,,religions ,,anci5t ,,& ,,mod]n ,,%9to3 ,,! ,,anci5t ,,religion ,,( ,,japan ,,religions3 ,,anci5t ,,& ,,mod]n ,animism4 ,by ,,edw>d ,,clodd1 au?or ( ,! ,/ory ( ,creation4 ,pan!ism4 ,by ,,james ,,allanson ,,picton1 au?or ( ,! ,religion ( ! ,univ]se4 ,! ,religions ( ,anci5t ,*9a4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,giles1 ,,ll4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,*9ese 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,! ,religion ( ,anci5t ,greece4 ,by ,,jane ,,h>rison1 ,lectur] at ,newnham ,college1 ,cambridge1 au?or ( ,prolegom5a to ,/udy ( ,greek ,religion4 ,islam4 ,by ! ,rt4 ,hon4 ,,ame] ,,ali ,,sy$1 ( ! ,judicial ,committee ( ,8 ,maje/y's ,privy ,c\ncil1 au?or ( ,! ,_s ( ,islam & ,e?ics ( ,islam4 ,magic & ,feti%ism4 ,by ,dr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,,haddon1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,lectur] on ,e?nology at ,cambridge ,univ]sity4 ,! ,religion ( ,anci5t ,egypt4 ,by ,pr(essor ,w4 ,m4 ,,fl9d]s ,,petrie1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,! ,religion ( ,babylonia & ,assyria4 ,by ,,!ophilus ,g4 ,,p9*es1 late ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,e>ly ,buddhism4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,rhys ,,davids1 ,,ll4,d41 late ,secret>y ( ,! ,royal ,asiatic ,society4 ,h9duism4 ,by ,dr4 ,l4 ,d4 ,,b>nett1 ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,ori5tal ,pr9t$ ,books & ,,mss41 ,briti% ,museum4 ,sc&9avian ,religion4 ,by ,,william ,a4 ,,craigie1 ,jo9t ,editor ( ! ,ox=d ,engli% ,diction>y4 ,celtic ,religion4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,anwyl1 ,pr(essor ( ,wel% at ,univ]sity ,college1 ,ab]y/wy?4 ,! ,my?ology ( ,anci5t ,brita9 & ,irel&4 ,by ,,*>les ,,squire1 au?or ( ,! ,my?ology ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s4 ,judaism4 ,by ,,israel ,,abrahams1 ,lectur] 9 ,talmudic ,lit]ature 9 ,cambridge ,univ]sity1 au?or ( ,jewi% ,life 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! ,religion ( ,anci5t ,rome4 ,by ,,cyril ,,bailey1 ,m4,a4 ,%9to1 ,! ,anci5t ,religion ( ,japan4 ,by ,w4 ,g4 ,,a/on1 ,c4,m4,g4 ,! ,religion ( ,anci5t ,mexico & ,p]u4 ,by ,,lewis ,,sp5ce1 ,m4,a4 ,e>ly ,*ri/ianity4 ,by ,s4 ,b4 ,,black1 ,pr(essor at ,mc,gill ,univ]sity4 ,! ,psy*ological ,orig9 & ,nature ( ,religion4 ,by ,pr(essor ,j4 ,h4 ,,leuba4 ,! ,religion ( ,anci5t ,pale/9e4 ,by ,,/anley ,a4 ,,cook4 ,mi?raism4 ,by ,w4 ,j4 ,,phy?ian-,,adams4 ,,philosophies ,e>ly ,greek ,philosophy4 ,by ,a4 ,w4 ,,b5n1 au?or ( ,! ,philosophy ( ,greece1 ,rationalism 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,/oicism4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,/4 ,,george ,,/ock1 au?or ( ,d$uctive ,logic1 editor ( ! ,apology ( ,plato1 etc4 ,plato4 ,by ,pr(essor ,a4 ,e4 ,,taylor1 ,/ ,&rews ,univ]sity1 au?or ( ,! ,problem ( ,conduct4 ,s*ola/icism4 ,by ,fa!r ,,rickaby1 ,s4,j4 ,hobbes4 ,by ,pr(essor ,a4 ,e4 ,,taylor4 ,locke4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,alex&]1 ( ,ow5s ,college4 ,comte & ,mill4 ,by ,t4 ,,:ittak]1 au?or ( ,! ,neoplatoni/s ,apollonius ( ,tyana & o!r ,essays4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,hudson1 au?or ( ,an ,introduction to ,sp5c]'s ,philosophy4 ,s*op5hau]4 ,by ,t4 ,,:ittak]4 ,b]keley4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,campbell ,,fras]1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d4 ,sw$5borg4 ,by ,dr4 ,,sewall4 ,nietzs*e3 ,8 ,life & ,works4 ,by ,,an?ony ,m4 ,,ludovici4 ,b]gson4 ,by ,,joseph ,,solomon4 ,rationalism4 ,by ,j4 ,m4 ,,rob]tson4 ,pragmatism4 ,by ,d4 ,l4 ,,murray4 ,rudolf ,euck54 ,by ,w4 ,,tudor-,,jones4 ,epicurus4 ,by ,pr(essor ,a4 ,e4 ,,taylor4 ,william ,james4 ,by ,,h[>d ,v4 ,,knox4 ,,%9to ,,! ,,anci5t ,,religion ,,( ,,japan ,by ,w4 ,g4 ,,a/on ,c4,m4,g4 ,d4,,lit4 ,,london ,,con/able ,,company ,,ltd #aj ,,& #ab ,,orange ,,/reet ,,leice/] ,,squ>e ,w4,c4#b #aiba ,,cont5ts ,,*ap4 ,,page ,i4 ,,introductory1 #a ,,ii4 ,,g5]al ,,"* ,,( ,,%9to1 #e ,,iii4 ,,my?1 #ah ,,iv4 ,,! ,,gods1 #ce ,v4 ,,! ,,prie/hood1 #ee ,,vi4 ,,wor%ip1 #eh ,,vii4 ,,morality ,,& ,,purity1 #fd ,,viii4 ,,div9ation ,,& ,,inspiration1 #ge ,,ix4 ,,lat] ,,hi/ory1 #gh ,,select$ ,,works ,,be>+ ,,on ,,%9to1 #hb ,,%9to3 ,,! ,,anci5t ,,religion ,,( ,,japan ,,*apt] ,i ,,introductory ,orig9s4--,! ,japanese are 9 ! ma9 a cont95tal race4 ,_! language & physical *>act]i/ics %[ conclusively t !y come f ,nor!rn ,asia1 & geographical consid]ations indicate t ,korea mu/ h be5 _! po9t ( emb>kation4 ,inde$ a desultory emigration f ,korea to ,japan cont9u$ into hi/orical times4 ,:5 we say ,nor!rn ,asia we exclude ,*9a4 ,! racial aff9ity ( ! ,japanese to ! ,*9ese1 ( :i* we he> s (t51 really am\nts to v little4 ,x is n clos] ?an t :i* unites ! mo/ di/antly relat$ memb]s ( ! ,indo-,european family ( nations4 ,! ,japanese !mselves h no traditions ( _! orig91 & x is n[ impossible to say :at =m ( religion 0 pr(ess$ by ! e>lie/ immigrants4 ,no inf]5ce c be drawn f ! circum/ance t ,sun-wor%ip is common to !m ) _m ,nor?-,asiatic races4 ,! ,sun is1 or has be51 wor%ipp$ almo/ ev]y:]e4 ,!re is di/9ct evid5ce ( a ,korean elem5t 9 ,%9to1 b1 ) ! little t we "k ( ! old native religion ( t c\ntry1 any?+ l a complete comp>ison is impossible4 ,"s h recognis$ a resemblance betwe5 ,%9to & ! old /ate religion ( ,*9a1 & x is true t bo? consi/ l>gely ( ,nature-wor%ip4 ,b ! two cults diff] widely4 ,! ,japanese d n recognise ,ti5 7,heav571 ! *ief ,nature-deity ( ! ,*9ese1 nor h !y any?+ to correspond to _! ,%angti--a m p]sonal rul] ( ! univ]se4 ,! ,sun is mascul9e 9 ,*9a1 fem99e 9 ,japan4 ,! ,sun-goddess takes prec$5ce ( ! ,e>?-god 9 ,japan1 :ile 9 ,*9a ,heav5 & ,e>? rank above ! ,sun & ,moon4 ,"s ,*9ese traits are to be f\nd 9 ! old ,%9to docum5ts1 b !y are ( lat] orig91 & are readily di/+ui%able f ! native elem5t4 ,a few simil>ities exi/ betwe5 ,%9to & ! religion ( ! ,a9us ( ,yezo1 a savage race :i* once occupi$ ! ma9 isl& ( ,japan4 ,b x is reasonable to suppose t 9 ?is case ! less civilis$ nation has borr[$ f its m civilis$ neighb\r & conqu]or r ?an vice v]sa4 ,x is significant t ! ,a9u words = ,god1 pray]1 & (f]+1 are tak5 f ! ,japanese4 ,if ! ,malay or ,polynesian elem5t1 :i* "s h recognis$ 9 ! ,japanese race1 has any exi/5ce1 x has left no trace 9 religion4 ,su* co9cid5ces z may be not$ betwe5 ,%9to & oceanic religions1 my?s & practices are attributable to ! l action ( common causes r ?an to int]-communication4 ,! old ,%9to owes little to any outside s\rce4 ,x is1 on ! :ole1 an indep5d5t developm5t ( ,japanese ?\ght4 ,s\rces ( ,in=mation4--,! ,japanese _h no writ+ until ! introduction ( ,*9ese le>n+ f ,korea e>ly 9 ! fif? c5tury ( our era1 & ! fir/ books :i* h come d[n to u date f ! beg9n+ ( ! eigh?4 ,"o ( ^!1 call$ ! ,kojiki 7#gab7 is said to h be5 tak5 d[n f ! lips ( a man ^: memory 0 well /or$ ) ! old my?s & traditions ( 8 c\ntry4 ,he 0 p]haps "o ( ! guild ( #8recit]s1' ^: bus9ess x 0 to recite #8anci5t words' at ! c]emony :i* corresponds to our coronation4 ,! ,kojiki is a rep]tory ( ! old my?s & leg5ds1 &1 9 ! latt] "p1 ( ! anci5t hi/ory ( ,japan4 ,! ,nihongi1 a "w ( simil> scope1 ?\gh bas$ m on an exi/+ writt5 lit]ature1 0 produc$ a few ye>s lat] 7#gbj74 ,x quotes num]\s v>iants ( ! religi\s my?s curr5t at ?is "t4 ,!re are volum9\s & mo/ le>n$ comm5t>ies on ^! two works writt5 by ,motori & ,hirata 9 ! eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,= ! ritual ( ,%9to our *ief s\rce ( in=mation is ! ,y5gi%iki1 a compilation made e>ly 9 ! t5? c5tury4 ,x conta9s1 along ) m9ute directions reg>d+ (f]+s1 c]emonies1 etc41 a s]ies ( ! norito 7litanies7 us$ 9 ,%9to wor%ip :i* are ( ! highe/ int]e/1 & ( great1 ?\gh unequal1 antiquity4 ,! above-m5tion$ au?orities give a tol]ably complete acc\nt ( ! old /ate religion ( ,japan1 sometimes call$ #8,pure ,%9to1' 9 ord] to di/+ui% x f ! ,buddhicis$ cult ( lat] times4 ,its palmy days may be tak5 to ext5d f ! sev5? to ! twelf? c5tury4 ,%9to1 lit]ally #8,! ,way ( ! ,gods1' is a ,*9ese ^w1 = :i* ! ,japanese equival5t is ,kami no mi*i4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,g5]al ,,"* ,,( ,,%9to ,kami is ! ord9>y ,japanese ^w = ,god4 ,x means prim>ily above1 sup]ior1 & is appli$ to _m o!r ?+s besides deities1 su* z nobles1 ! au?orities1 ! #8missus1' ! hair ( ! head1 ! upp] wat]s ( a riv]1 ! "p ( ,japan ne> ,kito1 etc4 ,height is 9 e c\ntry associat$ ) excell5ce & div9ity1 no d\bt because ! fir/ deities 7 ! ,sun & o!r ,heav5ly objects4 ,we ourselves speak ( ! #8,mo/ ,high' & use phrases l #8,good ,heav5s' :i* te/ify to a p]sonification ( ! sky by our =efa!rs4 ,b ?\gh ,kami corresponds 9 a g5]al way to #8,god1' x has "s important limitations4 ,! ,kami are high1 swift1 good1 ri*1 liv+1 b n inf9ite1 omnipot5t1 or omnisci5t4 ,mo/ ( !m _h a fa!r & "m1 & ( "s ! dea? is record$4 ,motori1 ! great ,%9to !ologian1 writ+ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 says3-- #8,! t]m ,kami is appli$ 9 ! fir/ place to ! v>i\s deities ( ,heav5 & ,e>? :o are m5tion$ 9 ! anci5t records z well z to _! spirits 7mi-tama7 :i* reside 9 ! %r9es :]e !y are wor%ipp$4 ,moreov]1 n only human be+s1 b birds1 bea/s1 plants & trees1 seas & m\nta9s1 & all o!r ?+s :atsoev] :i* des]ve to be dread$ & rev]$ = ! extraord9>y & pre-em95t p[]s :i* !y possess1 are call$ ,kami4 ,!y ne$ n be em95t = surpass+ nobl5ess1 goodness1 or s]viceabl5ess alone4 ,malignant & uncanny be+s are also call$ ,kami if only !y are ! objects ( g5]al dread4 ,among ,kami :o are human be+s ,i ne$ h>dly m5tion fir/ ( all ! successive ,mikados--) rev]5ce be x spok54444 ,!n !re h be5 num]\s examples ( div9e human be+s bo? 9 anci5t & mod]n times1 :o1 al?\gh n accept$ by ! nation g5]ally1 are treat$ z gods1 ea* ( 8 sev]al dignity1 9 a s+le prov9ce1 village1 or family4444 ,among/ ,kami :o are n human be+s1 ,i ne$ h>dly m5tion ,?und] 9 ,japanese ,n>u ,kami or ! ,s\nd+ ,god4 ,!re are also ! ,dragon1 ! ,e*o call$ 9 ,japanese ,ko-dama or ! ,tree ,_s & ! ,fox1 :o are ,kami by reason ( _! uncanny & fe>ful natures4 ,! t]m ,kami is appli$ 9 ! ,nihongi & ,_m%iu to ! tig] & ! wolf4 ,izanagi gave to ! fruit ( ! pea*1 & to ! jewels r\nd 8 neck names :i* impli$ t !y 7 ,kami4444 ,!re are _m cases ( seas & m\nta9s be+ call$ ,kami4 ,x is n _! spirits :i* are meant4 ,! ^w 0 appli$ directly to ! seas or m\nta9s !mselves z be+ v awful ?+s4' ,! ,kami-,b5efic5t4--,! say+ ( ! old ,roman poet t #8,fe> fir/ made ! ,gods' does n hold good ( ,%9to4 ,x is r1 z ,s*ill] call$ ! wor%ip ( ! gods ( ,greece1 a ,wonn$i5/1 a religion inspir$ by love & gratitude m ?an by fe>4 ,! ?ree greate/ gods1 viz4 ! ,sun-goddess1 ! ,food-goddess1 & ,ohonamo*i 7a god ( ,e>?1 ! univ]sal provid]71 are all b5efic5t be+s1 ?