,a ,,class-,,book ,,( ,,biblical ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,geography3 ,,) ,,num]\s ,,maps4 ,,by ,,pr(4 ,h4 ,s4 ,,osborn1 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,,am]ican ,,tract ,,society1 #aej ,,nassau ,,/reet1 ,,new ,,york4 ,,copyright1 #ahij4 ,,am]ican ,,tract ,,society4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,punctuation has be5 /&>diz$4 ,*>act]s 9 small caps h be5 replac$ by all caps4 ,non-pr9table *>act]i/ics h be5 giv5 ! foll[+ translit]ation3 ,italic text3 -- text bold text3 -- text4 ,?is book 0 writt5 9 a p]iod :5 _m words _h n become /&>diz$ 9 _! spell+4 ,words may h multiple spell+ v>iations or inconsi/5t hyph5ation 9 ! text4 ,^! h be5 left un*ang$ unless indicat$ ) a ,transcrib]'s ,note4 ,footnotes are id5tifi$ 9 ! text ) a numb] 9 brackets #b & h be5 accumulat$ 9 a s+le section at ! end ( ! text4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes are us$ :5 mak+ corrections to ! text or to provide additional in=mation = ! mod]n read]4 ,^! notes are n id5tifi$ 9 ! text1 b h be5 accumulat$ 9 a s+le section at ! end ( ! book4 ,,preface4 ,,?is "w is a ,class-,book ( ! ,old & ! ,new ,te/am5ts treat$ z consecutive hi/ory4 ,x includes ! ,jewi% hi/ory ( ! c5turies betwe5 ! close ( ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! beg9n+ ( ! ,new4 ,x pres5ts ^? important elem5ts ( ,biblical hi/ory :i* di/+ui% x f all o!r hi/ories & :i* illu/rate ! plan & ! purpose ( ! ,bible z "o ,book4 ,:atev] mod]n s*ol>%ip has accompli%$ to aid 9 ! und]/&+ ( ! orig9al languages ( ,scripture 9 important po9ts has be5 made use (1 & :atev] monum5tal or topographic discov]ies w\ld contribute to a bett] und]/&+ ( ! geography or ar*ology ( ! text-/atem5ts h be5 introduc$ :]e ! hi/ory requir$ x4 ,! hi/ory ( ! c5turies betwe5 ! close ( ! ,old ,te/am5t canon & ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era includes t ( its ,jewi% lit]ature4 ,?is hi/ory greatly helps u to appreciate t s+ul> t5acity ) :i* ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian *ur* held to ! ,mosaic ritual4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( ?is hi/ory we h all[$ no space = m]e op9ions or speculations4 ,! "w is purely hi/orical1 & its text is illu/rat$ only by t :i* is p]t95t & well au!nticat$1 9 ei!r geographic or ar*ological discov]y4 ,! entire subject matt] is divid$ into ,p]iods & *apt]s & subdivid$ into sections & p>agraphs1 ! latt] pres5t$ 9 su* a =m z g5]ally to sugge/ to ! tea*] ! "q & to ! read] ! topic ( ! p>agraph4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,p]iod ,i4 ,,! ,,ante-,,diluvian ,,era4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,creation1 ,ed53 ,*ronology & its ,s\rces4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,significance ( ,names4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,desc5dants ( ,adam4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,l9eage ( ! ,patri>*s4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,flood4 ,,p]iod ,,ii4 ,,! ,,patri>*al ,,era ,,aft] ,,! ,,flood ,,to ,,! ,,dea? ,,( ,,jacob4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,two ,ar>ats4 ,! ,sons ( ,japhe?4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,sons ( ,ham4 ,_! ,m ,rec5t ,names4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,desc5dants ( ,%em4 ,job4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,confusion ( ,tongues4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,abram & 8 ,times4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,! ,patri>*s ,isaac & ,jacob4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,egyptian ,te/imonies4 ,,p]iod ,,iii4 ,,! ,,!ocracy ,,to ,,! ,,judges4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,israelites 9 ,egypt4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,physical ,geography ( ,s9ai & ! ,des]t4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,entrance into ,canaan4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,battles ( ! ,conque/4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,introduction ( ,idolatry4 ,,p]iod ,,iv4 ,,! ,,p]iod ,,( ,,! ,,judges4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,nature ( ! ,(fice4 ,! ,*ronology4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,scribes ( ! ,age4 ,,p]iod ,v4 ,,! ,,p]iod ,,( ,,! ,,k+s ,,to ,,! ,,captivity4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,orig9 ( ! ,mon>*y4 ,reign ( ,saul4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,reigns ( ,david & ( ,solomon4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,division ( ! ,k+dom4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,analysis ( ! ,reigns ( ,judah & ,israel4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,in/itution ( ! ,prophetical ,(fice4 ,,p]iod ,,vi4 ,,! ,,captivity ,,( ,,judah ,,to ,,! ,,close ,,( ,,! ,,canonical ,,p]iod4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,v>i\s ,captivities4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,comp>ative ,religi\s ,_s4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,captivity ,end$4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,canonical ,books4 ,sam>itan ,p5tateu*4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,:at ,0 ,scripture8 ,! ,septuag9t4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,talmud4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,conclud+ ,rem>ks4 ,,p]iod ,,vii4 ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,era4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,f ! ,bir? ( ,*ri/ to 8 ,public ,m9i/ry4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,public ,m9i/ry ( our ,savi\r4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,f ! ,fir/ ,passov] to ! ,second4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,f ! ,second ,passov] to ! ,?ird4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,?ird ,passov]4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,! ,beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,! ,gospel = ,g5tiles z well z ,jews4 ,paul's ,fir/ ,mission4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,! ,second & ,?ird ,mission>y ,t\rs ( ,paul4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,paul at ,rome4 ,! ,sev5 ,*ur*es4 ,colosse & ,hi]apolis4 ,,biblical ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,geography4 ,,p]iod ,i4 ,,! ,,ante-,,diluvian ,,era4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,creation3 ,,*ronology ,,& ,,its ,,s\rces4 #a4 ,! fir/ book ( ! ,bible1 :i* is ,g5esis1 beg9s ) a hi/ory ( ! ,creation4 ,! words 8,9 ! beg9n+10 ) :i* x op5s1 give u no *ronological data by :i* we are able to =m any e/imate ( ! "t4 ,sev5 divisions1 call$ 8days10 h special appo9tm5ts assign$ to ea* 9 t :i* is usually call$ 8! "w ( creation10 includ+ ! appo9tm5t ( a day ( re/4 ,be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! days !re exi/$ a /ate ( *aos1 ! e>? be+ 8)\t =m & void0 & d>kness be+ ^u ! face ( ! wat]s4 ,! fir/ act 0 ! call+ into be+ ,,light ,! appo9tm5t ( ,day & ,night clos$ ! "w ( ! fir/ day4 ,! sep>ation ( ! wat]s b5ea? 8! firmam5t10 or expanse1 f ^? above 8! firmam5t0 con/itut$ ! "w ( ! second day4 ,! =mation ( dry l&1 call$ e>?1 & ! appe>ance ( vegetable gr[?1 call$ grass1 h]bs1 & trees1 occurr$ on ! ?ird day4 ,on ! f\r? day lights appe>$ 9 8! firmam5t10 or expanse1 & on ! fif? day ! fir/ animal life mov$ 9 ! wat]s & birds 9 ! air1 ! latt] call$ 8w+$ f[l40 ,on ! six? day ! e>? br\ght =? liv+ creatures1 8cattle1 creep+ ?+s1 & bea/s20 & f9ally man 0 creat$1 made aft] ,god's image1 ) dom9ion ov] all t _h be5 "h creat$4 ,! sev5? day 0 set ap>t z a day ( re/1 a day ( :i* x is said1 8,god bless$ ! sev5? day & sanctifi$ x40 ,g54 #b3c4 #b4 ,aft] ! creation ( man he 0 plac$ 9 a g>d5 :i* ! ,"l ,god plant$ 8ea/w>d 9 ,ed540 ,! locality ( ,ed5 is unsettl$1 b ! op9ion ( _m s*ol>s is t x is n f> (f f ! head ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,! g>d5 is describ$ z 8ea/w>d 9 ,ed510 & x is suppos$ to h be5 9 ! ea/]n "p ( a di/rict call$ ,ed54 ,pr(4 ,sayce d]ives ,ed5 f an anci5t ^w mean+ 8! des]t40 ,if ?is be correct1 ! g>d5 ( ,ed5 0 m rem>kable = its contra/ ) ! great ,syrian des]t 9 its imm$iate vic9ity4 ,! riv]s m5tion$ by "n are ,pison1 ,gihon1 ,hiddekel1 & ,euphrates4 ,! ,euphrates at ! pres5t day jo9s ! anci5t ,hiddekel1 :i* is n[ call$ ! ,tigris1 at a po9t "o hundr$ miles nor?we/ f ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 & ! /ream =m$ by ! union ( ! two riv]s is call$ ! ,%at el-,arab4 ,! ,pison & ,gihon h n be5 satisfactorily id5tifi$4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! geographical condition ( ?is region is v unlike t :i* exi/$ at ! "t we are consid]+4 ,dr4 ,delitzs* calculates t a delta ( betwe5 =ty & fifty miles 9 l5g? has be5 =m$ s9ce ! six? c5tury ,b4 ,c4 ,pr(4 ,sayce says t 9 ! "t ( ,alex&]1 ,b4 ,c4 #cbc1 ! ,tigris & ,euphrates fl[$1 by diff]5t m\?s1 into ! sea 7gulf71 z did also ! ,eulu1 or mod]n ,k>un1 9 ! ,assyrian epo*4#a ,! increm5t ( l& ab\t ! delta has be5 f\nd to be a mile 9 ?irty ye>s1 :i* is ab\t d\ble ! increase ( any o!r delta1 ow+ to ! nature ( ! soil ov] :i* ! riv]s pass4#b ,"u ^! *anges x is probable t any b v l>ge /reams might disappe>4 #c4 ,! ,euphrates passes along a c\rse ( m ?an #a1ghj miles f ! head-wat]s ( ! ,m\rad ,*ai#c & = ab\t #gjj miles x passes ?r\gh a ne>ly level c\ntry on ! ea/ ( ! great ,syrian des]t4 ,x v>ies 9 dep? f eight to tw5ty feet to its junction ) ! ,tigris2 aft] its union ) ! ,tigris its dep? increases4 ,x is navigable = ab\t #gjj miles or m f ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,! ,tigris is %ort]1 be+ ab\t #a1aej miles 9 l5g?1 & navigable = rafts = #cjj miles4 ,"s ( ! extreme head-s\rces ( ?is riv] approa* ^? ( ! ,euphrates )9 ! di/ance ( two or ?ree miles4 ,! "n ,hiddekel is ! same ^w z ,hidiglat1 :i* is its "n 9 ! ,assyrian inscriptions1 z ,purat is ! anci5t ,assyrian = ,p]a? 9 ,hebrew4#d ,! l& ( ,havilah1 :i* 0 encompass$ entirely by ! riv] ,pison1 is unkn[n1 b ! 8,e?iopia0 encompass$ by ! riv] ,gihon is 9 ! ,hebrew call$ ,cu%1 & rec5t discov]ies h prov$ t 9 v e>ly times ,cu%ite p inhabit$ a "p ( ! region ne> ! head ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,!re is little d\bt t ! l& s call$ 0 a "p ( ! pla9 ( ,babylonia :]e ! cities ( ,nimrod 7 plant$1 ,g54 #aj3aj1 ,nimrod be+ a son ( ,cu%4 ,^! discov]ies %[ t1 9 aft] ages1 ! ,cu%ites left ,babylonia & emigrat$ s\?w>d along ! ,p]sian ,gulf into ,arabia1 ( :i* !y occupi$ a v l>ge "p1 & f its s\!rn "p cross$ ov] to ,africa to ! c\ntry :i* 9 aft] times 0 call$ by ! ,greek geograph]s ,e?iopia4 ,dr4 ,f4 ,delitzs* supposes t ,havilah 0 ! di/rict ly+ we/ ( ! ,euphrates & rea*+ to ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 & t ! ,cu% ( ! text 0 ! l& adjo9+ on ! ea/1 hav+ ! pres5t ,%at el-,nil = its bord] l9e4 ,! long /ream we/ ( ! ,euphrates1 :i* 0 kn[n to ! ,greeks z ,pallacopas1 ,dr4 ,delitzs* consid]s z ! ,pison1 & ! ,%at el-,nil z ! ,gihon 7see ! map74 ,! ,g>d5 ( ,ed5 he places at t "p :]e ! ,euphrates & ,tigris approa* ea* o!r v ne>ly1 be+ at t place only tw5ty-five miles ap>t4#e #d4 ,9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed5 ! ,"l ,god put ! fir/ pair4 ,( ! man x is said t he 0 plac$ 9 ! g>d5 8to dress x & to keep x20 & ( ! woman1 t %e %\ld be 8a help meet = him40 ,h[ long ?is /ate ( ?+s cont9u$ is n relat$1 b1 ?r\gh ! s]p5t1 temptation ent]$ into ! m9d ( ,eve1 & %e gave ( ! =bidd5 fruit unto h] husb& & !y did eat1 8& _! eyes 7 op5$10 app>5tly to ! s5se ( guilt 9 violat+ ! comm& :i* =bade !m to 8eat ( ! tree ( ! k ( good & evil40 ,! curse !n foll[$1 & !y 7 driv5 out f ! g>d51 to :i* !y 7 nev] to return4 #e4 ,aft] ! expulsion ,ca9 & ,abel 7 born1 & ! fir/ murd] took place 9 ! kill+ ( ,abel by ,ca91 ! latt] be+ puni%$ by be+ driv5 out 8f ! pres5ce ( ! ,"l40 ,ca9 w5t ea/w>d & dwelt 9 ! l& ( ,nod1 & 8 fir/-born son1 ,eno*1 built ! fir/ city1 :i* 0 nam$ aft] him1 ,eno*4 ,nei!r ! l& ( ,nod nor ! city ,eno* has be5 c]ta9ly locat$4 #f4 ,we n[ h an acc\nt ( ! desc5dants ( ,adam1 ) ! /atem5t ( _! sev]al ages4 ,^u ?is /atem5t ( ages a *ronology has be5 bas$1 usually call$ ! ,biblical ,*ronology4 ,x is d]iv$ f t acc\nt :i* is record$ 9 ! ,hebrew1 ! language 9 :i* ! hi/ory 0 orig9ally writt54 ,b !re is ano!r acc\nt :i* 0 giv5 9 ! e>lie/ extant translation ( ! ,hebrew hi/ory1 & ?is is call$ ! ,septuag9t ,greek1 made ab\t #bhf ,b4 ,c42 & ! *ronology ( ?is old translation diff]s mat]ially f ! ,hebrew orig9al4 ,!re is yet ano!r au?ority1 ! ,sam>itan ,p5tateu*1 ! manuscript ( :i* is kept at ,%e*em1 9 ,pale/9e1 & is ! olde/ kn[n manuscript ( ! ,bible 9 ! _w1 hav+ be5 writt5 be=e ! ,captivity & 9 ! old ,hebrew lett]s4#f ,^! are ! only ?ree records ( any importance1 & ! v>iations 9 ^! records are se5 9 ! foll[+ table3#g ,liv$ be=e ,aft] bir? ,total4 bir? ( sons4 ( sons4 ,,heb4 ,,sam4 ,,sep4 ,,heb4 ,,sam4 ,,sep4 ,,heb4 ,,sam4 ,,sep4 ,adam #acj #bcj #hjj #gjj #icj ,se? #aje #bje #hjg #gjg #iab ,enos #ij #aij #hae #gae #ije ,ca9an #gj #agj #hdj #gdj #iaj ,mahalaleel #fe #afe #hcj #gcj #hie ,j>$ #afb #fb #afb #hjj #ghe #hjj #ifb #hdg #ifb ,eno* #fe #fe #afe #cjj #cjj #bjj #cfe ,me?uselah #ahg #fg #ahg #ghb #fec #ghb #ifi #gbj #ifi ,ano!r #afg translation #afe ( ,septuag9t ,lame* #ahb #ec #ahh #eie #fjj #efe #ggg #fec #gec ,noah #ejj ,x w be se5 by ! above table t ! ,hebrew text af=ds data :i* give u #a1fef ye>s f ! creation ( ,adam to ! ,flood1 = we mu/ add #ajj to ,noah's age ( #ejj1 s9ce ! ,flood began :5 ,noah 0 #fjj ye>s old 7,g54 #g3f74 ,! ,sam>itan text takes away #ajj ye>s f ! life ( ,j>$1 #abj f t ( ,me?uselah1 & #abi f t ( ,lame*1 z comp>$ ) ! ,hebrew text1 mak+ ! ,flood occur #a1cjg aft] ,adam's creation1 :ile ! ,septuag9t adds #ajj to ! lives ( ea* ( ! fir/ five & to t ( ,eno*1 & six to t ( ,lame*1 mak+ ! ,flood beg9 #b1bfb ye>s aft] ! creation ( ,adam1 accord+ to "o read+ ( ! ,septuag9t1 or #b1bdb accord+ to ano!r4 ,s t ! aggregates ( "t f ! ,creation to ! ,flood1 z d$uc$ f ! ,hebrew1 ! ,sam>itan1 & ! ,septuag9t1 sev]ally are #a1fef1 #a1cjg1 & #b1bfb4 ,! ,sam>itan is ! olde/ manuscript1 b x _c be made c]ta9 t ! dates z giv5 9 t manuscript h suff]$ no alt]ation2 & h5ce ! ,hebrew acc\nt has be5 foll[$ 9 our entire ,engli% v]sion1 ! *ronology ( :i* 0 arrang$ by ,ar*bi%op ,us%] 7usually writt5 ,u%]71 ,a4 ,d4 #aehj1h b x 8is ( no inspir$ au?ority & ( great unc]ta9ty40 #g4 ,! subject ( ,biblical ,*ronology1 z d]iv$ f data record$ 9 ! ,scripture1 is necess>ily unsettl$2 & ?is is s p>tly because#i ! sacr$ writ]s speak ( desc5dants ( a giv5 prog5itor z 8 sons1 9 accordance ) ,ea/]n cu/om1 & p>tly p]haps f ! use ( lett]s1 = figures1 9 ! e>ly manuscripts1#aj :i* h suff]$ *anges 9 subsequ5t transcriptions4 ,b al?\gh ^! v>iations occur1 discov]ies connect$ ) ! rema9s ( o!r nations ?an ! ,jewi%1 & connect$ ) o!r hi/ories ?an ! ,jewi%1 are beg9n+ to ?r[ light ^u ! ,scripture hi/ory & *ronology4 ,^! collat]al hi/ories allude to p]sons & ev5ts ( ,jewi% hi/ory & af=d su* data t 9 _m in/ances we c det]m9e f !m ! actual ye> ( ,scripture ev5ts4 ,?is aid is p>ticul>ly important z d]iv$ f bo? ,assyrian & ,egyptian discov]ies1 & ?is we %all h reason h]eaft] to %[4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,significance ,,( ,,names4 #a4 ,9 ! e>lie/ p]iods ( human hi/ory names1 ei!r = p]sons1 places1 or ?+s1 _h mean+s :i* 7 9 "s s5se applicable to ! p]son1 place1 or ?+ nam$4 ,?is 0 specially true 9 ,hebrew hi/ory1 & ( ?is we h already _h illu/rations2 = :5 ,eve 0 br\ght to ,adam 8he call$ h] "n woman1 because %e 0 tak5 out ( man10 b aft]w>ds1 because ,eve 9 ! ,hebrew meant life1 he 8call$ 8 wife's "n ,eve1 because %e 0 ! "m ( all liv+40 ,adam's "n d5ot$ 8 relation to ! gr\nd 7,hebrew1 ,adamah71 f ! du/ ( :i* he 0 tak52 & z ,eve's body 0 d]iv$ f t ( ,adam1 ! "n ( ! two 0 ,adam 7,g54 #e3b71 :i* 0 ! "n giv5 by ,god 89 ! day :5 !y 7 creat$10 & ?is "n 0 exclusively ! description ( ! fir/ man & ! fir/ woman4 ,9 ,g54 #b3bc we h ! g5]ic "n giv5 to ! race 9 ! ,hebrew t]ms 8,i%0 & 8,i%ah0 = 8man0 & 8woman10 giv5 by ,adam to himself & to ! woman3 8,?is is n[ bone ( my bones & fle% ( my fle%3 %e %all be call$ woman 7,i%ah71 because %e 0 tak5 out ( man 7,i%740 #b4 ,! root1 or primitive mean+1 ( ,i% is unc]ta91 b f its subsequ5t use we may inf] t x d5ot$ a *>act]i/ic ( humanity high] ?an t express$ by ! ^w ,adam1 & may h occurr$ to ! fa!r ( m5 :ile nam+ ! animals z an appellative di/+ui%+ 8 own f ! inf]ior ord] ( ! animate creation4#aa ,x is rem>kable t ! anci5t ,assyrian "n = ! fir/ man is ,admu or ,adamu1 ! ,assyrian =m ( ! ,hebrew ,adam4#ab #c4 ,9 ! ,hebrew hi/ory1 !re=e1 names are n to be reg>d$ z m]e s\nds or comb9ations ( s\nds1 atta*$ at r&om to c]ta9 objects or p]sons1 s z to become ! audible signs by :i* we di/+ui% !m f ea* o!r1 b v frequ5tly prop] names _h a deep] mean+ & 7 m closely connect$ 9 m5's ?\ghts ) "* & condition ?an among any o!r anci5t nation ) ! hi/ory & lit]ature ( :i* we are acqua9t$4#ac ,?us x is t1 z ,ar*bi%op ,tr5* says1 words are (t5 ! repositories ( hi/orical in=mation4#ad ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,desc5dants ,,( ,,adam4 #a4 ,z ! hi/ory proce$s x becomes v pla9 t ! desc5dants ( ,adam are select$ ) a purpose1 :i* a g5]al acqua9tance ) ,scripture reveals4 ,t purpose 0 to record ! ance/ry ( ,abraham & s ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel4 ,o!r desc5dants are occasionally m5tion$ :5 any int]e/+ or important ev5t sugge/s itself to ! hi/orian1 b ! ma9 purpose is nev] lo/ sight (4 ,?us ! desc5dants ( ,ca9 are briefly enum]at$ ?r\gh 8 fir/-born1 ,eno*1 8! tea*]10 z 8 "n signifies4 ,he 0 ! fir/ build] ( a city1 & may1 z ,geikie sugge/s1 h be5 ! fir/ to tea* m5 8! culture ( city life10 or 8! elem5ts ( physical life40 #b4 ,8 desc5dants 7 ,irad1 8! swift "o10 p]haps because ( 8 hunt]'s life2 ,mehujael1 8! /rick5 ( ,god10 = "s unrecord$ transgression2 ,me?usael1 probably be>+ ! "n ,god 9 ! syllable 8el10 & mean+ 8*ampion ( ,god10 sugge/+ "s religi\s act2 z if1 ev5 among ! race ( ,ca91 ,god 8_h n left himself )\t a witness40#ae #c4 ,b we f9d ,lame*1 8a wild man10 :o fir/ introduces polygamy1 = ev] h]eaft] to be associat$ 9 orig9 ) ! race ( ,ca94 ,"o ( 8 two wives 0 nam$ ,adah1 a ,hebrew t]m = 8ornam5t10 & is f\nd 9 ! comp\nds ,adaiah1 8:om ,jehovah adorns10 & ,maadiah1 8ornam5t f ,jehovah40 ,!re mu/ h be5 a p]sonal attraction :i* made ! "n appropriate4 #d4 ,9 ! o!r wife's "n1 ,zillah1 x has be5 suppos$ t ! t]m9ation 8ah0 has ref]5ce to ! "n ( ,jehovah2 x is m probable1 h[ev]1 t ! mean+ is conf9$ to ! root ( ?is ^w1 :i* signifies 8a %ade40 ,to h] son1 ,tubal-,ca91 we are indebt$ = ! fir/ "w 9 copp] & iron1 z ! s5t5ce 8in/ructor ( e artific] 9 brass & iron0 means4 ,p]haps we may say 8bronze0 = 8brass10 s9ce brass is a comp\nd ( z9c & copp]1 & bronze is a comp\nd ( t9 & copp]1 & ! latt] has be5 discov]$ 9 ! mo/ anci5t ru9s1 :i* has n be5 true z to brass4 ,brass1 h[ev]1 is us$ 9 ,scripture 9 "s in/ances z ! "n = copp]4#af ,*isels h be5 tak5 f ru9s 9 ,egypt conta9+ copp] #id p] c5t41 t9 #e4i1 & iron #j4a2 & a b[l f ,nimrud1 ab\t tw5ty miles s\? ( ,n9eveh1 0 compos$ ( copp] #hi4eg p] c5t41 & ( t9 #aj4dc4 ,9 ! sepul*ral furniture ) :i* ! olde/ ( ! ,*aldan tombs 7 fill$ we already f9d m bronze ?an copp]4#ag ,! excavations at ,w>ka1 ! anci5t ,ere* ( ,g54 #aj3aj1 n9ety-five miles s\!a/ ( ,babylon1 seem to prove t ! anci5t ,*aldans made use ( iron be=e ! ,egyptians4#ah #e4 ,! "n giv5 to ,jabal1 ! son ( ,adah1 sugge/s t he l$ a pa/oral life ) 8 cattle4 ,8 "n means 8w&]]10 & h5ce he 0 v appropriately 8! fa!r ( su* z dwell 9 t5ts40 8,8 bro!r's "n 0 ,jubal2 he 0 ! fa!r ( all su* z h&le ! h>p & organ20 ! latt] "n sugge/+ "s w9d in/rum5t or pipe4 ,8 "n significantly means 8! play]40 #f4 ,to ?is li/ ( 8fir/ ?+s0 may be add$ ! fir/ in/ance ( poetical utt]ance1 = ! address ( ,lame* to 8 wives is 9 ! =m ( ! e>lie/ ,hebrew poetry4 ,g54 #d3bc4 ,adah & ,zillah1 he> my voice1 ,wives ( ,lame*1 he> my spee*4 ,i h sla9 a man = w\nd+ me1 ,a "y man = hurt+ me4 ,if ,ca9 %all be av5g$ sev5-fold1 ,surely ,lame* sev5ty-&-sev54 ,) ?is ends ! hi/ory ( ! desc5dants ( ,ca94 ,! hi/ory ( ^? desc5dants ( ,adam ?r\gh :om ! *ildr5 ( ,israel trac$ _! l9eage is begun 9 ! fif? *apt] ( ,g5esis4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,l9eage ,,( ,,! ,,patri>*s4 #a4 ,t5 g5]ations are giv51 f ,adam to ! ,flood1 & ! rem>kably long lives ( ! ,patri>*s h sugge/$ to _m ! probability ( error or misund]/&+4 ,"s h suppos$ t ea* "n repres5ts a tribe1 ! lives ( ^: lead+ memb]s h be5 add$ toge!r4 ,o!rs h und]/ood ! ye>s to mean only mon?s1 & o!rs t numb]s & dates are liable 9 ! c\rse ( ye>s to become obscur$ & exagg]at$4#ai #b4 ,b z to all ^! op9ions x mu/ be rememb]$1 ,fir/1 t ! era f ! creation ( ,adam to ! ,flood1 #a1fef ye>s1 is to be divid$ by ! numb] t51 ! numb] ( ! ,patri>*s1 :i* w\ld require an individual l5g? ( life mu* long] ?an t enjoy$ at ! pres5t day2 &1 ,secondly1 no sci5tific reasons c be (f]$ :y human life %\ld be limit$ 9 duration to its pres5t l5g?4 ,x v>ies n[ accord+ to ! cont+5cies ( accid5t & disease1 & old age itself may be only a modifi$ =m ( disease & n ess5tial to a human organism4 ,a clock made to run tw5ty-f\r h\rs is expect$ to run d[n 9 ab\t t "t1 b ! clock-mak] may1 by add+ "o :eel1 or to ! l5g? ( ! weight-cord1 or by "s o!r v simple re>rangem5t1 make ! v same clock run a week or a mon?4 ,x is only a "q ( life1 ab\t :i*1 z to its nature1 we "k little or no?+4 ,?irdly1 z to ! hi/oric probability1 x is a fact t traditions o!r ?an ^? ( ! ,hebrew nation repres5t t 9 ! e>lie/ ages !re 0 an enjoym5t ( exce$+ly long lives4 ,! *ronology ( ,b]osus1 a ,*aldan prie/ & hi/orian1 ,b4 ,c4 #bgi to #bee1 gives to ! t5 ,babylonian k+s :o 9 ! e>lie/ traditions ( t p reign$ be=e ! ,babylonian deluge #b1bba ye>s1 or only #ba ye>s less ?an ! p]iod giv5 9 ! ,septuag9t z hav+ elaps$ betwe5 ! ,creation & ! ,deluge4#bj ,! e>lie/ ,aryan tradition /ates t ! fir/ man liv$ #a1jjj ye>s 9 ,p>adise4 ,o!r nations h kept ! same tradition ( long lives 9 ! e>lie/ times1 :i* nations c\ld n h receiv$ ! tradition f ! ,scriptures4 #c4 ,b !re is a probability aris+ f ! fitness ( long lives1 & t is se5 9 ! necessity ( a hi/ory :i* c\ld ?us be obta9$ by tradition :5 no writt5 language exi/$4 ,x w be se5 t f ,adam to ! ,flood tradition 0 deliv]$ ?r\gh only "o p]son1 s t ,lame* c\ld repeat to ,noah :at ,adam _h n>rat$ to him ( all ! deal+s ( ,god 9 ,ed5 & aft] ! expulsion4 ,al?\gh ,lame* liv$ dur+ ! lifetimes ( all ! ,patri>*s d[n to ! ,flood1 :i* took place #a1fef ye>s aft] ! creation ( ,adam1 he himself 0 only #ggg ye>s old at dea?4 ,?us we see t tradition 0 m tru/wor?y !n ?an at any "t s9ce4 #d4 ,moreov]1 ,%em liv$ ne>ly a c5tury be=e ! dea? ( ,lame*1 :o c\ld h n>rat$ ! /ory ( ,ed5 & ! trials & exp]i5ces ( 8 aft]-life1 z well z ! hi/ory ( ! ,patri>*al times1 to ,%em1 :o 0 alive 9 ! times ( ,abraham & 8 son ,isaac4 ,by t "t writ+ 0 inv5t$1 & d\btless mu* ( ! hi/ory ( ! times be=e & aft] ! ,flood _h be5 committ$ to writ+1 :i* 0 inv5t$ sev]al c5turies be=e ! dea? ( ,%em1 z we le>n f ! anci5t ,*aldan records4 #e4 ,aft] ! ,flood long lives cont9u$1 b 9 mu* %ort] t]ms1 ,arphaxad1 ,salah1 & ,eb] ea* liv$ ab\t f\r c5turies1 & ea* ( ! next ?ree patri>*s liv$ ov] #bjj ye>s1 & x 0 n till aft] ! "t ( ,judah1 sev5 c5turies aft] ! ,flood1 t ! l5g? ( a human life 0 r$uc$ to ab\t a c5tury4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,flood4 #a4 ,! ,scripture /atem5t ( ! occasion ( ! ,flood is v brief4 ,x is made pla91 h[ev]1 t ! wick$ness ( m5 0 s great t 8! e>? 0 fill$ ) viol5ce & corrupt be=e ,god40 #b4 ,noah 0 comm&$ to prep>e an ark = 8 own safety & t ( 8 family2 & he 0 also direct$ to provide = ! pres]vation ( a l>ge numb] ( 8f[ls1 cattle1 & creep+ ?+s40 #c4 ,betwe5 ! "t ( ! ann\ncem5t ( ! div9e int5tion to de/roy 8man :om he _h creat$0 & ! occurr5ce ( ! ,flood ,god gave a w>n+ era ( #abj ye>s1 at ! close ( :i* ! ,flood began4 8,! wat]s prevail$ ^u ! e>? #aej days40 ,aft] ?is "t !y 7 abat$1 & gradually retir$ till ! e>? 0 dry1 & ,noah & 8 family left ! ark 9 :i* he _h rema9$ twelve mon?s & t5 days1 or f ! six hundr$ & fir/ ye>1 second mon?1 & sev5te5? day to ! six hundr$ & second ye>1 second mon?1 & tw5ty-sev5? day ( ,noah's life4 #d4 ,an int]e/+ fact may "h be /at$4 ,a few ye>s ago !re 7 discov]$ by excavations at ! anci5t site ( ,n9eveh1 on ! ,tigris1 ! palace ( ,assur-bani-pal1 9 :i* _h be5 /or$ "s #aj1jjj tablets ( a libr>y ga!r$ by ?is k+ ,b4 ,c4 #ifh4 ,^! tablets 7 %ipp$ to ! ,briti% ,museum1 ( :i* ,george ,smi?1 ! ,assyriologi/1 0 libr>ian1 & a l>ge numb] ( !m translat$4 ,among ^! tablets 0 f\nd a record ( ! ,deluge1 :i* 0 read by ,mr4 ,smi? 9 ,decemb]1 #ahgb1 be=e ! ,society ( ,biblical ,ar*ology 9 ,london4 #e4 ,! record /ates t ! tradition record$ is copi$ f a m anci5t acc\nt :i* 0 9 exi/5ce 9 ! times ( a k+ ( ! city ( ,accad 7,g54 #aj7 _m ye>s aft] ! "t ( ,nimrod1 :o f\nd$ x4 ,! rema9s ( ?is city h be5 rec5tly discov]$ =ty-?ree miles nor?-nor?we/ f ,babylon4 ,! "n ( ! k+ ( ,accad 0 ,s>gon ,i41 ^: date appe>s f ! monum5ts to h be5 ab\t #chjj ,b4 ,c4 ,?is ,*aldan hi/ory ( ! ,deluge is s simil> to t ( ! ,scriptures z to leave no d\bt t bo? record ! same fact4 #f4 ,! simple n>ration z x occurs 9 ,g5esis is s free f ! irrelevant & unnecess>y additions ( ! ,*aldan acc\nt z to %[ t ! ,biblical acc\nt is a record ( true hi/ory4 ,z ! ,*aldan acc\nt is dat$ long be=e ,abram left ,*alda1 & h5ce long be=e ! bir? ( ,moses1 x c\ld nev] h be5 d]iv$ f ,scripture1 & proves t a tradition ( su* an ev5t z t ( ! ,flood mu/ h exi/$ v e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( ! race4 ,,p]iod ,,ii4 ,,! ,,patri>*al ,,era ,,aft] ,,! ,,flood ,,to ,,! ,,dea? ,,( ,,jacob4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,two ,,ar>ats4 ,,! ,,sons ,,( ,,japhe?4 #a4 ,al?\gh ! tradition ( ! ,flood seems to h rea*$ to almo/ e nation1 x has be5 ref]r$ locally to "s "p ( ,we/]n ,asia1 & p>ticul>ly to t "p kn[n z ,arm5ia4 ,! ,scriptures tell u t ! ark re/$ ^u 8! m\nta9s ( ,ar>at10 ,g54 #h3d1 n ^u any p>ticul> m\nta9 call$ ,ar>at1 z x has be5 assum$4 #b4 ,! ^w ,ar>at is f\nd 9 ! ,assyrian inscriptions = ,arm5ia4#ba ,a m\nta9 #ejj miles nor? ( ,babylon is call$ ,mt4 ,ar>at by travell]s1 & seems fir/ to h be5 ann\nc$ z ! 8,mt4 ,ar>at0 9 ,a4 ,d4 #abej1 z ,bo*>t says4 ,! o!r claimant is #ej miles nor? ( ,n9eveh & is call$ ,mt4 ,kudur1 ! mean+ be+ 8! great %ip40#bb ,?is view is support$ by old] hi/orians1 su* z ,b]osus & o!rs4 ,! ,mt4 ,ar>at ( pres5t travell]s is a solit>y d\ble peak1 call$ ,mt4 ,massis by ! ,arm5ians1 :i* rises #ag1ejj feet above ! sea4 ,,! ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,races4 #c4 ,! t5? *apt] ( ,g5esis is consid]$ "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable *apt]s because ( ! aid x af=ds 9 trac+ ! e>ly emigrations & di/ributions ( ! race4 ,9 ?is *apt] ! desc5dants ( ! ?ree sons ( ,noah1 ,%em1 ,ham1 & ,japhe?1 are giv54 ,! desc5dants ( ,%em are kn[n among s*ol>s z ,%emites or ,semites1 z ^? ( ,ham are kn[n z ,hamites4 ,al?\gh ,%em is nam$ fir/ 9 ord]1 ,japhe? is call$ ! eld] 7v]4 #ba71 & ! g5ealogy beg9s ) him4 ,,! ,,sons ,,( ,,japhe?3 ,,_! ,,m ,,rec5t ,,names4 #d4 7a7 ,gom]4 ,^! 7 ! ,cimm]ians ( antiquity1 ! ,cimbri ( ,roman times1 & ! ,cymry or ,celts /ill exi/+4 ,_! anci5t c\ntry 0 nor? ( ! ,black ,sea1 includ+ ! ,crimea & ! %ores ( ! ,sea ( ,azov4 ,! "n ,crimea is a corruption ( ! anci5t "n4 ,x is to ?is nor? l& ,ezekiel ref]s 9 *ap4 #ch3b1 #f4 ,a "p ( !m w5t s\?w>d to ,asia ,m9or :5 driv5 out by ! ,scy?ians1 & "s emigrat$ to ! we/ ( ,europe & to ,brita94 ,! ,wel% call !mselves ,cymry4 8,! ,,sons ,,( ,,gom]0 7 8,,a%k5az1 ,,ripha?1 & ,,tog>mah40 #e4 ,a%k5az4 ,! "n means 8,,! ,,horse ,,milk]s10 & sugge/s "s race ( a w&]+ tribe ( ! same g5]al c\ntry ( ! ,cimm]ians or ( t l& nor!a/ ( !m4 ,! names ,ascanius1 a riv] & lake 9 ,asia ,m9or1 & ,sc&ia & ,sc&9avia1 sugge/ t !y may h ent]$ ,phrygia1 z ,bo*>t supposes1 b ! associations are unc]ta94 ,!y seem 9 lat] times to h 9 "s degree return$ to a region ne> ,arm5ia1 s9ce ,j]emiah associates !m ) ,ar>at1 ,j]4 #ea3bg4 #f4 ,ripha? seems to be sugge/$ by ! "n ( ! ,rhiphan ,m\nta9s 9 ! di/ant regions ( ! nor? ( ,scy?ia4 ,m probably we may f9d "s intimation ( _! pres5ce ne> ,arm5ia 9 ! "n ,riphates1 :i* is t ( a m\nta9 range 9 t vic9ity4 #g4 ,tog>mah is suppos$ to be repres5t$ by ! tribes ( ! ,caucasus1 ,georgians & ,arm5ians1 :o call !mselves 8! ,h\se ( ,torgona10 ! latt] ^w be+ ! same z ,tog>mah4 #h4 7b7 ,magog1 ! "n ( ! second son ( ,japhe?1 0 also ! "n ( a c\ntry4 ,slavonic tribes 9 ! nor? & nor!a/ ( ,europe are suppos$ to be compreh5d$ "u ?is t]m z desc5dants f ! gr&son ( ,japhe?1 & ! orig9al c\ntry ( ,magog 0 ! ,caucasian ,m\nta9s & ! c\ntry ar\nd ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,caspian ,sea4 #i4 ,9 ! "t ( ! prophet ,ezekiel !y _h become a p[]ful p & _h ov]run ! nor? ( ,europe4 ,! ,russians are1 & ! ,scy?ians 71 ! desc5dants ( ,magog1 & ,gog is ! 8pr9ce ( ,ro%10 ( ,me%e*1 & ( ,tubal4 ,!y are describ$ by ,ezekiel1 *aps4 #ch3ae & #ci3c1 z a wild race ( m\nt$ m5 arm$ ) ! b[4 ,?is seems also to describe ! ,scy?ians :o invad$ ,pale/9e ,b4 ,c4 #fbe1 & left ! evid5ce ( _! pres5ce 9 ! city call$ ,scy?opolis1 =m]ly ,be?-%ean1 n[ ,beisan1 on ! ,jordan4#bc #aj4 7c7 ,madai is ! "n by :i* ! ,m$es are kn[n on ! ,assyrian monum5ts4 ,_! c\ntry 0 s\? ( ! ,caspian ,sea4 #aa4 7d7 ,javan 0 ! prog5itor ( ! ,greeks1 & ! "n occurs on ! ,assyrian monum5ts z ,javanu2 a t]m also us$ by ,d>ius1 ! ,m$e4#bd #ab4 ,! sons ( ,javan 73 7#a47 ,,eli%ah1 :o settl$ 9 ! nor?we/ ( ,asia ,m9or f ! ,propontis ea/w>d ?r\gh\t ,mysia & ,lydia & ! adjac5t isl&s4 7#b47 ,,t>%i%1 suppos$ to be ! ance/or ( ! ,etruscans :o inhabit$ ! nor!rn "p ( ,italy2 b ! "n z x occurs 9 ,isa4 #bc3faj2 ,ezek4 #bg3ab & #ch3ac1 seems to ref] to a city on ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,spa9 :i!r ,jonah attempt$ to escape4 ,jonah #a3c4 7#c47 ,,kittim4 ,?is "n is aft]w>ds spell$ ,*ittim1 b x is ! same ^w 9 ! ,hebrew text4 ,x has ! plural end+ 7im71 & !re=e ref]s to a p ( t "n4 ,9 ,isa4 #bc3a1 #ab1 ,*ittim ref]s to ! isl& ( ,cyprus2 b :5 8! isles ( ,*ittim0 are m5tion$1 z 9 ,j]4 #b3aj & 9 ,ezek4 #bg3f1 ! phrase includes ! isl& ( ,crete & ! isl&s along ! coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or & ! gean ,sea1 ?us embrac+ a great sea di/rict1 ) probably all ,greece4 ,9 ,dan4 #aa3cj ,*ittim includes ,mac$onia1 because ( its suppos$ settlem5t f ! =m]1 z ,bo*>t %[s4#be 7#d47 ,,dodanim is ! same z ,rodanim1 :i* is also 9 plural =m1 & ref]s to ! ,greeks ( ! isl& ( ,rhodes1 :i* is p>ticul>ly "o ( ! isl&s ( ,kittim or ,*ittim4 #ac4 ,! o!r sons ( ,japhe? 73 7e7 ,tubal & 7f7 ,me%e* & 7g7 ,tiras4 ,( ^! ,tubal & ,me%e* appe> z tribes neighbor+ ) ! ,scy?ians & o!r nor!rn tribes1 & p]haps rema9$ ab\t ! s\!a/]n p>ts ( ! ,black ,sea4 ,! ,tubal ( ,isa4 #ff3ai 01 z suppos$1 9 ,spa92 b a tribe call$ ,tyrrh5ians 9 lat] times settl$ ! isl&s ( ,lemnos & ,imbros4#bf ,! "n is suppos$ to be d]iv$ f ! turret$ walls by :i* ! e>ly ,tyrrh5ians surr\nd$ _! =tifications1 & n f ,tyre1 z "s h said2 ?is ,bo*>t %[s4 ,tiras is suppos$ by "s to repres5t anci5t ,?race1 b ?is is d\btful1 z ! p seem to h be5 associat$ ) ! ,a*ans1 ,lydians1 ,sicilians1 & ,s>d9ians f\rte5 c5turies ,b4 ,c41 9 an invasion ( ,egypt1 z ,*abas %[s4#bg ,!y seem 9 remote antiquity to h be5 seaf>]s & pirates ^u ! ,italian seas & ,greek ,ar*ipelago4#bh ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,sons ,,( ,,ham4 ,,_! ,,m ,,rec5t ,,names4 #a4 7a7 ,cu% 0 ! fir/ m5tion$ son4 ,dr4 ,franz ,delitzs* has %[n t ! ,assyrian monum5ts n[ prove t ,cu%ites settl$ 9 ! e>ly ages ( ! _w ne> ! nor?we/ ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,!y aft]w>ds migrat$ s\?w>d along ! we/]n %ore ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf & onw>d to ! s\? & s\?we/ ( ,arabia4 ,"s ( ^! cross$ ! ,/raits ( ,bab-el-,m&eb to ,africa1 & !re e/abli%$ !mselves 9 t "p n[ kn[n z ,abyss9ia1 & call$ fir/ by ! ,greek geograph]s ,e?iopia4 #b4 ,! ,hebrew "n ,cu% is translat$ ,e?iopia tw5ty ( ! tw5ty-"o times x occurs 9 ! ,scripture4 ,!re c be no reasonable d\bt t 9 ! fir/ m5tion ( ! ^w ,e?iopia 9 ,g54 #b3ac ! region nor?we/ ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf is meant4 ,9 aft] ages ! ,cu%ites _h e/abli%$ !mselves 9 ,arabia1 & ! inhabitants 9 t region 7 call$ ,cu%ites1 or z x is 9 our ,engli% translation1 8,e?iopians10 z 9 ! case ( ,moses' wife1 :o is call$ an 8,e?iopian woman10 ,num4 #ab3a1 b x is 8,cu%ite0 9 ! ,hebrew4 ,! v>y+ mean+s ( ! "n ,cu%ite af=d an indication t all ^! passages ( ,scripture c\ld n h be5 writt5 9 ! same p]iod ( "t4 #c4 ,! e>lie/ monum5ts 9 ,egypt make a /rong di/9ction betwe5 ! ,e?iopians s\? ( ,egypt & ! negro races1 = al?\gh ! ,e?iopians 7 ( a d>k or dusky sk91 !y _h /raight hair1 ?9 noses1 & ! =m ( ! head ( diff]5t %ape4 ,x is n app>5t t any ref]5ce 9 ,scripture is made to ! negro race z su*2 ! passage 9 ,j]4 #ac3bc1 8,c ! ,e?iopian *ange 8 sk980 may apply to ! d>k ,e?iopian & n to ! negro1 ^: native l& 0 we/ ( ,e?iopia4#bi #d4 ,five races spr+ f ,,cu%3 ,seba1 ,havilah1 ,sabtah1 ,raamah1 & ,sabte*a4 ,^! h g5]ally be5 ref]r$ to l>ge tribes settl+ 9 ,arabia4 ,f ,raamah we h ! nations ,%eba & ,d$an4 ,^! h be5 locat$ 9 ,arabia1 & x 0 ! que5 ( ! =m] :o visit$ ,solomon1 #a ,k94 #aj3a & #b ,*ron4 #i3a4 ,d$an 0 a di/rict nor? ( ,%eba1 & its inhabitants seem by c>avans to h trad$ & settl$ nor?w>d until ! "t ( ,abraham1 ,g54 #be3c1 :5 _! desc5dants 7 num]\s en\gh to be kn[n by ! old "n ( _! ance/ors4 #e4 ,cu% begat ,nimrod1 ^: exceptional pr[ess & ent]prise gave him prec$5ce ov] all 8 bre?r54 ,he 0 a mighty hunt] ^u ! pla9s ( ,babylon1 & f ! monum5ts ( ,assyria x seems t ! lion 0 ! *ief object ( 8 hunt+ exp$itions4 ,he 0 ! f\nd] ( "s ( ! e>lie/ cities4 ,! fir/ m5tion$ is ,,babel1 aft]w>ds call$ ,babylon by ! ,greeks1 :i* 0 built ^u ! ,euphrates4 #f4 ,at t e>ly "t ?is city 0 ab\t "o hundr$ & sev5ty-five miles nor?we/ f ! head ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 b x is n[ ?ree hundr$ miles1 ! l& hav+ be5 ext5d$ s\!a/w>d by ! annual deposits br\ght d[n by ! riv]s ,euphrates & ,tigris4 ,,ere*1 ! second city ( ,nimrod1 0 sev5ty-five miles nor?we/ 7n[ #bjj7 ( ! same gulf2 ,,accad1 rec5tly discov]$ by ,rassam1 0 =ty-five miles almo/ due nor? f ,babylon2 & ,,calneh ab\t fifty miles s\!a/ ( ,babylon2 x is n[ call$ ,niff]4 #g4 ,! l& ( ,%9> 0 ! di/rict correspond+ ) t n[ kn[n z ! l& ( ,*alda4 8,out ( t l& w5t =? ,as%ur & build$ ,n9eveh0 is ! /atem5t made1 & ! monum5ts rec5tly discov]$ h rem>kably corroborat$ ?is text1 = ! hi/ory %[s ! importance ( ,as%ur1 & t ,n9eveh1 :i* 0 ! capital ( ! ,assyrian k+dom1 0 a m rec5t city ?an ,babylon4#cj ,its ru9s are two hundr$ & sev5ty-five miles nor? by we/ f ,babylon & ^u ! ,tigris ,riv]4 #h4 ,b x w be se5 t ,as%ur 0 a son ( ,%em1 :ile ,nimrod 0 a son ( ,ham1 & rec5t discov]y has su/a9$ ! di/9ction1 %[+ t ano!r p prec$$ ! ,assyrians & ,babylonians :i* 7 n desc5dants ( ,%em4 ,9 connection ) ,n9eveh are m5tion$ 8! city ,,rehobo?0#ca & ,,calah3 ! =m] is n kn[n1 & ! latt] is suppos$ to be at ! ru9s ne>ly tw5ty miles s\? ( ,n9eveh1 n[ call$ ,nimrud1 & a few miles nor? ( ! latt] is suppos$ to be ! site ( ,res54 ,fur!r excavations are ne$$ to atte/ ! accuracy ( ^! id5tifications4 #i4 7b7 ,mizraim is m5tion$ z ! second son ( ,cu%1 & is suppos$ to h coloniz$ ,egypt4 ,! ^w is 9 ! dual =m & indicates ! d\ble l& ( ,egypt1 :i* f ! e>lie/ times 0 divid$ into ,upp] & ,l[] ,egypt4 7#a47 ,mizraim's desc5dants are ,,ludim1 probably simply a "n = ! ,egyptians !mselves2 !y held !mselves 8! be/ ( all m510#cb & !y 7 ! same z ,libyans or ,lubim1 #b ,*ron4 #ab3c2 #af3h2 ,nah4 #c3i4 ,! ,libyans ( ! mo/ anci5t era inhabit$ ! we/ ( ! ,nile & p>ts ne> ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea4 ,!y appe> ( bright complexions z repres5t$ ^u ! ,egyptian monum5ts4 7#b47 8,,anamim & ,,lehabim & ,,naphtuhim & ,,pa?rusim0 appe> to be only names ( ! p ( ! diff]5t settlem5ts along ! ,nile & n di/9ct races4 7#c47 ,! ,,casluhim h be5 id5tifi$ ) a p settl+ ea/ ( ! ,delta ne> ! ,m$it]ranean coa/ t[>ds ,pale/9e1 & seem$ to h be5 ( ,phnician orig9 7,eb]s74 7#d47 ,,caphtorim 7 ! e>lie/ settl]s on ! coa/ ( ! ,delta or on its ,m$it]ranean %ore1 ev5 be=e ! ,egyptians occupi$ t "p ( ,egypt 7,eb]s74 ,! ,phili/9es ( ,pale/9e 7s\?we/ coa/7 7 desc5dants ( bo? ,casluhim & ,caphtorim4 8,kaft0 0 ! ,egyptian "n ( ! latt] p1 :o e>ly settl$ 9 ! isl& ( ,crete1 b also1 z we h /at$1 on ! seacoa/ ( ! ,nile1 & gradually mov$ ?r\gh ! l&s ( ! ,casluhim to _! f9al re/+-place 9 ,pale/9e4#cc #aj4 ,?us ! passage 9 ,amos #i3g is expla9$ by ! discov]y t ! ,phili/9es came f ,caphtor 7,crete71 b !y pass$ ?r\gh ! l& ( ! ,casluhim4 ,?is expla9s ,deut4 #b3bc1 :]e9 ! inhabitants ( ,azzah 7or ,gaza7 are call$ ,caphtorim1 b m di/9ctly 9 ,j]4 #dg3d1 8! ,phili/9es1 ! remnant ( ! c\ntry ( ,caphtor40 ,s t ! ,phili/9es1 :o came orig9ally f ,crete 7,caphtor71 settl$ on ! ,delta coa/1 & !nce pass+ ?r\gh ! l& ( ,casluhim1 settl$ 9 ,phili/ia1 z ,eb]s has %[n4#cd #aa4 ,a migration ( ! e>lie/ ,phnicians to ! coa/s ( ! ,delta is g5]ally accept$ z lead+ to ! inv5tion ( ! alphabet1 = ^! settl]s soon le>n$ ! new =m ( hi]oglyphics 7call$ ! hi]atic or prie/ly =m71 & aft]w>ds improv$ ^! signs1 z 9 ! ,phnician alphabet4 ,! mo/ anci5t manuscript 9 hi]atic is ref]r$ to an age 9 ! ?ird mill5nium ,b4 ,c41 or p]haps ab\t #bejj ,b4 ,c4 ,9 ! trad+ int]c\rse betwe5 ,egypt & ,phnicia ?is new =m 0 introduc$ into ,phnicia1 :]e ! full alphabetic =ms 7 orig9at$4 ,wise m5 ( t day mu/ h v g5]ally adopt$ ! improv$ lett]s1 & 9 ! c\rse ( ! c5turies1 b c]ta9ly be=e ! "t ( ! ,exodus1 ! alphabet on ! ,phnician model 0 well =m$4 ,de ,r\g has %[n t ! ,phnicians adopt$ ^! hi]atic =ms long be=e ! ,exodus4#ce #ab4 ,?is alphabet mu/ h be5 kn[n to ,moses1 & p]haps to all ! eld]s ( ,israel1 & became t ,hebrew alphabet :i* furni%$ ! s\rce ( ! lett]+ ( ! law & its accessories4 ,! simil>ity betwe5 ! old ,hebrew & ! ,phnician lett]s has be5 fully %[n 9 ! discov]ies ( tablets ne> ,tyre & 9 ! ,moabite /one1 s call$1 :i* 0 discov]$ at "s ru9s ea/ ( ! ,dead ,sea1 ^u ! site ( ! anci5t ,dibon4 ,x is probable !re=e t ! fir/ elem5ts ( ! alphabetic =m ( lett]s 7 inv5t$ ab\t ?is era ( ! _w's hi/ory1 :5 ! ,phnicians began _! trad+ ) ! races ^u ! %ores ( ,egypt1 :i* we h la/ m5tion$4 #ac4 ,! next son ( ,ham is 7c7 ,,phut4 ,! hi]oglyphics ( ,egypt repres5t ! nation ea/ ( ! ,r$ ,sea & along ! nor!rn half ( ! coa/ z ! p ( ,punt1 & ?is p is suppos$ to be meant by ,phut or ,put4 ,!y trad$ 9 inc5se & turquoise 7a blue m9]al n s h>d z qu>tz b z heavy74 ,!y 7 a w&]+ tribe ( a dusky hue1 b entirely di/9ct f ! ,cu%ites on ^: conf9es !y dwelt4 #ad4 ,! la/ m5tion$ desc5dant ( ,ham 0 7d7 ,,canaan4 ,he begat ,sidon1 ! fir/born ( elev5 heads ( tribes or nations4 ,sidon became 9 aft] c5turies ! "n ( ! *ief city ( ,phnicia4 ,! re/ ( ! desc5dants ( ,canaan =m$ ! ,canaanites4 #ae4 ,a v important fact %\ld be notic$ "h4 ,^! ,canaanites spoke a ,%emitic language1 b !y 71 z "h se51 desc5dants ( ,ham ?r\gh ,canaan4 ,rec5t discov]ies %[ t long be=e _! settlem5t 9 ! l& ( ,canaan !y are met ) fir/ 9 ,s\!rn ,arabia1 f :5ce !y made _! way nor?w>d to c]ta9 isl&s 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 _! next re/+-place be+ on ! flat %ores ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf at ! m\? ( ! ,euphrates4 ,!y !n emigrat$ to ! %ores ( ,phnicia1 c>ry+ ! "n ,canaan1 or1 z !y pron\nc$ x1 ,*na1 8! l[-ly+10 to _! new inh]itance on ! %ores ( ,phnicia4 ,_! associations 7 ,%emitic & _! language also1 al?\gh !y 7 by desc5t ,hamitic4 ,! temples /ill /&+ 9 ! times ( ! ,romans ^u ! isl&s 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf 7 ,phnician1 & ! inhabitants claim$ to be ! orig9al /ock ( ! fam\s race ( ,pale/9e4#cf 8,canaanite0 9 aft] times became ! t]m us$ to signify a m]*ant or trad]1 f ! habits ( ! p4#cg #af4 ,! p ( ,he?1 ano!r son ( ,canaan1 became 9 lat] times a v p[]ful nation1 ^: hi/ory has only rec5tly be5 br\ght to light4 ,_! "n z ,hittites has be5 f\nd 9 ! ,egyptian records1 f :i* x is %[n t at "o "t1 s e>ly z t ( ,moses1 !y 7 suffici5tly p[]ful to resi/ ! =ces ( ! k+1 ,rameses ,,ii41 ( ,egypt4 ,on "o ( ! ,egyptian monum5ts !y are repres5t$ z mak+ a treaty ) ! ,egyptian mon>* :i* 0 z favorable to !m z to him1 ,b4 ,c4 #accc 7,brugs*74 #ag4 ,sidon1 ! city ( t "n1 0 e>ly a fi%+ /ation ( ! ,phnicians on ! coa/ ( ! ,m$it]ranean we/ ( ! ,lebanon ,m\nta9s1 tw5ty-two miles nor? ( ,tyre4 ,?is place1 n[ 9 exi/5ce1 yet be>s ! "n ( ! anci5t son ( ,canaan4 #ah4 ,! ,canaanites 7 8spread abroad0 ov] :at is n[ kn[n z ,pale/9e1 f ,sidon to ,gaza & ,g]>1 8z ?\ goe/ to ,sodom & ,gomorrah & ,admah & ,zeboim1 ev5 unto ,la%a10 ,g54 #aj3ai4 ,gaza is well kn[n1 be+ #aej miles s\?we/ ( ,sidon & ab\t two miles f ! %ore ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 & is n[ a t[n ( #ae1jjj inhabitants4 ,sodom & ,gomorrah are n c]ta9ly locat$1 be+ by "s suppos$ to h be5 at ! s\? end ( ! ,dead ,sea1 b by o!rs at ! nor? end4 ,nei!r ( ! rema9+ names c be id5tifi$ ) any kn[n sites4 ,b x is pla9 t ! ,canaanites occupi$ ! :ole ( ,pale/9e we/ ( ! ,jordan & z f> nor? z ! ,lebanon ,m\nta9s1 ! ,arvadites & ,hama?ites ext5d+ beyond !m m ?an #acj miles nor? ( ,sidon4 ,see ! map4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,desc5dants ,,( ,,%em4 ,,job4 #a4 ,! desc5dants ( ,%em are next giv53 7a7 ,,elam 0 nor? ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf & ea/ ( ! ,tigris2 ,%u%an 0 its capital 9 lat] times4 7b7 ,,as%ur 0 ! orig9 ( ! "n ,assyria4 ,! ,assyrian monum5ts %[ t ,n9eveh 0 built aft] ,babylon1 & t ! ,assyrians 7 a lat] p ?an ! ,babylonians & d]iv$ _! lit]ature f !m1 & also t !y 7 a ,%emitic nation4 7c7 ,,arphaxad 0 settl$ nor? ( ,assyria on ! table-l& betwe5 ,oroomiah & ,van4 7d7 ,,lud appe>s to be repres5t$ by ,lydia 9 we/]n ,asia ,m9or1 ?\gh at fir/ x 0 a wid] di/rict4 7e7 ,,aram settl$ 9 ,syria ne> ! ,upp] ,euphrates1 & z f> we/ z ! ,upp] ,lebanon ,m\nta9s nor? ( ,pale/9e1 :i* we le>n f ! ,assyrian inscriptions4 ,! f\r *ildr5 ( ,aram are ,,uz1 ,,hul1 ,,ge!r1 & ,,ma%4 ,uz is ?\ght to be ! di/rict ea/ ( ! ,jordan kn[n z ! ,hauran1 p>ts ( :i* are v f]tile4 ,?is 0 ! l& ( ,job1 & is reckon$ 9 ,arabia by ,josephus4#ch ,! rema9+ ?ree names are associat$ ) ! foll[+ l&s3 fir/1 ,,hul1 ) el-,huleh1 a region 9 ,nor!rn ,pale/9e1 at ! head-wat]s ( ! ,jordan2 second1 ,,ge!r1 ) ! di/rict ( ,itura betwe5 ! wat]s ( ! lake el-,huleh & ,uz2 ?ird ,,ma%1 ) a site kn[n z ,maisel ,jebel4 ,b ^! id5tifications are only probable4 #b4 ,arphaxad _h a son ,salah :o begat ,eb]1 ^: desc5dants 7 ! ance/ors ( ,abraham ?r\gh ,peleg1 9 ^: days 80 ! e>? divid$40 ,peleg appe>s to h settl$ ne> ! ,euphrates1 s9ce a city nam$ ,phaliga once exi/$ at ! place :]e ! riv] ,*aboras falls into ! ,euphrates f ! ea/4 #c4 ,! desc5dants ( ,peleg's bro!r1 ,joktan1 ?irte5 9 numb]1 seem to h f\nd _! e>ly settlem5ts 9 ,s\!rn ,arabia & z f> s\? z ,is= on ! s\!a/ coa/1 :i* is suppos$ to repres5t ! ,,seph> ( ! text1 ,g54 #aj3cj4 ,?is closes a table :i* is g5]ally consid]$ to be ! mo/ important z well z ! mo/ anci5t li/ ( nations 9 exi/5ce4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,job4 #d4 ,?is hi/ory is conta9$ 9 ! book ( ! same "n4 ,! au?or ( ?is book is n kn[n4 ,x may h be5 writt5 by ,job himself4 ,! hi/ory is t app>5tly ( a *ief :o liv$ 9 ! l& ( ,uz1 :i* 0 probably 9 ! region we h already describ$4 ,_m ?9k t ! l& ( ,uz 0 9 ,nor!rn ,arabia or 9 ,iduma4 #e4 ,job1 accord+ to "o writ] 7,wamys7 0 an ,arabian pr9ce1 :o is repres5t$ z liv+ 9 8 family & enjoy+ a life ( unalloy$ prosp]ity1 ! consequ5ce ( 8 exempl>y piety & rectitude4 ,sudd5ly ! sc5e *anges1 & ?is excell5t man is visit$ by a s]ies ( ov]:elm+ calamities1 :i* are ! result ( a transaction :i* pass$ 9 ! c\ncil ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 into ! secret ( :i* ! read] is = ! mom5t admitt$1 z /at$ 9 ,job #a3hac4 ,dur+ 8 affliction ,job is visit$ by 8 fri5ds4 ,in/ead ( com=t+ him1 ^! fri5ds ascribe 8 calamities to "s great s91 = :i* he is n[ puni%$4 ,job's fri5ds affirm t great suff]+ is a pro( ( great guilt1 & exhort him to rep5t & confess4#ci ,job d5ies ?is1 ,job #d3eca3dj4 ,at ! close ( _! dialogue ano!r & y\ng] fri5d ( ! patri>* int]v5es to modify ! view tak5 by ! o!rs4 #f4 ,at l5g? ! ,"l condesc5ds to int]pose 9 ! controv]sy4 ,f ! mid/ ( a :irlw9d1 9 words ( incomp>able gr&eur & sublimity he sil5ces ! murmur+s ( 8 s]vant1 bidd+ him reflect on ! glory ( creation & le>n ! /up5d\s p[] & wisdom ( ,him ^: purposes are good1 ?