,,photo-,,li?ography ,illu/ration ,,by ,,georg ,,fritz ,vice-director ( ! ,c\rt & ,imp]ial ,/ate ,pr9t+ ,works at ,vi5na ,,translat$ ,,by ,e4 ,j4 ,,wall 7,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,photographic ,society7 ,au?or ( 8,! ,diction>y ( ,photography10 8,c>bon ,pr9t+10 etc4 ,illu/ration #ahie ,,london ,,dawb>n ,,& ,,w>d1 ,,limit$ #f1 ,,f>r+don ,,av5ue1 ,e4,c4 ,,! ,,au?or',s ,,preface4 ,photo-li?ography1 ) its _m bran*es & its ext5d$ application1 :5 us$ direct & also z h&maid = ! li?ograph] & pr9t] f /one1 is1 ) ! exception ( phototypy & autotypy1 inde$ t process = ! prep>ation ( lett]press plates :i* has done ! mo/ t[>ds mak+ photography useful = ! graphic arts1 9 ! arti/ic s5se z well z f ! practical po9t ( view4 ,& 9 ! ne> future x w be a great acquisition :5 x is once g5]ally recogniz$ t col\r plates c be prep>$ by photographic means )\t any consid]able am\nt ( manual or arti/ic help4 ,x is ! m to be wond]$ at t photo-li?ography has n yet f\nd t ext5sion & g5]al use :i* x 9 s high a degree des]ves4 ,i h writt5 ?is book1 impress$ ) ! urg5cy ( /imulat+ ! propagation ( ?is useful process4 ,9 writ+ ,i h be5 c>eful to avoid all ^? details :i* are = ! practical work] ( m9or int]e/--! description ( ! hi/orical evolution1 etc41 s in/ructive z ^! mu/ c]ta9ly be--s t ,i h ab/a9$ f _m complicat$ & un9telligible =mul4 ,i leave ?is will+ly to a m ready writ]4 ,/>t+ r f ! /&po9t ( speak+ z a practical work] to practical m51 ,i h record$ all ! exp]i5ce :i* ,i h ga9$ 9 ! c\rse ( _m ye>s4 ,%\ld x occur to me 9 ! future t x 0 my task to h treat$ all photo-li?ographic processes1 ) all _! ramifications1 9 ! mo/ complete mann]1 ,i h /ill ! consci\sness ( hav+ describ$ z completely z possible ! practical processes1 & ?9k t ,i h ?us be5 useful to _m work]s1 #b & ,i d>e say ) absolute c]ta9ty t only te/$ & tri$ =mul h be5 notic$ 9 ?is book4 ,) ! e>ne/ wi% t ?is book may be receiv$ ) a fraction ( ! goodwill ) :i* ,i h work$ at ! writ+ ( ! same1 ,i pres5t x to ! te*nical _w4 ,,georg ,,fritz4 ,vi5na4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on receiv+ ?is "w = review ,i 0 greatly /ruck ) ! ?or\ghly practical mann] 9 :i* x 0 writt51 & ?\ght t an ,engli% translation might be acceptable to ! l>ge & ev] increas+ class ( photo-me*anical work]s :o might n o!rwise h ! opportunity ( read+ x 9 ! orig9al4 ,i h kept to ! au?or's text z close z is consi/5t ) ! idiomatic con/ruction ( ,g]man4 ,i am indebt$ to ,messrs4 ,hazell1 ,watson & ,v9ey = p]mission to und]take ! task ( translat+ ! "w = ano!r firm ( publi%]s1 & ,i hope ! translation may prove z acceptable & useful to ! read]s z x has be5 pleasurable to me to d x4 ,e4 ,j4 ,,wall4 #a1 ,cre$ ,lane1 ,london1 ,e4,c4 #c ,,introduction4 #a4--,! !ory ( pr9t+ f /one4 ,he :o w\ld /udy or practise photo-li?ography mu/ fir/ become acqua9t$ ) ! fundam5tal pr9ciples on :i* li?ography re/s4 ,i f9d x !re=e necess>y to fir/ give 9 concise =m a small treatise on ! !ory ( ?is process z well z on ! mo/ important mat]ials :i* are necess>y 9 ! practice ( ! same4 ,! !oretical pr9ciple ( li?ography is purely *emical1 & is bas$ pr9cipally on ! repulsion ( wat] & o!r sub/ances by fatty bodies1 & ! alt]ation ( ^! greasy bodies by acids4 ,z ! support = ?is *emical opposition a /one or z9c plate is us$1 :i* are suffici5tly por\s to all[ grease1 wat]1 acid1 & c]ta9 res9\s solutions to p5etrate to a c]ta9 degree4 ,! fatty sub/ances :i* are transf]r$ to ! /one by writ+1 draw+1 or transf]1 are autographic ink1 li?ographic ink1 & *alk1 ! s-call$ transf] & photo-li?ographic col\rs4 ,!re are also o!r sub/ances1 :i* are us$ especially 9 photo-li?ography1 :i* d n evid5tly p5etrate ! /one & :i* _c be consid]$ z greasy sub/ances1 b :i*1 z we %all see lat] on1 h exactly ! same action4 ,! above-m5tion$ fatty sub/ances actually p5etrate ! por\s /one & make x 9 places suitable to take m pr9t+ ink4 ,by ! s-call$ et*+--dilute nitric acid mix$ ) gum wat]--two effects are produc$4 ,on ! "o h& ! fatty bodies are alt]$ 9 *emical composition1 be+ decompos$ into ! fatty acids :i* comb9e intimately ) ! mat]ial ( ! /one--calcium c>bonate4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! surface ( ! /one n cov]$ ) ! fatty sub/ances is *emically *ang$1 s9ce ! c>bonate ( lime is conv]t$ into nitrate1 :i* has n[ ! prop]ty ( keep+ mod]ately damp :5 moi/5$ ) wat]1 & ?us repell+ grease4 ,if su* a transf] ( greasy bodies on to ! /one is all[$ to act = "s h\rs1 & ! fatty sub/ances are remov$ ) turp5t9e1 x w be se5 t ^! places h a light] col\r ?an ! o!r p>ts ( ! surface ( ! /one1 & if ! /one be roll$ up ) a lea!r roll]1 *>g$ ) a greasy ink1 aft] ! /one #d has be5 damp$1 only ^! places w take ! greasy ink4 ,by means ( a li?o /eam or h& press pr9ts c !n be prep>$ f ?is4 ,x is frequ5tly necess>y to make corrections or additions to ! draw+ on ! /one2 if ! /one has be5 already et*$ "s means mu/ be us$ :i* w remove ! action ( ! et*+1 or else ! /one w n take ! greasy matt]1 or at lea/ n s readily z is desirable4 ,v weak acetic acid1 ab\t #a-b p] c5t41 w d ?is4 ,if ! /one is fl[$ ov] ) ?is dilute acetic acid or dilute table v9eg>1 ! action ( ! /rong] nitric acid & ! gum is /opp$1 & ! surface ( ! /one w aga9 take fatty matt]4 ,be=e ! p5etration ( ! grease ! /one is prep>$ by poli%+ ) a conc5trat$ solution ( oxalic acid4 ,oxalic acid p\r$ on to ! /one w\ld ex]t an et*+ action1 b make ! /one to a c]ta9 degree capable ( tak+ ! ink4 ,if ?is liquid is rubb$ on ! /one ) a clo? or l95 pad ) mod]ate pressure1 ! /one receives a high poli%--especially ! h>d k9ds--& 9 ?is condition ! /one takes ! ink well1 l any flat object1 b w n reta9 x4 ,if a transf] is made on to su* a /one1 & ! same et*$1 ! image w completely disappe> ! fir/ "t ! roll] passes ov] x4 ,?is poli% c be remov$ ) #a or #b p] c5t4 acetic acid1 & ! /one !n has its primitive qualities4 ,?is me?od is us$ to rev]se ! image1 :i* w be describ$ lat] on4 #b4--,li?o /one is d5se lime/one ( ! m\nta9 lime/one gr\p1 & is f\nd 9 ! ,t]ti>y deposits at a dep? ( two to ?ree metres4 ,its con/itu5ts are lime1 clay1 & silici\s e>?s1 comb9$ ) c>bonic acid1 b lime is 9 ! prepond]ance2 x only conta9s a v small proportion ( silica4 ,9 ! /rong] acids li?o /one dissolves completely4 ,! v>ieties ( v f9e /alactitic *alk ( tol]able h>dness1 ) flat %ell-l fracture1 )\t ru/ spots1 glassy cry/als or impurities1 & ^? ) v ev5 gra91 are ! mo/ useful = photo-li?ography4 ,m>ble1 :i* consi/s ( pure *alk1 _c be us$ = li?ography because1 on acc\nt ( its great] d5sity1 ! greasy matt] _c p5etrate s deeply1 & !re=e su* /ones w\ld give only a few pulls4 ,! comm]cial li?o /ones are ( diff]5t col\rs1 f :iti% yell[ to gre5i% %9+ grey4 ,! latt] has a f9] & m ev5 gra91 & is consid]ably h>d] ?an ! o!r k9d4 ,^! two k9ds are briefly designat$ 9 ! trade z 8yell[0 & 8blue10 & ! bright] k9ds are1 z a rule1 s(t] & *eap] ?an ! d>k]4 ,! faults :i* ! /ones sometimes %[ diff] consid]ably1 & ^! produce c]ta9 inconv5i5ces 9 cont9u\s "w4 ,_m /ones h d>k & light spots1 & z ^! spots h1 z a rule1 diff]5t d5sities1 ! et*+ solution _c ex]t ! #e same action ov] ! :ole ( ! /one1 & consequ5tly 9 f9e draw+s1 autotypes1 etc41 !re are =m$ bright & d>k spots4 ,?is also occurs ) calc>e\s1 speckl$1 & m>bly /ones4 ,! v bright /ones h less d5sity1 & !re=e suck up ! damp+ solution v quickly1 & beg9 ) repeat$ pr9t+ to become t9t$4 ,/ones ) calc>e\s1 ru/y or o!r ve9s split easily1 especially 9 ! l>ge sizes4 ,lime spots or lime ve9s1 :i* are easily recogniz$ by _! bright] col\r1 take 9 gra9+ a v unequal gra94 ,! draw+ is d>k] on ^! places1 s9ce ! gra9 is great] accord+ to ! s(tness ( ! /one4 ,su* /ones are unsuitable = ^? photo-li?ographic processes 9 :i* gra9+ is us$1 su* z ! processes ( ,orell & ,fssli & ,b>ts4 ,! s-call$ glass ve9s & glass spots are cry/allizations consi/+ ( silicon1 & are h>d] ?an ! o!r p>ts ( ! /one4 ,on ^! places ! fatty inks d n p5etrate deep en\gh1 & ! draw+ does n adh]e well1 & c be easily remov$ by ! roll]s4 ,! h>d /ones receive a mu* f9] surface ?an ! s(t :5 poli%$ ) pumice /one2 !y also reproduce e po9t1 l9e1 & detail ( ! draw+ mu* m delicately1 f9]1 & %>p]2 &1 la/ly1 !y h ! advantage t !y et* mu* m ev5ly1 & re-et*+ is easy if mod]ate c>e be tak54 ,= ! f9] photo-li?ographic "w1 if quality & cont9u\s work+ is desir$1 only ! good 8blue0 /ones %\ld be us$2 = *eap] l9e draw+s 8yell[0 /ones free f faults may be us$4 #c4--,! z9c plates are n[ com+ into pretty g5]al use in/ead ( /ones1 especially 9 l>ge e/abli%m5ts4 ,al?\gh _! treatm5t be=e & dur+ pr9t+ is ess5tially diff]5t to t ( ! /ones1 yet s f> z reg>ds ?is me?od ( pr9t+ !y come v ne>ly equal to /ones4 ,at fir/ smoo? poli%$ z9c plates 7 us$1 b 9 consequ5ce ( "s difficulty 9 us+ !m1 & ! great c>e necess>y 9 *oos+ !m1 !y h be5 almo/ replac$ by ! prep>$ or oxidiz$ plates4 ,z9cographic processes diff] ess5tially 9 ! prep>ation ( ! plates4 ,9 ! "o1 ! plate is giv5 a coat+ :i* has a simil> composition to a li?o /one2 9 ! o!r1 ! plate is r\gh5$ & giv5 a f9e gra9 by a me*anical me?od1 su* z ! s&bla/1 9 ord] t x may be !n oxidiz$ by a *emical process1 ) acids or alkalies4 ,all ^! processes are m or less advantage\s4 ,! z9c plates co/ ab\t "o-t5? to "o-tw5tie? ( ! co/ ( ! /ones1 & ?is may well be suffici5t gr\nds = ! proprietors ( l>ge e/abli%m5ts be+ int]e/$ 9 z9c plates1 z ! /ones are r co/ly4 ,excell5t z9c plates1 coat$ ) a film or m]ely oxidiz$1 c be procur$ comm]cially 9 ,g]many & ,au/ria4 ,= ^? #f :o wi% to prep>e _! own plates ! foll[+ te/$ =mul are giv53-- ,a z9c plate f #a to #ae mm4 ?ick is r\gh5$ by means ( ! s&bla/ till x has a f9e1 ev5 gra9 & appe>s smoo?1 b clean4 ,! foll[+ solution is prep>$3-- ,conc5trat$ solution ( alum #bj p>ts ,phosphoric acid #b p>ts ,wat] #bj p>ts or ,alum solution #aj p>ts ,gallic acid #ae p>ts ,nitric acid #b p>ts ,wat] #cj p>ts ,! r\gh5$ plate is fir/ fl[$ ov] ) wat]1 & imm$iately aft]w>ds1 ) "o ( ! above solutions1 9 ! same way z a plate1 is cov]$ ) a develop]4 ,! plate is oxidiz$ by ?is1 & !re is =m$ on ! surface a :ite precipitate4 ,x is !n wa%$ ?or\ghly "u a rose tap & dri$1 & ! plate may be ei!r coat$ ) a light s5sitive sub/ance = pr9t+ or a transf] be made on to x4 ,aft] ! developm5t or ! transf]1 ! plate is gumm$ & !n et*$ ) an et*+ solution consi/+ (-- ,gallic acid #aj p>ts ,phosphoric acid #b p>ts ,gum solution #aj p>ts ,wat] #cj p>ts ?is be+ all[$ to act = #cj or #dj seconds4 ,= repeat$ pr9t+ "o to two p] c5t4 ( gallic acid is add$ to ! damp+ wat]4 ,if ! plate has be5 correctly treat$ ! pr9t or ! photo-li?o transf] w furni% ?\s&s ( good impressions1 j l a /one4 ,fur!r details z to ! pr9t+ on ! z9c plates1 or ! transf] ( ! *romat$ gelat9e pr9ts on to ! same1 w be f\nd 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 #d4--,! greasy draw+ mat]ials :i* are necess>y = li?ography are li?o tus*1 autographic ink1 & fatty *alk4 ,! two fir/ are us$ 9 ! liquid /ate1 ! *alk1 h[ev]1 9 solid =m4 ,! ink c be obta9$ 9 a liquid =m & ! two o!rs 9 solid /ate4 ,all ?ree mat]ials consi/ pr9cipally ( soap1 tall[1 wax1 res91 & soot4 ,soap & tall[ give ! necess>y grease1 wax & res9 give h>dness & consi/5cy1 & soot ! col\r4 ,! proportion ( grease 9 ! draw+ mat]ials mu/ be s great t ev5 ! f9e/ l9es or po9ts ( a draw+ c be well transf]r$ to ! /one1 s t !y may n be attack$ by ! prop] et*+ solution1 & d n break away f ! /one by cont9u\s pr9t+4 ,z mu* black z possible 9 ! draw+ mat]ials is pleasant = ! draughtsman1 b is n actually necess>y = ?is p>ticul> purpose4 #g ,! tus* mu/ dissolve well 9 di/ill$ wat] & fl[ f9e & clean f ! p54 ,x %\ld be tol]ably brittle1 & ! fractur$ surfaces %\ld be %9y4 ,! photo-li?ograph] w frequ5tly require ! li?ographic tus* = additions or = corrections4 ,! be/ is ! s-call$ ,lem]ci]'s tus*1 :i* is us$ 9 ne>ly all works4 ,x consi/s (-- ,yell[ wax #b p>ts ,mutton tall[ #b p>ts ,m>seilles soap #f p>ts ,%ellac #c p>ts ,lamp black #a-b p>ts ,^! +r$i5ts %\ld be melt$ toge!r by boil+4 ,! autographic ink is1 z a rule1 us$ = draw+ or writ+ on pap]1 & ! result is !n transf]r$ to ! /one4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 any li?o tus* c be us$1 b = "s "w ! autographic ink is m advantage\s4 ,?is ink mu/ be ?91 run easily1 b n pat*ily1 f ! p51 & mu/ keep = a long "t equal 9 quality & action4 ,x is v advantage\s t specially-prep>$ pap] is n requir$1 s9ce ?is always makes ! "w m difficult2 firm1 h>d writ+-pap] is q good en\gh = ?is "w4 ,! comm]cial inks g5]ally possess ^! good qualities1 & if mu* is n requir$ "o w h>dly c>e to prep>e x oneself4 ,a good successful autographic ink :i* draws 9 br[n may be obta9$ f ! foll[+ =mula3-- ,m>seilles soap #aj p>ts ,tall[ #aj p>ts ,%ellac #ab p>ts ,yell[ wax #ab p>ts ,ma/ic #e p>ts ,asphalt #d p>ts ,v9e soot #c p>ts ,di/ill$ wat] #abe p>ts ,orig9als prep>$ ) ?is ink transf] z well imm$iately z aft] sev]al mon?s1 & ord9>y well-siz$ writ+ pap] c be us$ = draw+ or writ+ on4 ,li?ographic *alk is only prep>$ 9 ! solid =m = draw+ on pap] direct or on /one4 ,accord+ to ! nature ( ! "w1 x is h>d] or s(t]1 fatt] or lean]4 ,! h>d k9ds1 :i* are also usually lean]1 conta9 m res9 & less fat2 ! s(t1 on ! contr>y1 m grease4 ,fatty *alk is compos$ (-- ,wax #cj p>ts4 ,m>seilles soap #bd p>ts4 ,tall[ #d p>ts4 ,%ellac #a "p4 ,lampblack #f p>ts4 #h ,lean *alk is compos$ (-- ,wax #ab p>ts4 ,m>seilles soap #h p>ts4 ,tall[ #b p>ts4 ,%ellac #aj p>ts4 ,lampblack #d p>ts4 ,= li?ographic "w a greasy ink is requir$ 9 contradi/9ction to ord9>y pr9t+ ink1 :i* consi/s ( l9se$ oil & lampblack1 :i* w\ld be call$ 8lean40 ,= ink+-up a photo-li?ographic *romat$ gelat9e pr9t su* an ink _c be us$4 ,9 ord] to obta9 a good result 9 transf]r+1 ?is ink mu/ conta9 grease1 soap1 & res94 ,any good transf] ink c be us$ = a develop+ ink1 z ?is is appli$ ) a roll]4 ,x usually consi/s ( equal p>ts ( tall[1 wax1 soap1 "s res91 & z mu* li?o ink z all ! o!r +r$i5ts put toge!r4 ,t prep>$ by ,c4 ,kampmann1 ,te*nical ,in/ructor 9 ! ,k4,k4 ,lehr- und ,v]su*san/alt at ,vi5na1 conta9s1 besides ! above-nam$ +r$i5ts1 asphalt & gum elemi1 & works well 9 practice4 ,?9 develop+ inks1 :i* are di/ribut$ ) a broad bru% or a pad1 c be prep>$ by dilut+ good transf] ink ) equal quantities ( wax1 b5z9e1 & turp5t9e4 ,a good develop+ ink mu/ h ! foll[+ prop]ties3 ,:5 spread ^u ! pr9t mu/ give a clean1 %>p1 suffici5tly d5se impression1 :i* c be easily transf]r$ to ! plate or /one2 on ! o!r h&1 ! draw+ ought n to spread4 ,! transf] %\ld possess su* resi/ance t1 )\t roll+ up1 x %\ld resi/ a slight et*+4 #e4--,! behavi\r ( asphalt on /one or z9c4 ,:5 a /one or plate is coat$ ) asphalt solution & expos$ "u a negative1 & !n wa%$ ) turp5t9e1 ! expos$ p>ts rema9 insoluble1 & 9 ?is way photo-li?ographs c be prep>$4 ,! asphalt "h takes ! place ( ! fatty ink1 & is1 aft] pr9t+1 s firm & h>d t )\t any roll+ or ink+ up x c be et*$ ) a weak1 gummy1 et*+ solution1 :i* gives a clean]1 %>p] draw+ ?an ! o!r processes4 ,! asphalt & o!r light s5sitive res9s n only intimately comb9e ) ! /one or plate1 b *emically alt] ! surface ( ! /one1 & possibly 9 a m advantage\s way ?an ! greasy inks4 ,:5 a prop]ly-expos$ draw+ on /one is1 imm$iately aft] pr9t+ & developm5t1 treat$ = a long "t ) rectifi$ or ,neu/adt turp5t9e1 x is completely remov$ f ! /one1 & x w be f\nd t ! draw+ appe>s ( a some:at light] col\r ?an ! re/ ( ! surface ( ! /one4 ,if ?is is n[ ink$ up ) a roll]1 ^! places take up ! ink )\t hav+ previ\sly come into contact ) grease4 ,num]\s exp]im5ts :i* ,i h made on v>i\s l9es g to %[ t ! #i *emical !ory ( li?ography has f\nd an important enl>gem5t ) ! use ( asphalt4 ,! foll[+ are pr9cipal conclusions to be drawn f my exp]im5ts3-- 7a47 ,! expos$ asphalt1 :e!r ?is exposure is made by pr9t+ or :e!r a draw+ is fir/ made & !n expos$ to ! light1 adh]es m firmly to ! /one or z9c plate ?an if x 0 n expos$4 ,an asphalt draw+ prep>$ 9 ! d>k & ink$ up does n adh]e to ! /one1 & ?is may be expla9$ 9 t ! grease _c act ?r\gh ! asphalt film4 ,ins5sitive asphalt behaves 9 ! same way4 ,) correct exposure "u a cle> negative ( ab\t #bj degrees ,vogel1 & subsequ5t developm5t & auxili>y exposure = ab\t half to "o h\r1 ! draw+ adh]es firmly to ! /one4 ,if ! image is to be wa%$ (f1 ! turp5t9e mu/ act = five to t5 m9utes on ! film1 till ! expos$ asphalt has dissolv$4 ,if1 aft] wa%+ (f1 x is ink$ up1 all ! places take ! ink well1 & ! image appe>s cle> & pla94 ,! image c only be de/roy$ by /rong acids or alkalies1 :i* actually dissolve ! /one itself4 ,f ?is x is cle> t ! pr9ts nei!r require ink+ up nor /r5g!n+ 9 any o!r way1 & my exp]im5ts h prov$ t 9 all cases ! pr9ts are1 by ?is treatm5t1 clogg$ up1 & nei!r ga9 z reg>ds a long] run nor 9 )/&+ et*+4 7b47 ,solution ( asphalt1 to :i* oil has n be5 add$1 behaves z describ$ above2 if1 h[ev]1 oil is add$ to x1 x acts /ill bett] z reg>ds ! keep+ ( ! draw+1 & ! pr9ts ne$ no subsequ5t exposure4 ,too l>ge an addition ( oil has ! disadvantage t1 9 develop+ ) turp5t9e1 ! asphalt dissolves too quickly4 ,! images wa% (f & "o h>dly has "t to exam9e4 ,! expos$ asphalt1 to :i* oil has be5 add$1 also dissolves v readily4 ,= ! prep>ation ( col\r plates ?is po9t is ( "s importance4 #f4--,! et*+ & prep>+ solutions are ^? solutions :i* make ! /one suitable or unsuitable = tak+ ! grease or wat]4 ,g5]ally ^! are acids & gum arabic1 ei!r us$ alone or toge!r4 ,( ! acids ! mo/ important is nitric acid1 ! purpose ( :i* is to conv]t ! surface ( ! /one into a nitrate1 s t ! grease _c p5etrate4 ,?is acid acts ev5 :5 dilut$ v en]getically on ! /one1 & produces a f9e gra94 ,hydro*loric acid ex]ts a less en]getic action2 x leaves ! /one smoo!r & does n attack x s ev5ly z nitric acid1 b has ! same result f9ally4 ,sulphuric acid ought n to be us$ = et*+ /one4 ,x =ms calcium sulphate on ! surface ( ! /one1 & ?is sep>ates f ! /one 9 pr9t+ & spoils ! pulls4 #aj ,phosphoric acid may be us$ = et*+ z well z = prep>+ ! /one2 x ex]ts a v fa9t et*+ action & is seldom us$ = ?is purpose1 b pr9cipally = mak+ corrections4 ,acetic acid plays a v important "p 9 li?ography4 ,x possesses ! prop]ty1 ev5 9 v dilute condition1 ( /opp+ ! action ( ! gum & oxalic acid1 &1 inde$1 ev5 t ( ! /rong] nitric1 sulphuric1 & hydro*loric acids4 ,x f9ds1 !re=e1 consid]able use 9 negative pr9t+1 9 mak+ corrections1 etc4 ,x conv]ts ! /one into its orig9al condition & makes x suitable aga9 = tak+ ink4 ,citric acid fulfils ! same purpose1 b is1 h[ev]1 mu* high] 9 price4 ,oxalic acid is n us$ = et*+1 b only = prep>ation ( ! /one4 ,by rubb+ ! /one ) a solution ( oxalic acid ) a pad ( clo? x takes a mirror-l surface or poli%1 into :i* ! fatty ink _c p5etrate4 ,x is us$ = prep>+ ! /one = li?ogravure1 negative draw+1 & negative transf]1 etc4 ,t9cture ( galls1 or in/ead ( ?is1 :at is simpl]1 gallic acid1 is us$ 9 li?ography4 ,x conta9s pl5ty ( tann91 & is "o ( ! mo/ efficaci\s means ( prev5t+ ! comb9ation ( ! /one or z9c plate ) fatty sub/ances4 ,gum arabic or "s o!r vegetable gum is indisp5sable = li?o & z9cography4 ,a #aj p] c5t4 solution ( gum is g5]ally us$4 ,x p5etrates all ! pores ( ! /one & ! plate1 & gives ! same a ?9 b v firm film1 & prev5ts ! ink tak+ on ^! places4 ,if x has become slightly acid x acts z a weak et*]1 & z an addition to nitric acid x makes ! same ( ?ick] consi/5ce & m easily di/ributable4 ,! action ( gum c be remov$ ) acetic or citric acid2 ) wat] alone ?is _c be p]fectly effect$4 #g4--;,et*+ ! /one4 ,!re are two pr9cipal et*+s1 ! simple ord9>y or fir/ et*+1 :i* obvi\sly has ! purpose ( giv+ ! draw+ ! necess>y /ability & protect+ ! blank places f tak+ ink1 & ! deep or %>p et*+ gives = comb9ation pr9t+ a /ill great] la/+ p[]1 & = l>ge runs keeps ! draw+ clean & %>p4 ,! ord9>y et*+ *iefly causes ! fatty sub/ances to assume a new *emical condition1 s9ce 9 comb9ation ) ! /one !y =m insoluble fatty salts ( lime1 :i* repres5t ! pr9t+ surfaces4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 also ! prop]ty ( clean+ ! blank /one surfaces f any adh]5t grease1 & makes ! blank p>ts ( ! /one incapable ( tak+ ink2 also x makes ! draw+ cle>] & m precise4 ,! /r5g? ( ! fir/ et*+ may diff]1 accord+ to ! foll[+ circum/ances3-- 7a47 ,! /one2 = h>d /ones /& a /rong]1 & s(t /ones a weak] et*+4 #aa 7b47 ,! pr9t+ image2 f9e draw+s mu/ at fir/ be et*$ ) a weak] solution2 co>s] draw+s1 on ! o!r h&1 w /& a fairly /rong et*]4 7c47 ,! mat]ial ) :i* ! pr9t or draw+ has be5 prep>$2 v fatty develop+ inks & asphalt /& well ev5 ) /rong et*+1 :]eas ) lean or h>d inks only a weak et*+ %\ld be us$4 ,an et*+ solution :i* is at ! limit ( /r5g?1 b /ill suitable = a h>d /one or a v co>se draw+1 w\ld irretrievably ru9 a v f9e draw+ on a s(t /one4 ,comm]cial acids diff] consid]ably 9 /r5g?1 & x is1 !re=e1 bett] to use a hydromet] ?an a measure4 ,x is also always m satisfactory n to use ! acid by itself1 b 9 conjunction ) gum4 ,a solution ( gum ( eight to t5 degrees /r5g? is dilut$ ) nitric acid till x measures #aj to #ab degrees on ! hydromet]4 ,?is solution may be safely us$ = e case1 & x is only necess>y to all[ x to act long] = co>s] draw+s2 x %\ld be ev5ly di/ribut$ ov] ! surface ( ! /one ) a clean s(t pad4 ,9 v hot wea!r x acts m en]getically1 & !n x %\ld be us$ weak] = f9e "w4 ,9 any case x is advisable to let ! /one or plate /& = "s h\rs be=e et*+1 s t ! ink may ?or\ghly comb9e4 ,! et*+ ( z9c plates w be m fully describ$ lat] on2 9 o!r respects ! treatm5t is ! same z = /one4 #h4--;,deep-et*+ process4 ,! idea ( ?is is *iefly to increase ! pr9t+ =m & to make ! /one m resi/ant 9 pr9t+4 ,9 work+ ?is ! pr9cipal ?+ is to suffici5tly protect ! draw+ f ! action ( ! /rong acid4 ,?is is g5]ally done by du/+ ) res91 :i* has a l[ melt+ po9t4 ,!re are two deep-et*+ processes :i* are *iefly us$1 "o 9 :i* ! res9 is melt$ ) a _s flame1 ! o!r 9 :i* ! same ?+ is done by e!r vap\r4 ,! proc$ure 9 ea* case is extremely simple4 ,9 ! s-call$ burnt-et*+ process1 :i* has be5 p]fect$ by ,eb]le1 ( ,vi5na1 ! already et*$ /one ready = pr9t+ is roll$ up ) a v /iff pr9t+ ink1 n transf] ink1 & !n ! draw+ du/$ ) ! f9e/ p[d]$ res94 ,! /one is !n gone ov] ) a cotton-wool pad & pl5ty ( talc or ,fr5* *alk1 & !n well du/$ (f ) a broad camel's hair bru% 9 ord] to remove all traces ( res9 f ! blank /one4 ,to melt ! res9 a _s lamp ) a side flame is us$4 ,! flame is pass$ ov] ! draw+1 & ought only to be all[$ to act suffici5tly long to make ! res9 comb9e ) ! ink1 :i* c be recogniz$ by ! draw+ look+ %9y4 ,if x has be5 melt$ too long ! %>pness ( ! draw+ is damag$4 ,aft] ?is ! et*+ may be at once proce$$ )1 & ?is is effect$ ) a solution ( gum to :i* #h to #aj p] c5t4 by measure ( #dd p] c5t4 nitric acid has be5 add$4 ,= f9e draw+s #d to #ab #f p] c5t4 ( acid %\ld be us$4 ,9 us+ ?is a fairly /rong eff]vesc5ce takes place1 :i* %\ld n fright5 anyone4 ,9 ! e!r or cold-melt+ process exactly ! same proc$ure takes place1 only t in/ead ( melt+ ) an op5 flame ?is is effect$ by e!r vap\r4 ,= ?is "w a wood5 /ick ( ab\t #b mm4 ?ick is laid on two edges ( ! /one4 ,on ano!r rul]1 :i* %\ld be l>ge en\gh to cov] ! :ole ( ! /one1 & :i* %\ld be cov]$ ) flannel or /\t clo?1 e!r is p\r$2 ?is rul] is laid on ! o!rs1 s t x =ms a "r angle ) !m1 & is sl[ly drawn ov] ! surface ( ! /one4 ,! e!r vap\r falls on to ! surface ( ! /one & dissolves ! res9 :i* ?us =ms ! protective film = ! deep et*+1 :i* is done precisely z describ$ above4 ,ano!r melt+ process recomm5d$ by ,scamoni consi/s 9 p\r+ alcohol on ! /one & !n sett+ fire to x4 #i4--;,diff]5tiation ( ! pr9t+ processes4 ,te*nically we diff]5tiate ! pr9cipal pr9t+ me?ods into ?ree1 accord+ to ! me?od ( production4 ,! fir/ & olde/ is ! typographic or lett]press pr9t+1 :i* is f\nd$ on ! pr9ciple t e l9e or e po9t :i* ought to pr9t mu/ /& up on ! plate1 & all ^? places :i* mu/ appe> :ite 9 ! pr9t mu/ be sunk5 94 ,! arti/ic effect is obta9$ by tones :i* are =m$ ( individual l9es or po9ts1 :i* are clos] toge!r or fur!r ap>t1 or else pr9t f9] or deep]4 ,9 pr9t+ a =me or plate1 etc41 x mu/ be 8made ready10 t is to say1 ! pressure 9 pr9t+ mu/ be s arrang$ = ea* "p ( ! picture t on ! light] places or f9] places less pressure mu/ be ex]t$1 :il/ on ! deep] tones m pressure %\ld fall1 accord+ to _! gradation4 ,?is balanc+1 :i* is te*nically t]m$ 8mak+ ready10 is effect$ by cutt+ out ! delicate & build+ up ! /rong or d>k p>ts on ! ov]lay4 ,) a prop] ov]lay ! arti/ic effect ( ! picture c be mu* increas$2 ) a faulty ov]lay x c be q spoilt4 ,9 lett]press pr9t+ ! arti/ic elem5t lies 9 ! mak+ ready4 ,typographic pr9ts are di/+ui%$ by ! l9es1 figures1 etc41 be+ some:at press$ into ! pap]1 & %[ rais$ up on ! back1 :i* is te*nically t]m$ 8impression40 ,:5 ?is 8impression0 is v pla91 t is to say :5 ! pr9t+ has gone pretty deeply into ! pap]1 x is advisable be=e reproduction to remove ?is by /rong pressure4 ,! second me?od ( pr9t+ is exactly ! opposite ( ! fir/1 & is f\nd$ on ! pr9ciple ( pr9t+ f intaglio4 ,! l9es & po9ts :i* %\ld pr9t are cut me*anically 7by engrav+ or pi]c+7 or *emically 7by et*+7 into ! /one4 ,! et*$ or engrav$ intaglio plate repres5ts a negative1 or a rev]s$ wood-cut1 only ) ! diff]5ce t ! l9es d n #ac lay 9 ! same plane4 ,9 ord] to obta9 an impression ! ink is press$ into ! cut-out p>ts1 & is wip$ (f f ! surface ( ! plate4 ,by /rong] or weak] wip+ ! pr9t receives a /rong] or weak] local tone1 :i* is ( great advantage f an arti/ic po9t ( view1 b :i* =ms no small ob/acle to ! reproduction4 ,! impression is repres5t$ 9 relief on ! pap]4 ,accord+ to ! dep? ( ! l9es !y take m or less ink1 & appe> !re=e rais$ up 9 ! impression accord+ to ! am\nt ( _! dep? 9 ! plate4 ,reproduction photography has to reckon on ?is disadvantage1 = ) a side illum9ation ! rais$ up l9es ca/ %ad[s1 & a correct negative does n foll[4 ,by ! ?ird me?od1 li?ography1 ( :i* we h already spok51 ! impression lies g5]ally flat on ! pap] l a draw+1 if a v /rong deep et*+ 0 n us$1 9 :i* case x is also slightly rais$4 ,9 pr9t+ f ! grav] or f /one et*+ a fa9t relief is g5]ally noticeable1 :i* is nev] s high z ) copp]plate pr9t+1 & :i* is no important ob/acle to mak+ a photographic negative4 #ae ,,*apt] ,i4 #a4 ,,g5]al ,,notes ,,on ,,photo-,,li?ography4 ,by photo-li?ography we g5]ally und]/& t process by :i* x is possible to prep>e a pr9t+ plate or a /one by ! aid ( photography f any orig9al1 :e!r x be a draw+1 a pr9t1 or an oil pa9t+1 ei!r ( ! same size or small] or l>g] ?an ! orig9al1 :i* c be reproduc$ 9 ! li?ographic press4 ,! ma9 *>act]i/ic ( ?is process is t ei!r ! orig9al f :i* ! reproduction is to be made mu/ be prep>$ 9 di/9ct l9es1 /rokes or po9ts1 or t any half-tone :i* may be pres5t 9 ! photographic negative mu/ be brok5 up on ! /one or plate into l9es or po9ts4 ,! basis = ! prep>ation ( a photo-li?o is z a rule a photographic negative on glass or gelat9e1 :i*1 z ! ^w negative implies1 :5 exam9$ by transmitt$ light1 mu/ h all its tones rev]s$1 t is to say1 ! draw+ or ! l9es1 /rokes or po9ts :i* mu/ 9 ! pr9t be black1 mu/ look transp>5t1 :il/ ! o!r "p ( ! negative :i* =ms ! gr\ndwork mu/ be cov]$ or opaque4 ,if e photo-li?ographic process 0 to be describ$ 9 detail !re w\ld be a great _m1 b actually !y may all be classifi$ accord+ to two pr9cipal me?ods3-- 7a47 ,"o1 9 :i* ! /one or plate is itself coat$ ) ! light s5sitive sub/ance & expos$ "u a rev]s$ negative1 s t a rev]s$ image is =m$ on ! /one or plate1 :i* 9 pr9t+ comes 9 ! "r position1 & 7b47 ,! o!r1 9 :i* pap] or a v ?9 z9c plate1 provid$ ) a light s5sitive film1 is expos$ "u an ord9>y1 t is n rev]s$ negative1 & ?us is r5d]$ capable ( receiv+ fatty ink1 & is !n transf]r$ to ! /one or plate by transf]4 ,( ! _m processes :i*1 ?