,,texas ,,p>ks ,,& ,,wildlife ,,dep>tm5t ,,poison\s ,,snakes ,,( ,,texas ,,& ,,fir/ ,,aid ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,_! ,,bites ,,bullet9 ,,no4 #ca ,orig9ally publi%$ ,febru>y #aiej ,revis$ ,febru>y #aieb ,repr9t$ ,may #aifj ,revis$ ,july #aifc2 ,may #aifd ,repr9t$ ,jan4 #aifg ,repr9t$ ,jan4 #aifi ,repr9t$ ,augu/ #aigj ,by ,,john ,e4 ,,w]l] ,director1 ,h\/on ,zoological ,g>d5s ,illu/ration3 ,texas ,/ate ,seal ,publi%$ by ,texas ,p>ks & ,wildlife ,dep>tm5t ,au/91 ,texas ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,introduction #d ,,precautions ,,at ,,home #e ,,protection ,,9 ,,! ,,field #g ,,recogniz+ ,,! ,,poison\s ,,k9ds #h ,,! ,,pit ,,vip]s #ab ,,! ,,copp]heads #ac ,s\!rn #ad ,nor!rn #af ,broadb&$ #ah ,trans-,pecos #bj ,,! ,,cottonm\? #bb ,we/]n ,cottonm\? #bb ,,! ,,rattlesnakes #be ,we/]n ,massasauga #bf ,we/]n ,pigmy #bh ,we/]n ,diamondback #cj ,timb] #cd ,canebrake #cf ,b&$ ,rock #ch ,mottl$ ,rock #dj ,blacktail$ #db ,mojave #dd ,prairie #df ,,! ,,elapid ,,snakes #dh ,texas ,coral #dh ,,v5oms #eb ,,diagnos+ ,,! ,,bite #ec ,,sev]ity ,,( ,,! ,,bite #ed ,,fir/ ,,aid ,,treatm5t #ee ,,sugge/ions ,,to ,,physicians #eg ,,bibliography #fa ,,films #fb ,,introduction ,?is ,bullet9 has be5 prep>$ 9 response to _m reque/s f hunt]s1 ran*]s1 telephone con/ruction p]sonnel1 ,boy ,sc\ts & o!rs :o sp5d mu* "t outdoors1 = a concise & illu/rat$ guide to ! poison\s snakes ( ,texas4 ,! in=mation pres5t$ is m]ely an outl9e ( ! poison\s snakes f\nd )9 ! /ate & is n int5d$ to replace ! sev]al excell5t snake books n[ on ! m>ket4 ,sixte5 species & subspecies ( poison\s snakes1 belong+ to f\r g5]al gr\ps1 are f\nd 9 ,texas4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic features ( ea* are describ$4 ,a photograph accompanies ea* description & a map indicat+ ! snake's kn[n range by c\nties is includ$4 ,) ?is in=mation1 ! read] %\ld h little difficulty recogniz+ ! poison\s snakes f\nd 9 8 region &1 %\ld he be requir$ to r5d] fir/ aid = snake bite1 ! text & photos cov]+ ?is subject w help him to d ! job successfully4 ,a numb] ( p]sons h ext5d$ help dur+ ! curr5t revision ( ?is booklet4 ,i am mo/ indebt$ to ,alv9 ,flury1 in=mation & education (fic] = ! ,texas ,p>ks & ,wildlife ,dep>tm5t1 :o n only did mu* ( ! necess>y legwork = ! project1 b :o also provid$ ! impetus t saw x to completion4 ,?anks are due also to ! foll[+ p]sons = c\nty records ( poison\s snakes 9 ,texas3 ,ralph ,w4 ,axtell1 ,ri*>d ,j4 ,baldauf1 ,edw>d ,w4 ,bonn1 ,bryce ,c4 ,br[n1 ,james ,r4 ,dixon1 ,alv9 ,flury1 ,john ,w4 ,=sy?1 ,w4 ,c4 ,glaz5]1 ,w4 ,gra+] ,hunt1 ,l4 ,m4 ,klaub]1 ,v]l9 ,ne!ry1 ,floyd ,pott]1 ,kirk ,pre/on1 ,/eph5 ,pre/on1 ,g]ald ,g4 ,raun1 ,mi*ael ,saba?1 ,joe ,t4 ,/ev5s1 ,erne/ ,c4 ,tanz]1 ,donald ,w4 ,t9kle1 ,clay ,t\*/one & ,john ,woot]s4 ,live specim5s = mak+ photographs us$ "h 7 provid$ by ,russell ,j4 ,long1 ,ru/y ,m>t91 ,erne/ ,c4 ,tanz]1 ,clay ,t\*/one & ,lawr5ce ,curtis4 ,f9ally1 ,i wi% to ?ank ,rob]t ,l4 ,c>lisle1 ,joseph ,f4 ,g5n>o1 ,ri*>d ,mac,allister1 ,don ,w4 ,micks1 ,j4 ,fr$ ,mull9s1 ,a4 ,c4 ,/imson & ,john ,h4 ,w]l] = o!r in=mation & assi/ance4 ,,john ,e4 ,,w]l] ,,poison\s ,,snakes ,,( ,,texas ,,& ,,fir/ ,,aid ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,_! ,,bites ,x is widely kn[n among snake bite au?orities t m p]sons die f snake bite 9 ,texas ?an 9 any o!r /ate ( ! nation4 ,?is />tl+ fact %\ld enc\rage e ,texan to obta9 a ?or\gh work+ k ( ! correct fir/ aid treatm5t = snake bite s he w be prep>$ to act promptly 9 ! ev5t ( an em]g5cy4 ,9 addition1 & p]haps j z important1 he %\ld le>n h[ to prev5t a bite be=e x c happ54 ,?is means kn[+ :]e to expect poison\s snakes1 h[ to avoid !m1 & h[ to id5tify on sight ! v5om\s k9ds f\nd 9 ! region :]e he lives4 ,,precautions ,,at ,,home ,/ati/ics %[ t a l>ge p]c5tage ( all bites takes place ne> ! home & m ?an a few ( ^! are inflict$ ^u small *ildr5 play+ 9 _! y>ds4 ,!re=e1 let u consid] fir/ ! possible pres5ce ( poison\s snakes ar\nd ! home & "s precautions t c be tak5 to keep !m away4 ,ea* ye> ,texas zoos receive calls f di/ress$ home own]s )9 city limits :o h discov]$ rattlesnakes or copp]heads "u _! h\ses or b5ea? tra% piles on _! prop]ty4 ,^! p ask = assi/ance 9 ! removal ( ! snakes or = advice :i* may prev5t simil> future invasions4 ,! trespass+ snake (t5 c be dispos$ ( quickly1 b ! removal ( "o snake does n always solve ! problem4 ,some?+ mu/ be done to disc\rage o!r snakes f tak+ resid5ce on ! gr\nds4 ,! /eps to be tak5 are simple2 *ief among !m is ! removal ( all rubbi%4 ,rock piles1 tra% piles1 /ack$ lumb]1 tree /umps & o!r =ms ( debris ne> or "u h\ses (t5 h>bor rats & mice :i* =m ! pr9cipal food ( mo/ snakes4 ,9 addition1 ?is tra% furni%es cov] = ! reptiles & (f]s !m protection f enemies & bad wea!r4 ,!re=e1 if all rubbi% is remov$ f ! premises1 ! food & %elt] :i* attract snakes are l>gely elim9at$ & ! snakes are =c$ to seek a m suitable environm5t4 ,d5se1 l[ gr[+ plants may also supply cov] = snakes4 ,f9ally1 ! removal ( rubbi% & d5se vegetation enables ! home[n] to easily see & de/roy poison\s snakes t may be pres5t4 ,9 settl$ areas1 h[ev]1 :]e poison\s snakes are p>ticul>ly abundant & pres5t a s]i\s problem1 x may be necess>y to take fur!r protective measures4 ,dr4 ,c4 ,m4 ,bog]t ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory has sugge/$ ! use ( a qu>t]-in* me% wire f5ce to keep snakes (f resid5tial prop]ty4 ,?is y>d-high1 snake-pro( f5ce is plac$ ar\nd ! h\se 9 mu* ! same mann] z an ord9>y picket f5ce1 except t ! bottom mu/ be set ab\t six in*es into ! gr\nd to prev5t snakes =c+ _! way b5ea? x4 ,9 addition1 all gates mu/ be provid$ ) close-fitt+ sills on ! bottoms & sides to insure a completely tight enclosure4 ,exp]im5ts ) f5ces ( ?is k9d 7 made to det]m9e _! effectiv5ess & to seek possible improvem5ts 9 _! con/ruction1 ) ! result t "o important *ange 0 made4 ,copp]heads & small rattlesnakes c\ld n get ov] ! v]tically-/raight f5ce1 b a six-foot rattlesnake us$ 9 ! exp]im5t 0 able to climb ov] x4 ,:5 ! same f5ce 0 tilt$ outw>d at a #cj-;degree angle1 n ev5 ! l>ge/ snake 0 able to rea* ! top4 ,al?\gh su* f5ces are exp5sive & difficult to keep 9 good repair1 !y may be desirable "u "s circum/ances4 ,a less co/ly me?od ( keep+ snakes away f resid5tial prop]ty has be5 propos$ by ! manufactur]s ( a new *emical t alleg$ly repels & kills snakes4 ,! product1 a granul> mat]ial ) a civet musk odor1 is report$ by its di/ributors to kill a snake less ?an two feet 9 l5g? if x is expos$ long] ?an #bj seconds4 ,prelim9>y te/s made at ! ,h\/on ,zoo indicate t1 9 spite ( claims to ! contr>y1 ! mat]ial _h little effect on ! snakes us$4 ,ea* ( m ?an a doz5 diff]5t specim5s1 includ+ examples ( all ! local poison\s k9ds1 unhesitat+ly crawl$ ?r\gh a wide b>ri] ( ! repell5t t 0 p\r$ on ! gr\nd4 ,9 "s in/ances1 ! snake's tongue contact$ ! granules1 b none ( ! te/ reptiles %[$ any ill effects f exposure to ! *emical4 ,:ile ^! crude te/s are c]ta9ly n conclusive1 x w\ld seem advisable to use comm]cial repell5ts ) "s res]vations until !y c be prov$ effective4 ,mean:ile1 we c /ill prev5t mo/ snake bites by obs]v+ a few simple safe practices4 ,,protection ,,9 ,,! ,,field ,9 ! field1 :]e poison\s snakes are m common1 !y pres5t a great] haz>d to human life2 consequ5tly1 camp]s1 crop f>m]s & o!rs :o sp5d a great deal ( "t outdoors %\ld necess>ily take m c>e 9 avoid+ snake bites4 ,because almo/ all snake bites are inflict$ on ! arms or legs ( ! victim1 ^! limbs require special protection4 ,! use ( a little caution1 :5 plac+ h&s or feet :]e snakes may be p>tially or completely hidd5 f view1 is ! be/ protection y c give !m4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true :5 climb+ h&-ov]-h& on rocky l$ges1 :]e y\r h&s rea* ! level ( ! l$ge be=e y\r eyes d4 ,rattlesnakes & copp]heads are p>tial to su* rocky hillsides & "h1 especially dur+ ! w>m days ( e>ly spr+1 !y pref] to coil & sun !mselves4 ,illu/ration3 ,?\ghtless rea* ,armadillo & pack rat burr[s also make excell5t %elt]s = rattlesnakes1 & only a reckless p]son w\ld f9d an excuse to rea* into "o ( ^! holes4 ,yet "o ye>1 9 ,s\? ,texas alone1 at lea/ two snake bites occurr$ :5 ! victims1 ea* 9 se>* ( small game1 rea*$ into armadillo holes & 7 bitt5 by rattlesnakes coil$ !re4 ,ano!r way to invite snake bite is to ?