emancipates itself1 not from empty notions1 as you say1 but from the very laws of reasoning4 ,free thought would cease to be free1 if it did not emancipate itself from logic4 ,yet1 since free thinkers 8abandon to us the innocent study0 of teleology1 would it not be prudent in them to avoid talking on what they are unwilling to study8 ,how can they know that we contemplate nature 8rather with the eyes of the feeling than with those of the intellect08 ,do they suppose that order and design are objects of the feeling rather than of the intellect8 ,bchner4 ,i will tell you what our conviction is4 8,the combination of natural materials and forces must1 in giving rise to the variety of existing forms1 have at the same time become mutually limited and determined1 and must have produced corresponding contrivances1 which1 superficially considered1 appear to have been caused by an external power40 ,our reflecting reason is the sole cause of this apparent design1 which is nothing but the necessary consequence of the combination of natural materials and forces4 ,thus1 as ,kant says1 8our intellect admires a wonder which it has created itself0 7p4 #ij74 ,reader4 ,beware of blunders1 doctor6 ,you have just said that our notion of design in nature was caused by our feeling1 not by our intellect2 but you now say that the sole cause of that notion is our reflecting reason1 and maintain1 on ,kant's authority1 that the same notion is a creation of our intellect4 ,can contradiction be more evident8 ,again1 if our reflecting reason is the sole cause of our perception of design in nature1 surely we are right in admitting that there is design in nature1 and you are wrong in denying it4 ,for1 if the design were only apparent1 as you pretend1 imagination might be fascinated by it1 but 8reflecting reason0 would never cause us to perceive it4 ,on the other hand1 if you distrust 8reflecting reason10 what else will you trust in its stead8 ,moreover1 how did you not observe that ,kant's proposition1 8,our intellect admires a wonder which it has created itself10 contains a false supposition8 ,the intellect cannot create to itself any notion of design2 it can only perceive it in the things themselves3 and it would never affirm the existence of design in nature1 unless it perceived its objective reality4 ,hence our intellect admires a wonder which it perceives1 not a wonder which it creates4 ,furthermore1 you wish us to believe that what we term design 8is nothing but a necessary consequence of some combinations40 ,but why did you omit that all such combinations presuppose definite conditions1 and that these conditions originally depend on the will of the ,creator8 ,your book on ,force and ,matter is nothing but a necessary consequence of a combination of types1 ink1 and paper4 ,does it follow that the book is not the work of a designing doctor8 ,you see how defective your reasoning is4 ,you have nearly succeeded in proving the contrary of what you intended4 ,bchner4 ,but 8how can we speak of design1 knowing the objects only in one form and shape1 and having no idea how they would appear to us in any other8 ,what natural contrivance is there which might not be imagined to be rendered more perfect in design8 ,we admire natural objects without considering what an infinite variety of other contrivances and forms has slumbered1 and is still dormant1 in the lap of nature4 ,it depends on an accident whether or not they will enter into existence0 7p4 #ij74 ,reader4 ,i apprehend1 doctor1 that your notion of design is neither clear nor correct4 ,the 8form and shape0 of the objects is not what we call design4 ,design1 in nature1 is the ordination of all things to an end4 ,it is therefore the natural aptitude of things to a definite end1 and not their form or shape1 that reveals the existence of design in nature4 ,it is not even the absolute perfection of a thing that reveals design3 it is only its relative perfection1 that is1 its proportion to the end for which it is created4 ,hence we have the right to admire natural objects for their adaptation to certain ends1 without considering the infinite variety of other contrivances slumbering in the lap of nature4 ,for1 if the existing contrivances are proportionate to their ends1 there is design1 whatever we may say of the possibility of other contrivances1 and even of other words4 ,bchner4 8,numbers of arrangements in nature1 apparently full of design1 are nothing but the result of the influence of external natural conditions0 7p4 #ij74 ,reader4 ,yes2 but these natural conditions are themselves the result of design1 since they are all controlled by a superior mind4 ,bchner4 8,animals inhabiting the north have a thicker fur than those of the south2 and likewise the hair and feathers of animals become thicker in winter and fall out in summer4 ,is it not more natural to consider these phenomena as the effect of changes in the temperature1 than to imagine a heavenly tailor who takes care of the summer and winter wardrobes of the various animals8 ,the stag was not endowed with long legs to enable him to run fast1 but he runs fast because his legs are long0 7p4 #ia74 ,reader4 ,these remarks are puerile1 doctor1 and ,i might dispense with answering them2 yet ,i observe that1 as cold does not foster vegetation1 it is not in the north1 but in the south1 that the fur of animals should grow thicker4 ,at any rate1 the 8heavenly tailor10 who clothes the lilies of the field1 does not forget the wardrobe of animals1 whether in the north or in the south1 in summer or in winter2 for his is the world1 and from his hand the needs of every creature are supplied4 ,as to the stag1 you are likewise mistaken4 8,he runs fast because his legs are long02 but how does it follow from this that he was not endowed with long legs to enable him to run fast8 ,does the one exclude the other8 ,would you say that your works are known because they have been published1 and therefore they have not been published to make them known8 ,your blunder is evident4 ,bchner4 8,things are just as they are1 and we should not have found them less full of design had they been different0 7p4 #ia74 ,reader4 ,this1 if true1 would prove that our 8reflecting reason0 cannot exclude design from creation4 ,if things had been different1 the design would have been different4 ,even conflicting arrangements may be full of design2 even the destruction of the best works of nature may be full of design3 for the ,author of nature is at liberty to do with it as he pleases4 ,if1 for instance1 all the newborn babies were hereafter to be males1 we could not escape the consequence that the ,author of nature designed to put an end to human generation4 ,whatever may be the order of things1 we cannot deny design without insulting the wisdom of our ,maker and ,lord4 ,this consideration suffices to answer all your queries and objections4 8,nature10 you say1 8has produced a number of beings and contrivances in which no design can be detected0 7p4 #id74 ,what of that8 ,can you deny that men act with some design1 only because you cannot detect it8 ,there are beings1 you add1 8which are frequently more apt to disturb than to promote the natural order of things0 7ibid47 ,this merely shows that the natural order of things is changeable--a truth which you had the courage to deny when speaking of miracles4 8,the existence of dangerous animals has ever been a thorn in the side of theologians1 and the most comical arguments have been used to justify their existence0 7ibid47 ,this is not true4 ,no theologian has ever denied that dangerous animals fulfil some design in nature4 ,and as to 8comical arguments10 ,i think1 doctor1 that it is in your pages that we can best find them4 8,we know1 on the other hand1 that very innocent1 or even useful1 animals have become extinct1 without nature taking any means to preserve their existence0 7p4 #ie74 ,this proves nothing at all4 ,if ,god's design could be fulfilled with their extinction1 why should they have been preserved8 8,for what purpose are the hosts of diseases and of physical evils in general8 ,why that mass of cruelties and horrors which nature daily and hourly practises on her creatures8 ,could a being acting from goodness and benevolence endow the cat1 the spider1 and man with a nature capable of these horrors and cruelties80 7p4 #if74 ,this is the dark side of the picture2 and yet there is design in all this4 ,if ,i wished to make a 8comical argument10 ,i might say that 8the hosts of diseases0 are1 after all1 very profitable to the ,m4,d41 who cannot live without them4 ,but the true answer is1 that the present order of things1 as even the pagan philosophers recognized1 is designed as a period of probation preparatory to a better life4 ,we now live on a field of battle1 amid trials calculated to stir up our energies and to mend or improve our character4 ,we sow in tears1 that we may reap in joy4 ,such is the design of a ,being 8acting from goodness and benevolence40 ,you do not understand this2 but such is the truth4 ,as to cats and spiders1 you must bear in mind that they are not worse than the wolf1 the tiger1 or other animals providing for their own subsistence by the destruction of other living beings4 ,if this be 8cruelty10 how can you countenance it yourself by allowing the appearance at your table of killed animals8 ,your other remarks are scarcely worthy of being quoted1 as they prove nothing but your impertinence and presumption4 ,you seem to put to ,god the dilemma3 8,either let ,bchner know all the secrets of your providence1 or he will rebel against you1 and even deny your existence40 ,you ask1 ,why this and why that8 ,and because your weak brain fails to suggest the answer1 you immediately conclude that things happen to be what they are1 without a superior mind controlling their course4 ,this is nice logic indeed6 8,why should the vertebral column of man terminate in an appendage perfectly useless to him80 8,why should certain animals possess the organs of both sexes80 8,why are certain other animals so prolific that in a few years they might fill the seas and cover the earth1 and find no more space or materials for their offspring80 8,why does nature produce monsters80 ,these questions may or may not be answered2 but our ignorance is not the measure of things1 and the existence of design in nature remains an unquestionable fact4 ,is not the very structure of our own bodies a masterpiece of design8 ,a physician1 like you1 cannot plead ignorance on the subject4 ,bchner4 ,yet nature cannot have a design in producing monstrosities4 8,i saw in a veterinary cabinet a goat fully developed in every part1 but born without a head4 ,can we imagine anything more absurd than the development of an animal the existence of which is impossible from the beginning8 ,prof4 ,lotze of ,gttingen surpasses himself in the following remarks on monstrosities3 #8,if the ftus is without a brain1 it would be but judicious1 in a force having a free choice1 to suspend its action1 as this deficiency cannot be compensated4 ,but1 inasmuch as the formative forces continue their action1 that such a miserable and purposeless creature may exist for a time1 appears to us strikingly to prove that the final result always depends upon the disposition of purely mechanical definite forces1 which1 once set in motion1 proceed straight on1 according to the law of inertia1 until they meet with an obstruction4' ,this is plain language0 7p4 #ii74 ,again1 monstrosities 8may be produced artificially by injuries done to the ftus or to the ovum4 ,nature has no means of remedying such an injury4 ,the impulse once given is1 on the contrary1 followed in a false direction1 and in due time a monstrosity is produced4 ,the purely mechanical process1 in such cases1 can be easily recognized4 ,can the idea of a conscious power acting with design be reconciled with such a result8 ,and is it possible that the hand of the ,creator should thus be bound by the arbitrary act of man80 7pp4 #aja1 #ajb74 ,reader4 ,that nature 8cannot have a design in producing monstrosities0 is a groundless assertion1 as nature tends always to produce perfect beings1 though sometimes its work is marred by obstacles which it has no power to remove4 ,you saw 8a goat fully developed in every part1 but born without a head40 ,here the design is evident4 ,nature wished to produce a perfect goat as usual1 but failed4 8,if the ftus is without a brain1 it would be judicious1 in a force having a free choice1 to suspend its action40 ,this is another groundless assertion2 for1 if by force you mean the forces of matter1 they have no free choice1 and cannot suspend their action2 and if by force you mean ,god1 you presume too much1 as you do not know his design4 ,a ftus without a brain1 like a goat without a head1 proclaims the imperfection of natural causes2 and this very imperfection proclaims their contingency and the existence of a ,creator4 ,thus1 a ftus without a brain may be the work of design2 for ,god's design is not to raise nature above all deficiencies1 but to show his infinite perfection in the works of an imperfect nature4 ,that 8the hand of the ,creator should be bound by the arbitrary act of men0 is a third groundless assertion4 ,man may injure the ftus1 and ,god can restore it to a healthy condition2 but nothing obliges him to do so4 ,if he did it1 it would be a miracle2 and miracles are not in the order of nature4 ,it follows that1 when monstrosities are produced1 they are not merely the result of mechanical forces1 but also of ,god's action1 without which no causation is possible4 ,but you ask1 8,can the idea of a conscious power acting with design be reconciled with such a result80 ,i answer that it can be reconciled very well4 ,in fact1 those effects which proceed directly from ,god alone1 must indeed be perfect according to their own kind1 inasmuch as ,god's working is never exposed to failure2 but those effects which do not proceed directly from ,god alone1 but are produced by creatures with ,god's assistance1 may be imperfect1 ugly1 and monstrous4 ,you may have a beautiful hand2 but1 if you write with a bad pen1 your writing will not be beautiful4 ,you may be a great pianist2 but1 if your instrument is out of tune1 your music will be detestable4 ,whenever two causes1 of which the one is instrumental to the other1 concur to the production of the same effect1 the imperfection of the instrumental cause naturally entails the imperfection of the effect4 ,god's action is perfect2 but the action of his instruments may be imperfect2 and it is owing to such an imperfection that the result may be a monstrosity4 ,but1 to complete this explanation1 it is necessary to add that1 in the production of their natural effects1 creatures are more than instrumental4 ,the primary cause1 ,god1 and the secondary causes1 creatures1 are both principal causes of natural effects2 though the latter are subordinate to the influence of the former4 ,both ,god and the creature are total causes2 that is1 the effect entirely depends on the secondary1 as it entirely depends on the primary cause1 though in a different manner2 for the influx of the primary cause is general1 while that of the secondary cause is particular4 ,hence these two causes bear to the effect produced by them the same relation as two premises bear to their conclusion4 ,god's influence is to the effect produced what a general principle or a major proposition is to the conclusion2 whilst the creature's influence is to the same effect what a minor proposition or the application of the general principle is to the conclusion4 ,take1 for instance1 the general truth1 8,virtue is a rational good10 as a major proposition4 ,this general truth may be applied in different manners1 and lead to different conclusions1 good or bad1 according as the application is right or wrong4 ,if you subsume1 8,temperance is a virtue10 you will immediately obtain the good conclusion that 8,temperance is a rational good40 ,but1 if you subsume1 8,pride is a virtue10 you will reach the monstrous conclusion that 8,pride is a rational good40 ,now1 this conclusion1 however monstrous1 could not be drawn without the general principle2 and yet its monstrosity does not arise from the general principle1 but only from its wrong application4 ,thus the general principle remains good and true in spite of the bad and false conclusion4 ,and in the same manner the influence of the first cause on natural effects remains good and perfect1 though the effects themselves1 owing to the influence of the secondary causes1 are imperfect and monstrous4 ,you now understand1 ,i hope1 how the exceptional production of monstrosities can be reconciled with the idea of a conscious power acting with design4 ,,xiii4 ,brain ,and ,soul4 ,reader4 ,and now1 doctor1 please tell me what is your doctrine on the human soul4 ,bchner4 ,the human soul is 8a product of matter0 7p4 #acb7--8;a product of the development of the brain0 7p4 #aig74 ,reader4 ,indeed8 ,bchner4 8,the brain is the seat and organ of thought2 its size1 shape1 and structure are in exact proportion to the magnitude and power of its intellectual functions0 7p4 #ajg74 ,reader4 ,what do you mean by thought8 ,bchner4 ,need ,i explain a term so universally known8 ,reader4 ,the term is known1 but it is used more or less properly by different persons4 ,our minds may deal with either sensible or intellectual objects4 ,when we have seen a mountain1 we may think of it1 because we have received from it an impression in our senses which leaves a vestige of itself in our organism1 and enables us to represent to ourselves the object we have perceived4 ,in this case our thought is an exercise of our imagination4 ,when1 on the contrary1 we think of some abstract notion or relation which does not strike our senses1 and of which no image has been pictured in our organic potencies1 then our thought is an exercise of intellectual power4 ,in both cases our brain has something to do with the thought4 ,for in the first case our thought is an act of the sensitive faculty1 which reaches its object as it is pictured1 or otherwise impressed1 in our organic potencies1 of which the headquarters are in the brain4 ,in the second case our thought is an act of the intellectual faculty1 which detects the intelligible relations existing between the objects already perceived1 or between notions deduced from previous perceptions2 and this act1 inasmuch as it implies the consideration of objects furnished to the mind by sensible apprehension1 cannot but be accompanied by some act of the imaginative power making use of the images pictured in the organic potencies4 ,now1 doctor1 when you say that 8the brain is the seat and organ of thought10 do you mean that both the intellectual and the imaginative thought reside in the brain and are worked out by the brain8 ,bchner4 ,of course4 ,for 8comparative anatomy shows that through all classes of animals1 up to man1 the intellectual energy is in proportion to the size and material quality of the brain0 7p4 #ajg74 ,reader4 ,you are quite mistaken4 ,the brain is an organ of the imagination1 not of the intellect4 ,and even as an organ of imagination it is incompetent to think or imagine1 as it is only the instrument of a higher power--that is1 of a soul4 ,to say that the brain is the organ of intellectual thought is to assume that intellectual relations are pictured on the brain2 which is evidently absurd1 since intellectual relations cannot be pictured on material organs4 ,every impression made on our brain is a definite impression1 corresponding to the definite objects from which it proceeds4 ,if our intellectual thought were a function of the brain1 we could not think1 except of those same definite objects from which we have received our definite impressions4 ,how do you1 then1 reconcile this evident inference with the fact that we conceive intellectually innumerable things from which we have never received a physical impression8 ,we think of justice1 of humanity1 of truth1 of causality1 etc41 though none of these abstractions has the power to picture itself on our brain4 ,it is therefore impossible to admit that the intellectual thought is a function of the brain4 ,with regard to the working of the imagination1 ,i concede that the brain plays the part of an instrument2 but how can you explain such a working without a higher principle8 ,if our soul is nothing but 8a product of matter10 since matter is inert1 our soul must be inert1 and since matter has only mechanical powers1 our soul must be limited to mechanical action1 that is1 to the production of local movement4 ,now1 can you conceive imagination as a merely mechanical power1 or thought as the production of local movement8 ,bchner4 ,yes4 8,thought10 says ,moleschott1 8is a motion of matter0 7p4 #ace74 ,reader4 ,it is perfectly useless1 doctor1 to make assertions which cannot be proved4 ,moleschott is no authority2 he is a juggler like yourself1 and works for the furtherance of the same ,masonic aims4 ,let him say what he likes4 ,we cannot but laugh at a thinker who can mistake his thought for local motion4 ,bchner4 ,you1 however1 cannot deny that1 while we are thinking1 our brain is doing work4 ,but how can it do work without motion8 ,reader4 ,i do not deny that1 while we are thinking1 our brain is doing work4 ,i merely deny that the movements of the brain are thoughts4 ,as long as we live1 soul and body work together1 and we cannot think without some organic movements accompanying the operation4 ,this every one admits4 ,but you suppress the thinking principle1 and retain only the organic movements4 ,how is this possible8 ,if thought consists merely of organic movements of the brain1 how does the motion begin8 ,the brain cannot give to itself a new mode of being4 ,to account for its movements you must point out a distinct moving power1 either intrinsic or extrinsic1 either a sensible object or the thinking principle itself4 ,when the motion is received from a sensible object1 the movements of the brain determine the immediate perception of the object2 and when the motion results from the operation of the thinking principle1 the movements of the brain determine the phantasm corresponding to the object of the actual thought4 ,thus immediate perception1 and thought1 or recollection1 are both rationally explained2 whilst1 if the thinking subject were the brain itself1 how could we recollect our past ideas8 ,when the movement caused by an object has been superseded by the movement caused by a different object1 how can it spontaneously revive8 ,matter is inert2 and nothing but a power distinct from it can account for the spontaneous awakening of longforgotten thoughts4 ,bchner4 ,matter is inert1 but is endowed with forces1 and wherever there are many particles of matter they can communicate movement to one another4 ,hence1 8in the same manner as the steamengine produces motion1 so does the organic complication of forceendowed materials produce in the animal body a sum of effects so interwoven as to become a unit2 and is then by us called spirit1 soul1 thought0 7p4 #acf74 ,reader4 ,pshaw6 ,are spirit1 soul1 and thought synonymous8 ,do thoughts think8 ,when you perceive that two and two make four1 is this thought the thinking principle8 ,and if the soul is 8a sum of mechanical effects so interwoven as to become a unit10 how can you avoid the consequence that the soul consists of nothing but local movement8 ,but if the soul is local movement1 it has no causality1 and cannot be the principle of life2 for local movement is only a change of place1 and has nothing to do with perception1 judgment1 reasoning1 or any other operation of the thinking principle4 ,can local movement say1 ,i am8 ,i will8 ,i doubt8 ,can local movement recollect the past1 take in the present1 foresee the possible and the future8 ,can local movement deliberate1 love1 hate1 say yes or no8 ,to these and such like questions science1 reason1 and experience give an unequivocal answer1 which the president of a medical association should have carefully meditated before venturing to write on the subject4 ,bchner4 ,yet 8the mental capacity of man is enlarged in proportion to the material growth of his brain1 and is diminished according to the diminution of its substance in old age0 7p4 #aaj74 8,it is a fact known to everybody1 that the intelligence diminishes with increasing age1 and that old people become childish4444 ,the soul of the child becomes developed in the same degree as the material organization of its brain becomes more perfect0 7p4 #aaa74 8,pathology furnishes us with an abundance of striking facts1 and teaches us that no part of the brain exercising the function of thought can be materially injured without producing a corresponding mental disturbance0 7p4 #aai74 8,the law that brain and soul are necessarily connected1 and that the material expansion1 shape1 and quality of the former stands in exact proportion to the intensity of the mental functions1 is strict and irrefutable1 and the mind1 again1 exercises an essential influence on the growth and development of its organ1 so that it increases in size and power just in the same manner as any muscle is strengthened by exercise0 7p4 #abb74 8,the whole science of man is a continuous proof in favor of the connection of brain and mind2 and all the verbiage of philosophical psychologists in regard to the separate existence of the soul1 and its independence of its material organ1 is without the least value in opposition to the power of facts4 ,we can find no exaggeration in what ,friedreich1 a wellknown writer on psychology1 says on this point3 #8,the exhibition of power cannot be imagined without a material substratum4 ,the vital power of man can only manifest its activity by means of its material organs4 ,in proportion as the organs are manifold1 so will be the phenomena of vital power1 and they will vary according to the varied construction of the material substratum4 ,hence1 mental function is a peculiar manifestation of vital power1 determined by the peculiar construction of cerebral matter4 ,the same power which digests by means of the stomach1 thinks by means of the brain' 0 7pp4 #abd1 #abe74 ,reader4 ,your manner of reasoning1 doctor1 is not calculated to bring conviction1 as every one of your arguments contains a fallacy4 ,your first argument is3 ,the brain is the measure of the thinking power2 and therefore the thinking power1 or the soul1 is a result of organic development4 ,the second is3 ,brain and mind are necessarily connected2 and therefore the soul cannot have a separate existence4 ,the third is3 ,the vital power of man can only manifest its activity by means of its material organs2 and therefore the soul needs to be supported by a material substratum4 ,such substantially is the drift of your argumentation4 ,now1 ,i maintain that the three arguments are merely three sophisms4 ,first1 the brain is not the measure of the thinking power4 ,the mental capacity of man1 and the thinking power of the soul1 are not exactly the same thing4 ,the first implies both soul and body1 the second regards the soul alone2 the first presents to us the musician with his instrument1 the second exhibits only the musician himself4 ,the brain is the organ1 the soul is the organist4 ,you cannot reasonably pretend that the musical talent1 genius1 and skill of an organist increase and decrease with the number and quality of the pipes which happen to be in the organ4 ,all you can say is that the musical talent of the organist will have a better chance of a favorable show with a rich rather than with a poor instrument4 ,the organ1 therefore1 is not the measure of the ability of the organist1 and the brain is not the measure of the thinking power4 ,hence from the fact that the mental capacity of man is enlarged1 as you say1 in proportion to the material growth of his brain1 we have no right to conclude that the thinking principle1 the soul1 grows with the brain2 the right conclusion is that the soul1 being in possession of a better instrument1 finds itself in better conditions for the exercise of its intrinsic power4 ,the organ is improved and the music is better2 but the organist is the same4 ,secondly1 brain and mind are at present necessarily connected4 ,does it follow that therefore the soul cannot have a separate existence8 ,by no means4 ,if this conclusion were logical1 you might on the same ground affirm also that the body cannot have a separate existence2 for the body is as necessarily connected with the soul as the soul is with the body4 ,the reason why your conclusion cannot hold is that the connection of body and soul is necessary only inasmuch as both are indispensable for the constitution of the human nature4 ,but the human nature is not immortal2 the soul must quit the body when the organism becomes unfit for the operations of animal life2 and therefore the connection of the soul with the body is not absolutely1 but only hypothetically1 necessary4 ,the soul has its own existence distinct from the existence of the body1 for the soul is a substance no less than the body2 and therefore it is no less competent to have a separate existence4 ,you deny1 ,i know1 that the soul is a substance distinct from the body2 but what is the weight of such a denial8 ,what you speculatively deny in your book1 you practically admit in the secret of your conscience whenever you say ,i am4 ,it is not the body that says ,i2 it is the soul3 and it is not an accident that perceives self2 it is a substance4 ,thirdly1 the vital power of man1 as you say1 can manifest its activity only by means of its material organs4 ,this is true2 for1 so long as the soul is in the body1 it must work together with it1 according to the axiom1 8,every agent acts according as it is in act40 ,but does the work of the vital power in the material organs warrant your conclusion that the soul needs to be supported by a material substratum8 ,quite the contrary4 ,for1 what needs a material substratum is an accident1 and no accident is active2 and therefore the vital power1 whose activity is manifested in the material organs1 is no accident1 and therefore needs no material substratum1 and1 while existing in the material organs1 exists no less in itself4 ,had you considered that the soul1 which manifests its activity by means of its material organs1 exercises the same activity within itself also1 you would have easily discovered that the soul has a being independent of its material organs1 and that these organs are the organs of sensibility1 not of intelligence4 ,but ,i am not going to make a dissertation on the soul1 as my object is only to show the inconclusiveness of your reasoning4 ,your chapter on 8,brain and ,soul10 with its twentyeight pages of medical and physiological erudition1 offers no proof of your assumption beyond the three sophisms ,i have refuted4 ,all the rest consists of facts which have not the least bearing on the question4 8,the whole science of man10 as you say1 8is a continuous proof in favor of the connection of brain and mind40 ,this is what your facts demonstrate2 but your object was to show that 8the soul is a product of the development of the brain02 and this your facts do not demonstrate1 as is evident from your need of resorting to fallacies to make them lie to truth4 ,it is on the strength of such fallacies that you make bold to despise your opponents1 forgetting all your shortcomings1 and committing a new blunder in the very act of assailing the spiritualistic philosophers4 ,according to you1 8the whole science of man is a continuous proof in favor of the connection of brain and mind2 and all the verbiage of philosophical psychologists in regard to the separate existence of the soul and its independence of its material organ is without the least value in opposition to the power of facts40 ,you should be ashamed1 doctor1 of this style of reasoning4 ,bchner4 ,why1 if you please8 ,reader4 ,because1 first1 the connection of brain and mind1 as proved by 8the whole science of man10 does not authorize you to deny the separate existence of the soul and its substantial independence of the material organs4 ,secondly1 because to call 8verbiage0 those reasonings which all the great men of all times have1 after careful scrutiny1 considered as unanswerable1 to which they gave their fullest assent1 and against which you are incapable of advancing a single argument which has not already been answered by philosophers1 is on your part an implicit confession of philosophical ignorance4 ,thirdly1 because it is extremely mean to proclaim your own victory1 while you have carefully avoided the combat4 ,you have1 in fact1 prudently dissembled all the reasons by which the substantiality and spirituality of the human soul are usually proved in psychology2 and1 to give yourself the appearance of a champion1 you have set up a few ridiculous sophisms--as1 8the material simplicity of the organs of thought0 7p4 #abe7--to figure as philosophical objections1 which they have never been1 and never will be2 thus reminding us of the great ,don ,quixote fighting against the windmill4 ,fourthly1 because1 while boasting of the support which some physiological facts seem to lend to your materialistic theory1 you have entirely ignored all those other facts of the intellectual life which were calculated to expose your sophistry and overthrow your conclusions4 ,this is dishonest1 doctor2 for you cannot plead ignorance in excuse4 ,bchner4 ,we proceed from opposite principles1 sir2 hence we must disagree in our conclusions4 ,it is a law 8that mind and brain necessarily determine each other1 and that they stand to each other in inseparable causal relations0 7p4 #aci74 ,reader4 ,this goes against you2 for1 if the mind determines the brain1 the mind must be a special substance4 ,bchner4 8,as there is no bile without liver1 no urine without kidneys1 so is there no thought with out a brain4 ,mental activity is a function of the cerebral substance4 ,this truth is simple1 clear1 easily supported by facts1 and indisputable0 7ibid47 ,reader4 ,oh6 oh6 have you forgotten my previous answer8 ,so long as matter remains inert1 it is vain to pretend that matter is the thinking principle4 ,bchner4 8,matter is not dead1 unquickened1 and lifeless1 but1 on the contrary1 full of the most stirring life0 7p4 xcix47 ,reader4 ,a great discovery6--if true4 ,bchner4 8,not an atom of it is without motion1 but in constant uninterrupted movement and activity4 ,nor is matter gross1 as simple philosophers often call it1 but1 on the contrary1 so infinitely fine and complicated in its composition as to surpass all our conceptions4 ,nor is it worthless or vile1 but rather the most precious thing we know of2 it is not without feeling1 but is full of the most acute sensibility in the creatures it brings forth2 nor1 lastly1 is it devoid of spirit or thought1 but1 on the contrary1 develops in the organs destined thereto by the peculiar kind and delicacy of their composition the highest mental potencies known to us4 ,what we call life1 sensibility1 organization1 and thought1 are only the peculiar and higher tendencies and activities of matter1 acquired in the course of many millions of years by wellknown natural processes1 and which in certain organisms or combinations result in the selfconsciousness of matter4 ,wherefore matter is not unconscious1 as is often proclaimed0 7pp4 xcix41 c47 ,reader4 ,enough6 enough of such nonsense4 ,do not ruin what little reputation you still enjoy as a scientific man4 ,what will the world say when it discovers that you know nothing about the inertia of matter1 which is the basis of physics and mechanics8 or when it hears that you confound movement with activity1 and activity with life8 ,every one knows that life implies movement1 because the more perfect implies the less perfect2 but who ever heard that mechanical movement implies life8 ,is a stone living because it falls to the ground8 ,again1 how would any one who is not an idiot consider the matter on which we tread 8the most precious thing we know of08 ,would you sell your honor for a cup of coffee and a pound of sugar8 ,that matter is not without feeling1 not without spirit1 and not without thought1 is a demonstrated blunder1 of which ,i need not repeat the refutation4 ,but who can hear without merriment that sensibility1 organization1 and thought are 8tendencies0 of matter8 and that they have been acquired by matter 8in the course of many millions of years08 and that this acquisition was brought about 8by wellknown natural processes08 ,i repeat1 doctor1 that such trash will ruin your reputation4 ,buffoons and charlatans may be allowed to indulge in any amount of absurdities2 but a doctor has not the same privilege4 ,hence it is not safe for you to speak of wellknown processes1 by which matter becomes 8conscious0 of itself1 when the whole scientific world knows nothing of such processes1 and may challenge you to substantiate your foolish assertion4 ,i will tell you what is really well known4 ,it is what a celebrated writer teaches about the immateriality of the soul4 8,there is nothing10 he says1 8in this lower world that can account for the origin of our souls2 for there is nothing in our souls which admits of mixture or composition1 nothing which arises from the earth or is made of it1 nothing which partakes of the nature of air1 or water1 or fire4 ,for nothing is to be found in these natural things which has the power of remembering1 of understanding1 or of thinking--nothing which can hold the past1 forecast the future1 or embrace the present4 ,the power of doing this is divine1 and its possession by man can never be accounted for1 unless we admit that it is derived from ,god himself4 ,accordingly1 the soul is a distinct nature1 and has nothing common with the material things with which we are acquainted407#bc7 ,what do you think of this passage8 ,bchner4 ,it smacks of ultramontanism4 ,reader4 ,just so6 ,bravo6 ,marcus ,tullius ,cicero an ultramontane66 ,to ,be ,continued4 ,a ,legend ,of ,alsace4 ,from ,the ,french ,of ,m4 ,le ,vicomte ,de ,bussierre4 8,i do love these ancient ruins4 ,we never tread upon them but we set ,our foot upon some reverend history40 --,webster's ,duchess of ,malfy4 ,i4 ,six leagues from ,strasbourg a high mountain1 pyramidal in form1 rises abruptly over the chain of the ,vosges4 ,on its summit are some antique churches and chapels and an old convent4 ,the fertile country at its foot is peopled by a great number of smiling villages and several small towns4 ,its sides are covered with fine forests1 in the midst of which may be seen the ruined walls of old monasteries1 the crenellated and picturesque towers of several medival castles1 and the dbris of an ancient wall of pagan times4 ,this mountain1 called in ancient times ,altitona or ,hohenbourg1 was once the principal bulwark of ,alsace4 ,in the ,v,i,ith century it received the name of ,mount ,st4 ,odile1 and became a celebrated resort for pilgrims4 ,a shady pathway1 and not of difficult ascent1 leads to the top of ,mount ,st4 ,odile1 which commands a view as remarkable for extent as for interest and variety4 ,the whole of ,alsace1 and a large part of the ,grand ,duchy of ,baden1 are spread out at the feet of the spectator2 bounded on one side by the jagged chain of the ,black ,forest1 whose blue outlines are seen on the horizon1 and on the other by the ,vosges1 which are rounder and more pleasing to the eye4 ,a dense forest of pines covers the ,vosges1 and on all sides1 even on the highest crests1 may be seen the ruins of old feudal castles which hundreds of years ago played their rle in the history of the province4 ,the ,rhine passes through the middle of this magnificent valley4 ,on each shore are forests1 vineyards1 meadows1 and admirably cultivated fields4 ,a line of dazzling brightness marks the sinuous course of the river1 which1 sometimes dividing1 forms a great number of verdant isles4 ,the dense population of the country around gives an idea of its richness and fertility4 ,orchards surround the villages2 rustic churches1 covered with deephued tiles1 rise up from the smiling groves2 more imposing belfries mark the towns1 and the magnificent spire of ,strasbourg points out1 through the transparent vapor1 the old capital of the province4 ,the whole plain is furrowed by fine roads in every direction1 which1 bordered by walnuttrees1 form an immense network of verdure4 ,towards the north the valley of the ,rhine is lost in the vapory distance2 on the south the ,vosges blend with the ,jura mountains2 and in perfectly clear weather the glaciers of ,switzerland may be seen at sunset1 like gilded clouds on the horizon4 ,this landscape is superb at all times1 but is particularly beautiful on a ,sunday morning in springtime4 ,a fresh verdure then covers the earth1 and the fruittrees1 all in bloom1 give the whole of ,alsace a parure de fte4 ,the faroff sound of the bells ringing in every direction to call the people to prayer1 and the varied sounds of the plain brought up by the wind1 mingle with the mysterious voices of nature1 penetrating the soul with a subduing and profound sentiment1 and filling it with ineffable peace4 ,such is the aspect of the region where took place most of the facts ,i am about to relate4 ,but1 before speaking of the development of the monastic orders in ,alsace1 and of the convent of ,hohenbourg and its illustrious foundress in particular1 ,i will briefly relate the details that have been preserved respecting the introduction of ,christianity into the province of which we are speaking4 ,tradition attributes the origin of the ,alsacian churches to the immediate successors of the apostles2 but others date the ,mission of ,s4 ,materne 7and his companions ,euchaire and ,valre7 among the ,triboci and the ,nemetes1 and that of ,s4 ,clement among the ,mediomatrici1 only from the end of the ,i,i,id century or the beginning of the ,i,vth4 ,they were the real apostles of the valley of the ,rhine4 ,some think they were called the disciples of ,s4 ,peter merely to show that they were sent by his successors1 and that their teachings were in conformity with those of the head of the church47#bd7 ,however this may be1 there is no doubt that ,s4 ,materne founded the first ,christian churches of ,alsace upon the ruins of old pagan temples in the forests of ,novient and in the towns of ,helvetia and ,argentorat4 ,shortly after the conversion of ,constantine1 the ,holy ,see sent ,amandus and ,jesse1 the first as bishop of ,argentoratum 7,strasbourg7 and the other of ,augusta ,nemetum 7,speyer71 of which city ,constantius ,chlorus is considered the restorer or founder4 ,among the eightyfour bishops assembled at the ,council of ,cologne in the year #cdf1 the names of ,jesse of the ,nemetes and ,amandus of ,argentoratum are found4 ,s4 ,amandus1 the first known pastor of ,strasbourg1 is at the head of a long line of bishops who have given an example of true holiness1 and who have a claim on the admiration and gratitude of posterity4 ,but almost immediately after the death of ,constantine the ,great the spread of the ,christian religion in ,alsace was arrested1 partly owing to the rulers1 and partly to the bloody wars of which the ,rhine valley was the theatre1 especially the invasion of ,atilla1 who either massacred the bishops or carried them off with their flocks4 ,this caused a vacancy in the ,see of ,strasbourg for many years4 ,it passed under the spiritual jurisdiction of ,metz till #eaj1 when the see was reestablished4 ,the great victory of ,clovis over the ,germans1 and his baptism1 gave rise to a new epoch in the history of ,alsace and in the spread of ,christianity4 ,argentoratum1 which had been devastated by the barbarians1 was restored by ,clovis and resumed its importance4 ,the kings of the ,franks built a palace there which they often occupied4 ,clovis reestablished the episcopal see at the beginning of the ,v,ith century1 and laid the foundations of the cathedral in #eaj4 ,from his time the ,christian religion spread more rapidly in the province1 and was soon professed by the whole country4 ,,ii4 ,alsace shared in the development of monastic orders throughout ,western ,europe4 ,in the ,v,i,ith and ,v,i,i,ith centuries a great number of convents and pious retreats were erected in that province4 ,the epoch of the early martyrs was past1 but other martyrs succeeded them1 separating themselves joyfully from the world and imposing on themselves the greatest privations4 ,that was the time of wonderful legends and acts of personal renunciation4 ,the life of ,s4 ,odile is a complete picture of that epoch4 ,in relating it ,i shall endeavor to preserve the nave and pious simplicity of the chronicles from which it is derived1 and which are the faithful expression of the spirit of the times1 and of the character and manners of the people4 ,erchinald1 son of ,ega1 and majordomo of the king1 was1 say the old historians1 one of the noblest as well as most powerful lords of the time of ,dagobert ,i4 ,leudet1 or ,leutrich1 son of ,erchinald1 married ,hultrude1 a princess of the royal race of ,burgundy4 ,their son1 ,adalric1 was the father of ,s4 ,odile and the progenitor of some of the most illustrious houses of ,europe4 ,adalric married ,berswinde1 the niece1 through her mother1 of ,s4 ,lger1 ,bishop of ,autun1 who suffered martyrdom in #fhe4 ,bilibilde1 ,berswinde's sister1 or1 as some say1 her aunt1 ascended the throne of ,ostrasia by her marriage with ,childeric ,,ii4 ,the king1 united to ,adalric by the tie of friendship as well as of relationship1 invested him with the duchy of ,alsace at the death of ,duke ,boniface4 ,adalric established his residence at ,oberehnheim1 a town at the foot of ,mount ,altitona4 ,few men have been depicted in such various colors as ,adalric4 ,many ancient writers represent him as a ferocious1 cruel1 and overbearing lord4 ,other chroniclers1 on the contrary1 proclaim him as generous as he was just and humane4 ,the opinion of ,f4 ,hugo ,peltre appears to be the most correct1 and it is confirmed by the different traits of the prince which have come to our knowledge4 ,he says ,adalric was a man upright and sincere1 but tenacious in his designs4 ,he showed himself to be a sincere ,christian1 and in spite of his rank sought no pretext for dispensation from the duties which his religion imposed upon him1 but he had not entirely laid aside the barbarous manners of his time4 ,berswinde1 whose rank equalled that of her husband1 is represented by all the authors of the life of ,s4 ,odile as one of the most accomplished women of her day4 ,they say her heart was filled with charity and the fear of ,god4 ,the deference accorded to her rank did not affect her piety or fill her with pride4 ,she was a perfect model of ,christian humility4 ,she made use of her wealth to do good4 ,prosperity inspired her with tender gratitude towards ,him who is the source of every blessing4 ,every day she was in the habit of retiring for several hours to the most secluded part of the palace1 for the purpose of prayer and meditation4 ,adalric and ,berswinde both longed for a more retired residence1 where they could pass a part of the year away from the bustle of the town and the fatigue of business4 ,the duke ordered his followers to explore the neighboring forests to find a suitable spot for a castle and a church4 ,they soon informed him that the summit of ,mt4 ,altitona1 which rose above ,oberehnheim1 was covered with the dbris of ancient buildings which could be made use of in the construction of a vast and magnificent residence4 ,adalric wished to ascertain by personal observation the correctness of this report1 and1 after an hour and a half's march1 he reached the place mentioned4 ,it was a great esplanade1 in a wild but imposing situation1 surrounded by very high walls of enormous stones rudely put together1 evidently by the most ancient inhabitants of the province4 ,gigantic pines and old oaks had grown up with wonderful luxuriance among these old ruins4 ,but the buildings that covered the esplanade had by no means fallen entirely to ruin1 as his followers had reported4 ,they were partly ruined1 to be sure1 but a chteau and an elegant rotunda1 both of the ,roman style1 still remained entire47#be7 ,the duke1 charmed with the beauty of the place1 immediately knelt down and thanked ,god aloud for having directed him to this spot4 ,then returning at once to ,oberehnheim he despatched that very same day a large number of workmen to the mountain of ,hohenbourg to commence the work4 ,adalric1 changing his original intention of building a large church1 had the antique rotunda magnificently repaired4 ,it was then consecrated by ,s4 ,lger1 ,bishop of ,autun1 and dedicated to the holy ,patrons of ,alsace4 ,a new chapel erected in honor of the ,apostles ,peter and ,paul1 the holy protectors of ,oberehnheim1 was likewise consecrated by the holy bishop and endowed by ,adalric4 ,the walls of enclosure were likewise repaired1 as well as the old chteau1 in which the duke and duchess habitually passed the summer months4 ,,iii4 ,though the wealth and power of ,adalric had increased from year to year till he was invested with the hereditary fief of the vast duchy of ,alsace1 yet one blessing was denied him4 ,he had no heir to whom he could transmit his wealth and title1 and this profoundly afflicted him4 ,berswinde1 too1 sympathized in his disappointment1 for it is especially natural for the great and powerful to wish to perpetuate their name and race4 ,they both did all that devotion and confidence in ,god inspire holy souls to do4 ,they had recourse to fasts1 pilgrimages1 and generous alms4 ,often prostrate together at the foot of the altar they shed floods of tears1 and besought the ,lord to hear their ardent prayer4 ,at length1 after some years of married life 7in the year #feg1 or1 as some say1 #ffa71 ,berswinde gave birth--not to the prince so ardently longed for and whose advent was anticipated with the joy and prayers of the whole province--but to a little blind girl4444 ,adalric's happiness gave place to a profound despair1 and the paternal love he had felt in advance for his child was changed into violent hatred4 ,he broke forth into bitter plaints4 8,god is angry with us10 said he1 8and wishes to punish us for some grave transgression2 for he has overwhelmed us with an opprobrium without precedent among those of my race1 and which would forever tarnish the glory of my house1 should the birth of this child be known40 ,berswinde replied3 8,beware1 my lord1 of abandoning yourself to anger and despair4 ,remember that when the disciples of our ,saviour questioned him respecting the man who was blind from his birth1 he said to them3 #8,neither hath this man sinned1 nor his parents2 but that the works of ,god should be made manifest in him4' ,let us not murmur1 then1 against the decrees of the ,almighty4 ,until now he hath loaded us with benefits4 ,let us bless his holy name in affliction as well as in joy40 ,this mild and wise reply gave ,adalric no consolation4 ,the unfortunate duchess only succeeded in calming his excitement by consenting to keep the birth of her daughter a secret1 to have her reared away from home1 and never to mention her before her husband4 ,the duke thought he was satisfying the law of nature by permitting the child to live1 and1 acting according to the requirements of his rank and his honor1 in condemning her to vegetate in obscurity and poverty4 ,he had it proclaimed1 at the sound of the trumpet1 in the town of ,oberehnheim that the duchess had given birth to a stillborn child4 ,but ,berswinde1 remembering that one of her former attendants1 upon whose attachment she could rely1 was married and now living in the borough of ,scherwiller1 sent for her secretly4 ,she came at once1 and1 finding her mistress profoundly afflicted and shedding bitter tears1 pledged herself to bring up the child4 ,berswinde's courage revived at this1 and1 kissing the babe1 she placed it herself in the arms of her faithful follower1 commending it to her 8dear ,saviour the ,lord ,jesus1 and to the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary40 ,the nurse carried the child away1 but in spite of ,adalric's care to conceal from his subjects the birth of the princess--in spite of the oblivion in which its second mother sought to bury its existence1 it was almost impossible to prevent such a secret from transpiring in time4 ,five or six months had hardly elapsed when it was reported throughout the country that there was a blind child of unknown origin at ,scherwiller1 which evidently belonged to people of high rank1 judging from the care it received4 ,some one recalled that the woman who took care of this mysterious child was formerly in ,berswinde's service1 and noticed that its age coincided with the time of the duchess' illness4 ,the nurse lent an attentive ear to this gossip1 and did not fail to report it to ,berswinde4 ,the latter1 fearing the report might reach ,adalric's ears1 ordered her old attendant to leave her home at once1 and repair to the ,convent of ,baume in ,franche ,comt1 a few leagues from ,besanon1 where the child would be readily received and brought up4 ,berswinde had two motives for preferring this monastery to all other places of safety3 she hoped its distance would ensure the child's safety1 and the abbess was the sister of the duchess' mother4 ,the ,abbey of ,baume was not then under any particular rule27#bf7 but prayer1 reading1 the chanting of the ,psalms1 the observance of the evangelical counsels1 the mortification of the senses1 and manual labor1 continually occupied the humble recluses who lived there4 ,the young exile arrived safely at this peaceful asylum4 ,she lived there tranquilly1 far from the tumult of the world1 and received an education fitted for developing the treasures of grace with which her soul was enriched4 ,her destiny was evident almost from her cradle4 ,the names consecrated by religion were the first to strike her ears and for her tongue to utter1 and her first language was that of prayer4 ,her pious aunt1 and all who surrounded her1 only spoke to her of holy things1 to which she lent a surprising attention1 as if interiorly enlightened respecting divine truths4 ,her mind was precocious and clear1 and her memory extraordinary4 ,she understood the duties of a ,christian better at the age of four or five than many grownup persons4 ,it was thus1 away from the world1 that the daughter of ,adalric became from childhood the model of piety1 drawing pure instructions1 as from an inexhaustible source1 from the noble superior of ,baume4 ,,iv4 ,while these things were taking place in ,franche ,comt1 ,deodatus1 ,bishop of ,nevers1 and son of ,s4 ,hunna1 arrived in ,alsace to preach the ,gospel and join the hermits who officiated at ,novient 7,ebersheim,mnster71 the most ancient church of the province1 and founded by ,s4 ,materne4 ,the preaching of ,deodatus drew an immense audience1 among whom ,adalric and ,berswinde were the most assiduous4 ,the duke1 desirous of giving a public testimony of the benefit he had derived from the holy bishop's sermons1 resolved to build at ,novient a convent and church in honor of ,,ss4 ,peter and ,paul1 and endow them with ample revenues4 ,he begged ,deodatus to superintend the construction of the new buildings4 ,the work was commenced at once4 ,adalric refused nothing necessary for its completion1 and ,deodatus1 wishing the church to be very solid1 used in its construction the dbris of an old pagan temple in a neighboring forest1 which he razed to the ground4 ,s4 ,materne had long before overthrown the idols47#bg7 ,when the church was finished1 ,deodatus and ,adalric convoked1 not only the ,alsacian clergy1 but a great number beyond the ,vosges1 that the pomp of the ceremony of consecration might equal the grandeur of the solemnity4 ,the duke and duchess came from ,hohenbourg with a great retinue4 ,the duchess brought rich ornaments for the altar1 and sacerdotal vestments which she had partly wrought with her own hands4 ,after the consecration the duke gave ,s4 ,deodatus a sealed document conferring a great number of farms on the new cloister1 for the support of the ,benedictine monks who were to inhabit it and vow themselves to the worship of the ,almighty47#bh7 ,these events happened about the year #fff4 ,the franchises of ,ebersheim ,mnster were afterwards confirmed by ,charlemagne47#bi7 ,but let us return to the blind girl of the ,convent of ,baume1 who was destined by heaven to be the greatest glory of her race4 ,cut off from the world by her infirmity and by her position1 her life was one long prayer--one long act of adoration4 ,nevertheless she was twelve or thirteen years old before she was baptized1 as all the most reliable chroniclers declare4 ,it was then1 as now1 the custom to baptize children shortly after their birth1 and it is not to be supposed that ,berswinde would neglect the precepts of the church1 or be more solicitous for the temporal welfare of her child than for her eternal salvation4 ,it is probable that the ceremony1 being private in consequence of ,adalric's anger1 consisted only in the application of water1 or that there was some grave omission rendering the baptism null4 ,however this may be1 it was in the designs of ,providence1 as one of the old chroniclers says1 that things should happen thus in order that a miracle might mark the solemn admission of the young princess into the ,christian fold4 ,in those days1 adds our historian1 there lived in ,bavaria a holy bishop named ,erhard1 on whom rested the divine blessing4 ,this prelate had a vision in which he was commanded to go at once to the ,convent of ,baume4 ,a voice said to him3 8,thou wilt find a young servant of the ,lord1 whom thou shalt baptize and give the name of ,odile4 ,at the moment of baptism her eyes1 which hitherto have been closed1 shall open to the light40 ,s4 ,erhard did not delay obeying this order1 but1 instead of taking the most direct route to ,franche ,comt1 he passed over the steep mountains of ,alsace and ,lorraine1 that he might see his brother ,hidulphe1 of high repute in the ,christian world1 who had voluntarily resigned the dignity of ,archbishop of ,treves to retire into the wilderness and found the ,abbey of ,moyenmoutier1 where he might end his days in solitude and prayer4 ,erhard wished his brother to accompany him in his mission4 ,an ancient tradition relates that1 when the two brothers met1 they flew into each other's arms1 and during their long embrace their souls held an intimate and mysterious communion which made words unnecessary4 ,hidulphe immediately prepared to follow ,erhard1 that he might witness the miracle about to be wrought by his means4 ,when the two holy pilgrims arrived at ,baume1 they asked to see the blind girl1 and1 on beholding her1 they both exclaimed1 as if animated by one spirit3 8,o ,lord ,jesus6 who art the true light that enlightenest every man who cometh into the world1 let thy mercy be diffused1 like a beneficent dew1 upon this thy young handmaiden1 and grant sight to the eyes of her body1 as well as light to her soul60 ,proceeding then to examine the catechumen1 they found her thoroughly instructed in all the dogmas of the ,christian religion1 and were edified by the intelligence and piety manifested in her replies4 ,the ceremony of baptism took place a few days after4 ,all the inmates of the abbey assembled in the church1 and ,s4 ,hidulphe presented the young girl at the font4 ,erhard1 having said the prescribed prayers1 proceeded to anoint her eyes with the holy chrism1 saying3 8,henceforth let the eyes of thy body1 as well as those of thy soul1 be enlightened1 in the name of ,jesus ,christ our ,lord40 ,the nuns1 kneeling around the church1 awaited in profound silence and prayer the operation of the miracle1 and their expectation was not vain2 for1 the moment ,erhard ceased speaking1 the child's eyelids unclosed1 her large blue eyes opened to the light1 and her first look1 which displayed the purity of her soul1 was directed heavenward1 as if to thank the ,almighty for the favor he had accorded her4 ,all the witnesses praised ,god aloud4 ,erhard gave the princess the name of ,odile1 as he had been commanded4 ,then1 turning towards the assembly1 he recalled to their minds that there is no instance recorded until the time of ,christ of the opening of the eyes of one born blind4 8,the miracle you have just witnessed10 added he1 8is likewise the work of our beneficent ,saviour4 ,beware of imitating the ,jews1 whose hearts closed more and more1 though they saw the wonderful deeds ,christ wrought before them1 that they might be converted4 ,god has permitted you to behold the wonderful event that has just happened1 in order that your spiritual eyes may also be opened1 and you may be the better disposed to serve the ,divine ,master1 who protects his servants in so extraordinary a manner1 and permits hardened sinners to be cast forth into eternal darkness60 ,then1 having blessed a veil1 the prelate placed it on ,odile's head1 giving her at the same time a golden cassette containing precious relics1 and predicting that ,heaven reserved still greater favors for her if she carefully preserved the treasures of grace she had already received4 ,hidulphe and ,erhard left ,baume as soon as their mission was accomplished2 but before their departure they recommended the abbess and her companions to watch the unfolding of the rare flower which grew in their peaceful cloister4 ,then1 giving a last benediction to ,odile1 ,erhard said to her3 8,o my dear daughter6 may we hereafter1 through the mercy of ,almighty ,god1 be reunited in the kingdom of heaven1 and taste the joys to which we are all called60 ,v4 ,the two brothers1 having learned the secret of ,odile's birth1 decided to inform ,adalric of her miraculous cure1 hoping to awaken in his heart the feeling of paternal love4 ,the retreat in which ,hidulphe lived being only a few hours' distance from ,hohenbourg1 he was entrusted with the commission to the ,duke of ,alsace1 and ,erhard returned directly to his diocese1 where the miraculous cure of ,odile soon became known1 and contributed greatly to the propagation of the faith4 ,meanwhile1 ,hidulphe repaired to ,oberehnheim1 and1 as he possessed in the highest degree the power of influencing men's hearts1 and his words generally made a profound impression on high and low1 he flattered himself that1 in informing the duke of what had just happened at ,baume1 his feelings towards the young exile would be immediately changed4 ,but the affection of ,adalric was fastened on other objects4 ,notwithstanding the gravity of his fault1 the blessing of ,heaven continued to rest on his house4 ,after sending away the poor blind child in anger and disdain1 the duchess had borne him in succession four sons and a daughter named ,roswinde1 who by their sanctity became the ornaments of the church and of their country4 ,from them sprang most of the royal families of ,europe4 ,the duke refused to send for ,odile4 ,perhaps1 without owning it to himself1 he experienced a certain fear of one so miraculously healed1 and whom he had so unjustly banished4 ,nevertheless1 he was not entirely insensible to the news1 and1 wishing to testify his gratitude to ,hidulphe1 he gave him the lands of ,feldkirch for his abbey of ,moyenmoutier4 ,odile1 then1 continued after her baptism to live in the ,convent of ,baume4 ,her devotion1 her indifference to the things of this world1 and her profound recollection inspired a sentiment of respect among the virgins with whom she lived4 ,with a grave and elevated mind1 fervent piety1 and an active charity1 she possessed uncommon beauty17#cj7 and a childlike simplicity marked with all the grace of her age4 ,not one of the recluses of the monastery subjected herself to greater austerities than ,odile4 ,her fervor was particularly manifest during the solemn days in which the church celebrates the great mystery of the ,redemption4 ,her countenance and her tears testified to the love with which her heart was filled4 ,it was evident that1 at her first essay1 her pure young soul had soared heavenward with the swiftness of a dove on the wing4 ,but she was to experience the trials of life4 ,the nurse1 for whom she had an affection truly filial1 and who had sundered her family ties to be near ,odile1 fell dangerously ill at ,baume4 ,her sufferings lasted several months4 ,doubtless ,god ordained it to be so1 say the ancient chronicles1 that she might satisfy in this world the eternal justice1 and that ,odile's gratitude1 generosity1 and charity might be displayed4 ,with the sanction of the superior1 she only left the bedside of the guardian of her infancy to attend service at the chapel4 ,she was at once servant1 nurse1 and1 above all1 comforter4 ,she inspired her patient with courage1 so that she humbly offered up her sufferings to our ,lord1 and awaited with joy and hope the hour of her departure4 ,when the hour of deliverance appointed by ,providence came1 having received the last sacraments1 she died peacefully in the arms of ,odile1 who closed her eyes and buried her4 ,,vi4 ,in spite of her cruel exile1 ,odile had for a long time felt an ardent desire to behold her parents1 at least once1 and this feeling became stronger after the death of her nurse1 the only tie that recalled her native land4 ,she did not dream of being restored to her rank1 or of exchanging her peaceful life for the bustle of her father's court4 ,she only wished to testify her love for her parents1 and to be loved by them4 ,she had been told that ,count ,hugo was the most noble of ,adalric's four sons4 ,he was universally considered the handsomest and most accomplished prince of his time4 ,his illustrious birth was his least recommendation3 he was prudent and generous1 and animated by that lofty courage and goodness of heart so becoming to youth4 ,odile wrote to him1 entrusting the letter1 carefully wrapped in a piece of scarlet stuff1 to a pilgrim4 ,hugo1 charmed with the letter and1 unlike most of the nobility of that time1 knowing how to write1 henceforth kept up a frequent correspondence with her4 ,odile often gave him serious advice1 which he received with tender gratitude4 ,finding him well disposed1 she decided to open her heart to him4 ,hugo joyfully hastened to intercede for his sister1 begging his father to banish no longer a daughter whose virtues would reflect so much honor on his house4 ,but the duke1 with his inflexible pride1 assumed a severe expression1 and1 in spite of his partiality for ,hugo1 told him he had particular motives1 for which he was accountable to no one1 for requiring ,odile to remain at ,baume4 ,he also forbade his son ever making a like request4 ,the young man was profoundly afflicted4 ,impelled by his ardent love for his sister1 and believing her sweet presence would justify him in his father's eyes1 he immediately despatched horses and everything necessary for such a journey1 telling his sister to set off immediately4 ,full of confidence in ,hugo1 and sure that her father had consented to her return1 she left ,baume4 ,it was a sad and painful leavetaking1 but she consoled her aunt and the nuns by promising to return and end her days among them4 ,but ,heaven otherwise decreed4 ,odile had hardly left the monastery when she began to reproach herself for too strong a desire to return to her family1 and for the eagerness with which she looked forward to a taste of earthly happiness4 ,she remembered that he to whom she wished to consecrate her life is a jealous ,god1 who wishes his servants1 instead of clinging to human creatures1 to consider them as instruments of perfection4 ,she shed many and bitter tears1 but1 according to her custom1 she had recourse to prayer1 which assuaged the trouble of her conscience and restored a sweet serenity and trust to her soul4 ,protected by holy angels1 she arrived safely at the foot of the mountain on which rose the new castle of ,hohenbourg4 ,adalric was conversing with his sons when he perceived a company of armed men accompanying a vehicle that was slowly ascending the acclivity4 ,he inquired who the strangers were4 8,it is my sister ,odile10 replied ,hugo joyfully4 8,and who dared bring her here without my orders80 cried the duke in an angry tone4 ,the youth saw the truth must be acknowledged1 and1 bending his knee before his father1 he said3 8,it was ,i1 my lord4 ,impelled by my ardent love for her1 ,i wrote her she could come4 ,i am guilty through excessive affection4 ,punish me alone1 if you will not forgive1 for she is innocent40 ,hugo1 relying too much on his father's partiality1 thought he should escape with only a few sharp words2 but ,adalric1 inflamed with rage1 raised the staff he held in his hand1 and inflicted such a blow on his son that he fell senseless at his feet4 ,ashamed and sorry for his rashness1 the duke raised him1 and ordered that his bruises should be cared for4 ,adalric's anger had passed away when ,odile arrived at the top of the mountain4 ,kneeling1 she lifted towards him the eyes once closed to the light4 ,the duke1 recalling the miracle wrought in her behalf1 felt1 for the first time1 an impulse of affection1 and1 raising her in a kind manner1 he bade his sons to welcome her affectionately4 ,at that instant ,berswinde and her daughter ,roswinde came running out4 ,the duchess kissed1 with many tears1 ,odile's eyes1 acknowledging that ,god had suffered her child to be born blind that he might at a later day manifest his power by repeating the miracle of the gospel4 ,our saint was then conducted to the chapel4 ,there1 humbly prostrate1 she thanked ,god for protecting her in her journey and reuniting her to her family4 ,,vii4 ,although ,adalric's aversion to ,odile was lessened1 and he showed her some kindness at her arrival1 he was far from feeling the same love for her as for the rest of his children4 ,he assigned her a retired part of the castle1 and gave her as a companion a holy maiden from ,great ,britain who was vowed to the service of ,god4 ,he never admitted her to his presence1 and only allowed her the portion of a servant for her subsistence4 ,our saint1 overlooking this unjust treatment1 led at ,hohenbourg a life as simple and retired as at the ,convent of ,baume1 often finding means1 by really depriving herself of the necessaries of life1 of aiding the needy4 ,it was not long before her father awoke to better feelings4 ,crossing a court of the castle1 one day1 he met ,odile carrying a covered dish4 ,laying aside his usual coldness1 he said mildly3 8,where are you going1 my child80 8,my lord10 replied she1 8,i am going to cook a little oatmeal for some poor sick people40 ,these words1 timidly uttered1 touched the duke4 ,he looked tenderly at his daughter1 whose love and sweetness were unchanged by his treatment1 and exclaimed1 with tears in his eyes3 8,be not afflicted1 my dearest child1 at having hitherto led a life of privation4 ,it shall not be so hereafter40 ,in fact1 from that moment the relations of ,odile and her father were changed4 ,he began to treat her with marked favor1 as if to pay the long arrear of paternal love2 but she1 who was not cast down by misfortune1 showed herself unelated by prosperity4 ,disdaining the pleasures now at her command1 she continued to devote her whole life to ,god4 ,her days and nights were passed in prayer and good works4 ,her example produced such an effect that it was imitated by the rest of the family4 ,her sister ,roswinde renounced the pleasures of the world to bear the cross of our ,lord4 ,the manners of her father and brothers were softened1 and they endeavored to practise the ,christian virtues4 ,even the servants of the castle began to live devoutly4 ,she gained all hearts4 ,she was such a friend to the poor and unfortunate that ,hohenbourg soon became their refuge4 8,our dear saint10 for such is the name the old historians of ,alsace give her1 was not satisfied with bestowing on them kind words4 ,she gave them all the money and clothing she possessed4 ,she often endured hunger and refused food that she might aid the sick still more4 ,every day she descended the steep mountainpath to seek those who were unable to reach the castle1 and encourage them with her pious counsels4 ,her zeal in their behalf was unbounded4 ,she performed the most revolting offices with her own hands4 ,the unhappy regarded her not only as a benefactress1 but as a friend to whom they could open their hearts and consciences4 ,the duke and duchess soon became so fond of her that if any one wished a special favor they begged it through her4 ,adalric's repentance for his past injustice exceeded the anger he felt at her birth4 ,he once thought his conduct justifiable1 now he acknowledged it was inexcusable1 thus showing himself superior to most men of his station1 who are unwilling to allow they are ever wrong4 ,he actually commended ,hugo for his disobedience1 and tried to atone by particular favors for his cruel treatment at the time of ,odile's arrival4 ,but this serenity could not last forever4 ,our saint1 who had endured her father's coldness so heroically1 now began to grow weary of a life of grandeur4 ,she was depressed by the flattery of which she was the object4 ,duties that were purely worldly absorbed part of the time she wished to consecrate to ,god4 ,in a word1 she often sighed after the retirement of ,baume and the life she led there4 ,she finally asked her father's permission to return to her aunt and end her days in penitential works4 8,i am misunderstood here10 said she2 8,i am treated with a respect of which ,i am not worthy4 ,you do not know what ,i really am1 and1 if ,i remain here any longer1 ,i may even forget it myself40 ,but the duke opposed her departure1 telling her that by practising the ,christian virtues at court she could do more good than by leaving the world for the austerities of ,baume4 ,prayers and tears were of no avail2 ,adalric's resolution was not to be shaken4 ,odile1 despairing of her return1 wrote a touching farewell letter to her old companions4 ,their sorrow was tempered by remembering that she was under the special protection of ,god1 who doubtless wished to make use of her in extending elsewhere the glory of his holy name4 ,full of veneration for her memory1 they put carefully away among the precious objects in their church a violetcolored veil1 embroidered with gold and silk of different colors by the daughter of the ,duke of ,alsace when she lived among them1 an exile from the house of her father4 ,to ,be ,concluded ,next ,month4 ,fac,similes ,of ,irish ,national ,manuscripts4 ,few of our readers are probably aware that the ,english government1 for the last ten years1 has been making facsimiles of the most important national ,,mss41 for publication and sale1 by the process of photozincography4 ,the ,domesday ,book was the first work taken in hand4 ,this wonderful record1 without a peer in the world1 is a general survey of the land of ,england1 ordered by ,william the ,conqueror in the year of our ,lord #ajhe4 ,it is the undisputed testimony of the relations existing at that period between the landlords and their tenants2 and it describes the state of society which existed in ,england under the ,anglo,saxon kings up to the conquest of the kingdom by the ,duke of ,normandy4 ,so successfully was the printing of the facsimiles of the ,domesday ,book accomplished1 and so acceptable to historical students of every degree was its publication1 that1 in the spring of #ahfd1 the ,lords of ,h4 ,m4 ,treasury unanimously endorsed the proposal by the late ,master of the ,rolls 7,lord ,romilly7 that the same process of photozincography should be applied to the reproduction and perpetuation of some of the 8,national ,records40 ,three volumes of ,english manuscripts and three volumes of ,scottish manuscripts have been followed by the preparation for three volumes of ,irish national ,,mss41 which will rank 7says ,mr4 ,william ,basevi ,sanders1 the ,assistant ,keeper of ,her ,majesty's ,records1 in his ,annual ,report1 printed in the year #ahgc1 on the facsimiles photozincographed at the ,ordnance ,survey ,office1 ,southampton7 among the first of the many valuable publications which ,sir ,henry ,james 7the military engineer officer in charge7 has been the means of laying before the public4 ,let us look over ,mr4 ,sanders's description of the ,irish ,,mss4 ,he has gathered his information from the best sources1 having consulted and freely used ,o',donovan's edition of the ,annals of the ,four ,masters1 the accessible works of ,dr4 ,petrie1 ,dr4 ,todd1 ,dr4 ,reeves1 and ,prof4 ,westwood1 and more particularly from the elaborate investigations of ,prof4 ,o',curry1 published in his ,lectures on the ,,ms4 ,materials of ,ancient ,irish ,history4 ,the first of these ,,mss41 both in point of age and on account of the remarkable history that attaches to it1 is the volume known as ,domhnach ,airgid1 or ,silver ,shrine4 ,this is a volume of the ,gospels--perhaps the oldest in the world--of the ,vth century1 and traditionally believed to have been the private book of devotion of ,s4 ,patrick himself1 and to have been given by him to ,s4 ,mac ,carthainn when he placed him over the ,see of ,clogher4 ,the legend in which this curious story is narrated appears in the ,tripartite ,life of ,s4 ,patrick1 and ,o',curry in his lectures gives the following literal translation of it3 8,s4 ,patrick1 having gone into the territory of ,ui ,cremthainn1 founded many churches there4 ,as he was on his way from the ,north1 and coming to the place now called ,clochar1 he was carried over a stream by his strong man1 ,bishop ,mac ,carthainn1 who1 while bearing the saint1 groaned aloud1 exclaiming #8,uch6 uch6' 8 #8,upon my good word1' said the saint1 #8it was not usual with you to speak that word4' 8 #8,i am now old and infirm1' said ,bishop ,mac ,carthainn1 #8and all my early companions on the mission you have set down in their respective churches1 while ,i am still on my travels4' 8 #8,found you a church1 then1' said the saint1 #8that shall not be too near for us for familiarity1 nor too far from us for intercourse4' 8,and the saint then left ,bishop ,mac ,carthainn at ,clochar1 and bestowed on him the ,domhnach ,airgid1 which had been given to him from heaven when he was on the sea coming from ,erinn40 ,the shrine which held this relic is composed of three distinct covers1 of different dates--of wood1 of copper plated with silver1 and the most modern of silver plated with gold1 richly ornamented with figures of the ,saviour1 the ,blessed ,virgin1 and saints1 and with representations of animals1 and traceries1 among which is a mounted figure1 sword in hand1 and displaying with minute accuracy all the dress and accoutrements of an ,irish noble of the ,x,i,vth century4 ,the ,,ms4 itself is in such a state from age and damp as to make inspection of its contents impossible1 the leaves being all stuck together1 and the whole of about the consistency and appearance of a piece of brick4 ,the portions of which facsimiles will be given present a good example of the better parts of it4 ,it was originally the property of the monastery of ,clones1 and was procured in the county ,monaghan by ,mr4 ,george ,smith1 from whom it was purchased for #cjj 7say #a1ejj7 by ,lord ,rossmore1 who presented it to the ,royal ,irish ,academy1 where it remains at present4 ,the next ,,ms4 is as curious--the ,cathach1 or ,book of ,battles--a copy of the ,psalms1 supposed to have been written by ,s4 ,columba4 ,it consists of fiftyeight leaves of vellum1 and appears to be perfect from the xxxist to the cvith ,psalm1 all prior to which are gone1 and is enclosed in a handsome shrine4 ,why it was called the ,book of ,battles is told by ,o',curry1 from the ,life of ,s4 ,columba1 by ,magnus ,o',dohmnaill4 ,s4 ,columba1 when on a visit to ,s4 ,finnen of ,drom ,finn1 being very anxious to have a copy of ,s4 ,finnen's ,book of the ,psalms1 made one surreptitiously by borrowing the book1 and copying it in the church after every one else had left4 ,s4 ,finnen had notice of this underhand proceeding of his brother saint from one of his pupils1 and accordingly1 as soon as the copy was finished1 demanded possession of it4 ,s4 ,columba refusing to comply with this demand1 the matter was referred to ,diarmaid ,mac ,ferghusa ,cerrbheaill1 ,king of ,erinn1 who pronounced against him in a judgment which to this day remains a proverb in ,ireland--,le gach bin a boinin 78,to every cow its calf071 and so1 by analogy1 8to every book its copy40 ,this adverse judgment1 closely followed by the accidental death of the son of ,diarmaid's chief steward while engaged in a game of hurling with the son of the ,king of ,connaught--at that time a hostage at ,tara--who was torn from ,s4 ,columba's arms1 into which he had thrown himself for sanctuary1 and put to death1 so enraged the saint that he stirred up his relatives in ,tirconnel and ,tyrone to revenge the insult1 and a bloody battle was fought in ,connaught1 which ended in the rout of the king's army3 and this was how the book obtained its name4 ,for thirteen hundred years the book was preserved as an heirloom by the ,o',donnells1 having been handed down by ,s4 ,columba himself1 who belonged to that clan4 ,it is now preserved in the ,royal ,irish ,academy4 ,four pages have been selected for copying1 containing severally the first twelve verses of ,psalm lxxx41 the last three of lxxxix41 and the first seven of xc41 the whole of xciv41 and the first eleven of xcv4 ,the condition in which these pages remain is wonderful1 and reflects great honor upon the family who have for so many ages and through so many national troubles and disturbances preserved this relic with sacred care4 ,the next is the ,book of ,durrow1 or ,gospels of ,s4 ,columba1 a volume containing #bdh leaves of vellum1 written in columns by the hand of ,s4 ,columba himself1 as asserted in the following inscription on the flyleaf3 8,liber autem hic scriptus est a manu ipsius ,b4 ,columbkille per spatium #ab dierum anno #ejj02 and again1 8,rogo beatitudinem tuam1 sancte presbiter ,patrici1 ut quicunque1 hunc libellum manu tenuerit1 meminerit ,columb scriptoris1 qui hoc scripsi ipsemet evangelium per xii4 dierum spatium grati ,domini nostri40 ,this last inscription is quoted by ,dr4 ,petrie as conclusive evidence of the date of the volume1 which is considered by ,dr4 ,reeves to be either as old as ,s4 ,columba's day1 or nearly so 7a somewhat curious hypothesis if the volume were written by ,s4 ,columba74 ,until its presentation to ,trinity ,college by ,dr4 ,jones1 ,bishop of ,meath1 this book was kept at ,durrow1 in ,king's ,county1 the monastery and church of which were founded by ,s4 ,columba about the year #eej1 where the tradition of its having belonged to their patron saint was preserved and believed in by the monks4 ,it was originally enclosed in a silvermounted cuhmdach1 or shrine1 made for it by order of ,flann1 ,king of ,ireland1 who reigned from #hgi to #iaf1 which was lost1 as ,mr4 ,westwood conjectures1 in #ajjg1 when the volume was stolen4 ,the portions selected for copying are pages #ab;b1 #ad;a #aah;a1 and #agc;a4 ,the first contains the prayer of the writer above quoted1 under which is also written1 8,ora pro me1 frater mi2 ,dominus tecum sit02 the second is the first page of ,s4 ,matthew's ,gospel1 the third the first page of ,s4 ,luke's ,gospel1 and the fourth the concluding page of the same ,gospel1 at the bottom of which is written1 8 ,miserere ,domine ,naemani filii ,neth 0 names which ,o',curry states had not been identified at the time of his lectures1 though the surname seems to be very like that of the scribe after whom another of the ,,mss4 contained in this volume is called--,mac ,nathi4 ,the next ,,ms4 in order is the famous ,book of ,kells1 a copy of the ,gospels1 also traditionally ascribed to ,s4 ,columba--a tradition doubted by some1 but which ,dr4 ,todd saw no reason to mistrust1 as the book is undoubtedly a ,,ms4 of that age4 ,about the same time as that when the ,book of ,durrow was sacrilegiously deprived of its shrine1 the ,book of ,kells was also stolen out of the church from which it takes its name4 ,the circumstance is thus narrated in the ,four ,masters3 8,the age of ,christ #ajjf4444 ,the great ,gospel of ,colum ,cille was stolen at night from the ,western ,erdomh sacristy of the great church of ,ceandrrus4 ,this was the principal relic of the ,western ,world on account of its singular cover1 and it was found after twenty nights and two months1 its gold having been stolen off it1 and a sod over it40 ,it continued in the possession of the ,church of ,kells till the time of ,archbishop ,usher1 after whose death it was granted with the rest of that prelate's library1 in which it was then found1 by ,king ,charles ,,ii41 to the university of ,dublin1 and has been preserved in the library of ,trinity ,college ever since4 ,of the pages chosen for copying1 #f;b1 #g;a1 and #bg;a are entries concerning lands1 believed to be the only existing specimens1 of pre,anglo and ,norman date1 of deeds written in the ,irish language4 ,they are written in a rude1 rough hand1 that looks unsightly in contrast with the character of the contents of the volume proper4 #cd;a is the beginning of ,s4 ,matthew's ,gospel1 and is entirely filled with the initial of 8,liber generationis40 #abc;a1 #abd;a1 and #abf;b contain ,s4 ,matthew's story of the crucifixion1 #abd;a being all taken up by the words1 8,tunc crucifixerant ,christum et duos latrones10 written in a very singular fashion1 and enclosed in a framework profusely decorated4 #bjj;b contains a portion of the genealogy in the third chapter of ,s4 ,john1 and #ai;b displays a collection of fantastic symbols1 with a very handsome capital ,z1 and the first two syllables of ,zacharias embellished with spirited figures of a dog pursuing a wolf4 ,it is impossible to exaggerate the elaborate ornamentation of this remarkable volume1 or the quaintness of the grotesque subjects introduced into it4 ,the gigantic initial letter1 which is given as an example in this volume1 is filled in with an almost incredible interlacing of extravagant impossibilities3 ,serpentine figures with human heads2 intertwined sketches of men spotted like leopards in attitude of earnest conversation2 rats sitting on the backs of cats1 who are holding other rats by the tails1 the rats being engaged in eating a cake2 human figures with impossible combinations of their own and other creature's limbs2 strange shapes of birds and fishes1 geometrical designs and intricate arabesque traceries1 all woven together in the wildest dreamlike way1 and having an effect that charms the eye1 and fills the mind with amazement at the fancy that designed and the hand that executed them4 ,the next is another copy of the ,gospels1 known as the ,book of ,dimma ,mac ,nathi1 made1 it is said1 at the express desire of ,s4 ,cronan of ,roscrea1 who died in the beginning of the ,v,i,ith century4 ,the drawings in this book are very rude1 and the writing of some parts of it difficult to read1 though the scribe ,dimma is supposed to have belonged to a family of saints1 one of whom1 at any rate1 was greatly distinguished as a penman4 ,it was purchased from ,sir ,william ,betham1 its original place of deposit having been the ,abbey of ,roscrea1 and is now in the library of ,trinity ,college1 ,dublin4 ,four pages have been chosen for copying4 ,the first contains portions of chapters #bg and #bh of ,s4 ,matthew's ,gospel1 and has this note at the foot3 8,finit4 ,oroit do ,dimma rodscrib pro ,deo et benedictione0 78,a prayer for ,dimma1 who has written for ,god1 and a benediction074 ,between the #dith and #ejth verses of the #bgth chapter there is this other verse1 the substance of which only appears in the ,gospel of ,s4 ,john3 8,alius vero1 accept lance pupugit latus ejus et exivit aqua et sanguis40 ,here1 however1 the piercing is made to take place before the death4 ,the second is the illuminated page preceding ,s4 ,john4 ,in it is depicted a bird1 probably intended for that saint's symbol1 an eagle1 carrying a book in its talons1 surrounded by a border of arabesque design4 ,the last two pages contain the first thirtyeight verses of the #ast chapter of ,s4 ,john1 the first written along the full breadth of the page and with a handsome initial 8,in10 the second written in columns4 ,the next ,,ms4 is another copy of the ,gospels1 known as the ,book of ,moling1 and supposed to have been written about the year #fij by ,s4 ,moling1 ,bishop of ,ferns4 ,it was presented to ,trinity ,college1 ,dublin1 by a member of the family of ,kavanagh1 by whom it had been preserved for many generations in its metal cumhdach1 or covering4 ,four pages have been selected4 ,the first is a figure of one of the ,evangelists1 with a book in his left hand1 and a pen1 which he is dipping into an inkhorn1 in his right4 ,the second contains the #ahth chapter of ,s4 ,matthew1 from the #hth verse to the #bgth2 the third1 from the #bgth verse to the #afth verse of the #aith chapter of ,s4 ,matthew2 and the fourth1 the concluding verses of the last chapter of ,s4 ,john4 ,the ,book of ,armagh has also been selected4 ,this volume1 a transcript of one still older1 supposed to have been the holograph of ,s4 ,patrick1 was ascribed by ,sir ,w4 ,betham to ,bishop ,aedh of ,stetty1 whose death is recorded in the ,four ,masters in #fih2 and ,o',curry conceived it to be as old as #gbd1 but ,mr4 ,graves seems to have proved that it was written by the scribe ,ferdomnach in #hjg4 ,it is a small quarto volume1 consisting of #bba leaves of vellum1 and containing an extract from the ,tripartite ,life of ,s4 ,patrick1 annotations on that saint's life by ,tirechan and others1 his confession or epistle to the ,irish1 the ,epistle of ,s4 ,jerome to ,pope ,damasus1 the ten ,eusebian canons1 an explanation of ,hebrew names used in the ,gospels1 with various prefaces and arguments1 the four ,gospels and remaining books of the ,new ,testament1 the life of ,s4 ,martin of ,tours by ,sulpicius1 with two epistles by ,sulpicius and ,severus1 and concludes with a prayer4 ,it belonged to the ,church of ,armagh1 being1 as ,prof4 ,westwood relates1 held in such veneration that the family of ,mac ,mayre held lands from the ,see of ,armagh by the tenure of its safe keeping2 and in #ahdf it was presented to ,trinity ,college1 ,dublin1 by the ,rev4 ,francis ,brownlow1 into whose family it had passed in the ,x,v,i,ith century4 ,six pages have been selected1 the first three of which contain the extract from the ,tripartite ,life of ,s4 ,patrick4 ,on the first column of page #ah;b is the following account of a miracle performed by ,s4 ,patrick3 8,sechnall went afterwards to rebuke ,patrick on account of a chariot he had4 ,then ,patrick sent the chariot to ,sechnall without a charioteer in it1 but it was an angel that directed it4 ,sechnall sent it1 when it had stopped three nights there with him1 to ,manchan1 and it remained three nights with him4 ,he sent it to ,fiacc4 ,fiacc rejected it4 ,after that where they went to was round the church three times1 when the angel said1 #8,it is to you they have been given from ,patrick when he came to know your disease4' 0 ,the miracle as here related is1 as ,o',curry very truly observes1 not quite intelligible1 but the key to it is to be found in the ,tripartite ,life1 from which it had probably been taken4 ,the story there is that once1 when ,sechnall was at ,armagh1 he remarked that two chariot horses which he saw there would be a fitting gift to ,bishop ,fiacc4 ,patrick was not at home at the time1 but as soon as he returned and heard this he had the horses harnessed to a chariot1 and sent them off1 without a coachman1 to ,fiacc at ,stetty1 where they arrived safely4 ,the reason of ,s4 ,patrick making him this present was to enable him to go to his cave on the hill of ,drom ,coblai1 where he used to repair on ,shrove ,saturday with five loaves1 and remain till ,easter ,saturday2 and because 8chafers had gnawed his legs so that death was near him40 ,then come ,the ,gospels of ,maelbride ,mac ,durnan1 ,archbishop of ,armagh from #hhe to #ibg1 a small and beautifullywritten copy of the ,gospels1 made apparently by the same scribe1 ,ferdomnach1 who wrote the ,book of ,armagh1 and at about the same period4 ,the initial page of each ,gospel is very gracefully illuminated1 and to each is prefixed a page bearing the figure of its writer1 surrounded by a border of delicate tracery4 ,the pages selected are the first four1 comprising the 8,liber generationis0 and the inscription in capitals1 the face of folio #e being the beginning of ,s4 ,matthew's narrative2 the dorse of folio #fe1 which contains his account of the scourging and mocking1 and at the foot this note by the scribe3 ,mr assrsa for ,coimdid nime agus talman 78,great this violence upon the ,god of heaven and earth072 the dorse of folio #fi1 containing the following letter1 written in ,saxon1 is probably the earliest known contemporary copy of a petition for restitution of temporalities to an ,english bishop3 8,wulfstan1 ,archbishop1 greets ,cnut his ,lord and ,aelfgyfe the ,queen humbly1 and ,i make known to you two1 liege1 that we have done as the certificate came to us from you with regard to the ,bishop ,aethelnoth1 that we have now consecrated him4 ,now pray ,i for ,god's love1 and in the name of all ,god's saints1 that ye will have respect to ,god and to the holy order4 ,that he may be admitted to the possessions that others before him were3 namely1 ,dunstan the good and many another3 that he may be likewise admitted to rights and honors4 ,in which case it shall be for both of you meritorious before ,god1 and eke honorable before the world40 ,at the end of ,s4 ,matthew's ,gospel there is1 in addition to ,archbishop ,wulfstan's 7of ,york7 letter1 this memorandum in ,latin3 8,cnud1 ,king of the ,angles1 has given to ,christ's ,church an arm of ,s4 ,bartholomew the ,apostle1 with the great pall and the golden crown of his head2 and the port of ,sandwich and all issues of the water of the same from either side of the river2 so that a ship floating in the stream when the water shall be high1 at the distance of the cast of a very small hatchet from the shore1 the droits of the ship are to be received by the servants of ,christ's ,church4 ,and no man whatsoever has custom in the same port except the monks of ,christ's ,church4 ,theirs also is the ferry over the port1 and the boats and toll of boats and of all ships which come to ,sandwich from ,peperness as far as ,northmouth4 ,if1 however1 anything be found on the high sea1 being brought to ,sandwich1 ,christ's ,church shall take half1 and the remaining part shall rest with the finders40 ,the volume is preserved in the library of ,lambeth ,palace1 but it is a singular fact that it finds no place either in the catalogue of that library published in #ahab1 or in the catalogue of the library of ,corpus ,christi ,college1 ,cambridge1 where ,archbishop ,parker's collection of ,,mss4 is preserved4 ,to ,be ,concluded ,next ,month4 ,congress ,of ,the ,catholic ,germans ,at ,mayence4 ,on the #afth and #agth days of ,june the ,second ,congress of the ,catholic ,germans assembled at ,mayence4 ,this congress must be distinguished from the regular annual congress of all the ,catholic societies of ,germany4 ,the constitution of the latter was formed during the stormy times of #ahdh4 ,it treats only upon religious questions1 and excludes on principle the discussion of politics during its deliberations2 whereas the ,congress of ,catholic ,germans1 which held its first session two years ago1 has for its object1 according to its statutes1 the defence of the liberty and the rights of the ,catholic ,church1 and the maintenance of ,christian principles in all the spheres of public life by all moral and lawful means1 especially by the use of constitutionallyrecognized and guaranteed civil rights2 and it therefore desires to be considered a political organization4 ,it is already in operation throughout ,germany1 in ,prussia particularly4 ,its sessions are held in ,mayence--in that city which1 owing to its advantageous position in ,middle ,germany1 opposite the confluence of the river ,mayence with the ,rhine1 was chosen by the ,romans as a boundary1 and by ,s4 ,boniface as the central point for the ,christianization of the ,teutons4 ,it is true that 8,golden ,mayence10 the special and true daughter of the ,roman ,church 7,aurea ,moguntia sanct ,roman ,ecclesi specialis vera filia71 as the inscription reads upon the old city seal1 has1 since the beginning of this century1 fallen greatly from its former splendor4 ,in it once resided an archbishop1 who was the legate of the apostolic chair for ,germany1 and metropolitan over twentyfour bishoprics1 which extended from ,brandenburg to ,chur in ,switzerland1 and from ,metz to ,prague and ,olmtz1 and which comprised the largest part of the old ,german empire2 so that next to the ,pope he was called the greatest prince of the church 7,post ,papam secundus1 says ,marianus ,scotus 7 #ajhf7 in his ,chron4 ,aet4 ,,vi41 ad a4 #gej71 and in his temporal position as elector and hereditary chancellor of the empire ranked next to the emperor1 and was called the ,prince of princes 7,moguntius post imperatorem princeps est principum--,vita ,arnoldi74 ,mayence is now only a provincial city belonging to little ,hessia1 and the boundaries of its bishopric are inconsiderable4 ,nevertheless1 in the present combat for the liberty of the church1 it occupies1 and has for years occupied1 an important place by reason of a succession of great men1 ,bishop ,von ,ketteler at the head1 and it cannot be doubted that the city will in future be of great importance to the ,catholic interests of ,germany4 ,the centrum of the ,catholic party in ,mayence is the ,casino zum ,frankfurterhof 7,casino of the court of ,frankfort71 whose spacious and imposing hall has not its equal in the city4 ,in former times this hall was used when a blow was to be struck at the interest of the ,catholic ,church2 but things are changed1 and the ,frankfurterhof is now the stronghold in which the defenders of the ,catholic ,church meet together4 ,not until the use of this hall was acquired1 owing to the determined efforts of ,falk ,,iii41 the people's champion1 so well known throughout all ,germany1 did the ,catholic party in ,mayence begin to feel its own importance4 ,for the past twenty years its members have appeared regularly at every election upon the battlefield1 to be as regularly defeated2 but they were finally successful in securing ,canon ,dr4 ,moufang as their deputy at the last election for the ,reichstag4 ,in the abovenamed hall the ,congress of ,catholic ,germans held its late sessions4 ,it was appropriately decorated for the occasion4 ,in a prominent place1 surrounded by beautiful flowers1 was seen the bust of our ,holy ,father1 ,pius ,,ix4 ,above1 in golden letters1 were written the words1 8,for ,god and ,fatherland10 and over this the sign of redemption with the inscription1 8,in this sign thou shalt conquer40 ,upon the pillars of the hall were placed the coatsofarms of the different bishoprics of ,germany4 ,the crape hanging over those of the ,archbishops of ,cologne and ,posen and ,gnesen1 and that of the ,bishop of ,treves1 was emblematic of the grief which fills the heart of every ,catholic when he remembers the three venerable prelates who1 forcibly removed from their episcopal sees1 now testify in prison to the divinity of ,christianity and the inalienable right of the church to that liberty in matters of faith and religion left her by her ,founder4 ,the evening before the opening of the ,congress many members of the society met from all parts of ,germany to greet one another4 ,even the ,united ,states was represented in the person of the learned ,f4 ,hecker4 ,a superficial glance was enough to convince any one that the nobility in particular desired by their presence to show their love and affection for our persecuted mother1 the church4 ,for years the majority of the ,catholic nobles of ,westphalia and the ,rhine have been animated with a deep religious feeling4 ,the best names among the aristocracy are generally found at the head of the numerous appeals in behalf of religion2 and in their own homes 7a fact which is of great importance7 these nobles do not strive to emulate by outward splendor those 8capitalists0 whose lives are spent in acquiring riches1 but they rather seek to uphold the honor of their names by the simplicity of their mode of life1 in their daily actions1 by educating their children as ,catholics should1 and instilling into them principles of honesty1 morality1 and every ,christian virtue4 ,it makes a lasting impression upon whomsoever is admitted to familiar intercourse with any of these noble families to see all the members of the household devoutly assembled in the private chapel of the mansion1 for the adornment of whose altars no expense has been spared1 there to attend the ,holy ,sacrifice of the ,mass2 and in the evening to behold the father of the family1 by ringing a bell1 again summons them into the chapel for evening prayer and examen of conscience1 at which the chaplain1 but oftener the head of the house1 be he old or young1 performs the duty of reading the prayers4 ,fathers and mothers should imitate the example of these noblemen1 and when priests1 on account of their faith1 are imprisoned or exiled1 they themselves should take the place of the priests in their own homes4 ,then will the zeal of priests grow stronger and ,catholic faith take deeper root4 ,would to ,god that we could see the same state of things in many castles in ,middle ,germany1 in ,silesia1 ,bavaria1 and in ,brisgau 7,baden71 as is now seen in ,westphalia and on the ,rhine6 ,but let us return1 after this digression1 to our ,congress in the ,frankfurterhof4 ,its president1 ,baron von ,lo1 representative in the ,reichstag1 who last year with manly courage defended the organization against intrigues of all kinds1 was received with universal applause when he ascended the rostrum and opened ,congress with the salutation1 8,praise be to ,jesus ,christ60 ,in a few but convincing words he explained why1 despite the serious aspect of the times1 they had met in 8,golden ,mayence10 where liberty of speech is yet permitted4 7,a short time ago a meeting at ,treves was dissolved because ,herr ,majunke1 a representative in the ,reichstag1 had said in the course of his remarks that ,bismarck was only mortal1 and while lying upon his sickbed suffered as much as any beggar who lies ill in his hut4 ,another meeting was broken up by the ,prussian police because the speaker had announced his intention of discoursing upon one particular theme4 ,who knows what terrible things the police understood by the word 8theme087 ,then followed a long succession of congratulations which the guests1 coming from all parts of ,germany1 had personally to offer4 ,as space does not permit us to give a lengthened sketch of all these speeches1 we must content ourselves with simply giving the title of the address and the name of the speaker4 ,dr4 ,evels of ,bonn spoke concerning the latest cultivated plant1 which grows only in ,germany1 and there sporadically1 notwithstanding the most careful attention from high quarters--that is1 ,old ,catholicism4 ,with this exception1 no dangers threaten the ,catholic ,church in ,germany4 ,count ,bassenheim was the bearer of greetings from the ,bishop of ,basel1 who asked the prayers of the members for the persecuted friends of religion in ,switzerland4 ,baron ,stillfried of ,vienna assured the ,congress that the ,catholics of ,austria were united1 and expected the salvation of ,austria only from intimate union with the church4 ,dr4 ,lingens of ,aixla,chapelle invited all present to attend the exposition of relics in the venerable electoral city of the old ,german emperors1 which exposition takes place this year1 and not again until #ahha4 ,baron von ,frankenstein of ,bavaria spoke on the state of affairs in his country1 declaring his belief that they would soon change for the better4 ,count ,kageneck of ,freiburg in ,baden looked confidently forward to a happy future1 relying upon the just rights of the ,catholics and upon the powerful protection of ,god4 ,count ,bissingen of ,wrtemberg 7,swabia7 asserted that the fable of the ,catholics hating the empire finds no believers among the honest people of ,swabia4 ,herr ,baudri of ,cologne1 the brother of the coadjutorbishop1 an old1 faithful warrior1 proclaimed in words of burning eloquence the earnestness with which the enemies of the ,catholic ,church publicly declare that the destruction of the church is the order of the day1 and he denounced the corruption of public opinion by the state1 and the manner in which it subsidized the press by means of the funds stolen from the church4 ,he thanked divine ,providence for giving ,germany such a united episcopate1 and the present affliction of the church only demonstrated the fact that not only in ,germany1 but through the whole world1 ,catholics form only one family4 ,while our enemies1 he continued1 raise on high the torch of discord1 which has so frequently brought our fatherland to the verge of ruin1 our ,congress should use every effort to build a new great and united ,germany upon the foundations of a ,christianity similar to that upon which old ,germany became great and powerful4 ,herr ,stroebel of ,charlottenburg made the next speech1 and he was followed by the ,rev4 ,f4 ,altheimer1 ,curate of ,amorbach in ,odenwald1 ,hellwich of ,deidesheim in ,palatine1 ,herr ,wiese1 merchant of ,werden1 ,baron von ,schorlemer of ,overhagen1 ,herr ,busch1 contractor of ,neuss1 and finally by the junior editor of the ,germania1 ,herr ,cremer of ,berlin4 ,while the hall reverberated to the hearty cheers of the members1 letters and telegrams were constantly arriving from the interior and from foreign countries1 thus making perfect the picture of ,catholic unity presented by this assembly4 ,despatches from ,austria were especially numerous1 showing thereby that in that country also the ,catholics are keeping watch in the struggle that has begun4 ,the old imperial city of ,vienna gladdened our hearts with two telegrams4 ,in the one the ,prince von ,frstenberg salutes us in the name of the ,catholic societies of ,vienna2 in the other the president of the ,catholic people's associations of ,lower ,austria sends his best wishes that 8the heroic battle which ,germany's bishops1 priests1 and laymen wage with such sublime courage may find its end in a speedy victory for the holy cause of the church10 and adds the assurance3 8,we ,catholics of ,austria are firmly determined1 confiding in ,god's protection1 to offer the same resistance if the same attacks are made upon the church40 ,six telegrams from 8green ,styria0 reached us1 four of which were sent by the ,catholics of ,grtz1 and two by the ,catholic societies of ,marburg and ,wildon4 8,they desire to oppress you and us10 telegraphed ,senator ,karlon of ,grtz1 8but we will yet be the victors2 for ,christ lives1 ,christ reigns1 ,christ commands1 and ,christ will triumph40 ,to these were added a telegram from the ,catholic ,society of ,klagenfurth in ,carinthia1 and two others from everfaithful ,tyrol1 from the society in ,botzen1 which numbers more than #c1jjj members1 and from the society of ,innsbrck4 ,the president of the last society1 ,julius von ,riccabona1 sent us the following characteristic ,tyrolese wish3 8,as the snow melts on the high mountain beneath the rays of the sun1 so also may the intrigues against our holy church disappear before the power of truth40 ,charles ,count of ,schoenbrunn and ,george ,prince of ,lobkowitz expressed in telegrams their respect1 sympathy1 and good wishes1 while from fardistant ,hungary the ,catholic ,political ,society of ,presburg sent assurances of their love and affection4 ,from ,munich1 ,bavaria1 came telegrams1 from the diocesan clergy of ,eichstaedt1 from the ,centrum member ,lang of ,kelheim1 and from the society of ,catholic men in ,wasserburg on the ,inn4 ,from ,noerdlingen the society of ,catholic men in ,riesa1 numbering over #a1djj members1 writes among other things3 8,we feel in our hearts the afflictions which the ,catholics of ,prussia endure2 we pray for the bishops1 priests1 and laity who are imprisoned on account of their religious convictions2 we approve of the conduct and praise the fidelity of our ,catholic brethren2 yes1 we are edified by their unity in faith and by their firmness1 and we congratulate them on their perseverance and courage1 which1 because it comes from ,god1 will conquer the world4444 ,we shall never consent to give to ,csar the things that belong to ,god2 if it should be demanded of us1 we shall obey ,god rather than man1 and imitate the example of the ,prussian ,catholics40 ,from the south came greetings from the society of men in ,constance and from the president of the ,helvetian ,pius ,society1 ,count ,m4 ,scherer,bouard of ,lucerne1 and finally from ,hunfeld1 ,viersen1 ,mnchen,gladbach1 ,bochum1 ,luedinghausen1 ,kluesedoerpen1 ,prussia1 two from the city of ,hanover1 one from the northern missionaries of ,new ,mnster in ,holstein1 and the last from remote ,dantzic4 ,among other despatches1 there is worthy of special mention the telegram of ,prince ,salvati1 in the name of the ,congress of the ,catholic ,societies of ,italy1 which met at ,venice1 and the following from ,london3 8,the ,catholic ,union of ,great ,britain extends to you a brother's hand to encourage you in the struggle with the evil spirit1 and at the same time it deplores the death of your champion1 ,malinckrodt4 7,signed7 ,duke of ,norfolk1 ,president of the ,catholic ,union of ,great ,britain40 ,the greatest interest was shown when the mammoth address from the ,united ,states was exhibited4 ,it contained upon a roll of paper one thousand feet long #cj1jjj signatures of ,catholic men whose own or whose fathers' cradle had rested upon ,german soil4 7,a few days after this address was again exposed in the great hall1 and the endless roll of paper was drawn from the table of the president up to the glass cupola1 and from there letting it fall down again upon the president's table1 it was taken up for the second time to the chandelier1 and from thence to the roof47 ,the fearless expressions contained in this document1 which1 thanks to 8our freedom of speech10 could not be dwelt upon at length1 and the grandeur of this manifestation1 showed the imprint of the youthful and vigorous mind of men who glory in being citizens of the greatest republic in the world--the ,united ,states4 ,not long ago we finished a great war in a great manner4 ,it was then the pride of ,germans to be ,german4 ,since then1 however1 the little banners of religious narrowmindedness have been everywhere unfurled1 and the socalled liberal party has sacrificed not only its principles1 but the most important articles of the ,prussian constitution--the idea of a great ,germany and peace and liberty4 ,with the exception of a huge military power1 everything has dwindled away4 ,the men who won renown in #ahgj and #ahga are no longer heard of4 ,the men of the ,centrum are our real consolation1 for by their prudent and fearless defence of truth1 liberty1 and justice they have obtained great merit and are entitled to enduring praise4 ,to place their labors under the protection of ,god1 the ,catholic ,congress of ,germany assembled early on the morning of ,june #af in the venerable ,cathedral of ,mayence1 where they assisted at the ,holy ,sacrifice of the ,mass1 and received holy communion from the hands of the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,bishop ,herr von ,ketteler4 ,the devotion of these men1 gathered from all parts of ,germany1 was greatly increased by the music1 which was executed in a most masterly manner by the cathedral choir1 who gave selections from the following composers3 ,vechi1 ,aichinger1 ,orlando ,lasso1 ,palestrina1 ,croce1 ,vittoria1 and ,piadana4 ,in the session which was held with closed doors the president first spoke of the sadness which filled the hearts of all the ,catholics of ,germany on account of the untimely death of ,herman von ,malinckrodt1 deputy to the ,reichstag4 ,the memory of this wonderful man1 like a mourning accord1 seemed to permeate all the transactions1 whether in writing or in words1 and made itself felt even in the banquethall4 ,we shall not1 however1 dwell any longer upon this theme1 as we intend to give a short sketch of the life of this faithful champion of the church4 ,of the business transacted in the private session we shall make brief mention4 ,that which1 as a general rule1 is last thought of in all great ,catholic undertakings1 was in this instance the first to receive attention--we mean the finances4 ,in this regard1 however1 the ,congress is deserving of no reproach1 as it attached too little instead of too much importance to money--a prince seemingly so insignificant1 but yet one who rules the world4 ,the ,catholic ,congress1 organized as it is throughout ,germany1 stands in need of certain pecuniary means1 which want will be felt in future even more than now4 ,for this reason every member is obliged to give six ,silbergroschen 7about fifteen cents74 ,it must1 however1 be understood that the collection of this money is not made without some difficulty1 since the organization is only in its infancy1 and the number of members constantly increasing4 ,we learn from the report of ,herr ,racke1 ,high ,treasurer of ,darmstadt1 owing to whose selfsacrificing labors the finances of our ,union are in a very prosperous condition1 that the collections of last year amounted to #ag1hhc thalers1 #ad1jjj of which were put out on interest1 including #g1jjj loaned to different ,catholic newspapers4 ,another question came up regarding the existence of the ,union4 ,according to the law of ,prussia in reference to societies1 a political society cannot act as a union or central society1 nor form branches depending upon the union2 on the other hand1 however1 it is lawful for one society to exist over all ,germany1 and it can have its affairs conducted by authorized agents4 ,our union was from the very beginning most anxious to correspond with this law4 ,notwithstanding this1 however1 the ,prussian authorities have pretended to discover the existence of local branches1 in consequence of which many of them have been suppressed4 ,the reason for this proceeding1 which called into question the existence of the ,union itself1 was ,section #aj of the statutes1 which has reference to meetings held in different parts of the empire4 ,to avoid further vexations1 this paragraph was stricken out1 and at the same time it was expressly said that ,mayence was to be the headquarters of the ,union1 and that there the annual general meetings were to take place4 ,herr ,racke1 merchant of ,mayence1 and secretary of the ,union1 who had taken upon his youthful and strong shoulders the principal burden of the pecuniary affairs of the ,union1 then introduced a series of propositions1 for the examination of which three committees were appointed1 viz41 one upon the social question of the day1 another upon science1 and a third on the influence of the press2 and finally he submitted certain rules of proceeding4 ,the short address to the bishops assembled in ,fulda1 which was received with enthusiasm1 and which was now read1 deserves a place in this periodical4 ,it is as follows3 8,,right ,,rev4 ,,bishops4 8,in a momentous time like the present the ,catholics of ,germany assembled at ,mayence respectfully desire to show their gratitude and admiration for the right reverend bishops of the fatherland1 who have defended the rights and liberties of our ,holy ,catholic ,church with such calm and fearless dignity2 but1 alas6 our words of sympathy cannot reach several of the prelates1 except through prison doors4 ,in proportion as the distress of the church increases1 the more do we feel ourselves bound in conscience to declare before ,germany and the whole world that no power upon earth shall separate us from our dear bishops1 appointed by ,almighty ,god1 and that no power of man can force us to recognize other pastors than those who are in communion with the ,holy ,see1 and who are recognized as true pastors by the successor of ,peter1 the chief pastor of the church4 8,our dearlybeloved bishops have become shining examples of apostolic courage as our leaders in these days of combat2 and as true children of the church we will follow them1 and leave the consequences to ,almighty ,god4 8,the hand of ,god rests heavily upon us1 and the end of our sufferings is concealed from the eyes of man4 ,but we also know that this trial will be of benefit to us2 we thank ,god that he deigns to allow us to combat and to suffer for his holy cause and for the liberty of his church4 8 #8,through the cross to the light' were the words spoken in the last ,reichstag by that heroic warrior for whom all ,catholic ,germans pray1 and who died in the defence of truth and right4 ,it shall be our device also3 #8,through the cross to the light6' 8,with these sentiments we ask your episcopal blessing1 and with the most profound veneration we subscribe our selves 8,the most obedient servants and sons of our revered ,german bishops40 ,at one o'clock a banquet was held in the same great hall1 at which #cjj members of the ,union were present1 among whom was the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,bishop ,ketteler of ,mayence4 ,it was he who proposed the first toast to the ,holy ,father1 which was received with enthusiasm1 as it was the twentyeighth anniversary of his appointment to the chair of ,peter4 ,the speaker reviewed the long series of years of combat between light and darkness1 and in the increasing enthusiasm and affection of the ,catholic people for ,pius ,,ix41 the representative of unity1 appointed by ,almighty ,god1 he saw an increase of the unity which the church1 like an impregnable fortress in the midst of combats1 exhibits1 while the world threatens to split asunder4 ,baron von ,frankenstein proposed1 as the second toast1 the ,grand ,duke of ,hessia and all the ,german princes belonging to the ,union1 and made a few remarks appropriate to the occasion4 ,the president1 ,baron von ,lo1 proposed the health of the leaders given us by ,almighty ,god1 the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,bishops of ,germany1 under whose guidance we some years ago saved the thrones from the whirl of revolution1 and under whose direction we now hope to conquer the revolution which is preached by the government4 ,among the other toasts given1 we will only mention that of the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,bishop of ,mayence1 who paid a high tribute of praise to the men of the ,centrum who had in ,berlin defended with such courage and skill the cause of truth1 justice1 and liberty4 ,after the banquet the different committees of the ,union entered upon the discussion of the proposed resolutions1 while the presiding officers of the ,congress consulted upon the drawing up of these resolutions4 ,the same resolutions formed also the theme for the speakers in the public evening sessions1 to which such a great number of persons were attracted that the hall of the ,frankfurterhof1 large as it is1 was not sufficient to contain all4 ,the first speaker1 ,baron von ,wendt of ,westphalia1 passed in review the public events that had transpired in ,europe for the last year1 and he demonstrated in a convincing manner that hostility to the church had everywhere appeared simultaneously1 and was therefore the result of preconcerted action4 ,the explanation of this fact the speaker found in the activity of modern liberalism1 which had determined upon the complete denial of ,christianity1 and which boldly avows that by adhering to the principles of what its advocates are pleased to call humanity all those inestimable blessings would be obtained which the ,saviour has left us in his sublime teachings upon the obligations and morality of a ,christian life4 ,like the work of redemption1 so also would the church become superfluous1 and the state1 to which liberalism gives the preference over everything else1 would then enter upon its inheritance1 and1 as in the days of the pagan ,csars1 assert its ascendency even over the spirit4 ,herr ,cremer1 the editor of a ,berlin journal1 next proceeded to point out the imperfections to be found in the constitution of the ,german ,empire1 which gave security only to material interests and military power1 while there was not an article which had reference to the moral problem of state life and the fundamental rights of civil liberty4 ,in the course of his speech he with much humor and sarcasm drew attention to the fatal avowal of ,bismarck in regard to his own policy4 ,when the question was proposed in the ,reichstag as to whether ,catholics had forfeited their rights to citizenship and were dangerous to the state1 the prince answered in the affirmative4 ,this 8yes10 remarked the speaker1 8was the most absolute condemnation of his own policy which could have ever been pronounced by any one2 for no state was ever so powerful that it could dispense even for a time with the cooperation of onethird of its inhabitants4 ,this policy must be changed1 for nine millions of ,catholics could not be forced to emigrate or be declared outlaws like helots4 ,this policy was in every respect to be rejected as rotten and false1 even if it did rest upon the shoulders of this modern ,atlas40 ,the vigor and readiness of expression displayed by the youthful speaker caused him to be warmly applauded4 ,the ,v4 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,monfang1 deputy to the ,reichstag1 delivered an admirable speech upon the present state of society4 ,the great change1 he argued1 took place in the beginning of our century1 and he attributed it to the following causes3 ,first1 the ,french ,revolution1 which overturned the laws of commerce and labor without regulating them anew2 second1 the wonderful use to which machinery can be put1 particularly by the application of steampower1 which1 in union with the development of capital1 directed industry into entirely new channels2 third1 the exemption from taxation brought about by the increase and facility of the means of commerce1 which keeps a certain class of labor in constant demand1 and in a measure takes it from the business men and the farmers2 and1 fourth1 most especially to that pseudoliberalism whose national economy regulates the relations between employers and employed1 between rich and poor1 not in accordance with true ,christian principles1 but according to the dictates of egotism4 ,the social question1 the orator declared1 resolves itself into this3 that a man1 to be really happy1 needs but three things--that is1 a competency1 a respectable position in society1 and inward peace of soul4 ,after applying this true remark to the condition of the workingmen1 the speaker finally passed to the solution of the social question1 and said that as this problem affects all the relations of human life1 a general cooperation was necessary for its explication4 ,the laborer himself must cooperate as well as the family1 the parish1 the state1 the church4 ,without religion1 without prudent legislation for the protection of labor1 without ,christian marriages among the laborers1 without public spirit and united effort1 it is not possible to avert the evils which every day threaten the laboring class more and more4 ,herr ,racke1 the indefatigable secretary of the ,union1 spoke upon the difficult subject of passive resistance to laws which are in direct opposition to conscience4 ,he adduced particularly from the best authors upon state rights the evidence that the state has no right to demand from its citizens absolute obedience to all its laws and regulations4 ,laws which are in opposition to conscience1 morality1 and religion1 be they ever so formally enacted1 are not laws in the sight of ,god1 but are in defiance of those of all lawgivers1 of the only absolute ,lord who is above all states1 all rulers1 and all men1 and from whose authority alone even the state laws derive their power and obligation4 ,the animated speech of ,herr ,racke was also loudly applauded4 ,at the request of the president the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,bishop of ,mayence gave the episcopal blessing1 whereupon the public session was adjourned4 ,the second day also began with prayer1 a ,high ,mass of ,requiem being sung for all the members of the ,union who had died during the last year4 ,then in a private session followed the discussion and approval of resolutions4 ,the resolutions proposed by the officers of the ,congress1 and received by all with acclamation1 surpassed in importance all others which had yet passed4 ,we give them1 therefore1 a prominent place2 they are a sign that the ,catholics of ,germany have not lost their courage as yet1 and they deserve to be published verbatim4 ,they are as follows3 ,the ,second ,congress of the ,catholic ,germans declares3 ,i4 ,regarding the ,state of ,christian ,society4 #a4 ,the violent persecution which the ,catholic ,church in some parts of ,europe and ,south ,america now suffers1 verifies the expression of the ,holy ,father that anti,christianity--that is1 modern civilization--is incompatible with ,catholicity4 #b4 ,the certain result of a systematicallyarranged combat against the church of ,christ1 as well as against ,christianity itself and the essential foundations of society1 will be the dissolution of social and political order1 endless war1 and the destruction of the nation's rights4 #c4 ,the reestablishment of permanent and national order is only to be looked for when political independence is again restored to the ,holy ,see1 and when all those rights are recognized which belong to the head of the ,catholic ,church by virtue of divine dispensation and historical development4 ,,ii4 ,regarding the ,state of ,germany4 #a4 ,the constitution of the ,german ,empire1 for the reason that it guarantees neither protection to personal liberty1 nor to the independence of states1 nor to the different ranks of society and incorporations1 cannot establish the true welfare of the ,german people4 #b4 ,the influence of the socalled national party1 which abjures the essential rights of the ,german people and of the representation of the people1 will be the ruin of the ,german ,empire4 #c4 ,the exception laws1 by which the ,german ,empire1 founded as it is by a common sacrifice1 has deprived onethird of the citizens of their essential rights1 thereby destroying the peace and the power of ,germany4 #d4 ,the unlimited development of military power is incompatible with natural rights1 civil liberty1 and the spiritual as well as the material welfare of the ,german people4 #e4 ,the unchristianizing of public instruction now in progress1 the control by the state of the entire school system1 founded as it is upon compulsion1 and at the same time the suppression of the educational rights of the church and of the family1 is a source of spiritual and moral ruin4 #f4 ,the venal press1 working in the interests of political servility and of propertyholders1 continually misrepresents public opinion1 and is the principal cause of the social evils that threaten ,germany4 #g4 ,the foreign policy of the ,german ,empire1 especially in its relations to the ,holy ,see1 is not in harmony with the principles and interests of the ,catholic population of ,germany1 and is not capable of securing the preservation of the peace of ,europe4 ,,iii4 ,regarding the ,state of the ,working,classes4 #a4 ,like all other states of ,europe1 ,germany is threatened by the discontent existing among the workingclasses4 #b4 ,the principal reasons for this discontentment are3 ,decrease of the retail business2 overtaxing the agricultural classes2 miserable condition of the operatives in manufactories2 and the endless development of money speculation4 #c4 ,the real origin of these misfortunes is the enervation of ,christian faith and morality in the higher as well as in the lower ranks of society1 caused by modern rationalism and liberalism1 whereby it has happened also that a great portion of the working classes have allowed themselves to be deceived by the illusions of irreligious and revolutionary leaders4 #d4 ,the means of healing these social evils and reconciling all classes of society consist in the passing of laws prohibiting the exhausting of the bodily and financial strength of the people2 in claiming that protection from the state to which all classes are entitled2 in the continued effort to remove the particular defects of the present commercial laws by means of legislation2 in establishing the rights of the workingclasses in accordance with ,christian principles and the demands of general equity2 in founding different industrial auxiliary houses1 either through the union of the workingclasses and others1 or through the friends of the workingclasses2 in restricting the amount of labor to be performed by females and children2 in the careful cultivation of the moral and religious life in the families of the working classes1 especially by having ,sunday kept holy1 and by applying ,christian principles to the sphere of business life2 in the free development of ,christian charity to alleviate inevitable want4 ,,iv4 ,regarding the ,rights of the ,church4 #a4 ,the ,catholic ,church is1 according to divine ordination1 an independent society1 which has the right to exist publicly in all lands as the one and universal church of ,jesus ,christ1 and to protect which every ,christian government should feel itself bound4 #b4 ,the ecclesiasticopolitical system which the parties opposed to the church are endeavoring to carry out stands in irreconcilable and open contradiction to the constitution of the ,catholic ,church1 founded by ,almighty ,god1 sanctified through all centuries1 recognized by the state1 and guaranteed by the law of nations4 #c4 ,the power of the office of teacher1 priest1 and pastor1 given by the ,pope to the bishops1 cannot be suspended or limited by any law of the state4 #d4 ,church and state are ordained by ,almighty ,god to harmonious co operation4 ,their separation is to be lamented4 ,if the hostility with which the modern state treats the church should make such a separation necessary1 it will be more to the disadvantage of the state than to the church4 ,v4 ,regarding ,liberty of ,conscience4 #a4 ,no state power has the right to impose obligations upon its subjects which are in opposition to the commandments of ,god1 the decrees of ,jesus ,christ1 and the precepts of the church4 #b4 ,the apostolic courage with which the ,catholic bishops1 not fearing temporal loss1 not even imprisonment and exile1 defend the rights of ,god and of his holy church1 as also the inalienable rights of ,catholic conscience1 and the priestly fidelity and firmness with which the ,catholic clergy1 not led astray by illusions and threats1 remain true to the episcopate and the church1 deserve the admiration and respect of all ,catholics and of every right thinking man4 #c4 ,the measures used against the bishops and priests of the ,catholic ,church do not succeed in their object2 they grieve most deeply the ,catholic people1 but they cannot be persuaded to exchange a church founded by ,almighty ,god for one founded by the state4 ,in vain are all the experiments used to separate ,catholics from their rightful superior4 #d4 ,the ,catholics of ,germany recognize always the legitimately elected ,bishop of ,rome1 the ,pope1 as the head of their religion and church4 ,in him they revere the infallible teacher of faith1 the highpriest and the supreme watchman of ,christianity4 ,no power can separate the ,catholics of ,germany from the chair of ,s4 ,peter4 #e4 ,the only prelates of the ,german bishoprics are those bishops who are legitimately appointed by the ,pope according to canon law4 ,catholics obey and reverence these bishops1 be they in prison or in exile4 #f4 ,the ,catholics of ,germany recognize as pastors only those who are appointed by the ,pope and legitimate bishops4 ,with unshaken determination they repel every attempt to induce them to revolt against ,catholic authority4 ,,vi4 ,regarding the ,mission of the ,catholic ,union in ,germany4 #a4 ,the ,catholic ,union of ,germany complains of the severity with which the state officers of the ,german ,empire1 particularly in ,prussia1 oppose their rightful endeavors to labor for the true welfare of the fatherland4 #b4 ,the ,catholic ,union of ,germany shall with undaunted courage defend their natural rights1 the rights of the church and of the ,german nation1 against revolutionary and bureaucratic force4 #c4 ,the ,union invites all ,catholics to join the authorized organization1 and in the confidence of assistance from ,god1 which the ,union implores for itself through the most ,sacred ,hearts of ,jesus and ,mary1 they surely expect the speedy triumph of a just cause4 ,the other resolutions had reference to the adoption of a short prayer to the ,sacred ,hearts of ,jesus and ,mary1 under whose protection the ,union is placed2 then the appointing of a committee charged with the erection of a monument to the memory of ,herman von ,malinckrodt2 with the foundation of a fund for exiled clergymen2 to send an address to the oppressed ,catholics of ,switzerland2 with the making out of a list of the priests who have been punished in defending the rights of the church2 with the establishment of an intelligence office for young ,catholic merchants2 with the recommendation of the ,christian ,blaetter1 published in ,aixla,chapelle2 and finally with the recommending of various institutions for the removal of social evils4 ,all of these motions were not adopted1 others were laid upon the table1 in order to concentrate the strength of the young ,union upon the momentous question to the ,catholic ,germans as to the best means of ending the conflict now in progress against the church4 ,no one will deny the wisdom and prudence of this proceeding4 ,in the afternoon a pilgrimage to ,mount ,roch was determined upon2 it is four ,german1 or about twentyfour ,american1 miles from ,mayence1 and is one of the most charming places on the ,rhine4 ,the congress could not have closed its labors in a more appropriate manner4 ,soon after twelve o'clock the steamer ,loreley1 which was hardly large enough to accommodate the vast crowd of pilgrims1 commenced to move its engines4 ,inspired by the pious sentiments which filled their hearts1 the pilgrims made the air resound with songs which charmed the ear1 while the beautiful views1 as seen from the deck of the steamer1 of the country lying between the ,taunus ,mountains and the ,rhine1 captivated the eye4 ,this little spot has justly been called the garden of ,germany4 ,the whole shore is lined with villages1 rich in monumental reminiscences of past ages1 handsome residences and ancient abbeys1 modern and medival castles4 ,but the greatest pride of the ,rhineland are the luscious grapes which ripen upon these sunny hills4 ,who has not heard of the ,marcobrunner1 the ,steinberger1 the ,johannisberger1 the ,ruedesheimer1 and many other species of ,rhine wine8 ,the vinedresser of the ,rhineland is firmly convinced that in the whole world there is no wine which in delicacy is equal to his4 ,but let us proceed4 ,the good ,catholic inhabitants of these vineclad shores saluted our steamer by discharging cannons4 ,the ,prussian authorities had prohibited in some places such signs of joy and sympathy to be shown 8the enemies of the state0 who were passengers on the ,loreley4 ,the banner of the ,chapel of ,s4 ,roch1 which is built upon a high mountain1 had from a long distance been seen waving1 and we could also descry the great crowd which had already taken possession of the top of the mountain4 ,when we approached the city of ,bingen1 situated at the foot of the mountain1 nearly the whole population awaited us on the banks of the river4 ,a special deputation saluted the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,bishop of ,mayence1 who had come to address the pilgrims4 ,the immense crowd1 praying and singing1 then marched through the city1 which was ornamented with flags1 and soon all the streets and paths leading to the mountain were filled with men1 so that it was very difficult for the marshals to form a regular line of procession in order to reach the top of the mountain4 ,from this eminence only was it possible to obtain a good view of the multitude1 which was greater1 perhaps1 than ,mount ,roch had ever before carried on its back4 ,it was a splendid spectacle1 and the effect was greatly enhanced by the beauty of the surroundings--the majestic river1 whose course the eye could follow for miles1 the green islands that now and then appeared in the channel of the river1 the blooming vineyards1 and the everfertile valleys4 ,as the chapel could contain only a small portion of the assemblage1 the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,bishop made his address while standing under the blue canopy of heaven4 ,we will only give a few extracts from his admirable discourse4 ,in his introduction he said3 8,we are here today assembled upon this mountain from all parts of ,germany4 ,without knowing each other1 we yet feel that we are all united by the common bond of faith1 a miniature picture of the ,catholic ,church4 ,we stand upon a venerable spot4 ,here lived ,s4 ,hildegardis1 that great prophetess of the middle ages1 whom ,s4 ,bernard visited to examine her prophecies4 ,long before her advent ,s4 ,rupert and his saintly mother ,bertha1 whose relics are exposed for veneration in this chapel1 dwelt here4 ,at our feet flows the river ,rhine1 in whose waters the most beautiful cathedrals of ,germany are reflected1 and upon whose shores1 from the earliest ages1 faithful and honest ,catholics have lived4 ,there 7pointing to ,niederlingen1 with its palace of ,carlovingian date7 stood the cradle of ,charles the ,great1 the founder of the old ,german power and glory2 there that great emperor spent his youth1 who never unsheathed his sword except for the protection of truth1 and never lent it to an unrighteous cause40 ,in the course of his speech he made mention of a fact which he had observed when provost of ,berlin and delegate for the few ,catholic congregations in ,brandenburg and ,pomerania4 8,in the last century ,king ,frederick ,,ii4 had determined to drain the marshes along the river ,oder1 and had for this end summoned laborers from the ,rhine and from the ,palatinate4 ,those from the lastnamed place began their long journey after they had received assurances that ample provision had been made for their religious wants1 and that lands would be given them for cultivation4 ,these promises1 however1 were not fulfilled4 ,when the work was finished1 the poor people were distributed among the different ,protestant cities in ,pomerania1 in order to force the inhabitants1 as it were1 to cede to them some territory4 ,some of them received as their portion the sandy plains near ,pasewalk4 ,here wooden sheds were erected1 the best of which was reserved for a chapel4 ,without a priest1 these good people met together every ,sunday for divine service1 sang their hymns as if for ,high ,mass1 and an altarboy rang the bell at certain parts1 just as it was done in their former homes4 ,fifty years passed in this way without their ever having seen a priest1 and in the course of these fifty years not one ,catholic became an apostate4 ,this congregation was afterwards visited once a year by a priest1 and this state of things continued for another fifty years2 but during this whole time not a ,catholic left his faith--a proof that our ,lord and ,saviour1 when the priests are expelled1 has other means to keep his own in the true fold4 ,when in our own times institutions are destroyed1 priests are exiled1 and bishops are cast into prison1 we have more reason than ever before to impress deeply upon our hearts the words of ,christ3 ,confidite in me2 ego vinci mundum--#8,have confidence2 ,i have overcome the world' 7,s4 ,john xvi4 #cc74 ,if all else perishes1 at least one divine institution remains which the state cannot destroy--we mean the ,christian family4 ,in proportion as the other representatives of ,god are prevented from fulfilling their duty1 ,christian fathers and mothers must1 following the example of ,s4 ,bertha1 fill their vacancies4 ,what obstacles did not this saintly woman overcome6 ,her husband1 who ruled over all this part of ,germany1 was a heathen1 and was killed in a battle with the ,christians2 but notwithstanding this1 she has given in her son a saint to the church40 ,turning then to the subject of the schools1 the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,bishop reminded them of a resolution passed about ten years ago by the ,grand ,lodge of ,belgium1 which commanded the sister lodges to give their written opinions as to the question in what manner they could best exercise a decided influence over the public schools4 ,they all agreed on this point3 that the schools should be separated from the church1 and that it was not sufficient to keep the children in school until they were fourteen years of age1 but that compulsory education should be continued up to their eighteenth year1 in order to thoroughly uproot from the minds of the children the prejudices which they had received from their families and from the church4 ,to this the objection was raised that such a law would be in direct opposition to the rights of parents2 but in the reply1 which was afterwards published1 it was expressly maintained that1 if the state had the right to cut off the heads of men1 it could also set them right again4 ,in view of the present aspect of affairs in respect to the school question1 it is very easy to draw parallels4 ,at the conclusion of his address the ,rt4 ,rev4 speaker again returned to the text of his discourse3 8 #8,have confidence in ,jesus4' ,place not your hope in princes1 who cannot help you4 ,the ,holy ,ghost has said it2 they also must die4 ,make no calculations1 therefore1 as from what earthly source or from what earthly prince the salvation of the church may be expected4 ,confide in me1 says ,christ4 ,fear not the power of falsehood1 for ,i have overcome the world4 ,be watchful and firm4 ,while the world is worshipping ,mammon it is our duty to imitate the example of those ,catholics who have never bowed their knees before ,baal1 and who were found worthy to make any sacrifice for their convictions4 ,be courageous and of good cheer6 ,at this time the church needs men of determination4 ,let every one1 then1 do his duty1 and ,god will strengthen us and lead us to victory40 ,these significant words1 the truly apostolic appearance of the ,bishop of ,mayence1 the place1 and the feeling exhibited by the vast audience1 all contributed to leave a deep impression upon their hearts4 ,after some short devotions in the chapel of grace1 the pilgrims returned in a seemingly endless procession1 with song and prayer1 through the beautiful vineyards to ,bingen4 ,we were told that those in the rear of the procession were yet upon the top of the mountain when the first had entered already the parochial church of ,bingen1 where the ,benediction of the ,blessed ,sacrament was given by the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,bishop1 which ended the festive celebration of the ,second ,congress of the ,catholic ,german ,union4 ,the ,congress has given testimony that the ,catholic people of ,germany in these our days will not be misled or permit violence to be offered to them2 it gave testimony also to the truth which ,malinckrodt had expressed one month before in the ,reichstag1 and eight days before his death1 when he said3 8,if they imagine that we will bow ourselves before their ,protestant ideas1 which they clothe in the garment of the state1 they are greatly mistaken4 ,they can trample us under foot1 but we reserve to ourselves the liberty not to become unfaithful to our convictions40 ,the ,union has many and powerful enemies2 but an old ,german proverb says3 8,many enemies1 many honors40 ,may ,almighty ,god continue to protect it as before6 ,then it will show by its success that1 true to its motto1 it has worked for truth1 justice1 and liberty1 and that it has excelled all other organizations in patriotism4 ,switzerland ,in #ahgc4 ,lucerne4 ,it sounds like a platitude when any one nowadays ventures to lament returning to the prose from the poetry of travel1 so universal is this feeling1 and so constantly is it expressed2 yet it is impossible to avoid noticing it when recalling a railway journey that followed abruptly on weeks of ,alpine rambles4 ,my friend and ,i had been gradually gathering discontent1 it is true1 from the causes ,i have already stated1 and yesterday1 at ,berne1 had felt that a complete change was necessary2 but further than this we had not stopped to reflect4 ,no sooner1 however1 had we started in the train than the scream of the enginewhistle1 the jerking of the carriages at the stations1 the rush of passengers and hoarse cries of the fruitsellers1 grated discordantly on our nerves1 and a sudden pining for the grand mountains1 with their quiet1 simple life and its elevating tone1 took possession of us4 ,had we carried out our intention of going to ,lyons1 it would speedily have grown into a real ,swiss mal du pays4 ,heartily1 therefore1 did we thank ,mrs4 ,c---- for having appeared so opportunely1 and acted the part of a good angel in saving us from a species of suicide2 for we felt that our spirits would have completely evaporated long before we could have reached ,notre ,dame de ,fourvires or any other such congenial haven4 8,well1 yes10 she answered2 8the flat plains of ,france would assuredly have proved too harsh a contrast4 ,now you will still have mountains1 besides so many other matters that must deeply interest you40 ,these reflections having restored us to goodhumor1 we fully enjoyed the approach to ,lucerne1 as the train wound round the wooded hills alongside the green ,reuss1 rushing on in fullgrown vigor from the lake1 and past the medival walls and towers that still guard the sturdy old town4 ,the sun was setting as we entered the station1 just as happened a few nights previously when we drove into ,interlachen2 but in other respects everything was different4 ,here1 the train was rapidly emptied of its hundreds of ,northerners1 still brimful of their city ways1 or ill at ease in some faultless ,alpine costume fresh from a ,london shop2 while there1 though one could detect many seasonloungers1 effort at display was not thought of1 especially amongst tourists1 for dress and such externals had long since lost their importance in the wear and tear of real mountaineering4 ,and what a noise and bustle and clatter steam1 and everything belonging to it1 entails6 ,enough to drive one wild1 after many weeks of leisurely excursion habits--the tinkling bells of the steamboats waiting at the pier to carry off impatient tourists to fifty different destinations1 the crowd of omnibuses1 the jostling of porters1 and1 to complete the trouble1 the announcement that no rooms could be had at the ,schweizerhof or ,lucernerhof1 or various other hofs2 although we had telegraphed from ,berne1 and expected to find all ready4 ,if we would try1 it was said1 at the ,beau ,rivage--the hotel furthest off--there was just a chance4 ,worn out by the noise and fuss1 we two begged to walk1 the remainder of our party offering to drive on in a carriage without delay1 in order to secure any vacant places there might be before the omnibus and its load of newcomers should reach the hotel4 ,no arrangement could have been happier2 for as we crossed the handsome new bridge1 on issuing from the station1 the scene at once restored our shattered nerves4 ,the sun had just sunk behind the woodclad hills1 dotted all over with pretty villas and pensions1 that rise to the northwest above the town1 and whose sharp1 dark outline every instant became blacker against the clear sky above1 which1 on its part1 was rapidly changing from one tint to another1 each more delicate than the preceding one4 ,below1 the river moved like a mass of molten gold1 whilst the covered bridge close by and the old tower at the corner wore a dark1 warm brown hue1 all the richer from the reflection of the waters beneath4 ,turning round towards the lake1 on whose margin we stood1 the magnificent panorama of snow tipped mountains which encircle its upper end transfixed us with admiration4 ,every peak1 every line1 was visible in the clear atmosphere1 from ,mount ,pilatus1 bathed in a flood of purple1 right in front1 to the most distant of the long line rising beyond4 ,in a few minutes the colors in the west grew faint and fainter1 but a fresh afterglow lit up the mountaincrests opposite1 fading gradually into the tenderest pink1 until one by one they sank into the approaching night4 ,how wonderfully beautiful it was6 ,impossible to be surpassed6 ,and for an instant we felt half tempted to become unfaithful to the glorious ,jungfrau and lovely ,interlachen4 ,but the abiding impression of all such scenes in this favored land is1 without doubt1 one of marvel at the varieties of ,god's creation1 and nowhere does one more cordially echo that inspired voice which of old cried3 8,let every spirit praise the ,lord60 ,lost in admiration at this effect of color on water1 wood1 and mountain1 we grew deaf to the clatter of the passing crowd across the bridge1 when suddenly the sound of bells aroused our attention4 ,it seemed as if every churchbell in the place had been set aringing2 and so it really was6 ,we listened2 but1 unaccustomed as we had now so long been to the beautiful practice1 some minutes elapsed before we recognized the true mark of a ,catholic country--the ,ave ,maria or ,angelus bell6 ,a learned divine has written lately that it would simplify matters very much if the world were classed in two divisions only--namely1 those who say the ,angelus1 and those who do not2 or1 in other words1 those who1 believing in the ,incarnation and ,redemption1 boldly and lovingly profess it before ,god and men1 and those ,christians whose faith in the mystery is so feeble or their piety so lukewarm that it gives them no happiness to acknowledge it1 and who are therefore worse than the heathens1 who know not of it4 ,no happier welcome could have been given to us1 who had been suffering from a spiritual famine for the last few weeks4 ,calmed by the sweet sounds1 which were even softened by the gurgling waters at our feet1 we followed our guide along the quay1 unmindful of its white dust1 fussy tourists1 and the general unsthetic aspect of its many monster hotels1 our eyes fixed1 as we proceeded1 on the ,hofkirche1 or principal church1 which towers above it at one end4 ,it was late when we emerged after dinner from the glare of lights and hot1 crowded tabled'hte rooms of the ,beau ,rivage on to the balcony of the hotel1 and the same moon which had entranced us so recently when shining on the ,jungfrau was beginning to climb up the heavens1 right behind ,mount ,pilatus4 ,the stern mountain stood opposite to us on the other shore1 his rugged form showing dark and unfriendly against the silvered background1 but a tremulous path of light came dancing towards us straight across the placid waters4 ,tiny boats1 that were hitherto indistinguishable in the surrounding gloom1 shot in numbers1 freighted with mysterious figures1 across the luminous1 quivering pathway2 the green and red lights of steamers were seen advancing gradually from out the distant darkness of the lake1 like wicked monsters rising from the deep to devour the elves and nymphs gambolling peacefully in our midst1 while close to us1 round the near curve of the bay1 the town1 still busy with life and movement1 shone in a perfect blaze of illumination1 the lamps along its quay glittering like stars reflected in the still waters underneath4 ,poet or painter never imagined in their highest flights of fancy a more fairy like1 suggestive scene1 and again we felt and acknowledged the truth that no art or science of man can approach ,god's own handiwork in its exquisite variety and beauty4 ,it was impossible to sit indoors on such an evening1 so we wandered down to the walk beside the water's edge1 an impulse evidently shared by all the inhabitants2 for1 as we passed on1 it seemed as though every one1 including tradesmen with their wives and families1 had come forth to refresh mind and body after their busy day's work4 ,the promenade was alive with people1 either sitting or quietly sauntering up and down in apparently happy groups1 but without noise or boisterous sound1 in perfect harmony with the beautiful surroundings4 8,this scenery surely must have a powerful effect on the inhabitants10 ,i remarked to ,mrs4 ,c----1 as we too at length sat down on a bench in front of the hotel4 8,i can't conceive living constantly within view of all this beauty without having one's mind raised to a higher tone by its influence40 8,no doubt10 she replied2 8and now you can understand the full meaning of ,swiss ,heimweh1 or mal du pays2 how1 when these people once begin to pine for their mountains1 it becomes a true malady4 ,it does not follow1 however1 that scenery1 as a matter of course1 produces admiration or appreciation of its charms4 ,you know the worldold observation of this lack in ancient ,greek poetry4 ,nor have the modern ,greeks any more feeling for natural beauty than their ancestors2 in fact1 they positively dislike the country4 ,the ,turks are different2 but1 generally speaking1 southerners never give it a thought4 ,it seems to be more a matter of race than of locality1 and the ,swiss1 especially in these cantons1 being ,teutonic1 have the true ,german love of nature1 which makes them so worthy of living in this favored land6 ,that accounts1 too1 for their love of the supernatural1 to which their lively faith has always given a religious form4 ,the very name of this ,mt4 ,pilatus and its story show this tendency at once40 8,what is the story80 ,i inquired4 8,i remember reading about it1 but have quite forgotten4 ,at this moment one might fancy anything--dragons1 concealed in caverns1 swooping down on forlorn maidens1 knights rescuing ,hildegardes and ,kunigundes1 or any other thing you like1 on an evening of this sort40 8,oh6 no10 she answered3 8the homely1 burgher lives of the ,swiss rarely led them to the romantic1 but their simple piety1 as ,i have said1 clothed their tales with a religious coloring4 ,this1 for instance1 is where they believe that ,pilate committed suicide2 that1 having been banished to ,gaul by the ,emperor ,tiberius for failure in the administration of his province when governor1 he could no longer bear living in public1 and his uneasy conscience drove him from one wild district to another until he stopped here2 but even then he continued miserable1 and finally threw himself into the small lake near the summit yonder1 over which his spirit still hovers4 ,he is the author of all the storms hereabouts4 ,he cannot bear strangers1 but1 especially if they disturb him maliciously by throwing stones into this lake1 he avenges himself by thunder and lightning and a general confusion of the elements4 ,they were so persuaded of this in the middle ages that the ,lucerners actually made a statute forbidding any one to explore the mountains1 and there are records of several persons being severely punished for venturing up in defiance of the order4 ,he regulates the weather even now2 for you can always tell by ,pilatus what kind of day it is likely to be4 ,have you never heard the lines8 8 #8,wenn ,pilatus trgt sein ,hut ,darum wird das ,wetter gut4 ,trgt er aber seinen ,degen ,darum wird's wohl sicher regnen4'7#ca7 8,the ,hut1 or ,hood1 is a little cloud which settles on the summit only1 but the sword is a long streak across the centre of the mountain1 which bodes rain and all manner of bad weather4 ,there are ominous stories1 besides1 of dragons and winged serpents1 which were formerly seen to fly from ,pilatus to the ,rigi at night1 leaving fiery tracks behind them1 and tormenting the shepherds and their flocks40 8,well6 if ever there were an excuse for pantheism and belief in a spirit world animating nature1 it certainly would be in ,switzerland6 ,everywhere ,i go the mountains1 cloudy sunsets1 the whole moving face of nature1 speak a language ever varying in one sense1 but uniform in leading one's thoughts upwards40 8,yes2 and even in bad weather you would not tire of it6 ,pilatus is never so grand as when the stormclouds gather round his brow and roll down pitilessly on this very spot40 8,i should very much like to know whether the people keep up their piety now1 and how they are likely to act in the coming religious storm10 ,i remarked4 8,i have just had an interesting conversation on that very point with an old ,lucerner10 said ,mr4 ,c----1 who now rejoined us1 and who1 we noticed1 had stopped to speak to some acquaintance on the promenade when we first started4 8,that was old ,h----1 whom we met at ,kissingen three years ago10 he continued1 addressing his wife4 8,he has retired from his appointment1 and returned to this his native town4 ,he was rejoiced to see me1 and offered his services2 and1 thinking he might be useful as a guide1 ,i have begged him to call at our hotel in the morning4 ,he gave me a most interesting account of matters here4 ,they are all staunch ,catholics1 he says1 except a few1 who are lukewarm and seduced by the rationalism and liberalism of ,olten and ,berne4 ,from these alone do they fear dissension4 ,but they are not numerous4 ,however1 they tried last winter to get one of the churches given up to them4 ,fortunately1 the town council is orthodox and firm1 and ,herr ,h---- is certain that ,lucerne will be true to her name1 and continue a light to her neighbors40 8,what a happy play on the word60 ,i remarked--8a genuine jeu de mot4 ,she certainly merits the title in a material sense already1 with that girdle of brilliant lamps shining like jewels along the quay40 8,it is not a jeu de mot of my invention10 answered ,mr4 ,c----4 8,the name is said to take its origin from the fact itself4 ,some of the ,swiss towns1 such as ,chur and ,geneva1 date from the ,roman times of ,switzerland2 but there are no traces of ,roman buildings or settlements here4 ,it is said1 however1 that even then there was a lantern or kind of lighthouse at this spot for the boats on the lake1 which was dignified by the ,latin name of ,lucerna1 or light2 and this1 amidst the vicissitudes of centuries1 has clung to it1 and1 as you say1 is as suitable as ever4 ,the town itself1 like so many others1 is the offspring of a monastery somewhere about the same time as ,st4 ,gall and ,einsiedeln4 ,but those old walls1 with the quaint towers which still encircle it1 are only from the ,x,i,i,ith or ,x,i,vth century4 ,the barbarians1 you may remember1 overran the continent several times in the ,i,xth1 ,xth1 and ,x,ith centuries1 pillaging and burning on all sides2 but it was noticed that the walled towns escaped1 for they did not understand the art of besieging them4 ,one of the ,german emperors1 therefore1 issued orders that all the towns should erect fortifications1 and that1 in times of war1 the rural population should take refuge within them4 ,basel was one of the first that was enclosed in ,switzerland1 being on the frontier4 ,then ,st4 ,gall1 which had sprung up round the great monastery1 and was also near the frontier2 ,zurich and ,lucerne followed later4 ,lucerne has kept up the old ,swiss character better than almost any other town1 from its position near these forest cantons1 which have more or less imbued it with their spirit4 ,the forest cantons10 he continued1 as if in answer to my inquiring look1 8are those which border this lake1 and give it the name of the #8,lake of the ,four ,cantons6' ,they are ,schwytz1 ,uri1 ,unterwalden2 and now ,lucerne makes the fourth--the cradle of ,switzerland and the noblest portion of its people4 ,lucerne has hitherto been a sort of outpost for them--their point of connection with the political world beyond2 and so far it has always held stoutly by its old friends4 ,i remember the religious civil war and the ,sonderbund1 between #ahdb and #ahdh1 and ,lucerne was the head and front of all that movement4 ,those old towns1 amongst their various tales1 could tell many even of that period2 for within their walls1 as well as in some of the churches1 #a1hjj prisoners were confined after the first victorious resistance ,lucerne offered the ,protestant ,volunteers4 ,amongst the number was a certain ,dr4 ,steiger1 said to be the leader of the ,protestants4 ,he lay in one of the towers1 condemned to banishment and imprisonment by the tribunals of ,lucerne1 when one night he escaped1 aided by three countrymen who were devoted to him1 and finally fled to ,america4 ,i well recollect what a sensation it made1 especially when1 a few days afterwards the great champion of the ,catholics--a peasant--was found murdered in his cottage6 ,then these ,catholics made a defensive league amongst themselves to resist the interference of the ,protestant cantons in their religious affairs1 and which they therefore called the ,sonderbund4 ,on this the opposite faction took their stand1 asserting that its principle was contrary to the spirit of the ,confederacy4 ,it was a good watchword in any case wherewith to rouse their partisans1 and they succeeded in this so completely that the ,diet soon voted that the league ought to be put down by force4 ,a large army was at once collected1 and1 surrounding these ,catholic cantons as with a cordon1 they very soon crushed them4 ,how well ,i remember it all6 ,whether the experience is recollected here it is hard to say2 but ,herr ,h---- muttered something about their all being determined to stand up manfully for their faith1 even if it should ultimately be necessary to fight for it40 8,fighting for one's faith is sublime1 and stirs one's deepest feelings10 ,i replied1 8and that the spirit which induces it still exists1 despite our prosaic1 material age1 we have seen by the ,papal ,zouaves1 and also1 united with love of country1 in the ,bretons1 ,vendans1 and others during the ,french and ,prussian war4 ,but it is impossible to combine the idea of fighting of any kind with this poetic scene1 and ,i would rather go to sleep tonight dreaming of nymphs and sprites than of war and prisons1 or even of ,pilate himself or any other gloomy visions in this fairyland4 ,i fear ,i am ungrateful for all your information1 in feeling almost sorry that we touched on these topics10 ,i said1 laughing1 as we reluctantly turned homewards late that evening4 ,i had spoken wisely4 ,most difficult it is to pacify one's mind after such a conversation1 and1 between reflections on the past and speculations on the future of these ,swiss ,catholics1 the night was far advanced before my eyes closed in sleep4 ,suddenly ,i was awakened by a fulltoned churchbell booming across the waters4 ,it might again be the ,angelus2 but looking at my watch1 it was only a quarter before five o'clock1 and moreover it was still dark4 ,then it must be some conventbell summoning the community to ,matins and ,prime4 ,it was an uncharitable proceeding on their part1 thought ,i1 to waken up a whole town2 and the peal kept on for the entire quarter of an hour4 ,at halfpast five came another similar bell2 and then1 soon after1 a chorus of full tones1 like that which had greeted our arrival on the previous evening1 rang out the ,angelus from every churchtower in the place1 followed at six and halfpast six by others in our immediate vicinity4 ,it was quite impossible to sleep2 yet1 tired though we were1 the joyful sensation of awakening in a ,catholic land reconciled us to the penalty it thus imposed4 ,up and out we should at once go in search of the ,masses which these bells indicated4 ,but there be no such hurry1 said the hotel servants2 for there would be eight o'clock ,mass in the ,hofkirche close by4 ,then we discovered that1 so far from the quarter to five bell belonging to any convent1 it was in truth rung in order to rouse the townspeople to ,mass at the ,s4 ,peterskirche--the first each day of the series which ended at eight o'clock at the ,hofkirche4 ,and then we recollected how the same custom prevails in ,germany1 according to the early habits of all ,german races2 how hopeless it seems ever to be up and out before the inhabitants of a small ,german town2 and how1 in the ,rhenish provinces for instance1 the five o'clock ,mass in summer1 and the six o'clock in winter1 are the most fully attended1 even in the severe seasons of frost and snow4 ,we felt1 therefore1 like sluggards as we ascended the paved hill and mounted the steps leading up to the ,hofkirche4 ,it was a bright morning1 and pleasant1 goodhumored faces met us1 as we paused to notice the exterior1 so plain and unadorned compared to the beautiful ,cathedral of ,berne4 ,but this seemed all the more suitable to the simple life of ,lucerne1 with which the fact of the church standing1 as it does1 in the midst of its cemetery1 is in perfect harmony4 ,a curious piece of medival sculpture1 representing the ,garden of ,olives1 is let into the wall of one of the towers1 and we were examining it when to our surprise sounds of music from the inside reached us4 ,but a greater surprise awaited us when1 on entering the church1 we found it perfectly full4 ,a most devout congregation occupied every seat in the nave4 ,on one side knelt the men1 on the opposite the women4 ,whilst ,high ,mass for the dead was being sung at an altar outside the choirscreen1 in front of which was placed the bier1 ,low ,masses were going on at side altars near1 and another at the high altar behind4 ,everywhere earnestness and devotion were perceptible2 and a more striking contrast to our previous day's experience in the ,cathedral of ,berne1 where daily services were unknown1 it would be utterly impossible to imagine4 ,yet what must such a morning have been there in the olden days2 for even now external advantages are in its favor4 ,the ,lucerne church has far fewer claims to architectural beauty1 and its general ornamentation is in the bad taste of the last century4 ,but these faults were at the moment imperceptible to us1 who had eyes only for the life and spirit pervading the crowd of worshippers that filled it4 ,it is a fine church1 however1 in its own way1 and quite in keeping with the character of the inhabitants4 ,the choir is imposing1 and the metalwork of its screen excellent4 ,there are old stainedglass windows too2 and a wood carving of the ,death of ,our ,lady over a side altar would be perfect1 were it not for the amount of gilding and gaudy coloring with which it has been loaded4 ,but the benches are the most characteristic point in the building4 ,at one period they must all have been appropriated1 though they are now free2 for each division still retains a shield1 on which is painted a coatofarms and the name of a citizen1 or of his wife or widow1 with the date of the year1 going back in some cases to the beginning of the last century4 ,when ,high ,mass was over1 the women in going out passed round by the bier1 on which they sprinkled holywater1 followed by the men1 who seriously and piously performed the same act of fraternal charity4 ,thence we followed them to the small mortuary chapel outside1 but so filled was it by a weeping group that we turned back and sauntered round the covered gallery1 or cloister1 which borders this beautiful ,gottesacker1 or 8,god's acre10 as the ,germans so truly call their cemeteries4 ,sauntering it certainly was2 for it was difficult to move quickly1 so many were the inscriptions1 so well tended the hundreds of pretty graves4 ,marks of affection and remembrance were visible at every step in fresh wreaths and baskets of beautiful flowers1 arranged with a taste and art that told what loving hearts must have guided the skilful hands that made them4 ,some good oil paintings and handsome monuments also adorn this gallery2 but the most attractive part of the whole burialground is its eastern end4 ,this is appropriated to diminutive graves and crosses1 hung with white bows of ribbon and white flowers4 ,we knew that in the ,catholic ,church there is a special service for infants--one of pure joy without a word of grief2 but never before had we seen any particular spot set apart for these baptized little angels4 ,later1 we found that it is a custom universal in the burialgrounds of these ,catholic cantons2 but none that we afterwards saw ever struck us so much as this one of ,lucerne4 ,the whole place1 too1 was full of stone stoups1 provided with water and branches of blessed box1 wherewith to sprinkle the graves4 ,footpassengers have a right of way from an upper road through this churchyard1 and we saw many stop1 as they passed1 to perform this work of charity over a tomb1 with a pious aspiration for the repose of the souls4 8,have pity on me1 my friends10 is a prayer well responded to in this touching ,gottesacker1 where the dead still dwell in the hearts of the living1 truly under the shadow and protecting influence of the church and of the cross4 ,the doctrines of the ,catholic faith in the communion of saints and intercession for the holy souls in purgatory are here so practically carried out1 that they must get intertwined with the tenderest feelings of each ,lucerner1 and developed in their best sense from childhood upwards1 becoming their comfort and mainstay from the cradle to the grave4 ,and then in what a beautiful position this old church stands--at the head of the town1 guarding its flock1 and a beacon to the wearyminded6 ,from our guidebook we learned that originally it had formed part of a ,benedictine convent1 and is dedicated to ,s4 ,leodegarius1 or ,s4 ,leger4 ,the very name of this saint takes us back to the furthest antiquity1 to the earliest days of ,christianity in these parts2 for he was the great ,bishop of ,autun in the ,v,i,ith century whose sanctity and courage shone conspicuously during sixty years in the stormy times of the ,clovis and ,clotaire kings and of their maires du palais1 until he was at last cruelly put to death by order of ,ebroin1 one of the most wicked of that tribe1 and who governed in the name of the ,frankish king1 ,theodoric4 ,it tells1 too1 of those days when the present ,switzerland1 having been included in ,charlemagne's empire1 was still fluttering between his successors in ,burgundy and those in ,germany2 and how far the fame of saints and martyrs spread and made their mark on countries which1 in those days of slow communication1 were distant from their own4 ,the convent itself must have been an old foundation1 for the church was formed into a collegiate chapter in #adef1 and the two existing towers belong to that period4 ,the remainder1 destroyed by fire in #afcc1 was rebuilt soon after in the unarchitectural style of that century4 ,probably we owe the cloisters round the cemetery and the massive parochial house near1 also to the monastic period4 ,quite worthy1 in any case1 of ,benedictine refinement was the view obtained from the open arches on one side of the cloisters4 ,but alas for modern innovations6 ,my friends remembered this as one of the most lovely points of view in ,switzerland some fifteen years ago2 but now the roof of that huge caravansary1 the ,international ,hotel1 rises just high enough close in front to shut out1 from all but two openings1 everything save the sight of its own ungainliness4 ,from these two1 however1 it is possible to judge what the world has lost1 looking out over the lake and surrounding mountains2 and we lingered long1 drinking in the charms of this matchless landscape1 which again presented itself under an aspect quite different from that of the preceding evening4 ,on returning to the hotel we found ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,c---- deep in conversation with ,herr ,h----1 who had come according to appointment4 ,he was a shrivelled up1 active1 little old man of about seventy1 formerly professor in a gymnasium in the north of ,germany1 but the aim of whose life had been to save a certain sum1 in order to return and end his days in his own beloved ,switzerland4 ,this he had accomplished within the last two years4 ,the ,c----s had taken a great fancy to the old man when they made his acquaintance at ,kissingen1 and he was now burning to be of some use to them4 ,and a great help he proved in planning the next week's excursions1 so as to make them finish off at ,einsiedeln on the #adth1 the chief feast of that monastery4 ,the day was perfectly lovely1 and the atmosphere so clear that he pleaded hard to take us up to the ,linden ,avenue1 a terrace walk1 twentyfive minutes off1 and commanding a magnificent panorama4 ,but we should see the mountains during the rest of our travels1 we argued in reply1 and our minds were so full of ,wordsworth and ,longfellow1 and1 through them1 of the covered bridges of ,lucerne1 that we could hear of nothing else4 ,our party consisted of ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,c----1 their two daughters1 and a goodhumored1 boyish son of eighteen1 besides my friend and myself2 so at last a compromise was effected by dividing our forces4 ,one daughter went with ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,c---- to the ,linden walk1 while our new ,swiss acquaintance politely offered to conduct our division over his native place4 ,our first visit1 as a matter of course1 was to 8the ,lion10 the pride and glory of modern ,lucerne6 ,turning off from the fussy1 bustling quay1 leaving excitement and noise behind1 we wandered through quiet1 winding streets that led to the former ,zurich road1 until1 in a leafy recess containing a large basin filled by trickling water1 on which the sun played through the foliage of the overhanging beechtrees1 this grand king of animals lay right before us1 hewn out of the perpendicular face of the living rock4 ,overhead is carved the inscription1 ,helvetiorum fidei ac virtuti47#cb7 ,this monument1 erected in memory of the ,swiss guards who fell whilst defending ,louis ,,xvi4 and ,marie ,antoinette at ,versailles1 and on the #b;d and #c;d of ,september1 #agib1 was designed by the great ,thorwaldsen1 and executed by a ,zurich sculptor1 the expenses being defrayed by subscriptions from all parts of ,switzerland4 ,the lion is dying1 the spear still in his side1 a bundle of spears under him1 but one paw still firmly clasping the ,bourbon shield4 ,it is colossal2 the whole attitude full of strength1 firmness1 and sorrow--a sorrow inspiring such sympathy that the longer one looks the more human it appears4 ,yet it is not that hopelessly sad expression of his grand ,chronean prototype1 which once having had the goodfortune to see on the spot1 ,i never can forget4 ,but then what different events they commemorate6 ,the ,greek1 the defeat of an overglorious nation1 crushed to despair2 this of ,lucerne1 the loss1 but also the noble heroism1 of a few of ,switzerland's sons only1 who1 if they could be so faithful in the cause of strangers1 what might not be expected from them and their brethren in defence of their own hearths and homes6 ,and as we stood transfixed to the spot1 unwilling to stir1 it was pleasant to hear from ,herr ,h---- that foreign service of this sort has now ceased4 ,at least no body of ,swiss serve abroad together1 except as the ,pope's guards1 whose picturesque ,michael,angelesque costumes must be remembered by every one that visited ,rome in its palmy days4 ,formerly1 not only did they serve as mercenaries in various countries1 but there were regular treaties in force between the ,swiss government and foreign sovereigns1 authorizing the latter to recruit throughout the cantons4 ,these1 however1 have been swept away1 and this 8,lion0 is now the only link with those times4 ,close by is a chapel where1 according to pious custom1 ,mass is now and then said for the departed heroes1 and the altar cloth of which has been worked by the ,duchesse d',angoulme1 one of ,marie ,antoinette's two children1 protected and saved by those very soldiers4 ,we had not prepared ourselves for this beautiful1 poetic work of art1 and hence it was perhaps doubly difficult to leave it2 but time pressed1 and ,herr ,h---- led the way back to the brilliant quay4 ,he was eloquent on its palatial hotels1 and proud that in this particular ,lucerne is so far ahead of all other ,swiss towns1 except perhaps ,geneva4 ,but still1 he said1 this did not compensate him for olden days4 ,how different it had been in his boyhood1 in the years prior to #ahbj1 when the present ,schweizerhof ,quay did not exist6 ,a long1 covered wooden bridge1 #a1cjj feet in length1 ran1 in its stead1 from the middle of the town1 near the ,swan ,hotel1 right across here to the foot of the ,hofkirche4 ,and then1 to our intense regret1 we discovered that this was the chief bridge mentioned by ,wordsworth in his continental tour4 ,he first speaks of the ,hafellbrcke1 still existing1 and then goes on to say3 8,like portraiture1 from loftier source1 endears ,that work of kindred frame1 which spans the lake ,just at the point of issue1 when it fears ,the form and motion of a stream to take2 ,when it begins to stir1 yet voiceless as a snake4 8,volumes of sound1 from the cathedral rolled1 ,this longroofed vista penetrate2 but see1 ,one after one1 its tablets1 that unfold ,the whole design of ,scripture history2 ,from the first tasting of the fatal tree1 ,till the bright star appeared in eastern skies1 ,announcing ,one was born mankind to free2 ,his acts1 his wrongs1 his final sacrifice2 ,lessons for every heart1 a ,bible for all eyes4 8our pride misleads1 our timid likings kill4 ,long may these homely works devised of old1 ,these simple efforts of ,helvetian skill1 ,aid1 with congenial influence1 to uphold ,the state1 the country's destiny to mould2 ,turning1 for them who pass1 the common dust ,of servile opportunity to gold2 ,filling the soul with sentiments august-- ,the beautiful1 the brave1 the holy1 and the just40 ,then in a note he goes on to relate that the pictures on the 8cathedral bridge amounted to #bdj1 all from ,scripture history2 subjects from the ,old ,testament faced the passenger going to the cathedral1 and those from the ,new as he returns40 ,what would he have said could he have foreseen such a speedy annihilation of his aspirations for their long maintenance1 and especially when replaced by all that drives away remembrance of that 8history0 and tends to keep men's thoughts fastened to earth instead of raised to heaven6 ,when our first disappointment was over1 we learned from ,herr ,h---- that this quay1 now so venerablelooking from its shady chestnuts1 has been won from the lake1 like the ,thames embankment1 within the last forty years4 ,it has one advantage1 namely3 that the whole touristlife which brings such gain to ,lucerne has been added on to it1 without in any way interfering with the ordinary life of its inhabitants4 ,happily1 it would be impossible to change the old part without sweeping it entirely away--a summary proceeding that no one would think of4 ,the original town lies on a strip of land between the lake and encircling hills1 and is composed of solidlybuilt old houses in narrow streets1 that are thoroughly sheltered1 but without any view1 and consequently unfit for tourist requirements4 ,air and landscape--the two essentials for the wealthbringing strangers--were fortunately found available in the large space gained from the lake1 while the neighboring hills seemed as if especially created for the countless pensions that now cover them in every direction4 8,travellers10 said ,herr ,h----1 8--travellers are the great desire of ,lucerne4 ,they supply the place of trade and manufactures1 which we do not possess1 except in a small way in the ,krienz valley yonder4 ,both here and throughout all these forest cantons1 the whole energies of the population are of late years directed to this object4 ,you will find them building hotels in all directions as you travel through that district10 pointing to the upper end of the lake1 which we were lingering to admire from the promenade4 8,it sometimes seems like overbuilding1 but the larger the houses1 the more quickly they seem to fill4 ,the crowds that swarm here from ,june to ,october1 from every quarter of the globe1 are quite marvellous4 ,since the ,french war1 especially1 the ,germans come in shoals4 ,it is becoming like another invasion of the northerners6 ,i suppose we dare not call them ,huns and ,vandals10 he continued1 laughing4 8,but ,i confess ,i fear their influence in the long run1 for they are chiefly the population of the manufacturing and commercial towns of ,prussia and the ,north1 and even when they are not decidedly infidel1 they are not overburdened with religion1 and are perfectly indifferent to its observances4 ,i was stopping up at the ,kaltbad for a month this summer1 and only a few out of #dbj guests ever thought about ,sundays4 #8,who does1 when at a wateringplace8' said some4 ,there was no ,protestant service1 it is true1 except the ,english1 but still there might have been some difference made between it and other days2 but1 except amongst the ,catholics1 one could notice none1 unless that the dinner was sometimes rather better than on weekdays4 ,and even the foreign ,catholics were often very lukewarm4 ,it is a very bad example1 to say the least1 for the natives4 ,fortunately1 however1 the strangers mix with them very little1 and they fall back into their customary life when these crowds go home about the end of ,september4 ,then all is changed4 ,the country hotels shut up1 and even here they dismiss their large staff of servants1 and only keep a small portion of each house open4 ,but they are looking forward to a great increase of winter business in ,lucerne later1 when the ,st4 ,gothard tunnel1 which is now begun1 shall be finished2 though1 of course1 it will be nothing compared to the summer influx40 8,and what becomes of the poor servants80 ,i asked4 8,are they turned adrift on the world80 8,oh6 dear1 no4 ,they are engaged for the hotels at ,nice and ,mentone1 and all along the ,riviera1 in bodies of a hundred at a time4 ,if you happen to go south in ,november1 you will doubtless fall in with many a ,kellner or a housemaid you met up here in the summer4 ,that is the form the ,swiss foreign service has taken in our days of steam and easy communication4 ,and very much they distinguish themselves4 ,both men and women are considered more honest and active than those of any other nation1 and consequently are at a premium4 ,that wonderful race of #8,kellners'--a race apart--which goes by the generic name of ,german waiter1 is largely composed of the ,swiss element4 ,strangely enough1 however1 every waitress you meet1 even in these districts1 is certain to come from the canton of ,berne4 ,the women there have a spcialit in that line4 ,the peasants of the ,catholic cantons keep to the housemaid department1 as a rule1 and our ,lucerne maidens become ladies' maids or governesses in ,english families4 ,and very well they turn out1 too4 ,both in this town and in the rural cantons they are a solidly good1 pious population4 ,very conservative also2 in fact1 most conservative1 in spite of our staunch republicanism1 and most united at the same time40 ,it suddenly occurred to us to ask whose funeral we had seen that morning4 8,no doubt of some distinguished citizen80 8,no10 replied ,herr ,h----1 8not particularly distinguished2 only an old and highlyrespected tradesman4 ,oh6 no2 that is an everyday occurrence4 ,all the neighbors consider it a duty to attend the ,high ,mass and to pray for each other4 ,i was there1 amongst others1 just before ,i went to the ,beau ,rivage ,hotel2 for1 although ,i have spent so many years away from ,lucerne1 ,i knew this man from my earliest childhood1 and he has been working all his life for every one you saw there this morning1 so that the least we might do was to go and pray for the repose of his soul1 poor fellow6 ,they will do the same for each one of us in turn4 ,here is a column of advertisements1 composed of nothing but #8,thanks' from relatives10 he said1 drawing a ,lucerne daily paper from out of his pocket1 and amongst the number we read the following touching one3 8,the widow and children of ---- return their heartfelt thanks to all the kind friends who spontaneously attended the ,high ,mass for1 and the funeral of1 their lamented husband and father on ----4 ,they are not only grateful for this mark of respect1 but they wish to assure these good neighbors that the loving sympathy and the kind manner in which it was offered by each1 have done more to soften their grief than they can now express40 8,we are a small community10 continued ,herr ,h----18 only #ad1ejj inhabitants--simple folk1 working our way on through life without any rich manufacturers or overgrown proprietors1 as at ,zurich1 ,berne1 and ,geneva1 so there cannot be much rivalry or pretension4 ,you will not find private villas or large chteaus round this lake--nothing1 for instance1 even like those handsome ones on the ,lake of ,thun2 but we all hold together1 and ,i only hope the young generation will continue to walk in the footsteps of their fathers40 ,to ,be ,concluded ,next ,month4 ,roger ,the ,rich47#cc7 ,a ,ballad4 ,dedicated1 ,without ,permission1 ,to ,victor ,emanuel4 ,god prospereth ,king ,stephen6 ,his sway is o'er the land4 ,the ,empress ,maud hath bowed her head2 ,her knights are slain1 her armies fled1 ,herself beneath his hand6 ,god prospereth ,king ,stephen6 ,the land is all his own4 ,from north to south1 from east to west1 ,the whole wide kingdom is at rest-- ,firm sits he on his throne4 ,god prospereth ,king ,stephen6 ,yet he hath cast his eye ,on the rich lands of ,sherbourn1 spread ,o'er many a hill and kiecropt mead1 ,and many a bosky lea4 ,king ,stephen sware a grimly oath-- ,god wis he kept it true3 8,since ,roger ,niger 7bishop then7 ,hath led against us armd men1 ,roger shall dearly rue60 ,roger hath lands and riches too1 ,marks forty thousand told2 ,and well ,i wot the monarch's vow ,hath less to do with justice now ,than with the bishop's gold4 ,roger hath to ,devizes ta'en ,his wealth with all his speed2 ,stout menatarms1 and billmen true1 ,and bowmen armed with sturdy yew1 ,attend him in his need4 ,now he hath stored his fortelace well ,with beeves and sheep and grain4 ,he standeth on his topmost tower2 ,and sayeth in the pride of power1 ,the king shall knock in vain6 ,what1 ,o my knights6 the monarch cries1 ,shall he thus brave our wrath8 ,shake forth our banner to the blast1 ,and gather round us1 liegemen fast2 ,we'll sweep him from our path6 ,the king1 with mighty following1 ,hath sat before the tower2 ,but massy walls and valiant hearts ,have nobly played their several parts-- ,the bishop mocks his power6 ,and loudly sware ,king ,stephen then ,a fearful oath to hear3 8,build me a gallowstree before ,the haughty prelate's guarded door2 ,this yet shall cost him dear40 ,now they have built the gallowstree1 ,and raised it in the air-- ,its height is forty feet and three1 ,a laidly thing it is to see-- ,and led his nephew there4 ,roger the bishop stands and sees ,young ,roger led to die-- ,the nephew he had reared with care1 ,his only sister's son and heir3 ,a tear steals from his eye4 ,now he hath turned him to his knights2 ,his words are sad and low3 8,god wot ,i am an old man now2 ,he layeth sorrow on my brow1 ,he willeth ,i should go4 ,my nephew hath his course to run1 ,and mine is near its close4 ,i straight will render up my lands1 ,my gold shall pass from out mine hands-- ,i'll yield me to my foe6 ,but as ,god lives he prospereth not ,king ,stephen's arms again2 ,his latest triumph he hath won4 ,henceforth his is a setting sun2 ,his efforts shall be vain6 ,god prospereth not ,king ,stephen now-- ,the ,empress ,maud hath fled2 ,fitz,empress ,henry snatcheth now ,the golden circlet from the brow1 ,the glory from his head4 ,god prospereth not ,king ,stephen's arms-- ,anjou is in the field1 ,and ,winchester and ,gloucester band ,to wrest the sceptre from his hand1 ,and vanquished he must yield4 ,god prospereth not ,king ,stephen's cause-- ,henry is named his heir2 ,still may he sit upon the throne ,weakness forbids him call his own1 ,in sorrow and despair4 ,god prospereth not his family-- ,eustace1 his only son1 ,pines from that moment1 droops his head1 ,and1 withering like a flower1 is dead1 ,and his last prop is gone4 ,god prospereth not ,king ,stephen's health-- ,his heart is stricken sore2 ,sleep shunneth now his eyes by night2 ,his days are stricken with a blight2 ,he smileth now no more4 ,and still 'tis said ,god prospereth not ,the holder of those lands1 ,and ,sarum's heirs ne'er live to claim ,the heritage of land and name-- ,it slippeth from their hands2 ,for one1 'tis said1 hath fallen by chance2 ,another falls in strife2 ,a father's hand unwitting smote ,another scion through the throat2 ,law claims another's life4 ,god prospereth not that family-- ,two hundred years have sped1 ,and still the bishop's curse clings fast1 ,as fell and fatal to the last ,as when those words were said4 ,then the ,third ,edward rendered back ,unto the church its own1 ,and the broad lands to ,robert gave 7,thou'lt see it figured on his grave72 ,and now the curse is gone6 ,the ,poem ,of ,izdubar4 ,m4 ,,fran,,ois ,,lenormant1 in continuing the publication of his ,essay on the ,propagation of the ,phnician ,alphabet in the ,ancient ,world1 and in editing a ,selection of ,cuneiform ,texts1 has just issued two volumes of important and interesting studies on ,primitive ,civilizations47#cd7 ,the steps of this learned writer in the almost unknown regions which he explores so fearlessly1 and usually with so much success1 are not always perfectly sure2 but1 with a good faith so natural to him that it does not seem to cost him even an effort1 he knows how to retrace his path and correct whatever may require rectification4 ,les ,premires ,civilisations1 several portions of which have been published in various collections1 reappears developed and raised to the present level attained by scientific discovery4 ,the work opens by a notice of prehistoric archology and fossil man1 the monuments of the neolithic period1 and the invention of the use of metals and its introduction into the ,west4 ,studies on ,egypt follow1 including the ,poem of ,pentaour and the ,romance of the ,two ,brothers4 ,the second volume1 with the exception of the 8,legend of ,cadmus1 and the ,phnician ,establishments in ,greece10 is entirely devoted to ,chalda1 presenting us with a ,chaldan ,vda1 or collection of liturgical and devotional hymns in honor of the principal gods worshipped on the banks of the ,tigris and ,euphrates2 the biography of a ,babylonian prince of the ,v,i,i,ith century before our era1 ,merodach ,baladan1 with whose name the ,bible has already made us acquainted27#ce7 and1 lastly1 the ,babylonian epic poem of ,izdubar4 ,it is this last work of which the range is the most general and the value the greatest in connection with the comparative history of the ,semitic races1 their national genius1 and their religious ideas4 ,it touches1 amongst other things1 upon three points which it is important to put particularly in relief1 on account of the manner in which the inferences resulting from them strengthen the ground of ,christian apologists--namely1 the myths of one of the most important branches of the race of ,sem 7or1 to speak accurately1 the race that was equally descended from ,sem and ,cham71 the ,assyrio,chaldan belief in the immortality of the soul1 and the origin of the signs of the ,zodiac4 ,there is also a fourth point--that of the tradition of the ,deluge4 ,it has been repeatedly maintained by the sceptic1 ,m4 ,renan1 and is in fact one of his favorite ideas1 that the ,semites were radically incapable of producing an epic poem4 ,he refuses everything to this race--imagination1 the power of invention1 the knowledge of the experimental method1 philosophy1 and science4 ,one thing alone he accords to them--the monotheistic instinct4 ,now1 the cuneiform tablets demonstrate that the sciences1 especially those of astronomy and mathematics1 held a very considerable place in the intellectual pursuits of the ,babylonians and ,assyrians4 ,the poem of ,erech1 published by ,mr4 ,g4 ,smith1 is sufficient of itself alone1 by means of the fragments which are known to us1 to reduce to nothing all the assertions in his history of the ,semitic languages1 in which ,m4 ,renan affirms that 8the imagination of the ,semitic races has never gone beyond the narrow circle traced around it by the exclusive idea of the divine greatness4 ,god and man1 in presence of each other1 in the bosom of the desert--behold the summary1 or1 as it is termed in the present day1 the formula1 of all their poetry407#cf7 ,assuredly one never found one's self less in the desert in presence of ,god alone and of man alone than in the ,semitic poems of ,chalda4 ,the veritable name of the hero on the banks of the ,euphrates1 sung by ,homer1 has remained unknown to this day4 ,it is constantly found written in ideographic characters1 which1 pronounced phonetically1 give the three syllables ,izdubar2 but we know that they were pronounced in quite a different manner by the ,assyrio,chaldans4 ,we are equally certain1 from the testimony of other cuneiform inscriptions1 that this ,izdubar was one of the gods of ,chalda4 ,nevertheless1 he figures here as a simple hero1 and1 according to ,m4 ,lenormant1 is probably ,nemrod1 8the mighty hunter10 as he is called in the ,book of ,genesis1 alluding to a popular saying1 of which the remembrance is still preserved in ,assyria1 as well as in ,palestine1 and also in the ,egyptian tradition4 ,the historical inscriptions of ,assurbanipal name ,resen1 one of the cities of ,assyria1 8the town of the hunter407#cg7 ,the ,izdubar of the ,babylonian inscription1 like the ,nemrod of the ,bible1 reigns over four cities17#ch7 three of which1 named in ,genesis1 are certainly identical with those mentioned on the tablet1 and which therefore furnish an argument in favor of the supposition4 ,but however that may be1 ,izdubar1 whose name signifies 8,god of fire10 8,god of the body or mass of fire10 is without doubt the ancient ,arcadian ,god of fire whose worship had so great an importance in the primitive epochs2 and this idea throws much light on the ,babylonian poem1 to which it1 in some sort1 furnishes the key4 ,this poem is divided into twelve cantos1 if we may so call them1 each forming a distinct episode and inscribed in a separate tablet4 ,sir ,henry ,rawlinson has proved that each canto relates to one of the twelve signs of the zodiac1 and to one of the twelve months of the year4 ,the god of fire is thus represented as being one with the sun1 and the entire epic consists of a poetical history of the annual revolution of that luminary1 and its accomplishment in the course of twelve months1 around which revolution various incidental episodes have been grouped1 amongst others the narrative of the ,deluge4 ,the dnouement of the poem is the cure of ,izdubar1 who1 at the instigation of the man saved from the ,deluge1 plunges into the sea1 from whence he issues delivered from a sort of leprosy which had threatened his life4 ,m4 ,gubernatis remarks that this is identical with the ,vedic myth of ,indra1 and also the ,hellenic one of ,tithonus4 ,leprosy is invariably the malady of kingly heroes1 and signifies old age1 which1 according to popular belief1 could only be cured either by the waters of youth or by the blood of a child4 ,the old solar hero1 the dying sun1 sprang forth with renewed youth in the morning1 after traversing the sea of night--a symbol which would naturally possess an additional force to the nations who beheld the departing sungod sink beneath the ,western sea4 ,the ,chaldan epic presents us1 therefore1 with the same mythological groundwork as the other polytheistic religions with regard to the worship of fire and of the sun--a groundwork presenting a point of contact among the ,semitic1 ,aryan1 and ,egyptian races which it is necessary to bear in mind in tracing the comparative histories of the descendants of the sons of ,noe4 ,the details of the ,babylonian poem exhibit a mythology as multitudinous as that of ,india or of ,greece2 the adventures also of ,izdubar for the most part closely resemble those of the classic heroes4 ,he is a great conqueror1 who wins immortality by his splendid exploits and his mighty labors1 some of which remind one of those of ,hercules4 ,we see him successively capture the winged ox1 and put an end to the ravages of a sea monster to which is given the name of ,boul--two exploits almost identical with those of ,perseus4 ,as in ,egypt the sun1 under the name of ,osiris1 is the husband of ,isis1 the personification of the productive power1 and sometimes the moon1 so in ,chalda the sun1 ,izdubar1 espouses ,istar1 the moon1 who is also the ,assyrian ,venus1 and daughter of the god ,sin4 ,istar is1 however1 at this period1 already a widow1 having lost her first spouse1 whose name signifies 8,son of ,life40 ,in the poem of ,erech a great number of other deities appear1 together with ,istar4 ,besides her father1 ,sin1 who is god of the months1 we have firstly ,anou1 the ,oannes of the ,greeks1 and the first personage of the supreme triad2 then the second member of this triad1 ,bel1 the demiurge2 and lastly the third1 ,ao1 ,nesroch17#ci7 or ,nouah4 ,around these great divinities are grouped ,adar1 the god of the planet ,saturn2 ,samas1 god of the sun2 ,nabo17#dj7 god of the planet ,mercury1 and his companion1 ,sarou2 ,bin1 god of the atmosphere and tempest2 ,nergal1 of the planet ,mars2 besides a vast army of ,annunaki1 or secondary genii2 of ,guzalu1 or destroying spirits1 and others of inferior race and power4 ,these deities did not agree among themselves any better than did the gods of the ,greek ,olympus4 ,their heaven appears to have been anything but an abode of peace or love2 and in heaven or hell they quarrelled alike4 ,istar seems especially to have distinguished herself by her unaccommodating disposition4 ,it is believed that the account of the journey of ,istar into hell 7for the story of such a journey in the ,odyssey and the neid had also its precursor in ,chalda7 formed one of the episodes of the poem of ,izdubar1 although the tablet containing it has not yet been discovered2 but we possess it on another fragment1 and one which is of great value1 as it furnishes an incontestable proof of the belief of the ,assyrio,chaldans in the immortality of the soul4 ,the abode of the dead is called the 8immutable land107#da7 and corresponds to the ,hades of the ancient ,greek poets4 ,it is divided into seven circles1 after the model of the celestial spheres1 and is depicted as follows by the ,chaldan poet3 8,towards the unchangeable land2 the region from whence none return2 ,istar1 the daughter of ,sin1 her ear--has turned3 the daughter of ,sin has turned her ear1--towards the dwelling of the dead1 the throne of the god ,ir 4441--towards the abode into which he has entered1 and whence he has not come forth1--towards the way of his own descent1 by which none return3--towards the dwelling whereinto he has entered1 the prison1--the place where the dead have naught but dust wherewith to appease their hunger2 and mud for nourishment3--from whence the light is not seen1 and in darkness they dwell where shades 7ghosts71 like birds1 fill the vaulted space1--where1 above the uprights and lintel of the portal the earth is upheaped407#db7 ,allusion is also made several times to this 8unchangeable land0 in other poems in the collection of ,assurbanipal1 as well as to spirits who wander back to earth1 and dead who return to torment the living4 ,in a note on the religious belief of the ,assyrians ,mr4 ,fox ,talbot publishes two prayers composed to ask for eternal life to be granted to the king4 ,the meaning of the first is not perfectly clear1 but of the second1 which is very explicit1 we give the most important passage3 8,after the gift of the present days1 in the festivals of the land of the silver sky1 in the shining courts1 in the abode of benedictions1 in the light of the fields of felicity1 may he live an eternal life1 sacred in the presence of the gods of ,assyria407#dc7 ,also1 in a hymn to the god ,marduk1 are traces of a belief in the resurrection of the dead4 ,this deity is repeatedly called 8the merciful1 who restores the dead to life40 ,thus1 then1 the ,semites believed in the immortality of the soul2 but monotheism was far from being a privilege of their race1 by which it would be possible to explain the origin of the ,judaic religion without providential intervention and regulation2 and thus we see the ,chaldan poets combat along the whole line the assertions of ,m4 ,renan respecting their belief and genius alike4 ,never did facts with more pitiless emphasis give the lie to the learned2 and it seems as if the historian of the ,semetic languages had had a secret presentiment of humiliations which would result to him from a more generally extended study of ,assyriology1 when at its outset1 about fifteen years ago1 he attacked it with a determination which has not been forgotten47#dd7 ,another historical fact which may be gathered from the ,babylonian epic is the mythological signification of the signs of the zodiac4 ,the cuneiform inscriptions have already shown us that not only was ,asia the cradle of the human race1 but that it was also the primitive nursery of civilization4 ,it can no longer be doubted that it was from thence1 instead of1 as has been supposed1 from ,egypt1 that ,greece herself received indirectly her first lessons in the arts1 as it was also from thence that she received her metals4 ,it is equally in ,chalda that we find the origin of astronomy and of the zodiacal signs2 the nomenclature of the latter1 as it remains at the present day1 differing in no essential point from that established by the ,babylonian astronomers1 although its value and signification have hitherto been very obscure4 ,this obscurity has been dissipated by ,the ,poem of ,izdubar1 which shows that the ancient ,assyrian mythology bestowed on the signs their figures and their names4 ,the myths relating to each of the months formed the subjects of the twelve episodes of the poem4 ,thus1 for instance1 the second narrated the capture of the winged bull2 and the second month is designated as 8the month of the propitious bull10 and has ,taurus for its sign4 ,again1 the sixth song related the marriage of ,istar with ,izdubar1 and began with the goddess' message to the hero3 the sixth month is called 8the month of the message of ,istar10 and has for its sign the archeress1 of which we have made ,virgo1 the virgin1 who1 according to the attestation of the prism of ,assurbanipal1 was the goddess ,istar herself4 ,the eleventh tablet is consecrated to the god ,bin1 8the inundator--he who pours abroad the rain10 and the sign of that month is the shedder of water1 or the vase pouring it forth4 ,thus crumbles away the whole chronological scaffolding raised by the school of ,dupuis1 according to whom the zodiacal signs were only to be explained as having direct relation to agricultural labors1 and the phases of the seasons to be regarded in reference to the productions of the earth--an interpretation which made it necessary to withdraw the origin of man to an enormously distant period of the past1 in order to reach a time in which1 owing to the precession of the equinoxes1 the presence of the sun in the sign ,taurus should coincide with the season of ploughing4 ,all these calculations were equally fanciful with those founded on the famous zodiac of ,denderah1 and it is now ascertained beyond all reasonable doubt that the zodiacal signs have a religious or rather mythological1 and not an agricultural1 origin4 --,the above is in great part translated from an article by ,m4 ,gregoire in the ,revue des ,questions ,historiques1 for ,april1 #ahgd4 ,new ,publications4 ,,life ,,of ,,anne ,,catharine ,,emmerich4 ,by ,helen ,ram4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgd4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,many of our readers must have read that part of the record of ,catharine ,emmerich's visions by ,clement ,brentano which has been translated into ,english4 ,those who have been pleased and edified by them will be delighted with this life of the holy and highly favored ecstatic virgin4 ,it is a charming and wonderful life1 especially that portion which relates the history of ,anne ,catharine's miraculous infancy and childhood4 ,the volume makes one of ,f4 ,coleridge's series1 which we have frequently had occasion to praise4 ,we have been surprised to see in the pages of a book issued under the supervision of so accurate and careful an editor a number of inaccuracies in style and typographical errors4 ,,bric,a,,brac ,,series--,,no4 #b3 ,,anecdote ,,biographies ,,of ,,thackeray ,,and ,,dickens4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co4 #ahgd4 ,these recollections and anecdotes of the two favorite ,english writers of fiction are very readable1 and those which relate to ,thackeray especially interesting4 ,,the ,,young ,,catholic',s ,,illustrated ,,school ,,series1 comprising3 ,the ,young ,catholic's ,illustrated ,primer1 ,speller1 ,first ,reader1 ,second ,reader1 ,third ,reader1 and ,fourth ,reader4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 #i ,warren ,st4 #ahgd4 ,every effort which is likely1 in any way1 to help on the great work of ,catholic education1 has of course our entire sympathy4 ,humanly speaking1 the destiny of the church in the ,united ,states is to be determined by the education which we give to our children1 and the almost universal recognition of this truth by the ,catholics of ,america is1 we are persuaded1 the most certain evidence that we have really made progress4 ,it is only within a comparatively recent time that we have come to fully realize the inevitable and fatal results of allowing our children to frequent the public schools1 and to thoroughly understand that the common school system of education1 based1 as it is1 upon the implied assumption of the untruth of positive religion1 logically and in fact leads to infidelity or to what is scarcely less an evil--religious indifference4 ,the church without the schoolhouse is incomplete1 and can at best do but half work2 and we consequently find that almost all of our bishops are now beginning to demand that every parish shall have its parochial school4 ,we have been at some pains to examine the returns made by the different diocesan authorities to the publishers of the ,catholic ,almanac1 and we find that last year there were in the whole country about three hundred and eighty thousand children attending our ,catholic schools4 ,this is probably less than half the number of ,catholic children of school age in the ,united ,states2 still1 we are already doing enough to show that ,catholic primary education must be recognized as one of the institutions of the country1 and that those who have control of it should set to work without delay to give it a thorough organization4 ,it is well to teach our people that the public schools are dangerous to the faith and morals of their children2 it is far better to render them useless by bringing our own up to the standard of excellence which the more abundant means and opportunities of the state have enabled it to give to its educational establishments4 ,there are1 we know1 many parochial schools which are in every respect equal to those of the state2 but under the present system everything is left to the zeal and energy of the pastor4 ,what we want is a system which will cause every parochial school to come up to the requirements of a prescribed standard of excellence4 ,in a word1 the necessity of the times demands the organization of ,catholic education4 ,each diocese should have its school boards and its official examiners and visitors4 ,annual diocesan school reports should be published1 accompanied by remarks on the defects observed in the practical management of the schools and in the methods of teaching4 ,out of these diocesan school boards and school reports in due time a national ,catholic school system would grow into vigorous life4 ,more of this another time2 at present we are glad to take note of the greater desire for excellence in our elementary schools1 shown by the demand for improved classbooks4 ,as our system of education is distinctively ,catholic1 it of course requires ,catholic textbooks--books composed with a special view to the principles which underlie the ,catholic theory of pedagogy4 ,this truth has been recognized by the bishops of the ,united ,states1 who1 both in the ,first and ,second ,plenary ,councils of ,baltimore1 made this one of the subjects of their thought4 ,that ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 which has done so much to elevate the tone of our literature1 has felt authorized to begin the issue of a complete series of such works1 is undoubtedly an indication of the general feeling among ,catholics of the want of improved classbooks1 especially for our elementary schools1 which are by far the most important1 since they more directly concern the welfare of the masses of our people4 ,whilst we are grateful for what has been done in this matter1 we cannot shut our eyes to the many defects of most of the textbooks now in use4 ,we have before us the ,young ,catholic's ,illustrated ,primer1 ,speller1 ,first1 ,second1 ,third1 and ,fourth ,readers2 and we have read and examined them with conscientious care1 and we have at the same time compared them with similar publications of other houses1 and we therefore feel competent to speak of their merits1 if not with authority1 at least with knowledge4 ,that they should be superior to any other books of the kind is only what we had the right both to expect and to demand1 and that they are has already been generally recognized by the ,catholic press of the country4 ,in the choice and arrangement of the matter we discern admirable good sense and tact2 in the illustrations1 which are very numerous and nearly all original1 being explanatory of the text1 excellent taste2 whilst in the mechanical execution we perceive the skilful workmanship that usually characterizes the books of ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 ,the series is graded in strict accordance with scientific principles of education1 and combines all that is important in the word and phonic methods of teaching1 without1 however1 excluding the a1 b1 c drill4 ,books must always remain the indispensable instruments for imparting instruction in school1 and hence it is of the greatest moment that the pupil should from the very start be attracted to them4 ,most children enter school eager to learn2 the craving for knowledge is a divine instinct implanted in their hearts by the ,author of their being1 which they have already in a thousand ways sought to satisfy by their fruitless efforts to penetrate the mystery of beauty with which ,nature surrounds them4 ,when they enter school this intellectual activity should be stimulated1 not repressed4 ,the books first placed in their hands should be simple1 offering many attractions and few difficulties1 presenting to their minds under new forms the objects with which observation has already rendered them familiar1 and which they now first learn to associate with printed words4 ,these truths have been felt and acted upon by the compilers of the 8,young ,catholic's ,series10 which1 in simplicity1 in correct gradation1 in beauty and attractiveness1 far surpasses anything of the kind that has yet been offered to the ,catholic ,englishspeaking public4 ,another truth which can never be lost sight of in ,catholic education is that religion should be the vital element of the whole process of instruction4 8,give me a lesson in geography10 said ,mr4 ,arnold1 8and ,i will make it religious40 ,this is what ,catholics desire3 that the light of religion should burnish as with fine gold all human knowledge4 ,indeed1 in primary education religion is almost the only subject of real thought1 the only power able to touch the heart1 to raise the mind1 and to evoke from brutish apathy the elements of humanity1 and more especially the reason4 ,as religion is the widest and deepest of all the elements of civilization1 it ought to be the substratum and groundwork of all popular education4 8,popular education10 says ,guizot1 8to be truly good and socially useful1 must be fundamentally religious40 ,in the compilation of textbooks this is precisely the point which demands the greatest amount of good sense and the most consummate tact4 ,religion must run through the whole fabric like a thread of gold4 ,it must form the atmosphere in which the pupil breathes2 it must give coloring to everything1 and everything must in one way or another be made to prove and explain its dogmas1 and yet there must be no cant1 no attempt at preaching1 no dull moralizing1 and above all no stupidity4 ,to accomplish all this1 our readers will readily believe1 is not an easy task1 and yet we have no hesitation in saying that if they will take the trouble to examine thoroughly the 8,young ,catholic's ,series10 they will agree with us in the opinion that it can stand the test of even this standard of excellence4 ,we learn that the ,holy ,father has sent a letter of commendation to the writer of 8,italian ,confiscation ,laws0 in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world for ,oct41 #ahgc1 and ordered a translation of the article4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xx41 ,,no4 #aaf4--,,november1 #ahgd4 ,church ,chant ,versus ,church ,music4 ,an interesting colloquy took place in our mind as we finished the perusal of the paper entitled 8,church ,music0 which appeared in the ,august and ,september numbers of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,we transcribe it as faithfully as our memory serves us4 ,,scene--,the cloister of a ,benedictine monastery4 ,time1 ,anno ,domini #ajjj4 ,a number of monks rehearsing for a festival4 ,,gregorius1 the choirmaster dictating from an open ,gradual4 8,listen1 my brothers all4 ,tomorrow is the festival of ,s4 ,polycarp the martyr and the nameday of our good father1 the abbot4 ,on such a joyous festival we must not fail to make his heart right glad with our chanting4 ,let us begin the ,introit4 7,sings47 #8,gaudeamus omnes in ,domino1 diem festum celebrantes4' 0 7,all the monks repeating in chorus7 8,gaudeamus omnes in ,domino1 diem--0 7,they are interrupted by a loud knocking at the floor leading from the cloister4 ,brother ,gregorius1 on opening it1 is confronted by an aged stranger with a long1 white1 flowing beard1 bearing in his hand a roll of printed music1 on which the words 8,boston10 8,ditson0 and the date 8#ahgd0 can be discerned47 ,,gregorius4 8,salve1 frater40 ,,aged ,,stranger4 8,prof4 ,hubanus1 at your service2 and having come from a great distance1 and happily being born at a much later date1 ,i guess you will find my services on this eve of your joyous festival of some value1 for ,i am well acquainted with all the best ,masses published4 ,by the way1 is one of the brethren lately departed this life80 ,,gregorius 7with astonishment74 8,no1 ,god be praised6 ,brother ,augustine yonder did leave the infirmary vacant this morning1 thanks to ,our ,blessed ,lady1 that no voice might be wanting in the choir on the morrow2 but wherefore the question1 good domne ,hubanus80 ,,hubanus4 8,because ,i heard you but just now rehearsing such a sorrowful1 in fact1 so lugubrious1 a morceau--an ,offertory piece1 ,i presume1 for a ,requiem ,mass--that ,i supposed you were getting up the music for some such occasion40 7,the monks regard the aged stranger with no little surprise1 mingled with curiosity47 ,,gregorius4 8,we must have made indeed sad work of it in our rehearsing4 ,worthy ,hubanus1 it was the ,gaudeamus you heard40 ,,hubanus4 8,the ,gaudeamus1 eh8 7,aside4 ,i don't remember seeing that in ,ditson's catalogue4 ,i wonder what it is4 ,to ,gregorius47 ,would you mind repeating it once more80 ,,gregorius4 8,with pleasure4 ,sing1 my brothers40 7,they sing the whole ,introit47 ,,hubanus4 8,ah6 fine2 quite solemn6 ,a ,gregorian chant1 ,i perceive4 ,a very plaintive movement4 ,the finale has an exceedingly mournful effect4 ,in ,d minor1 is it not8 ,still1 for a ,requiem ,offertory ,i think ,rossini's ,pro ,peccatis1 or ,gounod's ,ave ,maria1 or #8,angels ever ,bright and ,fair1' for a change1 would please the congregation better40 ,,all ,,the ,,monks4 8,plaintive6 ,our ,gaudeamus mournful6 ,calls an ,introit an ,offertory piece6 ,like a ,requiem ,offertory indeed6 ,an ,ave ,maria for that too6 ,what does he mean by ,d minor8 7,blessing themselves47 ,ab omni malo1 libera nos1 ,domine60 ,,hubanus4 8,oh6 beg pardon4 ,that is an ,introit1 is it8 ,indeed6 ,but1 as ,i said1 ,i have the honor to be born at a much later date than yourselves1 and we don't bother ourselves with singing those things in my day and country4 ,we bring out the finest music1 however1 in our choir of the ,church of ,s4 ,botolph1 in the ,united ,states1 that you can hear4 ,i'm the organist and director40 ,,gregorius4 8,not sing the ,introit6 ,why1 good domne ,hubanus1 our grand and joyous festival on the morrow would be robbed of one of its chief features if we failed to sing the ,gaudeamus--,i mean the ,gaudeamus that you have just heard40 ,,hubanus4 8 #8,de gustibus non est disputandum4' ,hem6 excuse my indulging in the classics2 those old ,latin fellows say a good deal in a few words1 you know4 ,but you don't seriously mean to say that such monotonous stuff--excuse my plain speaking on your plain singing--is fit for a joyous festival8 ,as my friend1 ,dr4 ----1 says in his late paper on #8,church ,music1' #8to hear ,gregorian chant for a long time1 and nothing else1 becomes extremely monotonous1 and burdens the ear with a dull weight of sound not always tolerable4' ,he says1 moreover1 that #8this is admitted by all who in seminaries and monasteries have been most accustomed to hear it4' 0 ,,gregorius4 8,your learned friend did not seek our judgment1 ,i assure you1 and ,i am at a loss to know who could have made so silly an admission to him40 ,,hubanus4 8,but do you not #8resort to every device1' as he says again1 #8to escape its monotony on festival days1 by harmonies on the chant which are out of all keeping with it1' and so forth80 ,,gregorius4 8,we do not1 ,i trust4 ,what little harmony we sing is in strict keeping with the mode of the chant2 and as to escaping anything1 we know the rubrics1 domne ,hubanus1 and respect them1 and1 what is more1 we observe them40 ,,hubanus4 8,on that score ,i have the advantage of you2 for it doesn't require much knowledge of what you call rubrics to bring out a ,mass and grand ,vespers with us4 ,however1 this question of plain chant is settled long ago4 ,it ought to have been settled long before you were born4 ,for1 as ,dr4 ---- continues in his paper1 #8,no one will deny the appropriateness and impressiveness of plain chant on certain solemn occasions1 especially those of sorrow2 but it is confessedly unequal to the task of evoking and expressing the feelings of ,christian joy and triumph4' ,ah6 ,brother ,gregorius1 you should have been born later40 ,,gregorius4 8,then we monks1 and the generations of the faithful throughout the world1 have for the past thousand years been shut out from the feelings of ,christian joy and triumph1 have we8 ,verily1 either we or you can have known very little of one or of the other1 as the observation of your learned doctor may happen to be true or not4 ,did the church put a lie into the mouths of her cantors when she bade them sing1 #8,repleatur os meum laude tua1 alleluia2 ut possim cantare1 alleluia2 gaudebunt labia mea1 dum cantavero tibi1 alleluia1 alleluia'807#de7 ,,hubanus4 8,you are a trifle sarcastic1 ,brother ,gregorius2 but ,i willingly pardon it1 for ,i'm a plainspoken man myself1 and call a spade a spade4 ,besides1 you know1 you can always fall back on the #8,de gustibus'--a quotation ,i often find very convenient2 but ,i warrant me your prima donna doesn't find much satisfaction in exhibiting her fine soprano on your dull chant1 which you must confess1 with ,dr4 ----1 #8is of limited1 very limited1 range1' and in my opinion as poor in expression as a kettle drum40 ,,gregorius4 8,i crave your pardon1 worthy sir4 ,you are a stranger and quite aged--0 ,,hubanus 7interrupting74 8,eighteen hundred and seventyfour40 ,,gregorius 7continuing7--8as the length and whiteness of your beard proclaim1 while we have only the experience of one thousand years1 the lessons of the church1 and the taste as well as the examples of the saints to profit by2 but we must confess that of a prima donna we have never yet heard40 ,,all ,,the ,,monks 7very decidedly74 8,never60 ,,hubanus4 8,never heard of a prima donna6 ,why1 when were you born8 ,i mean1 of course1 the chief lady soprano who sings in the choir40 7,here all the monks burst out laughing47 ,,gregorius 7having got his breath74 8,come1 come1 my ancient stranger1 that explains all4 ,we knew you must be #8chaffing' us1 from the very first1 with your #8mournful ,gaudeamus' and your never singing ,introits or obeying the rubrics and the rest4 ,ha6 ha6 ,truly1 a #8chief lady in the choir'--prima donna1 ,i think you named such a mythical personage--was only needed to cap the climax of your excellent joke40 ,,hubanus4 8,joke6 ,i'm not joking at all4 ,we have ladies in our choir--7aside7 and it's no joke to manage them either--7to ,gregorius7 and pay them good salaries1 as you must2 for without that1 you know1 you never can have good music40 7,here the laughing of the monks suddenly subsided1 followed by loud and angry whispers1 of which the word 8heretic0 was unmistakably heard4 ,brother ,gregorius interposed47 8,judge not too hastily1 good brothers4 ,true1 no church which oweth obedience to our ,holy ,father2 the ,pope1 and which hath a right therefore to call itself ,catholic1 did ever yet permit women to sing in church choirs2 but what she might have done in this matter in the country from which this aged stranger comes--be it ever so contrary to all the rubrics and traditions known unto us--we will the better learn from his own lips4 ,women1 then1 good domne ,hubanus1 do sing in the choir in the ,catholic churches of your strange land1 standing1 perchance1 beside the mensingers80 ,,hubanus4 8,where else would they stand8 ,you see we put the sopranos and tenors on one side1 and the altos and basses on the other40 ,,gregorius 7scratching his shaven crown in great perplexity74 8,we have yet to learn many wonderful things6 ,canst tell me1 worthy ,hubanus1 how comes it8 ,does your learned friend1 ,dr4 ----1 speak of this matter in his celebrated #8paper'8 ,doubtless he mentions some decree of the ,sacred ,congregation of ,rites which hath allowed this--this 7another scratch7 unheardof novelty80 ,,hubanus4 8,i cannot remember that he made any allusion to it4 ,in fact1 ,i fancy that he would rather not1 and ,i am glad he didn't4 ,but where's the use of making a fuss over it8 ,haven't women got voices as well as men1 and what did the ,lord give them voices for1 if he did not intend them for use80 ,,gregorius4 8,in the choir80 ,,hubanus4 8,in the choir1 or out of the choir1 what's the difference80 ,,gregorius4 8,do the rubrics allow it80 ,,hubanus4 8,ma foi6 ,i do not know4 7,aside47 ,i hope they do1 if old fogies like you are going to stir up that question4 7,to ,gregorius47 ,no ladysingers6 ,if that were to happen1 my occupation1 as well as theirs1 would be like ,othello's--gone4 ,for hark you1 ,brother ,gregorius1 although ,i know but little of your oldfashioned1 barbarous chant--can't read a note of it1 to tell the truth--if womensingers are banished from the choir1 music goes with them4 ,the music ,i like requires the female voice4 ,i wouldn't waste my time with a parcel of boys and on such music as they can sing40 ,,gregorius4 8,what music is this of which you speak so often8 ,hath the church adopted a new style of melody which is not chant80 ,,hubanus4 8,no1 not adopted precisely1 but there is a new music--everybody knows it--written by ,mozart1 ,haydn1 ,mercadante1 ,peters1 and several others1 which organists and choirs make use of in our day4 ,some prefer one1 some another1 according to taste4 #8,de gustibus1' you know40 ,,gregorius4 8,yet tell me--for here the strangeness of your news almost surpasses belief--how dare the organists and choirs make use of any melody in accompanying the ,holy ,sacrifice of the ,mass and absolving the ,divine ,office which has not been adopted1 or at least distinctly sanctioned1 by holy church1 to whom it appertains to dispose the ordering even of the most minute rubric in these important matters concerning the due praise of ,god and the sure edification of the people80 ,,hubanus4 8,all ,i can say is1 we do it4 ,it is tolerated in some places1 and my friend in his paper quotes some #8,instructions' which the cardinal vicar in ,rome issued to his own clergy to prove the toleration2 but1 to my thinking1 they sound very much like the careful mother's permission to her boy who asked leave to learn to swim--#8,certainly1 my child1 but don't you never go near the water1 leastways any water that is over your ankles4' 0 ,,gregorius4 8,i think ,i understand1 for ,i have heard our good father1 the abbot1 say that #8he who would be well carried must not drive with too stiff a rein'2 and my holy novicemaster1 ,father ,ambrose--to whose soul may ,god grant rest6--did oft chide my hasty judgment upon my fellownovices1 saying in his sweet way1 and after the manner of his wise speech1 #8,thou wouldst reform monks1 good ,brother ,gregorius1 before they are formed4 ,all they need is a little instruction4' ,at present every one is well pleased with your music80 ,,hubanus4 8,oh6 that is quite another question4 ,dr4 ---- himself does not seem to think so1 for he says in his paper3 #8,in consequence of the failure of modern composers to meet the requirements of ,catholic devotion1 though their music has been introduced into our churches and given every chance of trial1 complaints against it are heard on every side4 ,we grumble about it in our conversations2 we write against its excesses in the public journals2 bishops complain of it in pastoral letters2 provincial councils are forced to issue decrees about it2 the ,sovereign ,pontiffs themselves not unfrequently raise their voices1 sometimes in warning1 sometimes in threats--in a word1 the evil seems to have attracted a good deal of attention4' 0 ,,all ,,the ,,monks4 8,ab omni malo1 libera nos1 ,domine60 ,,gregorius4 8,his account of your music--which you seem1 nevertheless1 to prize so much more highly than our dear holy chant1 which hath the undoubted sanction of the church--gives pretty plain evidence that the church hath not adopted it in any wise4 ,it rather suggests the thought that she would gladly be rid of it altogether1 abstaining1 however1 like ,father ,ambrose1 from reforming musicians before they are formed1 and resolving1 as he did often pleasantly say1 to my comfort1 #8,thou shalt see1 ,brother ,gregorius1 that ,i shall make no change in our holy ,rule4' 0 ,,hubanus4 8,one would think you were born later1 after all2 for it would appear that our ,holy ,father1 ,pius the ,ninth--pity you haven't lived to know him1 ,brother ,gregorius1 for he is the dearest pope that has ruled the church since the days of ,s4 ,peter--is in the van among the leaders of the #8,gregorian movement1' since a little while ago he made a decree that the ,gregorian chant should be taught in all the ecclesiastical schools of the states of the church1 to the exclusion of every other kind of music--#8,cantus ,gregorianus1 omni alio rejecto1 tradetur4' ,you see he wishes to get the ,roman priests educated up to it--,rome rules the world--and the thing is done4 #8,othello's occupation is gone6' ,but how in the world we shall ever get up a ,christmas or an ,easter ,mass that is fit to listen to when that day comes is more than ,i can tell40 ,,gregorius4 8,despair not1 good ,hubanus4 ,remain with us past the morrow1 and thou shalt hear a holy ,mass and solemn ,vespers which will warm the cockles of thy heart1 chanted in strains of melody that belie neither the sentences of joyful praise which are uttered nor the exultation which doth lift the hearts of the brethren to heaven1 and fill the festival hours with a divine gladness4 7,to the monks47 ,brothers1 let us rehearse the ,gloria in ,excelsis40 ,as the curtains of our memory dropped upon the scene we have just been present at1 our eyes caught sight again of the sentence quoted by ,prof4 ,hubanus3 8,in consequence of the failure of modern composers to meet the requirements of ,catholic devotion0--which failure is so utter that1 in the judgment of the same writer1 he 8thinks it no exaggeration to say that1 if all their compositions1 except a very few1 were burned1 or should otherwise perish1 the church would suffer no loss40 ,but what of the figured musical compositions of those musicians who may in our time be honored with the title of 8ancient10 such as ,palestrina and his imitators8 ,the music of this style forms1 we are told1 the staple of what is commonly heard in ,s4 ,peter's4 ,the writer of the article we allude to evidently believes any attempt to make such music popular would be no less a failure4 ,the intricacy of the style1 the exceeding difficulties attendant upon its artistic execution1 and its restricted vocal character1 are 8fatal0 objections4 ,we fully agree with him4 ,in our former articles on this subject 7,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 ,december1 #ahfi1 and ,february and ,march1 #ahgj7 we not only pronounced modern figured music to be in practice a failure as church music1 but intended also to be understood as asserting that the cause of this failure lay chiefly in the melodious form of such music--the necessary result of a tonality essentially sensuous1 which renders it1 despite every effort of the artist1 intrinsically unsuitable for the expression of the 8prayer of the church40 ,that there is prayerful music we do not deny1 but it will never obtain any more positive sanction from the church than she gives to the hundred and one sentimental 8prayers0 and turgid 8litanies0 which fill the pages of our 8largest books of devotion0 ad nauseam1 and are equally supposed by the uneducated ,catholic and the ignorant ,protestant to be the masterpieces of ,catholic musical and liturgical art4 ,we did not think it necessary1 writing as we did for a special class of readers1 to explain the distinguishing characteristics of the church's 8prayer10 being1 as our learned friend says1 fourfold--latreutic1 impetratory1 propitiatory1 and eucharistic4 ,to us the church was not wanting in wisdom in the adoption alone of plain chant to express her divine prayer1 whether it happen to be latreutic1 impetratory1 propitiatory1 or eucharistic4 ,she never made any distinction that we know of4 ,but our learned friend1 while he cannot help but admit that for the purposes of adoration1 propitiation1 and supplication it is not only all that could be desired1 but is also better than any other melody1 denies1 with an ipse dixit1 its capability of expressing praise and thanksgiving4 ,argument does not seem to be worth seeking4 8,plain chant10 he says1 8is confessedly unequal to the task of evoking and expressing the feelings of ,christian joy and triumph40 ,and again3 8,it certainly must borrow from figured music the triumphant strains of praise and thanksgiving40 ,neither one nor the other4 ,we confess to nothing of the kind4 ,and although1 by the rule of argumentation1 we are not called upon to prove a negative1 we refer to the response good ,brother ,gregorius has already made1 and would furthermore ask if the ,te ,deum1 the ,exultet1 the ,preface for ,easter ,sunday1 the ,alleluia of ,holy ,saturday1 or the ,lauda ,sion1 are confessedly unequal to the task assigned them8 ,as far as the question has any practical importance1 we feel that not another word need be said4 ,plain chant is in lawful possession1 and cannot be ousted by personal caprice or taste1 nor by gratuitous assumptions of its inability to answer the end proposed by the wise authority of the church2 still less by a proposed substitution of a system which1 after three centuries of vain efforts to supplant the rightful possessor1 is declared1 even by its own friends1 to be 8a failure10 and the majority of its painfullyproduced works fit only to be consigned to the flames4 ,we have1 however1 a question of more merit to discuss4 ,if modern music has failed to meet the requirements of ,catholic devotion1 it will be not a little interesting to examine into the true cause of this failure4 ,it will be found to lie in its melodic form 7not in the use of harmony71 which came into being with the introduction of the chord of the diminished seventh and the substitution of the instrumental1 factitious scales called major and minor for the four natural vocal1 authentic scales and their four correlative plagal scales4 ,like seeks like1 and as this chord of the seventh was an inspiration of sentimental1 languishing1 passional feeling1 the new music sought its language in poetry1 and chiefly in lyric poetry1 in which every sort of human passion finds smooth expression2 and as this latter is divided into regular feet1 with recurring emphasis and cadence1 music soon found itself set to time4 ,its melody became measured4 ,pegasus found himself in harness4 ,to express the sublime1 the heroic1 was only possible now by knocking down the bars1 putting it all ad libitum1 and calling the phrase recitative2 and as the passage from the sublime to the ridiculous is proverbially short1 the composition of many of these recitatives1 in their leaping intervals and startling contrasts1 vividly remind one of ,pegasus let loose to scamper and roll unbridled in the open fields4 ,the invention and perfection of musical instruments are coincident with the rise and progress of the system of melody known as 8modern music10 the organ and piano holding the mastery4 ,to these are due1 in great measure1 the universal cultivation of the modern tonality1 and the consequent loss of appreciation of the tonality of the ecclesiastical modes4 ,it is heard in the lullaby at the cradle's side1 whistled by boys in the streets1 sung by children in popular melodies and hymns at school1 confirmed by all the concerts given by orchestras in halls1 theatres1 and public meetings2 every young lady strums it forth from her piano1 every organist modulates it in church1 while all bells1 from thousands upon thousands of churches1 jangle it forth from one end of ,christendom to the other4 ,that the church has been able to withstand the pressure of all this1 and still dares to command her priests to chant 8per omnia scula sculorum0 to her own ancient mode1 is1 even in that simple and significant sentence1 a proof of her divine strength to resist the most alluring seductions and powerful onslaughts of the world1 and a note of calm defiance to its 8fashion which passeth away40 ,we are now prepared to enter into a critical examination of the essential character of music as distinguished from plain chant4 ,in the first place1 we find1 as we have already noted1 that it is measured in its melody--that is1 it is written1 as it is said1 in time2 and1 as a consequence of its lyrical movement1 it became equally subjected to certain laws of versification and of phraseology corresponding to the stanza4 ,when musicians began to write for the language of the church1 and to set the sublime prose of her ,gloria in ,excelsis1 ,credo1 etc41 to its form of melody1 this supposed necessity of making musical stanzas compelled the application of what is known in music as the theme1 on which certain fanciful variations were built1 shorter or longer1 as the musician deemed necessary to complete his 8work10 altogether forming a sort of ,procrustean bed1 on which the sacred words of the ,liturgy were either dismembered or stretched by repetition in order to make them fit the melody4 ,to make the 8work0 fit the words was not to be thought of2 whence we judge it well for the peace of ,mr4 ,richardson that ,mozart and ,haydn have departed this life4 ,we remember1 when a boy1 long before we had made more than a child's acquaintance with the modern 8,masses10 squeezing the ,kyrie ,eleison after this fashion on the framework of one of ,de ,beriot's celebrated airs for violin and piano1 and gave ourselves as much credit for the originality of the 8adaptation0 as we are willing to give to the man who first of all 7to the misfortune of true church chant7 tried to compose a musical theme for the same words of prayer4 ,we refer our readers to the late paper on 8,church ,music0 in the ,august and ,september numbers of this magazine1 and to the translation of the ,gloria in ,excelsis of ,mozart's ,twelfth ,mass1 as given in one of our former articles1 as proofs of the perfectly outrageous extent to which this 8adaptation0 has already been carried4 ,now1 we affirm1 as a principle1 that the expression of the 8,prayer of sacrifice and of praise10 as we may term the ,holy ,mass and the recitation of the ,divine ,office1 should be consonant with1 and conformed to1 the manner in which the church directs the celebration of the acts of the same4 ,the celebrant and his ministers1 the acolytes and the chorus1 do not march1 halt1 turn about1 or otherwise conduct themselves like soldiers or like puppets on wires1 neither do they hop and glide and go through set figures like dancers4 ,melody in measure is therefore wholly unsuited to the character and spirit of the acts of the performers4 ,in connection with the acts of ,catholic worship1 melody in measure is therefore incongruous1 unmeaning1 and absurd4 ,for1 to put the question plainly1 if neither celebrant1 ministers1 chorus1 nor people are to march--to do which1 even in her sacred processions1 would be shocking and profane--why sing a march8 ,if they are not to waltz1 why sing one8 ,if the church does not want to 8,make the soul dance a jig to heaven10 then1 in the name of common sense1 why shall ,master ,haydn be permitted to offer the church singers a musical jig8 ,the truth of the matter is that such measured movements1 added to the gymnastic feats of melody which characterize the phrasing of the greater number of modern 8,masses10 are ignorantly supposed to faithfully express that ,christian joy and triumph which plain chant is quite as ignorantly supposed to be unable to inspire4 ,let any one examine the church's chant1 and especially its movement1 and he will not fail to be struck with its remarkable consonance with1 and the sense of exact propriety of1 its accompaniment to the movements and demeanor of the sacred ministers and of all who are appointed to assist them in carrying out the sacred functions of divine worship4 ,how majestic and dignified1 how modest and devout1 are its measures6 ,a sort of continuous procession of sound1 resembling now the deep murmurings of the waves of the ocean1 now the gentle breathings of the wind1 now the prolonged echoes of distant thunder1 now the soft whispering of the woods in summer6 ,always grave and decorous in its phrasing4 ,never indulging in trivial antics or in meretricious languishing and voluptuous undulations4 ,time and arithmetical measures do not straiten and confine its heavenly inspirations1 for the thoughts of the soul1 and chiefly the thoughts of prayer1 do not move like clockwork4 ,one does not adore five minutes1 propitiate two minutes1 supplicate half a minute1 and give thanks ten seconds2 and to do either in #b_/d #c_/d or #f_/h time would be the height of the ridiculous4 ,a friend tells us that the only time he ever had to do either at ,high ,mass was during the performance of that part of the score called 8point d'orgue40 ,is it any wonder that music for the church is a failure1 and that plain chant still holds its own8 ,secondly4 ,the melody of modern music is essentially mechanical4 ,formed as it has been upon improved instrumentation1 it is neither more nor less than a musical performance4 ,the melody is therefore the chief thing2 the words and their expression are only secondary4 ,from which1 as a necessary result--if the music be worth listening to--the most accomplished vocalists that the pecuniary resources of the church can procure are called in to render the selections4 ,hence1 also1 the introduction of women into the choir1 contrary to the laws and traditions of the church1 the banishment of the chorus from the sanctuary1 and the erection of the detestable ,protestant singinggallery over the doorway of the church4 ,this latter flagrant innovation on the proper rubrical disposition of the choir has been lately specially condemned in the 8,instructions0 of the cardinal vicar at ,rome4 ,no one surely will have the hardihood to call modern music an 8ecclesiastical song10 as it should be called or it has no place in the church4 ,it is the song of professional singers1 distinctly a mechanical performance1 and open1 without the possibility of reform1 to the most shocking abuses4 ,what organist cannot recall instances in which the male and female singers carried on and perfected their courtship in the choir1 and where in the same holy 787 place eating and drinking were indulged in during the sermon1 and the daily newspapers read8 ,the drinking of water or the chewing of tobacco--well1 we would like to see the priest who has been able to banish either from his singinggallery4 ,these and other numerous irregularities we think ourselves fully justified in adducing as argument in this connection1 simply because they exist1 are common1 notorious1 and are a tolerated incumbrance with the mechanism2 and1 if effectually banished1 would leave the said mechanism subject to no little friction and the production of tones of complaint which1 whether they proceed from unoiled hinges or choirs1 are not agreeable1 considered as music4 ,compare1 again1 the character and movement of those upon whom the ceremonies devolve4 ,they are not at all mechanical1 but strictly personal4 ,in the first place1 the actors are of a restricted class4 ,they must be either men or boys4 ,women and girls are not permitted to celebrate or serve in any capacity at the sacred functions4 ,the services of a graceful and intelligent acolyte are exceedingly pleasant and edifying to behold1 but the stupidest and most awkward1 blundering and unkempt boy would be preferable1 and must be preferred1 before any number of the brightest1 most beautiful and quickwitted girls1 because he alone possesses the one personal qualification requisite for that office--he is of the male sex4 ,intelligence1 beauty1 and graceful manners are not employed by the church for their own sake4 ,again1 the celebrant must be a priest1 the deacon must have received deacon's orders1 and all others who1 although laymen1 may1 as acolytes and choristers1 aid the consecrated personages in their duties1 are invested with a quasiecclesiastical character while in office4 ,no one should ever dream of engaging the services of ,jews1 ,protestants1 or infidels1 or even of ,catholics whose lives were notoriously bad1 or who scandalously neglected receiving the sacraments1 as our 8gallerychoirs0 are constituted in many a church in this country4 ,in the event of the priest not been able to sing1 through any infirmity1 no layman of the congregation could take his place1 although he were the finest singer in the world1 the very prince of cremoniarii1 and a greater saint than ,s4 ,peter himself4 ,from which considerations it will readily be seen how unsuited music is for the use of such persons acting in such a capacity4 ,practically1 music is the song of women4 ,we shall show further on that it is essentially effeminate4 ,there is music which men and boys can perform1 it is true1 but it is not the genuine article4 ,the want of the female voice for the soprano is always felt2 and in some countries where women are not yet admitted as church singers1 and 8church music0 is highly prized1 this want is supplied by castrati4 ,it is not the song of ecclesiastics4 ,that the use of it is tolerated1 we know2 that the singing of women and castrati in church is also tolerated1 we know2 but the 8,instructions0 7we guarantee that nineteen out of twenty would agree with us in saying that 8,restrictions0 would be their better title7 of the cardinal vicar on 8church music10 referred to by the writer of the late articles on that subject in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 remind us of the probable 8instructions0 that would be given if the abuse of female acolytes were to creep in to any great extent4 ,we would find1 without doubt1 prohibitions against the wearing of the hair in curls1 or frise1 or la ,pompadour1 short sleeves1 low necks1 and crinoline4 ,they would be instructed also1 without doubt1 to wear a plain black cassock and linen surplice1 be shod like men1 and let not their courtesies savor of the dbt of actresses upon the stage of a theatre4 ,if these instructions would be faithfully observed ex animo1 and boys were not extinct as a sex in the congregation1 we do not think they would very long have any practical application4 ,contrast now the character of plain chant with music as a suitable song for the dulyqualified church singers1 from the priest down to the humblest cantor4 ,that it is the only song fit for the consecrated priest needs no argument4 ,thank ,god1 there is no 8toleration0 of 8priests' music10 8sacerdotal solos10 8,prefaces10 and 8,pater ,nosters10 la ,mozart1 ,haydn1 ,cherubini1 or ,peters6 ,it is distinguished especially by that gravity of movement1 that modestie ecclesiastique1 in its intonation1 which becomes the sacerdotal character4 ,any other melody from the mouth of a priest at the altar would scandalize not only the least ones of the brethren of ,christ1 but the greatest also2 and however terrible the 8woe0 our ,lord would pronounce upon those who might scandalize the latter1 we are not left in ignorance of what is reserved for those who fall under his judgment for scandalizing the former4 ,any one who has had the good fortune of assisting at a ,mass chanted by a properly vested chorus1 in strict ,gregorian melody1 with organ accompaniment1 if you will--that is1 nothing more than an accompaniment1 as the cardinal vicar desires--will assuredly bear testimony that it was not a musical performance--that is1 a melodious concert performed for its own sake in any degree--but a religious performance1 a chant of priests and the 8likes of them10 suggesting nothing of this world's vanities or luxury1 and as unlike modern music and its mechanism as the melodious whisperings of an olian harp are unlike a handorgan with monkey obbligato4 ,what is1 to say the least1 astonishing1 if not lamentable1 is to see so many priests devoted with ardor to the study of music1 and so many more sanctioning and furthering its inroads upon the domain which it behooves them to cultivate1 whilst remaining wholly ignorant of the chant1 and unable to intone the ,gloria in ,excelsis or to sing a ,collect or ,gospel without blundering at every inflection4 ,we see no impropriety in pressing these facts home upon those who are bound by the laws of their profession to interest themselves in the claims which ,gregorian chant makes upon them1 in order that they may decently perform the sacred functions committed to their care--how sacred one single reflection will show4 ,for what is the song of the priest8 ,it is not a private performance of his own1 but rather an inspired expression of the mind of the church1 herself the divine voice of ,god4 ,when she prays and sings1 she prays a divine prayer1 and sings a divine song4 ,god prays and sings within the walls of the church1 the ,new ,jerusalem1 which has come down like a bride out of heaven upon the earth4 ,true1 it is the priest who prays and sings2 but let him not forget that there is a ,voice of supplication which ascends to the throne of the ,almighty and ,eternal ,majesty that is not his1 and a song which sounds sweetly in the ears of the ,divine ,mercy1 and celebrates the praises of the ,most ,high1 whose melody is not the inspiration of his soul4 ,the ,divine1 ,incarnate ,victim of ,calvary is the ,suppliant1 and the ,son of ,david and of ,mary is the ,singer4 ,and we are told--do our senses not deceive us8--that his song is become extremely monotonous1 and burdens the ear with a weight of sound not always tolerable6 ,no1 we will not allow in excuse that this sneer of disdain and expression of contempt is only for the chorus1 and is not meant for the consecrated priest4 ,there is a divine unity and faultless harmony in the 8prayer0 of ,jesus ,christ as the church utters it4 ,it is the seamless garment which clothes his mystic body2 who shall dare to rend it8 ,what mastermind conceived and executed the magnificent and inimitable spectacle which that prayer presents in a solemn ,mass and ,vespers to the minds and hearts of devout worshippers8 ,what cunning artificer devised the harmony of a composition so complete8 ,who breathed into all those prayers and anthems1 hymns and psalms1 ,epistles and ,gospels from ,holy ,writ1 that spirit of devotion and piety1 and informed them with those lessons of the purest morality and professions of the universal faith of ,christendom8 ,what more than angelic ,artist knew how to dye the martyr's chasuble in blood1 and transfer the spotless purity of the lily to the stole of the confessor and the virgin2 to weave the robes of penance with the violet's mournful hue1 and paint the verdure of the grass upon the ferial vesture8 ,who is that heavenly ,musician whose soul gave birth to that sweet1 intellectual1 majestic melody espoused so happily to those chosen words of devout contemplation1 of lofty praise1 of innocent joy1 of dolorous compassion1 and of sanctified sorrow8 ,we must look to other sources than mere human science or artistic skill for a solution of these questions4 ,the mind and hand of a divine ,artist must be in that work whose unity and harmony the hand of man will not sooner or later disfigure1 mutilate1 reject1 or destroy4 ,that artist is the ,holy ,ghost1 who is the ,lord and ,lifegiver of the church1 in whom the mystic life of ,jesus ,christ is perpetuated by the like ineffable overshadowing which wrought his conception in the womb of the ,immaculate ,virgin--that ,spirit of wisdom1 from whom come all those inspirations of genius whose matchless productions and marvellous power are the wonder of the world1 the envy of the flesh1 and the hate of the devil4 ,but1 no2 we must believe that the divine ,artist has failed1 8confessedly0 failed1 in this one of his masterpieces4 ,its noblest1 highest purpose found no adequate expression4 ,jesus ,christ has been unable to manifest the joy and triumph of his ,sacred ,heart1 the sublimest purpose of his eucharistic life1 and his song is fit only to be chanted as a wail over the dead or as groans of penance in sackcloth and ashes6 ,do you believe it8 ,we don't4 ,to ,be ,concluded ,next ,month4 ,a ,vision4 ,a vision of our ,mary1 heavenly ,queen1 ,appeared to me in silence of the night4 ,around her flowed a stream of golden light ,in which she stood with sweet1 celestial mien ,and beauty but before by angels seen4 ,with rapture ,i beheld the blessd sight1 ,that beamed upon me ravishingly bright2 ,and while entranced1 methought her eyes serene ,did rest upon me1 and a holy spell ,my being thrilled with ecstasy unknown2 ,but darkness soon upon my senses fell1 ,though not before the bliss and joy were shown ,that those enjoy who with her ever dwell ,in life eternal round the holy throne4 ,on ,the ,wing4 ,a ,southern ,flight4 ,,vii4 ,concluded4 8,i wish you and ,mary would go down to the ,vernons1 ,jane10 said ,frank1 coming into our room one morning about three weeks after my engagement with ,don ,emidio4 8,i did not see ,ida2 but ,elizabeth tells me she is not well1 and ,i believe it all arises from the annoyances to which they have been exposed through the conduct of the ,casinelli4 ,it has grown into a complete persecution1 for people never forgive those they have injured40 8,what are they doing now to vex ,ida80 asked ,mary4 8,i do not understand all the pros and cons of the matter2 but ,i found ,elizabeth rather anxious about ,ida1 and she could not leave her to walk with me1 as she had promised last night40 ,that1 of course1 was a very serious affair1 and one which demanded immediate rectification1 at least in ,frank's opinion--as any similar event would have done in the estimation of the other gentleman who so often formed one of our small circle2 for ,i had long since found out that ,i was not to be allowed the privilege of a headache1 or any other excuse for solitude1 without a rigorous investigation of the merits of the case being set on foot by ,don ,emidio4 ,of course ,mary and ,i lost no time in going to ,villa ,casinelli4 ,we took the path that had been cleared through the vineyard1 on purpose to save ,mary the fatigue of the longer way by the road4 ,the vigneroli had taken great pains to make this little approach for the 8padre's friends10 as we were always called2 and they had thrown a plank with a fragile handrail across the little1 rocky stream where they washed the clothes1 and which stream formed the boundary between the property of the ,casinelli and that of their neighbors4 ,for a short walk it was nevertheless rather a fatiguing one2 for it was up and down all the way1 and included one or two short flights of stone steps4 ,in the early spring the yellow oxalis had covered the ground like a carpet embroidered in gold and green4 ,now the beans had taken the place of the gayer blossoms1 and filled the air with their sweet perfume4 ,the donkey that took the cart full of clean linen twice a week to ,naples had his al fresco stable beneath the shade of a venerable figtree close by--a blessing promised to his betters in ,biblical times1 and one which ,i am sure he too merited in his degree1 and ,i have no doubt considered the figtree as his own4 ,being noisy and loquacious1 like all other two or four legged creatures in ,naples1 he always greeted us with a loud bray when we passed by4 ,i do not believe any donkey was ever so fond of expressing his opinions as that particular animal4 ,i had for some time tried to discover whether his utterances predicted rain1 according to the general belief that asses bray when it is going to be wet4 ,but not a cloud could be seen1 and no rain fell for weeks2 and certainly this particular ass was by no means barometrical in his utterances4 ,i sometimes had my fears that1 as formerly it had been ,paolino's duty to feed the poor beast1 and that now the lad was in our service1 perhaps the fodder was sometimes forgotten by his young master's younger sisters1 and that the loud1 inharmonious greeting he gave us was meant as a perpetual protest against the injustice of which we were indirectly the cause4 ,we found ,ida suffering from nervous reaction occasioned by the effort to appear cheerful and composed under the various annoyances1 and by the feeling that a good work had been put an end to by the malice of designing people4 ,in addition to which1 her mother was exposed to a variety of irritating insults which it was hard for her daughters to bear in patience4 ,mrs4 ,vernon was exceedingly fond of flowers1 and thoroughly understood the cultivation of a garden4 ,she had taken great pains with the very small enclosure which was allotted to their apartment1 and from it the altar and their own rooms had been supplied in abundance4 ,but now1 no matter how early in the morning she visited her garden1 the ,casinelli's gardener had always the advantage of her1 and had picked not only the best flowers1 but even the strawberries1 which she had been watching with the kind intention of giving them to us4 ,he plainly told her one day1 when he met her as he came out of her garden with a basketful of her flowers on his arm1 that he had gathered them by his mistress' special desire4 ,these things were trifles in themselves2 but they were a severe trial when they came to be repeated day by day1 in one form or another of petty insult and daring impertinence1 and generally directed either against ,padre ,cataldo1 who could not revenge his own cause1 or against an aged lady in the enjoyment of her few pleasures1 or1 lastly1 in attacking the moral character of the servants1 and trying to spread about unfounded accusations4 ,ida's strong sense of justice1 which amounted to a passion1 and which made it intolerable to her to see the weak 8put upon10 had worked her up into a state of nerves injurious to her health4 ,mary and ,i spent the day with the ,vernons1 trying to divert their thoughts1 and preaching that patience which we were far from feeling ourselves4 ,about the time that these troublesome events were occurring we made an excursion to the ,carthusian church and monastery of ,san ,martino1 which stands on the same summit as the ,castle of ,st4 ,elmo1 a little in front of it1 and facing the bay4 ,it commands a glorious view of the city and all the surrounding country2 and the delight of visiting so beautiful a place tempered my indignation at the robbery of the government in depriving the monks of their home4 ,few things of the kind can be more beautiful than the church1 where formerly no woman entered4 ,the walls1 floor1 and roof are entirely composed of marbles of many colors4 ,the altarrails1 or rather the low screen which cuts off the sanctuary--for rails there are none--is sculptured jour in white marble1 and looks like some exquisite lace work4 ,the choir behind the altar has also a marble screen of the same wonderful open work4 ,there are pictures by ,spagnoletto of ,moses and ,elias and the prophets4 ,nothing could be more appropriate to the austere life of a ,carthusian monk than that the chapel of his monastery should be decorated by such an artist as ,spagnoletto4 ,nor is the choice of subjects less appropriate4 ,strength and depth of coloring2 the expression of masculine force in all the forms2 bold outlines1 deep shadows1 and strong lights1 seem all in harmony with the condition of mind likely to be eliminated by a life of silence and real1 though not apparent1 solitude2 for the monks1 though many1 dwelt alone in separate cells4 ,it was a life which called to mind the stern grandeur of ,old ,testament prophecies and the ascetic life of the ,old ,testament prophets2 while the richness of the decoration2 the elaborate carving--not in a friable material1 such as wood1 but in enduring marble2 the extraordinarily lavish use of precious stones2 the minuteness of detail1 combined with the unity of plan1 are just the characteristics that we should expect to grow out of the leisure of perpetual silence1 and the digging deep down into the mines of thought consequent on all but unbroken solitude4 ,it was impossible not to be struck with the whole as the outward growth of the peculiar inner life of the remarkable order to which it had once belonged2 and one marvels to find that the extraordinary degree and nature of the beauty it possesses had not addressed itself to the common sense of even a godless government as a plea for its continued existence in the hands of those for whom it had been reared4 ,it should also be remembered that connected with this life of leisurely meditation there were great opportunities for deep and continued study2 for the ,carthusians are a learned order4 ,i may perhaps be fanciful in thus tracing the character of the edifice to the tendencies of the order1 for it must be owned that the present building dates no further back than the middle of the ,x,v,i,ith century1 and that ,s4 ,bruno1 the founder of the order1 probably never foresaw so magnificent an abode for his silent disciples4 ,but those who have observed how1 unless thwarted by unfavorable circumstances1 every religious order in the church stamps its character upon all that pertains to it1 will feel that there must have existed a synthesis between the inhabitants of ,san ,martino and the place itself1 and that the whiterobed ,carthusians were in the very home which was specially appropriate to them1 and in all ways suited their devotional and intellectual tendencies4 ,and in proof of the above reflections it is well to remark that the beautiful pavement of the church was designed by a ,carthusian4 ,we had of course been acquainted with many of the valuable paintings in the monastery1 so far as engravings could make us so1 and thus we hailed the ,deposition from the ,cross1 by ,spagnoletto1 which is in the sacristy1 as an old friend1 also the ,baptism of our ,lord1 by ,carlo ,maratta1 and many of ,vaccaro's and ,cesari's paintings4 ,the sacristy and the chapterhouse are equally full of valuable pictures4 ,it is impossible to exaggerate what must ever be the refining and elevating influence of such treasures of art1 and such harmony and beauty1 combined with a religious vocation of the highest order1 heightened by the practice of silence and fostered by solitude4 ,the cloister breathes the very spirit of peace4 ,the whitemarble ,doric columns gleam in the sunshine1 and cut the tessellated pavement with the black shadows of their shafts1 carrying them up the white wall with the arches of intense light between4 ,i can imagine the monks learning to know the exact hour of the day by the fall of those shadows without needing to consult the old clock1 also with a glaring white face1 which is just below the little belfry with its two bells1 one large1 one small1 that the deep toned toll of one or the sharp1 quick tinkle of the other might denote the various offices and duties to which they summoned the inmates4 ,the cloister court is laid out with formal boxhedges enclosing little plots of garden ground1 and one garden more precious than the others1 ,gottesacker17#df7 where are sown the mortal remains of the departed brethren1 awaiting in the midst of their survivors and successors the day dawn of immortality4 ,there is an iron cross in the centre on a twisted whitemarble pilaster4 ,and the oblong square of this interesting cemetery is surrounded by a whitemarble balustrade1 with skulls carved at intervals4 ,in the centre of the court is a marble well of singularly graceful proportions4 ,around it is a pavement of bricks symmetrically arranged1 but now with the blades of grass and tiny weeds intruding their innocent familiarity where they have no right4 ,statues of saints1 vases and balls alternating1 run along the entablature of the cloister4 ,we longed for a vision of the old1 whiterobed inhabitants of this white marble dwelling2 and for once ,i felt not the lack of color1 but1 on the contrary1 perceived a harmony in the white and subdued gray tints1 relieved only by the blue sky and green grass4 ,but when we looked out from the loggia on the wide view beneath us1 it was not color that was wanting4 ,there lay ,naples1 with its motley buildings1 backed by purple ,vesuvius1 and the rosecolored cliffs of ,sorrento beyond4 ,nature had used all the pigments of her pallet when she painted that lovely scene4 ,we paid another visit to a suppressed monastery--that of the ,camaldoli--before leaving ,naples4 ,there is nothing very remarkable in the building itself or in the chapel4 ,but the view is at once one of the most beautiful and the most singular ,i have ever beheld4 ,we had above an hour's ride on donkeyback to get there2 the carriage taking us no further than the picturesque village of ,antignano4 ,the lane up which we wound amid young chestnuttrees1 the remains of what was once a magnificent forest1 was at that time in all the verdant beauty of early spring4 ,it was a glorious day1 and ,i ought to have enjoyed the ride4 ,but1 in the first place1 ,i have a feeling amounting to animosity against a donkey the moment ,i have the misfortune to find myself on his back4 ,i rather like him than otherwise when cropping thistles by the roadside or in a huckster's cart4 ,i appreciate his patient nature and longenduring powers when they are unconnected with myself4 ,but from the moment ,i find myself condemned to be carried by him--that ,i feel his horrid little jogging pace under me1 and his utterly insensible mouth within the influence1 or ,i should rather say not within the influence1 of my reins--a feeling of antipathy to the beast seizes me1 and is rendered all the more painful to me that his resignation and the long history of his habitual illusage fill me with an emotion of compassion painfully at variance with my intense dislike of him in the character of a steed4 ,i do not think ,i ever suffered more in this way than during our ride to the ,camaldoli4 ,i was escorted by a halfdrunken donkeyboy1 of the most brutal disposition towards the unfortunate animal1 whom ,i at once hated and pitied4 ,i was furious at the way he behaved to my donkey2 while he1 not supposing ,i knew enough ,italian to understand his abominable patois1 kept turning all my complaints and reproaches into ridicule to the other donkey men or boys accompanying him4 ,i would gladly have taken the stick out of his hands with which he belabored my poor donkey4 ,indeed1 at last ,i succeeded in doing so2 but nothing short of having ,emidio with me to apply the stick to the boy instead of the other animal would have sufficed to soothe my irritation4 ,unfortunately1 my future protector1 who ,i felt certain would punch any head ,i might wish submitted to that process1 had been called away to ,rome on business4 ,the lane was very narrow1 and1 even had it been as wide as ,piccadilly or ,broad ,street1 no doubt our donkeys would equally have considered themselves bound to go in single file4 ,consequently we were not always within reach of each other for any mutual assistance2 and ,frank1 whom ,i longed to call to my aid1 was altogether absorbed in taking care of ,mrs4 ,vernon1 to whom this donkeyclimbing of a steep mountainpath amounted to a perilous adventure4 ,not many days after1 we heard that two or three foreign gentlemen1 making the same ascent as ourselves1 had been attacked and robbed by these most obnoxious donkeymen4 ,i am afraid the observance of law and the moral condition generally of little1 outoftheway villages like ,antignano1 in the vicinity of ,naples1 is as bad as it well can be at the present time4 ,when we reached the summit1 on which stands the monastery1 we went at once to the ridge of the hill to see the view2 and ,i have seldom been more struck by anything of the kind4 ,naples lay before us1 about fifteen hundred feet below2 but what was so unexpected was the aspect of ,mount ,vesuvius1 right in front of us1 and that of the ,monte ,somma and a series of other mountainous heights of volcanic origin2 and far away to the ,apennines1 with the wide plains and cities lying in the bright sunshine1 ,caserta1 ,capua1 and all the ,campania ,felix4 ,on the spot where we stood a line straight from the eye would have hit about onethird of the height of ,mount ,vesuvius4 ,to the right we could see all the range of mountains to ,salerno and ,amalfi4 ,on the other side were ,pozzuoli1 ,nisita1 ,ischia1 and ,bai4 ,i will not multiply names1 nor will ,i heap up epithets in the attempt to describe what words cannot tell4 ,in short1 ,i forgot all ,i had said in favor of the position formerly occupied by the ,carthusians at ,san ,martino in my enthusiasm for the superior view once enjoyed by the ,camaldoli2 and had the question been open to me1 ,i believe my vocation to the latter order would have been decided on the spot4 ,my donkeyboy had sobered down by the time ,i had again to trust myself and my steed to his tender mercies1 and nothing occurred to mar the enjoyment of our long but interesting excursion4 ,it must1 however1 have been a far more beautiful place before the present government of ,italy1 by permitting the wholesale destruction of the magnificent trees which formerly clothed the mountain's sides1 had done so much to impair the climate as well as to destroy the beauty of the country4 ,it is a fact in natural history that trees emit warmth in winter as they produce coolness in summer2 and consequently that in a latitude like that of ,italy they are specially beneficial1 as tending to equalize the temperature4 ,it is notorious that the climate of ,italy has become hotter in the summer1 while it is colder in the winter than was the case formerly4 ,the country has also been subject to terrible ravages from mountain torrents1 the downward course of which was formerly intercepted by the grand old trees of immense forests4 ,their impetuosity was broken and their waters partially absorbed4 ,now they tear down the barren sides of the mountains unchecked1 and devastate the plains below1 to the ruin of the crops and consequent impoverishment of the country4 ,it is the shortsighted custom of the government to let whole tracts of mountainous forestlands1 leaving the lessee the liberty of cutting down as it may seem good to him2 and generally he is a greedy man1 in a hurry to make a fortune before the present rgime shall have come to an end1 as it must do some day4 ,i must not leave my readers to suppose that all our excursions and daily drives were on the grandly sthetic plan of those ,i have described4 ,we were not always mythological1 classical1 or even early,christian in our researches1 our walks or drives4 ,we went shopping about the streets of ,naples in a thoroughly womanly fashion1 and condescended to red and pink coral1 amber and tortoiseshell ornaments1 with a full appreciation of their prettiness4 ,the bracelets1 earrings1 and brooches made out of lava never appeared to me otherwise than as remains of barbarism4 ,much of the coralwork1 though very ingenious1 is also in bad taste4 ,but a string of pink coral beads is always a beautiful ornament1 and also always an expensive one4 ,amber abounds1 not of course as a native product1 but imported from the ,east4 ,the tortoiseshell is very delicately carved1 and inlaid with gold1 and some of it is extremely pretty4 ,there is also a great deal of alabasterwork in figures and vases1 white and colored4 ,neither ,mary nor ,i could bear it1 though we did our best to try and be tempted by a shop in the ,toledo7#dg7 which was filled with it4 ,it is always connected in my mind with shell ornaments and wool mats4 ,they are things that generally seem to go together1 and equally impress me with their uselessness and ugliness4 ,i must include in my list of horrors the lava and even the terracotta figures of lazzaroni and ,neapolitan peasants4 ,mary was rather disappointed at not finding shops of old furniture and rococo4 ,she had collected a variety of pretty and even valuable objects when she was here many years ago2 but now she was told by the ,neapolitans that the ,english and ,americans had bought up all there was to be had of that nature4 ,no doubt1 however1 we might still have found treasures had we known where to look for them4 ,but the days are over when bargains could be picked up in ,continental towns4 ,all those things have now a real marketable value1 and no vendors are ignorant of what that value is4 ,of course there are occasional exceptions4 ,we went once to a flowershow held in the ,villa ,reale1 the beautiful public promenade which runs by the seashore and the ,chiaia4 ,i believe it was the first of the kind which had been attempted1 and as such was worthy of all praise4 ,but1 apart from that consideration1 it was inferior to most of the numerous flowershows held in the rural districts of ,england4 ,we often drove up and down the ,chiaia1 which is the name of the fashionable street of ,naples1 and along which there is a tan road for the sake of horsemen1 who ride backwards and forwards at a furious rate4 ,it is neither very long nor very broad2 but the gentlemen who frequent it are evidently greatly impressed with their manly bearing and distinguished horsemanship4 ,for my own part1 ,i prefer a ,neapolitan on the drivingbox to one in the saddle4 ,they are excellent coachmen and but indifferent horsemen1 as all men must be who are deficient in phlegm and in external calm4 ,the horse is a dignified animal1 and demands corresponding dignity in his rider4 ,we used often to stop at the caffe in the ,via ,reale1 and refresh ourselves with 8granite0--that is1 a glass of snow sweetened1 and with the juice of fresh lemons squeezed into it4 ,as a rule1 ,i cannot say that the shops in ,naples are particularly good1 and certainly they are very dear4 ,the same may be said of provisions4 ,and as the taxes are every year on the increase1 this misfortune is not likely to be remedied4 ,i frequently used to walk through the generally narrow and always crowded streets of ,naples accompanied by ,frank1 and as often ,emidio1 who had arranged some point of meeting with my brother1 would come down from the heights of ,capo di ,monte1 where his lovely villa stood1 and join us in our saunter through the busy city4 ,i have seen him stop where a piece of rope was hung near a tobacconist's shopdoor1 or at the corner of the street1 and light his cigar from the smouldering end which had been set fire to for that purpose4 ,i have never seen a burning rope in the streets in ,england or in ,france for the accommodation of smokers4 ,we visited most of the churches1 but they were as nothing to me after the churches in ,rome4 ,the flowerboys soon got to know us as we walked and drove about1 and the most lovely roses and bunches of orangeblossoms would be pressed upon us for a few pence4 ,the boys would sometimes cling to the carriagedoor with one hand1 while the horses were going fast1 imploring us to buy the bouquets they held in the other1 till ,i used to think they must fall and be run over4 ,but they are so lithe and supple1 and they seemed to bound about so much as if they were made of india rubber1 that at last ,i got hardened1 and would stand to my bargain half way down a street without any apprehension for the safety of my darkeyed1 jabbering flowerboys4 ,they generally addressed us in a jargon of ,italian1 ,french1 and ,english1 and as generally sold their flowers for half the price first named4 ,i greatly enjoyed the freedom and absence of restraint in these our rambles2 for1 having my brother with me1 ,i was not afraid of gratifying my curiosity about the manners and customs of the humbler classes4 ,i frequently stood by the fountains in the streets1 where the women washed the linen1 and entered into conversation with them2 or ,i would buy fritture of various kinds 7which is1 in fact1 fried batter1 sometimes sweet1 sometimes savory74 ,i did not find it always to my taste1 because it was made with rancid oliveoil quite as often as with fat4 ,but the piles of lightbrown fritters lying on the little tables in the open streets1 or being tossed about1 smoking hot1 in iron pans1 had a very inviting appearance4 ,then ,i would get ,frank to let me have a glass of lemonade from the pretty little booths that are so numerous for the sale of that delightful beverage1 with festoons of fresh lemons hanging from the gayly painted poles4 ,i delighted all the more in my freedom that ,i knew1 when ,i should be ,emidio's wife1 and drive about ,naples as the ,contessa ,gandolfi1 ,i could no longer expect to enjoy these privileges4 ,i said so one day to ,emidio1 when ,i was taking my second glass of lemonade in a peculiarly dingy and outoftheway street in ,naples4 ,he laughed at the assertion1 though he did not for a moment attempt to deny it2 and meanwhile he enjoyed as much as ,i did the absence of all form and ceremony1 which as foreigners we could allow ourselves4 ,it was then that jestingly he asked me whether it should be put in my marriagesettlements that he was to take me1 at least once1 to the ,festa di ,monte ,vergine4 ,i could not understand what he could possibly mean1 until he explained that so much is thought of this feast by the ,neapolitan peasantry that if a girl has a good dot1 it is generally inserted in the marriagedeeds that her husband is bound to give her this gratification4 ,the feast takes place on ,whit,monday1 and ,emidio assured me that my marriageportion was enough to entitle me to more than one excursion to the sanctuary of the ,madonna1 if such was my desire4 ,it is held at ,monte ,vergine1 near ,avellino2 and as we had not been able to attend it during our stay at ,posilippo1 ,i declared that ,i should expect to be taken some day1 though ,i declined to puzzle our family lawyer by the introduction of so strange an article in my marriagesettlements4 ,we had reserved ,pompeii for the close of our stay at ,naples1 because from thence we meant to go on to ,sorrento4 ,we entered ,pompeii by the 8,sea ,gate10 having left our travellingbags and shawls at the little hotel ,diomde--such a grand name for such a mean1 vulgar little place6 ,how full of flies it was6 ,how bad was the food6 ,how miserable the accommodations1 with advertisements of ,bass' pale ale adorning the walls6 ,nothing1 however1 of the kind could diminish the interest with which we were about to enter the dead city of the dead4 ,mary remembered having come to this same little publichouse fiveandtwenty years before4 ,it has been added to since then4 ,at that time it afforded very little refreshment for either man or beast4 ,she had taken some tea with her1 and they accommodated her with hot water4 ,milk was not to be had1 so she floated a slice of lemon in the teacup1 after the ,russian fashion4 ,and all the time a handsome youth1 indifferently clad1 and with the red ,phrygian cap covering his crisp black curls1 sang a native song to the accompaniment of a small guitar1 and danced the while4 ,the cottonplants were ready to give up their bursting pods of snowwhite fluff in the fields around1 and the heat was extreme4 ,the scene had been much less invaded in those days by ordinary sight seers2 but also1 it must be owned1 there was less to see1 as many of the most important excavations have been made since that date4 ,as the heat was very great1 and as1 even without seeing anything like all that is worth seeing1 we could not possibly devote less than two or three hours to walking in those shadeless streets1 it was decided ,mary and ,i should be carried by the guides in open sedanchairs4 ,the guides are appointed by government1 and are thoroughly well informed on the subject1 and are able to answer most questions4 ,we first visited the ,forum4 ,it is1 even in its utter ruin1 very imposing1 for it stands on rising ground1 and all the principal streets lead to it4 ,several ,doric columns1 arches or gateways1 and the pedestals which formerly supported statues1 remain4 ,the ,temple of ,venus is close to the ,forum2 the entrance steps are intact1 and the altar stands in front of them4 ,words fail me to express the intense melancholy of the scene1 as we wandered from ,temple to ,baths1 and from house to house1 down the narrow streets--for all the streets are narrow--whose flagstones are dented by the wheels of the chariots1 and have a raised path for footpassengers1 so high that there are stones placed at intervals to enable one to step across the road1 with a space left for the wheels of the chariot to pass between4 ,this was to keep the passengers from having to step into the water which in rainy weather must have poured down these gutterless streets4 ,from the houses being now all reduced to the ground floor1 with the exception of a few in which the stairs leading to the first story and some portions of the wall remain1 it cannot be said that any of the streets produce at all an imposing effect4 ,perhaps the absence of this1 except in the ruins of the temples and public buildings1 rather adds to the pathetic sadness of the scene1 by bringing all the more vividly before us the fact of the utter and sudden destruction which swept away a vast city of crowded human beings1 leading the daily life of all of us1 in a few short hours6 ,we saw the casts of several dead bodies that had been found--one1 of a man making his escape with a sack of money2 another1 of a matron with her young daughter4 ,what masses of hair1 what round and slender limbs1 what beautiful teeth6 ,it is ghastly1 and yet fascinating2 for it seems to bridge over so wide a gulf of time1 and by one touch of nature makes us akin to the ancient dead4 ,i felt this specially as we went down the 8,street of ,abundance10 as it was named--mere dwellinghouses and shops on either side2 a long1 ordinary street1 where men came and went in their round of everyday life1 buying and selling and paying visits4 ,the green lizards ran over the whitened walls and the small1 brownred bricks4 ,the sun poured down his relentless rays from a perfectly cloudless sky4 ,except ourselves and the guides1 no footsteps were heard1 no sound broke the deathlike silence4 ,and at the far end of the 8,street of ,abundance10 just beyond the limits of the doomed city1 a solitary pinetree1 looking like a black spot in the white shimmer of the midday heat1 alone indicated a world of nature and of life and growth beyond4 ,here is an oil shop1 full of the beautifullyshaped1 huge jars in which the oil was kept4 ,there1 on that slab of marble1 are the stains of wine4 ,you see the oven1 with what once was soft white bread--the real bread2 and you feel that it might have happened a few years ago1 and that somewhere or other1 perhaps even at ,naples1 it might happen again tomorrow4 ,and two thoughts rush in upon us1 one full of yearning pity1 and one of awful inquiry--they were our brethren1 and where are they now8 ,the first eruption of ,mount ,vesuvius occurred in the reign of the ,emperor ,titus1 ,a4,d4 #gi4 ,pompeii1 ,herculaneum1 and even ,naples itself1 had suffered before them from earthquakes1 and a portion of the two firstnamed towns had been laid low4 ,but nothing had ever happened to prepare the inhabitants for the terrible calamity which was about to befall them1 when1 in their villa at ,misenum1 the younger ,pliny's mother called the attention of ,pliny the elder to the cloud1 in the form of a pinetree1 which she saw rising up into the heavens4 ,when she did so1 she did not even know that it was from ,vesuvius that the cloud ascended4 ,pliny the elder invited his nephew1 then only eighteen1 to accompany him in his galley to ,retin1 a town on the coast1 whither he intended to go1 with the idea that the people might be in distress4 ,but so little was any one prepared for what was really about to occur that young ,pliny did not even lay aside his volume of ,livy which he was reading2 while his uncle took his tablets in his hand1 that he might note down the curious phenomena he was about to investigate1 and left the house to go on board4 ,it was with great difficulty and at immense risk that he effected a landing and made his way to ,stabi1 near ,pompeii1 where dwelt his friend ,pomponianus4 ,in attempting to escape from thence in the night1 he was suffocated by the noxious vapors that accompanied the eruption4 ,it would seem that young ,pliny continued his study for some hours1 never realizing what an awful tragedy was going on beyond the ,bay of ,naples4 ,there had been shocks of earthquake for some days previous1 but these were not unusual occurrences1 and therefore excited but little alarm1 until they became so violent as to threaten utter destruction through the night4 ,he seems to have been seriously frightened about the same time as his mother2 for each had risen with the intention of calling the other4 ,by this time the air was black with falling ashes1 and the morning light could scarcely penetrate the gloom4 ,pliny would not leave his mother1 while she1 being aged and very heavy1 feared she should not be able to follow him1 and implored him to go away without her1 which he would not do4 ,they escaped together into the country1 in danger of being trodden down by the crowds of flying people1 and of being smothered by the falling ashes4 ,the day was spent in agony and terror1 and all but total darkness4 ,but that night they were able to return to ,misenum1 though not to enjoy much repose1 as the shocks of earthquake still continued4 ,then the young ,pliny learnt that his uncle1 whom he had1 happily for himself1 declined to accompany1 had perished4 ,this eruption did not resemble the more recent ones1 inasmuch as no lava poured from the mountain1 but burning stones of enormous size1 and ashes1 together with volumes of steam1 which poured down in torrents of water1 filled with ashes1 upon the earth beneath4 ,the shape of the mountain was altered entirely by this eruption1 as it has been in a much less degree by that which occurred in ,april1 #ahgb1 and which our friends1 the ,vernons1 had witnessed4 ,the ,neapolitans firmly believe that their city will ultimately perish as ,pompeii has perished2 and probably science is still unable to prognosticate whether the awful mountain has or has not too far exhausted its volcanic powers to produce a second destruction as terrible as that which ,pliny has described with such accurate detail1 and yet in so calm and unimpassioned a style4 ,sensational writing is a discovery of modern times4 ,we exhaust our subject in describing it diffusely and minutely4 ,but nevertheless the scene ,pliny's letters call up before our imagination--the young lad poring over his book in company with his devoted mother1 and the brave and learned elder ,pliny calmly setting sail1 tablets in hand1 to study the scene1 and to assist those in danger1 and then perishing in the attempt--is as replete with pathos and human feeling as language can make it4 ,it is full of a language not put into words4 ,on the afternoon of the day we visited ,pompeii we drove to ,sorrento1 and took up our abode at a quiet little pension recently established1 and literally hidden amongst orangegroves4 ,there was a small chapel close by4 ,our rooms were bright and clean1 and the greater part of the time we had the house entirely to ourselves4 ,let no one presume he knows the beauty of ,italy who has not visited ,sorrento4 ,can anything be more lovely than the approach to ,vico1 ,meta1 and ,sant' ,angelo1 and the aspect of these little towns nestling amid gardens1 with their feet in the blue ripples of that tideless sea8 ,the ,sorrentines are a different race from the ,neapolitans1 and no love is lost between them4 ,they are a more reserved and more dignified people4 ,they make less noise1 and are not so excitable4 ,the land they live on is not volcanic1 the vegetation is more luxuriant1 and the people are more pastoral in their habits4 ,the air is softer and less exciting than at ,naples4 ,mary and ,i felt as if we had drifted into the land 8where it is always afternoon10 and a lotoseating calm and serenity seemed to come over us--a pleasant change after the nervous tension which ,naples produces1 and which is singularly inimical to sleep4 ,every description of food is better at ,sorrento than it is at ,naples4 ,sorrento beef is excellent1 and ,sorrento pigs have a worldwide reputation for making good pork1 though they are ugly animals to look at1 having large1 flabby1 white bodies on tall1 thin1 greyhound legs1 and very large1 pink ears4 ,naples seems never at any time to have been well famed for producing good food4 ,nearly all ,cicero's letters to ,papirius ,ptus contain allusions to eating and drinking1 and in one he says3 8,it is a better thing1 let me tell you1 to be sick with good eating at ,rome1 than for want of victuals at ,naples40 ,when he was thinking of buying ,sylla's house at ,naples1 he asks ,ptus to take some workmen to survey it for him1 saying3 8,if the walls and roof are in good repair1 ,i shall perfectly well approve of the rest40 8,if ,i can procure a house at ,naples1 it is my purpose to live so abstemiously that what our late sumptuary law allows for one day's expense shall suffice me ten40 ,this last sentence1 when coupled with that quoted from the other letter1 looks rather like making a virtue of necessity4 ,the marvel is that the ,naples market is not more abundantly provided with ,sorrento produce4 ,the fruit is very good2 and we all agreed we had never known the real merit of cherries until we had eaten them at ,sorrento1 and even better still at ,capri4 ,in our own land1 in ,france1 and even in cherryloving ,germany1 ,i had always considered them as a very poor fruit1 unless cooked or preserved4 ,but ,i entertained a very different opinion of them when ,i had feasted on them in the ,south of ,italy4 ,they are as different as the fresh oranges1 picked from the tree1 are from those that have been plucked while green1 and have ripened in a box during a long voyage4 ,i never cared for cherries in ,england4 ,i used to believe in oranges as ,i found them in the fruiterers' shops4 ,but now they appear to me a snare and a delusion when eaten in the north4 ,when we arrived at ,sorrento1 the ,empress of ,russia and her daughter1 the grand duchess1 were still there4 ,we met them driving just as we entered the town1 and of course looked eagerly at her who was so soon to become our own ,duchess of ,edinburgh1 and were charmed with her amiable and youthful expression1 and with the pretty smile with which she returned our bow4 ,they were to leave ,sorrento in a very few days4 ,the yacht was already moored close to the cliffs1 awaiting them4 ,the empress shed tears1 as the people crowded round to see her embark and wished her farewell in their own graceful way and soft language4 ,she said she had grown to love ,sorrento and its inhabitants more than she could express1 and that she should always hope some day to return amongst them4 ,the house in which ,tasso was born is now converted into a hotel1 much to the detriment of all poetic sentiment4 ,nothing can be more lovely than the neighborhood of ,sorrento1 though a great deal is unapproachable1 except on horseback1 donkeys1 or mules2 and much more is equally so for all but very vigorous pedestrians4 ,we went more than once to the small1 picturesque town of ,massa1 at the extreme point of the ,peninsula4 ,we visited ,il ,deserto1 the name given to a ,franciscan monastery situated on the top of a somewhat barren hill1 and which commands a magnificent view4 ,we found only a few lay brothers at home1 and about half a dozen orphan boys1 who were there by way of learning the art of agriculture4 ,the land around the monastery was mostly barren1 and to the left was covered with brushwood4 ,no agriculture was there1 at any rate4 ,there was a large garden enclosed within walls2 and as the small agricultural were in it1 ,i hoped to see some evidence of their labors4 ,i am bound1 however1 to speak the truth1 much as it tells against the expectations of ,sorrento with regard to the future tillers of the soil1 as also1 which is worse1 against the efficiency of the ,franciscan instructors in this particular case4 ,the garden was quite full of weeds4 ,i scarcely saw a vegetable or plant of any kind likely to prove edible to anybody except our donkeys2 but for them there was hope1 as thistles abounded4 ,the juvenile agriculturists were by no means usefully engaged1 but were listlessly roving about1 doing nothing in particular4 ,they looked bored2 and ,i could not wonder at it4 ,certainly1 the orphans learned no agriculture1 and ,i doubt if either the fathers or lay brothers can teach it4 ,it is to be hoped that at least they learn something else4 ,one bright morning we resolved on a trip to ,capri4 ,we chartered a boat1 a man1 and two boys1 the party consisting of ,ida and ,elizabeth ,vernon1 ,mary1 and me4 ,the wind was not altogether in our favor1 and our three sailors had hard work to row us4 ,nothing can well be more beautiful than the line of coast1 with picturesque ruins1 deep seacaves1 varied rocks1 and green slopes down to the water's edge4 ,we had resolved to spend one night at ,capri1 and intended visiting the ,blue ,grotto the next day4 ,but the wind was blowing fresh1 and it seemed but too probable that1 if we did not accomplish our visit at once1 we might miss it altogether4 ,our boatmen made no objection to this addition to our original bargain1 and we soon found ourselves rowing up to an entrance into the rock that did not present a different appearance to many other such small1 slitlike fissures and holes1 some of which had been pointed out to us as the sirens' caves4 ,we found two boats moored to the rock2 one was empty1 and in the other was a lad4 ,we were given to understand that only two of us at a time could enter the mysterious cave1 and that our boat was a great deal too large to pass through that low1 dark hole in the rock which the restless blue sea was lapping incessantly with a rapidity of motion that seemed to be momentarily on the increase4 ,we were moreover told that il vecchio7#dh7 was inside--a piece of information which1 conveying no express ideas to my mind1 awoke a vague apprehension that perhaps ,i might have touched on the abode of the ,old ,man of the ,sea--a prospect not altogether desirable4 ,there was a great question who was to enter the little boat and first encounter the passage and the old man4 ,ida and ,elizabeth refused to be separated1 and ,mary1 with an exclamation--something about being responsible to their mother for their safety--saw them embark with a pang4 ,in an instant1 obedient to the sailor lad's injunctions1 they both disappeared1 lying flat down at the bottom of the boat4 ,the sailor gave one vigorous stroke of his oar1 ducked down himself1 and the boat was sucked into the awful cavern between the heaving sea and the low arch4 ,mary and ,i sat silent4 ,of course we knew there was no danger4 ,it was what everybody did1 and there could be nothing to apprehend2 nevertheless1 ,i am free to acknowledge that those twenty minutes1 during which we were as much shut out from all sight and sound of them as if they were gone to the bottom1 while the treacherous waves slapped and lapped the rock like some hungry live thing1 and in so doing almost closed the orifice through which the boat had disappeared1 were not by any means minutes of absolute serenity to our nerves4 ,presently1 however1 the prow of the little boat reappeared1 and in a second up jumped ,ida and ,elizabeth like ,jack in the box4 8,well60 we both exclaimed4 8,oh6 it is beautiful4 ,make haste60 8,and the old man80 said ,i dubiously4 8,oh6 yes1 he is there10 was the only reply1 and no more satisfactory than my previous information4 ,of course ,mary and ,i1 on getting into the boat1 made ourselves as flat as we could at the bottom of it2 and suddenly a heaving of the sea shot us into the grotto4 ,instantly ,i forgot the old man and everything else in the marvellous beauty of the scene around me4 ,the sides of the cave1 one or two large shelving rocks1 and the roof were perfectly blue4 ,the very air seemed blue4 ,the water itself was ultramarine4 ,i dipped in my hand1 and instantly it shone and flashed like brilliant silver4 ,we approached one of the large rocks where there is a landingplace4 ,on it ,i beheld some strange1 dark object4 ,suddenly the object leaped into the blue water1 and was transfigured before my eyes into a huge silver frog1 swimming about in all directions with a white head above the water4 ,it was my muchdreaded old man2 and certainly the result1 in point of color and brilliancy1 of the disporting of this venerable individual in the blue water1 which converted him into sparkling silver1 was very remarkable4 ,but it is not often given1 to female eyes at least1 to behold a mortal swimming close to her1 and to notice the peculiarly froglike and ungraceful action which swimming necessitates1 and which is heightened by the apparent foreshortening of the limbs from the refraction of the light in the water4 ,it suddenly flashed upon me3 was it thus that ,hero saw ,leander8--minus the silver of course4 ,poor ,hero6 ,the silver frog croaked an indescribable patois1 calling our attention vociferously to his own extraordinary brilliancy4 ,at length we entreated him to spare his aged limbs any more aquatic gymnastics1 and to return to his rock2 which he did1 resuming his garments in some niche of a darker blue than the rest4 ,meanwhile1 our lad had rowed the boat close up to the other large rock on the opposite side of the grotto1 telling us that he would gather some coral for us4 ,it was getting dark1 and1 as we sat alone in the boat1 we could neither see nor hear him4 ,a deepviolet hue began to spread over the grotto and the water4 ,evening was drawing near1 and ,i began to conjure our sole protector to leave his coral reefs and return to the boat4 ,then we ducked down once more1 and1 with the edge of the boat absolutely grating against the mouth of the cave1 we emerged into the open sea and the fair white light of heaven4 ,it happened once upon a time that some one1 perhaps an ordinary traveller1 perhaps another professional and belated old man1 went into the blue grotto alone1 and stayed too long4 ,the wind blew hard1 and the sea rose4 ,for three days no boat could pass through the closed mouth of the cave4 ,happily1 his friends succeeded in floating in a loaf of bread1 which he devoured on his solitary blue rock4 ,i have often wished to know the history of those three days4 ,did the sirens come and sing to him8 ,did no mermaid bear him company1 or was he left a prey to 8the blue devils08 ,we had a stiff breeze as we steered our course to the ,marina ,piccola1 one of the only two landingplaces of the ,island of ,capri4 ,we determined1 as we were to be there for so short a time1 to sleep at the small inn close by1 called the 8,little ,tiberius10 and which we found comfortable1 though very unassuming and not quite finished4 ,we dined in the loggia1 shaded by a vine1 and they brought us cherries the size of plums that melted like a ripe peach1 and beautiful oranges1 gathered with the green leaves around them4 ,the only way to get about on the little ,island of ,capri is on donkeys or on foot4 ,we chose the former1 and directed our course to where stood the ,palace of ,tiberius4 ,the village of ,anacapri is very picturesque1 with its narrow streets1 sometimes raised a step or two1 dark1 wide doorways1 and domed roofs4 ,we went to the top of the precipitous rock called 8,il salto di ,tiberio107#di7 which falls sheer and smooth down to the sea1 without a break save a few tufts of wild flowers1 and over which ,tiberius is said to have flung his victims1 whose bodies then floated away to the coast of ,bai4 ,when ,augustus was dying1 he said of his successor1 8,i pity the ,romans4 ,they are about to be ground between slow jaws40 ,never was the cruelty of a coward better expressed than by these words4 ,i suppose the only history that will ever be correctly written will be that which will date from the day of judgment--that day which alone will clear up the falsehoods1 misapprehensions1 and delusions with which all history abounds1 and will leave probably only the devil as black as he is painted1 while it will also prove that many of our angels are fallen ones4 ,it is always difficult1 perhaps impossible1 to arrive at the secret motives of a man who is a coward1 is reserved1 has a certain superficial refinement of taste and intellect1 and is cursed with absolute power4 ,tiberius appreciated the extraordinary beauty of his favorite ,capri2 and yet he dwelt there only to commit the most hideous crimes in secret1 while discoursing on the subtleties of grammar and the beauty of art1 and writing elegies and love songs4 ,he seemed to have no human affection save for the lowborn ,sejanus1 whom nevertheless years afterwards he accused to the ,roman ,senate in a pitiful1 whining letter1 and who was torn to pieces in consequence4 ,he always hated those who in any way belonged to him1 whether by a natural tie or by that of a supposed intimacy4 ,he hated ,rome2 but even the terror and dread he had of it1 giving way to the longing to know how far his bloody orders were being carried out1 he approached the gates4 ,that day his pet serpent1 the friend of his bosom1 was killed and eaten by a million of midges4 8,multitudes are dangerous10 remarked the sententious emperor1 and back he went to the top of his solitary rock at ,capri4 ,the same type of man returns from time to time upon the face of the earth to show us the deep hell within itself of which1 alas6 the human heart is capable4 ,robespierre was a man of affable manners1 who loved flowers and kept canaries4 ,he had delicate white hands and a simper for ever on his thin lips4 ,in early life he wrote a pamphlet against capital punishment4 ,when his turn came to die on the guillotine1 he showed no fraction of the courage of the youngest and weakest of his many victims4 ,he too was soft and cruel4 ,there are many such1 but happily the outward circumstances are wanting which would develop them into the monsters to which1 as a race1 they belong4 ,we spent only a few hours at ,salerno1 just time enough to visit the tomb of the great ,hildebrand1 ,s4 ,gregory ,,vii41 the little man with a great soul1 the spiritual ,alexander of the church1 who1 as he said himself1 8without being allowed the liberty of speech or deliberation1 had been violently carried away and placed on the pontifical throne02 and through volumes of intimate and interesting letters relates his sorrows1 his anxieties1 and his efforts to the friend of his soul1 ,cardinal ,didier1 the ,abbot of ,monte,casino4 ,in the crypt we visited the altar and relics of ,s4 ,matthew4 ,the same evening we drove along the coast to ,amalfi4 ,it was growing dark before we got there1 and ,i think1 though no one said a word about it till we were safe in the ,hotel of the ,capuchins1 we were not altogether without some apprehension that the towering rocks1 the dark caves1 the mountain heights1 and the thick woodlands which filled us with admiration1 did not also suggest an unpleasant suspicion of possible banditti4 ,but here ,i stop4 ,if ,amalfi is not seen1 it may be painted2 but it cannot be described in any words ,i know of which will tell its beauty4 ,the world has many jewels from nature's casket1 but few more lovely and in more gorgeous setting than the little medival town of ,amalfi4 ,i am writing these pages in an ,english village4 ,i see a low line of pale1 misty hills to my left4 ,a venerable church tower peeps from amid large elms and red brick cottage chimneys4 ,in front of my trim garden is a green meadow4 ,the white butterflies are coursing each other in the noontide warmth1 and the village children have crowned themselves with tall paper caps1 and are holding some jubilee of their own1 the mysteries of which are undiscernable to older minds4 ,the clematis which climbs my porch breathes soft1 perfumed sighs at my open window4 ,it is pretty1 simple1 homely4 ,but between this and the dreamlike beauty of ,amalfi there lies far more than the distance of many hundreds of miles4 ,there lie the yearning of the soul for the best of ,god's beautiful creation--for the warmth of the sun1 that natural god of life and gladness--the thirst of the artist's eye for color1 and the poet's love of the language of song2 there lie the ,catholic's hunger for the land of faith and the longing for the regions of old memories and heroic sanctities4 ,yes1 ,i love my own pale land1 with her brief1 scarce summer smiles1 her windy autumns1 and her long1 fireside1 wintry evenings4 ,but while ,i write it and feel it1 there comes up before my mind the rosetints and blue and silver sparkle1 the golden rocks and emerald verdure1 of the land with the 8fatal gift of beauty10 and ,i feel my heart sink as ,i recall ,amalfi4 ,a few more days1 and we had looked our last on ,southern ,italy4 ,there were other reasons besides the thirst for sunshine and beauty why our leaving ,naples should prove so sad4 ,there was the close friendship with the ,vernons and ,padre ,cataldo2 and as regarded four hearts1 there was something more1 ,i suppose1 than friendship4 ,on leaving ,amalfi we only slept one night at ,naples 7for ,posilippo we saw no more71 and that was a dreamtost1 tearful night4 ,we would not suffer any of our friends to accompany us to the station4 ,public farewells would be unbearable4 ,the last thing ,i remember1 as ,i drove through the hot1 bright streets teeming with life1 was two young girls with naked feet gayly dancing the tarantella on the burning pavement4 ,lightly1 trippingly1 daintily they danced--these two supplelimbed daughters of the sunny south4 ,how joyous1 how free from care1 from afterthought or forethought1 did they seem6 ,a few figs 7they were just ripe7 in summer1 a few chestnuts and some yellow bread of ,indian corn1 are all they need for food2 and one scant frock1 that hides neither arms nor ankles1 is all that decency demands4 ,the sun does the rest1 pouring rich color into their veins1 bright sparkles into their eyes4 ,and so at midday shall they dance1 on flags which would scorch my northern skin1 singing the while to their own steps1 unchallenged by police1 unreproached by man1 and know no harm1 while we go back to our mists and showers amidst our 8advanced civilization40 ,while writing this my eyes rest upon these lines3 8,many take root in this soil1 and find themselves unable to leave it again4 ,a species of contemplative epicurism takes possession of them--a life freed from all vain desires and sterile agitation2 an ideal existence which is shocked by no inconvenient reality4 ,others return to their hyperborean country1 bringing with them a luminous remembrance to light up the gray twilight of their frozen sky for evermore2 others still have quaffed the enchantress' charmed potion1 and can no longer resist the gentle desires which draw them periodically back to her40 ,may ,i also be numbered with those who return to the southern shores of beautiful ,italy6 ,the ,three ,edens4 ,bloom'd the first ,eden not with man alone1 ,but woman1 equal woman1 at his side4 ,and seemly was it when1 together tried1 ,they fell together--for the two were one4 ,on ,calvary stood the ,mother by the ,son3 ,new ,eve with ,second ,adam crucified2 ,and as through ,eve in ,adam we had died1 ,through ,mary was our loss in ,christ undone4 ,then how should not the ,paradise regained ,behold its ,eve beside her ,adam throned2 ,both risen1 both ascended--unprofaned ,each virginal body1 by the grave disowned8 ,else had our foe his conquest half maintained1 ,the primal ruin been but half atoned4 ,,lake ,,george1 ,,feast ,,of ,,the ,,assumption1 #ahgd4 ,a ,discussion ,with ,an ,infidel4 ,,xiv4 ,the ,seat ,of ,the ,soul4 ,bchner4 ,you will admit1 ,i presume1 that 8the brain is not merely the organ of thought and of all the higher mental faculties1 but also the sole and exclusive seat of the soul4 ,every thought is produced in the brain1 every kind of feeling and sensation1 exertion of the will1 and voluntary motion1 proceeds from it0 7p4 #ada74 ,reader4 ,not exactly 8from it10 but from the soul1 as ,i have already established2 though certainly the brain is instrumental in all vital operations4 ,as to the brain being 8the sole and exclusive0 seat of the soul ,i think that physiologists do not agree1 and that philosophers have something to object4 ,bchner4 ,it is now a recognized truth4 8,it took a long time before it was recognized1 and it is even to this day difficult for those who are not physicians to convince themselves of its correctness0 7ibid47 ,reader4 ,it must be difficult indeed2 for although we have reason to believe that the brain is1 so to say1 the central telegraphic office where every intelligence from the other parts of the body is received1 yet it is but natural to suppose that there cannot be a central office if there are no other offices destined to correspond with it4 ,on the other hand1 philosophers teach that the soul is the form of the body2 which implies that there are other parts of our body1 besides the brain1 where the soul must be present4 ,bchner4 8,these philosophers are a singular people4 ,they talk of the creation of the world as if they had been present on the occasion2 they define the ,absolute as if they had sat at its table for years2 they babble about the nothing and the something1 the ego and nonego1 the per se and in se1 universals and particulars1 perishability and absolute existence1 the unknown x1 etc41 etc41 with a confidence as if a celestial codex had given them exact information about all these ideas and things1 and they plaster up the simplest notions with such a confused mass of highsounding and learned but incomprehensible words and phrases as to turn the head of a rational man4 ,but1 in spite of all this1 upon their metaphysical eminence they are not unfrequently so far off from any positive knowledge that they commit the most amusing blunders1 especially in those cases in which philosophy and science meet1 and when the latter threatens to destroy the results of metaphysical speculation4 ,thus almost all philosophical psychologists have struggled with rare energy against the theory of the seat of the soul in the brain1 and continue in their opposition without taking the least notice of the progress of experimental science0 7pp4 #adb1 #adc74 ,reader4 ,i am surprised1 doctor1 at your declamation against philosophers4 ,you have no right to denounce them either in general or in particular4 ,i admit that rationalistic philosophers richly deserve all the contempt you can heap upon them1 but it is not fair in you to attack them2 for they are better than you4 ,to lay your own faults on the shoulders of your opponents is an old trick4 ,the burglar calls his victim a thief2 designing ,freemasons always prate about ,jesuitical machinations2 and writers whose philosophical baggage is as light as their pretensions are high inveigh against those by whom they dread to be exposed1 refuted1 and supplanted4 ,such is the case with you4 ,while pretending to describe others1 you have made the portrait of yourself4 ,it is certainly difficult to find another man in the world who babbles with as much confidence as you do about1 or rather against1 creation1 the ,absolute1 and the unknown x1 etc41 etc4 ,yet your opponents are not infallible1 nor do they pretend to be2 but if they 8commit the most amusing blunders10 it is not owing to their 8metaphysical eminence10 as you suppose1 but rather to their metaphysical incapacity4 ,science1 you say1 sometimes 8threatens to destroy the results of metaphysical speculation02 but you should have added that metaphysical speculation oftentimes saves science from shipwreck2 for empiricism without philosophy is a ship without a rudder4 ,you denounce your adversaries as men who do not take 8the least notice of the progress of experimental science40 ,this is a calumny4 ,in fact1 you yourself inform us that one of your adversaries is philosopher ,fischer1 a man who not only took notice of the progress of experimental science1 but greatly contributed to such a progress by his own intelligent and indefatigable labors4 ,you cannot therefore pretend that such a man lacked 8positive knowledge40 ,now1 he says3 8,that the soul is immanent in the whole nervous system is proved1 as it feels1 perceives1 and acts in every part thereof4 ,i do not feel pain in a central part of the brain1 but in a particular spot and place40 ,bchner4 8,and yet what ,fischer denies is undoubtedly the fact4 ,the nerves themselves do not perceive2 they merely call forth sensations by conducting the impressions received to the brain4 ,we do not feel pain in the place injured1 but in the brain4 ,if a nerve of sensation be divided in its course to the brain1 all the parts which are supplied by it lose their sensibility1 for no other reason than that the conducting of the impression to the brain is no longer possible4 ,every man who has no knowledge of physiological processes believes the feeling of hunger to be in the stomach4 ,this is not so2 the brain alone makes us conscious of the feeling4 ,if the nerve uniting brain and stomach be divided1 hunger is at an end1 nor does it return4 ,neither does anger arise in the liver1 or courage in the chest1 but in the brain only0 7pp4 #adc1 #add74 8,habit and external appearance have led to the false notion that we feel in places subjected to external irritation4 ,physiology calls this relation #8the law of eccentric phenomena4' ,according to it1 we falsely attribute the feeling perceived in the brain to the place where the impression is made4444 ,persons who have lost their arms or legs by amputation often feel during their whole lives1 in atmospheric changes1 pains in limbs which they no longer possess4 ,if all his limbs were removed1 man would still feel them4 ,from these facts it can scarcely be doubted that there must exist in the brain a topography by means of which the various sensations of the different parts of the body arise4 ,every part of the body which can be separately perceived must have a corresponding spot in the brain which in some degree represents it in the forum of consciousness0 7pp4 #add1 #ade74 ,reader4 ,this answer1 doctor1 is not altogether satisfactory4 8,the nerves10 of course1 8do not perceive40 ,this ,i willingly admit2 but neither does the brain perceive2 for it is the soul that perceives4 ,the nerves 8merely call forth sensations by conducting the impressions received to the brain40 ,this cannot be denied2 but it does not prove the nonexistence of the soul in the nervous system4 ,suppose that a pin or a thorn presses the finger2 before the impression can be transmitted from the finger to the brain1 its reception in the finger must give rise to a change of relation between the soul and the finger itself2 which would be impossible1 if the soul were not in the finger4 ,for1 if the soul is not in the finger1 the impression made by the thorn will consist of a merely mechanical movement2 and when this movement is communicated to the brain1 what sensation can be called forth8 ,a sensation of pain8 ,no2 for mere mechanical movement cannot produce a sense of pain1 unless it is felt to disagree with the living organism4 ,now1 the pricking is not felt to disagree with the brain1 but with the finger4 ,it is therefore in the finger and not in the brain that we feel the pain2 which shows that the soul really is in the finger1 and in every other part of the body in which we may experience any sensation4 ,your reason for pretending that 8we do not feel pain in the place injured1 but in the brain10 is quite unsatisfactory4 ,it is true that if a nerve of sensation be divided in its course to the brain1 all the parts which are supplied by it lose their sensibility2 but what of that8 ,those parts lose their sensibility because they lose their sensitiveness2 that is1 because the cutting of the nerve1 by impairing the body1 causes the soul to abandon the organic parts supplied by that nerve4 ,you argue that1 if the soul is not present in a given part of the body1 when the nerve has been injured1 the soul was not present in that same part before the nerve was injured4 ,this inference is evidently wrong4 ,the soul informs the organism1 and any part of it1 as long as the organs are suitably disposed for the vital operations1 and abandons the organism1 or any part of it1 as soon as the organs have become unfit for the vital operations4 ,hence1 as you cannot infer the nonexistence of the soul in the brain of a living man from the nonexistence of the same in the brain of a corpse1 so you cannot infer its nonexistence in a part of the body before the cutting of the nerve from its nonexistence in the same part after the nerve has been cut4 ,the feeling of hunger1 you say1 is not in the stomach1 because 8if the nerve uniting brain and stomach be divided1 hunger is at an end40 ,is not this very curious8 ,men need none of your theories to know where they feel hungry2 and they not only believe1 as you say1 but also experience1 that their feeling of hunger is in the stomach4 ,how can this be reconciled with your theory8 ,you try to discredit the common belief by observing that we 8have no knowledge of physiological processes40 ,this1 however1 is not true2 for although we may not possess your speculative knowledge of those processes1 yet we have an experimental knowledge of them1 which beats all your speculations4 ,the simplest common sense teaches that a theory contradicted by facts is worth nothing4 ,now1 the fact is that we experience the sensation of hunger in the stomach1 and not in the brain2 and therefore no physiological theory that contradicts such a fact can be of any value4 ,you pretend that 8habit and external appearance have led to the false notion that we feel in places subjected to external irritation40 ,this assertion cannot be justified4 ,habits are acquired by repeated acts2 and to assume that habit leads us to a false notion is to assume that we are cheated by our actual sensations2 which is inadmissible4 ,as to 8external appearances10 it is evident that they have nothing to do with the question1 as sensations are not external appearances1 but internal realities4 ,hence when we say that 8we feel in places subjected to external irritation10 we express a real fact of which we have experimental evidence1 and in regard to which no habit or external appearance can make us err4 ,the fact that 8persons who have lost their arms or legs by amputation often feel during their whole life1 in atmospheric changes1 pains in limbs which they no longer possess10 does not tend to prove that the brain is the exclusive seat of the soul4 ,hence ,i dismiss it altogether4 ,with regard to your conclusion that 8every part of the body which can be separately perceived must have a corresponding spot in the brain which in some degree represents it in the forum of consciousness10 ,i have not the least objection against it2 ,i merely add that no part of the body in which the soul is not actually present can be represented in the forum of consciousness4 ,for if the soul is not in the finger when the thorn pricks it1 the soul cannot say1 ,i feel the pain2 it could only say1 ,i know that a material organ1 with which ,i have nothing to do1 is being injured4 ,the soul would1 in fact1 but receive a telegram announcing what happens in some distant quarter4 ,if a telegram comes to you from ,siberia1 announcing twenty degrees of cold1 do you feel the sensation of cold8 ,bchner4 ,yet 8the theory that the brain is the seat of the soul is so incontrovertible that it has long been adopted in the rules of law in regard to monstrosities4 ,a monstrosity with one body and two heads counts for two persons2 one with two bodies and one head1 only for one person4 ,monstrosities without brain1 socalled acephali1 possess no personality0 7pp4 #adg1 #adh74 ,reader4 ,this is true2 and therefore the soul certainly informs the brain4 ,but it does not follow that other parts of the body are not informed4 ,hence your remark has no bearing on the question2 and it remains true that the soul1 as the form of the body1 is directly connected with every part of the organism in which vital acts are performed4 ,,xv4 ,spiritism4 ,reader4 ,may ,i ask1 doctor1 what you think of spiritism8 ,bchner4 ,i think it to be a fraud4 ,reader4 ,of course1 when a man denies the existence of spiritual substances1 he cannot but deny their manifestation4 ,yet the phenomena of spiritism are so well known that we can scarcely be of your opinion4 ,bchner4 8,some of these phenomena1 clairvoyance especially1 have been laid hold of to prove the existence of supernatural and supersensual phenomena4 ,they were considered as the link of connection between the spiritual and the material world2 and it was surmised that these phenomena opened a gate through which man might pass1 and succeed in obtaining some immediate clue regarding transcendental existence1 personal continuance1 and the laws of the spirit4 ,all these things are now1 by science and an investigation of the facts1 considered as idle fancies which human nature is so much inclined to indulge in to satisfy its longing after what appears miraculous and supersensual0 7p4 #adi74 ,reader4 ,i apprehend1 doctor1 that science has no means of showing that 8all these things are idle fancies40 ,materialism1 of course1 assumes1 though it cannot show1 that spirits do not exist2 but materialism is no science at all2 and if the 8investigation of the facts0 has been conducted by materialists1 we may well be sure that their verdict was not unbiassed4 ,on the other hand1 men of science1 who are not materialists1 a great number of physicians1 philosophers1 and theologians1 are convinced that the phenomena of spiritism are neither inventions nor delusions4 ,and1 though human nature feels a certain propensity to believe what is wonderful1 we cannot assume that learned and prudent men yield to this propensity without good reasons4 ,bchner4 8,this propensity has given rise to the most curious errors of the human mind4 ,though it sometimes appears that the progress of science arrests its development in some place1 it suddenly breaks forth with greater force at some other place where it was less expected4 ,the events of the last few years afford a striking example4 ,what the belief in sorcery1 witchcraft1 demoniac possession1 vampirism1 etc41 was in former centuries1 reappears now under the agreeable forms of tablemoving1 spiritrapping1 psychography1 somnambulism1 etc40 7p4 #aej74 ,reader4 ,you are right4 ,spiritism is only a new form of old superstitions and diabolic manifestations4 ,but you are mistaken1 if you believe that science can show such manifestations to have been fables4 ,your scientific argument against spiritual manifestations is1 you must own it1 inconsistent with your scientific process4 ,your process requires a basis of facts2 for it is from facts that science draws its generalizations4 ,you should1 therefore1 first ascertain that sorcery1 witchcraft1 etc41 never existed in the world1 and that not one of the thousand facts narrated in profane1 sacred1 or ecclesiastical history has ever happened2 and then you might conclude that all mankind have been very stupid to believe such absurdities4 ,but you follow quite a different course4 ,you argue priori1 and say3 ,spiritual manifestations are an impossibility2 therefore all the pretended facts of spiritism are impositions4 ,this manner of arguing is not scientific2 for evidently it is not based on facts1 and the assumption that spiritual manifestations are impossible cannot be granted2 for it cannot be proved4 ,hence not only the ignorant classes1 but also educated persons1 as you complain1 believe in spiritual manifestations1 in spite of your pretended science2 for1 when they see the facts1 they will only smile at your denial of their possibility4 ,bchner4 ,but the facts themselves are incredible4 8,magnetic sleep1 induced either by continued passes on the body1 or spontaneously without external means1 as in idiosomnambulism1 is stated to be frequently attended by an intellectual ecstasy1 which in certain privileged persons1 chiefly females1 rises to what is called clairvoyance4 ,in this state those persons are said to exhibit mental faculties not natural to them1 to speak fluently foreign languages1 and to discuss things perfectly unknown to them in the waking state4444 ,the person perceives things beyond the sphere of his senses1 he reads sealed letters1 guesses the thoughts of other persons1 reveals the past1 etc4 ,finally1 such individuals sometimes give us information about the arrangements in heaven and hell1 our state after death1 and so forth2 but we cannot help mentioning that these revelations are ever in remarkable harmony with the religious views of the church1 or of the priest under whose influence the patient may be for the time0 7p4 #aea74 ,reader4 ,poor ,doctor ,bchner6 ,you are most unlucky in your allusion to the church4 ,spiritism is not a priestly invention1 nor is it practised under the influence of the priest4 ,the whole world knows that the practice of spiritism is utterly forbidden by the church2 and you cannot be ignorant that your insinuation of the contrary is a slander4 ,perhaps your ,masonic conscience allows you to tell lies2 but is it wise to do so when the lie is so patent that no one can believe it8 ,bchner4 8,there can be no doubt that all pretended cases of clairvoyance rest upon fraud or illusion4 ,clairvoyance--that is1 a perception of external objects without the use of the senses--is an impossibility4 ,it is a law of nature which cannot be gainsaid that we require our eyes to see1 our ears to hear1 and that these senses are limited in their action by space4 ,no one can read an opaque sealed letter1 extend his vision to ,america1 see with closed eyes what passes around him1 look into the future1 or guess the thoughts of others4 ,these truths rest upon natural laws which are irrefutable1 and admit1 like other natural laws1 of no exception4 ,all that we know we know by the medium of our senses4 ,there exist no supersensual and supernatural things and capacities1 and they never can exist1 as the eternal conformity of the laws of nature would thereby be suspended4 ,as little as a stone can ever fall in any other direction than towards the centre of the earth1 so little can a man see without using his eyes0 7p4 #aeb74 ,reader4 ,your reasoning is not sound1 doctor4 ,the stone can fall in any direction1 if it receives an impetus in that direction2 it is only when it is left to itself that it must fall directly towards the centre of the earth4 ,so also a man1 when left to himself and his natural powers1 cannot see without using his eyes2 but if acted on by a preternatural agency1 he may be made acquainted with what his eyes cannot see4 ,your mention of natural laws is uncalled for4 ,you will certainly not pretend that the natural laws1 which hold in regard to this visible world1 can be assumed to rule the world of the spirits4 ,moreover1 when you say that 8there exist no supersensual and supernatural things10 because 8the eternal conformity of the laws of nature would thereby be suspended10 you merely make a gratuitous assertion4 ,for as you can raise a weight without suspending the law of gravitation1 so can other agents do other things conflicting with the uniform execution of natural laws without the natural laws becoming suspended4 ,thus your assertion that 8there exist no supersensual and supernatural things0 is wholly gratuitous1 and therefore cannot be the basis