\gh !y may s5d a curse :5 (f5d$ by ! neglect ( _! wor%ip or an insult to _! %r9es4 ,_! wor%ipp]s come be=e !m ) gladness1 address+ !m z fa!rs1 p>5ts1 or de> div9e ance/ors1 & _! fe/ivals are occasions ( rejoic+4 ,b !re are "s malevol5t or mis*iev\s deities :o h to be propitiat$ by (f]+s4 ,! ,fire-god1 z is natural 9 a c\ntry :]e ! h\ses are built ( wood & great conflagrations are frequ5t1 is "o ( ^!1 &1 9 a less] degree1 ! ,?und]-god & ! deity ( ! ,ra9-/orm4 ,! latt] has1 h[ev]1 good po9ts4 ,he provides trees = ! use ( humanity1 & rescues a maid5 f be+ dev\r$ by a great s]p5t4 ,lafcadio ,he>n's view t ,%9to 0 at "o "t a religion ( #8p]petual fe>' is unsupport$ by evid5ce4 ,classes ( ,kami4--,al?\gh ! ,kami are defici5t 9 sev]al ( ! attributes ( ! ,*ri/ian ,god1 !y possess two ess5tial qualities )\t :i* x w\ld be impossible to recognise !m z deities at all1 viz41 s5ti5cy & sup]human p[]4 ,! union ( ^! ideas may be accompli%$ 9 two ways1 fir/ by attribut+ s5se & w to ! great elem5tal objects & ph5om5a1 & secondly by apply+ to human & o!r liv+ be+s ideas ( transc5d5t p[] d]iv$ f ! contemplation ( ! mighty =ces on ^: op]ation we are daily & h\rly dep5d5t = our exi/5ce4 ,we h !re=e two classes ( deities1 ,nature-gods & ,man-gods1 ! fir/ be+ ! result ( p]sonification1 ! second ( deification4 ,x has be5 ! g5]ally receiv$ op9ion t ! ,%9to gods belong to ! latt] r ?an to ! =m] ( ^! two categories4 ,n9e out ( t5 educat$ ,japanese w decl>e ) p]fect s9c]ity t ,%9to is ance/or-wor%ip4 ,?us ,mr4 ,daigoro ,goh1 a =m] secret>y ( ! ,japan ,society1 says3--#8,%9to or ance/or-wor%ip be+ ! cre$ ( ! anci5t inhabitants4' ,! same view is held by "s ,european s*ol>s1 notably ! late ,lafcadio ,he>n1 ^: int]e/+ & valuable "w1 ,japan1 an ,int]pretation1 is greatly m>r$ by ?is misconception4 ,x is q true t !re is a l>ge elem5t ( ance/or wor%ip 9 mod]n ,japanese religi\s practices1 b a v little exam9ation %[s t all ! great deities ( ! old] ,%9to are n ,man1 b ,nature gods4 ,prom95t among !m we f9d ! deities ( ! ,sun1 ! ,moon1 ! ,e>?1 ! ,sea1 ! ,ra9-/orm1 ,fire1 ,?und]1 etc4 ,& :5 ! s-call$ ance/ors ( ! ,japanese race are n actually ,nature-gods1 !y are usually ! satellites or *ildr5 ( ,nature-gods4 ,9 imitation ( ! ,mikados :o select$ ! ,sun-goddess z _! ance/ral deity1 ! h]$it>y corporations or clans by :om 9 anci5t times ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,japan1 c5tral & local1 0 c>ri$ on1 *ose = !mselves1 or p]haps inv5t$1 nature-deities1 or _! *ildr5 or m9i/]s1 z _! patron-gods1 to :om special wor%ip 0 paid4 ,f ?is to a belief 9 _! desc5t f him z an ance/or1 ! transition 0 easy4 ,! same process has be5 obs]v$ 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,x 0 assi/$ by ! habit ( address+ ! deity z fa!r or p>5t1 :i*1 at fir/ a metaphorical expression1 came ultimately to be und]/ood 9 a m lit]al s5se4 ,^! pseudo-ance/ral deities 7 call$ ,ujigami1 t is to say #8surname-deities4' ,9 lat] times ! ,ujigami ceas$ to be ! patron-gods ( p>ticul> families & became simply ! local deities ( ! di/rict :]e "o 0 born4 ,*ildr5 are pres5t$ to ! ,ujigami %ortly aft] bir?1 & o!r important ev5ts1 su* z a *ange ( resid5ce1 are ann\nc$ to him4 ,a deity ( any class may become an ,ujigami1 & !re h be5 cases ( a ,buddha atta9+ to ?is position4 ,! cult ( "o's real =efa!rs1 beg9n+ ) deceas$ p>5ts1 z 9 ,*9a1 0 h>dly kn[n 9 anci5t ,japan4 ,inde$ !re is b little trace ( any religi\s wor%ip ( individual m5 9 ! ,%9to ( ! ,kojiki & ,nihongi4 ,liv+ ,mikados 7 /yl$ ,kami1 & spok5 ( z ! #8,heav5ly ,gr&*ild' ( ! ,sun-goddess4 ,b _! god%ip 0 m titul> ?an real4 ,x 0 mu* on a p> ) t ( ! ,pope & ,emp]or :o 9 ! ,middle ,ages 7 call$ #8,deus 9 t]ris4' ,no miracul\s p[]s 7 claim$ = !m beyond a vague g5]al au?ority ov] ! m9or gods ( ,japan4 ,deceas$ ,mikados 7 occasionally wor%ipp$ by _! desc5dants1 b :e!r !re 0 any?+ 9 ?is s-call$ wor%ip to di/+ui% x f ! ord9>y fun]al or commemorative s]vices !re is no?+ to %[4 ,!y _h no %r9es1 & no rituals 9 _! hon\r are pres]v$ 9 ! ,y5gi%iki collection4 ,at a lat] p]iod1 ! cult ( deceas$ ,mikados acquir$ a m def9ite "*4 ,!y 7 pray$ to = ra91 to /ay curses1 to re/ore ! ,mikado's heal?1 etc4 ,!y _h %r9es erect$ to !m1 ! (f]+s at :i* 7 assimilat$ to ^? made to ,nature-deities4 ,! ,mikado j91 if we may believe an oracle deliv]$ by himself1 became an important ,w>-god "u ! "n ( ,ha*iman4 ,! ,empress ,j+1 ! leg5d>y conqu]or ( ,korea1 also receiv$ div9e hon\rs4 ,at ! pres5t day1 solemn s]vices are held p]iodically 9 ! ,imp]ial ,palace = ! wor%ip ( all ! dyna/y4 ,bo? categories ( deities1 ,man & ,nature gods1 h ?ree subdivisions accord+ z !y are deities ( individuals1 ( classes1 or ( qualities4 ,all ^! are exemplifi$ 9 ,%9to4 ,! ,sun-goddess repres5ts an individual object2 ,kuku*i1 ! god ( ,trees1 a class2 & ,musubi1 ! god ( ,gr[?1 an ab/ract quality4 ,temmangu is a deifi$ individual /atesman1 ,koyane repres5ts ! ,nakatomi clan or family1 & ,ta-jik>a no wo 7h&-/r5g?-male7 is a p]sonifi$ human quality4 ,developm5t ( ! ,idea ( ,god4--,! ,nature-gods ( ,%9to1 z ( o!r religions1 are 9 ! fir/ place ! actual mat]ial objects or ph5om5a reg>d$ z liv+ be+s4 ,sometimes ! p]sonification proce$s no fur!r4 ,!re are ,mud & ,s& deities :i* h no sex1 & no my?ical record beyond a b>e m5tion4 ,b 9 ! case ( o!rs ! same progressive humanis+ process t is to be obs]v$ else:]e has already begun4 ,! ,sun is n only ! brilliant heav5ly be+ ^: retirem5t to a cave leaves ! _w to d>kness1 %e is a que51 a *ild1 & a "m--9 a miracul\s fa%ion4 ,%e speaks1 weaves1 we>s arm\r1 s[s se$1 & does _m o!r ?+s :i* h no?+ to d ) h] sol> quality4 ,at a /ill m rec5t /age--?\gh n 9 ! old records--%e becomes an indep5d5t p]sonage :o rules ! ,sun1 :ile ) _m wor%ipp]s at ! pres5t day h] sol> "* is =gott5 altoge!r1 & %e is consid]$ m]ely z a great div9e ance/or :o dwells at ,ise & ex]cises a provid5tial gu>dian%ip ov] ,japan4 ,?is l9e ( developm5t is famili> to u 9 o!r my?ologies1 ! two /ages ( ?\ght be+ (t5 conf\nd$4 ,9 ,%akespe>e's ,tempe/1 ,iris is at once ! ra9b[ & an an?ropomorphic mess5g] ( ! gods4 ,phoebus is n only ! sun b a deity di/9ct f t lum9>y1 ?\gh associat$ ) x1 z 9 ! /ory ( ,phaeton4 ,z ! god ( music & poetry1 8 sol> function is n obvi\s4 ,! same is true ( ! gods ( ! ,v$as4 ,imp]sonality ( ,%9to4--,! faculty ( imag9ation 0 n p[]ful ) ! anci5t ,japanese4 ,x 0 active1 & produc$ _m deities ( all classes4 ,b !y are v feebly *>act]is$4 ,inde$1 mo/ ( !m may be said to h no *>act]s at all4 ,!y are popul>ly reckon$ at eighty myriads1 or eight hundr$ myriads4 ,?\gh ?is is a fanciful exagg]ation1 ,%9to is a highly poly!i/ic religion1 & numb]s its deities by hundr$s1 ev5 if we d n g back to t e>li] p]iod :5 ! rocks1 ! trees1 & ! foam ( wat] _h all p[] ( spee*4 ,!re is a con/ant depletion 9 _! ranks by ! m]e =ce ( oblivion1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 new deities come into notice4 ,diff]5t gods are id5tifi$ ) "o ano!r1 or ! same deities may be split up l ,musubi into a pair1 or a numb] ( di/9ct p]sons4 ,! same deity at diff]5t places may h diff]5t ranks & attributes4 ,spiritism4--,! gods ( anci5t ,%9to are1 on ! :ole1 z unspiritual be+s z ! gods ( ,olympus4 ,_! do+s are modell$ on ^? ( liv+ m5 & wom51 n on ^? ( gho/s4 ,:5 ,izanagi foll[$ 8 wife ,izanami to ! l& ( ! dead he f\nd !re n a _s1 b a putrefy+ corpse4 ,gho/s are z abs5t f ! ,kojiki & ,nihongi z !y are f ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s gho/-!ory ( ! orig9 ( religion d]ives no support f ! ,japanese evid5ce4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a spiritual elem5t 9 ,%9to :i* dem&s notice4 ,"s ( ! gods are repres5t$ z hav+ mitama 7augu/ jewels or s\ls7 :i* reside invisibly 9 _! temples & are ! means ( communication betwe5 ,heav5 & ?is _w4 ,! ,e>? or ,kosmos deity ,ohonamo*i _h a mitama 7d\ble7 :i* appe>$ to him 9 a div9e radiance illum9at+ ! sea1 & obta9$ f him a promise t1 9 consid]ation ( ! assi/ance ! latt] _h r5d]$ 9 r$uc+ ! _w to ord]1 he %\ld h a %r9e consecrat$ to him at ,mimoro4 ,susa no wo's mitama 0 #8settl$' at ,susa 9 ,idzumo4 ,! elem5t tama 7s\l7 ent]s into ! names ( sev]al deities4 ,?is implies a m or less spiritual conception ( _! nature4 ,sometimes we he> ( two mitama1 "o ( a g5tle1 ! o!r ( a viol5t nature4 ,!re are only "o or two cases ( deceas$ m5 hav+ mitama4 ,9 "o ( ^! ! mitama takes ! %ape ( a bird4 ,metamorphoses are frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ! old leg5ds4 ,%ek9ah4--,z 9 ! analog\s case ( ! ,%ek9ah ( ,judaism1 ! doctr9e ( ! mitama ( gods app>5tly does n arise f t ( ! sep>ability ( ! human s\l & body4 ,x seems r to h be5 inv5t$ 9 ord] to smoo? ov] ! difficulty ( conceiv+ h[ ! gods ( ,heav5 c ex]cise _! p[] & he> & answ] pray] 9 _! %r9es on e>?4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 owe some?+ to ! notion ( sep>ate human s\ls1 :i*1 ?\gh we d n f9d x 9 ! old] ,japanese records1 is famili> to races ( a mu* l[] degree ( civilisation4 ,immortality ( ! ,s\l4--,?is doctr9e is n[h]e directly taught 9 ! ,%9to books4 ,!re is a l& ( ,yomi to :i* we are told t "s ( ! gods retir$ at dea?4 ,x is repres5t$ z inhabit$ by v>i\s p]sonifications ( dea? & disease1 b n by human be+s or _! gho/s1 ?\gh ! phrase #8ev5 pass ( ,yomi1' l ! facilis desc5sus ,av]ni1 seems int5d$ to express ! facility ) :i* all we mortal m5 f9d our way ?i!r4 ,9 "o passage ( ! ,nihongi1 ,yomi is cle>ly no m ?an a metaphor = ! grave4 ,a bro!r ( ,jimmu ,t5no1 ! fir/ ,mikado1 is said to h gone to ! #8,et]nal ,l&' at 8 dea?1 & 9 a poem ( ! ,_m%iu1 a deceas$ ,mikado is said to h asc5d$ into heav54 ,! prehi/oric cu/om ( sacrific+ wives & att5dants at ! tombs ( dead sov]eigns may be ?\ght to imply a belief 9 _! cont9u$ exi/5ce4 ,b !re are o!r motives = ?is practice ?an ! wi% to gratify ! deceas$ by provid+ him ) companions 9 ! o!r _w4 ,! norito or rituals conta9 no ref]5ce to ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,%9tai4--,! mitama is repres5t$ 9 ! %r9e by a concrete object t]m$ ! ,%9tai or #8,god-body4' ,x may be a mirror1 a sword1 a tablet ) ! god's "n1 a pill[1 a spe>1 etc4 ,a r\nd /one1 :i* is *eap & durable1 is a v common ,%9tai4 ,! god is sometimes repres5t$ z atta*+ himself to ! ,%9tai1 & may be ev5 consid]$ id5tical ) x by ! ignorant4 ,! mitama & %9tai are frequ5tly conf\nd$4 ,! latt] 0 9 _m cases orig9ally an (f]+ :i*1 by long association1 came ultimately to be look$ ^u z p>tak+ 9 "s measure ( ! div9e nature4 ,idols4--,) a few unimportant exceptions1 ,%9to has no idols4 ,! ,%9tai is n 9 ! lea/ an?ropomorphic4 ,! pictures ( ! gods sold at %r9es at ! pres5t day are due to ,*9ese or ,buddhi/ influ5ce4 ,functions ( ,gods4--,! two great classes ( deities1 ,nature-gods & ,man-gods1 h a t5d5cy mutually to encroa* on ea* o!r's functions1 s t ultimately !y become assimilat$ "u ! "o g5]al t]m ,kami4 ,z we h se5 above1 ! ,sun-goddess does n conf9e h]self to h] function z a giv] ( light & heat1 b does _m ?