,,! ,,panama ,,canal ,,by ,,h>ry ,,cl[ ,,bo>dman ,,!sis ,,= ,,! ,,degree ,,( ,,ba*elor ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,9 ,,civil ,,eng9e]+ ,,college ,,( ,,eng9e]+ ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ill9ois ,,pres5t$ ,,june1 #aiaj ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ill9ois ,,college ,,( ,,eng9e]+4 ,june #a1 #aiaj ,?is is to c]tify t ! !sis ( ,,h>ry ,,cl[ ,,bo>dman entitl$ ,! ,panama ,canal is approv$ by me z meet+ ?is "p ( ! requirem5ts = ! degree ( ,ba*elor ( ,sci5ce 9 ,civil ,eng9e]+4 ,f4 ,o4 ,duf\r ,in/ructor 9 ,*>ge4 ,approv$3 ,ira ,o4 ,bak]4 ,pr(essor ( ,civil ,eng9e]+4 ,,outl9e ,,( ,,!sis ,,on ,,! ,,panama ,,canal ,page ,i4 ,,introduction v ,,ii4 ,,int]oceanic ,,canals #a ,,iii4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,panama ,,canal #f ,,iv4 ,,type ,,( ,,canal1 7,lock or ,sea-level7 #ac ,v4 ,,location1 ,,size ,,& ,,plan #bj ,,vi4 ,,organization ,,( ,,=ces #ba ,,vii4 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,canal ,,prism #bf ,,viii4 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,locks #bi ,,ix4 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,dams #cc ,x4 ,,sanitation #ch ,,xi4 ,,social ,,life #dj ,,xii4 ,,economic ,,importance #dc ,i4 ,,introduction ,! build+ ( a canal across ! ,am]ican ,i/hmus has occupi$ ! att5tion ( ! _w = f\r hundr$ ye>s4 ,:ile yet ! sailors :o cross$ ! sea ) ,columbus 7 liv+ 9 all ! vigor ( mature manhood1 a ,spani% eng9e] drew ! plans = an artificial wat]way across ! ,i/hmus & submitt$ !m to ! ,k+ ( ,spa94 ,f t "t to ?is ! build+ ( an ,i/hmian ,canal has be5 a fasc9at+ project 9 ! m9ds ( progressive m54 ,attempts to build x h result$ 9 ! loss ( ?\s&s ( lives & ! squ&]+ ( millions ( treasure2 & ?is 8dream ( ! c5turies0 is /ill unrealiz$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,propos$ ,,r\tes ,,= ,,an ,,i/hmian ,,canal4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,ii4 ,,int]oceanic ,,canals ,!re are at lea/ five r\tes :i* at "o "t or ano!r h be5 *os5 & s]i\sly consid]$ z possible locations = ! ,i/hmian ,canal4 ,!y are3 ! ,atrato-,napipi1 ! ,san ,blas1 ! ,tehuantepec1 ! ,nic>agua1 & ! ,panama r\tes4 ,! ,atrato-,napipi r\te foll[s ! riv] ,atrato1 :i* empties into ! ,gulf ( ,d>i51 z f> z ! m\? ( its tribut>y1 ! ,napipi1 !nce up t riv] ?r\gh ! m\nta9s & empties 9 ,capica ,bay4 ,see ,fig4 #a1 ,no4 #a4 ,! ,san ,blas r\te runs f ! bay ( ! same "n on ! ,atlantic side to ! riv] ,*ipo :i* empties 9 ! ,gulf ( ,panama4 ,x is only =ty or fifty miles s\!a/ ( ! ,panama r\te4 ,see ,fig4 #a1 ,no4 #b4 ,! ,tehuantepec r\te beg9s at ! bay ( ,coatzacoalcos 9 ! ,bay ( ,campe*e & ends at ! h>bor ( ,sal9a ,cruz 9 ! ,gulf ( ,tehuantepec4 ,see ,fig4 #a1 ,no4 #c4 ,all mod]n eng9e]s ?ru/ ^! aside z impracticable1 ! fir/ two because ( ! necessity = tunnels & ! la/ because ( its great l5g? & numb] ( locks4 ,!y w1 !re=e1 receive no fur!r att5tion4 ,! *oice ( ! location = an ,int]oceanic canal has long be5 conc$$ by practical eng9e]s to lie betwe5 ! ,nic>agua & ,panama r\tes4 ,a consid]ation ( ! natural advantages & disadvantages ( ^! rival l9es foll[s4 ,s9ce ! ,nic>agua r\te has be5 ab&on$ ! features ( ! propos$ con/ruction w receive no att5tion4 ,x is highly probable t ?is r\te w\ld nev] h be5 s]i\sly consid]$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h x n be5 = ! fact t ! ,panama l9e 0 = _m ye>s "u ! control ( ,france & app>5tly 0 de/9$ to cont9ue s = a consid]able p]iod4 ,logically ! "q ( h>bors fir/ sugge/s itself4 ,natural h>bors d n exi/ 9 ,nic>agua nor c\ld "o be excavat$ & ma9ta9$ on ! ,atlantic side )\t a cont9ual battle ) =ces :i*1 9 ! la/ fifty ye>s1 h trans=m$ :at 0 once an excell5t h>bor at ,greyt[n into a lagoon p>tially enclos$ by an ev] advanc+ l9e ( s& br\ght d[n by ! riv] ,san ,juan4 ,exp]i5ce on ! ,s\? ,atlantic & ,gulf coa/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has giv5 abundant evid5ce ( ! results ( a fight ) su* =ces4 ,9 8 8,! ,am]ican ,i/hmus & ,int]oceanic ,canal0 ,w4 ,h5ry ,hunt] says1 8,! policy :i* fights aga9/ ! =ces ( nature is a mi/ak5 "o2 x is =$oom$ to failure4 ,nature may be aid$ 9 h] op]ations2 h] m gigantic =ces may to "s ext5t be curb$ & controll$2 b an almo/ c]ta9 ,nemesis pursues any ef=t :i* may be made to arre/ & to det]m9e 9 an absolute way a process s cont9u\s z t ( ! fill+ up ( ! ,greyt[n bight40 ,brito1 ! ,pacific t]m9us1 is little bett] ?an ,greyt[n s9ce 8ev5 9 ! calme/ wea!r !re is a ne>ly con/ant surf1 ) break]s f f\r to t5 feet high40 ,!re=e1 ! t]m9us at ,greyt[n w\ld always be 9 dang] ( be+ fill$ up by ! ,atlantic waves & ! "o at ,brito w\ld con/antly be liable to de/ruction by ! ,pacific break]s4 ,on ! o!r h& ! natural h>bors ( ! ,panama r\te h successfully met ! dem&s ( comm]ce = ! la/ f\r hundr$ ye>s4 ,on ! ,pacific end practically no h>bor improvem5ts w be necess>y4 ,on ! ,atlantic ! pres5t ne$s are satisfi$1 b ! l>ge /eam]s ( ! future may require deep5+ :i* c be done & ! result+ *annel easily ma9ta9$ s9ce !re is no p]si/5t fill+ 9 process su* z *>act]izes ! ,greyt[n h>bor4 ,volcanoes h long be5 pl5tiful 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 especially ne> ! propos$ ,nic>agua canal4 ,nic>agua ,lake1 s geologi/s say1 owes its sep>ation f ! ,pacific to a great upheaval4 ,!re is n[ an active volcano ne> :i* %ips w\ld h to pass4 ,f ,janu>y #a1 #aija to ,april #cj1 #aijd1 a p]iod ( =ty consecutive mon?s1 ! in/rum5ts ( ! ,in/ituto-,fisico ,geografico1 locat$ #fj miles f ! locks ( ! propos$ canal1 record$ #dc tremors1 #ia slight %ocks & #ce /rong %ocks1 "s ( :i* la/$ #af m9utes4 ,simil> obs]vations at ,panama = ! same p]iod reveal$ only #f tremors & #d slight %ocks1 ! longe/ be+ = a p]iod ( only #aj seconds4 ,! lock gates ( a canal might v easily be injur$ by e>?quakes2 & common s5se w\ld dictate t o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! canal %\ld be plac$ :]e ! %ocks are fewe/4 ,/rong trade w9ds ru% ?r\gh ! ,san ,juan gorge at all seasons4 ,! ra9fall ne> ! ,atlantic is enorm\s1 av]ag+ f #bfj to #bgj in*es p] ye>1 & ra9 may be expect$ any day4 ,9 ! we/]n "p ! fall is only #fe in*es1 & !re is also a well def9$ dry season4 ,cle> vision is ess5tial to safe passage ?r\gh ! canal & x is extremely d\btful if x c\ld be obta9$ "u ! above conditions4 ,/ill m s]i\s p]haps is ! excessive curvature ( ! *annel = #ej miles ( its c\rse4 ,x is impossible to r$uce ! curvature to ! limit :i* exp]i5ce on ! ,suez canal has prov$ necess>y = safety & spe$4 ,fur!rmore ! *annel mu/ c>ry (f to ! sea ! dra9age f #ab1jjj squ>e miles ( t]ritory4 ,?is _c d o!rwise ?an create curr5ts & eddies unfavorable to navigation4 ,! ,panama r\te has no cont9u$ /rong w9ds2 ! curvature is comp>atively favorable2 ! annual ra9fall is f #adj in*es on ! ,atlantic coa/ to ab\t #fj in*es on ! ,pacific1 ) a def9ite dry season ( ?ree mon?s2 & ! conc5sus ( exp]t eng9e]+ op9ion is t !re ne$ be no objectionable curr5ts if prop] provision is made = ! regulation ( ! ,*agres riv]4 ,?is phase w be discuss$ lat] z w also ! "q ( curvature4 ,mu* has be5 said ab\t ! advantages furni%$ by ,lake ,nic>agua :i* cov]s ab\t #gj miles ( ! ,canal r\te4 ,h[ev]1 = #bi miles ( t di/ance1 an artificial *annel ?r\gh s(t mud w\ld be necess>y1 & dr$g+ w\ld probably be practically cont9u\s = ma9t5ance4 ,f a purely eng9e]+ /&po9t ! mo/ s]i\s objection to ?is r\te is ! liability to int]ruption = lack ( wat] 9 seasons ( extreme dr\ght :i* are n at all uncommon 9 t region4 ,^u fir/ ?\ght x seems t a lake #c1jjj squ>e miles 9 ext5t _c be o!r ?an an ideal s\rce ( supply1 b su* is n ! case4 ,by ! propos$ dam on ! l[] ,san ,juan riv] ! *annel ( ! /ream w\ld become an arm ( ! lake ?r\gh :i* all %ipp+ w\ld h to pass1 ! dep? ( wat] be+1 ( c\rse1 dep5d5t ^u ! lake level4 ,?is level has a natural v>iation ( #ac feet4 ,"u ! project$ conditions ! :ole outfl[ w\ld pass ov] ! dam ab\t #ej miles away f ! lake prop]4 ,! pres5t high wat] m>k _c be exce$$ )\t flood+ valuable l&s1 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 c ! *annel dep? be made z great z desirable because ! riv] b$ is cross$ by _m rock l$ges1 & ! co/ ( excavation fixes a limit to ! dep? economically practicable4 ,! ,i/hmian ,canal ,commission ( #ahii-'ja conclud$ t ! v>iation w\ld h to be r$uc$ to #g feet4 ,?is means t ! level w\ld be held betwe5 #ajd & #aaa feet above tide wat] & ! riv] b$ excavat$ en\gh to give a m9imum sail+ dep? ( #dj feet4 ,records %[ no regul> succession ( high & l[ lake ye>s2 & z x is pla9ly impossible to keep a res]ve suffici5t to control su* an enorm\s expanse ( wat]1 ! regulation ( ?is mo/ important matt] w\ld be left to ! judgm5t ( ! op]ator controll+ ! ov]fl[ at ! dam4 ,c>elessness or bad judgm5t on 8 "p might !re=e easily /op traffic = an indef9ite p]iod4 ,!re is a simil> "q 9 reg>d to ,gatun ,lake ( ! ,panama l9e al?