\gh unexpla9$1 & ) :om x is useless = a creat$ be+ to cont5d4 ,!reupon ,job ackn[l$ges 8 error1 & ! :ole p>ty are conv9c$ ( =m+ false e/imates ( ! ,"l's adm9i/ration4 ,job is re/or$ to prosp]ity & prays = 8 fri5ds1 :o are accept$ 9 _! (f]+ & receiv$ back into favor4 #g4 ,! book ( ,job1 f int]nal evid5ce1 is probably "o ( ! e>lie/ productions ( ,biblical lit]ature4 ,! names ( 8 fri5ds1 ! ,temanite & ! ,%uhite1 & ! m5tion ( ! ,sabans1 indicate ! ,iduman p>ts ( ,nor!rn ,arabia z ! sc5e ( ! hi/ory4 ,! long life ( ,job1 :i* appe>s to h be5 ab\t #bjj ye>s1 indicates a p]iod 9 ! second or ?ird c5tury foll[+ ! ,flood1 or be=e ! "t ( ,abraham4 ,b nei!r ! date ( ! composition nor ! location ( ,uz c be settl$ any fur!r ?an we h already /at$4 ,"o ( ! pro(s ( ! v e>ly orig9 ( ?is composition is f\nd 9 its ref]5ce to ! anci5t seal1 ,job #ch3ad1 :i* 0 roll$ ov] ! clay1 cov]+ x ) figures2 h5ce ! illu/ration us$ 9 ! above passage4 ,! cyl9drical seals 7 us$ 9 ! e>ly ,babylonian era4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,confusion ,,( ,,tongues4 #a4 ,! next subject :i* is pres5t$ 9 ! sacr$ text is ! confusion ( tongues at ! build+ ( ! t[] ( ,babel1 ,g54 #aa3aaj4 ,9 ?is passage ( ! ,scripture hi/ory we h an extremely cond5s$ view ( an ev5t :i* mu/ h be5 "o ( great] importance ?an w\ld appe> f ! v concise mann] 9 :i* x is describ$4 ,all t we "k f ,scripture is t a c]ta9 "p ( ! human race com+ f ! ,ea/ settl$ ^u ! pla9s ( ,%9>1 & !re began ! erection ( ! highe/ kn[n t[]1 ) ! purpose ( mak+ !mselves a "n be=e !y 7 8scatt]$ abroad ^u ! face ( ! :ole e>?40 ,!y began ! t[]1 us+ brick f ! clay :i* ab\nds ^u ! pla9 ( ,babylon & bitum51 call$ 8slime0 9 ! text1 = mort>4 ,dur+ ! build+ ( ?is city & t[] _! language1 :i* up to ?is p]iod 0 ! same1 became confus$1 s t1 be+ unable to und]/& ea* o!r1 !y 7 =c$ to desi/1 8& !y left (f to build ! city40 ,?is is ! brief hi/ory4 #b4 ,f ! rec5tly discov]$ ,assyrian hi/ory1 record$ ^u ! tablets n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 x appe>s t ! ,babylonians ( ! e>lie/ ages _h a tradition ( ?is t[] & ( ! sudd5 confusion ( tongues4 ,! ev5t seems to indicate t ! det]m9ation ( ! e>ly desc5dants ( ,noah1 probably "u ,nimrod or 8 imm$iate successors1 0 to settle on ! pla9s & build a va/ metropolis & a t[]1 ^: height %\ld s]ve ! d\ble purpose ( a means ( direction or z a guide to ! city1 & also ( an adv]tisem5t ( _! imm5se weal? & ent]prise amid ! surr\nd+ tribes4 #c4 ,! div9e int5tion 01 h[ev]1 t ! comm& giv5 to ,noah & 8 desc5dants1 t !y %\ld repl5i% ! e>?1 %\ld be lit]ally execut$1 & x 0 ! div9e int]v5tion :i* prev5t$ all ! p f rema9+ 9 t l&4 ,z we h said1 ! ^w ,babel 9 ! ,greek =m is ,babylon2 b ! ^w :i* orig9ally meant 8confusion0 9 ! ,hebrew seems to h be5 *ang$ f t =m orig9ally giv5 x into ,bab1 or 8gate10 el1 ( 8,god10 = ! actual orig9al ,hebrew ^w = 8confusion10 z ,buxtorf %[s f ! ,rabb9ical ^w = 8confusion10 is ,bilbal1 or ,bilbul4 ,opp]t#dj has %[n t ! ^w is di/9ctly ( ,assyrian d]ivation1 f ,balal1 to 8conf\nd40 ,simil> *anges f orig9al =ms h frequ5tly occurr$4 ,?us ,be?-lehem is n[ ,beit-lahm ! =m] mean+ 8h\se ( bread10 & ! latt] 8h\se ( meat40 ,borsippa1 ! "n ( ! ru9$ t[] ne> ,babylon1 suppos$ to be ! ,t[] ( ,babel1 is n[ call$ ,b>-,sab1 ! =m] 7,borsippa7 mean+ ! 8t[] ( languages10 ! latt] 7,b> ,sab7 mean+ ! 8%att]$ alt>10 z ,geikie has m5tion$4 #d4 ,9 /udy+ ! e>ly p>ts ( ,biblical hi/ory ! /ud5t %\ld be m9dful t hi/ory & traditions z record$ by ! ,assyrians 7 borr[$1 or1 m truly speak+1 d]iv$1 f ! e>ly records ( ! ,babylonian & ,*aldan nations1 z 9 "s cases is /at$ ^u ,assyrian tablets4 ,?is fact we h illu/rat$1 page #bf4 ,! orig9al records 7 kept at ! old ,*aldan city ( ,ere*1 #ij miles s\!a/ ( ,babylon1 at ! pres5t ru9s ( ,w>ka4 ,assur-bani-pal1 ! ,assyrian k+1 beside be+ a great w>rior1 0 also "o :o enc\rag$ lit]ature & _h an imm5se libr>y1 = ^? days1 #aj1jjj tablets f :i* 7 remov$ to ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,9 8 "t1 #ffhfdg ,b4 ,c41 ! anci5t ,*aldan tongue 0 translat$ into ,assyrian1 & 9 ?is libr>y at ,n9eveh 0 a lexicon ( ! ,*aldo-,turanian language ) ! mean+ ( ! words put 9 ,assyrian cunei=m4#da ,?is %[$ t s _m ye>s _h pass$ t ! anci5t ,*aldan language 01 at t "t1 ne>ly lo/4 #e4 ,^? records1 bo? ( ! ,*aldan & ( ! lat] ,assyrian ages1 h n only be5 ( great s]vice to ! /ud5t ( anci5t hi/ory1 b !y h add$ mu* to ! explanation & corroboration ( ,biblical hi/ory1 z we %all h]eaft] h occasion to %[4 #f4 ,! ru9s ( bo? ,n9eveh & ,babylon be> "s names :i* are rem9isc5ces ( ,nimrod1 b ^! seem to h be5 appli$ at "s comp>atively rec5t date4 ,! *ief /ructure be>+ ! "n ( ,nimrod is ! ,birs ,nimrud1 or ,t[] ( ,nimrod1 t5 miles s\?we/ ( ! mod]n t[n ( ,hillah1 :i* is ne> ! ru9s ( ,babylon4 ,! l>ge mass ( burn$ brick at ?is place seems to h be5 orig9ally erect$ 9 ! =m ( a /eep pyramid "s six hundr$ feet 9 height & ( ! same l5g? at its base4 ,x is extremely anci5t1 z its ,assyrian "n proves1 :i* "n1 ,saggatu1 8! high temple10 is an old ,accadian ^w4 #g4 ,nebu*adnezz>1 ,b4 ,c4 #fjdefb1 "o ( ! greate/ build]s among ! ,babylonian k+s1 says ( himself t he build$ additions to x1 al?\gh ,tigla?-piles] repair$ x "o hundr$ ye>s be=e4 ,x is n[ a b>e hill ( yell[ s& & bricks a few miles we/ ( ! banks ( ! ,euphrates1 rea*+ a height ( ab\t #bjj feet1 a va/ mass ( brick-"w jutt+ f ! m\nd to a fur!r height ( #cg feet4 ,x is v probable t ^! are ! mo/ anci5t rema9s to be f\nd 9 ,babylonia1 & 9 its =m seems to h furni%$ a univ]sal model = all succe$+ temples & t[]s 9 t region4#db ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,abram ,,& ,,8 ,,times4 #a4 ,! promise t 9 8 se$ %\ld all ! nations ( ! e>? be bless$ r5d]s ! hi/ory ( ,abram "o ( great int]e/1 especially z rec5t discov]ies ( ! monum5ts & lit]ature ( anci5t ,*alda h giv5 u m correct k ( ^? e>ly ages ?an _h be5 acquir$ = m ?an #c1jjj ye>s4 ,9 ! elev5? *apt] ( ,g5esis1 beg9n+ at ! t5? v]se1 is giv5 ! ance/ry ( ,abraham1 ! fa!r ( ! ,hebrews4 ,abram1 aft]w>d call$ ,abraham1 = reasons /at$ 9 *apt] #ag3e1 0 ! n9? f ,%em4 ,until ! bir? ( ,abram 8 ance/ors appe> to h liv$ 9 ! region kn[n z ,*alda4 ,abram's bir?place 0 ,ur1 #aej miles s\!a/ ( ,babylon & a few miles we/ ( ! ,euphrates4 ,! ru9s ( ,ur include1 at ! pres5t day1 a "p ( an anci5t temple d$icat$ to ! moon4 ,?is temple seems to h be5 erect$ _m ye>s be=e ! days ( ,abram4 ,a va/ numb] ( tombs surr\nd x & ! city1 9 ! times ( ,abram1 mu/ h be5 a place = burial & consid]$ sacr$4 ,eupolemus1 a ,greek writ] :o is quot$ by ,eusebius1 speaks ( x 9 8 "t1 ab\t #ddf ,b4 ,c41 z 8! place ( ! ,*aldees40#dc ,its ru9s on a va/ m\nd are s l>gely cem5t$ ) bitum5 t ?is fact has giv5 rise to its pres5t "n1 ,mugheir1 :i* means 8bitum540 ,! tablets & bricks be> ! anci5t "n ( ,ur z well z ! names ( its e>lie/ k+s & ! build] ( its temples4 #b4 ,al?\gh at ! pres5t day ! ,p]sian ,gulf is ab\t #adj miles di/ant f ,ur1 only ! deposits f ! riv]s ,euphrates & ,tigris h remov$ ! wat]s ( ! gulf to ?is di/ance4 ,c]ta9 coa/ m>ks %[ t ! sea mu/ h s5t its wat]s up ! riv] to a di/ance ( ne>ly1 if n q1 #abd miles1 & 9 ! "t ( ,abram ,ur mu/ h be5 a m>itime city4 #c4 ,f ?is city ,t]ah1 ,abram's fa!r1 remov$ ) 8 family to ,h>an4 ,?is city 0 #ehj miles nor?we/ ( ,ur on ! banks ( a small tribut>y /ream :i* runs sev5ty miles s\?w>d be=e x jo9s ! ,euphrates4 ,bo? ,ur & ,h>an 7 ! seats ( ! ,moon-god1 call$ 8,s90 9 ! ,*aldee language4 ,?is deity 0 mascul9e 9 ! same language & ! ,sun-god 0 fem99e1 z is app>5t f ! om5s ( t day z se5 9 ! foll[+ translations ( c]ta9 prie/ly utt]ances & directions by ,pr(4 ,sayce4#dd ,( ! mon? ,elul x is said3 ,he %all make 8 free-w (f]+ to ! ,sun1 ! mi/ress ( ! _w1 & to ! ,moon1 ! supreme god4444 ,! fifte5? day is sacr$ to ! ,sun1 ! ,lady ( ! ,h\se ( ,heav54444 ,! ,moon ! ,"l ( ! mon?4 #d4 ,9 ?is age we read t ! sev5? day 0 8a day ( re/10 & ! v anci5t "n = 8re/0 0 v simil> to ! ^w ,sabba? us$ 9 ! ,hebrew1 & special obs]vance ( ! day 0 ord]$ by ! prie/s2 ?us 8! %eph]d ( mighty nations 7k+7 mu/ n eat fle% cook$ on ! fire or 9 ! smoke4 ,he mu/ n drive a *>iot4 ,he mu/ n issue royal decrees2 ! lift+ up ( 8 h&s f9ds favor ) ! god10 etc4#de #e4 ,x is pla9 !re=e t ! sev5? day 0 a day ( re/1 a sacr$ day1 9 ! "t ( anci5t ,babyloni% k+s4 ,x 0 s 9 ! era ( e>lie/ ,*aldan records1 & x 0 n an in/itution d]iv$ only f ! ,jewi% nation1 b ! day 0 reg>d$ z a ,sabba? among ! ,*aldans 9 ! "t & long be=e ! days ( ,abram1 = ! records above translat$ & pres]v$ 9 ! libr>y ( ,assur-bani-pal1 ,k+ ( ,assyria1 z we h said1 page #bf1 7 d]iv$ f f> m anci5t records1 exi/+ ev5 be=e ! ,deluge1 ( :i* latt] ev5t !y give a hi/ory4 ,s t ! ,*aldan records ( ! ,creation1 ! ,deluge1 & ! ,sabba? may v reasonably h be5 d]iv$ f "o & ! same s\rce4 #f4 ,! "n ,abram is ( ,babyloni%-,assyrian d]ivation1 b 0 *ang$ by ! ,"l into ,abraham1 :i* 0 a purely ,hebrew "n1 z is record$ 9 ,g54 #ag3e4df #g4 ,x is n /at$ h[ long ,t]ah rema9$ 9 ,ur aft] ! bir? ( ,abram1 ,nahor1 & ,h>an1 b ! removal 0 n made until ,lot 0 born to ,h>an & until ! dea? ( ! latt]4 ,!n ,t]ah left ,ur = ,h>an1 six hundr$ miles nor?we/1 :]e !y rema9$ probably _m ye>s 7see ,g54 #ab3e74 #h4 ,! fact t ,abram's "n occurs fir/ 9 ! m5tion ( ! ?ree is no pro(1 judg+ f ! ,scripture me?od ( nam+ sons1 t ,abram 0 ! olde/1 b only t he 0 ! mo/ important "*1 = ,%em is m5tion$ fir/ 9 ! ?ree ,%em1 ,ham1 & ,japhe?1 al?\gh ,japhe? is call$ ! eld]1 ,g54 #aj3ba1 ,%em be+ ! mo/ important z ! head ( ! ,hebrew race4 ,abram 0 probably born :5 ,t]ah 0 #acj ye>s old1 = x mu/ be rememb]$ t !re is no good reason = suppos+ t ! ?ree sons ( ,t]ah 7 born 9 ! same ye>1 b only t "o ( ! ?ree m5tion$ 7,g54 #aa3bf7 0 born :5 ,t]ah 0 #gj ye>s ( age & ! two o!rs at "s "t aft]4 ,if ,abram 0 born :5 ,t]ah 0 #acj & liv$ to be #ge ye>s old at ! dea? ( 8 fa!r1 8 fa!r's age w\ld h be5 #bje z giv5 9 ! text4 ,x seems t ,h>an 0 ! eld] ( ! ?ree1 ?\gh m5tion$ la/ z 9 ! case ( ,noah's ?ree sons4 #i4 ,abram1 at ! call ( ! ,"l1 left ) a l>ge ret9ue ( s]vants & cross$ ! ,euphrates & came into ,canaan1 probably by ! way ( ,damascus4 ,he imm$iately ent]$ into ! l& kn[n !n z ,canaan1 & ! fir/ place nam$ on 8 way is 8,si*em1 unto ! pla9 ( ,moreh40 ,si*em is ! place also call$ ,%e*em1 & ! ^w ,si*em is 9 ! ,hebrew precisely ! same z ,%e*em1 ! v>iation be+ "o due only to ! translator ( ! ,hebrew "n into ,engli%4 #aj4 ,%e*em is almo/ exactly half way betwe5 ,dan on ! nor? & ,be]%eba on ! s\?4 ,x 0 !re=e n till ,abram arriv$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! l& t he erect$ an alt> to ,jehovah aft] ! ,"l _h promis$ t to 8 se$ ,he w\ld give ?is l&1 ,g54 #ab3g4 ,v>i\s tribes ( ,canaanites occupi$ ! :ole future l& ( ,israel1 ,g54 #aj3ai4 #aa4 ,! pla9 ( ,moreh 0 a mile ea/ ( ! city1 or t[n1 ( ,%e*em4 ,x is evid5t t bo? ,moreh & ,%e*em 7 names ( ,canaanites1 z ,%e*em is se5 9 ,g54 #cc2 #cd2 ,num4 #bf3ca2 ,jo%4 #ag3b1 & o!r places1 z a p]sonal "n4 #ab4 ,! ^w translat$ 8pla90 is equally applicable to a grove ( trees1 & x may be t ,abram *ose ?is grove z a %elt] f ! heat4 ,tw5ty-sev5 miles nor? ( ,%e*em is probably ! hill call$ 9 ,judg4 #g3a1 aft] ! same p]son1 ! hill ( ,moreh4 ,! city ( ,%o*51 :i* exi/s at ! pres5t "t1 is betwe5 ! high hills ( ,g]izim on ! s\? & ,ebal on ! nor?4 ,= ! reasons :y ! ^w 8pla90 %\ld be r5d]$ 8oak0 see ,jo%4 #bd3bf & ,judg4 #i3f1 :]e9 x is evid5t t a pill> by ! oak is meant4 ,also see t ! ^w 8oak0 is 9 ! ,hebrew exactly ! same z t translat$ 8pla90 9 ! text ref]r$ to above1 ,g54 #ab3f1 & ?is id5tical oak seems to h be5 us$ = an important purpose _m ye>s aft]4 ,9 ,deut4 #aa3cj ! "n is 9 ! plural1 lead+ u to suppose t x 0 a grove cont9u+ ?r\gh _m c5turies4 ,groves always 7 important & sometimes sacr$1 z x appe>s f ! action ( ,abraham1 = 9 ,g54 #ba3cc x is /at$ t 8,abraham plant$ a grove 9 ,be]%eba & call$ !re on ! "n ( ! ,"l1 ! ev]la/+ ,god40 #ac4 ,! next place visit$ by ,abram 0 an unkn[n place betwe5 ,be!l & ,hai4#dg ,be!l 0 n s nam$ until #afj ye>s aft]w>ds1 by ,jacob1 ,g54 #bh3ai4 ,hai & ,ai#dh are ! same1 & ?is place 0 probably a ,canaaniti% t[n at ?is "t4 ,! di/ance s\? ( ,%e*em 0 #bj miles to ! place occupi$ by ! patri>*1 :]e he seems to h rema9$ only to build an alt> & !n mov$ on1 evid5tly seek+ pa/ure = 8 flocks & h]ds4 ,,egypt ,,fir/ ,,m5tion$4 #ad4 ,! "n ( ,egypt occurs n[ = ! fir/ "t 9 ,scripture1 & we may judge ( its importance f ! fact t ! "n occurs six hundr$ & ?irte5 times1 tw5ty-f\r ( :i* numb] are to be f\nd 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! m5tion is made ab\t #aibj ,b4 ,c41#di & ! k+dom is ref]r$ to z fully e/abli%$ & well kn[n4 ,! occasion ( ,abram's visit 0 ! fam9e exi/+ 9 ! l& ( ,canaan4 ,abram j\rneys s\?w>d ) ! int5tion ( ent]+ ,egypt to provide su/5ance = himself & 8 ret9ue aga9/ ?is fam9e4 #ae4 ,! condition ( ,egypt at or j be=e ! "t ( ,abram's fir/ visit 0 "o ( great prosp]ity4 ,! reign+ ,ph>aohs1 g5]ally call$ ^? ( ! twelf? dyna/y1 7 mo/ probably ! ,us]tes5s & ! ,am5-emhats4 ,"u ?is dyna/y ! sceptres ( ,upp] & ,l[] ,egypt 7 unit$4 ,all ! k+s 7 p[]ful & prosp]\s & art fl\ri%$1 ! ,sun temple at ,heliopolis 7six miles nor!a/ ( ! pres5t ,cairo7 0 magnific5tly re/or$1 & 9 ! ,fayum on ! we/ ( ! ,nile 7ab\t #ej miles s\?we/ ( ,cairo7 ! practice ( build+ pyramids 0 reviv$4 ,"h 0 ! va/ lake or inl& sea made by ,am5-emhat ,,iii41 to receive ! ov]plus wat]s ( ! annual ov]fl[ ( ! ,nile & to di/ribute !m 9 case ( ne$4 ,?is k+ also built ! great labyr9? 9 ! ,fayum1 ! latt] "n be+ an alt]ation ( ! ,egyptian ^w = 8sea10 namely 8,piom40 #af4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod =tifications 7 erect$ on ! nor!a/]n fronti] ( ,egypt1 :i* appe> to h ext5d$ across ! :ole ( ! pres5t i/hmus ( ,suez 7,soc974 ,! t]m ,%ur us$ six times 9 ,scripture is n[ suppos$ to ref] to ?is 8wall40#ej #ag4 ,z ! pyramids ( ,gizeh 7 built 9 ! f\r? dyna/y 7! mo/ rec5t date ( :i* is giv5 by ,wilk9son z #bdej ,b4 ,c471 !y _h be5 9 exi/5ce m ?an #djj ye>s be=e ,abram's visit4 ,! ,sph9x 0 !n exi/+ also1 z seems probable f an inscription f\nd by ,m4 ,m>iette1 :i* indicates t !re 0 a 8temple ( ! ,sph9x0 9 ! "t ( ,*eops1#ea ! build] ( ! great pyramid4 ,x seems also probable t ! rule ( ! =eign]s1 call$ ! ,%eph]d ,k+s1 _h begun be=e ,abram's visit4 #ah4 ,^! =eign]s took possession ( ,l[] ,egypt & drove ! orig9al rul]s up ! ,nile to ,!bes & o!r p>ts ( ,upp] ,egypt4 ,long be=e ?is p]iod emigrants f ! ,ea/ _h be5 admitt$ to ,egypt & _h settl$ 9 v>i\s places ^u ! ri* l&s ( ! ,delta1 until1 f9d+ !mselves suffici5tly p[]ful1 !y usurp$ all au?ority )\t a battle4 ,!y 7 call$ ! ,%eph]d k+s1 or ,hyksos1 f :at 0 suppos$ to be _! employm5t4 ,!y gov]n$ ,l[] ,egypt = ab\t five hundr$ ye>s1 until !y 7 f9ally driv5 out by ! ,egyptian royal family4 #ai4 ,abram's fir/ visit seems to h be5 made at or ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! ,hyksos era4 ,! mo/ rec5t date ( ! beg9n+ ( ! rule ( ! ,%eph]d ,k+s is t ( ,wilk9son1 #bjia ,b4 ,c41 & if ! date usually giv5 = ! visit ( ,abram 0 #aibj ,b4 ,c41 !n ^! invad]s _h already _h possession ( ! l& = ov] #agj ye>s4 ,egypt 0 !re=e r5[n$ & its rul]s 7 ( a race acqua9t$ ) ! employm5ts to :i* ,abram 0 n a /rang]4 ,!y spoke ! dialect ( ,canaan1 z x is v evid5t t _m came f ! region ( ,canaan4 #bj4 ,9 ?is age ! horse is n m5tion$ z 9 ,egypt4 ,ox5 & asses & %eep are f\nd depict$ ^u ! walls & tablets1 b ! horse does n appe> 9 ,egypt till ! reign ( ,?o?mes ,i41 :o met ) !m 9 8 w>s 9 ,assyria4 ,?is k+ 0 ! ?ird ,ph>aoh ( ! eighte5? dyna/y4#eb ,?is dyna/y began imm$iately aft] ! expulsion ( ! ,hyksos4 ,s t :ile x is probable t ! horse might h be5 kn[n only z a =eign animal1 x 0 introduc$ into ,l[] ,egypt by ,?o?mes ,i41 & ,egypt became kn[n aft] ?is = its f9e bre$ ( horses1 :i* took ! place ( ! asses previ\sly us$ ?r\gh\t ! l&4 ,x is = ?is reason t ,abram's li/ ( animals excludes ! horse1 ,g54 #ab3af4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,battle4 #ba4 ,! next important occurr5ce 9 ! hi/ory ( ,abram is t ( ! fir/ battle m5tion$ 9 ,scripture4 ,abram _h return$ to ,canaan ) l>ge additions to 8 h]ds4 ,?is increase br\ght ab\t a necess>y sep>ation betwe5 ,abram & ,lot4 ,abram settl$ 9 ,hebron1 :ile ,lot *ose 8 resid5ce 9 ! region ( ,sodom & ,gomorrah1 ! cities ( ! pla94 ,soon aft] f\r k+s f ,*alda approa*$ ,canaan on a t\r ( conque/1 & pass+ to ! s\? & ea/ ( ! ,dead ,sea w5t d[n to ,mt4 ,seir & !nce to ,kade%1 !n call$ ,en-mi%pat1 & !nce nor? to ,hazezon-tam>4 ,!y !n met ! k+s ( ,sodom & ,gomorrah 9 battle1 defeat$ !m1 & c>ri$ (f ,lot & o!rs captives4 ,^u k ( ?is captivity ,abram set out to ov]take ! invad]s4 ,he 0 jo9$ by ! =ces ( ! ?ree ,amorites conf$]ate ) him1 & f\nd ! k+s at ,dan1 ab\t #adj miles f ,hebron nor?w>d1 z !y 7 leav+ ! c\ntry on _! way home to ,*alda4 ,a battle n[ took place at night1 & ! f\r k+s 7 defeat$1 & ,lot & o!r captives1 toge!r ) ! /ol5 goods1 7 all retak5 & br\ght back 9 safety4 ,,sodom ,,& ,,gomorrah4 #bb4 ,! exact location ( ^! cities has n yet be5 discov]$4 ,!y 71 ) ! o!r cities ( ! pla91 situat$ v ne> ! ,dead ,sea1 & ! traditions place !m at ! we/]n "p ( ! s\!rn end1 :]e !re is a salt hill five miles long1 call$ ! hill ( ,sodom1 ,jebel ,usdum4 ,!re are good reasons = suppos+ t :5 ,abram & ,lot /ood ov]look+ ! l& f ! heights ne> ,be!l1 ,lot *ose ! region nor? ( ! ,dead ,sea1 :i* 0 visible1 9 pref]5ce to ! s\!rn "p1 :i* 0 m ?an =ty miles di/ant4 ,b f ! ,scripture acc\nt1 consid]$ 9 view ( ! evid5t volcanic nature ( ?is "p ( ,pale/9e & ! fe>ful e>?quakes :i* h happ5$ 9 ! vic9ity 9 rec5t times1 !re is reason to believe t "s t]rible convulsion n only buri$ ! cities1 b subm]g$ ! pla9 at ! s\? end ( ! sea1 & no o!r int]pretation seems to suit ! hi/ory1 :i* def9itely /ates t ! pla9 & all t grew ^u x 7 de/roy$1 ! wat] sy/em ( ! pla9 be+ all entirely *ang$4 ,! subm]g$ pla9 at ! s\?1 !re=e1 :i* is cov]$ = ! area ( ab\t fifty squ>e miles ) wat] only a few feet deep1 has giv5 occasion = ! !ory t ! cities ( ! pla9 are to be s\ght b5ea? ^! wat]s1 :i* are by "s suppos$ to cov] ! vale ( ,siddim4 #bc4 ,hazezon-tam> is ! same z ,en-g$i1 #b ,*ron4 #bj3b4 ,x is ^u ! we/ %ore ( ! ,dead ,sea1 tw5ty-?ree miles s\? ( ! m\? ( ! ,jordan4 ,hobah1 :i!r ,abram pursu$ ! k+s1 is two miles nor? ( ,damascus4 #bd4 ,abram 0 ne> ,hebron1 tw5ty miles we/ ( ! ,dead ,sea1 :5 ! news rea*$ him ( ! defeat ( ! k+s ( ,sodom & ,gomorrah & ! capture ( ,lot4 ,hebron is almo/ equidi/ant f ! nor? & s\? ends ( ! ,dead ,sea1 at an elevation ( ne>ly #c1jjj feet above ! ,m$it]ranean1 :ile ! wat]s ( ! ,dead ,sea are #a1bic feet bel[ ^? ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 #be4 ,! rec5t discov]ies 9 ,*alda & ! surr\nd+ c\ntries %[ t ! names ( ^! f\r k+s,amraphel k+ ( ,%9>1 ,ario* k+ ( ,ellas>1 ,*$orlaom] k+ ( ,elam1 & ,tidal k+ ( nations1 are names :i* h 9 l>ge "p be5 f\nd on ! tablets & 9 ! hi/ory ( ! c\ntries m5tion$4 ,amraphel is ! same 9 ! ,hebrew z ,am>phal1 & x 0 s translat$ 9 ! ,septuag9t made m ?an #bej ,b4 ,c4 ,?is "n 0 t ( a vic]oy ( ,sumir1 ! di/rict ar\nd & s\? ( ,babylon1 call$ ,%9> 9 ,g5esis1 & ! "n ,am>-pal has be5 f\nd 8borne by private p]sons on two cyl9d]s ( anci5t workman%ip0 7,l5ormant74 ,! ,septuag9t has = ,tidal1 ,?>gal1 :i* seems to be ! prop] spell+2 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two spell+s 9 ! orig9al ,hebrew is only t betwe5 an r & a d1 :i* 9 t language is exce$+ly small4 ,9 ! ,akkadian 7same z ,accadian71 :i* 0 ! language us$ 9 ! anci5t ,*aldan times1 ,turgal meant 8great *ief40#ec ,?is k+ 0 *ief ( a p call$ ! ,gutium 9 ! monum5tal inscriptions1 & ?is tribe or small nation has be5 id5tifi$ ) ! ,goim ( ! ,hebrew text1 :i* 9 our ,engli% v]sion is translat$ 8nations40 ,s t ! 8,tidal k+ ( nations10 ( ! text 9 ,g5esis1 is %[n to be ! 8great *ief0 ( a tribe liv+ 9 ,nor!rn ,babylonia1 ( :i* "o "p became aft]w>ds ! nation ( ! ,assyrians4#ed ,*$orlaom]1 ! monum5ts %[ u1 0 truly an ,elamite "n1 ,*$or1 or ,kudur1 =m+ "p ( sev]al names ( ! e>ly k+s ( t di/rict1 & ,laom]1 or ,lagam>1 be+ ! "n ( a mo/ important ,elamite god4 ,! "n ,ario* is v simil> to t ( ! son ( an ,elamite k+ :o 0 k+ ( ,l>sa1 :i* itself is simil> to ! ,hebrew "n ,ellas>1 & ! circum/ances h l$ ! be/ ,assyriologi/s to believe t !y are ! v same4 #bf4 ,! monum5tal records %[ t ?is k+ ( ,elam1 on a previ\s occasion1 :5 ,abram 0 /ill at ,h>an1 _h pass$ ov] ! ,euphrates & conqu]$ ,phnicia & a c\ntry to ! s\?4 ,he is call$ bo? k+ ( ,elam & k+ ( ,phnicia1 z ! l& ( ,canaan 0 call$ by "n 8,m>tu10 8! l& ( ! sett+ sun10 or ,phnicia4 ,s t #ad ye>s be=e1 at ! "t :5 ,*$orlaom] cross$ ! ,euphrates on 8 fir/ exp$ition1 ,abram may h beheld ! troops ( t k+ :om he aft]w>d conqu]$1 ) 8 vic]oys1 :5 !y came on _! second invasion ( ,canaan4 ,at t "t ,abram 0 ) 8 fa!r ,t]ah at ,h>an1 z we may see f ! dates 9 ! context1 ,g54 #af3c2 #ad3e4 ,,! ,,i%maelites4 #bg4 ,"s ye>s aft] ?is battle we h ! acc\nt ( ! bir? ( ,i%mael1 ! son ( ,abram by ,hag>4 ,z ! desc5dants ( ,i%mael ex]t$ great influ5ce 9 ye>s aft]w>d1 x is well at ?is po9t to /udy ! e>ly hi/ory ( ?is son ( ,abram4 ,:5 ,isaac 0 born ,i%mael 0 ab\t #af ye>s ( age1 ,g54 #ag3ba1 #be2 #ba3a1 #h1 & until ! day ( ! div9e promise to ,abram1 at :i* "t 8 "n 0 *ang$ to ,abraham1 he 0 evid5tly1 f ! context1 greatly atta*$ to ,i%mael4 ,moreov]1 ,abram 0 consid]$ by 8 neighbors z 8a mighty pr9ce among !m10 ,g54 #bc3f4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ?is only son mu/ h be5 all[$ privileges & att5tions at ! h&s ( ! hundr$s ( ,abram's s]vants su* z an heir app>5t to all ! weal? ( ,abram w\ld be c]ta9 to receive4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ,s>ah became ! "m ( ,isaac a *ange necess>ily transpir$4 ,i%mael 0 no long] ! expect$ heir4 ,hag>'s _s ( self-importance1 :i* %[$ itself be=e s positively t %e 0 =c$ to leave ! family1 0 n[ repeat$ 9 "s disagreeable actions ( h] son ,i%mael1 &1 despite ! p]si/5t love ( ,abraham1 ,i%mael & 8 "m 7 summ>ily dismiss$ f ! family4 #bh4 ,!re c be no reasonable d\bt t ! action ( ,abraham 9 s5d+ ,hag> & h] son out ^u ! des]t ) only suffici5t food to support !m = a "t 0 greatly or almo/ entirely influ5c$ by ! direct revelation to ,abraham t ! div9e int]f]5ce w\ld be ex]t$ on behalf ( ! exiles4 ,t _h be5 assur$1 z we see 9 v]ses #ab & #ac ( *apt] #ba4 ,at ! same "t bo? ! "m & son1 aft] all ! prec$+ ye>s ( privilege1 w\ld naturally imag9e t a great wrong _h be5 done !m1 & ,i%mael readily became a wild w&]] ^u ! va/ des]ts ea/ ( ,egypt4 ,he 0 ! prog5itor ( twelve great tribes ^: names 9 "p are recogniz$ among "s ( ! tribes exi/+ at ! pres5t day & ^: *>act]s are accurately repres5t$ 9 ! description ( :at !y 7 to be1 z x occurs 9 ,g54 #af3ab1 & ! expression 8he %all dwell 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 bre?r50 simply alludes to ! fact t 8 race %\ld be w&]]s ^u ! des]t )\t any fix$ habitation1 ?is be+ ! life ( all ! mo/ pleasurable to ! des]t ,arabs4 #bi4 ,z ,abraham 0 #ii ye>s ( age :5 ,i%mael 0 #ac1 ,g54 #ag3bd1 #be1 & di$ at #age1 x is pla9 t ,i%mael mu/ h be5 ab\t #ij ye>s ( age at ,abraham's dea?4 ,! love & rev]5ce :i* ,i%mael _h = ! patri>* 7 app>5t aft] ?is long "t 9 ! fact t at ! dea? ( ! latt]1 ,isaac & ,i%mael unit$ to p]=m ! burial at ! cave ( ,ma*pelah at ,hebron1 ,g54 #be3i4 ,,hebron ,,& ,,ma*pelah4 #cj4 ,hebron is a v old city1 hav+ be5 f\nd$ long be=e ,abram's "t1 & x is 9 exi/5ce at pres5t4 ,x is s\? ( ,j]usalem eighte5 miles1 & is unlike ne>ly all ! cities 9 ,pale/9e 9 t x is situat$ 9 a valley4 ,! cave ( ,ma*pelah is on ! ea/ side ( ! valley1 :i* runs ne>ly nor? & s\?4 ,?is city becomes important 9 ,biblical hi/ory at ! "t :5 ,s>ah1 ! wife ( ,abraham1 di$1 & !n ?is cave 0 pur*as$ by ,abraham z a family bury+-place4 ,x 0 ! fir/ spot possess$ by any ( ! ance/ors ( ! ,hebrew race 9 ,pale/9e4 ,"h ,s>ah & ,abraham 7 buri$ & 9 aft] times ,leah & ,isaac1 & ,jacob's rema9s 71 by 8 desire1 remov$ f ,egypt & plac$ by ! side ( 8 wife ,leah4 ,al?\gh ,hebron has suff]$ sev]al attacks & p>tial de/ruction1 x is probable t ! sacr$ness ( ! place may h protect$ x s t ! actual rema9s ( "s ( ! bodies deposit$ !re may yet be !re1 "u ,moslem gu>dian%ip4 ,aft] ! bir? ( ,isaac1 ,abraham rema9$ 9 ! region ( ,g]>1 ^: precise location is n kn[n1 al?\gh x mu/ h be5 9 ! s\?we/ ( ,canaan & 9 ! l& ( ! ,phili/9es4 ,f !nce he remov$ to ,be]%eba4#ee ,,be]%eba ,,& ,,g]>4 #ca4 ,be]%eba be>s1 at ! pres5t day1 ! same "n & conta9s two wells1 "o ab\t #ab feet 9 diamet]1 ! o!r ab\t #e feet4 ,! l>g] appe>s to be v old & may well h exi/$ s9ce ! days ( ! patri>*4 ,x is ab\t #dj feet deep to ! wat] & is /ill us$ daily by ! ,arabs4 ,! exact di/ance f ,hebron to ,be]%eba is tw5ty-six & a half miles s\?we/4 ,!re are "s ru9s #bd miles s\?we/ by s\? f ,be]%eba1 call$ ,umel ,j]>1 :i* possibly may indicate :]e ! anci5t ,g]> 04 #cb4 ,f ,be]%eba ,abraham travell$ ) ,isaac to ,mt4 ,moriah1 :i* 0 at ! pres5t site ( ,j]usalem & di/ant 9 an air l9e #de miles nor!a/4 ,"h 8 ob$i5ce & fai? 7 sev]ely tri$ 9 ! comm& to (f] up1 z a burnt-(f]+1 8 only son ,isaac4 ,?is act might h be5 m try+ to ! fai? ( ,abraham because x 0 ! practice ( ! ,canaanites at t "t4 ,t ! immolation ( *ildr5 0 practis$ by ! ,phnicians at t age & 9 ! l& ( ,*alda is prov$ by an ,accadian text :i* expressly /ates t s9 may be expiat$ by ! vic>i\s sacrifice ( ! elde/ son4#ef ,9 aft] times x 0 practis$ by ! ,moabites1 #b ,k+s #c3bg4 ,b ,abraham's fai? nev] fail$ him1 & ! (f]+ 0 accept$1 ?\gh ! act 0 arre/$4 #cc4 ,abraham aft] ?is pur*as$ ! cave ( ,ma*pelah1 ( :i* we h spok51 :]e ,s>ah 0 buri$1 & he himself 0 laid away 9 ! same place at 8 dea?1 hav+ giv5 all 8 possessions to 8 son ,isaac1 except "s small] gifts to 8 o!r *ildr5 by 8 second wife ,keturah1 :5 he s5t !m away f ,isaac 8 son 8unto ! ea/ c\ntry40 #cd4 ,! "* ( ,abraham has be5 rev]$ among ! ,jews1 ,mohamm$ans1 & ,*ri/ians alike 9 all ages & p>ts ( ! _w4 ,8 tomb n[ exi/+ at ,hebron is among ! v few places 9 ! ,ea/ ab\t :i* !re has nev] be5 any d\bt4 ,! /ructure1 n[ a mosque1 is a ,mohamm$an addition to a build+ :i* 0 9 "p erect$ ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,patri>*s ,,isaac ,,& ,,jacob4 #a4 ,isaac1 z appe>s f sacr$ hi/ory1 t[>ds ! close ( 8 fa!r's life1 dwelt 9 ! 8s\? c\ntry10 a t]m giv5 to ! l>ge di/rict f> to ! s\? ( ,hebron1 :]e also ,abraham 0 probably liv+ at ! same "t4 ,! exact place call$ ,be]-lahai-roi1 or 8! spr+ ( ,lahai-roi10 is n kn[n1 b x 0 t spr+1 call$ a 8well10 :i* 0 m5tion$ 9 connection ) ! fir/ dep>ture ( ,hag>1 & x 0 evid5tly on ! way t[>ds ,egypt1 betwe5 ,kade% & ,b]$1 "s ?irty miles ne>ly s\? ( ,be]%eba4 #b4 ,! pa/ures 7 excell5t "h1 & ,isaac1 n[ ab\t #dj ye>s ( age1 _h come into possession ( l>ge h]ds ^: c>e devolv$ ^u him4 ,x 0 "h t he receiv$ 8 wife1 :om 8 fa!r ,abraham _h select$ = him f among 8 k9dr$ 9 ! f>-(f l& ( ,mesopotamia 9 pref]5ce to ! p ( ! l& :]e he dwelt1 :o 7 ,hittites1 & desc5dants ( ,canaan ! son ( ,ham1 ,abraham be+ a desc5dant ( ,%em4 ,! ,phili/9es :o dwelt on ! s\?we/ coa/ ( ,canaan & ( :om ! ,abimele* ( ! text 0 k+1 7 =m]ly a mix$ race4 ,9 ?is age !y are consid]$ to be ! imm$iate desc5dants ( a tribe :i* took possession ( ! dry1 salt region /ret*+ f ! ,delta ( ! ,nile on ! coa/ ar\nd t[>ds ,canaan4 ,"h1 9 e>ly times1 !y became ! great salt produc]s & ( great importance to ! salt fi%]ies :i* suppli$ v>i\s surr\nd+ c\ntries4 ,! ,mt4 ,casios 9 _! t]ritory 0 ! 8,kas-lokh10 or 8dry0 8burnt up hill0 ( ! anci5t ,egyptians1 h5ce ! "n ( ,casluhim1 ( ! ,hebrew text1 z t ( ! p f :om ! ,phili/9es 7 d]iv$1 ,g54 #aj3ad4 #c4 ,!y seem _m ye>s be=e to h left ! ,phnician %ores & settl$ ne> ! coa/ ( ! ,egyptian ,delta4 ,!nce !y mov$ to ! salt regions1 b !y adapt$ !mselves fully to ! ,egyptian me?od ( life & lit]ature1 z appe>s f _! hi/ory ga!r$ f ! anci5t records4 ,^! records h fully corroborat$ ! /atem5t ( ,g5esis4#eg #d4 ,9 ! "t ( ,abram !y _h tak5 possession ( ! s\?we/]n "p ( ,pale/9e & _h l>gely modifi$ _! habits ( life4 ,!y are repres5t$ on ! monum5ts ( ,egypt z f9e-look+ w>riors1 we>+ a head-dress ( peculi> & v ornam5tal =m1 ) ! back ( ! neck protect$1 & :5 m>*+1 mov+ 9 great ord]1 us+ ! javel9 & ! %ort sword = close combat4 #e4 ,at ?is "t1 ab\t ,b4 ,c4 #ahjj1 ! ,phili/9es _h n arriv$ at t condition ( p[] & weal? :i* !y possess$ 9 lat] c5turies4 ,!y aft]w>d became mo/ =midable enemies ( ! ,israelites1 & possess$ at lea/ five gr& cities4 ,9 ?is era ( _! hi/ory ,g]> seems to be ! resid5ce ( ! k+1 ,abimele*1 z x 0 ( 8 fa!r ( ! same "n 9 ! "t ( ,abraham1 #ij ye>s be=e4 ,be+ a small tribe1 its k+ 0 anxi\s to =m an alliance ) ,isaac1 ^: h\sehold & possessions _h become v great1 &1 judg+ f ! context1 8 ret9ue ( s]vants & 8 weal? exce$$ all t ,abraham _h possess$ be=e him4 #f4 ,!re are1 at pres5t1 two wells at ,be]%eba ( ! same g5]al ar*itecture1 & bo? seem to be v anci5t4 ,! "o ab\t #cjj feet (f f ! l>ge "o1 spok5 ( be=e1 is only ab\t five feet 9 diamet]4 ,z ! m5 ( ,g]>1 at ,abraham's dea?1 fill$ up 8all ! wells0 built by ! patri>*1 x is probable t ! second well 0 dug by ! s]vants ( ,isaac & call$ also ,be]%eba z commemorative ( ! second oa? ( treaty made by ,abimele*1 ! second ( t same "n m5tion$ 9 ,scripture1 & 8 comm&]-9-*ief1 z ,phicol means4 ,! life ( ,isaac seems to h be5 sp5t *iefly 9 ! region ( ,be]%eba1 b he di$ at ,hebron1 at ! age ( #ahj ye>s4 ,esau & ,jacob are 8 only sons nam$ 9 ! sacr$ hi/ory4 ,,jacob4 #g4 ,jacob 0 a native ( ,be]%eba1 &1 hav+ incurr$ ! displeasure ( 8 bro!r ,esau by ! practice ( a deceitful act t[>ds 8 fa!r1 z n>rat$ 9 ! text1 ,g54 #bg1 fl$ to ! same region :5ce 8 fa!r obta9$ 8 own wife1 & !re f\nd 8 wives ,leah & ,ra*el 9 ,mesopotamia4 ,9 t act ( deceit he 0 aid$ by 8 "m1 :o probably nev] liv$ to see aga9 ! son %e lov$ s mu*4 ,jacob return$ n = _m ye>s1 al?\gh :5 8 "m p>t$ ) him %e suppos$ x 0 = 8a few days10 ,g54 #bg3dd4 ,he return$ to ,hebron %ortly be=e ! dea? ( 8 fa!r1 9 ^: burial1 9 ! cave ( ,ma*pelah1 bo? 8 sons1 ,esau & ,jacob1 unit$1 ,g54 #ce3bi4 #h4 ,jacob & 8 twelve sons rema9$ ne> ,hebron = "s "t aft] ! dea? ( 8 fa!r ,isaac1 :5 an ev5t occurr$ :i* *ang$ ! hi/ory ( ! entire family & l$ to _! long resid5ce 9 ! l& ( ,egypt4 ,joseph1 ! son ( ,jacob's old age1 because ( jeal\sy on ! "p ( 8 bre?r51 0 sold by !m to a p>ty ( trad+ m]*ants1 call$ 8,i%maelites40 ,^! 8came f ,gilead1 ) _! camels be>+ spic]y & balm & myrrh1 go+ to c>ry x d[n to ,egypt40 ,gilead 0 ! l>ge di/rict ea/ ( ! ,jordan1 beg9n+ "s #ae miles s\?we/ ( ,damascus1 & ^: s\!rn limit 0 a few miles nor? ( ! ,dead ,sea4 ,_! way t[>ds ,egypt 0 by ,do?an1 :]e ! bre?r5 7 t5d+ _! fa!r's flock4 ,do?an 0 a ,canaaniti% t[n ab\t five miles s\?we/ ( ! ,c>mel range ( m\nta9s & ?irte5 miles nor? ( ,%e*em4 ,x 0 fully #ijj feet above ! sea1 & on ! s\? ( a beautiful pla9 five miles long & two wide4 #i4 ,! ,i%maelites sold ,joseph 9 ,egypt1 :]e1 ?r\gh 8 ability to int]pret ! dream ( ,ph>aoh1 he became1 "u ! k+1 ! second rul] ( ,egypt & prep>$ = ! sev5 ye>s ( fam9e :i* 7 prec$$ by sev5 ye>s ( extraord9>y h>ve/s4 ,! fam9e 9 ,egypt 0 att5d$ by fam9e 9 ,canaan1 z also 9 o!r l&s4 ,?is condition ( fam9e caus$ ,jacob to s5d 8 sons into ,egypt = corn4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t 9 ^! c\ntries ! ^w 8corn0 0 appli$ to almo/ any k9d ( gra91 b especially to :eat & b>ley1 z inde$ x is at ! pres5t day 9 sev]al o!r c\ntries4 ,x is n probable t ,indian maize1 call$ corn 9 our l&1 0 ev] ref]r$ to 9 ,scripture4 ,at ! second visit ( ! patri>*'s sons1 ,joseph1 :o recogniz$ !m at ! fir/ visit1 made himself kn[n unto !m & s5t !m back ) ! direction to br+ 8 fa!r1 & all t made up ! entire family1 into ,egypt4 #aj4 ,aft] "s hesitation on ! "p ( ,jacob1 he left ,hebron1 & pass+ ?r\gh ,be]%eba1 />t$ on 8 way to ,egypt1 :]e he arriv$ & 0 met by ,joseph1 on ! pla9s ( ,go%54 ,rec5t discov]y has locat$ ?is region ab\t #dj miles nor!a/ ( ! pres5t ,cairo1 9 its c5tral po9t1 ) a diamet] ( ab\t #ae miles4#eh ,jacob 0 introduc$ to ! reign+ ,ph>aoh :5 he 0 #acj ye>s ( age4 ,8 int]view 0 foll[$ by ! settlem5t ( ! entire family1 ) all _! h]ds & possessions1 9 ! di/rict above m5tion$4 ,?is 0 a small di/rict includ$ 9 a mu* l>g] "o call$1 9 aft] times1 ! l& ( ,rameses1 :i* "n _h ref]5ce to a second k+ ( t "n1 ,rameses ,,ii41 :o 0 ! great build] mon>*1 & :o liv$ n long be=e ! "t ( ! ,exodus4 ,he di$ :5 ,moses 0 #hj ye>s ( age4 ,! /ud5t ( ,biblical *ronology %\ld use consid]able caution 9 accept+ ! dates & surmises (f]$ by "s writ]s 9 connection ) ?is hi/ory4 ,! ages already giv5 u 9 ! text1 namely1 #acj = ,jacob :5 ,joseph 0 #ci by ! texts prec$+1 %[ t ,jacob 0 #ia ye>s ( age at ,joseph's bir?1 b by ,g54 #ca3ch he _h be5 at lea/ #ad ye>s ) ,laban1 9 ,mesopotamia1 j prec$+ ! bir? ( ,joseph4 ,s t #ad ye>s be=e ! bir? ( ,joseph he left 8 home = ,h>an1 at ! age ( #gg4 ,x seems some:at probable t ,jacob 0 #dj ye>s 9 ,h>an1 & t he means to make t ass]tion :51 9 ,g54 #ca3ch1 #da1 he sep>ates ! two #bj ye>s4 ,?is af=ds m "t = 8 sons to gr[ to ! ages ( t manhood necess>y = ! aft] occurr5ces n>rat$ 9 ! hi/ory4 ,= ! elde/1 ,reub5 & ,simeon1 7 born n until ! m>riage ) ,leah1 & ?is appe>s to h be5 only sev5 ye>s be=e ! bir? ( ,joseph4 ,six ye>s aft] ! bir? ( ,joseph1 ,jacob leaves ) all 8 family = ,%e*em1 :]e he rema9s eight ye>s4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t ,simeon & ,levi1 :5 !y attack$ & ov]?rew ,%e*em & sack$ ! t[n1 7 n ov] #ai or #bj ye>s ( age1 z six ( ! la/ ye>s & re-engagem5t = six ye>s 9 ,mesopotamia1 & eight 9 ,%e*em1 & p]haps a ye> on ! travel1 & v>i\s /oppages1 give gr\nds = t supposition1 if ,jacob 0 only #bj ye>s ) ,laban4 ,x w\ld !n be z foll[s1 rememb]+ t ,reub5 0 ! fir/-born ( ! sons ( ,jacob3 #h? ye>4 ,reub5 born fir/ ye> aft] ,jacob's m>riage4 #ad? ye>4 ,! re/ born dur+ ! six rema9+ ye>s2 ,joseph n[ born4 #bj? ye>4 ,at ! close ( ! la/ sev5 ye>s ,jacob is newly employ$ = six ye>s1 :i*1 ) ! previ\s #ad ye>s1 makes #bj ye>s ) ,laban1 ,g54 #ca3ch4 #ba/ ye>4 ,jacob & all ! family />t = ,canaan1 & rea* ,%e*em1 includ+ /oppages1 9 ! #ba/ ye>1 or #ac? ye> aft] ,reub5's bir?4 ,:5 ,jacob arriv$ 9 ,%e*em he b\ght l&1 dug a well1 & is consid]$ z resid5t = eight ye>s4 #bi? ye>4 ,at ! close ( ?is ye> ,simeon & ,levi attack ! ,%e*emites4 ,?is w\ld make ,reub5 ab\t #ba or #bb1 & ,simeon & ,levi #ai & #bj1 b old en\gh1 ) _! s]vants & probably o!rs1 to h execut$ _! rev5ge4 ,b we mu/ und]/& t ?is is ! extreme %orte/ p]iod1 & sev]al circum/ances might h deta9$ !m long] on _! j\rneys & made ! sons old]4 ,9 ! above calculation x is n necess>y to suppose t ,jacob 0 any long] ?an #bj ye>s engag$ ) ,laban4 ,x is impossible to suppose1 ) "s writ]s1 t ,jacob 0 only #dj ye>s ( age :5 he left 8 home = ,h>an4 #aa4 ,jacob1 hav+ _h ! l& ( ,go%51 9 ,egypt1 appo9t$ him1 rema9$ !re until 8 dea? at #adg ye>s ( age1 hav+ dwelt 9 ! l& ( ,egypt #ag ye>s4 ,z ,joseph di$ at #aaj ye>s ( age1 he liv$ #ef ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,jacob1 z gov]nor ( ,egypt1 v probably1 s9ce ! la/ acc\nt ( him 0 t 8!y embalm$ him & he 0 put 9 a c(f9 9 ,egypt40 ,he liv$ to see 8 great gr&*ildr51 & !re=e 0 prom95t 9 ,egypt = a t]m ( #hj ye>s4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,egyptian ,,te/imonies4 ,! recov]y ( ! mean+ ( ! ,egyptian hi]oglyphics1 & ! _m discov]ies ( monum5ts illu/rat+ ! e>ly hi/ory & lit]ature ( t nation1 h add$ great int]e/ to ! /udy ( ,scripture & e/abli%$ ! accuracy ( ,biblical acc\nts ( ?is p]iod4 #a4 ,! articles :i* ! ,i%maelites c>ri$ to ,egypt at ! "t ,joseph 0 sold are1 9 "p1 record$ 9 a li/ ^u "o ( ! tablets at ,edfu1 on ! ,nile4 ,! fir/ & second ( ! articles nam$ 9 ,g54 #cg3be are record$ by "n1 ! article r5d]$ 8spic]y0 be+ ! "n ( a gum f\nd 9 ,syria4 #b4 ,! price ( a common slave ( ,joseph's age is record$ 9 ! "t ( ,rameses ,,xiii4 z ab\t #aj4 ,?is agrees ) ! /atem5t1 ,g54 #cg3bh1 :]e x is /at$ t ,joseph 0 sold = tw5ty pieces ( silv]1 %[n to be %ekels ( ab\t #ej to #ef c5ts' value1 :i* 0 high1 b ,egyptian records %[ t "y m5 f ,syria 7 unusually valuable4#ei #c4 ,! exi/5ce ( slav]y is frequ5tly allud$ to ^u ! monum5ts & 9 manuscripts1 :]e9 ^? :o _h lo/ slaves (f] rew>ds to any "o :o w br+ !m back4 ,moreov]1 ,syrian slaves are record$ z ( great value1 & a treaty record is /ill pres]v$1 made betwe5 ,rameses ,,ii4 & ! k+ ( ! ,hittites1 9 :i* x is agre$ to return fugitive slaves4 #d4 ,! /atem5t has be5 made by sev]al ,greek hi/orians t ! ,egyptians nev] cultivat$ ! grape nor drank w9e4 ,!re=e ! /atem5t t ,ph>aoh drank ! juice ( ! grapes1 or w9e1 & _h a *ief butl]1 z /at$ 9 ,g54 #dj1 0 said to be inaccurate4 ,b ! discov]ies %[ t n only 7 v9ey>ds cultivat$1 b ! grapes 7 press$ 9 ! w9e-press1 grapes 7 eat51 & w9e made & us$ be=e ! "t ( ,joseph4 #e4 ,v>i\s t]ms z descriptive ( (ficial position1 ( names ( places & objects ( art or comm]ce1 are n[ %[n to be ( anci5t ,egyptian orig91 al?\gh br\ght into ! ,hebrew language4 ,! use ( ^! t]ms & names proves t ! e>ly ,israelites 7 9 famili> contact ) ! ,egyptians4 #f4 ,! "n ( ,rameses1 us$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,joseph1 z aft]w>d 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,israelites1 has be5 %[n to be t ( ! *ief ,ph>aoh ( ,egypt1 & 8 mummy has rec5tly be5 recov]$ ) 8 "n & titles inscrib$ ^u 8 body1 & c]tifi$ to by ! high-prie/4 #g4 ,! s+ul> rem>k made by ! writ] ( ,g5esis conc]n+ ! %eph]ds1 #df3cd1 has be5 ?or\ghly atte/$ by ! hi/ory ( ! incursion ( ! ,%eph]d ,k+s1 :o oppress$ ! l&1 seiz$ ^u ! gov]nm5t 9 ! ,delta1 & drove ! native k+s up ! ,nile to ,!bes1 occupy+ & rul+ ! l& = ab\t #ejj ye>s4 ,x 0 at ! close ( _! rule t ,joseph is suppos$ to h ent]$ ,egypt4 #h4 ,! keep+ ( ! bir?day ( ,ph>aoh z /at$ 9 ,g54 #dj3bj is fully atte/$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! e>ly ,egyptian p]iods4 ,an inscription ( ! era ( ! ,exodus tells u t ! bir?day ( ,rameses ,,ii4 8caus$ joy 9 heav540#fj ,great ga!r+s & fea/s 7 _h1 & ! k+ disp5s$ 8 favors z he saw fit4#fa #i4 ,! "n = ! ,nile us$ 9 ! ,hebrew is ! ,egyptian "n = t riv] f\nd 9 ! papyri1 & translat$ 9 our ,engli% v]sion z 8! riv]40 ,x is n ! ^w ! ,hebrews us$ = a riv]1 & its use proves t ! writ] 0 famili> ) ,egyptian usage4 #aj4 ,! /atem5t z to ! (fices ( *ief butl] & *ief bak]1 z appo9t$ to ! ,ph>aoh1 is rem>kably atte/$ by ! ,egyptian records1 :i* %[ t ^! two 7 v high & important (fices1 8= bo? _h ! responsible duty ( protect+ ! k+'s life f poison40#fb #aa4 ,a mo/ rem>kable illu/ration ( ! accuracy ( ,joseph's hi/ory1 z n>rat$ 9 ,g5esis1 is se5 9 ! /atem5t t he 0 requir$ to *ange 8 clo!s & be %av5 be=e go+ into ! pres5ce ( ! k+4 ,among ! k9dr$ ( ,joseph %av+ 0 nev] practis$1 except z a disgrace4 ,b ) ! ,egyptian ! law ( cleanl9ess requir$ %av+1 n only ( ! *91 b ( ! hair also4 ,n only e prie/1 b ! k+ himself1 0 %av51 & ! appe>ance ( great heads ( hair1 & ev5 ( be>d1 9 "s pictures is due to ! wigs & artificial be>ds worn by prie/s & laym5 alike to cov] ! bald head4 ,all =eign]s 7 kn[n by be+ un%orn4 ,! accuracy ( ,scripture 9 its ref]5ces to ! l& ( ,egypt 9 anci5t times has be5 prov$ only s9ce ! discov]y ( ! mean+ ( ! hi]oglyphics1 z ,greek hi/orians knew little ( ,egypt 9 its anci5t hi/ory1 & _! acc\nts 7 errone\s1 z is frequ5tly app>5t 9 ,h]odotus4#fc ,,p]iod ,,iii4 ,,! ,,!ocracy ,,to ,,! ,,judges4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,israelites ,,9 ,,egypt4 #a4 ,h[ long aft] ! dea? ( ,joseph ! ,israelites rema9$ 9 ,go%5 until !y 7 enslav$ has n z yet be5 det]m9$4 ,! acc\nt 9 ! book ( ,exodus op5s ) ! significant expression t 8!re arose up a new k+ ov] ,egypt :o knew n ,joseph40 ,x has be5 suppos$ t ,joseph 0 gov]nor "u ! la/ ( ! ,%eph]d ,k+s1 b ?is supposition is unc]ta91 & p]haps wrong1 = ! long life ( ,joseph aft] he came into ,egypt1 namely #hj ye>s1 add$ to ! necess>ily advanc$ age ( ! ,ph>aoh :o 0 ^u ! ?rone on ! arrival ( ,joseph1 w\ld1 ) great] probability1 lead u to suppose t ,joseph's soj\rn 9 ,egypt 0 ext5d$ ?r\gh m ?an "o reign ( ! ,%eph]d ,k+s4 #b4 ,b at ! end ( ! happy1 quiet ,%eph]d era1 among ! desc5dants ( ,jacob 9 ,go%5 !re came a *ange4 ,! ,israelites became enslav$1 = ! m&ate ( ! ,ph>aoh ( ! p]iod w5t =? to set ov] !m taskma/]s & to afflict !m ) burd5s1 ! object be+ to put a /op to _! excessive gr[? 9 numb]s4 #c4 ,z we h said1 ! ,%eph]d ,k+s rul$ ,egypt = ab\t #ejj ye>s4 ,t[>ds ! close ( _! rule &1 z x is g5]ally suppos$1 "u a k+ ^: "n is record$ z ,apopi1 or1 z ! ,greek hi/orians spell ! "n1 ,aphobis1 ,joseph came into ,egypt1 & ! long w> betwe5 ! legitimate k+s & ! upris+ rul]s 0 cont9u$ = ab\t #hj ye>s4 ,f9ally ^! ,%eph]d ,k+s 7 driv5 out ( ! ,delta by a ,ph>aoh ( ! #ah? dyna/y1#fd & f t p]iod ab\t #djj ye>s transpir$1 dur+ :i* ! #ah? dyna/y pass$ away & a new dyna/y1 ! #ai?1 came into p[]4 ,( ?is #ai? dyna/y two k+s pass$ away be=e ! celebrat$ ,seti ,i4 began to reign4 ,rameses ,,ii4 0 ! son ( ,seti ,i41 & 8 reign 7#fg ye>s7 0 ! longe/ ( any ( ?is dyna/y4 #d4 ,moses1 at ! age ( =ty1 0 driv5 into ! des]t ( ,s9ai1 on ! ea/ ( ,egypt1 :]e he escap$ f ! wra? ( ! reign+ ,ph>aoh1 & :]e he rema9$ #dj ye>s1 until ! dea? ( ! k+4 ,! ,ph>aoh ) :om ,moses' "n is ?us associat$ mu/ h reign$ a long "t1 & ! reign ( ,rameses ,,ii4 meets ! conditions ( ! hi/ory1 n only z to "t1 b also z to ! "n4 ,x is = ^! reasons t ! ,egyptian ,rameses ,,ii4 is suppos$ to be ! ,ph>aoh allud$ to 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ! book ( ,exodus1 z ! ,scripture ,rameses4 #e4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,rameses1 ,moses return$ to ,egypt f 8 #dj ye>s' resid5ce 9 ! des]t ( ,s9ai4 ,z 8 life 9 ^? p>ts 0 sp5t 9 ! %eph]d occupation1 he 0 well acqua9t$ ) ! region1 & 9 a l>ge degree fitt$ = ! "w to :i* he 0 call$ by ! ,"l1 to take *>ge ( ! deliv]ance ( ! ,israelites f ! bondage 9 ,egypt4 ,by div9e comm& he appe>$ be=e ! reign+ ,ph>aoh & dem&$1 9 ! "n ( ,jehovah1 ! release ( 8 bre?r51 :o1 9 all1 mu/ h be5 ab\t #b1jjj1jjj4 ,?is numb]1 ?\gh n /at$1 may be suppos$ to be correct z bas$ ^u ! fact t at ! dep>ture f ,egypt ! able m5 numb]$ #fjj1jjj4 #f4 ,! unwill+ness ( ! k+ to let ! p g 0 f9ally subdu$ by a s]ies ( rem>kable plagues4 ,! mo/ s+ul> feature ( ^! inflictions is f\nd 9 ! fact t 9 e case !y seem to h attack$ ! ,egyptians 9 ! mo/ important elem5ts ( ei!r _! national greatness or 9 ! direction ( _! greate/ com=ts & reliance4 ,ano!r s+ul> feature 9 ! :ole c\rse ( affliction 0 _! progressive s]i\sness4 #g4 ,! fir/ plague appe>$ 9 ! sudd5 *ange ( ! wat]s ( ! ,nile into blood4 ,! ,nile 0 n only ! great s\rce ( wat] supply1 b 0 suppos$ to be "u ! imm$iate c>e ( ! gods ( ,egypt4 ,hymns h come d[n to u compos$ 9 ! honor ( ! p]sonifi$ ,nile4 ,^! 7 compos$ be=e ! "t ( ,moses1 & give ! names ( _! *ief gods to ! wat]s ( ! great riv]4 ,! ,nile 0 8! repres5tative ( all t 0 good40 ,?is plague made x necess>y t ! p %\ld beg9 digg+ wells ne> ! banks ( ! riv] & else:]e ?r\gh\t all ,egypt4 #h4 ,! second plague1 ( frogs1 attack$ 9 l mann]1 b m directly1 ! religi\s sup]/itions4 ,! frog-head$ deity ,heki 0 ! wife ( ! god ( ! cat>acts ( ! ,nile1 :o also 0 repres5t$ ) a frog's head4 ,! frog 0 ! symbol ( r5ew$ life aft] dea?1 & 0 wor%ipp$ z su*4 #i4 ,! ?ird plague 0 m int5se2 x afflict$ man & brute alike4 ,! gr\nd br\ght =? insects1 8lice0 s call$1 9 su* abundance t ev5 ! prie/s c\ld n cleanse !mselves4 ,! prie/s 7 n all[$ to use wooll5 9 any ( _! g>m5ts1 because ( ! likelihood t x w\ld h>bor ?is vile evil1 :i* 0 "o greatly abhorr$4 ,insects ( e k9d1 ev5 gnats1 7 consid]$ unclean4 ,prie/s & p 7 alike unclean4 #aj4 ,! f\r? plague1 ( flies1 0 some:at simil>1 be+ an insect curse1 b n[ ! curse 0 w+$4 #aa4 ,! fif? plague1 ( 8murra910 0 f> m s]i\s1 z x n only t\*$ ! honor ( ! ,egyptian fai? 9 ! wor%ip ( ,isis & ,osiris1 to :om ! cattle 7 sacr$1 b caus$ ! dea? ( ! cattle ?r\gh\t ,egypt4 ,x tr\bl$ 9 yet m s]i\s degree ! temple & ! m>ket1 ! prie/ & ! p4 #ab4 ,! six? 0 yet m di/ress+1 = x s5t boils & 8bla9s0 ^u man & bea/1 n ev5 ! magicians be+ able to /& 9 ! pres5ce ( ,moses 8because ( ! boils40 #ac4 ,! sev5? plague 0 "o n only ( hail1 b ( fe>ful displays ( lightn+ & peals ( ?und]1 su* z 7 nev] be=e kn[n 9 ! l&4 #ad4 ,! eigh? 0 a t]rific visitation ( locu/s :i* began1 9 unprec$5t$ numb]s1 to eat up all vegetation left by ! hail4 #ae4 ,! n9? 