\ghtlessly turn ov] a log ) b>e h&s or to /ep ov] "o )\t fir/ look+ to see :e!r a snake is coil$ on ! o!r side4 ,_m snakes1 p>ticul>ly ! copp]head & coral snake1 are fond ( hid+ b5ea? or )9 decay+ logs1 z any snake collector w te/ify1 & su* a log is at all times to be consid]$ a pot5tial snake d54 ,if a log mu/ be mov$1 use a long /ick z a pry-b>4 ,/epp+ ov] a log w be less risky if boots or high-top %oes are worn1 b ev5 !n x is saf] to see fir/ :at is on ! o!r side4 ,sev]al types ( footwe> (f] good protection aga9/ ! bites ( mo/ snakes4 ,especially effective are high-top lea!r %oes1 rid+ boots1 rubb] boots or a comb9ation ( army 8p>atroop] %oes0 & heavy lea!r puttees4 ,probably ! be/ ( ^! is a snakepro( boot made ( extra heavy bullhide lea!r1 sold by ! ,gokey ,company1 #id ,ea/ #d? ,/reet1 ,/4 ,paul1 ,m9nesota4 ,= protection ( ! legs above ! knees1 snakepro( pants t weigh little m ?an ord9>y duck tr\s]s are available4 ,!y consi/ ( ?ree ?icknesses ( duck mat]ial & "o lay] ( f9e wire me%1 flexible en\gh to all[ easy knee movem5t4 ,snakepro( legg+s ( simil> mat]ial c be pur*as$ = safegu>d+ j ! l[] legs4 ,rec5tly m>ket$ alum9um legg+s furni% good protection 9 _m cases1 b "s br&s te/$ 7 too ?9 & easily damag$2 o!rs 7 too uncom=table4 ,if a poison\s snake is discov]$ close by1 ! be/ protection is to rema9 z /ill z possible until ! snake has mov$ away4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t a snake is quick to /rike at a mov+ object1 s to quickly /ep away at su* a mom5t may be disa/r\s4 ,if a rattlesnake is he>d ne>by b _c be locat$1 d n beg9 a wild da% = safety4 ,location ( ! snake may be misjudg$ & by tak+ a /ep y are likely to walk into1 r ?an away f1 x4 ,aga91 rema9 /ill until ! snake is sight$ &1 :5 x is c]ta9 ! snake is at lea/ five or six feet away & no o!rs are ne>by1 sl[ly back away4 ,if y mu/ move away1 d s z sl[ly z possible4 ,because our native poison\s snakes are mo/ly nocturnal 9 _! activities1 rema9+ hidd5 dur+ ! day & em]g+ at night 9 se>* ( food1 a fla%light %\ld be us$ by p]sons :o f9d x necess>y to travel ?r\gh snake c\ntry aft] d>k4 ,dur+ ! cool days ( spr+ & autumn1 h[ev]1 nocturnal habits are (t5 rev]s$4 ,dur+ ! day snakes se>* = w>m spots 9 :i* to sun !mselves2 by nightfall !y are aga9 "u cov]4 ,none ( our poison\s ,texas snakes ord9>ily c /rike m ?an ?ree-qu>t]s ( its body l5g?1 unless x has a firm back+ or is /rik+ d[nw>d f an incl9e4 ,c]ta9ly none has ! ability to jump at an enemy1 a feat (t5 attribut$ to ! rattlesnake4 ,a snake on ! def5sive is coil$ ) ! =w>d "p ( its body 9 a loose ,s position4 ,:5 /rik+1 ?is coil is /raight5$ out & ! head is ?ru/ =w>d4 ,x is n necess>y = a snake to /rike f a coil 9 ord] to bite4 ,if pick$ up ne> ! head1 x may simply turn1 op5 its m\? & bite ! h&4 ,x is dang]\s to believe1 z _m d1 t a wat] moccas9 _c bite "u wat]1 & woe to ! p]son :o d>es to seize a subm]g$ cottonm\?4 ,,recogniz+ ,,! ,,poison\s ,,k9ds ,suppose1 9 spite ( att5tion to ! precautions & protective measures j outl9$1 someone is bitt5 by an unid5tifi$ snake4 ,c]ta9ly ! victim w\ld n wi% to delay treatm5t if ! snake 7 poison\s1 because e m9ute wa/$ w\ld make recov]y m difficult4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he w\ld n c>e to und]go ei!r ! pa9 associat$ ) snake bite treatm5t or ! anxiety foll[+ a bite if a h>mless snake 7 ! cause ( ! accid5t4 ,yet "t & aga9 p h be5 bitt5 by h>mless snakes & h be5 ne$lessly giv5 fir/ aid & hospital treatm5t because ! (f5d+ snake 0 incorrectly classifi$ z poison\s4 ,/ill o!rs h be5 bitt5 by h>mless snakes & di$ f no?+ m ?an fright4 ,:5 recognition ( ! snake is d\btful1 x %\ld1 if possible1 be kill$ & tak5 to a hospital or doctor's (fice = correct id5tification4 ,always keep 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t a rec5tly kill$ poison\s snake may /ill be pot5tially dang]\s4 ,ev5 aft] its head is cut f ! body1 a reptile is capable ( m>k$ reflex activity2 m]ely t\*+ ! head may cause x to bite4 ,to be on ! safe side1 use a /ick to lift or c>ry a dead snake4 ,x is evid5t t ! ability to di/+ui% betwe5 h>mless & poison\s snakes goes h& 9 h& ) a k ( prop] fir/ aid treatm5t4 ,ability to recognize a poison\s snake on sight c be/ be a*iev$ by a /udy ( live poison\s k9ds & a comp>ison ( !m ) h>mless species4 ,at _m zoos1 :]e bo? k9ds are on display 9 glass-front$ cages1 !y may be exam9$ safely4 ,if a zoo is n conv5i5tly ne>1 an exam9ation ( photographs %[+ ! diff]5t k9ds is probably ! next be/ way to become famili> ) !m4 ,x is g5]ally consid]$ by ! layman t f\r k9ds ( poison\s snakes are f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates--! rattlesnake1 cottonm\?1 copp]head & coral snake4 ,?is gr\p+1 al?\gh some:at arbitr>y & c]ta9ly n zoologically correct1 is firmly e/abli%$ 9 ! m9ds ( mo/ p & may v well be "h to /ay4 ,nev]!less1 a m accurate & sci5tific approa* is possible if we consid] ea* species & subspecies z a diff]5t k9d4 ,illu/rations 9 ?is booklet %[ ! #af k9ds 7species & subspecies7 ( poison\s snakes kn[n 9 ,texas4 ,^! photographs1 toge!r ) descriptions 9 ! text1 %\ld aid 9 id5tification4 ,! accompany+ di/ribution map = ea* =m has be5 compil$ f c\nty records bas$ on museum specim5s1 b 9 a few cases reliable 8sight0 records h be5 us$ z pro( ( a snake's occurr5ce )9 a c\nty4 ,di/ribution ( snakes )9 ,texas is incompletely kn[n because ( a lack ( reliable records2 = ?is reason1 ! di/ribution maps are necess>ily f> f complete4 ,x is hop$1 h[ev]1 t ! li/s w be br\ght up to date z new localities come to light4 ,if ! read] c make any additions to ! pres5t li/s1 he is ask$ to communicate ) ! au?or or to deliv] specim5s to ! ne>e/ l>ge college1 zoo or museum ma9ta9+ a zoological collection4 ,only #af ( ! approximately #ajf diff]5t k9ds ( snakes f\nd 9 ! /ate are dang]\sly poison\s to man1 & "s are s r>e t !y are seldom se54 ,9 addition1 we h 9 ,texas sev]al species ( small] snakes kn[n z opi/hoglyphs1 ea* possess+ a mild v5om & a set ( small groov$ fangs f> back 9 ! upp] jaw4 ,because ( _! weak & limit$ supply ( v5om & small fangs1 :i* are poorly adapt$ = inject+ poison into l>ge animals1 ^! re>-fang$ snakes are consid]$ h>mless to man4 ,by f>1 ! majority ( species are small1 be+ n m ?an #ae in*es long & ab\t ?ree-sixte5?s ( an in* ?ick4 ,9 ?is gr\p are ! blackhead$ snakes 7g5us ,tantilla7 f\nd ov] mo/ ( ! /ate4 ,! slightly l>g] spott$ night snakes 7g5us ,hypsigl5a7 ( we/ & c5tral ,texas h enl>g$ b ungroov$ tee? 9 ! upp] jaw4 ,two ,mexican re>-fang$ snakes1 f\nd z f> nor? z ! ,br[nsville region1 are some:at l>g]4 ,!y are ! black/rip$ snake 7,coniophanes imp]ialis imp]ialis7 :i* gr[s to ab\t #bj in*es 9 l5g?1 & ! ,texas cat-eye snake 7,leptodeira annulata sept5trionalis71 :i* rea*es a l5g? ( ab\t ?ree feet4 ,/ill ano!r species1 ! v r>e ,texas lyre snake 7,trimorphodon vilk9sonii71 is kn[n f extreme we/]n ,texas4 ,x is g5]ally less ?an ?ree feet long4 ,9 spite ( ! small p]c5tage ( poison\s k9ds ( snakes 9 ! /ate1 x mu/ be made cle> t no "o g5]al rule c be us$ safely to id5tify all ( !m at a glance4 ,x is a mi/ak5 idea t all v5om\s snakes h broad1 triangul> heads4 ,on ! contr>y1 by us+ ?is rule1 _m ( our h>mless snakes look m dang]\s ?an d "s poison\s k9ds4 ,fur!rmore1 ?is g5]alization is made useless by sev]al exceptions1 a notable example be+ ! coral snake :i* has a r\nd head & does n look at all poison\s4 ,ev5 ! *>act]i/ic rattle is n always pres5t to make a rattlesnake's id5tification c]ta94 ,sometimes ! snake's rattle is accid5tally brok5 (f1 9 :i* case ?is id5tify+ app5dage is gone4 ,!n1 too1 a rattlesnake (t5 is coil$ 9 su* a way t its rattles are conceal$ b5ea? a loop ( its body4 ,aga91 ! tell-tale rattle is n visible & x is necess>y to recognize ! snake by "s o!r means4 ,disreg>d all s-call$ 8easy0 rules by :i* poison\s snakes may be id5tifi$2 in/ead1 le>n to "k ea* "o by its g5]al ov]all appe>ance4 ,= example1 to id5tify ! cottonm\?1 look = a comb9ation ( its mo/ *>act]i/ic features--relatively %ort1 /\t body & a broad1 flat head4 ,also look = a body color ( black1 d>k br[n or olive & f #aj to #ae wide1 usually indi/9ct1 crossb&s :i* are g5]ally light] 9 ! c5t] ?an on ! edges4 ,! upp] jaw bel[ ! eye1 z well z ! l[] jaw1 w be light color$ 9 contra/ to ! d>k color above ! eye4 ,toge!r1 ^! *>act]i/ics w make id5tification q c]ta9 at a reasonable di/ance4 ,rememb] t ! "y ( ?is snake are color$ diff]5tly f ! adults & y w n be able to id5tify ! juv5ile by us+ ! color *>act]i/ics ( ! adult snake4 ,,! ,,pit ,,vip]s ,our poison\s ,texas snakes belong to two families--! ,vip]idae 7subfamily ,crotal9ae--pit vip]s7 & ! ,elapidae 7cobra-l snakes74 ,! pit vip]s1 :i* include rattlesnakes1 copp]heads & cottonm\?s1 possess an op5+ on ei!r side ( ! head1 betwe5 ! eye & ! no/ril4 ,) ^! heat-s5sitive pits1 ! snake c locate w>m-blood$ prey 9 ! d>k & make a direct hit ^u a rat or m\se :i* x _c see4 ,illu/ration3 ,snake skeletons ,snakes belong+ to ?is family are fur!r *>act]iz$ by ! possession ( elliptical eye pupils1 some:at triangul>-%ap$ heads & long1 movable fangs 9 ! front ( ! upp] jaw4 ,ea* fang is connect$ by a tube to ! poison gl& locat$ j beh9d ! eye4 ,:5 ! snake is at re/ & its m\? is clos$1 ! fangs lie fold$ back aga9/ ! ro( ( ! m\?4 ,dur+ ! /rike1 ! m\? is op5$ s t ! upp] & l[] jaws =m an angle ( ne>ly #ahj degrees4 ,! fangs are !n erect$ to po9t almo/ directly =w>d4 ,) ! fangs 9 ?is position1 ! /rike results 9 a /abb+ action r ?an a true bite4 ,,! ,,copp]heads ,f\r k9ds ( copp]heads are kn[n 9 ,texas4 ,!y are mu* small] & m sl5d] ?an ! closely relat$ cottonm\? &1 because !y h proportionately small] fangs & less v5om1 are n v dang]\s to man4 ,! f\r copp]heads resemble "o ano!r by hav+ ! same g5]al patt]n ( *e/nut or r$di%-br[n crossb&s on a light] body color4 ,diff]5ces are bas$ mo/ly on ! size & %ape ( crossb&s & 9 ! degree ( m>k+ pres5t on ! belly4 ,copp]heads are mo/ common 9 rocky areas ( hilly or m\nta9\s c\ntry1 z well z 9 wood$ bottoml&s4 ,!y are r>ely se5 9 dry1 cactus c\ntry4 ,al?