\gh ! majority ( au?orities anticipate no tr\ble f t s\rce4 ,a m complete discussion ( ?is dang] w be giv5 lat]4 ,conc]n+ ! actual difficulties ( con/ruction at ,nic>agua1 little ne$ be said inasmu* z no "w is n[ contemplat$ !re4 ,! ,san ,juan dam ( ! ,nic>agua & ! ,gatun dam ( ! ,panama r\te bo? pres5t conditions :i* h nev] be5 met be=e4 ,also ! deep cuts ( ! ,culebra f9d _! c\nt]p>t 9 portions ( ! long] r\te4 ,! "t-sav+ elem5t is ( m app>5t ?an real importance because ! "t lo/ on ! long] sea-voyage = ! ,panama r\te w\ld be practically balanc$ by ! ga9 ( "t 9 actual passage ?r\gh ! canal1 ! ,nic>agua r\te be+ ab\t f\r times z long z ! ,panama r\te4 ,h5ry ,l4 ,abbot1 9 8 8,problems ( ! ,panama ,canal01 e/imates t #cd h\rs m "t w\ld be requir$ = passage by way ( ! ,nic>agua ?an by way ( ! ,panama r\te4 ,an excell5t reason = ! adoption ( ! ,panama r ?an ! ,nic>agua r\te 0 ! exi/5ce ( a good railroad & ! fact t ! ,fr5* _h actually complet$ ab\t two fif?s ( ! "w requir$4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,comp>ison ,bel[ is giv5 a summ>y ( ! comp>isons :i* h j be5 discuss$4 ,panama ,r\te ,nic>agua ,r\te ,!re are two good h>bors4 ,!re are no good h>bors4 ,!re is a good railroad4 ,!re is a v poor railroad4 ,two-fif?s ( ! "w is complet$4 ,no "w is complet$4 ,! project$ con/ruction1 accord+ ,a dam )\t prec$5t 9 to ! majority ( canal "w is project$4 eng9e]s1 is ju/ifi$ by good eng9e]+ practice4 ,except at ,bohio1 ! annual ra9fall ,! mo/ difficult works are n[h]e exce$s #ic in*es4 :]e ! ra9fall is ne>ly #bef in*es4 ,! l5g? is #ej miles4 ,! l5g? is #agf miles4 ,!re are no active volcanoes4 ,!re is "o active volcano ne> ! r\te4 ,! "t ( transit is #ad h\rs4 ,! "t ( transit is #dd h\rs4 ,! curvature is comp>atively ,! curvature is %>p4 g5tle4 ,no tr\blesome w9ds & ,heavy trade w9ds & /rong cross-curr5ts are expect$4 curr5ts w\ld be tr\blesome4 ,,iii4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,panama ,,r\te ,! ,panama r\te z a l9e ( transit 0 fir/ e/abli%$ betwe5 ! ye>s #aeag & #aebj4 ,! fir/ settlem5t on ! site ( old ,panama1 six or sev5 miles ea/ ( ! pres5t city1 0 made 9 #aeag4 ,! ,atlantic end1 call$ ,nombre de ,dios1 0 built 9 #aeai4 ,"h ,balboa 0 tri$ & execut$4 ,x grew rapidly 9 importance & 9 #aeba became a city by royal decree4 ,ev5 at t e>ly date a road 0 e/abli%$ across ! ,i/hmus4 ,x1 h[ev]1 did n ent] ! city ( ,panama1 b at ! ,pacific end pass$ ?r\gh a small t[n call$ ,cruces on ! ,*agres riv] ab\t #ag miles di/ant1 & at ! ,atlantic end pass$ ?r\gh ,nombre de ,dios4 ,! latt] t]m9us did n prove satisfactory s ! t[n ( ,porto ,bello 0 made ! ,atlantic ,port 9 #aeig4 ,?is also 0 subsequ5tly ab&on$4 ,at lea/ "p ( ?is road 0 pav$1 & bridges 7 built ov] ! /reams4 ,ev5 today its c\rse is well def9$4 ,z e>ly z #aecd boats began to pass up & d[n ! ,*agres riv] betwe5 ,cruces & its m\? on ! ,c>ibbean %ore & !nce along ! coa/ to ,nombre de ,dios1 & lat] to ,porto ,bello4 ,! comm]ce ?us begun increas$ rapidly dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury & ,panama became a v important comm]cial c5t] ) a trade ext5d+ to ! ,spice ,isl&s & ! ,asiatic coa/4 ,x 0 at ! height ( its p[] 9 #aehe & 0 call$ ! 8toll-gate betwe5 we/]n ,europe & ,ea/]n ,asia40 ,9 "t ?is comm]cial prosp]ity1 :i* enri*$ ,spa91 call$ ! att5tion ( h] rul]s & o!rs to ! possibility ( con/ruct+ an int]oceanic %ip-canal4 ,tradition says t ,*>les ,v ord]$ a survey 9 #aebj to det]m9e ! feasibility ( a canal1 b t ! gov]nor report$ su* an und]tak+ absolutely impossible = any mon>*4 ,f t "t ! prosp]ity ( ,panama increas$ rapidly4 ,l9es ( trade 7 e/abli%$ ) ! we/ coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica & ! ,pacific ports ( ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,its glory came to a sudd5 end :51 on ! six? ( ,febru>y1 #afga1 x 0 sack$ & burn$ by ,morgan's buccane]s4 ,a new city1 ! pres5t ,panama1 0 f\nd$ 9 #afgc1 b ! old "o 0 nev] rebuilt4 ,! project ( a canal on ?is r\te1 because ( its romantic & comm]cial int]e/1 0 kept alive = m ?an ?ree c5turies )\t def9ite action be+ tak54 ,f9ally1 9 #ahgf1 a ,fr5* ,company 0 organiz$ at ,p>is to make surveys prep>atory to build+ a %ip canal across ! ,i/hmus4 ,lieut5ant ,l4 ,n4 ,e4 ,wyse1 a ,fr5* naval (fic]1 _h imm$iate *>ge ( ! "w4 ,he obta9$ a concession1 kn[n z ! ,wyse ,concession1 f ,colombia giv+ ,france ! necess>y rights = ! con/ruction ( a canal4 ,9 ,may1 #ahgi1 an int]national congress 0 conv5$ 9 ,p>is "u ! auspices ( ,f]d9& de ,lesseps1 to consid] ! "q ( ! be/ location & plan = ! canal4 ,?is congress1 aft] a two weeks session1 decid$ 9 favor ( a sea-level canal )\t locks to be locat$ on ! ,panama r\te4 ,imm$iately aft] ?is action ! ,panama ,canal ,company 0 organiz$ "u ! g5]al laws ( ,france ) ,f]d9& de ,lesseps z its presid5t4 ,! ,wyse concession 0 pur*as$ by ! company1 & aft] two attempts ! /ock 0 successfully float$ 9 ,decemb]1 #ahhj4 ,two ye>s 7 !n devot$ to surveys & prelim9>y "w4 ,9 ! plan fir/ adopt$ ! canal 0 to be #bi4e feet deep & #gb feet wide at ! bottom4 ,leav+ ,colon1 ! canal pass$ ?r\gh l[ gr\nd to ! valley ( ! ,*agres riv] at ,gatun2 !nce ?r\gh ! valley to ,obispo :]e x left ! riv] & cross$ ! cont95tal divide by means ( a tunnel & rea*$ ! ,pacific ?r\gh ! valley ( ! ,rio ,gr&e4 ,! tides on ! ,pacific 7 to be ov]come by slop+ ! bottom ( ! ,pacific end ( ! canal4 ,no provision 0 made = controll+ ! ,*agres4 ,e>ly 9 ! eighties a tidal lock ne> ! ,pacific 0 add$ to ! plan1 & v>i\s s*emes = ! control ( ! ,*agres 7 propos$1 ! "o mo/ favor$ be+ ! con/ruction ( ! dam at ,gamboa4 ,! tunnel idea 0 soon ab&on$4 ,! ,fr5* eng9e]s e/imat$ t ! excavation w\ld be ab\t #aeg1jjj1jjj cubic y>ds1 t eight ye>s w\ld be requir$ = completion1 & t ! co/ w\ld be #abg1fjj1jjj4 ,"w proce$$ cont9u\sly until #ahhg1 :5 a *ange to ! lock type 0 made 9 ord] to secure ! use ( ! canal z soon z possible1 x be+ und]/ood t ! con/ruction ( a sea-level canal 0 n to be ab&on$ b m]ely def]r$ until f9ancial conditions w\ld all[ its completion4 ,?is new plan plac$ ! summit level above ! ,*agres riv]1 & propos$ to supply ?is summit level ) wat] pump$ f t /ream4 ,"w w5t on until #ahhi :5 ! company became bankrupt2 & on ,febru>y #d1 a liquidator 0 appo9t$ to take *>ge ( its affairs4 ,"w 0 /opp$ on ,may #ae1 #ahhi4 ,! liquidator appo9t$ a commission ( elev5 eng9e]s to give him te*nical advice z to ! condition ( ! "w & ! be/ me?ods = its completion4 ,five ( ^! commission]s visit$ ! ,i/hmus & report$ on ,may #e1 #ahij4 ,! report conta9$ plans = ! completion ( a lock canal & emphasiz$ ! necessity = m complete exam9ations be=e beg9n+ "w4 ,?is advice 0 foll[$ by ! liquidator :o at once took /eps = ! =mation ( a new company1 & at ! same "t cont9u$ to take c>eful obs]vations on ! ,i/hmus1 & ^! obs]vations h be5 ( great value s9ce !n4 ,! ,new ,panama ,canal ,company 0 organiz$ 9 ,octob]1 #ahid4 ,x propos$ to con/ruct a sea-level canal f ! ,atlantic z f> z ,bohio 7,see ,map1 pp #de71 :]e a dam 0 to =m a lake z f> z ,bas ,obispo1 ! diff]5ce 9 elevation be+ ov]come by two locks4 ,! summit level ext5d$ f ,bas ,obispo to ,p>aiso1 & 0 rea*$ by two m locks & receiv$ wat] f an artificial res]voir =m$ by a dam at ,alhajuela 9 ! upp] ,*agres valley4 ,f\r dams 7 locat$ on ! ,pacific side1 ! two middle ones at ,p$ro ,miguel comb9$ 9 a flight4 ,"w cont9u$ on ?is plan up to ! "t ( ! ,spani%-,am]ican ,w> 9 #ahih4 ,ab\t t "t a 8,comite ,te*nique01 z x 0 call$1 compos$ ( sev5 ,fr5* & sev5 =eign eng9e]s :o _h be5 appo9t$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,directors ( ! ,new ,company1 submitt$ its f9al report ^u ! canal4 ,x 0 e/imat$ t1 at a co/ ( #ajj1jjj1jjj a canal suitable = all comm]cial ne$s c\ld be complet$ 9 #aj ye>s4 ,_h matt]s cont9u$ z be=e x is probable t ! ,new ,canal ,company w\ld h complet$ ! canal z x _h plann$4 ,b ! ,spani%-,am]ican ,w> develop$ :olly new conditions4 ,! trip ( ! ,oregon ar\nd ,cape ,horn drew ! att5tion ( ! ,am]ican p to ! importance ( an int]oceanic canal4 ,prior to ?is "t ! ,bo>d ( ,directors ( ! ,new ,company1 al?\gh aw>e t ! ,m>atime ,canal ,company 0 actively engag$ 9 secur+ funds f ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,congress = ! ,nic>agua r\te1 7 s confid5t t a canal by t r\te c\ld nev] s]i\sly compete ) _! own t !y gave little att5tion to ! ef=ts ( _! rival4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 if ! newly awak5$ popul> dem& = a canal %\ld induce ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t to und]take ! "w1 ! ,new ,company w\ld face two =midable conditions1 namely1 ! difficulty ( rais+ funds = ! completion ( ! ,panama ,canal w\ld be greatly increas$ if ! p>allel r\te 7 support$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! "q ( labor w\ld become greatly complicat$4 ,kn[+ t ! favorable conditions creat$ by ! ,fr5* at ,panama 7 unkn[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & c]ta9 t if kn[n ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld assi/ r ?an ret>d ! "w ! ,bo>d ( ,directors1 on ,decemb] #b1 #ahih1 s5t a complete copy ( ! report ( ! 8,comite ,te*nique0 to ,presid5t ,mc,kinley & (f]$ to expla9 ! exact conditions to any body ( m5 appo9t$ = ! purpose4 ,?is (f] came at ! prop] "t s9ce ,congress 0 !n ready to pass a bill to aid ! ,m>atime ,company 9 ! con/ruction ( a canal on ! ,nic>agua r\te4 ,on ,febru>y #bg1 #ahii ! repres5tatives ( ! ,new ,company 7 grant$ a he>+ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 ,!y pres5t$ a te*nical exhibit1 & /at$ t _! company 0 au?oriz$ to re9corporate z an ,am]ican company "u ,am]ican laws4 ,s ably did !y pres5t _! case t ultimately on ,m>* #c1 #ahii1 by act ( ,congress a commission1 kn[n z ! 8,i/hmian ,canal ,commission0 0 appo9t$ by ! ,presid5t to det]m9e ! 8mo/ practicable & feasible r\te = an ,i/hmian canal1 ) ! co/ ( con/ruct+ ! same & plac+ x "u ! control1 managem5t1 & own]%ip ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates40 ,! orig9al int5tion ( ! ,new ,panama ,canal ,company 9 br++ ! subject be=e ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 n to sell its rights on ! ,i/hmus b to re9corporate & receive ! support ( ,am]ican weal?4 ,h[ev]1 x 0 evid5t t ! ,unit$ ,/ates desir$ absolute control1 & accord+ly ! cons5t ( ,colombia to a transf] 0 obta9$ & ! ,company prep>$ a classifi$ li/ ( its prop]ties :i* x plac$ be=e ! ,i/hmian ,canal ,commission on ,octob] #b1 #aija ) ! /atem5t t ! sums giv5 7 n to be consid]$ z f9al b 7 m]ely pres5t$ z a basis = discussion4 ,! ,commission1 h[ev]1 refus$ to take ?is view ( ! matt] & p]si/$ 9 consid]+ ! prices (f]$ z con/itut+1 :5 summ$ up1 a def9ite lump sum = :i* ! ,company w\ld sell its prop]ty4 ,?is lump sum 0 #aji1ada1ejj4 ,! ,commission's valuation 0 #dj1jjj1jjj4 ,consequ5tly :5 ! ,commission made its f9al report x clos$ ) ^! words1 8,hav+ 9 view ! t]ms (f]$ by ! ,new ,panama ,canal ,company ?is ,commission is ( ! op9ion t ! mo/ practicable & feasible r\te = an ,i/hmian ,canal to be "u ! control1 managem5t1 & own]%ip ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is t kn[n z ! ,nic>agua r\te40 ,:5 ! ,fr5* ,company he>d ?is report x imm$iately (f]$ to sell its prop]ty = #dj1jjj1jjj4 ,accord+ly ! ,commission made a supplem5t>y report on ,janu>y #ah1 #aijb /at+ t 8,aft] consid]+ ! *ang$ conditions t n[ exi/1 ! ,commission is ( ! op9ion t ! mo/ practicable & feasible r\te = an ,i/hmian canal to be "u ! control1 managem5t1 & own]%ip ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is t kn[n z ! ,panama r\te40 ,?us x came ab\t t ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 au?oriz$ to obta9 p]man5t possession ( ! concessions & prop]ties ( ! ,new ,panama ,canal ,company at a v l[ price4 ,congress mean:ile _h n wait$ = ! report ( ! ,commission b _h pass$ a bill kn[n z ! ,hepburn ,bill1 au?oriz+ ! ,presid5t to acquire ! "r to con/ruct a canal at ,nic>agua & to beg9 ! actual con/ruction4 ,t5 million doll>s 7 appropriat$ & contracts = mat]ial & "w to ! sum ( #adj1jjj1jjj au?oriz$4 ,_m discussions arose 9 ! ,s5ate2 & a /rong feel+ 9 favor ( ! ,panama r\te became app>5t4 ,s5ator ,hanna 0 especially active4 ,he s5t lett]s to eighty %ip[n]s1 %ipma/]s1 (fic]s & pilots1 9 :i* he enclos$ a description ( ! two r\tes & a li/ ( que/ions int5d$ to br+ out _! relative m]its f a practical viewpo9t4 ,_! answ]s 7 all 9 favor ( ! ,panama r\te4 ,z a result ( ! long debate a bill 0 pass$ ,june #bf1 #aijb ) ! ,presid5t's approval4 ,9 effect x 0 z foll[s4 ,! ,presid5t is au?oriz$ to acquire = ! sum ( #dj1jjj1jjj or less ! rights & prop]ty ( ! ,new ,panama ,canal ,company1 & by treaty ) ,colombia1 ! p]petual control ( ! /rip ( t]ritory necess>y = op]at+ ! canal & is !n in/ruct$ to proce$ & complete ! "w "u an ,i/hmian ,canal ,commission ( sev5 memb]s to be appo9t$ by him4 ,"o hundr$ & =ty-five million doll>s 0 pl$g$ = ?is purpose4 ,! ,hay-,h]ran treaty ) ,colombia 0 sign$ ,janu>y #bb1 #aijb1 b fail$ ( ratification by ,colombia4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #aijc1 h[ev]1 !re 0 a successful revolution ^u ! ,i/hmus & a republican =m ( gov]nm5t 0 adopt$4 ,! ,hay-,bunan-,v>illa treaty 0 !reupon made on ,novemb] #ah1 #aijc4 ,x 0 ratifi$ by bo? gov]nm5ts on ,febru>y #bf1 #aijd4 ,x gave ! ,unit$ ,/ates control ( a /rip ( l& t5 miles wide1 five on ea* side ( ! canal4 ,s9ce !n ! "w has proce$$ "u ! complete control & sup]vision ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,presid5t1 ^: duty x 0 to provide = ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,canal ,zone1 put t z well z ! eng9e]+ into ! h&s ( ! ,commission ( sev5 memb]s :i* he _h appo9t$4 ,x has rema9$ !re4 ,! (fice ( *ief eng9e] has be5 held by ?ree m51 ,j4 ,f4 ,wallace1 ,j4 ,f4 ,/ev5s & ,g4 ,w4 ,goe?als1 ! fir/ two ( :om resign$4 ,! "q ( a sea-level canal 0 aga9 agitat$ & became s insi/5t t ! ,presid5t appo9t$ an int]national bo>d ( eng9e]s1 consi/+ ( ?irte5 memb]s1 to assemble 9 ,wa%+ton ,septemb] #a1 #aije to consid] ! v>i\s plans = ! con/ruction ( ! canal submitt$ to x4 ,! bo>d consi/$ ( five =eign & five ,unit$ ,/ates eng9e]s1 ?ree ( ! latt] hav+ =m]ly s]v$ on ! canal commission4 ,! ,bo>d visit$ ! ,i/hmus on ,septemb] #bh1 _h "s exam9ations made = its enlight5m5t & 9 ,novemb] submitt$ a majority report sign$ by ! five =eign eng9e]s & ! ?ree =m] memb]s ( ! commission1 & a m9ority report1 ! =m] advocat+ a sea-level canal & ! latt] a lock canal ) ! summit level #he' above ! sea4 ,! ,i/hmian ,canal ,commission ) b "o diss5t+ voice recomm5d$ ! adoption ( ! lock type propos$ by ! m9ority4 ,on ,june #bi1 #aijf ,congress 9 opposition to ! majority report ( ! eng9e]s1 provid$ t ! #he-;foot lock type ( canal be con/ruct$ across ! ,i/hmus2 & "w has s9ce cont9u$ on t plan4 ,?is f9al decision1 h[ev]1 0 made ) reluctance by _m congressm5 & "s ( !m are regrett+ x today4 ,?is ,congress also decid$ t all mat]ials us$ 9 build+ ! canal %\ld be pur*as$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,e>ly 9 #aiji a special body ( eng9e]s appo9t$ by ! ,presid5t accompani$ ,w4 ,h4 ,taft on an inspection trip to ,panama p>ticul>ly ) a view to det]m9+ ! feasibility ( ! ,gatun dam project4 ,9 a report made ,febru>y #af !y unanim\sly approv$ ! plans = ! v>i\s *anges 9 ! orig9al project made by ! eng9e]4 ,?is includ$ ! wid5+ ( ! locks to #aaj feet & con/ruct+ ! ,pacific dams at ,miraflores in/ead ( at ,la ,boca4 ,,iv4 ,,type ,,( ,,canal ,! controv]sy ov] ! relative m]its ( a lock & a sea-level canal at ,panama is z old z ! "q ( build+ ! canal itself4 ,support]s ( ! lock canal n[ 9 process ( con/ruction h s\ght to sil5ce ! /orm ( prote/ occasion$ by its adoption2 b 9 spite ( _! precautions reports h rea*$ ! ,am]ican public :i* h creat$ a lack ( fai? 9 ! pres5t eng9e]s & _! me?ods4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible = a layman to decide arbitr>ily 9 favor ( ! lock or sea-level type4 ,! only reasonable way to arrive at a conclusion is to exam9e c>efully ! argum5ts ( bo? factions & rea* a decision !refrom4 ,! writ] has f\nd x difficult1 if n impossible1 to obta9 an accurate pres5tation ( ! facts4 ,eng9e]s high 9 _! pr(ession make contradictory /atem5ts4 ,presumably !y hone/ly express _! convictions b _! failure to agree is /rong evid5ce t !re is a l>ge elem5t ( unc]ta9ty 9 ! :ole proposition4 ,if !y1 ackn[l$g$ au?orities1 n only _c arrive at a common decision 9 ?is matt]1 b consid] x necess>y to ridicule ea* o!r's plans1 !re is c]ta9ly cause to d\bt ! wisdom ( ! pres5t project4 ,x is ! int5tion ( ! writ] to /ate ! pr9cipal argum5ts bo? = & aga9/ ! two types ( canals z pres5t$ by _! mo/ ard5t advocates4 ,x is g5]ally conc$$ t a lock canal at ,panama w\ld co/ less ?an an effici5t sea-level canal4 ,eng9e]s on ! ,i/hmus make an e/imate ( ov] #ajj1jjj1jjj z ! m9imum excess ( co/ ( a sea-level canal ov] ! lock canal = con/ruction alone4 ,?is e/imate does n include ! co/ ( c>ry+ on ! "w ( gov]nm5t & sanitation dur+ ! additional ye>s :i* w\ld be requir$ to build a sea-level canal4 ,fur!rmore1 x is true t !re are _m problems 9 connection ) a sea-level canal1 9 spite ( its app>5t simplicity1 :i* h nev] be5 solv$ & consequ5tly no eng9e] c say h[ _m millions w\ld be requir$ = its completion4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n1 h[ev]1 t ! same unsolv$ problems 7 also true ( ! lock type4 ,9 _! report to ! ,presid5t & to ,congress1 ! m9ority ( ! bo>d ( consult+ eng9e]s pl$g$ _! pr(essional reputations t if ! lock type ( canal 7 adopt$ ! aggregate co/ ( complet+ ! canal1 exclusive ( sanitation & zone gov]nm5t1 w\ld n exce$ #aci1gje1bjj4 ,n f\r ye>s h pass$ s9ce t report 0 made yet #abj1jfd1dfh4eh h already be5 appropriat$ & ! great dams & locks are only fairly begun4 ,9 ! la/ session ( ,congress x 0 propos$ to increase ! limit ( ! co/ ( con/ruction ( ! ,panama ,canal to #ejj1jjj1jjj4 ,s5ator ,tell] 9 a spee* said1 8,i h said aga9 & aga9 on ! floor & ,i repeat x n[--t if we get ! canal built = #ejj1jjj1jjj1 :e!r a lock or a sea-level canal1 we %all d v well4 ,9 my judgm5t1 we w nev] get t canal1 9 ei!r =m1 except at a co/ ( m ?an #ejj1jjj1jjj40 ,^! figures are suffici5t evid5ce t ! eng9e]s :o made ! orig9al e/imate 7 deal+ ) a subject too big = !m4 ,at ! "t ,congress vot$ to adopt a lock canal ! e/imat$ co/ ( a sea-level canal1 exclud+ ! co/ ( sanitation1 civil gov]nm5t1 ! pur*ase price & int]e/ on ! inve/m5t 7:i* seem unnecess>y ref9em5t 9 view ( lat] developm5ts7 0 giv5 by ! ,bo>d ( ,consult+ ,eng9e]s z #bdg1jba1jjj4 ,! project on :i* ?is e/imate 0 made provid$ = a wat]way #dj feet deep at mean sea-level1 #aej feet wide at ! bottom 9 e>? & #bjj feet wide 9 rock1 ) a l5g? ( #di4ad miles4 ,on ! basis ( ?is e/imate advocates ( ! sea-level canal argue t on gr\nds ( economy alone ! lock type %\ld be ab&on$ 9 favor ( ! sea-level type4 ,x /&s to reason1 h[ev]1 t "s ( ! causes :i* h l$ to an increase 9 co/ ov] ! orig9al e/imates = ! lock canal1 su* z ! increase 9 ! wage scale & ! co/ ( mat]ial1 & ! adoption ( ! eight-h\r day1 w\ld affect equally ! sea-level project if x 7 und]tak54 ,! total e/imat$ co/ by ! pres5t canal commission = complet+ ! "w1 includ+ pur*ase price is #cge1bja1jjj1 :ile ! total e/imat$ co/ ( ! sea-level canal made by ! same commission is #efc1jjj1jjj4 ,?is latt] sum is l>gely m]e conjecture because ( ! _m unkn[n elem5ts ent]+ into ! problem2 & !re are successful eng9e]s today :o d n hesitate to /ate t a sea-level canal c be con/ruct$ = less ?an ! pres5t lock canal4 ,v few "q ! /atem5t t ! sea-level canal w\ld take long] = con/ruction ?an a lock canal4 ,! majority ( ! ,bo>d ( ,consult+ ,eng9e]s e/imat$ t f #aj to #ac ye>s w\ld be requir$4 ,! ,i/hmian ,canal ,commission fix$ ! "t at f #ah to #bj ye>s & ,lieut5ant ,george ,w4 ,goe?als1 its *airman & *ief eng9e]1 /ates t ! lock canal w be complet$ by ,janu>y #a1 #aiae4 ,a great objection to ! n>r[ sea-level canal is ! difficulty ( riv] control4 ,! propos$ plan 0 to con/ruct a huge concrete dam #ahj feet high across ! ,*agres at ,gamboa4 ,?is ( itself is a great und]tak+ b :5 done w\ld n solve ! "q ( flood control1 = bel[ ,gamboa !re are _m m /reams :i* if unregulat$ w\ld plunge precipitately into ! canal *annel !reby n only creat+ cross-curr5ts extremely unfavorable to navigation1 & ^! w\ld also erode ! banks & settle deposits :i* w\ld necessitate cont9ual dr$g+ = ma9t5ance4 ,if ^! riv]s 7 n all[$ to fl[ into ! canal1 ! only o!r solution w\ld be ! con/ruction ( *annels on ei!r side ( ! canal to take c>e ( ?is fl[4 ,?is w\ld be v exp5sive & decid$ly dang]\s s9ce ! riv]s 9 places w\ld be consid]ably above ! canal4 ,! old ,*agres ,*annel & ! old ,fr5* div]sion canal c\ld be utiliz$ = a "p ( ! di/ance4 ,x is claim$ t ev5 a sea-level canal w\ld require a lock at ! ,pacific end because ( ! enorm\s diff]5ce1 sometimes #bj' betwe5 high & l[ tides4 ,ev5 ! majority ( ! ,bo>d ( ,consult+ ,eng9e]s1 ! support]s ( ! sea-level type1 consid]$ su* a lock necess>y4 ,s9ce !y made _! report1 h[ev]1 a not$ sci5ti/1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,lely1 =m]ly m9i/] ( wat]works ( ,holl&1 has made an ext5d$ /udy ( ! "q & /ates t ! curr5ts 9 a sea-level canal at ,panama w\ld n exce$ ^? n[ common at ,suez1 namely1 #b miles p] h\r4 ,on ! o!r h& six huge locks are to be built on ! lock canal1 & !y mu/ be us$ at e passage ( a boat4 ,_! upkeep & op]ation w be a con/ant s\rce ( exp5se :i* w\ld n exi/ 9 a sea-level canal4 ,if "o pair ( locks is de/roy$ or put out ( commission1 ! :ole canal w be disabl$ & useless4 ,n only is ?is s1 b !y are a con/ant s\rce ( dang]4 ,! de/ruction ( ! gates ( an upp] lock1 :i* is by no means an unkn[n occurr5ce1 w\ld all[ ! upp] lake to empty into ! canal *annel1 & probably de/roy ev]y?