\gh diff]+ 9 detail1 may1 look+ to ! f9al result1 be assign$ to "o or o!r ( ! above-m5tion$ pr9ciples1 !re are two :i* h be5 especially te/$ 9 practice1 namely1 = ! direct transf]1 z we w call x1 t process :i* is bas$ on ! light s5sitiv5ess ( asphalt or ( an organic sub/ance 9 comb9ation ) a #af *romium salt2 & = ! indirect transf]1 t process :i* is f\nd$ on ! light s5sitive *romium salt 9 comb9ation ) gelat9e1 or briefly on ! light s5sitiv5ess ( *romat$ gelat9e4 ,all o!r m or less complicat$ me?ods h disappe>$ f te*nical practice & h only ! hon\r ( be+ sci5tifically int]e/+ & !oretically correct1 b = v>i\s reasons are n practically valuable4 ,x is inde$ obvi\s t a discov]y s important & useful to "o ( ! pr9cipal dep>tm5ts ( ! graphic arts z li?ography is1 & :i* may be call$ ev5 m ess5tially capable ( v>iation & multiplication1 & p]haps 9 its way also m arti/ic1 %\ld call =? an e>ne/ movem5t on behalf ( ! te*nical exp]ts1 pr9cipally ) ! endeav\r = simpl] =ms & ext5sion ( its p[]s ( "w4 ,?is1 inde$1 has n always be5 atta9$1 & ^! attempts w !re=e only be tak5 into consid]ation 9 ?is book z may appe> necess>y1 & all o!rs w be pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce4 ,! me?ods us$ by "s exp]im5tali/s = direct transf]1 :i* consi/ 9 coat+ ! /one ) a solution ( gelat9e1 album51 or gum made light s5sitive ) a *romium salt1 & aft] exposure "u a positive or negative1 obta9+ a pr9t+ plate1 7 9 execution complicat$ & tr\blesome1 b 9 results fairly safe & satisfactory1 s t !y are n[ m & m us$ 9 practice4 ,iron & silv] salts h be5 prov$ z n v suitable = photo-li?ography1 & at ! pres5t "t = direct transf] asphalt is mo/ g5]ally us$1 & latt]ly also organic sub/ances r5d]$ light s5sitive by a *romium salt2 = indirect transf] *romium salts 9 comb9ation ) gelat9e1 or *romat$ gelat9e4 ,asphalt expos$ to ! action ( light und]goes a *emical *ange :i* consi/s 9 its becom+ less soluble 9 its orig9al solv5ts4 ,?is 0 kn[n to ,nicephore ,nipce1 "o ( ! discov]]s ( photography1 ^: endeav\rs to produce images by ! action ( light 7 actually bas$ ^u ?is v prop]ty ( asphalt4 ,he us$ = ?is purpose metal plates :i* 7 conv]t$ by a species ( et*+ into pr9t+ plates4 ,9 ! ye> #aheb1 ! well-kn[n ,p>isian li?ograph] ,lem]ci]1 9 p>tn]%ip ) ,l]eb\rs1 obta9$ a pat5t 9 ,france = a process by :i* !y 7 9 a position to obta9 images on /one by ! exposure ( asphalt1 & ?us reproduce ! same by pr9t+ 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,!y coat$ a li?ographic /one ) e!real solution ( asphalt1 expos$ x "u a negative & develop$ x ) e!r2 !re rema9$ beh9d !n ! p>ts :i* _h be5 r5d]$ insoluble by light & =m$ a positive asphalt image on ! /one1 ! outl9es ( :i* _h ! prop]ty ( tak+ up greasy ink & ) suitable prep>ation ( giv+ an impression on pap]4 ,su* a /one 0 et*$ 9 ! ord9>y way ) acid & gum1 & !n x 0 possible to make z _m #ag pulls f x z 0 desir$ 9 li?o ink4 ,we h "h a practical photo-li?ographic asphalt process1 z x is at ! pres5t "t practis$ ) v>i\s modifications1 & :i* gave satisfactory results4 ,o!r res9s besides asphalt may also be r5d]$ s5sitive to light1 & x is well-kn[n t !y also may be us$ ) z good results z asphalt = photo-li?ography4 ,t ! good qualities ( asphalt 7 ev5 e>li] recogniz$ is prov$ by ! fact t ,negr1 be=e ! discov]y ( z9c et*+1 expos$ a copp]-plate coat$ ) asphalt solution "u a negative1 wa%$ out ! places n affect$ by light1 electroplat$ ^! blank places 9 a gold ba?1 !n clean$ ! plate & deep et*$ x ) acid4 ,he obta9$ 9 ?is way an intaglio pr9t+ plate simil> to an et*+4 ,by us+ a positive ) ?is process a relief or typographic plate may be obta9$1 bo? ( :i* processes are kn[n z 8gold et*+10 & 7 practis$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! '#ej's 9 ! ,k4 ,k4 ,h(- und ,/aatsdruck]ei4 ,! asphalt :i* is us$ = photo-li?ographic purposes mu/ possess c]ta9 qualities1 ( :i* ! mo/ important is z high a light s5sitiv5ess z possible4 ,) ord9>y asphalt success w n be atta9$1 s9ce x is only slightly s5sitive to light2 ! s-call$ ,syrian asphalt is !re=e g5]ally us$1 :i* aft] hav+ be5 prep>$ is dissolv$ 9 *lor(orm & !n b5zole & oil ( lav5d] are add$4 ,pr(essor ,husnik prep>es an asphalt f :i* all con/itu5ts n s5sitive to light h be5 extract$4 ,h]r ,val5ta produces 8 sulphuriz$ asphalt4 ,bo? possess a f> high] light s5sitiv5ess ?an ord9>y ,syrian asphalt1 & are specially suitable = photo-li?ography4 ,! second1 & consid]ably m ext5sively us$ me?od = photo-li?ography--a transf] process--is bas$ on ! light s5sitive prop]ty ( ! *romate salts 9 comb9ation ) gelat9e1 or album51 or gum4 ,t ! bi*romate salts possess$ light s5sitive prop]ties1 & c\ld be us$ = photo-li?ography1 ,mungo ,ponton discov]$ 9 #ahci4 ,he pr9t$ on an ord9>y pap]1 :i* _h be5 r5d]$ s5sitive to light 9 a solution ( potassium bi*romate1 draw+s & silh\ettes1 & obta9$ aft] fix+1 :i* 0 effect$ by m]ely wa%+ 9 pure wat]1 br[n images on a :ite gr\nd4 ,lat] ,talbot f\nd t ! *romate salts 9 comb9ation ) organic sub/ances "u ! action ( light alt]$ ! prop]ty ( ! latt]1 & p>ticul>ly t expos$ *romat$ gelat9e became insoluble 9 hot wat]4 ,poitev9 us$ ?is discov]y = c>bon or pigm5t pr9t+1 & _h produc$ 9 #ahee v>i\s pictures ) ?is process4 ,poitev9 discov]$1 fur!r1 t expos$ *romat$ gelat9e #ah w\ld n swell up 9 cold wat] & took up greasy ink1 & !re=e aft] exposure "u a photographic negative a picture c\ld be obta9$ exactly inv]sely correspond+ to ! tones ( ! negative2 & t ^! places affect$ by light c\ld be ink$-up & pr9t$ f1 or c\ld be transf]r$ to a z9c or /one plate1 & f ?is pulls c\ld be prep>$4 ,by ?is discov]y photo-li?ography & collotype 7 actually discov]$4 ,l$ on by 8 success1 ,poitev9 us$ lat]1 in/ead ( gelat9e1 album5 & gum arabic1 & prep>$ ) ^! photo-li?ographic pr9ts1 :i* 7 transf]r$ to /one4 ,if a solution ( gelat9e is mix$ ) a solution ( bi*romate ( pota%1 & a %eet ( pap] coat$ ) ?is mixture & expos$1 or if ! pap] is fir/ coat$ ) gelat9e & !n ba!d 9 a solution ( bi*romate ( pota%1 v>i\s *emical *anges take place z ! result ( ! action ( light on ! gelat9e film1 :i* we w n[ consid]4 ,z has already be5 m5tion$1 glue or gelat9e is insoluble1 & only swells up 9 cold wat]4 ,9 w>m wat]1 h[ev]1 ! gelat9\s sub/ance dissolves completely1 & sets on cool+ to a jelly4 ,if a suitable %eet ( pap] is coat$ ) ! w>m gelat9e solution1 ei!r by float+ or p\r+ x ov] x1 & x be all[$ to set1 & if ?is film is n[ made light s5sitive 9 a solution ( potassium bi*romate & dri$ 9 ! d>k1 we %all h a photo-li?ographic pap] :i*1 accord+ to ! great] or less quantity ( ! *romium salt us$1 has a m or less int5se yell[ col\r4 ,if ! pap] ?us prep>$ is expos$ to light "u a negative1 or 9 ano!r way if "s places be=e exposure are protect$ by black ink or /rips ( pap]1 ! places affect$ by light become d>k col\r$ & br[n1 & at ! same "t !y h lo/ _! p[] ( swell+ up 9 cold wat]4 ,! :ole surface ( ! pap]1 t is to say ! expos$ & unexpos$ films be=e be+ laid 9 wat]1 are flat or 9 "o plane2 if1 h[ev]1 ! pr9t is laid 9 cold wat] ! expos$ p>ts are n affect$ by ! wat]1 t is to say !y h lo/ ! prop]ty ( swell+ & rema9 9 _! orig9al plane4 ,! unexpos$ p>ts swell up & appe> rais$ up on ! pr9t1 & ?us make ! draw+ sunk5 94 ,! expos$ places h1 h[ev]1 n[ receiv$ ! prop]ty ( tak+ up & hold+ greasy ink1 :il/ ! unexpos$ h tak5 up wat] & repel greasy pr9t+ ink4 ,if ! pap] be expos$ "u a negative ! draw+ appe>s sunk5 9 aft] developm5t ) wat]2 ! o!r p>ts1 :i* mu/ 9 pr9t+ appe> :ite1 are rais$ up2 by exposure "u a positive ! rev]se is ! case4 ,if ^! pr9ts are 9 any way1 ei!r by roll+ up or bru%+ ov]1 giv5 a coat+ ( greasy ink1 ! ink only adh]es to ! expos$ places & a pr9t 9 greasy ink is obta9$1 :i*1 l any o!r greasy impression1 c be transf]r$ to a /one or a metal #ai plate1 :i* c be pr9t$ f direct1 or ! transf] may be made on to a metal plate = relief et*+1 t is to say = ! prep>ation ( a typographic block4 ,9 ,poitev9's process ! /one itself 0 coat$ ) a light s5sitive *romat$ film1 & expos$ "u a rev]s$ negative4 ,aft] develop+ & c>eful prelim9>y prep>ation ( ! /one ! ink only adh]es !n to ! places affect$ by light4 ,?is is also ! case if ! /one is coat$ ) light s5sitive asphalt1 & ! same pr9t$ on direct4 ,aft] exposure ! p>ts n affect$ by light c be wa%$ (f ) turp5t9e1 b5z9e1 or l9se$ oil1 s t ! /one is laid b>e2 ! places1 ! p>ts ( ! draw+ affect$ by light1 h[ev]1 are n dissolv$4 ,if ! /one is n[ prep>$ ) ! solution ( gum z has already be5 describ$1 & !n roll$ up ) an ink roll]1 ^! places w take ! ink1 & by et*+1 etc41 ! /one may be s prep>$ t ! same may be pr9t$ f l any draw+ or engrav+4 ,by photo-li?ography only l9e or gra9$ draw+s c be reproduc$1 & half-tones1 z is possible ) collotype & photogravure1 _c be obta9$4 ,n[1 ) ! aid ( autotypic transf]s & ! asphalt process on gra9$ /ones1 we h a p]fectly satisfactory me?od ( reproduc+ 9 an excell5t mann] half-tone draw+s by ! aid ( photo-li?ography4 ,photo-li?ography 9 all its v>i\s bran*es ( application is at ! pres5t "t s p]fect$1 & re/s on s comp>atively a simple pr9ciple1 t a te*nical pr9t]1 ) v little practice1 exp]i5ce1 & obs]vation ( ! =mul giv51 c atta9 9 v %ort "t absolutely good results4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ be said t frequ5tly v great difficulties h to be cont5d$ )2 especially z reg>ds ! quality ( ! mat]ials & negatives great c>e mu/ be us$4 #b4 ,,subjects ,,:i* ,,c ,,be ,,reproduc$ ,,by ,,photo-,,li?ography4 ,! next "q :i* arises is1 8,:at c be reproduc$ or multipli$ by means ( photo-li?ography80 ,! answ] is1 8,accord+ to ! exi/+ /ate ( ! te*nique ( photography & ! p]fection ( ! transf] process1 ev]y?+40 ,any l9e or wa% draw+1 any oil pa9t+ or o!r pla/ic object1 any photograph ( liv+ creatures or lifeless objects--briefly1 any photograph c1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 be transf]r$ to /one or a metal plate1 & f ?is any numb] ( impressions 9 greasy ink be obta9$4 ,be=e ! discov]y ( ! me?od ( break+ up half-tones into po9ts or dots1 only l9e draw+s c\ld be reproduc$ by photo-li?ography4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 x has be5 possible to break up half-tone into l9e or po9ts or gra91 no?+ /&s 9 ! way ( reproduc+ by ?is #bj me?od any k9d ( orig9al4 ,?is break+ up ( ! half-tone into a regul> or irregul> gra9 c be effect$ by means ( a cross$ l9e scre5 9 mak+ ! negative1 z 9 autotypic1 or half-tone1 block-mak+1 or indep5d5tly ( ! mak+ ( ! negative1 z 9 ! asphalt process ( ,orell1 ,fssli & ,co41 & 9 ,b>ts' process & v>i\s o!r me?ods4 ,! undesirable half-tone mu/1 h[ev]1 always be brok5 up 9 "s way into ! requisite po9ts or l9es1 z x is "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( li?ography t x is only possible to pr9t f di/9ct figures on ! /one4 ,li?ography & lett]press pr9t+ produce impressions ( %>ply-def9$ l9es or po9ts1 ea* ( :i* mu/ =m a di/9ct :ole4 ,any tone :i* is light] or n absolutely black mu/ be =m$ by l9es or po9ts /&+ 9 close proximity to "o ano!r4 ,! tonality mu/ be =m$ by /rong] or weak] l9es or po9ts1 by black & :ite spaces1 or by m or less close l9e & po9t patt]ns4 ,an absolutely clos$ tone1 z 9 collotype or photogravure1 is n atta9able ) li?ography1 & al?\gh num]\s exp]im5ts h n be5 want+ to rea* ?is end1 ! same h hi!rto be5 )\t success4 ,! half-tones are brok5 up & sep>at$ into solid pr9table po9ts3-- 7a47 ,by ! autotypic transf]1 :i* is effect$ by plac+ 9 front ( ! s5sitive plate :5 mak+ ! exposure ! above-m5tion$ cross$-l9e scre54 7b47 ,by ! s-call$ asphalt process1 by means ( prelim9>y gra9+ ( ! /one be=e coat+ ) asphalt & pr9t+4 7c47 ,by means ( ! production ( a gra9 on *romat$ gelat9e4 7d47 ,by ! use ( a s& bla/1 :i* is ! *ief po9t ( ,b>ts' process4 7e47 ,by transf] ( a close grat+ or network on to a poli%$ /one1 :i* =ms ! basis ( ! li?o-heliogravure process ( ,g5]al-,director ,*as4 ,eck/e91 :i* is includ$ 9 photo-li?ography4 ,all ^! me?ods h = _! purpose ! break+ up ( ! light tones into regul> or irregul> b sep>ate po9ts4 ,!re are o!r me?ods besides ^? m5tion$ above :i* h ! same purpose4 ,we g5]ally di/+ui% two k9ds ( reproduction3-- 7a47 ,^? f l9e draw+s1 9 :i* a negative is made )\t ! int]position ( a cross-l9$ scre51 & = :i* no o!r means is us$ = ! production ( a gra91 & 7b47 ,^? f wa%-draw+s1 pa9t+s1 photographs f nature1 etc41 9 :i* reproductions ! half-tones are ei!r brok5 up into l9es or po9ts by ! use ( ! scre5 :5 mak+ ! negative1 or by any ( ! o!r above-m5tion$ means aft] mak+ ! negative4 #ba 7,a47 ,,l9e ,,draw+s4 ,by ! fir/ me?od ! draw+ mu/ be prep>$ accord+ to c]ta9 =mula if a good negative is to be obta9$ :i* %all n require mu* aft] "w & disadvantages = photo-li?ography4 ,a poor orig9al may cause a p>tial or complete failure ( ! "w1 or at lea/ cause mu* co/ & wa/e ( "t2 !re=e x appe>s advisable to pay ! necess>y att5tion to ! orig9al :i* is to be reproduc$4 ,:at a l9e draw+ mu/ possess :i* %\ld be reproduc$ well by photo-li?ography 9 ord] to give a good transf] on to /one we w n[ po9t out4 ,be=e all ?+s %\ld be not$ t ! pap] mu/ be pure :ite & smoo?1 yet n /rongly reflective & n too weak4 ,smoo? :ite c>ds ( m$ium ?ickness are ! be/ to use4 ,s9ce all l9es ( ! draw+ appe> 9 ! impression ( ! same col\r1 !re is n only no purpose1 b x may ev5 be v disadvantage\s to ! reproduction :5 ! draughtsman1 9 ord] to increase ! arti/ic effect ( 8 "w1 or to produce good p]spective1 etc41 draws f9e l9es or o!r po9ts 9 a light] col\r4 ,! /riv+ ( ! arti/ = effect1 p]spective1 etc41 s f> z ?is is atta9$ by l9es or p>ts ( a light] col\r1 has = ?is process ( reproduction no advantage1 b1 inde$1 ! disadvantage t by ?is ! subsequ5t manipulations are r5d]$ m difficult1 ! :ole "w w turn out m co/ly & f9ally less satisfactory4 ,al?\gh f ! pres5t position ( photography draw+s 9 any desir$ col\r c be reproduc$1 yet x is mo/ advantage\s if ! orig9als = photo-li?ographic reproduction are drawn ) f9e black matt ink on smoo? :ite pap]s1 & ! pr9cipal po9t to :i* att5tion %\ld be direct$ is t all l9es1 ev5 ! f9e/1 %\ld be a good black1 & %\ld be kept ( ! same /r5g? ( col\r z ! o!r p>ts ( ! draw+4 ,! ?ick l9es mu/ be q fill$ up l ! %ad[ l9es ( a /rong lett]4 ,%ad+ mu/ be obta9$ by /rong1 f9e runn+ l9es q sep>ate f "o ano!r4 ,9 ?is ! s+le black l9es mu/ n be too /rong1 & ! :ite spaces 9 betwe5 mu/ n be too n>r[1 or o!rwise :5 r$uc$ 9 size ! :ite int]/ices w disappe> & w f9ally =m a solid tone4 ,! lay+ on ( a tone or wa% is n p]missible1 z ev5 a light tone w appe> 9 ! reproduction z a black spot4 ,x is n p]missible also to draw on ! same orig9al ) inks ( diff]5t blackness or consi/5cy1 & ev5 if a col\r$ ink be us$ ! :ole orig9al mu/ be prep>$ ) "o col\r 7r$1 d>k blue1 gre51 or br[n71 & t z int5se z possible4 ,:5 we />t f ! only true /&po9t1 t e reproduction %\ld be a reflex ( ! orig9al z true z possible1 arti/ic effects h f ?is po9t ( view no purpose1 s9ce ! pr9t] 9 pr9t+ ) #bb "o ink is n 9 a position to give grey l9es z well z black1 b c only give ! appe>ance ( ev]y?+ 9 "o col\r only4 ,he is1 h[ev]1 able to give ) ! /ronge/ l9e ! f9e/ ) _! own *>act]i/ics1 & c1 !re=e1 9 ?is direction atta9 ! tonality ( ! orig9al4 ,x is obvi\sly1 !re=e1 ! arti/'s duty to draw 9 "o col\r1 & s9ce = photographic reproduction black is ! be/1 t is to say ,*9ese ink1 he w d well to completely lay on "o side all o!r arti/ic mat]ials or effects4 ,at ! same "t x %\ld be not$ t orig9als drawn 9 any o!r col\r c be reproduc$ by photo-li?ography1 b if ! draw+ is to s]ve no o!r purpose ?an = reproduction x is be/ to prep>e x 9 black4 ,a fur!r important requirem5t is t ! draw+ be %>ply & cleanly work$1 & s9ce ! reproduction ( a ragg$ or brok5 l9e _c make a full smoo? beautifully runn+ l9e1 !y w appe> 9 ! reproduction 9 ! same defective way1 & !n require at lea/ t$i\s ret\*+ or make ! pr9t+ ( ! subject actually impossible4 ,if x is necess>y to cross ! l9es 9 ! %ad[s ?is mu/ be done ) great c>e4 ,! po9ts ( cross+ mu/ be clean & %>p1 & ! ink mu/ n run4 ,too close or too frequ5t cross+ ( ! l9es %\ld be avoid$1 & w\ld produce a bad & diff]5t effect 9 ! reproduction4 ,smudges or wr9kles 9 ! orig9al appe> 9 ! reproduction m int5se & m vigor\s1 & !re=e x mu/ n be =gott5 to c>efully avoid ^!1 also any trac+ l9es mu/ be eras$1 )\t1 h[ev]1 damag+ ! ink l9es or rubb+ up ( ! pap]4 ,p5cil & *alk draw+s1 assum+ t !y are cleanly execut$1 c be well reproduc$ by photo-li?ography1 only !y ought n to be smudg$ or ink$4 ,erasure m>ks on p5cil draw+s appe> 9 ! reproduction z smudgy spots4 ,draw+s ( ar*itecture = illu/ration or o!r purposes1 aft] consid]ation ( ^! rem>ks1 c be well transf]r$ )\t mu* tr\ble by photo-li?ography on to /one or z9c4 ,9 draw+s ( maps1 plans1 etc41 !re are /ill "s rules to be obs]v$ besides ! above4 ,b\nd>y l9es or m\nta9 ranges ) f9e hat*+1 wat]l9es = l>ge riv]s1 seas or lakes1 z well z ! introduction ( figures1 are bett] left out ( ! draw+1 & c be aft]w>ds drawn on ! /one2 !y w !n be clean] & %>p]4 ,if all ^! details1 h[ev]1 mu/ be introduc$ into ! orig9al draw+1 !y %\ld be execut$ 9 a pale blue col\r1 :i* w n appe> 9 ! ord9>y negative4 ,= plans ) l>ge lett]s x is bett] n to draw ! latt]1 :i* are frequ5tly a lot ( tr\ble1 b to employ ! simpl] plan ( gett+ ! titles1 writ+1 leg5ds1 explanations1 etc41 pr9t$ by a book pr9t] on pap] ( ! same col\r z ! orig9al1 & /ick !m on ! latt]4 ,! same me?od may be #bc adopt$ :5 prep>+ railway1 po/al1 & telegraphic *>ts or maps ) a lot ( names or o!r titles1 etc4 ,! network ( l9es may be drawn ) li?o ink z sugge/$ above1 b ! names ( ! /ations1 etc41 c be pr9t$ ) lett]press & /uck on 9 ! prop] places4 ,work+ 9 ?is way n only w mu* lab\r be sav$1 b at ! same "t %>p] & m correct titles be obta9$ on ! reproduction4 ,any necess>y in/ructions = c>ry+ out ! draw+ %\ld nev] be made on ! pap] ) r$ p5cil1 b ei!r ) pale grey or pale blue4 ,= ?is pap] rubb$ ) indigo or graphite c be us$ or a scrat*$ gelat9e pro( :i* has be5 rubb$ ) f9ely p[d]$ milori blue4 ,) comm]cial draw+s x frequ5tly happ5s t ornam5ts are repeat$4 ,x is n necess>y = ! design] to draw all ! ornam5tation1 :i* may frequ5tly be v complicat$1 if x runs ov] ! :ole ( ! design4 ,x is q suffici5t1 accord+ to ! size or ! numb] ( times t ! ornam5t occurs1 = ! arti/ to draw x twice or ?ree times1 or sometimes t5 to fifte5 times2 ! li?ograph] w duplicate x by transf]4 ,?is also applies if !re is a bord]1 or if !re are any corn] or c5tre pieces repeat$ly us$4 ,x is q suffici5t to draw "o-f\r? ( ! frame or bord]1 or ) v complicat$ designs a complete corn]1 & to give ! pr9t] a r\gh sket* ( ! complete bord]4 ,he w make ! necess>y impression on transf] pap] by photo-li?o transf] on ! /one2 he w also rev]se ! draw+ f "r to left1 jo9 up ! diff]5t p>ts1 & ?us con/ruct ! :ole bord]4 ,?is applies also to ! corn] & c5tre piece4 7,b47 ,,draw+s ,,on ,,blue ,,pr9ts4 ,z a sub/itute = a pro( cyanotype or blue pr9ts may be us$ = prep>+ draw+s = photo-li?ography & o!r graphic arts4 ,:5 a photo-li?ograph l a p5 & ink draw+ is to be prep>$ f a col\r$ picture1 or f a sepia or ,indian ink wa% draw+ ( a pla/ic object or a photograph f nature1 or f an object n suitable = photographic reproduction an autotypic transf] is to be prep>$1 a pro( ( ! desir$ object mu/ be fir/ prep>$1 & !n f ?is ! draw+ is to be made4 ,x is obvi\s t ! pro(s ( ! fir/-nam$ c only be made 9 ! orig9al size1 :i* "u "s circum/ances may n be j :at is requir$1 assum+ t ! orig9al c be us$ 9 ?is way4 ,9 all cases ?is w be inconv5i5t & t$i\s1 & possibly f ! nature ( ! draw+ _m pro(s be lo/4 ,! end w be atta9$ f> m quickly & safely if a negative is made ( ! orig9al1 ei!r ( ! same size or enl>g$ accord+ z may be desir$4 ,! negative ?us obta9$ is us$ to make a f]ro-prussiate pr9t4 #bd ,= ?is we use a good firm draw+ pap]1 :i* is s5sitiz$ 9 ! foll[+ mixture3-- ,solution ,a4 ,potassium f]ridcyanide #h p>ts4 ,wat] #aej p>ts4 ,solution ,b4 ,ammonio-citrate ( iron #aj p>ts4 ,wat] #ajj p>ts4 ,:5 dissolv$ ea* solution is filt]$ & mix$ 9 ! d>k room imm$iately be=e use 9 equal p>ts4 ,! solution ?us =m$ is s5sitive to light & is spread on a well-siz$ draw+ pap] z ev5ly z possible ) a broad bru%1 equaliz$ ) a di/ribut+ bru%1 & !n dri$ 9 ! d>k room4 ,! coat$ side ( ! pap] appe>s yell[i%4 ,x is !n pr9t$ z usual until ! deepe/ p>ts look grey1 z ! pr9ts look weak] aft] develop+4 ,! pr9ts are develop$ by float+ !m face d[nw>ds on a di% ( pure wat] n too cold1 & !n wa%$ till ! draw+ appe>s q :ite on a blue gr\nd4 ,! wa%+ mu/ be ?or\ghly done or else ! pr9ts turn blue aft]w>ds :5 expos$ to light4 ,^! pr9ts conta9 all ! f9e/ details1 ev5 9 ! deepe/ %ad[s1 pla9ly visible1 & w n[ be ! mo/1 p]fect & mo/ conv5i5t pro(s = ! arti/4 ,! trac+ or draw+ is n[ done ) good black dull surface ink z already sugge/$4 ,:5 ! draw+ is done x is all[$ to dry ?or\ghly1 :i* w be 9 f two to ?ree h\rs4 ,! foll[+ solution %\ld be prep>$3-- ,oxalic acid #a "p ,wat] #aj "p :i* %\ld be p\r$ into a flat di% & ! draw+ all[$ to lie 9 x = ab\t ?irty m9utes4 ,x is !n aga9 well wa%$ & !n imm]s$ = fifte5 m9utes 9 a ba? ( ,hydro*loric acid #a "p ,wat] #bj "p ,! blue col\r w n[ h disappe>$1 & ! ink draw+ w appe> pure black on ! :ite pap]4 ,x %\ld be n[ hung up & dri$ 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,?is draw+ prep>$ 9 wa% or l9e ) ink n[ =ms ! orig9al = a fur!r photographic negative1 :i* is made 9 ! correct size ( ! reproduction ) or )\t ! int]v5tion ( ! cross$ scre5 accord+ to ! "* ( ! draw+4 ,) ! negative ?us obta9$ a photo-li?o on /one or z9c1 or a typographic copp] or collotype plate1 or a photograph on wood = xylography may be prep>$4 ,! use ( ?is process appe>s specially important = ^? cases 9 :i* an ord9>y photographic negative is n suffici5t1 #be = example :]e a pr9t+ plate _c be prep>$ f ! negative4 ,x ought also to be useful :5 ! light c\ld n be controll$ 9 mak+ ! negative1 & ?us incorrect effects appe> 9 ! reproduction1 :i* (t5 occurs 9 negatives f nature & ) poli%$ pla/ic metal objects4 ,! enl>gem5ts f ! orig9al are !n us$ because ! details c be bett] se51 & ! arti/ic "* c be m easily se54 ,! f95ess ( ! draw+ mu/ obvi\sly be 9 proportion to ! aft] reproduction1 :ile tones may be p>tly or entirely lo/4 7,c47 ,,draw+s ,,on ,,prep>$ ,,pap]s4 ,= photo-li?o transf] )\t ! use ( a scre5 !re are "s comm]cial pap]s1 ton$1 gra91 net or pyramid gra9$ pap]s :i* may be us$ ) excell5t results4 ,on ^! pap]s1 accord+ to _! prep>ation1 v>i\s excell5t results c be obta9$1 :i* possess high claims z illu/rations4 ,a smoo? :ite scrap] bo>d made by ,ang]] & ,gs*l ( ,vi5na1 :i* has a v ev5 film ( *alk1 & :i* takes ! l9es clean & vigor\sly1 is especially suitable = p5 & ink "w4 ,on ?is pap] plucky draw+s l woodcuts c be execut$4 ,! p]fect :ites ( ! pap]1 comb9$ ) ! vigor\s beautiful black1 facilitate reproduction ) excell5t results & )\t mu* tr\ble4 ,an ord9>y writ+ p5 & ord9>y ,*9ese ink are us$ = draw+4 ,! ink gives suffici5tly black & matt l9es4 ,! deepe/ p>ts are cov]$ ) ink1 & ! desir$ %ad+ or /ippl+ put 9 ) ! too!d scrap] or engrav+ tool4 ,! %ad+ (f ( ! %ad[s may also be work$ up ) ! too!d scrap]1 & ?us v delicate %ad+ be obta9$4 ,two m v useful pap]s by ! same firm are kn[n z scrap] bo>ds ) pr9t$ l9es or po9ts1 & :ite scrap] bo>ds ) simple or d\ble l9es /amp$ on to x4 ,^! pap]s are also coat$ ) a *alk film4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,) ^! pap]s ! pr9t$ l9es or dots s]ve z half-tones = ! arti/1 & by scrap+ ) smoo? or too!d scrap] knives v _m effects c be obta9$4 ,lead p5cil1 *alk or li?o ink c be us$ = draw+4 ,= lay+ on1 ord9>y ink ) a small addition ( soap may be us$1 & new tone effects #bf may also be produc$ ) a half dry ,*9ese ink bru%1 b = any draw+ = l9e reproduction wa%+ ) pal] or d>k] inks is exclud$4 ,by scrap+ ) ! smoo? scrap]1 po9ts are =m$ 9 place ( ! l9es1 :i* by fur!r scrap+ disappe> entirely into :ite1 by :i* means ! transit into ! highe/ lights is effect$4 ,if a black surface is scrap$ ) ! smoo? knife a l9e tone is produc$ 9 ! opposite direction to ! pr9t$ "o4 ,by ! aid ( ! too!d scrap] l9es 9 any desir$ direction c be obta9$4 ,:5 ! pr9t$ tone is only desir$ 9 p>ts 9 ! picture1 ! o!r p>ts c be cov]$ up ) :ite pap]4 ,! pap] is only /uck d[n by ! edges ) m\? glue2 if x 7 /uck d[n all ov] ) gum or />* x w\ld be di/ort$4 ,on ! :ite pap] /uck on1 draw+ may be done ) ! p51 & ?us new effects aga9 be obta9$1 z ?us 9 a mann] p5 & wa% draw+ are comb9$4 ,! :ite scrap] bo>ds )\t pr9t$ l9es or dots are ei!r impress$ ) a s+le l9e or ) l9es cross$ at "r angles4 ,on ?is pap] p5 & ink draw+s comb9$ ) gra9$ tones may be done4 ,! outl9es & ev]y?