0 int5se d>kness1 9 :i* plague n only 0 !re an exce$+ discom=t felt ?r\gh\t ! l&1 b ! sun1 :i* 0 ! mo/ sacr$ object ( rev]5ce1 ! supreme god ( ,egypt1 )drew 8 light be=e ! comm& ( ,moses1 z s]vant ( ! mo/ high ,god4 #af4 ,! t5? plague 0 by f> ! mo/ fe>ful ( all4 ,x 0 to ! ,egyptians bo? di/ress+ & om9\s4 ,! fir/-born 01 9 a mo/ lov+ s5se1 ! mo/ important memb] ( ! family! "o1 above all ! re/1 ^u :om ! privileges ( bir?right 7 laid & :o 01 accord+ly1 reg>d$ ) special att5tion & love4 ,besides1 9 ?is fe>ful & sudd5 dea? ( ! fir/-born 9 e place !re 0 felt1 z nev] be=e1 ! pres5ce ( "s awful p[] imm$iately back ( ?is plague1 :i* seem$ to !m to presage ! approa* ( ! de/ruction ( ! entire nation1 & h5ce _! outcry1 8,we be all dead m510 ,exod4 #ab3cc4 ,! ,exodus1 or ! 8dep>ture10 began imm$iately1 & ,moses & ,a>on1 :o _h anticipat$ ! result ( ?is la/ plague1 _h prep>$ all ! ,israelites by giv+ !m suffici5t notice = a hurri$ flight4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,physical ,,geography ,,( ,,s9ai ,,& ,,! ,,des]t4 #a4 ,x is necess>y t we %\ld obta9 a g5]al k ( ! c\ntry ov] :i* ! ,israelites 7 n[ to travel4 ,! l& ( ,go%51 :]e ! great majority ( ! ,israelites 7 /ation$1 0 includ$1 probably1 9 ! great] di/rict ( ,rameses1 z we h said4 ,!y left "s g5]al r5dezv\s e>ly 9 ! morn+ = ,succo?1 :i* 0 tw5ty or tw5ty-five miles s\!a/ ( ! di/rict ( ,go%54 ,! treasure city ,pi?om1 m5tion$ ) ,rameses 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,exodus 7v]se #aa71 0 9 ,succo?1 z a rec5t discov]y has %[n4 ,! we/ arm ( ! ,r$ ,sea 0 ab\t sixty miles f>!r s\?4 ,! triangul> di/rict ( ! c\ntry betwe5 ! two nor!rn arms ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 to :i* !y 7 go+1 is a m\nta9\s tract gradually asc5d+ f ! ,gulf ( ,suez1 or we/]n arm1 to ! m\nta9\s region ( ,horeb1 ( :i* ,s9ai 0 a *ief m\nta94#fe ,^! m\nta9s are entirely ( granite4 ,! l>ge pla9 at ! base ( ,s9ai is #djj feet above ! sea4 ,! ,s9ai m\nta9 seems to rise directly up f ?is pla9 to ! height ( f #a1bjj to #a1ejj feet1 & 9 "s p>ts1 at its base1 ! rock is = a long di/ance almo/ p]p5dicul>1 l a high bluff above ! level soil4 ,p>ts ( ! rocky heights are #b1jjj feet above ! pla94 #b4 ,nor? ( ?is region1 ab\t #ej miles1 a s&y /ret* ( c\ntry comes abruptly to a g5]al rise ( s&/one cliffs1 :i* ext5d _m miles ea/ & we/1 & ! granite rocks disappe>1 hav+ be5 left beh9d 9 ,horeb4 ,x is #bjj miles1 a little ea/ ( nor?1 f ,mt4 ,s9ai to ! s\? end ( ! ,dead ,sea & to ! l[] limits ( ! l& ( ,canaan1 :i!r ! ,israelites 7 j\rney+4 ,mt4 ,s9ai is ab\t #ce miles f ! we/]n & ab\t #be f ! ea/]n arm ( ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,,! ,,israelites ,,9 ,,! ,,des]t4 #c4 ,! rec5t discov]y ( ,succo? & ! treasure city ,pi?om fixes ?is place z t ( ! fir/ encampm5t ( ! ,israelites at ! ,exodus4 ,"o inscription calls ! place ,petum 7! 8abode0 ( ,tum7 9 ! city ( ,?uku1 or 8,pi?om 9 ! city ( ,succo?40 ,! great des]t n[ beg9s1 /ret*+ ea/w>d f ,succo? = ab\t #bjj miles1 a v desolate & b>r5 region1 to ! c\ntry ( ,edom & ! great valley ( ,arabah1 :i* valley runs nor?w>d directly f ! ea/]n arm ( ! ,r$ ,sea to ! ,dead ,sea1 a di/ance ( #aae miles4 ,! *ief div9e object 9 direct+ ! c\rse ( ! ,israelites s\!a/ f ,egypt to ! region ( ,horeb & !n ar\nd by ! ,gulf ( ,akabah1 r ?an by ! %ort c\rse to ,canaan by ! coa/1 is express$ 9 ! ,scripture1 & 0 "o ( discipl9e1 ,exod4 #ac3ag1 & prep>ation = ! new life !y 7 de/9$ to live4 #d4 ,_m misappreh5sions ( ! real difficulty ( ?is long travel h result$ f a failure to compreh5d ! l>g5ess ( ! company4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t s l>ge a numb] z #b1jjj1jjj p1 ) _! h]ds & flocks1 _! t5ts1 ! ,tab]nacle1 & o!r baggage1 mu/ h cov]$ a mu* l>g] space ?an is sometimes all[$ by "s read]s ( ?is hi/ory4 ,?us 9 cross+ ! ,r$ ,sea & /opp+ at /ations & =d+ ! ,jordan on _! arrival at ,canaan1 & 9 settl+ ^u pla9s1 be=e & aft]1 x mu/ be always kept 9 m9d t no n>r[ l9e or small surface less ?an sev]al squ>e miles w\ld 9 any way repres5t t necess>y area ov] :i* ! mov+ body travell$1 or re/$ :5 x came to a halt4 ,9 its c\rse at ev5+ ! advanc$ (fic]s w\ld soon lay out ^u ! area to be occupi$ ! plan = encampm5t1 & 9 a %ort "t t space ( l&1 :i* an h\r be=e 0 ! pr[l+-gr\nd = a few wild bea/s ( ! des]t1 w\ld become ! site ( a city ( #b1jjj1jjj inhabitants1 ) long /reets & squ>es light$ ) ! magnific5t & my/]i\s flame :i* accompani$ !m dur+ all _! w&]+s4 #e4 ,! habits ( eat+ & dr9k+ 9 t day 7 v diff]5t f any?+ n[ cu/om>y 9 our mid/4 ,! pla9e/ food1 & frequ5tly only "o meal a day & "o draught ( wat] 9 #bd h\rs1 is suffici5t = ! ,b$\9 ( ! des]t4 ,we are !re=e wrong 9 comp>+ ! habits ( ! times ( ! ,exodus ) ^? ( ! pres5t day4 #f4 ,v few ( ! /ations nam$ aft] cross+ ! ,r$ ,sea c be c]ta9ly locat$4 ,b aft] leav+ ,mt4 ,s9ai1 at ?ree days' j\rney ,pr(4 ,palm] discov]$ ! evid5ces ( an anci5t camp1 surr\nd$ by an imm5se numb] ( graves1 & ?is place is g5]ally suppos$ to m>k ! site ( a /ation call$ ,kibro?-hattaavah1 or 8! graves ( gluttony10 ! hi/ory ( :i* is f\nd 9 ,num4 #aa3cace4 ,a day's j\rney nor? ( ?is ! same explor] discov]$ o!r ext5sive rema9s ( /one heaps & circles cov]+ ! hillsides 9 e direction4 ,z ! next /ation ( ! ,israelites is call$ ,haz]o?1 :i* means 8! circles10 & z ! ,arabs /ill call ?is place ! 8look-outs ( ,haz]o?10 x seems t ! site ( ano!r /ation is kn[n4 #g4 ,aft] ?is x is difficult to trace _! c\rse until !y rea*$ ,kade%1 :i* is #adj miles due ea/ ( _! fir/ camp+-gr\nd 9 ,egypt1 namely1 ,succo?1 & at pres5t seems id5tical ) ! spot call$ ,a9 ,gadis1 or ! spr+ ( ,kade%1 #agj miles nor? by ea/ f ,s9ai1 & #fe miles s\?we/ ( ! ,dead ,sea4 ,!re is evid5ce t anci5tly a great population 0 scatt]$ ov] ?is region ( ,a9 ,gadis1 & consid]able v]dure exi/s ev5 at pres5t4 ,?is appe>s to h be5 ! g5]al camp+-gr\nd ( ! ,israelites = a l>ge "p ( ! ?irty-sev5 ye>s be=e !y f9ally />t$ to ent] ! promis$ l&4 ,! sad hi/ory ( ! ev5t :i* br\ght ?is long delay is record$ 9 ,num4 #ad4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,entrance ,,into ,,canaan4 #a4 ,aft] ! long resid5ce 9 ! region ( ,kade% ! ,israelites took up _! m>* to ,canaan4 ,! g5]ation n[ exi/+ _h be5 almo/ altoge!r born 9 ! des]t1 & _h be5 rais$ "u ! tutelage ( ,moses & 8 bro!r ,a>on4 ,miriam1 ! si/]1 _h und\bt$ly add$ mu* to ! influ5ce :i* h] bro!rs ex]t$ by h] ne>] relation to ! female population4 ,! discipl9e _h _h its full effect dur+ ?is long p]iod1 & !re _h gr[n up a vigor\s & well-ord]$ race1 totally diff]5t f ! race t _h left ,egypt =ty ye>s be=e4 #b4 ,x is probable t dur+ ?is long p]iod ,moses _h writt5 out mu*1 if n all1 ( ! ,scriptures usually attribut$ to him "u ! title ( 8! books ( ,moses40 ,al?\gh !re is no def9ite /atem5t 9 ,scripture t all ( ^! books1 call$ ! ,p5tateu*1 are ! composition ( ,moses1 c]ta9 p>ts are spok5 ( z ^? ( 8 p]sonal writ+4 ,b ( ! five books ! p>ts spok5 ( are only 9 ! clos+ *apt]s ( ! la/ book1 namely1 ,deut]onomy1 & z ! five h nev] be5 kn[n except z =m+ "o roll or volume1 ! g5]al belief & tradition attribute ! :ole five to ,moses z au?or4 ,! impression t ,moses 0 ! au?or ( ,g5esis1 & t ?is book ( ,g5esis 0 ! beg9n+ ( 8,! ,law10 is app>5t 9 ! writ+s ( ,long9us1 ! ,greek au?or1 ,a4 ,d4 #bgj1 :o quotes ,g54 #a3c z 8! beg9n+ ( ,moses' law40#ff #c4 ,! c5sus ( ! nation at ?is "t %[s t ne>ly #b1jjj m5 _h disappe>$1 & p]haps ?is less5+ ( ! population 0 due to ! dea?s ( ! /rang]s & ali5s :o _h become mix$ 9 ! va/ cr[d at ! "t ( _! dep>ture f ,egypt4 ,! fir/ c5sus 0 tak5 at ,s9ai 9 ! second ye> aft] ! cross+ ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 ,num4 #a3df1 & 0 #fjc1eej4 ,! second c5sus 0 tak5 ne>ly #dj ye>s aft]w>ds1 j be=e ! entrance into ! promis$ l&1 ,num4 #bf3ea1 & 0 #fja1gcj1 ! diff]5ce be+ #a1hbj4 ,! c5sus includ$ only ! able-bodi$ m5 fit = w> & ov] #bj ye>s ( age4 #d4 ,moses di$ ^u ,mt4 ,pisgah )\t cross+ ! ,jordan1 ,a>on di$ on ,mt4 ,hor1 & ,miriam di$ at ,kade%4 ,^! lead]s be+ dead1 ! au?ority to take *>ge 0 ve/$ 9 ,jo%ua4 ,,mt4 ,,hor1 ,,mt4 ,,nebo1 ,,mt4 ,,pisgah4 #e4 ,mt4 ,hor is #de miles s\? ( ! ,dead ,sea1 hav+ ! ru9s ( ! city ,petra ne> its ea/]n base4 ,w&]+ ,arab tribes control all access to ^! two places1 b a small *apel m>ks ! spot1 accord+ to tradition1 :]e ,a>on di$ on ! top ( ! m\nta94 ,pisgah is suppos$ to be a high plateau t5 miles ea/ ( ! m\? ( ! ,jordan1 & ,mt4 ,nebo a high] portion ( ! same g5]al range1 b x is at a %ort di/ance ea/ ( t "p :]e ! high table-l& ( ,moab beg9s to desc5d to ! ,dead ,sea4 ,f ?is elevation v ext5sive views ( ! l& we/ ( ! ,jordan may be _h4 ,,! ,,era ,,( ,,jo%ua4 #f4 ,f ! high table-l& ( ,moab ! ,israelites desc5d$ to ! ea/]n ,jordan pla9s a few miles nor? ( ! ,dead ,sea1 & soon cross$ ! riv] & l&$ ^u ! wide pla9 we/ ( ! banks4 ,! cross+ mu/ h occupi$ ! b$ ( ! riv] = a long di/ance4 ,on entrance ^u ! l& ( ,canaan prop] ! ho/s ( ,israel r5ew$ly consecrat$ !mselves to ! s]vice ( ,jehovah at ,gilgal4 ,!y accept$ ,jo%ua z _! comm&]1 & began _! fir/ attempt at subdu+ ! ,canaanites by an attack on ,j]i*o4 ,,gilgal ,,& ,,j]i*o4 #g4 ,! fir/ ( ^! names repres5ts simply a ga!r+-place ( ! ,israelites :5 ! d$ication ( !mselves to ! ,"l took place4 ,its position is suppos$ to h be5 at a place /ill call$ ,gilgal1 9 ! ,arabic ,jiljulieh1 ne>ly ?ree miles we/ ( ! ,jordan & six miles nor?-nor?we/ ( its m\?4 ,j]i*o at ?is "t 0 ne> ! pres5t ,a9 es ,sultan1 a v f9e spr+ "o & a qu>t] miles nor?we/ f ! pres5t little ,arab village call$ ,er ,riha or ,j]i*o by travell]s1 & five miles we/ ( ! riv]4 ,aft] its de/ruction at ?is "t x 0 rebuilt ,b4 ,c4 #iah1 #a ,k94 #af3cd1 at ! m\? ( ! valley ( ! ,kelt1 :i* is ! anci5t valley ( ,a*or1 & exi/$ at t place 9 ! "t ( our ,savi\r4 ,! pres5t mis]able ,arab village ,er ,riha & ! t[] ne> x 7 built dur+ ! crusades4 ,! "n ,gilgal signifies a 8roll+0 & also a 8circle10 & probably ! twelve /ones tak5 f ! b$ ( ! ,jordan 7 plac$ 9 ! =m ( a circle1 mak+ ! real significance m emphatic1 b ! true significance ( ! "n is giv5 9 ! passage1 ,jo%4 #e3i1 z a roll+ (f 8! reproa* ( ,egypt10 z describ$ 9 t *apt]4 ,!re 7 two o!r t[ns be>+ ?is "n ( :i* m5tion is made h]eaft]4 ,,! ,,settlem5t ,,9 ,,canaan4 #h4 ,j]i*o 0 inhabit$ at ?is "t by a luxuri\s p & "o t evid5tly _h pr(it$ greatly by ! ri*ness ( ! va/ pla9 ( ! ,jordan4 ,! m5tion ( ! preci\s metals1 8! silv] & gold & vessels ( brass & iron10 ,jo%4 #f3ai1 ! 8goodly ,babyloni% g>m5t10 ! #bjj %ekels ( silv]1 ! w$ge ( gold ( #ej %ekels' weight /ol5 by ,a*an1 ,jo%4 #g3ba1 & ! ref]5ces to ,baal-peor 9 ! hi/oric connection1 prove _! weal? & sugge/ ! nature ( _! idolatry4 ,rec5t hi/oric discov]ies %[ ! cruelty & fe>ful depravity ( ! p ) :om !y 7 associat$4 ,!y 7 !re=e giv5 ov] to de/ruction 9 accordance ) ! cu/oms ( t "t4 ,! "n ,j]i*o seems to mean ! 8city ( ! moon10 a "n giv5 to ! city because ( ! e>ly wor%ip ( ! moon at t place "u ! title ,a%tore?1 :i* d\btless 0 d]iv$ f ! e>li] title ( ! ,babylonian ,a/>te1 ! goddess ( love4 ,x 0 giv5 ab\t ?is "t to a city 9 ,ba%an call$ ,a%t]o? ,k>naim1 mean+ ,a%tore? ( ! two horns1 ,g54 #ad3e4 ,,canaan4 #i4 ,?is 0 ! "n ( ! l& :i* ! ,israelites 7 n[ to conqu]4 ,! "n 0 well kn[n to ! ,egyptians1 & we f9d x ^u ! monum5ts 9 ,egypt & 9 ,assyria4 ,a description ( ?is l& occurs 9 ,egyptian records z e>ly z ! "t ( ,?o?mes ,,iii4 7#afjj ,b4 ,c41 ,brugs*71 also 9 ! reign ( ,rameses ,,ii41 8! ,ph>aoh ( ! oppression0 7#acej ,b4 ,c41 ,brugs*71 & f ^! descriptions x is pla9 t ! l& 0 settl$ by num]\s tribes :o 7 well provid$ ) ! com=ts ( liv+4 ,!y 7 n only num]\s1 b _m ( _! cities 7 /rongly def5d$ by =tresses4 ,! li/ ( articles recov]$ by ,rameses ,,ii4 aft] 8 battles 9 ,canaan bore te/imony to ! weal? ( ! p & to ! luxuries ( _! times1 = among _m o!r articles 7 ivory1 ebony1 *>iots inlaid ) gold & silv]1 suits ( armor1 fragrant woods1 gold di%es ) h&les1 coll>s & ornam5ts ( lapis lazuli1 silv] di%es1 vases ( silv]1 preci\s /ones1 braz5 spe>s1 etc41 8! plund] 9 fact ( a ri* & civiliz$ c\ntry40#fg ,,! ,,amorites4 #aj4 ,! l& ( ,canaan at ! "t ( ,jo%ua 0 no b>b>\s or ill-def5d$ region4 ,9 ! assault ^u ! ,canaaniti% city ( ,dapur#fh by ,rameses ,,ii4 ! /&>d ( ! ,amorites appe>s hoi/$ on ! highe/ t[] ( its citadel4#fi ,f ! pictures ( ! ,amorites ^u ! monum5ts 9 ,egypt !y 7 arm$ ) ! b[ & ! oblong %ield1 & us$ *>iots ( solid con/ruction fit = r\gh gr\nd1 & x is probable t ! 8sons ( ,anak10 ,num4 #ac3cc1 7 a di/+ui%$ clan among ! ,amorites & n a di/9ct p4#gj ,!y 7 select$ = _! size & /r5g?4 ,,! ,,hittites4 #aa4 ,x has be5 only rec5tly t ! hi/ory ( ! ,hittites has come to light4 ,! e>lie/ ref]5ces to ?is p 9 secul> hi/ory are ^? :i* are f\nd 9 ! hi/ory ( ,assyria4 ,!y are fir/ m5tion$ 9 ,scripture z ! sons ( ,he?1 ,g54 #bc3c1 9 connection ) ! pur*ase by ,abraham ( ! cave ( ,ma*pelah at ,hebron4 ,b fifty-?ree ye>s be=e t ev5t ! ,amorites seem to h be5 an important tribe1 & f\ght "u ! direction ( ,abraham ! fir/ battle record$ 9 ,scripture1 ,g54 #ad4 ,! tribe ( ,hittites grew to be a /rong & rem>kable nation ( w>riors1 ext5d+ _! conque/s into ,assyria & f> into ,asia ,m9or4 ,_! "n occurs 9 ,hom]#ga "u ! =m ( 8,ketaioi0 & 9 ! ,egyptian annals 9 ! "t ( ! great conqu]or1 ,?o?mes ,,iii41 ,b4 ,c4 #afjj1 :]e9 x is record$ t he receiv$ ! tribute f ! 8*ief ( ! great ,kheta10 or ,hittites1 :i* tribute consi/$ 9 gold1 slaves1 & cattle4 ,?us x appe>s t 9 a few c5turies aft] ! "t :5 ,abram b\ght ! cave ( ,ma*pelah ( ! sons ( ,he?1 ,b4 ,c4 #ahfj1 !y _h become a great p4 ,be=e ! ,exodus !y 7 ! p[]ful rivals ( ,egypt4 #ab4 ,until rec5tly ! expression 9 ! book ( ,jo%ua 7#a3d7 t ! l& ( ! ,hittites ext5d$ 8f ,lebanon ev5 unto ! great riv]1 ! riv] ,euphrates10 seem$ to be an exagg]ation4 ,b ! rec5t discov]y ( ! ru9s ( _! great capital1 ,c>*emi%1 situat$ ^u ! ,euphrates1 & ! m5tion ( ano!r city n f> (f1 namely ,pe?or1 :]e ,balaam dwelt1 beside _m rema9s ext5d+ f> into ,asia ,m9or1 all prove t x 0 no exagg]ation1 b hi/oric tru?1 :i* is record$ 9 ! book ( ,jo%ua conc]n+ _! ext5d$ empire4 ,!y 7 f9ally conqu]$ by ! ,assyrians1 & _! great cities1 ,c>*emi% & ,pe?or1 captur$1 #gai ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 & !y nev] aga9 rose to p[]4 ,! o!r ,canaaniti% tribes 7 unimportant4 ,,! ,,language ,,( ,,canaan4 #ac4 ,! discov]y 9 ,a4 ,d4 #ahfh ( ! ,moabite /one1 at ,dibon1 ! ru9s ( :i* city are twelve miles ea/ ( ! ,dead ,sea1 %[s t ! ,moabites 9 t region spoke a language simil> to ! ,hebrew4 ,! date ( ?is /one is ab\t #ijj ,b4 ,c4 ,its inscription is a rem>kable corroboration ( ! hi/ory conta9$ 9 #b ,k+s #c4 ,discov]ies at ,sidon1 a ,phnician t[n on ! ,m$it]ranean1 & at o!r places1 %[ t a modifi$ ,hebrew 0 v g5]ally ! language ( all ! ,canaanites4 #ad4 ,! p]t9acity ) :i* ! m dev\t & le>n$ ( ! ,israelites held to ! ,hebrew dur+ ! captivity 9 ,assyria1 & ev] s9ce amid all nations & l&s1 proves t !y nev] =got ! language :i* ,abraham spoke1 b *]i%$ x dur+ _! resid5ce 9 ! l& ( ,egypt1 & x is probable t be=e _! entrance into ,canaan !y _h entirely ceas$ to speak :at little !y knew ( ! ,egyptian tongue4 ,!y 7 ! m able & ready1 !re=e1 to receive ! t5 comm&m5ts & all ! re/ ( ^? laws :i* 7 writt5 9 ! ,hebrew4 ,&1 moreov]1 !re c\ld h be5 v little if any difficulty 9 _! und]/&+ ! language ( ! inhabitants into ^: l& !y _h n[ come4 ,,! ,,physical ,,geography ,,( ,,canaan4 #ae4 ,! l& ( ,canaan 0 b\nd$ on ! we/ by ! ,m$it]ranean1 on ! ea/ by ! ,jordan1 on ! s\? by ! des]t1 & on ! nor? by ! m\nta9s ( ,lebanon4 ,?is 0 ! l& ( promise4 ,at ,j]i*o ! valley ( ! ,jordan is a depress$ pla9 ab\t #hej feet bel[ ! ,m$it]ranean1 & ! surface ( ! ,dead ,sea on ! s\? is /ill l[]1 be+ #a1bic feet bel[ ! ,m$it]ranean1 s t f anci5t ,j]i*o to ! ,dead ,sea1 six miles di/ant1 ! valley ( ! ,jordan falls rapidly4 ,j]usalem is v ne>ly due we/ ( ! m\? ( ! ,jordan1 & is plac$ on ! highe/ l&1 ) ! exception ( ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 betwe5 ! ,jordan & ! ,m$it]ranean on t l9e ( latitude1 be+ ab\t #b1fjj feet high] ?an ! sea4 #af4 ,ab\t #fj miles 9 a /raight l9e due nor? ( ! ,dead ,sea ! ,jordan issues f ! ,sea ( ,galilee1 ! wat]s ( :i* 7 call$1 9 our ,savi\r's "t1 ! ,sea ( ,tib]ias & ! ,lake ( ,g5nes>et4 ,! %ape ( ! lake is oval1 b broad] 9 ! nor!rn half1 its l5g? nor? & s\? be+ ne>ly ?irte5 miles & greate/ bread? ab\t sev5 miles4 ,its surface is #fhb feet bel[ ! level ( ! ,m$it]ranean & ! hills on ! ea/]n %ore rise to ! height ( ! great ea/]n plateau ( ! table-l& ( anci5t ,ba%an1 :i* is #b1jjj feet above ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! wat]s are fre% & ab\nd ) fi%4 #ag4 ,9 ! times ( ,jo%ua & ( ! e>ly occupation ( ! l& by ! ,israelites1 ! lake 0 call$ ,*9n]e? 7,num4 #cd3aa7 & ,*9n]o? 7,jo%4 #aa3b71 pron4 ,k9n]e? & ,k9n]o?1 & a city ( ! same "n exi/$ on its we/]n %ore v ne> ! pres5t site ( ,tib]ias4 ,traces ( ?is anci5t city h be5 rec5tly 7#ahhg7 discov]$ j outside ! s\!rn walls4 ,t5 miles nor? ( ! ,sea ( ,galilee is a small] re$y lake f\r miles long1 :i* is suppos$ to be ! 8wat]s ( ,m]om0 7,jo%4 #aa3e71 b n[ kn[n z ,huleh by ! ,arabs4 ,into ! nor!rn end ! upp] ,jordan f9ds its way z x desc5ds f ! l[] p>ts ( ,mt4 ,h]mon4 ,! surface ( ?is lake is sev5 feet above ! ,m$it]ranean1 & ext5d$ pla9s are on ! we/ & = sev]al miles nor?w>d1 beyond :i* ! l& rapidly rises into ! m\nta9s4 #ah4 ,! c\ntry is uplift$ midway betwe5 ! ,jordan & ! ,m$it]ranean & =ms an irregul>ly broad m\nta9\s ridge /ret*+ f ! f> s\? to ! bord]s ( ! pla9 ( ,esdraelon1 call$ 9 ,scripture 8! valley ( ,megiddo40 ,?is pla9 is ! l>ge/ 9 ,pale/9e & ext5ds f ne> ! ,m$it]ranean on ! we/ to a valley pla9 ne> ! ,jordan valley on ! ea/1 :]e x is call$ ! valley ( ,jezreel4 ,x is g5]ally ab\t #ajj feet above ! sea level1 or #aej 9 its highe/ av]age level4 ,9 v>i\s p>ts x has be5 ! *os5 battle-gr\nd ( sev]al ( ! fi]ce/ conte/s 9 ,biblical & 9 mod]n w>f>e4 ,nor? ( ! pla9 ( ,jezreel ! l& rises aga9 into ! brok5 & irregul> hill c\ntry ( ,galilee until ! region ( ! ,lebanon ,m\nta9s appe>s4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,battles ,,( ,,conque/4 #a4 ,! capture ( ,j]i*o 0 n ! result ( battle1 b 0 due to ! div9e int]f]5ce 9 behalf ( ! ,israelites4 ,j]i*o 0 a /rong city & well def5d$ by /rong walls1 & ! de/ruction ( ^! walls "u ! simple process describ$ 9 ! text 0 n only a lesson ( great significance to ! ,israelites1 b x indicat$ to ! ,canaaniti% tribes ! my/]y ( t p[] ) :i* !y 7 n[ call$ to deal4 ,"u ,jo%ua ?ree great battles complet$ ! g5]al conque/ ( ,canaan & transf]r$ to ! ,israelites ! cities ( ?irty k+s1 ,jo%4 #ab3ibd1 & if we include ! k+ ( ,j]i*o ! numb] w be ?irty-"o4 ,ne>ly all ( ! book ( ,jo%ua is compos$ ( ! hi/ory ( ^! battles & ( ! division ( ! l& among ! tribes aft] ! conque/4 #b4 ,! fir/ ( ^! battles took place on ! high l& we/ ( ,j]i*o1 at a t[n call$ ,ai 7pron\nc$ ,a-i74 ,! site ( ?is anci5t t[n is kn[n1 & x 0 n f> (f f ! site ( ,be!l1 :i* is #ac miles we/ by nor? f ! position ( ,j]i*o at t "t4 ,ai1 n[ call$ ,haiyan1 0 two miles1 or a little m1 ea/ ( ,be!l4 ,j nor? ( ,ai is a high elevation1 #b1egj feet above ! ,m$it]ranean1 :]eas ! site ( ,j]i*o at ! f\nta9 ( ,eli%a#gb is #gjj feet bel[1 s t ! troops ( ,jo%ua _h a m>* ( ab\t #a1ejj feet asc5t up a rocky rav9e4 ,be!l is /ill high] 7#b1hij feet74 #c4 ,! fir/ great battle ( ,ai 0 prec$$ by defeat 9 :at may be call$ a m]e skirmi%1 z only #c1jjj 7 engag$4 ,?is defeat seems to h be5 div9ely all[$1 to place a t]rible emphasis ^u ! tru? t disob$i5ce to ! comm&s ( ,god1 ev5 ( a small "p ( ! p1 w\ld c]ta9ly be foll[$ by puni%m5t4 ,! result 0 t]rible1 n only 9 ! national mortification consequ5t ^u ! defeat1 b 9 ! lesson t no transgressor c\ld escape ei!r by hid+ himself or 8 /ol5 spoils1 :i* 9 ?is case _h be5 buri$ 9 ! gr\nd & cov]$ by ! t5t1 ,jo%4 #g3aabf4 #d4 ,! valley ( ,a*or1 :]e ! fe>ful puni%m5t 0 inflict$1 is1 )\t "q1 ! pres5t ,wady ,kelt1 ne> ! op5+ ( :i*1 ^u ! pla9 ( ,jordan1 0 ! city ( ,j]i*o4 ,! battle 0 r5ew$1 all ! p ( w> 7 engag$1 & ! victory 0 complete4 #e4 ,! next ev5t ( great importance 0 ! ga!r+ ( all ! p 9 a c5tral "p ( ! l& at two m\nta9s call$ ,ebal & ,g]izim4 ,?is ga!r+ 0 9 execution ( ! comm& ( ,moses1 ,deut4 #bg1 & 0 int5d$ to cause !m to r5ew _! cov5ant ) ,god & to set be=e !m ! bless+s :i* %\ld be grant$ ^u ob$i5ce & ! curses :i* %\ld foll[ disob$i5ce4 ,,ebal ,,& ,,g]izim4 #f4 ,! location = ?is great ga!r+ 0 admirably *os54 ,ebal is a m\nta9 ^: highe/ po9t is #c1jgg feet above ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,g]izim1 "r opposite1 & s\?w>d1 is #b1hdi feet1 & betwe5 !m is ! valley1 ^: surface is ab\t #a1fjj feet above ! sea4 ,9 ?is valley1 :i* runs ea/ & we/1 is ,%e*em1 on ! s\!rn side & p>tly built ^u ! asc5t ( ,mt4 ,g]izim4 ,! ga!r+ may h tak5 place on ! we/ ( ! city1 :]e ! valley is b\nd$ on ! nor? by t "p ( ! we/]n ext5t ( ! ,ebal range :i* slightly rec$es f ! l9e ( ! valley & takes ! =m ( an amphi!atre4 ,b !re is ample room on ! ea/1 :]e ! elevations ( bo? sides are f> great]4 ,! valley op5s ea/w>d ^u ! great level pla9 ( ,moreh1 sev]al squ>e miles 9 ext5t4 ,:]e ! valley op5s ^u ?is pla9 is ! well ( ,jacob 7,john #d3f71 & n f> nor? ( ?is well is ! traditional tomb ( ,joseph1 ,jo%4 #bd3cb1 ^: embalm$ body !y buri$ !re aft] !y _h conqu]$ ! c\ntry4 #g4 ,! vic9ity ( ?is well & ! =m] hi/ory made ?is gr\nd sacr$ to ! ,israelites1 = "h 0 ,jacob's fir/ settlem5t & prop]ty1 pur*as$ ( ! sons ( ,hamor1 ! fa!r ( ,%e*em1 #bhj ye>s be=e4 ,ev5 be=e t pur*ase by ,jacob x 0 sacr$1 because t #ahi ye>s be=e ,jacob's "t ,abraham built "h an alt> to ! ,"l aft] t ,he _h appe>$ to him & promis$ to give ?is l& unto 8 se$1 ,g54 #ab3f1 #g4 ,! alt> built "h by ,jo%ua1 ,jo%4 #h3cj1 0 !re=e ! ?ird alt> erect$ 9 ?is vic9ity1 ! fir/ by ,abraham & ! second by ,jacob1 ,g54 #cc3bj4 ,x is v probable t ! great battle at ,ai 0 f\ght ) ! view ( cle>+ ! way = ! un9t]rupt$ passage ( ! entire ho/s ( ,israel to ! pla9 j spok5 (1 call$ ! pla9 ( ,moreh1 :i* /ret*es out ea/w>d f ! bases ( ,ebal & ,g]izim1 & 0 #bj miles nor? ( ,ai4 #h4 ,%e*em nev] 0 a l>ge t[n be=e ! conque/4 ,aft] x 0 despoil$ by ! sons ( ,jacob & all ! inhabitants de/roy$ or tak5 captive1 ,g54 #cd1 x does n appe> z re-settl$ until aft] ! arrival ( ! ,israelites at _! fir/ great national conv5tion at ,ebal1 z describ$ 9 ! eigh? *apt] ( ! book ( ,jo%ua4 #i4 ,! second great battle or campaign began at ,gibeon4 ,?is place has be5 id5tifi$ ) an elevat$ ru9 five & a half miles nor?we/ ( ,j]usalem4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! ,israelites return$ to ! camp at ,gilgal ne> ! =d ( ! ,jordan1 ?is be+ _! fir/ great camp+-place1 & rema9+ su* dur+ _! fir/ sev5#gc ye>s1 until !y remov$ to ,%iloh & set up ! ,tab]nacle 9 t place1 ,jo%4 #ah3a4 ,dur+ ! second campaign ,jo%ua conqu]$ ne>ly all ! s\!rn half ( ,pale/9e4 #aj4 ,! ?ird great campaign began ) ! greate/ battle ( ! conque/1 at ! wat]s ( ,m]om1 ,jo%4 #aa3e4 ,"h a great pla9 exi/s eight or n9e miles 9 ext5t nor? & s\?1 hav+ ! wat]s ( ! lake ) a "p ( ! upp] /ream ( ! ,jordan on ! ea/ bord]4 ,9 ?is battle ! ,israelites came (f victors1 & !n foll[$ a s]ies ( reprisals1 :i* ) previ\s w>s consum$ ab\t five ye>s4 ,dur+ all ^! ye>s ! wom5 & *ildr51 ) ! h]ds & flocks1 rema9$ at ,gilgal on ! pla9s ( ! ,jordan ne> ,j]i*o4 #aa4 ,! next great move 0 to ,,%iloh4 ,?is place 0 ^u ! highl& #b1bcj feet above ! sea1 n9ete5 miles nor? ( ,j]usalem & ab\t ! same di/ance f ! camp+-gr\nd at ,gilgal4 ,we suppose t ! ,gilgal ( ?is "t 0 ab\t ?ree miles s\!a/ ( anci5t ,j]i*o & at ! pool n[ call$ t ( ,jiljulieh4 ,"s rema9s ( ,%iloh1 n[ call$ ,seilun1 yet appe>1 p>tly on a l[ hill surr\nd$ by high] hills4 ,j]ome says t 9 8 "t1 ,a4 ,d4 #cdjdbj1 x 0 9 ru9s4 ,! top ( ! hill has be5 levell$ = sev]al hundr$ feet1 :]e are f\nd "s anci5t f\ndations & hewn /ones1 & "h1 z is suppos$1 0 ! site ( ! ,tab]nacle4 ,a little ov] a half-mile to ! nor!a/ is a spr+ call$ ! spr+ ( ,seilun1 & a pool :]e ! seizure ( ! "y wom5 describ$ 9 ,judg4 #ba3aibc might v easily h tak5 place4 #ab4 ,%iloh rema9$ ! religi\s capital & ! city :]e ! ,ark & ! ,tab]nacle re/$ = ab\t #cjj ye>s1 until ! ,ark 0 remov$ to ! battlefield1 #a ,sam4 #d3c1 & captur$ by ! ,phili/9es1 aft] :i* x 0 nev] return$ to ,%iloh4 ,! ,tab]nacle & ! braz5 alt> 7 also remov$ & set up at ,gibeon be=e ! ,temple at ,j]usalem 0 built1 #a ,*ron4 #af3ci2 #ba3bi1 #cj4 ,gibeon 0 five & a half miles nor?we/ ( ,j]usalem & #b1ece feet above ! sea4 ,= ! hi/ory ( ! capture ( ! ,ark1 its re/oration to ,israel1 & its rema9+ at ,kirja?-je>im _m ye>s be=e its placem5t 9 ! ,temple at ,j]usalem1 read #a ,sam4 #d & #f ) #g3a1 & #b ,sam4 #f1 also #a ,k94 #h3ah4 ,! tradition t ! ,ark 0 hidd5 by ! prophet ,j]emiah 9 a cav]n 9 ,mt4 ,pisgah has aris5 f a /atem5t 9 ! second book ( ,maccabees1 #b ,mac4 #b3d1 writt5 ab\t ,b4 ,c4 #add4 ,b be=e ?is "t !re 0 a tradition among ! ,jews1 :i* 0 record$ 9 ! ,babylonian ,talmud1#gd t ! ,ark 0 hidd5 9 a *amb] ( ! ,temple build+s1 & out ( ?is seems to h gr[n ! o!r & lat] tradition4 ,! ,ark 0 probably burn$ at ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple "u ,nebu*adnezz>1 ,b4 ,c4 #ehh1 #b ,*ron4 #cf3ai4 #ac4 ,kirja?-je>im1 :]e ! ,ark rema9$ s long1 #a ,sam4 #g3b1 0 sev5 miles we/ by nor? ( ,j]usalem4 ,9 ?is connection x is necess>y to say t1 :ile ! /atem5t 9 #a ,sam4 #g3b leaves ! impression 9 ! ,engli% translation t #bj ye>s 0 ! :ole "t dur+ :i* ! ,ark rema9$ at t place1 yet 8! s5se cle>ly express$ 9 ! orig9al0 is t f ! fir/ plac+ ( ! ,ark at ,kirja?-je>im #bj ye>s transpir$ ( anxi\s expectation t ,jehovah w\ld int]pose = ! deliv]ance ( 8 p be=e t ,samuel gave !m any hope4#ge ,! ,ark rema9$ at ,kirja?-je>im f ab\t ! "t ( ,eli's dea? ?r\gh ! reign ( ,saul & until ,david took x f !nce to ,j]usalem1 ) ! exception ( ! ?ree mon?s dur+ :i* x 0 at ! h\se ( ,ob$-edom1 #b ,sam4 #f4 ,t 0 f ab\t ,b4 ,c4 #aadj to ,b4 ,c4 #ajdb1 or ne>ly "o hundr$ ye>s4 #ad4 ,! next great "w p]=m$ at ,%iloh 0 ! division ( ! l& among ! tribes ( ,israel4 ,at ?is "t1 ab\t #addd ,b4 ,c41 we h ! fir/ record$ survey1 & ?is 0 describ$ by ! cities !n exi/+ & 89 a book10 :i* 0 probably att5d$ ) ! fir/ map ( ! l&4 ,( ! twelve tribes1 ! ,levites receiv$ no di/rict 9 ! division1 !y hav+ be5 devot$ to ! s]vice ( ! ,tab]nacle4 ,( ! rema9+ elev5 tribes1 ,manasseh _h a section ( l& ea/ ( ! ,jordan z well z "o we/4 #ae4 ,aft] ?is division ! appo9tm5t ( six cities ( refuge 0 made bo? ea/ & we/ ( ! ,jordan1 & v ne>ly equally di/ribut$ nor? & s\?4 ,( ^! six cities only ! ?ree we/ ( ! ,jordan h be5 id5tifi$ ) pres5t t[ns4 ,"o 0 ,,k$e%1 n[ call$ ,kades1 f\r miles we/ by nor? ( ! 8wat]s ( ,m]om40 ,x 0 on a hill ov]look+ ! pla9 on ! we/ ( ! 8wat]s10 :i* are n[ kn[n by ! "n ( ! ,lake ( el-,huleh4 ,! second city ( refuge we/ ( ! ,jordan 0 ,,%e*em1 sixty-?ree miles t[>ds ! s\?2 & ! ?ird ,,hebron1 eighte5 miles s\? ( ,j]usalem & ab\t fifty s\? ( ,%e*em4 ,^? ea/ ( ,jordan 7 probably v ne>ly on ! same latitude1 namely1 ,,golan1 ea/ ( ,k$e%2 ,,ramo? 9 ,gilead1 ea/ ( ,%e*em1 probably id5tifi$ ) ! t[n n[ call$ es ,salt1 twelve miles ea/ ( ,jordan on an elevation #b1ejj feet above ! ,m$it]ranean & tw5ty miles nor? ( ! ,dead ,sea2 & ,,bez]1 n yet id5tifi$1 b ea/ ( ! ,dead ,sea1 on ! pla9s ( ,reub54 #af4 ,! object ( ?is appo9tm5t ( cities ( refuge 0 to protect ! un9t5tional manslay] f ! v5geance ( 8 pursu]4 ,any "o :o _h 8unwitt+ly0 ,jo%4 #bj3c1 sla9 a man might fly to ! ne>e/ city ( refuge & 8decl>e 8 cause 9 ! e>s ( ! eld]s ( t city10 & dwell !re until 8 case 0 decid$ by 8! congregation = judgm5t0 & until ! dea? ( ! high-prie/4 ,! guilty p>ty1 if an int5tional manslay]1 0 deliv]$ up to ! av5g]4 ,see ,deut4 #ai3aa4 ,! cities ( refuge1 z we h se51 7 z equally di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! l& z ! positions ( important & accessible cities w\ld admit4 #ag4 ,! blood feud _h exi/$ = c5turies "u ! tradition>y dem& ( 8a life = a life10 & ?is dem&1 )\t ! slighte/ reg>d to ! int5tion ( ! manslay]1 0 cu/om>y & ev5 obligatory1 s t ! ne>e/ relative ( ! sla9 man 0 *>g$ ) ! duty ( de/roy+ ! manslay] :5ev] a favorable opportunity pres5t$ itself4 ,?is cu/om 0 modifi$ by ! appo9tm5t ( ! cities ( refuge & by ! in/itution ( laws associat$ ) _! appo9tm5t1 s t !reaft] ! innoc5t slay] %\ld n suff] equally ) ! guilty1 al?\gh ! fact t he _h %$ blood ev5 un9t5tionally w\ld subject him to ! inconv5i5ce ( sep>ation f 8 family = a "t4 #ah4 ,! rehe>sal ( ! ,law at ! great conv5tion at ,%e*em1 ! division ( ! l& among ! tribes1 & ! appo9tm5t ( cities ( refuge#gf 7 equally 9 accordance ) ! directions ( ,moses1 & !y foll[$ ^u ! entrance & conque/ z soon z x 0 possible to c>ry !m into execution4 ,! ?ree ev5ts are !re=e 9 accordance ) ! _s ( ! times & ! provisions ( ! law1 & are prop]ly connect$ ) ! age ( ,jo%ua1 al?\gh "s writ]s h ?\ght t ! appo9tm5t ( ! cities ( refuge took place "s c5turies lat]4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,introduction ,,( ,,idolatry4 #a4 ,dur+ ! life ( ,jo%ua & ( ! eld]s or (fic]s :o outliv$ _! lead] & 7 acqua9t$ ) ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! nation1 ! ,israelites held to _! ob$i5ce to & rev]5ce = ! ,mosaic law 9 all its be>+s ^u !m4 ,b aft] ?is era ( ab\t ?irty ye>s a rem>kable defection took place1 & ! g5]ation :i* grew up 0 drawn into alliances & su* social int]c\rse ) ! inhabitants t _m 7 won ov] to ! fai? & rites ( ,canaaniti% idolatry4 #b4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ^! ,canaaniti% tribes 7 n only possess$ ( ri*es1 b !y %[$ consid]able advance 9 ! k ( art1 & _! idolatries 7 att5d$ by a degree ( my/]y & spl5dor :i* we are n accu/om$ to attribute to !m4 ,^! conditions are only sugge/$ by c]ta9 intimations 9 ! ,scriptural records1 b pla9ly %[n by rec5t discov]ies1 :]e9 ! luxuries & ri*es ( ^! nations are describ$ by ! victors 9 _! records ( tribute & capture1 z we h %[n4 #c4 ,! fasc9ation ( ?is spl5did idolatry _h its influ5ce ^u ! p :o _h sp5t _! e>ly lives 9 ! monotony ( ! des]t & ( a wor%ip :i* 0 devoid ( images or ( any?+ :i* c\ld impress itself ^u ! sight1 except ! di/ant & inaccessible pill> ( fire & cl\d or ! r>ely se5 & approa*less ,ark1 ) a few o!r objects ( :i* _m _h only occasionally he>d4 ,b 9 ! l& ( ! ,canaanites & ( _! own tribes !y met ! symbols ( ! wor%ip ( ,baal & ( ,a%tore? ^u almo/ e high hill & 9 e beautiful grove2 !y saw _! sacr$ sculptures frequ5tly & _! ornam5t$ temples1 "s rema9s ( :i* are f\nd ^u ! m\nta9s ( ,lebanon at ! pres5t day4 ,& ^? :o c\ld n see !m 7 daily ent]ta9$ ) vivid descriptions ( ! alt>s & ! gold & silv] ornam5ts associat$ ) ! wor%ip ( ! moon z ,a%tore? & ( ! sun z ,baal4 #d4 ,baal 0 ! *ief god ( ,canaan1 ^: wor%ip 0 manifold & spread ?r\gh ! ,canaaniti% tribes "u v>i$ names1 :i*1 ?\gh diff]+ 9 =m1 always sugge/$ ! same cruel or obsc5e wor%ip4 ,h5ce ! t]m 9 ,scripture ,baalim1#gg ! plural ( ,baal4 ,?us !re 0 ! ,baal-?ammuz1 ,ezek4 #h3ad2 ,baal-molo* 7! fire ,baal71 #b ,k94 #bc3aj2 ,baal-zebub1 #b ,k94 #a3b1 presid+ ov] t decomposition :i* gave rise to new life1 = zebub1 8flies10 symboliz$ t life2 h5ce ! ,jewi% =m 9 ! "t ( ,*ri/ ( ,beelzebub z a burlesque ^u ! ^w & wor%ip1 s9ce zebul 7! ,greek 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t7 0 a s>casm int5d$ to mean dung1 & ,satan 0 ?us contemptu\sly call$ "l ( ! dung-heap or ,beelzebul4 ,a *ange ( place also *ang$ ! =m ( ! "n,baal-h]mon1 ,baal-hazor1 ,baal-meon1 etc4 #e4 ,! wor%ip ( ,baal & ( ,a%tore? 0 att5d$ by great cruelty & debau*]y4 ,^! features 7 /amp$ ^u all ! c]emonies ( _! wor%ip & ! precepts ( _! religion4 ,no o!r p ev] rivall$ !m 9 ! mixture ( blood%$ & debau*]y4#gh ,e influ5ce = good seem$ to h be5 bani%$ f _! religion4 ,_! mo/ frightful wor%ip 0 t ( ,baal-molo*1 ref]r$ to above4 ,9 ?is *ildr5 7 burn$ alive by _! p>5ts2 & ?is practice 9 honor ( ,baal 0 c>ri$ by ! ,phnicians ev5 to ,c>?age1 :]e x became an in/itution ( ! ,/ate4 #f4 ,x 0 to avoid ! contam9ation ( ^! v>i\s idolatries t ,moses comm&$ ! ext]m9ation ( ! ,canaanites1 & x 0 due to ! fact t !y p]mitt$ ! ,canaanites to reside among !m t ! ,israelites soon fell into _! ways ( wor%ip1 & 9 aft] ye>s !y 7 l$ 9 "s degree to adopt ev5 ! rites ( ! bloody ,molo*4 ,,p]iod ,,iv4 ,,! ,,p]iod ,,( ,,! ,,judges4 ,,ab\t ,b4 ,c4 #adjbajfj 7,,us%]71 ,,b ,,f ,,hi/ory ,,app>5tly ,,ov] #djj ,,ye>s4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,(fice4 ,,! ,,*ronology4 #a4 ,soon aft] ! dea? ( ,jo%ua ! conque/ ( ! l& 0 cont9u$ "u ! lead ( ! tribe ( ,judah4 ,b ! ,israelites soon began to be affiliat$ ) ! inhabitants4 ,int]m>riages1 comm]cial & social int]c\rse br\ght ab\t ! *ange :]eby ! wor%ip ( ,baal & ,a%tore? took ! place ( ! anci5t s]vice ( ! ,god ( _! fa!rs1 & ! ,israelites seem$ to be giv5 up to ! idolatries ( ! surr\nd+ nations4 #b4 ,a long s]ies ( captivities & s]vitudes n[ began :i* introduc$ a new class ( public (fic]s1 call$ ,judges1 :o unit$ ! (fice ( g5]al-9-*ief & ( ref]ee 9 civil cases1 ?us p>tak+ some:at ( ! duties indicat$ by ! "n 8judge0 by :i* !y are call$ 9 ,scripture4 #c4 ,b ! duties ( ! s-call$ judge v>i$ ) ! times & ! p]son4 ,gideon decl9$ to rule1 delegat+ all rule to ,jehovah1 & act$ only z deliv]]4 ,8 son ,abimele* covet$ ! (fice ( k+1 & 0 ! only k+ dur+ ?is p]iod & ! fir/ k+ 9 any "p ( ,israel4 ,eli judg$ ,israel #dj ye>s1 #a ,sam4 #d3ah1 & 0 a not$ high-prie/4 ,samuel judg$ all ! days ( 8 life1 #a ,sam4 #g3ae1 & 0 also ! fir/ ( ! long unbrok5 s]ies ( prophets1 unit+ ) ?is accr$it$ & newly creat$ (fice t ( sacrifice & int]cession = ! p1 #a ,sam4 #g3e4 ,samuel clos$ ! l9e ( ,judges4 #d4 ,! p]iod ( ! ,judges pres5ts u ) a mo/ s+ul> =m ( gov]nm5t & totally unlike any o!r =m :i* ei!r _h prec$$ or did succe$ x4 ,^! rul]s 7 g5]ally div9ely appo9t$1 b at times seem to h be5 elect$ by ! p1 z 9 ! case ( ,jeph?ah & ,abimele*1 ,judg4 #aa3f2 #i3c4 #e4 ,! mo/ rem>kable fact connect$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! times ( ! ,judges1 f ab\t ,b4 ,c4 #adjjajfj1 is f\nd 9 ! private & public idolatry ( ! ,israelites4 ,?is idolatry %\ld be consid]$ 9 view ( ! cov5ant _! fa!rs _h solemnly made at ,s9ai1 & m especially 9 view ( ! w>n+s by ,moses1 reit]at$ by ,jo%ua1 & despite ! consecration ( !mselves at ,%e*em4 ,_m :o 7 liv+ at ?is "t _h =m$ a "p ( ! great conv5tion ( consecration & cov5ant held "u ,jo%ua4 ,not)/&+ all ^! promises ( loyalty to ,god1 !re seems to h be5 no =m ( idolatry into :i* !y did n fall4 ,! cause ( ?is /range defection is v =cibly pres5t$ 9 ,judg4 #c3eh4 ,ano!r rem>kable feature ( ?is age is se5 9 ! r5ewals ( idolatry aft] equally repeat$ deliv]ances f di/ressful s]vitudes foll[$ by tempor>y re=ms4 #f4 ,"o con/ant cause ( ! p]si/5t idolatry 0 d\btless to be f\nd 9 ! cont9u$ social relations ( ! ,israelites ) ! tribes ( ! ,canaanites4 ,! wisdom ( ! =ew>n+s ( ,moses1 ,deut4 #g3ce1 & ( ,jo%ua1 & ( ! comm& made v e>ly 9 _! hi/ory t ! ,canaanites %\ld be driv5 out f ! l&1 & t no association %\ld be _h ) !m1 is n[ v app>5t1 ,exod4 #cd3af4 ,! non-obs]vance ( ! comm& 0 foll[$ by ^! intimate relations all ov] ! l&4 ,at lea/ sev5 tribes are nam$1 ,judg4 #a1 z liv+ toge!r ) ! ,canaanites4 ,ev5 ,judah1 ,b5jam91 & ! ,jebusites dwelt 9 ,j]usalem toge!r at ?is "t1 ,jo%4 #ae3fc & ,judg4 #a3ba4 #g4 ,! ,canaanites !re=e 7 admitt$ into ! nation ( ,israelites by a k9d ( naturalization1 & !y br\ght 9 ) !m _! cu/oms & idolatries1 al?\gh !y !mselves 7 made tribut>y4 #h4 ,! hi/ory ( ! times ( ! ,judges is d]iv$ ma9ly f ! books ( ,judges1 ,ru?1 & #a ,samuel4 ,b consid]able light is add$ f ! records ( surr\nd+ nations1 especially f ^? ( ! ,egyptians4 ,9 a poem by ! poet laureate ( ! times ( ,rameses ,,ii41 ,b4 ,c4 #acej1 x is ass]t$ t ! ,hittites 9 a battle on ! pla9 ( ,esdraelon _h #b1ejj *>iots ( w>4 ,?is 0 be=e ! ,israelites left ,egypt1 & ! monum5ts record t ,rameses ,,iii4 captur$ #iid ,canaaniti% *>iots4 ,! goddess ,a%tore? 01 accord+ to ,naville1 ! patroness ( w>-*>iots1 & al?\gh ! *>iots tak5 by ,jo%ua 7 drawn by horses1 ,jo%4 #aa3f1 we f9d !m on "s ( ! monum5ts repres5t$ z drawn by ox51 & x is said t ox5 h be5 tra9$ to run fa/4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! use ( scy!s or swords atta*$ to ! :eels or sides ( *>iots does n appe> to h be5 9 vogue until aft] ?is p]iod4#gi #i4 ,! ,israelites _h no w> *>iots until ! "t ( ,david1 #b ,sam4 #h3d1 & x is highly improbable t at t "t !y 7 us$ = w> purposes1 b only z baggage or =age wagons1 & ! rema9+ numb] tak5 9 battle 7 disjo9t$1 crippl$1 or de/roy$1 z ! ,hebrew text is translat$ 9 ! ,septuag9t1 & n t ! horses 7 8h\gh$10#hj z 9 our ,engli% v]sion4 #aj4 ,solomon1 ,b4 ,c4 #iib1 ga!r$ *>iots f ,egypt & horses1 al?\gh he 0 a man ( peace1 & x does n appe> = :at purpose ! *>iots 7 us$ except = display2 b ! act 0 c]ta9ly 9 direct violation ( ! law1 ,deut4 #ag3adbj1 & m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( t k+'s dep>ture f ! s]vice ( ,jehovah4 #aa4 ,! *ronology ( ! times ( ! ,judges is n cle>ly made out4 ,x _c be det]m9$ t ! ,judges all reign$ consecutively or t any "o ,judge _h au?ority ov] any l>g] di/rict ?an t ( a few tribes4 ,! ,scriptural ord] seems to be z foll[s3 ,duration ,duration ,began to ,conqu]ors4 ( ,! ,judge4 9 (fice1 rule ,b4 ,c4 s]vitude4 or 8,re/40 7,us%]74 ,*u%an-ri%a?aim #h ye>s4 #adjb ,o?niel #dj ye>s4 #acid ,eglon #ah ye>s4 #aced ,ehud #hj ye>s4 #accf ,phili/9es 8 ,%amg> 8 8 ,jab91 a ,canaanite k+ at ,hazor #bj ye>s4 #acaf ,deborah & ,b>ak #dj ye>s4 #abif ,midianites & ,amalekites1 etc4 #g ye>s4 #abef ,gideon #dj ye>s4 #abdi ,civil w> ,abimele* #c ye>s4 #abji ,tola #bc ye>s4 #abjf ,jair #bb ye>s4 #aahc ,phili/9es & ,ammon #ah ye>s4 #aafa ,jeph?ah #f ye>s4 #aadc ,ibzan #g ye>s4 #aacg ,elon #aj ye>s4 #aacj ,abdon #h ye>s4 #aabj ,phili/9es #dj ye>s4 #aaab ,samson #bj ye>s4 ,eli #dj ye>s4 ,samuel ,all ! days ( 8 life1 #a ,sam4 #g3ae4 dies #ajfj ,,saul #ajie ,,fir/ ,,ye> ,,( ,,reign4 ,! p]iod ( ! ,judges clos$ at ! "t :5 ,saul 0 appo9t$ k+1 ,b4 ,c4 #ajie4 ,jo%ua di$ ,b4 ,c4 #adbf1 z is suppos$1 b "s#ha h ?\ght t at lea/ ?irty ye>s pass$ betwe5 ! dea? ( ,jo%ua & ! fir/ s]vitude1 & ! g5]al op9ion is t at lea/ f\r hundr$ ye>s1 or ev5 f\r hundr$ & fifty1 mu/ be tak5 z ! l5g? ( "t f ,jo%ua to ,saul1 ! fir/ k+4 ,by add+ ! "t ( ! s]vitudes & ^? ( ! rules ( ! ,judges1 includ+ ! "t f ! dea? ( ,jo%ua1 we h ab\t ! sum /at$ 9 ,acts #ac3bj4 ,b x is difficult to reconcile ! *ronology ( ?is p]iod ) t ( o!r p]iods because ( ! want ( suffici5t fulness ( /atem5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,judges4#hb ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,scribes ,,( ,,! ,,age4 #a4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t dur+ ^! ages 9 all prom95t nations ! (fice ( scribe or hi/orian 0 a v important "o1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* 0 v g5]al4 ,be=e ! ,exodus ! hi/orians accompani$ ! k+s ( ,egypt & ,assyria 9 _! exp$itions4 ,sev]al ref]5ces to su* p]sons are f\nd 9 ! ,scriptures1 #b ,k94 #be3ai2 #b ,*ron4 #bf3aa1 z especially belong+ to ! army4 ,!y are call$ 8remembranc]s0 & 8writ]s ( *ronicles0 or 8record]s0 9 ! "t ( ,david1 #b ,sam4 #h3af4 ,!re 7 also poets1 :o describ$ ! ev5ts ( ! national hi/ory or ! pr[ess ( ! k+1 n only 9 ,egypt & ,assyria1 long be=e ,david1 b also 9 ,israel4 ,! book ( ,ja%] ref]r$ to 9 ,jo%4 #aj3ac & #b ,sam4 #a3ah 0 probably a poetic hi/ory ( h]oic acts1 v simil> to "o discov]$ 9 ,egypt1 call$ ! poem ( ,p5taur1 celebrat+ ! c\rage ( ! ,ph>aoh1 ,rameses ,,ii41 :o 0 contempor>y ) ,moses4 #b4 ,! numb] ( writ]s ( diff]5t k9ds mu/ h be5 mu* great] ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,at a v e>ly p]iod dur+ ! resid5ce ( ! ,israelites 9 ,egypt ! taskma/]s 7 always accompani$ ) 8writ]s10 call$ 8(fic]s0 9 our v]sion1 ,exod4 #e3f1 & we f9d !m pictur$ on ! monum5ts1 ) _! tablets & re$s1 writ+ ev5 :ile walk+4 ,! *ildr5 ( ,israel _h scribes also on _! brick-fields to *eck (f ! records ( ^? :o wrote = ! taskma/]s1 ,exod4 #e3ae1 #ai4 ,s also ! ,judges 9 8! gates0#hc _h _! writ]s1 ,deut4 #af3ah1 also call$ 8(fic]s40 ,writ]s 7 employ$ = su* eng9e]+ purposes z are record$ 9 ,jo%4 #ah3i1 & ^! 7 n simply draughtsm5 :o mapp$ ! c\ntry 9 a book1 b also record$ ! position ( cities1 ( :i* n less ?an f\r hundr$ & elev5 are m5tion$ by "n4 #c4 ,9 m rec5t times !re arose ! class ( writ]s call$ by ! ,hebrews 8,soph]im0 or 8scribes10 :o appe> to h be5 high (fic]s ( ! ,/ate or secret>ies1 record+ edicts ( ! k+ besides ! _m important occurr5ces ( hi/ory4 #d4 ,t writ]s or scribes exi/$ at s e>ly a p]iod z t :5 ! ,israelites 7 9 ! des]t is c]ta9 f ! /atem5t 9 ,num4 #aa3af1 :]e ,moses is comm&$ to assemble ^! writ]s ) ! sev5ty eld]s4 ,x is pla9 f ^! in/ances t !re 7 numb]s 9 ! camp :o 7 exp]t writ]s1 & x is highly probable t _m ( ! p 7 in/ruct$ ?r\gh _! writ+s1 n only !n1 b dur+ all ! resid5ce ( ! ,israelites 9 ,canaan4 #e4 ,!re 7 m5 !n1 z n[1 peculi>ly fitt$ to record curr5t ev5ts1 or int]e/$ 9 g5ealogy1 or gift$ ) poetic tal5t1 & _! incl9ations l$ !m to make records :i* 7 int]e/+ at ^? p]iods1 or to make 8books0 :i* 7 kn[n to be fai?ful & au!ntic2 & h5ce 9 no less ?an f\rte5 in/ances !re seem to be ref]5ces to su* books ?r\gh\t ! ,old ,te/am5t writ+s3 ,num4 #ba3ad2 ,jo%4 #aj3ac2 #a ,sam4 #aj3be2 #a ,k94 #d3cb1 #cc2 #aa3da2 #a ,*ron4 #bg3bd2 #bi3bi2 #b ,*ron4 #i3bi2 #ab3ae2 #ac3bb2 #ab3ae2 #bj3cd2 #cc3ai2 #ce3be4 #f4 ,x is c]ta9 !re=e t 9 ! times ( ! mon>*y public records 7 c>efully kept1 & ev5 long be=e t "t ! p 7 n )\t _! hi/orians1 :o wrote d[n all important ev5ts & pres]v$ & copi$ writ+s = o!rs !n liv+ & = ^? :o %\ld come aft] !m4 ,,p]iod ,v4 ,,! ,,p]iod ,,( ,,! ,,k+s ,,to ,,! ,,captivity4 ,,f ,b4 ,c4 ,,ab\t #ajie ,,to ,b4 ,c4 #ehh1 #ejg ,,ye>s4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,mon>*y4 ,,reign ,,( ,,saul4 #a4 ,"o ( ! mo/ evid5t results ( ! intimate associations ( ! ,israelites ) ! ,canaaniti% tribes 0 ! desire to h a k+4 ,9 ! transition f ! era ( ! ,judges to t ( ! ,k+s !re arose a man ^: e>lie/ days _h be5 pass$ 9 ! prec9cts ( ! ,tab]nacle at ,%iloh "u ! c>e ( ,eli1 ! prie/ & judge ( ,israel4 ,he seems to h be5 "o ^: evid5t piety & cle> & manly judgm5t _h impress$ ! p ) a rev]5ce = him f 8 e>lie/ days4 ,no o!r p]son 9 ! times ( ! ,judges seems to h be5 kn[n s univ]sally z unit+ 9 "o man div9e au?ority & wisdom1 & ( no o!r _h x be5 said t 8all ,israel1 f ,dan to ,be]%eba1 knew t ,samuel 0 e/abli%$ to be a prophet ( ! ,"l10 #a ,sam4 #c3bj4 #b4 ,) ,samuel1 z we h said1 ! l9e ( ! ,judges closes4 ,by div9e direction he gratifi$ ! dem&s ( ! p by appo9t+ ,saul k+ ov] ,israel1 b n )\t a solemn w>n+ z to ! despotism ) :i* ! k+s1 9 ! future1 w\ld rule ov] !m4 ,! :ole l& n[ becomes unit$ "u "o rul] z a k+1 b at ! same "t /rongly influ5c$ by ! prophetic au?ority ( ,samuel1 :o seems nev] to h lo/ p[]1 ei!r ov] ! p or ! k+4 #c4 ,dan & ,be]%eba 7 t[ns :i* 9 common spee* limit$ ! :ole l&1 ! =m] on ! nor?1 ! lat] on ! s\?4 ,dan 0 ! "n ( only ! tribe on ! ,m$it]ranean we/ ( ,j]usalem until ! "t t a colony f ?is tribe migrat$ to ! extreme nor? ( ,canaan1 beyond all ! tribes1 & drove out a company ( ,sidonians :o _h settl$ by !mselves ne> ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,mt4 ,h]mon1 9 a place be=e call$ ,lai%4 ,?is t[n ! ,danites conqu]$1 &1 tak+ possession ( ! place1 nam$ x ,dan1 aft] _! ance/or4 ,sc>cely any?+ rema9s ( ?is anci5t city1 b its location1 call$ ,tel el-,kady is beautiful1 at ! head ( ! pla9 ( ,huleh1 ne>ly tw5ty-five miles nor? ( ! ,sea ( ,galilee4 ,!re are two f9e spr+s at ! anci5t site & ! elevation is #eje feet above ! ,m$it]ranean1 :i* is tw5ty-five miles di/ant1 on ! we/1 to a po9t ne> ! city ( ,tyre1 :i* !n exi/$4 ,dan 0 9 ! region assign$ to ! tribe ( ,naphtali4 #d4 ,be]%eba 0 exactly #adh miles s\?