+s *>act]i/ic ( a magnifi$ human be+4 ,susa no wo1 ! ,ra9-/orm1 provides mank9d ) useful trees4 ,he & 8 wife are reg>d$ z gods ( w$lock4 ,in>i1 ! ,gra9-god1 is a compreh5sive answ]] ( pray] f a petition = a good h>ve/ to "o = ! re/oration ( /ol5 prop]ty4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a g5u9e deifi$ man l ,temmangu may s5d ra9 9 "t ( dr\ght4 ,an obscure deity1 kn[n z ,suit5gu1 is wor%ipp$ 9 ,tokio at ! pres5t day z a protector aga9/ ! p]ils ( ! sea1 burgl>y1 & ! pa9s ( p>turition4 ,almo/ any ,kami1 :atev] 8 orig91 may s5d ra91 be/[ prosp]ity 9 trade1 av]t sickness1 cure sickness or /]ility1 & s on1 )\t mu* discrim9ation ( function4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,my? ,"* ( ,japanese ,my?4--,japanese my? cov]s mu* ! same gr\nd z ! my?s ( o!r c\ntries4 ,we h ! explanatory my?1 inv5t$ 9 ord] to acc\nt = "s cu/om or rite1 "s natural ph5om5on1 a "n ( a place or p]son1 etc4 ,!re is an abundance ( highly frivol\s1 revolt+1 *ildi%1 & unmean+--to u at lea/--matt]1 & ! v>i\s v]sions ( ! /ories :i* h come d[n to u are (t5 :olly inconsi/5t ) "o ano!r4 ,f ! sket* ( ! my?ical n>rative :i* is giv5 bel[1 _m details ( ?is description h necess>ily be5 omitt$4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 two lead+ ideas by :i* ,japanese my? is r$eem$ f summ>y condemnation z a m]e f>rago ( *ildi% nons5se4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is p]meat$ by ! conception ( ! s-call$ inanimate univ]se z be+ 9 reality in/9ct ) s5ti5t life4 ,! old ,%9toi/s _h n grasp$ ! m g5]al & philosophic notion ( ! ,imman5ce ( ,deity 9 all ?+s4 ,) _! limit$ sci5tific k ?is 0 impossible4 ,b !y _h ! same idea 9 a m desultory1 fragm5t>y way4 ,to !m1 ! ,sun1 ! ,w9d1 ! ,sea1 7 ,kami :o c\ld he> & answ] pray]1 & ex]cise a provid5tial c>e ov] mank9d4 ,b ! syn!sis ( ^! & o!r aspects ( nature & humanity into "o div9e :ole is necess>ily want+4 ,! second idea :i* inspires ,japanese my? corresponds to our ,european notion ( ! div9e "r ( k+s1 :i*1 ap>t f ! accid5t ( h]$ity1 is n su* a negligible quantity z is sometimes suppos$4 ,! ,mikados are repres5t$ z d]iv+ _! au?ority1 :e!r z high-prie/s or sov]eigns1 f _! ance/or1 ! ,sun-goddess1 & h1 !re=e1 a div9ely ord]$ "r to ! rev]5ce & ob$i5ce ( _! subjects4 ,!re is no summ] & w9t] my? 9 ! old records1 no deluge my?1 & no eclipse my?4 ,! />s are /rangely neglect$4 ,e>?quakes are h>dly notic$4 ,!re is no ,return+ ,savi\r my?1 & no ,j\rney ( ! ,dead1 ?\gh ! expressions #8,ev5 ,pass ( ,hades' & ,yaso-kumade 7eighty-road-w9d+s1 an alt]native ^w = ! l& ( ,d>kness7 sugge/ t ?is idea 0 n unkn[n4 ,! creation ( mank9d g5]ally is n acc\nt$ =2 b ! orig9 ( _m ( ! rul+ ca/e is ascrib$ to direct desc5t f ! pr9cipal div9ities1 j z ! ,mikado is said to be desc5d$ f ! ,sun-goddess4 ,fir/ ,gods4--,f\r diff]5t fir/ gods are m5tion$ by ! v>i\s au?orities4 ,none ( ^! ev] atta9$ to mu* importance4 ,!y 7 no d\bt collect$ or inv5t$ ) ! purpose ( ek+ out a g5ealogical tree = ! great] div9ities :o came aft]w>ds4 ,"o ( ^!1 call$ ,ame yudzuru hi ame no sagiri ,kuni yudzuru tsuki ,kuni no sagiri1 is describ$ z ! ,heav5ly ,p>5t4 ,b we "k no?+ m ab\t him or h]--! sex is d\btful--& x is impossible to reg>d ?is int]m9able title z ! "n ( a real god1 any m ?an we c ?9k t ,%akespe>e's honorificabilitud9itatibus 0 ev] meant = a g5u9e ^w4 ,! d]ivation1 h[ev]1 %[s t ?is1 l ! o!r fir/ gods1 0 int5d$ z a nature-deity4 ,! f\r g5]ations :i* foll[ consi/ ( obscure p]sonages1 all ( :om disappe> at once f ! record4 ,_! names1 too1 are sugge/ive ( nature1 & m especially agriculture-deities4 ,9 ! six? g5]ation we f9d two deities1 nam$ ,kami-musubi & ,taka-musubi1 i4e4 ,high-gr[? & ,div9e-gr[?1 :o 7 ( "s importance 9 lat] times4 ,izanagi & ,izanami4--,) ^! two deities ,japanese my? really beg9s4 ,! ,nihongi tells u t-- #8,izanagi & ,izanami /ood on ! float+ bridge ( ,heav5 7! ra9b[7 & held c\nsel toge!r1 say+ 8,is !re n a c\ntry b5ea?80 ,!reupon !y ?ru/ d[n ! 8,jewel-,spe> ( ,heav510 & grop+ ab\t ) x1 f\nd ! ocean4 ,! br9e :i* dripp$ f ! po9t ( ! spe> coagulat$ & =m$ an isl& :i* receiv$ ! "n ( ,onogoro-jima or ! 8,self-,coagulat+ ,isl&40 ,! two deities !reupon desc5d$ & dwelt !re4 ,accord+ly !y wi%$ to be unit$ z husb& & wife1 & to produce c\ntries4 ,s !y made ,onogoro-jima ! pill> ( ! c5tre ( ! l&4' ,! ,kojiki says t ,izanagi & ,izanami 7 comm&$ by all ! heav5ly deities #8to regulate & fully consolidate' ! float+ l& b5ea?4 ,b all ! acc\nts1 ! ,kojiki includ$1 proce$ to repres5t ! isl&s ( ,japan z hav+ be5 g5]at$ by !m 9 ! ord9>y mann]4 ,we h !re=e ?ree di/9ct conceptions ( creation 9 ,japanese my?--fir/1 z g5]ation 9 ! mo/ lit]al s5se2 second1 z r$uc+ to ord]2 & ?ird1 z gr[? 7,musubi74 #8,! two deities hav+ desc5d$ on ,onogoro-jima erect$ !re an eight-fa?om h\se ) an augu/ c5tral pill>4 ,!n ,izanagi address$ ,izanami1 say+1 8,let me & !e g r\nd ! heav5ly augu/ pill>1 & hav+ met at ! o!r side1 let u become unit$ 9 w$lock40 ,?is be+ agre$ to1 he said1 8,d ?\ g r\nd f ! left1 & ,i w g r\nd f ! "r40 ,:5 !y _h gone r\nd1 ,izanami spoke fir/ & exclaim$1 8,h[ delightful6 ,i h met a lovely y\?40 ,izanagi !n said1 8,h[ delightful6 ,i h met a lovely maid540 ,aft]w>ds he said1 8,x 0 unlucky = ! woman to speak fir/40 ,! *ild :i* 0 ! fir/ (fspr+ ( _! union 0 ! ,hiruko 7lee*-*ild71 :i* at ! age ( ?ree 0 /ill unable to /& upright1 & 0 !re=e plac$ 9 a re$-boat & s5t adrift4' ,izanagi & ,izanami !n procreat$ ! isl&s ( ,japan ) a numb] ( o!r gods1 among :om 7 ,iha-tsu*i-biko 7rock-e>?-pr9ce71 ,oho-ya-biko 7great-h\se-pr9ce71 ! ,w9d-gods1 a v>iety ( m>9e deities1 ,ame no ,mikum>i 7! heav5ly wat] di/ributor71 ! god ( ,moors 7:o is also ! god ( ,h]bs & ,grasses71 ! god ( ,trees1 ! gods ( ,m\nta9s & ,valleys1 & ! goddess ( ,food4 ,! la/ deity to be produc$ 0 ! god ( ,fire1 ,kagu-tsu*i1 also call$ ,ho-musubi 7,fire-gr[?74 ,9 giv+ bir? to him1 ,izanami 0 burnt s t %e sick5$ & lay d[n4 ,f h] vomit1 fces1 & ur9e 7 born deities :i* p]sonify ! elem5ts ( metal1 wat]1 & clay4 ,:5 ,izanami di$1 ,izanagi1 9 8 grief & rage1 drew 8 sword & slew ,kagu-tsu*i1 !reby g5]at+ a numb] ( o!r deities1 two ( :om1 nam$ ,take-mika-tsu*i & ,futsunu%i1 7 fav\rite objects ( wor%ip 9 lat] times4 ,! creation ( ! ,sun & ,moon is v>i\sly acc\nt$ =4 ,"s say t !y 7 ! *ildr5 ( ,izanagi & ,izanami1 o!rs t !y 7 born f ! lu/rations ( ,izanagi :5 he return$ f ,yomi4 ,a ?ird *ild1 ,susa no wo1 ! boi/]\s & unruly ,ra9-/orm god1 0 produc$ at ! same "t4 ,:5 ,izanami di$ %e w5t to ! ,l& ( ,yomi1 :i!r %e 0 foll[$ by h] husb&4 ,b z %e _h already eat5 ( ! food ( t region1 he c\ld n br+ h] back ) him4 ,%e =bade him to look on h]1 b he p]si/$ & saw t %e 0 already a putrid corpse4 ,izanami !n compla9$ t he _h put h] to %ame1 & caus$ him to be pursu$ by ! ,ugly ,females ( ,hades & o!r p]sonifications ( corruption & disease :o dwelt !re4 ,%e h]self _h become ,dea? p]sonifi$4 ,izanagi1 9 8 flight1 flung d[n v>i\s objects :i* delay$ 8 pursu]s--a well-kn[n incid5t ( my?--until he rea*$ ! ,ev5 ,pass ( ,hades1 :]e he pron\nc$ ! =mula ( divorce4 ,:5 ,izanagi return$ to e>? he ba!d 9 ! sea 9 ord] to remove ! pollution incurr$ by 8 visit to ,yomi1 & 9 s do+ produc$ a numb] ( deities1 "s ( :om are ,ocean-gods & o!rs associat$ ) ! anci5t ,japanese c]emonies ( religi\s purification4 ,susa no wo & ! ,sun-,goddess4--,susa no wo 7! ,ra9-/orm god7 0 at fir/ appo9t$ to rule ! ,sea1 b he pref]r$ to jo9 8 "m1 ,izanami1 9 ,hades1 & 0 accord+ly despat*$ ?i!r by 8 fa!r4 ,be=e tak+ 8 dep>ture1 h[ev]1 he asc5d$ to heav5 to take leave ( 8 eld] si/] ,amat]asu1 ! ,sun-goddess4 ,all ! m\nta9s & riv]s %ook1 & e l& & c\ntry quak$ z he pass$ upw>ds4 ,amat]asu1 9 al>m1 arm$ h]self z a w>rior ) sword & b[1 /amp$ h] feet into ! h>d gr\nd up to h] ?ighs1 kick+ away ! e>? l rott5 sn[1 &1 confront+ him l a valiant man1 *all5g$ him to decl>e ! reason ( 8 com+4 ,susa no wo prote/$ t x 0 only a fri5dly visit1 & z a pro( ( 8 good int5tions propos$ t !y %\ld produce *ildr5 betwe5 !m by ea* "o crun*+ 9 8 m\? & spurt+ out fragm5ts ( ! sword & jewels worn by ! o!r4 ,"o ( ! *ildr5 ?us born 0 call$ ,masaya a katsu ka*i hayahi ama no o%ihomimi1 ! =efa!r ( ! pres5t ,imp]ial dyna/y4 ,!re 7 sev5 o!rs :o figure l>gely 9 ! g5ealogies ( ! ,japanese nobility4 ,b ! true nature ( ! ,ra9-/orm god 0 n long repress$4 ,he de/roy$ 8 si/]'s rice-fields1 defil$ ! sacr$ hall :]e %e 0 celebrat+ ! h>ve/ fe/ival1 & flung a piebald colt t _h be5 flay$ backw>ds into ! sacr$ weav+-room :]e ! g>m5ts ( ! gods 7 wov54 ,! ,sun-goddess _h borne 8 previ\s outrages ) calmness & =be>ance1 b ?is la/ 7a malici\s magical practice87 0 beyond endurance4 ,%e retir$ 9 disgu/ & %ut h]self up 9 ! ,rock-cave ( ,heav51 leav+ ! _w to d>kness4 ,?is proce$+ ( ,amat]asu 0 foll[$ by dire results4 #8,! voices ( ! evil deities 7 l unto ! flies 9 ! fif? moon z !y sw>m$1 & a myriad port5ts ( woe arose4' ,! gods1 9 con/]nation1 held an assembly 9 ! dry b$ ( ! ,riv] ( ,heav5 7! ,milky ,way7 to devise means = induc+ h] to em]ge f ! cave1 & a numb] ( exp$i5ts 7 adopt$ :i* 7 evid5tly borr[$ f ! ritual ( ! "t :5 ! my? became curr5t4 ,! deities :o 7 specially conc]n$ ) ?is duty are obvi\s c\nt]p>ts ( ! actual (ficials ( ! ,mikado's ,c\rt1 & includ$ a pray]-recit]1 an (f]+-provid]1 a mirror-mak]1 a jewel-mak]1 a div9]1 )--accord+ to "s acc\nts--_m o!rs4 ,all ?is is mo/ conv5i5t = ! g5ealogi/s ( lat] times4 ,amat]asu at l5g? reappe>$1 to ! great delight ( ev]ybody4 ,susa no wo 0 f9$ 9 a ?\s& tables ( (f]+s & expell$ f ,heav54 ,be=e proce$+ to ,yomi1 he w5t d[n to ,e>?4 ,"h he appe>s 9 a totally new "* z ! ,p]seus ( a ,japanese ,&rom$a1 :om he rescues f a huge s]p5t1 hav+ fir/ intoxicat$ ! mon/]4 ,( c\rse !y are m>ri$ & h num]\s *ildr54 ,h] "n1 ,inada-hime 7rice-l&-lady71 is probably n )\t significance z t ( ! wife ( a ,ra9-/orm god4 ,ano!r /ory repres5ts him z ! murd]] ( ! ,food-goddess1 :o _h (f5d$ him by produc+ vi&s = 8 ent]ta9m5t f v>i\s p>ts ( h] body4 ,b a diff]5t v]sion ascribes ?is crime to ! ,moon-god1 & gives x z ! reason :y ! ,sun-goddess refus$ to h any fur!r relations ) him4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 expla9s :y ! two lum9>ies are n se5 toge!r4 ,"h x may be po9t$ out t1 not)/&+ ! an?ropomorphic "* ( _m ( ! above details x is evid5tly ! sun itself :i* is conceal$ 9 ! ,rock-cave4 ,mod]n ,euhem]i/s d5y ?is4 ,b ! evid5ce is f> too /rong to be disreg>d$4 ,h] names1 ,amat]asu 7,heav5 ,%9+-"o7 & ,hirume 7,sun-female71 are conclusive on ?is po9t4 ,! mod]n comm5tator ,motori agrees1 or r ma9ta9s1 t ,amat]asu is ! v sun :i* we see 9 heav54 ,^? ,japanese :o 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury talk ( ! imp]ial visit to ,ise z ance/or-wor%ip are sorely puzzl$ to ju/ify _! position4 ,imbu$ ) ! philosophy ( ,*9a & ! sci5ce ( ,europe1 !y naturally f9d x difficult to und]/& h[ ! ,mikado c be really desc5d$ f ! sun4 ,"s resort to ! ,euhem]i/ic !ory t %e 0 a mortal ,empress :o liv$ 9 a place on e>? call$ ,takanna no h>a 7pla9-(-high-heav571 & speak ( rice-culture & ! art ( weav+ be+ kn[n 9 h] reign4 ,! my? ( ! ,sun-goddess & ,susa no wo is ! c5tral pivot on :i* ! old my?ology turns4 ,all t prec$es may be reg>d$ z a sort ( g5ealogical introduction1 & ! subsequ5t n>rative z an epilogue design$ to complete ! connexion betwe5 ! liv+ ,mikados & _! cele/ial ance/or4 ,ohonamo*i4--,"o ( ,susa no wo's *ildr5 0 an ,e>?