\gh sp5d+ mo/ ( _! "t on ! gr\nd1 copp]heads occasionally climb bu%es & l[ trees 9 se>* ( food4 ,along ! ,colorado ,riv] ne> ,:>ton1 !y 7 obs]v$ high 9 trees2 "s 7 #dj feet above ! gr\nd4 ,! snakes rea*$ ^! unusual heights by crawl+ along wild grape v9es t clung to ! tree trunks & drap$ ov] l[] limbs4 ,"o snake hunt] 9 ! area collect$ ne>ly #ajj copp]heads by pull+ !m (f ! bran*es4 ,copp]heads d mo/ ( _! fe$+ at night4 ,dur+ ! spr+ 9 "s p>ts ( ! /ate1 !y are f\nd 9 l>ge numb]s along /reams & o!r moi/ areas1 :]e !y sp5d mo/ ( ! day hidd5 b5ea? decay+ logs & o!r debris :i* af=ds good cov]4 ,copp]heads also c be expect$ :5 air temp]atures are high1 & :5 ! soil & vegetation are wet f rec5t ra94 ,!y (t5 make _! homes )9 ! suburbs ( l>ge cities :]e1 due to _! nocturnal habits & protective coloration1 !y are apt to be ov]look$4 ,n quick to seek cov] :5 approa*$1 copp]heads pref] to lie p]fectly /ill until an intrud] has pass$4 ,once mole/$1 !y frequ5tly vibrate _! tails &1 if among dry leaves1 produce a buzz+ s\nd n unlike t made by a rattlesnake4 ,copp]heads are quick to /rike at any annoy+ object1 & (t5 bite sev]al times 9 rapid succession4 ,copp]heads seldom deliv] a fatal bite because ( _! %ort fangs & small size4 ,_! /rike is (t5 block$ by a m]e tr\s] leg4 ,records ( ! ,antiv59 ,in/itute ( ,am]ica %[ t dur+ a #aj-ye> p]iod1 n a s+le dea? result$ f #cjh record$ copp]head bites reg>dless ( ! lack or k9d ( treatm5t giv5 victims4 ,9 spite ( ^! reassur+ figures1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! copp]head is pot5tially a dang]\s snake1 especially :5 ! bite involves a *ild4 ,all bites f ?is species %\ld receive ! same urg5t consid]ation giv5 ! bite ( a diamondback rattlesnake4 ,! f\r =ms ( copp]heads occurr+ 9 ,texas are ! only k9ds f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,s\!rn ,,copp]head ,agki/rodon contortrix contortrix ,illu/ration3 ,,s\!rn ,,copp]head ,description--,light] 9 color ?an ! o!r copp]heads1 ?is =m has a body color ( light br[n or tan1 (t5 ) a p9ki% t+e4 ,h\rglass-%ap$ crossb&s ( d>k] br[n are v n>r[ along ! middle ( ! back & are sometimes brok51 =m+ two sep>ate triangul> m>k+s1 "o on ea* side ( ! body4 ,z on ! nor!rn copp]head1 ! b&s are r\nd$ at _! bases4 ,! belly is pale & indi/9ctly m>k$4 ,size--,adults av]age betwe5 #bj & #cj in*es long1 :ile "s especially l>ge examples rea* a l5g? ( m ?an #dj in*es4 ,"y--,! av]age numb] 9 a brood is five or six4 ,z ) all ,nor? ,am]ican pit vip]s1 ! "y d n hat* f eggs b are born alive1 enclos$ 9 a ?9 membran\s sack4 ,!y are pal] ?an adults1 ) a m vivid patt]n1 & a bright sulphur yell[ tail tip4 ,di/ribution 9 ,texas--,! s\!rn copp]head is kn[n 9 ab\t ! ea/]n ?ird ( ! /ate1 :]e x has be5 f\nd 9 ! foll[+ c\nties3 ,au/91 ,ba/rop1 ,b[ie1 ,brazoria1 ,brazos1 ,burleson1 ,calh\n1 ,*amb]s1 ,*]okee1 ,colorado1 ,=t ,b5d1 ,gonzales1 ,grimes1 ,h>d91 ,h>ris1 ,h>rison1 ,h5d]son1 ,hopk9s1 ,h\/on1 ,jeff]son1 ,leon1 ,lib]ty1 ,madison1 ,matagorda1 ,montgom]y1 ,nacogdo*es1 ,newton1 ,orange1 ,polk1 ,rob]tson1 ,san ,jac9to1 ,smi?1 ,t>rant1 ,tr9ity1 ,victoria1 & ,walk]4 ,illu/ration3 ,di/ribution map ,,nor!rn ,,copp]head ,agki/rodon contortrix mokas5 ,illu/ration3 ,,nor!rn ,,copp]head ,description--,?is d>k] =m has a patt]n ( r$di%-br[n or *e/nut color$ crossb&s1 :i* become n>r[] ne> ! middle ( ! back & r\nd$ at ! bases4 ,! d>k] color ( ^! 8dumbbell0 %ap$ b&s contra/s ) ! hazel-br[n body color4 ,! und]side ( ! snake is d>k & indi/9ctly mottl$ ) gray or black4 ,its head is usually ( a light] t9t ?an ! body4 ,size--,adults usually are ab\t two & a half feet long b record size individuals ( m ?an #dj in*es h be5 caught4 ,"y--,newborn nor!rn copp]heads1 f ?ree to #ad 9 a brood1 may be f eight to #aj in*es long4 ,di/ribution--,records ( ?is snake are r widely scatt]$ ov] ! nor!a/]n "p ( ! /ate4 ,specim5s h be5 collect$ 9 ! foll[+ c\nties3 ,ba/rop1 ,b[ie1 ,burleson1 ,cass1 ,coll91 ,colorado1 ,coryell1 ,dallas1 ,ellis1 ,fann91 ,grayson1 ,guadalupe1 ,hopk9s1 ,hunt1 ,kaufman1 ,lam>1 ,lee1 ,mc,lennan1 ,milam1 ,morris1 ,rob]tson1 ,smi?1 ,som]vell1 & ,titus4 ,illu/ration3 ,di/ribution map ,,broadb&$ ,,copp]head ,agki/rodon contortrix latic9ctus ,illu/ration3 ,,broadb&$ ,,copp]head ,description--,! v broad1 /raight edg$ crossb&s ( ?is snake easily di/+ui% x f o!r copp]heads4 ,! simil> ,trans-,pecos copp]head diff]s by ! pres5ce ( a light color$ inv]t$ ,u at ! base ( ea* crossb&4 ,! d>k br[n b&s ( ?is =m are slightly n>r[] at ! middle ( ! back ?an on ! sides2 _! ne>ly /raight edges gives ! b&s a squ>i% appe>ance4 ,! d>k crossb&s contra/ /rongly ) ! light] body color1 :ile ! belly is ( almo/ ! same %ade z ! b&s4 ,! tail is tipp$ ) yell[i% gre51 m pron\nc$ 9 ! "y4 ,size--,snakes ( ?is subspecies probably rea* a l5g? ( ?ree feet b mo/ adults are ab\t two feet long4 ,"y--,litt]s probably av]age five or six b little else is kn[n ab\t ! bre$+ habits ( ?is =m4 ,di/ribution--,widely scatt]$ records include ! foll[+ c\nties3 ,atascosa1 ,b&]a1 ,ba/rop1 ,bex>1 ,bosque1 ,burnet1 ,callahan1 ,comal1 ,cooke1 ,crockett1 ,d5ton1 ,dimmit1 ,ea/l&1 ,fayette1 ,frio1 ,gillespie1 ,gonzales1 ,grayson1 ,guadalupe1 ,hamilton1 ,hays1 ,k5dall1 ,k]r1 ,mason1 ,m$9a1 ,mc,lennan1 ,p>k]1 ,palo ,p9to1 ,real1 ,san ,saba1 ,t>rant1 ,taylor1 ,?rockmorton1 ,tom ,gre51 ,travis1 ,uvalde1 ,victoria1 ,wilson1 ,wise1 & ,"y4 ,illu/ration3 ,di/ribution map ,,trans-,,pecos ,,copp]head ,agki/rodon contortrix pictiga/] ,illu/ration3 ,,trans-,,pecos ,,copp]head ,description--,?is species resembles ! broadb&$ copp]head by its /raight edg$1 squ>i% crossb&s b diff]s f all o!r copp]heads by hav+ uni=mly d>k or /rongly mottl$ belly4 ,x also diff]s f ! broadb&$ =m by ! pres5ce ( a light color$ inv]t$ ,u at ! base ( ea* crossb&4 ,! patt]n consi/s ( ab\t #ac *e/nut-br[n crossb&s ) n>r[1 d>k bord]s4 ,! color betwe5 ! b&s is light hazel br[n1 fleck$ ) d>k] br[n4 ,size--,?is is ! smalle/ ( ! copp]heads1 probably n rea*+ a l5g? ( two & "o-half feet4 ,"y--,no?+ is kn[n ( ! bre$+ habits ( ?is r>e snake4 ,di/ribution--,?is =m app>5tly is re/rict$ to ! m\nta9s ( ,we/ ,texas1 :]e x is kn[n 9 ,brew/]1 ,jeff ,davis1 ,presidio & ,t]rell ,c\nties4 ,until #aidi x 0 f\nd sp>+ly ?r\gh\t its range & less ?an a doz5 specim5s _h be5 f\nd by exp]i5c$ collectors4 ,rec5tly1 h[ev]1 /ud5ts f ,! ,univ]sity ( ,texas obta9$ ab\t #ajj ( ^! snakes dur+ a six weeks' summ] c\rse 9 a small section ( ,t]rell ,c\nty4 ,?is indicates t ! ,trans-,pecos copp]head is common1 b 9 re/rict$ areas only4 ,su* areas g5]ally are 9 wood$ canyons & live oak groves :]e !re is "s leaf litt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,di/ribution map ,,! ,,cottonm\? ,only "o k9d ( cottonm\? is f\nd 9 ,texas4 ,x is "o ( our heavie/ & l>ge/ poison\s snakes & may rea* a l5g? ( m ?an five feet4 ,:5 view$ f above1 ! head appe>s triangul> %ap$ & f ! side ! head looks flat on top4 ,! eye pupils1 z ) all memb]s ( ! pit vip] sub-family1 are elliptical4 ,,we/]n ,,cottonm\? ,agki/rodon piscivorus leuco/oma ,illu/ration3 ,,we/]n ,,cottonm\? ,description--,?is is ! mo/ v>iable poison\s snake 9 ! /ate1 bo? 9 color & 9 ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( m>k+s4 ,adults are mu* less brilliantly m>k$ ?an are ! "y or newborn snakes4 ,adults h a backgr\nd ( d>k br[n & are m>k$ by f #aj to #ae d>k1 wide crossb&s some:at light] 9 ! c5t] ?an at ! edges4 ,! b&s1 :i* h irregul> edges1 become a little wid] along ! sides4 ,h[ev]1 n all cottonm\?s look l ?is4 ,:ile "s individuals h cle>ly def9$ crossb&s1 o!rs h none4 ,!re is also consid]able v>iation 9 color4 ,"s cottonm\?s are br[n2 "s are olive br[n or olive gre52 & "s are entirely black4 ,! l[] jaw1 z well z ! upp] jaw bel[ ! eye1 is light 9 contra/ to ! d>k color on top ( ! head4 ,"y cottonm\?s are vividly m>k$ on a backgr\nd ( r$di%-br[n1 highlight$ by d>k] br[n b&s edg$ ) :ite4 ,!y look mu* l copp]heads4 ,size--,9 ,texas1 ?is heavy-bodi$ snake rea*es a maximum l5g? ( ab\t f\r & a half or five feet1 b ! av]age is m ne>ly ?ree feet4 ,"y--,ab\t eight are born 9 ea* litt]4 ,!y are f six to eight in*es long at bir?4 ,illu/ration3 ,di/ribution map ,di/ribution--,! cottonm\? has be5 report$ 9 ! foll[+ c\nties3 ,&]son1 ,aransas1 ,atascosa1 ,au/91 ,b&]a1 ,bex>1 ,b[ie1 ,brazos1 ,brazoria1 ,burleson1 ,burnet1 ,cass1 ,calh\n1 ,*amb]s1 ,*]okee1 ,coll91 ,colorado1 ,comal1 ,dallas1 ,d5ton1 ,ellis1 ,falls1 ,fann91 ,fi%]1 ,=t ,b5d1 ,galve/on1 ,goliad1 ,gonzales1 ,grayson1 ,guadalupe1 ,h>d91 ,h>ris1 ,h>rison1 ,hays1 ,h5d]son1 ,h\/on1 ,jasp]1 ,jeff]son1 ,kaufman1 ,k]r1 ,kimble1 ,lam>1 ,leon1 ,lib]ty1 ,lime/one1 ,m>ion1 ,mason1 ,matagorda1 ,mav]ick1 ,mc,lennan1 ,m$9a1 ,montgom]y1 ,morris1 ,nacogdo*es1 ,newton1 ,nueces1 ,orange1 ,p>k]1 ,polk1 ,r$ ,riv]1 ,refugio1 ,rob]tson1 ,san ,jac9to1 ,san ,patricio1 ,%elby1 ,smi?1 ,/]l+1 ,t>rant1 ,tom ,gre51 ,travis1 ,uvalde1 ,val ,v]de1 ,victoria1 ,walk]1 ,:>ton1 ,wilson1 & ,wise4 ,! cottonm\? is "o ( our l>ge/ poison\s snakes4 ,x is p>ticul>ly abundant 9 ! coa/al m>%es ( s\!a/]n ,texas :]e x is f\nd along /reams1 ponds & lakes4 ,al?