,text betwe5 und]scores repres5t texts pr9t$ 9 italics2 text betwe5 tildes repres5ts text pr9t$ 9 a sans-s]if font 7to indicate %ape r ?an lett]74 ,m ,transcrib]'s ,notes may be f\nd at ! end ( ?is text4 ,,! ,,municipal ,,& ,,sanit>y ,,eng9e]',s ,,h&book4 ,,! ,,municipal ,,& ,,sanit>y ,,eng9e]',s ,,h&book4 ,,by ,h4 ,,p]cy ,,b\lnois1 ,m4 ,,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,m4 ,,san4 ,,in/4 ,,gt4 ,,brita92 ,,bor\gh ,,eng9e]1 ,,portsm\?2 ,,late ,,city ,,surveyor1 ,,exet]2 ,,au?or ,,( 8,,dirty ,,du/-,,b9s ,,& ,,sloppy ,,/reets10 8,,annihilation ,,( ,,sew] ,,gases10 ,,etc4 8,,salus ,,populi ,,suprema ,,lex40 ,illu/ration ,,london3 ,e4 ,f4 ,n4 ,,spon1 #af1 ,,*>+ ,,cross4 ,,new ,,york3 #ce1 ,,murray ,,/reet4 #ahhc4 ,,preface4 ,9 c>ry+ out ! _m duties devolv+ ^u a ,bor\gh ,surveyor1 x has s (t5 be5 my wi% to turn to a practical book ( ref]5ce ^u ! _m subjects connect$ ) ^! duties1 t ,i h writt5 ! foll[+ pages2 & ,i tru/ t !y w =m a useful ,h&book4 ,h4 ,,p]cy ,,b\lnois4 ,,portsm\?1 ,may1 #ahhc4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,t[n ,,surveyor4 ,(fice ( surveyor fir/ legalis$ -- ,clause ( ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge1 mak+ appo9tm5t -- ,division ( ,engl& into di/ricts -- ,surveyor to ,rural ,au?ority -- ,clauses ( ,act ref]r+ to surveyor -- ,title ( 8,surveyor0 is an errone\s "o -- ,li/ ( subjects on :i* he has (t5 to advise -- ,want ( ,gov]nm5t protection = surveyor -- ,mr4 ,lewis ,angell on protection -- ,reasons = ,gov]nm5t refusal -- ,"t w effect a *ange page #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,appo9tm5t ,,( ,,surveyor4 ,sub-committee to fix sal>y & duties -- ,specim5 report & li/ ( duties -- ,te/ ( m]it necess>y -- ,exam9ation by ,sanit>y ,in/itute ( ,great ,brita9 -- ,p>ticul>s ( ^! exam9ations -- ,syllabus ( subjects -- ,specim5s ( exam9ation pap]s -- ,au?oritative exam9ation1 h[ev]1 /ill necess>y -- ,me?ods to be adopt$ to obta9 appo9tm5t ( surveyor -- ,canvass+ #aj ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,surveyor',s ,,duties4 ,public ,heal? ,act & surveyors ( highways -- ,li/ ( duties devolv+ ^u surveyor 9 consequ5ce -- ,meet+s ( bo>ds & committees -- ,li/ ( suitable names = committees -- ,punctuality -- ,reports -- ,me?odical habits #bj ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,traffic4 ,int]e/s involv$ 9 con/ruction & ma9t5ance ( /reets -- ,requirem5ts ( a good roadway -- ,we>+ effect ( traffic -- ,mr4 ,deacon's /&>d -- ,effect ( horses' ho(s on roadways -- ,rem>ks on %oe+ -- ,traction on roads -- ,tables ( resi/ance -- ,=ces t5d+ to de/roy mom5tum -- ,table ( tractive =ce1 etc4 -- ,ano!r table giv+ incl9ations -- ,prop] gradi5ts ( roadways -- ,table ( resi/ance by ,crompton -- ,:eel resi/ance -- ,mr4 ,haywood & safety ( traffic -- ,/opp+ & />t+ vehicles -- ,safe wid? ( roadways -- ,vehicles & p$e/rians pass+ ea* o!r -- ,sanctu>ies -- ,dang] ( cross+s #be ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,macadamis$ ,,roadways4 ,lay+ out new roads -- ,macadamis$ roads a luxury -- ,tel=d & ,macadam -- ,specification ( roadway1 fifty ye>s ago -- ,mod]n specification ( roadway -- ,advantages ( ,tel=d's sy/em -- ,h>d core -- ,concrete -- ,table ( dep?s ( mat]ials -- ,ellice ,cl>ke's tables ( comp>ative co/ -- ,fur!r p>ticul>s ( comp>ative co/ -- ,/reets ( ,p>is -- ,cross section ( roadway -- ,objections to macadamis$ roadways -- ,notes on ma9t5ance -- ,bitum9\s roadways #cd ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,road ,,metal ,,& ,,break+4 ,te/ ( fitness ( /one -- ,prim>y inve/igations -- ,qualities necess>y -- ,li/ ( /ones us$ z road metal -- ,v>iety ( mat]ials us$ -- ,table ( comp>ative effici5cy ( road metal 9 ,france -- ,h&-brok5 /one -- ,gaug+ ! size -- ,quantity brok5 p] diem -- ,ma*9es = break+ /ones -- ,price ( ma*9es -- ,"w effect$ by ma*9]y -- ,precautions necess>y -- ,objections to ma*9]y -- ,weight ( brok5 /one -- ,specification = supply ( road metal #dh ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,road ,,roll+4 ,fir/ introduction ( roll]s -- ,mr4 ,p>ry on /eam roll+ -- ,co/ = repairs -- ,numb] ( m5 necess>y -- ,fuel us$ -- ,o!r uses = eng9e p[] -- ,spikes = *equ]+ -- ,b9d+ mat]ial -- ,gradi5ts -- ,"w effect$ -- ,description ( mann] 9 :i* roll] %\ld be appli$ -- ,me?od adopt$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates -- ,use ( roll] = repairs ( roads -- ,me?od adopt$ at ,gl\ce/] -- ,effect ( weight ( roll] on roads -- ,advantages ( /eam roll+ -- ,mr4 ,paget on roll+ -- ,disadvantages ( /eam roll+ -- ,horse roll]s #fj ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,pit*$ ,,pavem5ts4 ,economy "u heavy traffic -- ,noise & slipp]9ess -- ,improvem5ts effect$ -- ,size ( setts -- ,description ( be/ class ( /ones -- ,mr4 ,walk] & we> ( /ones -- ,! ,eu/on pavem5t -- ,! ,guidet pav+ -- ,man*e/] pavem5t -- ,concrete f\ndations -- ,gr\t+ -- ,bitum9\s mixture -- ,/one tram-tracks #gc ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,wood ,,pav+4 ,fir/ introduc$ into metropolis -- ,improvem5ts s9ce -- ,li/ & description ( _m v>i\s mod]n me?ods -- ,sanit>y objections to wood pavem5t -- ,p[] ( absorption ( wood -- ,pres]v+ processes -- ,we> ( wood pav+ -- ,diff]5t e/imates ( life -- ,woods employ$ -- ,advantages ( ?is description ( pav+ -- ,objections to x -- ,co/ ( wood pavem5t -- ,tables ( co/ & life -- ,specification ( wood pavem5t #ha ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,compress$ ,,asphalte ,,roadways4 ,description ( asphalte -- ,mr4 ,del&'s te/ -- ,p]c5tage ( bitum5 necess>y -- ,me?od ( con/ruction ( compress$ asphalte roadway -- ,advantages ( ?is description ( pavem5t -- ,objections to x on acc\nt ( slipp]9ess -- ,gradi5t -- ,co/ ( asphalte pavem5t -- ,tables on ! subject -- ,specifications = a compress$ asphalte roadway -- ,o!r descriptions ( asphalte roadways -- ,h9ts on ! success or ! rev]se ( asphalte roadways #if ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,footpa?s4 ,f\ndation -- ,li/ ( mat]ials = footpa?s -- ,ma/ic asphalte -- ,description ( mann] ( lay+ -- ,proportions ( asphalte1 bitum51 & grit -- ,york%ire flagg+ -- ,specification = ,york flagg+ -- ,cai?ness flagg+ -- ,its advantages -- ,blue lias flagg+ -- ,concrete footpa?s -- ,description ( ,am]ican concrete pa? -- ,artificial /one pavem5ts -- ,brick footpa?s -- ,granite slabs -- ,artificial asphalte pa?s -- ,specification ( t> pavem5t -- ,am]ican t> pavem5t -- ,gravel footpa?s -- ,sections ( pa?s -- ,t>r$ pa?s #ajf ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,k]b+ ,,& ,,*annell+1 ,,etc4 ,necessity = k]b -- ,section ( granite k]b & *annel -- ,sett+ k]b -- ,co/ ( k]b & *annell+ -- ,necessity = gutt] or *annel cross+s -- ,gully grat+s -- ,objects to be atta9$ -- ,draw+ ( a gully-pit -- ,draw+ ( a buddle-hole -- ,mr4 ,baldw9 ,la?am on ! subject #abc ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,light+ ,,/reets4 ,gas v4 ,electricity -- ,public ,heal? ,act on light+ -- ,diff]5t h\rs at :i* public gas lamps are light$ -- ,h9ts = a contract ) a gas company -- ,supply by met] -- ,objections to met]s -- ,regulators -- ,lamp-po/s -- ,lant]ns -- ,burn]s -- ,numb]+ lamps -- ,=mula = det]m9+ di/ance ( lamps -- ,m4 ,s]vi] on spread+ light uni=mly -- ,tables ( diff]5t lights -- ,po9ts to be consid]$ 9 public light+ by electricity -- ,motive p[] requir$ -- ,ma*9]y necess>y -- ,regulations z reg>ds fire risks -- ,lamps -- ,value ( electric light -- ,difficulty ( photometrical measurem5t -- ,co/ ( electric light -- ,mr4 ,%oolbr$'s tables -- ,comp>ative co/ on ,?ames embankm5t -- ,value ( ^! inve/igations -- ,acme ( all light+ #abi ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,/reet ,,nam+ ,,& ,,numb]+4 ,necessity ( nam+ & numb]+ /reets -- ,public ,heal? ,act on ! subject -- ,diff]5t me?ods ( nam+ -- ,m9ton's *9a lett]s -- ,ca/ iron plates -- ,pa9t$ names -- ,enamell$ iron -- ,wood5 figures -- ,enamell$ glass tablets -- ,size ( lett]s -- ,association ( names -- ,me?ods ( numb]+ -- ,=ms ( notice to numb] #adi ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,break+-,,up ,,/reets4 ,! law on ! subject -- ,wat] ,works ,clauses ,act1 #ahdg -- ,consid]ation ( ! clauses -- ,:at is meant by 8plan0 -- ,specim5 ( specification or plan -- ,damage caus$ to roads by op5+ !m -- ,private individuals break+-up /reets -- ,clauses ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act -- ,telegraphs ,act1 #ahfc -- ,clauses ( ?is ,act -- ,advantages & disadvantages ( subways -- ,p[] ( individuals to op5 /reets = dra9s -- ,clauses ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act on ! subject -- ,unc]ta9ty on ! subject -- ,=ms ( notices necess>y -- ,cu/oms prevail+ 9 diff]5t t[ns #aeg ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,ob/ructions ,,9 ,,/reets4 ,li/ ( subjects discuss$ -- ,improv+ l9e ( frontages -- ,assess+ value ( comp5sation -- ,remov+ projections ( build+s -- ,:at are legal projections8 -- ,doors or gates op5+ outw>ds -- ,=ms ( notice necess>y -- ,vaults or cell> cov]+s -- ,=ms ( notice necess>y -- ,advantages ( an 8,easem5t book0 -- ,ra9 wat] f %utes or d[n pipes -- ,=m ( notice necess>y -- ,bl9ds or awn+s ov] pa?s -- ,trees ov]hang+ roadways -- ,=m ( notice necess>y -- ,surface wat] f premises -- ,ho>d+s & scaffolds -- ,dang]\s ,build+s -- ,tall *imney %afts -- ,dang]\s rock -- ,=ms ( notice necess>y -- ,tempor>y ob/ructions #agd ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,improvem5t ,,( ,,private ,,/reets4 ,! #aej? section ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act -- ,criticisms ( ?is section -- ,duties ( ! surveyor 9 connection ) x -- ,specim5 =ms ( notices -- ,c>ry+ out ! "w -- ,tak+ ov] private /reets -- ,agreem5t to take ov] a road -- ,:at is a 8road08 -- ,legal def9ition ( ! t]m /reet #aic ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,new ,,/reets ,,& ,,build+s4 ,important duty ( surveyor -- ,clauses ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act -- ,model bye-laws -- ,:at is a new build+8 -- ,! t]m 8gr\nd floor0 -- ,alt]ation ( exi/+ build+s -- ,deposit ( plans -- ,clauses ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act -- ,clauses necess>y 9 ! bye-laws ) reg>d to deposit -- ,=m ( notice 9 respect ( deposit ( plans -- ,sugge/ions = t[n surveyor 9 connection ) ?is duty & exam9ation ( plans -- ,sup]vision ( build+s 9 c\rse ( erection -- ,/r+5cy ( bye-laws -- ,protection ( life f fire necess>y -- ,p>ty walls ?r\gh ro(s -- ,space at back -- ,fee = inspection #bjf ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,scav5g+4 ,! ,public ,heal? ,act on ! subject -- ,li/ ( duties involv$ by ! clauses ( ! ,act -- ,:at is h\se refuse8 -- ,removal ( trade or g>d5 refuse -- ,position ( du/ b9 -- ,objections to fix$ b9 -- ,diff]5t me?ods ( collection ( refuse -- ,public du/ b9s -- ,h\se to h\se call -- ,receptacles br\ght out into /reets -- ,c>ts employ$ = scav5g+ -- ,life & co/ ( wood5 c>ts -- ,improv$ sanit>y c>ts -- ,disposal ( refuse -- ,me?ods adopt$ 9 v>i\s t[ns -- ,de/ruction by fire -- ,cleans+ ( /reets -- ,ma*9]y v4 h& lab\r -- ,durability ( brooms -- ,scav5g+ at ,liv]pool -- ,quantity ( mat]ial remov$ f roads -- ,cleans+ private c\rts & alleys -- ,removal ( sn[ -- ,mr4 ,hayw>d on ! subject -- ,cl>ke's app>atus -- ,h9ts on removal ( sn[ -- ,/reet wat]+ -- ,sev]al me?ods describ$ -- ,br[n's sy/em -- ,mr4 ,p>ry on h&- wat]+ -- ,headley's ma*9e -- ,/reet wat]+ 9 ,p>is -- ,bayley's ,hydro/atic ,van -- ,mr4 ,scott on wat]+ & /&-pipes -- ,advantage ( us+ dis9fectant ) wat] -- ,co/ ( scav5g+1 c4 -- ,heads = a contract -- ,adm9i/ration ( "w )\t int]v5tion ( contractor ! be/ #bba ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,sew]age4 ,public ,heal? ,act on ! subject -- ,def9ition ( sew] -- ,def9itions ( sew]age & sewage -- ,requirem5ts ( good sy/em ( sew]age -- ,position ( sew]s %\ld be at back ( h\ses -- ,=m ( notice to c>ry sew] ?r\gh private l&s -- ,h9ts = c>ry+ out sew]age -- ,/am=d's jo9t -- ,pipe sew]s -- ,draw+ ( v>i\s pipes -- ,causes ( breakage -- ,causes ( *okage -- ,sep>ate sy/em -- ,advantages ( p>tial sep>ation -- ,li/ ( diff]5t me?ods ( sew]age -- ,dry sy/ems #bea ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,sewage ,,disposal4 ,magnitude ( "q -- ,int]ception -- ,li/ ( me?ods ( disposal -- ,tidal outfalls -- ,broad irrigation -- ,crops = sewage -- ,int]mitt5t filtration -- ,action ( e>? on sewage -- ,me*anical subsid5ce -- ,artificial filt]s -- ,scre5+ -- ,precipitation -- ,li/ ( *emical processes -- ,li/ ( *emical +r$i5ts -- ,disposal ( sludge -- ,effect ( plants on sewage #bfc ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,v5tilation ,,( ,,sew]s4 ,duty ( deal+ ) noxi\s sew] vap\rs -- ,g]m !ory & op5 v5tilation -- ,op5 %afts & objections to !m -- ,%afts aga9/ dwell+s -- ,use ( ra9wat] pipes -- ,use ( lamp po/s -- ,*>coal trays -- ,use ( *imney %afts -- ,l(ty %afts -- ,failure ( furnaces -- ,li/ ( me?ods tri$ -- ,annihilation ( sew] gas -- ,composition ( sew] gas -- ,direction ( fl[ -- ,importance ( disconnect+ h\se dra9s #bga ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,public ,,conv5i5ces4 ,clause ( ,public ,heal? ,act emp[]+ _! erection -- ,selection ( site -- ,con/ruction ( ,ur9als -- ,:y iron is pref]able -- ,description ( ur9als -- ,public w4 c4 accommodation -- ,description ( a simple w4 c4 -- ,j5n+s & ,macf>lane = ur9als #bhj ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,artizans ,,& ,,lab\r]s' ,,dwell+s4 ,! ,act ( #ahfh -- ,mode ( proc$ure "u x -- ,am5dm5t ( ,act 9 #ahgi -- ,fur!r am5dm5t 9 #ahhb -- ,importance ( ?is am5dm5t -- ,act ( #ahge = improvem5t ( dwell+s ( work+ classes -- ,mode ( proc$ure "u x -- ,am5d$ by ,act ( #ahgi -- ,fur!r am5d$1 #ahhb -- ,duties ( surveyor "u ^! acts -- ,heal? ( model dwell+s -- ,description ( indu/rial dwell+s -- ,lab\r+ classes' ,lodg+ ,h\ses ,acts -- ,copy ( bye-laws "u !m -- ,table ( sizes ( rooms #bhd ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,defects ,,9 ,,dwell+-,,h\ses1 ,,etc4 ,cell> dwell+s -- ,clauses ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act on ! subject -- ,insuffici5t w4 c4 accommodation -- ,clauses on ! subject -- ,=ms ( notice to be s]v$ -- ,w4 ,c4 accommodation = factories -- ,h\ses )\t a prop] supply ( wat] -- ,clauses on ! subject -- ,mode ( proc$ure -- ,disadvantages ( ci/]n /orage #bie ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,h\se ,,dra9age4 ,def9ition ( dra9 -- ,difficulty ( always decid+ :at is a dra9 -- ,duties ( surveyor 9 connection ) h\se dra9age -- ,inspection ( new dra9s -- ,=m ( 8regulations0 necess>y by a local au?ority -- ,difficulty ( effici5t inspection -- ,dra9s ( new build+s -- ,inspection ( defective dra9s -- ,sev]al clauses ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act on ! subject -- ,proc$ure necess>y to c>ry !m out -- ,li/ ( a few requirem5ts ( good h\se dra9age -- ,necessity ( regi/] ( all h\se dra9s #cjc ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,public ,,pleasure ,,gr\nds ,,& ,,/reet ,,trees4 ,law emp[]+ acquisition & ma9t5ance ( p>ks1 c4 -- ,duties ( surveyor 9 connection !re) -- ,public playgr\nds -- ,a few h9ts -- ,li/ ( a few useful %rubs -- ,trees 9 gales -- ,plant+ trees at sides ( /reets -- ,qualities necess>y 9 trees = ?is purpose -- ,li/ ( suitable trees -- ,precautions necess>y -- ,grat+ & grill -- ,description ( ,p>is plant+ -- ,co/ ( trees 9 ,p>is -- ,damage to /reet trees #cah ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,public ,,abattoirs4 ,necessity & law = _! e/abli%m5t -- ,defects ( private slaught]-h\ses -- ,legal p[]s to close private slaught]-h\ses -- ,p>ticul>s ( ,london private slaught]-h\ses -- ,site ( public abattoir -- ,! ,man*e/] abattoir -- ,accommodation necess>y -- ,lairs & p5s -- ,! kill+-h\se -- ,floor1 dra9age1 r+s1 pole- axe1 light+1 c4 -- ,ma*9]y = hoi/+ -- ,plans ( public abattoir -- ,condemn$ meat dep>tm5t -- ,pig-kill+ dep>tm5t -- ,blood-h\se -- ,trip]y -- ,tall[ m>ket -- ,o!r accommodation -- ,dr4 ,*ancellor on slaught]-h\ses -- ,diff]5ce betwe5 public & private slaught]-h\ses #cbh ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,,m>kets4 ,law au?oriz+ _! e/abli%m5t -- ,site = a cattle m>ket -- ,accommodation necess>y -- ,pav+ -- ,cattle enclosures -- ,%eep p5s -- ,dim5sions ( p5s & lairs -- ,weigh+ ma*9e -- ,m>kets = g5]al m]*&ise -- ,li/ ( requirem5ts -- ,a few h9ts on _! accommodation #cdd ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,cemet]ies4 ,! surveyor's duties 9 connection ) ^! -- ,"s legal po9ts to be rememb]$ -- ,selection ( site on sanit>y gr\nds -- ,mr4 ,eassie on soils -- ,dr4 ,p>sons on requirem5ts ( cemet]ies -- ,unsuitability ( clay soil -- ,am\nt ( l& necess>y -- ,po9ts to be consid]$ 9 lay+ out a cemet]y -- ,division ( cemet]y -- ,description ( sections -- ,cemet]y rules & regulations -- ,suitable trees = cemet]ies -- ,regulations by ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 #ahfc -- ,cremation -- ,its great advantages ov] burial -- ,area ( "s exi/+ cemet]ies -- ,necessity = reliable in=mation z to causes ( dea? #cej ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,,mortu>ies4 ,evils aris+ f keep+ corpses -- ,"s clauses ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act on ! subject -- ,li/ ( diff]5t descriptions ( mortu>ies -- ,a ,g]man ,lei*5haus -- ,requirem5ts ( a mortu>y -- ,! *apel -- ,! dead-h\se -- ,! po/-mortem room -- ,! coron]'s c\rt -- ,o!r accommodation necess>y -- ,plan ( a model mortu>y -- ,dis9fection -- ,app>atus necess>y -- ,dr4 ,ransom's ma*9e -- ,fet*+ infect$ clo?+ #cfe ,,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,,borr[+ ,,"u ,,! ,,local ,,gov]nm5t ,,bo>d4 ,clauses ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act -- ,/imulus to public works -- ,li/ ( "t = :i* money c be borr[$ -- ,mr4 ,rawl9son on proc$ure & plans1 c41 necess>y -- ,responsibility ( ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d -- ,capta9 ,galton on ,gov]nm5t responsibility #cge ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii4 ,,contracts4 ,clauses ( ,public ,heal? ,act -- ,public contracts diff]5t f private ones -- ,specifications necess>y -- ,conclusion -- ,a li/ ( useful books #cha ,,municipal ,,& ,,sanit>y ,,eng9e]s' ,,h&book4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,t[n ,,surveyor4 ,! (fice ( t[n surveyor 0 fir/ legalis$ by ! ,t[ns ,improvem5t ,clauses ,act #ahdg 7#aj #aa ,vic4 c4 #cd1 s4 #g71a al?\gh = "s consid]able p]iod prior to ?is date simil> appo9tm5ts _h be5 made 9 sev]al ( ! m important ,engli% t[ns1 notably 9 ! case ( ,liv]pool4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ! legal (fice ( surveyor 0 confirm$ by ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahdh 7#aa #ab ,vic4 c4 #fc1 s4 #cg71 & x is n[ law "u ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee73 t compreh5sive /atute1 "u :i* all ,sanit>y ,acts are n[ includ$1 & :i* ,act w be frequ5tly allud$ to 9 ! c\rse ( ?is book4 ,! clause :i* specially ref]s to ! appo9tm5t ( ! surveyor is z foll[s3-- 8,e urban au?ority %all f "t to "t appo9t fit & prop] p]sons to be m$ical (fic] ( heal?1 surveyor1 inspector ( nuisances1 cl]k1 & treasur]3 ,provid$ t if any su* au?ority is emp[]$ by any o!r ,act 9 =ce )9 _! di/rict to appo9t any su* (fic]1 ?is enactm5t %all be deem$ to be satisfi$ by ! employm5t "u ?is ,act ( ! (fic] s appo9t$1 ) su* additional remun]ation z !y ?9k fit1 & no second appo9tm5t %all be made "u ?is ,act4 ,e urban au?ority %all also appo9t or employ su* assi/ants1 collectors1 & o!r (fic]s & s]vants z may be necess>y & prop] = ! effici5t execution ( ?is ,act1 & may make regulations ) respect to ! duties & conduct ( ! (fic]s & s]vants s appo9t$ or employ$ 4 4 40 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #ahi71 & ^! (fic]s 7except ! m$ical (fic] ( heal? & ! inspector ( nuisances1 :5 any portion ( _! sal>y is paid out ( moneys vot$ by ,p>liam5t to ! p[]s ( ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d71 may be remov$ by ! urban au?ority at _! pleasure1 :i* 0 n ! case :5 ! appo9tm5t 0 fir/ made 9 #ahdg4 ,"h x is necess>y to /ate t = sanit>y purposes ,engl& & ,wales are divid$ into two divisions--viz4 urban sanit>y di/ricts & rural sanit>y di/ricts1 ! =m] ( ^! divisions be+ fur!r subdivid$ into bor\ghs1 :]e ! urban sanit>y au?ority is ! mayor1 ald]m51 & burgesses act+ by ! c\ncil1 & di/ricts1 :i* are "u ! au?ority ( improvem5t commission]s or local bo>ds2 ! rural sanit>y di/ricts are ! areas ( unions n includ$ 9 urban di/ricts1 & !y are "u ! au?ority ( ! gu>dians ( ! union4 ,x is my int5tion to deal m p>ticul>ly ) ! duties ( a surveyor act+ "u an urban au?ority1 b ! foll[+ section ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge relates app>5tly to ! appo9tm5t ( a surveyor to a rural au?ority1 al?\gh no m5tion is made 9 ?is or any o!r clause ( ! ,act directly ( su* an (fic] by "n1 except t among/ ! def9itions ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act ! foll[+ appe>s3-- 8#8,surveyor' includes any p]son appo9t$ by a rural au?ority to p]=m any ( ! duties ( surveyor "u ?is ,act0 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #d74 ,! clause ,i h above ref]r$ to is z foll[s3-- 8,e rural au?ority %all f "t to "t appo9t fit & prop] p]sons to be m$ical (fic] or (fic]s ( heal? & inspector or inspectors ( nuisances2 !y %all also appo9t su* assi/ants & o!r (fic]s & s]vants z may be necess>y & prop] = ! effici5t execution ( ?is ,act 4 4 40 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #aij74 ,! foll[+ clauses apply to (fic]s ( rural z well z urban au?orities3-- 8,! same p]son may be bo? surveyor & inspector ( nuisances 4 4 40 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #aib74 8,(fic]s or s]vants appo9t$ or employ$ "u ?is ,act by ! local au?ority %all n 9 any wise be conc]n$ or int]e/$ 9 any b>ga9 or contract made ) su* au?ority = any ( ! purposes ( ?is ,act 4 4 40 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #aic74 8,be=e any (fic] or s]vant ( a local au?ority ent]s on any (fice or employm5t "u ?is ,act by reason :]e( he w or may be entru/$ ) ! cu/ody or control ( money1 ! local au?ority by :om he is appo9t$ %all take f him suffici5t security = ! fai?ful execution ( su* (fice or employm5t & = duly acc\nt+ = all moneys :i* may be entru/$ to him by reason !re(0 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #aid74 ,9 addition to ^! clauses !re are sev]al regulat+ ! receipt ( money by (fic]s1 b ^! %\ld n affect ! t[n surveyor4 ,al?\gh 9 _m places he has ! on]\s duty ( pay+ workm51 c]tify+ tradesm5's acc\nts1 & o!r f9ancial transactions1 he ought "u no circum/ances to h any?+ to d ) ! receipt ( money4 ,un=tunately1 9 "s ( ! small] t[ns ! surveyor is also employ$ z rate collector2 b z ?is is evid5tly a v improp] proce$+1 ,i %all n fur!r allude to x 9 any mann]4 ,x w be obs]v$ t 9 ! =ego+ clauses ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act ! ^w 8surveyor0 is always us$1 & ?us ?is is ! legal title ( ^? hold+ su* appo9tm5ts4 ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t1 al?\gh ?is title may h well suit$ ! (fice up to ! ye> #ahdg1 :5 x 0 made ! legal title1 ! prodigi\s gr[? ( municipal "w dur+ ! la/ #ce ye>s has made x necess>y t "s *ange %\ld be made1 & ! title alt]$ to t ( 8eng9e]10 or "s o!r simil> suitable "n4 ,at ! pres5t "t sev]al diff]5t mean+s & occupations are atta*$ to ! ^w 8surveyor10 z ! foll[+ li/ w %[3--8l& surveyor10 8di/rict surveyor10 8c\nty surveyor10 8road surveyor10 8surveyor ( taxes10 8surveyor ( cu/oms10 8quantity surveyor10 8fire insurance surveyor10 8,lloyd's surveyor10 & a /ill m curi\s in/ance :]e an urban au?ority is itself dubb$ 8surveyor ( highways0 by ! #add? section ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge2 & ! title ( t[n surveyor z n[ appli$ _c b lead to confusion & to p]fectly errone\s impressions z to 8 "w & duties4 ,dr4 ,ackl&1 9 a pap] read be=e ! ,association ( ,municipal & ,sanit>y ,eng9e]s & ,surveyors1 at a di/rict meet+ held at ,ox=d1 makes ! foll[+ rem>ks on ?is po9t3--8,9 ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge 7! summ>y ( all heal? enactm5ts7 ! "n ( #8eng9e]' does n once occur 9 ! #cdc clauses4 ,he is /ill ! old #8surveyor' we all rememb]1 ! plodd+1 en]getic man ( highways & byeways 4 4 4 b !n ! surveyor ( ! pres5t day may be call$ on to advise on any?