-god nam$ ,ohonamo*i 7great-"n-possessor71 :o is at ?is day a v important deity4 ,! ,kojiki relates 8 adv5tures at great l5g?4 ,he 0 badly treat$ by 8 eighty eld] bro!rs1 b assi/$ by a h>e to :om he _h r5d]$ s]vice4 ,he w5t d[n to ! l& ( ,yomi1 :]e he m>ri$ ! daught] ( ,susa no wo4 ,susa no wo impos$ tasks ^u him :i* by 8 wife's assi/ance he p]=m$ successfully1 & ultimately made 8 escape1 tak+ h] ) him4 ,! ,yomi ( ?is n>rative has little t is *>act]i/ic ( ! abode ( ! ,dead4 ,ohonamo*i is frequ5tly ref]r$ to z ! #8,god :o made ! l&1' & 8 v>i\s names %[ t he is an ,e>?-god4 ,he 0 assi/$ 9 r$uc+ ! c\ntry to ord] by 8 own mitama or d\ble1 & by a dw>f-god call$ ,sukuna-bikona1 :o came f beyond ! sea & is cr$it$ ) hav+ in/ruct$ mank9d 9 ! arts ( m$ic9e & brew+4 ,ohonamo*i _h a num]\s prog5y by v>i\s mo!rs4 ,among !m 7 ! ,h>ve/-god & ! ,food-goddess4 ,! ,kojiki gives a g5ealogy ( !m & _! desc5dants1 mo/ ( :om are :olly unkn[n to u4 ,n9igi4--,mean:ile ! ,sun-,goddess became desir\s ( e/abli%+ ! rule ( h] own gr&*ild ,n9igi1 son ( ,masaya a katsu1 9 ,japan4 ,aft] sev]al fruitless attempts to prep>e ! c\ntry = 8 reception by purg+ x ( ! sw>ms ( evil deities :i* infe/$ x1 two gods nam$ ,take-mika-tsu*i 7,?und]87 & ,futsunu%i 7,fire87 7 s5t to summon ,ohonamo*i to yield ov] 8 au?ority4 ,aft] "s demur he did s1 & ,n9igi 0 accord+ly despat*$ to e>?1 accompani$ by a long tra9 ( att5dants :o provide fur!r mat]ial = ! g5ealogi/s4 ,!y desc5d$ on a m\nta9 9 ,kiu%iu4 ,"h ,n9igi took to wife a ,m\nta9-god's daught]1 nam$ ,konohana ,sakuya-hime 7! lady :o blossoms l ! fl[]s ( ! trees71 reject+ z too ugly h] eld] si/] ,iha-naga-hime 7! rock-long-lady74 ,! latt]1 indignant at ?is slight1 utt]$ a curse3--#8,! race ( visible m5 %all *ange swiftly l ! fl[]s ( ! trees1 & %all decay & pass away4' ,h5ce ! %ortness ( human life4 ,by ,konohana ,n9igi _h ?ree *ildr54 ,! elde/1 ,ho no ,susori1 became a fi%]man1 ! second son1 ,hohodemi1 a hunt]4 ,ho no ,susori once propos$ to 8 bro!r to ex*ange _! respective call+s4 ,hohodemi accord+ly gave ov] to 8 eld] bro!r 8 b[ & arr[s & receiv$ a fi%-hook 9 return4 ,b nei!r ( !m pr(it$ by ! ex*ange1 s ,ho no ,susori gave back to 8 bro!r ! b[ & arr[s & dem&$ f him ! fi%-hook4 ,hohodemi1 h[ev]1 _h 9 ! meantime lo/ x 9 ! sea4 ,he took 8 sword & =g$ f x a numb] ( new fi%-hooks :i* he pil$ up 9 a w9n[+ tray & (f]$ to 8 bro!r by way ( comp5sation4 ,b ! latt] w\ld h none b 8 own1 & dem&$ x s vehem5tly ( ,hohodemi z to grieve him bitt]ly4 ,hohodemi w5t d[n to ! sea-%ore & /ood !re lam5t+1 :5 !re appe>$ to him ! ,old ,man ( ! ,sea1 by ^: advice he desc5d$ into ! sea-dep?s to ! abode ( ! god ( ! ,sea1 a /ately palace ) l(ty t[]s & battlem5ts4 ,be=e ! gate !re 0 a well1 & ov] ! well grew a ?ick-bran*+ cassia tree into :i* ,hohodemi climb$4 ,! ,sea-god's daught] ,toyo-tama-hime 7ri*-jewel-maid57 !n came out f ! palace to draw wat]4 ,%e saw ,hohodemi's face reflect$ 9 ! well1 & return+ )9 report$ to h] fa!r t %e _h se5 a beautiful y\? 9 ! tree :i* grew by ! well4 ,hohodemi 0 c\rte\sly receiv$ by ! ,sea-god1 ,toyo-tama-hiko 7ri*-jewel-pr9ce71 :o1 :5 he he>d 8 err&1 summon$ be=e him all ! fi%es ( ! sea & made inquiry ( !m = ! lo/ fi%-hook1 :i* 0 ev5tually discov]$ 9 ! m\? ( ! ,tai4 ,toyo-tama-hiko deliv]$ x to ,hohodemi1 tell+ him :5 he gave x back to 8 bro!r to say1 #8a hook ( pov]ty1 a hook ( ru91 a hook ( d[nfall1' to spit twice1 & to h& x ov] ) av]t$ face4 ,hohodemi m>ri$ ! ,sea-god's daught] ,toyo-tama-hime & rema9$ ) h] = ?ree ye>s4 ,he !n became home-sick & return$ to ! upp] _w4 ,on ! bea* :]e he came to l&1 he built = 8 wife1 :o 0 soon to foll[1 a p>turition h\se :i* he ?at*$ ) cormorant's fea!rs4 ,! ro(+ 0 /ill unf9i%$ :5 %e arriv$1 rid+ on a great tortoise4 ,%e w5t /raight into ! hut1 begg+ h] husb& n to look at h]4 ,b ,hohodemi's curiosity 0 too /rong = him4 ,he peep$ 9 & behold6 8 wife _h become *ang$ into a wani 7sea-dragon7 eight fa?oms long4 ,deeply indignant at ! disgrace put ^u h]1 ,toyo-tama-hime ab&on$ h] new-born *ild to ! c>e ( h] si/]1 & b>r+ beh9d h] ! sea-pa? 9 su* a way t f t day to ?is all communication betwe5 ! realms ( l& & sea has be5 cut (f1 return$ ha/ily to h] fa!r's palace4 ,hohodemi's tr\bles ) 8 eld] bro!r 7 r5ew$ on 8 arrival home4 ,he 0 oblig$ to use aga9/ him two talismans giv5 him by 8 fa!r-9-law4 ,"o ( ^! _h ! virtue ( mak+ ! tide fl[ & subm]ge ,ho no ,susori & ?us compel him to sue = m]cy 7ano!r acc\nt says t ,hohodemi :i/l$ & !reby rais$ ! w9d & ! sea74 ,!n by a second talisman ! tide 0 made to rec$e & ,ho no ,susori's life 0 sp>$4 ,he yield$ complete submission to 8 y\ng] bro!r & promis$ t he & 8 desc5dants to all g5]ations w\ld s]ve ,hohodemi & 8 successors z mimes & bonds]vants4 ,! ,nihongi adds t 9 t day x 0 /ill cu/om>y = ! ,hayato 7or ,imp]ial gu>ds71 :o 7 desc5d$ f ,ho no ,susori1 to p]=m a mimic dance be=e ! ,mikados1 ! desc5dants & successors ( ,hohodemi1 9 :i* ! dr[n+ /ruggles ( _! ance/or 7 repres5t$4 ,!re are sev]al features 9 ?is /ory :i* betray a rec5t orig9 & =eign influ5ces4 ,a comp>atively advanc$ civilisation is indicat$ by ! sword & fi%-hook =g$ ( iron4 ,! in/itution ( ! ,hayato z ,imp]ial ,gu>ds belongs to a p]iod n v long antec$5t to ! date ( ! ,nihongi & ,kojiki4 ,! palace ( ! sea-dep?s & its ,dragon-k+ are ( ,*9ese1 & !re=e ( rec5t orig94 ,"o ( ,hohodemi's gr&*ildr5 0 ,jimmu ,t5n1 :o is usually reckon$ ! fir/ human sov]eign ( ,japan4 ,he 0 ! y\nge/ ( f\r bro!rs & 8 selection z heir %[s t primog5iture1 ?\gh to "s ext5t ackn[l$g$ 9 ,anci5t ,japan1 0 by no means ! univ]sal rule4 ,at ! age ( =ty-five he />t$ f ,kiu%iu1 :i* _h be5 ! home ( ! ,imp]ial family s9ce ,n9igi desc5d$ !re1 on an exp$ition = ! conque/ ( ! c5tral "p ( ,japan1 kn[n z ,yamato4 ,?is ev5t is dat$ 9 ,b4,c4 #ffg1 #a1gib1 #dgj ye>s aft] ! desc5t ( ,n9igi f heav54 ,he f9ally succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ 8 capital !re 9 ,b4,c4 #ffj4 ,f ?is date ,japanese hi/ory is usually said to beg94 ,9 reality !re is no g5u9e hi/ory ( ,japan = "o ?\s& ye>s m4 ,! *ronology = all ?is p]iod is a colossal fraud & !re is abundant intr9sic evid5ce t ! n>rative itself is no bett] ?an leg5d :5 x is n absolute fiction4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 mu* to be le>n$ f x ( ! beliefs & cu/oms ( ! anci5t ,japanese4 ,! desc5t ( ! ,imp]ial dyna/y f a ,sea-god has be5 not$ z an auspici\s om5 = ! developm5t ( ,japan z a great naval p[]4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,gods ,,nature-,,gods ,,( ,,individuals ,,& ,,( ,,classes ,"s ( ! pr9cipal gods h already be5 introduc$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,let u n[ consid] !m sep>ately1 accord+ to ! classification already indicat$ 7p4 #h74 ,x is (t5 difficult to say :e!r a nature-god repres5ts an individual object or ph5om5on1 or a class4 ,?is is *iefly ow+ to ! circum/ance t ,japanese1 l o!r ,f>-,ea/]n languages1 habitually neglects ! di/9ction betwe5 ! s+ul> & ! plural numb]4 ,! idea ( mak+ v]bs & adjectives agree 9 numb] ) ! sub/antives to :i* !y belong does n seem to h occurr$ to ^! nations1 &1 ev5 9 ! case ( n\ns & pron\ns1 plural p>ticles are v sp>+ly us$4 ,yama no ,kami1 = example1 may mean ei!r ,god ( ! ,m\nta91 ,god ( ,m\nta9s1 ,gods ( ! ,m\nta91 or ,gods ( ,m\nta9s4 ,amat]asu1 ! ,sun-,goddess4--,! ,sun-goddess belongs unmi/akably to ! fir/ class1 viz41 t ( individual objects p]sonifi$4 ,%e is mu* ! mo/ prom95t memb] ( ! ,%9to ,pan!on1 & is describ$ z ! ,rul] ( ,heav5 & unrivall$ 9 dignity4 ,%e we>s royal insignia1 & is surr\nd$ by a c\rt4 ,! *ief religi\s c]emony ( /ate 0 9 h] hon\r4 ,yet %e is n :at we %\ld call a ,supreme ,deity4 ,%e is by no means an autocrat4 ,ev5 9 heav51 :i* %e is suppos$ to gov]n1 !re is a ,c\ncil ( ! ,gods :i* decides important matt]s4 ,9 "s my?s %e has a =midable rival 9 ,taka musubi1 a god ( ,gr[?4 ,! ascription ( ! female sex to ! deity ( ! ,sun has m mean+ ?an might be suppos$4 ,wom5 held a f> m important & indep5d5t position 9 anci5t ,japan ?an !y did at a lat] "t :5 ,*9ese ideas ( _! subjection became preval5t4 ,sev]al ( ! anci5t ,mikados 7 wom54 ,old ,*9ese books call ,japan ! #8,que5-c\ntry4' ,wom5 *iefta9s are frequ5tly m5tion$4 ,"s ( ! mo/ important monum5ts ( ! old lit]ature 7 ! "w ( wom54 ,l ! ,sun-,gods ( anci5t ,greece & ,egypt1 ,amat]asu possesses a sacr$ bird1 ! ,yatag>asu1 or eight-h&-cr[4 ,an old ,japanese diction>y id5tifies ?is bird1 rightly 9 my op9ion1 ) ! ,yangwu or ,sun-cr[ ( ,*9ese my?4 ,! ,yangwu is a bird ( a r$ col\r ) ?ree legs :i* inhabits ! sun4 ,! ,yatag>asu 0 l5t by ! ,sun-goddess to ,jimmu ,t5n z a guide to 8 exp$ition aga9/ ! tribes :o !n held ! prov9ce ( ,yamato4 ,a noble ,japanese family claim$ desc5t f ?is bird4 ,! ,sun-goddess is repres5t$ 9 ! %r9e ( ,ise by h] %9tai or tok51 :i* is call$ ! ,yatakagami or eight-h& mirror4 ,x is relat$ t :5 %e s5t d[n h] gr&*ild ,n9igi to rule ! e>?1 %e gave him ?is mirror ) ! injunction3 #8,reg>d ?is mirror exactly z our mitama 7s\l7 & rev]5ce x z if rev]5c+ u4' ,at ?is day ! ,yatakagami is held 9 high rev]5ce4 ,x is kept 9 a bag ( brocade :i* is nev] op5$ or repair$1 a new "o be+ add$ on ! top ( its pr$ecessor :5 ! latt] is too mu* worn = fur!r use4 ,! ,nihongi calls x ! #8,great-,god ( ,ise4' ,amat]asu is n ! only ,sun-deity ( ,japanese my?4 ,we he> ( a ,waka-hirume 7"y-sun-female7 :o is no d\bt a p]sonification ( ! morn+ sun1 & ( a ,nigi-haya-hi 7g5tle1 swift-sun74 ,! latt] is said to h come d[n f heav5 9 a heav5ly rock-boat1 & to h become ! *iefta9 ( "o ( ! tribes subdu$ by ,jimmu ,t5n4 ,he may1 h[ev]1 h be5 a human be+ nam$ z a complim5t aft] ! ,sun4 ,?is proce$+ is n unkn[n 9 ,japanese hi/ory4 ,b ,i r suspect t he is a real ,sun-god4 ,!n !re is ! ,hiruko m5tion$ at p4 #bb z ! fir/-born ( all ! deities4 ,n[ ,hiruko1 ?\gh writt5 ) ,*9ese *>act]s :i* mean lee*-*ild1 may also mean ,sun-male-*ild1 & ?is is obvi\sly its prop] mean+4 ,! ,hiruko 0 a male ,sun-deity :o aft]w>ds became obsolete4 ,= "s unkn[n reason ,hiruko has be5 id5tifi$ ) a popul> mod]n deity nam$ ,yebisu1 :o has to all appe>ance no?+ to d ) ei!r ! sun or ! lee*4 ,he is pictur$ z an angl] ) a fi% dangl+ at ! end ( 8 l9e4 ,he has a smil+ c\nt5ance & we>s old ,japanese co/ume4 ,m]*ants pray to him = success 9 trade4 ,at ! pres5t day ! title ,amat]asu no oho-kami 7! great deity :o illum9es heav57 is g5]ally replac$ by its ,*9ese equival5t ,t5%daij94 ,! mean+ ( ! latt] is less cle> to ! un$ucat$1 :o =get t %e has any connection ) ! sun4 ,sun-wor%ip1 h[ev]1 proce$s indep5d5tly4 ,wom5 & *ildr5 especially call x by ! respectful "n ( ,ot5t sama1 )\t attribution ( sex1 ) no =mal cult1 & no my?1 b end[$ ) moral attributes1 puni%+ ! wick$ & rew>d+ ! j4 ,dr4 ,griffis describes a sc5e :i* he witness$ 9 ,tokio :51 late "o aft]noon1 ,ot5t sama1 :i* _h be5 hidd5 beh9d cl\ds = a =tnight1 %one out on ! muddy /reets4 ,9 a mom5t scores ( p ru%$ out ( _! h\ses1 & ) faces we/w>d began pray] & wor%ip be=e ! great lum9>y4 ,_m p keep awake all night on ! la/ day ( ! ye> s z to wor%ip ! ris+ sun on ! fir/ day ( ! ,new ,ye>4 ,tsuki-yomi4--,! ,sun be+ fem99e1 ,tsuki-yomi1 ! moon-deity1 is naturally mascul9e4 ,?