\gh ord9>ily r sluggi%1 x imm$iately draws back its head & op5s its m\? widely 9 a ?reat5+ mann] :5 annoy$1 expos+ ! :ite tissue l9+ ! inside ( ! m\?4 ,?is *>act]i/ic pose is responsible = its popul> "n4 ,moreov]1 l ! copp]head1 :i* also lacks rattles1 x has ! habit ( vibrat+ its tail :5 suffici5tly annoy$4 ,?us1 :5 x is among dry leaves1 or if ! tail /rikes a h>d object1 ! result+ s\nd may be simil> to t made by a rattlesnake4 ,! "n wat] moccas91 :i* is loosely appli$ to any & all wat] snakes z well z to ! cottonm\?1 has result$ 9 a popul> b misplac$ belief t all 8wat]0 snakes are poison\s4 ,x %\ld be po9t$ out "h t ! cottonm\?1 ,agki/rodon piscivorus leuco/oma1 is our only poison\s aquatic s]p5t4 ,! sev]al k9ds ( h>mless wat] snakes1 :i* 9 "s in/ances resemble x1 are devoid ( poison4 ,!y c1 at mo/1 inflict a bite no m s]i\s ?an ! scrat* ( a cat & ^! w\nds require only ! fir/ aid recomm5d$ = m9or cuts4 ,h>mless wat] snakes mo/ frequ5tly mi/ak5 = ! cottonm\? include ! l>ge diamondback$ wat] snake ( c5tral & ea/]n ,texas1 ! blot*$ wat] snake f\nd ov] mo/ ( ! /ate1 & ! yell[belli$ & broadb&$ wat] snakes ( ea/]n ,texas4 ,mo/ ( !m are relatively heavy bodi$1 possess some:at diamond %ap$ heads &1 al?\gh n v5om\s1 w bite vici\sly if /epp$ ^u or h&l$4 ,,! ,,rattlesnakes ,m ?an "o-half ( all ! poison\s k9ds ( snakes kn[n 9 ,texas are rattlesnakes1 & records %[ t almo/ e c\nty has at lea/ "o v>iety4 ,texas rattlesnakes range 9 size f ! v small1 #ah-;in* we/]n pigmy rattlesnake1 :i* r>ely if ev] causes dea? among humans1 to ! sev5-foot we/]n diamondback rattlesnake1 kn[n to be "o ( ! mo/ dang]\s snakes 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,all h comp>atively /\t bodies1 facial pits *>act]i/ic ( ! family1 & rattles4 ,! rattle1 :i* sets ?is snake ap>t1 is a s]ies ( loosely int]lock+ horny segm5ts :i*1 :5 vibrat$1 produce a %>p buzz+ s\nd z ! segm5ts /rike aga9/ "o ano!r4 ,a rattlesnake's age _c be det]m9$ by ! numb] ( segm5ts ( its rattle because a new segm5t is add$ ) ea* %$d+ ( ! sk94 ,because a snake may %$ sev]al times a ye>1 ! result+ numb] ( segm5ts add$ annually may be six or m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! segm5ts are frequ5tly brok5 (f z ! rattle becomes caught 9 und]bru%1 s t few rattlesnakes h a complete rattle4 ,,we/]n ,,massasauga ,si/rurus cat5atus t]gem9us ,illu/ration3 ,,we/]n ,,massasauga ,description--,! g5]al body color is br[n or gray4 ,ab\t #ci d>k br[n1 oval blot*es ext5d along ! middle ( ! back :ile two r[s ( small] blot*es are f\nd along ea* side4 ,^! blot*es are n>r[ly edg$ ) a light] color4 ,size--,adults av]age two feet 9 l5g?2 l>g] specim5s are sometimes z long z ?ree feet4 ,"y--,! "y resemble ! adults b are light] 9 color4 ,av]age numb] 9 a litt] is eight or n9e & !y measure eight or n9e in*es at bir?4 ,di/ribution--,records ( ?is snake are widely scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! /ate1 includ+ ! foll[+ c\nties3 ,&rews1 ,aransas1 ,arm/rong1 ,bell1 ,bosque1 ,brazos1 ,calh\n1 ,cam]on1 ,*amb]s1 ,clay1 ,colorado1 ,crosby1 ,dick5s1 ,el ,paso1 ,ga9es1 ,galve/on1 ,h>deman1 ,haskell1 ,hemphill1 ,jim ,hogg1 ,johnson1 ,k+1 ,matagorda1 ,mc,lennan1 ,midl&1 ,nolan1 ,nueces1 ,p>k]1 ,pecos1 ,rob]ts1 ,%ackel=d1 ,sutton1 ,t>rant1 ,?rockmorton1 ,victoria1 ,:eel]1 ,wilb>g]1 ,w9kl]1 ,yoakum1 & ,"y4 ,?is small rattlesnake is uncommon 9 ,texas1 al?\gh ye>s ago x 0 pl5tiful 9 "s p>ts ( ! /ate4 ,j4 ,k4 ,/reck] 9 8 ,reptiles & ,amphibians ( ,texas1 #aiae1 /ates3 ,mr4 ,luttrell ( ,claude1 ,arm/rong ,c\nty1 in=m$ me t he has (t5 kill$ f #ej to #fj dur+ "o :eat season1 b dur+ ! pa/ f\r or five ye>s he has n se5 m ?an half a doz5 a ye>4 ,wet places1 usually ne> swamps or m>%es1 are its favorite habitat4 ,"o ( our mo/ docile rattlesnakes1 x is seldom incl9$ to use its rattle1 ev5 :5 almo/ /epp$ ^u4 ,illu/ration3 ,di/ribution map ,,we/]n ,,pigmy ,,rattlesnake ,si/rurus mili>ius /reck]i ,illu/ration3 ,,we/]n ,,pigmy ,,rattlesnake ,description--,! body color ( ?is snake is f gray to grayi%-br[n4 ,its back is m>k$ ) ab\t #ce small1 d>k spots :i* are wid] ?an long4 ,ano!r r[ ( small] spots is locat$ along ea* side t[>d ! belly4 ,size--,specim5s av]age #ah in*es long & l>ge examples may rea* a l5g? ( m ?an two feet4 ,"y--,! normal brood conta9s f eight to #aj b "s may h z _m z #ah4 ,av]age l5g? ( ! newborn is five or six in*es4 ,di/ribution--,all c\nty records ( ?is snake1 except "o f ,mit*ell ,c\nty1 are 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! /ate4 ,! ,mit*ell ,c\nty record may be an error4 ,records include ! foll[+ c\nties3 ,&]son1 ,angel9a1 ,brazoria1 ,brazos1 ,*amb]s1 ,cooke1 ,dallas1 ,galve/on1 ,h>d91 ,h>ris1 ,h>rison1 ,h5d]son1 ,h\/on1 ,jasp]1 ,jeff]son1 ,lam>1 ,leon1 ,lib]ty1 ,matagorda1 ,mc,lennan1 ,mit*ell1 ,montgom]y1 ,newton1 ,orange1 ,r$ ,riv]1 ,refugio1 ,rob]tson1 ,san ,jac9to1 ,smi?1 ,som]vell1 ,victoria1 ,walk]1 ,:>ton1 & ,wise4 ,! we/]n pigmy rattlesnake pref]s to live 9 dry areas2 reports ( pr(essional collectors indicate t x is f\nd 9 greate/ numb] aft] heavy ra9s & at night4 ,:ile m aggressive ?an its close relative1 ! massasauga1 its small size makes x "o ( our lea/ dang]\s poison\s snakes4 ,its rattle is small1 (t5 difficult to see1 & _c be he>d at di/ances great] ?an a few feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,di/ribution map ,,we/]n ,,diamondback ,,rattlesnake ,crotalus atrox ,illu/ration3 ,,we/]n ,,diamondback ,,rattlesnake ,description--,al?\gh individuals ( ?is species %[ a great deal ( v>iation 9 color1 f a *alky :ite to a dull r$1 !y c be id5tifi$ imm$iately by ! alt]nate black & :ite r+s ( ab\t equal wid? on ! tail4 ,!re is a patt]n ( br[n diamond %ap$ m>k+s along ! middle ( ! back1 :i* /&s out aga9/ ! light] body color4 ,ea* diamond has a n>r[ light bord]4 ,size--,adults are g5]ally f ?ree & a half to f\r & a half feet long4 ,reliable reports indicate t ?is species gr[s to a l5g? ( ov] sev5 & a half feet1 & six-foot specim5s are n r>e4 ,"y--,broods av]age #aj or #ab b occasionally conta9 #bj or m4 ,! newborn diamondback is ab\t a foot long & looks v mu* l ! adult4 ,illu/ration3 ,di/ribution map ,di/ribution--,kn[n ?r\gh\t mo/ ( ! /ate except ! extreme ea/]n "p1 x may be expect$ 9 _m m c\nties f :i* records ( its occurr5ce h n yet be5 receiv$4 ,x is def9itely kn[n 9 ^! c\nties3 ,&rews1 ,aransas1 ,ar*]1 ,arm/rong1 ,atascosa1 ,b&]a1 ,ba/rop1 ,baylor1 ,bee1 ,bell1 ,bex>1 ,blanco1 ,bord51 ,bosque1 ,brazoria1 ,brazos1 ,brew/]1 ,briscoe1 ,brooks1 ,br[n1 ,burnet1 ,caldwell1 ,calh\n1 ,cam]on1 ,clay1 ,coke1 ,comal1 ,coman*e1 ,con*o1 ,coryell1 ,cottle1 ,crockett1 ,crosby1 ,culb]son1 ,dallam1 ,dallas1 ,dawson1 ,deaf ,smi?1 ,de,witt1 ,dick5s1 ,dimmit1 ,donley1 ,duval1 ,ea/l&1 ,ector1 ,edw>ds1 ,el ,paso1 ,era?1 ,fi%]1 ,fo>d1 ,frio1 ,galve/on1 ,g>za1 ,gillespie1 ,goliad1 ,gonzales1 ,guadalupe1 ,h>deman1 ,h>ris1 ,h>tley1 ,hays1 ,hidalgo1 ,h[>d1 ,hudspe?1 ,hut*9son1 ,irion1 ,jack1 ,jackson1 ,jeff ,davis1 ,jim ,hogg1 ,jim ,wells1 ,k>nes1 ,k5dall1 ,k5$y1 ,k5t1 ,k]r1 ,kimble1 ,k+1 ,k9ney1 ,kleb]g1 ,knox1 ,lampasas1 ,la ,salle1 ,lavaca1 ,lime/one1 ,live ,oak1 ,llano1 ,lubbock1 ,lynn1 ,m>t91 ,mason1 ,matagorda1 ,mav]ick1 ,mc,culloch1 ,mc,lennan1 ,mc,mullen1 ,m$9a1 ,midl&1 ,milam1 ,mills1 ,mit*ell1 ,moore1 ,motley1 ,nolan1 ,nueces1 ,oldham1 ,palo ,p9to1 ,pecos1 ,port]1 ,presidio1 ,r&all1 ,real1 ,reeves1 ,refugio1 ,san ,patricio1 ,scurry1 ,%ackel=d1 ,som]vell1 ,/>r1 ,/]l+1 ,/ev5s1 ,t>rant1 ,taylor1 ,t]rell1 ,?rockmorton1 ,tom ,gre51 ,travis1 ,uvalde1 ,val ,v]de1 ,victoria1 ,w>d1 ,webb1 ,wells1 ,wilb>g]1 ,willacy1 ,williamson1 ,wilson1 ,w9kl]1 ,wise1 ,wi*ita1 ,"y1 ,zapata1 & ,zavala4 ,?is is ! mo/ dang]\s &1 at ! same "t1 ! mo/ common poison\s snake 9 ! /ate4 ,!re=e1 x is "o :i* all ,texas outdoorsm5 %\ld be able to recognize on sight4 ,a summ>y ( snake bite cases 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ov] a #aj-ye> p]iod %[s t m p di$ f bites ( ?is species ?an f bites ( any o!r ,nor? ,am]ican snake4 ,!re are sev]al reasons :y ?is snake is responsible = s _m bites & su* a high numb] ( dea?s4 ,*ief among ^! is its l>ge size4 ,x ranks z "o ( ! two l>ge/ poison\s snakes 9 ! c\ntry1 be+ second only to ! eight-foot ea/]n diamondback rattlesnake ( ! s\!a/]n /ates4 ,9 direct proportion to its size1 x has long fangs & poison gl&s :i* hold a great am\nt ( v5om4 ,^! factors insure a long /rike & deep fang p5etration4 ,9 addition1 x has an unusually furi\s disposition &1 if ?reat5$ ) dang] or suffici5tly annoy$1 w vigor\sly def5d itself in/ead ( seek+ imm$iate escape4 ,al?