+1 f ! =m & co/ ( an e>!n syphon trap to ! calculation ( "w to be done by eng9es :i* are to supply half a million ( p]sons ) wat]2 to be responsible = ! con/ruction ( sanit>y me*anisms1 f a h\semaid's s9k to an int]mitt5t d[nw>d filtration f>m40 ,!re c be b little d\bt t x is absolutely necess>y = ! t[n surveyor ( ! pres5t day to be a compet5t civil eng9e] ( great k & v>i$ exp]i5ce1 = he may at any mom5t be call$ ^u to advise 8 corporation ^u any ( ! foll[+ subjects1 or to act 9 any "o ( ! foll[+ capacities1 9 addition to ! multif>i\s ord9>y duties legally devolv+ ^u him z surveyor "u ! ,sanit>y ,acts3-- 7#a47 ,z eng9e] = sew]age & sewage works4 7#b47 ,z eng9e] = wat] & gas works4 7#c47 ,z eng9e] = canals1 docks1 h>b\r improvem5ts1 & riv] navigation1 or = ! protection ( coa/s aga9/ ! encroa*m5ts ( ! sea1 & ! prev5tion ( floods by riv]s4 7#d47 ,z eng9e] = ! con/ruction & ma9t5ance ( roads & bridges4 7#e47 ,z eng9e] = ! con/ruction & ma9t5ance ( l9es ( tramways4 7#f47 ,z ar*itect = ! con/ruction ( lunatic asylums1 municipal (fices1 hospitals1 abattoirs1 mortu>ies1 ba?s & wa%-h\ses1 cemet]y *apels1 /ables1 police /ations1 & o!r simil> works4 7#g47 ,z l&scape g>d5] = ! lay+ out ( public recreation gr\nds1 p>ks1 & cemet]ies4 7#h47 ,z quantity surveyor to make e/imates ( all works1 & (t5 7v improp]ly7 to furni% bills ( quantities to int5d+ contractors4 7#i47 ,z surveyor & valu] to advise 8 employ]s on ! values1 c41 ( corporate or o!r prop]ty4 7#aj47 ,z l& surveyor to make surveys ( any size t may be requir$4 7#aa47 ,z acc\ntant to exam9e & rectify ! workm5's wages %eets1 & all tradesm5's acc\nts = "w p]=m$ or goods suppli$4 ,! =ego+ li/ is no exagg]ation ( ! on]\s duties ( ! t[n surveyor1 & x seems to be a griev\s mi/ake t ?is (fic]1 ^: importance 9 all practical sanit>y "w _c be ov]-/at$ 7z )\t him no useful municipal "w c\ld g on7 has be5 left unprotect$ by ! ,public ,heal? ,act ( #ahge4 ,9 t ,act bo? ! m$ical (fic] ( heal? & ! inspector ( nuisances h receiv$ ,gov]nm5t protection1 :]eas ! surveyor1 ! v (fic] ( all o!rs :o necess>ily is m likely to come into collision & to be unpopul> ) 8 employ]s 9 ! fai?ful dis*>ge ( 8 duties1 has be5 af=d$ no protection :atev]1 b has be5 left to ! t5d] m]cies ( an annually *ang+ body ( municipal gov]nors1 8to be removable at _! pleasure0 7#ch #ci ,vic41 c4 #ee1 s4 #ahi74 ,on ?is highly important po9t ,i _c d bett] ?an quote sev]al passages f ,mr4 ,lewis ,angell's int]e/+ address to ! ,association ( ,municipal & ,sanit>y ,eng9e]s & ,surveyors on ! occasion ( _! inauguration 9 ! ye> #ahgc3b 8,! #8t[n surveyor1' accord+ to 8 opportunities1 has done ! c\ntry good s]vice1 b1 surr\nd$ z we h be5 ) ob/ructions & difficulties1 cramp$ & re/rict$ by popul> prejudices & private int]e/1 subject to clam\r & attack1 )\t protection & )\t appeal1 x is inde$ surpris+ t we h accompli%$ s mu*4 ,_h su* (fic]s be5 f ! fir/ judici\sly select$1 adequately remun]at$1 prop]ly support$1 & duly protect$1 our influ5ce ^u sanit>y progress w\ld h be5 m conspicu\s & our (fice bett] appreciat$4 8,z eng9e]s we d n pret5d to a k ( m$ical sci5ce1 b x is equally )9 ! k ( ! av]age sanit>y eng9e] z ( a m$ical (fic] ( heal? t pure air1 pure wat]1 prop]ly con/ruct$ h\ses1 & an unpollut$ soil are ! c>d9al conditions ( heal?4 ,^! are m]e sanit>y axioms4 ,! means by :i* su* conditions are atta9$ are dra9age1 v5tilation1 wat]-supply1 & o!r matt]s entirely )9 ! functions ( ! eng9e]4 ,x is ! function ( ! sanit>y eng9e] to prev5t t :i* ! m$ical (fic] ( heal? is call$ ^u to detect4 4 4 4 8,9 _m cases ! unprotect$ surveyor may be requir$ to report to a protect$ m$ical (fic] ! neglig5ce ( 8 own employ]s4 ,no local surveyor or eng9e] c be expect$ to give cordial & active assi/ance 9 compulsory sanit>y "w :5 he is consci\s t 8 action w\ld be oppos$ to ! views or ! int]e/s ( 8 employ]s1 ! public ^u :om he is dep5d5t4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* a di/9ction betwe5 ! m$ical (fic] & surveyor "u ! same bo>d w produce a want ( h>mony 9 int]e/1 & mu/ lead to a div]g5ce ( action betwe5 ! two dep>tm5ts4 4 4 40 ,& speak+ ( ! multif>i\s duties ( ! t[n surveyor1 ,mr4 ,angell says3 8,any "o section ( 8 duties w\ld1 "u comm]cial circum/ances1 comm& fair pay accord+ to its importance2 b :]e cumulative duties are includ$ 9 ! same (fice1 !y dem& con/ant att5tion1 special k1 pr(essional exp]i5ce1 & adm9i/rative ability2 to :i* is add$ ! anxiety :i* ! responsibilities ( public (fice always involve4 ,su* a position 9 a comm]cial conc]n w\ld receive high remun]ation 9 proportion to ! ext5t ( ! und]tak+1 b un=tunately1 our "w does n pay a divid5d3 x is all exp5diture f :i* ! t[n d]ives no return except+ 9 heal? & com=t1 matt]s :i* are nei!r fairly assess$1 nor duly appreciat$2 consequ5tly1 ! municipal eng9e] is paid less = 8 pr(essional k ?an ! contractor's ag5t ^: "w he directs40 ,speak+ fur!r on ! subject ( ,gov]nm5t protection1 ,mr4 ,angell says3 8,surveyors appo9t$ "u ! ,t[ns ,improvem5t ,clauses ,act 7 protect$ dur+ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,g5]al ,bo>d ( ,heal?4 ,sir ,c4 ,add]ley's ,public ,heal? & ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bill ( #ahgb propos$ simil> protection4 ,(fic]s employ$ "u ! ,poor ,laws are fully protect$ z to position1 emolum5ts1 & sup]annuation4 ,! adm9i/ration ( ! ,poor ,laws & ! ,public ,heal? ,acts is n[ unit$ 9 "o dep>tm5t "u ! newly e/abli%$ ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d3 x is !re=e 9 my op9ion equally due to ,local ,bo>d (fic]s1 t !y also %\ld be recognis$ & protect$4 ,)\t su* protection1 sanit>y legislation _c1 9 ! words ( ! ,royal ,sanit>y ,commission1 be #8active & effective1' because local (fic]s are too dep5d5t on _! imm$iate employ]s to be ?or\ghly effici5t4 8,9 advocat+ protection let me n be misund]/ood4 ,i d n mean c5tralisation or ! removal ( t prop] control :i* e local au?ority %\ld ma9ta9 ov] its own (fic]s4 ,i w\ld ma9ta9 intact ! great pr9ciple ( local gov]nm5t1 :i* has be5 ! bulw>k ( our social & political fre$om4 ,b local gov]nm5t may deg5]ate1 & 9 small t[ns det]iorate into littl5ess3 local affairs are too frequ5tly avoid$ by ^? :o are mo/ fitt$ by intellig5ce & social /&+ to take "p !re94 ,i w\ld simply control 9 ! mo/ con/itutional mann] ! %ort-com+s or excesses ( local gov]nm5t z is already done 9 v>i\s o!r dep>tm5ts4 ,i w\ld require t local (fic]s %\ld be prop]ly qualifi$ & adequately remun]at$2 t 9 ! hone/ dis*>ge ( _! duties & dur+ good behavi\r !y %\ld be protect$ f ! effects ( ignorance1 n>r[ prejudices1 & int]e/$ clam\r1 & t !y %\ld h an appeal to a dis9t]e/$ & judicial body1 sup]ior to local feel+4 ,! dem& is reasonable--,i ask no m4 4 4 4 40 ,to ^! admirable rem>ks by ,mr4 ,angell on ! pres5t position ( ! t[n surveyor ,i c add b little4 ,i believe t ! sole reason :i* is giv5 :y ,gov]nm5t protection is n grant$ to ! surveyor is ! argum5t us$ by ^? 9 au?ority1 t if a surveyor disagrees ) ! corporation he s]ves1 x is consid]$ bett] t he %\ld resign 8 appo9tm5t r ?an be protect$ by ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d or o!r c5tral (fice2 b if ?is argum5t is s\nd1 :y does x n also apply 9 a simil> mann] to ! m$ical (fic] ( heal? or ! inspector ( nuisances8 ,! real fact no d\bt is1 t 9 fram+ ! ,public ,heal? ,act ( #ahge1 m$ical m5 7 consult$ & n eng9e]s1 & ?is is v app>5t 9 _m ( ! clauses1 :i* w be fully consid]$ 9 _! prop] places 9 ?is book4 ,! "t w no d\bt come :5 ! necessity = "s *ange 9 ! position ( ! t[n surveyor w be app>5t1 & adequate protection w be af=d$ him2 9 ! meantime let him /rive1 by att5tion to "w1 & by daily advancem5t 9 sci5tific k1 & 9 c\rtesy to ^? ) :om he is associat$1 to make ! position & p[] ( ! t[n surveyor felt & hon\r$ z x %\ld be ?r\gh\t ! k+dom4 #a ,! section is z foll[s3--8,! ,commission]s %all appo9t1 subject to ! prescrib$ approval1 or :]e no approval is prescrib$1 subject to approval by "o ( ,h] ,maje/y's pr9cipal ,secret>ies ( ,/ate1 a p]son duly qualifi$ to act z a local surveyor ( ! pav+1 dra9age1 & o!r works au?oriz$ "u ! provisions ( ?is & ! special ,act 4 4 4 4 4 4 & ! ,commission]s ) ! l approval may remove any su* surveyor40 #b ,vide #8,m9utes ( ,proce$+s ( ! ,association ( ,municipal & ,sanit>y ,eng9e]s & ,surveyors1' vol4 i4 p4 #ah4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,appo9tm5t ,,( ,,surveyor4 ,:5ev] a vacancy occurs 9 ! (fice ( surveyor to a t[n1 or ^u a sanit>y au?ority det]m9+ to make su* an appo9tm5t1 ! "q is usually relegat$ to a committee or sub-committee to report ^u ! subject1 to fix ! am\nt ( sal>y propos$ to be giv51 & frame ! duties ( ! (fice4 ,! foll[+ report is "o t has lately emanat$ f an important ,engli% bor\gh1 & is giv5 9 full z a specim5 ( su* reports1 & z a guide on :i* a report c\ld be fram$2 alt]$1 ( c\rse1 to su* requirem5ts z may be locally necess>y3-- ,report ( ! ,special ,sub-,committee z to ! ,surveyor4 7#a47 ,y\r sub-committee report t !y h1 9 compliance ) ! resolution ( ! day ( 1 c>efully consid]$ ! /eps to be tak5 ) ref]5ce to ! vacancy caus$ by ,mr4 ------'s resignation1 & !y h come to ! unanim\s conclusion t x is desirable t ! (fice ( surveyor %\ld be cont9u$4 7#b47 ,y\r sub-committee h also consid]$ ! duties :i* 7 assign$ to ! (fice ( ,mr4 ------'s appo9tm5t1 & !y beg n[ to submit !m1 revis$ 9 accordance ) ! pres5t circum/ances ( ! dep>tm5t1 & ) ! recomm5dations conta9$ 9 ?is report4 7#c47 ,y\r sub-committee fur!r recomm5d t ! sal>y ( ! surveyor be fix$ at 4 4 p] annum1 & t adv]tisem5ts be issu$ = c&idates4 ,duties ( ! ,surveyor4 7#a47 ,to h *>ge ( ! repairs ( all highways1 & to p]=m all duties devolv+ on ! c\ncil z surveyors ( highways4 7#b47 ,to report f "t to "t to ! committee sup]9t5d+ ! same1 ! /ate ( ! sev]al highways & l9es ( tramway1 & z to ! mat]ials want$ or works necess>y4 7#c47 ,to prep>e all plans1 specifications1 or in/ructions necess>y 9 relation !reto1 & z to ! mat]ials to be us$ !re91 & to see t all works are complet$ accord+ to contracts ent]$ into4 7#d47 ,to engage & dismiss "u sanction ( ! committee all workm5 employ$ at daily & weekly wages4#c 7#e47 ,to c]tify all acc\nts = "w done1 mat]ials suppli$1 & wages due4 7#f47 ,to h *>ge ( all mat]ials & implem5ts4 7#g47 ,to pur*ase or contract =1 or hire all horses1 c>ts1 tumbrils1 /ones1 flags1 gravel1 dra9+ pipes1 & prop] implem5ts & mat]ials1 & all o!r matt]s & ?+s1 at su* prices & 9 su* mann] z ! committee %all judge reasonable & exp$i5t1 & to sell or o!rwise dispose ( ! same z he may be direct$4 7#h47 ,to h ! entire *>ge & sup]9t5d5ce ( ! break+ up & repair+ ( all /reets1 = ! purpose ( lay+ or replac+ gas & wat] pipes4 7#i47 ,to inspect & report1 9 conjunction ) ! m$ical (fic] ( heal?1 ^u slaught]-h\ses prelim9>y to lic5ces be+ grant$1 & to make ! plans & sup]9t5d ! con/ruction ( any slaught]-h\ses :i* ! c\ncil may h]eaft] erect4 7#aj47 ,to take all levels & surveys :i* may be necess>y = ! purpose ( decid+ on ! be/ mode ( dra9+ ! sev]al di/ricts1 or any "p !re(1 or = ! purpose ( fix+ ! levels & incl9ations ( any /reets or roads1 or 9 anywise relat+ !reto4 7#aa47 ,to c>ry out ! s*eme n[ 9 c\rse ( con/ruction = ! int]ception ( ! sewage ( ! bor\gh1 & any future s*eme1 = its precipitation1 filtration1 deodorization1 or any o!r process :i* ! c\ncil may adopt1 ei!r )9 or )\t ! bor\gh4 7#ab47 ,to sup]9t5d ! con/ruction & completion ( all tramway l9es & sid+s :i* may be requir$4 7#ac47 ,to prep>e1 f "t to "t1 s*emes = ! dra9age ( ! sev]al di/ricts or any "p !re(4 7#ad47 ,to prep>e all su* plans1 sections1 & specifications z may be necess>y = ! due execution ( any flagg+1 pav+1 sew]+1 or o!r works requir$ to be done1 or = ent]+ into any contracts 9 relation !reto1 & to see t all works are execut$ 9 accordance !re)4 7#ae47 ,to measure up & duly c]tify ! execution ( all works1 & apportion ! co/ to ! p>ties *>geable !re)4 7#af47 ,to see t all h\se dra9s1 :i* may f "t to "t be c>ri$ into any public sew]1 are made & connect$ 9 accordance ) ! regulations4 7#ag47 ,to give to ! sev]al contractors p]=m+ any works1 ord]s = ! same 9 writ+ only1 keep+ duplicates !re(1 duly ent]$ 9 a book to be kept by him = t purpose4 7#ah47 ,to prep>e all plans1 draw+s1 & e/imates requir$1 & to sup]9t5d ! execution ( all improvem5ts4 7#ai47 ,to see t no encroa*m5ts be made on any highway or public place4 7#bj47 ,to advise on1 & execute1 all eng9e]+ works1 & prep>e all su* plans1 specifications1 & e/imates (1 & take out quantities =1 su* sew]s1 build+s1 bridges1 & works z may be requir$1 & to sup]9t5d ! erection & execution !re(4 7#ba47 ,to h 9 8 *>ge1 & be responsible =1 ! prop] managem5t ( all build+s & prop]ties belong+ to ! corporation1 or = ! repair & ma9t5ance ( :i* ! corporation is liable1 except o!rwise direct$ by ! c\ncil4 7#bb47 ,to exam9e & report ^u all plans & elevations ( build+s propos$ to be erect$ or alt]$ ^u l& sold or leas$ by ! corporation4 7#bc47 ,to inspect & report on plans ( new /reets to be laid out1 ( h\ses to be built1 & ( build+s to be erect$ or alt]$4 7#bd7 ,to see t all /reets are prop]ly nam$1 & t ! "n plates are kept 9 good ord]4 7#be47 ,to act z build+ surveyor 9 all matt]s relat+ to ! execution ( ! ,sanit>y & ,local ,acts1 & to exam9e & c]tify new h\ses z fit = habitation4 7#bf47 ,to exam9e all build+s 9 a condition dang]\s to ! public1 to report !reon1 & to take su* /eps z may be necess>y to prev5t accid5ts aris+ !refrom4 7#bg47 ,to prep>e all plans & sections = deposit1 pursuant to ,/&+ ,ord]s1 ) respect to all /reet improvem5ts1 tramways1 gasworks1 wat]works1 or o!r works1 unless o!rwise ord]$ by ! c\ncil1 & to prep>e all o!r surveys1 plans1 & sections requir$4 7#bh47 ,to att5d ! meet+s ( ! sev]al committees :5 requir$4 7#bi47 ,to prep>e all returns relat+ to 8 (fice t may be requir$ by ! ,gov]nm5t4 7#cj47 ,to att5d 9 ,london or else:]e :5 requir$1 )\t extra *>ge1 except+ only 8 travell+ & hotel exp5ses4 7#ca47 ,to keep accurate p]man5t records & plans relat+ to all prop]ties pur*as$1 leas$1 or sold1 or 9 possession4 7#cb47 ,to devote ! :ole ( 8 "t to ! duties ( 8 (fice1 & n to be engag$ 9 any o!r (fice1 bus9ess1 or employm5t :atev]4 7#cc47 ,to report f "t to "t all & e matt] connect$ ) any bran* ( 8 (fice :i*1 9 8 op9ion1 may require ! att5tion ( any committee1 & take _! in/ructions !reon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,clauses #ah & #bj 9 ! above li/ ( duties are v compreh5sive1 & z a rule a t[n surveyor's duties may be summ$ up 9 a v few words--8to d any?+ t he is reque/$40 ,x is1 h[ev]1 bett] t "s def9ite in/ructions %\ld be laid d[n1 & ^? :i* ,i h giv5 may be tak5 z a fair specim5 ( :at su* duties may be4 ,unlike ! m$ical (fic] ( heal?1 :o by ,act ( ,p>liam5t is requir$ to hold a diploma ( compet5cy1#d x is op5 to anyone to apply = & obta9 ! appo9tm5t ( a t[n surveyor4 ,?is is no d\bt un=tunate1 z "s te/ ( m]it is desirable1 & ( late ye>s ! necessity ( "s exam9ation z to compet5cy has be5 mu* discuss$4 ,9 ord] to meet ?is requirem5t1 ! ,sanit>y ,in/itute ( ,great ,brita9 has in/itut$ exam9ations & grant$ c]tificates ( compet5cy = bo? t[n surveyors & inspectors ( nuisances4 ,! foll[+ p>ticul>s ( ^! exam9ations1 & ! reasons giv5 = _! necessity1 may be ( int]e/1 & are giv5 9 full4#e ,exam9ation ( ,local ,surveyors & ,inspectors ( ,nuisances4 ,! great & increas+ importance ( ! duties devolv+ ^u local surveyors & inspectors ( nuisances 9 connection ) ! v>i\s /atutes relat+ to ,public ,heal? & ! ,sale ( ,food & ,drugs ,act1 has l$ ! c\ncil ( ! ,in/itute to e/abli% volunt>y exam9ations = local surveyors & inspectors ( nuisances1 & = p]sons desir\s ( becom+ su*1 or ( obta9+ ! c]tificate ( ! ,in/itute4 ,ea* exam9ation occupies a portion ( two days4 ,on ! fir/ day ! exam9ation ( surveyors is cont9u$ = f\r h\rs1 viz4 f #b to #d & #f to #h ,p4,m4 & consi/s ( writt5 pap]s only4 ,inspectors ( nuisances h two h\rs' writt5 exam9ation on ! fir/ day1 viz4 f #d to #f ,p4,m4 ,on ! second day ! exam9ation = bo? classes comm5ces at #aa ,a4,m41 & is viv voce2 ) "o or m que/ions to be answ]$ 9 writ+ if deem$ necess>y4 ,a c]tificate ( compet5ce sign$ by ! exam9]s is grant$ to successful c&idates4 ,z rural sanit>y au?orities are able "u ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge to obta9 almo/ all ! p[]s ( urban sanit>y au?orities1 x is n consid]$ advisable to make any di/9ction 9 ! exam9ation ( ! two classes ( surveyors4 ,z "o p]son may1 "u ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge1 be bo? local surveyor & inspector ( nuisances1 c&idates wi%+ to obta9 ! d\ble qualification may ent] = bo? exam9ations on ! same occasion4 ,c&idates are requir$ to furni% to ! c\ncil ( ! ,in/itute satisfactory te/imonials z to p]sonal "*1 & to give two weeks' notice to ! secret>y previ\s to pres5t+ !mselves = exam9ation1 /at+ :e!r !y wi% to be exam9$ z surveyors or inspectors ( nuisances1 or z bo?4 ,! fee = ! exam9ation mu/ be paid to ! secret>y1 by po/-(fice ord] or o!rwise1 at lea/ six days be=e ! ! day ( exam9ation4 ,on receipt ( ! fee a ticket w be =w>d$ admitt+ to ! exam9ation4 ,! fees payable = ! exam9ation are z foll[s3-- ,= ,surveyors #e #e #j ,= ,inspectors ( ,nuisances #b #b #j ,unsuccessful c&idates are all[$ to pres5t !mselves a second "t = "o fee4 ,syllabus ( ,subjects = ,exam9ation = ,local ,surveyors4 ,laws & ,bye-,laws4--,a ?or\gh k ( ! ,acts affect+ sanit>y au?orities1 s f> z !y relate to ! duties ( local surveyors2 also ( ! model bye-laws issu$ by ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d4 ,sew]age & ,dra9age4--,! sanit>y pr9ciples :i* %\ld be obs]v$ 9 ! prep>ation ( s*emes =1 & ! con/ruction ( sew]age works2 ! v5tilat+ & flu%+ ( sew]s & dra9s2 ! int]nal dra9age & o!r sanit>y arrangem5ts ( h\ses1 privies1 wat]-closets1 dry-closets1 & ! removal ( refuse2 ! sanit>y details ( build]s' & plumb]s' "w4 ,wat] ,supply ( ,t[ns & ,h\ses4--,! sanit>y pr9ciples :i* %\ld be obs]v$ 9 ! prep>ation ( s*emes =1 & ! con/ruction ( wat]-works2 ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* wat] is likely to become pollut$ & ! be/ means ( ensur+ its purity4 ,regulations ( ,cell> ,dwell+s & ,lodg+ ,h\ses4--,g5]al pr9ciples ( v5tilation2 ! am\nt ( air & space necess>y = m5 & animals2 ! means ( supply+ air1 & ( ensur+ its purity4 ,highways & ,/reets4--,! sanit>y pr9ciples :i* %\ld be obs]v$ 9 ! con/ruction & cleans+ ( /reets & roads4 ,,exam9ation ,,pap]s1 ,,novemb] #f1 #ahgi4 ,que/ions = ,surveyors1 ,novemb] #f1 #ahgi1 #b to #d o'clock4 #a4 ,def9e /reet2 /ate ! law applicable to e description ( /reet 9 an urban sanit>y au?ority di/rict1 & ! rights & obligations & duties ( sanit>y au?orities1 own]s & occupi]s !re94 #b4 ,:at are ! relative advantages ( circul> & egg-%ap$ sew]s2 9 :at case are !y respectively pref]r$8 #c4 ,give a specification ( a wat]-tight sew]4 ,describe & give a sket* ( ! =m ( man-hole :i* y consid] be/ adapt$ = ord9>y t[n sew]s1 & /ate ! rule :i* y adopt = det]m9+ ! am\nt ( v5tilation to be af=d$ 9 a ma9 /reet sew]4 #d4 ,9 :at way does ! size & %ape ( ! sew] affect ! velocity ( sewage fl[+ ?r\gh x8 ,if a n9e-in* pipe sew]1 laid at an incl9ation ( #a 9 #bjj1 gives a velocity ( #c feet p] second1 :at velocity w x give :5 laid at an incl9ation ( #a 9 #hjj1 ! pipe runn+ full 9 ea* case8 ,w ?is velocity suffice to keep x cle> f deposits8 ,describe ! v>i\s modes :i* may be resort$ to = flu%+ sew]s4 #e4 ,give a description ( ! process t]m$ int]mitt5t d[nw>d filtration4 ,/ate :at area ( l& y w\ld require1 ) a gravelly soil1 = apply+ ?is me?od ( purify+ sewage to a t[n ) a population ( #ajjj inhabitants1 & /ate ! arrangem5ts y w\ld adopt = deal+ ) ! ra9-wat] fall+ on ! ro(s1 y>ds1 & /reets4 ,novemb] #f1 #ahgi1 #f to #h o'clock4 #a4 ,9 report+ ^u ! s\rce ( wat] supply = a t[n1 :at are ! po9ts to :i* y w\ld direct y\r att5tion8 #b4 ,give a sket* ( a ,d trap1 an ,s trap1 a ,p trap1 & a pan wat] closet 7plan ( a dwell+-h\se annex$74 #c4 ,criticise ! arrangem5ts ( ?is resid5ce z to position ( rooms1 walls1 doors1 fire places1 w9d[s1 c41 f a sanit>y po9t ( view4 #d4 ,describe ! dra9age arrangem5ts %[n on ! plan4 ,say :e!r !y are satisfactory2 if n1 9 :at way are !y faulty8 #e4 ,sket* on ! plan any o!r sy/em ( dra9s :i* y w\ld ?9k pref]able4 #f4 ,describe 9 detail ! arrangem5ts necess>y = ! wat] supply ( ! resid5ce1 a ba? be+ fix$ 9 ! room ov] ! s]v+ room1 a ,w4,c4 on ! fir/ floor ov] t on ! gr\nd floor1 & a h\semaid's s9k ne>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 op5 to consid]ation :e!r ! ,sanit>y ,in/itute ( ,great ,brita9 is ! prop] au?ority to hold ^! exam9ations or n2 b !re is no d\bt t "s su* exam9ation is necess>y1 & w\ld be welcom$ by ne>ly all t[n surveyors 9 ord] to m firmly secure _! positions2 & ! ,sanit>y ,in/itute is entitl$ to e cr$it = hav+ tak5 ! initiative /ep 9 ! matt]4 ,"u ! pres5t sy/em ( appo9tm5t to ! (fice ( t[n surveyor ^? seek+ t (fice mu/ be prep>$ to "w h>d to obta9 x1 & to give up "s consid]able "t to its acquisition4 ,tact1 pati5ce1 & p]sev]ance are indisp5sable qualities :5 seek+ su* appo9tm5ts1 & ! foll[+ sugge/ions on ?is matt] may be ( use4 ,! appo9tm5t usually re/s f9ally ) ! :ole body ( ! t[n c\ncil or corporation1 ev5 if a sub-committee or committee has be5 appo9t$ 9 ! fir/ case to make "s selection ( c&idates4 ,! c&idates ?us select$ by ! committee are usually reque/$ to appe> be=e ! :ole body ( ! t[n c\ncil1 :o !n make ! appo9tm5t f among/ !m4 ,! fir/ ?+ a c&idate %\ld d :5 he he>s ( a vacancy occurr+ 9 ! (fice ( a t[n surveyor1 or sees an adv]tisem5t requir+ a surveyor's s]vices1 is to obta9 fre% te/imonials f ^? p]sons ( position & influ5ce = :om he has work$ or :o "k him pr(essionally4 ,^! te/imonials1 ) any v good old ones 7b n too _m ( ei!r71 %\ld be s5t by po/ to ! t[n cl]k or p]son m5tion$ 9 ! adv]tisem5t1 ) a =mal1 c>efully-word$ application = ! appo9tm5t4 ,if canvass+ is n prohibit$1 a li/ ( ! memb]s ( ! t[n c\ncil1 ) _! addresses1 %\ld !n be procur$1 to :om pr9t$ copies ( ! application & te/imonials %\ld be s5t1 accompani$ by an autograph lett] ask+ t ! application & te/imonials %\ld be read4 ,?is %\ld be foll[$ up 7if possible1 imm$iately71 by a j\rney to ! t[n & a p]sonal visit to ea* memb] ( ! c\ncil or corporation1 n necess>ily = ! purpose ( solicit+ a vote1 b ) a view to mak+ ! acqua9tance ( ! memb]s ( ! corporation & to id5tify ! applicant ) 8 te/imonials2 & 9 ^! visits great tact & pati5ce are necess>y4 ,x is also ( importance to seek & obta9 all ! outside influ5ce t is possible1 9 ord] to be> ^u ! memb]s ( ! corporation1 by means ( lett]s ( introduction1 & in=mal te/imonials z to eligibility = ! appo9tm5t1 & p]sonal "* & position1 c4 ,canvass+ on behalf ( oneself is extremely unpleasant & h>rass+ "w2 b wrong z ! sy/em may appe> to be1 x is n easy to see h[1 9 municipal gov]nm5t1 any o!r me?od c be adopt$1 & ! visit ( ! c&idate to ea* memb] gives ! latt] an opportunity ( ask+ him que/ions & satisfy+ himself z to 8 qualifications1 & ?us he w n feel he is act+ bl9dly :5 he gives 8 vote 9 fav\r ( t c&idate :om he ?9ks1 aft] a p]sonal int]view1 ! mo/ suitable = ! appo9tm5t4 #c ,?is seems to be an undue int]f]5ce ) ! control :i* a surveyor %\ld always h ov] 8 m54 #d 8,a p]son %all n be appo9t$ ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ,heal? "u ?is ,act unless he is a legally qualifi$ m$ical practition]0 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 sec4 #aia74 #e ,vide #8,cal5d> ( ! ,sanit>y ,in/itution ( ,great ,brita9 = ! ye> #ahhj4' ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,surveyor',s ,,duties4 ,x w be obs]v$ on ref]5ce to ! li/ ( ! duties ( ! surveyor1 giv5 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 t ! fir/ on ! li/ is z foll[s3-- 8,to h *>ge ( ! repairs ( all highways1 & to p]=m all duties devolv+ on ! c\ncil z surveyors ( highways40 ,! necessity = ^! duties are obvi\s :5 we turn to ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge1 & read ! foll[+ sections3--#f 8,e urban au?ority %all )9 _! di/rict1 exclusively ( any o!r p]son1 execute ! (fice ( & be surveyor ( highways1 & h1 ex]cise1 & be subject to all ! p[]s1 au?orities1 duties1 & liabilities ( surveyors ( highways "u ! law = ! "t be+ 9 =ce1 save s f> z su* p[]s1 au?orities1 or duties are or may be inconsi/5t ) ! provisions ( ?is ,act2 e urban au?ority %all also h1 ex]cise1 & be subject to all ! p[]s1 au?orities1 duties1 & liabilities :i* by ! ,highway ,act #ahce1 or any ,act am5d+ ! same1 are ve/$ 9 & giv5 to ! inhabitants 9 ve/ry assembl$ ( any p>i% )9 _! di/rict4 8,all m9i/]ial acts requir$ by any ,act ( ,p>liam5t to be done by or to ! surveyor ( highways may be done by or to ! surveyor ( ! urban au?ority1 or by or to su* o!r p]son z !y may appo9t0 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #add74 8,all /reets be+ or :i* at any "t become highways repairable by ! inhabitants at l>ge )9 any urban di/rict1 & ! pavem5ts1 /ones1 & o!r mat]ials !re(1 & all build+s1 implem5ts1 & o!r ?+s provid$ = ! purposes !re(1 %all ve/ 9 & be "u ! control ( ! urban au?ority4 ,! urban au?ority %all f "t to "t cause all su* /reets to be levell$1 pav$1 metall$1 flagg$1 *annell$1 alt]$1 & repair$ z occasion may require2 !y may f "t to "t cause ! soil ( any su* /reet to be rais$1 l[]$1 or alt]$ z !y may ?9k fit1 & may place & may keep 9 repair f5ces & po/s = ! safety ( foot-pass5g]s4 ,any p]son :o )\t ! cons5t ( ! urban au?ority wilfully displaces1 or takes up1 or :o injures ! pavem5t1 /ones1 mat]ial1 f5ces1 or po/s (1 or ! trees 91 any su* /reet %all be liable to a p5alty n exce$+ five p\nds1 & to a fur!r p5alty n exce$+ five %ill+s = e squ>e foot ( pavem5t1 /ones1 or o!r mat]ials s displac$1 tak5 up1 or injur$2 he %all also be liable1 9 ! case ( any injury to trees1 to pay to ! local au?ority su* am\nt ( comp5sation z ! c\rt may aw>d0 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #adi74 ,! duties ?us devolv+ ^u ! t[n surveyor by reason ( ^! sections & ! ord]s ( ! c\ncil are v consid]able4 ,! foll[+ table gives a li/ ( ! pr9cipal subjects :i* w require 8 att5tion2 all ( :i* w be consid]$ 9 due c\rse 9 ?is book4 ,li/ ( ,duties devolv+ ^u a ,t[n ,surveyor z 8,surveyor ( ,highways40 7#a47 ,! con/ruction & ma9t5ance ( highways or /reets1 includ+-- 7a47 ,roads =m$ ( brok5 /ones or 8metal10 commonly call$ macadamis$ roadways2 7b47 ,/reets pav$ ) granite cubes or setts2 7c47 ,/reets pav$ ) wood2 7d47 ,/reets pav$ ) asphalte4 7#b47 ,! con/ruction & ma9t5ance ( footwalks or footpa?s1 includ+ ! diff]5t mat]ials ( :i* ^! are =m$4 7#c47 ,! break+ ( /one = road metal4 7#d47 ,/eam roll+4 7#e47 ,! necess>y notices & specifications "u ! #aej? ,section ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge1 = ! purpose ( compell+ private /reets to be prop]ly sew]$1 levell$1 pav$1 metall$1 flagg$1 *annell$1 light$1 & made good4 7#f47 ,! light+1 cleans+1 & wat]+ ( /reets4 7#g47 ,! nam+ & numb]+ ( /reets4 7#h47 ,! plant+ ( trees along ! sides ( footwalks4 7#i47 ,ob/ructions caus$ by build]s' rubbi% or by ho>d+s & scaffold poles2 & also by dang]\s or defective cell> cov]+s4 7#aj47 ,! damage caus$ to footpa?s by all[+ wat] f private premises to fl[ ov] !m1 & ! nuisance caus$ by defective ra9-wat] gutt]s or %utes4 7#aa47 ,! damage caus$ to roadways by ! lay+ or removal ( gas & wat] ma9s & s]vices1 & ! surveyor's p[]s & duties 9 connection !re)4 7#ab47 ,! importance1 especially 9 old t[ns1 ( lay+ d[n improv$ build+ l9es ( frontage 9 ! n>r[] or crook$ /reets4 7#ac47 ,! exam9ation ( all plans ( propos$ new /reets or build+s4 7#ad47 ,! sup]vision ( all new /reets & build+s :il/ _! con/ruction is 9 progress4 7#ae47 ,deal+ ) all build+s 9 a condition dang]\s to ! public4 ,ea* ( ! =ego+ li/ ( duties w be dealt ) 9 sep>ate *apt]s 9 addition to o!r matt]s :i* w be treat$1 b be=e clos+ ?is *apt] a few words ^u ! subject ( 8meet+s0 may be ( use4 ,x w be obs]v$ ^u ref]5ce to ! li/ :i* ,i h giv5 ( ! duties ( ! surveyor1 t !re is "o :i* says1 8,to att5d all meet+s ( ! bo>d1 & committee meet+s1 except :]e 8 att5dance has be5 previ\sly disp5s$ )2 to att5d ^u ! *airman :5 s requir$40 ,! result ( ?is ord] is t a v l>ge p]c5tage ( ! surveyor's "t has to be devot$ to att5dances at long meet+s ( ! ,bo>d or t[n c\ncil1 & at ! num]\s committee & sub-committee meet+s :i* are appo9t$ "u x4 ,?is "w is d\bl$ :]e1 z 9 "s t[ns1 ! corporation & _! committees sit 9 a dual capacity1 viz4 z ! c\ncil prop]1 & ! c\ncil z ! urban sanit>y au?ority2 ?is g5]ally involves two ord9>y meet+s ( ! :ole body ea* mon?1 & probably at lea/ six committee meet+s a week1 leav+ ! surveyor b scanty "t to look prop]ly aft] 8 works4 ,) reg>d to ^! committee meet+s x is necess>y t ea* %\ld h "s di/+ui%+ title descriptive ( ! class ( "w ov] :i* x has jurisdiction1 & 9 select+ names = !m ! foll[+ li/ may be ( "s s]vice3--,f9ance ,committee1 ,g5]al ,purposes ,committee1 ,law & ,p>liam5t>y ,committee1 ,surveyor's ,committee1 ,l& & ,e/ates ,committee1 ,rates & ,taxes ,committee1 ,/reets ,committee1 ,light+ & ,cleans+ ,committee1 ,navigation ( ,port ,committee1 ,public ,gr\nds ,committee1 ,sanit>y ,committee1 ,dra9age & ,sew]age ,committee1 ,m>kets ,committee1 ,prop]ties = ,sale ,committee1 ,works ,committee1 ,wat] ,committee1 ,gas ,committee1 ,wat* ,committee1 ,heal? ,committee1 ,libr>y ,museum & ,arts ,committee1 ,ba?s ,committee1 ,p>ks1 ,g>d5s1 & ,improvem5t ,committee1 ,/reets ,improvem5t ,committee1 etc4 etc4 ,! surveyor %\ld always endeav\r to be punctual 9 8 att5dance at ! c\ncil meet+s & ^? ( ! committees1 z to be late is always look$ ^u ) disfav\r4 ,8 reports %\ld z mu* z possible be 9 writ+1 s t !re %\ld be no misund]/&+ z to :at 8 advice is on any subject4 ,to save tr\ble & exp5se x is well t all draw+s ( new s*emes %\ld be fir/ submitt$ to a committee 9 p5cil1 z !y are frequ5tly mu* alt]$2 ?is is v vex+ if !y h be5 neatly & highly f9i%$4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! g5tlem5 :o =m municipal bodies give _! "t gratuit\sly1 & ev]y?