+ to ! sea1 includ+ ! dams4 ,t su* accid5ts c occur 0 demon/rat$ at ! ,well& ,canal :5 a small /eam] /ruck "o gate & cont9u+ h] progress cra%$ ?r\gh f\r o!r sep>ate gates1 ! locks be+ #bdj feet long4 ,aga91 at ! ,man*e/] ,canal a vessel collid$ ) a gate & c>ri$ x away1 all[+ ! wat] to escape 9 su* great volumes t x caus$ ! o!r gates to give way also4 ,"s conception ( ! =ce held 9 lea% by ! gates at ,panama may be ga9$ :5 x is /at$ t ! 8fall f ! upp] lock at ,gatun to ! empty second lock is ov] five times ! rate ( fall 9 ! ,:irlpool ,rapids at ,niag>a & ! dep? is great]04 ,x is true t v>i\s safety devices are to be in/all$ at ! locks b !y c s]ve only to m9imize n elim9ate a dang] :i* w\ld n exi/ on a sea-level canal4 ,! curvature 9 ! propos$ sea-level canal is g5tle1 b = #ai miles ( its c\rse a l>ge %ip w\ld cont9ually be *ang+ direction 9 a *annel hav+ a wid? ( f "o-f\r? to "o-fif? ( h] own l5g? & 9 a curr5t :i* may be z great z #e feet p] second4 ,on ! ,man*e/] ,canal all l>ge vessels are aid$ by two tugs ^: duty x is to help 9 /e]+4 ,?r\gh ! above m5tion$ #ai miles spe$ c\ld n exce$ #f miles an h\r1 & :5ev] a %ip go+ ! opposite direction pass$1 "o or ! o!r w\ld h to /op & tie up to ! %ore z !y d on ! ,suez ,canal4 ,! c\rses on ! lock canal are /raight1 giv+ a cle> view ahead1 & ! vessels c pass )\t be+ =c$ to tie up4 ,! great ,gatun ,lake w p]mit ( full spe$ & 9 all ord9>y cases 9 ! passage f ocean to ocean en\gh "t c be sav$ by reason ( ! wid] & /raight] *annels ( ! lock canal to comp5sate = ! "t lo/ 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! locks4 ,:ile ! "q ( flood control is solv$ by ,gatun ,lake ! "q ( wat] supply is n4 ,?is lake mu/1 "u ! pres5t plans1 furni% ! wat] necess>y = lockages4 ,exp]ts h c>efully /udi$ ?is subject1 & :ile mo/ ( !m agree t !re is wat] suffici5t = imm$iate ne$s !y also recognize ! possibility ( a sc>city 9 ! future4 ,g5]al ,l4 ,abbot1 "o ( ! mo/ en?usia/ic support]s ( ! lock plan1 /ates t !re w be wat] = b #bf daily transits dur+ ! dry season :i* w\ld accommodate f #cj to #dj million tons ( annual traffic4 ,o!r prom95t eng9e]s are n s sangu9e & "s g s f> z to say ! supply w be totally inadequate ev5 = ! fir/ ye>s ( canal op]ation4 ,at any rate !re is a consid]able elem5t ( unc]ta9ty 9 ! matt] :i* actual trial alone w settle4 ,no su* tr\ble1 ( c\rse1 w\ld exi/ 9 ! op]ation ( ! sea-level canal4 ,mu* has be5 said ab\t ! relative vuln]ability ( ! two types4 ,! argum5ts are decid$ly at v>iance & approa* ! ridicul\s :5 plac$ side by side4 ,common s5se dictates t bo? types are op5 to injury by e>?quakes or ! h& ( man2 nei!r is invuln]able4 ,x also seems evid5t t a lock canal ) its _m artificial devices is m op5 to s]i\s injury by e>?quake ?an a sea-level canal4 ,9 fact x is easy to believe t a %ock sev]e en\gh to put a lock out ( commission w\ld sc>cely affect a sea-level canal at all1 & all :o say o!rwise are prejudic$4 ,9 fairness be x said t ! dang] f ?is s\rce is exagg]at$ & probably %\ld n occupy z l>ge a place 9 ! discussion ( canal problems z has be5 giv5 to x4 ,lock canal advocates say a n>r[ sea-level canal c\ld easily be ob/ruct$ by an ob/acle plac$ 9 ! *annel2 sea-level advocates say t a bag ( dynamite "u ! lock-gates c\ld put ! canal out ( s]vice4 ,bo? /atem5ts are true b ! ess5tial elem5t ( diff]5ce is 9 degree4 ,! ob/ruction 9 ! *annel w\ld be no real injury to ! canal at all3 x w\ld necessitate m]ely a few days "w at ! mo/ = its removal4 ,an injury to ! locks1 h[ev]1 might readily mean dra9+ ( ! summit lake & ! de/ruction ( all betwe5 x & ! sea n to speak ( ! indef9ite p]iod requir$ = recon/ruction4 ,! po9t is t x is practically impossible = man to s]i\sly injure a sea-level canal2 x is easily possible = him to s injure a lock canal4 ,h[ev]1 lock canals c be m readily def5d$ 9 "t ( w> because ! po9ts ( attack are kn[n be=eh&4 ,a v s]i\s objection to ! lock type is t x _c be readily enl>g$4 ,! locks are to be #a1jjj feet long & #aaj feet wide4 ,?is is ample = ! pres5t b indications are t future ne$s w be f> great]4 ,if !y d become great] ! ,panama ,canal w be an ineffici5t s]vant & w come f> %ort ( fulfill+ ! purpose :i* prompt$ its build+4 ,! sea-level canal c\ld be enl>g$ by dr$ges )\t /opp+ traffic ?r\gh x1 b ) a lock canal x is diff]5t4 ,:5 ! locks z con/ruct$ become inadequate ! only way to increase _! capacity is to %ut d[n ! canal = ye>s :ile new & l>g] ones are be+ built4 ,x is unque/ionably true t ! ideal canal is a sea-level canal #ejj feet to #fjj feet wide4 ,?is is ( ! type kn[n z ! 8,/raits ( ,panama0 propos$ by ,philippi-,bunau-,v>illa to ! consult+ bo>d 9 #aije4 ,!re is a gr[+ feel+ t ?is plan is ! "o :i* w ultimately be adopt$ = ! completion ( ! canal4 ,x contemplates ! con/ruction ( a lock canal to be f9ally conv]t$ into a sea-level canal4 ,! locks 7 to be con/ruct$ s t z ! levels 7 deep5$ by dr$g+ !y c\ld be elim9at$1 navigation cont9u+ dur+ ! enl>gem5t4 ,! mat]ial remov$ by ! dr$ges 0 to be deposit$ 9 ! lake =m$ by a dam at ,gamboa4 ,! plan 0 c>efully consid]$ & f9ally reject$ because ( ! excessive "t & co/ involv$4 ,x is int]e/+ to note :at ! au?or ( ! plans /ates 9 reg>d to x4 ,he says 9 "p1 8,x is easy to see f ! records t ?is rejection 0 purely bas$ on ! false assumption t ! trans=mation ( rock into dr$gable gr\nd w\ld co/ #b4ce 7p] cubic y>d71 :5 x has s9ce be5 (ficially demon/rat$ to co/ elev5 times less 9 ! ,suez ,canal & eighte5 times less 9 ! ,man*e/] ,canal40 ,! co/ at ,panama ( t trans=mation w\ld be c]ta9ly inf]ior to ! co/ at ,man*e/] n only on acc\nt ( ! sav+ ( exp5se due to ! gratuit\s me*anical p[] giv5 by ! falls ( ! ,*agres b also & pr9cipally on acc\nt ( ! extremely s(t "* ( ! great] "p ( ! i/hmian rocks4 ,! electricity g5]at$ by ! falls ( ! lake w put 9 action ! rock break]s1 ! float+ dr$ges1 & ! sc[s4 ,! wat] 9 ! small b>ge locks w raise ! sc[s f ! level ( ! summit to t ( ! lake & ! dep?s ( ! lake w absorb ! mat]ial ( ! /raits4 ,?us ! ,*agres1 once h>ness$1 w (f] freely by its wat]s ! way = ! excavat+ & transport+ in/rum5ts1 by its falls ! en]gy to animate ev]y?+ & by its upp] valley ! dump to receive ! spoils4 ,if unbias$ & free-m9d$ eng9e] (fic]s ( ! army1 hav+ no ant]ior connection ) ! plans "u discussion1 %\ld be s5t to inve/igate ! nature ( ! rock on ! ,i/hmus & !n to /udy 9 ,france1 ,engl&1 & ,japan ! actual improv$ me?ods ( dr$g+ s(t & h>d mat]ial ! cl\d w\ld soon be dissipat$4 ,! suppos$ *im]a w\ld become a real tangible ?+ & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! tru/ees ( humanity 9 ! con/ruction ( ! great int]national wat]way1 w\ld give to ! _w :at x wants1 :at x is possible n[ & easy to obta91 ! 8,/raits ( ,panama40 ,?is s\nds v plausible2 & x is a significant fact t eng9e]s d n ridicule x4 ,_! respect = x is gr[+4 ,today rock-dr$g+ is on trial at ,panama4 ,if its feasibility c be !re demon/rat$ ! plan w und\bt$ly be adopt$4 ,no man c f9d objections to ?is type :5 once con/ruct$4 ,! objections to ! n>r[ sea-level canal fir/ consid]$ d n apply to ! 8,/raits ( ,panama01 s !y w /& z ! ideal solution4 ,a canal design$ to c>ry ! _w's comm]ce1 to furni% free communication betwe5 ! ,atlantic & ,pacific %\ld be z free f artificial devices z x is possible to make x4 ,x is !re=e hop$ t "s day ! pres5t lock canal w be enl>g$ to an ideal1 wide1 sea-level *annel4 ,v4 ,,location1 ,,size1 ,,& ,,plan ,! location1 size & plan ( ! ,panama ,canal ) sev]al rec5t *anges :i* h be5 ord]$ by ! ,presid5t & adopt$ by ! commission is describ$ 9 ! 8,canal ,record0 z foll[s3 8,a *annel1 #ejj feet wide at sea-level w lead f deep wat] 9 ,limon ,bay to ,gatun1 a di/ance ( #f4gf miles4 ,at ,gatun a dam "o & "o-half miles long & #aae feet high w imp\nd ! wat]s ( ! ,*agres riv] 9 a lake1 ! normal level ( :i* w be #he feet above mean sea-level1 ,a flight ( ?ree tw9 locks1 ea* #a1jjj feet long1 #aaj feet wide1 & all[+ = #da feet ( wat] ov] ! sills1 w raise vessels f sea-level to ! lake1 or l[] !m f ! lake to ! sea-level *annel4 ,f ,gatun navigation w be ?r\gh ! lake 9 a *annel f #a1jjj feet to #ejj feet wide = a di/ance ( #bc4ei miles to ,bas ,obispo :]e ,culebra cut beg9s4 ,! *annel ?r\gh ! cont95tal divide1 f ,bas ,obispo to ,p$ro ,miguel1 a di/ance ( #h4aa miles w be #cjj feet wide1 & ! surface ( ! wat] w be at ! lake level4 ,at ,p$ro ,miguel vessels w be l[]$ f ! #he-;foot level to a small lake at #ee feet above sea-level1 9 tw9 locks ( "o flight4 ,a *annel #ejj feet wide & #j4ig miles long w lead to ,miraflores locks1 :]e ! desc5t to sea-level w be made 9 tw9 locks ( two flights4 ,! locks at ,p$ro ,miguel & ,miraflores w be ( ! same dim5sions z ^? at ,gatun4 ,f ,miraflores to deep wat] 9 ,panama ,bay1 a di/ance ( #h4ca miles1 ! *annel w be #ejj feet wide & #de feet deep at mean tide4 ,! *annel wid?s giv5 are all bottom wid?s4 ,! entrance bo? 9 ,limon ,bay & 9 ,panama ,bay w be protect$ by breakwat]s40 ,,vi4 ,,organization ,,( ,,=ces ,"w on ! ,i/hmus is 9 ! h&s ( an ,i/hmian ,canal ,commission1 consi/+ ( sev5 memb]s1 all ( :om are appo9t$ by ! ,presid5t4 ,all ( !m h headqu>t]s on ! ,i/hmus4 ,! pres5t p]sonnel ( ! ,commission is z foll[s4 ,lieut5ant ,colonel ,g4 ,goe?als1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 *airman & *ief eng9e]2 ,major ,david ,du ,b4 ,gaill>d1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 corps ( eng9e]s2 ,major ,william ,l4 ,sib]t1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 corps ( eng9e]s3 ,colonel ,william ,c4 ,gorgas1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 m$ical dep>tm5t2 ,h>ry ,rosseau1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 civil eng9e]2 ,lieut5ant ,colonel ,h4 ,f4 ,hodges1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 corps ( eng9e]s & ,joseph ,c4 ,s4 ,blackburn1 