of a sound argument against the facts of spiritism4 8,there is no fighting against facts2 it is like kicking against the pricks10 as you say in one of your prefaces 7p4 xviii47 ,bchner4 8,ghosts and spirits have hitherto only been seen by children1 or ignorant and superstitious individuals0 7p4 #aeb74 ,reader4 ,did not ,saul see the ghost of ,samuel8 ,bchner4 8,all that has been narrated of the visits of departed spirits is sheer nonsense2 never has a dead man returned to this world4 ,there are neither tablespirits nor any other spirits0 7p4 #aec74 ,reader4 ,how can you account for such a singular assertion8 ,bchner4 8,the naturalist entertains1 from observation and experience1 no doubt as to these truths2 a constant intercourse with nature and its laws has convinced him that they admit of no exception0 7p4 #aec74 ,reader4 ,this is not true4 ,naturalists1 with their observation and experience of natural things1 do not and cannot reject facts of a higher order1 though they have not observed them4 ,their nonobservation is no argument1 especially when we have other witnesses of the facts1 and when we know that the naturalists of your school are pledged to materialism1 and therefore shut their eyes to the facts which oppose their theory4 ,the majority of educated persons admit the facts2 not indeed all the facts narrated1 but many of them which no critical rule allows us to reject4 ,bchner4 ,where are those facts8 8,the scientific impossibility of clairvoyance has been confirmed by an examination of the facts by sober and unprejudiced observers1 and were proved to be deceptions and illusions0 7p4 #aec74 ,reader4 ,of course there are juggleries and impositions2 but what of that8 ,would you maintain that there can be no doctors because there are quacks8 ,i appeal to your logic4 ,bchner4 8,the faculty of medicine of ,paris many years ago took the trouble of submitting a number of such cases to a scientific examination2 they were all proved to be deceptions1 nor could a single case be established of a perception without the use of the senses4 ,in #ahcg the same academy offered a prize of #c1jjj francs to any one who could read through a board4 ,no one gained the prize0 7ibid47 ,reader4 ,you forget1 doctor1 that in #ahcg spiritism was as yet most imperfectly known4 ,it was only about ten years later that it developed throughout ,america and ,europe4 ,let the medical faculty of ,paris again offer a prize to any one who can read through a board2 and no one doubts there would be no lack of competitors4 ,when we see that physicians and others1 owing to their own experience of spiritual manifestations1 were compelled to repudiate their previous materialistic opinions2 when we know that infidels by the same manifestations were brought to believe the immortality of the soul2 when the learned and the ignorant1 the rich and the poor1 the layman and the churchman1 the diplomatist1 the philosopher1 and the theologian1 bear witness to the reality of the spiritual phenomena1 and are ready to bring forward innumerable facts in support of their affirmation1 we do not care what the faculty of medicine of ,paris may have pronounced many years ago4 ,you say that the faculty 8submitted a number of such cases to a scientific examination10 and that 8they were all proved to be deceptions02 but you would be very much embarrassed to say in what that 8scientific examination0 consisted4 ,on the other hand1 the proofs of the deception have never appeared2 and the simple truth is that the spiritual phenomena were priori rejected1 as clashing with the materialistic theory of the faculty4 ,you pretend that 8whenever the proper means were employed to prevent deception1 clairvoyance was at an end0 7p4 #aec74 ,such an assertion proves that you are completely ignorant of what is going on in the world1 or that you are determined obstinately to ignore whatever could compel you to acknowledge the existence of spiritual substances4 ,bchner4 8,i have had the opportunity of examining a clairvoyant1 of whom remarkable things were told1 under circumstances when a deception on the part of the magnetizer was out of the question4 ,the lady failed in all her indications2 they were either absolutely false or so expressed that nothing could be made of them4 ,she1 moreover1 made the most ridiculous excuses for her shortcomings4 ,as she failed in her clairvoyance1 she preferred to fall into a state of heavenly ecstasy1 in which she discoursed with her ange or tutelar genius1 and recited religious verses4 ,in reciting a poem of this kind she once stopped short1 and recommenced the verse to assist her memory4 ,she manifested1 withal1 in this ecstasy1 no superior mental capacities2 her language was common1 and her manner awkward4 ,i left with the conviction that the lady was an impostor who deceived her patron4 ,still1 several gentlemen present were by no means convinced of the deception practised on them0 7p4 #aed74 ,reader4 ,if these gentlemen could by no means be convinced of the deception1 must we not presume that there was no deception1 and that your peculiar construction of the case was brought about by a strong desire of not being disturbed in your fixed idea that there is nothing but matter8 ,if 8the lady failed in all her indications10 if 8she made the most ridiculous excuses for her shortcomings10 if 8she manifested no superior capacities10 it should have been evident to those 8several gentlemen0 that she was a fraud4 ,their inability to be convinced of the deception would therefore show that the lady did not fail in all her indications1 but manifested superior capacities4 ,be this as it may1 the truth and reality of spiritual manifestations cannot be disproved by particular attempts at imposition4 ,spiritualists admit that many impositions have been practised under the name of spiritual manifestations1 but they aver that in most instances cheats could not have been palmed off1 even if designed2 and that in other cases there could be no possible motive for deception1 as the investigations were carried on in private families where the mediums were their own sons and daughters47#ej7 ,spiritrapping is a fact4 ,table turning is a fact4 ,clairvoyance is a fact4 ,thousands of all conditions1 sects1 and nations have witnessed1 watched1 and examined all such facts with a degree of attention1 suspicion1 and incredulity proportionate to their novelty1 strangeness1 and unnaturalness4 ,what has been the result8 ,a verdict acknowledging the reality of the facts and the impossibility of accounting for them without intelligent preternatural agencies4 ,this verdict disposes of your materialism4 ,to deny the facts in order to save materialism is so much time lost4 ,facts speak for themselves4 ,,xvi4 ,innate ,ideas ,reader4 ,and now ,i should like to know1 doctor1 why you thought proper to fill twentyseven pages of your ,force and ,matter with a discussion about innate ideas4 ,bchner4 ,for two reasons1 sir4 ,first1 because 8the question whether there be innate ideas is a very old one1 and1 in our opinion1 one of the most important in relation to the contemplation of nature4 ,it decides to some extent whether man1 considered as the product of a higher world1 has received a form of existence as something foreign and external to his essence1 with the tendency to shake off this earthly covering1 and to return to his spiritual home2 or whether1 both in his spiritual and bodily capacity1 man stands to the earth which has produced him in a necessary1 inseparable connection1 and whether he has received his essential nature from this world2 so that he cannot be torn from the earth1 like the plant which cannot exist without its maternal soil4 ,the question is1 at the same time1 one which does not dissolve itself in a philosophical mist1 but which1 so to speak1 has flesh and blood1 and1 resting upon empirical facts1 can be discussed and decided without highsounding phrases0 7p4 #aeg74 ,the second reason is1 that 8if it be correct that there are no innate intuitions1 then must the assertion of those be incorrect who assume that the idea of a ,god1 or the conception of a supreme personal being1 who created1 who governs and preserves the world1 is innate in the human mind1 and therefore incontrovertible by any mode of reasoning0 7p4 #ahd74 ,reader4 ,do you mean1 that1 by refuting the theory of innate ideas1 you will cut the ground from under the feet of the theist and the spiritualist8 ,bchner4 ,yes1 sir4 ,such is the drift of my argumentation4 ,reader4 ,then your labor is all in vain4 ,for you must know that we do not base our demonstration of the substantiality and immortality of the soul on the doctrine of innate ideas1 nor do we assume that the notion of a ,god is an 8innate intuition40 ,had you been even superficially acquainted with the works of our scholastic philosophers1 you would have known that innate ideas are totally foreign to their psychological and theological doctrines4 ,you would have known that the axiom1 ,nihil est in intellectu quod non fuerit in sensu--that is1 8,there is nothing in our intellect which has not entered by the gate of the senses0--is not a discovery of your ,moleschott1 to whom you attribute it1 but is an old dictum familiar to all the schoolmen of past centuries1 and approved by the most orthodox philosophers of our own time4 ,now1 these philosophers1 while denying that we have any innate idea1 admit at the same time that our soul is a special substance and is immortal1 and show that the human intellect can easily form a concept of ,god as a supreme cause1 and ascertain his existence without need of innate intuitions4 ,this might convince you that your chapter on innate ideas has no bearing on the questions concerning the nature of the soul and the notion of a ,god4 ,your assumption that if man has innate ideas1 he will have a tendency 8to shake off this earthly covering1 and to return to his spiritual home10 is incorrect4 ,for the human body has no spiritual home1 as is evident2 and the human soul1 as having no previous existence in a separate state1 has no home but in the body1 and the presence of innate ideas would not create in it a tendency to shake off its earthly covering4 ,on the other hand1 your other assumption1 that1 if man has no innate ideas1 he is 8a production of the earth alone1 and cannot be torn from the earth1 with which he is inseparably connected both in his spiritual and bodily capacity10 is even more incorrect4 ,for the absence of innate ideas does not mean1 and does not entail1 the absence of an intellectual principle2 and such a principle1 as evidently immaterial1 is not a production of the earth1 and has no need of earthly things to continue its existence4 ,bchner4 ,how can a soul exist without ideas8 ,and1 if all ideas come through our senses1 how can a soul exist without being united to the organs8 8,daily experience teaches us that man begins his intellectual life only with the gradual development of his senses1 and in proportion as he enters into a definite relation to the external world2 and that the development of his intellect keeps pace with that of his organs of sense and his organ of thought1 and also with the number and importance of the impressions received4 #8,every unprejudiced observer1' says ,virchow1 #8has arrived at the conviction that thought is only gradually developed in man4' ,the newborn child thinks as little1 and has as little a soul1 as the unborn child2 it is1 in our view1 living in the body1 but intellectually dead4444 ,the embryo neither thinks nor feels1 and is not conscious of its existence4 ,man recollects nothing of this state1 nor of the first period of his existence in which the senses were dormant2 and this perfect unconsciousness proves his spiritual nonexistence at that period4 ,the reason can only be that1 during the ftal state1 there are no impressions whatever received from without1 and so weak and imperfect are they in the first few weeks that the intellect cannot be said to exist0 7p4 #aei74 ,reader4 ,it is plain that the newborn child cannot form an idea of exterior objects without the use of his senses4 ,but is it true that the newborn child is not conscious of its own existence8 ,certainly not2 for1 without a previous knowledge of its own existence1 it would never be able to attribute to itself the feelings awakened in it by exterior objects4 ,the mind cannot say1 ,i feel1 if it is not already acquainted with the ,i4 ,nor does it matter that 8man recollects nothing of the first period of his existence40 ,recollection is impossible so long as the brain has not acquired a certain consistency2 and therefore whatever happens with us in the first period of our existence leaves no durable trace in our organs1 and is entirely forgotten4 ,hence your assertions 8that the senses of the newborn child are dormant1 and that its perfect unconsciousness proves its spiritual nonexistence10 are both false4 ,the child feels its being1 its senses are quite ready to receive impressions1 and its soul is quite alive to such impressions4 ,you say that 8the development of the intellect keeps pace with that of the organs of sense40 ,what do you mean by development of the intellect8 ,if you simply mean that the intellect is furnished with materials of thought in proportion as sensible objects are perceived1 and that1 by being so furnished1 it can easily perform a number of intellectual operations1 ,i admit your assertion2 but if you mean that the soul itself is substantially developed in proportion as the organs are growing more perfect1 then your assertion is both groundless and absurd4 ,now1 it is evident1 by your manner of reasoning1 that this second meaning is the one you adopt4 ,and therefore it is evident that your conclusion is wrong4 8,the impressions10 you say1 8are so weak and imperfect that the intellect cannot be said to exist40 ,this is simply ludicrous4 ,would you allow us to say that at night the impressions of light are so weak and imperfect that the eye cannot be said to exist8 ,or that the impressions made on a piece of paper by a bad pencil are so weak and imperfect that the paper cannot be said to exist8 ,it is obvious that the impressions do not cause the existence of their subject2 and1 therefore1 if the intellect 8cannot be said to exist0 before the impressions1 the time will never come when it can be said to exist4 ,and now1 suppose that a newborn child dies without having acquired through its senses any knowledge of the exterior world4 ,what shall we say of its soul8 ,will such a soul be entirely destitute of ideas1 and unable to think8 ,by no means4 ,such a soul1 after its short permanence in the body1 where it felt its own being1 will henceforward understand its own being as actually present in its own individuality2 it will perceive its own essence as well as its existence2 it will be able to abstract from self1 and to behold essence1 existence1 and being1 secundum se--that is1 according to their objective intelligibility2 and1 finally1 it will be able to commune with other spiritual beings with the same facility with which1 while in the body1 it could communicate with the exterior world by means of its organic potencies4 ,i know that you do not believe this2 but your unbelief will not change things4 ,the soul1 when out of the body1 is competent to perform intellectual operations about intellectual objects as freely and as perfectly as it performs the sensitive operations in its present condition4 ,if you consult the works of our philosophers and theologians1 you will find the proofs of my proposition4 ,as to your opposite assumption1 since you have no means of establishing it1 we are free to dismiss it without further discussion4 ,bchner4 ,if the soul is a separate substance1 how and when is it introduced into the body8 8,the scientific and logical impossibility of determining the time 7of its introduction7 proves the absurdity of the whole theory1 which assumes that a higher power breathes the soul into the nostrils of the ftus0 7p4 #afj74 ,reader4 ,you are grossly mistaken1 doctor4 ,the impossibility of determining the time of the animation of the ftus proves nothing but our ignorance4 ,do you deny that ,paris was built by the ,gauls on the plea that you do not know the date of its foundation8 ,again1 since the animation of the ftus is not an operation of the mind1 how can you speak of logical impossibility8 ,evidently1 you write at random1 and know not what you say4 ,as to the question itself1 one thing is clear1 viz41 the child cannot be born alive1 unless its body has been animated in the womb4 ,bchner4 8,moses and the ,egyptians entertained a decided opinion that the child was not animated while in the womb0 7p4 #afa74 ,reader4 ,false4 ,moses describes in the ,book of ,genesis the fighting of ,jacob and ,esau while in the womb of their mother4 ,could he assume that they would fight before being animated8 ,bchner4 8,in some countries they know nothing of an animated ftus0 7ibid47 ,reader4 ,false4 ,every mother will give you the lie4 ,bchner4 8,the destruction of the ftus and infanticide are1 according to ,williams1 common occurrences in ,madagascar4 ,it is also common in ,china and the ,society ,islands0 7ibid47 ,reader4 ,this shows the immorality of those nations1 not their ignorance of the ftal life4 ,but why should you appeal to the presumed ignorance of barbarians against the verdict of civilized nations8 ,are you an apostle of barbarity and brutality8 ,do you wish your reader to persuade himself that the destruction of the ftus is no crime8 ,bchner4 8,the ,roman lawyers did not look upon the ftus as an individual being1 but as a part of the mother4 ,the destruction of the ftus was therefore permitted to the women of ,rome1 and we find that ,plato and ,aristotle had already adopted the same view0 7p4 #afj74 ,reader4 ,do not calumniate ,aristotle4 ,this great philosopher and naturalist is decidedly not of your opinion4 ,he teaches that the ftus is animated in the womb4 ,and1 pray1 are the legal fictions of the ,roman lawyers of any weight against the facts averred by modern medicine8 ,do you again appeal to ignorance against science8 ,bchner4 ,physicians have not yet decided the question4 8,even at birth1 when the child is separated from the mother1 it is impossible to assume that a readymade soul1 lying in wait1 should suddenly rush in and take possession of its new habitation4 ,the soul1 on the contrary1 is only gradually developed in proportion to the relations which1 by the awakening senses1 are now established between the individual and the external world0 7p4 #afa74 ,reader4 ,no1 sir4 ,if this last assertion were true1 it would follow that every child would be lifeless at its birth2 for without a soul no animal life can be conceived4 ,what is 8gradually developed0 is not the substance of the soul1 but the exercise of its faculties4 ,this is a point already settled4 ,as to your other assertion1 that the question has not yet been decided by the physicians1 ,i need only say that1 although there are different opinions regarding the time of the animation of the embryo1 yet no physician 7unless he is a materialist7 denies that the embryo is animated long before its nativity4 ,hence your notion of a readymade soul lying in wait1 and suddenly rushing in when the child is born1 is only a dream of your fancy or an unworthy attempt at ridiculing the proceedings of nature4 ,what you add about the development of the child's mind by means of the senses1 education1 and example does not prove the subjective1 but only the objective1 growth of the mind1 as you yourself seem to concede 7p4 #afb74 ,and as the objective growth means an accidental acquisition of knowledge without any substantial change of the soul1 hence nothing that you may say in refutation of innate ideas can have the least weight or afford the least ground against the doctrine of the immortality and substantiality of the soul4 ,,xvii4 ,the ,idea ,of ,a ,god4 ,reader4 ,from the nonexistence of innate ideas you infer1 doctor1 that 8the idea of a ,god1 or the conception of a supreme personal being1 who created1 who governs and preserves the world1 is not innate in the human mind1 and therefore is not incontrovertible0 7p4 #ahd74 ,on the other hand1 you say with ,luther that 8,god is a blank sheet1 upon which nothing is found but what you have yourself written0 7ibid47 ,do you mean that our notion of ,god is merely subjective--that is1 a creation of our fancy without any objective foundation8 ,bchner4 ,yes1 sir4 8,we can have neither any knowledge nor any conception of the absolute--of that which transcends the surrounding sensual world4 ,however much metaphysicians may vainly attempt to define the absolute1 however much religion may endeavor to excite faith in the absolute by the assumption of a revelation1 nothing can conceal the defect of the definition4 ,all our knowledge is relative1 and results from the comparison of surrounding sensible objects4 ,we could have no notion of darkness without light1 no conception of high without low1 of heat without coldness1 etc42 absolute ideas we have none4 ,we are not able to form any conception of #8everlasting' or #8infinite1' as our understanding1 limited by time and space1 finds an impassable barrier for that conception4 ,from being in the sensual world accustomed to find a cause for every effect1 we have falsely concluded that there exists a primary cause of all things1 although such a cause is perfectly inaccessible to our ideas1 and is contradicted by scientific experience0 7p4 #agi74 ,reader4 ,how do you show that we have neither any knowledge nor any conception of the absolute8 or that our understanding is limited by time and space8 or that1 from being accustomed to find a cause for every effect1 we have falsely concluded that there exists a primary cause of all things8 or that its existence is contradicted by scientific experience8 ,of course you cannot expect that a rational man will swallow such paradoxes on your puny authority4 ,bchner4 ,we know neither absolute truth1 nor absolute good1 nor absolute beauty4 ,this ,i have shown by proving that all our notions of truth1 of good1 and of beauty are the fruit of experience1 observation1 and comparison1 and that such notions vary according to the character of the nations in which they are to be found4 ,it is only after this demonstration that ,i concluded 8that we can have neither any knowledge nor any conception of the absolute40 ,reader4 ,yes2 this is the only point which you have tried to establish1 and you have failed1 as ,i am ready to show4 ,but that our understanding is limited by time and space you merely assert4 ,that we falsely conclude that there is a primary cause you boldly assume4 ,that ,god's existence is contradicted by scientific experience you impudently affirm1 well knowing that it is a lie4 ,and now1 with regard to the knowledge of the absolute1 you are much mistaken if you believe that we know no absolute truth1 no absolute good1 and no absolute beauty4 ,we know absolute being2 and therefore we know absolute truth1 absolute good1 and absolute beauty4 ,bchner4 ,we know of no absolute being1 sir4 ,reader4 ,be modest1 doctor2 for you know of how many blunders you stand already convicted4 ,absolute being is not necessarily 8that which transcends the surrounding sensual world40 ,the sun1 the moon1 the planets have their absolute being1 and yet do not transcend matter4 ,now1 can we not form a notion of the absolute being of these bodies8 ,you say that 8all our knowledge is relative1 and results from the comparison of surrounding sensible objects02 but you should reflect that all relative knowledge implies the knowledge of the absolute terms from the comparison of which the relation is to be detected4 ,hence you cannot admit the knowledge of the relative without assuming the knowledge of the absolute4 ,accordingly1 it is false that 8all our knowledge is relative10 at least in the sense of your argumentation4 ,nor is it true that all our knowledge 8results from the comparison of surrounding sensible objects40 ,there is a kind of knowledge which results from the comparison of intellectual principles1 as the knowledge of the logical rules2 and there is also a knowledge which results1 not from the comparison1 but from the intellectual analysis1 of things1 as the knowledge of the constituent principles of being4 ,if ,i ask you what is distance1 you will soon point out any two sensible objects1 by the comparison of which distance may become known2 but if ,i ask you what is syllogism1 or what is judgment1 or what is philosophy1 ,i defy you to point out any 8surrounding sensible objects10 by the comparison of which such notions may be understood4 ,i need not discuss your assertion that 8we could have no notion of darkness without light1 no conception of high without low1 of heat without coldness1 etc40 ,i may concede the assertion as irrelevant for1 whenever we designate things by relative terms1 it is clear that each relative carries within itself the connotation of its correlative4 ,but it does not follow that all our knowledge is relative4 ,how can we know1 for instance1 the relation of brotherhood intervening between ,james and ,john1 if we know neither the one nor the other8 ,can we conceive the brother without the man8 ,or is it necessary1 when we know the man1 that in such a man we should see his peculiar relation to another man8 ,you pretend that we are not able to form any conception of 8everlasting0 or 8infinite02 and1 to prove this1 you affirm that 8our understanding1 being limited by time and space1 finds an impassable barrier for that conception40 ,very well2 but what did you mean when you contended that matter is 8eternal0 and 8infinite08 ,had you then any conception of 8eternal0 and 8infinite08 ,if you had not such conceptions1 you made a fool of yourself by using terms which you did not understand2 while1 if you had such conceptions1 then it is false that we are not able to form them4 ,in the same manner1 have you any conception of the 8absolute08 ,if you have it1 then it is ridiculous to pretend that we cannot conceive the absolute2 while1 if you have it not1 you know not about what you are speaking4 ,alas6 poor doctor4 ,what can you answer8 ,it is the common fate of the enemies of truth to be inconsistent with themselves1 and to demolish with one hand what they build with the other4 ,but is it true that our intellect 8is limited by time and space08 ,no1 it is not true4 ,imagination is indeed limited by time and space1 as all our philosophers concede2 but intellect understands things independently of either space or time4 ,this is evident4 ,for in what space do we place the universals8 ,to what time do we confine mathematical truths8 ,two and two are known to make four in all places and in all times--that is1 without restriction or limit in space and time2 and the same is true of all intellectual principles4 ,hence it is obvious that our understanding transcends both space and time1 and can reach the infinite and the eternal4 ,it is through abstraction1 of course1 and not by comprehension or by intuition1 that we form such notions2 for our intellect1 though not limited by time and space1 is limited in its own entity1 and therefore it cannot conceive the unlimited1 except by the help of the abstractive process--that is1 by removing the limits by which the objective reality of the finite is circumscribed4 ,that we can do this ,i need not prove to you2 for you admit that space is infinite1 and pretend that matter itself is infinite1 as ,i have just remarked2 and consequently you cannot deny that we have the notion of infinity4 ,what shall ,i say of your next assertion1 that1 from being accustomed to find a cause for every effect1 8we have falsely concluded that there exists a primary cause of all things08 ,do you think that the principle of causality has no other ground than experience8 or that1 when we do not 8find0 the cause of a certain effect1 we are to conclude that the effect has had no cause8 ,i hope you will not deny that the notions of cause and effect are so essentially connected that there is no need of experiment to compel the admission of a cause for every effect4 ,hence we are certain1 not only that all the effects for which we have found a cause proceed from a cause1 but also that all the effects for which we cannot find a cause likewise proceed from a cause4 ,this amounts to saying that the principle of causality is analytical1 not empirical1 as you seem to hold4 ,now1 if all effects must have a cause1 on what ground do you assert that 8we have falsely concluded that there exists a primary cause of all things08 ,our conclusion cannot be false1 unless it be false that the world has been created2 for if it was created1 we must admit a ,creator--that is1 a primary cause4 ,but the fact of creation is1 even philosophically1 undeniable1 since the contingent nature of the world is manifestly established by its liability to continuous change4 ,and therefore it is manifestly established that our admission of a primary cause is not a false conclusion4 ,i might say more on this point2 but what need is there of refuting assertions which have not even a shadow of plausibility8 ,the primary cause1 you say1 8is perfectly inaccessible to our ideas40 ,i answer that1 if the word 8idea0 means 8concept10 your statement is perfectly wrong4 ,you add that the existence of a primary cause 8is contradicted by scientific experience40 ,i answer by challenging you to bring forward a single fact of experimental science which supports your blasphemous assertion4 ,you must agree1 doctor1 that a man who in a few phrases commits so many unconceivable blunders has no right to censure the metaphysicians or to attack revelation4 ,it is rash1 therefore1 on your part1 to declare that 8however much metaphysicians may vainly attempt to define the absolute1 however much religion may endeavor to excite faith in the absolute by the assumption of a revelation1 nothing can conceal the defect of the definition40 ,of what definition do you speak8 ,your own definition of the absolute1 as 8that which transcends the surrounding sensual world10 is certainly most deficient2 but religion and metaphysics are not to be made responsible for it4 ,why did you not1 before censuring the metaphysicians and the theologians1 ascertain their definitions8 ,we call absolute a being whose existence does not depend on the existence of another being2 and in this sense ,god alone is absolute4 ,he is the absolute antonomastically4 ,and we call absolute analogically any being also whose existence does not depend on any created being1 although it depends on the creative and conservative action of ,god2 and in this sense every created substance is absolute4 ,and we call absolute logically whatever is conceived through its own intrinsic constituents without reference to any other distinct entity2 and in this sense we speak of absolute movement1 absolute weight1 absolute volume1 etc4 ,without enumerating other less important meanings of the term1 ,i simply observe that the absolute may be defined as that which is independent of extraneous conditions2 and that the greater its independence1 the more absolute and the more perfect is the being4 ,have you anything to say against this definition8 ,we must1 then1 conclude that all your argumentation is nothing but a shocking display of false assertions1 and1 ,i may add1 of 8intellectual jugglery40 ,bchner4 ,i will accept your conclusion1 if you can show that our conception of a ,god is not a childish delusion of our fancy4 8,an exact knowledge and unprejudiced observation of individuals and nations in an uncivilized state prove the contrary to be the fact4 ,only a prejudiced mind can1 in the worship of animals practised by ancient and existing nations1 find something analogous to a real belief in a ,god4 ,it by no means corresponds to the idea of a ,god when we see man worshipping such animals as he from experience knows may injure or be useful to him4444 ,a stone1 a tree1 a river1 an alligator1 a parcel of rags1 a snake1 form the idols of the negro of ,guinea4 ,such a worship does not express the idea of an almighty being1 governing the world and ruling nature and man1 but merely a blind fear of natural forces1 which frighten uncivilized man1 or appear supernatural1 as he is not able to trace the natural connection of things4444 ,a god in the shape of an animal is no ,god1 but a caricature0 7pp4 #ahd1 #ahe74 ,reader4 ,true4 ,but individuals and nations existing 8in an uncivilized state0 are scarcely to be appealed to for a decision of the question4 ,the notion of worship implies the notion of a supreme being2 but rude and brutal men1 thinking of nothing but of the development of their animal nature and the pursuit of degrading pleasure1 though they know that there is some superior being1 are not the men we ought to consult about the nature and attributes of divinity4 ,it seems1 doctor1 as if you had a great predilection for uncivilized and barbarous nations4 ,you have already tried to countenance abortion and fticide1 on the ground that barbarians admitted the horrible practice2 and now you would have us believe that our conception of a ,god is a childish delusion1 on the ground that barbarians worship the snake1 the alligator1 or any other caricature of a god4 ,this will not do4 ,bchner4 ,but civilized men are not much in advance of barbarians with regard to the notion of divinity4 8,no one has better expounded the purely human origin of the idea of ,god than ,ludwig ,feuerbach4 ,he calls all conceptions of ,god and divinity anthropomorphisms--i4e41 products of human fancies and perceptions1 formed after the model of human individuality4 ,feuerbach finds this anthropomorphism in the feeling of dependence inherent in the human nature4 #8,an extraneous and superhuman ,god1' says ,feuerbach1 #8is nothing but an extraneous and supernatural self1 a subjective being placed1 by transgressing its limits1 above the objective nature of man4' ,the history of all religions is indeed a continuous argument for this assertion2 and how could it be otherwise8 ,without any knowledge or any notion of the absolute1 without any immediate revelation1 the existence of which is indeed asserted by all1 but not proved by any religious sect1 all ideas of ,god1 no matter of what religion1 can only be human2 and as man knows in animated nature no being intellectually superior to himself1 it follows that his conception of a supreme being can only be abstracted from his own self1 and must represent a selfidealization0 7p4 #aij74 ,hence it is plain that our idea of a ,god is a mere delusion4 ,reader4 ,it is by no means plain1 doctor4 ,feuerbach's authority1 you know1 is worth very little4 ,your ,german philosophers1 as you own1 8have pretty much lost their authority1 and are now but little attended to0 7p4 #aeh74 ,on the other hand1 8nothing10 says ,herschel1 8is so improbable but a ,german will find a theory for it0 7p4 #aee74 ,therefore let ,feuerbach alone4 ,as for the reasons which you adduce in support of the assumption1 we need not go into deep reasonings to lay open their true value4 ,is 8the history of all religions a continuous argument for ,feuerbach's assertion08 ,no4 ,for the history of the ,mosaic and of the ,christian religion is a continuous refutation of such a slander4 ,are men 8without any knowledge or any notion of the absolute08 ,no4 ,this ,i have already shown to be entirely false4 ,men1 however1 are 8without any immediate revelation40 ,this is true1 but it has nothing to do with the question2 first1 because philosophy and reason are competent without supernatural revelation to ascertain the existence of a primary cause infinitely superior to all the natural beings2 secondly1 because1 although we have no immediate revelations1 we have the old revelation transmitted to us by written and oral tradition1 and by the teaching of the living church4 ,that this revelation 8is asserted by all1 but not proved by any religious sect10 is one of those lies which it is quite unnecessary to refute1 as there are whole libraries of ,scriptural treatises1 in which the truth of revelation is superabundantly vindicated4 ,i would therefore conclude1 without any further discussion1 that it is to yourself1 and not to your opponents1 that you should apply that low criticism with which you close the twentysixth chapter of your work4 ,for it is you that 8delight in hashing up cold meat with new phrases1 and dishing them up as the last invention of the materialistic kitchen0 7p4 #aid74 ,to sum up3 ,do you admit that man is a finite being8 ,bchner4 ,of course4 ,reader4 ,do you admit that man had a beginning8 ,that man is ignorant1 weak1 wicked1 and subject to death8 ,bchner4 ,who can doubt that8 ,reader4 ,then man by selfidealization cannot form an anthropomorphic notion of a supreme being without involving limitation1 ignorance1 impotence1 malice1 an origin1 and an end of existence4 ,such1 and no other1 would be the result of selfidealization4 ,now1 our notion of ,god is that of a being eternal1 infinite1 omniscient1 omnipotent1 holy1 immense4 ,is this anthropomorphism8 ,to ,be ,continued4 ,destiny4 ,from ,the ,french ,of ,louis ,veuillot4 ,it is the lot of mortals here below ,that they shall ever crawl from bad to worse1 ,approaching step by step the dismal tomb-- ,instance an aching tooth1 with no relief ,save by its loss4 ,cure comes by sacrifice4 ,all victories are seeds of further strife-- ,of strife that never ends but in the grave1 ,in which he only conquers who succumbs3 ,and this is destiny4 ,ye dreamers of lovedreams1 of glory1 wealth1 ,who1 growing old1 are scouted by the world1 ,and then swept on into forgetfulness6 ,all disappears--laurels1 affection1 gold6 ,blame not your faults that so things come to pass1 ,for this is destiny4 ,the ,veil ,withdrawn4 ,translated1 ,by ,permission1 ,from ,the ,french ,of ,mme4 ,craven1 ,author ,of ,a 8,a ,sister's ,story10 8,fleurange10 ,etc4 ,,xxii4 ,the following day was as gloomy as might have been expected from the evening before4 ,never had ,i suffered such inexpressible anguish and distress4 ,it is useless to say that ,i went to church alone1 as on the preceding ,sunday1 but ,i was not as calm and recollected as ,i was then4 ,i was now in a state of irrepressible dissatisfaction with everything and everybody1 myself not excepted1 and yet ,i was very far from being in that humble disposition of mind which subdues all murmuring1 extinguishes resentment1 and throws a calm1 serene light on the way one should walk in4 ,i regretted my hastiness of the evening before1 because ,i realized that a different course would have been more likely to further my wishes4 ,in short1 ,i felt ,i ought to have managed more skilfully1 but it never occurred to me ,i might have been more patient4 ,i found it difficult1 above all1 to calm the excessive irritation caused by the recollection of ,lorenzo's manner throughout our interview4 ,i compared it with his appearance on the day when he spoke to me for the first time concerning her4 ,what tenderness he then manifested6 ,what confidence6 ,what respect even6 ,even while uttering her name--alas6 with emotion--how manifest it was that1 while desirous of repairing his wrongs towards her1 he felt incapable of any towards me6 ,not a week had elapsed since that time1 and yesterday how cold1 how hard6 ,what implacable and freezing irony6 ,what an incredible change in his looks and words6 ,was it really ,lorenzo who spoke to me in such a way8 ,was it really he who gave me so indifferent and almost disdainful a look8444 ,no1 he was no longer the same4 ,a previous fascination had recovered its power1 and the fatal charm over which ,i had so recently triumphed had regained its empire over a heart which ,i was1 alas6 too feeble to retain1 because ,i had no sentiments more profound and elevated than those of nature to aid me6 ,as ,i have already said1 ,i did not try to fathom ,faustina's motives4 ,i ought1 however1 to say a few words concerning her1 if only through charity for him whom she had followed1 like an angel of darkness1 to disturb his legitimate happiness6 ,that she had long loved him ,i do not doubt--loved him with the unbridled passion that sways all such hearts as hers4 ,she thought he would return to her4 ,she believed she was preparing for herself a whole life of happiness by two years of apparent virtue4 ,mistaken1 wounded1 and desperate1 she had at first yielded to an impetuous desire of perhaps merely seeing him once more2 perhaps1 also1 to avenge herself by destroying the happiness that had defeated her dearest hopes4 ,she had calculated on the extent of her influence1 and had calculated rightly4 ,but in order to exert it1 ,i was necessary to her design1 and she played with consummate art the scene of our first encounter4 ,she wished to take a near view of the enemy she hoped to vanquish2 she must sound the heart she wished to smite4 ,alas6 all that was worthy of esteem in that heart was not perceived by him1 and it was natural to underrate a treasure not appreciated by its owner4 ,what could ,i do1 then8 ,what advantage had ,i over her1 if1 in ,lorenzo's eyes1 ,i was not protected by a sacred1 insurmountable barrier which he respected himself8 ,what was my love in comparison with her passion8 ,what was my intelligence in comparison with that which she possessed8 ,my beauty beside the irresistible charm that had even fascinated me8 ,finally1 my youth itself in comparison with all the advantages her unscrupulous vanity gave her over me8 ,in fact1 ,i think it seemed so easy at the first glance to vanquish me that she was almost disarmed herself4 ,but ,i also believe she soon discovered something more in me than all she found so easy to eclipse4 ,she saw ,i might in time succeed in acquiring an ascendency over ,lorenzo that no human influence could destroy4 ,she saw ,i might kindle a flame in his soul it would be impossible to extinguish--a flame very different from that which either of us could be the object of4 ,she saw ,i might lead him into a world where she could no longer be my rival1 and that ,i wished to do so4 ,she discerned the ardent though confused desire that was in my heart4 ,in a word1 she had on her side an intuition equal to that which ,i had on mine4 ,she perceived the good there was in me1 as ,i had fathomed the evil there was in her1 and she knew she must overpower my good influence1 which would render him invulnerable whom she wished to captivate4 ,she made use of all the weapons she possessed to conquer me1 or rather1 alas6 to conquer him--weapons always deadly against hearts without defence4 ,the very esteem she had heretofore won became a snare to him when her pride1 her passion1 changed their calculations--an additional snare1 a danger that1 combined with others1 would be fatal6444 ,if ,i speak of her now in this way1 it is not to gratify a resentment long since extinguished4 ,neither is it to palliate ,lorenzo's offences against me and against ,god4 ,it is solely to explain their secret cause1 and to repeat once more that human love1 even the most tender1 is a frail foundation of that happiness in which ,god has no part2 and honor likewise1 even the highest and most unimpeachable1 is a feeble guarantee of a fidelity of which ,god is not the bond1 the witness1 and the judge6444 ,i saw ,lorenzo barely for a moment in the morning4 ,i clearly perceived he wished to make me forget what had passed between us the evening before1 but ,i did not see the least shade of regret4 ,it was evident1 on the contrary1 that he thought himself magnanimous in overlooking my reproaches1 and felt no concern at having merited them4 ,in short1 we seemed to have changed rles4 ,as for me1 ,i suffered so much on account of the outburst ,i had indulged in that it would have been easy to call forth acknowledgments that would have atoned for it4 ,they only waited for the least word of affection1 but not one did he utter4 ,lando came for him before two o'clock1 and they went away together1 leaving me with a sad1 heavy heart4 ,i was not to see him again till my return from the ,htel de ,kergy4 ,where would he pass the time meanwhile8444 ,would it really be in ,lando's company8 ,and was the business they had to settle really such as to render it impossible for him to spend this last evening with me8444 ,would it not have been a thousand times better to have remained silent1 and1 as this was really our last day1 and we were to leave on the next1 would it not have been wiser in me to have spent it wholly with him1 444 even if that included her8444 ,had ,i not committed an irreparable folly in yielding to this explosion of unmistakable anger8 ,this was indubitable1 but it was too late to remedy it4 ,the die was cast4 ,lorenzo was gone6 ,i passed the afternoon1 like that of the ,sunday before1 at church1 but was pursued by a thousand distractions which ,i had not now the strength to resist4 ,on the contrary1 ,i took pleasure in dwelling on them1 and my mind wandered without any effort on my part to prevent it4 ,i neglected1 on the very day of my life when ,i had the most need of light1 courage1 and assistance1 to have recourse to the only ,source whence they are to be obtained1 and ,i returned home without having uttered a prayer4 ,two hours later ,i was at the ,htel de ,kergy1 and in the same room where just a week before ,i had felt such lively emotion and conceived such delightful hopes6 ,but1 ah6 what a contrast between my feelings on that occasion and those of today6 ,i seemed to have lived as many years since as there had been days6444 ,mme4 de ,kergy advanced to meet me as ,i entered1 and ,i saw she noticed the change in my face the moment she looked at me4 ,i did not know how to feign what ,i did not feel1 and she had had too much experience not to perceive ,i had undergone some pain or chagrin since the evening before4 ,she asked me no questions1 however1 but1 on the contrary1 began to speak of something foreign to myself2 and this did me good4 ,i soon felt my painful emotions diminish by degrees1 and a change once more in the atmosphere around me1 as when one passes from one clime to another4 ,the guests were but few in number1 and all friends of the family4 ,diana1 prettier than ever1 and so lively as to excite my envy1 was delighted to see me1 but did not observe the cloud on my brow2 and if she had1 she would have been incapable of fathoming the cause4 ,she hastened to point out the various guests who had arrived4 8,they are all friends10 said she2 8for mother said you were coming to get a little respite from society40 ,mme4 de ,kergy presented them to me one by one1 and among the persons introduced were several of celebrity1 whom ,i regarded with all the interest a first meeting adds to renown4 ,but ,i saw nothing of ,diana's brother among those present1 and was beginning to wonder if ,i should never see him again1 when1 just as dinner was ready1 he made his appearance4 ,he bowed to me at a distance1 appearing to have forgotten it was his place to escort me to the table4 ,a sign from his mother seemed to bring him to himself1 and he offered me his arm with some confusion1 though without any awkwardness4 ,but after taking a seat beside me1 he remained for some moments without speaking1 and then addressed his conversation to others instead of me4 ,i saw he was for some reason embarrassed1 and ,i was confused myself2 for such things are contagious4 ,he soon recovered his accustomed ease1 however1 and when he finally addressed me it was with a simplicity that set me1 on my part1 entirely at ease4 ,his conversation surprised and pleased me1 and ,i felt ,i conversed better with him than any one else4 ,there was nothing trifling in what he said1 and1 above all1 he refrained from everything like a compliment1 direct or indirect1 and even from every subject that might lead either to me or himself4 ,women generally like nothing so much as a style of conversation that shows the effect they produce1 so it was not astonishing it had been employed with me as well as with others4 ,but this language had always embarrassed and displeased me1 and ,i now felt proportionately pleased with the unusual way in which ,i was addressed--a way that seemed to raise me in my own estimation4 ,and yet he did not try to absorb my attention1 but gave others an opportunity of taking part in the conversation4 ,it soon became general1 and ,i stopped to listen4 ,i had then the pleasure--a new one for me--of witnessing a kind of game in which thoughts and opinions fly from one to another1 wit mingles with gravity1 and the intellect is brightened by contact with the brilliancy of others4 ,gilbert was not the only one in this circle who knew how to interest without fatiguing1 and excite1 not by ridicule1 but by a better kind of wit1 the hearty1 cordial laugh that wounds neither the absent nor the present6 ,what struck me especially was the interest and almost deference with which a man of wellknown eloquence1 whose opinions had weight with every one1 endeavored to draw forth the opinions of others4 ,it might have been said he listened even better than he talked4 ,thus during the whole time we were at table1 and the evening that followed1 ,i realized the true meaning of the word conversation in a country where it originated1 in the social world where it was coined1 and in the language which is1 of all mediums1 the most delicate1 the most perfect1 and the most universal4 ,in spite of myself1 ,i felt my sadness gradually vanish1 and my laugh more than once mingled freely in the merriment of others4 ,i saw that ,mme4 de ,kergy observed this with pleasure1 and a benevolent smile increased the habitual sweetness of her expression4 ,she was a woman whose unvarying serenity was the result of great suffering1 and who now sought nothing in this world but the happiness of others2 to whose pains she was as fully alive as she was full of profound compassion4 ,she wore mourning1 not only for her husband1 but a number of children1 of whom ,gilbert and ,diana were the sole survivors4 ,but far from centring her affection on them1 she seemed to have given to all who were young the love she had cherished for those who were gone1 and the vacant places they had left in her maternal heart4 ,i could not help regarding her with astonishment1 for ,i belonged to a country where it is more common to die of grief than to learn how to live under its burden4 ,i returned ,mme4 de ,kergy's smile1 and for an hour felt gay and almost happy4 ,but by degrees the burden1 removed for an instant1 fell back on my heart4 ,the reality of my troubles1 and the thought of bidding farewell to this delightful circle of friends1 filled me with a melancholy it was impossible to repress4 ,the regret that weighed on my heart was for a moment as profound as that we feel for our country when we fear never to behold it again4 ,i remained seated in an armchair near the fireplace1 and fell into a revery which was favored by ,diana1 who was at the piano4 ,she was at that moment playing with consummate skill an air of ,chopin's which seemed to give expression to my very thoughts4444 ,i awoke from my long revery1 and felt a blush mount to my very forehead when1 raising my eyes1 ,i found ,gilbert's fixed on mine4444 ,and mine were veiled with tears6 ,i hastily brushed them away1 stammering with confusion that ,chopin's music always affected my nerves1 and then1 leaving my seat1 ,i approached the piano1 where ,diana continued to play one air after another4444 ,gilbert remained with a pensive manner in the place where ,i left him1 looking at me from a distance1 and trying1 perhaps1 to conjecture the cause of my emotion4 ,but the approaching separation was sufficient to account for this4 ,i was that very evening to bid a long farewell to these new friends1 whom perhaps ,i should never meet again in this world6 ,and when the hour came1 and ,mme4 de ,kergy clasped me for the last time in her arms1 ,i made no effort to restrain my tears4 ,diana wept also1 and1 throwing her arms around my neck1 said3 8,oh6 do not forget me4 ,i love you so much60 ,her mother added with a tearful voice3 8,may ,god watch over you wherever you go1 my dear ,ginevra6 ,i shall follow you in spirit with as much interest as if ,i had known you always64440 ,gilbert offered me his arm1 and conducted me to the carriage without uttering a word2 but as ,i was on the point of entering it he said3 8,those you leave behind are greatly to be pitied1 madame40 8,and ,i am much more so10 ,i replied1 my tears continuing to flow without restraint4 ,he remained silent an instant1 and then said3 8,as for me1 madame1 ,i may hope to see you again1 for ,i shall go to ,naples1 444 if ,i dare40 8,and why should you not dare8 ,you know well we shall expect you and welcome you as a friend40 ,he made no reply1 but after helping me into the carriage1 and ,i had given him my hand1 as ,i bade him adieu1 he answered in a low tone3 8,au revoir60 ,,xxiii4 ,our journey through ,france and across the ,alps did not in the least diminish the impressions of my last days in ,paris4 ,but everything was mingled in my recollections like the joy and regret ,i felt at my departure--joy and regret1 both of which ,i had reason to feel1 though ,i did not try to fathom their cause4 ,i was only conscious that in more than one way the repose and happiness of our life were threatened1 and it was necessary we should take flight4 ,it seemed as if we could not go fast enough or far enough4 ,the very rapidity with which we travelled by railway was delightfully soothing1 for it seconded my wishes4 ,the sudden change of scenery and climate1 and the different aspect of the towns as soon as we crossed the mountains1 also gave me pleasure1 because all this greatly added in my imagination to the distance we had so rapidly come4 ,lorenzo also1 though doubtless for a different reason1 seemed more at ease after we left ,paris1 and gradually resumed his usual manner towards me4 ,he never mentioned ,faustina's name1 and ,i had only ventured to speak timidly of her once4 ,as we were on the point of leaving1 ,i proposed writing her a farewell note1 but he prevented me by hastily stammering something to this effect3 that my absence the evening before was a sufficient explanation for not seeing her again1 and it was useless to take the trouble of any further farewell4 ,this new attitude surprised me4 ,he had changed his mind1 then1 since the day he urged me so strongly to be her friend6444 ,it is true ,i had myself expressed a vehement desire--too vehement1 perhaps6--to break off this friendship4 ,but he did not try in the least to profit by my present good will to renew it4 ,it was evident he no longer desired it himself4 ,his only wish seemed to be to make me forget the scene that had occurred1 as well as the cause that led to it4 ,why was this8 ,if ,i had really been in the wrong1 would he have forgiven me so readily8 ,if1 instead of this1 his conscience forced him to excuse me1 did not the affection he now manifested prove his desire to repair wrongs he could not avow1 and which perhaps ,i did not suspect8 ,these thoughts involuntarily crossed my mind and heart with painful rapidity4 ,i loved ,lorenzo1 or rather1 ,i felt the need of loving him1 above all things4 ,but if he himself loved me no longer1 if he had become treacherous1 unfaithful1 and untrue to his word1 could ,i continue to love him8 ,was this possible8444 ,what would become of me in this case8 ,merciful heavens6444 ,i asked myself these questions with a terror that could not have been greater had ,i been asking myself what would become of my eyes should they be deprived of light4 ,and this comparison is just1 for there could be no darker night than that which would have surrounded me had the ardent1 predominant feeling of my heart been left without any object4 ,i might suitably have taken for my motto3 ,aimer ou mourir--either love or die--words often uttered in a jesting1 romantic1 or trifling way1 but which were to me full of profound1 mysterious meaning4 ,but this meaning was hidden from me1 and the day was still far distant when its signification would be made manifest6 ,after crossing the ,alps and the ,apennines1 and passing through ,florence and ,rome1 we at length proceeded towards ,naples by the delightful route that formerly crossed the ,pontine ,marshes1 ,terracina1 and ,mola di ,gata4 ,every one who returns to ,italy the first time after leaving it experiences a feeling of intoxication and joy a thousand times more lively than when one goes there for the first time4 ,the eyes wander around in search of objects which once gave them pleasure and it had been a sacrifice to leave4 ,i yielded to this enjoyment without attempting to resist it4 ,sadness1 moreover1 did not belong to my age1 and1 though intensely capable of it1 it was by no means natural to me4 ,during the first weeks after my return to ,naples my mind was diverted from all my troubles and anxiety by novelties that everything contributed to render efficacious and powerful4 ,in the first place1 ,i was glad to find myself once more in my delightful home1 which1 by the order of ,lorenzo1 had undergone a multitude of improvements during my absence1 and was now additionally embellished with the contents of the boxes we had brought from ,paris4 ,it was ,lorenzo's taste1 and not mine1 which had dictated the choice of these numberless objects1 the chief value of which in my eyes was derived from the estimation he attached to them himself4 ,the anxiety that clouded his face seemed to have disappeared4 ,he appeared as delighted as ,i to find himself at home1 and was quite disposed to resume his favorite occupation in his studio4 ,consequently1 the clouds soon began to disperse from my soul2 the sun once more began to brighten my life4 ,lorenzo soon insisted1 with an earnestness equal to that he had before shown to have me all to himself1 that my door should now be constantly open4 ,my drawingroom was filled with people of the best society and highest rank in ,naples1 and1 thanks to their cordiality and natural turn for sudden intimacies 7a characteristic1 charming trait in that delightful region71 instead of feeling at all embarrassed among so many new acquaintances1 ,i felt as if surrounded by friends ,i had always known and loved4 ,above all1 ,i at last saw ,livia once more1 and though through a double grate1 which prevented me from embracing her1 it afforded me an unalloyed happiness which left no regrets4 ,the monastery she entered was situated at one extremity of ,naples1 which could only be reached by traversing an endless number of narrow1 gloomy1 winding streets1 in which it seemed impossible to move a step without knocking down the people on foot1 overthrowing their shops1 and even kitchens1 established in the open air2 and1 if in a carriage1 crushing the children playing1 running about1 or sleeping in the sun4 ,the first time a person ventures into such streets he is terrified at every step1 and wonders he is allowed there4 ,he feels guilty and like apologizing to every one he meets4 ,but he soon sees he has done no harm2 that everybody1 young and old1 mothers and children1 the passersby1 the coachmen1 and even the horses themselves1 are endowed with a dexterity1 goodhumor1 and at the same time an energy that make their way through everything4 ,in a word1 they all have such quickness of sight1 hearing1 and motion that not a day passes in which miracles of skill are not effected in these narrow streets1 which not only prevent accidents from happening1 but even from being feared1 and you are at last unwilling to admit there is any crowd in ,naples so compact1 any street so narrow1 or any descent so perilous1 as to make it necessary to leave the vehicle you are in1 or which the coachman who drives1 and the horses he manages1 cannot pass without danger4 ,at the end of some such way as ,i have described it was necessary1 in addition to all this1 in order to reach the monastery ,i am speaking of1 to stop at the foot of an acclivity the horses could not ascend1 not on account of its steepness1 which would have been no obstacle1 but because every now and then there were steps to facilitate the ascent of pedestrians1 but which rendered it impassable for equipages of any kind whatever4 ,it had therefore to be ascended on foot1 and1 when once at the top1 there was still a flight of fifteen or twenty steps to climb before reaching the broad terrace or platform before the gate through which strangers were admitted to the convent4 ,if this ascent was difficult1 it must be confessed one felt repaid for the trouble of making it by the view from the terrace4 ,here the visitor wandered along the narrow1 gloomy streets through the old1 historic city1 as well as its more elegant quarters1 towards that side of the bay where ,vesuvius was to be seen in its most striking aspect1 and from the summit of the volcano followed its descent to the vast1 smiling plain1 more charming even in that direction than that to the sea by ,ottagno1 ,stabia1 and ,castellamare4 ,on every side the eye reposed on the verdant orange trees growing in numberless gardens4 ,such was the outer world that encircled my sister's cloistered home4 ,such was the view from every window on this side of the convent4 ,on the other there was a more quiet prospect1 perhaps even better suited to contemplation--that of the cloister1 with its broad arcades of fine architecture1 which surrounded an enclosure planted with lemontrees1 in the centre of which stood a massive antique fountain of marble4 ,the pines of ,capo di ,monte stood out against the clear sky1 further off were the heights of ,sant' ,elmo1 and along the horizon stretched the majestic line of mountains which form the background of the picture4 ,when able to tear my eyes from this magnificent prospect1 lit up by all the fires of the setting sun1 ,i suddenly found myself in the somewhat gloomy vestibule of the monastery1 whence ,i was conducted to a large parlor divided by a grate1 behind which fell a long1 black curtain4 ,here ,i was left alone1 with the assurance ,i should soon see my sister4 ,i felt an emotion ,i had not anticipated1 and for the first time it seemed as if the most horrible separation had taken place between us4 ,the admiration ,i had just experienced1 and my joy at the prospect of seeing her again1 both vanished4 ,my heart swelled with painful emotion1 and it was with more terror than devotion ,i looked up at a large crucifix--the only ornament on the bare wall in front of the grille4 ,as to the grate itself1 it filled me with horror1 and ,i did not dare look at it4 ,all at once ,i heard the sound of a light step1 the curtain was drawn quickly aside1 and a beloved voice softly uttered my name3 8,gina60 ,turning around1 ,i saw ,livia1 my sister1 standing before me6 ,the shock ,i received could not have been greater if1 supposing her dead1 ,i had seen her descend from the skies and appear thus suddenly before me4 ,she wore the white veil of a novice1 and her habit1 as well as the band across her forehead and the guimpe around her neck1 was of the same color4 ,her face was radiant4 ,the dazzling rays of the setting sun suddenly poured in through the door of the cloister1 left open behind her1 and she seemed to be wholly enveloped in light4 ,i gazed at her speechless with affection1 surprise1 and ,i know not what other indefinable emotion4444 ,i was almost afraid to address her2 but she did not appear to observe it4 ,the words that rapidly fell from her lips were animated1 natural1 and affectionate as ever--more affectionate even4 ,and there was the same tone of anxious solicitude4 ,but she was calmer1 more serene1 and even more gentle1 and1 though at times she had the same tone of decision1 there was no trace of the sadness and austerity she sometimes manifested1 in spite of herself1 in former times when an invisible cross darkened everything around her4 ,the band that concealed her hair revealed more clearly the extreme beauty of her eyes1 and while ,i stood gazing at her as if ,i had never studied her features before1 ,i felt she spoke truly in saying 8the grates of the convent should neither hide her face nor her heart from me40 ,never had the one1 ,i thought1 so faithfully reflected the other4 ,as to her1 she by no means perceived the effect she had produced4 ,she was anxious to hear all ,i had been doing while absent1 and asked me one question after another with the same familiarity with which we used to converse when side by side4 ,glad to be able to open my heart in this way1 ,i forgot1 when ,i began1 all ,i had to say if ,i would conceal nothing from her4 ,but my account soon became confused1 and ,i suddenly stopped4 8,gina mia60 said she1 8you do not tell me everything4 ,why is this8 ,is it because you think ,i no longer take any interest in your worldly affairs80 8,it is not that alone1 ,livia1 but it is really very difficult to speak of ,paris and the senseless life ,i led there before this grate and while looking at you as you are now40 8,i shall always take as much pleasure in listening to you10 said she1 8as you do in talking to me4 ,i admit1 when our good aunt1 ,donna ,clelia1 comes to see me with her daughters1 ,i often assume a severe air1 and tell them what ,i think of the world2 444 but ,i must confess my aunt does not get angry with me1 for she depends on my vocation to procure husbands for ,mariuccia and ,teresina1 who are worthy of them1 because1 as she says1 a person who consecrates herself to ,god brings goodluck to all the family4 ,she no longer regards me as a jettatrice1 ,i assure you60 ,she laughed as she said this1 and ,i could not help exclaiming with surprise and envy3 8,livia1 how happy you are to be so cheerful60 ,her face resumed its usual expression of sweet gravity1 as she replied3 8,i am cheerful1 ,gina1 because ,i am happy4 ,but you were formerly livelier than ,i4 ,why are you no longer so1 my dear sister8 ,cheerfulness is for those whose souls are at peace40 8,o ,livia60 ,i cried1 not able to avoid a sincere reply to so direct a question1 8my heart is heavy with sorrow1 ,i assure you1 and the cheerfulness you speak of is frequently wanting40 ,she started with surprise at these words1 and questioned me with an angelic look4 ,i did not delay my reply4 ,i felt the need of opening my heart1 and resumed the account ,i had broken off4 ,i described without any circumlocution the life of pleasure to which ,i had given myself up1 at first through curiosity and inclination1 and in the end with weariness and disgust4 ,i spoke of the day at ,paris when fervor1 devotion1 and good impulses awoke in my soul1 my meeting ,mme4 de ,kergy1 and all ,i had seen and felt in the places ,i had visited in her company4 ,finally1 ,i endeavored1 with a trembling voice1 to explain all my hopes and wishes with respect to ,lorenzo1 and the nature of the projects and ambition ,i had for him4 ,with a heart still affected at the remembrance ,i depicted the new happiness--the new and higher life ,i had dreamed of for him as well as myself6 ,livia listened with joy to this part of my story1 and her face brightened while ,i was speaking4 ,but1 without explaining the cause of my disappointment1 ,i ended by telling her how complete it was1 and this awoke so many bitter remembrances at once that ,i was suffocated with emotion1 and for some moments ,i was unable to continue4444 ,a cloud passed over her brow1 and she suffered me to weep some moments in silence4 8,your wishes were good and holy1 ,ginevra10 said she at length1 8and ,god will bless them sooner or later40 ,i paid no heed to her words4 ,a torrent of bitterness1 jealousy1 and grief inundated my heart1 and1 feeling at liberty to say what concerned no one but myself1 ,i gave vent to thoughts ,i had often dwelt on in silence1 but now uttered aloud with vehemence and without any restriction4 ,livia listened without interrupting me1 and seemed affected at my impetuosity4 ,standing motionless on the other side of the grille1 her hands crossed under her long1 white scapular1 and her downcast1 thoughtful eyes fastened on the ground1 she seemed for a time to be listening rather to the interior voice of my soul than to the words ,i uttered4 ,at length she slowly raised her eyes1 and said with an accent difficult to describe3 8,you say your heart feels the need of some object of affection--that not to love would be death8 ,you need1 too1 the assurance that the one you love is wholly worthy of your affection8444 ,really10 continued she1 smiling1 8one would say you wish ,lorenzo to be perfect1 which of course he is not1 even if as faultless as man is capable of being40 ,she stopped1 and the smile that played on her lips became almost celestial4 ,one would have said a ray of sunlight beamed across her face4 ,she continued3 8,i understand you1 ,ginevra2 ,i understand you perfectly1 perhaps even better than you do yourself1 but ,i am not capable of solving the enigma that perplexes you--of drawing aside the veil that now obscures the light4444 ,oh6 if ,i could60 said she1 clasping her hands and raising her eyes to heaven with fervor48 ,to solve all your doubts--to give you the light necessary to comprehend this mystery clearly--would require a miracle beyond the power of any human being4 ,god alone can effect this4 ,may he complete his work6 ,may you merit it60 ,the bell rang1 and we hastily took leave of each other4 ,it was dusk when ,i left her4 ,she assured me ,i could make her a similar visit every week1 and this prospect made me happy4 ,i was happy to have seen her--happy to feel she could still descend to my level from the holier region she inhabited1 and that there was nothing to hinder me from enjoying in the future the sweet intercourse of the past4 ,but however fully ,i opened my heart to ,livia1 ,i should have considered it profaning the purity of the air ,i breathed in her presence to utter the name of ,faustina ,reali4 ,and1 without knowing why1 neither did ,i mention the name of ,gilbert de ,kergy4 ,,xxiv4 ,naples at that time was styled by some one 8a small capital and a large city10 and this designation was correct4 ,the society1 though on a small scale1 was of the very highest grade1 consisting of an aristocracy exempt from the least haughtiness1 and retaining all the habits and manners of bygone times4 ,however frivolous this society might be in appearance1 its defects were somewhat redeemed by an originality and lack of affectation which wholly excluded the vexatious and insupportable ennui produced by frivolity and pretension when1 as often happens1 they are found together4 ,with a few exceptions1 devoid of great talents or very profound acquirements1 it had wit in abundance1 as well as a singular aptitude for seizing and comprehending everything4 ,if to all this we add the most cordial reception and the readiest1 warmest welcome1 it will at once be seen that those who were admitted to this circle could not help carrying away an ineffaceable remembrance of it4 ,but the special1 characteristic trait which distinguished ,naples from every other city1 large or small1 was1 strange to say1 and yet true1 the utter absence of all gossip1 slander1 or ridicule4 ,the women unanimously defended one another1 and no man1 under the penalty of being considered illbred1 ever ventured to speak ill of one of their number1 unless perhaps by one of those slight movements of the features which constitute1 in that country1 a language apart--very eloquent1 it is true1 and perfectly understood by every one1 but which never produces the same effect as actual words4 ,it was generally said1 and almost always with truth1 whenever there was any new gossip in circulation1 which sometimes happened1 that 8no doubt some stranger had a finger in it06 ,to complete this picture1 we will add that there was a circle of ladies in ,neapolitan society who fully equalled in beauty and grace the generation before them1 which was celebrated in this respect throughout ,italy4 ,it may be affirmed1 therefore1 without fear of denial on the part of any contemporary1 that the general result of all this was to produce a kind of beauideal of gay society4 ,among these ladies was one ,i particularly remarked1 and who speedily became my friend4 ,lorenzo had predicted this the day 7afterwards so fatally memorable to me7 when for the first time the name of the ,contessa ,stella di ,san ,giulio met my eyes4 ,to tell the truth1 this remembrance at first took away all desire to make her acquaintance4 ,it seemed to me 7yielding no doubt to a local superstition7 that the day on which ,i first heard the name of ,faustina could bring me no luck4 ,but this prejudice was soon overcome4 ,it was sufficient to see her to feel at once attracted towards her4 ,at first sight1 however1 there was something imposing in her features and manner1 but this impression immediately changed4 ,as soon as she began to converse1 her eyes1 the pleasing outline of her face1 and her whole person1 were lit up by an enchanting smile on her halfopen lips--a smile that the pencil of ,leonardo da ,vinci alone could depict4 ,it is among the women who served as models to this great1 incomparable master that a likeness to ,stella must be sought4 ,it is by studying the faces of which he has left us the inimitable type we recognize1 notwithstanding their smiling expression1 a certain firmness and energy which exclude all idea of weakness1 nonchalance1 or indolence4 ,stella's physiognomy1 too1 expressed courage and patience1 and they were predominant traits in her character4 ,she was1 however1 vivacious1 versatile1 and so lively as to seem at times to take too light a view of everything2 but1 when better known1 no one could help admiring the rare faculty with which heaven enabled her to bear cheerfully the heavy trials of life1 and feeling that her gayety was courage in its most attractive aspect4 ,married at eighteen1 she had seen this union1 with which convenience had more to do than inclination1 dissolved at the end of two years3 her husband died soon after the birth of her only child4 ,from that time family circumstances obliged her to live with an uncle1 who was the guardian of her child1 and had1 in this capacity1 the right to meddle with everything relating to both mother and daughter--a right which his wife1 a woman of difficult and imperious temper1 likewise arrogated in a manner that would have exhausted the patience of any one else2 but ,stella's never failed her4 ,feeling it important for the future interests of her little ,angiolina to accept the condition imposed by her widowhood1 she submitted to it courageously without asking if there was any merit in so doing4 ,her liveliness1 which had been so long subdued1 returned beneath the smiles of her child1 and1 as often happens to those who are young1 nature gained the ascendency and triumphed over all there was to depress her4 ,angiolina was now five years old1 and was growing up without perceiving the gloomy atmosphere that surrounded the nest of affection and joy in which her mother sheltered her1 and the latter found her child so sweet a resource that she no longer seemed to feel anything was wanting in her lot4 ,this intimacy added much to the happiness of a life which began to please me far beyond my expectations4 ,the gay world1 with which ,i thought myself so completely disgusted1 took a new and more subtle aspect in my eyes than that ,i had so soon become weary of4 ,but in yielding to this charm it seemed to me ,i was pleasing ,lorenzo and seconding his desire to make our house one of the most brilliant in ,naples4 ,nevertheless1 he resumed his labors1 and passed whole hours in his studio1 where he seemed wholly absorbed1 as formerly1 in his art4 ,i found him there more than anywhere else1 as he was before our fatal journey4 ,he had begun again with renewed ardor on his ,vestal1 which was now nearly completed1 and was considered the most perfect work that ever issued from his hands4 ,he attributed the honor of his success to his model1 and1 though formerly more annoyed than flattered by suffrages of this kind1 ,i now welcomed the compliment as a presage of days like those of former times4 ,the first time ,i entered the studio after my return ,i sought with jealous anxiety some trace of the remembrance that haunted me1 and seemed to find it on every hand4 ,in a ,sappho whose passionate1 tragical expression alone had struck me before1 and the ,bacchante which seemed at once beautiful and repulsive1 ,i imagined ,i could trace the features1 alas6 too perfect not to be graven in the imagination of a sculptor in spite of himself4444 ,i saw them1 above all1 in a ,proserpine1 hidden by accident1 or on purpose1 in an obscure corner of the studio1 which struck me as a sudden apparition of her fatal beauty4 ,finally1 ,i saw them also in the other ,vestal1 to which the one ,i sat for was the pendant4 ,it was then only ,i remembered with pleasure he said when he first began it that no one before me had realized the ideal he was trying to embody4 ,haunted by these recollections1 ,i began to find my sittings in the studio painful and annoying1 but ,i did not manifest my feelings4 ,i had acquired some control over them1 and felt it was not for my interest to revive1 by a fresh display of jealousy1 a remembrance that seemed to be dormant1 or again excite a displeasure that appeared to be extinguished4 ,besides1 the likeness that haunted me so persistently became in time more vague and uncertain1 and seemed likely to disappear entirely4 ,the current of gayety and pleasure that now surrounded me absorbed me more and more4 ,the very light of the sun at ,naples is a feast for the heart as well as the eyes4 ,it is a region that has no sympathy with gloom1 or even the serious side of life1 and it must be confessed that the social ideal ,i have spoken of is not the most salutary and elevated in the world4 ,it must also be acknowledged that if it is not absolutely true that this charming region is the classic land of the far niente1 as it has been called 7for the number of people everywhere who do nothing make me think all skies and all climes favorable to them71 it is nevertheless indubitable that every one feels a mingled excitement and languor at ,naples which oblige him to struggle continually against the double temptation to enjoy at all hours the beauty of the earth and sky1 and afterwards to give himself up unresistingly to the repose he feels the need of4 ,when weary of this struggle1 when nothing stimulates his courage to continue it1 he is soon intoxicated and overpowered by the very pleasure of living4 ,one day follows another without thinking to ask how they have been spent4 ,the interest taken in serious things grows less1 the strength necessary for such things diminishes1 all effort is burdensome2 and as this joyous1 futile life does not seem in any way wrong or dangerous1 he no longer tries to resist it1 but suffers the subtle poison which circulates in the air to infuse inactivity into the mind1 indifference and effeminacy in the heart1 and even to the depths of the soul itself4 ,such were the influences to which ,i gave myself up1 but not without some excuse1 perhaps4 ,at my age this reaction of gayety and love of pleasure was natural4 ,after the experience ,i had passed through1 ,i felt the need of something to divert me--the need of forgetting4 ,how1 then1 could ,i possibly resist all there was around me to amuse and enable me to forget8 ,of course ,i had not forgotten ,mme4 de ,kergy1 or ,diana1 or the eloquence of ,gilbert1 but ,i had nearly lost all the pure1 noble1 and soulstirring sentiments my acquaintance with them had awakened2 and if any unacknowledged danger lurked therein1 it had so ephemeral an influence on me that all trace was effaced1 as a deadly odor passes away that we only inhaled for a moment4 ,as for my charming ,stella1 she no more thought of giving me advice than of setting me an example4 ,she shared with me her happiest hours in the day1 but ,i could not follow her in the courageous course of her hidden daily life4 ,i did not see her during the hours when1 with a brow as serene1 a face as tranquil1 as that with which she welcomed me at a later hour1 she immolated her tastes and wishes1 and by the perpetual sacrifice of herself earned the means of rendering her daughter as happy as she pleased4 ,i saw her1 on the contrary1 during my daily drive with her and ,angiolina--one of the greatest pleasures of the day for us all4 ,to see them together1 the mother as merry as the child1 one would have supposed the one as happy1 as fully exempt from all care1 as the other6444 ,we often took long drives in this way1 sometimes beyond the extreme point of ,posilippo1 sometimes to ,portici1 or even to ,capo di ,monte4 ,there we would leave our carriage and forget ourselves in long conversations while ,angiolina was running about1 coming every now and then to throw herself into her mother's arms or mine4 ,i loved her passionately1 and it often seemed to me1 as ,i embraced her1 that ,i felt for her something of that love which is the strongest on earth1 and makes us endure the privation of all other affection4 ,angiolina was1 it is true1 one of those children better fitted than most to touch the maternal fibre that is hidden in every womanly heart4 ,she had accents1 looks1 and moods of silence which seemed to indicate a soul attentive to voices that are not of this world1 and sometimes1 at the sight of her expressive childish face1 one could not help wondering if she did not already hear those of heaven4 ,lorenzo from time to time made a journey to the ,north of ,italy1 in order to see to his property4 ,his absence1 always short1 and invariably explained1 caused me neither pain nor offence4 ,he seemed happy to see me again at his return1 and appeared to enjoy much more than ,i1 even1 the gay life we both led4 ,he devoted his mornings to work1 but spent his evenings with me1 either in society or at the theatre of ,san ,carlo1 where1 according to the ,italian custom in those days1 we went much less to enjoy the play1 or even the music1 than to meet our friends4 ,as for gaming1 ,i had reason to believe he had entirely renounced it1 for he never touched a card in my presence4 ,the twofold danger1 therefore1 which had threatened my peace1 seemed wholly averted1 and ,i once more resumed my way with confidence and security1 as a bird1 beaten by the tempest1 expands its wings at the return of the sun1 and sings1 as it flies heavenward1 as if clouds and darkness were never to return6 ,but in the midst of this new dawn of happiness ,i was gliding almost imperceptibly but rapidly down1 and suffering my days to pass in constantlyincreasing indolence4 ,it is true my good ,ottavia1 who had been with me since ,livia's entrance at the convent1 reminded me of the days and hours assigned for the practices of devotion she had taught me in my childhood1 which1 though not piety itself1 serve to keep it alive4 ,without her ,i should probably have forgotten them all4 ,i thought of nothing but how to be happy1 and ,i was so because ,i seemed to have recovered absolute empire over ,lorenzo's heart4444 ,my lofty aspirations for him had vanished like some fanciful dream no longer remembered4 ,the charm of his mental qualities and his personal attractions gave him a kind of supremacy in the circle where he occupied the foremost rank1 and had every desirable pretext for gratifying his taste for display2 while1 on the other hand1 the aureola of genius that surrounded him prevented his life from appearing1 and even from being1 wholly vain4 ,it was vain1 however1 as every one's life is that has no light from above4 ,i was not yet wholly incapable of feeling this1 but ,i was becoming more and more incapable of suffering from it4 ,it is not in this way the vigor of the soul is maintained or renewed4 ,livia alone had not lost her beneficent influence over me4 ,a word from her had the same effect as the strong1 correct tone of the diapason1 which gives the ear warning when the notes begin to flatten4 ,every descent1 however gradual1 is difficult to climb again1 and ,i did not at all perceive the ground ,i had lost till ,i found myself face to face with new trials and new dangers4 ,,xxv4 ,several months passed1 however1 without any change in my happy1 untroubled life4 ,lando's arrival1 and shortly after that of ,mario1 were the chief incidents4 ,mario's visits were short and rare1 for he seldom left my father4 ,he loved home1 now he was alone there1 better than he used to do2 and my father1 relieved of a heavy responsibility by the marriage of one daughter and the vocation of the other1 enjoyed more than ever the company of a son who gave him no anxiety and prevented him from finding his solitude irksome4 ,he only lived now in the recollections of the past and for his profession1 and ,mario fulfilled with cheerful devotedness the additional obligations our departure had imposed on him4 ,he came from time to time to see his two sisters1 and had not entirely lost the habit of favoring me with advice and remonstrances4 ,nevertheless1 as my present position obliged me to make a certain display he was not sorry to have a part in1 and as1 on the whole1 he did not find my house disagreeable1 it was not as difficult as it once was to win his approbation1 particularly as1 notwithstanding the frivolous life ,i led1 ,i was still 7perhaps a strange thing7 wholly devoid of coquetry and vanity1 which1 almost as much as my affection for ,lorenzo1 served as a safeguard in the world1 and not only shielded me from its real dangers1 but from all criticism4 ,this point acknowledged1 ,mario1 who did not consider himself dispensed by my marriage from watching over my reputation1 was as kind to me now as he would have been implacable had it been otherwise4 ,as ,i1 on my side1 by no means feared his oversight1 and he brought news of my father and recalled the memories of the past1 which ,i continued to cherish in my present life1 ,i welcomed him with affection1 and his visits always afforded me pleasure4 ,as to ,lando1 he had been forced to tear himself away from ,paris1 and devote to economy an entire year which he had come very reluctantly to spend in the bosom of his family4 ,he at once observed with astonishment that ,i was happier at ,naples than at ,paris4 ,as for him1 he declared life in a small city was an impossibility1 and he should pass the time of his exile in absolute exclusion4 ,but he contented himself with carrying this ,parisian nostalgia from one drawingroom to another1 exhaling his complaints sometimes in ,italian 7continually grasseyant71 sometimes in ,french sprinkled with the most recent argot1 only comprehensible to the initiated4 ,but as1 in spite of all this1 his natural goodhumor was never at fault1 everything else was overlooked1 and he was welcomed everywhere2 so existence gradually became endurable1 and he resigned himself to it so completely that by the time the ,carnival approached he was so thoroughly renaturalized that no one was more forward than he in preparing and organizing all the amusements with which it terminates at ,naples--vehicles1 costumes1 confetti1 and flowers for the ,toledo27#ea7 suppers1 dominos1 and disguises for the ,festini di ,san ,carlo17#eb7 without reckoning the great fancy ball at the ,accademia27#ec7 and1 to crown all1 private theatricals with a view to ,lent4 ,with all this1 he had ample means of escaping all danger of dying of ennui before ,easter6444 ,i must acknowledge1 however1 that he found me as much disposed to aid him as any one4 ,i was in one of those fits of exuberant gayety which at ,naples1 and even at ,rome1 sometimes seize even the most reasonable and sensible people during the follies of the ,carnival4 ,but it must be confessed these follies had not in ,italy the gross1 vulgar1 and repulsive aspect which public gayety sometimes assumes at ,paris on similar occasions4 ,one would suppose everybody at ,paris more or less wicked at ,carnival time2 whereas at ,rome and ,naples everybody seems to be more or less childlike4 ,is this more in appearance than reality8 ,must we believe the amount of evil the same everywhere during these days devoted to pleasure8 ,i cannot say4 ,at ,rome1 we know1 no less than at ,paris and ,naples1 while people on the ,corso are pelting each other with confetti and lighting the moccoletti1 the churches are also illuminated1 and a numerous crowd1 prostrate before the ,blessed ,sacrament exposed on the altars1 pray in order to expiate the follies of the merry crowd4 ,but it seems to me no one who has made the comparison would hesitate to acknowledge a great difference in the gayety of these places1 as well as the different amusements it inspires4 ,stella was in as gay a mood as ,i4 ,angiolina 7whose right it was7 could not have prepared more enthusiastically than we to throw confetti at every one we met1 or pelt the vehicles in which most of the gentlemen of the place1 arrayed in various disguises1 drive up and down the ,toledo4 ,these vehicles are stormed with missiles from every balcony they pass1 and they reply by handfuls of confetti and flowers thrown to the highest stories1 either by means of cornets1 or by instruments expressly for this purpose1 or by climbing the staging made on the carriages to bring the combatants nearer together4 ,lorenzo1 ,lando1 and even ,mario were enrolled among the number to man a wonderful gondola of the ,x,vth century1 all clad in the costume of that period1 and ,lorenzo1 by his taste and uncommon acquirements of all kinds1 contributed to render this masquerade almost interesting from an artistic and historic point of view1 and he was as zealous about it as any one4 ,we were in the very midst of these preparations when one morning he told me with an air of vexation he had just received a letter from his agent which would oblige him to be absent several days4 ,but he was only to go to ,bologna this time1 and would be back without fail the eve of ,jeudi ,gras17#ed7 the day fixed for the last exhibition of the gondola4 ,but his departure afflicted me the more because he had not been absent for a long time1 and ,i was no longer used to it4 ,i did not1 therefore1 conceal my annoyance4 ,but as his seemed to be equally great1 ,i finally saw him depart1 not without regret1 but without the least shade of my former distrust4 ,the ,carnival was late that year1 and the coming of spring was already perceptible in the air4 ,i had passed two hours with ,stella in the park of ,capo di ,monte1 while ,angiolina was filling her basket with the violets that grew among the grass4 ,our enjoyment was increased by the freshness of the season and the enchanting sky of ,naples4 ,when the circumstances of a person's life are not absolutely at variance with the beauty of nature1 he feels a transport here not experienced in any other place4 ,that day ,i was happier and merrier than usual1 and yet1 as we were about to leave the park1 ,i all at once felt that vague kind of sadness which always throws its cloud over excessive joy4 8,one moment longer1 ,stella10 said ,i1 8it is so lovely here4 ,i never saw the sea and sky so blue before6 ,i cannot bear to go home40 8,remain as long as you please1 ,ginevra4 ,i am never tired1 you know1 of the beautiful prospect before us6 ,nature is to me a mother1 a friend1 and a support4 ,she has so often enabled me to endure life40 8,poor ,stella60 said ,i with a slight remorse1 for ,i felt ,i was too often unmindful of the difference in our lots4 ,but she continued with her charming smile3 8,you see1 ,ginevra1 they say ,i have le sang joyeux6 which means1 ,i suppose1 that ,i have a happy disposition4 ,when all other means fail of gratifying my natural turn1 ,i can do it by looking around me4 ,the very radiance of the heavens suffices to fill me with torrents of joy40 ,at that moment ,angiolina ran up with a little bunch of violets she had tied together1 and gave them to her mother4 ,stella took the child up in her arms4 8,look1 ,ginevra4 ,see how blue my ,angiolina's eyes are4 ,their color is a thousand times lovelier than that of the sky or sea1 is it not8 ,come1 let us not talk of my troubles10 continued she1 as her daughter threw her arms around her neck1 and leaned her cheek against hers4 8,this treasure is sufficient2 ,i ask no other40 8,yes1 ,stella1 you are right4 ,to enjoy such a happiness ,i would give all ,i possess40 8,god will doubtless grant you this happiness some day10 replied she1 smiling4 ,our merriment1 interrupted for a moment1 now resumed its course4 ,it was time to go home1 and we returned without delay to the carriage1 which awaited us at the gate of the park4 ,it was ,tuesday1 the day but one before ,jeudi,gras2 consequently ,i expected ,lorenzo the following day4 ,all the preparations for the masquerade were completed1 and in passing by the door of my aunt1 ,donna ,clelia1 who lived on the ,toledo1 ,i proposed to ,stella we should call to make sure she had attended to her part2 for it was from her balcony the first great contest with confetti was to take place the next day but one4 ,donna ,clelia1 as ,i have remarked1 felt a slight degree of illhumor at the time of my marriage4 ,but she speedily concluded to regard the event with a favorable eye4 ,it would doubtless have been more agreeable to be able to say3 8,the duke1 my soninlaw02 but if she could not have this satisfaction1 it was something to be able to say3 8,my niece1 the duchess10 and my aunt did not deny herself this pleasure4 ,besides1 she anticipated another advantage of more importance--of obtaining an entrance by my means to high life1 which hitherto she had only seen at an immeasurable distance2 and she was still more anxious to introduce her daughters than to enter herself4 ,from the day of my marriage1 therefore1 she resolved to establish herself at ,naples1 and this resolution had already had the most happy results4 ,teresina and ,mariuccia were large girls1 rather devoid of style1 but not of beauty4 ,thanks to our relationship1 they were invited almost everywhere1 and the dream of their mother was almost realized4 ,as ,i had indubitably contributed to this1 and they had the good grace to acknowledge it1 ,i was on the best terms with them as well as with ,donna ,clelia4 ,the latter1 it will be readily imagined1 had enthusiastically acceded to my request to allow the cream of the beau monde to occupy her balconies on ,jeudi,gras1 and we found her now in the full tide of the preparations she considered necessary for so great an event4 ,my aunt had apartments of good size on the first floor of one of the large palaces on the ,strada di ,toledo4 ,they were dark and gloomy in the morning1 like all in that locality1 but in the evening1 when her drawingrooms were lit up1 they produced a very good effect4 ,as to ,donna ,clelia herself1 when her voluminous person was encased in a suit of black velvet1 and her locks1 boldly turned back1 had the addition of a false chignon1 a plume of red feathers1 and superb diamonds1 she sustained very creditably1 as ,i can testify1 the part of a dignified matron1 and it was easy to see she had been in her day handsomer than either of her daughters4 ,but when she received us on this occasion1 enveloped in an enormous wrapper1 which indicated that1 in spite of the advanced hour1 she had not even begun her toilet1 and with her hair reduced to its simplest expression1 she presented quite a different aspect4 ,she was1 however1 by no means disconcerted when we made our appearance1 but met us1 on the contrary1 with open arms2 for she was very glad of an opportunity of explaining all the arrangements she was at that instant occupied in superintending1 which likewise accounted for the nglig in which we surprised her4 ,she took us all through the drawingrooms1 pointing out in the penumbra the places1 here and there1 where she intended to place a profusion of flowers4 ,here a large table would stand1 loaded with everything that would aid us in repairing our strength during the contest2 and there were genuine tubs for the confetti1 where we should find an inexhaustible supply of ammunition4 ,my aunt was rich4 ,she spared nothing for her own amusement or to amuse others1 and never had she found a better occasion for spending her money4 ,she had already given two successful soires1 at which her large drawingrooms were filled1 but this crowd did not include everybody1 and those who were absent were precisely those she was most anxious to have1 and the very ones who1 on ,jeudi,gras1 were to give her the pleasure of making use of her rooms4 ,she did not dream of fathoming their motives2 it was enough to have their presence4 ,at last1 after examining and approving everything1 as disorder reigned in the drawingroom1 my aunt took us to her chamber4 ,she gave ,stella and myself two armchairs that were there1 placed on the floor a supply of biscuits1 candied chestnuts1 and mandarines for ,angiolina's benefit1 and seated herself on the foot of her bedstead1 taking for a seat the bare wood2 the mattress1 pillows1 and coverings being rolled up during the day1 according to the ,neapolitan custom1 like an enormous bale of goods1 at the other end of the bedstead4 ,arming herself with an immense fan1 which she vigorously waved to and fro1 she set herself to work to entertain us4 ,first1 she replied to my questions3 8,you ask where the ragazze7#ee7 are4444 ,i didn't tell you1 then1 they are gone on a trip to ,sorrento with the baronessa80 8,no1 ,zia ,clelia1 you did not tell me4 ,when will they return80 8,oh6 in a short time4 ,i expect them before night4 ,it was such fine weather yesterday6 ,they did not like to refuse to accompany the baroness1 but it would not please them to lose two days of the ,carnival1 and the baroness wouldn't1 for anything in the world1 miss her part at ,san ,carlo4 ,teresina is to go there with her this evening40 ,the baroness in question was a friend of my aunt's whom she particularly liked to boast of before me4 ,if she was indebted to me for some of the acquaintances she was so proud of1 she lost no opportunity of reminding me that for this one she was solely indebted to herself4 8,ah6 ,ginevra mia64440 continued she1 8you have a fine house1 to be sure--,i can certainly say nothing to the contrary2 but if you could only see that of the baroness6444 ,such furniture6 ,such mirrors6 ,such gilding6444 ,and then what a view64440 ,here my aunt kissed the ends of her five fingers1 and then opened her whole hand wide1 expressing by this pantomime a degree of admiration for which words did not suffice4444 8,how80 said ,stella with an air of surprise4 8,i thought her house was near here1 and that there was no view at all4 ,it seems to me she can see nothing from her windows40 8,no view60 cried ,donna ,clelia4 8,no view from the baroness' house6444 ,see nothing from her windows6444 ,what a strange mistake1 ,contessa ,stella6 ,you are in the greatest error4 ,you can see everything from her windows--everything6 ,not a carriage1 not a donkey1 not a horse1 not a man or woman on foot or horseback or in a carriage1 can pass by without being seen2 and as all the drawingrooms are al primo piano1 you can see them as plainly as ,i see you1 and distinguish the color of their cravats and the shape of the ladies' cloaks40 8,ah6 yes1 yes1 ,zia ,clelia1 you are right4 ,it is ,stella who is wrong4 ,the baroness has an admirable view1 and quite suited to her tastes40 8,and then10 continued ,donna ,clelia1 waving her fan more deliberately to give greater emphasis to her words1 8a situation unparalleled in the whole city of ,naples6444 ,a church on one side1 and the new theatre on the other6 ,and so near at the right and left that--imagine it6--there is a little gallery1 which she has the key of1 on one side1 leading to the church2 and on the other a passage1 of which she also has the key1 which leads straight to her box in the theatre6 ,i ask if you can imagine anything more convenient8444 ,but1 apropos1 ,ginevra1 have you seen ,livia lately80 8,yes1 ,i see her every week40 8,ah6 par exemple10 said ,donna ,clelia1 folding her hands1 8there is a saint for you6 ,but ,i have stopped going to see her since the ,carnival began1 because every time ,i go ,i feel ,i ought to become better1 and the very next day off ,i go to confession4444 ,it has precisely the same effect on the ragazze2 so they have begged me not to take them to the convent again before ,ash,wednesday40 ,stella1 less accustomed than ,i to my aunt's style of conversation1 burst into laughter1 and ,i did the same1 though ,i thought she expressed very well in her way the effects of her visits at the convent4 ,at that minute the doors opened with a bang1 and ,teresina and ,mariuccia made their appearance1 loaded with flowers4 ,at the sight of us there were exclamations of joy3 8,o ,ginevra6444 ,contessa6444 ,e la bambina6 ,che piacere6444 ,how delightful to find you here60 ,a general embrace all around4 ,then details of all kinds--a stream of words almost incomprehensible4 8,che tempo6 ,che bellezza6 ,che paradiso6 ,they had been amused quanto mai6 ,and on the way back1 moreover1 they had met ,don ,landolfo1 and ,don ,landolfo had invited ,teresina to dance a cotillon with him at the ball to morrow4444 ,and ,don ,landolfo said ,mariuccia's toilet at the ball last ,saturday was un amore60 ,it should be observed here that everything ,lando said was taken very seriously in this household4 ,his opinion was law in everything relating to dress1 and he himself did not disdain giving these girls advice which cultivated notions of good taste1 from which they were too often tempted to deviate4 ,we were on the point of leaving when ,mariuccia exclaimed3 8,oh6 apropos1 ,ginevrina1 ,teresina thought she saw ,duke ,lorenzo at ,sorrento at a distance40 8,lorenzo8444 ,at ,sorrento8 ,no1 you are mistaken1 ,teresina4 ,he went to ,bologna a week ago1 and will not be back till tomorrow40 8,you hear80 said ,mariuccia to her sister4 8,i told you you were mistaken--that it was not he40 8,it is strange10 said ,teresina4 8,at all events1 it was some one who resembled him very much4 ,it is true1 ,i barely saw him a second40 8,and where was it80 ,i asked with a slight tremor of the heart4 8,at the window of a small villa away from the road at the end of a masseria7#ef7 we happened to pass on the way40 ,she was mistaken1 it was evident2 but when ,lorenzo returned that evening1 a day sooner than ,i expected1 ,i felt a slight misgiving at seeing him4 ,he perceived it1 and smilingly asked if ,i was sorry because he had hastened his return4 ,i was tempted to tell him what troubled me1 but was ashamed of the new suspicion such an explanation would have revealed1 and ,i reproached myself for it as an injustice to him4 ,i checked myself1 therefore1 and forced myself to forget1 or at least to pay no attention to1 the gossip of my cousins4 ,to ,be ,continued4 ,fac,similes ,of ,irish ,national ,manuscripts4 ,concluded4 ,the ,liber ,hymnorum is the next selected4 ,it is believed to be more than one thousand years old1 and one of the most remarkable of the sacred tracts among the ,,mss4 in ,trinity ,college1 ,dublin4 ,it is a collection of hymns on ,s4 ,patrick and other ,irish saints1 which has been published by the ,irish ,archological and ,celtic ,society1 under the superintendence of ,dr4 ,todd4 ,the three pages selected contain the hymn written by ,s4 ,fiach of ,stetty1 between the years #ech and #eeh1 in honor of ,s4 ,patrick4 ,the hymn is furnished with an interlinear gloss4 ,the tenth of these ,,mss4 is ,the ,saltair of ,s4 ,ricemarch1 ,bishop of ,st4 ,david's between the years #ajhe and #ajif1 a small copy of the ,psalter containing also a copy of the ,roman ,martyrology4 ,of the four pages of this volume which have been selected for copying1 two are a portion of the ,martyrology and two of the ,psalter4 ,the first of these last contains the first two verses of the #ajast ,psalm1 surrounded by an elaborate border formed by the intertwinings of four serpentine monsters4 ,the initial ,d of ,domine is also expressed by a coiled snake1 with its head in an attitude to strike2 the object of its attack being a creature which it is impossible to designate1 but which bears some resemblance to the hippocampus1 or seahorse4 ,the second page of the ,psalter contains the #aaeth1 #aafth1 and #aagth ,psalms1 in which the same serpentine form is woven into shapes to represent the initial letters4 ,the version of the ,psalms given in this volume differs from that used in ,england in ,bishop ,ricemarch's time4 ,it is written in ,latin in ,gaelic characters4 ,the volume belongs to ,trinity ,college1 ,dublin4 ,next in order appears the ,leabhar na h,uidhr1 or ,book of the ,dark ,gray ,cow1 a fragment of one hundred and thirtyeight folio pages1 which is thought to be a copy made about the year #aajj of a more ancient ,,ms4 of the same name written in ,s4 ,ciaran's time4 ,it derived its name from the following curious legend1 taken from the ,book of ,leinster1 and the ancient tale called ,im thecht na trom daimh1 or ,adventures of the ,great ,company1 told in the ,book of ,lismore4 ,about the year #eih1 soon after the election of ,senchan ,torpeist to the post of chief fil 7professor of philosophy and literature7 in ,erinn1 he paid a visit to ,guair1 the ,hospitable1 ,king of ,connaught1 accompanied by such a tremendous retinue1 including a hundred and fifty professors1 a hundred and fifty students1 a hundred and fifty hounds1 a hundred and fifty male attendants1 and a hundred and fifty female relatives1 that even ,king ,guair's hospitality was grievously taxed2 for he not only had to provide a separate meal and separate bed for each1 but to minister to their daily craving for things that were extraordinary1 wonderful1 rare1 and difficult of procurement4 ,the mansion which contained the learned association was a special source of annoyance to ,king ,guair1 and at last the 8longing desires0 for unattainable things of ,muireann1 daughter of ,cun ,culli and wife of ,dallan1 the fostermother of the literati1 became so unendurable that ,guair1 tired of life1 proposed to pay a visit to ,fulachtach ,mac ,owen1 a person whom he thought especially likely to rid him of that burden1 as he had killed his father1 his six sons1 and his three brothers4 ,happily for him1 however1 he falls in with his brother ,marbhan1 8the prime prophet of heaven and earth10 who had adopted the position of royal swineherd in order that he might the more advantageously indulge his passion for religion and devotion among the woods and desert places2 and ,marbhan eventually revenges the trouble and ingratitude shown to his brother by imposing upon ,senchan and the great ,bardic ,association the task of recovering the lost tale of the ,tin ,b ,chuailgn1 or ,great ,cattle ,spoil of ,cuailgne4 ,after a vain search for it in ,scotland1 ,senchan returned home and invited the following distinguished saints1 ,s4 ,colum ,cille1 ,s4 ,caillin of ,fiodhnacha1 ,s4 ,ciaran1 ,s4 ,brendan of ,birra1 and ,s4 ,brendan the son of ,finnlogha1 to meet him at the grave of the great ,ulster chief1 ,feargus ,mac ,roigh--who had led the ,connaught men against the ,ulster men during the spoil1 of which also he appears to have been the historian--to try by prayer and fasting to induce his spirit to relate the tale4 ,after they had fasted three days and three nights1 the apparition of ,feargus rose before them1 clad in a green cloak with a collared1 gold ribbed shirt and bronze sandals1 and carrying a golden hilted sword1 and recited the whole from beginning to end4 ,and ,s4 ,ciaran then and there wrote it down on the hide of his pet cow1 which he had had made for the purpose into a book1 which has ever since borne this name4 ,the volume contains matter of a very miscellaneous character3 ,a fragment of ,genesis2 a fragment of ,nennius' ,history of the ,britons1 done into ,gaelic by ,gilla ,caomhain1 who died before #ajgb2 an amhra or elegy on ,s4 ,colum ,cille1 written by ,dallan ,forgail1 the poet1 in #eib2 fragments of the historic tale of the ,mesca ,uladh1 or ,inebriety of the ,ulstermen2 fragments of the cattlespoils ,tin ,bo ,dartadha and ,tin ,bo ,flidais2 the navigation of ,madduin about the ,atlantic for three years and seven months2 imperfect copies of the ,tin ,b ,chuailgn1 the destruction of the ,bruighean da ,dearga1 or ,court of ,da ,dearga1 and murder of ,king ,conair ,mr2 a history of the great pagan cemeteries of ,erinn and of the various old books from which this and other pieces were compiled2 poems by ,flann of ,monasterboice and others2 together with various other pieces of history and historic romance chiefly referring to the ante,christian period1 and especially that of the ,tuatha ,d ,danann4 ,three pages1 containing curious prayers and the legend of ,the ,withering of ,cuchulain and the ,birds of ,emer1 extracted from the ,leabhar buidh ,slaine1 or ,yellow ,book of ,slane1 one of the ancient lost books of ,ireland from which the ,leabhar na h,uidhr was compiled1 have been selected4 ,the ,book of ,leinster1 a folio of over four hundred pages1 appears as the next4 ,it was compiled in the first half of the ,x,i,ith century by ,finn ,mac ,gorman1 ,bishop of ,kildare1 by order of ,aedh ,mac ,crimhthainn1 the tutor of ,dermot1 ,king of ,leinster4 ,among other pieces of internal evidence pointing to this conclusion are the following entries1 the first in the original hand1 the second by one strange but ancient1 translated and quoted by ,o',curry3 8,benedictions and health from ,finn1 the ,bishop of ,kildare1 to ,aedh ,mac ,crimhtain1 the tutor of the chief ,king of ,leth ,mogha ,nuadut 7or of ,leinster and ,munster71 successor of ,colaim ,mic ,crumtaind of1 and chief historian of1 ,leinster1 in wisdom1 intelligence1 and the cultivation of books1 knowledge1 and learning4 ,and ,i write the conclusion of this little tale for thee1 ,o acute ,aedh6 thou possessor of the sparkling intellect4 ,may it be long before we are without thee6 ,it is my desire that thou shouldst always be with us4 ,let ,mac ,loran's book of poems be given to me1 that ,i may understand the sense of the poems that are in it2 and farewell in ,christ4 8,o ,mary6 it is a great deed that has been done in ,erinn this day1 the ,kalends of ,august--,diarmait ,mac ,donnchadda ,mic ,murchada1 ,king of ,leinster and of the ,danes 7of ,dublin71 to have been banished over the sea eastwards by the men of ,erinn6 ,uch1 uch1 ,o ,lord6 what shall ,i do80 ,the more important of the vast number of subjects treated of in this ,,ms4 are mentioned as being3 ,the usual book of invasions2 ancient poems2 a plan and explanation of the banquetinghall of ,tara2 a copy of ,the ,battle of ,ross na ,righ in the beginning of the ,christian era2 a copy of the ,mesca ,uladh1 and one of the origin of the ,borromean ,tribute1 and the battle that ensued2 a fragment of the battle of ,ceannabrat1 with the defeat of ,mac ,con by ,oilioll ,olium1 his flight into1 and return from1 ,scotland with ,scottish and ,british adventurers1 his landing in ,galway ,bay1 and the defeat of ,art1 monarch of ,erinn1 and slaughter of ,olium's seven sons at the battle of ,magh ,mucruimh2 a fragment of ,cormac's ,glossary2 another of the wars between the ,danes and ,irish2 a copy of the ,dinnsenchus2 genealogies of ,milesian families2 and an ample list of the early saints of ,erinn1 with their pedigrees and affinities1 and with copious references to the situation of their churches4 ,the volume belongs to ,trinity ,college1 ,dublin4 ,three pages have been selected4 ,the first contains a copy of the poem on the ,teach ,miodhchuarta of ,tara--a poem so ancient that of its date and author no record remains--and of the groundplan of the banquetinghall by which the poem was illustrated1 published by ,dr4 ,petrie in his ,history and ,antiquities of ,tara ,hill4 ,the groundplan1 which in this copy is nearly square1 is divided into five compartments lengthwise1 the centre and broadest of which contains the door1 a rudelydrawn figure of a daul or waiter turning a gigantic spit1 furnished with a joint of meat1 before a fire1 the lamps1 and a huge doublehanded vase or amphora for the cup bearer to distribute4 ,this great spit1 called ,bir ,nechin1 or the spit of ,nechin1 the chief smith of ,tara1 which in the drawing is half the length of the hall1 appears to have been so mechanically contrived as to be able to be coiled up after use2 and the instrument is thus described in another ,,ms4 belonging to ,trinity ,college1 ,dublin1 quoted by ,dr4 ,petrie3 8,a stick at each end of it1 and its axle was wood1 and its wheel was wood1 and its body was iron2 and there were twice nine wheels on its axle1 that it might turn the faster2 and there were thirty spits out of it1 and thirty hooks and thirty spindles1 and it was as rapid as the rapidity of a stream in turning2 and thrice nine spits and thrice nine cavities 7or pots7 and one spit for roasting1 and one wing used to set it in motion40 ,in the two compartments on either side are enumerated in order of precedence the various officers and retainers of the king's household1 together with their tables and the particular portions of meat served out to each1 forming a very curious and instructive illustration of the social condition and habits of the early ,irish4 ,the description of the rations that were considered specially adapted to the several ranks of consumers is very amusing4 ,for the distinguished men of literature1 8the soft1 clean1 smooth entrails10 and a steak cut from the choicest part of the animal1 were set aside2 the poet had a 8good smooth0 piece of the leg2 the historian1 8a crooked bone10 probably a rib2 the artificers1 8a pig's shoulder02 the ,druids and aire dessa1 a 8fair foot40 ,these last are said to decline to drink2 not so the trumpeters and cooks1 who are to be allowed 8cheering mead in abundance1 not of a flatulent kind40 ,the doorkeeper1 8the noisy1 humorous fool and the fierce1 active kerne0 had the chine2 while to the satirists and the braigitore1 a class of buffoons whose peculiar function was to amuse the company after a fashion which will not only not bear description1 but almost defies belief--licensed and paid ,aethons of the court--8the fat of the shoulder was divided to them pleasantly40 ,the selection is continued by the ,leabhar ,breac1 or ,speckled ,book1 probably named from the color of its cover1 or1 as it was formerly called1 ,leabhar ,mr ,duna ,doighr1 the ,great ,book of ,dun ,doighr1 a place on the ,galway side of the ,shannon not far from ,athlone4 ,it is a compilation from various ancient books belonging chiefly to churches and monasteries in ,conaught1 ,munster1 and ,leinster1 beautifully written on vellum1 as is supposed about the close of the ,x,i,vth century1 by one of the ,mac ,ogans1 a literary family of great repute belonging to ,dun ,doighr4 ,its contents are of an extremely miscellaneous character1 and they are all1 with the exception of a copy of ,the ,life of ,alexander the ,great from the ,v,i,ith century1 ,,ms4 of ,s4 ,berchan of ,clonsost1 of a religious nature1 comprising ,biblical narratives1 homilies1 hymns2 pedigrees of saints1 litanies and liturgies1 monastic rules1 the ,martyrology of ,aengus ,cul ,d1 or the ,culdee1 the ancient rules of discipline of the order of the ,culdees1 etc41 etc4 ,when the ,abb ,mac ,geoghegan wrote his ,history of ,ancient ,erinn in ,paris1 in the year #ageh1 this volume1 his principal ,,ms4 of reference1 was in ,paris4 ,it is now in the ,royal ,irish ,academy4 ,three pages have been selected for facsimiles1 giving a description of the nature and arrangement of the ,flir1 or ,festology of ,aengus the ,culdee1 and the date and object of its composition1 which was made between the years #gic and #hag1 when ,aedh ,oirdnidhe was monarch of ,erinn4 ,then comes the ,leabhar ,buidhe ,lecain1 or ,yellow ,book of ,lecain1 a large quarto volume of about five hundred pages1 which was written by ,donnoch and ,gilla ,isa ,mac ,firbis in the year #acij1 with the exception of a few tracts of a somewhat later date4 ,o',curry1 in his ninth lecture1 supposes it to have been originally a collection of ancient historical pieces1 civil and ecclesiastical1 in prose and verse4 ,in its present imperfect state it contains a number of family and political poems2 some monastic rules2 a description of ,tara and its banquetinghall2 a translation of part of the ,book of ,genesis2 the ,feast of ,dunnan ,gedh and the battle of ,magh ,rath2 an account of the reign of ,muirchertach ,mac ,erca1 and his death at the palace of ,cleitech in the year #ebg2 copies of cattle spoils1 of the ,bruighean ,da ,dearga1 and death of the king2 the tale of ,maelduin's three years' wanderings in the ,atlantic2 tracts concerning the banishment of an ancient tribe from ,east ,meath1 and their discovery in the ,northern ,ocean by some ,irish ecclesiastics2 accounts of battles in the years #eid1 #fcd1 and #gah1 and many other curious and valuable pieces and tracts4 ,it is preserved in the ,library of ,trinity ,college1 ,dublin4 ,two pages have been selected4 ,the first contains the plan of the ,teach ,miodchuarta of ancient ,tara1 with a portion of the prose preface to the poem1 which the plan is intended to illustrate4 ,this groundplan differs somewhat in the shape of the hall and the arrangement of the tables from that given in the ,book of ,leinster1 an earlier copy of a different original4 ,it is also very much superior to it1 both as regards the drawing and writing4 ,the daul and his spit are unrepresented here1 but there is the door1 the common hall1 the swinging lamp and candles1 the great doublehanded vase1 called the dabhach or vat1 and three places marked out for the fires4 ,the arrangement of the hall appears to have been this3 ,each of the two outside compartments contained twelve seats1 and each seat three sitters2 the two airidins or divisions on either side of the centre of the hall held each eight seats and sixteen sitters4 ,there were eight distributors1 cupbearers1 and herdsmen at the upper end of the hall1 and two sat in each of the two seats on either side of the door1 being the two doorkeepers and two of the royal fools4 ,the daily allowance for dinner was two cows1 two salted hogs1 and two pigs4 ,the quantity of liquor consumed is not specified1 but the poem states that there were one hundred drinkings in the vat1 and that the vat was supplied with fifty grooved golden horns and fifty pewter vessels4 ,the order of precedence seems to have ranged from the top of the external division to the left on entering the hall2 then to the top of the external division to the right2 then the two internal divisions beginning with the left2 then the iarthar or back part of the hall1 the upper end opposite the door2 and last the seats on either side of the door itself4 ,there is no seat marked for the king1 but it is stated in the poem that a fourth part of the hall was at his back and threefourths before him1 and he is supposed to have sat about a quarter of the way down the centre of the hall with his face toward the door1 which would place him between two of the great fires1 with the artisans on his right and the braziers and fools on his left hand4 ,it is probable1 however1 from no mention being made of the king's seat1 and no provision being made for him in the appropriation of the daily allowance of food1 which is specified in as many rations as there are persons mentioned in the plan1 that this is not the plan of the royal banquetinghall1 but of a portion of it only--the common dininghall for the officers and retainers of the palace2 the monarch himself and his princes and nobles1 none of whom are even alluded to in the plan1 dining in another and superior apartment4 ,the second page contains a portion of the sorrowful tale of the loves of fair ,deirdr and ,naoisi1 the son of ,uisneach1 one of the class of ,irish legends called ,aithidh1 or elopements4 ,an outline of this story1 in the commencement of which the reader will recognize that of one of his early nursery favorites1 8,little ,snow ,white10 is given by ,keating in his ,general ,history of ,ireland4 ,the ,book of ,lecain ,mac ,firbisigh1 a folio of more than six hundred pages1 was compiled in the year #adah by ,gilla ,isa ,mr ,mac ,firbis1 ,adam ,o',cuirnin1 and ,morogh ,riabhac ,o',cuindlis4 ,its contents are nearly the same as those of ,the ,book of ,ballymote1 to some of which it furnishes valuable additions1 among the most important of which is a tract on the families and subdivisions of the territory of ,tir ,fiachrach in the present county of ,sligo4 ,the volume is preserved in the ,royal ,irish ,academy4 ,four pages have been selected1 being a portion of a copy of the ,leabhar na g,ceart1 or ,book of ,rights1 a metrical work attributed in the work itself to ,s4 ,benean or ,benignus1 ,s4 ,patrick's earliest convert1 and his successor in the ,archbishopric of ,armagh in the middle of the ,vth century4 ,these four pages1 which are written in columnar form1 contain the concluding ten verses of the stipends due to the chieftainries of ,connacht from the supreme ,king of ,cruachain2 the metrical accounts1 with their preceding prose abstracts1 of the privileges of the ,king of ,aileach2 the payment and stipends of the same king to his chieftainries and tribes for refection and escort2 the privileges of the ,king of the ,oirghialla with the stipends due to him from the ,king of ,erinn1 and by him to his chieftainries2 the rights1 wages1 stipends1 refections1 and tributes of the ,king of ,eamhain and ,uladh2 and almost all the prose abstract of the rights of the ,king of ,tara4 ,the ,book of ,ballymote1 a large folio volume of five hundred and two pages of vellum1 was written1 as stated on the dorse of folio #fb1 at ,ballymote1 in the house of ,tomaltach oig ,mac ,donogh1 ,lord of ,corann1 during the reign of ,torlogh oig1 the son of ,hugh ,o',conor1 ,king of ,connaught4 ,it appears to be the work of different hands1 but the principal scribes employed in writing it were ,solomon ,o',droma and ,manus ,o',duigenann1 and it was written at the end of the ,x,i,vth century4 ,it contains an imperfect copy of the ,leabhar ,gabhala1 or ,book of ,invasions1 a series of ancient chronological1 historical1 and genealogical pieces in prose and verse2 the pedigrees of ,irish saints1 and the histories and pedigrees of all the great families of the ,milesian race1 with their collateral branches1 so that1 as ,o',curry remarks1 there is scarcely any one whose name begins with 8,o'0 or 8,mac0 who could not find out all about his origin and family in this book2 then follow stories and adventures1 lists of famous ,irish names1 a ,gaelic translation of ,nennius' ,history of the ,britons1 an ancient grammar and prosody1 and various other tracts4 ,six pages have been selected4 ,the first four contain the dissertation on the ,ogham characters1 and the last two the genealogy of the ,hy ,nialls1 showing their descent from ,eremon1 one of the sons of ,milesius4 ,the volume belongs to the ,irish ,academy4 ,the last in ,mr4 ,sanders' list of the great volumes of ,irish ,history is the ,book of ,m',carthy ,riabhac1 a compilation of the ,x,i,vth century--in language of a much earlier date--now also known as the ,book of ,lismore1 to which a very curious story attaches4 ,it was first discovered in the year #ahad1 enclosed in a wooden box together with a fine old crosier1 built into the masonry of a closedup doorway which was reopened during some repairs that were being made in the old ,castle of ,lismore4 ,of course the account of its discovery soon got abroad and became a matter of great interest1 especially to the antiquarian class of scholars4 ,among these there happened to be then living in ,shandon ,street1 ,cork1 one ,mr4 ,dennis ,o',flinn1 a professed ,irish scholar4 ,o',curry says that he was a 8professed but a very indifferent0 one2 but at any rate his reputation was sufficiently well grounded to induce ,colonel ,curry1 the ,duke of ,devonshire's agent1 to send him the ,,ms4 ,according to ,o',flinn's own account1 the book remained in his hands for one year1 during which time it was copied by ,michael ,o',longan1 of ,carrignavan1 near ,cork2 after which ,o',flinn bound it in boards1 and returned it to ,colonel ,curry4 ,from that time it remained locked up and unexamined until #ahci1 when the duke lent it to the ,royal ,irish ,academy to be copied by ,o',curry1 and ,o',curry's practised eye and acumen soon discovered that much harm had come to the volume during its sojourn in ,shandon ,street4 ,the book had been mutilated1 and1 what was worse1 mutilated in so cunning a way that what remained was rendered valueless by the abstraction1 no doubt with the view of enhancing the value of the stolen portions as soon as it should become safe to pretend a discovery of them4 ,every search was made1 especially by ,o',curry1 about ,cork1 to see if any of the missing pages could be found2 but it was not till seven or eight years afterwards that a communication was made that a large portion of the original ,,ms4 was actually in the possession of some person in ,cork1 but who the person was1 or how he became possessed of it1 the informant could not tell4 ,this clue seems to have failed2 but soon afterwards the late ,sir ,william ,betham's collection of ,,mss4 passed into the library of the ,royal ,irish ,academy by sale1 and among these were copies of the lost portions1 and all made1 as the scribe himself states at the end of one of them1 by himself1 ,michael ,o',longan1 at the house of ,dennis ,ban ,o',flinn1 in ,cork1 in #ahaf1 from the ,book of ,lismore4 ,the missing portions of the ,,ms4 were at length traced1 and the #ej asked for them was offered by the ,royal ,irish ,academy2 but the negotiation ultimately broke down1 and they were purchased by ,mr4 ,hewitt1 of ,summerhill1 near ,cork4 ,since that time1 however1 they have been restored1 and the whole volume excellently repaired and handsomely bound by the ,duke of ,devonshire1 who has most liberally allowed it to remain in ,mr4 ,sanders' possession for the purpose of copying4 ,whether ,o',flinn actually mutilated the volume or not1 there can be no doubt that pages and pages of it have been ruined and will eventually be rendered illegible by the most reckless use of that pernicious chemical agent1 infusion of galls4 ,besides this1 ,mr4 ,o',flinn has written his name in several places of the book1 among others all over the colored initial letter of one of the tracts1 which he has entirely spoiled by filling in the open spaces with the letters of his name and the date of the outrage4 ,but perhaps the most characteristic act performed by him is the interpolation of an eulogistic ode upon himself in ,gaelic1 of which the following is a literal translation3 8,upon the dressing of this book by ,d4 ,o',f41 he said 7or sang7 as follows3 8',o old chart6 forget not1 wheresoever you are taken1 ,to relate that you met with the ,doctor of ,books2 ,that helped you1 out of compassion1 from severe bondage1 ,after finding you in forlorn state without a tatter about you1 as it should be4 ,under the disparagement of the ignorant who liked not to know you1 ,till you met by chance with learned goodnature from the person7#eg7 ,who put healing herbs with zeal to thy old wounds1 ,and liberally put bloom on you at your old age1 ,and baptized you the ,book of ,lismore4 ,forget not this friend that esteemed your figure1 ,distinguishing you1 7though7 of unseemly appearance1 in humble words4 ,i doubt not that truly you will declare to them there ,that you met with your fond friend ere you went to dust40 ,the book contains ancient lives of ,irish saints1 written in very pure ,gaelic2 the conquests of ,charlemagne1 translated from ,archbishop ,turpin's celebrated romance of the ,v,i,i,ith century2 the conversion of the ,pantheon into a ,christian church2 the stories of ,david1 son of ,jesse1 the two children1 ,samhain1 the three sons of ,cleirac2 the ,imtheacht na trom daimh2 the story of ,s4 ,peter's daughter ,petronilla and the discovery of the ,sibylline ,oracle2 an account of ,s4 ,gregory the ,great2 the ,empress ,justina's heresy2 modifications of minor ceremonies of the ,mass2 accounts of the successors of ,charlemagne1 and of the correspondence between ,lanfranc and the clergy of ,rome2 extracts from ,marco ,polo's ,travels2 accounts of ,irish battles and sieges2 and a dialogue between ,s4 ,patrick1 ,caoilt1 ,mac ,ronain1 and ,oisin 7,ossian71 the son of ,fionn ,mac ,cumhaill1 in which many hills1 rivers1 caverns1 etc41 in ,ireland1 are described1 and the etymology of their names recorded4 ,this last is preluded by an account of the departure of ,oisin and ,caoilt on a hunting expedition1 during which their gillie sees and is much troubled by a very strange spectacle4 ,as this tale furnishes a good example of the contents of these ancient books1 we subjoin a translation of the commencement of it47#eh7 8,on a certain time it happened that ,oisin and ,cailte were in ,dun ,clithar 7the sheltered or shady ,dun7 at ,slieve ,crott4 ,it was the time that ,patrick came to ,ireland4 ,it is there dwelt a remnant of the ,fenians1 namely1 ,oisin and ,cailte and three times nine persons in their company4 ,they followed this custom3 about nine persons went out hunting daily4 ,on a certain day it chanced that ,cailte ,mac ,ronain set out with eight persons 7big men7 and a boy 7gilla71 the ninth4 ,the way they went was northward to the twelve mountains of ,eibhlinn and to the head of the ancient ,moy ,breogan4 ,on their returning from the chase at the cheerless close of the day they came from the north to ,corroda ,cnamhchoill4 ,then was ,fear ,gair ,cailte's gilla loaded with the choice parts of the chase in charge1 because he had no care beyond that of ,cailte himself1 from whom he took wages4 ,the gilla comes to the stream1 and takes ,cailte's cup from his back and drinks a drink of the stream4 ,whilst the gilla was thus drinking the eight great men went their way southward1 mistaking the road1 and the gilla following afterwards4 ,then was heard the noise of the large host1 and the gilla proceeds to observe the multitude2 bushes and a bank between them4 ,he saw in the fore front of the crowd a strange band2 it seemed to him one hundred and fifty were in this band4 ,they appeared thus3 robes of pure white linen upon them1 a head chief with them1 and bent standards in their hands2 shields1 broadstreaked with gold and silver1 bright shining on their breasts2 their faces pale1 pitiably feminine1 and having masculine voices1 and every man of them humming a march4 ,the gilla followed his people1 and did not overtake them till he came to the huntingbooth1 and he came possessed1 as he thinks1 with the news of the strange troop he had seen1 and casts his burden on the ground1 goes round it1 places his elbows under1 and groans very loudly4 ,it was then that ,cailte ,mac ,ronain said3 #8,well1 gilla1 is it the weight of your burden affects you8' #8,not so1' replied the gilla2 #8when is large the burden1 so great is the wages you give to me4 ,this does not affect me2 but that wonderful multitude ,i saw at the hut of ,cnamhchoill4 ,the first band that ,i saw of that strange crowd filled me with the pestilent1 heavy complaint of the news of this band4' #8,give its description1' said ,cailte4 #8,there seemed to me an advanced guard of one hundred and fiftysix men1 pure white robes upon them1 a head leader to them1 bent standards in their hands1 broad shields on their breasts1 having feminine faces and masculine voices1 and every single man of them humming a march4' ,wonder seized the old ,fenian on hearing this4 #8,these are they1' said ,oisin--#8the ,tailginn 7holy race71 foretold by our ,druids and ,fionn to us1 and what can be done with them8 ,unless they be slain1 they shall ascend over us altogether4' #8,uch6' said ,oisin1 #8who amongst us can molest them8 ,for we are the last of the ,fenii1 and not with ourselves is the power in ,erinn1 nor the greatness1 nor pleasure but in the chase1 and as ancient exiles asserting the right1' said he2 and they remained so till came the next morning1 and there was nothing on their minds that night but these 7things74 ,cailte rose early the fore front of the day1 being the oldest of them1 and came out on the assemblymound4 ,the sun cleared the fog from the plains1 and ,cailte said3 4440 ,the procession thus described as having been seen by the gillie was probably one of ecclesiastics1 with ,s4 ,patrick himself at their head1 on the saint's first arrival in ,ireland4 ,the foregoing sketches of certain of the ,,mss41 extracts from which are intended to appear in the series of facsimiles1 may serve to convey an idea of how rich ,ireland is in such national records1 what an immense mass of historical and romantic literature her libraries contain1 and how great is their antiquity4 ,besides the evidence afforded by these books1 both as to the ancient social1 political1 and ecclesiastical history of ,ireland1 and its topography1 the books themselves are found to be full of illustrations of the customs1 mode of life1 manners1 and costume of her early ,celtic inhabitants2 often conveyed through the medium of charming legends and fairy tales4 ,annals ,of ,the ,moss,troopers4 ,outlawry was never carried to a greater degree of systematic organization1 or practised on a larger and more dignified scale1 than during the centuries of ,border warfare between the ,english and ,scottish chieftains4 ,the only parallel to this warfare was furnished by the raids of the ,free ,companions in medival ,italy2 but the mercenary element in the organization of those formidable bodies of professional marauders destroys the interest which we might otherwise have felt in their daring feats of arms4 ,the warfare of the ,border was essentially a national outburst2 the 8mosstroopers10 although trained soldiers1 were also householders and patriarchs4 ,their stake in the country they alternately plundered and defended was a substantial one4 ,the field of their prowess was never far from home4 ,each retainer1 insignificant as he might be1 humble as his position in the troop might be1 had yet a personal interest in the raid2 and revenge1 as well as plunder1 was the avowed object of an expedition4 ,there was never any changing of allegiance from one side to the other2 the tie of blood and clanship welded the whole troop into one family4 ,the ,border1 or debatable land between the rival kingdoms of ,england and ,scotland1 bristled with strongholds1 all of historical name and fame3 ,newark and ,branxholm 7which ,sir ,walter ,scott in his ,lay of the ,last ,minstrel has euphonized into ,branksome71 held by the allpowerful ,scotts of ,buccleugh2 ,crichtoun ,castle1 the successive property of the ,crichtouns1 the ,bothwells1 and the ,buccleughs1 and1 while in the hands of its original owners1 the haughty defier of ,king ,james ,,iii4 of ,scotland2 ,gifford or ,yester 7it bears either name indifferently71 famous for its ,hobgoblin ,hall1 or1 as the people call it1 8,bo,hall10 a large cavern formed by magical art2 ,tantallon ,hold1 the retreat of the ,douglas1 in which the family held out manfully against ,james ,v4 until its chief1 the ,earl of ,angus1 was recalled from exile4 ,of this expedition it is related that the king marched in person upon the castle1 and1 to reduce it1 borrowed from the neighboring ,castle of ,dunbar two great cannons whose names were 8,thrawnmouthed ,meg and her ,marrow02 also two great bolcards1 and two moyan1 two double falcons and two quarterfalcons1 for the safe guiding and redelivery of which 8three lords were laid in pawn at ,dunbar40 ,notwithstanding all this mighty preparation1 the king was forced to raise the siege4 ,the ruin of ,tantallon was reserved for the ,covenanters1 and now there remains nothing of it save a few walls standing on a high rock overlooking the ,german ,ocean and the neighboring town of ,berwickupon ,tweed4 ,ford ,castle1 the patrimony of the ,herons1 had a better fate1 and stands in altered and modernized guise1 the centre of civilizing and peaceful influences1 the residence of a model ,lady of the ,manor1 overlooking1 not the wild ocean1 but a pretty village1 faultlessly neat1 and a ,gothic school filled with frescos of ,bible subjects1 executed by the ,lady ,bountiful1 the benefactress of the neighborhood4 ,yet ,ford ,castle had a stormy1 stirring past1 and stands not far from the historic field of ,flodden1 where tradition says that1 but for the tardiness of the king's movements--an effect due to the siren charms of ,lady ,ford--,james ,,iv4 might have been victorious4 ,in the castle is still shown the room where the king slept the night before the battle1 and only five or six miles away lies the fatal field1 on which1 ,marmion in hand the curious traveller may still make out each knoll1 the ,bridge of ,twisel1 by which the ,english under ,surrey crossed the ,till1 the hillock commanding the rear of the ,english right wing1 which was defeated1 and in conflict with whom ,scott's imaginary hero1 ,marmion1 is supposed to have fallen4 ,very curious are the accounts of the various fights and forays given by the chroniclers of the middle ages1 especially in their utter unconsciousness of anything unusual or derogatory in this almost internecine warfare4 ,their simplicity in itself presents the key to the situation4 ,in reading their graphic1 matteroffact descriptions1 one needs to transport one's self into a totally different atmosphere4 ,we must read these racy accounts in the same spirit in which they were written1 if we would understand aright the age in which our forefathers lived4 ,we are not called upon to sit in judgment over the irrevocable past1 but to study it as a fact not to be overlooked1 and a useful storehouse of warning or example4 ,the possession of the king's person was sometimes the origin of terrible clanfeuds among the warlike ,scottish imitators of the ,frankish 8,maires du ,palais40 ,thus1 on one occasion1 in #aebf1 the chronicler ,pitscottie informs us that ,james ,v41 then a minor1 had fallen under the selfassumed guardianship of the ,earl of ,angus1 backed by his own clan of ,douglas and his allies1 the ,lairds of ,hume1 ,cessfoord1 and ,fernyhirst1 the chiefs of the clan of ,kerr47#ei7 8,the ,earl of ,angus and the rest of the ,douglases ruled all which they liked1 and no man durst say the contrary40 ,the king1 who wished to get out of their hands1 sent a secret letter to ,scott of ,buccleugh1 warden of the ,west ,marches of ,scotland1 praying him to gather his kin and friends1 meet the ,douglas at ,melrose1 and deliver him 7,james7 from his vassal's power4 ,the loyal ,scot gathered about six hundred spears1 and came to the tryst4 ,when the ,douglases and ,kerrs saw whom they had to deal with1 they said to the king1 8,sir1 yonder is ,buccleugh1 and thieves of ,annandale with him1 to unbeset your grace from the gate 7i4e41 interrupt your passage74 ,i vow to ,god they shall either fight or flee1 and ye shall tarry here on this know 7knoll71 and ,i shall pass and put yon thieves off the ground1 and rid the gate unto your grace1 or else die for it40 ,scant courtesy in speech used those ,border heroes towards one another6 ,so an escort tarried to guard the king1 and the rest of the clans went forward to the field of ,darnelinver now ,darnick1 near ,melrose4 ,the place of conflict is still called ,skinner's ,field1 a corruption of ,skirmish ,field4 ,the chronicler tells us that ,buccleugh 8joyned and countered cruelly both the said parties 444 with uncertain victory4 ,but at the last the ,lord ,hume1 hearing word of that matter1 how it stood1 returned again to the king in all possible haste1 with him the ,lairds of ,cessfoord and ,fernyhirst1 to the number of fourscore spears1 and set freshly on the lap and wing of the ,laird of ,buccleugh's field1 and shortly bare them backward to the ground1 which caused the ,laird of ,buccleugh and the rest of his friends to go back and flee1 whom they followed and chased2 and especially the ,lairds of ,cessfoord and ,fernyhirst followed furiouslie1 till at the foot of a path the ,laird of ,cessfoord was slain by the stroke of a spear by one ,elliott1 who was then servant to the ,laird of ,buccleugh4 ,but when the ,laird of ,cessfoord was slain1 the chase ceased40 ,the ,borders were infested for many long years afterwards by marauders of both sides1 who kept up a deadly hereditary feud between the names of ,scott and ,kerr1 and finally1 after having been imprisoned and had his estates forfeited nine years later for levying war against the ,kerrs1 the bold ,buccleugh was slain by his foes in the streets of ,edinburgh in #aeeb1 twentysix years after the disastrous fight in which he had failed to rescue his sovereign4 ,it was seventy years before this ,border feud was finally quelled4 ,on the ,english side of the ,marches the same daredevilry existed1 the same speed in gathering large bodies of men was used1 the same quickness in warning and rousing the neighborhood4 ,equal enthusiasm was displayed whether the case were one of 8lynch law0 or of political intrigue1 as in the fight at ,darnelinver4 ,sir ,robert ,carey1 in his ,memoirs1 describes his duties as deputy warden for his brotherinlaw1 ,lord ,scroop4 ,the castle was near ,carlisle4 8,we had a stirring time of it10 he says1 8and few days passed over my head but ,i was on horseback1 either to prevent mischief or take malefactors1 and to bring the ,border in better quiet than it had been in times past40 ,hearing that two ,scotchmen had killed a churchman in ,scotland1 and were dwelling five miles from ,carlisle on the ,english side of the ,border1 under the protection of the ,graemes1 ,carey took about twentyfive horsemen with him1 and invested the ,graeme's house and tower4 ,as they did so1 a boy rode from the house at full speed1 and one of his retainers1 better versed in ,border warfare than the chief1 told him that in half an hour that boy would be in ,scotland to let the people know of the danger of their countrymen and the small number of those who had come from ,carlisle to arrest them4 8,hereupon10 says our author1 8we took advice what was best to be done4 ,we sent notice presently to all parts to raise the country1 and to come to us with all the speed they could2 and withal we sent to ,carlisle to raise the townsmen1 for without foot we could do no good against the tower4 ,there we stayed some hours1 expecting more company1 and within a short time after the country came in on all sides1 so that we were quickly between three and four hundred horse2 and after some longer stay1 the foot of ,carlisle came to us1 to the number of three or four hundred men1 whom we presently set to work to get to the top of the tower1 and to uncover the roof1 and then some twenty of them to fall down together1 and by that means to win the tower4 ,the ,scots1 seeing their present danger1 offered to parley1 and yielded themselves to my mercy40 ,but the victorious ,carlisleans had reckoned without their host4 ,from the hills and defiles around came pouring wildlooking mountaineers on rough1 wiry ponies1 farmhorses1 etc41 to the number of four hundred4 ,the prisoners ceased their pleading1 and looked eagerly towards their deliverers4 ,meanwhile1 the men of 8merry ,carlisle07#fj7 gave their perplexed chief more trouble than his enemies1 who 8stood at gaze0 a quarter of a mile from him2 for1 says he1 8all our ,borderers came crying with full mouths1 #8,sir1 give us leave to set upon them2 for these are they that have killed our fathers1 our brothers and uncles1 and our cousins1 and they are coming1 thinking to surprise you with weak grass nags1 such as they could get on a sudden2 and ,god hath put them into your hands1 that we may take revenge of them for much blood that they have spilt of ours4' 0 ,the warden was a conscientious man1 and had come here to execute justice against two malefactors1 not to encourage indiscriminate private revenge2 but even with his rank and vested authority he did not dare sternly to forbid a faction fight4 ,he only told them that1 had he not been there1 they might have done as best pleased them2 but that1 since he was present1 he should feel that all the blood spilt that day would be upon his own head1 and for his sake he entreated them to forbear4 8,they were illsatisfied10 he adds1 8but durst not disobey40 ,so he sent word to the ,scots to disperse1 which they did1 probably because they were unprepared to fight such a large and welldisciplined force1 having expected to find but a handful of men4 ,the necessity for delicate handling of this armed mob of ,english ,borderers points sufficiently to the curious standard of personal justice which prevailed in those wild times4 ,and yet1 strange to say1 while a ,border 8ride0 7alias foray7 was a thing of such ordinary occurrence that a saying is recorded of a mother to her son which soon became proverbial3 8,ride1 ,rowley1 hough's i' the pot0--that is1 the last piece of beef is in the pot1 and it is high time to go and fetch more--still it would sometimes happen1 as it did to ,james ,v4 of ,scotland1 that when an invasion of ,england was in contemplation1 and the royal lances gathered at the place where the king's lieges were to meet him1 only one baron would declare himself willing to go wherever the sovereign might lead4 ,this faithful knight was another of the loyal race of ,scott--,john ,scott of ,thirlestane1 to whom ,james1 in memory of his fidelity1 granted the privilege set forth in the following curious and rare charter3 8444 ,ffor the quhilk 7which7 cause1 it is our will1 and we do straitlie command and charg our lion herauld1 444 to give and to graunt to the said ,john ,scott ane border of ffleure de lises about his coatte of armes1 sic as is on our royal banner1 and alsua ane bundle of lances above his helmet1 with thir words1 ,readdy ay1 ,readdy1 that he and all his after cummers may bruik 7carry87 the samine as a pledge and taiken of our guid will and kyndnes for his true worthiness40 ,the list of the damages done in some of these ,border rides sounds strange in modern ears4 ,each country was a match for the other1 though the strong castles of ,wark1 ,norham1 and ,berwick in ,english hands were thorns in the side of the ,scottish ,borderers4 ,rowland ,foster of ,wark1 on the #afth of ,may1 #aegj1 harried the barony of ,blythe in ,lauderdale1 the property of ,sir ,richard ,maitland1 a blind knight of seventyfour years of age4 ,none of that country 8lippened0 7expected7 such a thing1 as it was in time of peace2 and despite what may have been said--and truly--as to their lawlessness1 the ,borderers had a code by which to regulate their actions4 ,the old man wrote a poetical account of the harrying1 calling the poem the ,blind ,baron's ,comfort1 and in the introduction he enumerates his losses3 five thousand sheep1 two hundred nolt1 thirty horses and mares1 and the whole furniture of his house1 worth #h #fs4 #h;d41 and everything else that was portable4 ,the sum represents some forty dollars4 ,in these narratives one feels it impossible to be very sorry for either party1 each was so thoroughly unable to take care of itself6 ,those who to day seem downtrodden victims of lawlessness will figure again a year hence as 8stark mosstroopers moss for marsh and arrant thieves2 both to ,england and ,scotland outlawed1 yet sometimes connived at because they gave intelligence forth to ,scotland1 and would raise four hundred horse at any time upon a raid of the ,english into ,scotland40 ,this was said of the ,graemes1 ,earls of ,monteith1 but was applicable1 mutatis mutandis1 to most of the ,borderers on both sides4 ,an old ,northumbrian ballad1 that survived in the ,north of ,england till within a hundred years1 and was commonly sung at merrymakings till the roof rang again1 gives forcible and rather coarse details as to the personal results of these forays4 ,it celebrates the ride of the ,thirlwalls and ,ridleys in the reign of ,henry ,,viii4 against the ,featherstons of ,featherston ,castle1 a few miles south of the ,tyne4 ,here is one of the rude stanzas3 8,i canno' tell a'1 ,i canno' tell a'1 ,some gat a skelp 7blow71 and some gat a claw2 ,but they gard the ,featherstons haud their jaw1 ,nicol and #8,alick and a'4 ,some gat a hurt1 and some gat nane2 ,some had harness1 and some gat sta'en 7stolen or plundered740 ,in later days ,sir ,walter ,scott wove the annals of the ,border into more tuneful rhyme1 and sang of the exploits of his bold countrymen with an enthusiasm worthy of his mosstrooping ancestors4 ,these old ballads1 and the recollections of ancient dames in whose youthful days the exploits celebrated in these ballads were not yet quite obsolete1 furnished him with much of his romantic materials4 ,the ,minstrelsy of the ,scottish ,border1 a collection of many such traditions1 is a storehouse of information upon these subjects4 ,we find descriptions of the caves and morasses which were the usual refuge of the marauders2 the banks of the ,teviot1 the ,ale1 the ,jed1 the ,esk1 were full of these caverns1 but even these hidingplaces were not always safe4 ,patten's ,account of ,somerset's ,expedition into ,scotland tells how 8,george ,ferres1 a gentleman of my ,lord ,protector1 happened on a cave0 the entrance to which showed signs of the interior being tenanted4 8,he wente doune to trie1 and was readilie receyved with a hakebut or two10 and when he found the foe determined to hold out1 8he wente to my lorde's grace1 and1 upon utterance of the thinge1 gat license to deale with them as he coulde0--which significantly simple statement meant that he was perfectly at liberty to do as he eventually did1 i4e41 smother them by stopping up the three ventes of the cave with burning faggots of damp wood4 ,the next case is one of national jealousy and instant reprisals4 ,the ,english ,earl of ,northumberland gives a graphic account of the double raid in a letter to ,king ,henry ,,viii4 ,he says that some ,scottish barons had threatened to come and give him 8light to put on his clothes at midnight10 and moreover that ,marke ,carr 7one of the same clan whose prowess was exercised against ,buccleugh7 said that1 8seying they had a governor on the ,marches of ,scotland as well as they had in ,england1 he shulde kepe your highness' instructions1 gyffyn unto your garyson1 for making of any day forey2 for he and his friends wolde burne enough on the nyght44440 ,then follows a detailed account of the inroad of thirty horsemen on the hamlet of ,whitell1 which they did not burn1 because 8there was no fyre to get there1 and they forgat to brynge any withe theyme60 ,but they killed a woman1 under circumstances of peculiar atrocity1 and departed4 ,the reprisals1 however1 were far worse4 ,the ,earl of ,murray1 who had winked at all this1 was chosen by the ,english as a scapegoat1 and a hundred of the best horsemen of ,glendaill 8dyd mar the ,earl of ,murreis provisions at ,coldingham1 for they did not only burn the said town of ,coldingham1 with all the corne thereunto belonging1 but also burned twa townes nye adjoining thereunto1 called ,branerdergest and the ,black ,hill and took xxiii4 persons1 lx4 horse1 with cc4 head of cataill1 which nowe1 as ,i am informed1 hathe not only been a staye of the said ,erle of ,murreis not coming to the ,bordure as yet1 but alsoo that none inlande will adventure theyrself uppon the ,marches4444 ,and also ,i have devysed that within this iii4 nyghts1 ,godde willing1 ,kelsey1 in like case1 shall be brent with all the corn in the said town1 and then they shall have noo place to lye any garyson nygh unto the ,borders40 ,the physical strength and rude cunning required for this daring life of perpetual warfare are well described in the stanza of ,the ,lay of the ,last ,minstrel referring to one of the ,border heroes of the clan of ,buccleugh3 8,a stark1 mosstrooping ,scott was he ,as e'er couch'd ,border lance by knee2 ,through ,solway sands1 through ,tarras moss1 ,blindfold he knew the paths to cross2 ,by wily turns1 by desperate bounds1 ,had baffled ,percy's best bloodhounds2 ,in ,eske or ,liddel fords were none1 ,but he would ride them one by one2 ,alike to him was time or tide1 ,december's snow or ,july's pride2 ,alike to him was tide or time1 ,moonless midnight or matin prime2 ,steady of heart and stout of hand ,as ever drove prey from ,cumberland2 ,five times outlaw'd had he been ,by ,england's king and ,scotland's queen40 ,we have already alluded to the origin of the name of the ,border riders4 ,fuller1 in his ,worthies of ,england1 says they are called mosstroopers 8because dwelling in the mosses 7marshes or morasses71 and riding in troops together2 they dwell in the bounds or meeting of the two kingdoms1 but obey the laws of neither4 ,they come to church as seldom as the #bith of ,february comes in the calendar40 ,their customs and laws are even more interesting than the details of their forays4 ,loyalty to each other was their first principle1 and on occasions when money could purchase the freedom of one of their number they invariably cast in their lots1 and made up a large common purse4 ,they were scrupulous in keeping their word of honor when passed to a traveller1 and ,fuller likens their dogged fidelity in these cases to that of a 8,turkish janizary02 but otherwise1 woe to him that fell into their hands6 ,their own selfimposed laws they observed for the most part faithfully1 and a breach of them was punished far more summarily than modern crimes in modern courts of law4 ,several species of offences peculiar to the ,border constituted what was called ,marchtreason4 ,among others was the crime of riding or causing to ride against the opposite country 7or clan7 during the time of truce4 ,such was the offence committed by ,rowland ,foster in his raid on the 8,blind ,baron10 though in his case the criminal was probably too powerful to be punished4 ,in one of the many truces signed in the olden time is one of #accd between the ,percys and the ,douglases1 in which it is accorded3 8,gif ony stellis 7steals7 anthir on the ta part or on the tothyr1 that he shall be hanget or beofdit 7beheaded72 and gif ony company stellis any gudes within the trieux 7truce7 beforesayd1 are of that company shall be hanget or beofdit1 and the remanant sail restore the gudys stolen in the dubble407#fa7 ,in doubtful cases the innocence of ,border criminals was often referred to their own oath4 ,the same work that quotes the above agreement also gives us the form of excusing bills by ,border oaths3 8,you shall swear by the heaven above you1 hell beneath you1 by your part of paradise1 by all that ,god made in six days and seven nights1 and by ,god himself1 you are whart out sackless of art1 part1 way1 witting1 ridd kenning1 having1 or recetting of any of the goods and cattels named in the bill4 ,so help you ,god40 ,it seems almost as if the ,borderers had consulted the catechism as to the nine ways of being accessory to another's sin1 so minute is the nomenclature of treasonable possibilities4 ,trial by single combat was also a favorite mode of clearing one's self from a criminal charge4 ,this was common in feudal times and throughout the ,x,v,ith century2 but time stood still in the ,borders1 as far as civilizing changes were concerned1 and even in the ,x,v,i,ith century a ceremonious indenture was signed between two champions of name and position1 binding them to fight to prove the truth or falsity of a charge of high treason made by one against the other4 ,the most ancient known collection of regulations for the ,border sets forth that in #adfh1 on the #ahth day of ,december1 ,earl ,william ,douglas assembled the whole lords1 freeholders1 and eldest ,borderers1 that best knowledge had1 at the ,college of ,linclouden1 8where he had them bodily sworn1 the ,holy ,gospel touched1 that they justlie and trulie after their cunning should decrete 444 the statutes1 ordinances1 and uses of the marche40 ,the earl further on is said to have thought these 8right speedful and profitable to the ,borders40 ,during the truces it was not unusual to have merrymakings and fairs1 to which1 however1 both ,scotch and ,english came fully armed4 ,football was from time immemorial a favorite ,border game1 but the national rivalry was such that the play often ended in bloodshed4 ,still1 there was no personal illfeeling1 and a rough sort of goodfellowship was kept up1 which was strengthened by intermarriages1 and was not supposed to debar either party from the right of prosecuting private vengeance1 even to death4 ,when1 however1 this revenge had been taken1 it would have been against ,border etiquette to retain any further illwill4 ,patten1 in his ,account of ,somerset's ,expedition into ,scotland1 remarks on the disorderly conduct of the ,english ,borderers who followed the ,lord ,protector4 ,he describes the camp as full of 8troublous and dangerous noyses all the nyghte longe1 444 more like the outrage of a dissolute huntynge than the quiet of a well ordered armye40 ,the ,borderers1 like masterless hounds1 howling1 whooping1 whistling1 crying out 8,a ,berwick1 a ,berwick6 a ,fenwick1 a ,fenwick6 a ,bulmer1 a ,bulmer60 paraded the camp1 creating confusion wherever they went1 and disturbing the more sober southern troops2 they used their own slogan or battlecry out of pure mischief and recklessness1 and totally disregarded all camp discipline4 ,yet in this land of defiles1 caverns1 and marshes their aid was too precious to be dispensed with1 and remonstrance was practically useless4 ,the pursuit of ,border marauders was often followed by the injured party and his friends with bloodhounds and buglehorn1 and was called the hot trod4 ,if his dog could trace the scent1 he was entitled to follow the invaders into the opposite kingdom1 which practice often led to further bloodshed4 ,a sure way of stopping the dog was to spill blood on the track2 and a legend of ,wallace's adventurous life relates a terrible instance of this4 ,an ,irishman in ,wallace's train was slain by the ,scottish fugitive1 and when the ,english came up with their hounds their pursuit was baffled4 ,but poetical justice required some counterbalancing doom1 and accordingly the legend tells us that1 when ,wallace took refuge in the lonely tower of ,gask1 and fancied himself safe1 he was speedily disturbed by the blast of a horn4 ,it was midnight4 ,he sent out attendants1 cautiously to reconnoitre1 but they could see nothing4 ,when he was left alone again1 the summons was repeated1 and1 sword in hand1 he went down to face the unknown4 ,at the gate of the tower stood the headless spectre of ,fawdoim1 the murdered man4 ,wallace1 in unearthly terror1 fled up into the tower1 tore open a window1 and leaped down fifteen feet to the ground to continue his flight as best he could4 ,looking back to ,gask1 he saw the tower on fire1 and the form of his victim1 dilated to an immense size1 standing on the battlements1 holding in his hand a blazing rafter4 ,the system of signals by beaconfires was common on the ,borders4 ,smugglers and their friends have now become the only remaining heirs to this practice1 which was once that in use by the noblest warriors of ,gaelic race in either island4 ,the origin of this custom was perfectly lawful2 indeed1 the ,scottish ,parliament1 in #adde1 directed that one bale or beaconfagot should be warning of the approach of the ,english in any manner2 two bales1 that they are coming indeed2 four bales blazing beside each other1 that the enemy are in great force4 ,a ,scotch historian tells us that in later times these beacons consisted of a long and strong tree set up1 with a long iron pole across the head of it1 and an iron brander fixed on a stalk in the middle of it for holding a tarbarrel4 ,it was a custom on the ,border1 and indeed in the ,highlands also1 for those passing through a great chieftain's domains to repair to the castle in acknowledgment of the chief's authority1 explain the purpose of their journey1 and receive the hospitality due to their rank4 ,to neglect this was held discourtesy in the great and insolence in the inferior traveller2 indeed1 so strictly was this etiquette insisted upon by some feudal lords that ,lord ,oliphaunt is said to have planted guns at his ,castle of ,newtyle in ,angus1 so as to command the highroad1 and compel all passengers to perform this act of homage4 ,sir ,walter ,scott1 in his ,provincial ,antiquities1 has hunted up a curious instance of the non fulfilment of this custom4 ,the ,lord of ,crichtoun ,castle1 on the ,tyne1 heard that ,scott of ,buccleugh was to pass his dwelling on his return from court4 ,a splendid banquet was prepared for the expected guest1 who nevertheless rode past the castle1 neglecting to pay his dutyvisit4 ,crichtoun was terribly incensed1 and pursued the discourteous traveller with a body of horse1 made him prisoner1 and confined him for the night in the castle dungeon4 ,he and his retainers1 meanwhile1 feasted on the good cheer that had been provided1 and doubtless made many valiant boasts against the imprisoned lord4 ,but with morning cometh prudence4 ,a desperate feud with a powerful clan was not desirable1 and such would infallibly have been the result of so rough a proceeding4 ,indeed1 it would have justified the ,buccleugh in biting his glove or his thumb--a gesture indicative on the ,border of a resolution of mortal revenge for a serious insult4 ,so1 to put matters right1 ,crichtoun not only delivered his prisoner and set him in the place of honor at his board the following day1 but himself retired into his own dungeon1 where he remained as many hours as his guest had done4 ,this satisfaction was accepted and the feud averted4 ,the ,borderers had a rough1 practical kind of symbolism in vogue among them2 and1 though they were not afraid of calling a spade a spade1 yet loved a significant allegory4 ,it is told of one of the marauding chiefs1 whose castle was a very robber's den1 that his mode of intimating to his retainers that the larder was bare1 and that they must ride for a supply of provisions1 was the appearance on the table of a pair of clean spurs in a covered dish4 ,like many brigand chiefs1 this ,scott of ,harden had a wife of surpassing beauty1 famed in song as the 8,flower of ,yarrow40 ,some very beautiful pastoral songs are attributed to a young captive1 said to have been carried as an infant to this eagle's nest1 built on the brink of a dark and precipitous dell4 ,he himself tells the story of how 8beauteous ,mary1 ,yarrow's fairest flower1 rescued him from the rough troopers who brought him into the courtyard of the castle40 8,her ear1 all anxious1 caught the wailing sound3 ,with trembling haste1 the youthful matron flew1 ,and from the hurried heaps an infant drew4 ,of milder mood the gentle captive grew1 ,nor loved the scenes that scared his infant view1 ,he lived o'er ,yarrow's ,flower to shed the tear1 ,to strew the hollyleaves o'er ,harden's bier4 ,he1 nameless as the race from which he sprung1 ,saved other names1 and left his own unsung40 ,work and pleasure were sometimes mingled in those royal expeditions called a chase1 which had so little to distinguish them from regular ,border forays4 ,law and no law were so curiously tangled together that each bore nearly the same outward features as the other--features especially romantic1 which both have now equally lost4 ,ettrick ,forest1 now a mountainous range of sheepwalks1 was anciently a royal pleasureground4 ,the hunting was an affair of national importance1 and in #aebh ,james ,v4 of ,scotland 8made proclamation to all lords1 barons1 gentlemen1 landwardmen1 and freeholders to pass with the king where he pleased1 to danton the thieves of ,teviotdale1 ,annandale1 and ,liddesdale 7we have heard this expression before in another mouth71 and other parts of that country1 and also warned all gentlemen that had good dogs to bring them1 that he might hunt in the said country as he pleased40 ,a very interesting account is given by one ,taylor1 a poet1 of the mode in which these huntings were conducted in the ,highlands4 ,this1 however1 is a sketch of a later day than that in which the mosstroopers were at their best1 but many of the characteristics of the scene suggest the earlier and hardly yet forgotten time of the true ,borderers4 ,he begins by enumerating the many 8truly noble and right honorable lords0 who were present1 and gives a detailed description of the dress which they wore in common with the peasantry1 8as if ,lycurgus had been there and made laws of equality40 ,the dress is the ,highland costume of today--a dress that has never changed since at least the beginning of this century4 ,the ,english poet evidently finds it very primitive1 and takes no notice of the difference of color or of mixing of color that distinguishes the various tartans4 ,he says3 8,as for their attire1 any man of what degree soever who comes amongst them must not disdain to wear it2 for if they do1 then they will disdain to hunt or willingly to bring in their dogs2 but if men be kind to them and be in their habit1 then they are conquered with kindness1 and the sport will be plentiful40 ,the gathering is of some fourteen or fifteen hundred or more men--a little city or camp4 ,small cottages built on purpose to lodge in1 and called lonquhards1 are here for the chiefs1 the kitchens whereof are always on the side of a bank4 ,a formidable list of provisions follows2 there are 8many kettles and pots boiling1 and many spits turning and winding1 with great variety of cheer1 as venison baked1 sodden1 rost1 and stewed beef1 mutton1 goats1 kids1 hares1 fresh salmon1 pigeons1 hens1 capons1 chickens1 partridges1 muircoots 7waterfowl71 heathcocks1 capercailzies and ptarmigans1 good ale1 sacke1 white and claret 7red7 tent1 or allegant1 with the most potent aquavit4 ,all these1 and more than these1 we had continually in superfluous abundance1 caught by falconers1 fowlers1 fishers1 and brought by my lord's tenants and purveyors to victual our camp1 which consisteth of fourteen or fifteen hundred men and horses4 ,the manner of the hunting is this3 ,five or six hundred men do rise early in the morning1 and they do disperse themselves divers ways1 and seven1 eight1 or ten miles compass2 they do bring or chase in the deer1 in many herds 7two1 three1 or four hundred in a herd71 to such or such a place as the noblemen shall appoint them2 then1 when day is come1 the lords and gentlemen of their companies do ride or go to the said places1 sometimes wading up to the middles through burns 7streams7 and rivers1 and then they1 being come to the place1 do lie down upon the ground till those foresaid scouts1 which are called the tinkhell1 do bring down the deer4 ,but as the proverb says of a bad cook1 so these tinkhell men do lick their own fingers2 for1 besides their bows and arrows1 which they carry with them1 we can hear now and then a harquebuss or a musket go off1 which they do seldom discharge in vain4 ,then after we had stayed there three hours or thereabouts1 we might perceive the deer appear on the hills round about us 7their heads making a show like a wood71 which1 being followed close by the tinkhell1 are chased down into the valley where we lay2 then all the valley1 on each side1 being waylaid with a hundred couple of strong ,irish greyhounds1 they are all let loose1 as occasion serves1 upon the herd of deer1 that with dogs1 guns1 arrows1 durks1 and daggers1 in the space of two hours1 fourscore fat deer were slain1 which after are disposed of1 some one way and some another1 twenty and thirty miles1 and more than enough left for us1 to make merry withal at our rendezvous40 ,doubtless the scene must have been very picturesque before the battue began2 but as sport what could be more unsatisfactory8 ,for once modern customs seem to excel ancient ones1 and the ,scotch deerstalker of today1 in his arduous1 solitary walk over the moors and through the forests1 is a much more enviable personage than the high and mighty huntsman of ,king ,james' train4 ,the best sport recorded in this curious narrative was the result of the unauthorized shots heard in the distance1 when the tinkhell men could not resist the temptation of 8licking their own fingers40 ,it was the result of all these centuries of wild life and romantic lawlessness that made ,scotland so safe a retreat for the unfortunate ,prince ,charlie after the last stand had been so loyally and unsuccessfully made at ,culloden in #agde4 ,personal fidelity to a beloved chieftain1 and an habitual disregard of all laws of the 8,southron0 that clashed with their own immemorial customs1 made of the ,scottish people the most perfect partisans in the world4 ,even at this day1 when they are famed for their thriftiness1 their amenableness to law1 their eminently peaceful qualities1 a strong undercurrent of romance lies at the bottom of their surface tranquillity4 ,the organization of clanship has disappeared1 but the feeling that put life into that system is itself living yet4 ,the humblest ,scotsman is a born genealogist1 and privately considers the blood of the laird under whose protection or in whose service he lives as immeasurably bluer than that of the ,german royal family that sits in the high places of ,england2 and a characteristic instance of the clinging affection with which the national nomenclature of rank is still looked upon by the ,scottish peasantry was afforded not many years ago1 when the tenants of ,lord ,breadalbane were required to conform to modern usage1 and address their master as 8my lord40 8,what60 they exclaimed1 8call the ,breadalbane my lord1 like any paltry ,southron chiel 7fellow780 ,they thought--and rightly1 as it seems to us--that the old appellation1 8the ,breadalbane10 as if he were sovereign on his own lands1 and the only one of the name who needed no title to distinguish him from others of his kin1 was the only fitting one for their chief4 ,the ,english title of marquis was nothing to that4 ,the superstitions of the ,border1 those of early times and those whose traces remain even to this day1 are another interesting phase in the annals of the mosstroopers1 but they would occupy more space than we have now at command4 ,we will close this sketch by quoting an old saying that shows that some at least of the ,border chieftains1 doubtless through the influence of their wives1 had not relinquished all reverent belief in the things of the world to come4 ,they may not always have acted up to what they believed2 and indeed so wise a maxim as the following1 if carried out in practice to its furthest limit1 would have caused the pious ,borderer to retire altogether from his adventurous 8profession10 unless1 indeed1 the obscure sentence in the second line of the couplet1 8,keep well the rod10 could have been twisted into an injunction to him to become an embodiment of poetical justice in the eyes of less discriminating mosstroopers4 ,the inscription is found over an arched door at ,branxholm or ,branksome ,castle1 and is in old blackletter type3 ,in varld4 is4 nocht4 nature4 hes4 vrought4 yat4 sal4 lest4 ay4 ,tharefore4 serve4 ,god4 keip4 veil4 ye4 rod4 thy4 fame4 sal4 nocht4 dekay4 7#fb7 ,assunta ,howard4 ,,iv4 ,convalescence4 8,i have almost made up my mind to go back to bed again1 and play possum4 ,truly1 ,i find but little encouragement in my tremendous efforts to get well1 in the marked neglect which ,i am suffering from the feminine portion of my family4 ,clara is making herself ridiculous by returning to the days of her first folly1 against which ,i protest to unheeding ears1 and of which ,i wash my hands4 ,come here1 ,assunta2 leave that everlasting writing of yours1 and enliven the #8winter of my discontent' by the #8glorious summer' of your presence1 of mind as well as of body40 ,mr4 ,carlisle certainly looked very unlike the neglected personage he described himself to be4 ,he was sitting in a luxurious chair near the open window2 and he had but to raise his eyes to feast them upon the ever changing1 nevertiring beauties of the ,alban hills1 while the soft spring air was laden with the fragrance of many gardens4 ,beside him were books1 flowers1 and cigars--everything1 in short1 which could charm away the tediousness of a prolonged convalescence4 ,and it must be said1 to his credit1 that he bore the monotony very well for a man--which1 it is to be feared1 is after all damning his patience with very faint praise4 ,assunta raised her eyes from her letter1 and1 smiling1 said3 8,ingratitude1 thy name is ,severn ,carlisle6 ,i wish ,clara were here to give you the benefit of one of her very womanly disquisitions on man4 ,you would be so effectually silenced that ,i should have a hope of finishing my letter in time for the steamer40 8,never mind the letter10 said ,mr4 ,carlisle4 8,come here1 child2 ,i am pining to have you near me40 ,assunta laughed1 as she replied3 8,would it not do just as well if ,i should give you the operaglass1 and let you amuse yourself by making believe bring me to you80 8,pshaw6 ,assunta1 ,i want you4 ,put away your writing4 ,you know very well that it is two days before the steamer leaves1 and you will have plenty of time40 ,and ,mr4 ,carlisle drew a chair beside his own4 ,assunta did know all about it2 but1 now that the invalid was so much better1 she was trying to withdraw a little from any special attentions4 ,she felt that1 under the circumstances1 it would not be right to make herself necessary to his comfort2 she did not realize how necessary he thought her to his very life4 ,however1 though she would skirmish with and contradict him1 she had never yet been able sufficiently to forget how near he had been to death to actually oppose him4 ,besides1 she had not thought him looking quite as strong this morning2 so she put the unfinished letter back in the desk1 and1 taking her workbasket1 sat down beside her guardian1 and tried to divert him from herself by pointing out the wonderful loveliness of the view4 ,his face did have a weary expression1 which his quondam nurse did not fail to perceive4 ,she at once poured out a glass of wine1 and1 handing it to him1 said3 8,tell me the truth1 my friend2 you do not feel very well today80 8,i do not feel quite as strong as ,samson10 he replied2 8but you forget1 ,dalila1 how you and the barber have shorn off the few locks the fever left me4 ,of course my strength went too40 8,well1 fortunately10 said ,assunta1 8there are no gates of ,gaza which require immediate removal1 and no ,philistines to be overcome40 8,i am not so sure of that10 said ,mr4 ,carlisle1 putting down the wine glass4 8,there are some things harder to overcome than ,philistines1 and some citadels so strong as to bid defiance to ,samson1 even in the full glory of his wavy curls4 ,what chance is there1 then1 for him now1 cruel ,dalila80 ,assunta wilfully misunderstood him1 and1 taking her work from her pretty basket1 she answered1 laughing3 8,well1 one thing is very certain3 your illness has not left you in the least subdued4 ,clara and ,i must begin a course of discipline1 or by the time your brown curls have attained their usual length you will have become a regular tyrant40 8,give me your work1 petite10 said ,mr4 ,carlisle1 gently disengaging it from her hand4 8,i want this morning all to myself4 ,and please do not mention ,clara again4 ,i cannot hear her name without thinking of that miserable ,sinclair business4 ,it is well for him that ,i am as ,i am1 until ,i have had time to cool4 ,i am not very patient1 and ,i have an irresistible longing to give him a horsewhipping4 ,it is a singular psychological fact that ,clara has been gifted with every womanly attraction but common sense4 ,but ,i believe that even you ,catholics allow to benighted heretics the plea of invincible ignorance as an escape from condemnation2 so we must not be too severe in our judgment of my foolish sister40 8,hardly a parallel case10 said ,assunta1 smiling4 8,i grant it10 replied her guardian2 8for in my illustration the acceptance of the plea1 so you hold1 renders happiness possible to the heretic1 to whom a #8little knowledge' would have been so #8dangerous a thing' as to lose him even a chance among the elect2 whereas ,clara's invincible ignorance of the world1 of human nature1 and in particular of the nature of ,george ,sinclair1 serves only to explain her folly1 but does not prevent the inevitable evil consequences of such a marriage4 ,but enough of the subject4 ,will you not read to me a little while8 ,get ,mrs4 ,browning1 and let us have #8,lady ,geraldine1' if you will so far compassionate a man as to make him forget that he is at sword's points with himself and all the world1 the exception being his fair consoler4 ,thank you1 petite10 he continued1 as ,assunta brought the book4 8,there is plenty of trash and an incomprehensible expression or two in the poem2 but1 as a whole1 ,i like it1 and the end1 the vision1 would redeem it1 were it ten times as bad4 ,well1 ,i too have had a vision6 ,do you know1 ,assunta1 that the only thing ,i can recall of those weeks of illness is your dear form flitting in and out of the darkness8 ,but--may ,i dare say it8--the vision had in it a certain tenderness ,i do not find in the reality4 ,i could almost believe in your doctrine of guardian angels1 having myself experienced what their ministry might be40 8,i am afraid10 interrupted ,assunta1 8that your doctrine would hardly stand1 if it has no other basis than such very human evidence4 ,shall ,i begin80 8,no1 wait a minute longer10 said ,mr4 ,carlisle4 8 #8,lady ,geraldine' will keep4 ,i wish to put a question to your sense of justice4 ,when ,i was sick1 and almost unconscious1 and entirely unappreciative1 there was a person--so the doctor tells me--who lavished attentions upon me1 counted nothing too great a sacrifice to be wasted upon me4 ,but now that ,i am myself again1 and longing to prove myself the most grateful of men1 on the principle that #8gratitude is a lively sense of favors to come1' that person suddenly retires into the solitude of her own original indifference 7to misquote somewhat grandiloquently71 and leaves me wondering on what hidden rock my bark struck when ,i thought the sea all smooth and shining1 shivering my reanimated hopes to atoms4 ,but10 he added1 turning abruptly towards her1 and taking in his the hand which rested on the table beside him1 8you saved my life4 ,bless you1 child1 and remember that the life you have saved is yours1 now and always40 ,the color had rushed painfully into ,assunta's face1 but her guardian instantly released her hand1 and she answered quietly3 8,it really troubles me1 ,mr4 ,carlisle1 that you should attach so much importance to a mere service of duty and common humanity4 ,i did no more than any friend so situated would have had a right to claim at my hands4 ,your thanks have far outweighed your indebtedness40 8,duty again60 exclaimed ,mr4 ,carlisle bitterly4 8,i wish you had let me die4 ,i want no duty service from you2 and you shall be gratified1 for ,i do not thank you for my life on those conditions4 ,you spare no opportunity to let me understand that ,i am no more to you than all the rest of the world4 ,be it so40 ,and he impatiently snatched the ,galignani from the table1 and settled himself as if to read4 ,assunta's temper was always roused by the unjust remarks her guardian sometimes made1 and she would probably have answered with a spirit which would have belied the angel had she not happened to glance at the paper1 and seen that it was upside down2 and then at ,mr4 ,carlisle's pale and troubled features1 to which even the crimson facings of his rich dressing gown hardly lent the faintest glow4 ,the same sentiment of common humanity which had prompted those days of care and nights of watching now checked the reproach she would have uttered4 ,she turned over the leaves of ,mrs4 ,browning1 until her eye lighted upon that exquisite valediction1 8,god be with thee1 my beloved40 ,this she read through to herself2 and then1 laying the book upon the table1 she said with the tone and manner of a subdued child3 8,may ,i finish my letter1 please80 ,mr4 ,carlisle scarcely raised his eyes1 as he replied3 8,certainly1 ,assunta4 ,i have no wish to detain you40 ,it was with a very womanly dignity that ,assunta left her seat2 but1 instead of returning to her writingdesk1 she went to the piano4 ,for nearly an hour she played1 now passages from different sonatas1 and then selections from the grander music of the church4 ,without seeming to notice1 she saw that the paper at last fell from her guardian's hand2 and understanding1 as she did1 every change in his expressive face1 she knew from the smoothing of the brow and the restful look of the eyes that peace was restored by the charm she wrought4 ,when she was sure that the evil spirit had been quite exorcised by the power of music1 she rose from the piano1 and rang the bell4 ,when ,giovanni appeared1 she said3 8,i think that ,mrs4 ,grey will not return until quite late1 as she has gone to ,tivoli2 so you may serve dinner here for me as well as for ,mr4 ,carlisle4 ,if any one calls1 ,i do not receive this afternoon40 8,very well1 signorina10 replied ,giovanni4 8,i will bring in the small table from the library40 ,and he left the room4 8,it will be much pleasanter than for each of us to dine separately in solitary state10 said ,assunta1 going towards her guardian1 and speaking as if there had been no cloud between them2 8though ,i know that dining in the drawingroom must1 of necessity1 be exceptional40 8,it was a very bright thought of yours10 answered ,mr4 ,carlisle1 8and a very appetizing one to me1 ,i can assure you4 ,will you read #8,lady ,geraldine' now8 ,there will be just time before dinner40 ,without a word ,assunta took the book1 and began to read4 ,she had nothing of the dramatic in her style1 but her voice was sweet1 her enunciation very clear and distinct1 and she showed a thorough apprehension of the author's meaning2 so her reading always gave pleasure1 and ,mr4 ,carlisle had come to depend upon it daily4 ,the vision to which he had referred was robbed1 perhaps fortunately1 of some of its sentiment1 by ,giovanni's table preparations2 and his presence prevented all but very general comment4 ,when they were once more by themselves--,giovanni having left them to linger over the fruit and wine--,mr4 ,carlisle said3 8,by the way1 ,assunta1 you have not told me yet what your friend ,miss ,percival had to say for herself in her last letter4 ,you know ,i am always interested in her2 though ,i fear it is an interest which partakes largely of the nature of jealousy40 8,well10 replied ,assunta1 8she tells me that she is going to be married40 8,sensible girl6 ,what more80 8,she regrets very much that her brother1 whom she dearly loves1 will not return from his year's exile in time for the ceremony40 8,so much the better10 exclaimed ,mr4 ,carlisle with unusual energy4 8,i hope he may lose himself in the deserts of ,arabia1 or wander off to further ,india1 and there remain40 ,assunta laughed4 8,truly1 my guardian is most charitable6 ,i should not be surprised if he did1 one of these days1 follow in the footsteps of ,s4 ,francis ,xavier4 ,but what has he done to merit sentence of banishment from you80 8,you know ,i am a student of human nature10 rejoined her guardian1 8and ,i have always observed that where a young girl has a brother and a friend1 she cannot conceive of any other destiny for the two objects of her affection than to make of them one united object in the holy bonds of matrimony2 and1 in order to bring about the desired consummation1 she devotes herself to intrigue in a manner and with a zeal truly feminine4 ,mary ,percival has a brother and a friend2 ergo1 may her brother be--induced to become an ,oriental2 that is all40 8,in this case10 replied the young girl with a merry laugh1 8your observations are quite at fault4 ,i am truly grieved to be compelled to spoil such a pretty romance4 ,but1 seriously1 ,mary has a far higher choice for her brother than her most unworthy friend4 ,she has but one desire and prayer for him1 and that is that he may enter the holy priesthood4 ,i believe she will not be disappointed4 ,did you ever see ,mr4 ,percival80 8,no1 ,i have never had the pleasure10 replied ,mr4 ,carlisle4 8,i wish you might know him10 said ,assunta enthusiastically4 8,i am sure you would like him4 ,he is not what would generally be considered handsome1 but ,i think his face beautiful1 it is so very spiritual4 ,it is the beauty of a remarkable soul1 which literally shines in his eyes4 ,he has taken the highest honors at college1 and1 if his health is only reestablished1 ,i think his sister's very laudable ambition will be more than gratified40 8,he certainly has a most ardent admirer4 ,i did not know you could be so enthusiastic about any member of the genus homo10 said ,mr4 ,carlisle4 ,assunta was not to be daunted by the perceptible sneer1 and she at once added3 8,i can hardly be said to admire him1 but rather the power of grace in him4 ,i have so great a reverence for ,augustine ,percival that ,i could not imagine it possible for any human affection to turn him from what ,i firmly believe to be his great vocation4 ,so my guardian may see him return to the ,west with equanimity1 and may perhaps even be induced to look with favor upon another part of the letter40 8,and what is that80 asked ,mr4 ,carlisle4 8,mary invites me very urgently to pass next winter with her in ,baltimore4 ,her husbandelect is a naval officer1 and his leave of absence expires in ,october4 ,she wishes me as a substitute1 you understand40 8,is it your wish to go1 my child80 said her guardian1 looking at her earnestly4 8,i never like to make any definite plan so long beforehand2 but it seemed to me a very suitable arrangement4 ,you remember10 added ,assunta1 8that ,clara will probably be married before then40 8,i do not wish ,clara to be mentioned2 she has nothing to do with it10 said ,mr4 ,carlisle imperiously2 and then he added more gently1 8,may ,i ask1 petite1 what answer you have given her80 8,none1 as yet2 you remember you interrupted my letter4 ,but ,i think ,i will tell her that my guardian is such an ogre that ,i dare not reply to her invitation until after ,august4 ,will that do80 8,tell her what you will10 said ,mr4 ,carlisle2 8only1 for heaven's sake1 say no more to me upon the subject4 ,i am not ,augustine ,percival1 and consequently not elevated above the power of human feeling40 ,poor ,assunta6 she too was not above human feeling1 and sometimes it was very hard for her to keep her heart from being rebellious2 but she had learned to put ,god before every earthly consideration1 and to find her strength in his presence4 ,but it required constant watchfulness and untiring patience to conquer herself4 ,therefore she could not but feel great compassion for her friend1 who must bear his disappointment with no help outside of his own strong nature4 ,she rose from the table1 and moved it a little to one side1 in order that she might arrange the cushions for her guardian1 who looked unusually weary tonight4 8,are you angry with me1 ,mr4 ,carlisle80 said she softly1 as he sank back in his chair4 8,angry1 petite80 he repeated1 looking steadily in her face4 8,yes1 ,i am angry1 but not with you1 or with anything you have said tonight1 but rather with that accursed barrier4 ,go1 child1 ring for ,giovanni1 or ,i shall say what you will not like to hear40 ,as she turned away1 he caught her hand1 saying3 8,one moment4 ,i have been very rude1 and yet ,i would die for you6 ,there1 ,i will not say another word4 ,please ring for ,giovanni1 since ,i am compelled to be so ungallant as to request the favor of you2 and then let us talk a little about the ,sienna plans4 ,i must try and put myself into a goodhumor before ,clara comes2 for she will have something to say about her handsome ,sinclair1 and then ,i would not give much for my temper40 ,the table having been removed1 and the wood which had been laid ready in the fireplace kindled into a blaze--for the evenings were still cool enough to admit of its cheery influence--the two1 whose lives seemed so united1 and yet were1 in reality1 so far apart1 drew towards the fire4 ,the heavy curtains1 which had been put aside to admit the warm1 genial air and sunshine of midday1 were now closely drawn1 in order to shut out the chilling dampness of evening4 ,a hanging lamp cast a soft1 mellow light through its porcelain shade upon an exquisite basket of roses and carnations adorning the centre of the table1 which was covered elsewhere with books1 arranged with studied negligence1 and numberless little suggestions of refinement and feminine occupation4 ,everything seemed favorable to a most harmonious conversation1 except that inevitable something which1 like a malicious sprite1 awakens us from our dreams just when they are brightest2 breaks the spell of our illusions at the moment when we are clinging to them most persistently2 ruthlessly crosses1 with its fatal track1 our promised pleasures2 and unfeelingly interrupts us in some hour of complete rest and satisfaction4 ,ah6 we may fret in our impatience1 and wonder at the fatality which seems to pursue us4 ,it is no mischiefloving ,puck1 no evilminded genie1 but a good angel1 who thus thwarts us4 ,this is no time to dream and cherish illusions which can but deceive4 ,it is no time for repose4 ,to detach ourselves from all these things which would make this world a satisfaction to us is the labor we must all perform1 more or less generously and heroically1 if we would one day enjoy the reality of the one dream that never fades--the vision of the ,apocalypse2 the one repose that never palls--the rest that remaineth for the people of ,god4 ,welcome1 then1 those misnamed 8juggling fiends0 that 8keep the word of promise to our ear1 and break it to our hope40 ,welcome the many disappointments1 trifling in themselves1 the daily crossings of our will and pleasure1 which seem so petty2 they perform a great mission if they succeed in loosening ever so little the cords which bind down to earth the souls that were meant for heaven4 ,thrice welcome whatever helps to turn the sweetness of this world to bitterness6 ,poor ,mrs4 ,grey6 it had never occurred to her that she had a mission1 still less such an one as we have now assigned to her4 ,for it was her voice which caused ,mr4 ,carlisle to sigh so profoundly that ,assunta could not but smile1 in spite of the regretful feeling in her own heart4 ,it was better--and she knew it--that the softening influence of the hour should be thus rudely interrupted2 but nature will not be crushed without an occasional protest4 ,the expression of annoyance still lingered on ,mr4 ,carlisle's face when ,clara entered the room1 exclaiming3 8,come1 caro mio1 they have had the livelong day to themselves1 and must have talked out by this time1 even if they had the whole encyclopdia in their brains40 ,and as ,mr4 ,sinclair followed with an apologetic bow1 she continued3 8,this ridiculous man has conscientious objections to interrupting your ttette4 ,i am sure1 ,severn1 if ,assunta is not tired to death of you by this time1 she ought to be1 particularly if you have been as solemn all day as you look now4 ,i would much rather spend the whole day in church--and that is the most gloomy thing ,i can think of--than be condemned to the company of a man in a mood4 ,make a note of that1 ,george4 8,i think1 ,clara10 said her brother1 somewhat coldly1 8that ,mr4 ,sinclair was judging others by himself1 and in doing so he judged kindly in my regard and gallantly in yours2 but this is not always the true criterion4 ,mr4 ,sinclair1 ,i beg you will be seated1 and excuse me if ,i do not rise4 ,i am still obliged to claim the invalid's cloak of charity4 ,no doubt a cup of tea will be acceptable after your long drive2 and it will soon be served40 ,the eyes of the two men met4 ,they had measured each other before now1 and understood each other well2 and each knew that he was most cordially disliked by the other4 ,their ceremonious politeness was all the more marked on that account4 ,assunta's tact came to the rescue1 and made a diversion4 ,as she assisted ,mrs4 ,grey in removing her shawl and hat1 she said3 8,and how have you enjoyed the day1 ,clara8 ,you must be very tired60 8,oh6 ,i am nearly dead with fatigue10 replied the lady1 looking very bright and very much alive for a moribund2 8but we have had a delicious time4 ,you should have seen ,george trying to support his dignity on a donkey which he could easily have assisted in walking1 as his feet touched the ground on both sides2 and which started with a spasmodic jerk every two or three minutes when the donkey boy brought down a small club on its back4 ,i laughed so much at ,mr4 ,sinclair's gravity and the ludicrous figure he cut that ,i narrowly escaped falling off my own donkey down a precipice40 8 #8,now1 what a thing it is to be an ass1' 0 quoted ,mr4 ,carlisle4 8,my lovely sister visits a spot whose present beauty is hardly surpassed by the richness of its classic associations2 where romance lurks1 scarcely hidden1 in the memory of ,zenobia2 where the olives that cover the hillsides have a primeval look2 and1 like a very ,titania under the love spell1 she wakes from her dream of the past1 and1 behold6 her vision is--a donkey6--no1 ,i beg pardon--two donkeys2 one that nearly lost its burden2 and the other that its burden nearly lost60 8,how foolish you are1 ,severn60 said ,clara1 pouting very becomingly1 while the others laughed heartily4 8,besides1 you need not expect me to get up any sentiment about ,zenobia4 ,the mistake of her life was that she did not die at the proper time1 instead of retiring to a country town--of all places in the world--living a comfortable life1 and dying a commonplace death in her bed1 for all ,i know4 ,it was just stupid in her60 ,her brother smiled4 8,i think you are right1 ,clara4 ,zenobia should never have survived her chains and the ,roman triumph1 if she had wished to leave a perfect picture of herself to posterity4 ,however1 ,i doubt if we have the right to exact the sacrifice of her merely to gratify our ideas of romantic propriety4 ,by living she only proved herself less heroine1 more woman4 ,but1 ,clara1 what did you see8--besides the donkeys1 ,i mean40 ,mr4 ,carlisle felt so keenly the antagonism of ,mr4 ,sinclair's presence1 that he must either leave the room or find some vent2 and therefore his sister was compelled to be safetyvalve1 and submit to his teasing mood4 ,perhaps she was not altogether an innocent victim1 since she it was who had somewhat wilfully introduced the discordant element into the family4 8,we saw ruins and waterfalls1 of course10 she replied to the last question--a little petulance in her tone1 which soon1 however1 disappeared4 8,but the most enjoyable thing of the whole day was the dinner4 ,i usually cannot see any pleasure in eating out of doors1 but today we were obliged to do so1 for the hotel was not at all inviting2 and then it is the proper thing to do to have the table spread in the portico of the ,temple of ,vesta4 ,gagiati had put up a delicious dinner at ,mr4 ,sinclair's order1 so we were not dependent upon country fries and macaroni4 ,just as we were sitting down ,lady ,gertrude came up with her mother and lover1 and we joined forces4 ,i assure you we were not silent4 ,i never enjoyed a meal more in my life40 8,o ,tivoli6 ancient ,tibur1 how art thou fallen6 ,donkeys and dinner60 exclaimed ,mr4 ,carlisle4 8,well1 fair ,titania1 did you supply your gentle animal with the honeybag of the #8redhipped humblebee1' or was his appetite more plebeian1 so that #8a peck of provender' was more acceptable80 8,assunta1 do you allow your patient to talk so much80 said ,mrs4 ,grey1 her amiability still proof against attack4 8,if he excites his imagination in this way1 he can hardly hope to sleep without a powerful anodyne40 8,my patient1 as you call him10 replied ,assunta1 smiling1 8is not quite so submissive1 ,i find1 as when obedience was a necessity1 and not a virtue4 ,still1 if he would allow me a very humble suggestion1 ,i would remind him that he has not been quite as well today1 and that it is some time past his usual hour for retiring40 ,there was no irritation in ,mr4 ,carlisle's face as he looked at ,assunta with one of his rare smiles4 ,the very tones of her voice seemed to give him a feeling of rest4 8,a very broad hint on the part of my tyrant10 he replied1 8which ,i will be wise enough to take1 in its present form1 lest it should become more emphatic4 ,goodnight1 ,mr4 ,sinclair4 ,i feel that there is the less need of an apology for excusing myself1 as ,i leave you in good hands ,clara1 when ,giovanni has served the tea1 please send him to me40 ,in leaving the room ,mr4 ,carlisle dropped his cigarcase1 which ,assunta perceived1 and hastened with it to the library1 where she knew she should find him awaiting ,giovanni4 8,petite10 he exclaimed1 as she entered1 8kill that man for me1 and make me everlastingly your debtor40 8,i am sure10 she answered1 laughing1 8you have had it all your own way to night4 ,i began to think he must have taken a vow of silence40 8,still waters60 said her guardian4 8,he can afford to be silent2 he is biding his time40 8,are you not the least bit unjust and uncharitable80 asked ,assunta4 8,but never mind1 you shall not have a lecture tonight1 for you look very weary4 ,promise me that you will take the medicine ,i send you40 8,i will take it1 if you bring it yourself40 8,but ,i cannot do that4 ,i have your enemy to entertain1 you know40 8,and much joy do ,i wish you10 said ,mr4 ,carlisle4 8,i intend to study up affinities and repulsions psychologically2 and then ,i shall perhaps be able to understand why one person1 without any assignable cause1 should act as a perpetual blister--genuine ,spanish flies--and another1 a certain dear little friend of mine for instance1 should be ever a soothing balm40 8,cold cream60 suggested ,assunta1 8since you will use such pharmaceutical comparisons4 ,and now1 if ,i have shocked your sense of refinement sufficiently1 ,i must say goodnight40 8,goodnight1 dear child10 returned her guardian cordially1 but his next thought was a bitter one1 and an almost prophetic feeling of loneliness came over him1 as he watched the smoke curling up from his cigar4 ,as soon as the incubus of ,mr4 ,carlisle's presence was removed1 ,mr4 ,sinclair threw off the silence which was so unnatural to him1 and became at once the attentive1 gallant man of the world4 ,even ,assunta1 had she met him then for the first time1 would not have received that impression of insincerity which had repelled her formerly4 ,she could hardly wonder to night that ,clara ,grey1 who never looked below the surface1 or cared1 so long as peace reigned on the outside1 what elements of disturbance might be working in the depths1 should have suffered her heart to confide itself to the keeping of one apparently so devoted4 ,she had never before imagined that they were so well suited to each other2 and as ,mr4 ,sinclair1 after an hour1 arose to take his leave1 she was surprised into most unusual cordiality1 as she bade him goodnight4 ,but1 unfortunately for the impression he had been at such pains to produce1 the glamour of fascination disappeared with his retreating footsteps2 so that even while ,mr4 ,sinclair was congratulating himself upon his success1 ,assunta found herself wondering at the almost painful revulsion of feeling which followed his departure4 ,mrs4 ,grey's bright face indicated no such change4 ,she was perfectly satisfied with her lover1 and no less so with herself4 ,she checked a movement of ,assunta's to retire by saying3 8,do you mind waiting a little longer1 dear8 ,i want so much to have a quiet chat4 ,come1 let us draw our chairs up to the fire1 the blaze is so cheering40 8,you do not look as if you needed any help from outside influences10 said ,assunta1 and there was a shade of sadness in her tone4 8,but ,i am all ready for a talk40 ,a cloud--a light summer one--overspread ,mrs4 ,grey's clear sky and shadowed her face1 as she said1 after a pause3 8,assunta1 why does ,severn dislike ,george so much80 ,assunta was too truthful to deny the fact1 so she simply said3 8,we cannot always control our feelings1 ,clara2 but1 as a general thing1 ,i do not find ,mr4 ,carlisle unreasonable40 8,he certainly is very unreasonable in this case10 returned ,mrs4 ,grey quickly1 8and ,i am sorry it is so1 for ,i love ,severn very much4 ,still1 ,i shall not allow an unfounded prejudice to stand in the way of my happiness4 ,assunta1 ,i have promised ,mr4 ,sinclair that ,i will marry him in ,september1 when we shall be in ,paris1 on our way to ,america40 8,i supposed10 said ,assunta1 8that it would come soon1 and ,i hope1 dear ,clara1 that you will be very1 very happy40 ,doubt was in her mind1 but she had not the heart to let it appear in her manner4 8,and10 ,mrs4 ,grey continued1 8,i want you to understand1 dear1 that with us you will always have a home at your disposal1 where you will be welcomed as a sister4 ,george wished me to tell you that this is his desire as well as mine40 8,you are both too kind10 replied ,assunta1 touched by this thoughtfulness of her at a time when selfishness is regarded as a special privilege4 8,my arrangements can easily be made afterwards2 but ,i do very much appreciate your kindness40 8,nonsense60 said ,mrs4 ,grey1 8you belong to us2 and the difficulty will probably be that we shall not be able to keep such an attractive bit of property40 8,you are setting me the example10 said ,assunta1 laughing4 8,ah6 yes10 returned ,mrs4 ,grey2 8but then1 there is only one ,george ,sinclair1 you know1 as a temptation40 ,assunta fancied she could hear ,mr4 ,carlisle exclaim1 8,god be praised60 to that natural expression of womanly pride1 and she herself wondered if it would be possible for her to fall under such a delusion4 ,but ,mrs4 ,grey had not yet reached the point of the conversation2 what had been said was only preliminary4 ,the truth was1 she dreaded her brother's reception of the news1 and she wished to avoid being present at the first outbreak4 8,you have so much influence with ,severn10 she said at last1 8,i wish you would tell him about it1 and try to make him feel differently towards ,george4 ,i am sure you can4 ,we are going to the ,villa ,doria tomorrow1 and this will give you an opportunity4 ,i hope the storm will be over before we return10 she added1 laughing2 8at any rate1 the lightning will not strike you40 ,it was like ,mrs4 ,grey to make this request--so like her that ,assunta did not think it either strange or selfish4 ,she promised to break the news1 which she knew would be unwelcome4 ,but she could not conscientiously promise to use an influence in overcoming a prejudice she entirely shared4 ,an affectionate goodnight was exchanged1 and then ,assunta retired to her room4 ,it was not often that she indulged herself in a revery--in those waking dreams which are so unprofitable1 and from which one is usually aroused with the spiritual tone lowered1 and the heart discontented and dissatisfied4 ,but this had been a trying day2 and now1 as she reviewed it1 and came at last to its close1 she found herself envying her friend the joy which seemed so complete1 and wondering why her lot should be so different4 ,happiness had come to ,mrs4 ,grey as to a natural restingplace2 while she1 to whom a bright vision of it had been presented1 must thrust it from her as if it were a curse and not a blessing4 ,and here she paused1 and better thoughts came to replace the unworthy ones4 ,this lot which she was envying--was it not all of the earth1 earthy8 ,would she change1 if she could8 ,had she not in her blessed faith a treasure which she would not give for all the human happiness this world has power to bestow8 ,and here was the key to the difference at which she had for the moment wondered4 ,much1 very much1 had been given to her2 was it strange that much should be required8 ,had she1 then1 made her sacrifice only to play the ,indian giver towards her ,god1 and wish back the offering he had accepted at her hands8 ,no1 she would not be so ungenerous4 ,in the light of faith the brightness which had illuminated the life of her friend grew dim and faded1 while the shadow of what had seemed so heavy a cross resting upon her own no longer darkened her soul4 ,and soon1 kneeling before her crucifix1 she could fervently thank the dear ,lord that he had granted her the privilege of suffering something for his love2 and she prayed for strength to take up her cross daily1 and bear it with courage and generosity4 ,to ,be ,continued4 ,inscription ,for ,the ,bell 8,gabriel10 ,at ,s4 ,mary's ,of ,the ,lake1 ,lake ,george4 ,gabrielem olim ,dominam ad ,mariam ,ev mutatum cecinisse nomen1 ,gabriel tandem cecini sacratas ,primus ad oras4 ,switzerland ,in #ahgc4 ,lucerne4 ,concluded4 ,at this point we reached the first of the existing covered bridges4 ,what a transition6 ,like going back suddenly from the levelling monotony of steam and the feverish presentday life to the individuality and repose of the middle ages6 8,it dates10 said ,herr ,h----1 8from the year #acjj--;just seven years before ,william ,tell and the ,rti1 eight before the battle of ,morgarten1 and eightysix before our great ,sempach victory60 8,william ,tell6 ,what nonsense6 ,who believes now in ,william ,tell80 muttered the young schoolboy ,c---- to his sister2 but the old man fortunately did not hear him1 and1 his eyes beaming with affection for the old relic1 he went on3 8,some modern improvers0--laying contemptuous emphasis on these words--8talk of #8clearing it away4' ,but you see what a pleasant1 cool walk it still is for footpassengers1 with the green ,reuss swirling beneath1 and the lovely view from its open sides4 ,i tell them that it would not only be an act of vandalism1 but1 as there are so few antiquities to show in ,lucerne1 it would be like #8killing the goose with the golden eggs4' 0 ,and so it would6 ,it is in no one's way1 and is1 with the other bridge1 the only remnant of antiquity worth looking at4 ,on opening our ,wordsworth we found that this is the one first mentioned by him after leaving ,sarnen3 8,from this appropriate court renowned ,lucerne ,calls me to pace her honored bridge1 that cheers ,the patriot's heart with pictures rude and stern-- ,an uncouth chronicle of glorious years40 ,and we found it still as he describes it4 ,the triangle of the rafters of each arch is painted1 and though as works of art they are of little value1 still they are clever and quaint representations of the scenes1 certain to make an impression on young minds in particular1 and easily discernible to an observant passerby4 ,going from the right bank of the river1 reminders of events in ,swiss and local history meet the eye1 and1 returning from the other side1 the deeds of the two patron saints of the town1 ,s4 ,leodegarius and ,s4 ,maurice4 ,both lives were most striking1 and equally belonged to the earliest ages of the ,christian era4 ,s4 ,maurice especially is a favorite ,swiss patron4 ,he was the commander of the ,theban ,christian ,legion in the time of the ,emperor ,diocletian1 which is said to have consisted of sixty six hundred men4 ,this legion had been raised in the ,thebas or ,upper ,egypt amongst the ,christians there1 and1 officered by ,christians1 was marching with the rest of the ,roman army against ,gaul1 under the command of ,maximian1 when the latter ordered the army to offer sacrifices for the success of the expedition4 ,all encamped at the place called ,octodurus1 represented nowadays by the modest ,martigny in the ,valais2 but the ,theban legion1 refusing to join in the pagan worship1 retired to the spot where now stands ,s4 ,maurice1 and day by day they were killed by orders of ,maximian1 until none remained4 ,the ,monastery of ,s4 ,maurice1 built on the spot of their martyrdom1 is one of the oldest in the world1 said to have been first erected in ,a4,d4 #bej1 although the present edifice only dates from #adhi4 ,switzerland and ,savoy formerly disputed the honor of keeping the relics1 but at last settled the matter by a small portion being handed over to ,piedmont1 the abbey retaining the principal treasures4 ,it is therefore to this day one of the favorite places of pilgrimage in ,switzerland4 ,a special connection seems to have occurred with ,lucerne1 for two hundred bodies of ,s4 ,maurice's companions are said to have been found at the village of ,schoz1 about two leagues distant1 where there was an old chapel renowned for its privileges and indulgences4 ,and this seems in no way unlikely1 for we read in ,butler's ,lives of the ,saints and elsewhere that several smaller corps of soldiers belonging to the legion were scattered here and there in ,switzerland1 and were put to death for the same reason4 ,most interesting it is1 in any case1 to trace on this bridge the union of two such heroic1 manly saints in the affections and sympathies of the ,lucerne citizens from olden times4 ,the bridge is five hundred feet long1 and makes two sharp bends to suit the current of the river1 flowing swiftly and vigorously from the lake close by through the oldfashioned posts on towards old ,father ,rhine1 which it joins between ,schaffhausen and ,basel4 ,this irregularity adds to the picturesque effect1 and at one of these corners stands a tower1 mentioned in some old documents of the year #acfg4 ,possibly it may have existed as part of the fortifications even before the bridge itself4 ,it is called the ,water ,tower1 and has four stories of one room each1 which formerly served as treasury1 prison1 and recordoffice2 but at present it is used only for the latter purpose1 and contains the archives of the city4 ,what tales it might tell had we moderns the time to spare for listening6 ,but we moved on along the left bank of the river1 and turned into the church1 still called the 8,jesuits' ,church40 ,it is large and unmistakably in their wellknown style4 ,here ,herr ,h---- explained how the order had been introduced into ,lucerne in #aegd by ,s4 ,charles ,borromeo1 who was such an ally of these cantons4 ,in less than four years they had founded a college and increased rapidly4 ,within one hundred more they erected this church1 and the large buildings adjoining for their college1 now used as government offices--the post and telegraph departments4 ,everything went on satisfactorily for a second hundred years1 until the suppression of the order by ,clement ,,xiv41 in #aggc1 when it was also abolished in ,lucerne4 ,but the townspeople held their memory in grateful remembrance1 and one of the first acts of the ,sonderbund in #ahde was to call back seven ,jesuit fathers4 ,when the ,protestant cantons1 however1 finally succeeded in crushing this ,league1 they at once passed a law forbidding any ,jesuit to remain on ,swiss territory2 so again the order had to leave ,lucerne1 and also ,schwytz1 where they also had a large house4 8,and now10 continued ,herr ,h----1 8the liberals are clamoring for another revision of our constitution--a constitution which needs no revising1 except in their sense of doing away with all faith1 and meddling in our religious affairs4 ,but the people now will not bear that10 he added grimly4 8,they will resist calmly at first1 but ,i know many who will rather fight than submit tamely to have their religion or their pastors interfered with40 ,it was sad to hear these forebodings in such an apparently peaceful atmosphere1 and gladly we turned to watch the waterhens1 which abound in this corner of the river4 ,herr ,h---- knew them all1 for they are public property1 like the bears at ,berne1 and protected by statutes as far back as #afgh4 ,nothing could be more graceful1 gliding up and down the stream in numbers1 nor prettier than the friendly terms they are on with all the inhabitants4 ,the origin of the custom and cause of the protection1 however1 seems lost in obscurity2 at least he could tell us nothing but the mere fact itself4 ,a narrow footway runs along this side between the houses and the river1 up and down steps1 and following the windings of the rapid stream1 while the massive1 unadorned senatehouse is seen opposite1 and all the dwellings on that bank rise straight above the water4 ,a true medival picture it is--high and low gables intermixed2 quaint old balconies filled with flowers above2 comely housewives busy washing the household linen in the fresh waters below2 merry young faces peeping through upper windows or leaning out over the redcushioned sills to gossip with a laughing neighbor--a locality made for a ,walter ,scott1 and another world of thought and association from the butterfly existence that now borders the lake at only a few yards' distance4 ,and by this ancient pathway we soon came to the second bridge1 at the furthest end of the town--the 8,spreuner0 or ,mill ,bridge1 or1 more truly1 the 8,dance of ,death0 ,bridge1 celebrated by ,longfellow in his ,golden ,legend4 ,we took out the poem1 and read that passage on the spot1 and most perfectly it answers his beautiful description4 ,prince ,henry's words were uttered by us where he begins3 8,god's blessings on the architects who build ,the bridges o'er swift rivers and abysses ,before impassable to human feet1 ,no less than on the builders of cathedrals1 ,whose massive walls are bridges thrown across ,the dark and terrible abyss of death4 ,well has the name of pontifex been given ,unto the church's head1 as the chief builder ,and architect of the invisible bridge ,that leads from earth to heaven40 ,this one is shorter than the ,hafellbrcke1 being only three hundred feet in length1 and making a sharp bend in the centre1 and was built a century later--in #adjh--;but somehow it is not venerablelooking1 and its grim paintings give it a more sombre character4 ,elsie was quite right in exclaiming3 8,how dark it grows60 ,it required many minutes to get accustomed to the darkness after the brilliant light we had left1 and she must have been thankful when ,prince ,henry proceeded with his explanation1 saying that it was 8 #8,the ,dance of ,death2' ,all that go to and fro must look upon it1 ,mindful of what they shall be1 while beneath ,among the wooden piles1 the turbulent river ,rushes1 impetuous as the river of life1 ,with dimpling eddies1 ever green and bright1 ,save where the shadow of this bridge falls on it40 ,by his aid we too followed the renowned pictures copied from those at ,basel4 ,there we saw3 8,the grim musician1 who ,leads all men through the mazes of that dance1 ,to different sounds in different measures moving40 ,the 8,young man singing to a nun1 ,who kneels at her devotions1 but in kneeling ,turns round to look at him2 and ,death1 meanwhile ,is putting out the candles on the altar40 ,here he 8,has stolen the jester's cap and bells4 ,and dances with the queen40 ,there1 8,the heart of the newwedded wife1 ,coming from church with her beloved lord1 ,he startles with the rattle of his drum40 ,and under it is written1 8,nothing but death shall separate thee and me60 ,in another division is seen 8,death playing on a dulcimer4 ,behind him ,a poor old woman with a rosary ,follows the sound1 and seems to wish her feet ,were swifter to o'ertake him40 ,underneath the inscription reads1 8,better is death than life40 ,and in this strain the paintings continue1 until1 what between the objects and the general gloom1 the effect becomes most melancholy1 and we heartily sympathized in ,prince ,henry's cry--his cri du cur3 8,let us go forward1 and no longer stay ,in this great picturegallery of ,death60 ,it led us straight into the heart of the old town1 and with the poet we exclaimed3 8,i breathe again more ,freely6 ,ah6 how pleasant ,to come once more into the light of day ,out of that shadow of death60 ,the streets were narrow1 clean1 and well paved1 however1 and everything looked so bright and cheerful--perhaps doubly so after that gloomy bridge--that our spirits at once revived4 ,the shops were small1 and all on a homely1 simple scale4 ,but there were no signs of poverty or neglect in any direction1 and a general air of contentment was perceptible on all sides4 ,the schools were just breaking up for their midday hour's rest as we passed on1 and the crowds of boys and girls flocking homewards made a bright contrast to the gloomy bridge4 ,troops of neatlydressed little maidens were especially pleasant to look at1 with their books slung in diminutive knapsacks across their shoulders4 ,a happyfaced1 merrylooking juvenile population they all were4 ,some fine religious prints in a small shopwindow next attracted our attention1 and1 going in1 we found it to be the principal bookseller's of ,lucerne4 ,numberless pamphlets on all the leading topics of the day lay on the counter1 of which one caught my eye from its peculiarly local title3 ,festreden an der ,schlachtfeier1 or ,speeches at the ,festival1 held on the anniversary of the battle of ,sempach1 on the #hth of ,july1 #ahgc4 8,what is this80 ,i asked4 8,the celebration of our glorious victory over the ,austrians6--the ,marathon of ,swiss history1 as its hero1 ,arnold von ,winkelried1 may be called our ,leonidas10 replied ,herr ,h----4 8,it took place in #achf4 ,you passed near the site yesterday1 for the railway runs beside the ,lake of ,sempach1 if you remember40 8,oh6 this1 then1 is a celebration1 ,i suppose1 in the style of the twelve hundredth commemoration of ,ely ,cathedral which they are going to hold in ,england next month4 ,we might as well celebrate ,agincourt or ,crcy4 ,but this cannot be called a #8centenary' or any name of that kind1 as it will not be five hundred years since the battle until #ahhf60 8,no1 it is nothing of the kind10 he replied1 8but is an anniversary religiously kept every year4 ,the town council of ,lucerne1 and the mayor at their head1 with all the authorities and a vast multitude of people1 go to the battlefield every #hth of ,july4 ,we go there for two purposes3 first1 to pray for the dead who lie buried there1 and then in order to keep the memory of the heroism of that day and of those who gained us our freedom fresh in our own minds1 and to transmit it to our children1 as it has been transmitted to us by our fathers4 ,allow me to present you with this pamphlet4 ,it contains the sermon preached on the last occasion by ,herr ,pfarrer ,haas of ,hitzkirch1 and the speech made at the ,winkelried monument by ,herr ,regierungrath ,gehrig1 and they have been printed by order of our government here4 ,you will find them interesting1 and also these10 giving me another bundle1 8and they will show you that1 next to love of our holy faith1 #8love of fatherland' and of #8liberty' are deepseated in the heart of every man belonging to these ,catholic cantons40 8,do tell us about the festival60 we cried4 8,is it a pretty sight80 8,you have no idea how pretty10 he answered--8pretty even if only as a sight2 for so many priests come that they have to erect altars in the open air1 and ,masses are going on and congregations praying round them in all directions over the ground the whole morning4 ,this sermon10 he continued1 opening the pamphlet1 and reading from it as he spoke1 8opens poetically by allusions to 'the green fields1 the singing of the birds1 and the peaceful landscape1 which alone form the decorations to the quiet prayer of the priests--the #8,stilles ,priestergebet--which had been going on uninterruptedly from the first rosy dawn of morning up to that hour'2 while the speech equally begins by a reference to the #8lovely lake of the forest cantons1 whence came the men who achieved the victory1 and whose descendants are as patriotic now as in those faroff days4' ,you will seldom hear a sermon1 by the way1 in these parts1 without allusion to the magnificence of our nation1 and to the great deeds of our forefathers4 ,old and young1 clergy and laity1 we are always exhorting each other to imitate them4 ,and is it not right8 ,we feel the deep truth of the principle ,i have lately seen so beautifully expressed by a ,catholic writer that ,i learned it by heart at the time4 #8,nations1' he says1 #8live by traditions1 more even than individuals4 ,by them the past extends its influence over the present1 illumines it with the reflection of its glory1 and animates it with its spirit4 ,traditions bind together the successive periods in a nation's existence1 and preserve amongst its children the unity produced by a long community of dangers and struggles1 of triumphs and reverses4' ,revolutionists alone wish to break with the past1 which1 in this country at least1 is in direct opposition to their godless theories1 and at variance with all their passions4 ,and long may it continue so6 ,the last passage of ,herr ,gehrig's speech1 by which he winds up1 is very fine on that point10 he said1 again reading3 8 #8,the ,swiss1 says an old proverb of the ,x,v,ith century1 have a noble land1 good laws1 and a wise ,confederacy--a ,confederacy that is firm and strong1 because it is not dictated by passion4 ,comrades6 let us keep this legacy of our fathers sacred4 ,the fatherland before all6 ,god protect the fatherland6' 0 ,as he spoke these words we came to the senatehouse square1 in sight of the glaring frescos of this same battle of ,sempach1 and the list of all other ,swiss victories1 with which its tower has been recently covered4 8,it is not by badlypainted representations such as these10 he continued1 smiling1 8that we try to keep up the old spirit1 but by that true eloquence which touches the heart and convinces the reason4 ,these two addresses were most soulstirring--the sermon and speech equally fine--and made the greatest impression4 ,the speech is a short summary of our history and of ,arnold von ,winkelried1 opening1 as ,i said1 by allusion to that #8pearl of creation1' that lake of the forest cantons1 which is bordered by the ,urschweiz40 8,what does that mean80 asked ,caroline ,c----4 8,i so often have noticed the word without understanding it40 8,it simply means1 #8,the original ,switzerland4' ,the particle ur means in ,german something very ancient1 or the origin or root of anything4 ,it is the proudest title of these forest cantons1 and therefore you will constantly find it used1 varied now and then as the ,urcantone4 ,they are truly the cradle1 not only of ,switzerland1 but of our freedom1 and so far preserve the same spirit of independence and of courage up to this hour40 8,and the sermon--what was that like80 asked young ,c----1 whose interest1 notwithstanding his scepticism about ,william ,tell1 was now thoroughly roused4 8,the sermon was most suitable to the times10 replied ,herr ,h----4 8,the subject was concord or harmony2 and its aim1 to show how we ought to copy those virtues of our ancestors which caused true harmony4 ,it was divided1 as you may see here1 into four points2 ,first1 ,fidelity1 when the preacher drew a beautiful picture of ,swiss fidelity from the earliest ages--a fertile theme4 ,next1 ,justice--,christian justice1 for he averred that real justice never existed in the pagan world1 and he again goes back to the ,x,i,vth century to show how the men of that age acted1 so that the historian ,zschokke calls it #8the golden age' of ,switzerland6 ,and he fortifies his assertions by quotations from old annals4 ,here is one from the celebrated oath of the ,rti1 in #acjg3 #8,every man must protect the innocent and oppressed people in his valley1 and preserve to them their old rights and freedom4 ,on the other hand1 we do not wish to deprive the ,counts of ,habsburg of the smallest portion of their property1 of their rights1 or of their vassals4 ,their governors1 followers1 servants1 and hirelings shall not lose a drop of blood4' ,then1 again1 how the same men in #accb gave an order to the judges #8not to favor any one in a partisan spirit1 but to deal justice according to their oaths4' ,again1 in #accd1 they answer a proposition made to them by the emperor by proudly telling him that #8there are laws which even princes should not transgress4' ,of their own government they require #8that the citizens shall receive security for honor1 life1 and property2 that the magistrates shall listen to the complaints of the poor1 and not answer them sharply2 that they shall not pronounce judgment imperiously1 nor1 above all1 condemn capriciously4' ,this was in #acce4 ,he continues then to prove how scrupulously they forbid feuds and lawless plundering2 and the high respect our ancestors showed for churches and ecclesiastical institutions is supported by a quotation from a league that was sworn to at ,zurich immediately after this very battle of ,sempach1 called1 in consequence1 the ,sempacher ,brief1 where this remarkable passage occurs3 #8,as the ,almighty has chosen the churches for his dwelling1 so it is our wish that none of us shall dare to break into1 plunder1 or destroy any convent or chapel whatsoever4' ,this took place in #acic1 and ,herr ,pfarrer ,haas ends this part by an appeal to the present generation3 #8,do you wish to imitate your ancestors8 ,then give weight in the councilchamber1 in the tribunals1 in the framing of laws1 in their execution and administration1 to that ,christian justice which gives and leaves to each man that which by right belongs to him4 ,by that means you will preserve harmony in the land--the foundationstone of national prosperity1 and the strength of the ,confederacy4 ,states grow old and pass away1 but ,christianity has eternal youth and freshness4 ,when a nation reposes on the rock of ,christian justice1 she never suffers from the changes of childhood1 youth1 manhood1 or old age1 but flourishes for ever in perpetual freshness and vigor4' 0 8,that is very fine60 all exclaimed4 8,but it is the more striking when one finds it was only spoken the other day4 ,it sounds so like an old middle age sermon addressed to men of the #8ages of faith4' 0 8,you are right10 returned ,herr ,h----2 8but ,i assure you the tone is the ordinary one of sermons in these districts1 and elicited no astonishment1 though a great deal of sympathy4 ,it will tire you1 however1 to hear more1 so we had better go on60 ,we had been lingering on the promenade while listening to him1 under the shady chestnuts facing the lake2 but now all unanimously begged he would continue1 merely moving to a bench nearer our hotel4 8,well1 as you wish it1 ,i shall obey60 he said1 making us a bow1 with a smile of pleasure at our increasing interest in his country4 8,the next division of the sermon1 on virtue and morality1 was ably argued1 as you will perceive whenever you read this pamphlet2 especially in reference to the modern doctrines on these subjects now propounded in other parts of ,switzerland40 7,we thought here of our recent experience at the bookstall at ,berne67 8,and the preacher complimented the inhabitants of the rural cantons on the ,christian faith and simple1 virtuous manners they still retain1 ending by quotations from our ,lord's words in the ,new ,testament1 and saying that #8enlightenment is not unbelief1 but the true and proper use of belief4'' ,the fourth and last essential to harmony he shows to be that interior peace which can be produced by the ,christian faith alone4 ,no one can be a good citizen who does not conquer the passions of his own nature1 and obtain that inner tranquillity of mind which is the growth of true religion4 ,amongst other proofs of his argument he quotes from ,blessed ,nicholas von der ,fle4 ,i presume you know who he was80 ,each of us in turn was obliged to answer 8,no10 although the name was not unfamiliar to some4 ,but the more we heard1 the greater did our humiliation gradually become at finding how slightly we were acquainted with this ,swiss life2 and every one rejoiced when ,herr ,h---- replied3 8,blessed ,nicholas was a hermit1 but as great a patriot as he was a saint40 ,however1 you will hear enough about him when you visit ,stanz and ,sarnen4 ,his words carried immense weight in his day1 and he is still very much revered1 and is perpetually quoted4 ,he lived in the ,x,vth century1 and our ,herr ,pfarrer ,haas here gives a long extract from one of his letters to the ,mayor of ,berne in those years4 ,after this he goes on to say3 8,such was the faith of your forefathers6 ,the prayers which the combatants said on this very spot amidst the scoffs of their enemies2 the ,sacred ,host which the priest carried at ,lauffen2 the anniversaries they founded2 the ,holy ,sacrifice they ordered should be offered on those days of commemoration2 the crosses they erected over the graves of all who fell in the combat1 prove where their souls sought and obtained rest and peace40 8,fidelity1 justice1 virtue1 and faith form the groundwork of the union and harmony of a people4 ,let each one of us1 in his circle1 and amongst those whom he can influence1 strengthen these pillars of the edifice1 and in this manner we can best help to secure the happiness and solidity of our dearlyloved ,swiss fatherland40 ,then he winds up by a beautiful peroration1 thus3 8,we stand here on graves4 ,simple stone crosses rise above these tombs1 where for the last four hundred and eightyseven years the heroes of ,sempach1 friends and enemies1 repose after their hard day's work4 ,sleep in peace1 ye dead6 ,i envy ye your rest6 ,there may be fighting and storm o'erhead1 but what matters that to the sleepers8 ,your eyes are closed6 ,ye do not watch the troubles and sorrows of mankind1 the cares and burdens of life1 the battle of the spirits1 the play of passions4 ,once1 too1 your hearts beat high in the decisive hour4 ,each ,swiss and ,austrian believed that he defended the right4 ,on both sides stood great men and great heroes4 ,death1 brave hearts1 has united you in peace2 and over your graves1 for nearly five hundred years1 has stood the cross in token of conciliation--the symbol of peace1 the badge of the confederates2 indicating that ,switzerland will still stand firm in harmony when the hotlycontested opinions surging in her midst at this day shall long since have sunk into dust and ashes4 8 #8,our faith is firm in fatherland2 ,although brave sons may die1 ,swiss soil will still yield faithful band ,to wield the cross on high3 ,the white1 unsullied cross for aye ,o'er ,switzerland shall fly4' 0 8,magnificent60 all again exclaimed1 8in language and sentiment6 ,how we should like to have heard it60 8,there was a great crowd this year10 continued ,herr ,h----1 8though numbers never fail on any occasion4 ,but a musical festival had taken place in ,lucerne the day before1 so for that reason there were more than usual4 ,the majority now go by rail1 but in my youth the procession of carriages was much more imposing4 ,and ,lucerne then was a ,vorort1 or capital of the ,confederacy alternately with ,zurich and ,berne--a system long since done away with2 so that when the year came for its turn1 all the deputies and the diplomatic representatives were invited1 and came too--all except an old ,austrian1 whom nothing could move4 ,i well remember hearing that his colleagues used to laugh at him for keeping up the feeling after so many hundred years2 but it was so strong that he never could hear ,william ,tell's name mentioned without calling him an #8assassin'2 and you may imagine how the others amused themselves by always bringing up the subject4 ,the feeling against the ,austrians is very strong1 too1 amongst the ,swiss40 8,i never understand it10 remarked ,caroline ,c----4 8,i have always been taught to look on ,rudolph von ,habsburg as a perfect character2 and yet the moment one comes to this country1 one hears nothing but abuse of the ,habsburgs4 ,do explain it40 8,i should have to give you a lecture on ,swiss history1 dear young lady1 ,i fear1 before you could understand it2 and there is no time for that now40 8,oh6 do tell us something4 ,there is still half an hour before the table d'hte1 and it is so pleasant sitting here4 ,we should all like to have a clearer view of the reason of this dislike4 ,i am always much puzzled1 too1 in ,schiller's ,william ,tell1 at the conspirators always wanting to be under the empire alone1 and not through the ,habsburgs2 and it is so troublesome to wade through a history when travelling10 she replied4 8,but ,i should go back to the very beginning for that purpose10 he answered4 8,however1 if you insist1 ,i shall give you a few leading facts that you can find amplified whenever you feel inclined to read a ,swiss history right through4 ,may ,i presume1 then1 that you know10 he continued1 laughing1 8that the first inhabitants of ,switzerland are supposed to have been offshoots of ,northern tribes--men driven from their homes by famine8 ,there were a few settlers before these1 said to be refugees from ,italy1 but only in a wild corner of the mountains1 hence called ,rhtia2 and they were so few and so isolated that they are not worth mentioning4 ,the stream of inhabitants poured down by the ,lake of ,constance4 ,some say that the same names are found to this day in ,sweden as in the valleys of these cantons4 ,in any case1 the tradition is that two brothers1 ,switer and ,swin1 arrived with their families and followers1 and settled at the upper end of this lake1 and from them the territory they occupied was called ,schwytz4 ,it is quite certain that this was the first part occupied2 therefore the title it claims of #8,urschweiz1' or #8original ,switzerland1' is most appropriate4 ,they spread all round this lake and through these forest cantons1 on from one valley to another1 to the foot of the great snowy ,alp region1 but not further4 ,other races came later1 and settled at ,geneva and elsewhere1 and1 coming into collision with ,rome1 then mistress of the world1 were finally made part of the ,roman ,empire4 ,then came the inroad of other barbarians on the downfall of ,rome1 and everything was in utter confusion until the light of ,christianity shone over the land4 ,it was introduced here1 as in ,germany1 by missionaries who came from all parts1 and a bishopric even was founded at ,chur in the earliest ,frankish times4 ,convents1 too1 rose on all sides4 ,you will find remains of them in the most remote valleys and outoftheway corners of the country4 ,s4 ,sigebert1 for instance1 came from ,france1 and built ,disentis in the wilds of ,rhtia1 now the ,grisons4 ,s4 ,columba and ,s4 ,maughold preached along the ,reuss and the ,aar1 and the great ,s4 ,gall evangelized the wild district round the ,lake of ,constance1 girt by forests filled with all manner of wild beasts4 ,the celebrated convent of his name was built on the site of his hermitage1 and gave rise to the town of ,st4 ,gall4 ,einsiedeln1 too1 the famous monastery which you are going to visit1 dates also from that period1 over the cell of the hermit ,meinrad1 and so on in every direction4 ,even ,zurich and our own ,lucerne owe their origin to convents4 ,as in so many other countries1 so here likewise the monks spread civilization1 opened schools1 and taught the people agriculture4 ,then came another period of confusion after ,charlemagne's reign1 which ended by the greater portion of ,switzerland falling to the share of his successors in the ,german ,empire4 ,there were numberless dukes and counts all over the land who already held large possessions1 but had been vassals of the ,dukes of ,swabia4 ,now1 however1 they set him at defiance1 and would obey no one but the emperor4 ,many of the monasteries1 too1 had acquired considerable property by this time1 and their abbots were often powerful lords4 ,they followed the example of the counts and dukes1 and also assumed independence4 ,but1 on the other hand1 the towns equally rose in importance1 and often set the nobles and abbots at naught4 ,these then1 in order not to lose their influence1 strove to increase the number of their vassals by making clearances in their forests1 promoting the establishment of villages1 and granting privileges to their inhabitants1 in all which you will find the origin of the extraordinary number of rural communes for which ,switzerland has always been so noted4 ,the nobles1 who had no occupation but war1 were engaged in constant feuds amongst themselves or with the towns of which they were most jealous1 and1 leading lawless lives1 wasted their inheritance little by little4 ,the ,crusades also contributed to diminish them1 for all the knights in the country flocked thither4 ,in the course of time their numbers dwindled considerably by these means1 or by the sale of their property and feudal rights to the towns and even to the villages4 ,at the period we are talking of1 however1 they were amongst the heroes of the land1 and often fought bravely and made themselves respected4 8,in one district1 however1 there were neither nobles1 nor castles1 nor towns1 nor monasteries1 nor any inhabitants1 except the descendants of the first settlers4 ,that was in the wild region of ,rhtia1 and in what now constitutes these forest cantons1 or ,vierwaldsttter1 as they are called in ,german4 ,the latter all sprang from one common stock1 and for a long time had only one head and one church4 ,this was in the ,muotta ,valley1 and thither came the entire population of ,schwytz1 ,unterwalden1 and ,uri4 ,at last1 when they increased and multiplied1 they divided into these three districts1 built their own churches1 and elected their own ,landamman1 or chief magistrate1 and their own council4 ,no one claimed sovereignty over this mountain district but the emperor4 ,to him the people never objected2 on the contrary1 they were rather glad to enjoy his powerful protection1 and willingly accepted1 nay1 often chose1 the imperial judges to act as arbitrators in cases of their own internal disputes4 ,now1 these judges were called governors1 or ,vogts1 and1 in order to distinguish them from inferior governors1 were entitled ,reichsvgte1 or governors of the empire4 ,it is well to bear this in mind1 for on this point turned the whole dispute with the ,habsburgs1 and it was the cause of the conspiracy of the ,rti and of our subsequent freedom4 ,it must also be remembered that the object of every community in the country at that period was to free itself from the yoke of the local laws1 whether nobles or abbots1 and to place themselves directly under the empire4 ,and in this almost every town succeeded by slow degrees4 ,the advantages were very great4 ,first of all1 they were not liable to the constant petty exactions of near neighbors1 and the imperial government was so far away that they were allowed to administer their own property and to choose their own authorities1 being only asked in exchange to pay some light taxes to the imperial treasury1 and to accept a ,reichsvgt1 or governor4 ,his office was merely to uphold the emperor's rights1 and to act as judge in matters of life and death--a condition never refused2 for it was held that1 being a stranger1 he would be more impartial than one of their community4 8,amongst the nobles who had gradually grown powerful at this time were the ,counts of ,habsburg1 who lived in the ,aargau1 and1 instead of diminishing1 had been daily extending1 their possessions and influence4 ,suddenly and unexpectedly ,count ,rudolph was chosen ,emperor of ,germany4 ,there were great disputes between the ,german princes on the death of the late emperor1 and the story runs that they elected him simply on the assurance of the ,elector of ,cologne1 who declared that ,rudolph von ,habsburg was upright and wise1 beloved by ,god and man4 8,this1 as you know1 proved true1 and you were perfectly right in believing him to have been a #8perfect character4' ,moreover1 he never forgot his old fellowcountrymen1 and showered favors on them as long as he lived4 ,many places were made direct fiefs of the empire by him1 amongst others our town of ,lucerne1 but more especially these forest cantons2 and he raised the ,bishop of ,lausanne and the ,abbot of ,einsiedeln to the rank of princes of the empire4 ,as a natural result1 the whole country grew devoted to him1 and came forward with gifts of money and assistance of every kind whenever he required it4 8,but with his successor1 his son ,albrecht1 comes the reverse of the medal4 ,it was soon seen that he thought of nothing but increasing his own family possessions1 and had no respect for the privileges of the towns or rural populations4 ,foreseeing evil times1 therefore1 ,uri1 ,schwytz1 and ,unterwalden met together1 and made a defensive league1 binding themselves by oath to stand by each other and to defend themselves against all enemies4 ,hence the origin of their name1 #8,eidgenossen1' which in ,german means #8oathparticipators4' ,the ,bishop of ,constance and ,duke of ,savoy made a separate agreement1 and so did various others4 ,at last the princes of ,germany also became so discontented with ,albrecht that they elected a ,prince ,adolf of ,nassau in his stead4 ,the whole country was soon divided into two parties1 one for and the other against ,albrecht of ,austria1 as he had then become4 ,down he marched with a large army1 devastated the territory of the ,bishop of ,constance1 and ,adolf of ,nassau lost life and crown in a desperate battle4 ,the confederates had taken no part against ,albrecht openly as yet1 and sent ambassadors to beg he would respect their ancient rights1 as his father of glorious memory had always done4 ,but he only answered #8that he would soon change their condition4' ,meantime1 the majority of the nobles joined his side2 but the towns resisted him1 and ,berne gained such a great victory that he got alarmed and made peace with ,zurich1 confirming all its privileges4 ,he then sent word to the ,waldsttter cantons that he wished to treat them as the beloved children of his own family1 and that they had better at once place themselves under ,austrian protection4 ,but the sturdy1 freehearted mountaineers replied that they preferred the old rights they had inherited from their fathers1 and desired to continue direct vassals of the empire4 ,albrecht was not prepared to enforce their submission1 so he resorted to the expedient of sending them ,reichsvgte who were wicked and cruel men1 that were ordered1 besides1 to oppress and torment them in such a manner that they should at last desire in preference to place themselves under ,austro ,habsburg protection4 ,chief of these was the now farfamed ,gessler1 and also ,landerberg1 whose castle at ,sarnen was the first destroyed later4 ,not only were they cruel1 but they insisted on living in the country1 although all previous ,reichsvgte1 or governors1 had only come there occasionally1 and had allowed the people to govern themselves4 ,unable to bear it1 the celebrated #8three1' ,stauffacher1 ,frst1 and ,melchthal1 whom you now know through ,schiller1 if from no other source1 met together4 ,stauffacher came from ,schwytz1 ,walther ,frst from ,uri1 and ,arnold von ,melchthal represented ,unterwalden1 and they chose for their meeting the central spot of the meadow1 called the ,rti1 which you will pass when sailing up the lake4 ,each brought ten others with them1 and in their name and that of all their fellowcountrymen they took that oath which was quoted in the sermon as ,i read it just now4 ,this union of the three cantons was the foundation of the ,swiss ,confederation4 ,lucerne joined it in #accb1 and then it became the ,league of the ,four ,forest ,cantons1 all surrounding this lake4 ,some say that ,tell was one of the ten from his canton1 but others deny this4 ,it does not much matter1 for one fact is certain3 that the whole country was discontented1 and ,gessler grew alarmed without knowing of the conspiracy1 which alarm was the cause of his conduct towards ,tell40 8,oh6 ,william ,tell is all a myth10 exclaimed young ,c----1 who never could conceal his sentiments on this point4 8,no one believes in him nowadays40 8,my dear young gentleman10 answered ,herr ,h---- quietly1 8it is easy for modern critics to say this4 ,they may laugh and sneer as they like4 ,nothing is more easy than to argue against anything4 ,i remember often hearing that ,archbishop ,whately--your own archbishop--was so convinced of this that he once undertook to write a pamphlet in this style1 disproving the existence of the ,first ,napoleon1 and succeeded triumphantly4 ,but ,i hold with ,buckle--your own ,buckle too60 he said1 laughing--8who declares that he relies more on the strength of local traditions and on native bards than on anything else4 ,the great argument against ,william ,tell1 ,i know perfectly well1 is that the same story is to be found in ,saxo,grammaticus1 and also in ,sanscrit2 but that does not disturb me1 for there is no reason why the same sort of thing may not have happened in many a place4 ,these mountaineers certainly had no means of studying either the one or the other in what you1 no doubt1 will call the 'dark ages'6 ,just have patience until you see the ,tell chapels and hear a little more on the subject1 and ,i hope you will change your mind4 ,one thing is certain1 namely1 that ,tell was not the cause of the conspiracy1 and that his treatment did not make the confederates depart from their original plan1 which was to rise on the ,new ,year's night of #acjh4 ,in my humble opinion1 ,schiller has done poor ,william ,tell no good1 for between him and the opera the story has been so much popularized that this alone has raised all the doubts about it4 ,people fancy it was ,schiller's creation more or less1 altogether forgetting that the chapels and the veneration for ,tell have existed on the spot these hundreds of years4 ,it is fortunate ,arnold von ,winkelried has not been treated in the same way1 or we should doubt his existence too40 8,you have not told us anything about ,sempach yet10 broke in ,caroline ,c----1 anxious to stop the discussion1 which seemed likely to vex the old gentleman1 especially as she well knew her brother's schoolboy disposition for argument4 8,morgarten and much more occurred before that1 mademoiselle10 answered ,herr ,h----1 8all tending to increase the national hatred of ,austria4 ,as a natural consequence of the ,rti and its uprising1 ,albrecht became enraged against the forest cantons1 and marched at once to ,switzerland with a large force4 ,but a most unexpected1 startling event happened4 ,he had a nephew1 ,duke ,john of ,swabia1 who was his ward1 but from whom he continued to withhold his patrimony on one pretext or another4 ,the young man at length grew furious1 and1 as they were crossing this very same river ,reuss at ,windisch1 ,duke ,john stabbed his uncle1 whilst a noble1 a conspirator of ,john's1 struck him on the head4 ,there were a few others present1 but in a panic they all fled1 and left the ,emperor of ,germany to die in the arms of a poor woman who happened to be passing4 8,the deed was so fearful that even ,albrecht's worst enemies were horrified1 and it is said that the murderers wandered over the world1 and ultimately died as outcasts4 ,zurich shut its gates against them1 and the forest cantons refused them all shelter4 ,but ,albrecht's family not only pursued them1 but behaved inhumanly4 ,his widow and two children1 ,duke ,leopold and ,agnes1 ,queen of ,hungary1 came at once to ,switzerland1 and seized innocent and guilty right and left1 destroying without scruple the castle of any noble whom they suspected in the slightest degree1 and executing all without mercy4 ,agnes in particular was cruel beyond measure4 ,one story related of her by ,swiss historians is that1 after having witnessed the execution of sixtythree innocent knights1 and whilst their blood was flowing at her feet1 she exclaimed3 #8,now ,i am bathing in ,may dew6' ,whether literally true or not1 it shows what she must have been to have given cause for such a tale4 ,in fact1 the stories of her merciless character are too numerous and terrible to repeat now4 ,at last she and her mother1 the widow1 built a magnificent convent on the site of the murder1 which you may have heard of as ,knigsfelder1 or the ,king's ,field4 ,there she subsequently retired to #8end her days in piety'2 but the people detested her1 and ,zschokke says that once when she was passing through the convent1 and bowed to one of the monks1 he turned round and boldly addressed her thus3 #8,woman6 it is a bad way to serve ,god1 first to shed innocent blood1 and then to found convents from the spoils of the victims4' ,she died there1 and we have a piece of silk in the arsenal in ,lucerne which formed part of her funeral apparel40 8,oh6 how horrible10 exclaimed ,caroline ,c----4 8,but ,i would give anything to see it6 ,how could we manage it80 8,very easily10 replied ,herr ,h----4 8,if you only have time1 we might go there after dinner4 ,it is close to the ,spreuner ,brcke1 and ,i can get you in4 ,there are many trophies also from ,sempach1 and other victories besides40 8,do tell us about ,sempach10 ,i interposed4 8,it is getting late1 and ,i fear the dinnerbell will soon ring40 8,first came the battle of ,morgarten1 of which you will see the site from the top of the ,rigi4 ,albrecht's son ,leopold followed up his father's grudge against the forest cantons1 and gave them battle there in #acjh1 when he was signally defeated4 ,it was a glorious victory by a handful of peasants4 ,but you will read about it on your journey4 ,sempach is our ,lucerne property4 ,it did not take place for sixtynine years after ,morgarten1 but in the interval there had been constant fighting with the house of ,austria1 which still kept its possessions in ,switzerland1 and also with the nobles1 who hated the townspeople1 and clung to the ,habsburgs more or less4 ,it was about this time that a castle belonging to the latter1 on this lake1 just round the projecting corner to our left1 was destroyed by the people4 ,it was called here ,habsburg1 and has lately been restored by a foreigner4 ,on all sides the worst feelings were kept alive1 and it only required a spark to set all in a blaze4 ,this eventually happened by some angry ,lucerners levelling to the ground the castle of a knight who had imposed undue taxes upon them4 ,he1 on his side1 appealed to the ,habsburg of the day1 who1 by a curious coincidence1 was also a ,duke ,leopold1 son of the ,leopold who was defeated at ,morgarten4 ,full of anger1 he gathered all his forces1 and marched in hot haste against ,lucerne4 ,but on the heights near the ,lake of ,sempach he encountered the confederates4 ,they had come from ,lucerne1 with contingents1 though in small force1 from all the forest cantons4 ,it was hilly ground1 most unfitted for cavalry2 but ,leopold would not wait for his infantry1 and1 making his heavilyarmed knights dismount1 he ordered them to rush with their pointed lances in close ranks on the enemy4 ,it was like a wall of iron1 and at first the confederates could make no impression upon it4 ,they fell in numbers1 and were just beginning to despair when a voice cried out1 #8,i will open a path to freedom6 ,faithful1 dearlyloved confederates1 take care of my wife and child6' and a man1 rushing forward1 seized as many lances as he could clasp1 buried them in his own body1 and fell dead4 ,this was ,arnold von ,winkelried1 an inhabitant of ,stanz1 about whom little else is known4 ,over his corpse his comrades pressed forward through the opening he had thus made1 and they never again yielded the dearbought advantage4 ,the struggle became fearful on both sides2 prodigies of valor were performed1 and it is said that three standardbearers were killed before the flag of ,austria could be captured4 ,eventually the knights turned in order to retreat2 but their heavy armor impeded them1 and their men1 sure of victory1 had led their horses far away4 ,so they were cut down by hundreds4 ,duke ,leopold was killed by a man from ,schwytz2 but they all fought bravely1 and defended their banners with such tenacity that one was found torn into small shreds1 in order that the enemy might not get it1 while its pole was firmly clenched between the teeth of the dead man who had been carrying it4 ,that was the glorious battle of ,sempach1 which finally crushed the power of the ,habsburgs in ,switzerland1 and after which our liberty was firmly established4 ,is it any wonder1 then1 that we celebrate it so religiously1 or that the antipathy to ,austria was so deeply rooted in the nation8 ,the whole aim of the ,habsburgs after ,rudolph's reign1 and of the nobles who were their vassals1 was to crush our privileges and freedom4 ,in consequence1 they were so hated that no one could even venture to wear a peacock's feather1 merely because it was the favorite ornament of the ,austrian dukes4 ,in fact1 peacocks were forbidden in ,switzerland2 and a story is told1 to show how far the feeling went1 of a man having broken his wineglass at a public tavern1 merely because he fancied that he saw the colors of a peacock's tail in the play of the sun's rays on the glass40 ,as ,herr ,h---- pronounced these words the first dinnerbell rang1 and we all rose1 thanking him cordially for his most interesting lecture4 ,caroline ,c---- in particular was most grateful1 declaring that she never could understand anything of ,swiss history before1 but now had the clearest view of its general bearings4 ,after dinner all except myself and ,mrs4 ,c---- started off at once for the arsenal to see the 8relics10 as they now called them2 but we two adjourned to the ,hofkirche at four o'clock to listen to the organ1 played there daily for strangers1 as at ,berne and ,freyburg4 ,the ,lucerne instrument is not so well known as those two1 but it is equally fine1 if not finer4 ,it was admirably played1 too1 and we sat entranced by its tones1 especially by its heavenly ,vox ,angelica1 fully sympathizing with ,wordsworth when standing on the old ,hofbridge that came up to the church hill in his day1 and writing3 8,volumes of sound1 from the cathedral rolled1 ,this longroofed vista penetrate40 ,we had arranged to sleep that night at ,vitznau1 at the foot of the ,rigi1 in order to ascend by the first train next morning1 and for this purpose were to leave in a six o'clock steamer4 ,it seemed difficult to tear ourselves so quickly away from ,lucerne1 and the hurry was considerable4 ,the remainder of our party1 however1 returned just in time1 full of all they had seen--8,agnes' shroud10 a dreadful title for a piece of heavy silk used at her funeral1 striped yellow and black1 the ,habsburg colors2 ,duke ,leopold's coatofmail1 in which he was killed at ,sempach1 and a dozen others2 a heap of lances taken there2 numbers of trophies from ,grandson and ,morat1 the battles with ,charles the ,bold2 but1 what interested them most1 the great standard of ,habsburg1 of yellow silk with a red lion on it1 taken at ,sempach1 and another1 a white flag1 covered1 they said1 with blood1 also captured there4 ,young ,c---- was most struck besides with a very old vase decorated with the meeting at the ,rti4 ,it was a lovely evening1 but1 though the sail promised to be delightful1 we left ,lucerne and its worthy citizen with regret1 thanking him cordially1 over and over again1 for the interest he had given us in his country1 and at last persuaded him to come and meet us in a day or two1 and act as our cicerone in part of the forest cantons1 which by his means already assumed a place in our affections4 ,a ,legend ,of ,alsace4 ,concluded4 ,from ,the ,french ,of ,m4 ,le ,vicomte ,de ,bussierre4 ,,viii4 ,odile1 who had returned to ,hohenbourg without her father's consent1 was now forced to remain against her own will4 ,her reputation so spread throughout the province that people of the highest rank went to see her1 and several aspired to her hand4 ,among these suitors was a young ,german duke whose station1 wealth1 and personal qualities gave him an advantage over his rivals4 ,adalric and ,berswinde joyfully gave their consent1 and the marriage settlements were agreed upon4 ,the arrangement was then made known to ,odile1 who declared firmly but respectfully that she had chosen ,christ for her spouse1 and could not renounce her choice4 ,but this projected marriage flattered the pride and ambition of her father1 and1 after vainly endeavoring to persuade her to consent to it1 he sought to obtain by force what mildness had not been able to effect4 ,odile1 seeing that her liberty of action was to be infringed upon1 felt that flight was her only resource4 ,commending herself to ,god and ,our ,blessed ,lady1 she clothed herself early one morning in the rags of a beggar1 and left the castle unobserved1 descending the mountain by an obscure and almost impassable ravine4 ,it was in the year #fgi4 ,her first intention was to take refuge in the ,abbey of ,baume1 but1 considering that would be the first place to seek for her1 she resolved to conceal herself from all mankind1 and lead henceforth a difficult and solitary life for the love of her ,redeemer4 ,she therefore directed her steps toward the ,rhine1 and1 meeting a fisherman1 she gave him a small piece of money to take her across the river4 ,odile had been accustomed to seclude herself several hours a day for prayer and meditation1 so her nonappearance excited no surprise4 ,she was supposed to be at her devotions1 and was already several miles from home1 when the report of her disappearance spread consternation throughout the manor4 ,the duke1 distressed by her flight1 assembled all his followers1 ordered his four sons to pursue her in four different directions1 and directed his servants to scour the surrounding country4 ,berswinde alone did not share the general grief4 ,she would indeed have been pleased by the marriage of her daughter and the ,german duke1 but ,odile's motives for declining the alliance1 the remembrance of the miracle wrought at her baptism1 and the manifest protection of heaven she was so evidently under1 made her mother sure that the support of the ,most ,high would not in this case be wanting4 ,adalric himself set off with several esquires1 and unwittingly took the same route as his daughter4 ,he soon came to the ,rhine1 where he heard that a young beggargirl1 whose rags could not conceal her noble air and extreme beauty1 had crossed the river and gone towards ,fribourg4 ,the duke1 sure it was his daughter1 likewise crossed over1 and came so close upon her steps that it seemed impossible for her to escape4 ,but the princess1 says the old chronicle of ,fribourg containing these details1 coming in sight of the city near a place called ,muszbach1 was so overcome with fatigue that she was obliged to sit down and take breath4 ,she had hardly thanked ,god for his protection thus far when she perceived1 at some distance1 a company of horsemen swiftly approaching4 ,then recognizing her father and his followers1 she raised her eyes to heaven1 whence alone she could expect succor1 and prayed fervently3 8,o my ,saviour60 cried she1 8spotless protector of virgins6 ,i am lost unless thou shieldest me from their eyes1 and coverest me with the shadow of thy wings60 ,and our ,lord1 says the legend1 heard this earnest prayer3 the rock on which she was seated opened to shelter her from her eager pursuers1 and had hardly closed upon her when ,adalric came up4 ,as soon as he had passed by ,odile came out1 and1 that posterity might not lose the remembrance of this miracle1 a limpid stream of healing waters flowed henceforth from the rock4 ,this fountain became eventually the resort of pilgrims1 and the saint herself had a chapel built over it in commemoration of her deliverance4 ,the duke1 unsuccessful in his search1 returned to ,hohenbourg4 ,unable to resign himself to the loss of his daughter1 he fell into a state of sadness and discouragement4 ,weeks1 nay1 months1 passed1 but no news of the fugitive4 ,adalric finally proclaimed throughout his duchy1 at the sound of the trumpet that he would henceforth leave his daughter free to pursue her own course of life1 if she would only return to her family4 ,having no longer any excuse for remaining away from her family1 where she might be called to labor for ,god1 ,odile left her retreat at ,brisgau1 and returned home47#fc7 ,,ix4 ,adalric's promises were sincere4 ,he was eager to aid ,odile as much as he could in the realization of her most cherished hopes4 8,for it was in the decrees of divine ,providence10 says an old ,latin chronicle1 8that this light should be placed in a candlestick1 that it might give light to all who were in the house2 and ,god had inspired ,odile with the resolution to found a community of noble virgins who would live in retirement and observe the evangelical counsels40 ,the saint opened her heart to her father1 representing to him that ,alsace had already convents for men1 but no retreat for women who wished to renounce the world1 and that such a refuge would be useful and at the same time pleasing to ,god4 ,adalric listened favorably to his daughter1 and1 whether the proposition pleased him or he did not wish to oppose her inclinations1 he gave her in due form1 in the year #fhj1 the ,castle of ,hohenbourg with its vast dependencies and immense revenues1 that she might convert what had till then been the principal bulwark of ,alsace into an inviolable asylum for noble ladies of piety who wished to consecrate themselves to ,god4 ,odile then assembled a number of workmen1 and had all the buildings removed that would be of no use to a religious community4 ,this done1 they proceeded to construct the convent4 ,it took them ten years4 ,adalric generously defrayed all the expenses1 and even directed the architects1 enjoining on them to neglect nothing that could contribute to the solidity and beauty of the edifice4 ,as soon as it was known that ,odile intended forming a community of women1 a crowd of young ladies of rank came to ,hohenbourg1 renouncing their families and earthly possessions for the love of ,christ4 ,they besought her to receive them as her companions1 and to direct them in the way of salvation4 ,there were one hundred and thirty of them before the convent was finished4 ,among them were ,attale17#fd7 ,eugnie1 and ,gundeline1 the daughters of ,odile's brother ,adalbert17#fe7 and her own sister ,roswinde47#ff7 ,all these renounced the joys of the world without regret1 hoping to obtain eternal life4 ,they united themselves to ,god by silence1 recollection1 and prayer4 ,manual labor and the chanting of the ,psalms varied their occupations4 ,like the first ,christians1 they seemed to have only one heart and one soul4 ,their only study seemed to be to equal their superior in humility1 sweetness1 piety1 and selfrenunciation4 ,they lived on barley bread and vegetables cooked in water4 ,they took wine only on festivals1 and passed their nights in vigils and prayer1 permitting themselves only some hours of sleep when exhausted nature absolutely required it4 ,then they slept only on a bear's skin with a stone for a pillow4 ,in a word1 they only allowed the body what was necessary for the preservation of life4 ,adalric had a profound respect for ,odile1 as one under the special protection of the ,divinity4 ,the system of her community1 the devotion and the rigid and holy lives of those who composed it1 and above all their inexhaustible charity1 led him to lavish his wealth on their monastery4 ,not satisfied with giving them his palace and its domains1 and establishing a foundation in perpetuity for one hundred and thirty young ladies of noble birth1 he likewise gave fourteen benefices for the priests who served the convent chapels4 ,odile1 in her ardent charity1 wished there should be free access to her abbey1 not only for all the members of her family and persons of high rank who came often to discourse with her on the things of ,god1 but also for the poor1 the unhappy1 and the sick4 ,the steepness of the mountain in some places made its ascent impossible for the aged4 ,our saint had an easy pathway constructed1 paved with broad flagstones4 ,thenceforth the unfortunate of all grades of society flocked to the abbey--the poor to obtain assistance1 the infirm for remedies1 and sinners for salutary advice4 ,all who were unhappy or unfortunate1 whoever they might be1 were the objects of ,odile's tender affection4 8,the ,gospel10 she constantly repeated to her companions1 8is a law of love10 and she exhorted them1 in imitation of ,him who gave his life for us1 to be charitable to their fellowcreatures4 ,odile's charity was boundless4 ,not satisfied with distributing alms1 she cheered all with sweet words1 carried them nourishment and remedies with her own hands1 and dressed the most frightful wounds4 8,there came one day10 says a writer of that time1 8a man covered with a horrid leprosy to the gates of ,hohenbourg for alms1 uttering most lamentable cries4 ,he was so revolting1 and he diffused so infectious an odor1 that none of the servants would approach him4 ,one of them1 however1 informed the saint of his condition4 ,she at once prepared some suitable food1 and hastened to serve the leper4 ,in spite of her tenderness towards the unfortunate and her habitual control over her senses1 her first movement was one of horror at the sight of so disgusting a being4 ,ashamed of her weakness1 and resolved to conquer it1 she folded the leper affectionately in her arms1 and burst into tears4 ,then she broke the food she brought into small pieces1 and fed him4 ,at the same time she raised her eyes to heaven1 and1 with a voice trembling with emotion1 exclaimed3 #8,o ,lord6 deign to restore him to health or give him the courage necessary to support such an affliction6' ,her humble prayer was immediately heard4 ,the leprosy disappeared1 and the repulsive odor gave place to one of sweetness1 so that those who avoided him a short time before were now eager to approach1 to touch him1 and to wonder40 ,odile gave bread1 wine1 and meat to all the poor who came to the abbey2 she was unwilling any should go away hungry4 ,on feast days a great crowd of beggars would besiege the gates1 and on one occasion1 all the food of the community1 and even the wine1 being given them1 the ,sister who had charge of the winecellar sought ,odile in church to tell her there was none left for dinner4 ,the abbess replied with a gentle smile3 8,he who fed five thousand persons with five loaves and two fishes will provide for us1 if it be his will4 ,forget not1 my daughter1 that he has promised to those that seek first the kingdom of heaven all other things shall be given4 ,go where duty calls you40 ,the ,sister went away1 and at the hour of repast1 going to the winecellar1 found a supply of excellent wine4 ,x4 ,the two chapels already built by the duke were too small for celebrating the divine service with suitable pomp4 ,there was hardly room enough in them for the sisterhood4 ,the crowds from the neighboring villages were often obliged to kneel outside4 ,a larger church was indispensable4 ,adalric provided the materials1 and it was completed by the year #fij4 ,two square towers of pyramidal form rose beside the grand entrance4 ,the abbess had it consecrated to the ,blessed ,virgin1 her chosen patroness and her model4 ,one of the side chapels she styled the ,oratory of the ,mother of ,god4 ,there she loved to take refuge in her mental troubles1 in tribulation1 and in seasons of spiritual dryness4 ,a second chapel she called ,holy ,rood ,chapel4 ,in commemoration of her baptism she wished also to erect a small church in honor of ,s4 ,john the ,baptist4 ,undecided about the location1 she went out of the monastery one night about midnight1 and1 kneeling on a great rock1 she remained a long time buried in profound meditation4 ,suddenly1 says the old legend1 she was surrounded by a dazzling light1 and before her stood the radiant form of the precursor of our ,lord in a garment of camel's hair1 such as he wore in the desert4 ,he seemed to indicate the spot where the chapel should be erected4 ,the next day it was commenced1 and was finished in the autumn of #fif4 ,the night before it was to be consecrated ,s4 ,odile spent in prayer therein4 ,the prince of the apostles himself1 with a choir of angels1 descended and performed the ceremony4 8,the air of paradise did fan the house1 ,and angels officed all40 ,this miraculous chapel was sometimes called the ,sacrarium1 because the abbess deposited in it the cassette of relics ,bishop ,erhard gave her on her baptismal day4 ,it was afterwards more commonly called the ,chapel of ,s4 ,odile1 because she was buried there herself4 ,besides these1 she built the ,chapel of ,tears and the ,hanging ,chapel1 so called because it stood on a steep precipice looking down into a deep chasm4 ,all these chapels were so many stations where the abbess and her companions betook themselves to meditate in silence and solitude4 ,adalric and ,berswinde1 weary of power and grandeur1 retired to the ,convent of ,hohenbourg with their daughter4 ,advanced in age1 they now thought only of preparing themselves for death by prayer and good works4 ,the duke1 naturally violent and hard1 had sometimes in his moments of passion forgotten his duty4 ,there were many faults for him to expiate before ,god1 and many scandals to repair before men4 ,while he was practising all the virtues of a holy penitent1 he was attacked with a serious malady4 ,odile felt that his last hour was at hand1 and hardly left his bedside1 wishing1 not only to give him the care his illness required1 but to console1 encourage1 and prepare him for a holy death4 ,contemporary testimony expressly declares3 8,consolante eum et roborante beata ,odilia40 ,she received his last breath and closed his eyes on the #bjth of ,february4 ,the year is variously stated4 ,it was between #fij and #gjj4 ,a witness of her father's sorrow for his sins1 and of his resignation in his last moments1 ,odile hoped the mercy of ,god would be extended to him4 ,she imposed on herself the severest mortifications1 and shed floods of tears for the solace of his soul in the chapel1 called from this circumstance the ,chapel of ,tears4 ,on the fifth day she had an inward assurance of his salvation4 ,there are numberless traditions in ,alsace respecting ,s4 ,odile4 ,they have been handed down from one generation to another in the villages grouped around the foot of ,mount ,hohenbourg4 ,one of these legends changes the tears of the saint into a limpid stream1 where the blind1 or those who have any disease of the eyes1 go for a remedy4 ,another says her tears perforated a rock4 ,a third makes her and all her community behold her father convoyed heavenward by a choir of angels led by ,s4 ,peter in sacerdotal robes4 ,the more we examine ,s4 ,odile's life1 the more numerous become these brilliant legends1 and the more fully do we find her life marked by acts of beneficence and by miracles4 ,berswinde survived her husband only nine days4 ,she died suddenly while praying in the ,chapel of ,s4 ,john4 ,the descendants of the duke and duchess assembled at ,hohenbourg to deplore their double loss4 ,a magnificent funeral service was performed4 ,all the people of ,alsace flocked to the convent to weep over their death4 ,one would have thought they had lost dear parents1 say the chronicles4 ,the duke's sons gave abundant alms on this occasion4 ,the remains of the deceased were placed in the ,chapel of the ,virgin1 according to their request1 and thither came pilgrims to pray by their tomb till they were removed4 ,adalric1 notwithstanding his generosity to the church1 left immense domains to his children4 ,his oldest son1 ,etton1 or ,etichon1 became ,duke of ,brisgau and ,count of ,argovie4 ,he was the progenitor of the houses of ,egisheim and ,lorraine4 ,the second son1 ,adelbert1 had the duchies of ,alsace1 ,swabia1 and ,sundgau4 ,from him sprang the houses of ,habsburg and ,zhringen4 ,hugo1 the third son1 died before his father1 but left three sons4 ,the oldest1 ,remigius1 was ,abbot of ,s4 ,gregory in the ,val de ,mnster1 and finally ,bishop of ,strasbourg4 ,he was a great friend of ,charlemagne's1 and built the celebrated nunnery of ,eschau17#fg7 where two of his nieces were successively abbesses4 ,after the death of her parents1 ,odile kept up most intimate relations with the rest of her family4 ,she saw them frequently1 and labored for their sanctification4 ,following her counsels1 they founded a great number of convents and churches1 which1 in that barbarous age1 became the refuge of science1 literature1 and the arts1 and for centuries contributed powerfully to the prosperity of ,alsace4 ,,xi4 ,hitherto the inmates of ,hohenbourg had been subjected to no written rule4 ,our dear saint was their living guide4 ,but notwithstanding the ardor of their piety1 she thought it proper to adopt some definite rule to obviate the inconstancy of the human heart1 and to restrain an excess of fervor4 ,assembling all her spiritual children1 she gave them1 after invoking the ,holy ,spirit1 a fixed rule1 probably drawn from that of ,s4 ,augustine4 ,the steepness of ,hohenbourg made it so difficult of ascent for the aged and infirm1 the very ones whom ,odile desired the most to aid1 that she resolved to build at its foot1 on the south side1 a spacious hospice with a chapel1 under the invocation of ,s4 ,nicholas4 ,berswinde1 who was still living1 gave up a part of her revenues for the benefit of the poor who were received there4 ,s4 ,odile daily descended this mountain1 too steep and rough for others1 to visit the hospice4 ,she used to visit each inmate1 and give him alms and advice with all the tenderness ,christianity alone can inspire4 ,her children shared in her labors4 ,they loved the freshness and solitude of the spot where the hospice stood1 and there was an abundance of water there1 which was lacking on the summit4 ,the number of the infirm that resorted hither became so large as to require1 night and day1 the constant attendance of the ,sisters1 and they begged the abbess to build another monastery near ,s4 ,nicholas1 and dependent on that of ,hohenbourg4 ,odile consented4 ,one day1 while she was occupied in overseeing the workmen1 an aged man brought three branches of a lindentree1 begging her to plant them4 ,he predicted that the faithful would come to sit beneath their shade4 ,odile did as he requested1 planting the first in the name of the ,father1 the second in the name of the ,son1 and the third in the name of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,in fact1 successive generations have sought repose beneath them1 according to the old man's prediction4 ,odile gave this new monastery the name of ,niedermnster 7,lower ,minster74 ,she established there onehalf of the community of ,hohenbourg1 retaining herself the direction of both houses4 ,she placed in the new house those who were most zealous in nursing the sick1 and had the greatest aptitude for it4 ,many foreign ladies1 drawn to ,alsace by ,odile's reputation for sanctity1 were among their number4 ,they lived at ,niedermnster in obedience to the rule of ,hohenbourg1 and led lives of austerity4 ,these two cloisters1 says ,father ,hugo ,peltre1 might be compared to two trees1 apparently separated1 but really drawing nourishment from the same root4 ,odile1 though advancing in years and broken down by her excessive austerities1 daily descended the mountain4 ,neither frost nor rain nor fierce winds prevented her from visiting the hospice1 which was her place of delight1 for there she found a vast field for her charity4 ,she was in the habit of saying3 8,jesus ,christ has given us the poor to supply his place4 ,in caring for them we serve the ,saviour in their person40 ,the whole of ,alsace blessed her name1 seeing her constantly occupied in solacing suffering humanity1 in guiding her spiritual children in the paths of holiness1 and in instructing the people in the sublime truths of the ,gospel4 ,there is a legend that ,odile1 bent down by the weight of years1 was one day ascending the mountain alone when she saw lying in the path an old man dying of thirst and apparently breathing his last4 ,our saint tried to raise him1 but1 too feeble to do so1 she had recourse to the divine assistance4 ,after a fervent prayer1 remembering what ,moses did1 she smote a rock close by with her staff4 ,a stream burst forth immediately1 which restored the old pilgrim to life4 ,this fount is still venerated and frequented4 ,the water is considered miraculous4 ,,xii4 ,odile was ripe for heaven4 ,whether the state of her health announced it1 or ,god gave her a secret presentiment of her approaching end1 on the #acth of ,december 7,s4 ,lucius' ,day7 she called together her companions in the ,chapel of ,s4 ,john the ,baptist1 which had become her oratory1 and1 after begging them not to be afflicted at what she had to say1 she sweetly announced to them that she was near the end of her earthly pilgrimage1 and her soul1 ready to quit its prison of clay1 would soon enjoy the liberty ,god has promised his children4 ,then the holy abbess exhorted them to remain faithful to the ,lord1 not to allow their fervor to relax1 to resist with all their strength the temptations of the adversary1 and to submit their wills to that of the ,almighty4 ,while she was speaking to them her three nieces1 ,attale1 ,eugnie1 and ,gundeline1 shed floods of tears4 ,our dear saint1 seeing their profound grief1 turned towards them and said3 8,weep not1 beloved children4 ,your tears cannot prolong my existence here below4 ,go rather1 all of you1 to the ,chapel of ,our ,blessed ,lady1 pray together1 recite the ,psalms1 and beg for me the grace of a happy death40 ,as soon as all the community had gone out to obey her wishes1 the saint fell into an ecstasy1 in which she had a foretaste of heavenly joys4 ,her companions1 returning from the chapel and finding her insensible1 began to express their sorrow that she had departed without receiving ,holy ,communion4 ,the saint1 aroused by their sobs and groans1 opened her eyes and said3 8,why have you returned so soon1 my dear children1 to disturb my repose8 ,i was in the presence of the ,blessed ,s4 ,lucius1 and inexpressibly happy2 for1 as the apostle says1 the eye hath not seen1 nor the ear heard1 nor hath it entered into the heart of man to conceive it40 ,she then expressed an ardent desire to receive the most ,sacred ,body and ,precious ,blood of our ,lord4 ,all at once1 says the old legend1 a flood of dazzling light pervaded the chapel4 ,the saint fell on her knees1 all the ,sisters imitating her example4 ,a celestial ministrant1 radiant with glory1 appeared at the altar4 ,he approached the dying abbess1 placed in her hands a wonderful chalice1 and then reascended to heaven47#fh7 ,she communicated therefrom1 murmured a last farewell to her children1 joined her hands1 and then the eyes1 once opened by a miracle1 closed for ever to the light4 ,according to her wishes1 her body1 extenuated with fasts and other austerities1 was laid on a bear's skin1 and exposed for eight days in the ,chapel of ,s4 ,john the ,baptist1 on the ,gospel side1 and with the feet turned towards the altar4 ,during this time a sweet odor spread throughout the abbey4 ,her children felt that1 instead of weeping for her who had fought the good fight1 and never been wanting in her fidelity to ,god1 they should rather rejoice that she was called to receive the crown of righteousness1 and they to imitate her example and seek through her intercession for as happy an end4 ,thus died1 on the #acth of ,december1 #g--17fi7 ,odile1 eldest daughter of ,adalric1 ,duke of ,alsace1 abbess of the convents of ,hohenbourg and ,niedermnster4 ,her mortal remains were covered with mastic1 which1 at first soft1 became hard2 then placed in a tomb of stone1 which is still to be seen4 ,the inmates of the two monasteries celebrated her obsequies with all the solemnity due to their abbess and foundress1 and with the recollection due to her sanctity4 ,all the people of ,alsace flocked to ,hohenbourg to look once more on the face of her to whom the unfortunate and the afflicted never appealed in vain4 ,her inexhaustible charity1 her zeal for ,christian perfection1 her austere and penitential life1 and her good works without number1 had during her life rendered her the object of public veneration4 ,as soon as she was dead a particular honor was paid her1 first at ,hohenbourg1 then throughout the whole province1 which to this day invokes her as its patroness4 ,this honor has been sanctioned by the church4 ,her venerated sepulchre is in our day the most frequented place of pilgrimage in ,alsace4 ,,xiii4 ,odile had acquired a taste for letters at the ,abbey of ,baume4 ,she had a thorough knowledge of the ,latin language1 the ,holy ,scriptures1 and ecclesiastical history4 ,her last will and testament1 which has been preserved1 proves that she was as enlightened as holy47#gj7 ,the monasteries she founded did not degenerate in this respect4 ,they were the asylums of learning4 ,in the ,x,i,ith century1 says ,grandidier1 while a large part of ,europe was plunged in ignorance and barbarism1 the love of literature and the sciences was to be found among some women of ,alsace4 ,hohenbourg was inhabited by canonesses equally learned and regular4 ,three abbesses were especially distinguished for their taste for poetry and literature in general4 ,the first1 ,ricklende or ,kilinde1 reformed the monastery in #aada4 ,some of her ,latin verses1 and the fragments of other works in that language1 have been preserved4 ,herrade de ,landsberg1 who succeeded her in #aafg1 became still more celebrated4 ,grandidier1 speaking of her1 says3 8,the polite arts1 painting1 music1 and poetry1 charmed the leisure of this illustrious abbess40 ,a collection of poetry in ,latin1 composed for the instruction of her community1 under the title of ,hortus ,deliciarum17#ga7 is still preserved4 ,gerlinde1 her sister or cousin1 succeeded her1 and equalled her in taste and knowledge4 ,the first abbesses after ,s4 ,odile were her two nieces1 ,s4 ,eugnie and ,s4 ,gundeline4 ,they divided the authority4 ,the first was ,abbess of ,hohenbourg1 the second of ,niedermnster4 ,the revenues1 which had hitherto been in common1 were divided by ,odile before her death4 ,only ,oberehnheim remained undivided1 that there might be a common tie between them4 ,regularity of monastic life and observances was maintained till the ,x,ith century4 ,the church was accidentally destroyed in #ajde1 but was rebuilt and consecrated to the ,blessed ,virgin by ,bruno1 ,count of ,dagsbourg1 ,bishop of ,toul1 and ,landgrave of ,alsace1 a descendant of ,odile's brother ,etton4 ,a few years after it was again destroyed by the ,hungarian invaders1 and again ,bruno1 who had become the ,sovereign ,pontiff in #ajdi under the name of ,leo ,,ix41 had it rebuilt4 ,this pope1 called to ,germany by the interests of the church1 went himself to ,hohenbourg to consecrate the edifice and reassemble the dispersed sisterhood4 ,he did not leave this place1 so dear to his heart1 till he had reestablished the monastic discipline4 ,about a hundred years after this the community of ,hohenbourg greatly relaxed its fervor1 the number of its subjects diminished1 their revenues decreased1 and the buildings were decaying4 ,the monastery would perhaps have been abandoned had not ,frederick ,barbarossa1 in his quality of ,duke of ,alsace1 interfered to save so celebrated a house from falling4 ,he sent to reform it ,ricklende or ,kilinde1 whom he took from the ,convent of ,bergen in the ,diocese of ,eichstadt1 and to whom he gave the title and rights of ,princess of the ,holy ,empire1 and also bestowed on her large sums of money for the reparation of the monastery4 ,ricklende1 whom we have already mentioned1 joined great zeal and piety to an enlarged mind and much information4 ,sustained by the authority of the emperor1 she reestablished discipline in less than two years1 as her successor1 ,herrade de ,landsberg1 formally testifies4 ,the religious habit worn in this house was white1 albens quasi lilium1 says the ,hortus ,deliciarum4 ,the bull of ,pope ,lucius ,,iii4 says they followed the rule of ,s4 ,augustine4 ,ricklende had under her thirtythree choir ,sisters4 ,in ,herrade's time there were forty seven and thirteen lay ,sisters4 ,it was in the time of ,herrade that the ,emperor ,henry ,,vi41 disregarding his oath1 had ,sibylla1 the widow of ,tancred1 and ,constance1 her daughter1 arrested and conducted to ,hohenbourg to take the veil4 ,in #aced the ,emperor ,charles ,,iv4 visited ,s4 ,odile's tomb1 ,agnes de ,slauffenberg being the abbess4 ,he had the saint's body exhumed1 and ,jean de ,lichtenberg1 ,bishop of ,strasbourg1 detached a part of the arm to be deposited in the ,cathedral of ,prague4 ,but1 at the request of the sisterhood1 ,charles ,,iv4 drew up an act which forbade any one1 under the severest penalties1 from ever opening the tomb again4 ,the bishop pronounced the sentence of excommunication on whomsoever should violate this decree of the sovereign47#gb7 ,the ,abbey of ,hohenbourg1 or of ,s4 ,odile1 as it was also called1 was destined to terrible disasters4 ,it was sacked in the ,x,i,vth and ,x,vth centuries by the grandes ,compagnies by the ,armagnacs and the ,burgundians4 ,it was still more unfortunate in the ,x,v,ith century4 ,niedermnster was burned in #aedb1 and ,hohenbourg on the #bdth of ,march1 #aedf4 ,the canonesses and prebends then dispersed1 and ,jean de ,manderscheidt1 ,bishop of ,strasbourg1 fearing the ,lutherans would seize the property belonging to the two abbeys1 obtained permission from the ,holy ,see to annex it to the episcopal domains by paying the canonesses an annual pension4 ,the monastery1 rebuilt in #afjg by ,cardinal ,charles de ,lorraine and the ,archduke ,leopold1 ,bishops of ,strasbourg1 was burned anew in #afbb by the ,lutheran army of the ,count de ,mansfeldt4 ,the church was repaired in #afcj1 but again devastated by the ,brandenburg soldiers in #afcc4 ,they removed the lead from the windows and organs for ball4 ,subsequent wars were also disastrous for ,hohenbourg1 and on the #gth of ,may1 #afha1 the whole convent was again burned4 ,only the ,chapel of ,tears and that of the ,angels remained standing4 ,the ,premonstratensians of the ancient observance established themselves at ,hohenbourg in #affc1 converting it into a priory4 ,they began to rebuild it in #afhd4 ,two of the monks1 ,father ,hugues ,peltre and ,father ,denys ,albrecht1 carefully collected all the ancient accounts of ,s4 ,odile1 and wrote biographies of the saint1 which we have freely made use of in this account4 ,niedermnster1 which was given to the ,grand ,chapter of ,strasbourg in #aeeh1 is now only a heap of ruins4 ,rosine de ,stein1 who died in #aecd1 was the last abbess4 ,the ,french ,revolution had also its effect on ,hohenbourg4 ,a few days after the decree of the ,national ,assembly on the #acth of ,february1 #agij1 suppressing the monastic vows1 the ,convent of ,s4 ,odile was vacated4 ,nevertheless1 pilgrimages to the shrine of the holy ,patroness of ,alsace continued to be frequent4 ,nearly all that could nourish or excite the piety of the pilgrim had disappeared from the antique cloister of ,altitona1 but ,odile's tomb still remained and sufficed to attract a great number from all the surrounding countries4 ,,xiv4 ,on the #gth of ,july1 #ahda1 at nine o'clock in the morning1 the remains of ,s4 ,odile were taken out of the tomb where they had reposed so many centuries1 and exposed to public veneration on the altar of the chapel which bears her name4 ,on the eve of this festival ,mount ,hohenbourg presented an animated spectacle4 ,people from ,alsace1 ,lorraine1 and around ,metz arrived in crowds4 ,in ascending the mountain they dispersed to gather foliage and wild flowers to deck the old ,church of ,s4 ,odile with4 ,large vases were placed on the altars and the boiserie around the church to receive these floral offerings of successive groups4 ,a firtree from a neighboring forest stood beside each column of the nave4 ,garlands of box and of oakleaves hung from tree to tree and covered the trunks4 ,s4 ,odile's tomb and altar were richly decorated and her statue crowned with flowers4 ,the chsse of the saint was placed on an elevation elegantly draped4 ,thousands of pilgrims roamed around the precincts in the evening1 visiting successively the various sanctuaries4 ,the ,chapel of ,calvary particularly attracted them4 ,it contained ,adalric's remains1 and among others a large painting in which were displayed the genealogies of the houses of ,alsace1 ,lorraine1 ,france1 and ,austria1 all of which drew their origin from ,adalric and ,berswinde1 and1 finally1 an antique bedstead which tradition declared once belonged to ,king ,dagobert4 ,at three o'clock in the morning of ,july #gth the bells announced to the impatient pilgrims that the doors of the church were open and the first ,mass about to commence4 ,the edifice was immediately crammed2 even the sanctuary was invaded4 ,the neighboring chapels1 the large court of the monastery1 and the green in front1 were soon filled2 but order reigned everywhere in the multitude of all ages1 sexes1 and ranks4 ,every face expressed faith and the most fervent devotion4 ,eighty priests from ,alsace1 ,lorraine1 the ,grand ,duchy of ,baden1 and even from ,holland1 enhanced by their presence the brilliancy of this festival1 at once religious and national4 ,masses succeeded each other till afternoon4 ,the venerable ,curate of ,oberehnheim 7the place of ,s4 ,odile's birth71 who was the bishop's delegate1 gave the signal for the ceremony at nine o'clock ,a4,m4 ,the remains of ,s4 ,odile were borne in procession by six priests4 ,censers waved and the sound of the bells mingled joyfully with the music and the ancient hymns of the church4 ,the crowd opened for the procession to pass4 ,every face lights up1 hands are clasped1 and tears flow from all eyes4 ,the president of the festival1 more than eighty years of age1 pronounced the panegyric of the saint4 ,then followed a grand ,mass1 during which1 and for two hours after1 a constant file of pilgrims approached to venerate a relic of the saint4 ,the ceremonies closed with ,benediction4 ,the chsse was exposed during the whole ,octave4 ,from that time the concourse of pilgrims has continued4 ,there were fifteen hundred the following ,sunday4 ,hundreds of ,communions are daily made at ,hohenbourg1 and perhaps the number of pilgrims has never been greater than of late4 ,glorious ,patroness of ,alsace1 whose great heart1 while on earth1 was so full of pity for the unfortunate1 pray for thy unhappy country1 now devastated and full of woe6 ,wind ,and ,tide4 ,i stood by the broad1 deep river1 ,the tide flowed firm to its mouth2 ,i saw the sweet wind quiver1 ,as it rose in the golden south4 ,on the river's bosom it fluttered1 ,and kissed and caressed all day1 ,and joys of the south it muttered3 ,but the tide kept its northern way4 ,tender and chaste was its suing1 ,till the face of the riverbride ,rippled and gleamed in the wooing3 ,but northward flowed the tide4 ,and so1 thought ,i1 ,god's graces ,woo our souls the livelong day1 ,which brighten and smile in their faces3 ,sin bears us another way4 ,matter4 ,,iv4 ,to complete our investigation about the essential properties of matter1 one great question remains to be answered1 viz43 ,is the matter of which bodies are made up intrinsically extended so as to fill a portion of space1 or does it ultimately consist of unextended points8 ,we call this a great question1 not indeed because of any great difficulty to be encountered in its solution1 but because it has a great importance in metaphysics1 and because it has been at all times much ventilated by great philosophers4 ,that bodies do not fill with their matter the dimensions of their volume is conceded by all1 as porosity is a general property of bodies4 ,that the molecules1 or chemical atoms1 of which the mass of a body is composed1 do not touch one another with their matter1 but are separated by appreciable intervals of space1 is also admitted by our best scientists1 though many of them are of opinion that those intervals are filled with a subtle medium1 by which calorific and luminous vibrations are supposed to be propagated4 ,but with regard to the molecules themselves1 the question1 whether their constitution is continuous or discrete1 has not yet been settled4 ,some teach1 with the old physicists1 that bodies are ultimately made up of particles materially continuous1 filling with their mass the whole space occupied by their volume4 ,these last particles they call atoms1 because their mass is not susceptible of physical division1 although their volume is infinitely divisible in a mathematical sense4 ,others1 on the contrary1 deny the material continuity of matter1 and hold with ,boscovich that1 as all bodies are composed of discrete molecules1 so are all molecules composed of discrete elements wholly destitute of material extension1 occupying distinct mathematical points in space1 and bound by mutual action in mechanical systems differently constituted1 according to the different nature of the substances to which they belong4 ,which of these two opinions is right8 ,although scientists more generally incline to the second1 metaphysicians are still in favor of the first4 ,yet we do not hesitate to say1 though it may appear presumptuous on our part1 that it is not difficult to decide the question4 ,let the reader follow our reasoning upon the subject1 and we confidently predict that he will soon be satisfied of the truth of our assertion4 ,groundless assumption of continuous matter4--,as the true metaphysics of matter must be grounded on real facts1 we may first inquire what facts1 if any1 can be adduced in favor of the intrinsic extension and material continuity of molecules4 ,is there any sensible fact which directly or indirectly proves such a continuity8 ,we must answer in the negative4 ,for sensible facts are perceived by us in consequence of the impressions which objects make on our senses2 if1 therefore1 such impressions are not calculated to reveal anything concerning the question of material continuity1 no sensible fact can be adduced as a proof of the continuity of matter4 ,now1 the impressions made on our senses cannot reveal anything about our question4 ,for we know that bodies contain not only millions of pores1 which are invisible to the naked eye1 but also millions of movable and separate particles1 which are so minute that no microscope can make them visible1 and which1 though so extremely minute1 are composed of millions of other particles still more minute1 which have independent movements1 and therefore possess an independent existence4 ,there are many species of animalcules 7infusoria7 so small that millions together would not equal the bulk of a grain of sand1 and thousands might swim at once through the eye of a needle4 ,these almost infinitesimal animals are as well adapted to life as the largest beasts1 and their movements display all the phenomena of life1 sense1 and instinct4 ,they have nerves and muscles1 organs of digestion and of propagation1 liquids and solids of different kinds1 etc4 ,it is impossible to form a conception of the minute dimensions of these organic structures2 and yet each separate organ of every animalcule is a compound of several organic substances1 each in its turn comprising numberless atoms of carbon1 oxygen1 and hydrogen4 ,it is plain from this and other examples that the actual magnitude of the ultimate molecules of any body is something completely beyond the reach of our senses to perceive or of our intellect to comprehend47#gc7 ,we must therefore concede that no impression received by our senses is calculated to make us perceive anything like a molecule or to give us a clue to its constitution4 ,to say that molecules are so many pieces of continuous matter is therefore to assert what no sensible fact can ever reveal4 ,moreover1 we know of no sensible phenomenon which has any necessary connection with the continuity of matter4 ,physicists and chemists1 in their scientific explanation of phenomena1 have no need of assuming the existence of continuous matter1 and acknowledge that there are no facts from which the theory of simple and unextended elements can be refuted4 ,and the reason of this is clear2 for the phenomena can be made the ground of experimental proofs only so far as they are perceived by our senses2 and since our perception of them is confined within the narrow limits above described1 it is impossible to draw from sensible phenomena any distinct conclusion regarding the constitution of molecules4 ,hence it is plain that no sensible fact exists which directly or indirectly proves the continuity of matter4 ,secondly1 we may ask1 ,can the intrinsic extension and continuity of matter be proved from the essence of material substance8 ,the answer must again be negative4 ,for nothing can in any manner be involved in1 or result from1 the essence of material substance1 unless it be required either by the matter1 or by the substantial form1 or by the relation and proportion which must exist between the form and the matter4 ,but neither the matter1 nor the substantial form1 nor their mutual relation requires material continuity or material extension4 ,therefore the essence of material substance cannot supply us with any valid argument in favor of the extension and continuity of matter4 ,in this syllogism the major proposition needs no proof1 as it is evident that material substance1 like all other created things1 essentially consists of act and potency2 and it is known that its act is called the substantial form1 while its potency is called the matter47#gd7 ,it is therefore manifest that1 if anything has a necessary connection with the essence of material substance1 it must be of such a nature as to be needed either by the matter or by the substantial form1 or by both together4 ,the minor proposition can be demonstrated as follows3 ,in the first place1 continuous quantity is not needed by the matter1 whether actuated or actuable4 ,for1 as actuable1 the matter is a 8mere potency0 7pura potentia7 which has yet to receive its 8first actuality0 7primum esse71 as philosophers agree2 and accordingly it has no actual quantity or continuous extension1 nor is it potential with respect to it1 as its potency regards only existence 7primum esse71 and evidently existence is not dimensive quantity4 ,hence the schoolmen unanimously maintain with ,aristotle that the first matter has 8no quiddity1 no quality1 and no quantity0 7nec quid1 nec quale1 nec quantum7--a truth which we hope fully to explain in some future article4 ,as actuated1 the matter is nothing else than a substantial term susceptible of local motion2 for we know from physics that material substance receives no other determination than to local movement1 and for this reason1 as we remarked in another place1 it has been defined ,ens mobile1 or a movable thing4 ,now1 a term1 to be susceptible of local motion1 needs no dimensions1 as is evident4 ,and therefore the matter1 whether actuated or not1 has nothing in its nature which requires continuous extension4 ,in the second place1 material continuity is not required by the nature of the substantial form4 ,this form may1 in fact1 be considered either as a principle of being or as a principle of operation4 ,as a principle of being1 it gives the first existence to its matter2 and it is plain that to give the first existence is not to give bulk4 ,our adversaries teach that what gives bulk to the bodies is quantity2 and yet1 surely1 they will not pretend that quantity is the substantial form4 ,on the other hand1 it is evident that to be and to have bulk are not the same thing2 and since the substantial form merely causes the matter to be1 it would be absurd to infer that it must also cause it to be extended4 ,as a principle of operation1 the form needs matter only as a centre from which its exertions are directed4 ,now1 the direction of the exertion1 as well as that of the movement1 must be taken from a point to a point1 not from a bulk to a bulk2 and therefore the form1 as a principle of operation1 needs only one point of matter4 ,thus it is clear that no material extension is required to suit the wants of the substantial form4 ,in the third place1 material extension is not required to make the matter proportionate to its substantial form4 ,we shall see later that no form which requires a determinate quantity of mass can be a substantial form in the strict sense of the expression2 at present it will suffice to keep in mind that the substantial form must give the first being to its matter1 and that the matter is therefore perfectly proportioned to its substantial form by merely being in potency to receive its first being4 ,now1 such a potency implies no extension2 for if it did1 the accident would precede the substance4 ,besides1 the matter before its first actuation is a nonentity1 and1 as such1 is incapable of any positive disposition1 as we shall more fully explain in the sequel4 ,but a determinate bulk would be a positive disposition4 ,hence the matter which receives its first actuation is proportionate to its form independently of material extension4 ,we can therefore safely conclude that the essence of material substance supplies no proof whatever of the continuity of matter4 ,thirdly1 we ask1 ,can the continuity of matter be proved from mechanics8 ,here also our answer must be negative4 ,for the theorems of mechanics are each and all demonstrated quite independently of the question of material continuity4 ,the old writers of mechanical works 7or rather the old metaphysicians1 from whom these writers borrowed their notion of matter7 admitted the continuity of matter on two grounds3 first1 because they thought that nature abhorred a vacuum2 and1 secondly1 because they rejected the actio in distans as impossible4 ,but we have already shown that no action of matter upon matter is possible1 except on the condition that the matter of the agent be distant from the matter of the patient2 which implies that all the material particles1 to act on their immediate neighbors1 must be separately ubicated1 with intervening vacuum4 ,and thus the only reasons by which the ancients could plausibly support the continuity of matter have lost all weight in the light of modern mechanics4 ,fourthly3 ,can the continuity of matter be inferred from geometrical considerations8 ,we reply that it cannot4 ,for geometric quantity is not a quantity of matter1 but a quantity of volume--that is1 the quantity of space mensurable within certain limits4 ,hence it is evident that the continuity of the geometric quantity has nothing to do with the continuity of matter1 and is not dependent on it1 but wholly depends on the possibility of a continuous movement within the limits of the geometric space4 ,in fact1 we have in geometry three dimensions--length1 breadth1 and depth1 which are simple lines4 ,now1 a line is not conceived as made up of material points touching and continuing one another1 but as the track of a point moving between certain limits2 so that the continuity of the geometric dimensions is not grounded on any extension or continuation of material particles1 but on the possibility of continuous movement1 on which the continuity of time also depends4 ,we must therefore remain satisfied that no geometrical consideration can lend the least support to the hypothesis of material continuity4 ,we have thus exhausted all the sources from which any priori or posteriori argument in favor of material continuity might have been drawn1 if any had been possible2 and the result of our investigation authorizes the conclusion that the hypothesis of continuous matter is both scientifically and philosophically gratuitous4 ,false reasonings in behalf of continuous matter4--,but some philosophers1 who are afraid that the denial of material continuity may subvert all the scholastic doctrines 7to which they most laudably1 but perhaps too exclusively1 adhere in questions of natural science71 contend that the existence of continuous matter can be established by good philosophical reasons4 ,it is therefore our duty1 before we proceed further1 to acquaint our reader with such reasons1 and with our answers to them4 ,the first reason is the following3 ,geometry is a real1 not a chimerical1 science2 and therefore it has to deal with real bodies--not indeed inasmuch as they are substances1 but inasmuch as they have a quantity which can be considered in the abstract4 ,hence we must admit that the geometric quantity is a quantity of matter considered in the abstract2 and accordingly1 if the geometric quantity is continuous and infinitely divisible1 as no one doubts1 the quantity of matter in the bodies must also be continuous and infinitely divisible4 ,we reply that bodies have two very different kinds of quantity--the quantity of the mass and the quantity of the volume--and that geometry deals indeed with the latter1 but has nothing to do with the former4 ,hence the geometric quantity is a quantity of volume or bulk1 not a quantity of matter2 and therefore to argue that1 because the geometric quantity is continuous and infinitely divisible1 the same must be true of the quantity of matter1 is to make an inexcusable confusion of matter with space4 ,the argument might have some value1 if the quantity of the volume could be measured by the quantity of the mass2 but no one who has studied the first elements of physics can be ignorant that such is not the case4 ,equal masses are found under unequal volumes1 and unequal masses under equal volumes4 ,volumes preserve the same geometric nature and the same geometric quantity1 be they filled with matter or not4 ,a cubic inch of platinum and a cubic inch of water contain different amounts of matter1 since the former weighs twentyone times as much as the latter2 and yet they are geometrically equal4 ,geometry is not concerned with the density of bodies2 and therefore geometrical quantities are altogether independent of the quantity of matter1 and cannot be altered except by altering the relative position of the extreme terms between which their three dimensions are measured4 ,these dimensions are not made up of matter1 but are mere relations in space1 with or without interjacent matter1 representing1 as we have already observed1 the quantity of continuous movement which is possible between the correlated terms2 and their continuity depends on the continuity of space1 not of matter4 ,the author from whom we have taken this objection pretends also that the geometric quantity possesses no other attributes than those which belong to all quantity1 and are essential to it2 whence he concludes that whatever is predicated of geometric quantity must also be predicated of the quantity of matter4 ,but the assumption is evidently false2 for it is not of the essence of all quantity to be continuous as the geometric quantity1 it being manifest that discrete quantity is a true quantity1 although it has no continuity4 ,the general notion of quantity extends to everything which admits of more or less2 hence there is intensive quantity1 extensive quantity1 and numeric quantity4 ,the first is measured by arbitrary degrees of intensity2 the second is measured by arbitrary intervals of space and time2 the third is measured by natural units--that is1 by individual realities as they exist in nature4 ,it is therefore absurd to pretend that whatever can be predicated of geometric quantity must be predicated of all kinds of quantity4 ,the second reason adduced in behalf of material continuity is as follows3 ,to deny the continuity of matter is to destroy all real extension4 ,for how can real extension arise from simple unextended points arranged in a certain manner1 and acting upon one another8 ,the notions of simplicity1 order1 and activity transcend the attributions of matter1 and are applicable to all spiritual beings4 ,if1 then1 extension could arise from simple unextended elements by their arrangement and actions1 why could not angels1 by meeting in a sufficient number and acting on one another1 give rise to extension1 and form1 say1 a watermelon8 ,this argument has no weight whatever2 but1 as it appeared not many years ago in a ,catholic periodical of great reputation1 we have thought it best to give it a place among other arguments of the same sort4 ,our answer is that to deny the continuity of matter is not to deny real extension1 but only to maintain that no real extension is made up of continuous matter4 ,and we are by no means embarrassed to explain 8how real extension can arise from simple unextended points40 ,the thing is very plain4 ,two points1 ,a and ,b1 being given in space1 the interval of space between them is a real interval1 really determined by the real points ,a and ,b1 and really determining the extension of the real movement possible between the same points4 ,such an interval is therefore a real extension4 ,this is the way in which real extension arises from unextended points4 ,nor can it be objected that nothing extended can be made up of unextended points4 ,this is true1 of course1 but has nothing to do with the question4 ,for we do not pretend that extension is made up by composition of points--which would be a very gross error--but we say that extension results from the simple position of real points in space1 and that it results not in them1 but between them4 ,it is the mass of the body that is made up of its components2 and thus the sum ,a ,b represents a mass1 not an extension4 ,the geometric dimensions1 on the contrary1 consist entirely of relations between distinct points intercepting mensurable space4 ,the distinct points are the terms of the relation1 while the extent of the space mensurable between them by continuous movement is the formal reason of their relativity4 ,and since this continuous movement may extend more or less1 according as the terms are variously situated1 hence the resulting relation has the nature of continuous quantity4 ,this suffices to show that to deny the continuity of matter is not to destroy all real extension4 ,and now1 what shall we say of those angels freely uniting to form a watermelon8 ,it is hardly necessary to say that this bright idea is only a dream4 ,there is no volume without dimensions1 no dimension without distance1 and no distance without terms distinctly ubicated in space and marking out the point where the distance begins1 and the point where it ends4 ,now1 nothing marks out a point in space but matter4 ,angels1 as destitute of matter1 mark no points in space1 and accordingly cannot terminate distances nor give rise to dimensions4 ,had they matter1 they would1 like the simple elements1 possess a formal ubication in space1 and determine dimensions2 but1 owing to their spiritual nature1 they transcend all local determinations1 and have no formal ubication except in the intellectual sphere of their spiritual operation4 ,it is therefore owing to their spirituality1 and not to their simplicity1 that they cannot form themselves into a volume4 ,lastly1 we must not forget that the 8angelic0 watermelon should have not only volume1 but mass also4 ,such a mass would1 of course1 be made up without matter4 ,how a mass can be conceived without matter is a profound secret1 which the author of the argument very prudently avoided to reveal4 ,but let us come to another objection4 ,a third reason adduced in favor of continuous matter is that we cannot1 without employing a vicious circle1 account for the extension of bodies by the notion either of space1 distance1 or movement4 ,for these notions already presuppose extension1 and cannot be formed without a previous knowledge of what extension is4 ,to think of space is1 in fact1 to think of extension4 ,so also distance cannot be conceived except by imagining something extended1 which lies1 or can lie1 between the distant terms4 ,hence1 to avoid the vicious circle1 it is necessary to trace the origin of our notion of extension to the matter we see in the bodies4 ,and therefore our very notion of extension is a sufficient proof of the existence of continuous matter4 ,we reply that this reason is even less plausible than the preceding one4 ,to form the abstract notion of extension1 we must first directly perceive some extension in the concrete1 in the same manner as we must perceive concrete humanity in individual men before we conceive humanity in the abstract4 ,but in all sensible movements we directly perceive extension through space and time4 ,therefore from sensible movements1 without a previous knowledge of extension1 we can form the notion of extension in general4 ,is there any one who can find in this a vicious circle8 ,this answer might suffice4 ,but we will further remark that the argument may be retorted against its author4 ,for if we cannot conceive movement as extending in space without a previous knowledge of extension1 how can we conceive matter as extending in space without a previous knowledge of extension8 ,and how can we conceive matter as continuous without a previous knowledge of continuity1 or time as enduring without a previous knowledge of duration8 ,to these questions the author of the argument can give no satisfactory answer without solving his own objection4 ,space1 distance1 and movement1 says he1 involve extension2 and therefore they cannot be known 8without a previous knowledge of what extension is40 ,it is evident that this conclusion is illogical2 for if space1 distance1 and movement imply extension1 we cannot perceive space1 distance1 and movement without directly perceiving extension2 and1 since the direct perception of a thing does not require a previous knowledge of it1 the logical conclusion should have been that1 to perceive space1 distance1 and movement1 no previous knowledge of extension is needed4 ,on the other hand1 while our senses perceive the extension of continuous movement in space1 they are not competent to perceive material continuity in natural bodies4 ,hence it is from movement1 and not from matter1 that our notion of continuous extension is derived4 ,in fact1 to form a conception of the dimensions of a body1 we survey it by a continuous movement of our eyes from one end of it to the other4 ,in this movement the eye glides over innumerable pores1 by which the material particles of the body are separated4 ,if our conception of the geometric extension of the body depended on the continuity of its matter1 these pores1 as not consisting of continuous matter1 should all be thrown away in the measurement of the body4 ,why1 then1 do we consider them as contributing with their own dimensions to form the total dimensions of the body8 ,merely because the geometric dimensions are estimated by movement1 and not by matter4 ,nor is it in the least strange that we should know extension from movement1 and not from matter4 ,for no one can perceive extension between two terms1 unless he measures by continuous movement the space intercepted between them4 ,the local relation between two terms cannot1 in fact1 be perceived otherwise than by referring the one term to the other through space2 hence no one ever perceives a distance between two given terms otherwise than by drawing1 at least mentally1 a line from the one to the other--that is1 otherwise than by measuring by some movement the extent of the movement which can take place between the two given terms4 ,and this is what the very word extension conveys4 ,for this word is composed of the preposition ex1 which connotes the term from which the movement begins1 and of the verb tendere1 which is a verb of motion4 ,and thus everything shows that it is from motion1 and not from continuous matter1 that our first notion of extension proceeds4 ,a sharp opponent1 however1 might still object that before we can perceive any movement we need to perceive something movable--that is1 visible matter4 ,but no matter is visible unless it be extended4 ,therefore extension must be perceived in matter itself before we can perceive it in local movement4 ,but we answer1 first1 that although nothing can be perceived by our senses unless it be extended1 nevertheless we can see extended things without perceiving their extension4 ,thus we see many stars as mere points in space1 and yet we can perceive their movement from the east to the west4 ,hence1 although matter is not visible unless it be extended1 it does not follow that extension must be first perceived in matter itself4 ,secondly1 we answer that when we perceive the movable matter as extended1 we do not judge of its extension by its movement1 but by the movement which we ourselves have to make in going from one of its extremities to the other4 ,this is the only way of perceiving extension in space4 ,for how could we conceive anything as extended1 if we could not see that it has parts outside of parts8 ,and how could we pronounce that anything has parts outside of parts1 if we did not see that between one part and another there is a possibility of local movement8 ,on the other hand1 as soon as we perceive the possibility of local movement between distinct parts1 we have sufficient evidence of geometric extension4 ,and thus we have no need of continuous matter in order to perceive the volume of bodies4 ,before we dismiss this subject1 we must add that the advocates of continuous matter1 while fighting against us1 shield themselves with two other arguments4 ,if matter is not continuous1 they say1 bodies will consist of mere mathematical points acting at a distance2 but actio in distans is the extreme of absurdity1 and therefore bodies cannot consist of mathematical points4 ,they also allege that nature abhors a vacuum1 and therefore all space must be filled up with matter2 which would be impossible1 were not matter continuous4 ,that nature abhors a vacuum was once considered a physical axiom2 but1 since science has destroyed the physical grounds on which the pretended axiom rested1 metaphysics has in its turn been appealed to1 that the timehonored dictum may not be consigned to complete oblivion4 ,it has therefore been pretended that space without matter is a mere delusion1 and consequently that to make extension dependent on empty intervals of space imagined to intervene between material points is to give a chimerical solution of the question of material extension4 ,the first of these two arguments we have fully answered in our last article1 and we shall not again detain our readers with it4 ,let us notice1 however1 that when the elements of matter are called 8mathematical0 points1 the sense is not that they are not physical1 but only that those physical points are mathematically1 or rigorously1 unextended4 ,the second argument assumes that space void of matter is nothing4 ,as we cannot enter here into a detailed examination of the nature of absolute space1 we shall content ourselves with the following answer3 #ast4 ,all real relations require a real foundation4 ,real distances are real relations4 ,therefore real distances have a real foundation4 ,but their foundation is nothing else than absolute space2 and therefore absolute space is a reality4 #b;d4 ,if empty space is nothing1 then bodies were created in nothing1 occupy nothing1 and all spaces actually occupied are nothing4 ,to say1 as so many have said1 that empty space is nothing1 and that space occupied by matter is a reality1 is to say that the absolute is nothing until it becomes relative--a proposition which is the main support of ,german pantheism1 and which every man of sense must reject4 #c;d4 ,of two different recipients1 the greater has a greater capacity independently of the matter which it may contain2 for1 whether it be filled with the rarest gas or with the densest metal1 its capacity does not vary4 ,it is therefore manifest that its capacity is not determined by the matter it contains1 but only by the space intercepted between its limits4 ,in the same manner the smaller recipient has less capacity1 irrespective of the matter it may contain1 and only in consequence of the space intercepted4 ,if1 therefore1 space1 prescinding from the matter occupying it1 is nothing1 the greater capacity will be a greater nothing1 and the less capacity a less nothing4 ,but greater and less imply quantity1 and quantity is something4 ,therefore nothing will be something4 ,we hope we shall hereafter have a better opportunity of developing these and other considerations on space2 but the little we have said is sufficient1 we believe1 to show that the assumption of the unreality of space unoccupied by matter is a philosophical absurdity4 ,we conclude that the existence of continuous matter cannot be proved1 and that those philosophers who still admit it cannot account for it by anything like a good argument4 ,they can only shelter themselves behind the prejudices of their infancy1 which they have been unable to discard1 or behind the venerable authority of the ancients1 who1 though deserving our admiration in other respects1 were led astray by the same popular prejudices1 owing to their limited knowledge of natural science4 ,we may be allowed to add that if the ancient philosophers are not to be blamed for admitting continuous matter1 the same cannot be said of those among our contemporaries who1 in the present state of science1 are still satisfied with their authority on the subject4 ,mysterious attributes of continuous matter4--,now1 let us suppose that bodies1 or their molecules1 are made up of continuous matter1 just as our opponents maintain2 and let us see what must necessarily follow from such a gratuitous assumption4 ,in the first place1 it follows that a piece of continuous matter cannot be actuated by a single substantial act4 ,this is easily proved4 ,for a single act gives a single actual being2 which is inconsistent with the nature of continuous matter4 ,matter1 to be continuous1 must actually contain distinct parts1 united indeed1 but having distinct ubications in space4 ,now1 with a single substantial act there cannot be distinct actual parts2 for all actual distinction1 according to the axiom of the schools1 implies distinct acts3 ,actus est qui distinguit4 ,therefore continuous matter cannot be actuated by a single substantial act4 ,again1 a piece of continuous matter has dimensions1 of which the beginning and the end must be quite distinct1 the existence of the one not being the existence of the other4 ,but it is impossible for two things which have a distinct existence to be under the same substantial act2 for there cannot be two existences without two formal principles4 ,hence1 if there were any continuous matter1 the beginning and the end of its dimensions should be actuated by distinct acts2 and the same would be true of any two distinct points throughout the same dimensions4 ,nor does it matter that the dimensions are supposed to be formed of one unbroken piece2 for1 before we conceive distinct parts1 or terms1 as forming the continuation of one another1 we must admit the substance of such parts1 as their continuation presupposes their being4 ,hence1 however intimately the parts may be united1 they always remain substantially distinct2 which implies that each one of them must have its own substantial act4 ,moreover1 continuous extension is divisible4 ,if1 then1 there is anywhere a piece of continuous matter1 it may be divided into two1 by ,god at least4 ,but as division is not a magical operation1 and does not give the first existence to the things which are divided1 it is plain that the parts which after the division exist separately must have had their own distinct existence before the division2 and1 evidently1 they could not have a distinct existence without being actuated by distinct substantial acts4 ,what we say of these two parts applies to whatever other parts are obtainable by continuing the division4 ,whence it is manifest that continuous matter needs as many substantial acts as it has divisible parts4 ,the advocates of continuous matter try to decline this consequence by pretending that matter1 so long as it is undivided1 is one matter and needs only one form2 but this form1 according to them1 is divisible2 hence when the matter is divided1 each part of the matter retains its own portion of the substantial form1 and thus the same form which gives existence to the whole gives existence to the separate parts4 ,this is1 however1 a mere subterfuge2 for the undivided matter is indeed one accidentally1 inasmuch as it has no division of parts2 but it is not one substantially1 because it has distinction of parts4 ,this distinction exists before the division is made1 and we have already seen that no actual distinction is possible without distinct acts4 ,and again1 the hypothesis that substantial forms are divisible1 is a ridiculous fiction1 to say the least4 ,for nothing is divisible which has no multiplicity of parts and consequently a multiplicity of acts4 ,how1 then1 can a substantial act1 which is a single act1 be conceived as divisible8 ,they also argue that as the soul1 which is a simple form1 actuates the whole matter of the body1 so can the material form actuate continuous matter4 ,this comparison may have some weight with those who confound the essential with the substantial forms1 and believe that the soul gives the first being to the matter of the body4 ,but the truth is that the substance of the soul is the essential form of the living organism1 and not the substantial form giving the first being to matter4 ,the organism and its matter must have their being in nature before being animated by the soul2 each part of matter in the body has therefore its own distinct material form and its own distinct existence4 ,the soul is a principle of life1 and gives nothing but life47#ge7 ,hence the aforesaid comparison is faulty1 and leads to no conclusion4 ,in the second place it follows that no continuous matter can be styled a single substance4 ,for within the dimensions of continuous matter there must be as many distinct substantial acts as there are material points distinct from one another2 it being clear that distinct points cannot have the same substantial actuation1 and accordingly require distinct substantial acts and constitute distinct substances4 ,against this some will object that a mere point of matter is incapable of supporting the substantial form4 ,but we have already shown that the substantial form is not supported by its matter1 as the objection assumes1 but only terminated to it1 the matter being the substantial term1 not the subject1 of the substantial form47#gf7 ,on the other hand1 it is manifest that a form naturally destined to act in a sphere1 by actuating a single point of matter1 actuates just as much matter as its nature requires4 ,for it is from a single point1 not from many1 that the action must be directed4 ,hence nothing more than a point of matter is required to terminate the substantial form and to constitute a perfect substance4 ,additional proofs of this truth will be found in our next article1 where we shall rigorously demonstrate the impossibility of continuous matter4 ,meanwhile1 nothing withstands our conclusion that there must be as many distinct substances in continuous matter as there are distinct points within its dimensions4 ,in the third place1 it follows