\gh /rictly a l& snake1 ! diamondback may sometimes be f\nd cross+ /reams or ponds &1 occasionally1 individuals w v5ture out into lakes & bays4 ,,timb] ,,rattlesnake ,crotalus horridus horridus ,illu/ration3 ,,timb] ,,rattlesnake ,description--,?is snake is mu* l ! l>g] canebrake rattl] b lacks ! d>k /ripe f ! eye to ! back ( ! m\?1 & g5]ally is )\t ! r$di%-br[n /ripe d[n ! middle ( its back4 ,d>k br[n *evron %ap$ crossb&s contra/ ) ! g5]al body color ( yell[i% tan4 ,9 "s specim5s black /ippl+ occurs betwe5 ! m>k+s4 ,bo? black & light color phases ( ?is snake are f\nd 9 "s p>ts ( its range4 ,x is unkn[n :e!r ! d>k specim5s occur 9 ,texas4 ,! tail is m>k$ ) ?ree or f\r d>k b&s on ! light] specim5s b is altoge!r black on ! d>k] ones4 ,size--,?r\gh\t its range ?is snake has an av]age l5g? ( f ?ree & a half to f\r feet1 b a specim5 six feet long is on record4 ,"y--,! numb] 9 a brood v>ies f ?ree to #ab4 ,l5g? ( ! newborn is eight or n9e in*es4 ,di/ribution--,! timb] rattlesnake pref]s rocky hills & m\nta9s t are n too heavily wood$1 b x sometimes inhabits bogs & swamps at l[] elevations4 ,9 ei!r situation1 x seldom survives = long 9 areas heavily populat$ by man4 ,9 common ) mo/ o!r rattlesnakes1 x seeks escape :5 approa*$ by man & fights only :5 surpris$ or corn]$4 ,kn[n 9 nor!a/]n ,texas1 x is report$ f ,cooke1 ,d5ton1 ,ea/l&1 ,grayson1 ,lam>1 ,r$ ,riv]1 ,taylor1 & ,wise ,c\nties4 ,l ! prairie rattl]1 x (t5 seeks ! same d5n+ areas ye> aft] ye> & congregates 9 numb]s to hib]nate = ! w9t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,di/ribution map ,,canebrake ,,rattlesnake ,crotalus horridus atricaudatus ,illu/ration3 ,,canebrake ,,rattlesnake ,description--,?is is a l>ge & heavily built snake ) a br[n or tan back m>k$ by a s]ies ( wide1 d>k1 *evron %ap$ crossb&s4 ,x may be di/+ui%$ f ! simil> timb] rattlesnake by its l>g] size1 its m vivid m>k+s1 & ! pres5ce ( a d>k /ripe f ! eye to ! angle ( its m\?4 ,g5]ally1 a n>r[1 r$di%-br[n /ripe ext5ds d[n ! middle ( ! back4 ,its tail1 z 9 "s o!r rattlesnakes1 is entirely black4 ,size--,9 ,texas ?is snake rea*es a l5g? ( ab\t six feet1 :ile 9 ne>by ,l\isiana exceptionally l>ge specim5s1 "s ne>ly sev5 feet long1 h be5 f\nd4 ,l5g? av]ages f\r & a half feet4 ,"y--,ab\t eight or t5 are born 9 a brood4 ,di/ribution--,?is species pref]s wood$ areas 9 wet bottoml&s4 ,x has be5 f\nd 9 ! foll[+ c\nties3 ,au/91 ,bex>1 ,bosque1 ,b[ie1 ,brazoria1 ,brazos1 ,cass1 ,cooke1 ,coryell1 ,dallas1 ,d5ton1 ,ea/l&1 ,ellis1 ,falls1 ,fayette1 ,free/one1 ,gonzales1 ,grayson1 ,h>d91 ,h>ris1 ,h5d]son1 ,jasp]1 ,jeff]son1 ,lib]ty1 ,madison1 ,mc,lennan1 ,nav>ro1 ,rob]tson1 ,san ,jac9to1 ,san ,patricio1 ,taylor1 ,victoria1 ,wall]1 ,williamson1 & ,wise4 ,illu/ration3 ,di/ribution map ,,b&$ ,,rock ,,rattlesnake ,crotalus lepidus lepidus ,illu/ration3 ,,b&$ ,,rock ,,rattlesnake ,description--,?is snake is v simil> to ! mottl$ rock rattlesnake1 ) :i* x might be confus$1 b f :i* x diff]s by hav+ a m mottl$ appe>ance betwe5 ! crossb&s & a d>k /ripe f ! eye to ! angle ( ! m\?4 ,x has a patt]n ( ab\t #ah or #bj widely spac$ d>k crossb&s ) irregul> edges 9 contra/ to its gray body color4 ,belly color v>ies f cream to p9k4 ,9 ! ,*isos ,m\nta9s1 :]e !re is mu* r$di% igne\s rock1 ! normal color ( ?is snake is p9ki%2 ! v>iety has be5 giv5 ! "n ( 8p9k rattl]0 by p ( t region4 ,specim5s f ! lime/one l$ges along ! ,pecos ,canyon at ,h[>d ,creek & ,%effield are v light 9 color1 resembl+ ! lime/one rock on :i* !y are f\nd4 ,size--,?is is "o ( our smalle/ rattlesnakes1 hav+ an av]age l5g? ( two feet4 ,! rattle is r l>ge 9 proportion to ! small size ( ! snake4 ,"y--,ab\t f\r are born 9 a brood & !y measure ab\t sev5 & a half in*es at bir?4 ,di/ribution--,?is =m is re/rict$ to ! m\nta9\s areas ( ! we/]n & s\?we/]n p>ts ( ! /ate2 x has be5 f\nd 9 ! foll[+ c\nties3 ,brew/]1 ,culb]son1 ,edw>ds1 ,jeff ,davis1 ,mav]ick1 ,pecos1 ,presidio1 ,real1 ,t]rell1 & ,val ,v]de4 ,because ( its small size & di/ribution re/rict$ to rocky places at high elevations1 ! b&$ rock rattlesnake _c be consid]$ a s]i\s m5ace to man4 ,app>5tly !re is no record ( anyone ev] hav+ be5 bitt5 by ?is snake4 ,x has a quiet disposition &1 if al>m$1 w imm$iately retreat )9 ! masses ( jumbl$ rock :i* are its home4 ,illu/ration3 ,di/ribution map ,,mottl$ ,,rock ,,rattlesnake ,crotalus lepidus klaub]i ,illu/ration3 ,,mottl$ ,,rock ,,rattlesnake ,description--,?is species & ! b&$ rock rattlesnake look mu* alike4 ,bo? are small & sl5d]1 & m>k$ ) a s]ies ( widely-spac$ d>k crossb&s along ! l5g? ( ! body & tail4 ,! b&$ rock rattlesnake1 h[ev]1 has ab\t #bj or #bb d>k br[n or black crossb&s1 :i* contra/ /rongly ) its gre5i%-gray body color4 ,x fur!r diff]s f ! b&$ rock rattlesnake 9 lack+ a d>k /ripe f ! eye to ! angle ( its m\?4 ,size--,adults av]age two feet 9 l5g?4 ,"y--,a record ( "o brood is ! only kn[n publi%$ in=mation conc]n+ ! "y ( ?is snake4 ,c>l ,f4 ,kauffeld ( ! ,/at5 ,isl& ,zoo m5tion$ a litt] ( f\r & wrote3 ,all 7 irritable f ! fir/1 promptly broke ?r\gh ! membran\s sacs 9 :i* !y 7 enclos$ & /ruck viol5tly at any pass+ object4 ,all 7 m>k$ & color$ mu* l ! adults except t ! delicate p9k along ! v5t] ( ! latt] 0 n 9 evid5ce2 & ! tails1 :i* 9 ! adults are salmon or t]ra cotta r$ 7includ+ ! basal segm5t ( ! rattle7 7 brilliantly sulphur yell[ = at lea/ _! di/al half4444 ,! newborn snakes measur$ ab\t eight in*es 9 l5g?4 ,di/ribution--,?is subspecies is f\nd 9 mu* ! same type ( c\ntry z ! b&$ rock rattlesnake1 be+ p>tial to rock slides high 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,! two c\nties 9 ! /ate 9 :i* x is kn[n1 ,el ,paso & ,culb]son1 are bo? 9 extreme we/]n ,texas4 ,9 disposition x is said to be q timid2 h[ev]1 at times1 x becomes irritable )\t mu* provocation4 ,illu/ration3 ,di/ribution map ,,blacktail$ ,,rattlesnake ,crotalus molossus molossus ,illu/ration3 ,,blacktail$ ,,rattlesnake ,description--,!re are ab\t #cb d>k rhomboid m>k+s along ! back4 ,^! light edg$ blot*es are c5t]$ ) "o or two irregul> light areas1 :ile ! out] edges =m b>s :i* ext5d d[n ea* side to ! belly4 ,body color v>ies f gray to olive gre51 :ile ! blot*es are d>k br[n or black4 ,! tail is uni=mly black1 z its "n implies4 ,size--,! blacktail$ rattlesnake is "o ( our l>ge/ poison\s snakes4 ,texas specim5s av]age ?ree & a half feet b may gr[ some:at long]4 ,"o1 ne>ly #ej in*es long1 0 collect$ at ,p]simmon ,gap 9 ,brew/] ,c\nty4 ,"y--,ab\t five "y comprise ! av]age brood4 ,di/ribution--,records are available f ! foll[+ c\nties3 ,b&]a1 ,bex>1 ,brew/]1 ,burnet1 ,comal1 ,culb]son1 ,edw>ds1 ,el ,paso1 ,hudspe?1 ,jeff ,davis1 ,k5dall1 ,k]r1 ,kimble1 ,m$9a1 ,pecos1 ,presidio1 ,real1 ,san ,saba1 ,t]rell1 ,travis1 ,upton1 & ,val ,v]de4 ,hilly areas ) /eep canyons are ! pref]r$ habitat ( ?is snake4 ,9 ! ,big ,b5d region ( ,texas1 :]e app>5tly x is ! mo/ common rattlesnake1 specim5s h be5 tak5 f z high z #g1djj feet elevation4 ,x %[s an incl9ation to coil 9 bu%es or on tree limbs ne> ! gr\nd1 al?\gh by f> ! majority ( specim5s enc\nt]$ are f\nd on rocky l$ges4 ,its disposition has be5 report$ by "s to be v irritable1 :ile o!rs claim x is quiet & docile4 ,illu/ration3 ,di/ribution map ,,mojave ,,rattlesnake ,crotalus scutulatus scutulatus ,illu/ration3 ,,mojave ,,rattlesnake ,description--,?is mod]ately sl5d] snake is v simil> 9 color & m>k+s to ! we/]n diamondback rattlesnake4 ,its body is olive gre5 ) a patt]n ( d>k] diamond %ap$ m>k+s d[n ! middle ( ! back4 ,^! blot*es are well def9$ by a bord] ( light scales4 ,x diff]s f ! we/]n diamondback 9 hav+ n>r[] black tail r+s & wid] :ite spaces betwe5 ^! r+s4 ,a n>r[ light l9e ext5ds f ! eye to above ! angle ( ! m\?4 ,size--,av]age l5g? is ?ree feet1 or %ort] ?an ! diamondback rattlesnake4 ,because ( its m sl5d] =m1 x does n appe> z l>ge z a we/]n diamondback ( equal l5g?4 ,"y--,! av]age litt] conta9s eight1 ! "y be+ simil> to ! adults 9 color & m>k+4 ,di/ribution--,! ,mojave rattlesnake is kn[n 9 ,brew/]1 ,hudspe? & ,presidio ,c\nties4 ,unlike mo/ o!r rattl]s1 ?is species is report$ to be mo/ active dur+ daylight h\rs4 ,x is r quiet by nature & does well 9 captivity4 ,illu/ration3 ,di/ribution map ,,prairie ,,rattlesnake ,crotalus viridis viridis ,illu/ration3 ,,prairie ,,rattlesnake ,description--,color ( ! back is gre5i% or grayi%4 ,a s]ies ( d>k1 r\nd$ blot*es ext5ds d[n ! middle ( ! back4 ,^! m>k+s1 ) n>r[ :ite bord]s1 become wid] & %ort] ne> ! tail to =m b&s4 ,9 front ( ! eye is a n>r[ light l9e :i* ext5ds backw>d & d[nw>d to ! m\?4 ,size--,r sl5d] 9 =m1 ?is snake rea*es a maximum size ( five & a half feet4 ,av]age l5g? is ?ree feet4 ,"y--,broods av]age #ab b v>y f f\r to #ba4 ,di/ribution--,texas records ( ?is snake are widely scatt]$4 ,c\nties 9 :i* x is "k include3 ,&rews1 ,arm/rong1 ,baylor1 ,brew/]1 ,briscoe1 ,callahan1 ,c>son1 ,ca/ro1 ,*ildress1 ,crane1 ,crosby1 ,dallam1 ,dawson1 ,deaf ,smi?1 ,dick5s1 ,ector1 ,el ,paso1 ,g>za1 ,gray1 ,hans=d1 ,h>tley1 ,haskell1 ,hemphill1 ,hockley1 ,hut*9son1 ,k5t1 ,lamb1 ,lipscomb1 ,lubbock1 ,lynn1 ,midl&1 ,moore1 ,o*iltree1 ,oldham1 ,pecos1 ,pott]1 ,presidio1 ,r&all1 ,reeves1 ,rob]ts1 ,%]man1 ,taylor1 ,tom ,gre51 ,w>d1 ,:eel]1 ,wilb>g]1 ,w9kl]1 & ,yoakum4 ,:5 ar\s$1 ?is snake becomes a vici\s adv]s>y b1 l mo/ snakes1 is satisfi$ to g its way if giv5 half a *ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,di/ribution map ,,! ,,elapid ,,snakes ,! s+le repres5tative ( ?is family 7,elapidae7 9 ,texas is small1 sl5d]1 & brightly color$ ) r+s ( r$1 yell[ & black4 ,! head is small & r\nd$ & eye pupils are circul>4 ,its v5om-conduct+ fangs1 9 ! front ( ! upp] jaw1 are small & p]man5tly erect2 consequ5tly1 "s *ew+ is requir$ be=e ! snake c inject its poison ) c]ta9ty4 ,z if to make up = its poor bit+ equipm5t1 ! coral snake possesses a v5om ( high toxicity1 a v5om mu* m pot5t ?an t ( ! pit vip]s :i* are s well adapt$ = inject+ _! poison quickly & deeply4 ,because ?is poison produces sc>cely any sev]e local symptoms1 ! dang] f a bite may be ov]look$ & treatm5t delay$4 ,al?