+ :i* is to be treat$ l a p5 draw+ may be done ) a h>d p5 or a m>t5 bru%4 ,bright tones are s work$ ) ! bru% t smoo? surfaces are n =m$1 b dott$ d>k] or light] tones4 ,^? p>ts :i* h be5 laid on q black c be bright5$ up aft]w>ds ) ! smoo? or too!d scrap] knife or ! ne$le1 & ?us _m gradations obta9$4 ,in/ead ( ! li?o writ+ ink pa/ell or v black good li?o *alk may be us$ = draw+4 ,obvi\sly ?is pap] also ought n to be wa%$ or sme>$4 ,! pyramidal gra9 pap] prep>$ by ,s*uffel5 ( ,heilbronn is also v suitable = draw+s = photo-li?ographic reproduction4 ,! pap] is coat$ ) a *alk film ( bl9d+ :it5ess1 & is /amp$ ) a regul> gra9 ( truncat$ pyramids1 & is produc$ 9 ?ree numb]s4 ,gra9 ,no4 #a conta9s #b1ejj regul> projections p] squ>e c5timetre2 gra9 ,no4 #b conta9s #a1ejj2 & gra9 ,no4 #c1 #gej pyramids4 ,?is pap] is drawn on ) li?o *alk or black pa/ell crayons4 ,! deepe/ %ad[s are laid on q black1 & light effects are introduc$ ) ! scrap] or engrav+ ne$le z ) ! above describ$ pap]s4 ,! same rules apply to ! o!r p>ts ( ! draw+4 ,= draw+ 9 g5]al or ! use ( effects 9 draw+ x %\ld be not$ t ) all ^! pap]s ! draw+ may be some:at ov]done1 & ?is is necess>y 9 ord] to obta9 ! correspond+ vigor\s action 9 ! reproduction4 ,! pr9t+ ink is1 z a rule1 nev] su* a deep black z ! draw+ ink1 nor is ! pap] :i* is us$ = pr9t+ ev] s :ite z ! l9es ( ! ton$ pap]4 ,! contra/s w\ld1 !re=e1 9 pr9t+ become too #bg little1 & flat unsatisfactory pictures w\ld be obta9$4 ,) ^! draw+s1 !re=e1 ! two opposites1 8black & :ite10 may be us$ to ! extreme1 ev5 if ! draw+ is n satisfactory to ! arti/ic eye4 ,= mak+ ! draw+ r$ pap] ought n to be us$1 z :5 photograph$ r$ appe>s d>k4 ,!n blue pro( pap]1 or pap] rubb$ ) lead p5cil1 %\ld be us$4 ,a draw+ = photographic reproduction ought nev] to be roll$1 & /ill less be fold$2 if x is to be s5t away x %\ld be pack$ flat4 7,d47 ,,reproduction ,,( ,,pr9ts4 ,x is frequ5tly requir$ to make photo-li?ographs ( old pr9ts4 ,z already m5tion$ 9 ! introduction1 we di/+ui% ?ree diff]5t me?ods ( pr9t+1 ( :i* ! two fir/1 typography & li?ography1 are conf9$ to ! r5d]+ ( well-def9$ l9es or po9ts1 :il/ copp]-plate pr9t+ c to a c]ta9 ext5t reproduce l9es & tones4 ,z reg>ds ! reproduction ( ! fir/ two1 s f> z _! fundam5tal "* goes1 no insup]able difficulties pres5t !mselves1 :5 !y correspond at lea/ to ! g5]al requirem5ts ( a draw+4 ,s9ce a reproduction1 ) exceptions1 c nev] be bett]--obvi\sly )\t v complicat$ ret\*+--b always some:at inf]ior to ! orig9al1 ! appe>ance ( ! orig9al w always be "s guide z to ! quality ( ! reproduction t c be produc$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 pr9ts are prep>$ specially = ?is purpose1 ! foll[+ po9ts %\ld be obs]v$3-- #a4 ,= pr9t+ a matt surface a s-call$ pure :ite *romo pap] %\ld be us$4 #b4 ,! ink %\ld be black & ( good body1 ! impression clean & %>p1 e l9e exact & n 9 ! lea/ fuzzy4 ,! exp]t li?ograph] w easily prep>e 8 impression4 ,assum+ t he has a good orig9al /one1 he w m easily make good & correct pr9ts f ! engrav+ f ! *alk1 p5 or o!r draw+ ?an ! typograph]4 ,! latt] has to give 8 impressions ! correct f9i% by means ( ov]lays1 )\t ! correct mak+ & use ( :i* no good picture1 :e!r x be *>act]s or a draw+1 c be obta9$ actually on a typographic press4 ,! read] is ref]r$ to my article 9 ,pr(essor ,ed]'s 8,jahrbu* fr ,photographie und ,reproductionsv]fahr50 = #ahia1 :]e ,i h treat$ ( ?is at l5g?4 ,pr9ts produc$ by ! ?ird me?od1 copp]-plate pr9t+1 give f> great] difficulties to ! photo-me*anical work]4 ,e pull f ! engrav$ plate--et*+ scrap] draw+ & photogravure except$--possesses a tone on its surface1 :i* is1 moreov]1 v unequal1 & al?\gh increas+ its arti/ic qualities1 (f]s1 h[ev]1 consid]able difficulties = reproduction4 ,?is c #bh only be avoid$ by v tr\blesome ret\*+1 :i* is frequ5tly prejudicial to ! beauty ( ! picture4 ,if pulls are specially prep>$ = reproduction ! copp]-plate pr9t] mu/ v c>efully poli% 8 plate & pr9t )\t a tone1 b /ill ?is mu/ n be done s t ! plate is too /rongly poli%$ t ! dep?s lose _! vig\r2 ?is w\ld give an absolutely incorrect picture z reg>ds gradation ( tone4 ,et*+s c1 z a rule1 only be reproduc$ ) ! aid ( a cross-gra9$ scre51 & ! same applies to photogravures1 al?\gh ! latt] w seldom be requir$4 ,all tone or pa9t$ orig9als1 su* z wa% or sepia draw+s1 photographs f nature1 collotypes1 photogravures1 wat]-col\rs & oil-col\rs c only be reproduc$ by photo-li?ography by ! int]position ( a scre5 :5 mak+ ! negative1 or by a process 9 :i* ! break+ ( ! tone is effect$ indep5d5tly ( ! photographic negative1 & :i* w be describ$ lat] on4 ,) old photographs :i* h fad$ x is z well to increase ! lights & %ad[s by pa9t+4 7,e47 ,,size ,,( ,,! ,,reproduction4 ,a "q frequ5tly ask$ is1 8,( :at size %\ld a draw+ be made 9 ord] to obta9 a good photographic reproduction80 ,?is "q _c be precisely answ]$1 = a good deal dep5ds ^u ! object itself1 & on ! k9d ( draw+4 ,x may be g5]ally said1 h[ev]1 p>ticul>ly z reg>ds p5 & ink draw+s on smoo? pap]1 t !y %\ld nev] be small]1 only v r>ely ( ! same size2 !y %\ld be drawn "o-?ird or "o-half l>g] g5]ally4 ,! arti/ c execute f9e details m easily & precisely on a l>ge draw+ ?an on a small "o4 ,! enl>g$ reproduction gives any faults or mi/akes :i* may happ5 to be 9 ! draw+ 9 proportionately l>g] size q indep5d5t ( ! fact t an enl>g$ reproduction is always some:at r\gh & ord9>y4 ,reproduction 9 ! same size reproduces ! faults ! same size z !y exi/ 9 ! draw+2 ! r$uction1 h[ev]1 also r$uces ! fail+s ( ! draw+ if x _c also absolutely rem$y ! same4 ,! r$uc$ copy has always some?+ f9] & m delicate4 ,! degree ( r$uction mu/ be kept 9 m9d1 & ! draw+ be done ) ?is 9 view4 ,if a draw+ is execut$ v f9ely & full ( detail1 &1 besides t1 conta9s v small l9es ( draw+ or titles1 !y d n ga9 9 r$uction1 b ! opposite2 !y lose1 z mu* t 9 ! draw+ appe>s pla9 & di/+ui%able becomes by /rong r$uction indi/9ct & unrecognizable1 or appe>s to ! eye z a tone4 #bi ,individual cases1 9 :i* = specim5 purposes or to %[ h[ f> r$uction c g1 _m times l9e>1 five1 six1 to t5 times1 _c be tak5 into consid]ation1 al?\gh ! effect is usually well atta9$4 ,x %\ld also be obs]v$ t ! draw+ mu/ be consid]$ n only z reg>ds its size1 b also ! /r5g? ( ! l9es & tones g5]ally = r$uction2 ?is specially applies z reg>ds ! tones4 ,by r$uction ! tone gradations are compress$1 ! picture becomes poor] 9 tones1 & al?\gh1 !oretically consid]$1 light & %ad[1 t is to say black & :ite1 are actually di/ribut$ 9 ! same ratio z 9 ! orig9al1 yet ! r$uc$ image appe>s proportionately d>k] & loses 9 arti/ic effect4 ,great r$uctions w1 h[ev]1 be useful :5 = "s special purpose su* z ! exact reproduction ( geometrical figures or surface ornam5ts are requir$1 z = in/ance 9 pr9t+ designs = *eques1 bank notes1 etc4 ,9 su* cases ! draw+s %\ld be made z l>ge z is necess>y = ! mo/ exact & easie/ c>ry+ out ( ! figures1 z 9 ?is way ! precision ( ! draw+ is bett] kept by r$uction4 ,9 su* cases1 assum+ t ! ornam5ts are cle> & op5 )\t %ad+1 ! r$uction may be c>ri$ beyond "o-t5? l9e>4 ,?is k9d ( reproduction %\ld pres5t no difficulties ei!r to ! reproduction or pr9t+4 ,x is q diff]5t1 h[ev]1 ) draw+s on scrap] bo>ds or gra9$ pap]4 ,if x is kept 9 m9d t ) too great r$uction ! gradations ( tone ( ! pr9t w be de/roy$1 & t 9 ! same degree ! difficulties ( pr9t+ w be increas$1 c>e %\ld be tak5 t r$uction is n c>ri$ too f>4 ,:5 x is fur!r consid]$ t 9 a reproduction ) #b1jjj to #c1jjj po9ts to ! squ>e c5timetre ! individual po9ts disappe> to ! unaid$ eye1 & ! diff]5t ?ick lay]s ( po9ts appe> z clos$ tones1 ! limit ( r$uction w soon be f\nd4 ,if we reckon accord+ to ?is view1 we c assume t ^? k9ds ( pap] ) co>se gra9 %\ld be r$uc$ at ! mo/ "o-?ird1 ^? ) a f9] gra9 a six?1 at ! mo/ a f\r?1 9 ord] to obta9 good pr9t+ plates :i* w give l>ge editions4 ,9 ?is obvi\sly w a good deal dep5d on ! "* & m or less ri* 9 detail execution ( ! draw+4 ,/ill !re are photo-li?ographic processes su* z ! asphalt process ( ,orell ,fssli ,co41 :i* conta9s ab\t #ae1jjj po9ts1 & ,b>ts' process1 :i* conta9s #aa1jjj po9ts to ! squ>e c5timetre2 /ill = reproduction 9 l>ge quantities ^! processes (f] _m difficulties1 & _c !re=e really be tak5 into acc\nt :5 consid]+ ?is4 #cj ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,photographic ,,process4 #a4 ,,! ,,/udio4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! reproduction /udio is ess5tially diff]5t to t = ord9>y portrait "w4 ,! g5]al po9ts ( su* arrangem5ts are describ$ 9 detail 9 ! h&books ( ,drs4 ,ed] & ,vogel1 & ^! ,i may !re=e omit s f> z no?+ novel is to be obs]v$4 ,we di/+ui% n[ betwe5 daylight & artificial light /udios2 fur!r1 ^? 9 :i* a cam]a is us$ = mak+ ! negative & ^? 9 :i* a d>k-room itself is ! cam]a4 ,! fir/ w1 ( c\rse1 be us$ :]e o!r ?+s besides reproductions h to be made2 ! arrangem5t )\t a cam]a pres5ts _m advantages = reproduction "w only4 ,9 ! arrangem5t ) artificial light ! illum9ation ( ! object to be tak5 is effect$ z a rule ) a s\rce ( light :i* c approximately replace daylight1 & :i* also rema9s z con/ant z possible1 & ! electric light is at pres5t ! be/4 ,al?\gh o!r s\rces ( light are sometimes us$1 ! electric light 9 ! =m ( ! arc light = cont9u\s practical use has ! advantage4 ,= copy+ oil pa9t+s daylight is to be pref]r$ "u all conditions1 & = ?is ! be/ arrangem5t is ! revolv+ /udio4#a #a ,see ,ed]'s 8,jahrbu* fr ,photographie10 #ahic1 p4 #bca4 ,! description ( a mod]n /udio ) electric light z us$ 9 ! ,k4u4,k4 ,milit>-geographis*5 ,in/itut 9 ,vi5na1 & f :i* ! /udio ( ! ,k4,k4 ,h(- und ,/aatsdruck]ei 0 copi$1 is giv5 "h4 ,?is /udio lies sev5 metres bel[ ! level ( ! /reet on ! s\? front ( ! build+1 & is %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,! prep>ation & d>k rooms are illum9at$ ) :ite1 yell[1 & r$ light by means ( two #ej-;c4p4 inc&esc5t electric lamps = ea* col\r1 & besides ?is are provid$ ) w9d[ scre5s ( glass ( ! same col\rs = daylight4 ,! w9d[s op5 into an area #ej cm4 wide :i* runs r\nd ! build+4 ,! light+ is s arrang$ "h t besides ! ord9>y collodion plates1 v s5sitive gelat9e plates c be work$4 ,! room ,c1 :]e ! orig9al is plac$1 is fitt$ up #ca ) f\r ,franz5 arc lamps ( #c1jjj c4p4 ea* = illum9at+ ! orig9al1 & ! lamps are s arrang$ t ! light falls c5trally on ! orig9al4 ,! f\r lamps are fa/5$ by ball ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,a is ! room = ! prep>ation ( ! plates1 = ! wet collodion plates1 & ! silv] ba?4 ,b ! develop+ room4 ,c is ! room 9 :i* ! orig9al is plac$1 :]e is f\nd a support = ! orig9al ,,tt1 z is %[n 9 ,figs4 #c & #d4 ,d is ! d>k-room ) ! focuss+ table ,,ee 7,figs4 #b & #c71 & is sep>at$ f ,c by a wall ( #ae cm4 ?ickness4 ,9 ?is wall is f\nd ! photographic l5s 9 a metal flange built into a /\t iron box4 ,f is ! wa%+ & poli%+ room = ! glass plates4 & socket arms to an iron frame :i* re/s on roll]s2 !y c be rais$ or l[]$ on ! frame1 & = tak+ small objects c be pu%$ clos] toge!r4 ,! arms are fa/5$ to ! r\nd pill>s ( ! frame1 be+ provid$ ) a screw grip4 ,! lamps c be plac$ z close z #je m4 to ! orig9al4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 !y are work$ at a di/ance ( "o metre1 z !n ! int5sity ( ! light is ab\t equal to diffus$ daylight4 ,! axes ( ! c>bons 9 ! lamps are s arrang$ t ! gl[+ crat] =m$ 9 ! positive pole is turn$ to ! orig9al1 by :i* means ! illum9ation is int5sifi$4 ,! positive c>bons h a diamet] ( #bj mm41 ! negative c>bons #h mm4 ,! lamps /& 9 pairs "o above ! o!r at ,,ll4 ,9 ! two upp] lamps ! positive c>bon is at ! top & ! negative c>bon bel[ x1 s t ! light is equally di/ribut$ ov] ! :ole ( ! subject4 ,) ?is arrangem5t ( ! lamps all reflections are avoid$1 & nei!r ! gra9 ( r\gh draw+ pap]1 ! relief ( an engrav+1 nor ! edges ( pieces /uck on are felt4 ,! curr5t is produc$ by a dynamo 9 ! h\se2 x ent]s into ! place at ,n1 :5ce x is divid$ into two circuits ( #bj ampres1 9 :i* are two swit*es1 an ammet] & a rheo/at1 & ! two lamps on ei!r side4 ,! wall 9 :i* ! objective ,o 7,figs4 #c & #d7 is plac$1 z also ! brick socle aa & ee 7,fig4 #b71 on :i* ! support = #cb ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 #cc ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 #cd ! orig9al & ! focuss+ scre5 re/1 run on rails1 & are absolutely isolat$ f ! brickwork ( ! build+ 9 ord] to avoid any possible vibrations4 ,! /& = ! orig9al ,,tt is provid$ ) screw fitt+s1 cams & :eels1 :i* make x possible to raise ! orig9al1 to l[] x1 to move f "r to left1 & vice-v]s1 v]tically & horizontally1 s z to place its c5tre axial ) ! optical axis ( ! l5s1 z well z p>allel to ! focuss+ scre5 9 ! d>k room4 ,! :ole ( ! me*anism lies at ! back ( ! /&1 s t !re is absolutely no?+ 9 front ( ! orig9al4 ,! focuss+ table ,,ee is con/ruct$ 9 a simil> mann] to ! /& = ! orig9al1 & is movable 9 e direction 9 ! same way4 ,x c>ries 9 front two wood clips1 9 :i* ! bo>d ) ! orig9al is plac$4 ,! table = ! orig9al1 l ! focuss+ table1 is con/ruct$ on roll]s1 :i* run on ! already-m5tion$ rails4 ,9 ord] to be able to fix ^! z soon z a %>p focus is obta9$ a brake is fitt$4 ,! plac+ ( ! orig9al table at ! di/ance f ! l5s is accommodat$ accord+ to ! size 9 :i* x is to be reproduc$1 & has already be5 e/imat$4 ,!re rema9s1 !re=e1 only to tr\ble ab\t ! f9e focuss+1 :i* is v quickly effect$4 ,= tak+ l9e or wa% draw+s & = enl>gem5ts up to #hj #hj cm4 a ,/e9heil wide-angle aplanat is us$1 :i* gives no di/ortion4 ,! duration ( exposure is ) su* subjects f eight to t5 m9utes4 ,= small] subjects1 & pr9cipally = photographs on wood1 an or?oscope by ,voightlnd] is us$1 & ! exposure v>ies f f\r to six m9utes4 ,a ,zeiss ana/igmat is us$ = mak+ autotypes4 ,duration ( exposure f ?ree to five m9utes4 ,col\r$ objects1 oil pa9t+s1 etc41 are tak5 9 ! daylight /udio4 ,!y are pr9t$ 9 ! daytime 9 ! op5 air1 & 9 bad wea!r or "u press+ circum/ances 9 ! night by ! electric light4 #b4 ,,! ,,g5]al ,,qualities ,,( ,,negatives ,,= ,,photo-,,li?ography4 ,! negative = photo-li?ographic "w1 = :atev] me?od x may be us$1 mu/ be=e all ?+s possess two pr9cipal qualities2 :5 look$ ?r\gh x %\ld be z cle> & z clean z possible1 on ! o!r h& ! gr\nd z well cov]$ z possible4 ,! deposit mu/ n be ( a black col\r2 f a well-drawn orig9al absolutely satisfactory negatives c be prep>$ )\t ! black col\r4 ,:5 a draw+ is r$uc$ :i* conta9s grey l9es1 dots1 & po9ts1 z well z full black ones1 ton$ l9es w be visible z well z ! transp>5t2 ) c>eful treatm5t1 ! negative may be s f> correct$ t x may be us$4 ,if ?is is n effect$1 or is n possible1 ! ret\*+ on ! /one w be some:at tr\blesome4 ,! ton$ l9es pr9t lat] ?an ! transp>5t2 ^! w !re=e be ov]pr9t$ #ce :5 ! =m] h sc>cely rea*$ ! correct degree ( pr9t+4 ,! *oice is !n only left ei!r to weak5 ! l9es :i* are too /rong or to draw aft]w>ds ! fa9t or n pr9t$ l9es4 ,if ! gr\nd is n suffici5tly opaque x w pr9t ?r\gh4 ,?is c be rem$i$ by int5sify+ ! negative1 or :5 ?is is n possible to pa9t ov] x z well z possible4 ,transp>5t spots are =m$ on ! negative by an impure silv] ba? or by du/ fly+ ab\t ! room4 ,^! mu/ be spott$ out if increas$ "w lat] on on ! /one or z9c plate is n desir$4 ,9 reproduc+ f9e copp] engrav+s1 x g5]ally happ5s t ! f9e grey hair-l l9es & ! light int]/ices1 if ! plate 0 n prop]ly poli%$1 appe> less transp>5t 9 ! negative ?an ! o!r p>ts ( ! picture4 ,9 develop+ ! pr9t ! result is a p>tly brok5 image :i* c only be ret\*$ ) consid]able tr\ble4 ,! negative c be correct$ by tak+ c>e to pa9t ov] ! transp>5t p>ts4 ,pr(essor ,husnik recomm5ds1 :5 ! picture is n too l>ge1 to fa/5 a transp>5t pap] on ! back ( ! negative1 & to cov] ov] ! glassy places ) a s(t lead p5cil4 ,^! p>ts !n pr9t simultane\sly ) ! hair-l l9e & develop also equally4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! negative is l>ge1 & ! picture v complicat$1 a glass positive picture is prep>$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,a poli%$ %eet ( glass is levell$ & coat$ ) ! foll[+ solution3-- ,gelat9e #f p>ts by weight4 ,sug> #a "p by weight4 ,ammonium bi*romate #a "p by weight4 ,wat] #hj p>ts by weight4 ,:5 ! solution has dri$ ! glass plate is laid on ! negative & expos$ till ! deepe/ %ad[s h pr9t$1 & x is !n develop$ 9 wat]4 ,:5 dry ?is glass positive is laid on ! back ( ! negative s t e "p ( ea* picture fits4 ,! plates are !n b\nd r\nd ! edges ) pap] /rips s t !y _c %ift4 ,by ?is--al?\gh some:at tr\blesome--op]ation c an unsatisfactory negative be r5d]$ m ev54 ,?is correction c also be effect$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! back ( ! negative is coat$ ) raw collodion :i* is fa9tly col\r$ ) anil9e r$1 eos9e or fu*s9e1 all[$ to dry1 & !n ) an engrav+ ne$le or a n>r[ knife ! less transp>5t l9es may be scrap$ out1 s t ! r$ collodion only rema9s on ! transp>5t places4 ,obvi\sly also ?is c be done 9 ! rev]se1 by pa9t+ a fa9t r$ on ! transp>5t places ) a bru%4 ,by ?is la/ me?od a tol]ably ext5sive ret\*+ may be #cf effect$ on unequal negatives1 :i* are ! result ( n q equally black or also v close drawn orig9als1 f subjects ) v f9e l9es1 su* z copp]-plate engrav+s1 or f f9ely-execut$ li?ographs ) v great r$uction4 ,f9ally x %\ld be m5tion$ t ) intellig5t ret\*+ any bad negative c be us$ = photo-li?ography1 & ! only "q n[ is :e!r x is n bett] to take ! %orte/ way & prep>e a suitable negative :5 ! orig9al really p]mits ( its be+ done4 ,9 pr9t+ on *romat$ gelat9e pap] a good result c be easi] atta9$ f some:at foggy or ?9 negatives ?an by pr9t+ ) asphalt or o!r light s5sitive sub/ance4 ,! foll[+ k9ds ( negatives are us$ = ! v>i\s photo-li?ographic processes3-- ,= ! transf] process ) *romat$ gelat9e pap] or direct pr9t+ on /one or z9c direct1 a rev]s$ l9e or autotype negative4 ,= ,orell & ,fssli's process1 a rev]s$ ord9>y half-tone negative4 ,= ,b>ts' process & = photogravure on /one1 a direct ord9>y half-tone negative4 #c4 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,! ,,direct ,,glass ,,negative4 ,! prep>ation & clean+ ( ! plate glass is z foll[s3--,fir/ ( all ! plates are r\gh5$ ) a piece ( %>p pumice /one on ! extreme edges to ! bread? ( ab\t #je cm4 9 ord] to prev5t ! frill+ or float+ (f ( ! collodion film4 ,?is is v little tr\ble consid]+ ! advantage x (f]s4 ,aft] be+ edg$ ! plates are plac$ 9 a solution ( ,nitric acid *emically pure #a "p ,wat] #aj p>ts ,in/ead ( nitric acid1 *romic acid may be us$1 b ?is is n absolutely necess>y4 ,aft] "o or two h\rs ! plates are tak5 out ( ! acid ba?1 well wa%$ "u a /rong wat] rose1 & dri$ 9 a place free f du/4 ,!n ! plates are well rubb$ ) #a 3 #aj t9cture ( iod9e solution ) a pad ( clean filt] pap] & !n poli%$ ) #ej p] c5t4 alcohol4 ,?is prep>ation mu/ be done ) absolute accuracy1 & ?us !y make all sub/rata ( album51 india-rubb] solution1 etc41 = direct negatives unnecess>y4 ,plates :i* h be5 previ\sly us$ are plac$ 9 pure wat] till ! collodion film has become loose1 & are !n scrubb$ ) a /iff bru%1 treat$ = "s h\rs to a ba? ( cau/ic soda1 & !n treat$ z above1 :5 !y may be us$ aga94 #cg ,= reproduction ( simple l9e draw+s iodiz$ collodion is us$ :i* consi/s ( #b p] c5t4 raw collodion compos$ (-- ,e!r #a1jjj ccm4 ,absolute alcohol #a1jjj ccm4 ,pyroxyl9 #dj g4 ,iodiz+ is done ) ,sodium iodide #ae g4 ,cadmium iodide #ae g4 ,cadmium bromide #h g4 ,potassium iodide #a g4 ,! la/ salt is dissolv$ 9 a few drops ( di/ill$ wat]1 ! o!r salts are dissolv$ 9 "o "p ( ! absolute alcohol4 ,! iodiz+ solution is filt]$ into ! raw collodion1 :i* has already be5 all[$ to settle & filt]$1 & all[$ to /& = "s days4 ,! s5sitiz+ solution is nitrate ( silv] 9 ! proportion ( #a 3 #aj1 ) l>g] sizes #a to #ab-a to #ad1 & ! silv] ba? is fa9tly acidulat$ ) *emically pure nitric acid4 ,= a mono*rome subject ! exposure la/s accord+ to ! size ( ! reproduction1 & ! rapidity ( ! objective1 f ?ree to t5 m9utes4 ,= developm5t an iron develop] is us$1 consi/+ (3-- ,wat] #djjj ccm4 ,f]r\s sulphate #aej g4 ,copp] sulphate #ge g4 ,alcohol 7#dj p] c5t47 #bej ccm4 ,glacial acetic acid #abe ccm4 ,! iron develop]1 ) addition ( sulphate ( copp]1 is to be pref]r$ = %ort exposures to iron & lead develop]4 ,if ! plate has be5 correctly expos$ ! image gradually appe>s aft] a %ort "t1 & v soon gets vigor\s4 ,:5 ! details appe> 9 ! deepe/ %ad[s ! developm5t mu/ be imm$iately /opp$1 o!rwise fogg+ w ensue4 ,if ! image does n ga9 vig\r by long developm5t x 0 "u-expos$2 ) ov]-exposure ! image appe>s quickly & rema9s ?94 ,! develop]1 :5 fre%1 works fairly quickly2 old] develop]s "w sl[]1 b give v cle> negatives4 ,= v f9e l9e draw+s or reproductions ( copp]-plate engrav+s ! develop] is us$ some:at weak]1 & "o-fif? ( its volume ( wat] add$4 ,! developm5t takes some:at long]2 ! f9e l9es rema91 h[ev]1 v cle>4 ,aft] develop+ ! plate is well wa%$ & !n int5sifi$ fir/ ) a solution (-- ,wat] #ejjj ccm4 ,f]r\s sulphate #ahj g4 ,citric acid #ij g4 #ch to :i* a few drops ( a #a 3 #ab silv] nitrate solution h be5 add$4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t 9 ! fir/ int5sification ! glassy places rema9 cle>4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! desir$ opacity is atta9$ ! plate %\ld be imm$iately wa%$4 ,too long int5sification fogs ! f9] l9es4 ,! plate %\ld be fix$ ) #e p] c5t4 solution ( potassium cyanide4 ,= ?is1 h[ev]1 a conc5trat$ solution ( hyposulphite ( soda c be us$4 ,aft] well wa%+1 ! negative w %[1 :5 exam9$ by transmitt$ light1 :e!r ! gr\nd is opaque en\gh1 or :e!r a fur!r int5sification is necess>y4 ,) correct manipulation ?is fir/ int5sification w be suffici5t = f9e1 well-prep>$ draw+s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! opacity proves to be too little1 aft] ?or\ghly well wa%+1 ! second int5sification or black5+ is effect$ ) a conc5trat$ solution ( m]curic *loride 9 di/ill$ wat]1 :i* is all[$ to act till !re is a di/9ct precipitate & ! film has become grey4 ,aft] well wa%+ ! plate is fl[$ ov] ) solution ( ?iosulphate ( gold till ! grey quicksilv] precipitate has become absolutely black4 ,! gold solution consi/s (-- 7,a47 ,di/ill$ wat] #ajjj p>ts ,*loride ( gold #a "p 7,b47 ,di/ill$ wat] #ajjj p>ts ,hypo-sulphite ( soda #aj p>ts ,imm$iately be=e use solution ,a is add$ ) con/ant /irr+ to solution ,b1 & a few drops ( ammonia add$4 ,if ! desir$ black5+ is n effect$ ) "o application ! op]ation mu/ be complet$4 ,! solution ( gold1 :5 kept 9 ! d>k1 w keep a long "t4 ,= fix$ negative ! foll[+ int5sifi]s h be5 us$ ) good results3-- #a4 ,int5sifi] ) pyrogallol4 7a47 ,silv] nitrate #e p>ts by weight ,di/ill$ wat] #ge p>ts by weight ,to ?is solution is add$-- 7b47 ,citric acid #e p>ts by weight ,di/ill$ wat] #ge p>ts by weight 7c47 ,pyrogallol #abe p>ts by weight ,di/ill$ wat] #aej p>ts by weight #b4 ,! hydro*9one int5sifi] recomm5d$ by ,b>on ,hbl3-- ,hydro*9one #aj p>ts ,wat] #ajjj p>ts ,to ?is z mu* acid is add$ z w keep ! solution cle> = #ci five m9utes1 :5 x is mix$ ) a ?ird ( its quantity ( #a 3 #cj solution ( silv] nitrate4 ,! addition ( a few drops ( sulphuric acid or #e p>ts ( citric acid is g5]ally en\gh4 ,?is int5sifi] acts some:at m delicately ?an ! silv] & iron solution1 & has ! advantage ov] ! pyrogallol t x c be appli$ z frequ5tly z desir$ 9 full daylight to ! fix$ negatives )\t any dang]4 #c4 ,! metol int5sifi]4 ,! negative %\ld be develop$ ) ! above-m5tion$ iron solution3-- 7,a47 ,metol #ae p>ts ,citric acid #aj p>ts ,di/ill$ wat] #ajjj p>ts 7,b47 ,silv] nitrate #aj p>ts ,di/ill$ wat] #ajj p>ts ,! negative mu/ be fix$ be=e int5sification ) hypo & well wa%$4 ,a small quantity ( solution ,a is p\r$ ov] ! negative to drive (f ! wat]1 & !n x is int5sifi$ 9 ! ord9>y way ) #aj p>ts ( solution ,a & #a "p ( solution ,b4 ,fur!r int5sification is effect$1 z describ$1 ) m]cury1 ! black5+ ) ?iosulphate ( gold4 ,:5 ! negative is f9i%$ & dri$ x is coat$ ) a solution ( gelat9e #a 3 #ej1 or a #a 3 #ae solution ( gum1 9 ord] to protect ! film1 & ! negative %\ld be levell$ & all[$ to dry4 ,good opacity 9 ! gr\nd & cle> glass 9 ! l9es ( ! draw+ are ! fundam5tal requirem5ts ( a negative = photo-li?ography4 ,b draw+s are n always prep>$ 9 su* a mann] t ?is c be completely obta9$4 ,) flat draw+s :i* are drawn 9 grey in/ead ( black ! fir/ int5sification is only cont9u$ till ! f9e/ l9es appe> cle>4 ,= fur!r int5sification ! negative aft] dry+ is giv5 a coat+ ( a light s5sitive solution (-- ,gum arabic #age p>ts by weight ,:ite sug> #age p>ts by weight ,potassium bi*romate #eh p>ts