+ %\ld be done to save x z mu* z possible4 ,x is an excell5t plan & a great conv5i5ce1 if a surveyor w h a s]ies ( nam$ & numb]$ pigeon holes 9 8 (fice correspond+ to 8 committees1 9 :i* to place all pap]s1 draw+s1 correspond5ce etc41 :i* he int5ds to br+ up to ! next meet+ ( a committee2 ?us sav+ himself flurry at ! la/ mom5t be=e ! meet+1 9 endeav\r+ to f9d ! pap]s he wants4 ,) 8 v>i$ duties1 correspond5ce1 int]views1 meet+s1 inspections1 inve/igations1 reports1 draw+s1 & calculations1 ! motto ( a surveyor's (fice %\ld be 8me?od40 #f ,= full p>ticul>s & explanations ( ! v>i\s ,highway ,acts see #8,! ,p[]s & ,duties ( ,surveyors ( ,highways & ( o!r ,au?orities ) reg>d to ! ,managem5t ( ! ,public ,highways1' by ,alex4 ,gl51 ,m4,a41 etc4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,traffic4 ,be=e a surveyor c decide ^u ! be/ mat]ial ) :i* ! /reets ( 8 t[n %all be pav$1 x w be well to consid] ! "q ( ! class ( traffic !y w h to be>4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ?ree di/9ct int]e/s h to be consid]$ 9 deal+ ) ?is "q1 viz4 7#a47 ,! rate-pay]s1 ^u :om ! co/ ( con/ruction & ma9t5ance ( /reets falls4 7#b47 ,! own]s & employ]s ( horses & vehicles :o pr9cipally use ! /reets2 & 7#c47 ,! inhabitants ( ! adjo9+ premises1 :o w\ld be annoy$ if ! mat]ial select$ 7 unduly noisy or dirty4 ,9 addition to ^! consid]ations1 mu* dep5ds ^u local circum/ances2 ! class ( trade ^u :i* ! welf>e ( a t[n is dep5d5t mu/ n be lo/ sight (4 ,a pavem5t suitable = a busy1 pu%+ manufactur+ city may n be suitable = a quiet agricultural or ca!dral t[n1 or = a t[n :i* is us$ z a heal? resort4 ,aga91 ! "q ( ! mo/ adaptable mat]ials mu/ be consid]$1 & ! climate & physical "* ( a t[n %\ld ent] l>gely also into ?is "q4 ,to cond5se ! requirem5ts ( a good roadway into z small a compass z possible1 ! foll[+ may be giv5 z "s ( its pr9cipal requisites3-- 7#a47 ,x mu/ n be extravagantly co/ly 9 its fir/ con/ruction4 7#b47 ,x mu/ be durable & require ! lea/ possible am\nt ( repairs at ! lea/ co/4 7#c47 ,x mu/ be safe1 firm & h>d1 ) an ev5 face & yet giv+ suffici5t foo?old to horses4 7#d47 ,x mu/ be z noiseless z possible4 7#e47 ,x mu/ be s con/ruct$ z to be quickly laid d[n & repair$ :5 brok5 up = wat]1 gas1 dra9s1 or o!r purposes4 7#f47 ,x mu/ be ( /rong f\ndation1 s z to c>ry ! heavie/ weight )\t subsid5ce4 7#g47 ,x mu/ be ( su* a %ape z w ?r[ (f all surface wat] at once4 7#h47 ,x mu/ be ( su* mat]ials z w make a m9imum ( du/ or mud4 7#i47 ,x mu/ be easily cleans$4 7#aj47 ,x mu/ be non-absorb5t ( impurities or moi/ure ( any k9d4 7#aa47 ,x mu/ give easy traction ^u its surface4 7#ab47 ,x mu/ n cause jolt+ to ! traffic4 7#ac47 ,x mu/ n injure horses' legs or ho(s4 ,( ! above requirem5ts ,no4 #a affects ! ratepay]s alone2 ,nos4 #c1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 affect ! traffic only1 except t ! occupi]s ( %ops are indirectly affect$ by !m2 ,no4 #d affects bo? traffic & occupi]s1 & ,no4 #aj affects ! occupi]s pr9cipally4 ,! rema9d] ( ! requirem5ts affect all ?ree int]e/s4 ,) ref]5ce to ! we>+ effect ( traffic ^u ! surface ( ! roadway1 no /&>d has yet be5 arriv$ at by :i* ?is c be det]m9$ ) accuracy4 ,9 ,france a great numb] ( obs]vations & exp]im5ts h be5 made f "t to "t by ! eng9e]s ( ! ,ponts et ,*ausses1 b _! practice has be5 to c\nt ! numb] ( 8coll>s0 pass+ a giv5 section ( a roadway 9 a giv5 "t1 irrespective ( ! weights1 spe$s1 or numb] ( :eels su* coll>s may be draw+4 ,mr4 ,deacon1 ! =m] ,bor\gh ,eng9e] ( ,liv]pool1 has1 h[ev]1 r$uc$ traffic to a /&>d ( tons p] y>d wid? ( roadway p] annum4 ,?is he effect$ by hav+ ! traffic 9 any /reet c>efully wat*$ = a c]ta9 def9ite "t1 ! numb] ( vehicles1 _! "* & approximate weight be+ not$ z well z ! numb] ( horses by :i* !y 7 drawn1 & _! numb] ( :eels4 ,! effect ( ! traffic ?us tabulat$1 arrang$1 & r$uc$ to ton y>ds p] annum1 c be asc]ta9$ ^u any roadway1 & ,mr4 ,deacon has giv5 ! results ( 8 obs]vations 9 a valuable pap] on ! subject ( /reet c>riage pavem5ts :i* he read be=e ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s4#g ,sir ,john ,mac,neill has e/imat$ t #hj p] c5t4 ( ! total we> ( a road is due to traffic1 ! rema9+ #bj p] c5t4 be+ due to atmosph]ic causes4 ,( ?is #hj p] c5t4 #fj p] c5t4 he consid]s is due to ! action ( horses' ho(s :]e ! traffic is fa/1 & #dde p] c5t4 :]e ! traffic is sl[4 ,g5]al ,mor9 e/imates ! we> ( a road due to horses' feet to be two-?irds ( all causes4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! action ( horses' feet1 %od z !y are ) heavy iron %oes ) long toe pieces & heels1 mu/ h a de/ructive effect ^u ! surface ( a c>riage-way1 & ?is may be easily obs]v$ :5 wat*+ ! ruts =m$ by any cont9u\s l9e ( traffic 9 a roadway4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks f a report ( ! ,society ( ,arts on ?is subject may "h be ( int]e/4 8,x may be m5tion$ t z respects ! horses' %oes1 att5tion has long be5 call$ to its defects by ,sir ,francis ,head & o!rs1 b ,sir ,joseph ,:itwor? n[ po9ts out ! a*ievem5t ( a decid$ & important improvem5t1 :i* w h a l>ge effect 9 road cons]vancy1 z well z ! r$uction ( noise4 ,! improvem5t consi/s 9 ! fa/5+ ( a rim ( h>d5$ /eel1 ( ab\t half-an-in* squ>e1 to ! horses' feet1 & lett+ ! frog gr[ to its natural size4 ,"o effect is to r$uce by five-six?s ! weight ( ! old %oe1 or 9 o!r words to r$uce by five-six?s ! weight ( ! iron hamm]s con/itut$ by ! common horses' %oes1 p\nd+ ! road surface1 & creat+ road du/ & dirt1 & di/ribut+ x ab\t4 ,! sav+ 9 ?is respect1 z well z ! r$uction ( noise by ! r$uction ( ! weight ( rim1 & also ! sav+ ( road we>1 w\ld w>rant ! imposition ( ! /imulus ( a tax1 or a toll ^u heavy horses' %oes to ha/5 ?is removal40#h ,up to ! pres5t date1 h[ev] 7#ahhc71 no g5]al *ange has be5 effect$ 9 ! mann] ( %oe+ horses1 not)/&+ ^! admirable rem>ks ( ,sir ,joseph ,:itwor? ^u ! subject4 ,) ref]5ce to ! "q ( traction ^u roads ,g5]al ,mor91 9 8 #8,expri5ces sur le ,tirage des ,voitures1' /ates t ! resi/ance to ! roll+ ( vehicles ^u solid metall$ roads & pavem5ts is proportional to ! weight & inv]sely proportional to ! diamet] ( ! :eels4 ,on solid roads he /ates t ! resi/ance is ne>ly indep5d5t ( ! wid? ( ! tires :5 !y exce$ #c or #d in*es1 b on a compressible face x decreases 9 proportion to ! wid? ( ! tire2 ! resi/ance fur!r increases ) ! velocity on h>d roads1 b does n d s :5 !y are s(t4 ,! foll[+ table is almo/ univ]sally n[ adopt$ z %[+ ! traction ^u level roads =m$ ( diff]5t mat]ials1 asphalte be+ tak5 z ! /&>d ( excell5ce 9 ?is respect4 ,asphalt$ roadway #aj ,pav$ roadway1 dry & 9 good ord] #ae to #bj 9 fair ord] #bj #be b cov]$ ) mud #bj #bg ,macadamis$ roadway1 dry & 9 good ord] #be #cj 9 a wet /ate #cc 9 fair ord] #de b cov]$ ) mud #ee ) ! /ones loose #ej #hb ,!re are f\r =ces con/antly at "w t5d+ to de/roy ! mom5tum ( vehicles pass+ along a roadway3 !y are gravity1 collision1 friction1 & ! resi/ance ( ! air4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is less5$ by easy gradi5ts 9 a road1 ! second c be ov]come to a great ext5t by ev5ness ( surface1 ! ?ird by h>dness1 & ! f\r?1 z well z all ! o!rs1 by giv+ suffici5t foo?old to ! animal draw+ ! vehicle4 ,ano!r excell5t table#i prep>$ f exp]im5ts made by ,mr4 ,amos on diff]5t descriptions ( pavem5t 9 ! ,city ( ,london may be useful1 & is "h giv53-- ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,spe$ ,tractive ,=ce ,road ,mat]ial4 9 ,miles ,draught,fraction 9 ,decimals p] h\r49 lbs4( ,load4 ( ! ,load4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,gravelly ,macadam 9 #fide #abff #a_/dec #jbai a side /reet #cde #aadcbb #a_/ejc #jaig #eae #gjifc #a_/haa #jabc ,granite pit*+ by #caif #daicb #a_/acgc #jjgb side ( tramway #beeg #dgegb #a_/aba #jjhb ,granite ,macadam #dbci #bfbhhf #a_/bai #jdef 8fre%ly laid0 #bgge #bdbgbf #a_/bcg #jdba #ejbe #iaebe #a_/fdi #jaeh ,asphalte ,pavem5t #cef #figec #a_/hbe #jaba #efhg #hdbfh #a_/fhc #jaaa #cicb #aahafc #a_/dhg #jbje ,wood ,pavem5t #cbgh #ajbdab #a_/efb #jagg #chbg #ajjjff #a_/ege #jagc ,macadam road1 v good on ,victoria #ffe #ajijf #a_/ebg #jaha ,embankm5t ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,! foll[+ table f ,law's #8,rudim5t>y ,treatise on ,civil ,eng9e]+' %[s ! =ce requir$ to move a load ( a ton weight on diff]5t descriptions ( roadway1 ! limit+ angle ( resi/ance1 & ! greate/ incl9ation :i* %\ld be giv5 to ! road be+ also /at$4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,=ce ,greate/ 9 lbs4 ,limit+ incl9ation ,description ( ! ,road4 requir$ angle :i* %\ld to move ( be giv5 a ton4 resi/ance4to ! road4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,well laid pavem5t #cc #j #ej #a 9 #fh ,brok5 /one surface on a bottom #df #a #aa #a #di ( r\gh pavem5t or concrete ,brok5 /one surface laid on an #fe #a #dj #a #cd old fl9t road ,gravel road #adg #c #de #a #ae ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 ! gradi5t ( a macadamis$ road %\ld n1 if possible1 exce$ #a 9 #bj1aj exp]i5ce hav+ %[n t a horse1 unless ! hill is a v long "o1 is able to draw 8 ord9>y load = a level up su* an incl9ation1 :]eas1 if x is /eep] he is sometimes /opp$ altoge!r1 ev5 ?\gh ! c>t] tries ! zigzag r\te s z to obta9 an artificial ease ( gradi5t4 ,! table giv5 9 #8,moleswor?' ^u ! same subject is too well kn[n to be repeat$1 & ano!r table may be f\nd 9 ,sir ,h5ry ,p>nell's "w on roads1 :i* gives a comp>ison betwe5 ! draught necess>y on a well-pav$ road at #b1 on a well-made1 clean macadamis$ road at #e1 :]eas on a wet & muddy gravel or fl9t road x rises to #cb6 ,mr4 ,t4 ,d4 ,hope1 ( ,liv]pool1 assum+ ! p[] ( traction at #ajj1 gives ! foll[+ table3-- ,weight drawn4 ,level macadamis$ road #bg cwt4 granite pavem5t #cje wood #edge ,& ,lieut4 ,crompton has giv5 ! resi/ance ( :eels 9 lbs4 p] ton on diff]5t surfaces z foll[s3-- ,v good pavem5t #ce lbs4 ,good macadam #fj ,ord9>y ditto #ij ,newly-laid gravel #bjj ,s(t grass l& #cjj ,newly-laid metal #ddj ,"h 8newly-laid metal0 comes out v badly1 & po9ts to ! necessity ( roll+1 ( :i* ,i %all speak 9 a future *apt]4 ,:il/ on ! "q ( :eel resi/ance1 x may be well to note t ! small front :eels ( a waggon cause consid]ably m h>m to a macadamis$ road ?an ! l>g] h9d :eels4 ,9 ! small] diamet] any loose /one or ob/ruction is pu%$ along 9 front = a consid]able di/ance1 (t5 te>+ up ! surface ( ! road1 :]eas 9 ! o!r case ! /one is =c$ into its place or cru%$ z "u a roll]4 ,on ! "q ( 8safety0 to traffic1 ,mr4 ,haywood1 ! em95t ,surveyor ( ! ,city ( ,london1 has caus$ sev]al mo/ complete obs]vations to be made f "t to "t1 ! results ( su* obs]vations be+ detail$ by him 9 v>i\s reports4 ,among/ o!r useful in=mation compil$ by him1 he has asc]ta9$ t a horse w travel #ddf miles ^u a roadway pav$ ) blocks ( wood )\t a fall1 #aia miles ^u asphalte1 & #acb miles ^u granite setts4 ,i _c d bett] ?an give v]batim 8 rem>ks ^u ?is po9t3-- 8,slight ra9 makes bo? asphalte & wood m slipp]y ?an !y are at o!r times4 ,on asphalte ! slipp]9ess beg9s almo/ imm$iately ! ra9 comm5ces1 wood requires m ra9 be=e its wor/ condition ensues4 ,! slipp]9ess la/s long] ^u wood1 on acc\nt ( its absorb5t nature1 ?an x does ^u ! asphalte2 :5 dry wea!r comes aft] ! ra91 :5 asphalte is 9 its mo/ slipp]y /ate1 & ! horses fall on x v sudd5ly1 on wood _! ef=ts to save !mselves are m effectual2 wood also is frequ5tly 9 t peculi> condition ( surface 9 :i* horses slip or glide along x )\t fall+4 ,a small quantity ( dirt ^u asphalte makes x v slipp]y1 wood requires a l>ge quantity4 ,slipp]9ess c be tempor>ily cur$ on bo? pavem5ts2 on ! asphalte by spr9kl+ x ) s&1 on ! wood by spr9kl+ x ) gravel4 ,! result 9 bo? cases is dirt4 ,! s& ?r[n on asphalte helps to we> x out1 ! gravel ?r[n on wood t5ds to pres]ve x4 ,:5 a horse falls on asphalte x has difficulty 9 gett+ up2 on wood x rises m readily40#aa ,9 /reets cr[d$ ) traffic1 ! con/ant /opp+ & />t+1 especially on any surface t is slipp]y1 is v try+ to horses4 ,att5tion has lately be5 direct$ to ?is po9t ) a view to ! /orage ( "s p[] 9 a vehicle1 ei!r by ! compression ( a spr+ 9 /opp+ or by "s o!r me*anical means1 9 ord] t 9 />t+ ! driv] may at w lib]ate ?is p[] s z to assi/ ! horse 9 ov]com+ ! in]tia ( 8 load4 ,^! trials1 h[ev]1 h n at pres5t met ) mu* success4 ,be=e clos+ ?is *apt] on traffic1 x w be well to po9t out t ne>ly all vehicles travell+ rapidly c pass ea* o!r safely if all[$ a cle> space ( eight feet2 h5ce all roadways %\ld1 if possible1 be made ( a wid? betwe5 ! k]bs ( "s multiple ( eight3 a conv5i5t wid? = ! footpa?s1 s f> z foot-pass5g] traffic is conc]n$1 is f\nd to be "o-fif? ( ! entire wid? ( /reet4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to add t vehicles pass ea* o!r on ! left side1 p$e/rians on ! "r4 ,x is n easy to assign a cause = ! =m] beyond cu/om1 except t ! :ip is held 9 ! "r h&1 & 9 consequ5ce free play is giv5 = its use z ! driv] sits on t side & c wat* 8 :eels 9 pass+4 ,9 ,france & o!r c\ntries ! "r side is ! 8rule ( ! road40 ,9 ! case ( p$e/rians x is p]haps m conv5i5t = _m reasons to pass on ! "r side1 "o be+ t ! umbrella or p>asol is always c>ri$ 9 ! "r h&1 :i* is also us$ to remove ! hat :5 b[+1 & ano!r because "o's t5d5cy 9 pass+ any ob/acle is to give way ) ! left %\ld]4 ,= regulat+ ! traffic & = ! protection ( foot pass5g]s1 8sanctu>ies10 z !y are t]m$1 h (t5 to be con/ruct$ by surveyors 9 broad /reets or awkw>d c5tres ( traffic1 & x is well to place a lamp-po/ on ^! sanctu>ies1 on :i* may be advantage\sly fix$ a notice1 8,keep to ! ,left10 s z to regulate vehicul> traffic4 ,on ! lamp-po/s at ! edge ( ! footpa?s x is also sometimes cu/om>y to fix small enamell$ iron plates be>+ ! inscription on bo? sides1 8,keep to ! ,"r10 s z to regulate ! p$e/rian traffic4 ,( ! dang] to life & limb to p$e/rians 9 ,london mu* has frequ5tly be5 said1 & no wond]1 :5 we consid] ! numb] ( p]sons :o are daily injur$ & sometimes kill$ accord+ to ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al's returns4 ,"s ye>s ago x 0 propos$ to erect light iron bridges ov] ! mo/ dang]\s cross+s approa*$ by w9d+ /airs1 b 8"t is money0 9 ! mighty metropolis1 & ! s*eme 0 ab&on$ because x 0 felt t mo/ p]sons w\ld pref] ! risk ( be+ run ov] r ?an sp5d ! "t 9 asc5d+ & desc5d+ ! necess>y /eps = ?is purpose4 #g ,vide #8,m9utes ( ,proce$+s ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1' vol4 lviii4 #h ,vide ,report ( ! ,society ( ,arts on ! application ( ,sci5ce & ,art to /reet pav+ & /reet cleans+ ( ! metropolis1 #ahge4 #i ,ibid4 #aj ,exp]im5ts made by ! direction ( ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t on ! tramway betwe5 ,svres & ,v]sailles1 %[$ t a horse on a level tramway draws ?ree-&-a-half times ! weight1 at ! same spe$ & ) ! same exp5diture ( p[]1 t he c d on an ord9>y road4 ,up a gradi5t ( #a to #ajj1 he is capable ( draw+ #bbe times ! weight he c d up ! same gradi5t on an ord9>y road1 & up a gradi5t ( #a to #be he c draw "o-&-a-half times ! load he c d "u simil> circum/ances on ! ord9>y road4 #aa #8,report on accid5ts to ,horses on ,c>riageway ,pavem5ts1' by ,william ,haywood 7#ahgd74 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,macadamis$ ,,roadways4 ,i d n propose 9 ?is "w to speak ( any ( ! eng9e]+ op]ations necess>y to lay out or con/ruct long l9es ( connect+ roadways1 z t is a duty :i* seldom falls to a t[n surveyor to p]=m1 & !re are a great numb] ( treatises & books ^u ! subject already publi%$4 ,! object ( ?is *apt] w be to give "s in=mation & h9ts ^u ! con/ruction & ma9t5ance ( :at are kn[n z macadamis$ roads1 suitable = urban & suburban traffic4 ,!re c be little d\bt t roadways ( ?is description are exp5sive luxuries :]e ! co/ ( _! ma9t5ance1 ow+ to excessive traffic or o!r causes1 exce$s #bs4 p] squ>e y>d p] annum1 b !y are (t5 necess>y luxuries :5 ! requirem5ts ( ! locality are consid]$1 a po9t to :i* ,i drew att5tion 9 ! prec$+ *apt] ^u 8,traffic40 ,= purposes ( :at may be /yl$ 8pleasure traffic10 macadamis$ roadways are unequall$ :5 well con/ruct$ & ma9ta9$1 b !re are _m objections to !m :i* w be consid]$ 9 _! place 9 ?is *apt]4 ,! ^w macadamis$ is1 z is well kn[n1 d]iv$ f "o ,john ,l\don ,macadam1 :o 9 ! ye> #ahaf fir/ took up ! "q ( putt+ brok5 metal ^u a road in/ead ( ! b\ld]s previ\sly us$4#ab ,8 "n1 be+ r a peculi> "o1 has be5 atta*$ to ?is description ( road ev] s9ce4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! 8macadamis$0 roadways ( ! pres5t day are con/ruct$ aft] a me?od introduc$ by ,?omas ,tel=d z an improvem5t ^u ,macadam's pr9ciples1 & a p]usal ( ! two foll[+ specifications w1 ,i ?9k1 %[ t !re is n v mu* diff]5ce betwe5 ! me?od introduc$ by ,tel=d & t foll[$ at ! pres5t "t4 ,specification ( a ,roadway z design$ by ,?omas ,tel=d m ?an fifty ye>s ago4#ac 8,^u ! level b$ prep>$ = ! road mat]ials1 a bottom c\rse or lay] ( /ones is to be set by h& 9 =m ( a close1 firm pavem5t2 ! /ones set 9 ! middle ( ! road are to be sev5 in*es 9 dep?2 at n9e feet f ! c5tre five in*es2 at twelve feet f ! c5tre f\r in*es2 & at fifte5 feet ?ree in*es4 ,!y are to be set on _! broade/ edges l5g?wise across ! road1 & ! bread? ( ! upp] edge is n to exce$ f\r in*es 9 any case4 ,all ! irregul>ities ( ! upp] "p ( ! said pavem5t are to be brok5 (f by ! hamm]1 & all ! int]/ices to be fill$ ) /one *ips firmly w$g$ or pack$ by h& ) a light hamm]1 s t :5 ! :ole pavem5t is f9i%$ !re %all be a convexity ( f\r in*es 9 ! bread? ( fifte5 feet f ! c5tre4#ad 8,! middle eighte5 feet ( pavem5t is to be coat$ ) h>d /ones to ! dep? ( six in*es4 ,f\r ( ^! six in*es to be fir/ put on & work$ 9 by c>riages & horses2 c>e be+ tak5 to rake 9 ! ruts until ! surface becomes firm & consolidat$1 aft] :i* ! rema9+ two in*es are to be put on4 8,! :ole ( ?is /one is to be brok5 into pieces1 z ne>ly cubical z possible1 s t ! l>ge/ piece 9 its longe/ dim5sions may pass ?r\gh a r+ ( two & a half in*es inside diamet]4 8,! pav$ spaces on ea* side ( ! eighte5 middle feet are to be coat$ ) brok5 /ones or well-clean$ /ony gravel up to ! foot pa? or o!r b\nd>y ( ! road1 s z to make ! :ole convexity ( ! road six in*es f ! c5tre to ! sides ( x1 & ! :ole ( ! mat]ials are to be cov]$ ) a b9d+ ( an in* & a half ( good gravel free f clay or e>?40 ,if ! above specification1 writt5 m ?an fifty ye>s ago1 is comp>$ ) "o ( ! pres5t date1 x w be se5 t !re is a /rong resemblance betwe5 !m4 ,specification ( a ,roadway z n[ execut$4 ,! cross section ( ! roadway :5 f9i%$ is to be an arc ( a circle1 ) a rise ( #a 9 #bg f k]b to ! c5tre ( ! roadway ea* way4#ae ,! roadway1 :5 consolidat$ & f9i%$1 to be #ab in*es 9 dep? at ! gutt]s & #ae in*es at ! c5tre1 dim9i%+ gradually f ?is po9t "r & left to ! dep? nam$4 ,! gutt]s to be #b feet 9 wid?1 =m$ ( /one setts #f in*es by #f in*es1 & laid 9 s&1 on a firmly consolidat$ surface ( small brok5 /one or gravel4 ,! e>? road-b$ on :i* ! surface =mation is to re/ is to be excavat$ to ! requir$ dep?1 & :5 grad$ & %ap$ to its prop] =m1 x is to be ?or\ghly & repeat$ly roll$ ) a /eam roll]1 & all depressions :i* !n appe> are to be fill$ ) ! same mat]ial z ! road-b$1 & roll$ until ! :ole be uni=mly compact & firm4 ,on ! road-b$ ?us =m$ & compact$1 a bottom lay] ( /one ( a dep? ( #h in*es at ! c5tre ( ! road1 & gradually dim9i%+ to #f in*es at ! k]b1 is to be set by h&1 to =m a close1 firm pavem5t4 ,! /ones are to be laid1 ) _! l>ge/ side d[n1 9 p>allel l9es across ! /reet1 break+ jo9t z mu* z practicable4#af ,! wid? ( ! upp] "p ( ! /one n to be m ?an #h in*es1 nor less ?an #f in*es4 ,! /one n to exce$ #ae in*es 9 l5g?4 ,aft] be+ set closely toge!r1 ! /ones are to be firmly w$g$ by ins]t+ a b> 9 all possible places1 & plac+ betwe5 !m /ones z ne>ly z possible ( ! dep? ( ! pavem5t1 until ! :ole is b\nd 9 position4 ,projections ( ! upp] "p ( ?is c\rse are to be brok5 (f1 c>e be+ tak5 n to loos5 ! pavem5t2 & no w$g+ is to be done )9 #bj feet ( ! face ( ! "w be+ laid4 ,! small int]/ices are to be fill$ 9 ) /one *ips firmly w$g$ ) hamm]s4 ,! :ole is to be ?or\ghly ramm$ & settl$ to place1 & all undue irregul>ities ( surface brok5 (f4 ,on ! f\ndation c\rse mu/ be laid an int]m$iate lay] ( brok5 /ones1 v>y+ 9 size f #c in*es 9 _! greate/ diamet]s to #a in* 9 _! smalle/ diamet]s4 ,^! irregul>-siz$ /ones may be ei!r ! 8tail+s0 ( ! scre5$ /ones1 or may be rak$ f ! qu>ry1 & plac$ on ! roadway )\t be+ ma*9e-brok52 b !y mu/ nev]!less be s laid z to compact solidly1 & mu/ be clean brok5 /one1 free f du/ & dirt1 & )9 ! dim5sions giv5 above4 ,?is int]m$iate c\rse mu/ be #d in*es 9 dep? at ! c5tre ( ! roadway1 gradually decreas+ to #c in*es 9 dep? at ! gutt]s2 x is to be ?or\ghly roll$ ) ! /eam roll] until x be firm1 compact1 & solid4 ,on its upp] surface x mu/ be id5tical 9 rise & =m to ! cross-section ( ! f9i%$ pavem5t1 z specifi$ above4 ,9 ! lay+ ( ?is c\rse ( /one a small quantity ( b9d+ mat]ial is to be us$1 suffici5t only to fill up ! crevices1 & r5d] ?is portion ( ! pavem5t solid4 ,pref]ably ! b9d+ is to be ( f9e scre5$ gravel or s&1 :i* is to be suffici5tly wat]$ dur+ ! process ( roll+1 s t ! 8lick+ up0 ( ! road mat]ial1 & its adh]5ce to ! roll+-:eels may be prev5t$4 ,on ! int]m$iate c\rse is to be laid ! surface lay] ( brok5 /one4#ag ,x mu/ be #b in*es 9 dep?1 & ! /ones mu/ be practically uni=m 9 quality1 & z ne> an approa* to a cube 9 =m z possible4 ,ea* /one us$ 9 ?is lay] mu/ h pass$ ?r\gh a #b-;in* circul> hole1 & all /ones t are w$ge-%ap$1 & d n approa* uni=mity ( measurem5t on _! sides1 are to be tak5 f ! road ) prop]ly %ap$ rakes1 & no /ones all[$ to rema9 :i* are n s\nd1 /rong1 & equable 9 size & quality ( mat]ial4 ,! /ones are to be rak$ into an ev5 lay]1 & ! /eam roll] pass$ ov] !m twice or ?rice4 ,aft] ?is a quantity ( f9e scre5$ gravel or s& is to be ?r[n on & suffici5tly spr9kl$ to moi/5 ! mass )\t 8lick+ up40 ,! roll+ is !n to be cont9u$ 7work+ ! roll] backw>ds & =w>ds1 gradually f ! gutt] to ! cr[n71 ) an occasional light wat]+ ( ! pavem5t1 until ! cross-section be exact accord+ to specification1 ! int]/ices fill$ 91 ! roadway firmly compact$ & solid1 & all excess ( b9d+ remov$ f ! surface ( ! f9i%$ pavem5t4#ah ,tel=d's object 0 ! complete sep>ation ( ! road metal f ! subsoil by a firm & regul> f\ndation1 & ?is sy/em has ev] s9ce held its gr\nd4 ,! advantages to be ga9$ 9 con/ruct+ a roadway 9 ?is mann] may be summ$ up z foll[s3-- 7#a47 ,economy ( con/ruction1 z a consid]able quantity ( metall+ is sav$2 only #c in*es ( prop]ly brok5 /one & a little b9d+ mat]ial be+ necess>y1 ! f\ndation ( ! roadway 7:i* really c>ries ! traffic7 may be made ( a quality ( /one unsuitable = road metal1 or ev5 ( bricks or /ones f old build+s t are be+ pull$ d[n4 7#b47 ,! prev5tion ( ! ris+ up or 8spew+0 ( ! clay or o!r s(t mat]ial on :i* ! roadway re/s4 7#c47 ,a solid f\ndation is secur$ :i* w successfully resi/ ! weight & p]cussion ( ! traffic4 7#d47 ,! increas$ facility = ! dra9age ( ! roadway wat] be+ ru9\s to x4#ai ,in/ead ( =m+ a pav$ or 8p9n$0 f\ndation = macadamis$ roadways1 sometimes :at is call$ 8h>d core0 is plac$ at ! bottom ( ! road ^u ! surface =mation4 ,?is 8h>d core0 is made ( v het]og5\s mat]ials1 (t5 ! wa/e products ( ! h\se refuse dept1 & consi/s ( a%es1 old pots & pans1 meat t9s1 old bottles1 %ells1 & a v>iety ( simil> articles2 sometimes ! core is made ( burnt balla/1 b 9 no case does x make s good a f\ndation z /ones set by h&4 ,concrete has also be5 employ$ z a f\ndation ) great success1 b x is v exp5sive1 & is seldom us$ except "u /reets pav$ ) ei!r granite1 wood1 or asphalte1 ( :i* ,i %all speak h]eaft]2 = if ! traffic 0 s great z to necessitate ! use ( concrete = a f\ndation x w\ld surely be bett] to give ! roadway a m durable surface ?an macadam4 ,! foll[+ tables1 %[+ ! ?ickness ( ! f\ndation & metall+ ( brok5 /one roads1 is f a pap] on roadways1 read to ! ,association ( ,municipal & ,sanit>y ,eng9e]s1 by ,mr4 ,james ,hall1 ,bor\gh ,surveyor ( ,/ockton1 & may be ( use to ^? :o w\ld l to "k :at proportions to use4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,p9n$ ,f\ndations4 ,brok5 ,/ones4 ,concrete4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,p9n+4,cov]+4,metal4 ,"u4 ,upp]4 ,con-,metal4 crete ---------------------------------------- --------------------- 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 ,c\ntry roads #f #c #d #i #d #d #c ,suburban #i #c #e #i #f #f #e ,t[n /reets #i #f #e #ae #f #aj #e ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,*alk has sometimes be5 us$ = ! bottom ( a roadway1 b :]e ?is is likely to be affect$ by fro/ x is ! wor/ mat]ial t c be us$1 z x is likely to bl[ up ! roadway4 ,) reg>d to ! annual outlay ^u macadamis$ roadways1 ! foll[+ comp>ative tables#bj prep>$ by ,mr4 ,ellice ,cl>k1 ! !n ,surveyor ( ,d]by1 may be ( int]e/4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,annual ,outlay4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,s9k- + fund #c ,ori- p] g9al c5t4 co/ com- p] ,9- p\nd ,description ( squ>et]-int]- ,ma9- ,scav- ,pavem5t4 y>d4 e/4 e/4 t5ance4eng+4,gravel4,total4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- s4 d4d4 d4 s4 d4s4 d4 d4 s4 d4 ,wood pavem5t #ae #ae #ge #aja #j #aj #j #bg #ej #b #bc ,val de ,trav]s compress$ #ah #jj #ig 44 #j #cf #j #jd 44 #a #ag asphalte ,granite setts #g in*es by #c in*es laid ov] a lay] #ag #ij #if #je #j #ac #j #be 44 #a #ai ( #ab in*es ( cem5t concrete ,macadam 9 s\? ( #d #ij #ba 44 #c #fj #a #jj 44 #d #ha ,engl& ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,load ( ,mud ,traffic p] ,annum ,mat]ial4 p] area4 p] y>d ( wid?4 ---------------------------------------- --------- sup]ficial y>ds4 tons4 ,macadam #cdd #be1jjj ,granite setts #ejj #ej1jjj ,wood #afff #be1jjj ,asphalte #djjj #ejj1jjj ---------------------------------------- --------- ,! foll[+ is a table ( ! co/ ( /reets 9 ,p>is p] squ>e y>d p] annum4#ba ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,description ( ,pavem5t4,ma9t5ance4,cleans+4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- s4 d4 s4 d4s4 d4 ,/one ,pavem5t #j #dej #j #ccg #j #ghg ,macadam #j #ibe #j #gca #a #ebf ,asphalte #j #ajbj #j #dag #a #bcg ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,! co/ ( ma9ta9+ macadamis$ roadways z comp>$ ) t ( granite setts has be5 said to be z high z #e to #a & t ?is co/ if capitalis$ = #ab or #ac ye>s w equal ! fir/ exp5se1 int]e/ on money1 & ! necess>y repairs = a granite pav$ roadway4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! co/ p] annum p] squ>e y>d = ! ma9t5ance ( macadamis$ roadways 9 diff]5t places1 s f> z ,i h be5 able to collect !m3 s4 d4 s4 d4 ,bri/ol #d to #a #j ,*>+ ,cross 7,london7 #e #j 7n[ pav$7 ,exet] #f #b #f includ+ cleans+ ,glasg[ #h ,le$s #aj #a #b ,liv]pool #b #b #f ,man*e/] #f #a #h ,m]?yr ,tydfil #d ,newca/le #a #c includ+ wat]+ ,p>is #i #aj #i ,p>liam5t ,/reet 7,london7 #c #f repairs only ,reg5t ,/reet 7ditto7 #c #g 7n[ pav$ ) wood7 ,/ockton #i #a #f ,%effield #a #h #b #j ,wakefield #a #j all pav$ /reets n[4 ,9 ,birm+ham ! macadamis$ /reets h worn d[n #f in*es 9 "o ye>1 ) a traffic ( #bdhd vehicles pass+ 9 #aj h\rs4 ,) ref]5ce to ! great co/ ( ma9t5ance 9 ,p>is1 ! foll[+ p>ticul>s#bb may "h be giv52 8,! surface ( ! /reet is pick$ by gangs ( m51 metal f #b to #i in*es 9 ?ickness is !n laid on1 a coat+ ( s& is !n spread ^u x1 x is wat]$ & roll$ at p] kilometre ton1 t is1 at p] ton weight ( roll] p] kilometre travell$1 at a co/ ( ab\t #aecc;d4 p] ton mile = ! fir/ #bej1jjj ton miles1 & at r$uc$ rates = additional s]vice4 ,! mat]ials us$ = ! roads are fl9ts co/+ #ds4 #f;d4 p] cubic y>d = light traffic roads2 = m$ium traffic1 h>d mill/one at #aas4 #d;d42 & = ! heavie/ & greate/ traffic1 porphyry at #aes4 #i;d4 ,! av]age total co/ ( ma9t5ance ( ! /reets is #as4 #h;d4 p] squ>e y>d p] annum = ! fir/-class roads1 & #as4 #a;d4 = ! light] traffic2 ! highe/ co/ = ma9t5ance is z high z #ajs4 #i;d4 p] squ>e y>d1 ! l[e/ #i;d4 p] annum40 ,x may be well to m5tion t #gc p] c5t4 ( ! /reets 9 ,p>is are pav$1 #e p] c5t4 are coat$ ) asphalte1 & #bb p] c5t4 are macadamis$4 ,! cont\r1 or be/ =m ( cross section t %\ld be giv5 to a roadway1 has (t5 ex]cis$ ! m9ds ( eng9e]s1 b = all practical purposes ev5ness ( surface & regul>ity ( section 9 a macadamis$ roadway are ( m importance ?an ! slight diff]5ce betwe5 /raight l9es & curves1 :i* might only t5d to confuse ! workm54 ,=m]ly x 0 ! practice to employ a complicat$ gauge 9 ! =m ( a /raight-edge fitt$ ) plummet or level & slid+ b>s1 b a good eye1 assi/$ by a long /raight-edge & _s-level & ?ree bon+ rods1 is g5]ally f\nd to be suffici5t1 & if ! c5tre ( ! roadway is kept level ) ! heel ( ! footpa?1 a sightly cross-section is g5]ally ! result2 or say #f in*es to #i in*es high] 9 c5tre ( a roadway #cj feet 9 wid? betwe5 ! k]bs1 #c in*es to #d in*es :]e x is f #ah to #bj feet 9 wid?4 ,! foll[+ detail$ section ( a macadamis$ roadway is "o :i* ,i am 9 ! habit ( specify+ = suburban di/ricts1 z x is easily set out & con/ruct$1 & answ]s all purposes mo/ admirably4 ,illu/ration ,! total wid? ( /reet is #cf feet1 ( :i* ! roadway takes #bd1 leav+ a footpa? #f feet 9 wid? on ea* side4 ,! surface ( ! f9i%$ roadway is a segm5t ( a circle1 ! cr[n be+ level ) ! heels ( ! footpa?s on ea* side2 ! =mation surface is p>allel ) x1 & ( c\rse ! dep? ( ?is & ! ?ickness ( f\ndations & metal mu/ dep5d ^u local circum/ances4 ,x w be se5 t ! haun*es are dra9$ ) #c-;in* common dra9-pipes4 ,?is may be omitt$ if ! gr\nd is ?or\ghly dry1 b x is (t5 a great help to a road4 ,! pa?s1 k]b+1 & *annell+ w be describ$ 9 _! respective *apt]s4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t on a p]fectly level road a m convex section is necess>y ?an on a gradi5t4 ,x is wrong to make ! sides ( a roadway weak] ?an ! c5tre1 especially 9 /reets ) %ops on ea* side1 or on hills :]e drags are likely to be us$4 ,on hills1 too1 be x rememb]$1 ! *annels %\ld take ! surface wat]2 any ruts f :eel tracks act+ z wat]c\rses are disa/r\s4 ,haul+ timb] on a macadamis$ roadway is also v damag+4 ,! great objections to macadamis$ roadways are z foll[s3-- 7#a47 ,!y manufacture too mu* mud & du/4#bc 7#b47 ,!y are too absorb5t4 7#c47 ,!y are v noisy & damag+ to vehicles & horses :5 fre% metall$4 7#d47 ,!y con/antly require m5d+1 b nev] seem q s\nd4 7#e47 ,!y are frequ5tly encumb]$ by m5 & c>ts engag$ 9 ei!r repairs1 cleans+1 or wat]+4 7#f47 ,!y are v exp5sive to ma9ta9 & cleanse4 7#g47 ,!y are bad = a horse to fall ^u1 z su* falls g5]ally damage ! knees4 ,! foll[+ notes ^u ! ma9t5ance ( macadamis$ roadways may "h be ( s]vice3-- 7#a47 ,roads %\ld be inspect$ 9 wet wea!r1 z holl[s & o!r imp]fections are !n easily detect$2 a holl[ place ext5ds v rapidly if neglect$4 7#b47 ,all ruts %\ld be fill$ 9 at once4 ,if !re are ?ree p>allel1 ! c5tre rut %\ld be fir/ fill$ 92 ! traffic is ?us slightly div]t$1 z a horse w avoid new metal4 7#c47 ,ruts %\ld n be all[$ to =m2 ! surface ( ! road ought nev] to lose its regul> section4 7#d47 ,a road %\ld be ?or\ghly repair$ directly x %[s ! lea/ sign ( be+ fairly worn all ov]4 7#e47 ,! "r season ( ! ye> = repairs is ! autumn1 al?