-s\?we/ ( ,dan4 ,"h ! only rema9s consi/ ( two v anci5t l>ge wells4 ,! site /ill be>s ! anci5t "n & is tw5ty-sev5 miles s\?we/ f ,hebron4 ,! wells conta9 excell5t wat] & %[ ! rope-grooves ( _m c5turies 9 ! massive /ones ) :i* !y are l9$ & curb$4 #e4 ,! introduction ( ,saul to ! full possession ( ! k+ly (fice & au?ority 0 aft] 8 fir/ battle1 ne> a place ea/ ( ! ,jordan1 call$ ,jabe%-gilead4 ,! ,ammonites _h come up aga9/ ?is city f ! s\? & dem&$ its unconditional surr5d]4 ,9 _! di/ress !y s5t to _! bre?r51 at ,gibeah1 :]e ,saul resid$4 ,saul seems to h _h1 at ?is "t1 b little to d z k+1 & x 0 n until he return$ f ! field1 :]e he _h be5 att5d+ to 8 cattle1 t on inquiry he le>n$ ! condition ( ! inhabitants ( ,jabe%-gilead & _! appeal = help to _! bre?r51 :o 7 publicly lam5t+ _! inability to give !m any aid4 #f4 ,saul imm$iately hew$ a yoke ( ox5 into pieces1 & s5d+ mess5g]s ) pieces ( ! ox5 ?r\gh\t ! entire l& ( ,israel1 made wise use ( ! "n ( ,samuel 9 union ) 8 own1 9 ! ?reat1 8,:osoev] come? n =? aft] ,saul & aft] ,samuel1 s %all x be done unto 8 ox510 #a ,sam4 #aa3g4 ,no su* univ]sal call to unit$ ef=t _h be=e s\nd$ ov] ! l& = ages4 ,x 0 ! sword ( ! k+ & ! au?ority ( ,samuel ! prophet ( ! ,"l1 & ! call 0 honor$ f ,dan to ,be]%eba4 ,! mess5g]s f ! besieg$ city 7 hurri$ back ) ! *e]+ reply f ! ga!r+ army1 8,to-morr[ by t "t ! sun be hot ye %all h help10 #a ,sam4 #aa3i4 ,,jabe%-,,gilead4 #g4 ,jabe%-gilead is n c]ta9ly id5tifi$1 b x 0 n f> (f f a valley kn[n z ,wady ,jabes1 or ,yabes1 ab\t tw5ty miles s\!a/ ( ! ,sea ( ,galilee1 9 ! l& ( ,gilead4 ,bezek1 :]e ! ho/s ga!r$ be=e !y />t$ to cross ! ,jordan1 0 "s pla9 ne> ! ,jordan n yet id5tifi$4 #h4 ,?ree hundr$ & ?irty ?\s& ( ,israel ga!r$ !mselves toge!r 9 ?ree b&s & ha/ily cross$ ! ,jordan 9 ! night1 & be=e ! heat ( day !y _h sla9 & r\t$ ! ,ammonites 9 ! greate/ battle t _h be5 kn[n 9 ,canaan = sev]al c5turies4 ,s great 0 ! reaction f ! long-cont9u$ indiff]5ce to unit$ ef=t1 & especially to ! publicly express$ lack ( confid5ce 9 ,saul1 t1 9 keep+ ) _! rude mann]s1 !y dem&$ ! imm$iate execution ( ^? :o _h spok5 aga9/ ! k+4 #i4 ,b ,samuel turn$ ?is feel+ into ano!r *annel4 ,he summon$ a great ga!r+ simil> to ! "o call$ by ,jo%ua #cjj ye>s be=e at ,%e*em1 b at ?is "t ! assembly 0 at ,gilgal4 ,"h !y r5ew$ _! promises to ,god & to ! k+4 ,?is 0 ! ,gilgal :i* 0 ^u ! pla9s ( ,j]i*o1 & ( :i* we h already spok54 #aj4 ,saul n[ became k+ 9 its fulle/ s5se4 ,8 fir/ act 0 to appo9t a /&+ army ( #c1jjj4 ,by an ill-tim$ attack ^u an outpo/ ( ! ,phili/9es ! ang] ( t entire nation 0 ar\s$ at a "t :5 ! ,israelites 7 unprep>$ to meet !m4 ,samuel 0 call$ ^u = advice & s]vice1 b ,saul's impati5ce & disob$i5ce to ! directions ( ! prophet disc\rag$ ,samuel s greatly t he )drew f ,saul4 ,jona?an by a /ratagem execut$ 9 ! night1 #a ,sam4 #ad1 creat$ a panic 9 ! ,phili/9e army1 & ! ,israelites1 ga!r+ toge!r f v>i\s hid+-places to :i* !y _h fl$ 9 _! fe>1 jo9$ 9 pursuit1 until ! ,phili/9es 7 driv5 back to _! own c\ntry1 :i* 0 ^u ! s\?we/ coa/ ( ,pale/9e ab\t =ty miles di/ant4 ,b ! repeat$ in/ances ( disob$i5ce1 c\pl$ ) deception1 on ! "p ( ,saul l$ ,samuel to )draw f ! k+ entirely & = ev]1 & by div9e appo9tm5t he ano9t$ ,david1 9 private1 to be successor to ,saul4 ,david's appo9tm5t 0 suspect$1 & x ar\s$ ! bitt] jeal\sy ( ! k+1 :i* 0 %[n by 8 cont9u$ pursuit & p]secution ( ,david1 until ! great & f9al battle ( ,saul's reign1 :i* took place on ! pla9 ( ,jezreel1 aga9/ ! ,phili/9es1 ab\t ,b4 ,c4 #ajef4 ,,saul',s ,,la/ ,,battle4 #aa4 ,?is battle1 ) its associat$ geography & incid5tal hi/ory1 requires "s k ( ! localities ( ,,%unem1 ,,gilboa1 & ,,en-,,dor4 ,! ,phili/9es1 ) :om ,saul 0 soon to cont5d1 _h approa*$ ! great pla9 ( ,esdraelon f _! coa/ on ! s\?we/4 ,!y _h pass$ up ! pla9 ( ,%>on nor?w>d along ! %ore ( ! ,great ,sea & ent]$ ?r\gh ! pass ( ,mt4 ,c>mel1 :i* range limits ?is pla9 on ! s\?we/1 & ?us !y _h ent]$ ! pla9 :i* we h already describ$1 page #aja4 ,saul _h ga!r$ 8 army1 & pass+ nor?w>d along ! c5tral elevat$ ridge1 _h rea*$ ! same pla9 at ! t[n ( ,en-gannim1 :i* is on ! edge ( ! s\!rn bord] & ov]looks ! pla94 ,%unem 0 t5 miles nor?4 ,"h ! ,phili/9es 7 n[ ga!r+ 9 _! =ces f ! we/1 s9ce ! pass is sixte5 miles we/ ( ,%unem4 ,x is an int]e/+ fact t ,g54 ,kleb]1 "u ,napoleon ,i4 9 8 battle ) ! ,turks1 #agii1 drew up 8 small] army ( fifte5 hundr$ 9 a squ>e occupy+ exactly ! same gr\nd :i* a "p ( ! ,phili/9e army cov]$ at ?is "t1 :ile ! ,turks ) _! tw5ty-five ?\s& cov]$ m ( ! same battle-gr\nd on ! nor?4#hd #ab4 ,%unem1 n[ call$ ,solam1 is on ! we/ & s\!rn end ( ! %ort hill range runn+ ea/1 & suppos$ to be ! hill ( ,moreh1 b ! ,phili/9es occupi$ ! pla9 on ! s\? ( ?is ridge-end1 = ,saul's army 0 across ! valley on ! we/ end ( ,mt4 ,gilboa & imm$iately opposite ! ,phili/9es4 ,betwe5 ! two armies 0 ! valley ( ,jezreel runn+ d[n ea/w>d to ,be?-%ean 9 ! valley ( ,jordan4 ,! t[n ( ,jezreel1 :i* gave "n to ! valley1 0 s\? ( ,%unem,%unem on ! ,phili/9es' side1 ,jezreel on t ( ,saul4 ,j "o mile & a half s\!a/ ( ! valley ( ,jezreel is ! 8,f\nta9 ( ,jezreel10 n[ a l>ge body ( wat] f$ by a spr+ call$ ,a9 ,jalud4 ,?is is probably bo? ! ,f\nta9 ( ,jezreel ( #a ,sam4 #bi3a1 & ! 8wat]0 ref]r$ to 9 ,judg4 #g3d4 ,x is also ! 8well ( ,h>od0 ( ! fir/ v]se4 ,x 0 j two c5turies be=e ?is battle t ,gideon at ?is place obta9$ 8 great victory ov] ! ,midianites1 & x 01 p]haps1 *os5 by ,saul because ( ! f\nta94 #ac4 ,z ,saul _h m ?an #cjj1jjj w>riors 9 8 battle ) ! ,ammonites & 0 z fully aw>e ( ! s]i\sness ( a conflict ) ! ,phili/9es z he 0 !re ) ! ,ammonites1 x is probable t he br\ght into ! field z _m z he !n _h4 ,! ,phili/9es _h a mu* l>g] numb] ?an ,saul1 & ! total numb] !re=e 9 conflict c\ld n h be5 less ?an #gjj1jjj4 ,! ev5+ be=e ! morn+ ( ! battle ,saul came fully to ! conclusion t ! ,phili/9es 7 too /rong = ! =ces "u 8 comm&4 ,9 8 =lorn belief 9 ! _s _w & 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,samuel1 al?\gh ?ree ye>s dead1 he det]m9$ ^u an int]view ) ! prophet if x 7 possible by a wit*'s p[] ( incantation to obta9 x4 ,z soon z x 0 d>k1 ,saul1 disguis$1 & ) two tru/y s]vants1 cross$ ! valley f ,gilboa nor?w>d to ! village ( ,en-dor1 :]e 9 ! caves ne> at h& !re dwelt su* a woman z he s\ght4 ,! di/ance f ! ,f\nta9 ( ,jezreel is ab\t sev5 miles nor?4 ,! int]view ) ,samuel1 :i* seems to h be5 z unlook$ = & z t]rible to ! wit* z x 0 dreadful & di%e>t5+ to ,saul1 is record$ 9 #a ,sam4 #bh3cbe4 #ad4 ,e>ly ! next day ! battle began4 ,! place call$ ,aphek1 :]e ! ma9 c5tre or headqu>t]s ( ! ,phili/9es 0 locat$1 is n kn[n1 b 0 probably a mile s\?we/ ( ,%unem1 :]e ! left w+ ( ! army ext5d$ ^u ! l9e ( its approa*4 ,! ,phili/9es _h ! army ( ,saul at t]rible disadvantage f ! fact t 8 troops 7 drawn up s\!a/ ( !m aga9/ ! foot ( ,gilboa & slightly cov]+ its sides1 & ?us elevat$ to ! %afts ( ! ar*]s4 ,x 0 at ab\t ?is age t ! b[ 9 w> 0 us$ ) t]rible fatality by "s ( ! ,african nations1 & ! ,phili/9es _h add$ ?is weapon to _! javel9s & %ort arms4#he #ae4 ,x 0 a battle ( arr[s aga9/ swords & sl+s1 & ! ar*]s won ! victory1 & aft] a long day's fe>ful conte/ ,saul & 8 ?ree sons lay dead among ! defeat$ ?\s&s t cov]$ ! flanks ( ,gilboa4 ,be?-%ean 0 9 sight ea/w>d d[n ! valley ( ,jezreel4 ,x probably 0 nev] a ,jewi% b always a ,canaaniti% city1 & "h ! ,phili/9es ! next day c>ri$ ! headless trunk ( ,saul's body & nail$ x ^u ! outside walls ) ! bodies ( 8 sons1 :ile ! salt$ head ( ! k+ 0 s5t to ! l& ( ! victors to be c>ri$ ar\nd ?r\gh ! cities ( ! ,phili/9es on exhibition4 ,l>ge numb]s ( ! ,phili/9es n[ took possession ( ! vacat$ cities1 & _m ( ! ,israelites cross$ ! ,jordan to f9d o!r homes until bett] times %\ld come4 ,,ziklag ,,& ,,! ,,s\? ,,c\ntry4 #af4 ,among ! va/ numb]s ( ! ,phili/9e army1 z !y came ^u ! pla9 f ,mt4 ,c>mel1 ,david's royal fri5d1 ,k+ ,a*i%1 occupi$ ! re>1 & ,david & 8 small b& w\ld be di/+ui%$ f ! lack ( ! conv5tional army uni=m1 :i* c\ld be se5 at a great di/ance4 ,! appe>ance ( ! ,phili/9es 9 w> 0 specially di/+ui%able f t ( all o!r w>riors by a peculi> head-dress & tightly-fitt+ tunic1 leav+ ! arms b>e4 ,b ,david's pres5ce =m$ gr\nd = suspicion1 & he 0 dismiss$ to return ) 8 m5 to ,ziklag4 ,! situation ( ?is place is n kn[n1 b f v>i\s circum/ances x c\ld n h be5 f> (f f ! hill c\ntry ( ,juda & 9 ! g5]al vic9ity & s\? ( ,ga?1 s9ce ,a*i%1 :o gave him ! place1 0 k+ ( t city4#hf #ag4 ,on 8 return to ,ziklag1 f9d+ t ! ,amalekites ( ! f> s\? _h burn$ 8 city & c>ri$ (f all ! families1 ,david & 8 m5 pursu$ aft] !m1 recov]$ all1 & return$ to ,ziklag4 8,! s\?0 0 a special t]m = t c\ntry beg9n+ some:]e ab\t ,be]%eba & rea*+ fifty or sixty miles s\?1 & p]haps f>!r4 #ah4 ,! duration ( ,saul's reign 0 ab\t =ty ye>s1 or z ! commonly receiv$ *ronology pres5ts x1 f #ajie ,b4 ,c4 to #ajef ,b4 ,c41 & at ! latt] date ,saul & 8 elde/ son ,jona?an di$ ^u ! battlefield4 ,9 ?is great battle ! ,phili/9es1 z we h said1 us$ b[s & arr[s1 & 9 ?is respect _h a great advantage ov] ! ,israelites1 :o 7 n taught ! use ( ?is in/rum5t 9 w> until aft] ?is battle1 #b ,sam4 #a3ah1 & 9 ! reign ( ,david4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,reigns ,,( ,,david ,,& ,,( ,,solomon4 #a4 ,^u ! dea? ( ,saul & ,jona?an ! k+dom ( ,israel 0 rul$ by two k+s1 ,david & ! son ( ,saul1 ,i%-bo%e?1 :om ,abn]1 ! capta9-g5]al ( ,saul's ho/1 _h made k+ ov] all ,israel except+ ,judah1 :i* 0 loyal to ,david1 #b ,sam4 #b3d4 ,saul's son reign$ only two ye>s1 :5 he 0 assass9at$ by two ( 8 8capta9s ( b&s40 ,aft] ?is ev5t ! *ief m5 ( ,israel came to ,david1 :o 0 at ,hebron1 & ent]$ into a league ) him1 by :i* he became k+ ov] all ,israel at ! age ( =ty ye>s4 ,aft] sev5 ye>s ( reign at ,hebron he attack$ ! city ( ! ,jebusites1 #ah miles nor? ( ,hebron4 ,?is place 0 kn[n z ,,j]usalem 9 aft] ages1 al?\gh at t "t call$ ,jebus1 #a ,*ron4 #aa3d4 ,! position ( ,jebus 0 an exce$+ly /rong "o4 #b4 ,f rec5t exam9ations1 by %afts & excavations1 ! site ( ! ,jebus ( ,david's "t 0 a rocky em95ce1 precipit\s t[>ds ! ea/1 s\?1 & s\?we/1 ) access on o!r sides except = a %ort space on ! nor?4 ,! top 0 unev5ly level1 b only a "p ( ?is top seems to h be5 occupi$ by ! city ( ,jebus1 ! s\!rn "p hav+ a =tification di/9ct f ! wall$-up portion on ! nor? & nor!a/4 ,?is "p 0 tak5 by ,david on 8 arrival1 & ! rema9+ "p1 aft] "s delay1 0 captur$ 9 a v c\rage\s attack by an (fic] ^: "n 0 ,joab4 #c4 ,! pres5t circumf]5ce ( ! walls ( ,j]usalem is #b miles v ne>ly2 b al?\gh ^! walls include ! l>g] "p ( ! hill1 !re /ill rema9s a portion1 call$ ,mt4 ,zion1 on ! s\?we/1 :i* is n includ$1 & x is ?is "p t 0 captur$ by ,david & 0 call$ ! city ( ,david or ,zion4 ,due we/ f ! city ! ,m$it]ranean is #cf miles di/ant & ! ,jordan is #ah miles due ea/4 ,on ! ea/ side1 9 ! "t ( ,david1 a "p ( ! city wall rose ne>ly #ajj feet above ! *annel ( ! ,kidron1 & f ! repres5tations ( =tifi$ cities ( ^! times1 z !y are met ) ^u ! tablets bo? ( ,egypt & ( ,assyria1 ! /ones ( ! walls 7 plac$ ) great skill4 ,"s ( ! anci5t /ones ( ! city are ev5 n[ laid ^u solid rock eighty feet bel[ ! soil at ! base ( ! pres5t wall on ! ea/ side & ! s\!a/ corn]4 #d4 ,! reign ( ,david 0 not$ = successful w>s ) ! ,phili/9es on ! s\?we/1 ! ,amalekites on ! s\?1 ! ,moabites & ,ammonites on ! ea/ ( ,jordan & ! ,dead ,sea1 ! ,syrians 9 ! region ( ,damascus1 toge!r ) a k+ on ! nor?4 ,f ! circum/ances n>rat$1 ?is k+ mu/ h be5 "o ( great weal? & p[] & 0 probably a k+ ( ! ,hittites1 z t nation _h at ?is p]iod gr[n 9 ext5t & 9 milit>y /r5g? & held l>ge l&$ prop]ty ne> ! ,euphrates4 ,he is record$ z k+ ( ,zobah1 a region n exactly id5tifi$1 b v probably a di/rict nor? ( ,damascus1 betwe5 ! ,euphrates & ! ,m$it]ranean1 b ly+ ea/ ( ,hama? 7! mod]n ,hama7 :i* is #aaj miles nor? ( ,damascus4 ,9 "o ( ! ,assyrian inscriptions ,zobah is spok5 ( z betwe5 ! ,euphrates & ,hama?1 :i* latt] place belong$ to ano!r k+ 7#b ,sam4 #h3i74 ,beside ^! l&s1 he conqu]$ ,edom & plac$ g>risons !re4 #e4 ,david reign$ f ,b4 ,c4 #ajef to ,b4 ,c4 #ajae1 or ab\t =ty ye>s accord+ to ! commonly receiv$ *ronology1 & 0 ov] #gj ye>s ( age at 8 dea?1 j be=e :i* he appo9t$ ,solomon1 8 son1 at ab\t ! age ( #bj1 to succe$ him4 ,! reign ( ,solomon 0 unlike ! two previ\s 9 t x 0 "o ( entire re/ f w> until at ! extreme close4 ,a l>ge "p ( ,solomon's reign 0 devot$ to build+ ! ,temple & sev]al palaces & cities1 beside ! con/ruction ( a navy ^u ! ,r$ ,sea & ! erection ( v>i\s treasure cities = 8 *>iots & = 8 horsem54 #f4 ,?is age 9 ,israel 0 *>act]iz$ z "o ( great weal? & spl5dor1 su* z _h n be5 kn[n be=e4 ,x 0 also di/+ui%$ = ! wisdom ( ,solomon4 ,8 policy ( peace 0 greatly /r5g!n$ by leagues & alliances ) ! k+s ab\t him1 *iefly ?r\gh m>riages1 aft] ! cu/om ( ,ori5tal k+s at t day4 ,! ,ph>aoh ^: daught] he m>ri$1 & = :om he built a palace 9 ,j]usalem1 came up & burn$ a city call$ ,gez] & slew ! ,canaanites :o dwelt !re1 giv+ ! city to 8 daught]1 #a ,k+s #i3af4 ,,gez]4 #g4 ,gez] has rec5tly be5 discov]$1 ) a ,hebrew & ,greek inscription on ! surface ( a l>ge rock :i* id5tifies ! t[n by "n4 ,! location ( ! place is n q #bj miles we/ by nor? ( ,j]usalem1 & its position ^u a high ridge1 :i* is ne>ly a mile long1 makes x probable t x 0 a =midable t[n4 ,x 01 be=e its capture by ,ph>aoh1 a /&+ m5ace to ! au?ority ( ,solomon1 z x seems at t "t to h be5 indep5d5t4 ,x is probable t its de/ruction 0 in/igat$ by ,solomon1 :o !reby exhibit$ ! int]e/ ,ph>aoh _h 9 him &1 at ! same "t1 avoid$ ! unwelcome task ( expos+ 8 own p to ! casualties ( w>f>e4 #h4 ,! pray] ( ,solomon at ! beg9n+ ( 8 reign 0 = wisdom & judgm5t 9 ! execution ( 8 k+ly au?ority & 9 8 gov]nm5t ( ! p4 ,( ?is wisdom he possess$ an unp>allel$ %>e4 ,b1 :ile wise 9 ! control ( o!rs1 he lo/ p[] ov] himself & 0 l$ into griev\s idolatry ?r\gh 8 associations4 ,?is op5 wor%ip ( ! deities ( ! nations ) :om he _h ent]$ into league ?r\gh 8 m>riages w always rema9 z a w>n+ aga9/ ! insidi\s p[] ( evil associations1 ev5 9 ! case ( ! wise/4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,division ,,( ,,! ,,k+dom4 #a4 ,solomon aft] a reign ( #dj ye>s#hg 0 succe$$ by 8 son ,rehoboam1 :o1 ?r\gh ! adoption ( evil c\nsel1 br\ght on a great rebellion & division :i* result$ 9 ! =mation ( ! two k+doms"o ( ,judah1 ) its *ief city at ,j]usalem1 & ! o!r ( ,israel1 ) its capital at ,%e*em4 ,j]oboam soon remov$ to ,tirzah1 :]e ! capital1 or royal resid5ce1 rema9$ = _m ye>s until ,sam>ia became ! capital1 & cont9u$ to be s until ! captivity1 #a ,k+s #af3bc4 ,,tirzah4 ,?is city has be5 id5tifi$ ) a village n[ inhabit$ & :i* is call$ ,teiasir1 elev5 miles nor? by ea/ ( ,%e*em & twelve miles ea/-nor!a/ ( ,sam>ia4 ,x is #iie feet above ! ,m$it]ranean on ! ma9 road to ,be?-%ean4 ,b =m]ly ,tirzah 01 by ,dr4 ,rob9son1 suppos$ to be f\nd 9 a village call$ ,telluzah1 six miles due ea/ ( ,sam>ia1 built ^u a hill #a1idj feet above ! ,m$it]ranean & comm&+ a magnific5t view ea/w>d4 ,?is place1 9 its position1 well des]ves ! "n 8,tirzah10 :i* means 8beauty40 ,x is probably ref]r$ to 9 ! ,song ( ,solomon1 #f3d4 ,x 0 ?irty-f\r miles a little ea/ ( due nor? f ,j]usalem4 ,b nei!r ( ^! places c ) c]ta9ty be call$ ! ,tirzah ( ?is hi/ory4 ,sam>ia 0 private prop]ty at ?is "t1 hav+ no settlem5t ^u x until ne>ly fifty ye>s aft] ! division ( ! k+dom1 :5 x 0 b\ght by ,omri1 k+ ( ,israel1 f ,%em]1 &1 aft] him1 nam$ ,sam>ia4 #b4 ,!re is a great *ronological difficulty 9 adju/+ ! reigns ( ! k+s ( ,judah & ( ,israel4 ,x arises1 9 "s degree1 f ! fact t ! numb] ( mon?s is omitt$ 9 ! /atem5ts ( ! ye>s dur+ :i* ! reigns cont9u$1 = ! :ole numb] ( ye>s only is giv54 ,moreov] ! /atem5ts are n always cle> 9 relation to ! epo* f :i* ! numb] giv5 is to be c\nt$4 ,b m rec5tly collat]al hi/ory1 bo? ,egyptian & ,assyrian1 has suppli$ c]ta9 data :]eby consid]able aid has be5 furni%$ 9 ! settlem5t ( "s ( ! difficulties4 ,"u ! supposition t ! commonly accept$ *ronology is correct & t ! division ( ! k+dom1 at ! dea? ( ,solomon1 took place ,b4 ,c4 #ige1 ! k+dom ( ,israel la/$ #bec ye>s & ! k+dom ( ,judah #chg ye>s1 t is f ,b4 ,c4 #ige to ,b4 ,c4 #gbb = ,israel & f ,b4 ,c4 #ige to ,b4 ,c4 #ehh = ,judah4 #c4 ,! captivity ( ,israel took place ,b4 ,c4 #gbb1 at ! tak+ ( ,sam>ia by ,s>gon1 ! g5]al ( ,%almanes]4 ,9 ! book ( ,k+s we h ! acc\nt ( ! attack ( ,%almanes] ^u ,sam>ia1 #b ,k+s #ag3f2 #ah3aj4 ,9 ! la/ passage1 ! phrase 8!y took x0 appe>s to ref] to ! fact t bo? ,%almanes] & ,s>gon laid siege to ,sam>ia1 = al?\gh ! =m] began ! siege1 he di$ sudd5ly be=e ! city 0 tak51 & ,s>gon1 :o _h seiz$ ^u ! ?rone ( ,assyria1 imm$iately return$ & complet$ ! siege4 ,s>gon's own acc\nt ( ! siege & ( ! captivity rem>kably agrees ) ! /atem5t 9 ! book ( ,k+s4 ,^! facts are d]iv$ f ! ,assyrian tablets4 #d4 ,9 reg>d to ?is k+ ( ,assyria1 ,s>gon by "n1 ! v]se 9 ,isaiah #bj3a 0 = tw5ty-five c5turies ! only kn[n evid5ce ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,x 0 n until rec5tly1 :5 ! m\nd :i* cov]$ 8 palace 0 excavat$1 t ! "n came to view4 ,x 0 !n discov]$ t he 0 "o ( ! greate/ k+s ( ,assyria1 & 8 hi/ory 0 record$ ^u ! l>ge alaba/] slabs :i* l9$ a "p ( 8 palace4 ,judah 0 c>ri$ into captivity ,b4 ,c4 #ehh4 ,! :ole numb] ( rul]s1 f ,rehoboam ! fir/ k+ to ,z$ekiah ! la/1 inclusive ( bo?1 0 #bj1 ( :i* numb] !re 0 "o que51 ,a?aliah1 :o reign$ six ye>s4 #e4 ,! l9e ( desc5t ( ! ,messiah pass$ ?r\gh ,judah & ?r\gh all its k+s except ! la/ 7,z$ekiah71 & ! ?ird & f\r? f ! la/1 namely1 ,jehoahaz & ,jehoiakim4 ,! k+s ( ,israel 7 none ( !m 9 ?is l9e4 ,x 0 = ?is reason t ! tribe ( ,judah 0 ! mo/ important & prom95t ( all ! tribes4 #f4 ,! captivity ( ,judah took place "u ,nebu*adnezz>1 call$ also ,nebu*adrezz>1 ,ezek4 #bi3ai4 ,?is k+ succe$$ to ! ?rone ( ,babylon ,b4 ,c4 #fjd4 ,8 fa!r 0 ! fir/ k+ ( ,babylon aft] ! fall ( ,n9eveh & dea? ( its k+ ,assur-bani-pal1 ! ,s>danapalus ( ! ,greek hi/orians4 #g4 ,imm$iately aft] ! fall ( ,n9eveh1 ,b4 ,c4 #fbf1 ! fa!r ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 ,nabopolass>1 f\nd$ ! indep5d5t mon>*y ( ,babylon1 ,b4 ,c4 #fbe1 & at ! dea? ( ,nabopolass>1 ,b4 ,c4 #fjd1 ,nebu*adnezz> asc5d$ ! ?rone4 ,he 0 a g5]al ( great en]gy & ent]prise & became s well kn[n1 ev5 to ! ,greeks1 t accord+ to ,josephus1#hh he 0 comp>$ ) ,h]cules = 8 valor & de$s4#hi ,! prophet ,j]emiah comp>es him ) an eagle swoop+ d[n on 8 prey1#ij & ,ezekiel repres5ts him z a great eagle ) great w+s4#ia ,he 0 intru/$ by 8 fa!r ) ! entire managem5t ( ! attack ^u ,ne*oh1 :o _h come up f ,egypt 9 battle aga9/ ! city ,c>*emi% on ! ,euphrates1 ,b4 ,c4 #fjf4 ,?is city 0 ov] five hundr$ miles nor?we/ f ,babylon on ! we/ bank ( ! riv]4 #h4 ,) a f9e army he attack$ ,ne*oh1 & defeat$ him ) s dreadful a slaught] t ! ,egyptian k+ retreat$ rapidly to ! ,nile4 ,nebu*adnezz> foll[$ him ?r\gh ,pale/9e to ,pelusium1 a city on ! sea-coa/ fronti]s ( ,egypt1 ab\t sev5ty miles ea/ ( ! ,nile4 ,at ?is place he he>d ( ! dea? ( 8 fa!r1 at ,babylon1 & committ+ ! army & 8 prison]s into ! h&s ( 8 tru/y g5]als1 he left &1 ) a small escort1 cross$ ! des]t & arriv$ at ,babylon1 #gjj miles di/ant to ! ea/4 ,"h he f\nd t ! *ief ( ! prie/ly ca/e ( ! ,*aldans _h held ! gov]nm5t = him s9ce ! dea? ( 8 fa!r4#ib ,he !n peaceably succe$$ 8 fa!r4 #i4 ,b ! k+dom ( ,judah _h n yet submitt$ to ,nebu*adnezz>4 ,he1 !re=e1 aft] settl+ ! new ord] ( rule at ,babylon1 return$ to ,syria1 ,b4 ,c4 #fjb1 & attack$ ,jehoiakim1 k+ ( ,judah1 & plac$ him "u tribute4 ,?ree ye>s _h n pass$ be=e ?is ,hebrew k+1 c\nt+ on help f ! k+ ( ,egypt1 rebell$ aga9/ ! k+ ( ,babylon1 & dy+ soon aft]1 left ! odium ( ! rebellion1 toge!r ) ! regal succession1 to 8 son ,jehoia*94 #aj4 ,?is k+ ( ,judah _h reign$ only ?ree mon?s :5 ,nebu*adnezz> s5t an army into ,judah & soon aft] arriv$ 9 p]son2 & ! k+ ( ,judah 0 =c$ to submit to ! k+ ( ,babylon1 &1 ) #aj1jjj ( 8 be/ citiz5s1 he 0 tak5 prison] & c>ri$ to ,babylon4 ,! uncle ( ! k+ ( ,judah1 ^: "n 0 *ang$ to ,z$ekiah1 t is1 8! righte\sness ( ,jehovah10 0 plac$ ^u ! ?rone by ,nebu*adnezz>4 ,8 previ\s "n 0 ,mattaniah1 t is1 8gift ( ,jehovah10 & ,nebu*adnezz>1 9 giv+ him ?is new "n1 evid5tly int5d$ x z a sugge/ion to ! k+ t he 0 expect$ to su/a9 ! tru?ful "* ( t ,jehovah :om he pr(ess$ to s]ve2 = ! k+ ( ,babylon _h made ,z$ekiah promise by oa? & cov5ant1 swe>+ by 8 ,god1 to be fai?ful to him1 #b ,*ron4 #cf3ac2 ,ezek4 #ag3ac1 ,b4 ,c4 #eii4 ,9 ! same mann] ,ph>aoh-ne*oh *ang$ ! "n ( ,eliakim to ,jehoiakim1 :5 he advanc$ him to ! ?rone elev5 ye>s be=e1 ,b4 ,c4 #faj4 #b ,k+s #bc3cd4 ,he simply *ang$ ! ord9>y "n1 ,el1 god1 to t mo/ holy "n ( ! ,israelites' div9ity1 namely ,jehovah4 #aa4 ,aft] elev5 ye>s ( reign ,z$ekiah rebell$1 & !n ! f9al siege ( ,j]usalem took place1 & ! ,jews 7 =c$ by />vation to yield to ! k+4 ,dur+ ! delay requir$ by ! siege1 ,nebu*adnezz> rema9$ at a place call$ ,riblah 7n[ ,ribla7 #bjj miles nor? ( ,j]usalem & #gj miles nor!a/ ( ,beirt1 pleasantly locat$ 9 ! valley betwe5 ! ,lebanon ranges & on ! ea/ side ( ! riv] ,orontes4 ,?is place 0 made sadly prom95t eighte5 ye>s be=e by ! imprisonm5t ( ,jehoahaz1 ! successor ( ,josiah1 k+ ( ,judah4 ,he 0 tak5 captive & remov$ f ,j]usalem & left at ?is place by ,ph>aoh-ne*oh :5 he 0 on 8 way to 8 t]rible defeat by ,nebu*adnezz> at ,c>*emi%1 ,b4 ,c4 #fjf4 ,b on 8 retreat he c>ri$ ,jehoahaz to ,egypt1 :]e he di$1 #b ,k+s #bc3cc1 #cd4 #ab4 ,:5 ! g5]als ( ,nebu*adnezz> _h tak5 ,j]usalem1 !y br\ght ,z$ekiah & ! royal family to ,riblah1 :]e x appe>s t ! k+ ( ,babylon upbraid$ ,z$ekiah = 8 violation ( 8 oa?1 & !n slew 8 sons be=e 8 eyes4 ,?is 0 8 la/ & dreadful vision1 = imm$iately aft]1 accord+ to ! cu/om ( ^! k+s depict$ ^u ! monum5ts1 8he put out ! eyes ( ,z$ekiah & b\nd him ) fett]s ( brass & c>ri$ him to ,babylon10 #b ,k+s #be3g4 #ac4 ,! k+ ( ,babylon n[ left ! completion ( ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem & ! deportation ( captives to "o ( 8 *ief army (fic]s1 call$ 8! capta9 ( ! gu>d40 ,?is (fic] s5t (f all ! treasure ( ! ,temple & ( ! v>i\s palaces1 & !n hav+ burn$ ! ,temple & all ! *ief h\ses1 he broke d[n ! walls & s completely de/roy$ ! city t ! rul]1 :o 0 left to take *>ge ( ! few poor rema9+1 resid$ at ,mizpah1#ic a village1 n c]ta9ly b v probably1 id5tifi$ ) a place on a high hill five miles we/ by nor? f ,j]usalem4 #ad4 ,judah 0 n[ f9ally c>ri$ away captive1 & ! sev5ty ye>s ( captivity =etold by ! prophet ,j]emiah 7,j]4 #bd3aa2 #bi3aj7 are to be reckon$ f ! fir/ captivity1 ,b4 ,c4 #fjf1 :5 ,daniel & o!rs 7 c>ri$ to ,babylon 9 ! ?ird ye> ( ,jehoiakim1 #b ,k+s #bd3a1 #b4 ,^! sev5ty ye>s t]m9at$ :5 ,cyrus1 9 ! fir/ ye> ( 8 reign at ,babylon1 ,b4 ,c4 #ecf1 made 8 proclamation p]mitt+ ! ,jews to return to ,pale/9e & rebuild ! temple1 ,ezra #a3aa4 #ae4 ,ab\t #ej1jjj accept$ ! invitation1 b a l>ge numb] pref]r$ to rema91 z we %all m fully expla9 h]eaft]4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,reigns ,,( ,,judah ,,& ,,israel4 #a4 ,( ! tw5ty sov]eigns ( ,judah1 ,manasseh reign$ ! longe/1 namely fifty-five ye>s4 ,he 0 ! f\rte5? k+ & began to reign at twelve ye>s ( age1 ,b4 ,c4 #fih4 ,! %orte/ reigns 9 ,judah 7 ^? ( ,jehoia*9 & ,jehoahaz1 :o reign$ only ab\t ?ree mon?s ea*1 ne> ! close ( ! k+dom1 ,b4 ,c4 #fjj & ,b4 ,c4 #faj4 ,bo? ( ^! k+s 7 depos$ by =eign k+s4 #b4 ,( ! n9ete5 sov]eigns ( ,israel1 ! "o :o cont9u$ longe/ ^u ! ?rone 0 ,j]oboam1 ! second ( t "n4 ,8 reign cont9u$ =ty-"o ye>s1 f ,b4 ,c4 #hbe to ,b4 ,c4 #ghd4 ,he 0 ! ?irte5? k+4 ,! %orte/ reign 0 t ( ,zimri1 :o committ$ suicide by burn+ himself 9 8 palace at ,tirzah1 ) all its ri*es1 ,b4 ,c4 #icj1 :5 he f\nd he 0 ab\t to be tak54 ,he usurp$ ! ?rone & held x only sev5 days4 ,he 0 ! fif? k+4 ,,moral ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,k+s4 #c4 ,( ! tw5ty sov]eigns ( ,judah1 twelve 7 cont9ually idolatr\s4 ,!y seem$ to be entirely unm9dful ( ! previ\s hi/ory ( ! nation & ( ! claims ( ,jehovah ^u _! rev]5ce or gratitude4 ,! ,temple s]vice seems to h be5 cont9u$ by ! prie/s at ,j]usalem1 b1 f ! w>n+s ( ! prophets1 x appe>s t ev5 ! prie/s prov$ fai?less & frequ5tly all[$ !mselves to be l$ 9 accordance ) ! passions & viol5ce ( ! k+s1 s t irrev]5ce & sacrilege 7 common4 ,! treasures ( ! ,temple1 ^? vessels1 ornam5ts1 & trophies :i* 7 sacr$ to its use1 or plac$ !re 9 commemoration ( victories & 9 honor ( ! ,"l1 7 repeat$ly seiz$ by ! k+s & giv5 to _! enemies1 or us$ = private purposes1 &1 9 "s in/ances1 remov$ to give place = idolatr\s practices4 ,p>ts ( ! ,temple consid]$ sacr$ to ! "n ( ,jehovah 7 desecrat$ by alt>s built = ! wor%ip ( ! ho/s ( heav51 & grav5 images 7 erect$ ^u ! ,temple gr\nds1 9 defiance ( ! law4 #d4 ,! k+s !mselves frequ5tly gave public examples ( _! contempt = ,jehovah by ! s]vice & wor%ip ( ! gods ( surr\nd+ nations1 by erect+ temples & alt>s & by plant+ groves ^u high places & sett+ up images ( ,baal & ,a%tore? ?r\gh\t ! l& & 9 prom95t t[ns1 s t ! p 7 con/antly drawn into idolatry & _! *ildr5 made to dwell 9 ! pres5ce & "u ! influ5ce ( idolatr\s emblems1 z se5 ?r\gh\t ! k+dom4 #e4 ,! above m5tion$ facts are specially applicable to twelve k+s out ( ! tw5ty ( ,judah1 b ! "* ( ! reigns ( ,israel 0 ev5 worse4 ,( its n9ete5 k+s1 n "o 0 free f idolatry4 ,at ! v beg9n+ ( _! hi/ory ! fir/ k+1 ,j]oboam1 :o _h sp5t ab\t five ye>s 9 ,egypt at ! c\rt ( ,%i%ak1 erect$ a gold5 calf at ,be!l & "o at ,dan 9 ! nor?1 & invit$ ! p to wor%ip at ^! %r9es 9 pref]5ce to ! 8h\se ( ! ,"l10 ! ,temple1 at ,j]usalem4 #f4 ,?is wor%ip ( ! gold5 calf 0 a repetition ( ! same wor%ip :i* 0 p]=m$ #ejj ye>s be=e at ,mt4 ,s9ai1 soon aft] ! ,israelites came out ( ,egypt1 & ,j]oboam ! k+ 9 in/itut+ x repeat$ ! words :i* 7 utt]$ at ,mt4 ,s9ai1#id namely1 8,^! be ?y gods1 ,o ,israel1 :i* br\ght !e up out ( ! l& ( ,egypt10 ,exod4 #cb3d4 #g4 ,! selection ( ! calf 0 sugge/$ by ! prom95ce :i* t animal1#ie z ! symbol ( div9e p[]1 atta9$ 9 ,egypt4 ,! co/ly adornm5t & pres]vation ( ! sacr$ liv+ bull1 or ,apis1 & ! magnific5t fun]al c]emonies & entombm5t ( ! dead ,apis are frequ5tly allud$ to on ! monum5ts ( ,egypt4 ,long be=e ! dep>ture ( ! ,israelites f ,egypt ! v5]ation ( ! sacr$ bull _h be5 exhibit$ 9 s]vices & obsequies1 s g5]al ?r\gh\t ,l[] ,egypt1 & s impos+1 t ! effect ^u ! population mu/ h be5 f> m solemn & impressive ?an any?+ we c conceive ( at ! pres5t day4 ,! co/ly burial places1 call$ 8,s]apeums10 "s ( :i* yet exi/1 & ! granite s>cophagi %[ beyond any "q h[ rev]5t & impos+ ! wor%ip ( ! bull mu/ h be54 #h4 ,9 ! expression us$ at ,mt4 ,s9ai & by ,j]oboam ! ^w 8gods0 has ! =ce ( ! s+ul> numb]1 be+ t ^w sometimes appli$ to ,jehovah & always us$ 9 ! plural numb]1 call$ 8! plural ( excell5ce20 s t :ile translat$ 9 ?is phrase 8gods10 to ! ,hebrew x 0 ! same z 8god20 h5ce !re 0 only "o calf-image at any place4 ,x is bo? rem>kable & memorable t not)/&+ ! bold & c>eless mann] 9 :i* ,j]oboam's contempt = ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah 0 exhibit$1 yet 9 ! lat] hi/ory ( 8 life1 :5 a bitt] sorr[ 0 com+ ^u him1 he act$ ! "p ( ,saul & appli$ = help to ! prophet ^: c\nsel he _h abus$4 ,! results 7 ! same & ! record is 9 #a ,k+s #ad4 #i4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t :ile ! k+s & _m ( ! p dep>t$ f _! cov5ant$ s]vice ( ,jehovah1 & ! l& 0 full ( idolat]s1 !re 71 at all times1 ^? :o 9 ! privacies ( _! homes 7 fai?ful s]vants ( ! ,mo/ ,high4 ,?is fact 0 br\ght out 9 ! "t ( ! prophet ,elijah2 = :5 ! prophet 9 8 despair suppos$ he 0 ! only surviv+ wor%ipp] ( ,god1 ! ,"l reveal$ to him ! tru? t at t v mom5t !re 7 #g1jjj 9 ,israel :o _h nev] b[$ ! knee to ,baal1 b 7 fai?ful to ,jehovah1 #a ,k+s #ai3ah4 ,ev5 9 ! h\sehold ( ! idolatr\s ,ahab !re 0 "o :o held s p]si/5tly to ! anci5t fai? 9 ,jehovah1 t1 despite ! cunn+1 p[]1 & v5geance ( ,jezebel1 he succe$$ 9 hid+ & fe$+ "o hundr$ ( ! prophets ( ! ,"l1 probably 9 sev]al caves4 ,?is man1 ,obadiah by "n1 0 gov]nor ( ,ahab's h\se1 #a ,k+s #ah3c1 & n ! prophet1 :o liv$ ab\t #ehg ,b4 ,c4 #aj4 ,frequ5tly1 dur+ ! d>ke/ times ( ! two k+doms1 !re sudd5ly appe>$ an antec$5tly unkn[n mess5g] ( ,god1 :o bore ) him ! evid5ce t he 0 a memb] ( a res]v$ =ce ( fai?ful ones ^: exi/5ce _h nev] be5 publi%$ 9 ! annals ( ! k+dom2 & ^! unkn[n s]vants exi/$ 9 bo? k+doms alike1 & 7 ( bo? sexes1 z we f9d 9 ! cases ( ,huldah1 ^: k ( ! law made h] wor?y ( consultation by ! k+1 & ( ,hannah be=e h]1 & ( t nameless woman dwell+ 9 ! wall$ city ,abel1 :o1 al?\gh 8peaceable & fai?ful 9 ,israel10 _h p[] en\gh simply by h] wise c\nsel to turn back ! fi]ce army ( ,joab1 #b ,sam4 #bj3ai4 ,,abel4 ,?is place 0 also call$ ,abel-be?-maa*ah4 ,x 0 ^u ! level l& twelve miles nor? by we/ ( ! wat]s ( ,m]om1 lake ,huleh1 & is n[ call$ ,abl4 ,abel means 8mead[40 ,! village is ov] #a1jjj feet above ! lake ,huleh 7#a1jgd feet71 & is a ,*ri/ian village4 #aa4 ,x is1 !re=e1 reasonable to suppose t al?\gh at c\rt & by ! k+s ! law ( ! ,"l 0 little kn[n & read1 x might yet h be5 ?or\ghly /udi$ & obs]v$ by _m 9 private4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,in/itution ,,( ,,! ,,prophetical ,,(fice4 #a4 ,b a mo/ rem>kable feature ( ! times ( ! k+s1 bo? ( ,judah & ,israel1 appe>$ 9 t religi\s body call$ ! ,prophets4 ,! "n 8prophet0 0 orig9ally giv5 by ,god to ,abraham1 ,g54 #bj3g1 & seem$ to imply a famili>ity ) ,god1 or t ! "o to :om x 0 appli$ _h div9e au?ority to speak = ,god4 ,! prophets1 !re=e1 7 n conf9$ 9 _! utt]ances to a m]e =etell+ ( ev5ts1 b1 9 addition1 7 made ! mess5g]s ( ,god & utt]$ comm&s z well z advice by 8 appo9tm5t & 9 8 /ead4 #b4 ,!y receiv$ div9e messages 9 sev]al ways3 7#a7 by impulses1 comm&+ & influ5c+ _! ?\ghts :ile awake1 z 9 ! case ( ,eli%a1 #b ,k+s #c3ae2 7#b7 by audible s\nds1 z 9 ! case ( ,samuel :5 a *ild1 #a ,sam4 #c3aj1 & :5 old] & a prophet1 z record$ 9 #a ,sam4 #i3ae & 9 o!r passages2 7#c7 & by visions1 or dreams1 z 9 ! cases ( ,isaiah1 ,isa4 #a3a1 ,micaiah1 #a ,k+s #bb3ag1 & ,daniel1 ,dan4 #aj3a1 #g4 #c4 ,!re 0 a class :o 7 (ficially kn[n z prophets1 ^: lives 7 *iefly devot$ to ?is (fice1 & ^! 7 di/+ui%$ by a t]m :i* has come d[n to ! pres5t "t & is 9 use among ! ,arabs 9 ! regions ( ,pale/9e & ,syria4 ,?is is ! t]m 8,neby0 us$ by ! natives z a title ( a sacr$ p]son & associat$ ) tombs ?r\gh\t ^! l&s1 & x is ! same ^w us$ 9 ! times ( ,abraham1 ,g54 #bj3g4 #d4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 ano!r class ( prophets :o seem to h be5 us$ = special occasions & :o 7 commission$ = "o prophetic act1 aft] :i* !y d n appe> aga9 9 hi/ory1 #b ,*ron4 #i3bi2 #a ,k+s #af3ad2 #b ,*ron4 #ai3b2 #ae3ah1 & else:]e4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 may 9 "s in/ances h be5 *os5 f "o ( ^? collections1 or s*ools1 ( ! prophets :i* exi/$ f ! "t ( ,samuel to a p]iod sev]al c5turies lat]1 #a ,sam4 #ai3ah1 #ai4 8,naio?0 9 ?is passage alludes to ! 8habitations0 9 ,ramah1 :i* appe> to h be5 8colleges0 ( ! prophets4 ,!re 7 su* colleges or s*ools at ,be!l & ,j]i*o1 #b ,k+s #b3c1 #e4 ,9 ^! s*ools ! law 0 /udi$1 & p]haps psalmody1 z we f9d t 9 "s passages ref]5ces are made to ! in/rum5tal p]=mances ( ! prophets1 #a ,sam4 #aj3e4 #e4 ,( all ! prophets ! utt]ances ( only sixte5 h come d[n to u 9 di/9ct books4 ,( ^! x is cu/om>y to speak ( f\r z ,,! ,,great]1 or major1 prophets1 & ( twelve z ,,! ,,m9or prophets1 b ^! t]ms h ref]5ce only to ! ext5t ( _! writ+s4 ,isaiah1 ,j]emiah1 ,ezekiel1 & ,daniel are includ$ 9 ! t]m major1 & _! prophecies1 z writt51 are compos$ 9 ! foll[+ ord]1 only z to ! numb] ( v]ses 9 ea* prophecy z t prophecy appe>s 9 ! ,engli% au?oriz$ v]sion3 ,j]emiah 7includ+ ,lam5tations1 :i* has #aed v]ses7 #a1eah v]ses1 ,isaiah #a1bib1 ,ezekiel #a1bgc1 & ,daniel #ceg4 #f4 ,( ! m9or prophets1 ! ord]1 9 po9t ( numb] ( v]ses 9 ea* book1 is z foll[s3 ,ze*>iah #baa1 ,hosea #aig1 ,amos #adf1 ,micah #aje1 ,joel #gc1 ,habakkuk #ef1 ,mala*i #ee1 ,zephaniah #ec1 ,jonah #dh1 ,nahum #dg1 ,haggai #ch1 ,obadiah #ba4 ,! prophecy ( ,j]emiah1 includ+ ,lam5tations1 ranks1 9 ord] ( numb] ( v]ses1 next aft] ,g5esis1 :i* conta9s #a1ecc v]ses4 ,?is analysis ( ! books ( ! major prophets %[s n only _! comp>ative importance1 z to size1 among ! sixte5 prophetical books1 b also among all ! ?irty-n9e books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 = ,g5esis1 9 po9t ( numb] ( v]ses1 is second only to ! book ( ,psalms1 & ,j]emiah's writ+s are ! ?ird 9 ?is ord]4 #g4 ,9 po9t ( "t1 !re seems to h be5 an entirely un9t]rupt$ l9e ( su* prophets z we h describ$ f ! age ( ,samuel to ! return f ! captivity1 an era ( ne>ly #gej ye>s 7f ,b4 ,c4 #aada to ,b4 ,c4 #cig74 ,"s ( ev5 ! greate/ ( ! prophets1 z ,elijah & ,eli%a1 nev] committ$ _! prophecies to writ+4 ,9 a v l>ge degree1 h[ev]1 _! words & acts are record$ 9 v>i\s hi/ories1 z ! hi/orian _h ne$ to make ref]5ce to !m 9 expla9+ c]ta9 ev5ts he 0 n>rat+ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! k+doms ( ,judah & ( ,israel4 ,( ^? prophets ^: prophecies are giv5 9 di/9ct books1 ,jonah 0 ! fir/ m5tion$ 9 po9t ( "t1 & ,mala*i 0 ! la/1 probably ,b4 ,c4 #cig4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,mala*i ! prophetic in/itution1 z an ord]1 seems to h clos$1 & x 0 s und]/ood by "s ( ! anci5t ,jewi% writ]s1 z appe>s 9 ! apocryphal books4#if ,,p]iod ,,vi4 ,,! ,,captivity ,,( ,,judah ,,to ,,! ,,close ,,( ,,! ,,canonical ,,p]iod4 ,b4 ,c4 #ehhcig7874 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,captivities4 #a4 ,by ! words 8! captivity0 is g5]ally meant ! f9al captivity ( ,judah1 :i* 0 ! la/ ( a s]ies ( captivities bo? ( ,israel & ( ,judah4 ,z a k ( ^! captivities is n only important 9 ! /udy ( ,jewi% hi/ory1 b has a be>+ ^u ! au!nticity ( ! ,scripture1 !y %\ld all be c>efully di/+ui%$4 ,we !re=e give a full li/ z foll[s4 ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,captivities4 #b4 ,! fir/ captivity1 ,b4 ,c4 ab\t #gcc1 0 t ( ! tribes ea/ ( ! ,jordan1 by a k+ ( ,assyria be>+ two names 9 ,scripture1 :i* 7 =m]ly suppos$ to be ! names ( two di/9ct k+s4 ,b a rec5tly discov]$ li/ ( ,babylonian k+s %[s t ! two names are ^? ( ! same k+1 & !re=e ! read+ ( ! v]se1 #a ,*ron4 #e3bf1 is correct 9 :i* ! two names ( ?is k+1 namely1 ,pul & ,tilga?-pilnes]1 are spok5 ( z 9 ! s+ul> numb]4 ,pul seiz$ ! ?rone ,b4 ,c4 #gde1 & di$ #gbg4ig ,! dates 9 our m>g9al ref]5ces 7#b ,k94 #ae3ai7 are too e>ly4 ,?is k+ c>ri$ away 8! ,reub5ites & ! ,gadites & ! half tribe ( ,manasseh1 & br\ght !m unto ,halah & ,habor & ,h>a & to ! riv] ,gozan10 #a ,*ron4 #e3bf2 see also #b ,k+s #ae3bi4 ,,halah1 ,,habor1 ,,h>a1 ,,! ,,riv] ,,gozan4 #c4 ,halah is probably id5tifi$ ) a m\nd n[ call$ ,gla1 on ! riv] ,khab\r1 :i* is a tribut>y to ! ,euphrates4 ,x is ab\t #dcj miles nor!a/ ( ,j]usalem & #ccj nor!a/ ( ,babylon4 ,habor 0 probably on ! riv] ,khab\r1 b its site has n be5 id5tifi$4 ,h>a is ab\t #ajj miles nor?we/ ( ,gla & is suppos$ to be ! same z ,h>an1 to :i* ,t]ah & ,abraham migrat$ f ,ur ( ! ,*aldees4 ,x is situat$ ^u ! riv] ,belik1 :i* runs s\?w>d ab\t sev5ty miles & !n jo9s ! ,euphrates4 ,! riv] ,gozan 0 probably ! same z ! ,khab\r1 z ! prov9ce ( ,gozan1 ?r\gh :i* x ran1 seems to be id5tifi$ ) ! ,gauzanitis ( ,ptolemy4 ,its m\? is ab\t #ajj miles ea/ ( t ( ! riv] ,belik1 :i* also empties into ! ,euphrates4 ,aft] ! ,khab\r no o!r riv] is tribut>y to ! ,euphrates = #ejj miles ( its c\rse4 ,! m\? ( ! ,khab\r is #cjj miles nor?we/ ( ,babylon4 #d4 ,! second captivity1 ,b4 ,c4 #gba4 ,tw5ty ye>s aft]w>d1 at ! siege ( ,sam>ia1 ! ,assyrian k+ ,s>gon c>ri$ (f a l>g] & m important numb]4 ,?is k+ gives an acc\nt ( ?is siege1 9 rem>kable corroboration ( ! ,scripture hi/ory1 & /ates t he 8c>ri$ (f #bg1bhj ( its citiz5s40 ,nev]!less a l>ge numb] rema9$ 9 ! region ar\nd & _m fl$ :o return$ aft]w>d1 #b ,k+s #ag3f4 #e4 8,! cities ( ! ,m$es0 "h spok5 ( _h be5 only rec5tly conqu]$ by ,tigla?-piles]4 ,9 an inscription1 t[>ds ! end ( 8 reign1 he m5tions ,p>?ia 7p>ts ( ,m$ia71 ,nisa1 & o!r places t paid him tribute4 ,x 0 9 #gcf ,b4 ,c4 t he made a great exp$ition 9 ! ea/1 f>!r ?an any ( 8 pr$ecessors1 rea*+ ! fronti]s ( ,india4 ,he 0 succe$$ by ,%almanes]1 ,b4 ,c4 #gbg1 :o di$ & 0 succe$$ by ,s>gon1 ,b4 ,c4 #gba1 ! ye> ( ! capture ( ,sam>ia4#ih ,! w> ( ! fir/ captivity 7page #aeh7 0 c>ri$ on betwe5 ,b4 ,c4 #gccgca by ,tigla?-piles]1 & x 0 !n t ! fir/ record$ in/ance occurr$ ( ! practice ( transplant+ ! :ole p ( a conqu]$ c\ntry to places f> di/ant f _! native l& & replac+ !m by o!r captives4#ii ,su* 0 aft]w>d ! act ( ,es>-haddon 9 reg>d to ,sam>ia1 z /at$ 9 ,ezra #d3b4 ,?is k+ reign$ ,b4 ,c4 #fhaffh4ajj ,! captivity ,b4 ,c4 #gba 0 ! la/ captivity 9 any =m ( ,israel1 :i* is kn[n z 8! nor!rn k+dom10 9 contradi/9ction f ,judah1 8! s\!rn k+dom40 ,x compris$ 8! t5 tribes40 #f4 ,! ?ird captivity1 ,b4 ,c4 #fjf4 ,( ! captivities ( ,judah1 ! fir/ happ5$ :5 ,daniel & o!rs 7 c>ri$ (f to ,babylon1 ,b4 ,c4 #fjf1 #b ,k+s #bd3b2 #b ,*ron4 #cf3f2 ,dan4 #a3c1 :5 b a few 7 s5t to ,babylon4 #g4 ,! f\r? captivity1 ,b4 ,c4 #eiieih4 ,! second deportation to ,babylon f ,judah 0 9 ,b4 ,c4 #eiieih1 :5 #aj1jjj captives 7 tak5 f ,j]usalem1 #b ,k+s #bd3ab1 & f ! surr\nd+ c\ntry #c1jbc1 ,j]4 #eb3bh4 ,! k+ ,jehoia*9 0 also tak5 captive4 #h4 ,! fif? & f9al captivity1 ,b4 ,c4 #ehh4 ,9 ! ?ird great captivity ( ,judah ,nebu*adnezz> de/roy$ ,j]usalem by burn+ ! ,temple & pull+ d[n ! walls & ! h\ses4 ,p]haps 9 all #ajj1jjj 7 c>ri$ (f at v>i\s times4 ,:ile ?is numb] 0 comp>atively small1 x repres5t$ ! v /r5g? ( ! k+dom ( ,judah1 ) :i* tribe ! promise ( ! ,messiah alone re/$1 & x 0 ( ?is tribe t ! majority ( ^? :o return$ to ,pale/9e 7 compos$4 ,! captives ( ,judah rema9$ 9 or ar\nd ,babylon dur+ ! entire t]m ( _! captivity4 #i4 ,! captivity ( ,manasseh4 ,9 ?is connection !re is ano!r captivity m]ely ref]r$ to 9 "o v]se 9 #b ,*ron4 #cc3aa4 ,x is ! captivity ( ,manasseh by ! k+ ( ,assyria4 ,9 ?is v]se x is said t ?is k+ ( ,judah 0 c>ri$ captive to ,babylon1 & = a "t x 0 ?\ght by "s critics t ?is 0 an incorrect /atem5t1 s9ce ! k+ ( ,assyria 0 at ,n9eveh4 ,b among ! inscriptions at pres5t 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7 f\nd ^? ( ! hi/ory ( ,es>-haddon1 :o reign$ f ,b4 ,c4 #fha to ,b4 ,c4 #ffh4 ,9 ?is hi/ory x is /at$ t he w5t to ,syria & conqu]$ & de/roy$ ,sidon & held c\rt at ,damascus1 summon+ tw5ty-two k+s to meet him !re2 & second among ! names is t ( 8! k+ ( ,judah40 ,?is 0 9 ! ye> ,b4 ,c4 #fgb4aja ,x is record$ t he rebuilt ,babylon1 & we f9d t bo? he & 8 son held _! c\rts & judg$ vassal pr9ces l ,manasseh at ,babylon4#ajb ,es>-haddon ga!r$ m5 f ,babylon & o!r places & plant$ !m 9 ,sam>ia1 & h5ce we h ! acc\nt giv5 u 9 ,ezra #d3b1 #i1 #aj4 #aj4 ,al?\gh ! 8sev5ty ye>s0 ( captivity pron\nc$ aga9/ ,judah by ! prophet ,j]emiah 7#be3ab2 #bi3aj7 are suppos$ to beg9 ,b4 ,c4 #fjf1 yet ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem & ! la/ deportation ( ,judah1 ,b4 ,c4 #ehh1 clos$ up ! li/ ( captivities bo? ( ,judah & ( ,israel4 ,bo? communities n[ exi/$1 b1 ) small exception1 only z captives 9 ,assyria or z exiles 9 v>i\s o!r l&s4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,comp>ative ,,religi\s ,,_s4 #a4 ,z a p1 ! ,jews ( ! nor!rn k+dom nev] 7 s w>mly atta*$ to ! ,temple wor%ip z ^? ( ! s\!rn1 & h5ce all ! ,psalms :i* allud$ to ,j]usalem#ajc & ! ,temple are suppos$ to h be5 writt5 by ! exiles ( ,judah1 t is ( ! s\!rn k+dom1 :o w5t into captivity ,b4 ,c4 #ehh "u ,nebu*adnezz>1 & 7 settl$ 9 ,babylon or its vic9ity4 ,= ! entire sev5ty ye>s ! p ( ,judah & ^? ( ,israel 7 sep>at$ by sev]al hundr$ miles ( c\ntry4 #b4 ,dur+ ! _m ye>s ( captivity1 ,israel1 t is ! t5 tribes1 probably m+l$ ) o!r nations 9 _! mid/ & became v l>gely e/rang$ f ! fa!r-l&4 ,!re 7 few] ( ! ties ( religi\s fai? ) !m ?an ) ,judah4 ,ev5 ! tribes ( ,judah & ,b5jam91 :5 !y return$ f ! captivity & ent]$ into _! city ,j]usalem & into ! cities & l&s surr\nd+1 br\ght wives f ! hea!n ab\t !m1#ajd ! v prie/s & ,levites be+ also guilty1 ,ezra #i3a1 al?\gh ! ,mosaic law prohibit$ su* m>riages4 #c4 ,su* hea!n int]m>riages among ! memb]s ( ! tribes w\ld1 aft] #ahe ye>s1 be less object$ to ?an among ! tribes ( ,judah & ,b5jam91 & w\ld naturally be foll[$ by n only indiff]5ce to any return1 b also by =getfulness ( ! l& & ( ! hi/ory ( _! orig91 & x is n surpris+ t :5 ! tribes ( ,judah & ,b5jam9 accept$ ! p]mission grant$ by ,cyrus1 ! k+ ( ,babylon1 to return to ,pale/9e1 ! t5 tribes1 z a :ole1 rema9$ 9 ,assyria & nev] return$1 b probably became lo/ by be+ absorb$ into ! nations ) :om !y associat$4 ,,condition ,,dur+ ,,! ,,captivity4 #d4 ,dur+ ! captivity ! ,jews 9 ,assyria & ,babylonia 7 all[$ great privileges4 ,!y 7 consid]$ m 9 ! light ( coloni/s ?an ( slaves1 & f ! hi/ories1 bo? sacr$ & secul>1 we le>n t1 z /at$ 9 ! books ( ,nehemiah1 ,e/h]1 & ,daniel1 !y 7 occasionally employ$ 9 high positions 9 ! /ate & at c\rt4 ,nehemiah1 ?\gh born at ,babylon dur+ ! captivity1 0 a ,jew ( ! tribe ( ,judah1 b 0 cup-be>] to ! ,p]sian k+1 ,artax]xes ,longimanus1 at ,susa4 ,ezra also enjoy$ great consid]ation at ! ,p]sian c\rt dur+ ! reigns ( sev]al ( ! k+s ( ,p]sia4 ,& f ! book ( ,e/h] x is evid5t t ! ,jews prosp]$ greatly dur+ ! reign ( ,x]xes4 #e4 ,! prophets1 dur+ ! captivity ( ,judah1 7 e>ne/ 9 _! endeavors to pres]ve ! integrity & rev]5ce ( ! p1 & x 0 l>gely due to !m t _m ( ! obs]vances ( ! ,mosaic law1 & a lov+ remembrance ( ! ,temple & ( ,j]usalem1 prevail$ s f> z x did 9 spite ( ! idolatries ( ! p by :om !y 7 surr\nd$4 ,j]emiah1 ,ezekiel1 & ,daniel1 ) ,obadiah1 7 ! prophets ( ! captivities4 ,,prophets ,,dur+ ,,! ,,captivity4 #f4 ,be=e ! captivity ,j]emiah#aje _h =etold ! captivity ( ,judah1 = sev5ty ye>s1 9 ,babylon1 ,j]4 #be3hab1 & also ! fall ( ,babylon 7v]ses #acch74 ,8 fai?fulness endang]$ 8 life1 & :5 ,nebu*adnezz> took ,j]usalem he f\nd ,j]emiah 9 prison & releas$ him1 (f]+ him a resid5ce 9 ,babylon4 ,! prophet1 h[ev]1 *ose to rema9 ) ! remnant ( ,judah :o 7 n c>ri$ away1 & :5 ?is remnant fl$ to ,egypt1 = fe> ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 !y took ,j]emiah ) !m4 ,see ! acc\nt 9 ,j]4 #dc3f4 #g4 ,a rec5t rem>kable discov]y has be5 made1 9 ,egypt1 ( ! palace ( ,ph>aoh-hophra1 ! ,egyptian k+ :o reign$ at ! "t ,j]emiah 0 c>ri$ to ,egypt1 ab\t ,b4 ,c4 #ehe4 ,! prophet prote/$ aga9/ ! dep>ture to ,egypt ( ! remnant ( :i* we h spok51 & =ew>n$ !m t ,nebu*adnezz> w\ld g to ,egypt & w\ld ov]come ,ph>aoh-hophra & w\ld pit* 8 t5t 9 ! c\rt ( ?is palace4 ,sev]al clay cyl9d]s h be5 pick$ up 9 ! vic9ity be>+ ! "n ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 & prov+ t he _h be5 "h1 & ! brick pavem5t1 or c\rt1 be=e ! palace1 :i* seems to be allud$ to 9 ,j]4 #dc3i1 has be5 uncov]$4 ,x 0 "h t ! prophet hid ! /ones at ! place he =etold z t :]e ,nebu*adnezz> %\ld set 8 pavilion4 ,! palace 0 at ,tahpanhes 7pron\nc$ tah-pan-heez71 ,j]4 #dc3hac4 ,,tahpanhes4 #h4 ,tahap5es1 also writt5 ,tahpanhes1 ,j]4 #dc3g1 #i1 or ,tehaphnehes1 ,ezek4 #cj3ah1 0 an ,egyptian city on ! ea/ ( ! ,delta1 sev5ty-eight miles ea/-nor!a/ f ! pres5t ,cairo1 & ^u ! mo/ ea/]n bran* ( ! ,nile4 ,9 #ahhf ,mr4 ,petrie discov]$1 at ?is place1 ! palace above allud$ to1 at :i* ! ,ph>aoh 7,hophra7 !n reign+ probably receiv$ k+ ,z$ekiah's daught]s1 to :i* !re seems a ref]5ce 9 ! traditional "n 8,ca/le ( ! ,jew's daught]40 ,! place is n[ call$ ,tell ,def5neh1 b !re exi/ only ru9s cov]$ by a m\nd4 ,,daniel4 #i4 ,daniel w5t into captivity six or sev5 ye>s be=e ! captivity ( ,ezekiel1 :5 ,nebu*adnezz> fir/ laid siege to ,j]usalem1 ,b4 ,c4 #fjf4 ,at ?is "t ! k+ ( ,babylon took captive ,daniel & 8 companions1 :o 7 "y & ( noble families1 & _h !m s5t to 8 palace to be educat$ = ! k+'s s]vice4 ,! ,assyrian records %[ t x 0 a cu/om among ! k+s to select "y m5 ( tal5t & educate !m at royal exp5se1 t !y might be special (fic]s at c\rt4 ,daniel 0 s *os51 ) ?ree o!rs1 & !y 7 8taught ! le>n+ & ! tongue ( ! ,*aldans10 ,dan4 #a3d4 ,_! great skill & wisdom r\s$ a jeal\sy among ! pr9ces ( ! c\rt aga9/ ! companions ( ,daniel1 & :ile ,daniel 0 abs5t on "s commission1 or o!r duty1 8 companions 7 condemn$ to be burn$ alive1 b 7 deliv]$ by div9e int]f]5ce1 ,dan4 #c4 ,,ezekiel4 #aj4 ,! prophet ,ezekiel w5t into captivity ) ,jehoia*9 k+ ( ,judah1 elev5 ye>s be=e ! f9al captivity1 & 0 plac$ ) a ,jewi% company at ! riv] ,*eb>1 :i* may be ! same z 8,! royal ,canal10 j nor? ( ,babylon1 & :i* 0 dug by ,nebu*adnezz> to unite ! wat]s ( ! ,euphrates & ! ,tigris4 ,?is prophet 0 skill$ 9 ! law & a fai?ful prie/ & tea*]1 & 8 influ5ce 0 great among ! captives4 ,,obadiah4 #aa4 ,obadiah 0 ! f\r? prophet1 ^: prophecies seem to h be5 deliv]$ ab\t ,b4 ,c4 #ehg1 or dur+ ! captivity ( ,judah & soon aft] ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem by ,nebu*adnezz>4 ,he appe>s z specially commission$ to =etell ! puni%m5t ( ! ,edomites = _! pride & insult+ rejoic+ at ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem & ! di/ress ( ! ,jews4 ,accord+ to ,josephus1 ?is w>n+ receiv$ its fulfilm5t ab\t five ye>s aft] ! prophecy4 ,,assyrian ,,k+s ,,( ,,! ,,captivity4 #ab4 ,( ! k+s ( ,assyria & ,babylon dur+ ! captivities ! fir/ m5tion$ 9 ,scripture is ,tigla?