that this multitude of distinct substances is not merely potential1 but actual4 ,this conclusion is very clear4 ,for every multitude of actual parts is an actual multitude1 or1 as they say1 a multitude in act4 ,but in continuous matter all the parts are actual1 although they are not actually separated4 ,therefore the multitude of such parts is an actual multitude4 ,the upholders of continuous matter do not admit that this multitude is actual2 they contend that it is only potential4 ,for were they to concede that it is actual1 they would be compelled to admit either that it is actually finite1 or that it is actually infinite4 ,now1 they cannot say that it is actually finite1 because this would be against the wellknown nature of continuum1 which admits of an endless division1 and therefore contains a multitude of parts which has no end4 ,on the other hand1 they cannot say that it is actually infinite2 because1 even admitting the absolute possibility of a multitude actually infinite1 it would still be absurd to assert that such is the case with a piece of matter having finite dimensions4 ,indeed1 ,leibnitz and ,descartes did not hesitate to teach this latter absurdity2 but they could not make it fashionable1 and were soon abandoned even by their own disciples4 ,thus the difficulty remained2 and philosophers1 being unable to solve it1 tried to decline it by denying that there can be in the continuum an actual multitude of parts4 ,this was1 in fact1 the view of the old advocates of continuous matter1 who uniformly admitted that the parts of an unbroken continuum are merely potential1 and form a potential multitude4 ,for1 they say1 the actual multitude results from actual division1 and therefore has no existence in the undivided continuum4 ,this last view would be very good1 if the continuum in question were successive--as is the case with movement and time1 which are always in fieri1 and exist only by infinitesimals in an infinitesimal present1 or if the continuum in question were virtual1 as is the case with any mensurable interval of space2 for evidently in these continuums no actual multitude is to be found4 ,but the case is quite different with continuous matter4 ,for he who asserts the existence of continuous matter asserts the existence of a thing having parts formally distinct and simultaneous4 ,he therefore affirms the actual existence of a formal multitude of distinct parts1 or1 in other terms1 an actual multitude4 ,to deny the actual multitude of the parts1 on the plea that there is no actual division1 is to take refuge in a miserable sophism1 which consists in denying the substantial distinction of the parts on the ground that they are not divided1 and in ignoring their actual being solely because they have not a certain special mode of being4 ,as to the axiom that 8,number results from division10 two things are to be noticed4 ,the first is that the term 8division0 here means mensuration1 not separation4 ,thus we divide the day into twentyfour hours1 without discontinuing time for all that2 and in like manner we divide the length of a journey into miles without discontinuing space4 ,this shows that the numbers obtained by the division of the continuum are only artificially or virtually discrete1 and that the continuum remains unbroken4 ,the second is that a number is not merely a multitude1 but a multitude measured by a certain unit1 as ,s4 ,thomas aptly defines it3 ,numerus est multitudo mensurata per unum4 ,hence1 if the unit of measure is arbitrary 7as is the case with all continuous quantities71 the same quantity can be expressed by different numbers1 according as a different unit is employed in measuring it4 ,but so long as the unit is not determined1 the quantity cannot be expressed by any definite number4 ,and if the unit employed be less than any given finite quantity1 the thing which is measured will contain a multitude of such units greater than any given number4 ,all such units exist in the thing measured prior to its mensuration2 and as such units are actual and distinct1 there can be no doubt that they constitute an actual multitude4 ,some modern advocates of continuous matter have imagined another means of evading the difficulty4 ,tongiorgi admits extended atoms of continuous matter1 but denies that their parts are actually distinct4 ,as1 however1 he confesses that extension requires parts outside of parts 7,cosmol41 n4 #adc71 we may ask him3 ,are not such parts actually distinct8 ,distinction is a negation of identity2 and surely parts existing actually outside of one another are not actually identical4 ,they are therefore actually distinct4 ,now1 to use the very words of the author1 8where there are distinct parts there is a plurality of units1 that is1 a multitude1 although the parts which are distinct be united in a common term1 as is the case with the parts of continuum027#gg7 and therefore it is manifest that the continuous atom involves actual multitude4 ,liberatore does not entirely deny the actual distinction of the parts in continuous matter1 but maintains that the distinction is incomplete1 and accordingly cannot give rise to an actual multitude4 ,the parts of a continuum1 says he1 are united in a common term2 hence they are incompletely distinct1 and make no number1 but are all one4 ,they are outside of one another1 yet in such a manner as to be also inside of one another4 ,they do not subsist in themselves1 but in the whole4 ,the whole displays many parts1 but it is one1 and its parts are so indeterminate that they cannot be measured except by an arbitrary measure47#gh7 ,this view scarcely deserves to be discussed1 as the author himself owns that it makes continuous matter seem somewhat contradictory--,contradictoriis quodammodo notis subditur--though he attributes this kind of contradiction to the opposition which exists between the matter and the form--an explanation which we do not admit for reasons which we shall give in our next article4 ,but as to the assertion that the parts of a continuum1 on account of their having a common term1 are only incompletely distinct1 we can show at once that the author is much mistaken4 ,incomplete distinction is a distinction which does not completely exclude identity4 ,hence where there is incomplete distinction there is also incomplete identity4 ,now1 not a shadow of identity is to be found between any two parts of continuum4 ,therefore any two parts of continuum are completely distinct4 ,thus each of the twentyfour hours into which we divide the day is completely distinct from every other1 although the one is united with the other in a common term2 for it is evident that the common term1 having no extension1 is no part of extension1 and therefore cannot originate identity between any two parts of extension4 ,to say that there is some identity1 and therefore an incomplete distinction1 between two extensions1 because they have a common term which has no extension1 is to pretend that the unextended has some identity with the extended2 and this pretension is absurd4 ,we conclude that1 in spite of all the efforts of our opponents1 it is manifest that continuous matter would be an actual multitude of distinct1 though not separated1 substances4 ,lastly1 it follows that actual continuous matter would be an actual infinite multitude of substances4 ,this conclusion is fully warranted by the infinite divisibility of the continuum4 ,but here again the advocates of material continuity contend that this divisibility is potential1 and can never be reduced to act2 whence they infer that the multitude of the parts is not actual1 but potential4 ,we1 however1 repeat that if the division is potential1 the divisible matter is certainly actual2 and therefore the potency of an infinite division presupposes an infinite multitude of distinct terms actually existing in the divisible matter4 ,and as we have already shown that each distinct term must have a distinct substantial act1 we must conclude that the least piece of continuous matter would consist of an infinite actual multitude of substances--a consequence whose monstrosity needs no demonstration4 ,hence we are not surprised to see that ,goudin1 one of the great champions of the old physics1 considers continuous matter as 8a philosophic mystery1 about which reason teaches more than it can understand1 and objects more than it can answer407#gi7 ,he tries1 however1 to explain the mystery in some manner1 by adding that 8when the continuum is said to be infinitely divisible1 this must be understood mathematically1 not physically--that is1 by considering the quantity as it is in itself1 not as it is the property of a corporeal form4 ,for in the process of the division we might finally reach a part so small that1 if smaller1 it would be insufficient to bear any natural form4 ,nevertheless1 mathematically speaking1 in that smallest physical part there would still be two halves1 and in these halves other halves1 and so on without end407#hj7 ,this explanation is taken from ,s4 ,thomas 7,i ,phys41 lect4 ,i471 and shows philosophical thought2 but1 far from solving the difficulty1 it rather proves that it is insoluble4 ,for if1 mathematically speaking1 in the smallest bit of continuous matter there are still halves1 and halves of halves1 clearly there are in it distinct parts of matter1 and therefore distinct forms actuating each of them distinctly1 as the being of each part is not the being of any other part4 ,it is therefore false that nothing smaller is sufficient to bear any natural form4 ,and hence the difficulty is not solved4 ,on the other hand1 the necessity of resorting to purely mathematical 7geometric7 quantity clearly shows that it is the space inclosed in the volume of the body 7of which alone geometry treats71 and not the matter 7of which geometry has nothing to say71 that is infinitely divisible2 and this amounts to a confession that continuous matter has no existence4 ,while making these remarks1 we willingly acknowledge that ,s4 ,thomas and all the ancients who considered air1 water1 fire1 and earth as the first elements of all things1 were perfectly consistent in teaching that natural forms require a definite amount of matter4 ,for by 8natural forms0 they meant those forms from which the specific properties of sensible things emanate4 ,now1 all things that are sensible are materially compounded in a greater or less degree1 and possess properties which cannot be ascribed to a single material point4 ,so far1 then1 these ancient philosophers were right4 ,but they should have considered that the required amount of matter ought to consist of distinct parts1 having their own distinct being1 and therefore their own distinct substantial acts4 ,this would have led them to the conclusion that the natural form of air1 water1 etc41 was not a form giving the first being to the material parts1 but a form of natural composition giving the first being to the compound nature4 ,but let us stop here for the present4 ,we have shown that continuous matter cannot be proved to exist1 and is1 at best1 a 8philosophic mystery40 ,in our next article we shall go a step further1 and prove that material continuity is a metaphysical impossibility4 ,to ,be ,continued4 ,new ,publications4 ,,alzog',s ,,universal ,,church ,,history4 ,pabisch and ,byrne4 ,vol ,i4 ,cincinnati3 ,robert ,clarke ,co4 #ahgd4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,this manual for ecclesiastical students is confessedly the best extant4 ,dr4 ,pabisch1 the chief translator and editor1 is well known for his vast erudition1 and his associate1 the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,byrne1 has paid careful attention to the style of rendering the ,german into ,english4 ,the publishers have made the exterior of the work worthy of its contents4 ,we need not say any more to recommend a work which speaks for itself and has received the sanction of names the highest in ecclesiastical rank and theological repute in this country4 ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,catholic ,,church ,,in ,,scotland4 ,by ,james ,walsh4 ,glasgow3 ,hugh ,margey4 #ahgd4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,this is a valuable work1 because it is the only one of its kind1 and1 even were there others1 it would stand on its own merits and still be valuable4 ,scotland being so closely united in its history and destinies1 and having so much in common with the sister countries1 the history of the ,scottish ,church must necessarily have a close affinity and throw much light upon the ecclesiastical annals of ,england and ,ireland2 so that the interest and importance of this work is greatly heightened by the fact that it supplies an integral part of the history of ,christianity in the ,british ,isles4 ,hitherto that history was not complete4 ,it may be said to be completed now4 ,if those among our separated brethren who pretend to seek so diligently after truth in the teachings and practices of the early church will deign to glance at these pages1 they will find that ,scotland too was evangelized by the popes1 and that its first ,christians professed1 not a mutilated ,christianity1 but the whole cycle of ,catholic doctrine4 ,they will learn1 moreover1 that the socalled ,reformation in ,scotland was entirely a political job1 and that there1 as elsewhere1 the ,protestantism in which they pride themselves was tinkered up by a herd of fanatics and foisted upon the people by a rapacious1 profligate1 unprincipled nobility4 ,never was there a more truthful page of history written than this4 ,the author1 though he modestly claims for himself nothing more than the title of compiler1 has many of the qualifications of an historian2 his research has been long and laborious1 and he notices only the most authentic documents and records of the past4 ,in no instance do we discover any attempt to color or gloss over any of his statements1 and he is never betrayed into exaggerating the virtues or concealing the faults of his countrymen4 ,,manual ,,of ,,mythology3 ,,greek ,,and ,,roman1 ,,norse ,,and ,,old ,,german1 ,,hindoo ,,and ,,egyptian ,,mythology4 ,by ,alexander ,s4 ,murray1 ,department of ,greek and ,roman ,antiquities1 ,british ,museum4 ,second ,edition4 ,rewritten and considerably enlarged4 ,with fortyfive plates4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co41 #fed ,broadway4 #ahgd4 ,as a manual of mythology this seems to be as concise1 complete1 and accurate as such a book can be made4 ,as a specimen of art it is remarkable4 ,the author is apparently one of our modern1 cultivated pagans1 very much at home among the heathen religions he describes4 ,the very brief exposition of his own theological opinions contained in his introduction ignores the true and primitive religion revealed from heaven altogether1 and propounds the utterly unhistorical1 pernicious1 and false notion that monotheism is a development from polytheism produced by intellectual progress4 ,the author does not1 however1 put forth anti,christian views in an offensive or obtrusive manner1 and indeed all he says is included in a few sentences4 ,we cannot1 certainly1 recommend the study of pagan mythology to young pupils1 or consider the present volume as suitable for indiscriminate perusal4 ,those who are fit for such studies1 and for whom they are necessary or proper1 will find it a very satisfactory compendium of information and a work of truly classical taste and elegance4 ,,curtius' ,,history ,,of ,,greece4 ,vol4 ,v4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co4 #ahgd4 ,this volume completes the work of ,dr4 ,curtius4 ,we have already given it the high commendation which it deserves in our notices of previous volumes4 ,it is one of the firstclass historical works of ,german scholarship1 and this is the highest praise that can be given to any work in those departments in which ,german scholars excel1 so far as learning and ability are concerned4 ,a ,,theory ,,of ,,fine ,,art4 ,by ,joseph ,torrey1 late ,professor of ,moral and ,intellectual ,philosophy in the ,university of ,vermont4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co4 #ahgd4 ,looking through this treatise of ,prof4 ,torrey1 whose intellectual head1 stamped in gold on the cover1 leads the reader to expect a thoughtful work on the most attractive subject of sthetics1 our impression is decidedly favorable4 ,the ,university of ,vermont used to be considered as quite remarkable for an elevated1 philosophical tone4 ,such seems to be the character of this condensed summary of the retired professor's lectures on art1 evidently the result of much study and observation1 and given to the reader in that pleasing style which best suits such a very pleasant branch of knowledge4 ,,protestant ,,journalism4 ,by the author of ,my ,clerical ,friends4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgd4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,it is enough to name the author of this collection of short1 lively essays--,dr4 ,marshall4 ,it is the cream of the ,london ,tablet's articles1 during the author's active connection with that journal1 on the most living and interesting topics of the day in regard to the warfare between the ,catholic ,church and her enemies4 ,we recommend it to universal reading and circulation in the warmest possible manner1 and with the most sincere desire that the author may long be spared to continue his admirable and useful career as a champion of religion and truth4 ,,charteris2 ,a ,romance4 ,by ,mary ,m4 ,meline4 ,philadelphia3 ,j4 ,b4 ,lippincott ,co4 #ahgd4 ,this romance does not belie its name in its contents4 ,its plot and incidents are romantic and tragic in the highest degree4 ,bordering1 at least1 on the improbable1 as they are1 they are nevertheless managed with a very considerable degree of skill and power by the author1 who has improved very much on her last story1 ,in ,six ,months4 ,the characters are drawn with free and bold strokes1 and have dramatic individuality4 ,the plot excites even a painful interest all through1 and there is no mawkish sentimentalism anywhere4 ,some scenes are remarkably well drawn4 ,there are no lectures on religion or morals1 but the purity of a true ,catholic woman's faith and morality shines through the whole story4 ,we may congratulate the fair author on her success4 ,,katherine ,,earle4 ,by ,miss ,adeline ,trafton4 ,boston3 ,lee ,shepard4 #ahgd4 ,an interesting story1 beautifully illustrated and neatly bound4 ,,summer ,,talks ,,about ,,lourdes4 ,by ,cecilia ,mary ,caddell4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgd4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,in this little book the authoress relates some of the wonderful miracles of ,lourdes4 ,its style is simple and chaste1 and1 we should say1 particularly suited for children4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xx41 ,,no4 #aag4--;,,december1 #ahgd4 ,the ,persecution ,of ,the ,church ,in ,the ,german ,empire4 ,the ,catholics are suffering today1 in the very heart of ,europe1 a persecution which1 if less bloody1 is not less cruel or unjust1 than that which afflicted the ,christian ,church in the beginning of the ,i,vth century1 under the reign of the brutal old emperor1 ,diocletian4 ,the prisons of ,germany are filled with confessors of the faith1 who1 in the midst of every indignity and outrage1 bear themselves with a constancy and heroism not unworthy of the early martyrs4 ,and it is strange1 too1 that this struggle should be only a renewal of the old conflict between ,christ and ,csar1 between the ,son of ,man and the prince of this world4 ,in fact1 anti ,christian ,europe is using every exertion to recreate society on the model of ,grecian and ,roman paganism4 ,this tendency is manifest in all the various realms of thought and action4 ,we perceive it--and we speak now more particularly of ,germany--in literature1 in science1 in the manner of dealing with all the great problems which concern man in his relations with both the visible and the unseen world2 and it looms up before us1 in palpable form and gigantic proportions1 in the whole attitude of the state toward the church4 ,there has never lived on this earth a more thorough pagan than ,goethe1 the great idol of ,german literature1 to whom the very sign of the cross was so hateful that in his notorious ,venetian ,epigram he put it side by side with garlic and vermin4 ,the thought of selfsacrifice and selfdenial was so odious to his lustful and allindulgent nature that he turned from its great emblem with uncontrollable disgust1 and openly proclaimed himself a 8decidirter ,nichtchrist40 8,das ,ewig ,weibliche0--sensualism and sexualism--were the gods of his heart1 in whose praise alone he attuned his lyre4 ,and ,schiller1 in his ,gods of ,greece1 complained sorrowingly that all the fair world of gods and goddesses should have vanished1 that one 7the ,god of the ,christian7 might be enriched2 and with tender longing he prayed that 8nature's sweet morn0 might again return4 ,both the religion and the philosophy of paganism were based upon the deification of nature1 and were consequently pantheistic4 ,now1 this pagan pantheism recrudescent is the one permanent type amid the endless variations of modern ,german sophistry4 ,it underlies the theorizing of ,schelling1 ,fichte1 and ,hegel1 as well as that of ,feuerbach1 ,bchner1 and ,strauss4 ,they all assume the nonexistence of a personal ,god1 and transfer his attributes to nature1 which is1 in their eyes1 the mother of all1 the sole existence1 and the supreme good4 ,this pantheism1 which confuses all things in extricable chaos1 spirit with matter1 thought with sensation1 the infinite with the finite1 destroying the very elements of reason1 and taking from language its essential meaning1 has infected all non,catholic thought in ,germany4 ,when we descend from the misty heights of speculation1 we find pantheistic paganism in the idolatry of science and culture1 which have taken the place of dogma and morality4 ,it is held to be an axiom that man is simply a product of nature1 who knows herself in him as she feels herself in the animal4 ,the formulas in which the thought is clothed are of minor importance4 ,in the ultimate analysis we find in all the conflicting schools of ,german infidelity this sentiment1 however widely its expression may vary3 that nature is supreme1 and there is no ,god beside4 ,the cosmos1 instead of a personal ,god1 is the ultimate fact beyond which science professes to be unable to proceed2 and therefore the duality of ends1 aims1 and results which underlies the ,christian conception of the universe must necessarily disappear4 ,there is no longer ,god and the world1 spirit and matter1 good and evil1 heaven and hell2 there is not even man and the brute4 ,there is only the cosmos1 which is one2 and from this it necessarily follows that the distinction between the spiritual and the temporal power is unreal and should cease to be recognized4 ,now1 here we have discovered the very germ from which the whole ,prussian persecution has sprung4 ,in the last analysis it rests upon the assumption that the spiritual power has no right to exist1 since the truths upon which it was supposed to be based--as ,god1 the soul1 and a future life--are proven to be myths4 ,hence the state is the only autonomy1 and to claim authority not derived from it is treason4 ,thus the struggle now going on in ,prussia is for life or death4 ,it rages around the very central citadel of the soul and of all religion4 ,the ,catholics of ,germany are today contending for what the ,christians of the first centuries died--the right to live4 ,to understand this better it will be well to consider for a moment the attributes of the state in pagan ,greece and ,rome4 ,hellenic religion1 in its distinctive forms1 had its origin in the deification of nature and of man as her crowning work1 and both were identified with the state4 ,hence religion was heroworship2 the good man was the good citizen1 the saint was the successful warrior who struck terror into the enemies of his country1 and thus the religious feeling was confounded with the patriotic spirit4 ,to be a true citizen of the state1 it was necessary to profess the national religion2 and to be loyal to the state was to be true to its protecting gods4 ,the highest act of religion was to beat back the invader or to die gloriously on the battlefield4 ,indeed1 in paganism we find no idea of a nonnational religion4 ,the pagan state1 whether imperial1 monarchical1 or republican1 was essentially tyrannical1 wholly incompatible with freedom as understood in ,christian society4 ,to be free was to be1 soul and body1 the slave of the state4 ,plato gives to his ideal ,republic unlimited power to control the will of the individual1 to direct all his thoughts and actions1 to model and shape his whole life4 ,he merges the family and its privileges into the state and its rights1 gives the government absolute authority in the education of its subjects1 and even places the propagation of the race under state supervision4 ,the pagan state was also essentially military1 recognizing no rights except those which it had not the power to violate4 ,now1 the preaching of ,christ was in direct contradiction to this whole theory of government4 ,he declared that ,god and the soul have rights as well as ,csar1 and proclaimed the higher law which affirms that man has a destiny superior to that of being a citizen of any state1 however glorious2 which imposes upon him duties that transcend the sphere of all human authority4 ,thus religion became the supreme law of life1 and the recognition of the indefeasible rights of conscience gave to man citizenship in a kingdom not of this world4 ,it1 in consequence1 became his duty as well as his privilege to obey first the laws of this supernatural kingdom1 and to insist upon this divine obligation1 even though the whole world should oppose him4 ,this teaching of ,christ at once lifted religion above the control of the state1 and1 cutting loose the bonds of servitude which had made it national and narrow1 declared it catholic1 of the whole earth and for all men4 ,he sent his apostles1 not to the ,jew1 or the ,greek1 or the ,gentile1 but to all the nations1 and in his church he recognized no distinction of race or social condition--the slave was like the freeman1 the beggar like the king4 ,this doctrine1 the most beneficent and humanitarian that the world has ever heard1 brought forth from the oblivion of ages the allforgotten truth of the brotherhood of the race1 and raised man to a level on which paganism was not able even to contemplate him2 proclaiming that man1 for being simply man1 irrespective of race1 nationality1 or condition1 is worthy of honor and reverence4 ,now1 it was precisely this catholic and nonnational character of the religion of ,christ which brought it into conflict with the pagan state4 ,the ,christians1 it was held1 could not be loyal citizens of the empire1 because they did not profess the religion of the empire1 and refused to sacrifice to the divinity of ,csar4 ,they were traitors1 because in those things which concerned faith they were resolved not to recognize on the part of the state any right to interfere2 and therefore were they cast into prison1 thrown to the wild beasts in the ,amphitheatre1 and devoured under the approving eyes of the worshippers of the emperor's divinity4 ,this history is repeating itself in ,prussia to day4 ,many causes have1 within the present century1 helped to strengthen the national feeling in ,germany4 ,the terrible outrages and humiliations inflicted upon her by the pitiless soldiers of the first ,napoleon made it evident that the common safety required that the bonds of brotherhood among the peoples of the different ,german states should be drawn tighter4 ,the development of a national literature also helped to foster a longing for national unity4 ,in the ,x,v,i,ith1 and even down to nearly the end of the ,x,v,i,i,ith1 century1 ,french influence1 extending from the courts of princes to the closets of the learned1 gave tone to both literature and politics4 ,leibnitz wrote in ,french or ,latin1 and ,frederick the ,great strove to forget his own tongue1 that he might learn to speak ,french with idiomatic purity--an accomplishment which he never acquired4 ,as there was no ,german literature1 the national feeling lacked one of its most powerful stimulants4 ,but in the latter half of the ,x,v,i,i,ith century1 and during the first half of the ,x,i,xth1 a literature rich1 profound1 thoroughly ,german1 the creation of some of the highest names in the world of letters1 came into existence1 and was both a cause and an effect of the national awakening4 ,goethe especially did much1 by the absolute ascendency which he acquired in the literature of his country1 to unify and harmonize the national mind4 ,still1 a thousand interests and jealousies1 local and dynastic1 old prescriptive rights1 and a constitutional slowness and sluggishness in the ,germanic temperament1 stood in the way of a united fatherland1 and had to be got rid of or overcome by force before the dream of the nationalists could become a reality4 ,prussia1 founded by rapine1 built up and strengthened by war and conquest1 has always been a heartless1 selfseeking state4 ,the youngest of the great ,european states1 and for a long time one of the most inconsiderable1 she has gradually grown to be the first military power of the world4 ,already1 in the time of ,frederick the ,great1 she was the formidable rival of ,austria in the contest for the hegemony of the other ,german states4 ,this struggle ended1 in #ahff1 in the utter defeat of ,austria on the field of ,sadowa4 ,hanover1 ,saxony1 ,hesse,cassel1 and other minor principalities were at once absorbed by ,prussia1 who1 besides greatly increasing her strength1 thus became the champion of ,german unity4 ,but ,german unity was a menace to ,france1 who could not possibly maintain her preponderance in ,european affairs in the presence of a united ,germany4 ,hence the irrepressible conflict between ,france and ,prussia1 which ended in the catastrophe of ,sedan4 ,the ,king of ,prussia became the ,emperor of ,germany1 and ,german national pride and enthusiasm reached a degree bordering on frenzy4 ,by a remarkable coincidence the ,franco,prussian war broke out at the very moment when the dogma of ,papal infallibility was defined1 and immediately after the capitulation of ,sedan1 ,victor ,emanuel took possession of ,rome4 ,the ,pope was without temporal power--a prisoner indeed4 ,the feeling against the newlydefined dogma was especially strong in ,germany1 where the systematic warfare carried on by the ,janus party against the ,vatican ,council had warped the public mind4 ,france1 the eldest daughter of the church1 was lying1 bleeding and crushed1 at the feet of the conqueror4 ,the time seemed to have arrived when the bond which united the ,catholics of ,germany with the ,pope1 and through him with the church universal1 might easily be broken4 ,the defection of ,dllinger and other rationalistic professors1 as well as the attitude of many of the ,german bishops in the council1 and the views which they had expressed with regard to the probable results of a definition of the infallibility of the ,pope1 tended to confirm those who controlled the policy of the new empire in the opinion that there would be no great difficulty in forming the ,catholics of ,germany into a kind of national religious body wholly subject to the state1 even in matters of faith4 ,if we add to this the fact that the infidels of our day have a kind of superstition which leads them to think that all religious faith has grown weak1 and that those who believe are for the most part hypocritical1 insincere1 and by no means anxious to suffer for conscience's sake1 we shall be able to understand how ,bismarck1 who is utterly indifferent to all religion1 and who believes in nothing except the omnipotence of the state1 should have persuaded himself to destroy the religious freedom which had come to be considered the common property of ,christendom4 ,already1 in the month of ,august immediately following the close of the war with ,france1 we find the ,northern ,german press1 which obsequiously obeys his orders1 beginning to throw out hints that ,rome had always been the enemy of ,germany2 that her claims were incompatible with the rights of the state and hurtful to the national development2 and that1 in presence of the newlydefined dogma of ,papal infallibility1 the necessity of resisting her everincreasing encroachments upon the domain of the civil authority had become imperative4 ,the watchword given by the official press was everywhere reechoed by the organs of both infidel and ,protestant opinion1 and it at once became evident that the ,german ,empire intended to make war on the ,catholic ,church4 ,there was yet another end to be subserved by the persecution of the church4 ,bismarck made no secret of his fears of a democratic movement in ,germany after the excitement of the ,french campaign had died away1 and he hoped to avert this danger by inflaming the religious prejudices of the infidel and ,protestant population4 ,on the #hth of ,july1 #ahga1 the ,catholic department in the ,ministry of ,public ,worship was abolished1 and the government openly lent its influence to the ,old ,catholic movement4 ,according to the ,prussian constitution1 religious instruction in the gymnasia is obligatory2 but where a portion or all of the students were ,catholics1 the state recognized that their religious instructors should not be appointed until they had received the approbation of the bishop4 ,dr4 ,wollmann1 who had for a long time held the office of teacher of religion in the ,catholic gymnasium of ,braunsberg1 apostatized after the ,vatican ,council1 and was1 in consequence1 suspended from the exercise of the priestly office by his bishop1 who declared that1 since ,wollmann had left the church1 he could no longer be considered a suitable religious instructor of ,catholic youth4 ,von ,mhler1 the ,minister of ,public ,worship1 refused to remove ,wollmann2 and since religious instruction is compulsory1 the pupils who could not in conscience attend his classes were forced to leave the school4 ,this act of ,von ,mhler was in open violation of the ,prussian constitution1 which expressly recognized in the ,catholic ,church the right of directing the religious instruction of its members4 ,to require that ,catholics should send their children to the lessons of an excommunicated priest was to trample upon the most sacred rights of conscience4 ,by declaring1 as in this case1 that those who rejected the dogma of infallibility were true ,catholics1 the ,german government plainly showed that it intended to assume the competency of deciding in all matters of faith1 and consequently to wholly ignore the existence of any religious authority distinct from that of the state4 ,bismarck's next move was not less arbitrary or tyrannical4 ,he proposed to the ,federal ,council and ,reichstag a law against what was termed the abuse of the pulpit1 by which the office of preaching should be placed under the supervision of the police4 ,this law1 which was passed by a feeble majority1 was simply a renewal of the attempt to suppress ,christianity made by the ,jewish ,council in ,jerusalem when the apostles first began to preach in the name of ,jesus1 without asking permission of the rulers of the people3 8,but that it may be no further spread among the people1 let us threaten them1 that they speak no more in this name to any man4 ,and calling them1 they charged them not to speak at all1 nor teach in the name of ,jesus0 7,acts iv4 #ag1 #ah74 ,the injustice of this law was very well shown by the ,saxon member of the ,federal ,council1 who pointed out the fact that1 whilst liberty of speech was denied to ,catholic priests1 socialists and infidels were permitted every day to attack the very foundations of all government and civilization4 ,this1 however1 is but the necessary consequence of the theory of the state,god4 ,to preach in the name of any other ,god is treason2 whereas atheism is the correlative of the omnipotence of the government4 ,that the present tendency in ,germany is to put the nation in the place of ,god is expressly recognized by the ,allgemeine ,evang4 ,luth4 ,kirchenzeitung1 which is the organ of orthodox ,lutheranism4 ,these are its words3 8,for the dogmatic teaching of ,christianity they hope to substitute the national element4 ,the national idea will form the germ of the new religion of the empire4 ,we have already seen the emblems which foreshadow the manner in which this new worship is to be organized4 ,instead of the ,christian festivals1 they will celebrate the national memories1 and will call to the churches the masses to whom the road is no longer known4 ,have we not seen1 on the anniversary of ,sedan1 the eidolon of the emperor placed upon the altar1 whilst the pulpit was surrounded with the busts of the heroes of the war8 8,during eight days they wove crowns of oakleaves and the church was filled2 whilst out of ten thousand parishioners1 scarcely a dozen can be got together to listen to the word of ,god4 ,such is the religion of the future church of the empire4 ,little more is needed to revive the ancient worship of the ,roman emperors2 and if the history of ,germany is to be reduced to this duel between the church of the emperor and that of the ,pope1 we must see on which side the ,lutherans will stand40 ,the next attack on the church was made under cover of an enactment on the inspection of public schools4 ,a project of law was presented to the ,house of ,deputies1 excluding all priests from the inspection of schools1 and at the same time obliging them to undertake this office whenever asked to do so by the state authorities4 ,this latter clause was1 however1 so openly unjust that it was rejected by the ,house4 ,but the law1 even as it stands1 is a virtual denial that ,catholic schools have any right to exist at all1 and is an evidence that the ,german ,empire intends to destroy ,christian faith by establishing an atheistic system of popular education4 ,and now war was declared against the ,jesuits4 ,the ,congress of the ,old ,catholics1 which met at ,munich in ,september1 #ahga1 had passed violent resolutions against the order2 and later the ,old ,catholic ,committee at ,cologne presented a petition against the ,jesuits to the imperial ,parliament4 ,the debate was opened in the month of ,may1 #ahgb4 ,a project of law1 restricting the liberties of religious orders1 and especially directed against the ,society of ,jesus1 was brought before the ,federal ,council and accepted by a large majority4 ,when it came before the imperial ,parliament1 amendments were added rendering it still more harsh and tyrannical4 ,the order was to be shut out from the empire1 its houses to be closed1 foreign ,jesuits were to be expelled1 and the ,german members of the society were to be confined to certain districts2 and the execution of these measures was to be entrusted to the ,federal ,council4 ,on the #dth of ,july the law received the approval of the emperor1 and on the #eth it was promulgated4 ,thus in the most arbitrary manner1 without any legal proceedings1 hundreds of ,german citizens1 against whom there was not the slightest proof of guilt1 were deprived of all rights and expelled from their country4 ,besides1 the measure was based upon the most ignorant misconception of the real condition of the church1 and was therefore necessarily ineffective4 ,the religious orders and the secular priesthood do not represent opposite tendencies in the church2 their aims are identical1 and1 in our day at least1 the secular priests are as zealous1 as active1 and as efficient as the members of the religious orders4 ,what end1 then1 was to be gained by expelling the ,jesuits1 whilst devoted and faithful priests were left to minister to the ,catholic people1 whose faith had been roused by this scandalous persecution of men whom they knew to be guilty of no crime except that of loving ,jesus ,christ and his church8 ,the blow struck at the ,jesuits was1 in truth1 aimed at the church1 and this the bishops1 priests1 and entire ,catholic people of ,germany at once recognized4 ,they saw now1 since even the possibility of doubting was no longer left to them1 that the ,german ,empire had declared open war against the church2 and ,bismarck1 seeing that his halfway measures had deceived no one1 resolved to adopt a policy of open violence4 ,with this view a new minister of ,public ,worship was appointed in the person of ,dr4 ,falk1 who drew up the plan of the famous ,four ,church ,laws to which he has given his name1 and which was adopted on the #aath of ,may1 #ahgc4 ,in virtue of these laws--which it is unnecessary to transcribe in full--the state arrogates the right of appointing to all ecclesiastical offices1 since the government claims authority to approve or annul all nominations made by the bishops2 and the ,president of the ,province 7,oberpraesident7 is bound to interdict the exercise of any religious function to ecclesiastics appointed without his consent4 ,the bishop who makes an appointment to the cure of souls without the consent of the civil authority is fined from two hundred to one thousand thalers2 and the priest who1 appointed in this way1 exercises spiritual functions1 is visited with a proportionate fine4 ,this is an attempt to change the very nature of the church2 it is a denial of its right to exist at all4 ,the third of these laws creates the 8,royal ,court of ,justice for ,ecclesiastical ,affairs10 which claims and possesses by act of ,parliament the right to reform all disciplinary decisions made by the bishops in relation to the ecclesiastics under their jurisdiction4 ,this same court has by law the right to depose any ecclesiastic whose conduct the government may see fit to consider incompatible with public order4 ,the ,pope is interdicted from the exercise of disciplinary power within the territory of the ,prussian monarchy4 ,the state takes control of the education of the young men destined to the priesthood4 ,it requires them to pass the arbiturientenexamen in a ,german gymnasium1 and then to devote three years to the study of theology in a ,german university1 during which time they are not to be permitted to live in an episcopal seminary2 and thereafter they are to pass a public examination before the state officials4 ,all educational establishments for the clergy1 especially all kinds of seminaries1 are placed under the superintendence of the government1 and those which refuse to submit to this supervision are to be closed4 ,the education of priests1 the fitness of candidates for holy orders1 appointments to the cure of souls1 the infliction of ecclesiastical censures1 the soundness of the faith of the clergy1 are1 in the new ,german ,empire1 matters to be regulated by the police4 ,this is not a struggle between ,catholicity and ,protestantism2 it is a battle between the ,atheist ,state and the ,kingdom of ,god4 ,the ,protestant ,church in ,germany does not alarm ,bismarck1 because it is feeble and has no independent organization1 since its ministers are appointed and ruled by the emperor1 and it is also well understood that very few of them have any faith in positive religion4 ,but the orthodox ,protestants of ,germany thoroughly understand that the attempt to crush the ,catholic ,church is meant to be a fatal blow at the vital principle of all religion4 ,this is recognized by the ,allgemeine ,evang4 ,luth4 ,kirchenzeitung in the article from which we have already quoted4 8,it is a common remark10 says this organ of orthodox ,lutheranism1 8that the blows struck at the ,church of ,rome will tell with redoubled force against the evangelical church4 ,but what is meant to injure1 only helps the ,roman ,church4 ,there she stands1 more compact than ever1 and the world is amazed at beholding her strength4 ,once the word of the ,monk of ,wittenberg made her tremble1 but today the blows of power make her stronger4 ,let us beware of illusion2 it is certain that in the ,protestant ,north of ,germany there has grown up a public opinion on the ,church of ,rome which provokes the respect even of the liberals4 ,we have enough to do1 they say1 to fight the socialists2 it is time to leave the ,catholic bishops in peace40 ,to ,be ,concluded ,next ,month4 ,the ,veil ,withdrawn4 ,translated1 ,by ,permission1 ,from ,the ,french ,of ,mme4 ,craven1 ,author ,of 8,a ,sister's ,story10 8,fleurange10 ,etc4 ,,xxvi4 ,among the amusements of the ,carnival1 there was one in which ,i was not in the least tempted to take part--that of the bal masqu1 or1 as it was called1 the ,festino di ,san ,carlo4 ,i ought to remark here1 however1 that it was with respect to this amusement1 above all1 ,naples differed from ,paris4 ,there was no resemblance between the bals masqus at ,san ,carlo and those given at the opera in ,paris4 ,no virtuous or even prudent woman1 ,i imagine1 would think of venturing to attend the latter2 whereas at ,san ,carlo it was not only common to find married women of rank1 but even young ladies under their mothers' protection as at any other ball4 ,they wore their masks awhile1 amusing themselves1 if they had the turn1 with mystifying their friends2 then1 at a certain hour1 several rooms having been formed by uniting a number of boxes1 and illuminated1 they all laid aside their masks1 and the various coteries1 in groups of ten1 fifteen1 or twenty persons1 took supper together4 ,i certainly do not pretend to deny 7my story itself would forbid it7 that the opportunity of profiting by this disguise1 in order to pass the evening in a less inoffensive manner1 was not made use of by more than one of the company4 ,it could not be otherwise1 perhaps1 in a place where this kind of folly reigns1 even in a mitigated form4 ,i only wish to describe its general character at that time4 ,i had not1 however1 the least inclination to attend4 ,the very thought of wearing a mask was repugnant to me1 and to see anybody else with one on caused me a kind of fear4 ,besides1 ,i never could understand what pleasure was to be found in a mystery of this kind1 which always seemed childish and trivial1 if not culpable and dangerous4 ,i had neither the faculty of disguising my voice nor of making use of the jargon that constitutes the spirit of a bal masqu4 ,i therefore flatly refused to join a party of twenty persons who were to attend the ,festino on ,jeudi,gras1 and1 after participating for awhile in the amusements of the ballroom1 were to take supper together4 ,stella had neither my repugnance nor my incapacity4 ,she knew how to play the part of another with grace and skill1 and had been urged1 as well as ,i1 to join this merry party2 but she denied herself the pleasure in order to attend a family supper with her aged relatives and their friends1 and we decided with mutual accord that our amusement for the day should be confined to that which awaited us on my aunt's balcony on the ,toledo4 ,the hour came at last1 and found us under arms--that is to say1 our faces protected by a kind of visor of wire netting1 and all of us1 except my aunt1 dressed in such a way as not to fear the clouds of flour we were to face1 as well as the missiles which1 under the name of confetti1 were fearful to encounter1 and had nothing sweet about them but the name4 ,some carried their precaution so far as to prepare a costume de bataille expressly for the occasion4 ,of this number were ,teresina and ,mariuccia1 who1 at ,lando's suggestion1 had provided themselves with dresses of white cotton ornamented with bows of rosecolored ribbon1 which enabled them to encounter the showers of missiles1 and were so becoming that they looked like two of ,watteau's shepherdesses4 ,but my aunt disdained this mixture of elegance and economy4 ,she did not give a thought to what was to take place in the street2 her whole mind was absorbed in what was to occur in her drawingroom4 ,regardless of danger1 she put on a dress of yellow silk of the brightest shade1 and set off her chignon and false braids with a cap adorned with poppies and cornflowers1 above which was fastened a bow of red ribbon1 which streamed like a flag from the summit of a tower4 ,this display was intended to do honor to the visitors who merely came for their own convenience4 ,for the most part1 they only entered her house with an eye to her balcony3 but in order to obtain access to it1 they were obliged to pass through the drawingroom1 where ,donna ,clelia herself was stationed to arrest the passersby and exact a tribute of politeness no one could refuse1 and which1 brought to such close terms1 every one liberally paid4 ,never had she1 therefore1 in a single day reaped a like harvest of new and distinguished acquaintances2 never had she received at once so great a number of desirable invitations1 for could they do otherwise than requite hospitality with hospitality8 ,my aunt thus had at the beginning of the day one hour of happiness without alloy6 ,at length the battle began in earnest4 ,to those who have taken part in such combats it is useless to describe the enthusiasm and madness which every one ends by manifesting2 to those who have not had the experience it is equally useless to try to give an idea of it4 ,it must be acknowledged1 however1 that the first volley of confetti is by no means very amusing to the recipient1 and he is tempted to withdraw illhumoredly from what seems at first mere rough1 childish sport4 ,then he endeavors to defend himself by retaliating4 ,by degrees the ardor of combat is awakened2 he yields to it1 he grows furious1 and for hours sometimes he persists in returning volley for volley1 unmindful of fatigue1 and regardless of the blows he receives4 ,one thing is hurled after another--hard confetti1 fragile eggs1 flour1 sugarplums1 flowers1 and immense bouquets4444 ,if the ammunition fails1 he throws out of the window whatever comes to hand4 ,he would rather throw himself out than give up the contest6 ,this sport had been going on for an hour1 and we were still in full glee1 when the ,venetian gondola made its appearance in the street4 ,it was welcomed with shouts and cries of applause from the crowd4 ,in fact1 nothing so splendid of this kind had ever been seen before4 ,it came slowly along1 stopping under every balcony4 ,when it arrived before ours1 it remained a long time1 and a furious combat took place4 ,notwithstanding the visor that concealed ,lorenzo's face1 ,i easily recognized him by his slender1 stately form4 ,lando and ,mario looked very well also1 but ,lorenzo surpassed them all by the grace and ease with which he wore his costume1 as well as the skill with which he threw his bouquets to the precise spot he aimed at4 ,he soon recognized me likewise1 and threw me a bunch of roses6444 ,alas6 those withered roses4 ,i preserved them a long time in memory of a day that was to end in so strange a manner6444 ,after the gondola had gone entirely out of sight1 ,i concluded to leave the balcony1 in order to take some rest while awaiting the return of the brilliant masquerade4 ,this would not be till nightfall1 when the gondola was to be illuminated throughout4 ,i had therefore nearly an hour before me in which to repair my strength4 ,but when ,i entered the drawingroom1 ,i was frightened at the sight which met my eyes4 ,my poor aunt's brilliant toilet had undergone the most disastrous consequences possible to imagine1 and ,i found her so covered with flour and blood that ,i scarcely recognized her6 ,in this kind of war1 as in all others1 nothing is more dangerous than to attract the attention of the enemy4 ,a hat1 a ribbon1 any dress whatever the least remarkable in its color1 instantly becomes the object of universal aim4 ,it seems ,donna ,clelia1 after welcoming her company in the drawingroom1 was tempted to go and see in her turn what was taking place on the battlefield2 but no sooner had she stepped her foot on the balcony1 no sooner were her poppies visible1 and her red ribbons began to wave in the air1 than from every balcony1 every window1 in the neighborhood1 there fell on her head such a hailstorm of missiles of all kinds that1 in a second1 not only had her flowers1 ribbons1 and chignon disappeared under a thick layer of flour1 but1 having neglected to provide herself with a visor1 she had been struck in the very middle of the face by some of the confetti ,i have spoken of1 which are merely hard balls of plaster in the centre4 ,no one perceived this in the ardor of the combat1 no one left the mle to go to her assistance1 and she was still in the armchair where she had thrown herself1 stunned by the violence of the attack6444 ,i sprang towards her1 and hastened to bathe her face with cold water4 ,i then saw it was only her nose 7a somewhat prominent feature in her face7 that had suffered a slight contusion1 though sufficient to inundate her laces and yellow dress with blood1 so that the damage they sustained1 as well as her headdress1 was irreparable6444 ,but in the midst of all this my aunt remained cool and courageous4 ,like a general wounded on the day of victory1 she smiled at the result of her rashness1 and1 while ,i was ministering to her wants1 she exclaimed3 8,it is nothing2 no matter6 ,thanks1 ,ginevrina mia6 ,che bel divertimento6 ,i never passed such a day in my life6444 ,do you know1 the ,duchessa di ,l---- has invited me to play la pignata7#ha7 at her house a week from ,sunday4 ,and then the gentleman with ,h4,r4,h41 the ,count of ,syracuse1 has promised to get me an invitation to one of the amateur comedies4 ,and the gondola--what do you say to that8 ,didn't your husband look handsome enough for you8444 ,how simpatico that ,lorenzo is6444 ,ah6 figlia mia1 the ,madonna has done well for you6444 ,i hope she will think of us some day64440 ,my aunt rambled on in this way while ,i was trying to repair her disordered attire1 after dressing her wounds4 ,this took some time2 but ,i still hesitated about leaving her1 though she begged me to return to the balcony and not trouble myself any more about her4 ,i obeyed her at last2 but this interruption had put an end to my enthusiastic gayety1 and1 when ,i returned to my place1 ,i no longer felt any disposition to resume the sport ,i found so amusing only a short time before4 ,besides1 it was growing dusk and the combat was slackening1 though the noise and confusion in the street increased as the time approached for the return of the gondola4 ,while ,i was thus standing motionless in the obscurity of one corner of the balcony where we were assembled1 ,i suddenly heard some words from the adjoining balcony of the next house that attracted my attention3 8,valenzano must be fabulously rich1 but he is going to ruin at full speed1 the dear duke40 8,in the first place1 he is really very wealthy10 was the reply2 8and when he gains his lawsuit in ,sicily1 he will be the richest man in this part of ,italy4 ,i do not consider his entertaining company1 however distinguished it may be1 or giving his pretty wife a new set of ornaments now and then1 or throwing away a few hundred dollars as he has done today1 as an extravagance that will ruin a man of his means40 8,no1 of course not1 if that were all40 8,what else is there8444 ,he used to play high1 but they say he never touches a card now40 ,the other speaker burst into a loud laugh1 and1 after a moment's silence1 resumed in a lower tone3 8,he no longer plays in company1 but ,i assure you ,qui a bu boira and ,qui a jou jouera4 ,i should be satisfied with an income equal to what he spends in one evening at lansquenet or baccara since he stopped playing whist and cart in the drawingrooms to which he accompanies the duchess40 ,their voices grew still lower1 and the few words ,i heard were so indistinct that ,i only caught the following3 8,but as there is no doubt as to the result of the lawsuit in ,sicily1 there is no danger of a catastrophe40 ,at that moment the uproar in the street became deafening4 ,shouts and wild applause announced the approach of the gondola1 and redoubled in proportion to its nearness4 ,it really presented a fairylike appearance4 ,it was lit up with a thousand lamps of all colors1 and from time to time brilliant rockets were sent up1 casting a momentary gleam over the crowd1 and then vanishing1 leaving everything in obscurity except the dazzling gondola1 which proceeded slowly along without stopping this time beneath the balconies4 ,no confetti or flowers were thrown2 the combat was over4 ,it was now merely a magnificent picturesque spectacle4 ,i saw ,lorenzo again1 and more distinctly than before1 for he had taken off his visor2 but he could not see me in the obscurity of our balcony4 ,he was standing in a group on the deck of the gondola as it went by4 ,they were all dressed in ,venetian costumes1 which produced an extremely picturesque effect4 ,it was like a living representation of one of ,paul ,veronese's paintings4 ,i could not take my eyes off so brilliant and extraordinary a spectacle1 and the gondola had gone some distance when ,i suddenly saw ,lorenzo 7it was really he2 ,i should have known him1 even if his face had not at that moment been turned towards the bright light7 rapidly ascend the light staging at one end of the gondola1 holding in his hand a small bunch of jasmine tied with a white ribbon1 which1 when he arrived at the top1 he threw towards a window in which gleamed a little light4 444 ,it reached its destination4 ,the window immediately closed1 the light disappeared1 and ,lorenzo descended and was lost in the crowd that thronged the gondola4 ,all this took place so quickly that ,i could hardly account for the attention with which ,i watched this little evolution and the degree of vexation it caused me4 ,lorenzo1 in the course of the day1 had thrown more than a hundred bouquets of the same kind4 ,why was ,i more curious to know the destination of this one than ,i had been of the rest8 ,but fatigue and the deafening noise rendered me incapable of reflecting any length of time on what ,i had just witnessed and what ,i had heard on the balcony4 ,there was almost immediately a general confusion1 for the return of the gondola was the signal for dispersing4 ,i remained till the last to ascertain the condition of my aunt after her accident1 and did not leave her till she had promised to go to bed and let the baroness1 who willingly accepted the charge1 accompany her daughters to the ,festino at midnight4 ,having returned home1 ,i likewise returned to my room1 where ,i threw myself on a sofa1 exhausted with fatigue4 ,lorenzo returned at a later hour4 ,he came up to my room1 spoke affectionately1 advised me to take some repose1 and inquired if ,i had absolutely decided not to go to ,san ,carlo4 ,i replied that1 even if ,i had intended going1 ,i should be obliged to give it up now4 ,he did not insist1 and my eyes were already beginning to close when he embraced me1 as he was going away1 and said3 8,till tomorrow1 ,ginevra2 for the ,festino will not be over till daylight1 you know40 ,,xxvii4 ,i slept as the young do when suffering from unusual fatigue--that is to say1 with a sleep so profound that1 when ,i awoke1 ,i had no idea of the lateness of the hour or where ,i was1 and ,i felt as completely rested as if ,i had slept the entire night4 ,the sound of carriagewheels on the gravel of the avenue facing my room had roused me from my slumbers1 and ,i now heard steps and the sound of voices in a subdued tone in the chamber adjoining mine4 ,my door soon opened1 and ,ottavia entered1 moving cautiously1 as if she supposed me asleep4 ,but as soon as ,i spoke1 ,i heard a silvery laugh behind her1 and1 to my great surprise1 ,stella made her appearance4 ,she had on a black domino with the hood thrown back1 and in her hand she held two masks and another domino like her own4 8,you see ,i was right1 ,ottavia10 she exclaimed4 8,i was sure we should find her awake1 and1 what is still better1 she is dressed6 ,that is fortunate6 ,now1 ,ginevra1 you must absolutely consent to indulge in the pleasure of spending an hour with me at ,san ,carlo--only an hour6 ,here1 look at the clock2 it is halfpast twelve4 ,i promise to bring you back before two to continue the fine nap ,i have disturbed40 ,i rubbed my eyes and looked at her1 without comprehending a thing she proposed4 8,come1 come1 ,ginevra60 she continued1 8wake up1 ,i tell you1 and listen to what ,i say4 ,in the first place1 you must know we have had no supper or company at our house tonight4 ,my uncle had an attack of the gout and went to bed at nine o'clock1 and ,i played cards with my aunt till midnight4 ,but just as we were both going to our rooms1 she all at once remembered--perhaps touched by my goodhumor--how much she used to enjoy going to the ,festini1 and told me1 of her own accord1 it was not too late to go1 if ,i knew of any friend to accompany me4 ,it occurred to me at once1 ,ginevra1 it would be very amusing for you to go and quiz il ,signor ,duca a little4 ,he is absolutely sure you are in bed fast asleep4 ,you can tell him a thousand things nobody knows but yourselves1 which will set him wild with amazement and curiosity4 ,you can acknowledge everything to morrow1 and he will be the first to declare it an excellent joke4 ,as for me1 ,i am not sorry to have an opportunity of telling your august brother a few truths in return for certain remarks about my exuberant gayety and levity not quite to my liking4 4 4 4 ,come1 come1 ,ginevra1 we must not lose any time4 ,consent1 and ,i will tell you the rest on the way40 ,it is useless to enumerate the additional arguments she used4 ,the result was1 she not only triumphed over my repugnance1 but she succeeded in exciting a lively desire to meet ,lorenzo in disguise4 ,it seemed to me ,i could say many things ,i should not dare breathe a word of to his face1 and ,i could thus relieve my mind of the two or three incidents that had troubled it within twentyfour hours4 ,stella saw ,i was ready to yield4 8,quick6 quick6 ,ottavia1 help me to put on her domino1 and above all1 put back her hair so it cannot be seen4 ,the least curl peeping out of her hood would be sufficient to betray her4 ,now1 let us see2 as we shall have to separate on entering the hall1 we must wear something not too conspicuous which will enable us to find each other in the crowd of black dominos4 ,let me hunt for something40 ,she looked around1 and soon discovered a large basket1 in which remained a number of small bouquets tied with ribbons of all colors1 prepared for the contests that morning4 8,the very thing10 said she4 ,and while ,ottavia was executing her orders and concealing my hair1 ,stella selected two small bunches of flowers1 one tied with red1 and the other with white1 ribbon4 8,nothing could be better10 said she4 8,the flowers are alike2 the ribbons alone different4 ,look6 see where ,i have put my badge4 ,here is yours4 ,put it in the same place1 on the left side near the shoulder40 ,but when ,i saw that the little bouquet she gave me was of jasmine tied with a white ribbon1 the emotion ,i felt was extreme4 ,i did not manifest it1 however1 for ,i knew if ,i told ,stella the reason1 she would burst into laughter1 and ask if ,i was going to worry myself about all the bouquets my husband had thrown by the dozen that day upon all the balconies on the ,toledo1 and if ,i intended to bring him to an account for them4 ,i therefore made no comment on this singular coincidence2 but while ,i was fastening the bouquet on1 as ,stella had directed1 ,i suddenly recollected1 ,i know not why1 it was by giving ,lorenzo a sprig of jasmine ,i pledged myself to be his for life6 ,having completed my preparations1 with the exception of my mask1 which ,i carried in my hand to put on at the last moment1 ,i drew up my hood and followed ,stella1 escorted to the foot of the staircase by my good old ,ottavia1 who1 though accustomed to the follies of the ,carnival1 shook her head as she saw me depart1 and looked at me with a more anxious expression than usual4 ,was she thinking of the evening when she saw me set out for my first ball--of fearful memory8 ,did she recall my mother's anxiety8 ,and did she remember to beg her to watch over her child and pray for her1 as she did then8 4 4 4 ,as we approached ,san ,carlo1 ,i was again seized with fear1 and regretted having yielded to ,stella's entreaties4 8,what will become of us alone in the crowd with no one to protect us80 said ,i4 8,our masks are a sufficient protection1 especially tonight4 ,there will be so large a number of ladies of rank at the ,festino that no one will venture to say a word to us that surpasses the bounds of pleasantry4 ,there would be too much danger of addressing some one who would resent it4 ,as to our masks1 you need not be anxious4 ,the rules of the bals masqus absolutely forbid any one's touching them1 and these rules are respected even by those who do not respect any other4 ,but1 apropos of masks1 it is time to put yours on40 ,i still hesitated4 ,but at last1 as ,i was on the point of descending from the carriage1 ,i decided to fasten my mask on1 and ,i tremblingly followed ,stella1 or rather1 she took my arm and drew me along4 ,my first feeling1 on finding myself in such a crowd1 was one of inexpressible terror4 ,i was seized with an invincible embarrassment and a sensation of suffocation so painful that it was with all the difficulty in the world ,i kept myself from tearing off the mask that seemed to hinder me from breathing4 ,but ,stella laughingly encouraged me in a whisper1 and by degrees ,i became accustomed to the deafening sound of the music1 the exclamations and resonant voices on every side1 as well as the sight of the dominos and masks of all colors in circulation around us4 ,she led me on some distance1 cautioning me in a low tone to make no reply1 and making none herself1 to the observations here and there addressed the two 8fair masks0 who were gliding through the crowd4 ,at length we came to a pillar1 against which we leaned1 and she whispered3 8,let this place be our rendezvous4 ,you will certainly see ,lorenzo pass by in a few moments4 ,as for me1 ,i do not see your brother anywhere1 but yonder is ,landolfo4 ,i will amuse myself by talking nonsense with him4 ,do not be afraid1 and1 above all1 do not lose your badge1 or ,i shall be unable to find you4 ,i will be careful of mine also4 ,if ,i arrive here first1 ,i will wait for you4 ,you must do the same40 ,she disappeared as she uttered these words1 and ,i stood still for some minutes1 looking around with uneasiness and terror caused by the impossibility of persuading myself ,i was not seen and recognized by everybody4 ,but after three or four gentlemen of my acquaintance passed by with a mere glance of indifference1 ,i began to take courage1 and finally became sufficiently cool to consider what ,i should do and the means of attaining my object4 ,i began by looking around on all sides1 but for some time it was in vain4 ,i could not see ,lorenzo anywhere1 and had decided to leave my post in order to search for him in some other part of the hall1 when all at once ,i saw him some distance off1 coming in my direction4 ,he was walking slowly along1 looking around with a certain attention1 as if he was also in search of some one4 ,we were separated by the crowd1 and it was not easy to reach him4 ,i advanced a few steps1 however1 and at that instant1 but only for an instant1 there was an opening in the crowd which enabled him1 in his turn1 to see me4 ,i saw a flash of joy on his face4 ,he recognized me1 it was evident2 by what means ,i did not ask4 ,i no longer remembered my intention of mystifying him4 ,i sprang towards him1 and he towards me4 ,i passed my arm through his1 still too much excited by my previous fears and my joy at finding him to utter a word4444 ,a moment passed--a single moment1 brief and terrible1444 for he spoke--yes1 at once1 and with vehemence1 with passion6444 ,but 444 it was not to me6444 ,no1 it was to her he expected to meet4 ,i heard his lips murmur the detested name that had not met my ear since ,i left ,paris6444 ,i was so astounded that ,i gave him time to say what ,i ought not to have heard1 what ,i did not wish to hear6444 ,then 444 ,i know not what impulse ,i yielded to1 for ,i lost the power of reflection--,i abruptly withdrew my arm from his1 and fell back with so quick and violent a movement that the crowd opened a moment to make way for me1 and then closed1 completely separating me from him4444 ,i tore off the flowers and ribbon ,i wore1 and threw them on the ground4 ,i could not now be distinguished from the other black dominos around me4 ,but ,i was no longer afraid4 ,i cared for nothing now but to get away--to fly as fast as possible from so horrible a place4 ,i hurried along in such a wild1 rapid way that every one looked at me with surprise1 and stood aside for me to pass4 ,i thus succeeded in leaving the hall and reaching the passage1 where ,i was obliged to stop to take breath4 ,the passersby addressed me1 but ,i heard nothing but the words that still resounded in my ears4 ,i was conscious of nothing but a fearful anguish and the rapid beating of my heart4 ,while standing there1 all at once 444 ,o merciful heavens6444 ,i saw a lady pass only a few steps off4444 ,she was of my height1 and1 like me1 wore a black domino with a sprig of jasmine tied with a white ribbon1 similar to the one ,i had just torn off1 and doubtless the same my eyes had followed a few hours before6 ,i recognized her at once1 and imagined ,i saw through her mask the sinister gleam of two large blue eyes6 ,she traversed the passage and entered the hall1 where she disappeared4 ,i trembled fearfully from head to foot1 my sight grew dim1 my strength began to fail me4 ,i felt as if ,i should die on the spot if ,i did not take off the mask that was suffocating me1 and yet ,i was still conscious ,i ought to keep it on at all hazards4 ,i threw around a glance of despair1 hoping to see ,stella1 and forgetting she would not be able to recognize me1 even if she thought of looking for me so far from the spot where she left me4 ,what torture6 ,great ,god6444 ,my strength was gone1 my voice failed me1 ,i felt my knees give way1 when1 ,o unlookedfor happiness6 ,i saw ,mario pass by4 ,the stifled cry ,i uttered died away on my lips before it could reach his ear1 but he saw the effort ,i made1 he felt my hand on his arm1 and stopped4 ,he began to address me in the customary way on such occasions1 but ,i made no reply4 ,i had recovered strength enough1 however1 to draw him towards the door1 and he unresistingly followed my lead2 but1 as we were going out1 he stopped me with an air of surprise1 and said3 8,i am ready to follow you wherever you wish1 fair mask1 but do you know yourself where you wish to go80 ,i was only able to incline my head as a sign of affirmation1 and he suffered me to lead him into the street4 ,as soon as we were out of doors1 ,i tore off my mask1 and found strength enough to say3 8,it is ,i1 ,mario4 ,help me to get away from this detestable place60 8,ginevra60 exclaimed he1 drawing me along several steps to look at my face by the light of the torches not far off4 ,he seemed frightened at my looks4 ,my face was convulsed and lividly pale4 8,good heavens1 sister60 said he gravely1 8what has happened8 ,how is it you are alone in this place at such an hour8 ,where is ,lorenzo8 ,shall ,i go for him80 8,no1 no6 ,oh6 no10 ,i exclaimed with anguish4 8,for pity's sake1 ,mario1 be silent4 ,help me to get away1 ,i say4 ,that is all ,i ask4 ,do this1 and ask me no questions40 ,his face darkened ,he silently took hold of my arm1 and led me to the place where he had left his carriage4 ,i entered it1 and was on the point of going away without another word when ,i bethought myself of ,stella4 ,i hesitated1 however1 to expose her to his sarcastic comments1 and perhaps to the suspicions ,i saw were already excited in my brother's distrustful mind1 and said in a supplicating tone3 8,one favor more1 ,mario1 which ,i am sure you will no more refuse your sister than any other lady4 ,i did not come here alone40 ,at these words his face assumed an expression which ,i answered with a smile of disdain4 8,do you suppose1 ,mario1 if ,i did not come here with ,lorenzo1 ,i would accept the escort of any other gentleman80 ,i stopped a moment1 at once irritated and impatient1 but finally continued3 8,the fact is1 ,mario1 if you must know it1 it was he1 it was ,lorenzo himself1 ,i came to see4 ,i wished to play a joke on him and mystify him a little1 by way of amusing myself40 ,i think my smile must have been frightful as ,i said this1 for my brother looked anxiously at me1 though he seemed satisfied with my explanation4 8,but ,i have been punished10 ,i continued1 8terribly punished4444 ,i failed in my object1444 and thought ,i should die in the crowd40 ,i could say no more4 ,the tears ,i could not repress choked me4 ,mario at once softened4 8,i understand1 sister--the noise1 heat1 and so forth were overpowering4 ,those who go to a bal masqu for the first time often experience this1 but another time it will not happen40 8,god preserve me from ever going to another60 said ,i in a low tone4 8,but ,i was about to say1 ,mario1 that the person1 the lady1 who came with me is probably looking for me by this time4 ,search for her4 ,her domino is like mine1 and you will know her by a sprig of jasmine tied with a red ribbon40 8,i saw such a domino not long ago on ,lando's arm40 8,it was she4 ,find her1 and tell her not to be anxious2 that ,i was ill1 and could not wait for her4 ,that is all4 ,thanks1 ,mario4 ,one word more1 however4 ,as ,i did not succeed with regard to ,lorenzo1 ,i do not wish him to know anything about it40 ,he made a sign that he understood me1 and closed the door of the carriage1 which soon took me home4 ,ottavia1 who alone sat up for me1 was alarmed at seeing me return in such a condition4 ,i repeated the account ,i had given ,mario1 and had no difficulty in convincing her ,i was ill4 ,the change in my face was sufficient to prove it2 but what was this paleness1 great ,god6 in comparison with the change that had come over my life within the hour that had scarcely elapsed8 ,,xxviii4 ,this time the thunderbolt had really fallen on my head6 ,many times had ,i heard it rumbling afar off1 and once ,i thought myself fatally injured2 but after a few stormy days1 calmness was restored1 the blue sky became visible1 and the sun once more diffused the light and warmth of renewed confidence and happiness4 ,the desire of being happy seconded my effort to become so4 ,and1 as ,i have remarked1 the liveliness1 buoyancy1 and love of pleasure natural to the young1 as well as the beauty of ,naples and the influence of its climate1 all tended to surround me with an atmosphere at once enervating and intoxicating4 ,but now1 in an instant1 without any warning1 all my hopes were crushed1 annihilated1 for ever at an end6 8,should ,lorenzo become treacherous1 unfaithful1 and untrue to his word1 could ,i continue to love him8 ,what would become of me in such a case80 ,such were the questions ,i once asked myself1 and they were the sincere cry of my heart4 ,now all this was realized4 ,a person more treacherous1 more deceitful1 more untrue than he it seemed impossible to find4 ,everything now became clear4 ,the words ,i heard1 so plainly interpreted by the instinct they awakened and that had already warned me so strangely1 enabled me to comprehend everything4 ,whether there was any good reason or not for his frequent absence1 it was evident he had always met her4 ,it was therefore from these interviews he had derived the cheerfulness and goodhumor that apparently made him enjoy so much the comfort and splendor he afterwards came to participate in with me4 ,once--who can tell for what reason8--he had delayed going4 ,it was then1 probably1 she came herself to meet him1 not foreseeing1 or he either1 it would be before my very eyes6444 ,even at the present time it would perhaps agitate me and disturb the tranquillity of my soul1 should ,i dwell too long on the thoughts which then overwhelmed me1 and from which ,i derived the conviction that ,i no longer loved ,lorenzo4 ,but ,i suffered from the deadly chill his treachery had struck to my heart4 ,i would rather have experienced the torment of jealousy than the chill of indifference4 ,to suffer from that would still have been life4 ,to suffer as ,i did was like being paralyzed1 petrified1 dead4 ,women more generous1 more courageous1 and more devoted than ,i1 had1 ,i was aware1 won back such inconstant hearts1 and found happiness once more in the sweetest of victories2 but their example occurred to me without producing any impression4 ,i was not in a condition to be influenced by it4 ,my aimless life had resulted in the almost complete prostration of my strength of volition4 ,in this condition ,i could neither suffer with courage1 nor act with wisdom1 nor resist temptation with any energy of will4444 ,o my ,god6 it is with my face prostrate in the dust ,i desire to write the pages that are to follow4 ,it is not without hesitation ,i continue my account4 ,but the remembrance of thy mercy prevails over everything1 and effaces the very recollection of the faults and follies that serve to make it manifest6 ,like our divine poet wandering in the mazes of that gloomy forest which is the image of life1 ,i1 in my turn1 attempt 8,to discourse of what there good befell2 ,all else will ,i relate discovered there407#hb7 ,mario1 ,stella1 and ,ottavia were the sole confidants of my secret1 and they kept it faithfully4 ,lorenzo had the less reason for suspecting ,i had been to the ball when1 returning home at six o'clock in the morning1 he learned ,i had had a violent attack of fever in the night1 and was not able to rise4 ,there was no deception in this4 ,it was not a mere pretext for keeping my chamber1 but the too natural consequence of the terrible excitement of the night ,i had passed4 ,lorenzo came several times to know how ,i was1 and manifested more apparent affection than usual2 and yet once or twice1 though perhaps my imagination deceived me1 ,i thought ,i saw something like embarrassment or uneasiness in his face4 ,i was1 however1 too ill all the morning to observe him closely or make any reply to what he said4 ,towards evening ,i felt better1 and1 though still weak1 ,i got up4 ,lorenzo came to see if anything serious was likely to result from my indisposition1 and1 being reassured on this point1 he went out as usual1 leaving me alone with ,stella1 who had spent part of the day at my bedside1 though ,i had not been able to talk with her any more than with him4 ,her face was as grave that day as it was usually smiling4 ,stella's cheerfulness resulted from her complete lack of egotism4 ,she regarded the happiness of others as a treasure from which she took all she needed for herself2 and was happy1 therefore1 through sympathy4 ,it was1 so to speak1 a reflected happiness4 ,admirable disposition6 ,incapable of exacting anything in view of her own lot1 or of envying that of others1 she was a delightful friend in times of prosperity1 and1 at the same time1 a devoted adherent in misfortune1 and the sweet1 compassionate confidant of others' sorrows4 ,my disappearance the evening before1 the condition in which she found me in the morning1 the incoherent words ,i uttered1 prepared her for something serious1 and she knew beforehand ,i1 of all people in the world1 would not hesitate to tell her the truth4 ,in fact1 as soon as we were left alone in a small sittingroom next my chamber1 ,i gave her for the first time a full account of all that had taken place at ,paris1 as well as the night before4 ,she listened without interrupting me1 and1 after ,i ended1 remained silent for some time4 8,this is indeed a good lesson for me10 said she at length4 8,i am cured for life1 ,i hope1 of a folly like that ,i committed last night40 8,what folly do you allude to80 8,why1 that of coming here and persuading you to go to a place where you learned what you might for ever have remained ignorant of40 8,and continue to be taken in1 deceived1 and blinded1 to live in an atmosphere of deception1 hypocrisy1 and lies1 to love what no longer merits affection8 ,no1 ,stella1 no2 do not regret that1 thanks to you1 it is no longer the case4 ,were ,i to suffer even a thousand times more1 were ,i to die of anguish1 as ,i thought ,i should on the spot when ,i saw that woman pass by1 ,i should be glad the veil had been torn from my eyes4 ,i can no longer be happy1 it is true4 ,my happiness is ruined beyond repair1 but ,i love truth better than happiness40 8,and do you think10 said ,stella after a fresh pause1 8that you can never forgive ,lorenzo80 8,he must1 at least1 desire it1 as you will acknowledge1 and this is precisely what will never happen40 8,why not80 8,because ,i know ,lorenzo4 ,if ,i utter a reproach1 it is he who thinks he has something to forgive4 ,he really obeys no law but the impulse that happens to predominate4 ,it is not in his nature1 doubtless1 to show me openly any ill treatment1 but he would break my heart without any scruple in order to gratify his inclinations4 ,i have no doubt he thinks he has acted with great delicacy1 because he has taken pains to conceal the base course he has pursued2 and when he finds out ,i have discovered it1 it is he who will think he has a right to be angry4 ,that will be the result4 ,what room is there for forgiveness in such a tissue of falseness80 8,what can ,i say to you8 ,it will be no consolation to hear there are many women who have husbands like him4 ,it is sad to feel there is nothing in the world so rare as happiness4 ,nevertheless1 it is true1 and1 for my part1 it has often consoled me for having had so little in my life4 ,and had ,i been happy in the beginning1 who could tell what the future had in reserve for me80 8,and you have never thought of marrying again8 ,you can content yourself with a life devoid of happiness1 as well as of suffering80 ,she smiled4 8,my life is not so exempt from suffering as you may suppose4 ,neither is it devoid of happiness while ,i have my ,angiolina4 ,as for marrying again1 ,i have never happened to meet a person who inspired me with the least desire of that kind1 and ,i imagine ,i never shall40 8,it is certain1 however1 if you wish to marry1 you would only have the trouble of choosing40 8,perhaps among men not one of whom pleases me4 ,who knows how it would be if ,i took it into my head to fancy some one8 ,but let us leave my affairs and return to you4 ,tell me1 are you sure ,lorenzo has not discovered you were at the ball80 8,yes1 ,i am certain he has not4 ,if he had any suspicion1 he would not conceal it from me4 ,besides1 he found me too ill at his return to conceive such an idea4 ,and yet4440 8,well1 go on40 8,well1 ,i noticed something that seemed to indicate he is not so sure as he was yesterday of my utter ignorance of all he has thought proper to hide from me40 8,i agree with you1 ,ginevra4 ,and shall ,i tell you what ,i think80 8,tell me40 8,that he supposes me to be the mask he addressed by mistake1 and does me the honor of supposing ,i have denounced him40 8,what an idea6444 ,why should he suppose it was you80 8,oh6 by that aberration of mind common to gentlemen who frequent masked balls and persist in thinking they are right every time they are mistaken40 8,but once more3 ,why should he suppose you were at the ball8 ,your secret has been as well kept as mine1 ,i imagine40 8,not quite4 ,in the first place1 ,i spoke to several persons4 ,and when ,mario came to deliver your message1 ,i could not repress an exclamation of surprise1 which betrayed me1 not only to your brother1 but to ,lando1 on whose arm ,i was then leaning4 ,i do not know whether it was he or not who spread the report1 but it has certainly been whispered around that ,i attended the ,festino4 ,lorenzo has taken the idea ,i have mentioned into his head1 and of course supposes what ,i know has been communicated to you1 or will be4 ,this is what ,i have been wishing to say to you40 ,my faithful ,ottavia now made her appearance to warn me it was time to retire4 ,stella left me1 and1 after her departure1 ,i began to reflect on her conjecture and consider what reply ,i should make1 should ,lorenzo question me on the subject4 ,i was far from suspecting the means he would adopt to anticipate the scene he foresaw4 ,i was alone the following morning when ,i saw him enter1 calm1 smiling1 and selfpossessed1 as if there was no actual or possible cloud between us4 ,he spoke of my health1 and1 satisfied that ,i was really better1 proceeded to more indifferent subjects1 and then suddenly1 with an assurance the recollection of which still astonishes me1 he said3 8,apropos1 ,ginevra1 the ,marchesa di ,villanera has been in ,naples several days40 ,i turned pale4 8,oh6 do not be alarmed10 said he4 8,i have not the slightest intention of asking you to receive her4 ,i remember too well the sentiments you expressed on this point at ,paris4 ,no1 ,i wish instead to let you know ,i am going to escort her to ,milan myself1 and shall remain there till after the ,carnavalone407#hc7 ,my heart gave a violent bound4 ,i could not utter a word1 but the surprise that rendered me dumb enabled me to be calm1 and1 when ,i finally recovered my voice1 ,i said3 8,you are at liberty to go where you please1 ,lorenzo4 ,it is a liberty1 moreover1 you have always had1 and have already made use of1 and ,i cannot conceive why this time 7,i emphasized these words7 you feel obliged to tell me the precise object of your journey40 8,because ,i wish to be frank with you this time1 and ,i should have been so before had ,i not remembered your reproaches1 and wished to spare you the occasion of renewing them4 ,besides1 ,i no longer have it in my power to prevent your jealousy1 or forbid the conjectures you think proper to indulge in40 8,lorenzo60 ,i said almost in a scream1 and ,i was on the point of giving utterance to all that filled my heart to overflowing when1 with the stern1 imperious accent he knew how to assume1 though without rudeness or the least violence1 he stopped me4 8,not another word1 ,ginevra2 not one1 ,i beg1 out of love for yourself4 ,do not destroy your future happiness in a moment of anger6 ,there are some things ,i will not listen to1 and which1 for your own interest as well as mine1 ,i forbid your saying60 ,i had no chance to reply1 for he took my hand before ,i could prevent it1 and said3 8,au revoir1 ,ginevra4 ,i hope1 at my return1 to find you as calm and reasonable as ,i desire40 ,he kissed my hand and left the room4 ,the state in which he left me cannot be described4 ,i need not say how incapable ,i was of reflection1 of effort1 or any struggle whatever against the feelings it was natural ,i should have4 ,i felt outraged as it seemed to me no woman had ever been4 ,my mind lost its clearness1 my judgment was impaired1 and for some hours ,i was wild4 ,after ,lorenzo's departure1 it seemed impossible to remain alone4 ,i could not endure inaction and repose for an instant4 ,i ordered my carriage for a drive--not1 as usual1 with ,stella and in a direction where ,i should find solitude1 but1 on the contrary1 where ,i was most sure of meeting a crowd4 ,i smilingly returned the numerous salutations ,i received1 and1 instead of appearing troubled or downcast1 ,i looked around with eager interest1 as if hoping to find some means of escaping from myself and leaving my troubles forever behind me4 ,i returned home as late as possible1 and found ,stella awaiting me4 ,she had been disappointed at my not calling for her1 and had come to ascertain the reason4 ,finding ,i had gone out1 she was surprised ,i had forgotten her1 but was still more so when ,i told her ,i should go to the ball at the ,french ambassador's that evening4 ,i seldom went anywhere alone1 and it was only the day before ,i had told her decidedly ,i should never attend another ball4 ,her eyes were fastened on me with a look of sympathy1 as she said3 8,poor ,ginevra60 ,i begged her in a hasty1 irritated manner not to waste any pity on me1 and then added3 8,tomorrow1 if you like1 we will talk about it2 but not today1 ,i beg4 ,let us give our whole thoughts to the ball4 ,you will go1 ,i hope40 8,yes1 if you have really decided to go40 8,that is right4 ,goodby till this evening1 then40 ,thus dismissed1 she left me1 and ,i summoned my waitingmaid to do what ,i had never required before4 ,i ordered everything ,i was to wear to be spread out before me4 ,i examined my diamonds and pearls1 and gave the most minute directions about the way ,i intended to wear them4 ,i then began my toilet1 though long before the time1 and was as long about it as possible4 ,so many women1 thought ,i1 seem to take infinite pleasure in creating a sensation when they enter a ballroom1 receiving compliments and homage on all sides1 why should ,i not try this means of diversion as well as other people8 ,i am beautiful1 there is no doubt2 very beautiful1 they say4 ,why should ,i not endeavor to excite admiration8 ,why not become vain and coquettish in my turn8 ,in a word1 the hour had arrived spoken of in the first part of this story1 as the reader will recollect--the hour when1 for the first and only time after my mother's death and the tragical end of ,flavio ,aldini1 the lively vanity of girlhood1 roused by irritation1 jealousy1 and grief1 broke through the restraint which an ineffaceable remembrance and the grace of ,god had imposed upon it1 and for once ,i saw what ,i should doubtless have been without the divine1 mysterious influence that warred within me against myself4 ,i had corresponded to this grace1 it is true1 by my sincere1 determined will1 but my volition had now become feeble and uncertain1 and ,i set out for the ball after thus carefully preparing in advance the draught of vanity ,i wished to become intoxicated with4 ,i had the satisfaction ,i desired in all its plenitude4 ,i was handsome1 stylish1 and elegantly dressed2 and yet all this is not the chief cause of a lady's success in society4 ,let those who think so be persuaded of their error4 ,people accord to these gifts a certain respectful admiration1 but such a success as ,i obtained that evening--brilliant1 demonstrative1 and universal--does not depend on the beauty a person is endowed with1 but on the wish to please she manifests1 and this is why the victory is sometimes so strangely awarded6444 ,i was changed in no respect1 except in the disposition with which ,i attended the ball1 and yet ,i did not seem to be the same person4 ,i was surrounded as ,i had never been before4 ,i excited a kind of enthusiasm4 ,i received compliments that evening ,i had never listened to before4 ,and when1 contrary to my usual custom1 ,i announced my intention to dance1 everybody contended for my hand4 ,but1 as the evening advanced1 ,i grew weary of it all1 and began to feel my factitious1 feverish gayety subside4 ,when ,i rose to waltz for the last time1 it was with an effort1 and1 after my partner led me back to my seat1 my smile vanished1 and a cold sense of my wretchedness came over me with unpitying grasp4 8,all is useless10 a secret1 sorrowful voice seemed to say2 8you must awaken to the reality of your sufferings44440 ,at that moment ,i heard beside me a familiar1 halfforgotten voice--calm1 sonorous1 and sweet1 but now somewhat sarcastic3 8,i cannot aspire to the honor of dancing with the ,duchessa di ,valenzano1 but ,i hope she will not refuse to recognize me40 ,i eagerly turned around1 and there beside me ,i saw the person who uttered these words was ,gilbert de ,kergy4 ,,xxix4 ,during the week following the ball a most unexpected change took place in my feelings--a change that at once afforded me so much comfort that ,i did not hesitate to think and say that heaven had1 in the hour of my greatest need1 sent me a friend4 ,it must be acknowledged1 however1 the hour when ,gilbert de ,kergy so suddenly made his appearance was not exactly that in which ,i should have expected an extraordinary intervention of divine ,providence in my behalf4 ,i ought even to say that the first feeling ,i experienced at seeing him again was one of extreme confusion at exhibiting myself under so different an aspect from that he had seen me in before1 and1 in fact1 so different from that which was usually mine4 ,this confusion1 added to my fatigue and the painful reaction and disgust which inevitably follow such intoxication as ,i had voluntarily indulged in1 sent me home in a totally different frame of mind from that ,i was in when ,i left4 ,two hours before1 ,i beheld myself in the mirror with great complacency2 but when ,i now saw myself in this same glass resplendent with jewels and flowers1 ,i turned away with displeasure1 and do not think ,i should have felt the least regret had ,i at that moment been told ,i wore this brilliant array for the last time4 ,i hastily took off my diamonds and pearls1 and changed my dress2 and when at length ,i found myself alone1 face to face with the thoughts ,i had vainly tried to escape from1 for the first time since my interview with ,lorenzo a flood of tears came to my relief4 ,the nature of the distraction ,i had sought now appeared in all its vanity1 and the shame ,i felt was increased by the remembrance of ,gilbert's smile and the sarcastic accent of his words4 ,it was not in this way he had addressed me at ,paris4 ,this was not the grave1 respectful manner1 so different from that of any other person1 which had so touched and flattered me then4 ,the contrast made me blush1 and ,i longed to meet him again1 that ,i might efface as completely as possible the impression now left on his mind4 ,i longed also to inquire about his mother and ,diana4 ,in short1 a thousand recollections1 as foreign as possible to everything that surrounded me now1 came to my mind and diverted it more effectually than any amusement could have done from the cause of my present troubles4 ,i slept more calmly than ,i should have supposed after so exciting a day1 and the following morning when ,i awoke1 though my first thoughts were of all ,i had suffered the day before1 ,i could not forget the pleasant event that had also occurred to lighten my burden4 ,gilbert had asked at what o'clock he could see me1 and1 at the appointed hour1 ,i was ready to receive him4 ,i anticipated his arrival with pleasure1 and felt no embarrassment1 except that which resulted from the recollection of the previous evening4 ,he came punctually1 and1 after an observant look and a few minutes' conversation1 he became the same he once was2 which reconciled me a little to myself4 ,we talked about ,paris1 the ,htel de ,kergy1 and a thousand other things1 and his conversation1 as formerly1 absorbed my attention1 diverted my mind from my troubles1 and awoke an interest in a multitude of things unconnected with him or myself4 ,as he was on the point of leaving1 he smiled1 as he said with something of the sarcastic tone of the evening before3 8,i suppose1 madame1 ,i cannot flatter myself with the hope of finding you at home1 at least as long as the ,carnival lasts40 8,allow me to undeceive you10 ,i hastened to reply with a blush4 8,whatever you may have thought last evening1 ,i am not fond of dancing4 ,i very seldom go to a ball of my own accord1 and am sure ,i shall not attend another this year4 ,this soire was every way an exceptional one1 as far as ,i was concerned40 8,really6 ,i hope you will not think me too bold if ,i acknowledge that what you say affords me pleasure40 ,he said this in so frank and natural a way that ,i was restored to my ease1 and laughingly replied3 8,you prefer my former manner8 ,well1 ,monsieur de ,kergy1 ,i acknowledge you are right1 and let me assure you it was my true one40 ,as he was going away1 ,i expressed the hope of seeing him again1 and from that time not a day passed in which ,i did not meet him4 ,when ,i had no engagement elsewhere1 ,i usually spent my evenings at home1 where ,i invariably received a certain number of friends who were in the habit of meeting in my drawingroom4 ,these soires were not interrupted when ,lorenzo was absent from home1 but the number of those who composed the little circle was more restricted4 ,stella1 of course1 never failed to come1 and the other habitus consisted of friends and some of the foreigners who lived in ,naples1 or were there temporarily1 and preferred a quiet circle to gayer society4 ,on the first story1 to the right and left1 were two long1 lateral terraces1 united by a third which extended all along the front of the house4 ,these terraces surmounted a ,greek portico1 whose colonnades surrounded a small square court1 like those of ,pompeii1 into which looked all the windows of the ground floor4 ,all that part of the house1 with the exception of ,lorenzo's studio1 was reserved for large parties1 while the first story was used for ordinary reunions4 ,we therefore generally assembled in an upper drawingroom1 which opened on one of the lateral terraces2 and from the day ,i allude to ,gilbert regularly formed a part of the little coterie which met there every evening4 ,his influence was speedily felt1 and the atmosphere once more changed around me as at ,paris1 and this change seemed even more beneficial than before4 ,every one felt ,gilbert's influence more or less4 ,he possessed the enviable faculty of elevating the minds of others above their usual level1 and of communicating to them the interest he felt in whatever he was conversing about4 ,not that he tried to introduce subjects he had made a special study of1 or to advance theories or opinions that first excited wonder and afterwards wearied the minds of those on whom he wished to impose them4 ,on the contrary1 he seemed to take an interest in everything except what was low1 repulsive1 and absolutely trivial4 ,but subjects of this kind were rather not thought of than avoided intentionally in these conversations1 which were lively1 natural1 unrestrained1 and agreeable1 and at the same time different from those ,i took a part in anywhere else4 ,it soon became evident that this addition to our daily reunions added singularly to their charm4 ,never had the annual influx of foreigners been so favorable to us4 ,stella1 ,i observed1 sometimes looked pensive while listening to him1 and one day she remarked to me she had never seen any one like ,m4 de ,kergy4 ,as for me1 ,i felt the beneficial influence of his society1 and welcomed it without analyzing the enjoyment that had come so opportunely to divert me from my present trials and renew the influences of the past1 which seemed the best in my life4 ,the lively indignation that filled my heart every time ,i thought of ,lorenzo's absence and its cause continued to be felt4 ,i bitterly compared the world of perfidy and deceit he had forced me to know1 with that to which ,gilbert belonged4 ,i thought of the hopes ,i once had1 and how irreparably they had been deceived1 and these reflections were my only danger at the time ,i am speaking of4 ,the ,carnival was now over1 but it excited no surprise that ,lorenzo wished to prolong it by remaining at ,milan during the ,carnavalone4 ,no one even seemed to think it extraordinary he had gone there with a beautiful woman who was returning without any escort4 ,naples1 as ,i have said1 was not a place where evil reports were readily credited4 ,people were not much in the habit of discussing the deeds and actions of others4 ,rather than give themselves up to conjectures common elsewhere1 they would make a sign1 by putting the hand to the chin1 to signify a thing was nothing to them or concerned them but little4 ,but this charitable indifference did not exactly spring from love of their neighbor1 and sometimes went so far1 it must be confessed1 as to be scandalized at nothing4 ,i soon perceived1 therefore1 that though the true cause of ,lorenzo's absence was known to almost everybody1 and though his course inspired a universal sympathy and compassion for me which wounded my pride1 it by no means excited against him the indignation that at least would have somewhat avenged me4 ,mario alone appeared grave and anxious1 but ,lando1 who was not slow in discovering the real state of the case1 confined himself to some characteristic remarks which would have appeared insulting had ,i not learned never to take anything he said seriously1 or attach any importance to it4 ,one evening1 however1 finding himself by chance near me in the drawingroom1 he said in his incorrigible way3 8,if ,i were in your place1 ,i would punish that dear ,lorenzo in the way he deserves4 ,unfortunately1 you are not the woman for that1 ,i know4 ,and1 after all1 you need not take the trouble1 for ,i can assure you the fair ,milanese herself will be sure to avenge you40 ,i did not utter a word in reply to this language1 which wounded all the pride and selfrespect in my nature1 and1 at the same time1 excited a torrent of bitterness and contempt for ,lorenzo4 ,i thought at that moment of the fearful vow ,livia once spoke of1 and asked myself if he1 this perjured partner of my life1 did not make this vow as well as ,i4 ,by what law1 then1 was ,i bound to it1 when he had chosen to be free8 ,i abruptly turned away from ,lando as he said this1 and left the drawing room1 where we happened to be alone4 ,the fineness of the weather and some indications of activity in ,mt4 ,vesuvius had drawn all the company that evening out on the terrace4 ,i went out as if intending to join them1 but ,i did nothing of the kind4 ,on the contrary1 ,i sought a place apart1 where ,i could enjoy in peace the serene brilliancy of the heavens1 and took a seat overlooking the garden and commanding a view of the ,villa ,reale1 the bay1 and the long line of mountains beyond ,it was one of those incomparable evenings in springtime when all you see or hear1 and the very air you breathe1 at once softens1 enchants1 and predisposes the heart to melancholy4 ,i had thrown over my white dress a large veil of black lace1 which ,i drew up over my head2 and1 thus protected from the scarcely perceptible dampness of the night1 ,i gave myself up without restriction to my feelings of admiration1 as well as the sadness1 indignation1 and bitterness that filled my heart4 ,afar off on the sombre azure of the cloudless heavens streamed a reddish flame whose brilliancy formed a strong contrast with the trembling1 silvery light the growing moon cast over the waters of the sea4 ,it was one of those awakenings of ,vesuvius1 the fearful but magnificent spectacle of which is always regarded at ,naples with a pleasure that greatly surpasses the anxiety it would be natural to feel at the probable consequences of a new eruption4 ,all my guests were at that moment at the end of the terrace1 where they could have a full view of the flaming crater4 ,but ,i was by no means disposed to follow their example4 ,i remained in the seat ,i had taken1 my face uplifted and my eyes gazing into the blue1 mysterious depths1 which seemed to direct my thoughts to something far beyond the visible1 starry heavens4 ,i know not how long ,i had been in this attitude when ,i perceived ,gilbert1 who had been on the other side of the terrace1 now standing before me4 8,may ,i have a seat here1 madame10 said he1 8or do you prefer continuing your reverie alone80 8,oh6 no2 remain4 ,it is better for me to talk than to dream40 8,and yet1 to judge from your looks while thus absorbed1 your dreams must have been delightful ,i longed to participate in them40 8,i know not whether they were delightful or otherwise1 but they were commonplace and true4 ,alas6 ,i was thinking that the heavens are as beautiful as the earth is sad40 8,sad8444 ,yes1 without doubt1 but likewise very beautiful at times1 something like the sky above our heads1 so glorious tonight1 but which does not always look as it does now40 8,but the clouds pass away1 and the sky again appears in its unchangeable beauty2 whereas44440 8,whereas1 a single day is sometimes sufficient to render our lives totally different from what they were before4 ,yes1 you are right10 said he4 ,he was silent for an instant1 and then resumed with a smile3 8,but these gloomy thoughts do not always prevail4 ,it was very far from the case the evening ,i first saw you in ,naples40 8,oh6 never speak again of that evening1 ,monsieur de ,kergy1 ,i conjure you10 ,i exclaimed with a warmth ,i could not repress4 8,have ,i not already told you that ,i was wretched1 infatuated1 desperate84440 ,i stopped short1 confused at what had escaped me4 ,i saw his expression of surprise1 and noticed again the look of sympathy and emotion he had shown at ,paris1 as ,i wept while listening to ,diana's music--a look that silently asked me the cause of my tears4 ,alas6 the day ,i last visited the ,htel de ,kergy was that on which the sadness that now wholly surrounded me first cast its shadow over my path4 ,but ,i did not wish to betray what ,i felt now1 any more than ,i did then1 and ,i instantly regretted the words ,i had just uttered4 ,i think ,gilbert perceived it4 8,i assure you10 said he after a moment1 as if ,i had never spoken1 8notwithstanding the brilliancy of your attire1 you were far less imposing in my eyes than you are at this moment2 and yet ,i am going to show a boldness ,i certainly should not have thought of manifesting that evening1 to which ,i shall never allude again40 8,what do you mean80 8,you seemed that night to belong to a world whose manners and language ,i was ignorant of1 and where ,i felt more out of place and uninitiated than a savage4 ,i could not have said such a word then4 ,i hardly dared look at you afar off2 whereas--but you will think me presumptuous40 8,no1 say what you were going to40 8,well1 then1 you seem now1 on the contrary1 as you did at ,paris1 a member of the world ,i live in--an inhabitant1 a queen if you like1 or a sister1 perhaps1 whose language ,i speak1 as you can mine4 ,that is why 4440 ,he hesitated an instant1 and then continued with an accent of truth and simplicity that prevented his manner from appearing singular3 8,that is why ,i venture--and it is showing myself very bold--yes1 venture1 madame1 to consider myself worthy of being your friend1 and1 should you deign to accord me this title1 ,i think ,i can safely promise never to show myself unworthy of it40 ,what reply ,i made ,i hardly know1 but what ,i am only too sure of is that these words were welcome to a heart at once crushed and embittered as mine then was4 ,the void occasioned by ,lorenzo's treachery caused a suffering like that of intense hunger4 ,my dignity1 even more than my conscience1 forbade my alleviating this hunger by giving vent to my grievances2 nor was ,i tempted to do so4 ,but was there any reason why ,i should refuse myself the solace of such a friendship as ,gilbert now offered me8 ,had ,i any other duty now1 with regard to ,lorenzo1 than to show a respect he had not manifested to the tie that united us8 ,could not ,gilbert1 as he had just offered1 be truly my brother in heart and soul8 ,was he not different1 as ,stella acknowledged1 from any one ,i had ever met8 ,and was ,i not myself in a position without parallel8 ,i pass over the remainder of my reflections in silence1 merely remarking here that if all the women who believe themselves to be in an exceptional position could be counted1 they would be astonished1 ,i imagine1 to find their number so great1 and would perhaps have to renounce some of the privileges they lay claim to by virtue of the singularity of their destiny4 ,to ,be ,continued4 ,church ,chant ,versus ,church ,music4 ,concluded4 8,ah6 but it is sad to think10 objects a friend at our elbow1 8that your rigid principles deprive the church of the use of the best music4 ,i think she ought to have the very best of all that this world can offer40 ,we have already given our friend his answer1 from one point of view1 in a former article4 ,we will endeavor to give a fair interpretation of the answer which the church herself would make3 8,it is not the best music1 as such1 that ,i want for my divine offices1 any more than ,i wish my priests to decorate the walls of my churches with the chefsd'uvre of painting and sculpture simply because they are masterpieces of art4 ,i certainly want1 and rejoice to possess1 the best that is suitable in art1 whether of melody1 painting1 or sculpture1 and even of scientific discovery or invention2 but my canons of suitability would be a besom of destruction to gaslighted altarcandles and sanctuary lamps1 fixed or portable operaglasses for the use of distantlyplaced worshippers1 the manufactured mimic rain1 hail1 and thunder storms at the beck of organ pedals1 the statues of the ,apollo ,belvidere or the ,greek ,slave1 valuable paintings of firstclass yachts1 fast horses1 or prize cattle1 even if they came from the pencil of a ,landseer or a ,rosa ,bonheur2 and if ,i cared for melody of any style for its own sake1 my child1 ,i would strongly advise my ,american clergy to engage the services of ,theodore ,thomas or ,patrick ,j4 ,gilmore1 whose orchestral performances are truly delicious1 and the best for their purpose that can be procured in my beloved dominions of the western hemisphere4 ,but the purpose of these delightful concerts is not a part of my programme4 ,the disciples of the ,grand ,lama1 ,i am told1 turn off their rosaries and other prayers by means of a crank1 as music is often made by mechanical organs2 but my prayers and melodies are not made in this fashion4 ,have your best music1 as you define it1 sung and performed where it suits the best2 go and hear it1 and ,god bless you2 but please do not let me hear of your inventing and using a small patent steamwhistle to replace the acolyte's altarbell1 nor a large one either in lieu of the churchbell1 for that would smack a little too much of the cottonmill or the ironfoundry2 and ,i do not think ,i would tolerate that40 ,we must confess to having our patience severely tried when the question of 8suitability0 comes under discussion1 and we burn to cry out1 ,where is the honest musician who is not so engrossed with1 and mastered by1 his art as to become1 like it1 deprived of ideas1 or at least of the power of expressing them in one single logical affirmation1 and who has a principle which he will fairly state and reason from instead of taking us into the pathless dreamland of sentiment1 or enticing us for ever off the track on to side switches of individual tastes and special pleas that lead nowhere8 ,discussing the relative suitability of music and plain chant for the use of the ,liturgy of the church is1 in our experience1 only equalled by the purgatory of suffering one's reason endures when talking 8controversy0 with a ,protestant4 ,has art no first principles8 ,is there no relation between art and the nature and purpose of the object to be expressed or illustrated by it8 ,do you dare define 8suitability0 to be the harmony of the subject with your present mood1 with the fashion of the hour1 or with the demands of ignorance and prejudice1 or presume to close all discussion with your 8,sic volo1 sic jubeo2 stet pro ratione voluntas08 ,but this is a digression4 ,let us return to our argument4 ,thirdly4 ,if we were to say that1 contrasted one with the other1 the expression of plain chant is unimpassioned1 and that of modern music is impassioned--in other words1 that the former has not much1 if any1 capacity for expressing human passions1 and that the latter has not only a great capacity for expressing them1 but also for exciting them1 we think we are affirming what every one who knows anything of the philosophy of music1 as well as every one who has been subjected to the influence of both1 will readily acknowledge to be true4 ,there is martial music for soldiers1 to excite them to combat1 or cheer them in victory1 or stir their enthusiasm on the triumphant return from battle4 ,there is music for the dancers1 and distinct kinds of dance music which invite and sustain those who may wish to waltz or polka1 thread the figures of the quadrille1 or indulge in the lascivious mazes of other suchlike enjoyments not worthy of our mention or consideration outside of our duty as confessor or preacher4 ,there is funny music to make us laugh1 and there are funereal dirges to keep us in fit mood as we march after a coffin4 ,there is music which we know will rouse the wrath of our enemy1 and there is amorous music which awakes the passion of love1 pure and impure4 ,we have already signalized the cause which gave to music its sensuous character4 ,lest it may be supposed that we are endeavoring to create a theory without sufficient warrant1 we quote from one who holds an undisputed post of honor in the musical world3 8,very well6 that which musical doctrine had condemned1 that which ages had proscribed1 a man one day dared to do4 ,guided by his instinct1 he had more confidence in what it counselled him than in what the rules commanded1 and in spite of the cries of horror which arose from a whole nation of musicians1 he had the courage to bring into relation the fourth note of the gamut1 the fifth1 and the seventh 7the tritone74 ,by this one act he created the natural dissonances of harmony1 a new tonality1 the kind of music called chromatic1 and1 as a consequence1 modulation4 ,what a world of things produced by one single harmonic aggregation6 ,the author of this wonderful discovery is ,monteverde47#hd7 ,he gives himself the credit1 in the preface of one of his works1 for the invention of the modulated1 animated1 and expressive style of melody4 ,in fact1 the impassioned accent 7l'accent passionn7 does not exist1 and cannot exist1 except in the leading note 7la note sensible71 and this cannot itself be produced1 except by its relation with the fourth and fifth degrees of the gamut--in other words that any note placed in the harmonic relation of augmented fourth with another note produces the sensation of a new tone1 without the necessity of hearing the tonic or making a cadence1 and that by this faculty of the augmented fourth to create immediately a leading note1 modulation--that is to say1 the necessary succession of different tones--is rendered easy4 ,admirable coincidence of two fruitful ideas6 ,the musical drama is born2 but the drama lives on emotions1 and the tonality of plain chant1 grave1 severe1 and calm1 could not furnish it with impassioned accents2 for the harmony of its tonality does not contain the elements of transition4 ,hence genius found inspiration in the demand1 and all that could give life to the music of the drama was brought into existence at one blow407#he7 ,we cannot refrain from adding the reflections of another eminent musician--,m4 ,jos4 d',ortigue3 8,is it not evident that a new order of ideas1 a new social element1 and a novel spirit1 were introduced in music by the fact alone of the creation of a tonality1 and that dissonance1 modulation1 transition1 the leading or sensible note1 the impassioned accent 7mark the words71 were but the material clothing1 the means1 the outward expression1 thanks to which this new principle--namely1 the moi humain--which had already1 so to speak1 broken through the upper strata of thought1 made for itself a vent by means of the art of music8 ,for just as the ancient tonality1 by the fact of its constitution1 inspired the sentiment of repose--that is to say1 gave birth to the ideas of permanence1 of immutability1 of the infinite1 which comport with the expression of divine things--so also disturbance1 agitation1 the febrile and tumultuous expression of the passions1 which are the essential characteristics of all earthly things1 are inherent in the modern tonality precisely in virtue of its constitution1 which depends upon dissonance and transition407#hf7 ,those wise old ,spartans who made it a capital crime to add a new cord to the lyre1 lest the people should be rendered effeminate1 would certainly despair of finding a man living in our ,x,i,xth century who was fit to be called a man1 if they were told that the chord of the minor seventh was in such common use that hardly one melody can be found where its effeminate dissonance is not made to appear and to be felt47#hg7 ,we pray to be understood when we call the tonality of 8impassioned accent0 effeminate4 ,a few words from ,m4 ,victor de ,laprade will convey our meaning3 8,i dare to class music1 and even women themselves1 in the order of femininity--that is to say1 in that class in which sentiment rules ideas1 in which the heart is more manifestly active than reason4 ,it is bold1 ,i acknowledge4 ,we are no longer living in the age of the ,book of ,wisdom1 of the sacred lawgivers1 of the prophets1 of the philosophers1 nor simply of ,molire2 we are of the age of ,saint,simon1 of ,fourier1 of ,auguste ,comte1 and we have changed all that4 ,we have put the heart on the right side4 ,i am obstinate enough to feel it beating on the left40 ,in his famous ,instructions 7we beg our readers to recall our proposed amendment of their title7 the cardinal vicar feels the necessity of protesting against this emotional tendency of music4 8,we forbid10 he says1 8too lively or exciting movements10 and dreads lest some composers may be led to express 8the unbridled liveliness of the dance40 ,he would not 8deprive the music of that grace and coloring which art and good taste suggest10 but thinks it necessary to add that 8an effeminate softness is to be avoided40 ,without question1 the best music1 allied to words1 as music1 is in the compositions for the opera4 ,those eminent composers who have written for the opera and for the church have indisputably produced works of a higher order of musical merit for the former than they have for the latter47#hh7 ,and is not operatic music the most intensely impassioned of all melody1 and is it not1 alas6 becoming a vehicle for the expression of the most debased and lascivious passions of the human heart8 ,give to modern music language and a stage1 free it from all the restraints of ,catholic morality1 and who does not see1 after the experience of an operatic season in one of our great cities1 that it would soon become the most powerful and dangerous of all the forces which are now threatening to enervate and demoralize our modern society8 ,we must not be surprised1 therefore1 nor should we much regret1 that 8modern composers have failed in their works to meet the requirements of ,catholic devotion40 ,let us see what spirit marks the ceremonies of the church when considered as opportunities for exhibiting1 or as exciting causes of awakening1 the passions4 ,it is not possible to find one such occasion4 ,all gesture which might suggest aught but the most perfect calm and repose of the soul in the actors is absolutely out of place4 ,it is very difficult in sudden1 unlookedfor instances of disturbance for the priest not to show in his countenance or by his manner symptoms of alarm1 disgust1 or annoyance2 but he ought not to do so1 and would not fail to scandalize the people1 unless such disturbance happened to be extraordinary4 ,to betray by look1 gesture1 or intonation of voice the slightest emotion of sensual passion1 however innocent in itself1 would disgust and horrify all observers4 ,neither do the rubrics permit him or his assistants to excite any passion in the hearts of others2 for the ceremonial directs their most simple movements1 the position of the body1 the tenue of the eyes1 the hands1 and the feet4 ,that 8ecclesiastical modesty0 which forms so constant a theme of instruction to candidates for the sacred ministry here finds its perfect realization1 and is exacted in the highest degree4 ,the sacred offices are essentially unlike opera1 and the church has the good sense to dread the introduction of anything in connection with her divine ceremonies that might be suggestive of it4 ,we now understand why the cardinal vicar throughout the ,instructions vehemently proscribes1 and over and over again warns composers not to write1 operatic or theatrical music1 or anything like it1 either in its melodies or its character1 nor borrow from it1 nor imitate it in the use of ariettas1 duets1 trios1 rectative1 finales1 or cabaletta4 ,truly1 8the best music0 is pretty well ruled out by his eminence4 ,by his cautious discrimination1 and prudent lopping off1 and general toning down he has pretty closely clipped the wings of the steed of ,helicon1 and1 after all1 it must be acknowledged1 has made of him rather a sorry and unreliable nag1 not worth half the old horse who all his lifetime has never given out1 or baulked1 or behaved in any unseemly manner4 ,we trust that a distinct disavowal of any intent on our part to treat with flippancy and disrespect the oftquoted ,instructions of his eminence is not needed1 for nothing could be further from our thought2 but that our readers will perceive that the point of our lance is directed against the endeavor to impose a restrictive and prohibitory circularletter of the cardinal vicar as a brief in favor of modern music with apostolic sanction4 ,we complain1 also1 that the words of ,benedict ,,xiv4 have been quoted by the same writers in such a way as to leave the impression on the mind of the general reader that the learned pope treated modern music as un fait accompli1 and rather preferred it if composed according to certain demands which he makes of musicians4 ,wherefore we quote again his words1 by which we get at his real sentiments3 8,the ,gregorian chant is that song which excites the minds of the faithful to piety and devotion2 it is that music1 therefore1 which1 if sung in our churches with care and decorum1 is most willingly heard by devout persons1 and is justly preferred to that which is called figured or harmonized music4 ,the titillation of figured music is held very cheaply by men of religious mind in comparison with the sweetness of the church chant1 and hence it is that the people flock to the churches of the monks1 who1 taking piety for their guide in singing the praises of ,god1 after the counsel of the prince of psalmists1 skilfully sing to their ,lord as ,lord1 and serve ,god as ,god with the utmost reverence40 ,the learned ,suarez has also been cited in favor of modern church music--rather a strange fact1 as the great theologian was dead and buried before the system of modern music was invented6 ,s4 ,alphonsus--no mean theologian1 nor a rigorist either--says3 8,the devil usually gets more by it than ,god does40 ,this attempt to argue a positive approval from prohibitory enactments reminds us of 8a little story40 8,i had the honor this morning10 boasted a vain soldier1 8of holding a conversation with his majesty the king40 8,you converse with his majesty80 exclaimed his companion4 8,and what did you say to him80 8,oh6 ,i said nothing4 ,his majesty alone conversed40 8,and pray1 what did he say to you80 8,he said3 #8,fellow1 stand out of the way6' 0 ,who has ever thought of denying that the old plain chant suits exactly the ceremonies of the church8 ,there were never any 8,instructions0 promulgated1 that we know of1 to curb its worldly1 operatic1 sensual1 or effeminate tendencies1 simply because by its essential melodic form it does not lend itself to any such aberrations4 ,by its short intervals1 its grave and unmeasured movement1 and its intellectual character17#hi7 it is freed from all sensuousness4 ,you can neither march to it1 dance to it1 nor make love with it4 ,but you can appropriately accompany any of the ceremonies of the church with it1 and pray with it2 that is--to forestall the special plea of a theological 8distinction0--you can adore with it1 propitiate the divine justice with it1 supplicate with it1 praise and thank ,god with it2 and doing all this1 we respectfully ask1 what more do you want1 and1 if you do want more1 what right have you to ask it8 ,in the interests of art1 do you say8 ,pshaw6 ,you know well that the church can offer but a very confined field for the cultivation of music as an art1 and1 compared with music inspired by other wants and tastes1 the music written for her use is not worth mentioning4 ,it is only fit to be consigned to the flames1 as our friend observes4 ,besides1 the church is not an ,academy of ,arts and ,sciences4 ,try again4 ,if being content with what the church prescribes1 refusing to admit what she has not distinctly commanded1 and contending stoutly for the fitness of that melody for the expression of her divine prayer1 and as an accompaniment to her sublime offices1 and which she has never declared to be unsuitable1 be to 8censure the whole church1 and even the ,pope himself10 as it is insinuated we do1 then we offer ourselves at once for safe conduct to a lunatic asylum1 for assuredly we have lost our senses4 ,fourthly4 ,we hear much of the coloring in the phraseology of modern music4 ,that it is essentially rhetorical is plain enough4 ,it is pretty much all made up of figures of speech1 musically expressed4 ,it is especially antithetical1 full of striking contrasts1 and highly metaphorical4 ,we used to hear frequently in our own church1 when we had a 8mixed0 choir and a gallery1 a finale of the ,gloria in ,excelsis which the unlearned in musical gymnastics were accustomed to say sounded like the men scampering after the women1 and the women scampering after the men1 and neither coming out ahead of the other4 ,this rhetorical character of music1 this dealing in figures of musical speech1 which we dare affirm is not free in many an instance from the faults of tautology1 bombast1 and mixed metaphor1 lucidly explains the reason why the frequent repetition of morceaux de musique1 whether anthems1 motets1 8grand ,masses10 or 8musical ,vespers10 by any celebrated composer whomsoever1 soon grows tiresome4 ,the same rhetorical phrases and identical figures of speech in the discourses of a preacher ,sunday after ,sunday would set all the people yawning1 and1 if the sacredness of the place and of the speaker were not a hindrance to such emotional display1 laughing and hissing as well4 ,the metaphorical character of music is the result of its theme1 which may be1 as we have already said1 either pastoral1 martial1 amorous1 saltatory1 funereal1 or even prayerful1 etc42 but it is not really pastoral1 for there are no green fields to pipe in or any haymaking going on4 ,it is like pastoral music1 and would be only tolerable1 even in a concert room1 on the strength of the maxim1 8,art for art's sake0--a principle we contend to be unphilosophical at best1 and absolutely intolerable when applied to sacred ceremonies1 and not sanctioned by a single instance in the rubrics4 ,so1 also1 there are no military evolutions1 no lovemaking or dancing1 going on1 for which reason the music is not really martial1 amorous1 or saltatory1 but only like such music4 ,but there may be a funeral1 and there certainly is prayer going on2 and what objection can there be to funereal and prayerful music8 ,we have never heard any funereal music that was fit to accompany a ,requiem ,mass4 ,we have heard musical howling1 wailing1 sobbing1 groans and sighs of despair1 and even the spiteful cursing and gnashing of teeth of the damned1 as in the confutatis maledictis of ,cherubini's ,requiem2 but let that pass for the present4 ,prayerful music there is of incomparable sweetness and ravishing harmony1 but prayer music--i4e41 music which is prayer--is quite another thing4 ,music does not lose its metaphorical character because its theme is prayerful4 ,there is the greatest difference in the world between firstclass paste and real diamond1 or between vermeil and pure gold1 although it is possible that neither you nor we could distinguish them without the application of a scientific test4 ,the paste may have a perfect diamondful glitter1 if you will2 but that this glitter is the expression of the substance of real diamond needs no argument to disprove4 ,let us again apply our test4 ,the official acts of the celebrant and his assistants at the altar are not figurative1 but real4 ,the priest acts as a priest1 and not like a priest4 ,the chorus rise1 kneel1 bow1 prostrate1 as a chorus should1 and not as a chorus might4 ,all their acts are real1 finding their ratio in themselves1 and not in something else of which they are now a good and admirable1 or now a poor and farfetched1 figure4 ,melody for such performances should be a faithful and true expression of these realities4 ,that is to say1 when you hear the melody1 you should hear the prayer which is the form of the corpus rubricarum1 as the soul is the form of the human body4 ,subjected to this test1 the paste is easily distinguished4 ,now1 will the diamond1 as we choose to typify the church chant1 be as readily known by the like test8 ,there is nothing corresponding or similar to figures of speech in the chant1 neither is it based upon metaphorical themes4 ,it has properly no theme1 but only modes1 with their special intonations1 mediations1 and cadences4 ,considered in its melodic form1 it is a rhythmic combination of unities1 the purest artistic expression of communion with the ,infinite ,unity--with ,god4 ,sung in or out of the celebration of the divine offices1 if it be not simple rehearsal1 it is prayer1 and nothing else but prayer4 ,it rejoices in the 8perennial freshness0 of the ,holy ,mass and ,divine ,office1 because1 like these1 it is not metaphorical1 but real2 and hence we deduce at once the explanation of its lasting character4 ,its melodies do not wear out or become tiresome4 ,it would never occur to a child of the church1 although he were the most accomplished musician the world ever knew1 if his age surpassed that of ,mathusala1 and he had heard ,high ,mass every day of his life1 that the ,preface or the ,pater ,noster 7and wherefore any other chant87 was a worn out or tiresome melody4 ,there is a truth for the lovers of church music to digest4 ,the essential reason--to go to the very bottom of the matter--of the lasting character of the chant1 lies in the form of its phraseology1 which is purely didactic1 consisting of simple and therefore sublime affirmations2 this simplicity of its phraseology being often reduced to the utterance of pure substantives1 as if the soul were in rapture1 meditating upon ,god and his attributes1 the ,alpha and ,omega1 the ,beginning and the ,end1 the ,being of beings1 the ,eternal1 the ,omnipotent1 the ,everlasting1 the ,all in all1 the ,all wise1 the ,all fair1 and the ,all good4 ,there is an instance of this sublime simplicity of language in ,holy ,scripture which is an apt example to illustrate our meaning4 ,it is the twelfth verse of the viith chapter of the ,apocalypse3 8,amen4 ,benedictio1 et claritas1 et sapientia1 et gratiarum actio1 honor1 et virtus1 et fortitudo ,deo nostro in scula sculorum1 amen0--,amen4 ,benediction1 and glory1 and wisdom1 and thanksgiving1 honor and power1 and strength to our ,god1 for ever and ever1 amen4 ,the test being applied1 we think we may affirm and certify the diamond4 ,fifthly4 ,from what we have already said1 and to judge from the extraordinary pretensions of its capacity for expression put forth in these later days1 modern music is essentially dramatic1 mimetic1 or imitative4 ,that it is especially suitable as the melody to accompany and aid the expression of dramatic representation there is no question4 ,there appears also to be hardly any limit of its capacity1 as musicians affirm1 for wordpainting and scenepainting4 ,if the musical critics are not deceived1 we think that1 with the full score of some genius who may be even now about to graduate in the school of 8the music of the future10 a ,thomas or a ,gilmore might dispense with the actors on the stage altogether1 and with the services of the scenepainter as well4 ,what is thought of this power of wordpainting1 when employed to illustrate the sacred text of the church's offices1 we quote from the ,dublin ,review1 ,oct41 #ahfh3 8,what is called wordpainting in music is1 of course1 very effective1 but1 as a rule1 it cannot be carried so far in sacred as in secular music without detriment to the dignity of the subject4 ,indeed1 even where it is not otherwise objectionable1 it sometimes becomes tiresome from its conventionality4 ,the run down the notes of the scale at the descendit de clis1 and such like effects1 do not bear much repetition4 ,indeed1 the attempt at minute expression has often led to odd blunders1 such as in the passages resurrectionem mortuorum1 where the music for the first word is usually made to have a joyful effect1 the latter a lugubrious one 7and that1 too1 sometimes drawn out into musical passages cut off from the previous word1 as if it were a fresh sentence71 the composer forgetting that the phrase only comprehends one idea--that of the resurrection4 ,so with the passage remissionem peccatorum1 exaltavit humiles1 and others that might be named40 ,we have already mentioned a notable instance of this wordpainting--the confutatis maledictis from the ,dies ,ir of ,cherubini4 ,the vividly descriptive and intensely dramatic power of that passage is well known2 and if it were further heightened by a mechanicallydarkened church1 with a flash or two of stagelightning and the rumbling of sheetiron thunder1 we are sure the effect would be quite as much as we could bear1 whether as celebrant or as near relatives of the departed4 ,overpowered with the emotions of horror and fear which we are sure we would experience in thus having hell opened to us1 we would be thinking a great deal more of the devil than of the ,god of mercy and compassion when the cry of fright broke from our lips1 8,libera me1 ,domine1 de morte terna60 ,certainly1 deprived even of any stage effects1 we have never listened to it without a shudder4 ,and now comes the pertinent question1 ,is dramatic1 theatrical effect what the church desires to obtain from her melody1 or1 at least1 is she willing that there should be anything of this kind at all employed to illustrate her liturgy8 ,we refer to the ,instructions of his eminence the cardinal vicar4 ,he is 8polarized10 as we say in ,america1 on that subject4 ,we also quote from the late articles on church music in this magazine3 8 #8,humana nefas miscere divinis' finds its application here4 ,to carry the minds of worshippers in the church back to the theatre by the music is a crime1 for it is a desecration40 ,musicians themselves are not wholly devoid of the sense of propriety4 ,mme4 de ,svign relates that ,baptiste--the celebrated ,lulli--hearing at ,mass one day an air which he had composed for the theatre1 cried out3 8,lord1 ,lord1 ,i crave your pardon4 ,i did not write it for you60 ,we wonder if the correspondent of the ,herald was aware of the satire contained in the following late announcement3 8,signor ,verdi protests indignantly against his ,requiem being played in a circus at ,ferrara40 ,yet let us see if our comparison with the ceremonies of the liturgy and the character of the actors holds good as before4 ,there is no scenery1 nor should there be any for any occasion4 ,no1 good reader1 not even for the ,repository of ,holy ,thursday4 ,those puppetshow 8tombs10 with pasteboard soldiers sleeping and watching before pasteboard rocks1 are not prescribed by the rubrics1 or even tolerated1 and are therefore entirely out of order and unmeaning4 ,the ,holy ,mass is a continuation of the crucifixion and sacrificial death of our ,lord on ,mount ,calvary2 but there is no dramatic representation of that event1 for the reason1 among others that we have alleged before1 that it is not a representation1 but a reality4 ,we could readily understand its propriety if the ,episcopalians or other sects of ,protestants were to have a stage erected with scenery of the 8upper room10 and a suppertable with living actors or waxfigure ones1 la ,mme4 ,tussaud or ,mrs4 ,jarley1 in order to vividly represent to their people the celebration of the ,last ,supper1 because their 8celebrations10 high1 low1 broad1 or evangelical1 expect to have nothing more at best than a representative sacrifice or commemorative supper2 but the ,catholic ,mass is a perfect and real sacrifice in itself1 and mimics nothing4 ,apart from the ,mass1 we have a remarkable example in our own day of a sacred drama1 the ,passion ,play of ,ober,ammergau1 which is not a real but an imitative crucifixion1 mechanical in the highest degree1 passional1 figurative1 and dramatic4 ,music for that1 la bonne heure6 ,let us again bring the chant into comparison4 ,when we say that it is pre eminently the chant of priests1 each one of whom is 8alter ,christus107#ij7 the chorus song of psalmists1 we at once proclaim it as preeminently fitted for the expression of the liturgy1 and therefore to be wanting in dramatic or wordpainting capacity4 ,there have been a few insignificant attempts made by late composers to express1 after a musical fashion1 the descendit de clis with square notes on a fourlined staff1 in the hope1 probably1 that it would be mistaken for plain chant2 but the guise is too thin6 ,here is a fitting opportunity to explain our former intimation that horrifying1 tearful1 and groaning melody is not suitable even for a requiem4 ,how often have we not heard it said1 8,oh6 ,gregorian chant is admirable for occasions of sorrow2 just the thing for a ,dead ,mass02 or again1 8,i think the chant is so lugubrious and solemn2 every inflexion seems to be in the minor key10 to which we reply3 ,in the first place1 they who suppose plain chant to be in the minor key are simply in ignorance of its tonality4 ,these we advise to study enough of the chant of their church to avoid making ridiculous objections to it4 ,the others evidently suppose1 #ast1 that the church intends to excite emotions of sadness at a requiem1 and to perform1 especially with the services of the choir1 the office of a paid mute2 and if the friends and relatives are moved to weep bitterly and for a long time1 every one will say1 8,how impressive1 how touching60 meaning1 8,how saddening6 ,how depressing to the spirits60 #b;d4 ,that the ,gregorian chant ,requiem is most admirably suited to this purpose1 being a melody of such a sorrowful character and of so lugubrious a tone4 ,on which we remark that they are most egregiously mistaken in both suppositions4 ,the object which the church has in view at a requiem is not to make people weep and wail1 but to console1 comfort1 and soothe the bleeding hearts of the bereaved mourners2 to pray herself1 and to excite them to pray earnestly1 for the soul of the departed4 ,nothing could be further from her thought than to horrify them with visions of the grave and imaginations of the torments of the damned4 ,no1 it is rest1 eternal rest1 the rapture of the soul's enjoyment of the everlasting light of glory in heaven1 that forms the burden of her funereal refrain1 8,requiem ternam dona ei ,domine1 ,et lux perpetua luceat ei6 ,requiescat in pace60 ,those who love to indulge in the luxury of woe1 and who fancy that plentiful tears and a thoroughly brokenhearted manner are the proper accompaniments to a mourning dress1 highly approve of the antirubrical exhibition of painted or embroidered skulls and crossbones1 heightened in effect by a diapering of gigantic tears1 which the artist in funereal trappings has intruded upon the altar or about the catafalque4 ,the ,requiem ,masses of ,mozart and ,cherubini would certainly admit of these imitative skeletons and mechanical grief2 but not so the ,gregorian ,requiem4 ,hark6 what are those strange words which break the silence as the coffin is borne into the church8 8,subvenite sancti ,dei1 occurrite ,angeli ,domini1 suscipientes animam ejus1 offerentes eam in conspectu ,altissimi4 ,suscipiat te ,christus qui vocavit te1 et in sinu ,abrah angeli deducant te407#ia7 ,and now the ,introit begins1 which gives the keynote1 so to speak1 to the whole ,mass3 8,requiem ternam dona eis ,domine2 et lux perpetua luceat eis407#ib7 ,what a world of comfort in those words6 ,how soothing and hopeful2 and chanted to such a smooth1 sweet melody1 like oil poured out upon the troubled waters1 calming the agitated and fretted spirits of the mourners1 and gently turning all hearts away from the thoughts of the irreparable loss they have sustained1 and shutting out the memory of the scenes of anguish and horror that marked the hours of the agony and death1 solicits them to pray for the soul of the beloved departed1 and to cast all their sorrow at the feet of ,god4 ,doubtless you presume the chant is very sorrowful2 and1 like all ,gregorian chant1 this is1 of course1 8in the minor key40 ,not at all1 however inexplicable it may appear to you4 ,read over again what we have just written above1 and now learn one more astonishing fact4 ,the chant for this ,introit is written in the sixth mode1 the only one of all the ,gregorian modes whose scale is identical with the scale of the modern major key6 ,there is not an invitation to weep in the whole ,requiem1 neither in the words nor in the melody4 ,it is true the church takes care to improve the occasion by preaching her sermon on the ,judgment in the chant of the ,dies ,ir2 but she soon returns to her keynote of comforting prayer1 and at the ,communio 7which1 of course1 is not sung at all at our concert requiems7 she essays even a bright and cheerful melody in the triumphant eighth mode1 to the old refrain1 8,lux terna luceat eis10 and1 addressing the sweet mercy of ,god1 inspires hope and submission to the divine will by the reminder that he is ever kind and good--8quia pius es40 ,oh6 what is this8 ,it is the sympathizing pressure of the hand of the old1 old friend who has always been true in sunshine and storm1 in our sins and our miseries2 it is her sheltering arm that folds our drooping head upon her gentle breast1 and her cheery voice that has so often gladdened us in days gone by1 soothing our broken heart with the only words that have power with us now--8,god is good10 8,it is his holy will40 ,when we were aforetime groping in the darkness of heretical error1 and denied all privilege of stretching out our hands in prayer to help our beloved dead through the mysterious way that death had opened to them1 and sternly forbidden to hope for a deeper look into the future than the yawning chasm of corruption opened to our gaze in the earth1 we felt--alas6 how keenly--the appropriateness of the only burial service we knew of then1 whose doleful burden--8ashes to ashes1 dust to dust10 and 8,we commit this body to the ground0--expressed well the faith that was of the earth1 earthy4 ,but now our voice is lifted up in praise1 and our heartstrings tuned to strains of festive joy1 when ,god has spared our innocent loved ones the dangers and sorrows of life1 chanting their translation to the skies in robes of white1 and in words of joy that erst were sung by angels proclaiming 8,glory to ,god in the highest1 and peace on earth to men02 and at the borders of the tomb which hides from our sight the forms of those who for many a year have grown with our growth1 and knit our very existence unto theirs1 the earth with its darkening clouds is made to disappear1 and heaven itself is revealed as the herald who precedes the soul to the gates of everlasting light1 chants in our hearing its melodious welcome to the home of rest and glory4 8,in paradisum deducant te angeli2 in tuo adventu suscipiant te martyres1 et perducant te in civitatem sanctam ,jerusalem4 ,chorus angelorum te suscipiat1 et cum ,lazaro quondam paupere ternam habeas requiem407#ic7 ,the ,catholic ,church calm in the face of death1 and triumphant at the edge of the grave6 ,why does not the sight convert every ,protestant and unbeliever before the setting of the sun8 ,this is our answer3 ,because you have brought upon the true ,israel the calamity which ,mardochai the just prayed ,god to avert when 8the mouths of them that sing unto ,god are shut10 and by your music have bedimmed one of the most sublime manifestations of the church1 and by the banishment of her chant have silenced her voice in that supreme1 faithinspiring hour6 ,music at a funeral6 ,we would as soon think of getting an ,episcopalian parson to read his gloomy burial service1 or of hiring a ,methodist preacher to declaim by the hour1 for the purpose of exhibiting his own vanity and ministering to ours4 ,the reason why the muchlauded musical ,masses1 whether of requiem or for other occasions1 have failed to meet the requirements of ,catholic devotion1 is because their composers have sought by wordpainting to illustrate the words1 as separately defined in a dictionary1 instead of grasping the chief and leading ideas to which the church strives to give expression2 pretty much as if a painter1 intending to paint a man1 should most carefully sketch apart every separate bone1 muscle1 nerve1 artery1 and organ in the body4 ,the result obtained would be a series of most excellently delineated anatomical drawings1 no doubt1 but no bodily form of a man1 and no expression of what makes the body a living body1 which is the soul4 ,hence we deduce a most important conclusion4 ,the form of modern music is not prayer1 but recreation1 the delectation of the imaginative faculty4 ,it aims at producing the impressions which material things excite by their contact with the senses4 ,it seeks to imitate motion in direction or velocity1 light and darkness1 cold and heat1 serenity or disturbance in nature4 ,the piano alone is supposed to make us hear the booming of cannon1 the galloping and neighing of horses 7the tritone ,si1 ,fa1 which in the palmy days of ,gregorian chant was called diabolus in musica1 and which is the essential chord in the tonality of modern music1 will be found to give the exact notes of an ass' braying71 the dying moans of the wounded in battle1 the rising and setting of the sun1 and a host of other equally curious things4 8,i shouldn't wonder10 exclaims a witty writer1 8if one day ,i might see upon a piece of sheet music1 #8,demonstration of the square of the hypothenuse1' or #8,the theory of free trade6' 0 ,will not some composer produce a 8work0 which will give the impressions produced on the souls of the people at ,mass and ,vespers8 ,it might be found convenient for home use on rainy ,sundays6 ,this suggestion quite tickles our fancy4 ,it has the smack of originality about it1 and we feel like playing with it1 as a cat plays with a mouse4 ,who does not see at once that it opens a vast field for development of music as an art1 and precisely in the order in which musicians are now striving to give it expression8 ,yes1 the glory of the invention is ours4 8,,patent ,,musical ,,impressions1 adapted to every want in church and state40 8,save your fuel6 ,summer ,impressions1 warranted for the coldest climate40 8,wateringplaces superseded6 ,refreshing ,winter ,impressions1 deliciously cool1 flavored with hops1 serenades1 moonlight excursions1 seaviews1 ,adirondack trips1 etc41 according to taste40 8,sermon ,impressions1 a great variety4 ,parties ordering will please state their religious views or the particular branch of the ,episcopalian or other denomination to which they belong40 ,n4,b4--,agents and composers wanted4 ,if our readers think this to be nonsensical trifling1 let them read a few of those lucubrations styled 8musical criticisms40 ,musical coloring has only been equalled in its fantastic conceptions by the socalled ocular harmony and visual melody imagined by the ,french ,jesuit1 ,father ,castel1 who lived about the beginning of the last century4 ,starting with a fancied principle that colors are reducible to a harmonic scale corresponding to the scale of musical sounds1 he had manufactured what he called his universal ribbon1 on which were graduated all colors and their most minute shades4 ,of this ribbon he made a little book1 which he ingeniously attached to a harpsichord in such a manner that certain leaves would open at the touch of the different keys1 thus presenting to the sight a particular shade of color at the same time that the hearing perceived the musical note4 ,it is said that he spent large sums of money on this hobby4 ,he wished also to have silks and other stuffs woven after this principle and 8dans ce got0 of which the sacerdotal vestments ought to be made1 so that every feast and season would be not only distinguished by those particolored robes1 but also1 according to his principle of the harmonic proportions of color1 that by a scientific arrangement of the colors derived from his graduated ribbon one might1 and1 as he contended1 should1 note upon the vestments melodies1 and even harmony1 so that a chasuble would sing the ,gloria in ,excelsis or a cope the ,antiphons at ,vespers6 ,we do not find1 however1 in his works1 any proposal to sing1 in colors1 either at ,mass or ,vespers1 thunder and lightning1 landscapes and sunrises1 jigs and waltzes1 serenades of love sick swains1 the shrieks and gnashing of teeth of devils and lost souls1 as our modern musicians have done with their musical coloring4 ,sixthly4 ,one of the chief complaints justly made against church music is its liability to the abuse of bringing certain singers of remarkable talent into an undue and often indecent prominence1 and thus ministering rather to personal vanity1 to petty jealousies and envies1 and to the critical delectation of the audience 7871 than to the praise and glory of ,god4 ,that music can be written so as to preclude such an offensive result we are not prepared to deny2 but that there is any reasonable hope that it ever will be we do not believe4 ,the principle upon which choice is made of it in preference to chant1 and which has extorted the restricted and evidently unwilling toleration of it1 forbids us to entertain such a hope4 ,we fancy that such a chastened style of music1 composed so as to meet this requirement1 would soon be voted as 8confessedly unequal to the task of evoking and expressing the feelings of ,christian joy and triumph10 and1 with plain chant under the same ban1 this world would become indeed a vale of tears and 8444 plain of groans1 ,whose arid wastes resound with moans ,of weepers over dead men's bones40 ,the style inherent in music certainly calls for more or less of personal display1 and consequently for some sign of appreciation from the listeners1 if it be nothing more than that entranced silence which is often the most flattering applause1 especially in church4 ,a little incident has just occurred in connection with our own church choir--we hardly need say that no women sing in it1 or that chant is its accepted melody--which illustrates better than long argument the spirit that ,gregorian chant inspires in the hearts of the singers4 ,one of their number1 a little chorister1 lies sick in a hospital4 ,the members of the chorus have made an offering of all the merit they gain in the sight of ,god1 on account of their singing1 for his recovery4 ,we imagine the look of puzzled surprise if such an 8act0 were proposed to the singers of a musical chorus in one of our ordinary gallerychoirs4 ,we would furthermore ask whether music for the church could be1 or is at all likely to be1 composed so as not to betray the hand of the composer and elicit applause for him8 ,ought the people1 or priest either1 to suffer the distraction of remarking interiorly1 8,we have ,mgr4 ,newsham's ,mass to day1 but it is not so pleasing as ,mr4 ,richardson's revised ,mozart that we had last ,sunday4 ,i do hope the organist will soon give us one of those ,mechlin prize ,masses2 but we cannot have that1 ,i suppose1 until we get a better tenor1 for ours is rather a poor voice1 etc41 etc41 etc408 ,we say that all such reflections are out of order1 and are a valid argument against the use of musical compositions4 ,what of personal display in church ceremonies8 ,it is not only in bad taste1 but irrational1 stupid1 and contemptible1 if it be not grievously scandalous1 as it might very easily become4 ,does any one ever dream of applause to be either given or acknowledged8 ,why does not the church offer prizes for the composition of 8,masses0 which will vie with each other in their literary style1 their devotional phraseology1 and other characteristics1 so that the people may have the enjoyment of hearing a ,mass1 now of the celebrated ,dr4 ,brown1 now of ,dean ,jones1 and now of ,canon ,robinson1 instead of being obliged to listen week after week to the same old1 tiresome ,masses of the ,feasts of our ,lord1 the ,blessed ,virgin1 and the saints1 the productions of the same 8barbarous0 age which formed the chant1 and whose composers are not known to one in a million8 ,do not the exigencies of modern progress1 and the aspirations to see themselves in print of more literati than she can find room for in her contracted temple of fame1 demand that the church shall take this matter into serious consideration8 ,we advise the ,american daily press to press this matter into the notice of the hierarchy at once1 or at the reassembling of the ,vatican ,council at furthest4 ,as to plain chant1 it corresponds exactly with this anonymous character of the present liturgy of the church1 as every one can see--immortal works1 that immortalize only the common faith which produced them--and then that will be got rid of1 which is all we need or care to say on this point4 ,verbum sap4 ,seventhly 7and lastly1 for the present74 ,modern music is essentially national and secular4 ,it is the product of a natural and sensual civilization 7a question we have not the space to fully discuss here71 and advances in a degree corresponding to the cultivation of the arts for their own sake by this or that nation1 besides receiving a marked impress from the national habits and tastes4 ,art for art's sake6 ,what else could we expect from a civilization which has ignored the supernatural and placed scientific investigation above the revelations of ,god1 whose painters have abandoned the ideal for servile copying of nature1 and whose highest type of beauty for the sculptor's chisel is a naked ,venus8 ,the secular character of music--by which we mean its variability with succeeding centuries or still shorter periods of time--is also unquestionable4 ,it is of this age or of that2 now 8all the rage10 and now 8oldfashioned0 and 8out of date40 ,modern musical airs enjoy a very short lived popularity4 ,fashion is the autocrat1 almost the divinity1 of modern civilization4 ,it is the logical expression of cultivated sensualism1 and the art of music has basely given itself up to its tyrannical rule and whimsical lusts4 ,church music has been forced to bend its neck and go under the same yoke1 and we do not believe it has the power to shake it off4 ,talk of making the style of music 8alla ,palestrina0 popular now6 ,we have been offered ,chevalier ,pustet's costly ,musica ,divina for a song2 and ,herr ,franz may call the attention of church musicians to the works of ,durante until he is hoarse4 ,we tell you that such music is 8out of fashion02 and fashion's ban in the kingdoms of this world is as blasting as the ban of the church's excommunication in the kingdom of ,christ4 ,there must be nothing national or secular1 nothing suggestive of the petty partisanship and strifes of the world1 about the melody which expresses the universal and everlasting liturgy of the church4 ,kenelm ,digby1 whose judgment is of worth1 says3 8,sooth1 no tongue can be adequate to give an idea of the impression produced by the plain song of the choir4 ,it is full of poetry1 full of history1 full of sanctity4 ,while the ,gregorian chant rises1 you seem to hear the whole ,catholic ,church behind you responding40 ,music may do for religions that are national or fashionable4 ,hymns in the ,german style may do for ,german ,protestants2 hymns and anthems in the ,english style may do for ,english ,protestants2 and ,american music 7if there be such7 may answer for all the requirements of devotion among the fifty odd sects that are struggling for existence amongst us--and we advise them1 if they wish to make their churches 8pay10 to keep their music well up to the fashion--but the ,catholic ,church1 who knows no present1 past1 or future in her eternal faith1 whose liturgy has never been subjected to the genius of national language1 whose motto1 8,quod ubique1 quod semper1 quod ab omnibus10 has defied the attacks of fashion1 as her rockfounded edifice defies the gates of hell1 she must have1 and1 thank ,god1 she has a melody no nation or age shall call 8its own10 whose purity no sodisant 8civilization0 shall ever be able to defile1 which her faithful children shall always recognize as the voice of their true mother1 and know it well from the voice of a foreign stepdame or of a hireling housekeeper--a voice which1 through the mysterious link of divine generation1 will ever speak to the child of the ,father1 who is his through the church1 and whose ,paternal compassion is sure to be moved by the tones of that song which the ,mother taught him to sing4 ,assunta ,howard4 ,v4 ,sienna4 ,it was on a beautiful evening in ,june1 just when spring was merging into summer1 that ,mr4 ,carlisle's family arrived in ,sienna1 and found a truly delightful home awaiting them1 thanks to ,giovanni's energy and thoughtful skill4 ,the soft but somewhat enervating air of ,rome had failed to restore ,mr4 ,carlisle's strength2 and the physician imperatively ordered that panacea which seems1 in the opinion of the faculty1 to be the last resource when other prescriptions have failed--complete change4 ,an almost unaccountable attraction had drawn their thoughts towards ,sienna1 and ,giovanni had been despatched to ,tuscany with carte blanche as to preparations4 ,he had proved himself entirely worthy of confidence2 and the praises bestowed upon him by all the family1 as they inspected the result of his efforts1 were not unmerited4 ,he had succeeded in engaging1 for the season1 a pleasant1 airy villa about a mile beyond the ,florentine gate of that quaint1 proud city1 and no expense had been spared to render it comfortable and homelike4 ,a small grove in front of the house and a flower garden on one side promised many a pleasant hour during those days when shade and beauty afford relief and divert the mind from the power of the midsummer sun4 ,the loggia in the rear of the house1 where ,mr4 ,carlisle1 his sister1 and ward were now standing1 commanded a most extensive and beautiful view4 ,directly beneath them the land sloped down into a graceful valley covered with vineyards4 ,beyond was a long stretch of campagna2 and in the far distance1 like a giant sentinel1 rose ,radicofani1 on the summit of which still lingered the glory of a sunset whose gorgeousness had already departed4 ,there is much in first impressions--more1 perhaps1 than we are willing to acknowledge--and it may well be doubted whether any aftersunshine would have secured for ,sienna the favor it now enjoyed had ,radicofani appeared for the first time before the little group assembled on the balcony1 rising weirdlike from out a veil of mist and cloud4 ,mrs4 ,grey actually sighed1 as1 instantly spanning with a loving1 womanly thought the distance which separated her from the lover she had regretfully left in ,leghorn1 she turned to her companions1 saying3 8,oh6 ,i wish ,george were here4 ,i think ,sienna is lovely4 ,there6 ,i have seen the new moon over my left shoulder1 and now ,i am sure he will not come this month40 ,mrs4 ,grey was evidently very much in love4 ,mr4 ,sinclair's presence and absence formed the light and shade of her life's picture2 and a picture it was whose colors were too glaring1 its contrasts too striking1 and it lacked deep feeling in its tone4 ,after a pause she continued3 8,but then ,i have always noticed that ,george does not like views40 ,and removing her pretty travellinghat1 she went away to superintend ,amalie's unpacking4 8,he certainly did not like my views10 said ,mr4 ,carlisle in a low voice to ,assunta1 8when ,i expressed them to him rather freely the other day4 ,but neither did ,i like his2 so we were quits there40 ,but the attention of the traveller was soon entirely engrossed in securing the rest needful after so fatiguing a journey2 and it was some days before ,mr4 ,carlisle was sufficiently strong to explore the city1 whose walls and towers could be seen1 in all their medival picturesqueness1 from the loggia4 ,at last1 however1 the change recommended began to tell upon the invalid1 and each day added its portion of renewed strength1 until ,mr4 ,carlisle threatened every possible and impossible herculean labor1 by way of proving that he was1 as he said1 8ready for anything40 ,the ladies had insisted upon postponing any sightseeing until all could enjoy it together1 though ,clara protested that complete stagnation was evidently her fate4 ,one could not find much excitement in a grove and a mountain after the first hour of novelty4 ,still1 as long as the mail brought her a daily letter from ,mr4 ,sinclair1 and took in return the dainty1 perfumed envelope containing so many pretty1 loving nothings1 she did not appear to be hopelessly inconsolable4 ,assunta had1 without scruple1 made one exception to the generous resolution of waiting4 ,but it was because she knew that the expedition she wished particularly to make alone would afford no pleasure to the others1 while their presence might be the occasion of much pain to herself4 ,of course the interest ,sienna had for her was its association with ,s4 ,catherine2 and she longed to see the spot consecrated by the heroic sanctity of one whose humility was as profound as her influence on the world was powerful4 ,she took the opportunity on ,sunday1 after she and ,marie had assisted at ,mass in a little suburban church1 to visit the house of the dyer whose honor and privilege it was to be the father of a woman the life and character of whom might well be studied by the women of to day4 ,s4 ,catherine possessed all that the most ambitious of her sex in the present day could desire--an immense public influence4 ,how did she gain it8 ,only by seeking to lose herself in the obscurity of an ignoble origin2 in labors and privations for the sake of a love whose consuming fire many waters of tribulation could not quench2 and in that truly hidden life in which ,god delights to work his wonders4 ,the only right she claimed was that of loving1 and consequently of suffering1 more than others4 ,the only insignia of rank she coveted was a crown of thorns1 and it was granted to her by her ,eternal ,lover1 who could refuse her nothing4 ,her power was in ,god's exaltation of the humble1 in his use of the weak things of the world to confound the mighty4 ,well might those hands1 which were privileged to bear in them the marks of the ,lord ,jesus--the sacred stigmata--be made instrumental in leading back to ,rome its exiled pontiffking4 ,self annihilation was the secret of the influence of those glorious women of the ages of faith who have since been placed upon the altars of the church4 ,o restless1 selfseeking women of today6 striving for a power which will curse and not bless you1 where is the sweet perfume of your humility8 ,where are the fruits of mortification8 ,where the aureola of sanctity8 ,where are those grand works for ,god1 offspring of a faith that believes all and a love that dares all8 ,for these are the virtues in a ,s4 ,catherine or a ,s4 ,teresa which all can imitate4 ,or1 if these standards are too high for modern souls1 where are the homely qualities of those women commended by ,s4 ,paul1 who adorn themselves with modesty1 learn in silence1 are faithful in all things1 having a care of the house8 ,thank ,god1 the hand of the ,lord is not shortened1 and holy mother church cherishes many a hidden gem of sanctity which will one day adorn the bride at the coming of her divine ,spouse6 ,yet these are but the exceptions1 unknown in the midst of the vast1 evermoving multitude seeking the open arena of life1 and desiring a part in its contests1 animated by hopes as false as they are human1 placing that almost insuperable barrier of pride between their souls and the ,sacred ,heart of our divine ,lord4 ,s4 ,james has given us this simple rule of a holy life3 8,to visit the fatherless and widows in their tribulation1 and to keep ourselves unspotted from the world0--in two words1 charity and purity4 ,may the ever ,blessed ,mother of ,god and her glorious servant ,s4 ,catherine intercede for the women of the church1 that they may never covet those empty baubles for which the women of the world are now spending their lives6 ,assunta1 simple child of the faith1 thought nothing of all this1 as she passed reverently over the threshold of the house1 whose rooms1 retaining still something of their original appearance1 are now converted into chapels4 ,the sacristan1 perceiving in the young girl an earnestness of piety to which he was not accustomed in most of the strangers who visited this holy spot1 showed to her1 without solicitation1 the crucifix before which ,s4 ,catherine was kneeling when she received the stigmata4 ,with kind attention the good man placed a priedieu before the precious object of veneration and1 then retiring1 gave ,assunta an opportunity to satisfy her devotion4 ,making a place for ,marie beside her1 she was soon absorbed in prayer4 ,here1 where the very atmosphere was filled with a spirit of love and sacrifice1 where the crucifix before her spoke so eloquently of the closeness of the union between the faithful soul and its suffering ,lord1 how easy it seemed to make aspirations and resolutions which would of necessity lose something of their heat when exposed to the chilling air of the world's indifference6 ,how far off now was ,mr4 ,carlisle's affection1 of whose influence she never ceased to feel something2 how near the divine love of the ,sacred ,heart1 that one sole object of ,s4 ,catherine's desire and adoration6 ,it had been the last request of ,father ,du ,pont1 when he gave ,assunta his goodby and blessing1 that1 while in ,sienna1 she would often visit this holy house4 ,he judged rightly that the evident presence of the supernatural would help to counteract the spirit of worldliness which surrounded her in her daily life4 ,she herself already felt that it was good for her to be there2 and though1 when she returned home1 the sensible fervor of the moment died away1 the effects remained in reanimated strength4 8,courage1 my child1 and perseverance2 ,god is with you10 were the last words she had heard from the good priest's lips2 and they kept singing on in her soul a sweet1 low harmony1 like the music of seashells1 soothing her in many an anxious hour4 ,when once ,mr4 ,carlisle was able to go out without danger of fatigue1 ,mrs4 ,grey could no longer complain of stagnation4 ,the cathedral1 the academy1 and the numberless places of interest within the city walls1 the drives1 the walks through the shady lanes near the villa1 twilight strolls through the vineyards1 and excursions into the surrounding country1 filled up the time through all those pleasant weeks4 ,before they could realize it ,assunta's birthday1 her day of freedom1 was at hand4 ,a week before the eventful occasion ,mr4 ,sinclair had arrived in ,sienna1 making ,mrs4 ,grey superlatively happy4 ,the joy he imparted to the others must be expressed in something less than the positive degree4 ,the sun rose brightly on the #aeth of ,august4 ,nature responded to the joyous ,benedicite1 and 8all the works of the ,lord0 seemed to 8magnify him for ever0 for the great things he had done in giving to heaven a ,queen1 to earth an ,advocate4 ,nor was man silent4 ,the grave city of ,sienna put off its wonted dignity1 and1 by the unfurling of its gay flags1 the spreading of tapestries1 and the ringing of bells1 testified its share in the common rejoicing of ,christendom4 ,it was the ,feast of the ,assumption1 and ,assunta ,howard's twentyfirst birthday4 ,was it strange that the young girl should have arisen with a heavy heart but little in sympathy with the glad sights and sounds that greeted her in these first waking moments8 ,surely1 to those who understand the workings of the human heart it was most natural4 ,on this day ended the relations between herself and her guardian4 ,however hard the tie which bound her had made her duty towards him1 it was harder still to nature to sever the bond4 ,she was free now to go where she would2 and it would soon be right for her to separate from him who was no longer her guardian1 and was not satisfied to be only her friend4 ,she had not realized before how much happiness she had experienced in the relationship which existed no longer2 how she had rested content in the very face of danger1 because the peril had in it so much more of pleasure than of pain4 ,how sweet had been the intercourse which duty had sanctioned1 and which duty must now interrupt6 ,the feeling was all wrong1 and she knew it1 and she would not fail to struggle against it4 ,her will was resolute1 but it was evident that she was not to conquer in life's battle by throwing aside her arms and withdrawing from the contest4 ,the bearing of the cross must be daily1 and not only day after day1 but year after year4 ,only today she seemed to feel its weight more1 and she sank a little beneath it4 ,was it her guardian angel that whispered courage to her soul1 or was it the ,blessed ,mother1 to whose loving protection she had been specially confided1 who reminded her that our dear ,lord fell three times beneath the overwhelming burden of his cross1 and bade her be comforted8 ,yes1 it was the feast of that dear ,mother1 and no mere human feeling should prevent her joining in the church's exultation and corresponding to her salutation in the ,introit3 8,gaudeamus omnes in ,domino40 ,assunta had ordered the carriage to be in readiness to take her to ,san ,domenico for early ,mass1 and ,marie's knock at the door informed her that it was waiting4 ,she had before visited the church1 but only in the way of sightseeing4 ,she had then been struck with its many points of interest2 she had no idea until this morning how devotional it was4 ,after ,mass1 at which she had received1 in the ,holy ,communion1 strength and peace1 she remained a long time before the chapel containing those most beautiful frescos1 by ,razzi1 of incidents in the life of the great saint of ,sienna4 ,the finest of all1 ,s4 ,catherine in ,ecstasy1 is a treasure both of art and devotion4 ,apparently fainting1 supported by two of her nuns1 the countenance of the saint has that indescribable expression of peace which we see in those whose conversation is in heaven4 ,but1 more than this1 the evident absence of all sensation indicates that the soul is rapt into an ineffable union with its divine ,lord1 and has passed1 for the moment1 beyond the confines of earth4 ,seemingly dead1 and yet alive1 the frail body1 with its beautiful1 calm face1 rests upon its knees in the arms of the two ,sisters1 who1 with all the tranquillity of the cloister1 yet form a contrast to her who is so wholly dead to the world4 ,assunta gazed upon the picture until it seemed to impart rest to her own soul2 and yet the impression was very different from that she always received in looking at the other ,s4 ,catherine whom angels are bearing to her sepulture4 ,marie at last interrupted her1 and1 reminding her that she was the important personage at the villa on that day1 suggested that she should return to breakfast4 ,and ,assunta determined that no cloud should disturb the serenity of the occasion1 which all intended should be joyous4 ,mr4 ,carlisle met her at the door on her return1 and assisted her to alight4 ,then he took her hand in both his1 and his eyes spoke volumes1 as he said3 8,let me look at you1 child1 and see how you bear your honors4 ,you are more of a heroine than ,i thought2 for even at this distance we have heard the bells and have seen the flags4 ,what an important little body you are6 ,no one thought it worth while to ring me into my majority40 8,it is because you did not come into the world under the same auspices10 replied ,assunta4 8,auspice ,maria--that is the secret1 then40 ,and ,mr4 ,carlisle lowered his voice as he added3 8,consider me a ,mariolater from this time1 my devotion deriving an everincreasing fervor from the doctrine of the ,assumption4 ,well1 you are free1 and ,i suppose ,i am expected to congratulate you4 ,how do you enjoy the sensation of liberty80 8,i do not think that ,i am yet enough accustomed to the use of my wings to feel the difference between what ,i was yesterday and what ,i am today4 ,but in one point ,i am unchanged4 ,i have an excellent appetite for my breakfast40 ,assunta was determined to ward off all approach to sentiment4 8,and here is ,clara1 wondering1 no doubt1 if ,i have been left behind in ,sienna40 ,mrs4 ,grey came out into the garden1 looking very lovely in her white morning dress1 and followed by ,mr4 ,sinclair4 8,severn1 you are the most selfish man ,i ever saw10 exclaimed the impetuous little lady4 8,do you flatter yourself that you have the monopoly of ,assunta1 and that no one else is privileged to wish her cento di questi giorni1 as ,giovanni says8--though ,i am sure ,i should not like to live a hundred years4 ,my beauty would be gone by that time40 ,and she looked archly at her lover standing beside her4 8,i fancy that even relentless time would #8write no wrinkles on thine antique brow1' reluctant to spoil anything so fair10 said ,mr4 ,sinclair in his most gallant tone2 then extending his hand to ,assunta1 he continued3 8,miss ,howard1 allow me to congratulate you1 and to wish that your life may be as cloudless as is this wonderful sky4 ,the day is like yourself--exquisitely beautiful40 ,the color mounted into ,assunta's cheeks1 but it was with displeasure at such uncalledfor flattery4 ,mr4 ,carlisle turned away1 and walked into the house2 while his sister1 with that amiability which often atoned for her want of tact1 exclaimed3 8,bravo6 ,george1 you have said quite enough for us both2 so ,i will only ditto your speech1 and add to it my birthday kiss4 ,now1 dear1 let us go to breakfast4 ,severn is already impatient40 ,the table had been placed in a large hall running the whole length of the house2 and as the three were about to enter1 ,assunta paused on the threshold1 in astonishment and delight at the magical transformation4 ,the walls were literally garlanded with flowers1 and fresh greens were festooned from the ceiling1 while in the centre of the breakfasttable was a basket of the rarest exotics4 ,not only ,sienna1 but ,florence1 had been commissioned to furnish its choicest flowers for the occasion4 ,assunta's eyes filled with tears1 and for a moment she could not speak4 ,mr4 ,carlisle1 perceiving her emotion1 offered her his arm1 and led her towards a sidetable1 saying3 8,and here are our trifling birthday gifts1 which you must not despise because they fall so far short of expressing all that we feel for you40 ,there was a beautifullyframed proof engraving of ,titian's masterpiece1 the ,assumption1 from ,mr4 ,carlisle4 ,clara had chosen as her gift a set of pearls1 8because they looked so like the darling10 she said4 ,mr4 ,sinclair's offering was a bouquet of rare and exquisite flowers4 ,he had all the penetration of an experienced man of the world1 and understood well that ,miss ,howard would prefer not to accept from him anything less perishable4 ,assunta put her hand in ,clara's1 as she said3 8,i never can thank you1 it is all so beautiful40 ,and then she paused1 until ,clara exclaimed3 8,why1 ,assunta love1 what a solemn birthday face6 ,to be sure1 the flight of time is a serious thing4 ,i begin to feel it myself1 and shall very soon dispense with birthdays altogether--such disagreeable reminders as they are40 8,what is it1 petite80 asked ,mr4 ,carlisle4 8,you know that today you have only to command us1 and we will prove your most obedient subjects40 8,oh6 it was nothing of any consequence2 only a thought that you would consider very foolish crossed my mind4 ,i am sure my solemnity was quite unintentional40 8,well1 a penny for that thought1 twice told40 ,assunta1 perceiving that ,mr4 ,sinclair was out of hearing1 explained3 8,all this for my poor worthless self and nothing for ,her whom ,god has delighted to honor4 ,i think ,i was feeling a little jealous for my dear ,mother4 ,i did not want my feast to be better than hers40 8,is that all80 said ,mr4 ,carlisle4 8,to hear is to obey40 ,and without another word he quickly removed from the table everything but the picture1 and1 taking flowers and candles from the mantelpiece1 he improvised a really artistic shrine4 ,giovanni1 who was serving breakfast1 lighted the candles1 and surveyed the effect with satisfaction4 8,thank you10 said ,assunta1 and she would not even remember that the love was wanting which would give value to the offering4 8,i shall hardly dare think a wish today1 the consequence is so magical40 8,and now1 ,severn10 said his sister1 8if you have finished your popery1 you had better call ,assunta's attention to my everincreasing appetite4 ,giovanni1 too1 will not like to have his efforts to honor the occasion slighted by a want of appreciation40 ,mr4 ,carlisle offered the young girl his arm1 and led her to the table1 saying3 8,this is my first attempt at ,mariolatry4 ,quite a success1 is it not80 8,if it were only an outward sign of inward grace10 said ,clara1 laughing1 8exterior piety would be quite becoming to you1 ,severn4 ,you really have an artistic taste4 ,but you are too absentminded today6 ,can you not see that we are starving80 ,assunta was so accustomed to hear sacred things spoken of lightly1 and often irreverently1 that she had learned to make a little solitude in her heart1 into which she could retire from the strife1 or even the thoughtlessness1 of tongues1 and many a short act of reparation was there performed for those who were unconscious of offence4 8,i wonder10 said ,mrs4 ,grey1 as after breakfast the party were standing on the loggia--8,i wonder if ,giovanni has succeeded in finding a good balcony for the races tomorrow4 ,i would not miss seeing them for the world4 ,i dote on horses40 8,i very much doubt10 replied her brother1 8if the horses will excite the least admiration1 judging from the specimens ,sienna has thus far produced4 ,but the races will be interesting1 because they are entirely unique4 ,i believe that ,giovanni has been very successful in securing a balcony1 and he intends to have it surpass all others in decoration2 so ,i hope that the ladies will do their part1 not to disgrace his efforts4 ,he will expect the jewels to be set in a manner worthy of the casket which contains them40 8,never fear1 ,severn6 ,do you think a lady ever failed to look her best on such an occasion8 ,an open balcony and a crowd--surely1 she needs no other occasion for vanity40 ,george ,sinclair removed his cigar to remark carelessly3 8,and so the admiration of one is1 after all1 insufficient to satisfy you80 8,no1 it is not1 you dear1 lazy1 old fellow1 and you know it4 ,it is only because ,i like your taste to be appreciated that ,i want others to admire me4 ,i do not think there is a more delicious sensation than to feel that you are pretty to begin with1 and then dressed so as to show every point to the best advantage1 and to know that every eye is fixed upon you4 ,one can be so innocently unconscious of it all the time40 8,clara1 ,i am ashamed of you10 exclaimed her brother4 8,you are a perfect mirror of your sex2 only1 unfortunately1 it is the weaknesses that you reflect to the life1 and none of the virtues40 8,hush1 impertinence60 replied ,clara1 laughing merrily4 8,one cannot always be a well awfully deep and reflecting only the stars4 ,come1 ,george1 what will be most becoming to me for tomorrow80 ,if it had been a few months after marriage1 instead of before1 this devoted lover would probably have replied1 8,a fool's cap and bells1 for all ,i care60 ,as it was1 he concealed his inward irritation1 and no one would have doubted his sincerity as he said3 8,you cannot fail to be charming in anything2 and ,i will not choose or suggest1 because ,i would like to enjoy the pleasure of a surprise40 ,mr4 ,sinclair was sometimes fascinated by ,clara's piquancy and brightness2 but she did not suit all moods1 and today ,assunta's quiet dignity and the antagonism that ,mr4 ,carlisle always excited more or less1 produced an interior disturbance of which a wife would surely have received the full benefit4 ,it is strange that an entirely worldly man will often1 from a selfish motive1 show a power of selfcontrol which ,christians find it difficult to practise1 even for the love of ,god4 ,alas6 that the devil should receive many a sacrifice1 many an offering of suffering and heroism1 which1 the intention being changed1 would produce a saint4 ,mrs4 ,grey had not penetration enough to see below the surface1 and she was entirely satisfied with her lover1 whom she considered the best and handsomest man in the world1 not even excepting her brother4 ,she could rush fearlessly against a mood which would have kept a more appreciative nature at a distance2 and here1 perhaps1 she had an advantage4 ,she was now about to answer ,mr4 ,sinclair's very gratifying speech when an interruption came in the shape of ,giovanni with a note for herself1 which she read hastily1 and then said3 8,severn1 it is from ,lady ,gertrude4 ,they were passing through ,sienna1 and have remained over a day expressly to see your humble servant4 ,they wish me to dine with them this evening1 accompanied by my preux chevalier--her own expression1 ,george4 ,but ,i do not know about leaving ,assunta alone on her birthday1 even for ,lady ,gertrude40 8,oh6 ,i hope you will not disappoint your friends on my account10 said ,assunta4 8,i have already had my celebration this morning1 and it is quite proper that ,i should devote this evening to reflections upon my coming responsibilities40 8,besides10 said ,mr4 ,carlisle1 8,i beg to inform you that ,assunta will not be left alone4 ,i flatter myself that ,i count for one1 at least2 and ,i will endeavor to act as your substitute1 ,clara1 in most effectually preventing those contemplated reflections4 ,responsibility and golden hair are an association of ideas quite incongruous1 in my opinion40 8,i see10 said ,clara1 8that the balance is in ,lady ,gertrude's favor4 ,what do you say1 caro80 8,if you mean me10 said ,george ,sinclair in a slightly unamiable tone1 8,i am always at your service40 8,you bear60 replied the irrepressible ,clara1 8,i will not allow you to go if you are cross4 ,well1 ,giovanni1 come to my room in ten minutes for the answer2 and remember to order the carriage for halfpast five40 8,truly10 said ,mr4 ,carlisle1 turning to ,assunta after his sister had left the loggia1 8,i think ,i never saw so sunshiny a person as ,clara4 ,it is always high noon with her40 ,while ,assunta assented cordially1 ,mr4 ,sinclair said to himself3 8,too much sunshine makes an unpleasant glare1 and noon is always the most disagreeable part of the day4 ,i confess to liking a little of the shadow of repose40 ,he was careful1 however1 to keep his thoughts to himself4 ,if the lover could feel imperfections so keenly1 it argued but poorly for the blindness of love on the part of the husband4 ,and yet this blindness1 false and unworthy as it is1 seems to be the only chance of peace for worldly husbands and wives1 the only protection against the evil tendencies of uncontrolled human nature4 ,all ,clara's sunshine might fail to make even a silver lining to the cloud rising in the distant future4 ,the sun shone brightly enough1 however1 when ,mrs4 ,grey and ,mr4 ,sinclair took their seats in the barouche to drive into ,sienna2 and the lady1 who so much delighted in the delicious sensation of undisguised admiration1 must have been more than satisfied this afternoon4 ,many eyes followed the handsome pair1 as they passed rapidly towards the hotel4 ,clara knew that she was looking uncommonly well1 and she was very proud of her companion's distinguished air and manner2 so1 altogether1 she enjoyed quite a little triumph4 ,assunta and ,mr4 ,carlisle dined alone2 and1 as they rose from the table just at sunset1 ,mr4 ,carlisle proposed a walk down into the vineyards4 8,it will soil that pretty white dress of yours1 ,i know2 but the air is so refreshing1 and ,i want you to occupy for a while the new rustic seat ,i have had placed near the brook1 in that lovely spot we discovered the other day4 ,take a shawl with you1 petite1 for it will be cooler as soon as the sun sets40 ,they strolled along slowly down through the narrow paths which separated the vines heavy with the fastripening fruit1 pausing now and then1 as some new beauty in the distant view or in their immediate surroundings excited their attention4 ,at last1 at the bottom of the valley1 close beside a brook1 and beneath a clump of trees1 they came upon one of those fairy spots where nature seems to have arranged herself expressly to attract an artist's eye4 8,giovanni is truly invaluable10 said ,mr4 ,carlisle4 8,i had only to give him a suggestion1 and see how well he has carried out my ideas4 ,this is the very luxury of comfort40 ,and seating himself1 he lighted a cigar1 advised ,assunta to put on her shawl1 and was evidently prepared for a pleasant hour4 ,as they sat there1 almost in silence1 the ,angelus sounded from a distant convent tower2 and1 as if in answer to its summons1 ,assunta began to sing in a sweet1 low voice ,schubert's ,ave ,maria4 ,mr4 ,carlisle did not say a word until it was finished2 then he begged for just one more1 and1 knowing how much he liked the simple ,scotch songs1 she sang 8,robin ,adair40 8,assunta1 your voice grows sweeter every day4 ,it is perfect rest to me to hear you sing40 ,then1 after a pause1 he threw away his cigar1 and turned towards her a very earnest face4 8,petite1 listen to me patiently a moment4 ,i am a very proud man1 as you know1 and one who is not apt to sue1 even where he greatly desires4 ,it seems0--and the peculiar smile broke over his face--8that you have exercised some magic power1 and with a touch of your finger have thrown down the barrier of pride against which an army might beat in vain4 ,my child1 you know what ,i am going to say1 because ,i have not changed since that moonlight night in the ,colosseum1 except1 indeed1 that the feeling ,i then expressed has strengthened and deepened every day4 ,i made you a promise that night4 ,i confess that it has been poorly enough redeemed2 still1 you must judge me by my selfconquests rather than by my failures4 ,but today releases me3 and having ceased to be your guardian1 ,i cannot give you up4 ,i need not repeat to you what ,i have already said4 ,you know that you are dearer to me than the life you have saved4 ,i only ask1 as before1 the right to devote that life to you4 ,may ,i80 8,i had hoped1 ,mr4 ,carlisle1 that you would consider my former answer as final10 said ,assunta2 but1 though her words were cold1 her voice trembled4 8,i1 too1 am unchanged since that night you speak of4 ,i am compelled to be so40 8,assunta1 you are such a child2 do you1 then1 think it nothing to have won the love of a man who has reached middle life and has never loved before80 8,mr4 ,carlisle10 said the young girl sadly1 8if ,i thought it nothing1 ,i should not feel the pain it costs me to repeat to you1 that it cannot be4 ,i am so unworthy of your love2 you must not think ,i do not value it4 ,your friendship has been more to me than ,i dare tell you1 lest you should misunderstand me40 8,your heart pleads for me1 child40 8,then ,i must not listen to it2 for the voice of ,god in my soul pleads more loudly40 8,assunta10 said ,mr4 ,carlisle1 8,i think you did not understand me before--you do not understand me now4 ,do you suppose ,i should interfere in your religion8 ,no more than ,i have ever done4 ,you do not know me1 child40 8,i think ,i know you better than you know yourself1 presumptuous as this sounds10 said ,assunta1 forcing a smile4 8,i am sure that1 were ,i to marry you1 you would not be satisfied to hold a place in my heart second even to ,god4 ,but10 she added1 as the old expression of bitterness crossed her guardian's face1 8all this is useless4 ,let me put a question to you1 and answer me candidly4 ,suppose ,i had made a promise to you1 who love me--made it1 we will grant1 out of love for you--and afterwards1 yielding to my own weakness1 ,i should break that promise4 ,would you feel that ,i had done rightly--that ,i was to be trusted80 8,certainly not1 child4 ,you ask strange questions40 8,well1 ,i have1 out of love for our dear ,lord1 made him a promise which ,i believed his love required of me4 ,he is a jealous ,lover1 ,mr4 ,carlisle4 ,i dare to say this reverently4 ,suppose1 for the sake of a human affection--for your sake--,i should fail to keep my promise2 would you not have reason to doubt my fidelity to you1 when ,i could be unfaithful to my ,god80 8,my child1 ,i do not comprehend such reasoning4 ,you either do not1 cannot love me1 or else you have suffered religious fanaticism to get the better of your judgment4 ,i hoped that the plea of love would be sufficient to win my cause2 but it is not all4 ,look your future fairly in the face1 ,assunta4 ,what are you going to do8 ,you are young2 ,i need not add1 beautiful4 ,surely1 you understand that without me you are unprotected4 ,have you any plans1 or have you already become so independent that you prefer not to make me your confidant8 ,my pride is gone indeed when ,i put my suit in another form4 ,i ask only your hand4 ,let me have the right to protect you in the world you know so little4 ,i will wait to win your heart40 8,mr4 ,carlisle10 interrupted ,assunta with more emotion than he had ever seen in her before1 8you are cruel in your persistence4 ,you wilfully misunderstand me4 ,it seems to give you pleasure to make this trial as hard for me as possible4 ,i have told you before that ,i can never marry you2 let that be enough40 ,and bursting into tears1 she rose hastily from her seat4 ,her guardian was so taken by surprise that for an instant he sat motionless2 then he followed the excited girl1 and joined her before she had proceeded far along the vineyard path4 8,take my arm1 petite10 he said gently1 and they walked some distance in silence4 ,at last ,assunta said with regained composure3 8,mr4 ,carlisle1 you asked me about my plans1 and you have a right to know4 ,i have thought much of the future1 as you may believe4 ,my desire is to return to ,baltimore with ,clara after her marriage1 and pass the winter with ,mary ,percival4 ,further than this ,i need not look40 ,there was no immediate answer4 ,after a pause ,mr4 ,carlisle said3 8,you are your own mistress now4 ,i shall of course place no obstacle in the way of your carrying out any wish or design which will conduce to your welfare4 ,as for myself1 the time may come when ,i shall cease to regret that ,i am in no wise necessary to your happiness4 ,meanwhile1 it shall be as you say4 ,good heavens6 to think that a mere girl should have the power to move me so10 he went on1 as if speaking to himself4 ,and apparently his thoughts were so full of ,assunta that he forgot her actual presence1 for they reached the house in silence1 and then ,mr4 ,carlisle proceeded at once to his own room2 and so ended the birthday4 ,the ,sienna races are a thoroughly unique spectacle--almost childish1 like many features of the ,roman ,carnival1 to the overcultivated and consequently overfastidious taste of this age4 ,they take one back to the days when men were more simple1 when hearts did not grow old and faith was strong4 ,these childlike traits produced a race of men who were but 8children of a larger growth10 and1 like children1 amused with even a small amount of pomp and show1 heroes as they were4 ,and a strange contrast were the races of that #afth of ,august to the usual occupations of the ,siennese4 ,mr4 ,carlisle's carriage passed beneath innumerable flags and between gaylytapestried windows1 as it drove to the amphitheatreshaped piazza1 the centre of which was already filled1 while every seat placed against the houses which bounded the square was occupied4 ,the bright colors worn by the peasant women1 with their large ,tuscan hats and the more subdued dress of the men1 produced an effect at once very peculiar and very picturesque4 ,a little cheer from the bystanders greeted ,mr4 ,carlisle's party1 as they appeared upon the balcony2 for no other decorations in all that vast piazza were so fine as those in which ,giovanni had shown so much skill1 and surely no other ladies were as beautiful4 ,there was no appearance of heartache or disappointment on any of the four faces which now looked out upon the crowd4 ,we all1 sooner or later1 learn to wear a mask before the world1 and the interior life of each one of us is often a sealed book to our nearest friends4 8,clara10 said ,assunta1 as they seated themselves after their survey1 8you seem to know more about the races than the rest of us4 ,please to enlighten my ignorance40 8,i heard about them at the hotel last night10 replied ,mrs4 ,grey2 8so you will find me very learned4 ,sienna is divided into seventeen wards2 but only ten take part in the race1 and these are decided by lot4 ,the victor receives a prize and a sort of diminutive triumph1 while the losers may think themselves lucky if they only get a scolding from their respective wards4 ,the oracle has spoken1 and further than this she is not informed40 8,the rest we shall now see for ourselves10 said ,mr4 ,sinclair1 8for ,i hear the music which ,i suppose accompanies the procession40 ,and1 as he spoke1 the band entered the piazza from a side street4 ,then followed1 in turn1 the representatives of the different wards1 each representation consisting of two flags--the colors of the ward--a number of pages1 the racehorse led by an esquire1 and the man who was afterwards to ride the racer1 on horseback as a knight4 ,the flagbearers1 as well as all in each division1 wore exactly the colors of the flag of the ward1 in costumes of the olden time2 and1 as these flags were of entirely different combinations of colors1 and most of them very brilliant1 the procession would have been very effective without its peculiar charm4 ,the flagbearers were men of grace and skill1 and from the moment of entering the square the flags were in continual motion--waved above their heads1 flung into the air1 passed under their arms and legs1 and all without once touching the ground4 ,it was a very poetical combination of color and motion1 and ,mrs4 ,grey impulsively clapped her hands with delight--a performance which her dignified lover evidently looked upon as childish4 ,after this part of the procession came a large chariot drawn by four horses1 with postilions1 and bearing the ten different flags tastefully arranged4 ,this was the model of the old ,siennese battlecar1 which bore the standard1 and was in consequence the scene of the thickest of the fight4 ,upon it1 in time of battle1 stood a priest1 invoking by his prayers protection and success4 ,there also was the trumpeter1 in readiness to give signals4 ,a truly medival picture was this chariot1 with associations which carried one back hundreds of years into the past4 ,a band of music closed the procession1 which1 after passing around the piazza1 entered the courtyard of the ,palazzo ,pubblico4 ,here the knights exchanged their helmets and plumes for jockeycaps1 and mounted their racers4 ,as they emerged from beneath the archway1 and proceeded slowly towards the startingplace1 across which a rope was drawn1 ,mr4 ,carlisle exclaimed1 with a laugh in which there was more sarcasm than merriment3 8,are you a judge of horses1 ,clara8 ,if so1 you1 who yesterday announced your jockey proclivities1 must be greatly disappointed2 for truly a set of sorrierlooking steeds ,i never beheld4 ,the prize ought to be given to the one that comes in last2 for1 where all are so slow1 there would really be no little exercise of skill in moving more slowly than a coachhorse going uphill1 and yet moving at all40 8,i think1 ,severn10 replied his sister1 8that your temper was not improved by the fever4 ,it is very disagreeable in you to inform me that the horses are not ,arabian chargers1 for ,i never should have been the wiser40 8,most men are disagreeable10 he retorted4 8,george1 you hear that1 and do not resent it80 said ,mrs4 ,grey indignantly4 8,i leave that for you to do when you can1 from experience of the contrary1 deny the charge4 ,but the horses are starting on their three times round40 ,and ,mr4 ,sinclair leaned over the balcony with an air of interest4 8,why do the men carry those short sticks in their hands80 asked ,assunta4 8,i believe10 said ,mr4 ,sinclair--for ,mr4 ,carlisle became strangely inattentive--8that the riders are allowed by rule to do all the damage they can with the sticks1 which are short1 so as to limit somewhat their power2 for their aim is to knock each other off the horses40 8,the barbarians60 exclaimed ,clara4 8,oh6 look1 see how many are falling back on the third round4 ,it rests with the two now4 ,i bet on the sorrel40 8,and he has won1 ,clara10 said ,assunta4 ,the whole piazza was now in motion4 ,shouts greeted the victor1 and the defeated retired into obscurity4 8,the modern ,olympics are finished10 said ,mr4 ,carlisle4 8,shall we go80 ,as they drove towards home in the red glow of the setting sun1 ,mr4 ,carlisle said abruptly3 8,clara1 when did you tell me that you and ,sinclair intend to make each other miserable80 8,i will not answer such a question1 ,severn4 ,you are a perfect dog in the manger4 ,you will not marry yourself or let any one else40 8,if you wish to know10 said ,mr4 ,sinclair1 8when your sister intends to make me the happiest of men1 she has permitted me to hope that the end of ,september will be the term of my most impatient waiting40 8,then10 continued ,mr4 ,carlisle in the same abrupt tone1 8we had better be on our way to ,paris4 ,we might start day after tomorrow1 ,i think40 ,mrs4 ,grey gave a little scream4 8,severn1 you must be out of your mind4 ,i thought you wished never to leave ,sienna40 8,i am weary to death of it2 but that is not all4 ,i have business matters to arrange1 and the preparation of your trousseau will no doubt occupy weeks40 8,but it will be so warm in ,paris10 persisted ,mrs4 ,grey4 8,do people whose hearts are filled with love and their minds with coming matrimony think of weather1 then8 ,i thought such sublunary interests were left to those whose hearts were still unthawed4 ,however1 there are fans and ices enough in ,paris to cool you off4 ,i will write tonight to engage rooms40 ,and then ,mr4 ,carlisle relapsed into silence and abstraction4 ,assunta understood well enough the cause of this change in the plans2 but she was powerless to act1 and could only submit4 ,it1 indeed1 made little difference to her4 8,george10 said ,clara to her lover1 as they were strolling down the avenue in the moonlight1 8can you imagine what is the matter with ,severn8 ,i never saw him in such a mood40 8,disappointed in love1 ,i should judge from appearances10 he replied indifferently4 8,nonsense6 ,he does not know the meaning of the word10 was the not very intelligent reply of the lady4 ,to ,be ,continued4 ,swinburne ,and ,de ,vere4 ,the dramas ,bothwell7#id7 and ,alexander the ,great17#ie7 which have so recently come into the world side by side to challenge the attention of that portion of it that speaks1 or is supposed to speak1 the language of ,shakespeare1 offer all the contrasts that might be expected from their subjects1 as well as from the known thought1 tone1 and tendency of their respective authors4 ,one writer has taken for his chief character a great ,christian woman whose story1 look at it as we may1 is at least of the saddest that was ever told2 the other has chosen for his subject the wonder of pagan history1 the exemplar of pagan greatness1 whose short career is the condensation of all earthly glory and triumph4 ,it will be at once manifest that to a modern writer1 as far as the materials for the construction of an historical drama go1 the life of ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots1 is beyond measure richer than that of ,alexander4 ,her story is religiously and politically one of the day4 ,she is still on trial1 no longer before the narrow circles of ,york and ,fotheringay1 but before ,christendom4 ,the question of her innocence or guilt1 and the consequent justice or injustice of her sentence1 is debated as fiercely today as when alone she faced the sleuthhounds of ,elizabeth in defence of her honor and her life4 ,the final judgment of ,christendom may be said already to be a foregone conclusion in her favor1 so fast is the longwithheld evidence of her innocence accumulating4 ,but her lifeblood stains a nation and a religion1 or what called itself such1 and the verdict that declares her 8not guilty0 lays a terrible and indelible blot on them4 ,hence every nook and cranny of history is searched1 every historical cobweb disentangled1 with an eagerness and minuteness so thorough and complete that the reader is better acquainted often with the history of ,mary ,stuart than with that of the century in which he lives4 ,for a dramatist a most important point is thus at once secured4 ,his audience is interested in advance2 and there is no further care for him than to make a judicious use of the wealth of material at his disposal4 ,and surely to one with a soul in his body never did a more fitting subject for a tragedy offer itself than ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots4 ,the only difficulty would seem to be a right selection from a great abundance4 ,the scenes and characters1 the very speeches often1 are ready made4 ,time1 place1 circumstance1 are ripe with interest4 ,the march of events is terribly rapid4 ,the scene is ever shifting1 and with it the fortunes of the queen4 ,all the passions are there at strife4 ,plot and counterplot1 tragedy within tragedy1 love and hate1 jealousy and wrath1 hope and fear1 the basest betrayal and the loftiest devotion1 surge and make war around this one woman1 and are borne along with her in a frenzied whirl to the terrible end1 when the curtain drops silently on that last dread scene that stands1 as it will for ever stand1 in startling relief1 far out from the dim background of history4 ,the name of ,alexander the ,great calls up no such interest as this4 ,his life would seem the least likely of subjects for a modern dramatist4 ,great captains1 such as the first ,napoleon1 may look to him as at once their model and their envy2 but happily such great men are few and far between4 ,alexander might indeed have formed an admirable theme for one of the lesser lights of the ,english ,augustan era to celebrate in those sonorous heroics whose drowsy hum might serve at need as an admirable soporific4 ,but he and those who lived and moved about him are out of our world2 and whether he conquered ten empires or fifty1 whether he defeated ,darius or ,darius him1 whether he sighed for more or fewer worlds to conquer1 is now all one to us4 ,the sands of the desert have buried or wiped out his empire ages ago2 the sands of time have settled down on his memory and half obliterated it2 and the mighty ,alexander serves today for little more than to point a moral4 ,on the other hand1 every scene and incident in which ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots1 figured is intense with dramatic force4 ,she entered on her reign at what might be called the dawn of modern history--a lurid dawn presaging the storm that was to come and is not yet over4 ,the ,reformation was convulsing ,europe4 ,it had just entered ,scotland before her1 and the raven that croaked its fatal entrance was ,john ,knox4 ,in the person of this girl were centred the hopes of the ,catholic party for ,scotland and ,england4 ,mingled with the strife of creeds around her was the conflict of the great ,scottish families1 whose miserable contentions rent and wrecked the kingdom4 ,any chieftain who chose and thought himself strong enough drew the sword when and for what purpose pleased him4 ,more than half of them--those of any note1 at least--were in ,elizabeth's pay4 ,treason constituted much of the political life of those days1 while under and over and among the fierce strife of political parties rang and resounded the clangor and wrangle of the delirious sects that had just apostatized from ,rome4 ,such was the period when the helm of the most distracted state in distracted ,christendom was set in the hand of a gentle girl1 who stood there alone to guide it over unknown seas4 ,all the tempest gathered together its fury and broke over her head4 ,this is the figure chosen by the author of ,bothwell for the centre of his tragedy4 ,it was a time and a scene and a tragedy worthy the philosophic mind of a ,shakespeare and the terrible power of an schylus4 ,mr4 ,swinburne's work scarcely gives evidence of the combination of these qualities4 ,a subject of this kind1 when attempted at all1 suggests painful reflections if failure1 emphatic failure1 is the result4 ,a goose essaying an eagle's flight would scarcely present a more absurd figure4 ,mr4 ,swinburne has fallen immeasurably below the level of a subject whose level is greatness4 ,not because he has chosen to paint ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots1 as a fiend1 is this judgment passed on his work4 ,milton has proved that ,satan can be converted by genius into the most powerful dramatic villain that ever trod the stage4 ,lady ,macbeth may thrill us with horror1 but she never causes us to yawn4 ,the author of ,bothwell was at liberty1 by the license allowed to poets1 to make his heroine wicked enough even to satisfy his fastidious taste1 and still have given us a drama that of its own force and brilliancy and coherence would have extorted the admiration of the unfortunate queen's most ardent defenders4 ,but even her heartiest haters could not resist the tendency to nod over the cumbrous wickedness1 the very heavy villany1 of ,bothwell1 which is simply a dilution of ,froude with a tincture of ,swinburne1 well watered and administered in the largest possible doses1 or1 in plain ,english1 a few scenes of the history of the period stitched loosely together and set to measured lines of blank verse4 ,five hundred and thirtytwo pages1 with thirty lines to the page1 in five acts and sixty scenes1 make a tragedy indeed4 ,such is ,bothwell4 ,yet1 notwithstanding its alarming proportions1 it only extends from the death of ,rizzio to the battle of ,langside1 thus omitting the scene that of all others is the most thrilling and effective--,mary's execution4 ,this may have been done with a purpose2 for even malevolence falters there4 ,such an end1 preceded by her long captivity1 so patiently borne1 were she even as wicked as ,mr4 ,swinburne would make her1 might almost expiate any crime1 as it sanctifies her innocence4 ,the entire first act1 entitled 8,david ,rizzio10 is absorbed by the murder of the character after which it is named4 ,as far as its necessary connection with the drama goes1 it might have been entirely and very profitably omitted4 ,it serves1 indeed1 to introduce many of the characters1 but to no special purpose that might not have been accomplished in any of the other acts4 ,the author forgets that he is not writing history1 but a drama4 ,we do not want the minuti1 everything that everybody said at any time1 in any place1 and under any circumstances while ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots1 was living1 which ,mr4 ,swinburne seems to think he was bound to give us1 and in blank verse too1 in ,bothwell4 ,we want the situations1 the great facts4 ,what led up to them may be told or hinted at in a few lines4 ,mr4 ,swinburne does not seem to have realized this1 and1 as a consequence1 his drama is crowded with scenes1 incidents1 and personages that not only hinder1 but are utterly irrelevant to1 the main action of the piece1 if indeed the piece can be truly said to possess any main action4 ,thus it takes the entire first act1 consisting of five scenes and eightynine pages1 to kill ,rizzio4 ,at last he is happily despatched1 to the relief1 it must be said1 of the reader1 who1 already wearied1 finds the second act entirely devoted to a similar sanguinary operation1 performed on ,darnley this time4 ,with a nice sense1 notwithstanding his pronounced communistic sympathies1 of what is due even to secondhand royalty of the ,darnley order1 ,mr4 ,swinburne1 regardless of the liberal allowance of space allotted to the stabbing of ,rizzio1 feels it incumbent on him to devote one hundred and fortyseven pages and twentyone scenes to the blowing up of ,mary's husband4 ,thus1 although two hundred and forty pages in all are given over mainly to the killing of these two characters1 the tragedy can be scarcely said to have begun1 there being still three dreary acts to face4 ,the question naturally suggests itself here1 ,what in the name of common sense1 if not of tragedy1 has ,mr4 ,swinburne been doing with his space8 ,perhaps we have reason to congratulate ourselves after all that he did not pursue his unhappy victim into ,england1 and insist upon murdering her also2 for it is impossible1 in the contemplation of such an event1 to form even a wild conception of when and where ,mr4 ,swinburne's tragedy was likely to terminate4 ,the truth is1 he is no dramatist at all2 he is a writer of speeches1 good1 bad1 or indifferent1 as may be1 but no more4 ,livy or ,sallust have almost as just a title to be styled dramatists as ,mr4 ,swinburne2 ,homer far more so4 ,speeches form perhaps the least1 certainly the easiest1 portion of a drama2 and the speeches in ,bothwell are more or less ready made4 ,mr4 ,swinburne cannot grasp a situation2 he can only write about it4 ,he cannot picture it to us in a few telling lines4 ,he cannot hint a future2 he must foretell it in full1 or wait until it comes4 ,he cannot content himself with leaving well alone4 ,the ,earl of ,leicester's historic 8nod0 that meant so much is of course a very amusing caricature2 but the point of a caricature lies in the kernel of truth which it covers4 ,perhaps the most necessary of dramatic faculties is the capability of saying much in a little2 and that faculty ,mr4 ,swinburne does not possess in the slightest degree4 ,if anything1 his special tendency lies in an opposite direction2 he says remarkably little in a very great deal4 ,instead of mastering his material1 he has become hopelessly embarrassed by it1 and1 like the miser in the story1 perishes from want in the midst of the treasures piled up around him4 ,his characters1 instead of being moved at his will1 move him at theirs4 ,when one1 no matter of how great or how little importance1 opens his or her mouth1 not even ,mr4 ,swinburne himself can say when it will close4 ,speeches pages in length are thrown into anybody's mouth on the slightest provocation1 and all pitched more or less in the same key4 ,if ,mary curses--for ,mr4 ,swinburne is more liberal than discreet in his distribution of strong language--she is not content with one good1 round1 blasphemous oath once in a while1 but must indulge in half a dozen or so offhand4 ,if ,knox argues or preaches1 he does so at as great length almost as when in the flesh4 ,one of his speeches fills thirteen pages without a break4 ,if the inevitable 8first1 second1 and third citizen0 enter--who1 for the manner of their speeches or the matter of them1 might with equal propriety be dubbed 8first citizen0 or 8fifty second citizen10 or anything else--they talk and talk and talk until they talk themselves off1 as they would beyond all doubt talk an audience out of their seats4 ,almost twothirds of the play is to the reader simply wearisome jabber1 whose sense1 like ,gratiano's 8infinite deal of nothing10 is as 8two grains of wheat hid in two bushels of chaff40 ,the drama is so interminable that we can only call attention to the chief character1 which is not ,bothwell1 as the title would seem to imply1 but ,mary1 whose alleged amours with ,bothwell form the groundwork of the piece4 ,as this article does not pretend to enter into an historical investigation1 this is not the place to advance reasons for disagreeing with ,mr4 ,swinburne's estimate of ,mary4 ,one or two words1 however1 may be permitted4 ,the story that forms the foundation of this play has been torn to shreds by writers of every shade of opinion4 ,its truth1 based mainly on the 8casket letters10 was never accepted even at the ,english court4 ,elizabeth herself was compelled to acquit her cousin of all such scandalous charges4 ,yet on this ,mr4 ,swinburne1 with the chivalry of a poet and the honesty of a man who must have read history1 builds his nauseous drama4 ,again1 ,mary was1 by all concession1 a lady4 ,high and royal spirit she had indeed1 of which in some notable instances she gave ample proof2 but she has never been accused of indulging in language unworthy the royal woman she was1 or savoring in any sense of coarseness4 ,she was also a consistent and practical ,catholic1 who knew her religion and how to hold it1 even against that fierce ,calvinistic wolf1 ,john ,knox1 to whom it were a happiness had his insulted sovereign only meted out the measure he persistently advocated for all ,catholics4 ,but she was too gentlenatured to adopt means of enforcing silence and obedience more congenial to the spirit of her ,english cousin1 who had a very summary manner of dealing with theological difficulties4 ,this much being premised1 let us now look at the ,mary of ,mr4 ,swinburne4 ,here we have her in the very first scene of the first act4 ,rizzio is pleading with her the recall of ,murray3 ,,queen4 8,what name is his who shall so strengthen me80 ,,rizzio4 8,your father gave him half a brother's name40 ,,queen4 8,i have no brother2 a bloodless traitor he is1 ,who was my father's bastardborn4 ,by heaven6 ,i had rather have his head loose at my foot ,than his tongue's counsel rounded in mine ear40 ,this is only her fourth speech in the play4 ,it does not seem to have impressed ,rizzio sufficiently2 for1 turning a page1 we find her still railing at the subject of her wrath in this vigorous style3 444 8,by my hand1 ,too little and light to hold up his dead head1 ,it was my hope to dip it in his life ,made me ride ironmailed and soldieress40 ,with occasional spurts of this nature the queen enlivens her somewhat tedious colloquy of thirteen pages with ,rizzio concerning ,murray4 ,she is candid enough to say in one place of her halfbrother1 whom the ,mary of history really believed in too long and too blindly for her own happiness3 8,i am gay of heart1 light as a spring south wind1 ,to feed my soul with his foretasted death44440 ,and again3 8,oh6 ,i feel dancing motions in my feet ,and laughter moving merrily at my lips1 ,only to think him dead1 or hearsed1 or hanged--,that were the better4 ,i could dance down his life4 ,sing my steps through1 treading on his dead neck1 ,for love of his dead body and castout soul40 ,verily1 a real ,highland fling6 ,and lest there should be any possible doubt as to the meaning of 8castout soul10 this gentle lady pursues it to its place1 and gloats over its eternal torments in this ,christian fashion3 8,he shall talk of me to the worm of hell1 ,prate in death's ear and with a speechless tongue ,of my dead doings in days gone out44440 ,it is surely punishment enough to be condemned to carry on a conversation of any kind with the worm of hell and in the ear of death2 but to compel even a castout soul to perform this unpleasant duty 8with a speechless tongue0 is punishment that passes ordinary comprehension4 ,doubtless1 however1 matters are or will be altered for ,mr4 ,swinburne's special convenience in the lower regions4 ,abandoning the wretched ,murray to his destiny1 we look for other revelations of ,mary's character1 although something of her mettle may be gathered from the passages already given1 which have been taken almost at random from the first twentyeight pages of the five hundred and thirtytwo4 ,they are by no means the liveliest specimens to be found4 ,it would display a lamentable lack of knowledge of nature supposed to be human to imagine for a moment that the woman--if the expression is allowable--revealed in these passages is likely to be at all squeamish or foolishly coy about the profession of what ,mr4 ,swinburne would probably call her love for ,bothwell4 ,the insignificant facts that her own husband1 ,darnley1 and ,bothwell's wife1 ,jane ,gordon1 were still living1 would naturally weigh lightly as feathers in the balance against her desire4 ,most of the scenes between the queen and ,bothwell might be shortly described as 8linked foulness long drawn out40 ,were they even word for word true1 it would still be a wonder and a shame to honest manhood that they could be dwelt upon and gloated over by any writer at all4 ,horace boasted of belonging to the 8,epicurean herd40 ,were he living now1 he would1 we honestly believe1 feel conscientious scruples at admitting ,mr4 ,swinburne into the company4 ,only such passages are quoted here as are presentable and necessary to endorse our judgment of this drama4 ,without even an attempt at disguise1 ,mary and ,bothwell discuss the best means of getting rid of ,darnley4 ,as a wife1 expecting soon to be a mother1 and as a ,christian woman1 it is only natural that she should urge on the not unwilling ,bothwell in this style3 8,would ,i were ,god6 ,time should be quicker to lend help and hand ,to men that wait on him4 4 4 4 ,were ,i a man1 ,i had been by this a free man40 ,in the course of the second act she falls sick1 as she believes1 to death4 ,she makes her dying confession to the ,bishop of ,ross1 who1 it is to be presumed1 knew his religion4 ,that being the case1 it was somewhat rash in ,mr4 ,swinburne to put into his mouth a gross error4 ,he assures the dying queen that 8,the man that keeps faith sealed upon his soul ,shall through the bloodshedding of ,christ be clean4 ,and in this time of cursing and flawed faith ,have you kept faith unflawed4 ,have no fear1 therefore1 but your sins of life ,shall fall from off you as a vesture changed4 ,and leave your soul for whiteness as a child's40 ,of course there is a sense in which this may be taken as correct4 ,the man that really keeps his 8faith sealed upon his soul0 and 8unflawed10 acts up to his faith and lives its life4 ,but this is not what ,mr4 ,swinburne means4 ,in several passages he is at pains to show that it is not4 ,his meaning simply is that because ,mary held to the profession of the ,catholic faith the bishop assured her that her sins would be remitted4 ,that faith alone was sufficient for salvation was the heresy of ,luther4 ,we do not know whether those useful little compendiums of ,christian doctrine commonly known as catechisms were much in vogue at the time4 ,had they been1 ,mary would have found in hers the following question and answer1 which would have shamed the ,bishop of ,ross3 8,will faith alone save us80 8,no2 it will not without good works40 ,it must be remembered1 however1 that ,mr4 ,swinburne1 and not the bishop1 is the real father confessor to his own penitent1 and a very indulgent one he makes4 ,the queen says3 8,i would have absolution ere ,i die1 ,but of what sins ,i have not strength to say ,nor hardly to remember40 ,after all that has gone before1 that reads remarkably like a wilful lie1 as ,mr4 ,swinburne's bishop might have hinted1 particularly as she has memory enough left to enumerate her virtues1 which conclude with this3 8,i have held mine own faith fast1 and with my lips ,have borne him ,god witness if my heart were whole40 ,whereupon the worthy bishop takes occasion to repeat his blunder4 ,glossing beautifully over her sins in a graceful sentence or two1 the queen proceeds to 8remit all faults against her done10 and ends in this edifying strain3 8,i will not take death's hand ,with any soil of hate or wrath or wrong ,about me1 but1 being friends with this past world1 ,pass from it in the general peace of love40 ,just at this happy moment1 by what would doubtless be considered 8a stroke of genius10 ,murray is made to enter and announce the arrival of ,darnley1 the unfortunate individual whose crime it is to persist in being ,mary's lawful husband when she is in love with one who1 by her own command1 was somebody else's lawful husband4 ,as may be supposed from what we know of her already1 the contrite queen greets the announcement as contrite queens in similar situations are wont to do1 thus3 8,by heaven6 ,i had rather death had leave than he4 ,what comes he for8 ,to vex me quick or dead ,with his lewd eyes and sodden1 sidelong face1 ,that ,i may die with loathing of him8 ,by ,god1 as ,god shall look upon my soul1 ,i will not see him40 ,after this there is clearly nothing left for the bishop to do but administer the last sacraments and bid the ,christian soul depart in peace4 ,luckily1 however1 at this critical juncture1 and by another 8stroke of genius10 the wellknown tramp of ,bothwell's heel falls on the ear of the dying queen1 who immediately feels better1 and bids her attendants 8bring him in40 ,one more passage1 and we have done with ,mr4 ,swinburne's ,mary4 ,darnley is not yet murdered2 ,bothwell is not yet divorced from ,jane ,gordon2 he who became ,james ,i4 of ,england is about to be born2 the queen has in the preceding scene made the 8confession0 noticed above2 the time1 therefore1 was ripe for her to make the following declaration to ,bothwell3 8,i purge me now and perfect my desire1 ,which is to be no more your lover--no1 ,but even yourself1 yea1 more than body and soul1 ,one and not twain1 one utter life1 one fire1 ,one will1 one doom1 one deed1 one spirit1 one ,god3 ,for we twain grown and molten each in each1 ,surely shall be as ,god is1 and no man40 ,were there such a thing as love in delirium tremens1 surely this would be an instance2 only that ,mary is perfectly cool and collected in making so plain and definite a statement4 ,and ,bothwell is just the kind of man to understand and appreciate the pleasant prospect held out for them both4 ,he responds cheerily1 hopefully1 and prayerfully withal3 8,god speed us1 then1 till we grow up to ,god60 ,the reader has probably seen enough of ,mr4 ,swinburne's ,mary ,stuart4 ,it will be clear to any impartial mind that beheading was far too easy a fate for such a character4 ,in one thing at least has the author succeeded4 ,he set out to paint a monster1 and a monster indeed he has painted in ,mary4 ,the question for the reader to determine is whether his very fullarmed ,minerva be an emanation from the brain of this modern ,jove or one who was a real1 living woman4 ,a woman ravenous for blood1 lost to all shame1 hating even her unborn offspring1 blasphemous as ,satan1 cruel and pitiless as hell1 brawling as a drunkard1 full of oaths and coarse expressions as a trooper--if this be a true picture of ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots1 of the woman who in her day drew1 as she still continues to draw1 the hearts of all true men and honest women to her side1 then has the author done his work well and literature a service4 ,but if she be the opposite of all this--a woman cruelly murdered and systematically wronged1 at mention of whose name the heart of that chivalry which is never dead1 and will never die while ,christian manhood lives1 leaps up--one is at a loss to father the writer's monster on any other than himself4 ,viewed in this light1 it can only be looked upon as the product of an imagination diseased1 an intellect debauched1 and a mind distorted--the work of a man whose moral nature has gone astray1 and to whom consequently all that is true1 pure1 womanly1 manly1 godly1 has lost its significance and value4 ,from the ,christian heroine to the pagan hero we turn with a feeling of relief4 ,the very title of ,mr4 de ,vere's drama challenges criticism4 ,to write about ,alexander the ,great is one thing2 to make ,alexander speak for himself is another4 ,the world1 fashionable as it is to abuse its taste1 is discriminating in the conferring of titles that are universal4 ,local magnates of greater or less magnitude are common enough2 but men whom all civilized nations in all ages have agreed to crown with greatness are very few and very far between4 ,from the number of these the son of ,philip of ,macedon probably stands out preeminent ,in his brief career he accomplished more than any human conqueror ever accomplished1 and he succeeded in leaving more after him4 ,so complete and marvellous was his success1 and so gigantic his projects1 while his means were proportionately limited1 that1 beyond all possibility of doubt1 the man1 young as he was1 must have been a marvellous genius4 ,being so1 he must not only have done great deeds1 but thought great thoughts4 ,he must have been fitted in every way to be a leader of men4 ,this1 perhaps the most marvellous character in human history1 is the one of all others whom ,mr4 de ,vere1 with a courage which1 if not justified by the result1 can only be looked upon as either rashness or folly1 has undertaken to set living and real before us1 speaking the speech1 thinking the thoughts1 scheming the schemes1 dreaming the dreams of ,alexander4 ,greatness thus becomes one of the necessary standards by which we must judge ,mr4 de ,vere's work4 ,if his chief character is not great in thought and word1 as we know him to have been in deed1 he is not ,alexander1 and this work can only be regarded as a more pretentious failure than the other4 ,if he is great in thought and speech1 where are the elements of his greatness to be found8 ,in the brain of the author1 in the conception of the poet--nowhere else4 ,for in this case the speeches are not1 as they were in the other1 ready made and to hand4 ,the record of ,alexander's deeds we have2 but ,alexander we must imagine for ourselves4 ,what manner of man1 then1 is this that ,mr4 de ,vere has given us8 is the first and most natural question to be asked4 ,friend and foe alike are busy about him4 ,at the opening of the play ,parmenio1 the testy but honesthearted veteran of ,philip1 before ,alexander has yet made his appearance1 in words where the admiration of the soldier and the irritability and jealousy of old age are admirably blended1 says3 8,a realm his father owed me1 ,and knew it well4 ,the son is reverent too1 ,but with a difference1 sir4 ,in ,philip's time ,my voice was ,delphic on the battlefield4 ,this young man taps the springs of my experience1 ,as though with water to allay his wine ,of keener inspirations4 #8,speak thy thought1 ,parmenio6' ,ere my words are halfway out ,he nods approval or he smiles dissent4 ,still1 there is like him none6 ,i marvell'd oft ,to see him breast that tempest from the north1 ,drowning revolt in the ,danubian wave4 ,the foe in sight1 instant he knew their numbers2 ,if distant1 guess'd their whereabout--how lay ,the intermediate tract--if fordable ,the streams--the vales accessible to horse3 ',twas like the craft of beasts remote from man40 ,antisthenes1 the rhetorician1 describes the man of action as a rhetorician might3 8,this king is valued past his worth3 ,he nothing says that's sage1 like ,ptolemy1 ,or keenedged1 like ,craterus4 ,this ,i grant him3 ,sagacity supreme in observation2 ,he sees with eye inspired4 ,seeing with him ,is ,act and ,thought1 not sense40 ,arsino1 the daughter of ,darius1 thinks that 8he neither loves nor hates40 ,he is royalfaced1 8albeit too eagereyed40 ,and ,hephestion1 the strong friend on whom alone of all men ,alexander leans1 tells her of him3 8,he loves not many1 and himself the least3 ,his purposes to him are wife and child40 8,free him from that conceit10 says ,parmenio later on1 8that he's a god10 8,the man of men were he3 ,none like him we have had since ,marathon40 ,,philotas4 8,i grant his greatness were his godship sane1 ,but note his brow3 'tis ,thought's least earthly temple ,then mark1 beneath1 that round1 not human eye1 ,still glowing like a panther's6 ,in his body ,no passion dwells2 but all his mind is passion1 ,wild1 intellectual appetite1 and instinct ,that works without a law40 ,,parmenio4 8,but half you know him4 ,there is a zigzag lightning in his brain ,that flies in random flashes1 yet not errs4 ,chances his victories seem2 but link those chances1 ,and under them a science you shall find1 ,though unauthentic1 contraband1 illicit1 ,yes1 contumelious oft to laws of war4 ,fortune1 that as a mistress smiles on others1 ,serves him as dutybound2 her blood is he1 ,born in the purple of her royalties40 ,and so they go on describing him1 each in his own way2 for1 with felicitous art1 the presence of ,alexander is made to permeate the drama1 yet so unobtrusively and unconsciously to all seeming that the mind of the reader1 though held fast on the chief character throughout1 never wearies of him4 ,the extracts given1 culled from here and there1 point all in one direction4 ,they are consistent1 however they may vary in expression1 about the man they describe4 ,he is not like other men2 he towers above them2 he stands alone4 ,but even this only tells us what men say of him4 ,it may mean no more than any younglady novelist's description of her hero1 whose biting sarcasm and brilliant wit are gifts that it was thought were buried with ,sheridan4 ,all which we are willing to concede1 only that by some untoward accident the brilliant wit and biting sarcasm never appear on the surface4 ,how does ,alexander speak for himself8 ,in literature1 as in life1 very much depends on the impression a man makes on his introduction4 ,alexander's introduction is happy and suggestive4 ,he meets us first at ,troy when setting out on his expedition4 ,around him rise the temples of the memorable dead who died in the ,ten ,years' ,war4 ,he is in search of the fane of ,achilles1 his ancestor1 as he claims4 ,aphrodite and ,helen have no attractions for him1 upon whose mind 8the wise ,stagirite0 had impressed the high code of pagan morals1 that the passions were 8a yoke which ,action's strenuous sons should scorn to bear40 ,he stands on ground where heroes fought and strove for ten long years together1 and the question comes at once to his earnest mind1 8,that ten years' war1 what fruit thereof remains8 ,what empire lives1 its witness and its crown8 ,what shall we say8 ,that those were common men ,made large by mists of ,time8 ,or shall we rather ,conclude them real1 and our age a fraud80 ,his friend ,hephestion is reminded by the fanes around1 not of the greatness1 but of the littleness1 of man and of the common ashes to which we come at last4 ,in what1 had he the ear to hear it1 had been for his leader a solemn warning1 he cries out3 8,alas6 how small an urn ,suffices for the eartho'erstriding dust ,which one time shook the world60 ,but ,alexander cannot contemplate the end of men and things in this calm fashion4 ,to him1 as to ,achilles1 death is 8malign and intercepting40 ,it bears no thought of peace or rest4 ,he describes it as 8that frustrate1 stagnant1 ineffectual bourn where substance melts to shadow40 ,far away in 8the dimness of the dolorous realm0 he sees1 though sad1 8the unvanquishable youth0 of ,achilles surviving and lamenting-- 8,despite the embalm'd1 purpureal airs and gleam ,immeasurable of amaranthine meads1 ,the keen1 reviving1 strenuous airs of earth1 ,and blasts from battlefields0-- that is the very breath of his nostrils--earth1 life1 action1 with a purpose in it1 and the keen intoxication of occasional 8blasts from battlefields40 ,but he is not a mere genius errant1 a ,don ,quixote of conquerors1 wasting himself on windmills and flocks of sheep4 ,he has a clear1 resolute purpose before his mind1 to which he shapes all things4 ,it is to make the world one empire1 which ,grecian intellect should rule4 ,the ,governor of ,sardis1 when the ,granicus is won1 he bids3 8,tell those realms ,betwixt the ,euxine and ,pamphylian ,seas1 ,that ,grecian galaxy of ,lesser ,asia1 ,that ,argive choir in eastern exile sad1 ,that ,doric garland on base ,persia's brow1 ,we came not here to crush them1 but exalt2 ,this hand shall lift them to their first estate1 ,and lodge them mid the skyey heights of ,greece40 ,such is his plan2 and whatever crosses him must break before or bend to that4 ,kings1 empires1 mighty cities1 religion1 customs and traditions1 commerce1 all must yield before his indomitable will4 ,nothing is sacred to ,alexander1 save what is sacred to ,alexander's plan4 ,all things were fashioned to his purpose1 and existed only to be made subservient to him4 ,he gazes from the seashore on ,tyre of the ships1 with its wealth1 its energies1 its possibilities1 and the little it has done with them1 and bursts forth3 8,wings without body6 such--no more--is commerce ,which rests not upon empire6 ,commerce1 ruling1 ,disperses man's chief energies1 but1 ruled ,by spirit heroic1 increase yields of thoughts ,that give to greatness wider basis4 ,tyre6 ,how soon thy golden feathers forth shall fly ,upon the storm of ,war60 ,lacking the 8spirit heroic10 ,tyre's opportunities and life have hitherto been thrown away1 as were thrown away the letters that ,phnicia gave1 useless to the inventors4 ,he goes on3 8,men stumble thus on glories not for them1 ,the rightful appanage of the capable4 ,the empire ,i shall found shall tread the earth1 ,yet over it go flying4 ,from its vans ,the twinborn beams of ,grecian ,song and ,science ,shall send perpetual dawn40 ,mr4 de ,vere's verse is tempting to quote2 but we must hasten on4 ,some idea of his ,alexander may be gathered from the passages given2 but1 as we said1 he permeates the book1 and we must leave it to the reader himself to trace the slow growth and development of this singularlyrounded yet most difficult conception4 ,we do not believe that the author in this instance has fallen below the level of his subject1 high and remote as that level was4 ,a strong1 resolute1 farseeing character1 possessed with the very passion of empire1 speaks to us in every line of ,alexander4 ,many of his sayings have almost the wisdom and the brevity of proverbs4 8,time takes still the conqueror's side10 he tells ,hephestion2 and when that great souled character puts the deep and solemn question1 8,is there forgiveness for conquerors80--his answer is3 8,aye2 but for halfconquerors1 none40 ,here is his policy told in a line3 8,strong hand makes empire2 hand that heals retains it40 ,when1 in a light moment1 he asks his generals1 were gods their slaves1 what fortunes would they choose1 and all cry out1 8,a kingdom60 he says aside3 8,note this1 ,hephestion3 ,imagination is economist1 ,and vastest ends move less the appetite ,than small things near and easier of access40 ,here is a truth for conquerors to ponder4 ,in the height of his conquest he is convinced that 8,the vanquish'd must connive1 or victory's self ,its own grave digs in the end40 ,all the littleness of greatness1 all those surroundings that to small minds stamp1 if they do not constitute1 greatness1 are for him emptiness4 8,to breathe applauses is to breathe that air ,by breath of men defiled3 ,i stand1 and stood1 ,on the mountaintops1 breathing the breath of gods40 ,there is another aspect to his character at which we must glance4 ,we have called attention at the beginning to his jealous hatred of death4 ,life and death are to him constant enigmas1 to which he sees no solution4 ,the only1 or at least the great1 obstacle that he sees in the way of accomplishing his dream and passion of empire is death4 ,no human foe he fears2 but the fates4 ,time1 he passionately says1 is no friend of his4 ,he has to build his empire in few years4 ,he is running a constant race with time1 and something seems to whisper to him ever that his years are few4 ,in this1 too1 lies an humbling fact4 ,he1 like others1 is human and subject to death4 ,this inward struggle and rebellion against his humanity is constantly going on4 ,the thought1 ,what am ,i8 ,what do ,i8 ,who am ,i8 ,whence come ,i8 ,where go ,i8--all these things for ever trouble him4 ,he would be a god2 but he finds his loftiest aspirations bounded by a wall of flesh1 and beyond that--a blank4 ,with keen dramatic instinct and happy thought the author gives him the opportunity of answering for himself these questionings4 ,he visits the temple at ,jerusalem1 and converses with the highpriest4 ,the truth is unfolded to him1 and the true ,god made known4 ,he hesitates1 and finally rejects the truth4 ,it clashes with his purpose4 8,o'er all the earth my empire shall be just1 ,godlike my rule10 he promises the highpriest2 whose answer is the solemn rebuke3 8,young man1 beware6 ,god's prophet ,awards thee ,persia's crown1 but not the world's3 ,he who wears that should be the ,prince of ,peace4 ,thy portion lies in bounds4 ,limit and ,term ,govern the world40 ,this revelation tells on his character throughout the rest of the play4 ,he has no longer that blind confidence in himself1 though his mind like a vise holds to its resolution of founding the empire he was warned he could not found4 ,his iron will and indomitable energy overcome all obstacles2 but time is creeping on1 and he feels it4 ,to unite ,persian and ,greek together1 in order to win the ,persian1 he must be proclaimed a god2 and a god he is proclaimed4 ,but the emptiness and mockery of the title are shown with intense force in the workings of the king's mind up to this madness4 ,he strives to argue himself up to godhead only by arguing godhead down to him3 8,a race of gods hath fallen3 ,then ,zeus in turn may fall4 ,i find for gods ,no thrones secure2 to man's advance no limit2 ,no certain truth amid contending rites2 ,no base for faith40 ,he remembers the warning about limit and term1 only to say scornfully1 8,that's for others3 ,to grasp a world for me is feasible2 ,to keep a halfworld1 not40 ,he turns further and further away from faith of any kind2 his creed resembles that of more modern conquerors3 8,the man that empire founds ,must measure all things by the needs of empire40 ,and the final outcome of his thoughts is this3 8,this only know we-- ,we walk upon a world not knowable1 ,save in those things which knowledge least deserve1 ,yet capable1 not less1 of task heroic4 ,my trust is in my work3 on that ,i fling me1 ,trampling all questionings down40 ,and yet the next moment he cries out3 8,i sometimes think ,that ,i am less a person than a power4 ,some engine in the right hand of the gods1 ,some fateful wheel that1 round in darkness rolling1 ,knows this--its work1 but not that work's far scope4 ,hephestion1 what is life8 ,my life1 since boyhood1 ,hath been an agony of means to ends2 ,an ultimate end ,i find not4 ,for that cause1 ,onreeling in the oppression of a void1 ,at times ,i welcome what ,i once scarce brook'd-- ,the opprobrium of blank sleep40 ,there are many scenes of strong dramatic power in this drama--the death of ,darius1 the quarrel with ,parmenio1 the rebellion of the ,greeks1 the last scene with ,philotas1 and others2 but the power and intensity deepen at the close1 when death at last creeps into the veins of the conqueror4 ,he has lost ,hephestion earlier in the drama1 and this loss rends his heart4 ,there is much truth in his singular1 almost selfish love for his greatsouled friend1 who stood to ,alexander as a wife would stand to another man4 ,but he to whom 8his purposes were wife and child0 could not lean on a woman4 ,it must be a man1 strong1 brave1 keeneyed as himself1 but calmer1 larger hearted1 humbler1 greater souled4 ,such was ,hephestion1 and his strong yet sweet character is not only admirably drawn1 but affords an excellent foil throughout to the eager1 impetuous1 fiery nature and fiery words of the king4 ,omens thicken around him1 and the end comes at ,babylon4 ,the fever that burns at his heart seizes on his body while sailing on the ,lake of ,pallacopas4 ,as the royal barge passes1 a strain rises up from the waters3 8,we sate beside the ,babylonian river3 ,within the conqueror's bound1 weeping we sate3 ,we hung our harps upon the trees that quiver ,above the rushing waters desolate4 8,if ,i forget thee1 ,salem1 in thy sadness1 ,may this right hand forget the harper's art6 ,if ,i forget thee1 ,salem1 in my gladness1 ,my tongue dry up and wither1 like my heart60 ,it is a relic of the ,babylonian captivity4 ,the song forces from ,alexander the sad confession1 significant to all conquerors3 8,the ages pass1 like winds2 ,the old wrong remains1 rooted like tombs1 and moves not3 ,all may be done through ,time2 yet ,time does naught4 ,let kings look well to that40 ,the end is on him4 ,though 8maimed1 and tamed1 and shamed10 he is resolute still1 but impotent1 and the empire lacks completion1 he confesses1 while 8,the years1 the months1 ,the hours1 like ravening wolves that hunt a stag1 ,come up upon my haunches40 ,fighting time to the last1 he succumbs2 but he will not even die as other men4 ,in his halfdelirium he tells ,ptolemy3 8,i have a secret--one for thee alone3 ',twas not the mists from that morass disastrous ,nor death of him that died1 nor adverse gods1 ,nor the ,fates themselves2 'twas something mightier yet1 ,and secreter in the great night1 that slew me40 ,and thus1 surrounded by his warriors and his generals1 with success within his grasp1 but that grasp nerveless1 his last moments troubled with awful visions and ill dreams1 resentful to the last against what slew him1 in doubt and in fear1 in youth and glory and empire1 in the fatality of success1 staring with strained eyes into the dread void beyond that no ray of faith illumines1 he whose nod was life or death to nations1 ,alexander1 the god1 passes away and dies--of a little slow fever that has entered and claimed for its own the clay of which he was made4 ,mr4 de ,vere has written at once a magnificent poem and a powerful drama4 ,we have devoted our attention in both instances to the chief characters1 and thus many scenes and personages in ,alexander the ,great on which in reading we have dwelt with much pleasure and admiration must pass unnoticed4 ,the author1 if we may say so1 has surprised us by the strength and finish of this work4 ,the action of the piece is rapid2 the characters1 small and great1 rounded and full2 the scenes most varied and dramatically set4 ,the clew to the play we take to be that old whisper which first allured our parents from their allegiance1 and tempts forever the race of man3 ,ye shall be as gods4 ,the whisper runs through the piece from the first line to the last1 and lends to it a purpose and a plan of its own4 ,the dramatist has taken the man who in human history came the nearest to exemplifying its truth to prove its utter and miserable falsehood1 and to read with a new force the old and eternal command that alone can order the life of man wisely and well3 8,thou shalt love the ,lord thy ,god1 and him only shalt thou serve40 ,when he died1 ,alexander was nearly thirtythree4 ,with him really1 though remnants lingered after him1 his scheme and his empire passed away2 and when today we look for what is left of the world's conqueror1 of ,alexander the god1 we must search in musty tomes and grope in desert sands4 ,nothing is left of him1 save some words and histories2 and even were they lost also1 and his very memory blotted out with them1 the world today would in reality be little or none the loser4 ,some centuries later there died ,another at the age of thirtythree4 ,he came into life silently2 he went out of life ignominiously4 ,he led no army2 he had no following of any note2 he was the son of a carpenter1 and born of a despised race4 ,he was born1 he lived1 he died1 in poverty1 sorrow1 and suffering1 a social outcast even from his own people4 ,the last three years of his life he spent in preaching in and about ,jerusalem4 ,his doctrines were strange and startling4 ,they were utterly subversive of all human glory and greatness4 ,like ,alexander1 he proclaimed himself divine1 and claimed to be the ,son of ,god4 ,like ,alexander1 he too died1 but a death of ignominy4 ,before his name had spread far beyond ,jerusalem1 men rose up1 ,jew and ,gentile1 king and priest1 church and state1 together hanged him on a tree1 nailed him there1 tortured and slew him1 and when he was dead sealed up the tomb in which he was buried4 ,and there1 humanly speaking1 was an end to him and his4 ,to the world what had he left8 ,a memory--nothing more4 ,men said that he had wrought wonders1 that virtues flowed out of him1 that his hands rained mercies1 that the blind saw1 the lame walked1 the lepers were cleansed1 the very dead rose again4 ,idle rumors6 like that other of his bursting the tomb and rising again1 walking in the flesh and ascending into the heaven from which he said he had come4 ,and this was 8the ,expected of the nations10 8the ,prince of ,peace10 who was to accomplish what the high priest warned ,alexander was not for him1 with all his power1 to accomplish--to unite all the nations under one yoke4 ,a likely prospect with the material he had left6 ,he left behind him no empire1 no record1 not a line of writing4 ,he left a few words1 a few maxims1 a few rules of life1 a few prayers1 a few promises1 a few men who timidly believed in him1 a few commands4 ,the world1 its belief and nonbelief alike1 its customs1 maxims1 tendencies1 he condemned as wrong4 ,he commanded it to remodel itself according to the few rules he had left--rules singularly comprehensive1 simple1 and clear3 to believe in him1 to obey him as the son of ,god and ,god1 to believe and obey those1 and those only1 whom he sent forth in his name1 armed with the powers he gave them1 fighting with the weapon of the cross4 ,and what is the result8 ,who is the conqueror of the world now8 ,jesus ,christ1 in whose name every knee shall bow1 or ,alexander the ,great8 ,here is a mystery surely that men should ponder4 ,what shall explain the victory over the world1 over sin1 and over death1 of ,him whom they nailed to the tree nineteen centuries ago8 ,nothing but the words of ,peter--8,thou art ,christ1 the ,son of the living ,god40 ,thou art he that was to come1 and we look for no other4 8,and he was clothed with a garment sprinkled with blood3 and his name is called ,the ,word of ,god4 ,and he hath on his garment and on his thigh written ,king of kings and ,lord of lords40 ,requies ,mea4 ,keep me1 sweet love6 ,thy keeping is my rest4 ,not safer feels the eaglet from beneath ,the wings that roof the inaccessible nest1 ,than ,i when thou art with me1 dearest1 best1 ,whose love my life is1 yea1 my very breath6 ,thy ,son to ,egypt fled to prove our faith4 ,not ,herod's men had snatched him from thy breast1 ,or changed his thrond slumber into death4 ,how wonderful thy keeping1 mighty ,queen6 ,so close1 so tender2 and as if thine eyes ,had only me to watch1 thine arm to screen2 ,and this inconstant heart were such a prize6 ,and thou the while1 in beatific skies1 ,art reigning imperturbably serene6 ,ontologism ,and ,psychologism4 ,our readers sometimes complain that the philosophical articles of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world are too hard to be understood4 ,yet some of these very readers make a great effort to read these articles1 and ask questions about metaphysical subjects--among others1 about the very topic of the present article--showing a great desire to gain some knowledge about them4 ,we are going to try to make this article intelligible to these readers1 even to those who are yet quite young persons1 in whose laudable efforts to improve their minds and acquire knowledge we are greatly interested4 ,we shall begin1 therefore1 by explaining some terms which need to be well understood before they can be used in a satisfactory manner1 and especially the two which make up the title of this article4 ,ontology is the name given to one branch of metaphysics1 which is also called general metaphysics1 in distinction from the two other principal branches of that science--to wit1 logic and special metaphysics4 ,it is derived from two ,greek words--that is1 the first two syllables from a word which means being1 and the last two from one which means reasoning4 ,it is therefore a reasoning about being1 or the scientific exposition of the object of the idea of real being1 of metaphysical truth1 good and evil1 beauty1 substance1 accident1 quantity1 causality1 the finite and the infinite1 the contingent and the necessary1 etc4 ,psychology is also a ,greek derivative signifying a scientific exposition of the rational soul of man1 its powers and operations1 which is a subdivision of special metaphysics4 ,therefore every philosopher must be an ontologist and a psychologist1 in the proper sense of those terms4 ,yet1 there is a difference between ontology and ontologism1 psychology and psychologism4 ,ontologism and psychologism are names denoting opposite philosophical systems which diverge in opposite directions from the scholastic philosophy1 or that philosophy commonly taught in the ,catholic schools after the method and principles of the ,angelic ,doctor1 ,s4 ,thomas ,aquinas4 ,of the authority which this philosophy possesses in the church we cannot now treat at length4 ,we will1 however1 cite here the latest utterance of the ,sovereign ,pontiff which has come to our knowledge1 as a sample of a great number of similar official expressions of approbation from the ,holy ,see4 ,in a letter to ,dr4 ,travaligni1 founder of the ,philosophico,medical ,society of ,s4 ,thomas ,aquinas1 dated ,july #bc1 #ahgd1 ,pius ,,ix4 says3 8,with still greater pleasure we perceive that1 faithful to your purpose1 you have determined to admit only such members to your society as hold and will defend the doctrines propounded by the sacred councils and this ,holy ,see1 and in particular the principles of the ,angelic ,doctor concerning the union of the intellective soul with the human body1 and concerning substantial form and primary matter 7materia prima740 ,we shall take for granted at present that in all its essential parts1 as well as in those specified in the above quotation1 the philosophy of ,s4 ,thomas has the highest sanction and authority in the church which any system of philosophy can have1 and that it is the only true and sound philosophy4 ,the system of ontologism differs from it by proposing a totally different ontology1 which is made the basis of an essentially different philosophy4 ,the advocates of that system call themselves ontologists1 as claiming to be the only philosophers who understand rightly real being and the relation of intelligence to it as the object of its intuition and knowledge4 ,they are also called by that name by their antagonists for the sake of convenience and courtesy1 as those who believe in ,god1 but not in revelation1 are called theists1 although neither party has an exclusive right to the appellation given to it by usage4 ,psychologism is a system which makes the basis and starting point of philosophy to lie exclusively in the individual soul and its modifications1 like ,des ,cartes1 whose first principle is1 8,i think1 therefore ,i am40 ,the opponents of the scholastic philosophy who pretend to be ontologists give it the nickname of psychologism1 because they either misunderstand or misinterpret its ontological and psychological doctrine4 ,the scholastic philosophy is also frequently called ,aristotelian1 because ,s4 ,thomas derived a great part of his metaphysics from the great philosopher of ,greece2 and ,peripatetic1 which was the name given to the school of ,aristotle1 because the teachers and pupils used to walk up and down during their lectures and discussions4 ,those who diverge from the philosophy of ,s4 ,thomas in the same direction with the ontologists are also frequently called ,platonists1 because they follow1 or are supposed to follow1 ,plato1 in regard to certain opinions differing from those maintained by ,aristotle4 ,the philosophical disputes which have been lately carried on with so much vehemence about questions of ontology are by no means of recent origin4 ,they have been waged both within and without the limits of the ,catholic ,church4 ,des ,cartes1 the great modern master of psychologism1 always professed to be a loyal son of the church1 and had many disciples among ,catholics4 ,malebranche1 the author of modern ontologism1 was a devout priest of the ,french ,oratory2 and ,cardinal ,gerdil1 who began as an earnest advocate of the same doctrine1 but gradually approached toward the scholastic philosophy in his maturer years1 was really the second man to the ,pope for a long time in authority and influence1 as well as a most illustrious model of virtue and learning4 ,more recently1 the principal advocates of ontologism have been very devoted ,catholics4 ,the ,louvain professors1 ,hugonin1 ,branchereau2 for anything we know to the contrary1 ,fabre1 and many others1 have been most zealous and devoted ,catholics4 ,only ,gioberti1 who was1 however1 the prince among them all1 and one of the most gifted men of the century1 among the wellknown leaders of that school1 was a disloyal ,catholic4 ,we have heard on very good authority that ,gioberti continued to receive the sacraments up to the time of his death1 and was buried with ,catholic rites4 ,nevertheless1 as a number of priests were still in the external communion of the church at the time ,gioberti was living in ,paris1 who were really heretics and have since apostatized1 this fact alone does not count for much as a proof that he died in the ,catholic faith4 ,all his works were long before on the ,index2 he was at least suspended1 if not ipso facto excommunicated1 as a contumacious rebel against the ,pope4 ,dr4 ,brownson calls him 8that ,italian priest of marvellous genius1 and1 we were about to write1 ,satanic power40 ,and again he says3 8,gioberti died1 we believe1 excommunicated1 and his last book1 published before his death1 contains a scurrilous attack on ,pius ,,ix41 and bears not a trace of the ,catholic believer1 far less of the ,catholic priest407#if7 ,for a long time the ,church did not directly interfere with the philosophical discussions which went on among her children in regard to ontology4 ,neither ,des ,cartes7#ig7 nor ,malebranche was condemned1 nor were any specific propositions in the works of ,gioberti censured4 ,the ,holy ,see has never been in the habit of using its supreme magisterial authority in deciding scientific controversies considered merely as scientific4 ,science is left to itself1 to make its own way and fight its own battles1 unless the interests of the faith become involved with those of science4 ,when these interests demand the interference of the supreme authority1 it utters its disciplinary edicts or its doctrinal decisions1 as in its wisdom it deems opportune and necessary4 ,for a considerable period of time philosophy was left in the enjoyment of the largest liberty1 so long as the doctrines of the church were respected and maintained4 ,but when professed ,catholics1 especially in ,germany1 began to frame systems of philosophy manifestly dangerous to sound theology and subversive of it1 the ,holy ,see began to exercise a more special vigilance over the teaching of philosophy in ,catholic schools4 ,gregory ,,xvi4 and ,pius ,,ix4 have condemned a number of works1 of systems1 or of distinct propositions in which philosophical errors were contained1 because these were directly or indirectly subversive of the ,catholic faith4 ,among other errors condemned1 ontologism holds a prominent position4 ,after various means more mild and indirect of correcting the evils which the teaching of this system threatened to produce had failed1 the ,holy ,see pronounced 7,sept4 #ah1 #ahfa7 its condemnation of seven propositions embracing the fundamental tenets common to the socalled ontologists1 and some particular tenets advanced by individual professors or writers of the same school4 ,the professors of the ,catholic ,university of ,louvain were required to make a formal act of submission to this decision of ,rome1 which they did in the most exemplary manner4 ,the ,abb ,hugonin1 when nominated to an episcopal see in ,france1 was also required to make a formal renunciation of ontologism1 which he had taught in his writings1 as a condition of receiving the confirmation of the pope1 and complied without hesitation4 ,the ,abb ,branchereau1 a distinguished ,french ,sulpitian and professor of philosophy1 voluntarily submitted a statement of the doctrine contained in his ,prelections to the examination and judgment of the ,holy ,see1 and1 when the judgment condemning his system was made known to him1 promptly submitted and suppressed his work4 ,in fact1 there has been everywhere a most ready and edifying submission given to the judgment of ,rome on a system which was rapidly spreading and gaining ground1 and toward which a great number of the finest minds among ,catholic scholars felt the strongest attraction4 ,the reason of this may be found in the fact that those who had embraced this system or were inclined toward it were generally good ,catholics1 holding sound theological principles1 and imbued with the love of truth and the love of the church1 loyal to conscience1 and well grounded in ,christian humility and obedience4 ,consequently1 ontologism1 as a system1 prevailing among ,catholics and in ,catholic schools1 is dead1 and rapidly passing into oblivion--a great gain for science1 as well as for religion1 since it removes a great obstacle in the way of the revival of the genuine and sound philosophy which alone contains the real and solid wisdom of the ,grecian sages1 the fathers of the church1 and the gigantic masters of the medival schools1 combined1 harmonized1 and reduced to method4 ,it is time now to explain in what the essence of ontologism consists4 ,in the words of ,m4 ,fabre1 a professor at the ,sorbonne1 8,ontologism is a system in which1 after having proved the objective reality of general ideas1 we establish that these ideas are not forms or modifications of our soul2 that they are not anything created2 that they are necessary1 unchangeable1 eternal1 absolute objects2 that they are concentrated in the being to which this name belongs in its simple signification 7l'tre simplement dit71 and that this infinite ,being is the first idea apprehended by our mind1 the first intelligible1 the light in which we see all the eternal1 universal1 and absolute truths4 ,ontologists say1 then1 that these eternal truths cannot have any reality outside of the eternal essence1 whence they conclude that they do not subsist except as united to the divine substance1 and consequently that it can only be in this substance that we see them407#ih7 ,we will now give the first two1 the fourth1 and the fifth of the propositions condemned at ,rome1 and which1 with the other three1 were taken from the prelections of a professor in a ,french seminary1 never published1 but extensively circulated in lithograph or ,,mss41 and which1 the reader will see1 express the identical doctrine summarized so concisely and ably by ,m4 ,fabre3 ,i4 ,the immediate cognition of ,god1 at least habitual1 is essential to the human intellect1 so that without this it cannot know anything1 since it is the intellectual light itself4 ,,ii4 ,that being which we intellectively perceive in all things1 and without which we perceive nothing intellectively 7quod in omnibus et sine quo nihil intelligimus71 is the divine being4 ,,iv4 ,the congenital knowledge of ,god as simply being 7ens simpliciter7 involves every other cognition in an eminent manner1 so that by it we have implicit knowledge of every being1 under whatever respect it is knowable4 ,v4 ,all other ideas are only modifications of the idea in which ,god is intellectively perceived 7intelligitur7 as simply being 7ens simpliciter74 ,similar propositions to these are found in the fifteen submitted by ,m4 ,branchereau to the judgment of the ,holy ,see1 viz43 #a4 ,in the act of thought two things are to be essentially distinguished--the subject thinking and the object thought4 #b4 ,again1 the object thought is distinguished into two things--that which is being simply1 and that which is being in a certain respect4 #c4 ,by that which is being simply we understand real being1 concrete and infinitely perfect2 444 in a word1 that which is being simply is ,god4 #ab4 ,from the first instant of existence the mind enjoys ideal perception1 not indeed reflexively1 but directly4 #ac4 ,among the intelligible truths1 which we apprehend ideally1 ,god occupies the first place1 the intellective perception of whom1 although essentially distinct from the intuition of the beatified1 is terminated1 not at a representative image1 but at ,god himself4 ,the reader will now1 we trust1 understand without difficulty what is the fundamental idea of ontologism--namely1 that ,god is the immediate object of the intellect1 the ideal object which faces it from its creation1 is present to it as its light and its luminous1 intelligible term of vision1 in which all ideal1 necessary1 selfevident1 eternal ideas1 verities1 realities1 are concentrated1 beheld1 made luminous2 lighting up all objects whatsoever which exist and are perceived by sense and intellect1 so that the things that are made are clearly seen by the invisible things of ,god1 even his eternal power and ,godhead2 as ,malebranche expressed it1 8in ,deo10 and ,gioberti1 8in ,deo et per ,deum0--in ,god1 and by or through him1 as clouds in a luminiferous ether4 ,for an explanation of the scholastic doctrine of the origin of universal ideas we refer the reader to a former article on ,dr4 ,stckl's ,philosophy4 ,in brief1 it is the reverse of the one just delineated1 viz41 the universal and transcendental ideas are derived by abstraction from created things1 and the knowledge of ,god is obtained by a discursive act of reasoning1 by which we ascend from the knowledge of creatures to the knowledge of the ,creator1 whose invisible essence and attributes are understood by the things that are made4 ,that is1 ,god is known by a mediate and not an immediate apprehension1 resulting in an intellectual judgment that he is4 ,the mind terminates at a representative and inadequate image of ,god1 and not at ,god himself or that which is ,god1 real1 concrete1 necessary1 infinite being1 which is the remote and reflected object of the intellect4 ,we are now prepared to answer the question1 ,what is the harm and danger of ontologism on account of which it has been condemned8 ,it has not been condemned as heretical1 for it does not formally1 directly1 and explicitly contradict any doctrine of faith4 ,the ,holy ,see has simply decided that it cannot be safely taught--that is1 that it cannot be taught with a safe conscience1 without danger to the faith1 and consequently without grievous sin4 ,it must therefore contain in it an error which cannot be extensively held and taught in ,catholic schools without a serious danger of indirectly subverting ,catholic faith and doctrine1 especially in the minds of the young and inconsiderate4 ,while this danger was only remote or not yet apparent1 the error might be tolerated1 and left to be opposed and refuted by argument4 ,moreover1 it might be held and advocated in good faith and without sin by intelligent and pious men1 who are liable to error when left to their own reasonings about abstruse matters in theology and philosophy4 ,but when the danger was apparent and proximate1 it was necessary to appeal to the supreme authority of the ,roman ,church1 that the whole matter might be thoroughly examined and adjudicated2 and1 the judgment being once rendered1 the cause is finished for all good ,catholics4 ,thenceforth all that remains to be done is to study the import of the decision1 and to search into the reasons by which the condemned errors may be proved false by philosophical and theological arguments1 and the opposite truths brought out into a clearer light for the advancement of sound and solid science and the protection of the faith4 ,that part of ,catholic doctrine which was endangered and indirectly subverted by ontologism is the one which relates to the distinction between nature and grace1 the rational knowledge of ,god attainable by man in this life1 and the immediate intuition of ,god enjoyed by the blessed in heaven4 ,ontologism destroys the real distinction between the natural and the supernatural orders1 between the abstractive vision of ,god by reason and faith1 and the intuitive vision of ,god without any medium1 and face to face4 ,it is true that ontologists have never taught that man has1 or can have1 a clear vision of the divine essence1 like that of the blessed1 by his unaided natural powers4 ,this is a heresy condemned by the ,general ,council of ,vienne4 ,moreover1 it would be too absurd for any sane person to maintain that such a vision is congenital and possessed by all men from the first instant of creation4 ,nor would any one who maintains that the idea of ,god is impressed on the soul at its creation be so extravagant as to assert that the clear and distinct conception of ,god which can be obtained by reason and faith is present to the minds of all men from their birth4 ,ontologists are careful to state that there is a difference between the immediate cognition of ,god in this life and that of the life to come4 ,and all who maintain any kind of ideal cognition which is congenital or innate1 understand by this something which exists unconsciously in the soul until its powers are developed4 ,the object is there1 facing the intellect1 but the intellect has its eyes closed1 and cannot perceive it4 ,when it perceives it1 it is first obscurely1 then clearly1 then more or less distinctly4 ,its congenital cognition is an unconscious1 undeveloped act4 ,but all the principles of conscious1 developed cognition are in that act1 and are only evolved by the operation of the senses and the intellectual faculties4 ,the error condemned is the assertion that this cognition has ,god in his intelligibility as real and necessary being as its immediate object4 ,and though it is not formally a heresy1 since it does not assert that the immediate cognition of ,god is identical with the beatific vision1 or deny the necessity of the light of glory to make the soul capable of the beatific vision1 it is erroneous1 inasmuch as it removes that which really makes the essential difference of the vision of the blessed1 as distinct from the natural cognition of any created intelligence4 ,this difference is defined by ,benedict ,,xiv41 in the ,const4 ,benedictus ,deus1 to be that the blessed see ,god 8without the mediation of anything created which presents itself as the object seen0--nulla mediante creatur in ratione objecti visi se habente4 ,every other cognition of ,god must therefore have some created object of intellectual vision as an intermediary between the intellect and ,god--that is1 must be mediate and not immediate cognition4 ,an immediate cognition1 however obscure and imperfect1 must therefore be essentially the same with the clear1 beatific intuition of the essence of ,god1 and capable of being expanded1 extended1 developed1 increased1 made more penetrating or powerful1 without being essentially changed1 until it equals or surpasses the intuition of the highest angel in heaven4 ,the light of faith or the light of glory can be therefore only aids to the improvement of the human intellect in its own natural capacity and activity--as if one should see the stars more plainly by a telescope1 and afterwards receive a more perfect body with a visual organ superior to any telescope that was ever made4 ,a more elaborate similitude will make the difference of immediate and mediate cognition of ,god more plain4 ,let us suppose a barbarian lying asleep on the shore of his lonely island in the ,pacific1 while a large ship1 the first which has ever approached it1 has just come within the most distant range of vision4 ,there is an object1 then on his horizon1 which he has the power to see1 but does not perceive until he awakes4 ,he perceives it at first as a very small and dimlyseen object--as something1 he knows not what4 ,it may be a cloud1 a bird1 a wave sparkling in the sun1 a canoe4 ,it is a large manofwar which is the real object perceived1 but he does not know that it is a ship1 or know its contents1 or even know what a ship is4 ,this is an obscure perception4 ,by andby he can see that it is not a cloud1 or bird1 or canoe1 but a large1 moving structure1 whose principal parts are visible to him4 ,this is a clear perception4 ,when it has anchored1 he has been taken on board1 has seen its crew and armament1 its cabins and hold1 and has learned what is its purpose and the utility of its principal parts1 he has a distinct conception4 ,after he has learned the language of the sailors1 and has been instructed to a greater or less extent1 he acquires a more adequate and perfect knowledge1 like that which the sailors themselves possess2 he joins the crew1 and becomes an expert seaman1 and finds himself to have become much superior in knowledge and happiness to what he was before the ship came to his island4 ,let us also suppose that a bottle is washed ashore at another island1 and picked up by a native4 ,when he opens it1 he finds in it a drawing representing a large ship1 and a paper containing particular information about the ship and its crew4 ,this bottle had been thrown overboard after the ship had sprung a leak in midocean1 and was about to founder4 ,after the bottle has been found by the native1 ,europeans arrive at the island1 by whom the papers are examined1 and their contents explained to the native1 who learns also from the explanation of the drawing to understand what the ship is1 its use1 construction1 parts1 etc4 ,he thus gains substantially the same knowledge of that ship and its crew with that which the other native gained about the other ship1 though in a different way1 without ever seeing the ship itself1 but only an image of it4 ,one has immediate1 the other mediate cognition4 ,one sees the object in itself1 the other sees it in something else4 ,in the first case the native saw something which was a ship1 but while it was distant it was not visible as a ship1 only as an object4 ,afterwards it was visible in its outward shape and appearance as a ship1 in clear1 unmistakable contrast with every different object1 but not distinctly understood or closely inspected1 or made the principal object of the occupation1 the attachment1 the enjoyment1 of the native--in a word1 the home and centre of his chief earthly good4 ,when he first saw something in the distance1 he really saw the ship1 and in that vision was virtually contained all that he afterwards discovered in respect to it2 whereas1 the other native never saw the other ship1 and never could see it by means of drawings or verbal descriptions1 although he could learn that it was a ship1 and what ship it was1 where it sailed from1 who sailed it1 and when and where it foundered4 ,the above comparison is not perfect1 since every comparison must limp at least a little2 but we think it is sufficient as an illustration of the process by which the human intellect attains to the knowledge of ,god and the beatific vision of ,god1 according to ontologism as differing from the doctrine of sound ,catholic theology4 ,according to ontologism1 ,god presents himself to the intellect1 when he creates it1 as its immediate ,object1 objective ,idea1 or intelligible ,term4 ,so soon as it is capable of apprehending eternal verities1 it apprehends that which is ,god1 although not yet knowing explicitly that what it apprehends is ,god--that is1 the one1 living1 most perfect ,being who is the creator and sovereign lord of all things4 ,by another step it acquires a clear conception of ,god1 and makes the judgment that ,god is1 and that he is eternal1 infinite1 omniscient1 omnipotent4 ,this judgment is an evolution from that cognition which existed at the beginning as a habit into an explicit act1 as the explicit act of faith is deduced from the habit of faith given to the infant by baptism4 ,that ,god is1 is known by what he is--that is1 by his essence1 which is seen in the eternal verities or divine ideas as they are in reality1 not distinguishable from the divine substance4 ,faith gives an obscure perception of the interior mysteries of the divine substance which are beyond the ken of the intellect unaided by revelation1 or1 in other words1 are superintelligible verities2 and the light of glory increases the power of intellectual vision so that it sees clearly and distinctly the interior essence of ,god1 which completes the beatification of the soul4 ,in this place we may cite the third of the seven condemned propositions1 which expresses the aforementioned theory1 as taken in connection with the fifth4 ,this third proposition is3 8,universals1 objectively considered1 a parte rei1 are not really distinguishable from ,god02 and the fifth3 8,all other ideas are only modifications of the idea in which ,god is intellectively perceived as simply being--tamquam ens simpliciter intelligitur40 ,universals are general ideas1 each one of which is capable of being predicated of a multitude of subjects4 ,the logical universals are five--genus1 species1 differentia1 attribute1 accident4 ,the ten categories of ,aristotle include all the supreme genera1 though some maintain that a better division may be made4 ,the transcendental ideas are those which transcend all generic classification1 because they may be predicated of every genus and all its inferiors4 ,they are the ideas of being1 unity1 the good1 the true1 the beautiful4 ,they belong1 therefore1 to the universals1 although predicated in analogous and not identical senses of the diverse genera and their inferior subjects4 ,take the supreme genus substance1 as an instance1 and follow it down to man--substance1 corporeal substance1 organized substance1 animal1 rational animal1 i4e41 man4 ,his proximate genus is animal1 his differentia rationality1 which constitute the species man4 ,the concrete reality of the universals1 substance1 etc41 terminating in the species which is rational animal is found only in individual men4 ,the direct universals1 genus1 species1 differentia1 exist1 a parte rei1 in each individual of the human species4 ,each man is a substance1 corporeal1 organized1 animal1 rational1 and these universals can be predicated of him as their subject4 ,the transcendental predicates1 also1 are connected with individual men as their subject4 ,individual men have being1 unity1 verity1 goodness1 beauty4 ,but these may be predicated in senses which are only analogous to each other of the composite essence1 of its distinct parts1 soul and body1 of the attributes or essential qualities of man1 and of the accidents of individual men4 ,for instance1 the human essence is essentially good2 the soul and body are good each in its own order2 rationality is good2 learning1 valor1 amiability1 moral virtue1 sanctity1 are good2 but there is analogy only1 not identity1 in these various kinds of good4 ,the same is true of being4 ,it is absurd1 therefore1 to speak1 as ,plato does1 of a universal good1 true1 beautiful1 or to speak of any universal idea1 such as being1 or a modification of being1 as having any objective reality as a universal1 except as a concept of the mind with a foundation in that which is or may be an actually existing thing4 ,they are metaphysical essences1 with their generic1 specific1 qualifying1 and transcendental predicates4 ,all the categories or supreme genera together make up what is called the nature of things1 considered metaphysically2 considered in their physical being in the sum of all concrete existences1 they make up universal nature4 ,the metaphysical essences are necessary1 immutable1 eternal1 and potentially infinite4 ,they are the eternal verities1 the necessary truths1 which copy the divine ideas upon nature or the universe1 where ,god has impressed them1 and are abstracted from the works of the ,creator by the intellect of man4 ,they are distinguishable from ,god1 therefore they are not in the essence of ,god1 or the divine ideas subsisting in the divine substance1 and are not there seen by the intellect4 ,this was long ago proved by philosophers and theologians4 ,it is now declared by authority that it is unsafe thus to identify them with ,god1 and thereby make him the immediate object of the intellect4 ,the reason why it is unsafe is that it destroys the differentia which makes our rational cognition of ,god specifically distinct from the intuitive cognition of the blessed4 ,there are also other dangers to faith and sound theology involved in the doctrines or tendencies of ontologism1 which we have not space to notice4 ,neither the absurdity nor the heterodoxy of ontologism is avoided by the system of ,gioberti4 ,the objection of ,giobertians to pure ontologism1 that it furnishes no dialectic principle uniting natural theology with other branches of special metaphysics and with ontology1 is1 indeed1 well taken4 ,but this only shows that pure ontologism is absurd and incoherent4 ,it does not remove the absurdity of that which is common to pure ontologism and the ontologism of ,gioberti4 ,neither does it remove its heterodoxy4 ,saying that we have immediate cognition of something which is not ,god does not make it more orthodox to say that we have immediate cognition of ,god4 ,moreover1 ,gioberti's doctrine1 as taught by himself1 and understood by his ,european disciples and admirers1 as well as by his acutest and most orthodox opponents1 is far more heterodox than that of any other ontologist who is also a ,catholic4 ,evidence has been furnished which has never been rebutted that ,gioberti was a pantheist even before he published his ,introduction to ,philosophy4 ,in a letter to ,mazzini1 written before that date1 but only afterwards published from a motive of pique against him1 he says explicitly that he is a pantheist after the manner of ,giordano ,bruno1 though a ,christian pantheist4 ,what does this mean1 unless it means that he had conceived a plan of combining pantheistic philosophy with the ,catholic dogmas1 as a part of his grand scheme of reconciling paganism with ,christianity1 and the ,european revolution with the ,papacy8 ,on this supposition he must either have acted the part of a deliberate liar and hypocrite--a baseness of which we believe him to have been incapable--or he must have intended1 and in a subtile manner insinuated pantheism in the guise of his famous ideal formula1 ,ens creat existentias4 ,in this case whatever may bear a pantheistic interpretation or seem to point to a pantheistic conclusion must be pantheistically interpreted1 so far as the sense of the author is concerned4 ,it is not strange1 however1 that many have understood him in a sense not directly heretical1 or even1 perhaps1 quite compatible with ,catholic faith4 ,for his works are filled with passages which1 taken in a ,catholic sense1 are gems of the purest and most precious sort4 ,if the formula ,being creates existences be taken in the orthodox sense1 as equivalent to ,god creates the world1 it is obviously a directly contrary proposition to any one expressing pantheism4 ,to make it bear a pantheistic sense1 definitions of being1 create1 and existences must be subintroduced which vitiate its orthodox meaning4 ,but1 leaving aside this question1 we have already proved that a ,catholic must hold that the human intellect cannot have an immediate cognition of the first extreme of the formula1 viz41 that real and necessary ,being which is ,god4 ,without this he cannot have an immediate cognition of the creative act1 as the act of ,god1 or of created things in their ideas1 considered as the divine ideas themselves in the divine mind1 and really identical with the divine essence4 ,it is certain that the ,holy ,see did not intend to condemn pantheism in the decree respecting the seven propositions1 for it would never have affixed such a mild censure if it had so intended4 ,ontologism1 whether couched in ,gioberti's formula or not1 is condemned in that sense which is not pantheistic1 and under every formula which includes an affirmation of the immediate cognition of ,god by the human intellect1 as defined by ,m4 ,fabre in the passage quoted at the beginning of this article4 ,before concluding we are obliged reluctantly to add a few words about a personal controversy with ,dr4 ,brownson1 with whom we always regret to have a difference respecting any matter which belongs to ,catholic doctrine4 ,we desire to explain1 therefore1 that we made no statement to the effect that the ontologism condemned by the ,holy ,see had ever been formally and explicitly taught in philosophical articles1 whether written by himself or any one else1 in this magazine4 ,moreover1 in the passage where his name is mentioned there is no direct statement that 8his own ontologism0 falls under ecclesiastical censure4 ,the utmost implied or asserted is that some educated men might think that some of his statements are 8unsound10 philosophically or theologically1 and demand a certain benignity of interpretation in order to escape the censure which a professed theologian would justly incur if he made such statements in a book written for schoolboys or young pupils4 ,dr4 ,brownson's own defence of his doctrine1 as based on his definition of intuition3 8,intuition is the act of the object1 not of the subject10 was cited as the precise distinction between his own doctrine and the one condemned1 upon which the question of the theological soundness of his peculiar ontologism turns4 ,we called it 8a newlyinvented distinction between ideal intuition and perception or cognition10 and qualified the definition above quoted as an 8assumption10 which we think is quite correct4 ,it is new in ,catholic philosophy1 and has not been proved4 ,we think1 therefore1 that the phraseology of ,dr4 ,brownson makes his doctrine liable to an interpretation1 even by educated men1 which makes it similar to that of the condemned ontologism4 ,that it is sound and safe we are not prepared to say4 ,neither do we say positively that it is not4 ,if it is1 we think ,dr4 ,brownson can place it in a clearer light than he has yet done1 and we shall heartily rejoice to see him distinctly enunciate and vindicate his fundamental doctrine1 whether it does or does not accord with that which is held by the disciples of ,s4 ,thomas4 ,of his loyal intention to conform his doctrine to the decisions of the supreme authority in the church there can be no doubt4 ,that he has so far succeeded in doing so1 at least by an exact and explicit expression of it1 we cannot help doubting4 ,we cannot see that the distinction between ideal intuition and cognition1 so far as we apprehend it1 suffices4 ,we understand him to define ideal intuition as an act of ,god presenting himself to the intellect as its object1 and to call the act of the intellect apprehending this ideal object empirical intuition4 ,we understand him also to identify the immediate object on which the active intellect exercises its discursive operations with real1 necessary being--i4e4 ,god--although it does not make the judgment that eternal verities are real being1 and that real being is ,god1 immediately1 but by means of reflection and reasoning4 ,now1 we cannot see any essential difference between this doctrine and that of ,m4 ,branchereau and other ontologists4 ,we do not think it possible to escape the ecclesiastical censure on the doctrine of the immediate cognition of ,god1 unless something is placed1 ratione objecti visi1 between ,god and the intellect1 making the cognition mediate4 ,moreover1 we consider that the term cognition in the ,roman decree covers intuition and simple apprehension1 even in their confused state1 as well as distinct conceptions and judgments4 ,dr4 ,brownson's peculiar terminology and informal method of arguing make it1 however1 more difficult to understand his real doctrine and compare it with that of standard authors than if it were expressed in the usual style and method4 ,dr4 ,brownson has also further charged the author of ,problems of the ,age with having actually taught in the opening chapters of that essay1 as first published in this magazine1 the very ontologism condemned in the seven propositions4 ,that there are ambiguous expressions and passages which taken apart from the whole tenor of the argument are liable to such an interpretation1 we do not deny4 ,but in reality1 it was the doctrine of ,gerdil which was intended1 and expressed with sufficient distinctness for a careful and critical reader4 ,this doctrine is expressed by the illustrious cardinal in these words3 8,god1 who contains eminently the ideas of all things1 impresses their intellectual similitudes in us by his action1 which constitute the immediate object of our perceptions40 ,upon which ,liberatore remarks3 8,in these words ,gerdil did not modify the ontologism which he professed in his youth1 but retracted it4 ,and indeed1 how can even the shadow of ontologism be said to remain1 when the immediate object of our perceptions is no longer said to be ,god1 or ideas existing in ,god1 but only their similitudes1 which are impressed by the divine action upon our minds407#ii7 ,a few quotations from the ,problems of the ,age will prove the truth of our assertion that it proposed a theory similar to the theory of ,gerdil4 8,it is evident that we have no direct intellectual vision or beholding of ,god4 ,the soul is separated from him by an infinite and impassable abyss407#ajj7 8,god affirms himself originally to the reason by the creative act1 which is first apprehended by the reason7#aja7through the medium of the sensible4444 ,thus we know ,god by creation1 and creation comes into the most immediate contact with us on its sensible side407#ajb7 8,the knowledge of ,god is limited to that which he expresses by the similitude of himself exhibited in the creation407#ajc7 8,it is of the essence of a created spirit that its active intuition or intellective vision is limited to finite objects as its immediate terminus1 commensurate to its finite1 visual power4 ,it sees ,god only mediately1 as his being and attributes are reflected and imaged in finite things1 and therefore its highest contemplation of ,god is merely abstractive407#ajd7 ,more passages might be quoted1 but these may suffice4 ,the form of expression is frequently ,giobertian1 especially in the early chapters4 ,but the author understood ,gioberti in an orthodox sense4 ,in our opinion ,dr4 ,brownson1 as well as ourselves1 failed to a very great extent to understand his artfullyexpressed meaning4 ,we used language similar to that of ontologism1 but the sense in which we asserted the intuition of ,god was that of an infused idea of necessary and eternal truths2 having their foundation and eminent1 but not entitative existence in ,god1 as ,father ,kleutgen teaches2 by virtue of which the mind can rise by discursive reasoning through the creation to an explicit conception of what ,god is1 and make the judgment that he is4 ,all that introductory part of his work which treats of ontology was1 however1 suppressed by the author when the ,problems of the ,age was published in bookform1 precisely on account of the tincture of ideas and phraselogy1 which too nearly resembled those of ontologists1 and were too obscure and ambiguous4 ,we do not suppose that the ideology of those ,catholic philosophers whom we may call ,platonisers1 for want of a more specific term1 has been condemned2 or the ,peripatetic ideology enjoined as the only one which can safely be taught in the schools2 by any positive precept of the ,holy ,see4 ,nevertheless1 we think the former ideology1 in all its various shapes1 has received a backhanded blow1 by the condemnation of ontologism1 which must prove fatal to it4 ,we see no logical alternative for those who reject psychologism1 except between ontologism and the ideology of ,s4 ,thomas4 ,the objective term of intellective conceptions must be1 if it has real existence1 either in ,god1 in created things outside the mind1 or in the mind itself4 ,if it is the latter1 a vague idealism which carries philosophy into an abstract world1 separated by a chasm from the real1 seems unavoidable4 ,there is no real1 concrete being1 except in ,god and that which ,god has created4 ,unless the universals are mere conceptions or ideas1 and unless ideas are1 not that by which the intellect perceives1 but that which it perceives--and this is psychologism--they must have their entitative existence in the essence of ,god1 and be indistinguishable from it2 or they must have it in created objects4 ,the former cannot be safely held and taught4 ,therefore we must take the latter side of the alternative1 or fall into psychologism4 ,there is no solid rational basis1 except that of scholastic philosophy1 on which we can stand4 ,the master in this school is the ,angelic ,doctor4 ,our interpretation1 or that of any greater disciple of ,s4 ,thomas1 has no authority1 except that which is intrinsic to the evidence it furnishes that it is really his doctrine4 ,the evidence is clear enough1 however1 to any competent person who examines it1 that we have stated his doctrine correctly1 and that all the criticisms upon the ideology we vindicate fall upon ,s4 ,thomas1 and not upon us4 ,any one who will read the great works of ,kleutgen and ,liberatore can see this proved in the amplest manner from the writings of ,s4 ,thomas and in his own distinct statements4 ,and any person of ordinary common sense will conclude that a man of the acute intelligence1 conscientiousness1 and patient application which characterize ,father ,liberatore1 in a lifelong study of the clearest and most lucid author who ever wrote1 cannot have failed to understand his philosophical system4 ,liberatore avowedly confines himself to an exposition of the philosophy of ,s4 ,thomas pure and simple4 ,and in his great work1 ,della ,conoscenza ,intellettuale1 he has given the most ample and lucid exposition of that particular part of it1 with a solid refutation of the other principal theories4 ,kleutgen is more original1 and not less erudite1 though perhaps not equal to ,liberatore in the thorough mastery of the writings of the ,angelic ,doctor2 and he has given a most extensive and complete exposition of scholastic philosophy1 accompanied by an exhaustive appreciation of modern systems1 in his ,philosophie der ,vorzeit4 ,it is very well for those who can do so to study ,s4 ,thomas for themselves1 though even they cannot neglect his commentators4 ,but it is idle to recommend this study to the generality of students in philosophy and theology1 as a substitute for the study of the minor approved authors4 ,dogmatic and moral theology and philosophy are real sciences1 as they are taught in the ,catholic schools1 and they can be and must be learned from textbooks and the oral instruction of professors4 ,the presumption is in favor of the books and teachers approved by ecclesiastical authority1 that they teach sound doctrine4 ,there cannot be anything more injurious to the interests of ecclesiastical or secular education than to depreciate and undermine their legitimate authority1 and thus awaken distrust in the minds of those who must receive their instruction from them1 or else undertake the task of instructing themselves4 ,such an undertaking usually results in a failure which may have disastrous consequences4 ,the greater number follow self chosen and dangerous guides4 ,the few of superior intelligence and activity of mind2 who throw off respect for all authority except that which they recognize as absolutely infallible1 or submit to through the worship which they pay to genius and to ideas which have captivated their intellect and imagination2 are apt to indulge the futile and dangerous dream of remodelling philosophy and theology4 ,such have been the leaders of dissension1 of heresy1 and of apostasy4 ,de ,lamennais1 ,st4 ,cyran1 ,gioberti1 and ,dllinger are examples4 ,they began to deviate by breaking away from the common and present sense of the great body of authors in actual use and living teachers of theology4 ,every one knows where they ended4 ,similar tendencies and proclivities can be effectually suppressed only by a sound theology and a sound philosophy1 together with that spirit called the piety of faith1 which goes much beyond a mere submission to absolute and categorical decrees in regard to faith and morals4 ,in conclusion1 we venture very earnestly to advise all converts who have finished a liberal education before entering the church1 not to study theology without also going through a careful course of philosophy1 beginning with textbooks such as those of ,father ,hill and ,liberatore4 ,reminiscences ,of ,a ,tile,field4 ,once upon a time there lived a king and a queen in a grand old group of ,gothic towers that was called the ,louvre4 ,nowadays we should call their house a palace1 but in those good old times kings built houses to fight in as well as to live in1 and their abodes had to do duty at once as palace1 fortress1 and prison4 ,at the time we speak of this mass of straggling roofs and gables resembled a citadel mounting guard over ,paris from the western side1 as the ,bastile did from the east2 but when ,francis ,i4 came on the scene1 he denounced the barbariclooking stronghold as a place too like a dungeon for a king to live in1 though it did well enough for a huntinglodge4 ,it was too venerable to be thrown down1 and too stern in its original character to bend to any architectural modifications1 so he decided to leave it as it was1 and build a palace after his own fancy by the side it4 ,he began1 accordingly1 the florid ,italian edifice which now forms the western side of the old ,louvre4 ,he did not live to see the work completed2 but it was continued by his son1 who died soon after it was finished1 and left his widow1 ,catherine de ,mdicis1 in enjoyment of it4 ,but the wily queen1 looking to the future1 saw that her son would one of these days be reigning in the ,louvre1 and that it might not suit her to remain his guest2 so she set about building a palace for herself1 where in due time she might plot and scheme1 distil poisons1 and light civil wars unmolested by the king's presence or the prying eyes of his court4 ,west of the ,louvre1 and in the then open country1 was a tilefield1 which1 from the fact of tuiles being manufactured there1 was called ,les ,tuileries4 ,the ,mdicean sorceress touched the tiles with her wand1 and up rose under that magic stroke the stately palace which was to be the centre of so many high and wonderful destinies1 and which continued to bear through all changes and vicissitudes its first homely title of ,les ,tuileries4 ,one life could not suffice for the completion of such a monument1 however1 and ,catherine left it to her three king sons1 successively to finish4 ,but already in her own time the tilefield was baptized in blood4 ,from one of its ,gothic windows the mother pulled the trigger in the trembling hand of the son which gave the signal for the massacre of ,s4 ,bartholomew4 ,thus in its very cradle did the ,tuileries sign itself ,haceldama1 a field where blood should flow1 where princes should sell and be sold1 where a king should wrestle with the powers of darkness1 and be dragged forth in ignominy to death4 ,the two palaces1 hitherto distinct and separate1 were united by ,charles ,,ix41 who erected the long gallery by the river's side4 ,it was not entirely finished when he died1 leaving his brothers to make it ready for ,henry ,,iv41 who is represented as traversing the gallery1 leaning on ,de ,guise1 the day before ,ravaillac's dagger cut short the ,barnais' career4 ,the idea of turning it into a museum was first suggested by ,louis ,,xvi41 who reverted to the plan frequently1 but was compelled by financial difficulties to leave the glory of its execution to ,bonaparte4 ,those who have seen the beautiful old palace recently1 before its partial destruction1 would hardly recognize it as the same which fifteen years ago was choked up to its very windows by the rubbish of the encroaching town2 the space now cleared away between the two palaces1 the ,louvre proper and the ,tuileries1 was filled with mean houses1 for the most part shops4 ,even the faade of the ,tuileries was cumbered and disfigured by a variety of shabby buildings1 barracks1 stables1 and domestic offices1 these latter being necessary for the convenience of its inmates--since royalty must dine--the original plan of the palace having made no provision for those vulgar essentials for the carrying on of daily life4 ,it was an unsafe abode for royalty when safety needed to be thought of and the hearts of the people had ceased to be the king's best stronghold2 but when the ,mdicis reared the noble1 picturesque old pile1 they were troubled with no such considerations4 ,the ghosts of constitutionalism and sansculottism were slumbering quietly unsuspected in the womb of the future1 and no provision was made for slaying or defying them4 ,for nearly a century the ,tuileries had been uninhabited1 when1 on the wrathful day of the #fth of ,october1 the mob surged from ,paris to ,versailles1 and dragged ,louis ,seize and ,marie ,antoinette from their beds1 and installed them within its empty1 neglected walls4 8,buildings1 like builders1 have their destiny40 ,ever since the memorable morning when insurrection reared its hydrahead under the windows of the ,queen of ,france1 and battered in the chamber door with clubs and tricolor bedizened pikes1 and sent her flying in terrified dshabill through secret corridors and traptapestries into the king's room for safety2 ever since 8rascality looked in the king's face1 and did not die10 but seized royalty by the beard1 and led it1 amidst hootings of triumph1 to lodge where the people willed1 the grand chteau of ,versailles has stood vacant of kings and queens1 its polished floors reflecting the dead monarchs on the walls1 a great hush filling its broad galleries1 grass growing in its courts1 the silence of the past brooding everywhere4 ,noisy demagogues may scream and howl in the theatre where the ,grand ,monarch applauded the verses of ,corneille and ,racine1 and their nimble heels may tread down some of the grass between the pavingstones of the ,cour du ,roi1 but they are but jackdaws chattering in the deserted temple4 ,versailles has lived its day1 and outlived its generation4 ,neglected and uncomfortable as the ,tuileries was1 the royal family had no choice but to go there4 ,the ,louvre was partly dilapidated and quite unfurnished1 while the sister palace1 though so long uninhabited1 was still furnished1 and needed comparatively little to make it1 even in this sudden emergency1 a suitable domestic residence4 ,the discomforts of the first few days were great1 but the royal captives were absorbed in graver cares1 and bestowed no idle regrets on such small matters as personal accommodation4 ,louis was satisfied with his trucklebed1 hurriedly provided by the nation in the tapestried room4 8,where will your majesty please to sleep80 inquired an obsequious municipal1 entering the presence2 and majesty1 with head bowed over his knees1 answers1 without deigning to look around and choose1 8,i am well enough here2 let each lodge as he may40 ,so the trucklebed is got ready4 ,strange days followed this strange beginning4 ,paris for a week was drunk with joy4 ,the mob had got the king in their possession4 ,loyal subjects looked on1 not knowing whether to weep or to rejoice4 ,the ,orleanist faction chuckled boldly over the degradation of the crown1 and over the fact that the persons of the king and1 above all1 of the queen were safe in a gilded prison4 ,the queen was far too wise and keeneyed to be deceived by the pale glimmer of popularity which1 during the early days of their abode in ,paris1 shone upon them4 ,louis took pleasure in the scanty vivats that greeted him when he sauntered out for a walk on the terrace--his only place of exercise now--and within doors amused himself with carpentry and lock making4 ,the ,dauphin played at soldiering1 dressed in military uniform1 and gave the word of command to his men1 a regiment of warriors from five to eight years old4 ,marie ,antoinette had her library brought from ,versailles1 and sought refuge from thought in reading4 ,mme4 ,elizabeth1 meanwhile1 watches the signs of the coming storm1 prays1 loves1 and hopes4 ,the ,assembly had followed the king to ,paris1 and installed itself in the ,salle de ,mange1 formerly the ridingschool of the ,tuileries1 and situated within sight of the palace on the north terrace4 ,this proximity1 whether accidental or designed1 was a source of danger and humiliation to the king4 ,the members could see the royal prisonhouse from the windows of the ,mange1 and the prospect served to point many an insolent period in the tribune4 ,mirabeau used it with fine effect4 8,i see10 he cried1 8the window whence a king of ,france1 under the influence of execrable advisers1 fired the shot which gave the signal of the massacre of ,s4 ,bartholomew60 ,but the ,assembly did not content itself with pointing the arrows of its rhetoric at the doomed ,louis2 it sought to give him more practical proofs of disrespect4 ,the ridingschool being situated on the ,terrace des ,feuillants1 the members declared that this terrace belonged to them1 and not to the king2 it was therefore thrown open as a public thoroughfare1 the palace being thus exposed to the coming and going of the populace1 who availed themselves of the opportunity of flaunting their disloyalty under the very windows of the sovereign4 ,there was no longer any barrier on the north side1 and1 the external posts being all sentinelled by ,national ,guards1 the royal family had no control over either the courts or the gardens4 ,this scandalous violation of his privacy roused even ,louis to utter a mild protest to the ,assembly1 but it was met by one of the ,girondists retorting that 8the people lodged ,louis in the ,tuileries1 but it nowise followed that they gave up to him the exclusive use of the gardens40 ,the unhappy king had no resource henceforth but in dignified patience1 fed by the hope of escaping to the freedom and seclusion of ,st4 ,cloud at ,easter4 ,we know how1 just as he had entered his carriage to start for that suburban castle1 it was surrounded by the mob1 and he himself only rescued from personal violence by ,lafayette and his troop1 who were1 however1 unable to effect his release4 ,louis reentered the ,tuileries crushed and humbled1 but inwardly resolved on some desperate attempt to escape from the insupportable bondage of his position4 ,the abortive attempt to leave the ,tuileries1 even for his usual summer residence1 roused a bitter feeling of suspicion against him1 and more especially against the queen1 which was soon manifested by the increasing insolence of the mob4 ,they dared no longer show themselves in public1 and even their afternoon walk on the terrace by the river's side became impossible4 ,they tried to avoid the humiliation and annoyance it provoked by rising at daybreak1 and taking an hour's exercise in the early dawn2 but this soon became known1 and had also to be abandoned4 ,at last the queen complained that she 8could not even open her windows on these hot summer evenings without being subjected to the grossest invectives and threats40 ,when things came to this point1 the king was forced to lend an ear to the proposals which had up to this time met with a dogged and somewhat contemptuous refusal4 ,there was but one way of remedying the miseries of their position1 and that was by flight4 ,it was no longer a question of flying from humiliation1 but from absolute and imminent danger4 ,the most sanguine or the most obtuse observer could not but see that things were hastening to a fearful crisis1 which1 terminate how it may1 must work ruin to the royal family4 ,many schemes were arranged1 but for one reason or another they fell through4 ,finally1 it was settled that the sovereign should escape with his wife and children and sister to ,montmdy4 ,this was the utmost that could be wrung from ,louis1 even in this extremity4 ,no arguments could induce him to consent to leave ,france1 or even to cross the frontier with the purpose of reentering ,france the next day1 though by so doing he would have shortened the journey and lessened its dangers4 ,if even then he had consented to fly speedily1 separately1 instead of losing the precious days and weeks in preparations that only awoke suspicion and proved hindrances instead of helps6 ,but in the race of destiny1 who wins8 ,not he who flies1 but he who waits4 ,louis waited too long1 or not long enough2 fled too late1 if he should have fled at all4 ,the story of the flight to ,varennes has been written by historians of all shades and camps1 but it is generally tainted with such vehement partisanship that the simple1 underlying facts become obscured1 almost obliterated1 by hysterical reproaches of this one and that2 whereas the cause of the failure of that memorable expedition is to be sought rather in the attitude of the entire population1 the atmosphere of the times1 or1 let us say at once1 the mysterious leadings of the ,first ,great ,cause which overrules human events1 even while it leaves the human instruments free to decide the issue4 ,it is easy for one historian7#aje7 to lay the blame on ,marie ,antoinette1 who 8could not travel without new clothes10 showing us how 8,dame ,campan whisks assiduous to this mantuamaker and to that2 and there is clipping of frocks and gowns1 upper clothes and under1 great and small--such clipping and sewing as might be dispensed with4 ,moreover1 majesty cannot go a step anywhere without her ncessaire1 dear ncessaire1 of inlaid ivory and rosewood1 cunningly devised1 which holds perfumes1 toilet implements1 infinite small1 queenlike furniture necessary to terrestrial life40 ,poor ,marie ,antoinette6 her grand1 queenlike soul was lifted far above such silly 8terrestrial life0 by this time1 and it is not likely that1 when such tremendous stakes were impending1 her care dwelt with new clothes or perfume bottles--so misleading does prejudice make the clearest mind1 the most intentionally sincere witness4 ,the plain truth is that the difficulty of the new clothes existed1 but from a very different motive from that suggested by ,mr4 ,carlyle4 ,it was necessary that the queen and the royal children should be disguised1 and for this purpose new clothes were essential1 and it required all the ingenuity of ,mme4 ,de ,tourzel1 and ,mme4 ,campan1 and every one connected with the affair to get them made so as to fit the royal fugitives1 and then conveyed into the palace without exciting the keen lynxeyes that were fixed on every incomer and outgoer passing through the queen's apartments4 ,as to the ncessaire over which the ,scotch philosopher breaks the vials of his scorn so loftily1 it was wanted4 ,some box was wanted to hold the money1 jewels1 and certain indispensable papers that were to be taken on the journey1 and the queen suggested that her dressingcase should be used1 adding at the same time that she was loath to leave it behind her1 as it was almost the first present she had received from her husband--no great subject for philosophical sneers1 as far as we can see4 ,nor did either ncessaire or new clothes--though the obtaining and smuggling in of the latter caused much delay--give rise to any of the accidents which worked the failure of the scheme4 ,then there was the new berlin to be provided--a lamentable mistake1 but not one that deserves ,mr4 ,carlyle's withering sarcasms any more than the ncessaire4 8,miserable new berlin60 he cries4 8,why could not royalty go in an old berlin similar to that of other men8 ,flying for life1 one does not stickle about one's vehicle40 ,it was not for the newness or dignity of the vehicle that the queen stickled1 but for its capability of carrying 8all her treasures with her40 ,she positively refused to fly at all1 unless it could be so contrived that she was not separated for an hour of the way from her husband1 her children1 and her beloved sisterinlaw1 the ,princess ,elizabeth4 ,she insisted1 moreover1 that the few faithful friends who were to share her flight should be with them also1 and not exposed to solitary risks in a separate conveyance4 ,this was characteristic enough of the queen's loyal heart towards those she loved1 but it was unlike her practical sense and intelligence4 ,m4 de ,fersen1 who was taken into confidence from the first1 declared that no travellingcoach was to be found large enough to answer these requirements1 and that one must be built on purpose4 ,it so happened that the previous year he had ordered a berlin1 of just such form and dimensions as was now wanted1 for a friend of his in ,russia2 he therefore went to the coachmaker1 and desired him with all possible speed to build another on the same model for a certain ,baronne de ,korff1 a cousin of his1 who was about to return to ,st4 ,petersburg with her family and suite4 ,the berlin was built1 and1 to baffle suspicion more effectually1 was driven through some of the most public streets in ,paris1 in order to try it4 ,the result was most satisfactory1 and ,m4 de ,fersen talked aloud to his friends of the perfect coach he had ordered and partly designed for his cousin1 ,mme4 de ,korff4 ,the journey was fixed for the #aith of ,june4 ,everything was ready1 every precaution had been taken1 every possible obstacle anticipated4 ,the ,marquis de ,bouill1 almost the only general whose devotion the king could trust to the death1 was in command of the army of the ,meuse1 and ,montmdy1 a small but wellfortified town1 was situated in the midst of it4 ,here the royal family were sure of a safe and loyal asylum4 ,the minor military arrangements were entrusted to ,m4 de ,goguelat1 an officer of engineers1 who was on ,bouill's staff1 and personally devoted to the king and queen4 ,the ,duc de ,choiseul1 under ,de ,goguelat's orders1 was to furnish local detachments from his regiment of ,royal ,dragoons along the road1 and to precede the royal departure by a few hours1 so as to ensure all being in order at the various stations4 ,m4 de ,goguelat made two experimental journeys to ,montmdy himself1 to ascertain the exact hour of arrival at each place4 ,unluckily1 he forgot to calculate the difference between a light postchaise and a heavilybuilt1 heavilyladen 8new berlin40 ,relays of horses were provided at each stage1 and a detachment of cavalry from ,de ,bouill's army was to be there also1 and1 after a short interval1 to follow the new berlin1 picking up each detachment successively1 and thus swelling the force at every stage4 ,the utmost secrecy was observed with all except the leaders of the expedition2 the pretext alleged to the troops for all this marching being that a treasure was on its way to the north for payment of the army4 ,all was waiting1 when1 at the last moment1 owing to some difficulty about getting ,mme4 de ,tourzel into the berlin1 the king sent a counterorder for the departure1 saying it must take place1 not on the #aith1 but on the #bjth4 ,it was a woful delay4 ,but at last1 on the night of the #bjth1 behold the travellers under way4 ,mme4 ,royale's ,mmoires give us the most authentic account of the mode of starting3 8,at halfpast ten1 on the #bjth of ,june1 #agia1 my brother was wakened up by my mother4 ,mme4 de ,tourzel brought him down to my mother's apartment1 where ,i also came4 ,there we found one of the gardesducorps1 ,m4 de ,malden1 who was to assist our departure4 ,my mother came in and out several times to see us4 ,they dressed my brother as a little girl4 ,he looked beautiful1 but he was so sleepy that he could not stand1 and did not know what we were all about4 ,i asked him what he thought we were going to do4 ,he answered3 #8,i suppose to act a play1 since we have all got these odd dresses4' ,at halfpast ten we were ready4 ,my mother herself conducted us to the carriage in the middle of the court1 which was exposing herself to great risk40 ,the rles were distributed as follows3 ,mme4 de ,tourzel1 governess of the children of ,france1 was ,baronne de ,korff2 ,mme4 ,royale and the ,dauphin1 her daughters4 ,the queen was their governess1 ,mme4 ,rocher4 ,the ,princess ,elizabeth was damedecompagnie1 under the name of ,rosalie4 ,the king was ,durand1 the valetdechambre4 ,the officers of the disbanded gardesdu corps went as couriers and servants4 ,this was a grievous mistake amidst so many others4 ,these gentlemen were totally inexperienced in their assumed characters1 and1 by their personal appearance and ignorance of the duties they undertook1 proved a fatal addition to the party4 ,the preparations were altogether too cumbrous and elaborate1 but it is difficult to accuse any special portion of them as superfluous in a time when the public spirit was strained to such a pitch of suspicion and hatred2 though prudence might have hinted that this heavy paraphernalia was far more calculated to awake the jealous mistrust of the people than to baffle or allay it4 ,all being now ready1 the fugitives furtively left the ,tuileries1 and proceeded to enter the hackneycoach that stood in wait for them outside the palace4 8,mme4 de ,tourzel1 my brother1 and ,i got into the coach first10 says ,mme4 ,royale4 8,m4 de ,fersen was coachman4 ,to deceive any one who might follow us we drove about several streets4 ,at last we returned to the ,petit ,carrousel1 which is close to the ,tuileries4 ,my brother was fast asleep in the bottom of the carriage40 ,and now another traveller steals softly out of the palace1 her face shrouded by a gypsyhat4 ,as she steps on the pavement a carriage1 escorted by torchbearers1 dashes past4 ,an unaccountable impulse moves her to touch the wheel with the end of her parasol4 ,the occupant of the carriage is ,lafayette1 on his way to the king's couche4 ,he is late1 having been delayed by urgent matters4 ,they tell him the king has already retired for the night4 ,meantime the lady in the gypsyhat1 leaning on ,m4 de ,malden1 one of the amateur couriers1 loses her way in the dark street1 and keeps the occupants and driver of the hackneycoach half an hour waiting in an agony of suspense4 ,at last1 after crossing and recrossing the river1 they make their way to the coach1 and start4 ,another presently follows them4 ,so they jog on through the dark night to the spot where the new berlin is waiting2 but1 lo6 they arrive1 and no berlin is there4 ,the king himself alights1 and prowls about in search of it4 ,m4 de ,fersen at last finds it1 overturns the hackneycoach into a ditch1 mounts the berlin1 and drives on to ,bondy4 ,there the travellers find a relay waiting in a wood4 ,the chivalrous ,swede stands bareheaded in the dewy dawnlight1 and bows his loyal farewell to the king and ,marie ,antoinette4 ,they press hands in silent thanks1 and the chevalier goes his way--to ,stockholm1 where that same day1 nineteen years hence1 he will meet a more brutal end than that which awaits the royal pair he has befriended--beaten to death with sticks by a savage mob1 who1 on the impulse of the moment1 accuse him of having been accessory to the death of ,prince ,charles ,augustus4 ,but now he breathes with a glad sense of victory and security1 and stands with bright1 moistened eye watching the huge berlin lurching on its way1 the only thing that broke the stillness of the wood1 sleeping yet under the fading stars4 ,all went smoothly as far as ,chlonssur,marne1 about a hundred miles beyond ,bondy1 and here the programme as arranged by the queen and ,de ,fersen ceased1 to be taken up by the ,duc de ,choiseul and ,m4 de ,bouill's detachments4 ,the berlin rumbled on through ,chlons at four in the afternoon1 and reached the next stage1 ,pont de ,somme,velle at six1 where ,m4 de ,goguelat's escort was to meet it4 ,but no escort was to be seen4 ,m4 de ,choiseul had been there at the appointed time1 but owing to the slow pace of the berlin and the time lost in the early stages--one accident to a wheel causing two hours' delay--they were four hours behind time1 and ,m4 de ,choiseul1 taking for granted something had occurred to change the plan altogether1 drew off his dragoons1 without leaving even a vedette to say where he was going4 ,everywhere these unlucky troops turned out a hindrance and a danger4 ,the soldiers accepted without arrire pense the plausible story of their being on duty to protect the transport of pay for the army of the ,meuse2 but the municipal authorities looked on them with suspicion1 and1 long before the idea of the real cause of their presence got wind1 the soldiers were eyed askance in the towns they passed through4 ,at this very place1 ,somme,velle1 one detachment caused a panic4 ,it so fell out1 by one of those disastrous coincidences which pursued the berlin on its adventurous way1 that some few days before there had been an affray amongst the peasants of a neighboring estate1 they having refused to pay certain rates1 in consequence of which the taxgatherers had threatened to enforce payment by bringing down the troops4 ,when therefore the population beheld ,de ,choiseul and his cavalry they fancied they had been summoned for the above purpose1 and a spirit of angry defiance was roused against them4 ,the municipality sent the gendarmerie to parley with the troops and compel them to withdraw2 but they failed in this overture1 and words began to run dangerously high on all sides4 ,meanwhile ,de ,choiseul was straining eyes and ears for the approach of the berlin1 in mortal dread of seeing it arrive in the midst of the popular excitement4 ,when1 however1 four hours passed1 and there was no sign of it1 he said to an officer1 loud enough to be heard by those near1 8,i will draw off my men2 the treasure ,i expected must have already passed40 ,the accounts of this particular hitch in the itinerary of the flight are so conflicting--some envenomed by bitter reproach1 others equally hot with recrimination from the accused--that it is difficult to see who really was in fault4 ,the time lost in the first instance appears to be the main cause of all the mishaps4 ,goguelat is blamed for not having taken better measures for ensuring the relays being found at once at every stage2 but he throws the blame on ,de ,choiseul1 under whose orders he was1 and who was at any rate guilty of strange thoughtlessness in drawing off from the point of rendezvous without leaving word where he could be found4 ,little time1 however1 was lost at ,somme,velle when the berlin at last arrived there4 ,it changed horses at once1 and away to ,sainte,mnhould1 which it reached at halfpast seven4 ,but here the incapacity of the soi disant couriers caused fresh delay and danger4 ,m4 de ,valory1 one of them1 not knowing where the posthouse was1 went about inquiring for it1 exciting curiosity and some suspicion by his manner and uncourierlike appearance4 ,he was still looking for it when a special escort of troops rode up--a circumstance which was very unfortunate1 as the angry feeling excited in the neighboring village by ,de ,choiseul's huzzars the day before had not yet subsided4 ,the captain of the detachment1 the ,marquis d',andoins1 sees the berlin1 and tries to telegraph by glances to ,goguelat which way lies the posthouse2 but ,goguelat cannot read the signals1 and goes up to him and asks in words1 keeping up the sham of his yellow livery by touching his hat respectfully to the aristocrat officer4 ,the king1 impatient and nervous1 puts his head out of the carriagewindow1 and calls to ,valory for explanations2 the marquis advances and tenders them respectfully1 but with seeming indifference1 as to ordinary travellers asking information on their way4 ,unlucky ,louis6 ,imprudent ,m4 d',andoins6 ,patriots' eyes are sharp1 and there are hundreds of them fixed on your two faces now4 ,these sharp eyes are suggesting some vague memory1 a likeness to some forgotten and yet dimlyremembered features4 ,whose can they be8 ,and the lady with the gypsyhat who bends forward to thank the gracious gentleman1 bowing in silence1 but with a grace of majesty unmistakable1 a something in her air and carriage that startles even these heavysouled provincials into wondering 8who can she be80 ,the lady falls back in an instant1 and is hidden from further gaze2 but that fat valetdechambre keeps his head protruded for several minutes4 ,the posthouse is found at last1 and the horses are coming4 ,the postmaster and his son are busy at their service4 ,the son has lately been to ,paris1 and has seen that head somewhere4 ,he whispers suspicion to his father1 old ,drouet1 one of ,cond's dragoons in bygone days1 and the two come closer1 and steal a long1 sharp1 look4 ,yes1 it is the same as the head on the coins and the assignats2 there is no mistaking it4 ,what is ,drouet to do8 ,he is a staunch patriot2 is he to connive at the king's treachery to the nation1 and let him fly to the foreigner unimpeded8 ,never was the ready wit of patriotism more severely tested4 ,no need now to wonder at all this marching and countermarching1 this flying of pickets to and fro1 this moving of troops along the road to the frontier4 ,treasure to be transported6 ,ay1 truly1 a greater treasure than gold or silver4 ,but what was to be done8 ,how was it to be stopped8 ,there were the soldiers and chivalrous aristocrat officers1 ready to cut all the patriot postmasters in ,france to pieces1 and then be cut to pieces themselves1 rather than let a hair of one of those royal heads be touched4 ,a word1 and the village would be in a blaze2 but only so long as it would take those glittering swords to quench the flame in patriot blood4 ,drouet is a prudent man4 ,he holds his tongue until the new berlin is fairly on its way1 with the village gaping after it1 the military escort lounging about yet a little longer in careless indifference4 ,m4 de ,damas was in command of the troops4 ,presently1 after the appointed interval1 he orders them to move on in the wake of the berlin4 ,but short as the time was1 it had sufficed to stir up the town to terrified and resolute opposition4 ,the people had flocked into the streets in angry excitement1 and would not suffer the cavalry to advance4 ,m4 de ,damas at first took a high tone of command1 but it was of no use2 his weapon broke in his hand4 ,the troops turned round on him and joined the mob1 and after a desperate struggle he was obliged to escape for his life1 unconscious1 even at this crisis1 of the danger that threatened his master4 ,drouet1 meanwhile1 was flying after his prey to ,clermont1 the next stage to ,st4 ,mnhould1 and which by a fatal chance he never reached2 if he had1 the final catastrophe would1 in human probability1 have been averted4 ,on the road there he met his own postilions coming back1 and they informed him that the berlin had not gone on to ,verdon--the next stage beyond ,clermont2 that they had overheard the courier on the seat say to the fresh postilions1 8,a ,varennes60 ,drouet1 who knew every stone of the roads1 saw at once what a chance this gave him4 ,he turned off the main road1 and started by a short cut across the country to ,varennes4 ,varennes was a small town1 a village rather1 where there was no posthouse1 but where ,m4 de ,bouill had a relay waiting for the travellers1 who1 having arrived before ,drouet1 and without any suspicion that he was pursuing them1 might have congratulated themselves on being at last safe over the ,rubicon4 ,yet it was here that danger was to overtake and overwhelm them4 ,in this secluded little dell1 near midnight1 when every one was asleep1 hushed by the lullaby of the river hurrying on its way beneath the silent stars1 no prying eyes to peer at them1 no patriots to take offence or fright1 with fresh horses waiting in the quiet wood1 and young ,de ,bouill1 the general's loyal son1 to superintend the relays1 with a guard of sixty staunch huzzars lodged in an old convent of the upper town1 at hand in case of now seemingly impossible accident--it was here that the thunderbolt fell1 and1 as the king expressed it1 8the earth opened to swallow him40 ,valory1 the clumsy courier in the gaudy gold livery1 has been blamed for it all2 but let us remember at least that a man who has ridden one hundred and fifty miles without breathingspace in twentythree hours is entitled to mercy if1 at the end of the ride1 his mind wanders and his thoughts become confused4 ,it was past eleven when he reached ,varennes1 and went looking about for the relays1 where he had been told he should find them1 at the entrance of the faubourg2 but no relays were to be seen4 ,he pushed on through the faubourg to the town1 which had gone to bed1 and could find no sign of the missing horses4 ,after wandering about for nearly an hour1 he hears a sound of rumbling of wheels coming along the ,paris road4 ,can it be the berlin8 ,and where1 oh6 where are the fresh horses8 ,he hurries back in the direction of the sound1 and finds the fugitives at the entrance of the suburb1 looking about for the relays4 ,there was nothing for it but to wake up the village and make enquiries4 ,the king and queen themselves got out1 and went1 with the couriers1 knocking at doors1 and calling to the inhabitants to know if they had seen horses waiting in the neighborhood4 ,drouet1 meantime1 was not asleep2 he was up with his game now1 and flashed past the berlin1 like a man riding1 not for life1 but against life for death1 just as the king alighted4 ,he shouted something as he passed1 but ,louis did not hear it4 ,it was an order to the postilions not to stir from the spot4 ,the relays all this time were ready waiting not at the entrance of the suburb on the ,paris side1 as had been specified to the king in ,m4 de ,goguelat's programme1 but at the entrance of the faubourg beyond the town--a safer and to all appearances more advantageous position1 as the change of horses would be sure to attract less notice out of the town than within it4 ,the grievous mistake on ,de ,goguelat's part was in not having told the courier the exact place where the relays were to be found4 ,but where were the officers commanding the sixty huzzars all this time8 ,fast asleep1 it is said1 though it is almost impossible to believe it4 ,certain it is that they and their huzzars1 as well as the detachment of dragoons which1 under command of ,m4 ,rohrig1 was told off to keep watch over 8the treasure10 kept out of the way while all this commotion was going on1 and never appeared until the entire village was on foot1 lights gleaming in every window1 and the streets filled with the inhabitants1 lately snoring in their beds4 ,drouet had managed his mission with a coolness and cleverness worthy of a nobler cause4 ,he made no row1 but went quietly to the houses of some halfdozen good patriots1 told them what was abroad1 and directed them how to act4 ,their first move was to hurry off to the