\gh :]e a /eam roll] c be us$ almo/ any "t w d4 ,if ! surface ( ! road is v h>d x %\ld be 8lift$0#bd previ\s to repairs4 7#f47 ,all loose /ones %\ld be pick$ (f at once or put toge!r 9 holl[ places ^u ! roadway1 z1 if all[$ to rema91 !y are n only dang]\s to horses1 b are liable to be cru%$1 or to be =c$ ?r\gh ! sk9 ( ! roadway1 ?us caus+ x damage4 7#g47 ,wat] lodg+ ^u a road does great mis*ief1 b x %\ld n be let (f by digg+ a tr5* ) a pickaxe to ! side ( roadway1 z is sometimes done4 7#h47 ,a roadway :5 v dry sometimes suff]s ?r\gh dis9tegration ( ! surface4 7#i47 ,scrap+ ! mud (f a roadway may damage x by loos5+ /ones2 sweep+ ! surface :5 wet is be/4 7#aj47 ,a heavy %[] does a road good by wa%+ x2 a cont9u\s drizzle1 especially aft] fro/1 is v ru9\s to a roadway4 7#aa47 ,a good cleans+ is sometimes wor? a coat ( metal4#be ,bitum9\s ,roadways4 ,9 "s t[ns 9 ,engl& bitum9\s or asphalte macadamis$ roadways are made4 ,?is consi/s 9 mix+ ord9>y coal t> ) ! road metal ord9>ily employ$ = macadamis$ roads1 only x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! metal employ$ mu/ be lime/one or "s o!r s(t mat]ial1 o!rwise x w n we> d[n ev5ly ) ! t>1 & ?us a lumpy surface w be produc$ 9 c\rse ( "t4 ,! me?od ( mix+ is by heat+ ! /one1 :i* has ( c\rse be5 previ\sly brok5 to ! requir$ size1 & !n ?or\ghly mix+ & incorporat+ x ) ! t>4 ,?is is !n c>ri$ to ! roadway1 is spread 9 ! ord9>y mann] & well roll$ to ! prop] cont\r1 a surface be+ aft]w>ds giv5 to x by a coat+ ( ab\t #b in*es ?ick1 compos$ ( a simil> mixture1 ! /ones ( :i* are ( mu* small] size4 ,ano!r me?od is to place ab\t #f in*es ( ! brok5 metal describ$ above ^u ! necess>y f\ndation4 ,^u ?is a boil+ mixture compos$ ( ab\t #ej gallons ( creosote oil & #a ton ( pit* is p\r$ until e int]/ice is fill$ ) ! mixture4 ,:il/ ?is is /ill w>m1 a ?9 lay] ( small brok5 /one is spread ^u ! surface & well roll$2 m small /ones or *ipp+s are add$1 & ! :ole is roll$ until ! surface ( ! roadway has atta9$ its prop] cont\r & pres5ts a p]fectly smoo? & clean appe>ance1 little inf]ior to t ( real asphalte4 ,dry wea!r is ess5tial :il/ ?is class ( roadway is 9 c\rse ( con/ruction1 & !y require c>eful wat*+1 z1 ^u ! sk9 becom+ brok51 ! :ole roadway soon breaks up4 ,!y h1 h[ev]1 _m advantages ov] ord9>y macadamis$ roadways :5 f9i%$1 n ! lea/ ( !m be+ _! imp]vi\sness to moi/ure1 & ! ease ) :i* !y are cleans$4 #ab ,! fir/ road 8eng9e]0 9 ?is c\ntry 0 ,john ,metcalf ( ,kn>esbor\gh1 :o 0 born 9 #agag1 & :o1 al?\gh totally bl9d1 0 ! fir/ p]son to introduce a me?odical sy/em ( road repairs4 ,vide #8,roads & ,road ,mak]s1' by ,h5ry ,alex&] ,glass4 #ac ,vide #8,a ,treatise on ,roads1' by ,sir ,h4 ,p>nell 7#ahcc74 #ad ,! total wid? ( roadway be+ ?irty feet4 #ae ,x is necess>y to give a new roadway m convexity ?an x w h :5 f9i%$1 = h[ev] c>efully x is rak$ or att5d$ to :5 be+ roll$1 ! top is sure to flatt5 & spread t[>ds ! haun*es4 #af ,in/ead ( p>allel l9es x is sometimes well to place ^! /ones diagonally f c5tre to k]b or 8h]r+-bone0 fa%ion1 ?us greatly facilitat+ ! "u dra9age4 #ag ,9 metall+ a road x is bett] to put on ! coats gradually1 ?an to give ! :ole ?ickness ( metal at once4 #ah ,! me?od adopt$ 9 ,*icago1 ,u4,s4,a41 = =m+ _! roadways is z foll[s3--,! road b$ is prep>$ ( ! prop] cont\r & well-roll$ ) a #ae-ton /eam roll] until x is ev51 firm1 & compact2 on ?is b$ rubble /one is c>efully plac$ by h& ) its broade/ surface d[nw>ds1 !n #ab in*es ( metal are add$ #f in*es at a "t1 ?or\ghly roll$ to bond x well1 x is !n topp$ ) #d in*es ( cru%$ trap rock or "s o!r equally h>d /one1 :i* w n dis9tegrate ?r\gh ! action ( ! wea!r1 nor pulv]ise "u ! pressure & we> ( vehicles ^u x2 ?is is aga91 ?or\ghly well roll$ s z to compact & b9d x toge!r4 #ai 8,if roads be kept dry !y w be ma9ta9$ 9 a good /ate ) proportionally less exp5se4 ,x has be5 well obs]v$ t ! /atu>y _c saw 8 m>ble1 nor ! lapid>y cut 8 jewels )\t ! assi/ance ( ! p[d] ( ! specific mat]ials on :i* he is act+2 ?is1 :5 comb9$ ) wat]1 produces suffici5t attrition to accompli% 8 purpose4 ,a simil> effect is produc$ on roads1 s9ce ! r$uc$ p>ticles ( ! mat]ials1 :5 wet1 assi/ ! :eels 9 rapidly gr9d+ d[n ! surface40 ,p>nell's #8,treatise on ,roads1' #ahhc4 ,m mod]n writ]s h lik5$ macadamis$ roadways to 8/one mills on :i* ! /ones are gr\nd into du/ :5 dry1 or mud :5 wet40 #bj ,vide #8,m9utes ( ,proce$+s ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1' vol4 lx4 #ba ,vide #8,annales indu/rielles de ,p>is1' ,oct4 #ba/ & ,nov4 #d?1 #ahgg4 #bb ,vide #8,annales indu/rielles de ,p>is4' #bc ,a report ( ! ,padd+ton ,ve/ry on 8wood & o!r pavem5ts10 7#ahgh7 /ates macadam z a mud produc+ mat]ial is twelve times worse ?an wood1 & six times worse ?an granite cubes4 #bd ,?is is also sometimes call$ 8/ock+0 or 8*equ]+10 & consi/s ( mak+ furr[s across a roadway ) a %>p pickaxe1 ab\t a c\ple ( in*es 9 dep?1 ?us remov+ any irregul>ities1 & also all[+ ! new metal to b$ prop]ly4 #be ,9 ,birm+ham1 good cleans+ is said to h r$uc$ ! am\nt ( metal necess>y = ! ma9t5ance ( ! roadways f #bj1jjj tons p] annum to #ac1jjj tons4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,road ,,metal ,,& ,,break+4 ,! only true te/ ( ! fitness ( any /one = use z a road metal is by an exp]im5tal trial ^u a c]ta9 l5g? ( roadway2 b 9 mak+ ! fir/ selection = su* trials x is well to make ! foll[+ inve/igations3-- 7#a47 ,asc]ta9 f local p]sons1 su* z masons1 qu>rym51 & o!rs1 _! op9ion ( ! qualities ( ! /ones 9 ! neighb\rhood4 7#b47 ,make a trial ( ! /one = t\ghness4 ,?is c be done by sett+ a good /one-break] to "w ^u a heap ( ! /one z qu>ri$ & c>efully wat*+ h[ mu* he c break 9 an h\r4#bf 7#c47 ,asc]ta9 :at p[] ! /one has to resi/ abrasion4 ,?is is done 9 ,france by putt+ ! brok5 metal into a revolv+ cyl9d] & !n c>efully not+ by weight :at ! cubes lose by contact ) ea* o!r4 ,ano!r plan may be adopt$ by press+ ! /one aga9/ a gr9d/one ) a uni=m pressure1 & not+ ! loss caus$ by su* contact4 7#d47 ,! p[] to resi/ compression may be easily asc]ta9$ by plac+ small cubes 9 an hydraulic press & not+ "u :at pressures ea* cube w cru%4 7#e47 ,! effect ( wea!r is n easily asc]ta9$ artificially1 al?\gh x is sugge/$ t a good te/ may be made by soak+ ! /one 9 a saturat$ solution ( sulphate ( soda2 & !n on exposure to ! air1 if s(t1 x is said ! /one w dis9tegrate z if "u ! action ( ?aw succe$+ fro/4#bg ,! specific gravity ( a /one is no crit]ion :atev] z to its fitness4 ,clay-slate has a high] specific gravity ?an a t\gh fl9t1 & yet ! =m] is almo/ useless z a road metal2 ! latt]1 on ! contr>y1 (t5 mak+ excell5t roadways4 ,! qualities necess>y = a really good road metal are h>dness1 t\ghness1 n easily decompos$ or affect$ by ! wea!r1 & at ! same "t ! /one :5 brok5 ought to h "s p[] ( cohesion )\t ! necessity ( mu* b9d+ mat]ial4 ,! "q ( co/ ,i put aside at once1 z x is well kn[n t ! be/ road metal is always ! *eape/ :]e !re is mu* or heavy traffic4 ,local circum/ances mu/ to a great ext5t det]m9e :at /one to use ^u a roadway1 b ! foll[+ li/ may be ( use3-- ,sy5ite4--,?is is a granite 9 :i* hornbl5de takes ! place ( mica1 & is an excell5t road mat]ial2 ! d>k] ! col\r ! m durable x is f\nd to be4 ,granite4--,?is %\ld h m felsp> ?an qu>tz1 & h z little mica z possible2 ! clos] ! gra9 ! bett]4 ,co>se-gra9$ granites soon decompose4 ,trappean ,rocks4--,"s ( ^! are excell5t = road metal4 ,basalts ( d>k col\r & close gra9 %\ld be select$4 ,gre5/ones ) simil> *>act]i/ics are good2 z is also ,:9/one4 ,gneiss4--,is inf]ior to granite2 x has mica 9 lay]s & is n a good road metal4 ,clay ,slates4--,^! are useless1 z !y crumble on exposure or deg5]ate into mud4 ,lime/one4--,! ,metamorphic1 ,silurian1 & ,c>bonif]\s lime/ones may be us$ if cry/all9e 9 appe>ance1 b ! ,lias & ,oolitic are ( little use4#bh ,s&/ones4--,"s ( ^!1 if *]ty or conta9+ a l>ge p]c5tage ( iron1 may be us$2 b z a rule !y are q unfitt$ = use z a road metal4 ,fl9ts4--,^!1 if t\gh1 make excell5t roadways2 b un=tunately !y are sometimes too brittle = heavy traffic4 ,surface-pick$ fl9ts are bett] ?an ^? f a qu>ry4#bi ,pebbles4--,^! are f\nd on sea %ores & riv] b$s4 ,!y are compos$ ( v v>i\s rocks1 & are mu* wat]-worn & r\nd$2 :5 brok5 !y sometimes answ] v well if mix$ ) gravel to b9d !m4 ,gravel4--,?is1 if ( a fl9ty "*1 & n too mu* mix$ ) e>?y matt]1 makes good roads = light traffic1 if c>efully wat*$ or well roll$ dur+ =mation4 ,pit gravel %\ld always be scre5$ ?r\gh wire scre5s ( #a to #a gauge1 & ! small c be us$ = footpa?s4 ,9 "s places x is difficult to obta9 any natural /one = ! purposes ( road metal2 9 ^! cases slag f bla/ furnaces or ord9>y cl9k]s f furnaces are sometimes us$4 ,oy/] %ells are us$ on ! roadways ne> ! ,gulf coa/s#cj & *>coal 9 ,mi*igan1 ,unit$ ,/ates4#ca ,i h myself made a mo/ excell5t roadway ) coral on ! coa/ ( ,jamaica1 & no d\bt _m /range mat]ials h be51 & /ill are1 us$ = ?is purpose4 8,i nev] mix0 is an adage t %\ld be foll[$ by surveyors z reg>ds road metal4 ,d n mix a s(t mat]ial ) "o t is h>d] = ei!r con/ruction or ma9t5ance ( a roadway2 ! effect is :at is kn[n z a 8bumpy0 road1 aris+ f ! fact ( ! s(t /one we>+ fa/] ?an ! h>d4 ,! h>de/ metal %\ld be kept = ! top or surface lay] ( ! roadway4 ,z an in/ance ( ! extreme difficulty besett+ ! "q ( ! be/ mat]ial = road metal1 ,i w "h give a table %[+ ! comp>ative coeffici5ts ( quality assign$ to !m by ! eng9e]s ( ! ,fr5* ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,ponts et ,*ausses4#cb ,,coeffici5ts ,,( ,,quality ,,( ,,road ,,mat]ials4 ,granitic gravel #bch ,qu>tz gravel #bad ,trap #bjj ,qu>tz #ajj to #bej 79 "o in/ance #dh7 ,basalt #abj #bjj ,porphyry #ajj #bjj 79 "o in/ance #ej7 ,qu>tzite #aaj #ahj ,devonian s*i/ #afj ,s*i/ #dj to #abj ,s&/one #abj #afj ,granite #fj #bjj 7g5]ally #ajj to #abj7 ,sy5ite #abj ,gneiss #ij to #abj ,silici\s pebbles & gravel #hj #aij 79 "o in/ance #fj7 ,silex #hj #afj ,*alk fl9ts #gj #aaf ,silici\s lime/one #fj #ahj 7g5]ally ab\t #ajj to #abj7 ,compact lime/one #adj ,magnesian lime/one #afj ,c>bonif]\s lime/one #ij ,oolitic lime/one #ej to #abj ,lias lime/one #ej #ajj ,juranic lime/one #ej #hj ,lime/one #ej #abj ,mean ( all ,france #ajfc ,x w be se5 by ! above table h[ diff]5t are ! results obta9$ f mat]ials ( ! same "*4 ,break+ /one = ! purpose ( us+ x z a road metal 01 until comp>atively rec5t ye>s1 always effect$ by h&2 n[1 z 9 o!r cases1 ma*9]y has /ept 9 & some:at supplant$ manual lab\r4 ,h&-brok5 road metal1 h[ev]1 /ill f9ds fav\r ) road surveyors2 x is bett] brok51 & 9 "s di/ricts1 ! occupation f9ds employm5t = p]sons :o o!rwise w\ld be ?r[n on ! rates = support4 ,9 break+ /one by h& ! break] sits & /rikes ! /one ) a small ca/-/eel *isel-fac$ hamm]1 weigh+ ab\t "o p\nd1 at ! end ( a long1 /raight-gra9$ b flexible a% /ick4#cc ,! break] also has ano!r hamm]1 weigh+ ab\t five p\nds1 ) :i* he r$uces ! size ( ! l>ge /ones be=e break+ !m into ! prop] size = road metal4 ,?is latt] size is (t5 a matt] ( *oice1 "s eng9e]s pref]r+ x to be brok5 s small z w pass ?r\gh a r+ ( only #a in* 9 diamet]2 o!rs are cont5t ) #c in*es1 especially :]e ! roads are /eam roll$4 ,an old me?od ( gaug+ us$ to be 8su* a size z ! /one break] c\ld put 9 8 m\?10 b ?is 0 unsatisfactory to all p]sons conc]n$1 & 8to pass all ways ?r\gh a r+ ( #b in*es int]nal diamet]0 is n[ ! size mo/ g5]ally adopt$4 ,mr4 ,codr+ton says#cd 8a good /one break] w break #b cubic y>ds ( h>d lime/one to ! ord9>y gauge 9 a day1 & "s m5 w break m4 ,h>d silici\s /ones & igne\s rocks c only be brok5 at ! rate ( #a or ( #a cube y>d p] day2 ( "s ( ! t\ghe/1 su* z ,gu]nsey granite1 a man c only break on an av]age half a cube y>d p] day4 ,riv] gravel1 field /ones1 or fl9ts1 :i* are already ( a small size1 c be brok5 at ! rate ( #c or #d cube y>ds p] day40 ,?is may be tak5 z fairly repres5t+ a day's "w1 ! price = break+ h[ev] mu/ v>y consid]ably 9 diff]5t localities on acc\nt ( ! v>iety ( ! /ones to be brok5 & ! value ( lab\r2 9 "s di/ricts ! road metal does n co/ m ?an #as4 p] cube y>d1 9 o!rs #bs4 #f;d4 & #bs4 #h;d4 is n consid]$ too high1 & x 0 to meet & r$uce ?is great exp5se t /eam /one-break+ ma*9es h be5 introduc$4 ,^! ma*9es are kn[n z 8,ellison's10 8,newall & ,ar*]'s10 8,hope's10 & 8,blake's10 ! latt] be+ t :i* is be/ kn[n & mo/ g5]ally us$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 8,,ar*]',s0 ,,/one ,,break]4 ,illu/ration3 8,,blake',s0 ,,/one ,,break]4 ,illu/ration3 8,,newall ,,& ,,ar*]',s0 ,,/one ,,break]4 ,! =ego+ illu/rations w give a g5]al idea ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! /one is brok5 or cru%$ betwe5 /rong iron jaws2 9 all cases a revolv+ p]=at$ scre5 is necess>y 7n %[n 9 ! draw+s7 to sep>ate ! /one brok5 to prop] gauge f t :i* is too l>ge1 & also f ! spalls or *ipp+s4 ,! ,blake's or 8,blake ,m>sd5's0 ma*9es are ( v>i\s sizes & weights2 ! foll[+ p>ticul>s ) respect to !m1 z adv]tis$1 may be ( use4#ce ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,size ( ma*9e at ,approxi- ,total weight m\?1 mate ( ma*9e %[+ :at quanti- ) :eels1 size ( ty ( ,nom9al axles1 horse /one ea* road metal horse- %afts1 auto- ,price (#cf ma*9e w brok5 p[] matic scre5+ ma*9e take4 p] h\r4requir$4app>atus1 etc4 complete4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- in*es4 cube ,h4,p4 tons cwt4 qrs4 s4 d4 y>ds4 #aj #h #c #c #e #f #j #aeg #j #j #ab #h #d #c #e #aa #j #afg #j #j #ae #h #e #e #f #ai #j #bjj #j #j #ae #aj #f #f #h #e #j #bbj #j #j #bj #aj #h #h #aj #b #j #bfe #j #j #bd #ac #ab #aj #ae #e #j #cij #j #j #bd #ag #ac #ad #af #b #j #dae #j #j #bd #ai #ad #af #ai #ag #j #ddj #j #j #cj #ac #ad #af #af #b #j #ddj #j #j ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,mr4 ,till1 ! ,bor\gh ,eng9e] ( ,birm+ham1 speak+ ( ! "w done by "o ( ,blake's ma*9es 9 #ahgd1 says3#cg 8,! /one-break+ ma*9e at ,holliday ,/reet w break on an av]age #dj tons ( rag/one p] day1 at a co/1 exclusive ( we> & te> ( ma*9e1 ( #aj;d4 p] ton1 b x produces #af p] c5t4 ( du/ or f9e /one2 ( ! rema9d] "o-fif? has to be rebrok5 by h&1 ! :ole is v irregul> 9 size & v flaky 9 comp>ison ) h&-brok5 /one4 ,! ma*9e is mu* m effici5t 9 break+ granites or pebbles4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 f\nd v useful dur+ ! la/ two ye>s1 9 consequ5ce ( ! difficulty ( obta9+ lab\r40 ,mr4 ,jacob1 ! ,bor\gh ,eng9e] ( ,b>r[ 9 ,furness1 read an excell5t pap] on ! subject ( /one-break+ ma*9]y to ! memb]s ( ! ,association ( ,municipal & ,sanit>y ,eng9e]s1 at _! meet+ 9 ,man*e/] 9 #ahge1ch giv+ a full description ( "o ( ,blake's ma*9es1 to :i* ,i w ref] my read]s4 ,mr4 ,codr+ton#ci gives ! result ( break+ :9/one 9 a #af-;in* by #i-;in* ,hope ma*9e1 f :i* x appe>s t ! total co/1 includ+ wages1 coal1 oil1 cottonwa/e1 etc41 we> & te> ( ma*9]y1 &1 ,i presume1 int]e/ on fir/ co/ ( ma*9e1 0 ab\t #as4 p] cube y>d4 ,?is effect$ a sav+ ( #aj;d4 p] cube y>d z comp>$ ) ! same /one brok5 by h&1 & ! ma*9e broke #dj tons ( /one p] diem4 ,to make a /one-break+ ma*9e pay1 x is necess>y3 7#a47 ,to give x ne>ly con/ant "w4 7#b47 ,t ! /one to be brok5 %all be too t\gh to break economically by h&4 7#c47 ,t ! ma*9e %all be at ! qu>ry1 s z to save ! exp5se ( mu* h&l+4 7#d47 ,to ex]cise c>e 9 fe$+1 to give x a suffici5t supply )\t all[+ an undue quantity ( /one to pass 9 at "o "t4 7#e47 ,z ab\t #bj p] c5t4 ( grit or du/ is produc$1 ?is mu/ be us$ = foot-pa?s1 or z a b9d+ mat]ial = roads1 or 9 asphalte or t> pav+4 ,9 addition to ! grit :i* is produc$1 a great _m long & ?9 pieces ( /one pass ?r\gh ! ma*9e1 :i* h to be aga9 brok5 by x be=e !y c\ld be us$ z road metal2 & hav+ once tak5 ?is =m1 !y w frequ5tly pass sev]al times ?r\gh ! ma*9e be=e !y get prop]ly brok54 ,! we> & te> ( a /one-break+ ma*9e is v consid]able1 z c be easily imag9$2 x has be5 kn[n to rea* z high z #fbe p] c5t4#dj ( ! fir/ co/ ( ! ma*9e 9 "o ye>4 ,! objections to /one-break+ by ma*9]y are pr9cipally3 7#a47 ,9 "s di/ricts lab\r c be successfully employ$ 9 ?is mann]4 7#b47 ,h&-brok5 /one is %>p] 9 fracture1 z x is done by a bl[ & n by gradual pressure1 :]eas ma*9e-brok5 /one is (t5 flaky or ) r\nd$ edges1 & frequ5tly ea* /one may be crack$ & %ak5 by ! pressure4 7#c47 ,want ( uni=mity 9 ! size ( ! /ones4 ,! small] ! /one is brok5 ! heavi] a cubic y>d ( x w weigh1 z ! p]c5tage ( vacant space betwe5 ea* /one w be less4 ,x has be5 f\nd by exp]im5t1 h[ev]1 t #ee p] c5t4 ( ord9>y road metal is solid1 s t ! weight ( a cubic y>d ( x c easily be asc]ta9$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4#da ,multiply ! weight ( a cubic foot ( any /one by #bg to br+ x to a cubic y>d1 & !n multiply ?is by #jee3 ! result w be ! weight ( a cubic y>d ( ! same /one :5 brok5 = metall+4 ,a cubic y>d ( ,gu]nsey granite brok5 to pass ?r\gh a #b in* r+ has be5 weigh$1 & gives an av]age ( #a ton #c cwt4 #b qrs4 tons cwt4 qrs4 ,a cube y>d ( fl9t weigh$ #a #a #c pit gravel weigh$ #a #d #c lime/one weigh$ #a #c #j ,a cubic y>d ( ord9>y brok5 road metal w1 :5 prop]ly spread1 cov] an area ( ab\t #cj squ>e y>ds ( surface ( a roadway4 ,! foll[+ specim5 specification = ! supply ( /one ei!r unbrok5 or brok5 may be ( use4 ,specification = ! ,supply ( ,road ,metal4 7#a47 ,! road metal mu/ at all times be clean & free f clay or o!r dirt1 & fully equal to ! sample2 if requir$ to be brok51 ea* cube mu/ h a squ>e face & %>p edges1 & pass all ways ?r\gh a #b in* r+4 7#b47 ,! metal mu/ be deliv]$ 9 7"n ( t[n7 free ( all *>ge to ! corporation1 ei!r at a railway /ation or at "o ( ! depts ( ! corporation1 at ! option ( ! contractor1 su* option to be decl>$ 9 ! t5d]4 7#c47 ,! metal mu/ be suppli$ on ! ord] ( ! bor\gh eng9e] 9 su* quantities z he may specify1 & mu/ be deliv]$ )9 ! "t specifi$ 9 ! ord]4 ,! contractor %all n be requir$ to supply & deliv] m ?an tons 9 any "o week2 b ! corporation w be at all times ready to take ! metal 9 l>g] quantities4 7#d47 ,! bill ( lad+ or railway invoice %all be tak5 z prim facie evid5ce ( ! weight ( metal suppli$2 b ! corporation reta9 ! "r to te/ ! accuracy ( su* bill ( lad+ or railway invoice1 by pass+ ! metal ov] a weighbridge z x is receiv$4 7#e47 ,metal deliv]$ at a dept by c>ts %all be measur$ :5 brok5 & paid = at ! rate ( cwt4 p] cubic y>d4 7#f47 ,! corporation reta9 ! "r to reject all metal :i* %all n be equal to ! sample1 or at _! option to pay a r$uc$ price accord+ to its value4 7#g47 ,qu>t]ly paym5ts w be made by ! corporation on ! c]tificate ( ! bor\gh eng9e]1 & )9 "o mon? f ! date ( su* c]tificate4 7#h47 ,! bor\gh eng9e] %all be ! sole judge z to ! fitness ( ! metal suppli$1 & 8 c]tificate1 9 writ+1 %all be conclusive evid5ce ^u ! po9t z betwe5 ! corporation & ! contractor4 7#i47 ,if ! contractor %all make default 9 ! supply & deliv]y ( road metal 9 accordance ) ! t]ms ( ?is specification1 & )9 ! "t specifi$ = ! purpose 9 ! ord] ( ! bor\gh eng9e]1 ! corporation %all be at lib]ty to obta9 su* road metal z !y may deem fit & necess>y f ano!r s\rce1 & any excess 9 price or o!r loss !y may consequ5tly incur1 %all be recov]able by !m f ! contractor z liquidat$ & asc]ta9$ damages4 7#aj47 ,t5d]s mu/ be s5t 9 only on ! prescrib$ =m1 & ! p]son t5d]+ mu/ ins]t 9 8 t5d] ! "n ( two p]sons :o w jo9 him 9 a jo9t & sev]al bond to ! corporation 9 ! sum ( l4 = ! due p]=mance ( ! contract4 7#aa47 ,ea* p]son t5d]+ mu/ s5d to ! (fice ( ! bor\gh eng9e] a sample ( ! road metal he (f]s1 accompani$ by a full description1 & ! "n & position ( ! qu>ry f :i* x is produc$2 su* sample to be n less t "o cwt4 9 weight1 & to be reta9$ by ! corporation 9 ! ev5t ( ! t5d] be+ accept$4 7#ab47 ,! corporation d n b9d !mselves to accept ! l[e/ or any t5d]2 & !y fur!r reta9 ! "r to reject a contractor 9 ! ev5t ( 8 fail+ to f9d sureties to _! satisfaction 9 compliance ) ! #aj? condition4 7#ac47 ,! ^w 8corporation0 %all mean ! mayor1 ald]m5 & burgesses1 ( 9 _! capacity z ! urban sanit>y au?ority = 4 ,! ^w 8contractor0 %all mean ! p]son ^: t5d] is accept$1 & :o has sign$ ^! conditions2 & ! words 8bor\gh eng9e]0 %all mean ! eng9e] to ! said corporation = ! "t be+4 ,s9ce writ+ ?is *apt] my att5tion has be5 direct$ to a /one-break+ ma*9e :i* is said to sub/itute a 8knapp+0 = t ( ! usual cru%+ motion :i* is s g5]ally ! great defect 9 ^! ma*9es3 ,i allude to t kn[n z 8,baxt]'s pat5t knapp+-motion /one break]10 by :i* a rapid j]k or bl[ is giv5 in/ead ( ! sl[ cru%+ movem5t1 ?us 7x is cont5d$7 caus+ less wa/e f du/ & *ipp+s1 & also less /ra9 ( ! ma*9]y & less p[] to drive x4 #bf ,t\ghness is n all t is requir$4 ,lea!r w\ld be v difficult to break ) a hamm]1 b x w\ld n make a good road metal4 #bg ,i h tri$ ?is exp]im5t1 b )\t success1 except on su* s(t /ones z 7 evid5tly unfitt$ = use z a road metal4 #bh ,_m hundr$s ( miles ( roadways 9 ?is c\ntry are made ) lime/ones2 !y (t5 make an excell5t surface1 z !y possess a consid]able p[] ( b9d+ toge!r1 b wea!r & v heavy traffic affect !m consid]ably3 z !y all h a /rong aff9ity = wat]1 _! v p[] ( ?us cem5t+ !mselves toge!r causes a quantity ( du/ 9 dry1 & mud 9 wet wea!r4 #bi ,a fl9ty or qu>tzose /one seems to h>d5 ) exposure4 ,?is is notably ! case 9 pebbles2 old pebble pav+ tak5 up & brok5 makes a mo/ h>d & durable road metal4 #cj #8,roads1 ,/reets & ,pavem5ts1' by ,q4 ,a4 ,gillmore1 p4 #aj4 #ca ,ibid4 #cb ,vide #8,! ,ma9t5ance ( ,macadamis$ ,roadways1' by ,?omas ,codr+ton1 p4 #cc1 a mo/ excell5t "w ^u ?is subject4 #cc ,mr4 ,w4 ,bold consid]$ a hamm] weigh+ #a lb4 ( an elliptical =m1 po9t$ at ! ends1 ! area ( ea* end be+ ab\t ? ( a squ>e in*1 to be ! mo/ suitable to break h>d /ones4 ,vide #8,m9utes ( ,proce$+s1 ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1' vol4 i4 7#ahdj7 p4 #ej4 #cd #8,! ,ma9t5ance ( ,macadamis$ ,roads1' by ,?omas ,codr+ton1 p4 #ch4 #ce1 #cf ,no d\bt ! price ( ! ma*9e v>ies ) ! price ( iron1 etc4 #cg ,vide #8,report ( ! ,bor\gh ,surveyor ( ,birm+ham to ! ,pav+ & ,/reet ,improvem5t ,sub-,committee1' p4 #aa4 #ch ,vide #8,proce$+s ( ! ,association ( ,municipal & ,sanit>y ,eng9e]s1' vol4 ii4 p4 #gf4 #ci ,vide #8,! ,ma9t5ance ( ,macadamis$ ,roadways1' by ,?omas ,codr+ton1 p4 #da4 #dj ,vide #8,proce$+s ( ! ,association ( ,municipal & ,sanit>y ,eng9e]s1' vol4 ii4 p4 #hb4 #da ,vide #8,! ,ma9t5ance ( ,macadamis$ ,roadways1' by ,?omas ,codr+ton1 p4 #de4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,road ,,roll+4 ,! m>* ( civilisation has decid$ t road roll+ is a necessity = macadamis$ roads1 in/ead ( all[+ ! /ones ( :i* !y are compos$ to be worn 9 by ! traffic1 z 0 =m]ly ! cu/om4 ,9 ,calcutta bullock roll]s 7 us$ s long ago z ! ye> #ahee1 & x 0 ! cruelty ( ?is op]ation t sugge/$ to ,mr4 ,w4 ,cl>k ! necessity = a /eam roll]1#db ! outcome ( :i* 0 ! well-kn[n roll] z manufactur$ & suppli$ by ,messrs4 ,avel+ & ,port] ( ,ro*e/]1 & n[ s g5]ally us$ ?r\gh\t ?is c\ntry1 z well z 9 ,am]ican & o!r =eign t[ns4#dc ,/eam roll+ saves money z well z suff]+1 & ! legislature h recognis$ ! importance ( a sanit>y au?ority becom+ possess$ ( a /eam roll] by p]mitt+ money to be borr[$ = ! pur*ase ( a roll] z = a p]man5t "w4 7,sect4 #bcd ,gl5n's ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge1 footnote to ,sub4 ,sect4 7#a747 ,mr4 ,alb]t ,w4 ,p>ry1 ! ,bor\gh ,surveyor ( ,read+1 has prep>$ "s tables on ! subject ( /eam road roll]s1 f in=mation he receiv$ on ?is subject1 9 answ] to "s que/ions he address$ to ! surveyors ( a numb] ( t[ns a few ye>s ago4 ,x appe>s f ?is tabulat$ /atem5t t ?irty-?ree #ae-ton /eam roll]s 7 9 use1 six #aj-ton roll]s1 "o #ba-ton roll]1 "o #h-ton roll]1 "o #i ton roll]1 "o #ad-ton roll]1 "o #ag-ton roll]1 & "o #be-ton roll]2 ?is latt] n be+ mu* us$1 z x 0 f\nd to be too heavy4 ,! av]age gross co/ p] annum ( necess>y repairs to ! roll]s1 o!r ?an ^? :i* c\ld be effect$ by ! m5 9 *>ge ( x1 am\nt$ to #cel4 #abs4 ,! numb] ( m5 employ$ to att5d to ! roll] & co/ ( lab\r p] day v>i$ consid]ably1 f "o case 7,s\? ,%ields7 :]e 8"o eng9e-man at #bfs4 p] week1 & an old scav5g] ) ! flag0 7 f\nd to be suffici5t2 to ano!r 7,gl\ce/]7 :]e ! co/ p] day is /at$ z foll[s3 8"o man works ! eng9e at #es4 p] day1 "o boy ) signal flag1 #as4 #h;d41 two m5 spread+ gravel or s& at #cs41 two m5 wat]+ & sweep+ to keep wat] f runn+ (f 9 *annels40 ,"s ( ! old] roll]s require a /e]sman z well z a driv]1 & ! ,locomotives ,am5dm5t ,act requires two m5 ) flags1 b ?is is seldom really necess>y4 ,! sweep]s1 spread]s & spr9kl]s %\ld be tak5 z irrespective ( ! actual co/ ( ! roll]1 :i* may !re=e be assum$ to be ! wages ( ! eng9e-man1 say #es4 p] diem1 & a boy or old man ) a flag at #bs41 ?us mak+ a total = lab\r ( #gs4 p] diem4 ,! fuel t is consum$ by a #ae-ton roll] seems to be f #c to #e cwt4 ( coke p] diem1 common gas coke be+ g5]ally us$1 ?