civilian4 ,z *airman1 ,colonel ,goe?als receives a sal>y ( #ae1jjj annually4 ,majors ,gaill>d & ,sib]t & ,civil ,eng9e] ,rosseau #ad1jjj ea* & ,dr4 ,gorgas1 ,colonel ,hodges & ,mr4 ,blackburn #aj1jjj ea*4 ,! pr9cipal dep>tm5ts on ! ,i/hmus1 ea* 9 *>ge ( a head :o is directly responsible = ! "w c>ri$ on "u 8 direction are3 ,con/ruction & ,eng9e]+2 ,qu>t]ma/]'s2 ,subsi/5ce2 ,civil ,adm9i/ration2 ,sanitation2 ,disbursem5ts2 & ,exam9ation ( ,acc\nts4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,con/ruction & ,eng9e]+ is subdivid$ into ! foll[+ nam$ divisions2 ,atlantic ,division f deep wat] to & includ+ ! ,gatun locks & dams2 ! ,c5tral ,division f ,gatun to ,p$ro ,miguel2 & ! ,pacific ,division f ,p$ro ,miguel to ! ,pacific4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,con/ruction & ,eng9e]+ is "u ! direct *>ge ( ! ,*ief ,eng9e]4 ,! g5]al plans come f ! (fice ( ! ,*ief ,eng9e] & details are left to division eng9e]s1 subject to 8 approval4 ,! :ole idea ( ! organization 9 ?is dep>tm5t is to place & fix responsibility1 leav+ to ea* subord9ate ! c>ry+ out ( ! p>ticul> "w intru/$ to 8 *>ge4 ,! ,*ief ,eng9e] is assi/$ by ! ,assi/ant ,*ief ,eng9e]1 :o consid]s & reports ^u all eng9e]+ que/ions submitt$ = f9al action4 ,! ,assi/ant ,*ief ,eng9e]s h *>ge ( ! designs ( ! locks1 dams1 & spillways1 & ! sup]vision ( ^! p>ticul> p>ts ( ! "w4 ,!re is also atta*$ to ! ,*ief ,eng9e] an assi/ant :o looks aft] me*anical =ces on ! ,i/hmus1 & has sup]vision ov] ! ma*9e %ops1 ! co/-keep+ bran* ( ! "w1 ! apportionm5t ( appropriations1 & ! prep>ation ( ! e/imates4 ,!re is also an assi/ant eng9e]1 :o has *>ge ( all g5]al surveys1 meteorological obs]vations1 & riv] hydraulics4 ,! ,qu>t]ma/]'s ,dep>tm5t has *>ge ( ! recruit+ ( labor1 ! c>e1 repair1 & ma9t5ance ( qu>t]s1 ! collection & disposal ( g>bage & refuse1 ! issue ( furniture1 & ! deliv]y ( di/ill$ wat] & commiss>y supplies to ! h\ses ( employees & ! con/ruction ( all new build+s4 ,op]at+ 9 conjunction ) ! pur*as+ dep>tm5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! ,qu>t]ma/]'s ,dep>tm5t secures all supplies ne$$ = con/ruction & o!r purposes1 & makes pur*ases ( mat]ial on ! ,i/hmus :5 requir$4 ,! common labor =ce ( ! ,commission & ,panama ,railroad is m ?an #be1jjj m51 & consi/s ( ab\t #f1jjj ,spani>ds1 ) a few ,italians1 ! rema9d] be+ f ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,! ,spani>d is ! be/ work]1 al?\gh he objects to work+ 9 wat]4 ,! total numb] on ! pay rolls w av]age m ?an #cj1jjj4 ,( ^! #e1jjj are 8gold m501 t is1 (ficials1 cl]ks & skill$ labor]s1 all ( :om are ,am]ican recruit$ ?r\gh ! ,wa%+ton (fice4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,septemb]1 #aiji1 !re 7 approximately #dd1jjj employees on ! ,i/hmus on ! rolls ( ! ,commission & ! ,panama ,railroad4 ,!re 7 actually at "w1 on ,novemb] #c1 #aiji1 #ce1caa m51 #bg1fgb = ! ,commission & #g1fci = ! ,panama ,railroad ,company4 ,! sal>ies & wages ( ^! m5 are paid once a mon?4 ,?is ,qu>t]ma/]'s ,dep>tm5t also has *>ge ( ! prop]ty records1 receives semiannual returns ( prop]ty f all ^? to :om prop]ty has be5 issu$1 & *ecks ! returns & inv5tories ( ! /oreh\ses ) ! records compil$ f ! orig9al invoices4 ,! ,subsi/5ce ,dep>tm5t has *>ge ( ! commiss>ies & ! manufactur+ plants :i* consi/ ( an ice & cold-/orage e/abli%m5t1 a bread1 pie1 & cake bak]y1 a c(fee roa/+ outfit1 & a laundry4 ,^! belong to ! ,panama ,railroad ,company1 z1 at ! "t !y 7 e/abli%$1 money receiv$ f sales c\ld be reappli$1 :]eas if op]at$ by ! ,commission x w\ld h rev]t$ to ! ,treasury1 necessitat+ reappropriation be=e ! proce$s ( ! sale c\ld be utiliz$4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 "u ! managem5t ( ! subsi/5ce (fic] ( ! ,commission1 :o has *>ge ( ! v>i\s hotels1 kit*5s & messes4 ,!re are #af hotels f ,cri/obal to ,panama :i* s]ve meals to ! ,am]ican1 or 8gold0 employees at #cj c5ts p] meal4 ,!re are #bd messes :]e meals to ,european labor]s are s]v$1 ! co/ p] day be+ #dj c5ts2 & !re are #bd kit*5s = meals suppli$ to ! 8silv]0 labor]s 7m5 paid 9 ,panamanian curr5cy71 ! co/ to ! labor] be+ #cj c5ts p] day4 ,!re is no pr(it to ! ,commission4 ,! commiss>ies & manufactur+ plants are op]at$ at a pr(it s z to repay ! ,panama ,railroad ,company = its outlay 9 six ye>s f ,janu>y #a1 #aiji1 at #d p] c5t int]e/4 ,! ,subsi/5ce ,dep>tm5t also has *>ge ( a l>ge hotel at ,ancon = ! ent]ta9m5t ( ! ,commission's employees at a comp>atively l[ rate1 & ( transi5t gue/s at rates usually *>g$ at fir/ class hotels4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,civil ,adm9i/ration ex]cises sup]vision ov] ! c\rts1 :i* consi/ ( ?ree circuit & five di/rict3 ! judges ( ! ?ree =m] con/itute ! supreme c\rt4 ,! di/rict c\rts take cognizance ( all cases :]e ! f9e does n exce$ #ajj or imprisonm5t does n exce$ #cj days4 ,jury trials are re/rict$ to crimes involv+ ! dea? p5alty or life imprisonm5t4 ,! ,sanitation ,dep>tm5t looks aft] ! heal? int]e/s ( ! employees4 ,x is subdivid$ into ! heal? dep>tm5t1 :i* has *>ge ( ! hospitals1 sup]vision ( heal? matt]s 9 ,panama & ,colon & ( ! ,qu>ant9e1 & into ! sanit>y inspection dep>tm5t1 :i* looks aft] ! de/ruction ( ! mosquito by v>i\s me?ods1 z grass & bru% cutt+1 ! dra9+ ( swamp areas1 & by oil+ unavoidable pools & /agnant /reams4 ,to ?is ,dep>tm5t also belong #aa *apla9s employ$ by ! ,commission to att5d ! sick z well z look aft] ! spiritual welf>e ( ! employees4 ,all moneys are h&l$ by ! ,disbursem5t ,dep>tm5t1 :i* pays acc\nts :i* h be5 previ\sly pass$ ^u by ! ,exam9] ( ,acc\nts4 ,! ,exam9] ( ,acc\nts makes ! exam9ation requir$ by law prior to ! f9al audit ( ! acc\nts by ! ,auditor = ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t4 ,! pay rolls are prep>$ f "t books kept by =em51 timekeep]s1 or field cl]ks1 subsequ5tly *eck$ by ! ,exam9] ( ,acc\nts :o ma9ta9s a =ce ( inspectors4 ,! "t inspectors visit ea* gang1 g5]ally daily1 at unkn[n times to ! =eman1 "t-keep]1 or field cl]k1 & *eck ! "t books ) ! gangs ( workm52 ! inspectors report to ! ,exam9] ( ,acc\nts ! results ( _! inspection n 9 connection ) timekeep+ b all violations ( ! regulations ( ! ,commission t may come "u _! obs]vation4 ,paym5ts ( pay rolls are made 9 ca%1 beg9n+ on ! #ab? ( ea* mon? & consum+ f\r days = ! entire =ce on ! ,i/hmus4 ,! la/ publi%$ f9ancial report ( ?is ,dep>tm5t 0 z foll[s3 ,/atem5t ( ,receipts1 ,disbursem5ts1 & ,balances ,available to ,june #cj1 #aiji4 ,receipts ,appropriations by ,congress #agf1dcb1dfh4eh ,r5tals collect$ & return$ to appropriations #bfd1cic4gf ,collections acc\nt sale gov]nm5t prop]ty1 etc4 #d1bce1ada4ej ,balance due individuals & companies1 acc\nt collections f employees #a1hef4gc -------------- ,total receipts #ahj1icc1hfj4eg ,disbursem5ts ,classifi$ exp5ditures #ajf1gie1jeh4ch ,dep>tm5t ( civil adm9i/ration #b1icb1iea4jf ,sanit>y dep>tm5t #h1gda1gae4dj ,hospitals & asylums #d1fef1abe4ii ,sanitation #d1jhe1ehi4da ,dep>tm5t ( con/ruction & eng9e]+ #ed1hcb1edj4ad ,canal con/ruction #dh1caa1fbb4af ,municipal improvem5t on ,zone #d1bde1iac4ih ,municipal improvem5ts 9 ,panama & ,colon #b1bge1jjd4jj ,co/ ( plant #dj1bhg1hea4gh ,rights ( way & fran*ises #di1ajg1iad4hi ,rights acquir$ f ! ,republic ( ,panama #aj1jjj1jjj4jj ,rights acquir$ f ,new ,panama ,canal ,company #ci1ajg1iad4hi ,paym5t to ,new ,panama ,canal ,company #dj1jjj1jjj4jj ,less value ( ,fr5* mat]ial sold or us$ 9 con/ruction #hib1jhe4aa ,panama ,railroad ,company /ock pur*as$ #aeg1aah4bd ,loans to ,panama ,railroad ,company = reequipm5t & r$emption ( bonds #d1jji1eif4jc ,paid into ,unit$ ,/ates ,treasury = sale ( gov]nm5t prop]ty1 etc4 #c1egb1ada4ej ,s]vices r5d]$ & mat]ial sold individuals & companies #b1gfd1jja4cj ,unclassifi$ exp5ditures #d1hgg1jgb4cf ,mat]ial & supplies #d1hac1aeh4cg ,o!r unclassifi$ items #fc1iac4ii ,advances to labor]s = _! transportation #dh1ghc4bf ,bills collectible out/&+ #eag1ehe4gi -------------- ,total #aga1hdi1bga4ge ,less am\nts includ$ 9 above b unpaid on ,june #cj #a1fid1cee4gj ,sal>ies & wages unpaid on rolls to ,june #a1 #aiji #aha1bia4jh ,pay rolls = ! mon? ( ,june1 #aiji #a1eac1jfd4fb -------------- ,net disbursem5ts #agj1aed1iaf4je ,balances available ,june #cj1 #aiji #aj1ggh1idd4eb ,congressional appropriations #aj1aad1jhg4gi ,miscellane\s receipts ( ,unit$ ,/ates funds #ffc1jjj4jj ,collections f employees acc\nt individual & companies #a1hef4gc -------------- ,total #ahj1icc1hfj4eg ,note4--,by an act ( ,m>* #d1 #aiji1 additional appropriations 7 made to cont9ue ! con/ruction ( ! ,i/hmian ,canal1 dur+ ! fiscal ye> #aiaj1 available = exp5ditures ,july #a1 #aiji1 z foll[s3 ,exp5ses 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates #bbe1jjj4jj ,con/ruction & eng9e]+ #bg1chh1jjj4jj ,civil adm9i/ration #fcj1jjj4jj ,sanitation & hospitals #a1iae1jjj4jj ,reequipm5t ,panama ,railroad #gjj1jjj4jj ,relocation ( ,panama ,railroad #a1ihj1jjj4jj ,sanitation 9 cities ( ,panama & ,colon #hjj1jjj4jj ------------- ,total #cc1fch1jjj4jj ,,vii4 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,canal ,,prism ,excavation ?r\gh\t ! :ole l5g? ( ! canal is be+ c>ri$ on z mu* z possible 9 ! dry z ?is has be5 f\nd to be ! *eap] me?od4 ,^u ! ,atlantic ,division1 dur+ ! fiscal ye> #aijh-'ji1 a dr$g+ fleet consi/+ ( "o sea-go+ suction dr$ge1 two #e-y>d dipp] dr$ges & ?ree ,fr5* ladd] dr$ges work$ on ! section betwe5 ,m9di & deep wat]1 remov+ #f1jci1icd cubic y>ds1 ( :i* #dbg1jje cubic y>ds 7 rock4 ,! rock is remov$ by bla/+4 ,holes av]ag+ #ae feet ap>t are drill$ to a dep? ( #ej feet bel[ sea level1 load$ ) dynamite & fir$4 ,at ! close ( ! ye> ne>ly #c miles ( ! *annel f deep wat] 7 complet$4 ,! plans = breakwat]s 9 ,limon ,bay 7 rec5tly *ang$4 ,orig9ally breakwat]s 7 plann$ to ext5d ne>ly p>allel to ! axis ( ! *annel to protect aga9/ fill+ by wave action4 ,h[ev]1 x 0 f\nd t ! nor!rs ent]+ betwe5 ^! breakwat]s w\ld lack room to dissipate & s vessels w\ld be unprotect$ = a great portion ( ! di/ance to ! locks4 ,accord+ly two breakwat]s h be5 plann$ :i* are to be s plac$ z n only to prev5t fill+ b also to give %elt] to %ipp+4 ,on ! ,culebra section ( ! ,c5tral ,division consid]able tr\ble has be5 caus$ by ! great ra9fall4 ,to c>ry ! ra9 (f quickly div]sion *annels h be5 con/ruct$ at a l>ge exp5se ( money & labor4 ,wat] fall+ 9 ! prism is c>$ = by ! cut itself4 ,9 ! process ( deep5+ pilot cuts are />t$ f ei!r end t[>ds ! summit :i* is n[ betwe5 ,empire & ,culebra4 ,dra9age 9 ei!r direction is by gravity ?r\gh ^! cuts4 ,! total am\nt excavat$ f ! canal prism 9 ?is division dur+ ! pa/ ye> 0 #ah1ddb1fbd cubic y>ds1 #ab1bia1dgb cubic y>ds be+ rock4 ,at ! close ( ! ye> #dc1egd1ied cubic y>ds rema9$ to be remov$4 ,! mat]ial is load$ on ! c>s by /eam %ovels1 is haul$ to ! v>i\s dumps1 & unload$ by a huge pl[-l app>atus :i* is drawn f end to end ( ! tra94 ,"p ( ! spoil aid$ 9 ! rebuild+ ( ! ,panama ,railroad2 ! rock f ,empire & ,bas ,obispo w5t to ,gatun = ! dam1 & "s mat]ial 0 haul$ to ,balboa on ! ,pacific & 0 !re us$ 9 reclaim+ gr\nd & 9 build+ a breakwat] 9 ,panama ,bay to cut (f silt-be>+ curr5ts :i* 7 fill+ up ! excavat$ *annel4 ,x has be5 built out ab\t #b miles by dump+ f a tre/le built = ! purpose4 ,"o mile m rema9s to be built4 ,! slides 9 ,culebra ,cut h cont9u$4 ,! l>ge/1 call$ ! ,cuc>a*o slide1 measures #b1gjj feet along ! cut1 involv+ an area ( #bg acres4 ,dur+ ! ye> #aijh-'ji1 #fgj1jag cubic y>ds 7 remov$ f ?is slide b x is e/imat$ t #gjj1jjj m are /ill 9 motion4 ,dra9age seems to be ineffectual 9 ^! cases4 ,! orig9al summit at ,culebra ,cut 0 #ccc feet above ! sea2 x 0 l[]$ by ! ,fr5* to #aeg feet & ! l[e/ po9t at ! summit is n[ #adc feet above sea level4 ,! lake section ( ! ,c5tral ,division ext5ds f ,gamboa to ,gatun4 ,! ,*agres ,riv] "h crosses ! l9e ( ! canal #bc times1 =m+ a s]ies ( p59sulas4 ,a portion ( ! *annel #b1gjj feet long1 #ejj feet wide at ! bottom & #ej feet deep1 0 complet$ ,may #be1 #aiji & ! wat]s ( ! ,*agres turn$ 94 ,a total ( #a1ghd1dei cubic y>ds 7 tak5 out1 ( :i* #a1cej1cjh 7 remov$ 9 #aijh-'ji4 ,f ! rema9d] ( ?is division #b1fbe1bhc cubic y>ds 7 excavat$ 9 #aijh-'ji4 ,to secure ! necess>y wid? & dep? betwe5 ,p$ro ,miguel & ,miraflores on ! ,pacific ,division #a1bgi1fjj cubic y>ds ( mat]ial1 ( :i* #fc1fjj are rock1 mu/ be excavat$4 ,! mat]ial /ill to be tak5 out betwe5 ,miraflores & deep wat] is #ac1jjj1ijj cubic y>ds ( loam & #a1gbe1jjj cubic y>ds ( rock4 ,x has be5 decid$ to remove all rock betwe5 ! locks & = #b miles bel[ ! ,miraflores locks1 9 ! dry4 ,?is w leave #c1fjj1jjj cubic y>ds ( loam & #abc1jjj ( rock to be remov$ by dr$g+ & bla/+4 ,! dr$g+ fleet 9 ,panama ,bay = #aijh-'ji consi/$ ( "o sea-go+ suction dr$ge1 "o #bj in* suction & pipe-l9e dr$ge1 "o #e y>d dipp] dr$ge1 & f\r ,fr5* ladd] dr$ges4 ,!y remov$ #h1dge1ica cubic y>ds ( mat]ial dur+ ! ye>4 ,! *annel is complet$ = ab\t #e miles f deep wat] 9 ! ,pacific4 ,! entire pres5t /eam-%ovel equipm5t on ! ,i/hmus consi/s ( =ty-eight #ie-ton1 =ty-two #gj-ton1 t5 #de-ton1 & "o #ch-ton /eam-%ovels1 or a total ( "o hundr$ & "o /eam-%ovels4 ,dry excavation = ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! fiscal ye> #aijh-'ji1 7,july #a to ,octob] #a71 co/ #fc c5ts p] cubic y>d = direct *>ges & #ab c5ts p] cubic y>d = g5]al adm9i/ration1 mak+ a total ( #ge c5ts4 ,dr$g+ co/ #i c5ts p] cubic y>d = direct *>ges & #b c5ts p] cubic y>d = g5]al adm9i/ration4 ,! av]age co/ p] cubic y>d = excavation 0 #dj c5ts = direct *>ges & #h c5ts = g5]al adm9i/ration1 mak+ a total ( #dh c5ts4 ,,viii4 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,locks ,locks ,z be=e /at$ !re are to be #f locks on ! ,panama ,canal1 #c at ,gatun1 #a at ,p$ro ,miguel & #b at ,miraflores4 ,all ( ^! locks are arrang$ 9 duplicate1 i4e41 at any gr\p ( locks a vessel may asc5d at "o side ( ! middle wall1 :ile ano!r is desc5d+ at ! o!r side4 ,x is ! int5tion t ,pacific b\nd vessels use "o side & ,atlantic b\nd ! o!r4 ,! middle wall is to ext5d #a1fjj feet above ! upp] gates & bel[ ! l[] gates z an approa* wall aga9/ :i* vessels to be lock$ may lie :ile wait+ = ! gates to op54 ,! side walls w n be z long1 & w fl>e out at _! ends4 ,! lock *amb]s are to be #aaj feet wide & #a1jjj feet long & w pass vessels ( #dj feet maximum draught 9 sea wat]4 ,! upp] lock 9 ea* flight is to be subdivid$ by additional gates into a #fjj foot & a #djj foot lock s t wat] may n be ne$lessly wa/$ 9 pass+ small boats4 ,^! small] subdivisions may be us$ until vessels ( ov] #eej feet l5g? require passage4 ,! lifts w av]age #bh feet1 b w v>y ) *anges 9 tide1 lake level1 & conditions ( lockage4 ,! diagram bel[ %[s ! entire lock sy/em at ,gatun4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,g5]al ,arrangem5t ( ! ,locks1 ,valves & ,gates at ,gatun4 ,s4 ,v41 ,/oney valve4 ,g4 ,v41 ,gu>d valve4 ,e4 ,d4 ,p41 ,em]g5cy dam pi]4 ,u4 ,g4 ,g41 ,upp] gu>d gate4 ,u4 ,g41 ,upp] gate4 ,m4 ,g41 ,middle gate4 ,s4 ,g41 ,safety gate4 ,l4 ,g4--,u4 ,l41 ,l[] gate1 upp] lock4 ,l4 ,l4 ,g4--,i4 ,l41 ,l[] gate1 int]m$iate lock4 ,l4 ,g4--,l4 ,l41 ,l[] gate1 l[] lock4 ,l4 ,g4 ,g41 ,l[] gu>d gate4 ,*41 ,f5d] *a94 ,ga41 ,gauge4 ,l41 ,ladd]4 ,/41 ,/airs4 ,inc41 ,incl9e4 ,i41 ,intake4 ,o41 ,outlet4 ,9 ea* side ( ! wall ,betwe51 !re w be ,a & ,b-- #c cyl9drical valves4 ,c & ,d-- #g cyl9drical valves4 ,e & ,f-- #aj cyl9drical valves4 ,g & ,h-- #aj cyl9drical valves4 ,ne> ! bottom ( ea* wall w be a l>ge culv]t = pass+ wat] f ! lakes into ! upp] *amb]1 & f *amb] to *amb]1 & !n out to ! canal bel[ ! locks4 ,! intakes 7,see ,fig4 #b7 w be locat$ at 8,i0 & outlets at 8,o04 ,! wat] ent]s & leaves ! culv]ts ?r\gh sev]al small op5+s1 ! intakes be+ scre5$4 ,! fl[ ( wat] 9 ! culv]ts is to be controll$ by :at is call$ ! ,/oney type ( valves4 ,^! valves occur 9 pairs :i* are duplicat$ at ea* ( ! lifts s t if "o pair is disabl$ ! o!r set may be us$ :ile repairs are be+ made4 ,on ea* side wall1 at ! middle gates 9 ! upp] lock !re w be only "o set ( valves1 b none 9 ! middle wall4 ,! fl[ betwe5 ! culv]t 9 ! middle wall & ! lock *amb] is to be controll$ by cyl9drical valves capable ( )/&+ pressure on bo? sides4 ,by us+ ^! valves wat] may be sav$ "u c]ta9 conditions ( lockage by cross-connect+ ! tw9 *amb]s ?r\gh ! middle wall4 ,9 ea* *amb] #aa lat]als ( #da squ>e feet cross-section w be l$ f ! side wall culv]ts :ile at ! middle culv]t !re w be #aj lat]als hav+ a m9imum cross-section ( #cc squ>e feet4 ,ea* lat]al w h five holes1 ea* ( #ab squ>e feet area1 op5+ up ?r\gh ! lock floor4 ,! lat]als lead+ f ! middle wall culv]t are to be controll$ individually to provide = indep5d5t op]ation ( ! tw9 *amb]s4 ,! lake levels & ! desir$ lock levels are to be ma9ta9$ by l>ge /eel mit] gates4 ,at ! upp] & l[] end ( ! upp] *amb]s ( all locks !re w be two sets ( ^! gates op]at$ simultane\sly s t a vessel ent]+ ! upp] *amb] w always h two pairs ( gates betwe5 x & ! lake4 ,at ! l[] end ( ea* flight1 besides ! regul> gates !re w be gu>d gates mit]+ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,!y are int5d$ prim>ily = hold+ back ! wat] 9 ! canal bel[1 :5 ! lock above is unwat]$ = repairs b may be op]at$ dur+ lockages purely z a safegu>d4 ,z a protection to ! gates heavy f5d] *a9s are to be /ret*$ across ! locks at critical places4 ,!y are design$ by suitable ret>d+ devices to br+ a sl[ly mov+ vessel to re/ be=e x c /rike ! gate4 ,:ile ! gates bel[ are be+ op5$ ! *a9s drop into recesses 9 ! walls & across ! floor4 ,ne> ! upp] end ( ! locks & #bjj feet above ! upp]mo/ gate1 an em]g5cy dam ( ! sw+ bridge type w be provid$ to be us$ 9 case ( accid5t to ! upp] gates4 ,! foll[+ precautions aga9/ accid5t are to be obs]v$3 ,fir/4 ,all vessels mu/ /op "s di/ance f ! gates4 ,second4 ,! lock op]ators "h take ! vessel 9 *>ge & control its passage ?r\gh ! locks4 ,?ird4 ,if a vessel breaks away f ! op]ators or fails to /op at ! prop] place1 x comes aga9/ ! heavy *a9s /ret*$ across ! locks & is ei!r br\ght to a full /op or is greatly ret>d$4 ,f\r?4 ,9 case a *a9 breaks1 ! vessel has two sets ( gates to break1 if at ! upp] level1 :]e an accid5t w\ld be mo/ s]i\s4 ,%\ld all ^! b>ri]s fail ! em]g5cy dam c be swung into place 9 a v %ort "t4 ,! floors ( ! ,miraflores & ,p$ro ,miguel locks w h #a foot ?ickness ( concrete on top ( ! rock z a we>+ surface4 ,at ,gatun1 h[ev] ! rock is ( a "* susceptible to ! wea!r4 ,x has !re=e be5 consid]$ necess>y1 9 con/ruct+ ! floor "h1 to leave ! rock above grade until j be=e ! concrete is to be plac$ & !n to scrape & wa% ! surface to be cov]$4 ,! floor 9 ! l[] portion ( ! upp] *amb] is to be ( concrete #c feet ?ick4 ,! rock "h is consid]$ ?ick en\gh to )/& ! pressure f ! wat]-be>+ /ratum bel[4 ,above ! middle gate1 h[ev]1 ?is /ratum is too ?91 & a floor #ac feet ?ick ( concrete is provid$ & an*or$ by rails set 9 holes & surr\nd$ by concrete4 ,! ma9 floor level w be ab\t #b feet bel[ ! sills1 9 ord] t small objects dropp$ f vessels may be pass$ )\t be+ /ruck4 ,! sills = ! gates are design$ z concrete ar*es 9 a horizontal plane1 #ca feet ?ick ?r\gh\t & ( #ajj feet radius at ! extrados4 ,! fill+ sy/em is design$ s t1 ) all valves op5$ ! *amb] c be fill$ 9 #h m9utes1 b to prev5t possible damage to vessels 9 ! lock ! maximum rate w probably n be all[$ to exce$ #c feet a m9ute :i* w\ld correspond to less ?an #ae m9utes = fill+4 ,mo/ ( ! =ego+ discussion is tak5 f ! ,eng9e]+ ,record ( ,febru>y #bf1 #aiaj4 ,!re has be5 mu* criticism ( ! lock sites1 b ! eng9e]s n[ 9 *>ge seem to h p]fect confid5ce 9 _! "w4 ,dur+ ! fiscal ye> #aijh-'ji ! "w ( excavat+ = ! ,gatun locks 0 cont9u$ by /eam %ovels & "o #bj-;in* suction dr$ge4 ,mat]ial excavat$ 9 ! dry am\nt$ to #icc1edf cubic y>ds1 & t 9 ! wet to #dgi1iej cubic y>ds4 ,x 0 decid$ to con/ruct curta9 walls to /op any und]fl[2 ^! w ext5d across ! lock "u ! sill ( ! em]g5cy dam & d[n/ream outside ! walls to ! int]m$iate gates4 ,z an additional precaution to mak+ ! concrete floor #ac feet ?ick z be=e m5tion$ a sy/em ( sumps "u ! floor ) telltales 9 ! walls w be built4 ,! plant = ! con/ruction ( ! locks is practically in/all$ & ready = "w1 x be+ op]at$ entirely by electricity4 ,at ! ,p$ro ,miguel locks #gae1gbf cubic y>ds 7 remov$ 9 #aijh-'ji4 ,"o lock *amb] 0 complet$ to grade1 b #de1jjj cubic y>ds rema9 = removal 9 ! o!r "o4 ,at ,miraflores "w 0 done ! pa/ ye> ) /eam %ovels & "o suction dr$ge4 ,! total am\nt excavat$ 0 #a1adg1ebg cubic y>ds :i* is "o-half ( ! total e/imat$ quantity4 ,,ix4 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,dams ,! ,gatun dam has ar\s$ m adv]se criticism ?an any o!r canal feature4 ,mo/ />tl+ /atem5ts h be5 made conc]n+ x4 ,its hi/ory is wor?y ( notice4 ,! fir/ /udy ( ! ,panama r\te "u ,unit$ ,/ates au?ority 0 made by an ,i/hmian ,canal ,commission ( :i* ,admiral ,walk] 0 *airman & ,g5]als ,ha9s & ,ern/ & ,mr4 ,noble 7 memb]s4 ,) respect to ! location ( locks1 ! report ( ?is commission said3 8,no location suitable = a dam exi/s 9 ! ,*agres ,riv] bel[ ,bohio04 ,ha9s & ,ern/ sign$ ?is report4 ,9 a pap] read be=e ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s on ,m>* #e1 #aijb1 ,mr4 ,george ,s4 ,morison1 a v di/+ui%$ ,am]ican eng9e]1 said3 8,all eng9e]s :o h exam9$ ! r\te ( ! ,panama ,canal agree t ! neighborhood ( ,bohio is ! only available location = a dam by :i* ! summit level mu/ be ma9ta9$04 ,"u au?ority ( ! ,presid5t1 by executive ord] dat$ ,june #bd1 #aije1 a bo>d ( consult+ eng9e]s 0 appo9t$ to consid] ! v>i\s plans propos$ = ! con/ruction ( a canal across ! ,i/hmus4 ,! m9ority ( ! bo>d1 z has be5 /at$ be=e1 recomm5d$ a lock canal ) a dam at ,gatun4 ,! majority ( ! bo>d1 #h to #e1 oppos$ ! idea ( a dam & locks at ,gatun on two gr\nds3 fir/1 t ! introduction ( locks 9 a treatm5t ( ! "q 0 objectionable f _m po9ts ( view2 &1 second1 t ! ma9t5ance ( a summit by means ( an e>? dam ( imm5se magnitude to control ! flood wat]s ( ?is riv] introduc$ an elem5t ( great dang] s9ce ! dam1 )\t %eet pil+1 0 propos$ to be f\nd$ on ! alluvial-fill$ gorges ( ! ,*agres ,riv]1 :]e ! dep? at "o po9t ext5d$ #beh feet bel[ ! level ( ! sea4 ,( ! m9ority above m5tion$ "o memb]1 ,mr4 ,noble1 0 a memb] ( ! =m] ,commission :o _h report$ t ,bohio 0 ! l[e/ po9t on ! ,*agres :]e a dam 0 practicable4 ,! report 0 review$ by ! ,i/hmian ,canal ,commission :i* includ$ among its memb]s ,major ,h>rod & ,g5]als ,ha9s & ,ern/4 ,!y all indors$ ! m9ority report1 not)/&+ ! fact t 9 ,m>*1 #aije1 ,major ,h>rod 0 oppos$ to any lock plan1 & t 8 two associates _h said 9 #aija t no prop] site = a dam exi/$ bel[ ,bohio4 ,x is true t e consid]ation ( ! ,panama ,canal type by any unau?oriz$ body reject$ ! idea ( a dam at ,gatun1 & its indorsem5t is conf9$ to a m9ority ( ! bo>d ( consult+ eng9e]s & to ?ree memb]s ( ! canal commission :o _h previ\sly ei!r be5 9 favor ( a sea-level canal or :o _h said1 9 effect1 t ,gatun 0 n a prop] site = ! dam4 ,! attitude ( ! majority ( ! bo>d ( consult+ eng9e]s ^u ?is mo/ important "q is be/ %[n by an extract f its report4 8,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t is propos+ to exp5d _m millions ( doll>s = ! con/ruction ( ?is great wat]way :i* is to s]ve ! comm]ce ( ! _w = all "t & ! v exi/5ce ( :i* w\ld dep5d ^u ! p]man5t /ability & unque/ion$ safety ( all dams4 ,! bo>d is !re=e ( ! op9ion t ! exi/5ce ( su* co/ly facilities = ! _w's comm]ce %\ld n dep5d ^u great res]voirs held by e>? embankm5ts re/+ lit]ally ^u mud f\ndations or ^? ( ev5 s& & gravel4 ,! bo>d is unqualifi$ly ( op9ion t no su* va/ & d\btful exp]im5t %\ld be indulg$ 91 b1 on ! contr>y1 t e "w ( :atev] nature %\ld be s design$ & built z to include only ^? features :i* exp]i5ce has demon/rat$ to be positively safe & effici5t04 ,! rem>kable div]sity ( /atem5t 9 reg>d to ?is dam is %[n by ! foll[+ quotations4 ,mr4 ,tell] 9 a spee* 9 ! la/ session ( ,congress said 9 "p1 8,let me say a ^w or two ab\t ! great dam to be built at ,gatun4 ,we 7 told 9 ! beg9n+ t ! eng9e]s w\ld f9d a f\ndation ^u :i* !y c\ld build a safe dam4 ,! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t decl>$ !y _h f\nd su* a f\ndation2 our own eng9e]s decl>$ !y _h f\nd x4 ,x turn$ out t !y _h /ruck "s float+ pieces ( rock 9 ! mud1 & :5 !y _h gone d[n #bhg feet !y f\nd ! same conditions practically t !y f\nd 9 ! fir/ #ej feet4 ,! place :]e x is propos$ to con/ruct ?is dirt dam1 :i* w be half a mile wide & #ace feet high 7n[ #aae feet71 is a great swamp4 ,no su* dam has ev] be5 built 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 & ! eng9e]s ( ! _w1 ) few exceptions1 h decl>$ x _c be built4 ,! dam at ,gatun is to be built ^u a f\ndation ( d\btful safety1 & !re is n an eng9e] 9 ! c\ntry :o does n "k t x is d\btful04 ,l9don ,w4 ,bates1 9 8 8,retrieval at ,panama01 says1 8,! utt] indiff]5ce to real in=mation z to exi/+ conditions at ,panama has be5 a/\nd+4 ,despite1 = in/ance1 ! private k ( ! ,commission 9 #aijf ?r\gh _! la/ #ae mon?s t ! bores 9 ^! ,gatun gorges 7 fl[+ bores1 n "o additional te/ _h be5 und]tak5 9 !m4 ,9 summ>y ( f\ndation conditions "o ?+ is c]ta94 ,fir/ & =emo/ & indisp5sibly !re mu/ be at ! ,i/hmus1 s9ce ! und]gr\nd conditions h be5 reveal$1 ! safe b>r+ (f ( p]meable /rata "u ! crucial dam4 ,?is _c be done at ,gatun = ! high dam04 ,on ! o!r h& an editorial 9 ! ,eng9e]+ ,news ( ,febru>y #be1 #aiji1 says1 8,we c te/ify f actual p]sonal obs]vation & /udy ( ! dam site & ( ! bor+s & pits t ! ,gatun dam w be z safe & p]man5t z any /ructure ev] re>$ by man04 ,9 ! ,presid5t's message ( ,febru>y #ag1 #aiji !re is ?is /atem5t1 8,z to ! ,gatun dam itself1 !y 7! bo>d ( eng9e]s7 %[ t n only is ! dam safe1 b t on ! :ole ! plan already adopt$ w\ld make x ne$lessly high & /rong1 & accord+ly !y recomm5d t its height be r$uc$ by #bj feet1 :i* *ange ,i h accord+ly direct$04 ,9 ! ,eng9e]+ ,news ( ,april #a1 #aiji is ! foll[+ /atem5t1 8,if a private corporation1 n subject to ! clamor ( public criticism 7 confront$ ) ! task ( ?r[+ a dam across ! ,*agres ,valley at ,gatun1 !y w\ld build a /ructure :i* w\ld be n m ?an "o-fif? ! size ( t :i* is n[ be+ built !re04 ,f>!r on 9 ! same article a comp>ison ( ! ,gatun dam ) alluvial dams ( ,india & ! levees along ! ,mississippi is summ$ up ) ^! words1 8,comp>$ ) any & all ( ^! ! conditions = safe & p]man5t dam con/ruction at ,gatun may be consid]$ ideal04 ,is x any wond] t p are confus$ & disgu/$ :5 !y attempt to obta9 ! tru?8 ,! l5g? ( ! dam is to be #g1gjj feet1 b ! natural surface rea*es or exce$s ! dam elevation 9 ?ree places = ab\t #gjj feet 9 all4 ,at ! level ( #ba feet above ! sea x w be ab\t #b1fjj feet long 9 two sections1 sep>at$ by ,spillway ,hill4 ,accord+ to ! eng9e]'s report ! dam w re/ ^u br[n or blue clay & silt4 ,"u ! dam !re are two geologic gorges1 "o #ahe feet deep 7bel[ sea level7 & ! o!r #bee feet deep4 ,^! are fill$ ) riv] alluvium & o!r deposits1 consi/+1 accord+ to (ficial reports1 ( silt1 soil1 br[n & blue clay1 rott5 wood1 s&1 & gravel--! mo/1 if n all ( x wat] be>+4 ,! cross-sectional area ( ! %all[] gorge is #bje1jjj squ>e feet & ( ! deep] "o #abj1jjj squ>e feet4 7,= pr(ile1 cross-section1 & plan see ! foll[+ page47 ,! dam is to consi/ ( two piles ( rock #a1bjj feet ap>t & c>ri$ up to #fj feet above mean tide ) ! space betwe5 !m & up to #aae feet above sea-level fill$ by select$ mat]ial deposit$ 9 place by ! hydraulic process4 ,a slip occurr$ at "o ( ^! rock toes dur+ ,novemb]1 #aijh1 & caus$ consid]able al>m ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 s mu*1 9 fact1 t ! ,presid5t s5t ,w4 ,h4 ,taft ) a gr\p ( #g not$ eng9e]s to inve/igate4 ,!y report$ t 8,a full /udy ( all ! data & ( ! mat]ial1 & ( ! plans t are propos$ leaves no d\bt 9 our m9ds z to ! safe1 tight1 & durable "* ( ! ,gatun dam04 ,at ! close ( ! fiscal ye> #aijh-'ji ?ree #bj-;in* suction dr$ges 7 deposit+ mat]ial ov] ! area betwe5 ! rock piles1 & ! fill _h rea*$ an av]age elevation ( #af feet above sea-level4 ,a total ( #b1eja1cgb cubic y>ds 0 plac$ 9 ! dam dur+ ! ye>4 ,excavation ?r\gh ! ,spillway ,hill 0 practically complet$ & #cj1dfd cubic y>ds ( concrete laid4 ,dur+ ! ye> #cei1hba cubic y>ds ( mat]ial 7 remov$ f ,spillway hill by /eam %ovels & plac$ on ! dam4 ,! orig9al canal plans provid$ = a flight ( two locks at ,la ,boca1 ne> ! ,pacific1 & "o at ,p$ro ,miguel4 ,/eps 7 tak5 to con/ruct ! =m] & tre/les 7 built along ! toes f :i* to dump mat]ial f ,culebra ,cut4 ,! tre/les fail$ aft] dump+ began & mat]ial ov]ly+ ! rock mov$ lat]ally1 ! movem5t cont9u+ = two weeks 9 "s places4 ,aft] ?is result ^! dams 7 ab&on$ s t in/ead ( locks at ,la ,boca !y w be built at ,miraflores4 ,ano!r reason = ! *ange besides poor f\ndations is ! milit>y advantages ( ! latt] ov] ! =m] position4 ,bo? ! dams at ,p$ro ,miguel & ,miraflores w be con/ruct$ ( two rock piles1 ! portion betwe5 be+ fill$ by hydraulic me?ods4 ,v little "w has be5 done ^u !