by weight ,glyc]9e #ah p>ts by weight ,wat] #ce p>ts by weight ,ammonia is n[ add$ till a light col\r is =m$4 ,aft] dry+ x is expos$ f ! glass side to #ae ,vogel's photomet]1 wa%$ = ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r & !n soak$ 9 w>m wat] till a relief is =m$4 ,by ?is op]ation a transp>5t relief is =m$ on ! l9es ( ! draw+1 :i* absolutely protects ! same f fogg+4 ,! int5sification is !n effect$ ) m]curic *loride & *loride ( gold1 or an int5sifi] ( #dj solutions ( uranium & f]ridcyanide is us$1 :i* is compos$ ( two solutions-- 7,a47 ,uranium nitrate #h p>ts by weight ,sug> #h p>ts by weight ,wat] #cej p>ts by weight 7,b47 ,potassium f]ridcyanide #h p>ts by weight ,sug> #h p>ts by weight ,wat] #cej p>ts by weight ,! negative is fir/ flood$ ) ! uranium solution & !n ) ! r$ prussiate4 ,ano!r process ( int5sification recomm5d$ by ,pr(4 ,ed] & ,to? is ! s-call$ lead int5sifi]4 ,! some:at "u-expos$ negative ought only to be develop$ ) iron1 fix$ ) hypo1 & mu/ !n be well wa%$4 ,x is f9ally well r9s$ ) di/ill$ wat]1 & !n plac$ 9 a filt]$ solution (-- ,lead nitrate #d p>ts by weight ,potassium f]ridcyanide #f p>ts by weight ,di/ill$ wat] #ajj p>ts by weight ,aft] a few m9utes x becomes absolutely opaque 9 ! cov]$ p>ts4 ,! negative is all[$ to rema9 9 ! ba? till x has atta9$ ! desir$ d5sity4 ,on ! silv] molecules ( ! image a pale yell[ precipitate has =m$ by ! action ( ! lead ba?4 ,! f]ridcyanide ( pota% is r$uc$ by ! silv] to yell[ f]rocyanide ( pota%1 & gives !n1 ) ! lead salt1 an insoluble comp\nd1 f]rocyanide ( lead4 ,by ! action ( ammonium sulphide ! un/able lead salt is conv]t$ into a /able salt4 ,z soon z ! negative has be5 tak5 f ! lead ba? & well wa%$1 till ! wa%+ wat] no long] gives a blue precipitate1 x is fl[$ ov] ) dilute ammonium sulphide #a 3 #e4 ,sodium sulphydrate may also be us$4 ,! image becomes black in/antane\sly4 ,! negative becomes g5]ally vigor\s2 if1 h[ev]1 x 0 expos$ too long ! f9e hair l9es & po9ts veil ov] v easily4 ,if ! negative is n suffici5tly int5sifi$1 :i* may happ5 ) v mu* "u-expos$ negatives1 x %\ld aft] well wa%+1 & be=e treat+ ) ammonium sulphydrate1 be laid 9 a ba? (-- ,cadmium sulphate #aj p>ts ,di/ill$ wat] #ajj p>ts 9 :i* x becomes /ill :it]1 & %\ld !n be treat$ ) ! ammonium sulphide4 ,! lead1 ! cadmium1 & ! silv] ( ! ba? are conv]t$ by ! ammonium sulphydrate into sulphide4 ,! negatives treat$ ) cadmium h a yell[i% t+e1 :il/ ^? treat$ ) lead are pure black4 ,= #da cle>+ up ! :ite-lead image :5 x is too vigor\s or is foggy hyposulphite ( soda or a dilute solution ( potassium cyanide c be us$4 ,?is manipulation1 h[ev]1 requires great c>e4 ,! negative treat$ ) ammonium sulphide if foggy c be cle>$ up ) hydro*loric acid1 us$ weak & repeat$ly p\r$ on & (f1 ) c>eful wat*+ ( ! action4 ,aft] ?is x mu/ be well wa%$4 ,! lead solution w rema9 cle> = weeks1 & if x beg9s to "w sl[ly c be fre%5$ up ) addition ( lead nitrate & f]ridcyanide ( pota%4 ,if /ripp+ negatives are to be prep>$1 x is advisable1 ) ! lead int5sifi$ negatives1 to give ! glass plate a prelim9>y rub ) vasel9e oil1 to well wa%1 & !n to coat ) raw collodion4 ,husnik's graphite int5sification is /ill to be m5tion$1 :i*1 9 "s cases1 may be ( great s]vice1 b requires practice & c>e4 ,! exp]t photo-me*anical work] w adopt "o or ! o!r me?ods = 8 "w1 & z soon z he c "w safely & )\t hesitation he w adh]e to t4 #d4 ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,autotype ,,negatives ,,( ,,black ,,& ,,col\r$ ,,draw+s4 ,z reg>ds ! prep>ation ( autotype negatives f simple black orig9als--wa% draw+s--! above photographic processes are q suffici5t4 ,= tak+ pa9t$ orig9als--su* z oil pa9t+s1 wat]-col\r draw+s1 fresco1 & pa/ell draw+s--an or?o*romatic collodion mu/ be us$ if a correct r5d]+ ( ! tones 9 ! negative is to be obta9$4 ,9 our /udio we h obta9$ excell5t results ) two k9ds ( col\r s5sitive collodion4 ,^! are ! iso*romatic collodion emulsion prep>$ by ,dr4 ,e4 ,alb]t & t sugge/$ by ,major von ,hbl4 ,9 us+ ! =m]1 ! glass plates z soon z !y are tak5 out ( ! acid ba? & well wa%$ mu/ be giv5 a sub/ratum ( ! foll[+ solution3-- ,:ite gelat9e #e p>ts ,wat] #ejj p>ts to :i* is add$-- ,glacial acetic acid #ae p>ts ,alcohol #aj p>ts ,! solution %\ld be filt]$ & coat$ :il/ w>m1 & ! plate dri$ 9 a room free f du/ at lea/ #ae ,r4 ,= ! production ( ! s5sitiv5ess1 or = ! production ( ! correct reproduction ( ! col\rs1 two eoside ( silv] dyes1 ,r4 & ,p41 are us$4 ,! ,p4 dye gives great s5sitiv5ess1 & is especially suitable = portraits1 l&scapes1 etc4 ,9 us+ ?is a #db correct reproduction ( ! r$ mu/ be ab&on$1 :il/ ! ,r4 dye gives an absolutely correct col\r r5d]+ b requires ab\t d\ble ! exposure4 ,t5 ccm4 ( ! eoside ( silv] solution are add$ to #ajj ccm4 ( ! emulsion4 ,:5 col\r$ ! emulsion w only keep = "o or two days4 ,! "t ( exposure ) ! ,r4 dye is normally f "o-&-a-half to ?ree m9utes4 ,aft] exposure ! plate mu/ be well wa%$ "u a tap & !n all[$ to ?or\ghly dra91 or o!rwise develop+ /reaks w %[4 ,hydro*9one develop] is us$ = develop+1 consi/+ ( ?ree solutions3-- 7,a47 ,di/ill$ wat] #ejj p>ts ,sodium sulphite #bjj p>ts ,potassium c>bonate 7pure7 #bjj p>ts 7,b47 ,hydro*9one #be p>ts ,alcohol 7#if7 #ajj p>ts 7,c47 ,ammonium bromide #be p>ts ,di/ill$ wat] #ajj p>ts ,?is develop+ liquid is conc5trat$1 & is us$ z foll[s3-- ,solution ,a4 #ajj p>ts ,solution ,b4 #e p>ts ,solution ,c4 #g p>ts ,to obta9 h>d negatives solution ,b is increas$ f #a to #e times4 ,a mixture ( #aej p>ts ( ! above solution ) #ajjj p>ts ( di/ill$ wat] =ms ! actual develop]4 ,by ! addition ( m conc5trat$ develop] or increas+ ! quantity ( wat] ! develop] may be suit$ to ! "* ( ! subject4 ,! develop] mu/ be freely fl[$ ov] ! plate1 & !n ! plate fix$ ) sodium hyposulphite4 ,int5sification is effect$ )-- 7,a47 ,pyrogallol #g g4 ,citric acid #g g4 ,di/ill$ wat] #aejj ccm4 & :5 dissolv$ ,glacial acetic acid #be drops are add$4 7,b47 ,silv] nitrate #aj g4 ,di/ill$ wat] #ajj ccm4 ,imm$iately be=e use #ajj p>ts ( solution ,a are mix$ ) #e p>ts ( solution ,b1 & ! int5sification cont9u$ till ! desir$ d5sity is obta9$4 ,negatives c be r$uc$ by plac+ !m :il/ damp 9 a solution (-- ,potassium p]manganate #a "p ,di/ill$ wat] #cjj p>ts ,:5 ?is has act$ suffici5tly1 ! plate is well wa%$1 #dc fl[$ ov] ) a five p] c5t4 solution ( potassium cyanide1 & !n well wa%$4 ,:5 ! dy$ emulsion is us$ ?is mu/ be done1 aft] develop+1 9 r$ light4 ,a v excell5t me?od ( prep>+ an or?o*romatic collodion emulsion has be5 describ$ by ,hbl1#b :i* c be us$ ei!r wet or dry4 ,repeat$ trials made 9 ! ,imp]ial ,milit>y ,geographical ,in/itute1 9 our e/abli%m5t1 & 9 ! ,photographic ,in/itute 9 ,vi5na h prov$ ! advantage\s use ( ?is me?od = or?o*romatic "w4 ,! raw emulsion1 accord+ to ,hbl1 is prep>$ z foll[s3--#dj g4 ( silv] nitrate are dissolv$ 9 #ej ccm4 ( w>m di/ill$ wat]1 & z mu* ammonia add$ z w give a cle> solution2 !n #ajj ccm4 ( alcohol are add$ & ! :ole all[$ to cool4 #cj g4 ( ammonium bromide are dissolv$ 9 #ce ccm4 ( wat] & #gj ccm4 ( absolute alcohol ) g5tle heat4 #b 8,encyclopdie d] ,photographie10 ,heft #c1 & ,ed]'s 8,jahrbu*10 #ahib1 p4 #chg4 ,to make ! emulsion #dej ccm4 ( f\r p] c5t4 raw collodion are plac$ 9 a /rong glass flask :i* w hold a litre1 & to ?is 9 ! d>k room ! silv] solution add$4 ,"s ( ! wool sep>ates out1 b by vigor\s %ak+ ?is c aga9 be dissolv$4 ,a "p ( ! silv] salt also rema9s susp5d$ 9 ! liquid 9 ! =m ( f9e cry/als4 ,! ammonium bromide is add$ 9 ?ree or f\r p>ts :il/ w>m4 ,aft] %ak+ ?or\ghly = sev]al m9utes ! emulsion is precipitat$ by di/ill$ wat]1 :i* is repeat$ly add$ till ! sep>ation is complete4 ,! emulsion1 :i* is n[ p[d]y1 is plac$ on a l95 filt]1 wa%$ sev]al times ) di/ill$ wat]1 squeez$ to press out ! la/ ( ! wat]1 damp$ two or ?ree times ) alcohol1 & !n press$4 ,:il/ /ill damp ) alcohol ! emulsion is dissolv$ 9 f #hjj to #a1jjj ccm4 ( alcohol & e!r1 mix$ ) #je grs4 ( code9e1 & all[$ to re/ = "s days1 :5 x w be ready = use4 ,! prep>ation ( ! eoside ( silv] solution is effect$ z foll[s3--#aj g4 ( yell[-%ade eos9e are dissolv$ 9 #bej ccm4 ( boil+ wat] & #e grs4 ( silv] nitrate 9 #ej ccm4 ( wat] add$ hot4 ,! solution is all[$ to settle1 !n filt]$1 & !n wa%$ fir/ ) boil+ wat] & !n ) alcohol on ! filt]1 & !n dri$ 9 a dimly-light$ room4 ,to prep>e ! dye solution #je g4 ( ! dry eoside ( silv] & #a g4 ( ammonium acetate are g5tly heat$ toge!r 9 #cj ccm4 ( alcohol till dissolv$1 !n #abj ccm4 ( alcohol & #aj ccm4 ( glacial acetic acid are add$1 & ! :ole filt]$4 ,= plates to be expos$ wet1 #e-aj ccm4 ( glyc]9e are add$4 ,! emulsion is s5sitiz$ by add+ "o-t5? ( its volume ( dye1 & %\ld be well %ak5 be=e coat+ ! plates4 ,! glass plates %\ld receive a prelim9>y sub/ratum ( gelat9e or india-rubb]1 s t ! frill+ ( ! film & impurities ( ! glass plates may be totally avoid$4 #dd ,= small siz$ plates ! emulsion is us$ some:at ?ick] ?an = l>g]1 & = ! latt] x %\ld be dilut$ ) alcohol & e!r4 ,aft] coat+ !y %\ld be dri$ at ab\t #ae ,c41 & !n = "s m9utes expos$ to a temp]ature ( #cj ,c4 ,! plates %\ld be develop$ ) ! foll[+ mixture3--#be g4 ( sodium sulphite %\ld be dissolv$ 9 #dj ccm4 ( w>m wat]1 !n #aj g4 ( glyc9e add$ & #ej g4 ( potassium c>bonate1 at fir/ 9 small quantities 9 consequ5ce ( ! evolution ( c>bonic acid4 ,:5 cool ab\t #ge ccm4 ( a ?9 pa/y liquid w be obta9$1 :i* may be kept z a /ock solution1 & be=e use mu/ be well %ak5 & dilut$ ) f #ab-ae times ! quantity ( wat]4 ,wet plates %\ld be wa%$ be=e developm5t1 & ! develop] fl[$ on2 dry plates %\ld n be wa%$1 & %\ld be develop$ 9 a di%4 ,!y %\ld be fix$ 9 sodium hyposulphite4 ,! int5sification may be effect$ ) metol 7see p4 #ci71 & ! black5+ z describ$ on p4 #ch4 ,obvi\sly ! collodion emulsion may be us$ = ord9>y "w undy$4 ,! qualities ( ! cross-l9$ scre5 & ! di/ance ( ! same f ! s5sitive plate w be describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,v4 #e4 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,rev]s$ ,,negatives4 ,= ! diff]5t photo-li?ographic "w direct & rev]s$ negatives are us$2 = ! transf] process direct negatives are us$2 = pr9t+ direct on to ! /one or plate1 rev]s$ negatives4 ,= mak+ ! latt] v>i\s me?ods are us$1 ! pr9cipal ( :i* are z foll[s3-- 7,a47 ,,exposure ,,?r\gh ,a ,,prism4 ,?is me?od is1 on acc\nt ( its inconv5i5ces & difficulties1 only us$ :5 x _c be possibly avoid$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 #de ,fig4 #e %[s ! arrangem5t 9 :i* ! prism a is plac$ 9 front ( ! l5s b4 ,! prism is ?ree-corn]$ & ! angle turn$ to ! objective is a "r angle4 ,! hypo!nuse is silv]$4 ,x is m\nt$ 9 brass or nickel2 on ! m\nt is a screw1 by means ( :i* x is fa/5$ to ! objective1 s t ! side opposite to ! hypo!nuse lies upright to ! side ( ! cam]a1 & ?is position mu/ be an exact "r angle to ! focuss+ scre54 ,! cam]a itself mu/ be absolutely horizontal4 ,! subject to be tak51 in/ead ( be+ 9 front ( ! cam]a1 is plac$ sideways to ! prism4 ,! image passes ?r\gh a1 falls on ! silv]$ hypo!nuse a1 f !re ?r\gh ! objective b1 ?r\gh ! box-%ap$ ext5sion c & ! cam]a d1 on to ! s5sitive plate1 :i* is n visible 9 ! diagram4 ,! exposure ) ! prism is ab\t #a_/e? long] ?an usual1 because a portion ( ! light is absorb$ by ! prism4 7,b47 ,,plac+ ,,! ,,plate ,,! ,,wrong ,,way ,,r\nd ,,9 ,,! ,,slide4 ,g5]ally1 = mak+ rev]s$ negatives ( l9e draw+s1 x is q suffici5t to place ! s5sitive plate ! wrong way r\nd 9 ! d>k slide or 9 ! c>ri]1 s t ! film side1 in/ead ( be+ t[>ds ! objective1 is turn$ t[>ds ! op]ator4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 absolutely ess5tial to use only glass plates :i* are absolutely clean & :i* conta9 no p>ticles ( s&1 air bubbles1 etc41 :i* w\ld %[ on ! prep>$ negative z po9ts4 ,aft] s5sitiz+ ! plate1 ! back ( x mu/ be ?or\ghly clean$1 = any smudges or drops w\ld be visible on ! negative4 ,obvi\sly great c>e %\ld be tak5 also 9 clean+ ! plate to make z little du/ z possible4 ,9 ! ,imp]ial & ,/ate ,pr9t+ ,works ne>ly all ! rev]s$ negatives are prep>$ mo/ satisfactorily 9 ?is way4 ,! photographic manipulations1 ! prep>ation1 s5sitiz+ & develop+ ( ! plates1 etc41 is exactly ! same z ) direct negatives4 7,c47 ,,/ripp+ ,,negatives4 ,!re are v>i\s directions = mak+ /ripp+ negatives4 ,an india-rubb] solution1 consi/+ ( equal p>ts ( b5zole & *lor(orm1 9 :i* an equal "p by weight ( india-rubb] is dissolv$1 is us$ z a sub/ratum4 ,:5 ! solution has become q cle>1 ! unrev]s$ & unv>ni%$ negative is coat$ ) x4 ,:5 ! film is dry1 a coat+ ( raw collodion1 to :i* "s drops ( ca/or oil h be5 add$1 is giv54 ,:5 ?is film is q dry1 x is cut ?r\gh ne> ! edges ) a %>p knife1 & ! glass plate & film plac$ 9 a di% fill$ ) wat]1 :5 ! negative film w loos5 f ! glass & aft] "s "t w swim 9 ! wat]4 ,9 ?is op]ation ! use ( =ce mu/ be avoid$4 ,! film is lift$ f ! wat] by plac+ a c>d #df und]nea? x1 c>efully dri$ ) fibre pap]1 !n laid flat & press$ some:at betwe5 tissue pap]4 ,! negative prep>$ 9 ?is way has _m disadvantages4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! film is easily injur$1 &1 !re=e1 ! edges %\ld be b\nd ) /rips ( pap] 9 ord] to protect x f te>+2 fur!r1 ! film is easily fold$ & does n rema9 accurately ( ! same size1 :i* makes x useless = c]ta9 purposes4 ,moreov]1 ?is process is some:at co/ly4 ,x is n[ almo/ entirely replac$ by a process 9 :i* a gelat9e sub/ratum is us$4 ,?is process is z foll[s3--,! unv>ni%$ negative is accurately levell$ ) a level & coat$ #b mm4 ?ick ) a solution (-- ,:ite gelat9e #bj p>ts by weight4 ,di/ill$ wat] #ejj p>ts by weight4 ,glyc]9e 7*emically pure7 #be p>ts by weight4 ,glacial acetic acid #aj p>ts by weight4 ,alcohol #cf #ej p>ts by weight4 ,! above quantity is q suffici5t = at lea/ f\r negatives #ba #bf cm4 ,_m omit ! acetic acid1 b ,i h f\nd t x is an advantage = ! sl[ dry+1 ! pliability1 & ! keep+ ( its size ( ! negative1 to use acetic acid 9 mod]ate quantities4 ,to a c]ta9 degree ! addition ( glyc]9e also effects ?is1 b n suffici5tly en\gh4 ,be=e p\r+ on ! gelat9e solution1 ! plate mu/ be absolutely dry4 ,any air bells =m$ :il/ coat+ mu/ be pu%$ to ! edge ( ! plate ) a piece ( c>d4 ,! plate mu/ be dri$ spontane\sly 9 a room z airy & z free f du/ z possible4 ,9 ord] to protect ! film f du/ p>ticles1 x is advisable to give x a pap] cap or c>dbo>d cov]1 :i* all[s ! access ( air1 & obvi\sly x ought n to t\* ! film4 ,:5 ! gelat9e film has become ?or\ghly h>d1 x %\ld be coat$ ) negative v>ni%1 &1 aft] aga9 dry+1 %\ld be cut r\nd ! edges ) a %>p knife "r ?r\gh to ! glass & /ripp$ f ! plate4 ,if ! glass 0 well-clean$ & prep>$1 z has be5 previ\sly describ$ on page #da1 any gelat9e film ?us prep>$ w well & safely /rip )\t a sub/ratum4 ,) dirty or old plates1 a sub/ratum ( a #a-b solution ( india-rubb] %\ld be us$4 ,aft] /ripp+1 ! gelat9e films are be/ kept betwe5 filt]-pap]s & "u glass plates4 #dg ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,photo-,,li?ography ,,by ,,! ,,transf] ,,( ,a ,,greasy ,,pr9t ,,on ,,to ,,/one ,,or ,,z9c4 #a4 ,,! ,,home ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,bi*romat$ ,,gelat9e ,,pap]s4 ,photo-li?ographic or gelat9e pap]s are articles ( comm]ce & entirely fulfil _! purpose1 & mu/ be=e use be s5sitiz$ 9 a bi*romate ba?4 ,9 e/abli%m5ts :]e mu* photo-li?ographic pap] is n us$1 x is bett] to obta9 x comm]cially f "s reliable firm & n to make x oneself1 z ?is is some:at tr\blesome1 & requires special appliances1 "s practice & exp]i5ce1 & ) small consumption does n pay4 ,= ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! prep>ation ( *romat$ gelat9e pap] ,i w n[ give ! me?od1 & ,i w\ld rem>k t ?is pap] possesses all ! necess>y qualities = ?is process4 ,a %eet ( well-siz$ pap] is soak$ 9 a ba? ( cold wat]1 or ev5ly damp$ ) a clean pad1 till x has become slimy4 ,! wat] is all[$ to dra9 (f1 & !n ! %eet ( pap] plac$ on a plate ( glass :i* has be5 accurately levell$1 & :i* re/s on a levell+ /& ) screws1 s t x c be easily levell$4 ,by plac+ ov] x a %eet ( blott+ pap] & squeegee+ ) an india-rubb] or flannel squeegee ! air bells betwe5 ! pap] & glass are remov$ & any excess ( wat] press$ out4 ,!n ! edges ( ! %eet are b5t up to ab\t ! dep? ( #b cm41 & wood or iron rods laid outside1 & a w>m #a 3 #cj gelat9e solution p\r$ on to x4 ,a %eet #gj by #gj cm4 w require #cje g41 t is #ge g4 ( gelat9e & #bige g4 ( wat]4 ,! gelat9e w set 9 a few m9utes1 :5 ! %eet is remov$ f ! glass & laid on a rack 9 a place free f du/ to completely dry1 & %\ld rema9 f a day & a half to two days4 ,su* gelat9iz$ %eets c be kept 9 /ock1 & w keep fit = use 9 a cool1 dry place = f six to eight mon?s4 ,= ?is purpose only good pure rag pap] %\ld be us$1 z ! ord9>y *eap pap]s conta9 _m additions :i* r5d] !m unsuitable = ?is "w4 7,a47 ,,! ,,gelat9e4 ,! gelat9e mu/ possess c]ta9 qualities1 ( :i* ! pr9cipal are z foll[s4 ,be=e all ?+s x mu/ be pure & free f grease1 or else small r\nd pits =m on ! surface1 :i* give rise to tr\bles 9 develop+ & pr9t+1 & only produce #dh defective transf]s4 ,a l>ge proportion ( c>bonic acid w produce ! same faults1 :i* may1 h[ev]1 be rem$i$ by a small addition ( ammonia %ortly be=e use4 ,gelat9e is v hygroscopic1 & !re=e attracts moi/ure f ! room :]e x is kept & dissolves completely 9 w>m wat]4 ,ev5 9 v great dilution1 e4g41 #a 3 #ajj1 x sets aga9 to a jelly 9 ! cold1 b loses ! sett+ p[] aft] be+ repeat$ly w>m$1 or if ! temp]ature 0 rais$ consid]ably high] ?an 0 necess>y to melt x4 ,damp gelat9e decomposes 9 ! air v soon2 ! decomposition1 h[ev]1 c be delay$ ) salicylic & c>bolic acids & glyc]9e4 ,greasy gelat9e c be improv$ by ! addition ( #e p] c5t4 ( alcohol4 ,too s(t gelat9e c be h>d5$ ) *rome alum1 & "o "p ( *rome alum may be us$ to #bjj p>ts ( gelat9e1 & by ?is addition ! melt+ po9t is rais$ ab\t #g ,c4 ,too h>d gelat9e gives rise to ! =mation ( bubbles4 ,if ! gelat9e solution is slightly acid x is n a disadvantage4 ,! gelat9e us$ 9 our e/abli%m5t is ( ,fr5* make1 & is kn[n z 8transp>5t :ite gelat9e10 & is also v suitable = collotype4 ,i m5tion ?is because ! gelat9e frequ5tly gives rise to failure4 ,= practical "w1 !n1 x is advisable to /ick to "o make :5 x has be5 prov$ to be absolutely satisfactory4 ,to ^? :o w\ld /udy m closely ?is v important mat]ial = photo-li?ography & collotype1 ,i w\ld /rongly recomm5d ! bro*ure 8,ueb] die ,reaction5 d] ,*romsur5 und d] ,*romate auf ,gelat9e1 ,gummi1 ,zuck] und aud]e ,sub/anz5 organis*5 ,ursprunges 9 ihr] ,beziehung zur ,*romatphotographie10 by ,pr(essor ,ed]1 9 :i* ! mo/ exhau/ive in=mation on ! application ( ^! two mat]ials s important 9 photography1 gelat9e & ! *romate salts1 is giv5 9 a concise1 popul>1 & easily und]/ood =m4 7,b47 ,,! ,,*romate ,,salts4 ,! s5sitiv5ess to light ( ! diff]5t *romium comp\nds =ms at pres5t ! f\ndation ( sev]al photographic & photo-me*anical processes4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,ed]1 ,vauquel9 discov]$ 9 ! ye> #agih *romium & *romic acid1 & made at ! same "t ! obs]vation t *romic acid =m$ ) silv] a c>m9e r$ salt1 :i* became purple-r$ by ! action ( light4 ,9 ! ye> #ahcb ! philosoph] ,dr4 ,gu/av ,suck[1 9 8 "w1 8,die *emis*5 ,wirkung5 des ,li*tes10 /at$ t ! *romate salts 7 also s5sitive to light 9 ! abs5ce ( silv] if an organic sub/ance 0 add$1 z 9 ! light l[] 7gre57 oxidation products 7 =m$4 ,9 #ahci ,ponton add$ to ,vauquel9's & ,suck['s discov]ies1 & discov]$ ! photographic application ( *romate ( silv]1 ! light-s5sitiv5ess ( potassium bi*romate on pap]4 ,! *romates are p] se /able 9 light2 9 ! #di pres5ce ( organic sub/ances1 h[ev]1 su* z gelat9e1 album51 gum1 etc41 a quick r$uction ( ! same takes place 9 light4 ,talbot f9ally f\nd t a mixture ( gelat9e & a *romate became br[n 9 light1 & lo/ at ! same "t its solubility 9 w>m wat] & its p[] ( swell+ up 9 cold wat]4 ,accord+ to ! same au?ority simple potassium *romate is f #bj to #be times less s5sitive to light ?an potassium bi*romate1 & ! simple ammonium *romate %[s ! same s5sitiv5ess to light z ammonium bi*romate4 ,= photo-li?ography ! latt] salt1 potassium bi*romate1 is v important1 & x has ! *emical =mula ( ,k#b;,cr#b,o#g4 7,c47 ,,! ,,gelat9iz+4 ,! gelat9iz+ ( ! pap] & ! prep>ation ( ! gelat9e solution is effect$ z foll[s3-- ,! gelat9e1 accurately weigh$ out1 is plac$ 9 small pieces 9 ! prop] quantity ( wat]1 ei!r 9 a l>ge measure or "s o!r vessel1 & plac$ 9 a wat] ba? & imm$iately heat$4 ,x is advisable to place ! vessel conta9+ ! gelat9e into ! wat] ba? be=e ! latt] is heat$1 s t bo? may heat toge!r & fracture ( ! glass be ?us avoid$4 ,:5 ! gelat9e is completely dissolv$ ! w>m solution is filt]$ ?r\gh a l95 filt]1 & s t x may n be cool$ ! vessel into :i* ! gelat9e solution is filt]$ is also plac$ 9 ! wat] ba?4 ,:il/ /ill w>m & liquid ! gelat9e is p\r$ on to ! previ\sly prep>$ pap]1 & any bubbles ( air br\ght to ! edge ( ! %eet ) a /rip ( /iff pap] or a fea!r4 ,x %\ld be especially not$ ! gelat9e solution %\ld be us$ up z quickly z possible or else x w det]iorate4 ,gelat9e :i* rema9s = a long "t 9 a /ate ( solution becomes s(t & fluid1 & if ! *romate ba? is n well cool$ a p>tial or complete dissolv+ ( ! same takes place 9 s5sitiz+ or lat] 9 wa%+ & develop+4 7,d47 ,,s5sitiz+4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be treat$ ( is ! prep>ation ( ! bi*romate ba?4 ,! necess>y quantity ( ! bi*romate ( pota% is rubb$ up z f9e z possible 9 a porcela9 mort> ) a little wat]2 x %\ld !n be transf]r$ to a l>g] flask & ! necess>y quantity ( wat] add$4 ,:5 all ! bi*romate is dissolv$ ! solution %\ld be filt]$1 & s mu* ammonia add$ z w conv]t ! orange yell[ col\r into a /raw yell[4 ,?is ba? c be kept1 9 a d>k cool room1 fit = use = a long "t4 ,! proportions = ! solution are-- ,potassium bi*romate #a "p ,wat] #ae p>ts #ej & z mu* ammonia z w make x /raw col\r$4 ,! ba? is neutraliz$ ) ammonia or a soda or potassium salt1 because solutions ( ! bi*romate salts h ! prop]ty ( dissolv+ gelat9e ev5 9 ! cold4 ,! day be=e be+ us$ ! %eet ( gelat9iz$ pap] is plac$ 9 ?is bi*romate ba?1 :i* %\ld be z cold z possible2 9 summ] x %\ld be cool$ ) ice4 ,x %\ld be completely imm]s$ 9 ?is ba?1 s t ! solution cov]s e "p ( ! %eet to ! dep? ( #a-b cm41 & %\ld be left 9 x ab\t ?ree m9utes2 c>e mu/ be tak5 t no air bells =m on ! gelat9e4 ,if ?is %\ld happ5 !y %\ld be remov$ ) a s(t bru%1 :i* ought n to be us$ = any o!r purpose4 ,on ! places n cov]$ by ! bi*romate solution1 :i* has be5 kept (f by ! air bells1 ! pap] w\ld n be s5sitive to light4 ,= ord9>y pr9t+ ! pap] may be dri$ 9 ! air by plac+ x on a bo>d1 or bett] on a rack2 = bett] class "w1 & actually = all "w1 x is bett] to squeegee ! pap] z soon z x is remov$ f ! bi*romate ba? on a %eet ( plate glass :i* has be5 well clean$ & poli%$ ) talc1 ! excess ( solution or any air bubbles be+ remov$ by squeegee+ ?or\ghly "u blott+-pap]4 ,_m op]ators slightly grease ! glass plate4 ,i h f\nd t ?is is n necess>y if a suffici5tly cold s5sitiz+ ba? is us$1 ! plate glass ?or\ghly clean$ & well rubb$ ) talc1 & x is dri$ 9 an airy room4 ,x is advisable to see t !re is always v5tilation 9 ! dry+ room1 & ! m ?is is done ! bett] ! pap] w behave 9 ! subsequ5t op]ations4 ,to completely dry1 ! pap] requires :5 dry+ by itself f ?ree to f\r h\rs2 f t5 to twelve h\rs :5 squeege$ to glass4 ,! be/ way is to s5sitize ! pap] 9 ! aft]noon or ! ev5+1 s t x may be us$ ! next day 9 ! morn+4 ,! pap] :5 s5sitiz$ w1 :5 prop]ly kept 9 a d>k cool room1 be 9 a fit /ate to use = sev]al days4 ,by squeegee+ on to ! plate glass ! pap] takes a v high glossy surface1 & ?us 9 pr9t+ comes into intimate close contact ) ! negative4 ,9 expos+1 !re=e1 e f9e l9e appe>s ) great] precision ?an on pap] :i* has become wr9kl$ & unev51 & :i* has n be5 previ\sly glaz$4 ,x %\ld also be m5tion$ t ?is gloss is frequ5tly obta9$ by burni%+ ! s5sitiz$ pap] :5 dry4 7,e47 ,,! ,,pr9t+4 ,aft] ! pap] has be5 s5sitiz$ & well dri$ x is pr9t$4 ,! negative is fir/ laid 9 ! pr9t+ frame film side up4 ,!n ! pap] is laid ) ! s5sitive yell[ side on ! negative1 & ! frame clos$4 ,be=e x is plac$ 9 ! light1 c>e #ea %\ld be tak5 to see t ! pap] lies closely ev]y:]e on ! negative1 o!rwise x w 9 p>ts be indi/9ct1 & ! pr9t be useless4 ,= e/imat+ ! correct exposure a photomet] %\ld be us$1 & ,i take z an example ,vogel's ,fig4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,:5 beautiful cle> negatives are us$ !y %\ld be pr9t$ to #ad to #af degrees ,vogel4 ,obvi\sly no /rict in/ructions c be giv5 = e case1 & x w be dep5d5t on ! quality ( ! negative & ! object4 ,if ! negative has to be cov]$1 or any o!r dodge us$1 ! "t ( exposure mu/ ( c\rse be arrang$ accord+ly4 ,z a g5]al guide x may be /at$ t ! details ( ! picture %\ld appe> br[n & di/9ct f ! gr\nd :5 ! pr9t has be5 correctly expos$4 ,?is exam9ation ( ! picture mu/ be done 9 a d>k room1 & only "o side ( ! pr9t+ frame %\ld be op5$1 s t ! pr9t does n %ift4 ,if x is ov]-pr9t$1 ! picture develops badly1 ! l9es become broad]1 ! details disappe> 9 ! deep %ad[s1 & ! ink adh]es to ! unexpos$ p>ts4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 x is "u-pr9t$1 ! ink does n adh]e well to ! expos$ places1 & wa%es (f 9 develop+ f ! f9e p>ts4 ,practice1 z ) all manipulations1 is necess>y1 & !re=e "o mu/ n be di%e>t5$ by ! fir/ failure4 7,f47 ,,! ,,ink+ ,,up ,,& ,,develop+4 ,z soon z "o is satisfi$ t ! exposure is suffici5t1 ! pr9t %\ld be tak5 f ! frame 9 ! d>k room4 ,! next process is ink+ up & develop+4 ,?is is effect$ 9 v>i\s ways2 ! ink is ei!r spread on ! dry pr9t ) a velvet roll] or a ?9 develop+ ink is us$ ) a bru%1 or ! bi*romate is fir/ wa%$ out & !n ! ink spread on4 ,i pref] to ink up ! pr9t ) a velvet roll]1 on :i* is ! develop+ ink1 be=e wa%+4 ,by ?is me?od ,i obta9 betwe5 ink & gelat9e ! soluble *romium film4 ,! pr9t develops !n v quickly & well4 ,= ?is purpose x is laid on a glass plate1 a li?o /one or any o!r flat surface1 a small quantity ( good li?o transf] ink is di/ribut$ on an ink+ /one ) an ord9>y li?o roll]1 & ! velvet roll] *>g$ ) ! ink #eb f ! /one by roll+ x sev]al times ov] ! /one4 ,! pr9t is n[ roll$ up ) ! velvet roll] till x appe>s ( a g5]al grey tone2 ! details ( ! picture1 h[ev]1 are /ill visible ?r\gh ! ink4 ,) ?is fir/ ink+ up1 too little r ?an too mu* ink %\ld be us$4 ,:5 ! ink+ up is f9i%$1 ! pr9t %\ld be laid 9 cold wat]1 c>e be+ tak5 t no air bells =m on ! surface1 & x is also advisable to frequ5tly turn ! pap] ov] once or twice 9 ! wat]4 ,aft] t5 or fifte5 m9utes a *ange w be se5 on ! pr9t1 ! expos$ p>ts w be some:at m depress$ ?an ! unexpos$1 :i* w h swoll5 to "s ext5t 9 ! wat]4 ,! pr9t is n[ tak5 out ( ! wat] & spread out expos$ side up on a %eet ( glass1 v c>efully avoid+ folds1 & dri$ ) blott+ pap]1 & ! wat] :i* is on ! back ( ! pr9t is remov$ by /rong pressure on ! pr9t f ! front4 ,! pr9t :il/ /ill damp is aga9 = a second "t roll$ up ) ! velvet roll]1 by :i* means ! details ( ! draw+ aga9 take ! ink4 ,f ! unexpos$ p>ts ! ink n[ goes on to ! roll]1 9 exactly ! same way z 9 clean+ ! li?o /one1 & !y appe> cov]$ n[ ) a v fa9t tone4 ,if ! fir/ roll+ up 0 done ) too mu* ink1 x w be accompani$ by two disadvantages4 ,fir/ly1 t too mu* ink w adh]e to ! details ( ! draw+1 & !re w be ! dang] t 9 transf]r+ ! same w appe> ?ick1 & secondly ! t9t w n be s well remov$ f ! unpr9t$ p>ts1 :i* w produce a difficult developm5t4 ,x is !re=e advantage\s only to give 9 ! second ink+ ! pr9t$ p>ts ! quantity ( ink requisite = transf]4 ,aft] be+ ink$ up a second "t ! pr9t is aga9 plac$ = a %ort "t 9 ! wat]1 !n tak5 out1 spread out on ! %eet ( glass1 & n[ completely develop$ ) a pad or a tuft ( cotton wool4 ,?is is effect$ by go+ ov] all ! pr9t ) light pressure & n too quickly ) a circul> movem5t1 till ! draw+ appe>s q cle> & clean on a :ite gr\nd4 ,9 ?is op]ation x is advisable to use z mu* wat] z possible1 9 ord] to remove all ! bi*romate f ! pr9t1 :i* might be tr\blesome 9 ! subsequ5t op]ations4 ,! wa%+ %\ld n !re=e be /opp$ till ! unexpos$ p>ts h lo/ all yell[ t+e & appe> ne>ly :ite4 ,if ! bi*romate rema9s 9 ! unexpos$ p>ts1 ! process cont9ues dur+ ! dry+ ( ! pr9t2 ^! places !n become h>d5$1 & are frequ5tly ! cause ( an unsatisfactory transf]4 ,"o ( ! *ief requisites is1 h[ev]1 t too mu* ink %\ld n be us$ 9 ink+ up4 ,! develop$ draw+ %\ld n appe> deep black1 b grey1 yet cov]$ 9 all places4 ,! develop+ ink conta9s s l>ge a quantity ( grease t ! lea/ quantity is suffici5t to =m ! comb9ation previ\sly describ$ on ! /one4 #ec ,! develop$ pr9t is fre$ f all adh]+ wat] by pressure ) half-damp blott+-pap]1 & !n fa/5$ on to a bo>d ) draw+ p9s to completely dry4 ,! room :]e ! developm5t is c>ri$ on %\ld be well v5tilat$1 & n be heat$ too mu*1 z ! latt] makes ! "w m difficult4 ,! dry+ ought n to be =c$ & %\ld be all[$ to take place spontane\sly at ! ord9>y temp]ature ( ! room4 ,= transf] to z9c & = s5d+ photo-li?ographic pr9ts x is advisable to ba! !m 9 a #aj p] c5t4 solution ( alum = ab\t five m9utes1 s t ! gelat9e film is h>d5$4 ,:5 ! pr9ts are to be us$ or to be transf]r$ to /one imm$iately ?is treatm5t may be omitt$ )\t h>m4 #b4 ,,v>i\s ,,o!r ,,photo-,,li?ographic ,,pap]s4 ,! pap] describ$ above is a pure gelat9e pap]1 & al?