\gh /eam coal w\ld no d\bt answ] equally well1 "s ( ! smokeless ,wel% descriptions be+ ( c\rse necess>y4 ,) reg>d to ! "q 8,:5 n us$ = roll+ roads1 to :at o!r use 7if any7 d y put ! eng9e p[]80 !re are n _m t[ns t use ! ma*9e = any o!r purpose ?an roll+1 b ! foll[+ uses may be enum]at$ to :i* ! ma*9es h be5 appli$3--,driv+ a /one-break]1 a mort>-mill1 a saw-b5*1 a *aff-cutt+ ma*9e1 a bean-cru%]1 etc4 ,x has also be5 us$ 9 connection ) pump+1 & to produce ! necess>y p[] = ! electric light1 & x is frequ5tly employ$ z a traction eng9e4 ,! driv+ roll]s usually h provision by :i* spikes may be fitt$ into holes 9 _! faces1 9 ord] t !y may be us$ = lift+ or *equ]+ roads4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 app>5tly d n answ]2 ! work+ ( a ma*9e 9 ?is mann] is said to %ake & /ra9 x consid]ably1 & ! holes 9 ! roll]s1 :i* are plugg$ ) wood :5 n 9 use1 are objectionable1 z ^! plugs we> out & ! road metal gets into ! holes1 & ! surface ( ! road is pick$ up z ! roll+ proce$s2 besides ?is1 ! spikes seem to h no effect unless ! surface ( ! roadway be+ op]at$ ^u is s(t4 ,) ref]5ce to ! use ( b9d+ mat]ial1 ! mo/ commonly us$ & t :i* receives mo/ fav\r is road grit or scrap+s1#dd %>p s& is also employ$1 z well z gravel if clean1 & also /one *ipp+s & scre5+s2 ^! %\ld be ( ! same mat]ial ( :i* ! road is made1 if possible1 & no d\bt newly con/ruct$ roads require m c>e 9 ! b9d+ mat]ial ?an simple repairs4 ,! /eepe/ gradi5t ^u :i* a roll] w act appe>s to be #a 9 #i 9 ,blackburn1 ) a #ae-ton roll]1 b ?is mu/ require a v heavy pressure ( /eam1 & #a 9 #ad seems to be a gradi5t t gives no tr\ble to roll ei!r up or d[n2 9 go+ d[n hill1 ( c\rse x is a m]e "q ( suffici5t break p[]4 ,! numb] ( sup]ficial y>ds roll$ p] day mu/ v>y extremely ) circum/ances3 ! class ( mat]ial1 ! am\nt ( b9d+ & wat] us$1 ! gradi5t & pressure ( /eam ma9ta9$1 & ! am\nt ( roll+ consid]$ necess>y1#de be+ among/ ! v>i\s influ5ces4 ,f ! above returns ,i f9d t ! numb] ( squ>e y>ds roll$ v>ies f #ejj to #cjjj p] diem1 ! av]age = #db t[ns be+ #aaje squ>e y>ds p] diem4 ,! co/ p] squ>e y>d roll$1 includ+ all *>ges1 may be assum$ to be betwe5 d4 & #a;d41 & ! co/ ( b9d+ mat]ial ab\t #c;d4 p] squ>e y>d4 ,) ref]5ce to ! necessity ( b9d+ mat]ial1 ! foll[+1 facts are int]e/+4 ,mr4 ,wm4 ,h4 ,grant1 ,sup]9t5d+ ,eng9e] ( ! ,new ,york ,c5tral ,p>k1 9 8 report ^u ! p>k roads1 says3#df 8,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! macadam roads1 ! exp]im5t 0 tri$ ( roll+ & compact+ ! /one by a /rict adh]5ce to ,macadam's !ory1 t ( c>efully exclud+ all dirt & =eign mat]ial f ! /ones1 & tru/+ to ! action ( ! roll] & ! travel ( teams to accompli% ! "w ( consolidation4 ,! bottom lay] ( /one 0 suffici5tly compact$ 9 ?is way to =m & reta91 "u ! action ( ! roll]s 7aft] ! compression _h rea*$ ab\t its practical limit7 an ev5 & regul> surface2 b ! top lay]1 ) ! use ( ! heavy roll] load$ to its greate/ capacity1 x 0 f\nd impracticable to solidify & r$uce to su* a surface z w\ld prev5t ! /ones f loos5+ & be+ displac$ by ! action ( waggon-:eels & horses' feet4 ,no am\nt ( roll+ 0 suffici5t to produce a ?or\gh b9d+ effect ^u ! /ones or to cause su* a me*anical union & adju/m5t ( _! sides & angles toge!r1 z to enable !m mutually to assi/ ea* o!r 9 resi/+ displacem5t4 ,! roll+ 0 p]si/$ 9 ) ! roll] adju/$ to diff]5t weights up to ! maximum load 7#ab tons7 until x 0 app>5t t ! opposite effect f t int5d$ 0 be+ produc$4 ,! /ones became r\nd$ by ! excessive attrition !y 7 subject$ to1 _! m angul> p>ts we>+ away1 & ! weak] & small] ones be+ cru%$40 8,! exp]im5t 0 n pu%$ beyond ?is po9t4 ,x 0 conclusively %[n1 t brok5 /ones ( ! ord9>y sizes1 & ( ! v be/ quality = we> & durability1 ) ! greate/ c>e & att5tion to all ! necess>y conditions ( roll+ & compression1 w\ld n consolidate 9 ! effectual mann] requir$ = ! surface ( a road :ile entirely isolat$ f & indep5d5t ( o!r sub/ances4 ,! utmo/ ef=ts to compress & solidify !m :ile 9 ?is condition aft] a c]ta9 limit _h be5 rea*$1 7 unavail+40 ,f ! =ego+ x is v evid5t t "s description ( b9d+ mat]ial is ess5tial 9 mak+ a road "u a roll]4 ,:]e traffic is all[$ to consolidate a road x is diff]5t1 z !n ! /ones are knock$ ab\t & are suffici5tly abrad$ aga9/ ea* o!r to =m a b9d+ mat]ial = !mselves4 ,too mu* b9d+ mat]ial or too mu* wat] %\ld n be us$ 9 =m+ a road ) a /eam roll]4 ,x is un=tunately frequ5tly ! case t a road is made quickly only to g to pieces ) ! traffic 9 a few weeks4 ,! surface ( a well-con/ruct$ macadamis$ roadway %\ld aft] be+ roll$ look almo/ l an encau/ic pavem5t4 ,if !re is too mu* b9d+ mat]ial 9 ! jo9ts ( ! /ones1 ! fir/ heavy ra9 wa%es x out & ! surface ( ! roadway quickly goes to pieces4 ,! foll[+ description ( ! mann] 9 :i* x is recomm5d$ t ! roll] %\ld be appli$ is tak5 f an excell5t little pamphlet on ,/eam ,road ,roll+1 by ,messrs4 ,avel+ & ,port]1 ! well-kn[n mak]s ( /eam-roll]s1 & al?\gh local circum/ances mu/ guide ! surveyor 9 all 8 works1 ! p>ticul>s may be ( use3-- 8,9 ! be/ practice ! roadway is excavat$1 grad$1 & prop]ly =m$ to a dep? ( #ad in*es f ! level ( ! gutt]s1 ) a cross section con=m+ to ! cross section ( ! road :5 f9i%$2 x is !n ?or\ghly & repeat$ly roll$ ) ! /eam roll]1 all depressions be+ c>efully fill$ & roll$ be=e ! /one is put on4 ,on ! b$ ?us =m$ & consolidat$ a lay] ( /ones #h in*es ?ick is set by h&1 & ramm$ or settl$ to place by sl$ge hamm]s1 all irregul>ities ( surface be+ brok5 (f & ! int]/ices w$g$ ) pieces ( /one4 ,! int]m$iate lay] ( brok5 /one1 ( a size n exce$+ #c in*es 9 diamet]1 is !n ev5ly spread to a dep? ( #d in*es & ?or\ghly roll$1 & ?is is foll[$ by roll+ 9 half-an-in* ( s&4 ,! surface lay] ( /one1 brok5 to a size n l>g] ?an #b in*es diamet]1 & to a =m z ne>ly cubical z possible1 is !n put on to a dep? ( #c in*es1 ?or\ghly roll$1 & foll[$ z be=e by s&1 also roll$4 ,f9ally1 a b9d+ compos$ ( clean1 %>p s& is !n appli$1 well wat]$ & mo/ ?or\ghly roll$ ) ! /eam roll]1 until ! surface becomes firm1 compact & smoo?1 ! sup]flu\s b9d+ mat]ial be+ swept (f & remov$40 ,& ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! me?od adopt$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ,h>t=d may also be ( int]e/4#dg 8,! surface ( ! road is excavat$ to a suitable dep?--say1 #ah in*es2 prep>+ ! =m = ! pavem5t ) ! precautions z = a common pavem5t2 #d in*es ( gravel & prop] dra9age :]e requir$1 provid$ blocks ( /one ( any irregul> %ape are select$ = ! pavem5t1 ( ab\t #g in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,! blocks are set by h& ) great c>e1 z closely 9 contact at _! base z practicable4 ,! surface betwe5 ! blocks is fill$ ) *ipp+s ( /one c>efully laid 94 ,a lay] ( brok5 /one1 #d in*es ?ick1 is laid ov] ?is pavem5t4 ,! road-cov]+ ?us prep>$ %\ld be roll$ ) ! /eam roll] until ! upp] lay] has become p]fectly compact & consolidat$4 ,! second lay]1 ab\t #c in*es 9 dep?1 is !n laid on2 a coat+ ( clean co>se gravel1 #a in* ?ick1 t]m$ #8b9d+1' is spread ov] ! surface1 & ! :ole well roll$ z be=e1 & y h ! requisites ( a good road--viz41 clean1 h>d1 & ev5 at all seasons4 ,no road %\ld be consid]$ made until x is completely roll$4 ,a road made 9 ! mann] above describ$1 & kept p]fectly clean1 h>d1 & ev51 ) mat]ials ( a good t\gh quality1 w\ld %[ extremely little we> on ! surface2 inde$1 x has be5 f\nd 9 ,france to be less ?an an in* 9 a ye>1 on a road ( great traffic40 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,new ,york ! /eam roll] is us$ z foll[s3-- ,two & a half in*es ( trap rock is laid & lightly roll$ until ! /ones h become a little compact$1 !n co>se scre5+s are add$1 & x is aga9 roll$2 aft] ?is a lay] ( ab\t #b in*es ( /ones are add$ & roll$ ) co>se scre5+s z be=e4 ,f9e scre5+s or /one du/ is !n appli$1 & ! roadway is !n roll$ until e int]/ice is fill$ up2 x is !n well wat]$ & aga9 roll$4 ,) ref]5ce to ! employm5t ( ! /eam roll] 9 repairs ( roads1 ! foll[+ description is giv5 ( ! me?od adopt$ by ! ,surveyor to ! ,tott5ham ,local ,bo>d1 ne> ,london4#dh 8,:5 a road becomes s full ( holes or s worn z to require coat+ ?r\gh\t its entire l5g? & wid?1 x %\ld be hack$ completely ov] & rak$ into a segm5tal =m 9 its transv]se section to remove irregul>ities1 & s t ! road may h a fall f ! cr[n to ! *annel ( n less ?an "o in* to a y>d4 ,x %\ld !n be coat$ ) /one brok5 z ne>ly cubical z possible & to an uni=m gauge4 ,:5 spread x %\ld be slightly coat$ ) gravel scre5+s1 or ! grit sweep+s f ! roads1 :i* are equally suitable = ! purpose :5 9 prop] condition4 ,! road %\ld !n be wat]$ & roll$1 beg9n+ ) ! road at ! *annels1 & end+ at ! cr[n ( ! road1 until a smoo? surface is obta9$1 m /ones be+ add$ to fill up any inequalities t may exi/1 until ! :ole is consolidat$4 ,by con/antly sweep+ ! grit f ! sides to ! cr[n ( ! road z ! roll] passes ov]1 e /one is ?or\ghly gr\t$ into its b$40 ,mr4 ,r4 ,read1 ! ,surveyor ( ,gl\ce/]1 says3#di 8,! road %\ld be ?or\ghly well lift$ & ! metall+ spread 9 ?ree-in* lay]s ev5ly1 & roll$ once or twice be=e ! gravel or o!r b9d+ mat]ial is spread2 !n spread gravel or s& ev5ly & well wat]$ ) f9e di/ributor until ! /one is entirely cov]$1 & ! s& does n adh]e to ! roll]4 ,dam up ! road *annels to prev5t wat] & s& runn+ (f into sew]s & let m5 scoop up ! wat]1 & ?r[ x back on ! road1 z x collects 9 ! gutt]s40 ,9 all cases ! sides %\ld be roll$ fir/ to su* a degree ( firmness t :5 ! roll] passes ov] ! c5tre or cr[n ( road1 its weight1 :i* t5ds to spread ! metal or make x "w (f t[>ds ! sides1 may be resi/$ by _! consolidation4 ,) ref]5ce to ! effect ( ! weight ( /eam road roll]s ^u roadways1 x may be well "h to comp>e t ( a #ae-ton roll] ) o!r burd5s t a road has to be>1 tak+ ea* case at p] in* ( wid? ( tire4 ,an ord9>y load$ two-:eel$ c>t presses ) a weight ( ab\t #i cwt4 p] in* wid? ( tire1 a load$ wagon ab\t #g cwt41 a #i-ton traction eng9e ab\t #c cwt41 & a #ae-ton /eam road roll] ab\t #c cwt4 ,s t z f> z ! surface ( ! roadway is conc]n$1 a roll] affects x ! lea/ ( any ( ! above loads4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 f\nd t :]e roll]s ( m weight ?an #ae tons are us$1#ej n only are !y unwieldy1 b1 f _! great weight1 ! solidity ( ! f\ndation ( ! roadway may be int]f]$ )1 & also !re is great dang] ( damag+ gas or wat] ma9s & s]vices1 besides any cell>s t may be con/ruct$ "u ! roadway4 ,! /eam roll]s :i* are pr9cipally us$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 are ^? manufactur$ by ,messrs4 ,avel+ & ,port]1 & ^? by ,messrs4 ,gre5 & ,sons1 draw+s ( bo? ( :i* are "h repres5t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,messrs4 ,,avel+ ,,& ,,port]',s #ae-,,ton ,,/eam ,,road ,,roll]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,messrs4 ,,gre5 ,,& ,,son',s #ae-,,ton ,,/eam ,,road ,,roll] ,,& ,,traction ,,eng9e ,,comb9$4 ,9 ,p>is ! ,gell]at /eam roll] is us$1 & ano!r is also kn[n1 :i* is manufactur$ by ,messrs4 ,morl& & ,sons4 ,a #ae-ton /eam roll] co/s ab\t #fejl4 9 ! fir/ place1 ! co/ ( work+ x c41 has be5 giv5 9 ! e>ly pages ( ?is *apt]4 ,! advantages ( /eam road roll+ may be summ$ up z foll[s3-- 7#a47 ,! sav+ ( we> & te> to vehicles & horses4 ,roads %\ld be made = ! traffic1 & n by x4#ea 7#b47 ,economy2 z x is said t a sav+ ( f #cj to #ej p] c5t4 is effect$ by reason ( ! roads be+ bett] made ?us obviat+ ! necessity = su* frequ5t sweep+ & scrap+4 7#c47 ,! roads c be made or repair$ at any season ( ! ye>4 7#d47 ,! avoidance ( cruelty to horses1 cattle1 & %eep1 z 9 ! case ( newly metall$ unroll$ roads4 7#e47 ,a sav+ ( road metal4 7a7 ,because x ne$ n be brok5 s small4 7b7 ,because !re are no loose /ones to be kick$ ab\t & lo/4 7c7 ,because !re is no abrasion ( ! /ones1 only "o surface ( ! /one be+ expos$4 7d7 ,because no ruts c be =m$ 9 :i* wat] c lie to rot ! /one4 7e7 ,because a ?9n] coat+ ( metal c be employ$4 7#f47 ,! roll] c be advantage\sly us$ = o!r purposes4 7#g47 ,roll$ /reets h a bett] appe>ance1 !y are easi] ( traffic z hav+ m ev5ness ( surface & sup]ior h>dness1 & x is cont5d$ t if /eam roll]s 7 m g5]al !re w\ld n be su* an outcry = o!r descriptions ( pavem5t = roadways4 7#h47 ,! /eam roll] soon f9ds out ! good f ! bad metal = roads1 x is also cont5d$ t x also does ?is ) respect to ! gas & wat] ma9s1 ! latt]1 h[ev] may be look$ ^u z a r d\btful advantage4 7#i47 ,! avoidance ( ! necessity ( ! cont9u$ employm5t ( m5 rak+ ! metal into ! ruts4 ,9 ,mr4 ,paget's valuable little pamphlet ^u ! subject ( /eam roll+#eb may be f\nd ! foll[+ rem>ks3-- 8,"o ( ! ma9 advantages att5d+ ! roll+ ( roads by /eam-p[]1 consi/s 9 ! dim9i%$ proportion ( mud or soluble matt] :i* is !n incorporat$ 9 ! /ructure ( ! road surface4 ,if ! surface ( an ord9>y road t has n be5 roll$ is brok5 up & ! mat]ial wa%$1 x is f\nd t z mu* z half ( x is soluble matt]1 mud1 dirt1 & v f9e s&2 ! /ones1 hav+ only be5 ?r[n loosely ^u ! road1 h la9 s long be=e becom+ consolidat$ by ! traffic1 & h und]gone 9 ! meantime su* ext5sive abrasion t ! proportion ( mud1 dirt1 & pulv]is$ mat]ial 9 ! metall+ is increas$ to t ext5t1 & ! /ones are really only /uck toge!r by ! mud4 ,?is acc\nts = ! fact t al?\gh an unroll$ macadamis$ road may inde$1 aft] long use1 h a surface t is pretty good & h>d 9 dry wea!r1 & may (f] !n a v slight resi/ance to traction1 yet x w quickly become s(t & muddy :5 !re is any ra94 ,by ! employm5t1 h[ev]1 ( a /eam roll] ^u ! newly-laid metall+ ( a macadamis$ road ! /ones are roll$ 9 & well b$d$ at once1 & ! surface is ?us consolidat$ into a sort ( /one felt1 capable ( resi/+ mo/ effectually ! action ( ord9>y traffic1 & conta9+ ! smalle/ quantity ( soluble matt] to =m mud 9 wet wea!r40 ,hav+ giv5 ! advantages ( /eam road roll+1 ,i w n[ proce$ to give ! disadvantages4 7#a47 ,! fir/ co/2 ?is to a small bor\gh or t[n is (t5 ! great /umbl+ block4 ,x is a pity t two or ?ree ( !m c\ld n jo91 & procure "o betwe5 !m at jo9t co/1 ?us avoid+ ! individually heavy burd54 7#b47 ,! risk ( damage to gas & wat] ma9s & s]vices2 or ev5 ( cell>s "u ! /reets 9 "s ( ! old] t[ns4 7#c47 ,! int]f]5ce to traffic :il/ ! roll] is at "w2 ! result is g5]ally unsatisfactory if1 to avoid ?is1 ! ma*9e is work$ dur+ ! night4 7#d47 ,! noise & smoke4 7#e47 ,! risk ( fright5+ horses4 7#f47 ,if too heavy a roll] is us$1 ! f\ndation ( ! roadway may be injur$ or ! metal may be cru%$ in/ead ( b$d$4 7#g47 ,! necessity ( us+ s mu* b9d+ mat]ial & wat]4 ,be=e clos+ ?is *apt] x w be necess>y to say a few words ^u roll]s drawn by horses4 ,^! are always unsatisfactory3 !y are exp5sive to use1 z a l>ge team ( horses & a numb] ( att5dants are necess>y2 !y are difficult to turn1 & ! horses' feet displace almo/ z _m /ones z ! roll] compresses into _! b$s4 ,!y _c be ( great] weight ?an #aj tons1 ev5 :5 on ! hydro/atic pr9ciple1 & !y are clumsy & difficult ( manipulation4 ,if a roll] is to be us$ at all1 let x be a /eam road roll] ( ! mo/ mod]n description1 & ( ! be/ manufacture4 #db ,vide #8,m9utes ( ,proce$+s ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1' vol4 lviii4 p4 #ie4 7,! fir/ /eam roll] 0 made 9 ! ye> #ahfd47 #dc ,! fir/ /eam roll] us$ 9 ,engl& 01 ,i believe1 9 ! ye> #ahgb2 9 ,p>is ab\t #ahfd4 #dd ,?is %\ld be collect$ & 8wea!r$0 s z to get rid ( mud & any organic matt] 9 x4 #de ,9 ,p>is #c to #cge ton miles ( roll] are appli$ to e cubic y>d ( metal2 9 ,am]ica #e ton miles are ?\ght necess>y4 #df ,vide #8,roads1 ,/reets1 & ,pavem5ts1' by ,q4 ,a4 ,gillmore1 p4 #hi4 #dg ,vide ,avel+ & ,port]'s pamphlet on #8,/eam ,road ,roll+1' p4 #cb4 #dh ,vide ,avel+ & ,port]'s pamphlet on #8,/eam ,road ,roll+1' p4 #cc4 #di ,vide #8,! ,use ( ,/eam ,roll]s1' by ,a4 ,w4 ,p>ry1 ,read+4 #ej ,"s road surveyors cont5d t = gravell$ roads #f-ton roll]s are heavy en\gh1 = macadam roads #ab-ton roll]s4 #ea ,traffic 9 mak+ a roadway is apt to gr9d (f ! %>p edges & spoil ! metal be=e x is set4 #eb #8,report on ! ,economy ( ,road ,ma9t5ance & ,horse ,draught ?r\gh ,/eam ,roll+1 ) special ref]5ce to ! ,metropolis1' by ,fr$]ick ,a4 ,paget1 ,c4,e41 etc4 etc41 ,london #ahgj1 to :i* ,i ref] my read]s = _m sci5tific & useful facts ^u ?is subject4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,pit*$ ,,pavem5ts4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ t :]e a roadway has a traffic exce$+ #ajjj vehicles p] diem1 t to ma9ta9 x z a macadamis$ roadway is n economical4#ec ,h[ev] t may be1 x is unque/ionable t = v heavy traffic blocks ( hamm]-dress$ /one1 laid ^u a concrete or h>d gravel b$1 h be5 9 use = a great numb] ( ye>s1 & inde$ ! ,romans1 :o 7 great road mak]s1 introduc$ ! sy/em 7! ,ar*aic1 z x is sometimes call$7 into ?is c\ntry m ?an #bjjj ye>s ago2 ! size ( ! pav+ /ones 01 h[ev]1 mu* l>g] ?an mod]n sci5ce f9ds necess>y4 ,!re is no d\bt t a roadway pav$ ) granite or :9/one setts1 ^u a h>d concrete f\ndation1 pres5ts a mo/ endur+ pavem5t1 co/+ b a few p5ce p] annum 9 repairs#ed & cleans+1 & 9 o!r respects x answ]s ne>ly all ! requirem5ts ( traffic except 9 two v important p>ticul>s--x becomes v greasy & slipp]y "u c]ta9 conditions ( ! wea!r aft] hav+ be5 laid any "t1 & x is an intol]able nuisance 9 any great ?or\ghf>e1 f ! incessant d9 & clatt] aris+ f ! :eels ( vehicles & ! iron %oes ( ! horses /rik+ ^u x2 s great is ! noise 9 "s ?or\ghf>es ?us pav$1 t tradesm5 are compell$ to keep _! doors & w9d[s tightly clos$ 9 ord] t !y may be able to conduct _! bus9ess1 & x is kn[n to injuri\sly affect ! n]ves & heal? ( p]sons :o are oblig$ to live 9 ! vic9ity ( su* /reets4 ,x is a bad pavem5t too = horses to travel ^u1 ! j> ^u ! legs ( ! un=tunate animals soon tell+ ^u !m4 ,great improvem5ts1 h[ev]1 h 9 rec5t ye>s be5 introduc$ to correct ^! faults4 ,! setts are n[ made v n>r[1 ab\t #c in*es 9 wid?1 or #d setts to #ad in*es includ+ ! jo9ts3 ?is gives a bett] foo?old = ! horse1 ! ho( hav+ b a little way to slip be=e be+ arre/$ by a jo9t2 x also less5s ! noise1 & helps besides to prev5t ! edges ( ! /ones becom+ worn or ! pavem5t we>+ unev5ly4 ,runn+ ! jo9ts ) an asphaltic composition in/ead ( ord9>y gr\t+ has also mat]ially conduc$ to dead5 ! noise4 ,tak+ ! "q ( co/ into acc\nt--& co/ ( ?is description ( pav+1 be x rememb]$1 is consid]ably affect$ by weight1 :5 c>riage ( ! /one has to be consid]$--! foll[+ sizes ( /ones may be tak5 z satisfactory4#ee ,dep? #f to #h in*es ,wid? #b #c ,l5g? #e #i ,! foll[+ table1#ef %[+ ! numb] ( squ>e y>ds t #a ton 9 weight ( diff]5t sizes ( granite setts w cov]1 may be ( use1 b ?is mu/ v>y ) ! specific gravity ( ! /one employ$4 ,dep?4 ,wid?4 ,squ>e y>ds4 #e in*es #c in*es cov]s #d #f #c #c #d #d #e #g #c #c ,! "q ( ! be/ class ( /ones to employ z a pav+ mat]ial mu/ to a great measure dep5d ^u local circum/ances1 b x is important to select su* /ones z are v h>d & durable1 b :i* w n we> smoo? & slipp]y nor r\nd by reason ( ! *ipp+ (f ( _! edges4 ,ne>ly all granites are suitable = ?is "w1 b ,c>n>von%ire sy5ite#eg is said to be ! be/ mat]ial t c be us$1 al?\gh1 be+ d5s] ?an granite1 x is heavi] & consequ5tly m exp5sive4 ,at "o "t l>ge quantities ( pav+ /ones 7 us$ 9 ,london & ,liv]pool :i* 7 br\ght f ,bombay & ,*9a1 z balla/ = %ips trad+ betwe5 ^? ports4 ,m\nt ,sorrel f ,leice/]%ire & ! ,wel% /ones are said to we> slipp]y#eh z well z porphyry1 :]eas ! pres5ce ( felsp> 9 ! granite always keeps x r\gh "u traffic4 ,( ! granites1 t f ,dalbeattie 9 ,scotl& is said to be ! be/4 ,! table on ! next page1 prep>$ by ,mr4 ,walk] 9 #ahca1 %[+ ! we> ( diff]5t /ones1 may be ( int]e/4 ,,table ,,%[+ ,,! ,,result ,,( ,,exp]im5ts ,,made ,,by ,,mr4 ,,walk] ,,on ,,! ,,we> ,,( ,,/ones ,,9 #ahcj-ca1 ,a ,,p]iod ,,( #ag ,,mon?s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,sup]- ,loss ( ficial weight ,loss p] area 9 ,orig9al by sup]ficial,relative ,"n ( /one4 feet4 weight4 we>4 foot4 losses4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ cwt4 qrs4 lbs4 ,gu]nsey #dgcd #g #a #abge #dej #jiea #ajjj ,h]m #ebej #g #c #bdbe #eej #ajdh #aajb ,budle #fccf #i #j #aege #gge #abbc #abhf ,pet]head 7blue7 #cdhd #d #a #gej #fbe #agie #ahhg ,heytor #dcac #f #j #aebe #hbe #aiae #bjad ,ab]de5 7r$7 #ecge #g #b #aaej #aaej #baci #bbdi ,d>tmoor #dejj #f #b #bej #abej #bggh #biba ,ab]de5 7blue7 #dhbc #f #b #afj #adge #cjeh #cbaf ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,! ,ab]de5 granite z at pres5t laid 9 ! ,city ( ,london1 #c in*es wide by #i in*es 9 dep?1 has a life ( ab\t #ae ye>s4#ei ,9 ! ,city ( ,durham :9/one setts ( ! same wid? la/ #ag or #ah ye>s1 9 ,man*e/] simil> granite setts la/ #ae to #bj ye>s4 ,on ?is subject ,mr4 ,deacon1 ! !n ,bor\gh ,eng9e] ( ,liv]pool1 has collect$ "s mo/ valuable in=mation1 & ,i ref] my read]s to a pap] read by him be=e ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s 9 #ahgi1fj = a great deal ( useful in=mation on ?is & o!r subjects connect$ ) roadways4 ,v>i\s me?ods h be5 adopt$ = con/ruct+ granite pav$ /reets1 "s ( :i* ,i w proce$ to describe4 ,"o ( ! fir/ really good granite pavem5ts introduc$ into ,london 0 t kn[n z ! 8,eu/on ,pavem5t10 & x 0 con/ruct$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! f\ndation 0 %ap$ to ! int5d$ surface ( ! f9i%$ roadway2 ^u ?is a lay] ( co>se gravel 0 spread #d in*es 9 ?ickness1 ?is 0 well ramm$1#fa & ^u x 0 spread #d in*es ( gravel mix$ ) a small quantity ( *alk to b9d x2 ?is aga9 be+ well ramm$1 ^u x 0 plac$ a simil> lay] only compos$ ( f9] gravel1 & ^u ?is f\ndation ! /ones 7 plac$1 be+ b$d$ ^u ab\t an in* ( f9e s&4 ,! /ones us$ 7 ,m\nt ,sorrel granite1 :i* 7 hamm]-dress$ & squ>$1 #c in*es 9 wid? by #d in*es 9 dep?2 !y 7 set close toge!r at "r angles ) ! l9es ( ! k]b1 !y 7 !n ?or\ghly ramm$ by ! pavior4 ,! :ole surface 0 aft]w>ds cov]$ ) scre5$ gravel :i* 0 all[$ to f9d its way into ! jo9ts & ?us /eady ! entire pavem5t4 ,! foll[+ section w expla9 ?is4 ,illu/ration ,9 _m cases ! f\ndation is simply =m$ by %ap+ ! soil to ! requir$ cont\r1 & cov]+ ?is ) #c or #d in*es ( gravel or c9d]s1 :i* is aft]w>ds ei!r ramm$ or consolidat$ by ! traffic2 ^u ?is ! setts are plac$ z closely z possible1 ! jo9ts are !n fill$ ) f9e gravel well work$ 9 ) a 8cramm+ iron10 ! :ole surface be+ !n cov]$ ) a gr\t+ ( lime & s&1 :i* is bru%$ into ! jo9ts ) a /umpy broom4#fb ,9 ,le$s1 ,man*e/]1 ,sal=d1 & _m o!r important cities1 ,i believe ! f\ndations are =m$ 9 ! mann] j describ$1 b ( great] dep?1 ! gr\t+ also is a bitum9\s mixture1 :i* ,i w pres5tly describe1 in/ead ( ! ord9>y lime gr\t+4 ,! pav$ /reets ( ,man*e/] are prov]bial = _! excell5ce1 :i* is attributable to ! mann] 9 :i* ! f\ndations ( ! /reets are consolidat$ by ! traffic be=e any setts are plac$ on !m2 9 _m cases ! old macadamis$ surface ( a /reet be+ utilis$ z a f\ndation1 ?is process be+ almo/ id5tical ) t recomm5d$ by ,sir ,h5ry ,p>nell fifty ye>s ago4#fc ,:]e ! traffic is heavy1 h[ev]1 a firm] f\ndation ev5 ?an ?is is necess>y1 & up to ! pres5t "t no bett] f\ndation has be5 introduc$ ?an t ( good ,portl& cem5t concrete4 ,?is %\ld be at lea/ #i in*es 9 ?ickness1 & be compos$ ( "o "p ( ,portl& cem5t1 two p>ts ( clean %>p riv] s&1 & f\r p>ts ( clean riv] balla/1 or brok5 /ones1 or o!r suitable mat]ial4 ,! surface ( ! concrete1 aft] hav+ be5 plac$ 9 position1 %\ld be smoo!d ov] ) ! %ovel1 s z to pres5t ! prop] convexity & h an ev5 surface = ! granite setts to be b$d$ ^u4 ,ano!r description ( f\ndation n[ v ext5sively us$ :]e ! traffic is heavy1 is t kn[n z 8,bitum9\s ,concrete10 :i* is made z foll[s3 ,! gr\nd be+ excavat$ to ! prop] dep? & cont\r1 brok5 /one z = macadam is spread = a dep? ( #f or #i in*es2 ?is is !n levell$ & ?or\ghly roll$ ) a light roll]1 a boil+ mixture ( pit* & t>1 or creosote oil is !n p\r$ ov] ! :ole surface until e int]/ice is fill$1 :5 a ?9 lay] ( small brok5 /one is spread ^u x1 & !n well roll$ until x consolidates4 ,x may be well to obs]ve "h t 9 all works involv+ concrete f\ndations & pav+ 9 /reets1 ! traffic %\ld be entirely /opp$ if at all possible4 ,/reets pav$ half at a "t are nev] q satisfactory1 & ! concrete %\ld h at lea/ a week to set be=e ! pavem5t is plac$ ^u x4 ,^u a f\ndation ( ei!r ,portl& cem5t or bitum9\s concrete1 ! granite setts !mselves %\ld be gr\t$ ) a bitum9\s mixture in/ead ( cem5t or lime gr\t+4 ,?is r5d]s ! pavem5t m imp]vi\s to moi/ure1 makes x less noisy1 & adds consid]ably to its /r5g?2 ! mode ( apply+ x is ne>ly simil> to t ( ord9>y gr\t+4 ,! setts are plac$ on ab\t an in* ( s& & well ramm$1 ! boil+ mixture is !n p\r$ ov] ! :ole surface1 :i* is !n cov]$ ) a ?9 coat+ ( small1 %>p gravel4 ,! foll[+ table ( ! proportions necess>y = ! bitum9\s mixture may "h be ( use4 ,,proportions ,,= ,,bitum9\s ,,mixture4#fd ,creosote ,pit*4 ,t>4 ,pit*4 oil4 ,= gr\t+ 9 pavem5ts #a to #a or #c to #a ,= f\ndations or l[] lay] #c to #a or #c to ( asphalte macadam ,= upp] lay] ( asphalte #b to #a or #c to macadam & = foot pa?s ,! objections to ?is me?od ( pav+ are only tempor>y3 ! nuisance aris+ f ! fumes ( ! boil+ mixture :il/ x is be+ appli$1 & ! necessity = dry wea!r to make ! op]ation successful4 ,healey's ,pat5t ,pit* ,boil]s#fe are said to mod]ate1 if n entirely to d away ) ! =m]1 & ! latt] c be arrang$ by only do+ ! "w at fav\rable seasons1 or if ! wor/ come to ! wor/1 to cov] ! "w ) t>paul9s rais$ on tre/les4 ,be=e clos+ ?is *apt] ,i %\ld l to draw att5tion to ! "q ( provision = :eel tracks1 or tramways pav$ ) /one1 asphalte1 or o!r h>d mat]ial1 & a track = horses giv+ a firm] foot-hold1 simil> to ^? s highly spok5 ( 9 ,milan & o!r ,italian cities4 ,an excell5t description is giv5 ( !m by ,mr4 ,p4 le ,neve ,fo/]1 ,jun41 9 an app5dix to a report on ! ,application ( ,sci5ce & ,art to ,/reet ,pav+ & ,/reet ,cleans+ ( ! ,metropolis 7#ahgb74 ,! roadway :]e /one tramways are employ$ _c be ( convex section2 on ! contr>y1 x %\ld be concave1 ) ! *annel1 gutt]1 or wat] table 9 ! c5tre4 ,?is is 9 itself an obvi\s advantage1 & ,i tru/ t ! "q ( ^! tramways may at "s future date receive m att5tion f ,engli% eng9e]s2 ! great objection to !m 9 ?is c\ntry be+ t ! smoo? tram-track w\ld be v slipp]y & apt to ?r[ horses d[n :5 pass+ on & (f1 b !y h _m advantages :i* %\ld n be pass$ ov] )\t consid]ation4#ff #ec ,birm+ham 9 #ahed _h n1 ,i believe1 a s+le mile ( pav$ /reets2 ! pr9cipal ones are n[ ne>ly all pav$ ) granite setts1 & ov] #bj1jjj squ>e y>ds 7 s pav$ 9 #ahhj4 #ed ,x is said t ! co/ p] annum p] squ>e y>d ( granite pav$ roadways is b #c;d41 :]eas ! same co/ = macadamis$ roadways "u ! same circum/ances is #as4 #f;d4 #ee ,9 ,p>is aft] consid]able rese>* into ! "q1 ! eng9e]s ( ! ,ponts et ,*ausses1 decid$ t ! size ( ! pav+ /ones1 :i* us$ =m]ly to be #i in*es squ>e %\ld be #d in*es wide by #f in*es long by #f in*es deep1 ! /one t is us$ be+ a grit s&/one1 f ! =e/ ( ,fonta9ebleu4 #ef ,vide #8,m9utes ( ,proce$+s ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1' vol4 lviii4 p4 #ff4 #eg ,sy5ite is a h>d1 gre5i%-grey metamorphic rock1 compos$ pr9cipally ( silica1 alum9a1 & lime1 9 conjunction ) magnesia1 iron1 etc4 ,its specific gravity is #bif4 #eh ,mr4 ,boyle1 ,di/rict ,surveyor ( ,man*e/]1 says3 8,i w\ld caution y aga9/ ! use ( ! old blue ,p5ma5mawr /one z be+ an extremely slipp]y /one1 & "o :i* makes a dang]\s pavem5t40 ,vide #8,proce$+s ( ! ,association ( ,municipal & ,sanit>y ,eng9e]s1' vol4 iii4 p4 #eh4 #ei ,! old granite pav+ ( ,london us$ only to la/ eight ye>s4 ,vide #8,m9utes ( ,proce$+s ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1' vol4 ix4 p4 #bbb4 #fj ,vide #8,/reet ,c>riageway ,pavem5ts1' by ,george ,fr$]ick ,deacon1 ,m4 ,in/4 ,c4,e41 #8,m9utes ( ,proce$+s ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1' vol4 lviii4 p4 #a et seq4 #fa ,! pavior's ramm] is ab\t #ee lb4 9 weight1 ) an iron r+ at its foot2 ?is is swung ) "s dext]ity betwe5 ! legs1 & is all[$ to fall ) great =ce ^u ! e>? or /ones x is 9 use ^u4 #fb ,! usual specifications = ! ,guidet pav+ blocks 79 ,new ,york7 require t !y %all be ( granite1 equal 9 h>dness to ! ,qu9cy granite1 ( durable & uni=m quality1 ea* measur+ n less ?an #c nor m ?an #d in*es 9 wid? on ! upp] surface or face1 & n less ?an #aj nor m ?an #ae in*es 9 l5g?1 & n less ?an #h nor m ?an #i in*es 9 dep?4 ,blocks ( #c in*es 9 wid? on ! face to be n less ?an #c in*es 9 wid? at ! base2 all o!r blocks to measure on ! base n m ?an #a in* less 9 wid? or 9 l5g? ?an on ! face4 ,! blocks are set upright 9 close contact on _! edges 9 c\rses1 ) ! longe/ dim5sions & ! cont9u\s jo9ts runn+ across ! /reet1 break+ jo9ts l5g?wise ( ! /reet4 ,! ends ( ! blocks are dress$ (f s z to give close jo9ts 9 ! direction ( ! draught1 :ile ! broad v]tical sides ( ! blocks are left rugg$ or unev51 or ) ! split rock-face s t ! cont9u\s jo9ts runn+ across ! /reet are some:at op54 ,vide #8,roads1 ,/reets1 & ,pavem5ts' by ,q4 ,a4 ,gillmore1 p4 #aeg4 #fc ,vide #8,a ,treatise on ,roads1' by ,sir ,h5ry ,p>nell1 p4 #acj4 #fd ,z ^! +r$i5ts (t5 v>y v mu* 9 _! con/itution1 ! surveyor mu/ use 8 judgm5t to a great ext5t z to ^! proportions4 #fe ,^! boil]s are n[ mu* us$ = su* purposes1 !y hold f #fj to #ejj gallons & are light & portable2 ! temp] ( ! bitum9\s mixture also rema9s uni=m :il/ be+ drawn (f1 & !re is v little evaporation or wa/e aris+ f !m4 #ff ,s9ce writ+ ! above1 ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] tram-road 0 design$ ,i believe on ?is pr9ciple4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,wood ,,pav+4 ,9 ! ye> #ahdc ,mr4 ,*>les ,co*rane1 ! ,presid5t ( ! #8,association = ! promotion ( ,improv$ ,/reet ,pav+1 etc41' 9 a pap] :i* he read be=e ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 on ! ,/ate ( ! ,/reets ( ! ,metropolis1 said t !re exi/$ at t date #ajj1jjj y>ds ( wood pavem5t4#fg ,he fur!r /ates t x is said to be slipp]y1 b t he approves ( x z ! be/ mat]ial hi!rto us$1 8bo? z reg>ds its g5]al economy & durability z well z its facility ( traction1 & m especially its extreme cleanl9ess40 ,two ye>s previ\s to ?is date1 ,mr4 ,edw>d ,lomas condemn$ wood pavem5t z slipp]y1 & recomm5d$ granite pavem5t = horses ) wood tram-tracks = ! :eels ( vehicles4#fh ,s9ce ^! dates ! "q ( wood pav+ has made giant /rides1 _m companies & private firms hav+ />t$ bus9ess z wood paviors1 ) _m v>i\s me?ods1 :i* !y /rongly advocate z be+ sup]ior to ! o!rs2 among/ !m ,i w enum]ate & describe ! foll[+3 ,! ,improv$ ,wood ,pavem5t ,company4--,! gr\nd be+ consolidat$1 a lay] ( s& is made ! basis ( ! pavem5t1 & assumes ! %ape ! surface ( ! /reet is int5d$ to take4 ,r$-wood bo>ds #a-;in* 9 ?ickness are !n laid across ! roadway1 f k]b to k]b1 plac$ toge!r s z to break jo9t2 bo>ds ( ! same mat]ial & ?ickness are !n laid longitud9ally1 & break+ jo9t 9 ! same mann]4#fi ,on ?is f\ndation r$-wood blocks are plac$ 9 r[s1 tak+ ! same direction z ! "u floor+4 ,betwe5 ea* r[ ( blocks1 a /rip ( wood in* is nail$ to ! block & floor+1 ! blocks 9 all cases break+ jo9t2 ! spaces ?us =m$ betwe5 ! r[s ( blocks are !n run ) a ?ick composition :i* fills all vacant spaces !re may be betwe5 ! /rip & ! block1 cov]+ ! /rip ab\t ( an in*4 ,gravel1 dri$ & sift$ ?r\gh -in* me%1 is !n put 91 solidly ramm$1 & composition p\r$ 92 ! pavem5t is !n cov]$ to a dep? ( an in* ) dri$ gravel & composition = ! purpose ( indurat+ ! surface1 & fill+ ! spaces flu% ) ! top ( ! block1 a slight cov]+ ( s& is !n spread1 :5 ! traffic may imm$iately pass ov]4 ,! ,asphaltic ,wood ,pavem5t ,company4--,aft] ! gr\nd is prop]ly prep>$1 #f or #i in*es ( concrete is laid1 on ?is is laid a b$ ( asphalte n less ?an -in* 9 ?ickness2 !n wood blocks #c by #h by #e in*es or #c by #i by #e in*es1 ( good1 s\nd1 yell[ ,baltic timb] are laid ) jo9ts -in* 9 wid?1 ^! jo9ts are fill$ f #b in*es up ) heat$ asphalte1 ! rema9+ #c in*es be+ fill$ ) a gr\t+ ( hydraulic lime1 & clean1 %>p1 f9e riv] grit or s&1 ! :ole be+ cov]$ ) a top dress+ ( f9e1 %>p s&1 :i* we>s 9 ) ! traffic4 ,croskey's ,wood ,pavem5t4--,^u a b$ ( concrete1 cross gra9$ planks 7 to be plac$ side by side & be =c$ toge!r by pressure s z to =m a compact homog5e\s surface ( wood4#gj ,lloyd's ,pat5t ,key$ ,wood ,pavem5t4--,! special feature ( ?is sy/em is t ,pit* ,p9e blocks are us$ laid direct ^u ! concrete f\ndation1 ! blocks be+ groov$ on ea* side s t ! gr\t+ 7compos$ ( ,portl& cem5t7 %all run 9 & =m a key4 ,h>rison's ,wood ,pavem5t4--,?is sy/em consi/s ( a concrete f\ndation1 ^u :i* /rips ( wood #b in*es wide by an in* 9 ?ickness are laid4 ,^u ^!1 wood blocks #c in*es 9 bread? are plac$1 & !n hot asphalte is p\r$ into ! jo9ts1 :i* conglom]ates ! :ole4 ,h5son's ,wood ,pavem5t4--,! ma9 feature ( ?is pat5t consi/s 9 plac+ common felt on ! concrete b$1 & betwe5 ! jo9ts ( ! wood blocks2 ?us1 x is cont5d$1 giv+ ela/icity & all[+ = ! expansion & contraction ( ! blocks4 ,! blocks are also bevell$ on ! top & groov$ 9 a p>ticul> mann]4 ,c>ey's ,wood ,pavem5t4--,9 ?is case ! blocks are cut #d in*es wide by #i in*es long1 & #e or #f in*es deep1 accord+ to ! traffic2 ^! blocks are %ap$ ) alt]nate convex & concave ends1 & are laid on a b$ ( s& ab\t #b in*es ?ick1 ! jo9ts betwe5 ! blocks1 :i* h be5 left ab\t in* wide1 be+ fill$ ) a gr\t+ ( lime & s&4 ,messrs4 ,m[lem & ,company's me?od ( lay+ wood pav+ is to =m a f\ndation ( concrete1 v>y+ 9 ?ickness accord+ to ! nature ( ! subsoil & ! traffic2 !n to pave ) blocks ( yell[ deal1 #c in*es wide & #f or #g in*es deep2 ! jo9ts1 :i* v>y f to in*1 are fill$ 9 ) s& & lias lime1 & ! surface is aft]w>ds indurat$ by /rew+ x ) %+le4 ,pat5t ,ligno-,m9]al ,pav+ ,company4--,?is company lays claim to ! speciality ( us+ h>d woods z well z p9e1 & t ! p9e blocks !y employ are pres]v$ or m9]alis$ s z to be m durable ?an ! wood 9 its natural /ate4#ga ,ni*olson's ,wood ,pavem5t4--,?is is pr9cipally 9 use 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & consi/s ( rectangul> blocks ( p9e laid ^u a close floor+ ( p9e bo>ds1 #a in* ?ick1 laid l5g?wise ) ! l9e ( /reet1 _! ends re/+ on simil> bo>ds laid transv]sely f k]b to k]b1 ! bo>ds be+ ?or\ghly t>r$ & laid ^u a b$ ( s&4 ,! jo9ts ( ! wood blocks are run ) an asphaltic mixture1 & ! :ole surface is f9ally cov]$ ) hot coal t> & spr9kl$ ) f9e s& & gravel4 ,/[e's ,wood ,pavem5t4--,?is is also ,am]ican1 ! blocks re/+ directly ^u s& or gravel ab\t #f in*es 9 ?ickness4#gb 8,! blocks are set 9 c\rses transv]sely across ! /reet1 s z to break jo9t l5g?wise ( ! /reet1 ! c\rses be+ sep>at$ f ea* o!r #a in* by a cont9u\s c\rse ( wood5 w$ges plac$ close toge!r edge to edge1 & ext5d+ f k]b to k]b4 ,^! w$ges are set 9 ! fir/ in/ance ) _! tops flu% ) ! top surface ( ! blocks4 ,aft] ! :ole pavem5t %all h be5 well ramm$1 s z to give ea* block a firm b$1 ! w$ges are driv5 d[n ab\t #c in*es1 & ! op5 jo9ts ?us =m$ above !m betwe5 ! c\rses are fill$ 9 ) a concrete compos$ ( hot coal t> & f9e ro(+ s& & gravel4 ,! surface ( ! pavem5t may !n be coat$ ) coal t> prep>$ by boil+ ) pit*1 & f9i%$ (f ) a ?9 lay] ( s&40 ,wood ,pav+ 9 ,norwi*4--,mr4 ,p4 ,m>%all1 ! ,city ,surveyor ( ,norwi*1 /ates#gc t ! wood pavem5t 9 t city is 8simply laid on ! road =mation levell$ up ) %+le4 ,! blocks are gr\t$ 9 ) blue lias lime & well ramm$ d[n4 ,?is makes a spl5did road1 & is sup]ior to any portion ( ! road t has be5 laid ) concrete4 ,?is wood pav+1 #e in*es deep1 laid z describ$1 co/s #gs4 p] y>d sup]4 ,we h _h "s d[n "h n[ = #b ye>s1 & h _h no settlem5t :atev]4 ,x is a v important matt]1 = x makes wood pav+ possible = c\ntry t[ns40 ,%iel's ,composite ,block ,pav+4--,?is pavem5t consi/s ( composite blocks #ab in*es by #ae in*es1 ca/ 9 iron m\lds ) two r[s ( wood plac$ at an equal di/ance f ei!r side & ea* o!r1 ! vacant spaces be+ fill$ ) granite brok5 z = macadam2 ov] all is p\r$ a boil+ composition ( pit*1 *alk1 & s&4 ,! blocks are ?us treat$ at ! works1 & are1 :5 cool1 tak5 to ! /reet1 laid on a concrete f\ndation1 & gr\t$ ) cem5t gr\t+4 ,pross]'s ,wood ,pavem5t4--,?is is compos$ ( blocks sawn at an angle ( #fj1 ! gra9 ( ! wood runn+ 9 ! same direction4 ,ea* end ( ! block re/s on ! o!r1 transv]sely to l9e ( /reet4 ,betwe5 ! r[s ( blocks a plank1 ! same dep? z ! blocks1 b ) ! gra9 ( ! wood horizontal1 is plac$4 ,! blocks1 :i* on "o side ( ! plank lean 9 an opposite direction to ^? on ! o!r1 are secur$ or d[ell$ toge!r by wood5 p9s runn+ ?r\gh ! plank & pi]c+ ! blocks ab\t an in*4 ,9 ,*icago1 ,u4,s4,a41 c$> blocks #f in*es squ>e1 set on a composition ( t> & gravel1 are us$1 & are said to make a v durable pavem5t4 ,! foll[+ sanit>y objections to wood z a mat]ial = pavem5ts are made 9 ! ,report on ! ,application ( ,sci5ce & ,art to ,/reet ,pav+ & ,/reet ,cleans+ ( ! ,metropolis 7#ahgb7 page #ag4 8,! ,g5]al ,bo>d ( ,heal? set aside wood z an ineligible mat]ial = ?is among/ o!r reasons1 t /reet surfaces ought to be imp]meable2 & = roads ( light traffic & *eap con/ruction1 !y look$ to modifications ( macadam1 ) bitum9\s b9d]s ( m9]al t>4 ,s9ce !n wood has be5 reproduc$ = ! purpose1 & /rongly press$ 9 improv$ =ms = trial4 ,x c]ta9ly (f]s ! advantage ( a great ga9 9 noiselessness ov] granite1 m especially f ! horses' feet1 ?\gh ) "s disadvantage f a dead rumble & vibration2 & fur!r x has ! advantage ( be+ m available ?an smoo? pavem5ts = incl9es4 ,b hygi5i/s object to its use on gr\nds :i*1 9 ! abs5ce ( sanit>y sci5ce1 are ov]look$1 b :i* x is important to p>ticul>ise z %[+ ! dang]\s /ate ( ignorance & incompet5cy ( ! au?orities by :om !y are n ent]ta9$ or are disreg>d$40 ,! sum total ( ^! *>ges aga9/ wood z a pavem5t consi/s 9 ! foll[+3 8,wood is por\s1 x is compos$ ( bundles ( fibres1 x absorbs & reta9s wet1 f\l wet especially40 ,:y f\l wet %\ld be absorb$ m ?an ord9>y wet does n transpire4 ,!re is no d\bt t wood 9 its natural /ate does absorb a l>ge quantity ( wat]1#gd b ?is c be avoid$ 9 wood pav+ by pres]v+ ! wood ( :i* x is compos$ by "o ( ! foll[+ processes4 7#a7 ,burnetis+ ,*loride ( z9c is us$ 9 ?is process4 7#b7 ,kyanis+ ,corrosive sublimate is us$4 7#c7 ,r5wickis+ ,boil+ 9 coal t>4 7#d7 ,b\*]is+ ,sulphate ( copp] is us$4 7#e7 ,be!lis+ ,creosote heat$ to #bjj ,f4 is us$4 7#f7 ,seelyis+ ,creosote is also us$1 ! wood be+ fir/ boil$4 7#g7 ,hay=dis+ ,creosote is also us$1 wood be+ unseason$4 ,! fibres ( ! wood are also compress$1 & no op5 jo9ts betwe5 ! blocks are p]mitt$1 by pav+ ! blocks transv]sely1 ) butt jo9ts closely pack$ toge!r1 & by fill+ ! cross jo9ts ) an asphaltic or o!r imp]vi\s gr\t+4 ,wood pav+ %\ld1 h[ev]1 be laid 9 /reets ) mod]ate traffic1 & pl5ty ( sun & air4 ,9 conf9$ spaces su* z c\rts1 x soon rots & becomes a s\rce ( mu* unheal?9ess4#ge ,_m reports h be5 f "t to "t made on ! advantages & disadvantages ( wood pav+1 & mu* has be5 said & writt5 ^u ! subject1 s t ,i w only t\* ^u "s ( ! pr9cipal que/ions at issue4 ,! fir/ ( importance is t ( durability1 & al?\gh ! life ( a h>d wood con/antly expos$ to attrition is amaz+1 z may be se5 on ! /airs ( ! ,metropolitan ,railway ,/ations1 & 9 _m cog :eels ( old ma*9]y1 /ill "s div]sity ( op9ion exi/s z to :at may be fairly put d[n z ! we> p] annum ( ! surface ( a /reet pav$ ) wood blocks4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t to arrive at any fix$ ratio ( we>1 a /&>d ( traffic %\ld be fix$2 b ?is un=tunately has n hi!rto be5 done1 s t ! results ( obs]vations are b\nd to diff] consid]ably4 ,x mu/ also n be lo/ sight ( t ! reason ( excessive we> 9 a wood pavem5t g5]ally arises f wide jo9ts be+ ! means ( caus+ ! edges ( ! blocks to abrade & become worn4 ,mr4 ,d4 ,t4 ,hope1 9 a pap] he laid be=e ! ,scotti% ,society ( ,arts1 ^u "s mo/ c>eful inve/igations he _h made on ?is subject1 gives ! we> z ( an in* 9 #ah mon?s on blocks laid ) v]tical fibre1 :i* he prov$ 0 ! be/ mann] ( lay+ !m to ensure ! longe/ life4 ,mr4 ,deacon e/imat$ ! we> at f #a in* to #b in*es p] annum4#gf ,mr4 ,copl& e/imat$ ! we> at ( an in* p] annum4#gg ,mr4 ,h[or? e/imates ! life ( wood pav+ at #be ye>s p] in* ( wood1 if an absolutely uni=m quality ( wood fibre c\ld be assum$4#gh ,mr4 ,haywood says1#gi 8,wood pavem5ts ) repairs h 9 ?is ,city 7,london7 _h a life v>y+ f #f to #ai ye>s1 & t ) repairs1 an av]age life ( ab\t #aj ye>s may be obta9$40 ,! life ( wood is no d\bt ext5d$ by be+ pres]v$ by "o ( ! processes ,i h enum]at$1 b z its life may be tak5 z an av]age ( #h to #aj ye>s1 & z ! blocks are b\nd to we> unev5ly1 !y %\ld be made z %all[ z is consi/5t ) /ability2 z x is an undisput$ fact t ! f\ndation ( a roadway is ! important c>ri] ( ! traffic1 ! surface mat]ial1 ( :atev] x may be con/ruct$1 only act+ z a sk9 to pres]ve x4 ,if ! blocks are too ?ick1 unnecess>y capital is lock$ up4 ,wood pavem5t 0 laid 9 ,sund]l&#hj 9 #ahei ) /rips ( creosot$ r$ p9e1 creosot$ bee* wood1 & unpres]v$ oak1 ! bulk ( ! pav+ be+ unpres]v$ r$ deal1 & ?is 0 replac$ 9 #ahfg4 ,9 #ahgg1 on r5ew+ ! pavem5t1 x 0 f\nd t ! creosot$ wood suff]$ less f we> & te> ?an ! unpres]v$1 s ! :ole 0 done ) creosot$ r$ p9e1 ! orig9al /rip ( creosot$ r$ p9e 0 left unt\*$1 ! /rip ( oak 0 turn$1 & ! bee* 0 m]ely rais$2 & !re is no d\bt t ! be/ wood pavem5t is t :i* c be con/ruct$ 9 ! simple/ mann]1 z = in/ance deal blocks #d or #e in*es deep1 laid ) a close jo9t ^u a ,portl& cem5t concrete b$1 ! blocks be+ well gr\t$ 9 ) ,portl& cem5t gr\t+1 _! surface be+ aft]w>ds spr9kl$ or /rewn ) s& or %>p gravel4 ,! woods employ$ = pav+ are bee* & oak1 bo? ( :i* are said to be too slipp]y1 elm1 :i* is n durable1 pit* p9e & ,baltic fir4 ,memel & ,dantzic timb] is bett] ?an ,riga1 ! be/ wood = ! purpose be+ said to be ,wyborg or ,/4 ,pet]sburgh r$ deals4 ,all sappy wood mu/ be at once reject$ z unsuitable4 ,?is is a great objection to creosot+ or o!r pres]v+ processes1 z x hides defects 9 ! wood4 ,! advantages ( wood pav+ may be summ$ up z foll[s3-- 7#a47 ,x is ! quiete/ ( all kn[n pavem5ts1 :eels make sc>cely any noise ^u x & !re is no clatt] ( horses' ho(s4 7#b47 ,x is mu* saf] ?an ei!r asphalte or granite pavem5ts = horses travell+ ^u x & if a horse falls he c rise m easily4 7#c47 ,! traction necess>y ^u x1 ?\gh slightly great] ?an ^u asphalte1 is comp5sat$ = by ! bett] foo?old giv5 to horses4 7#d47 ,x is clean4 ,if well con/ruct$ !re %\ld be no mud made ^u x2 all t appe>s ^u its surface %\ld arise ei!r f its be+ import$ ^u x1 or f ! gravel ) :i* x is sometimes necess>y to dress ! surface4 7#e47 ,x pres5ts a uni=m & slight ela/icity1 :i* is ( great b5efit to vehicles pass+ ov] x4 7#f47 ,x may be laid on a gradi5t ( #a 9 #bj ) safety to ! traffic4 ,! pr9cipal objections to wood z a pav+ are3-- 7#a47 ,x is said to absorb moi/ure & to smell (f5sively1 b ?is has (t5 be5 refut$4#ha 7#b47 ,x is said to be difficult to cleanse )\t ! aid ( wat]1 z dirt adh]es to ! wood1 & l+]s 9 ! jo9ts4 7#c47 ,x is n easy to op5 x or repair x1 = ! purposes ( gas & wat] pipes1 etc41 & r a l>ge surface has to be remov$ = ?is purpose1 & x has to be left a little "t aft] repairs be=e traffic is aga9 all[$ on x4 7#d47 ,! wood swells if wet1 & cases are on record ( ! side k]bs ( /reets be+ rais$1 & lamp po/s ?r[n d[n1 by ! pressure ( ! wood ?us swell+4#hb ,) reg>d to ! co/ ( wood pav+4 ,?is mu/ v>y 9 diff]5t localities1 accord+ to ! value ( lab\r1 ( mat]ials1 & 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! "w is done4 ,! practice ( mo/ ( ! companies engag$ 9 ?is class ( "w is to make a fix$ *>ge p] squ>e y>d = ! pavem5t1 includ+ ! concrete b exclud+ ! excavation1 & !y also gu>antee to keep ! pavem5t 9 repair free ( *>ge = "o or two ye>s1 & !n = s _m ye>s aft]1 at s mu* p] y>d p] annum4 ,ab\t #ads4 p] squ>e y>d is g5]ally ! fir/ *>ge = con/ruct+1 & #as4 p] squ>e y>d is ! annual *>ge = ma9t5ance4 ,^u ! subject ( co/ ! foll[+ tables#hc may be useful4 ,,table ,,%[+ ,,! ,,actual ,,duration ,,& ,,co/ ,,( ,,c]ta9 ,,wood ,,pavem5ts ,,9 ,,! ,,city ,,( ,,london4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,total ,co/ ,av]age ,fir/ ,co/ ( ,repairs ,co/ p] p] ,squ>e p] ,squ>e ,date :5 ,squ>e ,y>d dur+ ,y>d p] ,situation4laid ,new4 ,life4 ,y>d4 ,life4 ,annum4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,yrs4 ,m?s4 s4 d4 s4 d4 s4 d4 ,cornhill ,may1 #ahee #aj #b #j #ab #b #j #ag #dj #b #aa ,july1 #ahfe #f #h #j #aa #f #j #h #ij #c #j ,grace*ur*,nov4 #ahec #aa #g #j #ab #h #j #ag #aj #b #f ,/reet ,june1 #ahfe #f #j #j #aa #f #j #f #aa #j #c #j ,lomb>d ,may1 #ahea #i #d #j #i #f #j #f #j #j #a #g ,/reet ,sept4 #ahfj #aj #g #j #i #b #a #j #b #j #b #i ,lo?bury ,may1 #ahed #ab #c #j #ab #f #a #h #dj #c #d ,aug4 #ahff #f #a #j #ab #f #j #c #ej #b #g ,m9c+ ,july1 #ahda #ai #a #j #ad #d #j #ac #d #j #a #e ,lane ,aug4 #ahfj #ac #j #j #i #b #a #b #fj #b #e ,b>?olomew,may1 #ahed #ab #c #j #ab #f #j #ag #ej #b #e ,lane ,aug4 #ahff #e #e #j #ab #f #j #c #aaj #c #j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,f\ndations are includ$1 b no excavation4 ,,table ,,%[+ ,,fir/ ,,co/1 ,,& ,,t5d]$ ,,co/ ,,p] ,,annum ,,= ,,ma9ta9+ ,,c]ta9 ,,wood ,,c>riageway ,,pavem5ts ,,9 ,,! ,,city ,,( ,,london4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,ye>s to be ma9ta9$ ,fir/ ,co/ ,date :5 ,"n ( by p] ,situation4 ,laid4 ,contractor4 ,contractor4 ,squ>e ,y>d4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ s4 d4 ,k+ ,william ,feb4 #ahgc ,improv$ ,wood #af #j #ah #j ,/reet ,pav+ ,co4 ,ludgate ,hill ,nov4 #ahgc ,ditto #af #j #ah #j ,portions ( ,great ,t[] ,/reet & ,sept4 #ahgc ,ditto #af #j #af #j ,see?+ ,lane ,b>?olomew ,lane ,jan4 #ahgb ,c>ey ,no agreem5t #j #ab #f ,ditto ,dec4 #ahga ,improv$ ,wood #c #j #af #j ,pav+ ,co4 ,duke ,/reet ,may1 #ahgc ,m[lem & #hde #j #ae #j ,co4 ,h\ndsdit* ,n yet ,ditto #hdg #j #ag #j laid ,ditto ,ditto ,c>ey #hdg #j #ac #f ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,total ,co/ ( ,pavem5ts dur+ ,agre$ ,co/ ( ,contract ,av]age ,co/ ma9t5ance p] ,t]m1 p] ,squ>e ,squ>e ,y>d = ! p] ,squ>e ,y>d p] ,situation4 ,contract ,t]m4 ,y>d4 ,annum4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- s4 d4 s4 d4 ,k+ ,william #a ye> free #b #j #f #j #b #f ,/reet #ae ye>s at #as4 #f;d4 #al4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,ludgate ,hill #a ye> free #b #j #f #j #b #f #ae ye>s at #as4 #f;d4 #al4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,portions ( ,great #a ye> free #a #ad #i #j #b #b ,t[] ,/reet & #ae ye>s at #as4 #c;d4 #ahs4 #i;d4 ,see?+ ,lane ,b>?olomew ,lane ---- ---- ---- ,ditto #c ye>s free #j #af #j ---- ,duke ,/reet #b ye>s free #c ye>s at #as4 #cs4 ,^! pavem5ts ,h\ndsdit* #b ye>s free w no d\bt la/ #e ye>s at #i;d4 "s ye>s long] #cs4 #i;d4 ?an ! contract t]m ( ma9t5ance4 ,ditto #b ye>s free #e ye>s at #as4 #es4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,9 ! wood pavem5ts ! co/ ( ! f\ndation is includ$1 b no excavation4 ,! pavem5ts at ! end ( ea* f9ancial ye> are to be 9 a good s\nd condition4 ,! foll[+ table#he is also giv5 z %[+ ! comp>ative co/ ( wood pav+ ) macadam & bitum9\s concrete pav+ 9 ,liv]pool4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,d$uctions f ,s9k+ ,fir/ ,co/ to det]m9e ,int]e/ on ,fund ,orig9al ,co/ ( ,r5ewal4 ,orig9al inve/$ ,co/ p]--------------------------- ,co/ at at #c ,des- ,squ>e ,co/ ( ,all[ances = #d p] p] cription ,y>d at ,f\ndation old ,mat]ials c5t4 p] c5t4 ( pres5tn requir+ at date ,squ>e ,y>d,comp\nd ,pavem5t4 prices4 r5ewal4 ( r5ewal4 p] ,annum4 ,int]e/4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- s4 d4 s4 d4 s4 d4 d4 d4 ,no4 #f4 ,bitum9\s ,concrete #c #i ,nil ,nil #bj ,nil ,pavem5t ,no4 #g4 ,wood #ae #ae #b #j ,nil #ge #dc ,pavem5t ,no4 #h4 ,macadam #f #i ,nil ,nil #cd ,nil ,pavem5t ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,total ,des- ,ma9t5ance,scav5g+,gravell+ ,annual cription p] ,squ>e p] ,squ>ep] ,squ>e,co/ p] ( ,y>d p] ,y>d p] ,y>d p] ,squ>e ,pavem5t4 ,annum4 ,annum4 ,annum4 ,y>d4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- s4 d4 d4 d4 s4 d4 ,no4 #f4 ,bitum9\s ,concrete #j #i #bd 44 #a #ad ,pavem5t ,no4 #g4 ,wood #j #aj #bg #ej #a #he ,pavem5t ,no4 #h4 ,macadam #a #j #hj ,nil #a #aad ,pavem5t ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,9 conclud+ ?is *apt] ^u wood pav+1 ,i w give a specim5 specification = "w ( ?is description4 ,excavation4--,excavate ! gr\nd to a dep? ( -- in*es bel[ ! level ( ! propos$ f9i%$ surface ( ! roadway4#hf ,! =mation surface ?us excavat$ mu/ be well wat]$ & roll$ or punn$ if f\nd necess>y1 & any s(t or made e>? remov$ to su* a dep? z may be f\nd to be suffici5t4#hg ,f\ndation4--,^u ! excavat$ =mation surface a b$ -- in*es ?ick ( concrete is to be laid1 compos$ ( "o "p ( good approv$ ,portl& cem5t to two ( f9e1 %>p riv] s&1 & ?ree ( clean riv] balla/ or brok5 /one4 ,! concrete to be f9i%$ (f ) an ev5 & smoo? top surface con=m+ ) ! cont\r l9e ( propos$ f9i%$ roadway4 ,wood ,blocks4--,^u ! concrete ?us laid1 & aft] x has suffici5tly set1 wood blocks are to be laid4#hh ,^! blocks mu/ be ( ! be/ description ( ,baltic r$ timb]#hi 7or su* o!r timb] z %all be specifi$71 s\nd & ?or\ghly well season$1 free f all sap1 %akes1 l>ge & loose knots or o!r defects1 & any t may be reject$ by ! surveyor z unfitt$ = ! "w %all be at once remov$ f ! works or brok5 up4 ,! blocks mu/ n be less ?an #f in*es or m ?an #ab in*es 9 l5g? by #c in*es 9 wid? & #f in*es 9 dep?1 !y are to be c>efully laid ) ! fibre ( ! wood plac$ v]tically1 _! ends mu/ butt ) close jo9ts to ea* o!r1 & ea* c\rse mu/ be kept ( an in* ap>t by means ( wood5 la?s1 :i* are aft]w>ds remov$4 ,jo9ts4--,! jo9ts are !n to be c>efully run ) a gr\t+ compos$ ( "o "p ( be/ approv$ ,portl& cem5t to two p>ts ( f9e1 %>p1 clean riv] s&4 7,9 "s cases a hot bitum9\s mixture or asphalte is run betwe5 ! jo9ts z a gr\t+47 ,top ,dress+4--,! :ole surface ( ! pavem5t is !n to be spread ) a coat+1 at lea/ -in* 9 ?ickness1 ( f9e %>p gravel or *ipp+s4 ,! foll[+ heads ( g5]al conditions "u su* a contract may also be useful4 ,alt]ation ( gullies1 sew] man-holes etc41 w be done at ! exp5se ( ! sanit>y au?ority4 ,contractor mu/ make good at once any damage caus$ to gas or wat] ma9s or s]vices--"t p5alty = delay4 ,ma9t5ance ( "w aft] completion = a specifi$ "t4 ,p[] mu/ be res]v$ to surveyor to susp5d "w dur+ bad wea!r or f o!r causes4 ,heavy "t p5alties = non-completion ( contract by a c]ta9 date4 ,paym5ts to be made to contractor on surveyor's c]tificate1 up to #hj p] c5t4 ( :ole contract1 rema9+ #bj p] c5t4 to be paid at end ( 7say7 #b ye>s aft] completion4 ,) ! above specim5 specification ,i conclude ! *apt] on ,wood ,pav+4 #fg ,! fir/ wood pavem5t laid 9 ,london 0 9 front ( ! ,old ,bailey1 9 #ahci4 #fh ,vide #8,m9utes ( ,proce$+s ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1' vol4 i4 p4 #aca4 #fi ,?is specification is ! company's own1 z adv]tis$ :5 !y fir/ began bus9ess2 = _m reasons ! bo>ds h s9ce be5 discont9u$1 & o!r alt]ations introduc$ into ! sy/em4 #gj ,i am unable to asc]ta9 if ?is plan has ev] be5 tri$ any:]e4 #ga ,x is also affirm$ by ! ,bor\gh ,surveyor ( ,sund]l& t ?is process disp5ses ) wat]+4 ,vide #8,proce$+s ( ! ,association ( ,municipal & ,sanit>y ,eng9e]s & ,surveyors1' vol4 iii4 p4 #gb4 #gb ,vide #8,a ,practical ,treatise on ,roads1 ,/reets1 & ,pavem5ts1' by ,q4 ,a4 ,gillmore1 p4 #aff1 :i* see also = a good acc\nt ( wood pavem5ts 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #gc ,vide #8,wood ,pavem5ts1' by ,h5ry ,allnutt1 #ahhj1 p4 #bb4 #gd ,! p[] ( absorb+ wat] by wood v>ies f #icg to #agdhf p] c5t4 9 dry wood4 ,9 its ord9>y /ate ! p[] v>ies f #dcf to #aejfd p] c5t4 ,! quantity ( wat] conta9$ 9 wood 9 its natural /ate v>ies f #dfa to #acef p] c5t4 ,vide #8,m9utes ( ,proce$+s ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1' vol4 lvi4 p4 #cjj4 #ge ,vide #8,roads & ,roadways1' by ,george ,wall] ,wilcocks1 #ahgi1 p4 #cd4 #gf ,vide #8,m9utes ( ,proce$+s ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1' vol4 lviii4 p4 #hb4 #gg ,ibid1 vol4 lx4 p4 #bic4 #gh ,ibid1 vol4 lviii4 p4 #de4 #gi #8,report ^u ,asphalte & ,wood ,pavem5ts1' by ,william ,haywood1 7#ahgd7 p4 #dd4 #hj ,see #8,pap] on ,wood ,pavem5ts1' by ,r4 ,s4 ,r\n?waite1 ,boro' ,surveyor1 ,sund]l&1 #8,proce$+s ( ! ,association ( ,municipal & ,sanit>y ,eng9e]s & ,surveyors1' vol4 vii4 p4 #dh4 #ha ,! surveyor ( ! p>i% ( ,/4 ,george's ,hanov] ,squ>e1 ,london1 says1 8,my exp]i5ce ( wood1 & ,i h laid d[n #be1jjj y>ds1 is t x is p]fectly free f smells1 ev5 on a cab rank40 ,report ( a ,committee ( ! ,padd+ton ,ve/ry on ,wood & o!r ,pavem5ts 7#ahgh7 p4 #cj4 #hb ,mr4 ,allnutt says on ?is3 8,z to ! swell+ ( ! wood1 x has be5 rem>k$ t ev5 brick walls h be5 =c$ out4 ,we d n see :at provision c be made = ?is2 b leav+ ! *annel by ! k]b /one = ! la/ "w may relieve ! lat]al pressure1 & p]haps x w\ld be z well = ! blocks n to be s dry :5 be+ laid d[n40 ,vide #8,wood ,pavem5t z c>ri$ out on ,k5s+ton ,high ,road1 ,*elsea1 etc4' by ,h5ry ,allnutt 7#ahhj7 p4 #ae4 #hc ,vide #8,report on ,asphalte & ,wood ,pavem5ts1' by ,william ,haywood1 #ahgd1 pp4 #ch & #da4 #hd ,! ,ligno-,m9]al ,pav+ ,company & ! ,improv$ ,wood ,pav+ ,company (f]$ to ma9ta9 _! pavem5ts1 if laid1 = t]ms ( t5 ye>s & f\rte5 ye>s respectively2 _! t5d]s 7 n accept$4 #he ,vide #8,pap] on ,/reet ,c>riageway ,pavem5ts1' by ,g4 ,f4 ,deacon1 #8,m9utes ( ,proce$+s ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1' vol4 lviii4 p4 #bc4 #hf ,if ! road mat]ial ?us excavat$ is macadam1 x may be scre5$ & us$ z concrete 9 ! f\ndation1 if approv$ by ! surveyor4 ,! granite pit*+ ( cross+s1 *annel gutt]s1 etc41 mu/ rema9 ! prop]ty ( ! sanit>y au?ority1 z well z ! surplus macadam4 #hg ,x is important to give suffici5t notice to gas & wat] companies 9 ord] t !y may att5d to _! ma9s & s]vices be=e ! f\ndations are put 94 #hh ,sometimes ab\t half an in* ( f9e s& is spread ^u ! surface ( ! concrete ^u :i* ! wood blocks are b$d$4 #hi ,if ! blocks are to be creosot$1 ! numb] ( p\nds ( creosote t %\ld be absorb$ 9 a cubic foot ( ! wood %\ld be specifi$2 ?is is g5]ally ab\t #aj lb4 ( creosote to #a cubic foot ( wood4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,compress$ ,,asphalte ,,roadways4 ,! ^w asphalte 9 its g5]ally accept$ s5se implies a natural rock consi/+ ( pure c>bonate ( lime1 intimately comb9$ & impregnat$ ) m9]al bitum5 9 v v>iable proportions2 t us$ = roads or footpa?s %\ld n conta9 less ?an #g or m ?an #ab p] c5t4 ( bitum54 ,! rock :5 brok5 takes an irregul> fracture )\t def9ite cleavage2 x is pr9cipally d]iv$ f ,val de ,trav]s1 ,seyssel1 ,sicily1 ,*ieti1 ,auv]gne1 ,lobsann1 & ,limm]4 ,its gra9 %\ld be regul> & homog5e\s1 ! f9] ! gra9 ! bett]4#ij ,:5 expos$ to ! atmosph]e asphalte gradually assumes a grey t9t1 by reason ( ! bitum5 evaporat+ f ! surface leav+ a ?9 film ( lime/one beh9d4 ,! /one is usually tak5 f op5 qu>ries1 b at ,val de ,trav]s %afts are sunk & ! g5]al treatm5t is simil> to a coal m9e4 ,bitum51 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 is itself a m9]al product f\nd 9 ,tr9idad & "s o!r places2 x is compos$ ( c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg54 ,! weight ( a cubic y>d ( natural asphalte is ab\t #chgd lbs41 its specific gravity is #baad1 b ?is ( c\rse v>ies ) its p]c5tage ( bitum54 ,! foll[+ is a te/ = asphalte giv5 by ,mr4 ,del& 9 a pap] he read be=e ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s 9 ! ye> #ahhj4ia 8,a specim5 ( ! rock fre$ f all extrane\s matt]1 hav+ be5 pulv]is$ z f9ely z possible1 %\ld be dissolv$ 9 sulphurate ( c>bon1 turp5t9e1 e!r or b5z9e1 plac$ 9 a glass vessel & /irr$ ) a glass rod4 ,a d>k solution w result1 f :i* w be precipitat$ ! pulv]is$ lime/one4 ,! solution ( bitum5 %\ld !n be p\r$ (f4 ,! dissolv5t spe$ily evaporates1 leav+ ! con/itu5t p>ts ( ! asphalte1 ea* ( :i* %\ld be weigh$ s z to det]m9e ! exact proportion4 ,! bitum5 %\ld be heat$ 9 a lead ba? & te/$ ) a porcela9 or ,baum !rmomet] to #dbh ,fahr4 ,!re w be little loss by evaporation if ! bitum5 is good1 b if bitum9\s oil is pres5t ! loss w be consid]able--gritt$ ma/ic %\ld be heat$ to #dej ,fahr4 ,! lime/one %\ld next be exam9$4 ,if ! p[d] is :ite & s(t to ! t\* x is a good compon5t "p ( asphalte1 b if r\gh & dirty on be+ te/$ ) reag5ts x w be f\nd to conta9 iron pyrites1 silicates1 clay1 etc4 ,"s asphaltes also are ( a spongy or hygrometrical nature4 ,?us1 z an analysis :i* m]ely gives s mu* bitum5 & s mu* lime/one may mislead1 x is necess>y to "k ! quality ( ! lime/one & ( ! bitum54 8,= a good compress$ roadway an asphalte compos$ ( pure lime/one & #i to #aj p] c5t4 ( bitum51 non-evaporative at #dbh ,fahr41 is ! mo/ suitable4 ,asphaltes conta9+ mu* m ?an #aj p] c5t4 ( bitum5 get s(t 9 summ] & wavy1 ^? conta9+ mu* less h n suffici5t b9d = heavy traffic1 al?