-piles]1 ( :om & 8 successors we h already spok51 pages #aei1 #afj4 ,^! k+s 7 active only 9 ! captivities ( ,israel4 ,nebu*adnezz> 0 connect$ ) ! captivities ( ,judah4 ,,nebu*adnezz>4 ,nebu*adnezz> began to reign ,b4 ,c4 #fjd4 ,dur+ 8 reign ( =ty-?ree ye>s ,babylon rose to its highe/ spl5dor & rema9$ a magnific5t city until 8 dea? 9 ,b4 ,c4 #efb4 ,8 madness1 spok5 ( by ,daniel1 is n di/9ctly /at$ 9 ,assyrian hi/ory1 b an inscription1 n[ 9 ! ,ea/ ,india ,h\se at ,london1 gives an acc\nt ( ! v>i\s works ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 & abruptly says t 8 he>t 0 h>d5$ aga9/ ! ,*aldan a/rolog]s4 8,he w\ld grant no b5efactions = religi\s purposes4 ,he int]mitt$ ! wor%ip ( ,m]oda*1 & put an end to ! sacrifice ( victims4 ,he labor$ "u ! effects ( en*antm5t40 ,?is la/ s5t5ce seems to accord ) ! /atem5t ( ,daniel 7*apt]s #ad74 ,! record ref]r$ to 0 f\nd 9 ! ru9s on ! ,tigris4 #ac4 ,! son & successor ( ,nebu*adnezz> 0 ,evil-m]oda*1 ,b4 ,c4 #efa4 ,he releas$ ! captive k+ ( ,judah1 ,jehoia*91 & treat$ him z a pr9ce & ) special favor4 ,8 si/]'s husb&1 ,n]igliss>1 succe$$ him ,b4 ,c4 #eei4 ,he is m5tion$ 9 #b ,k+s #be3bg2 ,j]4 #eb3ca4 #ad4 ,?is ,n]igliss>1 or1 z ! monum5ts pres5t x1 ,n]gal-,%>ez]1 held ! ?rone only ?ree ye>s1 & 0 foll[$ by 8 son1 a m9or1 :o p]i%$ 9 a conspiracy ( ! nobles aft] a reign ( only n9e mon?s4 ,"o ( ^! nobles1 ,nabonidus by "n1 asc5d$ ! ?rone & held x till ! city 0 captur$ by ,cyrus4 ,x 0 8 son1 ,bel%azz>1 :o1 z elde/ son1 reign$ ) 8 fa!r :5 ,babylon 0 tak51 8 fa!r hav+ entru/$ him ) ! c>e ( ! city :ile he1 ) ! ma9 "p ( ! army1 0 engag$ ) ,cyrus1 eight miles (f at ,borsippa4 #ae4 ,cyrus did n assume ! rule ( ,babylon imm$iately z its titul> k+4 ,he 0 supreme ov] all ,asia f ,india to ! ,bosphorus1 b1 = "s reason1 a ,m$ian pr9ce 0 e/abli%$ = a "t z nom9al k+1 al?\gh ,cyrus reta9$ all ! p[]4 ,t pr9ce 0 ,d>ius1 ! son ( ,cyax>es1 a *ildless man ( sixty-two ye>s ( age4 ,:51 two ye>s aft] 8 appo9tm5t1 he di$1 ,cyrus assum$ ! p[] & became k+ ( ,babylon4#ajf ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,captivity ,,end$4 #a4 ,9 ! fir/ ye> ( 8 reign1 ,b4 ,c4 #ecf1 ,cyrus issu$ a decree ( lib]ty to ! ,jews to return to ,j]usalem & rebuild ! ,temple1 ,ezra #a3bd4 #b4 ,no m ?an #db1cfj1 includ+ *ildr51 c\ld be p]suad$ to return4 ,b 9 addition !re 7 ov] #g1jjj male & female s]vants4 ,( ! prie/ly clans1 only f\r out ( tw5ty-f\r 7 ready to g out1 b ^! add$ #d1jjj4 ,( ! ,levites1 only sev5ty-f\r c>$ to leave ,babylon4 ,?is multitude1 ( ab\t #ej1jjj1 set out z a c>avan to rea* ,pale/9e1 _m ( !m hav+ to travel ! :ole di/ance on foot1 z only #h1acf animals1 = c>riage1 accompani$ !m4 ,! j\rney occupi$ ab\t f\r mon?s & :5 !y arriv$ !y f\nd mu* ( ! l& preoccupi$ by ! surr\nd+ nations4 ,b1 aft] mu* labor & consid]able opposition1 ! ,temple ( ,j]usalem 0 rebuilt &1 aft] long] delay1 ! walls arose f ! ru9s4 ,b4 ,c4 #eaf is ! date ( ! second ,temple1 & ,b4 ,c4 #dde ( ! rebuilt walls4 ,,! ,,numb] ,,( ,,! ,,jews ,,z ,a ,,race4 #c4 ,! numb] ( ^? :o return$ to ,pale/9e 0 small comp>$ ) ! numb] ( ! ,jews z a race at ?is "t4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,david a c5sus ( ! nation 0 tak54 ,( ?is c5sus !re are two acc\nts1 "o 9 #b ,sam4 #bd3i1 ! o!r 9 #a ,*ron4 #ba3e4 ,! fir/ gives #hjj1jjj z ! numb] 9 ,israel1 & #ejj1jjj 9 ,judah1 ( ^? 8:o drew ! sword40 ,9 ^! /atem5ts ! tribes ( bo? ,levi & ,b5jam9 7 omitt$1 ! =m] because !y 7 n subject to milit>y duty1 & ! latt] = ! reason /at$ 9 ! text1 #a ,*ron4 #ba3f4 #d4 ,?is c5sus made ! numb] ( m5 capable ( be>+ arms #a1cjj1jjj4 ,x seems f #a ,*ron4 #bg3a t !re 0 a /&+ army ( #bd1jjj1 r5ew$ e mon? f ,israel1 & drawn f an e/abli%$ organization ( twelve times t numb]1 :i* ,joab1 :o took ! c5sus1 may n h includ$ 9 ! numb] ( ! c5sus ( ,israel1 #b ,sam4 #bd3i1 b :i* has be5 add$ by ! writ] ( #a ,*ron4 #ba3e4 ,?is increases ! numb] by ab\t #cjj1jjj1 s t ! total w\ld be ab\t #a1fjj1jjj ( bo? ,israel & ,judah1 ) ! exception ( ! numb] lo/ by a pe/il5ce :i* imm$iately foll[$ ^u ! c5sus4 ,b ! tribes ( ,levi & ,b5jam91 :i* 7 n numb]$1 z we h %[n above1 w\ld fully replace ! numb] lo/ by ! pe/il5ce4 ,h5ce at ! "t ( ,david ! able-bodi$ m5 ( ! entire nation 7 ab\t #a1fjj1jjj1 & ?is numb] c\ld n h be5 mat]ially less5$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! captivities4 #e4 ,an important fact connect$ ) ! captivities 0 t ! memb]s ( ! able/ families1 ! weal?ie/ & mo/ influ5tial1 7 *iefly includ$ among ! captives1 &1 9 ! case ( ,judah1 n only ! mo/ le>n$1 b ! mo/ dev\tly atta*$ to ! ,mosaic law ( all ! tribes1 w5t into captivity4 #f4 ,:at became ( a l>ge "p ( ! ,jewi% p j be=e ^! times is pla9 f ! ref]5ces to ^? :o _h fl$ dur+ ! v>i\s w>s ( ! captivities1 or :o might h be5 tak5 captive or retir$ to o!r nations ?an ! ,assyrian1 #b ,k+s #be3d1 #bb1 #bf2 #b ,*ron4 #bh3ag1 #ah2 ,j]4 #bi3d2 #da3aj4 ,s t we may reasonably suppose t l>ge numb]s1 especially f ! t5 tribes ( ,israel1 ei!r rema9$ 9 ,pale/9e aft] ! captivity1 or dep>t$ to ! ea/ ( ! ,jordan or to ,egypt1 & p]haps to o!r c\ntries4 ,a consid]able numb] ( ! p ( ,judah :o 7 left aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! captivity w5t d[n z we h said1 page #aff1 into ,egypt1 tak+ ! prophet ,j]emiah ) !m2#ajg b all probably p]i%$ !re1 z =etold by t prophet1 ,j]4 #db3aibb4 ,,condition ,,( ,,j]usalem ,,at ,,! ,,return4 #g4 ,j]usalem 0 9 ru9s4 ,its walls 7 brok5 d[n1 & its palaces & ,temple & all ! *ief h\ses & monum5ts ( e description 7 levell$ & burn$ s f> z 0 possible4 ,judg+ f ! allusions to ! de/roy$ city :i* are occasionally f\nd 9 ,jewi% writ]s1 & f ! acc\nts ( simil> de/ructions by ,assyrian & ,babyloni% k+s1 x is probable t ! city 0 m utt]ly ru9$ & made m un9habitable ?an ev] be=e or s9ce4 ,9 ! "t ( ,amaziah1 k+ ( ,judah1 ,b4 ,c4 #hbf1 ! wall = ab\t #fjj feet 0 brok5 d[n by ,jehoa%1 k+ ( ,israel1 #b ,k+s #ad3ac1 b ! de/ruction by ,nebu*adnezz>'s 8capta9 ( ! gu>d0 0 f> m t]rible1 s9ce x ext5d$ to ! entire city1 z well z to ! walls1 & probably to ! smalle/ dwell+s4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,aft] ,,! ,,return4 #h4 ,! wor%ip at ,j]usalem soon became prom95tly important ?r\gh\t ! l&4 ,! /rict obs]vance ( ! ,law & a deep hatr$ ( idolatry seem fully to h occupi$ ! m9ds ( ! p1 & ! fea/ ( ! ,passov] 0 obs]v$ at ,j]usalem ) ! o!r fea/s1 9 /rict accordance ) ! ,law4 ,! sacrifices 7 made & burnt-(f]+s (f]$ be=e ! f\ndations ( ! ,temple 7 laid1 only ! alt> hav+ be5 set up ^u ! =m] site & 9 ! op5 air4 #i4 ,v few1 if any1 ( ^? ,jews :o _h be5 scatt]$ abroad came f ! remnants ( ! t5 tribes ar\nd ! di/ant places ( nor!rn ,assyria & f ! o!r regions2 b a new immigration1 "u ,ezra1 came f ,babylon br++ 9 ab\t #f1jjj m4#ajh ,?is la/ immigration 0 n until fifty-eight ye>s aft] ! second ,temple _h be5 built "u ,z]ubbabel1#aji :o w5t out ) ! ,jews f ,babylon "u ! edict ( ,cyrus1 at ! fir/ dep>ture ( ! captives1 ,b4 ,c4 #ehh4 #aj4 ,mu* ( ! hi/ory ( ^! times is d]iv$ f ! hi/orian ,josephus1 b some?+ may be le>n$ f ! writ+s ( ! prophets ,haggai & ,ze*>iah4 ,haggai enc\rag$ ,z]ubbabel 9 ! build+ ( ! ,temple1 ,ezra #e3a1 #b4 ,he fir/ appe>s 9 ! second ye> ( ,d>ius ,hy/aspes1 ,b4 ,c4 #eba4 ,ab\t two mon?s#aaj aft] ,haggai ! prophet ,ze*>iah began to prophesy 9 ,j]usalem4 ,mala*i1 ! la/ ( ! prophets1 utt]$ 8 w>n+s & repro(s1 & =etold ! com+ ,messiah1 ab\t #abe ye>s aft] ,haggai & ,ze*>iah1 or probably ab\t ,b4 ,c4 #cig4 #aa4 ,"o ( ! books ( ! ,bible conta9s ! hi/ory ( ,e/h]1 :i* reveals to u ! ext5t ( ,jewi% settlem5t & gr[? 9 ! ,p]sian prov9ces at ab\t ! era ( ,x]xes1 :o came to ! ?rone ( ,p]sia ,b4 ,c4 #dhe1 fifty ye>s aft] ! return ( ! ,jews to ,pale/9e4#aaa ,cyrus _h be5 succe$$ by 8 son ,cambyses1 ^: reign 0 sp5t *iefly 9 attempt+ to reconqu] ,egypt1 until 8 dea? by suicide1 ,b4 ,c4 #ebb4 ,he 0 succe$$ by ,d>ius1 :o reign$ till ,b4 ,c4 #dhf1 & dur+ t reign ! ,jews _h peace & prosp]ity1 bo? 9 ,pale/9e & ,p]sia4 ,at ! dea? ( ,d>ius1 ,x]xes began 8 reign ( tw5ty-"o ye>s4 ,?is k+1 kn[n z ,x]xes among ! ,greeks1 0 call$ ,ahasu]us among ! ,hebrews1 & is s pres5t$ to u 9 ! book ( ,e/h]4 #ab4 ,! k+ 0 sp5d+ 8 "t at 8 spl5did capital ,susa1 :5 he gave a fea/ ( unexampl$ extravagance4 ,x 0 at ?is fea/ t he became enrag$ at 8 que5 because %e refus$ to pres5t h]self1 at ! ord] ( ! k+1 be=e ! half-drunk5 revell]s ( ! occasion4 ,! que5 0 depos$1 & ,e/h] 0 *os5 9 h] place4 ,! new que5 0 an orphan maid5 ( ! tribe ( ,b5jam91 &1 ab\t ,b4 ,c4 #dgh1 %e appe>$ be=e ! k+ & ! royal cr[n 0 plac$ ^u h] head4 ,?r\gh jeal\sy a plot 0 orig9at$ by ,haman to de/roy ! ,jews4 ,?is plot 0 prev5t$ by ,e/h]1 & ! ,jews 7 p]mitt$ to def5d !mselves & slay all :o %\ld attempt _! de/ruction1 ?r\gh\t ! 8"o hundr$ & tw5ty-sev5 prov9ces0 ( ! ,empire4 #ac4 ,! rec5t explorations1 by ! ,fr5* ar*ologi/ ,m4 ,m>cel ,dieulafoy1 9 ! ext5sive m\nds ( ! site ( anci5t ,susa1 h %[n a v surpris+ accuracy 9 ! description1 bo? ( ! palace & its ornam5ts1 z f\nd 9 ! book ( ,e/h]4 8,! brilliant color+ ( ! glaz$ tiles1 ! gorge\s decoration ( ! palace walls1 ! h&some friezes & enorm\s capitals10#aab =m+ "p ( ! collection br\ght toge!r at ! ,muse du ,l\vre1 toge!r ) ! plan ( ! palace1 its c\rts & g>d5s1 af=d suffici5t evid5ce t ! unkn[n au?or ( ! hi/ory ( ,e/h] mu/ h be5 well acqua9t$ n only ) ! /ructure ( ! palace1 b ) ! cu/oms ( ! p4 ,,susa4 #ad4 ,susa 0 ! ,greek "n ( ! place call$ ,%u%an 9 ,neh4 #a3a1 & frequ5tly s 9 ! book ( ,e/h]4#aac ,x has be5 id5tifi$ ) ext5sive ru9s #age miles nor? ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf & #bge miles ea/ ( ,babylon4 ,"o ( ! m\nds %[s ! rema9s ( a va/ palace ) "o c5tral hall conta9+ ?irty-six columns ab\t sixty feet 9 height4 ,o!r halls & columns ) por*es make x c]ta9 t ?is is ! palace call$ s frequ5tly 8,%u%an ! palace0 9 ! hi/ory ( ,e/h]4 ,x 0 ! capital ( ,elam1 ! c\ntry ar\nd be+ call$ ,susiana4 ,x 0 an anci5t city & 0 captur$ by ! ,assyrian k+ ,assur-bani-pal ab\t ,b4 ,c4 #fej4 ,:5 ! fa!r ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 ,nabopolass> k+ ( ,babylon1 & ,cyax>es k+ ( ,m$ia1 conqu]$ ,n9eveh & divid$ ! empire betwe5 !m1 ,%u%an fell to ,babylon4 ,! weal? ( ! city may be kn[n f ! fact t at ! ,mac$onian conque/ ( ?is region ,alex&] f\nd treasure "h ( ! value ( #fj1jjj1jjj4 ,x is situat$ on ! ea/ bank ( ! ,%apur ,riv]1 :i* is suppos$ to h be5 ! ,ulai 7pron\nc$ u-la-i7 ( ! book ( ,daniel1 ,dan4 #h3a1 #b1 #bg4 #ae4 ,x 0 9 ! palace 9 ,susa t ,nehemiah held ! (fice ( cup-be>] to ! ,p]sian k+ ,artax]xes1 ,b4 ,c4 #ddf1 ?irty-two ye>s aft] ,e/h] 0 cr[n$1 ,b4 ,c4 #dgh4 #af4 ,x is %[n by ?is hi/ory t ! ,jews1 fifty-eight ye>s aft] _! fre$om 0 grant$ !m1 ,b4 ,c4 #ecf to ,b4 ,c4 #dgh1 _h already spread ov] ! prov9ces ( ,p]sia4 ,! ext5t ( ^! prov9ces 0 su*1 accord+ to ,rawl9son1 t ,p]sia des]v$ ! title ( a mighty empire1#aad hav+ 9 ! middle ( ! six? c5tury be=e ! ,*ri/ian era 8e/abli%$ itself on ! ru9s ( ! ,assyrian & ,babylonian k+doms40 ,! mono!i/ic nature ( ! religion ( ! ,p]sians1 & ! fact t x all[$ no idolatry nor any repres5tation ( ! ,supreme ,be+ "u any mat]ial =m1#aae r5d]$ ! ,jewi% settlem5t f> less objectionable 9 ,p]sia ?an 9 any o!r l&1 & x is1 !re=e1 n improbable t ! ,jewi% population 0 great] 9 ! ,p]sian ,empire alone ?an x 0 at ! same p]iod 9 ,pale/9e aft] ! return f ,babylon4 ,! population ( ,susa 9 ! "t ( ,x]xes is suppos$ to h be5 ab\t 8a half a million40#aaf #ag4 ,z ! rec5tly discov]$ monum5ts h1 9 sev]al in/ances1 enabl$ u to correct ! errors ( ! ,greek writ]s ( ?is age1 we h giv5 a complete view ( ! ,p]sian successions f ,cyrus to ,alex&] ! ,great4#aag ,cyrus1 ,b4 ,c4 #ech4 ,captur$ ,babylon4 ,! ,p]sian army ent]$ ,babylonia f ! s\?4 ,june #af ! ,p]sian g5]al ,gobryas m>*$ 94 ,9 ,octob] ,cyrus himself ent]$ 8 new capital4 ,b4 ,c4 #ecf4 ,,! ,,proclamation to ! ,jews1 end+ captivity4 ,b4 ,c4 #ebi4 ,,dea? ,,( ,,cyrus4 ,cambyses1 ,b4 ,c4 #ebi4 ,invad$ & conqu]$ ,egypt2 ent]$ ,e?iopia,oasis ( ,ammon2 committ$ suicide aft] eight ye>s' reign alone1 two ye>s hav+ be5 ) ,cyrus4 ,,gomates1 a ,magian1 usurp$ ! ?rone = less ?an a ye>1 f six to eight mon?s4 ,d>ius ,i41 ,b4 ,c4 #eba4 ,son ( ,hy/aspes4 ,slew ,gomates4 ,,zoroa/rianism decl>$ ! religion ( ! empire4 ,,susa revolt$ & ,,babylon also2 ! =m] soon subdu$1 b ,babylon requir$ two ye>s1 ! ,p]sians ent]+ dur+ a fe/ival by m>*+ along ! dry *annel ( ! ,euphrates4 ,h]odotus errs 9 attribut+ ?is "w to ,cyrus4 ,! city 0 tak5 ,b4 ,c4 #eai1 9 ,june4 ,eight consecutive revolts4 ,d>ius conqu]$ all & c5traliz$ ! empire 9 himself4 ,he conqu]$ ! ,punjab 7,india74 ,! ,?racian coa/ & ,mac$onia became tribut>y4 ,d>ius di$ 9 ! #fc;d ye> ( 8 age1 #cf? ( 8 reign1 ,b4 ,c4 #dhf4 ,x]xes1 ,b4 ,c4 #dhf4 ,attempt$ to cont9ue ! w> ) ,a!ns4 ,lo/ 8 army1 lo/ ! gean isles1 ! ,greek colonies ( ,asia ,m9or1 ! coa/ ( ,?race1 & ! comm& ( ! ,hellespont4 ,be=e ?is campaign he burn$ ! temple ( ,belus 9 ,babylon4 ,he 0 murd]$ ,b4 ,c4 #dff4 ,he invad$ ,egypt ,b4 ,c4 #dhd4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is reign t ,e/h] became que54 ,artax]xes ,i41 ,b4 ,c4 #dff4 ,longimanus1 s call$ f 8 long h&s4 ,succe$$ aft] cru%+ ! ,bactrians "u ,hy/aspes & murd]+ ano!r bro!r4 ,b4 ,c4 #dee put d[n a revolt 9 ,egypt4 ,b4 ,c4 #ddi treaty ( peace betwe5 ,a!ns & ,p]sia 9 :i* ! ,greek colonies 9 ,asia ,m9or 7 rel9qui%$4 ,a satrap ( ,syria extort$ t]ms ( peace4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is reign t ,nehemiah 0 cup-be>] to ! k+ at ,susa1 call$ ,%u%an4 ,x]xes ,,ii41 ,b4 ,c4 #dbe4 ,assass9at$1 aft] =ty-five days' reign1 by 8 illegitimate bro!r ,sogdianus1 & he 9 turn by ,o*us aft] six mon?s4 ,he took ! "n ( ,d>ius4 ,d>ius ,,ii41 ,b4 ,c4 #dbd4 ,call$ ,no?us4 ,8 reign a s]ies ( revolts = n9ete5 ye>s4 ,he lo/ ,egypt1 b by ! de/ruction ( ! ,a!nian p[] rega9$ ! ,greek colonies ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,artax]xes ,,ii41 ,b4 ,c4 #dje4 ,call$ ,mnemon f 8 great memory4 ,8 y\ng] bro!r1 :o 0 satrap 9 ,asia ,m9or1 revolt$ & ) #aac1jjj soldi]s1 #ac1jjj ( :om 7 ,greeks "u ,x5ophon1 f\ght = ! ,p]sian ?rone1 b lo/ 8 life at ,cunaxa1 & ! retreat ( ! ,greeks "u ,x5ophon became "o ( ! great feats ( hi/ory4 ,sp>ta's =ces1 h[ev]1 made !mselves ma/]s ( ,we/]n ,asia ,b4 ,c4 #ciicie1 b x 0 re/or$ ?r\gh ,p]sian gold & diss5sion at home4 ,di$ ,b4 ,c4 #cei4 ,o*us1 ,b4 ,c4 #cei4 ,he de/roy$ all ! o!r pr9ces ( ! royal family4 ,he fail$ at fir/ to recov] ,egypt & lo/ ,phnicia & ,cyprus1 b 8 g5]al ,bagoas reconqu]$ ,egypt & de/roy$ ,sidon1 & = six ye>s !re 0 peace until ,b4 ,c4 #cch1 :5 ,o*us 0 poison$4 ,arses1 ,b4 ,c4 #cch4 ,0 rais$ to ! ?rone by ,bagoas aft] murd]+ all 8 bro!rs4 ,two ye>s aft]1 ,arses & 8 *ildr5 7 murd]$ & ,bagoas plac$ ! cr[n on ! head ( ,codomannus1 :o took ! "n ( ,d>ius ,,iii4 ,d>ius ,,iii41 ,b4 ,c4 #ccf4 ,call$ ,codomannus4 ,b4 ,c4 #ccd 8 army 0 defeat$ by ,alex&] ! ,great at ! pla9 ( ,issus1 ne> ! nor!a/ corn] ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,alex&]4 ,alex&] !n pass$ on to ,tyre & besieg$ & captur$ x4 ,aft] ?is he visit$ ,j]usalem dur+ ! high-prie/hood ( ,jaddua & did honor to ! city & ,temple4#aah ,alex&ria built ,b4 ,c4 #ccb4 ,he !n captur$ ,gaza & ent]$ ,egypt & ! ,oasis ( ,ammon4 ,he return$ to ,babylonia1 & ,b4 ,c4 #cca at ,gaugamela1 t5 miles ea/ ( ,n9eveh1 defeat$ ,d>ius1 :o fl$ & 0 murd]$4 ,! ,p]sian ,empire fell n[ to ,alex&]4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,canonical ,,books4 ,,sam>itan ,,p5tateu*4 #a4 ,! ^w 8,canon0 is a ,greek ^w & means a 8measure10 or 8rule40 ,x 0 fir/ us$ 9 ! f\r? c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era to designate ! au?oriz$ books ( ! ,bible4 ,b ! "q arises1 ,by :om 7 ^! books det]m9$8 ,! hi/ory is z foll[s4 #b4 ,dur+ ! captivity ( ,judah a _s ( rev]5ce = ! ,law arose1 & aft] !y came back to ,pale/9e x 0 *]i%$ to an ext5t nev] be=e kn[n4 #c4 ,at no "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,jews _h a p]iod exi/$ :5 a true ,canon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t writ+s c\ld bett] h be5 =m$4 ,! l>ge numb] ( le>n$ & dev\t m5 :o 7 f\nd by ,ezra compet5t to expla9 ! ,scriptures1 z record$ by ,nehemiah1 *apt]s eight & n9e1 proves t ! /udy ( ! ,law _h n be5 neglect$ dur+ ! captivity2 &1 z we "k1 sev]al ( ! prophets utt]$ _! prophecies to ! nation n long be=e1 z well z soon aft]1 ! return4 #d4 ,! tradition seems to be well su/a9$ t ?is 0 ! era :5 m c>eful att5tion 0 paid to ! 8collect+1 au!nticat+1 & def9+ ! canonical books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t & 9 multiply+ copies ( !m1 by c>eful transcription10#aai ?an ev] be=e or s9ce4 #e4 ,! traditions ( ! v>i\s sects _h n yet di/ract$ att5tion f t :i* 0 m tru/wor?y 9 ,jewi% hi/ory & 9 ! cle>] & m c]ta9 deliv]ances ( _! anci5t se]s & prophets4 #f4 ,we mu/ n[ rememb] t all ! books1 except ! ,mosaic books ( ! ,p5tateu*1 7 9 sep>ate manuscripts4 ,^? :i* ,ezra _h 7 ei!r copies ( ^? :i* _h escap$ ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 or !y 7 ! orig9al manuscripts !mselves4 #g4 ,t "s manuscripts did escape t de/ruction is evid5t f ! words ( ,daniel 7#i3b71 by :i* we see t he1 :ile 9 ,babylon1 0 9 possession ( ! writ+s ( ,j]emiah & ( o!r books 8& ( ! ,law ( ,moses ! s]vant ( ,god10 v]ses #aa1 #ac1 sev5te5 ye>s be=e ! close ( ! captivity1 namely ,b4 ,c4 #eec4 ,b ev5 )\t any def9ite /atem5t z to ! actual exi/5ce ( ! manuscripts ( ! ,old ,te/am5t books1 x is incr$ible t ) all _! devotion to ! ,law !re %\ld h be5 no copies 9 ! possession ( any "o4 ,:5 we rememb] _! int5se reg>d = _! anci5t hi/ory & = ! songs ( ,zion2 & :5 we consid] ! rev]5tial le>n+ & ability ( su* m5 z ,ezra1 ,nehemiah1 ,ze*>iah1 ,haggai1 ,mala*i & o!rs1 x is n reasonable to suppose t !re %\ld h be5 no copies ( ! sacr$ books extant at ! "t ( ! return4 #h4 ,ezra 0 n only skill$ 9 ! ,hebrew1 b also 9 ! ,*aldee1 call$ ,aramaic4 ,he 0 ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! lit]ature ( ! ,jewi% nation & deeply imbu$ ) ! _s ( 8 (fice z prie/ & scribe4 ,& ,ezra 0 n alone 9 ?is respect4 #i4 ,x 0 9 8 "t1 z ! ,jewi% writ+s tell u1 t able & dev\t m5 among ! ,jews1 call$ eld]s1 7 assembl$ "u ,ezra's direction ) ! purpose ( =m+ a body sometimes call$ ! ,great ,c\ncil or ,synagogue4 ,^! eld]s1 ) ,ezra & probably ,nehemiah1 ! prophets ,haggai1 ,ze*>iah1 & ye>s aft]w>d ,mala*i1 cont9u$ to meet ?r\gh _m ye>s1 "s ( ! mo/ le>n$ & dev\t tak+ ! places ( ^? :o di$1 until ! dea? ( "o 8,simon ! ,j10 ab\t ,b4 ,c4 #cjj1abj :5 ?is c\ncil 0 app>5tly resolv$ into t c\rt ( ! ,jews call$ ! 8,sanh$r940 ,jewi% tradition ass]ts t ! entire numb] ( ! ,great ,synagogue 0 "o hundr$ & tw5ty1 dur+ ab\t z _m ye>s4 #aj4 ,?is body ( 8,! ,great ,synagogue0 det]m9$ ! numb] ( ! books4 ,a lett] to "s ( ! ,jews 9 ,egypt aft] ! ,temple 0 built /ates t ,nehemiah _h already collect$ 8a libr>y0 9 ! ,temple4 ,9 ?is acc\nt x is said t ,nehemiah1 :ile f\nd+ a libr>y1 ga!r$ toge!r ! writ+s conc]n+ ! k+s & prophets1 & ! writ+s ( ,david1 & lett]s ( k+s ab\t (f]+s4#aba ,b ! *ief object 0 to collect ^? writ+s :i* 7 n only anci5t & 7 copies ( ! anci5t hi/ory1 b ^? :i* _h to d ) ! relations ( ,god to ! p & _! duties t[>ds ,god4 #aa4 ,f _m allusions to ^! times x is evid5t t !re nev] 0 a p]iod :5 ! p 7 s will+1 & ev5 e>ne/ly desir\s1 to le>n & obey :atev] 0 duty4#abb ,:at 0 n[ want$ by ! :ole ,jewi% p 0 su* a collection f all _! lit]ature t x %\ld be well au!nticat$ & tru/wor?y z hi/ory1 & at ! same "t au?oritative z a guide & z a rule ( fai? & practice4 #ab4 ,f :at we h n[ said1 x is evid5t t no "o 0 m compet5t = ! "w ( ga!r+ ^! records ?an 7 ,ezra & 8 associates1 & ! ,jewi% records ass]t t he1 ) ,nehemiah & o!rs1 p]=m$ ?is "w ( ga!r+ & select+1 & ?us =m+ t collection ( ! anci5t writ+s :i* n only he1 b ^? ( ?is ! mo/ le>n$ & dev\t age1 consid]$ to be tru?ful1 &1 z ,josephus says1 8directions ( ,god10 or z ,eusebius quot$ him1 8ju/ly consid]$ div9e40 #ac4 ,:5 ^! writ+s 7 ga!r$ & pron\nc$ to be ! books :i*1 ,josephus says1 7 ^? 8compris+ a record ( all "t & ju/ly confid$ 910 z he decl>es1 8no "o ev] aft] v5tur$ to add any?+ to !m1 nor take away f !m1 nor alt] !m40#abc ,! ,old ,te/am5t 0 n[ =m$ & settl$ & ! ,canonical p]iod 0 clos$4 ,,! ,,in/itution ,,( ,,! ,,synagogue4 #ad4 ,! mean+ ( ! ^w synagogue is simply 8a ga!r+ toge!r10 b ! "n became1 9 aft] ye>s1 a t]m = ! place & build+ :]e ! ,jews ga!r$ = wor%ip1 & ?is mean+ cont9ues to ! pres5t day4 #ae4 ,aft] ! exile began1 ! ,jews1 hav+ no temple 9 ,babylonia1 may h _h meet+-places1 b ! synagogue1 z x exi/$ 9 ! "t ( our ,savi\r & s9ce1 does n appe> to h be5 in/itut$ till long aft] ! return f ! captivity4 #af4 ,imm$iately aft] ! captivity ! synagogue became fully organiz$ z a place :]e ! ,jews ga!r$ to read ! law1 & h x read & expla9$ 9 ! language ( ! p2 = dur+ ! captivity ! anci5t pure ,hebrew 0 to a great ext5t =gott5 among ! common p1 & ! ,*aldan language1 :i* 0 t ( _! conqu]ors1 0 adopt$4 ,?is language 0 unlike ! anci5t ,hebrew1 & 0 call$ ! ,araman or ,aramaic1 & aft] ! captivity1 at ! synagogues1 !re 7 always pres5t "s :o 7 able to read & expla9 ! books ( ! law 9 bo? dialects1#abd ,neh4 #h3h4 ,al?\gh ! in/itution ( ! synagogue1 simply z su* a ga!r+ z we h j m5tion$1 took place be=e ! second ,temple 0 f9i%$1 x 0 cont9u$ ev] aft]w>d4 #ag4 ,! di/9ctive purpose ( ! ,temple 0 = ! (f]+ ( ! sacrifices1 & t ( ! synagogues 0 = pray] & he>+ ! ,scriptures4 ,9 lat] times1 j be=e & aft] ! ,*ri/ian era1 x became 9 addition a place = ! meet+ ( ,jewi% c\rts1 & n only 0 s5t5ce pron\nc$ 9 ^! c\rts1 b puni%m5t foll[$ ^u s5t5ce imm$iately4 ,h5ce we read t sc\rg+ might1 at "s "t1 be inflict$ !re4 ,see ,matt4 #aj3ag2 ,m>k #ac3i1 & else:]e4 ,,:o ,,7 ,,! ,,sam>itans8 #ah4 ,:5 ! t5 tribes 7 c>ri$ away captive by ,s>gon1 ,b4 ,c4 #gba1 o!r nations 7 transf]r$ f ! region to :i* ^! captives 7 tak51 accord+ to ! cu/om :i* we h m5tion$ 7pages #afj & #afa74 ,a l>ge numb] ( o!r captives f o!r l&s 7 import$ to ,sam>ia1 ! =m] capital & region ( ! t5 tribes4 ,_m ( ^! import$ hea!n captives jo9$ ) ! remnant ( ! ,israelites /ill rema9+ aft] ! captivity1 & made up a mix$ wor%ip ( ,jehovah z taught by "o ( ! prie/s1 #b ,k+s #ag3cd4 ,?is prie/1 at _! reque/1 ! k+ ( ,assyria return$ to !m1 to tea* !m ! ,jewi% way ( wor%ip1 #b ,k+s #ag3bg4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s cont9u$ 9 ,sam>ia until aft] ! return ( ,judah f ! captivity4 ,:5 ! ,jews und]took to rebuild ! ,temple "u ,z]ubbabel1 ^! ,sam>itans made application to jo9 !m 9 t "w & 7 refus$4 ,! refusal ar\s$ _! enmity & active opposition1 :i* 0 greatly increas$ 9 aft] times1 z we %all see4 ,,%e*em ,,& ,,sam>ia4 #ai4 ,%e*em 0 ?irty miles nor? f ,j]usalem & five miles s\!a/ f ! city ( ,sam>ia4 ,! di/rict ( ,sam>ia mu/ be di/+ui%$ f ! city ( ,sam>ia2 ! latt] hav+ be5 ! resid5ce ( ! k+s ( ,israel1 or ( ! nor!rn k+dom1 = _m ye>s4 ,at ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great ! ,sam>itans 7 expell$ f ?is city because ( a mut9y aga9/ "o ( 8 appo9t$ gov]nors ( ,syria2 b a remnant 0 p]mitt$ to occupy ,%e*em1#abe :]e !y h dw9dl$ d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,,! ,,sam>itan ,,p5tateu*4 #bj4 ,"o v anci5t copy ( ! ,p5tateu*1 or fir/ five books1 call$ ! ,law ( ,moses1 rema9s among ?is remnant ( ! ,sam>itans1 at ,%e*em 9 ,pale/9e4 ,x is writt5 9 ! anci5t ,hebrew lett]s us$ be=e ! captivity1 & ?is p>ticul> copy is ! olde/ 9 ! _w1 s f> z is at pres5t kn[n4 ,x is writt5 9 ! pure old ,hebrew language1 b conta9s only ! fir/ five books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 "o s+le roll4 ,x is call$ ! ,sam>itan1 only because x is own$ by ! ,sam>itans & has be5 9 _! possession f a p]iod sev]al c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era d[n to ! pres5t "t4#abf #ba4 ,x has be5 prov5 t dur+ & aft] ! captivity all ! writ+s ( ! ,scriptures1 & especially ! books ( ,moses1 7 transcrib$ only into ! squ>e =ms ( ,hebrew lett]s :i* are n[ us$ 9 all our ,hebrew ,bibles4#abg ,x seems highly probable !re=e t ?is ,sam>itan manuscript has be5 9 exi/5ce ev] s9ce ! "t :51 at ! reque/ ( ! ,sam>itans1 ! ,assyrian k+ s5t back a prie/ 7page #aij7 to tea* !m1 & 8he taught !m ! fe> ( ! ,"l10 #b ,k+s #ag3bh1 ,b4 ,c4 #gbj4 #bb4 ,b x is prop] "h to /ate t ?is manuscript is ?\ght1 by "s1 to owe its orig9 to ! "t :5 ,nehemiah expell$ f ,j]usalem ! gr&son ( ! high-prie/1 ,manasseh by "n1 because he _h m>ri$ ! daught] ( ,sanballat1 _! ,sam>itan enemy4 ,?is expulsion ( ,manasseh took place ,b4 ,c4 #dcd 7accord+ to ,us%]74 ,aft] ?is ,sanballat built a ,sam>itan temple on ,mt4 ,g]izim & made ,manasseh high-prie/4#abh ,! enmity already exi/+ betwe5 ! ,jews & ! ,sam>itans 0 made m bitt] by ?is act1 & x cont9u$ ev] aft]4 #bc4 ,b al?\gh ! ,sam>itans at "s "t mu/ h obta9$ _! copy ( ! ,law ( ,moses f ! ,jews1 z ! latt] say1 yet x is n probable t ?is copy ( ! ,sam>itan ,p5tateu* 0 obta9$ f !m aft] ?is enmity sprang up1 &1 moreov]1 because x is writt5 9 ^? lett]s 9 :i* ,ezra did n write ! law aft] ! captivity4 ,if x 0 writt5 be=e1 !n !re is at lea/ "o manuscript copy :i* escap$ ! mis=tunes ( ! captivity & has come d[n to ! pres5t day4 #bd4 ,?is manuscript has be5 m5tion$ by sev]al ( ! e>ly fa!rs ( ! ?ird c5tury & has be5 copi$ sev]al times dur+ ! pa/ ?ree c5turies4 ,) ! exception ( "s dates1 ! v>iations f ! pres5t ,hebrew copies are unimportant4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,:at ,,0 ,,scripture8 ,,! ,,septuag9t4 #a4 ,! fir/ five books1 call$ ! books ( ,moses1 seem always to h exi/$ 9 "o roll1 & ^! con/itut$ 8,! ,law10 & 7 ! only ,scriptures read 9 ! synagogues until ! "t ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 ,b4 ,c4 #afh1abi :o bitt]ly p]secut$ ! ,jews & =bade ! use ( ! ,law 9 ! synagogues4 ,dur+ ! "t ( ?is prohibition1 only ! ,prophets 7 read1 9 ! place ( ! ,law1 b :5 ! p]secution ceas$ ! ,jews began ! read+ ( ! ,law aga91 b cont9u$ ! read+ ( ! prophets4#acj #b4 ,9 ord] t ! ,p5tateu* %\ld be read ?r\gh 9 "o ye>1 ! entire "w 0 divid$ into fifty-f\r sections1#aca s z to supply a portion = ea* ,sabba?4#acb ,^! divisions 7 made long be=e ! "t ( ! p]secution j ref]r$ to2 inde$ ! e>lie/ ,hebrew writ]s ?9k !y exi/$ almo/ s f> back z ! "t ( ,moses4#acc #c4 ,9 ! "t ( ,ezra ! books ( ,ezra1 ,nehemiah1 ,*ronicles1 ,e/h]1 ,mala*i1 & possibly ,daniel1 7 n includ$ 9 ! ,canonical books ( t "t1 simply because !y 7 ei!r n complet$ or too rec5tly complet$4 ,scripture1 or ! ,bible z we w\ld call x1 consi/$ only ( ! five books1 ,g5esis1 ,exodus1 ,leviticus1 ,numb]s1 & ,deut]onomy1 9 "o roll4 ,! ,psalms ( ,david 7 sung 9 ! ,temple wor%ip1 b no o!r books appe> to h be5 us$ 9 public wor%ip until ! "t we h already /at$1 ,b4 ,c4 #afh4 ,b ! ,jewi% writ]s includ$ 9 ! ^w 8prophets0 "s ( ! hi/orical books4#acd ,ezra is consid]$ by bo? anci5t ,jews & by mod]n s*ol>s to be ! au?or bo? ( ! ,*ronicles & ( ,ezra4#ace ,nehemiah 0 ! au?or ( ! book be>+ 8 "n1 & ?is is ! la/ hi/orical book ( ,scripture1 z ,mala*i is ! la/ prophetic book4 ,! book ( ,nehemiah conta9s ! hi/ory ( ! ,jews f a p]iod beg9n+ #ab ye>s aft] ! close ( ! book ( ,ezra1 ,b4 ,c4 #def1 to ab\t #aaj ye>s aft] ! ,captivity1 or ,b4 ,c4 #dbf1 ) ! exception we %all h]eaft] /ate1 p4 #bai4 ,e/h] became que5 ( ,x]xes ,b4 ,c4 #dgh4acf ,! inscription on ! rocks at ,behu/an1 #bae miles nor!a/ ( ,babylon1 has %[n t ?is k+ 0 ! ,ahasu]us ( ! book ( ,e/h]1 :i* 0 writt5 "s ye>s aft] %e became que54 #d4 ,9 reg>d to ! size ( ^? anci5t books1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t x 0 n always conv5i5t to b9d toge!r 9 any way m ?an a v few ( !m 9 "o volume4 ,!y 7 9 rolls1 z ! ^w 8volume0 means1 & :5 we "k t "o anci5t roll ( only ! ,law ( ,moses1 ( av]age size1 9 manuscript1 :i* is pres]v$ 9 ! ,collegiate ,libr>y1 ,man*e/]1 ,engl&1 is #afj feet long & #bj in*es wide1 we may readily see t v few c\ld be h&l$ at a "t4 ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,books4 #e4 ,! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 7 nam$ 9 ! ord] ( _! importance 9 ,jewi% e/imation1 & n z we w\ld "n !m to-day 9 ! ord] ( _! position 9 ! s+le volume ( our ,bibles4 ,! books ( ! ,law always took prec$5ce 9 ! ord]1 !n ! ,prophets1 & aft] !m ! ,psalms1 z ?ree g5]al divisions1 & ?is /atem5t includ$ all1 ,luke #bd3dd4 ,t "s ( ! books 7 kept 9 sep>ate rolls to a v late p]iod is evid5t ev5 9 ! "t ( ,*ri/1 = :5 he appe>$ 9 ! synagogue at ,naz>e? only ! roll ( ! prophet ,isaiah 0 h&$ to him1 & f ?is he read1 ,luke #d3ag4 #f4 ,b 9 ! enum]ation ( ! books individually1 except 9 ! case ( ! five 8books ( ! ,law10 :i*1 z we h said1 h nev] be5 kn[n o!rwise ?an 9 "o volume1 x is evid5t t "s v>iations ( ! exact ord] h occurr$4 ,^! v>iations _h _! orig9 9 ! ,septuag9t#acg translation1 :]e9 ! translators n only *ang$ ! ,hebrew ord]1 b ! ,hebrew names ( "s1 & ev5 divid$ "s ( ! books1 mak+ two or m out ( "o4 #g4 ,z an illu/ration ( ! *anges 9 names ( ! books1 ! translators gave ! ,greek names3 ,,g5esis1 8! beg9n+20 ,,exodus1 8! go+ out20 ,,leviticus1 8conc]n+ ,levitical law20 ,,numb]s 7( ,lat9 d]ivation71 because ! book conta9s ! c5sus ( ! tribes or numb]s2#ach ,,deut]onomy1 ! ,greek = 8! repeat$ law10 because ( ! repetition ( ! law4 #h4 ,! ,jews us$ ! initial ,hebrew words ( ea* book 9 ! ,p5tateu* = its "n2 b ?is does n occur aft]w>ds4 ,! books ( ,samuel 7 "o ) ! old] ,jews1 & s 7 ! books ( ,k+s2 b ! ,greek translators made !m ! fir/ & second books ( ! 8k+doms10 & ! books ( ,k+s came 9 c\rse z ! ?ird & f\r? books1 & ?is is ! reason = ! additions to ! titles 9 our ,engli% ,bibles1 8o!rwise call$ ! fir/ book1 ! second book1 etc41 ( ,k+s40 ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,canonical ,,p]iod4 #i4 ,by ?is t]m is meant ! end ( t "t ^: hi/ory is includ$ 9 ! late/ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t books4 ,"s ( ^! books conta9 hi/ories :i* ext5d to a p]iod ne>] ! ,*ri/ian era ?an d ! hi/ories ( o!rs1 z 9 ! case ( ! books ( ! ,*ronicles1 ( ,e/h]1 ( ,ezra1 & ,nehemiah4 #aj4 ,! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :i* are ?irty-n9e 9 numb]1 pres5t ! records ( ev5ts :i* transpir$ dur+ ! c\rse ( m ?an #c1ejj ye>s1 or f ! creation ( ,adam to ! ?ird c5tury be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,b we mu/ keep 9 m9d ! di/9ction betwe5 ! "t :5 ev5ts occurr$ & ! "t :5 su* ev5ts 7 fir/ record$4 ,!re yet rema9s ano!r date1 namely t ( ! p]iod :5 ! collator or collators ( all ^! manuscripts produc$ 8 or _! own "w ( collect+ & arrang+ !m into "o hi/ory or "o volume4 ,let u suppose a case4 #aa4 ,a hi/orian und]takes to write a true hi/ory ( ! times ( ! ,norman conque/4 ,9 ga!r+ ! mat]ials = ?is hi/ory he visits ! libr>ies & collections & f9ds an old manuscript-hi/ory ( ev5ts writt5 by "s "o :o 0 on ! field at ! battle ( ,ha/+s1 & ano!r writt5 by "o :o liv$ 9 ! times soon aft] & _h he>d f liv+ witnesses ( ! exploits ( ! w>rior ,h]ew>d 9 8 conte/s ) ! ,normans4 ,9 ano!r manuscript he f9ds a collection ( ! ballads ( ^? times commemorat+ ! acts ( "s brave knight & "s rem9isc5ces ( t age z communicat$ by tradition to imm$iate desc5dants4 ,) ^! & o!r mat]ials he compiles ! hi/ory desir$4 #ab4 ,su* a hi/ory ( ! ,norman conque/ ( ,engl& w\ld be cr$ible1 fir/1 if ! editor or compil] 9 8 rese>*es tru?fully f\nd & wisely us$ su* manuscripts z we h describ$2 & second1 if ! manuscripts & 8 o!r au?orities 7 9 !mselves tru/wor?y4 ,b h[ is ?is to be te/$8 ,we read ! new book :5 f9i%$1 & 9 ord] to le>n some?+ satisfactory ^u ^! two po9ts we n[ />t out ^u our exam9ations4 ,our "q is1 ,0 !re ev] su* an ev5t z ! battle ( ,ha/+s8 ,h[ %all we get te/imony8 #ac4 ,! geography ( ! c\ntry1 local rema9s1 & o!r facts may furni% u ) evid5ce = or aga9/4 ,9 "o *apt] ( ! book x is /at$ t !re 0 an old ca/le 9 :i* ,william lodg$ ! night be=e ! battle1 & t !re is f x no view nor?1 b a fair view t[>ds ! s\?4 ,we visit ,ha/+s & f9d ! rema9s ( an old ca/le1 & we see high hills on ! nor? & none on ! s\?4 ,h]e9 we see "s corroboration ( ! hi/ory4 ,b n[ "s "o %[s t !re is no evid5ce t any battle ev] 0 f\ght at ,ha/+s1 & ! olde/ manuscripts su/a9 ! objection1 & %[ t ! battle ( ! conque/ 0 f\ght at a place call$ ,s5lac4 ,?is n[ ?r[s a d\bt ^u ! :ole hi/ory4 ,!re is contradiction1 p]haps error4 ,we g back to ! /udy ( ! manuscripts & we f9d t a m rec5t collator ( ! hi/ory ( ! conque/1 writ+ ) a view to read]s ( 8 own times1 introduc$ ! new "n1 8,ha/+s10 z bett] und]/ood ?an ano!r "n1 ,s5lac1 & all subsequ5t copyi/s foll[$ 8 manuscript4 ,b ! e>ly "n1 8,s5lac10 is f\nd n[h]e1 :ile x /ill rema9s true t no battle 0 f\ght at ,ha/+s4 ,additional d\bt %ad[s ! :ole hi/ory4 ,b n[ 9 a mona/]y an old manuscript is f\nd1 writt5 c5turies ago1 describ+ "s ( ! old abbeys1 among :i* "o is m5tion$ nam$ 8,battle ,abbey10 foll[$ by a %ort explanation1 /at+ t x is locat$ at ! village call$ 8,battle10 q ne> ,ha/+s4 ,! la/ "p is an int]polation 9 ! manuscript1 & evid5tly writt5 _m ye>s aft] ! writ+ ( ! orig9al manuscript1 & bo? au?ors are unkn[n4 ,we n[ visit ! village ( ,battle1 ne> ,ha/+s1 & f9d local traditions h&$ d[n 9 connection ) an old abbey /ill rema9+ & built ^u ! spot :]e ,h>old fell4 ,arr[-heads & fragm5ts ( battle-axes are f\nd & are %[n to u2 ! =m] are f\nd scatt]$ ov] ! hills only on "o side4 ,?is corroborates ano!r /atem5t1 t ! ,normans us$ b[s & arr[s1 :ile ! ,anglo-,saxons us$ only battle-axes4 ,all ^! discov]ies /r5g!n ! l9ks 9 ! *a9 ( evid5ces betwe5 facts & _! hi/ory1 until all d\bts are cle>$ away & ev5 ! 8validity ( d\bt itself is d\btful40 #ad4 ,j su* a c\rse ( rese>*1 ( discov]y1 & ( success 9 f9al v9dication has att5d$ almo/ e hi/orical ann\ncem5t 9 ,scripture4 #ae4 ,at ! close ( ! ,canonical p]iod1 :atev] books made up ! ,canon 7 s rigidly gu>d$ ev] aft]w>ds 9 e way1 by memoriz+1 by comm5t>y & p>aphrase1 by increas+ ! copies 9 manuscripts1 & by numb]+ lett]s & words1 t x is impossible t any mat]ial diff]5ce exi/s betwe5 !m & ! books :i* make up ! ,old ,te/am5t ( ! pres5t day4 ,^! books h n be5 *ang$ 9 any important respect dur+ ! #b1bjj ye>s :i* h transpir$ s9ce ! close ( ! ,canon4 #af4 ,b n[ ! *ief discussion is ^u ! "q1 ,did ! books1 at ! close ( ! ,canonical p]iod1 fairly repres5t ^? books :i* ! orig9al au?ors wrote be=e ! ,canon 0 clos$8 ,9 o!r words1 h we a true copy ( ! books ( ,moses & true copies ( ^? :o wrote aft] him8 ,! second "q is1 ,7 ^? anci5t books tru/wor?y7 !y truly hi/orical8 ,did ,ezra & ! o!rs wisely & truly use ! old manuscripts1 & 7 ^? manuscripts tru/wor?y8 #ag4 ,n[ x w be p]ceiv$ t we occupy ! position ( ^? :o und]took to corroborate ! hi/ory ( ! battle ( ,ha/+s4 ,we %all proce$ some:at z we did !n4 ,f ! repeat$ & v>i$ discov]ies 9 ,egypt1 ,assyria1 & ,pale/9e we h a repetition ( ! names ( k+s & ( cities nev] kn[n be=e ! pres5t c5tury except z !y 7 m5tion$ 9 ,scripture4 ,!y h be5 rec5tly f\nd record$ ^u ! monum5ts :i* _h be5 buri$ c5turies be=e ! captivity1 & br\ght to light only 9 ! pres5t c5tury4 ,inscriptions h be5 discov]$ :i* repeat$ hi/orical /atem5ts ( e>ly ,scripture books1 "s ( :i* /atem5ts _h ei!r be5 omitt$ entirely by e ,greek hi/orian or _h be5 contradict$ by !m1 b :i*1 :5 ! hi]oglyphic & cunei=m languages c\ld be read1 7 prov$ to be accurate /atem5ts?us giv+ te/imony to ! fact t ! ,scripture acc\nts 7 m anci5t & m accurate ?an any ( ! ,greek or o!r hi/ories4 #ah4 ,aga93 peculi> t]ms ( art occur 9 ! ,scriptures1 ) (ficial titles1 trade names1 allusions to cu/oms1 & =ms ( expression1 ! orig9s ( :i* h be5 f\nd only among ! nations :]e1 or ab\t :i*1 ^! p>ticul> books ( ,scripture purport to h be5 writt52 & !y c\ld be recogniz$ only aft] ! hi]oglyphic hi/ories ( ^! anci5t nations c\ld be read4 ,! inf]5ces f all ^! p>allelisms are app>5t3 ^! ,scripture books are truly hi/orical1 !y conta9 ! records ( facts & are tru/wor?y4 ,at :at "t all ^! hi/ories 7 committ$ to writ+1 or :o 7 ! writ]s1 we are n 9 all cases able to %[2 b inability 9 ?is respect does n disprove ! fact ( au!nticity4 ,,v>iations ,,9 ,,! ,,books4 #ai4 ,:5 we consid] ! ages ?r\gh :i* _m ( ! books ( ! ,bible h pass$1 & ! s+ul> conditions ^u :i* !y h ?us pass$ ?r\gh ^? ages1 we may readily appreciate ! claim ( a sup]natural pres]vation4 ,!re are writ+s1 m anci5t ?an ^? ( ! ,mosaic manuscripts1 :i* h come d[n to u f long be=e ! "t ( ,moses2 su* are ! s-call$ 8,books ( ! ,dead10 f\nd 9 ! tombs ( ,egypt2#aci b ^! writ+s1 z soon z !y 7 f9i%$1 7 imm$iately lock$ up amid ! spices1 ! d>kness & protection ( ! tomb1 till rec5tly br\ght out1 :ile ! cont5ts ( ! books ( ! ,mosaic ,law1 & o!r manuscripts ( ,scripture1 h come p]colat+ d[n ?r\gh ! ages1 do+ battle all t "t ) ?\s&s ( scribes1 & inde$ ) any transcrib] :o felt incl9$ to copy a book2 & t "w ( transcrib+ has cont9u$ f ! p]iod :5 ! ,mosaic manuscripts 7 complet$ d[n to ! p]iod ( ! return f ! captivity1 or ( ! close ( ! ,canont is ov] a ?\s& ye>s& f t p]iod to ! pres5t4 ,except+ v>iations 9 "s num]ical figures & 9 a few names1 :i* may be acc\nt$ =1 & 9 "s cases correct$1 all ! re/ ( ! v>iations are ( s small importance t ! ,bible1 z we possess x1 may well be consid]$ a lit]>y monum5t1 /&+ alone & unexampl$ amid ! lit]ature ( all "t4 ,& ?is n only = its s+ul> pres]vation1 b = t evid5t unity ( purpose1 p]si/5t ?r\gh all its v>iety ( subjects & au?ors1 until ! "t :5 ! la/ prophetic utt]ance clos$ ! ,canon4 ,!n !re /ood out 9 lum9\s =m a f9i%$ "w1 ^: pages exhibit ! pro( ( a sy/ematic plan1 design$ f ! v beg9n+ to fill out progressively its my/]i\s pages1 until ! la/ lett] 0 complete1 9 ord] t a _w might see1 9 "o volume1 ! object ( creation1 ! necessity ( law1 ! illu/rations ( judgm5t & ( provid5ce1 & ! r$emption & com+ salvation ( ! race4 ,,! ,,septuag9t1 ,b4 ,c4 #bhfbhe4 787 #bj4 ,! conque/ ( ! ,p]sians "u ,alex&] introduc$ ! ,greek language into ,we/]n ,asia & o!r l&s4 ,?is introduction prep>$ ! way = a v ext5sive circulation ( ! entire ,old ,te/am5t writ+s ?r\gh\t ! surr\nd+ nations & ev5 ! _w4 ,= up to ?is "t all ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 9 ! ,hebrew language2 b z soon z ! translation into ! ,greek 0 made1 ( :i* we %all n[ speak1 ev5 ^? :o c\ld n speak ,greek c\ld easily f9d ^? :o c\ld1 because among ! le>n$ & unle>n$ !re 7 _m :o knew ,greek :o did n und]/& ! ,hebrew4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! dea? ( ,alex&] 0 foll[$ by ! p>tition ( 8 conque/s among 8 g5]als1 ,egypt became1 9 ,b4 ,c4 #cbb1 gov]n$ by ! ,ptolemies1 ! second ( :om1 ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 ,b4 ,c4 #bhfbdg1 _h ! ,law ( ,moses1 t is ! fir/ five books1 translat$ f ! ,hebrew into ! ,greek4 #ba4 ,"u ! fir/ ( ! ,ptolemies 7,sot]7 ! ,alex&rian ,museum 0 f\nd$ = ! reception ( le>n$ m51 z well z ( lit]>y treasures1 & ,alex&ria soon sup]s$$ ,a!ns z ! *ief nurs]y ( ,greek lit]ature4 ,"u 8 successor & son1 ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 ! libr>y ( ! ,museum conta9$ #ij1jjj volumes ( di/9ct works1 b #djj1jjj ) ! duplicates4 ,beg9n+ ) "s p]iod 9 ! reign ( ! fir/ ,ptolemy 7,sot]71 ! ,jews 7 attract$ to ,alex&ria 9 l>ge numb]s z settl]s1 to :om ?is ,ptolemy assign$ a suburb on ! coa/ t[>ds ! ea/4 ,! city became ! resort ( "s ( ! wise/ & able/ m5 ( ! age1 includ+ su* m5 z ,apelles ! pa9t]1 ,euclid ! ma!matician1 & _m o!rs1 arti/s & s*ol>s4 #bb4 ,b "u ,ptolemy ,,ii41 ,philadelphus1 ,b4 ,c4 #bhc1 ! ,museum became mo/ prosp]\s1 & among its memb]s 7 numb]$ gramm>ians1 natural philosoph]s1 a/ronom]s1 physicians1 poets1 & ,greek philosoph]s ( ! s*ools4#adj ,x 0 "u ?is /ate ( ?+s t ! translation above ref]r$ to 0 ask$ by ! k+ & 0 und]tak51 accord+ to tradition1 by sev5ty ( ! mo/ le>n$ ,jews ( t date1 & h5ce call$ 8,! translation ( ! sev5ty10 or ! ,septuag9t4 #bc4 ,al?\gh at fir/ only ! ,p5tateu* 0 translat$1 ! o!r books 71 9 aft] ye>s1 gradually add$ to ?is translation4 ,! ,septuag9t 0 us$ among ! ,jews n only ( ,alex&ria1 b ( ,pale/9e also1 & dur+ ! times ( our ,savi\r & ! apo/les 0 m frequ5tly quot$ ?an 0 ! orig9al ,hebrew4#ada ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,talmud4 #a4 ,x w be rememb]$ t al?\gh "u ,cyrus ! ,jews 7 p]mitt$ full lib]ty to return to ,pale/9e1 n all ! ,jewi% nation accept$ ! privilege4 ,a v l>ge numb] ( ! weal?ie/1 & inde$ ( ! mo/ le>n$ classes1 rema9$ beh9d4 ,!y did mu* = ! support ( ! ,temple & = o!r objects among ^? :o _h return$ to ,pale/9e1 b !y !mselves cont9u$ ! synagogue s]vice 9 ,babylonia & 9 ,p]sia1 z appe>s f v>i\s /atem5ts & allusions1 n only 9 ,jewi% writ+s1 b also 9 o!r hi/ory4 #b4 ,among ^? ,jews1 h[ev]1 :o _h return$ to ,pale/9e !re arose v e>ly a class ( dev\t & e>ne/ /ud5ts ( ! ,law & ( ! o!r books ( ,scripture4 ,!re began also a mo/ dilig5t collection ( ! traditions ( ! ,jewi% race & ! op9ions ( ! le>n$4 ,mean:ile a v con/ant correspond5ce 0 *]i%$ betwe5 ! coloni/s abroad & ^? 9 ! ,holy ,l&1 & bo? at home & abroad !re 7 ^? :o 7 le>n$ 9 ! ,law & 9 ! o!r books4 ,! :ole object ( /udy & correspond5ce among ! le>n$ 0 to expla9 & illu/rate ! sacr$ lit]ature 9 all its bran*es4 ,! in=mation ?us ga9$ laid ! f\ndation ( t :i* 0 soon to be call$ ! ,talmud1 a "n lit]ally mean+ ,doctr9e or ,in/ruction4 #c4 ,b be=e we treat fur!r on ?is rem>kable "w x is well to consid] c]ta9 conditions :i* add$ mu* to ! =mation ( ! ,talmud4 ,al?\gh ! ,jews re=m$ =ev] f all t5d5cy to idolatry1 !y nev]!less diff]$ among !mselves on _m details ( bo? fai? & practice1 & h5ce !re grew up an exce$+ly critical /udy ( ! lit]ature & tea*+s ( ! book4 ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,s*ools4 #d4 ,betwe5 ! close ( ! ,canonical p]iod & ! ,*ri/ian era !re arose _m intellectual & /udi\s ones1 :o rang$ !mselves "u ?ree g5]al & widespread s*ools4 7#a7 ,! ,traditionali/s1 call$ by ! ,jews ! ,masoretic ,s*ool1 or ,ph>isees4 7#b7 ,! ,philosophic s*ool1 ( :om 7 ! ,sadducees4 7#c7 ,! ,kabali/ic s*ool4 ,! fir/ ( ^! conf9$ !mselves /rictly to ,scripture & tradition4 ,!y d]iv$ _! "n f ! ,hebrew ^w mas>1 to deliv]1 z f h& to h&4 ,! second ent]$ ! pa?s ( speculation unkn[n to ! fa!rs4 ,!y 7 pleas$ ) ! ,greek philosophy1 due to _! contact ) ! s*ools ( ,alex&ria4 ,!y /rove to h>monize ! pr9ciples ( ,judaism ) ! doctr9es ( ,py?agoras1 ! philosophy ( ,plato1 & ! logic ( ,ari/otle4 ,?us1 z virtue 0 its own rew>d1 !y taught t !re c be no future rew>d1 & !re=e t !re 0 no future life & no resurrection2 & ?is 0 ! belief ( ! ,sadducees4 ,! ?ird s*ool1 ,kabali/ic1 believ$ 9 ! my/]ies1 or secret mean+ ( ! words ( ! ,law4 ,!y ?\ght !y c\ld detect secret tru?s 9 ! words1 & sometimes ! lett]s ( ! words1 :i* o!rs c\ld n appreh5d4 ,!y taught t ! tru?s 7 to ! words ( ,scripture :at ! s\l is to ! body1 & t we are mi/ak5 if we see only ! lett] 9 ! ,scripture1 & fail to asc5d by ! help ( ! lett] to ! ideas ( ! ,inf9ite ,m9d4#adb #e4 ,f ! m5 ( ! ,masoretic s*ool1 :o devot$ !mselves /rictly to ! ,law & ,tradition1 arose a s]ies ( academies1 or s*ola/ic in/itutions4 ,^? 