\gh ?is has prov$ 9 practice to be satisfactory = all "w t may arise1 /ill ,i w describe "s o!r pap]s1 :i* h be5 also us$ 9 practice ) good results1 & = ^? :o d n c>e to prep>e _! own pap] !y h ! advantage t !y may be obta9$ comm]cially4 ,album5 0 us$ fir/ in/ead ( gelat9e & r5d]$ s5sitive by ! addition ( a *romium salt4 ,?is pap] _h ! disadvantage t x c\ld n be kept1 & only suffici5t pap] & album5 solution = "o day's "w c\ld be prep>$4 ,a mu* great] disadvantage1 h[ev]1 0 t 9 develop+1 ! album5 film 0 rubb$ (f ) ! pad1 & ! pap] 0 m or less rubb$ up4 ,a t9t 0 produc$ ?r\gh ?is :i* transf]r$ to ! /one1 & ?us gave rise to consid]able tr\blesome & t$i\s ret\*+4 ,?is is n ! case1 h[ev]1 ) ! gelat9e coat+1 :i* is comp>atively m resi/ant4 7,a47 ,,husnik',s ,,photo-,,li?ographic ,,pap]4 ,pr(4 ,husnik has comb9$ ^! two processes = ! production ( 8 pap]s1 z he gives a coat+ ( album5 to a pap] coat$ ) gelat9e1 :i* %\ld be r5d]$ s5sitive ) ammonium bi*romate4 ,by ?is means is1 on ! "o h&1 ! rubb+ up ( ! pap] prev5t$ & damage to ! image n easily possible2 on ! o!r h&1 ! developm5t takes place v quickly1 z ! album5 film dissolves & c be easily remov$ ) ! greasy ink4 ,husnik specially cont5ds t ) ! use ( ^! pap]s he obta9s extraord9>ily %>p images )\t any t9t4 ,! %eets ?us prep>$ w only keep1 h[ev]1 "o or two days1 & ?is inconv5i5t op]ation has to be repeat$ e "t be=e us+ ! pap]4 ,?is applies also to ! album5 solution1 s ,husnik has come to ! conclusion t x is bett] & m practical to use pla9 gelat9e pap]2 b #ed :5 tr\ble1 "t1 & co/ are n ( su* great consid]ation1 !n x is bett] to use ! pap] ) ! comp\nd coat+1 z x enables less exp]i5c$ op]ators to produce good "w4 ,! pap] m rec5tly produc$ by ,husnik is a pure gelat9e pap]1 :i* is r5d]$ s5sitive to light 9-- ,ammonium bi*romate #a "p ,wat] #ae p>ts ,alcohol 7ord9>y7 #d p>ts ,z mu* ammonia is add$ to ! bi*romate solution z w conv]t ! r$di% col\r into yell[1 & ! ba? smells ( ammonia4 ,! ba?+ ( ! pap] mu/ be done z quickly z possible1 & ! %eet %\ld only be drawn ?r\gh ! solution4 ,! exposure = ?is pap] is f "o to ?ree m9utes 9 ! sun1 or f t5 to ?irty m9utes 9 diffus$ light4 ,! ink+ up ( ! pr9t %\ld be done ) a greasy transf] ink1 to :i* "o-six? "p ( wax has be5 add$1 & ! :ole dissolv$ 9 turp5t9e to ! consi/5ce ( oil4 ,! pr9t is ink$ up ) ?is ?9 ink1 & !n gone ov] ) a pad ( cotton wool till x has tak5 an ev5 gray t9t4 ,:5 ! turp5t9e has evaporat$ ! pr9t is laid 9 cold wat]1 &1 aft] ab\t t5 m9utes1 develop$ ) a s(t ?ick pad ) a cont9u\s circul> movem5t & q light pressure4 ,aft] developm5t all adh]+ wat] is remov$ f ! pr9t ) damp blott+-pap]1 & ! transf] c be effect$ aft] f fifte5 to tw5ty m9utes4 ,husnik1 h[ev]1 did n re/1 & soon prep>$ a /ill bett] pap]1 :i* is kn[n at ! pres5t "t comm]cially z 8,husnik's ,autotypic ,pap]40 ,he produces ?is pap] 9 l>ge quantities1 ! coat+ ( ! gelat9e be+ effect$ by ma*9es1 :i* c]ta9ly t5ds to ensure equality4 ,husnik f\nd t by ! use ( less conc5trat$ bi*romate ba?s ! f9e l9es 7 /rong] aft] pr9t+ ?an f ! nature ( ! negative !y %\ld be4 ,f "o & ! same negative !re 0 obta9$ by ! use ( a bi*romate ba? ( #a 3 #ajj a relief five times z broad z :5 a ba? ( #a 3 #ae 0 us$ to s5sitize ! pap]4 ,?is he ascribes to ! col\r ( ! gelat9e be+ less1 s t m rays ( light p5etrat$ to ! surface ( ! pap]1 f :i* x w\ld be aga9 reflect$1 & e po9t or l9e aga9 reproduc$1 :i* mu/ obvi\sly lead to an increase ( ! size ( ! same2 on ! o!r h&1 ) /rongly *romat$ pap]1 ! rays ( light w\ld n only be absorb$ by ! int5se yell[ col\r ( ! *romium salt1 b /ill m by ! br[n tone =m$ imm$iately aft] pr9t+1 :i* makes a reflection impossible4 ,) autotype negatives ?is is specially /rik+1 z ) weakly-*romat$ pap] black %ad[s )\t details occur1 because "h ! quantity ( light is di/ribut$ by reflection ov] ! f9e po9ts1 & !y w #ee !re=e become ?ick]4 ,:5 us+ /rongly-*romat$ pap]s ! details 9 ! %ad[s appe> op51 cle>1 & %>p4 ,! conc5tration ( ! bi*romate ba? _c be increas$ at w1 because o!r disadvantages are produc$1 especially su* a firm adh]5ce ( ! greasy ink to ! pr9t t x transf]s badly & a "p ( x always rema9s beh9d4 ,! bi*romate salt1 :5 z /rong z #a 3 #ah1 dissolves ! gelat9e at ord9>y temp]atures1 & ! ba?s1 neutraliz$ ) ammonia1 h ! disadvantage t ! greasy ink adh]es too little to ! pr9t & w be rubb$ away 9 develop+ ! draw+4 ,9 ord] to entirely obviate ! reflection ( ! rays ( light ,husnik uses an addition to ! gelat9e besides a #a 3 #bb acid bi*romate ba?1 :i* produces a pure yell[ tone 9 s5sitiz+ ! pap]s1 is insoluble1 & completely p5etrates ! film ( gelat9e1 s t a reflection ( ! *emically active rays is entirely avoid$4 ,?is pap]1 :i* is also d>k] col\r$1 does n all[ ! light rays to pass ?r\gh1 & is specially suitable = ! transf] ( autotypes to /one or z9c4 ,= s5sitiz+ ?is pap] bi*romate ( potassium1 sodium1 or ammonium is us$1 b ! sodium salt has act$ ! be/4 ,9 w9t] a #a to #bj ba? is be/2 9 summ]1 #a 3 #bb or #a 3 #bd4 ,! treatm5t ( ! pap]1 z well z ( ! pr9t1 is exactly ! same z ) o!r transf] pap]s4 ,! ba? w keep = f\rte5 days4 ,cau/ic ammonia ought n to be us$4 7,b47 ,,photo-,,li?ographic ,,pap] ,,by ,,adalb]t ,,franz4 ,a photo-li?ographic pap]1 ) :i* ,i h obta9$ v good results on /one z well z on z9c1 ) all k9ds ( draw+s1 is sold by ,a4 ,franz4 ,?is is also a pure gelat9e pap]4 ,b ,franz adds to ! gelat9e solution manganese sulphate 7?is mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) manganese borate1 siccative p[d]1 :i* makes ! transf] ink dry s quickly t a transf] to ! /one or z9c is impossible74 ,?r\gh ! rese>*es ( ,,mm4 ,lumire ! manganese salts h ga9$ consid]ably 9 importance1 & !y h be5 introduc$ into photo-me*anical processes4 ,:5 an addition ( ab\t #aj ( manganese sulphate is made to ! acid bi*romate ba?s = s5sitiz+ photo-li?ographic pap]s1 ! pr9t$ places assume a v mu* d>k] col\r1 :i* is an advantage 9 judg+ ! pr9t1 9 develop+ ! f9e/ l9es1 & po9ts are reta9$ mu* m easily ?an on pap] s5sitiz$ ) ! addition ( ammonia4 ,?is pap] possesses ! advantage1 :i* is also m important1 t !--especially 9 summ]--unpleasant ammonia ba? ne$ n be us$4 ,! pap] is s5sitiz$ 9 a solution (-- ,potassium bi*romate #dj-ej g4 ,manganese sulphate #e g4 ,wat] #a litre #ef ,ammonium bi*romate ought n to be us$4 ,! ba? w\ld !n become cl\dy imm$iately1 & bo? ba? & pap] made useless4 ,:5 s5sitiz$ ! pap] c be kept f eight to t5 days )\t los+ its good qualities4 ,) ?is a transf] ink is suppli$ 9 tubes1 :i* mu/ be mix$ ) an equal volume ( turp5t9e & b5z9e1 s t x becomes q fluid4 ,! pr9t1 :5 x is tak5 f ! frame1 is fa/5$ on a bo>d ) draw+ p9s1 & ) a f9e camel's hair bru% coat$ ) ?is fluid ink z ev5ly z possible1 & j s mu* t a light grey tone is =m$ on ! pr9t4 ,?is pap] mu/ n be ink$ up ) a roll]4 ,z soon z ! turp5t9e & b5z9e h evaporat$ ! pr9t is laid 9 cold wat]1 & aft] ab\t t5 m9utes develop$ ) a clean tuft ( cotton wool4 ,! pr9t does n %[ a /rong relief2 ! developm5t takes place quickly & regul>ly4 ,! ink1 9 spite ( its be+ s ?91 is v greasy1 s t only a v light sk9 is necess>y = ! subsequ5t transf]4 ,! t9t produc$ by a negative slightly too ?9 _c be easily remov$4 ,! o!r op]ations are ! same z = ! o!r photo-li?ographic pap]s4 ,franz's photo-li?ographic pap] is *>act]iz$1 z already m5tion$1 by giv+ extraord9>ily %>p clean transf]s1 :i*1 inde$1 maybe due to ! use ( ! v ?9 liquid greasy ink4 ,x is1 !re=e1 especially to be comm5d$ = v f9e "w4 7,c47 ,,alb]t',s ,,photo-,,li?ographic ,,pap]4 ,augu/ ,alb]t's is also a v good photo-li?ographic pap]4 ,x c be obta9$ comm]cially 9 two qualities1 viz41 8,photo-li?ographic pap]0 & 8,autotypic high glaze pap]40 ,?is has be5 te/$ 9 ! ,k4,k4 ,lehr- und ,v]su*san/alt fr ,photographie und ,reproductionsv]fahr5 9 ,vi5na1 & has receiv$ a c]tificate ( excell5ce4 ,! high glaze pap] has a prep>$ film ( sev]al coat+s2 ! develop$ pr9ts :5 dry keep ! high glaze4 ,! s5sitiz+ ba? consi/s (-- ,wat] #af p>ts by weight ,potassium bi*romate #a "p by weight ,alcohol 7ord9>y7 #d p>ts by weight & to ?is s mu* ammonia is add$ z w conv]t ! r$di% col\r into a light yell[2 a small excess ( ammonia does no h>m4 ,! bi*romate ba? %\ld n h a l[] temp]ature ?an #ae ,r1 or else ! solution _c p5etrate ! film suffici5tly1 :i* results 9 a defective developm5t4 ,! duration ( s5sitiz+ is f f\r to eight m9utes1 till ! pap] is q s(t & damp$ ?r\gh4 ,x is pref]able to s5sitize too long r ?an too %ort4 #eg ,! pap] %\ld be squeege$ on to plate-glass1 z already describ$1 & all[$ to dry spontane\sly4 ,! pap] :5 /ripp$ f ! plate-glass %[s a beautiful high glaze1 & c be kept fit = use = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,:5 ! pap] is old] x c /ill be us$1 b ! developm5t is m difficult1 & x is bett] to avoid ?is = f9e draw+s or autotypes4 ,alb]t does n recomm5d a photomet] to be us$ :5 pr9t+ ?is pap]1 b by exam9ation ( ! pr9t to judge :5 ?is is correct4 ,! image %\ld h a br[n tone1 & be easily di/+ui%$ by ! eye f ! gr\nd4 ,ov]-pr9t+ is disadvantage\s1 z ! l9es & po9ts become broad]1 ! pr9ts develop badly1 ! t9t adh]es firmly to ! gr\nd1 & ! details 9 ! deepe/ %ad[s are lo/4 ,! ink+ & develop+ c be done by any ( ! kn[n processes :i* is ?\ght desirable4 ,! *ief ?+ is t too mu* ink mu/ n be us$ 9 ! fir/ ink+ up2 any int5sification requir$ may be effect$ ) a second coat+4 ,?is is1 especially = f9e draw+s & autotypes1 v important1 :il/ = co>s] "w also once ink+ is suffici5t4 ,! pr9ts are !n plac$ 9 cold wat]1 & aft] suffici5t wa%+ %\ld be develop$ ) a s(t pad or pad ( wool1 ) :i* any t9t c be v easily remov$ f any p>ts :i* %\ld rema9 :ite4 #c4 ,,! ,,photo-,,li?ographic ,,transf]4 7,a47 ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,! ,,photo-,,li?ographic ,,pr9t ,,& ,,! ,,plate4 ,! transf] f ! bi*romat$ gelat9e pap] requires g5]ally1 z reg>ds treatm5t & *oice ( ! mat]ial1 great] c>e on ! "p ( ! pr9t] ?an an ord9>y transf]1 & ?is increases 9 transf]r+ f9e draw+s or autotypes on to /one4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! good quality ( ! /one %\ld be look$ to4 ,= ord9>y or co>sely drawn subjects ?is is ( less importance1 b = f9e draw+s & autotypes x is ( ! highe/ importance4 ,fur!r1 accuracy & cleanl9ess are all important1 )\t :i* successful "w is impossible4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a transf] c h>dly fail if x be accurately & correctly p]=m$4 ,:5 ! pr9t comes f ! develop+ ba?1 & has be5 well wa%$ s t e trace ( bi*romate is remov$1 x %\ld be fre$ f excess ( wat] betwe5 blott+-pap]4 ,x %\ld !n be dri$ 9 a n too w>m place free f du/ till ! gelat9e has completely set & feels absolutely dry4 ,! relief w h n[ aga9 disappe>$1 & ! black & :ite places lie 9 ! same plane4 ,x is be/ dri$ by p9n+ x to a bo>d ) draw+ p9s1 & !n set up 9 a dry place4 ,9 ! mean:ile ! transf] /one %\ld be prep>$1 :i* mu/ be absolutely faultless4 ,j be=e ! transf] x %\ld be dry poli%$ ) pumice /one1 & !n well du/$ ) a #eh clo?4 ,! slighte/ gra9 w give a spot 9 a f9e tone4 ,obvi\sly ! /one mu/ be well gr\nd s t nei!r any spots nor l9es ( an e>li] transf] c appe>4 ,) an op5 draw+ ?is c be correct$1 b n ) an autotype2 9 su* a case ! %orte/ way is to make a new pr9t & a new transf]4 ,! pr9t is fir/ wip$ ov] on ! back ) a damp clo?1 & !n laid on damp blott+-pap]4 ,aft] ab\t five m9utes ! pr9t is treat$ a second "t ) a damp clo?1 & !n laid betwe5 damp blott+-pap]4 ,x is n advisable to lay ! pr9t betwe5 ord9>y damp blott+-pap]1 z ! gelat9e becomes some:at /icky1 & w\ld attract p>ticles f ! r\gh pap]4 ,! degree ( dampness :i* is necess>y = transf] may be judg$ 9 t ! pr9t mu/ feel s(t1 b ! gelat9e film ought n to be v /icky4 ,any fur!r prep>ation ( ! pr9t be=e transf]r+ to ! /one is n necess>y4 ,! pr9t is laid on ! /one1 ov] x a dry %eet1 & !n ! cov]1 & !n drawn ?r\gh ! fir/ "t ) light pressure4 ,9 ord] to prove :e!r ! transf] has tak5 well a corn] may be lift$ up4 ,all ! ink :i* 0 on ! pr9t mu/ be transf]r$ to ! /one1 & !n ! transf] has be5 complet$ 9 ! correct way4 ,! pr9t is n[ pull$ (f ! /one & ! transf] made ready1 l any o!r4 ,) ?is me?od ( treatm5t ! pr9t w /rip easily1 :i* is n ! case if x 0 n well dri$ aft] ! develop+ ba?2 a mu* %>p] & clean] transf] w also ensue4 ,if ! pr9t 0 too damp a fuzzy1 brok5-d[n transf] w be obta9$1 because ! gelat9e1 :i* has become too s(t1 w be brok5 d[n4 ,i w also m5tion t x is n advisable to treat f9e draw+s or autotypes ) ! rubb+-up pad4 ,x is bett] to g ov] ! transf] ) ! roll]1 & ! tones are kept clean]4 ,! /one is !n gumm$1 plac$ on "o side1 & all[$ to /& "s h\rs be=e be+ et*$4 ,= transf]r+ to z9c plates :i* are to be et*$ or to be pr9t$ f1 ! bi*romat$ gelat9e pr9t %\ld be ba!d 9 a t5 p] c5t4 solution ( alum1 all[$ to dry1 & !n1 z previ\sly describ$1 damp$1 & !n transf]r$ "u ! same conditions z to /one4 ,x only rema9s to m5tion t ! /one or z9c plate %\ld n be too cold4 7,b47 ,,failures ,,9 ,,! ,,photo-,,li?ographic ,,transf]s4 ,! failures or faults :i* are met ) 9 photo-li?ographic transf] may be caus$ by v>i\s ?+s4 ,! squa%+ d[n r>ely happ5s ) photo-li?o transf]1 because a good photo-li?ographic pap] w be> a consid]able #ei am\nt ( dampness4 ,:51 h[ev]1 x occurs x may be assum$ t ei!r too /rong pressure or insuffici5t c>e 9 ! sett+ ( ! /one is ! cause4 ,mu* m frequ5tly x happ5s t "s p>ts ( ! pr9t d n transf] at all1 or only 9 a defective mann]4 ,! *ief reason ( ?is is t ! pr9t 0 insuffici5tly damp$4 ,?is frequ5tly happ5s if ord9>y or gravure pr9ts are to be transf]r$ ) photo-li?ographic pr9ts4 ,if ! pr9t] encloses ! impression on ! ord9>y transf] pap] & ! photo-li?ographic toge!r 9 ! same damp %eet1 & if he e/imates ! degree ( dampness f ! gravure pr9t1 ! photo-li?o pap] w be insuffici5tly damp$ & a good transf] w n be obta9$ f ! latt]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he waits till ! photo-li?o pap] is damp en\gh1 ! o!r impressions w be too damp & w squa% out 9 transf]4 ,= su* "w ! pr9t on ord9>y transf] pap] & ! photo-li?ographic pr9t %\ld be kept sep>ate1 s t ! diff]5t dampness requisite = ea* c be regulat$4 ,ano!r case :i* frequ5tly happ5s is t ! pr9t is contam9at$ ) p>ticles ( du/ or o!r =eign sub/ances4 ,^! may be fly+ ab\t 9 ! air or be on ! /one1 ! roll]1 or ! damp+ pap]4 ,?r\gh ?is _m transf]s ( f9e draw+s are r5d]$ useless4 ,p]fect cleanl9ess ( ! ut5sils & ! use ( ! correct ones1 comb9$ ) a dry+-room = ! pr9t absolutely free f du/1 are absolutely ess5tial = faultless "w4 ,! composition ( ! ink1 especially if x 0 too h>d1 may give rise to bad transf]s4 ,photo-li?ographic pap]s1 :i* are prep>$ ) v h>d gelat9e1 mu/ be laid be=e transf]r+ 9 lukew>m wat]4 ,by ?is means ! h>d gelat9e becomes r /icky1 & ! greasy ink transf]s mu* bett]4 ,ev5 ^? po9ts :i* 9 develop+ h tak5 up little ink1 & appe> grey1 transf] completely to ! /one & adh]e firmly4 #fj ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,photo-,,li?ography ,,by ,,direct ,,pr9t+ ,,on ,,to ,,/one ,,or ,,z9c4 ,! processes ( photo-li?ography previ\sly describ$ are bas$ ^u ! pr9t+ on to bi*romat$ gelat9e or album5 pap] developm5t ) a greasy ink & subsequ5t transf]5ce ( ! greasy pr9t to plate or /one4 ,a process may also be us$ 9 :i* ! /one or plate is pr9t$ on direct4 ,!re are 9 ?is v>i\s me?ods1 ( :i* ! pr9cipal are pr9t+ on to light-s5sitive asphalt1 or an organic sub/ance1 gelat9e or album51 9 comb9ation ) a bi*romate salt4 ,! reason is ! high s5sitiv5ess1 :i* is possible1 ( ! sub/ances us$4 #a4 ,,! ,,asphalt ,,process4 7,a47 ,,! ,,light-,,s5sitive ,,asphalt4 ,light-s5sitive1 or s-call$ ,syrian1 asphalt1 :i* is prep>$ = photo-li?ographic & photo-z9cographic purposes1 c be obta9$ f v>i\s firms :o deal 9 photographic goods1 & "o has only to dissolve ! same accord+ to ! prescrib$ directions4 ,?is k9d ( asphalt is1 h[ev]1 n v s5sitive1 & 9 use mu/ be pr9t$ = "s consid]able "t4 ,if1 !re=e1 an asphalt ( great] s5sitiv5ess is desir$ x is n suffici5t to m]ely dissolve ,syrian asphalt1 b x mu/ und]go a prelim9>y prep>ation4 ,only t "p ( ! asphalt is s5sitive or useable = photo-li?ographic "w :i* does n dissolve 9 e!r4 ,! ins5sitive "p mu/1 !re=e1 be sep>at$ out1 :i* is done by f9ely p[d]+ ! asphalt1 sift+ x ?r\gh a f9e sieve1 & !n treat+ x ) e!r4 ,all t is soluble 9 e!r goes into solution2 ! m>c :i* is n soluble 9 e!r is !n dissolv$ 9 b5zole & us$ z want$4 7a47 ,,husnik',s ,,process4 ,pr(essor ,husnik has improv$ ?is process 9 s f> t he does n dissolve ! asphalt p[d] 9 e!r1 z1 accord+ to 8 view1 a complete solution ( all ! ins5sitive portion is n atta9$ by ?is process1 b he dissolves co>se asphalt p[d] completely 9 rectifi$ _s ( turp5t9e to ! consi/5ce ( a mod]ately-?ick syrupy mass1 until no h>d p>ticles or a residue are conta9$ 9 ! solution4 ,to ?is visc\s asphalt solution a pl5tiful quantity ( e!r is add$ gradually1 & ) con/ant /irr+1 & a big flask %\ld be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,aft] a suffici5t quantity ( e!r has be5 add$ a pit*-l deposit #fa sep>ates out at ! bottom4 ,9 ord] to te/ :e!r !re is /ill any light-s5sitive asphalt 9 ! sup]natant liquor a small quantity is p\r$ into a glass & mix$ ) e!r1 :5 if a precipitate ensues m e!r mu/ be add$ to ! big flask4 ,aft] /&+ = ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs ! e!r conta9s all soluble ins5sitive con/itu5ts ( ! asphalt2 ! pit*-l residue 9 ! flask1 aft] p\r+ (f ! solution1 is aga9 treat$ ) e!r1 s t all turp5t9e is extract$ & any /ray ins5sitive p>ticles are dissolv$4 ,! pit*y residue is n[ remov$ f ! flask & all[$ to /& 9 a porcela9 di% 9 a w>m place1 ) frequ5t /irr+1 till x is q fre$ f e!r1 & has =m$ a h>d1 brittle1 black %9+ sub/ance1 :i* c be easily brok5 up into p[d] ) ! h&4 ,?is product is n[ ! light-s5sitive asphalt1 :i* is dissolv$ = use 9 anhydr\s b5zole4 ,z b5zole is only to be obta9$ anhydr\s ) difficulty1 "s *lor(orm is add$ to ! solution 9 ord] to prev5t ! runn+ toge!r 9 dry+1 :5ce ! film w\ld become unequal & pat*y4 ,! coat+ ( ! /one or plate ) ! asphalt film is v simple2 x %\ld be plac$ horizontal1 & !n :irl$ rapidly on a :irl]4 ,pr9t+ "u a cle> negative takes f a qu>t] to half an h\r 9 direct sunlight4 ,! picture is develop$ ) turp5t9e4 7b47 ,,val5ta',s ,,process4 ,val5ta recomm5ds = photo-li?ography asphalt :i* has be5 sulphuriz$ by ! wet process1 z x possesses a consid]ably high] light-s5sitiv5ess ?an t :i* is n sulphuriz$4#c #c ,ed]'s 8,jahrbu* d] ,photographie10 #ahib1 p4 #bda4 ,! process is z foll[s3--#ajj g4 ( raw ,syrian asphalt are boil$ 9 a retort ) an equal quantity ( raw pseudo-cum5e1 :i* has ! =mula ,c#f;,h#c7;,,*#c7c1 & a boil+-po9t ( ab\t #agj ,c41 ) #ab g4 ( fl[]s ( sulphur1 :i* %\ld h be5 previ\sly dissolv$ 9 ! pseudo-cum5e4 ,:5 aft] ab\t ?ree or f\r h\rs' boil+ ! evolution ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 has ceas$1 ! pseudo-cum5e is di/ill$ (f & ! black pit*y residue dissolv$ 9 b5zole 9 ! proportion ( #d 3 #ajj1 & us$ = ! prep>ation ( ! plate or /one4 ,! sulphuriz$ asphalt prep>$ 9 ?is way is almo/ insoluble 9 e!r1 b dissolves fairly readily 9 b5zole1 tolu5e1 xyl5e1 cum5e1 & turp5t9e1 & is v s5sitive to light4 ,) ?is asphalt good pr9ts are obta9$ ev5 9 bad1 cl\dy wea!r4 ,= use f\r p>ts ( ! sulphuriz$ asphalt are dissolv$ 9 #ajj p>ts ( b5zole1 ! solution filt]$ & dilut$ till a ?9 film on a z9c plate %[s a gold5 yell[ col\r4 ,exposure ( ! asphalt solution 9 an op5 flask = f half to "o h\r 9 sunlight is advisable4 ,= develop+ ! asphalt image rectifi$ oil ( turp5t9e free #fb f acid is us$2 ! be/ is ,fr5* or ,au/rian4 ,! developm5t may be accel]at$ by add+ ,hung>ian or ,russian turp5t9e1 :i*1 h[ev]1 attack ! asphalt image2 x c be re/ra9$ by ! addition ( ligro91 b5z9e1 or wood oil to ! turp5t9e4 ,z9c plates are be/ develop$ 9 a di%1 /ones by mak+ a wax m>g9 r\nd ! draw+4 ,! oil ( turp5t9e is p\r$ on & rock$ to & fro4 ,rubb+ ) a pad ( cotton wool1 etc41 %\ld be avoid$4 ,aft] developm5t ! plate %\ld be well wa%$ "u a /ream ( wat]1 & be=e gumm+1 ! plates %\ld be expos$ = "s "t to light1 z ?is makes ! gr\nd m resi/ant to ! et*+4 7,b47 ,,coat+ ,,! ,,/ones4 ,! /one or z9c plate is n[ coat$ ) "o ( ! above-describ$ asphalt solutions1 or ) ! foll[+3-- ,asphalt #bj g4 ,*lor(orm #cjj g4 ,b5zole #ajj g4 ,oil ( ,lav5d] #bj drops4 ,! solution mu/ be ?91 s t x fl[s ov] ! /one well & does n =m unequally-cov]$ pat*es4 ,! subsequ5t manipulations mu/ be conduct$ 9 ! d>k4 ,! /one :i* is to be us$ mu/ be well gr\nd1 & poli%$ ) dry pumice /one1 well du/$1 & be absolutely flat4 ,x ought n to h any depressions1 z ! negative w\ld n lie 9 contact !re4 ,! places w\ld n pr9t %>p1 & !re=e a bad result w\ld be obta9$4 ,! necess>y quantity ( ! solution is n[ p\r$ into ! middle ( a well-poli%$ /one1 & di/ribut$ z ev5ly z possible by rock+ backw>ds & =w>ds4 ,:5 ?or\ghly di/ribut$ ! /one %\ld be plac$ on ! :irl] & kept = "s "t 9 motion4 ,! asphalt solution mu/ be z ?9 z possible1 s t x appe>s yell[i%-br[n & ! col\r ( ! /one appe>s ?r\gh x4 ,if ! /one is only cov]$ all ov] ! film c be v ?92 on ! o!r h&1 if x is too ?ick x w n pr9t ?r\gh1 & w develop badly1 z too mu* ( ! asphalt w dissolve4 ,if z9c plates are us$ = pr9t+ !y %\ld be prep>$ z previ\sly describ$ on p4 #f4 ,z9c plates = deep et*+ mu/ be well gr\nd & well poli%$1 & ought n to repel wat]4 ,! z9c plates are coat$ ! same z ! /one4 7,c47 ,,pr9t+4 ,:5 ! film is absolutely dry1 :i* w be 9 ab\t fifte5 m9utes1 pr9t+ may be proce$$ )4 ,= ?is purpose ! negative is ei!r laid on to ! asphalt$ /one1 film side d[n1 & press$ d[n ) screw b&s1 or x is laid1 ! glass d[nw>ds1 9 a specially-con/ruct$ & v /rongly-built pr9t+ frame1 :i* is provid$ ) a %eet ( plate glass1 & ! #fc asphalt$ side ( ! /one laid on ?is1 ! pr9t+ frame clos$1 & !n expos$ to light4 ,! exposure cont9ues accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! light & ! nature ( ! negative f #ae m9utes to #a h\rs4 ,if ! film ( asphalt be ?9 & ! negative cle> x may be pr9t$ to #ah or #bj degrees 9 ,vogel's photomet]4 ,?is k9d ( pr9t+ always