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,,pr(ile ,,on ,,! ,,axis ,,( ,,! ,,gatun ,,dam ,,site ,,%[+ ,,und]ly+ ,,mat]ial ,,z ,,det]m9$ ,,by ,,bor+4 7,f ,report ( ,c4 ,m4 ,saville1 ,assi/ant ,eng9e]1 ,augu/ #bi1 #aijh47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,revis$ cross-section ( ,gatun ,dam z recomm5d$ by ,bo>d ( ,consult+ ,eng9e]s1 ,febru>y1 #aiji4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,,g5]al ,,plan ,,( ,,gatun ,,dam4 ,x4 ,,sanitation ,at ,panama ! seasons are divid$ into two well def9$ p]iods3 ! dry1 or w9t]1 & ! wet1 or summ] seasons4 ,by ?is occurr5ce ( maximum moi/ure & maximum heat1 ! heal? conditions are made ! wor/ possible4 ,! dry season includes ! mon?s ( ,janu>y1 ,febru>y1 ,m>* & ,april1 ! ra9y season ! rema9d] ( ! ye>4 ,dur+ ! dry season ! av]age temp]ature at ,colon = #f ye>s 0 #gj4e ,f1 ) a mon?ly maximum ( #ij4i ,f1 :i* came 9 ,janu>y1 & a mon?ly m9imum ( #fh4d 9 ! same mon?4 ,dur+ ! ra9y season ! maximum av]age temp]ature = any mon? occurr$ 9 ,octob] & 0 #ia4i ,f4 ,! m9imum 0 #ff4i ,f41 = ,augu/4 ,a record ( #ae ye>s at ,colon %[s a maximum ra9fall ( #aed4i in*es & a mean ( #acj4b in*es4 ,f\r ye>s' records at ,panama %[ a maximum ( #hd4gc in*es & an av]age ( #ff4h in*es4 ,at ,culebra ! records = #c ye>s %[$ a maximum ( #ih4ig in*es & a m9imum ( #fd4be in*es4 ,! mo/ common =ms ( disease on ! ,i/hmus are due to fev]s4 ,accord+ to good au?ority ! mo/ sickly p]iod is ,septemb]1 ,octob] & ,novemb]1 dur+ :i* "t dys5t]y & a sev]e bili\s fev] are v common4 ,=eign]s seldom acquire ! immunity ( ! natives f local diseases4 ,! ,i/hmus by v>i\s writ]s has be5 call$1 8,! ,grave ( ! ,european01 8,! ,pe/-,h\se ( ! ,tropics01 & "o au?or says t "h truly 8,life dies & dea? lives04 ,on acc\nt ( ! heal? conditions ! labor "q is greatly complicat$4 ,= ?is reason extreme c>e has be5 tak5 by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t to d all 9 ! p[] ( sci5ce to make ! zone a heal?y locality4 ,sanitation exp5ses w av]age at lea/ #b1jjj1jjj p] ye>4 ,! "w has be5 "u ! direct sup]vision ( ,colonel ,w4 ,c4 ,gorgas4 ,! w> on ! mosquito has be5 cont9ual & unrel5t+4 ,= ! fir/ two mon?s ( ! fiscal ye> #aijh-'ji1 ! "w 9 ! ,canal ,zone1 consi/$ ( ! collection & disposal ( g>bage & night soil1 ! cutt+ ( grass & bru%1 & sanit>y dra9age & oil+4 ,9 ! t]m9al cities ! "w consi/s ( inspection1 fumigation1 grass cutt+1 surface dra9age1 & oil+ undra9$ areas4 ,?is dep>tm5t also has *>ge ( ! hospitals & ( ! qu>ant9e4 ,z f> z possible all ! sick are conc5trat$ at ,ancon4 ,la/ ye>'s records %[ an improvem5t ov] ! prec$+ ye>4 ,! total numb] ( employees admitt$ to ! hospitals & sick camps am\nt$ to #df1aid1 repres5t+ #bc4di z ! numb] ( m5 sick daily z aga9/ #bc4he = ! prec$+ ye>4 ,! numb] ( dea?s 0 #ecj4 ,accord+ to ^! figures ! ,canal ,zone is "o ( ! heal?ie/ communities 9 ! _w2 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! population !re consi/s ( m5 & wom5 9 ! prime ( life & t a numb] ( ! sick are return$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates be=e dea? ov]takes !m4 ,!re 7 no cases ( plague or yell[ fev] orig9at+ on ! ,i/hmus dur+ ! ye> #aijh-'ji4 ,! la/ case ( yell[ fev] occurr$ 9 ,may1 #aijf4 ,a supply ( p]fectly heal?ful wat] has be5 secur$ by ! con/ruction ( res]voir at diff]5t po9ts ( ! ,zone1 & ! ,commission hotels & cottages h all ! advantages ( an excell5t mod]n wat] sy/em4 ,,xi4 ,,social ,,life ,^? :o h endeavor$ to bett] ! /&>d ( social life at ,panama h met ) difficulties always connect$ ) an ent]prise ( ! "* & magnitude ( ! great ,canal4 ,x is surpris+ :at has be5 accompli%$4 ,que/ionable amusem5ts !re are1 b t is to be expect$ among su* an assemblage ( m54 ,nev]!less1 ! conditions ( liv+ !re are gradually approa*+ :at we f9d 9 ! av]age community 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!re is a well organiz$ s*ool sy/em 9 ! ,canal ,zone4 ,twelve s*ools are ma9ta9$ = :ite *ildr5 & sev5te5 = color$ *ildr54 ,! highe/ mon?ly enrollm5t 0 #fge :ites & #a1dag color$ pupils4 ,!re is a sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools & assi/ant sup]visor ( prim>y grades4 ,two high s*ools are 9 op]ation1 "o at ,culebra & "o at ,cri/obal4 ,*ildr5 at o!r po9ts 9 ! ,zone requir+ high s*ool in/ruction are giv5 free transportation ov] ! railroad by ! ,commission4 ,in/ruction is giv5 9 algebra1 geometry1 physical geography1 g5]al hi/ory1 botany1 ,engli%1 ,g]man1 ,fr5*1 ,spani%1 & ,lat94 ,!re 7 b #be *ildr5 :o took high s*ool "w 9 #aijh-'ji4 ,9 addition to ! transportation giv5 high s*ool pupils1 transportation is giv5 to *ildr5 9 t[ns :]e no :ite s*ools are ma9ta9$4 ,la/ ye> *ildr5 7 also c>ri$ by wagon f ,balboa to ,ancon1 z 7 high s*ool pupils f ,empire & ,culebra4 ,a boat & f]ryman 7 employ$ 9 two cases4 ,qu>t]s are furni%$ free to all ! m51 m>ri$ & unm>ri$4 ,roosevelt1 ^u 8 return f ,panama said ! wives ( ! employees seem$ satisfi$ ) _! home life & surr\nd+s4 ,! h\ses are excell5t consid]+ ! conditions4 ,employees pur*ase all necess>y supplies f gov]nm5t commiss>ies at ab\t ! same prices z are curr5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,on e workday a refrig]ator c> runs f ,colon to ,panama & deliv]s to ! v>i\s villages all ord]s previ\sly plac$ = supplies su* z ice1 meat1 vegetables & fruit4 ,paym5t is made by ! use ( c\pons1 _! values be+ d$uct$ f ! employee's sal>y4 ,employees are all[$ free m$ical1 surgical1 & hospital att5dance1 includ+ m$ic9es & food :ile 9 ! hospital4 ,employees ) sal>ies fix$ on an annual or mon?ly basis receive no pay = ov]time "w b if _! heal? requires x1 w be grant$ a leave ( #f weeks abs5ce or less dur+ ! ye> ) full pay4 ,^? :o are paid by ! h\r d1 ( c\rse1 receive pay = ov]time "w4 ,a numb] ( suitable *ur* build+s has be5 erect$ by ! ,commission4 ,!y are two-/ory build+s1 ! upp] floors be+ fitt$ up z lodge rooms & ! fir/ floor = religi\s purposes4 ,practically e religi\s d5om9ation is n[ repres5t$ on ! ,i/hmus by ! *apla9s employ$ by ! ,commission4 ,roosevelt /at$ aft] 8 visit to ! ,zone t 8,x is imp]atively necess>y to provide ample recreation & amusem5t if ! m5 are to be kept well & heal?y40 ,to ?is end f\r clubh\ses h be5 complet$ at ,culebra1 ,empire1 ,gorgona1 & ,cri/obal & sev]al m are contemplat$4 ,! f\r are alike 9 design1 & consi/ ( a front build+ ( two /ories connect$ ) a re> build+ ( "o /ory4 ,! front "p is #ace feet by #de feet1 & conta9s a social p>lor1 a c>d room1 a billi>d & writ+ room on ! fir/ floor & an assembly hall on ! second floor4 ,! re> build+1 #ajj feet by #bh feet1 conta9s a d\ble b[l+ alley1 a gymnasium1 %[] ba?s1 & ov] a hundr$ s+le lock]s4 ,! ,commission1 assi/$ by ! ,"y ,m5's ,*ri/ian ,association1 manages ^! build+s4 ,besides furni%+ a libr>y ( #ghg volumes to ea* ( ^! build+s provision is made = ! deliv]y ( #ajj weekly & mon?ly p]iodicals4 ,la/ ye> #aijh-'ji1 #b1adj employees avail$ !mselves ( regul> memb]%ip privileges4 ,! memb]%ip rate is #aj doll>s p] ye>4 ,! fact t #ef1hce games 9 b[l+ took place dur+ ! ye> %[s ! ext5sive use made ( ^! build+s4 ,!re are v>i\s a?letic organizations on ! ,i/hmus4 ,gymnasium activities h consi/$ mo/ly ( basket ball & indoor baseball4 ,field sports are sometimes held on moonlight nights & holidays4 ,an a?letic p>k has be5 built ne> ,cri/obal4 ,dur+ ! ye> !re 7 #ha p]=mances giv5 by lyceum & vaudeville tal5t f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) an att5dance ( #ah1bbe4 ,*ess1 *eck]1 glee1 m9/rel1 dramatic1 & or*e/ra clubs h be5 successfully ma9ta9$4 8,^! associations h held a vital relation to ! canal con/ruction 9 promot+ cont5tm5t among employees1 furni%+ heal?ful amusem5t1 effect+ great] p]man5cy ( ! =ce1 & 9 elevat+ ! /&>ds ( liv+04 ,,xii4 ,,economic ,,importance ,! economic importance ( ! ,panama ,canal is a fruitful topic = discussion4 ,"s au?orities ?9k t a l>ge %>e ( ! _w's comm]ce w naturally & imm$iately use ?is new pa? betwe5 ! oceans2 b ! g5]al op9ion ( ^? be/ fitt$ to decide is t ! canal w n be a pay+ inve/m5t1 at lea/ = ! fir/ ye>s ( its op]ation4 ,z a ,g]man pap] puts x1 8,nobody ?9ks ( remun]ativ5ess any m4 ,! fruits ( ! ent]prise consi/ 9 indirect pr(its2 !y mu/ be look$ = 9 ! milit>y-political field & 9 ! promotion ( ,am]ican comm]ce4 ,9 ?is lies ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! situation04 ,f a comm]cial /&po9t ! canal w be ( little or no advantage to ,europe = ! way to ! :ole ( ea/]n ,asia & ,au/ralia1 inclusive ( ,new ,zeal& via ! ,suez ,canal w rema9 mu* ne>]4 ,= ,europe1 !n1 ! only sav+ is 9 traffic ) ! we/ coa/ ( ,am]ica4 ,9 comm]ce ) we/]n ,s\? ,am]ica ,engl& occupies fir/ place1 & is foll[$ by ,g]many1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,france1 9 ! ord] nam$4 ,x is to be not$ t vessels trad+ ) ! s\!rn portion ( ! we/ coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica w pref] to g ar\nd ,cape ,horn r ?an pay ! tolls ?r\gh ! ,panama ,canal4 ,! greate/ comm]cial advantage comes to ! ea/]n ports ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 namely #i1eca nautical miles betwe5 ,new ,york & ,san ,francisco1 s t ,new ,york on ?is r\te ga9s #b1hhi miles m1 = example1 ?an ,hamburg1 ,g]many4 ,! ma9 fact1 h[ev]1 is t ?is sav+ is s l>ge on ! r\te f ,new ,york to ,ea/]n ,asia & ,au/ralia t x *anges ! pres5t disadvantage ( ,new ,york into an advantage :5 comp>$ ) _m ,european ports4 ,f ,hamburg to ,hongkong1 via ,suez1 ! di/ance is #aj1edb miles2 f ,new ,york to ,hongkong1 via ,suez1 x is #aa1fee miles4 ,! ,panama ,canal w give no?+ to ,hamburg b a sav+ ( #a1hbj miles to ,new ,york s t ! di/ance w be #gjg miles less ?an f ,hamburg4 ,9 r\tes to ! m nor!rn ports ( ea/]n ,asia1 z well z to ^? ( ea/]n ,au/ralia1 ! ga9 ( ,new ,york is /ill great]4 ,f ,hamburg via ,suez to ,melb\rne is #ab1cfg miles2 f ,new ,york #ab1ejj miles4 ,via ,panama1 h[ev]1 ! di/ance f ,new ,york is only #aj1dbg miles1 s t ,new ,york w be ab\t #b1jjj miles ne>] ?an ,hamburg4 ,9 _m cases !re=e ! ,panama ,canal w give ,new ,york a decid$ advantage ov] ,european ports4 ,!re are o!r ?an comm]cial reasons = build+ ! canal4 ,! effect :i* x w h ^u ! tropical di/ricts ( ! we/ is wor? consid]+4 ,an au?or on 8,social ,evolution0 9 describ+ ?is region said t !re are only two words :i* adequately repres5t ! conditions ( ?is c\ntry1 8an>*y & bankruptcy01 & he sugge/s remov+ ! an>*y by ! sub/itution ( /rong & righte\s gov]nm5t4 ,c any "o d\bt t ! con/ruction ( an int]national wat]way ?r\gh ! ,i/hmus w t5d to improve adm9i/ration 9 ! ,am]ican tropics8 ,illu/ration3 ,,g5]al ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,canal ,,zone ,,& ,,! ,,panama ,,canal ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,punctuation & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ?is book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,! orig9al text 0 typ$1 n pr9t$4 ,consequ5tly1 !re 7 m typographical errors ?an w\ld normally be f\nd 9 a book1 & ,transcrib]s correct$ mo/ ( !m )\t not+ ! individual corrections "h4 ,ambigu\s hyph5s at ! ends ( l9es 7 reta9$2 occurr5ces ( inconsi/5t hyph5ation h n be5 *ang$4 ,transcrib] segm5t$ ! map at ! end ( ! book into ?ree l>g] p>ts = readability1 9 addition to reta9+ an image ( ! orig9al4 8,m>atime0 0 pr9t$ t way1 twice2 8,m>itime0 did n occur 9 ?is book4 ,page #c3 8conc5sus0 0 pr9t$ t way4 ,page #ae3 8built on ! lock canal0 0 pr9t$ z 8built on ! sea-level canal01 b 8sea-level0 0 cross$ out by h& & replac$ by :at appe>s to be 8,loc04 ,giv5 ! context & "n ( ! *apt]1 ,transcrib]s decid$ x 0 int5d$ to be 8lock04