\gh asphalte conta9+ #g p] c5t4 ( bitum5 prop]ly heat$ does well = c\rt y>ds1 z x sets h>d :5 cold40 ,= roadways 8compress$0 asphalte %\ld be us$ & n 8ma/ic10 :i* is only fitt$ = footpa?s1 c\rt-y>ds1 etc4 ,compress$ asphalte roadways are con/ruct$ z foll[s3 ,! asphalte rock is fir/ cru%$ 9 a 8,blake's0 or o!r suitable cru%]1 !n pulv]is$ 9 :at is kn[n z a 8,c>r's dis9tegrator10 until x is r$uc$ to a p[d]2 ?is p[d] is !n heat$ up to betwe5 #bab & #bej ,fahr4 9 revolv+ cyl9d]s & is laid ab\t #b in*es 9 ?ickness ^u a concrete f\ndation previ\sly prep>$ = its reception1 ! p[d] is c>efully rak$ to ! requir$ cont\r & !n ei!r roll$ or punn$ ) iron punn]s previ\sly heat$ to prev5t ! adhesion ( ! p[d] to !m4 ,a roadway ?us prep>$ pres5ts _m advantages ov] macadam1 granite setts or wood1 ! foll[+ passage amply describ+ "o ( !m3#ib 8,an indisp5sable feature ( a weight-c>ry+ pavem5t mu/ be ! absolute exclusion ( wat] at ! surface z ne>ly z x c be insur$1 & 9 ?is "o respect x _c be que/ion$ t a surface l asphalte has no equal1 ! absorption be+ s gradual z to be inappreciable dur+ any possible cont9uance ( moi/ure40 ,9 addition to ?is indisputable fact ! advantage ( durability is claim$ = asphalte1 b ?is mu/ v>y consid]ably ) ! quality ( ! mat]ial & ( ! "w4 ,mr4 ,hayw>d e/imates ! life ( an asphaltic ,val de ,trav]s compress$ roadway at #ag ye>s1 & x is claim$ = x t x w we> until x becomes q ?91 v heavy traffic break+ x up :5 x is worn to ab\t ( an in* ?ick4 ,ano!r advantage claim$ = asphalte is cleanl9ess1 & ?is is evid5tly indisputable1 z1 be+ imp]vi\s1 none b import$ mud or du/ c be =m$ ^u x4 ,9 addition to ! =ego+ ! foll[+ advantages are also claim$3 ,p$e/rians c walk on asphaltic roadways z well z on ! footways4 ,x is comp>atively noiseless "u traffic1 ?\gh 9 ?is case wood is bett]1 z ! clatt] ( ! iron-%od horses' feet ^u asphalte is v app>5t4 ,x is exp$iti\sly laid1 & :5 repairs are necess>y !y c easily be effect$2 no pavem5t %[s less signs ( op5+s be+ made 9 x = gas & wat]-pipe repairs ?an asphalte4 ,! rapid lay+ causes less inconv5i5ce to traffic 9 ! /reets4 ,ease ( traction2 b "h /eps 9 ! "o great objection to asphalte z a roadway pav+1 viz4 dang] to horses by slipp+ & fall+1 ( :i* ,i %all say m h]eaft]4 ,cell>s & vaults "u ! /reets are kept dry1 by reason ( its imp]meability to moi/ure4 ,easily cleans$1 especially by me*anical sweep+1 & sn[ is easily remov$4 ,x is v pleas+ to ! eye1 be+ s uni=mly regul> & ( good col\r4 ,!re is no vibration or concussion 9 travell+ ov] x1 & ap>t f ! "q ( safety x is delightful to drive ov] x4 ,x is a cool pavem5t at night2 x does n absorb heat dur+ ! day1 & consequ5tly none radiates f x aft] ! sun has gone d[n4#ic ,! great objection to asphalte z a mat]ial = roadways arises f ! fact t x is extremely slipp]y :5 damp1#id irrespective ( temp]ature1 & ?is 9 ! climate ( ,engl& is frequ5tly ! case4 ,! result ( ?is slipp]9ess is1 t n only d horses frequ5tly fall ^u x1 b x is also difficult to /op a horse :5 draw+ a load1 ?us caus+ m risk to foot-pass5g]s ( be+ run ov]1 & /ra9+ ! horse consid]ably 9 its ef=ts4 ,aga91 9 ?or\ghf>es cr[d$ ) vehicul> traffic1 con/ant /oppages occur1 & 9 />t+ aga9 x is pa9ful to witness ! /ruggles ( ! horses to keep _! foot+ & ov]come ! in]tia ( _! load4 ,:5 a horse falls he has v great difficulty 9 ris+1 b on ! o!r h&1 al?\gh he may be /ra9$1 a horse nev] breaks 8 knees ^u ?is class ( pavem5t4 ,h[ f> ?is might be alt]$ if all ! /reets ( a t[n 7 pav$ ) asphalte1 is a fair matt] = argum5t1 z x is ass]t$ t horses are v n]v\s on go+ f "o pavem5t to ano!r1 & accid5ts frequ5tly happ5 9 consequ5ce4 ,! /rew+ ( s& ^u asphalte r5d]s x less slipp]y1 b 9 addition to ! int]f]5ce ( ! traffic :il/ ?is is be+ done1 !re are ! fur!r objections1 ( ! possible injury ( ! s& cutt+ into ! asphalte1 ! exp5se ( lab\r & mat]ials1 & ! mud caus$ !reby :i* has aft]w>ds to be remov$4 ,ano!r plan is to frequ5tly wa% ! asphalte ) wat]1 b ?is is exp5sive & only ( tempor>y b5efit4 ,ano!r objection to asphaltic roadways is t !y _c ) safety be con/ruct$ ( great] gradi5t ?an #a 9 #fj1 & x mu/ also be borne 9 m9d t f9e wea!r is necess>y bo? = ! con/ruction & repairs ( a roadway ( ?is description4 ,v little smell1 & t n ( an unpleasant "*1 arises f ! "w :5 compress$ asphalte is be+ us$1 ! ma/ic is h[ev] tempor>ily unpleasant to ^? :o dislike ! od\r4 ,) ref]5ce to ! "q ( ! co/ ( compress$ asphalte = roadways3 x is ( c\rse a matt] dep5d+ ^u local circum/ances z to ! fir/ co/1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! compress$ asphalte hi!rto laid has be5 ne>ly all t ( ! ,val de ,trav]s ,company1 :o *>ge a fix$ price p] squ>e y>d = lay+ accord+ to ?ickness requir$1 ! di/ance ( ! locality f ,london1 & o!r local circum/ances4 ,) ref]5ce to ma9t5ance1 ?is is a "q dep5d5t ma9ly ^u traffic1 b "h aga9 ! company w und]take to keep 9 repair at s mu* p] squ>e y>d p] annum = a c]ta9 numb] ( ye>s4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 p]haps be a bett] plan n to ent] into su* an agreem5t1 b to arrange = repairs "u a s*$ule ( prices1 b ?is mu/ greatly dep5d ^u ! "* ( ! "w 9 ! fir/ place1 & o!r local consid]ations4 ,mr4 ,ellice ,cl>ke gives ! foll[+ z ! co/ ( ,val de ,trav]s compress$ asphalte4#ie ,! co/ is r$uc$ to #ajj1jjj tons p] annum p] y>d ( wid?4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,orig9al ,co/ ,int]e/ ,ma9t5ance,scav5g+ p] ,squ>e on orig9alp] ,squ>e p] ,squ>e ,y>d4 ,co/4 ,y>d4 ,y>d4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- s4 d4 d4 d4 d4 s4 d4 #ah #j #ig #cf #jd #a #ag ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,no?+ is *>g$ = r5ewal1 z ! annual sum = ma9t5ance provides ! asphalte 9 p]petuity4#if ,! foll[+ table#ig may "h be ( use3 ,,table ,,%[+ ,,! ,,agre$ ,,co/ ,,p] ,,annum ,,( ,,c]ta9 ,,asphalte ,,c>riageway ,,pavem5ts ,,9 ,,! ,,city ,,( ,,london4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,ye>s to ,fir/ ,agre$ ,co/ ( be ma9- ,co/ ma9t5ance ta9$ p] p] ,squ>e ,description by ,con- ,squ>e ,y>d = ! ,situation4( ,asphalte4tractor4 ,y>d4 ,contract ,t]m4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ s4 d4 ,*eapside ,val de #ag #j #ah #j #b ye>s free & ,p\ltry ,trav]s #ae ye>s at #as4 #f;d4 7,compress$7 #a #bs4 #f;d4 ,grace*ur* ,ditto #ag #j #ag #j #b ye>s free ,/reet #ae ye>s at #as4 #aes4 #j;d4 ,f9sbury ,ditto #ag #j #af #j #b ye>s free ,pavem5t #ae ye>s at #i;d4 #aas4 #c;d4 ,moorgate ,ditto #ag #j #af #j #b ye>s free ,/reet #ae ye>s at #i;d4 #aas4 #c;d4 ,ditto ,limm] #ag #j #af #j #b ye>s free 7,ma/ic7 #ae ye>s at #i;d4 #aas4 #c;d4 ,lomb>d ,ditto #ag #j #af #j #b ye>s free ,/reet #ae ye>s at #i;d4 #aas4 #c;d4 ,cornhill ,ditto #ag #j #ae #j #b ye>s free #ae ye>s at #i;d4 #aas4 #c;d4 ,m9c+ ,ditto #ag #j #ab #j #b ye>s free ,lane #ae ye>s at #i;d4 #aas4 #c;d4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ -------------------------------------- ,total ,co/ ( ,pavem5ts ,av]age ,co/ dur+ ,contract p] ,squ>e ,t]m p] ,y>d p] ,situation4 ,squ>e ,y>d4 ,annum4 -------------------------------------- s4 d4 s4 d4 ,*eapside #b #j #f #j #b #d & ,p\ltry ,grace*ur* #a #ab #j #j #aj #a ,/reet ,f9sbury #a #g #c #j #a #g ,pavem5t ,moorgate #a #g #c #j #a #g ,/reet ,ditto #a #g #c #j #a #g ,lomb>d #a #g #c #j #a #g ,/reet ,cornhill #a #f #c #j #a #f ,m9c+ #a #c #c #j #a #d ,lane -------------------------------------- ,! co/ ( f\ndations is includ$ 9 ?is table1 b _! ?ickness is n m5tion$2 ! excavation 0 done = ! contractors4 ,) ! "o s]i\s objection ( slipp]9ess1 compress$ asphalte seems a mo/ suitable mat]ial = ! surface ( a roadway1 b t objection is ( consid]able weight :5 we reflect t ! great object ( roadways is t ( 8traffic10 & x is = t purpose !y are con/ruct$2 /ill1 9 cities :]e a heavy bus9ess traffic is go+ on1 ?is class ( roadway has s _m advantages t :]e *eap horses are driv5 x might be us$2 :]e1 h[ev]1 valuable horses are us$ = pleasure driv+1 z 9 ! we/ end ( ,london & ! correspond+ bett] p>ts ( cities1 "s o!r description ( roadway %\ld be ma9ta9$4 ,ma/ic asphalte w be describ$ 9 ! *apt] on footpa?s4 ,specim5 ,specification = a ,compress$ ,asphalte ,roadway4 ,excavation & ,concrete4--,! excavation & concrete#ih f\ndation may be specifi$ to be execut$ 9 a mann] simil> to t conta9$ 9 ! specim5 specification = wood pav+1#ii except ( c\rse t ! excavation w be %all[] 9 ?is case4 ,asphalte4--,! asphalte to be us$ %all be ! pure unadult]at$ natural rock kn[n z ! ,val de ,trav]s1 & be unmix$ ) any =eign or o!r matt] :atev]4 ,! rock aft] be+ prop]ly brok51 %all be gr\nd 9 a ,c>r's dis9tegrator to a p[d] ( su* f95ess1 t n m ?an p] c5t4 %all be left on a sieve conta9+ me%es to ! squ>e in* & decrepitation by heat w n be accept$4 ,?is p[d] %all be heat$ to #bdj ,f4 or su* o!r temp]ature z %all be f\nd desirable1 s z to elim9ate all moi/ure1 & c>efully transport$ to ! /reet 9 cov]$ iron c>ts1 9 ord] t n m ?an #bj ,f4 ( heat %all be lo/ 9 transit4 ,! p[d] mu/ be spread ^u ! concrete in*es 9 ?ickness#ajj & c>efully rak$ s z to h regul>ity ( dep? & surface4 ,ramm+4--,! p[d] mu/ !n be ramm$ ) iron punn]s ( n less weight ?an #aj lb4 heat$ s z to prev5t ! adhesion ( ! asphalte4 ,! ramm+ mu/ be done lightly at fir/1 s z to ensure equality ( ?ickness1 & aft]w>ds augm5t$ to heavy bl[s4 ,:]e ! ramm]s are n available a ,t tool mu/ be employ$4 ,to meet "s ( ! objections to compress$ asphalte z a mat]ial = roadways ! 8,imp]i%able ,/one ,pav+ ,blocks0 h be5 introduc$ 9 ,am]ica2 !y consi/ ( asphalte =m$ into rectangul> blocks "u pressure ( ab\t "o ton to ! squ>e in*1 ^! are laid close toge!r )\t any gr\t+1 & a pavem5t ( ?is description is said to comb9e all ! advantages ( wood & asphalte1 ?\gh suffici5t "t has n yet elaps$ to prove ?is4 ,9 ,sal=d1 ,man*e/]1 etc41 ,i believe 8,woodw>d's ,pat5t ,molt5 ,iron/one ,blocks0 are us$ ) "s success :]e !re is n any v exceptionally heavy traffic4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal reasons ( durability 9 asphalte pavem5t is its ela/icity1 & x %\ld be rememb]$ t compress$ asphalte does n beg9 to 8we>0 until all compression has ceas$2 ?is is ! case ) no o!r sy/em ( pavem5t--/one & wood bo? beg9 8we>+0 f ! day ! traffic comm5ces4 ,"u ord9>ily heavy traffic x may be e/imat$ t x w take two ye>s to complete ! compression ( asphalte1 & ! weight ( a squ>e foot ( ?is pavem5t w at ! expiration ( t "t be ne>ly ! same z on ! day x 0 laid1 ?\gh ! ?ickness is r$uc$ dur+ ! fir/ two ye>s z mu* z x w be 9 ! foll[+ eight4 ,mu* is said ab\t ! advisability ( good & dry concrete1 b x may be z well to expla9 ! reasons t necessitate s mu* c>e 9 ! f\ndation4 ,fir/1 x %\ld be always borne 9 m9d t asphalte pavem5t is no?+ m ?an a t\gh 8c>pet10 & has no p[] ( itself ( (f]+ resi/ance to heavy traffic2 consequ5tly1 if ! sub/ratum or concrete is n ?or\ghly solid & resi/+1 ! weight ( traffic w cru% x1 & ! asphalte w at once give way 9 all directions4 ,! concrete %\ld be made /rong en\gh to resi/ ! traffic1 & ! asphalte is a simple cov]+ to protect ! concrete f direct contact ) ! we> & friction caus$ by ! traffic4 ,s mu* = ! /r5g?1 b ! dryness is ( ev5 /ill great] importance2 = ! be/ asphalte1 laid by skill$ workm51 on ?or\ghly fir/-rate b damp concrete1 w rapidly g to pieces--a ph5om5on takes place1 :i*1 al?\gh q natural1 is little realis$ by mo/ eng9e]s4 ,:5 ! hot asphalte is laid1 ! wat] is imm$iately suck$ up & turn$ into /eam1 :i* tries to escape ?r\gh ! heat$ p[d]1 & ! result is t al?\gh ! surface ( ! asphalte is smoo?1 ! mass is really dis9tegrat$ f und]nea? by its bitt] enemy 8wat]10 & z soon z ! surface beg9s to we>1 ! fissures =m$ by ! pass+ ( ! /eam appe> on ! surface & ! :ole pavem5t falls to pieces3 ?us acc\nt+ = "s ( ! failures ?is description ( roadway has met ) "u unskill$ treatm5t4 ,?is completes ! subject ( roadways2 ,i w turn to t ( footpa?s 9 ! next *apt]4 #ij ,9 ?is respect ! ,seyssel is ! be/1 be+ ( a v f9e gra94 #ia ,vide #8,m9utes ( ,proce$+s ( ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1' vol4 lx4 #ib ,vide ,mr4 ,h[>?'s pap] on #8,wood z a ,pav+ ,mat]ial "u ,heavy ,traffic1' #8,m9utes ( ,proce$+s ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 vol4 lviii4 p4 #ce4 #ic ,9 ,p>is & o!r cities liable to civil w> or int]nal commotions1 x is cont5d$ z an advantage ( asphalte t x _c be us$ = ! con/ruction ( b>ricades1 brea/works1 or rifle pits4 #id ,vide ,mr4 ,haywood's ,report ^u ,asphalte & ,wood ,pavem5ts1 also ,report on ! ,application ( ,sci5ce & ,art to ,/reet ,pav+ & ,cleans+ ( ! ,metropolis1' & num]\s o!r pamphlets & reports by em95t au?orities ^u ! subject4 #ie ,vide #8,asphalte & its ,application to ,/reet ,pav+1' by ,e4 ,b4 ,ellice ,cl>ke1 #8,proce$+s ( ! ,association ( ,municipal & ,sanit>y ,eng9e]s1' vol4 vi4 p4 #eb4 #if ,! asphaltic roadways ( ,p>is1 ( :i* !re 7 #bij1jjj squ>e y>ds 9 ! ye> #ahgh1 co/ f #ajs4 to #abs4 p] squ>e y>d to lay1 & ab\t #hhc p5ce p] squ>e y>d p] annum to ma9ta91 includ+ ! *>ge = r5ew+ ? "p ( ! surface e ye>1 :i* is ! me?od adopt$ !re4 ,vide #8,annales ,indu/rielles1' #ahgh4 #ig ,vide ,mr4 ,haywood's report on asphalte & wood pavem5ts1 #ahgd4 #ih 8,lime concrete ru9s compress$ "w40 ,vide #8,asphalte & its ,application to ,/reet ,pav+1' by ,b4 ,ellice ,cl>ke4 #8,proce$+s ( ! ,association ( ,municipal & ,sanit>y ,eng9e]s & ,surveyors1' vol4 vi4 p4 #df4 #ii ,see p4 #id ante4 #ajj ,x mu/ be ?s m 9 ?ickness ?an t specifi$ z f9i%$4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,footpa?s4 ,z 9 ! case ( roadways1 s ) footpa?s3 ! f\ndation is ( prim>y importance1 :atev] mat]ial may be us$ = ! surface4 ,:]e ?is mat]ial may be class$ "u ! head ( 8,pav+10 concrete#aja makes ! be/ f\ndation4 ,= gravel1 t> pav+1 or o!r simil> surface1 a h>d core bottom well dra9$ is suffici5t4 ,! mat]ials ( :i* a footpa? c be =m$ are almo/ innum]able1 b ! foll[+ may be giv5 z embody+ mo/ ( !m3 7#a47 ,natural asphalte1 compress$ & ma/ic4 7#b47 ,york%ire flagg+--,cai?ness flagg+4 7#c47 ,blue lias1 & ,devonian lime/one flagg+4 7#d47 ,concrete4 7#e47 ,bricks4 7#f47 ,granite slabs4 7#g47 ,artificial asphaltes1 includ+ t> pavem5t4 7#h47 ,gravel4 ,fir/ on ! li/ /&s natural asphalte1 compress$ & ma/ic4 ,! compress$ has be5 ?or\ghly describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]2 x is sometimes us$ = footpa?s :]e !re is a v heavy traffic1 & answ]s admirably4 ,i w1 h[ev]1 n[ deal solely ) ma/ic asphalte1 :i* means ! rock gr\nd to p[d]1 mix$ ) a c]ta9 proportion ( bitum5 to act z a flux1 & !n subject$ to heat2 ?is is sometimes us$ 9 conjunction ) f9e %>p clean riv] s&1 b m (t5 ) f9ely cru%$ /one ab\t ! size ( pepp]corns1 & is /yl$ 8gritt$ asphalte40 ,z long ago z ! ye> #ahch1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,simms speaks ( asphalte ma/ic f ,pyrimont1 ne> ,seyssel1 & says 8x may be consid]$ a species ( m9]al lea!r0#ajb--;a v good description ( its surpris+ly t\gh1 h>d1 durable & pliant prop]ties4 ,! usual me?od ( ! prep>ation ( ! ma/ic is z foll[s3-- ,accord+ to ! am\nt ( bitum5 conta9$ 9 ! natural /one1 f #e to #h p] c5t4 ( ref9$ ,tr9idad bitum5#ajc is plac$ 9 a l>ge caldron :i* is usually provid$ ) agitators driv5 by /eam p[]2 :5 ?is is ?or\ghly melt$1 ! p[d]$ asphalte is add$ little by little1 ! heat be+ rais$ to betwe5 #cij & #dhj ,f41 ! mixture kept well /irr$ & 8cook$0 = ab\t five h\rs4 ,x is !n turn$ out into iron m\lds1 mo/ companies hav+ a special patt]n ) a trade m>k = ?is purpose4 ,! caldrons g5]ally us$ conta9 f #a to #b tons ( ma/ic4 ,"s companies 9 l>ge t[ns are provid$ ) caldrons on :eels1 commonly call$ 8,locomobiles10 9 :i* case ! grit is mix$ ) ! ma/ic 9 ! fix$ caldrons1 & ! :ole mass run out into ! locomobiles 7:i* are also provid$ ) agitators work$ by an endless *a9 atta*$ to ! axle ( ! :eels71 & transport$ direct to :]e ! "w has to be done4 ,?is sy/em1 ?\gh und\bt$ly ! be/1 is n practicable except 9 l>ge t[ns2 ! m usual me?od ( lay+ ma/ic footpa?s is to s5d ! asphalte cakes to ! works1 :]e !y are remelt$ 9 small r\nd /reet caldrons1 conta9+ f #h to #ab cakes ea*1 weigh+ f #dj to #ej lbs41 ! grit be+ sometimes add$ 9 ! fix$ caldrons1 sometimes 9 ! /reet caldrons1 ?is am\nt ( grit v>y+ f #bj to #fj p] c5t4 accord+ to ! nature ( ! "w4 ,! grit makes ! asphalte m difficult to spread1 b x less5s ! co/ & makes a v durable pa?4 ,! aff9ity betwe5 ! asphalte & grit is s great t1 9 break+ a sample1 ! actual pieces ( grit w be f\nd brok5 9 half4 ,! asphalte %\ld be spread f to ( an in* 9 ?ickness 7if compress$ #a in* is ! m9imum71 & %\ld be br\ght hot on to ! works 9 cov]$ caldrons on :eels1 ! te/ ( its be+ ready & fit to lay be+ made by plung+ a wood5 spatula into x1 :i* %\ld come out )\t any ( ! asphalte adh]+ to x1 & also by jets ( light smoke d>t+ out ( ! mixture4 ,! ma/ic %\ld be tak5 f ! caldron ) a w>m$ ladle1 & put into buckets previ\sly heat$1 !n ?r[n out on ! concrete 7:i* %\ld be p]fectly dry7 ne> ! spread]1 :o spreads x skilfully ) a wood5 /ave1 spread]1 or spatula4 ,! surface %\ld !n be float$ & du/$ ov] ) f9e s&1 portl& cem5t1 or /one du/4 ,di%one/ contractors sometimes sub/itute inf]ior mat]ials = natural asphalte1 su* imitations be+ made ( gr\nd *alk1 fire-clay1 & pit* or gas t>1 or gr\nd lime/one mix$ ) bitum54 ,a sample ( ! footpa? aft] x is laid %\ld be cut out 7?is is easily effect$ by heat+ ! surface ) a piece ( hot ma/ic71 9 ord] to see t ! prop] ?ickness is giv51 & by apply+ a light to ! sample1 ! smell w readily tell if real asphalte or any inf]ior mat]ial has be5 us$4 ,/ockholm t> or common pit* %\ld n be all[$ to be sub/itut$ = ,tr9idad bitum51 or x w spoil ! ma/ic4 ,asphalte ma/ic footpa?s are excell5t 9 e way1 ! only objections to !m be+ ! necessity = ! grit1 & ! tempor>y unpleasant smoke & smell :il/ be+ laid4 ,x is also necess>y to put /one sills r\nd ! cell> op5+s & coal %utes1 etc41 = x to butt aga9/1 b x makes an invaluable pavem5t1 especially = c\rts1 alleys1 back y>ds1 etc41 = sanit>y & o!r reasons4 ,! proportions ( asphalte1 bitum5 & grit are giv5 z foll[s by ,mr4 ,delano 9 8 translation ( a pap] by ,m4 ,erne/ ,*abri]1 on ! applications ( asphalte4#ajd 8,"o ton ( s&$ ma/ic requires #ac cwt4 ( pure block ma/ic1 #b qrs4 #ab lb4 ( bitum51 #g cwt4 ( grit or s& wa%$ & dri$10 & x takes #b cwt4 ( coal to heat x4 ,he fur!r says t "o workman c easily prep>e #c tons ( mat]ial 9 #ab h\rs4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! numb] ( squ>e y>ds t a ton ( prep>$ ,sicilian rock asphalte w spread4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,) ab\t ,)\t grit4 #be p] c5t4 ( grit4,?ickness4 ---------------------------------------- ----- squ>e y>ds4 squ>e y>ds4 in*es4 #fc #hj #ea #fe #cb #dj #bf #cc #a #af #bj #a #ab #af #b ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,a skill$ workman prop]ly assi/$ c lay #adj to #ahj squ>e y>ds 9 a day4#aje ,) reg>d to ! price ( asphalte ma/ic footpa?s1 ?is is q a local "q1 & is n wor? :ile discuss+4 ,! life ( a footpa? ?us treat$ may be reckon$ at ab\t #ae ye>s "u ord9>y traffic2 ! concrete w rema9 unt\*$ & :at is left ( ! asphalte may be remelt$1 s t a r5ewal is n s co/ly z ! fir/ exp5se4 ,york%ire ,flagg+4--,?is pavem5t is too well kn[n to ne$ any description f me2 x is an excell5t pavem5t 9 _m ways1 & is mo/ pleasant to walk ^u1 !re be+ a cl+ or foo?old n exp]i5c$ 9 any o!r mat]ial4 ,! objections to ?is description ( pavem5t are3-- 7#a47 ,its fir/ co/1 :i* is und\bt$ly high z comp>$ to its durability4 7#b47 ,! fact ( unev5 we>+3 "o /one w be f\nd s(t next to a h>d "o2 ! =m] we>s1 leav+ a pit :i* =ms a pool = wat] 9 due c\rse1 & has to be remov$4 7#c47 ,unless v c>efully b$d$1 a /one w see-saw2 ?is is v unpleasant 9 wet wea!r1 wat] accumulates b5ea?1 & z ! p$e/rian treads on "o end ( ! /one a squirt ( dirty wat] up to 8 knees1 & a /umble1 rem9d him t ! /one is loose4 7#d47 ,liability to crack :5 any heavy goods are ?r[n ^u x4 ,! foll[+ specim5 specification = ,york%ire flagg+ pavem5t may be ( use4 ,specim5 ,specification = ,york%ire ,flagg+ ,foot ,pavem5ts4 ,! old flagg+ 7:]e & :5 direct$7 to be tak5 up1 refac$1 squ>$1 & relaid4 ,! new flagg+ is to be *isel-dress$ to a fair face1 true1 out ( w9d+1 & n less ?an #c in*es ?ick1#ajf to be prop]ly squ>$ & n pit*$ (f only1 or und]cut1 b to hold good to ! squ>e2 to h n m ?an f\rte5 pieces to ! hundr$ sup]ficial feet2 ! jo9ts mu/ be set flu%1 & b$d$ & po9t$ ) ! be/ blue lias mort>4 ,! b$ = ! flagg+ bo? old & new1 if any is requir$1 to be made ) prop] e>?1 gravel1 or dry rubbi%1 & all surplus e>? & rubbi% to be c>t$ f ! /reets z x arises f ! works4 ,! flagg+ to be prop]ly cut & rebat$ to receive all area grat+s1 coal %oots1 ra9 wat] tr\ghs1 c4 ,any damage done to gas or wat] s]vice pipes 9 digg+ = ! flagg+1 or 9 any way connect$ ) ! "w1 to be made good by ! contractor1 z also all & e o!r damage to w9d[s1 wood1 or glass "w2 & ! contractor w be held responsible =1 & w make comp5sation = any injury t ! public may su/a9 ?r\gh ! neglig5ce ( 8 workm51 or o!rwise4 ,! :ole ( ! flags to be ( ! v be/ quality1 f ,halifax1 ! qu>ries 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,brad=d or 9 ,york%ire1 & subject to ! approval ( ! surveyor4 ,! contractor to provide all lights & prop] gu>ds at night1 & :5 old pav+ is to be tak5 up ! "w is to be done "u ! direction ( ! surveyor1 & if consid]$ necess>y1 ! /ones are to be remov$ f ! /reets to be re-fac$ & squ>$4 ,no /one to be /ack$ 9 ! /reets4 ,! flagg+ to be measur$ aft] ! "w is complet$4 ,! contractor to provide all /one1 mat]ials1 tools1 implem5ts1 horse & c>t hire1 & pay all railway dues1 freightages1 etc41 & also to provide all lab\r ( e k9d = prop]ly complet+ ! "w to ! full & entire satisfaction ( ! surveyor4 ,paym5t w be made z ! "w proce$s1 on ! c]tificate ( ! surveyor4 ,%\ld ! contractor fail to p]=m ! "w to ! satisfaction ( ! surveyor1 he !n %all h p[] to execute ! "w & *>ge ! same to ! contractor1 & d$uct ! co/ f any am\nt t may be due to him2 & 9 ! ev5t ( ! co/ be+ m ?an ! am\nt due1 or if !re %all !n be no sum due to ! contractor1 su* co/ %all be paid by ! contractor to ! mayor1 ald]m51 & citiz5s1 & ! same %all be recov]able f him z liquidat$ & asc]ta9$ damages4 ,cai?ness ,flagg+ is n[ us$ v l>gely in/ead ( ,york%ire2 x comes f ,?urso 9 ,scotl&1 & x is cont5d$ = x t x possesses _m excell5t qualities1 among/ o!rs may be enum]at$ ! foll[+3 7#a74 ,x is imp]vi\s to wet4 7#b47 ,x is n slipp]y nor does x we> s4 7#c47 ,x does n scale or flake4 7#d47 ,x dries rapidly aft] ra94 7#e47 ,its appe>ance is *e]ful4 7#f47 ,great durability1 z x does n abrade4 7#g47 ,fro/ has no effect ^u x4 7#h47 ,c be re-us$ :5 half worn4 7#i47 ,cleanl9ess2 =1 n be+ por\s1 no dirt or du/ c adh]e to x4 7#aj47 ,vehicul> traffic may be turn$ ov] x )\t injury to ! pa?4 7#aa47 ,economy2 z natural =ces c be us$1 ?us sav+ lab\r1 & x c be laid f #a to #b in*es ?ick only4 7#ab47 ,hav+ sawn edges1 ! jo9ts are exp$iti\sly & well made4 7#ac47 ,its :ole surface we>s ev5ly4 ,! foll[+ table 0 compil$ by ! well-kn[n firm ( ,kirkaldy1 by direction ( ,mr4 ,t>botton ! ,bor\gh ,eng9e] ( ,nott+ham1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! resi/ance to a gradually increas$ b5d+ /ress ^u ,york%ire flagg+ z comp>$ ) ,cai?ness4 ,,york%ire4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,dim5sions4 -------------------------,ultimate ,te/ ,no4,weight4,l5g?4,bread?4,?ickness4,/re ss4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,k lbs4 in*es4 in*es4 in*es4 lb4 #aiah #ahd #cf #bdjg #bdf #dgdd #aiai #afc #cf #bdjc #bbb #ccih #aibj #ajg #cf #bcij #aej #adei ---------------------------------------- ,mean #aea #cf #bdjj #bjf #cbjj ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,cai?ness4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,dim5sions4 -------------------------,ultimate ,te/ ,no4,weight4,l5g?4,bread?4,?ickness4,/re ss4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,k lb4 in*es4 in*es4 in*es4 lb4 #aiba #bae #cf #bdjf #bei #agbgd #aibb #agh #cf #bdje #bae #abgaa #aibc #aad #cf #bcij #ach #fbaa ---------------------------------------- ,mean #afi #cf #bdjj #bjd #abjfe ---------------------------------------- -------- ,by :i* x appe>s t ! balance 9 fav\r ( ,cai?ness flagg+ is #hhfe lbs4 ,! objection to ?is /yle ( flagg+ is1 t h[ev] v>i$ ! sizes ( ! /ones select$ may be1 z !y h sawn edges & are v h>d to cut ) a *isel1 a difficulty sometimes arises 9 f9i%+ r\nd$ corn]s ( footpa?s1 & aga9/ unev5 frontages ( %ops or build+s abutt+ on ! footpa?2 ?is is especially ! case 9 old t[ns4 ,blue ,lias ,flagg+4--,a blue lias flagg+ does n make a fir/-rate pavem5t1 z al?\gh x is v *eap1 durable1 clean1 & has _m o!r good qualities1 x sometimes we>s slipp]y & is !n dang]\s to p$e/rians2 b ! ,devonian lime/one1 :i* is mu* us$ 9 ! we/ ( ,engl&1 has n app>5tly ?is defect4 ,concrete ,footpa?s4--,^! h be5 tri$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 b g5]ally )\t success2 ! concrete or cem5t cracks1 & 9 addition to ?is ! pa?s we> slipp]y & greasy1 & z "s "t is necess>y 9 ord] to all[ ! concrete to ?or\ghly set be=e ! traffic c be all[$ on !m1 !y h n f\nd mu* fav\r4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 h[ev]1 concrete footpa?s seem to be made successfully2 ! foll[+ detail p>ticul>s ( su* a foot-pavem5t w1 ,i ?9k1 be ( great int]e/ & use4#ajg 8,concrete footpa?s %\ld be laid ^u a =m ( well-compact$ s&1 or f9e gravel1 or a mixture ( s&1 gravel & loam4 ,! natural soil1 if suffici5tly por\s to provide ?or\gh sub-dra9age1 w answ]4#ajh 8,x is n usual to attempt to gu>d entirely aga9/ ! lift+ effects ( fro/1 b to provide = x by lay+ ! concrete 9 squ>es or rectangles1 ea* conta9+ f #ab to #af sup]ficial feet1 :i* w yield to upheaval individually1 l flagg+ /ones1 )\t break+ & )\t produc+ ext5sive di/urbance 9 ! g5]al surface4 8,:5 a case arises1 h[ev]1 :]e x is deem$ necess>y to prev5t any movem5t :atev]1 x c be done by und]ly+ ! pavem5t ) a b$ ( brok5 /one1 or a mixture ( brok5 /one & gravel1 or ) ord9>y pit gravel conta9+ j en\gh ( detritus & loam to b9d x toge!r4 ,9 high latitudes ?is b$ %\ld be #a foot & upw>ds 9 ?ickness1 & %\ld be s ?or\ghly subdra9$ t x w always be free f /&+ wat]4 ,x is =m$ 9 ! usual mann] ( mak+ brok5 /one or gravel roads already describ$1 & f9i%$ (f on top ) a lay] ( s& or f9e gravel1 ab\t #a in* 9 dep?1 = ! concrete to re/ ^u4 8,! concrete %\ld n be less ?an #c1 & ne$ r>ely exce$ #d to #d in*es 9 ?ickness1 ! upp] surface to ! dep? ( an in* %\ld be compos$ ( hydraulic cem5t & s& only4 ,portl& cem5t is be/ = ?is top lay]4 ,= ! re/1 any natural ,am]ican cem5t ( /&>d quality w answ]4 ,! foll[+ proportions are recomm5d$ = ?is bottom lay]4 ,ros5dale or o!r ,am]ican cem5t #a measure ,clean %>p s& #b ,/one & gravel #e 8,x is mix$ f "t to "t z requir$ = use1 & is compact$ ) an iron-%od ramm] 9 a s+le lay] to a ?ickness less by an in* ?an t ( ! requir$ pavem5t4 ,z soon z ?is is done & be=e ! cem5t has _h "t to set1 ! surface is r\gh5$ by scrat*+1 & ! top lay]1 compos$ (1 #a volume ( ,portl& cem5t1 & #b to #b volumes ( clean f9e s&1 is spread ov] x to a uni=m ?ickness ( ab\t #a in*1 & !n compact$ by r light bl[s1 ) an iron-%od ramm]4 ,by ?is means its ?ickness is dim9i%$ to an in*4 ,x is !n smoo!d (f & poli%$ ) a mason's tr[el & cov]$ up ) hay1 grass1 s&1 or o!r suitable mat]ial to protect x f ! rays ( ! sun1 & prev5t its dry+ too rapidly4 8,x %\ld be kept damp & ?us protect$ = at lea/ #aj days1 & long] if circum/ances w p]mit2 & ev5 aft] x is op5$ to travel1 a lay] ( damp s& %\ld be kept ^u x = two or ?ree weeks1 to prev5t we> :ile t5d]4 8,at ! end ( "o mon? f ! date ( lay+1 ! ,portl& cem5t mixture =m+ ! top surface w h atta9$ ne>ly "o-half its ultimate /r5g? & h>dness1 & may !n be subject$ to use by foot-pass5g]s )\t injury4 8,! ramm]s = compact+ ! concrete %\ld weigh f #ae to #bj lb41 ^? us$ on ! surface lay] f #aj to #ab lb4 ,!y are made by atta*+ rectangul> blocks ( h>d wood %od ) iron to wood h&les ab\t #c feet long1 & are pli$ 9 an upright position4 ,c]ta9 precautions are necess>y 9 mix+ & ramm+ ! mat]ials 9 ord] to secure ! be/ results4 ,especial c>e %\ld be tak5 to avoid ! use ( too mu* wat] 9 ! manipulation4 ,! mass ( concrete1 :5 ready = use1 %\ld appe> q incoh]5t1 & n wet & pla/ic1 conta9+ wat] h[ev] 9 su* quantities t a ?or\gh ramm+ ) repeat$ ?