bridge1 and throw up a loose barricade which would prevent the berlin passing2 they then flew to the other end of the town1 and overturned some carts that happened to be close by1 and thus barricaded the exit by the road4 ,they were but 8eight patriots of goodwill10 ,drouet proudly asserts1 in these momentous preliminaries1 so sagaciously and quickly executed4 ,the mob were by this time thoroughly roused4 ,they surrounded the carriage1 and forced the travellers to alight4 ,mme4 ,royale thus describes the scene3 8,after a great deal of trouble the postilions were persuaded that the horses were waiting at the castle 7at the other side of the town and river71 and they proceeded that way1 but slowly4 ,when we got into the village1 we heard alarming shouts of ,stop6 stop6 ,the postilions were seized1 and in a moment the carriage was surrounded by a great crowd1 some with arms and some with lights4 ,they asked who we were2 we answered1 #8,mme4 de ,korff and her family4' ,they thrust lights into the carriage1 close to my father's face1 and insisted upon our alighting4 ,we answered that we would not2 that we were common travellers1 and had a right to go on4 ,they repeated their orders to alight on pain of being put to death1 and at that moment all their guns were levelled4 ,we then alighted1 and1 in crossing the street1 six mounted dragoons passed us1 but unfortunately they had no officer with them2 if there had been1 six resolute men would have intimidated them all1 and might have saved the king4 ,there were sixty close at hand1 but the two officers who commanded them were asleep2 and when at last the noise of the riot awoke them1 they coolly rode away to tell the ,marquis de ,bouill that the king had been stopped1 and all was over2 while ,m4 ,rohrig1 who commanded the treasure escort1 rode off likewise1 leaving his men under a disaffected noncommissioned officer40 ,m4 de ,raigecourt1 in his account of this eventful 8,night of ,spurs10 tells us how he and his brother officer1 ,de ,bouill1 8at halfpast eleven returned to their bedrooms10 after strolling about the town1 in hopes of seeing the travellers arrive4 8,we extinguished our lights10 he says1 8but opened our windows and kept a profound silence4 ,about twelve we heard many persons passing and repassing1 but without tumult2 some even stopped under our windows1 but we could not distinguish what they were saying40 ,they remained quietly in their rooms1 8wondering what was the matter10 until about halfpast twelve1 when they were enlightened by signals which even their unsuspicious minds could not mistake4 ,the tocsin was rung1 the drum beat to arms1 the tumult became very great4 ,terror seemed to prevail4 ,i believe that at that moment ten1 or even fewer1 determined men would have routed that scared populace4 ,a general cry informed us that the king was in ,varennes1 betrayed and a prisoner4 ,instead of now1 at least1 hastening to call out their men 7who1 we said1 were lodged above the town in an old abbey71 the two officers 8took for granted that the huzzars had laid down their arms1 as otherwise they would have come to the rescue and liberated the king10 and so they simply rode away to report the lamentable issue to ,de ,bouill4 ,it was about a quarter to one when they left ,varennes4 ,at this juncture ,m4 de ,damas1 who had escaped with a few faithful men from the fray at ,clermont1 reached ,varennes--not with the idea of succoring the travellers1 but of rejoining them4 ,he believed that the uproar which so suddenly exploded at ,clermont had been merely against the troops1 and that the royal fugitives were now in security1 past all further dangers or hindrances4 ,his consternation was therefore great when1 on approaching the village of ,varennes1 he beheld a barricade across the highroad1 held by a band of peasants1 who made an attempt to stop him4 ,m4 de ,damas1 however1 leaped the barricade1 and dashed past them into the town4 ,but the chivalrous soldier was no wargod descending on firewings to save the royal prisoners4 ,he saw the huzzars walking about the streets1 and in answer to his question1 8,what were they doing80 they replied1 8,nothing2 we have no orders40 ,those who should have given the orders had fled4 ,m4 de ,choiseul was there with his drawn sword at the head of forty men2 and there was a detachment just arrived from another direction under ,m4 ,deslons4 ,there was therefore1 even at this point of the disaster1 no lack of armed force to clear the way1 if there had been but one vigorous will to use it4 ,but everybody seemed too bewildered to act4 ,no one had the courage or the presence of mind to take the initiative4 ,as to ,louis himself1 he was like one paralyzed2 not with personal cowardice--that odious charge his subsequent conduct amply disproved--but with a sort of dazed1 mental stupor4 ,when ,deslons went the length of asking him for orders1 he replied1 8,i am a prisoner1 and have no orders to give60 ,deslons might have taken the hint1 and acted without orders2 but the two officers present were his superiors1 and he lacked the genius or the desperation to seize the opportunity at the cost of a breach of military discipline4 ,even the queen's imperial spirit seems to have abandoned her in this critical extremity1 and she sat passive and dumb in ,sausse the grocer's bedroom1 clasping her children to her heart1 and taking with silent1 humble thanks the sympathy of ,mme4 ,sausse1 who forgets the queen in her pity for the mother1 and stands over the group weeping womanly1 unavailing tears4 ,tears even of 8warlike men0 cannot help now1 for the soldiers have fraternized with the mob1 as their wont is in ,france2 and even if ,louis could be electrified by the shock of despair to arise and assert himself1 remembering that he is a king1 it is too late4 ,the journey so wisely planned1 so deeply thought over1 dreaded1 and at last attempted1 had come to an end1 and stopped at the first stage along the road whose goal was the scaffold4 ,the return to ,paris resembled the capture of a runaway malefactor4 ,every species of insult was poured out on the unhappy victims of the popular fury4 ,the brave men who stood by them in their hour of humiliation1 ,,mm4 de ,choiseul1 de ,damas1 and de ,goguelat1 were disarmed and sent to prison2 the three gardesducorps1 who faithfully but clumsily played their part as servants to the last1 were bound with ropes on the front seat of the berlin1 and hooted at in their glaring yellow liveries by the mob2 the ,national ,guard of ,varennes claimed the glory of escorting the fugitives back to the capital1 and the ,national ,guard of all the towns the berlin had passed through on its illstarred journey fell in with the cortge one after another1 swelling it to ten thousand strong as it advanced4 ,as these men were on foot1 the journey homewards lasted four days4 ,when the king arrived at ,sainte,mnhould1 ,m4 de ,dampierre came out to salute him1 and paid for the loyal act by being massacred on the spot4 ,a little further on the prisoners were met by ,barnave1 ,petion1 and ,latour,maubourg1 members of the ,assembly sent by ,lafayette to conduct them back to ,paris4 ,barnave and ,petion entered the berlin1 ,mme4 de ,tourzel leaving to make room for them1 and following in another carriage4 ,from this strange meeting grew the quasifriendship of ,barnave and the queen1 which led to his honorable though futile efforts to save her and all of them4 ,at first the proud ,austrian lady sat in sullen silence1 turned to stone1 deaf to ,petion's coarse sneers1 as he sat opposite in illsuppressed jocularity of triumph2 but ,barnave's interference to save a priest from being butchered1 like loyal ,dampierre1 for saluting the king1 moved her to speech1 and soon to confidence in the young representative of the nation4 ,barnave was surprised beyond measure to discover in ,marie ,antoinette's conversation such clear and strong intelligence1 and so thorough a comprehension of the existing state of things4 ,he was captivated by her grace1 as well as impressed by the serenity and courage that stamped her whole demeanor throughout that terrible journey2 while his prejudices received nearly an equal blow in the person of the king4 ,there was no approaching ,louis ,,xvi4 without being convinced of his singleminded honesty and good sense4 ,in this sorry guise did the new berlin reenter ,paris4 ,it had departed on ,monday night1 and behold it returning on ,saturday towards sundown1 a huge1 jolting1 captured whale whom no miracle will compel to disgorge its prey4 ,in order to prolong the people's jubilee and the king's shame1 it was brought a league out of its direct way1 so as to make an entry down the ,champs ,elyses1 and bear its occupants back to their gilded prison with due pomp and emphasis by the front gate of the ,tuileries gardens4 ,so with serried ranks of bayonets pointed at it on every side1 it reappears in ,paris1 and jogs on to deposit its burden on the old ,mdicean tilefield1 an ignominious procession1 royalty degraded and fettered1 a spectacle of joy to the kinghating citizens4 ,the royal family enter the ,tuileries1 now a prison in the most cruel and literal sense4 ,the queen and ,mme4 ,elizabeth are henceforth watched1 even in their chambers--so watched that1 as it is recorded1 the queen being one night unable to sleep1 the ,national ,guard on duty at her open door offered to come in and converse with her majesty awhile1 conversation being sometimes conducive to sleep4 ,even at this distance1 when we read the history of the flight to ,varennes1 it has the exciting effect of a fresh tale4 ,we hold our breath1 and fancy that still at the last some deliverer will arrive just as all is lost2 some accident will prevent ,drouet from reaching the scene in time2 the fugitives will clear the bridge1 and the mob be prevented by the soldiers from pursuing them4 ,never1 even in the history of those most unfortunate of princes1 the ,stuarts1 was there a series of mishaps1 blunders1 and accidents such as make up the chapter of the flight to ,varennes4 ,it is idle to conjecture what would have happened if it had ended differently4 ,if1 when the berlin was first surrounded and the travellers ordered to alight1 ,louis had proudly defied the insolent command1 and bade the soldiers fire1 how quickly the 8pale paralysis0 of baffled rage would have seized ,drouet and his eight patriots of goodwill2 how the froth of ruffianism they had evoked would have melted away before that imperial word1 and slunk out of sight1 while the monarch fared on his way along the highroad1 the troops sweeping back all possible pursuers1 and landing the destinies of ,france safe beyond the reach of regicidal hands6 ,all this was so much more likely to be than that which was6 ,the reason why it was not is so mysterious6 ,enough that it was not2 that the bloody deed of ,january the #bjth was to consummate the outrages and sufferings of the ,night of ,spurs2 and that the fate of ,france was not shaped to a different issue1 as we1 in our shortsighted philosophy1 fancy might so easily have been done4 ,the ,ingenious ,device4 8,doth no man condemn thee8 ,and she answered1 ,no man1 ,lord40 8,woman6 thou'rt overconfident and sure ,to answer thus the ,infinitely ,pure6 ,how knowest thou that ,he does not condemn1 ,and will not cast at thee th' avenging stone80 8,the pure are merciful4 ,his stratagem ,has left me to be judged by such alone40 ,the ,rigi4 ,the ,golden ,lion of ,weggis can scarcely be said to resemble its now famed namesake of ,granpre4 ,it shows neither coachhouse1 stable1 farmyard1 nor bustling village life around it1 and yet there is the one point of a certain homeliness in common which suggests that it too may have seen many a simple romance acted out beneath its roof1 and have had its share in many a life's heartstory4 ,it is difficult to imagine sentiment of any kind in connection with the monster hotels1 or rather caravansaries1 of modern ,switzerland4 ,but this is a true inn1 in the olden acceptation of the word2 modest and sedate enough to feel elated at the arrival of new guests1 who are welcomed by the landlord himself1 and instinctively made to understand that he will personally see to their comfort and proper attendance4 ,at first sight it appears to be overshadowed by a new and larger neighbor2 but the ,golden ,lion does not care1 for he enjoys the advantage of mature age and wellestablished fame1 and justly prides himself on his old customers1 whose constancy is a good tribute to his honesty and civility4 ,some who knew him in the quieter times of ,rigi history still come and spend two or three days here when going to1 or returning from1 the mountain1 and it was one of these faithful friends who had recommended us to choose it in preference to the larger establishment of more modern date4 ,truly1 no spot seems more suitable for a romance4 ,situated on the lake1 surrounded by the most lovely views of land and water1 removed from the rush and bustle which somewhat jar on the sentimental traveller at ,vitznau1 and even at ,gersau1 still with the pleasant splash of the steamers as they halt alongside the shady pier1 only making just sufficient noise to remind him that1 though not of the world1 he can still be in it whenever1 or fly whithersoever1 his fancy may impel him4 ,yes2 every steamer1 backwards and forwards1 stops at ,weggis1 though generally merely to drop a stray traveller--a man with alpenstock and knapsack1 or two ladies with their waterproofs neatly strapped across their shoulders1 thereby betraying their recent arrival from 8fatherland beyond the ,rhine40 ,and every one walks leisurely and with consequent dignity on shore1 as though life and plenty of time to enjoy it in were still at their command4 ,no feverish train is in the background2 indeed1 it cannot be even seen on the mountain skyline from ,weggis1 so that strangers may pause and dine at ease upstairs in the clean1 airy table d'hte room of the ,golden ,lion1 sip their coffee on its wide balcony facing the ,uri,rothstock and ,rigi,nasen1 or lunch la carte in the leafy arbor of the garden1 which is more trim and inviting than its counterpart at ,granpre4 ,it was overpoweringly hot when we landed from the ,helvetia1 the sun bearing down with that full force which so often follows a heavy shower2 and the leafy arbor in question irresistibly attracted us by its deep shade and cool1 refreshing shelter4 ,here we resolved to dine1 in order to strengthen the 8inner being0 and let the noonday hours of heat glide by before attempting the ascent to ,kaltbad1 which promised to be a matter of two and a half hours at the least4 ,the landlord was loud in praise of his horses and men--8well known before that ,vitznau railway existed10 he said in a tone rather contemptuous of such an upstart4 8,the price of each only six francs to ,kaltbad1 fixed according to the tariff40 ,and here an ejaculation in praise of this tariff system1 penetrating even to the heart of the mountain1 may perhaps be allowed to us4 ,none but those who have benefited by it can understand the advantage of being able thus to calculate beforehand the expense of every excursion1 nor the unspeakable comfort it brings when1 on reaching the hotel at night1 tired and sleepy1 you know that the guide cannot cheat you1 and he feels you cannot cheat him4 ,no one thing contributes more to ensure peace or conduces to happy wanderings4 ,nor does any man more surely 8deserve well of his country0 than that ,swiss1 whoever he may have been1 who first proposed this arrangement2 and after him we must be grateful to those authorities who have so well carried it out4 ,the dinner was the next matter for consultation between ,mr4 ,c---- and mine host1 which ultimately ended in the latter promising to do his best1 and to have it ready in threequarters of an hour or thereabouts4 ,besides the arbor1 the ,golden ,lion boasts of a teahouse and a swimming or bath house projecting into the lake1 and also many a wellplaced seat inviting to a most enjoyable dolce far niente close by the pellucid waters1 without sound to disturb poetic musings2 bright coloring and full foliage forming a framework to the exquisite landscape which extends beyond4 ,nothing could be more romantic1 rural1 or tranquillizing to soul and body2 but before long1 prompted by my 8natural female curiosity10 as ,mr4 ,c---- ungallantly styled it1 ,i proposed a saunter through the village4 8,there is nothing whatever to see10 he retorted4 ,still1 with much good nature1 he immediately offered to accompany his wife and me in our rambles4 ,it certainly was true in the ordinary sense of the term4 ,there was nothing very remarkable to behold2 still1 the ,swiss villages are always pleasant to look at1 especially in these forest cantons1 and of this class ,weggis is an excellent specimen4 ,it has probably seen its palmiest days1 and is at present thrust aside by the hitherto despised sister1 ,vitznau1 now in the springtide of her charms1 who seems to toss her head at her elderly and passe rival with the conceit of young life and energy4 ,yet there no signs of decay4 ,far from it4 ,it has a steady1 oldfashioned commune life of its own1 quite independent of the tourist element1 which only comes in--very opportunely1 no doubt--to help it on its way4 ,as at ,gersau and many of these places1 the population is much smaller than appearances warrant1 owing chiefly to the substantial size of the houses and the straggling1 independent manner in which they are placed4 ,sometimes a dwelling stands endwise or sidewise to the road1 just as the whim of the ancestral greatgreatgrandfather who built it centuries ago dictated4 ,the walls are now mantled with vines1 bright blue eyes peep through casements embosomed in leaves1 gardens of glowing sunflowers and figtrees laden with fruit surround the cottages1 while here and there a noble ,spanish chestnut throws its deep shade on all around4 ,the street road was almost deserted as we passed along1 on account of the strong sun2 but many buxom1 pleasantfaced matrons sat working at their doors1 while chubby children played beneath the trees hard by4 ,though innocent of manufactories1 and far more rural in its general aspect and atmosphere than ,gersau1 the whole place breathes of prosperity and comfort4 ,it gives the impression1 too1 of greater space2 for it is not shut in on all sides1 and the open slopes extend much further back before they reach the precipitous mountainside4 ,and in accordance with this character is the church1 which stands on a slight eminence at the end of the village4 ,the cemetery too1 though large and thoroughly well cared for1 is more simple1 and has none of those pretty monuments that lend such poetry and beauty to the ,camenzind,kttel restingplace4 ,but1 if not1 it possesses a very handsome stone crucifix in one angle--evidently a recent erection1 and of which ,weggis may well be proud--with the following inscriptions on the base3 8,praise be to ,jesus ,christ in all eternity02 on the front facing the entrance3 8,see1 is there any sorrow like unto my sorrow80 and 8,in the cross is salvation and benediction0 on either side2 whilst on the back1 close to the ,mortuary ,chapel1 the words run thus3 8,gentle ,jesus1 grant eternal rest to all departed souls40 ,the children's quarter1 too1 was remarkable for its fresh flowers and superabundance of white ribbon2 but not until quite near did we notice a poor disconsolate mother decorating the grave of her child--her little engel1 or angel1 as they are so often styled on the tiny headstones or crosses4 ,she did not mind the sun1 nor our presence either1 but went on with her work1 while large tears rolled unchecked down her cheeks4 ,and this part is in a striking spot1 right under the northern angle of the ,rigi1 the straight rocks of which rise perpendicularly from a green slope of pastureland behind the village church1 covered with large boulders and dbris that seem to corroborate all the stories of land slips and stonerolling so common in this region4 ,standing here1 it was easy to understand the most noted of these events--the mudslide of #agie1 which threatened ,weggis with destruction4 ,thirtyone houses and eighty acres of land were buried beneath the creeping mass4 ,it occurred1 like the fall of the ,rossberg1 after a peculiarly rainy season4 ,though the story says that the slide was preceded by ominous symptoms1 the earth so much resembles rich gardenmould1 and looks so loose and friable1 that1 recollecting yesterday's rain1 it made me quite nervous to look at it4 ,had ,i stayed gazing upwards much longer1 ,i felt that ,i would certainly have fancied it was beginning to move downwards4 8,what an idea60 exclaimed ,mr4 ,c----1 laughing--8the effect of nerves and sun combined6 ,the churchdoor is open1 and the sanctuary lamp burning2 so it would be much wiser and better for you to enter in60 ,saying which1 he preceded me into the sacred building4 ,large1 clean1 and simple1 as a rural church should be1 it had three distinguishing points3 first1 an altar dedicated to ,s4 ,justus1 one of the patron saints of ,weggis1 who was an archbishop of ,lyons in the first centuries of its ,christianity1 thus affording1 as in the case of ,s4 ,leodegar1 another proof of the early ecclesiastical connection between ,switzerland and the ,frank ,empire4 ,next1 a large processional banner placed near the altar1 and composed simply of the national standard--the beautiful white cross on the red ground--whose position in this spot it puzzled us to explain4 ,lastly1 the model of a boat suspended from the ceiling1 with two sailors rowing1 whilst a bishop in full canonicals stood erect in the stern1 in the act of giving them his benediction4 ,it looked like an ex voto1 but our communicative landlord later informed us that it was the emblem of the ,guild of ,s4 ,nicholas1 8patron of all who navigate upon the lake40 ,every ,weggis man who has anything to do with the water belongs to the confraternity4 ,before steamers existed they numbered many hundreds1 and1 though of late the village occupations have been turned into other channels1 the numbers are still numerous enough2 for boats and smaller craft are even now much used on the lake4 ,the confraternity is still full of life and vigor4 ,the ,feast of ,s4 ,nicholas is religiously kept in the village4 ,the members of the ,guild often assemble1 but on that day they go in a body to church1 accompanied by their wives and families1 to offer thanks for the past and implore protection for the coming year4 ,who shall describe our charming little dinner in the deepshaded arbor1 with the glowing suncolor lighting up the mountains1 seen through its leafframed openings8 ,such a clean ,kellnerinn waited upon us1 and the ,gastherr himself all smiles and conversation6 ,the beautiful trout too1 8fresh from the ,muotta,thal1 just brought by the steamer from ,brunnen40 ,the ,muotta valley6 8,but what's in a name80 said ,mrs4 ,c----4 8,a great deal more than we acknowledge10 ,i answered4 ,this one struck again the chord of ,schwytz and the 8,urschweiz0 in our minds1 but perhaps much more that of ,soovorof and the hard fighting on the surrounding crags of the ,muotta between his ,russians and the ,french4 ,mr4 ,c---- knew the locality1 and waxed eloquent on the subject1 until interrupted by an army of--wasps6 attracted by some delicious cream with which our landlord wound up the dinner4 ,it became a regular battle1 and a doubtful one at first1 waged in selfdefence4 8,never had there been such a year for wasps10 said our host1 slaying a couple so dexterously with his napkin that it betrayed considerable practice in the art4 8,but it had altogether been a prosperous season0--two more knocked down by ,mrs4 ,c----4 8,so no one had a right to complain0--three or four more timidly but effectually killed by ,mrs4 ,c---- and myself4 8,the villagers had made a great deal of money by their fruit and flowers carried up the mountain by their children10 he continued2 until at last1 counting our victims by tens and twenties during this running dialogue1 we were left in peaceful possession of the scene1 and ready to hear wonderful reports of ,weggis prosperity4 ,the ,golden ,lion evidently would have been pleased to keep us longer1 but the horses were waiting and the afternoon advancing2 so1 despite the attractions--minus the wasps--we were obliged to depart4 ,our path led at first up behind the hotel1 through lanes1 and meadows enamelled with wild flowers1 and dotted here and there with picturesque cottages under magnificent chestnuts and walnuttrees4 ,the whole of this portion is on the site of the former landslip1 now the richest and most highlycultivated district of the mountain4 ,on every side the views were enchanting2 ,mount ,pilatus standing forth in all his grandeur just opposite1 displaying folds and tracts of pastureground we had not attributed to his rugged form4 ,lost in admiration1 we rode on in comparative silence1 until we halted1 to refresh the men and horses1 at a caf under a splendid tree1 and soon after reached a chapel sheltered by a rock1 called in our handbook the ,heiligenkreuz1 or ,church of the ,holy ,cross4 8,the beginning of the ,stations to ,kaltbad10 said my guide1 a dark eyed1 refinedlooking man1 who had spoken but little hitherto4 8,stations to the ,wallfahrtort1 or place of pilgrimage at ,kaltbad10 he repeated1 noticing my perplexed countenance4 8,kaltbad is a ,gnadenort1 or #8place of grace1' to us1 madam10 he continued1 8although you perhaps only know it as a ,curort40 ,and such was the sober truth4 ,i had never heard it spoken of as anything but a huge hotel with salubrious air4 ,so now ,i entered into conversation with my guide1 and found that he constantly made the ,stations1 in common with all the ,weggis population1 up this rugged ascent1 until they reach the church at ,kaltbad4 8,would ,i not go to see the church80 he asked4 8,it was indeed a ,gnadenort4 ,but the feast of the year ,i could not see1 for it takes place in the middle of ,may1 just before the flocks are sent up to the summer pastures4 ,then there is a procession up the mountain1 with the banner we had noticed in the parish church--the white cross on the red ground40 ,so here was the explanation of its place of honor inside the sanctuary--one more reason why the ,weggis folks should hold it dear and we strangers regard it with reverence4 ,nay more3 should we not love and cherish a flag which not only symbolizes1 but is practically used by1 a modern free people in connection with their highest and noblest feelings8 8,in this procession1 headed by the priest10 my informant continued1 8we1 the people1 make the ,stations with hymns and prayers as we go up1 and1 after first visiting the ,kaltbad church1 all ends by the priest blessing the pastures on all sides before the cattle are permitted to be brought up to them for the summer season40 ,the higher we ascended1 the steeper became the road under a straight face of rock1 and we could readily fancy how picturesque1 even from an artist's point of view1 such a procession must be1 headed by the red flag1 winding its way up this rugged mountainroad2 but1 combined with the spirit and faith which animate it1 it is impossible to conceive anything more beautiful4 ,this peasant was a native of ,weggis1 and soon grew communicative4 8,oh6 yes1 he had often been to ,einsiedeln2 every one in that country had many1 many times made the pilgrimage there40 ,and in fervent language he described the place to me4 ,he had also been to ,tell's ,chapel often1 but not yet to ,tell's ,platform4 ,that was the great object of his ambition1 what he most wished to accomplish1 with a visit to ,sachslen to see 8,bruder ,klaus10 as so many of his neighbors had done2 but another year should not pass without his carrying out his intentions4 ,amidst conversation of this kind we climbed up the straight wall of rock1 which seemed to have no issue1 until suddenly we reached a curious group called the ,felsenthor1 composed of large fragments fallen from above exactly in the semblance of a 8rocky gate10 as the name implies1 and whence the view is magnificent4 ,the afternoon was lovely4 ,at each turn one snowy peak after another had been coming into view4 ,the air1 though warm1 was fresher and brisker than at ,weggis1 while the vegetation had sensibly changed from the luxuriant chestnuts to the pines and firtrees of the ,alpine heights4 ,nothing could be more poetic and tranquil than our halfhour's repose at this beautiful point1 noticing the approach of sunsettints on the mountainwall just opposite which overhangs ,vitznau2 watching the pretty steamers looking like dragonflies hovering over the lake two thousand feet below2 and then reflecting on the faith and piety of our humble attendants1 which shed a vivifying atmosphere over the whole scene4 ,our minds were still full of these thoughts as we set forth again for our last ascent to ,kaltbad1 about threequarters of an hour distant1 through a pretty dell of fallen rocks and fresh verdure4 ,we had quite forgotten the existence of the railway or its feverish life1 when all at once a turn in the road gave a rude shock to our peaceful meditations4 ,there were the trains laboring up a barren1 steep hill beside us--one that would be too steep for any horse without three or four zigzag turns and windings4 ,three separate trains were coming up at certain distances in succession1 the engines puffing and snorting1 panting and laboring1 in the effort to push the one carriage before each1 as though the struggle were too much for their fastfailing strength4 ,it made one tremble to watch them1 and it seemed impossible to comprehend how the passengers looked so quiet and unconcerned4 ,how ,mrs4 ,c---- and ,i congratulated ourselves on having kept oldfashioned ways and despised 8progress10 at least for once in our travels6 ,and when ,i also thought of the varied charms of our ride1 and all that ,i had seen of the population and their ways1 ,i felt that no one who rushes through a country at high pressure railway speed can ever hope to understand its people half as well as those who come into closer contact with them4 ,before we had time to recover from the impressions of the railway1 ,kaltbad itself appeared in sight1 high above our heads1 like a greenjalousied monster of some ,german wateringplace lifted bodily up from the depths below4 ,anything more unpoetic than its first view is not to be found2 though it must at once be admitted that first impressions are not to be trusted in this particular case4 ,it was a cruel shock1 however1 to our visions of pious pilgrimages and processions2 a return to the prose of life we had never contemplated at four thousand four hundred and thirty nine feet above the level of the sea4 ,our young friends were anxiously awaiting us on the long terrace in front of the hotel with such sensational accounts of their railway journey as might well have obliterated all remembrance of the ,wallfahrtort1 or 8place of pilgrimage10 but for the parting reminder of my guide1 that 8the church was behind the house1 and he hoped ,i would be sure to see it40 ,but the ,c----s' only thought now was of the sunset about to take place1 and they hurried us off1 without a moment's delay1 to a beautiful spot1 called the ,kuzli1 ten minutes' distance from the hotel4 ,certainly no view could be more glorious6 ,before us spread half the northern portion of ,switzerland--,mount ,pilatus right opposite1 ,lucerne at our feet1 ,sempach1 the great lake1 just beyond1 bathed in a flood of crimson1 as though in harmony with its memories1 and bringing back to our minds at one glance ,arnold von ,winkelried and all the grand history related to us so recently by ,herr ,h----4 ,the seven great peaks of the ,oberland1 including the ,wetterhorn1 ,monk1 and ,eiger1 towered above the clouds to our right1 while the summits on the south1 half facing the sunset1 were lit up by the same kaleidoscopic coloring that we had witnessed on the first evening of our arrival at ,lucerne4 ,spellbound by this fairylike scene1 we lingered here till nearly dark1 and it seemingly became too late to seek out the little church4 ,but young ,c---- had discovered it that afternoon1 and led me by an intricate back pathway to its very door4 ,even at that late hour it was open1 the lamp burning before the altar1 and many figures could be distinguished devoutly praying in the twilight4 ,these1 as ,i afterwards learned1 were servants of the hotel--the laundresses1 bathwomen1 and porters1 who came to pay their visit to the ,blessed ,sacrament before retiring to rest after their busy day's work4 ,mass was celebrated every morning at halfpast seven o'clock1 they said4 ,my own devotions over1 ,i was again led back to the hotel1 where the brilliantlylighted rooms and crowd of fashionablydressed ladies--although the material comforts are by no means to be despised--were still in harsh discord with our ideas of mountain life4 ,next morning1 as if we had been in the plain1 the churchbell tolled at the stated hour1 and found us ready to sally forth in answer to its call4 ,in the hotel all was bustle and clatter2 but what wonder8 ,three hundred guests and upwards have1 on an average1 to be provided for daily during the season4 ,in the middle of ,july four hundred and twenty were at one time under this roof1 but1 happily for us1 the numbers had now sensibly decreased4 ,no church1 however1 was visible1 and it was only on inquiry that ,i found a pathway in the rear of the house leading behind two rocks--a true ,felsenthor1 or 8rocky gate10 they made--hiding away their little treasure4 ,once past them1 there stood the church1 with the sun shining on its roof1 small and simple1 but perfect in all its proportions1 nestling amongst the encircling crags and overhanging trees1 from amidst which1 opposite the door1 trickled a stream of the clearest water4 ,mass had just commenced at the centre altar1 over which stood a statue of the ,blessed ,virgin and ,child1 surrounded by a garland of flowers1 and two bouquets were laid1 evidently as a pious offering1 on the two side altars1 which were also adorned by excellent paintings4 ,a handsome silver lamp hung in the sanctuary1 and there was a confessional1 besides benches capable of accommodating a couple of hundred people1 all neatly painted and very clean4 ,today the congregation was small1 for the servants could not be spared1 we were told1 at that hour from their work1 and there were few ,catholic visitors in the house2 but we noticed that the clerk rang the churchbell at the ,gospel and the ,elevation1 so that the shepherds and others scattered about on the mountain might join their intention with the priest at the altar4 ,nothing could exceed the quiet of the spot4 ,it might have been miles away from the noisy world hard by1 no sound audible but the trickling of the stream outside1 heard through the open door1 and enhancing the deep tranquillity of the scene4 ,a most perfect haven of rest it made for weary souls or pious pilgrims1 and a worthy aim1 with the constant presence of the ,blessed ,sacrament1 for any procession toiling up the precipitous mountainside4 ,when ,mass was over1 we lingered awhile1 and1 looking round1 a large1 illuminated tablet caught our attention4 ,what was our delight to find it gave the whole history of the place in the following words3 8,,kaltbad ,,on ,,the ,,rigi4 8,amongst the venerated spots which the goodness of ,god seems to have especially chosen for the distribution of rich spiritual and temporal gifts1 ,kaltbad on the ,rigi has for centuries enjoyed a wellfounded reputation4 ,the natural operation of the remarkably cold water has in itself given life and health to thousands4 ,but far more effect has been produced by trustful prayers1 joined with the contrite and devout reception of the holy sacraments1 and aided by the powerful intercession of the pure ,virgin,mother of ,god and of other saints4 ,remarkable and often perfectly miraculous cures of countless ,christians1 in the most different circumstances of body and soul1 have here taken place1 which have partly been recorded in writing1 and partly live on in grateful remembrance4 8,in former times this place was called the #8,schwesterborn1' or #8,spring of the ,sisters'2 for the legend relates that in the reign of the ,emperor ,albert of ,austria--in the beginning of the ,x,i,vth century--three pious sisters retired to this wilderness in order to escape from powerful governors1 or ,vogts1 and here led holy and saintly lives4 ,the first miraculous cure on record is that of a devout ,landsassen of ,weggis1 named ,balthasar ,tolen1 in the year #aedj4 ,from year to year the reputation of this spring increased4 ,in the year #aehe1 on the #bjth of ,may1 the first small chapel was consecrated in honor of ,god1 of the holy ,archangel ,michael and the other angels1 and of the holy shepherd ,wendelin1 by ,balthasar1 ,bishop of ,ascalon4 ,it proved1 however1 insufficient for the number of ,alpine inhabitants and pilgrims4 ,even after those belonging to the canton ,schwytz built themselves a chapel1 a hundred years later1 at ,mary in the ,snow1 or #8,maria zum ,schnee1' the want of a larger church was still felt4 ,the present one1 with three altars1 the middle one of which possesses the image of the ever ,blessed ,mother of ,god1 and the two side ones the pictures of the holy martyr ,s4 ,lawrence and the father of the church1 ,s4 ,jerome1 was built in the year #aggi1 and considerably renovated in the year #ahfa1 when the two new side altars and their paintings by ,theodore von ,deschwanden were added4 8,on the #bjth of ,july1 #aghb1 ,his ,holiness ,pius ,,vi4 granted a plenary indulgence to all the faithful1 on any day whatsoever1 on the condition that after approaching the holy sacraments of ,confession and ,communion1 with contrite and worthy dispositions1 they here devoutly pray for the union of all ,christian princes1 the extirpation of heresy1 and the increase of the ,holy ,catholic ,church--an indulgence which can be applied to the souls in purgatory4 8,in order to afford the opportunity of assisting at divine service on ,sundays and holidays to the shepherds as well as to the pilgrims1 and also of approaching the holy sacraments1 a special priest is here appointed during the whole summer season40 ,so here again1 even here1 the ,austrians and imperial ,vogts were at the root of all things--in this instance1 however1 and unconsciously1 the source of good to many poor sufferers2 for numberless exvotos filling the end of the little church eloquently told that it had proved to them a true 8place of grace10 as my guide of yesterday had so beautifully called it4 ,and the little stream outside was the real 8,kaltbad10 whose wonder working effects had first given the place its name4 ,quaint and rude were all the paintings1 but full of life and feeling1 mostly from the neighborhood--from ,weggis1 ,vitznau1 and ,gersau4 ,yes1 there was a man in a boat in danger on the lake1 just as we had seen from the ,gersau hotel two evenings ago2 but this one is praying fervently with clasped hands1 and we longed to know if those who were saved the other day had done likewise4 ,then here is a family of boys and girls kneeling in rows1 the father and mother behind1 all with their pink1 and blue1 and green rosaries twined round their hands1 in the selfsame manner that the ,gersau children had theirs during ,mass6 ,above1 a child of two years old1 kneeling beside its mother1 has a rosary hanging on its arm2 quaint little things in caps like those of their elders1 or infants tied on pillows with quantities of red bows4 ,red was so much the prevailing color that it seemed as if it must have some reference to their beloved national flag4 ,and then there were small waxen hearts1 and ears1 and a wooden hand with a fearful gash1 the offering1 no doubt1 of a grateful woodcutter4 ,some of these are upwards of a hundred or a hundred and fifty years old1 with inscriptions in the native dialect1 full of pathos and local color4 ,but most striking of all is a large painting of the very wall of rock up which we had climbed from ,weggis yesterday1 bearing the following simpleworded inscription3 8,be it known to all1 that by the breaking up of the dangerous ,rigirocks on the ,weggis mountain some of the inhabitants were threatened with the complete destruction of all their possessions4 ,in this extremity and distress they turned to heaven1 and1 with firm confidence in the gracious ,mother of all the angels1 they here sought and found help2 for instantly the loosening of the rocks ceased1 and all became quiet again4 ,therefore1 as a perpetual memorial of praise and thanksgiving to ,god and the ,mother of ,mercy1 they have consecrated and hung up this tablet1 anno #agec40 ,this was clearly fortytwo years before the fatal mudslide which destroyed so much1 and it would be most interesting to know whether the later victims turned hitherward for succor2 but of this no record exists in the church4 ,in the above painting the ,blessed ,mother1 holding the divine ,infant in her arms1 is represented standing in the centre of the rockwall1 with ,s4 ,michael on one side and ,s4 ,lawrence on the other1 just as if they had been visible4 ,had we only beheld this tablet before1 with what different eyes should we have looked at this face of rock yesterday from the cemetery below1 as also during our ascent6 ,and what proof such a picture and inscription give of the strong faith of the ,weggis population in the unseen world under whose blessed protection they live in peace and confidence6 ,whilst we tarried1 peasant after peasant came in4 ,one1 an old woman1 took out her rosary1 and told her beads leisurely2 another1 younger and busier1 laid down her basket1 prayed for a few minutes with recollection1 and then went on to her work2 but what most struck us was a little girl of about twelve1 who also had her basket1 full of fruit and flowers1 and had been there before we arrived for ,mass4 ,she waited until we left1 and then evidently thought that we had finally departed4 ,unexpectedly1 however1 ,i returned to look at the tablet again1 and ,i beheld the little maiden in the act of dropping some money into the poor box1 blushing modestly when her eyes caught mine4 ,i asked1 and found that she was a ,weggis child--one of the number that climb the mountain like antelopes up to this hotel daily to sell their 8fresh figs10 8peaches10 and 8flowers0--for they offer them in good ,english--the majority of whom first pay their visit to the ,blessed ,sacrament in this church1 and leave some little offering for themselves or their parents4 ,she was a blueeyed1 intelligent girl--one who had made her first communion two years previously1 and approached the ,holy ,sacrament manchmal--many times1 she said1 during the course of the year4 ,as time went on1 experience taught us that the children of the ,rigi are one of its most distinctive characteristics4 ,intelligent1 bright countenanced1 and yet modest1 they are the most attractive race of juveniles to be met with in ,switzerland1 and1 as yet1 are unspoiled by contact with the stranger crowd4 ,they form the most remarkable contrast to those of the ,bernese ,oberland1 where the grandeur of ,grindelwald and other spots is so much marred by the swarms of sickly beggarchildren that there flock round one from all quarters4 ,here1 on the contrary1 they are brimful of health and intelligence1 and never once during all our wanderings in the forest cantons did a beggar1 old or young1 ever cross our path4 ,so much for the popular fallacy1 or rather calumny1 which says that prosperity1 comfort1 and thrift are alone to be found in the ,protestant cantons1 and that beggary1 want1 and uncleanliness mark the entrance into the ,catholic districts4 ,like many such sayings1 it does not bear investigation2 but when even the most justminded start on their travels with prejudiced minds1 it is astonishing how readily they accept the opinions of men whose want of observation they despise at home4 ,above all1 should the question be anything concerning ,catholicity1 their wilful blindness surpasses all belief4 ,some exceptions to this rule there certainly are1 increasing1 too1 each year1 like the celebrated ,dr4 ,arnold1 for instance1 who frankly admitted that he had found nothing in ,switzerland to justify such a verdict being passed on its ,catholic population1 and was generous enough to acknowledge this4 ,nor are the children who cover the ,rigi1 selling fruit and flowers1 idlers in any way4 ,the law requires their attendance at school up to the age of eight all the year round1 but from eight to twelve only during the winter months4 ,this arrangement has been made in order that they may accompany their parents to the upland chlets1 or1 as often happens1 mind the cattle alone on the higher pastures4 ,a most interesting class they are1 and one must ardently pray that nothing may ever change or modernize them1 according to the present ideas of socalled 8civilization06 ,for several days we took up our abode at ,kaltbad1 and never had cause for one moment's regret4 ,the hotel is in itself a marvel of material comfort and luxury at such an altitude2 the air brisk1 invigorating1 and yet balmy1 and the views simply lovely4 ,who can forget the terrace facing the ,uri,rothstock1 ,tittlis1 and many another peak and pass1 and overhanging ,vitznau1 whence we could even distinguish my favorite red standard floating over its hotel1 as the steamers came and went to ,lucerne or ,fluelen1 and the light smoke of the engines told that the trains were creeping up towards us8 ,sometimes1 it is true1 the lake and all below were hidden by the clouds that settled in thick masses over the water or floated beneath us in light1 vapory forms1 while the heights and summits opposite shone1 like ,kaltbad1 in brilliant sunlight2 making us more fully realize the great elevation we were inhabiting in such tranquillity4 ,then1 the mornings spent in the 8,wilderness10 which is represented nowadays by firtrees1 descendants of those the three sisters knew1 but at present embedded in velvety turf on the hillside1 with seats and tables carefully placed at the best points of view6 ,and the dear little church to turn into at all times and hours1 with the lamp ever burning1 and never quite empty6 ,the afternoons we devoted to longer excursions1 ascents and descents in all directions4 ,that to the ,kulm1 or ,summit1 was made by rail1 despite its terrors and perils4 ,the young people insisted on our making the experiment1 but they could not succeed in persuading us elders to return1 except on foot6 ,the ,kaltbad world seems to go through the ordeal unconcernedly2 but nervous and uncomfortable work it must always be1 no matter how custom may familiarize them with it4 ,one spot especially is most alarming1 where the precipice seems to go straight down from the railroad to the plain many thousand feet below4 ,as a matter of course1 the sunset at the ,kulm is the great event on the ,rigi--one1 however1 which altogether depends upon the weather4 ,we were most fortunate in catching a clear atmosphere1 and consequently distinct horizon4 ,then1 sleeping at the large hotel at the top1 we included the famed sunrise in the same excursion4 ,oh6 for the pen of poet to describe either of these sights properly4 ,they are among those grand scenes which nature holds so completely in her own keeping that no rush of commonplace humanity can ever lower or vulgarize them4 ,crowds from all countries were present1 yet we saw nothing save the glorious panorama before us--the sun sinking grandly behind the ,jura ,mountains in the west1 or rising majestically from behind the ,sentis far away in ,appenzell1 after having first heralded his approach by coloring with the light touch of 8rosyfingered morn0 the ,finster,aarhorn1 ,wetterhorn1 ,monk1 and ,jungfrau1 as they stand in gradual succession1 facing the east1 in the ,bernese ,oberland4 ,here1 too1 were all the scenes of that famous ,swiss history which we had been studying within the last few days--the town of ,schwytz in the ,urschweiz1 bright and cheerful on its fresh1 green meadows2 ,lomerz1 where ,stauffacher commenced the great revolution2 the small lake of ,egeri1 the site of the battle of ,morgarten2 ,kappel1 on this side of the ,zurich line of hills--the ,albis--with its monument to ,zwingle1 who was killed here in battle against the ,schwytzers2 ,knigsfelden1 further north1 the scene of ,albrecht's murder1 and1 later1 the site of the sanguinary ,agnes' convent2 ,kssnacht at our feet1 with ,tell's ,chapel close by1 the object of my guide's pilgrimages1 and where the fatal arrow is said to have entered ,gessler's heart2 the ,lake of ,sempach1 and ,lucerne towards the northwest--every spot1 in short1 hallowed by some memory sacred to ,swiss patriotism or piety4 ,a circumference of three hundred miles is said to be included in this panorama1 dotted here and there with thirteen lakes1 distinguishable in clear weather4 ,but it needs a mountaineer's eye to detect this number1 for1 though they certainly do exist1 as proved by the map1 even the youthful sight of ,george ,c---- and his sister failed to count more than eleven4 ,the other two had 8to be taken on trust10 on the word of the guides1 who declared that particular gleams of sunlight rested on distant waters4 ,but it is not the number of lakes or the extent of view which gives such renown to this favorite spot4 ,it is the grand poetry of its nature1 the interest of its associations1 and that great1 indescribable influence which the poet addresses as 8,spirit of ,beauty1 that dost consecrate ,with thine own hues all thou dost shine upon40 ,amongst the pleasantest of many pleasant memories1 that of ,sunday at ,kaltbad stands forth preeminent4 ,the weather was brilliant1 and high and low appeared in corresponding costume4 ,it cannot be said that in the hotel proper the day was altogether sanctified or edifying2 for1 except the ,catholics1 the ,english ,protestants1 and a rare few others1 the foreigners show little outward sign of remembering the day4 ,indeed1 one lady ingenuously confessed her surprise that we should be so careful about attending church1 considering that she never thought of it whilst 8taking the waters10 as she liked to fancy she was doing at ,kaltbad4 8,who did80 she asked2 and certainly it looked as if the majority were of her way of thinking4 ,not the peasants1 however1 and let us hope that their example may yet influence the strangers4 ,alas6 alas6 how one trembles1 lest the reverse may be the result of this inroad of 8civilized0 multitudes to their midst6 ,but so far no harm seems to have come of the contact4 ,as the hour for ,mass drew near1 men and women were to be seen coming from various points1 and when we reached the church it was so full that a large overflow of the congregation had taken up their position in the little porch outside4 ,it seemed as though the history of the past century would repeat itself over again2 that a new church would become necessary1 and another new tablet be put up1 telling future generations that the present one had 8proved insufficient for the number of ,alpine inhabitants and pilgrims40 ,no sight could be prettier1 considering the locality1 the bright sun1 and all these people in their ,sunday dress4 ,in the latter particular1 however1 one peculiarity had a singular effect1 namely1 that on the ,rigi 8full dress0 for the men seems to consist in the absence of their outer coats1 and the ,sunday distinction is shown only by the snowwhite linen of their shirtsleeves and collars4 ,all had their alpenstocks and their prayerbooks1 which they read devoutly during the whole time4 ,anna and ,i also remained outside1 as there was no room within2 but we heard every word distinctly1 and could see the altar through the open door and windows4 ,the service began by an oblation of the ,mass and the ,acts of ,faith1 ,hope1 and ,charity in ,german1 in the very manner and words used in so many other countries1 but notably in all the churches of ,ireland4 ,this was followed by a good sermon1 in which the preacher chiefly urged the necessity of 8keeping holy the ,sabbath day10 of living in peace and concord1 but likewise of holding fast to the principles of religion1 8like their forefathers of old10 of whose virtues and steadfastness he spoke in glowing language4 ,it was the first sermon we had had an opportunity of listening to in these parts1 and it was very curious to hear1 even in a small outoftheway place of this kind1 such allusions thus brought in as a matter of course1 and so thoroughly in accordance with ,herr ,h----'s predictions4 ,at its termination we were surprised to see half a dozen of the hotel guests rise and leave2 but these1 we later learnt1 were ,lutherans1 who1 having no chaplain of their own1 find no difficulty in coming to the preliminary part of the ,catholic service1 though they consider it their duty to leave before ,mass commences4 ,it was a curious instance of liberalism1 and of the little essential antagonism ,german ,protestants entertain towards the ,catholic ,church4 ,at the end of ,mass a prayer was said in ,german in honor of the ,five ,sacred ,wounds1 joined in by all1 after which the congregation dispersed1 some to the front of the hotel1 and others in various directions4 ,on these days alone a few picturesque costumes appear1 but they are generally from other parts1 as the ,rigi boasts of nothing special of this kind4 ,today two women in bright bodices covered by silver buttons and crosses1 and with silvered headdresses1 enlivened the group of women--relations of the clerk coming1 they said1 to visit this spot from ,brglen1 a long distance on the other side of the lake1 and beyond ,sachslen1 the sanctuary of 8,bruder ,klaus40 ,not wishing to disturb our ,anglican friends1 who were singing hymns and performing their service in one of the drawingrooms of the house1 ,anna and ,i sauntered past the 8,wilderness10 until we reached the ,kuzli4 ,the atmosphere was most clear1 and the landscape so enchanting that a rest here seemed a fitting and heavenly portion of our morning worship4 ,weggis lay below2 its church and the children's corner1 where ,i had stood lately gazing upwards in this direction1 were at our feet1 and ,lucerne1 with its girdle of battlemented walls at the upper end of the lake1 further north1 its houses and boats distinctly visible in the transparent atmosphere4 ,the peasants could be seen here and there returning to their grayroofed chlets1 but1 save the tinkling bells of the lightlimbed cattle browsing in our neighborhood1 no sound broke the perfect stillness of the scene4 ,all at once the peal of ,lucerne ,cathedral came booming to us across the waters6 ,it was eleven o'clock1 which in those cantons is the ,angelus hour1 and in a moment the deeptoned bell of ,weggis sent its sound up to our very restingplace4 ,then swiftly the echo was caught up by the churches of all the numberless pretty villages that here cover the land1 until the whole country seemed to sound as with but one note4 ,a more thrilling instance of faith and practice it were impossible to imagine1 and1 looking down at such a moment at this fruitful1 prosperous district1 one felt as if our ,lord had already heard its prayers1 and in his mercy blessed it4 ,our afternoon walk was this day directed to the other ,rigi sanctuary1 8,maria zum ,schnee10 or ,mary of the ,snow1 the same mentioned in the ,kaltbad tablet1 and which1 from ,wordsworth's beautiful poem1 has obtained a more worldwide name than its pretty neighbor2 though in the locality itself no difference in celebrity is admitted between the two4 ,the only striking distinction is that whilst ,kaltbad has but the one simple appellation1 8,mary of the ,snow0 rejoices in a pet name1 by which it is more generally known on the ,rigi1 where ,klsterli1 or 8the little convent10 is its familiar and everyday title4 ,it lies deep in a southern fold of the mountain1 unseen from ,kaltbad1 but only a couple of miles distant2 so that it is a favorite walk with those visitors whose strength is unequal to the longer excursions4 ,this year the charms of the mountainroad have been sadly interfered with by the blasting of rocks necessary to the making of the railway branch to the ,scheideck1 and another line up from ,arth to the ,staffel1 besides the building of an additional hotel1 all which modern material improvements make one look forward with trepidation to their future effect on the old inhabitants4 ,in a few years more these heights will be one vast mountaincity--a new phase of life1 which may have its own poetic side1 it is true1 and bring health and advantage to humanity in general1 but which1 during two or three months of the year1 so completely changes the old character of the beautiful mountain that its friends of twenty and thirty years' standing say they can no longer recognize its former simplicity4 ,hence our musings were somewhat melancholy1 as we wandered on above the new railwayline1 until1 from a bend in the hill1 we unexpectedly came in sight of a completely new scene1 the curious ,mythen rocks rising above ,schwytz1 in the distance1 and ,klsterli itself lying peacefully below us1 as if sheltered from all harm in a dell beneath the ,kulm6 ,it seemed a spot exactly made for snow1 and one could almost fancy it buried at times under the soft embrace of some snowwhite drift4 ,whether the name first came from this circumstance of its position1 or from its connection with the ,basilica of ,santa ,maria ,maggiore at ,rome1 we had no opportunity of ascertaining2 but1 whatever the cause1 the name and connection seemed most appropriate4 ,certain it is that the painting which is the chief ornament of ,s4 ,maria zum ,schnee is a copy of the one at the great basilica1 and1 moreover1 that the church at ,klsterli has been1 as is fitting1 affiliated to the one in ,rome4 ,the festival is kept on the same day1 the #eth of ,august1 and the ,rigi church was consecrated by a ,papal ,nuncio in #agjj1 and endowed since then with many privileges by ,pope ,clement ,,xii41 so that the link in interest and connection has never been wanting4 ,mr4 ,c---- knew all the particulars1 and as we descended the steep pathway to ,klsterli he recalled to us the beautiful tradition about the foundation of ,santa ,maria ,maggiore4 ,he reminded us how a ,roman senator and his wife having been converted to ,christianity1 the latter had a dream which made her believe they ought to build a church in honor of the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,her husband1 however1 dismissed the idea as a fancy of her brain1 until1 having had the same dream for three successive nights1 his wife on the last occasion understood that she ought to choose the site which should be covered with snow on the following morning4 ,her husband1 still unwilling1 accompanied her in the search1 when1 not far from the house1 they found the top of the ,esquiline ,mount completely covered with a fine crust of snow6 ,this occurred on the #eth of ,august1 and1 bringing conviction to the husband's mind1 he at once consented to give up his fortune for the purpose1 and built on the spot the ,basilica1 which now covers the extent of ground marked out by the fall of snow4 ,another version states that it was the result of a vision which the pope1 ,s4 ,liberius1 and ,john1 the patrician1 had on the same night1 and which was confirmed the following morning1 the #eth of ,august1 by a miraculous fall of snow1 which extended over the space the church was to occupy4 ,certain it is that the fall of snow occurred1 on this very spot too1 and that the recollection of this wonderful origin is still kept alive in ,rome4 ,on the ,feast of ,santa ,maria ad ,nives1 on the #eth of the hot month of ,august1 a shower of white leaves is made to fall on the congregation attending ,high ,mass at the great ,basilica4 ,what affiliation1 therefore1 could be more fitting for a mountain chapel8 ,with renewed interest we hurried to the spot4 ,the village consists entirely of a few inns1 the convent--where live the ,capuchin fathers who have care of the church--and of the church itself1 much larger than that at ,kaltbad1 and which forms the centre of the whole place4 ,the old character is maintained up to the present time1 these inns being still most homely--very different from the luxurious abodes elsewhere on the mountain--and the convent in reality an hospice for pilgrims1 which at once gives the impression of a higher aim than mere pleasureseeking4 ,the ,capuchin fathers1 who glide about with serious mien in their brown habits1 add to the solemnity1 further increased by the depth of the valley 8making sunset10 as the sailors say1 to the place long before it happens on the surrounding heights4 ,it has nothing cheerful or peculiarly attractive to the general public1 so one might hope that it would escape the contagion of a worldly spirit4 ,this year the gloom has been added to by a dreadful accident connected with the unwelcome railway1 and one heard of little else on the spot4 ,a young lady who was sitting with her father outside the ,sonne ,hotel1 writing at one of the small tables1 was suddenly struck by a large stone1 thrown by the blasting of a rock close by1 and died in less than half an hour4 ,she was to have gone away from ,klsterli on the previous day with the rest of her family1 but had remained a while longer merely to take care of him4 ,his grief1 consequently1 was overwhelming4 ,it was a melancholy inauguration of the 8iron road10 and for the moment made a deep impression on all concerned4 ,but it is much to be dreaded that it will not be a lasting one4 ,the father1 to whom we spoke1 shook his head gravely1 as he pointed to the railway works1 expressing his fears that from a place of pilgrimage they would soon convert his dearly loved ,klsterli into a simple ,curort1 or1 in modern parlance1 a ,sanatorium4 ,he complained of its baneful influence already2 for1 though the peasants are thoroughly good and pious1 the immense influx of tourists gives them little time for devotions during the summer season1 especially in the month of ,august1 when the church festival occurs4 ,they1 the monks1 belong to the large ,capuchin convent at ,arth1 from which two or three have been sent here at the special request of the commune1 ever since the foundation1 to take care of this church and attend to the wants of the pilgrims4 ,but the numbers of the latter are diminishing from the above causes1 and hospitality has this year been chiefly bestowed on invalid priests1 who here seek change of air for weeks at a time4 ,the procession similar to that from ,weggis1 which used to come up from ,arth for the #eth of ,august1 making the ,stations on the way1 did not take place this time4 ,nor had the people leisure1 either1 for their old games1 which followed the church services as a matter of course4 ,sad and melancholy1 he seemed fearful of this inroad of materialism and the many temptations to which the poorer classes may be exposed4 ,the tranquillity of the spot will doubtless be ruined by the puffing engine and obtrusive railway1 and we could not but rejoice doubly that the 8haven of rest0 at ,kaltbad lies safely hidden away behind its rocks out of reach of such disturbance4 ,but so many have been the prayers answered and hearts cured within the last two centuries by the intercession of holy 8,mary of the ,snow0 that it is hard to believe so favored a sanctuary1 though this may perhaps be a moment of transition1 will be altogether swept away or lose its holy influence on so essentially pious a population4 ,the church is crowded with exvotos1 many of them the same seen by ,wordsworth in #ahbj1 when he sang in the following strain of 8,our ,lady ,of ,the ,snow4 8,meek ,virgin ,mother1 more benign ,than fairest star upon the height ,of thy own mountain set to keep ,lone vigils thro' the hours of sleep1 ,what eye can look upon thy shrine ,untroubled at the sight8 8,these crowded offerings1 as they hang ,in sign of misery relieved1 ,even these1 without intent of theirs1 ,report of comfortless despairs1 ,of many a deep and cureless pang ,and confidence deceived4 8,to thee1 in this arial cleft4 ,as to a common centre1 tend ,all sufferings that no longer rest ,on mortal succor1 all distrest ,that pine of human hope bereft1 ,nor wish for earthly friend4 8,and hence1 ,o ,virgin ,mother mild6 ,though plenteous flowers around thee blow1 ,not only from the dreary strife ,of winter1 but the storms of life1 ,thee have thy votaries aptly styled ,our ,lady of the ,snow4 8,even for the man who stops not here1 ,but down the irriguous valley hies1 ,thy very name1 ,o ,lady6 flings1 ,o'er blooming fields and gushing springs1 ,a holy shadow soft and dear ,of chastening sympathies6 8,nor falls that intermingling shade ,to summer gladsomeness unkind2 ,it chastens only to requite ,with gleams of fresher1 purer light2 ,while o'er the flowerenamelled glade ,more sweetly breathes the wind4 8,but on6--a tempting downward way1 ,a verdant path1 before us lies2 ,clear shines the glorious sun above2 ,then give free course to joy and love1 ,deeming the evil of the day ,sufficient for the wise40 ,in our walk hither along the brow of the hill we had talked to some pretty1 brighteyed children running about to call in their father's cattle1 asking their names and other questions2 but1 returning the same way1 all our thoughts and attention were given to the distant sound of avalanches1 which the ,c----s declared came to us across the mountaintops from the region of the great ,oberland range4 ,anything more sublime it were difficult to conceive in the fading light and soft hues of the sunset twilight4 ,we had quite forgotten the children1 but they had been thinking of us1 and1 passing on by their chlet1 little ,aloysius 7a fairhaired boy of three years old7 was seen skipping down the green slope with a paper in his hand4 ,it was a mysterious proceeding1 especially when he came and eagerly presented it to me4 ,but my surprise was greater on reading it to find that it consisted of prayers printed at ,einsiedeln3 the first teaching how to offer up one's intention with the ,masses that are being said all over the world2 another to be said when present during the offertory of the ,mass2 and a third1 when unable to attend in person1 for daily recital at home in union with the priest at the altar4 ,the little fellow evidently prized it1 as taught by his mother1 and it was fortunate that ,i was able to promise him it should hold a place amongst my treasures1 and that ,i would say the beautiful prayers daily1 which ,i have never failed to do4 ,but he could not altogether know how much happiness his act caused me1 chasing away the gloomy fears of the ,capuchin father1 and giving bright hope that a true spirit of piety will grow up with the rising generation4 ,church ,song4 8,and when they had said an hymn1 they went forth to the ,mount of ,olives40--,s4 ,,mark xiv4 #bf4 8,hymnum cecinit1 ut et nos similiter faciamus40--,s4 ,,chrysostom4 ,the ,disciple4 ,a world ,i'd give to hear thee sing ,that song6 ,too long ,is life until it bring ,the breaking of the bonds that cling ,about this deadly flesh4 ,sweet ,lord1 refresh ,my weary1 longing soul2 ,and this sad banishment condole ,with one faint echo of that strain ,of melody divine1 which must remain ,yet murmuring through space ,of all creation's bound2 ,and so controls ,the harmony that rolls ,in floods of majesty and grace ,throughout thy dwellingplace1 ,from tuneful lyres ,of angel choirs1 ,from ceaseless rapturous songs ,of shining saintly throngs1 ,that every sound ,heaven hears doth merely seem ,made to accompany thy theme4 ,wondrous ,singer1 ,o my ,lord and ,king6 ,tell me1 who taught thee how to sing ,so sweet a strain8 ,the ,master4 ,i heard my ,mother's voice one morn1 ,whilst yet in womb unborn1 ,chanting the canticle of praise ,she still in heaven doth raise2 ,and when a boy1 oft at her knee1 ,she did the tuneful mystery ,unfold to me4 ,wouldst hear me sing8 ',tis no hard thing4 ,go1 hearken to the singing of my ,bride ,with whom my ,presence ever doth abide2 ,who is a ,mother unto thee1 ,like as the ,virgin1 full of grace1 to me4 ,her voice1 in melody her own1 ,if thou wilt mark its heavenly tone1 ,hath cunning art ,to make thy heart ,hear mine again4 ,a ,discussion ,with ,an ,infidel4 ,,xviii4 ,personal ,continuance4 ,reader4 ,the next question you treat1 doctor1 regards the immortality of the human soul1 or1 as you call it1 8personal continuance40 ,in your opinion the spirit and the body1 the soul and the brain1 are so intimately and inseparably connected that a soul without a body1 as 8force without matter10 can never exist4 ,i remember having already answered some of the grounds of this opinion2 but as you make 8personal continuance0 the subject of a special chapter1 ,i presume that it is in this chapter that you have condensed the strength and substance of all your arguments4 ,how do you1 then1 establish your position8 ,bchner4 8,a spirit without a body is as unimaginable as electricity or magnetism without metallic or other substances0 7p4 #aif74 ,reader4 ,unimaginable6 ,of course1 a spiritual substance is not the object of imagination4 ,perhaps you mean that it is unthinkable1 inconceivable1 or unintelligible2 which ,i deny4 ,bchner4 8,unprejudiced philosophy is compelled to reject the idea of an individual immortality and of a personal continuance after death4 ,with the decay and dissolution of its material substratum1 through which alone it has acquired a conscious existence and become a person1 and upon which it was dependent1 the spirit must cease to exist0 7ibid47 ,reader4 ,beware of fallacies1 doctor4 ,you have not yet proved that the human soul needs a material substratum4 ,again1 you merely assume that it is through the body that the soul has acquired a conscious existence1 whilst the fact is that the soul through itself is conscious of its own existence in the body4 ,moreover1 the soul does not become a person through the body it informs1 but1 on the contrary1 confers on the body the privilege of being a part of the person4 ,lastly1 the spirit is not dependent upon the body1 except for the sensitive operations2 and you cannot assume that the soul depends upon the body for its own being4 ,hence your conclusion is yet unproved4 ,bchner4 8,all the knowledge which this spirit has acquired relates to earthly things2 it has become conscious of itself in1 with1 and by these things2 it has become a person by its being opposed against earthly1 limited individualities4 ,how can we imagine it to be possible that1 torn away from these necessary conditions1 this being should continue to exist with selfconsciousness and as the same person8 ,it is not reflection1 but obstinacy1 not science1 but faith1 which supports the idea of a personal continuance0 7pp4 #aif1 #aig74 ,reader4 ,i am rather amused than embarrassed at your identifying reflection with science and obstinacy with faith1 as ,i know that you are absolutely incapable of accounting for such a nonsensical ranting4 ,it is not true that 8all the knowledge acquired by our soul relates to earthly things40 ,we have already discussed this point1 and shown that our knowledge of earthly things is only the alphabet of human knowledge4 ,nor is it true that our soul 8has become conscious of itself by such things40 ,consciousness is1 even objectively1 an immanent act1 and the soul cannot be conscious of its own self1 except by looking upon itself4 ,no one can say ,i perceive without a knowledge of the ,i2 and therefore the soul knows its own self independently of the perception of other earthly things4 ,but1 as there are philosophers who account for selfconsciousness by the primitive accidental sensations experienced by the child1 ,i will suppose with you that our soul becomes conscious of its own existence by means of such sensations4 ,does it follow from this that the union with the body is 8a necessary condition0 for the existence of the soul8 ,such a conclusion would be absurd4 ,for it latently assumes that the soul must lose its consciousness of self by losing the instrument of its first sensation4 ,now1 to assume this is at least as absurd as to assume that by losing any of your senses you lose all the knowledge already acquired through them1 or that by going out of ,germany you cease to know everything that is ,german4 ,but your greatest mistake regards the notion of personality4 ,the spirit1 you say1 8has become a person by its being opposed against earthly1 limited individualities40 ,what does this mean8 ,first of all1 the spirit does not become a person1 but is itself the source of human personality4 ,secondly1 to be a person1 there is no need of other earthly1 limited individualities1 against which the spirit should be opposed4 ,any intelligent being1 left to itself1 with the free disposal of its own self1 is a person4 ,persona1 says ,boethius1 est rationalis natur individua substantia2 and this celebrated definition1 adopted by all the metaphysicians of the old school1 is far from becoming obsolete4 ,it would seem1 then1 that you speak of personality without knowing in what it consists4 ,to prove that the soul cannot enjoy personal continuance in a state of separation1 you should prove that the soul separated from the body is not an intelligent being having a free use of its faculties4 ,whatever else you may prove1 if you do not prove this1 will amount to nothing4 ,bchner4 8,physiology10 says ,vogt1 8decides definitely and categorically against individual immortality1 as against any special existence of the soul0 7p4 #aig74 ,reader4 ,tell the physiologists to keep to their own business4 ,the question of the immortality of the soul is not one of those which can be solved from the knowledge of our organs and their functions4 ,all the physiologist can do is to show the existence in the organs of a principle which animates them1 and which at death ceases to show its presence4 ,what becomes of it the physiologist1 as such1 has no means of deciding4 ,hence your ,vogt is supremely rash in affirming that 8physiology decides definitely and categorically against individual immortality40 ,bchner4 8,experience and daily observation teach us that the spirit perishes with its material substratum0 7ibid474 ,reader4 ,indeed8 ,let us hear how experience and daily observation teach what you assert4 ,it is extremely curious that mankind should be ignorant of a fact which falls under daily observation4 ,bchner4 8,there never has been1 and never will be1 a real apparition which could make us believe or assume that the soul of a deceased individual continues to exist2 it is dead1 never to return0 7p4 #aih74 ,reader4 ,allow me to remark1 doctor1 that you change the question4 ,you had to show that experience and daily observation teach that the spirit perishes with the body4 ,to say that there are no apparitions is not to adduce experience and daily observation1 but to argue from nonexperience and nonobservation4 ,not to see a thing is not an argument against its existence1 especially if that thing be not the object of sight2 and therefore to infer the nonexistence of souls from their nonapparition is a logical blunder4 ,but1 secondly1 is it true that 8there never has been1 and never will be1 a real apparition08 ,bchner4 8,that the soul of a deceased person10 says ,burmeister1 8does not reappear after death1 is not contested by rational people4 ,spirits and ghosts are only seen by diseased or superstitious individuals0 7ibid474 ,reader4 ,i do not say that souls1 as a rule1 reappear1 or that we must believe all the tales of old women about apparitions4 ,yet it is a fact that ,samuel's ghost appeared to ,saul and spoke to him2 and it is a fact that the witch of ,endor1 whom ,saul had consulted1 was already famous for her power of conjuring up spirits1 as it appears from the ,bible1 where we are informed that there were many other persons in the kingdom of ,israel possessing a similar power1 whom ,saul himself had ordered to be slain4 ,if you happen to meet with ,martinus ,del ,rio's ,magic ,disquisitions1 you will learn that in all centuries there have been apparitions from the spiritual world4 ,devils have often appeared1 saints have appeared1 and1 to make the reality of the apparitions incontrovertible1 have left visible signs of their presence1 or done things which no mortal man has power to do4 ,i need not descend to particulars2 yet ,i may remind you of the great recent apparition of ,lourdes1 and of the numberless miracles by which it was accompanied and followed1 in the eyes of all classes of persons1 including infidels and ,freemasons1 who left no means untried to discredit the facts1 but they only succeeded in enhancing the value of the evidence on which such facts had been previously admitted4 ,come1 now1 and tell us that all the witnesses of such public facts are 8diseased or superstitious individuals06 ,it is therefore proved1 by experience and observation1 that there are apparitions1 and that the human soul remains in existence after its separation from the body4 ,but1 although this proof suffices to convince all reasonable persons1 philosophers furnish us with other excellent proofs of the immortality of the soul4 ,are you able to show that all such proofs are inconclusive8 ,bchner4 8,there is something suspicious in the great zeal and the waste arguments with which this question has at all times been defended1 which yet1 for obvious reasons1 has rarely experienced serious scientific attacks4 ,this zeal appears to show that the advocates of this theory are rather anxious about their own conscience1 since plain reason and daily experience are but little in favor of an assumption which can only be supported on theoretical grounds4 ,it may also appear singular that at all times those individuals were the most zealous for a personal continuance after death whose souls were scarcely worthy of such a careful preservation0 7p4 #aih74 ,reader4 ,this is vile language1 doctor4 ,our zeal in defending the immortality of the soul arises from the moral importance of the point at issue2 and there is nothing 8suspicious0 about it4 ,our 8waste of arguments0 is not yet certified2 whereas your waste of words is already fully demonstrated4 ,the immortality of the soul 8has rarely experienced serious scientific attacks10 or rather1 it has never experienced them1 because real science does not attack truth1 and therefore all attacks against the soul's immortality have been1 are1 and will always be unscientific in the highest degree4 8,plain reason10 without the least need of 8daily experience10 convinces every thoughtful man that a truth based on good 8theoretical grounds0 cannot be rejected as a gratuitous 8assumption10 especially when it is also supported by undeniable facts4 ,your closing utterance deserves no answer4 ,every sensible man will qualify it as downright insolence4 ,meanwhile1 where are your proofs8 ,bchner4 8,attempts were made to deduce from the immortality of matter the immortality of the soul0 7ibid474 ,reader4 ,this is simply ridiculous4 ,who ever admitted the immortality of matter8 ,bchner4 8,there being1 it was said1 no absolute annihilation1 it is neither possible nor imaginable that the human soul1 once existing1 should be annihilated2 which would be opposed to reason0 7p4 #aii74 ,reader4 ,natural reason does not show the impossibility of annihilation2 and therefore it was impossible for philosophers to argue as you affirm that they did4 ,but1 since you think that annihilation is quite impossible1 how can you evade the argument8 ,bchner4 8,there is no analogy between the indestructibility of matter and that of spirit4 ,whilst the visible and tangible matter sensually exhibits its indestructibility1 the same cannot be asserted of spirit or soul1 which is not matter1 but merely an ideal product of a particular combination of forceendowed materials0 7ibid474 ,reader4 ,you merely rehash the old blunder already refuted in one of our past conversations4 ,if the soul were nothing but a product of material combinations1 it would certainly perish when those combinations are destroyed1 and there would be no need of annihilation to make it vanish4 ,but if the soul is an active principle1 as you must admit1 it cannot be a result of material combinations1 and consequently it is a special substance1 and cannot perish except by annihilation1 just in the same manner as matter also cannot perish but by annihilation4 ,your ground for denying the analogy between the destructibility of matter and that of the spirit is therefore a false supposition4 ,it is plain that there is not only analogy1 but absolute parity1 and that1 if matter were really indestructible1 the indestructibility of the soul would thereby be sufficiently established4 ,but we do not avail ourselves of such argument2 for we know that matter is destructible4 ,you say that 8the visible and tangible matter sensually exhibits its indestructibility02 but a little reflection would have sufficed to convince you that the possible and the impossible are not objects of sensible perception1 but of intellectual intuition4 ,then you say that the soul is an 8ideal product of a particular combination of forceendowed materials02 which is the veriest nonsense4 ,for1 were it true that a particular combination of materials produces the soul1 such a product would be real1 not ideal4 ,thus you have succeeded in condensing no less than three blunders into a few lines4 ,but let this pass4 ,have you anything to add in connection with this pretended argument8 ,bchner4 8,experience teaches that the personal soul was1 in spite of its pretended indestructibility1 annihilated2 i4e41 it was nonexisting during an eternity4 ,were the spirit indestructible1 like matter1 it must not only1 like it1 last for ever1 but have ever existed4 ,but where was the soul before the body to which it belongs was formed8 ,it was not2 it gave not the least sign of an existence2 and to assume an existence is an arbitrary hypothesis0 7pp4 #aii1 #bjj74 ,reader4 ,you grow eloquent1 doctor1 but without cause4 ,we all admit that the soul did not exist before the body was formed4 ,and1 pray1 how could the soul be annihilated if it did not exist8 ,are you doomed to utter nothing but blunders8 ,bchner4 8,it is in the very nature of things that all that arises should necessarily perish0 7p4 #bjj74 ,reader4 ,by no means4 ,bchner4 8,in the eternal cycle of matter and force nothing is destructible2 but this only applies to the whole1 while its parts undergo a constant change of birth and decay20 7ibid474 ,reader4 ,try to be reasonable1 dear doctor1 and lay aside 8the eternal cycle10 which has no existence but in your imagination4 ,you promised to argue from experience and observation4 ,keep your promise4 ,bchner4 8,i will4 ,there is a state which might enable us to produce a direct and empirical argument in favor of the annihilation of the individual soul--the state of sleep4 ,in consequence of corporeal changes1 the function of the organ of thought is suspended1 and the soul1 in a certain sense1 annihilated4 ,the spiritual function is gone1 and the body exists or vegetates without consciousness in a state similar to that of the animals in which ,flourens had removed the hemispheres4 ,on awakening1 the soul is exactly in the state it was before sleep4 ,the interval of time had no existence for the soul1 which was spiritually dead4 ,this peculiar condition is so striking that sleep and death have been termed brothers0 7p4 #bjj74 ,reader4 ,this 8direct and empirical argument0 may be turned against you4 ,for sleep is not real death2 and the animal1 when asleep1 continues to be animated4 ,if1 therefore1 the soul remains in the body1 even when the organs are in a condition which excludes the possibility of their concurrence to the work of the soul1 does it not follow that the soul enjoys an existence independent of the organs8 ,it is true that1 while the organs are in such a condition1 the soul cannot utilize them for any special work2 but it does not follow that 8the soul is1 in a certain sense1 annihilated10 nor that 8the spiritual function is gone40 ,you yourself admit that1 8on awakening1 the soul is exactly in the state it was before sleep40 ,i do not care to examine whether the state of the soul is exactly the same2 ,i rather incline to say that it is much better2 but1 waiving this1 it is still necessary to concede that the soul cannot keep its state without preserving its existence1 attributes1 and faculties1 and a direct consciousness of its own being1 which can be recollected after sleep1 when it has been accompanied1 as in dreams1 by a certain degree of reflection4 ,bchner4 ,i expected1 sir1 that you would appeal to dreams2 for 8the phenomena of dreaming have been used as arguments against the supposed annihilation of the soul during sleep1 by their proving that the soul is also active in that state4 ,this objection is founded upon error1 it being well known that dreaming does not constitute the state properly called sleep1 but that it is merely a transition between sleeping and waking0 7p4 #bja74 ,reader4 ,i have not appealed to dreams4 ,i simply mentioned the fact that in certain dreams1 where a certain degree of reflection accompanies the acts of the soul1 we have the possibility of remembering that we were conscious of our own being4 ,take away all dreams2 you will not thereby lessen the certainty of our direct consciousness of our own being2 you will only suppress an experimental subsidiary proof1 of which we are in no special need4 ,moreover1 remark1 doctor1 that 8against the supposed annihilation of the soul during sleep0 we are by no means bound to bring arguments4 ,it is necessary only to say ,nego assumptum1 and it will be your duty to prove your supposition4 ,i observe1 in the third place1 that you cannot consistently maintain that dreaming is a state intermediate between sleeping and waking4 ,for1 as you affirm that the soul exists in the latter state1 and does not exist in the former1 you are constrained to affirm that in the middle state the soul cannot be said to exist1 and cannot be said not to exist1 but partakes of existence and nonexistence at the same time4 ,now1 though you are so thoroughly accustomed to blundering1 ,i am confident that you cannot but shrink from the idea of a nonexistent existence4 ,and thus your definition of dreaming destroys your supposed annihilation of the soul during sleep4 ,bchner4 8,certain morbid conditions are still more calculated to prove the annihilation of our spirit4 ,there are affections of the brain1 e4g41 concussions1 lesions1 etc41 which so much influence its functions that consciousness is suspended4 ,such perfectly unconscious states may continue for months together4 ,on recovery1 it is found that the patients have no recollection whatever of the period which has passed1 but connect their mental life with the period when consciousness ceased4 ,this whole time was for them a deep sleep1 sleep or a mental death2 they in a sense died1 and were born again4 ,should death take place during that period1 it is perfectly immaterial to the individual1 who1 considered as a spiritual being1 was already dead at the moment when consciousness left him4 ,those who believe in a personal immortality might find it somewhat difficult1 or rather impossible1 to explain these processes1 or to give some clue as to the whereabouts of the soul during these periods0 7p4 #bjb74 ,reader4 ,it is neither impossible nor difficult to ascertain where the soul is during such periods2 for it is in the body all the while4 ,only the actual conditions of its existence in the body preclude1 by their abnormity1 the exercise of some faculties4 ,the soul is1 in such cases1 like the organist1 who is unable to elicit the wonted sounds from the organ so long as the pipes are not properly supplied with wind4 ,the patients you allude to are not corpses2 and although you affirm that 8they in a sense died and were born again10 it is evident that they did not die at all1 but only lost the proximate power of performing certain operations4 ,the soul and the body1 so long as they are together1 must work together4 ,even the purely intellectual operations1 in which the body has no part1 are always naturally associated with the imaginative operations1 in which the body has a considerable part2 and when these latter1 through the abnormal condition of the brain1 are suspended1 the former also are suspended1 so far at least as there is question of reflex acts4 ,and this fully accounts for the phenomena accompanying certain morbid states1 without resorting to your pretended annihilation of the spirit4 ,accordingly1 if you wish to argue against personal continuance1 you must draw your objections from some other source4 ,bchner4 8,the annihilation of a personal soul has been protested against upon moral grounds4 ,it was1 in the first place1 asserted that the idea of an eternal annihilation is so revolting to the innermost feeling of man that it must be untrue4 ,although an appeal to feelings is not a scientific method of proceeding1 it must certainly be admitted that the thought of an eternal life is more terrifying than the idea of eternal annihilation4 ,the latter is by no means repugnant to a philosophical thinker4 ,annihilation1 nonexistence1 is perfect rest1 painlessness1 freedom from all tormenting impressions1 and therefore not to be feared0 7pp4 #bjd1 #bje74 ,reader4 ,this way of reasoning1 doctor1 is most extraordinary4 ,first1 you assume that the moral grounds on which our knowledge of the immortality of the soul is based consist of mere feelings4 ,this is false4 ,secondly1 you do not consider that there are rational tendencies which1 whether you call them feelings or not1 ought to be taken into account in a philosophic discussion1 as they are of such a character that their fulfilment cannot be a matter of doubt4 ,thirdly1 you exhibit eternal life as a synonym of perpetual torments2 for you suppose that the idea of eternal life is terrific1 and that1 to be free 8from all tormenting impressions10 annihilation is necessary4 ,thus you conceive that after this life there can be nothing but the torments of hell4 ,this is most certainly true with regard to unrepenting ,freemasons2 they have nothing else to expect1 not even annihilation2 and it would truly be better for them if they were annihilated or had never been born1 as we know from the ,gospel4 ,but why should you take for granted that there is no heaven8 ,it is plain that your argument in favor of annihilation is nothing but a miserable sophism4 ,lastly1 ,i wish to remark1 though it is of little importance to the question of immortality1 that annihilation1 or nonexistence1 is not perfect rest1 as you imagine4 ,for who is it that rests8 ,can you have the subject after its annihilation1 or the rest without the subject8 ,you see1 ,i hope1 that your logic here1 too1 is at fault4 ,bchner4 8,philosophers1 perceiving the loose ground upon which they stand in regard to this question1 have1 in their endeavors to reconcile philosophy and faith1 tried to help themselves by very singular expedients0 7p4 #bje74 ,reader4 ,loose ground and singular expedients indeed6 ,who will believe you8 ,bchner4 8,the desire of our nature10 says ,carrire1 8to solve so many problems requires immortality1 and the many sorrows of this earth would be such a shocking dissonance in the world if it were not to find its solution in a higher harmony1 namely1 in the purification and development of personal individuality4 ,this and other considerations render immortality1 from our point of view1 a subjective certainty--a conviction of the heart0 7p4 #bjf74 ,reader4 ,do you consider these words as a very singular expedient to reconcile philosophy and faith8 ,what can you object to the thought they express8 ,bchner4 8,every one may1 certainly1 have convictions of the heart1 but to mix them up with philosophical questions is unscientific4 ,either something accords with reason and experience--it is then true2 or it does not accord--then it is untrue1 and can find no place in philosophical systems0 7ibid474 ,reader4 ,i see your trick1 doctor4 ,there are two kinds of convictions of the heart4 ,some of these convictions are accidental1 transitory1 not universal1 and not invincible2 others universal1 permanent1 and unchangeable4 ,the first kind originates in accidental affections of particular persons in particular circumstances2 and this kind of convictions should not be mixed up with philosophical questions4 ,but the second kind owes nothing to accidental circumstances1 and shows in its universality and invincibility its universal and unconquerable cause1 which cannot be other than our rational nature2 and this kind of convictions must be taken into account in the philosophical questions concerning our rational soul2 for it is from the nature of the effects that we discover the nature of the causes4 ,now1 8the conviction0 which ,carrire mentions belongs to this second kind2 for it is common to all rational beings1 and cannot be shaken off even by those who1 like you1 try to convince themselves of a future annihilation4 ,we therefore can and must take into account such a conviction when we examine philosophically the nature of the soul4 ,accordingly1 it is absurd1 on your part1 to pretend that an appeal to such a conviction is 8unscientific40 ,nothing is more unscientific than to lay aside the effects while one wishes to investigate the causes4 ,as to your aphorism1 8either something accords with reason and experience--it is then true2 or it does not accord--then it is untrue10 ,i do not think that it can help you much4 ,a thoughtless reader may indeed be dazzled by its fine glittering1 and candidly believe that you are a most resolute champion and acute investigator of truth2 but he who reflects on your reckless disregard of logic1 tergiversation1 and intellectual perversity will only wonder at your audacity in appealing to a principle which you trample upon in every page of your production4 ,yes1 sir2 what accords with reason and experience is true2 but how can this be a plea for denying immortality8 ,bchner4 8,it may be that it would be very fine if in heaven1 as in the last act of a heartstirring drama1 everything would resolve in a touching harmony or in general joy2 but science has nothing to do with what may be1 but with what is1 and is accordingly compelled to infer from experience the finiteness of human existence4 ,indeed1 a perfect solution of the enigmas of the universe1 as ,carrire desires1 must be considered as impossible for the human mind4 ,the moment we arrive at this point we are creators and capable of shaping matter according to pleasure4 ,such a knowledge would be equivalent to dissolution--annihilation--and there exists no being which can possess it4 ,where there is no striving there can be no life2 perfect truth would be a sentence of death for him who has acquired it1 and he must perish in apathy and inactivity0 7p4 #bjf74 ,reader4 ,it is of no use1 doctor1 to heap up assertions of this kind4 ,they are all groundless4 ,when you say that science has nothing to do with what may be1 but with what is1 you latently assume that between what may be and what is there must be opposition2 whereas it is plain that nothing is but what could be4 ,and again1 when you mention science1 what do you mean8 ,physics1 chemistry1 astronomy1 geology1 and the like have certainly nothing to do with the immortality of the soul2 but philosophy has something to do with it1 and philosophy1 the highest of sciences1 decides that the human soul not only may be1 but must be1 immortal4 ,in the third place1 it is ludicrous to affirm that 8experience shows the finiteness of human existence02 for our experience is limited to human life upon earth1 whereas our discussion refers to afterlife4 ,in the fourth place1 you pretend that a full knowledge of truth is impossible to the human mind1 for the wonderful reason that we would then be 8creators and capable of shaping matter according to pleasure40 ,in this you commit two blunders2 for1 first1 the knowledge of natural truths does not necessarily entail a physical power of shaping matter according to pleasure2 and1 secondly1 were our souls to acquire such a power1 we would not yet be creators1 as creation is infinitely above the shaping of matter4 ,you are never at a loss to find false reasons when needed to give plausibility to false assertions4 ,thus you invent the prodigious nonsense that a perfect knowledge of natural things 8would be equivalent to annihilation10 and to support this strange notion you argue that 8where there is no striving there can be no life10 as if a human soul1 when in full possession of truth1 could not find in its contemplation a sufficient exercise of intellectual life4 ,yet it is clear that striving for a good must end in a peaceful enjoyment of the same good2 or else all our striving would be purposeless4 ,on the other hand1 if 8perfect truth were a sentence of death for him who has acquired it10 would it not follow that the more we know1 the less we live8 ,but to conclude4 ,how can you conciliate these two things3 8,the moment we possess full knowledge we are creators10 and 8the moment we possess full knowledge we are annihilated08 or these two things3 8,we become capable of shaping matter according to pleasure10 and 8we perish in apathy and inactivity08 ,answer1 old fox8 ,bchner4 8,it may be that we are surrounded by many riddles0 7p4 #bjf74 8,in doubtful questions we must apply human knowledge1 and examine whether we can arrive at any solution by experience1 reason1 and the aid of natural sciences4 4 4 4 ,some believe they can give scientific reasons for the doctrine of individual immortality4 ,thus ,mr4 ,drossbach discovered that every body contains a limited number of monads capable of self consciousness 4 4 40 7p4 #bjh74 ,reader4 ,there is no need of discussing such absurdities4 ,we know1 that monads are not selfconscious4 ,bchner4 ,in fact1 8,drossbach's monads are too intangible to concern ourselves about them4 ,we may1 however1 take this opportunity of alluding to the unconquerable difficulties which must arise from the eternal congregation of innumerable swarms of souls which belonged to men who1 in their sojourn upon earth1 have acquired so extremely different a degree of development0 7ibid474 ,reader4 ,what unconquerable difficulties do you apprehend8 ,bchner4 8,eternal life is said to be a perfectioning1 a further development1 of earthly life1 from which it would follow that every soul should have arrived at a certain degree of culture1 which is to be perfected4 ,let us think1 now1 of the souls of those who died in earliest childhood1 of savage nations1 of the lower classes of our populations6 ,is this defective development or education to be remedied beyond8 #8,i am weary of sitting on schoolbenches1' says ,danton4 ,and what is to be done with the souls of animals80 7pp4 #bjh1 #bji74 ,reader4 ,indeed1 doctor1 the ignorance of the unbeliever is astounding6 ,our children and the lower classes of our populations are not half as ignorant as you are4 ,they would tell you that the light of the beatific vision dispels with equal facility all degrees of darkness which may remain in our souls in consequence of imperfect education1 without any need of your 8schoolbenches0 or other imaginary devices4 ,they would tell you also 8what is to be done with the souls of animals10 on which you most stupidly confer 8the same rights0 as are possessed by the human soul4 ,if beasts have the same rights as men1 it is a crime to kill them2 or1 if this is no crime1 it must be as lawful to kill and devour men6 ,are you ready to accept this doctrine8 ,bchner4 8,there is no essential and natural distinction between man and animal1 and the human and animal soul are fundamentally the same0 7p4 #bji74 ,reader4 ,do you understand what you say8 ,what do you mean by 8fundamentally08 ,bchner4 ,i mean that the animal soul is only distinguished from the human soul 8in quantity1 not in quality0 7ibid474 ,reader4 ,then you yourself must have the qualities of an ass1 and there will be no difference between you and the ass1 except in this3 that the asinine qualities are greater in you than in the ass4 ,your efforts to prove that beasts are endowed with intellect1 reason1 and freedom are very amusing1 but lack a foundation4 ,it would be idle to examine minutely your chapter on the souls of brutes2 it will suffice to state that your reasoning in that chapter is based on a perpetual confusion of the sensitive with the intellectual faculties4 ,sense and intellect do not differ in quantity1 but in quality4 ,no sensation can be so intensified as to become an intellectual concept or a universal notion4 ,hence no intellect can arise from any amount of sensibility4 ,brutes feel2 but1 although their sensitive operations bear a certain analogy to the higher operations of the intellectual soul1 nothing gives you the right to assume that brutes can reason4 ,so long as you do not show that asses understand the rules and the principles of logic1 it is useless to speak of the intellect of beasts4 ,their cognitions and affections are altogether sensitive2 reasoning1 morality1 and freedom transcend their nature as much as your living person transcends your inanimate portrait in the frontispiece of your book4 ,but reverting to the immortality of the human soul1 ,i wish you to understand that in the course of your argumentation you have never touched the substantial points of the question4 ,you not only have not refuted1 but not even mentioned1 our philosophical proofs of immortality4 ,you have been prating1 not reasoning4 ,to crown your evil work a couple of historical blunders were needed1 and you did not hesitate to commit them4 ,the first consists in asserting that 8the chief religious sects of the ,jews knew nothing of personal continuance10 while it is well known that the chief religious sect of the ,jews was that of the ,pharisees1 who held not only the immortality of the soul1 but also the resurrection of the body4 ,the second consists in asserting that 8among the enlightened of all nations and times the dogma of the immortality of the soul has had ever but few partisans0 7p4 #bac71 while the very reverse is the truth4 ,bchner4 8,mirabeau said on his deathbed1 #8,i shall now enter into nothingness1' and the celebrated ,danton1 being interrogated before the revolutionary tribunal as to his residence1 said1 #8,my residence will soon be in nothingness6' ,frederick the ,great1 one of the greatest geniuses ,germany has produced1 candidly confessed his disbelief in the immortality of the soul0 7p4 #bac74 ,reader4 ,you might as well cite ,moleschott1 ,feuerbach1 yourself1 and a score or two of modern thinkers1 all enlightened by ,masonic light1 celebrated by ,masonic pens and tongues1 and great geniuses of revolution4 ,but neither you nor your friends are 8among the enlightened of all nations and times40 ,before you can aspire to this glory you must study your logic1 and1 ,i dare say1 the ,christian doctrine too4 ,bchner4 ,if the soul survives the body1 8we cannot explain the fear of death1 despite all the consolations religion affords0 7p4 #bad74 ,reader4 ,you cannot2 but we can4 ,bchner4 ,men would not fear death1 8if death were not considered as putting an end to all the pleasures of the world0 7ibid47 ,reader4 ,i too1 doctor1 acknowledge that death puts an end to all the pleasures of this world2 but this does not show that our soul will not survive in another world4 ,we fear death for many reasons1 and especially because we are sinners1 and are afraid of the punishment that a just ,judge shall inflict on our wickedness4 ,we would scarcely fear death1 if we knew that our soul were to be annihilated4 ,and therefore our fear of death is a proof that the belief in the immortality of the soul is more universal than you imagine4 ,bchner4 8,pomponatius1 an ,italian philosopher of the ,x,v,ith century1 says3 #8,in assuming the continuance of the individual we must first show how the soul can live without requiring the body as the subject and object of its activity4 ,we are incapable of thought without intuitions2 but these depend upon the body and its organs4 ,thought in itself is eternal and immaterial2 but human thought is connected with the senses1 and perceptions succeed each other4 ,our soul is1 therefore1 mortal1 as neither consciousness nor recollection remains' 0 7p4 #bad74 ,can you answer this argument8 ,reader4 ,very easily4 ,that the soul can live without the body is proved by all psychologists from its spirituality--that is1 from its being a substance performing operations in which the body can have no part whatever4 ,such operations are those which regard objects ranging above the reach of the senses altogether2 which1 therefore1 cannot proceed from an organic faculty1 nor from any combination of organic parts4 ,now1 if the soul performs operations in which the organs have no part1 it is evident that the soul has an existence independent of the organs1 and can live without them4 ,accordingly1 the body is not the 8subject and object0 of the activity of the soul4 ,that 8we are incapable of thought without intuitions0 is true1 in the same sense as it is true that we are incapable of digesting without eating4 ,but would you admit that therefore no digestion is possible when you have ceased eating8 ,or would you maintain that ,i cannot think today of the object ,i have seen yesterday8 ,certainly not4 ,yet it is evident that ,i have today no sensible intuition of that object4 ,that thought in itself is 8eternal0 is a phrase without meaning4 ,thought is never in itself2 it is always in the thinking subject4 ,that 8human thought is connected with the senses0 in the present life is true1 not1 however1 because of any intrinsic dependence of the intellect on the senses1 but only because our present mode of thinking implies both the intellectual and the sensible representation4 ,the consequence1 8our soul is therefore mortal10 is evidently false1 as well as the reason added1 that 8neither consciousness nor recollection remains40 ,pomponatius was a bad philosopher1 but still a philosopher4 ,his objection is vain1 but still deserves an answer4 ,his reasoning is sophistical1 but there is still some meaning in the sophism itself4 ,not so with you4 ,after three centuries of progress you have not been able to find a single objection really worth answering1 either in a scientific or in a philosophical point of view4 ,pomponatius brings in another argument against immortality by saying that virtue is much purer when it is 8practised for itself without hope of reward40 ,you quote these words 7p4 #bad71 but without gaining much advantage from them4 ,you might have argued that 8as the hope of reward makes virtue less pure1 it would be against reason to suppose that ,god can offer us a reward1 the hope of which must thus blast our virtue40 ,in your next edition of ,force and ,matter you may develop this new argument1 if you wish4 ,your future adversaries1 however1 will refute it1 as ,i fancy1 with the greatest facility1 by observing1 first1 that the hope of a reward may accompany the practice of virtue without interfering with its purity2 for we can love virtue for itself without renouncing the reward of virtue4 ,do you not expect your fees from your patients as a compensation for your services8 ,and yet ,i presume that you would take it as an insult if any one pretended that you practise medicine for the love of money4 ,it might be observed1 secondly1 that as sin deserves punishment1 so virtue deserves reward2 hence a wise and just ,providence1 which we must recognize as an attribute of ,divinity1 cannot leave the virtuous without a reward1 nor the sinner without a punishment4 ,and1 since it is plain that neither the reward nor the punishment is adequately meted out in this world1 it remains that it should be given in the next4 ,i shall not enter into any development of this argument1 which is the most intelligible among those usually made use of by philosophers to prove the immortality of the human soul4 ,it suffices for me to have shown the utter falsity of your reasons against this philosophical and theological truth4 ,,xix4 ,free,will4 ,reader4 ,do you admit freewill8 ,bchner4 8,a freewill10 says ,moleschott1 8an act of the will which should be independent of the sum of influences which determine man at every moment and set limits to the most powerful1 does not exist0 7p4 #bci74 ,reader4 ,do you adopt this view8 ,bchner4 ,of course4 8,man is a product of nature in body and mind4 ,hence not only what he is1 but also what he does1 wills1 feels1 and thinks1 depends upon the same natural necessity as the whole structure of the world0 7ibid47 ,reader4 ,then freewill1 according to you1 would be a mere dream2 political and religious freedom would be delusions2 freethinkers could never exist2 and1 what may perhaps strike you most of all1 ,freemasons would be actual impossibilities4 ,bchner4 8,the connection of nature is so essential and necessary that freewill1 if it exists1 can only have a very limited range0 7ibid47 ,reader4 ,what6 ,do you mean that freewill can exist1 if 8what man does1 wills1 feels1 and thinks depends upon the same natural necessity as the whole structure of the world08 ,can you reconcile necessity and freedom8 ,bchner4 8,human liberty1 of which all boast10 says ,spinoza1 8consists solely in this1 that man is conscious of his will1 and unconscious of the causes by which it is determined0 7ibid47 ,reader4 ,this answer does not show that liberty and necessity can be reconciled4 ,it would rather show1 if it were true1 that there is no liberty2 for if the human will is determined by any cause distinct from itself1 its volition cannot be free4 ,accordingly1 your assertion that 8freewill1 if it exist1 can only have a very limited range10 is inconsistent with your principle of natural1 essential1 and universal necessity1 and should be changed into this3 8,freewill cannot exist1 even within the most limited range40 ,if you admit the principle1 you must not be afraid of admitting the consequence2 or if you shrink from the consequence1 it is your duty to abandon the principle from which it descends4 ,bchner4 8,the view ,i have expressed is no longer theoretical1 but sufficiently established by facts1 owing to that interesting new science1 statistics1 which exhibits fixed laws in a mass of phenomena that until now were considered to be arbitrary and accidental4 ,the data for this truth are frequently lost in investigating individual phenomena1 but1 taken collectively1 they exhibit a strict order inexorably ruling man and humanity4 ,it may without exaggeration be stated that at present most physicians and practical psychologists incline to the view in relation to freewill that human actions are1 in the last instance1 dependent upon a fixed necessity1 so that in every individual case free choice has only an extremely limited1 if any1 sphere of action0 7p4 #bdj74 ,reader4 8,limited1 if any06 ,it is strange that you hesitate to say which of the two you mean to advocate4 ,why do you not say clearly1 either that freewill has a certain sphere of action1 or that it has no existence at all8 ,instead of explaining your opinion on this point1 you try to obscure the question4 ,individual freewill is to be ascertained by the statistics of the individual1 not by that of the collection4 ,when a crowd moves towards a determinate spot1 individuals are carried on to the same spot1 be they willing or unwilling1 by the irresistible wave that presses onward4 ,so also when any collection of men1 from a nation to a family1 lives under the same laws1 experiences the same wants1 enjoys the same rights1 and holds the same practical principles1 the general movement of the mass carries in the same direction every individual member of the collection1 by creating such conditions all around him as will morally compel his following the general movement4 ,but this is only moral necessity1 against which man can rebel in the same manner as he can rebel against the divine or the human law2 whereas our question regards the existence or nonexistence of a physical necessity1 physically binding the human will1 and determining every one of its actions4 ,hence1 even were it true that 8a strict order inexorably rules humanity0--that is1 the collection of human beings--it would not follow that the individual will is inexorably ruled by a physical necessity4 ,bchner4 8,the conduct and actions of every individual are dependent upon the character1 manners1 and modes of thought of the nation to which he belongs4 ,these1 again1 are1 to a certain extent1 the necessary product of external circumstances under which they live and have grown up4 ,galton says3 #8,the difference of the moral and physical character of the various tribes of ,south ,africa depends on the form1 the soil1 and the vegetation of the parts they inhabit4' 444 #8,it is about two hundred and thirty years1' says ,desor1 #8since the first colonists1 in every respect true ,englishmen1 came to ,new ,england4 ,in this short time they have undergone considerable changes4 ,a peculiar ,american type has been developed1 chiefly1 it appears1 by the influence of the climate4 ,an ,american is distinguished by his long neck1 his spare figure1 and by something irritable and feverish in his character4444 ,it has been observed that1 during the prevalence of easterly winds1 the irritability of the ,americans is considerably increased4 ,the rapidity of the ,american state development1 which surprises us1 may thus1 to a considerable extent1 be ascribed to the climate4' ,as in ,america1 so have the ,english given rise to a new type in ,australia1 especially in ,new ,south ,wales44440 7pp4 #bda1 #bdb74 ,reader4 ,has all this anything to do with the question of freewill8 ,bchner4 ,certainly4 8,if the nations are thus in the aggregate1 in regard to character and history1 dependent upon external circumstances1 the individual is no less the product of external and internal natural actions1 not merely in relation to his physical and moral nature1 but in his actions4 ,these actions depend necessarily1 in the first instance1 upon his intellectual individuality4 ,but what is this intellectual individuality1 which determines man1 and prescribes to him1 in every individual case1 his mode of action with such force that there remains for him but a minute space for free choice8 ,what else is it but the necessary product of congenital physical and mental dispositions in connection with education1 example1 rank1 property1 sex1 nationality1 climate1 soil1 and other circumstances8 ,man is subject to the same laws as plants and animals0 7pp4 #bdb1 #bdc74 ,reader4 ,i do not see any ground for this conclusion4 ,our 8intellectual individuality0 is1 ,i surmise1 our individual soul1 or our individual intellect4 ,now1 our intellect may speculatively prescribe1 in individual cases1 some mode of action1 but even then it lets our will free to obey the prescription4 ,moreover1 it is not true that our intellect prescribes1 in every individual case1 a determinate mode of action4 ,how often do we not hesitate1 even after long intellectual examination1 what line of action we should adopt6 ,how often do we not entertain distressing doubts1 and have no means of emerging from our state of perplexity6 ,it is therefore false that our 8intellectual individuality0 prescribes to us1 in every individual case1 our mode of action4 ,hence your other assertion1 that the same intellectual individuality urges us 8with such a force that there remains for us but a minute space for free choice10 needs no further discussion1 as being contrary to constant experience and observation4 ,it is curious that a man who professes1 as you do1 to argue from nothing but facts1 should coolly assume as true what is contradicted by universal experience2 but you have already accustomed us to such proceedings4 ,what strikes me is that your blunder cannot here be excused by the plea of ignorance1 as you cannot be ignorant of your own mode of action2 whence your reader must infer that your direct intention in writing is to cheat him to the best of your power4 ,as to education1 example1 rank1 climate1 soil1 and other circumstances1 ,i admit that they are calculated to favor the development of particular mental and physical dispositions2 but ,i deny1 first1 that such dispositions are the 8intellectual individuality10 and1 secondly1 that the existence of such dispositions is incompatible with the exercise of free will4 ,of course1 we experience a greater attraction towards those things which we are accustomed to look upon as more conducive to our wellbeing1 and towards those actions of which we may have acquired the habit2 but this attraction is an invitation1 not a compulsion1 and we can freely do or choose the contrary1 and are responsible for our choice4 ,bchner4 8,natural dispositions1 developed by education1 example1 etc41 are so powerful in human nature that neither deliberation nor religion can effectually neutralize them1 and it is constantly observed that man rather follows his inclinations4 ,how frequently does it occur that a man1 knowing his intellectual character and the error of his ways1 is yet unable to struggle successfully against his inclinations60 7p4 #bdd47 ,reader4 ,i do not deny the power of natural or acquired dispositions1 and ,i admit that men usually follow their inclinations2 but this is not the question4 ,the question is1 8,do men follow their inclinations freely or necessarily80 ,the assertion that 8neither deliberation nor religion can effectually neutralize0 such inclinations is ambiguous4 ,if you mean that1 in spite of all deliberation1 we continue to feel those inclinations1 the thing is obviously true1 but proves nothing against freewill2 if1 on the contrary1 you mean that1 after deliberation1 we cannot act against such inclinations1 the assertion is evidently false2 for we very often do things most repugnant to our habitual inclinations4 ,that a man1 knowing the error of his ways1 8is unable to struggle successfully against his inclinations10 is a wicked and scandalous proposition4 ,as long as he remains in possession of his reason1 man is able to struggle successfully1 not only against his own inclinations1 but also against his predominant passions4 ,the struggle may indeed be hard1 for it is a struggle2 but its success is in the hands of man4 ,how could criminals be struck by the sword of justice1 if1 when committing crime1 they had been unable to check the temptation8 ,your doctrine would1 if adopted1 soon put an end to the existence of civil society1 and transform mankind into a herd of brutes4 ,if we cannot successfully struggle against our bad inclinations1 then theft1 murder1 adultery1 drunkenness1 and all kinds of vice and iniquity are lawful1 or at least justifiable1 and nothing but tyranny can undertake to suppress them or to inflict punishment for them4 ,is it necessary to prove that a theory which leads to such results is a libel against humanity8 ,bchner4 8,the most dreadful crimes have1 independently of the will of the agent1 been committed under the influence of abnormal corporeal conditions4 ,it was reserved for modern science closely to examine such cases1 and to establish disease as the cause of crimes which formerly were considered as the result of deliberate choice0 7p4 #bde74 ,reader4 ,modern science pretends1 of course1 to have established a great many things4 ,but how can you explain the fact that1 when 8the most dreadful crimes0 are committed by common criminals1 science still considers and condemns them as a result of deliberate choice1 whilst1 if such crimes are committed by members of secret societies1 science attributes them to abnormal corporeal conditions8 ,can we trust a science which so nicely discriminates between the ,freemason and the ,christian8 ,yet even your modern science1 not to become ridiculous1 is obliged1 in order to absolve criminals1 to put forward a plea of temporary insanity1 thus acknowledging that a man who enjoys the use of his reason is always responsible1 as a free agent1 for his actions4 ,hence1 even according to your modern science1 our actions1 so long as we are not struck with insanity1 are the result of our deliberate choice4 ,it is only when you lose your brain that you are 8under the influence of those abnormal corporeal conditions0 which prevent all deliberate choice4 ,bchner4 ,yet man's freedom 8must1 in theory and practice1 be restricted within the narrowest compass4 ,man is free1 but his hands are bound2 he cannot cross the limit placed by nature4 ,for what is called freewill1 says ,cotta1 is nothing but the result of the strongest motives0 7pp4 #bde1 #bdf74 ,reader4 ,it is difficult1 doctor1 to hold a discussion with you4 ,your views are contradictory1 and your argumentation consists of assertions or quotations for which no good reason is1 or can be1 adduced4 ,if man is free1 his hands are not bound2 and although he cannot cross the limits of nature by which he is surrounded1 he has yet a great latitude for the exercise of freedom within said limits4 ,we are not free to attain the end without using the means1 to live on air1 to fly to the moon1 to add an inch to our stature2 but these are limits of physical power1 not limits of free volition4 ,our will is moved by objects through the intellect2 and no object which is apprehended as unnecessary to our intellectual nature can necessitate the will4 ,to admit that what is presented to the will as unnecessary can produce necessity1 is to admit an effect greater than its cause4 ,hence the range of freewill is as wide as creation itself2 for no created object can be considered by the intellect as necessary to our rational nature4 ,one object alone may be so considered--that is1 ,god1 whose possession alone is sufficient1 and therefore necessary1 to fill the cravings of our heart4 ,thus man's freedom is not to be restricted 8within the narrowest compass10 as you pretend1 but is to be stretched to the very limits of creation4 ,but 8what is called freewill10 you say1 8is nothing but the result of the strongest motives40 ,i answer that the stronger the motive is1 the intenser is the movement of the will1 since the effect must be proportionate to its cause4 ,but the movement of the will is not a reflex act2 it is merely an indispensable condition for it1 and its existence does not necessarily entail the existence of the rational volition4 ,the first movements of our appetitive faculty are not formally free2 for they are not originated by the will1 but by the objects4 ,it is only when we reflect upon ourselves and our movements that we become capable of rationally approving or reprobating that towards which or against which we feel moved2 and consequently it is only after such a reflection that our will makes its choice4 ,now1 it is impossible that the rational soul1 reflecting upon itself and its first movements towards a finite good1 should consider its possession as a necessity of its own nature2 for all good that is finite is deficient1 and if the rational soul considered finite good as necessary to its happiness1 it would in fact consider its deficiency also as necessary to its happiness2 which cannot be4 ,hence1 whatever the strength of the motives by which we are impelled1 no movement excited by finite good interferes with the freedom of the volition4 ,and now1 is it true that our choice always answers to the strongest motives8 ,this question may be understood in two ways1 according as the motives are considered objectively or subjectively4 ,the motives which are the strongest objectively may become the weakest subjectively1 and vice versa4 ,it is with our will moved by different motives as with the lever loaded with different weights4 ,the heavier weight absolutely prevails over the lighter2 but if the arms of the lever be suitably determined1 the lighter will prevail over the heavier4 ,thus the lightest motives may prevail over the strongest ones1 when our soul adapts itself to them1 by shifting1 so to say1 its own fulcrum1 and thus altering the momenta of the opposite forces4 ,the motives which prevail are therefore the strongest in this sense only3 that the will has made them such2 and1 properly speaking1 we should not even say that they are the strongest1 but only that they are the most enhanced by the will4 ,these explanations may be new to you1 but they are the result of experience and observation4 ,i abstain from developing them further1 as it is no part of my duty to vindicate them by positive arguments4 ,no truth is so universally and unavoidably recognized as the existence of freewill4 ,a man of common sense must be satisfied of this truth by simply reflecting upon his own acts4 ,criminals may pretend that they have not the power to avoid crime2 but doctors should not countenance such a pretension contrary to evidence4 ,to excuse crime on such a miserable plea is to encourage the triumph of villany and the overthrow of human society4 ,bchner4 ,indeed1 it has been said that 8the partisans of this doctrine denied the discernment of crime1 and that they desired the acquittal of every criminal1 by which the state and society would be thrown into a state of anarchy4444 ,what is true is that the partisans of these modern ideas hold different opinions as regards crime1 and would banish that cowardly and irreconcilable hatred which the state and society have hitherto cherished with so much hypocrisy as regards the #8malefactor' 0 7p4 #bdg74 ,reader4 ,to denounce the state and society as hypocritical is scarcely a good method of exculpating yourself4 ,yet your denunciation is false1 so far at least as regards ,christian states and ,christian society2 for as regards anti,christian societies connected with ,freemasonry1 and states fallen under their degrading influence and tyranny1 ,i fully admit that they cannot1 without hypocrisy1 hate malefactors4 ,those who plunder whole nations1 who corrupt public education1 who persecute religion1 who sow everywhere the seeds of atheism1 materialism1 and utilitarianism1 have no right to hate malefactors4 ,as to those who teach that 8neither deliberation nor religion can effectually neutralize the dispositions of man10 and that 8man1 knowing the error of his ways1 is yet unable to struggle successfully against his inclinations10 what right have they to speak of crime or of malefactors8 ,can there be crime and malefactors without freewill8 ,you see1 doctor1 that your materialistic doctrines do away with all morality1 and that a society imbued with them cannot be moral4 ,hence it is bad taste in you to declaim against modern society1 as you do 7p4 #bdg71 on account of vices which are nothing but the result of materialism4 8,we are astonished10 you say1 8that our society is so ticklish as regards certain truths taught by science--a society whose social virtue is nothing but hypocrisy covered by a veil of morality4 ,just cast a glance at this society1 and tell us whether it acts from virtuous1 divine1 or even moral motives6 ,is it not1 in fact1 a bellum omnium contra omnes8 ,does it not resemble a racecourse1 where every one does all he can to outrun or even to destroy the other8444 ,every one does what he believes he can do without incurring punishment4 ,he cheats and abuses others as much as possible1 being convinced that they would do the same to him4 ,any one who acts differently is treated as an idiot4 ,is it not the most refined egotism which is the spring of this social mechanism8 ,and distinguished authors who best know human society1 do they not constantly depict in their narrations the cowardice1 disloyalty1 and hypocrisy of this ,european society8 ,a society which permits human beings to die of starvation on the steps of houses filled with victuals2 a society whose force is directed to oppress the weak by the strong1 has no right to complain that the natural sciences subvert the foundations of its morality40 ,these last words should be slightly modified2 for the truth is that such a society is the victim of your modern theories1 which you dignify with the name of natural sciences1 and which have already subverted the foundations of social morality4 ,the society you describe in this passage is not the old ,christian society formed on the doctrine of the ,gospel1 but the materialistic society formed on modern thought4 ,the moral distemper of modern society is the most irrefragable condemnation of all your doctrines4 ,by its fruits we know the tree4 ,conclusion4 ,we ask the indulgence of our readers for having led them through so many disgusting details of pestilential philosophy4 ,without such details it was impossible to give a clear idea of the futility and perversity which characterize the teaching of one of the greatest luminaries of modern infidelity4 ,we have shown that ,dr4 ,bchner's ,force and ,matter1 in spite of all its pretensions1 is1 in a philosophical point of view1 a complete failure4 ,we have omitted many of the author's passages1 which we thought too profane to be inserted in these pages1 and which1 as consisting of vain declamation1 arrogance1 and assumption1 had no need of refutation4 ,as to our mode of dealing with our adversary1 we have been pained to hear that some consider it harsh4 ,we beg to say that a man who employs his talents to war against his ,creator has no right to expect much regard from any of ,god's creatures4 ,men of this type are frequently treated with too much forbearance1 owing to the false idea that every literary character should be treated as a gentleman4 ,blasphemers are not gentlemen1 nor should they be dealt with as gentlemen4 ,they should be made to feel the disgrace which attaches to their moral degradation4 ,such was the practice in the good old times2 and we may justify it by the example of ,one who did not hesitate1 in his infinite wisdom1 publicly to rebuke the ,scribes and ,pharisees in terms not at all complimentary1 and certainly much stronger than those which we have used in censuring the author of ,force and ,matter4 ,the ,ice,wigwam ,of ,minnehaha4 ,the winter of #aheeef1 memorable for its excessive and prolonged cold1 while it brought suffering to many a household throughout the land1 and is recalled by that fact almost solely1 is fixed in my memory by its verification of an old ,indian legend of the icewigwam of ,minnehaha4 ,longfellow has made this name familiar to the ,englishspeaking world1 and beyond4 ,a little waterfall1 whose silvery voice is for ever singing a lovesong to the mighty ,father of ,waters1 and into whose bosom it hastens to cast itself1 bears the name and personates the ,indian maiden4 ,on the right bank of the ,mississippi1 between the ,falls of ,st4 ,anthony and the mouth of the ,minnesota1 is a broad1 level prairie1 starting from the high bluffs of the ,mississippi1 and running far out in the direction of sundown4 ,in the month of ,june this prairie is profusely decked with bright flowers1 forming a carpet which the looms of the world will never rival4 ,stretching far into the west is a tortuous ribbon of rich1 dark green1 marking the path of a stream which stealthily glides beneath the shadows of the long grass4 ,as it nears the eastern border of the prairie1 this stream becomes more bold4 ,its expanded surface glistens in the noonday sun4 ,here it passes slowly under a rustic bridge1 upon an almost seamless bed of rock4 ,then its motion quickens1 as if in haste to reach the ledge which overhangs the broad valley of the ,mississippi1 when1 with one bound1 it plunges into its basin sixty feet below4 ,this is ,minnehaha1 the little hoiden who throws herself upon the outstretched arm of the great ,father of ,waters with a merry laugh that wins the heart of every comer4 ,beautiful child of the plain6 ,how many have sought you in your flowerdecked home1 and loved you6 ,hoiden you may be2 but coquette1 never4 ,your life is freely given to be absorbed in the life of him you seek4 ,but ,minnehaha is at times the ward of another--an old man whose white locks are so often the sport of the winds1 whose very presence makes the limbs of mortals tremble1 and their teeth chatter at his approach4 ,yet he is wondrous kind to his beautiful ward--touchingly kind is the ,ice,king of the ,north4 ,when the blasts from his realms1 freighted with the chill of death1 scourge the lands over which they pass1 and a silence aweinspiring and complete falls on all2 when the flowers are being buried beneath the snow1 and the mighty river bound with ice1 then it is the iceking exhausts his powers to build for ,minnehaha a palace worthy of her4 ,the summer through 7and spring and autumn scarce are known where ,minnehaha dwells7 the maid has worn about her1 as a veil1 a cloud of mist and spray4 ,o wondrous architect6 ,of mist and spray you build a palace even ,angelo might not conceive in wildest dreams1 were marbles1 opals1 pearls1 all gems and stones and precious metals1 cut and fashioned ready to his hand6 ,thy breath1 ,o iceking6 fashions mist and spray into grand temples1 palaces1 more chaste and cold than any stuff ,italian quarries yield6 ,behold the iceking build6 ,he breathes upon the mist1 and on all sides strongbased foundations fix about the space he would enclose4 ,the walls on these rise up1 as mist and spray are gathered there and set with his chill breath4 ,height on height they rise1 until the arch is sprung2 and then the dome is gathered in to meet the solid rock above1 and all the outer work is done4 ,within1 the decorations form as do the stalactites within the caves4 ,then these are covered with the diamond frost1 such as ,december's shrubs and trees so oft put on to greet the rising sun4 ,and ,minnehaha1 so the legend says1 sings here the winter through4 ,this is the masterpiece of the great iceking4 ,solomon in all his glory possessed no temple to compare with this1 nor ,queen of ,sheba ever saw its counterpart4 ,a party of four started from ,st4 ,paul in the latter part of ,march1 #ahef1 to visit this wonder of the ,north4 ,for many years the winters had not been protracted enough to permit the planting of a ,maypole upon the ice of ,lake ,pepin1 nor had eye seen the icewigwam of ,minnehaha4 ,marquette1 ,hennepin1 ,lesueur1 and the early ,catholic missionaries had carried with them their love for the month of ,mary into that cold region1 and settlers and ,christian ,indians made the opening day of this month one of joyful festivity4 ,to plant a ,maypole upon the ice of ,lake ,pepin 7which is always the last point on the ,upper ,mississippi where the ice breaks up1 as no current helps to cut or break it7 was quite an event4 ,the ,maypole1 decked with garlands of green and dotted with the manycolored crocuses that spring up and bloom at the very edge of the melting snow1 and long before the drifts and packs have disappeared1 if planted on the ice1 permitted dancing on its smooth surface1 and pleasanter footing than the loose1 moistened soil4 ,mayday can seldom be pleasantly celebrated in that region outofdoors1 except upon the ice4 ,ice on ,lake ,pepin1 then1 is to the young folk of that latitude as important an event as a bright1 sunny day in latitudes below4 ,during the month of ,march1 #ahef1 a bright1 warm sun melted the snows to such an extent as to cover the level prairies with several inches of water1 confined within banks of melting snow4 ,wheels were taking the place of runners4 ,our party drove over the undulating prairie to ,st4 ,anthony1 crossed the ,mississippi by the first suspension bridge which spanned its waters just above the ,falls of ,st4 ,anthony1 and from ,minneapolis1 on the west bank1 moved out into the dead level which extends south and west toward the ,minnesota ,river4 ,a splashing drive of four miles brought us to the bridge above the ,falls of ,minnehaha1 from which we could see on our left a cone of dirty ice1 disfigured here and there with sticks and stones and clods of earth2 its base far down within an icelined gorge1 its top close pressed upon an overhanging ledge4 ,was this the wonder we had come to see8 ,a wonder1 then1 we came4 ,but we did not turn back at this unsightly scene4 ,there was a charm about this legend of ,minnehaha's ice wigwam that surely did not have its source in the charmless thing before us4 ,nor could we believe the imagination of the red man capable of drawing so poetic an inspiration from so prosaic a source4 ,we therefore set to work to discover the hidden things1 if such there were4 ,with large stones we broke away the ice about the top of the cone1 hoping to peer through the opening by which the water of the stream entered4 ,we failed in this1 but let in the western sun through the opening we had made4 ,then we descended to the bottom of the gorge1 over ice and snow1 to seek a new point of observation4 ,here1 to the east1 lay the broad1 snowcovered valley of the ,mississippi2 before us1 at the west1 rose the cone of ice full sixty feet in height1 its wrinkled surface all discolored and defaced1 inspiring naught of poetry1 stifling imagination4 ,moving northward around the ungainly mass1 and part way up the north side of the gorge1 we reached a terrace which led behind the cone and underneath the overhanging ledge4 ,we enter from the north 7by broad steps of ice1 each rising three or four inches above the other7 a hall twelve by twenty feet1 floored1 columned1 curtained1 arched1 and walled with ice4 ,at somewhat regular intervals elliptical columns of ice rose from floor to spring of arch4 ,between these columns curtains hung1 with convolutes and folds and borders1 filling all the space--and all of ice4 ,above us was the ledge of rock overhanging the basin of the fall1 behind us the bluff1 and under our feet the terrace of earth midway the cone2 and all was paved and curtained and ceiled with ice4 ,before us stood the upper half of the cone1 meeting the ledge above4 ,while giving play to admiration of the architectural beauties of the place1 our ears were greeted with a sound muffled or distant1 as of falling water4 ,whence could this come8 ,could there be life or motion within that frozen mass8 ,in the chill of that drear winter was not the laughing voice of ,minnehaha hushed8 ,the sun was dropping down the western sky1 and a shadow lengthened in the gorge below4 ,the broken edges of the ice which overhung the quiet stream gave back the borrowed rays of sunlight more brilliant than they came4 ,one of the party had1 slung to his side1 the customary longknife of those days4 ,with it in hand he started in search of the creature whose voice lured him on1 not1 as the siren1 to destruction1 but to a scene of beauty1 brilliance1 glory1 with which the fabled cave of ,stalacta was but as shadow4 ,between him and the voice he sought a wall of ice imposed4 ,the knife at once was called to play its part4 ,between two columns this wall was cut away1 a window opened1 through which we saw the glories of the wigwam4 ,our eyes were dazzled and our senses mazed4 ,the curtain rent exposed to view the inner surface of a dome higharched and perfect in its curves4 ,from base1 through all its height1 it was hung with myriad stalactites of ice1 which seemed to point us to the laughing voice still rippling on the waters far below4 ,these stalactites were covered thick with richest frostwork2 and from ten thousand upon thousand points the glinting light fell off in floods4 ,near to the centre of the upper dome the waters of the stream pour in in one broad sheet4 ,an instant only is such form preserved4 ,the sheet of water breaks1 and countless globes1 from raindrops to a sphere the hand would scarcely grasp with ease1 come down1 and break still more in passing through the air1 until within the basin all is mist and spray4 ,these globes at first arrange themselves in systems not unlike the planetariums of the schools1 where sun and planets1 with their satellites1 are shown the youths1 to aid such minds as seek to learn the grander works of ,god in space4 ,these systems1 as they fall1 are countless2 and by common impulse1 which means law1 the smaller range themselves about a greater central orb4 ,and so they pass through space1 to fall upon the bosom of the pool in mist4 ,is there no emblem here of life and ,god8 ,and as we look1 behold6 the walls and dome are striped and slashed with silver and with gold2 then barred2 and then again are panelled with this silver sheen and gold4 ,the gold and silver interchange positions1 fade1 return1 as the ,northern ,lights dissolve or chase each other here and there4 ,the mystery of this partycolored scene was soon resolved4 ,the ice we broke away with stones had let the sun shine through the opening1 and the waters1 flowing in1 disputed passage with the light4 ,there is an ebb and flow in running water so like to pulsebeats that it may not seem strange to those who stop to think1 that ruder men have worshipped streams as gods4 ,this ebb and flow upon the ledge so changed the depth of water there that the sunlight1 as it struggled through these different depths 7for ever changing71 cast the light in silver or in gold upon the walls and dome4 ,and now the sun bows down still more1 and shines still more within the dome2 its rays are kissed by countless waterdrops1 and changed by that caress from white to all the colors of the bow or prism4 ,but1 strange1 no bow is formed2 but in its stead a circle of the varied hues is poised within the midst of all this splendor1 as though the sun and flood had come to crown the ,indian maid1 and vie with the iceking in doing fullest homage to his ward4 ,such is the legend realized4 ,the time1 the accidents1 and every impediment we overcame seemed but steps so prearranged that we might see complete the efforts of the cold1 the light1 the water1 all combined to create ,the ,beautiful4 ,it was the meeting of extremes in harmony for common end1 instead of conflict4 ,here was a grand display of powers without jealousy4 ,the cold took irresistible possession of the water1 mist1 and spray1 and reared a work that art can scarcely copy4 ,but all was cold and chaste and white4 ,the light possessed itself of the water also1 but with a touch so delicate and warm that color mantled the coldest1 chastest1 whitest ice4 ,do you1 dear reader1 imagine this a fancy sketch8 ,be undeceived4 ,three of the 8four0 still verify its truth4 ,the fourth has fallen upon the outstretched arm of the great ,father of mankind4 ,it is in tribute to his memory that ,i write2 for never soul more chaste1 or heart more warm1 or life more full of love for all the beautiful1 made up a man4 ,a ,russian ,sister ,of ,charity4 ,by ,the ,rev4 ,c4 ,tondini1 ,barnabite ,on the fifth of ,august died in ,paris ,sister ,nathalie ,narishkin1 a ,russian by birth1 and descended from the same family from which sprang the mother of ,peter the ,great4 ,born on the #a_/acth of ,may1 #ahbj1 ,sister ,nathalie ,narishkin abjured the ,greek ,church ,august the #aeth1 #ahdd4 ,this first step had cost her a fearful struggle--that struggle of heart for which ,jesus ,christ prepared us when he said1 8,i came to set a man at variance against his father1 and a daughter against her mother0 7,s4 ,matt4 x4 #ce74 ,we mean that endurance which is perhaps the hardest of martyrdoms1 at least when ,god requires it of a soul whose love of him is combated by an unusual tenderness of affection towards the authors of her being4 ,such was ,nathalie ,narishkin4 ,but as any sacrifice we offer to ,god enables us1 by strengthening our will1 to make fresh sacrifices for his love1 she had not yet attained the age of twentyeight when she resolved to follow more closely the footsteps of our ,lord1 and in ,march1 #ahdh1 she entered the novitiate of the ,sisters of ,charity in ,paris4 ,a few years afterwards she was named superioress of the convent in the ,rue ,st4 ,guillaume1 where she died4 ,foreigners who visit ,catholic countries often imagine themselves acquainted with ,catholicity when they have hastily glanced through the streets of our capitals1 visited the museums1 the public buildings1 and theatres1 and inspected the ,catholics in the churches at some midday or one o'clock ,mass on ,sundays4 ,hence it follows that in reality they have nothing to relate concerning the influence of the ,catholic faith in the sanctification of souls4 ,what would have been their edification1 and perhaps surprise1 had they visited that convent of the ,rue ,st4 ,guillaume1 and had the goodfortune to converse with ,sister ,nathalie6 ,no one who approached her could help feeling that he was in presence of a soul in continual union with ,god1 and in whom selfabnegation and the profoundest humility had grown1 as it were1 into a second nature4 ,with these qualities1 which at once struck the beholders1 she combined the most refined gentleness of manners and language--a gentleness which1 let us remark1 was in her the same when soliciting from the ,emperor ,alexander ,,ii41 at the ,elyse1 in #ahfg1 permission to enter ,russia for the purpose of nursing the sick attacked with cholera1 as when answering the meanest beggar asking at her hands a morsel of bread4 8,every one who had to deal with ,sister ,narishkin departed satisfied0--this is the general testimony of all who ever had occasion to speak with her4 ,it is needless to add that1 with regard to charity--that virtue which is the special vocation of the daughters of ,s4 ,vincent de ,paul1 and the surest token of true ,christianity1 as pointed out by ,christ himself--,sister ,nathalie was second to no one2 and this was made manifest on the day of her funeral by the multitude of poor who accompanied her remains to the cemetery1 and the tears they shed on their way to the grave4 ,what is the pomp of the sepulture of kings and the great ones of the nations when compared to this tribute to the memory of a ,catholic ,sister8 ,father ,gagarin1 ,s4,j41 himself a ,russian convert1 though scarcely recovered from an illness1 and in spite of his age and physical sufferings--which did not permit him to walk without difficulty1 and leaning on a stick--would not fail to follow the funeral on foot4 ,the body was deposited in the ,cemetery of ,mont ,parnasse--in that same cemetery where for fifteen years past have reposed the remains of that other ,russian convert and ,barnabite father1 ,schouvaloff1 who1 speaking of those among his countrymen who had become ,catholics1 said3 8,fear not1 little flock2 we are the firstfruits of that union which every ,christian should desire1 and which we know will take place4 ,fear not2 our sufferings and our prayers will find grace before ,god4 ,russia will be ,catholic40 ,new ,publications4 ,,the ,,illustrated ,,catholic ,,family ,,almanac ,,for ,,the ,,united ,,states1 ,,for ,,the ,,year ,,of ,,our ,,lord #ahge4 ,calculated for ,different ,parallels of ,latitude1 and ,adapted for ,use throughout the ,country4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 ,this annual is already known in almost every ,catholic home in the land4 ,its cheapness places it within the reach of all1 whilst its literary and artistic excellence renders it acceptable even to the most fastidious4 ,the issue for #ahge even surpasses its predecessors in the variety of subjects treated and in the beauty of its illustrations4 ,publications of this kind undoubtedly do very much to awaken a truly ,catholic interest in the contemporary history of the church1 and therefore tend to enlarge the views and widen the sympathies of our people4 ,the lifecurrent of the universal church is borne through the whole earth1 and whatever anywhere concerns her welfare is of importance to ,catholics everywhere4 ,the opening sketch in the ,almanac for the year which even now 8waiteth at the door0 carries us to ,rome1 in a biographical notice of ,cardinal ,barnabo1 whose name will long be held in grateful remembrance in the ,united ,states4 ,there are also sketches of the lives of the late ,archbishop ,kenrick1 ,archbishop ,blanc of ,new ,orleans1 ,bishop ,whelan4 ,bishop ,mc,farland--brief1 but sufficiently comprehensive to give one an insight into the character and labors of these apostolic men4 ,col4 ,meline and ,dr4 ,huntington1 who strove so faithfully and so successfully1 as men of letters1 to defend and adorn ,catholic truth1 receive due tribute1 and are held up as examples for those of our ,catholic young men to whom ,god has given talent and opportunity of education4 ,cardinal ,mezzofanti1 the greatest of linguists2 ,cardinal ,allen1 who was the first president1 and we may say founder1 of the ,douay ,college1 which1 during the darkest period of the history of the ,catholic ,church in ,england1 gave so many noble confessors of the faith to ,great ,britain2 ,archbishop ,ledochowski1 who is today suffering for ,christ in the dungeons of ,ostrowo1 all pass before us in the pages of the ,catholic ,almanac for #ahge4 ,then we have sketches of ,john ,o',donovan1 the famous ,irish antiquarian2 of ,father ,gahan1 the great ,irish preacher2 of ,father ,clavigero1 the historian of ,mexico and ,california1 and of ,joan of ,arc1 whose name may yet be inscribed by the church among those of her saints4 ,the miscellaneous matter with which the present issue of the ,catholic ,almanac is filled has been chosen with admirable tact and with a special view to the wants of our own people4 ,if the standard of excellence which this publication has now reached be maintained1 it cannot fail to command a steadily increasing patronage1 and to become in yet wider circles an instrument for good4 ,,notes ,,on ,,the ,,second ,,plenary ,,council ,,of ,,baltimore4 ,by ,rev4 ,s4 ,smith1 ,d4,d41 formerly ,professor of ,sacred ,scripture1 ,canon ,law1 and ,ecclesiastical ,history at ,seton ,hall ,seminary4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea4 #ahgd4 ,the author of these ,notes makes his observations on a considerable number of very practical questions1 some of which are of the greatest moment and of no small difficulty1 with great modesty and moderation of language4 ,evidently1 he seeks to promote piety1 discipline1 and the well being of the church in an orderly manner1 and with due respect to authority and established usage4 ,the ,decrees of the ,second ,plenary ,council of ,baltimore is intended as a textbook of instruction for the clergy and seminarists on what we may call 8pastoral theology0--that is1 on the whole range of subjects relating to the conduct1 preaching1 and administration of those who are invested to a lesser or greater degree with the pastoral office4 ,the author makes the ,acts of the ,council therefore the basis of his ,notes1 or familiar disquisitions on practical topics of canon law1 giving also a general exposition of certain fundamental canonical principles and laws1 chiefly derived from the standard authors ,soglia and ,tarquini4 ,some valuable documents are also contained in the appendix4 ,such a work as this is evidently one that1 if it can be made complete1 and also carry with it sufficient intrinsic and extrinsic authority to give its statements and opinions due weight1 will be one of great utility4 ,due respect to the author1 who has given us the results of careful and conscientious labor1 as well as the great importance of the topics he discusses1 demand that we should not attempt to express a judgment upon his work or the opinions contained in it without a minute and detailed examination and discussion of every point1 supported by reasons and authorities4 ,we are not prepared to do this at present4 ,we may say1 however1 that1 in our opinion1 a work of this kind cannot easily be brought to completion by a first and single effort4 ,it is1 in many respects1 tentative in its character4 ,as such1 we regard it as a promising effort1 creditable to its author1 and in many ways likely to prove a serviceable manual for the clergy and those who are engaged in teaching canon law in seminaries4 ,,the ,,mistress ,,of ,,the ,,manse4 ,by ,j4 ,g4 ,holland4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co4 #ahgd4 ,we never pardon the reviewer who praises a novel by telling us its plot4 ,therefore we shall not spoil the pleasure of the reader by revealing the story of this poem4 ,we will only say that the heroine is the wife of a 8country parson10 and that their conjugal life is beautifully drawn4 ,a ,catholic will not find anything to move his righteous indignation1 as he did in the author's ,marble ,prophecy though here and there he will come upon something which 8,in the light of deeper eyes ,is matter for a flying smile40 ,for instance1 a poet who can write such ,tennysonian verse does not blush to place in the same 8evangelical0 library 8,augustine0 and 8,ansel0 7we suppose he means ,s4 ,anselm7 by the side of 8,great ,luther1 with his great disputes1 ,and ,calvin with his finished scheme40 767 ,after the flood of light which even ,protestant research has poured on the characters of ,luther and ,calvin1 how can a poet 7of all men7 dare to hold them up to admiration8 ,,maria ,,monk',s ,,daughter4 ,an ,autobiography4 ,by ,mrs4 ,l4 ,st4 ,john ,eckel4 ,new ,york3 ,published for the ,author by the ,united ,states ,publishing ,co441 #ac ,university ,place4 #ahgd4 ,the writer of this notice well remembers reading1 when a boy of fifteen1 the ,awful ,disclosures of ,maria ,monk1 and ,six ,months in a ,convent1 by ,rebecca ,reed4 ,with great satisfaction he recalls the fact that his own father1 who was a ,presbyterian minister of ,connecticut1 together with a very large number of other most respectable ,protestants1 condemned and repudiated the calumnies of ,maria ,monk from the first moment of their publication4 ,the effect of these books and of the exposure so honorably made by ,col4 ,stone on our own young mind1 and undoubtedly upon the minds of thousands besides1 to open our eyes to the falsehood and dishonesty of the gross misrepresentations of the ,catholic religion and its professors which have been rife among ,protestants1 and are still prevalent among the less enlightened of them1 both gentle and simple4 ,afterwards the task devolved upon us to prepare a set of documents concerning ,rebecca ,reed and ,maria ,monk which ,bishop ,england had collected1 for publication in the edition of his works issued by his successor in the see of ,charleston4 ,while we were correcting the last proofs of the printer at ,philadelphia1 the ,times of that morning furnished us the last item of news respecting the unfortunate ,maria ,monk1 which came to the knowledge of the public before the publication of the volume under notice1 viz41 that she had died in a cell on ,blackwell's ,island4 ,after the lapse of twentyfive years1 we find before us the autobiography of a daughter of ,maria ,monk1 who seeks to expiate her mother's crime1 and to make reparation for the wrong done to the clergy and religious of the ,catholic ,church by her pretended disclosures made in the fictitious character of an escaped nun4 ,the unhappy young woman herself1 though we believe she was the daughter of an ,english officer at ,montreal1 seems to have had a very unkind mother1 and1 for some reason to us unknown1 to have been brought up without education1 and early turned adrift without any protection4 ,having fallen into a condition of desperate misery1 she resorted to the expedient of inventing her ,awful ,disclosures in order to get money and escape from present wretchedness4 ,the men--far more malicious and base in their villainy than this poor forlorn girl1 so much sinned against and so fearfully punished for her own sins that we pity more than we blame her--who prepared the vile book of ,awful ,disclosures1 and published it under the name of ,,howe ,,and ,,bates1 cheated her out of her share of the profits4 ,we are glad to see their infamy once more exposed1 and the honor of the ,catholic religion avenged4 ,although the most honorable class of ,protestants are exempt from complicity with this and similar gross libels on ,catholics and caricatures of all they hold dear and sacred1 nevertheless their cause and name are disgraced by the fact that they are so frequently and generally implicated in a mode of warfare on the ,catholic ,church which is dishonorable4 ,the statements which are continually made current among them respecting ,catholics and their religion1 and which are so generally believed1 do no credit to their intelligence or fairness4 ,we remember hearing the ,archbishop of ,westminster remark that the most ridiculous fables about the ,catholic religion are accepted as truth among the aristocratic residents of the ,west ,end of ,london4 ,the coarse and angry assaults of the ,english press upon the ,marquis of ,ripon1 on account of his conversion1 show1 what ,dr4 ,newman has so humorously and graphically described1 the extent and obstinacy of vulgar prejudice and hostility in ,england4 ,there is less here1 and it is diminishing2 yet there is enough to make ,mrs4 ,eckel's audacious spring into the arena of combat against it well timed as well as chivalrous4 ,we do not intend a criticism on her book1 but merely1 as an act of justice to one who has braved the criticism of the world1 to aid herself and her book to meet this criticism fairly1 without prejudice from any false impressions which may be taken from its title4 ,we therefore mention the fact1 which may not be known to those who have not read the book or any correct account of its contents1 that ,maria ,monk1 according to the probable evidence furnished in the book1 and which does not seem to have anything opposed to it1 was really married to a man who was a gentleman by birth and of respectable connections1 although reduced by his youthful follies to a condition which was always precarious and sometimes very destitute4 ,mrs4 ,eckel is the offspring of this marriage4 ,after a childhood of hardship1 she was adopted into a respectable family related to her father1 ,mr4 ,st4 ,john1 and made the most strenuous efforts to acquire the education and good manners which are suitable for a lady4 ,she married a gentleman of respectable position and of very superior intellectual gifts and culture1 ,mr4 ,eckel1 who afterwards fell into distressed circumstances1 and died in a very tragical manner4 ,mrs4 ,eckel separated herself from him some time before this occurred1 and very shortly before the birth of her daughter1 as it seems to us for very good reasons which exonerate her from all blame for the misery into which her husband fell when he lost the support of her sustaining arm4 ,the remarkable history of her subsequent career in ,paris must be sought for in the pages of the autobiography4 ,the circles in which she moved while there were the highest1 and many of her intimate friends were persons of not only exalted rank1 but of the most exemplary piety1 and of universal fame among ,catholics4 ,of her own accord1 without either compulsion or advice1 she did what she was not bound in conscience to do--abandoned her brilliant position in the world1 made known the secret of her origin1 and has now thrown open the history of her life to the inspection of the world4 ,that history must plead for itself and for the author before impartial and judicious readers4 ,in our opinion it is substantially true4 ,we believe the author has written it from a good motive1 and that she is sincere in her statements4 ,divested of all the adventitious glitter of the successful woman of the world1 she presents herself for precisely what she is in herself1 and1 as we think1 is far more worthy of honor and respect now than ever before1 or than the most brilliant marriage in ,france could have made her4 ,everybody who can read this book will do so1 as a matter of course1 even if they have no other motive than they would have in reading one of ,thackeray's romances4 ,it is a romance in real life1 and an instance of the truth of the old adage1 8,truth is stranger than fiction40 ,such fictitious works as ,lothair and the ,schnberg,cotta ,family have served as a polemical weapon against the ,catholic ,church1 and we do not see why a romantic but true history1 of much greater literary merit than the whole class of that sort of trash1 should not answer a good purpose on the other side4 ,if the readers of the book find in it many things open to criticism1 and jarring upon a delicate and cultivated ,catholic sense of propriety and reverence1 they should remember that the author lacks the advantage of long and careful ,catholic discipline1 is still comparatively young1 and a novice in everything that relates to the spiritual and religious life4 ,she does not profess to give the history of her life as a model to be imitated1 or to instruct others as one competent to teach on spiritual matters1 but to write her confessions for the encouragement of other wayward and wandering souls1 and to speak out freely what she thinks as she goes along1 with very little regard to censure or fear of it4 ,there seems a ,nemesis in the publication of such a book which should give a salutary lesson to those who dare to throw dirt on the spotless robe of the ,catholic ,church4 ,we have often thought that this ,nemesis is frequently apparent of late in the punishments which have come from divine or human justice on notorious corrupters of public and private morals4 ,dreadful as are the actual corruptions and the corrupt tendencies in the bosom of our political and social state1 we hope this is a sign that ,god has not abandoned us4 ,it is hardly necessary to say that this is not a book suitable for very young people4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xx41 ,,no4 #aah4--;,,january1 #ahge4 ,the ,persecution ,of ,the ,church ,in ,the ,german ,empire4 ,concluded4 ,in the spring of #ahgj1 whilst the discussion concerning the opportuneness of defining the infallibility of the ,pope was attracting the attention of every one1 and when the distant mutterings of the ,franco,prussian war were not yet audible1 the leading organs of the ,party of ,progress in ,berlin sought to weigh the probable results of a definition1 by the ,vatican ,council1 of the muchtalkedof dogma4 ,in case the ,pope should be declared infallible1 the ,volkszeitung1 of ,berlin1 affirmed that many would favor the interference of the government to prevent all further intercourse between the bishops of ,prussia and the ,roman ,pontiff1 which would result in the creation of a national church wholly independent of ,rome4 ,but this organ of the ,party of ,progress openly avowed that there was not the slightest probability that the state could1 by any means at its command1 succeed in separating the ,catholic ,church in ,prussia from communion with the ,see of ,peter2 nor was there1 it confessed with perfect candor1 a single bishop in ,germany who would desire such a separation4 ,and yet1 as we have shown in a former article1 the task which the ,german ,empire has set itself is precisely the one which is here pronounced impossible2 and we propose now to continue the history of the tyrannical enactments and harsh measures by which the worshippers of the ,god,state hope to destroy the faith of thirteen millions of ,catholics4 ,the project of the ,falk laws was brought before the ,landtag on the #ith of ,january1 #ahgc1 and on the #cjth of the same month the ,catholic episcopate of the kingdom of ,prussia entered a solemn protest against this iniquitous attempt to violate the most sacred rights of conscience and religion4 ,in the name of the natural law1 of the historical and lawfullyacquired rights of the church in ,germany1 of the treaties concluded by the crown of ,prussia with the ,holy ,see1 and1 in fine1 in the name of the express recognition of these rights by the ,constitution1 they protest against the violation of the inalienable right of the ,catholic ,church to exist in the integrity of its doctrine1 its constitution1 and its discipline4 ,it is of the duty and right of each bishop1 they declare1 to teach the ,catholic doctrine and administer the sacraments within his own diocese2 it is also of his duty and right to educate1 commission1 and appoint the priests who are his cooperators and representatives in the sacred ministry2 and it is of his duty and right to exhort and encourage them in the fulfilment of their charge1 and1 when they obstinately refuse to obey the doctrine and laws of the church1 to depose them from office1 and to forbid them the exercise of all ecclesiastical functions2 all of which rights are violated by the proposed laws4 ,as to the ,royal ,court for ,ecclesiastical ,affairs1 they affirm that they can never recognize its competency1 and that they can see in it only an attempt to reduce the divinelyconstituted church to a non,catholic and national institution4 ,the ,memorial concludes with the following noble and solemn words3 8,concord between church and state is the safeguard of the spiritual and the temporal power2 the indispensable condition of the welfare of all human society4 ,the bishops1 the priests1 the ,catholic people1 are not the enemies of the state2 they are not intolerant1 unjust1 rancorous towards those of a different faith4 ,they ask nothing so much as to live in peace with all men2 but they demand that they themselves be permitted to live according to their faith1 of the divinity and truth of which they are most thoroughly convinced4 ,they require that the integrity of religion and their church and the liberty of their conscience be left inviolate1 and they are resolved to defend their lawful freedom1 and even the smallest right of the church1 with all energy and without fear4 8,from our inmost souls1 in the interest of the state as much as of the church1 we conjure and implore the authorities to abandon the disastrous policy which they have taken up1 and to give back to the ,catholic ,church1 and to the millions of the faithful of that church who are in ,prussia and in the ,empire1 peace1 religious liberty1 and security in the possession of their rights1 and not to impose upon us laws obedience to which is incompatible1 for every bishop and for every priest and for all ,catholics1 with the fulfilment of duty--laws1 consequently1 which violate conscience1 are morally impossible1 and which1 if carried into execution by force1 will bring untold misery upon our faithful ,catholic people and our ,german fatherland40 ,the organs of the government declared that the ,memorial was an ultimatum1 8a declaration of war02 that 8it was impossible to keep the peace with these bishops2 and that they should be reduced as soon as possible to a state in which they could do no harm40 ,accordingly1 the discussion of the ,falk laws was hurried up1 and they were adopted in ,may by a majority of twothirds4 ,in the meantime1 the government continued to follow up its harsh measures against the religious orders1 going so far as to close the churches of royal patronage in ,poland1 in order to prevent their consecration to the ,sacred ,heart of ,jesus4 ,it even forbade the children of the schools to assist at the devotions of the ,sacred ,heart4 ,the ,catholic casinos were closed2 the ,congregations of the ,blessed ,virgin1 the ,society of the ,holy ,childhood1 and other religious associations were suppressed4 ,the ,catholic soldiers of the ,prussian army had already been outraged by having their church in ,cologne turned over to the ,old ,catholics4 ,by the beginning of #ahgc nearly all the ,jesuits had withdrawn from the territory of the ,german ,empire1 and taken refuge in ,france1 ,england1 ,austria1 ,belgium1 ,brazil1 the ,indies1 and the ,united ,states4 ,those who still remained were interned1 and1 deprived of all means of subsistence1 placed under the supervision of the police4 ,the government next proceeded to take steps to suppress those religious orders which it considered as affiliated to the ,jesuits4 ,a mission which the ,redemptorists were giving at ,wehlen1 near ,treves1 was broken up by the police4 ,another mission which they were about to open at ,oberjosbach 7,nassau7 was interdicted2 whilst almost at the same time several ,redemptorists were decorated 8for services rendered to the fatherland during the war40 ,a community of ,lazarists at ,kulm was dissolved1 and houses of the ,ladies of the ,sacred ,heart1 of the ,sisters of ,notre ,dame1 of the ,sisters of ,charity1 and of the ,sisters of ,s4 ,charles were closed4 ,von ,gerlach1 the ,president of the ,court of ,appeals of ,magdeburg1 himself a ,protestant1 has informed us1 in a pamphlet which he published about this time1 of the effect of these persecutions upon the ,catholics of ,germany4 8,as for the ,catholic ,church10 he wrote1 8persecutions strengthen her4 ,in fact1 her moral power is increased under pressure4 ,the ,catholic ,church is today more zealous1 more compact1 more united1 more confident of herself1 more energetic1 and better organized1 than she was at the commencement of #ahga4 ,the ,roman ,catholics have good reason to be thankful that their church has gained in faith1 in the spirit of sacrifice and prayer1 in devoutness in worship1 and in all ,christian virtues4 8,it is even evident that the interior force of the religious orders1 especially that of the ,jesuits1 has been proportionately augmented4 ,around these proscribed men gather all those who love them to protect and help them40 ,the courageous conduct of the ,german bishops in taking a firm and decided stand against the persecutors of the church met with the almost unanimous approval of both priests and people4 ,dr4 ,dllinger and his sect were forgotten4 ,if there had ever been any life in the impossible thing1 it went out in the first breath of the storm that was breaking over the church4 ,all the cathedral chapters gave in their adhesion to their respective bishops1 and their example was followed by the pastors1 rectors1 and vicars of the eleven ,prussian dioceses4 ,they repelled with horror1 to use the words of the clergy of ,fulda1 the attempt to separate the members from the head1 and to give to the priesthood tutors in the person of a state official4 ,even the twentynine deacons of the ,seminary of ,gnesen entered their protest1 recalling in their address to ,archbishop ,ledochowski the beautiful words of ,s4 ,laurence to ,pope ,sixtus as he was led to martyrdom3 ,quo sine filio1 pater8 ,the ,catholic nobility1 in their meeting at ,mnster in ,january1 #ahgc1 openly proclaimed their fidelity to the church and their firm resolve to defend her rights and liberties2 and the ,catholic people began to organize throughout the ,empire4 8,the ,association of the ,catholic ,germans10 which now counts its members by hundreds of thousands1 was formed1 with the motto1 ,neither rebel nor apostate4 ,its ,wanderversammlungen 7migratory reunions7 spring up everywhere1 and become the centre of ,catholic life4 ,this association is based upon the constitutional law1 its acts are public1 the means it employs are lawful1 and the end it aims at is distinctly formulated in its statutes4 ,in this manner the ,catholics of ,germany prepared themselves1 not to commit acts of violence or to transgress the law1 but to offer a passive resistance to tyranny and oppression1 to uphold liberty of conscience against state omnipotence1 and to suffer every evil rather than betray their souls' faith4 ,the ,imperial government1 on the other hand1 showed no intention of withdrawing its arbitrary measures1 but through its organs openly declared that 8the execution of the clerical laws would form a clergy as submissive and tractable as the ,prussian army02 whilst ,herr ,falk proclaimed in the ,reichstag 8that the government was resolved to make use of every means which the law placed within its power2 and if the present laws were not sufficient1 others would be framed to ensure their execution40 ,the ukase1 signed by ,bismarck on the #bjth of ,may1 #ahgc1 suppressed the convents of the ,redemptorists1 of the ,fathers of the ,holy ,ghost1 of the ,lazarists1 and of the ,ladies of the ,sacred ,heart2 and the members of these orders were commanded to abandon their houses before the end of the following ,november4 ,the ,ladies of the ,sacred ,heart were accused of desiring to acquire 8universal spiritual dominion40 ,the bishops were called on to submit for the approval of the government1 in accordance with the tenor of the ,may laws1 the plan of studies and the disciplinary rules of their diocesan seminaries2 which1 of course1 they declined to do1 whilst foreseeing that their action would bring about the closing of these institutions4 ,herr ,falk1 the ,minister of ,worship1 ordered an examination into the revenues of the different parishes1 without even asking the cooperation of the bishops2 and the civil authorities were warned of their duty to notify the government of any changes which should be made in the body of the clergy4 ,the police received orders to interfere1 at certain points1 with ,catholic pilgrimages1 which1 in other instances1 were positively interdicted4 ,the annual allowance of twelve hundred thalers to ,mgr4 ,ledochowski1 ,archbishop of ,posen1 was withdrawn1 his seminary was closed1 and all teachers were forbidden to ask his permission to give religious instruction4 ,in ,november1 #ahgc1 the archbishop's furniture was seized2 even his paintings were carried off4 ,the people1 gathering in crowds1 shouted after the officials3 8,thief6 thief60 ,on the #bc;d of the same month ,mgr4 ,ledochowski was condemned to pay a fine of five thousand four hundred thalers1 or1 in default1 to an imprisonment of two years1 for having made nine appointments to ecclesiastical offices contrary to the laws of ,may4 ,before the end of ,december1 the fines imposed upon the archbishop reached twentyone thousand thalers4 ,in ,january1 #ahgd1 he was cited before a delegate judge of the ,royal ,court for ,ecclesiastical ,affairs1 but refused to appear1 since he could not1 in conscience1 recognize the competency of a civil tribunal to pass sentence on the manner in which he had exercised his pastoral functions4 ,he moreover averred that1 in case the threat to drag him into court should be carried out1 it was his firm resolve to say nothing4 ,several priests of the ,diocese of ,posen had already been incarcerated for failure to pay the fines of the government1 and on the #c;d of last ,february1 at five o'clock in the morning1 the archbishop was himself arrested and carried off to prison in ,ostrowo1 a town of about seven thousand inhabitants1 chiefly ,protestants and ,jews4 ,the bishops of ,prussia at once drew up a letter to the clergy and the ,catholic people of their dioceses1 in which they declared that 8the only crime of ,archbishop ,ledochowski was that of having chosen to suffer everything rather than betray the liberty of the church of ,god and deny ,catholic truth1 sealed by the precious blood of the ,saviour40 ,the canons of the ,chapter of ,posen were ordered by the government to elect a capitularvicar2 and as they declined to give their approval to the cruel and unjust imprisonment of their archbishop1 a state official was appointed to take charge of the affairs of the diocese4 ,both the priests and people of ,prussian ,poland remain firm1 and give noble examples of steadfastness in the faith4 ,the history of the persecution in one diocese is1 with a few unimportant differences1 that of all4 ,more than a year ago1 the annual allowance of three thousand four hundred and seventy thalers made to the ,theological ,seminary of ,cologne was withdrawn4 ,archbishop ,melchers and his vicar general were cited before a civil tribunal for the excommunication of two apostates4 ,the ,lazarists were driven from the preparatory seminaries of ,neuss and ,mnstereifel4 ,on the #bb;d of ,november1 #ahgc1 the archbishop was condemned to pay a fine of twentyfive hundred thalers for five appointments made in violation of the ,may laws2 and almost every week thereafter new fines were imposed1 until finally his furniture was seized on the #c;d of last ,february1 and in a very short time the venerable prelate was incarcerated1 not even his lawyer being allowed to visit him4 ,his prisoncell was thought to be too comfortable1 and he was soon changed to one under the very roof of the jail4 ,a great number of pastors and vicars of his diocese were deprived of their positions1 and some of them imprisoned4 ,on the #bjth of ,november1 #ahgc1 the priests of twentyeight towns and villages of the ,diocese of ,treves were interdicted by the government1 and the bishop fined thirtysix hundred thalers4 ,the ,theological ,seminary was closed1 8not to be reopened until the bishop and rector should accept in good faith the laws of ,may1 #ahgc40 ,any seminarians who might be found there on the #abth of ,january1 #ahgd1 were to be forcibly ejected4 ,the #aeth of this same month the professors were forbidden to instruct the students of theology1 under penalty of a fine of fifteen thalers or five days' imprisonment for each offence2 and this prohibition is to remain in vigor until the bishop accepts the ,falk laws4 ,on the #bast of ,january1 an inventory of the furniture of the episcopal palace was taken4 ,the goods were sold at public auction on the #fth of ,february2 in a few days1 ,bishop ,eberhard was thrown into prison2 and before the end of last ,august sixty of his priests were confessing the faith in the dungeons of ,treves and ,coblentz4 ,the old ,dominican convent in ,treves had been converted into a prison1 and it is there that the bishop and some thirty of his priests were incarcerated4 ,the prison discipline is rigid and harsh in the extreme4 ,these confessors of ,christ are forced out of their beds at five o'clock in the morning1 and from this until they retire at nine in the evening they must either walk to and fro in their cells1 or sit upon stools1 since chairs are not allowed4 ,if during the day they wish to lie down for a moment1 an official at once informs them that this is not permitted2 if they lean against the wall1 the table1 or the bed1 they again receive the same warning4 ,a jailer accompanies them whenever necessity forces them to leave their cells4 ,all letters to and from the prison are read by the officials1 and1 in case the slightest pretext can be found1 are destroyed4 ,none save those who have voluntarily given themselves up1 and who1 after a first imprisonment1 have not received an ovation from the people1 are allowed to say ,mass4 ,the bishop is permitted to celebrate the ,holy ,sacrifice1 but no one is suffered to be present except the server and the indispensable government official4 ,the food seems scarcely sufficient to sustain life4 ,three times in the week1 each of the prisoners receives a small piece of meat1 and this is the only change ever made in the bill of fare which we have just given4 ,what we have called 8porridge0 is known at ,treves under the name of ,schlicht1 and is a kind of flourpaste4 ,when we reflect that there are in ,germany today not less than a thousand priests who are suffering this slow and cruel martyrdom1 we shall be able to realize that the present pagan persecution may in all truth be compared to those which1 in the first ages of ,christianity1 gave to the church her legions of martyrs and confessors4 ,it is not necessary that we should enter into a detailed account of the persecution in the other dioceses of ,germany4 ,the same scenes are everywhere enacted--fines1 citations1 seizure of effects1 interdicts1 and imprisonments1 on the part of the government2 whilst the ,catholics1 standing in unshaken fidelity to ,god and conscience1 suffer in patience every outrage that their enemies can inflict1 rather than betray the sacred cause of the religion of ,christ4 ,the ,may laws of #ahgc did not prove sufficiently harsh or tyrannical to satisfy the ,prussian infidels2 and they were consequently supplemented by clauses which passed both houses of the ,reichstag last ,may4 ,in virtue of these amendments1 the state can decree the sequestration of the goods of an ecclesiastical post not occupied in the manner prescribed by the ,falk laws4 ,in this case1 these goods are to be administered by a royal commissary4 ,the ,royal ,court for ,ecclesiastical ,affairs receives the power to depose bishops2 and1 this deposition being once pronounced1 they are forbidden to exercise any ecclesiastical functions in their respective dioceses1 which by this very fact are placed under interdict4 ,when the bishop is deposed by the ,royal ,court1 the cathedral chapter is summoned to proceed to elect his successor2 and in case it fails to comply with this injunction within ten days1 all goods belonging to the episcopal see1 as well as those of the chapter of the diocese1 and of the parishes1 are sequestrated and administered by the government4 ,this miserable legislation gives to the state the entire spiritual power1 and ignores alike the rights of ,god and those of the free ,christian conscience4 ,still1 it is only the legitimate and logical expression of the views and aims of the modern heathendom which is organizing throughout ,europe for the destruction of the religion of ,christ4 ,the ,may laws of #ahgc required the bishops to convert all the incumbents having charge of churches into permanent and irremovable parish priests2 in consequence of which the position of twelve hundred and fortyone incumbents in the ,rhine ,province became illegal on the #aath of last ,may4 ,a general interdict was therefore expected1 and even a process to compel the bishop to comply with this clause was looked for2 but ,herr ,falk seems to have been frightened by his own legislation1 since already1 on the #hth of ,may1 he announced in the ,reichstag that only those priests whom 8the government considered dangerous0 would be notified of the proceedings taken against the bishops1 and that no others would be held to come under the operation of the law4 ,in this manner the ,prussian ,minister of ,worship avoided the odium of a general interdict1 whilst by a slower process he hopes eventually to bring about this result4 ,the moment the incumbent of a church receives official notification that his bishop has been put under restraint1 he is by the very fact forbidden to perform any ecclesiastical function1 and his post is considered vacant4 ,the ,landrath then declares this vacancy1 and invites the parishioners to prepare for the election of a successor to their former pastor4 ,that this election may take place1 it suffices that ten men1 who are of age and in the full possession of their civil rights1 put in an appearance1 that the person chosen by them and approved of by the civil authority may be recognized as the lawful incumbent4 ,the evident aim of this law is to create a schism in every parish in the ,german ,empire1 which1 by fomenting divisions amongst the ,catholics1 would greatly aid the government in its efforts to destroy the church4 ,but this is only one of innumerable instances in which the persecutors have been wholly mistaken4 ,they counted first upon the weakness of the ,catholic bishops2 confidently expecting that one or the other of them would place himself at the head of the ,old ,catholics1 and thus1 whilst causing great scandal in the church1 give to that stillborn sect at least a semblance of respectability4 ,but not one of the ,german prelates wavered4 ,they go to prison1 like the apostles1 rejoicing that they are found worthy to suffer for ,christ1 and declare that they are willing to shed their blood for the holy cause4 ,their enemies are not more ready to inflict than they to bear everything for the love of ,jesus4 ,then1 there was no doubt in the minds of the ,prussian infidels that large numbers of the clergy would take advantage of the bribes offered by government to apostates to throw off the authority of the bishops1 and to constitute themselves into a schismatical body4 ,on the contrary1 the persecution has only drawn tighter the bonds which unite the priests with their chief pastors4 ,in all ,germany there have not been found more than thirty rationalistic professors and suspended priests who were willing to take sides with ,dllinger in his rebellion2 and the juridicallyproven immorality of ,bishop ,reinkens will no doubt give us a true insight into the characters of most of the men who have elected him their ecclesiastical superior4 ,when the persecutors found that both bishops and priests were immovable in their devotion to the church1 they appealed to the ,catholic people1 and1 by the laws of last ,may1 placed it in their power to create a schism1 by giving them the right to elect their own pastors1 with the promise that government would turn the churches over to them4 ,but this attempt to show that the bishops and priests of ,germany have not the sympathy and confidence of the laity has met with signal rebuke4 ,the elections for the ,prussian ,landtag in ,november1 #ahgc1 and those for the ,reichstag in ,january last1 had not merely a political significance2 their bearing upon the present and future welfare of the church in the ,german ,empire is of the greatest importance4 ,opportunity was given to the ,catholic people to make a public confession of faith2 to declare1 in words which could not be misunderstood1 whether or not they were resolved to stand firm in the struggle into which their leaders had been forced4 ,in the ,november elections1 in spite of every effort of the government1 the ,catholics increased their representatives in the ,landtag from fiftytwo to eightynine2 whilst in the ,reichstag their members have grown from sixty three to considerably more than one hundred4 ,the entire ,rhenish ,province elected ,catholics4 ,cologne1 ,dsseldorf1 ,treves1 ,coblentz1 ,aixla,chapelle1 ,crefeld1 ,bonn1 ,neuss1 ,dren1 ,essen1 ,malmedy1 ,mlheim1 all the cities of the ,lower ,rhine1 made their vote an act of faith4 ,windthorst1 the leader of the ,catholic party1 was elected at ,meppen 7,hanover7 over ,falk1 the author of the ,may laws1 by a majority of nearly fifteen thousand4 ,the entire vote for ,falk was only three hundred and fortyseven4 ,the result of the elections undoubtedly startled the government1 and possibly shook ,bismarck's confidence in the power of persecution to destroy ,catholic faith2 but the struggle had grown too fierce to allow him to think of withdrawing4 ,on the contrary1 the firmness of the ,catholic people incited the persecutors to still harsher measures2 but nothing that they have done or can do will succeed in breaking the combined passive opposition of the clergy and the laity4 ,in the ,vatican ,council1 the most determined resistance to the definition of the infallibility of the ,pope was made by the ,german bishops1 who felt no hesitation in openly declaring with what anxiety they regarded the probable effects of such a definition upon the ,catholics of their own country4 ,divisions1 apostasies1 schisms1 seemed imminent2 and it is not easy now to determine what might have been the result had not ,god's providence interfered4 ,in the first place1 at the very moment when the definition was made1 the terrible conflict between ,france and ,prussia broke forth1 and raged so fiercely that the loud earth was struck dumb1 and men held their breath till it should be ended4 ,in the meantime1 the angry feelings aroused by the discussions in the ,vatican ,council had1 in great measure1 been calmed1 and it was possible to take a fairer and more dispassionate view of the whole subject4 ,then the attempt of the government to destroy the ,catholic ,church in ,germany1 by tearing it away from its allegiance to the ,pope1 and debasing it to a mere function of the state1 roused those who might have been disposed to waver1 and brought about a universal reawakening of faith4 ,it is the fate of the enemies of ,god's people to bless when they mean to curse4 ,in fact1 when ,catholics begin to suffer1 they begin to triumph2 and hence even those who hate us have of nothing so great horror as of making martyrs and confessors4 ,they know the history of martyrdom--that in the whole earth and in all ages it means victory4 ,the church1 which sprang from the conflict of the ,god,man with death1 like him1 in her greatest humiliation shows forth her highest power4 ,her march through the world and through the ages is not along pleasant roads and through peaceful prospects1 or1 if so1 only at times and rarely4 ,if she move in pomp amid the acclamations of peoples1 her triumphal procession ends in sorrow4 ,the bark of ,peter must be stormtossed2 and when the angry waves would swallow it1 the divine voice speaks the magic word1 and the quiet deep bears it up on her peaceful bosom4 ,the road wherein the progress of the church is most secure is the blood stained way of the cross4 ,when she is all bruised1 and there is no comeliness left in her2 when her eyes are red with weeping1 and the world1 beholding her agony1 mocks and jeers and laughs her to scorn1 then is she strongest2 for her strength comes from humility1 from suffering1 from the cross4 ,when she is humbled1 ,god exalts her2 when he permits her enemies to entomb her in ignominy1 he is near at hand to crown her with the immortal glory of a new life4 ,the word of ,christ is3 8,you shall live in the world in the midst of persecutions2 but take heart3 ,i have conquered the world40 ,within the memory of those who are still young1 it was the fashion with our enemies to proclaim that the church was decrepit1 that she was dying1 that of her own weight she would fall to pieces in the new society that was growing up around her3 today we hear that she is everywhere waxing too strong1 and men appeal against her to tyranny and to brute force4 ,the most powerful and the most thoroughly organized of the modern nations1 the great ,cultur,staat of the age1 has confessed that it is unable to check the growth of the church by legitimate means1 and it has therefore had recourse to the most arbitrary legislation and to the harshest measures of compulsion and violence4 ,this1 of course1 is the most explicit avowal of its own impotence4 ,we find also that the two nations which have manifested the most supercilious indifference to the ,catholic ,church1 as being something which did not and could not concern them1 now applaud this ,prussian tyranny1 in spite of the pretence of the love of freedom and fair play4 ,the sympathy of the ,english press1 and to a great extent of the ,american press1 in this struggle1 is with the absolute and liberty destroying government of ,prussia4 ,the favorite motto of 8civil and religious liberty all the world over0 has been wholly lost sight of1 and ,englishmen and ,americans give moral aid to a state which wantonly tramples upon both4 ,this1 too1 was a cherished watchword3 ,the church is the friend of absolutism1 the enemy of freedom4 ,but today we behold the ,catholic ,church1 singlehanded1 fighting again the same battles of liberty which she fought and won in the early centuries of ,christianity4 ,now1 as then1 she opposes absolutism in the state2 denies1 as she then denied1 that ,csar can lawfully lay claim to 8the things of ,god02 and protests1 in the name of the outraged dignity of human nature1 that there is a freedom which transcends the sphere of all earthly authority4 ,her children1 when nothing else remains to be done1 utter the divine words3 ,non possumus--we cannot2 we must obey ,god rather than men4 ,referring to this struggle1 ,bismarck has said1 in a memorable speech1 that 8it is the ancient contest for power1 which is as old as the human race itself--the contest for power between king and priest40 ,this is necessarily the view which he takes1 since he believes in nothing but force4 ,but the dualism here is not in the combatants alone2 it is in the objects for which they contend4 ,it is indeed the ancient contest between good and evil1 between the spirit and the flesh1 between the ,christ and the rulers of this world1 which makes life a warfare and the earth a battlefield1 and which must continue until the end4 ,never has it been fiercer than in our day1 and the battle is yet hardly begun4 ,but very few indeed understand1 as yet1 the nature of the struggle1 or are at all aware of the real principles and interests which are at stake4 ,few men can see further than an hour or beyond the little circle that bounds their private interests2 but each day it is becoming more evident that men must take sides2 that not to be for ,christ is to be against him4 ,twice in the last eighteen hundred years the church has been the ark of the nations3 she destroyed paganism2 she converted and civilized barbarism4 ,some historian will tell1 in another age1 how1 when ,christian society1 grown luxurious and corrupt1 without ,god and without future hope1 was sinking back into the fleshworship and the death of ancient paganism1 she1 gathering around her the remnant of her children1 and fearlessly facing the storm and the wrath of those who had ceased to know her1 kept her own pure and undefiled till the dawn of the brighter day1 to become the leaven of the social state that is to be4 ,christmas,tide4 ',twas the hallowed ,christmas even-- ,christmas of the olden time1 ,earth in snowy robes lay sleeping1 ,but there came a ringing chime ,from the forest ,deck'd with glittering frozen rime4 ,bright the golden stars were gleaming ,through the cloudless frosty air1 ,like the tapers softly beaming ,round some holy shrine of pray'r1 ,and the night wind ,chants an anthem faint and rare4 ,cheer'ly shone the ,yulelog1 glowing ,in an old baronial hall1 ,ghostlike shadows rose and faded ,on the ancient panelled wall3 ,o'er my spirit ,mournful fancies seemed to fall4 ,happy hearts were gathered round me-- ,laughing childhood1 free from stain2 ,maidens1 in their girlish beauty2 ,manhood's gaze1 undimm'd by pain2 ,and the aged1 ,who might never meet again4 ,gathered on that ,christmas even ,in the old ancestral home1 ,breathing words of hope and kindness1 ',neath that lofty arching dome1 ,ere they parted ,through life's thorny paths to roam4 ,two beside the hearthstone lingered-- ,aged sire1 and lady fair2 ,he of life's long journey weary2 ,but her softly waving hair ,graced a forehead ,yet unmarked by trace of care4 ,spake then out that youthful mother ,with her babe upon her knee ,to the grandsire old and hoary1 ,like a leafless forest tree3 8,tell me1 father1 ,what thought ,christmas brings to thee40 ,silently he gazed upon her1 ,on her brow so pure and white1 ,on her dark eyes1 softly beaming ,with affection's holy light2 ,but a shadow ,lay upon his soul like night4 8,daughter1 in life's joyous morning ,christmas comes with merry cheer1 ,fancy tints a glowing pathway ,bright'ning with each coming year3 ,on the picture ,falleth not a shade of fear4 8,childhood smileth in its gladness1 ,archeth ,hope her rainbow bright-- ,ah6 he strives to grasp the vision2 ,fades it from his eager sight3 ,soon around him ,closes ,disappointment's night4 8,in the noontide1 manhood kneeleth ,low before ,ambition's shrine1 ,praying3 ',goddess1 hear thy vot'ry1 ,i no altar seek but thine'3 ,fame's wan fingers ,withered chaplets for him twine4 8,but when fall the length'ning shadows1 ,when life's even stealeth on1 ,memory opes her golden casket1 ,counts her jewels one by one-- ,earth's dream fadeth2 ,her bright smile remains alone4 8,one by one my loved departed ,to the faroff spiritland-- ,one by one they crossed my threshold1 ,till1 the last of that bright band1 ,sad and weary1 ,by a stranger hearth ,i stand4 8,as the wand'rer homeward speeding ,marks the ,southern ,cross decline1 ,i am looking ever backward ,to the stars that faintly shine2 ,but one beameth ,with a radiance all divine4 8,star of ,bethlehem6 ere the sunlight ,of another ,christmas blest ,rises in the glowing ,orient1 ,light1 oh6 light me to my rest6 ,i would slumber ,calmly in earth's quiet breast40 ,slowly1 slowly crept a ,shadow ,through that silent1 dark'ning room-- ,softly loosed the cord of silver1 ,led that soul from ,sorrow's gloom ,to the valleys ,where the flowers immortal bloom4 ,the ,veil ,withdrawn4 ,translated ,by ,permission1 ,from ,the ,french ,of ,madame ,craven1 ,author ,of 8,a ,sister's ,story10 8,fleurange10 ,etc4 ,,xxx4 ,the portrait of ,gilbert ,i have drawn is not incorrect4 ,he was as noble as ,i have represented him1 and it is certain that1 in speaking to me as he did that day1 he was very far from the thought of laying a snare for me1 or even for himself4 ,whether he was absolutely sincere or not ,i cannot say1 but probably as much so as ,i1 at least during the few first days after this conversation4 ,thanks to the method of reasoning ,i have given above1 and which ,i thought original1 it seemed to me that this frequent intercourse with a man unusually superior to any one ,i had ever known1 and who1 very far from addressing me any silly flattery1 almost invariably appealed to all that was highest in my nature1 and1 without alluding to the cause of my troubles1 knew how to divert my mind completely from them--it seemed to me1 ,i say1 that this intimacy1 this sort of imaginary relationship which ,i had accepted1 was not only lawful1 but beneficial1 and ,i regarded it even as a just compensation for so many cruel deceptions4 ,in a word1 ,i had lost1 through the frivolity of my recent life1 that clearness of spiritual vision which is maintained by vigilance alone1 and ,i was a long time without suspecting that this idle frivolity1 with all the exuberant gayety that accompanied it1 was a thousand times less dangerous than the long conversations1 to which the perfect harmony of a kindred mind1 and the contact with a soul so noble that it seemed to ennoble mine1 lent such a charm1 and gave to my life a new interest which ,i had never experienced before4 ,there was no apparent1 or even real1 difference in our interviews from what they were before1 and any one might have heard every word he addressed me4 ,and yet ,i felt that he by no means talked to me as he did to others1 and ,i1 on my side1 conversed with him as ,i did with no one else4 ,we were seldom alone together1 it is true1 but every evening1 either in the drawingroom or on the terrace1 he found an opportunity of conversing with me a few moments without witnesses4 ,he did not conceal from me that he regarded these as the most precious moments of the evening2 and as to this ,i scarcely differed from him4 ,occasionally1 something inexpressible in his voice1 his looks1 and even in his silence1 made me tremble1 as if ,i felt the warning of some approaching danger4 ,but as he never deviated a single word from the rle he had taken1 my torpid conscience was not aroused6 ,lorenzo was still absent1 though the time fixed for his return had long gone by2 and when ,i was expecting him the second time1 ,i received a letter announcing a further delay1 caused1 as he said1 by 8a circumstance that was unforeseen and independent of his will40 ,a flush of anger rose to my face while reading this letter1 though ,i felt and acknowledged that the prolongation of his absence did not cause me the same chagrin it once would4 ,i did not ask why4 ,i took pleasure in recalling with a kind of complacency the aggravating wrongs ,i had repeatedly endured1 and it seemed to me he had less right than ever to deny a heart he had so cruelly wounded any consolation whatever that remained4 ,the day this second letter arrived we were on the point of starting for ,mt4 ,vesuvius1 where1 for a week1 crowds of people had been going out of curiosity1 as is the case at every new eruption4 ,it was nearly night before we set out4 ,my aunt and her two daughters were of the party1 besides ,gilbert1 ,mario1 and ,lando1 as well as two foreigners who1 from the time of the ,carnival1 had assiduously haunted the steps of my two cousins4 ,one was a young ,baron von ,brunnenberg1 an excellent dancer and a great lover of music2 the other an ,englishman1 no less young1 of fine figure and herculean proportions1 whose name was ,harry ,leslie4 ,there was a certain embarrassment at our departure among the members of the party1 caused by the simultaneous desire of several of them to avoid the calche in which ,donna ,clelia had at once installed herself4 ,i observed this hesitation1 which was far from flattering to my poor aunt1 and hastened to take a seat beside her4 ,the young baron1 who escorted her1 then concluded to follow my example1 and ,i made a sign to ,lando to take the vacant place4 ,he obeyed me less eagerly than usual4 ,stella1 my two cousins1 and the young ,englishman took possession of the other carriage1 which assumed the lead1 followed with an envious eye by the baron as well as ,lando1 who1 ,i remarked1 seemed in a less serene frame of mind than usual4 ,gilbert and ,mario came after in a carozzella1 which formed our rearguard4 ,at first everything went on pleasantly4 ,my aunt was very fond of pleasure excursions1 and she regarded this as one1 particularly as we were all to take supper together at my house on our return4 ,the conversation did not slacken an instant as far as ,resina1 where we arrived at nightfall4 ,there we left the main road to take that which led directly to ,mt4 ,vesuvius4 ,a new crater had this time been formed below the wellknown cone from which the fire and smoke generally issued4 ,it was like a large1 gaping wound on the side of the mountain1 which sent forth torrents of fire1 ashes1 and redhot stones4 ,consequently1 instead of being obliged to climb to the summit in order to witness the eruption1 we were able to drive so near the stream of lava that we only had to walk a short distance to see the terrible opening1 which was approached more or less closely1 according to the degree of boldness or curiosity with which each one was endowed4 ,but the spectacle presented an imposing appearance long before we saw it close at hand1 and ,i was in the height of admiration when ,i heard a murmur beside me3 8,o ,ges1 ,ges6444 ,o ,madonna santa64440 ,turning around1 ,i beheld my aunt1 pale with fright1 kissing the cross of the rosary she held in her hand4 ,donna ,clelia1 as we are perfectly aware1 knew how to brave danger when she found an occasion worthy of the trouble4 ,we had a proof of this on the memorable day of the combat on the ,toledo4 ,but1 as it has perhaps also been perceived1 she was rather indifferent to the picturesque4 ,consequently1 there was nothing at this moment to stimulate her courage1 and ,i was alarmed at the condition in which ,i saw her4 8,o ,ginevrina mia64440 said she at last in a trembling voice1 8non mi fido6 ,no1 ,i have not the courage to go any further4444 ,madonna64440 ,this last appeal was caused by a stream of fire brighter than any of the preceding ones1 and accompanied by a loud detonation4 8,but merciful ,lord6 ,what folly60 she continued4 8,what caprice6 ,what madness6 ,how can you wish to rush into such a lake of fire while you are still alive6444 ,oh6 no1 not yet2 no1 never6 ,o mamma mia6 misericordia64440 ,each new stream of fire produced a more lively exclamation of terror4 ,all at once she leaned her head on my shoulder1 exclaiming3 8,ginevrina6444 ,i feel ,i am going to have a papariello607#ajf7 ,at this we stopped the carriage4 ,it was evidently dangerous to take her any further4 ,but what should we do8444 ,must we give up our excursion1 and retrace our steps8 ,we were not inclined to do this4 ,besides1 the other carriage was some distance in advance1 and could not be recalled4 ,in this dilemma we were rejoined by the carozzella4 ,gilbert and ,mario leaped from their carriage to ascertain what had happened to us4 8,what is it1 ,zia ,clelia80 said ,mario1 approaching the carriage1 and perceiving my aunt in the attitude ,i have just mentioned4 ,she raised her head4 8,o ,mario6 figlio mio6 ,it is because ,i cannot endure this storm of fire4 ,it is the end of the world--the day of judgment6444 ,how it oppresses me6444 ,how it stifles me6444 ,o my ,god6 and the povere ragazze1 dove sono8444 ,o holy ,virgin1 lead us all back safe and sound to ,naples1 and ,i promise you that for nine days44440 ,she finished her vow mentally1 for ,mario at once decided on the only thing that could be done1 and devoted himself to the task4 ,he would take her back to ,resina in the carriage1 and there await our return4 ,the exchange was soon effected4 ,my aunt did not require any insisting1 after we promised to bring her daughters back without allowing them to incur any danger4 ,in the twinkling of an eye she was placed beside ,mario in the carozzella with her back to ,mt4 ,vesuvius1 while ,gilbert took her place beside me1 and we pursued our way as fast as possible1 in order to make up for the time we had lost4 ,we soon arrived at the place where we were obliged to leave the carriage4 ,gilbert aided me in descending1 and then gave me his arm1 while ,lando and the baron went in search of the other members of the party1 who only had ,mr4 ,leslie to protect them4 ,they were soon out of sight1 and ,gilbert remained alone with me4 ,i will not repeat here what every one has seen or read concerning the eruptions of ,mt4 ,vesuvius4 ,i will merely say to those who have not had the experience1 that this extraordinary spectacle1 assuredly the most wonderful and at the same time the most terrific in the whole world of nature1 causes a singular fascination which induces the spectator to approach continually nearer and nearer the fiery crater4 ,it seems impossible to turn away his eyes4 ,he keeps on1 therefore1 without looking to the right or left1 without seeing where he is walking1 stumbling at every step over heaps of lava scarcely cold1 regardless of the rough path with its sharp1 burning stones1 the effect of which is afterwards seen on his garments and shoes1 though he does not think of it while exposed to the danger1 more apparent1 perhaps1 than real1 but which indubitably exists1 however1 as is proved by the numerous accidents that occur at every new eruption4 ,leaning on ,gilbert's arm1 ,i was too firmly supported to stumble1 and was able to ascend to the top of a ridge of lava formed by preceding eruptions2 and there1 protected by an immense block on the very edge of the flaming abyss1 ,i contemplated the awful1 imposing spectacle6 ,gilbert did not utter a word1 and ,i attributed his silence to the impression which likewise rendered me dumb in the presence of this terrific convulsion of nature4 ,the burning lava1 issuing1 as ,i have said1 from a crater on the side of the mountain1 did not spring up to fall back again on the summit1 as usual1 but it advanced like a large river of fire over the heapedup masses of cold1 black lava1 giving them the most singular1 fantastic forms4 ,it was like a city1 not on fire1 but of fire6 ,it seemed as if one could see houses1 towers1 and palaces2 and in the midst of these imaginary edifices moved the fiery stream6 ,for lava does not flow4 ,however steep the descent1 it stops and goes no further as soon as the crater ceases to emit it4 ,but it had not yet stopped4 ,on the contrary1 it pursued its slow1 pitiless course1 consuming vineyards1 swallowing up houses1 and burning the trees and bushes in its way4 ,it was a sight difficult to endure for a long time1 and yet ,i could not turn my eyes away from so mysterious and terrible a spectacle4 8,o my ,god60 ,i murmured1 8this is truly la citt dolente6 ,we have before our eyes an exact representation of the last day of the world64440 ,gilbert made no reply4 ,he was overcome by ,i know not what emotion more powerful than mine1 and1 looking at his face by the red light of the fire1 ,i was alarmed at the change in his features and their unusual expression4 8,would that that day had arrived for me60 said he at length4 8,would that this were really the last day of my life6 ,yes1 ,i would like to be swallowed up in that flame6 ,i would like to die here on the spot where ,i am--beside you--worthy of you44440 ,in spite of the terrific scene before me1 in spite of the noise of the explosions and the sullen sound of the lava1 the tone in which he spoke was distinctly audible1 and made my heart beat with mingled emotion and fear4 8,i am afraid you are becoming dizzy1 ,monsieur de ,kergy10 said ,i in a trembling voice2 8take care4 ,its effect1 they say1 is to draw one into the abyss40 8,yes1 ,donna ,ginevra10 replied he in the same strange tone1 8you are right4 ,i am dizzy4 ,i am approaching the verge of an abyss1 ,i know4 ,i have rashly exposed myself to the danger4 ,i have presumed too much on my strength40 ,the look he fastened on me1 as he uttered these words1 gave them a meaning ,i could not mistake4 ,it was no longer ,gilbert who spoke--it was not he to whom ,i had accorded the rights of a safe and faithful friend4 ,the veil with which ,i had wilfully blinded my eyes suddenly fell off1 and the emotion ,i was seized with1 the material flames that surrounded me1 and the certain peril into which another step would have plunged me1 gave an exact idea of the danger to which ,i had foolishly exposed my honor and my soul6 ,i covered my face a moment with my hands1 but spoke as soon as ,i dared4 8,monsieur de ,kergy10 said ,i in a supplicating tone1 8cease to look at the fire around us4 ,lift up your eyes1 and see how calm and beautiful the night is above this terrible inferno40 ,in fact1 a bright moonlight was diffused over this terrific scene1 and the contrast between the earth and sky could not have been more striking4 ,gilbert's eyes followed mine1 and remained for some time fastened on those peaceful starry worlds1 which seemed as far remote from the agitation of our hearts as they were above this frightful convulsion of nature4 ,i felt in my soul the need of powerful assistance1 and murmured in a low tone3 8,o my ,god1 have mercy on me60 with a fervor that for a long time ,i had not felt in my prayers4 ,after a long silence1 ,gilbert said to me in a low1 agitated tone3 8,will you pardon me1 madame8 ,will you trust in me to take you away from this place80 8,yes1 ,i trust you4 ,but let us make haste to leave so dangerous a spot4 ,do you not hear the frightful explosions8 ,do you not see the redhot stones that are flying over our heads84440 ,and as ,i spoke a cloud of thick smoke added obscurity to all the other horrors of the place4 8,do not be alarmed10 said ,gilbert in a tone once more calm and decided4 8,we must certainly hurry away1 but there is no danger yet1 unless from fear4 ,give me your hand40 ,but ,i hesitated when he endeavored to take it1 and made an involuntary movement1 as if going to descend without his assistance4 8,in the name of heaven10 said he rapidly1 trembling with agitation and terror1 8do not refuse my assistance in the danger we are in4 ,you cannot do without it4 ,you must give me your hand1 madame40 ,his agitated voice became almost imperious4 ,i gave him my hand1 and even complied when he told me to rest the other firmly against his shoulder4 8,now10 said he1 8descend carefully4 ,you need not be afraid4 ,i will support you4 ,in spite of this whirlwind of fire and smoke1 ,i can clearly distinguish my way40 ,he made no further observations1 as we slowly descended2 and as soon as we were in a place of safety1 ,i left him1 and leaned against a tree at some distance1 trying to get breath4 ,besides the violent agitation of my heart1 the suffocating air that surrounded us gave me a feeling of giddiness and faintness that was almost overpowering4 ,,xxxi4 ,the stream of fire and smoke that obliged us to leave the place where we were standing had a like effect on all who were in the vicinity of the fiery current4 ,we were therefore soon joined by ,teresina and ,lando1 ,mariuccia and the baron4 ,but ,i felt extremely anxious at seeing nothing of ,stella and young ,leslie1 who had left the others to go further below1 in order to get a better view of the lava in its course to the plain4 ,the fear lest some accident had happened to them began to chill the blood in my veins1 but ,i was soon reassured by seeing them at last reappear with blackened faces and torn garments1 while ,stella was bareheaded1 and her hair streaming in disorder4 8,good heavens6 what has happened to you80 8,nothing1 nothing10 said ,stella1 out of breath4 8,we will tell you everything byandby40 ,here ,mr4 ,leslie interposed1 declaring that the ,countess ,stella was 8the bravest woman he had ever met--a heroine1 and an angel of goodness40 8,you are entirely mistaken10 said ,stella1 drawing up the hood of her cloak4 8,but ,i have lost my bonnet1 and nearly destroyed my shoes also1 ,i fear4 ,let us start immediately4 ,we will relate everything afterwards40 ,as she was there safe and sound1 it was really much better to put off any further particulars till another time1 and return to ,naples as quickly as possible4 ,we started1 therefore1 without any delay1 only stopping at ,resina long enough to take my aunt1 who1 having devoted the whole time of our absence to a siesta1 was completely rested1 and had quite recovered from her terror4 ,mario was less goodhumored2 but when1 a little after midnight1 we all assembled at last around the suppertable that awaited our return1 every one seemed satisfied with the excursion we had made4 ,i alone felt ,i had brought back a heart more agitated than at our departure4 ,stella still refused to answer our questions1 pretending to be too hungry to think of giving the account we were all so eager to hear2 but ,mr4 ,leslie was only too glad to assume the task1 and at once proceeded to satisfy our curiosity4 8,we were10 said he1 8watching the lava1 as it advanced with a dull sound resembling the distant report of grapeshot1 when all at once we heard a succession of heartrending groans a few steps off4 ,at our approach we found a man lying on the ground4 ,i endeavored to raise him4 ,impossible3 he had broken his leg4 ,countess ,stella questioned him1 and the story he related was a sad one4 ,like so many of the other poor creatures1 he had deferred leaving his house till the last moment4 ,his wife was ill in bed1 with a little boy of five or six years old beside her4 ,he kept hoping the lava would stop before it could reach his dwelling--they all hope that6 ,he went out two or three times an hour to see how far it had progressed1 and finally saw all hope was vain4 ,the lava kept on its course1 regardless of any one4 ,he had barely more than half an hour to save his wife and child1 and then carry away what he could4 ,he rushed towards the house2 but in the haste with which he endeavored to make up for lost time1 he had fallen from one of those black rocks you are so familiar with1 on the spot where we found him1 unable to rise4 ,it was necessary to hasten2 the lava was continually advancing4 ,in less than a quarter of an hour it would reach his hut1 and his wife and child were there6444 ,i could not understand what he said10 continued the young ,englishman with an expression of benevolence and courage which added to the effect of his narrative1 8but while ,i was gazing at the devouring current that was advancing towards a house ,i supposed empty1 ,i suddenly saw the countess dart forward without any explanation4 ,i understood it at once1 and followed her4 ,outrunning her1 ,i was the first to arrive at the house1 and had already taken the woman and mattress in my arms when the countess joined me4 #8,take the child6' ,i cried4 ,he was screaming1 the poor thing2 for1 in taking up his mother1 ,i had1 without intending it1 thrown him on the floor4 ,he was a boy of about six years of age1 and heavy to carry1 ,i assure you4 ,but kindness and courage gave strength4 ,the countess picked him up as if he were a feather1 and we hurried out of the house4 ,the heat of the fire was already intolerable1 and the earth under our feet heaved at every step4 ,i thought a dozen times we had sacrificed our own lives in trying to save theirs4 ,but no1 thank ,god6 we all succeeded--woman1 child1 and ourselves1 with the mattress--in reaching the poor wounded man1 whose cries of terror now gave place to those of joy4 ,he had reason--the poor creature6--for we were hardly in safety before we heard a horrid sound1 this time like the noise of cannon--it was the shock of the burning lava against the house we had just escaped from4 ,what a sight6 ,good ,god6444 ,but since it must have happened1 ,i am not sorry ,i was there6 ,the fiery stream first passed around the house1 then rose1 as if to wrap its red flame around it1 and finally swept over the roof2 and when everything was engulfed1 it quietly continued its course4 ,the poor people wept2 but1 after all1 they were thankful to be alive1 and kissed the hands of the ,countess ,stella1 calling her an angel sent by the ,madonna and a thousand other things of that kind4 ,it was now time to call for assistance1 and by the aid of two or three peasants we transported them all into a habitation1 where they were received for the night4 ,tomorrow ,i shall go and carry them some assistance4 ,and now1 ,madame la ,duchesse1 you know how the ,countess ,stella lost her bonnet1 and why we were so late40 ,the effect produced by this account cannot be described4 ,gilbert eagerly raised his head1 and ,i saw his eyes glisten as he listened4 ,as for me1 my heart leaped with a kind of transport1 while my dear1 noble ,stella made fruitless efforts to stop the acclamations her courage drew even from those who were the least accessible to enthusiasm4 8,what an absurdity60 exclaimed she as soon as she could make herself heard4 8,who of you would not have done the same thing8 ,stop1 ,i beg of you1 or rather1 listen to me4 ,let us all join in buying these poor people a cottage to replace the one they have lost40 ,this proposition was of course acceded to with ardor and unanimity4 ,my ,aunt ,clelia instantly plunged into the depths of her pocket1 and had already opened her wellstocked portemonnaie when ,lando rose and exclaimed3 8,stop1 ,donna ,clelia2 put your gold back in your pocket--for the moment4 ,i have an idea4 ,let us do as they do in ,paris40 8,oh6 bravo60 exclaimed my two cousins in a breath4 8,yes10 said ,teresina with enthusiasm1 8as at ,paris1 ,i beg of you4 ,but what8 how8 say60 8,listen1 all10 said ,lando--8listen to my programme4 ,it contains a rle for us all4 ,first1 ,donna ,ginevra's is the easiest1 but most indispensable4 ,she must lend us one of her drawingrooms where a small but select number can assemble4 ,this runion shall take place tomorrow1 444 no1 the day after tomorrow1 when--pay special attention now1 ,monsieur le ,comte de ,kergy40 ,gilbert1 hearing his name1 looked up with surprise1 while ,lando stopped to say very swiftly in ,italian to his neighbor1 8,you know he is celebrated for his eloquence10 then continued3 8,and then1 the ,comte de ,kergy1 here present1 shall1 at the opening of the meeting1 make a brief discourse1 in order to explain the object of the contribution we shall afterwards expect of each one4 ,he will relate the account we have just heard1 and add all he pleases about the excursion we have made together and the various incidents that have taken place4 ,we shall depend on his omitting nothing that occurred4 ,poi1 ,donna ,teresina and ,donna ,mariuccia will sing a duet1 accompanied by the ,baron von ,brunnenberg2 and if you wish for a general chorus1 here we are1 ,mario1 ,leslie1 and myself1 ready to lend our assistance4 ,finalmente1 we come to the most important2 the ,countess ,stella will recite some poetry of her own choice1 and you who have heard her know what is in reserve for those who are to hear her for the first time4 ,after that is the moment to present your contributions1 and you shall give me the result4 ,che ne dite60 ,i could not have declined1 even if ,i had had any serious objections against this proposition1 which was unanimously received with even more enthusiasm than the first4 ,stella1 though really endowed with the talent ,lando was desirous of profiting by1 seemed annoyed4 ,gilbert's face darkened1 and he resumed the gloomy1 preoccupied expression he had for an instant shaken off2 but to protest or refuse was as impossible for them as well as me1 and before separating1 at two o'clock in the morning1 the meeting was decided upon and appointed for the next day but one4 ,when ,i found myself alone1 it was impossible to think of sleep1 notwithstanding the advanced hour of the night4 ,my chamber was at one end of the house1 and opened on the lateral terrace opposite that of the drawingroom4 ,i opened my window1 and took a seat outside4 ,there1 in the imposing silence of that beautiful night1 ,i sought calmness and the power of reflection4 ,the uncommon courage ,stella had just given a proof of produced a salutary effect on me4 ,her example reacted somewhat against a fatal enervation that was gradually diminishing my moral strength4 ,i admired courage1 and my soul1 however enfeebled it might be1 responded at this moment to her noble1 generous impulse4 ,with my eyes fastened on the flame that now lit up the whole horizon with its sinister gleam1 ,i thought the sight ought to inspire ,stella with a lofty emotion such as follows the accomplishment of an heroic deed2 whereas ,i--it was with a shudder ,i thought of the contrast it suggested6444 ,i tried to avoid dwelling on what had taken place4 ,i wished to believe it was my imagination alone that disturbed and alarmed me2 that nothing was changed2 but ,i could not succeed1 and at last ,i was forced to consider what ,i should do--what was the course prescribed by the new light to which ,i could no longer close my eyes8 ,but as soon as this question was clearly placed before me1 ,i experienced the most violent repugnance to solve it4 ,gilbert's sweet1 beneficent friendship alone had enabled me to endure the destruction of my happiness4 ,could ,i admit the necessity of renouncing it8 ,what had he ever done till today to give me reason to regret my confidence in him8 ,for an instant1 it is true1 and only for an instant1 he had not seemed like himself1 and my heart beat1 in spite of myself1 as ,i recalled his look and the accent of his voice2 but did ,i not attach too much importance to words which1 after all1 were vague and incoherent8 ,should ,i not take time to reflect8 ,such were the questions ,i asked myself1 in order to impose silence on my reason and the actual voice of my conscience4 ,i succeeded so far as to defer the reply ,i was unwilling to listen to1 and put off my decision1 whatever it might be1 till the following day4 ,it was late when ,i awoke1 for ,i did not go to sleep till daylight2 and ,i had not yet left my chamber when the following letter was brought me4 ,it was dated the same day at three o'clock in the morning3 8,,madame3 ,a few hours ago ,i addressed you in a moment of delirium4 ,what ,i said ,i know not4 ,but what ,i do know is that you understood me1 and1 in order to regain your confidence and make you forget what ,i uttered1 ,i should be obliged to declare what is false1 and this ,i cannot do4 ,no1 ,i will not be false to myself1 were ,i1 by speaking the truth1 to forfeit a happiness ,i ought to have courage enough to deny myself1 and which ,i shall1 at least1 renounce if you require it4 8,i only ask you not to condemn me without a hearing4 ,for once allow me to speak plainly1 though it be of myself2 which is repugnant to me1 as you may have perceived4 ,but it is necessary to do this in order to throw light on the decision you will afterwards have to make4 8,i believe ,i have a high idea of the use a man should make of his life1 as well as a profound conviction he will have to render an account of the way he spends it4 ,in a word1 ,i adhere1 thank ,god1 to the faith of my mother1 and desire to live as much as possible in accordance with this faith1 and as it becomes an honest man and a ,christian to live4 8,to this end1 ,i have given my activity every possible scope--long1 fatiguing journeys1 hard study1 active concurrence in a multitude of enterprises that seemed to have an useful object4 ,i have entered eagerly into everything that could absorb my mind and time1 not so much out of disinterested zeal for doing good1 as from a calculation that is allowable1 ,i think2 for it is founded on a distrust of myself1 resulting from an exact knowledge of the shoals on which ,i might easily be wrecked4 8,i dreamed of a happiness1 common enough in many countries1 but rare in ours--that of knowing1 loving1 and choosing the one ,i would make my own2 but this is a difficult thing in ,france1 and ,i had a strong repugnance to any other way of deciding my lot4 ,i persistently refused to consent to any of those socalled chance encounters one is constantly drawn into by officious friends without number in ,paris1 who are always ready to take possession of any one who has the misfortune to be considered a bon parti4 8,in avoiding these encounters ,i was spared other temptations still more dangerous1 and ,i met with nothing to disturb my peace of mind till the day ,i saw you the first time1 madame4 ,i had no conversation with you on that occasion1 but ,i observed you1 ,i heard your voice1 and listened to some of your remarks4 ,i noticed your indifference to the homage that surrounded you1 and the evident absence of vanity which your beauty rendered so strange1 and ,i became afraid of you4 ,yes1 ,i felt ,i must avoid you1 and ,i did so resolutely4 ,one day1 however1 you were1 without my being aware of it1 in the audience ,i addressed1 and ,diana afterwards presented me to you4 ,the opinion of every one else immediately became indifferent to me4 ,i only cared to know what you thought of my discourse1 and to ascertain if there was any mental sympathy between us4 ,i thought ,i discovered some in the few words we exchanged1 and my resolution to avoid you only became the more fixed4 ,i even resisted my mother's entreaties to join some of the excursions she made with you4 ,consequently1 ,i only met you once1 as you are aware1 madame1 and that was at home1 where ,i could not avoid the happiness of being beside you4 8,i perceived you were sad that evening1 in spite of your charming smile and gayety of manner1 which were no less dangerous to me than your tears4 ,i saw it1 and was terribly agitated4 ,and when at last the time came to bid you farewell1 ,i could not summon the resolution1 but said instead #8au revoir4' 8,nevertheless1 ,i allowed long months to pass4 ,i waited till time had somewhat effaced the vividness of my recent impressions1 so ,i should no longer fear to meet you1 and then ,i made an excuse to stop at ,naples a few days on my way to ,egypt4 ,the day ,i arrived here1 though ,i detest balls1 ,i could not avoid attending that given by the ,french ambassador1 and there ,i saw you once more6 8,shall ,i acknowledge it8 ,when ,i saw you in all the splendor of your dazzling beauty1 enhanced by your dress1 and surrounded by adorers1 ,i felt a momentary relief4 ,i congratulated myself on having braved the danger of seeing you again4 ,it seemed to me at that moment the image ,i had so cherished in my heart was effaced1 and ,i was no longer in any danger4 ,alas6 the next day you were no longer the same4 ,i found you as you once were1 but ,i had not the courage to fly from you4 ,my stay was to be short1 and ,i yielded to the happiness allotted me1 persuading myself the habit of seeing you daily might diminish the effect of your influence4 8,at length1 madame1 in good faith1 as ,i thought1 ,i ventured one day to ask you to regard me as a friend1 and promised to be worthy of the favor4 ,i firmly believed ,i promised you nothing beyond my strength4 ,a single instant was sufficient to reveal to me1 even more clearly than to you1 the extent of my illusion4 ,you see ,i make no attempt to conceal anything from you now4 ,i no longer try to deceive you4 ,but in spite of all ,i have said1 ,i implore you not to bid me depart4 ,in asking this ,i feel sure of never offending you again4 ,i cannot hope for the return of your confidence4 ,i no longer claim to be regarded as a friend4 ,i even promise to speak to you henceforth but seldom4 ,but ,i beseech you not to deprive me of the happiness of seeing you6 ,do not punish me so severely6 ,do not yet command me to go4 ,that word would be an order ,i should at once obey1 or rather a sentence ,i should submit to without a murmur2 but there is no criminal who has not the right to petition for mercy1 and that mercy ,i now implore at your feet4 8,gilbert40 ,,xxxii4 ,my mother1 in portraying the lineaments of my youthful soul1 once spoke of a precious jewel hidden in its depths4 ,she doubtless referred to the inclination for what is right and the lively horror of evil she discovered there4 ,but does not this jewel exist with more or less purity and brilliancy in the depths of every human soul1 requiring only a perverted will to crush it utterly1 or a feeble1 undecided will to tarnish its lustre and diminish its value8 ,my life1 though not very culpable in appearance1 was now drawing me in its soft current into that state of sluggishness1 inaction1 and weakness which is a dissolvent of this supernatural jewel without any equal in the natural world4 ,lorenzo1 notwithstanding his jealous vigilance during the earlier period of our married life1 did not hesitate to take me to all the theatres1 and at ,paris he placed in my hands some of the most celebrated romances of the day4 ,this somewhat disturbed the equilibrium of my mind1 and produced a certain agitation of soul1 which is the natural consequence of an unhealthy interest in works to which genius and talent have the cruelty to lend their irresistible power4 ,when we reflect on the value of these divine gifts1 the source from which they emanate1 and their power of diffusing light and awakening the mental faculties1 we cannot help thinking how cruel it is to employ them in kindling everywhere a fire so destructive to the human soul--the only real1 irrevocable death4 ,but1 in spite of the inevitable effect spoken of above1 the strong disgust and repugnance they speedily produced in my mind prevented their poisonous emanations from affecting me seriously4 ,now1 after being so long exposed to influences doubtless less deleterious than those1 but by no means strengthening1 a more subtle snare was laid for me4444 ,the letter ,i held in my hand was not an effusion that should instantly have aroused my conscience1 which1 though torpid1 was not hardened2 no1 its language was such that ,i read and reread it1 and allowed the sentiments it expressed to penetrate my very heart4 ,and yet1 what was the substance of this letter2 what was its real signification8 ,however noble and superior to other men ,gilbert might appear in my eyes1 of what avail was this nobleness1 this superiority1 this purity of his soul even1 when he began to tread the lower path of common mortals with the vain thought that he could maintain a straight course better than others2 444 that he could make me so decidedly explicit a declaration1 and promise me an inviolable respect1 which he immediately deviated from the first time he had the opportunity8444 ,but this truth did not at that time appear in the light in which ,i saw it at a later day1 and a terrible struggle took place in my heart4 ,illusion was no longer possible4 ,i could no longer say ,i had a sure1 faithful friend whose attachment was allowable1 and yet ,i could not decide to give it up4 ,i tried to persuade myself1 with all those arguments that present themselves as soon as one is ready to listen to them1 that this sacrifice was unnecessary4 ,in the bottom of my soul1 however1 another voice made itself heard1 repeating more strongly the warning of the night before--a sweet1 divine voice1 scarcely audible in the midst of all this agitation1 and1 when heard1 was not listened to6 ,that was the day ,i usually went to see ,livia1 but it was quite late before ,i remembered it4 ,my first thought was to omit going for once1 but as ,i had always been punctual at these interviews1 in spite of every obstacle1 and ,saturday was the only day ,i could be received1 after some minutes' hesitation ,i surmounted the temptation to remain at home4 ,during the whole period of frivolous gayety that marked the first months of my life at ,naples1 far from wishing to avoid seeing ,livia1 ,i took pleasure1 on the contrary1 in asking her advice1 which ,i was by no means as afraid of1 even in ,carnival time1 as my ,aunt ,clelia4 ,i was something like a place besieged and almost surrounded by the enemy1 but still not wholly inaccessible to the friendly power disposed to deliver it4 ,as ,i have said elsewhere1 ,livia's voice always took a correct pitch1 unmistakable to the ear1 and ,i loved to listen to it1 even when mine was too weak to sound the same note with like power and clearness4 ,but from the day of ,lorenzo's departure1 so doubly fatal1 instead of the careless gayety ,i usually went to the convent to acknowledge and correct1 ,i was filled with a sadness and anxiety ,livia was not slow to perceive1 and1 instead of gently shaking her head1 as she smiled at my account of the somewhat too gay a life into which ,i had been led by ,lorenzo1 she now fastened a grave1 anxious look on me1 to which ,i replied by pouring out all the bitterness of my fresh grievances without any restraint4 ,after this explanation1 which sufficiently accounted for the change she had remarked1 ,i spoke no more of myself1 and never once mentioned ,gilbert's name4 ,i was angry with myself for this reserve4 ,i longed to overcome it1 and tell her1 as ,i had often told myself1 that in ,gilbert heaven had sent me a friend whose influence was delightful1 salutary1 elevated1 pure1 and so on4 ,these words came to my lips1 but ,i could not utter them before her4 ,once 7it was the ,saturday before7 there was a new change in the expression of my face--a change which reflected1 ,i suppose1 the insecure and dangerous happiness to which ,i had unscrupulously yielded4 ,seeing me appear with a smiling air and a calm1 untroubled face1 she at first seemed pleased1 but1 after observing me for some time1 said3 8,has ,lorenzo returned80 8,no40 ,she looked thoughtful4 8,do you know when he will return80 8,i do not know10 said ,i bitterly2 8and1 in fact1 ,i begin never to expect him1 and almost not to wish him to return40 ,i saw a slight movement of her clasped hands like a shudder4 ,she raised her large eyes1 and1 looking me in the face1 said3 8,take care40 ,her look and words greatly troubled me1 and ,i did not recover from the impression till it was time for ,gilbert to arrive in the evening1 when his presence made me forget it4 ,i thought of this today1 and perhaps the remembrance added to the repugnance ,i felt to go to the convent4 ,perhaps it also caused the unusual emotion ,i experienced when ,i found myself once more in the parlor--the very parlor that filled me with so much terror the first time ,i entered it1 but which ,i afterwards forgot1 so different were the impressions that followed4 ,but whatever the joy1 the trouble1 the agitation1 or1 as today1 the anguish1 with which ,i came1 a few minutes sufficed to put me in harmony with the inexpressible tranquillity that reigned around me4 ,the pulsations of my heart diminished1 and ,i experienced the effect a pure1 vivifying air produces on one who has just come from a heavy1 feverish atmosphere4 ,the bare walls1 the wooden seats1 the extreme simplicity and austerity on every side1 inspired me with a kind of attraction that would have surprised those who daily saw me in my sumptuous home1 surrounded by all that wealth and the most refined taste could procure4 ,this attraction1 incomprehensible to myself1 was like that vague perfume the traveller breathes when approaching some unknown shore which he does not yet perceive4444 ,but on this occasion these things1 instead of producing their usually beneficial1 soothing effect1 caused me a kind of uneasiness akin to remorse1 and ,i soon found the solitude so difficult to endure that ,i had some idea of profiting by the interval that remained in order to leave the convent under some pretext without seeing my sister4 ,but the strength of mind that1 thank heaven1 ,i still possessed prevented me from leaving the place1 and ,i became absorbed in thoughts ,i dared not fathom1 so utterly discordant were they with everything around me1 and so different from what they seemed in the light by which ,i regarded them only an hour before4 ,at last the door opened1 the curtain was drawn aside1 and ,livia made her appearance4 8,you are late1 ,gina10 said she4 8,i was afraid ,i should not see you to day40 ,i stammered some excuse1 as she gave me a scrutinizing look with her usual expression of extreme sweetness4 8,you do not look so happy as you did last ,saturday1 ,ginevra4 ,you are agitated and excited today4 ,will you not tell me the reason80 ,i was tempted to make her a thorough1 sincere confession2 but the moment ,i was about to begin ,i was struck with the impossibility of speaking in that angelic place of what seemed elsewhere only natural1 excusable1 and almost legitimate4 ,seeing ,i made no reply1 she gently said3 8,lorenzo has not yet come home4 ,of course his absence afflicts you4 ,be patient and forbearing1 ,i conjure you1 ,ginevra40 ,her words caused me a kind of irritation1 though ,i was glad to elude her previous question1 and ,i hastily replied3 8,livia1 you require too much of me4 ,some day ,i may become patient and forbearing1 but at present it is impossible40 8,gina1 ,gina1 do not say so10 said she in the tone in which she used to correct the faults of my childhood4 8,o ,livia6 your poor sister finds life hard1 ,i assure you4 ,how happy you are64440 8,yes1 ,i am happy10 she softly replied4 8,who would have said it1 however10 ,i continued in an agitated tone1 8when ,lorenzo came to woo me with so many assurances of affection1 so many promises of happiness8444 ,that all this should prove false and illusory6444 ,oh6 when ,i think of it1 ,i no longer have the strength to44440 8,ginevra60 said ,livia1 suddenly interrupting me in a tone of authority1 8it is useless to talk in that manner4 ,you speak like a child60 ,she seldom spoke to me in this way1 and ,i stopped4 8,at the time you are speaking of10 she resumed1 8do you remember my telling you one day--it was only a short time before your marriage44440 ,i hastily interrupted her in my turn4 8,i have not forgotten our conversation1 ,livia4 ,that was the day you told me ,i was going to pronounce the most fearful vow there is in the world4 ,but1 sister1 ,i was not the only one who made it40 8,no1 certainly not4 ,you mean to say that ,lorenzo has violated the solemn vow that bound you together4444 ,yes1 ,gina1 it is horrible1 ,i acknowledge1 but listen to me2 if you continue to think more of your own wrongs than of ,god1 whom he has offended a thousand times more2 if you continue to complain and dwell on your injuries1 the result will be1 you will soon seek likewise to be released from the fidelity you vowed to him4 ,and then 7may ,god preserve me from ever seeing that day1 when ,i shall be truly separated from you67 your fall will be speedy1 rapid1 and terrible4 ,you will fall as low1 perhaps1 as you might now rise high40 ,she saw me shudder at these words1 and continued with her usual mildness3 8,now1 my dearest ,gina1 may ,god and his angels watch over you6444 ,it is growing dark4 ,the bell is about to summon me away4 ,i have only time for one word3 ,forget your heart1 ,i implore you4 ,believe me1 ,god will some day satisfy its cravings1 if you cease to listen so weakly to them1 longing to have them gratified at all costs4 ,forget your heart1 ,i say1 and think only of your soul60 ,the bell rang while she was speaking4 ,she raised her hand1 and made the sign of the cross in the air4 ,i bowed my head1 and when ,i raised it again she had disappeared4 ,but she had not spoken in vain4 ,the clouds that obscured my reason began to disperse1 my courage began to revive1 and the jewel within to regain the brilliancy that had been obscured in the depths of my soul4 ,the course ,i ought to pursue was set before me with painful distinctness1 but ,i no longer turned my eyes away from it4 ,i was not happy when ,i left the convent4 ,i did not even feel calm or consoled2 but ,i had come to a decision4 ,it was so late when ,i arrived home that the garden was filled with moonlight4 ,i walked there a long time1 absorbed in my reflections1 and sincerely endeavoring to strengthen a resolution whose fulfilment ,i did not yet dare to consider4 ,i trembled as ,i asked myself if it was necessary to utter the decisive word before another day1 or if ,i could wait till after the soire organized by ,lando1 when it would be no longer possible to defer it4 ,i still hesitated as to this point4 ,though ,i had come to a decision1 ,i did not cease to suffer1 but ,i ceased to be weak4 ,i was very far from the summit1 but ,i resolved to attain it1 instead of remaining as far below as ,i now stood4 ,a circumstance1 insignificant in itself1 now occurred to confirm the change in my mind4 ,the door of ,lorenzo's studio was open1 and1 wishing to shorten the way to my chamber1 ,i entered it1 and was proceeding towards the other door when ,i found myself face to face with the vestal of which ,i was the model4 ,the moon threw so brilliant a light over it as to produce a striking effect4 ,i stopped to look at it1 and1 while doing so1 it seemed as if this statue of myself spoke to me in its own way1 and in a language similar to that ,i had so recently been listening to4 ,and what was the idea which ,lorenzo really intended to express in this vestal--the finest of his productions8 ,one of those ideas which1 under the inspiration of genius1 sometimes sprang from his soul1 and seemed for an instant to show a sense of the good equal to that he had of the beautiful4 ,this was1 alas6 only a transitory gleam of light1 but it was sufficient to justify the ambitious hopes ,i once felt for a day--hopes so fatally illusory at the very time they were conceived6 ,lorenzo's idea in choosing the ancient guardians of the sacred fire as his subjects was to represent under these two figures the woman who was true to her highest mission1 and the woman who was untrue to it2 the latter making use of the holy fire under her charge to kindle a flame that would end in destruction and woe2 the other striving to keep this very fire alive1 diffusing its clear1 brilliant1 beneficent light1 not only over herself1 but over everything around her4 ,such was the idea he had not been able to embody1 he said1 till he had me for his model4 ,all this was doubtless the dream of an artist2 but while ,i stood contemplating what had resulted from it1 the effect ,i experienced was so strange1 the thoughts that came to my mind were so vivid1 that they could only have been the whisperings of the voice that for an hour had spoken more and more clearly to my heart4 ,the statue1 however idealized it might be by the genius of the sculptor1 resembled me sufficiently for me to recognize the likeness4 ,flooded as it now was by a brilliant1 unearthly light1 ,i looked at it with an attention ,i had never done before4 ,i observed its simple1 dignified attitude2 the head slightly inclined towards the symbolic flame that rose from the lamp she bore in her hands with so much ease1 and yet with care and vigilance2 and1 finally1 the mouth and eyes1 in which it seemed to me no artist had ever expressed so clearly the gentleness1 firmness1 and purity he wished to depict4 ,it was thus ,lorenzo imagined the guardian of the divine fire which not only burned on the sacred altar1 but kindled and fed the noblest inspirations of genius4444 ,yes1 the conception was a beautiful one1 and ,i felt proud and gratified that he had found me worthy of being the model to realize it6 ,all at once ,i was struck with a kind of terror1 as it occurred to me1 ,shall this resemblance be merely external8 ,are not many things wanting in my nature which this statue seeks to express1 and of which its beauty is only the reflection8444 ,o my ,god6 ,i thank thee6 ,everything becomes an instrument in thy hand4 ,it was thou1 and not this marble1 who didst suggest this thought1 and it was through thy grace that1 at that moment1 quicker than ,i can express it1 and as clearly as the eye beholds a picture placed suddenly before it1 ,i all at once saw if ,lorenzo were present1 under the roof that was his1 and ,gilbert were also there--,gilbert1 who called himself my friend and not his--there would exist at my fireside1 there would be infused into my life1 a perpetual lie1 unmistakable treachery1 and constant danger4 ,i saw and realized that1 though he might not apparently have anything to reproach me for1 everything within and around me would henceforth continually reproach me4 ,i saw if the sacred lamp did not actually fall from my hands1 the purity of its flame would speedily be dimmed1 and certainly end by being wholly extinguished4444 ,all this became clearly visible and palpable1 and in the presence of this voiceless marble1 before the image of this pagan priestess1 ,i renewed the tacit promise ,i had an hour before made to her who was the living ,christian realization of this ancient ideal of a virtue pure and chaste4 ,,xxxiii4 ,i went up to my chamber1 not only startled at the vividness of the impression ,i had received1 but decided as to my course4 ,the words falsehood and treachery that came to my mind produced a powerful effect on me1 and would1 perhaps1 have had the same effect on every woman who happened to be in a similar position1 if she had the courage to call things in this way by their right names4 ,it is pleasant and delightful to inspire and to experience those profound emotions sung by poets and exalted by writers of fiction1 but it is not noble to be false4 ,no poet has ever said so1 no writer of fiction has ventured to insinuate it4 ,now1 it is this falsity1 so essential a feature in all these little dramas of the heart 7real or fictitious71 which ought1 it seems to me1 to disgust even those who do not act from any higher motive than those of the world4 ,as for me1 the mere thought that it would henceforth be impossible to speak of ,gilbert's friendship without falsehood1 and1 at ,lorenzo's return1 that ,i should not have the same right as before to look him in the face--this thought1 ,i say1 was sufficient to inspire me at this moment with so much determination that ,i thought my irresolution at an end4 ,it seemed as if ,i should have but little difficulty in accomplishing the task from which ,i no longer endeavored to escape4 ,but in the evening1 when1 at a late hour1 ,gilbert arrived1 ,i was somewhat moved at perceiving my outward calmness and animation made him suppose ,i acquiesced in his wishes2 for1 after looking at me an instant1 he seemed suddenly relieved from a lively apprehension1 and his eyes flashed with joy4 ,there was considerable company in the drawingroom that evening1 and consequently a good deal of noise4 ,they had a kind of rehearsal of what was to take place the following evening4 ,my cousins were at the piano with the baron and ,lando4 ,leslie1 at a distance1 was gazing at ,stella1 who1 under the pretext of looking over a volume of ,dante1 in order to select something to recite1 was seated apart1 silent and absorbed4 ,there was no one on the terrace1 and ,i proceeded in that direction4 ,i felt that ,gilbert's eyes followed me2 but he hesitated about joining me4 ,i likewise felt some hesitation1 but1 fearing ,i might again become irresolute1 and wishing at once to make it impossible to yield to the danger1 ,i looked up1 and motioned for him to follow me4 ,in an instant he was at my side1 and1 as ,i remained silent1 he said in an agitated tone3 8,i hope you have pardoned me1 madame40 ,i was terribly moved on my part1 but it would not do to manifest it4 8,yes10 ,i replied1 8,i forgive you2 for you have been sincere1 and that is worth everything else4 ,but1 ,monsieur de ,kergy1 ,i must be sincere likewise4 ,let me therefore say to you1 leave ,naples4 ,you ought to1 and it is my wish40 ,he was greatly agitated1 but did not utter a word4 ,i continued with a calmness that astonished me1 though my heart beat with frightful rapidity3 8,tomorrow1 ,i know1 every one will depend on hearing you speak1 and ,i also4 ,but do not remain in ,naples beyond the following day1 if you can possibly help it4 ,and after you are gone2 ,i am sure you will be glad you obeyed me40 ,he made no reply4 8,who knows80 continued ,i gently4 8,the day will come1 perhaps1 when we can meet again--when we can be truly friends without deceit1 without falseness in the real sense of the word4 ,what is impossible now may not be always40 ,while ,i was speaking he leaned against the wall with folded arms4 ,he listened at first with his head bent down2 but he now suddenly raised it1 and ,i saw such a veil of sadness over his eyes and whole face that ,i had to make a violent effort to maintain my selfcommand4 ,at last he said3 8,you are right4 ,it was folly in me to come2 it would be greater folly to remain4 ,i will obey you1 madame4 ,i cannot complain1 and ,i respect you as much as ,i44440 ,he stopped1 for ,i made a deprecatory gesture4 ,what ,i had to say was said1 and ,i felt our interview ought not to be prolonged4 ,i was about to leave the terrace when he detained me4 8,a moment more1 madame1 ,i beg--only one1 and the last2 for who knows if you will grant me another1 even to bid you farewell84440 ,i stopped4 8,yes10 continued he slowly1 8,i would like to think1 as you say1 that ,i shall be permitted to see you again some day1 and sincerely be your friend4 ,time will pass over my head and yours4 ,you will not always be young and beautiful4 ,long years will doubtless pass4 ,to enable me to endure the present1 ,i must look forward to the time when ,i shall be no longer young1 and can see you again1 and resume without fear the title ,i ought not to claim1 ,i acknowledge1 while there is any danger of profaning it4 ,i await that day40 ,it was by no means with indifference ,i listened to his agitated1 trembling voice2 but ,i manifested nothing outwardly1 and was even able to smile1 as ,i replied3 8,it will not be necessary to wait so long as you suppose1 ,i assure you4 ,long before my hair grows white1 what there is good and true in your friendship will be restored to me4 ,for before that day some one1 more beautiful than ,i 7whom it will not be difficult to find71 and1 moreover1 worthy of you1 to whom you can give your whole heart1 will have effaced the remembrance of the passing fancy ,i have caused without intending it1 but which shall not be prolonged a single instant with my consent40 ,i passed by him without looking up or giving him time to reply1 and returned to the drawingroom4 ,there ,i seated myself on a sofa in an obscure corner of the room1 or rather1 ,i fell on it1 pale1 faint1 and exhausted by the effort ,i had made4 ,i did not believe a word of what ,i had just said to ,gilbert4 ,my duty was to send him away1 and this duty was accomplished6 ,but ,i by no means desired another should so soon efface my image4 ,i said so to allay his regret and appear indifferent4 ,i was proud of the courage ,i had manifested4 ,when ,i compared myself with ,lorenzo1 ,i thought myself perfectly heroic1 and ,i was about to have reason to think myself a thousand times more so4 ,lando at that moment left the piano1 where he had been stationed all the evening beside ,teresina4 ,the latter1 it may be remarked en passant1 had profited so well by his hints that her toilet had become irreproachable1 and now added singularly to the effect of her beauty4 ,lando perceived it1 and it was evident he also thought of my cousin's by no means despicable dowry among her other attractions1 as a possible means of abridging his exile and returning to ,paris before the two years had expired4 ,when1 therefore1 ,i saw him coming with a grave air towards the place where ,i was seated1 ,i thought ,i was about to receive a communication ,i had long been prepared for4 ,i did not suspect what he had to say concerned me much more directly than himself4 8,cousin ,ginevra10 said he in a low tone1 as he took a seat beside me1 8,i have had news from ,milan40 ,i started involuntarily4 ,he did not notice it1 but continued3 8,news which proves ,i was not mistaken the other day when ,i told you the beautiful ,faustina would take good care to avenge you4 ,only1 ,i did not think it would be so soon40 ,brought back so suddenly to the most painful reality of my life1 ,i was the more startled and confounded at what he said4 ,lando's gossip was usually odious to me2 but now1 instead of imposing silence on him1 ,i insisted1 on the contrary1 that he should conceal nothing from me4 8,well1 then10 continued he1 8it seems the fair ,milanese1 notwithstanding her belle passion for ,lorenzo1 had never been able to console herself for being deprived of the duchess' coronet on which she had depended4 ,so while neglecting nothing to maintain the ascendency she had regained over him1 she was not wholly indifferent to the homage of a certain potentate from the ,danube who offered to share with her his principality and his millions4 ,she was still hesitating1 it seems1 between ambition and love1 when ,lorenzo1 who had some suspicion1 and was on the alert1 unexpectedly came upon his rival4 ,then there was a violent scene and high words1 which ended in a challenge4 ,they were on the point of fighting when the lady prevented the affair from going any further by declaring she would give her hand to the potentate6444 ,so in a short time1 ,i imagine10 continued ,lando1 rubbing his hands1 8,donna ,faustina will take her departure for the banks of the ,danube4 ,you will be delivered for ever from her1 and we shall soon see ,lorenzo come home in a terrible humor4 ,but1 frankly1 it is good enough for him4 ,this punishment is not the hundredth part of what he merits when he has a wife like you60 8,o merciful heaven6 what a fate is mine6 and what a husband ,i am obliged to immolate myself to64440 ,such was my first thought on hearing this account1 and an hour after1 when ,i went to my chamber1 ,i had not yet overcome the bitterness and agitation it caused me4 ,my temptation became stronger and more formidable than ever1 and the desire again sprang up in my heart to retract the sentence ,i had so recently pronounced4 ,to see him1 hear him1 sometimes speak to him1 and meet his sympathetic glance--was all this really forbidden me8 ,would this be failing in my duty to the husband who had outraged me so publicly8 ,no1 no1 it could not be4444 ,no one yet knew ,gilbert was to leave ,naples4 ,a line1 a word1 from me1 would suffice to prevent his departure4 ,the new life created by his presence would continue as if nothing had happened that ought to terminate it6444 ,i had already seized my pen and written the word 444 when suddenly there awoke in my memory the words of ,livia3 8,think of ,god1 whom he has offended a thousand times more than he has you02 and afterwards these3 8,if you seek likewise to be released1 your fall will be speedy1 rapid1 and terrible40 ,the recollection of these words stopped me and made me shudder4 ,i now perceived what gradations ,i had passed through within a month4 ,i felt that ,livia was right--should ,i descend from the height ,i had just attained1 it would indeed be to fall lower than ,i was before1 and perhaps to the lowest depths6 ,my sister in her quiet cell still aided me with her prayers1 which doubtless augmented the increasing light in my soul4 ,i tore up the note ,i had begun to write1 and1 again preparing myself to struggle and suffer more than ever1 ,i calmly renewed the resolution ,i had been so near breaking4 ,it seemed to me this slight victory1 though it did not lessen my sadness1 added to my strength1 and made the jewel within gleam with a lustre somewhat brighter than before4 ,another ,general ,convention ,of ,the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church4 ,the late convention of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church has1 we believe1 disappointed everybody4 ,with skilful care to avoid anything which might cause a rupture1 the various factions of this large and respectable denomination have spoken to each other1 and parted4 ,the world is none the wiser1 and we hardly think that they are4 ,high,churchmen have maintained their ground with smooth dignity2 ,low,churchmen have gained some points1 while they have lost others2 and ,ritualists have hidden themselves in silence4 ,if neither party is suited1 there is the consolation that no one is pleased2 and from this universal negative we presume the conclusion comes to an universal affirmative that all are pleased4 ,we have long ago foreseen this result1 and they who1 arguing from the defection of ,bishop ,cummins1 expected to hear something decisive in the way of doctrine1 have learned how peace may be maintained by simply abstaining from war4 ,the ,episcopal ,church has no fixed creed4 ,its articles of faith contradict its offices4 ,its various members interpret both1 so that from the ,babel of conflicting opinions no certain sound can be heard4 ,thus it has been1 and thus it will be to the end4 ,there is only one thing on which ,episcopalians unite--namely1 hostility to the ,catholic ,church4 ,with various degrees of ignorance or honesty1 they are enemies of the only body which teaches with authority1 whose forms they counterfeit by sad travesties or servile imitations4 ,the action of this convention1 as far as it concerns the interior structure of the church1 which they profess to have modelled after the ,american ,constitution1 has no particular interest for the world4 ,some improvement may have been made in the canons1 of which we can be no judges4 ,legislation is one of the peculiarities of our day4 ,if it be harmless1 it is looked upon as a safe use of force and nerve which1 expended in another direction1 might have done damage4 ,we proceed to notice a few things which are of importance1 and they are the only acts of the convention which1 on the reading of the journal1 strike us as of any consequence4 ,we are happy to be able to congratulate our friends on the rejection of the provincial system4 ,with them it would have worked very badly1 because a province supposes some central government and a unit in authority4 ,when a province separates from its parent state1 it becomes independent4 ,if there be no home government1 there can be no province1 properly socalled4 ,the committee very learnedly explains the constitution of the primitive church1 and concludes that it would not apply to them1 and could not without injury be forced upon them4 8,your committee assume that the terms #8provincial system' are used in the resolution in their full ecclesiastical and primitive sense4 ,in the early church there were3 #a4 the parish2 #b1 the diocese2 #c1 the province2 #d1 the patriarchate4 ,the parish had its priest1 the diocese its bishop1 the province its archbishop1 the patriarchate its patriarch4 ,among these1 the dominant and most active power was the province with its archbishop4 ,speaking generally1 we may say that it possessed the powers of this body and of the ,house of ,bishops1 and many of the powers of our diocesan councils4 ,the provinces were disconnected and independent1 except as1 by very slender ties1 they were united in the patriarchate4 ,such a system would dismember this church1 and out of this now compact1 now united body create five1 or seven1 or ten separate churches4 ,the ties which may at first unite them will grow weaker and weaker4 ,however similar they may be at the moment of dismemberment1 at that moment the process of divergence will begin1 and it will go on until the separation will be as great as that now existing between ,york and ,canterbury4 ,those provinces now communicate with each other only informally4 8,any institution of provinces or provincial synods1 with powers subject at all times to revocation by the ,general ,convention1 would be useless and illusory4 ,the provinces1 if invested with irrevocable powers1 and discharged from the constant and necessary authority and supervision of the ,general ,convention1 certainly might1 and probably would1 soon diverge into widely differing practices and opinions1 engendering ecclesiastical conflicts1 threatening the unity of our church40 ,nothing could be plainer than this argument4 ,in any ,protestant organization1 the least separation makes an independent church4 ,it could not be otherwise where there is no infallible authority and no divine government to bind all the members to one head4 ,it must be sad to the lovers of primitive purity to know how imperfect the constitution of the early church was4 ,everything tended to disintegration1 and a more perfect system has been found out by the wisdom of modern days4 ,in the mind of the committee1 the hand of ,god had nothing to do with the primitive church2 for there is only one author of confusion and disorder4 ,these learned antiquarians never heard of the ,see of ,rome1 and do not know that our ,lord said to ,peter1 8,thou art the rock1 and on this rock will ,i build my church40 ,viewing them1 however1 from their own standpoint1 we are glad to note their acuteness1 and to congratulate them that they have not divided themselves4 ,it appears also that there was some disposition to consider the ,american ,episcopal ,church as a province of the ,english1 and to treat the ,archbishop of ,canterbury as a kind of patriarch4 ,this disposition was rebuked by the convention4 ,the following are among the remarks made in the ,house of ,deputies which show that the quasi mission of the ,bishop of ,lichfield was fruitless3 8,the right reverend gentleman who has taken so strong an interest in this subject has made a proposition1 and the proposition is that we should become one great province1 if you please1 with the ,archbishop of ,canterbury as metropolitan of these ,united ,states for the nonce1 and that in all these conferences the ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 as the great metropolitan or patriarch1 is to preside4 8,i know that many are wont to call the ,church of ,england the mother church4 ,i hold that she is not4 ,if so1 ,i claim her to be nothing but a very poor stepmother4 ,the church in this country never was perfected till she got her perfection by the consecration of ,seabury from the bishops of ,scotland2 and if we acknowledge a mother other than the mother church of ,jerusalem 7which ,i am not prepared to acknowledge71 we must acknowledge ,scotland1 not ,england4 8,i could say a great deal more on this subject--full of it ,i am2 but1 under the circumstances1 ,i think ,i have said enough to satisfy the members of this house that they had better let it alone1 and wait till the bishops tell us what they think of it4 ,they are the persons interested4 ,they accepted the first invitation without asking us #8with your leave' or #8by your leave4' ,now1 after they have been bluffed1 and this church1 ,i would say1 insulted as it has been by the ,dean of ,canterbury1 and by the prearrangement of keeping out the very question which these gentlemen1 at a large expense of time and money1 went to attend to1 why not leave them first to express their opinion8 ,my word for it1 from what ,i know of the selfrespect of the members of that house1 if you wait for that1 you will wait to the end of the term4 8,there are several parties to this movement1 of different temperaments4 ,one of them is the great apostolic prelate whom we have welcomed twice to this convention--the illustrious prelate1 of whom ,i speak with the most unbounded admiration as a churchman1 as a gentleman1 as a historian1 as a man4 ,in every capacity in which ,i can know human nature1 he deserves honor and affection4 ,i do not enter into the motives of this movement1 but ,i simply say that he is affirmatively moving1 in my belief1 to gratify what he has largely developed in his great nature--the power of organism4 ,he does wish1 ,i have no doubt1 something like an organic union of the two churches of the two great ,englishspeaking races4 ,that movement1 to a certain extent1 is creditable and desirable1 but to a certain other extent it is extremely dangerous and utterly inadmissible40 ,the organic unity of the ,anglican with the ,american ,episcopal ,church is as far from perfect as the union of provinces would prove if the primitive system1 as stated by the learned committee1 were adopted4 ,the independence of the two churches is as complete as that of the ,presbyterian or ,methodist denominations in this country4 ,neither is bound by the doctrinal decisions of the other4 ,this being the case1 we hardly understand the full significance of the ceremony by which an 8almsbasin0 was presented by the ,general ,convention to the ,archbishop of ,canterbury4 ,the ,bishop of ,lichfield1 explaining his part in the august rite1 says3 8,it was my happiness to present that almsbasin to the ,archbishop of ,canterbury in concert with one whose loss we all lament1 who is now with ,god in his rest--,bishop ,mc,ilvaine1 of ,ohio1 who1 handin hand with me1 each of us holding the almsbasin by one hand and on bended knee1 presented that almsbasin for the ,lord's table in ,s4 ,paul's ,cathedral1 on the fourth of ,july1 on that occasion40 ,one of the members of the ,house of ,deputies tells us that 8,this basin was procured from the ,messrs4 ,kirk1 of the city of ,baltimore4 ,the price of it was one thousand dollars1 and it is said to be the finest piece of work of silver and gold and precious stones combined that has ever been made upon our continent4 ,it was sent through the hands of the ,bishop of ,lichfield1 who presented it on bended knees to the ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 to be placed upon the altar of ,s4 ,paul's ,cathedral2 and in this basin the bishops of the ,church of ,england made their own offerings first4 ,it is understood that the basin is to be preserved by the archbishop and transmitted to his successors1 to be used in all future times at the consecration of ,english bishops and the opening of the ,houses of ,convocation1 and upon all public and great occasions in which the ,church of ,england is interested1 and to be preserved as a pledge and token of unity and goodwill between our own church and our mother ,church of ,england4 8,i may say here1 too1 that both ,houses of ,convocation1 by resolution adopted unanimously1 went in their scarlet convocation robes from their sittings in the chamber near ,westminster ,abbey1 in solemn procession1 to the celebration of the ,holy ,communion in ,s4 ,paul's ,cathedral1 especially to do honor to the ,american ,church2 and in this procession ,bishop ,mc,ilvaine and the ,lord ,bishop of ,lichfield carried our basin1 and it was presented to the ,archbishop of ,canterbury in form40 ,why did these prelates kneel to the archbishop on this occasion1 unless to do him homage8 ,and what function does an 8almsbasin0 discharge in the consecration of bishops and the opening of the ,houses of ,convocation8 ,we ask in all sincerity1 because our knowledge of ecclesiology is imperfect in reference to these points4 ,while we praise the manly spirit of our ,american friends in not yielding to the spirit of toadyism before ,english prelacy1 we confess we are somewhat pained at a seeming want of selfrespect in their attempt to deal with the 8,holy ,orthodox ,eastern ,church40 ,this body1 though having valid orders1 holds all the doctrines condemned by the ,thirtynine ,articles1 and has plainly and openly anathematized ,protestantism4 ,why will the ,episcopalians consent to be snubbed and slapped in the face for the sake of an intercommunion which is utterly impossible8 ,if they like it1 we ought not to repine2 yet1 for the sake of our manhood1 we protest against it4 ,the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,fulton1 of ,alabama1 said3 8,there is a great body of ,christian people1 constituting one of the three great bodies of the ,holy ,catholic ,church1 throughout the world1 which today are not in visible communion1 although they are in unity of spirit1 and hope for a more clearlydefined bond of peace4 ,hitherto it has only been possible for these various bodies1 or at least two of them--that is to say1 the ,anglican ,church and the ,holy ,orthodox ,eastern ,church--to meet each other in courtesy4 ,now1 arrangements have been made through the ,archbishop of ,canterbury by which the dead of our communion from ,england or this country can be buried by the ,orthodox clergy1 and other offices of courtesy and kindness can be performed4 ,the ,archbishop of ,syra1 representing the ,holy ,orthodox ,eastern ,church1 lately visited the ,church of ,england1 and was there received with the greatest honor4 ,prelates of our own church and clergy of lower degree have likewise been received by the ,eastern clergy4 ,there are1 in this city1 with the approbation of the bishop of the diocese clergy of the ,holy ,orthodox ,eastern communion4 ,it is believed--in fact1 it is known--that they are present now in this house2 and1 as a member of the ,russo,greek ,committee1 it was suggested to me that1 in the general recognition of the clerical rank and character which these resolutions imply1 these brethren should be likewise recognized4 ,it touches not at all the doctrine of their churches2 it touches not at all the doctrines of their church2 it touches not at all their attitude toward us2 it simply recognizes that they are clergy of a church toward which we hope that1 in the providence of ,god1 we may be drawn in love1 without any sacrifice of our own principles40 ,we doubt not that1 when gentlemen meet1 they treat each other with courtesy4 ,even ,roman ,catholic1 whom ,dr4 ,fulton would not invite to the convention1 are courteous and polite4 ,but this does not mean any compromise in questions of doctrine4 ,if ,dr4 ,potter approves of the presence of ,rev4 ,mr4 ,bjerring in ,new ,york1 we are quite sure that the ,russian priest never dreams of acknowledging his authority4 ,is it not very much beneath the dignity of a large and respectable body to take mere politeness for any approach to unity in faith or communion8 ,a letter of the ,metropolitan of ,st4 ,petersburg was handed round among the deputies as a curiosity and a wonderful sign of ,eastern favor to the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church4 ,we are not sure if the following is an exact copy of the letter4 ,if so1 it is a gentle rebuke1 given as politely as could be done under the circumstances4 ,we extract the letter and the comments thereon from a secular paper generally trustworthy3 8,the ,convention's ,proposition ,spurned ,by ,orthodox ,catholics4 8,apropos of the efforts of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church for a closer union and affiliation with the ,orthodox ,eastern ,church1 the following letter1 translated from the ,birzheviga ,vedomosty1 a ,russian journal of a semiofficial ecclesiastical status1 will be interesting4 ,it is a reply to the petition of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church for a more intimate union with the ,russo,greek ,church1 and is now for the first time published on this continent3 8 #8,,to ,,the ,,well,,beloved ,,in ,,christ1 ,,and ,,the ,,right ,,reverend ,,committee ,,of ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,bishops ,,of ,,the ,,protestant ,,episcopal ,,church ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america3 8 #8,your letter1 addressed to his ,excellency the ,procurator ,general1 ,count ,tolstoy1 having been presented by him to the consideration of the ,most ,holy ,governing ,synod of ,russia1 together with the report and the concurrence of the ,house of ,bishops1 approved by the ,house of ,clerical and ,lay ,deputies1 in reference to the establishment upon a true catholic basis of a spiritual fraternity between the ,american and ,orthodox ,churches1 especially in the ,territory of ,alaska1 was received by the ,most ,holy ,synod of all the ,russias with the utmost pleasure1 as a new proof of respect shown by the representatives of the ,episcopal ,church1 and of their estimable purpose concerning the union of the churches4 ,the ,most ,holy ,synod1 on their part1 will make it an object of their constant care that a spirit of ,christian tolerance and fraternal love and esteem1 in accordance with the precepts and usages of our church1 shall continue to pervade all the relations existing between the members of the ,orthodox ,church and those of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church in ,america1 and particularly in the ,territory of ,alaska4 8 #8,as to the hypothesis of a reciprocal participation in the solemn performance of the sacrament of the ,eucharist1 the ,eastern ,church firmly adheres to the principles and convictions so clearly stated in the messages sent in #agbc by the ,orthodox patriarchs of the ,east in reply to the ,anglican bishops4 ,it considers a previous agreement in faith as absolutely indispensable to the practical mutual participation in the sacraments1 inasmuch as the first is the only possible groundwork or basis for the last4 ,in order to attain this most desired end1 a thorough study and investigation of the differences in the doctrine of both churches would be absolutely requisite2 and to promote this1 a great principle of cooperation will undoubtedly be found in the spirit of peace and charity which animates both churches1 the ,orthodox as well as the ,american1 and in those prayers for the peace of the whole world and for the union of the holy churches of the ,lord which arise to the ,god of truth and mercy from the ,orthodox churches1 and which are most certainly shared in by the ,american churches4 8 #8,having been authorized by the ,most ,holy ,governing ,synod1 ,i assume the duty of presenting their answer to the ,house of ,bishops of the ,american ,episcopal ,church1 and beg you to accept the assurance of the highest esteem of your brother and coservant in ,jesus ,christ4 ,,isidore1 8 #8,first ,presiding ,member of the ,governing ,synod of all the ,russias1 and ,metropolitan of ,novgorod and ,st4 ,petersburg4' 8,the only ecclesiastical representative of the ,russian ,church in this city1 the ,rev4 ,n4 ,bjerring1 has corroborated the facts set forth in this letter1 and furthermore stated to the writer1 in answer to inquiries1 that the ,orthodox ,church seeks not exclusive affiliation with the ,anglican and ,american ,episcopal ,churches1 but desires to hold friendly relations with all ,christian denominations2 and in this spirit of fraternal love he receives in his own house1 as personal friends1 not only members of his own household of faith1 but ministers and members of the ,lutheran and ,reformed ,churches1 ,methodists1 ,baptists1 ,episcopalians1 and ,roman ,catholics1 with all of whom he maintains the most cordial relations4 ,but he declares that there can be no such thing as sacramental union between his church and any other1 unless there shall have been first complete agreement in dogmas and an unconditional acceptance on the part of the affiliating churches of the authority and acts of the first seven cumenical ,councils4 ,this is a conditio sine qu non from which the ,russian ,church cannot move a step nor deviate one line from the dogmatic truth handed down to her from the apostolic church2 nor can she at the same time permit anything to be added to these dogmas40 ,the ,eastern churches will never recognize the ,episcopalians as anything but a sect of ,protestants4 ,they deny the validity of their orders1 and condemn their articles of faith as heretical4 ,not one of their bishops or priests would be recognized as possessing any sacerdotal power1 or could ever receive ,holy ,communion at the hands of the ,greeks1 whom they are inclined to receive with so much favor4 ,the following words of one of their leading agents in ,england are sufficiently decisive1 though we fear not plain enough to convince our brethren who are so sensitive about their apostolic succession1 which every one denies but themselves3 8,no other ,protestant church was ever so full of contradictions1 so full of variegated heresy1 as the ,english ,church was and is1 and will be to the end of her existence4 ,with such an heretical church the ,orthodox ,eastern ,church never would allow her bishops to transact4 8,if ,rome considered all ordinations by ,parker and his successors--i4e41 the whole present ,english episcopate and clergy--to be invalid1 null1 and void1 and consistently reordained all those converts who wished and were fit for orders1 the ,eastern ,church can but imitate her proceedings1 as both follow1 in this point1 the same principles4 8,the ,anglo,catholics are most decidedly no ,catholics1 but ,protestants1 although inclining hopefully towards ,catholicism4 ,it is astonishing how the zealous ,intercommunionists dive into the depths of orthodox learning1 rove in the remotest districts1 compile the minutest arguments1 while they overlook the chasm at their feet4 ,they most ingenuously demand to dispense with ceremony1 and to join hands all at once over the vast deep stretching out between them407#ajg7 ,very little has been done by this convention in the way of doctrinal decisions4 ,the ,house of ,bishops having solemnly declared that in baptismal regeneration1 as the term is used in the ,prayer,book1 no moral change is signified1 the effort to drop the term altogether was voted down4 ,thus1 in harmony with the customs of this church1 a term is retained which has no real significance4 ,those who object to it can only console themselves by the conviction that it means nothing4 ,a former convention had quite plainly denied the real presence of ,christ in the ,holy ,eucharist1 and hence the condemnation of any adoration of the sacrament is quite natural4 ,we are not certain that the ,ritualists will see anything to startle them4 ,they would hardly hear any voice1 however loud it might be4 ,yet we think the rest of the world will be satisfied that no adoration can be paid to the elements of the ,protestant ,episcopal communion1 for the reason that they are in their very nature and substance1 and that ,christ is not in them4 ,an important canon on ritual was passed bearing chiefly on this subject4 ,as it first received the votes of the ,house of ,deputies1 it condemned 8the use of incense2 the placing1 carrying1 or retaining a crucifix in any part of the place of public worship2 the elevation of the elements in the ,holy ,communion in such manner as to expose them to the view of the people1 as objects towards which adoration is to be made2 and any act of adoration of or towards the elements1 such as bowings1 prostrations1 or genuflections40 ,as amended by the ,house of ,bishops1 and afterwards passed by both houses1 the use of incense and of the crucifix is not forbidden4 ,one deputy explained that the ,greek ,church is in the habit of using incense1 and that the ,lutherans retain the crucifix4 ,perhaps these may be among the reasons for the action of the bishops4 ,we conclude that while the crucifix may be placed in the church1 and incense be used at the will of ministers or their people1 no act of adoration can be allowed towards the ,eucharist4 ,the force of this canon will depend much upon the disposition of the bishop1 who can wink at these observances or fail to know anything of them4 ,the law1 however1 obliges him to examine the matter if any two of his presbyters complain1 and1 referring the subject to his standing committee1 to admonish the offending minister4 ,and if the minister disregard this admonition1 he must be tried for a breach of his ordination vow4 ,if this canon means anything at all1 it will put a stop to all the practices of the ,ritualists by which they endeavor to imitate the beauty of ,catholic worship1 and their whole ceremonial is at once excluded from any ,episcopal church4 ,let us see if this law will be either respected or obeyed4 ,the rejection of ,rev4 ,dr4 ,seymour1 elected to the bishopric of ,illinois1 is a still further condemnation of any ,eucharistic adoration4 ,for chiefly for this adoration1 which he was supposed to favor1 was he refused the vote of the clerical and lay deputies4 ,the majority against him was so great that hardly any one can doubt of the mind of the convention4 ,he had been involved in the ,confraternity of the ,blessed ,sacrament1 either directly or indirectly1 and this fact alone was sufficient to cause his rejection4 ,it seems to us pretty evident that the ,episcopal ,church by her highest authority has denied both baptismal regeneration and the real presence of ,christ in the ,eucharist4 ,yet this denial will have little effect1 because all ,episcopalians will think as they please1 and no doctrinal decision influences their faith4 ,creeds are with them written on paper1 and have no further value4 ,one would naturally expect the believers in these rather important doctrines to forsake a church which condemns them4 ,but few will do so4 ,they will talk of the primitive days and the hopes of better times1 when the 8three branches0 of the ,catholic ,church shall come together4 ,until that time there is no authority for ,anglo ,catholics4 ,if the ,protestant ,episcopal communion should by synod deny the existence of ,god1 we believe they would still remain in her1 bearing their burden1 persecuted by their own church1 and with great selfdenial waiting till the truth should revive in the hopeful mother that bore them4 ,this new species of selfabnegation and of moral martyrdom by one's own church is the glory of ,ritualistic confessorship4 ,they have not learned that the first duty of a true church is to teach1 and that the first step in holiness is to mortify selfwill4 ,on the subject of education1 the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church has nearly taken a step forward1 and we sincerely regret that the step was only half made4 ,the ,committee on ,christian ,education recommended the organization of 8sisterhoods0 and 8brotherhoods0 to supply teachers4 ,they say3 8,the great want will not be met until some method of organization be adopted1 such as brotherhoods or sisterhoods1 whose members make teaching their special work1 and who therefore cultivate the teaching faculty1 and acquire all the branches of useful learning1 in order to do ,christ's work for the young1 under the direction and at the call of their bishops and pastors4 ,and while an organized work seems to be the only one likely to meet our necessities1 and while the religious motive is the only one powerful enough to draw men and women to such work for the best years of their lives1 it should be borne in mind that the truths of the ,gospel1 and the ,catholic faith1 as this church hath received the same1 have strength and vitality sufficient to furnish motive and method to such associations without exaggerations or additions in doctrine or practice1 and without borrowing distinctive dress1 nomenclature1 or usages from the ,church of ,rome4 ,in some of the schools or colleges at present belonging to us1 such associations might be developed--teaching orders--,brothers of the ,christian ,doctrine1 ,sisters of the ,holy ,childhood--composed of men and women of sound judgment1 moral force1 thorough education1 patient and winning ways1 who would ask for no higher work than to train the minds and mould the characters of the young in accordance with the gracious teachings of the church1 and with the sanction of1 and in loyal submission to1 the authority of those who are rulers in the same40 ,in accordance with this recommendation1 a canon to establish 8deaconesses or sisters0 was reported to the convention4 ,it1 however1 failed to pass1 and the words of the committee stand before the world on their own merits4 ,though there are grave difficulties in the establishment of communities where there is no religious rule or any unity in faith1 yet we would like to see this imitation of ,catholic life tried among our ,protestant brethren4 ,it might do good1 and gradually lead the earnest and truly self denying soul to the one home of all ,christian life and zeal4 ,it is a disappointment to us1 however1 that this convention has done nothing in regard to parochial schools4 ,some years ago the language of the ,episcopalian bishops led us to think that they realized the full importance of guarding the young from the dangers of an infidel education4 ,colleges and academies will very poorly meet this great evil4 ,the children most exposed are those who every day go to our public schools1 where no religion can be taught1 and where a non,christian system of instruction is equivalent to infidelity4 ,the truth of this assertion needs no demonstration1 for the facts of every day prove it1 and the tide of unbelief is at our very doors4 ,the report of the ,committee on the ,state of the ,church dwells on some generalities1 but yet admits a substantial decline during the three years past3 8,but there are in these documents some facts that are not cheering or satisfactory4 ,in #ahga there were #ddh candidates for holy orders1 and in #ahgd but #cja--;decrease in three years1 #adg4 ,in #ahgc it is said there were no ordinations in #ag dioceses1 and of the whole number of candidates only #fj or #gj were able to maintain themselves4 ,thus we have not only the supply of the ministry diminished1 but the fact revealed that parents of pecuniary ability1 elevated social position1 and great culture1 seemingly withheld their sons from the ,lord's higher service4 ,we have also had our attention called to the fact that1 in many instances1 the young novice is admitted to the diaconate and priesthood with such imperfect qualification that we are forced to the conclusion that there is great imperfection in our legislation1 or they whose office and duty call them to decide upon the qualifications of candidates are too lenient in their admission of the applicants40 ,we do not find any comparative table of communicants1 but should be led to conclude that as the ministry diminishes in numbers1 the members would decline in the same ratio4 ,perhaps a little more attention to schools and the training of the young would be advisable4 ,if the ,episcopal ,church wishes to hold its own in this age and country1 it will have to give more attention to the dangers of the public schools4 ,we do not know precisely what authority belongs to the address of the bishops at the end of the convention4 ,it has not one word in regard to doctrine1 and the allusions to any differences of opinion are so very general that no party could be offended4 ,we do not even gather the precise meaning of the writer4 ,we utterly fail to comprehend his idea of 8the liberty of ,christian faith10 or understand his notion of freedom in obedience4 ,the pastoral was evidently written to offend no one1 and in this we think it must have succeeded4 ,there are some good words on the subject of divorce1 but we can hardly tell how far they go4 ,those 8who put away an uncongenial wife or husband10 and marry again1 taking advantage of the license of the civil courts1 are condemned as adulterers1 unless they do so for the cause of fornication4 ,we do not know how to explain this4 ,is fornication or sin before marriage a reason for divorce8 ,is adultery after marriage considered sufficient to break the tie of matrimony1 so that a new marriage is permitted8 ,if the bishops mean to say this1 we would earnestly recommend them to study the sacred scriptures of the ,new ,testament4 ,their halfway protest against civil divorce is nevertheless something to be thankful for in these days4 ,now1 having rehearsed all the important points which we have been able to see in the doings of this ,general ,convention1 we would ask any person of honest mind who really believes in the divinity of ,jesus ,christ if there is in the ,protestant ,episcopal community any trace of the one true church which he established4 ,it is to be found neither in the unity of faith nor in any consciousness of sacerdotal gifts4 ,no conception of the fundamental idea of a church has any place in her councils1 and the truth of ,christ's presence in his adorable sacrament1 which is the very life of his elect1 is the constant object of assault4 ,while they1 against all facts and the testimony of all which they pretend to hold as the ,catholic ,church1 assert the validity of their orders1 they prove beyond all cavil that the grace of the priesthood is not theirs4 ,for ,god never left that grace1 even in heresy and schism1 without the consciousness of its tremendous power4 ,as a mere ,protestant body1 it may keep its exterior before the world4 ,it has no interior life whatever1 no heart and no soul1 that we might mark it and distinguish it among the hosts of a divided ,christianity4 ,nevertheless1 there is light enough to guide the sincere to the one faith1 and the plea of invincible ignorance will be a poor excuse for many in the dread day of account4 ,let us pray earnestly to ,god for these souls in the night of error4 8,what will it profit them to gain the world1 and then to lose their souls80 ,assunta ,howard4 ,concluded4 ,,vi4 ,woman's ,influence4 8,and so ,i have you all to myself once more2 no interference from cruel guardians on your side1 and none from unreasonable husbands on mine4 ,joking apart1 ,assunta darling1 ,i think ,god has been very good to me to give me such a compensation for ,harry's long absence4 ,every trial seems to have a blessing in its train1 by way of a setoff4 ,and you are just the very dearest of blessings40 ,and ,mary ,lee moved her chair a little nearer to her friend1 by way of showing her appreciation4 ,assunta looked up from her work with a bright smile1 as she replied3 8,you are not in the least changed from the dear ,mary ,percival of convent days--and happy days they were1 too--while ,i feel twenty years older than ,i did the day ,i bade you goodby at the garden gate4 ,but now you are mistaken4 ,i am the one blessed1 not blessing4 ,for think what it is to me--a waif--to find awaiting me so kind a welcome and so pleasant a temporary home4 ,god only knows what would have become of me without you40 8,oh60 said ,mary1 8my only fear was that1 with so many claimants for the honor1 ,i should never succeed in carrying off the prize4 ,i am sure1 until it was decided1 and ,i saw your trunks safely landed at my door1 ,i looked upon ,mrs4 ,sinclair as my deadly enemy40 8,clara is very kind--much more so than ,i deserve10 said ,assunta1 while an expression of seriousness passed over her face2 8but ,i should not have liked to accept her hospitality now4 ,i think the present arrangement is more for the happiness of all parties40 ,and the remembrance of a certain evening on board the steamer1 when ,mr4 ,sinclair1 a married man1 had dared to tell her1 his wife's friend1 that she had first possessed his heart1 and that his love for her was still unchanged1 made her shudder now involuntarily4 ,he must indeed have strangely forgotten himself1 when1 after that1 he added his entreaties to those of his unsuspecting wife that she would look upon their home as hers4 ,assunta felt as if the word love had indeed been profaned by the lips of ,george ,sinclair4 ,god is love2 but she knew that he would not hesitate to take even that most holy name in vain4 ,why then scruple to profane the attribute8 ,however1 all this was a secret1 known to herself alone4 8,mrs4 ,sinclair must have been a lovely bride10 said ,mary musingly4 8,but1 ,assunta1 why did ,mr4 ,carlisle return at once to ,europe8 ,i should think he would be tired of travelling by this time1 and would like to settle down for a while on his own place4 ,i have heard it is so beautiful40 8,the habit of travelling grows upon one10 replied ,assunta4 8,he only returned to ,maryland to attend to certain matters in regard to his sister's property and mine4 ,it was his intention to spend some time longer in ,europe and the ,east40 ,then1 to change the subject1 she continued3 8,but1 ,mary dear1 when does your brother enter the seminary80 8,i do not know10 said ,mrs4 ,lee4 8,i cannot understand ,augustine at all4 ,he seems just as good and earnest as ever1 and yet something troubles him1 ,i see it plainly4 ,but he is unusually reserved with me2 so that ,i feel a reluctance to question him4 ,i wish you would ask him about the seminary4 ,you can do it quite incidentally2 and very likely he would tell you all about it40 8,i certainly will10 said ,assunta4 8,he is your brother2 so ,i almost feel as if he were mine too40 8,i do not think10 continued ,mary1 8that he is well4 ,i am afraid his trip to the ,east may have done him more harm than good4 ,he always protests that he is perfectly well1 if ,i ask him2 but ,i am sure he does not look so40 8,i have thought so myself1 and ,i think we must look upon his case as our next duty40 ,and ,assunta arose1 as the clock struck eleven4 ,the opportunity to take the case in hand came much sooner than the fair conspirators had anticipated4 ,the next afternoon1 while ,mrs4 ,lee had excused herself for a few hours1 in order to pay the expected weekly visit to her motherinlaw1 ,mr4 ,percival joined ,assunta1 as she sat alone in the cosey library1 finishing a garment for a poor child in whom she was already interested4 ,assunta noticed more than usual the paleness of the spiritual face she had always so much admired1 and the weariness of its expression2 but1 with true feminine tact1 she made no comment2 only1 as he seated himself beside the table1 she looked up with a smile of welcome1 as his sister might have done4 8,hard at work1 as usual4 ,i hope ,i do not interrupt you1 ,miss ,howard80 said ,mr4 ,percival1 with an answering smile4 8,oh6 no indeed4 ,i am delighted to see you this evening4 ,we have not had a good long talk since ,i came2 and yet we have so many topics of mutual interest40 ,mr4 ,percival took from his pocket a little box1 and1 opening it1 said3 8,miss ,howard1 ,i have ventured to bring you a souvenir of my travels1 which ,i beg you will accept from ,mary's brother1 and because of the association40 ,he placed in her hand a heartshaped locket1 plain but heavy1 in the centre of which glowed a large crimson ruby1 and around it were engraved the words1 8,cor cordium40 ,within1 on one side1 was a miniature painting of the ,sacred ,heart of ,jesus2 on the other side was set a tiny crucifix1 carved from the olivewood of ,gethsemani by one of the monks of ,jerusalem1 and which had been laid upon the altar in the ,chapel of the ,holy ,sepulchre4 8,and ,i prayed for you in that sacred spot most fervently1 you may be sure10 said ,mr4 ,percival4 ,assunta's eyes were still fixed upon the beautiful treasure which she held in her hand4 ,tears were in them1 as she raised them at last1 saying3 8,words are poor thanks for such a gift as this4 ,you know1 ,mr4 ,percival1 how much ,i shall value it4 ,indeed1 ,i feel most unworthy to possess anything so precious2 yet ,i shall accept it1 as you said1 from the brother of my dearest friend1 who is to me truly a sister in affection40 ,and pressing her lips to the crystal which protected the crucifix1 she carefully replaced the locket in its case4 8,and so you did not forget those foolish1 fanciful remarks ,i made by ,shelley's grave4 ,i had not dreamed they would have dwelt in your memory so long2 still less did ,i imagine they would inspire so beautiful a design as this1 which is1 of course1 your own40 ,then she added after a little pause3 8,there is one greater gift even than this that ,i shall ask of you one of these days4 ,it is one of your first ,masses1 when1 as a priest1 you are privileged to offer the ,holy ,sacrifice40 8,miss ,howard10 exclaimed ,mr4 ,percival1 with deep emotion1 8that is a subject of which ,i cannot even think without suffering40 8,forgive me10 murmured ,assunta1 surprised beyond measure4 8,it was indeed unpardonable in me to pain you by speaking of that which is between yourself and ,god alone4 ,my only excuse is that ,i thought the matter had long been settled40 ,then followed a silence1 so prolonged that ,assunta began to wonder what kept that manly head bowed forward upon the table4 ,was it confusion1 was it prayer1 or had he perhaps fainted8 ,at last he suddenly looked up1 and fixed those fine1 earnest eyes of his full upon ,assunta's face2 and even in that moment the thought struck her what pure1 true eyes they were4 8,miss ,howard1 you are the last person on earth to whom ,i ought to speak on this subject1 and ,i know not what impels me to do so now4 ,pray for me2 for my salvation may depend upon it40 ,assunta tried to be calm1 as she said gently1 while she breathed a silent prayer for guidance3 8,you must think of me as almost a sister40 ,mr4 ,percival went on3 8,even your image1 true and beautiful and holy as it is1 and pure as an angel's1 should never have been allowed to come between me and the ,god to whose special service ,i was inclined4 ,but believe me1 ,miss ,howard1 never for one moment have ,i cherished a hope that you might be to me other than you are2 only1 when ,i have striven to rise above all human feeling1 and to give myself unreservedly to him who demanded the sacrifice1 ,god help me6 you seemed to fill his place in my soul4 ,forgive me and pity me6 ,i am miserably weak40 ,after a moment he continued3 8,ah6 ,miss ,howard1 you know what ,i mean4 ,it is only because of my own weakness that ,i have found the memory of you an obstacle to my advance towards the perfection to which ,i aspired40 8,and to which you will still aspire40 ,and ,assunta's voice was low and sweet1 as she for the first time broke silence4 8,i had not dreamed of this1 ,mr4 ,percival1 but ,i hope you will never have occasion to regret the confidence you have reposed1 not in the ideal which has for a moment passed as a cloud of temptation between your soul and its high calling1 but in one who1 though full of faults1 may yet offer you her sympathy and her prayers40 8,god bless you60 escaped from ,mr4 ,percival's lips4 8,i am too young and inexperienced10 continued ,assunta1 8to give you counsel2 besides1 ,i am a woman2 but1 with my woman's intuition1 ,i think ,i see how all this has come about4444 ,may ,i go on80 8,i beg you will2 it is the sort of soulwound that needs probing40 ,assunta smiled4 8,i do not think such severe treatment will be required--only an examination1 perhaps1 preparatory to healing4 ,you met me in ,rome--forgive me if ,i speak too freely of myself--surrounded by that atmosphere of beauty and poetry which steals into the soul1 because it breathes from the very centre of ,catholic faith and the glory of the church militant4 ,but when you met me1 ,i was with those whose hearts were not open to such influences2 and it was very natural that you and ,i should feel drawn to each other by the attraction of a common faith and hope4 ,do you think ,i could have said those foolish words1 which it seems you have remembered only too well0--and she glanced at the little case in her hand--8if ,i had not felt that you could sympathize with my thoughts1 however poorly they were expressed8 ,believe me1 it was a certain earnestness of faith in me1 which your presence drew out into somewhat too free expression and which remained in your memory as an attraction2 and the devil has ingeniously made use of that little opening to insinuate some subtle poison4 ,but his power is at an end1 thank ,god6 ,he has1 for me1 overreached his mark4 ,the very fact that you could speak of this to me proves that the danger is already passing4 ,o my friend6 think what a poor1 miserable substitute is even the greatest human happiness for the life to which ,god calls you4 ,think of the reward6 ,heaven is the price6 ,however1 it is the ,holy ,spirit1 not ,i1 that should speak to your soul4 ,will you not give him the opportunity8 ,will you not1 perhaps1 go into retreat8 ,or rather1 please do not listen to me1 but go to your director1 and open your heart to him4 ,i can only give you a few words of sympathy and encouragement4 ,he can speak to you as the voice of ,god40 8,you do not despise me1 then1 for having wavered80 8,do not say that1 ,mr4 ,percival10 exclaimed the young girl earnestly4 8,what saint is there that has not suffered temptation8 ,despise you8 ,i envy you1 rather4 ,think of the vocation ,god has given you6 ,if it proves to be the mountain of sacrifice1 and you ascend it with the cross upon your shoulders1 will you not be all the better priest from your likeness to ,him who was at once both priest and victim60 8,miss ,howard1 pardon me1 but you speak as if the lesson of ,calvary were not new to you2 as if you1 too1 knew what it is to suffer--not1 as ,i have done1 through your own weakness--,god forbid6 ,that ,i could never think40 8,we each of us must bear some cross10 said ,assunta hastily2 and then1 to give a lighter turn to the conversation1 she added3 8,i am sorry that ,i should have proved to be yours40 ,for the first time ,augustine ,percival smiled1 as he said3 8,but if1 through you1 ,i win my crown1 you will not then regret it80 8,o that crown60 exclaimed ,assunta2 8let us both keep it ever in sight as an incentive4 ,the way will not then seem so long or so hard4 ,mr4 ,percival1 will you see your director tonight80 8,i will go to him now4 ,it is what ,i have neglected only too long4 ,god bless you1 ,miss ,howard6 ,but dare ,i now1 after all that has passed1 ask you to retain my trifling gift1 that you may not forget to pray for me80 8,i shall prize it most highly10 said ,assunta4 8,but ,i shall not need to be reminded to commend you very often to the ,sacred ,heart of our divine ,lord1 where you will find strength and consolation4 ,i am sure the least ,i can do for you is to pray for you1 having been the occasion of your suffering40 8,and of something more than that10 said ,mr4 ,percival4 8,and ,i shall still hope for the other greater gift10 said ,assunta in pleading tones4 8,miss ,howard10 replied ,mr4 ,percival1 almost with solemnity1 8if ,i1 unworthy as ,i am1 should ever be permitted to offer the ,holy ,sacrifice1 my first ,mass shall be for you1 ,god willing4 ,but ,i dare not yet look forward with hope to such a possibility4 ,once more1 ,god bless you6 ,pray for me40 ,and in a moment more he had left the house4 ,assunta attended ,mass daily at the cathedral4 ,the next morning1 as she was leaving the church1 ,mr4 ,percival joined her2 but1 without saying a word1 he placed a note in her hand1 and at the corner he turned1 and took his way in the opposite direction4 ,in her own room the young girl read these words3 8,today ,i start for ,frederick1 where ,i shall make a retreat with the good ,jesuit fathers4 ,in solitude and prayer ,i hope that ,god may make known to me his will4 ,pray1 that ,i may have light to see and grace to follow the inspirations of the ,holy ,spirit4 ,the words you spoke last night are known to the loving ,heart of ,jesus4 ,he will reward you4 ,i can say no more now4 ,your brother in ,christ1 ,a4 ,p40 8,thank ,god60 exclaimed ,assunta4 ,after breakfast1 ,mary came to her1 as she stood for a moment by the window1 and1 putting her arm about her affectionately1 said3 8,darling1 we need not make any more plans to entrap poor ,augustine into a confession1 for ,i do believe he is all right4 ,he came here for a few minutes early this morning to say goodby1 as he was going to ,frederick4 ,of course that must mean a retreat2 and a retreat is1 of course1 the first step towards the seminary40 8,i am very1 very glad10 said ,assunta1 smiling4 8,women are not always as bright as they think they are1 you see40 ,three weeks from that day ,augustine ,percival sailed for ,europe to enter upon his theological course in ,rome4 ,and two faithful hearts daily begged for him of ,almighty ,god grace and fortitude with that happy confidence which seems almost a presage of answered prayer4 ,and five years passed away--long and often weary in the passing1 but short and with abundant blessings in the retrospect--five uneventful years1 and yet leaving a lasting impress upon the individual soul4 ,assunta's home was still with her friend1 ,mary ,lee--an arrangement to which she most gratefully consented1 on condition that she might1 from her ample income1 contribute her share towards the ease and comfort of the family4 ,it thus became a mutual benefit1 as well as pleasure2 for ,capt4 ,lee's pay as a naval officer was small and their only dependence4 ,assunta had won the hearts of all1 even down to ,mary's two little ones1 who came bringing plenty of love with them1 as well as adding much to the care and solicitude of the young mother and her younger friend4 ,they saw but little of ,mrs4 ,sinclair during those years4 ,she had become a thorough woman of the world--a leader of fashion in her own circle4 ,she had lost much of the simplicity and navet of character and manner which had made her charming in the old ,roman days4 ,her laugh had not the genuine ring which her own light heart used to give it4 ,she was still beautiful--very beautiful as queen of the ballroom4 ,but ,mary ,lee always insisted that she had the unmistakable look of one who has an interior closet somewhere which might reveal a skeleton2 and ,assunta thought--but her thoughts she kept to herself--that it was not very difficult to divine what that skeleton might be4 ,she understood her1 and pitied her from her heart2 and she loved her1 too1 with the old affection4 ,but their life paths1 once seemingly parallel1 had now diverged so widely that she felt she could not help her4 ,the consolation ,clara sought was very different from anything her brother's ward could supply4 ,and that brother1 ,mr4 ,carlisle--did ,assunta never think of him8 ,daily1 before ,god1 she remembered him2 but it was not for her peace to allow him a place in her memory at other times4 ,they were entire strangers now1 and she had long since given up the hope of any return to the old friendship4 ,he had dropped out of her life1 and ,god alone could fill the place left vacant by the surrender of this human love4 ,she prayed for him1 however1 still1 but as one might pray for the dead4 ,her days glided quietly by1 each one bearing a record of deeds of love and kindness2 while the consciousness of duty fulfilled gave her a peace that it is not in the power of mere human happiness to bestow4 ,the blessings of the poor followed her1 and the blessing of ,god rested upon her soul4 ,mary sometimes protested against this 8waste of life10 as she called it4 8,my darling10 she said one day1 as she was rocking her baby to sleep in her arms1 8you will be a nun yet40 8,i fear not10 replied ,assunta4 8,i might have wished to enter religion1 but it seems that ,god does not call me to that life40 8,then1 ,assunta1 why don't you marry8 ,it would break my heart to lose you1 darling2 but1 truly1 it grieves me to have you settle yourself down to our stupid life and ways1 and you so young and rich and beautiful4 ,it is contrary to nature and reason40 8,be patient with me1 dear10 said ,assunta4 8,i do not believe that you want to be rid of me4 ,some time we shall know what it all means4 ,i am sorry to disappoint my friends1 but my life is just as ,i would have it40 8,well1 you are a saint10 said ,mary with a sigh2 8and as ,i am the gainer1 ,i am the last one to complain4 ,but ,i wish you had a dear little bother of your own like my ,harry10 ,and the maternal kiss had in it such a strength of maternal love that the babyeyes opened wide again1 and refused to shut4 ,mary heard occasionally from her brother2 and sometimes she heard of him in a way that filled her heart with joy4 ,austere1 yet with wonderful sweetness1 full of talent and a hard student1 yet with touching humility1 ,augustine ,percival1 by a life of mortification and prayer1 which his studies never interrupted1 was preparing himself to do great things for ,god4 ,a few words1 uttered simply by a truehearted ,christian woman1 had turned the scale for him2 and ,god will receive so much the more glory4 ,there will come a day which will reveal many such works1 performed through the perhaps unconsciouslyexercised influence of some noble woman1 whose mission is none the less real because it is accomplished silently and out of the world's sight4 ,,vii4 ,credo4 ,five years had passed away1 and their close found ,mary ,lee welcoming back to her home her longabsent brother1 now a priest4 ,augustine ,percival returned1 the same1 and yet changed4 ,there was the same tender1 earnest nature2 but upon that nature grace had built up a superstructure of such strength and virtue that1 in most respects1 he was a different man--purified by suffering1 sanctified by penance1 and now consecrated by the sacrament of ,holy ,orders4 ,it was a happy circle that gathered around the blazing woodfire on that cool ,october evening--so happy that they were almost subdued1 and thought more than they talked4 ,it was towards the end of the evening that ,father ,percival said quite incidentally3 8,mr4 ,carlisle returned in the steamer with me4 ,i suppose he will soon pay his respects to the ladies40 ,assunta did not start4 ,why should she8 ,had the name of one long since dead been mentioned1 it might have caused an emotion of tenderness2 but that would have been all4 ,mr4 ,carlisle was dead to her1 and every memory of him had long been buried4 ,so1 though her face became a shade paler1 she went on with her work1 and her hand did not tremble4 8,is he well80 asked ,mary1 continuing the conversation1 8and is he as fine looking as he used to be80 8,he is just recovering from a very severe illness10 replied her brother4 8,it has told upon him fearfully1 so that you will find him much changed4 ,still1 ,i hope his native air will restore him to health2 and no doubt1 ,mary1 his good looks will follow4 ,he was already much better when ,i parted from him yesterday40 ,and then ,father ,percival questioned ,mary about her absent husband and her children1 and listened with interest to the young mother's enthusiastic description of ,harry's brilliancy and the little ,assunta's sweetness4 ,the next evening1 as ,father ,percival was giving the two ladies an account of his last days in ,rome1 ,mr4 ,carlisle's name was announced1 and immediately he himself entered the pleasant drawingroom4 ,he was indeed much altered1 for the traces of sickness and suffering were only too visible4 ,there was another change1 perceptible to one who had known him well4 ,in his bearing there seemed to be less pride than of old1 and more dignity2 in his face the expression of bitterness had given place to one more contented1 more peaceful4 ,suffering had evidently done a work in that proud spirit4 ,but as ,mr4 ,carlisle extended his hand to ,assunta1 who greeted him with the frank simplicity so peculiar to her1 the same old smile lighted up his thin1 pale face1 and he truly seemed her guardian once more4 ,assunta was for the moment surprised to see the cordiality with which ,mr4 ,carlisle took the hand of the young priest1 and held it in both his1 as if a brother's affection were in the pressure1 and which was returned as warmly4 ,a comfortable armchair was placed near the fire for the guest2 and while he seated himself1 as if fatigued1 he said3 8,augustine1 have you kept my secret80 8,most faithfully4 ,i did not even betray that ,i had one1 as a woman might have done40 ,and ,father ,percival glanced at his sister1 who pretended indignation1 but said nothing4 8,then10 said ,mr4 ,carlisle1 8,i must tell my own story4 ,assunta1 come and sit by me40 ,and he pointed to the vacant chair beside him1 while ,assunta obeyed at once1 the words and manner were so like those of the old days4 8,forgive me10 ,mr4 ,carlisle went on1 8if ,i call you tonight by the familiar name4 ,i could not say ,miss ,howard1 and tell you what ,i have to tell4 ,and1 ,mrs4 ,lee1 if ,i seem to address myself too exclusively to your friend1 ,i beg you will pardon me1 and believe that1 if my story interests you1 ,i am more than glad that you should know all4 ,assunta1 put your hand here40 ,and taking her hand in his1 he laid it upon his brow4 8,in that ,roman sickness it has often rested there1 and has soothed and healed4 ,tell me1 child1 do you feel no difference now80 ,assunta looked at him wonderingly--still more so when she caught sight of a meaning smile on ,father ,percival's face4 8,mr4 ,carlisle1 you puzzle me10 she said4 ,again that peculiar and beautiful smile1 as he continued3 8,the sign of the cross has been there2 do you understand now1 my child8 ,no8 ,then1 in one word1 ,i will explain all4 ,credo--,i believe6 ,not yet8 ,assunta1 you have1 ,i know1 prayed for me4 ,your prayer has been answered4 ,i am a ,catholic1 and1 under ,god1 ,i owe all to ,augustine ,percival40 ,assunta could not speak4 ,for a moment she looked in his face with those earnest blue eyes1 as if to read there the confirmation of his words1 and then she bowed her head upon her hands in silence4 ,mr4 ,carlisle was the first to break it4 8,and so you are not sorry1 petite1 to welcome so old a sinner into the fold80 8,sorry60 exclaimed ,assunta at last4 8,life will not be long enough to thank ,god for this happiness40 8,you are so little changed1 child1 after all these years1 that ,i must look at myself to realize how the time has gone4 ,but shall ,i tell you how all this has come about8 ,three months ago ,i was as miserable an unbeliever as ever lived40 8,please tell us all10 murmured ,assunta4 8,all the story of these five years would be long and wearisome4 ,life to me has been simply an endurance of existence1 because ,i dared not end it4 ,i have travelled a great deal4 ,i have stood1 not kneeled1 in the ,chapel of the ,holy ,sepulchre1 and have wandered as a sightseer through the holy places in ,jerusalem4 ,i have been in almost every part of ,europe4 ,need ,i tell you that ,i have found satisfaction nowhere8 ,and all this time ,i was drawn1 by a sort of fascination1 to read much on ,catholic subjects2 so ,i sneered and cavilled and argued1 and read on4 8,at last1 about four months since1 the same uneasy spirit which has made a very ,wandering ,jew of me for the last five years possessed me with the idea of returning home1 and ,i started for ,paris4 ,i engaged my passage in the next steamer for ,new ,york2 and1 though feeling far from well1 left for ,havre4 ,i reached the hotel1 registered my name1 and went to my room for the night4 ,the steamer was to sail the next morning4 ,i knew nothing more for three weeks4 ,fortunately1 ,i had fallen into good hands1 or ,i should never have been here4 ,they said it was brainfever1 and my life was despaired of4 ,assunta1 child1 you need not look so pale4 ,you see it is ,i myself who have lived to tell it40 ,father ,percival here rose1 and1 excusing himself on the ground of having his ,office to say1 left the room4 ,as soon as he was gone ,mr4 ,carlisle exclaimed3 8,there is the noblest man that ever lived4 ,no words can tell what he has been to me4 ,it seems that1 when ,i was beginning to give some hope of recovery1 ,father ,percival arrived at the same hotel on his way to ,america4 ,the landlord happened to mention the fact of the illness of a fellow countryman1 and showed the name upon his books4 ,father ,percival at once gave up his passage1 and remained to perform an act of charity which can only be rewarded in heaven40 8,you remember1 ,assunta10 said ,mrs4 ,lee1 8,augustine wrote that he was detained a few weeks by the illness of a friend40 8,yes10 said ,assunta2 8but how little we dreamed who the friend was60 8,and a most ungrateful friend he was1 too1 at first10 said ,mr4 ,carlisle4 8,when he came to see me1 and ,i learned his name1 and that he had become a priest1 it was nothing but weakness that prevented my driving him from the room4 ,as it was1 ,i swore a little1 ,i believe4 ,however1 with the tenderness of a woman he nursed me day and night2 and even when ,i was better1 there was still no word about religion1 until one day ,i introduced the subject myself4 ,even then he said but little4 ,i was too weak to have much pride1 or that little would not perhaps have made the impression that it did4 ,my pride has always been the obstacle1 and it is not all gone yet1 petite10 he added1 looking at ,assunta1 who smiled in answer4 8,one night1 from what cause ,i do not know1 ,i had a relapse1 and death seemed very near4 ,then ,father ,percival came to me as priest4 ,i can hear now the solemn tones in which he said3 #8,mr4 ,carlisle1 ,i will not deceive you4 ,i hope that you will recover1 but you may not4 ,are you willing to die as you are now1 unbaptized8' ,i answered1 #8,no4' #8,do you1 then1' he said1 #8believe the ,catholic ,church to be the infallible teacher of truth1 and will you submit to her teaching8' ,here ,i paused4 ,the question was a difficult one2 the word submit was a hard word4 ,but death was very near1 and at last1 with desperate energy1 ,i said3 #8,yes2 baptize me6' ,he then knelt beside me1 and made for me an act of contrition--for ,i seemed to be sinking fast--and in a moment more ,i was baptized1 a ,catholic4 ,he then left me instantly1 and went for the parish priest1 who came and administered ,extreme ,unction to--as they supposed--a dying man4 ,but the sacrament did its work for life1 and not for death4 ,from the moment of receiving it the scale turned4 ,of course much that ,i have told you ,i have learned since from ,augustine4 ,i was conscious only of the one act--the submission4 8,and how mean a specimen of a man ,i have since felt myself to have been--resisting ,god year after year with all the strength of human pride and that most powerful auxiliary of the devil--pride of intellect2 and then1 when life was at its last gasp1 and everything had slipped from under me but that one foothold--then to say1 #8,life is going2 the world has already gone4 ,i have lost everything else2 now ,i1 a sinner1 will condescend to receive the portion of the saints--,god and heaven6' ,do you think1 ,assunta1 that the angels would have had much cause for rejoicing over such an addition to their bright company80 8,that is a genuine drop of your old bitterness1 ,mr4 ,carlisle10 replied ,assunta1 laughing1 nevertheless1 at his frankness4 8,oh6 there is plenty of it left1 petite4 ,but to go on3 when ,i found that ,i was to live1 ,i was determined1 before leaving for home1 to make my profession of faith in the church1 as a ,christian should who is not ashamed of his colors4 ,augustine would do nothing official for me after the baptism1 but he was ever the kindest friend1 and ,i love him with a real ,david and ,jonathan affection4 ,oh6 child1 how often have ,i thought of you and of how much you would have been amused to see me1 ,severn ,carlisle1 meekly receiving instruction in ,catholic doctrine and practice from that simple ,french priest4 ,truly1 ,i needed some one to identify me to myself4 ,well1 to bring this long story to an end1 the day before sailing ,i made my profession of faith and received ,holy ,communion in the quiet little parish church4 ,and now ,i am here1 the same proud1 selfsufficient man as of old1 ,i fear1 but with a peace of soul that ,i have never known before40 8,how good ,god is60 exclaimed ,assunta4 8,what does your sister say80 asked ,mrs4 ,lee4 8,my sister8 ,i do not think she took in the idea4 ,her thoughts would have to travel miles before they would approach a religious sentiment4 ,poor ,clara6 ,i find her much changed4 ,i spent two or three hours with her this afternoon4 ,she was very gay1 even brilliant--too much so1 ,i thought1 for real happiness4 ,she did not imagine how transparent her mask was1 and ,i would not destroy her illusion4 ,i did not see ,sinclair at all4 ,but10 exclaimed he1 looking at his watch1 and rising hastily1 8it is eleven o'clock4 ,i ordered the carriage for ten1 and no doubt it has been waiting a long time4 ,i owe you ladies many apologies for my thoughtlessness and egotism40 8,mr4 ,carlisle10 began ,assunta1 placing her hand in his1 as she bade him goodnight2 but the words would not come as readily as the tears4 ,mrs4 ,lee had gone to summon her brother1 so the two1 so long parted1 were left alone4 8,my child10 said ,mr4 ,carlisle in a low voice1 8,i know all that you would say1 all the sweet sympathy of that tender1 unchanged heart4 ,i have much to say to you1 ,assunta1 but not tonight--not in the presence of others40 ,then turning to ,father ,percival1 who entered the room1 8,augustine10 he said1 8,i am going for a few days to my place in the country for rest1 and also that ,i may see how much it has suffered from my long neglect4 ,come and see me there4 ,it will do me good1 heart and soul40 8,i will try to arrange my plans so as to give myself that pleasure10 replied the priest1 as he assisted ,mr4 ,carlisle into the carriage4 ,what strange contradictions there are in human nature6 ,how little can we account for our varying moods and the motives which influence our actions6 ,and how often we seem to get at crosspurposes with life1 and only see how far we have been wrong when a merciful ,providence1 overruling all1 unknots the tangled thread and straightens the crooked purpose6 ,excepting the visit of a few hours paid by ,father ,percival to his friend1 two months passed by1 and nothing was heard of ,mr4 ,carlisle4 ,those two months were to ,assunta longer1 more wearisome1 than the five years that had preceded them4 ,we may talk of hopes that are dead1 and may honestly believe them buried deep down in the grave which duty has prepared and time has covered4 ,but hope is the hardest thing in this world to kill2 and thank ,god that it is so6 ,let but a gleam of sunshine1 a breath of the warm upper air1 into that sepulchre1 and the hopes that have lain buried there for years will revive and come forth with renewed vigor4 ,it is much more difficult to lay them to rest a second time4 ,assunta had borne her trial nobly2 but1 as she sat alone on ,christmas ,eve1 and her thoughts naturally dwelt upon that happy return1 and then the unaccountable disappearance of ,mr4 ,carlisle1 her courage almost failed her1 and her brave heart sank within her1 as she thought how dreary the future looked4 ,she had excused herself from joining the others at a little family party1 and for an hour she had sat idle before the fire--a most unwonted selfindulgence for one so conscientious as ,assunta ,howard4 ,a ring at the door and a voice in the hall made her start and tremble a little1 as she had not done on that first evening of ,father ,percival's return4 ,she had scarcely recovered herself when ,mr4 ,carlisle entered the room4 8,i have come to account for myself10 were his first words4 8,i hoped that ,i should find you alone tonight40 8,mrs4 ,lee has gone to her mother's10 was the reply4 8,yes1 ,i knew it4 ,assunta1 what have you thought of me8 ,still more1 what will you think of me now8 ,i have suffered much in these two months2 perhaps it is ungenerous in me to say this to you4 ,assunta1 never for one moment have ,i been unfaithful to the love ,i told you of so many years ago2 but ,i had given up the hope of ever possessing yours4 ,even when the obstacle you know of had been removed1 ,i thought that ,i could bear to see you happy1 as ,i believed you were1 in a life in which ,i had no share4 ,i felt that it would not be right even to ask you to marry one so much older than yourself1 with broken health and darkened spirits4 ,and your fresh beauty1 still so girlish1 so allunchanged1 confirmed my purpose4 ,ah6 child1 time1 that has silvered my hair1 has not dimmed the golden aureola which crowns your dear head4 ,but in the many lonely hours that ,i have passed since my return1 my courage has grown faint4 ,i have longed for your sweet presence in my home1 until an answering voice has urged me to come to you4 ,assunta1 once1 beneath the shadow of the cross1 in the moonlit ,colosseum1 ,i offered you my love1 and you put ,god between us4 ,again ,i urged my suit1 and again you erected the same impassable barrier4 ,tonight ,i am so selfish that1 even as ,i have described myself to be1 ,i come to you a third time with a love which years have but strengthened4 ,my darling1 ,god no longer comes between us2 can ,i ever hope to win that true1 brave heart80 ,with a childlike simplicity and a true womanliness ,assunta put her hand in his1 and said3 8,mr4 ,carlisle1 it has long been yours4 #8,unless he can love you in ,god1' my mother said4 ,i believe that the condition is now fulfilled40 8,and may ,god bless the love he sanctions60 said ,mr4 ,carlisle solemnly4 ,after a silence--for where hearts understand each other there is no need of many words--,assunta said in her own sweet tones3 8,do you regret now the decision of that night in ,rome8 ,was ,i a true prophetess80 8,but we have lost so many years10 said ,mr4 ,carlisle4 8,yes1 lost for time1 but gained for eternity40 ,when ,mrs4 ,lee returned1 she greeted the guest with surprise1 as well as pleasure2 but both those emotions were lost in a still greater joy when ,mr4 ,carlisle1 drawing ,assunta towards him1 said3 8,mrs4 ,lee1 this is my ,christmas gift--a precious treasure1 is it not1 to be entrusted to one so undeserving80 8,indeed it is a precious treasure10 echoed ,mary enthusiastically2 8but1 ,mr4 ,carlisle1 there is not a man in the world in whose possession ,i would like to see it so well as in yours40 8,bless you1 ,mrs4 ,lee1 for your kind words6 ,petite1 perhaps your taste is not so much in fault after all40 8,and1 ,mary10 said ,assunta archly1 8he may yet recover his good looks1 you know40 8,yes10 said ,mr4 ,carlisle1 8love and happiness are said to be great beautifiers4 ,i have no objection to trying the experiment40 ,one bright morning1 soon after ,easter1 there was a nuptial ,mass at the cathedral1 celebrated by ,father ,percival1 and after the ceremony and a quiet breakfast1 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,carlisle drove in their private carriage to the beautiful country residence which was to be their future home4 ,just at sunset1 as they entered the long avenue which with many windings led towards the house1 ,mr4 ,carlisle said3 8,my darling1 we are at home4 ,i have waited1 like ,jacob1 almost seven years for my ,rachel4 ,i cannot say1 as he did1 that the days have seemed few1 though ,i believe my love has been no less40 8,and suppose10 replied ,assunta1 with the happy confidence of a loving wife--8suppose your ,rachel should turn out a ,lia after all80 8,in that case10 said her husband coolly1 8,i should insist that the description of that muchinjured lady had done her great injustice4 ,and ,i should consider myself a lucky fellow to have been cheated into the mistake1 and be ready to wager my ,lia against all the ,rachels in the world4 ,and now1 my precious wife1 welcome home60 ,ten years later4 ,it is not always a pleasure to look in upon loved friends after a lapse of ten years4 ,sickness1 sorrow1 death1 or disgrace may each do a mighty work in even fewer years1 and1 at the best1 time itself brings about marked changes4 ,but a glance at ,carlisle ,hall1 on this tenth anniversary of that happy weddingday1 will only show that same happiness ripened into maturity4 ,in a marriage like that of ,severn