7 presid$ ov] by ! mo/ le>n$ memb]s ( t body1 :i*1 z we h said1 foll[$ ^u ! ,great ,synagogue aft] ! dea? ( ,simon ! ,j1 & :i* 0 call$ ! ,sanh$r91 or c\ncil4#adc ,?is c\ncil1 ab\t ?is "t1 became ! seat ( supreme legislative p[] among ! ,jews1 9 bo? civil & ecclesia/ical matt]s1 b 0 subsequ5tly dive/$ ( "s ( its p[]s by ,gab9ius1 ! ,roman gov]nor ( ,syria1 ,b4 ,c4 #eg4add ,x is ref]r$ to 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 7,matt4 #e3bb2 #bf3ei2 ,acts #d3ae2 #e3bg1 etc474 #f4 ,b ! ,sanh$r91 :i* 0 presid$ ov] by ! high-prie/1 became ! c5tre ( le>n+ & au?ority s f> back z ,b4 ,c4 #bjj ye>s4 ,! prie/hood 0 recogniz$ z ! legitimate m9i/]s ( ! alt>2 b ! p1 ) :om ! ,mosaic ,law 0 supreme1 ent]+ z x did into all ! details ( _! lives1 reg>d$ ! expositors & int]pret]s ( t ,law ) ! highe/ honor4 ,) !m 8! voice ( ! rabbi0 became 8! voice ( ,god40#ade #g4 ,= _m ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era ! ,sanh$r9 0 ! highe/ au?ority 9 matt]s ( fai?1 & its utt]ances1 or m p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! mo/ le>n$ ( its memb]s1 bo? 9 traditions & 9 op9ions1 became s num]\s t f be+ only orally deliv]$1 !y 7 committ$ to writ+1 & ^! writ+s & op9ions ^u ! ,law 7 ! f\ndation ( t volum9\s "w call$ ! ,talmud1 ) its divisions4 ,,=m ,,( ,,! ,,talmud4 #h4 ,! ,talmud !re=e 9 ! ma9 0 ! gr[? ( c5turies1 beg9n+ f ab\t ,b4 ,c4 #bbj to sev]al c5turies aft] ,*ri/4 ,x 0 compos$ ( ! text ( ! ,law1 bo? ! writt5 law & t :i* 0 believ$ to be additional law1 al?\gh only h&$ d[n f age to age1 b nev] writt54 ,?is 0 call$ ! oral law4 ,all ?is compris$ t "p ( ! ,talmud call$ 8! repetition10 or 9 ! ,hebrew ! ,,mi%na4 ,!n came ! 8,comm5t>y0 ^u e "p1 & ?is 0 call$ ! ,,gam>a4 ,,! ,,babylonian ,,talmud4 #i4 ,z !re _h be5 a v l>ge & le>n$ class ( ,jews 9 ,babylon f ! ,captivity to ! "t ( ,*ri/1 !re 0 also a correspond+ numb] ( v important s*ools 9 sev]al cities on ! ,euphrates & ea/ ( x4 ,^! also ga!r$ a ,talmud1 ) its ,mi%na & ,gam>a2 b ?iscall$ ! ,babylonian ,talmud0 ( lat] orig9 ?an ! ,j]usalem ,talmud4 ,a ,,wond]ful ,,memory4 #aj4 ,! v>i\s traditions :i* 9 all v>iety ( expression1 z unwritt5 laws1 z comm5t>ies & op9ions1 w5t to make up ! ,talmud1 ) its ,mi%na & ,gam>a1 _h rema9$ unwritt5 = g5]ations because !re 0 a rule giv5 out by "s ( _! le>n$ m5 & tea*]s t 8?+s deliv]$ by ^w ( m\? mu/ n be record$40 ,b ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #ahj "o ( ! mo/ influ5tial & wise/ ( _! numb]1 ,rabbi ,jehudah1 decid$ t ! "t _h come :5 ! ,mi%na mu/ be committ$ to writ+4 ,rabbi ,jehudah1 = :om ! greate/ v5]ation exi/$1 began ) 8 fell[-labor]s ! heavy task ( r$uc+ all ^! traditions & decisions ( _m g5]ations to a writt5 =m1 & ?is "w 0 p]=m$ at ,tib]ias 7on ! lake ( ! same "n1 #gj miles nor? ( ,j]usalem71 :]e a celebrat$ s*ool exi/$ aft] ,titus _h de/roy$ ,j]usalem4#adf ,x is a memorable fact t = ne>ly f\r c5turies ! va/ am\nt ( lit]ature :i* compos$ ! ,talmud _h be5 /or$ only 9 ! memory ( ! le>n$ memb]s ( ! ,jewi% nation4 #aa4 ,! va/ness ( ?is labor ( memorial possession may be compreh5d$ 9 "s degree :5 we le>n t ( only "o rabbi#adg #cjj magi/]ial s5t5ces are record$ 9 ! ,talmud1 & ye>s be=e 8 "t ,rabbi ,hillel#adh r$uc$ #fjj or #gjj sections1 :i* _h be5 kn[n be=e only 9 a complicat$ mass1 into ord]s1 divisions1 *apt]s1 & v]ses1 :]eby !y c\ld be bett] memoriz$4 #ab4 ,al?\gh ?is cultivation ( ! memory 0 c>ri$ on to a v great ext5t among ! ,jews dur+ "o or two c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 & to a degree unexcell$ by any o!r nation1 !re are evid5ces t long be=e ! ,captivity ! cultivation ( ! memory 0 l>gely enc\rag$4 #ac4 ,manuscripts 7 r>e & co/ly1 & !re=e me?ods 7 adopt$1 z 9 ! composition ( sev]al ( ! ,psalms1 ( ,prov]bs1 & ,lam5tations1 :i* 7 aids to memoriz+4 ,"o me?od 0 by beg9n+ consecutive v]ses or sections ) consecutive lett]s ( ! alphabet4 ,psalm #aai is compos$ ( #agf v]ses1 divid$ into a numb] ( sections1 ! :ole numb] ( sections equal to ! lett]s 9 ! ,hebrew alphabet 7#bb71 & all ! eight v]ses ( ea* section beg9 ) ! same lett]4 ,9 ,prov]bs #ca3ajca1 ! initial lett]s ( all ! v]ses foll[ ! ord] ( ! ,hebrew alphabet4 ,! ,lam5tations ( ,j]emiah are compos$ 9 five poems1 ea*1 except+ ! ?ird1 consi/+ ( #bb sections or v]ses1 a v]se = ea* lett] 9 ! alphabet4 ,! fir/ f\r poems beg9 ) ! fir/ lett] ( ! alphabet1 & 9 ea* poem1 :i* makes "o *apt]1 ! aft] sections cont9ue 9 _! initial lett]s to foll[ ! ord] ( ! alphabet4 ,9 ! ?ird *apt] h[ev] ! /anzas are 9 sets ( ?ree ( ! ,bible v]ses1 & ea* v]se 9 ! set beg9s ) ! same lett] ( ! alphabet1 b all ! sets are 9 ! alphabetical ord]4 ,su* me?ods sugge/ ! "w ( memoriz+4 #ad4 ,aga91 we may say t1 9 view ( all ^! facts1 x does n seem possible t 8! ,law0 c\ld h be5 =gott5 9 ! ,captivity among all ! le>n$ & dev\t m51 "s ( :om 7 prophets4 ,x w\ld seem t ev5 )\t ! writt5 copies ( ! ,law1 ,ezra1 if he _h s desir$1 c\ld n h1 z "s suppose1 introduc$ into ! ,law an entirely new book ( ,leviticus or ,deut]onomy1 & yet no "o amid all ! ,jews h discov]$ ! =g]y4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,conclud+ ,,rem>ks4 ,,we add ! foll[+ rem>ks 9 ! nature ( a g5]al review & inf]5ce1 :i* are m appropriate to ?is era ( ! ,jewi% hi/ory ?an to any o!r4 #a4 ,!re nev] 0 a "t :5 ! ,jewi% p exhibit$ su* a humble & yet det]m9$ _s ( ob$i5ce to ! ,mosaic ,law z :5 !y return$ f ! ,captivity4 ,all ! hi/ory ( ^? times z d]iv$ f ! ,jewi% writ+s1 bo? sacr$ & secul>1 fully atte/s ?is _s4 ,all _! hopes = ! future1 bo? political & religi\s1 7 condition$ ^u outw>d ob$i5ce to ! requirem5ts ( ! ,law z expla9$ by ! tea*+s ( _! anci5t prophets or illu/rat$ & made m impressive 9 ! ,psalms or songs ( ,israel & pictur$ to !m 9 ! happi] days ( ! ,temple s]vice4 ,all t app]ta9$ to ! hi/ory ( ! pa/ 0 preci\s4 ,?is fact1 z we h %[n1 0 illu/rat$ 9 _m ways4 #b4 ,moreov]1 f ! ,scripture hi/ory ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah1 x is pla9 t a l>ge body ( skill$ m51 ably in/ruct$ 9 ! ,law & acqua9t$ ) ! sacr$ writ+s ( ! ,jewi% p1 7 among ! captives be=e ! close ( ! ,captivity4 ,! ,levites & prie/s 7 9 exi/5ce1 & ! prophets 7 among !m1 & !y met 9 v>i\s places = wor%ip & = ! songs ( ,zion4 ,! condition ( ! ,jews 9 ,babylonia & else:]e 0 favorable to ! cultivation ( _! lit]ature1 & !y 7 all[$ _m privileges4 ,x is pla9 f ! lett] ( ,artax]xes1 ,ezra #g3aa1 & f o!r te/imonies1 t n only ,ezra b _m o!rs /udi$ ! ,jewi% writ+s long be=e ! close ( ! ,captivity4 ,! ,sam>itan ,p5tateu* 9 its lett]s may (f] evid5ce on ?is po9t1 = ! new lett]s 9 :i* ! ,law & ! canoniz$ books 7 writt5 v probably f\nd _! orig9 9 ! rev]5ce 9 :i* ! ,jews held ! sacr$ writ+s dur+ ! ,captivity4 ,^! new lett]s1 z we h said1 are call$ ! 8squ>e =m10 b !y 7 call$ by ! e>ly ,jews#adi 8! ,a%uri0 "*1 ,a%uri mean+1 accord+ to ,maimonides1 ! sacr$ "*1 & !y 7 probably inv5t$ specially = sacr$ writ+s4 ,! old ,sam>itan lett]s 7 n sacr$4 ,!y 7 us$ 9 v>i\s modifications by ! ,canaanites2 !y 7 us$ by ! ,moabites1 z we see on ! ,moabite /one1 discov]$ 9 #ahfh at ,dibon1 ea/ ( ! ,dead ,sea2 !y 7 also us$ by ! ,phnicians1#aej & h be5 f\nd ^u ,assyrian weights associat$ ) ! cunei=m1 probably = ! conv5i5ce ( ! m]*ants & tradesm51#aea ^u ! co9s ( ,juda1 & ^u "o co9 ( ,jehu1 k+ ( ,israel4#aeb ,x 0 !re=e a common "*1 & x 0 /rictly 9 keep+ ) ! ,jewi% s5tim5t ( exclusiv5ess & sep>ation ( !mselves f all ! nations ar\nd t !y %\ld clo! _! sacr$ writ+s 9 a lett] peculi>ly sacr$4 ,at any rate we h no o!r orig9 = ?is new =m ( lett]+1 :i* 0 nev] kn[n be=e ! ,captivity1 & :i* 0 us$ aft] ! ,captivity exclusively = ! sacr$ writ+s1 z we le>n f ! ,talmuds ( bo? ,j]usalem & ,babylonia4#aec #c4 ,! v>i\s sects ( ,ph>isees1 ) _! oral tradition & 8unwritt5 law10 & ! ,kabali/s1 ) _! fanciful & secret int]pretations1 _h n aris5 at ! "t ( ,ezra4 ,! ,scriptures 7 ga!r$ & copi$ ma9ly = in/ruction2 &1 z we le>n f ,ezra & ,nehemiah1 ! p 7 z e>ne/ z ! tea*]s 9 _! desire t ! ,scriptures %\ld be kn[n & di/9ctly und]/ood1 & ?is object appe>s to h be5 s9c]ely pursu$ 9 ! "w prosecut$ at t "t4 ,at ?is p]iod ! exclusive dem& 0 = ^? writ+s :i* %\ld enlight5 ! p z to duty1 bo? 9 reg>d to ! div9e law & provid5ce1 & = su* writ+s z %\ld illu/rate _! hi/ory z "u ! ,law & z se5 9 ,god's deal+s ) _! fa!rs4 ,t ! influ5ce ( ! ,law & ( ! tea*+s ( _! prophets p[]fully controll$ _! actions & lives is evid5t f ! fact t !y nev] aga9 fell into idolatry4 ,_! tru?fulness to _! promises & _! good fai? z a p 7 s app>5t t ^! traits frequ5tly l$ to _! appo9tm5t to positions ( tru/ & privilege among sev]al ( ! surr\nd+ nations4 #d4 ,x 0 "u ^! conditions ( "* & motive t ! le>n$ scribes ( ^! times made ! fir/ g5]al collection ( ,hebrew lit]ature !n exi/+4 ,! names ( sev]al books#aed :i* 7 extant ei!r at ! "t ( ?is ga!r+ ( ! ,canonical ,books or be=e1 are m5tion$ 9 ! ,scriptures2 b if !y _h be5 consid]$ wor?y ( ! ,canon !y w\ld probably h be5 pres]v$ by copy or repetition4 ,all t 0 valuable or important to ! hi/ories :i* 7 pres]v$ 9 ! ,scriptures 0 extract$ f !m & conta9$ 9 ! ,canonical ,books z we h !m at pres5t4 ,judg+ f c]ta9 /atem5ts 9 ! g5ealogies & 9 ! conclud+ hi/ory1 ! book ( ,*ronicles 0 ! la/ t 0 writt54 ,! book ( ,nehemiah h[ev] has "s additions1 ,neh4 #ab3aj1 #aa1 #bb1 ( g5ealogies :i* br+ ! high-prie/s d[n to ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 z ,josephus 7,vol4 ,v41 ,book ,,ii41 *4 #h7 %[s1 :o /ates t ,jaddua1 ^: "n occurs 9 ! book ( ,nehemiah1 0 high-prie/ & ! la/ "u ! ,p]sian rule1 & mu/ !re=e h liv$ 9 ! "t :5 ,alex&] ! ,great1 aft] ! battle ( ,issus1 ,b4 ,c4 #ccd1 visit$ ,j]usalem1 ,b4 ,c4 #ccb1 dur+ ! high-prie/hood ( ,jaddua4 ,x is n>rat$ t ?is high-prie/ 0 succe$$ by ,onias1 8 son1 & he by 8,simon ! ,j10 :o 0 call$ by ! ,jews ! la/ ( ! m5 ( ! ,great ,synagogue4 ,x 0 dur+ ! prie/hood ( ?is ,simon t1 accord+ to ! g5]al op9ion ( bo? ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian writ]s1 ! f9al addition 0 made to ! ,canon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,simon1 :o 0 n only high-prie/1 b a man ( great le>n+ & ( mo/ f]v5t piety & devotion to ! ,law1 is said to h add$ ! books ( ,*ronicles1 ( ,ezra1 ,nehemiah1 ,e/h]1 & ! prophecy ( ,mala*i2 aft] :i*1 z ,josephus writes1 !re 0 no fur!r *ange1 omission1 or addition4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t ,canon 0 clos$ !n = ev]4 ,,p]iod ,,vii4 ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,era4 ,,! ,,life ,,& ,,times ,,( ,,our ,,savi\r4 ,,! ,,plant+ ,,( ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,*ur*4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,f ,,! ,,bir? ,,( ,,*ri/ ,,to ,,8 ,,public ,,m9i/ry4 #a4 ,no o!r p h _h /rong] motives = *]i%+ ! memories ( _! pa/ ?an h _h ! ,jews4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important s\rces ( ,jewi% pride 0 f\nd 9 _! g5ealogical records4 ,! hi/ory ( ! return f captivity & ( ! r5ew$ settlem5t 9 ,pale/9e1 z record$ 9 ! books ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah1 %[s h[ important ^! records 7 consid]$ to be4 ,b ! mo/ important ( all ! records 7 ^? :i* trac$ any l9eage up to ,david1 & !re is no reason to believe t a true l9e ( desc5t 0 ev] =gott54 ,n only ! g5ealogy ( ! male memb]s1 b also t ( ! female memb]s ( a family1 7 pres]v$1 z we may le>n f ,scripture acc\nts & c]ta9ly f secul> hi/ory4 ,a suppos$ defect 9 ! g5ealogy ( ! "m ( ,john ,hyrcanus1 a high-prie/1 ,b4 ,c4 #ajh1 0 ! cause ( blood%$ 9 ,j]usalem#aee because ( ! insult (f]$ to ! high-prie/ by ! b>e ann\ncem5t ( su* a defect1 al?\gh x 0 %[n t ! g5ealogical records c]tifi$ h] desc5t f a ,jewi% tribe4 #b4 ,! ,virg9 ,m>y's g5ealogy 0 z important z t ( ,joseph1 h] reput$ husb&1 al?\gh h] husb&'s g5ealogy might h be5 p]fect1 z 9 ! in/ance giv5 9 ! la/ p>agraph4 ,9 ! case ( ,hyrcanus1 8 fa!r's orig91 accord+ to ! ,jewi% law1 0 )\t defect2 x 0 ! "m's p$igree :i* 0 assail$4 ,especially 0 x important to ! prie/'s (fice t ! "m ( ! c&idate = ?is (fice %\ld be ( unque/ion$ ,jewi% desc5t4 #c4 ,x is = ?is reason t :ile ! writ] ( ! fir/ ,gospel 7,mat!w7 op5s 8 hi/ory ( ! ,messiah ) ! answ] to ! important "q1 ,^: son is he8 ! writ] ( ! ?ird ,gospel 7,luke7 gives ! l9eage ( 8 "m4 ,s t1 :e!r ,*ri/'s p$igree be trac$ ?r\gh ! l9e ( ,joseph or ( ,m>y1 x is und5iable t he 0 desc5d$ f ,david & f ,abraham4#aef ,,naz>e? ,,& ,,be?lehem4 #d4 ,^! two places1 :i* are br\ght into prom95ce at ?is "p ( ! hi/ory1 7 #fh miles ap>t1 ,be?lehem be+ n q five miles1 a little we/ ( s\?1 f ,j]usalem1 & ,naz>e? #fc miles nor? ( ,j]usalem1 if ! di/ances be measur$ 9 a /raight l9e4 #e4 ,naz>e? is a village ( ab\t #e1jjj inhabitants1 situat$ 9 a pla9 surr\nd$ almo/ entirely by hills4 ,! place is n m5tion$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 nor 9 ,josephus1 b tw5ty-n9e times 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! city itself rises 9 "p ^u ! sides ( a hill on its nor?we/ side1 b ! little pla9 at ! s\? end ( ! city is #a1add feet above ! sea level1 & ! top ( ! hill nor?we/ ( ! city #a1fjb feet1 or #deh feet high]4#aeg ,! c\ntry slopes f ,naz>e? s\?w>d to ! nor!rn limit ( ! pla9 ( ,esdraelon1 two miles di/ant1 :]e ! level is ab\t #cjj feet above ! sea4 ,! ,m$it]ranean is tw5ty-"o miles we/ f ,naz>e?1 & ! s\!rnmo/ %ore ( ! ,sea ( ,galilee is sev5te5 miles due ea/ ( ! city4 ,! soil has always be5 f]tile & ! climate pleasant4 ,x has "o f9e spr+ :i* supplies ! entire city1 z x mu/ h done 9 ! "t ( ,*ri/4 #f4 ,be?lehem conta9s ne>ly ! same population z ,naz>e?1 b its surr\nd+s are ! rev]se ( ^? at ,naz>e?1 ,be?lehem be+ ^u an elevation4 ,a *ur*1 erect$ by ,con/ant9e1 ,a4 ,d4 #ccj1 /ill rema9s1 :i* furni%es u ) ! /yle ( ar*itecture ( ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian p]iod4 ,?is 0 ! city ( ,david & ( 8 fa!r ,jesse1 & h5ce always held de> by 8 desc5dants1 & to ?is t[n ,joseph & ,m>y w5t f ,naz>e? to be enroll$ 9 accordance ) ! decree issu$ by ,cs> ,augu/us1 z /at$ 9 ,luke #b3a4 ,! decree 0 only = ! enrolm5t4 ,! actual collect+ ( ! taxes did n take place = "s ye>s aft]w>d1 z is record$ 9 ,josephus1 :5 ! rebellion took place1 :i* is allud$ to 9 ,acts #e3cg1 aga9/ ! actual levy+ ( ! taxes4#aeh ,,! ,,bir? ,,( ,,our ,,savi\r4 #g4 ,dur+ _! /ay at ,be?lehem ,jesus 0 born4 ,! cr[d 0 great ( ! _m :o came to ?is small t[n to be regi/]$ by ! (fic]s tak+ ! c5sus1 & ! accommodations = 8 p>5ts 7 poor1 = ! record /ates 8!re 0 no room = !m 9 ! inn0 & %e 8laid him 9 a mang]40 ,x 0 "h t he 0 visit$ by ,,! ,,wise ,,m54 #h4 ,^! m51 usually kn[n z 8! ,magi10 belong$ to a class ( a/rolog]s ^: (fice x 0 to /udy om5s1 or signs1 z drawn f ! planets4 ,!y 7 desc5dants ( a class :i* 0 not$ = le>n+ & influ5ce 9 ! fl\ri%+ ages ( ,babylon & ,n9eveh1 b nei!r ( ^! cities 0 9 exi/5ce at ?is "t4 ,z _m ( ! ,magi _h retir$ ea/w>d to ,p]sia aft] ! fall ( ,babylon1 x is probable t ^! came f ! ,p]sian dom9ion to ,j]usalem1 expect+ t !re !y %\ld le>n some?+ ( ! new k+4 #i4 ,! com+ ( ! ,messiah _h long be5 ! hope ( ! captive ,jews1 & z a l>ge numb] ( ! p1 "s ( influ5ce & weal?1 exi/$ at ?is "t 9 ! ,p]sian dom9ions1 !re c be b little d\bt t ^! 8wise m50 7 r\s$ to make ! j\rney !y did1 & to greet ! adv5t ( a k+ :o1 to !m1 aft] see+ ! cele/ial sign1 0 m ?an simply a 8,k+ ( ! ,jews40 #aj4 ,^! m5 _h a reputation :i* 0 highly reg>d$ 9 ,j]usalem1 & to ,h]od !y 7 n /rang]s ( a common class4 ,h5ce to him _! inquiry c>ri$ great importance4 ,8 consultation ) ! ,sanh$r91 :i* 0 ! mo/ le>n$ body 9 ,j]usalem at t "t1 soon %[$ t ! ,messiah1 accord+ to ! prophets1 0 to be born 9 ,be?lehem1 ,micah4 #e3b4 ,to ?is place1 guid$ by ! sup]natural sign1 !y came1 f\nd ! *ild1 & (f]$ _! gifts4 ,,h]od ,,& ,,8 ,,successor4 #aa4 ,! ef=t ( ,h]od to de/roy ,jesus 9 an indiscrim9ate slaught] ( ! *ildr5 ( ,be?lehem ( a c]ta9 age1 fail$ ( its int5tion4 ,joseph1 hav+ be5 w>n$ 9 a dream1 took ! "y *ild & 8 "m & fl$ into ,egypt be=e ! de/ruction took place4 #ab4 ,egypt at ?is "t 0 entirely "u ,roman control4 ,_m ,jews inhabit$ ,alex&ria & 7 9 afflu5t circum/ances2 two ( !m _h be5 *ief (fic]s ( ! armies ( ,cleopatra4 ,! two refugees1 ) ! *ild1 9 t l& 7 safely beyond ! p[] ( ,h]od1 & !re !y rema9$ until ! dea? ( ,h]od1 :i* took place ab\t a ye> aft] _! dep>ture f ,be?lehem4 #ac4 ,ar*elaus1 :o succe$$ ,h]od1 0 8 son1 b he inh]it$ none ( ! ent]prise & m5tal ability1 b only ! atroci\s cruelty ( 8 fa!r2 & ! compla9ts ( ! ,jews occasion$ 8 deposition & ! confiscation ( 8 prop]ty4 ,joseph & ,m>y1 fe>+ ! consequ5ces ( com+ )9 ! p[] ( ,ar*elaus1 aft] ! dea? ( ,h]od return$ to ,naz>e? 9 ,galilee4 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,*ildhood ,,( ,,jesus4 #ad4 ,"o incid5t only is record$ ( ,jesus f ?is "t until he arriv$ at manhood4 ,?is incid5t 0 8 visit to ! ,temple at ,j]usalem1 :5 only twelve ye>s ( age4 ,8 p>5ts1 ) _! fri5ds1 _h visit$ ! city to att5d ! great fea/ ( ! ,passov]4 ,! celebration ( t fea/ be+ ov]1 !y _h />t$ ^u _! return 9 company ) cr[ds ( ^? :o 7 pass+ along ! only highway lead+ nor?w>d f ! city4 ,jesus _h /opp$ at ! ,temple & 0 conv]s+ ) ! le>n$ doctors1 or tea*]s1 ( ! ,law4 #ae4 ,! peculi> significancy ( ?is visit at ?is "t is /at$ 9 ,mal4 #c3a1 & x 0 ! fir/ "t t he _h ev] ref]r$ to ! great object ( 8 div9e mission4 ,?is div9e mission he ann\nc$ to 8 "m :5 %e1 hav+ s\ght = & f\nd him 9 ! ,temple1 g5tly reprov$ him = rema9+ beh9d4 ,f ?is "t to t :5 he ent]$ ^u 8 public m9i/ry our ,savi\r rema9$ at ,naz>e?1 & z ! ,scriptural record in=ms u1 he 0 subject to 8 p>5ts & 8increas$ 9 wisdom & /ature & 9 favor ) ,god & man10 ,luke #b3ea1 #eb4 ,,! ,,int]im4 #af4 ,ev5ts n[ transpir$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,jews :i* are important to a full und]/&+ ( ! future m9i/ry ( our ,savi\r4 ,x is evid5t1 9 accordance ) ! anci5t prophecy by ,jacob 9 8 dy+ h\r1#aei t ! 8sceptre _h dep>t$ f ,judah10 = 8,%iloh0 _h come4 ,?is ,%iloh _h be5 int]pret$ 9 all _! *ief comm5t>ies to mean ! ,messiah4#afj ,^! comm5t>ies 7 ! ,t>gums ( :i* we h writt51 page #ahi1 note4 ,! expression 9 ,mal4 #c3a1 t 8he %all sudd5ly come to 8 temple10 appe>s to h be5 fulfill$ :5 ,jesus visit$ ! ,temple z spok5 ( already1 t is1 :5 at ! age ( twelve he sudd5ly appe>$ ask+ & answ]+ que/ions ( ! a/oni%$ doctors ( ! ,law 9 ^: mid/ he sat1 ,luke #b3dg4 ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,era4 #ag4 ,be=e we proce$ x is necess>y t we %\ld "k t n ev5 at ! pres5t "t are we fully assur$ z to ! exact date ( ! bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,x is g5]ally suppos$ t ,dionysius ,exiguus1 ! monk :o introduc$ 9 ,a4 ,d4 #ebg ! cu/om ( dat+ ev5ts f ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 mi/ook ! "t ( t ev5t by exactly f\r ye>s4 ,t is1 ! bir? took place f\r ye>s be=e ! "t ass]t$ 9 t *ronology kn[n z ,anno ,dom9i4 ,b rec5t discov]ies seem to prove t ! true /atem5t is t ! error is "o ( five ye>s1 z ,pr(4 ,sattl] ( ,muni* ass]ts 9 an essay publi%$ by him 9 #ahhc4 ,?is /atem5t he bases ^u ! discov]y ( f\r copp] co9s :i* 7 /ruck "u ,h]od ,antipas1 seem+ to prove t ,*ri/ 0 born #gdi ye>s aft] ! f\ndation ( ,rome1 & n1 z usually accept$1 #ged4 ,b1 ) ?is explanation1 we %all cont9ue to use ! common date1 :ile we keep 9 memory t our era is at lea/ f\r ye>s 9 error1 s t ! actual bir? ( ,*ri/ took place f\r or five ye>s be=e ,a4 ,d4 #a4 ,,! ,,h]ods4 #ah4 ,! "n ,h]od w be f\nd appli$ to no less ?an five diff]5t rul]s 9 ,new ,te/am5t times4 ,_! dates ( (fice enable u frequ5tly to det]m9e ! dates ( ev5ts ref]r$ to 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,! foll[+ facts are all t are necess>y to di/+ui% ! ,h]ods4 ,h]od ! ,great _h five wives1 b ! desc5dants ( only f\r are ref]r$ to 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 z foll[s3 ,h]od ! ,great1 ,matt4 #b3a4 ,he 0 made k+ by ,julius ,cs>1 ,b4 ,c4 #cg1 & di$ ,b4 ,c4 #d1 t is1 be=e ! common era1 b really 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ,*ri/4 ,he _h two sons by ,mal?ace1 a ,sam>itan1 namely1 ,h]od ,antipas & ,ar*elaus4 ,! latt] succe$$ him aft] "s delay1 b1 al?\gh call$ k+ by ! p1 0 only tetr>*1 ) ! promise conditionally made t he %\ld be k+4 ,he 0 depos$ ?r\gh compla9t ( 8 atroci\s cruelty1 & bani%$ to ,vi5na1 n[ call$ ,lyons1 :]e he di$4#afa ,! names ( ! o!r memb]s ( ?is family ( ,h]ods may be se5 9 ! foll[+ table4 ,,h]od m>ri$3 ,,m>iamne1 gr&daught] ( ,hyrcanus4 ,,ari/obulus,m>ri$ 8 niece1 ,b]5ice1 daught] ( ,salome1 ,h]od's si/]4 ,sla9 by 8 fa!r1 ,b4 ,c4 #f4 ,,h]odk+ ( ,*alcis2 di$ ,a4 ,d4 #dh4 ,,h]od ,,agrippa ,i4,succe$$ to tetr>*y ( ,h]od ,philip ,,ii4 ,a4 ,d4 #cg2 & to ,h]od ,antipas ,a4 ,d4 #dj2 ,juda & ,sam>ia add$ ,a4 ,d4 #da2 m>ri$ ,cypros1 gr&daught] ( ,phasael1 bro!r ( ,h]od ! ,great2 di$ ,a4 ,d4 #dd4 ,,agrippa ,,ii4k+ ( ,*alcis ,a4 ,d4 #dhec2 succe$$ to tetr>*y ( ,philip ,,ii41 ,a4 ,d4 #ecajj2 di$ ,a4 ,d4 #ajj! la/ pr9ce ( ! l9e4 ,,b]nice or ,,b]5ice,m>ri$ ,h]od k+ ( ,*alcis1 h] uncle4 ,aft] 8 dea? %e return$ to h] bro!r = a "t4 ,a woman ( great lack ( virtue4 ,,drusilla,m>ri$ to ,felix1 aft] sep>ation f ,azizus k+ ( ,emesa4 ,,agrippabe+ h] son by ,felix4 ,di$ ,a4 ,d4 #gi4 ,,h]odias3#a4 ,m>ri$ ,philip ,i4 #b4 ,m>ri$ ,h]od ,antipas4 ,,m>iamne1 daught] ( ,simon1 high-prie/4 ,,philip ,i4,m>ri$ ,h]odias2 liv$ 9 private4 ,,mal?ace1 a ,sam>itan4 ,,h]od ,,antipas,tetr>* ( ,galilee1 m>ri$ daught] ( ,aretas1 !n m>ri$ ,h]odias4 ,depos$ & bani%$ ,a4 ,d4 #dj4 ,,ar*elaus,depos$ z we h said4 ,,cleopatra1 ( ,j]usalem4 ,,h]od ,,philip ,,ii4,tetr>* ( ,itura & ,tra*onitis1 di$ ,a4 ,d4 #cccd4 ,he m>ri$ ,salome1 daught] ( ,h]odias by ,philip ,i4 #ai4 ,! ,h]ods m5tion$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t simply by ! "n 8,h]od0 are ?ree4 7#a7 ,h]od ! ,great4 7#b7 ,h]od ,antipas1 ref]r$ to 9 ,matt4 #ad3aab2 ,m>k #f3adbi2 ,luke #c3a1 #ai1 #bj2 #h3c2 #i3gi2 #bc3gab1 #ae2 ,acts #d3bg2 call$ 8! k+0 9 ,matt4 #ad3i2 ,m>k #f3bb1 #bebg2 & 8k+ ,h]od0 9 ,m>k #f3ad4 ,he 0 son ( ,h]od ! ,great1 z 0 ! ,h]od = :om ,h]odias left h] husb&4 ,!re=e ,john ! ,bapti/ reprov$ him = tak+ = a wife ,h]odias1 & %e1 because ( h] hatr$ ( ! ,bapti/ = ?is repro(1 mov$ h] daught] ,salome to ask1 z h] rew>d = pleas+ ,h]od 7,antipas7 by h] danc+1 t he w\ld pres5t h] ) ! head ( ,john 9 a platt]4 7#c7 ,h]od ,agrippa ,i41 ,acts #ab3abc4 ,! sickness ref]r$ to 9 ?is passage occurr$ ,a4 ,d4 #dd4 ,he 0 gr&son ( ,h]od ! ,great4 ,o!rs ( ?is family ( ,h]ods are m5tion$ 9 ,scripture1 b n by ! "n ( ,h]od1 z 9 ! case ( 7#d7 ,philip ,i41 ( ,matt4 #ad3c2 ,m>k #f3ag2 ,luke #c3ai4 ,9 ! table he is m>k$ ,philip ,i41 b only to di/+ui% him f 8 bro!r ( ! same "n1 ,h]od ,philip4 ,b ,philip ,i4 liv$ 9 private /ation & is only m5tion$ z ! husb& ( ,h]odias1 z record$ 9 ! passage j giv54 7#e7 ,philip ,,ii41 ( ,luke #c3a1 is call$ 8tetr>* ( ,itura & ( ! region ( ,tra*onitis40 ,x 0 aft] ?is ,philip t ,cs>ea ,philippi1 at ! foot ( ,mt4 ,h]mon1 receiv$ its "n1 to di/+ui% x f ! o!r ,cs>ea1 on ! coa/ s\? ( ,mt4 ,c>mel1 ! latt] be+ call$ ,cs>ea ,pale/9a4 ,he 0 also call$ ,h]od1 b 9 ,scripture only ,philip4 ,he m>ri$ ,salome ! daught] ( ,h]odias1 8 niece1 ! "y woman ref]r$ to 9 ,matt4 #ad3f4 ,he 0 a son ( ,h]od ! ,great1 z 0 ,philip ,i4 7#f7 ,agrippa1 ( ,acts #be & #bf1 is also call$ k+ ,agrippa 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 a title giv5 him by ,claudius1 ! ,roman emp]or1 ,a4 ,d4 #eb4 #bj4 ,( ! females ( ! ,h]odian family1 f\r are m5tion$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ,h]odias1 ,salome1 ,b]nice1 & ,drusilla4 ,salome is n nam$1 b simply call$ 8! daught] ( ,h]odias40 ,h]odias is m5tion$ 9 ,matt4 #ad3caa & 9 ,m>k & ,luke1 :]e ! same incid5t is record$4 ,b]nice 7or ,b]5ice7 0 niece ( ,h]odias & m>ri$ h] uncle1 ,h]od k+ ( ,*alcis1 :o di$ ,a4 ,d4 #dh4 ,%e !n liv$ ) h] bro!r ,agrippa ,,ii4 ,drusilla 0 si/] ( ,b]nice & 0 m>ri$ to ,azizus1 k+ ( ,emessa 9 ,syria1 n[ ,homs2 b at ! p]suasion ( ,felix %e left h] husb& & m>ri$ ,felix1 :o 0 procurator ( ,juda1 accord+ to ,josephus4 ,he 0 succe$$ by ,porcius ,fe/us ab\t #fa or #fb ,a4 ,d41 hav+ be5 accus$ ( great cruelty aft] 8 dep>ture to ,rome4 ,! sc5e describ$ 9 ,acts #bc & #bd occurr$ j be=e 8 visit to ,rome1 & t 9 ,acts #be & #bf soon aft]4 ,felix _h driv5 out ! b&itti & impo/ors f ! c\ntry1 & to ?is ,t]tullus alludes 9 8 address z giv5 9 ,acts #bd3b4 ,,idum,a4 #ba4 ,be=e ! ,captivity ( ! ,jews to ,babylon ! "n ,iduma designat$ ! l& ea/ ( ! great valley ,arabah :i* runs s\? ( ! ,dead ,sea to ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,petra 0 its capital4 ,b dur+ ! ,captivity ! ,idumans gradually ext5d$ _! settlem5ts to t "p ( ,juda s\? ( ,j]usalem1 includ+ ,hebron4 ,aft] ! return f ,babylon1 ! ,idumans became ! enemies ( ! ,jews until ! "t ( ! ,maccabees1 :5 !y 7 conqu]$ & requir$ ei!r to leave ! c\ntry or *ange _! religion = t ( ! ,jews4 ,!y *ose ! latt] alt]native "u ,john ,hyrcanus1 ab\t ,b4 ,c4 #acj1 & 7 gov]n$ by ,jewi% prefects4 ,:51 !re=e1 ,antipat] ! fa!r ( ,h]od ! ,great1 & ,h]od himself1 are said to be 8,idumans10 ! allusion is to ?is di/rict s\? ( ,juda1 :i* 0 at t "t call$ ,iduma4 ,?is is ! ,greek t]m = ,edom4 ,! "n is us$1 ,isa4 #cd3e1 #f1 9 ! =m] s5se1 namely1 ( ! c\ntry ea/ ( ! ,arabah1 be=e ! ,captivity2 b 9 ,ezek4 #cf3e 9 ! s5se us$ aft] ! ,captivity1 & 9 ! latt] s5se also 9 ,m>k #c3h4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,public ,,m9i/ry ,,( ,,our ,,savi\r4 #a4 ,z soon z ,jesus arriv$ at ! age ( ab\t ?irty he left ,naz>e?1 & probably pass+ d[n ! valley ( ! ,jordan1 w5t on 8 way to ,be?ab>a1 ,john #a3bh4 ,,be?ab>a4 #b4 ,john1 ! =]unn] ( ,jesus1 0 baptiz+ at ?is place1 ! site ( :i* is n kn[n1 b f ! mean+ ( ! "n1 8! h\se ( ! f]ry1 or =d10 x mu/ h be5 on ! banks ( ! ,jordan4 ,moreov] z ,john 0 prea*+ 9 ,juda1 ,matt4 #c3a1 & app>5tly baptiz+ 9 ! p>ts ( ,jordan ne> at h&1 ,be?ab>a mu/ h be5 n f> (f f ! locality n[ id5tifi$ ) x1 namely1 some:]e ea/ ( ! pres5t pla9 ( ,j]i*o1 b f ,john #c3bf x is pla9 t ! place 0 8beyond10 t is ea/ ( ,jordan4 ,! "n ,be?-b>ah ( ,judg4 #g3bd may ref] to ano!r place f>!r up ! ,jordan1 z ! ^w 8=d0 may h be5 !n1 z x is n[1 appli$ to sev]al places4 ,,! ,,wild]ness4 #c4 ,aft] ! baptism ( ,jesus by ,john ! ,bapti/ at ,be?ab>a he 0 imm$iately subject$ to sev]al v sev]e spiritual trials call$ temptations ( ! devil1 ,matt4 #d3a4 ,^! temptations 7 prec$$ by a p]iod ( fa/+ :i* cont9u$ =ty days1 aft] :i* ! attacks ( ! evil _s took place z record$ 9 ,matt4 #d1 ,m>k #a1 & ,luke #d1 b omitt$ by ,john4 #d4 8,! wild]ness0 0 probably ! un9habit$ c\ntry we/ ( ! nor!rn end ( ! ,dead ,sea1 a region :i* seems nev] to h be5 settl$2 & ! imm$iate sc5e ( ! temptation is celebrat$ 9 tradition z t r\gh & hilly ridge we/ ( ! pla9 ( ,j]i*o call$ by ! ,lat9 ,*ur* ,qu>antania4 ,,disciples ,,& ,,apo/les4 #e4 ,soon aft] 8 triumphant victory ov] ! devil 9 ! temptations our ,savi\r ga9$ "s ( 8 disciples & dep>t$ f ?is region to ,galilee4 ,x is pla9 f ! fir/ *apt] ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,john t ! ,bapti/ 0 ne> ! region ( our ,savi\r's trial by ! temptations1 & 0 left beh9d :5 ,jesus & ,&rew1 ,simon ,pet] & ,philip1 ! new disciples1 left = ,galilee4 ,^! 7 add$ to ,james & ,john aft]w>d 9 ,galilee1 ,luke #e3aj2 & to o!rs1 :o ?\gh n[ believ]s1 & call$ simply disciples1 con/itut$ aft]w>d t b& ( twelve :o are di/+ui%$ by ! m important "n ( apo/les1 t is1 envoys1 or mess5g]s4 #f4 ,( ^!1 ,&rew 0 ! fir/ to foll[ ,jesus4 ,! o!rs 7 ,simon1 call$ ,pet]1 ,james & 8 bro!r ,john1 ,philip1 ,b>?olomew1 ,?omas1 ,mat!w1 call$ also ,levi1 ,simon ! ,zealot1 ,lebbu1 surnam$ ,?addu1 call$ also ,judas1 or ,jude1 ,james1 call$ 8! less0 to di/+ui% him f ! o!r ,james1 call$ 8! great]10 & ,judas ,isc>iot1 :o betray$ ,him1 & :o1 :5 he hung himself1 0 replac$ by ,mat?ias1 ,acts #a3aebf4 ,,! ,,g5]al ,,ord] ,,( ,,ev5ts4 ,,cana4 #g4 ,aft] 8 baptism 9 ! ,jordan & dep>ture to ,galilee1 ! fir/ ev5t :i* br\ght him be=e ! great ,jewi% public took place at ,cana ( ,galilee4 ,,cana ,,( ,,galilee1 ,,john #b3aa4 ,"s v>iance ( op9ion seems to exi/ z reg>ds ! id5tification ( ?is place4 ,!re are two places1 ea* ( :i* is po9t$ out z ! ,cana ( ! ,gospel4 ,"o is eight miles due nor? ( ,naz>e? & ! o!r ?ree & a half miles nor!a/ ( x4 ,! "o is on ! nor? side ( an ext5sive pla9 & is entirely 9 ru9s1 :ile ! o!r is n[ an inhabit$ village4 ,e>ly tradition seems to claim ! =m]1 b ! latt] is n[1 & appe>s always to h be51 on ! direct l9e to ,cap]naum & ! ,sea ( ,galilee f ,naz>e?1 & x may be due to ?is fact t _m h suppos$ x to be ! ,cana ( ! ,gospel4 ,b ! names are n exactly alike1 ! =m] hav+ be5 = _m c5turies call$ ,kana ( ,galilee & ! latt] only ,k5na4 ,! ru9s %[ t ! =m] 0 a mu* f9] village ?an ! latt] 9 e way1 & _h a ,roman road on its s\? connect+ ! ,m$it]ranean ) ! ,sea ( ,galilee4 ,x is probable1 !re=e1 t x 0 at ?is ,cana t two ( our ,"l's miracles 7 p]=m$ z /at$ 9 ,john #b3aa & #d3dfed4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,f ,,! ,,fir/ ,,passov] ,,to ,,! ,,second4 #a4 ,z is g5]ally suppos$1 ! fir/ miracle1 at ,cana1 0 p]=m$ dur+ ! fir/ ye> ( our ,"l's public m9i/ry4 ,8 att5dance ^u ! fir/ ,passov] at ,j]usalem br+s u to consid] ! /ate ( ! city at ! "t ( 8 visit4 ,at ! great ev5t ( a ,passov] ! city w\ld be cr[d$ ) visitors1 n only f ,juda & ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 b f di/ant l&s4 ,at ?is "t ! ,jews 7 scatt]$ ov] almo/ e prov9ce "u ,roman control1 & ev5 beyond ! ,roman ,empire4 ,josephus in=ms u t = ^! occasions imm5se prep>ations 7 made1 n only to accommodate ! p1 b also t !y might br+ ) !m _! flocks1 & he e/imates t at ! ,passov] celebrat$ 9 ! "t ( ,n]o ! numb] ( lambs sacrific$ 0 #bef1ejj4afb #b4 ,! pres5ce ( ,jews f s _m c\ntries w\ld ( necessity br+ into ! city n only pur*as]s1 b tradesm5 ) v>i\s moneys requir+ an ex*ange or brok]age2 & "s ( ! ,rabb9ical writ]s say t an imm5se traffic 0 c>ri$ on 9 cattle & o!r animals = victims & = food1 & mu* extortion 0 practis$1 a great "p ( ! pr(its ( :i* w5t to ! prie/s4#afc ,x 0 on ?is occasion ( 8 fir/ ,passov] t our ,savi\r drove out ! %eep & ox5 & upset ! tables ( ! ex*ang]s1 z record$ 9 ,john #b3ae1 us+ ! mat]ial ) :i* ! animals 7 b\nd = a :ip or sc\rge4 #c4 ,f ! v evid5t div9e p[] :i* ! ,savi\r exhibit$ at ?is ,passov]1 a memb] ( ! ,sanh$r91 ,nicodemus1 s\ght an int]view ) him at night1 ,john #c1 at :i* "t ,*ri/ made ! ann\ncem5t ( 8 special mission to ?is _w 9 ^? rem>kable words3 8,z ,moses lift$ up ! s]p5t 9 ! wild]ness1 ev5 s mu/ ! ,son ( man be lift$ up1 t :osoev] believe? 9 him %\ld n p]i%1 b h et]nal life10 ,john #c3ad1 #ae4 #d4 ,! ,passov] be+ end$1 ,jesus left ,j]usalem1 b seems to h rema9$ 9 ,juda ne> ! ,jordan1 p]haps on ! pla9 at ! nor? end ( ! ,dead ,sea4 ,john 0 baptiz+ 9 ! same region4 ,x mu/ h be5 some:]e on ^! pla9s t ,h]od ,antipas met ! ,bapti/ & receiv$ ! repro( ( :i* we h spok5 be=e4 ,?is ,h]od#afd 0 ! rul] ( ,galilee & ,p]a1 & 0 at fir/ m>ri$ to ! daught] ( ,aretas1 k+ ( ,arabia ,petra1 b =sook h] = ,h]odias1 ! wife ( 8 half-bro!r 7see prec$+ table74 ,?is br\ght on a w> ) ,aretas on ! conf9es ( 8 t]ritory on ! s\?1 & x is probable t on 8 way to meet ,aretas ,h]od receiv$ ! repro( f ! ,bapti/ & condemn$ ! latt] to imprisonm5t 9 8 ca/le at ,ma*rus4 ,,ma*,,rus ,,& ,,p],a4 #e4 ,?is ca/le 0 sev5 miles ea/ ( ! ,dead ,sea1 & ! ru9s rema9 at a place ab\t #be miles s\? ( ! nor? end ( ! sea4 ,x is #c1hjj feet above its level & #b1ejg feet above ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,josephus says t ,john ! ,bapti/ 0 imprison$ "h1 & "h he mu/ h be5 behead$4 ,! region ( ,p]a ext5d$ f ?is place to ,pella1 ne> ! ,jordan1 ab\t #fj miles nor?1 & ,h]od ,antipas 0 at t "t rul] ( all ,galilee & ,p]a1 :i* includ$ ! ca/le ,ma*rus4 ,,enon ,,& ,,salim4 #f4 ,dur+ ! ,savi\r's /ay 9 ,juda1 aft] ! ,passov] j spok5 (1 x appe>s t he rema9$ = a "t ne> ! ,jordan :ile 8 disciples baptiz$4 ,! two prea*]s 7 !re=e n f> di/ant f ea* o!r1 & ! disciples ( ,john1 evid5tly ) a _s ( rivalry1 communicat$ ! fact t great] cr[ds att5d$ ! m9i/ry ( ,jesus4 ,?is br\ght out ! te/imony ( ,john to ! great] glory & future progress ( ! gospel ( ,jesus4 ,john 0 at ?is "t at 8,enon ne> ,salim10 & ! sites ( ^! two places h n yet be5 settl$4 ,enon is ! ,greek =m ( ! ,aramaic ^w = 8spr+s10 & ,salim is ! ^w = 8peace10 & bo? ( ^! words are frequ5tly f\nd 9 v>y+ =ms 9 sev]al places4 ,x has be5 ?\ght t ! little village n[ call$ ,salim1 n f> ea/ ( ,%e*em1 0 ! site ( ! ,scripture ,salim1 & t ,enon 0 to be id5tifi$ ) a little ru9 call$ ,a9un1 ne>ly eight miles nor!a/4 ,b ap>t f ! fact t ^! places are n ne> ea* o!r1 !y are entirely too ne> ! v he>t ( ! ,sam>itan di/rict1 ,salim be+ only f\r miles ea/ ( ,%e*em4 ,x is n at all probable t ,john ev] left ,juda1 & x is exce$+ly improbable t he w\ld h gone into ! ,sam>itan region to baptize4 ,!re is a little valley ?ree or f\r miles nor!a/ ( ,j]usalem :i* yet be>s a "n some:at simil> to ,salim1 :]e !re are wat]s describ$ by ,dr4 ,b>clay2 b nei!r ( ^! ,biblical places has yet be5 satisfactorily id5tifi$4 #g4 ,our ,savi\r n[ left ,juda & pass$ to ,galilee ^u ! %orte/ road1 :i* leads ?r\gh ,sam>ia1 ,john #d3c4 ,! season seems to h be5 9 ,decemb]1 ,john #d3ce1 z x 0 8f\r mon?s to h>ve/10 :i* began 9 ,april4 ,on ! way he sat d[n ^u ! well call$ ,jacob's1 & ! sc5e describ$ 9 ,john #d took place4 ,,jacob',s ,,well1 ,,sy*>1 ,john #d4 #h4 ,jacob's well has always be5 id5tifi$ ) t well cut 9 ! solid rock :i* is ab\t a mile & a half ea/ by s\? f ,%e*em4 ,x =m]ly _h a small *apel built ov] x1 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 & 0 ab\t #hj feet 9 dep? :5 exam9$ by ! writ]1 b ! orig9al dep? mu/ h be5 great]1 = !re are _m /ones at ! bottom4 ,x is n n[ a well ( con/ant supply1 b v>ies ) ! season1 & 0 dry :5 we exam9$ x4 ,h5ce p]haps ! rem>k ( our ,savi\r1 ,john #d3aj1 9 :i* he alludes to 8liv+ wat]40 ,sy*> 0 probably at ! little village n[ call$ ,ask>1 ab\t "o-half ( a mile nor!a/ f ! well4 ,"s h suppos$ t ,sy*> & ,%e*em 7 ! same2 b x is n probable t ! woman spok5 ( 9 ! context w\ld h walk$ a mile & a half f ,%e*em1 :]e !re 0 an abundance ( wat]1 to draw wat] f ?is deep well4 ,! probabilities are t ,ask> 0 ! site ( ,sy*>1 :]e !re are caves & rema9s ( anci5t tombs4 ,,matt4 #d3abag2 ,,m>k #a3ad1 #ae2 ,,luke #d4 #i4 ,jesus pass$ ?r\gh ,sam>ia to ,galilee1 /opp+ = a %ort "t 9 ,naz>e?1 ,matt4 #ac3eceh2 & !n go+ to ,cap]naum1 ann\nc$ z he w5t ! great object ( 8 mission1 & especially t ! appo9t$ "t _h arriv$ :i* _h be5 =etold = ! appe>ance ( ! ,messiah z spok5 ( 9 ! prophets1 ,m>k #a3ad1 #ae4 ,t he himself 0 ?is ,messiah he di/9ctly ass]t$ at ,jacob's well to ! ,sam>itan woman1 ,john #d3bf4 #aj4 ,pass+ on f ,naz>e? he aga9 visit$ ,cana1 :]e ! miracle ( ! heal+ ( ! nobleman's son 0 p]=m$1 ,john #d3dfed4 ,he !n w5t d[n to ,cap]naum1 :i* h]eaft] seems to h be5 adopt$ z 8 favorite place ( abode4 ,,cap]naum4 #aa4 ,?is place has n yet be5 c]ta9ly id5tifi$4 ,"s h suppos$ t x 0 on ! we/ side ( ! ,sea ( ,galilee at a place call$ ,khan ,m9yeh1 :i* is on ! pla9 ( ,g5nes>et1 five miles s\?we/ ( ! m\? ( ! ,upp] ,jordan2 o!rs h locat$ x at a ru9 f>!r nor? ( ?is sea1 call$ ,tell ,hum4 ,to "s ?is "n seems to be all t rema9s ( ! anci5t "n ,cap]naum1 :i*1 z !y ?9k1 means ! village 7cap]7 ( ,nahum 7,naum74 ,at ,cap]naum _m ( our ,savi\r's miracles 7 p]=m$1 & ! place is ref]r$ to sixte5 times by "n4 #ab4 ,a miracle p]=m$ "h at ?is "t 9 ! hi/ory confirm$ ! fai? ( ,&rew1 ,pet]1 ,james1 & ,john1 :o 7 fi%+ 9 ! wat]s ( ! sea n f> (f f ! village1 ,luke #e3aaa4 ,soon aft] ?is ! re/or+ ( ! demoniac to 8 s5ses 9 ! synagogue took place1 ,luke #d3cc1 & imm$iately aft] ?is ! heal+ ( ,pet]'s wife's "m1 z record$ 9 ! same *apt]4 ,_m o!r miracles 7 p]=m$ ! same ev5+4 #ac4 ,jesus !n began to travel ?r\gh\t ,galilee1 prea*+ & heal+4 ,"o miracle on ?is j\rney is record$1 t ( heal+ a lep]1 z n>rat$ 9 ,matt4 #h3b2 ,m>k #a3dj2 ,luke #e3ab4 ,on 8 return to ,cap]naum he heals a p>alytic1 ,matt4 #i3b2 ,m>k #b3aab2 ,luke #e3ah4 ,9 ! n>rative ( ?is la/-m5tion$ miracle we h an illu/ration ( ! use ( d\ble names among ! ,jews1 = ,mat!w1 #i3i1 calls himself ,mat!w1 :]eas ! o!r evangeli/s 9 _! acc\nts call$ him ,levi1#afe & moreov] ,mat!w adopts ! usual me?od ( ,greek hi/orians 9 speak+ ( !mselves 9 ! ?ird p]son to avoid egotism4 ,comp>e ,matt4 #i3aj2 ,m>k #b3ae2 ,luke #e3bi4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,second ,,passov] ,,& ,,! ,,transactions ,,until ,,! ,,?ird ,,passov]4 ,,"t ,,"o ,,ye>4 ,,! ,,pool ,,( ,,be!sda1 ,,john #e3b4 #a4 ,v rec5t discov]ies h l$ to ! belief t ?is pool 0 n at ! s-call$ ,birket ,israel on ! left h& ( ! entrance ?r\gh ! gate ( ,/4 ,/eph5! ea/]n gate ( ,j]usalemb on ! "r h& ( ! same entrance at ! ,fr5* *ur* ( ,/4 ,anne4 ,x is ab\t #afj feet on ! "r ( ! gate z y ent] into ! city4 ,"h !re has rec5tly 7#ahhh7 be5 discov]$ a tank 9 ! rock "u ! *ur*1 rea*$ by a flight ( #bd /eps1 & m rec5tly a tw9 pool by its side1 :i* is suppos$ to id5tify ! place1 accord+ to e>ly writ]s4 ,! rema9s ( ! five por*es are /ill to be se54#aff #b4 ,9 8 att5dance ^u ! second ,passov] ,jesus p]=m$ ! miracle ( heal+ at ! cr[d$ pool ( ,be!sda1 b left ) ! man :om he _h re/or$ no "n or clew :]eby he %\ld "k him4 ,soon aft] h[ev]1 meet+ ! man 9 ! ,temple1 ,jesus w>n$ him z to 8 future life2 & ?us ! heal$ man 0 in=m$1 & he report$ to ^? :o inquir$ ( him ! "n ( 8 b5efactor4 ,?is act ( heal+ 0 p]=m$ on ! ,sabba? day1 & ! consequ5t comm& ( ,jesus1 8,take up ?y b$ & walk10 0 made ! occasion ( bitt] res5tm5t on ! "p ( ! ,jews4 ,?is gave ! opportunity to our ,"l = utt]+ "o ( ! mo/ di/9ct av[als ( 8 equality ) ,god z 8 ,fa!r1 & ! ass]tion t _! own ,jewi% ,scriptures te/ifi$ ( him4 ,he !n dep>t$ = ,galilee4 ,,hi/orical ,,occurr5ces ,,( ,,?is ,,ye> ,,9 ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,"t1 ,,) ,,! ,,h>mony ,,( ,,ref]5ces ,,& ,,localities4 #c4 ,on ! way to ,galilee4 ,! disciples pluck e>s ( corn on ! ,sabba?1 ,matt4 #ab3a2 ,m>k #b3bc2 ,luke #f4 ,9 ,galilee4 ,! heal+ ( ! )]$ h& on ! ,sabba?1 ,matt4 #ab3i2 ,m>k #c3a2 ,luke #f3f4 ,imm$iately aft] ! la/ m5tion$ miracle he retir$ to ! ,sea ( ,galilee1 & ! greatness ( ! int]e/ manife/$ 9 him c be und]/ood by ! ext5t ( c\ntry f :i* ! cr[ds came1 z indicat$ 9 ,m>k #c3g1 #h1 = x appe>s t ! p came n only f ,galilee1 b 8f ,juda & f ,j]usalem & ,iduma & f ! ea/ ( ,jordan & f ar\nd ,tyre & ,sidon40 #d4 ,ne> ,g5nes>et4 ,jesus *ooses ! twelve apo/les1 ,matt4 #aj3a2 ,m>k #c3ac2 allud$ to aga91 ,m>k #f3g4 ,?is he did aft] a night sp5t 9 pray] on a m\nta91 ,luke #f3ab1 #ac4 ,?is transaction seems to h tak5 place on "s "o ( ! hills s\? ( ! pla9 ( ,g5nes>et1 :ile on 8 way to ,cap]naum4 #e4 ,ne> ,g5nes>et4 ,! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt & a probable repetition ( a "p on ! pla9 ( ,g5nes>et1 z n>rat$ 9 ,luke #f3ag2 ,matt4 #e4 ,9 ?is & ! foll[+ *apt]s ,/4 ,mat!w has ga!r$ a l>ge collection ( ! precepts & tea*+s ( ,jesus :i* occurr$ at ?is "t1 b :i* are only 9 "p n>rat$ 9 ,luke4 #f4 ,same place4 ,! ,"l's ,pray] z n>rat$ 9 ,mat!w1 & probably repeat$ ^u ano!r occasion1 z se5 9 ,luke #aa3a4 #g4 ,cap]naum4 ,! c5turion's s]vant heal$1 ,matt4 #h3e2 ,luke #g3a4 ,na94 ,! wid['s son rais$ f ! bi] ^u :i* he 0 c>ri$1 ,luke #g3aa4 #h4 ,?is place 0 #ei miles nor? ( ,j]usalem & #bj miles s\?we/ ( ! pla9 ( ,g5nes>et4 ,en-dor is two miles nor!a/ ( x on ! same nor!rn flank ( ! ridge4 ,! sc5]y is v beautiful t[>ds ! nor? & we/1 & sugge/s ! fitness ( ! "n1 :i* means 8beauty40 ,imm$iately s\?1 "o mile di/ant1 ! m\nta9 range rises to ! height ( #a1fij feet above ! ,m$it]ranean1 & on ! nor!rn flank ( ?is range ! village is built1 itself at ! height ( #gdd feet4 ,x ov]looks ! great pla9 ( ,esdraelon4 ,! only ref]5ce to ?is place is f\nd 9 ,luke #g3aaag4 #i4 ,9 ,galilee4 ,john ! ,bapti/ :ile 9 prison s5ds mess5g]s to ,jesus1 ,matt4 #aa3b2 ,luke #g3ai4 ,jesus _h n[ p]=m$ a l>ge "p ( 8 life's "w1 & 9 "s degree he n[ reviews x & 9 sev]al places sums up ! am\nt done4 ,he reviews also ! in/ances 9 :i* he _h be5 unsuccessful 9 p]suad+ "s to believe ^u 8 mission & accept him z ! true ,messiah4 ,9 ?is review he m5tions ,*oraz91 ,be?saida1 & ,cap]naum1 & comp>es _! advantages ) ^? enjoy$ by ,tyre & ,sidon4 ,,*oraz9 ,,& ,,be?saida1 ,matt4 #aa3ba2 ,luke #aj3ac4 #aj4 ,! site ( ! =m] ( ^! places is unkn[n4 ,except+ ! simil>ity ( ! names1 ,k]azeh & ,*oraz91 we h no?+ to %[ t ! ru9 call$ by ! =m] "n is id5tical ) ! place kn[n 9 ,scripture by ! latt] "n4 ,! ru9 call$ ,k]azeh is two & a half miles f ! nor!rn %ore ( ! lake & ab\t #ijj feet high] ?an its surface4 ,! ru9s ( a suppos$ synagogue are to be f\nd !re1 & ne> !m is a spr+4 ,aga9/ ?is suppos$ site ( ,*oraz9 x is said t ,j]ome#afg speaks ( x z "o ( ! cities :i* 7 ^u ! %ores ( ! lake4 ,9 reply x is said ! travell] ,willibald1 go+ nor?w>d 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! eigh? c5tury1 says t he w5t f ,tib]ias by ,magdala1 n[ call$ ,mejdel1 to ,cap]naum1 !nce to ,be?saida1 !nce to ,*oraz91 & !nce to ! f\nta9s ( ! ,jordan1#afh s t ! ord] ( localities ?us /at$ makes ,*oraz9 probably (f ! lake4#afi ,k]azeh appe>s to answ] to all t ! ,scripture claims = ,*oraz9 bo? 9 "n & locality4 #aa4 ,z to ,be?saida1 !re are suppos$ to h be5 two ( ?is "n1 :i* means 8fi%-h\se20 ! "o is j ea/ ( ! ,jordan1 ab\t a mile above ! place :]e x empties into ! nor!rn end ( ! lake4 ,?is 0 ! ea/]n ,be?saida1 & at ab\t ?is p]iod ( our ,savi\r's life ,h]od ,philip1 ! tetr>*1 _h greatly enl>g$ & beautifi$ ! place & giv5 x ! "n 8,julias0 9 honor ( ! daught] ( ,augu/us2 & "h he 0 buri$1 ,a4 ,d4 #cc1 9 a co/ly tomb :i* he _h erect$ = himself4 ,x 0 ne> ?is ,be?saida t ,jesus f$ ! five ?\s& ) ! five loaves & two fi%es1 & aft] dismiss+ ! cr[d retir$ into "o ( ! neighbor+ hills to pray4#agj #ab4 ,place unc]ta91 probably ,cap]naum4 ,at ! h\se ( ,simon ! ,ph>isee1 :ile 8at meat10 ,*ri/'s feet are ano9t$ by a woman :o is call$ 8a s9n]10 ,luke #g3cf4 ,ano!r ano9t+ by a woman took place at a mu* lat] p]iod1 & p]haps a ?ird j be=e 8 betrayal1 ,john #aa3b2 #ab3b4 ,ano9t+ 0 v common 9 ^? days4 ,! s-call$ alaba/]-box 0 n necess>ily ( any "o mat]ial1 mu* less ( ! mat]ial kn[n n[ z alaba/]4 ,! same ,greek t]m is us$ by ,h]odotus#aga 9 exactly ! same =m us$ 9 ,matt4 #bf3g2 ,m>k #ad3c2 ,luke #g3cg1 & ! vessel might h be5 ( m>ble1 ( glass1 or metal4#agb ,!ocritus#agc writes ( 8gold5 alaba/]s fill$ ) ,syrian o9tm5ts40 ,x 0 cu/om>y to ano9t ! head & also ! feet ( a gue/ on c]ta9 occasions1 & ! alaba/ron 0 common among p]sons ( means4 ,!re is !re=e no suffici5t reason to suppose t ?is ano9t+ 0 s r>e an in/ance t ! sev]al acc\nts 9 ! ,gospels ref] to only "o ev5t4 ,! o!r acc\nts besides t ref]r$ to at ! beg9n+ ( ?is section are f\nd 9 ,matt4 #bf3f2 ,m>k #ad3c1 :i* appe> to describe "o & ! same occasion1 %ortly be=e 8 betrayal1 & ,john #aa3b2 #ab3b1 :i* description is some:at simil> to t ( ! prec$+ ,gospels4 #ac4 ,galilee4 ,our ,savi\r makes visits ) ! twelve ?r\gh ,galilee ! second "t4 ,luke #h3a4 ,?is seems to h be5 9 ,galilee1 judg+ f ! context z comp>$ ) ,matt4 #ab3df2 ,m>k #c3ca1 & foll[+ v]ses 9 ! next *apt]4 ,he seems to h visit$ ext5sively1 z ! ,greek phrase1 8city by city & village by village10 signifies4 #ad4 ,! foll[+ incid5ts are suppos$ to h tak5 place ab\t ?is "t & 9 ! foll[+ ord]1 all 9 ,galilee3 7#a47 ,! heal+ ( ! demoniac1 ,matt4 #ab3bb4 ,a some:at simil> case occurr$ be=e1 ,matt4 #i3cb4 ,9 ?is passage ! utt]ances ( our ,savi\r def9e ! solemnity ( ! (fice ( ! ,holy ,_s 9 a mo/ fe>ful s5se1 & aga9 9 ,m>k #c3bh1 #bi4 ,?is heal+ is repeat$1 ,luke #aa3ad4 7#b47 ,! scribes & ,ph>isees seek f him a sign to prove 8 au?ority1 ,matt4 #ab3ch2 repeat$ ) additional rem>ks1 ,matt4 #ae3a2 also ,m>k #h3aa2 & m urg5tly 9 ,john #f3ca4 ,x 0 9 reply to "o ( ^! reque/s t ,jesus ann\nc$ t ! sign sup]ior to all o!rs %\ld take place aft] 8 dea?1 = t aft] dea? he %\ld rise aga9 on ! ?ird day1 ,matt4 #ab3dj1 draw+ f ! hi/ory ( ,jonah an illu/ration ( 8 own burial = ?ree days only4 7#c47 ,! decl>ation t 8 true disciples 7 8 ne>e/ relatives1 ,matt4 #ab3df2 ,m>k #c3ca2 ,luke #h3ai4 7#d47 ,jesus takes d9n] ) a ,ph>isee & d5\nces ! sect1 ,luke #aa3cg4 7#e47 ,jesus in/ructs a multitude :5 he decl>es t :osoev] %all confess him be=e m5 %all be confess$ by him be=e ! angels ( ,god1 ,luke #ab3a4 #ae4 ,by ! lake4 7#a47 ,! p>able ( ! s[]1 ,matt4 #ac3c2 ,m>k #d3b2 ,luke #h3d4 7#b47 ,! p>able ( ! t>es1 ,matt4 #ac3bd4 7#c47 ,sea ( ,galilee4 ,jesus calms ! tempe/1 ,matt4 #h3bdbg2 ,m>k #d3cgda2 ,luke #h3bbbe4 7#d47 ,he heals ! demoniacs ( ! c\ntry ( ! ,g]ges5es1 /ill+ ! tempe/ by a ^w z he crosses1 ,matt4 #h3bc2 ,m>k #e3a2 ,luke #h3bf4 ,,gad>a1 ,,g]gesa4 #af4 ,! location ( ,gad>a 7pron\nc$ ,gad-ara7 0 at ! pres5t ,um ,keis1 :]e ! ru9s are ext5sive & f\r f9e spr+s exi/4 ,um ,keis is sev5 miles s\!a/ ( ! ,sea ( ,galilee1 ^u ! level surface ( a /eep hill4 ,x is ?