\gh he has %r9es at ,ise & o!r places1 he occupies a f> less prom95t place 9 ,japanese my? & cult ?an 8 eld] si/] ,amat]asu4 ,susa no wo4--,! true "* ( ?is deity _h be5 =gott5 by ! ,japanese !mselves until he 0 %[n by an ,am]ican s*ol>1 ,dr4 ,buckley ( ,*icago1 to be a p]sonification ( ! ,ra9-/orm4 ,! g5]ally accept$ etymology ( 8 "n d]ives x f a v]b susamu1 to be impetu\s4 ,?is accords well ) 8 "* z describ$ 9 ! ,kojiki & ,nihongi4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,h4 ,*amb]la9 translates by #8! ,impetu\s ,male1' & he may be correct4 ,b !re is a t[n 9 ,idzumo call$ ,susa :]e ?is god _h a %r9e1 & x seems possible t x 0 f ?is t he took 8 "n4 ,/>-,gods are few & unimportant 9 ,%9to4 ,e>?-wor%ip4--,! direct wor%ip ( ! ,e>? is well-kn[n 9 ,japan4 ,at ! pres5t day1 :5 a new build+ is erect$ or new rice-l& br\ght "u cultivation1 ! gr\nd is solemnly propitiat$ by a c]emony call$ ,ji-matsuri or e>?-wor%ip4 ,localities 7 p]sonifi$ "u names :i* recall ,er91 ,britannia1 ,dea ,roma1 etc4 ,su* deities 7 call$ ,kunidama1 c\ntry or prov9ce _s4 ,! greate/ ( ^!1 & "o ( ! ?ree greate/ gods ( ,%9to1 is ,ohonamo*i4 ,8 %r9e at ,kitsuki 9 ,idzumo is kn[n z ! ,tai%a or great %r9e1 & he has num]\s o!r %r9es1 call$ ,sann or ,hiye1 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 8 case ! deification has proce$$ beyond ! m]e p]sonification ( ! soil4 ,leg5d repres5ts him z ! mak] ( ! l&1 n ! l& itself1 & 9 mod]n times nobody ?9ks ( him z an ,e>?-god4 ,8 v>i\s names1 h[ev]1 %[ conclusively t he is z mu* an e>?-deity z ! ,greek ,gaia1 :o1 l him1 0 #8"o %ape ( _m names4' ,lafcadio ,he>n w\ld make him out to be ! god ( ! dead1 ?\gh !re are already two o!r rul]s ( ,hades1 & ,dr4 ,buckley ?9ks t he is a ,moon-god4 ,) ,ohonamo*i !re is associat$ 8 m9i/]1 an important deity nam$ ,koto%iro-nu%i1 & a dw>f-god1 ,sukuna-bikona1 :o is cr$it$ ) ! inv5tion ( m$ic9e1 magic1 & ! art ( brew+ sake4 ,ano!r ,e>?-god is ,asuha1 an obscure p]sonage1 :o is suppos$ to be ! deity ( ! c\rty>d4 ,mud1 s&1 & clay are deifi$ "u ! names ( ,uhij9i1 ,suhij9i1 & ,hani-yasu-hime1 ! la/ "n mean+ clay-easy 79 ! s5se ( pla/ic7 lady4 ,clay 0 deifi$ because x suppli$ ! mat]ial = ! dome/ic cook+ furnace1 a def5ce aga9/ ! encroa*es ( t unruly p[]1 fire4 ,m\nta9-,gods4--,mo/ m\nta9s h _! deity1 :i* is sometimes conceiv$ ( z ! m\nta9 itself1 at o!rs z a god ( ! m\nta94 ,m\nta9 gods d n take high rank 9 ! ,%9to ,pan!on4 ,!y 7 propitiat$ be=e trees 7 cut = build+ purposes4 ,e>?quake-,gods are little he>d (4 ,b any god might cause an e>?quake if (f5d$4 ,sea-,gods4--,! *ief ,sea-gods ( ,%9to are ,sokotsu-wata-dzumi 7bottom-sea-body71 ,nakatsu-wata-dzumi 7middle-sea-body71 & ,uhatsu-wata-dzumi 7upp]-sea-body71 ?ree deities produc$ f ,izanagi's ablutions 9 ! sea :5 he return$ f ,hades4 ,!y are also repres5t$ z =m+ "o deity4 ,s t we h "h an example--n ! only "o--( a ,japanese ,tr9ity4 ,!y h a fam\s %r9e at ,sumiyo%i ne> ,osaka1 & are mu* pray$ to = safety f %ipwreck & = fair w9ds4 ,ano!r ,sea-god1 ,toyotama hiko1 has be5 already m5tion$ above 7p4 #ca74 ,riv]-,gods are repres5t$ z dragons or s]p5ts4 ,! resemblance ( a riv] ) its w9d+ s]p5t9e c\rse1 & its my/]i\s motion )\t legs1 to a great s]p5t1 has /ruck mank9d 9 _m c\ntries4 ,! ,*9ese1 ! ,mexicans1 & ! ,semitic nations concur 9 associat+ wat] ) ! s]p5t4 ,x is mo/ly ! malefic5t aspect ( riv]s t is ?us symbolis$4 ,!re are traditions 9 ,japanese leg5d ( human sacrifices to riv]s4 ,ra9-,gods4--,special ,ra9-gods are m5tion$ 9 ! old my?s1 b 9 practice any deity might be appeal$ to = aid 9 "t ( dr\ght4 ,wells4--,!re are sacr$ wells f :i* ! wat] requir$ 9 sacrifice 0 drawn4 ,! wat] itself 0 made a female deity "u ! "n ( ,midzuha no me4 ,at ! pres5t day1 ! ord9>y well or /ream f :i* wat] is tak5 = dome/ic purposes is propitiat$ e>ly on ! morn+ ( ! ,new ,ye> by small (f]+s4 ,w9d-,gods4--,sometimes "o ,w9d-god is spok5 (1 sometimes two1 "o mascul9e & "o fem99e4 ,!y 7 =m]ly mu* pray$ to = good h>ve/s4 ,"o leg5d calls !m ! ,ame no miha%ira & ,kuni no miha%ira 7augu/ pill> ( heav5 & augu/ pill> ( e>?74 ,! idea t ! w9ds support ! sky is n unkn[n 9 o!r my?ologies4 ,,take-,,mika-,,dzu*i & ,futsunu%i4--,! prop] "* ( ^! two deities is n q cle>4 ,! "n ( ! =m] is frequ5tly writt5 ) ,*9ese *>act]s :i* imply t he is a ,?und]-god1 & ,futsunu%i is probably a god ( fire1 p]haps m specifically ! lightn+4 ,!y are con/antly associat$ 9 leg5d & wor%ip4 ,!y 7 s5t d[n f heav5 toge!r to prep>e ,japan = ! adv5t ( ,n9igi1 ! ,sun-,goddess's gr&*ild1 & _! %r9es at ,ka%ima & ,katori1 on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,japan1 are adjac5t to "o ano!r4 ,at ! pres5t day !y are univ]sally recognis$ z ,w>-gods4 ,?is acc\nts = ! *oice ( ,ka%ima & ,katori z ! names ( rec5tly-laun*$ battle-%ips ( ! ,imp]ial ,japanese ,navy4 ,^! deities also pr$ict ! wea!r4 ,! ,japanese equival5t ( old ,moore's ,almanac is ! ,ka%ima no ,kot(ure1 i4e4 notification f ,ka%ima4 ,!re is ano!r ,?und]-god call$ ,ikadzu*i 7dread fa!r7 or ,n>u ,kami 7s\nd+-god74 ,fire-,gods4--,kagu-tsu*i1 m5tion$ above 7p4 #bb71 is ! *ief fire-deity4 ,he is also kn[n z ,ho-musubi 7fire-gr[?71 & 8 %r9e /&s on ! summit ( ! high hill ( ,atago ne> ,kioto4 ,h5ce ! "n ,atago-,sama by :i* he is usually call$4 ,hill-%r9es are d$icat$ to him at ! *ief cities ( ,japan2 & he is believ$1 :5 duly propitiat$1 to pres]ve !m f conflagration4 ,9 ! old ,/ate religion ! god & fire are reg>d$ z id5tical4 ,! sacrificial fire 0 deifi$1 & also ! ,nihabi1 a fire k9dl$ ) ! object ( produc+ sun%9e4 ,bo? 9 anci5t & mod]n times ! dome/ic cook+-furnace has be5 consid]$ z a deity4 ,ukemo*i1 ! ,food-goddess1 is "o ( ! two great gods wor%ipp$ at ,ise1 ! ,sun-goddess be+ ! o!r4 ,!re is a t5d5cy 9 mod]n times to id5tify h] ) ,in>i1 a male gra9-deity4 ,%r9es ( ,in>i are to be se5 9 e village1 & ev5 9 _m h\ses4 ,!y may be recognis$ by two figures ( foxes :i* /& be=e !m4 ,^! animals are ?\ght by _m to be ! god himself1 & small (f]+s ( su* food z is ?\ght acceptable to foxes are plac$ be=e !m4 ,%9to s*ol>s say t !y are only ! god's att5dants or mess5g]s4 ,b gra9 is (t5 repres5t$ by an animal 9 o!r my?ologies1 & possibly ?is may be ! case 9 ,%9to also4 ,in>i is mu* invok$ by ! peasant to grant him good crops1 b z is s (t5 ! case1 8 prop] agricultural "* is frequ5tly =gott51 & he is appeal$ to = help 9 all imag9able difficulties1 z = ! cure ( small-pox or ! discov]y ( a ?ief4 ,!re are sev]al h>ve/-gods n v cle>ly di/+ui%$ f ! gra9-deities4 ,"o ( ^!1 z well z ,ukemo*i1 is said to be ! *ild ( ,ohonamo*i1 ! great ,e>?-god4 ,tree-,gods4--,trees ( great size & age are wor%ipp$ 9 almo/ e village 9 ,japan4 ,!y are girt ) honor>y c9ctures ( /raw-rope1 & h t9y %r9es erect$ be=e !m4 ,o!r sacr$ trees are n !mselves gods1 b only (f]+s to ! deities be=e ^: %r9es !y are plant$4 ,or*>d trees are ! object ( a qua9t c]emony :i* has its c\nt]p>t 9 _m o!r places1 ,devon%ire among/ ! numb]1 ( cajol+ or intimidat+ ! trees into be>+ good crops4 ,9 ,japan "o man climbs ! tree1 :ile ano!r /&s at ! bottom ) an axe1 ?reat5+ to cut x d[n if x does n promise to be> pl5tifully4 ,! man above responds t x w d s4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ! pleasure ( act+ a little drama has m to d ) su* cu/oms ?an any real belief 9 _! efficacy4 ,we also meet ) a ,kukuno*i 7trees-fa!r7 & a ,kaya nu hime 7re$-lady74 ,_! wor%ip 0 probably prompt$ by gratitude = _! provid+ mat]ials = h\se-build+ & ?at*+4 ,a ,h\se-,god nam$ ,yabune is m5tion$ 9 "o ( ! old rituals4 ,a c]ta9 sanctity atta*es to ! ,daikoku-ba%ira1 or c5tral pill> ( ! h\se1 correspond+ to our k+-po/4 ,!re is also a ,gate-god 7or gods71 :o gu>ds ! dwell+ aga9/ ! entrance ( evil ?+s1 &1 9 mod]n times1 a ,god ( ! ,privy4 ,,gods ,,( ,,ab/ractions ,izanagi & ,izanami4--,i h little d\bt t ^! deities 7see above1 p4 #ba7 7 sugge/$ by ! ,y9 & ,yang1 or male & female pr9ciples1 ( ,*9ese philosophy4 ,!y 7 probably introduc$ into ,japanese my? 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! exi/5ce ( ! ,sun-goddess & o!r deities1 & to l9k !m toge!r by a common p>5tage4 ,_! names are suppos$ to be connect$ ) a v]b1 izanafu1 to invite1 & to ref] to _! mutual invitation to become husb& & wife4 ,!y are n important 9 ritual4 ,musubi means gr[? or production4 ,9 ! old my?s !re are two ,musubi deities1 viz4 ,taka-musubi & ,kamu-musubi 7high-gr[? & div9e-gr[?74 ,x is n difficult to conjecture t #8high' & #8div9e' 7 orig9ally no?+ m ?an laudatory epi!ts ( "o & ! same p]sonage4 ,poetry recognises only "o ,god4 ,9 lat] times !re 7 no few] ?an eight ,musubi :o _h %r9es 9 ! prec9cts ( ! ,imp]ial palace4 ,! wor%ip ( ?is god is n[ mu* neglect$4 ,kuni-toko-ta*i4--,no?+ is really kn[n ( ?is deity4 ,! "n means lit]ally #8l& 7or e>?7-et]nal-/&1' & ,i (f] z a m]e conjecture t he is a p]sonification ( ! durable "* ( ! e>?4 ,! circum/ance t he is ! fir/ god ( ! ,nihongi my? l$ to 8 receiv+ a prom95ce 9 lat] times :i* is ju/ifi$ by no?+ 9 ! old] religion4 ,!re 0 an abortive attempt to make ( him a sort ( ,supreme ,deity1 & to sub/itute 8 wor%ip = t ( ! ,food-goddess at ,ise4 ,,deifi$ ,,individual ,,m5 ,?\gh all ! great] gods ( ! old ,%9to 7 ,nature-gods1 we _c affirm t none ( ! num]\s obscure deities m5tion$ 9 ! ,kojiki & ,nihongi 7 deifi$ individual m54 ,! impulse to exalt human be+s to ! rank ( deity has always exi/$1 & may h left traces 9 ! old] ,%9to1 ?\gh ! evid5ce t ?is 0 s 9 any p>ticul> case is n =?com+4 ,take-m9akata1 ! god ( ,suha1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,%9ano1 may be a deity ( ?is class4 ,he 0 a son ( ,ohonamo*i1 :o refus$ allegiance to ! ,sun-goddess & fl$ to ,suha1 :]e he 0 oblig$ to surr5d]4 ,tradition says t ! pres5t high prie/s ( 8 %r9e are 8 direct desc5dants4 ,!y are held to be 8 inc>nation1 & are call$ ,ikigami or #8live deities4' ,!re are at ! pres5t day %r9es to ,suha ,sama 9 _m p>ts ( ,japan4 ,ha*iman is n m5tion$ 9 ! ,kojiki or ,nihongi4 ,8 hi/ory is a curi\s "o4 ,! orig9al place ( 8 wor%ip 0 ,usa 9 ,kiu%iu1 ne> ! ,/raits ( ,%imonoseki1 an old1 p]haps ! olde/1 ,%9to c5tre ( ,japan4 ,he fir/ came into notice 9 #gbj1 :5 he help$ to repel a piratical desc5t by ,koreans4 ,at a some:at lat] p]iod he became associat$ ) ! great ,m9amoto family1 & atta9$ to popul>ity z a ,w>-god4 ,b 8 cult is deeply t9ctur$ ) ,buddhism4 ,9 8 oracles he calls himself by ! ,buddhi/ title ( ,bosatsu 7,boddhisattwa71 some?+ l our #8sa9t1' & orda9s humanit>ian fe/ivals = ! release ( liv+ ?