requires "s exp]i5ce1 z v>i\s factors1 su* z ! ?ickness ( ! asphalt film1 ! d5sity ( ! negative1 also ! f95ess ( ! draw+1 h to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,x w be und]/ood t ! asphalt film mu/ always be coat$ z ev5ly z possible4 ,if x is pr9t$ too long ! /one w n develop at all1 or only 9 p>ts2 if x is pr9t$ too little ! draw+ :olly or p>tially dissolves4 ,9 bo? cases an unsatisfactory result w be obta9$4 ,negatives v cle> 9 ! l9es ( ! draw+1 & well cov]$ 9 ! gr\nd1 are "h m ess5tial = success ?an ) ! *rome gelat9e process4 7,d47 ,,develop+ ,,& ,,ink+ ,,up4 ,:5 prop]ly pr9t$ ! frame & ! /one %\ld be br\ght into ! d>k room & developm5t proce$$ )4 ,= ord9>y ,syrian asphalt rectifi$ turp5t9e c be us$1 & "o ( two me?ods may be adopt$4 ,! /one is laid 9 a pan z /raight z possible1 & !n fl[$ ov] ) turp5t9e1 :i* %\ld be all[$ to rema9 on x = "s "t1 & !n p\r$ (f into ! pan4 ,fre% turp5t9e is n[ appli$ till ! draw+ appe>s cle> & di/9ct4 ,! turp5t9e :i* is all[$ to run (f c be us$ = wa%+ purposes4 ,an edg+ ( w>m gutta-p]*a may also be made r\nd ! draw+1 & !n turp5t9e p\r$ on to x & ! /one rock$ up & d[n till ! draw+ is develop$4 ,! v s5sitive k9ds ( asphalt ( ,husnik & ,val5ta are mu* m readily soluble ?an ! ord9>y ,syrian asphalt4 ,9 develop+ "o mu/ g c>efully to "w1 & n all[ ! turp5t9e to /ay on ! /one a long "t1 b to p\r x ov] ! /one1 :i* %\ld be incl9$ s t x c run (f4 ,?is c be repeat$ if requir$4 ,x c be well & safely develop$ if half & half ( turp5t9e & l9se$ oil is us$1 :i*1 h[ev]1 has ! disadvantage t ! /one becomes greasy1 b ?is c be tak5 (f by ! exp]t pr9t]4 ,aft] develop+ ! /one %\ld be well wa%$ "u a /rong /ream ( wat]1 !n all[$ to dry 9 ! light1 z by ?is ! asphalt film becomes m capable ( /&+ ! et*+1 & !n be coat$ ) neutral or v slightly acidulat$ gum4 ,aft] gumm+1 ! /one is aga9 dri$ & all[$ to /& = "s h\rs to re/1 aft] :i* x c be ink$ up & et*$1 & f9ally %>p et*$4 ,! z9c plate is1 aft] developm5t1 also well wa%$1 !n all[$ to dry1 treat$ ) ?9 gum solution1 !n ) an #fd et*+ solution ( t9cture ( galls or gallic acid & phosphoric acid1 & ink$ up4 ,pr9ts on z9c plates = deep et*+ are gumm$ aft] develop+1 & if ! asphalt film is p]fect )\t rubb+ up ) a pad1 :i* ?ick5s ! draw+1 et*$ = "s m9utes 9 v dilute nitric acid4 ,_m li?ograph]s are accu/om$1 & inde$ x is necess>y ) "s transf]s1 to rub ! pr9ts up ) greasy ink4 ,! process is z foll[s3--,greasy transf] ink is dilut$ ) "s turp5t9e1 & aft] ! /one has be5 gumm$ & all[$ to dry1 !n wa%$1 ! draw+ is wip$ ov] ) a s(t pad ) ?is dilute ink1 :5 ! ink adh]es to ! draw+1 /r5g!ns x1 & if great c>e is n tak51 ?ick5s x also4 ,) asphalt pr9ts ?is is absolutely useless1 & = o!r direct pr9ts1 z well also z = good *romat$ gelat9e pr9ts1 9 mo/ cases unnecess>y4 ,! expos$ asphalt comb9es s intimately ) ! /one t /r5g!n+ ) a greasy ink is q unnecess>y1 is inde$ absolutely purposeless1 z ! ink c nei!r p5etrate ! h>d asphalt film nor comb9e ) x4 ,! film ( asphalt alone is s resi/ant to e et*+ solution t x is = ?is reason absolutely useless to /r5g!n x4 #b4 ,,o!r ,,processes4 ,besides ! asphalt o!r mixtures ( o!r light-s5sitive sub/ances may be us$ = direct pr9t+1 & ^! are mo/ly organic sub/ances 9 comb9ation ) a *romium salt1 & possess also a great] s5sitiv5ess to light ?an asphalt4 ,! solutions :i* h be5 specially us$ 9 our e/abli%m5t consi/ (-- 7,a74 ,album5 #e g4 ,ammonium bi*romate #c g4 ,di/ill$ wat] #ejj g4 ,ammonia #ae-bj drops 7,b74 ,*lor(orm #bej g4 ,b5z9e #ej g4 ,alcohol #bj g4 ,ma/ic #b g4 ,anil9e r$ #b g4 ,solution ,a is /rongly s5sitive to light1 & is us$ = coat+ ! /one or z9c plate2 ) solution ,b ! /one is coat$ be=e develop+4 ,! details ( ! process are z foll[s3-- 7,a47 ,,coat+ ,,! ,,plates4 ,aft] ! /one has be5 c>efully poli%$ & well du/$ x %\ld be fir/ fl[$ ov] ) di/ill$ wat]1 9 ord] to increase ! possibility ( spread+ ! s5sitive solution4 ,:5 ! wat] has run (f1 ! /one :il/ /ill damp %\ld be fl[$ ov] ) solution ,a1 & c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! same is ev5ly di/ribut$ & t no bubbles =m4 ,! /one %\ld be #fe plac$ imm$iately on ! :irl] & rotat$ till ! solution is dry4 ,obvi\sly a ?ick film mu/ be avoid$1 z 9 su* a case ! pr9t w\ld n adh]e to ! /one4 ,if a z9c plate be us$ x mu/ be well prep>$ & be r5d]$ free f grease4 ,to prove ?is ! plate is fl[$ ov] ) di/ill$ wat]1 & :5 ?is spreads equally all ov] & is n repell$ f any "p1 ! solution c be p\r$ on4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! plate does n will+ly take wat] ev]y:]e1 x mu/ be aga9 clean$ or poli%$4 ,! o!r op]ations are ! same z = ! /one4 7,b47 ,,! ,,pr9t+4 ,:5 ! film is q dry1 pr9t+ may be proce$$ )4 ,! duration ( pr9t+ dep5ds obvi\sly also "h aga9 on two important factors--! quality ( ! negative & ! /r5g? ( ! light4 ,"u a good negative ) absolute b>e glass 9 ! l9es ( ! draw+ ,i pr9t to ab\t #aj ,vogel1 = example3-- ,9 direct sunlight 7middle ( ,april1 #aa a4m47 #b m94 ,9 ! %ade 7middle ( ,april1 #aa a4m47 #e m94 ,9 electric arc light 7#cjjj c4p41 at a di/ance ( #ej cm4 #bj ins4 )\t reflector7 #be m94 ,! picture is fa9tly visible4 ,if ! negative 0 too ?91 or if x be ov]-pr9t$1 ! image develops badly or n at all4 ,) "u-pr9t+ ! film wa%es "r away4 ,imm$iately aft] pr9t+ ! /one or plate is coat$ ) solution ,b1 :i* is di/ribut$ z ev5ly z possible by rock+ backw>ds & =w>ds4 ,x is n necess>y1 h[ev]1 to obta9 ev5 di/ribution ) a :irl]4 ,! :ole ( ! coat$ surface becomes deep violet4 7,c47 ,,! ,,developm5t4 ,:5 solution ,b has become completely dry1 ! /one is plac$ 9 a suitable vessel ) pure wat]4 ,aft] ab\t five m9utes ! places n affect$ by light dissolve if ! /one is rock$1 & x is only necess>y to g ov] ! draw+ ) a pad ( cotton wool to clean ! same completely4 ,! draw+ n[ appe>s a deep violet on a bright gr\nd4 ,! developm5t is cont9u$ )\t rubb+ /rongly ) ! pad--:i* might rub up ! draw+--till all ! details ( ! draw+ appe> cle> & di/9ct4 ,?is especially applies to ! details 9 ! deep %ad[s4 7,d47 ,,fur!r ,,manipulations4 ,:5 ! /one or plate is correctly develop$1 :i* c be easily told1 x %\ld be well r9s$ & aga9 expos$ to make ! film adh]e firmly4 ,x %\ld !n be gumm$ & treat$ z previ\sly describ$ 9 ! asphalt process4 ,! 8rubb+ up0 ( ! /one or plate is n necess>y2 x is bett] to roll up ! draw+ ) an ink roll]4 ,z9c plates = deep et*+ c be lightly et*$1 !n du/$ ) f9e asphalt ( res9 p[d]1 heat$ & !n fur!r et*$4 #ff ,r4 ,j4 ,sa*]s1 ( ,toronto1 ,canada1 publi%$ a s5sitive solution :i* has ! foll[+ composition3-- ,di/ill$ wat] #aej p>ts ,fi% glue #ej p>ts ,ammonium bi*romate #b p>ts ,ammonia #b p>ts ,*romic acid #a "p ,?is solution is br[n1 n v transp>5t1 ) an olive gre5 t+e1 & mu/ /& & settle at lea/ twelve h\rs be=e x c be decant$1 filt]$1 & us$4 ,! "t ( exposure is ab\t-- ,direct sunlight #b-e m9utes ,diffus$ light #ab-ae m9utes ,electric arc light 7#cjjj c4p41 #ej cm47 #cj m9utes ,! image appe>s a bright br[n on ! gold5 yell[ gr\nd ( ! plate4 ,! developm5t is effect$ 9 an aque\s solution ( me?yl violet1 :5 ! image assumes a beautiful blue violet col\r4 ,! develop$ image is h>d5$ ) alcohol4 ,! results by ?is me?od are v good1 & al?\gh ?is is recomm5d$ = half-tone et*+1 x is also suitable = photo-li?ography4 ,excell5t results also att5d ! s5sitive 8,m>9e glue solution10 prep>$ by ,a4 ,heb5sp]g]1 ( ,muni*1 to :i* a second solution call$ 8,*lorogutt-losung0 is add$4 ,! s5sitiv5ess to light is v high1 & ! treatm5t ab\t ! same z ) ! fir/ describ$ sub/ance4 ,! 8m>9e glue solution0 consi/s ( album51 bi*romate ( soda & ammonia4 ,! dye solution ( ,victoria blue dissolv$ 9 b5z9e4 ,! process publi%$ by ,wat]h\se consi/s ( coat+ a prep>$ z9c plate ) a ?9 *romat$ solution1 & !n dry+ 9 a few m9utes ) a g5tle heat-- 7,a47 ,arr[root #b p>ts ,potassium bi*romate #i p>ts ,wat] #gjj p>ts 7,b47 ,alum #a "p ,wat] #a "p ,= use mix-- ,solution ,a #dj p>ts ,potassium bi*romate #e p>ts ,solution ,b #ae p>ts ,?is is pr9t$ "u a rev]s$ negative = ab\t six m9utes 9 ! sun4 ,! plate is !n laid = ab\t half an h\r 9 cold wat] 9 ord] to remove ! *romium salts1 & !n cleans$ f all soluble p>ts ) a pad1 & aft] well wa%+ set up to dry4 ,x is !n ink$ up ) transf] ink1 & aft] ab\t fifte5 m9utes wa%$ ) turp5t9e4 ,?is process1 z1 inde$1 all direct pr9t+ processes1 (f]s _m advantages = prep>+ col\r plates f a col\r$ object ) "o negative4 ,! regi/] ( ! sep>ate plates is v exact1 :i* is n always ! case ) a transf] process4 ,9 reproduc+ l9e draw+s ! unnecess>y p>ts on ! /one or plate c be cov]$4 #fg ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,half-,,tone ,,process ,,= ,,photo-,,li?ography4 ,! half-tone process is us$ 9 photo-li?ography to reproduce orig9als :i* d n conta9 di/9ct l9es or po9ts1 b clos$ tones1 :i* are execut$ ei!r 9 "o or sev]al col\rs4 ,) ?is process any col\r$ picture1 oil1 wat]1 pa/el1 indian-ink or sepia draw+1 z well z any photographs f nature ( liv+1 mov+ sc5es1 or /ill life objects c be prep>$ = reproduction on ! pr9t+ press4 ,i w fir/ describe briefly ! !ory ( ! process1 & !n come to ! practical "p4 ,z reg>ds ! photographic "p & ! quality ( ! negatives1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ?is me?od ( reproduction ! same pr9ciples apply z 9 l9e reproduction2 :]e !y diff] ,i w m5tion ! same4 ,! duration ( pr9t+1 ! transf] ( ! image to ! /one1 z well z ! o!r arrangem5ts w be describ$ 9 ! diff]5t processes4 ,we divide ?is *apt] aga9 into two sections3 #a4 ,me?ods 9 :i* ! half-tone is brok5 up :5 mak+ ! negative4 #b4 ,^? me?ods 9 :i* ! =mation ( ! gra9 is effect$ aft] ! negative has be5 made by "s suitable means4 #a4 ,,break+ ,,up ,,! ,,half-,,tone ,,on ,,! ,,negative 7,,autotypy74 ,( ! v>i\s me?ods by :i* a break+-up ( ! half-tones c be obta9$1 ! s-call$ 8autotypy0 is ! "o mo/ us$ practically4 ,) ?is process ! half-tones are brok5 up 9 ! negative4 ,z e important te*nical discov]y is =m$ n at once1 b mu/ be made by a long] or %ort] s]ies ( small] discov]ies or improvem5ts 9 ord] to atta9 ! hop$-= goal1 s 0 x also ) autotypy4 ,f ! "w ( ,paul ,prets*1 ,m>iot1 ,br[n1 & ,fr$4 ,e4 ,ives ! pres5t /ate ( ! c]ta9 & beautifully-work+ half-tone process gradually evolv$1 & ! la/ process1 :i* ought to be consid]$ z ! imm$iate pr$ecessor1 is f> out%one by autotypy z n[ practis$4 ,e>ly attempts 7 made to obta9 a pr9table image on /one by break+ up ! *romat$ gelat9e film1 s t an irregul> s-call$ s]p5t9e gra9 0 =m$ on x1 :i* correspond$ #fh fairly well ) ! !ory ( li?ography1 b gave no precise l9es & no beautiful gradations ( /one4 ,if ! gra9 0 some:at too co>se ! effect ( ! picture 0 lo/1 ! tone gradations 7 too f> ap>t1 & only light & %ad[s 7 giv52 if ! gra9 0 too f9e ! /one 0 n pr9table4 ,a fur!r exp]im5t 0 pr9t+ a design ov] ! orig9al1 ! /r5g? ( :i* _h to be br\ght 9 correct proportion to ! orig9al2 ! impress+ ( a design 0 also tri$1 & :5 us+ ?is me?od ! correct angle ( ! incid5t light :5 mak+ ! exposure _h to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,fur!r exp]im5ts1 :i* 7 pr9cipally c>ri$ out by ,m>iot1 ,cron5b]g1 & o!rs1 7 f\nd$ pr9cipally on ! basis ( break+ up ! tones 9 pr9t+4 ,= ?is a l9eature or scre5 on glass1 or a gelat9e film1 0 introduc$ betwe5 ! negative & ! s5sitive film4 ,o!rs1 aga91 coat$ ! blank glass plate ) a l9eature1 & prep>$ ! plate aft]w>ds ) collodion or gelat9e emulsion = ! exposure4 ,x w be ?us se5 h[ ?is me?od ( reproduction develop$ /ep by /ep till net-"w ( silk musl9 or wov5 horsehair1 & f9ally grat+ images1 /rongly r$uc$ by photography1 7 plac$ 9 front ( ! photographic plate4 ,?us 7 ef=ts made to make half-tone pictures suitable = pr9t+ by li?o- or typography1 & al?\gh ! end 0 v ne>ly atta9$1 yet ! crux 0 n q solv$4 ,^! me?ods did n1 h[ev]1 yield ! desir$ result1 namely1 a beautiful %>p cle> image4 ,!re 0 /ill requir$ a consid]able improvem5t ( ! exi/+ me?ods1 & ?is 0 made by ,meis5ba*1 ( ,muni*4 ,! pr9ciple by :i* ,meis5ba* prep>$ 8 images 0 ess5tially diff]5t f ! previ\sly-describ$ results4 ,he broke up ! half-tones1 also by means ( a l9eature1 into a pr9table gra91 b ! process 0 ess5tially diff]5t f ! previ\s me?ods1 9 t ,meis5ba* us$ a glass plate on :i*1 on a black gr\nd1 a grat+ 0 drawn till ! glass 0 laid b>e1 & 9 ?is way prep>$ a l9eature :i* consi/$ ( cle> glass1 transp>5t l9es & absolutely opaque l9es4 ,he produc$1 fir/1 an ord9>y negative1 f ?is a positive1 & f ?is1 by ! int]position ( ! l9eature1 ! actual half-tone negative = mak+ ! pr9t+ plate4 ,! l9eature or scre5 0 9 ! second exposure int]pos$ be=e ! s5sitive plate1 & half ! "t ( exposure giv52 !n ! scre5 0 turn$ till ! l9e fir/ obta9$ cross$ ! second at an angle ( #ij1 & !n ! exposure 0 complet$4 ,by ?is means an absolutely c]ta9 break+ up ( ! half-tones into ma!matically exact po9ts 0 atta9$1 & ! mo/ important /ep made 9 mak+ photography useful = prep>+ pr9t+ plates = ! two pr9cipal me?ods1 typographic & li?ographic4 ,meis5ba* has call$ 8 process 8autotypy40 ,x 01 inde$1 #fi some:at inconv5i5t1 b _h ! advantage t on ! negative & also on ! positive any ret\*+ t 0 necess>y c\ld be done4 ,i _c "h ent] into ! num]\s simplifications & improvem5ts ( ,meis5ba*'s process :i*1 z well 9 ! photographic process z also 9 ! prep>ation ( ! l9eature1 7 9 ! c\rse ( "t made p>tly by him & p>tly by ,c>l ,ang]]1 ,gillot1 ,bussod & ,valadon1 ,lefmann1 & o!rs1 s9ce1 on ! "o h&1 x w\ld c>ry u too f>1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 !y may be consid]$ z a natural consequ5ce ( ! discov]y4 ,i w only m5tion t x 0 f\nd aft] a %ort "t t ! two exposures & ! production ( ! necess>y positive c\ld be omitt$1 & t ! l9eature c\ld be simply int]pos$ be=e ! s5sitive plate 9 ! fir/ exposure1 by :i* an important simplification ( ! "w 0 atta9$1 &1 ?anks to ! cont9u$ p]fect+ ( ! processes1 no detraction ( ! good results 0 ?us produc$4 ,i d n consid] x sup]flu\s to give a %ort explanation ( ! action ( ! int]pos$ l9eature on ! photographic plate dur+ exposure4 ,if we take1 = ! sake ( simplicity1 n a picture1 b a scale ) f\r or five-tone gradations f light to deep black1 ! light tones w act m or less on ! s5sitive photographic plate accord+ to _! degree ( brightness1 b z ! rays ( light h to pass ?r\gh ! cross-l9$ scre5 int]pos$ betwe5 ! l5s & s5sitive plate1 & z ! rays c only pass ?r\gh ! transp>5t p>ts & n ?r\gh ! opaque1 no homog5e\s surface is obta9$ on ! negative1 b a tone produc$ by ! cross-l9es ( ! scre54 ,if ! tone 0 v bright1 ! rays reflect$ ) great int5sity on ! s5sitive plate w completely decompose ! silv] film4 ,s9ce !y are prev5t$ by ! scre5 f act+ ) equal p[] on all places ( ! surface1 ^! places w %[ v pla9ly on ! negative1 & ! result is !re=e a d>k] tone on ! same1 :i* is m>k$ ) bright f9e l9es1 correspond+ 9 ?ickness to ! scre5 plate4 ,if ! orig9al tone 0 d>k] s _m rays ( light w n be reflect$1 & ^! h ?us n ! p[] to impress ! scre5 on ! s5sitive plate 9 full int5sity2 ! result is !re=e on ! negative a tone :i* does n conta9 su* /rong d>k l9es z ! fir/2 ! tone appe>s light] 9 ! negative1 & 9 ! pr9t f ! same d>k] ?an ! fir/4 ,9 ! reproduction ( deep black surfaces f9ally no rays ( light are reflect$1 !re=e no rays ( light c p5etrate ?r\gh ! scre51 & because actually "h no *emical *ange ( ! light s5sitive film takes place1 we obta9 a negative :i* is cle> & transp>5t 9 ^! places1 t is to say )\t any int]ruption1 :i* gives 9 ! pr9t a full black tone4 #gj ,9 ?is process !re comes1 h[ev]1 to our aid a v important physical law1 namely1 ! diffraction ( light4 ,a ray ( light pass+ ?r\gh a r\nd hole or a slit & fall+ on to a black surface is repres5t$ n ! same size z ! slit1 b m or less broad5$ ! m ! receiv+ surface is mov$ away1 & 9 ! middle ! brighte/ light w be1 & ?is gradually fades (f into %ad[ t[>ds ! m>g94 ,if we take n[ ! opposite1 & use in/ead ( ! hole or slit a black surface or a conglom]ate ( su* 9 ! =m ( po9ts1 squ>es1 or o!r geometrical figures1 & if ^! be plac$ be=e a scre5 illum9at$ ) a bright light1 ^! figures become some:at small] ) ?is bright illum9ation1 :il/ ) a weak] illum9ation !y are repres5t$ 9 correct /r5g?4 ,:]e ! light acts 9 its full int5sity1 or 9 excess1 9 a mann] ( speak+ x is diffract$ or b5t ov] ! figures1 & proportionately makes !m small]4 ,?is law does good s]vice 9 autotypic "w4 ,z we h se51 ! rays ( light mu/ pass ?r\gh ! scre5 dur+ exposure4 ,?is scre5 consi/s ( equally ?ick opaque black & transp>5t :ite l9es4 ,:]e ! light acts ) full int5sity x w be m diffract$ ov] ! black l9es4 ,x makes ! l9es ( ! scre5 broad] on ! negative1 & w1 !re=e1 h m cov]$ places1 :i* 9 ! aft] pr9t+ ( ! pr9ts _c be p5etrat$ by ! light1 & ?us repres5t ! light places 9 ! pr9t cov]$ ) f9e dots4 ,! d>k] ! tone ! less ! rays ( light reflect$1 & ! less1 !re=e1 c ! light be diffract$4 ,z ! tones get d>k] ! l9es ( ! scre5 become ( equal value on ! negative1 till f9ally1 :5 at ! opposite end ( ! scre51 !y totally disappe> 9 ! deep blacks4 ,a valuable quality ( a correctly-prep>$ autotype is1 !re=e1 t ! cov]$ l9es or ! cov]$ gra9 appe> ( diff]5t /r5g?s on ! negative4 ,9 ! high lights !y are /rong]1 9 ! half-tones weak]1 till f9ally 9 ! black p>ts !y h totally disappe>$4 ,a fur!r n less valuable prop]ty is t ! gra9 9 ! highe/ lights is n %>ply def9$1 does n appe> z a squ>e po9t1 b is r\nd$ by ! diffraction ( light1 :i* gives a s(t]1 m beautiful appe>ance & pla/icity4 ,:il/ ! light reflect$ f ! brighte/ p>ts ( ! draw+ acts ) full int5sity1 & is diffract$ ov] ! figures /&+ 9 its pa? & makes ! same small]1 & cuts (f ! %>p corn]s & gives m cov]$ surfaces to ! negative1 z x decreases accord+ to ! m or less deep %ad[s ( ! draw+1 & c only act n[ ) less int5sity ?r\gh ! op5 places ( ! scre51 ! result is t ! po9ts become l>g]1 till f9ally 9 ! deepe/ p>ts x is q inactive1 & ! %ad[s beg9 to block4 ,! action ( ! light rays ( diff]5t #ga /r5g?s reflect$ on to ! negative 9 accordance ) ! bright] & d>k] tones ( ! draw+1 tak+ into consid]ation ! pr9t1 c be graphically repres5t$ z a pyramid ( :i* ! base repres5ts ! deepe/ %ad[s & ! po9t ! high lights4 ,if we int]pose a cross-l9$ scre51 or m correctly call$ a gra9 plate1 be=e ! s5sitive plate1 we obta91 graphically consid]$1 gra9 figures1 actually ( _m m v diff]5t sizes1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #g1 #a-f1 9 :i* ! smalle/ po9ts repres5t ! high lights ( ! draw+1 & ^? becom+ gradually bigg] ! gradually increas+ %ad[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,! orig9al gra9 plate conta9$1 measur$ diagonally1 five black po9ts1 five :ite int]/ices to ! millimetre4 ,! figures repres5t enl>gem5ts ( a negative made ) ! above-nam$ gra9 plate1 & = ?is ! gra9 plate 0 "o millimetre di/ant f ! s5sitive plate4 ,! accompany+ ,figure #h1 #a-f1 repres5ts v mu* enl>g$ ! s*eme ( gra9 ( an autotype f a p]fectly-execut$ wa% draw+1 ) a scre5 ( five opaque & five transp>5t l9es to ! millimetre1 9 equal proportions ( black & :ite1 at a di/ance ( "o millimetre f ! s5sitive plate1 ) equal "t ( exposure be=e & aft] ! turn+ ( ! scre51 & obvi\sly ) correct exposure = ! :ole4 ,! s*eme is only giv5 "h 9 six gradations ( tone4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 a good autotype has at lea/ f six to eight times ! numb] ( tones1 z ) a %>p scre5 & an orig9al cleanly #gb & %>ply drawn 9 _m tones1 ! light reflects ! lea/ alt]ation ( tone 9 ! size ( ! gra94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,z previ\sly m5tion$1 ! smalle/ po9ts repres5t ! highe/ lights ( ! draw+2 ! l>g]1 accord+ to our graphic repres5tation1 ! d>k] tones1 b a correct reproduction ( ! gra94 ,9 a simil> way obvi\sly ! =mation ( ! l9es on ! negative behave ) an int]pos$ b n revolv$ scre54 ,"h also ! l9es 9 ! high lights ( ! negative appe> m cov]$ ?an 9 ! %ad[s4 ,! proportion ( gra9 c1 if ! orig9al requires x1 be s f> alt]$ by n giv+ equal exposures = ea* position ( ! scre5--= in/ance1 9 ! proportion ( two to "o or ?ree to "o4 ,we obta9 !n on ! giv5 s*eme less clos$ tone gradations1 #c1 #d1 & #e1 & j be=e #c1 & betwe5 & aft] #e1 tone gradations1 no s+le black & :ite po9ts1 b m or less jagg$ black or :ite l9es1 :il/ ! op5 black gra9 9 #a & #b becomes m an oval in/ead ( ! r\nd =m 9 #f1 & beyond ! r\nd op5+s are drawn out into ovals4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 9 autotypy /ill ! physical law1 :i* is v useful to u1 & t is ! great] or less di/ance ( ! po9t f ! light surface4 ,! ne>] a po9t or a figure is br\ght to ! wall on :i* x %\ld ?r[ ! %ad[1 ! great] ! size ( ! orig9al1 & s mu* %>p] w be ! outl9es ( ! %ad[s4 ,! m ! po9t or ! figure is #gc remov$ f ! wall ! less ! %ad[ w correspond to ! %ape ( ! orig9al2 x w be small] & less def9$4 ,! %ape w also frequ5tly *ange1 & a squ>e w become a r\nd4 ,we h !n 9 ! ne> or di/ant position ( ! l9eature to ! s5sitive plate1 on :i* x ?r[s its %ad[1 an important assi/ance to act on ! g5]al tone gradations ( ! image4 ,let u rememb] t 9 focuss+ ! %ad[-=m+ object on to ! surface on :i* ! light falls1 we obta9 ! same =m$ 9 all its actuality on ! receiv+ surface2 !re=e1 :5 ?is ref]s to a l9eature ) equal proportions ( black & :ite1 we obta9 ^! 9 equal ratio4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we remove ! l9eature f ! light-receiv+ surface1 ! %ad[s :i* x ?r[s contract1 ! lights pr$om9ate1 we obta9 no long] ! ratio ( #a 3 #a betwe5 light & %ad[1 b ab\t #ae 3 #a & s on4 ,by plac+ ! l9eature close to ! s5sitive plate1 we obta9 m clos$ tones1 & z ?is gradation ( tone is c>ri$ naturally ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! image1 also less high lights1 less deep1 middle %ad[s1 :il/ ! deep %ad[s appe> 9 _! natural /r5g?4 ,) ! removal ( ! l9eature f ! s5sitive plate1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ratio ( tones = ! :ole image1 z well z = ! details1 is displac$4 ,9 ! fir/ place we %all obta9 a picture :i* conta9s m contra/s ( black & :ite4 ,! light tones become consid]ably light] by ! r$uction ( ! %ad[s4 ,! d>k p>ts1 on ! o!r h&1 atta9 full vig\r4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re=e1 ! orig9al has to be consid]$ z reg>ds ! di/ance ( ! l9eature f ! s5sitive plate4 ,obvi\sly1 !re=e1 no accurate directions c be giv5 9 a case :]e feel+ & exp]i5ce are requir$4 ,next to ! orig9al1 ! numb] ( ! l9es on ! scre5 has to be consid]$4 ,z a rule1 "o uses l9eatures ) five or six transp>5t & opaque l9es to ! millimetre 7 #abe-aej to ! in*71 & = ^! a di/ance ( to #a mm4 7 #a_/ej-a_/be? in*7 f ! s5sitive plate is g5]ally suffici5t = mo/ cases4 ,) a less numb] ( l9es ! di/ance c be increas$4 ,autotypy is a process 9 :i* unpr9table half-tones c be brok5 up by ! use ( a well-def9$ physical law into a ma!matically det]m9$ gra91 & ! size ( ! gra9 c also be regulat$ to a c]ta9 ext5t ) c]ta9 precautions4 ,x is1 !re=e1 easily und]/ood t ! autotypic process is n[ v g5]al & mo/ us$1 & n only 9 ! limit$ dep>tm5t ( photo-li?ography1 b 9 a m ext5d$ way1 does excell5t s]vice = ! prep>ation ( illu/rations ( all k9ds1 = ! simple/ picture = ! daily pap] z = ! f9ely-pr9t$ magaz9es & j\rnals1 = simple mono*romatic pr9t+1 & = ! highe/ col\r pr9t+4 ,) accurate k & comm& ( ! te*nique ( #gd photography & li?ography1 !re is requir$ be=e ev]y?