\ght t ! t]m ,gad>5es ref]r$ to ! g5]al region ( :i* ,gad>a 0 ! capital1 & ,g]ges5es to ! t[n ( ,g]gesa1 on ! lake1 :]e ! miracle occurr$1 & :i* belong$ to ! di/rict ( ! ,gad>5es4 ,gad>a is fir/ m5tion$ 9 secul> hi/ory :5 captur$ by ,antio*us ! ,great1 ,b4 ,c4 #bah4 ,x 0 tak5 by ! ,jews tw5ty ye>s aft]w>ds1 b de/roy$ dur+ _! civil w>s1 & rebuilt by ,pompey to please 8 fre$man1 :o 0 a ,gad>5e4 ,:5 ! proconsul ( ,syria1 ,gab9ius1 *ang$ ! con/itution ( ,juda1 divid+ x into five di/ricts hav+ gov]n+ c\ncils1 ,gad>a 0 made ! seat ( "o ( ^! c\ncils1 & became a *ief city or capital ( ! c\ntry ar\nd4 ,x is probable t ,g]gesa is prop]ly id5tifi$ 9 ! ru9 ,k]sa on ! ea/ %ore ( ! ,lake ( ,g5nes>et1 almo/ equi-di/ant f ! nor? & ! s\? ends4 ,x 0 once surr\nd$ by a wall1 ! ru9s ( :i* /ill rema94 ,j s\? ( x ! hills come d[n v precipit\sly into ! wat]1 z !y d 9 no o!r place on ! %ore1 ,m>k #e3a2 ,luke #h3bf2 ,matt4 #h3bh4 #ag4 ,cap]naum4 ,! fea/ giv5 to our ,"l by ,levi1 :o is also call$ ,mat!w1 takes place at ?is "t1 ,matt4 #i3aj2 ,m>k #b3ae2 ,luke #e3bi4 ,! rais+ ( ,jairus' daught]1 & ! heal+ ( ! woman :o t\*$ ! hem ( 8 g>m5t1 ,matt4 #i3bj2 ,m>k #e3be2 ,luke #h3dc4 ,two bl9d m5 & a dumb man heal$1 ,matt4 #i3bg4 #ah4 ,naz>e?4 ,*ri/ appe>s "h1 b is reject$ ! second "t1 ,matt4 #ac3ed2 ,m>k #f3a4 ,! fir/ "t 0 soon aft] 8 baptism1 ,luke #d3af4 ,galilee4 ,jesus makes ) 8 disciples a ?ird circuit ?r\gh ,galilee1 ,matt4 #i3ce2 ,m>k #f3f4 ,! passage 9 ,luke #ac3bb gives q ano!r circuit on 8 f9al j\rney t[>ds ,j]usalem1 :i* took place probably ! foll[+ ye>4 ,jesus s5ds out ! twelve1 two by two1 ,matt4 #aj3a1 #e2 ,m>k #f3g2 ,luke #i3a4 ,h]od 7,antipas71 :o _h sla9 ,john ! ,bapti/1 he>s ( ,jesus1 & supposes t ,john has ris51 ,matt4 #ad3a2 ,m>k #f3ad2 ,luke #i3g4 ,nor!a/ coa/ ( ! lake4 ,! five ?\s& are f$4 ,jesus aft]w>ds walks ^u ! wat]1 ,matt4 #ad3aecc2 ,m>k #f3ceea2 ,luke #i3abag 7,luke omits ! walk+ on ! wat]72 ,john #f3eba4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,?ird ,,passov]4 #a4 ,_m incid5tal circum/ances h l$ comm5tators to suppose t ! ?ird ,passov] transpir$ ab\t ?is "t4 ,! foll[+ incid5ts are !re=e attribut$ to him aft] ! ?ird ,passov]4 ,we !re=e1 9 accordance ) ! above supposition1 rec\nt ! ev5ts = ! next six mon?s to ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles4 ,! *ief reason = ass]t+ ! ?ird ,passov] at ?is "t is1 t accord+ to ,john #f3d1 ! ,passov] 80 nigh0 at ! "t ( ! fe$+ ( ! five ?\s&4 #b4 ,cap]naum4 ,jesus replies to ! ,ph>isees :o object to eat+ ) unwa%$ h&s1 ,matt4 #ae3b2 ,m>k #g3a1 9 :i* ! wa%+ 0 n = cleanl9ess b religi\s c]emony4 #c4 ,region ( ,tyre & ,sidon4 ,! ,syro-phnician woman's daught] heal$1 ,matt4 #ae3ba2 ,m>k #g3bd4 ,,tyre ,,& ,,sidon4 ,^! 7 ,phnician t[ns1 tw5ty-five miles di/ant f ea* o!r1 & ^u ! ,m$it]ranean seacoa/4 ,!y are m5tion$ 9 hi/ory long be=e ! build+ ( ,j]usalem4 ,! fir/ is m5tion$ 9 ,scripture 9 ,jo%4 #ai3bi = ! fir/ "t1 :ile ,sidon is spok5 ( by "n _m ye>s be=e1 9 ,g54 #aj3ai1 z be+ a prom95t ,canaaniti% city1 ,b4 ,c4 #bcej4 ,9 ! "t ( our ,savi\r !y 7 bo? inhabit$ places1 & ,tyre 0 a city ( great importance4 ,at pres5t !y are consid]able t[ns ( f #e1jjj 7,tyre7 to #ae1jjj 7,sidon7 inhabitants4 ,tyre is almo/ due we/ f ,mt4 ,h]mon4 ,decapolis4 ,! deaf & dumb heal$1 ,m>k #g3cb4 ,x is probable t ?is case is to be di/+ui%$ f ^? m5tion$ 9 ,matt4 #i3cb2 #ab3bb1 :i* may h happ5$ at previ\s times1 z ! surr\nd+ circum/ances sugge/4 ,,decapolis4 #d4 ,?is region conta9$ t5 pr9cipal cities1 z ! "n signifies4 ,pl9y gives ! names ,scy?opolis 7or old ,be?-%ean71 ,philadelphia1 ,raphana1 ,gad>a1 ,hippos1 ,dios1 ,pella1 ,g]asa1 ,cana?a1 & ,damascus z con/itut+ ! t54 ,josephus says ,otopos in/ead ( ,cana?a4 ,! region 0 inhabit$ by _m =eign]s1 & h5ce might h conta9$ m sw9e ?an any truly ,jewi% region4 ,h5ce ! m5tion ( l>ge numb]s ( sw9e 9 ! heal+ ( ! demoniac1 = among ! /rictly ,jewi% di/ricts ! keep+ ( sw9e w\ld n h be5 p]mitt$4 ,?is di/rict may be describ$ g5]ally z ea/ ( ! ,lake ( ,g5nes>et & ( t "p ( ,jordan :i* is s\? ( ! lake z f> z ,scy?opolis or ,be?-%ean1 fifte5 miles s\? ( ! lake & f\r miles we/ ( ! ,jordan4 ,! cities ( ! li/ h n all be5 id5tifi$4 ,scy?opolis1 ,philadelphia1 ,gad>a1 ,damascus1 & possibly ,hippos & ,pella1 are kn[n1 b ! di/rict ( ,decapolis has n yet be5 satisfactorily def9$4 #e4 ,scy?opolis we h already describ$1 page #acb4 ,philadelphia 0 ! "n giv5 to ! pres5t ,ammon by ,ptolemy ,philadelphus4 ,x is a ru9 on ! high tablel& tw5ty-?ree miles ea/ ( ! ,jordan & ne>ly ?irty miles nor!a/ ( ! ,dead ,sea4 ,x is ! old ,rabba?-,ammon1 ! capital ( ! ,ammonites 9 ! "t ( ,moses1 ,deut4 #c3aa4 ,its ru9s are v ext5sive4 #f4 ,damascus is yet an important city fifty-five miles ea/ ( ! ,m$it]ranean coa/1 situat$ on an ext5sive pla9 b\nd$ on ! nor? by spurs ( ! ,anti-,lebanon range4 ,excavations seem to %[ t ! great] "p ( ,damascus is built ^u anci5t ru9s ( ! =m] city4 ,its population at pres5t 7#ahij7 is suppos$ to be ab\t #abe1jjj4 ,hippos1 ano!r city ( ! ,decapolis1 is suppos$ to h be5 ^u ! s\? %ore ( ! ,sea ( ,galilee2 & ,pella1 :i!r _m ,*ri/ians fl$ j be=e ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 is ab\t ?ree miles ea/ ( ! ,jordan1 up 9 ! hills eighte5 miles s\? ( ! ,sea ( ,galilee4 ,decapolis region4 ,! f\r ?\s& are f$ ne> ! lake1 ,matt4 #ae3cb2 ,m>k #h3a4 ,,dalmanu?a4 ,,magdala4 #g4 ,dalmanu?a is ! place :i* ,jesus approa*$ on 8 return f ! ea/ ( ! lake to ! we/1 accord+ to ,m>k #h3aj1 aft] fe$+ ! f\r ?\s&4 ,mat!w /ates t he came into ! coa/s ( ,magdala4 ,!y mu/ h be5 9 ! same vic9ity4 ,magdala is n[ call$ ,mejdel1 ! village /ill be+ inhabit$4 ,x is imm$iately ^u ! %ore1 & a little m ?an ?ree miles nor? ( ,tib]ias4 ,b betwe5 ,mejdel & ,tib]ias !re is a spr+ & a good l&+ place ) "s rema9s4 ,! place is call$ ,a9 el-,fuliyeh1 & may h _h ! above "n ( ,dalmanu?a1 z ! soil is ri*] ?an t ar\nd & %[s evid5ces ( a =m] settlem5t4 ,! place seems to h assum$ 9 rec5t times ! "n ,a9 ,b>ideh1 8! cold spr+40 ,! boat 9 cross+ evid5tly l&$ betwe5 ^! two villages ( ,dalmanu?a & ,mejdel4 #h4 ,on ! %ore4 ,! ,ph>isees aga9 dem& a 8sign10 or pro(1 ( 8 au?ority1 ,matt4 #af3a2 ,m>k #h3aa4 ,! =m] "t is record$ 9 ,matt4 #ab3ch4 ,cross+ ! lake4 ,he w>ns 8 disciples ( ! leav5 aga9/ ! ,ph>isees4 ,matt4 #af3f2 ,m>k #h3ae2 ,luke #ab3a may ref] to ?is "t or may h be5 on ano!r occasion4 ,be?saida 7,julias74 ,! bl9d man heal$1 ,m>k #h3bb4 ,ne> ,cs>ea-,philippi4 ,jesus =etells 8 dea?4 ,! transfiguration takes place4 ,he heals imm$iately aft]w>d a demoniac :om 8 disciples c\ld n heal1 ,matt4 #af3ba2 #ag3ad2 ,m>k #h3ca2 #i3ag2 ,luke #i3ch4 #i4 ,pass+ ?r\gh ,galilee to ,cap]naum4 ,he =etells 8 dea? & resurrection ! second "t1 ,matt4 #ag3bb2 ,m>k #i3ca2 ,luke #i3dd4 ,cap]naum4 ,! tribute money tak5 f ! fi%1 ,matt4 #ag3bd4 ,! sev5ty are s5t out aft] !y _h receiv$ ! lesson ^u humility1 ,matt4 #ah3a2 ,m>k #i4 ,,jesus ,,goes ,,up ,,to ,,! ,,fea/ ,,( ,,! ,,tab]nacles4 #aj4 ,! nature ( ?is fea/ is describ$ 9 ,lev4 #bc3cc4 ,x 0 celebrat$ on ! fifte5? day aft] ! new moon 9 ,octob]1 & 0 ! great 8h>ve/ home0 ( ! ,jews4 ,all dwelt 9 boo?s1 call$ 8tab]nacles10 = eight days1 ( :i* ! la/ day 0 8! great day ( ! fea/40 ,! lat] ,jews add$ ! p\r+ ( wat] m+l$ ) w9e ^u ! morn+ sacrifices ( ea* day1 amid s\nd+ ( trumpets & horns & ! s++ ( a passage f ,isa4 #ab3c4 ,?is may h sugge/$ ! ann\ncem5t made by our ,savi\r z giv5 9 ,john #g3cg1 #ch4 ,,! ,,l9e ,,( ,,travel4 #aa4 ,jesus leaves ,cap]naum1 passes ?r\gh ,galilee by ,naz>e?1 tak+ ! %orte/ r\te direct to ,j]usalem ?r\gh ,sam>ia1 probably by ,jacob's well1 :i* 0 situat$ on ! ma9 road1 ! same to-day z !n4 ,?is 0 9 ,octob]4 ,8 bre?r5 _h gone on be=e1 ,john #g3aj1 & he delay$ till ! cr[d _h decreas$ & !n />t$4 ,h5ce he did n appe> till ! ?ird or f\r? day ( ! fea/1 & !n he began to tea*4 ,on 8 way1 9 ,sam>ia4 ,! t5 lep]s are cleans$1 ,luke #ag3ab4 ,he rebukes ,james & ,john = wi%+ to call d[n fire ^u ! ,sam>itans1 ,luke #i3ed4 #ab4 ,j]usalem4 ,jesus tea*es 9 ! ,temple1 ,john #g3ad4 ,! woman tak5 9 adult]y1 ,john #h3c4 ,!y attempt to /one him = say+1 8,be=e ,abraham 01 ,i am10 ,john #h3eh4 ,a lawy] in/ruct$4 ,p>able ( ! ,good ,sam>itan1 ,luke #aj3be4 ,!y ?reat5 to /one him = say+1 8,i & my ,fa!r are "o10 ,john #aj3ca4 ,be?any4 ,jesus visits ! h\se ( ,m>?a & ,m>y1 ,luke #aj3ch4 ,ne> ,j]usalem4 ,he tea*es 8 disciples to pray1 ,luke #aa3a4 ,j]usalem4 ,! man born bl9d is heal$ on ! ,sabba?1 ,john #i3a4 ,be?any4 ,he goes to 8beyond ,jordan10 :]e ,john at fir/ baptiz$1 & !re he>+ ( ! sickness ( ,laz>us1 goes to ,be?any & raises him1 ,john #aa3a4 ,j]usalem4 ,caiaphas1 ! high-prie/1 sugge/s ! dea? ( ,jesus1 :o retires to ,ephraim1 ,john #aa3dg1 #ed4 ,,ephraim1 ,,john #aa3ed4 #ac4 ,! site ( ?is t[n has n c]ta9ly be5 id5tifi$1 b ,dr4 ,rob9son has giv5 good reasons = suppos+ t x 0 situat$ at a village n[ call$ ,taiyibeh1 twelve miles a little ea/ ( nor? f ,j]usalem4 ,x is (f ! pres5t ma9 road ( travel1 to ! ea/1 & 9 ! mid/ ( a v r\gh & untravell$ c\ntry1 b !re are ! rema9s ( a good ,roman road runn+ d[n f ?is place to ! valley ( ! ,jordan1 & ab\t a mile & a half bel[ ! village !re are two ,roman mile-po/s /ill /&+ on t old road4 ,x is probable t "h our ,savi\r retir$ f ! dang] t seem$ to ?reat5 him 9 ,j]usalem4 ,aft] leav+ ,ephraim he seems to h tak5 ! ma9 road d[n to ! pla9 ( ,jordan & cross$ to ! o!r side1 call$ ,p]a4 #ad4 ,p]a4 ,great numb]s foll[ ,*ri/ "h1 & ! foll[+ is a brief hi/ory ( :at transpir$ 9 t region3 ,he heals ! infirm woman on ! ,sabba?1 ,luke #ac3aj4 ,he is w>n$ aga9/ ,h]od1 ,luke #ac3ca4 ,he d9es ) a *ief ,ph>isee on ! ,sabba?1 ,luke #ad3a4 ,! p>ables ( ! lo/ %eep & ( ! prodigal son1 ,luke #ae3aacb4 ,! p>ables ( ! unju/ /ew>d & ( ! ri* man & ,laz>us1 ,luke #af4 ,! w>n+s t ,*ri/'s com+ w be sudd51 ,luke #ag3bj4 ,! p>ables ( ! importunate wid[1 ,luke #ah3a1 & ,ph>isee & publican1 ,luke #ah3aj4 ,he gives precepts respect+ divorce1 ,matt4 #ai3c4 ,he blesses little *ildr51 ,matt4 #ai3ac2 ,m>k #aj3ac2 ,luke #ah3ae4 ,! visit ( ! ri* "y man1 ,matt4 #ai3af2 ,m>k #aj3ag2 ,luke #ah3ah4 ,p>able ( ! labor]s 9 ! v9ey>d1 ,matt4 #bj3a4 ,on ! way up to ,j]usalem4 ,jesus = ! ?ird "t =etells 8 crucifixion & resurrection1 b 8 disciples d n und]/& him1 ,matt4 #bj3ag2 ,m>k #aj3cb2 ,luke #ah3ca4 #ae4 ,ne> ! ,jordan4 ,james & ,john make _! ambiti\s reque/ ?r\gh _! "m1 ,matt4 #bj3bj2 ,m>k #aj3ce4 ,we/ ( ,j]i*o4 ,he heals two bl9d m51 ,matt4 #bj3cj2 ,m>k #aj3df2 ,luke #ah3ce4 ,visits ,zac*u1 ,luke #ai3aaj4 ,ne>] to ,j]usalem4 ,p>able ( ! t5 p\nds1 ,matt4 #be3adcj2 ,luke #ai3aabg4 ,be?any4 ,! supp] giv5 by ,simon ! lep]1 ,matt4 #bf3fac2 ,m>k #ad3ci2 ,john #ab3aaa2 f ,john x seems t ?is fea/ took place six days be=e ! ,passov]1 & on ! next day 0 ! triumphal entry into ,j]usalem4 ,j ea/ ( ,be?any4 ,! s5d+ = ! ass & colt1 foll[$ by ! triumphal entry ( our ,savi\r into ,j]usalem4 ,matt4 #ba3ag4 ,m>k #aa3aaa & ,luke #ai3bidj speak only ( ! colt4 #af4 ,desc5d+ ! ,m\nt ( ,olives4 ,*ri/ weeps ov] ,j]usalem1 ,luke #ai3dadd4 ,j]usalem4 ,he makes a triumphal entry into ,j]usalem & visits ! ,temple1 ,matt4 #ba3abag4 ,?is passage includes ! /atem5t ( ! ov]turn+ ! money-*ang]s' tables on ! fir/ day4 ,m>k #aa3ab /ates t ?is act 0 p]=m$ on ! day foll[+4 ,z he p]=m$ ! same act at 8 fir/ ,passov]1 two ye>s be=e1 ,john #b3acag1 he may h done ! same ?+ twice1 on two successive days4 ,also read ,luke #ai3de4 ,be?any4 ,he retires at ev5+ to ,be?any1 ,matt4 #ba3ag2 ,m>k #aa3aa4 ,,be?any ,,& ,,be?phage4 #ag4 ,be?any 0 a little ov] a mile ea/ ( ! l[] "p ( ! city1 ab\t a mile & a half s\!a/ f ,/4 ,/eph5's gate1 if measur$ along ! road4 ,be?phage has n be5 c]ta9ly id5tifi$1 b x 0 probably at a place "o half-mile s\? ( ! ,*ur* ( ! ,asc5sion1 :i* is on ! top ( ! ,m\nt ( ,olives4 ,x 0 on ! way f ,be?any to ,j]usalem1 :]e ! road f ,be?any w9ds ar\nd ! s\? ( ! highe/ "p ( ! ,m\nt ( ,olives4 ,?is 0 ! supposition ( ,dr4 ,b>clay1 & seems probable to ! writ]1 :o visit$ ! place4 ,on ! way f ,be?any to ,j]usalem4 ,! fig-tree curs$1 ,matt4 #ba3ai2 ,m>k #aa3ab4 #ah4 ,j]usalem4 ,*ri/'s au?ority dem&$1 ,matt4 #ba3bc2 ,m>k #aa3bg2 ,luke #bj3a4 ,p>able ( ! two sons1 ,matt4 #ba3bh4 ,p>able ( ! wick$ husb&m51 ,matt4 #ba3ccda2 ,m>k #ab3a2 ,luke #bj3i4 ,( ! m>riage ( ! k+'s son1 ,matt4 #bb3b4 ,! cunn+ ( ! ,ph>isees reg>d+ tribute to ,cs>1 ,matt4 #bb3ae2 ,m>k #ab3ac2 ,luke #bj3ba4 ,! artful "q ( ! ,sadducees answ]$ 9 respect to ! resurrection1 ,matt4 #bb3bc2 ,m>k #ab3ah2 ,luke #bj3bg4 ,a lawy]'s "q1 ,:i* is ! greate/ comm&m5t8 ,matt4 #bb3ce2 ,m>k #ab3bh4 ,jesus' "q z to :y ,david calls ! son ,"l1 ,matt4 #bb3db2 ,m>k #ab3ce2 ,luke #bj3da4 ,he w>ns !m aga9/ ! scribes & ,ph>isees1 ,matt4 #bc3bcf2 ,m>k #ab3chdj2 ,luke #bj3df1 #dg4 ,! wid['s two mites1 ,m>k #ab3da2 ,luke #ba3a4 ,"s ,greeks desire to see ,jesus1 ,john #ab3bj4 #ai4 ,m\nt ( ,olives4 ,w>n+s & =etell+ ( ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 ,matt4 #bd3cea2 ,m>k #ac3ccg2 ,luke #ba3gcf4 ,! t5 virg9s & ! p>able ( ! five tal5ts1 ,matt4 #be3acj4 ,a di/9ct ann\ncem5t t he %all come 9 glory ) ! angels1 ,matt4 #be3cadf2 su* an ann\ncem5t 0 made be=e 8 transfiguration1 b only 9 brief allusion1 see ,m>k #h3ch4 ,j]usalem4 ,! *ief prie/s1 scribes1 & eld]s ( ! p take c\nsel to de/roy ,jesus1 ,matt4 #bf3c2 ,m>k #ad3a1 #b2 ,luke #bb3b4 ,jesus appo9ts a place :]e he %all eat ! passov]1 ,matt4 #bf3ag2 ,m>k #ad3ab2 ,luke #bb3g4 ,! ,"l's ,supp] in/itut$ at ! close ( ! eat+ ( ! passov]1 ,matt4 #bf3bfbi2 ,m>k #ad3bbbf2 ,luke #bb3ai1 #bj4 ,f ! la/ quotation1 ) its context bo? be=e & aft]1 x is pla9 t ! in/itution foll[$ ! passov]2 read also f ,john #ac3b4 ,jesus wa%es 8 disciples' feet4 ,?is includes ,judas' feet1 z se5 9 ! record by ,john1 #ac3dcj4 ,jesus1 aft] ! dep>ture ( ,judas1 gives a rem>kable s]ies ( com=t+ in/ructions & exhortations to ! apo/les4 #bj4 ,ge?semane4 ,he retires to ,ge?semane & prays :ile 8 disciples sleep1 ,matt4 #bf3cf2 ,m>k #ad3cb2 ,luke #bb3ci4 ,betray$ by ,judas1 he is l$ away to ,annas1 :o s5ds him b\nd to ! high-prie/ ,caiaphas1 :o 0 ) ! ,sanh$r9 z !y 7 assembl$1 expect+ ,jesus at t h\r1 ,matt4 #bf3dg2 ,m>k #ad3dc2 ,luke #bb3dg4 ,,annas1 ,,caiaphas1 ,,pilate4 #ba4 ,annas _h be5 high-prie/1 b _h be5 depos$ by ! procurator ( ,juda2 ,caiaphas1 :o 0 made high-prie/1 0 8 son-9-law4#agd ,annas 0 a man ( great influ5ce & 0 probably at ?is "t presid5t ( ! ,sanh$r94#age ,h5ce z he _h be5 made a deputy by ! previ\s procurator & dis*>g$ "s ( ! functions ( ! (fice1 he 0 call$ a high-prie/4 #bb4 ,pilate succe$$ to ! (fice ( procurator ,a4 ,d4 #bf1 & gave to ! ,jewi% prie/s ! managem5t ( _! own affairs1 9 ord] to conciliate !m1 b at times he 0 exce$+ly cruel & exact+4#agf ,z an in/ance1 :5 he desir$ to br+ wat] into ,j]usalem f a di/ance ( tw5ty-five miles1 to aid 9 ! ent]prise he seiz$ ^u ! money laid up 9 ! ,temple = sacr$ purposes4 ,?is act s enrag$ ! ,jews t !y assembl$ by ?\s&s at ! palace gates dem&+ ! re/oration ( ! money4 ,pilate ord]$ 8 soldi]s to disp]se !m1 & !y ) _! %ort dagg]s *>g$ ! cr[ds into ! v prec9cts ( ! ,temple1 slay+ great numb]s ev5 ^u ! alt>s ( _! sacrifices4#agg #bc4 ,j]usalem4 ,! ,sanh$r9 lead ,jesus to ,pilate1 ,matt4 #bg3b2 ,m>k #ae3a2 ,luke #bc3a2 ,john #ah3bh4 ,pilate endeavors to deliv] ,jesus f dea?1 b f9ally gives him ov] to crucifixion1 ,matt4 #bg3aabf2 ,m>k #ae3iae2 ,luke #bc3dbd2 ,john #ah3ch2 #ai3af4 ,! sup]natural d>kness1 f ! six? h\r 7twelve1 midday7 to ! n9? h\r 7?ree 9 ! aft]noon71 ,matt4 #bg3de2 ,m>k #ae3cc2 ,luke #bc3dd4 ,! r5d+ ( ! veil ( ! ,temple1 ,matt4 #bg3ea2 ,m>k #ae3ch2 ,luke #bc3de4 #bd4 ,?is veil 0 sixty feet high & ( v heavy mat]ial1 accord+ to ,jewi% writ]s4 ,a veil to cov] ! holy place 0 us$ 9 ! temples ( ,diana at ,ephesus & ( ,jupit] at ,olympia1 & z !y 7 ( ! same mat]ial1 ( wooll5 & ri*ly embroid]$ & 9 color purple1 x seems !y mu/ h be5 sugge/$ by ! veil 9 ! ,jewi% ,temple1 :i* 0 ( ! same mat]ial1 "w1 & color4 ,! ,jewi% veil 0 ! inn] "o sep>at+ ! 8,holy ( holies0 f ! o!r "p ( ! sanctu>y4#agh ,= ! orig9al description see ,exod4 #bf3ca4 ,! e>?quake1 ,matt4 #bg3ea4 ,rocks r5t & graves op5$1 ,matt4 #bg3eb4 ,c5turion surpris$1 ,matt4 #bg3ed2 ,m>k #ae3ci2 ,luke #bc3dg2 ,luke adds 8all ! p40 ,wom5 behold+ af> (f1 ,matt4 #bg3ee1 #ef2 ,m>k #ae3dj2 ,luke #bc3di2 ,john #ai3be2 ,john /ates t "s /ood by ! cross4 #be4 ,joseph ( ,arima?a applies = ! body ( ,jesus1 ,matt4 #bg3egfj2 ,m>k #ae3dbdg2 ,luke #bc3ejec2 ,john #ai3ch4 ,nicodemus br+s spices to ! sepul*re1 ,john #bi3ci4 ,! ,jews1 by ,pilate's p]mission1 set a wat*1 ,matt4 #bg3fbff4 ,! desc5t ( an angel :o rolls away ! /one1 ,matt4 #bh3b2 ,m>k #af3e2 ,m>k says a "y man 0 sitt+ 9 ! sepul*re :5 ! two ,m>ys came ) spices4 ,luke #bd3d /ates two m5 7angels7 /ood at ! sepul*re4 ,john #ba m5tions no angel at ! fir/ visit1 b aft]w>d ,m>y ,magdal5e on h] return sees two angels 9 ! sepul*re1 ,john #bj3aa1 #ab4 #bf4 ,! *ief prie/s bribe ! soldi]s to keep ! secret1 ,matt4 #bh3aaae4 ,! two disciples1 ,pet] & ,cleopas1 go+ to ,emmaus1 see ,jesus1 ,luke #bd3acce4 ,,emmaus4 #bg4 ,! site ( ?is t[n has n be5 id5tifi$ beyond d\bt4 ,b ! village ,amwas1 fifte5 miles nor?we/ by we/ f ,j]usalem1 has be5 suppos$ to be ! place4 ,its di/ance is almo/ too great = ! disciples to h travell$ 9 ! "t specifi$1 & x is f>!r (f ?an ! sixty furlongs :i* is giv5 z its di/ance f ,j]usalem 9 ,luke #bd3ac4 ,b ! di/ance is giv5 9 sev]al ( ! old manuscripts z #afj furlongs in/ead ( sixty2 especially is x s /at$ 9 ! old ,s9aitic manuscript4 ,?is fact1 ) ! simil>ity ( "n1 & ! /atem5t by ,j]ome t x 0 at ?is place1 =m]ly call$ ,nicopolis1 leads to ! g5]al impression t ! site ( ,emmaus is to be f\nd at ,amwas4 #bh4 ,jesus sudd5ly appe>s to ! apo/les z !y are ga!r$ 9 a room1 ,?omas be+ abs5t1 & aga9 eight days aft]w>d :5 ,?omas 0 pres5t4 ,?is is accord+ to ,john #bj3aibi4 ,luke only m5tions ! "o appe>ance 9 ! room1 ,luke #bd3cfdh2 also 9 ,m>k only "o appe>ance 9 ! room z !y sat at meat or toge!r1 ,m>k #af3ad2 b ?is appe>ance is omitt$ 9 ,mat!w4 ,! apo/les & p]haps _m o!rs g into ,galilee1 ,matt4 #bh3af1 #ag2 ,m>k makes no /atem5t1 nor does ,luke1 9 ref]5ce to ! go+ into ,galilee4 ,john #ba3abc gives ! meet+ ( ,jesus at ! ,sea ( ,tib]ias4 ,aft] ?is he meets ! apo/les & ov] #ejj bre?r5 at once2 is 8se5 ( ,james10 & f9ally 8( all ! apo/les10 hav+ l$ !m out to ,be?any1 :]e 8 asc5sion took place1 #a ,cor4 #ae3f1 #g2 ,luke #bd3diec4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,*ur*4 #a4 ,imm$iately aft] ! dep>ture ( our ,savi\r ! disciples recov]$ all _! fai? & c\rage & return$ to ,j]usalem f ,be?any4 ,! fir/ act ( ! apo/les 0 to re/ore _! numb] to twelve1 made elev5 by ! apo/asy ( ,judas4 ,two nom9ations 7 made ( m5 :o1 l !mselves1 _h be5 companions ( ! ,savi\r f ! baptism ( ,john to ! asc5sion 7,acts #a3ba74 ,! m5 nom9at$ 7 ,joseph1 call$ ,b>sabas1 & ,mat?ias2 ! latt] 0 *os5 by lot4 #b4 ,! appo9tm5t1 or selection1 by lot 0 consid]$ sacr$ among ! anci5ts2 & 0 p]=m$1 z to ! mode ( ! lot1 by ca/+ into "s vessel a numb] ( little tablets1 pebbles1 or /rips ( lea!r or papyrus1 ^u :i* 7 inscrib$ ! names or "s di/+ui%+ m>ks4 ,! vessel 0 !n %ak51 & t "n1 or its repres5tative1 :i* fir/ fell ^u ! floor det]m9$ ! *oice4 ,9 ! "t ( ,hom] ! lot 0 ca/ into a helmet & %ak54#agi ,9 ,prov4 #af3cc ! same idea ( ca/+ ! lot into a vessel is int5d$1 ) ! addition t ! result is guid$ by ! ,"l1 = ! ,engli% ^w 8lap0 9 ! passage j quot$ 9 ! ,hebrew signifies 8! op5+10 i4 e41 ( ! urn or vessel into :i* ! lot 0 ca/4 ,! use ( lots is m5tion$ frequ5tly 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t2 at fir/ ov] ! scapegoat1 z describ$ 9 ,lev4 #af3h2 !n 9 ! division ( ! holy l&1 ,num4 #cd3ac1 &1 ) sup]natural results1 at ! detection ( ,a*an1 ,jo%4 #g3ad1 #ah1 & ,jonah #a3g2 also 9 ! division ( ! prie/s into _! ord]s1 #a ,*ron4 #bd3ae4 ,! t]m = 8lot0 9 ! ,lat9 is cl]us1 & ! p]sons *os5 to any prie/ly (fice1 or set ap>t by due ord9ation to ! s]vice ( ,god1 9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur* z a body1 are call$ ! 8cl]gy10 decl>ative ( ! fact t _! possession ( or appo9tm5t to ! sacr$ (fice is by div9e decision1 z 0 always suppos$ to be ! case 9 ! anci5t prie/ly appo9tm5t by lots4 ,,p5teco/4 #c4 ,! next annual fea/ took place on ! fiftie? day aft] ! ,passov] & 0 call$ ,p5teco/1 ! ,greek ^w = ! fiftie?4 ,x 0 call$ ! ,fea/ ( ,weeks1 ,deut4 #af3aj1 also ! ,fea/ ( ,h>ve/1 ,exod4 #bc3af1 or ( ! ,fir/fruits1 ,num4 #bh3bf4 ,x la/$ b "o day1 & ^u t day two loaves ( ! fir/ :eat 7 (f]$ at ! ,temple4 ,! fe/ival n[ call$ ,:itsunday 0 sugge/$ by ?is fe/ival4 ,:5 ! "t = ?is fea/ arriv$ !re 0 at ,j]usalem a rem>kable ga!r+ :i* %[s to :at ext5t ! ,jewi% nation _h already be5 scatt]$ ov] ! _w4 ,!re 7 visitors f ,p>?ia1 ,m$ia1 & ,elam1 f #fjj to #gjj miles on ! ea/2 f ,mesopotamia1 ab\t #djj miles on ! nor!a/2 f ,cappadocia1 #ejj miles on ! nor? & midway betwe5 ! ,m$it]ranean & ! ,black ,sea2 f ,pontus ly+ on ! ,black ,sea2 & f t "p ( ,asia ,m9or !n call$ 8,asia40 ,?is la/ m5tion$ di/rict1 al?\gh x aft]w>d gave its "n to ! :ole va/ cont95t1 at ?is "t compris$ only ! extreme s\?we/]n p>ts ( ! p59sula1 su* z ,c>ia & ,lydia & a "p ( ,mysia1 its *ief city be+ ,ephesus4 ,?is 0 9 aft] times ! region ( ! 8sev5 *ur*es0 ( ,revelation4#ahj ,!re 7 ga!r$ ,jews f ,phrygia & ,pamphylia1 #ejj to #fjj miles (f t[>ds ! nor?we/1 ! =m] on ! high tablel& & ! latt] on ! l[ seacoa/ s\!a/4 ,!y 7 !re f ,egypt on ! s\?we/1 & f ,libya & ,cyr5e1 #djj miles we/ ( ! ,nile1 on ! ,african coa/1 & f ,rome1 ne>ly #a1ejj miles to ! nor?we/2 also f ! isl& ( ,crete1 #fjj miles we/ by nor?1 & f ,arabia on ! s\!a/4 #d4 ,x 0 ^u ! occasion ( ?is great ga!r+ to ,j]usalem on ! day ( ,p5teco/ t ,pet] exhibit$ ! beg9n+ ( t rem>kable ,*ri/ian c\rage1 k1 & endurance :i* *>act]iz$ him ev] aft]4 ,he 0 n[ n only ! orator1 b ! able ,*ri/ian expositor ( ! prophets & ( ! ,psalms4 ,! g5]al outl9e ( 8 address at ?is "t is giv5 u 9 ,acts #b3addj1 b ! effect 0 s great t #c1jjj came out publicly & 7 baptiz$ on t "o day4 #e4 ,! extreme pov]ty ( ! little b& ( apo/les1 z a :ole1 is evid5t2#aha b aft] ! ,p5teco/ "s ( ^? :o 7 add$ contribut$ to ! g5]al fund1 & !re 0 no suff]+ aft] ! organization 0 complete1 ,acts #d3cd4 ,ev5 ^? :o imm$iately aft] ! crucifixion return$ to _! trades 7 enabl$ to devote _! :ole "t to mission "w1 s f> z we h any records ( !m1 ,acts #f3d4 ,,! ,,imm$iate ,,success4 #f4 ,f ! v>i\s notices ( additions to _! numb] & f ! (ficial appo9tm5t ( sev5 m5 ( ability to disburse ! funds & att5d to ! ne$y1 ,acts #f3c1 x is evid5t t ! numb]s ( ! e>ly *ur* be=e ! fir/ great p]secution began mu/ h am\nt$ to _m ?\s&s1 ,acts #b3db1 #dg2 #e3ad2 #f3a1 #g4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,p]secution4 #g4 ,( ! sev5 m5 appo9t$ to att5d to ! managem5t ( ! g5]al treasury & to ! claims ( ! poor1 ! *ief 0 ,/eph54 ,8 exce$+ prom95ce 9 public "w1 8 v ext5sive k ( ! ,law1 & 8 aggressive ability 9 def5d+ ! gospel gave great (f5ce to "s ( ! ,jews4 ,! result 0 8 arraignm5t be=e ! ,sanh$r9 & exam9ation ^u ! two po9ts :i* to ! ,jews 7 ! de>e/ ( all1 namely1 ! sanctity ( ! ,temple & ! supremacy ( ! ,law4 ,/eph5 answ]$ ! inquiry ( ! high-prie/1 ,acts #g3a1 by a hi/ory accompani$ by unmi/akable ,scripture pro( t al?\gh ,solomon himself 0 ! build]1 ! ,temple 0 no bett] ?an ! wor%ipp]s1 & he quot$ ! prophecy ( ,isaiah1 #ff3a1 #b1 to %[ t ! temple :i* ! ,"l honor$ 0 ! poor & contrite _s4 ,he !n imm$iately *>g$ ! ,sanh$r9 z be+ unwor?y ( ! ,temple !mselves & 9 he>t violat]s ( ! ,law 9 t !y _h bo? betray$ & murd]$ ! "o ( :om ! ,law spoke1 ?us end+ ! address ) ! mo/ t]rific *>ges ( infidelity bo? to ! ,temple & to ! ,law4 ,no su* words _h ev] be5 utt]$ be=e ! ,sanh$r9 s9ce x _h exi/$4 ,he 0 imm$iately dragg$ out ( ! city & /on$ to dea?4 ,/eph5 0 ! fir/ ,*ri/ian m>tyr4 #h4 ,?is dea? 0 ! signal = ! fir/ p]secution4 ,! imm$iate effect ( ?is p]secution 0 to scatt] ! memb]s ( ! ,*ri/ian community ( ,j]usalem n only ?r\gh\t ,sam>ia & ,galilee1 b ev5 to ,phnicia1 ,antio*1 & ,cyprus1 & !y w5t prea*+ ! same doctr9es :i* _h be5 taught 9 ,j]usalem1 ,acts #aa3ai4 ,! city ( ,sam>ia 0 at ?is "t "o ( ! mo/ beautiful 9 ,pale/9e4 ,x 0 pres5t$ to ,h]od ! ,great by ,augu/us1 & 9 honor ( ! emp]or ,h]od nam$ x ,seba/e4#ahb #i4 ,"o ( 8! sev510#ahc ( :om we h spok5 0 ,philip1 :o w5t to ?is city & prea*$ ! new doctr9e ) great success4 ,"o ( ! visitors f di/ant l&s 0 an (fic] ( ,c&ace1 que5 ( ! ,e?iopians4 ,he _h come f t c\ntry to att5d ! celebration at ,j]usalem & 0 return+1 :5 by div9e direction ,philip left ,sam>ia to jo9 him on ! homew>d road4 ,?is (fic] accept$ ! company ( ,philip on ! way1 & ! latt] pres5t$ ! new doctr9e ) su* ability t ! ,e?iopian (fic]1 :o 0 well acqua9t$ ) ! ,scriptures ?r\gh ! ,greek translation 7! ,septuag9t71 became ! fir/ record$ conv]t f t di/ant c\ntry ( ,e?iopia4 ,,conv]sion ,,( ,,/4 ,,paul4 #aj4 ,at ! /on+ ( ,/eph5 !re 0 a "y man pres5t :o made himself conspicu\s by keep+ ! out] g>m5ts ( ^? :o engag$ 9 ! act ( /on+ ! m>tyr4 ,?is man 0 ,saul1 a ,hebrew "n1 aft]w>d *ang$ into ! ,roman =m ( ,paul4 ,he 0 a native ( ,t>sus1 a l>ge & celebrat$ city ( ,cilicia1 a di/rict on ! nor!rn coa/ ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 b ! mo/ ea/]n on t coa/4 ,t>sus 0 a city ( le>n$ in/itutions & le>n$ m54 ,! tutors ( two emp]ors ( ,rome dwelt !re1 & x 0 a favor$ city 9 _m respects1 be+ a place ( l>ge comm]ce4 ,"y ,saul 0 s5t to ,j]usalem at an e>ly age & became a pupil ( ,gamaliel4 ,?is ,gamaliel 0 consid]$ n only "o ( ! mo/ le>n$ 9 ! ,hebrew lit]ature b also 9 ! ,greek1 & he 0 presid5t ( ! ,sanh$r94 ,he aft]w>d transf]r$ ! locality ( ! ,sanh$ral s*ools f ,j]usalem to ,jamnia1 ! ,jabneel ( ,jo%4 #ae3aa4 #aa4 ,jabneel1 or ,jabneh1 n[ call$ ,yebneh1 is ?irte5 miles due s\? ( ,jaffa1 ! anci5t ,joppa1 & mu/ be di/+ui%$ f ! ,jamnia seaport f\r & a half miles nor?we/1 :i* is sometimes ref]r$ to by ! same "n1 b n s 9 ,scripture4 ,9 ! "t ( ! ,maccabees ! coa/ t[n 0 a m important seaport ?an ,joppa4 ,dur+ ! crusades ,jabneh 0 call$ ,ibel94#ahd ,x is built on a hill & is f\r miles f ! sea4 #ab4 ,9 c>ry+ out 8 enmity aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians ,saul det]m9$ to visit ,damascus1 :]e sev]al synagogues exi/$4 ,damascus 0 ab\t #aej miles by road nor!a/ f ,j]usalem4 ,obta9+ lett]s ( introduction f ! high-prie/1 he set out to accompli% 8 purpose4 ,on ! way1 be=e ent]+ ,damascus1 he 0 arre/$ by a sup]natural vision & 0 *ang$ f ! condition ( a bitt] & det]m9$ enemy to t ( an equally det]m9$ advocate ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 &1 aft] a season ( app>5t prep>ation1 he return$ to ,j]usalem4 ,b ?is addition to ! ,*ri/ian community 0 att5d$ ) su* vexation & su* disappo9tm5t to ! ,jews t 8!y w5t ab\t to slay him10 & x 0 ?\ght be/ by 8 bre?r5 t ,saul %\ld dep>t = ,t>sus4 ,at 8 dep>ture ! p]secution ceas$4 ,,azotus1 ,c,,s>ea1 ,,lydda1 ,,joppa4 #ac4 ,^! places n[ come into notice 9 connection ) ! mission>y t\rs ( ,philip1 ! dep>ture ( ,saul to ,t>sus1 & ! visit ( ,pet] to ^? :o _h lately jo9$ ! new fell[%ip4 ,philip1 aft] leav+ ! ,e?iopian (fic] ( ,que5 ,c&ace1 travell$ nor?w>d on ! coa/ ( ! ,m$it]ranean till he rea*$ ,azotus4 ,?is 0 ! mo/ important city ( ! ,phili/9es 9 ! "t ( ,david1 & 0 kn[n z ,a%dod1 b by ! ,greeks call$ ,azotus4 ,x is ?ree miles inl& f ! coa/1 & situat$ on ! slope ( a l>ge hill #adj feet above ! sea level4 ,x is tw5ty-"o miles nor? f ,azotus to ,joppa1 & ?irty-two f ,joppa to ,cs>ea1 & along ?is way on foot ,philip travell$1 prea*+ z he w5t4 ,cs>ea 0 built by ,h]od ! ,great ^u ! =m] site ( a little village call$ ,/rato's ,t[]1 & nam$ aft] ,cs> ,augu/us4 ,x 0 magnific5tly con/ruct$ z a city & z a h>bor1 & vessels sail$ betwe5 x & _m di/ant p>ts ( ! ,m$it]ranean3 h5ce x 0 at ?is "t & long aft]w>d ! great %ipp+ port ( ,pale/9e4 ,josephus gives u a full description ( ! city1 & /ates t its completion 0 celebrat$1 ,b4 ,c4 #ac1 by spl5did games4 ,x 0 ! *ief resid5ce ( ! ,roman (fic]s & gov]nors ( ,juda4 #ad4 ,we h evid5ces t a ,*ri/ian *ur* _h be5 plant$ "h at a v e>ly p]iod1 & 9 ,a4 ,d4 #bjj x became ! resid5ce ( a bi%op :o 0 primate ( all ! bi%ops 9 ,pale/9e1 ,j]usalem includ$4 ,orig5 taught "h 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 & "h ,eusebius 0 educat$ & aft]w>d became its bi%op2 he di$ ,a4 ,d4 #cdj4 ,9 ,a4 ,d4 #aaja ,cs>ea 0 captur$ f ! ,moslems by ,baldw9 ,i41 & among ! ri* booty 0 f\nd a hexagonal vase ( gre5 cry/al suppos$ to h be5 a sacram5tal cup1 & ?is plays an important "p 9 m$ival poetry z ! 8holy grail40 #ae4 ,x 0 to ?is port t ,saul 0 tak5 to f9d a passage direct = ,t>sus1 :i* 0 ab\t #cjj miles nor?4 ,t>sus is t5 miles (f ! coa/ & twelve or fifte5 miles f ! pres5t ,m]s9a1 or anci5t ,soli1 :i* 0 its port4 #af4 ,philip w5t to ,cs>ea f ,azotus1 prea*+ 9 all ! cities1 & "h he seems to h f9ally settl$1 z ye>s aft]1 :5 ,paul return$ f 8 la/ mission>y t\r1 he /opp$ at 8 h\se & /ay$ ) ,philip be=e go+ up to ,j]usalem4 ,at t "t ,philip _h f\r daught]s :o 7 gift$ ) ! _s ( prophecy1 ,acts #ba3i4 ,x is probable1 !re=e1 t ! ext5sive ,*ri/ian influ5ce :i* p]vad$ ,cs>ea = s _m c5turies aft]w>d 0 greatly due to ! e>ly "w & pres5ce ( ,philip4 ,we %\ld n conf\nd ! two ,philips3 7#a7 ,philip ! apo/le1 & 7#b7 ?is ,philip1 :o is sometimes call$ ,philip ! evangeli/4 ,! latt] probably di$ 9 ,cs>ea1 b ! apo/le 9 ,asia ,m9or4 #ag4 ,lydda & ,joppa4 ,joppa is ^u ! sea-coa/ ?irty-five miles nor?we/ f ,j]usalem1 measur$ on a /raight l9e1 & ,lydda is twelve miles s\!a/ ( ,joppa4 ,joppa is m5tion$ 9 ! inscriptions ( ,s5na*]ib1 ! ,assyrian k+1 :o reign$ ,b4 ,c4 #gjefha1 z ,jo-ap-pa1 s t ! "n ,joppa is anci5t1 & ! place 0 ! seaport ( ,j]usalem 9 ! "t ( ,solomon1 ,b4 ,c4 #ajae1 at :i* he receiv$ wood 8out ( ,lebanon10 #b ,*ron4 #b3af4 ,?is is ! fir/ m5tion 9 ,scripture4 ,x is n[ call$ ,yafa1 & its population is mu* great] ?an t :i* g5]ally appe>s 9 ! guide-books1 be+ ab\t #ah1jjj1 z ! au?or has be5 in=m$ by a long resid5t physician4 ,bo? ( ^! places are on ! great coa/-pla9 kn[n z ! pla9 ( ,%>on1 or ,s>on1 :i* 01 9 ! "t ( ,solomon1 a great pa/ure-l&1 #a ,*ron4 #bg3bi4 ,x is probable t at ?is "t great] opportunity 0 all[$ ! ,*ri/ians to "w on 9 peace1 n only because ( ! conv]sion ( ,saul1 b because at ! dea? ( ,tib]ius1 ,m>*1 ,a4 ,d4 #cg1 ,caligula became emp]or1 & ! att5tion ( ! ,jews 0 viol5tly drawn to c>e = !mselves4 ,on 8 accession to p[] ,caligula ord]$ t div9e honors %\ld be paid to him ?r\gh\t ! empire4 ,9 fur!rance ( ?is ord] he direct$ t an image ( himself %\ld be plac$ 9 ! ,holy ( holies1 ! mo/ sacr$ place 9 ! ,temple at ,j]usalem4 ,su* a pr(anation ( ! ,temple 0 s abhorr5t to ! ,jews t x seem$ at "o "t to ! prefect ( ,syria1 ,ptronius1 t ! ,jews mu/ be ext]m9at$ if ! ord] 0 c>ri$ out1 & he wrote to ,caligula 9 accordance ) 8 impression4 ,b ! emp]or 0 inexorable1 & x is impossible to say :at w\ld h be5 ! result _h n ,caligula be5 assass9at$1 on ! #bd? ( ,janu>y1 ,a4 ,d4 #da4ahe #ah4 ,a4 ,d4 #ch4 ,x 0 dur+ ^! tr\bl\s times 9 ! ,jewi% community t ! apo/le ,pet] w5t to ,lydda 9 ! c\rse ( 8 visits to ! ,*ri/ian *ur*es4 ,!re he rais$ neas f a sick-b$1 ,acts #i3cc1 & go+ f ,lydda to ,joppa he rais$ ,dorcas to life1 ,acts #i3dj4 ,a4 ,d4 #da4 ,pet] n[ visit$ ,cs>ea by ! invitation ( ,cornelius1 ! c5turion1 or capta9 ( a b& call$ ! ,italian b&1 or cohort1 probably because x 0 a company ( soldi]s :o 7 all f ,italy1 enli/$ "u ,roman ord]s4 ,! soldi]s usually employ$ 7 prov9cial1 t is1 belong+ to ! c\ntry :]e !y 7 /ation$2 b 9 ?is case !y 7 s5t "h f ,italy & 7 g5]ally compos$ ( bo? infantry & cavalry1 s]v+ z a body-gu>d = ! gov]nor1 & 7 probably at ?is "t g>rison+ ,cs>ea4#ahf ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,gospel ,,= ,,g5tiles ,,z ,,well ,,z ,,jews4 ,,fir/ ,,mission>y ,,t\r ,,( ,,paul ,,& ,,b>nabas4 #a4 ,x is a rem>kable fact t1 al?\gh ! apo/les 7 s fully p]suad$ ( ! v]ity & p[] ( ! gospel1 !y _h n yet le>n$ ! int5t & univ]sality ( its application to ! ,g5tiles & to all ! human race1 & ?\gh commission$ by _! ,ma/] to prea* x 8to all ! _w10 /ill held t ! ,jewi% p 7 ! only *os5 race & all o!rs 7 unclean1 & t x 0 unlawful to associate1 or eat1 & commune freely ) any b t race4 ,h5ce up to ?is "t ! gospel _h be5 prea*$ ) ! int5t ( conv]t+ only ,jews to ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 #b4 ,9 view ( ^! /rong prejudices a rem>kable 8vision 9 a trance10 ,acts #aa3e1 on ! h\setop1 at ,joppa1 0 grant$ ,pet]1 :]eby = ! fir/ "t he 0 l$ to compreh5d ! fact t h]eaft] spiritual cleanl9ess %\ld1 9 ! div9e sight & purposes1 = ev] cancel all obligations to ! m]ely c]emonial1 & he 0 !n direct$ to imm$iately proce$ to ! h\se & to ! ,g5tile company await+ him at ,cs>ea4 ,! hi/ory is record$ 9 ,acts #aj4 #c4 ,on 8 return to ,j]usalem he communicat$ ! new ord]1 t n[ ! gospel 0 to be prea*$ to ! ,g5tiles z well z to ! ,jews1 & he n>rat$ 8 vision & ! consequ5t visit to ,cs>ea4 ,all ( :i* 0 accept$ )\t discussion & ) v evid5t satisfaction4 ,saul h[ev]1 hav+ be5 =c$ to leave ,pale/9e1 travell$ ?r\gh\t ,cilicia & ,syria1 ,gal4 #a3ba1 until he 0 invit$ back to ,j]usalem4 #d4 ,at ?is "t1 ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #da1 ,antio* 0 a city ( l>ge population & _m ,jews inhabit$ ! place1 :o became /rong adh]5ts to ! new fai?1 & x 0 n[ t1 at ?is place1 ! "n ,*ri/ian 0 appli$ to all :o 7 foll[]s ( ,*ri/1 al?\gh at fir/ !y !mselves did n accept ! "n4 ,,! ,,two ,,antio*s4 ,antio* 9 ,syria 0 #cjj miles nor? ( ,j]usalem & ab\t fifte5 miles f ! ,m$it]ranean %ore1 :]e 0 its port1 !n call$ ,seleucia4 ,x 0 ! mo/ beautiful city ( ,syria & at t "t ! mo/ important4 ,antio* 9 ,pisidia1 h[ev]1 :i* is n[ call$ ,yalobat*1 is #ejj miles nor?we/ ( ,j]usalem & #ajj nor? ( ! coa/ ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,?is ,antio* is p>tly on ! s\!rn declivity ( a long range ( m\nta9s & owes its anci5t "n to ! same k+ :o gave "n to ! ,syrian ,antio*4 ,?is k+ 0 ,seleucus1 k+ ( ,syria1 ^: fa!r's "n1 ,antio*us1 he gave to ^! cities & 8 own to ,seleucia1 fifte5 miles (f1 on ! coa/1 ( :i* we h already spok54 ,antio* 0 at ?is "t ! adopt$ city ( a v active community ( ,*ri/ians1 _m ( :om 7 ,grecians & o!rs ,g5tiles4 ,paul1 ^: special tal5ts & education admirably fitt$ him = ?is class ( conv]ts1 be+ n[ at ,t>sus1 0 s5t =1 & he rema9$ 9 ,antio* = ab\t a ye>2 :5 he1 ) o!rs1 began a s]ies ( mission>y t\rs :]eby ! gospel 0 n only ext5d$ ?r\gh\t ,we/]n ,asia b introduc$ into ,europe1 z we %all soon see4 #e4 ,a4 ,d4 #db4 ,ab\t ?is p]iod !re came to ,antio* a prophet1 by "n ,agabus1 "o ( a numb] :o n only =etold ev5ts b seem$ end[$ ) extraord9>y p[]s ( exposition ( ! div9e ^w4#ahg ,?is prophet ann\nc$ t a great fam9e w\ld soon call = g5]osity on ! "p ( ! *ur* at ,antio* t[>ds ! poor] memb]s ( ! community 9 ,juda1 ,acts #aa3bh4 ,?is ann\ncem5t 0 made dur+ ! reign ( ,claudius1 ,a4 ,d4 #daed1 ( :i* reign ,tacitus says t x 0 di/+ui%$ = e>?quakes1 bad h>ve/s1 & g5]al sc>city4#ahh ,! ,*ri/ians 9 ,antio*1 !re=e1 s5t contributions to ,j]usalem & commission$ ,saul & ,b>nabas = ! purpose ( convey+ ^! gifts1 ,acts #aa3bi4 ,= ! fir/ "t we n[ read ( ! t]m 8presbyt]s0 9 ! ,greek1 or s5iores 9 ! ,vulgate translation1 & call$ 8eld]s0 9 ! ,engli% v]sion1 ,acts #aa3cj4 #f4 ,at ?is "t ,h]od ,agrippa 7see table page #bbi7 rul$ 9 ,juda4 ,claudius _h kn[n him z an e>ne/ advocate ( 8 rule be=e 8 succession to ! empire1 & he !re=e rew>d$ ,h]od ) ! addition ( ,sam>ia & ,juda to ^? possessions ( ,philip ,antipas :i* he be=e possess$4 ,h]od _h be5 imprison$ by ,tib]ius1 b ,caligula re/or$ him to lib]ty & pres5t$ him ) a gold5 *a9 ( ! same weight z ! iron "o he _h worn 9 prison1 & ?is *a9 he d$icat$ to ! ,temple :51 ,a4 ,d4 #db1 he arriv$ 9 ,j]usalem4 ,?is ,h]od c\rt$ ! favor ( ! ,jews by _m public acts4 ,9 8 "t ! nor!rn section ( ,j]usalem1 n[ inclos$ ) a wall1 0 a suburb2 & he inclos$ x &1 _h n ! prefect ( ,syria compell$ him to /op1 he w\ld h /r5g!n$ all ! =tifications ( ! city4 #g4 ,x 0 evid5tly1 !re=e1 because x pleas$ ! ,jews1 & probably at _! in/igation1 t he wilfully put to dea? ,james1 ! son ( ,zeb$ee1 ) ! sword & proce$$ to p]petrate ! same atrocity ) ,pet]1 hav+ imprison$ him = t purpose4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is act ( ,h]od & ( ! escape ( ,pet] is giv5 9 ,acts #ab4 ,h]od1 be+ n only disappo9t$1 b evid5tly al>m$1 at ! my/]y ( ,pet]'s escape1 retir$ imm$iately f ,j]usalem to ,cs>ea & !re met 8 sudd5 dea?1 9 ! fifty-f\r? ye> ( 8 age1 aft] sev5 ye>s' reign 9 ,pale/9e4 #h4 ,! dom9ion ( ^! di/ricts1 ,juda1 ,sam>ia1 & ,galilee1 n[ rev]t$ to ! prefect ( ,syria1 & !y 7 fully incorporat$ ) ! ,roman ,empire4#ahi ,,jud,a1 ,,sam>ia1 ,,& ,,galilee4 ,! b\nd>ies ( ^! di/ricts _c be exactly trac$4 ,juda 0 ! mo/ important2 & its nor? bord] began at ! ,jordan & probably ran up ! valley ( ! ,f>ah to ! ,jewi% city ,akrabeh1 !nce we/w>d along ! c\rse ( ! valley ( ! pres5t riv] ,ballut1 com+ out at ! city ,antipatris2 & al?\gh ! pla9 ( ,%>on 0 politically a "p ( ,juda1 ,h]od hav+ possession ( ! m>itime t[ns1 yet /rictly ! l9e foll[$ ! riv] out to ! sea4 ,?is l9e =m$ ! nor? b\nd>y ( ,juda & ! s\? b\nd>y ( ,sam>ia1 9 ! /rictly ,jewi% s5se4 ,( ,galilee1 ! s\? b\nd>y began at ! ,jordan ea/ ( ,be?-%ean1 :i* 0 a ,sam>itan city4 ,x ran along1 probably1 s\? ( ,mt4 ,gilboa1 we/w>d & j nor? ( ,j591 ! anci5t ,en-gannim1 :i* 0 )9 ! ,sam>itan bord]1 & probably along ! ridge ( ,c>mel4 ,at ! end ( ! ridge1 ne> ! sea1 ,galilee seems to h claim$ ! mod]n ,haifa1 a village !n call$ ,sycam9on1 & 9 ?is vic9ity ! sea%ore 0 9 ,galilee4 ,! bord] l9e ( ,galilee !nce retir$ inl&1 ! coa/ pla9 belong+ to ,phnicia4 ,x !n ran nor!a/]ly to ! angle =m$ by ! ,leontes ,riv]1 n[ call$ ! ,kasimiyeh1 !n nor?w>d a %ort di/ance1 & !n ea/ by s\? to ,banias1 !nce s\?w>d1 includ+ "s t[ns ea/ ( ! upp] ,jordan & ! ,sea ( ,galilee1 =m+ t "p ( ,galilee call$ 8,galilee beyond ,jordan40 ,! extreme s\!rn b\nd>y ( ,juda1 9 ! political s5se1 is m5tion$ 9 "o ( ! rabb9ical writ+s z f ,petra to ,ascalon1 b ,ascalon itself did n belong to ,juda4#aij ,! apo/les n[ seem to h 8left ,j]usalem = wid] fields ( action40#aia #i4 ,aft] a special religi\s consecration 7,acts #ac3c71 ,b>nabas & ,saul1 accompani$ by ,john ,m>k1 a nephew ( ,b>nabas1 set out f ,antio* on ! fir/ mission>y t\r to =eign c\ntries4 ,seleucia 0 ne>ly f\r miles nor? ( ! m\? ( ! ,orontes1 ^u :i* riv] ! city ( ,antio* 0 built4 ,f ?is port ! mission>ies set sail = ,cyprus1 #acj miles di/ant4 ,salamis at ?is "t 0 a popul\s city on ! s\!a/]n %ore ( ,cyprus4 ,9 ?is city !re 0 a colony ( ,jews1 & ,b>nabas 0 a native ( ,cyprus1 & !re=e ! visitors did n feel !mselves entirely /rang]s4 ,b !y pass$ along ! s\!rn coa/ road until ,paphos1 #ajj miles di/ant1 0 rea*$4 ,"h ! apo/le ,paul met ) ! proconsul ,s]gius ,paulus4 ,a ,,proconsul4 #aj4 ,f ! "t ( ,augu/us1 ,b4 ,c4 #bg1 ! prov9ces 7 ( two k9ds1 ,s5atorial & ,imp]ial4 ,! =m] 7 gov]n$ by a proconsul1 :o 0 appo9t$ by lot & _h no milit>y p[]1 & 0 9 (fice = "o ye> only4 ,! latt]1 or imp]ial prov9ces1 7 gov]n$ by a legate or commission] *os5 directly by ! emp]or1 & he s]v$ s long z ! emp]or wi%$4 ,he always w5t out to 8 prov9ce ) milit>y pomp z a comm&]4 #aa4 ,syria 0 an imp]ial prov9ce1 & 0 gov]n$ by a legate or commission] ( ! emp]or /ation$ at ,antio*4 ,juda1 h[ev]1 0 a special prov9ce1 & its di/ance f ,antio* & its peculi> p requir$ a special (fic] "u ! commission] at ,antio*1 & ?is (fic] 0 call$ a procurator4 ,he _h 8 headqu>t]s at ,cs>ea1 ,acts #bc3bc1 wore ! milit>y dress1 & _h a cohort z a body-gu>d1 ,matt4 #bg3bg1 call$ 9 ?is passage 8! soldi]s ( ! gov]nor20 moreov]1 he _h ! p[] ( life & dea?1 ,matt4 #bg3bf1 9 8 own prov9ce4 #ab4 ,at ! int]view :i* ,saul _h ) ! proconsul1 call$ "h ! 8deputy10 !re 0 "o ( ! class kn[n at t day z sorc]]s4 ,?is man greatly int]f]$ ) ! apo/le's ef=t to expla9 ! new fai? to ! proconsul1 :o _h reque/$ in/ruction4 #ac4 ,pet] _h enc\nt]$ "o ( ?is class be=e1 ,acts #h3i4 ,! apo/le n[ address$ ! s-call$ sorc]] 9 t]rible rebuke1 =etell+ 8 imm$iate bl9dness = a season1 & !reby %[+ t beh9d ! e>ne/ & reasonable pres5tation ( ! great tru?s ( ! new fai? :i* _h fully p]suad$ ! proconsul !re lay ! res]v$ au?ority ( s great sup]natural p[] to atte/ ! div9ity ( ! doctr9e4#aib ,t ?is is ! mean+ ( ! v]se 9 ,acts #ac3ab is evid5t f a v]se 9 ,luke #d3cb1 :i* %[s t x 0 ! me?od ( confirm+ ! doctr9e1 & n ! doctr9e itself1 :i* caus$ ! a/oni%m5t spok5 ( 9 ! v]se4 #ad4 ,f ?is "t ,saul's "n is *ang$ into ,paul1 & ! o!r "n nev] occurs aga9 9 ,scripture4 ,! apo/le & 8 companions n[ sail$ f ,paphos to ! city ( ,p]ga 9 ,pamphylia1 #age miles nor?we/4 ,m>k left !m at ,p]ga & return$ to ,j]usalem = reasons n expla9$ 9 ! text4 ,p]ga exi/s z a ru9 six or sev5 miles f ! seacoa/ & ab\t #ae miles nor!a/ ( a seaport call$ ,adalia by ! ,turks1 ! anci5t ,attalia1 built by ,attalus1 ! k+ ( ,p]gamos1 #aeiach ,b4 ,c41 & h5ce its "n4 ,x has at pres5t ab\t #h1jjj inhabitants1 & surr\nds ! port z an amphi!atre1 ! /reets ris+ "o above ano!r4 #ae4 ,f ,p]ga ! apo/le proce$$ to ,antio*1 n[ call$ ,yalobat*1 ab\t #ij miles nor? ( ,p]ga4 ,! pla9 ^u :i* ,p]ga is situat$ is ab\t #bj miles wide on ! seacoa/1 & /ret*es ea/w>d = ab\t #cj miles4 ,ea/ ( ,p]ga ! ,eurym$on ,riv] comes d[n ?r\gh ! pla9 into ! sea1 & its s\rces are high 9 ! ridges nor? ( ,p]ga4 ,x is probable t up ! valley ( ?is riv] ! apo/les pass$ to ! high table-l& ( ,pisidia ^u :i* ,antio* is plac$4 #af4 ,:5 !y _h arriv$ at ,antio* !y await$ ! ,sabba?-ga!r+ at ! synagogue1 & be+1 z ! cu/om 01 invit$ to speak to ! assembl$ ,jews & /rang]s1 ! apo/le ,paul pres5t$ ! connection betwe5 ! promises ( ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! fulfilm5t ( ^! promises 9 ! com+ & ! tea*+s ( ,*ri/4 ,! impression made 0 s important & favorable t ano!r ga!r+ ( a great cr[d assembl$ on ! foll[+ ,sabba?4 ,at ?is "t1 h[ev]1 ! ,jews & ,jewi% wom5 creat$ s great & s public opposition t ! apo/le 0 l$ to ann\nce t h]eaft] he %\ld devote 8 labors to ! conv]sion ( ! ,g5tiles & leave ! ,jews to ! consequ5ces ( _! bitt] opposition to ! gospel he 0 call$ to prea*4 ,b a *ur* 0 plant$ "h 9 spite ( ! opposition1 :i* caus$ ! dep>ture ( ! apo/les across ! c\ntry to ,iconium1 ab\t #he miles s\!a/4 ,,iconium4 #ag4 ,?is city is locat$ ^u ! l>ge pla9 :i* /ret*es ea/w>d #hj or #ij miles ) little int]ruption4 ,on ! s\!a/ a solit>y m\nta9 rises at a di/ance ( ab\t #cj miles1 8l a l(ty isl& 9 ! mid/ ( ! sea40#aic ,! height ( ?is m\nta9 is ne>ly #d1jjj feet above ! pla94 ,9 ,m>* its top is g5]ally cov]$ ) sn[4 ,"h are ! ru9s ( _m tombs1 *ur*es1 & o!r app>5tly public build+s1 & ^! ru9s h giv5 rise to ! ,turki% "n ,b9-bir-ka-lessi1 or ! 8?\s&-&-"o *ur*es40 ,) g5]al cons5t ?is place is suppos$ to m>k ! site ( ,ly/ra1 :i* became ! next place ( visit by ! apo/les aft] leav+ ,iconium4 ,! "n ( ?is s+ul> m\nta9 9 ! ,turki% is ,k>a-dagh1 or ,black ,m\nta94 ,! pla9 ^u :i* ,iconium is locat$ is suppos$ to be #c1ijj feet above ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,iconium 0 a ,greek city1 if we may judge f ! l>ge numb] ( ,greek ru9s & inscriptions yet rema9+1 _m ( :i* are built into ! walls ( ! t[n4 ,"h ,b>nabas & ,saul proce$$ to "w z at ,antio*1 & address$ ! ,jews ga!r$ at ! synagogue 9 t place4 ,b al?\gh _! success 0 great a division ( op9ion result$1 & ! ,jews made prep>ations to assault _! visitors1 b !y fl$ to ,ly/ra4 #ah4 ,! id5tification ( ,ly/ra ) ,b9-bir-ka-lessi has n be5 prov$1 b ! suppos$ position at ! ru9s above m5tion$ is on a l>ge depression on ! nor? side ( ! ,k>a-dagh ,m\nta94 ,! village1 n f> (f1 is inhabit$ by ,greeks4 ,at ,ly/ra ! two mission>ies f\nd no synagogue1 & address$ ! citiz5s 9 "s public place4 ,"h ,paul re/or$ a man :o _h be5 born lame1 & ! consequ5t amazem5t produc$ by ?is miracle induc$ ! prie/ ( ,jupit] to br+ ox5 & g>l&s to ! gates ( ! temple ) ! int5t ( (f]+ sacrifices to ,paul & ,b>nabas1 :o1 despite _! mo/ e>ne/ prote/ations1 f\nd x difficult to prev5t ! sacrifices4 ,b ! ,jewi% enmity 0 app>5t aga94 ,"s ( ! memb]s ( ! synagogues 9 ,antio* & ,iconium foll[$ ! apo/le & ,b>nabas across ! pla91 & s bitt]ly prejudic$ ! inhabitants t !y /on$ ,paul & dragg$ him out ( ! city1 suppos+ him to be dead4 ,"u ! c>e ( ! disciples he reviv$1 & ! next day dep>t$ = ,d]be4 ,d]be has n yet be5 id5tifi$1 b x is suppos$ to be at a ru9 ab\t #be miles ea/ ( ,k>a-dagh1 call$ ,divle4 #ai4 ,!re ,b>nabas & ,paul made app>5tly a %ort visit1 dur+ :i* !y prea*$ to _m2 b no?