\gh pa9 is pres5t1 ! usual dramatic symptoms ( snake poison+1 su* z ext5sive discoloration & great swell+ at ! site ( bite1 are sc>cely noticeable4 ,?is abs5ce ( conclusive symptoms may lead ! victim to believe he has be5 bitt5 by a h>mless snake4 ,9 all coral snake bites1 prompt action is necess>y4 ,,texas ,,coral ,,snake ,micrurus fulvius t5]e ,illu/ration3 ,left1 coral snake2 "r1 ,mexican milk snake ,description--,g5]ally less ?an two & a half feet long1 ?is is our mo/ colorful v5om\s snake &1 at ! same "t1 ! lea/ dang]\s 9 appe>ance4 ,its small1 n>r[ head1 sl5d] body & brightly color$ patt]n c be dang]\sly mislead+4 ,*ildr51 especially1 are incl9$ to pick x up because !y are attract$ by its colors & conv9c$ t su* beauty mu/ be h>mless4 ,! patt]n consi/s ( r$1 yell[ & black r+s :i* encircle ! body 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 a broad black r+1 a mu* n>r[] yell[ r+1 a broad r$ r+1 a n>r[ yell[ r+1 a broad black r+1 & s on4 ,note t ! r$ & yell[ r+s on ! body t\* "o ano!r4 ,! sn\t is black & a broad yell[ r+ crosses ! back ( ! head4 ,id5tification ( ?is snake w\ld be simple 7 x n = ! fact t sev]al h>mless snakes resemble x 9 =m & coloration4 ,^! mimics are m>k$ ) yell[1 r$ & black r+s--b ! arrangem5t is consi/5tly diff]5t f t ( ! coral snake4 ,! r$ & yell[ r+s ( ! coral snake t\* "o ano!r1 :ile 9 ! h>mless =ms ^! colors are sep>at$ by black r+s4 ,a simple rhyme adopt$ by ,boy ,sc\ts to help !m associate 8dang]0 ) ! color comb9ation f\nd on ! coral snake is1 8,r$ & yell[ kill a fell[40 ,rememb] ?is easy rhyme &1 :5 y f9d y\rself involv$ ) a colorful little snake ) adjac5t r$ & yell[ r+s1 be cauti\s4 ,! h>mless k9d mo/ closely resembl+ ! coral snake probably is ! ,mexican milk snake1 te*nically kn[n z ,lampropeltis doliata annulata & f\nd s\? ( ,k]rville4 ,! head ( ?is snake normally is black4 ,body & tail are m>k$ ) a s]ies ( f #ai to #be n>r[ yell[ r+s bord]$ by slightly wid] black r+s4 ,! r$ r+s on ! body are j z wide z ! comb9$ yell[ & two adjac5t black r+s4 ,ano!r ( ^! mimics is ! we/]n milk snake 7,lampropeltis doliata g5tilis71 a small species usually less ?an two feet long1 :i* is native to c5tral & we/]n ,texas4 ,x has a patt]n ( f #be to #dj yell[ r+s :i* are bord]$ by black4 ,! r$ r+s are sep>at$ f ! yell[ by black r+s4 ,all r+s on ?is =m are v n>r[4 ,9 ! s\!a/]n "p ( ! /ate is f\nd /ill ano!r ( ^! mimics--! ,l\isiana milk snake 7,lampropeltis doliata amaura74 ,r>ely rea*+ a l5g? ( two feet1 ?is =m has a patt]n ( n>r[ yell[ r+s :i* are bord]$ on ea* side by n>r[ black r+s4 ,! mu* wid] r$ r+s are sep>at$ f ! yell[ by ! black r+s4 ,9 ! sc>let snake 7,cemophora cocc9ea7 ( ea/]n & coa/al ,texas1 ! patt]n is a s]ies ( wide r$ blot*es bord]$ by mu* n>r[] black b&s4 ,! yell[ b&s1 ab\t half ! wid? ( ! r$ ones1 are sep>at$ f !m by ! black b&s4 ,! belly is unm>k$ :ite or yell[4 ,adults are ab\t a foot & a half long b a #be-;in* specim5 is on record4 ,size--,! coral snake is g5]ally less ?an two & a half feet long ) a body diamet] ( ab\t ?ree-eights ( an in*4 ,! l>ge/ kn[n specim5 is ne>ly #db in*es long & 0 collect$ on ! mid-,texas coa/4 ,"y--,?is is ! only poison\s ,texas snake :i* lays eggs4 ,f two to n9e eggs con/itute ! egg complem5t ( ?is =m4 ,di/ribution--,?is snake is kn[n 9 ! foll[+ c\nties3 ,angel9a1 ,aransas1 ,atascosa1 ,au/91 ,b&]a1 ,ba/rop1 ,bee1 ,bell1 ,bex>1 ,bosque1 ,brazoria1 ,brazos1 ,brooks1 ,burleson1 ,burnet1 ,caldwell1 ,calh\n1 ,cam]on1 ,*amb]s1 ,colorado1 ,comal1 ,dallas1 ,de,witt1 ,duval1 ,ellis1 ,=t ,b5d1 ,galve/on1 ,goliad1 ,gonzales1 ,guadalupe1 ,h>d91 ,h>ris1 ,h>rison1 ,hays1 ,h5d]son1 ,hidalgo1 ,h\/on1 ,jackson1 ,jasp]1 ,jeff]son1 ,jim ,hogg1 ,k>nes1 ,k5dall1 ,k5$y1 ,k]r1 ,kleb]g1 ,lavaca1 ,lee1 ,leon1 ,lib]ty1 ,live ,oak1 ,llano1 ,mason1 ,matagorda1 ,mc,lennan1 ,milam1 ,montgom]y1 ,morris1 ,nacogdo*es1 ,newton1 ,nueces1 ,orange1 ,palo ,p9to1 ,panola1 ,polk1 ,real1 ,refugio1 ,rob]tson1 ,san ,jac9to1 ,san ,patricio1 ,sutton1 ,t>rant1 ,t]rell1 ,tom ,gre51 ,travis1 ,victoria1 ,walk]1 ,wall]1 ,:>ton1 ,willacy1 ,williamson1 & ,wilson4 ,unlike mo/ o!r poison\s snakes1 ?is species is a burr[]1 com+ to ! surface aft] a w>m ra9 to fe$ ^u small liz>ds & snakes4 ,contr>y to ev5 exp]t op9ion1 x is n prim>ily nocturnal1 b becomes active dur+ daylight & ev5+ h\rs4 ,x is (t5 f\nd 9 or "u decay+ logs or o!r tra%1 especially 9 damp regions2 9 ! ,san ,antonio area1 specim5s frequ5tly are f\nd "u flag/ones ne> homes4 ,illu/ration3 ,di/ribution map ,9 spite ( its in(f5sive nature1 ! coral snake is no diff]5t f o!r snakes 9 t x w bite if /epp$ ^u or re/ra9$4 ,x does n delib]ately coil & /rike ) accuracy l ! pit vip]s4 ,in/ead1 x sw+s ! =w>d "p ( ! body f side to side until x c secure a hold to bite & !n beg9s a *ew+ motion to imb$ its %ort fangs4 ,! notion t its m\? is too small to bite effectively has 9 "s in/ances result$ 9 c>eless disreg>d = its deadl9ess4 ,x is true t ! head appe>s v %ort & ! m\? n capable ( op5+ widely4 ,actually1 ! skull is r elongat$ & ! m\? c be op5$ to a great] degree ?an might be expect$4 ,ev5 :5 x bites a relatively flat surface1 su* z ! back ( ! h&1 ! snake's clos+ m\? w p9* ! sk91 all[+ ! fangs to p5etrate4 ,,v5oms ,g5]ally speak+1 snake v5oms are divid$ into two broad categories1 neurotoxic & hemorrhagic1 dep5d+ on _! de/ructive actions4 ,neurotoxic poison is *>act]i/ic ( cobras & coral snakes & produces consid]able pa9 b little or no swell+ & discoloration at ! bite4 ,dea? f ?is type ( poison is ! result ( respiratory failure & is prec$$ by su* symptoms z heada*e1 muscul> weakness1 le?>gy & facial p>alysis ) accompany+ difficulty 9 spee*4 ,hemorrhagic v5om1 on ! o!r h&1 affects prim>ily ! blood cells & vessels4 ,local reaction is evid5t soon aft] injection ( ! v5om & consi/s ( pa91 discoloration1 & swell+ at ! site ( ! bite4 ,all ( ^! symptoms gradually become m ext5sive4 ,weakness1 nausea1 vomit+ &--occasionally--di>rhea may foll[ 9 a few h\rs4 ,9 _m cases ( snake bite1 %ock is pres5t4 ,al?\gh e snake's v5om conta9s bo? ! neurotoxic & hemorrhagic elem5ts1 ! proportion ( ^! compon5ts v>ies ) ea* k9d ( poison\s snake4 ,= example1 ! v5om ( ! coral snake is prim>ily neurotoxic 9 action1 b produces a small hemorrhagic effect z well4 ,on ! o!r h&1 wat] moccas9 v5om1 al?\gh basically hemorrhagic 9 action1 has a great] am\nt ( ! neurotoxic elem5t ?an d ! poisons ( ! copp]heads or rattlesnakes4 ,fur!rmore1 neurotoxic effects are m evid5t foll[+ ! bites ( ! ,mojave & massasauga rattl]s ?an !y are 9 poison+s by o!r ,texas rattlesnakes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fir/ ,,aid ,,kit ,equipm5t necess>y = fir/ aid treatm5t ( snake bite includes a %>p cutt+ in/rum5t su* z a razor blade or %>p knife = mak+ incisions1 a con/rict+ b& to ret>d ! fl[ ( lymph1 iod9e or alcohol = /]iliz+ ! knife & bitt5 area1 & a suction device = remov+ ! v5om-contam9at$ lymph4 ,?is la/ item is especially important if y are alone & _c rea* ! w\nd to apply suction by m\?4 ,snake bite kits conta9+ ! ess5tial items c be pur*as$ at mo/ drug or sport+ goods /ores at a co/ ( f two to five doll>s1 dep5d+ ^u ! make4 ,anyone :o sp5ds mu* "t outdoors %\ld c>ry a snake bite kit at all times1 & he %\ld "k h[ to use x4 ,a small] kit c be m easily c>ri$ & is less likely to be left at home or 9 ! c>4 ,,diagnos+ ,,! ,,bite ,to make c]ta9 t a poison\s snake has caus$ ! bite1 fir/ exam9e ! w\nd = tee? m>ks4 ,9 a p]fect bite by a poison\s snake 7exclud+ ! coral snake71 ! patt]n w reveal two di/9ctly l>g] holes :]e ! fangs h ent]$ ! fle%4 ,!re also may be two r[s ( small] tee? m>ks betwe5 ^! punctures4 ,illu/ration3 ,snakebite patt]ns ,fur!rmore1 if ! snake engages ! l[] jaw1 two additional r[s ( small tee? impressions w be se5 bel[ ! fir/ gr\p4 ,frequ5tly ! bite patt]n is n a cle> "o4 ,= example1 if ! snake pulls to "o side z x dis5gages ! fangs aft] a /rike1 ! result is a s]ies ( scrat* m>ks in/ead ( punctures4 ,!re is also ! possibility t ! snake w engage only a s+le fang2 or1 p]haps1 dur+ fang replacem5t1 two fangs are tempor>ily 9 position on "o or bo? sides ( ! upp] jaw4 ,any ( ^! conditions1 z well z o!rs1 c contribute to an obscure bite patt]n4 ,! bite ( a coral snake (t5 is difficult to diagnose by exam9ation ( ! w\nd4 ,because ?is snake impels its fangs 9 a sort ( *ew+ motion1 ! patt]n creat$ by its bite may be two gr\ps ( closely spac$ punctures :]e ! fangs h ent]$ ! fle% a numb] ( diff]5t times4 ,a cle>ly def9$ h>mless snake bite patt]n consi/s ( a s]ies ( uni=mly small punctures 7f\r r[s made by tee? 9 ! upp] jaw1 two r[s by tee? 9 ! l[]71 b always )\t ! l>ge fang holes4 ,m typically1 a non-poison\s bite produces sev]al r[s ( scrat*es4 ,pit-vip] poison+ is diagnos$ prim>ily by ! pres5ce ( local signs & symptoms4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! are3 #a4 ,pa9 accompanies mo/ poison\s snake bites4 ,g5]ally int5se & burn+ 9 "*1 x becomes m sev]e ) ! pass+ ( "t4 ,?is symptom alone is n conclusive because pa9 c be imag9$ foll[+ a non-poison\s bite4 ,occasionally 9 a sev]e bite1 ! pa9 is replac$ by numbness & t+l+4 #b4 ,swell+ at ! bite area is pres5t 9 e case ( poison+4 ,x w appe> )9 five to #cj m9utes4 ,9 a sev]e case1 ! swell+ may cont9ue to spread = #bd h\rs4 ,!re w be no swell+ f a bite by a non-poison\s snake or by a poison\s snake t inject$ no v5om4 ,illu/ration3 ,snakebite swell+ #c4 ,discoloration1 r$di% or bruise-l 9 appe>ance1 beg9s ar\nd ! fang punctures )9 a half h\r & becomes gradually m ext5sive4 ,int5se local pa9 is symptomatic ( coral snake poison+ b1 unlike a case ( pit-vip] poison+1 swell+ & discoloration are n pron\nc$4 ,diagnosis ( coral snake env5omation is difficult & mu/ be bas$ prim>ily on sy/emic symptoms3 heada*es1 weakness1 le?