+s1 a ?or\ghly ,buddhi/ in/itution1 & q incongru\s ) 8 "* z a ,japanese ,m>s4 ,x is expla9$ t ! reason = 8 deification z a ,w>-god is t he 0 an unborn *ild 9 8 "m ,j+o's womb :5 %e a*iev$ h] fam\s conque/ ( ,korea4 ,8 id5tification ) ! ,emp]or j91 h[ev]1 dates f long aft] he became popul>4 ,temmangu1 ! ,god ( ,le>n+ & ,caligraphy4 ,if we pass ov] ! hon\rs paid to liv+ & dead ,mikados z ( d\btful religi\s quality1 ! fir/ g5u9e deifi$ human be+ on ! ,%9to record is ,sugah>a ,mi*izane1 :o 0 rais$ to div9e rank "u ! "n ( ,temmangu4 ,mi*izane 0 born 9 #hde4 ,8 family _h a h]$it>y reputation = le>n+1 & trac$ its desc5t f ! ,sun-goddess h]self4 ,8 erudition ga9$ him high rank 9 ! gov]nm5t1 & a sy/em ( national education :i* he e/abli%$ acquir$ = him ! gratitude ( ! p1 :o call$ him ! #8,fa!r ( lett]s4' ,b ow+ to ! calumnies ( a rival he 0 bani%$ to ,kiu%iu1 :]e he di$ 9 exile4 ,great calamities foll[$1 :i* 7 attribut$ to ! wra? ( ,mi*izane's gho/1 & x 0 n until 8 s5t5ce _h be5 =mally cancell$1 %r9es erect$1 & o!r hon\rs paid him t x ceas$ to plague 8 enemies & ! nation4 ,! /ory has come d[n to u enri*$ ) a pr(use embroid]y ( leg5d>y details drawn f ,buddhi/ & ,*9ese s\rces4 ,temmangu is1 or 0 until rec5tly1 "o ( ! mo/ widely wor%ipp$ ( ,%9to deities1 especially by p$agogues & s*ool-boys4 ,9 #ahbj1 !re 7 tw5ty-five %r9es to him 9 ,y$o & its neighb\rhood4 ,8 cult 0 probably sugge/$1 & 0 c]ta9ly promot$1 by ! correspond+ ,*9ese hon\rs to ,confucius4 ,lat] ,deifications4--,9 ! ,kojiki & ,nihongi1 a sort ( titul> div9ity is ascrib$ to "s ( ! ,mikados4 ,x 0 n until a lat] p]iod t !y _h %r9es or regul> (f]+s4 ,*ief among deifi$ ,mikados are ,jimmu1 ,j+o1 & ,kwammu1 ! f\nd] ( ,kioto4 ,take*i no ,sukune1 ,j+o's *ief c\nsellor2 ,pr9ce ,yamatodake1 ! leg5d>y h]o :o1 9 ! second c5tury ( our era1 subdu$ ! ea/]n p>ts ( ,japan to ! ,mikado's rule2 ,nomi no ,sukune1 ! patron deity ( wre/l]s2 ,hitom>o1 ! poet & ,sotorihime1 ! poetess1 ?\gh treat$ z ord9>y human be+s 9 ! old records1 7 deifi$ 9 subsequ5t times4 ,quasi-div9e hon\rs are paid to ,iyeyasu1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,tokugawa dyna/y ( ,%guns1 & to _m o!r di/+ui%$ m54 ,/range to say1 a k9d ( religi\s cult is r5d]$ to rem>kable crim9als1 su* z ! fam\s robb] ,kumazaka ,*han1 & to ,ni%i no ,bunt>o1 :o 9 our own day assass9at$ ! ,m9i/] ( ,education1 ,mori ,ar9ori1 because he rais$ ) 8 walk+-/ick a curta9 :i* scre5$ (f "p ( ! %r9e ( ,ise f vulg> gaze4 ,,gods ,,( ,,classes ,,( ,,m5 ,9 ! old] ,%9to1 gods ( types or classes occupy a fairly prom95t position4 ,!y repres5t ! h]$it>y corporations by :i* ! gov]nm5t ( ,japan 0 c>ri$ on 9 e>ly times4 ,! (ficials ( ! ,mikado's ,c\rt _h _! my?ical c\nt]p>ts 9 ! m9i/]s ( ! ,sun-goddess1 :o 7 suppos$ to be _! ance/ors4 ,?us ! ,nakatomi family1 :o besides hold+ o!r high (fices1 7 ! recognis$ vic>s ( ! ,mikado 9 ! dis*>ge ( 8 prie/ly functions1 trac$ _! desc5t f ,koyane1 a deity :o1 by read+ a liturgy 9 hon\r ( ! ,sun-goddess1 help$ to entice h] f ! d>k ,rock-cave ( heav54 ,! ,imbe1 :o provid$ ! (f]+s = ! /ate ,%9to c]emonies1 recognis$ z _! ance/or a god call$ ,futo-dama 7great (f]+71 :o fulfill$ ! same (fice 9 heav54 ,uzume1 ! ,dread ,female ( heav51 _h desc5dants 9 ! female (ficials ( ! palace4 ,!re is a norito 9 h] hon\r1 9 :i* %e is bes\ght to pres]ve ord] among ! c\rti]s ( all ranks4 ,may we n trace a relation%ip betwe5 h] & our own #8,dread ,female' deity1 ,mrs4 ,grundy8 ,! mirror-mak]s ( ! palace _h _! prototype 9 ,i%ikoridome1 ! jewell]s 9 ,toyotama 7ri*-jewel71 & s on4 ,,gods ,,( ,,human ,,qualities ,/ud5ts ( ,f>-,ea/]n my?ology & lit]ature h obs]v$ ! feeble grasp ( p]sonality :i* di/+ui%es !m f ! simil> products ( ! ,we/]n m9d4#a ,!y are *>act]is$ by a c]ta9 pov]ty ( imag9ation :i* is manife/$ 9 v>i\s directions1 & m especially by ! almo/ total abs5ce ( p]sonifi$ ab/ractions ( human qualities4 ,we look 9 va9 = su* conceptions z ,age1 ,y\?1 ,love1 ,fe>1 ,pati5ce1 ,hope1 ,*>ity1 & a ho/ ( o!r p]sonifi$ qualities4 ,ta-jik>a no wo 7h&-/r5g?-male7 is "o ( ! few examples ( ?is class4 ,he x 0 :o1 :5 ! ,sun-goddess p>tly op5$ ! door ( ! ,rock-cave to :i* %e _h retir$1 took h] by ! h& & dragg$ h] out4 ,b he is little wor%ipp$1 & inde$ is only a poetical adjunct to ! my?ical n>rative4 ,9 ?is respect he greatly resembles ! ,kratos & ,bia ( ,hesiod & s*ylus4 #a ,see ,p]cival ,l[ell's ,s\l ( ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,phallic ,gods4--,f> m important are ! ,sahe no ,kami1 or phallic deities4 ,_! symbols 7 a famili> sight by ! roadsides & at cross+s 9 anci5t ,japan4 ,!y might be se5 ev5 9 ! busy ?or\ghf>es ( ! capital itself4 ,at fir/ repres5tatives ( ! procreative1 life-giv+ p[]1 !y 7 us$ z magical appliances = promot+ f]tility4 ,b !y became symbolical ( life g5]ally--! enemy ( dea? & disease--&1 on ! well-kn[n pr9ciple ( magic t ! symbol possesses some?+ ( ! actual physical virtue ( ! ?+ :i* x repres5ts1 7 employ$ z prophylactics aga9/ dea? & pe/il5ce4 ,= _! s]vices 9 ?is capacity !y 7 deifi$4 ,_! cult has long ago disappe>$ f ! /ate religion1 b x /ill l+]s 9 ! out-(-!-way p>ts ( ,ea/]n ,japan4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,prie/hood ,9 anci5t ,japan1 ! sacr$ & ! secul> 7 imp]fectly diff]5tiat$ f "o ano!r4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,%9to 0 simply a ,gov]nm5t bureau4 ,miya meant equally %r9e & palace4 ,matsuri1 a ,%9to fe/ival1 is ! same ^w t we also f9d 9 ,matsurigoto1 gov]nm5t4 ,! ,mikado 0 at once ! high prie/ & ! sov]eign ( ! nation4 ,9 ! olde/ leg5ds he appe>s frequ5tly 9 a sac]dotal capacity1 &1 ev5 at ! pres5t day1 he takes a p]sonal "p 9 "s ( ! ,%9to rites4 ,only la/ ye> he w5t to ,ise to p]=m ! c]emony ( ,nih9ame1 or ta/+ ! fir/ rice ( ! new h>ve/ aft] mak+ an (f]+ ( x to ! ,sun-goddess4 ,b ev5 9 ! olde/ records !re occur in/ances ( 8 deput+ 8 sac]dotal functions4 ,jimmu ,t5no is said to h appo9t$ ,mi*i ,no ,omi 7m9i/]-(-!-way7 z #8,rul] ( a fe/ival4' ,! rubrics ( ! norito 7rituals7 %[ t !y 7 int5d$ to be read by a deputy & n by ! ,mikado 9 p]son4 ,! ,nakatomi4--,! *ief (ficials ( ! ,bureau ( ,%9to 7 appo9t$ f ! h]$it>y clan or family ( ! ,nakatomi1 f :i* ! pr9cipal m9i/]s ( /ate & ! ,imp]ial ,consorts 7 also select$4 ,! great ,fujiw>a ,h\se1 s fam\s 9 lat] times1 0 a bran* ( ! ,nakatomi4 ,! ,imbe _h ! duty ( prep>+ ! (f]+s = sacrifice4 ,_! "n1 :i* includes ! ^w #8imi1' signify+ religi\s ab/95ce1 purity1 ref]s to ! /rict avoidance ( ritual pollution :i* 0 incumb5t on !m 9 ! dis*>ge ( ?is function4 ,! ,urabe 7 div9]s atta*$ to ! bureau ( ,%9to4 ,kannu%i is ! ord9>y ^w = a ,%9to prie/4 ,! ,kannu%i are n celibates1 & are n di/+ui%able f ! laity except :5 9 ! actual dis*>ge ( _! functions4 ,ev5 ! co/ume :i* !y we> on ^! occasions is n prop]ly sac]dotal4 ,x is only an anci5t c\rt uni=m4 ,all ,%9to prie/s are appo9t$ by ! civil au?orities4 ,!y h no #8cure ( s\ls1' & _! duties are conf9$ to read+ ! litanies & see+ to ! repairs ( ! %r9e4 ,prie/esses4--,9 anci5t times x 0 ! cu/om to atta* a virg9 pr9cess ( ! ,imp]ial blood to ! great %r9e ( ,ise4 ,all great %r9es h a corps ( girl danc]s = ! p]=mance ( ! sacr$ pantomimes 7,kagura74 ,! latt]1 on rea*+ a m>riageable age1 usually resign _! (fice1 & are m]g$ 9 ! g5]al population4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,wor%ip ,) a few exceptions1 ( no great importance 9 ,%9to1 ! outw>d =ms ( ! wor%ip ( ! gods h be5 previ\sly made use ( z tok5s ( respect to liv+ m54 ,:e!r ,i take (f my hat to a lady or on ent]+ a *ur*1 ! act is ! same1 x is ! ideas associat$ ) x t make ! diff]5ce4 ,! ^w wor%ip mu/ !re=e be us$ ) caution4 ,we ought n1 = example1 to assume t ance/or-wor%ip is necess>ily div9e wor%ip4 ,x may only mean acts indicat+ affection & rev]5ce = ! dead1 common to ourselves ) non-,*ri/ian peoples1 & ne$ n involve any sup]/iti\s belief 9 a sup]natural p[] ex]cis$ by dead =efa!rs or h]oes4 ,9 mod]n ,japan1 ance/or-wor%ip is a comp>atively rational cult1 & x is surely undesirable t mission>ies %\ld create = !mselves great & ne$less difficulties by condemn+ x indiscrim9ately4 ,ge/ures ( ,wor%ip4--,9 ,%9to1 z 9 o!r religions1 b[+ is a common =m ( respect to ! gods4 ,x is ! cu/om to b[ twice be=e & aft] mak+ an (f]+4 ,kneel+ is also kn[n1 b is less usual4 ,i h n met ) any case ( pro/ration z an act ( adoration4 ,clapp+ h&s 0 9 anci5t ,japan a g5]al tok5 ( respect1 n[ conf9$ to religi\s wor%ip4 ,sometimes a sil5t h&-clapp+ is prescrib$ 9 ! rituals4 ,(f]+s & o!r objects us$ 9 wor%ip 7 rais$ to ! =ehead z a m>k ( rev]5ce4 ,(f]+s 7 9 ! old] ,%9to reg>d$ z tok5s ( respect1 & 7 n suppos$ to be eat51 worn1 or o!rwise enjoy$ by ! deity4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a m vulg> curr5t ( op9ion accord+ to :i* ! god actually b5efits 9 "s obscure physical way by ! (f]+s made to him4 ,! g5]al object ( mak+ (f]+s is to propitiate ! god or to expiate (f5ces aga9/ him4 ,sometimes x is v pla9ly intimat$ t a quid pro quo is expect$4 ,! orig9al & mo/ important =m ( (f]+ 0 food & dr9k ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,! c>d9al feature ( ! great c]emony by :i* ! ,mikado inaugurat$ 8 reign 0 an (f]+ ( rice & sake to ! ,sun-goddess4 ,o!r food-(f]+s 7 cakes1 fruit1 vegetables1 edible seawe$1 salt1 wat]1 & ! fle% ( de]1 pigs1 h>e1 wild bo>1 & birds4 ,!re 7 no burnt-(f]+s or inc5se4 ,next to food1 clo?+ took ! mo/ important place4 ,hemp & mulb]ry-b>k fibre1 ) ! /uffs wov5 f !m1 are frequ5tly m5tion$4 ,!y are n[ repres5t$ by ! ,gohei4 ,^! are w&s to :i* scollops ( pap] are atta*$1 & are to be se5 9 e %r9e & at e ,%9to c]emony4 ,sometimes ! god is suppos$ to come d[n & take up 8 tempor>y abode 9 ! ,gohei4 ,sk9s1 mirrors1 jewels1 weapons1 & _m o!r articles are m5tion$ 9 ! ,y5gi%iki enum]ations ( (f]+s4 ,human ,sacrifice4--,we n[h]e he> ( human sacrifices 9 connection ) (ficial ,%9to4 ,b !re are sev]al indications ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is practice 9 anci5t times4 ,riv]-gods especially 7 propitiat$ by human victims4 ,human figures ( wood or metal are frequ5tly m5tion$1 b x is d\btful :e!r ^! 