+ m is /at$ ?an t !y n[ return$ ^u ! same l9e ( travel1 revisit+ & enc\rag+ _! conv]ts at ,ly/ra1 ,iconium1 & ,antio*1 & !nce return+ to ,p]ga4 ,"h !y rema9$ & prea*$1 & !n dep>t$ = ,attalia1 ! seaport1 di/ant ab\t #ae miles s\?we/1 :5ce !y sail$ on return to ,antio* 9 ,syria4 #bj4 ,b ! old "q ( obs]vance ( ! ,law ( ,moses1 :i* _h be5 agitat$ be=e & _h nev] be5 satisfactorily quiet$1 n[ reappe>$ "u su* conditions t x dem&$ imm$iate & mo/ s]i\s att5tion4 ,"s tr\blesome ,jewi% conv]ts visit+ ,antio* proclaim$1 z if *>g$ ) ! au?ority ( ! eld]s at ,j]usalem1 t ! ,greek & o!r ,g5tile conv]ts mu/ submit to ! rites & c]emonies ( ! ,mosaic ,law or !y c\ld n be sav$4 ,! discussion became s unpleasant at ,antio* t a delegation1 consi/+ ( ! apo/le ,paul1 ,b>nabas1 & o!rs1 w5t to ,j]usalem to pres5t ! subject to a g5]al c\ncil = decision4 #ba4 ,aft] ! discussion 9 ?is g5]al c\ncil1 x 0 decid$ t no?+ %\ld be requir$ ( ! new ,g5tile conv]ts except ab/95ce 8f meats (f]$ to idols1 & f blood1 & f ?+s /rangl$1 & f =nication40 ,) ?is1 ! only concession to ! ,law ( ,moses1 !y return$ to ,antio* & ann\nc$ to ! assembl$ multitudes ! decision ( ! c\ncil1 :i* n[ & = ev] set ! "q at re/4 ,h5ce=w>d all ,*ri/ian conv]ts 7 free f ! re/rictions & rites ( ! ,mosaic ,c]emonial ,law4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,second ,,& ,,?ird ,,mission>y ,,t\rs4 #a4 ,a4 ,d4 #ec4 ,a few days aft]w>d1 ,acts #ae3cf1 ,paul & ,silas set out ^u a second j\rney4 ,! express$ object 0 to revisit ! *ur*es !y _h plant$4 ,b>nabas pref]r$ 8 nephew z companion2 b ,paul1 fe>+ t ! des]tion :i* _h previ\sly tak5 place on ! "p ( ,m>k might be repeat$1 pref]r$ to associate himself ) ,silas4 ,b>nabas & ,m>k left = ,cyprus1 :ile ,paul & ,silas />t$ = ,d]be1 n z be=e by sea1 b nor?w>d1 by l&1 across ! m\nta9 kn[n z ,amanus1 ! pass ( ?is range be+ ab\t tw5ty miles nor? ( ,antio* 9 ,syria4 ,?is pass is n[ kn[n z t ( ,beilan1 :i* lets ! travell] d[n ^u ! fam\s pla9 ( ,issus1 :]e1 ,b4 ,c4 #ccc1 ,alex&] ! ,great _h met & defeat$ ! ,p]sian k+ ,d>ius4 ,cross+ ?is pla9 to ! extreme nor!a/]n end ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 n[ call$ ! ,gulf ( ,isk&]un 7or ,alex&retta71 an additional di/ance ( ab\t tw5ty-five or ?irty miles f ! m\nta9 pass1 !y _h !n ! t[ns ( ,mopsue/a & ,t>sus on ! ,roman road on ! pla9 directly we/ z !y turn$ ar\nd ! corn] ( ! coa/4#aid #b4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t !y soon rea*$ ! pass nor? ( ,t>sus1 by :i* !y made _! asc5t to ! great high tablel&4 ,?is pass 0 probably t ( ! s-call$ 8,silician ,gates10 tw5ty-two or tw5ty-?ree miles nor? ( ,t>sus1 at ! top ( :i* is ! suppos$ site ( ,d]be1 ab\t fifty miles a little nor? ( we/1 ^u ! great pla9 we h be=e describ$4 #c4 ,f ,d]be !y pass$ we/w>d to ,ly/ra4 ,"h ,paul f\nd ,timo?y1 a "y conv]t f ! la/ visit1 z m5tion$1 ,acts #af4 ,!nce !y came to ,iconium4 ,!y n[ left ! =m] r\te1 & judg+ f ! direction ( ! old roads & g5]al r\tes ( travel betwe5 important cities at t "t1 x is probable t _! c\rse 0 ?r\gh ,laodicea 7n[ call$ ,ladik71#aie ,philomelium1 & ,synnada1 ! la/ two kn[n at pres5t z ,ak-%] & ,eski ,k>a-hiss]1 or ! 8old black ca/le40 ,ladik is tw5ty-f\r or five miles nor?we/ ( ,iconium & has _m rema9s ( antiquity4 ,x is n[ a small place ( only #ejj inhabitants4 ,ak-%]1 or ! 8:ite city0 ( ! ,turks1 is ab\t sixty-five miles nor?we/ ( ,iconium & conta9s ab\t #a1ejj h\ses1 & is ! ,philomelium ( ,/rabo1 ! geograph]4 ,!re is a rem>kable salt lake t5 miles nor? ( x1 :i* is dry 9 summ] & af=ds mu* salt at t season1 b 9 ! w9t] is full & ext5ds "s tw5ty or ?irty miles we/w>d4 #d4 ,! next po9t :i* seems to h be5 on ! c\rse ( travel 0 ne> ! great c5tre ( ! pres5t opium manufacture ( ,asia ,m9or1 namely1 ! place call$ 8! opium black ca/le10 or ,aphium ,k>a-hiss> ( ! ,turks4 ,?is place is on ! nor!rn base ( a hill on ! s\? side ( ! riv] ( ! ,ak-%] lake be=e spok5 (4 ,?is riv] is a small /ream ^: s\rce is 9 ! hills we/ ( ! t[n1 b x is lo/ 9 ! lake1 hav+ no o!r outlet4 ,v f9e m>ble qu>ries exi/$ 9 ?is region 9 anci5t times4#aif #e4 ,f ?is place x is ?\ght probable1 judg+1 z we h said1 f ! l9es ( travel well kn[n 9 ^? days1 t ! mission>ies w5t nor!a/w>d1 fir/ to ,pess9us1 n[ ,bali-hiss>1 & !n ,ancyra1 ! pres5t ,angora1 fam\s = its f9e-hair$ goats & conta9+ a population ( p]haps #ce1jjj4 ,b no?+ is kn[n c]ta9ly ( ! exact places visit$1 only t x is /at$ !y w5t 8?r\gh\t ,phrygia & ! region ( ,galatia10 & !n probably on ! same r\te back to ,synnada1 & 8pass+ by10 t is on ! bord]s ( ,mysia1 came d[n to ,troas4 #f4 ,troas 0 at ?is "t a v important seaport on ! nor?we/ ( ,asia ,m9or ne> ! site ( anci5t ,troy & opposite ! s\!a/ extremity ( ! isl& ( ,t5$os1 f\r miles di/ant4 ,x is n[ call$ ,eski ,/amb\l1 i4 e41 ,old ,con/ant9ople4 #g4 ,f "h ,paul & ,silas set sail directly t[>ds ,samo?race1 an isl& 9 ! gean ,sea nor?we/ f ,troas1 & l&$ at ,neapolis on ! %ore ( ,mac$onia4 ,!nce !y travell$ ab\t twelve miles nor? to ,philippi1 :i* 0 a ,roman milit>y colony4 ,"h ! ev5ts occurr$ :i* are describ$ 9 ,acts #af3abdj4 #h4 ,f ,philippi ! travell]s took ! ,roman road to ,amphipolis4 ,?is city /ood on high gr\nd ab\t ?ree miles f ! sea & ?irty-?ree f ,philippi4 ,x 0 coloniz$ by ,a!nians & call$ ,amphipolis f be+ ne>ly surr\nd$ by ! riv] ,/rymon4 #i4 ,! next po9t rea*$ 0 ,apollonia1 b ! exact location is n kn[n4 ,x is laid d[n 9 "s ( ! anci5t it9]>ies z be+ ?irty miles f ,amphipolis4 ,!nce !y travell$ to ,!ssalonica1 ?irty-sev5 miles di/ant f ,apollonia4 ,?is 0 a v important place & is ev5 n[ second only to ,con/ant9ople4 ,its pres5t "n is ,saloniki & x is at ! head ( ! ,!rmaic ,gulf4 ,x 0 a busy comm]cial t[n at ! "t ( ! visit ( ! two mission>ies4 ,"h ,paul & ,silas rema9$ = sev]al weeks1 publicly expla9+ & prov+ ! new doctr9es ( ! gospel1 ,acts #ag3aaj4 #aj4 ,opposition f ! ,jews aris+1 !y left = ,b]a4 ,b]a is n[ call$ ,v]ria1 & is sixty miles we/ by nor? f ,!ssalonica4 ,x is a l>ge t[n at pres5t1 hav+ "s #bj1jjj inhabitants4 ,"h ! usual vexation & opposition on ! "p ( ! ,jews made x necess>y t ! apo/le ,paul %\ld leave ! t[n1 & at night & alone he w5t d[n to ! sea%ore to a %ipp+ t[n ab\t tw5ty-five miles di/ant1 call$ ,dium1 & f !nce he set sail = ,a!ns1 :i* 0 by sea ab\t #bgj miles di/ant4 ,we n[ may read ! hi/ory z record$ 9 ,acts #ag4 #aa4 ,a!ns at ! "t ( ! apo/le's visit 0 includ$ 9 ! ,roman prov9ce ( ,a*aia4 ,x 0 n !n 9 its palmie/ days ( prosp]ity1 b x 0 nev]!less ! c5tre ( art & le>n+ & a city ( great voluptu\sness & idolatry4 ,x conta9$ "o l>ge ,agora1 8! m>ket0 or place ( assembl+ ( its citiz5s1 a l>ge squ>e or op5 place :i* n only conta9$ b 0 surr\nd$ by ! f9e/ sculptures & build+s p]haps at t "t exi/+ 9 ! _w4 ,! apo/le came "h alone1 #a ,!ss4 #c3a1 & :ile wait+ = 8 companions he met & prea*$ to _m 9 ! ,agora1 until he attract$ s mu* att5tion t he 0 invit$ to ! great assembl+-place on ! nor? ( ! ,agora call$ ! ,areopagus1 :]e ! mo/ important c\rt or c\ncil ( ! ,areopagus 0 held4 ,solon gave ! c\rt c5sorial & political p[]s1 b ,/4 ,paul 0 call$ "h m because ( ! curi\s desire ( ! ,a!nians to he> ab\t ?is new doctr9e4 ,at ?is place he deliv]$ t ma/]ly address record$ 9 ,acts #ag4aig ,8 labors at ,a!ns did n meet ) mu* success1 al?\gh "s 7 p]suad$ & believ$1 & "o ( ! c\rt itself1 ,dionysius by "n1 :o aft]w>ds became a bi%op ( a ,*ri/ian community =m$ !re4 ,paul soon left ,a!ns = ,cor9?4#aih #ab4 ,cor9? 0 a rival ( ,a!ns 9 luxury & magnific5ce1 9 comm]ce & 9 weal?1 & 0 p]haps ev5 9 art second only to ,a!ns4 ,x 0 situat$ ^u ! i/hmus ( ! ,peloponnesus & not$ = its ,acropolis1 built ^u an elevation #a1hhf feet above ! city on ! s\?4 ,x 0 sack$ & ne>ly de/roy$ by ! ,romans1 ,b4 ,c4 #adf1 & ne>ly all ! treasures ( art 7 c>ri$ to ,rome1 b ! city 0 re/or$ "u ,julius ,cs>4 ,only a few ru9s rema94 ,! mod]n t[n is on ! ,gulf ( ,cor9?1 ?ree miles nor? f ! site ( ! old city1 & conta9s ab\t #b1fjj inhabitants4 ,x is #de miles a little s\? ( due we/ f ,a!ns4#aii ,"h ,paul rema9$ = ne>ly two ye>s1 ,a4 ,d4 #eb1 #ec1 & prea*$ ) great success2 & :ile "h he wrote ! ,epi/le to ! ,!ssalonians#bjj & plant$ o!r *ur*es 9 ,a*aia1 #b ,cor4 #a3a4 #ac4 ,c5*re 0 five & a half miles ea/-s\!a/ ( ,cor9? on ! %ore ( ! ,gulf ( g9a4 ,x 0 an important port at ! "t :5 ! apo/le visit$ x4 ,at pres5t x is call$ ,kekriais#bja & is n inhabit$2 ! only rema9s are ( an anci5t dry dock4 ,f ?is place ,paul set sail = ,ephesus1 #bce miles almo/ due ea/4 #ad4 ,ephesus is #ce miles s\?-s\!a/ f ,smyrna1 ne> :]e ! riv] ,cay/] empties into ! ,gulf ( ,scala ,nova4 ,x 0 ! capital ( ,ionia & _h "o ( ! sev5 *ur*es m5tion$ 9 ! book ( ,revelation4 ,! ru9s :i* rema9 consi/ *iefly ( a magnific5t !atre1 suppos$ to be l>ge en\gh to accommodate #cj1jjj p1 a /adium or gymnasium1 besides walls & t[]s & rema9s ( ! temple ( ,diana1 = :i* x 0 mo/ fam\s4 ,! wor%ip ( ,diana 0 att5d$ ) ! /udy & practice ( magic 9 v>i\s =ms1 & ! 8magical lett]s0 spok5 ( by _m classic au?ors#bjb z 8,ephesian lett]s0 7 9 use at ! "t ( ! apo/le's visit4 ,! temple 0 9 its spl5dor also at t "t4#bjc ,on ?is ! fir/ visit1 ,a4 ,d4 #ed1 ( ! apo/le to ,ephesus he rema9$ b a %ort "t1 & !n dep>t$ = ,j]usalem1 ,acts #ah3aiba1 & !nce d[n to ,antio*4 ,,! ,,?ird ,,mission>y ,,t\r4 #ae4 ,9 ?is t\r ! />t+-place 0 at ,antio*1 z 9 ! =m] t\r4 ,! *ur*es plant$ 9 ,galatia & ,phrygia 7 visit$1 p]haps on ! l9e ( travel previ\sly *os51 & !n a c\rse 0 tak5 direct to ,ephesus1 :i* n[ became ! c5tre ( ! apo/le's labors1 ,a4 ,d4 #edeg4 #af4 ,x 0 at ! close ( ?is visit t ! rem>kable tumult describ$ 9 ,acts #ai took place1 ,a4 ,d4 #eg4 ,paul n[ left ,ephesus = ,philippi by ,neapolis1 z 9 ! previ\s j\rney1 & !nce to ,!ssalonica & ,b]a1 & onw>d by l& to ,cor9?1 a j\rney ( ab\t #bbj miles ?r\gh ,!ssaly & ,a*aia4 #ag4 ,b x seems1 ,rom4 #ae3ai1 t at ,!ssalonica ,paul resolv$ to visit ! l&s we/ ( ,mac$onia z f> z ,illyricum4 ,?is 0 probably 9 ! summ] ( ,a4 ,d4 #eg1 & p]haps ! autumn4 ,! j\rney 0 along ! ,roman road to ,dyrra*ium1 ab\t #bjj miles1 & across sev]al ranges ( m\nta9s4 ,:ile at ,dyrra*ium x is probable he made a t\r ab\t #agj miles to ! s\? to ,neapolis1 on ! ,bay ( ,arta1 & return+ by ! city ,apollonia on ! ,adriatic1 came back to ,b]a & !nce to ,cor9?4 ,! region :i* he visit$ 0 t ,dalmatia ref]r$ to 9 #b ,tim4 #d3aj4 ,dalmatia 0 includ$ 9 ! great] region ( ,illyricum1 & 0 ^u ! %ore ( ! ,adriatic1 be+ contigu\s to ,msia on ! nor? & ,mac$onia on ! ea/4 #ah4 ,aft] w9t]+ at ,cor9?1 ,paul ) sev]al fri5ds1 ,acts #bj3d1 return$ to ,a*aia1 ,b]a1 & ! t[ns previ\sly visit$1 to ,neapolis1 & !nce by sea to ,troas4 ,at ?is place ! ev5ts /at$ 9 ,acts #bj took place4 ,rema9+ a %ort "t at ,troas :ile 8 companions took %ip1 ,paul walk$ across ! promontory to ,assos1 ab\t #be miles di/ant by ! road1 & arriv$ 9 "t to meet ! %ip1 :i* _h to /op at t city4 ,! place ,assos is n[ a small village kn[n by ! "n ,beiram4 #ai4 ,f ?is place !y sail$ by ,mityl5e1 ! capital ( ! isl& ( ! same "n1 n[ call$ ,lesbos4 ,go+ betwe5 ! isl&s & ! %ore1 !y pass$ ,*ios1 ,samos1 & ! promontory & cape at ,trogyllium on ! !n ,ionian coa/4 ,at ,miletus ,paul /opp$ & s5t = ! eld]s at ,ephesus :ile ! vessel 0 ex*ang+ freight4 ,miletus is ab\t #ej miles s\? ( ,ephesus4 ,pass+ ,cos1 :i* is ab\t #ee miles f ,miletus1 & !n ! isl& ( ,rhodes1 !y put into ,pat]a 9 ,lycia1 :i* 0 a seaport ( ! t[n ( ,xan?us1 fam\s = its oracle4 ,!nce1 tak+ ano!r vessel1 ,acts #ba3b1 ,paul sail$ directly = ,tyre1 on ! ,phnician coa/4 ,f ?is city he & 8 p>ty sail$ = ,ptolemais1 #bh miles s\?w>d1 :]e ! sea voyage end$4 #bj4 ,! re/ ( ! j\rney to ,j]usalem 0 on foot by ,cs>ea4 ,! occurr5ces at ,cs>ea are n>rat$ 9 ,acts #ba1 & on 8 arrival at ,j]usalem ,paul 0 seiz$ 9 ! ,temple by a mob compris$ ( resid5t ,jews1 urg$ on by "s :o 7 9 att5dance ^u ! fea/ f =eign p>ts :o _h se5 ,paul abroad 9 "s ,asiatic place4 ,paul 0 n[ protect$ by ! milit>y int]f]5ce ( ! ,roman *ief 8capta9 ( ! b&0 /ation$ at ! ,temple4 ,! hi/ory is m9utely giv5 u 9 ,acts #ba3cbdj4 ,by ! ord] ( ,fe/us ! gov]nor1 call$ ! procurator ( ,juda1 :o succe$$ ,felix ,a4 ,d4 #fa1 ,paul 0 tak5 to ,cs>ea4 #ba4 ,on ,paul's appeal to ,cs> he 0 tak5 on bo>d a vessel sail+ f ,cs>ea & committ$ to ! c>e ( a c5turion1 ,acts #bg3a4 ,! c\rse ( ! vessel1 z /at$ ,acts #bg1 0 fir/ to ,sidon1 :]e a %ort /ay 0 made4 ,!n 8"u ,cyprus10 t is to ! ea/ ( ! isl&1 z ! w9ds 7 f ! nor?we/ & contr>y1 !y 8tack$0 to ,myra1 a city ( ,lycia4 ,?is city /&s ^u a hill ab\t two miles back f ! %ore4 ,x is n[ call$ by its anci5t "n by ! ,greeks4 ,its port is ,&riaca4 #bb4 ,! c\rse !nce 0 to ,cnidus1 :i* is at ! we/]n end ( a p59sula betwe5 ! isl&s ,rhodes & ,cos2 !re !y *ang$ _! c\rse to ! s\?w>d & pass$ ,cape ,salmone1 on ! extreme ea/ ( ! isl& ( ,crete4 ,! w9d n[ 0 m ahead1 t is1 aga9/ !m4 ,h5ce !y 8h>dly10 mean+ 8) difficulty10 rea*$ ,fair ,hav5s1 ne> :i* 0 ! city ( ,lasea4 ,x is n9ety miles f ,cnidus to ,cape ,salmone & sev5ty f ,salmone to ,lasea4 ,! isl& ( ,crete is #afj miles long1 & !y rema9$ "u ,crete & ne> ! %ore1 hop+ to rea* ,phnice1 :i* is ab\t =ty miles f ,lasea4 #bc4 ,!y _h n sail$ m ?an ab\t tw5ty miles be=e ! w9d1 :i* _h be5 f ! s\?1 *ang$ ar\nd & blew s viol5tly f ! ea/ t ! vessel became unmanageable & !y 8let h] drive40 ,! c\rse 0 n[ we/ by nor? sev5 degrees1 & ?is c\rse 0 kept f ,clauda to ,melita1 ab\t #ejj miles4 ,clauda is s\? ( ,crete tw5ty miles4 ,,malta4 #bd4 ,malta is ! l>ge/ ( a gr\p ( isl&s1 ! "o at t "t call$ ,melita1 n[ ,malta1 be+ ! ea/]nmo/4 ,! %ore is almo/ entirely precipit\s2 two or ?ree small bays are f\nd on ! nor!rn %ore1 "o ( :i* is suppos$ to be t into :i* ,paul's %ip 0 driv54 ,x is fifte5 miles f ! ea/]n end ( ! isl&1 :i* is tw5ty miles 9 l5g?1 & ?is is ! only bay on t side ) a /ream empty+ into its wat]s4 ,! /ream is only a v small brook com+ d[n f a s\rce 9 ! s\?we/4 ,x 0 runn+ 9 ,novemb] :5 ! writ] visit$ ! locality4 #be4 ,acts #bg3bg to #bh3aj %\ld be read 9 ?is connection4 ,! isl& ( ,malta conta9s _m anci5t rema9s ( ,phnician1 ,greek1 & ,go?ic con/ruction4 ,9 ! ,libr>y at ,valetta are ?ree m$als & o!r objects f\nd on ! isl& said to conta9 ,phnician lett]s1 & ,sir ,w4 ,drummond has translat$ a ,punic leg5d f\nd on a squ>e /one 9 a sepul*ral cave :i* /ates t x m>ks ! burial-place ( ,hannibal4 #bf4 ,aft] ?ree mon?s' /ay on ?is isl& ,paul's company proce$$ on _! way to ,rome1 /opp+ at ,syracuse ?ree days4 ,syracuse at ?is "t seems to h be5 v popul\s4 ,x 0 on ! ea/]n "p ( ,sicily & on ! coa/1 & 0 ! resid5ce1 at v>i\s times1 ( "s ( ! mo/ celebrat$ philosoph]s & poets1 ,plato1 ,simonides1 ,z5o1 & ,cic]o2 & "h ,ar*im$es lo/ 8 life at ! capture ( ! city by ! ,romans4 #bg4 ,!nce ! vessel pass$ to ,rhegium1 n[ call$ ,reggio 7pron\nc$ r$jo74 ,?is place1 9 ,calabria1 is ! s\!rnmo/ city & seaport ( ,italy1 & 0 once a r5[n$ city eight miles s\!a/ ( ,mess9a across ! /rait ( ! same "n4 ,x has a population n[ ( ab\t #bj1jjj4 #bh4 ,! next day !y came to ,puteoli1 n[ ,pozzuoli 7pron\nc$ pot-soo-o-lee7 on a gulf ( ! same "n sev5 miles s\?we/ ( ,naples4 ,its vic9ity 0 celebrat$ z ! resid5ce ( weal?y ,romans & ! port 0 an important "o4 ,b ! l& has sunk51 z ! writ] f\nd _m evid5ces t p>ts ( ! anci5t city 7 cov]$ ) ! wat]s ( ! sea4 #bi4 ,! ma9 ,roman road1 call$ ! ,appian ,way1 0 n[ tak51 ^u :i* 0 ! m>ketplace call$ ,apii ,=um1 =ty-?ree miles f ,rome4 ,its site is suppos$ to be m>k$ by "s ru9s ne> ,treponti4 ,f>!r on 0 a place call$ ! 8,?ree ,tav]ns10 ab\t ?irty-?ree ,roman miles f ! city & ne> ! pres5t ,ci/]na4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,paul ,,at ,,rome4 ,,! ,,sev5 ,,*ur*es4 ,,colosse ,,& ,,hi]apolis4 #a4 ,aft] _! arrival at ,rome1 ,paul 0 p]mitt$ to dwell by himself ) a soldi] :o kept him & to :om he 0 b\nd ) a *a91 ,acts #bh3bj4 ,= two ye>s ,paul rema9$ at ,rome 9 a hir$ h\se1 ,acts #bh3cj1 tea*+ & prea*+ to all ^? :o came to visit him1 & no "o =bade him1 = ! ,jews at ,rome 7 "u s great fe> ( ! ,gov]nm5t t !y 7 exce$+ly cauti\s to cause no upro>4 ,!y _h n long be=e be5 expell$ f ! city 9 consequ5ce ( an upro>1 & !y 7 =c$ to express any objections to ! new fai? 9 a v quiet way4#bjd #b4 ,we c le>n no?+ ( ! subsequ5t life ( ! apo/le except f notices :i* occur 9 ! v>i\s epi/les4 ,x appe>s t ! ,jews 7 unable to ga!r any def9ite *>ge suffici5t to su/a9 !m 9 any plea aga9/ ,paul4 ,b dur+ ?is long resid5ce at ,rome sev]al epi/les 7 writt5 & _m conv]ts 7 made ?r\gh ! apo/le's ef=ts4 #c4 ,= 8 success 9 prea*+ see ,phile4 #ad4 ,x is evid5t t ,luke 0 ) him1 ,col4 #d3ae2 ,phile4 #bd2 ,timo?y also1 ,phile4 #a2 ,col4 #a3a2 ,phil4 #a3a2 & o!rs2 see ,col4 #d3g2 ,eph4 #f3ba2 & ,john ,m>k 0 f\nd 8pr(itable to him10 ,col4 #d3aj2 #b ,tim4 #d3a2 ,phile4 #bd2 ,col4 #d3ad2 #b ,tim4 #d3aj1 :]e9 we see t ,demas aft]w>d =sook him2 ,col4 #a3g4 ,at ?is "t ! case ( ,onesimus is int]e/+2 see ,epi/le to ,philemon4 ,onesimus _h escap$ to ,rome & _h be5 conv]t$ to ! true fai?1 b aft] 8 conv]sion return$ ) a lett] f ,paul to 8 ma/]4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,colossians 0 n[ writt5 & s5t probably by ,onesimus & ,ty*icus1 ! latt] be+ *>g$ ) ano!r epi/le1 namely1 to ! ,ephesians4 ,^! lett]s 7 writt5 probably 9 ! spr+ ( ,a4 ,d4 #fb4 ,ab\t ?is "t ,paul 0 *e]$ by an (f]+ s5t f ! *ur* 9 ,philippi1 :o rememb]$ ! apo/le 9 8 conf9em5t1 ,phil4 #d4 ,?is ,epi/le to ! ,philippians 0 also writt5 f ,rome & s5t by ! same "o t br\ght ! gift f ! *ur*1 namely1 ,epaphroditus4 #d4 ,all we "k ( ! apo/le aft] ?is is f ecclesia/ical writ]s ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,f ^! x has be5 suppos$ t he 0 tri$ & acquitt$ ( ! *>ges aga9/ him & t aft] ?is he visit$ "s ( ! *ur*es he _h be5 in/rum5tal 9 plant+4 ,9 ?is r\te x is ?\ght t f ,rome he w5t by ,brundusium1 !nce to ,dyrra*ium & onw>d to ,mac$onia & to ! *ur*es !re4 ,x is ev5 ?\ght t n[ he visit$ ,spa91 ,a4 ,d4 #fd1 9 accordance ) an expression 9 ,rom4 #ae3bd1 #bh4 ,b ^! visits are only conjectural4 #e4 ,x seems h[ev] t he 0 aga9 arre/$ & s5t to ,rome1 "s ?9k :ile sp5d+ a "t at ,nicopolis1 on ! ,bay ( ,actium4 ,9 ?is second imprisonm5t he 0 conf9$ z a malefactor1 #b ,tim4 #b3i1 & none w\ld visit him or /& by him1 #b ,tim4 #a3af2 #d3af1 & n[ x is said ! second ,epi/le to ,timo?y 0 writt54 ,:e!r ,timo?y ev] arriv$ 9 ,rome aft] ?is is n kn[n4 ,b ! second trial came on1 & ! hi/ory /ates t he 0 condemn$ to be behead$2 & beyond ! city walls1 along ! road to ,o/ia1 ! port ( ,rome1 he 0 l$ out & execut$1 a ,roman swordsman behead+ him4 #f4 ,besides ! apo/le ,paul1 only ?ree appe> z writ]s 9 ! rema9+ p>ts ( ,scripture2 ^! are ,james1 8! ,"l's bro!r10 ,pet]1 & ,john4 ,james is au?or ( "o ( ! g5]al epi/les1 evid5tly int5d$ = univ]sal use & n s5t to any "o *ur*1 & h5ce call$ 8,! ,epi/le ,g5]al ( ,james40 ,x makes ! tw5tie? ( ! ,new ,te/am5t books4 ,pet] is la/ m5tion$ :5 at ,antio*1 z record$ 9 ,gal4 #b3aaba4 ,x is suppos$ f #a ,pet4 #e3ac t he rema9$ 9 ,babylon 9 ,*alda1 :]e at an e>ly p]iod _m ,jews 7 settl$1 z ,josephus %[s4 ,he wrote two epi/les1 :i* =m ! tw5ty-fir/ & tw5ty-second books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & ^! 7 writt5 app>5tly 9 8 old age4 ,! tradition is t he suff]$ m>tyrdom 9 ,rome4 ,,! ,,sev5 ,,*ur*es ,,( ,,asia4 #g4 ,! only o!r writ] ( ! ,new ,te/am5t n yet m5tion$ is ,john4 ,he wrote ?ree epi/les & ! book ( ,revelation1 9 :i* are m5tion$ ! *ur*es ( ,ephesus1 ,smyrna1 ,p]gamos1 ,?yatira1 ,s>dis1 ,philadelphia1 & ,laodicea1 ,rev4 #a3aa4 ,ephesus has already be5 describ$4 #h4 ,smyrna 0 !n 8! ornam5t ( ,asia1 ) ! f9e/ h>bor 9 ! _w40 ,al?\gh no m5tion is made ( x 9 ! book ( ,acts nor 9 any ( ! epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul1 x may h be5 "o ( ! e>lie/ *ur*es f\nd$ by ,/4 ,john4 ,erato/h5es /ates t ,smyrna 0 built by ! ,cumans ,b4 ,c4 #ajae1 & accord+ to ,pl9y x took its "n f an ,amazon1 ,smyrna by "n1 :o f\nd$ x4 ,9 ! "t ( ! apo/les x _h a temple & hot spr+s4#bje ,x is at pres5t a popul\s city1 built h[ev] a little to ! s\? ( ! anci5t site1 & conta9s ab\t #bjj1jjj inhabitants4 #i4 ,p]gamos is #ej miles ne>ly due nor? f ,smyrna4 ,x is describ$ dur+ ! ,roman p]iod z ! f9e/ city ( _! new prov9ce ( ,asia4 ,its possession by ! ,romans 0 due to ! gift ( ,attalus its k+1 ,b4 ,c4 #acb4 ,p]gamos 0 celebrat$ = its ext5sive collections ( libr>ies & = ! patronage ( art & sci5ce at its c\rt4 ,all ! ru9s n[ f\nd are ( ! ,roman p]iod except a tunnel ov] ! riv] ,sel9us1 n[ a small /ream4 ,?is d\ble tunnel appe>s to be extremely anci5t1 & is suppos$ to be ( ! "t ( ,attalus4 ,x runs "u ! pres5t t[n ( ,b]gamah = #fjj feet1 ) ar*es ( #dj feet diamet] & #bj feet high4 ,! pres5t t[n conta9s ab\t #cj1jjj inhabitants4 ,z ! artisans 7 skill$ 9 prep>+ sk9s = manuscripts1 ! sk9s !mselves 7 kn[n by ! "n ( ! place1 & h5ce ! "n 8p>*m5t10 :i* is only a *ange ( ! anci5t "n ( ,p]gamos4 #aj4 ,?yatira is n[ call$ ,ak-hiss>1 8! :ite ca/le10 f a ca/le on ! :ite hill back ( ! pla9 ^u :i* ! city is built4 ,! pla9 has always be5 inhabit$1 & 0 celebrat$ at & long be=e ! p]iod ( ! apo/les = its manufacture ( dyes1#bjf & ?is art is allud$ to 9 ,acts #af3ad4 ,x nev] _h any reputation o!rwise1 b 0 always a busy trad+ city4 ,x is #eb or #ec miles nor!a/ ( ,smyrna1 & 0 a ,mac$onian colony 9 ! "t ( ,/rabo1#bjg b be=e 8 "t x 0 call$ ,pelopia1#bjh ^u :i* site ! colony 0 plac$ by ! ,syrian k+ ,seleucus ,nicator1 a g5]al ( ,alex&] ! ,great4 #aa4 ,s>dis1 ! once pr\d capital ( ,lydia1 ! resid5ce ( ,crsus1 ! weal?ie/ mon>* ( 8 age1 & 8! que5 ( ,asia10#bji is n[ utt]ly desolate4 ,! site is ab\t #ej miles ea/ ( ,smyrna1 & ! riv] ,pactolus is on ! we/4 ,x is n[ call$ ,s>t1 & !re are to be f\nd only two or ?ree huts & a wat]-mill4 ,if ,smyrna be tak5 z a c5tre ( a great circle1 ! ?ree cities la/ m5tion$ w be ne>ly on ! circumf]5ce3 ,p]gamos nor?1 ,?yatira nor!a/1 & ,s>dis ea/1 ea* ab\t #ej miles f ! c5tre4 #ab4 ,philadelphia1 ! next 9 ord] z m5tion$ 9 ,revelation1 is ea/ ( ,s>dis ab\t #cj miles1 on ! nor!a/]n slope ( ,mt4 ,tmolus1 ne> ! little /ream ( ! ,cogamus1 :i* w9ds ab\t on ! pla9 & falls into ! ,h]mus ne> ,s>dis4 ,x receiv$ its "n f its f\nd]1 ,attalus ,philadelphus1 k+ ( ,p]gamos1 ,b4 ,c4 ab\t #adj ye>s4 ,/rabo says t ! city 0 subject to frequ5t e>?quakes1#baj & ,tacitus says t ,philadelphia 0 ne>ly entirely de/roy$ by an e>?quake 9 ! reign ( ,tib]ius4#baa ,al?\gh nev] a city ( mu* prom95ce1 x has outla/$ ,ephesus1 ,s>dis1 & ,laodicea4 ,"o-?ird ( ! pres5t population1 #ae1jjj1 are ,*ri/ians ( ! ,greek ,*ur*4 ,x is /ill surr\nd$ by walls1 b !y are v mu* dilapidat$4 #ac4 ,laodicea 0 once a ri* & fl\ri%+ city1 b no?+ rema9s ( x b a va/ /adium1 a !atre1 & a gymnasium4 ,laodicea is ne>ly #ajj miles due ea/ ( ,ephesus1 ,colosse is #aj or #ab miles s\!a/1 & ,hi]apolis ab\t ! same di/ance ne>ly nor?4 #ad4 ,besides ! sev5 cities =m+ ! sites ( ! fam\s sev5 *ur*es ( ,asia1 !re are two o!rs to be notic$1 ,colosse & ,hi]apolis4 ,! =m] 0 writt5 to by ,/4 ,paul 9 8 ,epi/le to ! ,colossians4 ,no?+ rema9s b a few fragm5ts ( brok5 columns & build+ /ones4 ,hi]apolis receiv$ its "n f its rem>kable hot spr+s4 ,at "o place ! deadly gas 7c>bonic dioxide7 exhal$ f ! op5+ ( a cave :]e ! spr+ 0 locat$1 & ?is exhalation caus$ dea? to animals & m54 ,?is fact orig9at$ ! sup]/ition t "s div9ity presid$ ov] ! city1 & h5ce x became call$ ,hi]apolis1 8! holy city40 ,ab\t ! "t ( ! apo/les !re 0 s great an abundance ( ! wat] supply t ba?s 7 built 9 e "p ( ! city4 ,! wat]s are s heavily *>g$ ) lime t !y deposit /alactites & /alagmites 9 e direction1 & ! :it5ess ( ! rock & gr\nd ov] :i* ! wat]s fl[ is s g5]al t ! place may be se5 at a great di/ance1 & because ( its dazzl+ :it5ess x receives ! "n ( ,pemb\k ,kalessi1 8,cotton ,ca/le40 ,x is only m5tion$ 9 ,col4 #d3ac4 ,! apo/le ,john1 :o outliv$ ! re/ ( ! apo/les1 seems to h _h a special int]e/ 9 ^? sev5 *ur*es ( ,asia4 ,he is said to h ex]cis$ a pa/oral c>e ov] !m all1 b at "s "t aft] ! dea? ( ,paul he w5t to ,ephesus & dwelt !re4 ,he 0 bani%$ to ,patmos1 probably by ! ,emp]or ,domitian1 ,a4 ,d4 #ie1 :]e he wrote ! ,revelation4 ,,patmos4 ,?is little rugg$ isl& 0 us$ z a place ( bani%m5t ( ,roman crim9als4 ,x is #cb miles we/ ( ! coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or1 & is rocky & b>r5 & ab\t #bh miles 9 circumf]5ce4 ,x has a port on ! ea/ :]e is a deep ind5tation4 ,! population at pres5t is #d1jjj1 all ,greeks & a seaf>+ p4 ,on a height above ! pr9cipal t[n is a l>ge conv5t1 resembl+ a =tress1 :]e are said to be "s valuable manuscripts4 ,on 8 return f bani%m5t ,john w5t back to ,ephesus1 :]e he di$ at ! great age ( #ie1 ,a4 ,d4 #ajj4 ,he 0 kn[n to ! la/ z ! ,holy ,!ologian1 & ! pres5t "n ( ! little village1 ,ayasoluk1 ne> ,ephesus1 is ! ,turki% =m ( ! ,greek ,hagios-,!ologos1 ! ,holy ,!ologian4 ,,map3 ,,g5]al ,,map ,,( ,,bible ,,l&s ,,illu/rat+ ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,nations ,,map3 ,,canaan ,,& ,,its ,,tribes ,,be=e ,,! ,,conque/ ,,by ,,jo%ua ,am]ican ,tract ,society #aej ,nassau ,/ ,new ,york ,,map3 ,,assyria1 ,,*aldea ,,m$ia1 ,,arm5ia1 ,,& ,,syria ,am]ican ,tract ,society #aej ,nassau ,/ ,new ,york ,,map3 ,,canaan ,,& ,,its ,,tribes ,,be=e ,,! ,,conque/ ,,by ,,jo%ua ,am]ican ,tract ,society #aej ,nassau ,/ ,new ,york ,,map3 ,,s9ai ,,& ,,! ,,des]t ,,( ,,! ,,w&]+s ,am]ican ,tract ,society #aej ,nassau ,/ ,new ,york ,,map3 ,,! ,,holy ,,l& ,,9 ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,! ,,k+s4 ,,map3 ,,s9ai ,,& ,,! ,,des]t ,,( ,,! ,,w&]+s ,am]ican ,tract ,society #aej ,nassau ,/ ,new ,york ,,map3 ,,environs ,,( ,,j]usalem4 ,,map3 ,,map ,,%[+ ,,! ,,mission>y ,,t\rs ,,( ,,! ,,apo/le ,,paul ,am]ican ,tract ,society #aej ,nassau ,/ ,new ,york ,,footnotes4 #a - 8,anci5t ,empires ( ! ,ea/10 p4 #ie4 ,,pl9y1 ,n4 ,h41 ,,vi4 #acj4 #b - 8,lipp9cott's ,gazette]10 #ahha4 #c - ,pron\nc$ ,moo-rad'-*i 7*i z 9 ,*9a74 #d - ,geikie1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #ajh4 #e - 8,wo lag das ,p>adies80 ,dr4 ,delitzs*4 #f - ,( ?is manuscript we %all give a description h]eaft]1 z also ( ! ,septuag9t4 #g - ,s*umann's 8,comm5t>y on ,g5esis40 #h - ,s*aff's 8,bible ,diction>y10 p4 #ahd4 #i - ,translation ( ,society ( ,biblical ,ar*ology1 ,vol4 ,,iv41 p4 #cae4 #aj - ,ei*horn's 8,e9leitung10 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #ij4 ,geikie1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #hc4 #aa - ,w4 ,f4 ,wilk9son1 8,p]sonal ,names 9 ! ,bible10 p4 #aj4 #ab - ,delitzs*1 8,*aldan ,g5ealogy10 p4 #cjd4 #ac - ,wilk9son1 p4 #ae4 #ad - ,tr5*1 8,/udy ( ,words40 #ae - ,geikie4 #af - ,copp] is z abundant n[ z !n4 ,!re is q a trade 9 copp] betwe5 ,bagdad & ,bassora ne> ! head ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,all h\sehold ut5sils are made ( copp]4 ,:5 ,x5ophon arriv$ ) 8 ,t5 ,?\s&1 ,b4 ,c4 #djj1 9 ?is region 79 8 "t x 0 call$ ! l& ( ! ,c>du*i7 he 0 a/oni%$ at ! quantity ( metallic ut5sils4 ,l5ormant1 8,anci5t ,hi/ory ( ! ,ea/10 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #bjc4 #ag - ,rawl9son1 8,! ,five ,great ,mon>*ies10 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #ih4 #ah - ,p]rot ,*ipiez1 8,art 9 ,*alda40 #ai - ,see 8,speak]'s ,comm5t>y10 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #fb4 ,geikie1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #ahd4 #bj - ,see ,vig\r\x & ,l5ormant1 z quot$ by ,geikie1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #hf4 #ba - ,s ,s*rad] 9 ,geikie1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #bjh4 #bb - ,osborn's 8,manual ( ,biblical ,geography40 #bc - ,full ref]5ces 9 ,bo*>t's 8,geography10 pp4 #aib1 #aic4 #bd - ,s*rad] 9 ,geikie1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #bcd4 #be - ,bo*>t1 8,geog4 ,sac410 p4 #aeg4 #bf - ,ibid41 p4 #ehf4 #bg - 8tudes de l'antiquit hi/orique40 ,p>is1 #ahgc4 #bh - ,geikie1 p4 #bcd1 ,vol4 ,i4 #bi - ,l5ormant1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 8,anci5t ,hi/ory ( ! ,ea/10 p4 #bcf4 #cj - ,"s h rec5tly (f]$ a new read+ ( ?is text1 z foll[s3 8,f t l& he ,nimrod w5t into ,assyria20 b1 beside :at has be5 above said1 ,ros5mll] obs]ves t if ?is _h be5 ! mean+ ! ,hebrew w\ld h be5 diff]5t4 ,we may add t ! ,septuag9t translators und]/ood x z x is 9 our ,engli% v]sion1 t x 0 n ,nimrod1 b ,as%ur1 :o built ,n9eveh4 #ca - ,x has be5 suppos$ by "s t ! ^w 8,rehobo?0 does n ref] to a city1 b to ! 8wide /reet0 ( ,n9eveh4 ,! t]m is us$ 9 t s5se 9 an inscription ( ,es>-haddon1 9 :i* he says t he p>ad$ ! heads ( two k+s ( ,sidon ?r\gh 7,rehobo?7 8! /reets0 ( ,n9eveh4 ,w4 ,a4 ,i41 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #de2 9 8,hi/ory ( ,es>-haddon10 ,budge1 #ahha1 p4 #da4 #cb - ,h]odotus1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #aba4 #cc - ,geikie1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #bdg4 #cd - ,m fully spok5 ( page #fi4 #ce - ,! hi]atic is writt5 f "r to left1 z is ! ,phnician4 ,see ,sayce's 8,anci5t ,empires ( ! ,ea/10 ,scribn]1 #ahhf1 p4 #hd4 #cf - ,b]!au1 z quot$ by ,geikie1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #bea1 & ,l5ormant1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #add4 #cg - ,job #da3f2 ,prov4 #ca3bd1 :]e ! ^w 8m]*ant0 is ,canaanite 9 ! ,hebrew4 #ch - 8,antiquities10 ,vol4 ,i41 #f3d4 #ci - ,macle>1 p4 #bd4 #dj - ,opp]t1 8,j\rnal ,asiatique10 ,vol4 ,x41 p4 #bbj2 ,vol4 ,,ix41 p4 #ejc4 ,l5ormant1 8,langue ,primitive de la ,*alde10 p4 #cee4 ,geikie1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #bia4 #da - ,l5ormant1 8,anci5t ,hi/ory ( ! ,ea/10 p4 #dde4 #db - ,geikie1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #bgd4 #dc - 8,prp ,evang410 ,,ix41 #ag4 ,geikie1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #bie4 #dd - ,a4 ,h4 ,sayce 9 ! 8,hibb]t ,lectures10 #ahhg4 ,see also 9 8,old ,te/am5t ,/ud5t10 #ahhg1 p4 #acd4 #de - ,sayce1 translation z ref]r$ to 9 previ\s note4 #df - ,see ,h]zog1 article 8,ur40 #dg - ,pron\nc$ ha-i4 #dh - ,pron\nc$ a-i4 #di - ,hale's date is ,b4 ,c4 #bjgh4 #ej - ,g54 #af3g2 #bj3a2 #be3ah2 ,exod4 #ae3bb2 #a ,sam4 #ae3g2 #bg3h4 ,%ur means 8wall40 #ea - ,pron\nc$ ,ke-ops4 #eb - ,wilk9son's date is ,b4 ,c4 #aecb1 b ,brugs* gives x z ,b4 ,c4 #adcc4 #ec - ,sir ,h5ry ,rawl9son4 #ed - 8,la ,langue ,primitive10 p4 #cgf2 9 ,tomk9's 8,times ( ,abraham10 p4 #aha4 #ee - ,bir es ,seba 9 ! ,arabic is ! same z ,be]%eba 9 ! ,hebrew4 #ef - ,sayce1 8,anci5t ,empires10 p4 #bjj4 #eg - ,we h m5tion$ !m on page #cg4 #eh - ,f\r? memoir ( 8,! ,egypt ,exploration ,fund10 #ahhg1 p4 #ae4 #ei - ,osborn's 8,anci5t ,egypt 9 ! ,light ( ,mod]n ,discov]y10 p4 #hb4 #fj - ,eb]s' 8,konig/*t]10 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #bb 9 ! note1 #dj4 #fa - ,geikie1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #dfh4 #fb - ,see ,geikie1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #dfb4 #fc - ,= illu/rations ( ?is fact see 8,anci5t ,empires ( ! ,ea/10 ,sayce4 ,preface4 #fd - ,dyna/y 0 ! t]m giv5 to k+s ( ! same family or blood relations4 #fe - ,?is view appe>s to be ! correct "o1 al?\gh !re is "s v>iation ( op9ion4 #ff - ,gray's 8,connection betwe5 ,sacr$ & ,hea!n ,au?ors10 p4 #efc4 ,long9us 8,on ! ,sublime40 #fg - ,lepsius 9 ,geikie1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #chd4 #fh - ,suppos$ to h be5 ,debir1 s\? ( ,hebron4 #fi - ,wilk9son 9 ,tomk9s' 8,/udies ( ! ,times ( ,abraham10 p4 #hf4 #gj - ,tomk9s1 p4 #hf4 #ga - ,odyssey1 ,book ,,ii41 l4 #eba4 ,glad/one's 8,hom4 ,syn*ron40 pp4 #agd1 #ahb4 #gb - ,n[ call$ ,a9 es ,sultan4 #gc - ,us%]'s "t z 9 ! m>g9 ( our ,bibles4 #gd - ,! ,talmud is describ$ h]eaft]4 #ge - ,bi%op ,horsley4 #gf - ,deut4 #bg3ab2 #aa3cj2 ,num4 #cd3acbi2 ,exod4 #ba3ac2 ,num4 #ce3f1 #aa1 #ad2 ,deut4 #ai3b1 #i4 #gg - ,! affix 8im0 to a ^w 0 equival5t to ! lett] s 9 ,engli%4 #gh - ,l5ormant1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #bbc4 #gi - ,geikie1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #dff4 #hj - ,mean+ 8ham/rung40 ,our v]sion puts horses 9 italics1 %[+ t x is n 9 ! orig9al4 #ha - ,br[ne 9 8,ordo ,sculorum10 ,vol4 ,i41 *ap4 #e1 sec4 #c4 #hb - ,= ano!r solution ( ! *ronology ( ?is p]iod see ! 8,old ,te/am5t ,/ud5t10 ,janu>y1 #ahhd4 #hc - ,! place :]e ! c\rts 7 held4 #hd - ,burckh>dt's 8,travels10 p4 #cci4 #he - ,osburn's 8,anci5t ,egypt10 p4 #ach4 ,london4 ,samuel ,bag/] ,sons4 #hf - ,! place assign$ z probable1 namely1 ,a/ug1 is an impossible site1 = ,ziklag aft] ! ,captivity is locat$ betwe5 ,be]%eba & ,j]usalem1 & ,a/ug 0 at t "t too f> (f = settlem5t by return$ captives4 #hg - #a ,k+s #aa3db4 #hh - 8,antiquities10 ,,ix41 #aa3a4 #hi - ,/rabo1 ,,xv41 #a3f4 ,geikie1 ,vol4 ,v41 p4 #cci4 #ij - ,j]4 #dh3dj2 #di3bb4 #ia - ,ezek4 #ag3c4 #ib - ,l5ormant1 8,anci5t ,hi/ory ( ! ,ea/10 #dge1 9 rem>kable corroboration ( #b ,k+s #bd3g4 #ic - ,also spell$ ,mizpeh1 ! mean+ be+ wat*-t[]4 #id - #a ,k+s #ab3bh4 #ie - ,"u ! title ( ,apis2 ,greek1 ,s]-apis1 = ,osiris-,apis4 #if - ,ecclus4 #cf3ae & ,maccabees #i3bg2 #ad3da4 #ig - ,t4 ,g4 ,p9*es1 9 8,trans4 ,soc4 ( ,biblical ,ar*ology10 ,may1 #ahhd4 ,same z ,tigla?-piles]1 #b ,k+s #ae3bi4 #ih - ,l5ormant & ,*ev41 8,anci5t ,hi/ory ( ! ,ea/10 p4 #cib4 #ii - ,l5ormant1 #cib4 #ajj - ,idem1 #fjd4 #aja - ,l5ormant etc41 8,anci5t ,hi/ory ( ! ,ea/10 p4 #djf4 ,geikie's date w\ld make x too late1 see au?orities 9 ,geikie1 ,v41 p4 #ia41 & = ! translation ( cyl9d]s1 8,hi/ory ( ,es>-haddon10 ,budge1 #ahha1 ,bo/on1 ,osgood ,co41 p4 #ajc4 #ajb - ,see ,rawl9son's 8,five ,great ,mon>*ies10 ,,ii41 p4 #dgg1 ,engli% ,edition2 also ,macle>'s 8,old ,te/am5t ,hi/ory10 p4 #dde4 #ajc - ,su* z ,psalms #gi1 #ajb1 #abf1 #acg1 & o!rs4 #ajd - ,_! t5d5cies 7 idolatr\s f ! beg9n+1 #a ,k+ #ad3ae4 ,= ! comp>ative morality see p4 #aej4 #aje - ,x is n probable t he w5t to ,babylon1 b 8 prophecies 7 tak5 !re1 ,dan4 #i3b2 ,j]4 #bi4 #ajf - ,! discussion ( ?is matt] ( ,d>ius ( ,dan4 #e3ca may be f\nd 9 8,translations ( ! ,society ( ,biblical ,ar*ology10 ,,vi41 pp4 #aacc2 also 9 ,geikie1 ,vol4 ,,vi41 p4 #cih4 #ajg - ,"s rema9$ 9 ,pale/9e4 #ajh - 8,old ,te/am5t ,hi/ory10 ,macle>1 p4 #dgf4 ,ezra #h4 #aji - ,accord+ to ,us%]4 #aaj - ,ze*4 #a3a4 #aaa - 8,! ,book ( ,e/h]10 by ,haley1 ,&ov]1 #ahhe4 #aab - ,full description by ,dr4 ,m4 ,ja/r[1 ,jr41 8,sunday-s*ool ,times10 ,philadelphia1 ,novemb] #ag1 #ahhh4 #aac - ,= ! critical acc\nt1 see 8,! ,book ( ,e/h]10 by ,haley1 ,&ov]1 #ahhe4 ,m rec5tly1 8,h>p]'s ,mon?ly10 ,june1 #ahhg4 8,revue des ,etudes ,juives10 ,avril,ju91 #ahhh4 8,sunday-s*ool ,times40 ,novemb] #ag1 #ahhh4 #aad - ,geo4 ,rawl9son1 8,! ,religions ( ! ,anci5t ,_w10 p4 #gi4 #aae - ,idem1 p4 #hf2 ! utmo/ t 0 all[$ 0 ! emblem ( ! w+$ circle4 #aaf - ,keil's 8,comm5ts on ,e/h]10 p4 #cji1 8,book ( ,e/h]10 ,haley1 p4 #ha4 #aag - ,*iefly on ! au?ority ( ,a4 ,h4 ,sayce1 8,! ,anci5t ,empires ( ! ,ea/40 #aah - ,accord+ to ,josephus4 #aai - 8,introduction to ,hebrew ,lit]ature10 ,j4 ,w4 ,e!ridge1 ,m4,a41 ,london1 #ahef1 p4 #bj4 #abj - ,b4 ,c4 #bia1 ,macle>'s 8,new ,te/am5t ,hi/ory10 p4 #aa2 & ,b4 ,c4 #cajbij1 ,we/cott's 8,bible 9 ! ,*ur*10 p4 #cjj4 #aba - ,macc4 #b3ac4 #abb - ,= pro(s ( spiritual activity ( ?is p]iod1 ,b4 ,c4 #ecf1 read ,ezra #f3afbb4 ,t !y _h ! prophets ,haggai & ,ze*>iah ) !m1 read #f3ad4 ,t !y 7 ready to wor%ip ,god any:]e be=e !y _h a temple1 #c3af4 ,t !y call$ ,ezra & caus$ him to read & expla9 ! ,law to !m1 ,neh4 #h3a1 etc4 #abc - ,jos41 ,contra ,apion1 lib4 ,i41 #h4 ,euseb41 8,eccl4 ,hi/ory10 lib4 ,,iii41 *ap4 #aj4 ,josephus liv$ 9 ! "t ( ! apo/les4 ,he 0 born ,a4 ,d4 #cg & di$ aft] ,a4 ,d4 #ig & made ?is /atem5t #djj ye>s aft] ! ,canon1 or li/1 _h be5 clos$4 #abd - ,^! m5 gave rise to a class ( writ+s call$ 8,int]pretations10 or 9 _! language ,t>gums1 :i* are also explanations z well z int]pretations1 & give ! ideas ( ! e>lie/ writ]s ^u ,scripture4 #abe - ,prideaux1 ,"p ,i41 ,book #e4 #abf - ,:at is call$ ! ,sam>itan translation is a translation ( ?is ,p5tateu* into ! ,sam>itan language & is n ! ,sam>itan ,p5tateu*4 #abg - ,! pro(s ( ! use ( ! squ>e ,hebrew s9ce ,ezra are f\nd giv5 9 ,cond]'s 8,h&book to ! ,bible0 7,gem>a1 ,sanh$r91 f4 #ba1 #bb71 p4 #agd4 8,horne's ,introd40 ,,ii41 p4 #abag = ! v]sions ( ! ,p5tateu* 7,sam>itan71 ,smi?'s 8,diction>y ( ! ,bible10 ,vol4 ,,iii4 #abh - ,9 ! "t ( ,d>ius ,no?us1 ,b4 ,c4 #dji1 s ,prideaux says1 8,connection10 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #cegcei4 #abi - ,?is is ! date ( 8 visit to ,j]usalem & pr(anation ( ! ,temple4 ,cl9ton 9 ,woodw>d & ,cates4 #acj - ,prideaux1 ,"p ,,ii41 ,book #c4 #aca - ,9 ,babylon1 b =m]ly 9 ,pale/9e into #aec1 = ?ree ye>s' read+4 8,! ,new ,te/am5t ,scriptures10 ,*>t]is1 p4 #ag4 ,e!ridge1 8,introduction to ,hebrew ,lit]ature10 p4 #bja4 #acb - ,! ye> 0 n s det]m9$ 9 t era t ! same numb] ( weeks1 or ,sabba?s1 w\ld always occur "o ye> ) ano!r1 "s ye>s hav+ z _m z fifty-f\r ,sabba?s1 or ?irte5 mon?s4 ,ayres' ,diction>y1 8,*ronology40 #acc - 8,talmud10 ,b]oko?1 #ab2 ,e!ridge1 8,introduction to ,hebrew ,lit]ature10 p4 #bja4 #acd - ,we/cott1 8,bible 9 ! ,*ur*10 p4 #bi4 #ace - ,we/cott1 p4 #cf4 #acf - 8,! ,book ( ,e/h]10 ,&ov]1 #ahhe4 p4 #ah4 #acg - ,describ$ h]eaft]1 p4 #bjd4 #ach - ,! ,septuag9t gave x ! "n 8,numb]s10 b ! ,engli% is ! translation ( ! ,greek1 b 9 ! o!r case ! ,greek words are us$ 9 ,engli% lett]s4 #aci - ,! 8,book ( ! ,dead0 is f\nd 9 m ?an "o copy1 ?\gh orig9ally "o1 hav+ be5 add$ toh5ce we use ! plural t]m4 ,call$ also 8,ritual ( ! ,dead40 ,rawl9son's 8,religions ( ! ,anci5t ,_w10 p4 #bf1 note4 #adj - ,ba$ek]'s 8,egypt10 p4 #baj4 #ada - ,prideaux /ates t !re 7 #ajj1jjj ,jews 9 ,alex&ria at ?is "t1 ,b4 ,c4 #bgj4 #adb - ,bo? ,josephus & ,philo gave descriptions ( ?is class ( ,jews "u ! "n ( ,ess5es1 holy m54 ,see ,prideaux1 ,"p ,,ii41 ,bk4 #e1 also ,e!ridge's 8,introduction to ,hebrew ,lit]ature10 p4 #ba4 #adc - 8,introduction to ,hebrew ,lit]ature10 ,e!ridge1 p4 #bi4 #add - ,see ,p>khur/'s ,lexicon1 8,sanh$r910 p4 #hbe4 #ade - 8,introduction to ,hebrew ,lit]ature10 ,e!ridge1 p4 #bi4 #adf - ,e!ridge1 8,introduction to ,jewi% ,lit]ature10 p4 #hh4 ,j]usalem 0 de/roy$ & ! ,temple burn$ ,a4 ,d4 #gj4 #adg - ,simon ,b5 ,yo*ai1 "t ( ! ,emp]or ,anton9e4 8,introduction to ,hebrew ,lit]ature10 p4 #hb4 #adh - ,he 0 head ( ! ,sanh$r9 ,b4 ,c4 #cb4 8,introduction to ,hebrew ,lit]ature10 p4 #cg4 #adi - ,9 ! ,gam>a1 tract ,sanh$r91 fol4 #ba1 #bb1 ,cond]'s 8,h&book10 p4 #agd4 #aej - ,z se5 9 ! inscription 9 ! ,siloam tunnel1 8,e*oes ( ,bible ,hi/ory10 ,bi%op ,wal%1 p4 #bhb4 #aea - ,cond]'s 8,h&book to ! ,bible10 ,london1 #ahhg1 p4 #agc4 #aeb - ,rec5tly discov]$ by ,dr4 ,g9sburg1 9 ,briti% ,museum4 #aec - ,bi%op ,wal%'s 8,e*oes ( ,bible ,hi/ory10 p4 #beg4 #aed - ,! books are 8,ja%]10 ,jo%4 #aj3ac2 #b ,sam4 #a3ah2 8,! ,acts ( ,solomon10 #a ,k+s #aa3da2 8,! ,book ( ,na?an10 #a ,*ron4 #bi3bi2 #b ,*ron4 #i3bi2 8,! ,prophecy ( ,ahijah1 ! ,%ilonite10 & 8,iddo0 7,y$do71 8! ,se]1 aga9/ ,j]oboam10 #b ,*ron4 #i3bi2 8,! ,book ( ,%emaiah20 8,! ,book ( ,jehu10 ! son ( ,hanani1 #b ,*ron4 #ab3ae2 #bj3cd2 8,! ,say+s ( ! ,se]s10 #b ,*ron4 #cc3ai2 & ! 8,lam5tations ov] ,josiah10 :i* are n ! same z ^? ov] ,j]usalem :i* we h 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 #aee - ,josephus' 8,antiquities10 lib4 #ac1 *4 #ah4 ,prideaux1 ,b4 ,,ii41 *4 #e41 p4 #ca4 #aef - ,bloomfield's 8,notes10 ,matt4 #a3a4 #aeg - ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund ,map2 b ,ba$ek] #a1ghh ft4 #aeh - ,see ! full ref]5ces & /atem5ts 9 ,macle>'s 8,new ,te/am5t ,hi/ory10 p4 #acd4 ,m]ivale %[s t ,cyr5ius 0 twice gov]nor ( ,syria1 & ! ,greek ^w may ref] to ! fir/ "t1 or ! enrolm5t4 ,see also ,bloomfield's 8,notes on ! ,new ,te/am5t10 ,luke #b4 8,! :ole _w0 is a t]m frequ5tly us$ :5 only all t l& & no m 0 meant4 ,?us 9 #b ,sam4 #bd3h1 9 ! ,hebrew1 8! :ole _w0 meant1 evid5tly1 ! :ole ( t l& only4 ,s 9 ,acts #aa3bh2 #ag3f2 ! phrase 0 us$ 9 ei!r way z includ+ only ! entire ,syria or ,juda to a ,jew1 or1 to a ,roman citiz51 x 0 ! ,roman ,empire4 #aei - ,g54 #di3aj4 #afj - ,z %[n 9 ,prideaux's 8,connection40 #afa - ,?is place 0 !n 9 ,gaul1 n[ call$ ,france4 #afb - 8,w>s ( ! ,jews10 ,,vi41 #i3c4 #afc - ,bloomfield1 ,john #b3ad1 note4 #afd - ,h]od ,antipas1 son ( ,h]od ! ,great by ,mal?ace4 ,see ! ,table1 p4 #bbi4 #afe - ,bloomfield1 ,notes 9 ,matt4 #i3i4 #aff - ,qu>t]ly ,/atem5t ( ! ,pale/9e ,exploration4 #afg - ,di$ ,a4 ,d4 #dbj4 #afh - ,murray's 8,h&book10 #ahge1 p4 #djh4 #afi - ,ba$ek]'s 8,pale/9e & ,syria10 p4 #cgd4 #agj - ,m]rill1 8,galilee 9 ! "t ( ,*ri/10 p4 #dh4 #aga - ,h]odotus1 #c3bj1 & ,a!n41 p4 #bfh4 #agb - ,bloomfield1 8,notes10 ,matt4 #bf3g4 #agc - ,idyll #ae1 l9e #aad2 ,p>khur/1 ,lex41 #e2 ,bloomfield1 ,luke #h3a4 #agd - ,josephus1 8,antiquities10 ,,xvii41 #b3b4 #age - ,ellicott1 #ccc1 9 ,macle>'s 8,class ,book ( ! ,new ,te/am5t10 p4 #adi4 #agf - ,prideaux1 8,connection10 ,,ii41 #i1 p4 #cgi4 #agg - 8,antiquities10 ,,xviii41 #c3b4 #agh - ,pausanias1 ,v41 #ab3ab1 9 ,bloomfield's 8,notes10 ,matt4 #bg3ea4 #agi - ,z m5tion$1 8,iliad10 ,,iii41 l4 #cae1 #caf1 etc4 8,iliad10 ,,vii41 l4 #age1 #agf1 etc4 #ahj - ,conybe>e & ,h[son's1 8,life & ,travels ( ,/4 ,paul10 ,,cxiv4 #aha - ,john #ba3b1 #c4 #ahb - ,seba/e be+ ! ,greek =m ( ! ^w ,augu/us4 #ahc - ,acts #f3e4 #ahd - ,ba$ek]1 p4 #cag4 #ahe - ,josephus' 8,antiquities10 ,,xix41 #a3aa1 & ,macle>'s 8,new ,te/am5t ,hi/ory10 p4 #cid4 #ahf - ,^! cohorts are m5tion$ by ,arrian2 see au?ority 9 ,bloomfield's 8,notes10 ,acts #aj3a4 #ahg - ,macle>1 8,new ,te/am5t ,hi/ory10 p4 #djc1 note4 #ahh - ,tac41 8,ann410 #ab3ac2 ,josephus1 8,antiquities10 ,,iii41 #ae3c2 ,,xx41 #b3e4 ,! fam9e "h =etold took place 9 ,juda ,a4 ,d4 #dd1 9 ! f\r? ye> ( ,claudius4 ,josephus1 8,antiquities10 ,,xix41 #g3b4 #ahi - ,m]ivale1 ,,vi41 #aaf1 #aag4 ,cassius ,long9us 0 n[ appo9t$1 ,a4 ,d4 #dd1 to ! presid5cy ( ,syria1 & ,cuspius ,fadus 0 appo9t$ gov]nor ( ,juda1 ,josephus1 8,antiquities10 ,,xix41 #i3b2 ,,xx41 #a3a4 ,see ,macle>1 8,new ,te/am5t ,hi/ory10 p4 #dji4 #aij - ,= au?orities & m m9ute description see ,cond]'s 8,h&book to ! ,bible10 p4 #cja1 seq4 ,= ,galilee see ,m]rill's 8,galilee 9 ! "t ( ,*ri/40 #aia - ,lightfoot 8,on ! ,galatians10 p4 #bhe4 ,macle>1 8,new ,te/am5t ,hi/ory10 p4 #dj4 #aib - ,!re 0 a rem>kable influx ( ,ori5tal sorc]]s1 a/rolog]s1 & soo?say]s at ?is "t into ,rome & o!r cities1 z ,conybe>e & ,h[son %[1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #ada4 #aic - ,walpole1 8,travels 9 ! ,ea/10 p4 #bbb4 #aid - ,conybe>e & ,h[son place ,adana & g on ! c\rse1 b ,adana is ?\ght to h be5 plant$ by ,ju/9ian1 & g if at ,aias1 #ce miles s\!a/ ( ,adana on ! coa/1 0 too f> out ( ! way4 #aie - ,n ! ,laodicea ( ,scripture4 #aif - ,/rabo1 #ab2 di$ ,a4 ,d4 #be2 ,claudian 9 8,eutropius10 #b1 ,a4 ,d4 #cie4 #aig - ,conybe>e & ,h[son1 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #ddjddd1 second edition4 #aih - ,ayres' ,diction>y1 8,a!ns40 #aii - ,see acc\nt 9 ,lipp9cott's 8,gazette]40 #bjj - ,to ! ,*ur* at ,!ssalonica4 #bja - ,z an educat$ ,greek lady wrote x = ! au?or1 4 #bjb - ,pl9y1 #cf1 *ap4 #ad2 ,/rabo1 #ab & #ad2 ,mela1 etc4 #bjc - ,mucianus1 ,a4 ,d4 #ge1 says t 9 8 "t ! woodwork appe>$ z new1 ?\gh ne>ly #djj ye>s old4 ,tri/ram1 8,sev5 ,*ur*es ( ,asia10 p4 #ad4 #bjd - ,judos impulsore ,*re/o assidu tumultuantes ,rom expulit4 ,suetonius1 ,claudian1 #be4 #bje - ,/rabo1 ,,xiv41 *ap4 #a4 #bjf - ,pl9y ,v41 *ap4 #ca4 #bjg - ,ev5 9 ! "t ( ,hom]1 ,iliad1 ,,iv41 #ada4 #bjh - ,/rabo1 ,,xiii41 *ap4 #d1 #d4 #bji - ,tri/ram1 8,sev5 ,*ur*es40 #baj - ,/rabo ,,xiii41 *ap4 #d1 #aj4 #baa - 8,annals10 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #dg4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes4 ,! foll[+ corrections h be5 made 9 ! text3 ,page #ahd3 ,s5t5ce />t+3 ,! tradition seems4444 - #8,te/em5t' replac$ ) #8,te/am5t' 7canonical books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t7 ,page #bbd3 ,s5t5ce />t+3 ,h5ce to him _!4444 - #8,s&$r9' replac$ ) #8,sanh$r9' 7consultation ) ! ,sanh$r917 ,footnote #dc3 - #8,prp4' replac$ ) #8,prp4' 78,prp ,evang410 ,,ix41 #ag47