>gy & facial p>alysis4 ,,sev]ity ,,( ,,! ,,bite ,ev5 aft] ! bite has be5 diagnos$ z v5om\s1 x is n imm$iately possible to pr$ict ! c\rse x w foll[4 ,! sev]ity ( ea* case ( snake poison+ is det]m9$ by ! spe$ ) :i* symptoms progress4 ,al?\gh ! bite ( a l>ge snake is g5]ally m s]i\s ?an "o caus$ by a small snake1 ! s]i\sness ( a bite _c be gaug$ by snake size alone4 ,"s v>iable factors t affect ! sev]ity ( ea* case include3 #a4 ,age1 size & heal? ( ! victim4 #b4 ,8 all]gy complex & s5sitivity to prote9 poison+4 #c4 ,8 emotional condition imm$iately aft] hav+ be5 bitt54 #d4 ,location ( bite on ! victim4 #e4 ,am\nt ( fang p5etration & v5om injection4 #f4 ,numb] ( times ! victim 0 bitt54 #g4 ,k9d & size ( snake t bit him4 #h4 ,:e!r or n ! snake rec5tly _h eat54 #i4 ,conditions ( ! snake's fangs4 #aj4 ,h[ soon treatm5t 0 adm9i/]$4 ,,fir/ ,,aid ,,treatm5t ,x is important t e snake bite victim receive fir/ aid treatm5t z soon z possible4 ,! pati5t mu/ n ex]t himself by runn+1 because increas$ circulation br\ght on by su* physical activity w spe$ up absorption ( ! poison4 ,= ! same reason1 ! use ( :iskey or o!r /imulants %\ld be avoid$4 ,! victim's /ate ( m9d is important2 he mu/ promptly be conv9c$ t 8 *ances = recov]y are good--&1 inde$1 !y are4 ,he %\ld n be t]rifi$ by ! ?\ght t e snake bite means c]ta9 dea?4 ,actually1 a survey ( case hi/ories %[s t ) prompt & prop] treatm5t1 only ab\t "o or two p] c5t ( all snake bites 9 ?is c\ntry are fatal4 ,!re is a consid]able diff]5ce ( op9ion ab\t ! correct fir/ aid treatm5t = poison\s snake bite4 ,! ,division ( ,m$ical ,sci5ces ( ! ,national ,rese>* ,c\ncil1 a section ( ! ,national ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 rec5tly made a /udy to det]m9e ! mo/ effective me?od ( su* treatm5t4 ,x recomm5d$ immobilization ( ! bitt5 limb1 application ( a con/rict+ b&1 & prompt incision & suction4 ,bas$ on ^! recomm5dations1 ! foll[+ fir/ aid treatm5t = poison\s snake bite is sugge/$3 #a4 ,,immobilize ,,! ,,affect$ ,,arm ,,or ,,leg :5ev] possible4 ,:]e ?is is n practicable1 keep movem5t ( ! bitt5 limb to a m9imum4 ,muscul> activity helps increase ! spread ( v5om4 ,:5ev] feasible1 transport ! victim by litt] to fur!r m$ical aid4 #b4 ,,apply ,a ,,con/rict+ ,,b& f two to f\r in*es above ! bite1 betwe5 ! w\nd & ! he>t4 ,?is w help to limit ! spread ( v5om until x c be remov$ by incision & suction or neutraliz$ by antiv594 ,a piece ( rubb] tub+ or a /rap t\rniquet1 includ$ ) e snake bite kit1 is be/ = ?is purpose4 ,:5 ^! are n available1 items ( clo?+ may be us$4 ,a %oe lace1 neck]*ief or a /rip ( clo?+ torn f %irt or tr\s]s w d4 ,! poison1 unless inject$ directly into a major blood vessel or deeply into a muscle1 is absorb$ sl[ly by ! lymphatics bel[ ! sk94 ,!re=e1 d n re/rict ! deep] blood circulation by apply+ ! con/rict+ b& too tightly4 ,x %\ld be loose en\gh = a f+] to be slipp$ "u x ) little difficulty4 ,rememb] t dur+ fir/ aid treatm5t ! con/rict+ b& mu/ be loos5$ e #ae m9utes = ab\t two m9utes4 ,?is precaution may prev5t gangr5e4 ,if ! bite is on ! h& or =e>m1 take (f r+s1 bracelets or o!r jewelry because subsequ5t swell+ may make _! removal difficult4 ,illu/ration3 ,apply+ con/rict+ b& #c4 ,,make ,,incisions aft] /]iliz+ ! cutt+ in/rum5t & ! bite area ) iod9e or alcohol4 ,if no antiseptic is available1 ! blade ( ! cutt+ in/rum5t c be /]iliz$ by hold+ x ov] a flame 7a mat* w d74 ,make "o cut ov] ea* fang m>k p>allel ) ! long axis ( ! bitt5 limb1 n across x4 ,incisions %\ld be "o-qu>t] in* long & "o-eigh? to "o-qu>t] in* deep1 b def9itely no long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! suction app>atus be+ us$4 ,?is w\ld all[ air to ent] ! suction bulb f ! outside & ! device w\ld !n be unable to "w4 ,incisions are ( ! utmo/ importance to fir/ aid treatm5t2 )\t !m little or no poison c be )drawn f ! w\nd by suction4 ,h[ev]1 mak+ ev5 a small incision involves "s risk & ?is op]ation %\ld be done ) consid]able c>e4 ,improp] or c>elessly appli$ fir/ aid may actually d m h>m ?an good4 ,al?\gh a physician may lat] decide to make additional incisions to relieve ! pressure ( swell+1 only ! cuts ov] ! fang m>ks are recomm5d$ = fir/ aid4 ,illu/ration3 ,mak+ incision #d4 ,,apply ,,suction to ! cuts4 ,?is c be/ be done ) "o ( ! suction devices manufactur$ = t purpose b1 if none is available1 suction c be appli$ by m\?4 ,!re is little dang] 9 oral suction unless ! lips or inside ( ! m\? h cuts or abrasions4 ,contr>y to popul> op9ion1 a too? cavity w n p]mit passage ( v5om into ! blood4 ,moreov]1 snake v5om is de/roy$ by ! /oma*'s dige/ive juices1 s if "s is accid5tally swall[$1 !re is little ne$ to worry if y h a heal?y sy/em4 ,only dur+ ! fir/ #cj m9utes foll[+ ! bite c mu* v5om be remov$ by incision & suction4 ,illu/ration3 ,apply+ suction ,illu/ration3 ,snakebite kit #e4 ,,get ,,to ,,m$ical ,,aid z soon z possible--b keep 9 m9d t unnecess>y physical ex]tion is h>mful4 ,antiv5om may be adm9i/]$ soon aft] fir/ aid has be5 />t$1 b ?is is be/ left to a doctor4 ,! ,nor? ,am]ican ,antisnakebite ,s]um made by ,wye?1 ,inc41 ( ,philadelphia #c1 ,p5nsylvania1 is effective aga9/ pit vip] bites b is ( less value 9 ! treatm5t ( coral snake poison+4 ,because coral snakes cause s few bites 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 no s]um to neutralize _! v5om is prep>$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 :]e ^! snakes are common & may rea* a l5g? ( five feet1 a s]um to neutralize ! poison is be+ produc$ by ! ,in/ituto ,butantan at ,sao ,paulo1 ,brazil4 ,x & o!r =eign snake bite s]ums (t5 are available at l>g] zoos :]e exotic poison\s species are exhibit$4 ,,sugge/ions ,,to ,,physicians ,9 mo/ areas ( ,texas1 snake bite is an uncommon m$ical em]g5cy1 & "o ) :i* few doctors h _h exp]i5ce4 ,= ?is reason1 ! foll[+ recomm5dations by ! ,national ,rese>* ,c\ncil's ,division ( ,m$ical ,sci5ces are includ$ = ! b5efit ( ! physician4 ,/atem5t on ,hospital ,c>e ,foll[+ ,bites by ,v5om\s ,snakes ,decemb] #ad1 #aifj ,admission ,proc$ures ,! r\t9e admission hi/ory & physical exam9ation %\ld provide & record1 if possible1 ! id5tity & l5g? ( ! snake1 ! "t ( ! bite1 & ! details ( all fir/ aid measures employ$1 includ+ ! "t lapse = ea* & ! mode ( transportation to ! hospital4 ,! record %\ld /ate :e!r a t\rniquet1 incision & suction1 or ! ligature-cryo!rapy te*nique has or has n be5 us$4 ,inquiry %\ld be made conc]n+ previ\s bites1 all]gic manife/ations 9 g5]al1 & :e!r or n ! pati5t _h previ\sly receiv$ horse s]um4 ,! admission exam9ation %\ld provide in=mation f :i* ! sev]ity ( ! env5omation c be e/imat$ z a guide to ! ne$ = ! adm9i/ration ( antiv59 & o!r !rapy4 ,s5sitivity te/s %\ld be in/itut$ promptly dur+ admission if n previ\sly begun4 ,:5 ! pati5t ent]s ! hospital1 blood %\ld be drawn imm$iately = typ+1 mat*+ & coagulation /udies4 ,al?\gh env5omation by "o ( ! snakes ( ,nor? ,am]ica may pres5t sev]e signs & symptoms1 dea? is r>e except 9 *ildr5 or foll[+ env5omation by a l>ge snake4 ,h[ev]1 p]man5t damage ( an involv$ extremity is frequ5t foll[+ a bite by c]ta9 ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican v5om\s snakes2 pla/ic or or?op$ic surgical repair to re/ore function1 or amputation1 are n unusual consequ5ces4 ,e>ly & cont9u+ close obs]vation is ne$$ to det]m9e if c]ta9 !rapeutic measures prev5t or promote undesirable results4 ,laboratory ,te/s ,no rigid set ( rules reg>d+ !rapy c be ju/ifi$2 ! responsible physician mu/ use 8 be/ judgm5t 9 8 *oice ( te/s to be p]=m$ z a guide to proc$ures to be us$4 ,cl9ical /udies c\ld include items su* z repeat$ hematologic te/s1 hepatic & r5al function /udies1 s]ial electroc>diograms1 electro5cephalograms1 & o!r /udies to !rapy1 dep5d+ on ! composition ( ! v5om involv$ & )9 ! limits ( p]sonnel1 "t & equipm5t available4 ,!rapeutic ,proc$ures ,a4 ,sy/emic #a4 ,immobilization4 ,dur+ transportation1 admission proc$ures1 & mo/ ( ! e>ly hospitalization p]iod1 immobilization ( ! affect$ "p & absolute re/ %\ld be cont9u$4 ,a s$ative or analgesic may be adm9i/]$ to relieve re/lessness & anxiety2 ice bags may be appli$ to alleviate sev]e pa94 ,! extremity %\ld be immobiliz$ 9 ! position ( function1 & active & passive ex]cises to prev5t contracture />t$ aft] ! ?ird day if consi/5t ) ! pati5t's condition4 #b4 ,blood ,transfusion4 ,po/mortem exam9ations h at times reveal$ ext5sive retrop]itonial & intrap]itonial hemorrhage1 & hemorrhage into ! visc]a1 includ+ ! liv] & kidney4 ,progressive decrease 9 ! total volume ( circulat+ r$ blood cells has be5 attribut$ to ! developm5t ( a massive hemolytic anemia or int]nal hemorrhage4 ,blood transfusions may be necess>y & at times h be5 foll[$ by m>k$ improvem5t4 ,/udies ( ! sev]al factors involv$ 9 blood clott+ may be useful z guides to treatm5t4 ,! fir/ & subsequ5t specim5s ( ur9e %\ld be especially exam9$ = ! pres5ce ( r$ blood cells1 hemoglob91 & prote94 #c4 ,electrolyte ,balance4 ,abnormality ( fluid & electrolyte balance %\ld be detect$ & correct$ on a cont9u+ basis4 #d4 ,antiv594 ,polyval5t or specific antiv59s prep>$ f v5oms ( snakes 9 ! same geographic area %\ld be adm9i/]$ 9 !rapeutic quantity z recomm5d$ by ! manufactur] only ) full realization t ! haz>d ( imm$iate all]gic reaction or delay$ s]um sickness are factors to be evaluat$ 9 ! decision to c>ry out ?is type ( treatm5t4 ,dur+ hospitalization1 antiv59 %\ld be giv5 intrav5\sly1 provid$ t s5sitivity te/s indicate t ! pati5t is n all]gic to ! antis]um to be us$4 ,des5sitization1 if necess>y1 %\ld prec$e ! adm9i/ration ( antiv59 by any r\te4 ,! use ( antiv59 9 su* cases %\ld be c>efully evaluat$4 ,injection 9 normal muscles 9 o!r extremities w\ld be ! second *oice1 s9ce local injections into ! deposit site d n diffuse effici5tly into ! entire damag$ area & w\ld increase ! haz>d ( pressure is*emia lead+ to increas$ tissue necrosis4 ,ep9ephr9e %\ld be available = imm$iate use :5 =eign prote9 is be+ adm9i/]$4 #e4 ,cortico/]oids4 ,! use ( cortico/]oids %\ld be re/rict$ to ! prev5tion or treatm5t ( late manife/ations ( all]gy foll[+ adm9i/ration ( antiv59s4 #f4 ,antibiotics4 ,a broad-spectrum antibiotic %\ld be adm9i/]$ promptly 9 appropriate dosage if ! reaction to env5omation is sev]e4 ,s9ce ! nature ( ! injury m>k$ly pr$isposes to infection1 & pa?og5ic bact]ia are f\nd 9 ! w\nd1 ?is use ( antibiotics seems ju/ifi$4 ,laboratory s5sitivity te/s1 if available1 %\ld control ! cont9u+ *oice ( antibiotics to be us$4 ,a massive w\nd infection ) sev]e sy/emic reaction c\ld be mi/ak5 = sev]e env5omation4 ,repeat$ blood & w\nd cultures w\ld be ( help 9 mak+ ! di/9ction4 #g4 ,tetanus ,prophylaxis4 ,tetanus toxoid %\ld be adm9i/]$ ^u admission if x has n be5 giv5 z a fir/ aid measure4 #h4 ,respiratory ,p>alysis4 ,if respiratory p>alysis develops foll[+ env5omation by "o ( ! ,elapidae 7?is family includes ! coral snake71 ! use ( tra*eo/omy & int]mitt5t positive pressure artificial respiration is indicat$4 #i4 ,r5al ,%utd[n has be5 an occasional occurr5ce foll[+ massive env5omation4 ,an aw>5ess ( ?is possible complication c d mu* t[>d ! prev5tion & treatm5t ( second>y effects aris+ aft] its occurr5ce4 ,r\t9e daily te/s su* z ,b4,u4,n41 ,,co comb9+ p[]1 & s]um potassium levels are indicat$ 9 sev]e cases4 ,b4 ,local ,measures ,dur+ ,hospitalization #a4 ,t\rniquet 7,con/rict+ b&74 ,a t\rniquet appli$ foll[+ a bite by a v5om\s ,nor? ,am]ican snake %\ld be remov$ if env5omation seems mild or aft] a pot5t antiv59 is giv5 9 !rapeutic quantity4 ,! prolong$ use ( a t\rniquet or ( a con/rict+ b& w\ld increase local tissue damage due to ! action ( v5om & might delay ! vascul> transport ( antiv59 into env5omat$ areas4 #b4 ,incision & ,suction4 ,sub/antial am\nts ( v5om c be remov$ dur+ ! fir/ half-h\r f subcutane\s deposits by incision & suction4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! casualty is admitt$ to ! hospital "o h\r or m foll[+ env5omation1 an attempt to remove v5om by incision & suction at ! site ( ! bite w\ld be ( little value4 ,h[ev]1 if m>k$ subcutane\s pitt+ edema develops1 int]/itial pressure c be reliev$ by sev]al longitud9al incisions ext5d+ into ! subcutane\s tissues4 ,suction & fasciotomy may be requir$ at times4 ,p>ri% 7#aifa71 us+ a modification ( ,wood1 ,hoback & ,gre5's 7#aiee7 cl9ical classification ( pit vip] v55ations1 has propos$ ! foll[+ guide = det]m9+ ! sev]ity ( a poison\s snake bite4 ,?is classification is bas$ ^u pres5t signs & symptoms & ! cl9ical c\rse ( ! pati5t dur+ ! fir/ #ab h\rs ( hospitalization4 ,x w be useful z a guide 9 treatm5t4 ,grade ,o 7,no v55ation74 ,fang or too? m>ks pres5t1 m9imal pa91 less ?an "o in* ( surr\nd+ edema & ery!ma1 & no sy/emic involvem5t4 ,grade ,i 7,m9imal v55ation74 ,fang or too? m>ks pres5t1 mod]ate pa91 f "o to five in*es surr\nd+ edema & ery!ma 9 ! fir/ #ab h\rs aft] bite1 & no sy/emic involvem5t4 ,grade ,,ii 7,mod]ate v55ation74 ,fang or too? m>ks pres5t1 sev]e pa91 six to #ab in*es ( surr\nd+ edema & ery!ma 9 ! fir/ #ab h\rs aft] bite1 ) sy/emic involvem5t--nausea1 vomit+1 gidd9ess1 %ock or neurotoxic symptoms pres5t4 ,grade ,,iii 7,sev]e v55ation74 ,fang or too? m>ks pres5t1 sev]e pa91 m ?an #ab in*es ( surr\nd+ edema & ery!ma 9 ! fir/ #ab h\rs aft] bite1 ) sy/emic involvem5t 7z 9 ,grade ,,ii74 ,,bibliography ,boys1 ,floyd & ,hob>t ,m4 ,smi?4 ,poison\s ,amphibians & ,reptiles4 ,*>les ,c4 ,?omas ,co41 ,spr+field1 #aiei4 ,br[n1 ,bryce ,c4 ,an ,annotat$ ,*eck ,li/ ( ! ,reptiles & ,amphibians ( ,texas4 ,baylor ,univ]sity ,press1 ,waco1 #aiej4 ,buckley1 ,eleanor & ,n&or ,porges 7,editors74 ,v5oms4 ,publication ,no4 #dd1 ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 #aief4 ,conant1 ,rog]4 ,a ,field ,guide to ! ,reptiles & ,amphibians ( ,ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,h\ghton ,miffl9 ,co41 ,bo/on1 #aieh4 ,curran1 ,c4 ,h4 & ,c>l ,f4 ,kaufield4 ,snakes & ,_! ,ways4 ,h>p] ,bro!rs ,publi%]s1 ,new ,york1 #aicg4 ,em]y1 ,j]ry ,a4 & ,f9dlay ,e4 ,russell4 ,/udies ) ,cool+ ,measures ,foll[+ ,injection ( ,crotalus ,v5om4 ,copeia1 no4 #c pp4 #cbb-cbf1 ,septemb]1 #aifa4 ,fis*]1 ,f4 ,j41 ,h4 ,w4 ,ramsey1 ,j4 ,simon & ,j4 ,f4 ,g5n>o4 ,antiv59 & ,antitox9 9 ! ,treatm5t ( ,exp]im5tal ,rattlesnake ,v5om ,intoxication 7,crotalus adamanteus74 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,tropical ,m$ic9e1 vol4 #aj1 pp4 #ge-gi1 #aifa4 ,gloyd1 ,h[>d ,k4 ,! ,rattlesnakes1 ,g5]a ,si/rurus & ,crotalus4 ,*icago ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,special ,publication no4 #d1 #aidj4 ,h>man1 ,r4 ,w4 & ,c4 ,b4 ,poll>d4 ,bibliography ( ,animal ,v5oms4 ,univ]sity ( ,florida ,press1 ,ga9esville1 #aidi4 ,kauffeld1 ,c>l ,f4 ,/at5 ,isl& ,zoo4 ,keegan1 ,hugh ,l41 ,fr$]ick ,:ittemore1 ,jr41 & ,james ,f4 ,flanigan4 ,het]olog\s ,antiv59 9 ,neutralization ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,coral ,snake ,v5om4 ,public ,heal? ,reports1 vol4 #gf1 no4 #f1 pp4 #edj-edb1 #aifa4 ,klaub]1 ,lawr5ce ,m4 ,rattlesnakes1 ,_! ,habits1 ,life ,hi/ories1 & ,influ5ce on ,mank9d4 #b vols4 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia ,press1 ,b]keley1 #aief4 ,m9ton1 ,%]man ,a4 ,snakebite4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 vol4 #aif1 no4 #a1 pp4 #aad-aah1 #abj1 #abb1 #aieg4 ,national ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,national ,rese>* ,c\ncil4 ,int]im ,/atem5t on ,fir/-aid ,!rapy = ,bites by ,v5om\s ,snakes4 ,mimeograph$4 pp4 #a-e1 #aifj4 ,national ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,national ,rese>* ,c\ncil4 ,/atem5t on ,hospital ,c>e ,foll[+ ,bites by ,v5om\s ,snakes4 ,mimeograph$4 pp4 #a-d1 #aifj4 ,oliv]1 ,james ,a4 ,! ,prev5tion & ,treatm5t ( ,snakebite4 ,animal ,k+dom1 vol4 #ee1 no4 #c1 pp4 #ff-hc1 #aieb4 ,p>ri%1 ,h5ry ,m4 ,! ,poison\s ,snake ,bite ,problem 9 ,florida4 ,j\rnal ( ! ,florida ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 vol4 #bj1 no4 #c1 pp4 #ahe-bjd1 #aieg4 ,p>ri%1 ,h5ry ,m4 ,poison\s ,snakebites ,result+ 9 ,lack ( ,v5om\s ,poison+4 ,virg9ia ,m$ical ,mon?ly1 vol4 #hf1 pp4 #cif-1 #aiei4 ,p>ri%1 ,h5ry ,m4 ,snake ,v5om ,poison+4 ,m$ical ,times1 vol4 #hi1 no4 #f1 pp4 #eie-fjb1 #aifa4 ,pope1 ,clif=d ,h4 ,snakes ,alive & ,h[ ,!y ,live4 ,vik+ ,press1 ,new ,york1 #aicg4 ,pope1 ,clif=d ,h4 & ,r4 ,m>l9 ,p]k9s4 ,diff]5ces 9 ! ,patt]ns ( ,bites ( ,v5om\s & ( ,h>mless ,snakes4 ,ar*ives ( ,surg]y1 vol4 #di1 pp4 #cca-ccf1 #aidd4 ,russell1 ,f9dlay ,e4 ,rattlesnake ,bites 9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ! ,m$ical ,sci5ces1 vol4 #bci1 no4 #a1 pp4 #ea-fj1 #aifj4 ,russell1 ,f9dlay ,e4 ,injuries by ,v5om\s ,animals 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,m$ical ,association1 vol4 #agg1 pp4 #ijc-ijg1 #aifa4 ,russell1 ,f9dlay ,e4 & ,j]ry ,a4 ,em]y4 ,incision & ,suction ,foll[+ ,injection ( ,rattlesnake ,v5om4 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ! ,m$ical ,sci5ces1 vol4 #bda1 no4 #b1 pp4 #afj-aff1 #aifa4 ,/imson1 ,a4 ,c4 & ,h4 ,t4 ,engelh>dt4 ,! ,treatm5t ( ,snakebite4 ,j\rnal ( ,occupational ,m$ic9e1 vol4 #b1 no4 #d1 pp4 #afc-afh1 #aifj4 ,/reck]1 ,j4 ,k4 ,reptiles & ,amphibians ( ,texas1 #aiae4 ,wood1 ,john ,t4 ,a ,survey ( #bjj ,cases ( ,snakebite 9 ,virg9ia4 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,tropical ,m$ic9e & ,hygi5e1 vol4 #c1 pp4 #icf-idc1 #aied4 ,wood1 ,john ,t4 ,a ,critique on ! 8,l-,c0 ,treatm5t ( ,snakebites4 ,s\!rn ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 vol4 #di1 pp4 #gdi-gea1 #aief4 ,wood1 ,john ,t41 ,w4 ,w4 ,hoback & ,t4 ,w4 ,gre54 ,treatm5t ( ,snake ,v5om ,poison+ ) ,,ac? & ,cortisone4 ,virg9ia ,m$ical ,mon?ly1 vol4 #hb1 pp4 #acj-ace1 #aiee4 ,wright1 ,a4 ,h4 & ,a4 ,a4 ,wright4 ,h&book ( ,snakes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4 ,com/ock ,publi%+ ,associates1 ,i?aca1 #aieg4 ,ya1 ,p4 ,m4 & ,john ,f4 ,p]ry1 ,jr4 ,exp]im5tal ,evaluation ( ,me?ods = ! ,e>ly ,treatm5t ( ,snake ,bite4 ,surg]y1 vol4 #dg1 no4 #f1 pp4 #ige-iha1 #aifj4 ,"y1 ,nettie4 ,snakebite3 ,treatm5t & ,nurs+ ,c>e4 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,nurs+1 vol4 #dj1 pp4 #feg-ffj1 #aidj4 ,,films ,a #af mm4 motion picture film 9 color1 entitl$1 8,poison\s ,snakes10 is available f ! ,texas ,p>ks & ,wildlife ,dep>tm5t1 ,reagan ,/ate ,(fice ,build+1 ,au/91 ,texas4 ,x deals ) snake bite prev5tion1 poison\s snake id5tification & fir/ aid treatm5t4 ,,field ,,notes ,transcrib]'s ,notes --,reta9$ publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3 ?is e,book is public-doma9 9 ! c\ntry ( publication4 --,correct$ a few palpable typos4 --,collat$ ,table ( ,cont5ts1 & re-ord]$ entries1 or add$ head+s1 to coord9ate ) ! actual cont5ts4 --,9 ! text v]sions only1 text 9 italics is delimit$ by und]scores4