7 by way ( sub/itutes = liv+ p]sons4 ,slaves 7 d$icat$ to "s ( ! m important %r9es4 ,pres5ts ( horses are (t5 m5tion$4 ,alb9os are usually select$ = ?is purpose4 ,!y may be se5 at ! pres5t day /abl$ ne> ! entrance to all ! important %r9es4 ,pictures ( horses are (t5 sub/itut$ = ! animals !mselves4 ,gall]ies are sometimes provid$ = ! reception ( ^! & o!r ex voto works ( art4 ,! c>riage 7miko%i7 9 :i* ! deity1 or r 8 %9tai1 is prom5ad$ on ! occasion ( 8 annual fe/ival is a v elaborate & co/ly vehicle4 ,! miya or %r9e may be reg>d$ z a k9d ( (f]+4 ,miya means augu/ h\se1 & applies equally to ! palace ( a sov]eign or pr9ce4 ,orig9ally !re 0 no build+ b only a consecrat$ plot ( gr\nd :i* 0 deem$ to be ! dwell+ ( ! deity4 ,! miya is n a tomb4 ,! %r9es are purposely small & simple edifices4 ,9 #gga a #8great] %r9e' _h only eighte5 feet frontage4 ,! majority ( ! exi/+ #aej1jjj to #bjj1jjj %r9es ( ,japan are t9y /ructures easily transportable 9 a c>t or ev5 a :eelb>r[4 ,to ! l>g] %r9es are usually atta*$ an ema-d 7horse-picture hall71 a small oratory = ! use ( ! ,mikado's envoy1 & a /age = ! ,kagura1 or pantomimic dance4 ,a numb] ( small] %r9es to o!r gods :o are 9 "s way associat$ ) ! *ief deity may usually be se5 )9 ! prec9cts4 ,! approa* to a ,%9to %r9e is m>k$ by "o or m honor>y gateways ( ! special =m kn[n z tori-i1 lit]ally bird-re/1 f its resemblance to a h5roo/4 ,x has its analogues 9 ! ,indian turan & ! ,*9ese pailoo1 & is d\btless ( exotic orig94 ,x is n m5tion$ 9 ! old] books4 ,pray]4--,! ,kojiki & ,nihongi conta9 sc>cely any notices ( private individual pray]4 ,b !re are abundant examples 9 ! ,y5gi%iki1 & o!r au?orities1 ( ! (ficial liturgies kn[n z norito1 address$ by ! ,mikado1 or 8 vic>s1 to v>i\s ,gods or categories ( ,gods1 on c]emonial occasions4 ,!y conta9 petitions = ra9 9 "t ( dr\ght1 good h>ve/s1 pres]vation f fire1 flood1 & e>?quake1 = *ildr51 heal? & long life to ! sov]eign4 ,sometimes ! wra? is deprecat$ ( deities ^: s]vices _h be5 vitiat$ by ritual impurity1 or ^: %r9es _h be5 neglect$4 ,important national ev5ts 7 ann\nc$ to !m4 ,!re 7 no norito address$ to deceas$ ,mikados be=e #hej1 :5 ,jimmu ,t5no 0 supplicat$ to sp>e ! life ( ! reign+ sov]eign1 :o 0 !n dang]\sly ill4 ,%9to pray]s are = mat]ial bless+s only4 ,rank ( ,deities4--,9 ! sev5? c5tury a sy/em ( (ficial ranks 0 introduc$ into ,japan f ,*9a4 ,x 0 ext5d$ f ! ,c\rt function>ies to ! ,gods1 & 0 v preval5t 9 ! eigh? c5tury4 ,a curi\s feature ( ?is practice 0 ! l[ rank giv5 to ! deities4 ,x 0 seldom t !y receiv$ s high a rank z t ( a ,m9i/] ( ,/ate4 ,kagura4--,! ,kagura1 or pantomimic dances ) masks & music1 repres5t+ "s incid5t ( ! my?ical n>rative1 has be5 at all times a prom95t "p ( ,%9to religi\s fe/ivals1 &1 z 9 o!r c\ntries1 has become ! p>5t ( ! secul> drama4 ,pilgrimages are an anci5t in/itution 9 ,japan4 ,ev5 ! ,mikado paid occasional visits to ! %r9es 9 or ne> ,kioto4 ,at ! pres5t day mo/ ,japanese ?9k x a duty to make a pilgrimage at lea/ once 9 _! lifetime to "o or m ( ! mo/ fam\s ,%9to fanes1 & believe t _! success 9 life dep5ds on _! do+ s4 ,clubs are =m$ = ! purpose1 ! subscriptions go+ to pay ! exp5ses ( ^! =tunate memb]s :o are select$ to repres5t _! fell[s4 ,pilgrim tra9s take ! place ( our excursion tra9s4 ,boys & girls frequ5tly run away f home 9 ord] to make a pilgrimage to ,ise4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,morality ,,& ,,purity ,moral ,code4--,%9to has h>dly any?+ 9 ! %ape ( a code ( morals4 ,! ,ohoh>ahi1 a s]vice 9 :i* ! ,mikado1 by div9e au?ority1 decl>$ to 8 m9i/]s & p ! absolution ( _! (f5ces aga9/ ! gods1 makes no m5tion ( any "o ( ! s9s ( ! ,decalogue4 ,m4 ,revon1 ! au?or ( a valuable treatise on ,%9to1 *all5ges ?is /atem5t1 :i* ,i _h already made 9 my ,hi/ory ( ,japanese ,lit]ature4 ,he ma9ta9s t f a comp>ison ( ! ,decalogue & ! ,ohoh>ahi1 #8,il rsulte avec vid5ce que t\s les comm&em5ts ess5tiels du ,dcalogue 7sur le meurtre1 le vol1 la =nication1 etc471 se retr\v5t dans notre rituel4'#b ,9 view ( ! importance ( ! subject1 & ( ,m4 ,revon's ackn[l$g$ compet5ce z a writ] on ,%9to1 x is desirable to exam9e ?is ass]tion m closely4 ,8 #8etc4' puzzles me4 ,i am unable to f9d 9 ! ,ohoh>ahi ! smalle/ trace ( any ( ! sev5 comm&m5ts :i* x cov]s1 & c only suppose t x is a m]e fl\ri% ( ,m4 ,revon's exub]ant imag9ation4 ,x w be se5 t = ! #8adult]y' ( ! ,decalogue ,m4 ,revon has sub/itut$ #8=nication4' ,is x n a cas p5dable to tamp] ) ! t5 comm&m5ts 9 ?is way8 ,b nei!r adult]y nor =nication are m5tion$ 9 ! ,ohoh>ahi4 ,ince/ is includ$ 9 ! latt]'s s*$ule ( (f5ces1 b1 pace ,m4 ,revon1 ince/ & adult]y are di/9ct (f5ces4 ,!ft is n m5tion$ 9 ! ,ohoh>ahi4 ,! plant+ ( skew]s 7( (f]+s 9 rice-fields7 is "o ( its (f5ces1 b ev5 if ! comm5tator is "r :o conjectures t ?is 0 done = a di%one/ purpose1 ,i submit t s highly specific an (f5ce is by no means ! same ?+ z ! f> m g5]al !ft ( ! ,decalogue4 ,! case ( #8murd]' ( ! ,mosaic code1 & #8! cutt+ ( liv+ bodies' ( ! ,ohoh>ahi is m complicat$4 ,murd] is at ! same "t m & less compreh5sive ?an ! correspond+ ,%9to (f5ce4 ,! ,jewi% prohibition is m ext5sive1 z x includes murd] by poison1 /rangl+1 dr[n+1 etc41 & x is m re/rict$ z x omits m9or injuries4 ,b !re is a pr(\nd diff]5ce betwe5 ! motives :i* prompt$ ! two prohibitions4 ,x is ! crime ( tak+ away human life :i* is condemn$ 9 ! ,decalogue3 ! ,ohoh>ahi objects to w\nds z na/y1 unsightly ?+s1 unmeet = a ,god to look ^u or to be 9 any way associat$ )4 ,self-inflict$ w\nds1 ! cutt+ ( dead bodies1 or w\nds inflict$ by o!rs1 caus$ uncleanness j z mu* z ! w\nd+ ( o!rs4 ,ju/ifiable homicide requir$ absolution equally ) feloni\s murd]4 ,9 a ^w1 ! ,japanese (f5ce 0 ritual1 ! ,jewi% moral4 #b ,see 8 ,%9toisme1 p4 #ae1 note4 ,!re are moral elem5ts 9 ! ,ohoh>ahi1 b !y are scanty1 & ,m4 ,revon greatly ov]e/imates _! importance4 ,n only does x conta9 no explicit m5tion ( any ( ! s9s ( ! ,decalogue--:i* is all t ,i cont5d$ =--b x has h>dly any?+ :i* ev5 implicitly condemns !m4 ,%9toi/s d n d5y ?is feature ( _! religion1 b claim t ! abs5ce ( a code ( e?ics is a pro( ( ! sup]ior natural goodness ( ! ,japanese nation4 ,x ne$s no su* artificial aids to virtu\s conduct4 ,purity4--,b if e?ics are conspicu\sly abs5t f ,%9to1 ! doctr9e ( uncleanness holds a prom95t position4 ,actual p]sonal dirt 0 obnoxi\s to ! gods1 z is evid5c$ by ! frequ5t m5tion ( ba?+ & putt+ on fre% g>m5ts be=e ! dis*>ge ( religi\s functions4 ,sexual acts ( v>i\s k9ds1 su* z ! consummation ( a m>riage1 ince/ 7)9 n>r[ limits71 int]f]5ce ) virg9 prie/esses1 m5/ruation & *ild-bir?1 7 accompani$ ) disabilities = ! s]vice ( ! gods4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 adult]y1 ?\gh cognisable by ! c\rts ( ju/ice1 did n entail religi\s uncleanness4 ,disease1 especially leprosy 7z 9 ! ,mosaic legislation71 w\nds & sores involv$ v>i\s degrees ( pollution4 ,! dea? ( a relative1 att5dance at a fun]al1 t\*+ a dead body1 pron\nc+ or execut+ a capital s5t5ce1 all incapacitat$ a man tempor>ily = ! dis*>ge ( religi\s duties4 ,lafcadio ,he>n ?\ght t ! miya or %r9e 0 a developm5t ( ! moya or m\rn+ h\se1 :]e ! dead bodies ( sov]eigns & nobles 7 deposit$ until _! co/ly megali?ic tombs c\ld be got ready4 ,?is view h>monises nicely ) ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s well-kn[n !ories1 b an anci5t ,%9toi/ w\ld h consid]$ x n only errone\s1 b blasphem\s4 ,z 9 anci5t ,greece1 ! gods _h no?+ to d ) su* a pollut+ ?+ z dea?4 ,%9to fun]als1 ( :i* we h he>d a good deal ( late1 7 unkn[n 9 anci5t ,japan4 ,!y date f #ahfh4 ,%9to %r9es h no cemet]ies atta*$ to !m4 ,eat+ fle% 0 =m]ly n consid]$ (f5sive to ! gods1 b lat]1 "u ,buddhi/ influ5ce1 x fell "u prohibition4 ,! fire ) :i* impure food 0 cook$ also contract$ impurity4 ,to avoid ! dang] ( su* defilem5t1 fre% fire 0 made by a fire-drill = all ! m important c]emonies4 ,ev]y?+ ,buddhi/1 rites1 t]ms1 etc41 7 at "o "t plac$ "u a ,%9to tabu4 ,:5 a fe/ival 0 approa*+1 ! int5d+ p>ticipant 0 specially c>eful to avoid 7imi7 all possible s\rces ( pollution4 ,he %ut himself up 9 8 h\se1 refra9$ f spee* & noise & ate food cook$ at a pure fire4 ,a special imi ( "o mon? 0 obs]v$ by ! prie/s be=e (ficiat+ at ! great] fe/ivals4 ,an imi-dono 7sacr$ hall7 0 a hall 9 :i* purity 0 obs]v$1 imi-axes & imi-mattocks 7 us$ to cut ! fir/ tree & turn ! fir/ sod :5 a sacr$ build+ 0 to be erect$4 ,if1 9 spite ( all precaution1 defilem5t took place1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 v>i\s exp$i5ts 7 resort$ to = its removal4 ,lu/ration 0 ! mo/ common4 ,aft] a fun]al1 x has be5 ! rule at all p]iods ( ,japanese hi/ory = ! relatives ( ! deceas$ to purify !mselves 9 ?is way4 ,izanagi1 aft] 8 visit to ,hades1 wa%$ 9 ! sea4 ,salt is sometimes dissolv$ 9 ! wat] us$ = ?is purpose1 & is employ$ 9 o!r ways to av]t evil influ5ces4 ,spitt+1 r9s+ ! m\?1 & brea?+ on an object to :i* ! impurity is communicat$1 are famili> practices4 ,human figures 7 sometimes brea!d ^u & flung into ! sea 9 ord] to c>ry (f pollution4 ,9 mod]n times a gohei is %ak5 ov] ! p]son to be purifi$4 ,c]emonial is ! comb9ation = "s specific purpose ( ! v>i\s elem5ts ( wor%ip describ$ above4 ,! great c]emony ( ! ,%9to religion is t kn[n z ! ,ohonihe or ,daijwe1 :i* means #8great-food-(f]+4' ,x is ! equival5t ( our coronation1 & its c>d9al feature 0 ! ,mikado's (f]+ 9 p]son to ! god or gods1 repres5t$ by a cu%ion1 ! fir/ rice ( ! new h>ve/1 & ( sake brew$ f x4 ,a mod]n ,japanese writ] says3-- #8,anci5tly ! ,mikado receiv$ ! auspici\s gra9 f ! ,gods ( ,heav51 & !re)al n\ri%$ ! p4 ,9 ! ,daijwe 7or ,ohonihe7 ! ,mikado1 :5 ! gra9 became ripe1 jo9$ unto him ! p 9 s9c]e v5]ation1 &1 z 9 duty b\nd1 made return to ! ,gods ( ,heav54 ,he !reaft] p>took ( x along ) ! nation4 ,?us ! p le>nt t ! gra9 :i* !y eat is no o!r ?an ! se$ be/[$ on !m by ! ,gods ( ,heav54' ,! ,ohonihe 0 a mo/ elaborate & co/ly function4 ,! prep>ations 7 begun mon?s 9 advance4 ,9 times ( sc>city1 x _h to be omitt$ z too great a burd5 on ! nation4 ,! ,nih9ame1 or new-ta/+1 is ! annual h>ve/ fe/ival :5 ! new season's rice 0 fir/ ta/$ by ! ,mikado4 ,! ,ohonihe 0 only a m sumptu\s =m ( x4 ,! ,engli% c\nt]p>t ( ! ,nih9ame is ,lammas1 i4e4 loaf-mass1 9 :i* bread made f ! new season's :eat 0 us$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ! ,holy ,communion4 ,!re 01 9 =m] times1 a h\sehold z well z an (ficial celebration ( ?is rite4 ,/rict p w n eat ! new rice until x is ov]4 ,! ,to%igohi 7pray+ = h>ve/7 0 ano!r important c]emony ( ! /ate religion4 ,n only ! special gods ( h>ve/1 b practically all ! div9ities 7 propitiat$ by (f]+s1 & a norito recit$ 9 _! hon\r1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is a passage3-- #8,if ! ,sovran ,gods w be/[ 9 e>s _m a h&'s bread? long & e>s abundant ! latt] h>ve/ :i* !y w be/[1 ! latt] h>ve/ produc$ by ! lab\r ( m5 f ^: arms ! foam drips d[n1 on ^: oppos+ ?ighs ! mud is ga!r$1 ,i w fulfil _! praises by humbly (f]+ fir/ fruits1 ( e>s a ?\s&1 ( e>s _m a hundr$1 rais+ up ! tops ( ! sake-j>s1 & sett+ 9 r[s ! bellies ( ! sake-j>s1 9 juice & 9 e> w ,i pres5t !m1 ( ?+s gr[+ 9 ! great moor-pla91 sweet h]bs & bitt] h]bs1 ( ?+s t dwell 9 ! blue sea-pla91 ! broad ( f9 & ! n>r[ ( f91 edible seawe$1 too1 f ! (f+ & seawe$ f ! %ore1 ( clo?+1 bright /uffs & %9+ /uffs1 s(t /uffs & co>se /uffs--) ^! ,i w fulfil y\r praises4' ,kiu no matsuri 7pray+ = ra97 0 a s]vice 9 :i* ! gods ( eighty-five %r9es 7 ask$ to s5d ra94 ,to "s ( ^! a black horse 0 (f]$ z a sugge/ion t black ra9-cl\ds w\ld be welcome4 ,ohoh>ahi1 great purification or absolution4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ curi\s & int]e/+ ( ! great c]emonies ( ! /ate religion4 ,x is (t5 call$ ! ,nakatomi no ,ohoh>ahi1 because a memb] ( ! ,nakatomi prie/ly clan p]=m$ x on behalf ( ! ,mikado4 ,x 0 celebrat$ twice a ye>1 on ! la/ day ( ! six? & ( ! twelf? mon?1 ) ! object ( purify+ ! m9i/]s ( /ate1 (ficials1 & p f _! c]emonial (f5ces committ$ dur+ ! previ\s half ye>4 ,x 0 also celebrat$ on occasions ( national calamity1 su* z an outbreak ( pe/il5ce1 or ! sudd5 dea? ( a ,mikado4 ,! (f]+s made 7 ?r[n into a riv] or ! sea1 & 7 suppos$1 l ! scapegoat ( ,israel1 to c>ry ) !m ! s9s ( ! p4 ,! (f5ces m specifically ref]r$ to are v>i\s mis*iev\s int]f]5ces ) agricultural op]ations1 flay+ animals alive1 flay+ backw>ds1 cutt+ liv+ or dead bodies1 leprosy & o!r loa?some disease1 ince/1 calamities f ! high gods & f high birds1 & kill+ animals by bewit*m5t4 ,!re 7 also local & individual purifications4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! p]son to be purifi$ _h to pay ! exp5ses ( ! celebration1 & s a regul> sy/em ( f9es = su* (f5ces came into exi/5ce4 ,ho-%idzume no matsuri1 or fire-calm+-c]emony4 ,! object ( ?is rite 0 to deprecate ! de/ruction ( ! ,imp]ial ,palace by fire4 ,! ,urabe made fire ) a fire-drill & wor%ipp$ x4 ,! s]vice read is any?