and ,assunta ,carlisle1 whatever life might bring of joy or sorrow would come to both alike1 and nothing could divide them4 ,even death itself would but seem to part them1 for their union was in ,god4 ,in ,assunta the added dignity of wifehood and motherhood had taken nothing from the charm of earlier years2 and1 if the beauty of the young girl had faded somewhat1 the ever growing grace and purity of soul more than supplied its want1 even in her husband's eyes4 ,and ,mr4 ,carlisle8 ,noble by nature1 and possessing the finest qualities of mind and heart1 his soul was now developed to the full stature of its manhood4 ,he was a proud man still1 but with a pride which ,s4 ,paul might have commended4 ,he was so proud that he was never ashamed to kneel beside the poorest villager in the little church4 ,in his pride he gloried in ,jesus ,christ1 and him crucified4 ,the beautiful church itself had been erected as a thankoffering1 by ,mr4 ,carlisle and his wife1 in the factory village two miles from their home2 and for some years ,father ,percival had been parish priest of the ,church of the ,assumption4 ,and ,carlisle ,hall resounded with the merry voices of three children at the end of those ten years3 ,severn1 the pride of his mother's heart2 ,augustine1 ,father ,percival's godchild and special favorite1 already destined for the priesthood by the wishes of the senior trio2 and the baby1 her father's darling1 to whom he would give the name of ,mary1 and no other1 8to show10 he said1 8how he had progressed in ,mariolatry since his first lesson in ,sienna40 ,father ,percival had been the only guest at this anniversarydinner1 except1 indeed1 the children1 who must appear on this occasion1 at no matter how great a risk of noise and accident4 ,they had now returned to the nursery1 but the others still lingered at the table4 8,father ,augustine10 said ,assunta--for she had learned to follow the little ones in their name for the priest they loved so well--8,i received a letter yesterday from dear old ,father ,joseph4 ,he is just as happy in our marriage today as he was when he first heard of it1 and he blesses it1 and us1 and the children so sweetly and kindly4 ,how much ,i should like to see him again60 8,i suppose10 said ,father ,percival1 8he looks upon the marriage as a striking illustration of the wonderful ways and goodness of ,god1 as it surely is4 ,s4 ,ignatius ought to send ,father ,dupont here1 to see for himself the result of his direction1 and1 ,i must add1 of your generosity and faithfulness1 ,mrs4 ,carlisle40 8,i am so sorry1 ,severn10 said ,assunta after a pause in the conversation1 8that ,clara would not come to us today4 ,i think a glimpse of quiet country life might be a pleasant change for her40 8,i fear10 replied her husband sadly1 8that poor ,clara has much to suffer yet4 ,it is my opinion that ,sinclair has no intention of returning from ,europe at all4 ,but who could have made her believe1 in those sunshiny days1 that she would ever live to be a deserted wife8 ,petite1 the subject is a very painful one4 ,i am going to change it for one of which ,i am never weary4 ,augustine1 it is not the custom1 ,i believe1 for a man to toast his wife on such an occasion1 but ,i am going to be an exception to the rule today4 ,lord ,lytton has in that grand work of his1 ,my ,novel1 two types of women--the one who exalts1 and the one who consoles4 ,he probably had never seen the combination of the two types in one person4 ,i now propose--and1 my darling1 you must drink and not blush--#8,assunta ,carlisle3 blessed be the woman who both exalts and consoles6' ,and let me add that a happy man was ,i--unworthy--when1 ten years ago1 that woman became my wife40 ,matter4 ,v4 ,although continuous matter cannot be proved to exist1 yet its existence1 as every one knows1 is still very commonly believed1 even by philosophers1 on the ground that it was believed for centuries by all great men1 and has never been conclusively refuted4 ,from some hints which we have given in our previous article about the difficulties of this ancient doctrine1 the intelligent reader may have already satisfied himself that material continuity is not merely 8a philosophical mystery10 as ,goudin confesses1 but a metaphysical absurdity4 ,as1 however1 this last conclusion1 owing to its paramount importance in metaphysics and in natural philosophy1 deserves a more explicit and complete demonstration than we have yet given1 we propose to develop in the present article a series of arguments1 drawn from different sources1 to show the absolute and intrinsic impossibility of continuous matter4 ,the prejudices of our infancy may at first resist the demonstration1 but it is to be hoped that they will finally yield to reason4 ,first argument4--,we know1 and it is conceded by the advocates of continuous matter1 that a finite being cannot involve in its composition an infinite multitude of distinct terms2 for evidently the infinite cannot be the constituent of the finite4 ,now1 we have shown in our preceding article that1 if there were a piece of continuous matter1 it should involve in its continuous constitution an infinite multitude of distinct terms1 every one of which should have its own distinct existence independently of the others4 ,therefore continuous matter cannot exist4 ,second argument4--,a primitive substance cannot absolutely be made up of other substances4 ,but if there were any continuous matter1 a primitive substance would be made up of other substances4 ,therefore no continuous matter can exist4 ,the major of this syllogism is quite evident2 for a primitive substance1 if made up of other substances1 would be primitive and nonprimitive at the same time4 ,the minor can be easily proved4 ,for it is plain that continuous matter1 if any such existed1 would necessarily consist of continuous parts1 substantially distinct from one another1 and therefore having their own distinct matter and their own distinct substantial act1 and ranking as distinct1 complete1 and separable substances1 as we have shown in our last article4 ,now1 assuming that either of these parts is a primitive substance1 it is evident that the primitive substance would be made up of other substances2 for such a part1 being continuous1 is itself made up of other parts1 which are likewise distinct and complete substances1 as we have just remarked4 ,and since a continuum cannot be resolved into any but continuous parts1 the conclusion cannot be avoided that the primitive material substance would always be made up of other substances4 ,to elude this argument1 the advocates of continuous matter are compelled to deny that there is any primitive material substance mathematically continuous4 ,but1 even so1 their position is not improved4 ,for if there is no primitive material substance mathematically continuous1 the combination of such primitive substances will never give rise to continuous matter1 it being obvious that all the elementary constituents of continuum must be continuous1 as all philosophers agree4 ,whence we again conclude that no continuous matter is possible4 ,third argument4--,no continuum can be made up of unextended constituents1 as we have just observed1 and as our opponents not only concede1 but also demonstrate most irrefragably in their own treatises4 ,now1 continuous matter1 if any such existed1 would be made up of unextended constituents--that is1 of mere mathematical points4 ,therefore continuous matter would be a formal contradiction4 ,the minor of our syllogism is proved thus4 ,all the points which can be designated within the dimensions of the continuum are immediately united with one another1 and therefore no room is to be found between any two consecutive points2 which shows that in the constitution of the continuum we would have nothing but mere points4 ,for let there be a continuous plane and a continuous sphere4 ,the sphere1 if perfect1 cannot touch the plane1 except in a single indivisible point1 as is proved in geometry2 nevertheless1 the sphere may move along the plane1 and1 always touching the plane in a single point1 may measure a linear extension of matter1 which1 accordingly1 would contain nothing but mathematical points immediately following one another4 ,in other terms1 the extended matter would be made up of indivisible points2 and since all admit that this is impossible1 it follows that continuous matter is impossible4 ,against this argument the objection is made that it proves too much2 as it would prove the impossibility of measuring space by continuous movement4 ,but this objection has no good foundation1 as we shall show after concluding the series of our arguments4 ,fourth argument4--,all the points that can be designated in a material continuum would necessarily touch one another in such a manner as to form a continuous extension2 hence their contact would necessarily be extensive4 ,but an extensive contact of indivisible points is intrinsically impossible4 ,therefore material continuity is intrinsically impossible4 ,the major of this syllogism is a mere corollary from the definition of continuum2 for1 if there be no contact1 the continuum will be broken1 and if the contact be not extensive--that is1 such as to allow each point to extend beyond its neighbor--no continuous extension will result4 ,the minor of our syllogism can be proved as follows3 ,the contact of a point with a point is the contact of an indivisible with another indivisible2 and1 since the indivisible has no parts1 such a contact cannot be partial1 but must needs be total4 ,accordingly1 the second point1 by its contact with the first1 will be totally in the first2 the third1 by its contact with the second1 will be totally in the second1 and consequently in the first2 the fourth1 by its contact with the third1 will be totally in the third1 and consequently in the second and in the first1 and so on4 ,therefore all the points which are in mathematical contact will necessarily correspond to the same point in space4 ,now1 to be all in the same point1 and to form a continuous extension1 are contradictories4 ,and thus it is manifest that material continuity is a mere contradiction4 ,some will say that the contact is indeed made in the points1 but that the parts1 which touch one another in a common point1 are quite distinct4 ,but this appeal to the parts of the continuum1 though much insisted upon by many ancient philosophers1 is of no avail against our argument4 ,for the existence of these parts cannot be assumed1 without presupposing the continuity of matter4 ,such parts are1 in fact1 assumed to be continuous2 and therefore1 before we admit their existence1 we must inquire whether and how they can have intrinsic extension and continuity4 ,and dividing these parts into other parts1 and these again into others without end1 of all these parts of parts the same question must be asked--that is1 whether and how they can have intrinsic extension and continuity4 ,hence one of two things will follow3 either we shall never find the intrinsic reason of material continuity1 or we shall find it only after having exhausted an infinite division--that is1 after having reached1 if possible1 a term incapable of further division1 viz41 a mathematical point4 ,but in the mathematical point it is impossible to find the intrinsic reason of material continuity1 as we have just shown4 ,and therefore the material continuity of the parts has no formal reason of its constitution1 or1 in other terms1 the parts themselves are intrinsically impossible4 ,moreover1 the very distinction made by our opponents between the points of contact and the parts which touch one another in those points1 is altogether irrational4 ,for a parte rei--that is1 considering the continuum as it is in itself--there is no foundation for the said distinction1 it being evident that in a homogeneous continuum no place is to be found where we cannot mark out a point4 ,hence it is irrational to limit the designability of the points in order to make room for the parts4 ,in other words1 the parts themselves cannot be conceived as continuous without supposing that all the neighboring points which can be designated in them form by their contact a continuous extension1 which we have proved to be inadmissible4 ,the aforesaid distinction is therefore one of the subterfuges resorted to by the advocates of material continuity1 to evade the unanswerable difficulties arising from their sentence2 for it is true indeed1 as ,goudin remarks1 that material continuity is 8a philosophic mystery1 against which reason objects more than it can answer10 though not because in this question 8reason proves more than it can understand10 but because continuous matter is shown to be an absolute impossibility4 ,fifth argument4--,it is a known metaphysical principle that 8nothing can possibly become actual1 except by the intervention of an act0--,impossibile est aliquid fieri in actu nisi per aliquem actum 7,s4 ,thomas passim74 ,but no act can be imagined by which matter would become actually continuous4 ,therefore no actually continuous matter can possibly exist4 ,the minor of our syllogism is proved thus4 ,acts are either substantial or accidental2 hence if any act could be conceived as giving actual continuity to matter1 such an act would be either substantial or accidental--that is1 it would give to its matter either its first being or a mere mode of being4 ,now1 neither the substantial nor the accidental act can make matter actually continuous4 ,for1 first1 no substantial act can give to its matter a being for which the matter has no disposition4 ,but actuable matter has no disposition for actual continuity1 for where there are no distinct terms requiring continuation1 there is no disposition to actual continuity1 as is evident2 and it is not less evident that the matter which is to be actuated by a substantial act involves no distinct terms1 and does not even connote them1 but merely implies the privation of the act giving it its first being1 which act is one1 not many1 and gives one being1 not many1 and consequently is incapable of constituting a number of actual terms actually distinct1 as would be required for actual continuity4 ,to say the contrary would be to deny one of the most fundamental and universal principles of metaphysics1 viz41 ,actus est qui distinguit1 which means that there cannot be distinct terms where there are no distinct acts4 ,moreover1 continuity presupposes quantity2 hence1 if the substantial act gives actual continuity to its matter1 it must be conceded that a certain quantity exists potentially in the actuable matter1 and is reduced to act by the first actuation of matter4 ,this quantity would therefore rank among the essentials of the substance1 and could not possibly be considered as an accident2 for the immediate result of the first actuation of a term by its substantial act is not a mere accident1 but the very actuality of the essence of which that act and that term are the principles4 ,whence it follows that so long as quantity remains an accident1 it is impossible to make it arise from the substantial act2 and1 accordingly1 no substantial act can make matter actually continuous4 ,that actual continuity cannot arise from any accidental act is no less evident4 ,for the only accidental act which could be supposed to play a part in the constitution of a material continuum would be some actual composition4 ,but as composition without components is impossible1 and the components of continuous matter1 before such a composition1 are not continuous 7since we must now consider continuity as a result of the composition71 our continuous matter would be made up of components destitute of continuous extension--that is1 of mere mathematical points4 ,but1 as this is avowedly impossible1 it follows that it is as impossible to admit that matter becomes actually continuous by the reception of an accidental act4 ,sixth argument4--,in a philosophicomathematical work published in ,england a few years ago17#ajh7 from which we have already borrowed some plain arguments concerning other questions on matter1 the impossibility of continuous matter is proved by the following argument3 8,a compound which has no first components is a sheer impossibility4 ,continuous matter1 if admitted1 would be a compound which has no first components4 ,therefore continuous matter is a sheer impossibility4 ,in this argument the first proposition is selfevident2 for the components are the material constituents of the compound2 and therefore a compound which has no first components is a thing which is constituted without its first constituents1 or a pure contradiction4 ,the second proposition also is undeniable4 ,and1 first1 there can be no doubt that continuous matter would be a compound2 for continuous matter would be extended1 and would have1 accordingly1 parts distinct from parts2 which is the exclusive property of compounds4 ,now1 that this compound would be without first components1 can be proved as follows3 ,if continuous matter has any first components1 these components will either be extended or unextended4 ,if they are supposed to be extended1 then they are by no means the first components2 since it is clear that in this case they have distinct parts1 and therefore are themselves made up of other components4 ,if they are supposed to be unextended1 then they are by no means the components of continuum2 since all know and admit that no continuum can be made up of unextended points4 ,and1 indeed1 unextended points have no parts1 and therefore cannot touch one another partially2 whence it follows that either they touch each other totally1 or they do not touch at all4 ,if they do not touch at all1 they do not make a continuum1 as is evident4 ,if they touch totally1 the one will occupy exactly the same place which is occupied by the other1 and no material extension will arise4 ,and for this reason geometrical writers consider that a mathematical line cannot be conceived as made up of points1 but only as the track of a single point in motion4 ,we see1 then1 that a material continuum is a compound1 of which the first components cannot be extended1 and cannot be unextended4 ,and since it is impossible to think of a third sort of first components which would be neither extended nor unextended1 we must needs conclude that continuous matter is a compound which has no first components4 ,and therefore continuous matter is a mere absurdity0 7p4 #cj74 ,this argument is1 in our opinion1 altogether unanswerable4 ,those philosophers1 in fact1 who still venture to fight in favor of continuous matter1 have never been able to solve it4 ,when we urge them to declare whether they hold the first components of continuous matter to be extended or unextended1 they constantly ignore and elude the question4 ,they simply answer that the components of material substance are 8the matter0 and 8the form40 ,but if the matter which lies under the form has no distinct parts1 it is evident that the substance cannot be continuous4 ,the composition of matter and form does not1 therefore1 entail continuity1 unless the matter which is under the form has its own material composition of parts2 and it is with reference to the composition of these parts of matter1 not to the composition of matter and form1 that we inquire whether the first components of continuous matter be extended or unextended4 ,to ignore the gist of the argument is1 on the part of our opponents1 an implicit confession of their inability to cope with it4 ,seventh argument4--,material substance1 as consisting of act and potency1 like everything else in creation1 is both active and passive1 its activity and passivity being essentially confined1 as we have already explained17#aji7 to the production and the reception of local movement4 ,hence1 so long as material substance preserves its essential constitution1 it is impossible to admit that matter is incapable of receiving movement from natural causes4 ,but continuous matter would be incapable of receiving movement from natural causes4 ,therefore it is impossible to admit continuous matter4 ,to prove the minor of this syllogism1 let there be two little globes of continuous matter1 and let them act on one another4 ,since no finite velocity can be communicated by an immediate contact of matter with matter1 as shown in a preceding article1 it follows that the velocity must be communicated by virtual contact in accordance with the law of the inverse squared distances4 ,hence1 since some points of the two globes are nearer to one another1 and others are farther1 different points must acquire different velocities4 ,now1 one and the same piece of matter cannot move onward with different velocities1 as is evident2 it will therefore be unable to move so long as such different velocities are not reduced to a mean one1 which shall be common to the whole mass4 ,such a reduction of unequal velocities to a mean one would meet with no difficulty1 if the globes in question were made up of free and independent points of matter2 for in such a case the globes would be compressed1 and each point of matter would act and react according to known mechanical laws1 and thus soon equalize their respective velocities4 ,but in the case of material continuity the reduction of different velocities to a mean one is by no means possible4 ,for 8in a piece of continuous matter10 to quote again from the abovementioned work of molecular mechanics1 8any point which can be designated is so invariably united with the other points that no impact and no mutual reaction are conceivable2 the obvious consequence of which is that no work can be done within the continuous particle in order to equalize the unequal velocities impressed from without4 ,moreover1 in our case the reduction ought to be rigorously instantaneous2 which is another impossibility4 ,in fact1 if distinct points of a continuous piece of matter were for any short duration of time animated by different velocities1 the continuum would evidently undergo immediate and unavoidable resolution2 which is against the hypothesis4 ,since1 then1 the said reduction cannot be made instantaneously1 as we have proved above1 nor1 indeed1 in any other way1 and1 on the other hand1 our continuous particle cannot move onward before the different velocities are reduced to one of mean intensity1 it is quite evident that the same continuous particle will never be capable of moving1 whatever be the conditions of the impact4 ,and since what is true of one particle on account of its supposed continuity is true also of each of the other particles equally continuous1 we must conclude that bodies made up of particles materially continuous are totally incapable of receiving any communication of motion407#aaj7 ,this argument1 though seemingly proving only the nonexistence of continuous matter in nature1 proves in fact1 also1 the impossibility of its existence4 ,for1 if a substance could be created possessing intrinsic extension and continuity1 that substance would essentially differ from the existing matter1 and would therefore be anything but matter4 ,hence not even in this supposition would continuous matter exist4 ,eighth argument4--,the inertia of matter1 and its property of acting in a sphere1 might furnish us with a new argument against material continuity4 ,but we prefer to conclude with a mathematical demonstration drawn from the weight of matter4 ,the weight of a mass of matter depends on the number of material terms to which the action of gravity is applied1 and it increases exactly in the same ratio as the number of the elementary terms contained in the mass4 ,this being the case1 let us assume that there is somewhere an atom of continuous matter4 ,the action of gravity will find in it an infinite multitude of points of application2 for it is of the nature of continuum to supply matter for an endless division4 ,hence if we call g the action of gravity on the unit of mass in the unit of time1 the action of the same gravity on any of those infinite points of application will be g dx dy dz1 being the density of the mass1 and dx1 dy1 dz the three dimensions of an infinitesimal portion of it4 ,now1 since we know that gravity in the unit of time imparts a finite velocity to every point of matter in the atom1 we must admit that the action exerted on the infinitesimal mass dx dy dz has a finite value2 and therefore1 since the volume dx dy dz is an infinitesimal of the third degree1 the density must be an infinite of the third order4 ,but a continuous mass whose elements have an infinite density has itself an infinite density2 hence1 if its volume has finite dimensions1 the mass itself 7which is the product of the volume into the density7 is necessarily infinite1 and will have an infinite weight4 ,hence the assumption of continuous matter leads to an absurdity4 ,the assumption is therefore to be rejected as evidently false4 ,we will put an end to the series of our proofs by pointing out the intrinsic and radical reason why matter cannot be continuous4 ,the matter which is under the form is a potency in the same order of reality in which its form is an act4 ,now1 the only property of a potency is to be liable to receive some determinations of a certain kind2 and the property of a potency whose form is an active principle of local motion must consist in its being liable to receive a determination to local movement4 ,hence1 as the matter receives its first being by a form of a spherical character1 and becomes the real central point from which the actions of the substance proceed1 so also the same matter1 when already actuated by its essential form1 receives any accidental determination to local movement2 and1 inasmuch as it is liable to local movement1 it is in potency to extend through space--that is1 to describe in space a continuous line2 and when it actually moves1 it actually traces a continuous line--that is1 it extends from place to place1 continuously indeed1 but successively2 whence it is manifest that its extension is nothing but ,actus existentis in potentia ut in potentia ,aristotle would say1 viz41 an actual passage from one potential state to another4 ,such is the only extension of which matter is capable4 ,such an extension is always in fieri1 never in facto esse2 always dynamical1 never statical2 always potential and successive1 never formal or simultaneous4 ,we can1 therefore1 ascribe to matter potential continuity1 just as we ascribe to its active principle a virtual continuity2 for the passivity of the matter and the activity of the form correspond to one another as properties of one and the same essence2 and whatever can be predicated actively or virtually of a substance on account of its form can be predicated passively or potentially of the same substance on account of its matter4 ,these remarks form a complement to our fifth argument1 where we proved that no substantial and no accidental act could make matter actually continuous4 ,for1 since matter cannot receive any accidental act1 except the determination to local movement1 and since this movement1 although continuous1 is essentially successive1 it follows that by such a determination no actual and permanent continuity can arise1 but a mere continuation of local changes4 ,thus matter1 according to its potential nature1 has only a potential extension2 or1 in other terms1 it is not in itself actually continuous1 but is simply ready to extend through space by continuous movement4 ,the preceding proofs seem quite sufficient1 and more than sufficient1 to uproot the prejudice in favor of material continuity2 we must1 however1 defend them from the attacks of our opponents1 that no reasonable doubt may remain as to the cogency of our demonstration4 ,first objection4--,the globe and the plane1 of which we have spoken in our third argument1 though destitute of proportional parts suitable for a statical contact1 become proportionate to one another1 says ,goudin1 by the very movement of the one upon the other2 and thus our third argument would fall to the ground4 ,for a successive contact partakes of the nature of successive beings4 ,hence1 as time1 although having no present1 except an indivisible instant1 becomes1 through its flowing1 extended into continuous parts1 so also the contact of the globe with the plane1 although limited to an indivisible point1 can nevertheless1 by its flowing1 become extended so as to correspond to the extended parts of the plane4 ,for1 according to mathematicians1 a point1 though indivisible when at rest1 can by moving describe a divisible line4 ,to this we answer that a globe and a plane cannot by the movement of the one on the other acquire proportionate parts4 ,for1 although it is true that a successive contact partakes of the nature of the successive being which we call movement1 it is plain that it does not partake of the nature of matter4 ,in fact1 the material plane is not supposed to become continuous through the movement of the globe1 but is hypothetically assumed to be continuous before the movement1 and even before the existence1 of the said globe4 ,the continuous movement is1 of course1 proportionate to a continuous plane2 but it is evident that it cannot originate any proportion between the plane and the globe2 because this would be against the essence of both4 ,no part of the plane can be spherical1 and no part of the globe can be plane2 hence1 whatever may be the movement of the one upon the other1 they will never touch one another1 except in a single point4 ,that time1 although having no present1 except an indivisible point1 becomes extended by flowing on1 is perfectly true2 but this proves nothing4 ,for1 in the same manner as the act of flowing1 by which time flows1 has nothing actual but a single indivisible instant1 so also the act of flowing1 by which the contact of the globe with the plane flows1 has no actuality but in an indivisible point of space2 and as an indivisible instant by its flowing draws a line of time without ever becoming extended in itself1 so also an indivisible point by its flowing draws a line in space without ever becoming extended in itself2 and as the instant of time never becomes proportionate to any finite length of time1 so also the point of contact never becomes proportionate to any finite line in space4 ,that a line1 therefore1 arises from the flowing of a point in the same manner as time from the flowing of an instant1 is a plain truth1 and there was no need of ,goudin's argumentation to make it acceptable4 ,to defeat our argument1 he should have proved that the actual flowing of an instant takes up a length of time4 ,if this could have been proved1 it would have been easy to conclude that the flowing contact also extends through a length of space4 ,but the author did not attempt to show that an instant of time flows through finite lengths of time4 ,it is evident1 on the contrary1 that an instant flows through mere instants immediately following one another4 ,and thus the objection has no weight4 ,second objection4--,if a material continuum is impossible1 all continuum is impossible1 and thus we are constrained to deny the continuity of both space and time4 ,for space and time--as1 for instance1 a cubicfoot and an hour--include within their respective limits an infinite multitude of indivisible points1 or indivisible instants1 just as would continuous matter include within its limits an infinite multitude of material points2 for it is clear that space and time cannot be made up of anything but points and instants4 ,hence1 if1 in spite of this1 we admit continuous space and continuous time1 we implicitly avow that our first argument against continuous matter is far from conclusive4 ,we reply that there is no parity between the continuity of space and time and the continuity of matter2 and that the impossibility of the latter does not show the impossibility of the former4 ,the continuity of space and of time is intimately connected with the continuity of local movement4 ,movement1 though formally continuous1 or rather owing to its formal continuity1 is necessarily successive1 so that we can never find one part of the movement coexisting with another part of the same movement2 and consequently there is no danger of finding in such a movement any actual multitude1 whilst we should necessarily find it in continuous matter4 ,time also1 as being nothing else than the actuality or duration of movement1 is entirely successive2 and consequently no two parts of time can ever be found together2 which again prevents the danger of an actual multitude of coexisting instants4 ,as to space1 we observe that its continuity is by no means formal1 but only virtual1 and that space as such has no parts into which it can be divided1 whatever our imagination may suggest to the contrary4 ,we indeed consider space as a continuous extension1 but such an extension and continuity is the property of the movement extending through space1 not of space itself4 ,space is a region through which movement can extend in a continuous manner2 hence the space measured1 or mensurable1 is styled continuous from the continuity of the movement made1 or possible4 ,we likewise consider the parts of the extension of the movement made or possible as so many parts of the space measured or mensurable4 ,and thus space is called continuous1 extended1 and divisible into parts1 merely because the movement by which space is1 or can be1 measured is continuous1 extended1 and divisible into successive parts2 but space1 as such1 has of itself no formal continuity1 no formal extension1 and no formal divisibility1 since space1 as such1 is nothing else than the virtuality1 or extrinsic terminability1 of divine immensity1 as we may have occasion hereafter to show4 ,hence neither space1 nor time1 nor movement is made up by composition of points or of instants2 but time and movement owe their continuous extension to the flowing of a single instant and of a single point1 whilst space1 which is only virtually continuous1 owes its denomination of continuous to the possibility of continuous movement through it4 ,but if there were any continuous matter1 its formal extension would arise from actual1 simultaneous1 and indivisible points constituting a formal infinite multitude within the limits of its extension4 ,hence there is no parity between continuous matter and continuous space or time2 and the impossibility of the former does not prove the impossibility of the latter4 ,third objection4--,accelerated movement is a movement the velocity of which increases by continuous infinitesimal degrees--that is1 by indivisible momenta of motion4 ,it is therefore possible for a quantity of movement to arise from the accumulation of indivisibles4 ,why1 then1 should not the quantity of matter arise in a like manner from the accumulation of indivisible points8 ,that which causes the acceleration of movement is1 in fact1 continuous action--that is1 a series of real1 distinct1 and innumerable instantaneous actions1 by which the movement is made to increase by distinct infinitesimal degrees2 which would show that it is not impossible to make a continuum by means of indivisibles4 ,we reply1 first1 that there is no degree of velocity which can be styled indivisible2 for however small may be the acceleration of the movement1 it may become smaller and smaller without end1 as we shall presently explain4 ,but1 waiving this1 we reply1 secondly1 that intensive and extensive quantity are of a very different nature1 and1 even if it were true that intensive quantity can arise from an accumulation of indivisibles1 the same would not be the case with extension4 ,the degrees of intensity never unite by way of composition2 for all intensity belongs to some form or act1 whilst all composition of parts regards the material constituents of things4 ,hence movement1 though increasing or decreasing1 by continuous degrees1 is not composed of them2 whereas the continuum of matter1 if any such existed1 should be composed of its indivisible elements4 ,in movement the increased velocity is not a multitude of distinct acts1 but a single act1 equivalent to all the acts which we may distinguish under the name of degrees of velocity4 ,hence such degrees are only virtually distinct1 and do not constitute a formal multitude2 whence it follows that there is no absurdity in the notion of accelerated or retarded movement4 ,but with a material continuum the case is entirely different2 for such a continuum would be an extensive1 not an intensive1 quantity1 and would have parts not only mentally or virtually1 but entitatively and formally1 distinct1 and making an actual infinite multitude within the limits of a finite bulk4 ,as to the continuous action which causes the acceleration of movement1 it is not true that it consists of a sum of distinct instantaneous actions4 ,the action may be considered either in fieri or in facto esse4 ,the action in fieri is the exertion of the agent1 and the action in facto esse is the determination received by the patient4 ,now1 the exertion of the agent is successive2 for its continuity is the continuity of time1 and is therefore continuation rather than continuity4 ,hence nothing exists of the action in fieri1 except an instantaneous exertion corresponding to the moment of time which unites the past with the future4 ,all the past exertions have ceased to be in fieri1 and all the future exertions have still to be made4 ,accordingly1 continuous action is not made up of other actual actions1 and1 though passing through different degrees of intensity1 is not an actual multitude4 ,on the other hand1 if we consider the action in facto esse--that is1 the determination as received in the patient--we shall find that1 although such a determination is the result of a continued exertion1 and exhibits its totality under the form of velocity1 nevertheless this result consists of intensity1 not of continuity1 and therefore contains no formal multitude1 but is1 as we have said1 a simple act equivalent to many4 ,hence accelerated movement is one movement1 and not many1 and a great velocity is one velocity1 and not a formal multitude of lesser velocities4 ,in a word1 there is not the least resemblance between continuous acceleration and continuous matter4 ,although the preceding answer sufficiently shows the flimsiness of the objection1 we may yet observe that actions having an infinitesimal duration are indeed infinitesimal1 but are not true indivisibles4 ,for the expression of an accelerating action1 in dynamics1 contains three variable functions--that is1 first1 the intensity of the action at the unit of distance in the unit of time2 secondly1 its duration2 thirdly1 the distance from the agent to the patient4 ,hence1 in the case of an action of infinitesimal duration1 there still remain two variables1 viz41 the intensity of the power1 and the distance from the patient2 and their variation causes a variation of the action in its infinitesimal duration4 ,thus it is manifest that actions of infinitesimal duration can have a greater or a less intensity1 and therefore are not true indivisibles of intensity4 ,if1 for instance1 two agents by their constant and continuous action produce in the same length of time different effects1 it is evident that their actions have different intensities in every infinitesimal instant of time2 hence such infinitesimal actions1 though bearing no comparison with finite quantities1 bear comparison with one another1 and form definite geometric ratios4 ,fourth objection4--,if the contact of one indivisible with another cannot engender a continuum1 we must deny the existence of time and of local motion4 ,for time is engendered by the flowing of an instant towards the instant immediately following1 and movement is engendered by the flowing of a point in space towards the point immediately following4 ,if1 then1 indivisibles cannot1 by their contact1 give rise to continuous extension1 neither time nor local motion will acquire continuous extension4 ,our answer to this objection is that time and movement are not engendered by a formal contact of a real instant with the instant following1 or of a real point with the point following4 ,duration is not a sum of indivisible instants formally touching one another1 nor is the length of space a sum of indivisible points touching one another4 ,we may have points in space1 but not points of space2 and in like manner we have instants in succession1 not instants of succession1 though in common language we usually confound the latter with the former4 ,yet1 when we talk of a point of space1 our meaning is not that space is made up of points1 but simply that a point of matter existing in space marks out its own ubication1 thus lending to the space occupied the name of point4 ,hence no movement in space can be conceived to extend by successive contacts of points1 or by the flowing of a point towards other points immediately following2 for these points immediately following exist only in our imagination4 ,nor does a flowing point engender a line of space1 but only a line of movement2 and even this latter is not properly engendered1 but merely marked out in space2 for all possible lines are already virtually contained in space1 and therefore they need no engendering1 but simply marking out by continuous motion4 ,the same is to be said of the origin of time4 ,time is not a formal sum of instants touching one another4 ,the instant just past is no more1 hence it cannot touch the instant which is now2 and the instant which is to follow is not yet1 hence it cannot be touched by the instant which is now4 ,accordingly1 as the movement of a single point marks out a continuous line in absolute space1 so also the flowing of a single instant extends a line in absolute duration4 ,for1 as ,s4 ,thomas teaches1 in the whole length of time there is but a single instant in re1 though this same instant becomes virtually manifold in ratione prioris et posterioris by shifting from 8before0 to 8after40 ,and in the same manner1 in the whole length of a line measured in space by continuous movement1 there is but a single point in re actually shifting its ubication from 8here0 to 8there10 and thus becoming virtually manifold in its successive positions4 ,and for this reason both movement and time are always and essentially developing 7in fieri71 and never exist as developed 7in facto esse72 since of the former nothing is actual but a point1 and of the latter nothing is actual but an instant4 ,it is scarcely necessary to repeat that1 if there were any continuous matter1 its parts would all be actual and simultaneous4 ,its continuous extension would therefore be properly engendered by the contact of indivisible points1 not by the shifting of a point from one end of its dimensions to another4 ,this sufficiently shows that from the continuity of movement and of time nothing can be concluded in favor of continuous matter4 ,fifth objection4--,between two given points in space infinite other points can be placed4 ,now1 what is possible can be conceived to be done2 and thus we can conceive an infinite multitude between the two points4 ,accordingly1 an infinite multitude can be contained within limits2 and if so1 continuous matter is not impossible1 and our first argument has no weight4 ,we answer that1 although an infinite multitude of points can be placed between any two given points1 yet nothing can be inferred therefrom in favor of continuous matter4 ,for those innumerable points either will touch one another or not4 ,if they do not touch1 they will not make a continuum2 and if they touch1 they will1 as we have shown1 entirely coincide1 instead of forming a continuous extension4 ,it is plain1 therefore1 that the distance between the two given points cannot be filled continuously1 even by an infinite multitude of other points4 ,and therefore the objection has no force4 ,nor is it true that by the creation of an infinite multitude of points between two given points such a multitude would be an infinity within limits4 ,for the two given points are limits1 or rather terms1 of a local relation1 but they are no limits of the multitude1 or discrete quantity1 which can be placed between them2 for1 without altering the position of those two points1 we can increase without end the number of the intervening points4 ,as volume is not a limit of density1 so the distance of two points is not the limit of the multitude that can be condensed between them4 ,sixth objection4--,all the arguments above given against the continuity of matter are grounded on a false supposition2 for they all take for granted that a continuum must be made up of parts--an assumption which can be shown to be false4 ,for1 first1 in the geometric continuum there are no actual parts2 for such a continuum is not made up by composition1 but is created1 such as it is1 all in one piece4 ,whence it must be inferred that the primitive elements of matter1 though exempt1 as primitive1 from composition of parts1 and really simple1 may yet possess extension4 ,secondly1 who can deny that ,god has the power to create a solid body as perfectly continuous as a geometric volume8 ,such a body1 though divisible into any number of parts1 would not be a compound2 for its parts would be merely possible1 not actual2 and therefore it would be simple1 and yet continuous4 ,thirdly1 those who deny the possibility of continuous matter admit a vacuum existing between simple points of matter4 ,such a vacuum is a continuous extension intercepted between real terms1 and is nothing else than the possibility of real extension4 ,but the real extension1 which is possible between real terms1 is not1 of course1 a series of points touching one another1 for such a series1 as all admit1 is impossible4 ,it is1 therefore1 an extension really continuous1 not made up of parts1 but only divisible into parts4 ,hence matter may be continuous and simple at the same time47#aaa7 ,this objection tends to establish the possibility of simpleextended matter4 ,yet that simplicity and material extension exclude one another is an evident truth2 in other terms1 material continuity1 without composition of parts1 is utterly inconceivable4 ,if1 therefore1 we persist in taking for granted that a material continuum must be made up of actual parts1 we do not make a gratuitous supposition4 ,the three reasons adduced in the objection are far from satisfactory4 ,the first makes an unlawful transition from the geometric extension of volumes to the physical extension of masses4 ,such a transition1 we say1 is unlawful2 for the geometrical extension is only virtually continuous1 and therefore involves no actual multitude of parts2 whereas the physical extension of the mass of matter would be formally and materially continuous1 thus involving a formal multitude of actual parts perfectly distinct from one another1 though united to form one continuous piece4 ,the geometric extension is measured by three linear dimensions1 and has no density4 ,now1 a geometric line is nothing else than the trace of the movement of a point2 and accordingly its continuity arises from the continuity of the movement itself1 which alone is formally continuous2 for the space measured by such a movement has no formal continuity of its own1 as we have already explained1 but is styled 8continuous0 only inasmuch as it is the region of continuous movement4 ,there is no doubt1 therefore1 that geometric extension is merely virtual in its continuity2 and for this reason it is not made up of parts of its own1 but simply corresponds to the parts of the movement by which it can be measured4 ,material extension1 on the contrary1 would be densely filled with actual matter1 and therefore would be made up of actual parts perfectly distinct1 though not separated4 ,to apply1 as the objection does1 to material extension1 what geometry teaches of the extension of volumes1 is therefore a mere paralogism4 ,it amounts to saying3 ,vacuum is free from composition2 therefore the matter also which would fill it is free from composition4 ,we may add that even geometric extension1 if real1 involves composition4 ,for1 evidently1 we cannot conceive a geometric cube without its eight vertices1 nor can we pretend that a figure requiring eight distinct points as the terms of its dimensions is free from composition4 ,now1 if an empty geometric volume cannot be simple1 what shall we say of a volume full of matter8 ,wherever there is real extension1 there are real dimensions1 of which the beginning1 and the end1 and all the intermediate terms are really distinct from one another4 ,hence in a material extension there should be as many distinct material terms as there are geometric points within its limits4 ,and if this is simplicity1 we may well ask what is composition8 ,the second reason adduced in the objection is a mere petitio principii4 ,for he who says that ,god can create 8a solid body as perfectly continuous as a geometric volume0 assumes that such a continuous body involves no contradiction2 he therefore begs the question4 ,on the other hand1 to affirm that ,god can create a solid body as perfectly continuous as a geometric volume1 is to affirm that ,god can create a body of infinite density--that is1 an infinite mass within finite dimensions4 ,for the mass of a body of matter is the product of its volume into its density2 hence1 if its volume be finite1 and its density infinite1 the mass will be infinite4 ,now1 a body materially continuous implies infinite density2 for it excludes porosity1 and it supplies matter for an endless division4 ,hence a continuous mass of matter filling a finite volume would be an infinite mass contained within limits4 ,we think we are not presuming too much when we say that ,god cannot create such a metaphysical monstrosity4 8,such a body10 says the objection1 8though divisible into any number of parts1 would not be a compound40 ,this is evidently false2 for all that is divisible into parts has parts1 and therefore composition4 ,nor is it true that the parts of a continuous body 8would be merely possible1 not actual02 for if such parts are not actual1 how can the body be actual8 ,no actual continuum can exist without actual parts4 ,the divisibility of continuum is not the possibility of actual parts1 but the possibility of their actual separation4 ,the third reason is based on our admission of a vacuum between material points4 ,such a vacuum1 it is objected1 is a continuous 7virtual7 extension1 founding the possibility of some other 7formal7 extension4 ,this we concede2 but when it is argued that this other extension which is possible between the material terms is the extension of continuous matter1 we deny the consequence4 ,it is only continuous local movement1 not continuous matter1 that can formally extend from term to term1 as we have proved4 ,when two real points of matter have a distinct ubication in space1 the interval between them cannot be estimated otherwise than by the extent of the movement which can be made from one point to the other4 ,we cannot perceive the distance between two terms1 except by drawing1 at least mentally1 a line from the one to the other2 and for this reason1 as we have remarked elsewhere1 the relation of distance is conceived by us as a quantity measured by movement1 not by matter1 and representing the extension of continuous movement1 not of continuous matter4 ,hence a vacuum intercepted between real points is a real1 though only virtual1 extension2 and that other real and formal extension1 which is possible between the same real points1 is the extension of local movement4 ,our opponent concedes that 8the real extension possible between real terms is not a series of points touching one another2 for such a series1 as all admit1 is impossible40 ,now1 this suffices to show that the real extension possible between such real terms is not the extension of continuous matter2 for such an extension1 as we have abundantly proved1 would be made up of nothing but of a series of points touching one another4 ,nothing1 perhaps1 more evidently shows the unquestionable solidity of the thesis we have undertaken to defend than the necessity felt by our opponents of admitting in matter an extended simplicity and a simplicity divisible into parts1 as witnessed by this last objection1 which we have transcribed from a grave and learned professor of philosophy4 ,extended and simple matter is such an absurdity as few would admit to be a corollary of their own theories2 yet it cannot be escaped by those who consider the first elements of matter as endowed with bulk4 ,for physical simplicity is an essential attribute of all primitive beings2 and1 if primitive elements are nevertheless supposed to be intrinsically extended1 it is plain that their simplicity will be an extended simplicity4 ,the main reason why some philosophers still cling to material continuity is their fear of actio in distans4 ,we have already shown that such a fear1 though very common1 cannot be justified4 ,we grant that1 owing to popular prejudice and an incorrect notion of things1 many are apt to dread action at a distance as a dangerous shoal2 but when they resort to an 8extended and divisible simplicity10 they steer their ship directly against the reefs4 ,to ,be ,continued4 ,christmas ,in ,the ,thirteenth ,century4 ,few are the hearts that do not feel the benign and joyful influence of ,christmas4 ,it is the one feast that neither the alldestroying zeal of the ,reformation nor the cold indifferentism of the present age has dared to abolish or desecrate4 ,to how many is it the sole remaining word that reminds them of the sacred name of ,christ6 ,there was a time when ,christmas was but one of the many holydays that with each succeeding month recalled to ,christian hearts some great event in the life of their divine ,master2 but heresy has swept away one by one those sacked days of repose and prayer4 ,even in ,catholic countries the church has found it necessary to reduce the number of ,days of ,obligation1 so cold have grown both faith and devotion4 ,wealth and material prosperity--these are the sole ends for which a heartless world would have us exert all our energies1 and it would fain clog with the sordid love of gain all the higher aspirations of the soul4 ,but we are forgetting that this is ,christmas time--a time for innocent pleasure1 and not for moralizing2 so1 leaving the present age1 with all its faults1 we will ask our readers to transport themselves with us1 in imagination1 some six centuries back1 and witness how was celebrated in those ,ages of ,faith the holy night of the ,nativity of our ,lord4 ,the period selected is about the middle of the ,x,i,i,ith century4 ,religion was then in the fullest splendor of its power4 ,it was the light of civilization1 the custodian of all learning4 ,every art had combined to render its outward expression worthy of the great and holy mysteries it taught4 ,gothic architecture had at this date attained its highest perfection2 painting and sculpture were almost exclusively devoted to the decoration of ,god's temples2 poetry and music were united to render attractive the sublime and rarelyinterrupted ,offices of the church4 ,the liturgical works of the period are mines of poetic and musical riches that for the most part lie hidden and uncared for in their musty tomes4 ,some will doubtless smile when we speak of the ,latin poetry of the middle ages1 and certainly those who seek in it the polished and classical verses of a ,horace or a ,virgil will be disappointed4 ,they will1 however1 find that1 despite their somewhat strange ,latinity1 these productions of a so called barbarous age contain a depth of feeling1 a strength and freshness of expression1 quite unknown to the pagan poets1 and were as appropriate to those grand old cathedrals under whose roofs they were to resound as were the classic odes and songs to the luxurious banquethalls of ,rome or the effeminate villas of ,naples4 ,in fact1 to adequately judge of the poetry contained in the ,offices of the medival period1 we must place ourselves amid the surroundings in which they were performed2 we must not view it from the standpoint of the present age1 with its entirely different ideas of both religious life and religious art4 ,it will be1 then1 in an old ,french cathedral that we shall ask our readers to spend this ,christmas night2 for the office1 or rather religious drama1 at which we intend to make them assist1 is taken from a ,roman,french missal of the ,x,i,i,ith century4 ,the night has closed in4 ,within the city walls the tortuous and narrow streets are nearly deserted2 but lights gleam from many a diamond pane1 for inside joyous circles are gathered around the glowing logs that brightly sparkle in the ample chimneys4 ,old stories are repeated by venerable grandfathers to merry grandchildren1 who in return sing with silvery voices quaint old carols4 ,suddenly a wellknown sound fills the air2 from the high cathedral towers burst forth the joyous chimes that herald the approach of ,christ's natal hour4 ,the notes that ring out so clearly in the cold ,december air are those of the familiar ,christmas hymn1 ,christe ,redemptor omnium47#aab7 ,soon a hurrying throng begin to fill the streets1 all wending their way towards the same point1 through narrow and winding streets4 ,by gabled house and arched doorway1 by mullioned window and jutting tower1 they press forward until they reach the central square1 where rises1 in all its splendor1 the old cathedral church4 ,beautiful and imposing at all times is a ,gothic cathedral1 but never more so than when the trembling light of a winter moon throws around it a soft halo1 just enough to make its grand proportions visible amid the surrounding gloom1 while leaving all the finer details wrapt in sombre mystery4 ,doubly lofty appear tower and spire1 and strangely weird each fantastic gargoyle1 as a stray moonbeam falls athwart its uncouth countenance4 ,let us follow the crowd1 and enter beneath the richlysculptured doorway4 ,dim is the light within1 only just sufficient to find your way among the throng that now begins to fill every part of the vast edifice4 ,the numerous assemblage of priests and choristers are singing the ,office of ,matins1 the grand old melodies of ,s4 ,gregory resounding beneath the vaulted roof with that wonderful effect that makes them1 when sung by choir and congregation1 the most truly religious music that exists4 ,as the last solemn notes of the ,te ,deum die out1 a whiterobed choristerboy representing an angel advances into the centre of the choir1 and in sweet1 clear accents chants the words of the angelic message1 8,nolite timere3 ecce enim evangelizo vobis gaudium magnum1 quod erit omni populo1 quia natus est vobis hodie ,salvator mundi1 in civitate ,david4 ,et hoc vobis signum3 ,invenietis infantem pannis involutum1 et positum in prsepio0--8,fear not3 for behold1 ,i bring you good tidings of great joy1 that shall be to all the people3 for this day is born to you a ,saviour1 who is ,christ the ,lord1 in the city of ,david4 ,and this shall be a sign unto you3 ,you shall find the infant wrapped in swaddlingclothes1 and laid in a manger40 ,then from the high triforiumgallery seven pure young voices ring out1 as if from heaven1 the words sung by the angelhost on the first ,christmas night3 8,gloria in excelsis ,deo1 et in terra pax hominibus bon voluntatis40 ,these familiar words that herald the pious representation of the holy scenes whose reality centuries ago hallowed this night in the mountains of ,juda1 are listened to by the vast congregation with rapt and devout attention4 ,in their simple and earnest faith the assistants feel themselves transported back to the days of ,herod and to the village of ,bethlehem1 as they behold emerging from the western porch1 and slowly advancing up the nave1 a train of shepherds with staves in their hands1 singing1 as they proceed in search of their newborn ,king1 the following hymn4 ,both words and music are full of beauty1 and the cadence is well suited to a ,christmas carol3 ,pax in terris nunciatur1 ,in excelsis gloria4 ,terra clo fderatur1 ,mediante gratia4 ,mediatur homo ,deus ,descendit in propria1 ,ut ascendat homo reus ,ad amissa gaudia4 ,eia6 ,eia6 ,transeamus1 videamus ,verbum hoc quod factum est ,transeamus1 ut sciamus ,quod annunciatum est4 ,in ,judea puer vagit1 ,puer salus populi1 ,quo bellandum se prsagit ,vetus hostis sculi4 ,accedamus1 accedamus ,ad prsepe ,domini1 ,et dicamus3 ,laus fecund ,virgini4 7,peace on earth is announced1 and in heaven glory1 ,earth is reconciled through divine grace4 ,the ,mediator ,god,man descends amongst his own1 that guilty man may ascend to lost joys4 ,let us go over1 let us see this word that is come to pass4 ,let us go over1 that we may learn what has been announced4 ,in ,juda an infant cries ,an ,infant1 the salvation of his people1 ,by whom the ancient enemy of the world foresees he must be warred upon4 ,let us approach1 let us approach the cradle of our ,lord1 ,and let us sing3 ,praise to the fruitful ,virgin47 ,a crib has been arranged at the extreme end of the choir1 containing the figure of the divine ,infant and our ,blessed ,lady4 ,it is surrounded by women1 to whom naturally is given the charge of watching over the ,virgin ,mother and her newborn ,babe4 ,towards this crib the shepherds wend their way1 passing beneath the carved roodscreen through the open portals of the choir4 ,two priests advance to meet them1 and greet them with the following versicle3 8,quem quritis in prsepio1 pastores1 dicite80--8,whom seek ye in this manger1 shepherds1 tell us80 ,they reply3 8,salvatorem ,christum ,dominum infantem pannis involutum secundum sermonem angelicum0--8,christ our ,lord and ,saviour1 an infant wrapped in swaddlingclothes1 according to the word of the angel40 ,the women around the crib now draw back the curtains that have1 until this moment1 kept it concealed from view1 and1 showing to the shepherds the divine ,infant reclining in the manger1 sing these words3 8,adest hic parvulus cum matre sua de quo dudum vaticinando ,isaas dixerat propheta3 ,ecce virgo concipiet et pariet filium3 euntes dicite quod natus est0--8,here is the little ,child and his ,mother of whom of old ,isaias prophesied3 ,behold1 a ,virgin shall conceive and bring forth a son2 go forth and announce that he is born40 ,the shepherds salute the ,virgin and ,child1 and sing the following charming little carol in honor of the ,virgin ,mother3 ,salve ,virgo singularis2 ,virgo manens1 ,deum paris1 ,ante scla generatum ,corde patris2 ,adoremus nunc creatum ,carne matris4 ,nos1 ,maria1 tua prece ,a peccati purga fece2 ,nostri cursum incolatus ,sic dispone1 ,ut det sua frui natus ,visione4 7,hail1 ,o ,virgin incomparable6 remaining a ,virgin1 thou hast brought forth the ,son of ,god1 begotten of his ,father before all ages4 ,now we adore him1 formed of the flesh of his ,mother4 ,o ,mary6 purify us from all stain of sin2 our destined course on earth so dispose1 that thy ,son may grant us to enjoy his blessed vision47 ,after this hymn they fall on their knees and adore the divine ,babe2 then1 turning towards the choir1 they with joyful accents exclaim1 8,alleluia1 ,alleluia4 ,jam vere scimus ,christum natum in terris1 de quo canite omnes cum prophetis dicentes0--8,now we truly know that ,christ is born on earth1 let all sing of him with the prophet40 ,answering to this invitation1 the choir intone the prophetic words of the introit of the midnight ,mass3 8,the ,lord has said to me1 ,thou art my ,son2 this day ,i have begotten ,thee40 ,the priests and assistants advance slowly in procession to the foot of the altar1 and the solemn celebration of ,high ,mass commences4 ,the lessons conveyed by this beautiful and symbolic representation are happily continued when the reality of the divine mysteries has taken its place4 ,the priests who represented the shepherds1 quitting the crib where they were the first to do homage to the ,child,god1 proceed to occupy the most exalted places in the choir1 and to take the leading parts in the chants that accompany that ,holy ,sacrifice in which the same ,child,god once more descends on earth4 ,among the many impressive ceremonies of the ,catholic ,church1 there is none more touching than the celebration of the midnight ,mass4 ,whether it be in a vast cathedral or in a modest village church1 it never fails to bring home to the heart1 in a wonderful manner1 the realization of the two great mysteries of the ,incarnation and the ,eucharist1 awakening in the soul a lively devotion towards them4 ,if such be the effect of the sacred rite on men who have only just quit the bustle and turmoil of life1 as they enter the church1 what must it have been on minds prepared by so graphic a representation of those very mysteries that the ,mass not only commemorates1 but actually reproduces in a manner far more perfect1 if less perceptible to the outward senses4 ,how conspicuous1 then1 was the wisdom of the church in encouraging the performance of these pious dramas--not only as affording an innocent pleasure to the spectators1 but as a preparation for the better understanding of the sacred mysteries that were commemorated in each succeeding feast2 for on the popular mind how far more powerful than the most eloquent sermon is the effect of any ceremony that appeals directly to the senses6 ,at the termination of the ,mass the officiating priest1 turning towards the shepherds1 intones the following anthem3 8,quam vidistis1 pastores8 dicite1 annunciate nobis in terris quid apparuit0--8,tell us1 ,o shepherds1 whom you have seen8 ,announce to us who has appeared on earth40 ,to which they reply3 8,natum vidimus et choros angelorum collandantes ,dominum4 ,alleluia1 alleluia0--8,we have seen the ,lord1 who is born on earth1 and the choirs of angels praising him40 ,the office of ,lauds1 which terminates the nightoffice1 then commences4 ,the shepherds1 still occupying the places of honor1 but divided in two choirs1 sing the poetic paraphrase which on all solemn feasts in those days took the place of the ,benedicamus and ,deo ,gratias4 ,after which they all unite in chanting the following antiphon1 which forms a fitting termination to the ceremonies of the night3 8,ecce completa sunt omnia qu dicta sunt per angelum de ,virgine ,maria0--8,behold1 all things are accomplished that were announced by the angel concerning the ,virgin ,mary40 ,such were the pious festivities that six hundred years ago filled with joy and devotion many a vast congregation in cathedral and church throughout ,france on ,christmas night4 ,we have described them as far as they can be gathered from the ,officebooks of the period2 but how many beautiful details1 handed down by tradition and introduced from time to time1 must necessarily have escaped us at this distant period6 ,we venture to hope1 however1 that we have succeeded in giving our readers at least a slight idea of the deep religious feeling1 and at the same time poetic beauty1 that characterized these sacred dramas of the middle ages4 ,the ,civilization ,of ,ancient ,ireland47#aac7 ,the greatest difficulty experienced by students of ,irish history1 whether foreigners or to the manner born1 arises out of the crudeness of the mass of fables and myths1 contradictions and harsh criticisms1 which confuse and disfigure many histories of the country4 ,unfortunately1 native ,irish historians and annalists have been wont to indulge much too freely in exaggeration and romance1 substituting the airy creations of the poets for authenticated facts1 and dogmatically putting forward the most minute details of remote1 and therefore necessarily indistinct1 actions in a manner to overtax our credulity and weaken our faith even in well established authorities4 ,english writers1 on the contrary1 from ,giraldus ,cambrensis downward1 have erred on the other side4 ,always ignorant of the ,gaelic tongue1 and generally of the customs1 laws1 and religion of the people whose history they assumed to chronicle1 they invariably attempted to conceal their defective knowledge by ignoring the claims of the ,irish to a distinctive and high order of civilization1 not only before the advent of the ,anglo,normans1 but anterior to the introduction of ,christianity4 ,the want of adaptability of the ,english mind to historical composition1 even in relation to domestic matters1 may account for much of this unfair method of treating those of a subjugated nation4 ,national and1 of late centuries1 sectarian animosity has been1 however1 the leading motive of the ,british historiographers1 with one exception1 for falsifying the records of the past1 no matter to what country they belong4 ,to have acknowledged that ,s4 ,patrick preached the ,gospel to a race possessing considerable social refinement and mental culture2 that1 under ,providence1 an entire people were converted to ,christianity without any material change in their civil polity or disruption of their general domestic relations2 and that1 even in his lifetime1 he had the happiness to see his work completed1 and to feel that he would leave behind him a native priesthood1 whose piety and learning were for ages afterwards to edify and astonish ,europe1 was to concede the glory and the wisdom of the church in introducing and perpetuating the faith of her divine ,founder at that early period of her existence4 ,with the ,irish historians1 who fully admitted this great central fact in the annals of their country1 it was different4 ,they knew the language1 laws1 and habits of their countrymen1 but the circumstances by which they were surrounded rendered it impossible for them to consult freely the original records then existing1 or to compare and collate them with that scrutiny and care with which documents of such antiquity ought to be regarded4 ,thus1 ,dr4 ,keating wrote his work in the recesses of the ,galtee ,mountains1 while hiding from the 8,priesthunters0 of ,james ,i42 and the ,abb ,mc,geoghegan composed his while in ,paris1 a fugitive from ,william of ,orange's penal laws1 where at best he could only consult secondhand authorities4 ,as for ,moore1 though illustrious as a poet1 his knowledge of his native country was of the most meagre and inaccurate description1 and his ignorance of its language and antiquities1 as he subsequently confessed1 is apparent in every page of his book4 ,at the time of the ,norman invasion1 and for two or three centuries afterwards1 the number of ,irish ,,mss4 in ,ireland1 including histories1 annals1 genealogies1 poems1 topographical and otherwise1 historical tales1 and legends1 was immense4 ,many of them1 fortunately1 are still extant1 bearing date from the ,xth1 ,x,ith1 and ,x,i,ith centuries2 but the greater portion are either destroyed or hidden in inaccessible places4 ,as the civil wars progressed1 and the ancient nobility were slaughtered or driven into exile1 the cultivation of native literature gradually ceased1 and consequently many of the most valuable national records were ruined or lost1 so that their titles only remain to us2 while others1 escaping the general spoliation1 became scattered among the libraries of the ,continent1 or found their way into careless or hostile hands4 ,at the present day several are in the ,british ,museum2 the ,bodleian ,library1 ,oxford2 in ,paris and ,brussels2 ,st4 ,gall1 in ,switzerland2 and ,st4 ,isidore's1 in ,rome4 ,one hundred and forty are yet preserved in the library of ,trinity ,college1 ,dublin2 while many of the most valuable are the property of the ,royal ,irish ,academy and of private collectors4 ,the decline of learning in ,ireland1 like so many of her other calamities1 can be dated from the period of the 8,reformation10 as its revival may be said to have been contemporary with the uprising of the people1 which led to the partial emancipation of the ,catholics1 less than half a century ago4 ,then it was that the ,irish1 breathing something like the air of freedom1 began in earnest to gather up the broken threads of their ancient history1 and to demonstrate to the world that1 though long enslaved and silenced1 the spirit of true nationality was as indestructible in their hearts as was the faith for which they had so long and heroically suffered4 ,in #ahbf appeared ,o',conor's translation of the first part of the ,annals of the ,four ,masters2 some years after ,dr4 ,petrie published his masterly work on the ,round ,towers1 and in #ahea ,dr4 ,o',donovan issued the entire ,annals1 the great vertebr of ,irish chronology1 in seven large volumes1 containing more than four thousand pages2 the text in ,irish characters1 the translation and copious1 critical notes in ,english4 ,late in the next year a commission of ,irish scholars was appointed by the government to collect1 transcribe1 translate1 and publish the ,ancient ,laws and ,institutes of ,ireland1 which1 after a great deal of labor and expense1 has now been accomplished4 ,the first volume of this most valuable work appeared under the title of ,senchus ,mor1 in #ahfe1 the second four years later1 and the third1 we learn1 has recently been issued from the press in ,dublin4 ,meanwhile1 the ,celtic and the ,archological ,societies1 separately and combined1 for many years past have been publishing several valuable detached works on ,ireland1 which have attracted much attention in literary circles in ,europe1 and quickened at home the popular desire for productions of a similar character4 ,in #ahfg ,dr4 ,todd's ,wars of the ,gaedhil with the ,gaill1 a translation of all the original documents extant bearing on the wars of the ,danes and other ,norsemen in ,ireland during the two centuries preceding the battle of ,clontarf1 ,a4,d4 #ajad1 was added to the collection of historical records4 ,but the merit of elevating the study of ,irish history to the dignity of a profession belongs to the ,catholic ,university of ,ireland2 thus constituting a claim on the affections of the ,irish people in every clime which will long remain among the foremost of its many distinctions4 ,at its foundation a chair of ,irish ,history and ,archology was established1 and the late ,eugene ,o',curry1 of all men then living the most fitted for the position1 was selected to fill it4 ,in #aheeef ,prof4 ,o',curry delivered before the students a course of twentyone lectures1 afterwards published at the expense of the ,university under the title of ,lectures on the ,,ms4 ,materials of ,ancient ,irish ,history4 ,this work1 including a valuable appendix1 embraces six hundred and sixty pages1 and contains a full and most interesting account of all known documents relating to ,irish history4 ,these lectures were followed by a series ,on the ,manners and ,customs of the ,ancient ,irish1 delivered during the years #ahegfb1 and recently published in two handsome volumes1 with an introduction and explanatory notes by the editor1 ,w4 ,k4 ,sullivan1 in an additional volume of six hundred and fortyfour pages4 ,the value of ,o',curry's last work1 as well as of the very profound introduction by ,prof4 ,sullivan1 can hardly be over estimated4 ,in them are contained a complete1 vivid1 and harmonious series of pictures of the laws1 religion1 territorial and class divisions1 literature1 art1 social habits1 weapons1 dress1 and ornaments of the people of ancient ,ireland from the remotest times to the ,xth or ,x,ith century4 ,the style of ,o',curry in presenting these instructive historical tableaux is clear1 concise1 and sufficiently varied to attract the attention of the least diligent student2 while any of his statements which may appear to savor of an overfondness for the things of antiquity1 or undue reverence for the past1 find an efficient corrective in the critical and exhaustive commentaries of the editor1 who1 in addition to being a distinguished chemist1 is evidently an excellent philologist and ethnologist2 as familiar with the genius of the continental languages and antiquities as he is with those of his own country4 ,with the results of the labor of two such men before him1 the student of ,irish history1 though unacquainted with ,gaelic1 and beyond the reach of the original documents1 has now no excuse for not becoming as familiar with ,gaelic historical and archological lore as with those of the other races of the ,old ,world4 ,he will be rewarded1 also1 in his studies1 by the contemplation of a system of civilization without a parallel in the records of any other nation of which we have a knowledge2 equally removed from the elaborate1 artificial life of the ,greeks and the oligarchical paganism of ,rome1 as it was from the rude barbarism of the ,northmen and the refined sensuality of the ,east4 ,before the commencement of our era the history of the various tribes who are said by tradition to have visited ,ireland as colonists or invaders is1 of course1 obscure1 and can be traced only through the legendtales of the poets and storytellers of more recent but still very remote times4 ,there is no doubt1 however1 that about the middle of the first ,christian century the island was peopled by two distinct and to some extent hostile tribes2 one described as a tall1 red or golden haired1 blueeyed1 and fair complexioned people2 the other dark and small of stature--evidently the subject race4 ,about this time a revolution1 or rather a series of revolts1 by those known by the name of the ,aithech ,tuatha1 or rentpaying tribes 7the ,atticotti of continental writers71 broke out1 and resulted in the temporary success of the servile race and the annihilation of the greater part of the nobility4 ,the aristocracy1 however1 regained their power after some years of violent and varying struggle1 and to prevent the recurrence of such bloody scenes1 as well as to disunite their enemies1 they redistributed them throughout the island1 while at the same time they built a number of duns1 or forts within easy supporting distance of each other1 the better to consolidate their authority and ensure the protection of their families4 ,the leader of the restored nobles was ,tuathal1 8the ,legitimate10 who1 having been declared ,king of ,ireland1 reorganized the government1 founded the ,irish ,pentarchy1 established great national and provincial fairs1 and enacted the greater part1 at least1 of the body of laws known as the ,senchas ,mor4 ,he was in fact the first able soldier1 as well as law giver1 of whom we have any definite and wellauthenticated account in ,gaelic history4 ,as the country at that time1 and for centuries after1 was essentially agricultural1 we naturally find that the laws of ,tuathal and his successors are mainly devoted to agrarian matters2 the divisions1 rights1 and duties of the various classes of occupants of the soil being set forth with a minuteness and exactness rarely to be found in modern codes4 ,politically1 the island was divided into five subordinate kingdoms1 nearly corresponding with the present four provinces1 except that the fifth1 which was called ,meath1 embraced not only that county1 but ,westmeath and a portion of the surrounding territory4 ,here were situated ,tara1 the principal palace of the ,ard,rig1 or supreme monarch1 and the mensal land set apart for his use4 ,sometimes the ,ard,rig was also ,king of ,meath1 but generally1 as in the cases of ,con 8of the ,hundred ,battles10 ,nial1 8of the ,nine ,hostages10 and ,brian1 8,boru10 he was the head of some of the great northern or southern septs4 ,in theory the sovereignty was elective1 and by the law of ,tanistry the king's successor was designated during his lifetime2 but in practice1 when the crown did not descend hereditarily1 it was most frequently the prize of successful warfare4 ,the same may also be said of the provincial kings4 ,there appears to have been no such thing known in that age as a ,salic law for the exclusion of women from a participation in the affairs of government2 for we find numerous instances of kingdoms being swayed and armies led into action by the gentler sex1 notably the celebrated ,meave1 the ,queen of ,connaught1 and the darling heroine of ,irish fiction4 ,the provincial kingdoms were divided into ,mor ,tuaths1 each of which comprised several ,tuaths1 and these again were subdivided into ,bail ,biatachs ,caethramhadhs1 or quarters2 ,seisreachs1 or ploughlands2 and ,bailboes1 or cowlands1 each of the latter containing about sixty acres4 ,according to a poem of the ,v,ith or ,v,i,ith century1 there were in ,ireland at that epoch #ahd ,tuaths2 #e1ebj ,bail ,biatachs2 #bb1jhj ,quarters2 #ff1bdj ,ploughlands2 and #acb1dhj ,ballyboes--equal to about #g1idh1jjj acres4 ,the lowest rank in the nobility was that of ,flath1 or lord of a ,tuath2 the highest in the commons were the ,boaires1 or farmers who1 though they held lands from the ,flath1 were freemen1 entitled to all the rights and privileges of witnesses1 jurors1 bails1 and local courts4 ,next beneath them were the saer and daer ,ceiles1 or free and base tenants4 ,as there were no towns or villages of any importance1 the rules of the agrarian laws were applied to all classes1 and hence skilled workmen1 such as goldsmiths1 blacksmiths1 dyers1 and other mechanics1 were1 equally with the smaller tenant farmers1 called free ,ceiles1 holding by contract from the ,flaths1 and paying in labor or kind a determined equivalent4 ,the base ,ceiles were of two kinds--one who held lands by uncertain tenure1 or as tenants at will2 and the other1 who performed personal service as mercenary soldiers or laborers upon the mensal lands of the lord4 8,though the free ,ceiles were all freemen10 says ,sullivan1 8and consequently possessed some political rights1 it is evident that the extent of those rights differed4 ,in some cases they must have been confined to bearing arms and obtaining a share of the common land4 ,all ,ceiles1 whether free or base1 had certain definite rights in the territory1 such as the right to have a habitation and the usufruct of the land2 but besides these were several other classes1 who possessed either very few rights1 or occupied so low a position in the social scale as to have been practically in a state of complete servitude2 these were the ,bothachs1 ,sencleithes1 and ,fuidirs40 ,the saer or free ,bothachs were simply occupiers of cabins1 and the daer ,bothachs were menials2 while the ,sencleithes included all sorts of poor dependents1 generally the descendants of strangers1 mercenaries1 or prisoners of war4 ,the ,fuidirs1 to whom ,s4 ,patrick in his captivity belonged1 were absolutely serfs attached to the land1 and in some respects the property of the chief4 ,it was only a ,flath1 however1 who was entitled to retain those belonging to the three servile classes2 and where the condition grew out of mutual compact1 it could be ended by either at any time4 ,prisoners of war1 malefactors1 and nonpaying debtors1 similar to peons1 were of course excluded from this privilege4 ,those various classes and subdivisions did not constitute perpetual castes2 on the contrary1 a member of the lowest order1 through lapse of time1 undisturbed possession1 and the accumulation of property1 could ascend1 not only to the highest place in the commons1 but enter the charmed circle of aristocracy itself4 ,it must not be supposed1 however1 that the entire ownership of the soil was vested in the ,mor,flaths1 or great chiefs2 in fact1 they only owned their proper estate and the mensal lands attached to their office1 upon which were employed their ,ceiles and ,fuidirs1 who tilled the farms and paid rent by supplying their masters' tables1 and by other tributes4 ,in like manner the subordinate ,flaths and ,airs held their own proper lands in fee1 paying their superior a tax1 or ,bes,tigi1 in acknowledgment of his authority1 and exacting labor and service in turn from their ,bothachs1 ,sencleithes1 and base ,fuidirs4 ,the remainder of the land belonged to the freemen of the ,tuath in common1 subject only to the dominion of the chief1 though on certain conditions the usufruct could be devised or alienated4 8,in process of time10 says ,sullivan1 8estates were carved out of this public land1 as appanages of offices1 as rewards for public services1 or by lapsing into prescription4 ,the holders of such estates were the ,aires1 and as such were in an especial manner the ,ciles of the ,rig4 ,the king1 with the consent of his council1 might1 however1 grant a portion of it as allodium at once4 ,it is probable that ,magh ,ai1 now the plains of ,boyle1 in ,roscommon1 was public land40 ,around the duns or fortified residences of the chiefs their retainers and menials built their wattled huts for the sake of convenience and protection1 and thus were formed the nuclei of so many towns and villages still marked on the map of ,ireland1 of the names of which ,dun forms a part2 just as in later times the early ,irish ,christians crowded round the churches and monasteries1 and1 thus forming new communities1 took the names of their patrons with the prefix ,kil1 derived from ,cill1 church4 ,another class of subjects1 artisans1 farmers1 and teachers1 were to be found in the neighborhood of the courts of law and permanent places for elections1 who1 forming corporations or guilds1 gradually laid the foundation of boroughs and privileged towns1 under the management of ,brugfers1 or magistrates4 ,there were several degrees of rank among these officials4 ,some1 whose duty was confined to the regulation of copartnerships in farms and the fixing of metes and bounds2 others who held courts in their own houses1 entertained guests1 and presided over the election of the chiefs and their ,tanistes4 ,this class belong to the ,air rank1 and every freeman had the right to vote at the assembly of the ,tuath1 and appear as a witness1 juror1 or bail in court4 ,the ,brughfer of a province held six different courts1 and superintended the choice of the provincial king and his successor4 ,on these occasions the voters were all of the ,flath rank1 and were supposed to represent their clans or ,fins4 ,this term1 though literally meaning a house or family1 was in law used in three different senses3 first1 as applied to all relations by consanguinity to the seventeenth degree1 who were entitled to inherit property1 as well as being liable for fines and mulcts2 secondly1 to the lord and his dependents2 and1 thirdly1 to all the inhabitants of a ,tuath1 no matter of what condition4 ,so1 also1 the word ,cland1 or clan1 which1 in its restricted meaning1 was applied only to the nobles and their immediate families1 was in its territorial application interpreted to signify all the people of the same district1 who usually assumed the surname of the chief1 though no relationship existed between him and them4 ,there is therefore no more reason to suppose that an ,o',brien or a ,murphy of today is descended from the victor of ,clontarf or the traitor of ,ferns1 than that his ancestors were ,fuidirs under either of those kings4 ,in fact1 family names were only generally introduced into ,ireland in the ,x,ith century4 ,with few exceptions1 the punishment of crime under the ancient laws of the country was by fine1 so that jails and penitentiaries were unknown4 ,this fine1 or eric1 was paid by the criminal1 or by his ,fin or clan1 to the party aggrieved or his representative1 and upon failure thereof the culprit was reduced to the condition of a ,fuidir4 ,the servile classes1 who had no goods1 could not1 of course1 be fined or further degraded2 but their lords were compelled to respond in damages1 and in case of injury done to his defenceless tenants the landlord was entitled to compensation4 ,in the ,senchus ,mor1 8every nice offence bears its comment10 according to the enormity of the crime and the rank of plaintiff and defendant2 so1 in one sense at least1 every man in ,erinn may be said to have had his price4 ,the courts in which those erics were levied seemed to have been organized on a very just plan1 and their procedure exhibits marked germs of our present jury system--or trial by a certain number of neighbors and equals4 ,minor causes were tried in the courts of the ,tuaths or ,aires1 but greater ones were determined at the provincial assemblies1 which appear to have exercised both legislative and judicial functions4 ,the absence of cities or stationary places of barter was supplied by the institution of vast provincial fairs1 held at stated times and in central localities4 ,the most famous of these were that of ,tailt in ,meath1 ,ailech in ,derry1 and ,carman at ,wexford4 ,the latter1 which took place in ,august of every third year1 was the most extensive1 as well as the most ancient2 its origin lying far back in the mythical ages1 and its discontinuance dating so late as the ,x,ith century4 ,for some strange reason these great national fairs were invariably held in pagan cemeteries1 and in ante,christian times were always commenced with games and funeral ceremonies1 closing with horseracing1 martial and athletic sports4 ,according to the ancient chronicle1 there were three markets at each fair1 viz43 8,a market for food and clothes2 a market for livestock1 cows and horses1 etc42 a market of foreigners and exiles1 selling gold and silver1 etc4 ,the professors of every art1 both the noble arts and the base arts1 and non professionals1 were there1 selling and exhibiting their compositions and their professional works to kings1 and rewards were given for every work of art that was just or lawful to be sold or exhibited or listened to40 ,the most important business of the assembly1 however1 consisted of the making of new laws and the revision of old ones for the province for the three succeeding years2 and1 as the ,rig and his officers were always in attendance1 the hearing and decision of serious causes on appeal from the inferior courts4 ,in the presence of the sovereign and his court the greatest order and decorum were enjoined1 and whoever was found to disturb the public peace by violence or fraud was summarily condemned to death2 the offence being in some sort adjudged treason1 and not condonable by eric fine4 ,the time not devoted to lawmaking1 trials1 and traffic was occupied in amusement and various sorts of pastimes2 and if the ancient people of ,erinn had as much relish for fun and frolic as their descendants1 we can well imagine what mirth1 sociability and interchange of opinions must have prevailed among such a lighthearted multitude1 whose only opportunity for enjoyment and mutual recognition occurred every third year4 ,an old poem1 8which10 says ,o',curry1 8,i believe to have been contemporary with the last celebration of the feast1 if not of even a more ancient date10 thus enumerates the different classes of persons who attended on such occasions1 and the intellectual wares they brought with them for the delectation of the gathering3 8,trumpets1 ,cruits17#aad7 widemouthed horns1 ,cusigs ,timpanists1 without weariness1 ,poets and petty rhymesters2 8,fenian tales of ,find7#aae7--;an untiring entertainment-- ,destructions1 cattlepreys1 courtships1 ,inscribed tablets and books of trees17#aaf7 ,satires and sharpedged runes2 8,proverbs1 maxims1 royal precepts1 ,and the youthful instruction of ,fithal2 ,occult poetry1 topographical etymologies1 ,the precepts of ,cairpri and of ,cormac2 8,the ,feasts1 and the great ,feast of ,teamar2 ,fairs1 with the fair of ,emania1 ,annals there are verified1 ,every division into which ,erin was divided40 ,the ,feast of ,teamair1 or ,tara1 here alluded to as having constituted one of the subjects of the recitations at ,carman1 was also triennial1 but of a different nature1 and involving much higher occupations than those of the provincial fairs or feasts4 ,it was an assembly of the subordinate kings and the nobles for elective1 legislative1 and judicial purposes2 but1 though nominally held every three years1 was in reality celebrated as often as a new king was to be crowned1 a general public law to be promulgated1 or when some extraordinary occasion demanded the presence of the chiefs and ,rigs before the supreme monarch4 ,again1 many years are known to have elapsed without an assembly or ,feis1 owing to the existence of internal dissensions or foreign invasions4 ,this assembly is said to have owed its origin to ,tuathal the ,legitimate1 and it is certain that it only ceased to be held when ,tara was abandoned as a royal residence in the ,v,i,ith century4 ,the court of the ,ard,rig on such occasions was not only attended by the provincial magnates and1 in pagan times1 by the chief ,druids1 but by their followers1 poets1 doctors1 and historians1 with their respective household guards4 ,it was a knowledge of this custom1 doubtless1 that led ,s4 ,patrick to select the hill of ,tara as the place1 and the assembly of the ,feis as the fitting occasion1 upon which to disclose to the darkened minds of the whole people the splendid truths of ,christianity4 ,the palace and adjoining houses of ancient ,tara1 judging by the extensive traces of their foundations yet remaining1 must have been built on a very large scale2 but as they were constructed entirely of wood1 the buildings proper have long since disappeared4 ,still1 we have accounts1 more or less authentic1 that collectively they were able to afford shelter and accommodation to many thousands of visitors1 and that the barracks alone allowed quarters for twentyfour thousand soldiers4 ,of the style of architecture of the king's house we have no description1 save that it was rectangular1 and that its principal room or hall1 which was used for deliberations as well as for feasts1 was profusely ornamented with carvings in gold1 silver1 and bronze4 ,before the introduction of ,christianity all buildings were of wood1 some square or rectangular1 others oval or round4 ,those of the higher classes were made of solid logs1 but the smaller farmers and laborers dwelt in huts made of interlaced wattles or twigs1 the interstices closed by mortar made with wet earth and straw4 ,stone structures were unknown before ,s4 ,patrick's time2 for1 though lime was used as a wash for the interior and exterior of houses1 its employment as a cement dates from the ,christian ages4 ,hence there are no pagan ruins to be found in the country4 ,the ,round ,towers1 now proven beyond doubt to have been church belfries1 are the most ancient stone memorials existing4 ,it may be also remembered that the ,druids had no such places of worship as temples or covered sanctuaries1 and whatever rites they performed must have been celebrated in the open air4 ,indeed1 our knowledge of those mysterious people and of their equally occult religious system is merely of a negative character2 for1 as ,o',curry says3 8,we only know that they worshipped idols from such examples as that of the idol gods taken into the ,druid's bed1 so as to influence his visions1 as described in ,cormac's ,glossary1 and that of the invocation of the idols in the case of the ,teinm ,laeghdha2 and we know that in certain ceremonies they made use of the yewtree1 the quicken or roantree1 and of the blackthorn1 as in the instance of the ordeal or test of a woman's character by means of fire made of these sacred woods4 ,that the people of ancient ,erinn were idolaters is certain1 for they certainly adored the great idol called ,crom ,cruagh1 in the plain called ,magh ,slecht1 as ,i showed on a former occasion4 ,but it is remarkable that we find no mention of any connection between this idol and the ,druids1 or any other class of priests or special idolservers4 ,we have only the record of the people1 generally1 assembling at times to do honor to the idol creation4 ,as little1 unfortunately1 do we know of the organization of the order of the ,druids1 if they were indeed an order4 ,they certainly were not connected as such with the orders of learned men or profession of teachers1 such as before explained4 ,the ,druids were often1 however1 engaged in teaching1 as has been seen2 and it would appear that kings and chiefs1 as well as learned men1 were also frequently ,druids1 though how or why ,i am not in a position to explain with certainty at present4444 ,i have refrained from suggesting any theory of my own on the subject4 ,this negative conclusion1 nevertheless1 ,i will venture to draw from the whole3 that1 notwithstanding the singularly positive assertions of many of our own as well as of ,english writers upon the subject1 there is no ground whatever for believing the ,druids to have been the priests of any special positive worship2 none whatever for imputing to them human sacrifices2 none whatever for believing that the early people of ,erinn adored the sun1 moon1 or stars1 nor that they worshipped fire2 and still less foundation for the ridiculous inventions of modern times 7inventions of pure ignorance71 concerning honors paid to brown bulls1 red cows1 or any other cows1 or any of the lower animals40 ,next in rank and social importance1 if not the equals or superiors of the ,druids1 were the ,ollamhs1 or doctors1 the ,files1 or poets1 and the ,brehons or judges4 ,in the earliest ages these three classes were all included under the term ,fileadh1 poets1 who not only professed philosophy1 such as it then was1 but recorded history and chronology in verse1 and expounded the laws so preserved1 in the various local courts and tribunals4 ,a tendency1 however1 to mystify and confuse the statutes of ,tuathal and his successors1 led to the expulsion of the children of song from the forum1 while the offices about the sovereign1 when grave matters were to be considered1 fell to the lot of the philosophers4 ,this latter class had also an especial charge of educational matters1 and usually superintended personally the training of the children of the ,rigs and chiefs4 ,the ,ard,rig1 the provincial kings1 and the ,flaths had their own philosophers1 poets1 and judges1 with their special duties assigned them4 ,of the first1 besides making and preserving regular records1 8they were bound by the same laws10 says ,o',curry1 8to make themselves perfect masters of that history in all its details1 and to teach it to the people by public recitals1 as well as to be legal referees upon all subjects in dispute concerning history and the genealogies40 ,no person could be a ,brehon without first becoming an ,ollamh1 and twelve years' study was required for that honor4 ,but the poets1 like their tribe in every land and age1 were the nobly honored and the most privileged of any order in the government4 ,they flattered kings and satirized them with impunity1 charmed the masses with the melody of their songs and the fertility of their imagination2 but1 while they were generally on the side of popular liberty in their verses1 they were always to be found at the tables of the nobles1 where good cheer and rich largesses awaited them4 ,however1 as their poems were the only vehicles through which the history1 traditions1 and even laws of the nation could possibly have been transmitted to us1 we owe them too much to blame their amiable weaknesses4 ,like the teacher1 when the ,file travelled about the country he was accompanied by his pupils1 and every hospitality was shown to him and them1 partly from love of his calling1 and not seldom through dread of his satires4 ,many instances are recorded in popular tales of the dire effects of the poet's wrath1 of which sickness1 loss of property and reputation1 were among the least4 ,in connection with the courts we find two classes of paid advocates1 one the ,ebe1 attorney1 and the other the ,aighne1 or counsellor4 ,when it is remembered that slander and libel were offences severely punished in the ,brehon courts by eric fine1 we can admire the grim humor which discriminated against the attorneys1 who1 as the wise lawgivers of old argued1 being professional libellers of other men1 had no right to exact a fine when their own characters were assailed4 ,the custom of fosterage1 about which so much unfavorable comment has been made by modern illinformed writers1 is fully and clearly explained by ,o',curry1 who classes it as a part of the educational system of the country1 and not1 as some erroneously suppose1 the partial desertion of children by their parents4 ,in ,lecture ,,xvii4 he asserts3 8,we have ample proof that this fosterage was not a mere indiscriminate custom among all classes of the people1 nor in any case one merely confined to the bare physical nurture and rearing of the child1 which in early infancy was committed to the care of a nurse and her husband2 but that the fosterhood was generally that of a whole family or tribe1 and that in very many cases it became a bond of friendship and alliance between two or more tribes1 and even provinces4 ,in those cases the fosterers were not of the common class1 poor people glad to perform their nursing for mere pay1 and whose care extended to physical rearing only4 ,on the contrary1 it is even a question1 and one not easily settled1 whether the term nursing1 in the modern acceptation of the word1 should be applied at all to the old ,gaelic fosterage1 and whether the term pupilage would not be more appropriate4444 ,the old ,gaelic fosterage extended to the training and education1 not only of children up to the age of fourteen1 but sometimes of youths up to that of seventeen years40 ,one of the chief duties of the fosterfather was the military training of the young chieftains4 ,this consisted principally of the management of the horse1 either in pairs for the chariot or singly for riding1 the use of the casting spear and sling1 and the sword exercise4 ,of strategy the ancient ,irish soldiers had no idea1 and very little of tactics2 so that their battles were handtohand combats1 and therefore bloody and generally decisive4 ,their weapons of bronze or iron1 many fine specimens of which we examined years ago in the museum of the ,royal ,irish ,academy1 still exhibit evidences of high finish and excellent temper4 ,we do not find any mention of cavalry in the accounts handed down to us of the various battles fought in the earlier centuries1 and very slight allusions to defensive armor4 ,ornaments of gold and other precious metals1 such as crowns1 collars1 torque rings1 and shieldbosses1 were worn in great profusion and variety1 not only by nobles and generals1 but by ordinary officers2 in fact1 so gorgeous are the poets' descriptions of the decorations of their favorite heroes that we might be inclined to accuse them of gross exaggeration had we not also been shown some magnificent antiques of this description1 in a perfect state of preservation1 by the gentlemen of the academy during several visits made to that depository of ,irish antiquities4 ,some of these valuable decorations are made of native ore1 but by far the greater number were manufactured out of the spoils of war--the plunder wrested from the adjacent islands and the coast of ,france by the numerous expeditions that were fitted out in ,ireland in the three or four centuries preceding ,s4 ,patrick's mission4 ,the dress of the higher classes was1 it seems1 equally magnificent1 and each rank was distinguished1 not only by the peculiar shape of its garments1 but by the number of colors allowed to be worn4 ,thus1 servants had one color2 farmers1 two2 officers1 three2 women1 four2 chiefs1 five2 ollamhs and files1 six2 kings and queens1 seven2 and1 according to the ancient records1 bishops of the ,christian ,church were afterwards allowed to use all these combined4 ,red1 brown1 and crimson1 with their shades and compounds1 were the colors generally used2 green1 yellow1 blue1 and black sometimes1 but not frequently4 ,prof4 ,sullivan1 in that part of his introduction treating of the various dyestuffs used in ancient ,ireland1 takes occasion to dissipate some popular errors with regard to national colors4 ,he says3 8,garments dyed yellow with saffron are constantly spoken of by modern writers as characteristic of the ,irish4 ,there is no evidence1 however1 that saffron was at all known by the ancient ,irish1 and ,lenas or ,inars of a yellow color are only mentioned two or three times in the principal tales4 ,from what has been shown in the ,lectures and in this ,introduction about the color of the ancient ,irish dress1 it will be evident that there was no national as distinguished from clan color for the ,lena2 a saffrondyed one1 if at all used in ancient times1 would be peculiar to a single clan40 ,the ,lena here spoken of was an inner garment which hung down to the knees like a modern kilt1 usually made of linen1 and sometimes interwoven with threads of gold4 ,in addition to this were worn a shirt1 or ,leine2 a cloak 7,brat72 an ,inar1 or jacket2 ,triubhas1 or trowsers2 a ,bor1 or conical hat2 and ,cuarans1 or shoes made of rawhide4 ,the costume of the women differed little from that of the men1 except that they discarded the triubhas1 and wore their lenas and leines longer4 8,they were1 however10 says ,sullivan1 8distinguished from the men by wearing a veil1 which covered the head4 ,this veil was the ,caille1 which formed an essential part of the legal contents of a lady's workbag4 ,in a passage from the laws1 quoted in the ,lectures1 it is called #8a veil of one color'2 as if variegated ones were sometimes used4444 ,the white linen cloth still worn by nuns represents exactly both the ,irish ,caille and the ,german ,hulla40 ,in many other respects1 besides the matter of dress1 women were placed on a footing nearly equal to that of men in those remote times2 and if their liberal and respectful treatment may be considered one of the tests of civilization1 the old ,gaels were in refinement far in advance of any other race in pagan ,europe1 and indeed of many of our own times4 ,we find women not only taking part in public affairs as rulers and generals1 but as ,druidesses1 judges1 poets1 and teachers4 ,at ,tara and the great provincial fairs a separate portion of the grounds was assigned them1 so that they could observe the games and enjoy the amusements without interruption2 while in the homes of the ,rigs and chiefs the best rooms1 and sometimes an entire building1 called ,grianan1 or sunny house1 was exclusively reserved for their use4 ,most of the principal places in the country1 such as the locations of the great fairs and the sites of royal palaces1 were named in their honor1 as well as the mountains and rivers and other objects in nature suggestive of symmetry1 beauty1 and elegance4 ,we also read in the ,senchus ,mor several very minute and stringent laws protecting their rights of person and property1 assigning their dowry before marriage and their separate ownership of property afterwards4 ,they were1 in fact1 to a great extent pecuniarily independent of their husbands2 and though polygamy was tolerated and divorce allowed in pagan times1 they were so hedged in by restrictions and conditions that it is more than probable little advantage was taken of the latitude thus afforded both parties4 ,being almost exclusively an agricultural people1 with very little commerce with the outward world1 the food of the ancient ,irish was confined to the natural productions of the soil1 fleshmeat1 milk1 and fish4 ,wheat1 spelt wheat1 barley1 and oats were produced in abundance1 while cattle were so plentiful and so general an article of traffic that in the absence of coin they formed the currency of the country1 and in them fines were paid and taxes levied4 ,butter1 milk1 and cheese were luxuries1 but vegetables1 such as leeks1 onions1 and watercresses1 were to be found growing in the garden of the lowest ,fuidir4 ,beer1 likewise1 appears to have been the popular drink4 ,imported wine and native mead1 distilled from honey1 were considered the aristocratic beverages of the period4 ,that large quantities of the latter were consumed at the triennial feasts there can be no doubt1 judging from the tales of the poets2 and it was on occasions when it was circling round the board that the ,cruits 7harps71 ,timpans1 or violins1 and ,cruiscach1 or pipes1 the three principal musical instruments of the ,gaels1 came into play4 ,the poets1 too1 were there to sing their songs of love and war1 and the historians to recite the traditions of the tribes of ,erinn4 ,it is not positively known whether the pagan ,irish had a written language or alphabet4 ,o',curry is disposed to believe they had1 while ,sullivan is of opinion that letters and writing were introduced with ,christianity1 and that previous to ,s4 ,patrick's time all teaching in the ancient schools was oral1 and the genealogies and histories were committed to memory and transmitted from father to son4 ,they both1 however1 agree that there was a system of writing known only to the initiated1 now called ,ogham1 which was inscribed on prepared wood1 and engraved on monuments and tombstones1 many of which latter1 though still well preserved1 are illegible to the best antiquarian scholars4 ,the ancient ,gaels1 like their descendants1 had a special reverence for their dead1 and indulged in protracted wakes1 as well as extensive funerals4 ,in pagan days their funeral ceremonies were most elaborate1 but in ,christian times these gave way to the solemn offices of the church4 ,each person was buried according to his rank while living2 the corpse was deposited deep in the ground1 and a cairn or mound of earth and stone was erected over the grave to mark the spot4 ,we have no reason to suppose that they had even the faintest notion of a future life or of the immortality of the soul1 their mythology limiting the supernatural to celebrated ,tuatha da ,danians1 real personages1 who had left the surface to inhabit the bowels of the earth1 and to fairies1 the 8good people0 of the modern peasantry4 ,those1 then1 were the people1 computed to have been about three millions in number in his time1 to whom ,s4 ,patrick preached the ,new ,law1 and whose complete conversion and subsequent undying attachment to ,catholicity have puzzled as well as confounded the enemies of the church4 ,though pagans1 they were neither barbarous nor oversuperstitious1 and their ready appreciation and acceptance of ,god's mysterious and elaborate ,word is the best proof that their hearts were pure and their minds active and comprehensive4 ,robespierre4 ,the father of the great revolutionary demagogue was an advocate at ,arras1 a peaceful citizen1 who had nothing about him in character or manners to suggest that he was to be the parent of the monster known to history as the tigerman4 ,nay1 so little of ferocity was there about the worthy advocate that1 when his wife died1 he nearly went melancholymad for grief1 and in his despair left his native town1 and took to wandering about ,france1 then beyond it to ,germany and ,england1 where he finally died4 ,there are1 it is true1 some illnatured local chronicles extant which pretend that it was not so much grief as debt that drove the disconsolate widower into exile2 and this harsh and unpoetic version is supported by the fact of his having1 by his flight1 abandoned to loneliness and utter destitution the three little children1 two boys and a girl1 whom the wife he so bitterly lamented had left to his paternal care4 ,maximilien ,marie ,isidore1 the eldest of the three1 was born on the #fth of ,april1 #agfj4 ,the solitary position and the poverty of the deserted children attracted the compassion of some kind persons of the town1 and notably that of the cur of the parish1 who sent ,maximilien to school1 where soon1 by dint of hard work and intelligence1 the boy shot ahead of all his class fellows1 and justified the predictions of friends that he would make a name for himself in whatever trade or calling he embraced4 ,the ,bishop of ,arras1 ,mgr4 de ,conzi1 was also interested in the little fellow2 his industry and desolate poverty making a claim on the prelate's paternal notice4 ,he used his influence with the abbot of the famous ,abbey of ,waast to grant ,maximilien one of the abbatial bourses at the ,college of ,louis le ,grand1 in ,paris4 ,the very first steps in life of the future persecutor of priests and religion were thus guided by the hand of the church1 his poverty enriched1 his orphanhood fathered1 by her charity4 ,the ,abb ,proyart1 then president of ,louis le ,grand1 continued to the poor provincial student the fostering kindness of those worthy ecclesiastics who had placed him under his charge4 ,maximilien was also at this time largely assisted and most kindly befriended by the ,abb de la ,roche1 a canon of ,notre ,dame1 who1 all through the period of the young man's studies in ,paris1 kept watch over him1 and showed him the most sincere and delicate affection4 ,when at the age of nineteen1 ,maximilien left the college1 the ,abb de la ,roche used his influence to secure the vacant bourse for the younger brother1 ,augustin ,robespierre1 and succeeded4 ,maximilien was called to the bar very soon after leaving ,paris1 and began at once to excite attention by his talent as a speaker4 ,the first mention we find of his forensic success is in #aghc1 when he was engaged in a case against the corporation of ,st4 ,omer1 a small town near ,arras1 in behalf of a gentleman who had erected a lightningconductor on his house1 and been prosecuted on account of it1 and condemned by the corporation4 ,he appealed to the higher court of ,arras4 ,robespierre pleaded his cause1 and won a triumphant reversal of the first verdict4 ,we find a note of this incident in the ,memoires de ,bachaumont3 8,the cause about the paratonnerre has been before our court three days1 and has been pleaded by ,m4 de ,robespierre1 a young lawyer of extraordinary merit2 he has displayed in this affair--which was1 in fact1 the cause of art and science against prejudice--a degree of eloquence and sagacity that gives the highest idea of his talents4 ,he had a complete triumph2 on the #cast day of ,may the court reversed the sentence1 and permitted ,m4 de ,boisvale to reerect his paratonnerre40 ,robespierre was just threeandtwenty at this date4 ,he is styled de ,robespierre by the writer1 and had assumed the particule noble at a much earlier date2 he is entered at college with it1 and at the bar1 and was elected to the ,states,general as de ,robespierre4 ,the pretentious prefix cost him dear1 as we shall see2 it afforded a poisoned shaft to ,camille ,desmoulins long after the ,regenerator of the people had erased the feudal particle from his signature4 ,but these were sunny days1 when he might use it with impunity1 and even to some advantage4 ,the young advocate was courted and admired1 and made welcome in clubs and drawing rooms2 he wrote essays and won prizes from learned societies1 thus establishing a literary as well as legal reputation4 ,he even aspired to be a poet1 and addressed sonnets to ladies of fashion at ,arras1 which gained him the smiles of the ,ariadnes and ,arachnes that he sang to1 and caused him to be rallied as a squire of dames4 ,this time of merry dalliance1 however1 soon came to an end1 and graver ambitions began to open out before ,robespierre4 ,he was elected member of the ,states,general4 ,m4 ,dumont1 the distinguished journalist1 gives a lively description of the figure made by the 8avocat1 de ,robespierre10 in one of the earliest sittings of that ,assembly3 8,the clergy1 for the purpose of surprising the ,tiers ,etat into a union of the orders1 sent a deputation to invite the ,tiers to a conference on the distresses of the poor4 ,the ,tiers saw through the design1 and1 not willing to acknowledge the clergy as a separate body1 yet afraid to reject so charitable and popular a proposition1 knew not what answer to make1 when one of the deputies1 after concurring in the description of the miseries of the people1 rose and addressed the ecclesiastical deputation3 #8,go tell your colleagues that1 if they are so anxious to relieve the people1 they should hasten to unite themselves in this hall with the friends of the people4 ,tell them no longer to retard our proceedings and the public good by contumacious delays1 or to try to carry their point by such stratagems as this4 ,rather let them1 as ministers of religion1 as worthy servants of their ,master1 renounce the splendor which surrounds them1 the luxury which insults the poor4 ,dismiss those insolent lackeys who attend you2 sell your gaudy equipages1 and convert those odious superfluities into food for the poor4' ,at this speech1 which interpreted so well the passions of the moment1 there arose1 not applause--that would have appeared like a bravado--but a confused murmur of approbation much more flattering4 ,every one asked who was the speaker4 ,he was not known1 but in a few minutes his name passed from mouth to mouth2 it was one which afterwards made all ,france tremble--it was ,robespierre60 ,one is at a loss which to admire most in this brilliant sortie1 the skill and power of the speaker in playing on the passions of his hearers1 or the dastardly ingratitude which led him to use the eloquence he owed in so large a measure to the clergy for the purpose of stigmatizing his best benefactors4 ,the first time ,robespierre's voice was raised in the tribune it was to vituperate the men to whom he owed his education1 almost1 it may be said1 his existence4 ,the reward of this treachery was not delayed2 he electrified his audience1 and henceforth became known to fame1 though not yet to infamy4 ,it is only just to ,robespierre to admit that when he entered on his public life1 his character was unstained by any of the vices which it developed later2 he was in private life held to be virtuous1 and suspected of no vice beyond the honorable one of ambition4 ,probably he would have lived and died amongst his fellowcitizens without earning a worse reputation than the rest of them1 if this latent ambition had not led him to seek to rise above them1 and if his ability had not seconded the aspiration4 ,even in his demagogic career he kept his reputation for integrity1 and gained the surname of the ,incorruptible4 ,incorruptible by money he certainly was1 while the instinct of either cowardice or sagacity induced him to disavow all personal ambition4 ,power was what he thirsted for2 wealth and pageant he despised4 ,these principles1 aided by his fiery talent as any orator and his shrewd knowledge of the times1 soon lifted him above all competitors1 and made him a kind of uncrowned monarch long before he became so in reality as dictator of the republic4 ,it is interesting to note the various decrees he passed while reigning in the ,national ,assembly4 ,one of the first was the turning of the ,church of ,s4 ,genevive into a ,pantheon for the ashes of great men1 and the inauguration of the paganized ,christian temple by the entombing of ,mirabeau's remains there4 ,then we see him ardent in endeavoring to carry the abolition of capital punishment--an instance of that strange paradox so common to ,frenchmen1 who shrink with morbid sentimentality from inflicting death on the vilest malefactor by the hand of justice1 while so ready to shed the blood of innocent men without remorse1 nay1 with exultation1 the moment their passions are roused4 ,the flight of the royal family to ,varennes wrought a sudden and decisive change in the state of public affairs4 ,robespierre was just then at the summit of his reputation as an orator1 admired as the most prominent figure in ,mme4 ,roland's coterie1 which numbered all the cleverest men of the new school1 though the gifted and illstarred centre of the group seems1 even in the days of their closest friendship1 to have resented ,robespierre's stubborn independence1 which contrasted disagreeably with the unqualified adulation of his fellowdevotees4 ,the abortive attempt of the unfortunate ,louis to fly from a position which had become unbearable had set the match to the train which ,robespierre and his ,jacobin faction had so long been preparing4 ,the question1 hitherto whispered in ambiguous words1 was now spoken boldly aloud3 ,what was to be done with the king8 ,lafayette was for keeping him a prisoner in the ,tuileries1 he1 meanwhile1 acting as a sort of military viceroy2 the ,orleanist faction had another solution to offer2 the ,jacobins and the ,girondists another4 ,there was a stormy sitting at the ,assembly4 ,brissot proposed that the people should like one man rally round the republican flag1 and sign a petition for the abolition of the king4 ,there arose in answer to this daring proposition a tempest of applause1 terror1 anger1 and loyal indignation4 ,the ,assembly rejected it1 and voted for maintaining the king4 ,robespierre rushed out of the hall1 tearing his hair and crying out1 8,my friends1 we are lost6 ,the king is saved60 ,this was on the #aeth of ,july4 ,a meeting had been already called of the ,jacobin ,club for the #agth on the ,champs de ,mars for the purpose of expressing the national will4 ,the club1 on hearing the vote of the ,assembly1 kept up a farce of respect by issuing a counterorder4 ,but the sovereign people were hampered by no such mock scruples2 they1 in the person of ,brissot1 drew up a fresh petition1 and invited all classes of their fellowcitizens to attend at the appointed day on the ,champs de ,mars1 where the altar of fatherland would be erected1 and where all patriots could sign the petition towards the freedom of the country4 ,a tragicomic incident marked the proceedings at an early hour4 ,two men were found hid under the 8altar10 and detected in the act of boring a hole in it with a gimlet2 they were forthwith dragged out and massacred on the spot1 though the only evidence of guilt brought against them at the time1 or afterwards1 was that one of them had a wooden leg1 and the other a basket of provisions4 ,the mob were like dry powder that only wanted a spark to make it ignite1 destroying and self destructive4 ,the wildest inferences were drawn from the discovery of the two unlucky eavesdroppers3 they were laying a mine to blow up the patriots assembled round the altar of fatherland2 the absence of all appliances for this terrible purpose proved nothing2 some cried out that they were spies in the king's pay2 others that they were secreted there as dupes to be murdered by ,lafayette's creatures as a pretext for beginning the massacres that followed4 ,we even find ,mme4 ,roland repeating some absurd notions of this kind2 but nothing is too monstrous or too preposterous for prejudice to swallow4 ,however1 let the motives of the two men have been what they may1 their murder was undoubtedly the signal for that onslaught of the troops which completely destroyed ,lafayette's tottering popularity1 and compelled him to leave ,paris for a command on the frontier4 ,the real odium of the unpremeditated bloodshedding fell1 like every mistake of the time1 on the king4 ,on the #eth of ,february1 #agib1 ,robespierre was named ,public ,accuser1 and from this event dates the explosion of personal rivalry between him and ,brissot4 ,he never could forgive the latter having been chosen to draw up that famous petition of the ,champs de ,mars1 and for keeping the ascendency which this fact gave him in the ,assembly and in the ,jacobin ,club4 ,but ,robespierre did not long retain the subordinate position of ,public ,accuser2 he hated the bondage of having to attend at fixed hours1 and some months after his nomination he resigned and started a newspaper called the ,dfenseur4 ,blood and terror were henceforth the watchwords of the journalistpatriot4 ,he effected a sham reconciliation with ,brissot and all other enemies1 and the ,judas kiss of hate and treachery went round4 ,roland was named minister at this crisis2 a clever and honest man1 moderate1 and1 above all1 the husband of ,mme4 ,roland1 his nomination was hailed with joy by all4 ,robespierre alone was furious at seeing the mediocre provincial farmer placed over his head4 ,his jealous vengeance against ,mme4 ,roland dated from this elevation of her husband4 ,the success of his journal consoled him1 meanwhile1 for the delay of larger triumphs1 while it procured him competence and independence1 which were all he required4 ,he lodged with a man named ,duplay1 a carpenter1 who had a wife and two daughters4 ,one of the latter became branded in connection with the name of her father's tenant4 ,robespierre vindicated his surname of ,incorruptible all through the period of his popular power1 inasmuch as he was inaccessible to the temptation of money or any of the softer bribes which sometimes beguile hard1 ambitious men into acts of mercy or passing tenderness4 ,in ,august1 #agib1 he suspended his labors as a journalist1 and henceforth devoted his undivided energies and his whole time to the political events which were thickening around him4 ,the last number of the ,dfenseur contains an inflammatory appeal which is too significant of the man and the times to be omitted4 ,it was decided that a convention should be elected to choose a new form of national government4 ,the issue depended almost entirely on the character and principles of the members who should compose it4 ,robespierre determined at any and every cost to be one of the elected4 ,it was his supreme opportunity2 if he missed it1 his career as a popular leader was broken1 and he must sink back into the ranks of obscure mediocrities who had shot up from the mass of agitators like rockets1 burning bright and fierce for a moment1 and then subsiding in darkness4 ,he had that instinct of genius which enables a man to read the temper of his time1 and to this sanguinary temper he passionately addressed himself in the closing number of his paper3 8,you must prepare the success of this convention by the regeneration of the spirit of the people4 ,let us awake--all1 all arise1 all arm1 and the enemies of liberty will hide themselves in darkness4 ,let the tocsin of ,paris be reechoed in all the departments4 ,let the people learn at once to reason and to fight4 ,you are now at war with all your oppressors1 and you will have no peace till you have punished them4 ,far be from you that pusillanimous weakness or that cowardly indulgence which the tyrants so long satiated with the blood of the people now invoke when their own hour is come6 ,impunity has produced all their crimes and all your sufferings4 ,let them fall under the sword of the law4 ,clemency towards them would be real barbarity--an outrage on injured humanity40 ,this manifesto revealed the true aim and policy of ,robespierre1 and just gave the touch that was necessary to set the wheel revolving4 ,danton cried amen to it1 and all the faction shouted amen in chorus4 8,we must dare1 and dare again1 and dare to the bitter end60 said ,danton1 and the word acted like a trumpetcall to the bloodhounds of the revolution4 ,the prisons of ,paris were at this moment gorged with aristocrats awaiting their trial4 ,the people shouted1 ,try them6 ,the tocsin sounded1 the prisondoors were surrounded4 ,mock courts of justice were set up in the courtyards4 ,quickly1 one by one1 the prisoners are called out1 questions are rapidly put and answered2 the jury decides3 8,let the prisoner be enlarged60 ,the gendarmes seize him2 they open the gate and 8enlarge0 him4 ,he falls forward on a mass of glittering pikes and bayonets1 and dies1 cut to pieces4 ,soon the number of the butchered is so great that the amateur executioners have to pause and clear the space by piling up the corpses to one side before they resume their work4 ,every prison presents the same scene4 ,at ,la ,force a remnant of the ,swiss ,guard is called out4 8,they clasp each other spasmodically1 gray veterans crying1 #8,mercy1 gentlemen1 mercy6' ,but there is no mercy6 ,they prepare to die like brave men4 ,one of them steps forward4 ,he had on a blue frockcoat4 ,he was about thirty4 ,his stature was above the common1 his look noble and martial4 #8,i go first1' he said1 #8since it must be so4 ,adieu6' ,then1 dashing his hat behind him1 #8,which way8' cried he to the brigands4 #8,show it me4' ,they open the folding gate4 ,he is announced to the multitude4 ,he stands a moment motionless1 then plunges forth among the pikes1 and dies of a thousand wounds407#aag7 ,the fair and saintly ,princesse de ,lamballe fell1 butchered by the same pikes2 her head paraded through the streets1 her remains profaned by the most unheardof indignities4 ,as it always happens in these storms of human souls1 there were tones of a divine harmony to be heard striking through the hideous din4 ,old ,m4 de ,sombreuil is dragged out to die4 ,his daughter1 a tender girl in the first blush of maidenhood1 rushes out1 fearless and bold1 clinging to him1 and appeals to the tigers about to shed his blood3 8,o good friends6 he is my father6 ,he is no aristocrat6 ,we hate aristocrats2 tell me how ,i can prove it to you80 ,they fill a bowl full of the hot blood of an aristocrat just slain1 and present it to her1 saying3 8,drink this1 and we will believe thee and spare thy father40 ,she drinks the loathsome draught1 and clasps her father amidst the ,vivats of the mob4 ,alas6 it was only a respite that the brave deed had gained for the beloved old man4 ,he died by those same bloodstained hands before the year was out4 ,at the abbey a picture of rest and calm is to be seen3 8,towards seven on ,sunday night1 we saw two men enter1 their hands bloody1 and armed with sabres4 ,a turnkey with a torch lighted them2 he points to the bed of the unfortunate ,swiss1 ,reding4 ,reding was dying4 ,one of the men paused2 but the other said3 ,allons donc6 7come along67 and lifted the dying man1 and carried him on his back out to the street4 ,he was massacred there4 ,we looked at one another in silence2 we clasped each other's hands2 we gazed on the pavement of our prison1 on which lay the moonlight1 checkered with shadows4444 ,at three in the morning we heard them breaking in one of the prisondoors4 ,we thought they were coming to kill us4444 ,the ,abb ,lenfant and the ,abb de ,chapt,rastignac appeared in the pulpit of the chapel1 which was our prison4 ,they had got in by a door from the stairs4 ,they said to us that our end was at hand2 that we must compose ourselves and receive their last blessing4 ,an electric movement1 not to be described1 threw us all on our knees1 and we received it4 ,these two whitehaired old men blessing us from their place above1 death hovering over our heads--the moment is never to be forgotten407#aah7 ,half an hour later the two priests were dragged out and massacred1 those whom they had strengthened with their last words to meet a like fate listening to their cries4 ,the massacres began on the #b;d and lasted till the #fth1 when ,robespierre and ,danton were elected to that legislative body called the ,deputation of ,paris1 composed of twentyfour members1 the first name on the list being ,robespierre1 the last ,philippe ,egalit4 ,it was on this occasion that the future regicide adopted the surname of ,egalit1 he being compelled to choose some appellation not obnoxious to the people4 ,the great struggle now began between the ,jacobins and the ,girondists1 or virtually between the leaders of the two factions1 the old rivals1 ,robespierre and ,brissot4 ,all the ultrarepublicans1 who were represented by the ,deputation of ,paris1 grouped themselves on the top benches of the convention to the left of the president1 and were called the ,mountain--a name henceforth identified with its prophet1 ,robespierre4 ,the question still was1 ,what was to be done with the king8 ,the ,jacobins were for killing him1 the ,girondists for putting him aside4 ,the wretched weakness1 vacillation1 and cowardliness of the ,girondists make them objects of contempt1 without exciting in us the kind of horrified awe inspired by the monstrous feats of those ,titanic fiends1 the ,jacobins4 ,by what fatality is it in ,france that the honestmeaning party is always the cowardly one that dares not assert itself1 but bows down1 cowed by the cynical audacity of the anarchists8 ,the ,girondists might have turned the scales1 even at this crisis1 if they had had the courage of their consciences2 but they were cowards4 ,their policy was to run with the hare and cry with the hounds1 and it met with the fate it deserved4 ,but we must not anticipate4 ,the ,mountain1 on the other hand1 did not lack the courage of its creed2 it outheroded ,herod in its fury against the king and all appertaining to the old order which he represented4 ,roman history was its ,bible1 and the examples there recorded were for ever on its lips4 ,all citizens were heroes1 ,cincinnatuses1 ,catos1 ,ciceros1 etc42 all sovereigns were ,neros and ,caligulas4 ,the ,girondists turned these fine texts against their rivals by accusing them of plotting to set up a triumvirate1 to be composed of ,robespierre1 ,marat1 and ,danton4 ,this was only three weeks after the orgy of blood which ushered in the reign of ,robespierre and of ,terror4 ,danton mounted the tribune1 and made an eloquent defence of ,robespierre1 who never spoke impromptu when he could avoid it4 ,marat then rose--for the first time in the convention--and was hooted down2 but he persisted1 and made them listen while he exposed his revolting doctrines of wholesale murder and anarchical rule4 ,so the days passed1 in boisterous invective1 idle perorations1 and savage threats of one party against another4 ,the ,girondists1 however1 were worsted in the fight1 and the strength of the position remained with ,robespierre and his more bloody and unscrupulous faction1 who had from the starting traced out his plan1 and adhered to it without flinching4 ,the king was foredoomed to the scaffold1 but some semblance of legality should accompany the decree4 ,so strong was the ,jacobin influence at this crisis that those who did not share the murderous design were terrified into seeming to do so1 and1 while looking with horror at the regicide in preparation1 were cowed into silent acquiescence4 ,m4 ,thiers1 in his ,history of the ,revolution1 says3 8,many of the deputies who had come down with the intention of voting for the king were frightened at the fury of the people1 and1 though much touched by the fate of ,louis ,,xvi41 they were terrified at the consequences of an acquittal4 ,this fear was greatly increased at the sight of the ,assembly and of the scene it presented4 ,that scene1 dark and terrible1 had shaken the hearts of all1 and changed the resolution of ,lecointre of ,versailles1 whose personal bravery cannot be doubted1 and who had not ceased to return to the galleries the menacing gestures with which they were intimidating the ,assembly4 ,even he1 when it came to the point1 hesitated1 and dropped from his mouth the terrible and unexpected word1 #8death4' ,vergniaud1 who had appeared most deeply touched by the fate of the king1 and who had declared that #8nothing could ever induce him to condemn the unhappy prince'--,vergniaud1 at the sight of that tumultuous scene1 pronounced the sentence of death40 ,it must truly have been an appalling spectacle1 the like of which the civilized world had never before beheld4 ,mercier1 in his ,sketches of the ,revolution1 gives us an animated and glowing picture of the court during the trial3 8,the famous sitting which decided the fate of ,louis lasted seventytwo hours4 ,one would naturally suppose that the ,assembly was a scene of meditation1 silence1 and a sort of religious terror4 ,not at all4 ,the end of the hall was transformed into a kind of operabox1 where ladies in nglige were eating ices and oranges1 drinking liqueurs1 and receiving the compliments and salutations of comers and goers4 ,the huissiers 7bailiffs7 on the side of the ,mountain acted the part of the openers of the operaboxes4 ,they were employed every instant in turning the key in the doors of the side galleries1 and gallantly escorting the mistresses of the ,duke of ,orleans1 caparisoned with tricolored ribbons4 ,although every mark of applause or disapprobation was forbidden1 nevertheless1 on the side of the ,mountain1 the ,duchess ,dowager17#aai7 the amazon of the ,jacobin bands1 made long #8haahas6' when she heard the word #8death' strongly twang in her ears4 8,the lofty galleries1 destined for the people during the days which preceded this famous trial1 were never empty of strangers and people of every class1 who there drank wine and brandy as if it had been a tavern4 ,bets were open at all the neighboring coffeehouses4 ,listlessness1 impatience1 fatigue1 were marked on almost every countenance4 ,each deputy mounted the tribune in his turn1 and every one was asking when his turn came4 ,some deputy came1 ,i know not who1 sick1 and in his morninggown and nightcap4 ,this phantom caused a great deal of diversion in the ,assembly4 ,the countenances of those who went to the tribune1 rendered more funereal from the pale gleams of the lights1 when in a slow and sepulchral voice they pronounced the word #8death6'--all these physiognomies which succeeded one another1 their tones1 their different keys2 d',orleans hissing and groaning when he voted the death of his relative2 some calculating if they should have time to dine before they gave their vote2 women with pins pricking cards to count the votes2 deputies who had fallen asleep and were waked up in order to vote2 ,manuel1 the secretary1 sliding away a few votes1 in order to save the unhappy king1 and on the point of being put to death in the corridors for his infidelity--these sights can never be described as they passed4 ,it is impossible to picture what they were1 nor will history be able to reach them40 ,amongst the timid ,girondists who dared not vote for acquittal1 and shrank from decreeing the king to death1 many hit upon a halfmeasure1 which was that of coupling their vote--for death with conditions that practically negatived it4 ,this cowardly transaction is said to have given rise to some trickery in the counting of the votes1 which enabled the scrutineers to make the majority of one voice by which the sentence of death was carried4 ,it was this sham proceeding which prompted ,siyes to say when recording his vote1 8,death--without palaver60 ,robespierre's figure stands out with vivid and terrible brilliancy against the background of this picture4 ,he dismissed the question of the king's innocence or guilt--that had1 he knew right well1 nothing whatever to do with the issue--and proceeded to demand his death on the grounds of urgent political expediency4 8,the death of the king was not a question of law1 but of state policy1 which1 without quibbling about his guilt or innocence1 required his death2 the life of one man1 if ever so innocent1 must be sacrificed to preserve the lives of millions40 ,there was honesty at any rate in this plain speaking1 and so it was better than the odious hypocrisy displayed by the other actors in the tragic farce4 ,on ,robespierre's descending from the tribune1 his brother ,augustin1 rose and demanded in the name of the people 8that ,louis ,capet shall be brought to the bar1 to declare his original accomplices1 to hear sentence of death pronounced on him1 and to be forthwith conducted to execution40 ,wild confusion covered this extravagant motion1 but no notice was taken of it4 ,the #bast of ,january was near at hand2 even the ,mountain could afford to wait so long4 ,on the #ajth of ,march1 the ,revolutionary ,tribunal was decreed4 ,a month later there broke out a violent altercation between ,robespierre and some of the ,girondists in the ,convention2 numbers clamored for the 8expulsion of the twentytwo0 obstreperous ,girondists2 they were arraigned before the bar where the king whom they so basely betrayed had lately stood2 the trial lasted four days2 even that tribunal1 used to dispense with all proof of guilt in its victims1 could not decide on condemning twentytwo men at one fell swoop without some shadow of reason1 and there was none to be found4 ,but ,robespierre was not going to lose his opportunity for a quibble2 impatient of the delay1 he drew up a decree that 8whenever any trial should have lasted three days1 the tribunal might declare itself satisfied with the guilt of the prisoners1 might stop the defence1 close the discussions1 and send the accused to death60 ,this abominable document was read and inscribed on the register of the tribunal the same evening1 the ,girondists were at once condemned1 and sent to the scaffold next morning4 ,to ,be ,concluded ,next ,month4 ,the ,better ,christmas4 8',tis not the feast that changes with the everchanging times1 ,but these that lightly vote away the glories of the past-- ,the joys that dreamlike haunt me with the merry matin chimes ,i loved so in my boyhood1 and shall doat on to the last4 8,there still is much of laughter1 and a measure of old cheer3 ,the ivy wreaths1 if scanty1 are as verdant as of yore3 ,and still the same kind greeting for the universal ear3 ,but1 to me1 for all their wishing1 'tis a #8merry' feast no more60 ,i said3 and came an answer from the stars to which ,i sighed-- ,those stars that lit the vigil of the favor'd shepherd band4 ,and 'twas as if again the heavens open'd deep and wide1 ,and the carol of the angelchoir newflooded all the land 8,good tidings still we bring to all who still have ears to hear2 ,to all who love ,his coming--the elect that cannot cease2 ,and louder rings our anthem1 to these watchers1 year by year1 ,its earnest of the perfect joy--the everlasting peace4 8,art thou1 then1 of these watchers1 if thou canst not read the sign8 ,the world was at its darkest when the blessed ,daystar7#abj7 shone4 ,again 'tis blacker to her beam3 and thou must needs repine1 ,and sicken1 so near sunrise1 for the moonlight that is gone60 ,english ,and ,scotch ,scenes4 ,the home life of ,england has ever been a favorite topic with ,american writers4 ,the first thing that strikes an ,american travelling through ,england is the age of everything he sees1 the roots by which every existing institution1 custom1 or pleasure is intimately connected with its real1 tangible prototype in the past4 ,he sees1 too1 how the people live a thoroughly characteristic life--that which consists in identification with everything that is national4 ,no one is so unadaptive as the purebred ,briton1 and it has truly been said that an ,englishman carries his country with him wherever he goes4 ,you never see an ,englishman to advantage except at home2 but1 once enthroned amid his local surroundings1 there is a sturdy native dignity in him which none can help admiring4 ,he is no politician in the mercenary1 personal1 businesslike sense of the word1 but he takes a pride in following the course of his country's progress1 in bearing a hand in all reforms1 in exercising his right of censure--or1 as some foreigners plainly call it1 8grumbling0--and especially in watching closely over the wellbeing of his own county and neighborhood4 ,by this minute division of labor every county becomes1 as it were1 a selfgoverned little nation1 jealous and tenacious of its rights1 keenly alive to its interests1 intensely vigorous1 and occasionally aggressive4 ,political and social life are closely intermingled1 and personal disinterestedness is almost everywhere the rule4 ,the varied traditions of different neighborhoods and the strong individuality shown by the different sections of the country1 contribute a picturesque element to modern life1 and often make the most inherently prosaic actions take on a mask of romance4 ,elections to ,parliament afford a multiplicity of such scenes1 and form one of the greatest periodical excitements that stir up country towns4 ,the candidate is generally one of the sons of some family well known in the county1 or sometimes the chief proprietor of the neighborhood1 if he be still under fifty4 ,the county constituencies almost always return a member of this class2 the commercial representatives come from the great manufacturing towns1 where they have slowly toiled to make their fortunes1 and risen1 by earnest application to business1 from the rank of a vestryman to that of lord mayor4 ,the country town in which the hustings and pollingbooths are erected is as animated as it would have been at a great fair of the middle ages or an extraordinary sale of wool1 which in ,gloucestershire1 ,warwickshire1 and ,worcestershire was a great article of trade in the ,x,i,vth century4 ,everything in the shape of bunting1 evergreens1 allegorical pictures1 flaming posters1 and unlimited ale has been done by both sides to enhance their popularity with the electors and nonelectors4 ,indeed1 the latter are quite as important as the former1 for from their ranks are recruited the bands of music and the array of stalwart supporters1 ready to fight1 if required1 and to shout at the top of their lungs1 so as to bewilder the voters and claim or surprise their votes4 ,the canvassing that goes before an ,english election is neither a pleasant nor a creditable thing to dwell on2 when subjected to the analysis of uncompromising morality1 it resolves itself into deliberate and organized 8humbug02 for it includes every species of flattery under the sun1 not to speak of direct bribery4 ,very funny incidents sometimes occur to break the monotony of the usual routine4 ,for instance1 in canvassing a large seaport town1 the ,liberal candidate bethinks himself of his yacht--a gem in every way--and organizes a large party1 to which are invited the voting citizens and their wives and daughters4 ,a splendid luncheon is provided1 and each dame and damsel goes home with the conviction that her smiles have won the heart of the candidate1 and that he has sworn them by a tacit but flattering contract to further his claims with their allpowerful husbands and fathers4 8,honi soit qui mal y pense40 ,the latter are as proud of the expectant ,m4,p4's notice of the female members of their households as the ladies themselves1 and the issue is trembling in the balance1 when an announcement goes forth that the ,conservative candidate has had his drag and four horses sent down from ,london1 and proposes parading the young ladies and the more fearless married women on the roof of this ultrafashionable vehicle4 ,the invitations are of course more limited than those for the yacht1 but promises of repeating them1 until all the free electors' families have been included1 cheer up the spirits of those not asked the first day4 ,the ,liberal pits his yacht against his rival's drag1 and invites the maids and matrons to another sail4 ,apparently1 ,neptune does not intend to vote for him1 for a slight breeze arises1 and the waves roll more than landsmen find pleasant4 ,the cabin fills rapidly1 and faces once rosy and saucy1 turn pale and shrunken2 the return against wind and tide is a wretched journey4 ,the poor candidate1 in despair1 tries to become nurse and doctor1 as well as consoler2 but he1 too1 feels his cheeks blanch1 not at the lurching of the vessel1 but at the fear of the effect of this accident upon the votes which he was already reckoning up so confidently4 ,as the forlorn party lands1 the drag sweeps by1 drawn by its four fiery horses1 the whip cracking1 the smart grooms grinning at the windows 7in these carriages1 made like a mailcoach1 the servants sit inside and the master drives1 while his guests are packed on the outside seats at the top71 the women huddling under cloaks and umbrellas1 but all giggling with delight at the adventure1 neither damped nor dismayed by water that cannot drown them1 and wind that cannot make them seasick4 ,the next day those who have recovered from their marine excursion are invited to try the drag1 and the ,liberal candidate's chances fall as visibly as the barometer did yesterday4 ,when the great day comes1 the drag has done its work1 and the ,conservative is returned by a triumphant majority4 ,to return to our country town in its holiday attire4 ,no great arts are resorted to here2 the common kind of canvassing will do for these quiet1 agricultural people1 and the only day that is worth mentioning is that of the election itself4 ,the festive look of the place does not portend any very desperate contest1 although there is a free display of the two opposite colors--blue 7,conservative7 and yellow 7,liberal74 ,the rivals come down from their neighboring seats in gay carriages full of the ladies of their families1 wearing their respective colors4 ,the horses and postilions wear bunches of blue or yellow ribbon2 even the whip has its conspicuous knot of color4 ,brass bands clash forth a whole host of discords2 the hired partisans goodhumoredly shout for one or the other party2 an air of great goodwill prevails4 ,the whole thing looks more like the welcoming home of a bride than a serious political gathering4 ,the candidates ascend the hustings1 or platform for speeches1 and cordially shake hands with one another4 ,they think it fun to be opposed to each other in public1 whereas in private they are friends1 companions1 and neighbors2 they have had the same training1 the same education1 the same associations1 the same local interests1 and the question that will decide their election will more likely be their reputation as farmers and their popularity as landlords than their political opinions as to the affairs of the nation at large4 ,talking of bribery and undue influence in elections1 there is a law yet in force 7though1 of course1 its effect is merely nominal7 which forbids any peer to be present at an election4 ,his presence is1 by a legal fiction1 supposed to hamper the freedom of the voters1 and the law thus provides against the appearance of coercion or intimidation4 ,the candidates for the counties are almost invariably the sons1 brothers1 or nephews of peers2 but1 however near the relationship1 no member of the ,house of ,lords is allowed to infringe on this rule4 ,a contested election1 one in which party spirit runs high and the passions of the people are artfully fanned and excited on both sides1 is a scene worth witnessing once2 but the excitement is of too rough a sort to make one wish for a second edition of it4 ,a foreigner once said that the two best sights which ,england had to offer to a stranger were an ,oxford 8commemoration0 and a contested election4 ,the latter seldom takes place in the peaceful neighborhoods of the midland counties1 and the only other species of elections1 as distinguished from the festive one which we have just sketched1 is1 as a remnant of oldtime indifferentism1 a curiosity in its way4 ,there are no longer what were called 8rotten boroughs0 and 8pocket boroughs10 the former representing what had once been a populous town or large village1 now reduced to half a dozen ruinous tenements and an old1 disused parish church1 but still retaining the right to return one or more members to ,parliament2 the second being a village still worthy of the name1 but from time immemorial voting strictly in accordance with the wishes of the 8lord of the manor10 whether peer or commoner4 ,these were also called 8close boroughs40 ,the ,reform ,bill of #ahcj did away with all such transparent abuses1 but family influence1 exerted in a milder form1 still remains an important element in all agricultural counties2 and it sometimes happens that for a whole generation1 no one will think it worth his while to oppose a candidate whose good working qualities are recognized by friend and foe1 and whose personal popularity1 joined with his powerful connections1 makes his success almost absolutely certain4 ,such was the case in the election at ,o----1 for which the same member has run unopposed for at least a quarter of a century4 ,the nomination was made by the high sheriff and the magistrates of the county1 assembled in the townhall4 ,this is a portion of a ruined castle or abbey1 the ,norman windows of which still assert their identity1 though they have been shamefully mutilated and forced to conform to the ugly1 shallow openings called windows in our days4 ,the inside showed no signs of beauty4 ,it was a huge barn1 with grim looking benches or pews at one end1 towering amphitheatrewise one above the other4 ,public business of all kinds was transacted there4 ,the decoration of the hall is somewhat peculiar1 consisting of nothing but horseshoes4 ,from time immemorial the custom of the county has been that every peer setting foot within the little town should put up a horseshoe in this hall1 or give an equivalent in money1 which is spent by authority of the town council in buying a horseshoe in his name4 ,there is some dispute as to when and how the custom originated4 ,the common belief is that ,queen ,elizabeth1 passing through ,o----1 stopped to get one of her horses shod1 and1 in perpetual memory of her royal visit1 gave the town the privilege of exacting the tribute of a horseshoe from every peer setting foot within the county4 ,by an anachronism1 which at any rate does honor to ,o----'s public spirit1 there are horseshoes bearing dates far more remote than the ,x,v,ith century1 and some one has actually put the ,conqueror himself under contribution1 and unblushingly labelled a very antique shoe with his mighty name and the eventful date1 #ajff4 ,during the last three hundred years genuine historical horseshoes have abounded2 some plain as the real thing1 some gold or silvered1 some painted with heraldic devices1 some immense as children's hoops1 some minute as the shoe of a ,shetland pony4 ,whether the thousandyearold superstition of the connection between luck and a horseshoe1 and the belief in the power of the latter against witches1 has anything to do with the custom1 we do not know for certain1 but it is not unlikely4 ,in this remarkable townhall were assembled the electors and magistrates one ,november morning4 ,all the prominent country 8gentlemen0 and many farmers and tradesmen were present1 besides a few ladies1 come to see the proceedings4 ,the member who had been reelected every time that an election took place for the previous twenty years was the brother of one of the great landowners of the neighborhood1 and a ,conservative4 ,no one thought of opposing him4 ,his friends and constituents mostly appeared in ridingboots1 some in 8pink407#aba7 ,one young magistrate got up and proposed him formally to the electors in a girlish1 awkward speech2 another seconded him in a still briefer address1 and the question was asked3 8,has any one any objections to make or any candidate to oppose80 ,a squeaky voice at the end of the hall propounded a query in this form3 8,would the honorable member vote for universal suffrage and cry down church rates80 ,a laugh ran through the crowd1 and an impatient movement stirred the knot of magistrates4 ,year after year some wag of this kind mounted the ,radical hobby1 and rode it in this unoffending fashion at the steadygoing 8churchman0 and loyal upholder of the constitution who represented the county in ,parliament4 ,the uneasy movement continues1 and horses are heard neighing and pawing outside4 ,men in red coats take out their watches and put on long faces4 ,it is nearly twelve o'clock1 and the business of the nation is delaying the 8meet40 ,the hounds are waiting not far off1 and candidate1 sheriff1 magistrates1 and electors are all alike anxious to be off4 ,the hall is soon cleared and the election quietly over--a very secondary matter in the consideration of those who have been kept from kennel and field for two long hours4 ,they rush out with all the zest of schoolboys let loose to play1 and the hunt that day has twice its ordinary success1 or at least its members think so1 because the beloved sport has been intermitted1 and requires extra enthusiasm as a peace offering at their hands4 ,so with redoubled vigor the search after foxes goes on1 and not till long after sundown will the candidate1 magistrates1 and constituents return to their homes4 ,very different are those elections whose surroundings remind us rather of a clan gathering to the standard of their chief than a modern constituency crowding to the pollingbooths4 ,the mere description of these election scenes through ,great ,britain and ,ireland would form an interesting chapter in contemporaneous history4 ,the political differences need not even be alluded to2 the contrast of outer circumstances is suggestive enough4 ,in an agricultural neighborhood1 such as that round the town of ,o----1 a certain kind of torpidity exists among the prosperous and contented farmers4 ,not a hundred miles from the palace of the people at ,westminster the interest in politics is subordinate to that excited by a cattleshow or the prospect of a drought2 in a word1 there is so little local change called for which could be beneficial to the county that the passive but deeprooted clinging to old traditions1 which is so characteristic of the genuine ,englishman1 is in this case rather a matter of course than a virtue or a meritorious turning away from temptation4 ,life is hard to the masses in a city4 ,sharp ills require sharp remedies1 say the demagogues2 and straightway the voters adopt the extremest doctrine they can find1 and fancy it a panacea for all ills4 ,an ,english paper recently defined this kind of voter as the man 8who has just learned sufficient to be sure that there can only be one side to a question40 ,the ,irish elections1 proverbial for their storminess1 are of another nature2 appealing to our sympathy by the wild earnestness of the voters1 and governed by feelings which1 though often misdirected1 are yet noble in their origin4 ,religion and patriotism are the prime movers of the passions of ,irish constituents2 they often look upon their exercise of the franchise as a protest against tyranny and a confession of faith4 ,and indeed the 8tyranny0 is no mere political scarecrow to them4 ,it is very tangible2 it strikes home to them1 for its immediate result may be eviction and starvation4 ,the wild1 humorous individuality of the people of the western baronies of ,ireland redeems much that is reprehensible from vulgarity in the faction fight--a not infrequent concomitant of the election4 ,there is a rough romance left in these fights1 making them the direct counterparts of the sudden encounters between the clans of the various kings of ,celtic history2 and what is best and most palliative is this3 that sordid considerations are almost wholly absent from the voters' minds4 ,if men must fight1 let them do it for anything rather than money2 and1 to do these electors justice1 we will say that there is less bribery in all the ,irish country districts put together than in one ,english manufacturing town4 ,you will say there is intimidation instead2 but1 even that is better than bribery1 for it is less degrading to a human being to barter away his vote1 in view of the threats of his landlord to turn his wife and children out of doors1 than to sell it for money4 ,but there are other elections to speak of--those in the ,highlands of ,scotland4 ,education is more universal among the humbler classes in ,scotland than in either of the sister countries1 and by nature the ,scotchman is more reflective than the ,englishman or ,irishman4 ,there is less of collective life in his country2 the land is poor and barren1 the northern parts are broken up by lochs and treacherous estuaries1 and many counties include rocky islands among the billows of the ,atlantic4 ,in ,invernessshire the elector is far removed from all common external influence4 ,he thinks slowly and seriously1 working out his own problems1 answering his own questions by the aid of his strong native sense4 ,he and many of his fellowvoters are shepherds or 8keepers40 ,they inhabit an isolated cottage in some remote glen--a cottage that is only approached by some faint sheep track4 ,australia or the ,territories of the ,united ,states are hardly less solitary2 but1 on the other hand1 the ,scottish ,highlands1 if solitary1 are not barbarous4 ,in newlysettled countries1 where the population is only gradually fusing into a national people1 there is lawlessness to contend with2 the school and the church are yet open to the attack of ruffianly bands1 and dependent on a few respectable though equally rough settlers to stop the brigandage of their unruly neighbors4 ,an old country1 however sparsely peopled1 has the past to guide it2 its hermit settlers are the heirs1 not the founders1 of a state and a history4 ,so it is with ancient ,scottish shires1 and thus you will find their electors sober1 silent1 reflective men1 conscious of their dignity as clansmen of the old families whose names are in the records of ,scotland from the ,v,i,i,ith and ,i,xth centuries2 and perfectly aware of their personal1 political value as present electors to the joint ,parliament of a great empire4 ,in ,england there were serfs1 but in ,scotland 7and in ,ireland also7 there were clansmen--not slaves1 but sons by adoption2 freemen with the right to bear arms2 protected1 not owned1 by the great chiefs of the ,north4 ,they were used to a certain degree of power and responsibility1 and their descendants were not intoxicated by a sudden rise to independence1 as were the corresponding classes in ,england when the franchise was extended to them4 ,to continue our description of the local surroundings of the ,inverness shire voters--men removed from the ordinary circumstances which make most elections pretty much the same dull1 timeworn1 vulgarized sight--we quote from a recent article in an ,english publication3 8,the nearest neighbors on one side are beyond a great mountainrange1 while for miles upon miles on the other there stretch the unpeopled solitudes of a deerforest4 ,the nearest carriageroad is eight miles off1 and that is travelled only three days in the week by a mailcart that carries passengers4 ,the church and school are at twice the distance2 so the children must trust to the parents for their education1 and the father can only occasionally join in the ,sunday gossip1 in the parish churchyard1 that expands the ideas of some of his fellowparishioners4 ,his cottage is ten miles from the nearest hovel where they sell whiskey4 ,his work is arduous2 he is afoot among his sheep from the early morning until dusk4 ,in the best of times and in the height of summer it is but seldom that a stray copy of the county paper finds its way to the head of the glen4 ,he is thoughtful by nature1 as you may see in his face1 which has much the same puzzled expression of intelligence that you remark in the venerable rams of his flock4 ,no doubt he thinks much1 after a fashion of his own1 as he goes #8daundering' about after his straggling sheep1 or stretches himself to bask in the hot sunshine1 while he leaves his collies 7sheepdogs7 to look after his charge40 ,this is a very true picture4 ,of course1 in such a situation1 it is impossible for the ,highland shepherd to follow the questions that affect the fate of ministries4 ,he can know nothing of foreign affairs1 probably never heard of the ,alabama1 and would be at sea on the subject of the ,franco,prussian war4 ,mr4 ,gladstone's financial schemes are not only puzzles but terra incognita to his mind4 ,he knows nothing of the extension of the suffrage in counties1 and even local rates are indifferent to him1 as the only one that concerns him is the dog tax--concerns him1 but does not affect him2 for his master pays the tax1 and he himself is more or less exempted from extra trouble1 according to the number of sheepdogs for which that master chooses to pay4 ,his interest in the man who represents him in ,parliament is therefore either purely theoretical or1 what happens oftener1 purely personal4 ,there are country gentlemen everywhere who1 though no newspaper may blow the trumpet of their fame1 are nevertheless known throughout a wide expanse as good men and true1 kind yet just landlords1 upright magistrates1 and sound economists4 ,their names are household words2 their memory is always associated with some generous deed2 they are looked up to and honored in the county4 ,they are generally scions of the old historical families of the land--of those families to which the ,scotchman clings with a proud affection1 and which have been perpetuated by the very institutions that some coiners of new political creeds find so deleterious to the human race4 ,the shepherd probably turns his mind to some such man of whom nothing but good has ever been recorded1 and willingly entrusts to his safekeeping the interests of himself1 his clan1 and his country4 ,judging from the particular to the general1 he concludes that1 since this candidate has always been a kind master and a good landlord to his own folks1 he is likely to be a conscientious lawmaker and an earnest protector of the nation's liberties4 ,questions of detail may fairly be trusted to him2 the main thing is that no widow or orphan has ever had any complaint to make of him4 ,this is the aspect on the voter's side4 ,let us see what it is on that of the candidate4 ,there is no question here of billsticking1 of distributing cockades1 or of having bands of music and hired groups of partisans in your wake4 ,canvassing means 8posting long distances in dogcarts1 seeking relays at widelyseparated inns1 where the stable establishments are kept on a peace footing1 except during the tourist season4 ,in winter the roads are carried across formidable ferries1 where1 if you bribe the boatman to imprudence1 your business being urgent1 you are not unlikely to meet the fate of ,lord ,ullin's daughter40 ,but this is not all2 for when you have braved the floods1 and arrive famished and halffrozen at some outofthe way hamlet whence the scattered cottages may be gained1 there is yet the ordeal of the interviews before you4 ,the ,scottish hermit can hardly be expected to forego or shorten such a rare opportunity of contact with the outside world4 ,he will tax your ingenuity with the shrewdest1 perhaps politically inconvenient1 questions2 and never doing anything in a hurry himself1 he will resent his visitor's seeming to be pressed for time4 ,no hasty and transparent condescensions will do for him4 ,he will not be satisfied1 like the comfortable trader of the towns1 with the candidate's kissing his youngest born and promising his eldest son a rockinghorse4 ,smiles and handshakings are cheap gifts2 but he wants no gifts1 only pledges4 ,he wishes to be met as an intelligent being1 a man who1 if worth winning1 must be worth convincing4 ,he expects a straightforward1 if short1 explanation of your general opinions2 and though the sense of his own dignity as a voter is great1 he does not forget that political does not entail social equality4 ,grave and earnest1 he will resent flippancy as an insult to his understanding2 and a joke that would win over a dozen votes in a small commercial town will very probably lose you his vote1 and his good opinion too4 ,but there are also other constituents to be called upon4 ,the numerous islands on the east coast of ,scotland afford a still larger field for the danger and romance of canvassing4 ,the islanders are very sensitive1 and feel terribly hurt at the insinuation that their home lies out of the world4 ,if their votes are necessary1 is the courtesy to ask for them superfluous8 ,they lead hazardous1 daring lives themselves1 and do not understand how any man can shrink from the danger that may be incurred in nearing their rocky island4 ,if he does1 what is he worth8 they will argue2 for the natural man readily judges of his fellowman's mental qualities by his physical endurance4 ,then 7we quote again the graphic sketch above referred to71 8that island canvass means chartering some crank little screw1 beating out into the fogs among the swells and the breakers1 taking flying shots at low reefs of inhabited rock1 enveloped in mists and unprovided with lighthouses4 ,landingplaces are almost as scarce as light towers1 and you may have to bob about under the #8lee of the land' in impatient expectation of establishing communications with it4 ,when you do get to shore1 you must be hospitably fted by the minister and the schoolmaster1 the doctor and the principal tacksmen1 until what with sea squeamishness and the strong spirits1 it becomes simply heroic to preserve the charm of your manners4 ,moreover1 you had better not make your visit at all than cut it uncivilly short4 ,our friend the shepherd may have made up his mind to support you2 but you may rely upon it that he will promise nothing until you have set yourself down for a solemn #8crack' with him40 ,the day of the election itself is a suitable ending to this romantic episode in the life of an ordinary1 drudging ,m4,p4 ,when a ,highlander sets about a thing1 he never gives in before it is accomplished4 ,honor binds him to redeem a promise1 whether made to another or to himself2 pride compels him to prove himself superior to circumstances1 almost to nature herself2 and he doggedly goes on his way1 undeterred by any wayside temptation to turn into smoother and pleasanter paths4 ,so the voters 8climb over mountains and plod over snowfields1 wade mountain streams1 navigate lochs in crank cobles1 and cross raging estuaries in rickety1 flatbottomed ferryboats2 so that1 should the winds and the weather interfere too seriously with the exercise of the electors' political rights1 the polling of a great ,highland constituency may possibly have a gloomily dramatic finale407#abb7 ,while we are on the subject of ,scotland1 we may mention the various occasions on which national gatherings draw together thousands of picturesquelyclad men and women4 ,the games are the most characteristic of these meetings4 ,they take place in various places1 mostly during the months of ,august and ,september4 ,they are generally held under the patronage and supervision of some great family of the neighborhood4 ,something of old clan feeling is revived4 ,the men often march in in bodies1 preceded by their pipers1 and wearing their individual tartan1 with distinctive badges4 ,the villages for fifty miles around send their group of representatives and their athletes and champions in the games4 ,vehicles of primitive build with rough1 wiry little ponies bring in their load of farmers and petty freeholders4 ,the countryhouses and shooting boxes fill with guests from ,england2 and in the neighborhood of ,balmoral1 to which we more particularly allude1 there is of course the additional attraction of royal countenance and patronage4 ,the queen and the royal family sometimes become the guests of their subjects on these occasions1 and an almost ,german simplicity reigns for a few days among those to whom etiquette must be so sore a chain4 ,the princes wear the ,highland dress1 and the queen 7that is1 before her widowhood7 something of tartan in her plain toilet4 ,the national sports1 such as throwing the hammer1 lifting heavy weights and supporting them on the outstretched hand1 etc41 require both strength and dexterity1 and the champions who contend in these games are generally 8professionals40 ,sometimes1 however1 some village athlete ambitiously enters the lists against the trained champions1 and occasionally bears off a prize4 ,a competition of pipers is often a feature of the day1 and these worthies make a brave appearance in their velvet jackets covered with a breastplate of medals1 severally won in various contests4 ,the shrill1 clarionlike tones of the bagpipes are not agreeable to the untrained ear1 but to the ,highlanders1 whose national associations are proudly entwined with this wild1 primitive music of the hills1 they are naturally sweeter than the most sublime strains of the old masters4 ,no one1 even though not ,highlandbred1 can listen to the pipes1 playing a pibroch among the echoes of the mountains1 without feeling that the soul of the people is in it2 that the spirits of 8the ,flood and the ,fell0 which ,walter ,scott so graphically introduces in his ,lay of the ,last ,minstrel might have used just such tones for their fateful1 wailing speech2 and no one having more than common ties binding him to ,scottish traditions and ,scottish homes can think of the wild dirges or stirring warcalls of the pipes without sympathy and loving regret4 ,not quite so inspiring1 however1 is this music when the piper marches round a small diningroom1 and plays the distinctive tune of the host's clan to the guests assembled over their wine and dessert4 ,the narrow space makes the music harsh and grating1 just as a confined room takes from the ,tyrolese jodel all its romance1 and turns the sounds into the caricature of a loud roulade4 ,the games often last for three days1 and a sort of encampment springs up by magic to supply the deficiencies of the crowded inns of the neighborhood4 ,at the end of that time there is a ball given at one of the principal country seats1 and a torchlight dance for the people4 ,the queen and the royal family accompany their host and hostess1 and are content with a hasty dinner1 served with a delightful relaxation from etiquette2 for this is their holiday from political anxieties and social duties1 and the more informal this assembly1 the better it pleases them4 ,the ballroom is not very large1 and its simple decorations are in keeping with the character of the feast and the style of the lodge or cottage in which it is given4 ,there are flowers in abundance1 flags and evergreen garlands1 ,highland badges and emblems1 and stags' heads with branching antlers--the trophies of the host's skill in stalking the red deer4 ,outside the house is a wide space1 destined for the torchlight dance4 ,great iron holders and pans lifted on rude tripods contain the torches and the resinous fluid which1 when set on fire1 burns steadily for many hours4 ,to and fro flit the kilted ,highlanders1 with their jewelled dirks or daggers1 and their hairy sporrans decorated with silver plates the size of large coins4 ,the champions of the games are there1 the rival pipers1 the mountain shepherds1 the gillies or gamekeepers1 all the household servants and those of the guests2 the women wearing tartan ribbons of different clans1 and ,scotch flowers1 bluebell1 heather or bogmyrtle1 in their caps or bodices4 ,the pipes strike up the music of the sworddance2 a noted dancer comes forward1 and lays two naked swords of ordinary length on the ground1 crossing them at right angles4 ,within the four narrow spaces between the points of this cross he then begins a series of marvellous steps1 leaping high in the air1 shuffling1 crossing his feet1 and invariably alighting in the right spot1 within a few inches of the swords1 always in these four interstices1 but never touching nor even grazing the blades4 ,if he were to touch one ever so lightly1 and but for an instant1 his reputation would be gone4 ,another succeeds him1 and so on1 till all the famous dancers have exhibited their skill4 ,no novice appears2 they take care never to dance in public till they are perfect in this feat4 ,scotch reels for the most part take up the rest of the night1 and are danced by four people1 two men and two women1 the former standing back to back1 and their partners opposite4 ,various figures follow each other1 the figure eight being the most frequent4 ,this is managed by the four dancers locking arms and giving a swing round1 then passing on to the next person2 arms are locked again1 and another turn given1 and so on till the four have changed places1 and in doing so have described the figure eight4 ,of course1 in this dance1 it is the men who show to most advantage1 as they perform a series of regular steps1 snapping their fingers meanwhile1 and1 as soon as they get excited and enter into the spirit of the national dance1 uttering a peculiar sort of cry4 ,the women mostly walk and jump through their evolutions4 ,the less characteristic dancing in the ballroom1 but in which reels are also mingled with quadrille and waltz1 ceases about two o'clock in the morning1 and the musicians are at liberty to join the fun outside4 ,the ,highlanders sometimes take possession of the deserted ballroom1 and continue their own revels there till daybreak1 when the torches flicker out and the spell is broken4 ,another national dance is the strathspey1 which we never had the good fortune to see performed4 ,in winter curling is the favorite game2 it is played on the ice with heavy round stones1 about eight or nine inches in diameter1 and three to three and a half inches thick4 ,these stones are neither rolled nor thrown at the line and mark1 but propelled1 by the strength of wrist of the player1 along the surface of the ice1 and aimed to displace the stones already set up by the opposite side4 ,whichever side1 at the end of the game1 has most stones near the line which serves as a mark1 is declared by the umpire to be the winner4 ,miniature curlingboards are very common in ,scotch country houses1 with stones two or three inches in diameter2 it is an amusing game on a rainy day1 and1 though so small1 no little skill is required to guide these stones aright4 ,the same house to which we have taken the reader to be present at the torchlight dance is a very pretty specimen of ,scotch huntinglodges4 ,built at various times1 it consists of several cottages1 once detached1 but now irregularly connected by picturesque galleries1 verandas1 and staircases4 ,one part has much the appearance of a ,swiss chlet2 another that of a riverside villa on the ,thames1 with its glass doors opening on to a lawn1 and its rustic porch smothered in climbing roses4 ,though so straggling1 it is a very comfortable house4 ,nothing is wanting--billiard room1 smokingroom1 boudoir1 and innumerable pigeonholes for guests--a charming house for persons of sporting tastes2 the halls carpeted with deerskins1 and the walls hung with antlers1 bearing each the date of the death of the stag to which they belonged2 equally charming to the delicate ,london beauty wearied with her social triumphs1 for here she finds the thousand elegances of a rococo drawingroom1 the luxurious armchairs1 the rare china1 the velvet screen hung with miniatures1 and little gilt brackets1 each supporting a tiny cup or a porcelain shepherdess--in a word1 every pretty refinement of the latest fashion4 ,the neighborhood is famous for stalking--that is1 following the red deer through moor and forest alone1 with your rifle and your slight bag containing some biscuits and a pocketflask4 ,you may have to trudge over miles and miles of heather1 watching every turn of the breeze1 lest it betray your whereabouts to your beautiful victim2 making immense dtours to reach him from some convenient cover2 creeping along on all fours1 or even flat on the ground2 often taking a long1 cold bath in the mountain burn 7stream71 wading through it1 or waiting in it1 so as not to let him scent your trail4 ,if for no other reason1 this sport is superior to any because it demands solitude2 though it is hard to discover why one should not be privileged to take a twelve hours' walk or saunter without the pretext of the rifle slung at one's back1 and also without incurring the charge of eccentricity4 ,a forest in ,scotland is treeless2 the term is applied to a wide expanse of mountain1 covered kneedeep with heather1 and perhaps here and there with a few stunted bushes or clumps of graceful birches4 ,here the red deer feeds in herds1 and you sometimes come across six or seven of these 8monarchs of the glen40 ,the sportsman1 however1 seldom pursues or kills more than one in a day4 ,a moor is much the same in appearance as a forest1 but that term is reserved for those tracts of heatherland where the grouse and the blackcock abide4 ,these are often rented to ,englishmen1 the forests seldom2 so that the ,southron1 if he have a taste for deer stalking1 generally depends for his chance of indulging it on the hospitality of some ,scottish friend4 ,this neighborhood is full of romantic glens and hollows where mountain streams gurgle through narrow channels of rock1 where tiny waterfalls splash under bridges mossy with old age1 and where real forests of pine and birch and rowan1 or mountain ash1 make a variegated network across the blue horizon4 ,in one little gorge tradition says that a hunted partisan of ,charles ,edward took refuge after the fatal battle of ,culloden1 in #agde1 and lived there concealed for several weeks4 ,the particular place where he hid was under a projecting ledge or table of rock1 overhanging the brown1 foaming waters of the mimic torrent1 which1 though not large in volume1 might yet have strength enough to dash you in pieces1 if you fell into the narrow bed bristling with sharp1 rocky points and irregular boulders1 round which the water boils and hisses1 as if chafing at its imprisonment4 ,the rocks incline their jagged sides so far forward over the stream as almost to meet in an arch above it1 and the chasm can be easily1 almost safely1 leaped4 ,indeed1 the rift is invisible from the road1 which passes within a few yards of it4 ,its sides are fringed with heather1 and are undistinguishable1 except when one is standing close upon them4 ,the ,north of ,england1 with its mountains and its lakes1 its solitary tarns 7pools or smaller lakes7 and its becks1 has a family likeness to ,scotch scenery4 ,its people1 too1 are akin to the ,lowland ,scotch in their taciturnity1 their hardy1 physical nature1 and their language2 yet to those who know both well the difference is very perceptible4 ,in olden times ,lancashire and ,yorkshire1 lying to the west of the ,lake country1 were emphatically the land of the church1 one vast network of beautiful abbeys with their immense possessions4 ,even after the ,reformation these two counties remained the stronghold of ,catholicity1 and to this day they contain more ,catholics 7exclusive of the large modern towns and their population7 than any other part of ,england4 ,the favorite sport of ,lancashire is otterhunting4 ,a certain breed of hounds1 having very long bodies and short legs1 is kept for the purpose2 the streams abound in otters1 and the hunt is very exciting4 ,the gentlemen wear preternaturally thick boots1 covering even the thighs1 as they often have to wade in after the otter1 whose teeth are so sharp that they can take off a hound's leg at one bite4 ,these animals dive dexterously under the banks1 and generally lead the hunt a pretty chase2 but1 never having seen this sport ourselves1 it is difficult to describe it graphically4 ,the dialect of this part of the country is almost as much a language as ,provenal2 the people have their own literature1 and one of their poets 7a humorous one7 has been styled1 par excellence1 the 8,lancashire ,poet40 ,lancashire people are desperately clannish1 quite despise the southern ,english1 and obstinately adhere to their own customs1 as something immeasurably more dignified than the finical fashions of the ,southron4 ,the gentlemen all talk the dialect when speaking with their farmers1 gamekeepers1 or servants1 and speak it with genuine gusto too4 ,a ,lancashire kitchen is a heartwarming sight2 it is emphatically the room of a farm1 an inn1 or any middleclass dwelling4 ,the fire blazes in the depths of a cavernous chimney1 with settles on each side1 on which two men can sit abreast1 while from the low roof hang endless strings of fine onions and dozens of hams and flitches of bacon4 ,at another part of the ceiling is fixed an immense rack1 over which hangs the oatmeal cake in large sheets1 of which any one is at liberty to break off a piece for his supper unrebuked and without question of repayment4 ,hospitality is a cardinal virtue here1 but it is not that voluble1 fussy hospitality which worries its recipient and makes him feel the obligation2 you are welcome to go in and sit down1 eat and drink1 warm and dry yourself at the hearth1 and go out again1 without being assailed by impertinent questions or bored by long domestic revelations4 ,a ,lancashire host respects your mind while he refreshes your body1 and silently makes you at home4 ,those kitchens of the north are the very type of comfort1 with their vast cornercupboards1 their cleanliness--you might literally eat off the brick floors2 they are always paved with brick--their long oatcake racks and tempting meat1 all homecured1 hung from the ceiling4 ,the temptation may be too great for you some night1 if you happen to return to your lodgings1 very hungry1 at the late hour of twelve--that is dissipation in ,lancashire--for you may wander in1 and see no harm in hunting in the cupboard for eggs and flour1 and in slicing off whatever will conveniently detach itself from a hanging flitch1 in order to flavor some appetizing sauce of which you possess the secret4 ,perhaps the midnight raid ends fatally1 and you stumble over the pots and pans1 or find the embers hardly hot enough to cook the sauce1 or give it up at last in despair1 with a ridiculous foreboding of what the landlady will say tomorrow morning when she contemplates the ragged appearance of the best flitch6 ,let us hope that you will honestly own your delinquencies1 and not affirm that 8it must have been the mice1 ma'am60 ,it will be the easier as you happen to know the house well1 and its inmates long ago agreed to overlook your little eccentricities with regard to sauces6 ,among the principal country festivities which draw large parties to the neighboring houses in many parts of ,england1 are the local cattleshows4 ,the breeding of cattle is a topic of almost as universal interest in ,england as foxhunting1 especially among country gentlemen4 ,the secret of this apparent interest lies rather in the intense pride with which they naturally regard everything connected with their homes1 than in downright personal liking for fat oxen and prize pigs4 ,not even the farmers who exhibit the cattle can outmatch the ladies of the neighborhood in their solicitude for the honor of the county1 and1 besides this1 the gentlemen themselves sometimes enter the lists1 and exhibit some choice specimen1 thus giving their households special reasons for pride and anxiety4 ,most of the houses fill with guests for the occasion1 and1 despite the lateness of the season 7the shows are generally late in the autumn1 the one to which we refer taking place in ,november71 the weather is usually propitious4 ,let us take a peep in at the window of yonder large ,tudor house1 with its cedars1 sentinellike1 guarding the approaches to the halldoor1 and an old gabled1 ivied ruin overlooking the gay mosaic of the parterre4 ,there is plenty of water here--ponds where huge old beeches droop over the banks and moorfowl swish through the rushes on the margin1 and ponds fringed with late roses1 and lifting up in their midst islands with rustic arbors and a wilderness of creeping plants4 ,within the house is the usual amount of family portraits and antique carved furniture1 with a more than ordinary display of hothouse flowers4 ,a little earlier in the season you would find in the drawingroom two immense marble vases1 in each of which blossoms a queenly azalea1 snowy or ruddy1 as the case may be4 ,on the tables lie islands of moss1 relieving and framing three or four starshaped1 bloodred cactusblooms4 ,round the high chimneypiece1 where a woodfire burns merrily 7a luxury in ,england71 is assembled a family party1 neither stiff nor yet free1 and picturesque1 if nothing else2 for the girls are dressed in the squarecut bodices and palehued1 brocaded overskirts of a more picturesque age4 ,perhaps they are discussing art matters or weaving personal romances4444 ,no1 for here1 as elsewhere1 you cannot take the bit in your mouth2 it is the only penalty of decorous country life in old ,england4 ,they are talking of tomorrow's agricultural fair1 the annual cattle show1 which takes place in the country town4 ,there is a large party in the house for it2 it is the event of the week4 ,most country ladies pretend to be1 and some are1 poultry fanciers2 so there is an additional department allotted to the prize poultry4 ,the carriages draw up in a wide field near the tents and sheds1 where a view of the racecourse can be had4 ,the men circulate among the cattle2 the 8judges0 sit in a tribune provided for them4 ,it is difficult to get up any enthusiasm about this kind of thing1 but the adjuncts are quite as enjoyable as are most outdoor pleasures that you cannot enjoy alone4 ,the last day of the fair closes with a dinner1 when the prize beasts and their owners are commented upon and the general political situation discussed4 ,one of the farmers is a born orator2 at least he delights in the sound of his own flowery periods4 ,he quotes ,shakespeare and ,tennyson1 and feels sure he has made a hit4 ,as all professions are represented1 there is room for all kinds of toasts1 and under the veil of sociability the opportunities for speaking hometruths are not neglected4 ,around the hall are galleries that serve for spectators1 both male and female1 and from this point many a ludicrous incident is revealed to you that escapes the 8grave and reverend seigniors0 below4 ,this is what a spectator once saw3 ,the dinner takes place once a year1 and it is impossible to have nothing but trained waiters4 ,many of the gentlemen on this occasion brought their own servants with them2 but even this was not sufficient1 and the supplementary waiters were 8legion40 ,the dinner was not as orderly as it might be4 ,there was a great deal of hurrying and skurrying1 orders angrily given and awkwardly executed1 wine liberally spilt before reaching its destination1 etc4 ,suddenly some one gave an order from the far end of the hall1 and an unlucky bumpkin1 eager to show his agility1 made a dart forward1 but came to an abrupt standstill in the middle of a lake of soup that spread warm and moist about his feet4 ,in his haste he had stepped into the souptureen1 which another waiter1 in clumsy hurry1 had momentarily deposited in this conspicuous place4 ,the braying of the band1 whose conductor was naturally not a little exhilarated by the copious 8refreshment0 distributed during the day1 drowned these 8asides02 but we cannot help thinking that the position of a spectator1 alive to these incidents behind the scenes1 was preferable to that of the unhappy actors and speakers1 nailed for four or five hours to the table1 and condemned to drink the execrable wine usually furnished on such occasions4 ,with this we will close this somewhat lengthy sketch of some of the incidents of rural life in the old mothercountry--a subject so dear to ,washington ,irving1 so attractive to ,longfellow1 and so heartstirring to many who1 on this side of the ,atlantic1 have not yet lost in the turmoil of business or the hurry of politics the fond1 poetic remembrance of the land of their forefathers4 ,it is a restful picture2 the soul grows young again in the contemplation of that healthy1 even placid homelife1 diversified by so many local interests1 and disturbed by so few dangerous excitements4 ,in such an atmosphere it is no wonder if scholars1 poets1 and gentlemen develop quietly1 as the fruit ripens on the sunny garden wall2 nor is it strange to find these men1 so accomplished and so learned1 filling the unobtrusive and secluded walks of life1 as well as the councils of the nation1 the cabinet1 the bar1 and the ,parliament4 ,happy is the nation that attains to a green old age2 happy the country that keeps all that is poetic in the past1 without relinquishing the practical and the useful in the present4 ,it is a good thing to be able to look back proudly on a long line of doughty forefathers1 but better still to be able to look forward as proudly to a goodly line of worthy descendants4 ,the ,future ,of ,the ,russian ,church4 ,by ,the ,rev4 ,csarius ,tondini1 ,barnabite4 ,i4 8,how much happier is ,russia than are many ,catholic countries60 ,it is thus that a ,german author1 of the ,baltic provinces1 a ,protestant1 and a subject of the czar1 broke in upon the concert of complaints on the condition of the ,russians to which we had for a long period been habituated4 ,it is true that ,augustus ,wilhelm ,hupel wrote towards the close of the last century2 but the state of things which drew from him this cry of admiration continues even at this present time4 ,let us add that a considerable number of writers1 especially ,protestants1 share the sentiments of ,hupel2 in fact1 a certain government not long ago ranged itself on the side of this author's opinions1 and undertook to procure for its subjects1 whether they would or not1 the same happiness as that which the ,russian people enjoy4 ,this fact is a more than sufficient inducement for us conscientiously to study the cause of this happiness--a study to which the following pages will be devoted4 ,happily1 the writer of the ,baltic provinces expresses himself with remarkable precision4 8,the monarch10 says ,hupel1 in speaking of the synod which governs the ,russian ,church--8the monarch himself selects the members of this ecclesiastical tribunal1 and can also summarily dismiss those who do not please him4 ,it follows1 therefore1 that the members of the synod entirely depend upon the will of the czar4 ,not only can they do nothing of which he does not approve1 but1 by virtue of this arrangement1 it is the czar himself who is the real head of the church of his empire4 ,of what lofty wisdom1 then1 is not this institution a proof6 ,how much happier is ,russia than are many ,catholic countries607#abc7 ,it is evident1 therefore1 that the object of admiration and envy is the concentration of civil and religious power in the sovereign's hands2 the synod of ,st4 ,petersburg being the institution which secures and perpetuates the concentration of this double power4 ,the czar to whom ,russia is indebted for the synod is ,peter ,i41 surnamed the ,great 7#afhiagbe71 than whom few sovereigns have been the object of more enthusiastic admiration4 ,the things which he undertook and in which he succeeded1 for promoting the civilization of ,russia1 are truly surprising1 his laws being1 in our opinion1 the most splendid monument he has created in his own memory4 ,frequently1 in glancing through the ,complete ,collection of the ,laws of the ,russian ,empire17#abd7 while taking into account the number1 the variety1 and extent of the subjects embraced by the genius of ,peter1 the circumstances under which he had to work1 and the thankless elements which he contrived to manage1 we have experienced sincere admiration2 but1 side by side with his great qualities1 in what ignoble and monstrous vices did he not indulge6 ,if we were to quote certain judgments passed by his contemporaries1 it would be easy to understand the disgust with which the ,history of ,peter the ,great1 by ,voltaire1 fills every sincere and virtuous man4 ,great qualities do not excuse great vices1 especially in the case of ,peter1 who on many occasions proved by his conduct that he was capable of selfrestraint1 had he only chosen to exercise it4 ,this czar1 whose leading characteristics were a spirit of determination and an energetic will1 can neither be excused for his debauches nor his cruelties4 ,the reforms originated by him naturally bear the impress of the despotic character of their author4 ,in the present day it is openly said1 even in ,russia1 that ,peter acted1 8as if there were no possible limits to his power1 setting himself determinedly to gain his end1 without in the least troubling himself about the nature of the means407#abe7 ,we may add that the religious convictions of the czar were1 to say the least1 an enigma4 ,and this is the man who gave to the ,russian ,church the organization which she retains to this day4 ,unhappily for the people1 when a man rises from among them and accomplishes unheardof undertakings1 the prestige of his name eclipses the light in which justice would regard his actions4 ,if flattery erects to him its altars1 and if religious or political passions find it to their interest to exalt him1 this man1 though in his grave1 continues no less to exercise a powerful influence2 and all his qualities1 even his bad ones1 receive a species of consecration4 ,a century and a half have elapsed since the death of ,peter the ,great1 and yet it may be said with truth that he still rules ,russia4 ,it is no common thing to find a series of sovereigns1 all of whom draw their inspiration from the same idea2 and yet all the czars1 with the single exception of ,peter ,,ii41 who only reigned three years 7#agbgagcj71 perpetuated1 with regard to the ,russian ,church1 the idea of the originator of the synod4 ,that the czars1 however1 should have made it their rule to walk in the footsteps of ,peter1 and that in their ukases they should recall his memory with enthusiastic eulogies1 it is easy to conceive2 and also that ,protestants1 especially those of ,germany1 should never weary in their praises of his religious reforms2 these praises being1 in the first place1 the payment of a debt of gratitude to the czar1 and1 in the second1 an homage rendered to the ,protestant side of the reforms themselves4 ,but the most painful part of the matter is that ,peter and his successors should have found1 in that very church which they were oppressing1 not only docile instruments of their will1 but also the warmest encouragements to prosecute their work4 ,theophanes ,prokopovitch1 ,bishop of ,pskoff1 of whom we will speak further1 wrote treatises to prove that 8the czars have received from on high the power to govern the church2 only it is not permitted that they should officiate in it407#abf7 ,plato ,levchin1 ,metropolitan of ,moscow1 while he was still tutor to the ,czarowitz ,paul1 afterwards ,paul ,i41 prepared for his use a catechism which has been held in great esteem by ,protestants4 ,in the epistle dedicatory he thus addresses his pupil3 8,i bear in mind a saying of your highness--saying worthy of eternal remembrance4 ,we were one day reading this passage in the ,gospel3 ,take heed that you say not among yourselves3 ,we have ,abraham for our father 7,s4 ,matt4 iii4 #i72 when1 upon my remarking that the ,jews vainly gloried in having ,abraham for their father1 whose faith and works they failed to imitate1 your highness deigned to reply3 #8,and ,i also should glory in vain that ,i descend from the great ,peter1 did ,i not intend to imitate his works4' ,that these and other similarly excellent dispositions of your highness may increase with your years1 behold this is what the church of ,god1 prostrate before the altar1 supplicates1 and will never cease to supplicate1 of the divine mercy1 from the profoundest depths of her heart407#abg7 ,there is nothing surprising in the fact that lessons such as these1 explained and developed in the body of the catechism1 should have borne their fruit4 ,the pupil of ,plato1 having become czar1 was the first who introduced into official edicts the title of ,head of the ,church7#abh7 for himself and his successors1 and more emphatically than perhaps any one of the others he established as a principle the supremacy of the czar over the church47#abi7 ,we forbear to quote other examples4 ,if it be true that nations never stop short at a theory1 the same thing is true also of sovereigns2 and1 when ,nicholas ,i4 acted as every one knows he did act1 he was but carrying out the doctrine accepted and taught in the ,russian ,church4 ,as for the people1 it would have been indeed surprising had they not shared in the doctrine of the church1 and still more so had they attempted any opposition to it4 ,in fact1 as might be supposed1 there was no lack of writers who set themselves to make the people appreciate the advantages of every description which they enjoyed under the religious autocracy of the czars4 ,this state of things could not1 however1 last indefinitely2 and it was the ,emperor ,nicholas himself who1 by some of his measures1 contributed to hasten its end4 ,at the commencement of his reign it was desired to exclude the foreign element from teaching1 and to substitute for it the national only4 ,professors were lacking2 and1 to form these1 the government thought it well to send out young men at its own expense to learn in the ,german universities that which they would subsequently have to teach the ,russians4 ,besides1 for many years past ,russia has entered into active and frequent relations with the rest of ,europe2 the regulations which bound ,russians1 if not to the glebe1 at least to the soil of their country1 have been relaxed2 travelling has been facilitated2 travellers have been able with less difficulty to penetrate into the country1 and its own inhabitants to go abroad and observe what is passing in the rest of the world4 ,and what has resulted from all this8 ,many things2 and1 first of all1 the following3 8,the future propagators of learning and civilization10 says the ,pre ,gagarin1 in a remarkable pamphlet17#acj7 8were sent to ,berlin1 where they lost no time in becoming fervent disciples of the ,hegelian ideas4 ,it was in vain that serious warnings reached ,st4 ,petersburg of the fatal direction these young men were pursuing4 ,for reasons which perhaps some future day may explain the warnings were wholly unheeded2 and in a short time the chairs of the principal universities were filled by these dangerous enthusiasts1 whose newlyimported ideas made rapid progress4 ,schoolmasters1 professors1 journalists1 the writers who had been formed in the universities1 successively became the apostles of the doctrines which they had adopted4 ,neither censures1 nor the watchfulness of the customhouse1 nor the active surveillance of an ubiquitous and anxious police1 availed to put a stop to the propagation of revolutionary notions1 protected as they were by eccentric formulas1 unintelligible to all who were not in the secret of the sect4 ,it was not until #ahdh that the eyes of the government began to be opened2 but it had no efficacious remedy at hand4 ,it multiplied regulations1 of which the object was to hinder the diffusion of modern science and ideas2 but was destitute of salutary principles to offer as a substitute for the unhealthy teaching of which it now recognized the dangers4 ,the system of national education1 which had so miserably failed1 had been based upon #8orthodoxy1' autocracy1 and nationality1 and was now resulting in the triumph of ,german ideas1 in the atheism of ,feuerbach1 and in radicalism and communism of the most unbridled description40 ,that we may not unjustly charge the ,emperor ,nicholas with being solely responsible for these results1 it must also be said that other ,russians1 who had at any rate travelled at their own expense1 and foreigners who had come to settle in ,russia1 assisted in propagating the same doctrines4 ,if books are not printed without some reasonable hope that they will be read1 and if the number of publications in which certain ideas are particularly developed proves the favor with which they are received1 it would be only too easy to make a statistical statement of alarming significance1 showing the favor with which the most revolutionary doctrines are received by the ,russians4 ,books printed in the ,russian language are evidently addressed to ,russians only1 this language not having hitherto acquired a place in that part of education which is called the study of modern languages2 and we can prove the existence of numerous publications in the ,russian language1 appearing some in ,london1 some in ,berlin1 some at ,leipsic1 some at ,geneva1 and elsewhere also1 in which the most communistic doctrines find their apology4 ,amongst others we may notice the publication at ,zurich of a periodical review entitled ,v'pered6 7,forward671 which wars against all belief in the supernatural and against every kind of authority4 ,it matters little that the writings of which we speak themselves penetrate with difficulty into ,russia2 it is not to be supposed that the fact of having1 when abroad1 read this review or anything similar closes to ,russians the return to their country4 ,the book remains outside2 but its teaching enters with them4 ,let us now return to the consideration of the ,russian ,church4 ,the radical ideas of which we have been speaking are plainly incompatible with the religious autocracy of the czars2 and nevertheless ,russia offers us the spectacle of men imbued with these ideas1 and even manifesting them openly without1 who suddenly recover their orthodoxy as soon as they recross the frontier of their country4 ,under pain of deserving the reproach of cowardly hypocrisy1 these ,russians cannot support the existing state of things1 liberty of conscience being too intimately allied with their principles4 ,the reader will judge whether it is not wholly immoral that men who have ceased to believe in anything should1 in order to escape legal consequences1 present themselves in the 8orthodox0 churches for confession and communion6444 ,now1 as far as we are aware1 none of the pains and penalties against those who1 being born of 8orthodox0 parents1 fail to practise the state religion1 or to fulfil their duty of annual confession and communion1 have hitherto been abolished2 still less are the penalties abolished to which all are liable who propagate doctrines contrary to those of the official church4 ,but the ,russian atheists and rationalists of every shade of opinion are not the only persons who have a supreme interest in requiring1 together with liberty of conscience1 the abolition of the penalties to which they would be liable if the same rigor were observed towards them as towards those ,russians who have become ,catholics4 ,for the czars1 not satisfied with calling themselves and with being the head of the 8orthodox0 church1 have also arrogated to themselves the right of direction with regard to all the religious sects of the empire4 ,when ,paul ,i4 declared that 8the supreme authority1 confided to the autocrat by ,god1 extends also over the ecclesiastical state1 and that the clergy are bound to obey the czar as the head chosen by ,god himself in all things1 religious as well as civil107#aca7 he was not addressing himself to the 8orthodox0 but to the ,catholic subjects of the empire4 ,it is in employing similar language1 and by virtue of the same general principle1 that the czars have defined the position of ,protestants1 ,armenians1 ,jews1 and ,mahometans4 ,however accommodating one may suppose the ,russian subjects belonging to these different religions to be1 we cannot understand why1 at least in heart1 they do not protest against the strange pretension that in religious matters they are bound to obey the 8orthodox0 czars4 ,neither can we suppose that1 if they hold their errors in good faith1 and believe themselves in possession of 8religious truth10 they do not experience some desire to communicate their treasure to others1 and do not suffer in obeying the articles of the penal code which forbid their so doing47#acb7 ,what can be1 upon this subject1 the sentiments of the ten millions of ,russians belonging to the various sects formed in the bosom of the ,russian ,church itself1 their name itself indicates2 they are called collectively ,raskolniks--that is to say1 schismatics4 ,thus we need not say what must be the thoughts and desires of the ,catholic subjects of the czar4 ,there remain only the 8orthodox02 but it is they who form the majority of the ,russian subjects4 ,it would be too much to expect to find in them the partisans of a more extended liberty of conscience than that which is permitted by the ,code4 8,the dominant religion of the empire10 says the ,code1 8is the orthodox4 ,liberty of worship is awarded not only to the members of other ,christian confessions1 but also to ,jews1 ,mahometans1 and pagans4444 ,the dominant church alone has the right to make proselytes407#acc7 ,we will not stop to consider the motives which induce the 8orthodox0 ,russians to oppose themselves to a more extended liberty of conscience17#acd7 but will rather proceed to examine whether1 apart from what we have here said1 it be not urgent1 even in the interests of orthodoxy itself1 that some changes should be introduced into the present organization of the ,russian ,church4 ,we may be able to show that1 by a singular disposition of ,providence1 the interests of the orthodox faith are intimately allied to those of the ,catholic ,church in ,russia4 ,,ii4 ,if we are to believe ,russian theologians1 the ,russian ,church1 with its czar1 realizes in a certain measure the ideal of a church sustained by a powerful sovereign1 which to many persons is the most desirable state of things possible4 ,we may call to mind the saying of the ,count de ,maistre on the ,holy ,roman ,empire1 which was neither holy1 nor ,roman1 nor an empire2 in fact1 the testimony of history leaves us in doubt as to whether this institution has served more to protect or to afflict the ,catholic ,church4 ,prosperity or reverses1 it is true1 alike turn to the advantage of those dear to ,god2 but scarcely will any one take upon himself to maintain that1 because reverses are useful to the church1 they must be purposely procured for her4 ,and therefore1 whatever may be1 for a longer or shorter time1 the probable advantages of this institution1 it is best1 if we mistake not1 to leave its revival to the providence of ,god4 ,but if such is the teaching of history with regard to an emperor1 guardian of the faith and protector of the ,catholic ,church1 history condemns with a far more powerful eloquence the strange protection with which the czars have overshadowed their communion4 ,in the ,spiritual ,regulation may be seen the passage in which ,peter the ,great is designated the 8guardian of orthodoxy and of all things relating to good order in the holy church407#ace7 ,the successors of ,peter continued to declare themselves invested with the same mission1 and this passage of the ,spiritual ,regulation was also inserted in the ,russian ,code47#acf7 ,to be the guardian of orthodoxy1 and of all which concerns good order in the holy church1 is in fact the first duty of a ,christian monarch4 ,we will examine briefly the manner in which the czars have acquitted themselves of this duty4 ,any reader who1 without being repelled by the subject and form of the ,spiritual ,regulation1 would impose upon himself the trouble of perusing them1 text and notes1 to the end1 would have no difficulty in understanding with what good reason ,protestants can and must look upon ,peter as one of themselves4 ,the ,protestant tendencies of the ,spiritual ,regulation are evident4 ,the reader will also observe the precautions1 all in favor of the ,protestants1 there taken for the preaching of the divine ,word4 ,the priests1 the monks1 and the bishops of the ,orthodox ,church1 treated as they were by ,peter1 were made to appear simply contemptible4 ,in the same way1 the favor publicly shown by him to the ,protestants of ,germany1 the importance he accorded to them1 and the boundless confidence he placed in their cooperation with him for the civilization of ,russia1 and finally the ridicule he cast upon holy things in his infamous orgies--all this can hardly be reconciled with the idea of the fulfilment of his first duty as a ,christian prince4 ,in the notes to the ,spiritual ,regulation we may also perceive1 in more places than one1 the manner in which ,catherine ,,ii4 understood and exercised her mission as ,head of the ,greek ,church2 for thus she entitled herself in writing to ,voltaire4 ,no sincerely orthodox ,russian could read the correspondence of ,catherine with ,voltaire without blushing4 ,if ,protestants may fairly claim ,peter ,i4 as their own1 unbelievers have a full right to do the same with regard to ,catherine1 and glory in it1 as in fact they do4 ,in various passages of these letters 7which we have perused7 she ridicules not only the ceremonies but also the sacraments of her church4 ,if to this we add the favor shown by her to the infidel philosophers of the ,encyclopdie1 the free access which their productions found at ,st4 ,petersburg1 the atmosphere of impiety with which she surrounded herself1 and the state of her own morals1 so plainly indicative of an unbelieving soul1 our estimate will not appear exaggerated4 ,it would in truth have been miraculous if1 under such tutelage1 orthodoxy could have retained its hold upon the minds of those who knew how to read1 write1 and think2 and thus the unbelief that prevails among the higher classes in ,russia is the heritage of ,catherine ,,ii4 ,if1 on the other hand1 she showed herself zealous for the maintenance of faith among the lower orders1 it was because she predicted the same results from their unbelief as she did from any desire they might evince for knowledge4 8,it is not for ,russians10 she wrote to the ,governor of ,moscow1 8that ,i am founding schools2 it is for ,europe1 where we must not lose ground in public opinion4 ,from the day that our peasants shall have a desire for instruction1 neither you nor ,i will remain in our places40 ,under the successors of ,catherine ,,ii4 ,russian orthodoxy underwent various phases1 according to the degree of orthodoxy professed by the czars and the vicissitudes of their interior and exterior policy4 ,paul ,i4 was so convinced that he was the real head of the church that he one day proposed to say ,mass47#acg7 ,on the other hand1 it is certain that he contemplated the reunion of the ,russian with the ,catholic ,church47#ach7 ,this monarch1 however1 was incapable of commanding respect1 or of helping a return to the faith1 either by his intelligence or his moral qualities2 and thus incredulity continued its ravages in ,russia4 ,in the life of ,alexander ,i4 a period is distinguishable in which the czar had an evident leaning towards ,protestantism2 and his historians do not fail to remark the influence obtained over him by the ,protestant1 ,mme4 de ,krudener4 ,if we are not mistaken1 those who so actively busied themselves in founding a ,bible society in ,russia had no intention of favoring orthodoxy4 ,it was also under the reign of the same czar that appeared the first edition 7#ahbc7 of the catechism of ,mgr4 ,philaret1 destined to take the place of that by ,mgr4 ,plato1 then used for religious instruction in the schools4 ,now1 in #ahbc ,mgr4 ,philaret was far from being so orthodox in his writings as he subsequently became2 and the first edition of his catechism differs materially from the later ones4 8,the ,emperor ,alexander10 writes an author well deserving of confidence1 8was an orthodox ,christian1 not in the sense of his church1 but in that of the rigorous conformity of his belief to the fundamental doctrine of all ,christian churches2 which is the redemption of mankind by the death of ,jesus ,christ1 by means of faith407#aci7 ,what a stone to cast at a czar1 the guardian of orthodoxy6 ,notwithstanding all this1 ,alexander1 towards the close of his life1 must have had continuous relations with ,pope ,pius ,,vii42 some affirm even that he died a ,catholic47#adj7 ,as we have seen1 it was at the commencement of the reign of the ,emperor ,nicholas that1 at the expense of the government1 the ,russian youth were sent for education to the ,university of ,berlin4 ,then came the formidable revulsion of orthodoxy1 which1 announced by the revision of the catechism of ,mgr4 ,philaret1 manifested itself by the sanguinary 8conversions0 in ,lithuania1 in #ahci4 ,the tidings were received in ,europe by a general cry of indignation2 and the remembrance has not yet faded away47#ada7 ,by a strange coincidence ,nicholas1 to whom is due the glory of having completed the gigantic undertaking vainly attempted by all his predecessors1 of the codification of all the ,russian laws1 had desired that in the ,code the following article should be inserted3 8,the dominant church alone possesses the right of leading those who do not belong to her to embrace her faith4 ,this faith1 however1 is produced by divine grace in the soul1 by instruction1 by gentleness1 and especially by good examples4 ,therefore is it that the dominant church does not allow herself to make use of any coercive means1 how small soever1 to convert to orthodoxy those who follow other confessions and other beliefs1 and1 after the example and the preaching of the apostles1 she in no wise threatens those who will not be converted from their belief to hers40 ,all this is to be found in the ,russian ,code of #ahcb1 of #ahdb1 and of #aheg1 and continues to have the force of law at this present time67#adb7 ,we will say nothing here of the reign of the present emperor1 but will merely observe that the powerful reaction which took place almost immediately after the death of ,nicholas1 and which compelled the government to enter upon the way of reforms1 was the inevitable consequence of that emperor's conduct4 ,it is only just that the historians of ,alexander ,,ii41 in passing judgment upon his hesitations and selfcontradictions in religious affairs1 should bear in mind the difficulty of the part bequeathed to him by ,nicholas4 ,but neither the ten millions of ,raskolniks which ,russia can count at this day1 nor yet the numerous unbelievers and rationalists of every shade which she contains1 protest as eloquently against the protection afforded by the czars to orthodoxy and the church as the impotence to which the czars have reduced that church itself for exercising any influence over the enlightened classes4 ,all who have written upon ,russia agree in acknowledging and deploring the degradation of the orthodox clergy47#adc7 ,lest we should trust ourselves1 with regard to a point so delicate for us1 to any exaggerated or inexact accounts1 we have been careful to be guided in our statements by writers offering every security1 not only for competence and impartiality1 but also for their sympathy with the orthodox clergy4 ,the author of ,la ,tolrance et le schisme ,religieux en ,russie1 known under the name of ,schdo,ferroti1 appears to us to unite all these qualities in a high degree4 8,having10 he writes1 8in the capacity of an old engineering officer1 traversed ,russia in all directions1 taking1 on foot and with the circumferentor in my hand1 journeys of four and five hundred kilometres2 and travelling in this way for the space of six months at a time1 stopping at every village which ,i happened to find on my way1 ,i habitually addressed myself to the priest for any information ,i desired to obtain1 and1 early taking into consideration the moral and political importance of these men1 ,i set myself to study them with particular attention4444 ,i do not exaggerate in saying that ,i have made the acquaintance of many more than two hundred ,russian priests4 ,i may say that ,i met with specimens of all the varieties1 from the young priest but yesterday arrived in the parish to the old man bowed down beneath a load of moral and physical sufferings2 from the priest of the regiment to the ascetic fanatic2 from the exprofessor of the seminary1 nominated to the cure of some rich church in the capital1 where he parades his rhetoric and complacently displays his erudition1 to the humble village priest scarcely able to decipher his ,breviary407#add7 ,this is enough1 as to the competence of ,m4 ,schdo,ferroti2 and with regard to his impartiality on the point we are considering1 it appears in every page1 as will be proved by our quotations4 ,for the rest1 the author is a ,protestant1 and argues warmly in favor of religious liberty for every worship and for every sect4 ,with regard to his sympathy for the orthodox clergy1 it would be difficult to find a more devoted advocate4 8,it is10 he writes1 8with satisfaction that ,i can say that ,i always found better than ,i had expected1 better than ,i had any right to expect1 considering the situation and the social position in which he found himself1 the man whom ,i had set myself to study407#ade7 ,let us add1 moreover1 that ,m4 ,schdo,ferroti is by no means tender towards the ,catholic clergy1 over whom1 according to him1 the orthodox ,russian clergy have the advantage in not being 8tainted with hypocrisy407#adf7 ,this is an additional reason for our choice of this author4 ,we will now see what he says respecting the social influence of the ,russian 8popes10 quoting only a few lines3 8,oppressed and disregarded by his superiors1 the pope loses threefourths of his means of action1 for he sees himself cast off by the upper class1 tolerated by the middle class1 and turned into ridicule by the common people4444 ,judging from appearances1 and noticing that everywhere1 even in the receptions given by dignitaries of the church1 the pope occupies the lowest place1 the masses have contracted the habit of never assigning him any other407#adg7 ,such are the ,russian clergy who are in contact with the people--the clergy whose office it is to instruct the ,russians in orthodoxy1 and to maintain them in it4 ,now1 this was not by any means the social position of the clergy when ,peter ,i4 instituted the synod4 ,on the contrary1 the ,spiritual ,regulation shows us this czar1 alarmed at the excessive influence which the clergy at that time possessed1 painting in sombre colors the dangers resulting therefrom to the country1 and finding therein his best pretext for establishing the synod4 ,it is the institutions of the czars which have created for the clergy the melancholy situation in which they find themselves at the present day1 which have deprived them of all moral influence1 and have reduced them to be 8cast off by the higher orders1 scarcely tolerated by the middle classes1 and turned into ridicule by the common people40 ,that which retains these classes1 notwithstanding the contempt in which they hold their popes1 in an outward profession of orthodoxy1 is the ,penal ,code4 ,can it be believed that1 without the injunctions enforced by this ,code1 the people would confess to priests whom they so utterly despise8 ,to resume3 ,there are historical facts still living in the memory of the ,russian people which show them their czars making small account1 personally1 of orthodoxy1 at the very time when1 by laws of great severity1 they compel its observance by the people4 ,they see the higher ranks sceptical or unbelieving1 revolutionary ideas in favor with a great number of their fellowcountrymen2 the ,raskolniks1 who in the time of ,peter the ,great were scarcely sufficient to form themselves into sects1 now so powerful by their numbers and their political importance that they have already forced the government and the synod into making some considerable concessions2 they see the clergy reduced1 thanks to the institutions of ,peter1 which have been continued and completed by his successors1 to mere agents of the police1 tools in the hands of power1 and forming a caste so despised that rarely is a pope admitted further than the antechamber of any house belonging to a member of the upper classes1 and powerless to exercise any influence whatever1 even upon the lower orders2 this is a true portrait of the ,russian ,church of today--the ,russian ,church such as the czars have made it47#adh7 ,and tomorrow8 ,this tomorrow1 now drawing near1 will still more clearly reveal what the czars have made of orthodoxy and of the church of which they call themselves the guardians4 ,the day must soon come when1 by the intrinsic force of things1 the regulations of which we have been speaking will disappear from the ,russian ,code1 and when nothing will force the ,russians any longer to keep up any relations with a clergy whom they scorn1 nor to practise the religion of which they are the teachers and representatives4 ,that will be the day to which ,catherine ,,ii4 looked forward with so much dread--the day when the ,russian people will 8know how to read and write1 and will feel a desire for instruction40 ,what will happen then in ,russia has been shown to us1 on a small scale1 in what has taken place before our eyes in more than one ,catholic country1 where the clergy1 strong in the support of the laws1 lived without anxiety about the future1 until political revolutions1 coming suddenly to change the relations between church and state1 placed them without any preparation face to face with unbelief4 ,we say1 however1 on a small scale1 for if the ,catholic clergy could not foresee the first outbreak of unbelief1 they required but a little space of time in which to moderate or check its progress4 ,neither in ,spain nor ,italy can unbelief boast of having greatly diminished the number of ,catholics2 one might say rather that the new legislation has but served to open an easy way out to those who were such only in name1 and has thus delivered the church from them4 ,information obtained from undoubtedly authentic sources proves that the churches are no less filled by the faithful1 and the sacraments no less frequented1 than before4 ,this is a state of things1 which it will be difficult to find in ,russia2 and we will mention the reason why4 ,and in the first place1 if it is just to acknowledge that1 in some provinces of the countries we have just named1 abuses may have crept in among the clergy1 still they were neither so serious nor so general as people have been pleased to represent them4 ,their principal source was to be found in the too great number of ecclesiastics1 of whom some had entered holy orders without a true vocation4 ,but1 precisely by reason of the large number of priests1 there are very many good ones to be found1 and enough of these to suffice amply for the needs of the faithful4 ,their virtues1 which contrast with the manner of life habitual to the apostles of irreligion1 thus formed a first entrenchment against unbelief4 ,will it be the same in ,russia8 ,we are far from wishing to disparage the ,russian clergy4 ,their defects neither destroy nor excuse any which may be met with among ,catholic priests2 we will even admit that the great majority of the ,russian popes lead exemplary lives4 ,but is it known what is the gain to unbelief1 in ,russia1 from even a very small minority of bad popes8 ,in ,russia each parish has only just so many priests as are absolutely necessary to carry on the worship2 and with scarcely any exceptions1 especially in the country1 no parish has more than one priest4 ,if1 then1 this priest lose the faith1 unbelief will have free course in his parish4 ,the reader would here perhaps remind us of the monks1 who are still numerous in ,russia1 and ask whether these could not come to the assistance of the secular clergy4 ,any ,russian would smile1 were such a question put to him2 but we will confine ourselves to remarking1 in the first place1 that the monks who have received holy orders 7hieromoines7 are very rare1 and1 secondly1 that never would any ,russian parish desire the intervention of a monk4 ,stations1 retreats1 spiritual exercises1 general communions1 all these expressions do not1 so far as we know1 possess even any equivalents in the ,russian language to this day1 unless1 indeed1 in the ,catholic books in that tongue which the government of ,st4 ,petersburg has recently caused to be printed1 in order1 it might seem1 that more prayers might ascend to heaven in the ,russian language1 and fewer in ,polish4 ,in any case1 the interference of monks in the management of parishes would be a far bolder innovation even than the 8correction0 of the liturgical books1 which gained for ,russia the ten millions of sectaries she can reckon at the present day4 ,and this comparison reminds us that on the selfsame day whereon orthodoxy shall lose the support of the ,penal ,code1 the ,russian popes will not only have to defend it against unbelief1 but also against the various ,russian sects1 some of which surpass in their diabolical superstitions and abominable mysteries all that has been related of the ,gnostics and ,manicheans4 ,and1 moreover1 it must not be forgotten that the ,russian popes1 however exemplary they may be1 and however full of zeal for orthodoxy1 are married priests4 ,thus one quality is wanting to them1 of which the prestige is far from being superfluous4 ,we will not ask how it happens that the ,russian clergy1 if truly virtuous1 are 8cast off by the higher classes1 barely tolerated by the middle class1 and turned into ridicule by the lower orders of the people10 when goodness and virtue rarely1 if ever1 fail to give their possessor an ascendency1 especially over the masses1 which is independent of either rank or learning4 ,at the same time1 we do not intend to place any reliance on the statements we find in ,russian writings on this subject2 the falsehoods and exaggerations which are so frequent1 even in ,catholic countries1 with regard to priests1 make it a duty to receive with mistrust the accusations of the ,russians against their clergy4 ,but1 we repeat1 the ,russian clergy who are in contact with the people are married1 and this fact deprives them of a quality which is far from being unnecessary4 ,here we may perhaps be reminded of the ,protestant ministers1 especially the ,anglican1 8so respectable10 we are assured1 8so surrounded with confidence and esteem1 and at the same time a married clergy40 ,we have made it our rule to avoid all recrimination1 and therefore accept on trust all that we are told of the excellence of the ,protestant ministers2 but we ask1 in our turn1 how is it possible to establish a parallel between their mission and that of the 8orthodox0 clergy8 ,protestantism1 of whatever form1 recognizes no other judge than individual reason1 on many questions touching upon morals1 while1 on the other hand1 the 8orthodox0 church possesses an authority which decides upon them in the sense least favorable to natural inclinations4 ,it is only some few forms of ,protestantism that impose any particular mode of worship2 whereas the orthodox communion does not on this point allow freedom of choice to its members4 ,protestantism has banished expiatory works2 the orthodox church requires prolonged fasts and abstinences4 ,protestantism sends us to ,god for the humble confession of our sins1 but the orthodox church commands that they should be confessed to a priest1 in order to obtain1 by this painful act of humiliation1 the pardon of ,god4 ,if ,protestantism points to ,jesus ,christ as our model1 it nevertheless circumscribes the sphere in which we are allowed to imitate him2 while the orthodox church fixes no limit to the imitation of our divine ,example4 ,virginity1 poverty1 and obedience are for ,protestantism that which the cross was to the ,gentiles--8foolishness02 but the orthodox church recognizes in them the counsels of perfection bequeathed by ,christ himself to those who desire most closely to resemble him4 ,we will not pursue the parallel further4 ,to ,be ,continued4 ,the ,leap ,for ,life4 ,,an ,,episode ,,in ,,the ,,career ,,of ,,pres4 ,,macmahon4 ,i4 ,in ,algeria1 with ,bugeaud1 ,harassed by a crafty foe1 ,were the ,french1 in eighteen hundred thirtyone2 ,swarthy ,arabs prowled about ,camp and outpost and redoubt ,crouching here and crawling there1 ,lurking1 gliding everywhere1 ,tigerhearted1 under stars and under sun1 ,seeking by some stealthy chance ,vengeance on the troops of ,france-- ,vengeance fierce and fell1 to sate ,savage rage and savage hate ,for the deeds of desolation harshly done4 ,,ii4 ,on a rugged plateau1 ,forty miles from headquarters of ,marshal ,bugeaud1 ,lay an outpost1 besieged by the merciless foe4 ,day by day close and closer the ,arab lines drew ,round the hardbeset ,french4 ,to dash out and flash through1 ,like a winddriven flame1 they would dare1 though a host ,hot from ,hades stood there4 ,but abandon the post8 ,nay1 they dare not do that2 they were soldiers of ,france1 ,and dishonor should stain neither sabre nor lance2 ,they could bravely meet death1 though like ,hydra it came ,horrorheaded and dire1 but no shadow of shame ,for a trust left to perish when danger drew nigh ,should e'er dim the flag waving free to the sky4 ,but soon came a terror more dread to the soul ,than war's wild thundercrash when its battleclouds roll1 ,and the heavens are shrouded from light1 while a glare1 ,as of hell1 breaks in hot1 lurid streams on the air6 ,it was ,famine1 grimvisaged and gaunt1 ,to the camp most appalling of foes-- ,slow to strike1 slow to kill1 but full sure ,as the swift headsman's deadliest blows4 ,o'er the ramparts it sullenly strode1 ,glided darkly by tent and by wall1 ,spreading awe wheresoever it went1 ,and the gloom of dismay over all2 ,blighting valor that ne'er in war's red front had quailed1 ,blanching cheeks that no tempest of strife e'er had paled4 ,,iii4 ,then a council was held1 and the commandant said ,direst peril was near2 they must summon swift aid ,from the ,marshal1 or all would be lost ere the sun ,of tomorrow went down in the west4 ,was there one ,who1 to save the command and the honor of ,france1 ,would ride forth with despatches8 ,he ceased1 and a glance ,at the bronzed faces near showed that spirits to dare ,any desperate deed under heaven were there4 ,but the first to arise and respond was a youth ,whose brow bore nature's signet of courage and truth1 ,in whose eye valor shone calm and clear as a star ,when the winds are at rest and the clouds fade afar4 ,who was he that stood forth with such resolute air8 ,young ,lieutenant ,mac,mahon1 bold1 free1 dbonnaire1 ,never knight looked more gallant with shield and with spear1 ,never warnurtured chieftain less conscious of fear4 ,in his mien was the heroic flash of the ,gaul1 ,with the fire of the ,celt giving grandeur to all2 ,and he said1 head erect1 face with ardor aglow1 8,i will ride with despatches to ,marshal ,bugeaud60 ,,iv4 ,it is night1 and a stillness profound ,folds the camp2 ,arabs stealthily creep ,here and there in the moonlight beyond1 ,with ears eagerly bent for a sound ,from the garrison1 watchful and weak2 ,o'er the tents welcome nightbreezes sweep1 ,bringing balm unto brow and to cheek ,of men scorched by a pitiless sun ,to a hue almost swarthy and deep ,as the hue of the foe they would shun4 ,v4 ,stretching dimly afar1 ,between slopes that are rugged and bare1 ,half obscure under moonbeam and star1 ,half revealed in the soft1 misty air1 ,runs a rude1 broken way that will lead ,gallant rider and surefooted steed ,westward forth to the camp of ,bugeaud1 ,forty miles over high land and low2 ,but the steed must be trusty and fleet1 ,and the bridle hand steady and keen ,that shall guide him by rock and ravine1 ,where each stride of the galloping feet ,must span dangers that slumber unseen2 ,and beyond1 scarce a league to the west1 ,yawns a treacherous chasm1 dark and deep1 ,where death lurks like a serpent asleep1 ,and the rider must ride at his best1 ,and his steed take the terrible leap ,like a winged creature cleaving the air1 ,else a grim1 ghastly corpse shall be there1 ,with perchance a steed stark on its breast1 ,and the moon shall look down with a stare ,where they lie in perpetual rest4 ,,vi4 ,now the silence is broken by neigh and by champ ,and the clatter of hoofs1 and away from the camp ,rides ,mac,mahon1 as gallant1 as light1 and as free ,as the bridegroom who goes to his marriage may be4 ,with prance and with gallop and gay caracole ,his swift steed bounds along1 as if spurning control2 ,but the bridlehand guides him unerring and true1 ,and each stroke of the hoofs is thew answering thew4 ,through the moonlight they go1 fading slowly from sight1 ,till both rider and steed sink away in the night4 ,but they go not unheard1 and they speed not unseen2 ,dark eyes furtively watch1 flashing fiercely and keen ,from dim ambush around2 then like spectres arise ,whiterobed figures that follow2 the rider descries ,them on slope and in hollow1 and knows they pursue4 ,but he fears not their craft or the deeds they may do1 ,for his brave steed is eager and strong1 and the pace ,growing faster and faster each stride of the chase4 ,now the slopes right and left seem alive with the foe ,gliding ghostlike along1 but still stealthy and low1 ,as wild creatures that crouch in a jungle2 they think ,to entrap him when back from the terrible brink ,of the chasm he returns1 for his steed cannot leap ,the dread gulf1 and the rider will halt when its steep ,ragged walls ope before him1 with death lying deep ,in the darkness below2 they will seize him1 and take ,from his heart1 by fell torture of fagot and stake1 ,every secret it holds2 then his lifeblood may flow1 ,but he never shall ride to the camp of ,bugeaud4 ,,vii4 ,still unflinching and free through the moonlight he goes1 ,and each pulse with the hot flush of eagerness glows4 ,now a glance at the path where his gallant steed flies1 ,now a gleam at the weird1 spectral forms that arise ,on the dim1 rugged slopes1 then still onward and on1 ,till he nears the abyss1 and its gaping jaws yawn ,on his sight2 but the rider well knows it is there1 ,and his speed is soon cautiously checked to prepare ,for the desperate leap2 he must now put to proof ,the true mettle beneath1 for the slip of a hoof ,or a swerve on the brink will dash both into doom1 ,where the sad stars shall watch o'er a cavernous tomb4 ,girth and bridle and stirrup are felt1 to be sure ,that no flaw shall bring peril--and all is secure2 ,then with eyes fixed before1 and brow bent to the wind1 ,and one thought of the foe and his comrades behind1 ,and a low1 earnest prayer that all heaven must heed1 ,he slacks bridle1 plies spur1 and gives head to his steed4 ,with a bound it responds1 ears set back1 nostrils wide1 ,and the rush of a thunderbred storm in its stride6 ,now the brink6 now the leap6 they are over6 ,hurrah6 ,horse and rider are safe1 and dash wildly away2 ,not a slip1 not a flinch1 swift and sure as the flight ,of an eagle in midair they sweep through the night1 ,while the baffled foe glare in bewildered amaze ,at the fastflying prey speeding far from their gaze2 ,and the soft stars grow dim in the dawn's early glow ,when ,mac,mahon rides into the camp of ,bugeaud4 ,the ,year ,of ,our ,lord #ahgd4 ,a general glance at the movements of the past year will scarcely prove encouraging1 even to the most devout believer in the glory and the destiny of the golden century drawing so rapidly to its close4 ,our own nation1 which--with steam1 electricity1 railroads1 the newspaper as it stands to day in all its power and pride 7vide the current number of the ,new ,york ,herald71 and other great material developments of the age--may consider itself at will as either the mightiest product or the enfant gt of the century1 has not too great matter for selfcongratulation4 ,our national year1 that dawned on disaster1 has struggled through a painful life only to close in gloom1 with perhaps a faint though uncertain glimmer afar off of better times to come4 ,the 8,christian0 statesmen who have had the country and its management all to themselves these many years past have left behind them a bitter legacy4 ,the great scandals--for even scandals in these days have a greatness of their own--which at length broke up the ranks of the 8,christian0 statesmen were sufficiently touched upon last year1 and are only called to mind here as tending in great measure to explain the year of national distress we have just passed through4 ,all through the winter months the poverty and misery of the masses in ,new ,york and other of our chief cities were unexampled in our history2 nor was the revival of business during the spring1 summer1 and fall seasons of such a nature as to warrant the hope of being able to stave off a similar calamity in the early months of the coming year4 ,the real cause of the distress is known to all--the general stagnation of business in #ahgc1 resulting chiefly from the panic of the previous year1 which in turn resulted from the corruption in high places of the national1 ,state1 and municipal guardians of the public trusts4 ,public confidence was shattered2 business was at a standstill1 the masses consequently idle1 while a general reduction in the rate of wages begot strikes among such as were not idle4 ,in this connection it may be well to call to mind what was generally observed at the time3 the significant absence of the ,irish and ,catholic body from the seditious meetings2 yet on that body fell the burden of the distress4 ,what the disciples of the 8,christian0 school of statesmen1 who gave cause for the sedition by their corruption and dishonesty1 would be pleased to term their 8foreign0 faith1 8foreign0 education1 obedience to the trained bodyguard1 the priesthood1 of a 8foreign0 potentate1 the ,pope1 alone prevented their falling in with the ranks of sedition4 ,yet the preaching and practice of the 8foreign0 faith1 we are constantly assured1 is the greatest danger to the republic4 ,the trials of the severe season1 however1 brought out into startling prominence one great fact3 the willingness and resources of the public to encounter an unexpected demand of this kind4 ,new ,york1 for instance1 was overrun with public charities and associations for the relief of the poor1 the unfortunate1 the maimed1 the halt1 the blind1 the fatherless children1 helpless women1 and so forth4 ,in short1 there was scarcely a department of human misery which had not its corresponding asylum1 aided in most instances by the ,state1 erected often and paid solely by the ,state1 as well as a variety of others set on foot and kept agoing by private philanthropy or charity4 ,money from public and private resources had been pouring into these asylums for long years past1 without any startling demand being made upon them in return4 ,now was the time to prove the utility of those institutions1 of which we were so justly proud4 ,what was their actual condition8 ,they were for the greater part found practically with exchequers already exhausted1 without anything like adequate results being shown4 ,an inquiry as to where all the money had gone succeeded in tracing considerable sums as far as the pockets of the directors1 their wives1 families1 and friends1 generally1 after which all traces mysteriously disappeared4 ,the good old maxim that 8charity begins at home0 would seem to have impressed itself as a necessary truth on the minds of the dispensers of our public charities1 and it seems to have been carried out severely to the letter4 ,one consolation was afforded the public1 however4 ,for some time past its conscience had been offended by the granting of certain sums--small enough indeed1 in comparison with the necessities of the cases--out of the public funds to those social offences known as 8sectarian0 charities--sectarian charities6--and these sums1 such as they were1 had within the year been very judiciously and properly withdrawn1 in accordance with the spirit of the ,constitution1 as expounded by the men from whose ranks sprang the ,christians of the ,crdit ,mobilier school4 ,it was no small satisfaction to see1 in the time of trial1 that the public was justified in withdrawing from such institutions the ,state appropriations1 on the ground that they were not distributed as in purely ,state asylums4 ,how the 8sectarian0 charities contrasted with the others in the administration and distribution of their funds may be left to the records of the year to tell1 as unfolded in the columns of the daily press4 ,whether a general remodelling of our public institutions1 in view of the flagrant mismanagement exhibited last year1 be not desirable1 is left to the consideration of those most concerned in the matter--the public themselves4 ,as they stand they are an eyesore to honest men1 a standing breach of public confidence1 and a gross violation of the public contract1 to say nothing of what they may be in the eye of a heaven that seems to be getting farther and farther remote from the earth1 whereon ,god once was pleased to walk with the father of mankind4 ,our class of statesmen found an easy solution of what ,mr4 ,disraeli esteemed the most difficult problem of politics--the feeding of a people by the government--by an increase of money2 and an increase of money is the simplest thing in the world1 when money is only so much paper stamped by the government with promise to pay at no very precise date4 ,all that the government had to do in order to ease matters was to draw an unlimited number of ,i ,o ,u's on itself--itself being practically bankrupt for the time being1 but relying on the prospect of something eventually 8turning up0 to its advantage4 ,the sad conflicts in ,arkansas and ,louisiana1 the hostility between black and white1 come in the same order4 ,in this case1 in ,louisiana at least1 the ,president and his advisers did not show themselves as well as in the quashing of the bill for inflation of the currency4 ,while the party that had recourse to an absolute revolution in the ,state and in the face of the nation cannot but be condemned1 inasmuch as the approaching elections might have peacefully served their purposes to the same end1 much more is the government to be condemned which in the first instance gave its sanction and support to a great and standing wrong4 ,fortunately1 but little blood was spilt2 yet one drop in such cases is an indication of the neighborhood of a deluge4 ,all hope for the dispersion of this impending deluge rests now chiefly with the party which was returned to power at the ,november elections4 ,if the year leaves us with so much to lament1 so many vexed problems to solve1 so many rocks ahead in our national course1 and with only a half confidence in the crew who are in charge of the ship of state to guide it over the unrevealed dangers of unknown seas1 what shall be said of ,europe1 with its divided nationalities1 ambitions1 and policies1 and only danger as a unit8 ,the general arming of the nations that began almost half a century ago1 but was hurried into feverish activity since the ,franco,german war1 may now be said to be completed4 ,russia within half a dozen years will1 if peace so far favors her1 have three millions of soldiers in the field2 ,france almost as many2 ,germany1 by the enrolment of the ,landsturm1 has made itself a nation of soldiers2 ,austria1 ,italy1 and the rest all follow in due order4 ,all ,europe is at this moment armed to the teeth1 solely to preserve peace4 ,one is irresistibly reminded of an old verse about a strong man armed keeping his house4 ,a set of fanatics assembled in ,london to sympathize with the ,prussian government in its 8struggle0 with its ,catholic subjects--that is to say1 with the wholesale imprisonment of the ,catholic bishops and clergy1 the suppression of ,catholic religious societies1 the fining of ,catholic ladies for presenting addresses of condolence to the imprisoned ecclesiastics4 ,the meeting of sympathy called forth a very remarkable letter of gratitude from the ,german emperor1 and occasioned a general jubilee on the part of the ,german official press4 ,so far1 so good4 ,in the meanwhile a ,french bishop1 thinking1 probably1 that it is hard for a man whose sole crime consists in the fact of his being a ,catholic bishop to be imprisoned for that offence1 ventures to deliver a mild opinion on the matter in a pastoral to his flock4 ,straightway comes out a ,prussian official paper with an editorial that for solemnity and massiveness might have been written by the ,emperor himself1 warning1 not the ,french bishop1 but all ,france1 that if it cannot restrain itself from that shocking habit it has acquired of using intemperate language against a neighboring and unusually friendly power1 ,germany1 painful as the task may be to its feelings of humanity1 will positively be compelled to take its own measures for its own defence4 ,france immediately takes the hint1 eats the leek with all becoming meekness1 and a circular couched in the language of the ,academy is despatched to the bishops generally1 the plain ,english of which would be to hold their tongues on all ,german matters1 unless1 of course1 they have something pleasant to say4 ,that may be a very easy task for the bishops1 but there still remain those btesnoirs of offending governments1 the gentlemen of the press2 and gentlemen of the press1 in ,france as everywhere else1 are unhappily distinguished not so much1 perhaps1 for having opinions of their own1 as for giving vent to those opinions1 and setting them down in indelible ink4 ,m4 ,veuillot1 the editor of ,l',univers1 is just one of these unfortunate beings4 ,m4 ,veuillot has a rather strong way of putting things when it pleases him1 and ,m4 ,veuillot is hardly the man to take a diplomatic hint4 ,the sad duty becomes incumbent on his government1 therefore1 to give ,m4 ,veuillot and his paper a vacation of a couple of months4 ,the vacation was called suspension4 ,it was duly explained that the ,german government had had nothing whatever to do with the matter1 though1 strange to say1 the ,french government had never thought of suspending ,m4 ,veuillot for hammering away at itself4 ,belgium and ,italy were threatened in like manner for allowing their subjects freedom of opinion in so important a matter4 ,even ,england was warned1 but the warning had small effect4 ,it was whispered1 though the correspondence never came to light1 that at one period during the past year some sharplyworded notes passed between the ,german government and our own4 ,what the cause of the sharplyworded notes may have been remains a diplomatic secret4 ,the only thing significant about the matter is that the whisper took shape about a month after the arrest and imprisonment of ,archbishop ,ledochowski1 who had the immortal honor of being the first of the ,german bishops to surrender the liberty of his person for his faith in this strife4 ,that imprisonment called forth an unanimous condemnation from the ,american press--not the sectarian press of any creed--that did it honor1 and led one to hope that such a thing as principle still existed on the earth1 and that genuine homespun ,american love of liberty was not a meaningless thing4 ,to the charge of necessary disloyalty to the ecclesiastical laws of ,prussia1 ,catholics will perforce plead guilty--the same ,catholics who before the passing of those laws never dreamed of or were accused of disloyalty to the state4 ,those laws are an insult to the age and to all time4 ,there is not a line of them that does not betray the steel of the executioner1 red almost with the blood of his victim4 ,the spirit of ,brennus is abroad4 ,the scales of justice show a sadly uneven balance2 but the sword of the barbarian tossed in ends all disputes and argument4 ,our modern ,brennus has struck his blows so rapidly and truly that the world still stares at him in dazed wonder4 ,success has waited on his footsteps1 and men who worship success are not yet sufficiently masters of themselves to measure that success aright4 ,they are afraid to question the actions of a man who seems to strike with the inerrancy of fate4 ,prince ,bismarck had certainly the world on his side2 and if the world begins now to fall away from him and recoil1 to recover its senses a little1 and to question the right and wrong of his actions1 he has none but himself to blame4 ,the signs of the past year tell us that the recoil is beginning to set in4 ,the elections early in the year went against the government4 ,the ,catholics gained a large majority on their former number even in ,prussia itself4 ,alsace,lorraine returned its members simply to protest against annexation1 while the socialists were strengthened also4 ,the government still holds a strong majority1 it is true2 but the falling away from its standard within four years of its mightiest triumphs was so significant of what was likely to ensue should the government persevere in its policy1 that the first thing taken into consideration immediately after the elections was the restricting of the franchise to such voters as it was felt would return a safe and sure majority for the government4 ,next to this came measures for the restriction of the liberty of the press1 which by the efforts of the ,catholic party were defeated4 ,the obvious question will force itself on the mind3 ,why should a government so strong and mighty1 so beloved of the people1 as we are always assured1 tremble at the popular voice and at the criticism of a newspaper8 ,the answer is easy4 ,the army bill followed4 ,the government required a peaceeffective voted once for all of four hundred and one thousand men4 ,that army was to stand1 and1 once the bill was passed1 parliament was to have no further voice in the matter1 whether in regard to payment of the bills or in regulating the number of men4 ,that was to pass completely out of its hands4 ,for once even the 8blustering majority0 did not save the government4 ,the terrible danger of the scheme was obvious4 ,the mere presence of so tremendous a standing army was a standing menace not only to the country and its liberties1 but to its neighbors4 ,it did not breathe the spirit of peace and rest in the government1 and of proper regard for a country already worn and disturbed by three harassing wars occurring in quick succession2 while the taking out of the hands of the ,houses the control over so large an item of the public funds as was embraced in the bill1 was a blow at their privileges to which not even faith in absolutism could blind them4 ,a storm was at once raised4 ,the government staked its existence on the measure4 ,marshal ,moltke rose up in the ,house1 and made a speech in defence of it that will be remembered4 ,he spoke of the alarm caused by ,germany to its neighbors4 ,he told them that what they had gained in a few months it would take them fifty years to keep and secure4 ,it was necessary that1 though they might not draw the sword1 their hand should be for ever on the hilt4 ,he assured them that1 after all1 wars undertaken and carried through by regular armies were the swiftest and therefore the cheapest4 ,an important consideration that last4 ,as a final argument the veteran told them that 8a standing army was a necessity of the times1 and he could not but ask the ,house to devote the figure of four hundred and one thousand rankandfile as a peacefooting once for all40 ,a peace footing6 ,but even the marshal's seductive eloquence could not move them4 ,prince ,bismarck fell sick and retired to ,varzin4 ,the ,emperor's birthday came round1 and the generals of his empire came to congratulate him4 ,he assured them that he would dissolve parliament rather than alter the bill4 ,but his imperial majesty forgot that there were more kingdoms than ,prussia concerned in his measures now1 and that the dissolution that once before served the ,king of ,prussia sufficiently well might1 in the disturbed state of affairs1 prove a dangerous experiment to the ,emperor of ,germany4 ,finally1 as is known1 somewhat better counsels prevailed1 and a compromise was effected1 which limited the figure to three hundred and eightyfive thousand men for seven years4 ,this was a severe check to the government1 while it was a lesson to the people to distrust rulers who1 in the light of their own schemes1 considered the empire as a mere instrument1 forgetting wholly that they were for the empire1 not the empire for them4 ,there are many matters in the internal history of ,germany during the past year that deserve to be dwelt upon particularly and at length1 but a few of which only can be glanced at here4 ,the desire to expand and strengthen itself abroad is natural1 and it is strange that the government organs should be so anxious to disavow so praiseworthy an object1 provided the motives that urge it are good4 ,it is strange1 at the same time1 to see how it continues its repressive emigration laws2 how anxious so mighty an empire is to keep all its children at home1 where they may be serviceable in the ,landsturm2 and how anxious those children are to get away and come out to us here1 leaving behind them and surrendering forever all the glory and the promise of the newlyfounded empire4 ,it is strange1 also1 to note to what little tricks so great a government can descend in its self imposed conflict with its ,catholic subjects2 as1 for instance1 the forged ,papal decree respecting the future election of the ,sovereign ,pontiff that found its way into the columns of the ,cologne ,gazette at so opportune a moment as the eve of the ,german elections4 ,simultaneously with its appearance we were reminded of the significant declaration of ,prince ,bismarck in the ,german parliament1 ,june #i1 #ahgc3 8,if the message is brought to us that a new ,pope has been elected1 we shall certainly be entitled to investigate whether he has been duly1 properly1 and legitimately elected02 that is to say1 whether the veto of the head of the ,holy ,roman ,empire--who of course is the ,emperor ,william--and of the other powers possessing a veto whom the ,german government might influence1 has been exercised4 8,only if we are satisfied on these heads will he be able to claim in ,germany the rights belonging to a ,roman ,pope40 ,out of consideration for ,prince ,bismarck we pass over those fierce parliamentary storms where his keen opponents1 ,von ,windthorst and ,von ,mallinkrodt1 twitted the ,chancellor himself with having been actually guilty of the disloyalty to ,prussia and the ,german soil which he falsely attributed to the ,catholics4 ,the prince1 amid thunders of applause1 charged them with malicious lying2 but the charge1 though momentarily effective1 was not a happy one1 as the disclosures of ,gen4 ,della ,marmora subsequently showed4 ,italy was threatened in consequence of ,della ,marmora's indiscretion1 but the threat proved ineffectual4 ,the general said his say1 and the lie was stamped on its author4 ,prince ,bismarck's popularity was on the wane1 if not in ,germany itself1 certainly in a very large circle outside of ,germany where he had hitherto been worshipped as one who with some justice described himself as 8the besthated man in ,europe40 ,then1 fortunately for himself1 as fortunately as a scene in a drama1 came the ,deus ex machin in the pistol of ,kullmann to relieve him from his momentary misfortunes4 ,prince ,bismarck was not the man to miss so fine an opportunity of turning to account the insane attempt of the son of a madman on his life1 and we were flooded with the timehonored taunts of means to ends because a man of notoriously bad and violent character1 who happened to have been present at some ,catholic meetings1 committed the wicked and utterly unjustifiable act of firing a pistol at the ,chancellor4 ,there are some two hundred million ,catholics in the world2 there are in ,germany fourteen or fifteen1 in ,prussia alone eight millions1 of the same creed4 ,of all these millions one man1 of wicked antecedents and insane descent1 is found to commit an act abhorrent to the ,catholic conscience all the world over1 and at once the universal conscience of that mighty multitude is with a benignant generosity centred in the person of this wretch1 who1 whether1 as many believed1 a dupe of the government tools or a dupe of his own disordered intellect1 was equally a wretch4 ,why not turn the argument the other way8 ,why not wonder at the sublime patience of the people who see the sacred persons of their bishops and priests dragged from the altarsteps1 stripped of their goods1 and buried in fortresses1 for the crime of violating laws that were made to be violated1 without moving a hand to prevent such constant outrages1 because the teachings of those disloyal priests and bishops1 of that archfoe to ,german nationality1 the ,pope1 never cease to forbid armed resistance to the most oppressive laws that were ever framed8 ,two or three officials have been sent alone among a vast multitude of ,catholics to drag before their very eyes the priest whose ,mass they have just attended1 from the altar of ,christ to a prison--for what possible purpose but to provoke bloodshed and insurrection8 ,happily1 the people were still by the efforts of the clergy restrained from putting themselves at the mercy of a government that knows no mercy2 but who shall say how long that patience will endure8 ,and this is the government whose sole aim is the unity and consolidation of ,germany and the happiness of every section of its people6 ,as the ,von ,arnim case is still pending1 it is useless to conjecture what the documents may contain whose possession prompted ,prince ,bismarck to arrest and confine in a common prison the man who next after himself stood the foremost in the ,german nation4 ,the arrest to the world at large showed more forcibly than anything that has yet taken place to what lengths the chief of the ,prussian government can go2 how easily he can trample under foot every tradition of civilization and every feeling of humanity to crush a foe or sweep from his path a possible danger to himself4 ,it is probable that the documents turn chiefly on his foreign policy1 and would stamp in indelible characters that policy1 which it needs no writing to tell us threatens not only the church1 but the peace of ,europe1 and1 through ,europe1 of the world1 perhaps for centuries to come4 ,such disclosures would in the eyes of outraged ,germany and ,europe necessitate his deprivation of a power he has so fatally abused4 ,france struggles on still without a government2 that is to say1 without a government of which six weeks of existence could be safely predicated4 ,the changes in the ministry have been changes of men rather than of measures4 ,the various parties are still at daggersdrawn and rather on the increase than otherwise4 ,the ,count of ,chambord seems for the present to have retired from the contest--a wise and patriotic example1 which if all could follow1 the country might be allowed breathing time and some fair chance of arriving at a sound judgment as to what was the exact government it wanted--a problem which the ,french nation has seemed incapable of solving since the first ,revolution4 ,the ,bonapartists have profited by the withdrawal of the ,count1 and displayed an earnestness1 boldness1 and activity which have been crowned with some success1 but marked by the disregard of the nation and its submergence in the family name and fame that seem the chief characteristics of 8the ,napoleonic idea40 ,the coming of age of the son of the late emperor was marked by a theatrical display and oracular speeches worthy of the ,second ,empire at its zenith4 ,there have been the usual 8scenes0 in the ,french ,assembly4 ,the 8intervals of ten minutes0 and 8intervals of a quarter of an hour0 have been alarmingly frequent1 and after some sittings the air bristled with challenges from warlike deputies1 which afforded excellent material for the illustrated journals2 but1 on the whole1 few more dangerous weapons than the peaceful pockethandkerchief were drawn1 and the pockethandkerchief1 as all public orators know1 is a vast relief in trying moments4 ,m4 ,thiers has preferred the ,apennines to the tribune1 and has happily spoken more in ,italy than in the ,chambers4 ,m4 ,gambetta1 for a man of his calibre1 has been singularly well behaved on the whole1 and we have not had so many of those journeys to the disaffected districts of which at one time he threatened to be so fond4 ,sad to say1 it is the soldierpresident who has thus far kept the disorderly parties from flying at each other's throats by the sheer force of the army1 on which he silently leans all the while4 ,france is practically in the hands of a military dictator4 ,she is happy in her dictator--that is all4 ,marshal ,mac,mahon1 on succeeding ,m4 ,thiers1 promised to answer for order1 and he has kept his word4 ,more than that1 he has1 wisely for ,france1 however sad it may be to say so1 made the ,assembly keep its word and abide by the septennate which it conferred on him4 ,he has used his vast power with a singular discretion1 a patriotism unexampled almost in the face of opportunities that would turn the head of many a greater man1 and an honest singlemindedness that has clearly nothing else than the good of the whole country in view4 ,the last symbol of a now ineffectual protection1 and indeed for a long time an insincere one1 of the ,holy ,father1 has been withdrawn in the ,ornoque4 ,it is better so4 ,it is better1 perhaps1 since matters have been pushed so far1 that the ,holy ,father stand absolutely alone1 powerless and defenceless1 in the eyes of earth and heaven4 ,the power of ,god alone can now restore to him what is his by right4 ,today among all the ,european governments there is none so poor as to do him reverence4 ,england has recently withdrawn even its shadow of a diplomatic representative1 which possibly marks the beginning of the 8little more energy in foreign policy and little less in domestic legislation0 that ,mr4 ,disraeli advised while still in opposition4 ,in all other respects except politics ,france has every reason to be congratulated4 ,the earnest turning of the people's heart to ,god1 the desertion of whom called down such terrible punishments1 seems in no degree to diminish4 ,the seasons have been propitious1 and the vintage of #ahgd has been of unexampled excellence and productiveness4 ,the exports of the year were marvellously increased1 and ,god's blessings would seem to be raining down again on this sorelytried land and people4 ,all that is needed is a good and firm government1 of which1 however1 as yet1 there seems no immediate prospect4 ,france is as open as ever to surprises2 and it is absolutely impossible to forecast its political future4 ,england has experienced a peaceful revolution similar to our own1 and one almost as astonishing in its suddenness1 though1 as in our case1 there were not wanting indications of the change in parties which has taken place1 as will be found duly noted by those who care to look at ,,the ,,catholic ,,world',s review for #ahgc4 ,on ,january #bb ,mr4 ,gladstone issued his memorable 8prolix narrative10 announcing1 to the surprise of all men1 the immediate dissolution of ,parliament4 ,the sudden and1 under the circumstances1 unexampled action of the premier looked remarkably like a desire to take time by the forelock1 and by the suddenness of the attack shatter and utterly discomfit the slowlygathering forces of the opposition4 ,if such were the real intention1 it was miserably miscalculated and singularly illadvised4 ,the country was as much outraged as shocked1 and showed its appreciation of ,mr4 ,gladstone's skill at a coup by returning a very handsome ,conservative majority1 so that ,mr4 ,disraeli1 happy man6 found himself1 to his own surprise1 no less than ,mr4 ,gladstone's1 within three weeks of the dissolution1 at the head of a strong government and party1 with his old rival deep in the shade4 ,the result of the ,english elections may prove a lesson to popular leaders for the future not to presume too much on their popularity1 not to jeopardize a powerful party1 and throw an empire into sudden confusion by what looks too much like a freak that it is hoped may win by 8a fluke40 ,the most significant lesson of the elections1 perhaps1 was the instantaneous triumph of the ,home ,rule party in ,ireland1 while as yet it was to all appearance in its infancy1 and almost beneath the rational notice of the ,english press4 ,it had only provoked derision and calumny4 ,we were constantly told that it had no hold on the heart of the people1 that it claimed no men of note1 that the nobility and gentry held aloof from it1 and so forth4 ,the 8wild adherents0 of the 8wild folly0 have taught even the ,london ,times to respect them2 and much reason had they to be pledged to their wild folly1 if the words of a man whose opinion is certainly of some value on the subject have any weight3 8,ireland at this moment is governed by laws of coercion and stringent severity that do not exist in any other quarter of the globe40 ,those words were spoken on the #dth of ,february1 #ahgd4 ,the speaker was ,mr4 ,disraeli1 the present ,prime ,minister of ,england4 ,the laws that provoked the observation of so eminent an ,english statesman still prevail in ,ireland4 ,the appeal for amnesty for the unfortunate remnant of the ,irish political prisoners has1 since those words were spoken1 been refused by ,mr4 ,disraeli4 ,and yet the ,irish calendars for this year1 as for many a year past1 were the cleanest in the world and the freest from crime of all kinds4 ,such is the nation governed at this moment by laws such as ,mr4 ,disraeli has described4 ,the result of such government can scarcely recommend its dispensers to the nation governed1 and yet their appeal for control of their own affairs1 which the ,english ,parliament confessedly does not understand1 and1 if it did understand1 has1 as it acknowledges1 too much business on its hands properly to attend to1 is a wild folly6 ,the chief piece of ,english legislation during the year has been what was embodied in 8the bill to put down ritualism0--that is to say1 the regulation of divine worship as understood in the church established by act of ,parliament4 ,ritualism1 or the 8,romanizing tendency10 as it is strangely termed1 in the ,anglican ,church1 has been put down1 as far as an act of ,parliament can put it down4 ,our ritualists on this side were put down also1 for their bishops followed that authority in their church known as the ,british ,parliament1 composed respectively of ,anglicans1 ,dissenters1 ,jews1 ,quakers1 and other sects1 with1 worst of all1 a strong contingent of ,roman ,catholics4 ,that hydrahead of the ,anglican ,church regulated for it to a nicety1 pronounced upon its devotions1 practices1 sacraments1 vestments1 ornaments1 postures of the body1 bendings of the knee1 elevations of the hands1 prostrations1 crossings1 and so forth1 as calmly and in as businesslike a fashion as though it were sitting on an income tax2 and the church that we are so solemnly assured by learned men like ,bishop ,coxe1 if it dates not exactly from the ,ist1 certainly dates from somewhere in the neighborhood of the ,i,vth1 century1 with a subsequent lamentable gap up to the ,x,v,ith1 when the ,apostle ,henry and others of that ilk came to renovate and restore it to its pristine purity1 bowed meekly to the infallible decision of the businesslike assembly of ,jews1 infidels1 ,quakers1 ,dissenters1 ,anglicans1 and ,roman ,catholics4 ,what would ,s4 ,peter and ,s4 ,paul think of it all8 ,something far more serious than this1 and of far deeper import to the nation1 was the long and persistent strike of the agricultural laborers1 which was carried on on a most extensive scale1 and with a union that was not thought to exist in the successor of the ,saxon hind4 ,once the ball of disaffection is set rolling1 it is very hard to say where it will stop4 ,it is clear that the unions have at last permeated the entire body of the ,english laboringclasses4 ,the tradesunions are too often cousinsgerman to the secret societies4 ,the mass of the ,english agricultural classes1 in common with the vast majority of the ,english laboringclasses and artisans1 have no religion at all4 ,the disaffection with the present order of things in ,england1 though less pronounced than in most modern ,european nations1 has been long gathering1 is rapidly spreading1 and is beyond all doubt of a nature to excite considerable alarm4 ,loss of religion1 it is needless to say1 leaves the minds and hearts of men open to all evil1 and it would be beyond stupidity to shut one's eyes to the very plain fact that the spirit of evil and of general disaffection is particularly active all the world over just at present4 ,banish religion1 banish the guiding hand of ,god from your objective laws and from the heart and sight of your people1 and the people will look on the powers that be1 of whatsoever nature1 as oppressors1 on the rich as despoilers of the poor1 on the employers as their tyrants4 ,a most important movement1 and one that we welcome with all our hearts1 is the bold step taken at last by the ,english hierarchy in founding a ,catholic university in ,england4 ,the want has long been felt in that country of a centre of ,catholic intellect1 culture1 and thought1 to vie with those seats of learning which the piety of their ,catholic forefathers had left as priceless heirlooms to their ,catholic children1 but which1 with all holy places and all holy things1 had by the national apostasy become perverted from the purpose of their pious founders1 and fallen by a too easy lapse from centres of false faith to centres of no faith at all4 ,in ,england and ,ireland1 as with us1 the means of providing higher education for students desirous of attaining it have been hitherto necessarily and lamentably deficient4 ,the ,catholic ,university in ,ireland and this later one in ,england give promise that1 with proper encouragement from the wealthy and intelligent laity1 this longfelt want will be at length adequately supplied4 ,these are days when the ,catholic laity1 to whom now all positions1 or at least very important ones1 are fairly open1 are in duty bound to take their stand as becomes loyal children of a mother universally assailed4 ,the laity can penetrate where the clergy have no voice4 ,they are1 as ,s4 ,peter called them1 and as they have so signally proved themselves in ,germany1 8a kingly priesthood40 ,but to take a stand similar to that taken by the noble ,german phalanx1 that 8thundering legion0 in the service of the pagan empire1 they must be equal to their adversaries in culture1 refinement1 and address1 all which come more by education than from nature4 ,many a great mind has retired within a narrow circle for which it was certainly not born1 and its efforts rendered half nugatory by lack of that early association and training which a great university1 an intellectual focus of the brightest minds in the galaxy of letters1 is intended to and does supply4 ,we look1 then1 with as much hope as expectancy to this step on the part of the ,english hierarchy1 who have saved their children from the allurements of a ,satanic culture by supplying them with men of recognized intellectual standing and acknowledged faith in ,christ and in his church4 ,our only hope is that in our own country we soon may rival them4 ,some mention will probably be looked for here of the controversy1 as it is called1 which has sprung up in consequence of a recent pamphlet written by ,mr4 ,gladstone2 but there is little need of such mention1 inasmuch as ,mr4 ,gladstone seems to have been sufficiently answered by the very men whom his pamphlet was intended chiefly to affect--the ,protestants of ,england4 ,whether so intended or not1 it was beyond all doubt an attempt altogether unworthy the high character of the distinguished author to rouse the rancor of the ,english ,protestants against their ,catholic fellowsubjects4 ,could we altogether rid ourselves of the respect with which ,mr4 ,gladstone1 take him all in all1 has hitherto inspired us1 as a man whose heart was as large and loyal as his intellect1 and that intellect inspired with reverence for ,god and holy things1 his latest exploit could only be described as a vulgar 8,no ,popery0 appeal to the worst classes and most degraded passions of ,english society1 delivered in bad taste and worse faith1 and1 to crown the list of offences1 as a political mistake1 which has already failed in its object of establishing him1 as ,earl ,russell once was1 and as men of the ,newdegate and ,whalley type would be1 as the ,english 8,no ,popery0 champion and leader1 while it effectually alienates from him once for all a large and influential body of supporters on whom he has often counted1 and on whom there was no reason to believe that a genuine change of front on his part might not have led him to count again4 ,that his pamphlet is all this is true2 that ,mr4 ,gladstone intended it to be all this there is too much reason to believe1 but of that he himself alone can tell4 ,if the leader of the ,english ,liberal party is pleased to be patted on the back by the men in ,germany who patted on the back the orators of ,exeter ,hall who met to sympathize with the ,german persecution of ,germans whose only crime was their ,catholic faith1 and whose only stain was and is their readiness to sacrifice life1 lands1 and liberty in defence of that faith1 he is welcome to his illearned applause and doubtful honor4 ,the space already given to the important topics touched upon leaves little room for comment on others4 ,and indeed the story1 as far as the ,catholic ,church and general politics are concerned1 is much the same all the world over4 ,austria has followed in the wake of ,prussia1 though its ecclesiastical laws do not seem to have been carried out with the brutal thoroughness of its neighbor4 ,italy continues in its downward course4 ,the state of its finances is appalling1 and yet it plies whip and spur with reckless speed into chaos4 ,brigandage1 in the south chiefly1 grows worse and worse4 ,civil marriage there1 as in ,prussia1 is the law established4 ,a new phase of the secret societies crops out from time to time4 ,it has tried the scheme of popular election of the curs as did ,switzerland and ,germany1 with a like result in all cases--an absurd fiasco4 ,it has made great strides in the way of popular education1 with the result pictured by the special correspondent of the ,london ,times3 8,the property that is taken from some of the ,capuchin convents in ,tuscany1 and sold at auction1 is bought back at the auction by #8pious benefactors1' who recall the scattered fraternity to their deserted and desecrated homes1 and restore monachism on conditions more favorable than those on which it stood before its suppression4 ,the central government and the municipalities in ,italy strain every nerve to supply the people with a free and good education1 but their schools have to strive hard to withstand the competition which is raised against them by the ,scolopii in ,florence1 the ,barnabites in ,milan1 and the ,ignorantins in ,turin4444 ,there are now ,waldensian1 ,methodist1 and other evangelical churches and schools in ,rome1 as in other ,italian cities1 but their success is not very encouraging1 even in the opinion of their candid promoters40 ,and we may add1 for the benefit of the ardent but foolish supporters of the ,van ,meter and such like schemes1 a further extract from the same correspondent3 8,attempts to allow the people to elect their parish priests without the permission of1 and even in direct opposition to1 the bishop of the diocese have been made in some ,mantuan rural districts and elsewhere1 but hitherto with no extensive or decisive results2 and the ,gavazzi1 ,passaglia1 ,andrea1 and others1 who would have ventured on a reforming movement within the church itself1 have met with no support whatever1 either on the part of the government authorities or of public opinion40 ,the celebration of the twentyeighth anniversary of the elevation of our ,holy ,father1 ,pope ,pius ,,ix41 to the chair of ,peter1 was general throughout ,christendom1 but desecrated in ,rome by the infamous action of the usurping government in clearing the streets of the crowds who were peacefully returning from the ,te ,deum in ,s4 ,peter's4 ,violent arrests were made on no pretext whatever1 some of the persons arrested being ,english and ,american ,protestant ladies4 ,on the evening following1 and with the connivance of the present ,roman authorities1 a hideous crowd assembled at midnight to howl cries of hate and blasphemy under the windows of the ,sovereign ,pontiff4 ,not religion alone1 but common humanity1 seems to have been banished from ,rome by the entrance of ,victor ,emanuel4 ,our constant prayer should be that the great ,pontiff1 whose conspicuous virtues1 and sufferings so patiently borne for ,christ's sake1 may be preserved to his children long to witness with his own eyes the end of the blasphemy1 violence1 and imposture which now beset him on all sides4 ,switzerland has almost out ,prussiaed ,prussia in its assault on the ,catholic ,church4 ,so much for the freedom of the typical republic6 ,it has changed its constitution into despotism1 driving away the ,catholic voters from the polls by intimidation and violence4 ,even ,loyson has felt himself compelled to cry out against its excesses1 and resigned his curacy at ,geneva4 ,the constitution which it has now adopted1 it rejected only two years since4 ,it completely subjects religion to the state1 and renders it impossible for a ,catholic priest to remain in his native country and practise the duties of his office4 ,civil marriage here again is the order of the day4 ,marriages1 it used to be said1 were made in heaven4 ,their birthplace has been transferred to the office and celestial presence of his eminence the townclerk4 ,in ,spain the struggle has assumed a fiercer and more determined character than ever4 ,castelar1 who is already and very deservedly forgotten1 was president at the opening of the year4 ,his success in that rle was what might have been expected1 and what has fully justified the opinion held of him throughout in these pages4 ,he was defeated on reading his message to the ,cortes in ,january--a message of despair4 ,general ,pavia cleared the ,cortes and took possession with his troops4 ,the movement was so well planned that no rising took place4 ,indeed1 it was hard to say for what or for whom a rising should have been made4 ,there was no government2 almost all the prominent men had been tried in turn and failed1 and the last was the least capable of all4 ,serrano came to the front again2 the whole movement was probably his4 ,cartagena1 which had so long held out against a bombardment by sea and land1 was taken soon after1 and there remained no foe in the field but ,don ,carlos1 who had profited by the diversion at ,cartagena4 ,bilbao was seriously threatened by the ,carlist forces1 and would have proved1 if taken1 an important prize to them4 ,serrano hastened to its relief with all the available forces of the country1 and1 aided by ,marshal ,concha1 succeeded in raising the siege without inflicting any material loss on the enemy4 ,marshal ,concha he left to prosecute the campaign1 and for the first time since their last rising the ,carlists found themselves sore beset4 ,a bullet at ,estella1 however1 ended the checkered career of the most dangerous opponent they had yet encountered1 and victory after victory of more or less importance has1 with an occasional reverse1 continued to crown their arms4 ,more than once have we been assured of their annihilation1 only to see them appear with renewed strength1 and add another victory to their crown4 ,through the influence of ,germany the ,european powers with the exception of ,russia1 have recognized a republic which does not exist1 and does not promise to exist1 in ,spain4 ,at one time ,prussia threatened to interfere immediately1 and may at any time renew the attempt4 ,the reason for this interference is obvious4 ,a ,prussianized ,spain would serve as a doublebarrelled gun1 covering at once ,rome and ,france4 ,whereas the success of ,don ,carlos is the success of a ,catholic sovereign and a ,bourbon2 consequently a friend to ,france1 whatever may be the government in that country4 ,russia's refusal to join in its schemes was1 however1 a little too significant to ignore1 and love1 which was never at feverpoint between what are now the rival powers in ,europe1 was not increased by this rebuff4 ,in the meanwhile ,spain is suffering terribly in blood1 in commerce1 in everything that makes the life of a nation1 by this prolonged struggle1 which it was our hope to see concluded ere this by the victory of the only man who can promise the ,spaniards a safe and vigorous government1 and who has proved himself possessed of all the qualities of king1 general1 and1 as far as we are able to judge1 truly ,christian leader--,don ,carlos4 ,in ,mexico1 ,brazil1 ,venezuela1 and other of the ,south ,american states1 the struggle between church and state in ,europe has been repeated1 even to the seizure of property1 the expulsion of priests and nuns1 the imprisonment of bishops and priests4 ,one little republic alone1 that of ,equador1 has set a noble example to the world of loyalty to the ,catholic faith and to the ,apostolic ,see by devoting a large sum out of the public funds to the aid of the ,holy ,father4 ,the secret societies have seemingly as strong a hold in ,south ,america as in ,italy1 and the boldness with which they act is manifested by the severity of the sentences passed on the ,bishops of ,olinda and ,para1 the ,archbishops of ,caracas and ,venezuela1 and the aged ,bishop of ,merida4 ,those are still ,catholic states1 and it is to be hoped that all true ,catholics there will exert themselves and use the lawful power that is in their hands to put a stop to the scenes of outrage and brutal violence that are constantly on the increase4 ,it is time that civilized governments1 or those that claim the title1 should unite to put a stop to the horrible periodical massacres of ,christians in ,china1 of which the details reach us from time to time1 particularly during the past year4 ,it is a shame upon all nations that peaceful women should be outraged and brutally cut to pieces1 as are the ,catholic nuns in that country4 ,the ,european powers and our own could1 if they chose1 put a stop to this infamous practice--for practice it is4 ,and our own government might well take the initiative in the matter4 ,we welcome the ,chinese into this country4 ,they come in swarms2 they find home and labor1 and reward for their labor4 ,they live among us1 and leave us1 unmolested to the last4 ,their very idolatry is allowed2 and yet at almost stated intervals their countrymen rise up and horribly mutilate and murder our dearest and best4 ,of actual wars during the year there have been happily few4 ,the defeat of the ,ashantees1 and the burning of their capital city by the ,british forces1 adds1 it is to be presumed1 a new lustre to the glories of ,england4 ,the ,dutch retaliated for their defeat of the year previous in ,acheen by in turn defeating the ,achinese4 ,russia is securing its footsteps as it advances into ,asia4 ,an invasion of ,formosa by the ,japanese1 who are becoming more and more amenable to ,european customs1 ended strangely by a payment of indemnity on the part of ,china and the departure safe home of the ,japanese4 ,the usual chronic revolutions might be recorded of one or more of the ,south ,american states1 but beyond this there is nothing very sanguinary to record4 ,an event that will long be memorable1 and which excited very general interest outside1 was the departure for the first time of a body of pilgrims from this country to ,lourdes and ,rome1 under the guidance of the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,bishop of ,fort ,wayne and the ,rev4 ,p4 ,f4 ,dealy1 ,s4 ,j4 ,they were received with special marks of affection by the ,holy ,father1 who declared that in this country he was more ,pope than in any other4 ,an event that excited extraordinary commotion and a general display of a strange splenetic hate on the part of the ,english press was the quiet conversion to the ,catholic faith of the ,marquis of ,ripon1 who1 in addition to his hereditary title and established character as an ,english statesman1 added that of ,grand ,master of the ,freemasons in ,england4 ,among other conversions was that of the ,queen ,dowager of ,bavaria4 ,we are not in the position to compare the statistics of the past year's capital crimes or suicides with those of former years2 but whether they be greater or less1 they are alarmingly great4 ,suicide and murder were startlingly frequent during the year2 and as far as passing glances at the reports in the newspapers would justify an opinion1 they seem in most cases to have resulted from wicked and immoral lives4 ,for a time masked burglary threatened to become the fashionable crime of the year4 ,a speedier sentence and a more honest dispensing of the law than often prevails would more materially1 perhaps1 than any other means tend to diminish the long annual list of offences against life and property4 ,education1 to be sure1 is a great thing1 and there will be an opportunity in the coming year of seeing how the new law of compulsory education for all children will work in the ,state of ,new ,york4 ,the question is too large a one to enter into here4 ,as has been shown over and over again1 compulsory education with us means practically a compulsory ,protestant education2 for ,protestantism1 if not actually taught1 is done so at least negatively1 for many of the classbooks teem with ,protestantism from cover to cover4 ,that1 however1 is a matter within the power of remedy to a great extent4 ,the compulsory education of ,prussia that is so much extolled allowed the ,catholic priest and the ,protestant minister to teach their respective religions at stated hours1 in opposite corners of the schools1 even though they had ,sundayschools as well4 ,but our only safeguard is our own schools for our own children1 and it is gratifying to note the zeal with which both clergy and laity have combined during the past year to establish ,catholic schools all over the country4 ,that is the first thing to be done4 ,let us first have our own schools1 and then we may fairly see about the management of our own moneys4 ,only a few of the distinguished dead who have gone out with the year can be mentioned4 ,the church in the ,united ,states has lost five venerable servants and pioneers of faith1 in ,bishops ,melcher of ,green ,bay1 ,o',gorman1 of ,omaha1 ,whelan of ,wheeling1 ,mc,farland of ,hartford1 and ,bacon of ,portland4 ,the ,college of ,cardinals has lost three of its members3 ,cardinal ,barnabo1 the great ,prefect of the ,propaganda1 to whom the church in this country is greatly indebted2 ,cardinals ,falcinelli and ,tarquini4 ,the ,christian ,brothers lost their venerable superior1 ,brother ,philippe1 whose funeral was attended by the chief notabilities of ,paris1 together with a vast crowd of people of all ranks and conditions in life1 so much so that as the white flag was the suspicious color just then1 and as that flag has the misfortune under its present holder of being connected with religion1 the keenscented gentry of the press discovered in this last tribute to a man who had spent his life in doing good a ,chambordist demonstration4 ,the death of ,mgr4 de ,merode was a great loss to the ,holy ,father1 as well as to a multitude of friends4 ,an interesting comparison might be made between the purposes to which he devoted his vast wealth and those of a man still more wealthy who died within the year--the ,baron ,mayer de ,rothschild4 ,his admiring chronicler in the leading ,english journal informs us that the baron1 who1 in addition to his other admirable qualities1 was a silent member in the ,english ,parliament1 spared no expense to erect in his own palace a museum 8adorned with all that is beautiful40 8,he applied himself systematically to breeding racehorses10 in compensation for which exceptional virtue the same glowing chronicler assures us that 8when he won1 a year ago1 the ,dudley1 the ,oaks1 and the ,st4 ,leger1 all the world felt that a piece of good and useful work had been performed40 ,well1 well6 ,did not our own ,sumner leave life this very year amid general regret1 sighing only that his book was not completed8 ,had that been finished1 he would not have cared4 ,and1 thinking thus1 went out one who is a part of our history1 and whose name1 though it did not fulfil all its earlier promise1 was great among us4 ,ex,president ,fillmore died almost unnoticed4 ,certain news of the death of ,dr4 ,livingstone in #ahgc arrived during the year4 ,art has lost ,kaulbach1 who devoted his undoubted genius to attacking the church1 and ,foley4 ,one of the men of a century died in ,guizot4 ,merivale and ,michelet are lost to history1 ,shirley ,brooks to light literature4 ,strauss1 the infidel1 perhaps1 has learnt at last the truth of an awkward verse in ,s4 ,james4 ,not only ,germany1 but the ,catholic cause all the world over1 has sustained a sad and in a sense irreparable loss in the great and chivalrous leader of the ,catholic centre in the ,german parliament1 ,herr von ,mallinkrodt1 whom divine ,providence was pleased to call away in the height of a career of great usefulness to the church and to society4 ,he was a foe whom ,prince ,bismarck dreaded and had reason to dread--one of those men whom no weak point escapes1 no side issue can divert1 no opponent cow4 ,adam ,black and the monstrosity known as the ,siamese ,twins died during the year4 ,and now the glance at the outline of the general year and some of its chief incidents is completed4 ,with every succeeding year we look forward with more anxiety than confidence into the future4 ,there are terrible forces1 long concealed1 nearer the social surface than they ever were before1 and they come up now1 as a consequence probably1 just when the general bond that ought to hold the human family together is at the loosest2 when men are ready to burst all bounds and call everything in question2 and when the lights of the age can only tell man that he is nothing more than a fortuitous cohesion of irresponsible atoms1 begotten of void only to fall back into it4 ,the only bond that can bind the human family together is 8the one law1 one faith1 one baptism10 preached nineteen centuries ago in ,juda by the lips of the ,son of ,god4 ,and it is just that faith that is now being as fiercely assailed as it ever has been within the ,christian era4 ,there is not merely an arming of material forces going on silently4 ,there is a clash of faith1 of intellect1 of moral principles1 of all that guides and constitutes the inner and the greater life of man2 and of the double collision1 the material and the spiritual1 that seems to hang over us and make heavy with foreboding the air of all the world4 ,though supernatural faith may not doubt as to the issue1 human weakness cannot but tremble and grow faint at the prospect4 ,new ,publications4 ,,oriental ,,and ,,linguistic ,,studies4 ,second ,series4 ,by ,w4 ,d4 ,whitney1 ,professor of ,sanscrit and ,comparative ,philology in ,yale ,college4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co4 #ahgd4 ,yale ,college well deserves the name of university in common with its great rival1 ,harvard4 ,the advance it has made within the last twentyfive years is something really remarkable1 and1 to the great honor of its governing body1 this advance has kept pace in linguistic studies with the improvement in the departments of mathematics and physics4 ,one of the functions of a university is the production of really learned and solid books for the instruction of readers generally1 as well as students in particular branches4 ,the volume before us is a specimen of this class4 ,whatever we may think of some of ,prof4 ,whitney's theories and opinions1 we must acknowledge the evidence of study1 labor1 and great care to present the results of learning and thought on important and interesting subjects1 which his works exhibit4 ,the contents of the present volume are somewhat varied and miscellaneous4 ,one of the topics treated of1 which deserves special attention1 is the spelling and pronunciation of the ,english language4 ,the variations of spelling are not so numerous and important as are those of pronunciation1 but in this latter respect our language is certainly in a state which is most unsatisfactory and vexatious1 and becoming every day worse4 ,we are not an advocate of any revolutionary project in regard to phonetic spelling1 but we do most earnestly desire a fixed and uniform standard1 and still more a rule of uniformity in pronunciation4 ,mr4 ,whitney's researches into this subject are extremely curious1 valuable1 and often amusing1 and he shows a very peculiar and ingenious facility of describing and expressing the various oddities and extravagances of individual or provincial usage4 ,the question at once suggests itself whether there are any practicable means of fixing a standard of spelling and pronunciation4 ,if it were question of a language spoken by one nation only1 we can see very easily that an academy might be established which should settle all these matters by authority4 ,an ,englishman might assert the right of ,england to determine all usages in respect to the ,english language1 and the corresponding obligation of all ,englishspeaking peoples to conform to an authoritative standard furnished by an academy in ,england4 ,americans might not be satisfied with this4 ,the further question arises1 therefore1 whether it be possible that ,english and ,american scholars should do something concurrently in this direction4 ,mr4 ,whitney has given in some other papers1 with a condensed but clear exposition1 historical and philosophical views of ,india and ,china which will probably have more interest to the great body of readers than any other portions of his volume4 ,in respect to one very important aspect of these topics1 the missionary aspect1 he shows impartiality and manifest effort to conform his statements and judgments to historical facts and a real rather than a fanciful standard4 ,there is no attempt to claim for ,protestant missions greater success than they have had1 and a very fair tribute of praise is given to the celebrated ,catholic missionaries who have labored in that arduous field4 ,yet1 like other ,protestants1 ,mr4 ,whitney shows himself not well informed about the practical results at which ,catholic missionaries aim1 and which1 in so far as that is possible1 they accomplish1 in making their converts solidly pious and virtuous ,christians4 ,among the other topics treated of in this volume1 the most important are ,mller's ,chips from a ,german ,workshop1 ,cox's ,aryan ,mythology1 and the 8,lunar ,zodiac of ,india1 ,arabia1 and ,china40 ,we have not examined these and previous essays of the learned author1 in which the formation of languages and mythologies is treated of1 with sufficient attention to be enabled to understand clearly his fundamental theory of the origin and history of religion4 ,we therefore abstain from any attempt at a critical judgment2 and1 in regard to ,mr4 ,whitney's own special department of ,sanscrit1 very few critics can safely venture on that ground4 ,thorough and solid studies in these recondite branches of knowledge must lead to results advantageous to religion as well as to merely human science4 ,we rejoice1 therefore1 in the noble and in many respects successful efforts of ,mr4 ,whitney and his associates to promote the cause of high education in this country4 ,we trust that their example may be emulated by those who have the principal charge of the higher education of our ,catholic youth4 ,the ,english bishops have already inaugurated the ,university ,college of ,kensington with a faculty worthy of ,oxford or ,cambridge4 ,when will the first steps be taken for a similar institution among ourselves8 ,,the ,,king',s ,,highway2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,catholic ,,church ,,the ,,way ,,of ,,salvation1 ,,as ,,revealed ,,in ,,the ,,holy ,,scriptures4 ,by the ,rev4 ,augustine ,f4 ,hewit1 of the ,congregation of ,s4 ,paul4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahgd4 ,this work of ,rev4 ,father ,hewit supplies a want we have often felt in instructing converts to the church4 ,there are many sincere persons looking for light1 and dissatisfied with the religious sect in which they were born1 who have no idea of the church1 nor the office it holds in the plan of redemption4 ,the denomination to which they belong has never been of any use to them1 and has1 in fact1 disclaimed all power to guide or help them4 ,it requires often some time to overcome their prejudice against any kind of instrumentality between their souls and ,god4 ,they believe in the ,sacred ,scriptures1 which they have never deeply studied1 but which they hold to be the oracles of divine truth4 ,in their opposition to the ,catholic faith they have been fighting against the only thing which can fill up the desire of their hearts1 and bring into blessed harmony all they know of ,god and all they seek from his hands4 ,to such this book will be as a messenger from heaven4 ,it will remove their doubts1 and from the inspired writings will prove to them the error of ,protestant theories1 and show how ,christ our ,redeemer is only to be found in his church1 8which is his body10 which 8he filleth all in all40 ,written in the clear1 graceful1 and forcible style which distinguishes all the works of the author1 it brings forth an argument which no honest mind can resist4 ,it points out 8the ,king's highway10 so plainly that 8the wayfaring man1 though a fool1 cannot fail to find it40 ,the first chapters are devoted to a refutation of the false theories of ,calvinism and ,lutheranism4 ,by the plain language of the ,bible they are shown to be opposed to the divine ,word1 contradictory of each other1 and hostile to the very nature and attributes of ,god4 ,the true doctrine of redemption is then set forth from the ,scriptures1 with the office of faith and the prerequisites of justification4 ,the whole system of salvation1 as the mercy of ,jesus ,christ has revealed it1 arises in its beauty and fulness before the eyes of the sincere1 and the ,catholic ,church opens its door to the weary and heavyladen1 that they may enter in to praise ,god and find rest to their souls4 ,we have nowhere seen a more clear and effective demonstration of our divine religion from the ,scriptures4 ,we have only to pray that it may have a large circulation among the honest inquirers after truth in this day of darkness and infidelity4 ,protestants of the old class profess a great reverence for the ,bible1 which is to them a kind of rule of faith4 ,the diligent reading of this work will convince them that they cannot follow the ,scriptures and remain where they are2 that ,catholics alone can understand and obey the written ,word of ,god4 ,neither can they abide in the creed of their fathers amid the errors and disorganizing influences of this day4 ,they must go forward and keep the truth they have already received by embracing all to which it leads1 or lose what they have in the misery of doubt and unbelief4 ,the day of grace for dogmatic ,protestants is wellnigh gone4 ,we have only to add the earnest wish that ,catholics generally would read this book and profit by the instruction it contains4 ,there are very many among us who might lead others to the truth1 if they were better informed as to the grounds of their faith1 and the points of controversy which separate the conflicting ,christian sects from the church4 ,idleness and ignorance will be a fearful burden to bear before the ,judge of all4 ,the talent hidden in the ground will be demanded with interest1 and the unprofitable servant will have to answer for light unimproved and grace unfruitful4 ,the souls we could have saved will rise up against us in the day of our greatest need4 8,unto whomsoever much is given1 of him much shall be required40 ,t4 ,s4 ,p4 ,,three ,,essays ,,on ,,religion4 ,by ,john ,stuart ,mill4 ,new ,york3 ,henry ,holt ,co4 #ahgd4 ,what ,john ,stuart ,mill was1 and what his life was1 our readers have been already informed in a review of his ,autobiography4 ,the prince of modern ,english sophists and sceptics1 he was as miserable and hopeless in life and death as the victim of an atheistical education might be expected to be2 as miserable as a man outwardly prosperous1 enjoying the resources of a cultivated mind1 and exempted by the moral force of his character from the consequences of gross crimes1 could well become4 ,these three ,essays are essays of the unhappy sceptic to reduce his readers to the same miserable condition4 ,their scope is to overturn1 not revealed religion alone1 but all theism2 to destroy the belief in ,god2 and to substitute the most dreary atheism1 fatalism1 and nihilism for the glorious1 elevating1 consoling faith of the ,christian1 and the imperfect but yet1 in itself1 ennobling philosophy of the higher class of rationalists4 ,it is a very bad sign for our age1 and a worse omen for the future1 that men can profess atheism without incurring public odium and disgrace1 and that respectable publishers find it for their interest to flood the market with the deadly literature which is worse than that of ,france during the age of ,bayle and ,voltaire4 ,a large class of booksellers may always be found1 not scrupulous or oversensitive in their consciences about right and wrong in morals1 when money is to be made4 ,we suppose1 however1 that those of them who expect to make fortunes and transmit them to their children would like to have the good order of society continue4 ,what can such gentlemen be thinking of when they help to lay the train under the foundations of order and social morality8 ,we know of a man who helped to run his own bank1 in which he had many thousands of dollars invested1 by demanding specie for a hundreddollar bill during a panic4 ,old ,john ,bunyan tells of a certain person living in the town of ,mansoul whose name was ,mr4 ,penny wisepound foolish4 ,every one who helps on the spread of atheism1 materialism1 impiety in any shape1 even if he makes money or fame by it1 is helping to run his own bank4 ,moreover1 he is helping to train the generation of those who will cut the throats of the whole class he belongs to4 ,we are just now very wisely1 though somewhat tardily1 bringing the odious ,mormon criminals to justice1 by a kind of blind ,christian instinct which still survives in our public opinion4 ,what is the consistency or use of this1 if we are going to look on apathetically and see the next generation all over our country turned into atheists8 ,practical atheism is worse than the most hideous and revolting form of ,mormonism4 ,why mend a broken spar when mutineers are scuttling the ship from stem to stern8 ,would it not be well for those conductors of the press who have some principles and some belief in them1 for the clergy1 and for all who have access in some form to the ear of a portion of the public1 to be a little more alive to the danger from the spread of atheism1 and a little more active in counteracting it8 ,pardon1 gentlemen1 for disturbing your nap4 ,you are very drowsy1 but is it not time for you to wake up8 ,,eagle ,,and ,,dove4 ,from the ,french of ,mademoiselle ,fleuriot1 by ,emily ,bowles4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o4 ,shea4 #ahgd4 ,this is a story of ,breton life and of the events of the siege and the ,commune of ,paris4 ,it is superior to the common run of stories in artistic merit1 its characters and scenes have a peculiar and romantic interest1 and its religious and moral tone is up to the highest mark4 ,,the ,,works ,,of ,,aurelius ,,augustine1 ,etc4 ,vol4 ,,xi4 ,tractates on the ,gospel of ,s4 ,john1 ,vol4 ,,ii42 ,vol4 ,,xii4 ,anti,pelagian works1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,edinburgh3 ,j4 ,j4 ,clark4 #ahgd4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,two more volumes of the splendid edition of ,s4 ,augustine's works are here presented1 and deserve a warm welcome4 ,it is difficult to see how they will serve the cause of the ,church of ,england1 but that is the affair of the editors1 not ours4 ,of course they are mighty weapons for ,high ,churchmen against their ,low and ,broad ,church antagonists4 ,but they tell equally against these same ,high,churchmen in favor of the ,catholic ,church4 ,the treatise against ,vincentius ,victor1 in ,vol4 ,,xii41 is crowded with denunciations of the ,donatists1 who are the prototypes of ,anglicans1 except in one respect1 viz41 that the former had valid orders4 ,,rhymes ,,and ,,jingles4 7,illustrated47 ,by ,mary ,mapes ,dodge1 author of ,hans ,brinker1 etc4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co4 #ahge4 ,this is a very pretty book for a ,christmas present4 ,the rhymes are nice1 and such as will please1 amuse1 sometimes instruct folk of the nursery4 ,the illustrations are numerous and well executed1 some are funny1 some remarkably beautiful4 ,any little boy or girl who has not already been surfeited with toys and books may be made happy by such a gift4 ,merry little people1 a merry ,christmas to you6 ,,library ,,of ,,the ,,sacred ,,heart4 ,baltimore3 ,j4 ,murphy ,co4 #ahgd4 ,this is something towards supplying a great need among ,catholic publications4 ,there are numerous and beautiful series of books issued by the sectarian press1 but comparatively few by ,catholic publishers4 ,any one who has had to procure ,catholic libraries knows this want4 ,such series are great aids in supplying ,sundayschool or household libraries4 ,we welcome the above1 and trust it will be followed by others of the same kind4 ,much credit is due to the publishers for their selection and the neat appearance of the volumes4 ,the selection comprises six small and choice spiritual works4 ,god our ,father and the ,happiness of ,heaven1 by the same author1 have been noticed with high praise in our columns4 ,the others also are standard works4 ,we recommend this 8,library of the ,sacred ,heart10 and hope it will be appreciated4 ,it is contained in a neat and tasteful box1 appropriately ornamented with pious emblems of the ,sacred ,heart4 ,,bric,a,,brac ,,series--,,no4 ,,iv43 ,,personal ,,reminiscences ,,by ,,barham1 ,,harness1 ,,and ,,hodder4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co4 #ahgd4 ,this is quite up to the mark of the foregoing volumes1 and full of very agreeable anecdotes1 criticisms1 and literary chitchat4 ,,announcement4--,we shall begin1 next month the publication of a new serial story1 entitled ,are you my ,wife8 by the author of ,paris before the ,war1 ,number ,thirteen1 ,a ,daughter of ,s4 ,dominic1 ,pius ,,vi41 etc41 etc4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xx41 ,,no4 #aai4--;,,february1 #ahge4 ,church ,authority ,and ,personal ,responsibility3 ,a ,letter ,prom ,aubrey ,de ,vere ,to ,sara ,coleridge ,on ,the ,catholic ,philosophy ,of ,the 8,rule ,of ,faith10 ,considered ,especially ,with ,reference ,to ,the ,transcendental ,system ,of ,s4 ,t4 ,coleridge47#adi7 ,a letter to me1 printed in the ,memoir of ,sara ,coleridge1 and dated ,october #ai1 #ahea1 contains the following passage3 8,viewing the ,romish system as you do1 my dear friend1 ,i cannot regret that you think1 as you do1 of the compatibility of my father's scheme of philosophy therewith1 assured1 as ,i feel1 that he had done that ,papal system too much justice to believe in it as a divine institution0 7vol4 ii4 p4 #dja74 ,from my youth ,i had been an ardent student of ,coleridge's philosophy1 to the illustration of which his daughter1 indifferent to her own literary fame1 so faithfully devoted her great powers4 ,that philosophy had largely inspired ,f4 ,d4 ,maurice's remarkable work1 ,the ,kingdom of ,christ2 and ,i believed firmly that it was1 at least as compared with the empirical philosophy of the last century1 in harmony with ,catholic teaching1 rightly understood2 and that the objections made against that teaching were such as a transcendentalist must regard as proceeding1 not from any intuitions or ideas of the 8reason10 but from the cavils of that notional understanding called by ,coleridge 8the faculty judging according to sense40 ,i have lately found a letter written by me to my lamented friend less than a fortnight after her letter quoted above1 and about a fortnight before ,i made my submission to the ,catholic ,church4 ,it may interest some of those who have read ,sara ,coleridge's letters1 and who are enquirers as to the method proper for reaching solid conclusions in the domain of truth not scientific and discovered by man1 but religious1 and revealed to him4 ,it was my object to show that the ,catholic 8rule of faith0 does not oppose1 but alone adequately vindicates1 some great principles with which it has been contrasted1 e4g41 personal action1 the dependence of individual souls on divine grace1 religious freedom1 zeal for truth1 the interior character of genuine piety1 and the value of 8internal evidences40 ,that 8rule0 has been stigmatized as a bondage4 ,this is the illusion of those who1 regarding the church from without1 and under the influence of modern and national traditions1 see but a part of her system1 and have not compared it with other parts4 ,the ,catholic law of belief ,i endeavored to set forth as the only one consistent with a sound philosophy when treating of things supernatural1 and as such beyond the method of induction and experiment1 while it is also both primitive and ,scriptural4 ,i wished to show that it is the only means by which we can possess the revealed truth with certainty and at once in its fulness and its purity2 and to illustrate it as not alone our gate of access to truth 8spiritually discerned10 but the nurse and the protectress of our whole spiritual life1 with all its redeemed affections2 as opposed1 not to personal action and responsibility1 or to a will free and strong1 because loyal1 but to an unintelligent pride and to a feeble selfwill1 the slave of individual caprice2 as the antagonist1 not of what is transcendent and supernatural in religion1 but of a religious philosophy in which the philosophy exalts itself against the religion1 8running after0 revelation to 8take somewhat of it10 but not inheriting its blessing4 ,twentythree years have passed since my letter was written2 and year after year has deepened in me the convictions which it expresses1 or rather which it indicates in a fragmentary way1 and possibly not with a technical accuracy4 ,in the church ,i have found an everdeepening peace1 a freedom ever widening1 a genuine and a fruitful method for theological thought1 and a truth which brightens more and more into the perfect day4 ,external to her fold1 it is but too probable that ,i should long since have drifted into unbelief1 though a reluctant and perhaps unconscious unbelief4 ,after some preliminary matter1 referring to our earlier discussions1 the letter continues as follows3 ,divine faith is a theological virtue1 the gift of ,god1 which raises the spirit to believe and confess1 with a knowledge absolutely certain1 though obscure in kind1 the whole truth which ,god has revealed to man4 ,such is the description which ,roman ,catholic writers give of a grace which cannot be defined4 ,the knowledge of faith is as certain as that of mathematics1 but wholly different in kind1 including a moral and spiritual power1 affecting 7if it be living faith7 the mind and will at once1 as light and heat are united in the sunbeam1 and containing1 like the sunbeam1 many other secret properties also4 ,it far transcends the certainty of any one of our senses1 each of which may deceive us4 ,it is also essentially different from that intellectual vision which belongs to the kingdom of glory1 not of grace or of nature4 ,its nearest analogon is human faith1 through which we believe that we are the children of our reputed parents1 and on which1 and not on demonstration1 the basis of human life is laid4 ,but it differs essentially also from human faith4 ,it is supernatural1 not natural4 ,it is certain1 not uncertain4 ,in its application to supernatural objects it is wholly independent of imagination or enthusiasm2 and it brings us into real intercourse with objective truth4 ,false religions rest on that which simulates divine faith1 and may1 even among ,christians1 so fill its place that the difference is not discernible to human eyes--a mixture of human faith with aspiration1 imagination1 and the other natural faculties4 ,true religion carries with it the special faculty by which it is capable of being realized1 and thus makes a revelation which they but seemed to make4 ,but this faculty is not a natural one awakened1 but a supernatural one bestowed1 its ordinary antecedents being the corresponding moral virtues of humility and purity2 and the exercise of human faith and other devout affections1 themselves stimulated by a different and inferior kind of grace1 bestowed on the whole family even of unregenerate man4 ,besides the antecedent conditions for receiving1 other conditions are necessary for the realization and right application of the divine and illuminating grace4 ,these conditions are not arbitrary1 but spring from the necessities of our whole nature1 both individual and corporate4 ,they are ordinarily the individual cooperation of will1 mind1 and heart1 and an attitude of willing submission to ,god1 or the prophet through whom the objects of faith are propounded to us by him4 ,this prophet was the ,messiah himself while he walked on earth1 and was the ,apostolic ,college from the day of ,pentecost4 ,he continues to address us1 in a manner equally distinct1 through that church in whom1 as catholic and yet one1 the unity of the ,apostolic ,college 7one in union with ,peter7 still abides4 ,that church is the body of ,christ2 and we are introduced at once into it and him through baptism4 ,the visible rite corresponds with the invisible grace bestowed through it1 just as the church itself is at once the spiritual kingdom of peace1 and the visible 8mountain of the ,lord's house0 elevated to the summit of the mountains1 and as man himself1 consists of soul and body4 ,that church1 inheriting a belief which it never invented or discovered1 confesses ,christ1 and confesses also that she is ,christ's representative on earth4 ,she challenges individual faith1 and proposes to it the one object of dogmatic belief4 ,that one object is the whole ,christian faith1 as it has hitherto been1 or ever may be1 authentically defined4 ,whether it be believed implicitly1 as by the peasant1 or explicitly1 as by the doctor1 makes no difference whatever1 relatively to faith1 though it may affect edification1 which needs a due proportion between our intellectual and moral gifts4 ,in each case alike 7#a7 the whole faith is held2 7#b7 is held bon fide1 as revealed by ,god2 7#c7 is held wholly by supernatural faith2 7#d7 affords thus a basis for the supernatural life of hope and charity4 8,fundamentals10 as distinguished from 8nonessentials10 there are none1 i4e41 objectively4 ,all ,christian truths are in each other by implication1 as ,adam's race was in the first parent4 ,they are yet more transcendently in each other1 for each contains all4 ,to receive one by divine faith is to receive all4 ,to deny one1 when competently proposed to us by the authority which speaks in ,god's name1 is to deny all1 unless circumstances beyond our will have deceived our mind respecting that authority or its message4 ,the whole objective faith will probably never be recognized1 till in the kingdom of glory it flashes upon us in its unity4 ,in the kingdom of grace 7in via1 not in patria7 it is defined in proportion to the moral and intellectual needs of the church4 ,it is defined1 not as a science1 but from necessity1 and to meet the gainsaying of heresy4 ,the endeavor of the church is to preserve the treasure confided to her4 ,it cannot increase1 but the knowledge of it must4 ,subjectively1 the knowledge is progressive as man is progressive2 but objectively it is unchanging as ,god is eternal4 ,the whole1 defined and undefined1 is essential and one4 ,the whole is needed for the race1 that the race may retain ,christ1 its head4 ,the knowledge of the whole is needed by each according to his circumstances4 ,the entire belief of the entire truth1 implicitly1 is necessary for each individual4 ,ordinarily1 and except in the case of involuntary error1 that entire belief of the whole is realized through a submission 7absolute but free1 filial1 and necessitated by all our ,christian sympathies and spiritual affections1 as well as by obedience7 to her who is ,god's representative1 visible1 on earth4 ,the existence of that visible church is wholly irrespective of our needing an expositor of dogmatic faith4 ,its character is determined 7#a7 by the character of ,god1 whom it images alike in his unity and his plurality2 7#b7 by the character of ,christianity1 which is communicated to the race1 and to the individual in and with the body1 so that nothing that he holds can be held singly1 except what is perishable2 and 7#c7 by the character of man1 who graduates in a certain order1 and who1 as a mixed being1 is taught after a fashion that ever exalts the meek and raises the moral faculties above the intellectual in endless elevation1 however high the latter may ascend4 ,but among its other functions1 the visible church has that of presenting to the infused habit of faith what otherwise it would seek for in vain1 i4e41 a dogmatic authority which1 in act1 it can rise to1 cleave to1 and live by4 ,if ,christ reigned visibly on earth1 he would need no such representative4 ,if ,christ1 as the ,eternal ,reason1 inspired each man1 as well as enlightening him1 he need never have assumed flesh4 ,if the ,holy ,ghost inspired each man as he did the prophets and apostles 7instead of communicating to him the grace of faith1 planting him in the church1 feeding him with the ,lord's body1 quickening his devout affections1 etc471 then there would be no need for the church1 as a dogmatic authority1 nor for the ,holy ,scriptures4 ,if the ,bible were a plain book2 if the nature of truth were such that it could be divided into fundamental and nonessential2 if one doctrine could be believed1 while another1 involved in it1 is denied1 then1 perhaps1 private judgment might extract from the ,bible as much as an individual requires4 ,again1 if supernatural faith were not requisite1 but human faith1 founded on evidence1 and generating opinion1 sufficed1 then private judgment1 availing itself of all human helps suggested by prudence1 could build up on the ,bible1 on philosophy1 on ecclesiastical traditions1 and on the public opinion of the day1 a certain scheme of thought on sacred subjects1 round which the affections would cluster1 to which devout associations would cling1 which the understanding might formalize1 imagination brighten1 enthusiasm exult in1 prudence recommend4 ,but these are all suppositions1 not realities4 ,private 8inspiration0 is known to be a fallacy4 8,reason0 cannot make reasonable men agree2 and every one who has any portion in reason knows that what is disputed for ages is disputable1 and that what is not truth to all cannot be truth absolute and certain1 on the ground of reason1 to any one4 ,uncertain opinion cannot be supernatural faith4 ,spiritual discernment cannot lead us to the finer appreciation of doctrine while we remain ignorant as to whether it be a particular doctrine or the opposite doctrine that challenges our faith4 ,but1 on the other hand1 if an authority speaks in ,god's name1 it may be really commissioned by him4 ,if so commissioned1 it may be believed by us4 ,if believed1 all parts of its message are equally certain4 ,this hypothesis obviously admits of an objective faith certain throughout1 and only for that reason certain at all4 ,if a revelation were to be founded on faith1 this would afford faith a sphere4 ,i speak of it now as but an hypothesis4 ,i claim for it that it is reasonable4 ,it is objected that such belief could be but an amiable and useful credulity at best1 since it would not be founded on insight and spiritual discernment4 ,it is thus that ,hindoos and ,mahometans believe2 and their belief would be worthless1 but that by ,god's mercy some fragments of truth and some gleams of reason are mixed up with their systems4 ,the objection wholly overlooks the fact that ex hypothesi the prophet and her message are believed1 not with a human faith1 but with a divine faith4 ,faith is inclusively the gift of spiritual discernment1 though it is also much more4 ,what faith receives must be spiritually discerned4 ,it can discern in no other way4 ,but1 it is objected1 the plain fact is that multitudes do not spiritually discern or appreciate what they thus receive4 ,no doubt4 ,nothing is more possible than that they should receive with only a human faith what yet is divinely addressed to a divine faith4 ,they have1 then1 opportunities which they have not yet used4 ,multitudes of ,roman ,catholics have doubtless1 like multitudes of ,protestants1 opinion only1 not certainty1 while the sensation of certainty is in both cases illusory1 and proceeds from positiveness of temper or sluggishness of mind47#aej7 ,to possess the means of realizing and maintaining faith compels no man to have faith2 otherwise1 like intuitions irrespective of the will1 it would merit nothing and include no probation4 ,faith and the guide of faith are both offered to the ,catholic2 but he must cooperate with grace1 as with ,providence1 to profit by either4 ,but how1 it is asked1 can we by such a process have a spiritual discernment of the doctrine by which we are challenged8 ,are we not in the position1 after all1 of ,hindoos8 ,i answer1 ,christianity resembles many false religions in this respect3 that it comes to us on what claims to be authority1 and challenges our submission2 but it differs from them in this allimportant respect3 that others are false1 and it is true4 ,it being true1 the human mind1 which1 so far as it retains the divine image1 is in sympathy with truth1 has a moral appreciation of its truth1 and1 when illuminated by faith1 has a spiritual discernment of it4 ,no one who1 after years of wandering in erroneous paths1 comes at last to contemplate the doctrine of the ,trinity from a new point of view1 and accepts it on what he trusts is a spiritual discernment of it1 can doubt that he could equally have discerned its truth years before had he been led by the church to the same point of view1 and gifted from above with that light which removes the sensuous film4 ,he could not indeed1 on the authority of the church1 spiritually receive or hold1 with genuine faith1 something in itself false and absurd4 ,but then part of the hypothesis is that the church can propound no doctrinal error4 ,neither could the definition give faith4 ,but then it does not profess to do so2 it but shapes and directs faith4 ,as little could the authority of the church give faith4 ,it makes no such profession2 it but challenges faith4 ,it is the inseparable condition of faith3 ,god is its source4 ,the human mind1 co operating with grace1 receives faith1 and at the same time is confronted with a distinct1 palpable object of faith4 ,so touched1 it becomes the mirror of truth2 and its belief is exclusively a personal and internal act1 though performed with the instrumentality1 not only of an outward agency1 but of a specific external agency1 i4e41 the church4 ,the same ,divine ,spirit acts at once externally and internally--externally in the church1 which it commissions1 instructs1 and keeps one2 internally in the individual mind1 which it kindles1 illuminates1 attracts1 and 7dissolving the tyranny of selflove7 lifts up into freedom and power4 ,the ,holy ,spirit1 then1 is at once the root of faith in the individual1 and of unity in the church4 ,this doctrine may be objected to as ideal2 but surely not as carnal4 ,assuredly it is ,scriptural4 ,but1 it is rejoined1 8supposing that the divine message may be spiritually discerned when it is devoutly accepted1 and thus accepted as a whole1 when it would otherwise be accepted but in part 7and then1 perhaps1 with but a partial faith71 still how are we to know that the authority is divine8 ,if no belief1 however sound1 is faith1 unless it 7#ast7 believes1 and 7#b;d7 truly believes1 that it rests on divine testimony and listens to ,god himself1 how is this prophet to be recognized8 ,the world abounds in claimants to infallibility1 though the ,christian world has but one4 ,the apostles indeed claimed it2 