+1 = successful "w1 a faultless scre5 plate4 ,! indisp5sable requirem5ts :i* mu/ be f\nd 9 ! scre5 are absolutely opaque black l9es & b>e glass 9 ! :ite l9es4 ,! home prep>ation ( su* a scre5 plate is a some:at difficult matt]1 & w n be absolutely successful if "o has n a faultless rul+ ma*9e1 a composition :i* is ?or\ghly opaque1 :i* adh]es well to ! glass & gives clean1 %>p l9es 9 rul+1 & :i* does n *ip1 & x w require a trem5d\s exp5diture ( pati5ce & p]sev]ance4 ,glass scre5s ( excell5t quality may n[ be obta9$ comm]cially4 ,= reproduction ( ! v highe/ quality1 a drawn & et*$ scre5 plate is m suitable ?an "o m]ely rul$ on pigm5t1 :i* nev] gives su* %>p results4 ,f v>i\s firms et*$ scre5 plates may n[ be obta9$ ei!r z s+le or cross$-l9e scre5s1 :i* fulfil all requirem5ts4 ,! be/ scre5 to use is "o ) five or six opaque & transp>5t l9es to ! millimetre1 :i* corresponds ) #b1ejj to #c1fjj po9ts to ! squ>e c5timetre4 ,! above numb] ( l9es w suffice = ne>ly all "w1 & su* scre5s give reproductions 9 :i* ! gra9 is no long] visible to ! nak$ eye1 b appe>s z a clos$ tone4 ,x is n advisable to g beyond ?is numb] ( l9es1 except 9 special cases1 :5 ! details ( ! draw+ 9 ! orig9al are specially small4 ,) a small] numb] ( ab\t ?ree or f\r l9es to ! millimetre1 too co>se a gra9 results1 ( :i* ! individual po9ts become too pla9ly visible1 & ^! are di/ract+ & act r\ghly1 & d n accurately reproduce ! gradation ( tone4 ,! be/ proportion betwe5 opacity & transp>5cy is #a 3 #a4 ,f ?is is obta9$1 accord+ to my op9ion1 ! mo/ beautiful & re/ful tones4 ,x mu/ also be rememb]$ t ! opaque spots actually lose consid]ably 9 /r5g? 9 ! bright] portions ( ! picture by ! spread+ action ( ! light4 ,! pr9t+ may be done on bi*romat$ gelat9e pap]1 ) :i*1 h[ev]1 extremely accurate ink+ up ( ! pr9t is ess5tial1 & ! pr9ts mu/ n h too mu* ink & mu/ be v c>efully pr9t$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 v good1 cle> negatives are us$1 ei!r ( ! direct pr9t+ me?ods1 z already describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv41 is to be pref]r$4 7,see ,no4 #d ,supplem5t47 #b4 ,,photo-,,li?ographic ,,processes ,,9 ,,:i* ,,! ,,gra9 ,,is ,,n ,,=m$ ,,dur+ ,,! ,,exposure4 ,( ! _m exi/+ processes by :i* ! break+-up ( ! half-tones into pr9table l9es or gra9 is effect$1 n 9 ! negative1 b subsequ5tly by me*anical & *emical action on ! /one or plate or ! transf] film1 ,i w only m5tion ^? #ge :i* appe> to me to be ! mo/ important1 ! new me?ods :i* h already f\nd firm foot+ 9 practical "w or :i* appe> likely to d s4 ,all ! old] processes1 :i* 7 ei!r nev] actually successful or h be5 sup]s$$ on acc\nt ( difficulty ( work+1 we may prop]ly pass ov]4 7,a47 ,,! ,,pat5t ,,asphalt ,,process ,,( ,,orell1 ,f,,ssli1 ,,& ,,co4 ,,us$ ,,= ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,col\r ,,pr9ts4 ,i h already m5tion$ t ! use ( light s5sitive asphalt = ! prep>ation ( pr9t+ plates = ! v>i\s bran*es is by no means new4 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! well-kn[n processes we f9d also us$ 9 ! process ( ,orell1 ,fssli1 & ,co4 ,! gra9$ /one is coat$ ) a ?9 film ( light-s5sitive asphalt1 ! composition ( :i* we h previ\sly le>nt1 & expos$ "u a rev]s$ or /ripp$ negative4 ,! image aft] correct exposure is develop$1 & !n1 accord+ to ! con/ruction ( ! asphalt1 9 comb9ation ) ! gra9+ ( ! /one & ! develop]1 !re is =m$ a f9] or co>s] gra91 or a clos$ or op5 image4 ,! developm5t is effect$ ) petroleum1 to :i* "o-fif? or "o-six? ( its volume ( b5z9e is add$1 or ) turp5t9e alone4 ,developm5t takes place r rapidly1 & aft] a %ort "t ! image appe>s on ! /one4 ,! pr9t is !n treat$ z 0 sugge/$ 9 asphalt pr9t+2 ! /one is fir/ gumm$1 & !n by roll+ up ) ink & et*+ r5d]$ suitable = pr9t+4 ,! pictures produc$ by ?is h a v f9e gra9 & are 9 appe>ance v mu* l good collotypes2 /ill two or m tones are necess>y to obta9 an absolutely clos$ & vigor\s action4 ,v simil> to ,orel & ,fssli's process is ! foll[+1 also pat5t$4 7,b47 ,,! ,,col\r ,,pr9t+ ,,process ,,( ,,wezel ,,& ,,naumann ,,( ,,reudnitz1 ,,leipzig4 ,9 ?is process also all ! col\r /ones ( a *romo picture are produc$ f a s+le /ripp$ & rev]s$ negative :i* is tak5 ( ! orig9al4 ,= ! prep>ation ( any col\r /one !re are ?ree di/9ct /ages4 ,! fir/ /age is ! exposure1 ! second ! developm5t1 & ! ?ird ! developm5t cont9u$ /ill fur!r1 & any necess>y small help by ! li?ograph]4 ,9 ea* /age a special mode ( treatm5t is requir$1 accord+ to :e!r ! /one 9 "q is to be us$ = a light1 a m vigor\s1 or full col\r4 ,! /ones = grey & ! light blue or light r$ inks--?us ^? = _m surfaces1 b ) few details--are treat$ diff]5tly to ^? = yell[1 ! second r$ #gf or blue2 & ^!1 aga91 diff]5tly to ^? = br[n or q d>k col\rs4 ,ev]yone only slightly conv]sant ) col\r pr9t+ kn[s t ! fir/ plates are us$ = ! g5]al tones ( ! picture1 & conta91 !re=e1 few details1 & ) ! exception ( ! highe/ lights are tol]ably full2 ! latt] plates1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* are devot$ to ! d>k] col\rs1 conta9 less ton$ surfaces1 b1 on ! contr>y1 m details ( ! draw+s4 ,9 ord] to atta9 ?is correctly ! ?ree /ages ( ! production ( ! plates are c>ri$ out ) ?is end 9 view4 ,x %\ld /ill be m5tion$ t ! m or less f9e gra9+ ( ! /one det]m9es ! g5]al ratio ( ! gra9 ( ! picture4 ,! fir/ /age is ! exposure ( gra9$ /one coat$ ) asphalt4 ,) long] or %ort] exposure x is possible to make ! asphalt film m or less soluble1 t is to say1 to make ! same m or less capable ( resi/+ e!real oils4 ,x is !re=e possible at ?is /age1 by long exposure ( ! asphalt film1 to give to ! col\r /one = bright col\rs m tone & less details4 ,! /ones = ! d>k] inks are pr9t$ = a %ort] "t1 & ! asphalt film is less capable ( )/&+ ! solv5ts1 & ! result+ plate conta9s less tones & m details4 ,f9ally1 ! plates = ! deep col\rs are normally pr9t$2 ! asphalt film is /ill less resi/ant1 & consequ5tly ! /one w only h tone & details on ^? places :i* 9 pr9t+ ought to be ! d>ke/4 ,x is possible1 !re=e1 by correct manipulation ( ?is op]ation1 to obta9 approximately ! correct col\r plate4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 9 ! second process a corrector = ! fir/4 ,! developm5t may be s p]=m$ t by ! long] or %ort] use ( /rong solv5ts1 ,hung>ian or ,russian turp5t9e1 m or less ( ! asphalt w be dissolv$4 ,?us if a slight error is made 9 pr9t+ x c be made good 9 develop+4 ,z a rule1 ! /ones = bright col\rs1 :i* consi/ ( _m tones1 are n develop$ s long z ^? = ! /rong] col\rs4 ,! actual /ones = ! deep col\rs are v /rongly develop$1 s t almo/ all ! delicate p>ts ( ! picture disappe>1 & only ! d5se /rong p>ts rema9 on ! /one4 ,/ill ! f9e details :i* are to be f\nd 9 ! vigor\s p>ts1 & :i* _c be recogniz$1 mu/ be br\ght out4 ,! f9e p>ts ( ! draw+ mu/ be q cle> if ! details are to be recogniz$1 or ! picture w be a fuzzy copy ( ! orig9al1 want+ 9 /ructure4 ,?is fault is rem$i$ 9 ! ?ird /age ( ! treatm5t1 9 :i* a /rong developm5t ( ! picture is effect$ ) /rong act+ oils or b5zole & turp5t9e4 ,z ?is op]ation1 h[ev]1 w\ld also wa% away su* delicate places :i* ought to rema9 on ! col\r /one1 !y mu/ be cov]$ ) solution ( gum & all[$ to dry4 ,!n ^? p>ts n cov]$ ) gum1 #gg 9 :i* ! details ( ! image _c be se51 are pa9t$ = a long] or %ort] "t1 z may be requir$1 ) a bru% dipp$ 9 ! develop+ solution1 & :5 correctly develop$ may be cov]$ up4 ,! light] places are treat$ = a %ort] "t1 ! v d>k places = a long] "t4 ,by ?is treatm5t ! p>ticul> p>ts ( ! picture become light] & light]1 ! details appe> m & m2 &1 f9ally1 ! :ole picture %[s z x %\ld d4 ,!n ! gum is wa%$ (f & ! /one subject$ to ! already describ$ treatm5t1 s z to make x suitable = pr9t+ 9 quantities4 ,f9ally1 ! li?ograph] c make corrections ) a ne$le or tus*4 ,?is process may be us$1 !re=e1 to prep>e col\r-pr9t+ plates f a negative obta9$ 9 ! cam]a f an oil pa9t+ or any col\r$ orig9al4 ,! negative = ?is process mu/ conta9 all ! details v cle>1 mu/ be s(t1 & n be too d5se4 ,! diff]5t col\r plates are ?us 9 ?is process obta9$ by long or %ort pr9t+1 by /rong or weak develop+1 & f9ally ! details 9 ! d>k plates are obta9$ by sep>ate developm5t & cov]+ up ! o!r places ) gum4 ,! break+ up ( ! half-tones into pr9table gra9 is effect$ by gra9+ ! /one1 be=e coat+ ) ! light s5sitive asphalt film4 ,on ! f9] or co>s] gra9+ ( ! /one dep5ds also ! /ructure ( ! gra9 ( ! image4 ,?is process yields ! mo/ beautiful results ) correct manipulation1 & 9 ! h&s ( an exp]t photograph] & li?ograph] is a valuable aid to ! prep>ation ( col\r plates4 ,! process is pat5t$4 7,c47 ,j4 ,,b>t,s' ,,process ,,= ,,prep>+ ,,photo-,,li?ographs ,,& ,,phototypes ,,9 ,,gra9 ,,& ,,half-,,tone4 ,b>ts' process belongs to ^? 9 :i* ! break+ up ( ! half-tones into a pr9table gra9 is effect$ subsequ5tly on ! plate or /one by me*anical means4 ,?is is atta9$ 9 a v orig9al mann] by means ( a s&bla/1 :i* makes ! half-tone pr9table4 ,we h "h n ! break+ up ( ! half-tones 9 a ma!matically regul> mann]1 dep5d5t on optical laws1 z is ! case ) autotypy1 b a me?od simil> to t ( ,prets*1 :i* obta9s ! pr9table gra9 by reticulation ( ! *romat$ gelat9e film1 or o!r discov]]s :o atta9 ! same result by asphalt du/+ or "s o!r means4 ,= ?is process a well-poli%$ li?o /one or z9c plate is coat$ ) a ?9 film ( v>ni%1 compos$ (-- ,*lor(orm #cjj g4 ,ma/ic #e g4 ,asphalt #aj g4 ,b5zole #cjj g4 ,l9se$ oil #b g4 #gh ,on ! /one or plate ?us prep>$ is transf]r$ a c>bon image 9 half-tone4 ,?is pigm5t film1 :5 completely dry1 is fl[$ ov] ) a mixture (-- ,glyc]9e #ce g4 ,wat] #be g4 ,alum #b g4 & ?is %\ld be all[$ to act = ab\t five m9utes & !n remov$ ) blott+-pap]4 ,aft] ?is op]ation ! pigm5t image c be easily de/roy$4 ,! pigm5t image is n[ expos$ to ! action ( a weak s&bla/4 ,! s& acts on ! relief image & gradually de/roys x1 & s t ! film ( v>ni% und]nea? is gradually gra9$4 ,aft] ! pigm5t film has be5 remov$ ! picture %[s 9 all its details 9 gra9 on ! v>ni% ( ! /one or plate4 ,! image is n[ visible on ! film ( v>ni%1 accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! tones 9 p>tial gra9+1 & c be et*$ into ! /one or plate4 ,?is is effect$ by et*+ ) phosphoric acid-- ,wat] #ajj g4 ,phosphoric acid #d g4 ,:5 ! et*+ solution has act$ = ab\t two m9utes1 ! /one is wa%$ & coat$ ) a solution ( gum-- ,wat] #ajj g4 ,gum arabic #e g4 & all[$ to dry4 ,!n ! film ( v>ni% is remov$ ) a pad ( cotton wool damp$ ) turp5t9e1 ! dry /one roll$ up ) li?o ink1 damp$1 & ! excess ( ink roll$ (f4 ,! picture n[ %[s ) all its f9e/ details on ! /one1 & c be pr9t$4 ,9 prep>+ a relief pr9t+ plate ! film ( v>ni% =ms ! resi/ = ! fir/ et*+4 ,x is !n roll$ up & et*$ 9 ! usual way4 ,= prep>+ l>g] pictures on /one or metal plates1 9 :i* ! gra9 mu/ be co>s] ?an ) small pictures1 ! fully-develop$ & /ill damp pigm5t image is du/$ ) p[d]$ res9 & ! film all[$ to dry ) ! p[d] adh]+ to x4 ,! pigm5t image ?us du/$ is treat$1 z previ\sly describ$1 ) alum & glyc]9e1 expos$ to ! action ( ! s&bla/1 & !n et*$ ) phosphoric or nitric acid4 ,z ! s(t pigm5t film receives a gra9 by ! du/+1 ?is is reproduc$ ( ! same size by ! action ( ! s&bla/ on ! film ( v>ni% on ! /one or plate4 ,! pr9cipal po9ts ( ?is process ( prep>+ photo-li?ographs or phototypes 9 half-tone1 ) a gra91 are z foll[s3-- #a4 ,f ! photographic negative a pigm5t image is tak5 #gi & transf]r$ to a li?o /one or z9c plate1 :i* has be5 previ\sly coat$ ) v>ni%4 #b4 ,! pigm5t image is !n expos$ to ! action ( ! s&bla/2 & #c4 ,!n ! pigm5t image is remov$1 & ! image obta9$ on ! film ( v>ni% is et*$4 ,9 ! ,k4,k4 ,h( und ,/aatsdruck]ei photo-li?ographs z well z phototypes h be5 prep>$ ) excell5t results by ?is process4 ,! =m] 9 result are simil> to ! productions ( ! ,orell & ,fssli process1 & ! latt] 7 noticeable = good gradation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x _c be d5i$ t ?is process1 :i* is pat5t$1 has be5 already surpass$ by autotypy1 :i* is f> simpl] & easi] to "w1 & is f\nd$ on a sci5tific basis4 7,d47 ,,li?o-,,heliogravure4 ,?is process1 inv5t$ by ,*as4 ,eck/e91 ( ,hague1 ! g5]al director ( ! ,topographical ,bureau ( ! ,royal ,ne!rl& ,g5]al ,/aff1 also belongs to ^? processes ( photo-li?ography by means ( :i* any picture 9 half-tone c be reproduc$4 ,! break+ up ( ! half-tones is effect$1 z ) ! autotypic me?ods1 by ! use ( a l9eature1 b in/ead ( ?is be+ done 9 ! photographic exposure1 x is effect$ direct on ! /one be=e ! transf] ( ! photographic image4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> process ! /one itself is n coat$ ) a light s5sitive film & pr9t$ on direct1 b ! rul+ is made on ! /one1 & !n a negative pigm5t image--a diapositive--is transf]r$ to x exactly ! same z ) photogravure on copp]4 ,a fur!r feature is t ! result is n an ord9>y transf] /one result1 b an intaglio et*$ /one1 :i* is pr9t$ f ! depressions4 ,= ?is orig9al process ! basis is a rul$ patt]n /one1 prep>$ ) great c>e & accuracy4 ,= prep>+ ?is a grey /one ( ! be/ quality %\ld be tak51 & "o )\t any *alky spots1 cry/als1 or holes4 ,?is %\ld be poli%$ ) a co>se clo? & oxalic acid solution till x has a v high poli%4 ,on ! highly-poli%$ /one surface is spread a v ?9 b ev5 film ( asphalt4 ,! solution is compos$ (-- ,asphalt #e p>ts4 ,:ite wax #f p>ts4 ,/e>ic acid #f p>ts4 ,?is mixture is boil$1 & to x :il/ boil+ is add$ 9 drops a solution ( two p>ts ( soda4 ,:5 cold ?is mixture1 :i* is fairly h>d1 is dissolv$ 9 ab\t an equal volume ( turp5t9e1 filt]$ & kept 9 bottles = use4 ,a suffici5t quantity ( ?is asphalt solution1 :i* mu/ n be s5sitive to light1 is p\r$ into ! middle ( a levell$ /one & #hj di/ribut$ by means ( a li?ographic ink roll]1 :i* mu/ n be us$ = any o!r purpose b ?is1 till ! coat+ is absolutely ev5 & %[s a light br[n col\r4 ,:5 ?is film has become q h>d1 f9e p>allel l9es are drawn ov] ! :ole surface ( ! /one ) a v accurate work+ rul+ ma*9e1 by means ( :i* f five to t5 l9es p] millimetre c be rul$4 ,:5 ! rul+ is f9i%$ ! /one is giv5 a m>g9 ( wax1 & quickly & ev5ly flood$ ) ! foll[+ et*+ fluid-- ,pure nitric acid #jaf p>ts4 ,alcohol #cf p] c5t4 #jfj p>ts4 ,wat] #ce p>ts4 ,&1 wat* 9 h&1 is et*$ = ab\t half-a-m9ute4 ,in/ead ( ! above a solution (-- ,glacial acetic acid #b g4 ,wat] #ajj g4 may be us$ & all[$ to act = half-a-m9ute4 ,! /one is !n well wa%$ "u a /rong /ream ( wat]1 all[$ to dry1 & cov]$ ) l9se$ oil4 ,aft] ab\t five m9utes ! :ole ( ! /one may be wa%$ ) turp5t9e4 ,!n x %\ld be ink$ up ) a pad1 c>e be+ tak5 t all l9es take ! ink well & ev5ly4 ,?is patt]n /one s]ves z ! orig9al plate = ! subsequ5t rul$ transf]4 ,f ! orig9al rul$ /one c be made1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! orig9al1 a s+le1 d\ble1 triple1 or f\r-fold transf]4 ,= prep>+ a /one ) a rul$ transf]1 a smoo?ly gr\nd /one well poli%$ ) oxalic acid is ev5ly coat$ ) s5sitive asphalt solution4 ,on ?is1 :5 dry1 ! desir$ s+le or cross$ transf] f ! orig9al /one is made1 & du/$ ) bronze p[d]4 ,?is adh]es to ! l9es ( ! patt]n1 & 9 comb9ation ) ! pr9t+ ink protects ! asphalt film und]nea? f ! action ( light4 ,dur+ ! subsequ5t exposure1 :i*1 accord+ to ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! asphalt & int5sity ( ! light1 c la/ f a half to two h\rs or m1 ! p>ticles ( asphalt n cov]$ by ! bronze p[d] become insoluble1 :il/ ! protect$ p>ts pres]ve _! solubility4 ,aft] correct exposure ! surface ( ! /one is c>efully wa%$ ) a tuft ( cotton wool soak$ 9 oil ( turp5t9e1 :5 ! p>ticles ( asphalt und]ly+ ! bronz$ l9es dissolve4 ,! /one at ^! p>ts is laid q b>e1 & !re=e made capable ( be+ subsequ5tly et*$4 ,! deep et*+ ( ! patt]n is effect$ 9 ! same way z 0 sugge/$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! "m patt]n /one4 ,by ?is me?od a positive patt]n is obta9$1 t is to say1 ! l9es pr9t1 & ! impression %[s !re=e a black network4 ,a second me?od ( mak+ a patt]n transf] consi/s 9 mak+ a pull f ! orig9al /one on to *alk transf] pap]4 #ha ,?is pull is !n damp$ on ! back1 & :5 j prop]ly damp is laid on ! poli%$ /one 7)\t any asphalt7 & ! transf] made4 ,9 ord] to remove ! *alk pap] )\t damag+ ! patt]n ! /one is cov]$ ) w>m wat]1 :5 ! l9es w dissolve4 ,! simple patt]n w n[ be f\nd on ! /one1 :i* %\ld n[ be well wa%$1 !n du/$ ) res9 p[d]1 :i* %\ld be melt$ on ) e!r vap\r4 ,!n if ! direction ( ! fir/ l9es 0 v]tical1 ! second transf] is arrang$ ) ! direction ( ! l9es horizontal to ! fir/1 & !re is ?us obta9$ a simple cross$ patt]n4 ,) f\r-fold cross$ patt]ns ! subsequ5t pulls are made 9 opposite diagonal directions4 ,aft] ea* transf] ! /one is well wa%$1 all[$ to dry1 !n du/$ ) res9 p[d]1 & ) e!r melt$ on to ! patt]n4 ,! /one is n[ deep et*$ ) dilute nitric or acetic acid & cov]$ ) l9se$ oil4 ,by ?is me?od a gra9 in/ead ( l9es is obta9$4 ,by poli%+ ! /one & transf]r+ on to x1 z well z by et*+ ! places n cov]$ by ! ink1 we h ! patt]n rev]s$1 t is to say1 x is conv]t$ into gra94 ,= fur!r op]ations ( li?o-heliogravure a v cle> & s(t negative is requir$1 f :i* a glass transp>5cy is tak54 ,"u ?is transp>5cy pigm5t pap] s5sitiz$ on a #bj p] c5t4 solution ( potassium bi*romate is pr9t$ to #h or #aj degrees ,vogel4 ,pr9t+ mu/ be v c>efully p]=m$1 z ) "u-pr9t+ too _m details are lo/4 ,! expos$ pigm5t$ pap] is wa%$ 9 cold wat]1 laid film side d[n on ! previ\sly prep>$ /one1 & press$ into contact ) an india-rubb] squeegee4 ,x %\ld !n be all[$ to dry 9 a n too dry or too w>m place4 ,! /one %\ld n[ be plac$ 9 a tr\gh ) w>m wat] ( ab\t #dj to #de ,c41 & c>e %\ld be tak5 to obta9 wat] ( z ev5 a temp]ature z possible4 ,aft] ab\t five m9utes ! pap] w be free f ! /one1 :i* %\ld rema9 9 ! ba? & be develop$ s long by %ak+ 9 ord] t ! wat] may fl[ ev5ly ov] x till ! image appe>s q di/9ct2 a negative image is ?us obta9$ on ! /one4 ,! film is !n all[$ to dry spontane\sly = f\r or five h\rs till ! pigm5t image has become q h>d4 ,= et*+ a solution ( p]*loride ( iron ( v>i\s /r5g?s is us$1 #dj1 #cg1 #cc1 & #cj ,beaum4 ,) subjects v ri* 9 tones all f\r w be us$2 ) simpl] subjects "o or ! o!r may be omitt$4 ,! et*+ w beg91 z a rule1 ) ! #dj solution4 ,! f]ric *loride w fir/ dissolve ! ?91 h>d5$ pigm5t film & !n g ?r\gh ! op5 l9es ( ! patt]n1 :]e x w attack ! /one & et* ! deepe/ p>ts4 ,sl[ly ! f]ric *loride dissolves also ! ?ick] pigm5t #hb film--beg9s also to et* ! /one !re1 b less deeply4 ,to tell :5 ! f\r solutions %\ld be us$ 9 turn1 z well z ! correct mom5t to int]rupt ! et*+1 requires consid]able exp]i5ce4 ,! #cj solution1 ! weake/ ( ! f]ric *loride solutions1 is us$ la/1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ! great] proportion ( wat] possesses a solv5t p[] = ! :ole ( ! light-h>d5$ pigm5t film4 ,accurate directions z to h[ long ! et*+ ) ! diff]5t solutions is to be cont9u$ _c be giv51 z ?is dep5ds ^u ! "* ( ! subject z well z ^u ! ?ickness ( ! pigm5t image4 ,x may be always assum$1 h[ev]1 t any individual et*+ ought to la/ "u no circum/ances long] ?an ?ree to f\r m9utes4 ,) well-cov]$ /ones ! fir/ et*+ %\ld n be all[$ to act s long z ! la/1 & vice-v]s ) less cov]$ /ones4 ,z soon z ! image %[s ! correct "* ?r\gh ! et*+ solution ! /one %\ld be br\ght "u ! tap 9 ! tr\gh & quickly wa%$ ) clean cold wat]4 ,! surface ( ! image %\ld !n be fl[$ ov] ) oil ( turp5t9e 9 ord] to remove ! asphalt & gelat9e film1 & f9ally well wa%$ ) ! rose & all[$ to dry4 ,! picture w be f\nd deeply et*$ into ! /one4 ,! /one is n[ sme>$ ov] ) l9se$ oil1 ink$ up1 & fur!r treat$ z 9 ord9>y li?ogravure4 ,9 ?is process ! negative pigm5t image is transf]r$ to ! /one & ! pr9t+ image prep>$ by et*+2 ! =mation ( ! gra9 is produc$ by ! patt]n pr9t$ ei!r on a poli%$ /one1 :5 x is conv]t$ into po9ts1 or ! transf] may be effect$ on to an asphalt$ poli%$ /one1 :5 a network ( l9es w be obta9$4 ,= d>k subjects ! latt] process is bett]1 = light] subjects ! gra94 ,pr9t+ f su* a plate has m simil>ities ) et*+ pr9t+ ?an f /one2 ! effect ( ! ink is v good & expressive4 ,v>i\s pictures execut$ by ,eck/e9 & 9 our e/abli%m5t 9 "o or m col\rs h prov$ ! value ( ?is process 9 practice4 ,! =ego+ are ! diff]5t photo-li?ographic me?ods = obta9+ pr9t+ images 9 half-tone1 & al?\gh 9 no way exhau/ive1 yet x appe>s to me t !y are practically ! mo/ important4 #hc ,,app5dix4 #a4 ,,negative ,,transf] ,,) ,,bi*romat$ ,,gelat9e ,,pap]4 ,! prop]ties ( bi*romat$ gelat9e pap] c also be v well us$ = ! s-call$ negative pr9t+1 & ?is me?od (f]s _m advantages4 ,9 ord] to conv]t a positive pr9t+ image into a negative v>i\s me?ods may be us$2 ! mo/ conv5i5t = ! li?ograph] is ! foll[+3--,a good li?o /one is fir/ gr\nd 9 ! ord9>y way & !n ! surface rubb$ ) a pad & oxalic acid solution till x has a high glaze or poli%4 ,on to ?is /one is !n transf]r$ a %>p impression 9 a non-greasy ink f ! positive pr9t+ image4 ,accord+ to ! de/9ation ( ! /one = l>ge or small editions "o ( two processes may be adopt$4 ,if a ?\s& or m pulls are requir$ f ! /one ! transf] may be du/$ ) res9 p[d]1 & ?is melt$ ) ! burn+1 heat+1 or e!r process & ! draw+ et*$ 9 relief ) #h to #ab nitric acid & gum4 ,!n ! /one may be well wa%$ ) wat] & ! acid remov$ ) "o to two p] c5t4 acetic acid4 ,= small runs ! fir/ et*+ is omitt$1 & ! /one treat$ ) acetic acid4 ,9 bo? cases ! /one %\ld be well wa%$1 dri$1 & !n coat$ ) dissolv$ li?ographic tus* or autographic ink4 ,! greasy sub/ances ( ^! mat]ials p5etrate into ! surfaces ( ! /one t are laid b>e1 & firmly adh]e4 ,:5 ! tus* or ink is completely dry ! /one is wa%$ ) turp5t9e1 ink$ up1 & "o n[ has a negative image f ! subject 9 "q1 :i* %[s all ! orig9al pr9t+ places 9 :ite & all :ite places black4 ,! process ( prep>+ su* negative pr9ts by ! use ( bi*romat$ gelat9e pap]s is mu* simpl]4 ,a %eet ( gelat9iz$ pap] is s5sitiz$ = ?is purpose on a #e p] c5t4 ba? ( potassium bi*romate1 squeege$ to a %eet ( plate-glass & well dri$1 & on ?is is made ) black ink1 :i* is v opaque1 9 ! d>k or 9 gaslight1 a %>p clean pr9t4 ,?is pr9t is !n laid on a flat cable1 "u a %eet ( plate-glass1 s t x _c roll up1 & expos$ to ! light = f five to ?irty m9utes4 ,a long exposure r>ely does h>m 9 su* cases1 z ! good opaque black ink all[s no rays ( light to pass ?r\gh to ^? places :i* lat] %\ld pr9t :ite4 ,! next manipulation is ! developm5t & ink+ up1 :i* is done z 9 ord9>y photo-li?ography4 ,9 ?is op]ation all #hd ^? places :i* 7 n cov]$ up by ! pr9t+ w take ! develop+ ink2 on ! o!r h&1 ^? places :]e ! impression 0 w wa% out clean & :ite4 ,! pr9t has assum$ ! appe>ance ( a photographic positive4 ,! pr9t is n[ treat$ l any o!r photo-li?ographic pr9t1 & f9ally transf]r$ to a /one or z9c plate4 ,?is me?od is di/+ui%$ by its simplicity & safety2 x has also ! advantage t any desir$ pr9t+ subject c be directly transf]r$ 9 negative =m to a z9c plate = relief et*+1 :i* o!rwise c\ld only be done by prelim9>y transf] to /one & subsequ5t transf] to z9c4 #b4 ,,photo-,,autography4 ,,draw+ ,,) ,,autographic ,,ink ,,or ,,li?ographic ,,*alk ,,on ,a ,,cyanotype1 ,,salt$ ,,or ,,o!r ,,pr9t ,,f ,a ,,photographic ,,negative ,,or ,,positive4 ,by autography we und]/& t me?od ( reproduction by :i* any writ+ or draw+ is made on a prep>$ or n prep>$ pap] ) greasy ink1 tus* or *alk1 :i* is subsequ5tly transf]r$ to /one or z9c = pr9t+1 or to z9c plates = relief et*+4 ,autographic draw+ pap]s diff] = ! diff]5t purposes1 & = writ+ & simple l9e draw+s smoo? h>d po/ pap] is us$1 & l9$ transf] pap] = f9e p5 or *alk draw+s4 ,! latt] are prep>$ comm]cially by ,ang]] & ,gs*l4 ,v beautiful gra9$ draw+s c also be made = transf] on pyramidal gra9 pap]4 ,! pro( = su* draw+s is usually done ) lead p5cil or r$ *alk1 or x may also be made on a gelat9e pro(4 ,9 ord] to obta9 fully & completely ! "* & correct reproduction ( ! draw+1 )\t special exp5se ( arti/ic help1 x is advisable to use a photographic pr9t z pro(4 ,x %\ld be not$ t = p5 draw+ on smoo? pap] ) greasy tus* or ink1 = *alk draw+s on a prep>$ gra9$ pap] done z previ\sly m5tion$1 ) greasy li?ographic *alk1 ! draw+ %\ld be transf]r$ direct to z9c or /one 9 ord] to save hav+ to make subsequ5tly a photographic pr9t4 ,if a p5cil1 r$ crayon1 or o!r pro( is us$ = an autographic draw+ on pap] ) ! idea ( transf]r+ x direct to /one or z9c1 a suitable photographic pr9t may also be us$ on suitable pap] )\t any disadvantages4 ,= ! pr9ts all photographic pap]s )\t glaze1 su* z ord9>y pla9 salt$ pap]1 ,ea/man's positive bromide pap]1 & o!rs1 may g5]ally be us$4 ,glossy or album5iz$ pap]s are n suitable = ?is1 z ! ink runs1 & does n =m solid clean l9es4 #he ,! be/ ( all1 h[ev]1 is cyanotype pap]1 z ev5 ) v deep pr9t+ x keeps ! details 9 ! %ad[s op51 & on acc\nt ( its blue tones is m suitable = ! subsequ5t draw+ ) black tus*4 ,:51 h[ev]1 prussiate pap] is n h&y1 & subjects ) few] %ad[s & less details are to be treat$1 any ( ! o!r pap]s above-m5tion$ may be us$4 ,if f]ro-prussiate pap] is to be us$1 ! same may be prep>$ z recomm5d$ on p4 #bc4 ,! s-call$ salt$ or pla9 pap] is prep>$ z foll[s3--,a %eet ( well-siz$ po/ pap] is fir/ ba!d 9 a solution (-- ,ord9>y salt #a "p ,wat] #be p>ts & !n s5sitiz$ 9 a solution ( silv] nitrate #a 3 #ab4 ,x is pr9t$ till ! pr9t has assum$ a fairly full br[n tone1 & all ! details 9 ! %ad[s are well pr9t$ out4 ,x %\ld !n be ton$ 9 ! foll[+ ton+ ba?3-- ,di/ill$ wat] #ajjj g4 ,sodium acetate 7twice fus$7 #ae g4 ,solution ( gold *loride 7#a 3 #ajj7 #be g4 till ! pr9t has assum$ a deep d>k br[n tone4 ,x %\ld !n be fix$ 9 a solution ( sodium hyposulphite1 #a 3 #ae4 ,x %\ld be pr9t$ r deep1 z 9 ton+ & fix+ ! image loses 9 dep?4 ,x is moreov] unnecess>y 9 ?is case to make a beautiful pr9t2 ! *ief ?+ is only t all details ( ! image %\ld be cle>ly se54 ,! pr9t is !n well wa%$ 9 frequ5t *anges ( wat] & !n dri$4 ,! pr9t on ,ea/man's bromide pap] is prep>$ z foll[s3-- ,r$ light mu/ be us$4 ,x %\ld be pr9t$ by an ord9>y gas flame at a di/ance ( ab\t #ej-hj cm4 7 #bd to #cf ins47 = #a to #bj seconds1 accord+ to ! d5sity ( ! negative4 ,"h aga9 a te*nically p]fect pr9t ne$ n be arriv$ at1 b "o :i* conta9s all ! details v cle>4 ,"u a good transp>5t negative a useful image = ! arti/ w be obta9$ ) ab\t two seconds' exposure4 ,! develop] is compos$ ( two solutions3-- 7,a47 ,wat] #ejj g4 ,neutral oxalate ( pota% #afe g4 7,b47 ,wat] #ej cm4 ,sulphate ( iron #ae cm4 ,conc5trat$ sulphuric acid #b drops ,or glacial acetic acid #e drops ,?ree p>ts ( solution ,a & "o "p ( solution ,b %\ld be #hf mix$ toge!r4 ,z soon z ! %ad[s h atta9$ ! desir$ tone1 ! pr9ts %\ld be plac$ 9 sev]al fre% ba?s ( ,wat] #bjj ccm4 ,acetic acid #a dra*m4 ,sat4 sol4 alum #ej g4 & !n wa%$ & fix$ 9 a ba? ( ,wat] #ej ccm4 ,sodium hyposulphite #aj g4 = ab\t t5 m9utes4 ,!n well wa%$ & dri$4 ,= p5 draw+s all n gelat9iz$ or album5iz$ pr9t+ pap]s may be us$ z already m5tion$4 ,! *ief ?