+ b rev]5t4 ,! ,fire-god is rem9d$ t he is #8an evil-he>t$ *ild' :o caus$ 8 "m's dea? :5 he came into ! _w1 & t %e _h come back f ,hades purposely to provide ! means ( keep+ him 9 ord]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he w\ld be on 8 good behavi\r1 he %\ld h (f]+s ( ! v>i\s k9ds specifi$4 ,num]\s o!r s]vices are m5tion$ 9 ! ,y5gi%iki1 su* z ! #8,luck-wi%+ ( ! ,great ,palace1' ! ,mi*iahe1 :i* is a phallic ritual = ! prev5tion ( pe/il5ce1 a fe/ival 9 hon\r ( ! ,food-goddess1 "o 9 hon\r ( ! ,w9d-gods1 etc4 ,mod]n c]emonies4--,at ! pres5t day1 mo/ ( ! =m] elaborate ritual ( ,%9to is neglect$ or %orn ( its anci5t magnific5ce4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important /ate c]emonies :i* is /ill kept up is ! ,nai%idokoro1 s-call$ f ! *amb] 9 ! palace :]e x is p]=m$4 ,x is "h t ! regalia are kept1 consi/+ ( a mirror :i* repres5ts ! ,sun-goddess1 a sword1 & a jewel or jewels4 ,! c]emony1 :i* is p]=m$ by ! ,mikado 9 p]son1 0 =m]ly 9 hon\r ( ^! sacr$ objects1 b is n[ app>5tly address$ to ! tablets ( ! ,emp]ors f ,jimmu d[nw>ds--an in/ance ( ! progressive developm5t ( ance/or-wor%ip 9 ,%9to4 ,9 _m private dwell+s !re is a ,kami-dana 7god-%elf7 :]e a h>ahi1 consi/+ ( a piece ( wood f ! ,ise %r9e1 & tickets ) ! names ( any gods :om ! h\sehold has any special reason = wor%ipp+1 are kept4 ,lafcadio ,he>n says t n[adays !re is also a ,mitamaya 7augu/-_s-dwell+71 :i* is a model ,%9to %r9e plac$ on a %elf fix$ aga9/ ! wall ( "s inn] *amb]4 ,9 ?is %r9e are plac$ ?9 tablets ( :ite wood inscrib$ ) ! names ( ! h\sehold dead4 ,pray]s are repeat$ & (f]+s made be=e !m e day4 ,! annual fe/ivals 7matsuri7 ( ! ,ujigami or local patron-deity are ev]y:]e important functions4 ,(f]+s are made1 & ! god1 or r 8 emblem1 is prom5ad$ 9 a procession :i* rem9ds "o ( ! c>nivals ( ,s\!rn ,europe4 ,!re are ,kagura p]=mances :i* g on all day & late into ! night4 ,!re are also boo?s = ! sale ( toys & sweetmeats1 wre/l+1 fireworks1 races1 conjurors & tumbl]s' p]=mances4 ,9 %ort1 ! matsuri is n unlike an ,engli% fair4 ,) ! pilgrimages1 x does mu* to help to keep alive ! n v ard5t flame ( ,%9to piety4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,div9ation ,,& ,,inspiration ,div9ation4--,! mo/ anci5t (ficial me?od ( div9ation 0 by int]pret+ ! cracks made by fire on ! %\ld]-blade ( a de]4 ,?is process is kn[n 9 _m places f ,sib]ia to ,scotl&1 9 :i* latt] c\ntry x is call$ #8read+ ! speal' 7paule74 ,a tortoise-%ell 0 aft]w>ds sub/itut$ = ! de]'s %\ld]-blade1 9 imitation ( ,*9a4 ,!re 0 atta*$ to ! palace a college ( div9]s ^: bus9ess x 0 to asc]ta9 by ?is means :e!r a propos$ exp$ition w\ld be successful1 ! be/ site = a %r9e1 a tomb1 or a dwell+-h\se1 f :at prov9ces ! rice = ! ,ohonihe %\ld be tak51 etc4 etc4 ,) private p]sons1 ! ,tsuji-ura1 or cross-road div9ation1 0 a fav\rite me?od ( asc]ta9+ ! future4 ,! p]son :o wi%$ to consult ! god w5t out at dusk to a cross-roads & inf]r$ ! answ] to 8 "q f ! *ance words spok5 by ! fir/ p]son :o made 8 appe>ance4 ,o!r k9ds ( div9ation 7 by ! s\nd ( a boil+ cauldron1 or ( a h>p1 by lots1 by beans boil$ 9 gruel1 by ! head ( a dog or fox t _h be5 />v$ to dea?1 & by dreams & om5s4 ,ordeal 0 practis$ by fire & boil+ wat]4 ,inspiration4--,!re are frequ5t notices ( oracles 9 ! old records4 ,leg5d has pres]v$ an #8inspir$ utt]ance' giv5 =? by ! ,goddess ,uzume be=e ! ,rock-cave ( ,heav5 to :i* ! ,sun-goddess _h retir$4 ,x consi/s ( ! num]als f "o to t56 ,! fam\s leg5d>y invasion ( ,korea by ! ,empress ,j+o 0 sugge/$ by a deity4 ,oracles _h g5]ally ref]5ce to ! wor%ip ( ! god conc]n$1 direct+ t a %r9e %\ld be built = him1 or religi\s obs]vances inaugurat$ 9 8 hon\r4 ,!y 7 sometimes us$ = political purposes4 ,!re is evid5ce t ! inspir$ p]son1 g5]ally a woman1 deliv]$ ! div9e message :5 9 a hypnotic trance4 ,?is is und\bt$ly ! case at ! pres5t "t4 ,mr4 ,p4 ,l[ell's ,occult ,japan gives a detail$ description ( a sance ( ?is k9d at :i* he 0 pres5t4 ,!re are m$iums 9 ,japan z !re are ne>] home1 :o1 = a consid]ation1 w place _! cu/om]s 9 communication ) deceas$ fri5ds or relatives4 ,div9ation & ! hypnotic trance are n recognis$ by mod]n or (ficial ,%9to4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,lat] ,,hi/ory ,buddhism 0 introduc$ into ,japan 9 ! six? c5tury1 b x _h at fir/ little influ5ce on ! native religion4 ,two c5turies lat] a process ( pacific p5etration began :i* _h "s curi\s & important results4 ,! mission>ies ( ,buddhism appli$ to ! ,%9to gods a pr9ciple :i* _h be5 already adopt$ 9 ,*9a4 ,!y discov]$ t :e!r ,nature-gods or ,man-gods !y 7 no?+ m ?an avat>s or inc>nations ( ! v>i\s ,buddhas4 ,! ,sun-goddess1 = example1 0 made out to be ,vairo*ana1 ! ,buddhi/ p]sonification ( ess5tial bodhi 7enlight5m5t7 & absolute purity2 & deifi$ m5 receiv$ ! ,buddhi/ titles ( ,gong5 7avat>7 or ,bosatsu 7sa9t74 ,iyeyasu1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,tokugawa dyna/y ( ,%oguns1 is ! ,gong5-sama p> excell5ce4 ,rybu ,%9to1 :i* 0 9 practice little m ?an a =m ( ,buddhism1 0 ! result ( ?is process4 ,its pr9cipal f\nd] 0 ! fam\s ,kb ,dai%i4 ,at a lat] "t o!r simil> s*ools or sects 7 orig9at$ :i* drew _! inspiration f ,*9ese philosophy or f ,buddhism4 ,"u ^! influ5ces ! true ,%9to 0 mu* neglect$4 ,! ,mikados !mselves1 aft] a few ye>s ( reign1 %av$ _! heads & became ,buddhi/ monks4 ,"o ( !m call$ himself a slave ( ,buddha4 ,! great] ,%9to c]emonies 7 omitt$1 or worse /ill1 7 p]=m$ by ,buddhi/ monks1 :o also took possession ( _m ( ! ,%9to %r9es & celebrat$ ,buddhi/ rites !re4 ,x %\ld n be =gott5 t ! =eign religion conta9$ valuable elem5ts unkn[n to ! old] ,%9to1 & t ! latt] _h mu* to ga9 by _! absorption4 ,! ,rybu ,%9to inculcat$ uprightness1 purity ( he>t1 *>ity to ! poor1 humanity1 & ! vanity ( m]e outw>d =ms ( wor%ip2 ( all :i* !re is little trace 9 ! old] cult4 ,*9ese ,le>n+4--,! civilisation ( ,japan dur+ ! ,tokugawa dyna/y ( ,%guns 7#afjc-ahfh7 0 modell$ on ,*9ese orig9als4 ,its moral ideals 7 drawn f ! writ+s ( ! anci5t sages ,confucius & ,m5cius1 & ! sceptical philosophy ( ! ,sung dyna/y 7#ifj-abgh74 ,b 9 ! eighte5? c5tury a patriotic reaction set 91 :i* /rove to e/abli% m purely national /&>ds ( e?ics & pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t & religion4 ,?is movem5t1 kn[n z ! #8,revival ( ,pure ,%9to1' 0 fir/ reveal$ to ,europeans by a pap] contribut$ by ,sir ,e4 ,sat[ to ! ,transactions ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,japan 9 #ahge4 ,! pr9cipal promot]s 7 ,motori & 8 pupil ,hirata1 two e>ne/1 able1 & /up5d\sly le>n$ writ]s :o devot$ _! lives to an endeav\r by oral tea*+ & 9 a s]ies ( volum9\s works to ! de?ronem5t ( ! e/abli%$ ,*9ese e?ics & philosophy 9 fav\r ( a ,%9to purifi$ f ,buddhi/ & o!r =eign adult]ations ( lat] times4 ,!y succe$$ to "s ext5t 9 ?is object4 ,x 0 no d\bt p>tially ow+ to _! tea*+s t ! ,mikado 0 re/or$ 9 #ahfh to 8 sov]eign position z ! desc5dant ( ! ,sun-goddess1 ! ,%9to %r9es purifi$ f ,buddhi/ ornam5ts & practices1 & ! monks expell$ f !m4 ,9 reality ,motori & ,hirata's movem5t 0 a retrograde "o4 ,! old ,%9to1 :i* !y wi%$ to re/ore1 c\ld n possibly hold its own z ! national fai? ( a p famili> ) ! f> high] religi\s & moral ideas ( ,india & ,*9a1 n to speak ( civilis$ ,europe4 ,)\t a code ( morals1 or an effici5t ecclesia/ical organisation1 ) little aid f ! arts ( pa9t+1 sculpture1 & ar*itecture1 & ) a sacr$ lit]ature scanty & feeble comp>$ ) ^? ( its =eign rivals1 ,%9to is doom$ to ext9ction4 ,:atev] ! religi\s future ( ,japan may be1 ,%9to w assur$ly h little place 9 x4 ,su* meat = babes is q inadequate z ! spiritual food ( a nation :i* 9 ^! latt] days has rea*$ a full & vigor\s manhood4 ,,select$ ,,works ,,be>+ ,,on ,,%9to #a4 ,hi/ory ( ,japan1 by ,engelb]t ,kaempf]1 #agbg-agbh4 ,wor?less = ,%9to4 #b4 ,nippon ,ar*if41 #ahig 7new edition71 by ,p4 ,f4 von ,siebold4 ,good :5 fir/ publi%$1 b sup]s$$ by lat] works1 9 s f> z ,%9to is conc]n$4 #c4 ,transactions ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,japan4 7a7 ,a s]ies ( pap]s on #8,! ,revival ( ,pure ,%9to' & #8,anci5t ,japanese ,rituals1' by ,sir ,erne/ ,sat[4 #ahgd-ha4 ,! s]i\s /ud5t may safely neglect all t prec$es ^! epo*-mak+ articles4 7b7 ,! ,kojiki1 translat$ by ,b4 ,h4 ,*amb]la91 #ahhc4 ,accurate1 indisp5sable = my?4 7c7 ,anci5t ,japanese ,rituals4 ,! ,ohoh>ahi1 ) translation & notes by ,dr4 ,k>l ,flor5z1 #ahii4 ,valuable4 #d4 ,transactions ( ! ,japan ,society4 ! ,nihongi1 ,translat$ ,by ,w4 ,g4 ,a/on1 #ahif4 ,simil> 9 ,scope ,to ,! ,kojiki4 #e4 ,japan1 an ,appreciation1 by ,lafcadio ,he>n1 #aijd4 ,sympa!tic insight1 admirable /yle1 bl9d acceptance ( ,h4 ,sp5c]'s philosophy1 imp]fect k4 ,8 outlook is se5 at its be/ 9 ! rec5tly publi%$ ,life & ,lett]s 7,con/able1 #aijg74 #f4 ,! ,mikado's ,empire1 by ,w4 ,e4 ,griffis4 ,useful = "s aspects ( mod]n ,%9to1 & ! ,folk-lore associat$ ) x4 #g4 ,! ,religions ( ,japan1 by ,w4 ,e4 ,griffis1 #ahie4 ,%[s ! relations ( ,%9to to ,buddhism & ,confucianism4 #h4 ,! ,developm5t ( ,religion 9 ,japan4 ,lectures by ,g4 ,w4 ,knox1 #aijg4 ,judici\s & up-to-date4 #i4 ,g]man ,asiatic ,society ( ,japan4 ,japanis*e ,my?ologie1 by ,dr4 ,k>l ,flor5z4 #aija4 ,a good ,g]man translation ( ! my?ological "p ( ! ,nihongi1 ) useful notes4 #aj4 ,japan & ,*9a1 by ,capta9 ,br9kley4 #aijc4 ,?r[s light on "s aspects ( mod]n ,%9to4 #aa4 ,murray's ,japan1 by ,b4 ,h4 ,*amb]la9 & ,w4 ,b4 ,mason4 #g ed4 #aijc4 #ab4 ,?+s ,japanese1 by ,b4 ,h4 ,*amb]la94 #e ed4 #aije4 #ac4 ,%9toisme1 by ,m4 ,revon1 9 ! ,revue de l',hi/oire des ,religions1 #aije-aijg4 ,highly recomm5d$ = its up-to-date !ory1 & z a compreh5sive collection ( facts4 #ad4 ,%9to1 by ,w4 ,g4 ,a/on1 #aije4 ,( simil> scope to ! pres5t "w1 b m compreh5sive4 #ae4 ,ance/or ,wor%ip & ,japanese ,law1 by ,nobu%ige ,hodzumi4 #aija4 #af4 ,a ,fantasy ( ,f> ,japan1 by ,b>on ,suyematsu4 #aije4 ,^! two works repres5t ! attitude ( mod]n ,japanese t[>ds ! old ,%9to4 #ag4 ,a ,bibliography ( ! ,japanese ,empire 7#ahie74 ,gives a classifi$ li/ ( books1 essays1 & maps 9 ,european languages relat+ to ,japan4 ,tol]ably compreh5sive1 b inaccurate4 ,pr9t$ 9 ,great ,brita9 by ,t4 & ,a4 ,,con/able ,,ltd4 at ! ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity ,press 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,v>iations 9 hyph5ation1 acc5ts1 spell+ & punctuation rema9 un*ang$4 ,italics are repres5t$ ?us italic1 bold ?us bold4