but then they wrought miracles1 and the miracles proved the authority40 ,i answer that miracles proved nothing by way of scientific demonstration2 but that they witnessed to the supernatural character of the teacher and the doctrine4 ,if the divine message could be proved to the reason1 it would rest on science1 not on faith1 and the whole ,christian scheme would be reversed1 belief becoming a necessary and natural act4 ,miracles challenged faith1 but could only be received by faith1 since they might always be referred to imposture or evil spirits1 both classes of agency abounding in the time of ,simon ,magus as now4 ,it is begging the question to assume that miracles do not take place now2 but1 even conceding thus much1 the church has still at least as high credentials as the apostles had4 ,their miracles constituted but evidence2 and evidence which creates opinion can but challenge faith1 not extort it4 ,in place of that evidence we have now the 8notes of the church03 its apostolicity1 its catholicity1 its unity1 its sanctity1 its heroic history1 its wonderful promulgation1 its martyrs1 its doctors1 its schoolmen2 communities moulded by it2 races united by it2 sciences and arts first nourished by it2 civilization and freedom produced by it1 and1 amid all the changes of the world1 the same great doctrines and sacraments retained by it4 ,we can hardly doubt that the one stupendous fact of the church is as strong an appeal to the faith of a man 7and our ,lord himself did but appeal to faith7 as that made by an apostle at ,athens1 when1 rising up in a mixed multitude of disputatious ,greeks1 ,eastern sorcerers1 ,roman conjurers1 and ,jewish refugees1 he assured them that he had been sent by the unknown ,god to preach what to the ,greeks was foolishness3 that ,one who was crucified had also worked miracles and risen from the dead1 4 4 4 that his kingdom1 and not the ,roman1 was to crown the world2 and that all this was the fulfilment of ,jewish prophecy1 though the ,jewish nation disowned that kingdom1 and had slain its ,head4 ,he spoke of glories to come3 the church speaks of triumphs that have been4 ,he suggested an experiment3 the church has tried and proved it4 ,he was accused of blasphemy1 superstition1 atheism1 insubordination2 so is she4 ,he must have confessed that inspiration was not given to him alone1 but to the ,apostolic ,college2 and he could have brought no immediate and scientific proof that he and his scattered brethren agreed in the same doctrine1 even as to 8essentials40 ,the church's practical unity of doctrine is a matter of notoriety1 and is accounted for by the imputation of tyranny1 formalism1 etc4 ,it is an understatement to affirm that1 on the ,roman ,catholic hypothesis1 that church challenges faith with the aid of as strong evidential witness as an apostle possessed4 ,but the quantum of evidence is not the question4 ,the greatest amount of it cannot give faith1 the least may elicit it2 and at what periods the world requires most evidence we know not4 ,the important fact is that the church which claims for its centre the apostolic see1 does challenge faith just as an apostle did1 or as the whole apostolic college did2 that she is apostolic1 not merely by having the succession1 but by using the authority1 and by acting just as she must act if1 as she affirms1 the whole college1 in union with ,peter1 lived on in her4 ,she too claims all and gives all4 ,she too says1 8,through me you may exercise divine faith when you receive1 #8by hearing1' the message of ,god2 for ,i am his apostle4 ,what ,i saw and heard1 what ,i handled and tasted1 that1 as a sure witness1 ,i report4 ,it was ,i who cast my nets on the ,galilean shore when ,i was called4 ,i heard that question1 #8,but whom say ye that ,i am8' ,i knelt on the ,mount of ,transfiguration when the suppressed glory broke forth and the law and the prophets were irradiated4 ,i joined in that ,last ,supper4 ,i stood beside his cross1 and received his mother as my mother4 ,i reached forth my hand1 and put my fingers into the print of the nails4 ,i received the charge1 saw the ascension1 felt the ,pentecostal tongues1 delivered my message1 sealed it with my blood1 and still stand up1 delivering it for ever1 and sealing it with my blood and with his40 ,this is the claim the church makes1 and the same was made by the apostle4 ,both alike are subject to the rejoinder1 8,high claims do not prove themselves2 and the competitors for infallibility are many40 ,both alike answer3 8,if my message be false1 you could not really and vitally believe in me1 even though you would4 ,if my message be true1 you may believe in me1 but ,i cannot compel you to do so40 ,it is not more wonderful that there should be rival priesthoods than rival creeds4 ,there are many false because there is one true4 ,authority has commonly been claimed even by spurious religions1 because the instinct of the human race1 which is reason1 perceived that if ,god vouchsafed a revelation to man1 it would be both given and sustained through man1 and not merely through a book4 ,from the above statements thus much at least is clear3 7#a7 that the ,protestant controversy with ,rome does not respect the ultimate source of belief1 which1 by the admission of both sides1 is to be referred to the ,holy ,spirit alone2 but does respect this question1 viz41 whether1 since an external agency is admitted to be in every case instrumentally but absolutely necessary for faith1 that aid be not given to us by ,god1 and given in the form of one1 specific instrument1 not any one that comes to hand--something easily known by outward marks which plainly solicit attention1 not a proteus that changes almost as the individual mind changes4 ,the question is whether the something external confessedly essential be the church of ,god and temple of the ,spirit1 speaking intelligibly and with authority1 in the majesty of its visible unity2 or be whatever sect or teacher may represent to plastic minds the public opinion of the place and time4 ,and 7#b7 it is equally plain that ,rome1 in denouncing the principle of private judgment 7except so far as1 in abnormal circumstances1 we are reduced to it1 or something like it1 while testing the claims of authority71 is in no degree disparaging individual intuition1 but simply stating the conditions1 external as well as internal1 under which it can be effectually and permanently realized4 ,to see with another's eyes1 not one's own1 is an absurd aspiration which could not have made itself good for the greater part of the ,christian era1 over the greater part of the ,christian world4 ,but a man may use his own eyes1 though together with them he uses a telescope1 and his own ears1 though he listens to the voice of a prophet instead of his own voice1 or his domineering neighbor's4 ,the ,roman ,catholic doctrine of authority does not assume that we cannot1 even without that authority1 have some insight into divine things4 ,we can see the moon without a telescope1 though not the stars of a nebula4 ,but in theology partial gleams of intelligence are not sufficient for even their own permanence4 ,implicitly or explicitly1 we must hold the whole to hold a part4 ,truth is a vast globe which we may touch with a finger1 but cannot clasp in both hands4 ,it eludes us1 and we possess it but by being possessed by it4 ,we must be drawn into the gravitation of its sphere and made one with it4 ,we are thus united with it if in union with the church1 to which it is given4 ,we then see it all around us1 as we see the world we live in--not by glimpses and through mists1 as we see a remote star4 ,this is the ,catholic's faith4 ,everything confirms everything in his world4 8,one day telleth another1 and one night certifieth another40 8,sea calleth unto sea40 ,the firmament above his head 8declares0 the glory of ,god1 and the chambers of the deep his statutes4 ,a ,catholic indeed has his varying moods1 and his 8dry moods10 and his eager questionings on points not revealed2 but his faith does not rise and fall with his temperament4 ,the foundation1 at least1 of his spiritual being1 is a rock4 ,neither does the ,roman ,catholic doctrine deny that a man might conceivably1 though not practically1 without the aid of authority1 grasp the whole of theology as far as it has been yet defined4 ,but it declares that such knowledge1 if thus acquired1 would not be the knowledge possessed by faith1 but by opinion2 that it would rest partly on science1 partly on mere human faith1 partly on enthusiasm 7so far as the sensitive appreciation of it went72 and that1 not being divine faith1 it could not perform the genuine functions of faith4 ,the intellectual region might feast with ,dives1 while the spiritual starved with ,lazarus4 ,this is1 in a greater or lesser degree1 the case with many1 both among those who profess the principle of private judgment and those who profess to obey authority4 ,in the very region of faith opinion may simulate faith1 just as presumption may simulate hope and benevolence simulate charity4 ,the most mysterious part of our probation is this3 that under all circumstances and in all things nature may mimic grace1 and pretence ape virtue4 ,we may seem to ourselves angels1 and be nothing2 even as ,christ himself1 and his church no less1 seem1 to the eye of sense1 the opposite of what they are1 when insight is lacking or the point of view is determined by prejudice or a false tradition4 ,the ,roman ,catholic theory does not deny the force of internal evidence4 ,it but says that such evidence1 being a matter of moral feeling1 is to be inwardly appreciated rather than logically set forth1 and that it is often most felt when most unconsciously4 ,a parent's authority is not the less attested by the moral sense of the child and by his affections1 though he does not consciously reflect on that part of its evidence2 while yet he cannot be ignorant that all the neighbors believe that those who claim to be his parents are such in reality4 ,catholic teaching does not concede that1 as argument1 any evidence is necessary for those brought up in the true fold and gifted from childhood with faith1 which is itself the evidence of things not seen4 ,it does not believe that any gifts confined to a few can give a higher faith than is open to all 8men of goodwill40 ,but it does believe that for simple and learned alike one external condition is necessary1 viz41 that the doctrine to be believed should be distinctly proposed by an authority believed 7on supernatural faith7 to speak in ,god's name2 so that from first to last faith should be1 not a credulity founded on fancy1 on fear1 or on selflove1 but a 8theological virtue0 believing in ,god1 in all that he reveals1 as revealed by him1 and in nothing else4 ,evidences are not anything that can compel faith or be a substitute for it2 but they have commonly a very important place1 notwithstanding1 in the divine economy4 ,their place is among the motives of faith4 ,these intellectual motives are the character of ,christ and of the faith2 the character of the church and its propagation--in other words1 internal and external evidence4 ,the moral motives are such as the spiritual safety of ,christian obedience1 the peace and joy of believing1 the dignity ,christianity confers on human nature1 etc4 ,one circumstance which the ,protestant theory forgets is that all knowledge of divine things is not necessarily faith4 ,angelic knowledge and that of the triumphant church is vision1 not faith1 and differs from faith either in essence or in inseparable accidents4 ,the knowledge we have of ,god through natural theology1 however true1 is not1 therefore1 identical with divine faith4 ,irrespectively of ,christianity1 a belief in ,god precedes speculations1 and comes to children chiefly by faith in what they hear from their parents4 ,they could not1 indeed1 believe their parents equally if their own minds were not in harmony with such a belief2 but in their case1 too1 authority is commonly a condition of believing4 ,by faith1 says ,s4 ,paul1 8we know that the worlds were made40 ,that knowledge comes to us both through testimony and by intuitions4 ,the 8heavens declare the glory of ,god02 but they declare it1 not prove it scientifically2 and the ,psalmist had the patriarchal tradition and ,mosaic revelation1 as well as his intuitions1 and as their interpreter4 ,natural theology we accept by human faith concurring with natural lights and that lower degree of grace which compasses the whole world4 ,divine faith1 ,s4 ,paul tells us1 requires an outward organ1 too1 not for its promulgation only1 but for its certainty4 8,he gave some apostles1 some pastors1 etc410 8that we be not driven about with every wind of doctrine40 ,could this effect have been realized if apostle had preached against apostle1 and each prophet had said to his neighbor 8,i1 too1 am a prophet10 and bear an opposite message8 ,s4 ,paul says that the hierarchy is ordained not only for edification1 but to make faith certain4 ,it can only do that in its unity4 ,had certainty been unnecessary1 or had reason been its organ1 no hierarchy would have been elevated to constitute the church representative4 ,the ,protestant theory 7it may be so spoken of with reference to the great main points included in most forms of ,protestantism7 assumes that the one great characteristic of faith is its being a power of 8spiritual discernment0 or an intuition of spiritual truth4 ,this is to put a part of the truth in place of the whole4 ,this attribute of faith is asserted by the church also2 but her conception of faith is founded on a larger appreciation of the ,holy ,scriptures and of man's compound nature4 ,faith indeed becomes a spiritual seeing2 but it comes 8by hearing40 ,considered even exclusively as intuition1 the 8spiritual discernment0 is wholly different in kind from moral or mathematical intuitions1 as those two classes of intuition differ from each other4 ,a spiritual intuition1 analogous to that of reason 7though more exalted71 would be utterly unsuited to our needs while still laboring in our probation and toiling in the 8body of this death40 ,the intuition really vouchsafed to us by supernatural grace ever retains peculiar characteristics originally produced by the mode in which we receive it4 ,humility1 submission1 self abnegation1 constitute that mode2 and these qualities are and remain as essential characteristics of true faith as spiritual discernment is4 ,no otherwise than 8as little children0 is it possible for us to enter into the kingdom of heaven4 ,we must enter the sheepfold by the door2 we cannot otherwise profit by it2 for could we climb its walls1 it would cease to be the sheepfold to us1 since we should not bear in our breasts the heart of the ,lamb4 ,opinion asserts2 faith confesses4 ,assertion includes selfassertion2 confession confesses another4 ,god only can rightly assert himself4 ,created beings are relative beings1 and the condition of their true greatness is that they forget themselves in ,god4 ,the very essence of pride1 the sin of the fallen angels1 whom but a single voluntary evil thought subverted1 is selfassertion on the part of a relative being4 ,in taking self as a practical ground of knowledge1 it1 in a certain sense1 creates its ,creator1 and involves the principle that ,god himself may be but an idea4 ,pride is not only our strongest spiritual temptation1 but is almost the natural instinct of reason1 working by itself1 on supernatural themes1 and it remains undetected by reason1 just as water cannot be weighed in water4 ,the higher we soar1 the more we need to be reminded of our infirmity2 therefore the glorious intuitions of faith are1 for our safety1 given to us by the way of humility1 and continued to us on condition of obedience4 ,not only faith1 as a habit1 is humble1 but the peculiar species of knowledge which it conveys is such as to preserve that character2 for that knowledge is obscure1 although certain4 ,we see1 8as through a glass1 darkly02 but we see steadily4 ,imaginative reason gets bright flashes by rubbing its own eyes1 but they are transient4 ,faith1 requiring docility as a habit in us1 and involving obscurity as a condition of its knowledge1 is a perpetual discipline of selfsacrifice4 ,christianity is the doctrine of a sacrifice2 and through a spiritual act and habit of selfsacrifice alone can that doctrine be 8spiritually discerned40 ,christian knowledge is thus the opposite of the rationalistic and of the ,gnostic4 ,this estimate of faith is surely as ,scriptural as it is philosophic4 ,thus only can we reconcile the statements of our ,lord and of ,s4 ,paul4 ,the most humble and childlike docility is constantly referred to by our ,lord as an essential part of that faith which1 on condition of so beginning and of continuing such1 imparts to us as much spiritual discernment as is an earnest of the ,blessed ,vision4 ,such docility must look like credulity4 ,almost all the instances of it which met his highest praise did look like credulity1 and would have been credulity had not grace inspired them1 ,providence directed them1 and ,truth itself rewarded them4 ,what then8 ,which part of ,christianity is not thus doublevisaged8 ,what part of it is not a scandal to them that 8judge by appearances0 and do not 8judge righteous judgment08 ,if to all without faith the ,master must seem an impostor1 why should not the disciples seem enthusiasts8 ,were they who wished that the shadow of the apostles should fall on them1 was she who touched the hem of ,christ's garment1 fanatics1 because erring nature too can prompt her children to similar acts under an erring religion8 ,before such a philosophy 7if philosophy can rest on such an assumption7 the ,gospel1 as well as the church of the orbis terrarum1 and the whole ancient church1 must give way1 and pure religion must be a discovery1 not of the ,x,v,ith1 but of the ,x,i,xth century4 ,credulity itself is but a subordinate and ill grounded form of human faith1 and is far from suppressing1 though it misdirects1 the nobler faculties of the natural man4 ,plato and ,bacon had more of it than ,epicurus and ,hobbes4 ,docility 7its analogon in the spiritual world7 is the humbler element in faith4 ,it is absolutely necessary1 and is sometimes undistinguishable1 in mere outward seeming1 from its natural counterpart4 ,milk is as necessary for babes as meat for the mature4 ,the mature never cease1 in the kingdom of heaven1 to be1 inclusively1 children2 it is their very excellence that they unite the best characteristics of different ages1 sexes1 and conditions4 ,yet the children of the kingdom are not fed on mortal1 but on immortal1 milk2 and that milk is meat in a less compact preparation4 ,as an incredulous habit is not a mark of true wisdom1 so an indocile habit is incompatible with an authentic faith1 which cannot act except in obedience to an authentic authority4 ,to the rationalist the indocile habit1 far from being a fault1 is a necessity2 for his knowledge comes from within only1 not from above and from within4 ,now let us turn to history and fact4 ,had they no spiritual discernment of ,christ who died for him8 ,yet did not the martyrs and the age of martyrs abound in what to ,protestantism seem credulities8 ,the church of the apostles1 of the fathers1 of the doctors1 of the schoolmen1 the church that built up ,christendom1 invariably recognized the principle of ecclesiastical obedience1 docility1 submission1 as a part of faith1 not as inconsistent with the intuition of faith--its moral element1 as the other is its intellectual4 ,it was the cement that kept the whole fabric together1 though not the amphionic power that raised the living stones4 ,those who branded obedience as superstition were ,arius1 and ,arius1 and ,vigilantius1 and the ,albigensian heretics1 not the fathers1 the doctors1 or the martyrs of the faith4 ,the latter knew that the faith of him who lays hold of ,christ1 and of her who but touches 8the hem of his garment10 are in kind the same4 ,they knew also1 that1 when truth confronts us and grace is offered1 the spirit which is 8offended0 at little things is not edified by great4 ,and how has it been ever since2 how is it now with the mass of the world8 ,how does faith come to children and to the poor1 and to the busy and to the dull8 ,what makes the ,bible divine to them8 ,what suggests the truths which they are to look for in the ,bible8 ,authority1 everywhere acting through such representatives of authority as remain in lands which decry it6 ,if docility1 obedience1 a desire to believe1 submission previous to insight1 be not1 under ,christian conditions1 characteristics of faith1 merely because1 under pagan conditions1 they might be opposed to spiritual knowledge1 then have most believers believed in vain2 for error cannot be the foundation of truth4 ,discernment belongs1 by universal confession1 to faith1 and baptism is the 8sacrament of illumination02 but no proposition can be more unreasonable than that faith should begin with1 or be identical with1 an insight which1 in a high degree of conscious development1 obviously belongs to the few1 and to them under very special circumstances4 ,let us return to the philosophy of the 8rule of faith40 ,no one would deny that the will1 even more than the mind1 is the seat of faith2 but the ,protestant theory does not efficiently and practically recognize this truth4 ,submission is in the will2 discernment in the mind4 ,the latter belongs to the man chiefly2 the former to the child equally1 and the child living on in the ,christian man4 ,the whole ,catholic system is based on this fact4 ,from it1 for instance1 follows1 by inevitable consequence1 the true theory of charity in reference to dogmatic error--that1 namely1 of 8invincible ignorance40 ,protestants1 and ,protestants who repeat the ,athanasian ,creed1 think this expression but an evasion4 ,but 8invincible ignorance0 means involuntary ignorance of the truth1 and is based on the known principle that heresy must be a sin of the will1 because faith is a virtue1 primarily belonging to the will1 when it submits to grace4 ,now1 granting that the internal agency of the ,divine ,spirit is that which clears the faculty of spiritual discernment and develops faith in the mind1 still1 assuredly1 obedience is trained and faith is rooted in the will by the same ,spirit addressing us through its outward organ1 the church4 8,obedience to the faith0 is not a principle only1 but a habit4 ,habits are impressed on us1 not by precept only1 but by providential circumstance and divine institutions1 such as the civil power1 parental rule1 the weakness of infancy1 the hindrances of knowledge1 those necessities for social cooperation which train the sympathies4 ,implicit faith in the ,bible only might1 for such as entertained it with absolute and childlike confidence1 give rise to no small degree of moral deference1 and does so with many ,protestants1 though not without a considerable alloy of error and of superstition4 ,but a book1 though divine1 is a book still4 ,it cannot speak1 except with the inquirer for an interpreter4 ,it cannot correct misinterpretations4 ,it will often reveal what is sought1 and hide what is not desired1 but is needed4 ,it will 8find0 those who find in it what they brought to it4 ,it is plastic in hot and heedless hands4 ,it may train the mental faculties1 but it will not practically exercise a habit of submission4 ,if a country1 in place of possessing laws1 with magistrates to enforce and judges to expound them1 possessed nothing but statutes on parchment1 and a vast legal literature for their exposition1 statutes and comments being alike commended to the private judgment of individuals1 would it be possible that subjects could be trained up with the habit or spirit of political obedience8 ,every man might be educated till he resembled a village attorney2 but loyalty would be extinct4 ,the statutebook would still assert the principle of obedience1 as does the ,bible in spiritual things2 but the habit could not thus be formed4 ,to bow exclusively to that which addresses us in abstract terms1 and to bow when and how our judgment dictates--this alone is not in reality1 though it may be in words1 a discipline of humility4 ,to obey ,god1 as represented by man1 is that at which pride revolts4 ,the authority of the church in the household and kingdom of ,christ is like that of the father in the family and the monarch in his realm4 ,an authority thus objectively embodied has also a special power of working through the affections2 and to train them to be the handmaids of faith is one of the special functions of the church4 8,my little children of whom ,i travail again10 says ,s4 ,paul to his flock4 ,what living church can be imagined as thus addressing her children8 ,surely none save that one which claims apostolic authority1 and does not shrink from proclaiming that faith includes obedience as well as insight4 ,this is not an idle theory4 ,what men in the ,roman ,catholic ,church have entertained the most filial and affectionate reverence for their mother8 ,her saints--those who had the most ardent love for their ,lord1 the deepest insight into his ,gospel1 and the keenest appreciation of its spiritual freedom--the ,s4 ,bernards1 ,thomas ,kempises1 ,francis de ,saleses4 ,to retain obedience as a principle1 and yet cheat it of its object1 an authentic and real authority1 was the 8,arch ,mock0 of the 8,reformation40 ,a faith thus confirmed and steadied by authentic authority can alone permanently sustain the ardent and enthusiastic devotion of strong minds4 ,faith1 or what seems faith1 if resting exclusively on internal feeling and individual opinion1 will vehemently1 if but transiently1 excite the light and the impulsive2 but the graver mind will distrust it1 even when visited by the more sanguine mood1 from a painful sense that it has no power of discriminating between faith and illusion4 ,it will be sure of its own perceptions and sensations2 but it cannot contrive wholly to ignore those of its neighbor when they are opposite4 ,it will remember that there are two causes of uncertainty1 the first arising when our own premises admit of alternative conclusions1 the second when1 the conclusions being obvious1 the premises are disputed and cannot be proved4 ,it will remember that mathematical and moral intuitions1 8though independent of evidence1 are yet backed by a practically universal consent 7the result of their being1 in a large measure1 intuitions independent of the will72 and it may be disposed to say that if it happened that most people denied that the three angles of a triangle equalled two right angles1 ,i could not indeed believe that they made three1 but ,i might come to believe that ,i had wandered into a region in which impressions must always seem certain1 but yet in which nothing could be authentically known40 ,men cannot exchange their tastes2 but then they know that tastes are subjective2 whereas revealed truth must be objective4 ,some such misgiving will chill faith commonly in large and steady minds1 and thus the whole religious life is struck dead4 ,enthusiasm will commonly1 under such circumstances1 belong only to those minds which boil over before they have taken in much heat4 ,a church which makes its censers of paper1 not metal1 cannot burn incense4 ,a religion which1 in any form1 includes a 8peradventure10 has admitted the formula of nature and lost the 8amen0 of supernatural truth4 ,it is reduced and transposed4 ,its raptures are but poetry1 its dogma but science1 its antiquity but pedantry1 its forms but formality1 its freedom but license1 its authority but convention1 its zeal but faction1 its sobriety but sloth4 ,it cannot admit of enthusiasm1 as it cannot generate it in its nobler and more permanent forms1 because it can neither balance nor direct it4 ,such a faith must install reason in the higher place4 ,a church founded on nothing higher must serve1 not rule4 ,it will end by worshipping its bondage4 ,as in theology there is no possibility of separating dogma from dogma1 so there is no possibility of separating the religious affections from a reverence for dogmas1 if the mind be an inquiring one4 ,what has been called 8loyalty to our ,lord10 and contrasted with the 8dogmatic spirit10 is a sentiment which depends wholly on what we believe concerning him4 ,but to believe him to be ,god and man involves an immense mass of profound doctrine which may be held implicitly by the many1 but which the student must hold explicitly1 or be in a condition of doubt4 ,these subtle questions involve metaphysical speculations2 and had we to settle them for ourselves1 we must all of us have mastered philosophy before we had learned the lore of ,christian love4 ,but how many points are there of a different sort which yet must be certain1 if our faith is to be certain--points which no man could settle for himself1 and as to which no authority save one secure from error could give us rest6 ,such are the questions as to the mode of administering sacraments2 what form of baptism is valid1 and what is invalid2 the canonicity of the ,scriptures1 which1 if it depend on our individual estimate of historic evidence only1 can rise no higher than the level of opinion1 and therefore can never afford a basis for divine faith4 ,no reasonable man can suppose that either directly or indirectly he can reach to intuitions on these points4 ,he may say that they are not essential to him personally2 but he cannot but suspect that they are essential to the integrity of that whole scheme of theology which1 as a whole1 is essential to him4 ,a leak in the ship is not less dangerous because low down and out of sight2 and the strength of a chain is the strength of its weakest link4 ,when the principle of authority ceased to be held1 as a revealed doctrine 7the complement of that of personal spiritual discernment71 the complete circle of faith was broken1 and an element of doubt entered in4 ,the process was unperceived because gradual1 the inherited faith concealing long the ravages of innovating opinion4 ,human faith succeeded also to divine1 and simulated it4 ,science1 imagination1 enthusiasm in its evervarying forms1 contributed their aid4 ,protestant churches can hardly now even conceive of an authority acting simply and humbly under divine faith4 ,they can only imagine anathemas as proceeding from passion4 ,but ,s4 ,paul and the early church1 as well as the ,roman ,catholic1 thought differently4 ,another principle lost sight of practically on the ,protestant theory of religious knowledge is that it is necessary to hold the ,christian faith1 not only 7#ast7 in its fulness1 and 7#b;d7 with certainty1 but also 7#c;d7 in its purity4 ,now1 whatever truths individual intuitions and studies may bring home to us 7legitimately or accidentally71 it is certain from experience that they will not exclude many errors1 which apparently have the same sanction1 and are entertained with the same confidence--nay1 are so cherished that if but one be spoken against1 the whole system of thought is felt to be endangered4 ,but this confusion of truth and error introduces ,babel into the heart of ,jerusalem1 and erects altars to false gods in the temple of the ,true4 ,the soul espoused to ,christ must exclude his rivals1 and preserve ever the unrelaxed girdle of purity in spiritual things4 ,faith is not only the mother1 but the virgin mother1 of all perfect belief1 devotion1 and practice4 ,error1 in the region of faith1 is not only hostile but fatal to truth in its spiritual unity4 ,we are assured that 8the letter kills10 not merely that it is void2 and we know that a little poison may corrupt much food1 while a little needful medicine may taste as bitter as poison4 ,now1 that the ,bible1 by reason of its very excellency1 abounds in passages obvious to individual misinterpretation1 no candid reader of it or of history will deny4 ,we need1 therefore1 something which will preserve us from such dangers1 as well as from evils of deficiency4 ,animals are protected from many dangers by the constant presence of overpowering instincts4 ,the soul requires equally the constant guidance of the ,holy ,spirit4 ,experience disproves the novel and enthusiastic notion that the ,spirit is thus given--viz41 as inspiration--to the individual in his isolation4 ,he requires1 therefore1 the aid of the ,spirit1 both acting in his soul as vital heat1 and also shedding light on him from the church1 round whose head the ,pentecostal flame ever plays4 ,within that church which teaches 8with authority1 and not as the scribes10 a firmament is drawn between matters to be believed de fide and matters of opinion4 ,errors in theological opinion1 recognized as opinion only1 are not necessarily more hurtful than errors in science or politics4 ,let us now glance at the most ordinary form of objection4 ,so inveterate are traditional habits of thought that we recur to them after their fallaciousness has been ever so clearly pointed out4 ,a wheel of thought moves round in our head1 and the old notions recur4 ,what convert1 for instance1 has not been plagued1 while approaching to ,catholic convictions1 by the reiteration of that thought constantly recurring to his mind1 8,is it likely that all ,england should have been in error for three hundred years80 ,though he cannot but feel the weight of the answer1 8,it is at least more likely than that all ,christendom should have been far more deeply steeped in worse errors and corruptions1 by their nature affecting individuals as well as the body corporate1 for at least twelve hundred years40 ,it is thus that in the question of the 8rule of faith0 we recur to the question1 8,is it not obvious that the individual mind must lose all freedom and spontaneity1 if obliged to measure its movements by an outward authority8 ,is not such obedience servile1 not filial2 carnal1 not spiritual8 ,who could move freely1 if obliged to walk always with another1 though that other were his dearest friend80 ,now1 far from all this being obvious1 it is obviously founded on a misconception of the hypothesis objected to4 ,why does the soul partake of a higher freedom as it advances in submission to ,god8 ,how is it that1 in the glorified state1 perfect freedom exists without the possibility of falling8 ,because the ,spirit that works in the redeemed and regenerate is the ,spirit of ,god himself4 ,why is it no bondage that our two eyes must1 if in a healthy condition1 move together8 ,because the same law acts freely in both4 ,why is it that a hand that has ceased to obey the brain is called a powerless hand8 ,because its power proceeds from sympathy with the brain4 ,now1 on the hypothesis of the 8visible church10 just such a sympathy1 such a law1 and such a ,spirit work equally and simultaneously in the individual and in the body4 ,to the church the ,spirit is given indefectibly1 to lead her into 8all truth10 even to the 8end of the world40 ,the individual may or may not cooperate with the ,spirit2 but if he does1 he must needs1 ex hypothesi1 cooperate with the church1 and he cannot feel as a bondage what is the law of his life1 though the less spiritual part of him may often feel it as a salutary restraint4 ,rightly to serve is1 in things divine1 the only possible spiritual1 as distinguished from merely natural1 freedom4 ,the real question1 then1 respects1 not either the stringency of the law or its character as external law1 but its being or not being divine--a rightful authority1 not a usurpation4 ,the place of faith is not determined by controversial or even intellectual needs only4 ,its functions are innumerable4 ,it is the bond between the race and ,god4 ,it must affect the whole soul and be the health of every part4 ,it is ,god's adamant diffused through every region of our being1 as the rock on which the church is built extends1 in its solidity1 throughout and under the whole fabric4 ,our individual faith may be weak2 but it is the nature of faith itself to be infinitely strong2 and our faith must so come to us1 and so stand towards us1 as to admit of its own infinite increase1 as well as of its permanence4 ,it must enlighten the mind1 erect the will1 warm and chasten the heart1 live in every affection1 kneel in our humility1 endure in our patience4 ,it is an armor that covers us wholly1 leaving no spot exposed to the flying shafts of an enemy1 to whom one spot is as the whole body4 ,its shield is a mirror in which humanity beholds the whole of its being1 individual and social1 imaged after the stature of the renewed man4 ,that image is no idol with brazen breast and feet of earth1 but the likeness1 everywhere glorious1 of ,him who took our whole nature1 and in it was obedient to 8his parents0 and his country's law1 as well as to his ,father's will4 ,faith1 in the ,protestant acceptation of the word1 is unable to discharge for us all these high offices4 ,no ,protestant community 7and many have been tried7 can point to its heroic triumphs1 and say1 8,behold its fruits40 ,they have neither converted heathen nations nor retained as much of the faith as they started with on their new career4 ,the theory of the 8,bible interpreted by private judgment0 seems1 then1 to me to have been novel1 rash1 crude1 not sincerely thought out when promulgated--the only position that could affect to justify the revolt from unity1 but one not itself justified by the event4 ,my reason1 to which rationalism ever appeals1 would not have antecedently assured me that a book would have formed even part of a revelation4 ,my reason tells me that if the facts of ,christianity be divine1 its dogmatic truths divine1 and the book which records the facts and announces the truths be divine1 it is not unreasonable that the interpreter of that book should be divine4 ,such is the theory which ,rome maintains1 but which no one will say that ,rome did more than retain1 walking thus in the footsteps of the primitive church1 and of the general councils4 ,the patriarchal church had no ,bible2 the ,hebrew church but an incomplete canon1 added to from time to time4 ,the ,christian canon was not compiled for two centuries after ,christ2 ,providence did not allow of its diffusion by printing for fourteen4 ,the ,christian world is still1 for the most past1 unable to read4 ,most ,protestants have therefore ever been compelled to be guided by an authority which1 without pretending to confer the spiritual gifts which ,rome confers1 is exposed to many of the same objections4 ,all religious communities say practically1 8,hear me40 ,one only says1 with the apostle1 8,hear the church40 ,one only delivers a distinct and consistent message4 ,one only unites parental authority with maternal solicitude1 fear with love1 enthusiasm with steadfastness1 permanence of faith with progress of defined knowledge1 the doctrines with the ethical habits of the early church1 the lore of the ,fathers with the propagandism of the early missionaries and the courage of the martyrs4 ,it is the church of ,him who was singled from his brethren as were ,judah1 ,shem1 ,seth1 and made to be unity1 that in his unity all might be one1 in one ,lord1 one faith1 and one baptism4 ,a4 ,,de ,,vere4 ,,november #b1 #ahea4 ,our readers will certainly be thankful to us for giving them the pleasure of perusing the foregoing letter1 which is a document of great interest and value for several reasons4 ,it is the work of an author whose prose is only inferior to his poetry4 ,it is a record of the process of reasoning by which one of the many illustrious ,english converts was aided to make the transition from ,anglicanism to the ,catholic ,church1 given in his own language at a time when his thoughts and sentiments about the momentous change were fresh in his memory1 and remarkably different from any similar production4 ,the value of such a document1 considered in the respect just mentioned1 depends on its being given precisely as it was written at the time2 and we have been1 therefore1 scrupulously careful not to change or modify a single sentence1 or even a word1 in the author's manuscript4 ,this letter is not1 however1 merely a psychological and literary curiosity4 ,though it is the argument1 not of a ,catholic theologian1 but of a man of letters just recently converted to the faith1 it is a remarkable presentation of some parts of ,catholic doctrine1 more particularly of the supernatural certainty of divine faith1 and the essential difference of faith from human science or opinion1 even when the object of the latter is natural or revealed theology4 ,we think it important1 however1 to add a short explanation of our own as a safeguard of purely natural certitude4 ,sound ,catholic philosophy establishes the certitude of knowledge received through the senses1 the understanding1 and the discursive or reasoning operation of the mind upon the concepts apprehended by both those faculties4 ,physical1 metaphysical1 and moral demonstration produce1 therefore1 true science1 not mere opinion4 ,the rational proof of the ,catholic religion rests on these three1 and is sufficient to produce a certain conviction4 ,this is not1 however1 identical with divine faith4 ,the act of faith is distinct from the merely rational assent of the mind4 ,yet these two acts may terminate on the same object4 ,one may be convinced1 for instance1 of the spirituality of the soul1 by a metaphysical demonstration1 without believing in the divine revelation4 ,if he afterward believes in the revelation1 he will have also a divine faith in the spirituality of the soul4 ,one may believe by divine faith that ,christ made ,s4 ,peter the head of the church1 and afterwards acquire an historical certainty of the same truth4 ,we cannot be too careful to maintain the supernatural quality of faith and the superiority of its divine light to the natural light of reason2 at the same time1 we must be also careful not to weaken or diminish the certainty and the scope of natural knowledge4--,,ed4 ,c4 ,w4 ,the ,church ,in ,f----4 ,build up the church6 ,let its turrets rise1 ,with crosscrowned summits1 to kiss the skies2 ,hollow its centre1 in nave and aisle1 ,from its walls let heavenrapt faces smile4 ,make its fair altars to glow with light1 ,where priest and ministering acolyte ,may kneel1 with incense and book and bell1 ,the praises of ,god and his saints to swell4 ,let the deep tones of the organ roll ,with thunderous music1 to stir the soul1 ,while spirits soar1 as on wings of fire1 ',mid the holy chants of the surpliced choir4 ,but when the crowd has passed away1 ,and the lights burn low and the church is gray1 ,and in their solitude aisle and nave ,are still and stern as a martyr's grave1 ,all is not over of praise and prayer3 ,the mourner1 shrinking from crowd and glare1 ,may kneel in the shadow1 and veil her eyes ,before the ,lord of the sacrifice4 ,the sacred ,presence that throws its spell-- ,an everabiding miracle-- ,o'er the empty fane and the silent shrine1 ,is there at all seasons--the ,host divine4 ,are ,you ,my ,wife8 ,chapter ,i4 ,by ,the ,author ,of 8,a ,salon ,in ,paris ,before ,the ,war10 8,number ,thirteen10 8,pius ,,vi410 ,etc4 ,chapter ,i4 ,a ,few ,pages ,from ,clide ,de ,winton's ,note,book4 ,it was not the reception ,i ought to have had2 but that was my own fault4 ,the old house was not in the habit of giving such a cold welcome to the eldest son who brought home his young bride4 ,on the contrary1 fireworks and bonfires1 and bells ringing1 and flags flying1 and universal rejoicing both inside and outside the house1 had been the traditionary mode of proceeding1 on such occasions1 since the ,conquest1 when it first owned a master of the name of ,de ,winton4 ,my earliest recollections of a distinct kind are of my father bringing home my stepmother to the old place1 and of my peeping out from my nurserywindow1 and vaguely connecting the strange lady1 who came in the midst of us heralded by such noise and splendor1 with the story of the ,queen of ,sheba that my nurse read to me very often on ,sundays out of a pictured storybook4 ,this infantine delusion had long vanished before ,i quite lost the sense of childish bewilderment that accompanied the occasion4 ,i was an odd child1 ,i suppose2 oldfashioned1 but not at all precocious2 and the dreamy impressions of childhood held their grasp on me longer than usual1 probably from my having no children to play with and keep me from dwelling so long and so exclusively on the fancies of my own hazy little mind4 ,i can recall vividly even now how ,i hated all the noise and fuss that followed the wedding2 how ,i shrank from being dressed in my scarlet cashmere frock1 and being sent for to the drawingroom1 and introduced to strangers1 by my stiff1 stately stepmother1 as 8my son1 ,master ,clide de ,winton40 ,there seemed no end to the strangers that came trooping in to shake hands with my father and to be introduced to his wife4 ,and then the dinners that were given1 and the noise of music afterwards1 that used to wake me up in the nursery1 and make me dream such noisy1 confused dreams when ,i fell asleep again6 ,how ,i detested it all6 ,and when ,i expressed something of this to my nurse1 and wondered why the house1 that used to be so quiet when we had it to ourselves1 had become so full of noise and strange people from the moment my new mamma came home1 she found no better comfort than to tell me that that was always the way after a wedding1 and that when ,i was grown up and married myself ,i should make just as much fuss1 and a great deal more1 because ,i should be younger1 and my wife too4 ,it may sound absurd1 like so many other reminiscences of childhood that were once bitterly real to all of us2 but this horoscopic view of life poisoned many an hour of those nurserydays to me4 ,the fact that the dreaded ordeal was yet distant gave me no consolation4 ,i leaped over the gulf that separated six years old from fiveandtwenty1 and saw myself miserable in the midst of a pandemonium of noise1 and strange people1 and dinners1 and pianoforte playing4 ,i was no doubt a morbid little boy1 and no doubt my nurse discovered this1 and with the unconscious cruelty of her race took pleasure in playing upon my idle terrors4 ,i know she used to terrify me by graphic descriptions of the wedding ceremonial from first to last2 and the more ,i showed that ,i was terrified1 the more eloquent and inventive--as ,i afterwards discovered--she grew4 ,she had been three times through the performance herself1 and thus was peculiarly qualified to speak of it4 ,i remember once when she told me ,i would have to stand up before all the company at a long table and make a speech4 ,i could bear it no longer1 and ,i began to cry4 ,this did not soften her2 she only laughed at me for a silly little goose1 and assured me that1 when the time came1 ,i would enjoy it all as much as ,i now enjoyed flying my kite and other juvenile amusements4 ,i ran out of the nursery and away up to a garret where ,i sometimes hid myself when ,i expected to be sent for to the drawingroom4 and flung myself on the floor1 and literally bellowed with misery4 ,i suppose ,i cried myself to sleep1 for when #a awoke ,i was still in the same place1 tired and cold4 ,i considered quietly what ,i might possibly do to avert the catastrophe that so appalled me in the distance4 ,i could think only of one thing3 that was to run away before the weddingday arrived4 ,i had heard stories about boys running away from school when they were very naughty or very unhappy2 why should they not run away from home1 if driven to extremities8 ,this resolution soothed me4 ,i crept down from my solitude a happier child than ,i had entered it4 ,if this account of myself sounds unnatural1 ,i can only answer that it is true4 ,if my stepmother had been a loving1 motherly woman1 she would probably have found out something of these sufferings1 and have sought to modify them by moulding my character2 but she was not a woman to win a child's confidence1 even if she had tried2 and she did not try to win mine4 ,she found me shy1 reserved1 ungracious1 and she left me so4 ,she did her duty by me as far as she knew how4 ,i was conveyed every day regularly from the nursery to the diningroom after dinner4 ,i grew resigned to the daily punishment after a time1 and in reply to the usual questions1 8,had ,i been a good boy80 and 8,would ,i like an apple80 ,i learned to answer boldly that ,i had and that ,i would1 and to stand straight on both legs and without wriggling4 ,my stepmother patted me on the cheek1 and observed to my father that ,i was improving in my manners4 ,she seldom went further than this in motherly caresses for the first two years after her marriage4 ,then my father died1 and ,i can remember that she kissed me often1 and was altogether more gentle in her manner towards me1 and that ,i felt it1 and liked the change1 though ,i could in no way account for it4 ,i was still miserably shy1 and ,i retained the same intense dread of notoriety and fuss of every description4 ,perhaps it was this that partly decided her on sending me to ,eton when ,i was barely old enough to be in the schoolroom4 ,other motives may have added weight to this one1 but ,i shall say nothing of that now4 ,if her object was to cure me of the painful timidity which still beset me1 it was perhaps a justification for sending the fatherless and motherless boy away from the solitude and isolation of a gloomy home into the stir and life of a public school1 where shyness1 like so many other foolish weaknesses1 is quickly rubbed off by contact with those intolerant pedagogues--companions of one's own age and rank4 ,i was happy enough at ,eton1 in spite of the dreaded future that still loomed in the distance4 ,i had forgotten the spectre of a possible weddingbreakfast and its accompanying horrors4 ,i knew now that it was in my own hands to suffer or to avoid them4 ,meantime1 my natural timidity still asserted itself in a way that was much deplored by my stepmother4 ,i was an intelligent boy1 and might have distinguished myself over my fellows1 had ,i chosen2 but the same morbid folly that had embittered my childhood now paralyzed my ambition1 and prevented me trying for prizes in any department of study4 ,public speaking comes into play very much with candidates for honors at school1 and the finest gold medal that was ever awarded for a ,greek and ,latin essay would not have tempted me1 if ,i foresaw the necessity of reading the essay aloud before that redoubtable array of critics1 my assembled masters and companions4 ,i passed for an oddity1 and so ,i was4 ,my stepmother sighed over it in her calm1 correct way2 regretted ,i had not the honorable ambition to make a name for myself and conquer a position amongst my fellowmen1 and so on4 ,to this ,i modestly replied that ,i was satisfied with the name my fathers had transmitted to me1 and which ,i hoped to carry honorably at least through life1 if not proudly4 ,pride of birth was one of the earliest lessons she had endeavored to instil into my mind1 and in this respect ,i did not prove as stubborn as in others4 ,i remember saying1 in reply to some remarks of hers as to the advisability of my distinguishing myself in some public career1 8,when a man has the good luck to be born a ,de ,winton he is distinguished enough02 and ,i remember the smile of approval that accompanied her demure shake of the head4 ,i left ,eton in course of time1 and went to the university4 ,the change from the now familiar world of school was accomplished with immense reluctance1 and perhaps would never have been accomplished at all without the combined influence of my stepmother1 my uncle1 ,admiral de ,winton1 and ,sir ,simon ,harness1 who was one of my guardians and my father's oldest friend4 ,i soon grew to like my new life1 and to make friends with a few of my new companions4 ,i was still too shy to form friendships easily1 or to be what is called popular4 ,everything however1 went smoothly with me till ,i was a little over twenty1 and then a circumstance occurred which woke up the old terrors1 and showed too plainly that much of the puerile folly of childhood clung to me still4 ,i am almost ashamed to write it at this lapse of time2 but ,i shall have more grievous follies to confess byandby1 so there is no use passing over this one4 ,it arose out of a proposal to give a farewell dinner to a fellow who was one of our set and extremely popular4 ,i chimed in heartily with the scheme the moment it was broached1 but when one of my chums1 out of pure mischief as ,i afterwards found out1 suggested that we should one of us make a farewell speech1 expressing the regret and so forth of the rest1 and that ,i should be the speaker1 ,i got savage1 and was for not appearing at all at the dinner1 unless they gave me a solemn promise that ,i should not be asked to open my lips1 even to propose a toast4 ,we were near quarrelling over it2 the others were so amused at my anger and fright that they kept up the joke1 and bullied me until ,i was in a downright passion4 ,when it was over1 and ,i had joined in the laugh against myself1 my tormentor said1 quite haphazard1 and not with the least idea of rousing me again3 8,i say1 old boy1 how will it be when you come of age8 ,you'll be giving a grand blowout at the ,moat1 of course1 and we'll all drink to your health with three times three2 but you will have to return thanks1 you know1 and address the tenantry1 and that sort of thing4 ,it will be awful fun to see you stammering and hawhawing1 and assuring us that the affecting occasion is really--aw--too much for you--aw--and so forth4 ,when is it to be8 ,about this time twelvemonth1 eh80 ,i don't know what ,i said to him4 ,i think ,i felt he was too great a brute to be spoken to1 except in a language which it would not do for a ,de ,winton to use4 ,but could this be true8 ,was ,i making a fool's paradise to myself1 while every day hurried me on to this dismal catastrophe8 ,i feigned a sudden call home on family business that required my presence1 and started by the six ,a4,m4 train next morning for the ,moat4 ,my stepmother was surprised to meet me on coming down to breakfast--surprised1 not startled4 ,she was not a woman to be startled4 8,madam10 ,i said1 after greeting her ceremoniously1 according to my step filial habit1 8have you any plan in view respecting the event of my majority80 8,you speak in enigmas1 my dear ,clide4 ,pray explain yourself10 replied ,mrs4 de ,winton2 and went on washing her hands in that deliberate way of hers that always exasperated me4 ,perhaps it was this trick of perpetually washing her hands that made me think her so uncommonly like the picture of ,lady ,macbeth hanging over the library mantelpiece4 8,to be explicit1 then10 ,i replied1 8do you intend making a ,coming of ,age of it8 ,do you purpose setting the tenantry into fits making a fuss over me8 ,in a word do you purpose calling up the seven devils commonly catted rejoicings and loyal demonstrations8 ,do you mean to do these things1 madam80 ,whether she thought ,i had gone suddenly mad1 or that1 notwithstanding the early hour1 ,i had been indulging too freely in convivial libations1 ,i could not tell2 but she decidedly thought ,i was laboring under some sort of cerebral inflammation4 ,suspending abruptly the ablutionary movement1 she joined her hands coldly1 and looking at me with a severe countenance1 not devoid altogether of pity1 8,clide1 you surprise me10 she said4 8,i hoped that you had sufficient respect for yourself and for your ancestors to understand44440 8,madam10 ,i broke in1 trembling with excitement1 8,i respect you and ,i respect my ancestors2 but as to making a fool of myself for the gratification of their antediluvian crotchets1 ,i won't do it4 ,no2 if every ,de ,winton from the ,flood down were to stalk out of his coffin and bully me1 ,i won't40 8,won't what80 demanded my stepmother1 looking now rather alarmed4 8,i won't have those seven devils let loose over the place10 ,i said defiantly2 8and unless you pledge me your word of honor that there will not be anything of the sort1 as sure as ,i'm a living ,de ,winton ,i'll bolt from the country1 and never set foot in it again60 8,you misapprehend our relative positions altogether1 ,clide10 resumed ,mrs4 de ,winton4 8,when the time of your majority has arrived1 you will1 by the very fact of its advent1 be master to deal with it as you choose1 quite independent of my wishes4 ,i should hope1 however1 that by that time you will have conceived a better notion of your duty to society in your own person1 and to the traditions of the illustrious race from whom it is your privilege to descend1 than you seem to possess at present4 ,it has been from time immemorial the custom in the family to celebrate with pomp and festive gatherings the majority of the heir4 ,i am at a loss to understand why this venerable custom should inspire you with such irrational fury2 why you should anticipate the welcome that awaits every ,de ,winton on his coming of age otherwise than with a sense of grateful and honorable pride40 ,i had calmed down when ,i discovered that ,i was my own master in the matter4 ,otherwise ,i should not have listened so patiently to the end of her tirade4 ,when it was over1 ,i began to feel rather ashamed of myself4 ,i had been making a storm in a butterboat4 8,if ,i have forgotten in the least degree the deference ,i owe you1 madam10 ,i observed1 twisting my wideawake to give myself what the ,french call a countenance1 8,i apologize for it40 8,i trust you will learn to control yourself1 in future1 for your own sake10 observed ,mrs4 de ,winton1 washing her hands again4 8,be assured of one thing3 ,i shall take no steps towards the celebration of the event1 which is looked forward to by the tenantry with very different feelings from yours1 without having your consent4 ,i would not expose them or you to such an exhibition as that ,i have just witnessed4 ,but you have twelve months to wait1 and to improve1 ,i hope1 before your coming of age makes it necessary to remind you what that circumstance involves40 8,if it involves a fuss1 madam10 ,i said emphatically1 and waxing wroth again1 8once more1 ,i won't have it4 ,i'd rather never come of age60 ,and having delivered myself of this decided opinion1 ,i wished her good morning4 ,i came of age in due time1 and fearing that1 in spite of my commands to the contrary1 the tenantry might get up some insane rejoicings and caterwaulings1 ,i feigned illness and waited in ,london till the anniversary was a week old4 ,that ,rubicon was no sooner safely passed than the other1 the fearful one that had been the nightmare of my childhood1 threatened to overtake me4 ,i had so constantly announced at school my determination never to marry that my views on that subject were known to all who knew me1 and the reputation of a womanhater preceded me amongst my own people4 ,still1 the ,moat being a fine old place1 with a clear rentroll of fifteen thousand pounds a year1 and ,i being an only son and in all other respects what dowagers call an 8eligible young man10 the female mind of ----shire resented such a resolve on my part as premature and absurd1 and set to work diligently to bring me to a better way of thinking4 ,i pass over the history of that merciless campaign of matchmaking mothers and enterprising daughters4 ,the very thought of it now is painful to me4 ,enough that ,i came out of it unscathed4 ,after two years of comparative quiet--for ,i persistently refused to be lured to the sirens' caves in the neighborhood1 and forced them to beard the lion in his den1 which gave me no inconsiderable vantageground over the enemy--the fire slackened1 and ,i was left in peace4 ,my stepmother did not attempt to coerce me2 on the contrary1 she commiserated my position1 and more than once expressed her disapproval of the way in which1 as she said1 ,i was hunted down by all the marriageable womanhood of the county4 ,she insisted on giving one ball when ,i came home1 to introduce me to her own and my father's friends and such members of the family as ,i only knew by name or very slightly2 but after that she subsided1 and my life was as free from fuss as any life in this fussy world could be4 8,clide10 observed ,mrs4 de ,winton one morning1 as we sipped our tea over the breakfasttable1 8do you think it quite impossible you should ever marry80 8,well10 ,i said reflectively1 8as far as a man can answer for himself1 ,i should say quite impossible40 8,but how far is that80 observed my stepmother with a sceptical smile4 8,you have not yet been put to the test4 ,you have not yet come across the woman who could persuade you that marriage is the ,elysium of man here below4 ,supposing--,i merely put it in the light of a remote supposition--that you should come across her some day44480 8,i should probably accept my fate as many a wiser man has done before me1 and capitulate on reasonable terms--namely1 that we should be executed at six o'clock in the morning1 no weddingdress1 no bridemaids1 no speechifying--no fuss1 in fact1 and nobody present but a beggarwoman and a policeman4 ,then1 when we come home1 no entertaining1 giving and taking dinners1 and that sort of fuss that comes like the farce after the tragedy4 ,if ,i ever meet with a pretty girl willing to take me and the ,moat on these conditions1 then ,i will not answer for the consequences40 ,one year after this conversation with my stepmother ,i met that pretty girl2 the result was what ,i tacitly foretold it would be4 ,i married her4 ,it happened in this way3 ,i was seized with a desire to travel1 and1 instead of beginning with the stereotyped grand tour1 ,i determined to go first to ,america4 ,i had a hunger for grand1 wild scenery4 ,the vast primeval forests of the far ,west1 the awful grandeur of ,niagara1 drew me powerfully2 so off ,i set1 accompanied by a confidential servant named ,stanton4 ,shyness went for something in the choice4 ,i felt attracted towards the new young continent as by a sense of homelikeness and kindred4 ,i was not disappointed4 ,everything ,i saw there was at once novel and familiar4 ,i could converse with the people in my own language1 and was thus spared the mortification of stuttering out my inquiries in dubious ,french or ,german1 or trumpeting them through an interpreter1 as must have been the case on the grand tour4 ,niagara appalled and fascinated me4 ,day after day ,i stood contemplating the torrents of foam that surged up to meet the great sheet of water that flung itself in a majestic arch of hard green crystal down into the boiling1 creamy gulf4 ,i gazed and gazed till sight was dim and sense was lost in a torpor of exquisite delight--neither trance nor vision1 but a state that hovered between both4 ,the thunder of the rushing waters1 the sparkling of the prism that danced and flashed and faded with the changing lights1 reflecting every tint in the sunset1 until the cataract blazed before my dazzled eyes like a thousand rainbows melted into one1 then fainted and died1 leaving a uniform sheen of emerald in its place--all this was like some magnificent apotheosis that kept me spellbound1 fascinated1 entranced4 ,i had come intending to remain three days2 but a week slipped away and found me still at ,niagara4 ,at last ,i determined to break the spell4 ,i must tear myself from the spectacle before it overmastered my reason2 for there were moments when1 after standing for hours looking down into the seething abyss of foam1 ,i felt as if an invisible chord were drawing me on and on1 nearer and nearer1 luring me in a dreamy way towards the water4 ,then ,i would rouse myself and rush away2 but it would not do to go on playing with a danger that was sweet and potent as a magician's spell4 ,i came out one morning to take my last look4 ,it was just after sunrise4 ,the falls had never looked so beautiful1 the booming of the water had never sounded so solemn1 the light had never evolved such a fairy tracery of jewelled glory on the silvery vapor and the green crystal4 ,the effect was overpowering4 ,for one moment it seemed to me that ,i heard the voice of ,jehovah speaking in the roar of many waters2 that ,i stood within the sanctuary1 separated by an impenetrable and mysterious wall of thunder from the outer1 visible world4 ,a spontaneous and almost unconscious impulse made me uncover myself and stand bareheaded1 as in the presence of the ,unseen and ,omnipresent4 ,how long ,i stood thus ,i cannot say2 ,i know that ,i was roused from my revery by a sound that struck in upon my dreamy deafness with strange and thrilling effect4 ,it was the singing of a human voice2 the words were inarticulate1 but ,i knew the music well4 ,it was a wild1 weird ,highland melody2 the rhythm was barely distinguishable1 as the notes rose and fell through the roar and boom of the waterfall1 sounding nevertheless preternaturally clear and sweet1 like the wail of a spirit or some sweet seabird's cry4 ,what was it8 ,some ,undine risen from the spray1 and pouring out her lament to the wave8 ,i dared not look round1 so fearful was ,i to banish the songster4 ,when the voice ceased1 ,i turned my head and looked4 ,was ,i dreaming1 or was it indeed a spirit that ,i beheld8 ,i doubted at first4 ,but as ,i kept my eyes steadily fixed on the figure1 it moved towards me1 and ,i knew that it was neither sprite nor shadow1 but a woman1 a young girl rather--for she seemed barely emerged from childhood to maidenhood--more beautiful than any picture ,i had ever seen or that my imagination had ever painted4 ,she was small1 below the middle height4 ,her hair fell in profuse ringlets or coils--it seemed an accidental arrangement--down her back2 it was black and glossy as jet4 ,her eyes were lustrous and dark as a gazelle's2 her complexion almost colorless4 ,she was dressed in dark green1 a loose1 unconventional sort of garment that draped her something after the fashion of a ,roman stola2 her straw hat had either fallen off or she had taken it off1 and held it dangling from her arm2 her hands were clasped1 and her eyes fixed on the fall1 as it plunged from the rocky ledge down1 down into the eternity of waters4 ,she had come within a few yards of me before she seemed conscious of my presence--of anything but the majestic spectacle that was riveting her whole soul through her eyes4 ,she walked on like a somnambulist4 ,a sudden dread seized me4 ,was she asleep1 or was she experiencing in its uttermost degree the terrible attraction that ,i had felt more than once1 and walking on unconsciously to death8 ,i advanced a few steps1 so as to stand in her path as she drew near4 ,the effect was instantaneous4 ,she started as if some one had struck her4 ,i thought she would have fallen1 and rushed to prevent it by stretching out my arm4 ,the movement apparently recalled her to the sense of where she was4 ,with a slight acknowledgment of my courtesy1 she turned quickly away1 and hurried on out of sight4 ,i followed her1 and it was with an unreasonable thrill of delight that ,i saw her enter the hotel where ,i was staying4 ,who was this siren1 or how did one so young and so beautiful come to be alone in this lonely place8 ,before the day was over ,i met her again4 ,chance brought us together once more in the same spot4 ,this time she was not alone4 ,an elderly man1 whom she addressed as uncle1 accompanied her4 ,he was not prepossessing in his appearance1 and ,i doubt whether ,i should have overcome my natural shyness so far as to address him1 if he had not himself broken the ice by asking me if ,i had ventured to walk under the fall1 and whether the experience was worth the risk4 ,i assured him that it amply compensated for any imaginary danger that might exist1 and volunteered to accompany him if he decided on trying it4 ,this brought us into communication1 if not into sympathy4 ,i did not like him1 consequently he did not like me4 ,we both felt this instinctively1 no doubt2 there was an opposing element of some sort between us that made friendship impossible1 though it did not prevent that kind of superficial intimacy which is almost inevitable amongst people of the same country who find themselves thrown close together under the same roof in a foreign land4 ,he was ,scotch1 as ,i knew at once by his name1 ,prendergast1 and by his accent4 ,he was a thin1 mediumsized man1 and could not have been more than forty1 though his silver hair gave him a prematurely old look1 which was perhaps increased by a settled expression of illtemper about the mouth1 arising1 so his niece affectionately alleged1 from chronic toothache4 ,he seemed indeed a martyr to that trying complaint1 and wore his head tied up in a woollen comforter1 which must have been miserably uncomfortable2 for the days were hot and the nights as balmy as ,june4 ,i fancied that his beautiful niece disliked him1 or at least feared him considerably more than she loved him4 ,i noticed how the merry1 bright little creature started at the sound of his voice when he called to her sharply1 and how she quailed when his cold1 hard eye lighted on her in the midst of one of her childish peals of laughter1 checking it as by a cold bath4 ,it struck me even more than once that she cast a glance towards me1 as if claiming my protection--against whom or what ,i could not imagine2 but ,i was resolved to ascertain1 and1 if my assistance or sympathy could avail her1 to let her have them at any cost4 ,we happened to be alone on the third day after our first meeting4 ,isabel--so ,i heard ,mr4 ,prendergast call her--was apparently as pleased at the opportunity as ,i was4 ,she talked to me with the frank1 artless abandon of a child2 and1 without in the least intending it1 she told me enough of her antecedents and position to satisfy me that ,i was right in supposing her not very happy with her uncle4 ,she told me he was her guardian1 and had brought her up since she was quite a child1 her parents having died when she was five years old4 ,her mother was his sister2 her father's name was ,cameron4 ,he held a large tract of land in ,canada1 and had a great deal of money--8heaps of money10 was her childish estimate of it--in banks and things in ,england2 and she1 being the only child1 was heiress to all this wealth4 ,mr4 ,prendergast had had the management of it up to the present1 and continued to treat her as an infant1 though she was now of age1 she said4 ,he had by nature a tyrannical temper1 and it was increased and rendered irritable and fierce by years of toothache4 ,he had been away in hot climates to seek relief for his exasperated nerves1 and it was only on her account that he had returned to ,england of late4 ,he had come out to ,america to look after her property1 and also for the benefit of her health1 which had required change and a long seavoyage4 ,i felt grateful to him for this at least1 as the sacrifice had evidently been crowned with success4 ,miss ,cameron looked the very picture of health1 and she said the voyage had made her stronger than she had ever been in her life4 ,it had1 however1 proved very disastrous to ,mr4 ,prendergast1 whose teeth had not given him a day's rest since they left ,england2 8and of course this makes him very cross10 his niece observed deprecatingly1 with a little sigh4 ,after this conversation we became perfectly at ease with each other1 and tacitly watched for opportunities of renewing it4 ,i need not say that ,i relinquished my plan of leaving the falls1 which day after day grew more beautiful1 more irresistibly attractive1 to me4 ,a week passed in a dreamy state of blissfulness1 and then a crisis came4 ,mr4 ,prendergast1 who had been howling all night in the room next to me with the toothache1 set off after breakfast1 in spite of his swelled face1 with a party that were being taken to walk under the arch of the fall4 ,he wound a quarter of a mile of ,shetland shawls round his head1 and1 thus fortified1 donned the leathern costume of the occasion1 and down he went4 ,everything went well enough until he was emerging from the tremendous roar that had covered him in like a curtain1 and was setting his foot on dry land above1 when he was seized with a rush of blood to the head1 and fell insensible to the ground4 ,he was carried to his room1 and lay there dangerously ill for several days4 ,isabel was not allowed to see him4 ,the doctor enjoined absolute quiet as of the first necessity2 no one entered the sickroom but the medical man and a nurse whom he sent for to the nearest town4 ,this catastrophe naturally threw ,miss ,cameron and me a good deal together4 ,we wandered out to admire the falls by sunrise2 we were to be seen there again at sunset1 when the clouds rolled in golden cascades over the western sky1 and made a spectacle of rival glory above and beyond the everlasting glory of ,niagara4 ,what could come of all this but what came of it8 ,we loved each other1 and we confessed it4 ,it was a wild act on my part4 ,i knew nothing of ,isabel's family and antecedents but what she had accidentally told me2 but to a man in love1 first love1 what more was wanted8 ,she bore a name that was ancient as my own4 ,as to her fortune1 ,i cared nothing for that4 ,she told me it was already legally in her own power2 that she was twentyone4 ,i believed this1 since she said it1 but it required a strong effort of faith to credit that beaming young face with more than seventeen years in this cold world4 ,those were blissful days while we walked arminarm through the yellowing forest1 and alongside the river beyond the falls1 cooing our young loves to one another1 as foolish and as tender as any two ,babes in the ,wood4 ,but ,mr4 ,prendergast was getting well now1 and called ,isabel constantly to his side1 and sternly catechised her as to what she did when she left him4 ,he was to be down stairs tomorrow1 and they were to leave ,niagara in a few days1 and sail for ,england by the next boat that left ,quebec4 ,she whispered this to me with white lips one morning1 and then rushed upstairs to answer the call of the dragon1 who was shouting to her from his open window4 ,i waited till she came down again1 and then drew her out into a favorite spot of ours at a little distance from the house4 8,isabel10 ,i said1 8does your uncle know that we love each other80 8,oh6 no1 no2 he would kill me if he knew it10 she replied1 speaking in a whisper1 and looking up at me with an expression of terror and trust that nerved me to anything4 8,what1 then1 are we to do8 ,shall ,i speak to him at once80 ,i asked4 8,there is no use speaking to him2 he will never let me marry you1 ,clide4 ,forgive me for making you unhappy10 she said1 clasping her hands on my arm1 while the big tears ran down her face4 8,i never ought to have let you care for me4 ,i never ought to have let myself love you1 but ,i could not help it2 ,i could not help it40 ,her head fell on my shoulder1 and the sobs shook the frail little figure that leaned against me with the artless confidence of a child4 8,you shall marry me1 darling10 ,i cried2 8no uncle that ever lived shall separate us4 ,i swear it6 ,we shall be married before we leave this4 ,trust to me to do everything2 we will arrange it all before that old ,turk knows or suspects anything4 ,promise only to trust to me entirely and to do as ,i ask you4 ,promise me1 ,isabel40 ,she promised1 placing her hand confidingly in mine4 ,next morning1 soon after sunrise1 while ,mr4 ,prendergast was still asleep1 we two stole out to the little church where a few stray worshippers sang their hymns to the music of the waterfall1 and were married by the old clergyman of the place4 ,my man1 ,stanton1 and the sexton were the only witnesses4 ,it was indeed a wedding after my own heart1 all done as quietly as if marrying a wife were as much an everyday accident in life as taking a walk before breakfast4 ,isabel was1 if possible1 more delighted with the mode of proceeding than ,i was4 ,i forget how she came to make the avowal1 but ,i know it was quite spontaneous1 that she hated the fuss and paraphernalia of a wedding in ,england as she hated a thunderstorm2 and that if she had been given her choice1 she would infinitely have preferred this quiet little marriage of ours to the most magnificent display that could have been got up for her in ,scotland4 ,we were as happy as two children as we walked home together4 ,but then came the business of telling ,mr4 ,prendergast4 ,isabel declared she would rather die than enter his presence now alone2 he would read her rebellious act on her face1 and he would kill her4 ,he was capable of anything when he was roused4 ,i was not going to risk my treasure within his reach4 ,i sat down and wrote a respectful letter1 informing him that ,i had become the husband of his niece1 and requesting his forgiveness for what might seem a violation of good faith1 but which his own conscience would1 ,i felt sure1 find an excuse for in my behalf4 ,i stated my fortune and position more accurately than ,i had been able to do to ,isabel1 who put her hand to my mouth when ,i attempted to speak of settlements and so forth1 saying she wanted to hear nothing about my money4 ,i now begged of ,mr4 ,prendergast to let me know what his wishes were concerning his niece's fortune1 and pledged myself beforehand to conform to them1 and prove by my conduct in this respect that money was the last consideration that had actuated me in marrying an heiress4 ,in answer to this ,i received a curt line informing me that ,i had behaved like a scoundrel1 and that1 as a gentleman1 ,mr4 ,prendergast declined to meet me1 and that ,i had better take myself off with my wife before chance threw me in his way again4 ,isabel was overjoyed at this unexpected issue4 ,i was stung by the man's insolence and his unjust accusations1 but1 on the whole1 it was the easiest way of getting rid of him and securing myself and ,isabel from his brutal temper and ungovernable violence4 ,we left ,niagara that day4 ,i wrote to my stepmother1 acquainting her that ,i was a married man1 and announcing the day she might expect to see us at the ,moat4 ,i wrote for places in the next steamer1 and we were fortunate enough to find two vacant ones at nearly the last moment in a splendid vessel that sailed from ,new ,york4 ,it had occurred to me that before leaving ,america it would have been prudent and rational to make some inquiries concerning the landed property which my wife held in ,canada2 but as she did not propose this1 ,i feared it might strike her unfavorably if ,i did1 and suggest that her uncle's insulting insinuations were not as unfounded as ,i wished her to believe4 ,i therefore abandoned the idea1 and we left the ,united ,states without my asking a single question on the subject4 ,the voyage homeward was delightful4 ,isabel formed plans for the future that sounded like songs from ,arcadia1 and drew a picture of our life at the ,moat that looked like a vision of the ,elysian fields4 ,we stopped a week in ,london to extemporize a trousseau and purchase some trinkets1 and then ,i took my wife to her ,welsh home4 ,my stepmother gave her a gracious1 if not a hearty1 welcome4 ,it was a very quiet homecoming2 nothing1 indeed1 could have been tamer4 ,there were no tenantry to meet us1 no rejoicings either in the village or at the house4 ,i thought this strange1 though it was strictly in accordance with the desires ,i had always expressed on the subject to my stepmother4 ,isabel1 however1 was entirely satisfied1 and confessed to me that she had been in a nervous flutter all the way home1 fearing to find some horror in the shape of a deputation from the tenants or something awaiting us at our journey's end4 ,a few days after our arrival1 when ,i came down to breakfast alone1 my stepmother said to me1 8,clide1 it is time that you thought a little of business now4 ,i think you told me that your wife's fortune is in her own right2 this is very desirable to begin with1 but of course it cannot remain so4 ,your rights as a husband must be properly protected40 8,my wife's affection and my confidence in her are the only security ,i require on that1 madam10 ,i replied stiffly4 8,the sentiment does honor to you both10 observed ,mrs4 de ,winton1 with an undertone of sarcasm that did not escape me2 8but you do not expect ,admiral de ,winton or ,sir ,simon ,harness to be satisfied with such a sentimental guarantee40 8,i understand you1 and ,i respect your motives10 was my cold rejoinder2 8but as ,i am not responsible to any one but myself for the good or bad management of myself and my property1 ,i do not recognize any one's right1 trustee or relation1 to interfere with me1 and still less to interfere with my wife40 8,who talks of interfering with your wife8 ,you tell me she is an heiress with forty thousand pounds in the ,funds and an estate in ,canada4 ,your father's widow and your late guardian and trustee have certainly a right to ask the whereabouts of the money and the land4 ,admitting that your wife be as devoted and as disinterested as you believe1 is she entirely her own mistress8 ,this tyrannical old uncle who has kept her in such bondage--how far did he or does he hold control over her fortune8 ,for her sake as much as for your own you should put yourself in possession of these facts40 ,this view of the case had not occurred to me4 ,i saw the justice of it1 and frankly said so4 8,isabel will put no obstacle in the way of a just and prudent arrangement2 ,i am quite sure of that10 ,i said emphatically4 8,my only fear is that she should see in this horrid investigation a desire on my part to count my prize1 and perhaps suspect me of having had a base1 ulterior motive in marrying her2 and rather than wrong myself or wound her by such a suspicion1 ,i would sooner never see a penny of her money or an acre of her land40 8,and does your wife share these sentiments8 ,is she quite as indifferent about the matter as you are80 inquired my stepmother4 8,every bit60 ,i answered vehemently4 8,did she tell you so80 8,do you suppose ,i would ask her80 8,ridiculous boy60 sneered my stepmother4 8,but taking for granted that just at present she does share your juvenile folly and poetical want of common sense1 how long will it last1 do you think8 ,a bride in her honeymoon is a very different being from a wife of a few years' standing4 ,she knows nothing of the value of money now2 but when she finds herself the mother of a family1 with daughters growing up to be married and portioned1 she will awake to the value of it in a way that will astonish you4 ,and when a few years hence she asks you for an account of her own splendid fortune1 what answer will you make to her8 ,you were too delicate to hurt her feelings by any inquiries about so insignificant a matter1 so you left it to her uncle to see to it60 8,i said ,i was prepared to do what was necessary to protect her interests10 ,i replied4 8,i will speak to her on the subject this afternoon4 ,what am ,i to do next80 8,write to ,sir ,simon ,harness1 and beg him to fix a day to come down here2 and when he has done so1 you will write to the family lawyer1 and request him to be here to meet him4 ,of course you will write to ,admiral de ,winton1 as your father's executor and your nearest relative now40 8,what a confounded fuss it will be60 ,i exclaimed impatiently1 and1 kicking over a footstool1 ,i started up and began to walk up and down the room4 8,i wish ,i had married a milkmaid60 8,don't talk like a fool1 ,clide60 said my stepmother4 8,i do believe your pretended delicacy and fear of hurting ,isabel's feelings are nothing but a cloak to cover your dread of a fuss60 ,i was going to protest1 but the door opened1 and ,isabel walked in4 ,she looked so beautiful in her pink cashmere drapery1 breaking into the brown old wainscoted room like a sunbeam1 that even my stepmother was surprised into an involuntary tribute of admiration2 and when my wife1 coming up to her in that pretty1 kittenlike way that was so bewitching1 stooped down to be kissed1 my stepmother responded quite warmly1 and actually put up her hand to caress the sunny face after she had kissed it4 ,i felt so proud of my lovely ,isabel1 and so grateful to my stepmother for this unfeigned recognition of her loveliness1 that ,i was seized with a strong impulse to embrace them both on the spot4 ,i restrained it1 however1 and we sat down to breakfast2 my wife1 as mistress of the house1 presiding over the cups and saucers4 8,clide10 began my stepmother 7she prefaced every remark by my ,christian name71 as soon as ,isabel had provided us respectively with tea and coffee1 8what are we going to do to make ,mrs4 de ,winton welcome amongst us8 ,now1 don't answer me with your usual lazy outcry about fuss4 ,my dear10 she said1 turning to ,isabel1 8you will have a great deal to do in the way of reforming him2 and if you succeed1 it will be little short of a miracle40 8,isabel will find out my vices soon enough1 without your enlightening her beforehand10 ,i protested4 8,it's not fair to take away a man's character without giving him a chance of redeeming it40 8,then begin and redeem it in time10 said my stepmother4 8,here is a good opportunity4 ,have some people down from ,london to put the house in order1 and then give a series of proper entertainments to introduce your wife to her new family and friends40 8,oh6 please 4440 cried ,isabel1 pursing up her rosebud of a mouth1 and joining her hands with a delicious little pantomime of fright4 8,what6 are you as silly as himself8 ,or has he spoilt you already80 8,i was ready spoilt for him1 dear ,mrs4 de ,winton4 ,i hate being introduced2 and as to refurnishing anything1 ,i wouldn't have it for the world4 ,i adore old furniture60 declared ,isabel4 8,old furniture is one thing1 and shabby furniture is another10 observed my stepmother1 resuming the chronic rigidity of manner which ,isabel's beauty and sweetness had thawed for a moment4 8,if ,clide had done me the honor of confiding his intentions to me in time1 ,i certainly would have taken upon myself to make the house decently clean to receive you4 ,i had for some time past urged on him the necessity of getting new carpets and curtains2 it was not surprising he shrank from the annoyance of a few days' hammering merely to make it habitable for me1 but ,i fancied for his wife he might have undergone as much40 8,i shall be delighted to hear the hammers going for a month1 if ,isabel likes it10 ,i replied evasively4 8,but ,i don't like it2 ,i hate it1 ,clide60 exclaimed my wife passionately4 8,well1 then1 you sha'n't have it1 my darling10 ,i said4 ,my stepmother sat back in her chair and washed her hands4 ,she said nothing1 but this was sufficiently suggestive4 8,have you announced your marriage to ,sir ,simon ,harness80 she resumed after a pause4 8,not yet4 ,i mean to write to him today40 8,who is ,sir ,simon ,harness80 inquired ,isabel4 8,he was my father's particular friend and the trustee during my minority10 ,i explained4 8,you had better ask him to come down here for a few days to make your wife's acquaintance10 suggested ,mrs4 de ,winton4 8,no1 he sha'n't60 broke in the angel in pink4 8,i don't want to make his acquaintance4 ,he's a mean1 disagreeable old man4 ,trustees always are4 ,i hate them60 ,i thought this charmingly innocent and childlike1 though1 it must be confessed1 she put more vehemence into her manner than the case warranted2 but remembering the type of trustee on which she had built her opinion of the class1 ,i could not resent her prejudice against my old friends4 ,my stepmother took a less indulgent view of the sortie4 ,seeing me cast a smile of tender indulgence on the culprit1 she looked at me very sternly4 8,do you mean to requite years of faithful kindness and interest in your concerns by such a gross breach of respect and common courtesy as not to invite ,sir ,simon ,harness to your house on such an occasion as this80 she demanded4 8,isabel is mistress of her own house4 ,i cannot insist upon her receiving any one against her will10 ,i replied2 8but when ,i have explained to her what kind of man ,sir ,simon is1 ,i think she will consent to make his acquaintance40 ,isabel peeped at me from behind the urn1 and made a face indicative of anything but consent4 ,luckily1 my stepmother did not see the little byplay1 and1 taking her silence for acquiescence1 she said1 addressing me3 8,and ,admiral de ,winton--of course you mean to ask him down80 8,is that another trustee80 asked ,isabel4 8,not exactly1 though he often acted with ,sir ,simon in my affairs1 being next of kin10 ,i said4 8,he was my father's executor40 8,executor6 ,why1 that's worse than a trustee6 ,i won't have him come here1 ,clide6 ,you're going to fill the house with horrid old men who will worry me to death4 ,i know they will4 ,but ,i won't submit to it60 ,she pushed away her cup with a sudden gesture that made the china rattle1 and1 flushing up scarlet1 walked away from the table1 and flung herself into a chair near the fire4 ,if she had flung the teapot at my head1 ,i could not have been more taken aback4 ,it was impossible to deny that the burst of temper was very becoming to her complexion1 but 444 ,i was conscious of a very distinct sense of disappointment4 ,yes1 disappointment2 there was no other word for it4 ,as to my stepmother1 she looked from me to my wife1 and from my wife to me4 ,isabel1 meantime1 sat trembling and excited1 her eyes sparkling1 her face glowing like an angry rose4 8,dearest44440 ,i began1 8really44440 8,oh6 don't10 she shrieked1 and burst into a torrent of tears4 ,mrs4 de ,winton1 prompted either by delicacy or by disgust1 got up and left the room1 leaving me to conjure as best ,i could the storm that had suddenly broken out in my conjugal paradise4 ,i was utterly at a loss to understand ,isabel4 ,she said she was inconsolable at having vexed me1 but to all my entreaties and arguments would answer nothing except that she was frightened at strangers1 and above all at horrid old men2 and that if ,i loved her1 ,i was not to introduce her to anybody1 but to let us live all our lives alone in the dear old ,moat4 ,she wanted no society but mine1 and surely1 if ,i loved her1 ,i ought not to want any but hers6 ,this was irresistible logic to my heart2 but my reason1 being less infatuated1 perversely refused to abide by it4 ,there was no use at this crisis in broaching prudential arrangements as an excuse for inviting down my two friends4 ,such an insinuation would only have added fuel to the fire4 ,yet the new aspect in which my heiresswife was revealing herself made it clear that some such measures as my stepmother had suggested were absolutely necessary to protect ,isabel against her own folly and deplorable ignorance of life4 ,the storm of sobs and tears subsided by degrees4 ,isabel declared she was ready to make any sacrifice of her own feelings to mine2 that if ,i liked to invite all the trustees in ,lincoln's ,inn and ,chancery ,lane down to the ,moat1 she would do her best to receive them properly1 so that ,i should not be ashamed of my wife2 but of course there was an end to her happiness4 ,arcadia was gone4 ,all her dreams of romantic bliss had vanished into thin air4 ,she was after all to be nothing more than a humdrum wife with a house to look after and guests to entertain4 8,o ,clide1 ,clide6 is this what you promised me80 she cried1 her voice still broken with sobs4 8,is this my dream8 or was it only a dream1 nothing but the baseless fabric of a vision80 ,she clasped her hands1 and1 throwing back her head1 fixed her eyes on the ceiling1 as if the vision were disappearing in that direction1 and she were straining for a last glimpse of it4 ,i was so spellbound by the extraordinary beauty that borrowed a new charm from her emotions and from the despairing tenderness of her voice and manner that ,i entirely lost sight of every other point in the picture4 ,in fact1 ,i lost my head4 ,i was after all no more than a man1 and the wisest of us is but a fool in the hands of a woman4 ,what could ,i do but what ,i did do8 ,fall upon my knees and swear that she should have ,arcadia back again1 adjure her to build up a new vision1 and1 if she loved me1 never to talk about baseless fabrics and such like again2 and as to her sinking down into a humdrum wife1 it was preposterous nonsense4 ,she could never be anything but an archangel to me1 and that4444 ,but why do ,i bear witness in this wanton way to my own folly8 ,we made up our quarrel1 as all such quarrels are intended to be made up4 ,isabel went to her room1 and ,i went round to the stables4 ,i had no fancy for meeting my stepmother just now1 and ,i had a vague sense of something having gone wrong with me which a gallop over the downs would set right4 ,it was a cold ,february morning--bitterly cold1 but bright and bracing1 just the sort of day to enjoy a ride across country2 so as soon as ,i was out of the park ,i set spurs to my horse and galloped away1 taking flying leaps over everything1 hurdle1 and ditch1 and brook1 as if the hounds were ahead1 and my life staked on being in at the death4 ,after five miles of this goinginforthe,derby pace ,i drew rein at the foot of a hill1 and walked my horse to the top4 ,the hard riding had made him so hot that his flanks smoked like a steamengine1 and sent up clouds of vapor that enveloped me in a tepid bath2 but ,i did not feel that the violent exercise had produced any effect on myself4 ,i was not clear as to the nature of the effect ,i had expected1 and still less could ,i analyze the cause that demanded it4 ,something was wrong somewhere4 ,i looked about me vacantly1 persistently1 as men do when they feel they ought to look within themselves for the object of their search1 and dare not4 ,i cast my eyes to the sky4 ,it was as blue as liquid sapphire1 and as cloudless4 ,but it said nothing to me4 ,the river winding round the foot of the wooded hill was icebound and silent as death4 ,the trees stood up naked and grim against the blue1 like skeleton giants1 and whispered nothing4 ,there was no rustle of leafy tongues4 ,they were dead and gone down into the dumb sod4 ,there was no ripple of tiny cascades2 no buzzing of insects holding council in the grass that grew high and free on the hillside2 no song amongst the birds4 ,nothing spoke to me4 ,everything was dumb4 ,everything was cold4 ,everything was a disappointment4 ,i began to whistle4 ,the sound of my own voice echoed merrily through the wood1 but it woke no responsive note from linnet or blackbird or robin4 ,silence everywhere4 8,what can it mean80 ,i said aloud1 the apostrophe not being addressed to the birds that could sing1 and would not sing1 but to my own perplexity concerning the scene at the breakfasttable4 ,there was something out of all reason in the passionate energy ,isabel had displayed4 ,excuse it as my heart and my vanity would on the ground of a jealous love that shrank from any intrusion on our solitude capable of distracting my thoughts from her1 which she chiefly urged as her motive of dislike to my two friends' visit1 ,i could not see it in a satisfactory light4 ,again1 it was simply preposterous that a girl of oneandtwenty1 who had seen even as little of the world as ,isabel had1 could be so morbidly shy as to cry herself into hysterics at the mere idea of being introduced to two old gentlemen in her own house4 ,there was some motive in the background which it behooved me for my own peace of mind to discover4 ,removed from the magnetic influence of her beauty1 and her distress1 and her pretty1 endearing ways1 ,i was able to look back dispassionately at the morning's entertainment2 and the more ,i looked at it1 the less ,i liked it4 ,the undisciplined outburst of temper which revealed to me the painful fact that ,socrates was henceforth to be my model1 and patience under an inevitable evil the sustained effort of my life1 was in itself no small matter for regret4 ,but this1 though the most tangible of my cares1 was not the one that chiefly possessed me4 ,no2 ,i could have signed away every penny of my wife's fortune on the spot to feel sure that it had been a genuine outbreak of mere temper2 but it was borne in on me1 not by circumstantial1 but by strong internal evidence that she was actuated by fear4 ,fear of whom8 ,of what8 ,what could her young life have done1 or suffered1 or known1 that she should be afraid8 ,her uncle had been very tyrannical1 and was now very much incensed with her on account of her marriage4 ,but she had nothing to fear from him now4 ,he might storm and fume1 but she was out of his reach2 he could not hurt her4 ,besides1 she had not hinted at any fear of malice or vengeance on his part as a reason for shunning the society or acquaintance of other men4 ,who or what was she afraid of8 8,she hated fuss1 and ,i promised her this and that and the other40 ,nonsense6 ,two old friends of my father's sleeping a night or two in the house did not constitute a fuss4 8,she hated trustees2 they were always44440 ,stop6 ,no2 ,i'm a fool and a brute to wrong the child by such a thought4 ,besides1 ,i never hinted1 even indirectly1 at anything like inquiries and settlements4 ,i avoided the subject scrupulously4 ,no2 there could be nothing in that4 ,the fact is1 the dear child is in love with me1 and wants to play at ,romeo and ,juliet for the rest of her life2 and here am ,i1 like a born idiot1 making a mountain out of a molehill1 instead of blessing my stars for my luck4 ,this1 by a natural train of thought1 led me to picture her standing on the balcony by moonlight1 and myself in the garden below looking up and worshipping4 8,what a distracting ,juliet she would have made60 ,i exclaimed aloud1 carried away by my imagination4 ,then--,i can't for the life of me tell why--but ,i remembered how she had looked a while ago with her hands clasped and her head thrown back1 and how she had suddenly checked her passionate complaint to assume the rapt attitude1 the pose of picturesque despair1 and how very melodramatic the effect had been4 ,if it had not been the purest nature1 it would have been the most finished piece of acting that ever drew down the house to a ,siddons or a ,kemble4 ,but it was pure nature4 ,then why do ,i start1 and why does my heart begin to thump against my coat in this inexplicable way8 ,pshaw6 ,because ,i am a fool4 ,i set spurs to my horse1 and galloped home1 whistling defiantly all the way4 ,my wife was watching for me1 ,juliet fashion1 from the window of her turret chamber1 and1 as soon as she caught sight of my horse entering the park1 flew down to meet me in the hall4 8,why did you stay away so long1 ,clide8 ,mrs4 de ,winton #8sent me her compliments to know if ,i wouldn't like to go and see the dairy'2 but ,i didn't like4 ,i was afraid it was just an excuse to get me all to herself and scold me4 ,i knew ,i was naughty this morning1 and you may scold me as much as you like2 but ,i won't be scolded by anybody else40 ,and nestling up to me in her childlike way1 ,isabel laid her cheek on my shoulder1 and looked up at me with two eyes that would have melted a judge and won from any twelve men in ,england an unhesitating verdict of--innocent as a babe unborn4 ,linking her arm in mine1 and whispering all the way as if we were a pair of lovers stealing a clandestine interview1 she carried me off to her boudoir4 ,then1 when we were safe in the room1 she turned the key in the door1 and began to skip and dance about like an emancipated kitten1 giving me chase round the room1 clapping hands and laughing and singing in frantic merriment4 ,we kept up this impromptu game of pussinthecorner till she was fairly tired out and allowed herself to be taken prisoner and held in durance vile on my knee1 while she panted for breath1 and shook back her hair1 that had slipped from its imprisoning pins1 and fell in long1 black ripples down her shoulders4 ,thinking the moment opportune1 8,now1 my darling10 ,i said1 8let us have a quiet little talk together4 ,how are we to make it straight with the dowager8 ,it won't do to have her suspect my dear little dove of not being as good and as sweettempered as ,i know her to be1 and ,i'm afraid that silly pout at breakfast has put you in a false light with her40 ,isabel said nothing for a moment1 but went on shaking her curls4 8,do you wish me to go and beg her pardon80 she said at last4 8,i will1 if you like1 ,clide40 8,my angel6 no4 ,i doubt the wisdom of that10 ,i replied1 laughing at the navet of the proposal4 8,it would be better if we took some more practical means of pacifying her4 ,suppose we give in about asking down these two old friends of mine80 8,very well4 ,i will do anything you like1 ,clide10 she answered indifferently1 rolling a curl on her two fingers1 and not looking up at me4 8,the admiral is the jolliest old tar in the world10 ,i continued1 8and will never talk a word of politics or business1 or anything you don't care about2 and as to ,sir ,simon1 my only fear is that you will fall in love with him1 and some fine morning elope after him1 or with him if he stays long enough4 ,he's the most unmerciful ladykiller in the three kingdoms40 8,is he80 ,this was said in a sort of absent way1 as if she had been only listening with one ear to what ,i was saying2 all her thoughts were intent on the curling operation1 that was again recommenced and completed for the tenth time4 8,then shall ,i tell ,mrs4 de ,winton that we will ask them both for ,wednesday--till ,saturday1 say8 ,if you like them1 it s very easy to renew the invitation40 8,of course10 assented ,isabel1 and began a fresh curl4 8,how proud ,i shall be introducing my wife60 ,i said1 pushing back the heavy veil of hair that partly hid her face from me4 ,she shook it down again1 not roughly1 but there was a touch of impatience in the movement that surprised me4 ,i thought it best1 however1 not to seem to notice it4 ,suddenly she started from my knee1 flew to the piano--,i had ordered a ,cottage ,pleyel for her private use--and broke out into a gush of song that made the air literally thrill with melody4 ,passionate1 tender1 angry1 and entreating by turns1 her voice poured out the florid ,italian music with the fullthroated carol of a thrush4 ,singing was as natural to her as speaking4 ,in fact1 she appeared to find it an easier medium of emotion1 whether of pain or pleasure1 than speech2 and when she was excited1 her first impulse was to break out in thrills and cadences just as a bird might do4 ,once started1 she could go on for ever4 ,i sat a full hour this morning listening to her running through a repertoire of varied power and beauty4 ,schubert1 ,rossini1 ,beethoven1 ,verdi--she was at home in every school1 and her rich soprano voice adapted itself to each as if that one had been her sole and special study4 ,but while ,i sat there drinking in the intense delight1 my mind divided between it and the beauty of her face1 some sudden expression of the latter every now and then startled me4 ,the wonderful mobility of her features reflected every changing emotion of the music with a responsive fidelity which it is impossible to describe4 ,i suppose it was the absence of the artistic instinct in me1 combined with a total ignorance of the emotional law of music1 that made this appear to me unnatural1 and filled me with a sudden and painful misgiving as to the genuine truthfulness of ,isabel's nature4 ,was it possible to feign so perfectly1 and to be at the same time thoroughly truthful8 ,but ,i was cut short in my perplexing reflections by the luncheonbell1 that sounded a vigorous carillon at the foot of the stairs leading up to my wife's boudoir4 ,she shut the piano quickly1 and1 passing her arm through mine1 marshalled me down to the diningroom1 humming the 8,valse de ,venzano0 all the way4 ,i observed casually during lunch that we had fixed on ,wednesday to have ,sir ,simon and the admiral down to the ,moat4 ,mrs4 de ,winton slowly elevated her eyebrows1 but gave no articulate indication of surprise4 ,i did not look at ,isabel while ,i made this announcement1 but when1 a moment after1 ,i stole a glance at her1 she was as pale as the tablecloth4 ,instantaneously ,i grew a shade paler4 ,i felt ,i did4 ,my heart stood still4 ,what in the name of wonder was behind this dislike of hers to see these two men8 ,there was a mystery somewhere4 ,she was afraid of somebody or something4 ,at any and every cost ,i must find it out4 ,to ,be ,continued4 ,religion ,and ,state ,in ,our ,republic4 ,the great questions which concern the relation of the state to the church have already been partially treated of in this magazine4 ,the vast importance of the subject1 however1 demands that we should return to it once more1 and will serve as a sufficient excuse if we even repeat many things which have already been said in previous articles4 ,the relation which the state ought to have to the church according to sound principles of philosophy1 the relation which it is intended to have according to the principles of the ,constitution of this republic1 the relation which it ought to have according to the principles of the canon law and theology of the ,catholic ,church1 and the bearing of these various questions severally toward each other1 both in their theoretical and practical import1 make up together a complex topic which is under a perpetual and ardent discussion1 and which is felt by all parties to involve momentous issues4 ,we have no unwillingness to express fully and unreservedly all our convictions and opinions upon any of the several parts of this question4 ,it is undoubtedly much desired by many who are hostile to the ,catholic religion or suspicious of it1 on account of its bearing upon the science of politics1 that competent persons should make such full explanations of the real and genuine principles by which all sound and thoroughlyinstructed ,catholics of the present time in our own country1 as well as elsewhere1 are and will be guided4 ,we see no reason why their desire should not be gratified1 but1 on the contrary1 every motive and reason worthy of having any weight with a sincere and courageous advocate of the ,catholic cause1 why the discussion should be brought as speedily and directly as possible upon the merits of the case fully exposed4 ,the leaders of the ,catholic body1 and1 in due measure1 the great body itself1 are credited by many persons with certain views and intentions concerning the institutions1 laws1 and political destinies of this republic which necessarily cause them to regard the increase of our numbers and the extension of our influence in the nation with alarm4 ,such persons would like to know what we would really undertake to do with this republic1 if we had the power to do what we pleased4 ,we are willing to let them know precisely what our opinion about the matter is1 and to use our best endeavors to explain what those principles of the ,catholic ,church are which must form the conviction of every one of her devoted and instructed members upon the right and just method of applying the divine law to the various conditions in which a state may exist2 from that in which the church is at her lowest point of depression1 to that in which she is at the summit of her influence4 ,in our own case1 as citizens of the ,united ,states1 the manner in which ,catholic principles require us to act1 as voters1 judges1 legislators1 with that degree of influence we now have1 and in which the same principles would require us to act if we were equal or superior in number and influence to non,catholics1 if we were in the majority1 or if we were practically the whole people1 is a topic upon which we think it desirable that all should be enlightened1 as well those who are members of the church as those who are aliens from her fold4 ,stated in an abstract form1 the question is1 ,what is the ideal ,christian state when actualized in its perfection1 and what is the difference between that state and the one which is the best practically in our real circumstances8 ,in discussing this theme we must beg the indulgence of our readers if we begin at a considerable apparent distance from the practical point we intend to come at eventually4 ,we have to lay down some general principles about government1 and to make some explanations about the ,american ,constitution1 before we can grapple with the main difficulty4 ,in our opinion1 many maxims usually taken for granted by speakers1 writers1 and by their blind followers1 in treating of political constitutions1 and specially of our own1 are sheer assumptions which will not bear examination4 ,such are1 that in general1 the spiritual and temporal orders are in their nature and ought to be kept separate from each other1 and are really separated in our own political constitution4 ,those sophistical maxims have been combated by ,dr4 ,brownson so frequently and victoriously that we can scarcely hope to produce any new arguments or more lucid expositions to convince those whom he has not been able to satisfy4 ,sometimes1 however1 a sound from an unexpected quarter startles the attention which has remained sluggishly insensible to a louder and more continuous booming to which it has been accustomed for a long time4 ,we trust1 therefore1 that the authority of a great foreign writer1 who is a ,protestant withal1 and one of the most celebrated historians of the age1 will claim some little deference from those who may refuse it to any one of ourselves4 ,and we accordingly resort to ,prof4 ,leo1 of ,halle1 rather than to any ,catholic author1 for an exposition of the general relation of the state to the church1 and of the particular form of that relationship in the ,united ,states4 ,in the introduction to his great work1 ,lehrbuch der ,universalgeschichte1 ,leo develops with masterly force of reasoning the fundamental principle upon which his entire work is constructed1 and which is1 in truth1 the architectonic law of the history of the human race4 ,the history of mankind is the evolution in successive and progressive stages of the grand plan of ,god to conduct the human race to its prefixed supernatural end of beatitude in ,god through the incarnation of the ,word4 ,the organization of the various portions of the human race in distinct nations1 with their laws1 political institutions1 and governments1 is subordinated to this end1 and therefore subordinated to that higher and more universal organization in which all are included1 and which dominates over all--the church4 ,the nations which have been broken off from the church which ,god established from the foundation of the world for all mankind1 have been broken off through sin1 revolt against ,god1 defection from the movement of the human race on the line marked out by the ,creator towards its end and destiny4 ,yet1 even in this defection1 they derive all their constitutive and organic principles and forces from their previous union with the divine society or church1 and are formed by religious ideas which are merely perverted1 corrupted1 travestied imitations of the revealed dogmas which their forefathers had received4 ,all true reform1 restoration1 renovation1 and improvement must be effected by a return to unity1 a reincorporation into the church1 and a reflux of organic life from the centre into the chilled and deadened members4 8,no religion can unfold itself among men1 extend itself1 or maintain its existence1 without social relations existing between men themselves4 ,every religion presupposes a state originating together with itself or already previously formed2 but it is equally true that no state is conceivable without a religion1 for every state includes a system of moral conceptions1 and is itself a system and manifestation of moral conceptions2 and a system of moral conceptions without a religious force underlying it is something unthinkable40 ,here we have the statement of the universal principle that the religious and political orders1 the spiritual and the temporal1 or1 otherwise1 church and state1 are1 like soul and body1 though distinct1 inseparable in living1 organized humanity4 ,the author then goes on to prove the truth of his assertion by the example of our own republic1 apparently the most notable exception to his rule1 and an instance sufficient to disprove to most men of modern habits of thought the universality of the rule as an organic principle of society4 8,in appearance1 some particular religion may leave the state free to shift for itself or make itself free from it1 and some particular state act in the same way toward religion2 but this is only in appearance1 for when1 for example1 the ,north ,american state proclaims that the religious confession is a matter of indifference in respect to its existence1 it proceeds on the assumption that there could not be any religious confession1 except such an one as should include in itself that which constitutes its own proper religious force4 ,just suppose that a religion like that of the ,assassins or ,robber sects of the ,east should make its appearance in ,north ,america1 and you would speedily see how the entire body politic would be violently agitated by efforts to cast out this foreign religious force1 and to annihilate it within its own precinct4 ,you would see then at once that the ,north ,american state1 in spite of all its contrary assurances1 has its own religion1 and a state religion at that1 as the collision of some of the ,north ,american states with the ,mormons has already amply proved4 ,this ,north ,american religion of state only avoids assuming the name and aspect of a religion or an ecclesiastical organization1 and manifests itself rather altogether in the ethical institutions of the state as they are for the time being1 and consequently permits a most extraordinary variety of religious doctrines and churches to exist alongside of the state1 yet only under the tacit condition that they all acknowledge that which is the religious force of the state as their own4 ,if1 therefore1 the ,north ,american state proclaims that religion is an indifferent matter1 it proceeds from an absurd imagination that there cannot be any religion which does not include in itself that particular religious force which its own moral subsistence has need of4 ,in point of fact1 religion and the state form one ethical whole1 precisely as in individual men the soul remains an inseparable whole1 although we separately consider particular faces of its exterior surface as special faculties--understanding1 will1 etc4 ,religion and state are one single ethical whole1 which1 although divided into distinct members1 and apparently separated in these1 must always be united in one germinating point and a common vital root407#aea7 ,a singular corroboration of the doctrine of ,leo in its application to the ,united ,states is furnished by the following extract from the ,new ,york ,herald4 ,if it seem to any one singular that we cite the ,herald on such a question1 it will cease to appear so when we explain our reason for doing it4 ,this wellknown paper is remarkable for a certain tact and sagacity in divining and expressing the instinctive dictates of ,american commonsense upon questions which concern practical1 temporal interests4 ,we cite it1 therefore1 in this instance1 as a proof of the fact that the public sensibility is stirred by any practical collision of a foreign and hostile religious force with the latent religious force underlying our own legislation1 just as ,leo says it must be4 ,theories and phrases are disregarded2 and the mouthpiece of popular opinion strikes at once1 promptly and surely1 upon the very head of the nail1 and drives it home4 ,it is very singular to see1 in the extract we are about to cite1 how the instinct of selfinterest and selfpreservation evolves by a short process the same conclusion which the philosopher establishes as the result of long study and thought4 ,here is the extract in full1 with some passages marked in italics by our own hand1 to which we wish to call special attention1 as containing the nucleus of the whole matter1 and agreeing almost verbally with the language we have quoted from ,dr4 ,leo3 8,brigham ,young ,and ,polygamy--,will ,the ,prophet ,take ,sensible ,advice8 8,judge ,trumbull1 ,united ,states senator from ,illinois1 has just had a conversation with ,brigham ,young in ,salt ,lake ,city1 which1 as reported1 is of more than ordinary significance and importance4 ,it seems that as the judge was taking leave of ,young1 the latter remarked that on returning to ,congress he 7the judge7 might hear of some persons--obnoxious federal officials--being put out of the ,territory1 and1 if done1 he might be sure it would be for just and good reasons4 ,judge ,trumbull replied by requesting ,young1 before he took any step of that kind1 to make known his grievances to ,president ,grant1 remarking that the ,president was a just man1 intending to do justice to all1 but that he would not permit a violation of law to go unpunished1 and adding that it would #8not be safe to molest public officers in the discharge of their duties4' ,the judge then asked ,young if he promised obedience to the ,constitution and the laws of the ,union4 ,the latter replied that he would adhere to the ,union1 but that there was #8one enactment of ,congress which the ,mormons would not obey1' namely1 the one forbidding polygamy4 8,here1 then1 is the whole ,mormon question in a nutshell--the positive declaration on the part of the ,mormon leader that federal officers1 sent to ,utah1 unless acceptable to himself1 should be banished the ,territory1 and that there was at least one law of ,congress he positively refuses to acknowledge or obey4 ,now1 what is the plain duty of the national government in the face of these revolutionary averments8 ,it is to see that the enactments of ,congress are enforced without respect to persons or religions1 and that the representatives of the federal government legally appointed for that purpose shall be upheld and protected1 if it be necessary to employ the whole power of the nation4 ,this ,mormon matter demands decisive action on the part of the administration4 ,president ,grant has already declared his purpose of enforcing the laws impartially1 even the most obnoxious1 and there is no good reason why the ,mormons should be exempted from the operations of this policy4 ,the fact is1 ,brigham ,young and his satellites have been treated with too much leniency and goodnature by the ,united ,states government ever since they settled upon the national domain1 and whatever they have done for the improvement of the wilderness in which they settled they have done for their own benefit1 and have reaped the rewards of their industry and frugality4 ,among the many other settlements that have sprung up in the great ,west and grown into populous cities and ,states since the ,mormon hegira from ,nauvoo1 where can one be shown to have defied the ,united ,states government1 and to have treated its laws and its public officials with the contempt and insolence the ,mormons have8 ,on the contrary1 among the most loyal ,states in the ,union1 and among those which sent into the field the greatest armies during the struggle for our national existence1 are ,states in which the earlier pioneers had to undergo as many perils1 hardships1 and privations in organizing their communities1 in subduing the forests and the savage1 and in implanting the seeds of civil and religious liberty and constitutional law1 as ever the ,mormons did in erecting their ,salt ,lake empire1 and in establishing in the heart of the nation's public domain a religious organization the cornerstone of which is a dogma abhorrent to modern civilisation and in violation of all the received rules of decent social and domestic life and society4 ,therefore the claims of these impertinent and rebellious ,mormon squatters for immunity from the operations of the general laws of the country1 on account of the service they have rendered in improving a barren waste1 but more properly in making fortunes for themselves out of the ,gentiles and the government1 are idle and ridiculous4 ,greater hardships and more personal sacrifices1 we repeat1 have been undergone by settlers in other tracts of territory1 now become great and prosperous ,states1 respecting the laws and fighting for the national flag1 than ever these ,mormon adventurers encountered from the time when old ,joe ,smith went into the tablet business1 after the manner of ,moses1 and founded the ,mormon sect1 up to the moment of the conversation ,brigham ,young held with ,senator ,trumbull1 as related above4 ,they have no claims for political sympathy1 for immunity from legal responsibilities1 nor for hardly the consideration paid to other religious communities2 for the odor of their sanctity is foul1 and their moral practices are unlike those of all modern ,christians4 ,we say1 therefore1 to ,brigham ,young and his deluded followers1 that they had better accept the sensible advice of ,judge ,trumbull1 consult with ,president ,grant before they proceed to extremities1 accept the laws of ,congress in regard to polygamy1 as well as in regard to everything else they are required to1 and either haul in their rebellious horns or prepare to pack up their baggage for a tramp to some distant country outside the boundaries of the ,united ,states4 ,you must obey the law1 ,prophet ,brigham1 or you must march4 ,uncle ,sam has stood your nonsense long enough4 ,he will tolerate it no longer40 ,what is it which is thus asserted by a paper always considered as advocating the most extreme modern notions respecting religious liberty8 ,it is that there is something in our civilization1 our received rules of morality1 our lawful principles and acts of administration1 intolerant of certain religious dogmas and tending to exclude them4 ,this latent something is what ,leo calls our state religion1 the religious basis of our institutions and laws1 of our whole political and social fabric4 ,the first point we wish to come at1 in our evolution of the whole question under discussion1 is1 what is this religious basis or fundamental religious law1 essentially and precisely8 ,according to ,leo and excellent authors of our own1 it is the moral law1 so far as that law governs political and social relations4 ,whatever is contra bonos mores is prohibited and excluded by it1 and nothing more4 ,but this is too general4 ,we are obliged to ask what moral law1 what standard or criterion of good or bad morals1 is tacitly understood8 ,to this we reply that1 in our opinion1 it is the ,christian law1 as embodied in the common and statute laws under which we have been living since the origin of our nation4 ,if we ask1 further1 what fixes and determines this ,christian law--that is1 what criterion determines that which is really prescribed or forbidden by this law--we can assign nothing more definite and precise than the common and general conscience of the sovereign people1 as this exercises its controlling power through legislative and judicial enactments and decisions4 ,it is therefore not an unchangeable quantity1 but variable and varying in the different laws of the distinct ,states1 and in the different laws of separate epochs which are the result of the change for better or worse which takes place in the moral sense of the community4 ,we cannot enumerate a definite number of moral canons forming our state religion in every part of the country during every period of its history4 ,but we can1 at any one time1 designate a certain number of things required1 permitted1 or forbidden by our state code of morals1 without respect to the doctrines of any particular religious body4 ,whatever religious doctrine professed by any set of men contradicts any part of this code1 although it may be maintained and advocated theoretically with impunity so long as this can be allowed without immediate danger of inciting to an open violation of the laws1 cannot be reduced to practice without bringing the offending parties within the coercive jurisdiction of the courts of justice4 ,a ,mahometan or a ,mormon will be allowed to advocate in speech or writing the claims of ,mahomet or ,joe ,smith as the great prophet of ,god1 and to defend polygamy as a divine institution2 but if he attempts to keep a harem1 the law will condemn the act1 and will punish it1 at least to a certain extent1 by inflicting legal disabilities on every one of his wives and children who is not regarded as legitimate by the statutes of the ,state where he lives4 ,any enthusiast may give himself out as an inspired prophet2 but if he is directed by his fancied revelations to kill some one1 to set up a kingdom for himself1 or to undertake anything else against the laws1 the laws will avenge themselves without regard to his liberty of conscience or his interior conviction that he is executing the commands of ,god4 ,a very piquant and characteristic expression of this principle was once given by ,general ,jackson4 ,after the capture of the ,indian chief ,black ,hawk and his adviser1 the ,prophet1 an interview took place between the warlike president and these dusky potentates of the forest4 ,the president demanded of the chief an account of the reasons and motives which had led him to make war on the ,united ,states4 ,the crestfallen warrior laid all the blame on the ,prophet1 who was in turn subjected to the stern glance and imperious demand of the formidable old general4 ,quailing and abject beneath the superior moral force of the great white chief1 the trembling ,prophet excused himself by saying that he had been deceived by what he thought was the voice of the ,great ,spirit1 but which was only the whispering of his own mind4 ,upon this the old general1 gathering up all the dignity and force of his character into his brow and attitude1 and raising his voice to a tone of thunder1 turned upon the poor ,prophet1 and anathematized him with this terrible dogmatic decree3 8,if you ever again mistake the hallucinations of your disordered imagination for the inspirations of the ,divine ,spirit1 by the ,eternal6 ,i will send you where it will be for ever impossible for you to repeat the mistake60 ,our chief magistrate spoke according to the written and unwritten law of our constitutions and our traditions4 ,there is a certain point beyond which the practical carrying out of opinions or beliefs1 whatever claim they may make to be derived from a superhuman source1 will be resisted by the entire coercive and penal force of the law4 ,there are and must be certain inherent principles in our laws1 whether these are vague or definite1 variable or fixed1 which determine this point of physical resistance to liberty of conscience or liberty of religion4 ,these constitute our state religion1 which claims for itself a legal infallibility1 as exacting and unyielding as that of the ,holy ,see1 so far as outward submission and obedience are concerned4 ,we come now at our immediate question1 namely1 the attitude of the ,catholic religion towards this state religion2 and if we are able to designate and define this accurately1 we are able by logical consequence to conclude precisely what degree of agreement or opposition is contained in the essence of ,catholic and of ,american principles respectively to each other4 ,we intend to meet this question fairly and squarely1 without trying to twist either the one or the other set of principles1 or to invent a medium of compromise between them4 ,we take the ,catholic principles as they are authoritatively promulgated by the supreme authority in the church1 the ,roman ,pontiff1 particularly as contained in the encyclical ,quanta ,cura1 with its appended ,syllabus1 and as they are taught and explained by the most approved authors in canon law4 ,these definitions and expositions alone have authority in the church1 and these alone have any weight or significance in the minds of thinking men who are not members of the church1 but are more or less positively hostile to her extension in our country4 ,private versions or modifications of ,catholicity count for nothing1 for they are merely the theories of individuals1 and will have no influence over the real development of the church1 in so far as they disagree by excess or defect with her authoritative teaching4 ,for ourselves1 we are purely and simply ,catholic1 and profess an unreserved allegiance to the church which takes precedence of1 and gives the rule to1 our allegiance to the state4 ,if allegiance to the church demanded of us opposition to political principles adopted by our civil government1 or disobedience to any laws which were impious and immoral1 we should not hesitate to obey the church and ,god4 ,we should either keep silence and avoid all discussion of the subject1 or else speak out frankly in condemnation of our laws and institutions1 if we believed them to be anti ,christian or1 which is the same thing1 anti,catholic in their principles4 ,we do not try and judge ,catholic principles and laws by the criterion of the ,american idea1 as it is called1 nor do we justify and vindicate these principles on the ground that they are in harmony with1 or reconcilable to1 the maxims and ideas upon which our political fabric is based4 ,we aim at making an exposition of the case as it really is2 and if we take a view of it favorable to our ,american political order1 it is for the sake of justifying that order1 and proving both to our own adherents and to our opponents that our duty to ,god does not require us to make war on it1 so that all the arguments and motives for creating a conflict on the political arena may fall to the ground1 and the battlefield be restricted to the fair1 open ground of theological polemics4 ,what is it1 then1 which furnishes to a certain set of violent enemies of the ,catholic ,church in this country a pretext for making the issue between ,catholic and ,protestant principles a political one1 and inclines a great number of the mass of the people to believe or suspect that this pretext is valid8 ,the newspapers1 publications1 and speeches which have been giving utterance to the sentiments of those who dread and oppose the spread of our religion1 ever since it began to show signs of vitality and growth in this country1 furnish the answer4 ,the pretext is that all ,catholics who thoroughly understand and are loyal to the principles of their religion wish to change or overthrow the republic1 and substitute for it a political order fundamentally different2 and that1 if they ever become strong enough1 they will do what they can to carry out their design4 ,is there any truth in this pretext8 ,we will express our own convictions on the matter as fully and clearly as possible1 and leave them to exert what influence they may upon those really sincere and intelligent persons who may honor us with their attention4 ,in the first place1 as to the republican form and constitution of our government4 ,there is no doubt a difference of opinion among our clergy and intelligent laymen in regard to the abstract question what form of government is the most excellent and perfect4 ,in regard to this subject1 it is a part of our ,american liberty that we should be free to form and express our own opinions1 and there is undoubtedly a diversity of opinions regarding it among non,catholics1 as well as among ourselves4 ,it is certain that many of our bishops1 clergy1 and educated laymen have a very decided preference for the republican form of government1 where it can be established under conditions favorable to order1 stability1 and success4 ,and as to the mass of our people1 they have suffered so much from tyranny and oppression that they are inclined to go to the extreme left rather than the extreme right in all questions of political authority and liberty4 ,if we look at the question closely1 we shall see that the difference of opinion which may exist in regard to the form of government among those who hold to the divine institution of the state1 and the divine sanction to political authority and law1 is really not concerning essentials4 ,s4 ,thomas teaches that the best form of government is one which combines the monarchical1 aristocratic1 and democratic elements in just proportions4 ,bellarmine maintains that absolute monarchy is ideally the most perfect form of government1 but that1 considering the actual state of men1 the mixed form is the best in practice4 ,it is our opinion that very few men among the leading classes in the ,catholic ,church could be found1 either in this country or in ,europe1 who would not agree with the second member of ,cardinal ,bellarmine's proposition4 ,this is quite enough for the justification of the governmental order established by our constitutions and laws in our ,united ,states4 ,we have the monarchical principle in our president1 and governors1 and the mayors of cities4 ,we have the aristocratic in the legislators1 judges1 and magistrates4 ,the existence of the democratic element need not be proved4 ,the difference between our monarchy and aristocracy and those which are hereditary is only that ours is elective1 and the difference between them and certain others which are elective is that our election is only for a certain term and by a popular vote4 ,the ,pope is an elective monarch4 ,the governing aristocracy of ,belgium is elective4 ,the essential principle of the mixed government is simply a stable and legitimate order1 under which the monarchy1 aristocracy and democracy are created and sustained in the regular exercise of certain functions of government4 ,catholics are therefore bound by their own principles to recognize the political order in the country as lawful1 and to give it their allegiance4 ,moreover1 without any question1 apart from singular and individual opinions which ,catholics as well as ,protestants may entertain1 the ,catholics of this country are agreed in the conviction that the republican institutions of the ,united ,states are the best and the only possible ones for our own country4 ,they have no desire to subvert them1 and there has never been any conspiracy against them1 except in the malicious or deluded brains of fanatical anti,catholic writers and speakers and of the crowd which they have duped4 ,genuine ,catholics will never conspire against our government and laws1 but will always be true and loyal ,american citizens4 ,if the majority of the people or the whole people were to become ,catholics1 they would not use their power to subvert our ,american institutions1 or substitute for them those of any ,european nation4 ,on the contrary1 nothing could happen which would secure the perpetuity of the republic and promote its political prosperity and glory with anything like the influence which the ,catholic religion would exercise in producing such desirable results4 ,the dangers we have to apprehend come from the sectarian divisions which waste and neutralize the religious sentiment and force of the country1 from infidelity and radicalism1 from vice and immorality1 from secret societies1 from public and private corruption and profligacy1 from swindling and maladministration in high quarters1 from principles akin to those of the conspirators of ,europe1 from detestable books like ,lothair1 atheistical magazines and unprincipled newspapers--evils for which the ,catholic ,church alone can furnish a remedy4 ,another part of the subject is worthy of much more serious consideration1 and requires far more elucidation in order to be presented in its true light4 ,this relates1 not to the outward form of the government1 but to its inward spirit2 to the scope and quality of the legislation1 and not to the manner of designating the legislators or judges4 ,all forms of government are lawful before the church1 whether absolute monarchies or republics4 ,it is evident that a republic may be governed in perfect accordance with ,catholic principles1 and that an empire may be governed in complete discordance with the same4 ,a sensible man would not1 therefore1 be likely to consider the form of our government as the object which demands his particular solicitude in view of the progress of the ,catholic religion4 ,he would consider1 rather1 that the gist of the matter lay in the relation of ,catholic principles to that which we have called1 after ,leo1 the state religion4 ,if we are correct in our preliminary statements1 the ,catholic religion always tends to infuse itself into the state in which it exists1 and succeeds as soon as it has become the governing moral force which constitutes the soul of the body politic4 ,now1 what is the relation of the ,catholic religion to the actual state religion in our country1 and1 when they come strongly in contact1 what degree of struggle will ensue between them1 and what amount of change would be produced by the predominance of the ,catholic force8 ,in the first place1 let us consider the case in reference to those things which the ,catholic conscience positively enjoins or positively prohibits4 ,in every case of this kind a ,catholic must obey his conscience2 and if he is subject to a civil law which requires him to violate it1 he must die rather than submit4 ,formerly we have had to make this passive resistance to laws existing in the ,american colonies2 and in some cases--as1 for instance1 in regard to certain oppressive laws passed in the ,state of ,missouri1 it has been necessary to resist some state laws4 ,on the whole1 however1 we may say that our laws do not put the ,catholic citizen into the alternative of incurring a penalty from either the human or the divine law4 ,this part of the case can be therefore dismissed as not practical4 ,in the second place1 we have to consider those things which are the rights and privileges of the ,catholic conscience1 but which do not concern its indispensable obligations4 ,in regard to these things1 a ,catholic must obey the law1 and he must refrain from all violent and seditious conduct4 ,he must submit to the abridgment of his rights and liberties so long as he cannot obtain their free possession and use by lawful means4 ,but1 under our free institutions1 it is the right of the ,catholic citizen1 by argument1 influence1 and voting1 to secure as much as possible of his just religious liberty without prejudice to the natural or civil rights of others4 ,therefore1 as a matter of course1 whenever ,catholics obtain sufficient power to command a majority of votes1 they will1 if they act on ,catholic principles1 demand and obtain all their rights and full equality before the law with other citizens4 ,for instance1 in regard to schools1 prisons1 hospitals1 ships of war1 fortresses1 etc41 they will secure the complete right of ,catholics in these places to practise their religion and to be free from the interference of non,catholic religious teachers appointed by the state4 ,but what would be the action of ,catholics1 if they should ever become the majority1 in regard to requiring or prohibiting by law those things in which the ,catholic conscience differs from the ,protestant and non,catholic standard of right and wrong8 ,it is always necessary in such a case for all parties to exercise the greatest forbearance1 moderation1 and fairness toward one another1 in order that these questions should have a peaceable solution4 ,therefore those violent and fanatical or selfish demagogues1 both clerical and lay1 who seek to exasperate the non,catholic citizens of this country against their ,catholic fellowcitizens1 are the most dangerous enemies of the public peace4 ,we appeal to all candid1 impartial1 intelligent ,american citizens to say who are they who seek to fan the embers of strife into a flame2 are they ,catholic leaders1 or are they the chiefs and orators of a violent1 sectarian1 anti,catholic party8 ,our ,catholic citizens1 if fairly treated1 will always respect the rights of their fellowcitizens4 ,they will never take part in despoiling churches1 societies1 colleges1 or other institutions of their property or chartered privileges1 as radicals and infidels most assuredly will1 so far as they have any power4 ,catholics will not do anything of this sort1 even in case they should in certain ,states become an overwhelming majority4 ,they will never seek to tyrannize over their fellowcitizens1 to establish their religion by force1 or to compel any one to do those things which are required only by the ,catholic conscience4 ,the difficulty lies chiefly in respect to those laws which forbid certain things as contrary to the divine law4 ,the civil code consists chiefly of laws prohibiting crimes against the moral law1 and annexing penalties to the commission of them4 ,the law must therefore have some ethical standard of right and wrong1 and must be based on some interpretation of the divine law1 or1 in a ,christian state1 of the ,christian law4 ,now1 if the interpretation of the ,christian law of morals held by one large portion of the community differs from that of another large portion1 what is to be done8 ,this is the precise question which we are seeking to answer in reference to the ,catholic and non ,catholic portions of the community in any ,state where the former should be in the preponderance4 ,the case of divorce and marriage is one precisely in point1 and the most important and practical of all others which could be mentioned4 ,let us suppose1 then1 that the reformation of the marriage code were to come up before a legislature in which the majority were ,catholics1 under the leadership of sound jurists who were also strictly conscientious in fulfilling their duty of obedience to the church4 ,would they make the canon law also civil law in globo1 without regard to the opinions or wishes of the minority8 ,we think not4 ,in our view of the case1 the right and the wise thing to do would be to bring the law back to the condition in which it was during the earlier and better period of our existence as a people1 in so far as the assent of the whole people could be secured with a moral unanimity4 ,as for the rest1 it would be altogether in accordance with ,catholic precedents and ,catholic principles not to legislate at all1 but to leave the church and the other religious bodies to exert their moral influence over their own members47#aeb7 ,if we suppose the entire people of the ,united ,states to become a ,catholic people1 we must suppose1 as a matter of course1 that the entire law of the ,catholic ,church1 in so far as it is an ethical code1 becomes per se the sovereign law of the collective people4 ,this follows by a rigorous deduction from the principles we have laid down respecting the religion of the state4 ,the religion of the state1 as we have seen1 is its body of ethical principles4 ,this body of principles came by tradition from the ,christian teaching which created ,european civilization4 ,it is1 in a vague and general sense1 the ,christian law4 ,it is good so far as it goes1 and in harmony with ,catholic principles4 ,but it is imperfect and liable to change1 for the want of a competent tribunal to pronounce upon its true1 genuine sense in disputed cases4 ,this is seen in the instance of marriage1 there being in courts and legislatures no right or power to decide from the ,new ,testament or any other source what the divine or ,christian law really prescribes4 ,let the collective conscience of the country become ,catholic1 and it at once1 without changing the fundamental principle of our organic law1 obtains an infallible and supreme interpretation of that law which raises it to the standard of ideal perfection4 ,it becomes a perfect ,christian republic1 passing under the control of a higher law in all that is comprised within the sphere of ethical obligation1 but retaining political1 civil1 and individual liberty in all other respects1 guarded by more powerful sanctions than it ever before possessed4 ,do our fellowcitizens who are not ,catholics think it possible that this will ever take place8 ,we suppose not4 ,nor have ,catholics any certain grounds for expecting it1 whatever they may hope from the power and grace of ,almighty ,god4 ,there is no reason1 therefore1 for making a controversy about what the ,catholic ,church would do in the ,united ,states if the whole people were her docile children4 ,the question of real importance relates to the action which ,catholics ought to take1 and probably will take1 as one factor of greater or less power in the political community4 ,our aim in discussing topics of this kind is1 first1 to animate ,catholics to a manly and honorable determination to secure their own equal rights1 and to obey strictly their conscience in all their political and civil relations4 ,it is1 in the next place1 to persuade our fellowcitizens that conscience and obedience to the teaching of the ,catholic ,church do not require or permit ,catholics to make an aggressive party1 to disturb the peace of the commonwealth1 to subvert our laws or liberties1 or to invade the rights of our fellowcitizens1 and seek the opportunity of establishing the supremacy of the ,catholic religion by violent and forcible means4 ,we have no expectation of convincing1 conciliating1 or silencing the greater portion of our active opponents4 ,we have not the slightest hope of seeing them desist from their utterly unfair and fallacious method of conducting the controversy between us4 ,their only chance of success lies in sophistry1 artifice1 appeals to prejudice1 ignorance1 and passion1 and the evasion of all serious argument4 ,we have1 however1 great hopes of gaining more and more the hearing1 the attention1 and the confidence of that vast body of thinking and reading ,americans who1 if not convinced of the divine origin of the ,catholic religion1 are certainly devoid of all respect for every form of fanatical sectarianism4 ,they know well that these violent parties1 however loud in the assertion of liberal sentiments1 are invariably tyrannical when they have power2 and we hope to convince them that the ,catholic ,church1 while condemning a false liberalism1 is ever the guardian angel of true right and liberty4 ,all the foregoing portion of this article was written four years ago1 and has been waiting until the present moment for a suitable occasion of publication4 ,the controversy aroused by ,mr4 ,gladstone's pamphlet in ,november of the last year has furnished a better occasion than we could have hoped for1 and we have therefore offered this contribution to the discussion now going on4 ,the statements we have made in regard to the essential relation between religion and the state with reference to our own republic are equally applicable to the ,european nations4 ,they cover the whole ground of allegiance due from ,catholics to an infallible authority1 in respect to the domain of political ethics4 ,this infallible authority is the proximate rule of faith in regard to what must be done or omitted in order to obey the law of ,god4 ,it is the higher law1 the objective rule1 directing the subjective conscience1 or practical judgment respecting right or wrong1 in the individual4 ,it is of course1 supreme2 for it is an unerring promulgation of the divine law4 ,the definition of the infallibility of the ,pope has not made the slightest practical change in respect to his authority of defining and proclaiming this infallible ,catholic rule of conscience4 ,all ,catholics1 bishops included1 even when assembled in general council1 were always required to assent to and obey his judgments in matters of faith and morals1 as final and without right of appeal4 ,the assent of the church could never be wanting1 since it was obligatory on every bishop1 priest1 and layman to give it at once1 under pain of excommunication4 ,if some were illogical enough to maintain that the infallibility of his judgments depended on this assent1 the erroneous opinion which they held did not subject them to excommunication as formal heretics before the solemn definition of the ,vatican ,council had condemned and anathematized their error as a heresy4 ,yet the ,roman ,pontiff always exercised his infallible prerogative without hesitation1 and was always obeyed1 except by heretics and rebels4 ,in respect to the promulgation of the divine law to the consciences of all men1 the ,pope has always been1 by divine right1 just what he now is--the supreme teacher and judge of the whole earth1 as the ,vicar of ,christ4 ,his power is spiritual1 and its executive is the conscience of each individual4 ,infallibility is obeyed only by interior assent1 which is a free act of volition not subject to any coercive force4 ,it is utterly silly1 therefore1 to say that this submission is a surrender of freedom1 or that obedience to a rule of conscience subsisting in an infallible tribunal interferes with allegiance to civil authority one whit more than obedience to any kind of rule whatever4 ,in fact1 what ,prince ,bismarck denounces and wishes to crush is the resistance of subjective conscience to the absolute mandates of the state1 for which we have his own plain and express words4 ,his doctrine is the very quintessence of the basest and most degrading slavishness--the slavishness of intelligence and conscience crouching abjectly before pure physical force--la force prime le droit4 ,legislative and governing authority in the church is something quite distinct from infallibility4 ,it proceeds from the power delegated by ,jesus ,christ to his ,vicar to exercise spiritual jurisdiction over all bishops and all the members of their flocks1 and in general over all the faithful4 ,no direct temporal jurisdiction is joined with it by divine right4 ,the direct temporal jurisdiction of the ,pope in his kingdom is from human right1 and his ancient jurisdiction as suzerain over sovereign princes was also a mere human right4 ,the indirect jurisdiction which springs from the divine right is only an application of spiritual jurisdiction1 varying in its exercise as the civil laws are more or less conformed to the divine law1 and depending on the concurrence of the civil power4 ,suppose1 for instance1 that a bishop revolts against the ,holy ,see4 ,the ,pope judges and deposes him4 ,this act deprives him of spiritual rights and privileges4 ,if he is to be violently expelled from his cathedral1 his palace1 and the possession of his revenues1 the civil magistrate must do this in virtue of a civil law4 ,if he were one of the princebishops of a former age1 and were deprived of his principality1 the civil law would deprive him4 ,if he married1 and incurred temporal penalties thereby1 it would be through the civil law4 ,the judgment which pronounces him guilty1 deposed1 excommunicated1 invalidly married1 and therefore liable to all the temporal penalties incurred under the civil code1 is an act of spiritual jurisdiction4 ,the temporal effect of this judgment is indirect1 varies with the variation in civil jurisprudence1 and depends on an executive clothed with a direct temporal and civil authority4 ,nothing is more certain than that the church has always recognized the immediate derivation of the civil power in the state from ,god1 its distinction from the spiritual power1 and its sovereign independence in its own sphere of any direct temporal jurisdiction of the ,pope4 ,the statements made above show how the immutable rights of the ,pope as ,christ's ,vicar in respect to indirect jurisdiction in temporal matters have a variable application in practice1 according to the variation of times1 laws1 and circumstances4 ,it is futile1 therefore1 to attribute to the ,holy ,see or to ,catholics in general1 on account of the doctrine of ,papal infallibility and supremacy1 the intention of striving after a restoration of all that actual exercise of ecclesiastical power in political affairs which was formerly wielded by popes and bishops4 ,much more futile is it to suppose that a claim to revive ancient political rights derived purely from human laws and voluntary concessions is always kept in abeyance1 and to be ever dreaded and guarded against by states4 ,catholics ought to beware1 nevertheless1 of regarding the ancient constitution of ,western ,christendom under the headship of the ,pope as something needing an apology1 or as a state less perfect than the one which has supplanted it4 ,we do not share in or sympathize with this view or with the political doctrines of those who hold it1 however estimable they may be1 in the slightest degree4 ,although convinced that the medival system has passed away for ever1 and that the present and coming age needs a rgime suited to its real condition1 and not to one which is ideal only1 we glory in the past which partly realized that ,christian ideal4 ,france was par excellence the ,christian nation1 as even ,duruy1 advocate though he be of the principles of '#hi1 proclaims with a ,frenchman's just pride in the ,gesta ,dei per ,francos4 ,her golden age was the period between ,louis le ,gros and ,philippe le ,bel4 ,her decadence and disasters began with the contest of the latter sovereign and the infamous ,nogaret1 precursor of the ,cavours and ,bismarcks1 against ,boniface ,,viii4 ,crecy1 ,poitiers1 and ,agincourt1 the dismemberment of ,france1 the conquests of ,edward ,,iii4 and ,henry ,v41 the apparition of ,etienne ,marcel1 the father of ,parisian revolutionists and communists1 were in logical sequence from ,philippe's rebellion1 and the logical antecedents of the modern ,french ,revolution and the disasters of #ahgj4 ,in that olden time ,france was rescued only by the miraculous mission of ,joan of ,arc1 a kind of living personification of the ,catholic ,church1 in her three characters as virgin1 warrior1 and victim4 ,so1 at a later period1 ,s4 ,pius ,v41 that pontiff whom ,lord ,acton has so vilely calumniated1 saved ,europe from the ,turkish invasion to which the recreant sovereigns had exposed it by basely abandoning the ,crusades to despoil each other4 ,it needs but small knowledge of history to see through the sophisms of secondclass writers like ,buckle and ,draper1 who seek to despoil the ,catholic ,church of her glory as the sole author and preserver of civilization in ,western ,christendom4 ,the history of ,europe from the fall of the ,roman ,empire to this moment is only the record of an effort of the popes to lead the nations in the path of true glory and happiness1 and of the everrecurring struggle of the civil power1 of sophists1 and of revolutionists to drag them aside into the path of degradation and misery1 for their own base and selfish purposes4 ,faithless priests1 unworthy heirs of noble names1 men who have perverted the highest gifts of nature and grace1 have1 during this long1 eventful course of time1 been mixed up with the arrogant tyrants1 cunning politicians1 bold blasphemers1 shameless sensualists1 and their common herd of followers1 in the war against the vicegerent of ,god and the spouse of ,christ4 ,what is now1 has been in the time past1 and will be until the curtain drops after the finished drama4 ,there are similar actors on both sides now1 and a similar struggle1 to those recorded in the history of the past4 ,we may expect a similar result4 ,la ,pucelle was falsely accused1 unjustly condemned1 suffered death by fire1 and triumphed4 ,the ,catholic religion is ,la ,pucelle4 ,abandoned1 falsely accused1 doomed to the flames1 by an ungrateful world1 recreant or cowardly adherents1 and open enemies1 it will be hailed in the age to come by all mankind as the saviour of the world4 ,release4 ,i sometimes wish that hour were come ,when1 lying patient on my bed1 ,my soul should view her future home ,with eager1 trembling wings outspread ,and earnest faith2 that age and pain ,should pass at death's divine behest1 ,as the freed captive leaves his chain ,when he has ceased to be the guest ,of prisons--on the dungeon floor ,a burden dropped for evermore4 ,eternal joy1 eternal youth1 ,await beyond that portal gray-- ,which all must pass that hope for truth-- ,the lonely spirit freed from clay2 ,but suffering only bids us yearn ,for that mysterious1 strange release ,which through the grave1 the funeral urn1 ,brings such infinitude of peace4 ,oh6 in that dread1 ecstatic hour ,uphold me1 ,saviour1 with thy power4 ,the ,veil ,withdrawn4 ,translated1 ,by ,permission1 ,from ,the ,french ,of ,mme4 ,craven1 ,author ,of 8,a ,sister's ,story10 8,fleurange10 ,etc4 ,,xxxiv4 ,i pretended to be very much surprised the next morning when ,lando informed me ,gilbert was obliged to take his departure the following day in order to join an ,english friend of his who was to accompany him to ,egypt and had sent a despatch he should be at ,malta by the end of the week4 ,i recollect nothing more concerning that morning except my depression1 which only increased as the day advanced4 ,towards night this sadness assumed a new character1 and became still deeper in consequence of a letter from ,lorenzo1 announcing his return the following day4 ,he had left ,milan1 and was now at ,bologna4 ,he was really there this time1 and not pretending to be1 as when he went to ,sorrento to see ,donna ,faustina6 ,oh6 what bitter thoughts1 what feelings of indignation1 were awakened by the perusal of this letter1 at once devoid of affection and sincerity6 ,he doubtless supposed a scandal published in so many newspapers1 though only the initials of the persons concerned were given1 had come to my knowledge1 but he was in that sort of humor in which the wrongs one has to endure produce an irritation against those who have the most to suffer in consequence4 ,it was evident he felt some regret for the past1 but there was not a symptom of repentance2 and though he did not say so directly1 his letter seemed intended to warn me1 as he had once done1 with regard to questions1 advice1 and promises1 that he was not disposed to endure the slightest reproach4 ,not a word that appealed to my generosity1 not one that could touch my heart6 ,i could see nothing to cheer and console me in that direction4 ,all was dark and cold4 ,such was my conviction on reading this letter4 ,but ,i did not appear the less cheerful when evening came to remind me that my interior struggle would be over in a few hours1 and the next day ,i should feel at liberty to yield without restraint to thoughts ,i should no longer be afraid to betray4 ,the large drawingroom on the ground floor which opened into the small garden after the fashion of ,pompeii1 with its pillared portico1 had been arranged for the occasion by ,lando1 who had constructed a platform1 ornamented with lights and flowers1 where the concert he had improvised was to take place1 varied by speeches4 ,gilbert was to explain its object at the commencement1 and at the end1 ,angiolina1 for whom ,lando had begged this exceptionally long evening1 was to go around with a basket to collect the money intended for the poor people whose lives had been saved by her mother4 ,lando excelled in such arrangements1 and1 to tell the truth1 he had left nothing here to be desired4 ,i must also add that all of our little coterie1 except ,gilbert1 ,stella1 and myself1 eagerly participated in the work4 ,my aunt1 in particular1 looked with a favorable eye on this mixture of charity and amusement1 which at once satisfied her kind heart and gratified her dominant passion4 ,it seemed to her a more delightful invention had never been brought from beyond the ,alps4 ,besides1 she had that very day made a discovery which put an end to her maternal indecision with regard to her daughter's fate4 ,this indecision1 in consequence of ,lando's intentions1 which became more and more evident1 was caused neither by the frivolity for which he might have been reproached1 nor by the extravagance with which he had squandered his modest patrimony1 nor by any other motive dictated by prudence1 but solely by a difficulty which vanished in the twinkling of an eye as soon as my aunt discovered a fact she was before ignorant of1 to wit1 that ,lando ,landini1 like a great many younger sons of good family in ,italy1 had a right to assume1 on marrying1 a title he had not heretofore borne4 ,oh6 from that instant nothing more was wanting4 ,she had always found ,don ,landolfo nearly faultless1 but now he could offer her daughter the charming title of the ,countess del ,fiore1 he was perfection itself4 ,after such a revelation1 her consent was not deferred for an instant4 ,lando1 in the midst of the preparations he was making1 had taken time to come in haste to communicate the news4 ,this explained the air of triumph1 as well as joy1 with which my aunt made her appearance in the evening1 and the unusual brilliancy of ,teresina's black eyes1 greatly set off by the white dress and coral ornaments she wore4 ,her sister had also something in her manner that evening that differed a little from the unmeaning placidity which usually characterized her4 ,she was not as pretty as ,teresina1 but she had a more agreeable expression1 and a better right to the epithet of simpatica which was sometimes given her4 ,their faces were both flushed with the excitement produced in advance by the pleasure of singing in company when it could be done without fear and without any doubt of success4 ,and my cousins had voices of superior quality1 such as are often met with in ,italy1 and harmonized wonderfully together4 ,they were1 moreover1 very good musicians1 and though their style was not perfect1 every one listened to them with pleasure1 more especially the young amateur of music who had been appointed to accompany them that evening4 ,for some time1 the ,baron von ,brunnenberg had regarded ,mariuccia in a most sentimental manner2 but hitherto the handsome young ,englishman1 ,harry ,leslie1 seemed to please her more than the baron1 and consequently she had always treated the latter with more or less coldness4 ,it was evident1 however1 that ,leslie1 since the evening on ,mt4 ,vesuvius1 had not a thought or look1 or scarcely a word1 for any body but ,stella4 ,i often wondered if this had any effect on her1 as ,i observed her occasionally pensive air so unlike her usual self4 ,however the case might be1 ,mariuccia had drawn therefrom a practical conclusion for her own personal benefit3 ,leslie did not care for her2 she must therefore resign herself and turn to some one else4 ,this resignation led her to favor the baron with such smiles as he had never obtained before1 so that he also was radiant1 and the group around the piano presented an appearance of the utmost satisfaction4 ,i felt a sensation of surprise as ,i looked at their smiling faces and heard their merry voices4 ,i seemed to be separated from them by an impassable grate that permitted me to see and hear them1 but absolutely prevented me from approaching to participate in their liveliness and joy4 8,happiness 444 gaiety 444 hope 444 all these are at an end for me60 said ,i to myself4 ,nevertheless1 ,i fulfilled all it was incumbent on me to do1 and succeeded in appearing nearly the same as usual4 ,at length1 all the company arrived1 and when they had taken their places and every eye was turned towards the platform1 ,i took ,angiolina1 and1 going to the embrasure of a window1 ,i sat down where ,i was half concealed1 and took the child on my knee4 ,the company of this angelic little creature was not only always delightful and soothing1 but she had a singularly precocious instinct of the beautiful which excited my wonder and made me keep my eyes on her while she was listening to music1 and even to poetry whose rhythm delighted her ear even when the words were beyond her comprehension1 especially when it was her mother who was repeating it4 ,at such times nothing was more touching than to behold the animated expression of her sparkling blue eyes and the tremulous movement of her childish mouth6444 ,i now clasped her in my arms1 and it seemed as if the agitation of my heart subsided as ,i embraced her6 ,the baron first played1 by way of overture1 a piece of ,mendelssohn's which disposed the audience to be attentive3 then1 after a moment's silence1 ,gilbert made his appearance4 ,he was extremely pale1 and seemed to be making a great effort to rise above some great moral or physical suffering4 ,this was so evident that he might have claimed the indulgence of the audience and excused himself on the plea of a real or pretended indisposition4 ,but presently his voice grew stronger1 the orator was roused1 and his manner1 usually so unpretending1 became what it always was when he spoke in public--imposing1 brilliant1 and impressive4 ,what he said at first ,i cannot tell4 ,too many recollections crowded on my mind at once as he made his appearance1 reminding me of the day when ,i first heard him at the ,htel de ,kergy4 ,i remembered what ,i was then1 what my feelings1 what my hopes were4 ,i thought of all the changes that had since taken place1 and what a singular coincidence it was that he should appear before me on the day of our separation in the same way as when we met for the first time6 ,my attention was soon drawn to the words of the speaker by the murmur of approbation1 that soon increased to enthusiastic applause1 with which they were received4 ,to speak of ,vesuvius at ,naples1 and to ,neapolitans1 in a way to excite their interest1 requires a tour de force1 and this feat he was able to accomplish4 ,with the ready appreciation of ability which characterized his audience1 the difficulty he had to surmount was felt1 and lively spontaneous applause interrupted him at every instant1 as he mingled poetry1 art1 and history with an originality and grace that did not permit the least appearance of pedantry to diminish the charm of his profound1 unstudied erudition4 ,but when he finally came to the account he was appointed to give of our recent excursion1 and began by describing the spot where we had witnessed the eruption together1 ,i could not repress a thrill of emotion4 ,i fancied1 his eyes had detected me in the corner where ,i was concealed1 and when he added that he felt in the presence of that spectacle a profound emotion the remembrance of which could never be effaced1 however long the duration of his life6 ,i leaned my forehead against ,angiolina's fair head as if everybody could understand the double meaning of his words1 and for some minutes ,i heard nothing but the rapid beating of my heart4444 ,all at once the child looked eagerly up1 and touching my cheek with her little hand to attract my attention1 she said in a joyful tone3 8,listen1 listen to what he is saying about mamma60 ,then everything else was forgotten for an instant but the pleasure of hearing ,stella's courageous deed related in the noble1 incomparable language peculiar to ,gilbert4 ,there was a burst of applause on all sides1 and ,i was about to add mine when my attention was suddenly attracted and concentrated in an unexpected direction1 as if dazzled by one of those repeated flashes of lightning that set the heavens aflame1 and which is distinguished from the others by a more terrible brilliancy4 ,it had occurred to ,lando to ornament the platform with shrubs and flowers1 in order to conceal from the spectators those who were to take part in the performance till it was their turn to appear4 ,stella was in this way concealed from everybody but me4 ,from the place to which ,i had betaken myself ,i could see her distinctly1 and follow every movement she made1 without her being aware of it4 ,i was soon surprised and struck with the effect of the address she was listening to4 ,it was not merely attention2 it was not interest2 it was a breathless emotion which contracted her features1 and to such a degree that ,i thought she was going to faint4 ,i had already risen to go to her assistance1 when ,i was struck with a sudden idea which nailed me to the spot--an idea that no sooner crossed my mind than it became a certainty1 and caused me such terrible anguish that ,i was frightened4 ,i looked at her steadily1 trying to imagine and read her thoughts1 and while penetrating to the depths of her heart1 ,i felt mine sink within me4 ,alas6 ,why should the discovery ,i thought ,i had made thus cause me to tremble and shudder8 ,why did it seem as if ,i had been struck by an arrow that pierced me to the heart8 ,i endeavored to overcome the repugnance ,i was so weak as to feel in my soul4 ,yes1 ,i tried to regard ,stella in the new light that had just dawned on me1 and to consider him in this same light--him6444 ,i tried to say to myself without shrinking that before me was the very one of whom ,i had spoken the evening before2 who was at once beautiful1 good1 noblehearted1 and worthy of him--and one whom he could love without fear1 without scruple1 without remorse4 ,i tried to do all this1 and like every effort to rise above self1 this did me good1 perhaps1 and rendered me stronger2 but ,i did not gain the victory4 ,as soon as ,gilbert finished speaking1 ,i watched him1 in spite of myself1 while ,stella's name was mingled with his in the enthusiastic acclamations of the audience1 and--shall ,i avow it8--,i noticed with pleasure that he left the platform without the least thought of approaching her4 ,he slipped away as quickly as he could through a little door that opened on the portico1 and from the shadowy recess where ,i was sitting1 ,i could see him in the moonlight leaning against a pillar in the attitude of one who is reposing after some great effort or long constraint4 ,i was for some time incapable of giving the least attention to what was going on around me4 ,i vaguely listened to ,a te sacrai ,regina1 to which ,mariuccia's fine contralto voice gave wonderful expression2 and after this duet from ,semiramis1 various other pieces were played by the baron4 ,one of these gave me a thrill1 and brought me back to a sense not only of the present but of the past4 ,it was the air of ,chopin's which ,diana de ,kergy played at ,paris on that other farewell occasion6 ,everything tonight seemed combined to overwhelm me with recollections and emotion6 ,i could hardly bear to listen to this music1 it so overpowered me with its heartrending1 passionate character4 ,my eyes1 in spite of my efforts1 were already filled with tears when the young amateur abruptly stopped and struck up a waltz from ,strauss1 with so much spirit and brio that ,angiolina jumped down1 as if drawn by some irresistible impulse1 and began to whirl around1 holding her little dress up with both hands4 ,all those in the assembly who were still in their teens seemed strongly tempted to follow her example2 but the waltz soon ended1 silence was restored1 and ,angiolina returned to my side as ,stella1 in her turn1 made her appearance4 ,the object of the soire sufficiently accounted for the acclamations with which she was received--a marked homage to the noble deed that had just been eulogized in such eloquent terms4 ,when these subsided1 the silence became profound4 ,stella remained motionless while all these demonstrations were going on around her in her honor1 and did not seem to be aware of them4 ,i can see her still in her white dress1 the flowing sleeves of which displayed her hands and arms4 ,her only ornament was a circlet of gold1 which confined the waving masses of her thick1 brown hair4 ,she did not look paler than usual1 for her complexion1 of dazzling whiteness1 rarely had any color2 her eyelashes and eyebrows were as dark as her hair1 and her eyes1 when nothing animated her1 were of a rather dull gray2 but at the least emotion the pupils seemed to dilate1 and deepen in hue1 and then nothing could surpass their brilliancy6 ,this change was especially remarkable when she exercised the natural talent for declamation which she possessed without having ever cultivated it4 ,her sense of the poetic was profound and accurate1 and her voice1 full and sonorous1 was precisely adapted to express what she felt at the moment in her heart4 ,to this were added simple1 natural gestures1 which the mere movement of her beautiful hands and arms always rendered noble and graceful4 ,there was no affectation about her1 and yet her face1 usually animated by extreme gaiety1 possessed a strange tragical power4 ,such was ,stella's talent--a sufficiently faithful reflection of the character of her soul4 ,during the noisy manifestations that greeted her appearance1 she was apparently very calm1 as ,i have just described her2 but her hands were clasped nervously together1 and an almost imperceptible movement of her lips indicated more agitation than she manifested outwardly4 ,but this repressed emotion added to the very charm of her voice when she began with incomparable grace a sonnet from ,zappi2 and when1 striking another chord1 she repeated a scene from one of ,manzoni's finest tragedies1 there was a genuine thrill of admiration in the audience4 ,i noticed poor ,harry ,leslie1 in particular1 who was touched1 excited1 amazed4 ,i looked around for ,gilbert--and 7pardon me1 ,o my ,god6--forgive me1 ,stella67 ,i was glad to see he was not present4 ,the very power which each of them possessed in a different way of moving an audience seemed to establish a relationship between them1 the bare thought of which made me suffer1 and this suffering was as harrowing as remorse6 ,finally1 ,stella began the canto at the end of the ,divina ,commedia1 which commences with this prayer--certainly the most beautiful ever inspired by genius and piety3 8,o ,vergin ,madre6 figlia del tuo ,figlio607#aec7 ,at that moment ,gilbert reappeared4 ,he did not enter the room1 but remained leaning against the door4 ,nevertheless1 ,i saw a slight flush pass over ,stella's brow2 ,i heard her voice tremble2 and ,i knew she was aware of his presence and had lost some of her selfcontrol4 ,as for him1 ,i saw he was surprised and astonished4 ,he added his applause to that of the whole assembly4 ,but when they all rose at the end to crowd around ,stella1 his eyes turned in a different direction1 and it was evident he thought of her no longer4 ,at that instant1 little ,angiolina1 who was leaning against my shoulder1 mutely contemplating her mother1 and only saying from time to time in a low voice1 8,how beautiful6 ,isn't it beautiful80 as if she were listening to some musical strain1 was borne away by ,harry ,leslie1 who1 as was appropriate1 had been appointed to accompany the little quteuse4 ,there was now a bustle and general confusion1 as is often the case after prolonged silence and attention1 and everybody seemed wild with gaiety4 ,to this merriment was added the noise of a deafening march which the baron played1 as he said1 by way of accompaniment to the triumphant progress of the child borne around the room on ,leslie's shoulder to receive the contributions that were to end the soire4 ,the contrast between the state of my mind and all this tumult1 animation1 and gaiety1 only served to heighten the agitation of my soul to the utmost4 ,all the doors and windows of the room were open1 and ,i mechanically went out and leaned for a moment against the same pillar where ,i had seen ,gilbert only a short time before4 ,while standing there1 ,i suddenly heard his voice beside me3 8,adieu6 madame10 said he in a low1 trembling tone4 8,adieu1 ,gilbert6 ,may heaven protect you60 ,i replied1 extending my hand4 ,he took it1 pressed it to his lips1 gave it a slight pressure1 and that was all4444 ,he was gone6 ,i followed him with my eyes1 by the bright moonlight1 till he disappeared under the trees of the avenue4 ,i remained motionless in the place where ,i was1 looking alternately at the garden around me bathed in the light of the moon1 and at the brilliantly illuminated salon within4 ,and while my eyes wandered from one to the other1 it seemed as if everything before me disappeared never to return1 that these bright lights were about to be extinguished never to be relighted again1 this numerous assembly dispersed never to be reunited1 and it was the last time ,i was to mingle in the gay world surrounded by all the display that wealth could afford4 ,the impression was singular2 but what is certain1 ,i felt at that very moment all my happiness was over1 that which was dangerous as well as that which was legitimate1 pleasure as well as repose1 joy as well as peace1 memory as well as hope6 ,it was a moment of agony1 but the sufferings of such agony1 however terrible they may be1 are they not1 like a mother's throes1 the signs and prelude of life8 ,,xxxv4 ,when ,i returned to the drawingroom1 ,i found scarcely any one left4 ,leslie came to tell me ,stella had gone away without bidding me good night1 because she was in a hurry to take ,angiolina home as soon as the collection was ended4 ,presently nobody remained4 ,silence once more reigned1 and ,i found myself alone1 face to face with myself6 ,but ,i by no means experienced the happiness that so often results from the accomplishment of a duty1 or the consummation of a sacrifice4 ,on the contrary1 ,i felt a desolation which was the prelude of a state of mind which was to render the following days gloomy beyond any ,i ever spent in my life--gloomy6 yes1 as the profound darkness of night just before the dawn6 ,while ,gilbert remained1 ,i did not allow myself to analyze my feelings for fear of shaking my resolution4 ,i was able to maintain it to the end2 but as soon as he was gone1 ,i gave free course to every thought that could aggravate my sufferings4 ,i now experienced that isolation which1 from childhood1 ,i had dreaded more than death6 ,lorenzo no longer cared for me1 ,i should never behold ,gilbert again1 and the friendship of ,stella1 the only one who comprehended and pitied me1 ,i was not sure of preserving6 ,i now began to recall1 and study1 so to speak1 all that had taken place during the evening just at an end1 but this only seemed to increase the conviction that had taken such strong possession of my mind4 ,i felt determined1 however1 to ascertain the truth4 ,i would satisfy my mind4 ,i would question her till she told me exactly all that was passing in her heart4 ,but ,stella1 with all her gaiety1 was not a person who could readily be induced to make a confidential disclosure of her most secret thoughts4 ,without the least dissimulation1 she was impenetrable4 ,she knew how to enter fully into the feelings of others--their joys and1 above all1 their sufferings4 ,but if1 on the other hand1 any one sought to participate in hers1 a smile1 the opening of her large eyes1 or a slight movement of her lips and shoulders1 seemed to forbid looking beneath the serene expression of her smiling face4 ,the truth was1 she thought very little about herself4 ,there was no duplicity in the habit she had acquired of never lifting the veil that concealed the inner workings of her heart1 for she did not try to raise it herself1 and was by no means curious to fathom all that was passing there4 ,when ,i saw her again1 ,i found her1 therefore1 nearly the same as usual--a little graver1 perhaps1 and somewhat more quiet1 but that was all4 ,as to questioning her1 ,i did not dare to1 and the query soon rose in my mind3 ,have ,i read her heart aright8 ,and to this immediately succeeded another3 ,has she read mine8 ,i dwelt on these questions a long time without being able to answer them to my satisfaction4 ,what inclined me to decide in the affirmative was the care we both took to avoid mentioning ,gilbert's name1 the tacit agreement we made not to prolong our interview1 and the facility with which1 under some trifling pretext1 she excused herself from driving out with me1 though she consented to let me take her little ,angiolina4 ,i set off1 therefore1 with the child1 and drove beyond ,posilippo where the road descends to the water's edge4 ,there ,i left the carriage1 and taking the child1 ,i went down to the shore and seated myself so near the sea that the waves died softly away at my feet4 ,i had a particular fancy for this spot4 ,seated there in full view of ,nisita1 with ,ischia1 ,procida1 ,capo ,miseno1 and ,baja in the distance1 ,pozzuoli at the right1 and the heights of ,posilippo and ,camaldoli at the left and behind1 ,i seemed to be a thousand leagues from the inhabited world1 in a spot where it was easier than anywhere else to forget all the rest of the universe4 ,while ,i sat there silently gazing around me1 ,angiolina was running about gathering seashells to fill the little basket she had brought for the purpose4 ,occasionally she stopped and clapped her hands with delight as she looked around4 ,more than ever did ,i at that moment envy ,stella the happiness that prevented her from feeling the isolation and intolerable void in which ,i was plunged6 ,i envied her1 and forgot to pity her6 ,i forgot1 moreover1 to tremble for her6 ,one would have thought the saying3 8,aux lgers plaisirs les souffrances lgres2 aux grands bonheurs les maux inouis10 or1 at least1 the evident truth they contain1 had never struck my mind6 ,at that time ,i only dreamed of human happiness under every conceivable form--a happiness that seemed to be accorded and permitted to others1 but of which ,i was for ever deprived4 ,and while ,angiolina continued to ramble about1 not far off1 ,i ceased admiring the spectacle before me1 and suddenly burying my face in my hands1 ,i burst into tears4 ,at the same instant ,i felt ,angiolina's little arms around my neck4 8,zia ,gina60 she exclaimed 7she had heard her mother call me ,gina1 as well as sister1 and composed therefrom the name she always gave me74 8,zia ,gina1 what makes you cry80 8,i am sad1 ,lina10 said ,i1 my tears falling on her beautiful fair curls4 8,why80 8,i cannot tell you40 8,can you tell the good ,god80 ,what a singular question6444 ,she made me blush1 and1 after a moment's reflection1 ,i replied somewhat evasively3 8,one can tell him everything1 ,lina1 for he is our ,father40 8,yes1 ,i know he is our ,father2 ,i call him so every day40 ,her attention was diverted an instant by a butterfly she saw floating by4 ,she watched it till it flew away1 and then resumed3 8,then1 my dear ,zia ,gina1 you must pray ,god to console you40 8,pray for me1 carina40 ,after some reflection1 she said3 8,i only know two prayers--the ,our ,father and ,ave ,maria3 which shall ,i say for you80 8,say both of them40 8,yes1 certainly3 ,our ,father first2 ,i like it so much40 ,and there on the shore she folded her hands1 raised her eyes1 as blue as the heavens to which she raised them1 and with her clear1 silvery voice softly repeated the divine words4 ,if ever there were lips on earth worthy of being the echo of that voice which once uttered this prayer that we might learn it1 they were certainly the innocent lips now repeating it beside me6 ,i too clasped my hands and joined in her prayer4 ,when it was ended1 she stopped a moment with a thoughtful air1 and then repeated3 8,deliver us from all evil40 8,but1 as ,i am praying for you1 ought not ,i to say to ,our ,father3 ,deliver ,zia ,gina from all evil80 8,yes1 my darling10 exclaimed ,i1 embracing her3 8yes1 pray always in this way for me1 and may ,god hear and bless you60 ,her angelic face1 her piety and innocence1 completely diverted my mind from my sorrows4 ,i only felt an infinite joy at not having rendered myself unworthy to hear the words she had just uttered4 ,i had suffered2 ,i still suffered1 of course2 but ,i had prayed1 and still prayed1 to be delivered from temptation and sin1 and it seemed to me a ray from heaven had fallen on me in answer to this angel's prayer6 ,but this impression1 though lively and consoling1 was only momentary1 ,i had to return to the reality of life1 and this reality was painful4 ,it became much more so the following day when ,lorenzo at last returned4 ,he did not1 of course1 appear like a man who returns to the fireside he loves and respects4 ,nor could he be expected to present himself in the attitude of a penitent4 ,i was far from being prepared1 however1 for the stand he took and the complete change ,i found in him1 but ,lorenzo had been endowed by ,divine ,providence with such rare gifts that1 in giving himself up to evil instead of good impulses1 he had to suffer from the law which condemns those to stray further away and fall lower who would perhaps have become guides to others had they not erred from the right way4 ,the serious errors into which he had fallen1 less excusable than they would have been at any other epoch of his life1 were this time accompanied by a shamelessness and indifference to scandal that at once wounded and disgusted me4 ,the consciousness of faults he would not acknowledge caused him insupportable uneasiness1 and this produced a complete change in the expression of his face1 his language1 and even in his manners1 formerly so dignified and courteous1 but now haughty and not unfrequently rude4 ,but what was specially evident was1 the fatal fascination he did not cease to feel4 ,the fact was1 he had not been driven from her by disgust3 repentance and duty had not led him to return to me4 ,she who had forsaken him still reigned in his heart1 and the influence ,i had over him so short a time before1 was now utterly destroyed6 ,all this was clearly perceptible from the first day of his return4 ,i saw he was even rather irritated than pleased at having no reproach to make me4 ,in fact1 he did not propose peace1 but imposed it1 on the condition of absolute silence on my part4 ,the slightest reproach from me1 ,i felt1 would have been the cause of a violent scene and perhaps of open rupture6 ,such was the aspect my life assumed at ,lorenzo's return4 ,will any one be astonished at the revolt ,i felt in my heart in spite of my apparent submission1 which was only a mixture of pride and disdain8 ,will any one wonder at the harrowing regrets1 dangerous recollections1 and profound discouragement which threw me into the deepest melancholy1 and sometimes into utter despair8 ,i began my life over again in imagination with ,gilbert1 and dwelt on what it might have been1 that ,i might suffer the more for what it was6 ,this remembrance seemed to be my only resource3 these vain desires and regrets my only solace4 ,i gave myself up to them with my whole heart1 and thus1 while ,i considered myself irreproachable1 ,i was as much separated from ,lorenzo as he was from me1 and ,i allowed myself to live interiorly in a world over which ,i had no scruple in allowing another to reign almost absolutely6 ,the following ,saturday ,i was at the grate of the convent parlor a long time before my usual hour4 ,the anguish of my soul was at its height1 and for the first time1 without regard to the place where ,i was1 and perhaps ,i ought to say1 to her who listened to me1 ,i made known all my troubles to ,livia1 not only ,lorenzo's new offences1 but also my other trials1 my inclinations1 my regrets1 and what at the same time ,i called my 8courageous sacrifice40 ,she turned pale as she listened to me1 and an expression of grief1 such as ,i had never seen her wear1 came over her face1 which remained anxious1 even when ,i told her that she unawares had given me the strength to accomplish it4 8,so much the better10 said she2 adding1 with a grave smile1 8,if that is the case1 ,i certainly did not this time play the part of a jettatrice6444 ,but1 ,ginevra1 you escaped a less fearful peril the day ,i saw you borne by that furious horse towards the abyss4 ,you were saved when ,i saw you again1 whereas today44440 8,today8444 ,are you not satisfied8 ,have ,i not obeyed what ,i felt were your wishes80 8,yes1 my poor ,gina1 you have made an effort1 a courageous effort2 and yet you deceive yourself like a child4 ,lorenzo certainly ought to conduct himself very differently2 but even if he did1 you would still be deprived of the happiness you dream of4 ,as to that other mirage10 continued she with a shudder4 8,o merciful heavens6 do you not see whence comes the light that has caused it8 ,ginevra1 ,i can only say one thing to you--what ,i have said before3 pray60 8,i pray every day40 8,with fervor80 8,yes1 ,livia1 with all my heart1 ,i assure you1 ,i pray as well as ,i know how4 ,i tell you the truth40 ,as ,i uttered these words1 a celestial smile came over her face for the first time since the beginning of our conversation1 and she exclaimed3 8,o dearest sister60444and then stopped4 ,rather vexed than consoled by the manner in which she received my communications1 ,i remained with my forehead leaning against the grille1 feeling for the first time how truly it separated us1 that my sister felt no pity for me1 did not render me justice as she ought1 and that she knew neither the world1 nor its difficulties1 nor its temptations1 nor its pains4 ,my tears fell like rain as ,i made these reflections1 but it seemed as if ,livia1 usually so compassionate1 beheld me weep with indifference4 ,all at once she asked3 8,ginevra1 is it long since you went to confession80 ,i abruptly1 raised my head1 my tears ceased to flow1 and ,i wiped my eyes with a gesture of impatience4 ,it was certain ,livia could find nothing to say that did me any good4 ,i made no reply4 8,you will not tell me4 ,why not1 carina80 ,was ,i really out of humor with her--with ,livia8 ,and on the point of showing it8 4 4 4 ,oh6 no2 ,i at once felt it was impossible4 ,besides1 the touch of severity that chilled me had disappeared4 ,she now spoke in a tone ,i never had refused to listen to4 ,i therefore replied without any further entreaty3 8,yes1 ,livia1 longer than usual40 ,no sooner had ,i uttered these words1 than a lively color suffused my whole face4 ,it at once occurred to me that the time corresponded exactly with the length of ,gilbert's visit at ,naples4 ,livia did not observe my confusion1 and calmly resumed3 8,listen1 ,gina4 ,you believe1 as well as ,i1 that the ,sacrament of ,penance is a remedy1 do you not8 ,it has been called1 ,i think1 #8the divine prescription for the maladies of the soul1' and you are conscious1 ,i trust1 that your soul is really ill40 8,oh6 yes1 my soul1 my heart1 my mind1 my body1 my whole being6 ,o ,livia6 ,i suffer every way60 8,well1 if you were physically ill1 you would certainly consult the best physician in the city1 and1 who knows8 if there were a better one still at the other end of ,europe1 you would perhaps1 like many others1 undertake a long journey to consult him as to the remedy40 8,perhaps so6 ,what then80 8,listen1 dear ,gina4 ,i have just thought of a piece of advice to give you1 and as it has occurred to me in a moment of pity for you1 when my whole heart is filled with affection and sympathy1 perhaps it is a good inspiration you would do well to follow40 8,o ,livia60 ,i exclaimed1 greatly affected1 for ,i recognized the accent of affection ,i had been so doubtful about--an affection more than human1 because it was an emanation of divine charity3 8,yes1 tell me1 dear sister1 what it is4 ,say anything you please4 ,command me1 and ,i will obey you40 ,she proceeded to inform me that a saintly monk had recently arrived at ,naples who was universally known and respected on account of his extensive knowledge1 and was remarkable for the unpretending simplicity of his manners4 ,his words went to the heart1 led sinners to return to ,god1 and made those who were pious better than they were before4 8,go to him humbly1 ,i beseech you1 and open your heart to him before ,god--your whole heart4 ,i feel a conviction he will be able to give you the remedy you need1 and if you have the courage to apply this remedy1 whatever it be1 ,i feel the assurance1 ,ginevra1 you will be healed40 ,,xxxvi4 ,let those who do not wish to enter the region into which ,i am about to lead my readers1 now lay aside this book4 ,i assure them1 however1 there is nothing in the previous portion of this narrative more strictly true than what ,i am going to relate4 ,i affirm1 moreover1 that it refers to a point that interests every ,christian soul2 ,i might say1 every human soul1 but ,i know beforehand that they alone will comprehend me who have faith in these words3 8,i believe in ,god the ,father ,almighty10 that is to say1 they who with the ,catholic ,church firmly believe ,his ,omnipotence is present1 living and acting in our midst1 and there is not a single instant in which the material and spiritual world1 the world of nature and the inner world of the human soul1 cannot feel its supernatural and miraculous effects4 ,at the mere sight of this word1 ,i suppose every sceptical1 incredulous1 or scornful reader has taken the alarm and made his escape1 and ,i shall henceforth address only those who speak1 or at least comprehend1 the language ,i am about to employ4 ,i left the convent without deciding on the hour for following ,livia's advice1 and was already on my way home when ,i took the sudden resolution to proceed without any delay to the church she had indicated4 ,this church was one of the finest in ,naples1 the only one1 perhaps1 in which the eye is not offended by any of the incongruities so often found in ,italy between the beautiful proportions1 the marbles1 the frescos that adorn the walls1 and certain objects of devotion whose choice or execution indicates more piety than taste4 ,here everything harmonized1 and this harmony was favorable to devotion4 ,i took a chair and knelt against it on the marble pavement2 then1 according to the ,neapolitan custom at confession1 ,i took off my hat and threw over my head a scarf of black lace ,i wore over my silk dress1 and patiently waited for others to enter the deserted church4 ,it was nearly three o'clock4 ,i did not have to wait long4 ,as soon as the clock struck1 ,i saw quite a number of men and women of every rank and age1 as well as young ladies and even children1 come in and gather around the confessional1 near which by chance ,i had stationed myself4 ,i turned towards a lady who knelt beside me1 and asked the name of the confessor she was awaiting4 ,she looked up with an air of surprise4 8,father ,egidio di ,san ,mauro1 of course10 said she4 8,do you not know his confessional80 ,father ,egidio was the name of the priest to whom my sister had directed me4 ,chance had led me to the spot ,i wished to find4 ,i was obliged to wait a long time2 but this delay1 and the profound silence around1 aided me in concentrating my mind on the act ,i was going to perform1 and enabled me1 ,i think1 to make a good preparation4 ,besides1 ,i had already gained a victory over myself by the very act of coming here1 for ,i had been obliged to surmount a mixture of timidity and embarrassment one always feels about going to a strange confessor4 ,at length the priest we were waiting for made his appearance4 ,he came slowly out of the sacristy and proceeded directly to the high altar1 where he knelt for some time in prayer4 ,he then rose1 and1 crossing the church1 passed before me on his way to the confessional4 ,he was of lofty stature1 but bowed down by years and still more by that sanctity which does not spare the body4 ,his white hair and bald forehead gave his mild1 delicate features a grave1 imposing aspect1 which at once inspired respect1 though it was impossible to feel any fear4 ,i ought to have been the first to approach1 as ,i arrived before the others2 but as soon as ,father ,egidio seated himself in the confessional1 which1 according to the ,italian style1 was only closed by a low door1 he perceived the children awaiting him1 and1 leaving the door open1 he made them a sign to approach4 ,one by one they presented themselves before him4 ,he bent down his head as he addressed them1 and the innocent faces raised towards him were marked by a pious attention that was touching4 ,he smiled occasionally as he listened to them1 and the hand they kissed when they were done1 he afterwards placed on their heads in benediction4 ,when the children had finished ,i was obliged to wait still longer1 for a young man brushed hastily by me and fell on his knees in the place they left vacant1 and this time the confession was long4 ,father ,egidio1 resting both hands on the shoulders of his new penitent1 bent his head to listen without interrupting him1 and when the young man ceased speaking1 the advice he gave in return must have touched his penitent's heart1 for1 as he listened1 he bent his head lower and lower towards the old priest's knees1 and when he rose his eyes were inundated with tears4 ,at last my turn came1 and ,i knelt in the place usually taken at confession4 ,my voice trembled as ,i began1 but grew stronger by degrees1 and ,i continued with clearness and the wish to be sincere4 ,my troubles1 alas6 were closely connected with my faults1 and ,i not only opened my heart and soul1 but laid before him my entire life1 feeling1 as ,i did so1 the relief there is in the avowal of one's weaknesses in confession that can be compared to no human confidence1 however great the wisdom or sympathy that wins it4 ,he murmured two or three times as he listened1 8,poor child60 but did not otherwise interrupt me till ,i had finished4 ,the words he addressed me then were the mildest and yet most powerful that ever roused the human heart to a sense of duty4 ,but when he finally told me that though ,i had banished him whose presence was so dangerous to my soul1 ,i must likewise banish his memory with equal resolution2 that the recollections in which ,i still indulged without scruple ought to be resisted1 overcome1 rooted out1 and rejected1 ,i felt an insurmountable repugnance1 and replied3 8,no1 father1 ,i cannot do it40 ,he again repeated1 8,poor child60 and then said in a tone of mingled compassion and kindness3 8,you are not willing1 then1 to give ,god the place he has a right to in your heart80 ,i did not understand his meaning1 and replied3 8,father1 ,i cannot help what ,i think and feel1 or what ,i suffer40 ,without losing anything of his mildness1 but with an authority that subdued my rebellious spirit1 he said3 8,i know1 my child1 what is in your power1 and what does not depend on your will2 but in the name of ,him who now speaks to you through me1 ,i ask you to repeat with a sincere heart these words1 which comprise all ,i have just said3 8,o my ,god6 root out of my heart everything that separates it from ,thee40 ,these words1 the accent with which they were uttered1 and the prayer that ,i have no doubt rose from the depths of the holy soul from which they sprang1 inspired me with the wish and strength to obey4 ,o my ,god6 enable me now to make others understand what then took place in my soul4 ,i leaned my head against my clasped hands1 and after a moment's silence1 during which ,i summoned all the strength of my will1 ,i slowly repeated with the utmost sincerity the words he dictated3 8,o my ,god6 root out of my heart everything that separates it from ,thee40444 ,o merciful1 divine ,goodness6 how shall ,i speak of ,thee8 how tell of thy marvellous grace and love8 ,while uttering these words1 before they were even ended1 ,i felt touched by some strange1 mysterious1 supernatural influence4 ,my heart and soul seemed filled with light4 ,my whole being was transformed4 ,i was inundated with a joy that could not be expressed in human language1 and the source of this joy1 the sensible cause1 which ,i still feel1 and shall never cease to feel1 was the conviction made audible in some miraculous manner that ,god loves me6 ,god loves me4 ,yes1 ,i heard these words4 ,i comprehended their entire signification4 ,the ,veil was forever withdrawn4 ,the mysterious enigma of my heart was solved as clearly and obviously as my eyes beheld the light of day4 ,i loved1 not as we try1 but in vain1 to love our fellowcreatures2 ,i loved with all the strength of my heart6 and with so much strength that ,i could not have loved more without dying6444 ,all human language is inadequate1 ,i know1 to speak of supernatural grace4 ,i can only stammer as ,i attempt it1 and will no longer dwell on the ineffable moment which wrought an entire transformation in my life4 ,i no longer recollect what words ,i then uttered1 or what was said to me3 ,i only remember the holy absolution ,i received with bowed head1 and these words1 afterwards uttered in a tone of emotion3 8,be calm1 my child1 and go in peace40 ,i had knelt down overwhelmed with sadness4 ,i rose up so happy that ,i suffered from the great intensity of a joy my heart was too weak to endure6 ,,xxxvii4 ,long years have passed by since that day1 and perhaps long years still await me2 but whatever be the duration of my life nothing will ever efface the remembrance--not of the moment ,i have just described1 for that moment is always present1 it can never become a memory of the past--but of the effect which the sight of the earth1 the sky1 and the sea had on me when ,i issued from the church where ,i had received so great a blessing4 ,everything seemed to have assumed a new aspect1 a new meaning1 a more glorious signification2 for the torrent of happiness in my soul seemed diffused over all nature6 ,i no longer wished for anything4 ,i had found all4 ,i was freed from all anxiety4 ,hope had become certitude--a certitude more complete than can be derived from the surest of earthly things2 for great indeed is the certitude of that assurance which nothing can deprive us of1 except through our own will6444 ,nothing could quench the source from which sprang my joy1 or deprive me of its benefits3 nothing1 for my will was henceforth absorbed1 and1 so to speak1 lost in the most ardent love6 ,to love with strength1 disinterestedness1 and passion the worthiest object on earth1 and learn all at once we could not be deprived of it without the consent of our own heart1 would not this induce us to utter the word never with an absolute meaning that the things of this world do not admit of8 ,it was thus ,god gave me the grace to love1 to feel sure of loving always1 sure of the impossibility of ever being deprived of the object of my love6 ,the beauty of the natural world around me now seemed a mere ray of this joy4 ,never had ,i found it so lovely4 ,and yet 7those whom ,i alone address now will understand this1 however contradictory it may appear7 ,i felt an almost equal disgust for all created things1 an ardent desire to renounce everything1 a profound contempt for all that had hitherto seemed worthy of so much esteem4 ,wealth1 honor1 dress1 display1 luxury1 even the beauty1 so uncertain1 which ,i prized so much--they all lost their importance and became worthless in my eyes1 not through satiety1 or a feeling of melancholy1 but through the disgust one naturally feels for the mediocre after seeing the beautiful1 and for the beautiful after seeing the perfect6 ,on the other hand1 in spite of this fountain of inexhaustible joy1 ,i by no means imagined ,i was released from suffering2 and what was also strange1 perhaps1 ,i did not desire to be4 ,i already felt there was a lively1 poignant1 and sometimes terrible suffering inherent in the divine love ,i had just begun to experience4 ,he who has described this love better than any other human being1 doubtless because he felt it in a greater degree2 he who more than six centuries ago wrote the following words3 8,nothing is stronger than love1 nothing more generous1 nothing more pleasant1 nothing fuller or better in heaven or earth4444 ,when weary it is not tired1 when straitened is not constrained1 when frightened is not disturbed1 but like a lively flame and a torch all on fire1 it mounts upward and securely passes through all opposition207#aed7 he who uttered these and so many other burning words1 likewise said these3 8,there is no living in love without some pain or sorrow40 ,i knew it1 and my heart was as ready to embrace the one as the other4 ,as to the ordinary trials of life1 it seemed to me ,i had sufficient courage to encounter them all1 and that henceforth ,i should have nothing in the world to fear1 nothing to complain of4444 ,to the reader who comprehends me1 and knows all this is perfectly true1 ,i need not say that the state ,i have just described1 though a blessed and rare one1 has in all ages1 as well as ours1 been one to which a great number of souls have arrived by slow but natural progression4 ,when1 therefore1 ,i speak of this as miraculous and supernatural1 ,i merely apply the word to the sudden wonderful grace which shortened the way for me1 making me pass in an instant from a totally different frame of mind to a plenitude of faith and happiness6 ,and now 444 how did they who were much more closely interwoven with my life than the natural world around me1 appear in this new light8 ,how did ,i now regard them in my heart8--,lorenzo6 ,livia6 ,stella6 ,gilbert6 ,what were the feelings of my heart and soul towards them now that ,i was so suddenly brought to see and feel what was clear and right8444 ,in order to express my sentiments with regard to them1 ,i will employ an illustration that may seem obscure1 and yet ,i know no better way of making myself understood4 ,it seemed to me that all the pure1 tender1 legitimate1 and noble feelings of my heart found in this luminous flame a new and powerful aliment1 while all others were consumed by this flame as quickly as pernicious weeds cast into a fiery furnace6 ,nothing1 therefore1 was changed in my feelings towards ,livia and ,stella1 unless ,i loved them more tenderly than before1 one seeming more than ever an angel1 and the other the dearest of friends6 ,as to ,lorenzo1 the change was great1 sudden1 and profound6444 ,my affection for him1 which he had mortally wounded and extinguished1 was now rekindled at the divine source of all true love1 and became equal to that ,i had felt at the time of my brightest hopes4 ,the wish ,i once so ardently felt seemed now to be the only one worthy of occupying my mind4 ,what did a little more or less of human love matter to me now8 ,as ,livia had predicted1 my heart was satiated2 ,i was rich1 even if ,i did not possess the affection of a single heart on earth4 ,it was1 therefore1 no longer through a selfish thirst for happiness ,i now wished to set his soul at liberty1 but from a desire a thousand times more ardent--so ardent that it seemed to become my only passion6 ,and now1 ,gilbert6 444 how shall ,i speak of him8 ,how1 in the light of this divine flame1 did the dangerous attachment1 the enervating1 subtle affection that had so absorbed my mind1 appear to me now8 ,and those vague1 false hopes--those impossible dreams--those harrowing regrets8 ,and my foolish and culpable longing for his return8 ,all this was consumed like the pernicious weeds ,i have just spoken of1 and ,i distinctly saw the abyss on the edge of which ,i had been walking4 ,i turned away from the danger ,i had escaped with terror4 ,i felt with profound gratitude that ,i was saved6 444 and like one who has escaped from the perils of the sea1 ,i looked back with horror on the waves that had so recently threatened to engulf me4 ,this impression was so strong that it began to render the memory odious that ,i so recently thought the only joy of my life--the joy ,i could not make up my mind to deny myself4 ,the miraculous effect of the divine mercy had been in answer to the very essence of my prayer2 the obstacle that separated me from ,god had been completely rooted out of my heart4 ,in this respect1 more than any other1 ,i felt changed and transformed4 ,but this powerful impression was modified by degrees1 and ,i was soon able to see ,gilbert in so clear and true a light as to think of him henceforth without the least disturbance of mind4 ,i now thought of his danger1 and the thought filled me with regret4 ,i perceived my secret participation1 the primary1 and often the only1 cause of others' faults1 from which it is so rare to be wholly exempt in such cases1 and ,i prayed ,god to pardon me and heal the wounds of his soul as perfectly as he had healed mine6 ,perhaps ,i have dwelt too long on this event--the greatest1 the only great event of my life--and the effect it had on me in so many ways4 ,but it was necessary to describe the transfigured state of my soul in order to explain what ,i still have to relate--this day having1 thank heaven6 set its ineffaceable seal on every succeeding day of my life4 ,,xxxviii4 ,for several days ,i had some difficulty in concealing the irrepressible joy ,i betrayed in my face in spite of my efforts1 and which there was apparently nothing to justify4 ,lorenzo's attitude1 in fact1 remained the same4 ,he continued1 as he had done since his return1 to appear only at the hour of his repasts4 ,a part of the morning he remained shut up in his studio1 which he now rarely allowed me to enter1 and he spent all his evenings abroad4 ,mario had returned to ,sicily2 ,stella had not yet wholly resumed her usual ease with me1 and ,lando1 absorbed in his own affairs1 was less interested than usual in mine4 ,our customary reunions continued1 however1 and the same visitors assembled every evening1 as before4 ,i frequently heard my aunt loudly lament the departure of quel ,francese simpatico1 and declare how much il ,kergy was missed by everybody4 ,in fact1 ,gilbert's name was continually repeated1 and ,i sometimes thought ,stella was astonished at my calmness1 which was incomprehensible to her1 whereas1 on the contrary1 ,i was not in the least surprised at her silence1 which ,i understood perfectly4 ,but we continued our tacit agreement never to speak of him to each other4 ,several days passed in this way1 during which ,livia was the only person from whom ,i concealed nothing4 ,how great her joy was when1 on seeing me again1 she read with a single look the recovered peace of my soul1 it is useless to say here4 ,from that time we seemed to be united by a stronger tie than that of blood1 and to have become more than sisters4 ,but when1 in the transport of my new joy1 ,i declared that the luxuries of my beautiful home now seemed a burden and a fetter1 and that ,i preferred the austere simplicity which surrounded her1 she at once checked me4 8,our tastes should correspond with our vocation1 ,gina4 ,yours is not to leave the world1 or even to lay aside its superfluities4 ,endeavor to please ,lorenzo1 to win him back4 ,that is your mission1 which is as high as any other2 and when you feel your former affection for him revive in your heart1 believe me1 carina1 it will meet with no opposition from the love ,god has revealed to your soul6 ,you have dreamed of great things for ,lorenzo4 ,come1 ,gina1 courage6 now is the time to realize them60 ,it was thus she led me back to a great but evident truth4 ,i comprehended it in spite of the different feelings ,i had experienced1 and trusted time would give me an opportunity of winning back my husband's heart1 which was even sorer than mine had ever been4 ,my eyes were often filled with tears1 in spite of myself1 as ,i saw the alteration in his face1 his anxious look1 his brow furrowed before the time1 and all the sad indications by which a soul that is tarnished betrays the reaction which has such an injurious effect on physical beauty itself4 ,but the time was gone by when it seemed possible to form some project1 and achieve it in a day4 ,i had learned the value of the words patience and silence4 ,i rose now every morning as soon as it was light1 and went with ,ottavia to the church of a neighboring convent to seek strength for the day and1 so to speak1 draw fresh joy from the inexhaustible fountain4 ,i afterwards carried myself the alms which1 in my pride and indolence1 ,i had hitherto been contented to distribute by her hands4 ,this was the only outward change in my way of life1 and it was one that nobody perceived4 ,but it was not quite the same with the change that had unconsciously taken place in my language1 manners1 and even in the expression of my face1 and though ,lorenzo seldom had an opportunity of noticing me1 ,i soon fancied he had recovered a certain ease of manner towards me4 ,until now1 he had been1 not only wounded in his pride and passion1 but especially humiliated in my presence2 and it must be acknowledged that the coldness and disdain that constituted the mute form of my reproach were not calculated to conciliate him4 ,the freezing haughtiness of his air in return1 which seemed to add outrage to perjury1 increased my exasperation to the utmost1 and irritated me more than his actual offences did at the time ,i gave myself up with desperation to the thought of ,gilbert1 as a kind of intoxication which made me at once forget my grief and my anger4 ,now ,i no longer sought to escape from the one1 and the other was wholly extinguished4 ,this new state of my soul produced an outward calmness and serenity ,i had never possessed before4 ,lorenzo's quick1 penetrating eye soon detected the change without being able to imagine the cause4 ,one day1 after looking attentively at me for a moment1 a sad1 thoughtful expression came over his face1 and ,i thought there was something like affection and respect in his look4 ,this did not prevent him1 however1 from spending the evening away from home1 and ,i anxiously followed him in spirit as usual1 not daring to utter a word to detain him1 and still less venture to question him4 ,a whole week passed in this way1 in the vague hope of finding some means of influencing him1 but nothing of the kind happened4 ,all at once1 one morning1 by some extraordinary accident we happened to be alone a moment together1 and after causing me some anxiety by the gloomy expression on his face1 he gave me a great but pleasant surprise by saying3 8,what would you say1 ,ginevra1 if ,i proposed your taking a journey to ,sicily with me80 ,i uttered an exclamation of joy4 8,what a question1 ,lorenzo6 ,you know well nothing could give me more pleasure than to see my father again1 and ,messina1 the dear old palace1 and44440 ,here ,i stopped1 too much affected to continue1 and fearing to awaken remembrances that might seem like a reproach4 ,he perceived it and was grateful4 8,well1 my lawsuit is about to be tried4 ,don ,fabrizio desires my presence1 and ,i would not for anything in the world renounce the pleasure of hearing him plead4 ,we will start next week1 then1 if you are willing40 ,this proposition caused me the liveliest and most unexpected pleasure4 ,to leave ,naples6 ,to go with him6 and to a place where1 more easily than anywhere else1 it seemed to me ,i could overcome the fatal remembrance in his heart ,i had to struggle against6 ,and from there--who could tell8--induce him perhaps to go to some distant land2 persuade him to let me follow him1 go with him to the ends of the earth1 if necessary1 in search of the pure air he needed to restore him to health6 ,all this crossed my mind in the twinkling of an eye1 and for the first time for a long while ,i saw a ray of hope before me4 ,when ,i announced the projected journey to ,stella with a satisfaction ,i made no attempt to conceal1 she looked at me with an air of surprise4 8,you have entirely forgiven ,lorenzo1 then80 said she4 8,yes40 8,then ,i conclude he has at last acknowledged his offences and begged your pardon40 8,no40 8,no8444 ,in that case1 ,ginevra1 you have greatly changed40 8,yes1 a blessed change has come over me40 8,i have noticed it for some days1 and if ,i ask what has produced it1 will you answer me sincerely80 8,yes1 without hesitation4 ,i will tell you the plain truth40 ,and without turning my eyes away from hers1 which were fastened attentively on me1 ,i calmly continued3 8,between my violent indignation against ,lorenzo1 and my strong fancy for ,gilbert1 ,i went very far astray from ,god1 ,stella4 ,a single instant of extraordinary grace enabled me to see this4 ,everything is clear to me now4 ,i no longer seek happiness3 ,i possess it40 ,the moment ,stella heard me pronounce ,gilbert's name1 which we had invariably avoided of late1 the pupils of her eyes dilated1 and1 as ,i went on1 took that intensity of color and expression which all emotion imparted to them4 ,but she merely replied3 8,i do not wholly understand you1 ,ginevra1 ,i confess1 but ,i see you are happy and courageous3 that is sufficient40 ,after a moment's silence1 ,i resumed3 8,and will you allow me to ask you a question in my turn1 ,stella80 ,she blushed without making any reply4 ,i hastened to say that my question only concerned ,harry ,leslie4 ,at his name1 she resumed her usual expression1 and a double smile beamed from her eyes and lips4 8,certainly1 ask anything you please40 8,well1 he came yesterday with a gloomy air to announce his departure4 ,am ,i wrong in thinking you have something to do with it80 8,no10 replied she1 smiling1 8not if it is true he cannot remain in ,naples without marrying me1 for ,i have not otherwise ordered him to go away40 ,desirous of drawing her out on this point1 ,i continued3 8,but1 after all1 ,mr4 ,leslie is kind1 handsome1 excellent1 very wealthy they say1 and of a good family4 ,you are very difficult1 ,stella40 8,yes1 perhaps so10 replied she with agitation and a kind of impatience4 ,then she continued in a melancholy tone of anguish3 8,ginevra1 never speak to me again1 ,i beg1 either of happiness or the future4 ,i do not know as ,i shall ever be any happier than ,i am now1 but ,i know ,i can be less so4444 ,oh6 may what ,i now possess never be taken away from me4 ,i ask nothing more40 ,she shuddered and stopped speaking1 as if she could not give utterance to her fears4 ,it was not the first time ,i had seen her seized with a kind of terror when the words future and happiness were mentioned before her4 ,one would have said she thought there was no happiness in reserve for her1 unless at the price of that she already possessed1 and this thought came over her like a vision of terror4 ,poor ,stella6 ,alas6 how insecure the joys of earth6 ,to be deprived of them1 or tremble lest we may be--that is to say1 to possess these joys with a poignant fear that empoisons every instant of their duration1 and increases more and more in proportion to their prolongation6444 ,is it1 then1 really necessary for a supernatural light to open our eyes to force us to acknowledge that this world is only a place of promise1 of which the realization is in another8 ,to ,be ,continued4 ,the ,brooklet4 ,from ,the ,german ,of ,goethe4 ,o brooklet silver bright and gay6 ,for ever rushing on thy way1 ,i1 lingering1 ever ask thee whence ,thou comest here1 where goest thou hence8 8,from the dark rock's deep breast ,i come1 ,o'er flow'rs and moss ,i toss and roam2 ,while on my bosom smiles and lies ,the hovering vision of the skies4 8,ask not of me1 a laughing child1 ,whither or whence my foot steps wild2 ,him do ,i trust to guide me on ,who called me from the senseless stone40 ,the ,colonization ,of ,new ,south ,wales ,by ,great ,britain47#aee7 ,some few years ago it became known that the government of ,great ,britain were thinking of renewing the experiment of transporting convicts to ,australia with the object of affording them a chance of reformation4 ,this time1 however1 it was its western shore which was to be tried1 and that1 too1 on a scale not inferior in magnitude to that on which the attempt had been so unsuccessfully made in ,new ,south ,wales and ,van ,diemen's ,land4 ,the bare suggestion of such a proposal sufficed to kindle a flame of indignation throughout the whole ,australian continent--for such must an island be called which is as large as ,europe4 ,to judge from a letter which we shall have occasion to quote further on1 the system as pursued in ,eastern ,australia1 although upon so insignificant a scale1 is fraught with evils similar to those which so signally characterized its more important precursor in the west4 ,yet were the eastern colonists1 or an influential and active portion of them1 ready to risk the reproduction of the baneful curse which for nearly half a century blighted the prosperity and checked the growth of their western rivals1 and from the consequences of which the latter are suffering to this day4 ,so bitter1 however1 was the remembrance of this system amongst the western colonists1 so keen their sense of the dire mischiefs still resulting from its action1 that they went the length of avowing their fixed determination to separate from the mothercountry1 if the experiment were attempted1 although some thousands of miles intervened between them and the spot where the experiment was proposed to be renewed4 ,what were the causes of a failure so disastrous8 ,the objects proposed in the original undertaking were of the noblest4 ,to colonize a newly discovered country of great extent and promise1 to develop its resources1 and to bring it under the sway of a benign and noble civilization1 was a worthy object of ambition4 ,to unite with this a scheme for the reformation of criminals1 in a land where they would be entirely removed from old associations1 where they might enter upon a new career without being ever dogged by the spectre of the past1 was a great and beneficent design4 ,how was it that the proposed reformatory became a horrible curse alike to the convicts and the colony1 and that no prospect of progress in any form could be reasonably entertained until the original scheme was utterly swept away1 and the local administration taken altogether out of the hands of the home government1 and placed upon its present independent footing8 ,the question of the reformation of criminals is not only of pressing importance1 but one that appeals to our higher feelings2 and it has of late become a subject of special investigation to the somewhat interested philanthropy and eminently shallow psychology of the day4 ,it is impossible to say that any solution of the question was seriously attempted in the original transportation project to ,botany ,bay4 ,it was the one object1 nevertheless1 which assumed a prominent place in the experiment2 and to the history of its failure we propose to devote our chief attention4 ,the colonization of the country was distinctly announced as forming part of the scheme2 nor1 indeed1 is it easy to see how it could very well have been dissociated from it4 ,on this subject1 therefore1 we will offer a few remarks by way of introduction4 ,the recolonization of ,southern ,europe by the ,northern tribes in the ,vth and ,v,ith centuries of the present era offers a striking contrast to the colonization of ,australia by a nation calling itself ,christian4 ,anything but prepossessing is the description given us by the historians of those ,northern invaders1 whose deeds but too faithfully bear out the description4 ,over depopulated provinces1 cities in ashes1 and the ruins of the noblest monuments of religion and art1 they swarmed into their new settlements4 ,vandals1 ,franks1 ,goths1 and ,huns1 all alike were distinguished for an unpitying cruelty1 although the ,huns surpassed the rest in licentious profligacy and crime4 ,yet amidst the ruin they had made1 and the prodigious havoc with which they had desolated the fairest countries of ,europe1 the winning accents of ,christian civilization stole into their ears and subdued their untutored souls4 ,in one respect they had the advantage of the first ,english settlers in ,australia4 ,they had not been flung out of their own country like garbage4 ,they came under no ban of law4 ,they bore not with them the consciences of convicted criminals4 ,they marched to the spoil under the 7to them7 legitimate banners of ambition1 or to satisfy their greed of gain4 ,the untutored instincts of humanity1 grand even in their lawlessness and ferocity1 urged them on4 ,deformed1 as might have been expected1 with many of the gross vices of the savage1 they were not wanting in some of the more attractive features of the nobility of nature4 ,their ears had never listened to the loving voice of the ,virgin ,daughter of ,sion4 ,their hearts had never been disciplined nor their minds formed by the revelation from heaven committed to her keeping4 ,theirs was not the guilt1 as it has been of some of the nations of this ,x,i,xth century1 to have apostatized to the barbarous maxim that 8might makes right40 ,they knew no better4 ,no sooner1 however1 did the majestic vision of the ,spouse of ,christ--the ,catholic ,church--meet their gaze1 than1 far from treating her with insult and outrage1 they threw themselves with loving veneration at her feet1 bowed their necks with the truthful docility of children to her discipline1 and arose to prove themselves her most faithful defenders4 ,but whilst the meneating aborigines of ,australia had no civilization to communicate1 the first invaders of its shores from ,great ,britain were1 some of them1 of the worst class of barbarians--the barbarians of civilization4 ,they were of those whose untamable souls law1 civilization1 and religion had failed to subdue4 ,they were the offscouring of the criminal class of the three kingdoms4 ,the society they had outraged had cast them out from itself upon the coasts of ,australia4 ,they stepped on shore convicted as felons4 ,they had forfeited the citizenship of their own country2 and1 although still undergoing their respective sentences1 it was understood that they were to have the opportunity of making a fresh start in their new country1 should their conduct correspond with the clemency of the executive4 ,on a career that1 more than any other1 requires a spirit of enterprise1 lightheartedness1 and courage1 they had set out under the ban of expatriation1 the burden of shame1 and all the depressing influences of detected guilt4 ,of such were the first settlers of ,australia4 ,on the evening of the #bfth of ,january1 #aghh1 the ,english dominion over what has been called the fifth division of the globe was inaugurated by the solemnity of pledging the king's health round a flagpole4 ,his majesty's subjects in ,new ,holland1 at the period of this imposing function1 numbered one thousand and thirty souls4 ,of these seven hundred and seventyeight were convicts4 ,the remaining two hundred and fifty consisted of the soldiers who formed the garrison of the new settlement1 and their officers1 together with a few civil functionaries4 ,in this rude germ of future commonwealths the elements neither of agriculture nor of commerce as yet existed4 ,an encampment of huts was its first abiding place4 ,for food it depended on the stores brought with it from the mother country2 amongst which was neither seed nor other provision for future crops4 ,at the moment at which we write1 after a lapse of eightysix years1 the flocks and herds of a wealthy agricultural population range over an area as large as that of ,europe2 five splendid provinces1 each with its own court and parliament1 can boast of cities equal in size to many ,european capitals1 and constituting commercial marts second to none on the face of the globe4 ,of the prodigious strides they have made in material prosperity1 ,mr4 ,therry1 in his interesting ,reminiscences1 gives the following striking illustration3 8,it has been ascertained that our ,south ,pacific colonies take from us in imports for every man1 woman1 and child of their respective populations1 on the average1 from #h to #aj per head per annum1 while the ,united ,states were only customers to us in #ahei 7before the war began71 at the rate of #ags4 per head4 ,the amount of imports received by ,canada1 which comes nearest to ,australia1 is #e per head2 that of ,new ,south ,wales alone is #ba #cs4 #d;d4 per head2 of ,victoria1 #be0 7p4 #i74 ,the commerce of these colonies with all parts of the world is nearly three times larger in money value than was the whole export commerce of ,england less than a century ago2 and they receive from the ,united ,kingdom upwards of twenty times the value of exports which the ,north ,american colonies were receiving at the time of their separation from the mothercountry4 ,to crown the social edifice1 a contented people live and prosper under the shadow of the freest institutions1 in many respects surpassing1 in this particular1 the muchvaunted model on which they have been framed4 ,it is certain that the prevailing motive of the ,english government in despatching a penal colony to ,botany ,bay was to supply the place of her lost ,american colonies4 ,no doubt the idea of colonizing the country was present to their minds4 ,but it never went beyond words4 ,not a single provision was made for colonial development4 ,on the contrary1 the whole constitution of the exiled community was fatal to such an object4 ,for nearly half a century the inherent vices of the system struggled against and forcibly restrained any efforts to profit by the advantages of a country of such wonderful promise2 nor was it before the original government scheme had been quite abandoned that the colony rose from its inaction1 like an unfettered giant1 and1 as it were1 almost at a stride1 arrived at a pitch of prosperity unexampled1 in so short a period of time1 in the annals of the world1 with the single exception of the ,american colonies after they had disembarrassed themselves of the yoke of the mother country4 ,the defection of those colonies had stopped an important outlet for the criminal population of the three kingdoms4 ,we are told by ,bancroft1 in his ,history of the ,united ,states1 that 8,the prisoners condemned in ,england to transportation were a salable commodity4 ,such was the demand for labor in ,america that convicts and laborers were regularly purchased and shipped to the colonies1 where they were sold as indented servants40 ,the ,irish malcontents1 moreover--of whom1 owing to the long misgovernment of the kingdom1 ,ireland was full1 and whose disaffection had been stimulated by the revolt of the ,north ,american colonies--threatened to increase the convict population by a large and particularly unmanageable element4 ,it was only a year or two before that a country happened to be explored and taken possession of in the name of ,england so happily fitted for colonization1 and of which such admirable use has since been made4 ,the discovery was the result of sheer accident1 so far as the ,british government was concerned4 ,the expedition to which it owes it was sent out by the ,royal ,society for scientific purposes2 the object being to make accurate observations of the transit of ,venus from the island of ,otaheite4 ,the islands of ,new ,zealand and the east coast of ,new ,holland were explored on the way home4 ,the astronomical expedition returned to ,england in the midsummer of #agga4 ,in #aghf1 the government decided on establishing permanent settlements on the coast lately explored by ,captain ,cook1 accompanied by ,messrs4 ,green and ,banks and ,dr4 ,solander4 ,the colony consisted exclusively of the convicts and the military in charge2 of prisoners and their jailers4 ,any class out of which a free civil community might be formed could only arise out of chance settlers1 or of those among the convicts whose position was the result rather of untoward circumstances than of any irreclaimable criminality of disposition1 and who were prepared to recommence in those distant lands a career from which their misfortune or their fault had shut them out at home4 ,the constitution of the expedition was as follows3 ,a governor1 lieutenant governor1 judgeadvocate1 commissary1 and chaplain2 a surgeon and two assistant surgeons2 an agent for the transports2 two hundred and twelve soldiers and mariners1 including officers2 their wives1 numbering forty1 and their children2 five hundred and fortyeight male convicts1 and two hundred and thirty female4 ,the neighborhood of ,botany ,bay having been judged unsuitable for the new settlement1 the expedition landed at a spot situated at the head of one of the coves of ,port ,jackson ,harbor1 which had been judiciously selected by the governor as the site of the future capital4 ,the #bfth of ,january1 #aghh1 was the day of disembarkation1 and it was on the evening of that day that the inaugural rite1 to which we have before alluded1 was solemnized4 ,after a lapse of eleven days1 consumed in putting up the public and private structures needful for the new colony1 the ceremony of inauguration was supplemented by one of a yet more imposing character4 ,on the seventh of ,february was held a formal assembly of all the members of the new commonwealth4 ,an occasion of greater interest could not be imagined4 ,upon no band of colonists was ever lavished a greater wealth of hope and fortune4 ,no guilt of diplomatic fraud or commercial overreaching marred their title to the new territory4 ,through no bloodshed1 no violence1 but quite unopposed1 they had entered on its peaceable possession4 ,no foreign power1 to whom the new state might be calculated to give umbrage1 threatened its future welfare4 ,a magnificent harbor sheltered its ships and transports2 and it was only one of many such with which a coast of vast extent was indented4 ,a whole continent of virgin soil stretched out before them1 which1 under the influence of the finest climate under heaven1 waited only the bidding of man to quicken within itself an exhaustless luxuriance of vegetable life4 ,a mighty ,empire of the ,south offered itself to any hands that were willing and able to grasp it4 ,it was only reasonable to expect that ,england1 having just lost her supremacy in the ,new ,world1 would have devoted her utmost resources of civilization and statesmanship to laying deep and wide the foundations of her new dominion4 ,if none of the members of an aristocracy enjoying more advantages and more power than were ever possessed by the most privileged class of any the most privileged nation1 were willing to leave the home of their ancestral traditions1 the softness of hereditary ease1 and an absolute independence of fortune's caprice1 in order to join in the struggling life of a young community1 we should at least have expected that the mothercountry would despatch a contribution from each of the other classes of her citizens to assist in the formation of the new settlement4 ,her system of jurisprudence1 admirable in spite of the inextricable jumble of statutes and precedents amidst which it has been reared1 would be represented1 one would have thought1 by a sufficient number of lawyers of character2 her merchant princes would be encouraged to carry their spirit of enterprise to so rich and promising a field2 still more1 that which forms the only true and solid basis of material prosperity--agriculture--would be abundantly cared for in the shape of a due supply of competent masters and sturdy laborers2 last1 though not least1 some provision would be made1 not only for the moral and religious training of the people1 but for such mental cultivation as was compatible with the condition of an infant community4 ,what no one in his senses could have anticipated was that the government of a great and ancient nation should have sent out as the founders of a new colonial empire a contingent of malefactors1 guarded by a few marines4 ,upon the occasion of the formal inauguration ceremony the whole colony were assembled around the governor4 ,nearest to himself were the lieutenantgovernor1 the judgeadvocate1 provostmarshal1 commissary1 adjutant1 doctor1 and chaplain4 ,the two hundred and twelve marines1 including no less than fifteen commissioned officers1 were drawn up in battle array4 ,apart from the rest1 as under the ban of crime1 stood the bulk of the community--namely1 the convicts4 ,to this assemblage the judge advocate read the royal commission and the act of ,parliament which constituted the court of judicature4 ,after the reading of which documents the one hundred and ninetyseven marines shouldered old 8,brown ,bess10 made ready1 presented1 and fired three times4 ,the ceremony was not imposing1 but it was on a par with the rest of the proceedings4 ,the governor1 ,capt4 ,phillip1 wound it up with a speech in which1 in spite of grammatical errors which may be pardoned in a sailor1 he displayed considerable ability and eloquence1 but a marvellous absence of common sense4 ,in the course of a somewhat inflated panegyric on ,england and her fortunes1 his excellency went on to portray his native country as the peculiar favorite of heaven1 and to ascribe her successful colonization of ,new ,holland--a matter considered by anticipation as already accomplished1 and that1 too1 in the teeth of the recent defection of her most splendid colonies on the plea of tyrannical misgovernment--to a prolonged special intervention of ,divine ,providence4 8,nor did our good genius desert us10 continued the governor1 8when we reached our destination4 ,on the contrary1 it was then that her787 crowning favor was bestowed4 ,witness the magnificent harbor which before us extends its hundred beautiful bays4 ,witness the beautiful landscape1 the islands1 capes1 and headlands1 covered with waving foliage1 rich and varied beyond compare4 ,witness every surrounding object which1 as regards a situation for our future homes1 our necessities could demand or our tastes desire4 ,happy the nation whose enterprises are thus favored by the elements and by fortune6 ,happy the men engaged in an enterprise so favored6 ,happy the state to whose founding such propitious omens are granted60 ,it is clear from the following passage1 incredible as it may appear1 that the government of the day did really contemplate founding a new state beyond the seas out of the criminal population1 the moral refuse of society4 ,gov4 ,phillip even challenges for the scheme the praise of magnanimity4 8,the ,american colonies10 he said in his inaugural address1 8smarting under what they considered a sense of injustice1 had recourse to the sword1 and the ancient state and the young dependency met in deadly conflict4 ,the victory belonged to the ,american people1 and ,britain1 resigning the ,north ,america continent 787 to the dominion of her fullgrown offspring1 magnanimously seeks in other parts of the earth a region where she may lay the foundations of another colonial empire1 which one day will rival in strength1 but we hope not in disobedience1 that which she has so recently lost0 7,flanagan1 vol4 i4 p4 #cj74 ,it is1 however1 remarkable that ,mr4 ,flanagan grounds his own attribution of magnanimity on the absence of those very features of the new territory on whose conspicuous presence the governor1 standing on the spot1 congratulates his fellowcolonists1 as one of the signs of a special interposition of ,providence in their favor4 8,to incur vast expense10 writes the author of the ,history of ,new ,south ,wales1 8encounter great dangers1 and overcome great difficulties1 in order to possess and colonize a country more remote than any hitherto brought under subjection by ,europeans--a country presenting no preeminent attractions in soil1 destitute1 so far as was then known1 of the precious metals1 and inhabited by a people in the greatest degree barbarous and devoid of all riches--while countries possessing all those attractions which ,new ,holland wanted were within her reach1 is the best evidence which can possibly be afforded of national magnanimity0 7,flanagan1 vol4 i4 p4 #b74 8,how grand is the prospect which lies before the youthful nation60 exclaimed the enthusiastic governor to the new colony in his inaugurative speech4 8,enough of honor for any state would it be to occupy the first position1 both in regard to time and influence1 in a country so vast1 so beautiful1 so fertile1 so blessed in climate1 so rich in all those bounties which nature can confer2 444 its fertile plains tempting only the slightest labor of the husbandman to produce in abundance the fairest and the richest fruits2 its interminable pastures1 the future home of flocks and herds innumerable2 its mineral wealth1 already known to be so great as to promise that it may yet rival those treasures which fiction loves to describe--enough for any nation1 ,i say1 would it be to enjoy those honors and those advantages2 but others not less advantageous1 but perhaps more honorable1 await the people of the state of which we are the founders40 8,to these10 continued the governor1 addressing that engaging instalment of ,british civilization which the imperial government had sent forth from the shores of their country to take possession1 in its name1 of this new land1 and develop its abundant resources1 8will belong the surpassing honor of having introduced permanently the ,christian religion and ,european civilization into the southern hemisphere4 ,at no distant date it will be theirs to plant the standard of the cross and the ensign of their country in the centre of numerous populous nations to whom both these have hitherto been but little known4 ,such are the objects which will arouse the enterprise and stimulate the energies of the people of this young country--enterprise and energy1 directed not toward conquest or rapine1 chiefly because ,australia1 rich beyond measure in her own possessions1 cannot desire those of others1 but towards the extension of commerce1 the spread of the ,english language1 the promotion of the arts and sciences1 and the extension of the true faith4 ,such are the circumstances and conditions which lead to the conviction that this state1 of which today we lay the foundation1 will1 ere many generations have passed away1 become the centre of the southern hemisphere--the brightest gem of the ,southern ,ocean0 7,flanagan1 vol4 i4 pp4 #cb1 #cc74 ,were these1 then1 whom ,capt4 ,phillip addressed the men to introduce the ,christian religion and ,european civilization in a newlydiscovered continent8 ,were a detachment of jailbirds and their keepers to 8develop commerce1 spread the ,english language1 promote the arts and sciences1 and extend the true faith80 ,were such as these the missionaries to plant the standard of the cross1 or even that of their own country1 amidst populations alien to both alike8 ,did the ,english government seriously propose to make a missionary college out of a reformatory1 if such it could be called8 ,were the ,barabbases of ,england to be the pioneers of civilization1 the ,artful ,dodgers of the metropolis the heralds of the ,christian faith8 ,the truth is that the only object directly provided for by the government to which ,england was indebted for this 8magnanimous0 deed of colonization was the establishment of a secure and distant depot for the worst criminals of the country4 ,the noble object to which the exhaustless resources of the continent they had just taken possession of were to be devoted was left to the chapter of accidents4 ,a picture of the future greatness of the equivocal colony was1 it is true1 dashed off1 in glowing colors1 by ,commodore ,phillip1 but no provision of any kind was made for its realization4 ,there was nothing whatever to hinder the attainment of both these objects1 or at least an attempt to attain them4 ,on the contrary1 never was a fairer opportunity for an experiment of the kind offered to a people4 ,before them lay the wide1 almost limitless landscape in all its exuberant beauty and unexhausted fertility4 ,there it lay1 as a kind of treasuretrove1 at their feet1 with no one to dispute its possession4 ,their first object ought assuredly to have been to bring a large portion of the soil under cultivation2 agriculture being that on which more than on anything else the prosperity of a country1 and especially of a young country1 depends4 ,not one shilling did these original and eccentric colonists invest in the soil of that vast island continent1 every acre of which was theirs1 with all its latent wealth1 whether that wealth consisted in its as yet untried productive powers1 or in the hoard of precious metals which might be locked up in its secret depths4 ,the home government thus had it in their power to offer to a superior class of yeomen inducements of the most persuasive kind to try their fortunes in the new colony4 ,sufficient area being left for the development of a splendid capital1 they should have been planted in middlingsized farms as closely around the reserved area as seemed desirable1 and stretching out into the continent in graduallyencroaching circles4 ,a small contingent of married men1 of good reputation amongst their neighbors1 and of superior capacity and attainments1 should have been encouraged to throw their fortunes into the colony4 ,to these a greater extent of land should have been granted4 ,these settlers would have formed the nucleus of a class from which could have been selected men fitted for holding the most responsible positions4 ,the young colony could very well dispense with hereditary titles of honor4 ,but it could not so well dispense with a class such as we refer to1 if it was to become a country to which men of character and position would not hesitate to resort4 ,a class was wanted other than the emancipists--the very worst that could have been chosen--to supply persons of standing1 acquirements1 and1 above all1 of reputable experience for the magistracy1 and for other national1 so to speak1 as well as local1 offices of trust and administration4 ,such a class of yeomen having been thus provided1 the staff of government officials1 the military and naval forces1 and the continually increasing influx of convict laborers1 added to the population of those classes themselves1 would have supplied a considerable population1 ready to hand1 of customers and consumers4 ,the mercantile and professional classes would soon have sent their contributions from the overstocked mothercountry1 not in arrear1 at all events1 of the ordinary course of supply and demand4 ,a manufacturing class would have developed of itself quite as soon as the interests of the colony required it4 ,and1 lastly and most imperatively of all1 had the mothercountry been ,catholic1 the interests of religion would have been the very first consideration4 ,priests and a nucleus of one or more religious orders would have been despatched with the expedition4 ,churches would have been the first structures raised4 ,land would have been set apart for their support1 and for the appropriate splendor of ,christian worship4 ,and hospitals1 attended by religious of both sexes1 would have been erected1 and endowed with sufficient land for their perpetual support4 ,nothing of the sort was so much as attempted4 ,thirty years after the memorable inauguration day1 a period of time embracing nearly onehalf of the entire age of the colony1 the then governor1 ,macquarie1 we are told by ,mr4 ,therry1 8considered the colony was selected as a depot for convicts2 that the land properly belonged to them1 as they emerged from their condition of servitude2 and that emigrants were intruders on the soil40 ,ten years afterwards1 little more than seventy years ago1 the state of 8the brightest gem of the ,southern ,ocean10 in spite of the encouragement given to emigration by ,macquarie's successor1 ,sir ,thomas ,brisbane1 during the three years of his administration1 is thus described by the very competent authority just quoted3 8,the majority of the community he 7,sir ,thomas ,brisbane7 ruled over were of the convict class1 who were not respectable nor rightminded4 ,it consisted of very inflammable materials1 composing twothirds of the whole community1 which it required the exercise of a stern authority to repress40 ,natural advantages have triumphed over the obstacles offered by human folly4 ,the present condition of the ,australian colonies more than realizes the glowing expectations of the headjailer of the first convict gang that landed on their shores4 ,indeed1 if those utterances of ,commander ,phillip were to be judged by the results1 we might be tempted to ascribe them to the inspiration of even prophetical sagacity4 ,one merit1 at all events1 may be accorded to the enthusiastic sailor4 ,he did not overestimate the boundless resources and advantageous position of the noble country of which he and his prisoners were assuming the proprietorship 8on behalf of the ,british people10 utterly incapable as they were of taking advantage of them4 ,to ,be ,concluded ,next ,month4 ,a ,summer ,in ,rome4 ,by ,the ,author ,of 8,the ,house ,of ,yorke40 ,of course all our friends exclaimed1 when we intimated the possibility of our remaining in ,rome for the summer3 ,we would suffocate with heat4 ,we would be poisoned with malaria4 ,we would have chills1 and consequently fevers4 ,the fruit would make us sick1 the wine would turn sour while we were pouring it out1 and we would be kept awake all night by people in the street4 ,we would have no one to speak to1 for everybody would be gone out of town4 ,besides1 and above all1 it was not the proper thing to do4 ,i do not believe that either of us was serious in first making the proposal1 unless ,bianca cherished such a wish under her pensive silence2 but so much opposition led us to look at the project1 and we did not find it so bad as might have been expected4 ,besides1 no one with a particle of spirit likes to be scouted and talked down2 and all of us had spirit enough to feel a little vexed at the storm of opposition we had brought about our ears--all except ,mr4 ,varney4 ,he was too indolent to resent anything4 8,i do not believe that there is the least necessity for having a fever in ,rome10 said ,isabel4 7,it was nearly always ,isabel who spoke47 8,one has but to select a cool apartment and use a little prudence4 ,if we were to do as ,i have seen people do here--go from the oven to the refrigerator--we should know what to expect4 ,to walk in a sunny street till you are in a perspiration1 then sit on a shady stone to cool off1 is not only inviting a fever1 but sending a gendarme to fetch it4 ,as for heat1 ,new ,york is ten times hotter2 and ,i once passed a whole summer in ,new ,york1 and was quite comfortable2 wasn't ,i1 papa8 ,then1 how any one can say that we shall have no one to speak to ,i cannot imagine4 ,here are four of us2 and ,i take perfect delight in talking to myself4 ,the most interesting conversations ,i ever had in my life were with ,miss ,isabel ,varney40 8,besides10 said a clear voice from the window1 8what we came to ,rome to see doesn't go away in the summer40 ,we all looked at ,bianca1 who had turned her head toward us to speak1 and was gazing out the window again1 the lace curtain wrapped about her like a bridal veil1 and the persienne half closed to shield her from the many eyes in the piazza4 8,may ,i ask what you came to see80 inquired a visitor1 who always tried to make this silent one talk4 ,she only half turned to answer4 8,the ,holy ,father2 the shrines and homes of the saints2 all the holy1 and all the beautiful1 and all the famous places here2 and the skies that are above them4 ,and1 again1 the ,holy ,father4 ,he is the ,christian ,prometheus1 bound to the ,vatican as to a rock1 and we are a little chorus of ,american ,oceanides who are come to bewail him1 and who have no mind to go away for pleasure40 8,brava60 said papa4 8,and as for the #8proper thing1' 0 said another member of the family1 8we have bored ourselves to death all winter trying to do that40 8,besides10 struck in ,isabel1 with a bright thought1 8we want to learn the language2 and that we never could do going about from place to place4 ,here we can sit down quietly1 and study the four or five hundred irregular verbs at our leisure1 and settle the genders of things1 and learn to pronounce properly all their undulating and circuitous strings of vowels and the little curly tails to their ridiculous words40 8,don't include me in your class1 if you please10 ,mr4 ,varney said4 8,i would as soon shave off my hair and wear a wig as drop my own language and speak another4 ,i shall speak ,english when ,i say anything2 and if people do not understand me1 it will not be my fault4 ,we can always find interpreters2 and ,i do not approve of--of--er--of deserting your own tongue for another10 he concluded rather weakly1 not having measured his strength before commencing this speech4 ,the truth was that he never did approve of anything which cost him the least effort2 but we listened as gravely as if we believed him to be actuated by the most heroic patriotism4 8,you are quite right1 papa10 ,isabel said emphatically4 8,still1 since interpreters may not always be honest1 you know1 it is better that some of us should understand and be able to protect the family40 8,you will not find the verbs so difficult as you may imagine10 remarked an ,italian4 8,the irregularities are chiefly in the preterite4 ,preterites are always ragged4 ,they are never a part of the original language1 ,i think1 but were interpolated when it was discovered that a nicer expression of thought was needed2 and then the grammarians had to accommodate themselves to circumstances1 and use what was left4 ,you will take pleasure in learning so musical a language1 ,miss ,isabel40 8,oh6 ,i think ,english quite as musical as ,italian10 replied the young woman with composure4 8,when you speak it1 signorina10 said the ,italian1 after a momentary pause of astonishment4 8,i find the phrases and words ,i learned in music very useful10 she continued4 8,the other day ,i said #8allegro1 ma non troppo1' to the coachman1 and he drove perfectly4 ,that is on millions of pieces of music1 you know1 papa4 ,it quite pleased me to talk to a coachman as if he were a fugue4 ,and when ,i said #8andante1' he actually put down the brake40 8,but you know we were going downhill then1 ,bella10 remarked her sister4 8,i can make the servants understand perfectly well10 continued ,isabel4 8,but in churches and galleries1 and catacombs1 and such places1 the people are very stupid40 ,this is the way in which ,miss ,isabel ,varney made the servants understand perfectly3 8,angelina10 she would say to the donna1 in ,english1 8,i want you to black my thick walkingboots4 ,the dust has made them look dingy4 ,but first bring me another pitcher of water4 ,it is strange that in a city that would be a lake if all its aqueducts were to burst at once one cannot get more than a quart of water at a time4 ,make haste1 now1 for ,i wish to go out immediately40 ,angelina stood immovable1 a picture of distressful doubt4 ,the time had gone past when she would have ventured to remind her mistress that ,english had not been included in her education4 8,oh6 to be sure10 says ,isabel4 8,what a bother it is when one is in a hurry6 ,what is the ,italian for water1 ,bianca8 ,acqua8 ,well1 ,angelina1 bring me some acqua40 ,the donna began to lift her apron toward her eyes4 8,apportez moi some acqua60 said her mistress distinctly and authoritatively4 ,the donna shrank back4 8,signorina mia10 she began pitifully4 8,don't talk60 cried the young lady4 8,what is the use of your talking to me when ,i cannot understand a word you say8 ,it is too absurd4 ,besides1 it is the servant's place to obey without speaking4 ,bianca1 do look in the dictionary for the ,italian for wish or will1 the strongest word you can get2 then in the grammar for the first person1 singular1 indicative of it--or1 no1 the imperative4 ,and be quick1 or ,i never shall get out4 ,voglio8 ,angelina1 ,i voglio a pitcher of acqua--what is the word for quickly8 ,vitement8 ,no4 ,that isn't ,italian4 ,it must be vita4 ,that is an ,italian word1 ,i know1 and it sounds as if it meant quickly4 ,angelina1 ,i voglio acqua vita40 8,si1 si1 signorina60 exclaimed the poor little donna1 and ran off1 glad to get out of the room4 8,and1 after all1 she hasn't taken the pitcher10 said ,isabel4 8,but may be she will bring a pailful4 ,she knew quite well that ,i was finding fault because we have so little4 ,they understand what we say1 ,i'm sure they do4 ,their ignorance is all a pretence40 ,five minutes passed1 and ten minutes2 and when the young lady had exhausted herself in impatient exclamations1 ,angelina entered the chamber1 all out of breath1 but smiling in confident triumph1 and placed in her hand a bottle on which was an apothecary's label with acquavite neatly inscribed on it4 ,there was a bersagliere passing the house at that moment2 and ,i have always thought ,i would like to know if he ever suspected that the hand of a papalina flung that bottle which alighted safely on the great tuft of flying feathers in his hat4 ,i am sure that if the bottle had contained anything but acquavite1 the military would have been called out4 ,this feat accomplished1 ,miss ,isabel seized the empty waterpitcher1 and thrust it into the hands of the frightened girl with one word1 8,acqua60 uttered in a tone which proved her to have tragical abilities4 ,angelina returned in a trice with the water1 and found her mistress standing in the middle of the room1 with a stern countenance1 and a dictionary in her hand4 8,now1 nero my guadagno40 ,the girl lifted her eyes to the ceiling4 8,profitto1 ,i mean10 was the hasty correction4 ,tears rolled down ,angelina's cheeks4 8,it couldn't be that boot is stivale60 said the young woman in a low tone to a third person in the room4 8,that sounds as if it meant something threecornered40 8,you might try10 was the suggestion4 8,stivale80 demanded the young woman of the donna4 8,si1 signorina10 said the girl eagerly1 glancing at the articles in question4 8,well1 nero my stivale10 ordered the mistress haughtily4 8,o ,dio mio60 sobbed ,angelina4 ,isabel lost all patience and dignity4 ,she flew at the boots and caught them in one hand1 flew at the toilettable and snatched her toothbrush in the other1 then1 rushing at the terrified donna1 performed before her face a furious pantomime of polishing her boots with the toothbrush4 8,capisco60 cried ,angelina joyfully4 8,it is worse than ,robinson ,crusoe with his man ,friday10 sighed ,isabel1 sinking1 exhausted1 into a chair4 8,these scenes are positively ruining my disposition4 ,you know1 ,bianca1 ,i used to have a very good temper1 and the servants at home were always fond of me4 ,but here ,i am becoming a scold and a fury4 ,we must get settled in another apartment1 and have a teacher right away40 ,a cool summer apartment was found near the ,esquiline1 a teacher engaged1 and our parting friends went their several ways1 taking doleful leave of us4 ,and here it may not be amiss to make the reader better acquainted with the family who desire the pleasure of his acquaintance and company for a time4 ,mr4 ,varney1 the son of a ,boston merchant1 had1 when he was young and venturesome1 made a voyage to ,spain in one of his father's ships4 ,the ship came back without him2 but1 after six months' absence1 he returned1 bringing with him a young ,spanish wife1 whom he had wooed and won during that brief visit4 ,she lived only ten years1 pining ever for the sunny land of her birth1 and dropped away finally before they had begun to fear that she was dying1 leaving two daughters1 ,bianca and ,isabel4 ,her death quite uprooted her husband from his accustomed life1 and gave him a shock from which he never recovered4 ,he had always promised1 and had meant1 to take her back to ,spain2 but1 between the calls of business and a habit of procrastination1 had put off the visit from year to year till it was too late4 ,then the ,new ,england which had killed her became distasteful to him1 and1 after lingering a few years to settle up his business1 he went abroad for an indefinite time1 taking his daughters with him4 ,he seemed to fancy that by this tardy journey he was proving to his wife his regret and the sincerity of his promises4 ,they avoided ,spain1 however1 unwilling to hasten at once to that land which she had longed in vain to see4 ,there was even an idea of selfexile and punishment in going so near without touching its beautiful shores4 ,they visited ,england and ,france1 then came directly to ,rome4 8,i do not believe that we shall ever go away from ,italy for any length of time10 ,bianca said4 8,it is the true land of the lotos1 and we have eaten of the charmed plant40 8,would you like to live here always80 her father asked1 looking earnestly at her4 ,there was a certain pensive melancholy in her face and attitude which constantly drew his anxious regards4 8,yes60 she answered slowly4 8,i think ,bianca is changed from what she used to be10 he said afterward to one of the family4 8,it seems to me that ,i remember her gay and bright1 like ,isabel2 but she has grown quiet and gentle1 little by little1 and so gradually that ,i do not know when the change began40 ,the person whom he addressed tried to give him the comfort and reassurance which his anxiety evidently pleaded for4 ,she pointed out that one had but to look at the two girls to see at once the difference in their temperaments2 that ,isabel's shorter and more compact form proved a stronger and more aggressive vitality than her sister's willowy slenderness was capable of2 that the very shape of their faces--a delicate oval in the one and a full oval in the other--was another proof of difference2 and that1 moreover1 ,bianca1 being the elder1 had been of an age to be impressed by her mother's death1 while ,isabel was still too young4 8,and ,i find yet another reason10 the comforter continued1 turning mentor4 8,your frequentlyexpressed regret for your wife1 and the habit you have of referring to her love for ,spain and her homesickness1 cannot fail to sadden so sensitive a heart as ,bianca's1 while ,isabel thinks that it is merely a #8way you have got into1' as she would express it40 ,it was1 perhaps1 rather a severe speech2 but when a person contracts a habit of making a mournful luxury of his troubles1 and of perpetually setting up his mourning standard beside the red1 white1 and blue of those who at least try to be cheerful1 it does no harm to let him know that the effect is not enlivening4 ,well1 we were settled in our summer quarters1 and had just finished our first dinner there1 when the historian of the party made a prudent suggestion4 8,since we are beginning a new life with new people1 ,i think that we should have a clear understanding about everything1 so as to save trouble at the end10 she said4 ,her ears were still ringing with the din of battle which had accompanied their exit from their former home--the loud voice of the padrona demanding payment for broken chairs and tables that had dropped in pieces the first time they were touched2 the vociferous porter1 who insisted on having money because he had snatched ,isabel's reticule from her hand1 in spite of her1 and carried it a dozen steps2 the small but very shrill boy1 whom they had no recollection of ever having seen before1 and who wanted to be paid for they knew not what2 the hysterical donna1 who expected that her heart1 lacerated because her services had not been reengaged1 would be soothed by the gift of a few extra lire2 and a halfdozen beggars crying for 8qualche cosa40 ,and so 8it might be as well to have everything arranged at the beginning10 remarked this prudent person4 8,i settled about the furniture before you came in to dinner10 ,isabel said4 8,i had the whole family up1 and before their eyes1 with papa as witness1 ,i shook and leaned on every table and cabinet1 and sat down in every chair as hard as ,i could4 ,two chairs dropped1 and are taken out for repair1 which will cost us nothing4 ,and ,i have ordered out all the paper bouquets with tall glass cases over them1 and all the ornamental cups and saucers4 ,but ,i think we may as well tell them that if they send begging people up to us1 we will deduct what we give from the rent4 ,papa says he has made a careful reckoning1 and finds that if we give a soldo to each ragged beggar in the street1 and half a lira to each welldressed beggar who comes up1 we shall be ourselves reduced to beggary in six months40 ,bianca turned round on the pianostool1 her face full of expostulation4 8,oh6 but those dear ,capuchins60 she exclaimed4 8,it isn't likely that ,i meant to refuse a ,capuchin10 answered ,isabel indignantly4 8,they are an exception2 and so are all religious4 ,no one can say that religion costs them much in ,italy4 ,i am ashamed to give so little and receive so much40 8,having an understanding at the beginning will make no sort of difference at the end10 ,mr4 ,varney said4 8,every stranger here expects to have a fight with the family he is leaving4 ,it is a part of the play which cannot be left out by particular request1 like the ,prince of ,denmark out of ,hamlet4 ,let us put off explanations till they are forced on us4 ,i would like1 though1 to say a word or two to ,giuseppe about the table40 ,giuseppe was a new servant1 whom we considered ourselves very fortunate in engaging1 as he not only spoke ,english1 but had lived in ,england several months1 and might therefore be supposed to know something of ,anglo,saxon ways4 ,he came in immediately4 8,there are two or three directions which ,i wish to give once for all1 ,giuseppe10 ,mr4 ,varney said in his slow1 languid way4 8,i hope you will remember them1 for ,i do not like to repeat orders40 8,yes1 sir60 said ,giuseppe1 with a stiffness of bow and attitude oddly in contrast with his sparkling ,italian face4 8,in the first place10 resumed his master1 8when ,i say that ,i want breakfast1 or dinner1 or the carriage at a certain hour1 ,i mean that time precisely1 and not an hour or a halfhour later1 nor even five minutes later40 ,a second bow and 8,yes1 sir60 worthy of ,may ,fair4 ,mr4 ,varney went on argumentatively1 bringing his fingers into play3 8,secondly1 ,i want my wine brought in with the seals unbroken4 ,if ,i find a single bottle of the wine ,i have put up opened1 ,i will0--he paused for a suitable threat4 8,break the bottle over your head10 struck in ,isabel4 8,remember1 papa1 all the watered wine we have paid for1 and don't be too mild4 ,remember the horrible stuff for which we paid three times the market price all last winter4 ,don't be too mild4 ,you may depend upon it1 ,giuseppe1 we shall not permit of any tampering with wine1 or fruit1 or candles1 or anything4 ,we have had too much of that40 8,yes1 miss60 says ,giuseppe4 8,i hate to be called #8miss1' 0 remarked the young lady4 8,call me signorina4 ,of all titles ,i think miss the most disagreeable4 ,and ,mrs4 and ,mr4 are not much better4 ,the ,italian language has that one advantage1 ,i will own40 8,be careful about the fruit you give us10 ,mr4 ,varney went on4 8,we want ripe fruit4 ,the figs today were not quite perfect4 ,figs10 said ,mr4 ,varney with solemn deliberation--8figs should be just right1 or they are good for nothing4 ,when they are just right1 there is nothing better1 and you can give them to us three times a day4 ,they must be ripe1 but not too ripe2 finegrained1 but not salvy2 cool1 crisp1 intensely sweet1 and on the point of bursting open1 but not quite broken40 ,giuseppe forgot his ,english training long enough to inquire1 8,hadn't you better speak to the trees about it1 sir80 8,that will do10 ,mr4 ,varney concluded with dignity4 8,i have no more to say now4 ,you can go40 ,the setting sun1 shining on the new walls opposite1 was reflected into our drawingroom1 lighting it beautifully1 touching ,mr4 ,varney's gray hair and pleasant face1 as he sat in a huge1 yellow armchair by the window and diving into ,isabel's bright eyes1 as she leaned on his shoulder1 and looked over with him the ,diario ,romano1 trying to make out the holy days4 8,here is the anniversary of the coronation of ,pius ,,ix410 she said4 8,i wonder if we shall be arrested if we wear yellow roses in our hats1 ,bianca80 ,mr4 ,varney pored awhile over the book in his hand1 and presently asked1 with a general inquiring glance about the room1 8,does anybody know what time of day or night twentythree o'clock is8 ,here is a function announced to begin at twentythree o'clock4 ,do people go to church at that hour8 ,i should think it would be very late at night40 8,it might be some time the next day10 suggested a member of the family4 ,the gentleman arranged his glasses1 and looked puzzled4 8,then1 when a function is announced for twentythree o'clock on ,wednesday1 it takes place at some hour on ,thursday10 he said4 ,no one ventured either to acquiesce or to dissent1 and it was concluded to put this difficulty on the list of questions we were making out for our ,italian teacher to answer the next morning4 8,he will be such a convenience to us60 ,isabel said4 8,people assure me that he knows everything1 and is never at loss for an answer40 ,mr4 ,varney took a pinch of snuff4 ,he had always shown an inclination toward that indulgence1 but had not dared to yield to it in ,america4 ,now1 however1 with such eminent examples constantly before his eyes1 he could carry his snuffbox1 not only with impunity1 but with a kind of pride4 8,have you reflected1 my daughter10 he asked1 8that your ,italian teacher knows not a word of ,english1 and that1 since you cannot very well fly at him1 as you could at ,angelina1 and extract his meaning at the sword's point1 his explanations1 however excellent they may be1 are not likely to profit you much for some time to come80 8,oh6 we will make out some way10 she replied carelessly4 8,one can always understand a clever person4 ,besides1 if worse comes to worse1 ,i don't know why ,i shouldn't fly at him1 if necessary4 ,he will be paid for his time2 and one can always scold a person whom one pays40 ,the last sunray faded away1 and the golden globe of the new moon shone out over ,santa ,maria ,maggiore1 shining so low and full in the transparent sky that one almost feared it might strike the tower or domes of that dearest of churches in passing1 and break itself like a bubble4 ,we were silent a little while1 then ,mr4 ,varney said1 8,sing us that song you are humming1 my darling40 ,when he said 8my darling10 he always meant ,bianca4 ,she made a motion to put away the musicsheet before her1 and take another1 but replaced it2 and presently we heard her low voice1 which half sang1 half spoke1 the words3 8,friend1 the way is steep and lonely1 ,thickly grows the rue2 ,all around are shadows only3 ,may ,i walk with you8 8,not too near2 for1 oh6 your going ,is upon the heights1 ,where the airs of heaven are blowing ,through the morning lights4 8,dare ,i brush the dews that glisten ,all about your feet8 ,can ,i listen where you listen8 ,meet the sights you meet8 8,not too far--,i faint at missing ,you from out my way4 ,vain is then the glory kissing ,all the peaks of day2 8,vain are all the laughing showers ,leading in the spring2 ,all the summer green and flowers1 ,all the birds that sing4 8,at your side my way is clearest3 ,tell me ,i may stay6 ,not too near--and yet1 my dearest1 ,not too far away60 8,what does it mean80 asked ,mr4 ,varney4 8,it seems to me very obscure40 8,oh6 a song isn't expected to mean anything but melody10 somebody answered rather hastily4 8,all that is required of the lines is that they should be of the proper length4 ,sing the other1 ,bianca--the one ,i looked over to day40 ,the speaker knew that nothing suited ,mr4 ,varney so well as a genuine love song4 ,bianca sang 8,o roses dewy1 roses red and sweet6 ,tinting with your hues the summer air1 ,give my cheeks your blushes1 give my mouth your breathing1 ,add such rounded beauty as is meet1 ,wrap me in the graces all your tendrils wreathing2 ,for he loves me1 and ,i would be fair4 8,o sunshine1 playing with the swinging vine1 ,sift your gold through all my dusky hair1 ,gild each braid and ringlet with a softened glimmer1 ,hint the crown his love has rendered mine4 ,than the brightest eyes1 oh6 let not mine be dimmer2 ,for he loves me1 and ,i would be fair4 8,o lilies6 in a drift of scented snow1 ,willing all your sweetness to immure ,in a leafy cloister1 waves alone caressing1 ,give my soul your whiteness ere ye go1 ,that its stainless beauty be to him a blessing2 ,for he loves me1 and ,i would be pure4 8,o faithful stars6 ,i pray ye1 touch me so ,with the virtue given unto you ,that ,i fail him never1 living1 nor yet dying1 ,howsoe'er the days may come and go1 ,with a steadfast tenderness his life supplying2 ,for he loves me1 and ,i would be true40 ,the first stroke of the ,ave ,maria broke off the last chord of the song1 and there was silence in the room till the bells had sung their evening chorus4 ,matter4 ,,vi4 ,constitution of bodies4--,we have hitherto explained and vindicated those facts and principles which experience and reason point out to us as the true foundations of a sound philosophical theory of matter4 ,we are now prepared to examine the muchvexed question of the constitution of bodies2 nor are we deterred from our undertaking by the very common belief that the essence of matter is1 and will ever be1 an impenetrable mystery2 for although the different schools of philosophy have long disputed about the subject without being able to agree in their conclusions1 we are confident that these very conclusions1 every one of which contains a portion of truth1 will afford us the means of reaching the true and complete solution of the question4 ,the opinions at present entertained by philosophers about the constitution of matter may be reduced to the three following3 ,some affirm that the first constituents of natural bodies are the first matter and the substantial form1 as explained by ,aristotle and by his followers4 ,this view1 which reigned supreme for centuries1 we shall call the scholastic solution of the question4 ,others affirm1 on the contrary1 that the first constituents of bodies are simple elements1 or points of matter1 acting on each other from a certain distance1 and thus forming dynamical systems of different natures according to their number1 powers1 and geometrical arrangement4 ,this second view1 which1 after ,boscovich1 found a great number of advocates1 we shall call the dynamic solution of the question4 ,finally1 others affirm that the first constituents of bodies are molecules1 or chemical atoms4 ,this view1 based entirely on chemical considerations1 originated with ,dalton1 of ,manchester1 early in the present century1 and it was very favorably received by all men of science as the true interpretation of chemical facts4 ,this third view we shall call the atomic solution of the question4 ,the investigation of the grounds on which these three solutions are supported will soon convince us that none of them can be entirely rejected1 as each of them has some foundation in truth4 ,to begin with the scholastic solution1 all true philosophers know that ,god alone is a pure act2 whence it follows that all creatures essentially consist of act and potency4 ,this act and this potency1 when there is question of material things1 are called the substantial form and the matter4 ,it is therefore an evident truth that material substance is essentially constituted of matter and substantial form4 ,against this doctrine nothing can be objected by the advocates of the dynamic or of the atomic solution4 ,on the other hand1 the doctrine which teaches that bodies are made up of chemical atoms1 or molecules1 which have a definite nature and combine in definite numbers1 is very satisfactorily established by experimental science2 and nothing can be objected against it by speculative philosophers4 ,but1 to prevent misconceptions1 we must observe that this theory does not consider the chemical atoms as absolutely indivisible1 or as absolutely primitive1 or as so many pieces of continuous matter4 ,the word 8atom0 in chemistry signifies the least possible quantity of any natural substance known to us4 ,atoms are chemical equivalents4 ,their chemical indivisibility1 on account of which they are called 8atoms10 is a fact of experience2 but they are absolutely divisible1 owing to their physical composition2 for we know by the balance that atoms of different substances contain different quantities of matter2 and their vibrations1 change of size1 and variations of chemical activity with the variation of circumstances1 unmistakably show that their mass is a sum of units substantially independent of one another1 though naturally connected together by mutual actions in one dynamical system4 ,their matter is therefore discrete1 not continuous4 ,as to the doctrine of simple and unextended elements1 we have no need of saying anything in particular in this place1 as such a doctrine is a simple corollary of the thesis concerning the impossibility of continuous matter1 which we have fully developed in our last article4 ,from these remarks it will be seen that to the question1 ,what are the primitive constituents of bodies8 three answers may be given1 and each of them true1 if properly interpreted1 as we shall presently explain4 ,thus it is true1 in a strictly metaphysical sense1 that the primitive constituents of bodies are the matter and the substantial form2 it is true again1 in a certain other sense1 that the primitive constituents of bodies are chemical atoms2 and it is true also1 in a still different sense1 that the primitive constituents of bodies are simple and unextended elements4 ,hence the scholastic solution does not necessarily clash with the atomic1 nor does this latter exclude the dynamic1 but all three may stand together in perfect harmony1 or rather they are required by the very nature of the question1 in the same manner as three solutions are required by the nature of a problem whose conditions give rise to an equation of the third degree4 ,the duty1 therefore1 of a philosopher1 when he has to handle this subject1 is not to resort to one of the three solutions in order to attack the others1 as it is the fashion to do1 but to investigate how the three can be reconciled1 and how truth in its fulness can be attained to by their conjunction4 ,this may appear difficult to those whose philosophical bias in favor of a longcherished opinion prevents them from looking at things in more than one manner2 but those whose mind is free from prejudice and exclusiveness will readily acknowledge that whilst the atomists determine the constituents of bodies by chemical analysis1 the dynamists1 on the contrary1 determine those constituents by mechanical analysis1 and the scholastics by metaphysical analysis4 ,now1 these analyses do not exclude one another2 they rather prepare the way to one another4 ,hence their results cannot exclude one another1 but rather lead to one another1 and give by their union a fuller expression of truth4 ,if we ask of an atomist1 8,what are the primitive constituents of a mass of gold80 he will answer that they are the atoms1 or the molecules1 of gold1 as chemistry teaches him4 ,this answer is very good1 as it points out the first specific principles of the compound body2 for we cannot go further and resolve the molecule without destroying the specific nature of gold4 ,for this reason the atomist1 when he has reached the atoms of gold1 stops there1 and declares that the analysis cannot go further4 ,he evidently refers to the chemical analysis4 ,if now we ask a dynamist1 8,what are the primitive constituents of a mass of gold80 he will answer that they are the simple elements of which the molecules of gold are made up4 ,this answer1 too1 is very good1 as it points out the first physical principles of the compound body2 for we cannot go further and resolve the simple element without destroying the physical being4 ,for this reason the dynamist1 when he has reached the simple elements1 stops there1 and declares that the analysis can go no further4 ,of course he means the physical analysis4 ,let us now ask of a schoolman1 8,what are the primitive constituents of a mass of gold40 ,he will answer that they are the substantial form and the matter1 as the last terms obtained by the metaphysical analysis of substance4 ,this last answer also is very good1 as it points out the first metaphysical principles of substance4 ,it should1 however1 be borne in mind that this answer does not apply to the mass of the body as such1 nor to its molecules1 but only to each primitive element contained in the mass and in the molecules of the body1 as we shall fully explain in another place4 ,when he has reached the substantial form and the matter1 the schoolman stops there1 and declares that the analysis can go no further4 ,he means the metaphysical analysis1 which resolves the physical being into metaphysical realities incapable of further resolution4 ,it is manifest that these three answers1 however different1 do not clash with one another4 ,accordingly1 the atomist1 the dynamist1 and the schoolman may all agree in teaching truth1 while they give different answers4 ,the fact is1 they do not look at the question from the same point of view1 and1 rigorously speaking1 they solve different questions4 ,the first answers the question1 ,what are the first specific principles of gold or the first golden particles2 and he affirms that they are the molecules or atoms of gold4 ,the second answers the question1 ,what are the first physical principles of such golden particles8 and he affirms that they are unextended elements or primitive substances4 ,the third answers the question1 ,what are the first metaphysical principles of those primitive substances8 and he affirms that they are the matter and the substantial form4 ,this being the case1 it may be asked how it came to pass that the atomic1 the dynamic1 and the scholastic solutions have hitherto been considered as irreconcilable4 ,we reply that the three solutions would never have been held irreconcilable1 if their advocates had kept within reasonable limits in the expression of their views4 ,but as philosophers1 like other people1 are often exclusive1 narrowminded1 and ready to oppose whatever comes from a school which is not their own1 it frequently happens that they are too easily satisfied with a partial possession of truth1 and disdain the views of others who regard truth under a different aspect4 ,by such a course1 instead of promoting1 they hinder1 the advance of philosophical knowledge2 and while fighting under the banner of a special school1 which they mistake for the banner of truth1 they allow themselves to be carried away by a spirit of contention1 the unyielding character of which is the greatest impediment in the way of philosophical progress4 ,the constitution of bodies is one of the subjects which1 unfortunately1 have been and are still handled by different schools with remarkable unfairness to one another4 ,the atomist fights against the dynamist1 and both despise the follower of the schoolman2 whilst the schoolman from the stronghold of his metaphysical castle looks superciliously on both1 confident that he will eventually drive them out of the field of philosophy4 ,this attitude of one school towards another is not worthy of men who profess to love truth4 ,if the atomistic philosopher cannot go beyond the chemical analysis1 we will allow him to stop there1 on condition1 however1 that he shall not claim a right to prevent others1 who may know better1 from proceeding to further investigations beyond the boundaries of chemistry4 ,in like manner1 if the dynamist cannot rise to the consideration of the metaphysical principles of substance1 let him be satisfied with the consideration of the primitive elements of matter1 and dispense with further inquiries2 but let him not interfere with the work of the metaphysician1 whose method and principles he does not understand4 ,as to the metaphysician himself1 we would warn him that1 however deeply conversant he may be with the general truths concerning the essential constituents of things1 he is nevertheless in danger of erring in their application to particular cases1 unless he tests his conclusions by the principles of chemical1 mechanical1 and physical science2 for it is from these sciences that we learn the true nature of the facts and laws of the material world2 and all metaphysical investigation about the constitution of bodies must prove a failure1 if it lacks the foundation of real facts and their correct interpretation4 ,it is obvious1 after all1 that truth cannot fight against truth2 and since we have shown that each of the three solutions above given contains a portion of truth1 we cannot reject any of them absolutely1 but we must discard that only which troubles their harmony1 and retain that through which they complete and confirm one another4 ,we therefore admit the substantial points of the three systems on the constitution of bodies1 and recognize the general principles on which they are established4 ,the analysis of bodies carried on through all its degrees leads to the following results3 ,first1 by analyzing the body chemically1 we find the atoms1 or molecules1 endowed with a determinate mass and with specific powers1 corresponding to the specific nature of the body4 ,such atoms are not absolutely indivisible1 though chemistry1 as yet1 cannot decompose them3 hence atoms are further analyzable4 ,secondly1 by analyzing the atom1 or the molecule1 we discover its components1 or primitive parts1 called primitive elements1 and primitive substances1 which are physically simple and unextended1 and concur in definite numbers to the constitution of definite molecular masses4 ,finally1 by analyzing the simple element or the primitive substance1 which can no longer be resolved into physical parts1 we find that such an element consists of act and potency1 or1 as we more frequently express ourselves1 of form and matter1 neither of which can exist separately1 as the first physical being which exists in nature is the substance arising from their conspiration4 ,accordingly the form and the matter of which the simple element consists are not physical1 but only metaphysical1 principles1 and they constitute a metaphysical1 not a physical1 compound4 ,these three conclusions are scientifically and philosophically certain2 and while they afford a sound basis to our reasonings on material objects1 they reconcile modern physics with the principles of old metaphysics4 ,we say with the principles1 not with the conclusions2 for we must own that the old metaphysicians1 owing to their insufficient knowledge of the laws of nature1 not unfrequently failed in the application of their principles to the interpretation of natural facts4 ,thus the chemical1 the dynamical1 and the scholastic views of the constitution of bodies cease to be antagonistic1 and each of the three schools is awarded all it can claim consistently with the rights of truth4 ,as we intend to speak hereafter more in detail of the constitution of bodies1 we shall content ourselves at present with these general remarks on the subject4 ,it is manifest from what precedes that bodies and molecules arise from simple elements1 and are substances1 not on account of their bodily or molecular composition1 but merely because their primitive physical components1 the elements1 are substances4 ,hence the question concerning the constitution of material substance1 as such1 does not necessarily require any further research after the constitution of bodies1 but may be directly settled by the consideration of the elements themselves4 ,we have already seen that the primitive elements of matter are rigorously unextended2 that each of them is endowed with activity1 passivity1 and inertia1 and is thus fitted to produce1 receive1 and conserve local movement2 and that the elementary activity1 whether attractive or repulsive1 is exercised in a sphere according to a permanent law4 ,and since the essential constitution of things must be gathered from their essential properties1 it is of the utmost importance for us to ascertain whether the principles of the material element may be fully determined by its known properties1 or whether the element may possess occult properties which1 if known1 would modify our notion of its principles2 for it is only after an adequate knowledge of its principle of activity1 of its principle of passivity1 and of the relation of the one to the other1 that we can safely pronounce a judgment about the essence of a primitive being4 ,we may ask1 therefore1 in the first place3 ,does a simple element possess any occult power besides its known power of attracting or repelling8 ,this question must be answered in the negative4 ,occult powers and occult qualities have been admitted by the ancient philosophers1 and are admitted even now1 in compound substances1 not because any unknown power resides in the first elements of which they are made up1 but because the manner of their composition1 and consequently the manner of determining the resultant of their elementary actions1 transcends our conception and baffles our calculations4 ,thus the phenomena of chemical affinity1 cohesion1 capillarity1 electricity1 and magnetism depend on actions which science cannot trace to their primitive causes--viz41 to the simple elements--but only to their proximate causes1 which are complex1 and1 as such1 follow different laws of causation corresponding to the different modes of their constitution4 ,before we are able to trace such phenomena to their simple and primitive causes1 it would be necessary to find out the intrinsic constitution of every molecule2 the number1 quality1 and arrangement of its constituent elements2 the arrangement and distance of the molecules in the body2 and the mathematical formulas by which every movement of each particle could be determined for every instant of time4 ,as this has not been done1 and will never be done1 the determination of the causality of molecular phenomena remains1 and will ever remain1 an insoluble problem1 and the complex power from which any such phenomenon proceeds remains1 and will ever remain1 unknown so far as it is the result of an unknown composition1 though we know1 at least in general1 the nature of the primitive powers from which it results4 ,in other terms1 there are no occult powers in matter1 but only unknown resultants of known primitive powers4 ,to prove this1 we observe that an occult power is to be admitted1 then1 only when a phenomenon occurs which cannot proceed from powers already known4 ,this is evident2 for1 when phenomena can be accounted for by known powers1 there is no ground for any inquiry about occult causes4 ,in other words1 to look for occult causes without data or indications on which to ground the induction1 is to propose to one's self a problem without conditions2 which no man in his senses would do4 ,now1 no phenomenon has been observed anywhere in material things which cannot proceed from the known powers of attraction and repulsion2 nay1 it is positively certain that all phenomena proceed from the same powers4 ,for each material point1 when acted on1 receives a determination to local movement1 and nothing else2 and therefore the effect of the action of matter upon matter is nothing but local movement1 one element approaching to or retiring from the other4 ,now1 this is precisely what attractive and repulsive powers are competent to do4 ,hence it is that in all the works of science and natural philosophy the causality of phenomena of every kind is uniformly traced to mere attractions and repulsions4 ,again1 if any occult power1 besides that of attracting or repelling1 be assumed to reside in a primitive element of matter1 such a power will remain idle for ever1 inasmuch as it will never be applicable to the production of natural phenomena4 ,on the other hand1 it is obvious that a power destined to remain idle for ever is an absurdity4 ,it is therefore absurd to assume that there is in the elements of matter any occult power besides that of attracting or repelling4 ,in this argument the minor proposition is evident1 because all active power is naturally destined to act2 whilst the major proposition is evidently inferred from the fact that matter has no passivity1 except with regard to local motion1 as is acknowledged by all philosophers1 and as we shall presently show from intrinsic reasons4 ,whence it follows that1 if there were in matter any hidden power not destined1 as the attractive and the repulsive are1 to produce local movement1 such a power would be absolutely useless1 as absolutely inapplicable to any other matter1 and would remain in this absurd condition for ever4 ,we need not1 therefore1 trouble ourselves with the absurd hypothesis of occult powers2 and we conclude1 accordingly1 that the principle of activity of a primitive element is merely attractive or repulsive1 as explained in one of our past articles4 ,it may be asked1 in the second place3 ,is the centre of a simple element to be identified with the principle of passivity of the element8 ,this question must be answered in the affirmative4 ,for the principle of passivity is that to which the action is terminated2 but the action of any one element of matter is terminated to the centre of any other element2 therefore the centre of any element is its principle of passivity4 ,the minor proposition of this syllogism might be proved by metaphysical considerations7#aef72 but we may prove it more clearly in the following manner3 ,locomotive action implies direction1 and no direction can be really taken in space except from a real point to another real point4 ,now1 that by which any two elements1 ,a and ,b1 mark out two distinct points in space1 is the centre of their sphere of action4 ,the direction of the action is therefore from the centre of ,a to the centre of ,b1 and vice versa--that is1 the action of the one is terminated to the centre of the other4 ,and thus it is evident that each single element receives the action of every other element in its central point1 which is1 accordingly1 the passive principle of the element4 ,this conclusion may be expressed in this other manner3 ,in a material element the matter 7passive principle7 is a point from which the action of the element is directed towards other points in space1 and to which the actions of other material points in space are directed4 ,we may remark1 also1 that material elements1 whilst they are always ready to receive movement from extrinsic agents1 cannot apply their own power to themselves1 because they are inert4 ,this being the case1 it obviously follows that the action of an extrinsic agent on an element is terminated there where the action of the element itself cannot be terminated4 ,now1 a little reflection will show that the centre of the element is just the point where the action of the element itself cannot be terminated4 ,for as locomotive action implies direction1 and as no direction can be had from the centre of activity to itself1 but only from a point to a distinct point1 the action of the element upon its own centre is a metaphysical impossibility4 ,whence we conclude that the principle of passivity1 or that in which the primitive element is liable to receive a determination to local movement1 is nothing else than the intrinsic term of its essence1 the centre from which it directs its action in a sphere1 or1 in other terms1 the matter itself as contradistinguished from the substantial form4 ,in the third place1 it may be asked3 ,can it be proved that a material element is susceptible of nothing but local movement8 ,we answer3 ,yes4 ,for we have shown that the passivity of the material element resides in a mere mathematical point1 which1 having no bulk1 cannot be liable to intrinsic changes1 and therefore is susceptible of such determinations only as will bring about a change of extrinsic relations4 ,it is hardly necessary to explain that such a change of extrinsic relations is always brought about by local movement2 for such relations either are distances or depend on distances2 and distances cannot be modified except by local movement4 ,it is thus manifest that material elements are susceptible of nothing but local movement4 ,hence the passivity of matter is confined to the reception of local movement alone4 ,from this wellknown truth we may again confirm our preceding solution of the question concerning occult powers4 ,for the activity and the passivity of a simple element essentially respond to one another in the same manner and with as strict a necessity as giving and receiving1 and since they spring from the principles of one and the same primitive essence1 they must belong to one and the same kind4 ,if1 then1 there were in the material elements any occult power besides that which produces local movement1 there would be also a correspondent passivity not destined to receive local movement2 for without this new passivity the occult power could not be exercised4 ,and since the passivity of matter is limited to the sole reception of local movement1 none but locomotive power can be admitted to reside in matter4 ,essence of material substance4--,we are now ready to answer with all desirable precision and clearness the question1 8,what is the essence of material substance80--a question not at all formidable1 when the active and the passive principle of matter have been properly defined and elucidated4 ,our answer is as follows3 ,the essence1 or quiddity1 of a thing is really nothing else than its nature2 hence if we know the principles which constitute the nature of the material element1 we know in fact the essence of material substance4 ,now1 the principles which constitute any given created nature are an act of a certain kind--that is1 a certain principle of activity2 and a corresponding potency--that is1 a corresponding principle of passivity4 ,whence we conclude that the principles of a material nature are the act by which such a nature is determined to act in a sphere and to cause local movement1 and the potency on account of which the same nature is liable to receive local movement4 ,and since the said act is called 8the substantial form10 and the said potency 8the matter10 we conclude that the essence of material substance consists of matter and substantial form4 ,this conclusion is by no means new2 it expresses1 on the contrary1 the universal doctrine of the ancient philosophers on the essence of material substance4 ,but it must be observed that we limit this doctrine to the essence of primitive elements1 which alone can be rigorously styled 8first substances10 whilst the ancients1 owing to their imperfect notions of natural things1 applied the same doctrine to compound substances1 which they believed to arise by substantial generation instead of material composition4 ,thus our conclusion is more guarded and less comprehensive than that of the old metaphysicians4 ,moreover1 the ancient philosophers1 who did not know the primitive elements1 but assumed the continuity of matter1 could not picture to themselves the intellectual notions of matter and substantial form in a sensible manner1 and certainly were unable to find any true sensible image of them2 and for this reason their speculations about the essence of material substance remained imperfect and their explanations obscure and unsatisfactory4 ,we1 on the contrary1 thanks to the investigations and discoveries made in the last centuries1 have the advantage of knowing that all matter is subject to gravitation1 and acts in a sphere according to a constant and very simple law1 which presides over the molecular and chemical no less than the astronomical phenomena2 and we are thus enabled to form a true and genuine conception of the matter and form of the primitive element1 founded on ascertained facts1 and free from false or incongruous imaginations4 ,hence the words 8matter0 and 8form10 as employed by us1 have such a clear and precise sense that no room is left for their misinterpretation4 ,we therefore know1 and clearly too1 the essence of primitive material substance1 whatever may be said to the contrary by some admirers of the old philosophy1 who spurn the discoveries of modern physics1 or by some modern thinkers1 who revile all metaphysical analysis as mere rubbish4 ,the essential definition of material substance1 as such1 is therefore the following3 ,material substance is a being fit to cause and receive merely local motion4 ,this definition is fuller than the one adopted by the ancients1 who defined matter to be 8a movable being0--,ens mobile4 ,of course1 when they spoke of a 8movable0 being1 the ancients referred to 8local0 movement2 but1 as there are movements of some other kinds1 none of which can be produced or received by matter1 we prefer to keep the epithet 8local0 as prominent as possible in our definition1 and we add the adverb 8merely0 as a further limitation required by the nature of the subject4 ,the old definition mentions nothing but the mobility of matter4 ,this is owing to the fact that the ancients had no notion of universal attraction1 and considered the activity of material substance as dependent on movement1 according to their axiom3 ,nihil movet nisi motum4 ,but as we know1 on the one hand1 that the specific differences of things must be derived from their formal rather than from their material constitution1 and1 on the other1 as the constituent form of the material element is an efficient principle of local motion1 we include in the definition of matter its aptitude both to produce and to receive local motion 8as the complete specific difference0 which distinguishes material substance from any other being whatever4 ,it seems to us that our definition of matter wants neither clearness nor precision4 ,indeed1 we would be unable to make it clearer or more accurate2 and as for its soundness1 let our readers1 who have hitherto followed our reasonings1 judge for themselves4 ,in the opinion of most modern philosophers1 the essence of matter consists of extension and resistance4 ,from what has preceded it is evident that this opinion is utterly false4 ,extension is not a property of matter as such1 but only of physical compounds containing a multitude of distinct material points2 and1 even in this case1 it is not the matter1 but the volume1 or the place circumscribed by the extreme terms of the body1 that can be styled 8extended10 as we have shown in our last article4 ,as to resistance1 it suffices to remark that no accidental act belongs to the essence of substance2 hence resistance1 which is an accidental act1 cannot enter into the definition of matter4 ,some will say that1 if not resistance1 at least the power of resisting1 belongs to the essence of matter4 ,but not even this is true4 ,the material element has the power of attracting or of repelling2 but such a power cannot be considered as formally resisting4 ,resistance is a particular case of repulsion1 when the agent by its repulsive exertion gradually lessens and exhausts the velocity of an approaching mass of matter2 but resistance may also be a particular case of attraction1 inasmuch as the agent by its attractive exertion gradually lessens and exhausts the velocity of a mass of matter receding from it4 ,hence all material substance has a motive power1 either attractive or repulsive2 but neither of them can be described as a resisting power2 for attractivity does not resist the movement of an approaching body1 nor does repulsivity resist the movement of a receding body4 ,it is scarcely necessary to add that the notion of a resisting power essential to matter is a remnant of the old prejudice consisting in the belief that1 when two bodies come in contact1 the matter of the one precludes1 by its materiality1 bulk1 and inertia1 the further advance of the other4 ,nothing is more common1 with the followers of the ancient theories1 than the assumption that the matter of bodies by its quantity and by its occupation of space resists the passage of any other matter4 ,we have shown elsewhere that resistance is action1 and therefore is not owing to the inert matter standing in the way of the approaching body1 but to the active power of which the inert matter is the centre4 ,to complete our elucidation of the essential definition of matter1 something remains to be said about the inertia of material substance4 ,we shall see that inertia is not a constituent1 but only a result of the constitution1 of matter2 whence it follows that no mention of inertia is needed in the essential definition of material substance4 ,in fact1 the notion of this substance includes nothing but the essential act and the essential term1 that is1 the principle of activity and the principle of passivity1 both concerned with local motion only4 ,to have a principle of activity and a principle of passivity is in the nature of all created substances1 and constitutes their generic entity2 hence the mention of these two principles in our definition serves to point out the genus of material substance2 whilst the intrinsic ordination of the same principles to local motion serves to point out the essential difference which separates matter from any other substance4 ,inertia4--,many confound the inertia of matter with its passivity1 and consider inertia as one of the essential constituents of matter4 ,it is not difficult1 however1 to show that inertia and passivity are two distinct properties4 ,those who reduce the principles of real being to an act and a term1 without taking notice of its essential complement17#aeg7 reduce in fact the intrinsic properties of real being to activity and passivity1 the one proceeding from the act1 and the other from the potential term2 and thus the inertia of matter1 for which they cannot account by any distinct principle1 is considered by them as an attribute of matter identical with1 or at least involved in1 its real passivity4 ,the truth is that1 as the act and the potency1 which constitute the essence of a material being1 are the formal source of its actuality1 so also the activity connatural to that act1 and the passivity connatural to that potency1 are the formal source of the inertia by which the same being is characterized4 ,this will be easily understood by a glance at the nature of inertia4 ,that inertia is not passivity is clear enough2 for passivity is the potentiality of receiving an impression from without1 whereas inertia is the incapability of receiving an impression from within2 passivity is that on account of which matter receives the determination to move1 whereas inertia is that on account of which matter cannot change that determination1 but is obliged to obey it1 by moving with the received velocity in the given direction4 ,the determination to move is received only while the agent acts1 that is1 as long as the passivity is being actuated1 and no longer2 whereas the movement itself1 which follows such a determination1 continues1 owing to inertia1 without need of continuing the action1 so that1 if all further action were to cease1 the moving matter1 owing to its inertia1 would persevere in its movement for ever4 ,moreover1 whence does the passivity and whence does the inertia of matter proceed8 ,matter is passive1 because its substantial term1 whose reality entirely depends on actuation1 is still actuable or potential with regard to accidental acts4 ,passivity is therefore nothing but the further actuability of the substantial term2 whilst1 on the contrary1 matter is inert1 because its substantial act and its substantial term are so related to one another that the motive power possessed by the former can never terminate its action to the latter2 for this is the only reason why a material element cannot modify the determinations which it receives from without4 ,hence inertia is nothing but the result of the special relation intervening between the principle of activity and the principle of passivity in the constitution of material substance2 or1 in other terms1 inertia is a corollary of the essential correlation of form and matter1 and1 therefore1 is to be traced1 not1 as passivity1 to the essential term of the substance1 but to its essential complement4 ,this shows that1 in the phrase matter is inert1 the word 8matter0 stands for the material substance itself1 and not for the matter1 or potential term1 which is under the substantial form1 and whose character is passivity4 ,the question we have here discussed may seem of very little importance2 yet we had to give its solution1 not only because the confusion of distinct notions is a source of difficulties and sophisms1 but also because the given solution confirms the necessity of admitting the essential complement as the third principle of real being1 and because in spiritual substances there is passivity1 though not inertia2 which shows how indispensable is our duty of distinguishing between the two4 ,from the preceding remarks we infer also that inertia belongs to the essence of material substance1 not1 however1 as a constituent principle1 but only as something implied in the nature of its constituent principles4 ,as it is impossible to alter the nature of such principles without destroying the essence of matter1 so also it is impossible for matter to cease to be inert so long as its essence remains unchanged4 ,in a word1 noninert matter is a metaphysical impossibility4 ,lastly1 we may add that inertia does not admit of degrees2 and therefore all material elements are equally inert4 ,in fact1 when we say that matter is inert1 we mean1 as has been explained1 that material substance is entirely and absolutely incapable of imparting motion to itself4 ,now1 absolute incapacity is perfect incapacity1 and does not admit of degrees4 ,hence we may find in different bodies more or less of inert matter1 but not more or less of inertia4 ,this is true also of the passivity of matter2 that is1 we may find in different bodies more or less of passive matter1 but not more or less of passivity2 for passivity1 as consisting in an absolute liability to accidental actuation1 cannot admit of degrees4 ,a few conclusions4--,it may be useful1 and may prove satisfactory to our readers1 to cast a glance over the ground we have trodden and the results so far reached4 ,the sum and substance of the doctrine which we have endeavored to establish is contained in the following propositions3 ,i4 ,matter is not continuous1 nor divisible in infinitum1 nor has it any intrinsic quantity connected in any manner with its essential constitution4 ,,ii4 ,all bodies are ultimately made up of primitive elements1 physically simple and unextended1 which being reached1 the physical division of bodies cannot go further4 ,,iii4 ,the primordial molecules1 or socalled 8atoms10 of all substances are so many systems of simple elements dynamically bound with one another by mutual action4 ,,iv4 ,the continuous extension1 or geometric quantity1 usually predicated of bodies1 is the extension of the place comprised within the extreme limits of each body4 ,it is1 in other terms1 the extension of the volume1 not of the matter4 ,nevertheless1 such an extension may be called 8material10 not only because the terms of its dimensions are material1 but also because in most bodies the elements and the molecules are so close that their action on our senses produces the appearance of material continuity4 ,v4 ,the extension of bodies is real1 though their material continuity is merely apparent2 hence only the volumes of bodies1 and not their masses1 can be properly styled extended4 ,,vi4 ,the true absolute mass of a body is the number of primitive elements it contains4 ,,vii4 ,the primitive elements are of two kinds1 some of them always and everywhere attractive1 others always and everywhere repulsive4 ,the matter1 however1 is the same in both kinds1 and bears the same relation to its form1 whether this be of an attractive or of a repulsive nature4 ,,viii4 ,there are no other powers in the primitive elements than that of attracting and that of repelling4 ,,ix4 ,all primitive elements have a sphere of activity1 throughout which they constantly act according to the ,newtonian law--that is1 in the inverse ratio of the squared distances1 even when the distance is molecular2 and no distance1 however great1 can be designated where the action of an element will not have a finite intensity4 ,x4 ,the active power of primitive elements cannot be exerted in the immediate contact of matter with matter1 distance being an essential condition of all locomotive actions4 ,,xi4 ,the elementary power acts immediately on all distant matter throughout its sphere1 independently of any material medium of transmission or communication4 ,movement1 however1 cannot be propagated without a material medium4 ,,xii4 ,the term from which the action of any given element is directed1 and the term in which the same element receives the motion caused by other elements1 is one and the same1 viz41 the real centre of its sphere of activity2 and it is called the matter4 ,the act from which such a centre receives its first existence is called the substantial form2 and it has a spherical character1 inasmuch as it constitutes a virtual indefinite sphere4 ,,xiii4 ,the essence of a primitive element of matter is by no means a mystery4 ,the essential definition of such an element is 8a substance fit to cause and to receive mere local motion40 ,,xiv4 ,inertia is an essential property of material substance1 no less than activity and passivity4 ,inertia admits of no degrees4 ,,xv4 ,the socalled 8force of inertia0 is neither the inertia itself nor any special motive power2 but it merely expresses a certain exercise of the elementary powers dependent on the inertia of the matter acted on2 for bodies1 on account of their inertia1 cannot leave their place before they have received in all their parts a suitable velocity4 ,hence while such a velocity is being communicated to a body1 the body which is acted on cannot yield its place to the impinging body2 and consequently1 during the struggle of two bodies1 the one which impinges loses a quantity of movement equal to that which it imparts to the mass impinged upon4 ,the loss of movement in the impinging body is therefore caused1 not by the inertia of the body impinged upon1 but by its elementary powers as exercised by it during the reception of the momentum4 ,the foregoing conclusions1 as every attentive reader must have noticed1 have been drawn from nothing but known facts and received principles2 we may therefore consider them as fully established4 ,the more so as we have taken care to examine both sides of each question1 and have given not only such direct proofs of each conclusion as would suffice to convince all unprejudiced minds1 but also every objection that we have been able to find against our own views1 and have thus found the opportunity of confirming1 by our answers to the same1 the truth of the doctrine propounded4 ,there may be other objections which did not occur to our mind2 yet it is likely that their solution will need no new considerations besides those already developed in the preceding pages4 ,should any other difficulty occur to the reader which cannot be answered by those considerations1 we would earnestly entreat him to propound it to us1 that we may try its strength4 ,we are always glad to hear a new objection against what we hold to be true4 ,for objections either can or cannot be solved4 ,if they can1 their solution will throw a new light on the doctrine we defend2 and if they cannot1 their insolubility will show us some weak point1 or at least some impropriety of our language1 and will thus cause us to correct our expressions or modify our opinions4 ,whatever helps us to regard things under some new point of view is calculated to enlarge our conceptions1 to make our language clearer and more precise1 and to strengthen our philosophical convictions4 ,those alone need to be afraid of objections who draw their conclusions from arbitrary hypotheses1 instead of established truths4 ,we conclude the present article with a short answer to a question1 which has often been raised by timorous people1 concerning what may be styled the cardinal point of our doctrine on matterviz41 the simplicity of material elements4 ,the question is the following3 ,if we admit that the elements of matter are physically simple1 is there not a serious danger of setting at naught the essential difference between the spiritual and the material substance1 and are we not drifting thus into materialism8 ,we reply that no such danger needs to be apprehended4 ,for it is not true that physical simplicity constitutes the essential difference between spirit and matter4 ,every primitive being is physically simple2 and yet it does not follow that all primitive beings belong to the same species4 ,on the other hand1 spirit and matter1 notwithstanding their physical simplicity1 evidently belong to different species4 ,the element of matter is inert--that is1 though acting all around itself1 it cannot exercise its activity within itself2 whereas the spiritual substance exercises its activity within as well as without itself1 and continually modifies its own interior state by its vital operations4 ,again1 the element of matter is ubicated in space1 and marks a local point1 from which it directs its action in a sphere2 whereas the spiritual substance neither marks a local point in space nor acts in a sphere1 but determines both the direction and the intensity of its action as it pleases4 ,moreover1 the element of matter has nothing but locomotive power2 whereas the spiritual substance possesses not only the locomotive1 but also1 and principally1 the thinking and the willing powers1 by which it vastly transcends all material being4 ,this suffices to show that spirit and matter1 though physically simple1 have an entirely different metaphysical constitution--that is1 a different substantial act1 a different substantial term1 and a different substantial complement4 ,hence the simplicity of the material element does not set at naught the essential difference between matter and spirit4 ,those whose metaphysical notions about material substance still hang upon the physics of the ancients will be loath to admit that our unextended element can be physically simple2 for they have been taught to believe that wherever there is matter and form1 there is physical composition4 ,but such a notion is evidently wrong2 for where in the element are the physical components1 without which physical composition is impossible8 ,can we say that the matter and the substantial form are physical components8 ,certainly not2 for the form without the matter cannot exist1 nor can the matter exist without the form4 ,both are absolutely required for the constitution of the primitive physical being4 ,how1 then1 can they be conceived as physical beings1 if no physical being can be conceived before their meeting in one essence and in a common existence8 ,a physical compound is a compound whose components have a distinct and independent existence in nature2 for physical beings alone can be physical components1 and nothing which has not a distinct and independent existence in nature can be called a physical being1 except by an abuse of terms4 ,the physical being is a complete being--that is1 an act materially completed by its intrinsic term1 and formally completed by its individual actuality4 ,all beings that are incomplete1 and whose existence depends on other cognate beings1 are no more than metaphysical realities4 ,hence the substantial form of the element1 which has no separate existence1 is not a physical1 but only a metaphysical1 being2 and in the same manner1 the matter to which that form gives the first existence is not a physical1 but only a metaphysical1 reality4 ,whence it follows that the composition of matter and substantial form is not a physical1 but only a metaphysical1 composition2 and1 further1 that the primitive element is indeed a metaphysical1 but not a physical1 compound4 ,on this subject we shall have more to say when explaining the peripatetic theory of substantial generations1 which assumes that the substantial form can be changed without changing the matter4 ,it is on this assumption that the physical distinction between matter and form has been maintained4 ,we shall prove in the most irrefragable manner that the assumption is based on an equivocation about the meaning of the epithet 8substantial0 as applied to natural forms1 and that no form which is truly and strictly substantial--that is1 which gives the first being to its matter--can leave its matter and be subrogated by another substantial form4 ,to ,be ,continued4 ,robespierre4 ,concluded4 ,we know how the son of ,s4 ,louis passed his last hours on earth2 let us see how the men who sentenced him--against their consciences--prepared for that solemn passage4 ,one1 named ,valaz1 on hearing the sentence1 stabbed himself1 and fell dead in the court2 he was dragged back with the others to prison4 ,the remaining twentyone passed their deathvigil in riotous singing and drinking and making merry2 in improvising a comedy where ,robespierre and the devil conversed in hell2 the dead ,valaz meanwhile lying in his blood in the same room4 ,vergniaud1 who so hesitated to vote 8death0 for the king1 is now bent on escaping the block by poisoning himself2 but he has only poison enough for one1 so he throws away the dose1 too generous to desert his companions in their last journey4 ,they will all go together2 so1 after a night of bacchanalian shouting and carousing1 they all set forth in the fatal tumbrel2 even dead ,valaz is flung in to have his head cut off1 that the guillotine may not be done out of its prey4 ,they jolt on1 singing the ,marseillaise and crying ,vive la ,rpublique4 ,one by one the heads fall1 the chorus grows weaker1 and at last ceases to be heard4 ,the ,girondists are gone4 ,robespierre is ,king of the ,revolution now1 and reigns supreme over its destinies4 ,now let him prove what truth there is in the plea put forth by his apologists that he was only cruel from necessity1 from the pressure put upon him by his fellowdemagogues4 ,his accession to undivided responsibility was1 on the contrary1 the signal for greater slaughter1 and we see the number of victims swelling in proportion to the growth of his individual power4 ,look at the lists of the ,moniteur4 ,in ,july1 #agic1 there were thirteen persons condemned by the revolutionary tribunal of ,paris1 and in ,july of the following year the number sent by it to the guillotine was eight hundred and thirtyfive6 ,but this system of legal assassination was beginning to recoil on the head of its inventor4 ,the murder of the ,girondists was an impolitic act that ,robespierre soon repented of4 ,he had made a precedent in attacking the representatives of the nation1 hitherto inviolate2 and now that the longing for vengeance was satisfied1 he was clearsighted enough to perceive what the cost was likely to be4 ,he had sacrificed his rivals1 but he had imperilled his own head4 ,from this day forward he seemed haunted by the shadow of coming retribution4 ,he had poured out the blood of those who stood beside him1 and now he was slipping in it2 his footing was no longer secure2 the words 8assassination10 8victim of the poignard of revenge10 etc41 etc41 were continually on his lips1 and there is evidence that his life was poisoned by the constant dread of being murdered by some of the friends of his victims4 ,those who had hitherto aided and abetted his atrocities now began to look with suspicion and terror on him2 even ,danton tried to back out of the partnership1 and to talk of 8the joys of private life0 in a way that suggested he had had enough of the glories of public life4 ,he had just married a young and beautiful woman1 whose influence was said to have already exercised a humanizing effect on his ferocious nature4 ,she had brought him independence1 too1 so there was every inducement to him to quit the shambles1 and leave ,robespierre there alone in his glory4 ,he withdrew from the ,public ,safety ,committee1 and ceased almost altogether to attend the meetings of the ,convention4 ,robespierre understood this significant change4 ,he saw his accomplices were deserting him1 and he trembled4 ,the ,revolution1 ,saturnlike1 was devouring her own children2 why should not the hunters be devoured by their own dogs8 ,every one was falling away from the tyrant4 ,camille ,desmoulins and ,hbert1 lately his devoted friends1 were gathering up a rival faction dubbed ,ultra,revolutionists1 and1 aided by ,hbert's abominable newspaper1 ,pre ,duchsne1 they and their followers set to work to hunt down the popular idol4 ,robespierre was known to harbor a sneaking prejudice in favor of some sort of religion1 and once even openly declared his opinion that some such institution was necessary for governing with effect4 ,the ,ultras used this admission as a means of insulting him1 and at the same time weakening his prestige4 ,they got hold of an unfortunate1 halfwitted man named ,gobel1 an apostate priest1 dressed him up as an archbishop1 and1 surrounded by a crowd of mock priests and prelates1 they led him1 riding on an ass1 to the ,convention2 here he made a burlesque and blasphemous abjuration of his former state and belief1 and solemnly pronounced the ,credo of atheism1 and the worship of the goddess ,reason4 ,the lawgivers1 thereupon1 amidst the frantic enthusiasm of the crowd1 decreed that 8,god and all superstition were abolished10 and the worship of ,reason substituted in their place4 ,a monstrous ceremony was at once organized to celebrate the new religion3 an actress was carried to the cathedral of ,notre ,dame1 dressed--or undressed--as the goddess of this adoption1 enthroned on the consecrated altar of the living ,god1 while the populace passed before her in adoration4 ,the walls of the sacred temple reechoed to the hymn of liberty1 the ,marseillaise1 and were profaned with horrors that no ,christian pen may retrace4 ,similar scenes were enacted in the other churches4 ,venerable old ,s4 ,eustache was turned into a fair2 tables were spread with sausages1 porkpuddings1 herrings1 and bottles2 children were forced to sing songs and give toasts1 and to drink to the halfnaked goddess2 and when the little ones--the precious little ones of ,jesus--got drunk1 there was huge merriment amongst the spectators4 ,the shrine of ,s4 ,genevive was torn down and desecrated4 ,the tombs of the kings of ,france at ,s4 ,denis were broken open1 and the ashes scattered abroad with every species of insult4 ,the ,moniteur thus describes the spectacle the streets of ,paris presented during the ,festival of ,reason3 8,most of the people were drunk with the brandy they had swallowed out of ,chalices--eating mackerel on the ,patens6444 ,they stopped at the doors of dramshops1 held out ,ciboriums1 and the landlord1 stoop in hand1 had to fill them thrice40 ,other things are recorded of this demoniacal saturnalia which had best be left unsaid--if happily they be yet unknown to ,catholic hearts4 ,the provinces followed suit4 ,lyons sacked her churches1 and drove a mitred ass through her streets1 trailing the sacred volumes at his tail4 ,the ,loire was polluted with drowned bodies of priests4 ,at ,nantes ninety priests are embarked at dead of night under hatches2 in the middle of the stream the boat is scuttled1 and goes down with her human cargo4 ,these are the noyades4 ,then follow others of more than a hundred at a time4 ,oh6 these priests1 these men of the ,gospel of ,christ1 at any cost they must be got rid of6 ,the guillotine is too slow2 let us have fire and water to the rescue6 ,so there are the fusillades2 men1 women1 priests1 and nuns fall under the showers of grapeshot as fast as they can be gathered and ranged in line--mothers with infants at their breasts1 children clinging to one another--five hundred at a batch they go4 ,the mother ,revolution herself is turning sick of it4 ,robespierre alone shows no signs of squeamishness2 but1 whether from sagacity or some latent moral--perhaps even religious--instinct1 he repudiated the sacrilegious excesses which inaugurated and followed the installation of the new goddess4 ,he saw1 too1 that it was an arrow pointed at himself4 ,he denounced ,hbert at the ,jacobin ,club1 ridiculed his newfangled divinity1 and declared that if 8,god did not exist1 a wise lawgiver would have invented him40 ,hbert winced2 ,camille ,desmoulins started the ,vieux ,cordelier1 and began to broach the doctrine of clemency and the savage stupidity of useless blood shedding4 ,never since the ,revolution began had such theories been hinted at4 ,the country was growing nauseated with wholesale butcheries2 the daring words of the ,vieux ,cordelier were heard with wonder and welcomed with deep though silent applause4 ,robespierre might have tolerated the humane doctrines of the newspaper1 if it had abstained from personal aggression2 but ,desmoulins used his weapon of sarcasm unsparingly against the tyrant1 on one occasion twitting him1 half facetiously1 with his aristocratic origin1 as proved by the discarded de formerly prefixed to his name4 ,robespierre grew pale--paler than his usual seagreen hue--on reading this1 and ,desmoulins' doom was sealed4 ,hbert went first2 he1 with nineteen of the faction1 perished in one hour on the scaffold1 in ,march1 #agid4 ,ten days later ,camille and ,danton fell4 ,it is yet a mystery why ,danton was thus quickly sacrificed2 he was apparently on good terms with ,robespierre1 and had pointed no witticisms at him like the editor of the ,vieux ,cordelier4 ,the tyrant himself gives no explanation in his long winded speeches on the hard necessity which compelled him 8to sacrifice private friendship to the good of the country10 and so on4 ,but whatever the motive may have been1 the act drew upon its perpetrator the aversion and contempt of those who till then had been his staunchest followers and supporters4 ,every one was terrified for his own head4 ,danton's fall seemed to bring the axe to every man's door4 ,robespierre was now alone1 more terribly alone than the lost traveller in the desert4 ,his fellows shunned him1 or shuddered when he passed4 ,he lived in perpetual fear of being assassinated1 though it is doubtful whether any attempt was ever made on his life4 ,several were trumped up with a view to uplifting his tottering popularity2 but though the accused persons were guillotined with great pomp and clat1 the proofs of their intended crime were extremely doubtful4 ,a last expedient yet remained4 ,robespierre would reestablish the existence of ,god1 and thus be a prophet as well as a king4 ,he decreed1 accordingly1 a great meeting which should atone for ,hbert's ,feast of ,reason and annihilate its brief triumph4 ,it was to take place in the ,tuileries gardens4 ,robespierre1 while working the axe so assiduously1 never bespattered himself with the blood of his instrument4 ,in a time when sansculottism made dirt and ,bohemian gear the fashion1 he remained a dandy1 powdered and frizzled in the midst of legislators who prided themselves on dirty hands and begrimed linen4 ,for this galaday of his new religion he ordered a fine skyblue silk coat1 whitesilk waistcoat embroidered with silver1 white stockings1 and gold shoebuckles4 ,thus equipped1 the ,prophet of the ,mountain sallied forth to patronize the ,omnipotent and decree the existence of a ,supreme ,being4 ,he ascended the rostrum with a bouquet of flowers in his hand1 made a fulsome discourse in a vein of sentimental deism1 and then proceeded to unveil the effigy of atheism1 a hideous caricature1 made of pasteboard1 besmeared with turpentine and other inflammable stuffs1 to which he applied a lighted torch4 ,the flame leaped up1 and ,atheism1 amidst shouts and cracklings1 burned itself to dust2 then from the ashes rose up another effigy1 the statue of ,wisdom1 supposed to symbolize the new religion1 but sorrily smutted and begrimed by the subsiding smoke of ,atheism4 ,no wonder ,billaud should exclaim1 8,get thee gone6 ,thou art a bore1 thyself and thy ,etre ,suprme40 ,o merciful ,god6 may heaven and earth praise thee1 and all the creatures therein1 for thou art verily a ,god of love1 long suffering and patient6 ,and now that ,robespierre has duly installed his ,etre ,suprme1 and decreed1 moreover1 8that consoling principle1 the immortality of the soul10 and obliterated from the graves of murdered citizens the hitherto obligatory inscription1 8,death is an eternal sleep10 what is there left for him to do8 ,nothing1 apparently1 but to go on killing4 ,the revolutionary tribunal must be made to work with greater speed1 and so it is split into four fractions1 each with its president1 and empowered to try and condemn as fast as it can4 ,even the ,mountain quaked when this proposition was uttered at its base2 but the law was carried1 and henceforth the guillotine quadruples its business4 ,fouquier,tinville sets up one of 8improved velocity10 and boasts of being able to make room for a batch of one hundred and fifty at one time4 ,he wants to establish one in the ,tuileries itself1 but ,collot protests that this would 8demoralize the instrument40 ,it did not matter1 apparently1 how much the instrument demoralized the people4 ,these sit at their windows watching for the tumbrels to pass1 criticising the occupants1 joking and enjoying themselves4 ,women fight for seats near the scaffold1 where day after day they sit knitting1 counting off the heads1 as they fall1 by the prick of a pin in a bit of cardboard4 ,these are the 8furies of the guillotine40 ,but to make the new law1 called #bbme ,prairial1 more fully available1 it was necessary to provide extra work for the executioners4 ,fouquier ,tinville was equal to the occasion4 ,he got up an accusation against the occupants of the prisons for 8conspiring against the ,convention40 ,let us cast a glance into these prisons1 where1 at this crisis1 twelve thousand human beings lie literally rotting to death4 ,the memoirs of the time agree in describing the twelve houses of arrest 7the original prisons had long since been increased to that number7 as dens of noisome horror never equalled in any other clime or period4 ,noble dames1 maidens of tender years1 were huddled pellmell with the worst and most wretched of their sex2 nobles and shoeblacks1 priests and ruffians1 nuns and actresses1 crowded by day and night into the condemned cells1 where every night the turnkey came and read his list for the morrow's 8batch40 ,then followed scenes such as no pen or painter's brush could adequately describe4 8,men rush towards the grate2 listen if their name be in it2 444 one deepdrawn breath when it is not4 ,we live still one day6 ,and yet some score or scores of names were in4 ,quick these2 they clasp their loved ones to their heart one last time4 ,with brief adieu1 weteyed or dryeyed1 they mount and are away4 ,this night to the ,conciergerie2 through the palace1 misnamed of ,justice1 to the guillotine tomorrow40 ,these were the persons whom ,tinville's ready wit accused of getting up a plot to overthrow the ,convention6 ,but what did it signify whether the story was an impossibility as well as a lie8 ,the four tribunals must have work1 the guillotine must have food4 ,in three days--the #gth1 #ith1 and #ajth of ,july--one hundred and seventyone prisoners were executed on the charge of conspiring from the depth of their squalid dungeons to overturn the state4 ,so much did the newlydiscovered ,etre ,suprme do towards softening the rule of ,robespierre4 ,but1 oh6 are we not sick of the ghastly tale8 ,it is now hurrying to a close4 ,barre1 one of the fiercest of the revolutionary gang who had so far escaped the guillotine1 gave a bachelor's dinner at a suburban villa on a warm day in ,july1 ,robespierre being among the guests4 ,the weather was intensely hot1 and the company1 unshackled by stiff conventionalities1 threw off their coats1 and sauntered out to sip their coffee under the trees in easy dshabill4 ,carnot wanted his pockethandkerchief1 and went indoors to fetch it4 ,while looking for his own coat he espied ,robespierre's fantastic skyblue garment1 and1 prompted by a sudden thought1 put his hand into the pockets1 wondering if any secret might be lurking there4 ,what were his feelings on discovering a list of forty names told off for the guillotine1 his own amongst the number6 ,he carried off the paper1 showed it discreetly to his friends1 and they agreed that ,robespierre must be made away with4 ,two days later he appears at the ,convention1 and is met by dark faces that scowl when he ascends the tribune1 and show no docile acquiescence when he speaks4 ,terror for their own lives has at last stirred these dull1 brutalized accomplices to raise their voice and protest against the tyrant4 ,he is impeached by common acclamation4 ,he defends himself in a passionate harangue1 accusing ,mr4 ,pitt and ,king ,george of having bribed the ,convention to arrest him1 after sowing calumnies against him in the minds of the people4 ,the charges against him were numerous and heavy2 he answered them all with vehemence and a certain wild1 disjointed eloquence1 and wound up by the following denunciation3 8,no1 death is not an eternal sleep6 ,the nation will not submit to a desperate and desolating doctrine that covers nature itself with a funereal shroud2 that deprives virtue of hope1 and misfortune of consolation1 and insults even death itself4 ,no2 we will efface from our tombs your sacrilegious epitaph1 and replace it with the consoling truth1 #8,death is the beginning of immortality6' 0 ,the speech produced an effect on the ,assembly1 but it did not secure a real success4 ,the next day ,saint ,just mounted the tribune to defend ,robespierre2 but he had hardly begun his discourse when cries of 8,down with the tyrant60 forced him to give it up4 ,robespierre stood at his place1 utterly abandoned by the members of the ,assembly1 where twentyfour hours ago he ruled with despotic and unrivalled sway4 ,not a voice was raised in his behalf4 ,he strove to obtain a hearing1 but his words were drowned in shouts of 8,away with him6 down with him60 ,he stood dumb and petrified at the sound of those words1 bowed his head1 and slowly descended the steps of the tribune2 suddenly he looked up and cried1 8,let me die1 then1 at once60 ,the younger ,robespierre advances and takes his brother's arm1 asking to share the same fate with him4 ,this generous movement excites the ,convention to still greater rage2 it yells and bellows1 gesticulating like so many madmen4 ,the president puts on his hat1 and calls for order2 a temporary lull ensues4 ,robespierre again tries to make himself heard1 but his voice is again drowned in shouts and hisses2 he rushes up and down the steps and about the hall1 clenching his fist and breathing menaces that now fall powerless and are met with taunts of triumphant hate4 ,at last1 overmastered by his own emotions1 he drops into a chair4 ,the arrest of the two brothers is voted unanimously4 ,the elder one endeavors to resist1 but is seized and carried forcibly down to the bar4 ,in the midst of this stormy ebullition1 one of the deputies1 seeing ,robespierre unable to speak from the violence of his rage and terror1 cried out3 8,it is ,danton's blood that is choking him60 ,stung by the taunt1 ,robespierre found breath and courage to retort1 8,danton6 ,is it ,danton that you regret8 ,cowards6 why did you not defend him60 ,these spirited words were the last he ever uttered in public4 ,he and his brother were now removed in custody to a hall close by the ,convention1 and with them ,saint,just1 ,couthon1 and ,lebas4 ,it had been an arduous day's work for the ,convention1 and it is not surprising that the deputies 8clamored for an adjournment1 that they might repose themselves and dine02 for whether men live or die1 legislators must dine4 ,they were thoughtful enough to remember that the five in custody would also like to dine1 even for the last time2 so the guilty deputies had a good dinner provided for them1 and immediately after were transferred to separate prisons3 ,robespierre to the ,luxembourg1 his brother to ,st4 ,lazare1 ,couthon to ,port ,royal 7dubbed ,port ,libre since it had been turned into a prison671 ,lebas to ,le ,force1 and ,saint,just aux ,ecossais4 ,henriot1 who commanded the troops devoted to ,robespierre1 was seized in the act of attempting an attack on the ,convention1 bound1 and locked up in one of the courts4 ,two bold friends of his rallied the soldiers1 stormed the ,convention1 released him1 and placed him again at the head of his men4 ,meantime1 the jailer of the ,luxembourg had refused to admit ,robespierre1 and the bailiffs had to take him to the ,mairie1 where he was received with acclamations of respect as the 8father of the people40 ,henriot and his band by midnight had set him and the other four deputies free1 and they were installed at the ,htel de ,ville1 with a large body of soldiers drawn round the edifice to protect them4 ,but the ,convention1 on its side1 had not been idle4 ,barras was placed in command of all the troops that could be mustered1 and in company with twelve energetic leaders1 at the head of the gendarmerie and the artillery1 marched on the ,htel de ,ville1 dispersed ,henriot's troops1 and penetrated into the building1 where they found the five deputies and captured them4 ,the younger ,robespierre flung himself out of a window in a frantic effort to escape the more tragic death that was now a certainty2 he was picked up horribly mutilated1 but with life enough yet to realize the horrors of his position4 ,lebas1 on hearing the gendarmes battering on the door of the room1 blew his brains out with a pistol4 ,saint,just was seized with a knife in his hand1 which he was going to plunge into his heart2 he gave it up without a word1 and allowed himself to be bound4 ,couthon1 who was nearly blind and halfparalyzed1 being powerless to offer the slightest resistance1 was flung into a wheelbarrow that chanced to be in the courtyard4 ,robespierre himself1 the centre of this group of suicides and murderers1 attempted to cheat the guillotine as ,lebas had done2 but either his cowardly hand trembled and betrayed his will or was seized as he pulled the trigger1 for the bullet went through the cheek instead of through the forehead4 ,the jaw was frightfully fractured1 and hung loose from the face1 held on only by the flesh4 ,some spectator had the humanity to help the unfortunate man to tie it up with a handkerchief1 and in this miserable plight he and his companions were conveyed at about two o'clock in the morning to the ,committee of ,public ,safety4 ,the official report of the day gives the following graphic description of what then occurred3 8,robespierre was brought in on a plank 444 by several artillerymen and armed citizens4 ,he was placed on the table of the antechamber which adjoins that where the ,committee holds its sittings4 ,a deal box1 which contained some samples of the ammunitionbread sent to the army du ,nord1 was put under his head by way of pillow4 ,he was for nearly an hour in a state of insensibility which made us think that he was no more2 but after an hour he opened his eyes4 ,blood was running in abundance from the wound he had in the left lower jaw2 the jaw was broken1 and a ball had gone through the cheek4 ,his shirt was bloody4 ,he was without hat or neckcloth4 ,he had on a skyblue coat17#aeh7 nankeen breeches1 white stockings hanging down at his heels4444 ,at six in the morning a surgeon who happened to be in the courtyard of the ,tuileries was called in to dress the wound4 ,by way of precaution he first put a key in ,robespierre's mouth4 ,he found the left jaw broken4 ,he pulled out two or three teeth1 bandaged up the wound1 and got a basin of water1 which he placed at his side40 ,all this time no word was spoken by the wounded man2 not even a sigh escaped him when the teeth were being extracted1 yet the agony he endured must have been terrific4 ,there he lay1 a spectacle to gods and men1 in his skyblue coat1 a tiger caught in his own lair1 barked at and cursed and triumphed over by a band of wolves4 ,who could pity him--he who had never known pity for man or woman8 ,for more than twenty hours he lay there in this mental and bodily torture4 ,once he made a sign which was understood to express thirst4 ,the burning fever of his wound had parched him till he gasped for breath3 but no one was so merciful as to get him a glass of water4 ,vinegar and gall they gave him in abundance4 ,many cursed him as the murderer of their kith and kin1 and bade him drink his own blood1 if he was thirsty4 ,all this while the tocsin is ringing out the glad news to ,paris4 ,crowds rush out on the housetops1 and wave signals to the prisoners in the ,conciergerie that the hour of deliverance is at hand4 ,the prisoners cannot understand2 they think the tocsin is the signal for a new ,september massacre4 ,the word flies from cell to cell1 and all fall on their knees and prepare for instant death4 ,others1 too1 are making ready for death1 but not thus4 ,the tumbrels jolt up to the ,convention1 and collect for the last time their 8batch02 this time there are but twentythree victims4 ,amongst them1 by an exquisite touch of retributive justice1 is ,simon the ,cordwainer1 going to die with ,robespierre6 ,and now they are ready1 and the tumbrels move on4 ,the corpse of ,lebas is flung in with ,robespierre1 as that of ,valaz was with ,brissot2 the other three were so disfigured with blood and the traces of the death scuffle in the townhall that they are hardly to be recognized4 ,the entire city is out1 shouting itself hoarse with joy4 ,the roofs of the houses are alive with human eyes1 all watching for the figure of ,robespierre4 ,when it appears1 the soldiers point to it with their swords--show the tyrant1 bound and gagged1 to the people4 ,the sight causes a frantic thrill of exultation that finds utterance in a yell of something too unholy for joy1 too fierce for laughter4 ,a woman breaks through the crowd1 dashes aside the bayonets of the escort1 and leaps to the side of the tumbrel4 8,ah6 thou demon10 she cries1 waving her hand above her head1 8the death of thee is better than wine to my heart ,wretch1 get thee down to hell with the curses of all wives and mothers60 ,surely this is hell already begun4 ,the wretched man opens his eyes1 glued together with blood2 a shade of deadlier hue passes over his livid1 sea green face2 he shudders1 but utters no sound4 ,the tumbrel reaches the ,place de la ,revolution4 ,the furies of the guillotine rush round it1 and execute a dance of fiendish joy1 the crowd making room for them and applauding4 ,now the cart stops1 and the condemned alight4 ,in the first are the two ,robespierres1 ,couthon1 ,henriot1 and ,lebas4 ,maximilien ,robespierre is the only one who has strength left in him to ascend the scaffold without help4 ,he stood on the fatal step whither a few days ago his nod sufficed to send the noblest heads in ,france2 within a few yards of the spot where only six weeks ago he had decreed the existence of the ,omnipotent1 at whose judgmentbar he was now going to appear4 ,seldom indeed does that silent1 inscrutable ,judge allow us to behold the judgments of his justice accomplished here below1 and amidst circumstances so palpably impressive1 and to our human eyes so fearfully appropriate1 as was this deathscene of ,robespierre's4 ,he showed no sign of terror or remorse1 but1 dumb and selfcontained to the last1 yielded himself to ,samson's hands4 ,only when the bandage was wrenched brutally from the broken jaw1 letting it drop from the face1 he uttered a piercing cry that rang above the yells of the multitude4 ,it was the last sound his voice emitted in this world4 ,samson did his work1 and ,robespierre was no more4 ,one long1 loud shout of gladness went up to heaven1 and carried the tidings to the ends of ,france on wings quicker than words4 ,it penetrated the iron doors of the prisons1 like the sweet beams of the golden dawn1 and bade men hope and rejoice1 for the ,reign of ,terror was at an end and the gates of their dungeons unlocked4 ,the guillotine has been so prominent a figure in the foregoing sketch1 as indeed throughout the whole span of the ,reign of ,terror1 that a word on its origin may not be uninteresting4 ,it is popularly supposed to have been invented by ,dr4 ,guillotin1 but this is a mistake4 ,the first idea of it emanated from him1 and he had the unenviable glory of giving it his name2 but these are his only claims to its invention4 ,the guillotine would seem to be almost a creature born spontaneously of the ,revolution1 a cruel offspring of the selfdevouring monster4 ,it is strange that1 until the 8,sainte ,guillotine0 was enthroned as the agent of that murdermad reign1 no mention is ever made in the reports of the time of the exact kind of machine used in capital punishment4 ,we read of persons being 8condemned0 and 8executed10 but there is no more definite account of the manner of execution4 ,the lanterne was the mode of capital punishment up to the ,reign of ,terror1 and the mob could always do summary justice on its victims by making a gallows of the nearest lamppost2 but when speed became the primary object1 this was found too tedious1 besides being troublesome4 ,towards the close of the year #aghi ,dr4 ,guillotin was elected to the ,states,general4 ,he was such a mediocre1 insignificant person in every way that his appearance in the ,assembly caused general surprise and laughter4 ,in the ,portraits of ,celebrated ,persons1 a contemporaneous work1 we find him thus treated3 8,by what accident has a man without either ability or reputation obtained for himself a frightful immortality8 ,he fathered a work written by a lawyer--,hardouin--who had too much character to produce it in his own name2 and his work having been censured by the parliament1 ,guillotin1 who assumed the responsibility of it1 became the man of the day1 and owed to it that gleam of reputation which ensured his election to the ,states,general4 ,he was1 in truth1 a nobody who made himself a busybody1 and by meddling with everything was at once mischievous and ridiculous40 ,this meddling personage made himself extremely ridiculous on the one occasion to which may be traced his ill starred celebrity4 ,he proposed in the ,assembly that some machine1 more humane and expeditious than the process of hanging1 should be invented for capital punishment1 and1 after describing the idea that was in his mind1 he proceeded to illustrate it by a pantomime with his fingers1 straightening out the left index1 and bringing down that of the right hand over the thumb with a snap4 8,there1 now1 ,i put your head here2 this falls1 and it is cut off2 you feel nothing2 it is the affair of a moment60 ,roars of laughter followed this lucid and cheerful explanation1 and the next day the balladmongers diverted ,paris with a song1 the burden of which was 8a machine that will kill us right off1 and be christened la guillotine60 ,the doctor said no more about his idea1 but1 jocosely presented as it was1 it nevertheless made an impression on the ,assembly1 who adopted it three years later4 ,meantime1 they were beset by complaints from the ,tiers ,etat1 who could not reconcile it to their dignity that the bourgeoisie should be hanged while the noblesse were beheaded4 ,let it be hanging all round1 they said1 and they would be satisfied2 but why should nobles have their head cut off1 while plebeians 8swung at the lantern80 ,the grievance met with cold sympathy1 however1 until the times were ripe for reform1 and it became urgent to find some more expeditious means of despatching both nobles and plebeians into the other world4 ,dr4 ,guillotin's proposal was reconsidered2 an officer of the ,criminal ,court1 named ,laquiante1 designed an instrument1 which was approved of by the authorities and confided for execution to a pianomaker--a native of ,strasbourg1 we believe--named ,schmidt4 ,there was a good deal of haggling over the cost4 ,schmidt1 in the first instance1 wanted nine hundred and sixty francs1 which was found exorbitant and refused4 ,in consideration1 however1 of his having suggested some improvements in the original design1 they consented to let him take out a patent1 and to give him an order for eightythree machines1 one for every department in ,france1 at five hundred francs each1 and to be made as quickly as possible4 ,they were three months quarrelling over the bargain1 and all this time an unfortunate criminal1 of the name of ,pelletier1 was lying in prison1 waiting to be executed2 when at last the price was settled and the first machine ready1 he had the miserable distinction of inaugurating it on the #beth of ,april1 #agib4 ,the prejudice had been very strong against the new mode of decapitation1 the clergy especially arguing that 8the sight of blood would prove highly demoralizing to the people40 ,samson1 the executioner1 was one of the staunchest opposers of the innovation on the same grounds1 and also because of the shock the spectacle would give to many spectators4 ,his letter to the ,assembly embodying his opinions and experience on the subject is a curious bit of literature1 highly creditable to the hangman1 as indeed all that has come down to us concerning him seems to be4 ,the humane desire to abridge the sufferings of the criminal overcame1 however1 every objection1 and hanging was formally abolished and replaced by decapitation4 ,the new instrument--most unjustly1 as we see--was called the guillotine1 in spite of a semiofficial mention of it as ,louison1 and some efforts to make that name adhere4 ,the worthy doctor was doomed to notoriety on account of his having first mooted the affair and made ,paris laugh over it4 ,nothing secures immortality with the ,parisians like a joke4 ,apropos of the guillotine1 we may mention that the ,samsons were a respectable family of ,abbeville1 and held the office of 8,executioner of the ,high ,acts of ,justice10 by descent1 from the year #agbb4 ,charles ,henri ,samson1 who beheaded ,louis ,,xvi41 came into office in #aggh1 and retired on a pension in #agie4 ,he was succeeded by his son in his formidable functions1 the latter having resigned the grade of captain in the artillery to undertake them4 ,robert ,cavelier ,de ,la ,salle4 ,the pious hymns of the good and noble ,marquette and his companions had not ceased to reverberate over the waters of the ,great ,river1 awakening the echoes of its banks and overhanging forests1 when a bold and devoted spirit1 fired by the fame of previous explorations1 was meditating on the shores of ,lake ,ontario the prosecution of the grand work begun by the illustrious missionary4 ,the world was startled with the news that the waters over whose bosom the missionaries and traders of ,canada drove their canoes at the north1 after meandering through the vast plains and forests of the continent1 poured themselves into the ,gulf of ,mexico4 ,this great physical problem was settled by ,father ,marquette and the ,sieur ,joliet1 who1 after having explored the course of the ,mississippi for eleven hundred miles1 returned to electrify the world by the reports of their brilliant success4 ,but as yet comparatively little was known of this gigantic stream4 ,the imagination of the most sanguine and the hearts of the boldest were appalled at the task2 but it was a destined step in the onward march of religion and civilization4 ,a ,catholic missionary had gloriously led the way2 a ,catholic nobleman no less gloriously advanced to complete the work4 ,this was ,robert ,cavelier de ,la ,salle4 ,he was born at ,rouen1 in ,normandy1 of a good family1 but the date of his birth has not been transmitted to us4 ,he spent ten or twelve years of his early life in one of the ,jesuit seminaries of ,france1 where he received a good education1 and he was well acquainted with mathematics and the natural sciences4 ,his renunciation of his patrimony and his long sojourn among the ,fathers of the ,society of ,jesus justify the belief that he was intended for the priesthood4 ,providence1 however1 destined him for a somewhat different sphere of labor and usefulness1 but one in close co operation with the great work of the church among mankind4 ,he carried with him from the seminary of the ,jesuits the highest testimonials of his superiors for purity of character1 unblemished life1 and exhaustless energy4 ,by his own high qualities and noble achievements he has won a diploma for himself1 inscribed on the brightest pages of our history1 and more honorable than man can confer4 ,emerging from the seminary full of youth1 intelligence1 and daring spirit1 he joined one of the numerous bands of emigrants from ,france who came to seek adventures and fortunes in the ,new ,world4 ,he came to ,canada about the year #affg1 and embarked with great energy in the fur trade1 then the prevailing means of obtaining an exchange of ,european wealth and merchandise4 ,his enterprising spirit soon carried him to the frontiers1 and in his frail canoe he traversed the vast rivers and broad lakes of the continent1 mingling with the aborigines1 and acquiring information and experience of their modes of life1 character1 and languages4 ,he explored ,lake ,ontario1 and ascended ,lake ,erie4 ,the activity of his mind and the restlessness of his genius could not be satisfied even with the vast and adventurous field of trade presented to him2 for he shared largely in the prevailing ambition of discovering a northwest passage across the continent to ,china and ,japan1 an evidence of which he left behind him in the name of ,lachine1 which he bestowed upon one of his trading posts on the island of ,montreal4 ,he saw in that extended chain of lakes the link that united ,america with ,asia1 and indulged in the fond and proud dream that1 as the discoverer of the longsought passage1 his name would be inscribed beside that of ,columbus on the scroll of immortality4 ,seeing the advantages of the position selected by the ,comte de ,frontenac1 the ,governor of ,canada1 in fortifying the outlet of ,lake ,ontario1 ,la ,salle erected one of his trading posts under the protection of ,fort ,fontenac4 ,he acquired the favor and friendship of the governor1 and soon rejoiced in the esteem and confidence of the public4 ,up to this time his efforts were apparently chiefly expended in bold and energetic efforts to build up his fortunes4 ,but his resources were inferior to the grand enterprises which he contemplated4 ,he accordingly repaired to ,france in #afge1 where1 aided by the influence of ,frontenac and the recommendations of the minister ,colbert1 he obtained from his sovereign1 ,louis ,,xiv41 letterspatent1 granting him ,fort ,frontenac and the seigniory of a large tract of land about the same1 upon condition that he would rebuild the fort of stone1 garrison it at his own expense1 and clear up certain lands4 ,this grant secured to him a large domain and the exclusive traffic with the ,five ,nations4 ,the king also raised him and his family to the rank of nobility as a reward for his services and noble actions4 ,his patent of nobility bears date the #acth of ,may1 #afge4 ,returning to ,america1 the ,cavalier de ,la ,salle took possession of his seigniory1 and soon proved how well he merited the confidence and favors he enjoyed4 ,he fulfilled all his stipulations with the king4 ,in two years ,fort ,frontenac reared its massive walls and bastions of stone which cast their shadows on the waters of ,ontario4 ,a number of ,french families clustered around the fort2 the ,recollect missionaries induced their ,indian neophytes and catechumens to pitch their tents and offer up their newly learned devotions under its shadow2 the rugged wilds were supplanted by cultivated fields1 gardens1 and pastures1 and the new lord of ,cataraqui was at once the pioneer of civilization and the friend of religion4 ,such was the origin of the present city of ,kingston4 ,at the same time ,la ,salle prosecuted his commercial enterprises with renewed vigor1 and these1 in return1 seemed at first to promise to repay his perseverance and energy4 ,now for the first time the rapids of the ,st4 ,lawrence were stemmed1 and the waters of ,ontario ploughed by the keels of three small barks with decks erected on them4 ,had all depended on energy and zeal1 success and prosperity would have followed1 and the young nobleman would have achieved a fortune1 fame1 and power that would not have been long in winning for him a position among the proudest and most powerful nobility of ,france4 ,but his fame was destined rather to be associated with the foundation of a great republic than with the more limited work of founding a noble family1 to whom to transmit a princely fortune1 and with building up the power of a brilliant despotism4 ,his enterprises failed1 wealth eluded his grasp1 and he found himself oppressed with vast debts1 incurred in the great undertakings in which he had embarked4 ,turning from this field of disaster1 his vigorous mind again became filled with visions of the northwest passage and with his darling projects of discovery4 ,he studied the accounts of the ,spanish and other adventurers and discoverers on the continent4 ,joliet1 in #afgd1 passing down from the upper lakes1 had visited ,fort ,frontenac1 of which ,la ,salle was then commander under ,gov4 ,frontenac1 and thus ,la ,salle was one of the first to learn of the brilliant achievements and discoveries of the illustrious ,marquette and ,joliet1 and was probably one of the first to see the maps and journal which the latter lost between the fort and the next ,french post4 ,these did not seem1 at the time1 to have deeply impressed the mind of ,la ,salle1 who was then engaged in other plans2 for it was after this that he embarked in the project of founding the seigniory of ,cataraqui on the shores of ,ontario1 and in the vast trading operations above referred to4 ,on the failure of these he began to plan new adventures and discoveries4 ,his study of the reports of ,spanish and ,french explorers led him before all others to identify the great river of ,marquette and ,joliet with that of ,de ,soto4 ,blending the taste for commerce with the thirst for fame1 he saw in the vast herds of bison1 described as roaming over the prairies that extended from the banks of the ,missouri and ,illinois rivers1 the means of shipping cargoes of buffaloskins and wool to ,france from the banks of those rivers via the ,mississippi and the ,gulf of ,mexico4 ,nor did he yet relinquish his trading projects at the north2 for these he expected to connect with his contemplated trading posts on the ,mississippi1 ,fort ,frontenac still remaining his principal post4 ,nor did he yet abandon the hope of discovering from the headwaters of the ,mississippi a passage to the ,china ,sea4 ,filled with these grand and noble views1 he returned to ,france in #afgg1 and still enjoying the recommendation of ,frontenac and the favor of the great ,colbert and of his son and successor in the ministry1 the ,marquis de ,seignelay1 he succeeded in obtaining from the king1 on the #abth of ,may1 #afgh1 new letterspatent1 confirming his rights to the fort and the seigniory of ,cataraqui1 and authorizing him to advance as far westward as he desired1 to build forts wherever he might choose1 and prosecute his commercial enterprises as before1 with the single exception that he should not trade with the ,hurons and other ,indians who brought their furs to ,montreal1 in order that there might be no interference with other traders4 ,at the recommendation of his friend1 the ,prince de ,conti1 ,la ,salle took into his service as his lieutenant the veteran ,chevalier de ,tonty1 an ,italian by birth1 who proved a great acquisition to the work1 and was the everfaithful friend and companion of the great captain4 ,in two months ,la ,salle completed his work in ,france1 and in the autumn of #afgh1 sailed from ,rochelle1 accompanied by ,tonty1 the ,sieur de la ,motte1 a pilot1 mariners1 shipcarpenters1 and other workmen4 ,he was well provided with anchors1 sails1 cordage1 and everything necessary for rigging vessels1 with stores of merchandise for trading with the ,indians1 and whatever might be useful for his projected expedition4 ,arriving at ,quebec in ,september1 he immediately pushed forward to ,fort ,frontenac--but not without having to surmount great difficulties and labors in getting his heavy canoes and freight over the perilous rapids of the ,st4 ,lawrence--where he arrived exhausted and emaciated by his fatigues1 but full of courage and hope4 ,as the winter approached ,la ,salle pressed forward the preparations for his grand enterprise1 which he resolved to enter upon in the spring4 ,on the #ahth of ,november1 #afgh1 he despatched the hardy and faithful ,tonty1 accompanied by ,father ,louis ,hennepin1 to the ,niagara ,river in one of his brigantines of ten tons1 with workmen1 provisions1 implements1 and materials1 to undertake the construction and equipment of a vessel to bear his party over the upper lakes--a work which was to be accomplished with a handful of men1 in the midst of winter1 at a distance of hundreds of miles from any civilized settlement1 and surrounded by savage tribes1 whose enmity had been enkindled by the malice of ,la ,salle's enemies1 who1 actuated by the rivalry of trade1 had induced the ,indians to believe that he intended to monopolize their trade upon terms dictated by himself at the cannon's mouth4 ,tonty set to work with a cheerful heart4 ,he encountered perils and hardships1 which overcame the endurance of ,la ,motte1 who abandoned the enterprise1 and retired to ,quebec to seek ease and rest from such labors4 ,tonty persevered until the #bjth of ,january1 when ,la ,salle by his presence inspired him and his companions with new ardor and courage4 ,about this time the brigantine was cast away on the southern shore of ,lake ,ontario1 in consequence of dissensions among the pilots2 and several bark canoes1 with their valuable freight of goods and provisions1 were wrecked and lost4 ,his difficulties with the ,senecas also compelled ,la ,salle to relinquish the fort which he had begun to build at the falls of ,niagara as a protection to his shipbuilders1 and to content himself with a mere shed or storehouse4 ,a spirit less brave and firm than ,la ,salle's would have quailed under the misfortunes which1 through the inclemency of the season and the malice of men1 surrounded his steps4 ,but these only nerved him to greater exertion4 ,in six days after his arrival the keel of his vessel was laid1 the cavalier driving the first bolt with his own hand4 8,when he saw the snow began to melt10 he sent out fifteen men in advance of his exploring expedition1 with instructions to pass over the lakes to ,mackinac1 provide provisions for the expedition1 and await the arrival of the main party4 ,leaving ,tonty now to conduct the building of the vessel1 ,la ,salle made a journey of over three hundred miles of frozen country to ,fort ,frontenac1 to arrange his financial business before setting out in the spring4 ,his only food was a bag of corn2 his baggage was drawn over the snow and ice by two men and a dog4 ,at the fort he had to exert all his ability and energy to counteract the malicious efforts and practices of his enemies for his ruin4 ,his creditors at ,quebec became alarmed by the reports and calumnies of his foes4 ,his effects at that town were seized and sacrificed1 while the property which he was compelled to leave at ,fort ,frontenac was in value double all his debts4 ,but the delay of his expedition would be to him a greater evil than the loss of property1 so that he could not stop to remedy or resist these proceedings4 ,in the midst of such harassing cares he bore in mind the necessity of providing for the religious wants of his companions and of the benighted heathen nations which he intended to visit4 ,he secured the services of three ,recollect missionaries1 ,fathers ,gabriel de la ,ribourde1 ,louis ,hennepin1 and ,zenobe ,membr4 ,he had already1 while commanding at ,fort ,frontenac1 built for these good missionaries a house and chapel2 he now bestowed upon their order eighteen acres of land near the fort1 and one hundred acres of forestland4 ,tonty having faithfully completed his task1 the ship was launched1 receiving the name of ,griffin1 as a compliment to the ,comte de ,frontenac1 whose armorial bearings were adorned with two griffins4 ,tonty was next sent in search of the fifteen men who had previously set out4 ,the ,griffin1 with ,la ,salle1 the missionaries1 and the remainder of the party on board1 sailed on the #gth of ,august1 #afgi1 on the bosom of ,lake ,erie4 ,the artillery saluted the vessel1 as she dashed through the waves1 and the missionary and crew chanted a grateful ,te ,deum in honor of ,him who had speeded their work4 ,the ,senecas gazed with wonder at a bark of sixty tons riding the lake with greater ease and grace than their own canoes4 ,reaching in safety the straits connecting ,lakes ,erie and ,huron1 he considered the expediency of planting a colony on the majestic ,detroit1 as he glided between its islands2 and on the #abth1 ,s4 ,clare's ,day1 as he traversed its shallow waters1 he bestowed upon the little river the name of that saint4 ,while the ship was passing over ,lake ,huron1 she was overtaken by a terrible storm1 which caused even the bold captain to fear for the safety of all on board4 ,uniting with the missionaries in petitions for the intercession of ,s4 ,anthony of ,padua1 he made a promise to dedicate the first chapel built in the countries he was going to discover in honor of that patron saint1 in case he should escape4 ,the province from which the missionaries of the expedition had come was that of ,s4 ,anthony of ,padua1 in ,artois2 hence the selection of this saint as their protector on this occasion1 as well as for the reason that he is frequently invoked as the patron of mariners4 ,the storm abated1 and on the #bgth of ,august1 the ,griffin1 aided by friendly winds1 entered a safe harbor in the island of ,mackinac4 ,here again the 8great wooden canoe0 was an object of admiration and dread to the natives1 heightened by the roar of the cannon on board4 ,la ,salle1 clad in a cloak of scarlet and gold1 visited the nearest village1 and the pious priests offered up the ,holy ,sacrifice for the benefit of those benighted savages4 ,the opposite bank had been the scene of the missionary labors of the illustrious ,marquette4 ,the captain visited this spot1 endeavoring there and in the neighboring country to propitiate the friendship of the natives as he advanced4 ,his enemies had here too been at work1 poisoning the minds of the ,indians against him far and near1 and tampering with the advanced corps of fifteen men whom he had sent out1 and who1 under such influences1 became faithless to their leader3 some of them deserted1 and others squandered the provisions which he had entrusted to them4 ,again setting sail1 the ,griffin bore them to ,green ,bay1 where ,la ,salle had the satisfaction of meeting some of his advanced party who had continued faithful to him and their duty1 and who now returned with a goodly quantity of furs1 the result of successful traffic with the ,indians4 ,after two weeks he loaded the ,griffin with the rich furs brought in by his men1 and sent her with the pilot and five mariners back to the ,niagara1 amidst the murmurs of his men1 who dreaded the work of proceeding in light canoes4 ,it has been remarked7#aei7 that had he adopted the ,ohio as his conduit to the ,mississippi1 one vessel would have answered his purpose1 and much suffering and delay been saved1 for this river had been known to the missionaries2 by his present plan1 he had to build two vessels1 one above the falls of ,niagara1 and one on the ,illinois ,river4 ,he now set out to descend ,lake ,michigan in four bark canoes1 ,september the #aith1 the party consisting of ,la ,salle1 the fathers1 and seventeen men2 and they continued their perilous voyage along the west side of the lake4 ,they were overtaken before nightfall by a violent storm1 and for several days they struggled through wind1 rain1 sleet1 and waves1 until they landed with great danger near the river ,milwaukee4 ,seeing their perilous situation1 ,la ,salle leaped into the water1 and with his own hands helped to drag his canoe ashore4 ,those in the other boats followed his example1 and soon the landing was effected and the canoes secured4 ,la ,salle was accompanied in his expedition by a faithful ,indian1 who proved a useful member of the party2 for his unerring gun frequently relieved the hunger of the travellers with game from the surrounding forests4 ,they also procured corn from the natives1 always paying its full value2 and even when they had to take it from villages temporarily abandoned1 where there was no one to receive payment1 its value in goods was left in its place4 ,at this bleak landing near the ,milwaukee the ,indians1 moved with sympathy for their exhausted and weatherbeaten condition1 brought deer and corn for their relief1 smoked with them the calumet of friendship1 and entertained them with war dances and songs4 ,cheered on their way by the kindly offices and generous sympathy of the natives1 in which they felt that 8,kindness by secret sympathy is tied1 ,for noble souls in nature are allied10 they pushed on with renewed courage to encounter again the perils of the elements4 ,the voyage from this point to the end of the lake was one continued series of hardships and dangers4 ,they found it frequently a relief from the fury of the waves to drag their canoes over the rugged rocks2 and as they pulled them ashore the heaving surf dashed the spray over their heads4 ,they encountered a wandering party of ,outagamies1 or ,fox ,indians1 near a green and refreshing spot1 where they stopped to rest and refresh themselves1 and it was only the address1 deliberation1 and iron courage of ,la ,salle that prevented a bloody conflict with these treacherous savages4 ,on the first of ,november the entire party came safely into the mouth of the ,miami ,river1 now ,s4 ,joseph's1 previously appointed as the rendezvous1 at which the several companies were to meet4 ,here ,la ,salle was sorely disappointed at not finding the ,chevalier ,tonty4 ,suffering from want of food and the increasing severity of the winter1 the men began to murmur2 but ,la ,salle's bold spirit of command kept them in subjection1 especially when they saw him sharing every hardship1 privation1 and danger with them4 ,he kept them busy in building a fort for their protection from the savages1 and in exploring the country and neighboring rivers4 ,the missionaries caused a bark chapel to be erected1 in which the divine service was attended by both ,europeans and ,indians4 ,but ,la ,salle's apprehensions for the fate of the ,griffin began to increase4 ,at length ,tonty arrived1 and1 while he relieved his captain and men with provisions and reinforcements1 he confirmed their alarm for the vessel4 ,the ,griffin had not reached ,mackinac1 no tidings could be obtained from the ,indians of her safety or fate1 and it became1 alas6 too certain that she1 the first to ride triumphantly1 with her proud sails spread and her streamers unfurled1 across these great lakes1 had been the first to fall a victim1 with her hardy crew1 to the avenging waves of ,lake ,michigan4 ,the cavalier now prepared to go down the ,kankakee ,river to the ,illinois4 ,the distance to the portage was seventy miles1 and much time and labor were spent in endeavoring to find the proper portage4 ,la ,salle started out himself to explore the country1 and to discover1 if possible1 the eastern branch of the ,illinois4 ,detained till evening in making the circuit of a large marsh1 his gun1 fired as a signal1 was not answered1 and he resolved to spend the night alone in that fearful wilderness4 ,he fortunately descried a fire1 and on approaching saw near by a bed of leaves1 from which some nomadic son of the forest1 startled at the report of the gun1 had just fled4 ,la ,salle scattered leaves and branches around1 in order that he might not be surprised in the night1 and then took possession of the ,indian's rustic bed1 in which he slept peacefully till morning4 ,to the great joy of his friends1 he returned in the following afternoon1 with two opossums hanging from his belt4 ,at length the ,indian hunter of the expedition found the portage4 ,leaving four men in the fort1 the expedition set out on the #c;d of ,december2 the canoes and all the baggage were carried over five or six miles to the headwaters of the ,kankakee1 and about the #eth of ,december the company1 consisting of thirtythree persons1 commenced their passage down the dreary and marshy stream1 rendered yet more gloomy by the rigors of midwinter4 ,at length1 after enduring hunger and cold1 they came to a more genial and smiling country1 and soon their canoes glided into the river ,illinois4 ,on the banks of the river they discovered and visited the largest of the ,illinois villages1 composed of four or five hundred cabins1 in each of which resided five or six families1 not far below the present town of ,ottawa1 in ,la ,salle ,county1 ,illinois4 ,but the place was deserted2 the inhabitants had all gone to the huntinggrounds for wild cattle and beaver1 leaving their corn stored away in their granaries4 ,yielding to the necessities of his condition1 and trusting to fortune for an opportunity to make ample compensation1 ,la ,salle appropriated fifty bushels of corn from the immense quantities stored away in the capacious granaries of the village4 ,reembarking on the #bgth of ,december1 the party proceeded down the current4 ,on the #ast of ,january1 #afhj1 the feast of the ,circumcision of ,our ,lord was solemnly and appropriately celebrated1 the salutations of the ,new ,year were exchanged1 and we may well imagine with what hearty and earnest goodwishes those brave voyagers blessed each other4 ,on the same day1 after passing through ,lake ,pimiteony1 now ,lake ,peoria1 our voyagers came suddenly upon an ,indian encampment on both sides of the river4 ,having heard that the ,illinois were hostile1 ,la ,salle arranged his flotilla for the emergency2 the men were armed1 and the canoes were placed in battle array across the entire river1 ,la ,salle and ,tonty occupying the two canoes nearest the shore4 ,observing that the ,indians were somewhat alarmed and disposed to parley1 ,la ,salle boldly landed in the midst of the innumerable bands of dusky warriors1 prepared for either war or peace1 and by his skill and invincible courage soon succeeded in making them his friends4 ,after smoking with them the calumet of peace1 he explained the circumstance of his having taken their corn1 and then paid them liberally for it1 to their great satisfaction4 ,he also told them that he came amongst them in order to give them a knowledge of the one true ,god1 and to better their condition4 ,an alliance of friendship was entered into1 and all retired apparently to rest4 ,but during the night emissaries from ,la ,salle's enemies arrived4 ,a grand council was held1 as that is the favorite time with the ,indians for transacting their most important business4 ,the poison was infused into the minds of ,la ,salle's recent allies2 and on the following morning his keen eye soon saw that the intrigues of his enemies had not failed to follow him to that distant region1 and it was only his brave1 frank1 and determined bearing that enabled him to surmount the countless obstacles that were thus thrown in his way4 ,the effect of this intrigue1 however1 was not wholly lost on his own men4 ,six of them deserted him at this trying juncture4 ,severe as was this loss1 his proud spirit bore up manfully under it2 but the loss of his vessel was a severer trial to him1 but one that failed to dampen the ardor of his enthusiasm or the determination of his will4 ,he selected a spot for a fort half a league from the ,indian camp and near the present city of ,peoria2 and while he bestowed upon his fort the name of ,crvecur--,broken ,heart--under the sad influence of the loss of the ,griffin and the machinations of his enemies1 the vigor with which he raised its walls and arranged its armament is ample proof that he still possessed a heart full of courage and hope4 ,in the middle of ,january the entire company took up their residence within the fort4 ,father ,membr remained with the ,indians1 was adopted into the family of a noted chief1 and devoted himself to the task of winning the ,illinois to the ,christian faith4 ,father de ,la ,ribourde exercised his ministry at the fort1 where he erected a chapel2 and ,father ,hennepin is said to have 8rambled as his fancies moved him40 ,la ,salle engaged a portion of his men in building a brigantine fortytwo feet long and twelve feet broad1 in which to descend the ,mississippi4 ,on the #bith of ,february1 #afhj1 he sent an expedition under the direction of ,father ,hennepin1 accompanied by ,picard ,du ,gay and ,michel ,ako1 to explore for the first time the ,mississippi above the mouth of the ,wisconsin1 the point from which ,father ,marquette's voyage down the great river commenced4 ,in six weeks the hull of the brigantine was nearly ready to receive the masts and rigging1 but the necessary materials were wanting to complete the equipment4 ,an abundance of such materials had been placed on board the ,griffin1 but these had been buried beneath the waters of the lake with the illfated vessel4 ,gloomy indeed was the prospect before our brave cavalier2 but bold resolves are rapidly conceived and speedily executed by daring spirits4 ,he placed ,tonty in command of the fort1 and1 in order to procure what was necessary for the new vessel1 he determined to return on foot to ,fort ,frontenac1 distant at least twelve hundred miles4 ,his journey lay along the southern shores of ,lakes ,erie and ,ontario1 through vast forests2 innumerable rivers intervened1 which he had to ford or cross on rafts1 and this1 too1 at a season of the year when the drifting snow and floating ice threw extraordinary dangers and fatigues in the path of the traveller4 ,for food he must rely entirely upon the hazards of the chase4 ,the history of our race contains the record of few such undertakings as this2 yet the spirit of ,la ,salle faltered not4 ,on the #b;d of ,march the bold cavalier shouldered his musket and knapsack1 and1 with three ,frenchmen and his ,indian hunter1 started upon his perilous journey3 8,my heart is firm2 ,there's naught within the compass of humanity ,but ,i would dare and do40 ,after ,la ,salle's departure the brave and faithful ,tonty began to experience in turn the frowns of fortune4 ,while superintending the erection of a new fort at a spot selected by ,la ,salle1 ,tonty received the news of an insurrection at ,fort ,crvecur4 ,this1 too1 was instigated by ,la ,salle's enemies4 ,deserted by more than half his party1 ,tonty took up his quarters at the great ,indian village1 where he was treated with hospitality4 ,after a residence there of six months a warparty of ,iroquois and ,miamis approached the village1 and for a long time ,tonty and ,father ,membr1 at great peril and with much ill treatment at the hands of the invading savages1 endeavored to negotiate a peace4 ,failing in every effort1 and finding that dangers and perils were gathering thick and fast around him1 ,tonty resolved to make his escape with his remaining five companions1 which he succeeded in accomplishing1 in an old and leaky canoe1 on the #ahth of ,september4 ,on the following day1 about twentyfive miles from the village1 they drew the canoe to the shore for repairs4 ,while thus engaged they had the misfortune of losing for ever the great and good ,father ,gabriel de ,la ,ribourde1 who1 with a mind fond of the beautiful in nature1 as well as with a soul that loved all men1 had wandered too far up the banks of the river1 drawn on by the picturesque scenery that lay before him1 was met by three young ,kickapoo warriors1 and fell a victim to the unsparing tomahawk4 ,after passing1 with heavy hearts1 over ice and snow1 rambling for some time almost at random in the woods1 and enduring hunger and delays1 they fortunately reached a village of the ,potawatamies1 where they were received with hospitality4 ,tonty was detained at the village by a severe and dangerous illness4 ,father ,membr advanced to the missionary station at ,green ,bay2 here they all met in the spring1 and then proceeded to ,mackinac to await the return of ,la ,salle4 ,in the meantime ,la ,salle1 after stopping twentyfour hours at the ,indian village which he had previously visited1 and finding that the two men whom he had despatched from the ,miami ,river to ,mackinac had obtained no tidings of the ,griffin1 now abandoned every lingering hope for her safety4 ,he pressed forward on his great journey1 only to hear of new disasters and losses at ,fort ,frontenac4 ,the fact that he accomplished such a journey under such circumstances is sufficient to illustrate the endurance and unbending resolution of this great explorer4 ,of this chapter in the history of ,la ,salle ,bancroft thus writes3 8,yet here the immense power of his will appeared4 ,dependent on himself1 fifteen hundred miles from the nearest ,french settlement1 impoverished1 pursued by enemies at ,quebec1 and in the wilderness surrounded by uncertain nations1 he inspired his men with resolution to saw trees into plank and prepare a bark2 he despatched ,louis ,hennepin to explore the ,upper ,mississippi2 he questioned the ,illinois and their southern captives on the course of the ,mississippi2 he formed conjectures concerning the ,tennessee ,river2 and then1 as new recruits were needed1 and sails and cordage for the bark1 in the month of ,march1 with a musket and a pouch of powder and shot1 with a blanket for his protection1 and skins of which to make moccasins1 he1 with three companions1 set off on foot for ,fort ,frontenac1 to trudge through thickets and forests1 to wade through marshes and melting snows1 having for his pathway the ridge of highlands which divide the basin of the ,ohio from that of the lakes--without drink1 except water from the brooks2 without food1 except supplies from his gun4 ,of his thoughts on that long journey no record exists40 ,he arrived safely at ,fort ,frontenac1 but his affairs had all gone wrong in his absence4 ,in the destruction of his vessel and cargo he had sustained a loss of a large portion of his means2 besides this1 his agents had plundered him in the fur trade on ,lake ,ontario2 a vessel freighted with merchandise for him had been lost in the ,bay of ,st4 ,lawrence2 his heavily laden canoes had been dashed to pieces by the rapids above ,montreal2 some of his men1 corrupted by his enemies1 had deserted1 carrying his property among the ,dutch in ,new ,york1 and his creditors1 availing themselves of a report1 gotten up by his enemies1 that he and his companions had been lost1 had seized on his remaining effects1 and sacrificed them in the market4 ,but one friend remained to him in all ,canada--the ,comte de ,frontenac4 ,the undaunted ,la ,salle still pushed forward his work2 having arranged his affairs as well as he could1 he secured the services of ,la ,forest as an officer1 and engaged more men4 ,on the #bc;d of ,july1 #afhj1 he set out on his return4 ,detained more than a month on ,lake ,ontario by head winds1 he reached ,mackinac in the middle of ,september1 and the ,miami towards the end of ,november4 ,proceeding to the spot where he had left ,tonty1 he found his forts abandoned1 the ,illinois village abandoned1 and could hear nothing of the companions whom he had left behind him4 ,he now heard of the ,iroquois war1 and spent some time and effort in endeavoring to effect an alliance of all the neighboring tribes against the ,illinois4 ,finding it impossible to accomplish his purpose for want of a larger force1 he returned to the ,miami ,river late in ,may1 #afha1 and about the middle of ,june he had the happiness of saluting ,tonty and his companions in the harbor of ,mackinac4 ,the two cavaliers sat down together1 and related to each other their respective misfortunes and hardships4 ,thus another year's delay was occasioned2 but in the meantime the trade with the ,indians was prosecuted with vigor4 ,some idea may be formed of the material of which these two men were made when it is related that even now1 when all their plans had failed and all seemed lost to them1 the ardor with which they first commenced this wonderful task remained unbroken and undiminished4 ,in order to renew their preparations for the exploration of the ,mississippi1 they all set out in a few days for ,fort ,frontenac1 from which ,la ,salle had already twice departed with the bold and lofty purpose of exploring and laying open to the world the interior geography of the continent4 ,an eyewitness to these interesting conferences between ,la ,salle and ,tonty relates that the former maintained 8his ordinary coolness and selfpossession4 ,any one but him would have renounced and abandoned the enterprise2 but1 far from that1 by a firmness of mind and an almost unequalled constancy1 ,i saw him more resolute than ever to continue his work and to carry out his discovery407#afj7 ,as already mentioned1 ,father ,hennepin had been commissioned by the captain to explore1 with his selected companions1 the ,upper ,mississippi1 probably the last aspiration of ,la ,salle after the discovery of the northwest passage to the ,china ,sea4 ,proceeding down the ,illinois to its mouth1 ,father ,hennepin directed his canoe up the unexplored stream1 and on the eleventh day he and his companions were near the ,wisconsin ,river4 ,turning up this river1 they proceeded nineteen days1 when the grand cataract burst for the first time upon the view of ,europeans4 8,it hath a thousand tongues of mirth1 ,of grandeur1 or delight1 ,and every heart is gladder made ,when water greets the sight40 ,it was called 8,the ,falls of ,st4 ,anthony0 in honor of the holy founder of the order of the ,recollects4 ,falling in with the ,sieur ,du ,luth1 the two parties1 nine in number1 rambled and messed together till the end of ,september1 #afhj1 when they all set out for ,canada4 ,father ,hennepin sailed from ,quebec to ,france1 where he published1 in #afhd1 an account of his travels and discoveries4 ,thirteen years after this1 and ten after the death of ,la ,salle1 he published his ,new ,discovery of a ,vast ,country in ,america1 between ,new ,mexico and the ,frozen ,ocean1 in which the love of the marvellous is regarded by historians as having far transcended the limits of authentic and trustworthy narrative1 and as conflicting with the recognized and just pretensions of ,la ,salle4 ,upon his return to ,fort ,frontenac ,la ,salle lost no time in preparing for another effort4 ,he arranged his affairs with his creditors1 pledged ,fort ,frontenac and the adjacent lands and trading privileges for his future expenses1 and enlisted forces for his expedition4 ,on the #bhth of ,august1 #afha1 the company set out in canoes from the head of the ,niagara ,river1 and on the third of ,november they had arrived at the ,miami4 ,the constant and everfaithful ,tonty and the good ,father ,membr accompanied the expedition1 which consisted of fiftyfour persons1 of whom twentythree were ,frenchmen1 eighteen ,abnakis or ,loup ,indians1 ten ,indian women whom the ,indians insisted should go along in order to do their cooking1 and three children4 ,six weeks were consumed at the ,miami in making the necessary arrangements4 ,the ,sieur ,tonty and ,father ,membr proceeded with nearly the entire company along the southern border of ,lake ,michigan to the mouth of the ,chicago ,river1 dragging their canoes1 baggage1 and provisions for about eighty leagues over the frozen waters of the ,illinois on sledges prepared by the indefatigable ,tonty4 ,la ,salle travelled on foot from the ,miami ,river1 and joined the company on the #dth of ,january1 #afhb4 ,they continued their journey in the same way up the ,chicago to ,lake ,peoria1 where the canoes were carried upon the waters1 and on the #fth of ,february the great river1 then called the 8,colbert10 received its explorers safely upon its waves4 ,they were detained by the floating ice till about the #aith1 when the flotilla commenced its eventful voyage4 ,on the same day1 six leagues lower down1 they passed the mouth of the ,missouri1 then called the ,osage4 ,they stopped at a deserted village of the ,tamaroas ,indians1 whose people were absent on the chase1 and then slowly passed on for forty leagues till they reached the ,ohio1 stopping frequently on the route to replenish their stock of provisions by hunting and fishing4 ,leaving the ,ohio1 they passed through one hundred and twenty miles of low1 marshy river1 full of thick foam1 rushes1 and walnuttrees1 till1 on the #bfth of ,february1 they came to ,chickasaw ,bluffs1 where they rested4 ,here a fort was built and called ,fort ,prudhomme1 in memory of ,peter ,prudhomme1 one of their companions1 who was lost while hunting in the woods1 supposed to have been killed or carried off by a party of ,indians1 whose trail was discovered near by4 ,afterwards1 by the untiring and determined efforts of ,la ,salle1 and after nine days scouring the country1 ,prudhomme was found and restored to his companions2 but the fort long retained his name4 ,proceeding about a hundred miles1 they heard the sound of drums and the echo of warcries1 and soon they came abreast of the villages of the ,arkansas ,indians1 whose inhabitants were informed at one and the same time that the strangers were prepared for war--as was evidenced by the erection of a redoubt upon the shore2 or for peace--as was manifested by their extending the calumet of peace4 ,they found the ,indians peaceable and friendly1 and here our voyagers stopped to rest4 ,two weeks were spent amongst these gay1 openhearted1 and gentle natives in smoking the calumet1 partaking of feasts1 and obtaining ,indian corn1 beans1 flour1 and various kinds of fruits1 for which they repaid their entertainers with presents which1 however trifling1 pleased their fancy much4 ,father ,membr erected a cross1 around which the natives assembled2 and though he could not speak their language1 he succeeded in acquainting them with the existence of the true ,god and some of the mysteries of the true faith4 ,the ,indians seemed to appreciate all he said1 for they raised their eyes to heaven and fell upon their knees in adoration2 they rubbed their hands upon the cross1 and then all over their own bodies1 as if to communicate its holiness to themselves2 and1 on the return voyage1 the missionary found that they had protected the cross by a palisade4 ,la ,salle also took possession of the country with great ceremony in behalf of ,france1 and erected the arms of the king1 at which the ,indians expressed great pleasure4 ,on the #agth they proceeded on their route1 and were received and entertained most hospitably at another village of the same ,akansas nation4 ,on the #bjth they arrived at a small lake formed by the waters of the ,mississippi1 on the opposite side of which they found a gentle tribe of ,indians1 far more civilized than any they had yet met1 whose sovereign ruled over his people with regal ceremony1 whose houses were built with walls and cane roofs1 were adorned with native paintings1 and furnished with wooden beds and other domestic comforts4 ,their temples were ornamented1 and served as sepulchres for their departed chiefs4 ,la ,salle being too fatigued to visit this interesting people1 he sent the ,sieur ,tonty and ,father ,membr on an embassy to the king1 to whom they carried presents1 and who received them with great ceremony4 ,the king next returned the compliment by a visit to the commander1 sending his master of ceremonies and heralds before him1 and coming two hours afterwards himself1 preceded by two men carrying fans of white feathers1 himself dressed in a white robe beautifully woven of the bark of trees1 with a canopy over his head1 and attended by a royal retinue4 ,the king's demeanor during the interview was grave but frank and friendly4 ,resuming their route on the #bfth of ,march1 thirty or forty miles below this they came among the ,natchez ,indians1 whose village ,la ,salle1 with some of his companions1 visited by invitation1 sleeping there that night and receiving hospitality4 ,a cross was erected here1 too1 to which were attached the arms of ,france1 signifying that thereby they took possession of the country in the name of their sovereign4 ,the ,holy ,mass was also offered1 and the company received the ,blessed ,sacrament4 ,they next visited the village of ,koroa1 and then1 advancing over a hundred miles1 on the #b;d of ,april they came to the country of the ,quinipissas1 a belligerent tribe1 who answered a proposal to smoke the calumet of peace by a shower of arrows4 ,but having no object to attain by difficulties with the natives1 ,la ,salle passed on to the village of the ,tangiboas1 three of whose deserted cabins he saw full of the bodies of ,indians who1 fifteen or sixteen days before1 had fallen victims in an engagement in which the village was sacked and pillaged4 ,speaking of ,la ,salle while thus descending the great river1 ,bancroft writes3 8,his sagacious eye discerned the magnificent resources of the country4 ,as he floated down its flood2 as he framed a cabin on the first ,chickasaw bluff2 as he raised the cross by the ,arkansas2 as he planted the arms of ,france near the ,gulf of ,mexico1 he anticipated the future affluence of the emigrants1 and heard in the distance the footsteps of the advancing multitude that were coming to take possession of the valley40 ,to ,be ,concluded ,next ,month4 ,birth,days4 8,,who ,,are ,,just ,,born1 ,,being ,,dead40 ,who weeps when love1 a cradled babe1 is born8 ,rather we bring frankincense1 myrrh1 and gold1 ,while softest welcomes from our lips are rolled ,to meet the dawning fragrance of a morn ,of checkered being4 ,even while the thorn ,keeps pace with rosy graces that unfold1 ,do we with rapture cry1 8,behold1 behold1 ,a heavendropped flower our garden to adorn60 ,and yet when from our darling fall the years ,as from the rose the shrivelled petals rain1 ,and into newer life the soul again ,springs thornless to the air of purer spheres1 ,so blinded are we by our bitter pain ,we greet the sweeter birth with selfish tears4 ,the ,future ,of ,the ,russian ,church4 ,by ,the ,rev4 ,csarius ,tondini1 ,barnabite4 ,,ii4--,continued4 ,let it only be borne in mind what are those things which are required of her members by the faith and discipline of the ,orthodox ,church1 and it will be granted us1 at least face to face with unbelief1 that her priests need something more than the ordinary respectability of a worthy man1 an obedient subject of his sovereign1 a good father of a family1 faithful to his wife and devoted to his children47#afa7 ,this something more is possessed by the ,catholic ,church4 ,the ,russian ,church has lost it4 ,whatever may be thought of the ecclesiastical law on the celibacy of the priesthood1 we think it cannot be denied that a priest1 living as an angel upon earth1 exercises an influence which is always lacking to a married priest4 ,this 8magnetism of purity10 as it has been called1 has inspired one of the noblest odes of the great ,english poet1 ,tennyson27#afb7 and they who in good faith argue against sacerdotal celibacy do so because1 in their opinion1 the purity required by the ,catholic ,church is a virtue too celestial to be met with here below2 thus reasoning as did that ,jew who1 after reading a treatise on the ,holy ,eucharist by the ,abb ,martinet17#afc7 said to us1 8,this cannot be true1 because it would be too beautiful60 ,those who reason as did this ,jew conclude too easily from difficulty--what virtue is not difficult8--to impossibility8 ,we do not undertake to convince those who have not faith1 and who refuse to allow the efficacy of supernatural means2 for the task would be a hopeless one4 ,but if they have faith1 we will submit to them the following consideration1 which will not be without some weight4 ,and this is that the ,catholic ,church earnestly invites all her priests to celebrate daily the holy ,mass1 and makes it their strict duty to recite every day1 with attention and piety1 the divine ,office4 ,in undertaking the defence of the ,russian clergy ,m4 ,schdo,ferroti says3 8,hypocrisy is a vice unknown among them1 their piety being of a genuine stamp1 and only giving outward expression to the sentiment which is really felt--namely1 a belief in the sanctifying virtues of the ceremonies which they are called to perform407#afd7 ,let it1 then1 be permitted to us also to express here our firm belief in the sanctifying virtue of the ,mass and the divine ,office4 ,the ,holy ,eucharist is called in ,scripture frumentum electorum et vinum germinans virgins--8the wheat of the elect and the wine which makes virgins spring forth0 7,zach4 ix4 #ag74 ,with regard to the divine ,office1 it is the prayer par excellence of the church4 ,as the ,lord's ,prayer1 taught and recommended by ,jesus ,christ himself1 has a power which is special to it1 and a particular efficacy1 so also is a sanctifying virtue attached to a prayer chosen and placed daily on our lips by the church4 ,the ,mass and the divine ,office1 in a manner1 force the priest to have always about him some thoughts of heaven4 ,if vanity or worldly seductions acquire over him a momentary ascendency1 the ,mass and the divine ,office recall him to those salutary truths which never change4 ,we will not dwell longer on this point2 the reader will be well able to make its practical application4 ,we will only now add that1 if to have been capable of an act of great generosity is a title to indulgence for many defects2 if the remembrance of an heroic action in favor of one's country or of humanity surrounds with an aureola of glory the whole existence of him who has performed it2 and if1 in short1 people hesitate to pronounce sentence against him1 even when he has deserved blame1 let it also be remembered that every ,catholic priest1 whoever he may be1 has accomplished1 at least once in his life1 an act of the greatest generosity4 ,he has sworn1 on being admitted into ,holy ,orders1 to renounce every affection which1 by dividing his heart1 could hinder him from devoting himself solely and without reserve for the good of souls2 and solely with that intent has he voluntarily chosen the path of selfdenial and of conflicts which are the consequences of his generosity4 ,this being considered1 there is nothing surprising in the fact that a certain influence is invariably exercised by the ,catholic priest who is faithful to his duties1 even if his learning and education be defective4 ,now1 this influence1 doubly necessary in ,russia1 on account of the social inferiority of the orthodox clergy1 is entirely wanting to all that portion of the clergy which is in contact with the people27#afe7 and the fatal consequences of this want will make themselves especially felt in that day when nothing shall be unimportant that can help to keep alive faith in the ,russian people4 ,and this is not all4 ,in the poem alluded to above ,tennyson puts these words into the mouth of his hero1 the virginknight3 8,my good blade carves the casques of men1 ,my tough lance thrusteth sure1 ,my strength is as the strength of ten1 ,because my heart is pure407#aff7 ,he who thus reveals to us the intimate relation existing between purity and strength is not a ,catholic4 ,if we had expressed the same thought as originating from ourselves1 we might have been charged with mysticism2 this is why we have quoted the great poet4 ,he would not fear being called upon to justify his thought2 let him therefore be the one attacked4 ,but whatever may be the weight which experience gives to this thought of ,tennyson's1 there is no need to wait for the time when the ,russian clergy shall be waging war against unbelief1 to judge of the strength they are likely to have for the combat4 ,in a chapter devoted to revelations of the state of the 8orthodox0 clergy1 ,m4 ,schdo,ferroti takes praiseworthy pains to exhibit their good qualities4 8,i have found10 he writes1 8with some regrettable exceptions1 that the ,russian priest possessed two valuable and truly ,christian qualities1 the frequency of which constitutes in some sort a characteristic feature of the class4 ,the ,russian priest is pious without any ostentation1 and he is gifted with a wonderful faculty for supporting misfortune1 under whatever form it may overtake him407#afg7 ,we have already made some observations on the first of these two qualities1 and will now do the same for the second4 ,to be endowed with a marvellous power of supporting misfortune--what better preparation1 apparently1 could there be for supporting the struggle of the future8 ,it is to patience that our ,lord ,jesus ,christ promises the possession of our souls for a happy eternity when he says3 ,in patientia vestra possidebitis animas vestras--8,in your patience you shall possess your souls0 7,s4 ,luke xxi4 #ai74 ,these divine words1 alas6 cannot in any way find their application in the patience of the ,russian clergy4 ,the patience whereof our ,lord speaks is that which fills and sustains the soul1 and which places in our mouths words whose wisdom puts our adversaries to silence4 ,this explanation is not our own2 it is that of ,jesus ,christ himself4 8,they will lay their hands on you1 and persecute you1 delivering you up to the synagogues and into prisons1 dragging you before kings and governors1 for my name's sake3 and it shall happen to you for a testimony4 ,lay it up1 therefore1 in your hearts1 not to meditate before1 how you shall answer4 ,for ,i will give you a mouth and wisdom1 which all your adversaries shall not be able to resist and gainsay4 ,and you shall be betrayed by your parents and brethren1 and kinsmen and friends3 and some of you they will put to death4 ,and you shall be hated of all men for my name's sake3 but a hair of your head shall not perish4 ,in your patience you shall possess your souls0 7,s4 ,luke xxi4 #abai74 ,the patience here described corresponds exactly with the patience of which the ,catholic bishops and priests of ,switzerland1 ,germany1 and elsewhere are offering us at this very time so edifying and admirable an example4 ,the patience taught by our ,lord1 then1 is not wanting to the ,catholic clergy2 can we hope to find it in the ,russian clergy in the day when orthodoxy shall be threatened8 ,let us well consider the words of our ,lord which we have just quoted1 bearing in mind the energetic spirit which they suppose1 and let us then compare them with the following words of the most devoted advocate of the orthodox clergy in ,russia3 8,this readiness to bear1 without murmuring1 the sudden reverses of fortune10 says ,schdo ,ferroti1 8this spontaneous submission to the decrees of ,providence1 is too ,christian a virtue to allow us to refuse it the admiration which it deserves2 but it seems to us that the combination of circumstances which has contributed to develop in the ,russian clergy this mute resignation has also exercised a depressing influence upon their moral strength1 in paralyzing the powers of their will by rendering its free exercise utterly and invariably impossible4 ,it is the natural consequence of excessive suffering1 whether physical or moral1 to end in the enervation of the patient1 by depriving him of the faculty of action1 by destroying all his energy1 and leaving him destitute even of any belief in his own strength2 allowing him to remain in possession of but one single conviction1 that of his powerlessness to struggle against fate--a conviction that finds its expression in this mute and absolute resignation which we find in the lower ,russian clergy407#afh7 ,poor ,russian clergy6 ,they are all that they can be expected to be1 considering what the czars have made them4 ,the sufferings of the ,russian priest are not forgotten by ,god1 neither does he forget his resignation4 ,far from desiring to cast a stone at him1 we gladly point out all that we can find in his favor4 ,reduced to such a degree of indigence that he is compelled to maintain himself by laboriously toiling in the fields1 the pressing needs of life bow down not only his brow1 but his soul also1 towards the earth4 ,what right have we to expect that he can devote to the interests of souls the time and thought imperiously demanded by the daily necessities of his own existence8 ,and even could he forget himself1 and in selfdevotion taste the sublime joy of sacrifice1 he is not alone2 and will his wife and children also become so many victims of his zeal for souls8 ,this feebleness1 this helplessness1 these bonds--these are the very things which many would desire to see also in the militant ranks of the ,catholic ,church4 8,but wherefore1 then1 is it10 asks the church1 in pointing out the armies of this world1 8that the secular governments will that the soldiers called to defend their country should be alone and free807#afi7 ,but if to be single and free is an element of strength lacking to the ,russian priest1 already by long habituation to suffering and slavery reduced to the state of which so striking a picture is drawn by ,schdo ,ferroti1 another support is also wanting to him1 the power of which is evident in the ,catholic clergy4 ,in our day1 and under our very eyes1 every circumstance concurs to encourage apostasy among the latter4 ,priests who fail in their duty gain the favor of governments1 a considerable portion of the press1 the secure perspective of honors and offices2 they are proclaimed the only honest1 the only true ministers of ,jesus ,christ1 who alone comprehend his interests or succeed in causing him to be loved by souls4 ,in all this there is something seductive1 not only for the ambitious and such as would free themselves from the severe discipline of the church1 but for those also who1 in presence of the ravages which unbelief is making1 persuade themselves--not with much humility--that if the church would act according to their ideas1 the interests of ,god would be better secured4 ,in spite of all these things1 the number of apostates is a mere nothing when we take into consideration the number of ,catholic priests4 ,did those who have undertaken to make war against ,catholicity expect this check8--which1 we remark in passing1 witnesses plainly against the alleged prevalence of abuses4 ,have they well calculated the forces of the enemy which they flattered themselves they were about to annihilate8 ,unless we are mistaken1 they think that its strength is the same in the present day as it was in the time of ,luther1 and that1 if whole nations were then withdrawn from the church1 there is no reason why they should not be so now4 ,but the ,protestantism of those days allowed a true faith in ,god1 in ,providence1 in ,jesus ,christ1 and retained a baptism in every respect valid4 ,it is allowable to believe that if ,god has permitted that whole nations should be snatched from the immediate care of the church1 his providence will keep them from ever falling back into the state in which they were before the redemption2 though this is the logical result of modern ,protestantism4 ,besides1 the social and political situation of ,europe1 the habits of the various nations1 and especially the difficulty of communication1 then permitted sovereigns to raise1 as it were1 so many walls of ,china round the confines of their states4 ,they could at that time isolate their subjects1 and only allow them just so much intercommunication with the rest of the world as they might choose to consider suitable to the interests of the state4 ,if thought itself could not be chained1 its manifestations at least could be circumscribed or stifled4 ,this is no longer possible in the present day2 a pamphlet1 a journal1 a speech in parliament1 even to a simple word of a bishop1 can now1 from the other end of the world1 trouble the repose and disturb the plans of a powerful conqueror4 ,for thought there are no longer any barriers possible1 nor yet police2 and thought makes revolutions4 ,now1 amongst the thoughts which escape the vigilance of all police1 and which pass through every barrier1 there is also that of the constancy which1 in no matter what period of the existence of the ,catholic ,church1 is shown by men living under different climates1 ruled by various institutions1 but brothers in the faith4 ,if to bear the same name1 to be born on the same soil1 and to speak the same tongue1 creates bonds so powerful and so devoted a defence of common interests1 fraternity in the ,catholic faith yields the palm in nothing to any other fraternity whatsoever for the powerfulness of its effects4 ,the humble cur of a poor parish hidden among the gorges of the mountains learns that a priest in a distant land has been imprisoned for refusing to betray his conscience4 ,he is moved by the tidings1 and takes a lively interest in the fate of the priest1 following anxiously in his journal the narrative of the struggles of this confessor of the faith4 ,during this time1 without his being aware of it1 a salutary work has been going on in his mind4 ,soon afterwards he finds himself in the same case--namely1 of being called upon to suffer for the performance of those duties which his quality of priest imposes upon him4 ,his adversaries1 judging him by the gentleness of his language and his life1 expect to intimidate him by a word2 but1 to their amazement1 they find in him the firmness of an apostle4 ,from whence did he gain this courage8 ,they know not1 neither does he2 that which impressed his soul and prepared it for the conflict was nothing else than the story of the sufferings of his brother in the faith and in the priesthood1 in a distant and foreign land4 ,well1 then1 this sustaining thought which supports the ,catholic priest by making him feel himself a member of that family which is as vast as the world and a brother in the faith with martyrs--this support will be wanting to the ,russian clergy when upon it alone will depend the fate of orthodoxy4 ,the ,russian priest1 who1 not being alone1 will have need of a courage so much the greater as there are beings dear to him whose existence is bound up with his own1 will seek examples to encourage him2 but will he find them8 ,the same causes which have produced the mute resignation spoken of by ,schdo,ferroti authorize us to think that the ,russian clergy will not have its martyrs1 or1 if there should be some1 that their number will be too small to counterbalance the example of the general feebleness4 ,and yet here again we will undertake the defence of the ,russian clergy2 for who1 in fact1 could require an act of heroism of a man 8enervated by excess of moral and physical sufferings1 deprived of the faculty of action1 and not only possessing no longer any energy1 but having also lost all belief in his own powers08 ,now1 this is1 word for word1 the condition of the ,russian priest1 as depicted by his most zealous defender4 8,but10 it may be said1 8the ,orthodox ,church is not confined to ,russia2 the orthodox priest will find brethren in ,austria1 in ,roumania1 in ,turkey1 and in ,greece40 ,this is true2 but it is not enough to find brothers only4 ,the ,russian priest will need brothermartyrs2 and where will he find them8 ,besides1 strange to say1 the various branches of the ,orthodox ,church live almost strangers to each other1 unless some political interest awaken the sentiment of fraternity in their common faith4 ,without entering into details on this point1 we will only make one remark4 ,it is easy to find several histories of the different branches1 taken separately2 but is it so easy to find an universal history of the ,orthodox ,church87#agj7 ,in ,catholic countries the reverse of this is always the case2 it is1 comparatively1 difficult to meet with particular histories of the ,catholic ,church in ,france1 in ,italy1 in ,germany1 etc42 but everywhere is found and taught the universal history of the ,catholic ,church--a history in which that of a nation1 however great or powerful1 figures1 if not as an episode1 certainly as but a simple portion1 a contingent part1 of a necessary whole4 ,we one day read in an ,english journal that has a wide circulation the following remark3 8,a church which counts among its members men like ,archbishop ,manning and ,dr4 ,newman is a church which is not to be despised40 ,english common sense thus did justice to the 8coalheavers' faith10 as people are pleased to call the adhesion of ,catholics to the doctrines proposed to them by their church4 ,in fact--to speak only of the last named of these two personages--the author of the ,grammar of ,assent does not yield in intellectual power to any of his ,anglican adversaries2 from whence we may infer1 by a series of logical deductions1 that neither does he yield in this to any of the adversaries of the ,catholic ,church4 ,to speak plainly1 we have never perceived that these adversaries have shown any alarming degree of intelligence1 at least with regard to the application of the rules of logic4 ,in any case1 as1 since ,porphyry and ,celsus1 men have never been wanting who have represented the faith propounded by the ,catholic ,church as an abdication of reason1 so also1 since ,justin and the first ,christian philosophers1 the church has never lacked doctors who1 in defending her1 have at the same time been the defenders of reason4 ,the apostolate of learning is not less fruitful1 perhaps1 than that of virtue and of martyrdom4 ,without pronouncing upon the relative necessity and advantages of these three apostolates1 nor examining whether it is possible to exercise a true apostolate by learning unaided by selfdenial and virtue1 nor even doing more than call to mind how ,god in the ,old ,law1 and the church in the ,new1 have always made learning a part of the duty of a priest1 we will confine ourselves to remarking that many souls are led to embrace the faith1 and others1 tempted to doubt1 are quieted and confirmed1 by a simple reflection analogous to that of the ,english journal just quoted4 8,a faith10 they say1 8professed by minds so much above the ordinary class as such and such a writer ought not to be lightly rejected40 ,it is a preliminary argument of which the effects are salutary1 and grace does the rest4 ,if we now take into account all that eighteen centuries and innumerable writers of all lands have accumulated in the way of proofs and testimonies in favor of the ,catholic faith2 and if we at the same time consider the immense variety and the infinitelymultiplied forms of error1 each in its turn combated by the church1 we shall comprehend that it is scarcely possible to imagine any error of which the refutation has not already somewhere appeared4 ,in the same way the struggle still goes on in all parts of the globe1 and among peoples who have advanced1 some more1 some less1 in learning and civilization2 in all parts of the globe the defence also continues1 and by men brought up among the same surroundings as their adversaries4 ,in short1 ,catholic productions are not the exclusive appanage of any single diocese1 any single country1 any single nation2 they are the family treasures1 belonging to the whole ,catholic ,church4 ,facility of communication brings us1 together with their names1 the works of those who are waging war against various errors in various lands4 ,to take time1 to enquire1 to make some researches--this is the worst that could happen to a ,catholic priest who might find himself1 for the moment1 unable to solve an objection4 ,but the objection is already solved1 even if it be drawn from some scientific discovery of yesterday1 if indeed 7as it often happens7 it cannot be solved at once by the simple use of common sense1 and especially of logic1 the most necessary of sciences1 and the least studied of all4 ,thus we see what happens in the ,catholic ,church1 and we see1 therefore1 why it is that in those countries where formerly the clergy may have been at times taken by surprise1 and not well prepared to meet a sudden adversary1 they now struggle bravely2 and also we see why earnest ,catholics have been able without difficulty to distinguish between true and false progress1 and between true science and false4 ,will it be the same in ,russia8 ,we do not wish to exaggerate anything1 and will even admit that the complaints which are so general of the ignorance of the ,russian clergy may be much overstated4 ,nevertheless1 in looking through the bibliography of that country1 we find ourselves forced to acknowledge that whenever the day shall arrive for unbelief to have free course there1 decorated with the seductive appellations of science1 of progress1 of the emancipation of reason1 etc41 the ,russian clergy will either find themselves without arms wherewith to defend orthodoxy1 or with such only as shall prove insufficient4 ,in fact1 the reader is perhaps not aware that1 from the year #agja1 ,peter the ,great had been obliged 7according to ,voltaire7 to forbid the use of pen and ink to monks4 8,it required10 says the apostle of science1 8an express permission from the archimandrite1 who was responsible for those to whom he granted it4 ,peter willed that this ordinance should continue407#aga7 ,the successors of ,peter likewise willed the same1 although we do not venture to affirm that the ordinance is still observed4 ,let us1 then1 be just1 and refrain from blaming the ,russian monks4 ,if1 since the time of ,peter the ,great1 they have not extraordinarily enriched the literature of their country1 the fault is none of theirs4 ,neither have we any right to blame the secular ,russian clergy if few writers have appeared among them1 nor yet any one of those whose name alone exercises an apostolate4 ,all the ,russians who have written on the ecclesiastical schools of their country are unwearied in their complaints against the badness of the method and the insufficiency of instruction which the young ,russian levite takes with him on leaving the seminary47#agb7 ,we do not in any way accuse the commissions charged with the inspection and reformation of the ecclesiastical schools4 ,we are convinced that these commissions have done their best2 if the evil still continues as before1 it is because they have not the power to touch its root4 ,besides1 how can it be expected that a priest1 poor1 burdened with a family1 and in very many cases necessitated to maintain himself and his family by the work of his hands1 can either have the necessary freedom of mind or sufficient leisure to devote himself to study8 ,it remains for us to consider the bishops4 ,these are taken from the monastic orders1 and if1 since ,peter ,i41 all of them have not been archimandrites1 yet to all has1 at any rate1 been granted by the archimandrite1 of their convent1 at his own risk and peril1 the use of pen and ink4 ,of the two hundred and eighty ecclesiastical writers who have appeared and died in ,russia from the conversion of that country to ,christianity down to the year #ahbg1 and whose biographies may be found in the ,dictionary of ,mgr4 ,eugenius1 ,metropolitan of ,kief17#agc7 one hundred and ten belonged to the episcopate2 and ever since #ahbg that episcopate has continued to reckon among its members men remarkable for their learning4 ,everything1 however1 is relative4 ,these bishops have shone in ,russia2 and there has been a desire to make them shine as far as ,france by translating into ,french the ,orthodox ,theology of ,mgr4 ,macarius1 ,bishop of ,vinnitsa2 a collection of ,sermons1 by the late ,mgr4 ,philarete1 ,metropolitan of ,moscow2 and perhaps some other works4 ,it is also to be supposed that some care must have been shown in selecting from amongst the productions of ecclesiastical literature in ,russia1 the best there were to be found of what she possessed4 ,without criticising1 we think there is reason for saying that hitherto the ,russian episcopate has not by its writings furnished orthodoxy with a support proportioned to the dangers with which it is threatened1 and we doubt very much whether it will be equal to furnishing her with it very quickly4 ,the ,russian prelates renowned for their learning are but few in number2 besides1 so long as the faith and the church are protected by the ,penal ,code1 and judicial prosecution would be the consequence of any attack1 neither priests nor bishops have much chance of finding themselves face to face with any adversaries of importance4 ,the latter1 in fact1 would be exceedingly careful to avoid the men who could denounce them2 and the result of this is that1 for want of exercise1 neither the bishops nor priests can state what is either their strength or their weakness4 ,to this we must add the thousand hindrances placed by ,russian censorship to the manifestation of religious thought4 ,there is nothing1 even to the sermon preached by the pope in his parish1 which must not be submitted to censure47#agd7 ,as for pastoral letters of bishops1 we should be very glad if any could be quoted to us4 ,the formalities and delays which accompany the revision and approbation of every work destined to appear in print are of a nature to discourage the most intrepid4 ,the examination of all the ecclesiastical productions destined to appear in the immense empire of the czars is confided to the committees of the four ecclesiastical academies of ,kief1 ,kasan1 ,moscow1 and ,st4 ,petersburg4 ,if no exceptions were allowed1 at any rate in favor of periodical works1 the complaint of ,jeremias might be truly applied to ,russia3 ,parvuli petierunt panem1 et non erat1 qui frangeret eis--8,the little ones asked for bread1 and there was none to break it for them0 7,lament4 ,jer4 iv4 #d74 ,finally1 we will not stop to consider the manner in which ecclesiastical censorship is exercised in ,russia1 nor yet its tendencies nor its object2 but we say1 to single out one point only1 that it is impossible to find in all ,russia a single work that is able to throw any light upon the reciprocal relations of the church and state4 ,more than one reader will join us in acknowledging that in ,russia a true1 apologetic literature has yet to be created4 ,to complete the picture of that which will inevitably take place in ,russia on the day when the ,orthodox ,church shall there lose the support of the ,penal ,code1 and will have to struggle alone1 and abandoned to her own strength against heresy and unbelief1 we ought to observe that1 since the general confiscation of the goods of the clergy which was effected under ,catherine ,,ii4 7#agfb71 the ,russian ,church has no longer anything to supply its needs but that which is allowed it by the state4 ,it is the state which provides for the keeping up of churches and monasteries2 the state which furnishes the expenses of the orthodox worship1 and which assigns to the ministers of that worship the piece of land from which they must find a maintenance for themselves and their families1 or else which supplies them with a salary proportioned to the functions they are to exercise4 ,it is not1 after all1 impossible that1 in the day of which we speak1 the state1 while continuing to retain a budget for the orthodox worship1 may nevertheless extraordinarily reduce it2 and also it is not impossible that conditions which cannot be conscientiously accepted will be attached to the payment of the salary1 already so moderate1 of the ministers of this church4 ,in either case1 more even than to combat heresy and unbelief1 it will be necessary for the ,russian ,church to consider how her priests and their families are to find bread and shelter4 ,now1 the only classes which can then effectively help them--are they not the same which at this day show so great a contempt for their popes8 ,and this is not yet all4 ,in the day of which we speak who will secure to the bishops the obedience of the secular clergy8 ,this clergy trembles now before them1 because it sees them armed by the law with a despotic power27#age7 but no one can foresee what will happen in the day when popes and bishops shall be equal before the law4 ,the bishops being all drawn from the monastic state1 the result has been that hitherto the secular clergy have lived in subjection to the regular2 and this fact1 united to other causes1 has created a powerful antagonism between these two orders of the clergy1 which not unfrequently betrays itself by venomous writings4 ,one portion of the press makes common cause with the secular clergy2 and1 if we may judge by certain tendencies1 the admission of the secular clergy to the episcopate will probably be one of the consequences of the changes that will take place in the relations between the church and state4 ,but it is not possible that this change can be peaceably effected2 the disorders which1 at times1 arise in the application of the principle of universal suffrage1 show1 in some degree1 how1 in this case1 various elections of bishops would be brought about4 ,and then1 in the confusion and wild disorder of conflict1 where would be found the authority which could have power to settle these differences and claim for itself adhesion and respect8 ,the bishops1 moreover1 who or a century and a half have all been equal before the czar1 and only distinguished by the titles and decorations granted or refused according to the good pleasure of the monarch--will these submit themselves to an archbishop1 to a metropolitan1 to a patriarch--in a word1 to one from amongst themselves8 ,will they1 for the love of concord1 invest him with a superior authority1 and obey him8 ,and were they to reach this point1 would not ,st4 ,petersburg contest the primacy with ,moscow8 ,and would ,kief forget her canonical jurisdiction of former times8 ,yet more1 would not ,constantinople vindicate any right over ,russia8 ,and the other ,oriental patriarchs--would they forget that their concurrence was formerly sought for the erection of the patriarchate of ,moscow1 and their approbation to sanction the establishment of the ,synod8 ,we may thus1 in its principal features1 behold the state to which the czars have reduced the faith and the church of which they entitle themselves the guardians4 ,the picture is a gloomy one2 nevertheless1 we do not believe that we have exaggerated anything4 ,before proceeding further we would even say a word of excuse for the czars4 ,if the ,catholic ,church were not built upon a rock1 proof against all tempests1 many a ,catholic sovereign designated by appellations indicative of the highest degree of attachment to the church would long ago have reduced her to the same condition as the church of the czars4 ,to ,be ,continued4 ,the ,bells ,of ,prayer4 ,during the prevalence of the great plague at ,milan1 8at the break of day1 at noon1 and at night a bell of the cathedral gave the signal for reciting certain prayers which had been ordered by the archbishop1 and this was followed by the bells of the other churches4 ,then persons were seen at the windows1 and a confused blending of voices and groans was heard which inspired sorrow1 not1 however1 unmixed with consolation40 ,stern ,death1 the tyrant1 had swept along ,with trailing robes through the dusty mart4 ,and laid his hand1 that is white and chill1 ,on the city's heart4 ,the ,lombard ,city of olden ways ,over its sorrow and wild despair ,a cry sent up to the unseen ,throne ,in an earnest prayer4 ,a lord that is dead as a peasant is1 ,and a peasant dead is as a lord2 ,the angel stood at the city's gate ,with his lifted sword6 ,the tongues of bells in the steepletops ,sent on the breath of the baleful air ,a call for the people far and near ,to evening prayer4 ,at the sound of bells the weeping ceased1 ,the heart of the thousand stilled its moan1 ,the name of ,god was uttered aloud ,with the bells' sad tone4 ,and the gleaming crosses pointing up1 ,like the gold of crowns that princes wear1 ,seemed in the gray of the changeless sky ,as signs of prayer4 ,and the women's eyes were wet with tears1 ,their desolate souls were wrung with pain1 ,for the dead asleep in their silent graves ,through the sun and rain4 ,in the dawn and noon and dusk it rose1 ,threading its way up the narrow stair-- ,the ,catholic cry--when the bells were rung ,for the people's prayer4 ,new ,publications4 ,,the ,,prisoners ,,of ,,the ,,temple2 ,,or ,,discrowned ,,and ,,crowned4 by ,m4 ,c4 ,o',connor ,morris4 7,eleventh volume of ,father ,coleridge's ,quarterly ,series47 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgd4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,this is a republication with additions of papers from that excellent magazine1 ,the ,month1 which is especially valuable for its historical articles4 ,it gives an account of the imprisonment of ,louis ,,xvi4 and his family in the old tower of the ,templars1 together with sketches of other parts of the history of that noble and unfortunate group of victims to atheistic and revolutionary fury4 ,the chief interest centres in the history of ,louis ,,xvii41 commonly called the ,dauphin4 ,the tragic tale of his horrible sufferings and death is minutely told4 ,at the end of the volume we have a report of the judgment in the famous case of the ,naundorffs1 who pretended to be the heirs of the ,dauphin4 ,this is one of the many tales of an escape of the ,dauphin from the ,temple and the substitution of another child in his place4 ,the utter falsity of all these stories is amply proved1 pretenders and prophets to the contrary notwithstanding4 ,whoever looks to the branch of the ,capets for the deliverance of ,france must find him in the ,count de ,chambord4 ,we cannot too warmly recommend this charming and pathetic narrative to all our readers4 ,,meditations ,,on ,,the ,,life ,,and ,,doctrine ,,of ,,jesus ,,christ4 ,by ,nicholas ,avancinus1 ,s4,j4 ,translated from the ,german ,edition of the ,rev4 ,j4 ,e4 ,zollner1 by ,f4 ,e4 ,bazalgette4 ,with a ,preface on ,meditation1 by ,george ,potter1 ,s4,j4 #b vols4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgd4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,the ,meditations of ,avancinus were specially adapted to the use of religious4 ,the ,german editor modified them for the use of all persons indiscriminately4 ,they are prepared for every day in the year1 are short1 simple1 and well fitted for use1 both in community and in private4 ,,the ,,nobleman ,,of '#hi4 ,by ,m4 ,a4 ,quinton4 ,translated by ,prof4 ,ernest ,lagarde1 of ,mt4 ,st4 ,mary's ,college4 ,baltimore3 ,kelly ,piet4 #ahgd4 ,some of our readers have doubtless read the ,quatre,vingt,treize of that great magician of language and fiery genius of revolution1 ,victor ,hugo4 ,it is an apology for the ,french ,revolution2 yet1 to any person whose mind and heart are not already corrupted by bad principles and passions1 it must seem like an apology which makes the crime worse and less excusable4 ,the romances of ,erckmann,chatrian are more subtle and plausible4 ,one or two of them are1 if taken singly1 quite inoffensive1 and a translation of them was some time ago given in our own pages on account of their vivid illustration of most interesting historical epochs4 ,a contributor1 quite unsuspectingly1 even proposed to translate them all1 and the necessity of reading the whole set before accepting the proposition1 first opened our eyes to the scope and object which their authors have always had in view1 and which is exposed in some very plainly2 as1 for instance1 in ,waterloo1 the sequel to ,the ,conscript4 ,the end of these writers is to extend and popularize hatred of the church1 the clergy1 and the classes enjoying wealth or power in the state2 to foster the spirit of liberalism either in its extreme or moderate form1 and thus to help on the revolution4 ,the influence of such books teaches us a valuable lesson concerning the polemic strategy to be employed on the opposite side4 ,historical romances have an extraordinary charm for a multitude of readers1 and they can be made the vehicle of conveying historical knowledge together with the valuable lessons which history teaches4 ,in order that they may perfectly fulfil their highest purpose1 they should present true1 authentic history1 using fiction merely as an accessory4 ,m4 ,quinton has done this1 and has given a correct and vivid historical sketch of one period in the ,french ,revolution1 which is included in the plot of a novel of genuine dramatic power and descriptive ability4 ,its size is very considerable1 making a volume of eight hundred pages1 closely printed in quite small type4 ,fearful as the scenes are through which we are hurried in following the adventures of the persons figuring in the story1 we are not left without some compensation and alleviation in the episodes of quiet life which relieve its tragic gloom4 ,some charming characters are portrayed1 the best of which are three individuals of low station but high heroism--,louisette1 ,drake1 and ,cameo4 ,the characters of ,marat1 ,danton1 ,robespierre1 ,philippe ,egalit1 and other leaders of the ,revolution1 are well portrayed4 ,the author's special success1 however1 is in describing the low ruffians who led the mob in the work of assassination4 ,maillefer1 ,lepitre1 ,boulloche1 and ,ratfoot are like ,dante's demons4 ,we have never read anything more infernally horrible than the description of ,aunt ,magloire and the band of women who were trained to yell at the royal family4 ,we recommend the perusal of this description most especially to the strongminded young ladies who are inclined to dabble in infidelity4 ,in ,mme4 ,roland they may see themselves as they are now2 in ,aunt ,magloire and her frenzied band they may see where womanhood is brought by the abandonment of faith1 when the lowest stage of degradation is reached4 ,the translator has done a great service to the public by putting this admirable historical novel into ,english4 ,we take the liberty of recommending to him another one--,m4 ,barthelemy's ,pierre le ,peillarot4 ,the multiplication of such books will go far to counteract the evil influence of those which falsify history and instil bad principles4 ,we have vainly endeavored to persuade some of our publishers to undertake the translation of ,conrad von ,bolanden's historical novels1 which are far superior to the heavy productions of ,mhlbach4 ,if these latter1 in spite of their dulness1 obtained so extensive a circulation1 why not the admirable works of ,bolanden which depict the thrilling scenes of the ,thirty ,years' ,war8 ,a series of small1 popular histories of certain important epochs is also very much wanted4 ,,purgatory ,,surveyed1 ,,etc4 ,edited by ,w4 ,h4 ,anderdon1 ,s4,j4 ,reprinted from the edition of #affc4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgd4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,the original of this treatise was written in ,french by ,father ,binet1 ,s4,j4 ,as it now stands it is the work of ,father ,thimelby1 ,s4,j41 who used the work of ,father ,binet as a basis for his own4 ,it is quaint1 rich1 and in one respect more directly practical as a spiritual book than some other excellent treatises on the same subject1 inasmuch as it shows the pious reader how to avoid purgatory4 ,,lessons ,,in ,,bible ,,history ,,for ,,catholic ,,schools4 ,by a ,teacher4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea4 #ahge4 ,experienced teachers usually prepare the best schoolbooks4 ,the compiler of these ,bible lessons is a lady of remarkable talent1 who has spent many years of most successful labor as a teacher in an academy for young ladies which deservedly enjoys the highest reputation4 ,her book is one which has been prepared during this long course of teaching1 and thus practically tested1 as well as continually improved4 ,it is now published with the direct sanction of his ,grace the ,archbishop of ,new ,york1 after a careful revision made under his authority4 ,the author has not attempted to go into questions of difficult critical erudition in respect to chronology and similar matters1 but has simply followed the commonlyreceived interpretation of the text of ,scripture history1 where there is one1 avoiding the difficulties and doubtful topics which beset the study of all ancient history1 sacred as well as profane4 ,in this respect she has shown uncommon tact and judgment1 and has always kept in view her true object1 which is to prepare a textbook suitable for young pupils of from ten to fifteen years old4 ,the style and method are admirable for brevity1 clearness1 and a graphic1 picturesque grouping of events and characters4 ,the delicacy with which every narrative1 where immoral and criminal acts are involved1 shuns the danger of shocking the innocent mind of children by contact with evil of which it is ignorant1 is exquisite4 ,the questions about morals which necessarily suggest themselves to the quick1 inquisitive minds of children1 and which the author has often had to answer in class1 are solved prudently and correctly4 ,the interval between the sacred history of the ,old ,testament and that of the ,new has been filled up from profane authors1 particularly ,josephus1 which is a great addition to the value of the book1 and throws light on the narrative of the ,gospels that makes it much more intelligible4 ,in the history of the life of ,christ the words of the evangelists are for the most part employed1 without other changes or additions than such as are necessary to make the narrative continuous4 ,the parables are arranged by themselves in a series4 ,a summary of the ,acts of the ,apostles concludes the work1 which is of very moderate size and copiously illustrated by woodcuts4 ,as a schoolbook this is the best of its kind1 in our opinion1 and we expect to see it generally adopted in ,catholic schools4 ,we cannot too cordially recommend it to teachers and parents for their young pupils and for family reading4 ,many adults1 also1 will find it the best and most suitable compendium of ,bible history for their own reading2 and even if they are in the habit of reading the sacred books themselves in their complete text1 this manual will aid them to gain a better understanding of their historical parts than they can otherwise obtain4 ,we trust the good example set by the pious and accomplished author will be followed by many of her associates in the holy work of religious education1 to the great advantage of both teachers and pupils4 ,thousands of lovely children whom she will never see this side of heaven will bless the hand that has prepared for them so much delightful instruction1 even if their curiosity is never gratified by knowing her name4 ,,excerpta ,,ex ,,rituali ,,romano4 ,,nova ,,et ,,auctior ,,editio4 ,baltimore3 ,kelly1 ,piet1 et ,soc4 #ahgd4 ,this is a lovely little ritual1 a very pretty present for any one to make to a priest1 especially to one just sent out from the seminary to a poor and arduous country mission4 ,,letters ,,of ,,mr4 ,,gladstone ,,and ,,others4 ,new ,york3 ,tribune ,office4 #ahgd4 ,the ,london ,tablet epigrammatically remarks that ,mr4 ,gladstone kindled a fire on a ,saturday which was put out on the following ,monday4 ,mgr4 ,capel has very satisfactorily answered him4 ,every person not an ignoramus in theology and jurisprudence1 knows that the ,catholic ,church teaches the derivation of the state from a divine institution immediately1 and not mediately through the church2 moreover1 that she teaches what follows by logical sequence1 the duty of allegiance to the state4 ,no ,christian1 no moral philosopher1 and no person holding the principles on which the ,american fabric of law is based1 can hold that this allegiance is unlimited4 ,the ,new ,york ,herald1 remarkable both for extraordinary blunders and for extraordinarily just and sensible statements1 has well said that there is a 8higher law0 recognized by every one who believes in the supremacy of conscience and duty to ,god4 ,it is a very base and inconsistent thing for an ,american to profess a doctrine of blind1 slavish obedience to civil magistrates and laws1 however wicked these may be4 ,the ,catholic ,church has always claimed to be the infallible judge in morals as well as in faith4 ,the ,pope has always exercised the supreme power of pronouncing the infallible judgments of the church1 and the ,vatican decrees have added nothing to that power4 ,they have embodied the perpetual doctrine of the church in a solemn judgment with annexed penalties1 as an article of ,catholic faith2 and1 in consequence1 whoever refuses obedience and assent to that judgment is ipso facto a heretic and excommunicated4 ,it is therefore idle for ,lord ,acton and ,lord ,camoys1 who have stained their nobility and their ,catholic lineage by an act of treason and apostasy1 to pretend to be ,catholics4 ,they are no more ,catholics than is ,mr4 ,gladstone1 and the ,english ,catholics have repudiated them and their doctrine with indignation4 ,it is futile to pretend that the ,pope claims any jure divino temporal power directly over states or citizens in their political capacity1 or pretends to retain any jure humano sovereignty beyond his own kingdom4 ,the reader will find the general subject of this notice discussed at greater length elsewhere in this number4 ,,outlines ,,of ,,astronomy4 ,by ,arthur ,searle1 ,a4,m41 ,assistant at ,harvard ,college ,observatory4 #afmo1 #dae pp4 ,boston3 ,ginn ,brothers4 #ahgd4 ,a new interest has within the past few years been given to the science of astronomy by the recent discoveries which have been made in it1 principally by the use of the spectroscope and by the new field which has been opened and which is still opening before astronomers1 of physical research into the construction of the celestial bodies4 ,a short time ago the science seemed nearly as complete as it was ever likely to become2 now1 while retaining its old ground intact1 it is rapidly developing new resources1 and1 besides being itself perfected1 it is contributing no small share to the solution of the great problem of the day in purely physical science--the constitution of matter4 ,many new and excellent works have1 accordingly1 as might be expected1 lately appeared on the subject1 called forth by the reawakened interest in it1 both in the world at large and among scientific men4 ,the book forming the subject of this notice is certainly one of the best of these4 ,it is not a mere condensed summary of what is known and has been discovered4 ,such summaries1 of course1 are of great utility1 both for reference and as textbooks1 and serve excellently in the latter way1 if the object of the learner be to memorize for a time a large number of facts1 or1 in other words1 to cram for an examination4 ,they may serve1 for students of good memories1 even a permanent purpose2 but they require close application1 and labor under the difficulty--too often a fatal one--of not being interesting1 unless helped out by startling representations of nebul1 comets1 clusters of stars1 and other beautiful objects at which many people seem to suppose astronomers to spend their lives in idly gazing4 ,fine writing1 on the other hand1 about the grandeur and magnificence of the celestial orbs1 etc41 is indeed often interesting2 but1 though edifying and useful in its way1 it fails to instruct4 ,one really knows little more after it than before4 ,this book has to a great extent1 and perhaps as far as possible1 avoided both of these difficulties1 which usually stand in the way of people who wish to know something of astronomy1 but not to become practical astronomers4 ,it is more on the plan of ,herschel's treatise than of any other which we remember1 but is1 though this is saying a good deal1 superior to it in two respects4 ,one is1 as is obvious1 that it is brought up to the present state of the science2 and the other1 that in the first part the geometrical diagrams usually considered necessary are dispensed with1 and supplied by ingenious popular illustrations borrowed from facts of daily life1 and familiar to all1 which attract1 instead of terrifying1 the reader4 ,it is true that the fear which most people have of mathematics is to a great extent unreasonable2 but allowance must be made1 even for ill founded prejudices4 ,illustrations and explanations of this kind1 for which the author has a remarkable talent1 are a feature of the book throughout4 ,the last half of it is intended for those who have a real desire to understand the work which astronomers do1 and how they have done it2 the nature of the problems which they have to solve1 and the means employed4 ,it does not presuppose any really mathematical education2 what geometry is needed is explained as it is required1 and with a great deal of originality1 as we may observe by the way4 ,but to this branch of the subject there is no admission1 except by ,newton's key of 8patient thought40 ,those who do not care to use it must dispense with the knowledge to which it opens the door4 ,the chapter on the 8,history of ,astronomy0 is1 however1 easy reading1 and much the best short sketch of the progress of the science of which we are aware4 ,the illustrations are excellent1 not being copies on a traditional type1 but taken from photographs or careful original drawings4 ,a copious index1 appended to the book1 facilitates reference4 ,the work is mainly intended for the general reader2 but there is no reason why it should not be a textbook1 especially for academies and colleges1 as ,sir ,john ,herschel's1 already alluded to1 has proved to be4 ,we have no hesitation in recommending it for this purpose1 and as being worthy to take the place of any now in use4 ,we regret that the words on page #chd1 expressing a mere hope in the existence1 or at any rate in the providence1 of ,god as the author of nature1 should have been inserted4 ,we have not noticed anything else in the book to which ,catholics can object1 unless it be the use of the word infinity in the sense common to ,protestant authors1 which is1 in fact1 the one ordinarily given to it by mathematicians4 ,,the ,,testimony ,,of ,,the ,,evangelists ,,examined ,,by ,,the ,,rules ,,of ,,evidence ,,administered ,,in ,,courts ,,of ,,justice4 ,by ,simon ,greenleaf1 ,,ll4,d41 late ,dane ,professor of ,law in ,harvard ,university1 author of 8,treatise on the ,law of ,evidence10 etc4 ,new ,york3 ,james ,cockcroft ,co4 #ahgd4 ,prof4 ,greenleaf's reputation as a writer on jurisprudence is too well known to need any comment from us4 ,in bringing his judicial calmness and legal acumen to bear on the ,christian evidences1 he has conferred an obligation which all ,christians must acknowledge4 ,he writes as a ,christian scholar should write1 with learned gravity1 yet with reverent simplicity2 and as he believes the divinity of ,our ,lord1 and raises no disputed point of doctrine1 his work may be accepted as orthodox4 ,it is in reading the productions of such minds as his that the really ephemeral character of works like ,renan's ,life of ,jesus is best appreciated4 ,renan holds a brief1 and his arguments in support of it are only flowery and superficial rhetoric4 ,renan's scenes are very dramatic--the apparition of our ,lord to ,magdalen1 for instance1 is worked up with great elaborateness of effect2 but when he comes to face solid evidence1 he fails most deplorably4 ,thus1 in treating of ,our ,lord's appearance to the apostles after his resurrection1 and the conviction of the doubting ,thomas1 he merely says that at the first interview ,s4 ,thomas was not present1 adding in a careless way3 8,it is said 7on dit7 that eight days afterward he was satisfied40 ,a cavalier way this of disposing of a most circumstantial piece of history6 ,this ample and elegant volume is a new edition of a work published1 we believe1 some thirty years ago1 and now out of print4 ,one of the best parts of the book is the ,appendix1 containing1 among other things1 ,m4 ,dupin's 8,refutation of ,salvador's ,chapter on the ,trial of ,jesus40 ,,sins ,,of ,,the ,,tongue2 ,,or1 ,,jealousy ,,in ,,woman',s ,,life2 followed by discourses on rash judgments1 patience1 and grace4 ,boston3 ,patrick ,donahoe4 #ahgd4 ,,the ,,valiant ,,woman3 ,a series of discourses intended for the use of women living in the world4 ,boston3 ,patrick ,donahoe4 #ahgd4 ,two very practical books written by ,mgr4 ,landriot1 late ,archbishop of ,rheims1 and translated from the ,french by ,helena ,lyons4 ,after having passed through four editions in ,england1 ,mr4 ,donahoe presents them to us in an ,american dress for circulation and perusal in this country4 ,the print is clear1 the translation good1 and the binding in keeping4 ,both of these books will be found very useful to clergymen who have the spiritual direction of women living in the world1 and will assist them in preparing sermons to decry those most mischievous of sins3 envy1 jealousy1 rash judgments1 and sloth4 ,although these books were written for females1 yet they will be very beneficial to many of the opposite sex1 who are not unfrequently in great need of cultivating reserve and charity4 ,the first one1 particularly1 may be read with advantage by some writers for the press1 who seem to forget that calumny1 detraction1 and vituperation are mortal sins1 which are even more aggravated when published to the world than when only privately indulged in1 and that1 moreover1 they exact reparation4 ,,ordo ,,divini ,,officii ,,recitandi ,,miss,,que ,,celebrand1 ,,juxta ,,rubricas ,,breviarii ,,ac ,,missalis ,,romani1 ,,anno #ahge4 ,baltimore3 apud ,fratres ,lucas1 ,bibliopolas1 via vulgo dicta ,market1 ,no4 #agj4 ,we beg pardon for having misquoted the title of this work4 ,the titlepage contains the word 8,rectandi10 which we have supposed to stand for 8,recitandi10 and 8,celebrande10 for which we have substituted 8,celebrand40 ,it would be well if the mistakes in this important publication were all on the titlepage1 and if they were all merely misprints4 ,we will1 however1 begin with these4 ,the proofs do not seem to have been read at all4 ,the following1 then1 are some of the misprints4 ,feb4 #d1 8,s4 ,andr ,corsini40 ,feb4 #aj1 8,dom4 ,possion40 ,mar4 #aj1 8,a cunctus40 ,mar4 #bj1 8fucit heri0 and 8prsente ,candav40 ,mar4 #bh1 8,,dom4 ,,resurect40 ,this last is1 if we remember rightly1 an old acquaintance4 ,apr4 #ac1 8,s4 ,hemenegildi40 ,may #b1 8,s4 ,anthanasii40 ,may #e1 8prsente caduv40 ,may #ai1 8,s4 ,prudentian40 ,may #bc1 8,festum ,,ss4 ,trinitatatis40 ,the superfluous 8at0 here has perhaps come out of 8,matut410 on ,june #h1 which reads 8,mut40 ,june #ac1 8,vesp40 ,these will suffice as specimens of mere typographical errors4 ,the following cannot be considered as such3 ,on ,january #af we find the feast of ,s4 ,marcellinus4 ,the ,breviary has ,marcellus4 ,similarly1 on ,july #ac1 we have ,s4 ,anicetus for ,s4 ,anacletus4 ,the feast of ,s4 ,john ,nepomucen has disappeared altogether4 ,unless it has been suppressed1 it should have the day to which that of ,s4 ,francis ,caracciolo has been transferred4 ,this requires the following changes3 ,june #ae4 ,for ,s4 ,francis ,caracciolo read ,s4 ,john ,nepomucen4 ,june #ag4 ,for ,s4 ,ubaldus read ,s4 ,francis ,caracciolo4 ,june #ah4 ,for ,s4 ,bernardine read ,s4 ,ubaldus4 ,june #bb4 ,for ,s4 ,m4 ,m4 of ,pazzi read ,s4 ,bernardine4 ,june #bc4 ,for the ,vigil of ,s4 ,john read ,s4 ,m4 ,m4 of ,pazzi4 ,the assigned feast of ,s4 ,leo comes1 it would seem1 this year1 on ,july #c4 ,until now it has been on ,july #g4 ,moreover1 we do not find it in the ,breviary on the #bgth of ,june1 as stated this year1 but rather on the #bhth1 as previously4 ,we must do the ,ordo the justice to say that it has itself corrected one of its mistakes4 ,it put in the feast of ,s4 ,justin on the #adth of ,april1 and has inserted a slip saying that this is only for the ,roman clergy4 ,cannot we have a better ,ordo next year8 ,it has been getting worse and worse for some time4 ,and if we have a change for the better1 would it not be a good idea at the same time to separate the part peculiar to the ,diocese of ,baltimore entirely from the rest1 for the convenience of the clergy8 ,since writing the above1 our attention has been called to the omission of the anniversaries of consecration of some of our bishops4 ,there may be some other errors2 it is not probable that we have noticed all4 ,,reglement ,,ecclesiastique ,,de ,,pierre ,,le ,,grand4 ,par le ,r4 ,p4 ,c4 ,tondini1 ,barnabite4 ,paris3 ,libr4 de la ,soc4 ,bibliogr41 #ge ,rue du ,bac4 #ahgd4 ,f4 ,tondini has sent us two copies of this curious and valuable document1 for which he will please accept our thanks4 ,it contains the text of the ,regulation in ,russian1 ,latin1 and ,french1 with other pieces and notes1 and is prefaced by an introduction4 ,there is a great deal of political talent and skill exhibited in this code of the ,russian ,peter1 which is the foundation upon which the modern schismatical ,church of ,russia is founded4 ,there are also many things in it most whimsical and amusing4 ,the ,emperor ,paul wanted to celebrate a ,pontifical ,mass in vestments of skyblue velvet4 ,peter did not care about performing any such childish escapade as this1 but he was resolved to exercise the governing power of a supreme pontiff1 and he carried his resolve into execution4 ,the one salient feature of his regulation is the systematic effort to degrade the hierarchy and clergy of the ,russian ,church1 to make them impotent and contemptible4 ,the able despot1 aided by his unscrupulous instruments1 succeeded but too well4 ,the ultimate result has been that ,russia is worm eaten and undermined by infidelity and its necessary concomitant1 the revolutionary principle4 ,there is no salvation for it1 even politically1 except in a return to obedience to the ,see of ,peter1 the ,prince of the ,apostles4 ,our ,episcopalian admirers of the ,russian ,church will find some wholesome reading in this interesting and learned work of ,f4 ,tondini4 ,,sadliers' ,,catholic ,,directory1 ,,almanac1 ,,and ,,ordo ,,for ,,the ,,year ,,of ,,our ,,lord #ahge4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,co4 #ahge4 ,in the cursory glance we have been able to give this publication1 we are glad to notice an evident effort to improve on the issues of previous years4 ,we do not look for perfection in such difficult compilations1 and anything approaching it is to be commended4 ,,ierne ,,of ,,armorica4 ,by ,j4 ,c4 ,bateman4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,co4 #ahgd4 ,this work1 reprinted from ,father ,coleridge's admirable ,quarterly ,series1 was noticed1 at the time of its original publication1 in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world for ,june1 #ahgc4 ,we have also received from the same house3 ,moore's ,irish ,melodies1 with memoir and notes by ,john ,savage2 ,carleton's ,redmond ,count ,o',hanlon1 ,the ,evil ,eye1 and ,the ,black ,baronet2 the latter reprints1 we believe1 of works heretofore published by ,mr4 ,donahoe of ,boston4 ,,the ,,milwaukee ,,catholic ,,magazine1 ,january1 #ahge4 ,we welcome to our table this new contemporary1 an octavo monthly of thirtytwo pages1 just come to hand4 ,the editor having beautified the churches and dwellings of his locality with the productions of his pencil and crayon1 now takes up the pen professional2 though he has heretofore made occasional contributions to the press1 which have recently been put into bookform4 ,he brings to his task a refined1 poetic taste1 a genuine appreciation of the beautiful in art and nature1 and a sturdy good sense1 which will doubtless serve him well in his new relations4 ,we wish him all success4 ,,announcement4--,the ,catholic ,publication ,society has in press1 and will soon publish from advance sheets1 two very important works in answer to ,mr4 ,gladstone's late pamphlet2 one by the ,very ,rev4 ,john ,henry ,newman1 ,d4,d41 and the other by ,his ,grace ,archbishop ,manning4 ,the former is entitled ,a ,letter to the ,duke of ,norfolk1 on the occasion of ,mr4 ,gladstone's recent ,expostulation1 and the latter1 ,the ,vatican ,decrees and their ,bearings on ,civil ,allegiance4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xx41 ,,no4 #abj4--,,march1 #ahge4 ,italian ,documents ,of ,freemasonry4 ,when ,elias ,ashmole and his literary friends amused their learned leisure at ,brazenose in the construction of abstruse symbols and mystic jargon1 that passed through their cavalier associates to the first ,masonic lodges1 they could never have foreseen the result of their invention4 ,in less than two centuries the association that sprang from the union of a few ,royalist officers in ,england1 and accompanied the exile of ,king ,james' followers to ,france1 has spread itself over the two hemispheres1 a mystery where it is not a terror4 ,its history has been written by many pens and in many colors4 ,some have ascribed to it an origin lost in fabulous antiquity1 or traced its genealogy back a thousand years before the ,christian era4 ,to some it is an absurd system of innocent mystification1 without any capacity for the good it promises1 and powerless for the evil with which its intentions are credited4 ,but others discern under its mantle of hypocrisy nothing less than a subtle organization for the destruction of all established order1 and a diabolical conspiracy for the overthrow of religion4 ,between the two descriptions our choice is easily made4 ,the voice of the ,roman pontiffs1 our guardians and our teachers1 has been neither slow nor uncertain4 ,clement ,,xii4 and ,benedict ,,xiv41 ,pius ,,vii4 and ,leo ,,xii41 ,gregory ,,xvi4 and ,pius ,,ix41 have unequivocally condemned ,masonic societies as hotbeds of impiety and sedition4 ,this judgment was not lightly pronounced4 ,it proceeded from an examination of the manuals1 statutes1 and catechisms of the order1 from undoubted evidence of its practical action as well as its speculative principles4 ,since the close of the last century many writers1 both ,catholic and ,protestant1 have contributed by their researches to justify the sentence of the popes1 and nothing has more powerfully aided these efforts than the publication from time to time of the authentic documents of this secret society4 ,a signal service has just been rendered to the same cause by the publication in ,rome of the ,general ,statutes of ,freemasonry1 and of two rituals for initiation into the first and thirtieth grades of the craft47#agf7 ,it would be a mistake to suppose that the organization of ,freemasonry is everywhere identical1 or that it has been always harmoniously developed to the same extent in the different countries where it has taken root4 ,it has been torn by schisms from the beginning1 although its divisions1 which concerned rather matters of form and detail than general principles1 have never prevented its combining for common purposes of destruction4 ,the two great factions which divide the brethren take their name from the rite which they profess4 ,the orthodox ,masons1 who are the great majority1 give their allegiance to the ,scottish rite1 which at one time1 they say1 had its principal seat in ,edinburgh4 ,now1 as ,domenico ,angher1 ,grand,master of the ,neapolitan ,orient1 tells us in a reserved circular of the #bb;d of ,may last1 which has found its way to the public papers1 the acknowledged centre is established in ,maryland under the specious designation of ,mother,council of the ,world4 ,in the ,scottish rite the grades are thirtythree3 eighteen symbolic1 twelve philosophic1 and three administrative4 ,the ,reform of ,orlans1 which distinguishes the followers of the ,french rite1 abolishes all the philosophic and higher grades1 and reduces the symbolic to seven4 ,the reformers are reproached with clipping the wings of the eagle of liberty1 forbidding the introduction of political and religious questions into the lodges1 and cancelling at a stroke twothirds of the ,masonic programme1 ,equality and ,liberty1 making ,fraternity sole motto of the order4 ,the documents published are those of the orthodox ,masons of the ,scottish rite1 which is almost exclusively followed in ,italy4 ,of their authenticity there is no doubt4 ,the statutes are printed from the latest edition1 clandestinely prepared for ,masonic use at ,naples 7,tipografia dell' ,industria1 #ahgd74 ,they are distributed into five hundred and eighty articles1 and in the ,roman reprint are followed by thirtyseven supplementary statutes for ,italy agreed to in the ,masonic convention held at ,rome in ,may4 ,the rituals1 equally authentic1 are also copied from the most recent editions4 ,without the rituals1 the statutes cannot be understood4 ,the latter are put into the hands of all ,freemasons1 and the language1 when not positively misleading1 is studiously ambiguous1 only to be explained as the initiated proceeds in his graduation4 ,it is necessary to give their substance at greater length than the platitudes and general professions of philanthropy they contain would warrant1 in order that the commentary afforded by the other manuals may bring the hypocrisy and imposture of the system into full relief4 ,as far as possible these documents shall be allowed to speak for themselves4 ,they are their own indictment4 ,the ,general ,constitutions of the ,society of ,freemasons of the ,ancient and ,accepted ,scottish ,rite in their first paragraph declare that the scope of the order is the perfection of mankind4 ,embracing in its scheme the whole human race1 the grand aim of the institution requires its members to devote all their material means and mental faculties to its furtherance4 ,the brethren1 whatever be their nationality1 to whatever rite of ,masonry they owe allegiance1 are members of a great family1 one as is the species to which they belong1 as the globe they inhabit1 as nature which they contemplate4 ,for this reason ,freemasons of every country are to take among themselves the designation of brothers1 and both in and out of their lodges show1 in their deportment to each other1 true fraternal affection4 ,the venerable president of the lodge is required to see observed that strict equality which ought to exist among brothers4 ,he is never to forget that the simple quality of man in the eyes of a ,freemason commands the highest respect1 and is to show deference only to such as deserve it by their virtue and superior ,masonic acquirements4 ,he must never permit a brother to assume any superiority over another on account of rank or distinctions he may enjoy in the profane world4 ,he himself1 on his admission to office1 is reminded that he is but primus inter pares1 that his authority lasts only for a time4 ,he must never make his superiority be felt by the others4 ,he ought to reflect that he is chosen to lead because he is considered possessed of the necessary prudence1 and that only gentle and kind demeanor can secure the harmony that should reign among ,freemasons4 ,every member at his initiation1 besides his entrymoney paid to the treasurer1 must deposit a sum for the benevolent fund4 ,at every meeting of the lodge a collection is made for the poor4 ,this is so essential that any meeting where this duty has been omitted is declared not ,masonic1 irregular and null4 ,all fines imposed on delinquents or absentees go to the same fund4 ,the grand almoner is charged with the distribution of the offerings among the more indigent of the fraternity1 and even the profane are sometimes admitted to share in the ,masonic alms4 ,every application for assistance must be made through a member1 and is discussed in the lodge4 ,preference is to be given to those cases where distress has not been produced by idleness or vice4 ,certain circumstances justify the president in authorizing an alms without consulting the lodge1 but an explanation is to be given at the first meeting4 ,he has also power to exempt the poorer brethren from the payment of the regular subscription1 but this he is enjoined to do with such precautions as may conceal the exemption from the other members of the lodge4 ,were he to manifest the favor1 he would be expelled the order4 ,in every lodge there is an official styled hospitaller1 whose duty it is to visit the brethren in sickness daily1 and supply them with medicines and whatever else they may happen to need4 ,all the members of the lodge are obliged to visit the sick brother1 one each day by turns1 and also during his convalescence4 ,a remarkable provision is added1 obliging the sick ,mason to receive the visits of his brethren4 ,if the illness is dangerous1 the sick man must hand over all his ,masonic papers to those who are deputed to take charge of them4 ,the funeral expenses of a deceased member are defrayed by the lodge1 when circumstances require it1 and he is accompanied to the grave by all his brethren of the same or lower grade in ,freemasonry4 ,the lodge orator1 where practicable1 pronounces a discourse over the tomb1 enumerating the virtues and praises of the deceased2 within the lodge the oration must never be omitted4 ,in keeping with the professedly humanitarian scope of the order are those articles of the statutes which regulate the admission of new members3 8,if the end of the institution is the perfection of mankind1 it is indispensable that the ,freemason should practise true morality1 which supposes the knowledge and practice of the duties and rights of man4 ,he ought1 accordingly1 to be upright1 humane1 sincere1 beneficent to every sort of persons1 and1 above all1 a good father1 a good son1 a good brother1 a good husband1 and a good citizen4 ,a ,freemason must be a citizen in full enjoyment of his civil rights1 of acknowledged probity1 and of at least ordinary intelligence4 ,no one is admitted who has not the age required by the statutes4 ,no one may be admitted or may remain in the order who has once been employed or engages in servile1 mean1 and dishonorable trades or professions1 or who has been condemned to suffer punishment for crime4 ,the expiation of any such sentence gives no claim for readmittance40 ,the retiring warden1 handing over the keys of the ,masonic temple to the wardenelect1 admonishes the latter to exclude from its precincts all who have not laid aside every profane distinction1 and who do not seek to enter solely by the path of virtue4 ,every precaution is taken to prevent the admission of unworthy subjects4 ,the age for reception is fixed at twentyone1 but the son of a ,freemason may be initiated at eighteen1 or even at fifteen if his father is of the upper grades of the order4 ,the candidate must be proposed in the lodge by a member4 ,three commissioners are secretly appointed to separately inquire into the antecedents of the postulant1 each inquisitor concealing his mandate from his fellow commissioners4 8,the investigation10 it is prescribed1 8should chiefly turn on the constant integrity of the profane in his habitual conduct1 on the exact discharge of the duties of his position1 on the rectitude and safeness of his principles1 on the firmness of his character1 on his activity and ability to penetrate1 develop1 and fully understand the profound sciences which the mystic ,masonic institute offers to the consideration of its followers40 ,the three reports of the inquisitors must agree in recommending the candidate2 otherwise the subject drops4 ,but even when the commissioners unanimously approve of the proposal1 the question is put to the secret votes of the lodge in three several meetings4 ,two negative votes in the first ballot are sufficient to delay the next trial for three months1 while after three negatives it is put off for nine2 and if at the end of that time three black balls are again found in the urn1 the candidate is definitively rejected1 and communication is made of the result to the ,grand ,orient1 which informs all the dependent lodges of the exclusion1 to prevent the admission of the rejected candidate among the brethren of its jurisdiction4 ,having secured by these stringent regulations the purity of selection1 and put the mystic temple beyond the risk of contamination by unworthy neophytes1 it is not surprising that the statutes should tell us 7paragraph #ddd7 8that the character of ,freemason does not admit the supposition that he can commit a fault40 ,nevertheless1 considering the weakness of human nature and the force of old habits imperfectly subdued1 certain violations of decorum are contemplated in the statutes which constitute ,masonic faults1 and are enumerated with the penalties attached to each4 ,among these peccadilloes are mentioned perjury and treason against the order1 the revelation of its mysteries1 embezzlement of its funds1 insubordination and rebellion against its authority1 duelling among brethren1 and breaches of hospitality4 ,out of the lodges the conduct of the brethren is to be closely watched4 ,it is the duty of the president to admonish any one whose conduct is reprehensible4 ,this he must do in secret1 and with due fraternal tenderness endeavor to bring back the wanderer to the path of virtue4 ,every corporation has to see that its individual members do nothing to forfeit the good opinion and confidence of the world at large4 ,when1 therefore1 a brother is subjected to a criminal prosecution and proved guilty1 the lodge is to take immediate steps for his expulsion4 ,promotion from the lower to the higher grades of ,masonry is regulated on the same principles of meritorious selection that govern the first admission of members4 ,irreprehensible conduct1 both in his civil and ,masonic capacity1 are requisite in the aspirant2 and he must have acquired a thorough knowledge of the grade which he possesses before he can be advanced to greater light4 ,certain intervals must pass between each successive step1 that the spirit and devotedness of the brother may be fully ascertained and his promotion justified4 ,minute rules are laid down in the statutes to regulate the proceedings in lodge4 ,the arrangement of the seats1 the order of business1 the method of discussion1 all is provided for in a way to promote harmony and social feeling4 ,unbecoming behavior and offensive language are severely punished4 8,among ,freemasons everything must breathe wisdom1 kindness1 and joy40 ,any brother may signify his dissent from a proposal while it is under discussion2 but when it has received the approbation of the majority1 he must applaud the decision with the rest1 8and not be so foolishly vain as to think his own opinion better than that of the greater number40 ,when the ritual practices have been observed1 and necessary business despatched1 the presiding dignitary may invite the brethren to suspend their labors and engage without formality in conversation or amusement4 ,after this relaxation the ceremonial is resumed for the remainder of the meeting1 and the lodge is closed in the usual manner4 ,prominent among the observances instituted for the cultivation of ,masonic feeling are the ,agap of ,masonic banquets4 ,some are de rigeur1 as those on the ,feasts of ,s4 ,john the ,baptist and ,s4 ,john the ,evangelist1 and on the anniversary of the foundation of the various lodges4 ,others may be given according to circumstances4 ,in the regulation banquets the lodge orator makes an appropriate address4 ,toasts and songs enliven the entertainment1 and dancing is not prohibited4 ,between the toasts a poet1 if there be one1 may offer some of his productions4 8,mirth1 harmony1 and sobriety are the characteristics of a ,masonic feast40 ,officials are charged to maintain order and decorum in these reunions4 ,they are instructed to observe a 8moderate1 fraternal austerity0 in their superintendence4 ,venial slips may be corrected on the spot1 and a trifling penance imposed1 which must be accepted with the best grace4 ,a brother who more gravely offends against any of the social decencies is to be rigorously chastised at the first subsequent meeting4 ,after the claim of ,freemasonry to represent a universal brotherhood1 and its professed purpose to effect a general diffusion of its principles and influence1 we are not surprised to find the statutes enjoin the most absolute respect for all political opinions and all religious beliefs4 ,the #cbeth article says3 8,it is never permitted to discuss matters of religion or affairs of state in the lodges407#agg7 ,we are not1 however1 to interpret toleration into a denial of the foundation of religious truth1 or into a wicked connivance at subversive agencies in the body politic4 ,every ,masonic temple is consecrated to the 8,great ,architect of the ,universe40 ,in the name of him1 8the purest fountain of all perfection10 the election of the officebearers is proclaimed on ,s4 ,john's day4 ,by him they swear when1 with their hands on ,s4 ,john's ,gospel1 they promise fidelity to the order4 ,all their solemn deeds are inscribed 8to the glory of the ,great ,architect of the ,universe0 in the name of ,s4 ,john of ,scotland 7,s4 ,john the ,baptist71 or of ,s4 ,john of ,jerusalem 7,s4 ,john the ,evangelist71 according to the rite4 ,the ,bible is always reverently placed on the warden's table when the lodges meet1 and the proceedings are always opened with an invocation of the ,deity4 ,if the craft admits among its adepts men of all persuasions1 it professes to do so because it does not search consciences4 ,its toleration1 it declares1 does not proceed from atheism1 but from enlightened liberality4 ,nor has the state anything to apprehend from the brethren1 if we believe the admonition addressed to a novice at his initiation4 8,masons are forbidden to mix themselves up in conspiracies40 ,the first toast in all ,masonic banquets is to the head of the nation4 ,it would be strange indeed if1 notwithstanding the enlightened scope of the institution and the jealous care with which it professes to exclude all those who are troublesome to society or have given cause of complaint in their civil conduct1 any government should find that the ,masonic body was not one of the firmest stays of order4 ,virtue1 philanthropy1 benevolence1 brotherhood--these are the watchwords of ,masonry1 and its statutes appropriately terminate in the following paragraph3 8,the ,freemason is the faithful friend of his country and of all men4 ,he must not forget that by the oath he took at his initiation he stripped himself of every profane decoration and of all that is vulgar in man1 to assume no other distinction but the sweet name of brother4 ,let his conduct correspond to the title1 and the scope of ,masonry is attained40 ,we have hitherto drawn on the ,general ,constitutions1 which are binding on 8all ,masonic lodges1 and on all ,freemasons1 of whatever grade1 throughout the two hemispheres40 ,as these statutes1 though carefully guarded from the eyes of the profane1 are put into the hands of the apprentices or youngest adepts1 whose prudence and capacity for greater light have still to be tested1 it would be dangerous to make in them more open professions of faith than are covered by elastic and general expressions2 yet there is sufficient internal evidence in them to show that the maxims they contain are mere exoteric doctrine compared to the deeper revelation of the inner sanctuary1 where only the tried craftsman may dare to penetrate4 8,secrecy10 say the ,constitutions1 8is the first characteristic of the order40 ,and this secrecy is to be observed not merely towards the uninitiated1 but is equally enforced between the different grades of the brotherhood4 ,the presence of a member of a lower grade regulates the quality of the business to be transacted in the lodge1 even if all the others are master masons4 ,and not only the business but the very ceremonial must be accommodated to the imperfection of those present4 ,each of the thirty three grades has its own ritual1 the publication of which is high treason to the order1 and which cannot be read without profanation by a member of inferior degree4 ,the books in the lodge library are by no means promiscuous reading1 but are permitted according to gradation4 ,hence the multiplicity of officials with fantastic names who watch over the privacy of the proceedings1 verify the certificates of strangers1 look out for spies or illegitimate intruders2 hence the precautions taken with their documents1 and the intricate system of checks and counterchecks on the very officebearers through whose hands the correspondence and written documents of an intimate nature have to pass4 ,why all this secrecy1 and why those terrible oaths1 which we have still to see1 if the end of ,masonry is faithfully exhibited in these ,constitutions8 ,as they stand1 they might almost suit a pious confraternity4 ,doubtless there are suspicious articles4 ,their exclusiveness is not a ,christian trait4 8,odi profanum vulgus et arceo0 is not the spirit of religion4 ,the visits to the sick1 and the obligation not to decline them1 receive a dubious commentary in the deathbed scenes now so distressingly frequent in ,italy3 when the minister of religion is driven away by the visitors even when sent for by the dying man or his relatives4 ,the solemn decree1 8,the hand of a ,mason shall not be raised against a brother10 throws light on the inexplicable verdicts of juries1 judicial sentences1 and remarkable escapes of condemned prisoners with which the newspapers have made us familiar4 ,but from the statutes we can learn no more4 ,we cannot discover whether the anti,christian and anti social maxims which are unquestionably ascribed to ,masonry are the real outcome of its teaching1 or an element quite extraneous to its genuine principles4 ,this is to be gathered from other sources1 and1 fortunately1 these are at hand in equally authentic documents1 the rituals of the several degrees1 and many of the secret instructions that from time to time are issued by the directing lodges4 ,an examination of these leaves no room to doubt the genuine scope of the association4 ,the process may be tedious1 but it is conclusive4 ,it brings out the hideous impiety of the sect and its satanic hypocrisy4 ,let us follow1 ,ritual in hand1 a neophyte in his first initiation to the grade of apprentice4 ,a lodge is properly composed of four chambers--a vestibule1 the ,chamber of ,reflection1 the middle chamber1 and the lodge proper1 or temple4 ,in the last the ordinary assemblies of the ,masons are held1 but for the initiation of a member all the apartments are put in requisition4 ,the candidate is conducted1 if possible1 in a carriage1 blindfolded1 to the place of meeting2 at all events1 he must be blindfolded before entering the ,masonic precincts4 ,he is led first into the vestibule1 where he is handed over to the ,expert4 ,this functionary1 who is clothed in a long1 black robe1 with a hood concealing his features1 takes the candidate by the hand1 then bids him put his confidence in ,god1 and1 after making him take several turns in the outer chamber1 introduces him to the ,chamber of ,reflection4 ,this is described in the ,ritual as 8,a dark place impenetrable to the rays of the sun1 lit by a single sepulchral lamp4 ,the walls are painted black with death's heads and similar funereal emblems to assist the recipient in his meditations4 ,he has to pass through the four elements of the ancients1 and here he is supposed to find himself in the bowels of the earth1 reminded of his last abode and of the vanity of earthly things by the spectacle of a skeleton stretched on a bier4 ,in the absence of a skeleton a skull must be placed on a small table in the centre of the room4 ,on the table are pen1 ink1 and paper1 a dish of water1 and a piece of bread4 ,a chair completes the furniture40 ,inscriptions are distributed over the walls2 as1 8,if curiosity has brought you here1 depart10 8,if you are capable of dissimulation1 tremble10 and others1 as the lodge may think proper4 ,the ,ritual adds3 8,if it can be conveniently arranged1 appropriate voices may be made to proceed from the ceiling40 ,the candidate is made to sit with his back to the door1 and the bandage is taken from his eyes4 ,the ,expert addresses him3 8,i leave you to your reflections4 ,you will not be alone4 ,god sees every one40 ,then he quits him abruptly1 and1 closing the door1 locks it behind him4 ,the length of time to be employed in selfexamination is not prescribed in the ,ritual1 but is left to the caprice of the ,masons1 who are now engaged in the temple4 ,when the brethren are bent on a joke at the expense of the recipient1 it has been known to extend over four hours4 ,the state of the patient during this time may be imagined4 ,he came with his head full of mysterious fancies about ,masonry1 and the first surroundings are calculated to crowd perplexing thoughts on an already agitated mind4 ,some never get past this first essay4 ,they have had enough of the mystic rite at the threshold1 and are accompanied to the door with the gibes and laughter of the brotherhood1 who then close the evening over a repast prepared at the expense of the candidate with his forfeited entrance money4 ,in most cases1 however1 the time for reflection is just so much as is necessary to allow the completion of the opening ceremonies in the temple preparatory to the reception of the neophyte4 ,when these are finished1 the president sends the ,expert to require of the candidate written replies to three questions3 8,what does man owe to ,god8 ,what does he owe to himself8 ,what to his fellowmen80 ,the candidate is also to be told that as the trials through which he has to pass are full of danger1 it behooves him to make his will4 ,when the ,expert returns1 the will is laid by to be returned to the candidate at the end of the function2 but the answers to the three questions are discussed in public1 and the disquisitions in theology1 philosophy1 and ethics may be fancied4 ,if among the auditors there are junior ,masons whose ears are not yet accustomed to unequivocal negations of ,god and the human soul1 the president strives to moderate the language of the disputants1 and always sums up with a vague and general declaration of respect for all opinions1 and of ,masonic toleration4 ,the recipient is now prepared for further tests4 ,the preparation consists first in having his eyes once more bandaged in the ,chamber of ,reflection1 then in being stripped of his clothes1 8left only in his shirt and drawers1 with his left breast and arm and his right leg bare1 his feet in slippers1 and a cord twined three times round his neck40 ,he is led by this cord to the door of the lodge4 ,here he is to be subjected to a lengthy interrogatory as to his name1 birthplace1 age1 profession1 and other qualifications4 8,as ,masonry receives into its bosom members of all opinions and all religions1 the president must not propose political or religious questions to offend the sentiments or belief of the recipient or of the auditory40 ,in due time the neophyte may learn that the creed of ,masons is to have none1 and that its politics are the subversion of all authority2 but prejudices must be respected at the outset1 and the apprentices are not to be shocked unprepared4 ,when the examination is over1 the farce begins4 ,the doors of the lodge are thrown open with a great noise1 and as soon as the candidate has been led into the room1 the ,tiler holding the point of a sword against his naked breast1 they are violently shut4 8,what do you perceive80 the president asks4 8,i see nothing10 the recipient must answer2 8but ,i feel the point of a sword on my breast40 8,that point10 says the president1 8is symbolic of the remorse that would gnaw your heart1 should you ever betray the society you seek to enter4 ,think what you are about to do4 ,awful tests await you4 ,terrible brother1 take this profane one out of the lodge1 and lead him through those places which all must pass over who would know our secrets40 ,the candidate is then led out and made to take so many turns that he completely loses every idea of where he is2 and when he has quite lost his bearings1 he is again in the lodge1 although he does not know it2 and the brethren1 in breathless silence1 await the progress of the comedy4 ,a large1 wooden frame1 filled in with paper1 has been prepared in his absence1 and set up in the lodge before the entrance4 8,what is to be done to this profane one80 asks ,brother ,terrible4 8,throw him into the cavern10 replies the president4 ,two ,masons then seize the candidate and cast him against the frame4 ,the paper1 of course1 breaks1 and the candidate is caught in the arms of some of the brethren who are in waiting4 ,the doors of the lodge are then closed with noise1 an iron ring1 passing over a dentate bar of iron1 is made to imitate the bolting of the door1 and the candidate1 blindfolded1 out of breath1 stunned1 and frightened1 really may fancy himself at the bottom of a cavern4 ,the candidate is now seated on a stool1 with a jagged bottom and unequal legs which never find a plane1 that with its constant and uneven motion keeps the occupant in perpetual terror of falling4 ,from this uneasy seat he must answer all the fanciful questions that the whim of the president or his own condition suggests4 ,metaphysics1 astronomy1 natural sciences1 may all enter into the examination2 and as the questions are asked without previous notice1 the replies are not always satisfactory4 ,although the ,ritual prescribes the greatest decorum and gravity to be observed during the ceremony1 that the neophyte may be properly impressed1 and prohibits all rough usage and buffoonery1 this is to be understood by the gloss of another ,ritual1 which says that 8this test of the stool of reflection is instituted for the purpose of discovering how far the physical torture which the candidate is made to suffer in his uneasy seat influences the clearness of his ideas40 ,if after this examination the patient still perseveres in his resolution to enter the ,masonic fraternity1 he is admonished to prepare for other trials4 ,first1 he must swear to keep absolute silence on all ,masonic secrets4 ,this oath is to be taken over a cup of water4 8,if your intention is pure1 you may drink with safety4 ,if in your heart you are a traitor1 tremble at the instant and terrible effects of the potion40 ,the fatal cup is then presented to him4 ,this is a chaliceshaped vessel1 having the cup movable on a pivot in the base1 and separated vertically into two divisions4 ,in one there is fresh water1 and this side is presented to the candidate4 ,in the other there is a bitter mixture4 ,when the candidate1 still blindfolded1 has taken hold of the cup1 the president invites him to drink1 and at the same time to swear after himself in the following terms3 8,i promise the faithful observance of all ,masonic obligations1 and if ,i prove false to my oath0--here he is made to taste the fresh water1 and then the cup is turned so that the next draught must be taken from the side containing the bitter mixture1 and the president continues with the remainder of the oath to be repeated by the recipient--8,i consent to have the sweetness of this water turned into gall1 and its salutary effect changed to poison40 ,here the countenance of the candidate undergoes the expected change1 and at the sight of the fatal grimace the president1 striking a terrible blow on the table with his mallet1 cries out1 8,ha6 what do ,i see8 ,what means that distortion of your face8 ,away with the profane60 ,the poor candidate is removed back some paces1 and then the president addresses him3 8,if your purpose is to deceive us1 retire at once4 ,soon it will be too late4 ,we would know your perfidy1 and then it were better for you never to have seen the light of day4 ,think well on it4 ,brother ,terrible1 seat him on the stool of reflection4 ,let him there consider what he must do40 ,when the candidate has been on his uneasy seat for some time1 the president asks him if he means to persevere4 ,if he persists1 the ,terrible brother is told to accompany him on his first journey and protect him in its dangers4 ,the ,ritual proceeds3 8,the ,expert shall conduct the candidate through this first journey1 making it as difficult as possible1 with thrusts1 ascents1 descents1 wind1 thunder2 in such a way that he can have no idea of the ground he goes over1 and all in a manner calculated to leave a deep impression on the aspirant40 ,we really cannot go on without apologizing to the reader for detaining him over this contemptible mummery4 ,it is humiliating to human nature that men who make the loftiest professions of respect for its dignity should debase themselves to such a depth of absurdity4 ,and this1 too1 when they matriculate in their school of perfection4 ,out of a madhouse and a ,masonic lodge folly like this is inconceivable4 ,to return to our journey4 ,it is a farce to an onlooker1 but it is a serious matter to the patient4 ,he still supposes himself in the cavern1 and is forced to make several rounds of the lodge1 passing over boards that move under him on wheels1 to boards adjusted to take a seesaw motion1 and from these to others that suddenly yield under his weight in trapdoor fashion4 ,he is perpetually getting directions to stoop1 to raise his right foot1 to raise his left1 to leap2 and corresponding obstructions are put in his way at every movement4 ,he is made to mount an interminable ladder1 like a squirrel in a cage1 and1 when he must think himself as high as a churchsteeple1 is told to fling himself down1 and falls a couple of feet4 ,perspiring and out of breath1 confused1 terrified1 and fatigued1 his ears are filled with the most horrible noises4 ,shrieks and cries of pain1 wailing of children1 roaring of wild beasts1 are heard on every side4 ,all the theatrical appliances to produce thunder1 rain1 hail1 wind1 and tempest are employed in wellappointed lodges2 and in the others the ingenuity of the merry brethren supplies the want of machinery4 ,the first journey is finished when the brethren are tired of the amusement1 and then the candidate makes a second journey without the obstacles1 and during this he only hears the clashing of swords4 ,a third journey is made in peace1 and at last the candidate passes thrice over an ignited preparation of sulphur1 and his purification by earth1 water1 air1 and fire is complete4 ,now comes a ,masonic instruction which we shall quote from the ,ritual3 8 #8,do you believe1' asks the ,venerable1 #8in a ,supreme ,being8' ,the answer of the candidate is usually in the affirmative4 ,and then the president may reply3 #8,this answer does you honor4 ,if we admit persons of all persuasions1 it is because we do not pry into the conscience4 ,we believe that the incense of virtue is acceptable to the ,deity1 in whatever form it is offered4 ,our toleration proceeds not from atheism1 but from liberality and philosophy4' 0 ,but mark what follows3 8,if the candidate in his reply says he does not believe in ,god1 the president is to say3 #8,atheism is incomprehensible4 ,the only division possible among candid men is on the question whether the ,first ,cause is spirit or matter4 ,but a materialist is no atheist4' 0 ,this is a specimen of ,masonic theology1 expressed in guarded terms1 to respect the weaker susceptibilities of an assembly of apprentices2 for we must remember that we are assisting at an initiation to the first grade1 which is conducted in presence of the youngest ,masons4 ,still1 no veil can conceal the boldness of the declaration1 and the apology of materialism will surely not protect the dullest adept who remembers the first lessons of his catechism from taking scandal at its effrontery4 ,but if he is to graduate in the higher honors1 he must sooner or later get an inkling of what is in reserve1 and it is as well that from the very first grade he should be able without much help to proceed to the development of the ,masonic idea of ,god--nature and that universe of which he himself is a part--to pantheism pure and simple4 ,indeed1 the ,rivista della ,massoneria of the #ast of ,august1 #ahgd1 ventures a little further3 8,all are aware that this formula 7,great ,architect of the ,universe7 by common consent has no exclusive meaning1 much less a religious one4 ,it is a formula that adapts itself to every taste1 even an atheist's407#agh7 ,after this it is scarcely necessary to read on in the ,ritual3 8 #8,what is deism8' asks the president4 ,having heard the answer1 he is to subjoin3 #8,deism is belief in ,god without revelation or worship4 ,it is the religion of the future1 destined to supersede all other systems in the world4' 0 ,the catechising proceeds in a similar strain through a multiplicity of questions1 which are all treated with a studied ambiguity of language1 affirming and denying1 saying and unsaying in a breath1 leaving nothing unimplied1 to satisfy advanced impiety1 and softening down the bolder expressions that would grate on the ears of a novice4 ,when the examination is over1 the marking of the new brother is to be proceeded with4 ,he is told to prepare to receive the impression of a hot iron on his person1 and is requested to mention on what part he would prefer to be branded4 ,the ,masons then go through the preparations of lighting a fire1 blowing with a bellows1 turning the iron with tongs1 discussing the redness of the heated instrument1 all in the hearing of the patient1 who1 still blindfolded1 stands pale and trembling1 in spite of his resolution to go through the operation4 ,the diversion this torture affords the lodge may well be imagined4 ,of course there is no branding1 but the rituals suggest different methods of producing the sensation4 ,one recommends violent friction of the part indicated for branding1 and then the sudden application of a piece of ice4 ,another directs the hot wick of a candle just blown out to be pressed against the skin4 ,sometimes the president declares himself satisfied with the resignation of the neophyte1 and dispenses with the operation4 ,generally the ceremonies of the ,ritual are considerably curtailed in practice2 not even ,masons can endure their tedious trifling4 ,after this the oath is to be administered4 ,the candidate is warned of the sacred1 inviolable1 perpetual nature of the obligation he is about to assume2 and when he has signified his willingness to be bound by it1 he is told that as the time is approaching when he will be admitted to the secrets of the order1 the order requires of him a guarantee--to consist in the manifestation of some secret confided to him1 that he is not at liberty to reveal4 ,if the candidate agrees1 he is to be sharply reprimanded2 if he does not consent1 the president praises his discretion4 ,the latter then proceeds to inform the candidate that the oath he is about to take requires him to give all his blood for the society4 ,when the candidate assents1 his word is at once put to the test1 and he is asked if he is really to allow a vein to be immediately opened4 ,this proposal usually draws out a remonstrance1 and the victim's ordinary objection is the weakness of his health1 or the probable derangement of his digestion by such an operation following so soon after dinner4 ,in the lodge1 however1 this is provided for4 ,the surgeon gravely advances1 feels the patient's pulse1 and infallibly declares that he lies1 that the blood letting can do him no harm1 and positively assures him he will be the better for it4 ,the bleeding is performed in this manner3 ,the surgeon binds the arm1 and pricks the vein with a toothpick or such like4 ,an assistant drops on it a small stream of tepid water1 which trickles over the arm of the patient into a vessel held below4 ,the counterfeit is perfect4 ,the arm is bandaged1 arranged in a sling1 and the poor man1 blindfolded1 half naked1 terrified1 wearied1 branded1 and bled1 is at length conducted to the altar1 or table of the presiding master1 to seal his initiation with the final oath4 ,there1 on his knees1 holding in his left hand the points of an open compass against his breast1 with his right on the sword of the president 7or1 according to another ritual1 on a ,bible1 a compass1 and a square71 he takes the oath1 which we give in its naked impiety1 as found in the ,ritual secretly printed at ,naples in #ahfi3 8,i1 ,n4 ,n41 do swear and promise of my own freewill1 before the ,great ,architect of the ,universe1 and on my honor1 to keep inviolable silence on all the secrets of ,freemasonry that may be communicated to me1 as also on whatever ,i may see done or hear said in it1 under pain of having my throat cut1 my tongue torn out1 my body cut into pieces1 burned1 and its ashes scattered to the wind1 that my name may go down in execrated memory and eternal infamy4 ,i promise and swear to give help and assistance to all brother ,masons1 and swear never to belong to any society1 under whatever name1 form1 or title1 opposed to ,masonry2 subjecting myself1 if ,i break my word1 to all the penalties established for perjury4 ,finally1 ,i swear obedience and submission to the general statutes of the order1 to the particular regulations of this lodge1 and to the ,supreme ,grand ,orient of ,italy40 ,when the profane has finished the oath1 the president asks1 8,what do you seek80 and the other is to answer1 8,i seek light40 ,the most merciless trick of all follows4 ,the bandage is quickly removed from his eyes4 ,unaccustomed for hours to the faintest light1 they are suddenly exposed to the dazzling glare of a great artificial flame started before his face4 ,he is blinded once more by the change1 and closes his eyes against the pain caused by the brilliancy2 and when at last he opens them to look about him1 it is to see the fierce attitudes of the ,masons1 each pointing his sword at his face4 ,few pass this ordeal without exhibiting signs of terror2 some attempt to escape1 some beg their lives1 and some protest they have done with ,freemasonry4 ,but no one who has reached this point is permitted to depart without being received1 and the novice is comforted with the assurance that all is over4 ,the president1 addressing the new apprentice1 says3 8,fear not those swords that surround you3 they threaten only the perjurer4 ,if you are faithful to ,masonry1 they will protect you4 ,if you betray it1 no corner of the earth will protect you against these avenging blades4 ,masonry requires in every ,mason belief in a ,supreme ,being1 and allows him out of the lodge to worship as he pleases1 provided he leaves the same liberty to others4 ,masons are bound to assist each other by every means when occasion offers4 ,freemasons are forbidden to mix themselves up in conspiracies4 ,but were you to hear of a ,mason who had engaged in any such enterprise1 and fallen a victim to his imprudence1 you should have compassion on his misfortune1 and the ,masonic bond would make it your duty to use all your influence and the influence of your friends to have the rigor of punishment lessened on his behalf40 ,our candidate by this lime has somewhat recovered from his confusion4 ,he is now led up to the president1 who1 striking him thrice on the head with his mallet1 then with the compass1 and lastly with the sword1 declares him ,apprentice ,mason and active member of the lodge4 ,he is invested with the insignia1 and put in possession of the ,masonic signs and passwords4 ,the description of these would be tedious1 and we shall only notice the guttural sign4 ,this is made by bringing to the throat the right hand1 with thumb extended and the other fingers closed together to represent a square2 the whole intended to recall the imprecation in the oath4 ,to this allusion is made in one of the drinking songs of the ,masons1 translated from the ,french for the brethren in ,italy1 although the verse has been left out in the ,italian edition3 ,dedans la barque ,du ,nautonnier ,charon ,si je m'embarque ,je lui dirai3 ,patron ,a cette marque ,reconnais un ,maon4 ,of the sacred word ,jachin there will be occasion to speak again4 ,when the function is over1 the lodge is cleared1 tables are spread1 and the brethren sit down to a refreshment which one1 at least1 has fairly earned4 ,admission to the first three grades of ,masonry is easily obtained4 ,among the ,apprentices1 ,fellowcraft1 and ,master,masons the official language always speaks of charity1 toleration1 and philanthropy4 ,we have seen sufficient reason to question the sincerity of these expressions in the mouths of the ,masons1 and the explanations we have heard from themselves are far from reassuring4 ,as the society contemplates the gradual formation of the requisite character in its members1 and as most of these at their first entry have not altogether lost every natural sense of duty1 as understood by the profane1 their advance to perfection is generally slow1 and the great bulk never get beyond the symbolic grades4 ,if they are promoted1 it is pro forma in the succeeding grades termed capitular1 which are the perfection of symbolism1 and are completed in the ,rosicrucian ,knight at the eighteenth grade4 ,from this point promotion is difficult4 ,the degrees that follow up to the thirtieth are called philosophic1 and in them the adept is taught plainly1 without symbol or artifice1 the practice of true ,masonic virtue4 ,vengeance and death are the passwords1 the poniard the symbol of action4 ,after this the other degrees are purely administrative1 and the ,mason of the thirtyfirst1 thirty second1 or thirtythird grade learns nothing that was not revealed when he was admitted ,knight ,kadosh in the thirtieth4 ,in the nineteenth1 or first of the philosophic grades1 the ,ritual says3 8,it is not difficult to comprehend that the society of ,freemasons1 speaking plainly1 is just a permanent conspiracy against political despotism and religious fanaticism4 ,the princes who unfortunately were admitted into ,masonry1 were not slow in reducing it to a society of beneficence and charity1 and maintained that religion and politics were foreign to its purpose4 ,they even succeeded in having inserted among the statutes that no discussion was to be tolerated in the lodges on these subjects40 ,in the ,ritual of the twentyninth degree3 8,how would not the ,masonic mysteries have degenerated1 if1 according to the programme of the common herd of ,masons1 the adept was never to occupy himself with politics or religion60 ,and the actual ,grand,master of the ,neapolitan ,masons1 ,domenico ,angher1 in a secret history of the society in that ,orient1 clandestinely printed in #ahfd1 relates with satisfaction that the work of the ,carbonari and ,buoni ,cugini in #ahbjba was conceived and directed by the ,masonic lodges1 and carried out by their own adepts under the other designations1 and triumphantly boasts that in those days 8the mallets of the ,masons beat harmonious time to the axes of the ,carbonari40 ,in #ahfi the ,grand,master ,frapolli1 ,deputy in the ,chambers1 in the opening discourse at the ,masonic gathering held that year in ,genoa1 acknowledged that 8during the previous fifty years of tyranny ,freemasonry in ,italy was replaced by the ,carbonari40 ,he said that on the first reconstruction of the order at ,turin1 in #ahfa1 the motto was adopted of 8,a personal ,god and a constitutional monarchy10 but that this was found to be a stifling limitation1 by which the ,italian lodges would not submit to be fettered2 and in #ahfd a new ,grand ,orient was established which better corresponded to the scope4 ,up to the occupation of ,rome in #ahgj the aim of the brotherhood was to 8elevate the conscience40 ,now they may safely advance a step4 ,mauro ,macchi1 another ,deputy1 and member of the ,supreme ,council of ,freemasons1 in the ,masonic ,review of the #afth of ,february1 #ahgd1 thus expresses his idea of the present practical scope of the society3 8,the keystone of the whole system opposed to ,masonry was and is that ascetic and transcendental sentiment which carries men beyond the present life1 and makes them look on themselves as mere travellers on earth1 leading them to sacrifice everything for a happiness to begin in the cemetery4 ,as long as this system is not destroyed by the mallet of ,masonry1 we shall have society composed of poor1 deluded creatures who will sacrifice all to attain felicity in a future existence40 ,a ,catholic1 he says1 who mortifies his passions1 is consistent and logical1 for to him life is a pilgrimage and an exile1 and his career is but a preparation for a future state2 but this the grandmaster refuses to accept as the type of human perfection4 ,let us pass to an inspection of the ,ritual of the thirtieth grade of the ,scottish ,rite1 called ,chevalier ,kadosh1 or ,knight of the ,white and ,black ,eagle1 printed at ,naples1 without indication of printer's name1 in #ahfi4 ,here the real ends of ,masonry1 and the horrible means it directs to their attainment1 are exposed without veil or mystery4 ,as ,angher in his preface says3 8,here the great drama of ,masonry reaches its dnoement4 ,only ,masons of strong capacity and devoted attachment penetrate thus far4 ,the other grades are but a sanctuary of approach2 this1 the thirtieth1 is the inmost sanctuary1 for which the rest is only a preparation40 ,the infamous nature of the conspiracy which it discloses would justify our treating it at greater length1 if the limits of an article did not oblige us to hasten to a close4 ,we cannot afford to wade through the tiresome series of mystifying ceremonies without which nothing ,masonic can be legally performed4 ,mithric rites1 the ,temple of ,memphis1 ,zoroaster1 ,pythagoras1 ,numa1 the ,templars1 ,manicheans1 ,rabbinic phrases1 and lore from the ,talmud1 ,arabic1 and ,hebrew1 are jumbled together to give an air of antiquity to this most modern of widespread impostures4 ,our business is to cull out of the mass of profanities a few samples of the perfection required of the 8holy10 8consecrated10 8purified0 knight2 for such is the force of the ,hebrew ,kadosh4 ,angher has not proceeded far1 when in a note he takes care to inform us that the two sacred passwords1 ,jachin and ,booz1 which ,masons of the first two grades are taught to repeat and understand as stability and force1 and whose initial letters1 ,j and ,b1 are inscribed on the ,masonic columns1 read as they ought to be1 backwards1 are two obscene words in the corrupt language of the ,maltese ,arabs4 ,the initiation1 whenever it is symbolic1 recalls the execution of ,james de ,molai1 ,grand,master of the ,templars1 and holds up to execration ,clement ,v4 and ,philip the ,fair1 with ,noffodei1 the false brother4 ,to emancipate society from the double despotism of priest and king is the duty of the aspirant4 ,the passwords for him are now ,nekam1 vengeance1 ,makah1 death1 and the answer ,bealim1 to traitors4 ,he is told that his duty is to mark all the murders of friends of liberty1 political and religious1 committed by the satellites of despotism1 and to avenge the victims of tyranny2 to bind himself1 in common action with the other knights1 to annihilate1 once for all1 the despots of the human race--in a word to establish political and religious liberty where it does not exist1 and defend it where it is established1 with arms if need be4 ,when the theory of these doctrines has been sufficiently impressed upon him1 he is conducted by the grandmaster before a skull crowned with laurel1 and repeats as he is told3 8,honor and glory to persecuted innocence2 honor and glory to virtue sacrificed to vice and ambition40 ,next he is shown a skull crowned with a tiara1 a dagger is placed in his hand1 and he is made to exclaim1 8,hatred and death to religious despotism60 ,in the same way1 before a skull on which is placed a kingly diadem1 he pronounces 8,hatred and death to political despotism60 ,twice must the aspirant repeat this ceremony1 and on the last occasion casts crown and tiara on the ground47#agi7 ,four times he binds himself by oath to combat political and religious oppression1 to put down religious fanaticism1 to overturn political tyranny1 to propagate the principles of ,masonry1 to disseminate liberal ideas1 to maintain the rights of man and the sovereignty of the people4 ,each time the holy name of ,god is called to witness1 but we know now the value of the invocation--the universe is the ,mason's ,god4 8 #8,do you believe in another world8' asks the grandmaster1 who himself resumes1 #8,there are not two worlds4 ,we are a compound of matter and spirit4 ,these two substances return to their origin3 this transformation does not remove them out of the universal world1 of which we form part4 ,what is the future life8 ,the future life is the life of our descendants1 who are to profit by our discoveries4' 0 ,such1 then1 is the 8religion of the future10 by which it is the appointed task of ,masonry to supersede ,christianity2 such the 8progress10 8civilization10 8perfectibility10 which humanity is to achieve under ,masonic guidance4 ,we have not painted the association in colors of our own2 we have merely produced its official documents1 and in the hated light they leave their own photograph4 ,when society falls under the influence of such an organization1 its demoralization is rapid and complete4 ,its circulars regulate the popular elections and control the votes of parliaments4 8,public opinion0 is at its beck1 the press is its active instrument4 ,we could quote its instructions to the ,italian ,deputies on the ,roman question1 and a communication of the ,grand,master of ,italy1 sent to all the foreign ,grand ,lodges1 advising a united attack1 through the public mind1 on the ,carlist movement in ,spain4 ,its theories of assassination and open rebellion are seldom carried out on its own direct responsibility4 ,out of the ,masonic lodges arise a multitude of minor sects1 ostensibly independent1 but really directed by the brethren4 ,to these the practical work is committed4 ,as ,carbonari1 ,socialists1 ,communists1 ,internationalists1 ,mazzinians1 they execute orders received from their common centre4 ,if successful1 the result is claimed for the parent association2 if unfortunate1 they are disavowed4 ,it is usual to say that ,freemasonry in firmlyestablished constitutional states is comparatively harmless4 ,we are not prepared to affirm that in countries like the ,united ,states or ,great ,britain the wicked principles of ,continental ,european ,masonry are developed to the same extent indiscriminately in all the lodges4 ,where the initiation is supposed never to advance beyond the three symbolic degrees1 the anti,catholic principle of religious indifference is perhaps its most dangerous characteristic4 ,but this alone is sufficiently repulsive2 and the fraternization which binds together every branch of the association can excuse no individual member from moral complicity in its worst deeds1 wherever perpetrated4 ,with that keen forecast of danger to the ,christian family which has ever been the characteristic attribute of the ,holy ,see1 the popes1 from the first origin of ,masonry1 saw through its flimsy disguise of benevolent professions1 and over and over again1 and chiefly on the eve of those terrible antisocial outbursts that have so frequently convulsed ,europe since the formation of the society1 raised their prophetic voices1 foretelling the impending storm1 denouncing its source1 and condemning in the strongest terms and under the severest penalties all connection with these secret associations4 ,princes and peoples disregarded the warning1 and both have suffered for their neglect4 ,would that at least they had profited by the lesson6 ,but these eternal enemies of order1 emboldened by their success1 are only preparing for a new strife4 ,the state is already almost everywhere at their control2 the church of ,god everywhere resists4 ,against her they now concentrate their warfare4 ,false professions serve no purpose with the civil government in their own hands1 and they have learned that their hypocrisy does not avail with the church4 ,they drop the mask4 ,no longer careful to conceal their aim1 they make it a public boast4 8,protestantism10 writes ,b4 ,konrad from ,germany in the ,bauhtte1 a ,masonic paper1 8without discipline1 faith1 or spiritual or moral life1 broken up into hundreds of sects1 offers only the spectacle of a corpse in dissolution4 ,it is not an enemy to oppose us4 ,our adversary is the ,roman ,catholic,papal,infallible ,church1 with its compact and universal organization4 ,this is our hereditary1 implacable foe4 ,if we are to be true and honest ,freemasons1 and wish to promote our society1 we must absolutely cry out with ,strauss3 ,we are no longer ,christians2 we are ,freemasons and nothing else4 ,amateur ,freemasons are no advantage to humanity1 and no credit to our society4 ,christians or ,freemasons1 make your choice40 ,the church of ,god fears them not4 ,her pastors may mourn over the corruption of morals1 the perversion of youth1 the irreparable loss of many souls2 but amid the dissolution and universal ruin which infidelity and revolution are preparing for society1 she will stand erect1 unshaken1 not shorn of her strength2 and when the inevitable revulsion brings repentant nations to her feet1 she will be ready as ever to pour the balm of religious consolation on their wounds1 to bind up their shattered members1 to set humanity once more on the path of true perfectibility1 not to be attained through the impious philosophy of midnight conventicles1 but in the light of the ,sun of ,justice1 preached on the housetops1 to the formation of true ,christian brotherhood4 ,crown ,jewels4 ,let's crown our ,king with what will show ,his royal power and treasure-- ,sharp thorns6 ',tis done6 ,his blood doth flow1 ,of both the might and measure4 ,are ,you ,my ,wife8 ,chapter ,,ii4 ,by ,the ,author ,of 8,a ,salon ,in ,paris ,before ,the ,war10 8,number ,thirteen10 8,pius ,,vi410 ,etc4 ,chapter ,,ii4 ,i ,introduce ,my ,wife--,she ,disappears6 8,a nice young gentleman you are1 ,master ,clide1 to play off such a trick as this on your family60 said ,admiral de ,winton1 shaking my hand so vigorously that ,i feared he was bent in his indignation on shaking it off4 8,come1 sir1 what excuse have you to offer for yourself80 8,my dear uncle1 ,i sha'n't attempt any excuse1 for the best reason in the world1 that ,i have not a decent one4 ,but here is my wife10 ,i said1 catching sight of her coming up the terrace2 8let her plead for me4 ,i leave my case in her hands40 ,isabel stepped in through the open window1 and1 going straight up to the old gentleman1 held out her hands1 blushing and smiling with the prettiest little pretence of being ashamed of herself and dreadfully frightened4 8,no excuse60 growled the admiral1 hollowing out his hands to hold the soft1 pink cheeks1 then saluting them with a kiss that resounded through the room like the double report of a pistolshot4 8,no excuse indeed6 ,you barefaced hypocrite6 ,how dare you tell me such a crammer8 ,you unmitigated young rascal1 what do you mean by it80 ,this series of polite inquiries my uncle fired off1 holding ,isabel all the time at arm's length1 with a hand on each shoulder1 and looking straight into her face4 ,she was not the least disconcerted by this singular mode of apostrophe4 8,don't scold him6 ,don't be angry with him6 ,please don't6 ,it was all my fault10 she said1 and looked up at him as if she particularly wanted to kiss him4 8,i'll horsewhip him6 ,i'll tie him to the mainmast and flog him60 roared my uncle4 ,and then came a second volley of pistolshots4 8,no1 you sha'n't6 ,if you do1 ,i'll horsewhip you60 declared ,isabel1 twining her arms round the old sailor's neck1 and stamping her tiny foot at him4 ,my stepmother made her appearance at this crisis with ,sir ,simon ,harness4 ,she had driven to meet our guests1 but1 instead of driving back with them1 she and ,sir ,simon walked up together from the station1 and sent on the admiral alone in the carriage4 ,after bidding him a cordial welcome1 ,i presented ,isabel to ,sir ,simon4 ,she held out her hand4 ,he raised it to his lips1 bending his venerable white head before my young wife with that courtly grace that gave a touch of oldfashioned stiffness to his manner towards women1 but which was in reality the genuine expression of chivalrous respect4 ,isabel1 not apparently satisfied with the stately homage1 drew nearer1 and1 putting up her face1 8,may ,i1 ,clide80 she said4 ,sir ,simon naturally did not 8pause for a reply10 but taking the blushing face in his hands1 he imprinted a fatherly kiss on her forehead4 ,to say that ,i was proud of my wife and delighted with the way she had behaved towards my two friends would be to convey a very inadequate idea of the state of my feelings4 ,i was simply inebriated4 ,it is hardly a figure of speech to say that ,i did not know whether ,i was on my head or my heels4 ,i had looked forward to this meeting with an apprehension which1 from being undefined1 was none the less painful1 and the relief ,i experienced at the successful issue was in proportion great4 ,my stepmother was evidently quite as surprised1 if in a less degree gratified than myself4 ,the afternoon passed delightfully1 chatting and walking about the park2 my two old friends usurping ,isabel completely1 making love to her under my eyes in the most unscrupulous manner1 quarrelling as to who should have her arm when out walking1 and sit next to her when they came in4 ,isabel flirted with both1 utterly regardless of my feelings1 and even hinted to me at lunch that my prophecy with regard to ,sir ,simon ran a fair chance of coming true4 ,she came down to dinner arrayed like a fairy1 in a dress that seemed to have been made out of a sunset and trimmed with a rainbow4 ,she had put on all her jewels--those ,i had chosen for her1 and the diamonds that came to me from my mother4 ,she wore pearls round her neck1 and a row of diamond stars in her hair2 while her arms almost disappeared under the variety of bracelets of every form and date with which she had loaded them4 ,it may have been in questionable taste and not very sensible1 but there was an innocent womanly vanity in thus seizing the first available opportunity of showing herself in her finery that ,i thought perfectly delightful4 ,i could see1 too1 that the admiral and ,sir ,simon were pleased at the infantine coquetry1 and not a little flattered by it4 ,my step mother alone looked coldly on the proceeding2 and while ,isabel1 sitting between the two old gentlemen1 pointed out for their special admiration 8this bracelet1 with the diamond truelover's knot1 that ,clide gave me the day after we were engaged1 and this blue enamel with the ,greek word in pearls that he bought me the day before we came home10 ,mrs4 de ,winton dissected her walnuts1 and1 setting her face like a flint1 kept outside the conversation till the subject changed4 ,when we assembled in the drawingroom1 ,isabel opened a new battery of fascination that was perhaps the most formidable of all4 ,she began to sing4 ,the excitement of the jewels1 and the sympathetic audience1 and the conscious triumph of the hour1 all added1 no doubt1 to the power and brilliancy of her voice1 which sounded richer1 fuller1 more entrancing than ,i had ever heard it before4 ,she sang all sorts of songs4 ,the admiral asked for a seasong4 ,isabel knew plenty1 comic and dramatic1 from 8,rule ,britannia0 down to 8,a ,life on the ,ocean ,wave10 which she rang out with a rollicking zest and spirit that fairly intoxicated the old sailor4 ,sir ,simon enjoyed an ,english ballad and an ,irish melody4 ,the siren gave him every one he asked for1 old and new4 ,in fact1 she surpassed herself in witchery and skill1 and one was at a loss which to admire most1 the artless grace of the woman or the gifts and accomplishments of the artist4 ,the evening passed rapidly away1 and it was past midnight before any one thought of stirring4 8,clide10 said my stepmother next morning1 as she was leaving the breakfastroom where ,isabel and her guests were loitering over their tea cups1 while ,i read the ,times in the window1 8,i wish to speak to you4 ,come to me in the library40 ,and without waiting for an answer1 she walked out4 ,there was no reason why this commonplace invitation should have brought a sensation of cold down my back1 and of my heart dropping down into my boots2 but unaccountably this double phenomenon was effected in my person4 ,i made a pretence of going through the leaders before ,i rose1 and then1 yawning to give myself an air of perfect satiety and ennui1 ,i sauntered out of the breakfast room1 and bent my steps towards the audiencechamber4 8,clide10 began ,mrs4 de ,winton1 when ,i had closed the door and established myself on the hearthrug1 with my back to the fire1 8where did your wife learn singing80 8,why1 in ,london1 ,i suppose4 ,where else should she learn it80 8,did you ask her80 inquired my inquisitor4 8,it never occurred to me4 ,why should it80 ,mrs4 de ,winton looked at me curiously--not scornfully1 as she was accustomed to do when ,i committed myself to any ultrafoolish remark4 ,indeed1 ,i thought her face wore an expression gentler and kinder than ,i remembered to have seen there since when a child ,i had seen her look at my father4 ,she said nothing for a minute4 ,then fixing her eyes on me with a glance that sent my heart right out through my heels3 8,i have telegraphed to ,simpson to come down by the early train today10 she said4 8,the deuce you have60 ,i exclaimed1 and1 starting from my impassive attitude1 ,i dropped my coattails1 and stepped off the rug as if it had suddenly turned into a hot plate4 8,yes10 continued ,mrs4 de ,winton1 quite unmoved by my complimentary ejaculation1 8it is my duty1 since you are too indifferent to your own interest to take the44440 8,clide1 ,clide6 ,where are you80 cried a sweet voice from the terrace1 and1 running up the slopes1 ,isabel flattened her nose against the window1 peering into the room in search of me4 ,i was so placed that she could not see me1 but she saw my stepmother4 ,glad to escape from what threatened to be a stormy interview1 ,i flew to the window1 opened it1 and rejoined my wife4 8,was she scolding you80 asked ,isabel1 casting a puzzled glance towards the room where ,i had so unceremoniously 8planted0 my stepmother4 8,no1 darling10 ,i answered1 laughing4 8,what was she saying80 inquired ,isabel4 8,what an inquisitive little puss it is60 ,i said1 partly amused and partly at a nonplus for a satisfactory answer4 8,tell me4 ,i'll go1 if you don't60 ,and she prepared to carry out the threat by unlocking her hands and letting go my arm4 ,but ,i seized the refractory hands1 and held them tight4 8,go60 ,i said1 laughing at her in a most tantalizing way1 while she struggled in vain to set herself free4 8,tell me what you were talking about4 ,i insist on knowing1 ,clide60 repeated ,isabel1 stamping her foot like a naughty child4 ,i began to dread a repetition of the other morning4 ,such an exhibition within hearing of my uncle and ,sir ,simon would have been so mortifying to my pride that ,i was ready to sign away my lawful authority for the rest of my married life rather than undergo it2 so pretending not to notice the gathering thunderclouds3 8,my lovely tyrant60 ,i said1 caressing her with the sweetest of smiles1 as we walked past the drawingroom window1 8you don't suspect me of having a secret my wife should not share8 ,i was only chaffing you just now for fun1 you looked so mystified4 ,but the fact is1 ,i was put out by the old lady's telling me she expected ,simpson down here today40 8,and who is ,simpson80 inquired ,isabel4 8,the family lawyer40 8,ah6 ,did you tell her to send for him80 8,i tell her6 ,why1 child1 if ,i had1 ,i shouldn't have been put out to hear he was coming40 ,the question was unpleasantly suggestive4 ,it implied a suspicion in her mind1 which something in my tone resented1 probably1 for she added quickly3 8,oh6 of course not4 ,i didn't mean that40 ,then we went on a few steps without speaking4 8,simpson's a capital fellow10 ,i resumed1 breaking the pause that was rather awkward4 8,i'm very fond of him1 and shouldn't the least object to his coming down here at any other time2 only just now it's a bore4 ,we wanted to have my uncle and ,sir ,simon all to ourselves4 ,however1 ,i dare say you'll like ,simpson too when you see him1 though he is of the race of ,philistines4 ,if he's a shrewd lawyer1 he's a trusty friend and as honest as the sun4 ,no fear of my #8doing' my heiress wife in the settlements10 ,i continued laughingly1 8or cheating her out of any of her lawful rights1 while old ,dominie ,simpson has the whiphand over me60 8,he's to be here today1 you said80 she remarked interrogatively1 as we entered the house4 8,yes4 ,if he comes by the early train1 he may be in time for dinner10 ,i replied4 ,mr4 ,simpson did come by the early train1 and he was in time for dinner4 ,he was even an hour and a half beforehand with it1 and spent most of the intervening time closeted with my stepmother in her private apartment4 ,my wife appeared in a second edition of sunset and rainbow1 and flashed and sparkled with jewels as on the previous evening4 ,she received our old friend very graciously1 drawing just the right line of demarcation between her friendly graciousness to him and the daughter like familiarity of her manner towards ,sir ,simon and her uncle4 ,dinner passed off very merrily2 but when we rejoined the ladies in the drawing room1 ,i was surprised to find ,isabel fast asleep in the depths of a monumental armchair4 ,she jumped up at the sound of my voice1 and1 rubbing her eyes1 said she was ashamed to be caught napping1 but she was so tired6 8,hollo1 ,simpson1 this is a sorry lookout for you60 exclaimed the admiral4 8,we've been telling him to get ready his legal soul to be charmed and devoured by the siren40 8,oh6 ,i am so sorry10 said ,isabel1 looking at the old lawyer as if nothing in this world could give her half so much pleasure as to charm away his soul on the spot2 8but these naughty gentlemen kept me up so late last night1 and made me sing so much1 that ,i have not a note in my voice to night1 and ,i'm just dead with sleep40 ,simpson looked wofully disappointed4 8,my pretty pet10 said the admiral1 drawing her to him and stroking her head as if she had been a kitten1 8then you sha'n't sing60 8,if you should lie down for half an hour1 dearest10 ,i said1 8do you think that would rest you1 and you might be able to give us just one song80 ,i was anxious that ,simpson should hear her4 ,he sang a very good song himself1 and his heart seemed set on it4 8,perhaps10 she said1 brightening up4 8,i'll try1 at any rate40 ,i gave her my arm1 and we went upstairs together to her room4 8,don't come in1 or else we'll begin to talk1 and that will wake me up10 she said1 seeing me about to enter2 8and ,i'm so dead with sleep ,i'm sure ,i shall be off in five minutes1 if you leave me40 ,i did as she wished1 and returned to the drawingroom1 where ,i found my stepmother in conclave with the three men on more practical matters than songs and sirens4 ,simpson had been summoned for the sole purpose of discussing and settling what ought in the proper course of things to have been discussed and settled before my marriage1 and ,sir ,simon ,harness was just as anxious as ,mrs4 de ,winton that everything should be made straight and clear with regard to ,isabel's fortune and my due control over it4 ,the admiral alone was indifferent about it1 and exhibited a sailorlike contempt for the whole affair--in fact1 intimated that it was out of all sense and reason and morality that ,i should have got a penny of fortune with such a wife4 8,i call it immoral1 sir10 he declared1 scowling at me from under his bushy eyebrows2 8you ought to be ashamed of yourself40 8,and so ,i am1 my dear uncle10 ,i replied hastily4 8,and that's just why ,i hate having the subject attacked in this precipitate way1 as if ,i wanted to grab up her money the moment ,i could lay my hands upon it40 8,then you can lay your hands upon it80 observed ,simpson quietly4 8,if ,i choose10 ,i said2 8my wife is of age1 and44440 8,of age60 echoed the admiral1 throwing up his hands in amaze4 8,why1 ,i should have given the child fifteen at most60 8,she looks young10 ,i remarked coolly1 while interiorly ,i was bursting with conceit2 8but she is of age1 so there is no reason in the world why ,i should bother myself or her about this confounded fortune2 besides1 ,i don't care a rap if ,i never see a penny of it60 8,bravo1 ,clide6 ,that's right1 my boy60 cried my uncle1 clapping me soundly on the back4 8,you're a chip of the old block1 and it does my heart good to hear you4 ,why1 when ,i was a youngster1 4440 8,de ,winton10 interrupted ,sir ,simon1 8don't you think you had better retire to the piano8 ,simpson has not come down all the way from ,london to be entertained with the follies of your youth4 ,it's most important that we should have his opinion about these matters2 and if you can't hold your tongue or talk sense1 you had better make yourself scarce40 8,talk on10 said the admiral2 8,i won't hinder you40 ,and so they did4 ,i sat there1 feeling as if ,i were on my trial for some sort of misdemeanor1 the nature of which was unknown to me1 but the consequences of which would be probably appalling if the misdemeanor could be brought home to me4 ,sir ,simon and my stepmother were judge and jury1 ,simpson was counsel for some mythical antagonist1 and the admiral stood by in the capacity of a neutral but benevolent spectator4 ,both counsel and judge had been made acquainted by ,mrs4 de ,winton with all she had to tell4 ,how much or how little that might be1 in ,mrs4 de ,winton's opinion1 ,i could not say4 ,but clearly on some shallow inductive evidence she had made out a case vaguely unfavorable for my wife4 ,no one accused her of anything4 ,not a word was said that my irritable pride could take hold of and resent4 ,they spoke of her as a child whose innocence and ignorance made it doubly incumbent on them to legislate for and protect1 since ,i was unfit for the duty1 while my morbid delicacy they ignored as beneath contempt4 8,we must keep him out of it altogether1 ,i see10 observed ,sir ,simon when the conversation had lasted about half an hour4 8,leave me to deal with the child4 ,she won't suspect me of having married her for her money40 ,there was no gainsaying this4 ,still1 ,i was entering a protest against the way in which my wishes were being set at naught1 when tea was brought in and cut me short4 8,go and see if ,isabel be awake1 ,clide10 said my uncle1 glad to put an end to the subject2 8but don't disturb her if she's asleep4 ,she's not to be worried for old fogies like us1 mind40 ,i ran up the stairs lightly1 and opened the door as stealthily as a thief4 ,the light was out4 8,isabel60 ,i said in a low voice4 ,no answer4 ,i closed the door as noiselessly as ,i had opened it1 and returned to the drawingroom4 8,she's as fast asleep as a baby1 uncle10 ,i said4 8,so ,i followed your advice1 and left her to sleep it out40 8,poor little pet6 ,we kept her at it too long last night4 ,you must not do this sort of thing again1 ,clide10 observed ,sir ,simon4 8,it's a delicate flower that you've got there1 and you must take care of it40 ,i expressed my hearty concurrence in this opinion and advice4 ,isabel's absence made a great blank in the evening2 but as my three friends had not met for a considerable time1 and ,i had not seen them for more than a year1 we had a great deal to say to each other1 and there was no lack of conversation4 ,mrs4 de ,winton remained with us till eleven1 when she withdrew1 leaving us to discuss punch and politics by ourselves4 ,it was past midnight when we separated4 ,i went into my dressingroom4 ,the candles were lighted1 but1 contrary to his custom1 ,stanton1 my man1 was not there4 ,i rang the bell2 but while my hand was still on the rope1 the sound of his voice reached me through the door--not the outer door1 but the door leading into my wife's room4 ,he was speaking in a loud1 argumentative tone1 and was stuttering violently1 which he always did when excited4 ,i flung open the door1 and beheld him standing in the middle of the room with ,susette1 my wife's maid1 and ,mrs4 de ,winton1 who was wrapped in a dressinggown and her feet bare1 as if she had been called suddenly out of bed1 and had rushed in in terrified haste4 8,clide60 8,monsieur60 8,sir 4440 exclaimed the three in one voice when they saw me4 8,good ,god6 what is the matter8 ,isabel60 ,i flew to the bed and drew back the curtains4 ,the bed was empty4 ,my wife was gone6 ,here ,clide's journal breaks off4 ,a long gap ensues1 and we must fill it up from the recollections of others4 ,the scene that followed the discovery of his young wife's flight was not to be described4 ,first1 it was incredulity that filled the old ,moat4 8,gone6 ,fled6 ,nonsense60 protested ,admiral de ,winton1 walking up and down the corridor1 where he had rushed out in semi nocturnal attire when ,stanton had burst into his room with the dreadful intelligence4 ,the old sailor was scarcely to be recognized in the dshabill of his coatless and wigless person1 as he blustered loudly1 his hands in his pockets1 zigzagging to and fro as if he were pacing the quarterdeck and expostulating angrily with a surly crew4 ,sir ,simon ,harness was calmer4 ,he did not contradict his friend's vehement assertion that it was all a trick of ,isabel's to terrify us2 he even made a show of poohpoohing the notion of a flight as absurd1 ridiculous1 not to be entertained for a moment4 ,but there was not that heartiness in his voice or manner that carries conviction to others4 ,mrs4 de ,winton also made a semblance of chiming in with the admiral's view1 but it was a palpable failure4 ,mr4 ,simpson was the only one who did not try to act his part in the kindly comedy4 ,he was fully convinced that it was no comedy1 but a most miserable drama that was beginning for the son of his old friend and client4 ,he had mistrusted ,isabel from the first moment he fixed his keen1 legal vision on her4 ,mrs4 de ,winton had1 it is true1 inoculated him beforehand with a good share of her own mistrust1 and he came to the scrutiny with a jaundiced eye2 prejudiced1 and predetermined not to be fascinated or beguiled out of his severest judgment4 ,he regarded hers as a case of which he was to take a strictly legal view1 and which was to be investigated1 sifted1 and proved before he would endorse it4 ,it was a very odd case on the face of it2 but ,benjamin ,simpson had had many odd cases to deal with in the course of his experience1 and he flattered himself he was not to be baffled by a child scarcely out of her teens4 ,she might be very clever1 and succeed in hoodwinking a rich young gentleman into marrying her1 on the strength of a fictitious story of misery and a still more fictitious one of heiresship2 but she was not likely to stand ,simpson's crossexamination long without breaking down4 ,such ungallant reflections as these had been passing through the lawyer's brain while he sipped his claret and watched the fair face that sat opposite to him at the dinner table1 glancing at him with eyes that flashed more brightly than her jewels4 ,he had made up his mind1 as he looked at her1 that she was a delusion2 she would disappear sooner or later4 ,the news of her flight was therefore only a surprise by its suddenness4 ,clide was rushing all over the basement story1 calling out ,isabel's name into every room1 while ,mrs4 de ,winton and her own and ,isabel's maid were pursuing a similar search in the upper part of the house4 ,the rambling old mansion was echoing from end to end with opening and shutting of doors and cries of the fugitive's name2 but no answer was heard except the echoes of the voices and the doors4 8,my dear boy10 said the admiral1 pausing on his imaginary quarterdeck1 as ,clide came up the stairs1 8,i'll stake my head on it1 the sly little puss is playing a game of hideandseek with us1 and laughing fit to kill herself in some cupboard or other1 while we are kicking up this row2 take my word for it1 the best thing we can do is to go quietly to our own beds1 and before long she'll come out of her hidingplace40 ,clide muttered an impatient 8stuff and nonsense60 ,was she likely to perish herself such a night as this playing hideandseek for their amusement--she that could not bear a breath of cold8 ,even crossing through a fireless room she would shiver like an aspen4 ,the admiral grunted something about 8deserving to be whipped10 and turned to his zigzag promenade again4 ,stanton and some of the other menservants had gone out to scour the park and the gardens2 they had been absent now long enough to have discovered something1 if there was anything to discover1 but the stars made no answer to their calling4 8,madame6 ,mistress60 they shouted1 till at last they gave it up1 and retraced their steps to the house4 ,clide had been going to the window in a restless way1 looking out into the night1 and listening as if he expected to hear the silence send him back some sign4 ,it was impossible to say whether he believed the least bit in the hideandseek theory1 whether he had a lingering hope of hearing ,isabel call out to him or appear from some corner1 or whether he was just in that condition of mind that precludes alike sitting still or doing something4 ,he might be excited by hope1 or he might be stupefied by despair4 ,he was as white as ashes1 and came and went with the quick1 unsteady gait of a man who has lost his selfcommand1 and is swayed only by the force of some terrible emotion4 ,clide's face was a fine1 manly one2 it would have been noble but for the weakness of the chin and a certain tremulous movement of the lower lip--perhaps of both2 for the upper one was shaded by a lightbrown moustache that prevented you seeing whether it had the firmness that would have redeemed the lower one4 ,the eyes were expressive1 rather sleepy when the face was in repose2 but they woke up with flashes of lightning when he was excited1 and transfigured the whole countenance into one of energy and power4 ,there was no need to be a physiognomist to judge of the character of such a face4 ,the most unskilled observer could read it like a book4 ,there were all the elements of a stormy life there--passive strength1 and passions that needed only a spark to kindle them into a flame2 a man who1 as he was taken1 would be as easily led as a lamb or as intractable as a young hyena4 ,he had started in life with the fixed purpose of steering clear of storms1 of saving himself trouble and avoiding fuss4 ,poor ,clide6 ,life1 he fancied1 had a lake of oil at the entrance of the wide sea where storms blew and waves roared angrily1 and he had made up his mind to anchor in the lake1 and never venture beyond its peaceful margin4 ,the servants had come back--those that had been scouring the park--and the others1 who had been slamming doors all through the house1 were congregating in twos and threes upon the stairs leading to the broad landing off which their young mistress' room stood1 its door wide open1 with a dismal1 vacant air about it already4 8,i see her6 ,there she is60 exclaimed ,clide4 ,he had been staring for some minutes out of the window1 and suddenly bounded down the great oak stairs1 and out in the path1 making for a clump of laureltrees far down near the water4 ,the admiral1 ,sir ,simon1 ,simpson1 and ,mrs4 de ,winton pressed into the embrasure of the window1 the servants peeping over their heads to catch a sight of the figure he was pursuing2 but they saw nothing except the winter trees1 that stood like silver against the sky1 while their straggling shadows lay black upon the lawn4 ,still ,clide bounded on1 calling out ,isabel6 ,isabel6 as he ran1 and still no sound answered him2 the thud of his footfall on the frosty grass came sharply distinct in the silence4 8,the boy is dazed60 muttered his uncle2 8it was a shadow he saw4 ,but1 no6 ,by ,jove1 there she is60 ,clide was now close upon the laurels1 that looked like a black mound in the moonlight4 ,the group in the window saw a white1 crouching figure rise slowly at his approach2 he stopped1 uttered a cry of disappointment1 and turned drearily back towards the house4 8,what is it8 ,who is it80 shouted several voices2 but before ,clide answered a moonbeam lighted up the figure of a deer1 as it glided lightly over the sward1 and disappeared into the distant copse4 ,instead of entering the house at once1 ,clide wandered round towards the stables4 ,it occurred to him that something in that region might suggest a clew to the mode of his wife's escape4 ,he was quickly undeceived4 ,every door was locked4 ,there was no sign of any horse having disturbed the slumbers of its companions4 8,there is no use in your passing the night out of doors10 said ,sir ,simon1 who came to see where ,clide had gone4 8,come in1 and let us put our heads together to see what is to be done4 ,i'm inclined to believe with ,de ,winton that it is a trick1 and that the foolish child is amusing herself at seeing us all out of doors searching for her40 ,whether this was honest or not1 ,clide felt it was meant in kindness4 ,he let his old friend draw his arm within his and lead him back into the house4 ,it was lighted up as for an impromptu illumination2 every servant1 male and female1 was afoot1 and they had busied themselves in and out of all the upstair rooms that for years had been untenanted2 and as it was necessary to do something1 they lighted candles4 8,suppose it is not a trick60 said ,clide1 looking into ,sir ,simon's face with a terrible question in his eyes4 8,that's what we have got to find out10 replied the baronet evasively4 8,meantime1 come up and let us hear what the others have to say40 ,they had nothing to say4 ,presently ,mrs4 de ,winton remarked3 8,i wonder what dress she had on8 ,if she kept on her jewels1 and that light gauze one1 with the low body and short sleeves1 she wore at dinner1 she can't have gone far40 ,they1 went into the empty room to investigate4 ,the jewels were gone1 every one she had worn2 there were the empty cases4 ,but the light gauze dress was there hanging in the wardrobe1 as if her maid had carefully put it away4 ,what she had put on to replace it was the next point which ,mr4 ,simpson insisted on clearing up4 ,all the elegant dresses of the young bride's trousseau were tossed out of drawers and wardrobes by ,susette--,susette had been engaged for her by ,clide himself after their marriage--and counted over1 till one was found missing in the roll3 the claretcolored silk in which she had travelled down from ,london1 and had never worn since4 ,it was the most appropriate dress of all she had for a midnight flight1 and1 being dark1 would escape observation4 ,mr4 ,simpson seized immediately on this1 8making a point0 of it in his legal way1 that so exasperated ,clide he could have flown at the lawyer's throat and strangled him on the spot4 ,he resisted the impulse1 and turned away1 inviting ,mrs4 de ,winton by a sign to go with him4 ,he walked into his own dressingroom1 and1 when his stepmother had followed him1 he closed the door1 and took a turn in the room with a quick1 passionate step4 8,what in the name of heaven can it be80 he said1 stopping abruptly and coming close up to her1 as she stood by the mantelpiece4 8,she is gone10 answered his stepmother4 8,i hardly doubted it for an instant4 ,i have been expecting some such catastrophe for several days past4 ,if you ask me why1 ,i cannot tell you4 ,i somehow never trusted4444 ,my dear ,clide10 she continued in an earnest tone of kindness1 quite unlike her usual cold manner to him1 8,i wish with all my heart ,i could do something or say something to comfort you or help you4 ,can you throw no light at all on it from your own knowledge of things8 ,is there nothing in what you know1 or in what you do not know1 about her antecedents and connections to help you to form some guess8 ,where can she have gone to1 and who has she gone with80 ,clide clenched his hand1 and moved away with an expression of anguish that was dreadful4 8,gone to60 he repeated suddenly4 8,why1 what fools we are not to have seen to that at once6 ,but it's not too late44440 ,he pulled out his watch4444 8,it's just threequarters of an hour since we missed her4 ,sir ,simon and ,i will saddle a couple of horses and ride both ways1 for ,glanivold and ,lanfarl4 ,if she is making for either1 we may overtake her40 ,he was going to the door1 but ,mrs4 de ,winton laid her hand on his arm4 8,not threequarters of an hour since we missed her1 but she may be gone more than three hours4 ,it was scarcely eight o'clock when she came up stairs to lie down1 and now it's ten minutes past twelve4 ,supposing she's gone to the station44440 8,nonsense60 broke in ,clide2 8the station is three hours' walk from this4 ,she could no more do it than an infant40 8,i'm only supposing2 one must suppose something10 replied his step mother patiently4 8,the train leaves at a quarter to twelve2 so if that were her object1 it is too late to stop her40 8,there's something too absurd in the idea6 ,it's simply impossible60 declared ,clide with a vehemence that carried no sense of conviction with it--rather the contrary4 8,it's absurd to contemplate it10 he repeated2 8but if you would sleep easier for having the thing certified1 ,i'll jump into the saddle1 and ride to the station and inquire40 8,inquire what8 ,consider what you are going to do1 ,clide10 said ,mrs4 de ,winton1 holding him back firmly--8raise a hue and cry after your wife as if she were a runaway thief6 ,suppose it turns out after all to be a trick1 and that we see her emerge out of some closet or corner before you come back2 how will you look after sending it over the country that your wife disappeared one night8 ,do you imagine the world will believe the story of the game of hideandseek80 ,before he could reply ,sir ,simon and the admiral burst into the room4 8,we found this on her dressingtable10 said the admiral1 handing his nephew a note4 ,clide took it4 ,a cold chill ran through his blood4 ,he tore open the letter4 ,it ran thus3 8,clide1 ,i am going to leave you4 ,i don't ask you to forgive me4 ,you can never do that4 ,but ,god help me6 ,i shall suffer for having so wickedly deceived you4 ,i should not have been worthy of you1 even if ,i had been as true as ,i have been false4 ,but ,i loved you1 and ,i shall never love anybody else4 ,don't try to find me4 ,you will never find me4 ,goodby1 ,clide4 ,forget me and be happy4 8,your wicked but remorseful and loving ,isabel40 ,the letter dropped from the young man's hand1 and he fell to the ground with a cry4 ,we return to ,clide's journal3 ,the sun was shining over the sea--the strongwaved sea that washes the northern coast of ,france1 the country of legends and cider1 and gray ruins and chivalry1 and all that survives in the ,france of today of the ,france of long ago1 the 8plaisant pays de ,france0 that poets sang to ,marie ,stuart in her happy days of young queenhood4 ,there to the right1 as the steamer paddled towards the port1 stood the cliff where ,william of ,normandy harangued his ,norsemen before they embarked with him to snatch from ,harold by force the crown he had not been able by fraud to prevent his assuming4 ,dieppe lay twinkling in the sunlight below1 a town of gossip and carved ivory and many odors4 ,as we entered the harbor1 a strain of wild1 plaintive music came floating towards us from the shore4 ,it was the hymn of the fishermen's wives1 pulling the fishing smacks along the pier4 ,children were toddling by the side of the mothers1 and clutching by the rope with their small fingers1 while their shrill trebles piped in chorus with the elders4 ,a pretty picture1 if ,i had been in a mood to admire it4 ,but the gloom within quenched all the brightness without4 ,the boat was steered alongside the quay1 where half the town1 it seemed to me1 had assembled to jeer at our peagreen faces1 as we emerged from our separate purgatories and staggered up the gangway4 ,i never feel so thorough a misanthrope as when ,i see my fellowcreatures enjoying the humiliation of my steamboat misery1 and hear them chuckling over me as ,i pass along the plank that leads from deck to dry land4 ,on this particular occasion ,i remember with what a vehemence of hatred ,i resented their inhumanity1 and ,i assumed as defiant an air as was compatible with my abject bodily and mental condition1 as ,i marched on with my fellow victims1 and passed between two hedges of eager1 staring eyes4 ,my uncle was with me4 ,but he was not abject4 ,he was far removed from such a wretched infirmity as seasickness1 and nothing but his kindheartedness prevented him from joining with the chucklers who were making merry at our expense4 ,it was almost an aggravation of my own suffering to see the intensity of his sympathy1 the way in which he was perpetually mounting guard beside me to ward off any random shaft that the chance remarks of others every now and then aimed at me4 ,i had now spent six weary months prosecuting my search1 the most extraordinary and unfortunate that ever man was engaged in1 and up to the day ,i started for ,dieppe ,i had failed to obtain the smallest clew4 ,i had left nothing untried4 ,i had stimulated the activity of ,scotland ,yard by reckless liberality2 ,i had set the whole detective force in motion1 but to no purpose4 ,i had had recourse to the mysterious column in the ,times for months together2 but the agony of feeling that my appeals to ,isabel to 8come back to her husband1 or communicate with him by letter10 was making all the breakfasttables in the kingdom laugh1 brought no response from the fugitive herself4 ,all this time my uncle seconded me by his exertions and supported me by his kindness4 ,i think ,i should have gone mad1 if it had not been for him4 ,he never tired of my lamentations1 my long1 sullen fits of gloom1 the wearisome refrain of my selfreproach1 my endless wondering at the behavior of ,isabel1 and my cursing and swearing at the stupidity of the ,scotland ,yard people4 ,he bore with me as patiently as a mother with a sick child4 ,my stepmother had talked him into her belief that ,isabel had been on the stage1 and that the most likely place to hear of her would be amongst managers and playactors4 ,there was something utterly revolting to me in this notion1 and ,i burst out into such uncontrollable anger one day when my uncle was arguing in favor of it with a degree of sense that was quite unanswerable1 that he determined never to broach the supposition again to me4 ,this did not prevent him from following up the idea by employing agents in every direction to hunt the theatres both of ,london and the provincial towns4 ,meanwhile1 ,i was secretly doing the same4 ,i could not look the thing bravely in the face1 even with him2 but ,i had in my innermost heart a dread1 amounting at times to certainty1 that he was right1 and that if ever ,i found my wife it would be in the greenroom or on the stage4 ,i discovered afterwards that my dear old uncle knew perfectly well the game ,i was playing1 but he left me under the delusion that he believed in my disbelief1 and so spared me the shame ,i morbidly shrank from4 ,more than once a false alarm led me to fancy that these were realized1 and that she was in the hands of a manager1 and then my sensation was one of poignant misery1 almost of despair4 ,while ,i knew nothing ,i might yet hope4 ,my feelings resembled that of the ,french miser who1 while looking for the will that if found would rob him of a legacy1 confessed naively3 8,je cherche en priant ,dieu de ne pas trouver40 ,i was sitting at breakfast in my lodgings in ,piccadilly one morning when my uncle came suddenly in1 and said abruptly3 8,you told me once that the sign by which the police could positively identify her was a silver tooth80 8,yes10 ,i replied1 and my heart thumped against my ribs2 8a silver tooth in the left jaw1 rather far back40 8,did it never occur to you to make inquiries amongst the dentists80 8,no1 that never occurred to me6 ,but now that you mention it1 it seems very strange that it should not4 ,i quite remember her speaking to me of a clever one who had put in the silver tooth for her2 how he had at first been obstinate and annoyed about it1 and then when it was done how pleased he was with it4 ,how stupid of me not to have thought of it before60 ,i cried in vexation2 8but tomorrow ,i will begin and set inquiries on foot in this direction40 8,you needn't trouble about it10 said my uncle2 8,i've found the man who did it40 8,you have60 ,i cried4 8,and he has seen her6 ,he has told you something6 ,for heaven's sake1 uncle1 speak at once4 ,what does the man know80 8,no great things10 answered my uncle1 stepping from the hearthrug1 where he had been standing with his back to the clock1 and flinging himself into an armchair4 8,it seems that your stepmother's fancy was the right one after all2 the child was brought up for public singing1 and she was here ten days ago4 ,for aught this dentist can tell1 she may be here still2 but ,i think not4 ,she came to him to have something done to this identical silver tooth4 ,it was hurting her1 and she was in a great state about it1 because she had just got an engagement to sing at a provincial theatre this season2 she didn't say where1 but the last time he saw her--she went to him for several days running--she was fidgetting about the weather--you remember we had some stiffish gales last week--and wondering what sort of passage the people would have who were crossing the ,channel with the wind so high4 ,he could give me no idea what port she had in her mind1 or in fact anything but just what ,i tell you4 ,well1 ,i thought it was as well to make inquiries before ,i set you on the go again1 so ,i telegraphed to the police at all the ,french ports1 and just a minute ago ,i got this from ,dieppe40 ,he handed the telegram to me3 8,beautiful young woman1 answers to description4 ,landed on ,saturday2 sings tonight4 ,htel ,royal4 ,elderly man with her40 ,there was not a doubt in my mind but that this was ,isabel4 ,the elderly man must be the villain who passed himself off as her uncle4 ,i said so2 my uncle agreed with me4 8,the dentist fellow described him just as you do10 he continued--8a gruff old man1 with a brown coat and broadbrimmed hat1 and a disagreeable snuffle when he talked4 ,he used to go with her a year ago1 when she got the silver tooth made1 and he was with her the other day4 ,and now1 my boy1 when are we to start for ,dieppe8 ,let's look at the timetable40 ,we started by the tidal train1 and reached ,dieppe about five ,p4,m4 that evening4 ,it was the season1 and every hotel was brimful of ,english and ,french fashion1 come to bathe itself in the briny wave of that strong salt sea4 ,we went straight to the ,htel ,royal1 but the landlord had not even a garret where he could put up a bed for us4 ,the lodginghouses in the whole length of the ,rue ,aguado were overflowing1 and we were finally driven to explore the ,faubourg de la ,barre1 where we were thankful to be taken in by a garrulous old landlady1 who showed us two small rooms on the first floor4 ,i was not in a frame of mind to quarrel with the accommodation1 but ,i heard the admiral relieving himself in strong vernacular on the corkscrew staircase4 ,we deposited our light impedimenta in these lodgings1 and then went out to see what information was to be gathered concerning the object of our journey4 ,the first thing we beheld on entering the ,grande ,rue was a placard announcing 8,la ,sonnambula0 for that evening2 the prima donna was to be a 8gifted young soprano dbutante1 ,signorina ,graziella40 ,we went to the boxoffice2 every place was taken1 and we had only a prospect of standingroom in the space between the first tier and the balcony4 ,the prima donna had been heralded by such a flourish of trumpets that the whole population was eager to hear her--so the boxkeeper informed us4 ,by this time it was six o'clock2 but ,i was fed by something stronger than meat1 and it never occurred to me that since my breakfast1 which had been suspended before ,i was half through it1 ,i had tasted no food4 ,my uncle's sympathy1 however1 being of the healthiest kind1 was not proof against the demands of nature1 and he suggested that it was time to think of dinner4 ,i was ashamed of having so entirely forgotten his comfort in my own absorbing preoccupation1 and proposed that we should go to the table d'hte of the ,htel ,royal1 which was served at six4 ,i would have eaten merely to keep him company2 but the first spoonful of soup seemed to choke me4 ,the brave old sailor was near losing temper with me at last1 and vowed that he would wash his hands of me if ,i didn't eat my dinner4 ,he had roughed it on many a heavy sea1 and in nine cases out of ten it was his hearty appetite that kept him afloat and pulled him through4 ,in any case1 he would not admit fasting to be an element in sentiment with rational human beings4 ,he called for a bottle of ,chteau ,lafitte1 and insisted on my helping him to empty it4 ,i did my best1 and the result was that before dinner was over the generous wine repaid me for the effort1 and enabled me to take1 if not a more hopeful1 at any rate a less utterly disconsolate1 view of life1 and of the particular chapter of it ,i was now passing through4 ,it had a still kinder effect on my uncle2 his heart soon warmed by the juice of the red grape to such an extent that he talked of my miserable position cheerfully1 as if it had been the most ordinary occurrence1 and as if there was no reason why ,i should despond about it at all4 ,he persisted in treating ,isabel as a naughty child who had never been taught submission to the rules of life1 and broke through them the moment she found they trammelled her4 ,it was no unprecedented event for an excitable young thing to go mad about the stage2 there were1 on the contrary1 plenty of instances of it4 ,he could count them on his fingers--young ladies who had gone quite mad about it1 and who had calmed down1 when the freak was over1 into excellent wives and mothers4 ,why should not this silly little puss do the same8 ,i did not dare remind him of those terrible words1 written in her own hand3 8,if ,i were as true as ,i have been false40 ,it was a solace to hear him rambling on in his goodnatured1 foolish talk4 ,only when he repeated with stout emphasis for the tenth time that she was herself the victim and dupe of the designing old scoundrel who called her his niece1 ,i ventured to remark3 8,but ,simpson says44440 8,simpson is an ass60 snarled my uncle1 and ,i at once assented1 and declared my belief that ,simpson was an ass4 ,the moment we had finished our ,chteau ,lafitte we rose and left the crowded room1 where newcomers were still pouring in to seize upon every seat as it was vacated4 ,i had been casting uneasy glances towards the door1 after first quickly scanning the three hundred heads that were bobbing up and down over as many soupplates when we entered2 but my fears were vain4 ,isabel was not likely to run such a risk1 if she wished--as evidently she did wish--to remain undiscovered4 ,i overheard some persons near us discussing the appearance of the prima donna1 who1 they observed1 never showed herself off the stage4 ,many curious idlers had wasted hours lolling about the hotel door1 in hopes of seeing her come out to walk or bathe2 but since she had been in ,dieppe--four days now--no one had caught a glimpse of her4 ,they little dreamed1 as they bandied this gossip with one another1 that they were stabbing a heart with every word4 ,the persistent avoidance of notice was but too significant to me of the prima donna's identity4 ,it wanted yet half an hour of the time for the theatre1 and my uncle said we might as well spend it inhaling the fresh breeze that was blowing from the north1 borne in by the advancing tide4 ,he linked his arm in mine1 and we sauntered down to the beach4 ,the waves were breaking in low thundersobs upon the shingles1 and all the town that was not dining was out of doors watching them4 ,the ,etablissement was crowded1 and the music of the band that was playing there came floating towards us with every roll of the waves2 but the hum of the chattering crowd rose distinctly above the sobbing of the sea and the murmur of the more distant orchestra4 ,i was too excited1 too absorbed in my own thoughts1 to realize distinctly anything around me1 but ,i quite well remember how ,i was impressed in a vague yet vivid way by the contrast between the sad1 majestic tide heaving and surging on one side1 and the human stream rippling to and fro on the other1 dressed out in such tawdry gear1 and simpering and chattering and subsiding like the frothy foam on the billows4 ,i can remember1 too1 how ,i turned1 irritated and sick1 from the sight of it to the prettier1 purer one of children playing on the sward beside the beach4 ,the peals of their innocent laughter did not jar upon me2 there was no discord between it and the dirgelike sound of the water washing the shore4 ,all this passed and repassed before me like something in a dream4 ,but the time was hurrying on1 and now ,i was impatient to see my doom with my own eyes1 or to know that the reprieve was prolonged1 and that ,i might yet cling to a plank of hope4 8,i think it's time we were going10 ,i remarked1 pulling out my watch2 8the crowd is thinning1 and ,i suppose it is bound in the same direction40 ,we were late1 as ,i expected2 every spot was filled in the little theatre when we arrived1 and the performance had begun4 ,as the boxkeeper opened the door to admit us to our standingpost on the first tier1 we were almost thrown back by the roar of applause that burst upon our ears2 it rose and fell like a mighty gust of wind1 and seemed literally to make the ground shake under our feet and the walls tremble round us4 ,for a moment ,i was stunned4 ,there was a lull1 and then we went in4 ,the singer had left the stage1 but the air was still vibrating with the melody of her voice and of the rapturous echoes it had awakened4 ,a fine barytone was confiding his despair and his hopes to the audience1 but it fell idly on their ears after what had gone before4 ,the ,sonnambula appeared again2 the first notes were greeted by another salvo of bravos1 louder1 more impassioned and prolonged1 than the first2 again and again the plaudits rose1 handkerchiefs fluttered1 and hands clapped--the house was electrified4 ,she could bear it no longer2 overcome by emotion1 she held out her arms to the spectators in an entreating gesture that seemed to say3 8,enough6 ,spare me2 ,i can bear no more60 ,it was either an impulse of childlike nature or the most finished piece of art ever seen on the stage4 ,whatever it was1 the effect was tremendous4 ,i suppose it could not really have been so1 but ,i would have sworn that the house rocked4 ,it was a sustained roll of human thunder from the pit to the gallery1 and from the gallery to the pit4 ,isabel--for it was she--made another passionate response with the same childlike1 bewitching grace1 and rushed off the scene4 ,i was rooted to the spot1 not daring to look at my uncle2 not thinking of him1 of anything4 ,i was like a man in a nightmare1 held fast in the grasp of a spectre1 longing to call for help1 but powerless to utter a sound4 ,the manager came forward and addressed a few words of expostulation to the audience2 implored them to control their ecstasies a little for the sake of the sensitive and gifted being who had called them forth4 ,he was nervous and at the same time triumphant4 ,he was answered by a loud buzz of assent4 ,the ,sonnambula once more came forth1 and this time a deep1 suppressed murmur was the only interruption4 ,the dress1 the glare1 the gaslight1 the strange way the lustrous coils of her black hair were arranged--tumbled in a sort of studied tangle all over the forehead--while a veil1 half on1 half off1 concealed part of the face1 the entire transformation of the miseenscne1 in fact1 might easily have disguised her identity from eyes less preternaturally keen than mine2 but my glance had scarcely fallen on the frail1 shrouded figure1 as it glided in from the background1 than ,i knew that ,i beheld my wife2 beheld her clasped--gracious heavens6 yes1 ,i saw it1 and stood there motionless and dumb--clasped by the man who was howling out some idiotic lamentations4 ,she stepped forward1 and began to sing4 ,her head was first slightly bowed over her breast1 and her hands clasped and hanging4 ,the first bars were warbled out in a kind of birdlike whisper1 as if she were in a dream2 but little by little they grew higher1 more sonorous1 until1 carried away by the power of the music and her own magnificent interpretation of it1 she flung back her head1 and let the gossamer cloud fall from it1 revealing the unshrouded contour of the face1 upturned1 inspired1 all alight with the triumph of the hour1 while the belllike notes rang out with a breadth and pathos that melted and stirred every heart in that vast crowd like touches of fire4 ,it was a vision of beauty that defies all words4 ,i neither spoke nor moved while the song lasted2 but when the last chord died out1 and the pentup hearts of the listeners broke forth in new peals that seemed to sweep over the songstress in a flood of joy and triumph1 ,i awoke and came to my senses4 8,come away60 ,i gasped1 and turned to move out4 ,but the words stuck in my throat4 ,my uncle had caught the delirium1 and was cheering and bravoing like a maniac4 8,glorious6 ,grand1 by ,jove6 ,encore6 ,splendid60 ,he was shouting like a madman1 whirling his hat and stamping4 ,his brown face was young again4 ,i never beheld such a transformation in any human countenance4 8,are you mad1 sir80 ,i shrieked into his ear1 while ,i clutched his arm4 ,i suppose he was mad2 ,i know he kept on the same frantic shouts and clappings for several minutes1 not paying any more heed to me than to the floor he was so vigorously stamping4 ,i was frightened at last4 ,i thought anguish and shame for me had driven him out of his mind2 so1 taking him gently by the arm1 ,i said ,i wanted to speak to him4 ,he let me push him on before me1 and we got out4 ,he was still much excited1 and neither of us spoke till we were in the open air4 8,my dear boy10 he said suddenly1 with a shamefaced look1 8,i couldn't help it for the life of me6 ,by ,jove1 but it was the grandest thing ,i ever heard in my life4 ,the house reeled round you4 ,i would stake my head there wasn't a sane man in it but yourself60 ,i laughed bitterly4 ,the irony of the words was dreadful4 8,sane80 ,i cried4 8,you think ,i was sane8 ,i thank heaven ,i behaved like a sane man2 but if ,i had been within reach of that ruffian's throat1 ,i'd have dashed his brains out as ruthlessly as any escaped maniac from ,bedlam4 ,i would do it now1 if ,i had him60 ,my uncle stopped and looked at me4 ,he was thoroughly sobered1 and ,i could see that he was terrified4 ,he told me long afterwards that he never could have believed passion could transfigure a face as it did mine2 he said ,i had murder written in my eyes as plainly as ever it was written on a printed page4 ,and ,i believe him4 ,i felt ,i could have committed murder at that moment4 ,i would have killed that man1 if ,i had held him1 if the gallows had been there to hang me the next hour4 ,i have never felt the same towards murderers since that moment4 ,it was an awful revelation to me of the hidden springs of crime that may lie deep down in a man's heart1 and never be suspected even by himself1 until the touch that can wake them into deadly life has come4 ,i can never think of that evening without an humbling sense of my own innate wickedness1 of the benign mercy that overruled that frightful impulse4 ,given the immediate opportunity and the absence of the supreme1 supervening goodness that stood between me and myself1 and ,i should have been a murderer4 ,the gulf that separates each one of us from crime is narrower than we imagine4 ,the discovery of this truth is humbling1 but perhaps none the less salutary for that4 8,come along1 ,clide2 come along with me10 my uncle said in the soothing tone one uses to a fractious child4 8,it's all my fault4 ,i ought to have known better than to let you go there at all2 ,i ought to have gone by myself4 ,i'm no better than a blubbering old idiot to you1 my boy40 ,i went with him passively2 we walked to our lodgings without speaking4 ,i shall never forget the kindness of my uncle all through that night4 ,he was as patient and as gentle with me as a woman1 bearing with me as tenderly as a mother could have done4 ,i could not rest1 and ,i would not let him rest4 ,i called for caf noir1 and ,i kept drinking cup after cup of it until1 added to the stronger stimulant that was setting my blood on fire1 ,i almost worked myself into a brain fever1 bursting out into paroxysms of childish rebellion1 and then lapsing into fits of dumb despair4 ,i had first insisted on rushing off to the hotel and lying in wait for ,isabel1 and compelling her there and then either to return to me or to part from me for ever2 but my uncle was inexorable in opposing this1 and ,i knew by his tone that he was not to be trifled with4 ,there was a something about him in certain moods that made resistance to his will as impossible as wrestling with an elephant4 ,i gave in1 and allowed him to give his reasons for preventing my taking a step which1 result how it might1 was sure to be a most humiliating one for me2 not only or chiefly as a husband1 but as a ,de ,winton4 ,my uncle's anxiety lest the old name should suffer by the event threw his sympathy for my individual sorrow comparatively into the shade4 ,while my wife's flight was known only to my immediate household1 my step mother--whose pride and touchiness about the honor of a ,de ,winton was almost as morbid as his own--and the three tried friends of my dear father's youth1 it was just possible that it might remain a secret beyond that small circle1 and he clung to this hope as tenaciously as ,i did to the hope of recovering my wife4 ,the ,de ,wintons were a proud race1 and justly so4 ,we had nobler things to be proud of than the primary one of ancient1 and ,i may venture to say illustrious1 lineage3 we could boast with truth that there was no bar sinister on the old escutcheon2 our men had never known cowardice1 nor our women shame2 no maiden of our house had dishonored a father's white hairs1 or wife brought a blot upon her husband's name4 ,i was the last of our line so far1 and the thought that it should die out under a cloud of shame with me was bitter with the bitterness of death to the admiral2 for he was at heart as proud as a ,plantagenet1 with all his free and easy talk1 and his jovial1 jollytar manner to everybody1 especially to his inferiors4 ,noblesse oblige was engraven on the inmost core of his honest heart2 and he could not conceive a ,de ,winton feeling less acutely on the point than he did himself4 ,he had never been married2 this partially accounted1 perhaps1 for his inability to merge the ,de ,winton in the husband4 ,it is possible that1 if ,i had never been married1 ,i should have comprehended his stern abstract view of the case1 and have felt with him that the husband's misery was as nothing compared to the blow dealt at the pride of a ,de ,winton4 ,as it was1 ,i could not feel this4 ,i could have seen the whole clan of the ,de ,wintons and their escutcheon in the bottom of the ,red ,sea1 if ,i could have rescued myself from the anguish of renouncing for ever the young wife who had so cruelly charmed and blighted my life4 ,i was driven to make this unworthy avowal on my uncle's suggesting that1 assuming it were still possible for me to forgive her1 she might lay it down as a condition of our reunion that she was to pursue her career on the stage4 ,he merely threw out the idea as a wild notion that crossed his thoughts for a moment2 but when ,i hinted at the possibility of yielding to this painful and humiliating condition rather than renounce ,isabel for ever1 he flew into such a frenzy of indignation that to calm him ,i believe ,i was cowardly enough to swallow my words1 and declare that they had not been spoken in earnest4 ,it was some time1 however1 before he subsided from the agitation they caused him4 ,the idea of alluding1 even in jest1 to the possibility of a playactress flaunting our name upon the boards of the theatre was too dreadful to be contemplated without unmitigated horror4 ,if ,i let her go her mad career alone1 the chances were that this disgrace would be spared us4 ,isabel had proved clearly enough so far that she desired secrecy to the full as much as we did2 but if she continued on the stage as my wife1 secrecy became impossible4 ,she might play under the assumed name she now bore1 but the true one would soon be blazoned abroad1 do what we all might to conceal it4 ,the managers who speculated on her voice would be quick to discover it1 and make capital out of it4 ,the admiral was so strong in his denunciation of the madness of the whole thing that he convinced me he was right4 ,this little incident left him more than ever determined to keep me as much as possible in the background1 and ,i so far acknowledged the wisdom of his views as to consent to let him go by himself to try and see ,isabel in the morning4 ,it proved a fruitless mission4 ,the concierge said that the signorina had not left her room yet2 but the servant1 in answer to my uncle's ring at her door1 informed him that she had gone out for an early drive--it was not eight o'clock--and that she would not be in until dinnerhour4 ,would monsieur take the trouble to call later8 ,monsieur said he would1 and he did2 but he was then informed that the signorina had taken a chill in her drive1 and had gone to bed4 ,my uncle came home in great wrath2 he believed no more in the chill than he had believed in the drive1 and he was for writing there and then to ,isabel1 telling her so1 and demanding an interview without more ado1 using firm language and hinting at sterner measures if she refused4 ,i entreated him not to do this4 ,i don't know whether in the bottom of my heart ,i believed the servant's story1 but ,i persuaded myself and then him that ,i did2 that it was only natural that a tender1 delicatefibred creature like her should have been done up after the excitement of last evening2 and that we had better leave her in peace for a day4 ,he poohpoohed this contemptuously3 the excitement was just what she liked in the business2 it was what playactors1 men and women1 all alike lived on4 ,he humored me1 however1 and consented to put off the letter till the next day4 ,meantime1 something might turn up4 ,i might meet her uncle myself1 and buttonhole the scoundrel on the spot4 ,he must walk out some time or other1 and ,i was determined to be on the watch4 ,i paced up and down before the hotel for three weary hours1 glancing up continually at the windows4 ,i knew from my uncle what floor ,isabel occupied4 ,once ,i fancied ,i caught sight of the fellow's face looking out for a moment1 and then hurriedly withdrawn4 ,was it only fancy1 or had he really seen me1 and drawn back to escape my seeing him8 ,i lounged into the coffeeroom1 and adroitly elicited from one of the waiters that the signorina was keeping very quiet1 so as to avoid any disappointment for the forthcoming representation2 she was to sing again in two nights1 and no one was to be admitted to see her in the interval4 ,orders to this effect had been given to the concierge1 who was to deny all visitors on the plea of the signorina's state of nervous debility1 which made the slightest excitement off the stage fatal to her4 ,when ,i repeated this to the admiral1 he set his brown face in a scowl1 and we very nearly quarrelled outright before he again yielded to my resistance1 and agreed to wait two days more1 and see whether she kept her engagement for the next performance4 ,on the morning of the second day we both went out together to the baths4 ,as we were passing through the ,etablissement gardens1 a young man came up to a group of people walking ahead of us1 and gave some news that provoked sudden surprise1 apparently of no pleasant nature2 for we heard the words1 8,abominable sell60 8,what an extraordinary affair60 repeated with angry emphasis4 ,we had not heard a word of what the young man had said1 but the broken comments that reached us seemed1 as if by some magnetic influence1 to inform us of their meaning4 ,the admiral1 in his offhand1 sailor way1 walked up to the party1 and asked if any accident had happened on the coast4 8,oh6 no2 no accident10 the bearer of the news said1 8but a most disagreeable thing for everybody4 ,graziella has bolted1 no one knows when or how2 her rooms were found vacant an hour ago1 and there was not a trace of her or the fellow who was with her4 ,the ,htel ,royal was in a tremendous commotion about it2 the landlord had been down to the station and to the quay1 but there was no trace of them at either place4 ,the landlord believed they had eloped during the night1 by some highway or byway1 so as to avoid detection2 but why or wherefore was the mystery4 ,they had paid their bill4 ,it was a horrible sell1 for the little creature was the trumpcard of the season--a second ,malibran40 ,i knew as well as if ,i had followed my uncle1 and heard the intelligence with my own ears1 what he had to tell me when he turned back1 and came up to me1 intending to break it gently4 ,it seemed utterly useless after this to go to the hotel with the hope of gaining further particulars1 but ,i urged at the same time that it was possible the landlord himself might be a party to the affair1 and that1 if he had been bought over to hold his tongue1 he might be bought to loosen it4 ,i could not count on the necessary command over myself to speak or to listen to others speaking of the event at this stage1 so ,i yielded to my uncle's wish1 and went home2 he accompanied me to the door1 for he judged by my looks that ,i was not fit to be left to go back alone4 ,he then started off to the ,rue ,aguado4 ,he found the place in an uproar about the flight1 but no one could throw a particle of light on the time1 the manner1 or the motive of it4 ,the concierge remembered seeing a lady1 small and slight1 and with a very elastic step1 walk rapidly out of the house late on the previous evening1 dressed in the deepest mourning1 with a widow's crape veil1 and holding her handkerchief to her eyes1 as if crying bitterly2 he had remarked her at the time1 and thought she had been visiting some one in the hotel1 and that she was in fresh mourning for her husband1 poor thing6 ,everybody agreed that this must have been ,la ,graziella in disguise4 ,but beyond this not the smallest clew was found that could direct the pursuit of the fugitives4 ,their luggage had been carried off as mysteriously as themselves2 no one had seen it removed4 ,this induced the suspicion that they must have had an accomplice on the premises4 ,the landlord1 however1 had a precedent to fall back on--a swindler who had lived at his expense for three weeks1 and then decamped one fine morning1 bag and baggage1 having carried them all off himself1 disguised as a porter1 while several travellers were under way in the courtyard with their separate lots of luggage1 and porters were hurrying in and out with them4 ,for two days after this event1 which checkmated every movement on our part1 we did nothing but wander about ,dieppe1 watching helplessly for some information that could have directed us what to do4 ,my uncle was constantly down on the quay and at the railway station1 questioning the sailors and the officials1 and always coming back just as void of information as he went4 ,he was more irascible than ever now about the honor of the ,de ,wintons1 and would not allow me to interfere directly or indirectly4 ,i resented this tyranny2 but the fact of my interference having already proved so disastrous gave him the whiphand over me1 and ,i felt it was wiser in my own interest to subside and let him act4 ,he was actively seconded in his endeavors to track the fugitives by the manager of the theatre1 who was resolved--so we heard on all sides--to spare neither trouble nor expense in recapturing his prize4 ,the collapse of such a prima donna was a serious loss to him2 he had gone to considerable expense in preparing for her dbut1 and it had been so brilliant as to ensure the promise of an overflowing house to the end of the season4 ,on one side my uncle was gratified at the intelligence and energy displayed by the manager2 but on the other hand it put him in a ferment of terror4 ,what if1 in his search after ,graziella1 he should discover who she was and what name she bore6 ,the bare thought of this almost drove him frantic4 ,the manager's opinion1 it would seem1 was that she had escaped in a fishing smack4 ,this was the most likely mode of flight for any one1 indeed1 to adopt from a seaport town like ,dieppe2 no preliminaries were required in the way of tickets or passports1 and the fugitives might steer themselves to any coast they pleased1 and land unobserved where it suited them4 ,it was useless1 however1 for us to leave ,dieppe until we heard something4 ,while the manager was vigorously prosecuting the search on his side1 my uncle was busy on ours4 ,he suggested that it would be well to make an exploring expedition amongst the hamlets on the cliffsgroups of huts scattered at short intervals over the long range of the falaises overhanging the sea1 and inhabited by a scanty and miserable population4 ,we had felt it necessary to take a few safe agents of the police into our confidence2 and before setting to work among the gens de falaise1 as they are called by the dwellers on the plain1 we consulted them as to the best mode of proceeding1 and asked some information as to the sort of people we had to deal with4 ,the police advised us to leave the attempt alone4 ,they said the 8folk of the cliffs0 were so simple that their name was a byword for stupidity down below4 ,it required little short of a surgical operation to convey a new idea of the simplest kind into their brain4 ,there was a story current in the town of how1 not so very long ago1 a gang of robbers prowled about the neighborhood1 and made it expedient for the mayor to issue a proclamation1 wherein it was notified that nobody would be allowed to enter the gates after nightfall without a lantern4 ,the notice was placarded all over the walls1 and this is how it worked with the gens de falaise3 ,dingdong came a ring at the gate one evening1 and the sentry called out3 8,qui vive80 8,gens de falaise60 7,pronounced fawlaise47 8,have you a lantern80 8,eh1 oui60 8,is there a candle in it80 8,eh1 non6 ,we were not told to60 8,well1 now you're told to2 be off and get one60 ,next evening dingdong come the travellers again4 8,qui vive80 8,gens de falaise60 8,have you a lantern80 8,eh1 oui60 8,and a candle in it80 8,eh1 oui80 8,is it lighted80 8,eh1 non6 ,we were not told to40 8,well1 now you're told to2 go back and light it40 ,away went the gens de falaise again1 and finally returned a third time to the charge with a lantern and a candle in it1 and lighted4 ,this was not very encouraging to persons who wanted to question intelligent observers4 ,we tried it1 however1 but soon found that rumor had not maligned the simple dwellers on the cliffs1 and that nothing was to be gleaned from their dull1 unobservant eyes4 ,four days passed1 and still we were in the same dense darkness4 ,the suspense and inaction became unendurable to me4 8,uncle10 ,i said1 8,i can stand this no longer4 ,i will run up to ,paris1 and set the lynxeyes of the police there on the lookout for us4 ,perhaps it will be of no use2 but anything is better than waiting here doing nothing40 ,my uncle fell in with the idea at once4 ,i set off to ,paris1 and left him at ,dieppe1 where1 in truth1 it seemed more likely that information of some sort must transpire sooner or later4 ,to ,be ,continued4 ,the ,colonization ,of ,new ,south ,wales ,by ,great ,britain4 ,concluded4 ,it is obvious1 then1 that1 if the remarkable prosperity which has befallen the ,english ,colonies in ,australia is to be ascribed1 in any degree1 to the sagacity of the government that sent out the first expedition1 or of those who then and subsequently presided over it1 we must look for it in the perfection of the reformatory system1 with a view to which the original constitution of the colony was exclusively framed4 ,the idea of making the colonization of a newly discovered territory of prodigious resources subservient to the reformation of as many as possible of the criminals of an overpopulated country is a conception of the noblest philanthropy2 as the attempt to use a new and promising colony for the mere purpose of getting rid anyhow of the dangerous classes would be an act of guilty folly1 the result of an indolent and heartless selfishness1 such as even the most heartless and the most selfish of oligarchies should blush to have perpetrated4 ,for the prosecution of the former object more care and pains should have been expended than under ordinary circumstances in sending out to the new settlement a colony fully equipped with all that the mothercountry had to give it4 ,the reformed1 as they stepped forth from their cells and shackles1 once more masters of their own actions1 free agents1 reinvested with reason's noblest prerogative--the liberty of choosing good and rejecting evil--should have found a sound and healthy society with which to mingle4 ,they should have found themselves at once amidst a society based on those principles of religion1 law1 and justice which characterize even the feeblest form of ,christian civilization4 ,such a society they should have found immediately outside their prisonwalls1 into which they might glide1 as it were1 unperceived1 and from which they should gradually and insensibly take their tone4 ,what man in his sober senses could have anticipated any thorough and permanent reformation of criminals in a society consisting exclusively1 after making exception of the officials and the military guard1 of the very criminals themselves8 ,in reading the inaugural address of the first governor1 we naturally conclude that the government which organized the expedition was deeply impressed with the necessity of an opposite course4 ,but the illusion is soon dispelled4 ,we discover to our astonishment that the infant colony took out with it no one condition of a civilized society4 ,of law there was simply none4 ,even the formalities of martial law1 when1 soon after the settlement of the penal colony1 it was thought expedient to have recourse to them1 were found to be impracticable1 because of some technical difficulty which there had not been the sagacity to foresee and provide against4 ,whatever there was of justice was wholly dependent on the caprice and dispositions of individuals4 ,incredible as it may appear1 it is nevertheless the fact that1 after the retirement of the first governor1 the administration of the colony was entrusted for three years to the hands of the officers of the #ajb;d ,regiment4 ,unfit for such a responsibility as were the sea captains from amongst whom the first four governors were selected1 officers of the army were yet more so4 ,the previous habits and training of ,english regimental officers are such as to disqualify them1 generally speaking1 for judicial functions4 ,but the unfitness of military men in ,england for this office was much greater at that period than at the present day1 as they were more illiterate4 ,the government of a colony transferred to a regimental messroom forms indeed a humiliating contrast to the glowing periods of ,commander ,phillip4 ,mr4 ,therry tells us 7p4 #fi73 8,the first four governors of ,new ,south ,wales1 ,phillip1 ,hunter1 ,king1 and ,bligh1 exercised a rule 7and this includes the messroom interregnum7 which partook much of the character of the government of a large jail or penitentiary40 ,two years and a half after the disembarkation of the first batch of convicts fresh instructions arrived from the home government respecting the allotment of land4 ,by these instructions1 the advantages already enjoyed by the emancipists were extended to the privates and non commissioned officers of the military guard on the spot1 but no provision whatsoever was made for free emigrants from the mothercountry4 ,so that1 when the sixth governor1 ,macquarie1 8considered that the colony was selected as a depot for convicts2 that the land properly belonged to them1 as they emerged from their condition of servitude1 and that emigrants were intruders on the soil10 we can only conclude that he interpreted the policy of the government at home more correctly than the more enthusiastic sailor who first presided over it4 ,in spite of the singular incapacity displayed in the first organization of the settlement at ,sydney1 the following illustration of the state of law and society therein twenty years after its establishment1 would be incredible if we had it on less trustworthy authority than that of ,mr4 ,therry4 ,he tells us 7p4 #gd7 that1 during the rule of one ,capt4 ,bligh1 #ahjfh1 8the judgeadvocate1 ,atkins1 was a person of no professional mark1 and was1 besides1 of a very disreputable character40 ,the governor reported of him to the ,secretary of ,state that 8he had been known to pronounce sentence of death when intoxicated06 ,with ,atkins was associated a convict named ,crossley1 who had been transported for forging a will1 and for perjury1 and who had been convicted of swindling in the colony4 ,the result of such a state of things was as unavoidable as it was fatal4 ,if the reformatory system in the penal colony had been as wise and efficacious as it was lamentably1 nay1 wickedly1 the reverse1 such of the convicts as yielded to the nobler motives of civil life and the claims of conscience should have been able to mix unnoticed with the sounder part of the community4 ,bygones should have been really bygones4 ,the past should have been simply ignored4 ,no allusion to it should have been tolerated4 ,the expiated crime should have been buried out of sight and recollection1 so long as there was no relapse4 ,there should have been no such class as an emancipist class4 ,the reformatory institution should have remained as a thing apart1 sending from time to time its contingent of convalescents to be incorporated with the healthy body politic4 ,instead of this1 as the colony increased1 the moneyed and influential class1 the leading class1 in a colony intended to reproduce the glories of ,england in the fifth great division of the world1 consisted of emancipated convicts4 ,no pains taken to perpetuate the memory of these people's disgrace could have attained so undesirable an object more effectually4 ,they stood out a distinctly marked order in the state4 ,they became landed proprietors1 magistrates1 high government officials1 even legal functionaries4 ,instead of a decent veil of oblivion being thrown over their antecedents1 they were1 as in a ,methodist experience1 even ostentatiously displayed4 ,it almost constituted a boast1 and was worn as though it were a decoration of honor4 ,when1 subsequently1 through the encouragement of one or two of the governors and other causes1 the tide of emigration set in from the mothercountry another moneyed and influential class arose of untainted reputation4 ,a bitter rivalry between the two was the immediate consequence4 ,the emancipists excited no sympathy or compassion for the lingering memory of a misfortune which their subsequent lives might be supposed to have retrieved1 but which1 instead of an obliterated brand1 was ostentatiously retained as the badge of a powerful class1 which became thus an object of contempt to the more respectable newcomers4 ,the crimes for which they had been punished1 and of which they should1 therefore1 no longer have borne the burden1 reappeared as their accusers in the intercourse of social life4 ,society snatched up the sword which the law had in mercy laid aside2 a remitted punishment was exacted in another form2 and the benevolent aim of rescuing the worst class of criminals from irremediable ruin by a reformatory process1 if it were ever seriously entertained1 was wholly frustrated4 ,for scarcely had the infant settlement1 through the gradual influx of immigrants1 begun to assume the appearance of a colony1 when the original sin of its constitution appeared in the form of an evil1 fatal not only to the wellbeing1 but even to the very existence of a free community4 ,instead of any effort being made to heal or1 at least1 to alleviate this evil by some consistent line of policy1 it was aggravated by the capricious preference of one or other of the rival classes by successive governors1 according to their several idiosyncrasies4 ,an evil of this nature could end only with the extinction of one or other of the antagonistic classes1 or the dissolution of the colony2 unless indeed the whole reformatory system were remodelled on an entirely different plan4 ,the problem was solved by the adoption of the former alternative4 ,the natural advantages of the country and the commercial energy of the ,anglo,saxon race proved1 at last1 too strong for a reformatory system which was not only crude and faulty to the utmost degree1 but was literally destructive of its own end and object4 ,after a long struggle against obstacles greater than ever before hindered the development of vast natural resources1 the colony prevailed over the prison1 and the entail of emancipation was finally cut off by the abolition of transportation in the year #ahdj4 ,turn we now to the penal portion of this quite unique organization for the reformation of criminals4 ,here1 it may be1 we shall be able to trace some indications1 at least1 of that humane sympathy1 that sorrow for a fellow creature's fall and anxiety for his restoration1 which appeals to whatever of good may be lingering in the heart of the criminal1 not to mention the higher and more tender charities which religion inspires4 ,no gentler instrument of cure would appear to have suggested itself to the minds of the members of the ,english government of #aghh than the lash6--the lash in the hands of sots and ruffians6 8,i was once present in the police office in ,sydney when a convict was sentenced to fifty lashes for not taking off his hat to a magistrate as he met him on the road40 ,of ,capt4 ,p4 ,c4 ,king1 who administered the government from #ahjj to #ahjf1 ,mr4 ,therry writes3 8,he was a man of rough manners1 and prone to indulge in offensive expressions borrowed from the language then in vogue in the navy4444 ,his temper was irascible and wayward4 ,at one time he assumed a tone of arrogant and unyielding dictation2 at another1 he indulged in jokes unsuited to the dignity of his position40 ,of ,capt4 ,bligh1 who succeeded ,king1 ,judge ,therry tells us that his 8despotic conduct as commander of the ,bounty had driven the crew to mutiny4 ,yet he who had proved his incapacity for ruling a small ship's company was made absolute ruler of a colony so critically circumstanced as that of ,new ,south ,wales4444 ,he was the same rude1 despotic man1 whether treading the quarterdeck of the ,bounty or pacing his receptionroom in ,government ,house at ,sydney40 8,throughout the colony10 continues the judge1 8the uncontrolled use of the lash was resorted to1 as an incessant and almost sole instrument of punishment1 and too often those who inflicted this degrading punishment regarded themselves as irresponsible agents1 and kept no record of their darkest deeds40 ,but when the backs and the consciences of the unhappy victims of an ,english reformatory process had become alike hardened to this demoralizing torture1 a perverse ingenuity had devised in ,norfolk ,island a place of penal torment calculated to destroy in its victims the last vestiges of humanity4 ,to human beings thus circumstanced the scaffold became rather an object of desire than of dread4 ,and we learn from ,mr4 ,therry that during the years #ahbf1 #ahbg1 and #ahcj no less than one hundred and fiftythree persons were hung out of a population of fifty thousand4 ,but we have not yet fathomed the lowest depth of imbecility and of guilty indifference to the commonest dictates of prudence and humanity exhibited in this nefarious scheme for the reformation1 forsooth1 of criminals4 ,incredible as it may appear1 it is nevertheless true1 that by the authors of the scheme1 although their lips were full of the professions we have quoted1 the influence of religion as an agent of reformation was simply ignored4 ,it had not been their original intention to send out any minister at all of their religion with the expedition they had planned4 ,it was owing to the remonstrance of a dignitary of the ,established sect that one was1 at the last moment1 appointed4 ,this appointment1 however1 does not appear to have been made with any view of bringing the influence of religion to bear on the unfortunate criminals4 ,to them the rudest objects of selfinterest appear to have been the only motives of reformation held out4 ,dr4 ,porteous--such was his name--would have displayed more than the ordinary apathy of his class as to any objects of a merely spiritual interest1 and a less than ordinary keenness of perception as to its material interests1 if he had allowed a large colonial expedition to leave the shores of the mothercountry without any provision whatsoever being made for the celebration of the worship of the ,established religion in the distant land to which it was bound4 ,we are told by ,mr4 ,flanagan that a priest of some ,spanish ships1 which visited the colony in #agic1 8observing that a church had not yet been built1 lifted up his eyes with astonishment1 and declared that1 had the place been settled by his nation1 a house would have been erected for ,god before any house had been built for men0 7,hist4 of ,n4 ,s4 ,w41 vol4 #a4 p4 #ie74 ,in #agia a fresh batch of convicts1 two thousand and fifty in number1 arrived at ,sydney1 making the sum total of that portion of the population two thousand eight hundred and twentyeight4 ,yet1 for these1 for the large staff of officials1 the military guard1 and the few free settlers1 the only minister of religion for six years after the foundation of the colony was this churchless chaplain1 and the only religious influences accessible to that multitude of unfortunates was the form of ,sabbatical prayer adopted by his sect4 ,the one master cause of the inhumanity of the whole scheme was the complete and profound disregard of religious influences engendered in the minds of its authors by that embodiment of religious indifference and lifeless formalism1 the established sect in ,england4 ,in few1 if in any1 exiled convicts have the finer sensibilities of our common nature been utterly extinguished4 ,in nearly all1 charred and unsightly as may their whole natures have become1 diligent and patient labor will come at last to some unquenched fragment of the precious jewel2 remote and all but lost1 but waiting only for one smallest crevice to be opened through the superincumbent mass of gloom and despair1 to spring in light1 like a resurrection1 to the surface1 and fling its delivered lustre to the sun4 ,in nearly all1 he who should tenderly but perseveringly dig through the filth and refuse which a highly artificial and evilly constituted state of society has heaped upon its outcasts1 would assuredly come at last to some faint trickle of the living fountain1 which death only wholly dries up1 ready to find its level1 and even longing to be released4 ,how many of those sad shiploads1 when the shores of their native country for ever faded from their view1 succumbed to the anguish of some1 were it only one1 rudely riven tie1 and1 in the nearest feeling to despair possible out of the place of reprobation1 thrilled with a heart's agony of which the severest bodily pain is but a feeble symbol6 ,cruel to inhumanity would be the jailer who should refuse to a prisoner in his dungeon the consolation of one ray of the light of day4 ,but who1 with the hearts of men1 could have forbidden to those most miserable of their fellowcreatures an entrance to the angels of religion8 ,who would not have used every effort to secure their ministrations8 ,the ,catholic ,church1 and she alone1 could have brought the light of hope within those darkened souls4 ,she alone could have taken from despair that painful past and that ghastly present1 have awakened within those hardened consciences the echoes of a nobler being1 have folded around the poor outcasts her infinite charities1 and enwreathed them in their embrace4 ,she alone could have recalled them through the tears of compunction to the consciousness that they were still men1 and might yet be saints2 and1 like the memory of childhood gliding round the frightful abyss that separated them from innocence1 have beckoned1 and encouraged1 and helped them up the toilsome steep of penance1 to the place where conquerors1 who have narrowly escaped with their lives1 receive their kingdoms and their crowns4 ,yet was this mere tribute to the humanity of those forlorn ones wholly withheld from them4 ,the rigors of penal discipline1 increasing in severity with the progressive depravity of their unhappy victims1 reduced them at length to a condition by comparison of which the lot of the sorriest brute that was ever becudgelled by a ruffian owner was enviable4 ,what a depth of misery1 and1 worse still1 what a bitter consciousness of it1 is revealed in the keen reproach of one of them3 8,when ,i came here1 ,i had the heart of a man in me1 but you have plucked it out1 and planted the heart of a brute in its stead60 ,to talk to such men of reformation could only have been a ghastly jest4 ,not so much as even a moral motive appears to have been suggested to them4 ,nothing but the unlovely object of worldly self advantage4 ,of such a system there could be but one result4 ,no longer do we experience any surprise at finding that the aborigines1 who were to have been civilized1 and who1 at first1 evinced the most friendly disposition towards the new settlers1 were shot down and even poisoned by the squatters1 soldiers1 emigrant adventurers1 and emancipists1 the standard of whose morality appears to have been about equally high2 that men in the highest judicial stations were notoriously immoral2 that amongst the most prosperous and respectable of ,sydney tradesmen were receivers of stolen goods2 that in the time of one governor1 8the marriage ceremony fell into neglect1 and dissolute habits soon prevailed2 rum became the regular and principal article of traffic1 and was universally drunk to excess02 and that1 when he left the colony in #ahjj1 8it was then in a state of deep demoralization0 7,therry1 p4 #ga72 that1 under the rule of his successor1 to quote ,mr4 ,therry's own description3 8,the licentiousness that had prevailed in the time of ,hunter was carried to the highest pitch4 ,not only was undisguised concubinage thought no shame1 but the sale of wives was not an unfrequent practice4 ,a present owner of broad acres and large herds in ,new ,south ,wales is the offspring of a union strangely brought about by the purchase of a wife from her husband for four gallons of rum0 7p4 #gb74 ,lamentable as must have been the condition of a reformatory colony wherein the religious sentiment and all concern for a future life were entirely disregarded1 its effects were more terrible to the ,catholic portion of the convicts than to their ,protestant fellowcriminals4 ,the latter1 born blind1 were not sensible of the blessing of which they were deprived4 ,to them religion was a matter of the merest unconcern4 ,the parson was one of the gentlefolk1 nothing more4 ,he made no claim of spiritual power4 ,it was not likely that they should invest him with it4 ,they felt no need of him in death1 any more than they had throughout their lives4 ,indeed1 they had all along been taught that it was the special birthright of an ,englishman to die as independently as he had lived4 ,it must be owned1 therefore1 that1 as far as they were concerned1 no privation was experienced nor any practical loss occasioned by the circumstance that only one ,protestant minister was appointed in the colony during six years1 and for another six years only two4 ,how different the case of the ,catholic portion of the convicts6 ,for them to be deprived of priestly ministration was a loss all but irreparable4 ,the clear and rigid dogmatism of the church places the three future states of existence before her children with a positiveness and reality which the mysterious power of evil may enable them to brave1 but never to ignore4 ,the intermediate state of temporal punishment forbids the most loaded with crimes to abandon hope1 even at the moment of dissolution4 ,but for this salvation the sacraments are ordinarily essential1 of which the priests1 and only the priests1 are the dispensers4 ,to deprive1 thus1 of priestly ministrations those poor creatures who stood most in need of them1 to drag them to despair and final impenitence--the only sin from whose guilt the sacraments are powerless to rescue the sinner--was a cruelty which would have been diabolical if it had been intentional4 ,about ten years after the settlement of the colony1 the number of ,catholic convicts was greatly increased by large deportations from ,ireland after the unsuccessful insurrection of #agih4 ,but they were a very different class of men from ordinary convicts4 ,they were superior to the ordinary political derelicts4 ,if the most brutal and insulting tyranny that ever goaded a people to rebellion can justify an insurrection against established authorities1 that justification they had to the full4 ,those ,irish exiles of '#ih were no more criminal than the ministry that arraigned them or the judges who pronounced their doom4 ,the finer sensibilities of these men had not been blunted nor their domestic affection stifled by low associations and long habits of crime4 ,they were1 for the most part1 men of blameless manners1 and of a people remarkable for virtue4 ,to such men the rude snapping asunder of the fondest heartties1 the being dragged away for ever from the old spot of home1 endeared by all blissful and innocent memories1 from the familiar scenes1 the beloved faces1 the cherished friends1 the heartowned relatives1 young and aged1 from the graves of their ancestors1 and the country of their birth1 to be shipped off as criminals to the uttermost parts of the earth1 with their country's deadly enemies for their jailers1 must have been a fate from which death would have been hailed as a deliverer4 ,to deprive those unfortunate patriots of the consolations and benedictions of their religion was indeed to make them empty the cup of sorrow to its bitterest dregs4 ,in the year #ahbi1 about forty years after the commencement of transportation from ,ireland1 they numbered nearly ten thousand souls4 ,yet1 we are informed by ,mr4 ,therry1 8up to that time they were dependent solely on such ministrations as could be rendered by a single priest1 and for a considerable portion of that period there was no priest in the colony40 ,how different would have been the organization of the expedition1 how far different its results1 if the church had still owned ,england's heart1 and her statesmen had been ,catholics6 ,the most worldly and illliving of such would not have dreamed of equipping a colony without making full provision for the celebration of ,christian worship and the ministrations of the church4 ,it would have been their first care4 ,had they designed to make the colony subservient to the noble object of reforming those unfortunates whom society had cast out of its pale1 nothing would have been advertently left undone to bring all the salutary influences of religion to bear upon them1 and to place at their service every one of its supernatural aids4 ,what is the church1 in her actual working in the affairs of men1 but a divinely organized reformatory system8 ,now a fundamental principle of that system is that forgiven crime is buried out of sight and out of mind4 ,when the minister of the divine pardon has opened the doors of the eternal prison1 and has stricken off the deadly fetters from the selfcondemning penitent1 he who was just now kneeling at his side in bonds and death1 together with all the crimes he has committed1 are alike forgotten by him4 ,he is to him quite a new and other man4 ,and with the ,christian benediction he sends him forth reinvested with the royalty of his birth and his consanguinity to ,god1 to mingle1 mayhap1 if he correspond to the grace given1 with the most virtuous on the earth1 as though he had never broken its peace or given scandal to his brethren4 ,men are what their religion makes them4 ,and no ,catholic statesman would have sent out a convict colony to a distant shore without providing for such as would be reformed a destination where the past might be at once forgotten and repaired4 ,the angels of the ,gospel1 inflamed with the noblest charity that ever dawned over the everlasting hills on an icebound world1 would have been scarcely ever absent from the prison cells1 never weary of importuning their inmates to save themselves1 and to reclaim their place amongst their fellows by a reformation which would at the same time restore them to their hopes as immortal men4 ,far from permitting to them every license of lust1 and the indulgence of every criminal passion which did not interfere with jail discipline2 by their moral reformation1 and by it alone1 would they have attempted their reformation as citizens4 ,they would have been ever at hand to aid them with priestly counsels and the supernatural grace of the sacraments in those frequent falls and relapses of which nearly every history of reformation consists4 ,and those who were sufficiently reformed to be able to conform thenceforth to the easy standard of public virtue would have found1 in the new career to which they were committed1 precisely the same divine system1 with its supernatural aids and exhaustless charities ready to carry on in their behalf the work of restoration1 through the love of man1 to the reward of ,god4 ,even in the case of those pitiable beings1 in whose crimeclogged souls the loving accents of religion appeared to awake no echoes1 never would the indiscriminating and wholesale torture of the lash have been summoned to its unholy and brutalizing work to deepen still more their moral degradation and place their reformation for ever out of hope4 ,restrained as they were from doing further mischief to society1 the church1 whose heart1 as of a human mother1 yearns with most fondness towards the most vicious of her children1 would never have abandoned1 still less have ill treated1 the poor outcasts4 ,she would have hoped against hope4 ,nor would she for one moment have ceased her importunities1 her ministrations1 and her prayers1 until final impenitence had taken away the unhappy beings for ever from the counsels of mercy1 or human obduracy had capitulated1 at the hour of death1 to the exhaustless love of ,god4 ,the ,veil ,withdrawn4 ,translated1 ,by ,permission1 ,from ,the ,french ,of ,mme4 ,craven1 ,author ,of 8,a ,sister's ,story10 8,fleurange10 ,etc4 ,,xxxix4 ,the following day ,lando1 at an unusually early hour1 entered the little sittingroom next my chamber where ,i commonly remained in the morning4 ,he looked so much graver than usual that ,i thought he had come to tell me there was some obstacle in the way of his matrimonial prospects4 ,but it was once more of my affairs1 and not of his1 he wished to speak4 8,dear cousin10 said he without any preamble1 8,i come at this unusual hour because ,i wish to see you alone4 ,i have something important to tell you40 8,something that concerns you1 ,lando80 8,no1 it concerns you and ,lorenzo40 ,my heart gave a leap4 ,what was he about to tell me8 ,what new hope was to be dashed to the ground8 8,great goodness60 said ,i1 giving immediate utterance to the only object of my mortal terror1 8have you come to tell me ,donna ,faustina is at ,naples1 and ,lorenzo has left me again80 8,donna ,faustina8 ,oh6 no4 ,would to heaven it were merely a question of her1 and that you had nothing more serious to apprehend on ,lorenzo's part than another foolish journey1 were she to lead him beyond the ,black ,sea6 ,no1 it is not a question of your husband's heart1 which preoccupies you more than he deserves1 but of his property and yours40 ,i breathed once more as ,i heard these words1 and my relief was so visible that ,lando was out of patience4 8,how singular and unpractical women are60 exclaimed he4 8,here you are apparently grown calm because ,i have reassured you on a point less important in reality than the affair in question40 8,i ought to be the judge of that1 ought ,i not1 ,lando80 said ,i gravely4 8,of course4 ,i will not discuss their merits with you4 ,but remember1 my dear cousin1 if ,i am correctly informed1 it is a question of losing all you possess6 ,lorenzo has been playing to a frightful degree6 ,he made such good resolutions before me1 as he was leaving ,paris1 that he does me the honor of concealing himself as much from me as from you4 ,he had gone quite far enough before he went to ,milan2 but1 since his return--influenced1 ,i suppose1 by a mad wish of diverting his mind from other things1 and perhaps of repairing the breaches that had begun to alarm even him--he has added stockgambling to the rest4 ,some one heard him say the other day that he expected to triple his fortune1 or lose all he possessed4 ,one of the two was indeed to happen4 ,my dear cousin6444 he has not tripled it1 and the other alternative is seriously to be feared40 ,i listened with attention1 but likewise with a calmness that was not merely exterior4 8,you do not seem to understand10 said he with more impatience than before1 8that you are in danger of losing everything you have8 ,yes1 everything6444 ,what would you say1 for example10 continued he1 looking around1 8if you were to see all the magnificence that now surrounds you1 and to which you are accustomed1 disappear2 if this house and all the precious objects it contains were to vanish for ever from your sight80 8,i should say4444 ,but it is of little consequence what ,i should say or think in such a case4 ,for the moment nothing is lost1 and1 when our lawsuit in ,sicily is once gained1 all fear of ruin will be chimerical4 ,allow me1 therefore1 to decline meanwhile participating in your fears40 8,yes1 ,i know you are certain of gaining your cause1 as it is in your father's hands4 ,but if some radical change does not take place in ,lorenzo's habits1 the immense fortune that awaits him will share the fate of that he has just squandered40 8,therefore1 ,lando1 as soon as the lawsuit is decided1 ,i have formed the plan of inducing him to undertake one of those long journeys to some distant land1 such as he has made so many of1 and to take me with him4 ,we shall soon come to a region where cards are unknown1 and where he will never hear of dice1 roulette1 or of stocks40 8,nor of ,donna ,faustina1 either1 eh1 cousin80 said he1 laughing4 8,but you are not in earnest about banishing yourself in this way for an indefinite period1 leaving the civilized world1 and sharing the life he leads in these interminable journeys80 8,i shall not hesitate a single instant1 ,i assure you10 replied ,i warmly4 8,i shall esteem myself the happiest woman in the world if ,i can induce him to accede to my wish40 8,then10 replied he with emotion1 8you can really save him2 for he now needs a powerful distraction1 a complete and radical change1 that will really give a new turn to his whole life4 ,nothing less than this can save him4 ,but you are admirable1 ,cousin ,ginevra1 it must be confessed40 8,wherein1 ,lando1 ,i beg8 ,in the course of a year you will consider my conduct very natural1 and ,i hope ,teresina will be of the same opinion40 8,perhaps so4 ,but ,i assure you ,i intend to take a very different course from ,lorenzo4 ,i have done many foolish things1 heaven knows2 but there is a limit to everything1 and ,i hope never to follow his example40 8,enough1 ,lando2 you hurt my feelings and distress me40 ,he stopped1 and soon after went away1 leaving me preoccupied with what he had told me1 though ,i was not troubled4 ,oh6 what life1 what repose1 ,i found in the secret love that had been made manifest to me6 ,the excitement of my first moment of transport had died away1 but ,i had not become indifferent4 ,i clearly saw the gathering clouds4 ,i felt ,i was surrounded by dangers of all kinds2 but ,i had nothing of the vague fear often produced by anxiety with respect to the future4 ,what could happen to me8 ,what tempests1 what dangers1 had ,i to fear with the clear1 unmistakable assurance of an unfailing support1 constant assistance1 and a love ever faithful and vigilant1 and more tender than any human affection--a love that is infinite1 which no earthly love can be8 ,we sleep in peace on the stormiest sea when we are sure of the hand that guides us4 ,how much more when we know that hand controls the waves themselves1 and can still them at its will6 ,this conversation with ,lando only served to increase my desire to leave ,naples1 and it was with real joy ,i saw the day of our departure arrive at last4 ,i was joyfully making my preparations at an early hour in my room1 which ,lorenzo very seldom entered now1 when he suddenly made his appearance4 ,of course ,i was doubly moved4 ,but as soon as ,i glanced at his pale1 agitated face1 ,i knew he had come to impart some terrible news4 ,but ,i only thought of what ,lando had communicated1 and exclaimed3 8,speak without any fear1 ,lorenzo4 ,i have courage enough to hear it all40 ,but when he replied1 it was my turn to grow pale2 ,i uttered a cry of anguish1 and fell at his feet1 overcome with horror and grief4 ,my father was no more6 ,at the very hour when he was arranging the final documents for his cause1 on the very spot where he so long kept me at his side1 he had fallen dead4 ,no one was with him4 ,at the sound of his fall the old servant1 who always remained in the next room1 hurried to his assistance1 but in vain4 ,nothing could recall him to life6 ,this blow was terrible--terrible in itself and in its effect on my hopes4 ,in the first place1 it put an immediate stop to all my new plans4 ,lorenzo felt it more necessary than ever to go to ,sicily1 but now absolutely refused to take me with him4 ,he did not seem to understand how ,i could desire to go4 ,in his eyes1 the sole motive for such a journey no longer existed4 ,i should now only expose myself to the most harrowing grief1 which it was his duty to spare me4 ,i did not dare insist on going1 for fear of irritating him at a moment when the very pity ,i inspired might increase the dawn of returning affection ,i thought ,i discovered4 ,besides1 ,i had but little time for reflection4 ,only a few hours intervened between the arrival of this fatal news and ,lorenzo's departure1 which left me alone1 abandoned to my grief and the bitterness of a disappointment ,i had not anticipated in the least1 mingled with the remembrance of ,lorenzo's inexplicable farewell6 ,it was evident he attributed my tears solely to filial emotion4 ,i had seen him go away so many times without shedding any1 that he had no reason to suppose his departure this time caused them to flow almost as much as the calamity that had befallen me4 ,he even seemed surprised that ,i should insist on accompanying him to the boat and remaining with him till the last minute4 ,he had no idea how ,i longed to be permitted to forgive him on my knees2 how ,i wished to implore permission to aid him in breaking the fearful bonds that fettered his noble faculties2 to tear off1 so to speak1 the mask that seemed to change the very expression of his face6 ,oh6 how ,i longed to save him4 ,how ,i longed to bring this soul1 so closely linked with mine1 to itself6 ,the strong desire ,i once felt1 that had been extinguished by jealousy1 frivolity1 and temptation1 now sprang up again with a new force that was never to be destroyed4 ,i was ready for any sacrifice in order to have it realized--yes1 even for that of knowing my sacrifice for ever ignored6 ,not that ,i did not aspire to win his heart once more6 ,it belonged to me by the same divine right that had given mine to him4 ,i wished to claim it1 and ,i felt that this desire1 however ardent it might be1 by no means diminished the divine flame within that now kindled all my desires--those of earth as well as those of heaven6 ,he did not1 alas6 have any suspicion of all this4 ,and yet1 when ,i raised my eyes in bidding him farewell1 he perhaps saw the look of affection and sorrowful regret ,i was unable to repress2 for he looked at me an instant with an expression which made me suddenly thrill with hope6 ,one would have almost said an electric spark enabled our souls to comprehend each other without the aid of words4 ,but this moment was as fleeting as that spark--more transitory than the quickest flash that leaves the night as dark as before6 ,his face became graver than ever2 his brow more gloomy and anxious1 as if some terrible thought had been awakened4 ,he continued to gaze at me1 as he put up the little straw hat ,i wore1 and1 pushing back my hair with the caressing air of protection once so familiar1 he kissed my forehead and cheek1 and1 pressing me a moment against his heart1 he uttered these strange words3 8,whatever happens1 ,i wish you to be happy1 ,ginevra4 ,promise me you will64440 ,i had been at home a long time1 and seen the last trace of smoke from the steamboat disappear between ,capri and the coast beyond ,sorrento1 without having resolution enough to leave that side of the terrace which commanded the most distant view of the sea4 ,i remained with my eyes fastened on the horizon1 looking at the waves1 agitated by the mournful sirocco1 whose dull1 sad moans afar off add so much to the gloom felt at ,naples when the bright sun and blue sky are obscured4 ,elsewhere bad weather is nothing surprising1 but at ,naples it always astonishes and creates anxiety1 as if it were abnormal1 as the sudden gravity of a smiling face affects and alarms us more than that of one naturally austere4 ,i remained1 therefore1 in my seat1 dwelling on my recent hopes1 my sudden disappointment and its distressing cause1 on ,lorenzo's departure without me1 his look1 his mysterious words1 and his affectionate manner as he bade me farewell4 ,oh6 why1 at whatever cost1 had ,i not gone with him8 ,and then ,i followed him in thought to the dear place ,i was never to behold again--to the old palace at ,messina where ,i had passed my childhood1 happy and idolized1 under the eye of her who always seemed to me like some heavenly vision4 ,beside her ,i saw my father--8my beloved father40 ,i uttered these last words aloud1 looking1 with eyes full of tears1 towards the wild gloomy sea that separated me from him in death as it had in life4 ,at that instant ,i heard ,lando's voice beside me4 ,he had approached without my hearing him4 ,he had a kind heart that redeemed many of his faults1 and had come to pity and console me in his way4 8,my poor cousin6 ,i am overwhelmed4444 ,what a frightful1 irreparable misfortune6 ,i feel as if it concerned me almost as much as you40 ,after a moment's pause he continued3 8,and what is to be done now8 ,in three days that great trial is to take place and your cause is to be decided6 ,what advocate1 good heavens6 can be found that can1 ,i will not say equal1 but replace1 the able and illustrious ,fabrizio dei ,monti80 ,,xl4 ,the first days of mourning1 anxiety1 and expectation were spent almost entirely alone4 ,i only left the house to go to the convent1 and saw no one at home but ,stella and my aunt1 who1 though she resembled her brother but little1 loved him tenderly1 and was inconsolable at his loss4 ,a week passed by1 and ,i began to be surprised at not having received any news from ,lorenzo4 ,the lawsuit must be over4 ,it was time for him to return1 or1 at least1 for me to receive a letter from him4 ,but none had come1 and ,i remained in this state of suspense a length of time that was inexplicable4 ,at last ,i received two lines written in haste1 not from him1 but from my brother3 8,i shall arrive the day after this note1 and will then tell you everything4 ,do not lose courage4 8,,mario40 ,lando was present when this note arrived1 and ,i read it aloud4 8,o heavens60 he exclaimed1 8you have lost your cause6 ,that is evident4 ,he tells you so plainly enough6444 ,and ,i cannot see what he can have worse to tell you40 ,he kept on talking for some time1 but ,i did not listen to him4 ,i read the note over and over again4 ,why had not ,lorenzo written8 ,why was ,mario coming1 and why did he not say ,lorenzo was to accompany him8 ,why did he not even mention his name8444 ,i did not dare acknowledge to myself the terrible fear that passed through my mind2 but ,i recalled his mysterious words1 his look1 his voice1 and his whole manner when he bade me farewell1 and everything assumed an ominous look4 ,a possibility flashed across my mind which ,i did not dare dwell on for fear of losing my reason1 and1 with it1 the blessed remembrance that was the only support of my life6 ,i suffered that night as ,i had not suffered since the hours of grief and remorse that followed the death of my mother6 ,the next day1 at a late hour1 ,i at last perceived the boat from ,sicily slowly coming up the bay1 struggling against a violent outwind2 for1 after a long continuation of fine weather1 now came a succession of dismal1 stormy days1 such as often cast a gloom over the end of spring at ,naples4 ,my first impulse was to go to meet ,mario at the landing2 but ,i changed my mind1 and concluded to remain at home1 that ,i might be alone when ,i should receive the news he was bringing me4 ,i found it difficult1 however1 to control my impatience1 for ,i had to wait nearly an hour longer4 ,but at last ,i heard his step on the stairs2 then my door opened1 and he made his appearance4 ,what ,i experienced when ,i saw he was really alone showed to what an extent ,i had flattered myself ,lorenzo would return with him4 ,i gazed at him without stirring from my seat1 without the strength to ask a single question4 ,he came to me1 took me in his arms with more tenderness than he had ever shown in his life1 and when he kissed me ,i saw his eyes were filled with tears4 8,lorenzo6 ,where is ,lorenzo80 ,i exclaimed as soon as ,i could speak4 8,be calm1 sister10 said he--8be calm1 ,i beg of you4444 ,i will tell you the whole truth without the slightest evasion40 8,but before anything else1 tell me where ,lorenzo is1 and why he did not come with you40 8,ginevra1 ,i cannot tell you1 for ,i do not know yet4 ,i am quite as ignorant as you what has become of him40 ,at this reply the beating of my heart became so violent that ,i thought ,i should faint away2 but ,i struggled to overcome the anguish that seized me1 and said in a hoarse voice3 8,at least1 tell me all you know1 ,mario1 without delay or reticence40 ,mario drew from his pocket a letter carefully sealed1 but still seemed to hesitate about giving it to me4 ,but ,i recognized the writing1 and cut short all explanation by snatching it from his hands1 and ran to a seat in the most retired corner of the room1 where ,i could read it at my ease1 and my brother could not guess its contents by my face till it should suit me to communicate them4 8,ginevra1 you will doubtless have learned1 before opening this letter1 that ,i have lost my cause--in other words1 that ,i am ruined1 irrevocably ruined4 ,i had a presentiment of this when the only one who could bring it to a favorable issue was taken away by death at the critical moment2 and when ,i embraced you at my departure1 ,i felt convinced ,i was bidding you adieu for ever4444 ,whatever ,i may be1 this word will no doubt startle you4 ,though the loss of a very bad husband is by no means irreparable1 you will shudder1 ,i am sure1 at the thought of all so desperate a state of affairs may render me capable of1 and the most fearful of extremities has already crossed your mind1 ,i have no doubt4 ,well1 you are not wrong4 ,i confess it was my intention1 and you may be glad to know it was you who caused me to change it4 ,yes1 ,ginevra1 the thought of you occurred to my mind1 and ,i was unwilling to add another horrible remembrance to those ,i had already left you1 and render a catastrophe1 already sufficiently terrible1 still more tragical4 ,it would1 however1 have restored you to liberty1 and permitted your young life to resume its course and find a happiness ,i can no longer promise you4 ,this thought furnished an additional reason to all those suggested by despair2 but the sweet1 suppliant look you gave me1 the inexplicable1 celestial expression you wore when we separated1 arrested me4 ,the remembrance of that look still haunts me4 ,what did you wish to say to me1 ,ginevra8 ,what had you to ask me8 ,what could be the prayer that seemed to hover on your lips6 ,i can repair nothing now4 ,the past is no longer in my power1 and the future is blighted4 ,the captivating charm of your beauty has not been powerful enough to enable me to overcome myself4 ,it is now too late1 as you see yourself4 ,all is over4 ,my faults have led to the most fatal consequences4 ,i have only to endure them1 whatever they may be4 ,i resign myself to the struggle1 then4 ,the very word stimulates me1 for to struggle is to labor1 and work ,i love to excess6 ,why did ,i not give my whole soul up to it instead of other things6 ,ah6 if the past could only be restored6444 ,but let us return to the present4 ,i will work1 then2 yes1 work1 ,ginevra1 to gain my livelihood4 ,however great a sybarite ,i have appeared1 and am1 ,i am equal to it4 ,i can and will labor1 but far from you--separated from you4 ,thanks to your brother's generosity and the means still at my disposal1 which will be communicated to you1 this great reverse will entail no privation on you4 ,this is my only hope1 my only comfort2 for1 after having clouded the fairest portion of your life1 to invite you to participate in the bitterness of my misfortunes would make me despise myself and fill me with despair4 ,be happy1 therefore1 if you do not wish me to put an end to my life4 ,and now adieu4 ,this word is used for a brief absence1 for the separation of a day4 ,what will be the length of ours8444 ,a lifelong one1 apparently4444 ,may my life be short1 that ,i may not long deprive you of your freedom6 8,ginevra1 you are young1 you are beautiful4 ,you are calculated to love and please1 and1 however unfaithful and inconstant ,i have been1 ,i am jealous6 ,but ,i leave you without fear1 under the protection of that something mysterious and incomprehensible within you that is a safeguard to your youth and beauty6 ,i have forfeited the right to love and protect you1 but ,i know and venerate you as a holy1 angelic being4 ,ginevra1 ,i ought to say1 ,i wish ,i could say1 forgive me2 but that word is vain when it is a question of the irreparable4 ,i shall do better1 then1 to say--forget me6 ,,lorenzo40 ,while ,i was reading this letter with eager interest1 ,mario remained in the place where ,i left him1 his face buried in his hands1 absorbed in sad reflections4 ,i approached him4 ,he instantly looked up4 8,well1 sister10 said he anxiously1 8have you any idea from this letter where ,lorenzo has gone80 8,no40 8,no8444 ,and yet you look calm and relieved4 ,what other good news could there be in the letter80 ,what good news6444 ,i was really embarrassed to know what reply to make to his question4 ,i was relieved1 to be sure4 ,my heart beat with a certain joy1 but it would not do to say so2 nor could ,i have made ,mario comprehend the reason1 for nothing1 in fact1 could be more serious than my position4 8,no good news10 ,i replied4 8,his letter contains nothing cheering1 assuredly1 for it announces the loss of his lawsuit1 which your note had prepared me for4 ,and ,lorenzo seems to bid me an eternal farewell1 as if he imagined ,i should allow him to separate my life entirely from his6 ,that remains to be decided4 ,but in order to know what ,i ought to do1 you must tell me everything that has happened1 ,mario1 without any restriction40 ,mario had hoped to be able to avoid telling me the whole truth1 but at this appeal made no further attempt at concealment1 and was grateful to me for the courage which lightened so painful a duty4 ,lorenzo arrived at ,messina1 persuaded in advance that my father's death was the signal of his ruin4 ,but when the cause was decided against him1 he remained apparently very calm4 ,during the evening he had a long conversation with ,mario1 in which he occupied himself in making arrangements that would secure my comfort1 placing at my disposal all he had left1 and accepting the generous offer of my brother1 who now refused to profit by the renunciation of my right to a portion of my father's property which ,i had made at the time of my marriage4 ,lorenzo1 during this conversation1 repeatedly expressed the desire this storm might pass over my head without affecting me4 ,the following morning ,mario received a package containing the substance of this conversation1 regularly signed and sealed1 and a sealed letter addressed to me1 without any other explanation4 ,my brother waited till the hour appointed by ,lorenzo the night before for a meeting1 but he did not make his appearance2 and when ,mario went in search of him1 he learned he had taken his departure in the night without leaving any trace of the direction he had taken4 ,two boats had left ,messina during the night1 one for the ,levant1 and the other for ,america4 ,but1 notwithstanding all the precautions taken by ,lorenzo to prevent any one from knowing which way he had gone1 ,mario thought he had embarked on the latter of these two boats4 ,lorenzo had ordered the steward that had always been in his employ to aid my brother in the execution of his wishes and whatever was to be done in consequence1 either in ,sicily or ,naples4 ,but he had not revealed to him1 any more than to me or my brother1 his personal affairs1 or the place to which he was going4 ,after listening to this account with the utmost attention1 ,i requested ,mario to leave me alone a few hours1 that ,i might reflect on all ,i had heard1 and consider at my leisure what course ,i ought to pursue4 ,i felt indeed the need of collecting my thoughts in solitude and silence2 but above all 444 oh6 above all6 ,i longed to be alone1 that ,i might fall on my knees and bless ,god6 ,yes1 bless him with transport6 ,the fear1 the horrible1 intolerable fear1 that had taken hold of my mind1 was for ever removed by the contents of ,lorenzo's letter4 ,regret1 if not repentance1 for his faults was betrayed in every line he wrote4 ,the manly energy of his character1 too1 was manifest throughout4 ,as to what related to me1 ,i felt touched1 and more proud of the tender1 confiding1 respectful interest he expressed1 than of all the passionate fervor of his former language4 ,and ,i blessed heaven for not being unworthy of it4 ,finally1 finally1 the words1 8,i will work to gain my livelihood10 made my heart leap with joy2 for ,i saw it put an end to the dangerous1 indolent1 pernicious life of the past1 and held out a hope of regeneration and salvation--a salvation physical1 moral1 present1 future1 eternal6 ,it really seemed impossible to feel such a hope could be paid for too dearly6 ,i remembered1 however1 that ,i should have to discuss my affairs with ,mario1 and perhaps with ,lando also1 whose heart was extremely moved by this catastrophe2 and ,i endeavored1 before meeting them again1 to moderate a joy that would have appeared inexplicable1 and1 at the very time when ,i was more reasonable than ,i had ever been in my life1 would have rendered me in their estimation extravagant in my notions1 and without any practical sense as to the things of the world4 ,,xli4 ,when ,i saw ,mario again1 therefore1 ,i thanked him affectionately for his generosity1 but declared ,i would not accept the restoration of the inheritance ,i had renounced at the time of my marriage with the ,duca di ,valenzano4 ,livia had done the same on entering the convent4 ,mario was1 and should remain1 my father's only heir4 ,i was determined not to allow any change in this arrangement4 ,i had great difficulty in overcoming his resistance2 and when ,i could not help remarking that the sacrifices which awaited me would cost me but little1 he stopped me by saying ,i had not yet made the trial1 and insisted ,i should take no immediate resolution with regard to the matter4 8,very well10 said ,i1 8if it is your wish1 we will discuss the point at a later day4 ,let us confine our attention for the moment to what is of much more importance4 ,you know very well we cannot long remain ignorant where ,lorenzo is1 and as soon as we know ,i shall go to him40 8,go to him80 8,do you doubt it80 ,mario looked at me with surprise1 and was silent for an instant4 ,then he said3 8,sister1 ,lorenzo's conduct has been so notorious that1 notwithstanding the solicitude ,i acknowledge he manifested for you at our last interview1 no one would be astonished at your remaining among your friends and availing yourself of the means he has used to deliver you from the consequences of his folly40 8,accept this beautiful villa1 which he wishes to except from the sale of his property8444 ,surround myself with the comforts you have together provided me with1 and leave him--him6--alone1 poor1 struggling against the difficulties of beginning a new life8444 ,really1 ,mario1 if you believe ,i would consent to this1 it is a proof that1 though you are less severe than you once were to your poor little sister1 you are not altogether just to her40 ,mario took my hand1 and kissed it with emotion4 8,pardon me1 ,ginevra2 ,i confess ,i did not think you were so generous or so courageous60 ,courageous6444 ,i was not so much so as he thought4 ,a hope had risen in my heart which would have rendered poverty itself easy to endure1 and even in such a case ,i should not have been an object of pity4 ,but here there was no question of poverty4 ,my sight was clearer than that of ,mario or ,lando1 and ,i was1 in fact1 more sensible than either of my two advisers4 ,it was only a question1 at most1 of a temporary embarrassment4 ,lorenzo's land1 the valuable objects accumulated in his different houses1 and the sale of all my diamonds1 would suffice1 and more than suffice1 to fill the pit dug by his extravagance1 however deep it might be4 ,besides1 his talents alone1 as soon as he chose to turn them to account1 excluded all fear of actual poverty4 ,the mere name of ,lorenzo with which he signed all his productions had long been familiar to the artworld1 and consequently he would not be obliged to strive for a position4 ,it was merely a question1 therefore1 of the relinquishment of all this display1 this magnificence1 this overwhelming profusion of superfluities1 and all the luxuries of life that now surrounded me4 ,ah6 ,i did not dare tell them what ,i thought of such sacrifices6 ,i did not dare speak of my indifference1 which greatly facilitated their task1 however1 and still less did ,i dare reveal the cause1 for fear of being accused of madness1 and that at a time when they should have considered it a proof of the beneficial effects of supernatural influences on ordinary life4 ,i contented myself1 therefore1 with merely explaining the reason why my situation seemed to me by no means desperate4 ,they were relieved to see me take things in such a way1 and from that moment the necessary changes1 so painful1 in their estimation1 were undertaken without any delay1 though without haste1 without fear1 without concealment1 and all the socalled great sacrifices began to be accomplished4 ,it would be difficult to render an account of all ,i experienced during the following days and weeks4 ,all ,i can say is that ,i felt as if my shackles and barriers one by one were removed1 and at every step ,i breathed a purer air6444 ,does this mean ,i had become a saint1 aspiring to heroic sacrifices and utter renunciation8 ,assuredly not4 ,i repeat it1 ,i could have no illusion of this kind4 ,i clearly comprehended that this catastrophe1 which seemed so terrible to others1 which ,lorenzo considered beyond my strength to bear1 and would have thrown him into an excess of despair1 only tore off the brilliant exterior of my life4 ,but ,i had often experienced a confused1 persistent desire at various times and places to be freed from this outer husk1 and ,i now began to understand a thousand things that heretofore had been inexplicable in the bottom of my soul4 ,the magnificence that surrounded me belonged1 however1 to my station1 and all this display was not without reason or excuse2 but ,i felt it impeded my course1 and1 as a pious1 profound soul7#ahj7 has said of happiness itself1 in striving to attain the true end1 it only served to lengthen the way6 ,there was1 then1 neither courage nor resignation in this case4 ,i was reasonable and satisfied1 as every human being is who in an exchange feels he has gained a thousand times more than he has lost6 ,the only anxiety ,i now felt was to discover the place to which ,lorenzo had betaken himself4 ,i did not in the least believe he had gone either to the ,levant or ,america1 but every means seemed to have been used by him to defeat our efforts to discover him4 ,one of the two boats that left ,messina the night of his departure was to touch at ,marseilles on the way4 ,reflection and instinct both assured me he had proceeded no further1 but from that place had gone where he could most easily resume his labors and begin his new life4 ,in this respect ,rome or ,paris would have equally suited him1 but it seemed improbable he had returned to ,italy4 ,it was therefore to ,paris ,i directed my search1 and ,i wrote ,mme4 de ,kergy to aid me in finding him4 ,perhaps ,i should have hesitated had ,gilbert been at home2 but he was absent1 absent for a year1 and before his return ,i should have time to reflect on the course ,i ought to pursue1 perhaps ask the advice of his mother herself1 to whom1 meanwhile1 ,i made known my present situation1 my wishes1 my projects1 and the extreme anxiety to which ,i hoped with her assistance to put an end4 ,it was not long before ,i received a reply1 and it was much more favorable than ,i had ventured to hope4 ,her large1 affectionate heart seemed not only to comprehend fully what ,i had merely given her an outline of1 but to have penetrated to the bottom of mine1 and divined even what ,i had not attempted to say4 ,i felt ,i had in her a powerful support4 ,her inquiries were promptly and successfully made1 and the result was what ,i had foreseen4 ,lorenzo was really in ,paris1 in an obscure corner of the ,faubourg ,saint,germain4 ,he had narrow quarters adjoining a large studio1 where he had already begun to work4 8,his celebrity is too great for him to remain long concealed10 wrote ,mme4 de ,kergy2 8besides1 the very thing he is aiming at would prevent all possibility of his remaining long incognito4 ,several of his friends have already found him out and called to see him1 but he has only consented to receive one of them1 whose counsels and assistance are indispensable4 ,this gentleman is also a friend of ours4 ,i have learned through him that as soon as your husband gets under way in his work1 he intends to enter into communication with those he has left1 and probably with you1 my dear ,ginevra2 but he persists in his intention of remaining by himself1 and not allowing you to share his lot4 ,he thinks he has arranged everything so you can continue to live very nearly the same as before1 with the exception of his presence1 which1 he says1 he has done nothing to make you desire4 ,you will have some difficulty in overcoming his obstinacy in this respect2 you will find it hard to induce one who is so sensible of his wrongs towards you to accept the heavy burden of gratitude4 ,all the sacrifices he imposes on himself will cost him far less than to consent to those you are so ready to make for him4 ,men are all so4 ,be patient1 therefore2 be prudent1 and have sufficient thoughtfulness and feeling to manifest your generosity in such a way that he will perceive it as little as possible44440 ,it was the easier to follow ,mme4 de ,kergy's advice that the course she wished me to pursue would be strictly sincere4 ,i wrote him1 therefore1 without affectation or restraint1 what my heart dictated1 but ,i wrote in vain2 my first and second letters remained unanswered4 ,the third drew forth a reply1 but it contained a refusal of my wishes which betrayed all the motives indicated by my aged friend4 ,alas6 to make others accept forgiveness is often a thousand times more difficult than to obtain it ourselves6 ,i was not discouraged1 however4 ,i made preparations for my departure1 as if he had sent for me1 and ,i awaited impatiently the time1 without the least doubt as to its arrival1 determined to find some means of hastening it1 should the delay be too much prolonged4 ,,xlii4 ,while so much apparent1 as well as real1 gloom was gathering around my path1 there was no diminution in the interior brightness of my soul2 which was only manifested1 however1 by an activity1 and at the same time tranquillity1 that greatly surprised my brother and all my friends1 especially my aunt1 whose agitation was extreme4 ,i will not say that ,donna ,clelia felt in the least that pleasure at the misfortunes of others attributed by a great satirist to all mankind1 but the change in our respective situations which now afforded her an opportunity of pitying and protecting instead of envying me1 was by no means displeasing to her pride or kindness of heart4 ,she offered me the most unlimited hospitality4 ,she wished to establish me in her palazzo on the ,toledo1 and give up the largest of her spacious drawingrooms to my sole use4 ,she did not comprehend how ,i could remain in my house when it was being stripped of all the magnificence that had placed me1 in her eyes1 on the very pinnacle of happiness4 ,but ,i refused to the last to leave my chamber and the terrace1 with its incomparable view1 the privation of which ,i should have felt more than anything else4 ,i remained1 therefore1 in the corner 7a very spacious one1 however7 of my beautiful home ,i had reserved for myself1 encouraged by ,stella1 who1 without surprise or wonder1 comprehended my motives1 and assisted me in making preparations for my departure4 ,she always brought ,angiolina with her1 which added to our enjoyment2 for she continually hovered around1 enlivening us with her prattle4 ,so1 in spite of the sadness of my position1 ,i was able1 without much effort1 to rise above my dejection and gloom4 ,weeks passed away1 however1 and1 though ,i had not renounced the hope of overcoming ,lorenzo's obstinacy1 ,i began to grow impatient1 and was thinking of starting without his consent2 for it seemed to me1 when once near him1 he could not refuse to see me4 ,this uncertainty was the most painful feature of my present situation1 and the rainy season1 meanwhile1 added its depressing influence to all the rest4 ,but to disturb my peace of mind and diminish my courage would have required a trial more severe and painful than that4 ,the sky once more became clear1 and we were at length able to return to the terrace1 from which we had so long been banished by the rain4 ,the clumps of verdure in the garden1 the perfume of the flowers1 the blueness of the mountains1 sea1 and sky--in short1 all nature seemed to atone by her unusual brilliancy for having been so long forced to veil her beautiful face4 ,but ,stella1 instead of being charmed and transported1 as usual1 with the prospect1 looked gravely and silently around for some time1 then1 with a sudden explosion of grief1 threw herself on my neck4 8,ginevra1 what will become of ,angiolina and me when you are gone8444 ,ah6 ,i ought to love nobody in the world but her60 ,she sat down on one of the benches on the terrace1 and took up the child1 who had not left us an instant during the day1 to play1 as she usually did4 ,and when ,angiolina1 with her eyes full of tears1 begged her to prevent her dear ,zia ,gina from going away1 all ,stella's firmness gave way for an instant1 and she burst into tears4 ,oh6 how strongly ,i then felt1 in my turn1 the difference there is between the sacrifice of exterior objects and the interior sacrifices that rend the soul6 ,the infinite love that tempers all the sufferings of this world exempts no one from these trials4 ,i might even say it increases them1 for it enlarges the capacity of our affection and pity3 it makes us fully realize what suffering is1 and gives it its true meaning4 ,i could not1 therefore1 look at ,stella in her present mood without being overcome by a sadness ,i had never felt before at the thought of our separation4 ,her tears1 which she was generally so well able to suppress1 continued to flow1 as she rocked her child in silence4 ,she remained thus without uttering a word1 even in reply to my questions1 until little ,angiolina1 after quietly weeping a long time1 fell into a heavy1 profound sleep in her mother's arms4 ,it was the first time ,i had ever known ,stella to lose courage4 ,mine failed me at the sight1 and this hour--the last we were to pass together on the terrace so full of pleasant associations1 and so often trod by ,angiolina's little feet--this hour was sad beyond all expression1 and in appearance beyond all reason4 ,the serenity of the soul1 like the sky of ,italy1 is thus obscured at times by clouds that trouble and afflict the more because the light they veil is habitually so bright and serene6 ,neither ,stella nor ,i1 however1 were disposed to believe in presentiments4 ,besides1 our sadness was too well founded to be surprising4 ,nevertheless1 something darker hovered over us than we foresaw at the moment3 the morrow already threw its gloom over this last evening6 ,the sun was going down4 ,stella suddenly started from her reverie and awoke ,angiolina4 ,it was time to take her home4 ,but the child's eyes1 generally so bright1 were now heavy4 ,she hardly opened them when ,i approached to embrace her4 ,her little mouth made a slight movement to return my kiss1 and she fell asleep again immediately4 ,her mother1 surprised1 and somewhat alarmed at her unwonted languor1 hastily wrapped a shawl around her to protect her as much as possible from the evening air1 and carried her away4 ,the following day1 of sorrowful memory1 rose bright and radiant for me2 for when ,i awoke1 ,i found a letter from ,lorenzo awaiting me--a letter which put an end to all my perplexities1 and justified1 beyond all my hopes1 the confidence with which ,i had expected it4 8,ginevra1 you have prevailed4 ,i venture at last to beg your forgiveness1 for your letters have inspired the hope of some day meriting it4 ,i no longer fear1 therefore1 to meet you again4 ,come6 ,it is my wish4 ,i am waiting for you4 8,,lorenzo40 ,these last lines contained the surest promise of happiness ,i had ever received in my life1 and ,i kissed them with tears4 ,i longed to start that very hour1 and it will not seem surprising now that ,i looked around the sumptuous dwelling ,i was about to leave for ever without regret1 and even at the enchanting prospect my eyes were never weary of gazing at6 ,it was by no means these exterior objects that inspired the deep1 unalterable joy of my soul4 ,i did not owe to them the vision of happiness ,i thought ,i now caught the