+ is t ! pap] %\ld be well-siz$ & ( good firm texture4 ,if prep>$ gra9 pap] is us$1 :i* is provid$ ) a film ( *alk1 kaol91 or any o!r :ite col\r+ matt] comb9$ ) gelat9e1 & on :i* film ! gra9 is impress$1 only prussiate pr9ts c be us$4 ,! pap] is s5sitiz$ z previ\sly describ$1 only x is advisable n to leave x too long 9 ! solutions1 or else ! film may become s(t5$4 ,! film w also dissolve 9 hot wat] at ab\t #hj ,c4 ,! pr9ts z soon z dry c be us$ = draw+ on4 ,on ! gra9 pap]s ! outl9e may be drawn ) ! p5 & be %ad$ ) *alk1 or x may be drawn ) *alk only4 ,) unprep>$ pap]s x is advisable to coat !m ) a ?9 solution ( boil$ />*1 z !n ! transf] to z9c or /one is mo/ exact4 ,! draw+ may also be left a long "t )\t spoil+4 ,! coat+ is p]=m$ ) a pad dipp$ into ! liquid1 :i* consi/s ( "o "p ( f9e bookb9d]'s />* & f\r or five p>ts ( wat]1 & pass$ sev]al times ov] ! pr9t4 ,! draw+s ought only to be done ) greasy li?ographic tus* or *alk or autographic ink1 :i* consi/s pr9cipally ( greasy mat]ials & lampblack4 ,= p5 draw+s h>d p5s %\ld be us$1 & c>e mu/ be tak5 to make ?ick /rokes4 ,only a little tus* or ink ought to be tak5 into ! p51 s t x does n run out1 & ?us clean1 %>p l9es be obta9$4 ,if ?is be obs]v$ v close %ad+s & cross l9es c be produc$ clean & neat4 ,:5 ! draw+ is f9i%$ & ! tus* or ink has become dry ! same %\ld be laid betwe5 damp blott+-pap]1 & mean:ile a clean gr\nd1 & dry pumic$ /one work$ 9 ! press & ! pressure correctly adju/$4 ,z soon z ! draw+ has become mod]ately damp "r ?r\gh1 & ! pap] feels s(t )\t be+ wet1 x %\ld be laid ) ! image d[nw>ds on ! /one & transf]r$ to ! same ) /rong pressure4 ,aft] repeat$ work+ ! pap] w adh]e firmly to ! /one4 ,9 ord] to loos5 x ! /one %\ld be cov]$ ) hot wat] ( ab\t #hj ,c41 :5 ! film w dissolve & ! pap] become q free4 ,any ex]tion ( =ce mu/ 9 ?is #hg op]ation be q avoid$1 & ! pap] mu/ n be pull$ (f ) viol5ce4 ,all1 ev5 ! f9e/ l9es1 w h be5 transf]r$ to ! /one4 ,! /one is n[ gumm$1 if possible all[$ to /& = "s h\rs1 & !n et*$ ) a gum et*+ solution ( two degrees' acid /r5g?1 or lat] et*$ 9 relief1 & is ready = pr9t+4 ,if ! transf] is made to z9c1 = pr9t+ f ?is ! plate is treat$ z sugge/$ on p4 #f4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a relief et*+ = ! typographic press is to be prep>$ ( ! subject1 ! transf] is made on to a smoo? poli%$ z9c plate4 #c4 ,,li?ogravure4 ,) ?is p>ticul> process an intaglio pr9t+ /one or intaglio pr9t+ plate is prep>$ by *emico-physical means4 ,?is process 0 discov]$ & br\ght to great p]fection by ,*as4 ,eck/e91 ! g5]al director ( ! ,typographical ,bureau at ! ,hague1 & (f]s especially _m advantages = ! reproduction ( maps4 ,a map engrav$1 drawn1 or transf]r$ on /one1 or writt5 9 on copp]1 9 orig9ally "o col\r1 c by ?is process 9 a comp>atively easy way be conv]t$ into a _m-col\r$ pr9t2 ?is process c also be us$ v advantage\sly = *ang+ ! names = ! places--riv]s1 m\nta9s1 etc4 ,9 ! fir/ place intaglio orig9al pr9t+ plates 9 all ! col\rs c be prep>$ :i* c !n be pr9t$ = fur!r reproduction2 9 ! second case x is necess>y to re-engrave ! network1 hydrography1 etc4 ,:5 x is desir$ to conv]t a mono*rome image into a multi-col\r$ map1 z _m /ones z !re are col\rs to be us$ mu/ be fir/ gr\nd & poli%$ ) oxalic acid till !y h a high poli%4 ,9 ! meantime an asphalt or o!r light-s5sitive solution %\ld be prep>$1 ) :i* ! /one is coat$ 9 ! d>k v ev5ly1 & some:at m ?an is done = a photo-li?ographic pr9t4 ,! asphalt solution is compos$ (-- ,syrian asphalt #bj g4 ,*lor(orm #cjj g4 ,b5zole #ajj g4 ,oil ( lav5d] #bj drops4 ,aft] x has be5 dri$ 9 ! d>k ! impression f ! black plate1 :i* %\ld be previ\sly made on transf] pap]1 is transf]r$ to ! asphalt film z previ\sly laid d[n1 & be=e x is dry du/$ ) bronze p[d]4 ,all l9es1 titles1 or figures :i* %\ld n appe> on t p>ticul> col\r-plate mu/ be !n cov]$ ) ! above asphalt solution1 & only ^? places1 = example1 on ! "o plate all titles1 on ano!r all ! roads1 on a ?ird ! riv] c\rses1 & s on1 %\ld be left1 all ( :i* lat] %\ld appe> 9 pr9t+4 #hh ,! /one is n[1 accord+ to ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! film & ! /r5g? ( ! light1 expos$ = f fifte5 m9utes to two h\rs4 ,ov]-pr9t+1 if x is n v exorbitant1 does n d any h>m ) ! /rong] lett]s or l9es on acc\nt ( ! good cov]+4 ,) v f9e l9es1 h[ev]1 m c>e mu/ be tak54 ,if !re is any d\bt z to ! l5g? ( ! exposure a te/ may be made at "o corn] ( ! plate ) a pad dipp$ 9 rectifi$ turp5t9e4 ,:5 ! asphalt w no long] dissolve ! exposure may be discont9u$4 ,) "s exp]i5ce ! photomet] may also be us$4 ,!n ! :ole surface %\ld be wa%$ ) rectifi$ turp5t9e & a pad ( cotton wool1 :5 ! ink ly+ "u ! bronze1 t is1 ! l9es :]e ! asphalt has be5 protect$ f ! action ( light dissolve1 & ! surface ( ! /one appe>s4 ,! re/ ( ! asphalt film has become insoluble f ! action ( light1 & n[ =ms ! et*+-gr\nd = ! rev]s$ negative image on ! surface ( ! /one4 ,:5 ! /one has be5 well wa%$ ) wat] x may be et*$1 :i* is done ) glacial acetic acid two p>ts1 wat] #ajj4 ,:5 !re are any f9e l9es 9 ! draw+ ! et*+ is int]rupt$ at ! end ( two m9utes1 & !y %\ld !n be cov]$ ) tus*1 & !n :5 ! tus* is dry ! o!r p>ts are fur!r et*$ = a long] or %ort] "t accord+ to ! degree ( f95ess4 ,9 any case ! "t ( et*+ %\ld n exce$ five m9utes4 ,! /one is all[$ to dry & !n coat$ ) a solution ( tus* or l9se$ oil1 :i* p5etrates into ! et*$ p>ts & makes !m capable ( tak+ ink4 ,aft] ab\t t5 m9utes ! :ole /one %\ld be wa%$ ) turp5t9e or b5zole1 by :i* ! et*+ gr\nd is remov$1 :5 ! /one is ink$ up l an ord9>y gravure4 ,9 ?is way is obta9$ a /one ) deep et*$ draw+1 :i* accord+ to ! block+ conta9s ! titles1 ! riv]s or roadways1 & f :i* subsequ5tly ! necess>y gravures c be tak54 ,?is /one c ei!r be us$ = direct pr9t+ or x may be us$ z an orig9al /one f :i* ! necess>y transf] c be made4 ,! same process may also be made = intaglio pr9t+ plates on z9c or copp]1 only !n ! et*+ mu/ be done ) nitric acid or f]ric *loride4 ,in/ead ( ! transf] on ! light s5sitive film1 a draw+ on transp>5t pap] may be us$1 or a photographic transp>5cy4 ,! exposure 9 ?is case1 z ! opaque ink & bronze p[d] are n us$1 mu/ be v c>efully e/imat$4 ,! advantage ( ?is process is t an intaglio pr9t+ surface may be obta9$ s t engrav+ is entirely or p>tially avoid$1 & t ?is pr9t+ surface may be us$ z an orig9al f :i* ! reproductions are made4 #hi ,,scrap] ,,bo>ds1 ,,manufactur$ ,,by ,,aug]] ,g,,s*l1 ,,vi5na4 ,no4 #f4--;,a :ite scrap] bo>d pr9t$ ) black l9es4 ,!re are #dj black & #dj :ite l9es to ! c5timetre2 ! ratio ( black to :ite is z #a 3 #b4 ,at "r angles to ! black l9es impress$ l9es are arrang$1 ( :i* #cg are depress$ & #cg rais$ up to ! squ>e c5timetre4 ,no4 #g4--,?is is practically ! same z ,no4 #f1 only t ! l9es are slightly less 9 numb]1 namely1 #ce black & #ce :ite & #bf impress$ l9es 9 equal areas to ,no4 #f4 ,no4 #h4--,?is conta9s dots in/ead ( l9es1 bo? black & impress$2 !re are #a1aef black dots at regul> int]vals1 & #ifa impress$ dots to ! squ>e c5timetre4 ,no4 #i is a smoo? scrap] bo>d4 ,nos4 #aj & #aa4--,^! are impress$ ) /raight l9es 9 ! proportion ( #a 3 #a4 ,) ,no4 #aj !re are #bg l9es1 9 ,no4 #aa1 #cg l9es to ! c5timetre4 ,nos4 #ab & #ac4--,^! are impress$ ) l9es at "r angles to "o ano!r1 s t regul> squ>es are =m$4 ,no4 #aa conta9s #gcj1 ,no4 #ab1 #a1cgj squ>es 9 e squ>e c5timetre4 ,illu/ration ,,index4 ,acid1 ,acetic1 #aj ,citric1 #aj ,gallic1 #aj ,hydro*loric1 #i ,nitric1 #i ,oxalic1 #aj ,phosphoric1 #aj ,sulphuric1 #i ,action ( ,l9eature1 #fi ,alb]t's ,photo-li?o ,pap]1 #ef ,album5 ,process1 #fd ,ang]] ,gs*l1 #be ,asphalt1 #ag ,process1 #fj ,husnik's1 #fj ,val5ta's1 #fa ,autographic ,ink1 #g ,autotypy1 #fg ,negative1 #da ,b>ts' ,process1 #bj1 #gg ,behavi\r ( ,asphalt on ,/one1 #h ,cadmium ,int5sification1 #dj ,*romate ,salts1 #dh ,coat+ ! ,/one1 #fb ,cold ,melt+ ,process1 #ab ,correct+ ,negatives1 #ce ,cyanotype ,pap]1 #bd ,blea*+1 #bd ,d>k ,room1 ,!1 #cd ,deep-et*+ ,process1 #aa ,develop]1 #cg ,develop+ ,ink1 #h ,direct ,pr9t+1 #fj ,transf]1 #ae ,di/ance ( ,l9eature1 #gc ,draw+ on ,blue ,pr9ts1 #bc ,prep>$ ,pap]1 #be ,eb]le's ,process1 #aa ,eck/e9's ,process1 #bj ,electric ,lamps1 #ca ,et*+ ! ,/one1 #aj ,failures 9 ,transf]s1 #eh ,fix+1 #ch ,fox ,talbot1 #ag ,franz's ,pap]1 #ee ,galls1 ,t9cture (1 #aj ,gelat9iz+ ,pap]1 #dg ,g5]al ,notes on ,photo-li?ography1 #di ,gold & ,m]cury ,int5sifi]1 #ch ,greasy ,draw+ ,mat]ials1 #f ,gum ,arabic1 #aj ,half-tone1 ,break+ up1 #bj ,photo-li?ography1 #fg ,heb5sp]g]'s ,process1 #ff ,hbl's ,hydroqu9one ,int5sifi]1 #ch ,iso ,emulsion1 #dc ,husnik's ,asphalt1 #ag ,photo-li?o ,pap]1 #ec ,hydroqu9one ,develop]1 #db ,indirect ,transf]1 #af ,ink+ up & ,develop+1 #ea ,int5sification1 #cg ,int5sifi]1 ,lead1 #dj ,m]cury1 #dj ,metol1 #ci ,silv]1 #dj ,uranium1 #dj ,iodiz$ ,collodion1 #cg ,iso*romatic ,emulsion1 ,alb]t1 #da ,hubl1 #dc ,lem]ci] & ,l]eb\rs1 #af ,l9e ,draw+s1 #ba ,li?o ,*alk1 ,h>d1 #g ,s(t1 #h ,/one1 #d ,li?ogravure1 #hg ,li?o-,heliogravure1 #gi ,li?ography1 ,!ory (1 #c ,mak+ ,direct ,negatives1 #cf ,mungo1 ,ponton1 #ag ,negative = ,photo-li?o1 #cd ,transf] ) ,pap]1 #hc ,negr1 #ag ,nicephore1 ,nipce1 #af ,orell & ,fssli ,process1 #bj1 #ge ,photo-,autography1 #hd ,photo-,li?o ,transf]1 #eg ,photomet]1 #ea ,poitev91 #ag ,prism1 #dd ,pr9t+1 #fb on ,bi*romat$ ,gelat9e1 #ej ,pyramidal ,gra9 ,pap]1 #bf ,reproduction ( ,pr9ts1 #bg ,size (1 #bh ,rev]s$ ,negatives1 #dd ,sa*]'s ,fi%-glue ,process1 #ff ,scamoni's ,process1 #ab ,scrap] ,bo>ds1 #be ,s*uffel5 ,co41 #bf ,s5sitiz+ ,pap]1 #di ,silv] ,ba?1 #cg ,/ripp+ ,negatives1 #de ,/udio1 ,!1 #cj ,tus*1 #g ,val5ta's ,asphalt1 #ag ,wat]h\se's ,arr[root ,process1 #ff ,wezel ,naumann1 #ge ,z9c ,plates1 #e ,r\gh5$1 #f ,oxidiz$1 #f ,illu/ration ,,adv]tisem5ts adv]tisem5t ,mon?ly1 ,price #f;d4 ,po/ ,free1 #h;d4 ,p] ,annum1 po/ free1 #h- ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,process-,photogram ,! only j\rnal specially devot$ to ! int]e/s ( ,photo-me*anical work]s4 ,a ,ph5om5al ,success4 ,mr4 ,,allan ,w4 ,,sew>d1 ( ,montclair1 ,n4,j41 says3--8,al?o' an old process-work] ,i w n d )\t ! ,,process ,,photogram40 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,smi?1 ( ,zuri*1 says3--8,i am pleas$ to f9d y are br++ out a ,,process ,,photogram4 ,i h no d\bt x w be a success40 ,mr4 ,,john ,,cumm+s1 ( ,alloa1 ,n4,b41 a beg9n] 9 process-"w1 says3--8,y\r magaz9e is spl5did40 ,,limit$ ,,issue4 ,ord] at once f any ,newsag5t or ,photo ,mat]ial ,deal]1 or at po/ free prices f ! ,publi%]s4 _/adv]tisem5t adv]tisem5t ,mon?ly1 ,price #c;d4 ,po/ ,free1 #d;d4 ,,devot$ ,,to ,,photographic ,,"w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,photogram ,,editors3 ,h4 ,,sn[d5 ,,w>d4 ,,ca?>9e ,,we$ ,,w>d4 ,,p]man5t ,,/aff3 ,,*>les ,w4 ,,gamble4 ,,s*riftf,,hr]4 ,w4 ,,e!lb]t ,,h5ry1 ,c4 ,e4 ,w4 ,t4 ,,:itehead4 ,has ! l>ge/ circulation ( any ,photographic ,j\rnal4 ,conta9s ea* mon? supplem5ts ( great value to photograph]s & process m54 8,f> & away ahead ( its photographic contempor>ies40--,optician4 8,! ,,photogram smacks ( sm>tness4 ,is sm>tly edit$1 excell5tly arrang$1 & v ta/eful 9 type & graphic dress1 z well z be+ mu* bett] pr9t$ & on bett] pap] ?an any ( ! photographic j\rnals ( home production40--,! ,briti% ,li?ograph]4 8,simply invaluable to all :o are int]e/$ 9 photography40--,book & ,news ,trades ,gazette4 8,! ,,photogram is a rem>kable production1 bo? 9 lett]press & illu/rations40--,%effield ,telegraph4 8,! fir/ volume ( ! ,,photogram has be5 "o ( rem>kable excell5ce1 bo? 9 its matt] & illu/rations40--,liv]pool ,c\ri]4 8,x is a m>vel 4 4 4 4 highly int]e/+ matt]1 & fill$ ) illu/rations4 ,! /yle1 get up1 & pr9t+ are all high class40--,! ,photograph]4 ,,dawb>n ,,w>d1 ,limit$1 #f1 ,,f>r+don ,,av5ue1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 _/adv]tisem5t adv]tisem5t ,! ,photogram ,annual4 ,illu/ration3 ,photograms ( '#ie4 ,price #as4 nett4 ,po/ ,free #as4 #f;d4 ,9 ,am]ica & abroad4 ,po/ ,free #bs4 or #ej c5ts4 ,ready ab\t ,octob] #bj?4 ,a ,,pictorial ,,& ,,lit]>y ,,record ,( ! ,be/ ,photographic ,"w ( ! ,ye>4 ,arrang$ by ! ,editors & ,/aff ( 8,,! ,,photogram40 ,to be foll[$ next ye> by 8,photograms ( '#if40 ,,photograms ,,( '#ie aims to repres5t mod]n photography z 8,royal ,academy ,pictures10 8,pictures ( ! ,ye>10 c41 repres5t ! arts ( pa9t+ & sculpture4 ,,! ,,"w consi/s ( #if pages1 sup]-royal #hvo 7#i by #f71 & is pr9t$ on heavy 8art pr9t+0 pap]4 ,,! ,,illu/rations are ! f9e/ possible photo-me*anical 7half-tone7 reproductions1 & are made by ! ,,meis5ba* ,,co41 ,we/ ,norwood4 ,!re are ab\t ?irty full-page reproductions1 & ! same numb] ( small] sizes1 mo/ly half-page1 z well z ,,f\r ,,*emigraph ,,supplem5ts1 pr9t$ by ! ,,national ,,*emigraph ,,co41 ( ,/4 ,l\is1 ,new ,york1 & ,*icago1 ,u4,s4,a41 & m\nt$ on h&some bo>ds4 ,!y repres5t ! f\r pr9cipal imitations ( pure photography by photo-me*anical process1 & z ! "w ( ! ,,national ,,*emigraph ,,co4 has n be5 publi%$ 9 ,engl&1 w be a revelation to photograph]s & photo-me*anical work]s alike1 ( ! late/ possibilities 9 8process0 "w4 ,x w be q impossible to repeat ^! supplem5ts1 & !re=e impossible to supply any copies t may be dem&$ aft] ! fir/ edition is exhau/$4 ,,! ,,lit]>y ,,portion ( ! "w includes critical notices ( ! two great ,briti% ,photographic ,exhibitions1 & special articles on ! "w ( ! ye> 9 ! ,engli%-speak+ c\ntries & colonies by "s ( ! be/-qualifi$ writ]s 9 ea* c\ntry4 ,among/ !m are ,,briti% ,,isles3--,,gleeson ,,:ite1 assi/$ by ! /aff ( ,! ,photogram4 ,,unit$ ,,/ates3--,,alfr$ ,,/ieglitz1 ,editor ( ,! ,am]ican ,amateur ,photograph]4 ,,canada3--,a4 ,m4 ,,cunn+ham1 ,presid5t ( ,! ,photographic ,association ( ,canada4 ,,! ,,briti% ,,exhibitions ( ,! ,royal ,photographic ,society & ,! ,salon h suppli$ mo/ ( ! orig9als = reproduction1 b "s ( ! gems ( ! prov9cial exhibitions are also includ$4 ,,non-,,exhibit$ ,,pictures are repres5t$ z f> z possible1 = ! aim is to embrace ! :ole field ( ! ye>'s "w4 ,,am]ican1 ,,colonial1 ,c41 "w is repres5t$ by a few typical pictures1 select$ by ! g5tlem5 :o supply ! matt] deal+ ) ! "w ( ! v>i\s c\ntries4 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,& ,,practical applications ( photography are n ignor$1 ?\gh ! bulk ( ! space is devot$ to art works4 ,"s ( ! late/ a*ievem5ts 9 a/ronomy1 microscopy1 c41 are illu/rat$ by reproductions ( ! f9e/ rec5t "w4 ,,! ,,edition ,,is ,,limit$ to #aj1jjj copies4 ,ord] e>ly4 ,ready ,octob] #bj?4 ,publi%$ = 8,,! ,,photogram0 ,ltd4 ,,london3--,,dawb>n ,,w>d1 ,,ltd41 ,f>r+don ,av5ue1 ,e4,c4 ,,new ,,york3--,,spon ,,*amb]la91 #ab1 ,cortl&t ,/reet4 ,,philadelphia3--,w4 ,p4 ,,bu*anan1 #abbf1 ,ar* ,/reet4 _/adv]tisem5t adv]tisem5t ,,ross' ,,l5ses ,/ill take ! lead = high-class "w1 & are univ]sally us$ by process work]s4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,new ,,catalogue ,,( ,,ross' ,,ross-,,zeiss ,,& ,,ross-,,go]z ,,l5ses ,,n[ ,,ready4 ,d n fail to s5d = a copy4 ,x also conta9s full p>ticul>s ( ,,rev]s+ ,,prisms & ,,mirrors1 ,,process ,,cam]as1 ,& all k9ds ( ,photographic ,app>atus & ,mat]ials4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,ross ,,co4 #aaa1 ,new ,bond ,/41 ,london1 ,w4 _/adv]tisem5t adv]tisem5t ,cr[n #hvo41 ,illu/rat$1 #as4 net1 ,po/ free1 #as4 #b;d42 ,clo?1 #as4 #f;d4 net1 ,po/ free1 #as4 #h;d4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo-,c]amics ,photography appli$ to ! decoration ( ,plaques1 ,pott]y1 & o!r ,c]amic & ,metallic surfaces4 ,,by ,w4 ,,e!lb]t ,,h5ry1 ,c4,e41 & ,h4 ,,sn[d5 ,,w>d ,bo? ( ! /aff ( ,! ,photogram4 _/adv]tisem5t adv]tisem5t ,clo? ,gilt4 ,price #abs4 #f;d4 net4 ,po/ free1 #acs4 ,illu/ration3 ,cyclopdic ,photography ,a ,complete ,h&book ( ! ,t]ms1 ,processes1 ,=mul1 & ,appliances available = ,photography1 arrang$ 9 ,cyclopdic ,=m = ready ref]5ce4 ,,by ,,edw>d ,l4 ,,wilson1 ,,ph4,d41 ,editor ( 8,wilson's ,photographic ,magaz9e02 ,au?or ( 8,wilson's ,photographics10 8,wilson's ,qu>t] ,c5tury 9 ,photography10 8,photographic ,mosaics10 c4 ,( all ,photographic ,deal]s or ,booksell]s1 ,,& ,,dawb>n ,,w>d1 ,ltd41 #f1 ,,f>r+don ,,av5ue1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 7,a ,complete ,li/ ( ,photographic ,works1 po/ free1 on application47 _/adv]tisem5t adv]tisem5t ,photo-,li?ographic ,mat]ials4 ,! mo/ ,complete ,/ock is kept by ,,p5rose ,co41 ,! ,photo-,process ,/ores1 #h #h;a1 ,upp] ,bak] ,/reet1 ,cl]k5well1 ,,london4 ,sole ,ag5ts = ,,jafee',s ,,photo-,,li?o ,,pap]s ,= ,l9e & ,half-,tone4 ,,alb]t',s ,,husnik',s ,pap]s also ,/ock$4 ,,saxe1 ,,rives1 ,,& ,,bank-,,po/ ,,pla9 ,,pap]s4 ,full ,/ock always on h& ( ,,ang]] ,,scrap] ,,bo>ds4 ,poli%$ or ,gra9$ ,z9c ,plates 9 great v>iety4 ,velvet1 ,lea!r1 ,indi>ubb] & ,compo ,roll]s4 ,photo-,transf] ,ink4 ,wax$ ,asphaltum4 ,all ,tools & ,sundries4 ,,sole ,,ag5ts ,,= ,,max ,,levy',s ,,p]fect$ ,,scre5s4 ,a ,selection ( ,rul+s suitable = ,photo-,li?o usually on h&4 ,new & ,complete ,catalogue = all ,processes1 #f;d4 po/ free4 _/adv]tisem5t adv]tisem5t ,,b]nh>d ,,wa*tl1 ,,vi5na 7,,au/ria71 ,,vii_/#b ,,kir*b]ggasse #cg4 ,,all ,,requirem5ts ,,= ,,work]s ,,9 ,photo-,me*anical ,processes4 ,specialities = ,photo-,li?ography1 ,photo-,z9co 9 ,l9e & ,half-,tone1 ,photogravure1 ,collotype1 etc4 ,scre5s1 ,special ,cam]as1 ,l5ses1 ,*emicals1 ,inks1 ,z9c & ,copp] ,plates1 ,tools1 ,ma*9]y1 all ,appliances = ,process ,"w4 ,/udios completely fitt$4 _/adv]tisem5t adv]tisem5t ,,g]man ,,gelat9e ,,works4 ,hoe*/ o_/,ma9 ,s*we9furt1 ,,manufactur]s ,,( ,,gelat9e = ,,photo-,,li?ography4 ,br&s3 ,,he9ri*',s ,,dres*]4 ,,:olesale ,,ag5ts3 ,a4 ,m4 ,,zimm]mann1 #f & #g1 ,,cross ,,lane1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 _/adv]tisem5t adv]tisem5t ,collotype ,/eam ,presses4 ,^! /eam presses1 :i* h be5 us$ ) excell5t results = _m ye>s 9 ! fir/ collotype e/abli%m5ts ( all c\ntries1 & :i* conta9 all ! late/ improvem5ts1 are suppli$ by ! mak]s ) ! gu>antee ( ! highe/ & mo/ complete p[] ( work+4 ,by means ( ! mo/ solid con/ruction & ! be/ & faultless make ( ^! ,collotype ,/eam ,presses1 ! f9e/ results h be5 atta9$4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! duplicate ink+ ( ! pr9t+ plate1 z well z ! d\ble pressure ( ! %eet1 is suitable = ! mo/ difficult "w4 ,! sav+ ( "t by ! arrangem5t is a great advantage ( ^! ma*9es4 ,illu/ration ,:5 desir$ ^! presses c be fitt$ ) automatic mask & lay+-on table2 !y c also be arrang$ = li?ography )\t ! automatic mask & table1 b ) fe$+ app>atus4 ,! newe/ discov]y1 a contrivance = me*anically damp+ ! pr9t+ plate1 pat5t$ 9 all civiliz$ c\ntries1 c be suppli$ to ord]4 ,,our ,,ma*9es ,,are ,,9 ,,use ,,by ,,all ,,! ,,fir/-,,class ,,collotype ,,pr9t]s ,,9 ,,! ,,_w2 ,,ab\t #ajj ,,ma*9es ,,be+ ,,9 ,,use ,,9 ,,engl& ,,alone4 ,,li?ographic ,,/eam ,,presses1 9 all sizes4 ,,/eam ,,presses ,,= ,,z9cography1 9 ?ree sizes4 ,,bronz+ ,,ma*9es1 f\r sizes ( approv$ con/ruction4 ,,c>d-,,bronz+ ,,ma*9es1 = /\t c>ds & bo>ds1 c4 ,manufactur]s3 ,,s*mi]s1 ,,w]n] ,,/e91 ,leipzig4 ,sole ,ag5t = ! ,unit$ ,k+dom3 ,f4 ,k,,hn ,co41 #fe_/f1 ,bas+hall ,/reet1 ,london1 ,e4,c4 _/adv]tisem5t adv]tisem5t ,,demy #hvo41 ,,clo?4 ,,price #cs4 ,,net4 ,po/ ,free #cs4 #c;d4 ,illu/ration3 ,ext]ior & ,int]ior ,photography ,,by ,,fr$]ick ,,wm4 ,,mills1 ,f4,r4,m4,s41 ,,au?or ,,( 8,! ,art & ,practice ( ,int]ior ,photography10 8,photography = ,ar*itects10 8,photography appli$ to ! ,microscope10 8,an ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ! ,diatomace10 c4 ,,illu/rat$4 _/adv]tisem5t adv]tisem5t ,,demy #hvo41 #as4 ,,net4 ,,clo?1 #as4 #f;d4 ,,net4 ,po/age #b;d4 ,illu/ration3 ,/5opaic or ,p9-hole ,photography ,) ,exposure & o!r ,tables4 ,,by ,,fr$]ick ,,wm4 ,,mills1 ,f4,r4,m4,s4 ,,illu/rat$4 ,( all ,photographic ,deal]s & ,booksell]s or ,,dawb>n ,,w>d1 ,,ltd41 #f1 ,,f>r+don ,,av5ue1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 7,a ,complete ,li/ ( ,photographic ,works po/ free on application47 _/adv]tisem5t adv]tisem5t ,,b5j,n4 ,,w9/one ,,sons ,,manufactur]s1 #ajj1 #aja1 ,,%oe ,,lane1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 ,pr9t+ ,inks & ,mat]ials ,,= ,,all ,,photo-,,me*anical ,,processes4 ,li?ographic ,presses1 ,li?ographic ,inks1 ,,alb]t',s ,,photo-,,transf] ,,pap]4 ,,husnik',s ,,photo-,,transf] ,,pap]4 ,,photo-,,li?o ,,transf] ,,ink1 ,,& ,ink specially made = use 9 ,et*+ ,z9c ,plates4 7,inks usually made = ?is purpose are apt to splutt]47 ,rock+ ,ba?s1 ,z9c & ,copp] ,plates1 ,roll]s1 ,,indi>ubb]1 ,,composition1 ,,lea!r1 ,,velvet ,,on ,,li?o ,,/ocks1 ,,or ,,9 ,,lett]press ,,frames4 ,/ippl$1 ,rul$1 & ,dott$ ,t9t ,plates1 ,,& ,,all ,,o!r ,,pr9t+ ,,mat]ials ,,= ,photo-,z9cography1 ,photo-,li?ography1 ,photo-,engrav+1 ,photo-,type1 ,collotype1 & k9dr$ processes4 _/adv]tisem5t adv]tisem5t ,demy #hvo4 ,clo?4 ,price #cs4 net4 ,po/ free1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,h&book ( ,illu/ration ,by ,a4 ,,horsley ,,h9ton4 ,) reproductions f ,photograms & ,sket*es by ! ,au?or & o!r ,arti/s4 _/adv]tisem5t adv]tisem5t ,clo?4 ,price #as4 net4 ,po/ free1 #as4 #a;d4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,photograph]'s ,exposure ,book ,) ,tables ( ,motion1 ,exposure1 c41 & o!r useful in=mation1 & pages = ,record+ ,exposures1 c4 ,,compil$ ,,by ,,fr$,k4 ,w,m4 ,,mills1 ,f4,r4,m4,s41 c4 ,,( ,,all ,,photographic ,,deal]s ,,& ,,booksell]s1 ,,or ,,dawb>n ,,w>d1 ,ltd41 #f1 ,,f>r+don ,,av5ue1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 7,complete ,li/ ( ,photographic ,works1 po/ free1 on application47 _/adv]tisem5t adv]tisem5t ,illu/ration3 ,,trade ,,m>k4 ,,klims* ,,co41 ,,franc=t o_/,m41 ,,g]many1 ,manufactur]s & ,suppli]s ( ,ma*9]y1 ,mat]ials & ,ut5sils ,,= ,,lett]press ,,& ,,li?ographic ,,pr9t]s1 ,,li?ographic ,,draughtsm51 ,,wood ,,engrav]s1 ,,copp]-,,plate ,,engrav]s1 ,,& ,,pr9t]s1 ,= ,,photo ,,engrav]s ,,& ,,collotype ,,pr9t]s4 ,,all ,,mat]ials ,,= ,,photo-,,li?ography4 ,,late/ ,,novelty3 ,app>atus = ink+ copies ^u ,photo-,li?ographic ,pap]4 ,illu/ration ,,9 ,,two ,,sizes4 ,no4 #a4--,size ( ,glass ,plate1 #ab by #af in*es4--#afs4 ,no4 #b4--,size ( ,glass ,plate1 #ai by #bc in*es4--#a4 ,all sorts ( ,gra9$ & ,scrap+ ,pap]s1 ,photo-,li?ographic ,transf] ,pap]s1 etc4 ,,ask ,,= ,,p>ticul>s ,,& ,,prices4 _/adv]tisem5t adv]tisem5t ,,dawb>n ,,w>d1 ,,ltd4 ,und]take ! ,publi%+ ( all k9ds ( ,photographic ,lit]ature1 & w be pleas$ to he> f all ,au?ors ) a view to ,publi%+ = !m or ,pur*as+ _! ,copyrights4 ,!y believe !y already keep ! mo/ v>i$ ,/ock ( ,photographic ,works ( any ,firm 9 ! ,_w1 & w s5d a ,,complete ,,li/1 ,,po/ ,,free1 ^u application to #f1 ,,f>r+don ,,av5ue1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 _/adv]tisem5t adv]tisem5t ,illu/ration3 ,i4 ,fr4 v4 ,l5ba* pxt4 ,,photoli?ograph ,,f ,a ,,p5 ,,& ,,ink ,,sket*4 ,,f ,,an ,,et*+ ,,publi%$ ,,by ,e4 ,,aum,,ll] ,,9 ,,muni*4 ,,reproduction ,,& ,,pr9t ,,by ,,! ,,imp4 ,,roy4 ,,/ate ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice ,,9 ,,vi5na4 _/adv]tisem5t adv]tisem5t ,illu/ration3 ,,ii4 ,gez4 ,f]d4 ,laufb]g]1 ,ge/4 ,j4 ,sonn5leit] ,,photoli?ograph ,,f ,a ,,copp] ,,plate ,,engrav+4 ,,prop]ty ,,( ,,! ,,gesells*aft ,f,r ,,v]vielf,,ltig5de ,,kun/8 ,,9 ,,vi5na4 ,,reproduction ,,& ,,pr9t ,,by ,,! ,,imp4 ,,roy4 ,,/ate ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice ,,9 ,,vi5na4 _/adv]tisem5t adv]tisem5t ,illu/ration3 ,,iii4 ,rud4 ,burnt del41 ,c4 ,ang]] ,gs*l *em4 ,,autotypy ,,f ,,an ,,orig9al ,,draw+1 ,,f ,,! ,,"w ,,! ,,au/rian-,,hung>ian ,,mon>*y ,,9 ,,^w ,,& ,,picture84 ,,pr9t ,,by ,,! ,,imp4 ,,roy4 ,,/ate ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice ,,9 ,,vi5na4 _/adv]tisem5t adv]tisem5t ,illu/ration3 ,,iv4 ,,positive ,,pr9t ,,f ,a ,,pantograph4 ,,reproduction ,,& ,,pr9t ,,by ,,! ,,imp4 ,,roy4 ,,/ate ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice ,,9 ,,vi5na4 _/adv]tisem5t adv]tisem5t ,illu/ration3 ,v4 ,,*romat$ ,,gelat9e ,,negative ,,pr9t ,,f ,a ,,pantograph4 ,,reproduction ,,& ,,pr9t ,,by ,,! ,,imp4 ,,roy4 ,,/ate ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice ,,9 ,,vi5na4 _/adv]tisem5t adv]tisem5t ,illu/ration3 ,,vi4 ,hugo ,*>lemont del4 ,,autographic ,,draw+ ,,on ,a ,,blue ,,or ,,f]roprussiate ,,pr9t4 ,,f ,,! ,,"w ,,! ,,au/rian-,,hung>ian ,,mon>*y ,,9 ,,^w ,,& ,,picture84 ,,reproduction ,,& ,,pr9t ,,by ,,! ,,imp4 ,,roy4 ,,/ate ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice ,,9 ,,vi5na4 _/adv]tisem5t adv]tisem5t ,,ang]] ,scrap] ,bo>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,scrap] ,bo>ds ) pr9t$ l9e t9t4 ,no4 #f4 ,no4 #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,scrap] ,bo>d ) ,pr9t$ ,/ipple4 ,no4 #h4 ,enamel ,scrap] ,bo>d = p5 & ink draw+4 ,no4 #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,scrap] ,bo>ds ) s+le /amp$ l9es4 ,no4 #aj4 ,no4 #aa4 ,illu/ration3 ,scrap] ,bo>ds ) cross$ /amp$ l9es4 ,no4 #ab4 ,no4 #ac4 ,ag5ts3 ,,p5rose ,co4 ,! ,photo-,process ,/ores1 #h #h;a4 ,upp] ,bak] ,/reet1 ,cl]k5well1 ,london4 _/adv]tisem5t ,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,orig9al spell+ & gramm> h be5 g5]ally reta9$1 ) "s exceptions not$ bel[4 ,orig9al pr9t$ page numb]s are %[n l ?is3 #eb4 ,orig9al small caps are n[ upp]case4 ,italics look l ?is4 ,footnotes h be5 relabel$ #a-c1 & mov$ f )9 p>agraphs to ne>by locations betwe5 p>agraphs4 ,a few miss+ full /ops 7 ins]t$1 = example aft] 8avoid$0 on page #di4 ,! transcrib] produc$ ! cov] image & h]eby assigns x to ! public doma94 ,ditto m>ks h be5 remov$ & replac$ by repetitions ( ! ref]5c$ text4 ,subscripts are indicat$ by a l[ l9e foll[$ by curly brackets1 = example z 9 ,k#b;,cr#b,o#g4 ,sup]scripts look l ?is3 8,,b5j,n404 ,orig9al page images are available f ar*ive4org--se>* = 8photoli?ography#jj;frit04 ,!re are tw5ty-f\r adv]tisem5ts at ! end ( ! book4 ,a new head+ is add$ at ! beg9n+ ( t section4 ,! orig9al book _h ! advantages ( typography1 page-breaks1 & illu/rations to di/+ui% "o ad f ! next4 ,9 ?is text edition1 lack+ ^? advantages1 ea* ad is enclos$ )9 transcrib]'s m>kup 8adv]tisem5t0 & 8_/adv]tisem5t04 ,page #b4 8?\ght ?an an ,engli% translation0 to 8?\ght t an ,engli% translation04 ,page #ch4 ,9 ! s5t5ce 8,if ! desir$ black5+ is n effect$ ) "o application ! op]ation mu/ be complet$01 x seems likely t 8complet$0 %\ld be 8repeat$04 ,page #ci4 8,gum arabic #ag4e0 to 8,gum arabic #age04 ,page #ec4 8procesess0 to 8processes04 ,page #ef4 8tranf]s0 to 8transf]s04 ,page #fa4 8,c#f;,h#c7;,,*#c7c0 to 8,c#f;,h#c7;,,*#c7c04 ,page #fi4 8great int5sity on ! s5sitive w0 to 8great int5sity on ! s5sitive plate w04 ,page #gc4 8 to #a mm4 7 #a_/ab-a_/be? in*70 to 8 to #a mm4 7 #a_/ej-a_/be? in*701 ?\gh o!r int]pretations are possible4 ,= example1 ! simil> in/ance on page #he 8#ej-hj cm4 7 #bd to #cf ins470 is wrong 7or1 speak+ m *>itably1 inaccurate71 b is reta9$ z pr9t$4 ,page #ha4 8transf]+0 to 8transf]r+04