first ray of4 ,my only regret1 therefore1 was that ,i could not start as soon as ,i wished4 ,all my preparations were made1 and ,i longed to take my departure at once4 ,but ,i had to wait three days before the first boat on which ,i could embark would leave for ,marseilles--a delay that seemed so long6 ,alas6 ,i was far from foreseeing how painful and short ,i should find them6 ,stella had passed every day with me for the last few weeks1 and ,i now awaited her arrival to communicate my joy4 ,but the usual hour for her to come had gone by4 ,she did not appear4 ,i was surprised at this delay1 and1 instead of waiting any longer1 ,i proceeded on foot to her house1 which was only at a short distance from mine4 ,the previous evening had left me no anxiety1 and its sadness had been dispersed with the joy of the morning4 ,when ,i arrived1 ,i found the door open4 ,no servant was there to announce me4 ,i went through the gallery1 a large drawingroom1 and a cabinet1 without meeting a person4 ,at length ,i came to ,stella's chamber1 where ,angiolina also slept in a little bed beside her mother's4 ,i entered4444 ,oh6 how shall ,i describe the sight that met my eyes6 ,how express all my feelings of amazement1 pity1 affection1 and grief6 ,my dear1 unhappy ,stella was seated in the middle of the room with her child extended on her knees1 pale1 motionless1 and apparently without life6 ,she did not shed a tear2 she did not utter a word4 ,she raised an instant her large eyes1 which were unusually dilated1 and looked at me4 ,what a look6 ,o ,god6 it expressed the grief that mothers alone can feel1 and which no other on earth can surpass6444 ,i fell on my knees beside her4 ,angiolina still breathed1 but she was dying4 ,she opened her beautiful eyes a moment4444 ,a look of recognition crossed them4444 ,they turned from her mother to me1 and from me to her mother1 and then grew dim4 ,a convulsive shudder ran over her1 and it was all over4 ,the angel was in heaven4 ,the mother was bereft1 for this life1 of her only child6444 ,the longest years cannot efface the memory of such an hour1 and time1 which at last subdues all grief1 never gave me the courage to dwell on this4 ,mothers who have been pierced by such a sword cannot speak of it2 others dare not4 ,the woman who has no child1 in the presence of one who has just lost hers1 can only bend in silence and respect before the sovereign majesty of grief6 ,i will merely state1 with respect to what preceded1 that the drowsiness of the child the night before was a symptom of the violent malady which suddenly attacked her in the middle of the night4 ,after abating towards day1 it came on again an hour later1 and kept increasing without any relaxation to the end4 ,as for me1 who had given ,angiolina the place that had remained vacant in my heart1 the excess of my grief enabled me to form an estimate of hers whose heart was filled with far greater anguish at being so suddenly robbed of her all by death4 ,i shuddered at the thought of a sorrow greater than mine1 and did not dare dwell on my own troubles in the presence of a grief that cast into the shade all the sufferings ,i had ever witnessed before4 ,what a remedy for the imaginary or exaggerated woes of life it is to suddenly be brought to witness the reality of the most terrible of misfortunes6 ,what a price was ,i now to pay for the journey ,i had so long looked forward to--the reunion ,i had longed for with so many prayers and obtained by so many efforts6 ,to leave ,stella in her affliction was a trial ,i had not anticipated1 and one which the most imperious duty alone could have induced me to consent to4 ,i had to do it1 however1 but not till ,i had succeeded in gratifying the only remaining wish of her broken heart--8to leave the world for a few months1 that she might be alone1 free to abandon herself entirely to the dear1 angelic memory of her lost joy44440 ,stella uttered no complaint4 ,her grief was mute4 ,but she had expressed this desire1 and it was granted4 ,livia obtained a place of retreat for her in a part of her convent that was not cloistered4 ,it was there ,i left her1 in the shadow of that sweet sanctuary1 near the tenderest1 strongest heart she could have to lean on1 in presence of the magnificent prospect before her1 and beneath the brilliant canopy of that glorious sky1 beyond which she could follow in spirit the treasure she had been deprived of1 but which she felt sure of some day finding again6 ,,xliii4 ,i was filled with solemn emotion when1 having taken leave of my brother and all the friends who had accompanied me on board1 ,i at length found myself alone with ,ottavia on the deck of the boat1 gazing at the receding mountains1 hills1 villas1 and the smiling1 flowery shores of the ,bay of ,naples as they vanished away4 ,two years had scarcely flown since the day when this prospect met my eyes for the first time4 ,but during this short period so many different feelings had agitated my heart1 and so many events had crossed my path1 that the time seemed as long as a whole life4 ,joys and sorrows1 ardent hopes and bitter deceptions1 severe trials1 dangerous temptations1 a deadly struggle1 grace--to crown all6 grace luminous and wonderful--had all succeeded each other in my soul4 ,and to all these remembrances was now added the new sorrow which set on these last days a mournful1 heartrending seal6 ,the death of a child1 it is true1 would seem to the indifferent to seriously wound no heart but its mother's4 ,mine1 however1 bled profusely1 and the sudden death of the angelic little creature ,i had so much loved1 as well as the separation that so soon took place1 cast an inexpressible gloom over the hour of departure ,i had so eagerly longed for1 and which ,i had obtained at the price of sacrifices which till now had not seemed worthy of being counted4 ,truly1 the words already quoted do not apply less to earthly affections than to the divine love that overrules them and includes them all3 8,there is no living in love without some pain or sorrow40 ,this is indubitable4 ,the more tender the affection1 the more exquisite the suffering it entails4 ,but by way of recompense1 in proportion as these cruel wounds are multiplied1 the neverfailing supreme love affords a remedy by revealing itself more and more fully1 and thereby supplying the place of all these vanished joys4 ,this love alone assures the promise1 the pledge1 of their restoration and immortal duration6 ,therefore1 whatever the sadness of this hour2 whatever the desolation of heart with which ,i gazed at the convent on yonder height where ,i had just parted from ,stella and my sister with so many tears--in short1 whatever the emotions of all kinds that seemed combined to overwhelm me1 ,i felt1 in spite of them1 ,i lived a truer1 freer life than when for the first time1 surrounded with illusions and deceitful hopes1 ,i crossed this bay in all the intoxication of radiant happiness6 ,these thoughts1 and many others of a similar nature1 passed through my mind while the boat was rapidly cleaving the waves1 and little by little the last outline of the coast of ,italy faded away and finally disappeared from my eyes for ever4 ,night came on1 the stars appeared1 but ,i remained in the place where ,i was1 without being able to make up my mind to leave it4 ,this solitude of the sea--more profound than any other--speaks to the soul a language peculiar to itself4 ,i listened to it with undivided attention1 blessing ,god for having inclined me to hear his voice1 to give heed to no other during the period of inaction and repose which separated the portion of my life just closed from that which was about to commence under new and unknown circumstances4 ,i did not stop at ,marseilles1 for ,i was impatient to arrive at my journey's end4 ,and yet1 in spite of the summons ,i was now obeying1 ,i was not without anxiety as to the reception ,i should meet with4 ,i knew the mobility of ,lorenzo's feelings1 and that the letter ,i had so recently received from him was not a sure guarantee of the disposition in which ,i should find him4 ,in fact1 when ,i met him on my arrival at the station1 ,i did not at first know what to think4 ,he was pale1 agitated1 and gloomy1 and could scarcely hide the suffering his face expressed much more clearly than joy at seeing me again4 ,i felt the arm tremble on which ,i was leaning1 and ,i remained silent1 confounded1 and anxious4 ,he hurried me through the crowd1 placed me in a carriage1 made ,ottavia take a seat beside me1 then closed the door with an air of constraint1 saying he wished to arrive before me4 ,at first ,i was astonished at finding myself so suddenly separated from him1 after barely seeing him for a moment4 ,but ,i saw1 by the embarrassment and painful agitation he manifested1 what was passing in his mind1 and was extremely affected4 ,poor ,lorenzo6 it was not in this way he had once led his young bride beneath his roof4 ,this was not the future he then took pleasure in depicting1 or what he had promised4 ,the immense change of fortune he had undergone was now for the first time to be realized by the wife he had outraged1 and from whom he did not dare expect an affection which would overlook all and render every sacrifice light4 ,i felt he regretted now that he had consented to my coming4 ,after a long drive we at last came to the end of a street at the extremity of the ,faubourg ,saint,germain1 where we entered a small court1 and the carriage stopped before a door of very unpretending appearance4 ,but the house to which it gave access1 covered on the outside with climbing plants that concealed the reddish tint of the walls1 had a picturesque appearance seldom found in any house in ,paris1 large or small4 ,lorenzo1 with his artistic eye1 had discovered it1 and understood also how it should be arranged interiorly4 ,consequently1 when he ushered me into a salon opening into a little parterre filled with flowers1 beyond which rose the trees of an adjacent garden1 which made it seem like some rural solitude2 when he took me all over the groundfloor1 where everything was simple1 but nothing vulgar2 when on all sides ,i found evidences both of his taste and his solicitude for me2 above all1 when ,i saw in his cabinet and studio all the indications that he had resumed his habits of assiduous labor and serious study1 so great a joy filled my heart and beamed from my eyes that he could no longer feel any doubt1 and ,i saw the cloud that veiled his brow totally disappear4 8,is it possible8444 ,is it true80 said he4 8,you are satisfied1 ,ginevra8 ,and ,i can welcome your presence without remorse80 ,i was affected to tears4 8,i assure you10 said ,i1 with a sincerity of accent that could not be mistaken1 8this socalled great catastrophe has only taken away the things ,i did not care for3 it gives me here all ,i love1 and nearly everything ,i desire40 ,i looked at him hesitatingly1 not yet knowing how far to go4 ,but his look inspired me with courage1 and ,i continued1 with emotion3 8,tell me1 in your turn1 that you regret nothing1 that my presence suffices1 and ,i pledge you my word1 ,lorenzo1 this hour will be the happiest of my life40 ,instead of replying directly1 he knelt down beside the little divan where ,i was sitting1 and ,i saw his eyes beaming with the expression that once used to flash from them for an instant1 not uncertain and transitory as then1 but calm1 stable1 and profound4 8,ginevra10 said he1 8in assuring you today that my reason has been restored to me1 that ,i have for ever recovered from my detestable aberration1 that ,i again look upon you as ,i did when you first effaced every other image1 that ,i love you as much1 yes1 a thousand times more than ever1 this is not saying enough1 this is not telling you what you would perhaps listen to far more gladly than all this40 ,i opened my eyes and looked steadily towards him4 ,he felt my soul was trying to read his1 and he continued in a low1 agitated tone3 8,you have made me love in you what is better than yourself4 ,listen to me4444 ,long years of indifference had effaced the memory of divine things ,i had been taught in my childhood4 ,did you think they could ever be recalled8 ,i had never felt the slightest desire4 ,it is you1 ,ginevra1 who caused their return4 ,can you realize it80 ,o my ,god6 this hour was too happy for earth6 ,it left me only one wish more4 ,it realized to the fullest extent all the cherished dreams of the past1 and made me touch at last the summit 7alas6 always threatening and uncertain7 of earthly happiness6 ,no cloud has ever obscured the bright1 blessed remembrance6 ,no suffering1 no trial1 has ever checked the effusion of gratitude ,i still feel1 and which will be eternal6 ,it will not be difficult to understand that1 in this new state of things1 our life speedily and sweetly resumed its course4 ,strange to say1 this calm1 simple life1 exempt from splendor1 luxury1 and worldly clat1 was the precise realization of the secret desire ,i had always cherished in my soul1 the signification of which had been revealed to me in that great day of grace which ,i may call that of my true birth6 ,it would1 therefore1 have been an absurdity to speak of sacrifice in the situation in which ,i now found myself4 ,but ,lorenzo did not yet see things in the same light4 8,i acknowledge10 said he one day1 after some weeks had passed by--8,i acknowledge we lack nothing essential1 that the waifs from our wreck even afford us a comfortable support1 but ,i wish more than that for you1 my ,ginevra4 ,i must work for the means of restoring all my folly has deprived you of4 ,the public receives my productions with marked favor4 ,they have all been sold at a fabulous price1 except one which ,i will never part with4 ,let me alone1 therefore1 and ,i promise you the day shall arrive when ,i will place on your brow a diadem even more brilliant than the one you have lost40 ,i made a quick gesture1 and was about to express the repugnance such a prospect inspired4 ,but ,i stopped4 ,it was better1 no matter in what way1 he should be stimulated by some object to be attained by the laborious efforts to which he devoted all his faculties4 ,i allowed him1 therefore1 to dream of the jewels he would adorn me with1 and enlarge on his plans for the future1 while ,i was sitting beside him in his studio1 sometimes reading to him1 and sometimes becoming his model again4 ,whenever he spoke in this way1 ,i smiled without trying to oppose him4 ,mme4 de ,kergy and ,diana hastened to see me the day after my arrival4 ,we continued to meet almost daily1 and ,i found in their delightful society the strongest support1 the wisest counsels1 and an affection which inspired almost unlimited confidence4 ,as to ,gilbert1 he was still absent1 and not expected to return till the autumn of the following year4 ,when his mother gave me this information1 my first feeling was one of relief4 ,it seemed to me my relations with his family were simplified by his absence1 and ,i could defer all thought as to what ,i should do at his return4 ,but1 when ,i saw my dear1 venerable friend secretly wipe away a tear as she spoke of her son2 when she added in a trembling voice that such a separation at her age was a severe trial which afflicted her more than any she had ever known2 when ,diana afterwards came to tell me with a full heart that ,gilbert's absence was shortening her mother's days1 oh6 then my heart sank with profound sorrow1 and ,i felt an ardent1 painful desire to repair the evil ,i had caused--an evil which 7whatever may be said7 is never altogether involuntary6 ,ah6 if women would only consider how far their fatal influence sometimes extends1 even those who add hardness of heart to their desire to please would become indifferent to the wish4 ,they scarcely hesitate sometimes to sacrifice a man's career1 his abilities1 his whole existence4 ,vanity and pride take pleasure in ravages of this kind4 ,but if their eyes could behold the firesides they quench the light of1 the maternal hearts they sadden1 the families whose sweet joys they destroy1 their trophies would seem bloody1 and they might be brought to comprehend the words of the ,psalmist which ,i had humbly learned to repeat3 ,ab occultis meis munda me1 et ab alienis parce servo tuo4 ,lorenzo's celebrity increased by the productions he now exhibited to the public4 ,the singularity of our position in returning to ,paris1 under circumstances so different from those which surrounded us when we made our first appearance in the grand monde1 drew upon us the attention of this very world which would have enticed us from our retreat4 ,but1 thank ,heaven6 ,i did not have to exert my influence over ,lorenzo to induce him to decline it4 ,his pride would have been sufficient1 had not his whole time been absorbed in his labors1 and it was even with difficulty he consented to accompany me one evening to the ,htel de ,kergy4 ,from that time1 however1 he willingly repeated his visits1 attracted by ,mme4 de ,kergy's dignified cordiality and simplicity of manner as well as by the charm of the intellectual circle of which her salon was the centre--a charm he would have always appreciated had he not been under the influence of another attraction4 ,now there was no counteracting influence1 and he took fresh pleasure every evening in going there to repose after the fatigue of the day and seek something more beneficial to his mind than mere recreation4 ,a person endowed with noble gifts1 who returns to the right path after long going astray1 experiences an immense consolation in finding himself in his true element4 ,it would1 therefore1 be impossible to tell how great ,lorenzo's joy now was1 or how eloquently he was able to express it4 ,and nothing could express the feelings with which ,i listened to him6 ,the only shadow of my life at this time was my separation from ,stella4 ,a thousand times did ,i urge her to join me1 as she was no longer under any obligation to remain at ,naples4 ,i felt that the only possible solace for her broken heart would be to leave the place where she had suffered so much2 her courageous soul would find a salutary aliment in the great charitable movement at ,paris1 at that time in all the vigor of its first impulse1 given a few years before4 ,i therefore continually urged her to come1 but ,i begged her in vain4 ,an invincible repugnance to leave the place of refuge where she had hidden her grief prevented her from yielding to my wishes4 ,thus passed days1 weeks1 months1 yes1 even a whole year and more of happiness4 ,the satisfactory life ,i had dreamed of was now a reality1 and the world ,i once fancied ,i could reveal to ,lorenzo unaided he had discovered himself4 ,it had been revealed to him by trials1 humiliation1 and labor4 ,the absolute change in his habits1 which ,lando had once indicated as the only remedy1 had1 as he had foreseen1 produced a beneficial1 efficacious1 and lasting effect4 ,but we know one of the anomalies of the human heart is to expect and long for happiness as its right1 and yet to be incapable of possessing it a single day in its plenitude without trembling1 as if conscious it was not in the nature of things here below for it to endure a long time4 ,lorenzo experienced more than most people this melancholy of happiness1 which was often increased by too profound a regret for the errors of his life4 ,it partook of the vehemence of his character1 and it was sometimes difficult to overcome the sadness awakened by the remembrance of the past4 8,ginevra10 said he one day1 8,i am far too happy for a man who merits it so little40 ,he said this with a gloomy expression4 ,it was the beginning of spring4 ,the air was soft1 the sky clear1 the lilacs of our little garden were in bloom1 and we sat there inhaling the perfume4 ,he repeated3 8,yes1 my life is now too happy--too happy1 ,i feel1 to be of long duration40 ,a remark somewhat trite1 which is often thrown like a veil over the too excessive brightness of earthly happiness6 ,but ,i could not repress a shudder as ,i listened to it4 ,and yet what was there to fear 444 to desire 444 to refuse 444 when ,i felt the present and the future were in the hands of ,him whom ,i loved more than anything here below8 ,to ,be ,concluded ,next ,month4 ,a ,bit ,of ,modern ,thought ,on ,matter4 ,we have now accomplished the first portion of our task1 by establishing on good philosophical and physical grounds the fundamental truths regarding the essence and the properties of material substance as such4 ,we might1 therefore1 take up the second part of our treatise1 and begin our investigation about the nature of the metaphysical constituents of matter and their necessary relations1 in order to ascertain how far the principles of the scholastic doctrine on matter can nowadays be maintained consistently with the principles of natural science4 ,but we think it necessary1 before we enter into the study of such a difficult subject1 to caution our readers against some productions of modern thinkers1 whose speculations on the nature of material things confound all philosophy1 and tend by their sophistry to popularize the most pernicious errors4 ,the number of such productions is daily increasing1 owing to the efforts of powerful societies1 and the philosophical imbecility of the scientific press and of its patrons4 ,the heap of intellectual rubbish thus accumulated1 both in ,europe and in ,america1 is quite prodigious2 to sweep it all away would be like purging the ,augean stable--a task which some new ,hercules may yet undertake4 ,we shall confine ourselves to a small portion of that task1 by scattering to the winds some plausible quibbles we have lately met with in an ,american scientific magazine4 ,j4 ,b4 ,stallo is the author of a series of articles published in the ,popular ,science ,monthly under the title 8,the ,primary ,concepts of ,modern ,physical ,science40 ,he is a clever writer2 but his conclusions1 owing to a lack of sound philosophy1 are not always correct4 ,some of them are altogether unfounded1 others demonstrably false2 and many of them1 while attempting to revolutionize science1 tend to foster downright scepticism4 ,we shall single out a few of those propositions which clash with the common doctrines of modern physics no less than with the common principles of metaphysics2 and we hope to show1 by their refutation1 the incomparable superiority of our old over his new philosophy4 ,indestructibility of matter4--8,the indestructibility of matter10 says the writer17#aha7 8is an unquestionable truth4 ,but in what sense1 and upon what grounds1 is this indestructibility predicated of matter8 ,the unanimous answer of the atomists is3 ,experience teaches that all the changes to which matter is subject are but variations of form1 and that amid these variations there is an unvarying constant--the mass or quantity of matter4 ,the constancy of the mass is attested by the balance1 which shows that neither fusion nor sublimation1 neither generation nor corruption1 can add to1 or detract from1 the weight of a body subjected to experiment4 ,when a pound of carbon is burned1 the balance demonstrates the continuous existence of this pound in the carbonic acid1 which is the product of combustion1 and from which the original weight of carbon may be recovered4 ,the quantity of matter is measured by its weight1 and this weight is unchangeable40 ,so far all is right2 but he continues3 8,such is the fact familiar to every one1 and its interpretation equally familiar4 ,to test the correctness of this interpretation we may be permitted slightly to vary the method of verifying it4 ,instead of burning the pound of carbon1 let us simply carry it to the summit of a mountain1 or remove it to a lower latitude2 is its weight still the same8 ,relatively it is2 it will still balance the original counterpoise4 ,but the absolute weight is no longer the same4444 ,it is thus evident that the constancy1 upon the observation of which the assertion of the indestructibility of matter is based1 is simply the constancy of a relation1 and that the ordinary statement of the fact is crude and inadequate4 ,indeed1 while it is true that the weight of a body is a measure of its mass1 this is but a single case of the more general fact that the masses of bodies are inversely as the velocities imparted to them by the action of the same force1 or1 more generally still1 inversely as the accelerations produced in them by the same force4 ,in the case of gravity1 the forces of attraction are directly proportional to the masses1 so that the action of the forces 7weight7 is the simplest measure of the relation between any two masses as such2 but in any inquiry relating to the validity of the atomic theory1 it is necessary to bear in mind that this weight is not the equivalent1 or rather the presentation1 of an absolute substantive entity in one of the bodies 7the body weighed71 but the mere expression of a relation between two bodies mutually attracting each other4 ,and it is further necessary to remember that this weight may be indefinitely reduced1 without any diminution in the mass of the body weighed1 by a mere change of its position in reference to the body between which and the body weighed the relation subsists40 ,the aim of the author is1 as we shall see1 to prove that 8there are and can be no absolute constants of mass02 hence he endeavors at the very outset to shake our opposite conviction by showing that there is no absolute measure of masses4 ,such is the drift of the passage we have transcribed4 ,but we beg to remark that absolute quantities may be known to be absolute independently of any absolute measurement4 ,three kinds of quantity are conceivable3 intensive quantity1 which is measured by degrees2 dimensive quantity1 which is measured by distances2 and numerical quantity1 which is measured by discrete units4 ,of course dimensive quantity is altogether relative1 inasmuch as it entirely consists of relations1 and cannot be measured but by relative and arbitrary measures2 but intensive quantity1 though measured by arbitrary degrees1 is altogether absolute1 because it consists of a reality whose value is independent of correlative terms4 ,and in the same manner numerical quantity is altogether absolute1 because it consists of absolute units1 by which it can be measured1 absolutely speaking1 though we may fail to reach such units1 and are then obliged to measure it by some other standard4 ,now1 the mass1 or the quantity of matter in a body1 is a numerical quantity2 for it consists of a number of primitive units1 independent of one another for their essence and for their existence1 and therefore absolute in regard to their substantial being4 ,consequently1 every mass of matter has an absolute value corresponding to the number of absolute units it contains2 and thus every mass of matter is 8an absolute constant of mass40 ,it is true that we have no means of ascertaining the absolute number of primitive units contained in a given mass2 hence we are constrained to measure the quantity of matter by a relative measure--that is1 by comparing it with an equal volume of another substance1 whose density and weight we assume as the measure of other densities and weights4 ,but does our ignorance of the absolute number of primitive units contained in a given mass interfere with their real existence8 or1 can our method of measuring change the nature of the thing measured8 ,we are told that 8the weight of a body may be indefinitely reduced without any diminution in the mass of the body weighed40 ,would not this show that1 contrary to the author's opinion1 the body weighed possesses 8an absolute constant of mass08 ,we are told at the same time that 8the weight of a body is a measure of its mass40 ,this cannot be true1 unless1 while the mass remains unchanged1 the weight also remains unchanged4 ,hence the author's idea of carrying the pound of carbon to the summit of a mountain in order to diminish its weight1 is inconsistent with the law of measurement1 which forbids the employment of two weights and measures for measuring one and the same quantity4 ,the atomists measure the quantity of matter by its weight1 because they know that every particle of matter is subject to gravitation1 and therefore that the weights1 all other things being equal1 are proportionate to the number of primitive particles contained in the bodies4 ,thus1 if a body contains a number1 m1 of primitive particles1 and each of these particles is subject to the gravitation1 g1 while another body contains a number1 m1 of primitive particles subject to the same gravitation1 the ratio of the weights of the two bodies will be the same as the ratio of the two masses2 for mg 3 mg 3 3 m 3 m2 and if the two bodies were carried to the summit of a mountain1 where the gravitation is reduced to g1 the weights would indeed be changed1 but their ratio would remain unaltered1 and we would still have mg 3 mg 3 3 m 3 m4 ,hence1 whether we weigh two bodies in the valley or at the summit of the mountain1 so long as we keep the same unit of gravitation for both1 the ratio of their masses remains the same4 ,this shows that the quantity of matter existing in those bodies implies 8a constant of mass0 independent of the intensity of gravitation1 and that the ratio of the two masses is the ratio of two 8absolute0 quantities--that is1 of two numbers of primitive material units4 ,it is not true1 therefore1 that the weight is not 8the presentation of an absolute substantive entity10 as the author pretends4 ,weight implies mass and gravitation1 and presents the one as subject to the other4 ,now1 the mass is an 8absolute substantive entity10 as we have shown4 ,nor is it true that weight is 8the mere expression of a relation between two bodies mutually attracting each other10 as the author imagines4 ,the pound of carbon is a pound not because of an attraction exercised by the carbon upon the earth1 but merely because of the attraction exercised by the earth on the mass of the carbon4 ,were it otherwise1 the mathematical expression of weight should contain1 besides the mass of the body weighed and the action of gravity upon it1 a third quantity representing the action of the body upon the earth1 and the gravitation of the earth towards the body4 ,the writer proceeds3 8,masses find their true and only measure in the action of forces1 and the quantitative persistence of the effect of this action is the simple and accurate expression of the fact which is ordinarily described as the indestructibility of matter4 ,it is obvious that this persistence is in no sense explained or accounted for by the atomic theory0 7p4 #gjh74 ,we admit that1 owing to our inability to determine the absolute number of primitive elements in a body1 we resort to the persistence of the weight in order to ascertain the persistence of a certain quantity of matter in the body4 ,but this does not show that the action of forces is the 8only measure0 of masses4 ,a mass is a number of material units2 its true measure is one of such units1 and it is only in order to determine the relative number of such units in different bodies that we have recourse to their weights4 ,it is not the quantity of matter that follows the weight of the body1 but it is the weight of the body that follows the quantity of matter2 and therefore1 although we determine the relative quantities of matter by the relation of their weights1 it is not the weight that measures the quantity of matter1 but it is the quantity of matter that measures the weight4 ,in other terms1 the persistence of the mass is merely known through the persistence of the weight1 but the persistence of the weight is itself a consequence of the persistence of the mass4 ,hence the persistence of the mass is perfectly accounted for by the atomic theory1 notwithstanding ,mr4 ,stallo's contrary assertion4 ,he says3 8,the hypothesis of ultimate indestructible atoms is not a necessary implication of the persistence of weight1 and can at best account for the indestructibility of matter if it can be shown that there is an absolute limit to the compressibility of matter--in other words1 that there is an absolutely least volume for every determinate mass0 7p4 #gjh74 ,both parts of this proposition are false4 ,the first is false1 because the weight of a body is the result of the gravitation of all its particles2 and1 therefore1 it cannot persist without the persistence of the gravitating particles4 ,the second part also is false1 because the persistence of the weight implies the persistence of the mass independently of all considerations concerning a limit of compressibility or an absolute minimum of volume4 ,hence1 whatever the author may say to the contrary1 it is quite certain of scientific certainty that there can be1 and there is1 in all bodies1 8an absolute constant of mass40 ,atomic theory4--,the writer objects to the atomic theory on the ground that it does not explain impenetrability1 and that it misconceives the nature of reality4 ,he begins by remarking that 8the proposition1 according to which a space occupied by one body cannot be occupied by another1 implies the assumption that space is an absolute1 selfmeasuring entity1 and the further assumption that there is a least space which a given body will absolutely fill so as to exclude any other body0 7p4 #gji74 ,we think that the proposition implies nothing of the kind4 ,the space occupied by one body cannot naturally be occupied by another1 because all bodies are made up of molecules which at very small distances repel one another with actions of greater and greater intensities1 thus preventing compenetration1 while successfully struggling for the preservation of their own individuality4 ,this the molecules can do1 whether space can be filled or not1 and whether space is a selfmeasuring entity or not4 ,hence the remark of the author has no foundation4 ,but he continues3 8,the atomic theory has become next to valueless as an explanation of the impenetrability of matter1 since it has been pressed into the service of the undulatory theory of light1 heat1 etc41 and assumed the form in which it is now held by the majority of physicists4 ,according to this form of the theory1 the atoms are either mere points1 wholly without extension1 or their dimensions are infinitely small as compared with the distances between them1 whatever be the state of aggregation of the substances into which they enter4 ,in this view1 the resistance which a body1 i4e41 a system of atoms1 offers to the intrusion of another body is due not to the rigidity or unchangeability of volume of the individual atoms1 but to the relation between the attractive and repulsive forces with which they are supposed to be endowed4 ,there are physicists holding this view1 who are of opinion that the atomic constitution of matter is consistent with its compenetrability--among them ,m4 ,cauchy1 who in his ,sept ,leons de physique gnrale 7ed4 ,moigno1 ,paris1 #ahfh1 p4 #ch71 after defining atoms as material points without extension1 uses this language3 #8,thus1 this property of matter1 which we call impenetrability1 is explained when we consider the atoms as material points exerting on each other attractions and repulsions which vary with the distances that separate them4444 ,from this it follows that1 if it pleased the ,author of nature simply to modify the laws according to which the atoms attract or repel each other1 we might instantly see the hardest bodies penetrate each other1 the smallest particles of matter occupy immense spaces1 or the largest masses reduce themselves to the smallest volumes1 the entire universe concentrating itself1 as it were1 in a single point' 0 7p4 #gaj74 ,we think that the author's notion of the form in which the atomic theory is now held by physicists is not quite correct4 ,the chemical atoms are now considered as dynamical systems of material points1 so that the atomic theory is now scarcely distinguishable from the molecular theory4 ,that such a theory 8has become next to valueless as an explanation of the impenetrability of matter0 is not true4 ,of course two primitive elements of matter1 if attractive1 would1 according to the theory1 as we understand it1 pass through one another2 as nothing can oppose their progress except repulsion1 which is not to be thought of in the case of attractive elements4 ,but the case is different with molecules2 for every molecule of any special substance contains a number of repulsive elements1 and possesses a repulsive envelope7#ahb7 which resists most effectually all attempt at compenetration on the part of other molecules4 ,hence the impenetrability of bodies 7not of matter1 as the author says7 is a simple result of the molecular constitution of bodies1 as explained in the atomic theory of the modern chemists4 ,that the resistance which a body offers to the intrusion of another body is due 8not to the rigidity or unchangeability of volume of individual atoms1 but to the relation between the attractive and repulsive forces with which they are supposed to be endowed10 is an obvious truth4 ,we do not see by what kind of reasoning the author can infer from it that 8the atomic theory has become next to valueless as an explanation of impenetrability40 ,we rather maintain that the theory is correct1 and that no other theory has yet been found which explains impenetrability without assuming much that philosophy condemns4 ,as to ,m4 ,cauchy's views1 we remark that1 when he defines atoms as 8material points without extension10 he does not speak of the chemical atoms1 or equivalents1 but of the primitive elements of which such atoms or equivalents are composed4 ,the author says3 8,the assumption of atoms of different specific gravities proves to be not only futile1 but absurd4 ,its manifest theoretical ineptitude is found to mask the most fatal inconsistencies4 ,according to the mechanical conception which underlies the whole atomic hypothesis1 differences of weight are differences of density2 and differences of density are differences of distance between the particles contained in a given space4 ,now1 in the atom there is no multiplicity of particles and no void space2 hence differences of density or weight are impossible in the case of atoms0 7p4 #gae74 ,this conclusion would be quite inevitable1 if it were true that the atom of the chemists contains no multiplicity of particles and no void space2 but the truth is that chemical atoms are nothing but equivalents1 or molecules--that is1 dynamical systems of material points intercepting void space4 ,hence the author's argument has no foundation4 ,the very fact that men of science unanimously agree in attributing to different atoms a different weight1 should have warned ,mr4 ,stallo that the word 8atom0 could not be considered by them as a simple material point4 ,the author in his second article 7,november1 #ahgc7 argues against the actio in distans4 ,we have given his words in one of our own articles1 where we undertook to show that actio in distans cannot be impugned with any good argument47#ahc7 ,the author1 however1 we are glad to see1 honestly acknowledges that 8the transfer of motion from one body to another by impact is no less incomprehensible than the actio in distans0 7p4 #if72 which shows that1 after having rejected the action at a distance1 he is at a loss how to account for any communication or propagation of movement4 ,a little later he quotes a passage of ,faraday1 which we have given in another place1 and in which the ,english professor considers the atoms as consisting of a mere sphere of power1 with a central point having no dimensions4 ,then he gives his own view of the subject in the following words3 8,the true root of all these errors is a total misconception of the nature of reality4 ,all the reality we know is not only spatially finite1 but limited in all its aspects2 its whole existence lies in relation and contrast1 as ,i shall show more at length in the next article4 ,we know nothing of force1 except by its contrast with mass1 or 7what is the same thing7 inertia2 and conversely1 as ,i have already pointed out in my first article1 we know nothing of mass except by its relation to force4 ,mass1 inertia 7or1 as it is sometimes1 though inaccurately1 called1 matter per se71 is indistinguishable from absolute nothingness2 for matter reveals its presence1 or evinces its reality1 only by its action1 its force1 its tension1 or motion4 ,but1 on the other hand1 mere force is equally nothing2 for1 if we reduce the mass upon which a given force1 however small1 acts1 until it vanishes--or1 mathematically expressed1 until it becomes infinitely small--the consequence is that the velocity of the resulting motion is infinitely great1 and that the #8thing' 7if under these circumstances a thing can still be spoken of7 is at any given moment neither here nor there1 but everywhere--that is1 there is no real presence4 ,it is impossible1 therefore1 to construct matter by a mere synthesis of forces4444 ,the true formula of matter is mass force1 or inertia force0 7p4 #ajc74 ,the author is greatly mistaken in assuming that those who consider the atoms 7primitive elements7 as centres of force totally misconceive the nature of reality4 ,that ,faraday1 notwithstanding his saying that 8the substance consists of the powers10 admits with the power the matter also1 is evident from his very mention of the centre of the powers2 for such a centre is nothing else than the matter1 as we have proved above4 ,he says1 indeed1 that the nucleus of the atom 8vanishes02 but by 8nucleus0 he means the bulk or the continuous material extension of the atom4 ,this bulk1 says he1 must vanish1 inasmuch as the centre of the powers must be a mere unextended point4 ,he therefore denies1 not the matter1 but only its intrinsic extension4 ,mr4 ,stallo volunteers to show us 8the true root0 of all our errors4 ,according to him1 we totally misconceive the nature of reality4 8,all the reality we know10 he says1 8is not only spatially finite1 but limited in all its aspects40 ,about this we will not quarrel1 for we admit that all created substances are limited2 yet we would ask the author whether he thinks that the range of universal attraction has any known limit in space2 and1 if so1 we would further ask where it is2 for we admit our full ignorance of its existence4 8,we know nothing of force10 he continues1 8except by its contrast with mass1 or1 what is the same thing1 inertia40 ,our readers know that mass and inertia are not the same thing2 the mass is a quantity of matter1 while inertia is the incapability of selfmotion4 ,a writer who can confound the two as identical is not competent to correct our errors and to teach us the nature of reality4 ,as to the contrast of force with mass1 we have no objection2 yet1 while speaking of the nature of things1 we would prefer to contrast matter with form rather than force with mass4 ,the term force applies to the production of phenomena1 and is usually confounded with action and with movement1 neither of which is a constituent of substance2 whilst the term mass expresses any quantity of matter from a single element up to a mountain2 and thus it does not exhibit with precision the matter due to the primitive material substance4 8,mass1 or matter per se1 is indistinguishable from absolute nothingness40 ,of course1 matter per se--that is1 without form--cannot exist4 ,in the same manner 8mere force is equally nothing0--that is1 the material form1 which is the principle of action1 has no separate existence without its matter4 ,this every one admits1 though not on the grounds suggested by ,mr4 ,stallo4 8,if we reduce10 says he1 8the mass upon which a given force1 however small1 acts1 until it vanishes--or1 mathematically expressed1 until it becomes infinitely small--the consequence is that the velocity of the resulting motion is infinitely great40 ,we deny this consequence1 as well as the supposition from which it is inferred4 ,masses are numbers of material elements1 or units4 ,when such units are reached1 the division is at an end1 because those primitive units are without dimensions4 ,hence the extreme limit of the reduction of masses is not an infinitesimal quantity of mass1 as the author imagines1 but an absolute finite unit2 for this unit1 when repeated a finite number of times1 gives us a finite quantity of mass4 ,but1 even supposing that the hypothesis of the author might be entertained 7and it must be entertained by all those who consider matter as materially continuous71 his consequence would still be false4 ,for1 let there be a continuous atom having finite dimensions4 ,if such an atom is acted on1 say by gravity1 it will acquire a finite velocity4 ,now1 it is evident that1 when the atom has a finite velocity1 every infinitesimal portion of it will have a finite velocity4 ,therefore the action which produces a finite velocity in the finite mass of the atom1 produces a finite velocity in the infinitesimal masses of which the atom is assumed to consist4 ,the error of the author arises from his confounding quantity of movement with action4 ,a quantity of movement is a product of a mass into its velocity2 and evidently the product cannot remain constant1 unless the velocity increases in the same ratio as the mass decreases4 ,the action1 on the contrary1 is directly proportional to the mass2 and therefore1 in the author's hypothesis1 the consequence should have been the very opposite of that which he enounces2 that is1 the velocity acquired by an infinitesimal mass would still be finite instead of infinitely great4 ,but1 as we have said1 the hypothesis itself is inadmissible1 because only continuous quantity can be reduced to infinitesimals1 whilst masses are not continuous but discrete quantities4 ,that it is impossible 8to construct matter by a mere synthesis of forces0 is undeniable2 but there was no need of arguing a point which no one contests4 ,the author should rather have given us his ground for asserting that 8the true formula of matter is mass multiplied by force40 ,this assertion can by no means be made good4 ,all physicists know that mass multiplied by force represents nothing but a quantity of movement2 and the author will not pretend1 we presume1 that matter is a quantity of movement4 ,the true formula of matter is its essential definition2 and it is not a mathematical but a metaphysical product1 or rather a metaphysical ratio1 as we have shown in another place4 ,material substance is matter actuated by its substantial form1 and nothing else4 ,the author continues thus3 8,we now have before us in full view one of the fundamental fallacies of the atomic theory4 ,this fallacy consists in the delusion that the conceptual constituents of matter can be grasped as separate and real entities4 ,the corpuscular atomists take the element of inertia1 and treat it as real by itself3 while ,boscovich1 ,faraday1 and all those who define atoms as centres of force1 seek to realize the corresponding element1 force1 as an entity by itself4 ,in both cases elements of reality are mistaken for kinds of reality0 7p4 #ajc74 ,it is rather singular that a man who is so little at home in questions about matter should undertake to point out the fallacies and delusions of the best informed4 ,is it true that ,boscovich1 ,faraday1 and others of the same school1 consider force as an entity by itself8 ,and is it true that the corpuscular atomists treat the element of inertia as real by itself8 ,there is much to be said against corpuscular atomists for other reasons1 but they cannot surely be accused of maintaining that the element of inertia--that is1 the mass of the atom--can exist separately without any inherent power1 as they uniformly teach that their atoms are endowed with resisting powers4 ,the accusation brought against ,boscovich1 ,faraday1 and others1 is still more glaringly unjust4 ,they do not seek to realize force 8as an entity by itself02 on the contrary1 when they define the atoms as centres of force1 they manifestly teach that both the force and its centre are indispensable for the constitution of a primitive atom4 ,and1 since by the word force they mean the principle of activity 7the form71 and in the centre they recognize the principle of passivity 7the matter71 we cannot but conclude that the accusation has no ground1 and that the fallacy and the delusion is on the side of ,mr4 ,stallo himself4 ,moreover1 is it true that mass and force1 or1 to speak more accurately1 the matter and the form1 are nothing more than 8the conceptual constituents0 of material substance8 ,this the author assumes as the base of his argumentation2 yet it is plain that1 if the constituents of a thing are only conceptual1 the thing they constitute cannot be anything else than a conceptual being--that is1 a being of reason4 ,we must therefore either deny the reality of matter or concede that its constituents are more than conceptual4 ,could not the author perceive that1 if mass is a mere concept1 and force another mere concept1 their alliance gives nothing but two concepts1 and that the reality of the external world becomes a dream8 ,we live in times when men of a certain class presume to discuss metaphysical subjects without previous study and without a sufficient acquaintance with the first notions of metaphysics4 ,one of these first notions is that all real being has real constituents4 ,such constituents1 when known to us1 are the object of our conceptions1 and consequently they may become conceptual2 but they do not cease to be real outside of our mind4 ,were we to conceive matter as separated from its form1 or form as deprived of its matter1 nothing real would correspond to our conception2 for nowhere can real matter be found without a form1 or a real form without its matter4 ,hence form without matter and matter without form are at best beings of reason4 ,but when we conceive the matter as it is under its form1 or the form as it is terminated to its matter1 we evidently conceive the real constituents of material substance as they are in nature--that is1 as metaphysical realities contained in the physical being4 ,does it follow that 8elements of reality10 as the author objects1 8are mistaken for kinds of reality08 ,by no means4 ,the constituents of physical reality are themselves metaphysical realities1 but they are not exactly two kinds of reality1 because they belong both to the same essence which cannot be of two kinds4 ,hence the matter and the substantial form1 or1 in general1 act and potency1 notwithstanding their real metaphysical opposition and distinction1 are one essence1 one kind1 and one being4 ,but let us go back to our author4 ,in his third article 7,december1 #ahgc7 he says3 8,the ordinary mechanical explanation of the molecular states of matter1 or states of aggregation1 on the basis of the atomic theory1 proceeds on the assumption that the molecular states are produced by the conflict of antagonistic central forces--molecular attraction and repulsion--the preponderance of the one or the other of which gives rise to the solid and gaseous forms1 while their balance or equilibrium results in the liquid state4 ,the utter futility of this explanation is apparent at a glance4 ,even waiving the considerations presented by ,herbert ,spencer 7,first ,principles1 p4 #fj et seq471 that1 in view of the necessary variation of the attractive and repulsive forces in the inverse ratio of the squares of the distances1 the constituent atoms of a body1 if they are in equilibrio at any particular distance1 must be equally in equilibrio at all other distances1 and that their density or state1 therefore1 must be invariable2 and admitting that the increase or diminution of the repulsive force1 heat1 may render the preponderance of either force1 and thus the change of density or state of aggregation1 possible1 what becomes of the liquid state as corresponding to the exact balance of these two forces in the absence of external coercion8 ,the exact balance of the two opposing forces is a mere mathematical limit1 which must be passed with the slightest preponderance of either force over the other4 ,all bodies being subject to continual changes of temperature1 the equilibrium can at best be but momentary2 it must of necessity be of the most labile kind0 7p4 #bbc74 ,this argument against the atomic theory would be very good1 if its premises were not deceptive4 ,mr4 ,stallo1 unfortunately1 relies too much on the terminology of physical writers1 which is not always correct4 ,thus1 it is not true that the solid form is the result of an actual preponderance of attraction between the molecules4 ,if attraction prevailed1 the molecules would not remain in their relative position1 but would move in the direction of the attraction4 ,the truth is that molecules1 whether in the solid or in the liquid form1 are in equilibrium of position2 accordingly1 neither attraction nor repulsion actually prevails between them4 ,their position of equilibrium is determined by their own constitution1 and may change2 for the molecules admit of accidental changes in their constitution4 ,hence the distance of relative equilibrium is not necessarily constant1 but changes with the change of state of each molecule4 ,this shows that bodies1 whether solid or liquid1 can retain their solid or liquid form while subjected to considerable molecular changes1 and that therefore neither the solid nor the liquid form is necessarily impaired by 8the changes of temperature0 or other molecular movements4 ,the molecules of bodies attract each other when their distance is great1 and repel each other when their distance has become very small2 whence we immediately infer that there is for every kind of molecules a distance which marks the limit of their mutual attraction and repulsion1 and that at such a distance the molecules must find their position of equilibrium4 ,a body will be solid when1 its molecules being in the position of relative equilibrium1 from a small increase of their distance an attraction arises1 which does not allow of the molecules being easily separated or arranged in a different order around one another4 ,a body will be liquid when1 its molecules being in the position of relative equilibrium1 from a small increase of their distance a weak attraction arises1 which allows of the molecules being easily separated or easily arranged1 without separation1 in a different manner around one another4 ,a body will be expansive and fluid when its free molecules are at a distance sensibly less than that of relative equilibrium1 and therefore repel each other1 and are in need of exterior pressure to be kept at such a distance4 ,but we must not forget that the distance of relative equilibrium varies with the intrinsic dynamical variation of the molecules1 and that therefore 8the exact balance of the two opposing forces is not a mere mathematical limit10 but is comprised between two mathematical limits determined by the amount of the variations of which each species of molecules is susceptible before settling into a different form4 ,having thus disposed of the main argument by which the author wished to show 8the utter futility0 of the ordinary mechanical explanation of the molecular states of matter on the basis of the atomic theory1 we may add a few words concerning ,herbert ,spencer's argument alluded to by the author4 ,the law of actions inversely proportional to the squares of the distances is true for each primitive element of matter1 but it is not applicable to molecules acting at molecular distances1 as we have proved in another place47#ahd7 ,hence ,spencer's argument1 which assumes the contrary1 is entirely worthless4 ,on the other hand1 were the argument admissible1 we do not see how the proposition1 8,the constituent atoms of a body1 if they are in equilibrio at any particular distance1 must be equally in equilibrio at all other distances10 can justify the conclusion that 8their density or state must be invariable40 ,it seems to us that a change of molecular distances must entail a change of density2 but1 of course1 we are behind our age4 ,relativity of material realities4--8,it has been a favorite tenet1 not only of metaphysicians1 but of physicists as well1 that reality is cognizable only as absolute1 permanent1 and invariable1 or1 as the metaphysicians of the ,x,v,ith and ,x,v,i,ith centuries expressed it1 sub specie terni et abroluti4 ,this proposition10 ,mr4 ,stallo continues1 8like so many others which have served as pillars of imposing metaphysical structures1 is the precise opposite of the truth0 7p4 #bbc74 ,do you understand1 reader8 ,metaphysicians and physicists of all centuries count for nothing2 they were blind1 every one of them2 but a great luminary has appeared at last1 a ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,stallo1 whose superior wisdom1 if not philosophical infallibility1 opens a new era of thought1 and dispels the darkness which has been thickening around us up to the present day4 ,yet even the sun has spots2 and ,mr4 ,stallo will permit us to remark that his statement of the metaphysical doctrine of the ancients is not altogether correct4 ,they did not teach 8that reality is cognizable only as absolute1 permanent1 and invariable02 they well knew and taught that there were realities cognizable1 both relative and changeable4 ,substance1 of course1 was considered by them1 and it is still considered by us1 as an absolute reality2 but they never imagined that the essence of such a reality was cognizable except through its constituent principles as related to one another1 and therefore through an intelligible relation4 ,this relation1 as intelligible1 was considered necessary and invariable1 but1 as an actual reality in nature1 was considered contingent and changeable2 the intelligible essence of things was known sub specie terni1 but their existence was known sub specie contingentis4 ,now1 on what ground does ,mr4 ,stallo impugn this doctrine8 ,how does he prove that it is 8the precise opposite of truth08 ,alas6 we should be exceedingly simple were we to expect proofs4 ,progress consists nowadays of stout assertions on the part of the writer1 and of a silly credulity on that of most readers4 ,hence our author1 instead of proving what he had rashly asserted1 gives us a strain of other assertions equally rash and ridiculously absurd4 ,he says3 8,all material reality is1 in its nature1 not absolute1 but essentially relative4 ,all material reality depends upon determination2 and determination is essentially limitation1 as even ,spinoza well knew4 ,a thing #8in and by itself' is an impossibility0 7ibid47 ,spinoza6 a great authority indeed6 ,but we should like to know how the proposition1 8,determination is essentially limitation10 can lead to the conclusion that 8a thing in itself and by itself is an impossibility40 ,to make a logical connection between the two propositions1 it would be necessary to assume that 8nothing finite can be in itself and by itself40 ,but the assumption is so foolish that even ,spinoza1 who based on it his revolting system of ,pantheism1 could never support it except by a false definition of substance1 and by giving to the phrases 8in itself0 and 8by itself0 an extravagant interpretation1 which proved1 if not his malice and bad faith1 at least his profound philosophical ignorance4 ,let ,mr4 ,stallo consult any good philosophical treatise on this subject1 and he will see how stolid a man must be to fall a victim to the gross sophistry of the ,jewish dogmatizer4 ,what shall we say of the other assertion1 8,all material reality is1 in its nature1 not absolute1 but essentially relative08 ,can anything be relative without at the same time being absolute8 ,can relation exist without two absolute terms8 ,relativity connects one absolute thing with another2 the things thus connected acquire a relative mode of being1 but they do not for that lose their absolute being4 ,thus ,mr4 ,stallo may be an ,american citizen without ceasing to be a man1 though he cannot be a citizen without being endued with a relation not involved in his nature as roan4 ,so1 also1 husband and wife are essentially relative2 yet we hope the author will not say that the relative ,husband annihilates the absolute ,man1 or that the relative ,wife excludes the absolute ,woman4 ,these remarks apply to all relations1 whether merely accidental or founded in the essence of things4 ,pantheists imagine that creatures cannot have any absolute being1 because their being is essentially dependent1 and therefore relative4 ,they should consider that a creature is a created being--that is1 a being related to its ,creator4 ,such a creature1 inasmuch as it is a being1 is2 and inasmuch as it is related1 connotes its ,maker4 ,now1 to be and to connote are not identical4 ,the first means existence1 the second dependence2 the first is perfectly complete in the creature itself1 the second is incomplete without a correlative term2 and therefore the creature is in possession of absolute being1 while it is endued with an essential relativity4 ,take away the absolute being2 nothing will remain of which any relativity may be predicated4 ,perhaps the author1 when pronouncing that 8all material reality is in its nature essentially relative10 alludes to the essential constitution of material realities1 and to the essential relation of matter and form4 ,if such is his meaning1 the utmost he can claim is that the reality of the form is essentially connected with the matter1 and the reality of the matter essentially connected with the form4 ,this every one will concede2 but no one will infer that therefore the reality which results from the conspiration of matter and form is not an absolute reality4 ,for as the matter and the form are the principles of one essence1 and as their mutual relativity connotes nothing extrinsic to the same essence1 but finds in it its adequate consummation1 it is evident that the resulting reality is intrinsically complete1 and subsistent in its individuality4 ,hence this resulting reality is an absolute reality2 and only as such can it become the subject of relativity1 and acquire the denomination of relative4 ,our author1 entirely taken up by ,spinoza's views1 proceeds in the following strain3 8,all quality is relation2 all action is reaction2 all force is antagonism2 all measure is a ratio between terms neither of which is absolute2 every objectively real thing is a term in numberless series of mutual implications1 and its reality outside of these series is utterly inconceivable4 ,a material entity1 absolute in any of its aspects1 would be nothing less than a finite infinitude4 ,there is no absolute material quality1 no absolute material substance1 no absolute physical unit1 no absolutely simple physical entity1 no absolute constant1 no absolute standard either of quantity or quality1 no absolute motion1 no absolute rest1 no absolute time1 no absolute space4444 ,there is and can be no physical real thing which is absolutely simple0 7p4 #bbe74 ,this string of blunders needs no refutation1 as no reader who has a modicum of common sense can be deceived by what is evidently false4 ,yet1 as to the assertion that 8there is and can be no physical real thing which is absolutely simple10 it must be observed that there are two kinds of simplicity1 as there are two kinds of composition4 ,a being is physically simple when it is free from physical composition2 whilst it is metaphysically simple1 if it has no metaphysical components4 ,now1 ,god alone is free from metaphysical as well as physical composition2 and therefore ,god alone is absolutely simple4 ,hence1 created beings1 though physically simple1 are always metaphysically compound4 ,what follows is a curious specimen of ,mr4 ,stallo's philosophical resources4 ,he says3 8,leibnitz places at the head of his ,monadology the principle that there must be simple substances1 because there are compound substances4 ,necesse est1 he says1 dari substantias simplices1 quia dantur composit4 ,this enthymeme1 though it has been long since exploded in metaphysics1 is still regarded by many physicists as proof of the real existence of absolutely simple constituents of matter4 ,nevertheless1 it is obvious that it is nothing but a vicious paralogism--a fallacy of the class known in logic as fallacies of the suppressed relative4 ,the existence of a compound substance certainly proves the existence of component parts1 which1 relatively to this substance1 are simple4 ,but it proves nothing whatever as to the simplicity of these parts in themselves0 7p4 #bbf74 ,our reader will ask when and how ,leibnitz' enthymeme has been 8exploded40 ,we shall inform him that it has not been exploded1 though the attempt has often been made2 because in the whole arsenal of metaphysics no powder could be found that would produce the explosion4 ,the enthymeme1 therefore1 is as good and unanswerable now as it was in ,leibnitz' time2 and it will be as good and unanswerable hereafter1 notwithstanding ,mr4 ,stallo's efforts against it4 ,he says that 8it is nothing but a vicious paralogism02 but he himself1 while endeavoring to prove this latter assertion1 resorts to a paralogism 7vicious1 of course7 which we may call 8fallacy of the suppressed absolute40 ,the existence of a compound proves the existence of its component parts1 as the author admits4 ,these parts are either compound or simple4 ,if simple1 then there are simple substances4 ,if compound1 then they have components2 and these parts are again either compound or simple4 ,we must therefore either admit simple substances1 or continue our analysis by further subdivisions of the compound substance without any chance of ever coming to an end4 ,but if the analysis cannot come to an end1 the compound has no first components2 and thus it will be false that 8the existence of a compound substance proves the existence of the component parts40 ,the fallacy of the author consists in stopping his analysis of the compound before he has reached the first components4 ,if the parts he has reached are still compound substances1 why does he not examine their composition and point out their components8 ,for no other reason1 we presume1 than that he did not wish to meet with an absolute substantial unit1 which he was sure to find at the end of the process4 ,his argument is therefore nothing but a despicable fraud4 ,in his fourth article 7,january1 #ahgd7 ,mr4 ,stallo remarks that 8the recent doctrine of the correlation and mutual convertibility of the physical forces1 as a part of the theory of the conservation of energy1 has shaken1 if not destroyed1 the conception of a multiplicity of independent original forces0 7p4 #cej74 ,of course1 there are men whose convictions can be shaken1 or even destroyed1 by the sophistic generalizations of the modern school2 but there are men also whose convictions rest on too solid a ground to be destroyed or shaken2 and these latter have ere now challenged the abettors of the 8recent doctrine0 to clear up their case with something like logical precision--a thing which modern thinkers must have found impossible1 since they have constantly ignored the challenge4 ,we have proved elsewhere7#ahe7 that 8the mutual convertibility of physical forces10 as understood by the champions of the theory1 confounds movement with action and the effects with their causes4 ,the facts on which the theory is based are true2 but the theory itself is false1 for it attributes to the powers by which the phenomena are produced what exclusively belongs to 8the phenomena01 besides deforming the nature of the phenomena themselves by denying the production and extinction of movement4 ,it is plain that such a theory can have no weight in philosophy2 and it is no less plain that no philosopher will1 for the sake of the new theory1 renounce his firm conviction concerning 8the multiplicity of independent original forces40 8,i have endeavored10 says the author1 8to show that there are no absolute constants of mass2 that both the hypothesis of corpuscular atoms and that of centres of forces are growths of a confusion of the intellect1 which mistakes conceptual elements of matter for real elements2 that these elements--force and mass1 or force and inertia--are not only inseparable1 as is conceded by the more thoughtful among modern physicists1 but that neither of these elements has any reality as such1 each of them being simply the conceptual correlate of the other1 and thus the condition both of its realization in thought and of its objectivation to sense0 7p4 #cej74 ,as we have already discussed all the points which the author vainly endeavored to establish1 we shall only remind the reader that the matter and the form have no separate existence2 and therefore have no reality in nature1 unless they are together4 ,the author1 therefore1 is right when affirming that neither of them has any reality as such2 but he is wrong in inferring that they have no reality as united4 ,as action has no reality without passion1 nor passion without action1 so also matter has no reality without form1 nor form without matter2 but as action producing passion is real1 so also is a form actuating matter2 and as passion is no less real than the action whence it proceeds1 so matter also is no less real than the form by which it is actuated4 ,both are1 of course1 only metaphysical realities4 ,the author says3 8,the mathematical treatment of mechanical problems1 from the nature of the methods1 necessitates the fiction that force and mass are separate and distinct terms0 7p4 #cea74 ,by no means4 ,it is not the nature of the methods1 but the nature of the things that compels the distinction of the two terms4 ,their distinction1 therefore1 is not a 8fiction40 ,but the author's remark has no bearing on the question of the constitution of matter2 for mechanical forces are not substantial forms4 ,he adds3 8,a material object is in every one of its aspects but one term of a relation2 its whole being is a presupposition of correlates without4444 ,every change of a body1 therefore1 presupposes a corresponding change in its correlates4 ,if the state of any material object could be changed without a corresponding change of state in other objects without1 this object would1 to that extent1 become absolute4 ,but this is utterly unthinkable1 and therefore utterly impossible1 as we have already seen4444 ,mechanically speaking1 all force1 properly socalled--i4e41 all potential energy--is energy of position4444 ,whatever energy is spent in actual motion is gained in position2 444 thus we are led to the principle of the conservation of energy0 7p4 #cea74 ,this is a heap of absurdities4 ,if a material object is the term of a relation1 it is absolute in itself1 as we have shown4 ,again1 the change of a body presupposes only the exertion of active power1 and not the change of another body1 as the author imagines4 ,that the absolute is unthinkable he has failed to prove4 ,lastly1 mechanical force1 properly socalled1 is the product of a mass into its velocity1 whilst 8energy of position0 is a myth47#ahf7 ,but the author says3 8,force is a mere inference from the motion itself under the universal conditions of reality1 and its measure1 therefore1 is simply the effect for which it is postulated as a cause2 it has no other existence4 ,the only reality of force and of its action is the correspondence between the physical phenomena in conformity to the principle of the essential relativity of all material existence4 ,that force has no independent reality is so plain and obvious that it has been proposed by some thinkers to abolish the term force1 like the term cause1 altogether4 ,however desirable this might be in some respects1 it is impossible1 for the reason that the concept force1 when properly interpreted in terms of experience1 is valid2 and1 if its name were abolished1 it would instantly reappear under another name4444 ,the reality of force is purely conceptual2 444 it is not a distinct and individual tangible or intangible entity0 7p4 #ced74 ,here the author treats us to a luxury of contradictions4 ,force is 8a mere inference from motion10 yet it causes motion2 for it is active4 ,hence the causality is a mere inference of its effect4 ,it is therefore the effect that gives existence to its cause1 and the cause 8has no other existence0 than that which may be imbibed in the effect for which it is postulated4 ,what1 then1 becomes of the 8force1 properly socalled0--that is1 of the potential energy1 or of the energy of position1 which has no actual effect8 ,again1 8the reality of force1 is purely conceptual40 ,this means that the reality of force is unreal2 which would just amount to saying that ,mr4 ,stallo's intellect is unintelligent or that his writings are unwritten4 ,again1 the 8reality of force and of its action is the correspondence between the physical phenomena02 but1 if the reality of force is merely conceptual1 the correspondence between the physical phenomena must be merely conceptual2 which would prove that the concept 8force10 when properly interpreted in terms of experience1 is not valid1 though the author maintains the contrary4 ,moreover1 what can the author mean by 8the action of force08 ,is this action real or unreal8 ,if unreal1 it is no action at all2 and if real1 it implies a real active power4 ,we defy ,mr4 ,stallo to conceive a real action of an unreal force4 ,we are informed that 8some thinkers0 wish to abolish the term 8force10 like the term 8cause10 and we are told that this proves how plain and obvious it is that force has no independent reality4 ,this1 however1 proves only that some socalled 8thinkers0 are either lunatics or knaves4 ,after all1 if force is purely conceptual1 as the author pretends1 its reality must be denied without any restriction4 ,why1 then1 does he deny merely that force has an 8independent0 reality8 ,has it any 8dependent0 reality if it is 8purely conceptual08 ,but we must come to an end4 ,mr4 ,stallo's conclusion is that 8the very conception of force depends upon the relation between two terms at least10 and that therefore 8a constant central force1 as belonging to an individual atom in and by itself1 is an impossibility0 7p4 #cee74 ,in this argument the term 8force0 is used equivocally4 ,it stands for active power in the consequence1 while it stands for action or for movement in the antecedent4 ,hence the conclusion is worthless4 8,i have shown10 says he1 8that there are and can be no absolute constants of mass4 ,and it is evident now that there are similarly no constant central forces belonging to1 or inherent in1 constants of mass as such0 7p4 #cef74 ,we say in our turn3 ,no1 ,mr4 ,stallo1 you have not shown what you imagine2 and1 if anything is evident1 it is not that there are no constant central forces1 but that philosophical questions cannot be solved without good logic and a clear knowledge of metaphysical principles4 ,the ,blind ,student4 ,when ,ernest ,d',arcy left the ,university of ----1 all the glorious possibilities of life seemed to unfold themselves invitingly before him4 ,he was young1 he was clever1 he was ambitious4 ,unlike too many ,american students1 he had not wasted the golden hours of college life in idleness1 dissipation1 or even social enjoyment4 ,he had been a hard1 indeed1 an enthusiastic1 student2 but on commencement day1 when his brow was bound with victorious wreaths1 he felt rewarded for having scorned the seductive pleasures of youth1 and rejoiced that he had lived laborious days and nights4 ,but ,d',arcy did not consider his education finished because he had passed through the university brilliantly4 ,he well knew that the college was only the vestibule to the temple of learning4 ,through this vestibule he had passed2 and now he wished to enter the noble temple itself4 ,but on its very threshold he found himself suddenly stopped4 ,a dangerous disease attacked his eyes4 ,the most eminent oculists were consulted at once2 absolute rest alone could save him from total blindness4 ,he was forbidden to read or write a line4 ,this was indeed a terrible blow to the ambitious young student4 ,his golden hopes left him2 his sweet dream of fame faded away2 his bright career was blighted in the very bud4 ,unsustained by the holy influence of religion1 a deep and dangerous despondency seized him2 he abandoned himself to despair1 and could not follow the advice of ,burke1 8,despair1 but work even in despair10 for the affliction that caused his despair prevented him from working4 ,so depressed was he at times that he contemplated suicide as a happy relief4 ,the ,d',arcy family were of ,norman origin4 ,the grandfather of ,ernest escaped from ,france in the early days of the ,revolution1 bringing with him to the ,united ,states the fortune that had descended to him through a long line of ancestors4 ,like so many ,french gentlemen of the last century1 ,m4 ,d',arcy had imbibed the fashionable scepticism of the time of ,voltaire and the ,encyclopdists4 ,after coming to ,america1 he married a ,catholic lady1 and his scepticism gradually settled into a form of mild indifferentism4 ,ernest's father was a devoted ,catholic1 but he died while his children were in their infancy4 ,his wife was a ,protestant1 a woman of fashion1 whose highest ambition was to be a leader of society4 ,her children1 ,ernest and his sister ,mary1 were brought up from their infancy on the ,chesterfieldian model3 to shine in society4 ,to this end everything else was sacrificed4 ,from the nursery they went to the dancingschool1 and had masters to teach them all those superficial accomplishments which make up a modern fashionable education4 ,ernest's clever and original mind saved him from the evil effects of such an education4 ,but1 unfortunately1 he did not escape a worse danger4 ,with no one to direct his studies1 at the susceptible age of seventeen he began to read the infidel ,french literature of the ,x,v,i,i,ith century1 which formed a large part of his grandfather's library4 ,fascinated by the diabolical wit of ,voltaire1 ,ernest's young and undisciplined mind mistook sophistry for argument1 ridicule for reason1 wit for wisdom4 ,the fashionable religion of his mother had never possessed any charm or interest for him1 and now1 rejecting all belief1 he became a freethinker4 ,ernest entered the ,university of ---- in his eighteenth year1 eager for distinction and determined to succeed4 ,succeed he did2 and when he graduated1 four years later1 he was the first student of the university and unanimously chosen the commencement orator4 ,no student ever left the ,university of ----1 which has been the ,alma ,mater of so many distinguished men1 with a brighter future before him than ,ernest ,d',arcy4 ,but it was a future for this world1 and for this world alone4 ,fame was the god of his idolatry4 ,his residence at the ,university of ----1 which boasts the absence of all religious teaching1 had strengthened his scepticism4 ,but the scepticism of ,ernest ,d',arcy was a scepticism of the head1 not of the heart4 ,his natural love for the true1 the beautiful1 and the good had kept him pure1 even at the most dangerous period of youth1 when the blood is warm1 the passions strong1 and the will weak4 ,while the heart is good and pure1 however the head may err1 there is always hope4 ,the unbelief of ,ernest ,d',arcy was not the cold1 heartless1 satisfied unbelief of the hardened scoffer rejoicing in his infidelity4 ,it was the natural result upon an eager and active intellect of an education without religion1 a home without ,god4 ,the same year that ,ernest left the university his sister 8finished0 at the ,academy of the ,visitation of ----4 ,mary ,d',arcy was not a brilliant girl1 but very sweet1 gentle1 and interesting4 ,three years at the convent school had removed all traces of her unfortunate home education4 ,mary's most intimate friend at the convent was ,edith ,northcote1 a young ,catholic girl from the ,south4 ,when they parted on distribution day1 it was with the understanding that ,edith should pass the next winter with ,mary1 and the two young ladies enter society together4 ,one morning1 towards the end of ,october1 ,ernest was sitting in the library1 surrounded by the most enchanting literature of the world1 and not allowed to read a single line4 ,d',arcy was no sentimental dreamer or aimless student4 8,to sleep away his hours ,in desperate sloth1 miscalled philosophy40 ,he wished to be a man among men4 ,his ambition was first to teach himself1 and then to teach the world4 ,he wished to elevate the tone of society2 to raise it from its fallen state4 ,his was no splendid dream of revolutionizing the social world2 he had no fond hope of creating an ,utopia out of this busy1 bustling ,america of the ,x,i,xth century4 ,but he knew that life was too precious to be dedicated solely to the one selfish1 absorbing pursuit of wealth2 that the entire surrender of mind and heart and life itself to the accumulation of money was corrupting our people and exercising a baleful influence over the whole nation4 ,our merchants rival the merchant princes of ,italy in wealth and enterprise2 why should they not rival them also in their princely tastes8 ,the palaces1 the gardens1 the galleries1 the libraries1 of ,florence1 ,venice1 and ,genoa1 8all tell the story of great thoughts and noble tastes which gold and trade may nurture when nobleness and greatness deal with them40 ,we should take time to cultivate the beautiful as well as the useful2 the poetical as well as the practical4 ,the artist should be patronized as well as the artisan4 ,time should be given to the refinement1 the grace1 the sweetness of life4 ,we have followed too long and too earnestly the false philosophy taught in 8,poor ,richard's ,almanac10 that moneygetting is a sort of secular religion1 and 8there will be sleeping enough in the grave40 ,our ,american life is one long 8fitful fever40 ,we give no time to rest4 ,repose1 a cultivated leisure1 is not idleness4 ,an elegant essay on this subject--leisure7#ahg7--;by a distinguished ,baltimore lawyer1 should be read and pondered by our eager and restless people1 who are devoured by their business as ,acton was by his own dogs4 8,i mean10 says this writer1 8the rest which is won and deserved by labor1 and which sweetens and invigorates it and furnishes its reward4 ,whence comes this doctrine1 that life1 to be anything1 must be for ever in motion8 ,there is no process of physical development which does not need and depend upon repose4 ,to all the green and beautiful things that deck the earth--the flowers that give it perfume1 and the fruits and foliage that make it glad--there is needful the calm sunshine and the peaceful shade1 the gentle rain and the yet gentler dew4 ,not a gem that flashes but has been crystallized in the immovable stillness of the great earth's breast4 ,i believe that to be false philosophy which denies to individuals their seasons of leisure and meditation2 teaching them that existence was meant to be nothing but a struggle40 ,our very amusements are unwholesome and dangerous3 the midnight 8,german10 the lascivious drama1 the racecourse1 the steamboat excursion1 the political meeting4 ,the priceless time of youth should have some better employment than dancing and novelreading4 ,our young men should be taught that life is too valuable1 time too precious1 to be frittered away in idle pleasures1 in frivolous amusement1 in heartless dissipation4 ,our young women should be taught that there is something nobler in life than the passing triumphs of the ballroom1 gay flirtations1 and dazzling toilets4 ,thoughts like these occupied ,ernest ,d',arcy on that bright ,october morning--thoughts that stirred his heart and mind1 and made him eager for the glorious work4 ,with a soul longing to 8be up and doing10 he was compelled to sit idle in the golden prime of his manhood4 ,these were the moments of his greatest despondency1 when all the brightness seemed gone from his life1 and all the hope from his soul4 ,sitting there in the library that morning1 ,d',arcy recalled the beautiful lines of ,miss ,procter in 8,my ,picture03 8,he had a student air1 ,with a look half sad1 half stately1 ,grave1 sweet eyes and flowing hair40 ,the librarydoor was opened1 and there came in one who was always welcome--,mary ,d',arcy4 8,ernest1 ,i have a letter from ,edith ,northcote10 ,mary said4 8,she will be here tomorrow40 8,i am glad to hear it4 ,from all you have told me about ,miss ,northcote1 ,i think ,i shall like her40 8,i am sure of it10 returned his sister4 8,if you don't1 my opinion of your taste is gone for ever40 8,she is nothing of the breadandbutter miss1 ,i hope8 ,i have all ,byron's antipathy1 you know1 for that class40 8,byron himself could have found no fault with ,edith on that ground10 said ,mary4 8,well1 ,i am relieved of no little apprehension10 said ,ernest4 8,i have a perfect horror of the common run of girls1 who haven't an idea above the last novel and the last fashion40 ,the next day ,edith arrived1 and her appearance certainly realized all of ,ernest's expectations4 ,she was nineteen--an age when the sweet graces of girlhood still linger and lend an additional charm to the blooming woman4 ,her features were not regularly beautiful1 but her face possessed a charm and an interest which no faultlessly beautiful face ever had4 ,if a true woman's soul1 full of the sweetest sympathy1 ever brightened and beautified a human face1 it was that of ,edith ,northcote4 ,then1 her voice was so sweet and cordial and warm--and what is more attractive than a low1 sweet voice in woman8 ,edith was scarcely the medium height1 but exquisitely formed1 and perfectly natural and graceful in all her movements1 in charming contrast with the trained glances and artificial manners of our fashionable society belles4 ,like ,alexandrine1 in ,a ,sister's ,story1 there was an air of refinement about this lovely girl as rare as it was delightful2 she had all the freshness and fragrance of the rose without the rose's thorns4 ,mrs4 ,d',arcy1 who was a female ,turveydrop in the matter of deportment1 said she had never seen in any society manners so elegant and at the same time so sweet and natural as the manners of ,edith ,northcote4 ,such praise from such a woman was in itself fame4 ,edith soon became the life and joy of the house2 she was an elegant lady in the parlor1 an intelligent companion in the library1 and the charming1 sweet girl everywhere4 ,the influence of her bright presence pervaded the whole household4 ,even stately ,mrs4 ,d',arcy yielded to the general enthusiasm1 and declared that ,mary was fortunate in having such a friend4 ,but of all the family1 ,ernest felt the influence of ,edith's society the most4 ,the library1 where he had passed so many hours in gloom and despondency1 was now brightened by her daily and hourly presence4 ,she read beautifully1 and with a voice and manner that threw a charm around everything4 ,her true1 womanly heart sympathized deeply with ,ernest in his great affliction1 and she at once determined to do all in her power to relieve it4 ,so it soon became the custom for ,ernest and ,edith to retire to the library every morning after breakfast1 where she read the morning paper to him while he smoked his cigar4 ,then two or three hours were devoted to serious study4 ,the books1 so long neglected1 were again resumed4 ,the literary work1 which ,ernest loved so well1 was again taken up4 ,edith was his librarian1 his reader1 his amanuensis4 ,he had the true student's dislike of any person touching his books and papers2 but ,edith's touch seemed to have magic in it1 for she could do what few ladies can ever do--put papers in order without putting them out of place4 ,but not only as his literary assistant was ,edith serviceable to ,ernest2 she was his sweet and gentle companion1 his kind and sympathetic friend1 ever ready in all things to make him forget his blindness and his consequent dependence4 ,inspiring and stimulating him to renewed exertion1 she also directed his ambition to the noblest ends4 ,she opened a new life to the brilliant young student--a life full of love and sweetness and humanity4 ,her bright and joyous influence banished from his soul the dark despair that had been enthroned there so long1 and again there was raised in his heart 8,a hope ,that he was born for something braver than ,to hang his head and wear a nameless name40 ,edith found time for everything2 duty1 as well as pleasure1 had each its allotted place in her daily life4 ,before the rest of the family were awake she was up and off to early ,mass4 ,in the winter twilight1 when other young ladies were returning from the fashionable promenade1 ,edith could often be seen with a little basket on her arm1 carrying delicacies to the sick1 or more substantial food to relieve the necessities of ,christ's suffering children4 ,ernest sometimes accompanied her on these errands of mercy1 and it was a new revelation to him to see ,edith1 so gay1 sparkling1 and fascinating in society1 visiting the humble homes of the poor1 cheering and comforting the sick and destitute4 ,her very presence seemed like a sunbeam in their dreary dwellings4 ,edith did not think she was performing any heroic virtue by these things4 ,she knew she was only following the injunction of ,him who loved the poor so well that he became like one of them4 ,she knew the ,catholic poor were the blessed inheritance of the ,catholic ,church4 ,many ,catholic young ladies1 delicately nurtured and fastidiously refined1 are daily doing what ,edith did4 ,ernest was benefited by attending ,edith on those missions of love4 ,his warm heart was touched and all the latent sweetness of his nature brought out by the distress which he witnessed1 and of which he had never dreamed amidst the luxuries of his own elegant home4 ,there was one case that particularly interested him2 unfortunately1 there are many such in this age of boasted religious liberty4 ,it was that of a ,mrs4 ,white4 ,she was a woman of education and refinement1 and had been accustomed to all the comforts of life in her father's house4 ,early in life she married a poor but worthy young man4 ,he was a clerk1 and labored for his wife and children with an industry that knew no flagging4 ,by constantly bending over his desk he literally worked himself into consumption4 ,after lingering a few months1 during which all his little savings were spent1 he died1 leaving his family in utter destitution4 ,during his sickness he had been visited by several ,catholic ladies1 who attended to his wants with so sweet a charity that his heart was touched1 and he longed to know more of a religion which taught such blessed humanity4 ,as the ,author of all truth has declared that he who seeks shall find1 so ,mr4 ,white found the truth which he sought1 and died a most beautiful and edifying death4 ,his wife soon afterwards became a ,catholic1 converted by the example of the good ladies who had so kindly ministered to her dying husband4 ,in the extremity of her distress ,mrs4 ,white appealed to her father1 who had refused to have any intercourse with her since her marriage4 ,what do you think was the answer of this father to a daughter whose only offence was that she had left father and mother to cleave to her husband8 ,we blush for the humanity that could send to a griefstricken and desolate daughter so brutal a message as this3 8,now your chosen husband is dead1 ,i will receive you back1 provided you give up1 at once and for ever1 the ,catholic religion1 which you have recently professed4 ,otherwise1 you may die as you have lived--a pauper and an outcast40 ,and so she lived and died a pauper and an outcast2 but1 so living and so dying1 her lot was more enviable than that of her cruel and unnatural father4 ,her last moments were comforted by the promise of ,ernest ,d',arcy to provide for her two children4 ,the elder1 a bright little fellow of thirteen1 he placed in a lawyer's office2 the other1 a boy nine years old1 was admitted into a ,catholic orphan asylum4 ,thus visiting the sick and relieving the poor1 and frequently meeting ,catholic priests and ,catholic ,sisters in pious attendance on deathbeds1 the conversation of ,ernest and ,edith naturally took a religious turn4 ,one evening1 after returning from one of their charitable visits1 they were sitting in the library before the great woodfire 7for ,ernest would not allow that abomination1 miscalled a modern improvement1 a furnaceflue1 in his sanctum71 as they generally did before tea4 ,ernest was unusually thoughtful that evening1 so much so that ,edith observed it and asked him the cause4 8,i am thinking about you and myself--about all your goodness to me10 he said2 8about what ,i was before ,i knew you1 and what ,i may be by your noble example4 ,edith1 the daily beauty of your life makes mine ugly4 ,my father was a ,catholic1 and ,i am--nothing4 ,the cold and fashionable religion of my mother neither satisfied my mind nor interested my heart4 ,i became a free thinker1 an infidel1 but never a scoffer at religion4 ,i did not believe1 because ,i did not know what to believe40 8,we must read together ,chateaubriand's ,genius of ,christianity--that magnificent tribute to the truth and beauty of the ,christian religion10 ,edith replied4 8,you know the story of his conversion3 in his extreme youth he yielded to the gay scepticism which at the time controlled ,french society1 and he1 a son of the ,crusaders1 became a disciple of ,voltaire1 and wrote in the interest of infidelity4 ,the death of ,chateaubriand's mother1 whose last moments had been saddened by his scepticism1 and whose last words were a prayer for his conversion1 recalled him to a sense of that religion in which he had been educated4 #8,i became a ,christian1' ,chateaubriand wrote4 #8,my conviction came from the heart4 ,i wept and ,i believed4' ,he resolved to devote to religion the eloquent pen which had been used against her4 ,the result was his immortal work the ,genius of ,christianity4 ,the beautiful style1 the vast information1 the glowing descriptions of art1 scenery1 poetry1 and music cannot fail to delight and interest you40 ,the next day ,edith commenced ,chateaubriand's great masterpiece4 ,as1 day after day1 the reading continued1 ,ernest grew deeply interested4 ,he saw clearly demonstrated the noble and inspiring fact that 8the ,christian religion1 of all the religions that ever existed1 is the most favorable to liberty and to the arts and sciences2 that the modern world is indebted to it for every improvement3 from agriculture to the abstract sciences2 from the hospitals for the reception of the unfortunate to the temples reared by the ,michael ,angelos and embellished by the ,raphaels40 ,other books were read1 all breathing the same divine spirit1 the same exalted ,christian charity1 the same sweet human sympathy4 ,the warm1 tender heart of ,ernest ,d',arcy was fascinated by the beautiful and noble sentiments expressed in the volumes which were now a part of his daily reading4 ,he compared them with the false philosophy of a ,voltaire and the senseless sentimentality of a ,rousseau1 which taught how to destroy1 but not how to save2 whose end was the destruction1 not the amelioration1 of society4 ,these books certainly opened a newer and a sweeter world to the student4 ,but it must not be supposed that the young ,d',arcy saw immediately the truth of ,catholicity in all its divine beauty4 ,few1 like ,s4 ,paul1 are miraculously changed from the enemy to the friend of ,god's church4 ,few1 like ,chateaubriand1 can say3 8,i wept and ,i believed40 ,with the opening of spring ,edith returned home1 and ,earnest was again left alone with his books4 ,but how changed seemed everything6 ,the brightness was gone from the library4 ,the pleasure was gone from his studies4 ,he sadly missed her who had been his constant companion for so many months4 ,fortunately1 about this time his eyes improved sufficiently to allow him to read for a short time every day4 ,he continued the reading to which ,edith had introduced him4 ,this was some consolation to him1 now that he was separated from her4 ,but1 alas6 it was a consolation not long allowed to him4 ,if that stern old moralist1 ,dr4 ,johnson1 acknowledged that he found it easier to practise abstinence than temperance in wine1 it will not be surprising that so ardent a student as ,ernest ,d',arcy found it absolutely impossible to practise temperance in reading when he read at all4 ,and now he had a greater incentive to work than ever before4 ,he felt that he must make himself worthy of the sweet girl whom he loved4 ,the delicately refined nature of this perfect gentleman would not allow him to make a formal declaration of love to ,edith while she was a guest in his mother's house1 but that unerring1 neverfailing instinct which belongs to woman enabled her to see plainly that he was deeply1 fondly interested in her4 ,nor was ,edith insensible to the many attractive qualities of ,ernest ,d',arcy2 his cultured mind1 his noble heart1 his high ambition1 his exalted sentiments of honor and morality1 claimed her enthusiastic admiration1 while the romantic character of their constant intercourse pleased her girlish fancy4 ,d',arcy's ,catholic reading had enchanted his impressible mind4 ,as an historical institution1 the church delighted and astonished him4 ,he saw it rise triumphantly on the ruins of the empire of the ,csars2 he saw it conquer and civilize the barbarians of ,germany and the ,north2 he saw it tame the fierce passions of the ,franks and ,goths2 he saw it in the middle ages standing between the people and princely despots2 he saw it always on the side of right and always against wrong1 always raising its powerful voice in favor of the oppressed2 he saw it in the ,x,v,ith century successfully sustain itself against the most formidable religious revolution the world had ever known2 he saw it in the ,x,i,xth century serene in the midst of tumbling thrones and political convulsions1 teaching one faith and one doctrine1 while heresy was broken into a thousand indistinguishable fragmentary sects4 ,with his mind fresh from these new and interesting studies1 ,ernest ,d',arcy began to write the story of his mental life1 which he called ,from ,darkness to ,light4 ,like ,milton1 he became so engrossed in his work that his eyes grew rapidly worse2 and1 like him also1 he was unwilling to discontinue his studies1 until at length study was impossible4 ,edith ,northcote heard of this new trial through ,ernest's sister ,mary2 for ,ernest himself was too manly1 too considerate1 to annoy ,edith with his troubles4 ,she determined at once to make a ,novena to ,our ,lady of ,lourdes to obtain the cure of ,ernest's eyes4 ,she procured some of the celebrated miraculous water1 and sent it to ,ernest1 telling him that on a certain day she would commence the ,novena1 requesting him to apply the water to his eyes each day1 and say the prayer to ,our ,lady of ,lourdes contained in the little book recently published4 ,the account of the apparition greatly interested ,ernest1 and1 though not yet a ,catholic1 he did not hesitate to comply with both of ,edith's requests4 ,thousands of unrecorded miracles have been wrought by the water of ,lourdes1 and the restoration of ,ernest's eyes was one of them47#ahh7 ,as the darkness left his eyes1 the divine light of faith entered his soul2 and he who had been both mentally and physically blind1 now saw with the eyes of the body and saw also with the eyes of the soul4 ,he saw the truth1 the beauty1 and the goodness of the ,catholic religion2 seeing1 he believed2 believing1 he professed2 professing1 he practised4 ,ernest ,d',arcy became a ,catholic--a devout1 a zealous1 a fervid ,catholic4 ,ernest did not inform ,edith by letter of the happy effects of the water of ,lourdes4 ,he visited her in her ,southern home4 ,simply saying a friend wished to see her1 he awaited her entrance with no little impatience4 ,at length she appeared4 ,ernest advanced to meet her4 ,the few words he spoke explained everything3 8,edith1 ,i am a ,catholic40 ,the next few weeks were the sweetest ,ernest had ever known--sweeter than he had ever dreamed of4 ,he had found what he had so long sought in vain--the true religion2 and in finding the religion which was to make him happy in heaven1 he also found the being who was to make him happy on earth4 ,turning ,from ,darwin ,to ,thomas ,aquinas4 ,,unless in thought with thee ,i often live1 ,angelic ,doctor6 life seems poor to me4 ,what are these bounties1 if they only be ,such boon as farmers to their servants give8 ,that ,i am fed1 and that mine oxen thrive1 ,that my lambs fatten1 that mine hours are free-- ,these ask my nightly thanks on bended knee2 ,and ,i do thank ,him who hath blest my hive ,and made content my herd1 my flock1 my bee4 ,but1 ,father6 nobler things ,i ask from thee4 ,fishes have sunshine1 worms have everything6 ,are we but apes8 ,oh6 give me1 ,god1 to know ,i am death's master2 not a scaffolding1 ,but a true temple where ,christ's word could grow4 ,the ,future ,of ,the ,russian ,church4 ,by ,the ,rev4 ,csarius ,tondini1 ,barnabite4 ,,iii4 ,in presence of the melancholy reality of today1 and in expectation of a yet sadder morrow1 those ,russians who are sincerely attached to their church1 and who have at heart the interests of their faith1 will perhaps ask themselves if it be not needful to labor in some direct manner to deliver the ,russian ,church from a protection which has been so fatal to her4 ,the question is a very serious one2 we do not venture to decide upon it4 ,as ,catholic1 and precisely because we are ,catholic1 we must1 in a question of this kind1 consider souls4 ,now1 to work directly to overthrow the religious autocracy of the czars might easily1 considering the actual circumstances of ,russia1 hasten this morrow we have been considering1 and that without any efficacious remedy being at hand to accompany or to follow quickly upon so great an evil4 ,if it were not to be feared that1 under present circumstances1 the overthrow of the official church would cause the unbelief of the higher classes to descend also among the lower1 thus rendering it general1 and endangering the existence of every faith in the ,russian people1 the question would be easy to answer2 but so long as this doubt exists it is quite a case to which to apply the principle that of two evils we must choose the least4 ,from this point of view we prefer the continuance of the present state of things1 because it seems to us the lesser evil4 ,there exist1 however1 other doubts1 and their existence is of an extreme gravity1 in determining the attitude of ,russians toward their church2 they are these3 ,will the czars1 even should they change their policy and show themselves for the future true protectors and not masters1 be able long to continue to the ,russian ,church the support of the laws8 ,again3 ,will ,russia much longer have the czars8 ,these doubts are not chimerical4 ,in the first place1 it appears to us unlikely that the czars should be able to continue indefinitely to refuse liberty of conscience4 ,already1 at this present time1 the ,russian authorities shut their eyes to many infractions of the laws relating to the different religious communions2 the everincreasing and multiplied relations of ,russia with other countries1 and of her people with foreigners1 and foreigners with ,russians1 might easily create serious embarrassments1 and even give rise to political complications1 if there were a desire to apply the religious laws in all their rigor4 ,nevertheless1 it seems to us equally difficult to imagine that ,russia should1 at one bound1 arrive at declaring the civil law to be atheistical1 and to repel all solidarity between material interests and the religious interests of the people4 ,during some time ,russia will probably offer to us the same spectacle as in ,england1 the classic land of religious license1 where every one1 except the sovereign1 is free to believe what he pleases1 and where at the same time convenances and multiplied interests keep the official church standing4 ,but the ,anglican ,church has a far different past and far other memories--above all1 a very different literature--from the ,russian ,church4 ,in continuing this comparison the reader will find an explanation of the vitality shown by the statechurch of ,england1 and at the same time the motives which do not allow us to predict for that of ,russia either able defenders or even a lingering death4 ,if1 then1 the ,russians ought not to labor directly to overthrow the religious autocracy of the czars1 seeing that1 in present circumstances1 the overthrow of this autocracy might be the cause of still greater disasters than those of the past1 they nevertheless ought not to fold their arms and contemplate with indifference the probability that this overthrow may be brought about at no distant period by the mere force of circumstances4 ,there remains the other doubt3 ,will ,russia much longer have the czars8 ,this doubt1 considering the epoch in which we live1 scarcely needs to be justified4 ,what sovereign is there who can promise himself that he shall end his days upon the throne8 ,one alone--the ,pope1 because even in a dungeon he is obeyed just as if he were upon a throne4 ,let ,russians who have at heart the interests of their faith boldly face this second doubt and the fears to which it gives rise4 ,never1 perhaps1 could history offer us a more remarkable spectacle than that of an orthodox church1 and a perfect automaton2 today receiving speech1 movement1 and action from an orthodox emperor1 and tomorrow receiving them from the head of a ,protestant government1 perhaps a ,jew1 perhaps an atheist4 ,in fact1 the organization of a church reckoning nearly fifty millions of adherents cannot be changed in twentyfour hours1 especially if this organization is identified with the state to the degree of confusing herself with the latter4 ,what will then become of the ,synod we do not know1 but neither do we know whether the new government will readily consent to lose the profit of so powerful an instrumentum regni as the church organized by the czars4 ,in presence of these eventualities1 which1 on account of the rapid march of modern revolutions1 are far from improbable1 and may take place any day1 is there anything the ,russians can do in order to save orthodoxy8 ,there is one thing1 and1 we believe1 one only4 ,we will say what that is1 though we greatly doubt whether it will be accepted2 too many prejudices1 too many objections1 will oppose themselves to it2 everything else will be tried1 rather than have recourse to it2 a great confidence especially will be placed in the triumph of the panslavist idea2 but each new attempt will but prove this one plan to be the only efficacious one1 and the ill success of all the others will gradually lead minds to ally themselves to it4 ,in the alternative of accepting this1 or else of letting orthodoxy perish1 ,russians sincerely attached to their faith will not indefinitely hesitate4 ,besides1 a ,providence watches over states and peoples2 in that ,providence we place our trust1 and it will not be in vain4 ,if1 calling things by their names1 we were to say plainly that this only way is the reunion of the ,russian with the ,catholic ,church1 a ,russian who might do us the honor to peruse these pages would perhaps throw down the book1 and1 however well disposed he might be1 would see nothing more in it than vain and dangerous imaginations4 ,this alarm1 however1 would prove1 more than anything else1 the exceeding power of the words4 ,we will endeavor to express the same idea in another manner2 and1 without flattering ourselves that we shall gain acceptance for it1 we hope at least to obtain for it serious examination4 ,what is ,russian orthodoxy8 ,it is the collection of the dogmas accepted and taught by the ,russian ,church4 ,now1 these dogmas1 with the exception of some few misunderstandings17#ahi7 are the same as those of the ,catholic ,church2 the point which really separates the two churches is the denial1 on the part of the ,russians1 of the jurisdiction of the ,pope over the universal church4 ,at the utmost1 a real doctrinal disagreement should be admitted respecting the infallibility of the ,pope defining ex cathedr on faith or morals4 ,but however important this disagreement may be in the eyes of ,catholics1 it has no importance in the eyes of ,protestants and rationalists4 ,those who admit no revelation would not certainly prefer orthodoxy merely because there is in it one article less to believe4 ,as to ,protestants1 the difficult point is to make them admit a visible authority taught by ,god himself1 and having the right and mission to explain the ,scriptures and to make a practical application of them to our lives4 ,now1 is it likely that1 in their eyes1 an authority residing in the dispersed church1 without the necessary bond which unites the bishops to each other1 would be much more acceptable than a central authority1 always living1 always ready to declare its oracles1 and1 by that very fact1 independent of the obstacles which an inimical government or any other adversary might raise against it to prevent it from declaring itself8 ,for the rest1 the ,spiritual ,regulation will let ,protestants know whether a church organized as is that of ,russia at the present time can alone make a free word to be heard4 ,protestants and rationalists are1 then1 common adversaries of the ,russian and also of the ,catholic ,church4 ,common adversaries also1 on doctrinal grounds1 are all those who cannot be exactly classed with either ,protestants or rationalists1 but against whom the ,russian ,church will no less have to defend herself--,jews1 ,mahometans1 and1 lastly1 the ,raskolniks also1 unless1 indeed1 a portion of the latter should not prefer to ally themselves to the ,catholic ,church rather than to the ,synod1 if only they can be persuaded that in becoming ,catholics they do not by any means cease to be ,russians4 ,now1 when in the ,x,v,i,ith century the heresy of ,calvin was for a moment seated on the patriarchal throne of ,constantinople in the person of ,cyril,lucar1 and when that patriarch had published his ,orthodox ,confession of the ,christian ,faith17#aij7 which was full of ,calvinistic errors1 the gravity of the danger to orthodoxy was then sufficiently powerful to render the ,greeks far from being disdainful of the support offered to them by ,catholics1 and even by the ,pope himself1 for the purpose of guarding in safety the articles of the common faith4 ,nothing was found too hard to be said against ,catholics and ,rome1 because of their intervention in the deposition of the heretical patriarch and the condemnation of his doctrine4 ,for their justification we may be permitted to refer the reader to a publication which1 upon its appearance1 had the importance of a great event1 and this is ,no4 #db of the ,tracts for the ,times1 which1 in ,england1 opened the way to the ,catholic faith47#aia7 ,this historical precedent will not1 we hope1 remain without its consequences in history4 ,already ,catholic theologians unconsciously afford a solid support to orthodoxy1 with regard to the defence of the dogmas which are common to us with the ,russians4 ,our theological works find entrance into ,russia1 and are there studied and quoted2 whilst it is rarely1 if ever1 that we find modern authors of the ,greek ,church quoted1 unless it be to draw from them arguments against the primacy of the ,pope1 and to perpetuate the misunderstandings relating to the ,procession of the ,holy ,ghost and to purgatory4 ,from the time of ,peter the ,great orthodoxy has done nothing but lose ground in ,russia2 neither the patriarchs of the ,east nor the other heads of the various branches of the ,orthodox ,church appear to be solely occupied with it4 ,one might say that any heresy inspires them with less horror than the ,catholic doctrine about the ,pope1 and that they consider the rejection of this doctrine a sufficient proof of a healthy orthodoxy4 ,but the day will come when every ,russian who loves orthodoxy above all else will no longer regard with so much horror as now a church which is far better calculated than the ,greek ,church to furnish him with arms wherewith to defend the divinity of ,jesus ,christ1 the ,real ,presence1 the sacraments1 the veneration of ,mary and the saints4 ,the same horror with which we ,catholics still inspire many orthodox ,russians we formerly inspired ,anglicans4 ,relations with us1 and study1 have disabused many credulous minds2 in ,russia1 moreover1 the double sentiment will operate in our favor of the danger to which orthodoxy will be exposed1 and the insufficiency of the succor which can arrive to it from any quarter except the ,catholic ,church alone4 ,but ,protestants1 rationalists1 ,jews1 ,mahometans1 and ,raskolniks are not the only adversaries which the ,russian ,church must prepare to combat1 and against whom she will find no help more efficacious than that which ,catholics can afford4 ,among her adversaries she may reckon the government1 atheism in the legislation1 obstacles of every kind created against the propaganda of orthodoxy1 compulsory irreligious instruction1 unbelief and materialism 8crowned0 by the academies--in a word1 all the constituted authorities upon which the people depend4 ,can the ,russian ,church promise herself that she will be able successfully to contend against such adversaries8 ,no one will maintain that the past history of this church offers a certain guarantee that she will2 her existence1 especially since ,peter the ,great1 has been too monotonous1 and has had a sphere of action too circumscribed1 to allow her to make trial of her strength4 ,alas6 there is something more2 however monotonous may have been her existence1 it nevertheless offers one characteristic feature1 and this is1 the facility with which she has permitted the czars to impose their laws upon her1 and to obtain from her that which nothing would have forced from the great doctors and fathers of the ,greek ,church4 ,now1 if the ,russian ,church has been so feeble in presence of the czars1 is it very certain that she would instantaneously recover her energy1 were she to find herself face to face with a government inspired by principles the most hostile to ,christianity1 and the declared enemy1 no longer of the whole ,christian church only1 but of ,jesus ,christ himself8 ,we are no prophet2 but1 after all1 it is not absolutely impossible that1 at a period more or less distant1 some ,russian socialist may find himself seated in the place of the czars4 ,thus the past history of the ,russian ,church is far from being a sure warranty that she will know how to wrestle with impious governments4 ,what succor1 in fact1 can she expect from churches which1 in presence of the sultan1 and of the sovereigns of the other countries where they are established1 have shown themselves fully as feeble as the ,russian ,church has been in presence of the czars8 ,the sultan--to speak of him only--has not he himself settled the ,bulgarian question8 ,and1 besides1 will not these churches have enough to do to defend themselves at a time when political importance decides everything8 ,what influence in the religious affairs of ,russia can be exercised by little states occupying scarcely the third or fourth rank among the states of ,europe8 ,should the ,russian ,church accept the aid of the ,catholic ,church1 it will be a very different matter4 ,in the same way that history shows us the latter as having already had to deal1 on doctrinal ground1 with every sort of error1 and of having fought against it1 thus offering1 with the weight of her experience1 the aid of a science as vast as the variety of errors against which it has combated2 so also has the ,catholic ,church already encountered1 on practical ground1 every sort of obstacle1 and has passed through storms and tempests which would a thousand times over have submerged her were she not divine4 ,the number1 variety1 and gravity of the struggles she has maintained also against governments and nations give her the right to repeat with a calm security1 each time that the signs of a fresh persecution appear3 ,alios vidi ventos aliasque procellas--8,other tempestuous winds and other storms have ,i seen40 ,she possesses institutions born of these struggles and adapted to those of the future1 which will also create new ones in their turn4 ,her missionaries and her priests present us with the spectacle of an army as numerous as it is varied1 answering to all the needs of war and to all the possible eventualities of the field of battle4 ,still more3 in the existence of the church warfare is1 so to speak1 the normal condition1 and peace the exception2 it thus follows that the powers of the ,catholic ,church are kept in continual exercise1 and that the science of the means of victory is never reduced to simple memories4 ,this1 from the history of the past1 is what may be with certainty foreseen1 whether with regard to the inefficiency of the help which the ,russian ,church may promise herself from the various branches of the orthodox communion1 in a struggle against unbelief and impious governments1 or with regard to the solid support which1 in this case1 she would find from the ,catholic ,church4 ,but this prevision is not only justified by history4 ,history has done nothing more than throw light upon that which had been foretold to us by a terrible declaration of ,jesus ,christ2 and it is in this declaration that lies the deep reason and the true explanation of that which history causes to pass before our eyes4 ,omne regnum in seipsum divisum desolabitur--8,every kingdom divided against itself shall be brought to desolation0 7,s4 ,luke xi4 #ag71 ,our ,lord has said4 ,the ,orthodox ,church is a divided kingdom--divided into as many branches as there are states in which she counts her adherents2 divided to such a degree that1 without the consent of sovereigns1 no communication is possible between these divers branches2 so divided that it is also the will of sovereigns which regulates and measures the relations which the bishops of the eparchies 7dioceses7 of one selfsame state may hold among themselves4 ,the ,orthodox ,church is a kingdom divided against itself--so divided that nowhere is there to be found an authority which1 being itself the source of jurisdiction1 can terminate the litigations about jurisdiction without appeal2 so divided that a little boldness and obstinacy sufficed to enable ,greece to withdraw herself from the jurisdiction of the ,patriarch of ,constantinople2 that a little boldness and obstinacy sufficed to gain the cause for ,bulgaria1 when1 not long ago1 she also shook off the authority of the same patriarch2 and that a little boldness and obstinacy always suffice to enable the revolted definitively to shake off the yoke of their pastors47#aib7 ,alas6 it is not even here that the desolation of this kingdom ends4 ,of the ,orthodox ,church it may be truly said that the desolation has no bounds4 ,it has no bounds because already the principle has been established that the church of each state ought to be independent1 and that each separate nation also ought to have its distinct and independent church4 ,it is endless because to these principles--subversive of all order and all stability1 and which make ecclesiastical jurisdiction depend no longer upon the laws and customs of the church1 but on the chances of war1 the valor of conquerors1 and the craftiness of conspirators--the ,orthodox ,church can oppose nothing but vain protestations2 it is endless because the very bishops themselves of the ,orthodox ,church take the lead in upholding these principles1 and are the first to treat with contempt the complaints of those of their brethren whose jurisdiction is injured4 ,and1 in fact1 it was by invoking its political independence that the recentlyformed kingdom of ,greece declared itself1 in #ahcc1 freed from the jurisdiction of the ,patriarch of ,constantinople4 ,this declaration was made and carried by all the bishops of the kingdom1 assembled at ,nauplia2 not a single voice appears to have been raised to require that the patriarch should at least be first consulted4 ,the patriarch appealed to the canons of the church1 and protested--and they let him protest4 ,for seventeen years he went on protesting1 until at last1 in #ahej1 his successor recognized the accomplished fact2 had he not done so1 he would have been allowed to protest to an indefinite period1 as long as he might be inclined4 ,it was by appealing to the principle of nationality 7phyletism7 that the ,bulgarians shook off the authority of the same patriarch4 ,their bishops nominated an exarch1 and long before the sultan had definitely settled this affair they gave no more heed to the patriarch's protestations than for seventeen years had been given by the bishops of the ,hellenic kingdom4 ,in the hope of leading back the ,bulgarians to obedience1 the patriarch1 in #ahgb1 convoked a great council in the ,church of ,s4 ,george at ,constantinople4 ,he made his complaints against his rebellious children1 and without apparently considering the effect which might be produced by the publicity given to his words1 he there related that1 having summoned the recalcitrant bishops to return to obedience1 one of them had answered him1 by the telegraph1 that he should go and receive the reply from the exarch4 ,the council thereupon proceeded to excommunicate the ,bulgarians1 who had already so willingly excommunicated themselves1 sure beforehand that they would none the less continue to be considered members of the ,orthodox ,church-- a certainty which could not fail to be realized4 ,the example of ,greece had borne its fruit4 ,besides1 this council was not cumenical2 amongst others1 the ,russian bishops did not sit there at all2 a letter of the ,synod had the mission of representing them1 probably unknown to themselves1 and certainly without their permission4 ,by what right1 then1 could the council separate the ,bulgarian nation from the whole church8 ,by what right did it speak in the name of the whole church8 ,it had so much the less right1 also1 from the fact that the ,patriarch of ,jerusalem1 ,cyril1 who happened to be then at ,constantinople1 determinedly refused1 for reasons which gave evidence of more than unwillingness1 to appear at its sittings47#aic7 ,will it be said that the ,bulgarians were excommunicated by virtue of the canons of the church2 that the council applied to them an anathema already decreed by the fathers and the cumenical councils against those who violated the canons8 ,we have some acquaintance with these canons2 and1 if they are to be taken literally1 we would not take upon ourselves to prove that the whole ,orthodox ,church has not long ago fallen under some excommunication pronounced by her own canons2 such1 at any rate1 would be the case with regard to the ,russian ,church1 which forms its principal portion4 ,to escape this somewhat embarrassing conclusion1 it becomes necessary to admit that the canons must be understood1 as it is commonly expressed1 cum grano salis1 and that they are susceptible of a mild interpretation4 ,it is this which the ,bulgarians believe themselves to have done4 ,they have found in the past history of their church several examples authorizing an interpretation of the canons conformable to their wishes2 amongst others1 that of ,peter the ,great1 who1 without ever ceasing to be considered orthodox1 abolished the patriarchate of ,moscow1 instituted the ,synod1 made it the principal authority of the ,russian ,church1 and declared himself to be the 8,supreme ,judge0 thereof2 after which he informed the ,oriental patriarchs of what had happened1 and demanded of them an approbation which he was fully determined to do without1 in case it should be refused4 ,the crime of the ,bulgarians consisted in interpreting the canons as they had been interpreted by the numerous bishops who had not on that account been1 by any means1 expelled from the church2 and if the letter of the ,russian ,synod1 the mandatory of the ,russian episcopate at the council of #ahgb1 blamed them1 besides that1 in their revolt1 they were sustained by ,russia47#aid7 ,the ,bulgarians called to mind that it was ,russia1 too1 which had the most strenuously labored to induce the ,patriarch of ,constantinople to recognize the independence of the ,church of the ,hellenic kingdom as an accomplished fact4 ,with memories such as these1 the anathema of the ,council of ,constantinople of #ahgb could scarcely disquiet the ,bulgarians4 ,and this is not all4 ,this council made a decision which is1 in truth1 a doctrinal decision by declaring that the exterior constitution of the church is independent of the principle of nationality1 and in condemning the application of this principle to the church1 as being contrary to the ,scriptures and to the ,fathers4 ,by what right did this council1 not being ecumenical1 make a decision of this kind1 and what value could it possess8 ,will it be said that this council did nothing more than define and affirm what was contained in the ,scriptures and the ,fathers8 ,it was precisely this to which the ,bulgarians would not agree1 and of which the ,patriarch of ,jerusalem--to mention him only--was by no means convinced2 in short1 that which only a truly ecumenical council could authoritatively decide4 ,in presence of a merely nominal doctrinal authority1 it was perfectly natural that the ,bulgarians should keep their own view of the matter4 ,but still more embarrassing by far would be the consequences resulting to the ,orthodox ,church if it were admitted that this council possessed a really doctrinal authority1 and that its decisions were obligatory on the consciences of the orthodox faithful4 ,in this case the ,orthodox ,church would have added yet another definition to those already recorded in the seven ,ecumenical ,councils allowed by her4 ,this church has always boasted of having added nothing to the doctrine expressed in the seven ,ecumenical ,councils1 in which1 according to her1 the ,holy ,ghost has deposited1 once for all17#aie7 whatever it is necessary to believe4 ,she is so persuaded that nothing can be added to them that she takes pleasure in recognizing in these councils the seven pillars of wisdom1 the seven mysterious seals1 spoken of by ,s4 ,john--pillars and seals which will eternally remain seven in number1 without any possible chance of reaching even to the number eight4 ,therefore it is that she throws in our faces our western councils and their definitions1 and therefore that she reproaches us with new dogmas4 ,but the ,immaculate ,conception of ,mary and the doctrinal ,infallibility of the ,pope--these two dogmas which the church has found in the ,scriptures and in the ,fathers--were they newer in the eyes of the ,bulgarians than the dogma defined at the ,council of ,constantinople in #ahgb1 that 8the church1 in her exterior constitution1 is independent of the principle of nationality0--a dogma condemned1 implicitly at least1 by the previous practice of a large portion of the ,orthodox ,church8 ,finally1 why should the ,bulgarians have submitted to the decision of a particular council--a decision1 carried by the ,greeks judices in caus propri1 when the ,russian ,church1 as all the world knew1 thought so lightly of the doctrine and practice of the whole ,greek ,church in a matter of far greater importance1 the validity of baptism8 ,baptism by infusion is in fact recognized at ,st4 ,petersburg and ,moscow as valid1 while at ,constantinople it is null and void4 ,a ,protestant or a ,catholic baptized by infusion1 who should ask to be received into the ,orthodox ,church1 would be accepted unconditionally in ,russia3 but at ,constantinople he would be required to be rebaptized4 ,a ,christian in the dominions of the czar1 he would become a pagan at ,constantinople2 and yet this is one and the same church67#aif7 ,yes1 the shock has been given4 ,the ,council of ,constantinople of #ahgb has not been able to hinder the defection of the ,bulgarians1 but it has attracted the attention of the ,christian world to the fact that the ,orthodox ,church has no authority which can force consciences to reject as heretical the application to the exterior constitution of the church1 either of the principle of nationality1 or any other principle upon which might be based the political constitution of nations4 ,and further1 the acts of the ,council of ,constantinople of #ahgb give evidence of the hesitation and uncertainty existing among the representatives of the orthodox faith7#aig7 with regard to a question so momentous1 and which concerns the very life of that church4 ,the shock has been given4 ,error has a terrible logic4 ,where will the divisions1 the subdivisions1 and the parcellingsout of the orthodox communion end8 ,and what consequences may result from the want of exterior unity1 not only for the independence1 but also for the faith1 of the church1 we have just glanced at2 but it will be revealed by the ,ecclesiastical ,regulation in a manner more convincing and more sad4 ,assuredly the future had not been foreseen when1 in the ,confession of the ,orthodox ,faith1 the great catechism of the whole ,oriental ,church1 it was considered sufficient to explain as follows the unity of the church3 8,the church is one1 444 according to the teaching of the apostle3 ,for ,i have espoused you to one husband1 that ,i may present you as a chaste virgin to ,christ 7#b ,cor4 xi4 #b74 ,for even as there is but one ,christ1 even so his spouse can be but one2 as it is written in the fourth chapter of the ,epistle of ,s4 ,paul to the ,ephesians 7iv4 #e1 #f73 ,one ,lord1 one faith1 one baptism3 there is but one ,god1 the ,father of all407#aih7 ,nor was the future any more foreseen when1 in the catechism of ,mgr4 ,philarete1 the unity of the church was defined37#aii7 8,q4 ,why is the church one8 8,a4 ,because she represents one spiritual body1 animated by one sole and only divine ,spirit1 and having one head only1 who is ,christ40 ,let us now turn away our gaze from the ,orthodox ,church1 in which the terrible declaration of ,jesus ,christ finds only too fully its accomplishment4 ,another church appears before us4 ,she is not a divided kingdom3 on the contrary1 if there be one characteristic mark by which she may be at once recognized by all who seek for her1 it is the imposing unity of her exterior organization4 ,the pope forms this unity4 ,let us ask of history what the pope has done for the church4 ,and history answers3 ,the pope has saved the church4 ,the pope alone has been able to hinder this church from breaking up1 as the ,orthodox ,church has done1 into so many national churches1 at first under the protection1 then under the authority1 and finally under the rod1 of sovereigns who were at first kings1 then presidents of a republic1 sometimes ,robespierres4 ,it is the pope1 and the pope only1 who has maintained1 not merely the vague notion1 but the living sentiment of ,catholic fraternity--a sentiment which inspires the adversaries of the church with a fear which1 in spite of themselves1 they betray4 ,it is the pope1 and the pope alone1 who has caused the sap of ,christian piety to circulate in the whole ,catholic world1 by the honors of the altars accorded to the saints of every land1 and by those institutions which1 originating in one country1 belong to all countries1 as powerful1 in the realization of their vast aspirations1 as zeal and charity themselves4 ,it is the pope who makes the treasures of virtue and learning which he discovers in any particular locality the common property of the world--in a word1 it is the pope who causes the church always to survive1 not only the enemies who desire her death1 not only the false prophets who1 for centuries past1 have gone on announcing this death as imminent1 but all kingdoms and all empires1 their institutions1 and even their remembrance4 ,this is what the pope is for the ,catholic ,church4 ,thus we see1 on the one side1 division1 and1 as its consequence1 the dissolution foretold by ,jesus ,christ2 on the other side1 unity1 and1 with unity1 victory and strength4 ,this is the signification of the church having or not having a pope4 ,besides1 the unity of government is so necessary to arrest the indefinite parcelling out of one church into a number of independent churches1 and as a safeguard to the common faith1 that each separate branch of the ,orthodox ,eastern ,church has not been able to maintain its integrity without the aid of a supreme and central authority4 ,instead of the pope1 this is a patriarch1 or it is a synod1 or it is the sovereign of the country1 but everywhere and always the very adversaries of the ,papacy themselves render an involuntary homage to the ,catholic dogma which declares a visible head1 a pope1 necessary to the church4 ,yes1 a pope is necessary for the church--necessary to her existence1 and necessary for the fulfilment of her mission4 ,let us consider it with regard to the most powerful of the various branches of the orthodox communion--the ,russian ,church4 ,even could this church 7by hypothesis7 maintain herself alone1 and could she continue her work without the operation of the laws2 could she alone combat unbelief1 and alone make head against impious governments1 the pope would be none the less necessary for her4 ,and why8 ,because the ,russian ,church calls herself ,catholic2 that is1 universal4 ,now1 it is not enough for a church which calls itself ,catholic1 and the one church of the ,saviour of all1 to be able to maintain her ground in that part of the world in which she is now enclosed2 it is not enough that she should combat unbelief in the empire of the czars1 nor that she should be able to resist an impious government which may succeed to theirs4 ,if she is ,catholic1 she ought1 the ,russian ,church herself1 to be equal to penetrating everywhere1 and everywhere to maintain herself2 to combat everywhere heresy and unbelief1 and everywhere to sustain collision with the government4 ,if she is ,catholic1 let her issue from the limits of the country of the czars1 and at least attempt the conquest of ,italy1 ,germany1 ,france1 ,england1 all ,europe2 ,america1 the whole world2 let her1 in the name of ,jesus ,christ1 utter words of authority to the conquerors of the earth1 brave the hatred which the consciousness of her rights would draw upon her1 and dare to declare to crowned heads that all ,christians belong to her2 let her not confine herself to raising in capital cities ,russian temples for the use of the ,russian embassies1 but let her require every government to recognize the orthodox worship2 let her missionaries penetrate1 whether welcomed or repelled1 into all the countries of the earth with the sole credentials of the apostles1 and1 strong in this single right1 let them return whither they are driven out1 and sprinkle with their blood the soil wherein they sow the seed of orthodoxy4 ,then1 and only then1 will the ,russian ,church show herself ,catholic2 that is to say1 universal2 that is to say1 the church of the ,saviour of all4 ,until then in vain may she call herself ,catholic while the title is denied by the fact4 ,but these things the ,russian ,church will never be able to accomplish without a pope4 ,from whom1 in fact1 will her priests hold their commission8 ,to whom will they recur for counsel1 protection1 and support8 ,in whose name will they speak to governments and kings8 ,to whom will they refer the latter to authenticate the validity of their mission1 to propose objections1 or to lodge complaints8 ,if we except ,russia1 ,turkey1 the ,hellenic kingdom1 ,roumania1 ,servia1 and some provinces of the ,austro,hungarian ,empire1 the rest of the world is missionary ground for the ,orthodox ,church1 just as much as is ,china for the ,catholic ,church4 ,let us suppose the ,russian ,church wishing only to undertake the conversion of ,france4 ,paris already possesses a ,russian temple2 it is now the ,synod1 in concert with the government1 which nominates the persons attached to this temple4 ,when the official church shall have fallen1 and all the ,russian bishops shall be canonically equal1 or at least independent of each other1 to which among them will the charge of this mission belong8 ,paris is a place to stimulate the zeal of many bishops4 ,it is allowable to believe that a settlement will not be very quickly made4 ,let us suppose it made1 however1 and moreover that even there is established a college ,de ,propaganda ,fide ,orthodox at ,st4 ,petersburg or ,moscow4 ,what would be the attitude of the ,greek ,church of ,constantinople8 ,will the latter possess1 or will she not possess1 the right to evangelize ,france1 and there to exercise ecclesiastical jurisdiction8 ,if it be allowed that she has this right1 the same question presents itself also for the three patriarchates of ,antioch1 ,alexandria1 and ,jerusalem2 it also presents itself for the ,greek ,church of the ,hellenic kingdom1 for the ,church of ,roumania1 for that of ,servia1 for the ,orthodox ,church of the ,austro,hungarian ,empire1 and even for that of ,montenegro4 ,here is already an accumulation and intermingling of jurisdictions liable to give rise to numerous contests4 ,who shall decide amongst them8 ,will they come to a mutual agreement8 ,but an agreement will be everlastingly impossible between the ,greek and ,russian ,churches1 at least so long as the question of the validity of baptism by infusion remains undecided4 ,we will say ,catholics are to be 8converted0 to orthodoxy3 the ,russian ministers will not rebaptize them4 ,the ,greek ,church knows it--this church1 as we have just said1 which regards baptism by infusion as null4 ,if the ,greek ,church consents that the ,russian missionaries shall evangelize ,france1 it declares1 by that consent1 that baptism is no longer necessary for belonging to the church4 ,if1 however1 she opposes their so doing1 who is to decide between them8 ,and the simple ones who had previously let themselves be incorporated into the ,russian ,church--would they be very certain that they really belonged to the church8 ,which1 then1 will be the true missionaries8 ,we confine ourselves to this example4 ,let us apply ourselves carefully to realize1 in imagination1 what would be the situation of a church attempting to do without a pope that which must be done by a church believing herself divine1 and invested by ,god with a commission to convert the world--wishing to do1 without a pope1 what is done by the ,catholic ,church every day4 ,then it will be easy to understand whether there can be a divine church without a pope4 ,and this pope1 without which the ,russian ,church will never be the universal church of ,jesus ,christ nor fulfil the mission of that church--where would she seek him8 ,would she1 on account of the needs created by her new situation1 confer upon one of the bishops all the authority which is now concentrated in the hands of the ,synod8 ,will she say to him1 ,help me to fulfil the mission of converting the world8 ,but this charge1 this part1 would it not with greater right belong to the ,patriarch of ,constantinople1 who1 so powerful is the need of unity1 has already declared1 upon one solemn occasion1 that on him rests the care of all the churches87#bjj7 ,we are supposing in the ,russian ,church1 and in the other branches of the orthodox communion1 enough selfdenial to consent to this4 ,but when this great event shall have been accomplished1 what will have been done8 ,it will have been acknowledged before the face of all the world that it is not ,rome who made the schism4 ,it will have been confessed that during ten centuries it has been charged as a crime upon the ,catholic ,church that she has not sacrificed that which1 after ten centuries of disasters1 the ,eastern ,church has found it necessary to force herself to regain under pain of ceasing to exist4 ,there will have been rendered to the ,catholic ,church the most splendid of testimonies1 in confessing that she alone possesses the true sense of the words of ,jesus ,christ1 and that the rock on which ,jesus ,christ has built his church is ,peter4 ,indeed1 from that day forward there will be no more excuse for schism4 ,between a rock designated by men of the ,x,i,xth century1 and that rock of which the manifest existence goes back to ,jesus ,christ himself1 and has been pointed out by him1 who that but knows how to read and write can hesitate for an instant8 ,such1 therefore1 is the alternative3 either the ,orthodox ,church will be forced to give herself a pope1 to show that she is really that which she entitles herself1 8,catholic10 or universal1 and to fulfil the mission imposed by this name1 or she will never be able to justify her appreciation of this title4 ,what will happen in the former case1 we have just said2 if1 on the contrary1 the ,orthodox ,church delays to give herself a pope1 the rapid march of events1 and the revolutionary storm from which neither ,russia nor the ,east will by any means be preserved1 will1 before very long1 prove to us that it is not upon the sand that ,jesus ,christ has built his church4 ,to ,be ,concluded ,next ,month4 ,burke ,and ,the ,revolution4 ,bacon's grand testamentary vindication of his life1 8bequeathing his name and memory to foreign nations and his own countrymen after some time be passed over10 might have been written with even greater justice of himself--because free from any imputation of moral weakness--by the master mind of the ,x,v,i,i,ith century in ,england in the domain of political philosophy--,edmund ,burke1 the illustrious orator and statesman1 the author of ,reflections on the ,revolution in ,france4 ,today1 when ,france1 8incessantly agitated by a propaganda of the most pernicious doctrines107#bja7 still vindicates the sagacity which foresaw the disastrous course of the ,revolution1 while ,england1 which he saved from the same propaganda1 uninterruptedly illustrates the 8beneficial influence of the regular action of the public powers10 it may not be amiss to recall some of the opinions to which he gave utterance at the beginning of the storm4 ,burke's genius1 like ,bacon's1 was indeed too refulgent not to be acknowledged even in his own day4 ,but the burning questions upon the discussion of which and their solution1 so far as human reason can go1 he has built up an enduring fame--monumentum re perennius--lighted up passions too gigantic and furious in the tremendous conflict then inaugurated to allow of contemporary justice being done to his labors4 ,nor did their negatory influence upon his fame end with his death2 two allied causes have conspired to partially obscure the clear and immortal flame of his genius1 even to our time3 ,first1 the jealousy of the political and literary followers of ,charles ,james ,fox4 ,second1 the inimical spirit of the ,revolution4 ,burke1 as it is well known1 had to contend1 during his parliamentary career1 not only against the ,tory prejudices of the country party1 represented by such men as ,william ,lord ,bagot and ,col4 ,onslow1 but also against the illconcealed jealousy and oligarchical exclusiveness of his nominal allies1 the ,whig aristocracy4 ,but this influence of caste1 which in his lifetime placed over his head his political pupil1 ,charles ,fox1 as the representative of the ,whig family compacts1 has been succeeded since his death by a more acrimonious spirit of personal jealousy in defence of the fame of his younger rival4 ,the partisans of ,fox have never been able to forgive ,burke's renunciation of his alliance with the eloquent ,whig leader2 and so large a share of literary and political criticism during the last halfcentury has come from the pens of that small but popular band of writers who took their inspiration from the traditions of ,holland ,house1 that the acknowledgment of ,burke's profound and prophetic genius has been unduly circumscribed by the desire of elevating the 8great man0 of the family4 ,macaulay and ,earl ,russell have given expression to this feeling2 the former by covertly insinuating a doubt of ,burke's judgment1 while lavishly extolling the splendor of his imagination2 the latter by open denunciation of his course at the outbreak of the ,revolution2 ,earl ,russell with unconscious selfsatire quoting these lines from ,la ,fontaine3 8,l'homme est de feu pour le mensonge ,il est de glace pour la vrit40 ,the efforts of a powerful literary and family connection to elevate its idol1 ,charles ,fox1 at the expense of ,burke1 have had1 however1 but small effect in limiting the measure of the latter's fame1 compared with the hostile spirit of revolution animating the current periodical literature of ,england and ,america4 ,if the apostles of the ,revolution1 who steal ,burke's thunder without acknowledgment1 when it suits their purpose1 against the despotism of power1 could bury out of sight his protests against that worse despotism of unchained human passions1 which is their ideal of liberty1 they would gladly place him in their ,pantheon4 ,but the mind of the great political philosopher was too grandly comprehensive to be narrowed within the grooves of that fashionable 8liberalism0 which covers even the basest tyranny1 if directed against the ,catholic ,church4 ,his humanity was too broad and true not to be aroused into flaming denunciation of the abuse of power1 whether it assumed the shape of 8opulent oppression0 in ,india or democratic priestslaughter in ,france4 ,hence it is that ,burke holds but a halfallegiance of the ,liberal party2 that his fame has been1 as it were1 truncated1 so far as they have been able to effect it2 and that his magnificent vindications of the cause of liberty1 bounded by no limitations of race1 government1 or creed1 are circumscribed in their minds by his anterevolutionary labors4 ,but it is not in the power of any class of critics1 least of all of the light artillery of 8liberalism10 to narrow or permanently diminish ,burke's kingdom over human thought4 ,his fame will not be dependent upon the fashion of this or any single age4 ,the consensus of humanity has crowned him among the ,immortals4 ,when ,macaulay and ,russell shall have become obscure names1 the works of ,burke will endure as monuments of our civilization4 ,his place will be with ,demosthenes and ,cicero1 and in the estimation of a more remote posterity he will probably overtop them both4 ,the long1 lean figure1 with spectacles on nose1 once familiar to the caricaturists of the third ,george's reign1 has faded a good deal from the eyes of the present generation4 ,we now turn over with a smile the prints of the 8concealed ,jesuit0 from ,s4 ,omer's1 barrette on head1 and long soutane clinging to his heels2 or the more portly figure of the highwayman1 blunderbuss in hand1 waylaying1 in company with ,north and ,fox1 the 8savior of ,india0 7,warren ,hastings72 or the 8,watchman0 of the constitution1 in heavy cloak1 lantern in hand1 and spectacles on the formidable nose1 ferreting out the revolutionary preacher1 ,dr4 ,price1 in his midnight study4 ,the gravers of ,gilray and ,sayer have yielded to those of the caricaturists for ,punch4 ,the figures of ,gladstone1 ,disraeli1 and ,bright have supplanted those of ,pitt1 ,fox1 and ,burke4 ,the great orator and statesman has taken his place as a classic on the shelves of all libraries1 but is popularly known only by a few rounded extracts from his speeches1 or by ,macaulay's description of the entrance on the parliamentary stage of ,lord ,rockingham's young ,irish secretary1 8who to an eloquence surpassing the eloquence of ,pitt1 and an industry that shamed the industry of ,grenville1 united an amplitude of comprehension to which neither ,pitt nor ,grenville could lay claim40 ,but if ,burke has shared the fate of all great writers not strictly popular in being conventionally admired but practically neglected by the general reader1 no political author is more diligently studied by the 8middlemen0 of thought1 the makers and leaders of public opinion4 ,he is the private tutor of public teachers2 the vade mecum of the orator and politician4 ,most of the questions of political ethics which have been the subjects of discussion during the present century have been profoundly treated of by him4 ,catholic emancipation1 parliamentary reform1 the freedom of the press1 ministerial responsibility1 the relations of church and state1 the abolition of the slave trade1 the amelioration of the criminal law--all have received from him their most ample and brilliant illustration4 ,of all the events of his time1 however1 the ,revolution of #aghi gave the chief exercise to his powers4 ,born in #agcj1 he was then at the zenith of his fame1 in the full maturity of his massive yet acute intellect4 ,earl ,russell's senile complaint in his life of ,fox of 8the wreck of his 7,burke's7 judgment0 betrays only the dotage of his own4 ,advancing age had better fitted him for the contest4 ,his mind had1 as ,macaulay truly says1 bloomed late into flower1 although the rhetoric of the essayist has caricatured the sterility of his youth4 ,the giant trunk was now crowned with a luxuriant and graceful foliage1 which added to its beauty1 while it detracted nothing from its strength4 ,the experience of 8his long and laborious life10 the accumulated stores of his prodigious industry1 furnished him with weapons of finest temper and irresistible force4 ,thus armed1 stepping to the front as the champion of civilization and religion against the ,giant ,despair which had broken its bonds in ,europe1 it was with striking appropriateness that his friend1 ,sir ,joshua ,reynolds1 applied to him1 at the moment of his rupture with ,fox and the opposition1 the lines written under the engraving of #agij from the portrait of #agge--lines in which ,milton describes the faithful ,abdiel striding forth1 solitary1 from amid the rebel host3 8,so spake the fervent angel1 but his zeal ,none seconded3 44444 444444 ,unmoved1 ,unshaken1 unseduced1 unterrified1 ,his loyalty he kept1 his love1 his zeal2 ,nor number nor example with him wrought ,to move from truth1 or change his constant mind1 ,though single4 ,from amidst forth he passed ,long way through hostile scorn1 nor of violence feared aught2 ,and with retorting scorn1 his back he turned ,on those proud towers to swift destruction doomed40 ,the efforts of ,burke's single mind at this critical moment decided the course of events in ,england4 ,his speeches in ,parliament and the publication of his ,reflections on the ,revolution in ,france aroused a national feeling that all the efforts of the revolutionary propagandists were unable to stem2 which ,pitt followed rather than led2 and which enabled ,england to carry on without flinching1 to a triumphant close1 the long and bloody war in national selfdefence into which she was driven by the aggressive spirit of the ,revolution4 ,pitt only gave utterance to the national feeling when he declared at the close of ,burke's speech on the ,army ,estimates1 in which he flung down the gauntlet to the ,revolution1 8that not only the present generation but the latest posterity would revere his name for the decided part he had that day taken40 ,it was ,burke's fortune to witness the temporary triumph1 but not the succeeding repulse1 of the first outbreak of the ,revolution4 ,he died at the full tide of its fury4 ,yet the tremendous blows he dealt its principles1 singlehanded1 before all that was mortal of him was laid at rest at ,beaconsfield1 undoubtedly saved ,england from succumbing to its influence in his own day1 and their conservative force is still felt in the government of that country4 8,this man10 said ,schlegel1 8has been to his own country and to all ,europe--and1 in a particular manner1 to all ,germany--a new light of political wisdom and moral experience4 ,he corrected his age when it was at the height of its revolutionary fury2 and without maintaining any system of philosophy1 he seems to have seen further into the true nature of society1 and to have more clearly comprehended the effect of religion in connecting individual security with national welfare1 than any philosopher or any system of philosophy of any preceding age40 ,true words1 and worthy of attention at this moment1 when ,germany has entered on a new and dangerous course of political action4 ,from the first mutterings of the revolutionary storm ,burke had distrusted its character and future violence4 ,alarmed by what he had seen of the undisguised levity and scepticism of ,parisian society during his visit to ,france in #aggb1 he had taken occasion in one of his speeches1 as early as #aggc1 to point out 8this conspiracy of atheism to the watchful eyes of ,european governments40 ,the outrages in the name of liberty which were simultaneous with its outburst determined his course1 although his keen political vision had long before penetrated the hollowness of its professions4 ,the old political gladiator1 8in whose breast10 as he proudly and truly said of himself1 8no anger1 durable or vehement1 had ever been kindled but by what he considered as tyranny02 whose potent voice had re echoed across the ,western ocean in support of the ,american colonist1 had pleaded for the ,african slave and ,hindoo laborer1 and had instilled fresh hope1 in the broken heart of the ,irish 8,papist10 roused himself now to his last and most powerful effort in defence of the fugitive ,french 8aristocrat0 and hunted priest4 8,i have struggled10 he said1 8to the best of my power against two great evils1 growing out of the most sacred of all things--liberty and authority4 ,i have struggled against the licentiousness of freedom1 ,i have contended against the tyranny of power40 ,nearly ten years before1 in his speech on the ,marriage ,act1 defending himself against the charges of 8aristocrat0 and 8radical0 which had been alternately levelled against him1 he had predicted his course in these noble words3 8,when indeed the smallest rights of the poorest people in the kingdom are in question1 ,i would set my face against any act of pride countenanced by the highest that are in it2 and if it should come to the last extremity1 and a contest of blood1 my course is taken4 ,i would take my fate with the poor1 and low1 and feeble4 ,but if these people come to turn their liberty into a cloak for mischievousness1 and to seek a privilege of exemption1 not from power1 but from the rules of morality and virtuous discipline1 ,i would join my hand to make them feel the force which a few united in a good cause have over a multitude of the profligate and ferocious40 ,burke's theory of true reform1 illustrated by the honorable labors of his whole public career1 was in fact so radically opposed to that of the ,french constitution makers that no standingground common to both could be found4 ,he foresaw plainly enough what were the secret aims and aspirations of the revolutionary leaders from the first1 whatever might be their humanitarian professions2 that whatever their changes of leaders or watchwords1 their goal would always be the same--the destruction of existing society2 not reparation1 but ruin4 ,he would have seen in ,m4 ,gambetta's programme of a nouvelle couche sociale1 enunciated at ,grenoble in #ahgb1 only a new reading of ,m4 ,marat's schemes of universal confiscation in #agib4 ,neither would have found more favor in his eyes than in those of any ,english reformer from ,s4 ,thomas ,becket to ,hampden4 ,he believed with ,bacon that there could be no wise design of reform which did not set out with the determination 8to weed1 to prune1 and to graft1 rather than to plough up and plant all afresh40 ,sixty years afterwards another writer1 after an elaborate and prolonged study of the ancien rgime1 and a lifetime's experience of the results of the ,revolution1 arrived at the point from which ,burke started4 ,the writer was ,alexis de ,tocqueville4 ,those who are familiar only with the ,democracy in ,america1 the work of his inexperienced youth1 would do well to read his ,memoir and ,letters by ,de ,beaumont4 ,writing to ,m4 ,freslon in #ahec1 after the events of #ahdhea had pretty well cured him of liberalism1 he said3 8,when one examines1 as ,i am doing at ,tours1 the archives of an ancient provincial government1 one finds a thousand reasons for hating the ancien rgime1 but few for loving the ,revolution2 for one sees that the ancien rgime was rapidly sinking under the weight of years and a gradual change of ideas and manners1 so that1 with a little patience and good conduct1 it might have been reformed without destroying indiscriminately all that was good in it with all that was bad4 ,it is curious to see how different was the government of #aghj from that of #agej4 ,one does not recognize the government or the governed4 ,the ,revolution broke out not when evils were at their worst1 but when reform was beginning4 ,halfway down the staircase we threw ourselves out of the window1 in order to get sooner to the bottom0 7,memoir and ,remains1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bdb1 #bdc1 ,eng4 ed47 ,burke had an invincible distrust of the crude theories and rash speculations of the doctrinaires of the ,revolution4 8,follow experience and common sense10 he says in a hundred different ways2 8these are the arguments of statesmen6 ,leave the rest to the schools1 where only they may be debated with--safety40 8,in politics10 he says1 8the most fallacious of all things is geometrical demonstration40 ,again3 8,the majors make a pompous figure in the battle1 but the victory of truth depends upon the little minors of circumstances40 ,he compares the socialist theorist ready to plunge into the volcano of revolutionary experiment to the ,sicilian sophist--ardentem frigidus tnam insiluit4 ,the atrocious principles of the literary and philosophical guides of the ,revolution seemed to him almost more portentous than the brutalities of the mob4 8,never before this time10 he says1 8was a set of literary men converted into a gang of robbers and assassins4 ,never before did a den of bravoes and banditti assume the garb and tone of an academy of philosophers40 ,remarkable sayings then1 and true of experience anterior to his time4 ,but had ,burke lived in our day1 he would have witnessed with astonishment the full development of the spirit he denounced1 in the terrible spectacle of an aggressive infidel philosophy1 and an almost universal infidel press1 sometimes truculent1 sometimes frivolous1 but always shamelessly boastful of its pagan principles4 ,he would have seen a school of pseudophilosophy professing its open design to destroy the foundations of revealed religion2 filled with the spirit of the apostate ,julian2 as audacious and boastful as he1 but destined to meet as shameful an end4 ,let us compare1 then1 ,burke's theory of true liberty1 and his opinion of what ,france might have gained by a large and loyal measure of reform1 with the desperate counsels and futile outrages which followed the surrender of the movement by the ,french conservatives into the hands of the ,jacobins4 8,you would10 he says1 had such a course as he recommended been pursued1 8have rendered the cause of liberty venerable in the eyes of every worthy mind in every nation4 ,you would have shamed despotism from the earth by showing that freedom was not only reconcilable1 but1 as when well disciplined it is1 auxiliary to law4 ,you would have had a protected1 satisfied1 laborious1 and obedient people1 taught to seek and recognize that happiness is to be found by virtue in all conditions2 in which consists the true moral equality of mankind1 and not in that monstrous fiction which1 by inspiring false ideas and vain expectations into men destined to travel in the obscure walks of laborious life1 serves only to aggravate and embitter that real inequality which it never can remove40 ,burke's frequent definitions of true liberty are as beautiful as they are true4 8,you hope1 sir10 he says1 writing to ,de ,menonville1 8that ,i think the ,french deserving of liberty4 ,i certainly do4 ,i certainly think all men who desire it deserve it4 ,it is not the reward of our merit or the acquisition of our industry4 ,it is our inheritance4 ,it is the birthright of our species4 ,we cannot forfeit our right to it but by what forfeits our title to the privileges of our kind4 ,i mean the abuse or oblivion of our natural faculties1 and a ferocious indocility which is prompt to wrong or violence1 destroys our social nature1 and transforms us into something a little better than a description of wild beast4 ,to men so degraded a state of strong restraint is a sort of necessary substitute for freedom1 since1 bad as it is1 it may deliver them in some measure from the worst of all slavery1 that is1 the despotism of their own blind and brutal passions4 ,you have kindly said that you began to love freedom from your intercourse with me4 ,permit me1 then1 to continue our conversation1 and to tell you what that freedom is that ,i love4 ,it is not solitary1 unconnected1 individual1 selfish liberty4 ,it is social freedom4 ,it is that state of things in which the liberty of no man and no body of men is in a condition to trespass on the liberty of any person or any description of persons in society4 ,the liberty1 the only liberty1 ,i mean1 is a liberty connected with order2 that not only exists along with virtue and order1 but which cannot exist without them40 8,am ,i10 he asks1 in answer to the shibboleth of the 8rights of man10--8am ,i to congratulate a highwayman and murderer1 who has broke prison1 upon the recovery of his natural rights8 ,this would be to act over again the case of the criminals condemned to the galleys and their heroic deliverer1 the knight of the 'sorrowful countenance4'0 ,if we turn from ,burke's satire upon the revolutionary actors to his opinions on its probable onward course and changing fortunes1 we shall find a series of the most remarkable political prophecies on record4 ,at a time when ,fox and the opposition hailed the ,revolution as already accomplished1 with nothing before it but a future of ideal progress and happiness2 when ,pitt and the government seemed lulled into a still more fatal inaction1 ,burke proclaimed in decisive tones that the contest between socialism and all constituted governments had only begun4 ,we group together a few of these remarkable predictions1 which time has so amply verified3 8,he proposed to prove10 he said in his ,appeal from the ,new to the ,old ,whigs1 8that the present state of things in ,france is not a transient evil1 productive1 as some have too favorably supposed1 of a lasting good2 but that the present evil is only the means of producing future and1 if that were possible1 worse evils4 ,that this is not an undigested1 imperfect1 and crude scheme of liberty1 which may be gradually mellowed and ripened into an orderly and social freedom2 but that it is so fundamentally wrong as to be incapable of correcting itself by any length of time40 ,again3 8,we are not at the end of our struggle or near it4 ,let us not deceive ourselves2 we are at the beginning of great troubles40 ,predicting the changing features of the ,revolution1 he said3 8,in its present form it can hardly remain2 but before its final settlement it may have to pass1 as one of our poets says1 'through great varieties of untried being1' and in all its transmigrations to be purified by fire and sword40 ,the very spirit of the ,commune is thus foreshadowed in a letter to ,m4 de ,menonville1 #agij3 8,but if the same ends should hereafter require the same course which had been already pursued1 there is no doubt but the same ferocious delight in murder and the same savage cruelty will be again renewed40 ,tous les vques a la lanterne was the watchword of both outbreaks of the ,revolution4 ,compare with these sayings the remarks1 fifty years later1 of another observer1 of great acuteness1 but moulded in less heroic proportions than ,burke4 8,this day fiftyone years10 writes ,de ,tocqueville1 the author of ,democracy in ,america1 8the ,french ,revolution commenced1 and1 after the destruction of so many men and institutions1 we may say it is still going on4 ,is not this reassuring to the nations that are only just beginning theirs807#bjb7 ,de ,tocqueville1 it is well known1 during the early part of his career1 was tainted with the prevalent liberal ,catholicism of his day in ,france4 ,he wished to unite the church with the ,revolution--chimerical task1 of which advancing years and experience convinced him of the sinful folly6 ,happily for himself1 he died a good ,catholic in the bosom of the church4 8,i scarcely dare hope10 he says1 8to see a regular government1 strong and at the same time liberal1 established in our country4 ,this ideal was1 as you know1 the dream of my youth1 and likewise of the portion of my mature age that has passed4 ,is it possible still to believe in its realization8 ,for a long time ,i thought 7but long before ,february this belief had been much shaken7 that we had been making our way over a stormy sea1 on which we were still tossing1 but that the port was at hand4 ,was ,i not wrong8 ,are we not on a rolling sea that has no shore8 ,or is not the land so distant1 so unknown1 that our lives and those of our children may pass away before it is reached1 or1 at least1 before any settlement is made upon it8444 ,i am indeed alarmed at the state of the public mind4 ,it is far from betokening the close of a revolution4 ,at the time it was said1 and to this day it is commonly repeated1 that the insurgents of ,june were the dregs of the populace2 that they were all outcasts of the basest description1 whose only motive was lust for plunder4 ,such1 of course1 were many of them4 ,but it is not true that they were all of this kind2 would to ,god that they had been6 ,such wretches are always a small minority2 they never prevail2 they are imprisoned or executed1 and all is over4 ,in the insurrection of ,june1 besides bad passions1 there were1 what are far more dangerous1 false opinions4 ,many of the men who attempted to overthrow the most sacred rights were carried away by an erroneous notion of right4 ,they sincerely believed that society was based upon injustice1 and they wished to give it another foundation4 ,compare ,gambetta's nouvelle couche sociale4 ,our bayonets and our cannon will never destroy this revolutionary fanaticism4 ,it will create for us dangers and embarrassments without end4 ,finally1 ,i begin to ask myself whether anything solid or durable can be built on the shifting basis of our society8 ,whether it will support even a despotism1 which many people1 tired of storms1 would1 for want of a better1 hail as a haven8 ,we did not see this great revolution in human society begin2 we shall not see it end4 ,if ,i had children1 ,i should always be repeating this to them1 and should tell them that in this age and in this country one ought to be fit for everything1 and prepared for everything1 for no one can count on the future407#bjc7 ,a conversation apropos of a ,benedictine survivor of #aghi1 given from ,mr4 ,senior's ,journal 7,memoir1 vol4 ii4 p4 #a71 illustrates the final opinion of the author of ,democracy in ,america upon the ,revolution4 ,it took place only one year before his death3 8,and what effect10 ,i asked1 8has the contemplation of seventy years of revolution produced on him 7the ,benedictine78 ,does he look back1 like ,talleyrand1 to the ancien rgime as a golden age80 8,he admits10 said ,tocqueville1 8the material superiority of our own age1 but he believes that intellectually and morally we are far inferior to our grandfathers4 ,and ,i agree with him4 ,these seventy years of revolution have destroyed our courage1 our hopefulness1 our selfreliance1 our public spirit1 and1 as respects by far the majority of our higher classes1 our passions1 except the vulgarest and most selfish ones1 vanity and covetousness4 ,even ambition seems extinct4 ,the men who seek power seek it not for itself1 not as a means of doing good to their country but as a means of getting money and flatterers407#bjd7 ,what more remarkable testimony to ,burke's prophetic vision could be offered8 ,if any were needed1 it would be found in an opposite quarter1 in the revelations of ,cluseret and his accomplices as to the premeditated burning of ,paris and the destruction of the ,vendme ,column in #ahga1 viewed in connection with ,burke's positive and reiterated assertions that the worst excesses of #aghi were not the result of sudden passion1 nor accidental1 8as some believed or pretended to believe1 but were systematically designed from the beginning40 ,it is known that among his correspondents in #aghiij were the notorious ,tom ,paine and the eccentric cosmopolite1 ,anacharsis ,baron de ,clootz1 both of whom strove to enlist ,burke in the defence of the revolutionary cause before he had decisively pronounced himself4 ,paine and ,clootz1 congenial birds of prey1 had both flown to ,paris 7anticipating the course of their disciples in #ahga71 smelling the approaching carnage afar off2 and from them there is reason to believe ,burke gathered ample hints of the full measure of the revolutionary programme4 ,striking also is ,burke's remark that the revolutionary subdivision of ,france would induce a demand for communal or cantonal independence4 8,these commonwealths10 he says1 8will not long bear a state of subjection to the republic of ,paris0--a prediction wonderfully verified by the attitude of ,lyons and ,marseilles during the late war and the period of the ,commune1 as well as by the cantonal programme of the ,spanish revolutionists4 ,burke's theory of the true basis of government was as moderate and well conceived as the revolutionary schemes were destructive and unsound4 8,we know10 he says1 8and1 what is better1 we feel1 that religion is the basis of society and the source of all good and all comfort4 ,a man full of warm1 speculative benevolence may wish his society otherwise constituted than as he finds it2 but a good patriot and a true politician always considers how he shall make the most of the existing constitution of his country4 ,a disposition to preserve and an ability to improve taken together1 would be my standard of a statesman4 ,everything else is vulgar in the conception1 perilous in the execution40 ,his defence of the cause of religion in ,france1 and his glowing tribute to the virtue and learning of the ,french clergy1 then1 as now1 the mark of the deadliest shafts of the ,revolution1 are eloquent and inspiring1 but too long to quote in this article4 ,equally remarkable with ,burke's prophetic warnings of the successive crimes and follies of the ,revolution and its offspring1 the ,commune1 are his speculations on a supposed restoration of the monarchy4 ,more than a quarter of a century after his death their wisdom was illustrated in the events of the inglorious reign of ,charles ,x4 ,his words are almost startling in their applicability to the present posture of ,french affairs1 the ,septennate1 and the conflicting aspirations of the ,comte de ,chambord and the ,prince ,imperial3 8,what difficulties10 he says1 referring to a ,restoration1 in his letter on the policy of the allies1 8will be met with in a country1 exhausted by the taking of its capital1 and among a people in a manner trained and actively disciplined to anarchy1 rebellion1 disorder1 and impiety1 may be conceived by those who know what ,jacobin ,france is2 who may have occupied themselves in revolving in their minds what they were to do if it fell to their lot to reestablish the affairs of ,france4 ,what support or what limitations the restored monarchy must have may be a doubt1 or how it will settle or pitch at last2 but one thing ,i conceive to be far beyond a doubt--that the settlement cannot be immediate1 but that it must be preceded by some sort of power equal1 at least in vigor1 vigilance1 promptness1 and decision1 to a military government4 ,for such a preparatory government no slowpaced1 methodical1 formal1 lawyerlike system2 still less that of a showy1 artificial1 trifling1 intriguing court1 guided by cabals of ladies1 or men like ladies2 least of all a philosophic1 theoretic1 disputatious school of sophistry--none of these ever will1 or ever can1 lay the foundations of an order that will last40 8,a judicious1 welltempered1 and manly severity in the support of law and order0--this was ,burke's advice to princes4 ,he advocated freedom of the press as understood in ,england2 8but they indeed10 he said1 8who seriously write upon a principle of levelling1 ought to be answered by the magistrate1 and not by the speculatist40 ,we conclude our quotations by the following portrait of the 8,legitimate ,prince03 8,whoever10 says ,burke1 8claims a right by birth to govern there1 must find in his breast1 or conjure up in it1 an energy not always to be expected1 not always to be wished1 in wellordered states4 ,the lawful prince must have in everything but crime the character of an usurper4 ,he is gone if he imagines himself the quiet possessor of a throne4 ,he is to contend for it as much after an apparent conquest as before4 ,his task is to win it4 ,he must leave posterity to adorn and enjoy it4 ,no velvet cushions for him4 ,he is to be always--,i speak nearly to the letter--on horseback4 ,this opinion is the result of much patient thinking on the subject1 which ,i conceive no event is likely to alter40 ,burke's tremendous onslaught on the ,revolution drew forth swarms of opponents in his own day1 most of whom are now forgotten4 ,more than emulating the besotted conceit of those early apologists of anarchy1 8liberal0 writers are still to be found so infatuated with hostility to the ,catholic ,church1 so purblind to the experience of nearly a hundred years--of the bloody chapters of #agic1 of #ahcj1 of #ahdh1 of #ahea1 of #ahga--so unawakened by the ruin the same accursed spirit has wrought in ,spain1 as to be heard chanting the glories of the ,revolution and bewailing the possibility of 8a priestly reaction0 as the 8destruction of all that has been gained by the national agonies of the last century40 ,what has been gained which would not have been gained in the gradual progress of society8 ,what rather has not been lost in national honor and domestic virtue and happiness which would have been retained 8if men had not been quite shrunk10 as ,burke said1 8from their natural dimensions by a degrading and sordid philosophy08 ,let a witness like ,de ,tocqueville answer6 ,the great political philosopher's warnings against the real spirit of the ,revolution are still worthy the attention of all governments4 ,time has added to their value1 not diminished it4 8,against these1 their #8rights of men1' let no government10 he says1 8look for security in the length of its continuance or in the justice and lenity of its administration4 ,they are always at issue with governments1 not on a question of abuse1 but on a question of competency and a question of title40 ,his advice is vigorous and plain4 8,never10 he says1 8succumb to the enemy4 ,it is a struggle for your national existence4 ,if you must die1 die with the sword in your hand6 ,but ,i have no fear for the result60 ,robert ,cavelier ,de ,la ,salle4 ,concluded4 ,on the #fth of ,april ,la ,salle discovered that the river was running through three channels4 ,the following day he divided his company into three parties1 of which he led the one that followed the western channel2 the ,sieur de ,tonty1 accompanied by ,father ,membr1 took the middle channel1 and the ,sieur ,dautray took the eastern channel4 ,father ,membr relates that these channels appeared to them 8beautiful and deep40 ,the water began to get brackish2 then two leagues further down it became perfectly salt2 and now1 ,o glorious sight6 8,the sea6 the sea6 the open sea1 ,the blue1 the fresh1 the ever free10 was spread out before the eager and enchanted eyes of those brave and noble voyagers4 ,their first impulse was to return thanks to the ,king of kings for the protecting arm of his providence1 that had thus guided them safely to this glorious consummation of their hopes2 their second was to honor the ,king of ,france for his favor and protection4 ,for these purposes1 on the #ith of ,april1 a cross and a column were erected with appropriate ceremonies4 ,the entire company1 under arms1 joined with the minister of religion in chanting the hymn of the church1 ,vexilla ,regis1 and the ,te ,deum1 and then followed a discharge of their muskets and shouts of 8,long live the ,king60 ,the column bore the following inscription3 8,louis the ,great1 ,king of ,france and ,navarre1 reigns2 the #ith of ,april1 #afhb40 ,at the foot of a tree ,la ,salle caused a leaden plate to be buried1 bearing the arms of ,france and a ,latin inscription commemorative of the first navigation of the ,mississippi1 from the ,illinois to its mouth1 by ,la ,salle1 ,tonty1 ,membr1 and twenty ,frenchmen4 ,an authentic act1 in the form of a procs verbal1 was drawn up by ,la ,metairie1 the notary of the expedition1 and signed by ,la ,salle1 ,father ,membr1 ,tonty1 and the other principal members of the company4 ,la ,salle took formal possession of the country1 which he was the first to call ,louisiana1 for the ,king of ,france2 also of the natives and people residing therein1 the seas1 harbors1 and all the streams flowing into the ,mississippi4 ,the great river itself he called the ,st4 ,louis4 ,in the midst of their rejoicings they were suffering for food4 ,they found some dried meat prepared by the ,indians1 of which they partook with relish1 and1 as the good missionary says1 8,it was very good and delicate40 ,what must have been their feelings when they discovered that they had partaken of human flesh6 ,scarcity of food compelled them to turn their canoes upstream4 ,la ,salle paid a visit to the hostile ,quinipissas1 with whom he resorted to his usual address to propitiate their friendship1 and1 though invited to a banquet1 his men partook of it with their guns at their sides4 ,a treacherous treaty of peace was entered into1 but was used as a cover for an attack next morning upon the ,europeans4 ,but the ever watchful ,la ,salle was prepared for them4 ,the two parties were engaged in a contest of two hours1 in which the ,quinipissas were worsted1 and sustained a loss of ten men killed and many wounded4 ,this is the only occasion in which the hostile dispositions of the natives did not yield to skill and diplomacy4 ,his men1 exasperated at the conduct of the treacherous natives1 urged him to allow them to burn their village2 but he adopted the wiser and more humane policy of refraining from alienating still more by unnecessary cruelty those whom he wished to make devout worshippers of the ,king of heaven and loyal subjects of the ,king of ,france4 ,during the remainder of the return voyage1 with the exception of the ,koroas1 who had now become allies of the ,quinipissas1 he met with the same hospitable treatment from the tribes on the banks of the river as he had received while going down4 ,they were now regaled on the fresh green corn of the fields4 ,la ,salle with two canoes pushed forward from the ,arkansas1 in advance of his party1 as far as ,fort ,prudhomme4 ,here he became dangerously ill1 and could advance no further1 and on the #b;d of ,june was joined by the entire company4 ,his malady became so violent that he was compelled to send ,tonty forward to convey early information to the ,comte de ,frontenac of the great discovery4 ,father ,membr remained with ,la ,salle1 doing all in his power to alleviate the sufferings of his cherished leader1 whose illness continued forty days4 ,the expedition by slow advances reached the ,miami late in ,september1 where they learned of several of ,tonty's military expeditions undertaken after he left the main body4 ,intending to make the voyage of the ,mississippi again in the spring1 and plant colonies along its shores1 ,la ,salle appointed ,father ,membr his messenger to the king2 and this zealous man1 accepting the commission with promptness1 proceeded to ,quebec1 and on the #b;d of ,october sailed for ,france1 to lay before the ,french court accurate information of ,la ,salle's discoveries4 ,during the next ten or twelve months ,la ,salle remained in the ,illinois country1 cementing his friendly alliances with the ,indians1 and pushing forward his trading interests4 ,having seen ,fort ,st4 ,louis completed1 he left ,tonty in command of it1 and for his plan of colonization he substituted the project of applying to the ,french government for cooperation in a much more extensive one4 ,he reached ,quebec early in ,november1 and sailed for ,france to render an account of his fulfilment of the royal orders1 and to enlist the good offices of the government in his future plans1 and landed at ,rochelle on the #bc;d of ,december1 #afhc4 ,the following allusion to ,la ,salle's services to ,france in extending the province of ,new ,france by the exploration of the ,mississippi1 by ,gov4 ,dongan1 of the rival ,english province of ,new ,york1 is interesting4 ,alluding to a map of the country which he was sending home to his superiors1 ,gov4 ,dongan writes3 8,also1 it points out where there's a great river discovered by one ,lassal1 a ,frenchman from ,canada1 who thereupon went into ,france1 and1 as it's reported1 brought two or three vessels with people to settle there1 which 7if true7 will prove very inconvenient to us1 but to the ,spanish also 7the river running all along from our lakes by the back of ,virginia and ,carolina into the ,bay of ,mexico72 and it's believed ,nova ,mexico cannot be far from the mountains adjoining it1 that place being in #cf ,north ,latitude4 ,if your lordships thought it fit1 ,i could send a sloop or two from this place to discover that river407#bje7 ,la ,salle now conceived the plan of approaching the mouth of the ,mississippi by sea1 exploring the country1 and founding powerful colonies therein4 ,the evil reports of his enemies had preceded him to ,france1 and these were strengthened by the disparaging representations which ,de ,la ,barre1 ,frontenac's successor as ,governor of ,canada1 had been sending home4 ,but the ,marquis de ,seignelay1 the son of the deceased minister ,colbert1 again favored ,la ,salle's enterprises1 and secured for them the favor of the king4 ,the government provided a fleet of four vessels for the expedition3 the ,joly1 a royal ship1 a frigate of thirtysix tons1 commanded by ,capt4 de ,beaujeu1 a ,norman gentleman1 who was also commander of the squadron2 the ,belle1 of six tons1 a present from the king to ,la ,salle2 the ,aimable1 a storeship of three hundred tons burden1 on board of which were the goods1 implements1 and effects of the expedition2 and the ,st4 ,francis1 a ketch containing munitions and merchandise for ,san ,domingo4 ,m4 de ,chevalier d',aire was lieutenant to ,capt4 de ,beaujeu1 and the ,sieur de ,hamel1 a young gentleman full of fire and courage1 his ensign4 ,father ,le ,clercq1 the narrator of the expedition1 exclaims3 8,would to ,god the troops and rest of the crew had been as well chosen60 ,a new commission was issued to ,la ,salle1 by which he was authorized to found colonies in ,louisiana1 and to govern the vast country and its inhabitants from ,lake ,michigan to the borders of ,mexico4 ,the commander of the squadron was to be subject to his orders1 except in navigating the ships at sea--an arrangement which the jealous and sensitive mind of ,beaujeu permitted to embitter him against ,la ,salle1 and which led to difficulties between them4 ,besides marines and one hundred soldiers1 the company to embark in the expedition amounted to about two hundred and eighty persons1 amongst whom were several persons of consideration4 ,the ,sieur ,moranget1 and the ,sieur ,cavelier1 nephews of ,la ,salle1 the latter only fourteen years old2 ,planterose1 ,thibault1 ,ory1 ,joutel1 ,talon1 a ,canadian gentleman with his family1 and some other families1 consisting of men and young women1 also joined the expedition as volunteers4 ,one of ,la ,salle's first cares was to provide for the spiritual wants of his followers and colonists and the conversion of the heathen nations he expected to visit4 ,for ten years the zealous ,recollect ,fathers had seconded and promoted the efforts of ,la ,salle to ,christianize the natives of the ,new ,world1 and he now made it an essential point to obtain some of these holy men to accompany his great expedition4 ,his application to their superior1 the ,rev4 ,father ,hyacinth le ,febvre1 was cordially complied with1 and accordingly ,fathers ,zenobe ,membr1 ,anastace ,donay1 and ,maxime ,le ,clercq were selected from this order for the task4 ,m4 ,tronon1 superior of the ,sulpitians1 was not behind the ,recollects in zeal for the good work1 and accordingly three secular priests1 ,cavelier1 the brother of ,la ,salle1 ,chefdeville his relative1 and ,majulle1 were chosen4 ,these constituted the ecclesiastical corps of the expedition4 ,nothing was left undone1 either by the superiors of the ,recollects or of the ,sulpitians1 nor by the ,holy ,see1 for carrying the faith of ,christ to those remote and benighted regions4 ,ample powers and privileges were conferred upon the good missionaries1 so as to relieve them from the necessity in emergencies of resorting to the distant ordinary of ,quebec4 ,but in selecting soldiers1 artisans1 and laborers1 the most culpable disregard of duty was chargeable to the agents of ,la ,salle1 who1 while he was engaged at ,paris1 filled up the ranks by receiving from the streets of ,rochelle worthless vagabonds and beggars1 who were wholly ignorant of the trades for which they were chosen4 ,la ,salle was only partially able to remedy this evil before sailing4 ,bancroft thus describes the composition of this part of the expedition3 8,but the mechanics were poor workmen1 ill versed in their art2 the soldiers1 though they had for commander ,joutel1 a man of courage and truth1 and afterwards the historian of the grand enterprise1 were themselves spiritless vagabonds1 without discipline and without experience2 the volunteers were restless with indefinite expectations2 and1 worst of all1 the naval commander1 ,beaujeu1 was deficient in judgment1 incapable of sympathy with the magnanimous heroism of ,la ,salle1 envious1 selfwilled1 and foolishly proud40 ,la ,salle arrived at ,rochelle on the #bhth of ,may1 #afhd1 and during his stay of some weeks the unhappy misunderstanding between him and the commander of the squadron1 which proved so great a drawback on the enterprise1 began to manifest itself4 ,the four vessels sailed from ,rochelle on the #bdth of ,july1 but the breaking of one of the masts of the ,joly in a storm caused them to put in at ,chefde,bois1 and finally1 on the #ast of ,august1 they set sail again1 steering for ,san ,domingo4 ,during the voyage to ,san ,domingo1 ,la ,salle and ,beaujeu could not proceed together with cordiality or harmony1 and the former was unfortunate in gaining the illwill of the subordinate officers and sailors by interfering to protect his own men from what he regarded as an absurd and unnecessary procedure4 ,it was the custom among sailors to require all who had not before crossed the tropic to submit to the penalty of being plunged into a tub of water by their veteran companions for the amusement of others1 or pay liberally for a commutation of the penalty4 ,la ,salle peremptorily forbade his men being subjected to this alternative2 hence the hostility of those who failed to realize the usual fun or fine at their expense4 ,after a prosperous voyage a storm overtook the squadron as they approached ,san ,domingo4 ,it was agreed that the ,joly should put in at ,port de ,paix in the north of the island2 but ,beaujeu changed his course of his own will1 and carried her to ,petit ,gonave1 far to the south4 ,in four days the ,belle and ,aimable1 which had been separated from her by the storm1 joined her there4 ,the ,st4 ,francis was surprised and captured by two ,spanish pirogues1 which was a serious loss to the expedition and a sore affliction to ,la ,salle4 ,at ,petit ,gonave ,la ,salle did all in his power for the relief of the sick4 ,he was1 however1 stricken down himself by a violent illness that for a while rendered his recovery hopeless4 ,he recovered in time sufficiently to attend to the prosecution of the voyage4 ,he and ,fathers ,membr and ,donay1 ,cavelier1 ,chefdeville1 and ,joutel1 were transferred to the ,aimable1 and thus the two commanders were happily separated4 ,in their misunderstanding ,beaujeu was greatly at fault in accepting a command inferior to that of ,la ,salle1 as he well knew it to be1 and in embarrassing by his petulant and jealous course an undertaking which his instructions and his obvious duty obliged him to promote4 ,la ,salle1 too1 would have acted more wisely and discreetly in conciliating one whose goodwill and cooperation were so necessary to his success4 ,the squadron1 now reduced to three vessels1 sailed from ,petit ,gonave on the #beth of ,november4 ,after pursuing their course safely along the ,cayman ,isles1 and anchoring at the ,isle of ,peace 7pines71 where they stopped to take in water1 and at ,port ,san ,antonio1 in the ,island of ,cuba1 they entered the ,gulf of ,mexico on the #abth of ,december4 ,sailing ten days longer1 they descried land at once from the ,belle and ,aimable4 ,so utterly unknown was the latitude of the coasts1 and so erroneous the sailing information given to them at ,san ,domingo1 that no one could tell where they were2 but it was conjectured after much consultation that they must be in the ,bay of ,appalachee1 which is nearly three hundred miles east of the ,mississippi4 ,on the contrary1 they were near ,atchafalaya ,bay1 about one hundred miles west of the main mouth of the ,mississippi4 ,guided by the general opinion as to their locality1 they now coasted to the westward1 going still further from the object of their search4 ,no information could be obtained from the natives on the shore1 and finally1 after twenty days' sailing1 it was ascertained that they were approaching the borders of ,mexico1 near ,magdalen ,river and the ,bay of ,espiritu ,santo4 ,the ,joly now came up1 and the unfortunate misunderstanding between ,la ,salle and ,beaujeu was renewed1 in consequence of the latter charging that he had been designedly left behind4 ,the superior sailing capacity of the ,joly1 and ,beaujeu's evident indifference about keeping company with the other vessels1 flatly contradicted this irritating charge4 ,all now desired to return in the direction of the ,mississippi1 except ,beaujeu1 who would not go without a new supply of provisions4 ,la ,salle offered a supply of fifteen days1 the best he could do2 but ,beaujeu rejected the offer as insufficient4 ,in the meantime the vessels proceeded twenty miles along the coast1 reaching the outlet of the ,bay of ,st4 ,bernard1 to which ,la ,salle gave the name of ,st4 ,louis1 now called ,matagorda ,bay4 ,joutel and ,moranget were sent to explore the bay1 and afterwards ,la ,salle joined them at a river they could not cross without a boat4 ,the pilots having reported insufficient depth of water1 the ,aimable was lightened and her captain ordered to run her into the bay4 ,the pilot of the ,belle1 knowing the harbor1 was sent to his assistance2 but the captain of the ,aimable refused him admittance on board1 saying that he knew how to manage his own ship4 ,the ,aimable was soon upon a shoal4 ,she bilged1 and was a ruin4 ,a portion of the cargo was saved1 ,beaujeu himself sending his boats to assist1 but most of the implements and tools intended for the colony were lost4 ,there was no doubt1 says ,joutel1 of the treachery of the captain of the ,aimable in this affair4 ,la ,salle from the shore had the mortification of seeing all his orders disobeyed1 and witnessed this deplorable accident to the store ship4 ,he was embarking1 in order to remedy the false movements of his vessels1 when over a hundred ,indians made their appearance4 ,first putting them to flight1 and then offering them the calumet1 he made them his friends4 ,he also gave them presents1 purchased some of their canoes1 and all seemed to promise a lasting friendship1 from which great advantages would have resulted to the expedition4 ,but1 alas6 all upon whom ,la ,salle had to depend did not possess his prudence nor always follow his injunctions4 ,by the imprudence of some of his men a serious difficulty sprang up with the ,indians4 ,a bale of blankets from the wreck of the storeship was thrown ashore and seized by the ,indians4 ,la ,salle ordered his men to recover it by peaceable means2 but they pursued just the opposite course1 by demanding its restoration with pointed muskets4 ,they became alarmed and fled1 but returned at night1 and1 finding the sentinel asleep1 attacked the camp1 killing the ,sieurs ,ory and ,desloges1 two of ,la ,salle's most valued friends1 two cadets1 and dangerously wounding ,moranget4 ,this and the numerous other disasters which they encountered caused many a heart that started out full of hope and courage to falter or despond1 and many talked of abandoning the enterprise4 ,but ,la ,salle's example of calm determination and unflagging spirit sustained them under the appalling gloom and illluck that seemed to hang over the adventure4 ,but ,beaujeu1 whose hostility to ,la ,salle and his enterprise increased with the misfortunes of the latter1 now resolved to return to ,france4 ,all the cannonballs were in his vessel1 and he refused to deliver them1 because it would be necessary to remove a part of his cargo in order to get them out4 ,thus the cannons were left with the colony1 and the balls carried back to ,france4 ,he took on board the treacherous captain and crew of the ,aimable1 and the #abth of ,march sailed for ,france4 ,in the meantime the company left at the fort sustained a severe loss in the death of the ,sieur de ,gros from the bite of a rattlesnake4 ,also1 a conspiracy was set on foot in the fort1 with the design of murdering ,joutel1 and then escaping with such effects as they could carry off4 ,but the designs of these traitors were discovered in time to be defeated4 ,the colony now consisted of about one hundred and eighty persons besides the crew of the ,belle1 and their own faithful guns were their only means of obtaining food in that vast and distant wild4 ,a temporary fort was erected with the dbris of the ,aimable for their protection1 and ,moranget was left in command of it4 ,la ,salle1 accompanied by ,fathers ,membr and ,le ,clercq1 started out with fifty men to explore the shores of the bay1 ordering the ,belle to sail along to make soundings4 ,anchoring opposite a point--where a post was established1 to which ,hurier gave his own name 7being appointed to the command of it71 serving as an intermediate station between the naval camp and that which ,la ,salle intended to establish further on--in their course a large river was discovered1 to which ,la ,salle gave the name of ,vaches1 or ,cow ,river1 from the great number of cows he saw on its banks2 and here the intended station was erected4 ,holy ,week and ,easter intervening1 were celebrated with solemnity and fervor by these ,christian colonists in the wilderness1 8each one10 as ,father ,membr remarks1 8receiving his ,creator40 ,about the middle of ,july the entire colony1 with their effects and whatever could be of service1 were transferred to this encampment from those of ,moranget and ,hurier1 which were destroyed4 ,here the men were employed in cultivating the soil and in sowing seeds brought from ,france1 which1 however1 did not succeed1 either because they had been injured by the salt water or because the season was not suitable4 ,they were next engaged in erecting a habitation and fort1 which was a work of huge labor and hardship1 as the trees for the timber had to be cut three miles off and dragged to the spot1 and many of the men sank under the toil4 ,the ,sieur de ,villeperdy and thirty others were carried off within a few days by disease contracted at ,san ,domingo1 and among them was the master carpenter1 whose services could not well be spared4 ,while under these calamities the spirits of all around him were sinking1 ,la ,salle remained firm and cheerful4 ,setting them the example himself1 he kept all the healthy men at work4 ,he took the place of architect and chief carpenter upon himself1 marked out the beams1 tenons1 and mortises1 and prepared the timbers for the workmen4 ,the fort occupied an advantageous position1 was soon finished1 mounted with twelve pieces of cannon1 and supplied with a magazine under ground4 ,it was called ,st4 ,louis1 and placed under the command of ,joutel4 ,the insolence of the ,indians compelled ,la ,salle to give them a proof of his power4 ,for this purpose he waged war upon them1 but only with sufficient rigor to make them respect him and his companions4 ,among the captives was a very young girl1 who was baptized1 and died a few days afterwards2 of whom ,father ,le ,clercq said3 8,the firstfruits of this mission1 and a sure conquest sent to heaven40 ,detained some time by the sickness of his brother1 ,la ,salle did not resume his exploration of the bay till towards the last of ,october1 when1 putting his clothes1 papers1 and other effects on the ,belle1 he ordered the captain to sail along the western shore in concert with his movements4 ,wishing to ascertain how near the shore the ,belle could approach1 he sent the pilot and five men to make soundings1 with instructions that all should return on board at night4 ,attracted by the peaceful beauty of the country1 and proposing to cook and enjoy the supper on shore1 the pilot and five men1 leaving their arms and canoe at low water1 advanced a gun shot on the upland4 ,after their supper they fell asleep4 ,la ,salle1 becoming uneasy at their absence1 went in search of them1 and to his horror found them all lying on the ground murdered1 their bodies half devoured by wild animals1 and their arms and canoe destroyed4 ,it was with sad hearts that the survivors paid the last honors to their slaughtered companions2 for disasters followed in such quick succession that no one could foresee the time or circumstances of his own fate4 ,of the colony now described ,bancroft remarks3 8,this is the settlement which made ,texas a part of ,louisiana4 ,in its sad condition it had yet saved from the wreck a good supply of arms and bars of iron for the forge4 ,even now this colony possessed from the bounty of ,louis ,,xiv41 more than was contributed by all the ,english monarchs together for the twelve ,english colonies on the ,atlantic4 ,its number still exceeded that of ,smith in ,virginia1 or of those who embarked in the ,mayflower4 ,france took possession of ,texas2 her arms were carved on its stately foresttrees2 and by no treaty or public document1 except the general cessions of ,louisiana1 did she ever after relinquish the right to the province as colonized under her banners1 and made still more surely a part of her territory because the colony found there its grave40 ,la ,salle now determined to seek the mouth of the ,mississippi by land around the eastern part of the bay4 ,leaving provisions for six1 he set out with his brother1 the ,sieur ,cavelier1 and twenty men4 ,he explored in canoes every stream that might prove an outlet of the great river1 and was enchanted with the beautiful region which he traversed4 ,but all was in vain4 ,after an absence of four months1 and satisfying himself that none of the outlets of the ,mississippi emptied into the bay1 and after losing twelve or thirteen of his men1 he returned in rags to ,fort ,st4 ,louis4 ,he now sent out a party in search of the ,belle1 whose long absence caused him great uneasiness2 for in her were centred all his hopes of reaching the mouth of the ,mississippi by sea1 of procuring assistance from ,san ,domingo1 or of sending information of their forlorn condition to ,france1 or1 perhaps1 in his extremest necessity1 of saving his colony from a horrid death by famine or at the hands of the savages4 ,la ,salle1 with his characteristic courage and perseverance1 now resolved to undertake a journey to the distant ,illinois1 in order to obtain relief from the faithful ,tonty1 whom he had stationed there on departing for ,france4 ,he selected as his companions on this dangerous and toilsome journey his brother1 ,cavelier1 ,father ,anastasius ,donay1 ,father ,le ,clercq1 ,moranget1 ,behorel1 ,hurier1 ,heins1 a ,german surgeon who joined him at ,san ,domingo1 and ,nika1 the ,indian hunter1 who was ever at his side1 and others1 making in all twenty persons4 ,the preparations for this great journey consisted of four pounds of powder1 four pounds of lead1 two axes1 two dozen knives1 as many awls1 some beads1 and two kettles4 ,they first repaired to the chapel1 where the ,divine ,mysteries were celebrated and the blessing of heaven invoked upon their undertaking4 ,committing the colony left behind to the care of ,joutel1 ,la ,salle and his companions set out on the #bb;d of ,april1 #afhf1 from ,fort ,st4 ,louis4 ,their route lay in a northeasterly direction and through a country of immense prairies and mighty rivers1 inhabited by various ,indian tribes1 who were exceedingly friendly and hospitable2 even the women1 who were usually timid and undemonstrative1 coming forward to greet the wayworn1 mysterious travellers4 ,in some instances they found that the ,indians had had some intercourse with the ,spaniards4 ,la ,salle and the zealous ,father ,donay endeavored on every occasion to instil into their minds some knowledge of the one true ,god4 ,it is supposed by some that ,la ,salle was attracted in this direction by the fame of the rich mines of ,santa ,barbara1 the ,el ,dorado of ,northern ,mexico4 ,they found large quantities of wild cattle1 which supplied them with meat4 ,they crossed numerous rivers1 such as the ,colorado1 ,brazos1 and ,trinity1 which they knew by different titles1 and upon which they bestowed new names in honor of members of the party4 ,they endured incredible exposure1 hardship1 and toil1 and many faltered and gave out under their sufferings4 ,in crossing the ,brazos 7which they called the river ,misfortune7 on a raft of canoes1 with onehalf of his party1 including his brother1 ,la ,salle and his companions were hurried violently down the current1 and almost immediately disappeared from sight4 ,the interval between this and evening was one of intense anxiety to those who witnessed the accident2 but at nightfall the raft and its occupants were discovered safely disembarked on the opposite bank1 their onward course having been providentially arrested by the branches of a large tree in the river4 ,those who remained on the other side had to cross over and join ,la ,salle on a raft of canes1 the men having to wade into the water and draw the raft ashore4 ,father ,donay says3 8,i was obliged to put my ,breviary in my cowl1 because it got wet in my sleeve40 ,he also says3 8,we had not eaten all day1 but ,providence provided for us by letting two eaglets fall from a cedartree2 we were ten at this meal40 ,the manner in which they crossed these mighty rivers was to make one of the men swim to the other side and fell trees across the stream1 while those who remained did the same1 so that the trees from the opposite sides1 meeting in the centre1 formed a bridge1 upon which they crossed4 ,this was done more than thirty times during their journey4 ,the ,indians were in most instances friendly and hospitable1 and ,la ,salle's discernment and prudence always enabled him either to conciliate their friendship in the first instance1 or to overcome by force of character and courage any hostile feeling they might exhibit4 ,many of the tribes displayed evidences of civilization in their dress1 implements1 and dwellings1 and in the ease and cordiality with which they received and entertained strangers4 ,horses were abundant among them1 and ,la ,salle procured several1 which proved of great service4 ,among the ,coenis ,indians they found ,spanish dollars and smaller coins1 silver spoons1 lace1 and clothes of ,european styles4 ,one of the ,indians became so enamored with ,father ,donay's cowl that he offered the father a horse in exchange1 but the good religious preferred to walk rather than to part with the cherished habit of ,s4 ,francis4 ,after crossing the ,trinity ,river ,la ,salle and his nephew1 the ,sieur ,moranget1 were attacked by a violent fever1 which brought them very low and greatly retarded their march4 ,just before this four of the party1 unable to endure the fatigues and hardships of the journey1 deserted and retired to the ,nassonis ,indians2 another was swallowed by a crocodile while crossing a river2 and ,behorel was lost4 ,their powder now began to give out2 they had not advanced more than one hundred and fifty leagues in a straight line1 and one thousand miles of travel lay before them2 sickness1 delay1 and desertions had impaired their ability to proceed2 and they had no food except what the chase afforded4 ,under these circumstances ,la ,salle resolved to return to ,fort ,st4 ,louis4 ,the extreme terminus of their travel is supposed to have been midway between the ,trinity and ,red ,rivers1 near the headwaters of the ,sabine1 and fifty or sixty miles northwest of ,nacogdoches4 ,on the return the party were greatly assisted by the horses procured from the ,indians4 ,after a full month's march they arrived on the #agth of ,october1 the feast of ,s4 ,bernard1 and were welcomed by their friends at the fort with mingled feelings of joy and sadness4 ,father ,donay remarks3 8,it would be difficult to find in history courage more intrepid or more invincible than that of the ,sieur de ,la ,salle2 in adversity he was never cast down1 and always hoped with the help of heaven to succeed in his enterprises1 despite all the obstacles that rose against him40 ,sad events awaited ,la ,salle on his return4 ,in a few days he saw to his astonishment a canoe approaching in which were ,chefdeville1 ,sablonnire1 and some others from the ,belle4 ,in this fact he read the sad story of the vessel's destruction1 which was soon confirmed by their own lips4 ,that vessel1 his last hope1 had1 by the negligence of the pilot1 stranded on the beach of the southern coast of the bay4 ,the returning men1 providentially finding a canoe on the shore1 were able to escape4 ,in the ,belle were lost thirtysix barrels of flour1 a quantity of wine1 the clothes1 trunks1 linens1 and most of the tools4 ,among the few things saved were the papers and clothes of ,la ,salle4 ,the good ,father ,le ,clercq closes his narrative of this sad accident1 which completely disconcerted all of ,la ,salle's plans1 with the remark3 8,his great courage1 even1 could not have borne up had not ,god aided him by the help of extraordinary grace40 8,heaven and man10 says ,bancroft1 8seemed his enemies2 and1 with the giant energy of an indomitable will1 having lost his hopes of fortune1 his hopes of fame2 with his colony reduced to about forty1 among whom discontent had given birth to plans of crime2 with no ,europeans nearer than the river ,panuco1 no ,french nearer than ,illinois1 he resolved to travel on foot to his countrymen at the north1 and return from ,canada to renew his colony in ,texas40 ,during his absence ,joutel had been under the necessity of guarding against savage attacks upon his hunting parties from without1 and against disaffection from those within1 the fort4 ,the false ,duhaut returned to the fort1 where he incited the men to mutiny--a task of no great difficulty among men who had endured so many disappointments and hardships4 ,and though ,joutel succeeded in suppressing the mutiny1 disaffection lurked behind4 ,but the routine of the fort was occasionally relieved by gayety and merriment1 as was the case on the marriage of the ,sieur ,barbier to one of the young women who came out with the expedition4 ,the gentleness1 prudence1 and experience of ,father ,membr went far to ameliorate the condition of the company and make easy the duties of ,joutel4 ,before leaving them1 ,la ,salle provided for the greater comfort and accommodation of those at the fort4 ,as he was about to depart he was again stricken down with illness1 and was retarded ten weeks4 ,on his recovery ,la ,salle selected from seventeen to twenty companions1 amongst whom were ,father ,donay1 ,cavelier the priest1 young ,cavelier the nephew1 ,joutel1 ,moranget1 ,duhaut1 ,larcheveque1 ,heins1 ,liotel1 ,toten1 ,de ,marle1 ,teissier1 ,saget1 and the ,indian hunter ,nika4 ,la ,salle addressed them in thrilling and encouraging words1 and1 as ,father ,donay says1 8with that engaging way which was so natural to him10 and on the #abth of ,january1 #afhg1 their simple preparations being made1 it only remained for them to turn their steps northward1 8,and1 like some low and mournful spell1 ,to whisper but one word--farewell40 ,as they journeyed on they had to cross many large rivers--resorting to the same means as in their trip towards ,new ,mexico--and to traverse vast prairies1 to visit and be entertained by the ,indian tribes on the route1 to conciliate their friendship1 to secure most of their food by hunting1 and1 in fine1 encounter similar scenes and incidents as on their previous excursions4 ,on the #aeth of ,march they arrived at a place where ,la ,salle had caused a quantity of ,indian corn and beans to be buried1 and he sent ,duhaut1 ,heins1 ,liotel1 ,larcheveque1 ,teissier1 ,nika1 and his footman1 ,saget1 for it4 ,the corn and beans had disappeared1 discovered1 probably1 by the unerring scent of the ,indians2 but the gun of ,nika supplied their place with two buffaloes4 ,they sent ,saget to request ,la ,salle to allow them horses to bring the meat1 and he accordingly despatched ,moranget1 ,de ,marle1 and ,saget with two horses for that purpose4 ,on arriving at the scene ,moranget found that the meat1 though quite fresh1 had been smoked1 and that the men had selected certain parts of it and set them aside for their own enjoyment1 as was usual with them4 ,in a moment of anger ,moranget reproved them1 took away both the smoked meat and reserved pieces1 and threatened to do as he pleased with it4 ,duhaut1 in whose heart an old grudge against ,moranget still survived1 became enraged1 and adopted the guilty resolve of ridding himself of his enemy4 ,he enticed ,liotel and ,heins into a conspiracy to murder not only ,moranget1 but also ,saget and ,nika1 whose faithful gun had so often saved them from famine4 ,liotel was the willing instrument to do the horrid deed2 at night1 while they were buried in sleep1 he despatched his victims4 ,a blow extinguished the life of ,nika2 a second that of ,saget2 but ,moranget lingered for two hours1 8giving every mark of a death precious in the sight of ,god1 pardoning his murderers1 and embracing them10 till ,de ,marle1 who was not in the plot1 was compelled to complete the bloody tragedy4 8,come1 thick night1 ,and pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell6 ,that my keen knife see not the wound it makes2 ,nor heaven peep through the blanket of the dark ,to cry1 ,hold6 hold60 ,the bloodthirsty desperadoes did not1 alas6 stop at this triple murder2 adding treason to their horrid purposes1 they resolved upon the death of their commander1 the great and good ,la ,salle1 who had ever been to them a father no less than a leader4 ,three days elapsed1 and the dark purpose was only the more firmly fixed in their guilty souls4 ,in the meantime ,la ,salle became alarmed for the safety of ,moranget1 and1 as if anticipating what had happened1 he asked in the encampment if ,duhaut and his associates had not shown signs of disaffection4 ,he resolved at once to go in search of his faithful friend4 ,the remainder of this bloody tragedy we will give in the language of ,father ,donay1 who was an eyewitness of it3 8,asking me to accompany him1 he took two ,indians and set out4 ,all the way he conversed with me of matters of piety1 grace1 and predestination2 expatiating on all his obligations to ,god for having saved him from so many dangers during the last twenty years that he had traversed ,america4 ,he seemed to me particularly penetrated with a sense of ,god's benefits to him4 ,suddenly ,i saw him plunged into a deep melancholy1 for which he himself could not account2 he was so troubled that ,i did not know him any longer4 ,as this state was far from being usual1 ,i roused him from his lethargy4 ,two leagues after we found the bloody cravat of his lackey 7,saget71 he perceived two eagles flying over his head1 and at the same time perceived some of his people on the edge of the river1 which he approached1 asking them what had become of his nephew4 ,they answered us in broken words1 showing us where we should find him4 ,we proceeded some steps along the bank to the fatal spot where two of these murderers were hidden in the grass1 one on each side1 with guns cocked2 one missed ,m4 de ,la ,salle1 the other at the same time shot him in the head4 ,he died an hour after1 on the #aith of ,march1 #afhg4 8,i expected the same fate2 but this danger did not occupy my thoughts1 penetrated with grief at so cruel a spectacle4 ,i saw him fall a step from me1 with his face all full of blood2 ,i watered it with my tears1 exhorting him to the best of my power to die well4 ,he had confessed and fulfilled his devotions just before we started2 he had still time to recapitulate a part of his life1 and ,i gave him absolution4 ,during his last moments he elicited all the acts of a good ,christian1 grasping my hand at every word ,i suggested1 and especially at that of pardoning his enemies4 ,meanwhile his murderers1 as much alarmed as ,i1 began to strike their breasts and detest their blindness4 ,i could not leave the spot where he had expired without having buried him as well as ,i could1 after which ,i raised a cross over his grave4 8,thus died our wise commander2 constant in adversity1 intrepid1 generous1 engaging1 dexterous1 skilful1 capable of everything4 ,he who for twenty years had softened the fierce temper of countless savage tribes was massacred by the hands of his own domestics1 whom he had loaded with caresses4 ,he died in the prime of life1 in the midst of his course and labors1 without having seen their success40 ,it has not been precisely ascertained where the place of ,la ,salle's death is located2 but it is supposed to have been on one of the streams flowing into the ,brazos1 about forty or fifty miles north of the present town of ,washington1 in the ,state of ,texas4 ,as soon as ,father ,donay reentered the encampment1 the good and apostolical ,cavelier1 the brother of the deceased1 read the sad tragedy in his friend's countenance1 and exclaimed3 8,oh6 my poor brother is dead40 ,the grief of ,cavelier1 ,joutel1 and the other faithful companions of ,la ,salle was uncontrollable4 ,when the assassins entered the encampment to plunder the effects of their murdered commander1 they found these faithful men on their knees1 prepared for death4 ,but the sight of the venerable ,cavelier1 and perhaps some regret at the deed they had committed1 stayed their bloody work2 and these were spared1 on condition that they would not return to ,france1 though they several times afterwards heard the murderers say among themselves that they must get rid of them1 in order to save themselves from the avenging arm of justice4 ,the assassins seized upon the effects of ,la ,salle1 elected ,duhaut their leader1 and resolved to return to the ,coenis ,indians4 ,during several days they travelled together1 these wretches treating the missionaries and friends of ,la ,salle as servants1 imposing upon them every hardship in crossing the many rivers they encountered4 8,meanwhile10 says ,father ,donay1 8the justice of ,god accomplished the punishment of these men1 in default of human punishment40 ,a dispute arose between ,duhaut and ,heins over the stolen property of ,la ,salle1 in which the various guilty members of their party took the one side or the other4 ,heins1 two days afterwards1 seizing the opportunity1 shot ,duhaut through the heart with a pistol in the presence of the whole company4 ,he died upon the spot4 ,at the same moment ,ruter shot ,liotel1 the murderer of ,moranget1 who survived several hours2 and1 while thus lingering1 another fired a blank cartridge near his head1 which set fire to his hair and clothes1 and he expired amidst the flames4 ,heins now assumed command1 and would have killed ,larcheveque1 a third member of the band of assassins1 but for the intercession of ,joutel4 ,on reaching the ,coenis camp they found these warriors about to start with a large army against the ,kanoatins1 and ,heins1 dressed in the rich mantle of ,la ,salle1 to the great disgust of his surviving relatives and friends1 went with them to join in fresh deeds of carnage and crime4 ,father ,donay1 ,cavelier the priest1 ,cavelier the nephew of ,la ,salle1 ,joutel1 ,de ,marie1 ,teissier1 and a young ,parisian named ,barthelemy1 now took their departure for the ,illinois1 and1 after journeying till the #bdth of ,july1 they were greatly relieved at beholding on the opposite side of the river a large cross and log hut1 at the junction of the ,illinois and ,mississippi1 and in a few moments they were united with a small detachment stationed there by ,tonty4 ,after remaining a few days for rest and refreshment1 they started again on the #ast of ,august1 and on the #adth arrived at ,fort ,crevecur1 where they were led immediately to the chapel1 and chanted the ,te ,deum1 in thanksgiving for their safe deliverance from so many dangers1 to which others had fallen victims4 ,tonty was absent from the fort on their arrival1 on a visit to the ,illinois2 but on his return he received them with great kindness1 and supplied them with every assistance4 ,they concealed from the faithful and devoted ,tonty the death of his beloved friend and commander4 ,in the spring of #afhh they left the fort for ,quebec1 whence they sailed for ,france in ,august1 arriving there in ,october4 ,the fort in ,st4 ,bernard's ,bay was1 after the death of ,la ,salle1 attacked by the ,indians1 and the whole company massacred except three sons and a daughter of ,talon and a young ,frenchman named ,eustace de ,breman1 who were led into captivity4 ,the ,spaniards also1 hearing of ,la ,salle's movements and of the presence of ,frenchmen among the ,coenis ,indians1 sent out a military force1 who captured ,larcheveque and ,grollet1 who were sent to ,spain1 where for some time they were confined in prison1 and afterwards sent to ,mexico to work in the mines4 ,the ,talons were rescued and sent to ,mexico4 ,the two elder brothers entered the ,spanish navy1 but were afterwards restored to their country by the capture of their vessel4 ,the younger brother and his sister were retained some time in the service of the ,viceroy of ,mexico1 and afterwards accompanied him to ,spain4 ,nothing further is known of ,breman and the others who were taken captives by the ,indians4 ,the will of ,la ,salle1 bearing date the #aath of ,august1 #afha1 leaves his property to his cousin1 ,m4 ,franois ,plet1 in gratitude for his kindness and the assistance he rendered to the great explorer in his expeditions4 ,the following notice of ,la ,salle is given by a ,catholic writer3 8,robert ,cavelier de ,la ,salle1 the first explorer who navigated ,ontario1 ,erie1 ,michigan1 and ,huron1 deserves to be enumerated among the great captains4 ,a native of ,rouen1 early employed in the colonies1 he had been instigated by the reports of missionaries to seek1 through the northern lakes1 a passage to the ,gulf of ,mexico4 ,building a schooner on the ,cayuga ,creek1 he ascended the lakes in #afgi1 chanting the ,te ,deum ,laudamus4 ,carrying his boats over land from the ,miami to a branch of the ,illinois ,river1 he forced or found his way into the upper ,mississippi4 ,for many years1 with most heroic constancy1 this soul of fire and frame of iron was devoted to the task of opening routes between the ,gulfs of ,st4 ,lawrence and of ,mexico1 until he perished in his enterprise by the hands of two of his own unworthy followers1 on an excursion into ,texas1 in #afhg4 ,the ,catholic character of ,la ,salle is marked in every act of his life4 ,he undertook nothing without fortifying himself by religion2 he completed nothing without giving the firstfruits of the glory to ,god4 ,he planted the cross wherever he landed1 even for an hour2 he made the western desert vocal with songs1 hymns of thanksgiving and adoration4 ,he is the worthy compeer of ,de ,soto and ,marquette2 he stood1 sword in hand1 under the banner of the cross1 the tutelary genius of those great ,states which stretch away from ,lake ,ontario to the ,rio ,grande4 ,every league of that region he trod on foot1 and every league of its water he navigated in frail canoes or crazy schooners4 ,above his tomb the northern pine should tower2 around it the ,michigan rose and the southern myrtle should mingle their hues and unite their perfumes407#bjf7 ,in reviewing the history of the last great enterprise of this remarkable man1 we can but recognize three principal reasons of its failure3 first1 the inferior character of the men selected at ,rochelle by his agents to accompany the expedition--a cause of disaster which the virtues and capacity of a ,tonty1 ,joutel1 and ,moranget could not neutralize2 second1 the hostility and narrowminded jealousy of ,beaujeu1 upon whose co operation so much depended2 and1 third1 the misinformation in regard to the ,gulf of ,mexico which he received at ,san ,domingo1 and the prevailing ignorance of the times of the bearings of the coast and of the latitudes1 which caused his expedition to miss the object of its search4 ,mr4 ,sparks1 while according to him the possession of the highest qualities of mind and soul1 considered him wanting in those qualities which are necessary in order to secure the hearty cooperation of men1 to win their affections as well as their obedience1 and1 by yielding a little to their weaknesses1 secure the benefit of their faithful services4 ,it may be said1 however1 that no man ever had more faithful1 selfsacrificing1 and devoted followers than he1 and those who did not sympathize with him were too ignorant and sordid to appreciate his noble character or his magnificent plans4 ,the learned historian at the same time remarks that ,la ,salle labors under the disadvantage of having to be judged from the accounts of others1 not all of whom were his friends1 and knew little of his plans2 for 8not a single paper from his own hand1 not so much as a private letter or a fragment of his official correspondence1 has ever been published1 or even consulted by the writers on whose authority alone we must rely for the history of the transactions in which he was concerned40 ,mr4 ,sparks then pays the following wellmerited and eloquent tribute to the character and services of the illustrious commander3 8,on the other hand1 his capacity for large designs and for devising the methods and procuring the resources to carry them forward1 has few parallels among the most eminent discoverers4 ,he has been called the ,columbus of his age2 and if his success had been equal to his ability and the compass of his plans this distinction might justly be awarded to him4 ,as in great battles1 so in enterprises1 success crowns the commander with laurels1 defeat covers him with disgrace1 and perhaps draws upon him the obloquy of the world1 although he might have fought as bravely and manuvred as adroitly in one case as in the other4 ,fortune turns the scale and baffles the efforts of human skill and prowess4 ,in some of the higher attributes of character1 such as personal courage and endurance1 undaunted resolution1 patience under trials1 and perseverance in contending with obstacles and struggling through embarrassments that might appall the stoutest heart1 no man surpassed the ,sieur de ,la ,salle4 ,not a hint appears in any writer that has come under notice that casts a shade upon his integrity or honor4 ,cool and intrepid at all times1 never yielding for a moment to despair1 or even to despondency1 he bore the heavy burden of his calamities manfully to the end and his hopes expired only with his last breath4 ,to him must be mainly ascribed the discovery of the vast regions of the ,mississippi ,valley1 and the subsequent occupation and settlement of them by the ,french2 and his name justly holds a prominent place among those which adorn the history of civilization in the ,new ,world40 ,the ,log ,chapel ,on ,the ,rappahannock4 ,erected ,a4,d4 #aegj--,the ,first ,christian ,shrine ,in ,the ,old ,dominion4 ,virginia is proud of her antiquity4 ,she assumes the title of ,old ,dominion2 she was long styled the ,mother of ,presidents4 ,but really her antiquity is greater than many know4 ,before the ,english settlers landed on the shores of the ,james1 ,stephen ,gomez and other ,spanish navigators had entered the waters of the ,chesapeake and consecrated that noble sheet of water to the ,virgin daughter of ,david's line1 as the ,bay of ,st4 ,mary1 or the ,bay of the ,mother of ,god4 ,the soldier of the cross followed hard on the steps of the explorer4 ,as early as in #aecf ,st4 ,mary's ,bay is laid down on ,spanish maps4 ,oviedo mentions it in #aecg1 and from that time pilots ranged the coast1 ,david ,glavid1 an ,irishman1 being recorded as one who knew it best4 ,all agree as to its latitude1 its two capes1 the direction of the bay1 and the rivers entering into it1 identifying beyond all peradventure our modern ,chesapeake with the ,st4 ,mary's ,bay of the early ,spanish explorers4 ,though his attention was called to it1 the latest historian of ,virginia1 misled by a somewhat careless guide1 robs his ,state of the glory which we claim for her4 ,the sons of ,s4 ,dominic first planted the cross on the shores of the ,chesapeake1 and bore away to civilized shores the brother of the chief of ,axacan or ,jacan1 a district not far from the ,potomac4 ,reaching ,mexico1 this chief attracted the notice of ,don ,luis de ,velasco1 the just1 upright1 disinterested ,viceroy of ,new ,spain--one of those model rulers who1 amid a population spurred on by a fierce craving for wealth1 never bent the knee to ,mammon1 but lived so poor that he died actually in debt4 ,this good man had the ,virginian chief instructed in the ,christian faith1 and1 when his dispositions seemed to justify the belief in his sincerity and faith1 the chieftain of the ,rappahannock was baptized1 amid all the pomp and splendor of ,mexico1 in the cathedral of that city1 the viceroy being his god father1 and bestowing upon him his own name1 ,don ,luis de ,velasco1 by which the ,virginia chief is always styled in ,spanish annals4 ,meanwhile1 ,coligny's ,french ,huguenots attempted to settle ,florida1 but their colony1 which was doomed to early extinction from its very material and utter want of religious organization or any tie but a mere spirit of adventure1 was crushed with ruthless cruelty by ,pedro ,melendez1 a brave but stern ,spanish navigator and warrior1 in whose eyes every ,frenchman on the sea was a pirate4 ,soon after accomplishing his bloody work1 which left ,spain in full possession of the southern ,atlantic coast1 ,melendez1 who had sent out vessels to explore the coast1 began his preparations for occupying ,st4 ,mary's ,bay4 ,the form of the northern continent was not then known2 much indeed of the eastern coast had been explored1 but so little was the line of the western coast understood that on maps and globes the ,pacific was shown as running nearly into the ,atlantic coast1 as may be seen in a curious copper globe possessed by the ,new ,york ,historical ,society1 but which once belonged to ,pope ,marcellus ,,ii4 ,believing that the ,chesapeake1 by the rivers running into it1 would easily lead to the western ocean1 ,melendez spent the winter of #aefe studying out the subject with the aid of ,don ,luis de ,velasco and ,father ,urdaneta1 a missionary just arrived from ,china by the overland route across ,mexico4 ,combining all the information1 he was led to believe that1 by ascending for eighty leagues a river flowing into the bay1 it was necessary only to cross a mountain range to find two arms of the sea1 one leading to the ,french at ,newfoundland1 the other to the ,pacific4 ,to many this will seem wild2 but it is evident that ,don ,luis referred to the great trail leading from the ,huron country through the territory of the ,five ,nations to the land of the ,andastes on the ,susquehanna1 by which the lastnamed tribe sold furs on the upper lakes1 which went down to the ,french at ,brest on the ,gulf of ,st4 ,lawrence1 while the upper lakes were the arm of the sea stretching westward1 as was supposed1 to ,china4 ,an adventurous ,frenchman1 ,stephen ,brul1 some few years later followed this trail from the ,st4 ,lawrence to the ,susquehanna4 ,melendez1 however1 misinterpreted it4 ,to his mind the upper waters of the ,chesapeake1 the ,potomac and ,susquehanna1 then known as the ,espiritu ,santo and ,salado1 were to be the great carrying place of eastern trade4 ,anxious to secure for his own country so important a pass1 ,melendez1 in #aeff1 despatched to ,st4 ,mary's ,bay a vessel bearing thirty soldiers and two ,dominican ,fathers to begin a station in ,axacan or ,jacan1 near the ,chesapeake4 ,these pioneers of the faith were escorted or guided by ,don ,luis de ,velasco4 ,of these missionaries we seek in vain the names4 ,perhaps their fellowreligious now laboring on the banks of the ,potomac will be stimulated to trace up these early labors of the sons of ,s4 ,dominic2 though we must admit that ,spanish chronicles do not speak of them with praise4 ,in fact1 they assert that these missionaries1 corrupted by an easy life in ,peru1 had no taste for a laborious mission in ,virginia1 though perhaps they learned the real state of affairs in that land1 and1 taught by ,father ,cancer's fate1 felt that the attempt would be fatal to all4 ,certain it is that the whole party took alarm4 ,they forced the captain to weigh anchor1 and1 leaving the capes on either hand1 steer straight to ,spain4 ,the ,dominican missions in ,spanish ,florida1 which began with the glorious epic of ,father ,cancer's devoted heroism1 closed with this feeble effort to plant the ,gospel on the shores of the ,chesapeake2 yet they1 too1 like the earlier discoverers1 undoubtedly consecrated to ,mary and the ,rosary the land which in its names1 ,virginia and ,maryland1 yet recalls the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary1 to whom the bay was first consecrated4 ,four years later saw ,melendez himself in ,spain1 full of his projects1 and bent on carrying them out4 ,the sons of ,s4 ,ignatius ,loyola1 full of the early vigor of their institute1 were in ,florida4 ,the new mission1 begun in #aeff1 had already a martyr in ,father ,peter ,martinez1 of ,celda1 in the ,diocese of ,saragossa1 who was shipwrecked on the coast1 and put to death by the ,indians not far from ,st4 ,augustine4 ,it had its devoted laborers in ,father ,john ,rogel1 of ,pamplona1 ,father ,sedeo1 and ,brother ,villareal1 who sought to win to ,christ the ,indians near ,st4 ,augustine and ,port ,royal1 and who had established an ,indian school at ,havana to help the great work1 ,brother ,baez being the first to compile a grammar4 ,to extend these missions as far as the ,chesapeake was a subject which ,melendez laid before ,s4 ,francis ,borgia1 then recently made general of the order1 after having acted as commissary of the ,spanish missions4 ,a letter of ,s4 ,pius ,v4 encouraged ,melendez1 and with the cooperation of these two saints the projected mission to the ,chesapeake took form at last4 ,perhaps some of the clergy in ,maryland and ,virginia remember the personal interest of these saints in the field where they are now laboring2 but we fear that the fact has been forgotten4 ,let us trust that more than one church of ,s4 ,pius ,v4 will be monuments of his interest in the land where the next pope that bore his name established the first episcopal see on the coast--that of ,baltimore--and religion has taken such gigantic steps under the fostering care of ,popes ,pius ,,vii4 and ,pius ,,ix4 ,when the founder of ,florida was thus earnestly engaged in ,spain in promoting the spiritual welfare of the colony1 ,don ,luis de ,velasco1 the ,virginian chief1 was still beyond the ,atlantic1 a grave1 intelligent man of fifty1 well versed in ,spanish affairs1 to all appearance a sincere and correct ,christian and a friend of the ,spaniards4 ,with every mark of joy he offered to return to his native land of ,axacan1 and there do all in his power to further the labors of the missionaries who should be sent to instruct his brother's tribe4 ,so powerful a coadjutor was welcomed by all1 and ere long ,don ,luis stood on the deck of a staunch ,spanish ship1 with a band of ,jesuits destined to reinforce those already laboring on the ,florida mission4 ,this pious party consisted of ,father ,luis de ,quiros1 a native of ,xerez de la ,frontera1 in ,andalusia1 with ,brothers ,gabriel ,gomez1 of ,granada1 and ,sancho de ,zevallos1 of ,medina de ,rio ,seco1 all selected for the great work by ,s4 ,francis ,borgia himself4 ,in ,november the vessel anchored before the ,spanish fort ,santa ,elena1 which stood on the island of ,south ,carolina's famous ,port ,royal1 that still bears the name of the sainted mother of ,constantine4 ,the ,jesuit mission of ,florida had been erected into a viceprovince under ,father ,john ,baptist ,segura4 ,this estimable religious was a native of ,toledo1 who had1 while pursuing his theological course of study1 entered the ,society of ,jesus at ,alcal on the #ith of ,april1 #aeff4 ,s4 ,francis1 who knew him well1 entertained the highest esteem for ,segura's virtues and personal merit1 and took him from the rectorship of the ,college of ,vallisoleta in #aefh to assume the direction of the viceprovince of ,florida4 ,for two years had he labored with sad discouragement in the forbidding field among the ,floridian tribes1 cheered by letters of his superiors rather than by any hope of success that as yet seemed to dawn on his exertions4 ,he was at ,santa ,elena when ,father ,quiros arrived1 bearing the instructions for the establishment of the new mission on the shores of the ,chesapeake4 ,that missionary had become discouraged and disheartened4 ,all his labors and those of his associate missionaries among the ,calos ,indians1 on the southern coast of ,florida1 had proved utterly unavailing4 ,no impression could be made on the flinty hearts of those treacherous and cruel tribes1 which1 indeed1 to the end resisted the calls of divine grace4 ,the labors of the ,jesuit missionaries on the coast of ,south ,carolina were scarcely more encouraging4 ,the attempts to civilize and convert found hearers only as long as food and presents were given4 ,father ,segura resolved for a time to abandon the unpromising field1 and turn all their energies to an ,indian school at ,havana1 where children from the ,florida tribes could be carefully instructed1 so as to form a nucleus for future ,christian bands in their native tribes4 ,but the voice of ,s4 ,francis recalled him to sterner labors1 and he resolved to go in person to the new field opened to them in ,axacan1 where the influence of ,don ,luis and the character of the tribes seemed to promise more consoling results4 ,he accordingly directed the experienced ,father ,rogel to remain at ,santa ,elena in charge of the missions there1 and selected eight associates for his new mission4 ,these were ,father ,luis de ,quiros1 ,brothers ,gabriel ,gomez and ,sancho ,zevallos1 already mentioned1 with ,brother ,peter de ,linares and ,john ,baptist ,mendez1 ,christopher ,redondo1 and ,gabriel de ,solis1 who with ,alphonsus1 destined to be the sole survivor1 seem to have been four ,indian boys from their school at ,havana1 and regarded as novices1 trained already to mission work as catechists4 ,such was the missionary party that was to plant the cross in ,axacan and open the way for ,christianity to ,china by a new route4 ,with the influence and support of ,don ,luis they would need no ,spanish aid2 and as experience had shown them that soldiers were sometimes a detriment to the mission they were intended to protect1 these devoted missionaries determined to trust themselves entirely1 alone and unprotected1 in the hands of the ,indians4 ,on his side ,don ,luis made every promise as to the security of the persons of the missionaries confided to his care by the adelantado of ,florida4 8,they shall lack nothing10 he declared4 8,i will always be at hand to aid them40 ,on the #eth of ,august1 #aegj1 this little mission colony sailed from ,santa ,elena1 and in that enervating heat must have crept slowly enough along the coast and up the ,chesapeake2 for it was not till the #ajth of ,september that they reached the country of ,don ,luis1 which is styled in ,spanish accounts ,axacan or ,jacan4 ,where was the spot termed 8,la ,madre de ,dios de ,jacan08--,our ,lady of ,axacan 7or1 as we should write it1 ,ahacan or ,hacan74 ,precisely where no map or document has yet been found to show4 ,it was evidently near the ,susquehanna 7,salado7 or the ,potomac 7,espiritu ,santo71 the two rivers at the head of the bay known to ,melendez1 and by which he hoped to reach ,china4 ,that it could not have been the ,susquehanna seems clear from the fact that1 being to the eastward1 it would not naturally be the shortest route2 and1 moreover1 that river was in those days1 and till far in the ensuing century1 held by a warlike tribe of ,huron origin1 living in palisaded towns1 while the tribe of ,don ,luis1 who dwelt at ,axacan1 were evidently nomads of the ,algonquin race4 ,we are therefore led to look for it on the ,potomac1 the ,espiritu ,santo of the early ,spanish navigators4 ,the vessel that bore the devoted ,vice ,provincial ,father ,segura and two other ,spanish vessels some time afterwards ascended this river for a considerable distance to a point whence they proceeded to the country of ,don ,luis1 which1 as letters show1 lay on a river six miles off1 and which they might have reached directly by ascending that river1 though it was always passed by the pilots1 being regarded1 apparently1 as less navigable and safe4 ,the ,rappahannock at once suggests itself as answering the conditions required to explain the ,spanish accounts4 ,on the ,potomac there is to this day a spot called ,occoquan1 which is near enough to the ,spanish ,axacan to raise a suspicion of their identity4 ,not far below it the ,potomac and ,rappahannock1 in their sinuous windings1 approach so closely as to increase the resemblance to the country described4 ,the land that met the eyes of the missionary pioneers in the wilderness of ,virginia was not one to raise fond hopes or sustain delusions4 ,a long sterility had visited ,florida and extended even to the ,chesapeake4 ,its effects were even more striking4 ,of all that the descriptions of ,don ,luis had prepared them to find in ,axacan there was absolutely nothing to be seen4 ,just come from ,florida and its vicinity1 with its rich1 luxuriant vegetation1 with fruits of spontaneous growth1 they beheld a less favored land1 bare and parched with a six years' sterility1 with the starving remnants of decimated and thrice decimated tribes4 ,the wretched inhabitants looked upon ,don ,luis1 their countryman1 as if sent from heaven1 and1 seeing him treated with honor1 they received the ,spaniards with every demonstration of goodwill1 though they were so destitute that they could not offer the newcomers any fruit or maize4 ,with the winter fast approaching1 it seemed almost madness for ,father ,segura and his companions to attempt to establish themselves in this unpromising land2 but the previous failure of the ,dominican ,fathers1 the almost chiding words of ,s4 ,francis ,borgia1 and the deep interest manifested by ,melendez in the success of the attempt1 apparently decided the question against all ideas of expediency or mere worldly prudence4 ,the researches of the late ,buckingham ,smith in the ,spanish archives not only brought to light many points tending to fix the position of ,axacan1 but were also rewarded by finding two letters written at this point by these early apostles of ,virginia4 ,the father provincial wrote to the king2 his associate1 ,father ,quiros1 addressed his letters to ,melendez1 and ,father ,segura added a few words1 urging prompt relief4 ,these last have fortunately thus reached us4 ,father ,quiros wrote3 8,seeing1 then1 the good will which this people displayed--although1 on the other hand1 as ,i said1 they are so famished that all expected to perish of hunger and cold this winter1 as many did in preceding winters1 because it is very hard for them to find the roots on which they usually sustain themselves--the great snows which fall in this land preventing their search--seeing also the great hope there is of the conversion of this people and the service of our ,lord and his ,majesty1 and a way to the mountains and ,china1 etc41 it seemed to the ,provincial ,father ,segura that we should venture to remain with so few shipstores and provisions1 though we ate on the way two of the four barrels of biscuit and the little flour they gave us for the voyage40 ,they resolved to stay1 seeing no danger except that of famine2 for they urged speedy relief4 8,it is very necessary that you should endeavor1 if possible1 to supply us with all despatch2 and if it be impossible to do so in winter1 at least it is necessary that in ,march1 or1 at the furthest1 early in ,april1 a good supply be sent1 so as to give all these people wherewith to plant40 ,the pilot of the vessel1 short of provisions from the time lost on reaching ,axacan1 put the missionaries hastily ashore on the #aath of ,september1 and the next day sailed1 8leaving us in this depopulated land with the discomforts already described10 say the missionaries4 ,it was arranged between the missionaries and this pilot that1 about the time of his expected return1 they would have ,indians on the lookout1 apparently at the mouth of the river1 who were to build signalfires to attract attention4 ,on seeing these beacons he was to give them a letter for the missionaries4 ,the little band of ,christians beheld the vessel hoist her sail and glide down the river4 ,they stood alone in a wild land1 far from aid and sympathy4 ,two priests1 three religious1 ,don ,luis1 and four other ,indian converts1 formed the little ,christendom4 ,but their destination was not yet reached4 ,guided by ,don ,luis1 they took up their march for the river six miles off1 ,indians bearing some of their scanty supplies1 the missionaries themselves carrying their chapel service1 books1 and other necessaries4 ,after this portage they embarked on the river--which they might have ascended1 and which seems evidently the ,rappahannock--and thus penetrated some two leagues or more further into the country to the villages of the tribe4 ,yet1 even before they left the banks of the ,potomac they were called upon to commence their ministry4 8,the cacique1 brother of ,don ,luis1 having10 says ,father ,quiros1 8a son three years old very sick1 who was seven or eight leagues from here1 as it seemed to him to be on the point of death1 he was instant that we should go to baptize it2 wherefore it occurred to the viceprincipal to send one of us by night to baptize it1 as it was very near death40 ,the ,indians on the ,rappahannock did not dwell in palisaded towns1 like the ,conestogas on the ,susquehanna1 and their kindred1 the ,five ,nations1 in ,new ,york4 ,from the ,spanish accounts they dwelt in scattered bands1 each forming a little hamlet of a few cabins1 each house in the midst of its rude garden2 for they cultivated little ground1 depending on the spontaneous productions of the earth3 acorns1 nuts1 berries1 and roots4 ,such were they when ,smith described them thirty years later1 when ,powhatan1 residing on the ,james1 ruled over the scattered bands as far as the ,rappahannock4 ,it was evidently among that tribe1 so well known to us by ,smith's descriptions1 that ,father ,segura and his companions began their labors1 and ,powhatan may well have been a son of the cacique1 brother of ,don ,luis4 ,the accounts of the subsequent proceedings of the little mission colony are derived from ,alphonsus1 one of the ,indian boys1 and are somewhat obscure4 ,they make the journey to the hamlets of the tribe a weary one through wood and desert and marsh1 loaded with their baggage1 and living on roots1 and not the short journey which ,father ,quiros anticipated4 ,his letter stated that the ,indian canoes were all broken2 it was probably found impossible to attempt to repair them1 and the whole party trudged on by the riverside to their destination4 ,the hamlet first reached was a wretched one1 tenanted only by gaunt and naked savages1 who bore the famine imprinted on their whole forms4 ,here amid the tentlike lodges of the ,indians1 made of poles bound together and covered with mats and bark1 ,father ,segura and his companions erected a rude house of logs1 the first white habitation in that part of ,america--first church of the living ,god1 first dwellingplace of civilized men2 for one end was devoted to their chapel1 while the other was their simple dwelling4 ,here doubtless1 before the close of ,september1 #aegj1 the little community recited their ,office together1 and1 under the tuition of ,don ,luis1 began to study the language4 ,here1 at this modest altar1 the ,holy ,sacrifice was for the first time offered by the two priests4 ,nowhere on the continent to the northward were the sacred rites then heard1 unless1 indeed1 at ,brest1 in ,canada4 ,greenland1 with its bishop and clergy and convents1 was a thing of the past2 ,cartier's colony1 on the ,st4 ,lawrence1 had been abandoned4 ,the ,chapel of the ,mother of ,god1 at ,jacan1 was the church of the frontier1 the outpost of the faith4 ,as ,father ,segura had foreseen that he must winter there1 and might not receive any supplies before ,march or ,april1 he doubtless began1 like his ,indian neighbors1 to lay up a store of provisions for the long winter4 ,acorns1 walnuts1 chestnuts1 and chinquapins were regularly gathered by the natives1 as well as persimmons and a root like a potato1 growing in the swampy lands4 ,game must have been scarce on that narrow peninsula between two rivers1 and they had no means of hunting4 ,though the rivers of ,virginia teemed with fish1 we find no indication that the missionaries were supplied with means of deriving any food from that source4 ,for a time ,don ,luis remained with them1 showing all deference and respect to ,father ,segura4 ,in his letter to ,melendez ,father ,quiros gives the impression he had made upon them up to that time1 and from which it is evident that they had no suspicion of his treachery4 8,don ,luis10 says he1 8acts well1 as was expected of him1 and is very obedient to all that the father enjoins on him1 with much respect as well for the provincial as for the rest of us that are here1 and he commends himself earnestly to your worship1 to all his other friends and masters40 ,this good disposition may have been sincere at first1 but1 as too often happens in such cases1 old habits returned2 he became ,indian with the ,indians1 rather than ,spanish with the ,spaniards4 ,ere long he abandoned the missionaries altogether1 and went off to another hamlet1 distant from it a day's journey and a half4 ,the mission party were not yet sufficiently versed in the language to dispense with the aid of ,don ,luis as interpreter1 and his influence was constantly needed among the lawless natives4 ,feeling this1 ,father ,segura several times sent one of the young men to urge ,don ,luis to return1 but he put them off constantly with false statements or unmeaning promises4 ,in this way the winter wore away1 with gloomy forebodings in the hearts of the pioneer priests in the log chapel on the ,rappahannock4 ,the only hope that cheered and sustained them was that the ship would speedily return from ,santa ,elena with the supplies they needed for themselves and the seedcorn for the natives1 whom they hoped to persuade to cultivate more1 and depend less on the precarious means of sustenance4 ,meanwhile1 as ,january1 #aega1 was drawing to a close1 ,father ,segura resolved to make a last effort to move the heart of the recreant ,don ,luis4 ,he sent ,father ,quiros1 with ,brothers de ,solis and ,mendez1 to the hamlet where he resided1 to make a last appeal4 ,the priest1 who had so long known him1 endeavored to recall him to higher and better feelings4 ,the unhappy man made many excuses for his absence1 and continued to beguile the missionary with promises2 but his heart was given up to deadly malice4 ,he had renounced ,christianity1 and doomed its envoys to death4 ,as ,father ,quiros and his two companions turned sadly away to depart from the place and rejoin their suffering companions1 a shower of arrows whizzed through the air4 ,quiros and his companions fell1 pierced by the sharp flinty arrows of the apostate and his followers4 ,virginia had its first martyrs of ,christ4 ,their bodies were at once stripped and subjected to all the mutilations that savage fancy inspired4 ,father ,segura1 with the three brothers and two other ,indian youths1 had spent the interval in prayer1 anxiety deepening as no sign of ,father ,quiros appeared4 ,on the fourth day the yells and cries that were borne on the chilly air announced the approach of a large party1 and in a short time ,don ,luis appeared1 arrayed in the cassock of ,father ,quiros1 attended by his brother1 the cacique1 and a war party armed with clubs and bows4 ,he sternly demanded from the missionaries their knives and axes used for chopping wood1 knowing that with them alone could they make any defence4 ,these were surrendered without remonstrance4 ,father ,segura saw that the end was come4 ,the longdelayed ship would be too late4 ,he prepared his companions to die4 ,they doubtless gathered around the altar where the ,holy ,sacrifice had just been offered4 ,then the apostate gave a signal1 and his warriors rushed upon the defenceless and unresisting mission party1 and slaughtered all but ,alphonsus1 who was protected by a brother of ,don ,luis1 more humane than that fallen man4 ,the bodies of his victims1 ,father ,segura1 ,brothers ,gomez1 ,linares1 and ,zevallos1 and the ,indian novice1 ,christopher ,redondo1 were then1 we are told1 buried beneath their chapelhouse4 ,the shrine of the ,mother of ,god was doubtless pillaged1 perhaps demolished2 the lamp of ,christian light was extinguished1 and pagan darkness again prevailed in the land4 ,as nearly as could be ascertained1 the martyrdom of ,father ,quiros occurred on ,sunday1 the #dth of ,february1 #aega2 that of ,father ,segura a few days later4 ,why had their countrymen in ,florida so cruelly neglected them1 in spite of the urgent letters taken back by the pilot8 ,it was probably because1 ,melendez being absent1 the letters were sent to ,spain1 and the pilot did not fully reveal the destitute condition in which he had left the mission colony4 ,brother ,vincent ,gonzalez was urgent to bear relief to the vice provincial1 but he was put off with the pretext that no pilot could be found to run along the coast from ,port ,royal to the ,chesapeake4 ,it was not till spring that the good brother succeeded in getting a vessel and some ,spaniards to proceed to the relief of his superior1 as to whose welfare great anxiety was now felt4 ,they ran up the ,potomac1 and reached the spot where ,segura had landed4 ,indian runners had descried the vessel when it entered the river1 and1 when the ,spanish craft came to anchor1 ,indians were there to meet them1 and the garb of the missionaries was seen in the distance4 ,but the treacherous red men failed to lure them ashore with this device1 although some came forward1 crying1 8,see the fathers who came to us4 ,we have treated them well2 come and see them1 and we will treat you likewise40 ,on the contrary1 suspecting treachery from the fact that the pretended fathers did not hasten down to meet them1 the ,spaniards not only avoided landing1 but1 seizing two of the treacherous natives1 sailed back to ,port ,royal4 ,melendez1 soon after returning from ,spain1 heard their report1 and with characteristic energy resolved to punish the crime4 ,taking a small but staunch and fleet vessel1 with a sufficient force1 he sailed in person to the ,chesapeake in #aegb1 bearing with him ,father ,rogel and ,brother ,villareal4 ,he evidently ran up the ,potomac1 as the other vessel had done1 to the spot already familiar to the pilots4 ,here he landed the ,spanish soldiers1 and unfurled the standard of ,spain on the soil of ,virginia4 ,marching inland1 this determined man soon captured several ,indians4 ,they were interrogated1 and at once confessed that the whole mission party had been cruelly murdered1 but they laid the blame of the terrible crime on the apostate ,don ,luis4 ,apparently1 by one of them ,melendez sent word to the tribe that he would not harm the innocent1 but he insisted on their delivering up ,don ,luis4 ,but that false ,christian1 on seeing the ,spanish vessel1 fled with his brother1 the cacique1 and all attempts to arrest them failed4 ,the brother who had saved the ,indian boy ,alphonsus1 however1 came forward to meet ,melendez1 bringing to him the only survivor of ,father ,segura's pious band4 ,the adelantado received him with every mark of pleasure4 ,from this boy was obtained a detailed account of all that had happened after the departure of the vessel which left the missionaries on the bank of the ,potomac4 ,the statement is1 of course1 the basis of all the accounts we possess of the fate of the log chapel on the ,rappahannock and the little ,jesuit community gathered to serve it4 ,the ,spanish commander arrested a number of ,indians2 and when ,alphonsus had pointed out those concerned in the tragedy1 ,melendez hung eight of them at the yardarm of his vessel4 ,father ,rogel prepared them all for death1 instructing them1 we presume1 by the aid of the young survivor1 and had the consolation of baptizing them4 ,after this summary act of retributive justice1 the founder of ,st4 ,augustine1 with his mailclad force1 embarked1 and the ,spanish flag floated for the last time over the land of ,axacan4 ,father ,rogel was loath to leave the country without bearing with him the precious remains of his martyred brethren2 but ,melendez could not venture so far from his ship1 and his force was too small to divide4 ,the ,jesuit ,father could bear away1 as a relic1 only a crucifix which had been in the log chapel4 ,divine vengeance is said to have overtaken those who profaned the sacred vessels1 and especially an attempt to injure this crucifix2 first one1 then two others1 having been struck dead4 ,it was subsequently placed by ,father ,rogel in the ,college of ,guayala4 ,some thirtyfive years later an ,english colony entered a river1 to which they gave the name of ,mary ,stuart's son4 ,the ,indians from that river to the ,rappahannock were ruled by ,powhatan2 and it is worthy of remark that ,raphe ,hamor1 one of the earliest settlers1 states that ,powhatan's tribe were driven from their original abode by the ,spaniards4 ,they were ,algonquins1 and did not come from ,florida4 ,they were1 in all probability1 the very tribe among whom ,father ,segura laid down his life4 ,powhatan1 represented as then a man of sixty1 might1 at twentyfive1 have witnessed or taken part in the martyrdom4 ,such is the history of the first community of the ,society of ,jesus in the ,old ,dominion1 of which they were the first white occupants4 ,dominicans began the work by converting ,don ,luis1 ,jesuits followed it up by actual possession1 by erecting a chapel1 by instituting a regular community life1 by instructing1 baptizing1 and hallowing the land by the ,holy ,sacrifice of the ,mass4 ,the flag of ,spain and the flag of ,england have alike passed away1 but on the banks of the ,potomac ,jesuit and ,dominican are laboring side by side three hundred years after the martyrdom of ,segura1 ,quiros1 and their companions4 ,fredericksburg1 which cannot be far from the early ,chapel of the ,mother of ,god1 revives its name in her ,church of ,st4 ,mary of the ,immaculate ,conception2 and other churches of the same invocation seem to declare that1 as of old1 so now we may say1 8,this is indeed the ,blessed ,virgin's land40 ,new ,publications4 ,a ,,letter ,,addressed ,,to ,,his ,,grace ,,the ,,duke ,,of ,,norfolk1 ,,on ,,the ,,occasion ,,of ,,mr4 ,,gladstone',s ,,recent ,,expostulation4 ,by ,john ,henry ,newman1 ,d4,d41 of the ,oratory4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 #i ,warren ,street4 #ahge4 ,this ,letter has two aspects4 ,it is a reply on behalf of the ,catholics of ,england to ,mr4 ,gladstone's charge4 ,it is also a polemical pamphlet respecting a domestic controversy with other leaders of the ,catholic body in ,england4 ,in its first aspect it is not only masterly in style and argument1 and marked with the evidence of rare learning1 as anything from the author's pen is sure to be1 but1 to a certain point1 conclusive and unanswerable4 ,it proves that ,mr4 ,gladstone's appeal to ,english ,catholics to separate themselves from the doctrine and polity of their spiritual sovereign1 the ,pope1 is an arrow shot in the air4 ,it proves that his charge against the ,catholic hierarchy of having changed in spirit and principle1 in dogma and in action1 in attitude and in aims1 is baseless and absurd4 ,it refutes the charge that ,catholics are intellectually and morally in a state of servile bondage4 ,several other minor and incidental things are proved1 and on the whole it makes an important point in the controversy about the relation of the ,catholic religion to civil sovereignty1 and the civil rights and duties of the temporal order1 as distinct from the spiritual4 ,it does not1 and could not be expected to1 establish the great fundamental truth opposed to ,mr4 ,gladstone's error1 viz41 the positive ,catholic doctrine of the relation of the church to the state1 in se1 and the firm1 immovable basis which that doctrine places for just political sovereignty and corresponding subjection to rest on1 while securing the divine rights of the church and her members1 and the duties correlative to those rights4 ,it is ,dr4 ,newman's misfortune that a base and dishonest act of some one of the pestilent set of detectives of the press1 or the other sneakthieves who prowled about the purlieus of the ,vatican ,council1 filching secret information in order to make eligible paragraphs in newspapers1 placed him in a position before the world embarrassing both to himself and to many of his warmest friends4 ,the embarrassment of which we speak did not imply any falling away from the faith of a ,catholic or the holiness of a religious priest4 ,yet it left a sentiment of disappointment1 which the present pamphlet does not altogether remove1 that ,dr4 ,newman failed to add lustre to his arms1 instead of merely preserving unstained what he had already acquired4 ,the fading impression of this disappointment would have been wholly effaced if ,dr4 ,newman had not1 in his reply to ,mr4 ,gladstone1 renewed it by a certain manner of vague and general expression of discontent with a number of his fellow,catholics considered by him as extreme or injudicious in their doctrine1 or way of expressing it1 or their measures for promoting the growth of the ,catholic ,church4 ,there may1 very well1 be individuals deserving his severe language4 ,we have occasion in this country to lament at extravagant representations of ,catholic doctrines1 harsh and unjust censure of persons or opinions1 and other excesses on the part of individuals professing to be specially orthodox and devoted to the ,holy ,see4 ,we think1 however1 that ,dr4 ,newman's language will be understood to apply generally to those persons and those writers for the press in ,england and ,europe who were active and zealous in promoting the definition of infallibility by the ,vatican ,council4 ,if it is true that it has this extension1 we feel bound to express our painful sense of the wrong done to a body of the best and truest advocates of the ,catholic cause who are to be found among our ranks4 ,in respect to the infallibility and supreme authority of the ,pope1 we consider that ,dr4 ,newman1 whose doctrinal soundness was always really unquestionable1 has given new and explicit evidence which must satisfy every careful reader of the pamphlet who is competent to judge of theological matters4 ,we have carefully scrutinized every phrase and proposition1 and find nothing which in our judgment is contrary to ,catholic doctrine4 ,in respect to the theological opinions and the tone of argument and expression of the venerable and illustrious author1 we think he is sometimes open to criticism1 as at least ambiguous1 if not inaccurate2 and in respect to one point1 which does not occur as a direct statement of opinion1 but as a record of a doubt in his mind expressed in a letter to a friend written several years ago1 viz41 the famous question of 8moral unanimity10 that the position there taken is altogether untenable4 ,dr4 ,newman frankly assumes the rle of a 8minimizer10 in which his confrre1 ,father ,ryder1 figured with so much ability in his controversy with ,dr4 ,ward4 ,we have always thought that ,father ,ryder proved fairly that his own positions1 essentially considered1 are within the limits of that liberty of opinion which the ,catholic doctrine permits4 ,to a certain extent we approve of 8minimizing40 ,that is1 we approve of not exacting as a test of orthodoxy1 and as per se obligatory under pain of sin1 belief in more than the law certainly requires4 ,but we are most cordially hostile to the system of economy in teaching and practice1 which inculcates and recommends only the minimum in doctrine1 pious opinion1 or devotion4 ,we do not attribute the advocacy of such a system to ,dr4 ,newman1 yet we think it important to caution the readers of his pamphlet against drawing such an inference from his language4 ,in speaking of the ,syllabus1 in particular1 we fear that he has spoken in such a way that some readers will infer that they may disregard it altogether4 ,he says it has no dogmatic authority4 ,that it has not1 by itself1 the quality of a complete and independent dogmatic document1 we may concede4 ,it is a supplement to a whole series of doctrinal pronouncements1 of the nature of a catalogue of the errors condemned in them4 ,yet all the errors enumerated are really condemned by virtue of the sentence pronounced against them in the whole series of pontifical acts4 ,it is not lawful for any ,catholic to hold any one of them4 ,their interpretation is to be sought1 by those who are competent to do so1 in the original doctrinal pronouncements of the ,holy ,father1 and by the rest of the faithful in the explanation of their pastors1 and others who explain them under their sanction4 ,so also1 although a condemnation of some particular system of mixed education--e4g41 in ,ireland--does not involve infallibility1 but only authority to which obedience is due1 yet an ex cathedr judgment of the ,pope defining as a general proposition that mixed education is dangerous1 is an infallible judgment on a question of morals4 ,moreover1 although the condemnation of errors frequently leaves a margin for discussion respecting the full import and extent of the condemned error and the precise limits of the contradictory truth which is affirmed1 there is always something positively and certainly decreed1 over and above the fact that there is an error of some sort4 ,frequently1 the meaning is obvious2 and1 at least generally1 it is soon settled by the agreement of theologians1 so far as its essence is concerned4 ,we cannot criticise in detail every particular statement or expression in this pamphlet which1 in our view1 falls short of a clear and unmistakable and complete expression of correct theological doctrine4 ,dr4 ,newman's particular line has led through so many caveats1 exceptions1 limitations1 so much subtle balancing of opposite weights1 and of what he consents to call 8minimizing10 with which ordinary readers are not familiar1 that he leaves the impression that truth1 infallible teaching1 the authority of the church1 even the ,catholic faith1 is something to be afraid of1 to be guarded against1 somewhat as ,englishmen feel about a standing army4 ,we would prefer that1 instead of being apparently so solicitous to assure weak brethren and timid converts that they need not believe so much as they are afraid of being made to1 he would speak out with a more clear1 ringing1 and full note of his own peculiar1 unequalled melody1 to persuade and encourage them to believe and confide in the church of ,god and in their prelates1 joyously1 fearlessly1 enthusiastically1 with the noble spirit worthy of the children of ,god4 ,we do not like to hear our enemies call ,dr4 ,newman the head of a party of liberal ,catholics in ,england1 and set him over against his archbishop1 and pervert his language into a weapon against the ,council of the ,vatican4 ,we do not like to have to vindicate him from the praise of anti,catholic writers1 and to qualify the approbation which we would like to give to the productions of his subtile and erudite genius by 8minimizing0 criticism4 ,he once wrote of himself1 8,time was1 ,i shrank from what was right1 ,for fear of what was wrong40 ,something of the same mood seems to have come over his sensitive heart in his seclusion from active1 ecclesiastical life1 during the ,council of the ,vatican1 and to have not quite withdrawn its penumbra4 ,we are reminded of ,s4 ,gregory ,nazianzen1 complaining of councils and of ,s4 ,basil1 as he went away weary from ,constantinople into retirement2 and of ,s4 ,colman1 gathering up his relics to quit ,lindisfarne and escape from ,s4 ,wilfrid4 ,these were weaknesses of saints1 but still weaknesses1 and it was their heroism and not their weakness which made them worthy of our veneration4 ,we trust that ,dr4 ,newman will remember that there are some others to be thought of besides those who are weak in the faith and his own petite clientele in ,england2 and that he will not close his career without one more deed of prowess1 which shall discomfit the enemies of the ,holy ,see and the ,catholic faith1 and show that his pennon still flutters beside those of his fellowchampions4 ,,father ,,eudes1 ,,apostolic ,,missionary1 ,,and ,,his ,,foundations1 #afjaahgd4 ,by the ,chevalier ,de ,montzey4 ,with a brief of approval from his ,holiness ,pius ,,ix4 ,boston3 ,patrick ,donahoe4 #ahgd4 ,we have read this book with pleasure1 and have been glad to learn something of the ,congregation of ,eudists--one which deserves especial honor for its loyalty to the ,holy ,see and the glorious death of some of its members at the massacre of the ,carmes in ,paris during the ,french ,revolution4 ,the author1 who is a grandnephew of ,father ,eudes and of the famous historian ,mezeray who was his brother1 is a soldier by profession1 and his style has a freshness and novelty about it quite refreshing in hagiography1 and contrasting very favorably with some other specimens1 which reflect more credit on the piety than on the literary qualifications of their writers4 ,father ,eudes was originally an ,oratorian2 but after the death of ,father de ,condren1 when the ,oratory became infected with ,jansenism1 he left it to found a new congregation of priests1 living in community without religious vows1 and devoted to missions and the instruction of young ecclesiastics in seminaries4 ,he was a truly apostolic man1 and his work was crowned with success4 ,dispersed by the ,french ,revolution1 his congregation has been since revived1 and appears to be at present chiefly engaged in the work of secular education4 ,the history of the ,french ,oratory is both singular and instructive4 ,an institute formed by ,cardinal de ,berulle1 and including among its members such men as ,malebranche1 ,massillon1 ,mascaron1 ,father de ,condren1 and ,father ,eudes1 would seem to have promised a most complete success4 ,yet it perished utterly and ignominiously through the deadly contamination of ,jansenism4 ,it has been restored within a few years past1 and is now as strongly marked by fidelity to the ,holy ,see and to the spirit of its saintly founders as it was by faithlessness to both in the period of its dissolution4 ,yet its past history will ever remain a grave and warning lesson of the deadly effects of tampering or compromising with unsound doctrines1 and deviating into new and dangerous ways4 ,father ,eudes succeeded in accomplishing what the founders of the ,oratory attempted but did not carry out1 though at the cost of much persecution1 and in a way comparatively obscure and humble4 ,his character was an original and admirable one1 his institute seems to have been judiciously and solidly organized1 and we both trust and desire that his successors may carry out the excellent work which he commenced to the most ample results4 ,we recommend this life particularly to all who are engaged in similar undertakings4 ,,the ,,religious ,,state ,,according ,,to ,,the ,,doctrine ,,of ,s4 ,,thomas4 ,by ,jules ,didiot1 ,d4,d4 ,translated from the ,french4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,,the ,,perfect ,,lay,,brother4 ,by ,felix ,cumplido1 ,s4,j4 ,same publishers4 ,,the ,,mistress ,,of ,,novices ,,enlightened ,,upon ,,her ,,duties4 ,by ,m4 ,l',abb ,leguay4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahge4 ,the first of these three books1 specially intended for religious1 needs no other recommendation than its title4 ,the second is considered by the ,jesuits to be one of the best of its kind1 and is equally useful for that most excellent class of religious persons1 the ,lay,sisters1 as for brothers4 ,the third will be welcome to the ladies in charge of the numerous and crowded novitiates which are the most beautiful feature in our ,american ,catholic ,church1 and1 from the recommendations it has received1 we have no doubt will prove satisfactory1 though we have not had time even to glance at its contents4 ,,margaret ,,roper4 ,by ,agnes ,stewart4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgd4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,miss ,stewart is one of our best female writers4 ,the sketch she has given of ,margaret ,roper1 in her usual felicitous style1 is in the main historical1 with a little fictitious coloring to give it life4 ,,characteristics ,,from ,,the ,,writings ,,of ,,john ,,henry ,,newman4 ,arranged by ,w4 ,s4 ,lilly1 with the author's approval4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner1 ,welford ,armstrong4 #ahge4 ,the ,american publishers have imported their edition at the retail price of #b4ej4 ,it is a ,londonprinted book1 which is all that need be said for its typography4 ,the selections are miscellaneous and made with taste and discrimination4 ,the volume must be welcome to thousands of admirers of the matchless writings of a man who is one of the modern glories of ,english literature1 as well as one of the brightest ornaments of religion and the church in the present century4 ,one of the best portraits of ,dr4 ,newman which we have seen1 an admirablyexecuted engraving from a recent photograph1 is a welcome addition to the volume4 ,,the ,,complete ,,office ,,of ,,holy ,,week1 according to the ,roman ,missal and ,breviary1 in ,latin and ,english4 ,new and revised edition4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahge4 ,this little book will be found very useful to those of the laity who have an opportunity of attending the ,holy ,week services1 and it will also be interesting to those who may wish to know what those services are which so occupy the church during the 8,great ,week10 as the work contains all the devotions of ,holy ,week1 with the day and night office4 ,there is an abundance of spiritual reading in the ,scripture lessons and prophecies1 so that those whose duties prevent them from attending the services may reap much profit by a perusal of the offices at home4 ,each day is preceded by an ,introduction1 explaining the meaning of the principal ceremonies4 ,there is also added the ritual for the blessing of the holy oils1 which is performed by the bishop on ,holy ,thursday4 ,,peace ,,through ,,the ,,truth4 ,,second ,,series4 ,,part ,i4 ,by ,rev4 ,j4 ,harper1 ,s4,j4 ,london3 ,burns1 ,oates ,co4 #ahge4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,this ponderous volume is employed with the topic of the ,levitical impediments to matrimony1 and its weight of learning and argument is in proportion to its size4 ,,the ,,philosophy ,,of ,,spiritualism1 ,,and ,,the ,,pathology ,,and ,,treatment ,,of ,,mediomania4 ,two ,lectures4 ,by ,frederic ,r4 ,marvin1 ,m4,d41 ,professor of ,psychological ,medicine and ,medical ,jurisprudence in the ,new ,york ,free ,medical ,college for ,women4 ,read before the ,new ,york ,liberal ,club1 ,march #bj and #bg1 #ahgd4 ,new ,york3 ,asa ,k4 ,butts ,co41 ,publishers1 ,no4 #cf ,dey ,st4 #ahgd4 ,asa ,k4 ,butts ,co4 have published this small book with a long title in a very cheap and economical manner1 very well suited to its scientific and literary value4 ,it is decidedly the production of a mediomonomaniac4 ,,on ,,the ,,wing3 ,a ,,southern ,,flight4 ,by the ,hon4 ,mrs4 ,alfred ,montgomery1 author of ,the ,bucklyn ,shaig1 ,mine ,own ,familiar ,friend1 ,the ,wrong ,man1 etc4 ,london3 ,hurst ,blackett4 #ahge4 ,those of our readers who enjoyed this 8flight0 during the summer and autumn in the pages of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world will need no assurance from us regarding the pleasure of the trip4 ,to others we will simply say that the volume contains some admirablytold travelling experiences1 graphic descriptions of ,italian life and scenery1 together with romantic episodes in which sundry characters1 real or imaginary1 pass through a variety of piquant incidents4 ,,announcement4--,in addition to the new serial already commenced in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 we shall begin in the ,april number the publication of another story by the author of 8,laughing ,dick ,cranstone10 8,how ,george ,howard was ,cured10 etc4 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,obvious printer's errors have been corrected4 ,,footnotes #a ,we say 8indefinite10 because this virtual sphere in its continuous expansion wanes away insensibly1 and has no definite limiting surface4 #b ,that the matter of a primitive element is mathematically unextended will be rigorously proved in the next following articles4 #c 8,a ,speculation touching ,electric ,conduction and the ,nature of ,matter40 ,philos4 ,magazine1 #ahdd1 vol4 xxiv4 p4 #acf4 #d ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 ,august1 #ahgd1 p4 #ehd4 #e ,he says3 8,what do we know of the atom apart from its force8 ,you imagine a nucleus which may be called a1 and surround it by forces which may be called m3 to my mind the a1 or nucleus1 vanishes1 and the substance consists in the powers of m4 ,and1 indeed1 what notion can we form of the nucleus independent of its powers8 ,what thought remains on which to hang the imagination of an a independent of the acknowledged forces80 ,we answer that there remains the inertia1 the passivity1 and the local position1 which are not the property of the m1 but of the a4 ,the a1 even according to ,faraday1 is the real centre of a sphere1 and therefore it cannot vanish while the sphere exists1 except inasmuch as it must be conceived without bulk1 according to the theory of simple elements which he adopts4 #f ,opusc4 ,de ,principiis ,natur4 #g ,aliquid esse semper et ubique potest intelligi dupliciter4 ,uno modo1 quia habet in se unde se extendat ad omne tempus et ad omnem locum1 sicut ,deo competit esse ubique et semper4 ,alio modo1 quia non habet in se quo determinetur ad aliquem locum vel tempus4 ,summa ,theol41 p4 #a1 q4 #af1 a4 #g4 #h ,universale est ubique et semper2 materia etiam prima1 quum sit in omnibus corporibus1 est ubique4 ,neutrum autem horum est ,deus4 ,ergo esse ubique non est proprium ,dei4--,ad primum dicendum1 quod universale et materia prima sunt quidem ubique1 sed non secundum idem esse4 ,summa ,theol41 p4 #a1 q4 #h1 a4 #d4 #i ,questi che mai da me non fia divizo4 #aj ,formerly ,september was the #gth month4 #aa ,this is the title of a remarkable poem by the ,rev4 ,john ,keble1 unpublished until after his death4 #ab ,dr4 ,irons1 in his book entitled ,new ,legislation for the ,church3 ,is it needed8 says3 8,the most discreditable because the most insincere of all the pleas for new legislation is the cry that the ritualists are encouraging popery amongst us4 ,to say that we are in danger of becoming papists is about as rational as to say that we are becoming #8,plymouth ,brethren1' 0 7one of the many new sects which have sprung up of late years in ,england74 #ac ,at a meeting of a ,high ,church society1 called the ,english ,church ,union1 recently held1 a member of this ,low ,church association who was present rose and informed the assembly that that body further existed 8for the purpose of teaching the bishops the law0--a statement which must have been interesting to the ,bishop of ,lichfield and his two coadjutorbishops who were present4 #ad ,upon this the ,times remarks3 8,there can be no department of administration 444 without a large deposit of discretionary powers in the best hands that can be found4 ,the ,church of ,england has always had to submit to that law1 for it sees its prelates appointed alternately by the opposite political and religious sides1 and has had to see the ecclesiastical patronage of populous counties bestowed for a whole generation on men of one school1 and then as long on men of the other40 ,could any words more graphically depict the shuttlecock existence of ,anglican ecclesiastical arrangements than these8 #ae ,see ,peace through the ,truth1 by the ,rev4 ,f4 ,harper1 ,s4 ,j41 whose words we occasionally venture to adopt1 as expressing so much more completely the state of the case than could be done by any of our own3 8,in the authorized formularies of the ,church of ,england there is only one single instance in which confession is distinctly alluded to1 namely1 in the ,service for the ,visitation of the ,sick40 ,but let us hear what is said by the great ,anglican authority1 ,archbishop ,whately1 with regard to the rubric to which we refer1 his work being a textbook which nearly every ,anglican bishop recommends to his candidates for ordination4 ,after quoting ,marshall and ,potter as authorities in his favor1 he says3 8,no authority can be urged from thence for the applying of ,god's pardon to the conscience of a sinner1 or for absolving him from any otherwise than from the censures of the church10 7,whately on the ,common ,prayer1 ch4 ,,xi41 sec4 #e1 p4 #dcj1 ,london1 #ahdj74 ,and the late ,bishop of ,london1 ,dr4 ,blomfield1 in one of his charges 7#ahdb7 speaks of auricular confession as 8a practice wholly unknown to the primitive church1 one of the most fearful abuses of that of ,rome1 and the source of unspeakable abominations40 ,from all which it ought to be clear to ,anglicans themselves that1 if they would find authorized confession and valid absolution1 they must seek it elsewhere than from the selfauthorized confessors of their own communion4 #af ,f4 ,harper4 #ag ,see 8,our ,paris ,letter0 in the ,church ,times for ,june #ab1 #ahgd1 which might be fitly described as two closely printed columns of exasperating mendacity4 #ah ,we are told that 8one striking feature of the evening as regards the tone pervading the assemblage was the manifest repudiation of the idea 444 that1 if the bill were pressed1 the extreme men would secede and free the church from their annoying presence40 ,when ,mr4 ,hillyard1 of ,s4 ,lawrence's1 ,norwich1 who presented himself as one of the 8extremest of the extreme10 told how a parishioner of his had said to him1 8,sir1 if fifteen years ago there had been such services and spiritual privileges at ,s4 ,lawrence as there are now1 ,i should never have turned ,roman ,catholic10 he 8fairly brought down the house40 ,the idea of 8sorrowful departure10 444 when referred to by one of the speakers1 was received with shouts of derisive laughter4 ,another clergyman stated that he had 8reconciled a great number of ,roman ,catholics to the church0 7671 which announcement was received with 8great cheering40 #ai ,and ,mr4 ,b41 moreover1 would be able for his part to appeal to the 8,black rubric0 7so named by the ,tractarians71 and which is appended to the ,communion ,service1 and ,art4 ,,xxviii4 ,the former1 apologizing for the order contained in the office for communicants to receive kneeling1 declares that 8thereby no adoration is intended or ought to be done1 either unto the sacramental bread or wine there bodily received1 or unto any ,corporal ,presence of ,christ's natural ,flesh and ,blood4 ,for the sacramental bread and wine remain still in their very natural substance1 and therefore may not be adored 7for that were idolatry to be abhorred of all faithful ,christians740 ,article ,,xxviii4 declares that 8,transubstantiation cannot be proved by ,holy ,writ2 but it is repugnant to the plain words of ,scripture1 overthroweth the nature of a sacrament1 and hath given occasion to many superstitions4444 ,the ,sacrament of the ,lord's ,supper was not by ,christ's ordinance reserved1 carried about1 lifted up1 or worshipped40 #bj ,mr4 ,h4 ,wilberforce4 #ba 8,as the ,church of ,jerusalem1 ,alexandria1 and ,antioch have erred1 so also the ,church of ,rome hath erred1 not only in their living and manner of ceremonies1 but also in matters of faith40--,art4 ,,xix41 ,book of ,com4 ,prayer4 #bb 8,ludens in orbe terrarum10 ,prov4 viii4 #ca4 #bc ,animorum nulla in terris origo inveniri potest1 nihil enim est in animis mixtum atque concretum1 aut quod ex terra natum atque fictum esse videatur nihil ne aut humidum quidem1 aut flabile1 aut igneum4 ,his enim in naturis nihil inest1 quod vim memori1 mentis1 cogitationis habeat1 quod et prterita teneat1 et futura provideat1 et complecti possit prsentia3 qu sola divina sunt2 nec invenietur unquam unde ad hominem venire possint1 nisi a ,deo4 ,singularis est igitur qudam natura atque vis animi1 sejuncta ab his usitatis notisque naturis4--,tusc4 ,qust1 lib4 #a1 c #bg4 #bd ,laguile1 in his ,history of ,alsace1 regards these apostles as the real disciples of ,s4 ,peter4 ,he finds a proof of it in the writings of ,s4 ,irenus 7who lived in the ,i,i,id century71 which allude to the churches of ,germany4 #be ,an old tradition attributes the foundation of this chteau to the ,emperor ,maximin1 and declares that the rotunda was formerly consecrated to the worship of the pagan divinities4 ,this rotunda was destroyed in #agcd4 ,an inn now stands on the spot4 #bf ,this abbey1 at a later day1 adopted the rule of ,s4 ,benedict1 and in the ,v,i,i,ith century became of great importance1 being rebuilt and endowed by ,duke ,garnier4 #bg ,the remains of ,st4 ,deodatus have been preserved in this church4 ,formerly they were borne in procession with great pomp around ,ebersheim,mnster on the #aith of ,may1 the festival of this saint4 #bh ,s4 ,odile was particularly attached to ,ebersheim,mnster4 ,after the foundation of the ,convent of ,hohenbourg she appointed the abbot director of her community1 and made to it some donations on condition that some of the monks of ,ebersheim,mnster should celebrate divine service at ,hohenbourg on certain festivals1 and the abbot himself on the ,nativity of the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary4 ,dobald1 ,abbot of ,ebersheim,mnster1 had the particular confidence of ,charlemagne4 ,he travelled with him to ,saxe in #haj4 #bi ,the remains of ,adalric were1 long after his death1 removed from ,hohenbourg to ,ebersheim,mnster1 and were for a long period venerated by the pilgrims4 #cj ,chroniclers speak particularly of the wonderful beauty of ,odile's fair locks4 #ca 8,if ,pilatus wears his hood ,the weather surely will be good2 ,but if ,pilatus dons his sword1 ,then rain will soon be the award40 #cb 8,to the fidelity and courage of the ,swiss40 #cc ,see ,spelman's ,history and ,fate of ,sacrilege4 #cd ,les ,premires ,civilisations3 tudes d',histoire et d',archologie4 ,par ,f4 ,lenormant4 ,paris4 #ce ,cf4 ,isaias xxxix4 #a4 #cf ,renan1 ,livre de ,job1 ,introd41 p4 lxiii41 #ahfj4 #cg ,lenormant1 ,premires ,civilisations1 tom4 ii4 p4 #ba4 #ch ,see ,genesis4 x4 #aj4 #ci ,cf4 ,isaias xxxvii4 #ch4 #dj ,is4 xlvi4 #a4 #da ,this is the value of the ideographic sign by which the abode of the dead is designated4 ,it also bears two other names1 which are of great importance1 as proving that the ,semites1 far from borrowing from the ,greeks their belief in another life1 have1 on the contrary1 furnished the latter with the names which they have bestowed on the regions of the departed4 ,in the poem of the descent of ,istar into hell this region is1 in fact1 denominated ,eribus1 probably meaning 8the house of darkness10 from ,ereb1 8evening10 from whence the ,erebus of the ,greeks2 and bit edie1 8the house of the eternities10 from ed1 8eternity10 from whence comes doubtless the ,greek ,hades4 ,the etymology is not historical1 and may easily be an arbitrary invention4 ,acheron1 also1 seems very probably derived from ,acharon1 the ,west1 the place of darkness1 the land of the dead4 7,see ,talbot1 ,transactions of the ,society of ,biblical ,archology47 #db ,prem4 ,civ4 ,the original text of this poem is given in ,choix de ,textes ,cuneiformes1 pp4 #ajj1 #aje4 #dc ,transactions of the ,soc4 of ,bibl4 ,archol4 vol4 i41 p4 #ajg1 and partially translated by ,lenormant1 ,prem4 ,civ4 #dd ,see the two articles by ,m4 ,renan upon1 or rather against1 the 8,expdition en ,mesopotame0 of ,m4 ,oppert1 in the ,journal des ,savants1 #ahei4 #de 8,let my mouth be filled with thy praise1 alleluia1 that ,i may sing1 alleluia2 my lips shall greatly rejoice when ,i shall sing to thee1 alleluia1 alleluia40 #df ,the ,germans call a graveyard ,god's acre4 #dg ,a street of that name4 #dh ,the old man4 #di ,tiberius' leap4 #ej ,new ,american ,cyclopdia1 v4 ,spiritualism4 #ea ,the ,strada di ,toledo1 where the maskers assemble1 and the combats with confetti take place during the ,carnival4 #eb ,bals masqus4 #ec ,the name of the place where large public and private balls are given by the ,neapolitan nobility1 to whom one must belong to have the right to subscribe4 #ed ,thursday before ,lent4 #ee ,the girls4 #ef ,an enclosure planted with maize1 vines1 and orangetrees4 #eg 8,that is1 ,dennis ,o',flinn1 with whom was this book during a year1 namely1 from the seventh month of the year #ahae to the eighth month of the year #ahaf1 i4e41 viz41 ,d4 ,o',f41 of ,shandon ,street1 in ,cork1 of ,great ,munster1 and that put it carefully in this form1 as say the stanzas above40 #eh ,the writer acknowledges his indebtedness to ,mr4 ,james ,o',farrell for this translation and other valuable assistance4 #ei ,pronounced ,karr4 #fj ,the ,lay of the ,last ,minstrel1 canto i4 st4 vi4 #fa ,history of ,westmoreland and ,cumberland1 ,introd4 #fb 8,in world is naught1 nature has wrought1 that shall stay4 ,therefore serve ,god1 keep well the rod1 thy fame shall not decay40 #fc ,the chronicles do not say how she passed her time at ,brisgau4 ,they merely state that she lived there about a year as a hermitess and mendicant4 #fd ,s4 ,attale became the superior of the chapter of ,s4 ,etienne at ,strasbourg1 founded by her father and composed of thirty canonesses4 ,she lived to a good old age1 and died in the odor of sanctity1 her soul wafted to heaven by a troop of angels and their ,queen4 ,her feast is celebrated at ,strasbourg on the #c;d of ,december4 #fe ,s4 ,eugnie succeeded ,s4 ,odile as abbess of ,hohenbourg1 and died in #gce4 ,she was buried in the ,chapel of ,s4 ,john1 and her tomb remained entire till the ,lutheran soldiers of ,mansfeldt broke it open in #afbb4 ,her relics were collected by the clergy1 and afterwards restored to the convent4 ,later1 the ,swedes cast them to the winds4 ,only a portion is preserved at ,oberehnheim1 and still exposed on her festival1 ,sept4 #af4 ,s4 ,gundeline became the second abbess of ,niedermnster4 ,her remains were once in a shrine of silver beside the grand altar1 but were mostly lost in the ,thirty ,years' ,war4 ,what remain are at ,einsiedeln4 #ff ,roswinde1 who had renounced the world before the ,monastery of ,hohenbourg was erected1 lived holily under the direction of her sister4 ,she was buried in the chapel of ,,ss4 ,peter and ,paul4 ,the name of ,s4 ,roswinde is found in an ancient litany formerly chanted in the ,diocese of ,strasbourg4 #fg ,to endow this monastery with relics1 he made a pilgrimage to ,rome4 ,pope ,adrian ,i4 gave him the bodies of ,s4 ,sophie and three other saints1 which he solemnly enshrined at ,eschau4 ,he died ,march #bj1 #ghc1 and was buried at ,eschau4 ,he is revered as a saint4 #fh ,this chalice was still at ,hohenbourg in #aedf4 ,all the chronicles declare that no one could ever tell of what it was composed4 ,the ,abbey of ,hohenbourg had a chalice on its coatofarms4 #fi ,probably about the year #gbj4 ,the year is disputed4 ,a popular legend says she lived to be one hundred and three years old1 which would make the year of her death #gfj4 #gj ,this will is to be found in the ,histoire de l',eglise de ,strasbourg1 by ,grandidier4 #ga ,this precious work was carefully preserved in the ,library of ,strasbourg until the late siege4 ,it is greatly to be hoped that it was transferred to a place of safety1 and did not share the fate of that noble library4 ,the manuscript throughout is by the hand of ,herrade4 ,it is composed of three hundred and twentyfour leaves of parchment4 ,it is especially interesting because it shows the state of the sciences and literature1 the manners1 and the public and private usages of the ,x,i,ith century4 ,this work is a systematic collection of extracts taken from ecclesiastical history and from the fathers1 mingled with reflections and observations on astronomy1 geography1 philosophy1 history1 and mythology1 naturally introduced by the subject the author is treating of4 ,to these are joined the poems of ,herrade4 ,it is illuminated with nave and charming miniatures4 ,this work is dedicated by the illustrious abbess to her spiritual children4 ,she explains in the preface1 written in prose1 the object she had in view in undertaking it4 8,like a bee10 she says1 8,i have amassed in this book the honey drawn from the sacred and philosophical writings1 that ,i may form a honeycomb to delight you and lead you to honor our ,lord and the church4 ,seek herein an agreeable food for the soul1 refresh hereby your fatigued minds1 that you may always be occupied with your heavenly ,spouse10 etc41 etc4 ,she then enters upon the work4 ,after speaking of ,god and his attributes1 the angels and their fall1 she comes to the creation1 discusses man before and after his fall1 passes in review the ,old ,testament in its relations with the ,new1 with the history of the human race1 the development of the arts1 sciences1 and philosophy4 ,she comes finally to the mystery of the ,redemption1 to which she joins the genealogy of our ,saviour1 traced upon a mysterious tree planted by the ,divinity4 ,she gives an account of the life1 miracles1 teachings1 and parables of ,christ4 ,then follow numerous extracts from the ,acts of the ,apostles1 to which are annexed very curious paintings4 ,the history of the ,roman emperors is naturally connected with the development of the ,christian ,church1 and there are ingenious miniatures representing allegorically the virtues of the faithful followers of ,christ1 the hideousness of sin1 the vanities and temptations of the world1 the assaults of hell1 and the means we should use to oppose them4 ,finally1 ,herrade represents1 in a series of considerations and paintings1 the dignities1 rights1 and obligations of the ecclesiastical state4 ,this work1 by the ,abbess of ,hohenbourg1 is the production of a thoughtful mind1 and is one that required much time4 ,she very carefully indicates the numerous and authentic sources whence she draws her materials4 ,herrade has also left a list of all the popes from ,s4 ,peter to ,clement ,,iii41 and several astronomical works1 which also are1 or were1 in the ,library of ,strasbourg4 #gb ,the relics of ,s4 ,odile venerated in other places are not of our saint4 ,there are three other saints of that name--one a companion of ,s4 ,ursula2 a second1 ,abbess of ,hohenbourg in the ,x,ith century2 and a third1 who was a widow of ,liege4 #gc ,see ,silliman's ,principles of ,physics1 n4 #bj4 #gd ,the word 8matter0 ordinarily signifies 8material substance02 but among philosophers material substance is that in which one of the constituents is the matter1 the other being the form4 ,physicists also take the word 8matter0 in the sense of one of the constituents of material substance1 whenever they distinguish the matter from the active power of matter4 ,we are surprised to find that ,father ,tongiorgi denies in his ,cosmology 7n4 #ajb1 #ajc7 that the primitive atoms are constituted of matter and form4 ,of what1 then1 are they constituted8 ,he replies that those atoms have no constituents4 8,philosophers10 he says1 8ask what are the constituents of the atoms2 and we answer that constituents of the atoms there are none1 whether with regard to their essence or to their quantity0--,qustionem proponunt philosophi qunam sint constitutiva atomorum4 ,cui respondemus1 constitutiva atomorum nulla esse1 nec quoad essentiam1 nec quoad quantitatem 7n4 #aai74 ,this is a curious doctrine indeed2 for it admits that a thing may be constituted without constituents1 and not only ignores the metaphysical analysis of the primitive being1 but implicitly declares it to be absurd4 ,that all created substance essentially consists of act and potency we have shown in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world for ,march1 #ahgd1 p4 #hbd4 #ge ,we propose to treat this question separately4 #gf ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 #gg ,itaque ubi habetur distinctio unius ab altero1 ibi habetur unitatum pluralitas1 seu multitudo1 etiamsi qu distincta sunt1 unita sint1 atque adeo communi termino copulentur1 ut in continui partibus contingit4--,cosmol41 n4 #agd4 #gh ,cosmol41 n4 #ei4 #gi ,mysterium philosophicum2 est hc difficultas in qua ratio plus probat1 quam possit intelligere2 plus objicit1 quam possit solvere4--,goudin1 ,philos4 #hj ,quando dicitur continuum esse divisibile in partes in infinitum divisibiles1 hoc intelligendum est mathematice1 non physice2 id est considerando1 quantitatem prcise secundum se1 ut eam sumit mathematicus1 non vero ut est proprietas form corpore1 sicut eam considerat physicus2 nam perveniri tandem posset ad partem ita minimam1 ut minorem nulla forma naturalis pati posset4 ,attamen1 mathematice loquendo1 in illa minima parte adhuc essent du medietates1 et in illis duabus medietalibus ali medietates1 et sic in infinitum4--,ibid4 #ha ,a childish amusement resorted to the evening of the first ,sunday in ,lent1 as a kind of supplement to the ,carnival4 #hb ,carey's ,dante4 #hc ,a prolongation of the ,carnival peculiar to ,milan1 where it lasts four days longer than elsewhere4 #hd ,claudio ,monteverde1 an ,italian musician1 born at ,cremona in #aefe2 died at ,venice in #afdi4 ,the age of modern music can easily be computed4 #he ,rsum ,philosophique de l',hist4 de la ,musique4 ,par ,m4 ,ftis4 #hf ,dictionnaire de ,plain ,chant1 art4 ,tonalit4 #hg ,we were surprised to find that we had written 8diminished0 seventh for the chord ,sol1 ,si1 ,re1 ,fa1 in our last article4 ,the accompanying example1 however1 showed our meaning1 and1 for musicians1 corrected the error4 #hh ,we would also like to know why 8church music0 introduced by composers into their operas is so unlike the music they have composed for the church4 #hi ,a marked characteristic of ,gregorian chant1 ,rousseau1 in his ,essai sur l',origine des ,langues1 examining the influence of music1 observes3 8,thus melody1 beginning to be less adherent to speech1 took1 insensibly1 a separate existence1 and music became more independent of the words4 ,as a consequence1 little by little those prodigies which it had produced while it was only the accent and the harmony of poetry1 and which gave to it that power to subdue the passions which it would in the future exercise only upon the reason1 ceased40 #ij 8,and when they had said a hymn1 they went forth unto the ,mount of ,olives40 8,id est1 hymno cantato10 says ,estius2 and also ,s4 ,augustine3 8,ubi non est cantus1 non est hymnus20 and ,s4 ,chrysostom3 8,hymnum cecinit1 ut et nos similiter faciamus40 ,suppose the ,passion to have taken place in our day1 would our ,lord and his disciples have sung their 8,communio0 la ,mozart1 alla ,palestrina1 or in the style of ,gregorian ,chant8 8,et nos similiter faciamus40 #ia ,come to his assistance1 all ye saints of ,god2 meet him1 all ye angels of ,god2 receive his soul1 and present it before the ,lord4 ,may ,jesus ,christ1 who called thee1 receive thee1 and may the angels conduct thee to the bosom of ,abraham4 #ib ,eternal rest grant unto them1 ,o ,lord6 and let perpetual light shine upon them4 #ic ,may the angels conduct thee to paradise2 in thy coming may the martyrs receive thee and lead thee into the holy city ,jerusalem4 ,may the chorus of angels receive thee1 and with ,lazarus1 once poor1 mayest thou obtain eternal rest4 #id ,bothwell3 ,a ,tragedy4 ,by ,algernon ,charles ,swinburne4 ,london3 ,chatto ,windus4 #ahgd4 #ie ,alexander the ,great3 ,a ,dramatic ,poem4 ,by ,aubrey de ,vere4 ,london3 ,h4 ,s4 ,king ,co4 #ahgd4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #if ,brownson's ,review1 ,july1 #ahgd1 pp4 #cja1 #cjd4 #ig ,some of ,des ,cartes' works were1 however1 required to be corrected1 and placed on the ,index with that note4 #ih ,dfense de l',ontologisme1 p4 #a4 #ii ,de ,orig4 ,idearum1 art4 v4 obj4 #c4 #ajj ,,catholic ,,world1 vol iii4 p4 #bid4 #aja ,meaning the understanding4 #ajb ,ib4 p4 #eai4 #ajc ,ib4 p4 #ebj4 #ajd ,ib4 vol4 iv4 p4 #ffj4 #aje ,carlyle1 ,french ,revolution1 vol4 i4 #ajf ,neapolitan for a nervous attack4 #ajg ,catholic ,orthodoxy4 ,by ,rev4 ,dr4 ,overbeck4 #ajh ,the ,elements of ,molecular ,mechanics4 ,by ,joseph ,bayma1 ,s4,j41 ,professor of ,philosophy1 ,stonyhurst ,college4 ,london and ,cambridge3 ,macmillan and ,co4 #ahff4 #aji ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 ,august1 #ahgd1 p4 #eha4 #aaj ,the ,elements of ,molecular ,mechanics1 pp4 #bh1 #bi4 #aaa ,tongiorgi1 ,cosmol41 n4 #ec4 #aab ,in olden times it was the custom to ring on the chimes the hymns of the church1 not the worldly or vulgar airs now too often heard4 #aac ,on the ,manners and ,customs of the ,ancient ,irish3 ,a series of ,lectures delivered by the late ,eugene ,o',curry1 ,m4,r4,i4,a41 ,professor of ,irish ,history and ,archology in the ,catholic ,university of ,ireland1 etc41 by ,w4 ,k4 ,sullivan1 ,ph4,d41 ,secretary of ,ireland1 etc4 ,edited1 with an ,introduction1 ,appendixes--the ,royal ,irish ,academy1 ,professor of ,chemistry to the ,catholic ,university1 etc4 #c vols4 ,london3 ,williams ,norgate4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 #aad ,harps4 #aae ,otherwise known as ,finn ,mc,ooul1 ,general of the ,militia of ,ireland ,a4,d4 #bhc4 #aaf ,oghams4 #aag ,flempesi1 ,la ,vrit toute ,entire1 p4 #agc4 #aah ,jourgniac1 ,thirtyeight ,hours in the ,abbaye4 #aai ,mme4 de ,montasson1 second wife by a morganatic marriage of the late ,duke of ,orleans1 ,egalit's father4 #abj 8,until the day dawn and the daystar arise in your hearts40--#b ,s4 ,peter i4 #ai4 #aba ,the technical term for a scarlet coat 7worn by fox hunters7 when it has seen service1 and the tails have become pink through exposure to the weather4 #abb ,saturday ,review1 ,feb4 #ba1 #ahgd1 art4 8,highland ,constituencies40 #abc 8,welch eine hchst weise ,einrichtung6 ,wie glcklich ist ,russland vor vielen ,rmisch,katholischen ,lndern60--,hupel1 8,die kirchliche ,statistik von ,russland10 in the ,nordische ,miscellanien1 part ,,xi41 ,riga1 #aghf1 p4 #hh4 #abd ,first ,series1 vols4 iiivii4 #abe ,see ,pkarski1 ,learning and ,literature in ,russia under ,peter the ,great4 7,in ,russian7 ,st4 ,petersburg1 #ahfb4 ,vol4 ii41 pp4 #dfidha4 #abf ,amongst the various writings in which ,prokopovitch develops this thought might be noticed one which has for its title ,an ,historical ,disquisition on the quality of pontiffs or highpriests of idol worship possessed by the ,roman emperors1 both pagan and ,christian2 for what reason1 and in what sense they possessed it1 and whether1 in the ,christian law1 ,christian sovereigns can be called ,bishops and ,pontiffs1 and in what sense4 ,st4 ,petersburg1 #agba4 ,see ,pkarski1 op4 cit41 vol ii41 p4 #eai4 #abg ,mgr4 ,plato1 ,orthodox ,doctrine2 or1 ,christian ,theology ,abridged4 7,in ,russian7 ,st4 ,petersburg1 #ast ed41 #agfe2 #b;d ed41 #aghj4 #abh ,see 8,the ,act of ,succession to the ,throne of ,russia10 ,april #e1 #agig1 ,compl4 ,coll41 ,vol4 xxiv4 7#ag1iaj74 #abi ,see the ,ukases of the #c;d ,nov41 #agih 7#ah1gcd71 and of the #aath ,dec41 #ahjj 7#ai1fhd74 ,see also on this subject our book3 ,the ,popes of ,rome and the ,popes of the ,oriental ,church4 ,london3 ,longmans1 #ahga1 pp4 #ghha4 #acj ,la ,russie seratelle ,catholique8 ,par le ,pre ,j4 ,gagarin1 ,s4,j4 ,paris3 ,douniol1 #ahef4 #aca ,see the ,ukases1 ,nos4 #ah1gcd and #ai1fhd4 #acb ,in the eastern provinces of the ,russian ,empire the ,mahometans carry on an active propagandism at the expense of orthodoxy4 #acc ,code of the ,laws of the ,russian ,empire1 vol4 xiv4 8,statute for the ,prevention and ,extirpation of ,offences against the ,faith10 ,arts4 #ib and #ig4 ,ed4 #aheg1 pp4 #ah1 #ai4 #acd ,to mention only the ,panslavists1 whose formula is well known3 8,orthodoxy and nationality are synonymous40 ,if all ,russians thought the same1 the ,catholics might spare themselves the trouble of any further controversy4 #ace ,rglement ecclsiastique de ,pierre le ,grand1 etc41 part i41 p #af4 ,paris3 ,library of the ,bibliographical ,society1 #ge ,rue de ,bac1 #ahgd4 #acf 8,the emperor1 as a ,christian sovereign1 is the supreme defender and protector of the dogmas of the dominant faith1 the guardian of orthodoxy and of all that concerns good order in the holy church40--,code of the ,laws of the ,russian ,empire2 ,fundam4 ,laws1 art4 #db1 ed4 #aheg1 p4 #aj4 #acg ,we have it from an authentic source that the emperor had had made for himself1 for this purpose1 a set of 7sacerdotal7 vestments of skyblue velvet1 and was so bent upon carrying out his intention that his principal favorite1 ,count ,rostoptchin1 only succeeded in dissuading him by reminding him that he had been twice married1 and was therefore1 according to the canons of the church1 disqualified for offering the ,holy ,sacrifice4 #ach ,father ,gruber1 ,general of the ,jesuits1 who was in great favor with ,paul1 presented to the czar a project for reunion4 ,by command of the czar the ,archimandrite ,eugenius 7,volkhovichinoff71 afterwards ,metropolitan of ,kieff1 published in #ahjj an answer to this project1 in the form of a canonical dissertation1 ,on the ,authority of the ,pope4 ,see ,the ,russian ,clergy1 by ,pre ,gagarin1 ,s4,j41 pp4 #aah1 #aai4 ,it appears that this affair was under consideration for several years1 and even in the reign of ,catherine ,,ii4 ,and in fact ,hupel1 in a note of the manuscript in which we found the opening passage of this essay1 mentions the rumors read by the newspapers that a complete 7pollige7 reunion of the ,russian with the ,catholic ,church was about to be accomplished1 and attributed these same rumors to the ex,jesuits4 ,hupel wrote in #agcf4 ,see op4 cit4 p4 #hh1 note4 #aci ,schnitzler 7,j4 ,l471 ,histoire intime de la ,russie sous les ,empereurs ,alexandre et ,nicolas1 ,paris1 ,renouard1 #ahdg1 vol4 i41 note xiii42 ,dispositions religieuses de l',empereur ,alexandre1 p4 #dfc1 note xi42 ,la ,sainte ,alliance et ,mme4 de ,krudener4 ,see also a writing by the ,protestant pastor1 ,empaytaz1 ,notice sur ,alexandre1 ,empereur de ,russie4 ,geneva1 #ahbh4 #adj ,we have endeavored to elucidate this point of history1 without having arrived at any definite result2 we have some reason to believe that all which was known of the last days of the ,emperor ,alexander has not been made public4 ,the notes which we had collected upon this subject would here be out of place4 #ada ,it was in consequence of this event that1 not long afterwards1 appeared the two works1 respectively entitled ,perscutions et souffrances de l',eglise ,catholique en ,russie4 ,par un ancien ,conseiller d',etat en ,russie 7le ,comte ,arsne d',harrer7 ,paris3 ,gaume1 #ahdb2 and ,vicissitudes de l',eglise ,catholique des deux rites en ,pologne et en ,russie4 ,par le ,p4 ,theiner1 prtre de l',oratoire4 ,the ,french edition of this last work appeared in #ahdb1 preceded by a remarkable introduction from the pen of ,count de ,montalembert4 ,paris3 ,sagnier and ,bray4 #adb ,statute for the prevention and extirpation of offences against the faith1 ,code1 etc41 vol4 xiv41 ed4 #aheg1 art4 #ig1 p4 #ai4 #adc ,see ,description of the ,country ,clergy in ,russia 7,paris1 ,franck1 #aheh72 ,the ,russian ,clergy 7in ,russian71 ,berlin1 #ahei2 ,of the ,organization of the ,ecclesiastical ,schools in ,russia 7in ,russian71 ,leipsic1 ,wagner1 #ahfc2 ,of the ,orthodox ,clergy1 ,black and ,white1 in ,russia 7in ,russian71 ,leipsic1 ,wagner1 #ahff2 the ,pre ,gagarin on ,the ,russian ,clergy 7,london1 ,burns ,oates1 #ahgb72 ,eckardt1 ,modern ,russia 7,london1 #ahgj71 etc41 etc4 #add ,schdo,ferroti1 ,la ,tolrance et le ,schisme ,religieux en ,russie4 ,berlin3 ,behr1 #ahfc1 pp4 #bib1 #bic4 #ade ,id41 ib41 p4 #bic4 #adf ,the reader will find in the ,rglement ,ecclsiastique1 just brought out in ,paris1 the passage to which we allude 7p4 #aib1 note74 #adg ,schdo,ferroti 7op4 cit41 pp4 #cbh and #cah74 #adh ,during the last few years endeavors have been made to raise the status of the ,russian clergy1 and although it remains fundamentally the same1 the government has given proof of no less good will than intelligence in its endeavors4 ,in fact1 terrible reprisals are in store for the upper classes whenever the people shall have lost all faith4 #adi ,,note ,,from ,,the ,,author4 ,,curragh ,,chase1 ,,adare1 ,,ireland1 ,nov4 #bd1 #ahgd4 ,,rev4 ,,and ,,dear ,,sir3 ,the public has taken recently such deserved interest in the ,memoir and ,letters of ,sara ,coleridge that it has struck me that the last of the letters which ,i wrote to her before making my submission to the ,catholic ,church1 in which ,i stated fully my reasons for taking that step1 might be of use to many enquirers4 ,readers of ,sara ,coleridge's ,letters have often asked me1 8,but where is your part of the correspondence80 ,they may perhaps be glad to read at least one of those letters1 to which many of hers were replies4 ,that letter ,i send you1 with some preliminary remarks1 this day1 by bookpost4 ,it is quite at your service1 if you think it worth publishing in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4444 ,i remain very truly yours1 ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 #aej ,this statement is ambiguous4 ,there are doubtless many persons1 who have been brought up ,catholics1 who have never formally renounced the ,catholic profession1 and who are ready to declare their belief of many ,catholic doctrines1 but who doubt or disbelieve some one or more articles of faith1 and have ceased to give unreserved allegiance to the authority of the church4 ,such persons have lost faith1 and are not really ,catholics1 though they may call themselves by the name1 and still enjoy some of the rights of members of the church4 ,but every baptized member of the church has1 at least1 the habit of faith1 if he has not destroyed it by a contrary act1 i4e41 by a formal sin against faith4--,,ed4 ,c4 ,w4 #aea ,lehrbuch der ,universalgeschichte1 von ,dr ,h4 ,leo1 #c;d edit41 vol4 i4 pp4 #ac1 #ad4 #aeb ,as a case in point1 we may cite the law of the ,pontifical ,states1 which leaves the regulation of marriage among ,jews to their own synagogue4 #aec ,o ,virgin ,mother1 daughter of thy ,son6 #aed ,following of ,christ1 book iii4 chap4 v4 #aee ,the ,history of ,new ,south ,wales4 ,with an account of ,van ,diemen's ,land1 ,new ,zealand1 ,port ,phillip1 ,moreton ,bay1 and other ,australasian settlements4 ,by ,roderick ,flanagan4 #b vols4 ,london3 ,sampson ,low4 #ahfb4 ,reminiscences of ,thirty ,years' ,residence in ,new ,south ,wales and ,victoria4 ,with a supplementary chapter on transportation and the ticketofleave system4 ,by ,r4 ,therry1 ,esq41 late one of the judges of the ,supreme ,court of ,new ,south ,wales4 ,london3 ,sampson ,low4 #ahfc4 #aef ,see ,,the ,,catholic ,,world for ,march1 #ahgd1 p4 #hbh4 #aeg ,see ,,the ,,catholic ,,world for ,march1 #ahgd1 p4 #hca4 #aeh ,by a strange irony of fate the same grotesque coat he had worn on the feast of the ,etre ,suprme exactly six weeks before6 #aei ,shea4 #afj ,narrative of ,father ,memr4 #afa ,with regard to the ,anglican clergy1 it may be observed that the state church of ,england is almost entirely for the benefit of the aristocracy1 which sees its younger sons enter her 8orders0 all the more gladly because their subsistence is thus provided for without the patrimony of the head of the family being much diminished--the children of the aristocracy thus aiding to maintain an institution to which in a great measure its influence is owing4 ,as to the ,german ,protestant clergy1 they are neither so influential nor so respected as the ,anglican4 #afb 8,sir ,galahad40 #afc ,martinet1 ,l',emmanuel1 ou le remde tous nos maux4 ,paris2 ,lecoffre4 #ahej4 #afd ,schdo,ferroti1 op4 cit4 ch4 xv4 p4 #bic4 #afe ,it is not without reason that we insist upon this circumstance of being in contact with the people4 ,if indeed the ,russian ,church were to unite herself to the ,catholic ,church1 and the latter1 following the toleration granted to the united ,greeks1 allowed the secular ,russian clergy liberty to marry1 the inconveniences we have noticed would be less felt1 for the reason that1 besides the fact that the ,catholic ,church would merely permit--never1 either directly or indirectly1 compel--priests to marry1 there would always be a regular and celibate clergy side by side with the secular and married priests1 and equally with them in contact with the people4 ,however1 the barrenness in apostolic labors1 and the inferior condition of all the ,christian communities of ,oriental rite among whom a married priesthood is permitted1 oblige us to recognize in this permission a simple concession to human frailty2 and their condition is a powerful argument in favor of the immense advantages1 if not of the moral necessity1 of ecclesiastical celibacy4 #aff ,tennyson1 ,poetical ,works1 8,sir ,galahad40 #afg ,schdo,ferroti1 op4 cit4 p4 #bic4 #afh ,schdo,ferroti1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bie1 #bif4 #afi ,there are times1 in the history of nations1 when the moral necessity of certain institutions in the ,catholic ,church makes itself felt1 even by the most incredulous4 ,it is in ,germany1 as is well known1 that the ecclesiastical law of the celibacy of priests has been most eagerly attacked2 and it is from ,germany that has come to us the most splendid apology for the firmness displayed by the ,catholic ,church with regard to this point of discipline4 ,those priests who are at this moment so valiantly wrestling against persecution and braving the loss of income1 braving fines1 prison1 exile1 and death itself--can one suppose they would be equally intrepid1 did the existence of a wife and family depend upon their own8 #agj ,we shall be excused from considering as an universal history of the ,orthodox ,church certain little manuals which we have found indicated in the catalogues of ,russian bibliography4 ,besides1 it is not only of ,russia1 but of all the countries of the ,orthodox communion1 that we ask for one single ecclesiastical history like those of ,fleury1 ,rohrbacher1 ,henrion1 the ,abb ,darras1 etc4 7to quote ,french names only47 ,the 7,ecclesiastical ,history7 of ,mgr4 ,mcletius1 ,metropolitan of ,athens 7,vienna1 #aghcie71 cannot certainly be compared to them4 #aga ,voltaire1 ,histoire de ,pierre le ,grand1 part ii4 ch4 xiv4 #agb ,in the greater part of the countryplaces the popes have not been in any seminary at all4 ,they have been taught to read and write1 to make themselves acquainted with the ceremonies of the church and the regulations of the czars1 and then they have been ordained priests4 #agc ,mgr4 ,eugenius1 ,historical ,dictionary of the ,ecclesiastical ,writers of the ,grco,russian ,church who have lived in ,russia4 7,in ,russian7 ,st4 ,petersburg1 #b;d4 ed41 #ahbg4 #agd ,we are so far from objecting to the exercise of censure upon writings which treat upon religious matters that1 in a note to the ,rglement ,ecclsiastique 7p4 #agh71 we in some sort express a desire for it1 even with regard to what is uttered in the pulpit4 ,only we require as a condition that this censure should be exercised by a competent authority4 ,now1 in ,russia it is no longer the bishops1 but the state1 which1 not as protector1 but as lord and master of the church1 rules and measures the manifestation of religious thought4 ,it is against this illegitimate censure that we contend4 ,very far removed is the sentiment which bows its head before the religious autocracy of the czars from the submission of the ,catholic1 who bows before the church because he owns in her a divine authority4 ,the submission of the ,catholic is that which is due to the truth and to ,god4 ,it elevates and ennobles4 #age ,we could mention cases in which the pope who wishes to speak to his bishop must fall on his knees at the door1 even1 of the room1 and drag himself along thus to the prelate1 to whom he must only speak kneeling4 #agf ,statuti ,generali ed altri documenti dei ,framassoni pubblicati per la prima volta con note dichiarative4 ,roma3 #ahgd4 ,rituali ,massonici del primo e del trentesimo grado detti di ,apprendista e di ,cavaliere ,kadosh1 per la prima volta pubblicati e commentati4 ,roma3 #ahgd4 #agg ,the ,french ,reformers were reproached for inserting this article1 but it is found in the statutes of the ,scottish ,rite printed at ,naples1 the centre of ,italian orthodoxy4 ,perhaps it was left an innocuous relic of bygone servitude1 when royal ,freemasons insisted on fettering the craft with this clause4 ,but its value was as well understood then as now4 #agh ,it is also explained1 but not at this stage1 that the invocation of ,s4 ,john as patron of the lodges is a deception1 ,janus being the real protector4 #agi ,a living member of the ,french ,academy1 famous for his anti,christian writings1 on his admission to this grade1 struck the ,pontifical mask with such violence that the poniard broke and wounded his hand1 which he carried bandaged for some time after4 #ahj ,eugnie de la ,ferronays4 #aha ,october1 #ahgc1 p4 #gjg4 #ahb ,see the ,elements of ,molecular ,mechanics1 p4 #adg4 #ahc ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 ,october1 #ahgd1 p4 #a4 #ahd ,,the ,,catholic ,,world for ,september1 #ahgd4 p4 #gbi4 ,mr4 ,stallo might also see the ,elements of ,molecular ,mechanics1 book vi41 on the constitution of molecules4 #ahe ,see ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 ,march1 #ahgd1 p4 #geg4 ,also1 ,august1 #ahgd1 p4 #fdd et seq4 #ahf ,see ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 ,march1 #ahgd1 pp4 #gfd1 #gfe4 #ahg ,leisure3 ,its ,moral and ,political ,economy4 ,by ,severn ,teackle ,wallis4 ,baltimore3 ,printed by ,john ,murphy ,co4 #ahh ,a fact4 #ahi ,at the incorporation of the ,uniates of ,lithuania into the ,orthodox ,church1 under the ,emperor ,nicholas1 the ,synod of ,st4 ,petersburg declared in its celebrated decree of ,march #e1 #ahci1 as follows3 8,the solemn confession expressed in the synodal act 7of the apostate bishops71 that the ,lord ,god our ,saviour ,jesus ,christ is alone the true ,head of the only and true church1 and the promise of dwelling in unanimity with the most holy orthodox patriarchs of the ,east1 and with the most holy ,synod1 leaves nothing more to require of the united ,greek ,church for the veritable and essential union of the faith1 and1 for this reason1 there remains nothing which can oppose itself to the hierarchical reunion0 7,perscutions et ,souffrances1 etc41 p4 #aah74 ,now1 if there existed between the ,catholic ,church and the ,russian ,church a veritable doctrinal disagreement with regard to the ,procession of the ,holy ,ghost1 the ,synod of ,st4 ,petersburg1 in not requiring of the apostate bishops any retractation on this point1 would have been guilty of an inconceivable compromise of the faith4 ,we leave to orthodox ,russians the task of defending it4 ,it has been stated also that there is a disagreement between us and the ,russians on the subject of purgatory4 ,we here give what we find in the catechism of the late ,mgr4 ,philarete1 in use in the schools4 ,we make use of the ,french translation1 which appeared in ,paris1 with the concurrence of the ,russian government and the ,synod4 ,q4 8,what remark remains to be made respecting the souls of those who have died in the faith1 but whose repentance has not had time to bear fruit8 ,a4 8,that1 to obtain for them a happy resurrection1 the prayers of those who are yet on this earth may be to them a great assistance1 especially when joined to the unbloody sacrifice of the ,mass and to the works of mercy1 done in faith and in memory of the departed0 7,catchisme dtaille de l',eglise ,catholique orthodoxe d',orient1 examin et approuv par le ,saint ,synode de ,russie4 ,paris3 ,klinsiock1 #ahea4 ,on the eleventh article of the ,nicene ,creed1 p4 #hi74 #aij 4 ,the first edition appeared in ,latin1 at ,geneva1 in #afbi2 the second1 four years later1 in ,greek and ,latin4 ,the ,confession of ,cyril,lucar was inserted by ,kimmel in his work ,libri ,symbolici ,ecclesi ,orientalis4 ,jen1 #ahdc4 7,second ed4 under the title of ,monumenta ,fidei ,ecclesi ,orientalis4 ,jen1 #ahej47 #aia ,the title of this tract is1 ,protestantism and ,churches in the ,east4 ,the cause of its appearance was the pretension of the ,church of ,england--which1 not without analogy with the ,russian ,church1 recognized the sovereign of the country as its head1 after ,jesus ,christ--in giving to the ,east a bishop invested by a mandate of ,queen ,victoria1 with a jurisdiction embracing the whole of ,syria1 ,chalda1 ,egypt1 and ,abyssinia4 ,finally1 its object is to examine the formula1 8,no peace with ,rome1 but union and agreement at any price with the ,syrians1 the ,abyssinians1 and the ,greeks10 and to prove the absolute impossibility of the ,anglican and the ,orthodox ,churches being able honestly to agree together in point of doctrine4 ,if it be true that1 in consequence of the marriage of the ,duke of ,edinburgh1 a great sympathy with the ,anglican ,church has taken possession of the aristocracy of ,st4 ,petersburg1 ,no4 #db of the ,tracts for the ,times ought to be reprinted in ,english1 translated and printed in ,russian1 and widely disseminated in the two languages4 ,it is the honesty itself of the two churches which is at stake4 #aib ,the reader will not take it amiss if he should find here several points already developed in our former essay1 ,the ,pope of ,rome and the ,popes of the ,oriental ,orthodox ,church4 7,london3 ,longmans1 #ahga47 ,it is almost impossible1 in touching upon the same subject1 entirely to avoid repetition2 and1 besides1 there are certain ideas which require to be put forward pretty frequently1 if they are sufficiently to arrest public attention4 ,well1 then1 there is one idea1 which we would willingly call the 8providential idea0 of the times1 of so decisive a tendency does it appear to us for hastening the end of the schism and the return of the ,grco,russian ,church to ,catholic unity4 ,it is the idea to which we now return1 and which forms the subject of the entire third chapter of the essay just mentioned4 ,we live in a century of revolutions2 now1 whilst the ,catholic ,church1 in presence of the general overturning of thrones1 dynasties and political constitutions1 only strengthens1 with her marvellous unity1 the powers of her government1 the ,orthodox ,eastern ,church is given up defenceless to all the chances of political revolutions1 and condemned1 in her various branches1 to submit to the form of government which these revolutions impose upon her4 ,this fact alone is of a nature to lead back a goodly number of our separated brethren4 ,we have not here to discuss lofty and abstract matters2 we have to reflect whether ,jesus ,christ could thus have given up his church to the mercy of political revolutions4 ,the man of the people1 the illiterate1 the workman1 whose every moment is precious because he must live by the labor of his hands1 can decide this question as easily as the theologian1 the philosopher1 and the statesman4 ,it is a reflection which requires neither study nor any form of reasoning1 nor even time2 it is an argument selfevident to all--the 8popular argument10 which must decide between the ,catholic ,church and the ,orthodox ,eastern ,communion4 ,after this our repetitions will be treated with indulgence1 as will also our inability to make any promise not to recur1 even more than once1 to this same subject--in short1 our desire will be found legitimate that the religious press of every country should make the idea which we have just expressed its own2 that it should develop and popularize it1 and make it really 8the providential idea of the times40 #aic ,this patriarch was afterwards deposed on account of his refusal to sign the declaration of the council1 and the ,sublime ,porte was obliged to nominate a successor4 #aid ,scarcely was the ,patriarch of ,jerusalem1 ,cyril1 arrested and imprisoned1 before ,russia began to take reprisals against the ,greek ,church4 #aie ,expression of the manifesto of the ,synod of ,st4 ,petersburg1 ,on the ,reunion of the ,uniates with the ,orthodox ,church in the ,russian ,empire1 printed by order of the ,most ,holy ,synod of ,st4 ,petersburg4 ,synodal ,press1 #ahci4 ,see ,perscutions et ,souffrances1 etc41 pp4 #aegaff4 #aif ,from what we have been able to ascertain1 the conduct of the ,russian ,church upon this point is not so invariably uniform as to make it impossible to quote some exceptions to what we have just mentioned4 ,it is very certain1 however1 that these exceptions do not regard great personages1 who are always dispensed from submitting to baptism by immersion4 ,to mention a recent example3 the ,princess ,dagmar was admitted into the ,russian ,church without being required to receive a second baptism4 ,the same thing was done in the last century4 ,voltaire having shown himself persuaded that the ,russian ,church baptized ,protestants1 baptized by infusion1 was reproved by ,catherine ,,ii4 in the following terms3 8,as head of the ,greek ,church1 ,i cannot honestly leave you unrebuked in your error4 ,the ,greek ,church does not rebaptize at all4 ,the ,grand ,duchess1 etc40 7,vide ,kegl4 ,eccles41 p4 #hf1 note47 ,what ,catherine here calls the ,greek ,church is the ,russian4 ,besides1 ,catherine herself had been received into the ,russian ,church without being rebaptized1 and it was of this example that ,william ,frederick ,ltiens1 the ,lutheran author of the ,dissertatio de ,religione ,ruthenorum ,hodierna1 did not fail to avail himself1 in maintaining that upon this point also the ,russians were in agreement with the ,lutherans4 8,if the ,russians of former days0 7,rutheni veteres71 writes ,ltiens1 8did not recognize as valid the baptism 7by infusion7 of our church1 it cannot be attributed solely to their belief in the necessity of their ceremonies1 but also to the hatred which1 from the calumnies of the ,romanists1 they nourished against our ,lutheran ,church 4440 7,dissert41 etc41 pp4 #hf1 #g74 ,besides1 we find the following in the ,russian ,clergy of ,father ,gagarin3 8,the ,ecclesiastical ,talk 7,doukhovnaia ,beseda7 of ,sept4 #ag1 #ahff1 was seeking for a means of reconciling on this point the ,greek and ,russian ,churches4 ,nothing is stranger than the idea it has entertained4 ,if we are to believe the ,ecclesiastical ,talk1 the ,greek ,church fully admits the validity of baptism otherwise than by immersion1 but has been obliged to exact a new baptism from those ,latins seeking admission into her bosom1 in order to draw a deeper line of demarcation between ,greeks and ,latins1 from fear of a reconciliation1 and to this end has attempted nothing less than to make the ,greeks believe that the ,latins were not ,christians4 ,we should never dare to attribute to the ,greek ,church such a proceeding4 ,lying1 calumny1 profanation of a sacrament that cannot be repeated--all this1 according to the ,ecclesiastical ,talk1 the ,greek ,church would knowingly and willingly do6 ,reading this1 we cannot believe our eyes4 ,and this journal is published by the ,ecclesiastical ,academy of ,st4 ,petersburg1 under the eye and with the approbation of the ,synod60 7,the ,russian ,clergy1 translated from the ,french of ,father ,gagarin1 ,s4,j41 by ,ch4 ,du ,gard ,makepeace1 ,m4,a4 ,london3 ,burns and ,oates1 #ahgb2 p4 #bgb47 #aig ,the ,council of ,constantinople of #ahgb has been acknowledged by one portion of the ,orthodox ,church1 and rejected by the other4 ,the church of the ,hellenic kingdom maintains the authority of the council2 a portion of the ,russian ,church rejects it4 ,the ,orthodox ,church is thus divided into two camps2 and1 according to the tenor of the acts of the ,council of #ahgb1 all that portion of the ,russian ,church which does not admit the authority of the council is1 therefore1 at this present time excommunicate4 #aih ,confessio ,orthodoxa ,fidei1 ,catholic et ,apostolic ,ecclesi ,orientalis4 ,qust4 lxxxiii4 in ,kimmel's work1 ,libri ,symbolici ,ecclesi ,orientalis1 p4 #aec4 #aii ,catchisme ,dtaill4 ,on the ninth article1 p4 #ie4 #bjj ,it is thus that ,anthimus1 the ,patriarch of ,constantinople1 expressed himself in a document concerning the independence of the ,orthodox ,church of the ,hellenic kingdom4 ,see ,the ,pope of ,rome1 etc41 p4 #adb4 ,french ed41 p4 #bbg4 #bja ,message of ,marshal ,mac,mahon to the ,french ,assembly4 #bjb ,letter to ,m4 ,stoffels1 ,nov4 #cj1 #ahda 7,memoir and ,remains of ,alexis de ,tocqueville74 #bjc ,letter to ,stoffels1 ,july #ba1 #ahdh4 #bjd ,mr4 ,senior's ,journal1 ,april #bf1 #aheh4 #bje ,doc4 ,hist4 ,n4 ,y41 v4 i4 p4 #aeh4 #bjf ,mc,gee's ,cath4 ,hist4 ,america4