\gh n h>d bl[s w produce a ?9 film ( moi/ure ^u ! surface "u ! ramm]1 )\t caus+ 9 ! mass a gelat9\s or quicks& motion40 ,"u ! head ( ,concrete may be includ$ _m artificial /one pavem5ts1 su* z 8,bucknell's ,granite ,breccia0 8,ransome's ,artificial ,/one10 8,eureka ,concrete10 8,granoli?ic10 & ! 8,silicat$ ,victoria ,/one10 ?is la/ be+ wor? a description4 ,! /one is really a concrete1 =m$ by mix+ v sup]ior ,portl& cem5t ) cru%$ ,?ames gravel1 furnace or iron slag1 ,k5ti% rag-/one1 granite *ipp+s1 or o!r suitable mat]ial c>efully wa%$4 ,?is f9e concrete1 aft] be+ mix$ 9 ! m\lds =m+ ! slabs1 is ?or\ghly incorporat$ by be+ rock$ or jiggl$ 9 a trembl+ ma*9e2 ?is motion1 z c be easily und]/ood1 mak+ ! :ole mass ev5 & homog5e\s :5 x sets4 ,! co/ ( ! slabs is ab\t #i;d4 p] squ>e foot1 #c in*es 9 ?ickness1 & !y make an excell5t footpa?4 ,brick ,footpa?s4--,^! are sometimes con/ruct$ ( ord9>y bricks laid on _! sides1 b soon we>1 & are unsuitable = ! purpose4#aji ,/af=d%ire blue pav+ bricks make an excell5t footpa?4 ,^! are bricks made ( /onew>e highly vitrifi$2 !y %\ld be ab\t #ab in*es 9 l5g? by #f in*es wide1 by ab\t #b in*es 9 ?ickness1 _! surface be+ *equ]$ ) a diamond patt]n s z to prev5t _! be+ slipp]y4 ,!y are exce$+ly h>d & durable if well burnt1 & to asc]ta9 ?is a brick %\ld be brok5 across & ! col\r1 etc41 not$4 ,!y %\ld be laid 9 cem5t mort> ^u a b$ ( concrete or s&4 ,! objections to ?is class ( pavem5t are z foll[s3 7#a47 ,! col\r is objectionable2 be+ v d>k1 ! footpa?s give a /reet ! appe>ance ( m\rn+4 7#b47 ,! difficulty ( break+ up ! pa? = gas or wat] s]vices1 or = o!r purposes4 7#c47 ,! h>dness ( ! bricks makes !m awkw>d to cut to r\nd$ corn]s1 or = wat] trunks1 coal-holes1 etc4 7#d47 ,a load$ h&-b>r[ driv5 ov] !m w sometimes break (f ! *equ]$ patt]n4 7#e47 ,!y are slipp]y 9 a fro/ aft] sn[4 ,b not)/&+ ^! disadvantages1 !y make a mo/ wond]fully durable & useful pavem5t = back /reets4 ,granite ,slab ,pavem5t4--,?is is sometimes adopt$1 l>ge granite slabs1 #f in*es 9 ?ickness be+ laid2 !y are v useful :5 !re are cell>s und]nea?1 or :]e heavy vehicul> traffic is int5d$ to cross ! foot pavem5t4 ,granite is ( c\rse excessively durable1 b x we>s v slipp]y ) traffic & mu/ !n be tool$ or ax$2 9 process ( "t ?is we>s x out1 & its fir/ co/ is heavy4 ,?is description ( pavem5t c be laid ) advantage 9 front ( m>kets or simil> build+s4 ,artificial ,asphalte ,pavem5ts4--,! co/ ( obta9+ natural rock asphalte f ! m9es1 & ! k t x is compos$ ( two v simple +r$i5ts1 lime/one & bitum51 has l$ to a great numb] ( artificial asphaltes be+ introduc$1 especially = foot pavem5ts4 8,briti% ,rock ,asphalte0 is a "n by :i* _m ( ! compositions are kn[n2 8,beau*amp's ,m5dip ,m\nta9 ,ma*9e-made ,granite ,asphalte0 is a high-s\nd+ title2 8,pr5tice's ,m9]al ,=eign ,rock ,asphalte0 is ano!r4 ,all ^!1 & _m m ( ! same description1 are really :at may be bett] & m correctly describ$ z 8t> concrete0 or 8t> pav+10 & consi/ ( diff]5t modifications ( ! homely coal-t> & lime/one4 ,s long ago z ! ye> #ahdj1 8,"l ,/anhope's ,composition0 0 well kn[n2 x 0 made z foll[s3 ,?ree gallons ( ,/ockholm t>1 #b bu%els ( well-dri$ *alk1 #a bu%el ( f9e1 %>p1 clean sift$ s&1 ! :ole be+ boil$ 9 an iron caldron4 ,t> pav+ is n[ made 9 _m & v>i\s ways by diff]5t surveyors ( t[ns1 "s mak+ x ) hot compositions1 "s ) cold4 ,a description w be f\nd 9 ! *apt] on ,macadamis$ ,roadways1 page #df1 ( "o me?od ( mak+ x1 a modification ( ?is be+ all t is necess>y = foot pavem5ts4 ,! be/ pa?s ( ?is description t ,i h se5 are to be f\nd at ,torquay1 & by ! k9d p]mission ( ,mr4 ,john ,little1 ,c\nty ,surveyor ( ,devon1 & late ,surveyor ( ,torquay1 ,i give 8 useful specification 9 detail1 z foll[s3 ,t> ,concrete = ,footpa?s4 ,,proportions ,,( ,,mat]ials4 #ab b>r[ loads ( eng9e a%es4 #d scre5$ slak$ blue lias lime4 #d small sp> or %>p grit4 #cd gallons ( be/ gas t>4 #bj bucketsful1 say #gj to #hj gallons ( wat]4 ,me?od ( ,mix+4--,on a clean flagg$ or wood5 floor spread ?ree b>r[-loads ( a%es1 !n ab\t "o b>r[-load ( lime1 & s on until ! :ole ( ! dry mat]ials 7or "o mix+7 has be5 spread2 !n ?r[ ov] !m ab\t ?ree bucketfuls ( t>1 & be=e mix+ x ) !m add 7say7 six bucketfuls ( wat]2 !n mix z = concrete1 & :5 ! liquids are pretty well absorb$ add a simil> quantity1 mix aga91 & s on until all ! liquids h be5 absorb$2 ! mass w !n be some?+ ( ! consi/5cy ( ord9>y mort>4 ,next pass ! :ole ?ree times at lea/ ?r\gh a pug mill3 if ?is be n done ! concrete w be a failure4 ,an ord9>y h& pug-mill w n be suffici5t2 ! knives are n /rong en\gh1 nor w x incorporate ! mat]ials ?or\ghly1 b an upright pug-mill1 work$ by /eam p[] :]e practicable1 or by at lea/ "o horse1 %\ld be us$4 ,x w be f\nd t z ! mass em]ges f ! pug-mill a l>ge proportion ( ! wat] w run f x2 means %\ld !re=e be provid$ = all[+ ! wat] to escape freely f ! floor4 ,me?od ( ,lay+4--,prep>e ! pa? = a lay] ( concrete #c in*es 9 ?ickness1 on a h>d dry bottom1 incl9+ f ! inside to ! k]b1 at ! rate ( an in* to a foot = pa?ways n m ?an #f or #g feet wide1 b = wid] pa?ways an incl9ation ( ( an in* to a foot w be suffici5t4 ,a template ! full wid? ( ! pa? hav+ be5 provid$1 lay concrete ) a %ovel on ! inn] side ( ! pa? = a l5g? ( 7say7 #ae feet & a wid? ( #a foot1 at su* a height t :5 x has be5 well ramm$ & patt$ ) %ovels x %all be ! exact height int5d$ = ! pa?2 ?is is to =m a re/+-place = "o end ( ! template1 ! k]b =m+ t = ! o!r end2 !n fill ! int]v5+ space ) concrete up to ! template1 tread+ & ramm+ x solidly = ab\t tw5ty m9utes1 & z x gets into %ape1 patt+ x ) %ovels & smoo?+ ) a tr[el2 !n1 ) an iron 7n /one7 roll] weigh+ ab\t #e cwts41 roll = two h\rs1 trimm+ & fill+ up holl[s :]e necess>y2 !n g on ) ano!r l5g?1 & occasionally roll ! fir/ = half-an-h\r1 & s on4 ,exp]i5ce alone w decide ! quantity ( roll+ necess>y aft] ! fir/ day or two1 z wea!r & o!r causes t5d to a m rapid solidification ( ! concrete at "s times ?an at o!rs4 ,on ! ?ird day1 spr9kle a small quantity ( sea or o!r v f9e s& on ! concrete1 & all[ x to rema9 = two or ?ree days aft] ! pa? has be5 9 use--x %\ld !n be remov$4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks4--,! a%es %\ld n be ^? f a saw-mill or o!r place :]e wood a%es w\ld be mix$ ) !m4 ,all a%es1 sp> or grit1 & lime1 %\ld be pass$ ?r\gh a scre5 ( -in* me%4 ,! lime %\ld be ! be/ blue lias1 slak$ "u cov]2 x %\ld be all[$ to lie = at lea/ f\r days1 b n m ?an six days1 be=e x is us$4 ,! sp> or grit %\ld be %>p & angul>4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 to keep ! concrete free f mud or du/2 x %\ld be tipp$ f ! c>ts or b>r[s1 ei!r directly into place1 or1 if ?is _c be done1 a few slabs or bo>ds %\ld be laid d[n1 on :i* x may be tipp$4 ,! pa? %\ld n be us$ until ! concrete is suffici5tly solid to be> a man's weight )\t tak+ ! impression ( 8 boots4 ,x has be5 f\nd by exp]i5ce t ! lay+ ( ?is concrete %\ld n be comm5c$ be=e ,may1 & t x %\ld n be cont9u$ beyond ! end ( ,septemb] 7or middle ( ,octob]1 if ! wea!r is v f9e74 ,fro/ is fatal to x be=e x has become h>d1 & cont9u\s cold wet wea!r ret>ds consid]ably ! h>d5+4 ,!re c be no d\bt t a pavem5t ( ?is description = traffic t is n too heavy answ]s e requirem5t2 = /reets ( great] traffic1 g5u9e ma/ic asphalte %\ld be us$4 ,be=e clos+ my rem>ks on artificial asphalte pavem5ts1 ! foll[+ description ( an ,am]ican me?od may be int]e/+3 ,on a dry f\ndation is plac$ a coat ( r\gh cl9k]s f an?racite coal or iron cl9k]s f a f\ndry1 mix$ ) s& & t> 9 ! proportions ( #ae cubic feet ( f9e sift$ a%es1 #ad cubic feet ( pit s&1 & #a cubic feet or #i gallons ( t>4 ,?is is laid ab\t #c to #d in*es ?ick & well roll$4 ,ov] ?is is plac$ a coat+ f #a in* to #a in* ?ick1 compos$ ( #ae cubic feet ( co>se sift$ a%es1 #ae cubic feet ( cl9k]s1 & #a cubic feet or #h gallons ( t>4 ,x mu/ be !n well roll$ & s&$1 c>e hav+ be5 tak5 t ! mat]ials are ?or\ghly mix$4 ,gravel ,footpa?s4--,= ! suburbs ( a t[n & 9 ! c\ntry1 no?+ looks s pretty z a gravel footpa?4 ,! same rules t apply to a macadamis$ roadway apply to a gravel footpa?4 ,!y mu/ be well 8bottom$10 & well dra9$ & well roll$4 ,lime/one or o!r /one *ipp+s may ) advantage be us$ ) a pit gravel = con/ruct+ pa?s ( ?is description1 & a b>rell$ surface looks bett] & is m endur+ ?an a hang+ pa?4 ,! foll[+ cross sections ( footpa?s w expla9 !mselves bett] ?an any long description3 ,illu/ration ,gravel footpa?s are sometimes t>r$ ov] :5 ?or\ghly consolidat$4 ,?is mu/ be done only :5 ! wea!r is q settl$ & f9e3 ! lea/ ra9 w spoil ! :ole op]ation2 x consi/s 9 simply t>r+ ov] ! surface ( ! footpa? 9 ! same mann] t a gate or wall or any o!r sub/ance w\ld be t>r$4 ,! surface ( ! pa? mu/ previ\sly h be5 swept p]fectly clean1 & imm$iately z ! t>r+ is complet$1 f9e /one du/ mu/ be spr9kl$ on its surface2 ! traffic %\ld be div]t$ f x = a few h\rs1 & x is !n ready4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! t> is n too ?9 9 consi/5cy1 & t ! coat is n put on too ?ick4 ,treat+ a pa? 9 ?is mann] saves gravel1 :i* is wa%$ or kick$ (f x if left ) an ord9>y surface2 b a cold night1 a slight %[]1 or inf]ior t> w make ! :ole process abortive1 & ! pa? w be 9 a fe>ful mess 9 ! w9t]4 #aja ,concrete is especially necess>y z a f\ndation = asphalte1 z x has little or no p[] ( resi/ance to v]tical pressure 9 itself1 & ind5tations 9 its surface w\ld be v unsightly z well z hold wat]4 ,! concrete %\ld be p]fectly dry & ?or\ghly set be=e ! asphalte is laid on x4 #ajb ,vide #8,proce$+s ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1' vol4 i4 p4 #f4 #ajc ,tr9idad bitum5 is be/1 b x has to be ref9$ be=e x c be us$4 ,?is is done by cook+ x ) %ale oil1 !n /ra9+ x & decant+ x1 :i* is a tr\blesome & t$i\s process1 & !re is great dang] ( fraud be+ practis$4 ,good bitum5 c be detect$ by its ela/icity & s(tness :5 roll$ betwe5 ! f+] & ?umb1 & also by its smell4 #ajd ,vide #8,proce$+s ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1' vol4 xliii4 p4 #bic4 #aje ,ibid1 vol4 xliii4 p4 #bic4 #ajf ,a rule is sometimes made t ,york flags %\ld be -in* ?ick = e squ>e foot ( surface1 b !y %\ld nev] be less ?an #b in*es ?ick4 #ajg ,vide #8,roads1 ,/reets1 & ,pavem5ts1' by ,q4 ,a4 ,gillmore1 p4 #bjh4 #ajh ,sawdu/ #b feet 9 ?ickness has sometimes be5 us$1 well ramm$ & roll$4 #aji ,! t[n ( ,brighton is an in/ance ( ?is4 ,ord9>y r$ bricks us$ to be laid z a footpa?1 no d\bt to give a rural appe>ance = ! eye ( ! jad$ ,london]1 b ^! are giv+ place to m mod]n mat]ials4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,k]b+ ,,& ,,*annell+1 ,,etc4 ,= all footpa?s bo? urban & sub-urban a k]b ( "s description is necess>y to be fix$ on ! outside ( ! footpa?1 = ! foll[+ reasons3 7#a47 ,x acts z a sill aga9/ :i* ! mat]ial ( :i* ! footpa? is pav$ may butt4 7#b47 ,x reta9s bo? ! f\ndation & surface ( ! footpa?4 7#c47 ,:e!r !re is a pav$ *annel gutt] or n1 a k]b is necess>y 9 ord] to f9i% ! haun*es ( ! roadway4 7#d47 ,! appe>ance ( a footpa? )\t k]b+ is v unsightly4 7#e47 ,unless a footpa? is rais$ above ! roadway x is liable to be flood$4 ,_m mat]ials are us$ = k]b1 ( :i* granite be+ ! be/ is g5]ally us$ 9 /reets :]e !re is mu* traffic1 z ! k]b is (t5 subject$ to sev]e bl[s f ! pass+ vehicul> traffic z well z a gr9d+ action f ! :eels ( waggons & o!r heavy vehicles1 especially on gradi5ts :]e 8hugg+0 ! k]b acts z a drag or break4 ,9 su* cases granite1 al?\gh ! mo/ exp5sive 9 ! fir/ case1 is c]ta9ly ! mo/ economical1 & no o!r mat]ial %\ld ev] be us$4 ,granite k]b v>ies 9 dim5sions consid]ably 9 diff]5t localities & accord+ to ! wid? ( ! footpa?s1 ! wid] ! pa? ! wid] %\ld be ! k]b4 ,x %\ld h[ev] nev] be ( less dep? ?an #i in*es1 nor n>r[] ?an #d in*es2 dep? is necess>y to prev5t ! k]b turn+ ov] t[>ds ! *annel gutt]1 or wat] table z x is sometimes t]m$1 & ! fill+ 9 on ! gutt] side mu/ also be well ramm$ ) a b> to prev5t ?is4 ,k]b %\ld nev] be 9 less l5g?s ?an #c feet1 & :5 #h in*es & broad] x is bett] t ! top surface %\ld be bevell$ (f to con=m ) ! slope ( ! footpa?1 b 9 n>r[] k]b+ su* a practice is unnecess>y1 & if c>ri$ to an extreme may ev5 be dang]\s4 ,! k]b %\ld be draft$ ab\t #a in* along bo? top edges & hamm] dress$ ab\t #e in*es on ! face1 9 addition to ! :ole surface ( ! top & = #c in*es at ! back1 9 ord] t !re may be a smoo? surface visible aga9/ ! *annel gutt]1 & also = ! flagg+ or o!r pav+ to butt fair aga9/1 besides giv+ a clean appe>ance to ! aris ( k]b bo? inside & out4 ,! foll[+ section ( an #h-;in* granite k]b w expla9 ?is3 ,illu/ration ,! top surface %\ld always be tool$ or ax$ :5ev] x has worn smoo? & slipp]y1 z a slip f a k]b/one (t5 causes a v bad fall to a p$e/rian4 ,sett+ k]b requires a v exp]i5c$ h&1 = z x is set dry great c>e mu/ be %[n1 or x w s9k1 turn slightly ov]1 or move ev5 mon?s aft] x has be5 set4 ,9 addition to ?is x is heavy /uff to h&le1 b unless ! l9e is accurate bo? z reg>ds level & cont\r1 ! appe>ance w be exce$+ly bad4 ,( c\rse ! skillet l9e & bon+ rods are freely us$ 9 sett+ k]b1 b ev5 ) ^! helps "o mason w set k]b 9 a pleas+ mann]1 :il/ ano!r1 ) ev5 m c>e1 does n seem able to make x appe> graceful4 ,deep & n>r[ k]b %\ld be b$d$ on good clean riv] gravel1 & beat5 into its place ) h>d bl[s f a heavy wood5 sett+ maul or beetle weigh+ n less ?an #ej lbs4 ,broad] & %all[] k]b %\ld be b$d$ on concrete4 ,9 addition to granite1 k]b+ is also made ( ,endon or ,york%ire /one1 lime/one1 & = brick pavem5ts a k]b specially made ( ! same mat]ial is g5]ally us$2 x is also1 ?\gh n (t5 9 ?is c\ntry1 con/ruct$ ( wood1 old railway sleep]s be+ us$ = ! purpose4 ,9 ! m rural di/ricts grass sods are us$ ) good effect = gravel pa?s4 ,x is difficult to e/imate ! co/ ( k]b+1 z local que/ions mu/ int]f]e1 c>riage ( ! mat]ial & value ( lab\r ent]+ s l>gely into ! "q4 ,mr4 ,codr+ton#aaj /ates t 8,a lime/one k]b ab\t #a foot deep & #d in*es wide co/s f #bs4 #f;d4 to #cs4 #f;d4 p] l9eal y>d1 & a *annel #aj in*es wide by #f in*es ?ick r m4 8,granite k]bs #ab in*es wide by #i in*es deep1 #fs4 #f;d4 to #gs4 p] y>d run4 8,granite *annel #ab in*es wide by #f in*es deep1 #ds4 #f;d4 p] l9eal y>d4 8,a *annel #ab in*es wide1 =m$ ( granite cubes #d in*es by #g in*es1 co/s ab\t ! same40 ,i h f\nd t granite k]b #f by #ab in*es c\ld be fix$ 89 situ0 at #cs4 #c;d4 p] y>d run1 & #h by #ab in*es at #ds4 #f;d4 p] l9eal y>d4 ,granite *annell+ compos$ ( #c c\rses ( granite pit*]s #f by #h in*es1 co/+ #es4 #f;d4 p] l9eal y>d4 ,lime/one *annell+ #ae in*es 9 wid? by #c in*es 9 dep?1 co/+ #cs4 p] l9eal y>d4 ,a pav$ *annel1 gutt]1 or wat] table is ( ! greate/ use to a roadway1 besides add+ greatly to its appe>ance4 ,)\t su* a *annel ! haun*es ( a road become sadly damag$ by ! wa% ( ! surface wat]1 :i* is sometimes s extreme z to und]m9e ! k]b & cause x to fall out4 ,^! *annel gutt]s are made ( diff]5t mat]ials = macadamis$ roads1 granite setts laid 9 ! direction ( ! gutt] be+ ! be/4 ,a *annel gutt] %\ld n be less ?an #ah in*es wide1 s t if made ) ord9>y #c-;in* setts1 #f c\rses w be necess>y2 !y %\ld be b$d$ on gravel & well gr\t$ 9 ) lime or cem5t gr\t+4 ,sometimes granite slabs #ah in*es wide by #c or #d in*es ?ick are us$ & make an excell5t gutt]1 !y are h[ev] liable to tip "u heavy loads4 ,lime/one slabs c also be us$ 9 roads ( light traffic ) advantage4 ,9 /reets pav$ ) granite setts1 wood blocks or asphalte1 ! same mat]ial is us$ = ! *annell+1 ! setts or blocks be+ h[ev] b$d$ 9 l9e ) ! *annel in/ead ( transv]sely z 9 ! /reet itself4 ,! *annel gutt] %\ld take ! slope ( ! roadway & ! granite k]b %\ld %[ f #c to #e in*es above x4 ,at pav$ cross+s x is well to keep !m level ) ! k]b s t p$e/rians may /ep (f ! pa? on to ! cross+ )\t any drop1 or if !re is any wat] 9 !m at su* po9ts1 x is a good plan to let ! edge ( ! cross+ drop r sudd5ly t[>ds ! k]b1 s t ! ord9>y /ride ( ! p$e/rian c>ries him on to ! level4 ,gulley grat+s or buddle holes %\ld be plac$ along ! l9e ( *annel at su* int]vals z may be f\nd necess>y4 ,a great numb] ( diff]5t =ms h be5 f "t to "t introduc$ = ?is purpose1 ! objects to be consid]$ be+3 7#a47 ,suffici5t area to c>ry (f all ! wat]4 7#b47 ,n easily *ok$ on surface by leaves or o!r debris4 7#c47 ,suffici5cy ( pit to reta9 all s& or road detritus & prev5t x be+ wa%$ into ! sew]4 7#d47 ,! lea/ possible ob/ruction to ! traffic4 7#e47 ,con/ruct$ s t ! pit may easily be clean$ out4 7#f47 ,trapp$ s z to prev5t ! escape ( sew] gas4#aaa 7#g47 ,! dra9 f x %\ld be easily fre$ ( any ob/ruction4 ,"o ( ! be/ =ms ( gully pit is t manufactur$ by ,messrs4 ,oates & ,gre5 ( ,halifax1 z x meets ne>ly all ! requirem5ts :i* ,i h summ>is$ z be+ necess>y = ?is description ( "w4 ,! foll[+ draw+ w expla9 itself3 ,illu/ration ,:at is call$ a 8buddle hole10 :i* is an op5+ "u ! k]b1 has mu* to recomm5d x z giv+ a free unob/ruct$ wat]way & at ! same "t avoid+ ! necessity ( a grat+ 9 ! /reet itself4 ,! foll[+ draw+ w expla9 ! g5]al features ( ?is 8buddle-hole30 ,illu/ration ,a great numb] ( diff]5t descriptions & =ms ( gully pits are %[n 9 ,mr4 ,baldw9 ,la?am's excell5t book on sanit>y eng9e]+1 to :i* ,i ref] my read]s = any fur!r in=mation ^u ?is subject4 #aaj #8,! ,ma9t5ance ( ,macadamis$ ,roads1' by ,?omas ,codr+ton1 p4 #ah4 #aaa ,9 _m t[ns ! gully grat+s are purposely 9 direct communication ) ! sew]s1 s z to act z v5tilators4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,light+ ,,/reets4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t ! "q ( light+ /reets by electricity is ga9+ s mu* att5tion1 t x mu/ necess>ily be fir/ consid]$ 9 connection ) ! subject ( light+ /reets3 b to ent] fully into all ! details & comp>ative m]its ( electricity & gas z appli$ to /reet light+ w\ld entail m space ?an c be af=d$ 9 ?is "w4 ,x may h[ev] be ( "s use1 ev5 "u ! pres5t /ate ( unc]ta9ty1 if ,i attempt to cond5se z mu* in=mation ^u ?is necess>y "p ( a surveyor's duty into z small a compass z possible4 ,nor mu/ x be =gott5 t electric light+ w n easily be adapt$ 9 old cities & t[ns1 :]e1 9 addition to ! ma9 /reets be+ n>r[ & crook$1 !re are few l>ge op5 spaces suitable = int5se lights1 & !re are num]\s small c\rts & alleys :i* require light+1 & ?is = a long "t to come w probably be effect$ ) gas4#aab ,section #afa ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge enacts z foll[s3 8,any urban au?ority may contract ) any p]son = ! supply ( gas or o!r means ( light+ ! /reets1 m>kets1 & public build+s 9 _! di/rict1 & may provide su* lamps1 lamp-po/s & o!r mat]ials & app>atus z !y may ?9k necess>y = light+ ! same4 4 4 40 7#ch & #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #afa47 ,i d n propose to ent]ta9 ! "q ( light+ :]e ! gas works are ! prop]ty ( ! corporation1 b only to give in=mation t may be ( use :]e a contract has to be ent]$ into betwe5 ! corporation & a company4 ,^! contracts are bas$ ne>ly always ^u ! l5g? ( "t at :i* ! public lamps are to be kept light$1 & may be summ>is$ z foll[s3 7#a47 ,! public lamps are light$ f sunset to sunrise e night ?r\gh\t ! ye>2 ?is av]ages #ab h\rs p] diem1 or ab\t #djjj h\rs p] annum4 7#b47 ,! public lamps are n light$ on ! nights ( full moon1 nor = two or ?ree nights be=e & aft] ?is p]iod2 ! re/ ( ! ye> !y are light$ at sunset4 7#c47 ,simil> to ! prec$+1 except t ! public lamps are n light$ dur+ ! five nights ( full moon1 ! night aft] !y are light$ = "o h\r & ext+ui%$ on ! ris+ ( ! moon2 ?is light+ increases f night to night ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r until ! moon has entirely disappe>$1 :5 ! lamps are light$ dur+ ! :ole ( ! night = five consecutive nights4 ,!n aga9 on ! appe>ance ( ! new moon ! lamps are ext+ui%$ ! fir/ night = ab\t an h\r t ! moon is visible1 & ?is ext5sion increases nightly ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r accord+ z ! moon appe>s until ! p]iod ( full moon1 ! int5tion be+ to pr(it by e h\r ( ! moon's light4 ,by ?is arrangem5t ! light+ is ab\t #bjjj h\rs p] annum1 in/ead ( #djjj h\rs1 :5 x is cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! night dur+ ! :ole ( ! ye>4 7#d47 ,sometimes1 9 addition to ! =ego+1 ! lamps are n light$ at all dur+ ! summ] mon?s4 7#e47 ,occasionally ! public lamps are ext+ui%$ at midnight all ! ye> r\nd1 if n = ! :ole1 = "s portions ( ! di/rict1 x be+ assum$ t all respectable citiz5s be+ 9 b$1 no light is requir$4 7#f47 ,9 "s cases e o!r lamp only is light$ 9 ! summ] mon?s1 & _m o!r simil> v>iations = ! sake ( economy may be practis$4 7#g47 ,! public lamps are sometimes suppli$ by gas ?r\gh met]s1 :i* is !n paid = at s mu* p] #ajjj cubic feet consum$4 ,( all ! above me?ods ! fir/ is und\bt$ly ! mo/ satisfactory to ! inhabitants1 ! urban au?ority1 _! (fic]s1 & ! gas company2 x is ! lea/ likely to introduce disputes1 & al?\gh some?+ may be sav$ by adopt+ ! m p>simoni\s me?ods enum]at$1 x is f\nd 9 practice t ! fir/ is ! be/4 ,9 draw+ up an agreem5t ) ! gas company to light ! public /reet lamps = any l5g? ( "t1 ! foll[+ po9ts mu/ be consid]$4 ,h9ts = a ,contract ) a ,gas ,company4 ,! company to provide a suffici5t supply ( gas ( ! full illum9at+ p[] & quality z provid$ by _! ,act4 ,paym5t to be at s mu* p] lamp1 or p] #ajjj cubic feet consum$1 or at p] h\r1 or :atev] may be det]m9$ on4 ,paym5t to be made by urban au?ority = light+1 ext+ui%+1 clean+1 repair+1 etc41 z may be agre$1 su* paym5ts to be made qu>t]ly1 or at su* times z may be agre$ ^u4 ,! h\rs or times ?r\gh\t ! ye> dur+ :i* ! lamps %all be light$ to be det]m9$ by a table1 e lamp to be fully light$ )9 "o h\r ( ! "t nam$1 & n ext+ui%$ be=e t nam$ = ext+ui%+4 ,! consumption ( ! gas to be regulat$ & det]m9$ by ,sugg's or ,borradaile's /reet lamp gov]nors1 or su* o!r mode z is agre$ ^u4 ,! company to keep ! gov]nors & burn]s 9 repair1 & also ! lant]ns1 at a fix$ sum p] lamp p] annum4 ,! company to light & ext+ui%1 & keep all lant]ns clean1 & all pipes1 valves1 etc41 9 repair4 ,! company to keep ! lamp po/s etc41 prop]ly pa9t$ aft] !y are fix$ by ! urban au?ority4 ,lamps may be %ift$ or fre% lamps erect$ by ! urban au?ority1 on _! pay+ ! co/4 ,! company n to be compell$ to supply gas to lamps :i* are beyond a c]ta9 di/ance ( _! exi/+ ma9s1 )\t comp5sation4 ,a c]ta9 pressure ( gas mu/ be ma9ta9$1 to be asc]ta9$ by wat] gauges fix$ at c]ta9 public places1 or at su* po9ts z may be det]m9$4 ,any lamps burn+ "u size or out1 %all be imm$iately att5d$ to by ! company4 ,a d$uction 9 paym5t = gas by ! urban au?ority to be made if neglect c be prov$4 ,an arbitration clause is necess>y = ?is or o!r matt]s t may be disput$1 & also a clause = det]m9+ ! agreem5t ^u notice be+ giv54 ,9 supply+ gas to ! public lamps by met]1 ei!r wet or dry met]s may be employ$1 & ^! are fix$ ei!r 9 ! lamp po/s !mselves or "u ! footpa?4 ,sometimes ea* lamp has a sep>ate met]1 b 9 ! g5]ality ( cases "o met] fix$ to a lamp gives ! av]age ( gas consum$ by t5 or a doz5 ( its fell[s at ! same level1 & 9 ! same neighb\rhood4 ,! difficulties aris+ f ?is sy/em are3 7#a47 ,! liability ( ! met]s to get out ( repair1 especially 9 times ( sev]e fro/1 or by vibration ( traffic4 7#b47 ,! fir/ co/ ( provid+ & fix+ ! met]s1 & subsequ5t co/ ( repairs4 7#c47 ,! tr\ble & co/ ( inspection & keep+ ! acc\nts4 ,& x is f\nd t by employ+ ei!r 8,borradaile's10 8,sugg's10 or o!r regulators ! consumption ( ! gas c be readily adju/$ to consume f #c to #f cubic feet p] h\r1 accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! situation ( ! lamp4#aac ,lamp po/s & lant]ns are ( innum]able sizes1 %apes1 & patt]ns1 b ! foll[+ h9ts 9 connection ) !m may be ( "s s]vice4 ,! lamp mu/ n only be ornam5tal by day1 b useful by night4 ,! light mu/ n be plac$ ei!r too high or too l[4 ,! po/ mu/ n be too clumsy s z to int]f]e ) ! p$e/rian traffic1 nor too fragile s z to be easily brok5 if driv5 aga9/4 ,bracket lamps h advantages 9 ^! respects1 & also 9 ! v important "o ( ?r[+ no d[nw>d %ad[1#aad z well z be+ *eap]4 ,! lant]n %\ld be made ) ! lighte/ possible am\nt ( metal frame compatible ) suffici5t /r5g?1 ! angle b>s %\ld be v n>r[ to avoid %ad[1 trap doors ( p]=at$ z9c or glass %\ld be provid$ at ! bottom = ! admission ( ! tor*1 & a good outlet at ! top is ess5tial = ! escape ( ! heat$ air4 ,flat glass is mu* *eap] & easi] ( repair ?an curv$4 ,! top ( ! lant]n %\ld be furni%$ ) a reflector cov]1 o!rwise a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! light is lo/3 ?is is v obs]vable on approa*+ a l>ge city1 by ! gl>e :i* is ?r[n upw>ds4 ,"s hundr$s ( diff]5t patt]ns ( lant]ns = /reet lamps h be5 design$ f "t to "t1 & x is n necess>y1 nor h ,i space1 to describe !m4 ,! burn]s %\ld h /eatite tips & be ( v>y+ size to suit ! requirem5ts ( ! locality1 ! regulators :i* ,i h previ\sly m5tion$ mu/ be kept 9 good repair4 ,a lev] tap is indisp5sable ) ! tor* = light+1 z well z ! trap door or op5+ 9 ! bottom ( ! lant]n ?r\gh :i* ! tor* is ins]t$4 ,ea* public lamp po/ %\ld be legibly numb]$1 & ! surveyor %\ld keep a regi/] 9 8 (fice ( all ! public lamps 9 8 t[n4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e ! di/ance ap>t ( ! public lamps 9 a /reet1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! int5sity ( light is directly proportional to ! illum9at+ p[] ( ! light1 & inv]sely proportional to ! squ>e ( ! di/ance ( ! light1 if unreflect$4 ,= in/ance1 ! illum9ation ( any po9t betwe5 lamps may be arriv$ at by add+ all ! quoti5ts obta9$ by divid+ ! illum9at+ p[] 9 /&>d sp]m c&les ( ea* lamp1 by ! squ>e ( its di/ance 9 y>ds f ! po9t4 ,?us a po9t midway betwe5 two lamps ( #ae c&les ea*1 #bj y>ds ap>t1 w\ld be reckon$ ?us3 #ae #ae ,x --- --- #cj #ajj #ajj ,9 ?is c\ntry1 ! rule has g5]ally be5 adopt$ t public /reet lamps burn+ #e cube feet p] h\r ( #ae c&le gas %\ld n be plac$ at a great] di/ance ?an #fj y>ds ap>t1 ! av]age di/ance 9 mo/ ,engli% t[ns be+ ab\t #dj y>ds4 ,on ?is "q1 ! foll[+ int]e/+ p>ticul>s by ,monsieur ,s]vi] w be ( special int]e/4#aae ,x appe>s to ,m4 ,s]vi] t up to ! pres5t !re has be5 too mu* /ra9+ aft] int5sity1 ) insuffici5t c>e = ! object ( obta9+ a prop] quantity ( light uni=mly spread ov] ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,! pap] 9 "q is !re=e int5d$ 9 ! fir/ place to elucidate ?is latt] subject1 s z to det]m9e be=eh& ! necess>y int5sity = lum9\s c5tres1 gas or electric1 & also _! height f ! gr\nd & di/ance f ea* o!r requir$ to produce a c]ta9 effect4 ,) ?is purpose ,m4 ,s]vi] proposes to det]m9e = any po9t ( ! road-surface1 by ! law ( ! squ>es ( ! di/ances1 ! int5sity ( light1 9 t]ms ( ! ,c>cel /&>d1 :i* is spread at t po9t by "o or m lights ( giv5 p[]4 ,repres5t+ ^! int5sities by proportional ord9ates1 ! extremities ( ^! ord9ates =m an irregul> surface1 & ! volume conta9$ betwe5 ?is surface & t ( ! roadway repres5ts a specific value equival5t to ! total lum9\s int5sity di/ribut$ ov] ! soil4 ,9 default ( a bett] t]m1 ,m4 ,s]vi] calls ?is a volume ( cubic ,c>cels1 a cubic ,c>cel be+ ! int5sity ( a ,c>cel 7#ie /&>d c&les7 multipli$ by a squ>e mtre ( surface4 ,! diff]5t cases capable ( be+ valu$ 9 ?is mann] are z foll[s3 #a4 ,a burn] consum+ #adj litres 7#e cubic feet ne>ly71 & ( #aa ,c>cels 7#ajde c&les7 illum9at+ p[]1 plac$ at ! height ( #c mtres 7#i feet #f in*es74 ,?is burn] gives at ! foot ( ! lamp-pill> a maximum int5sity ( #jabb ,c>cel 7#aaei c&les71 & at #aj mtres 7#cbh feet7 away ! illum9at+ p[] is r$uc$ to #jja ,c>cel 7#jjie c&le74 ,! di/ance ( #bj to #cj mtres kept betwe5 ! /reet lamps1 ev5 9 ! be/-light$ t[ns1 is !re=e excessive1 = ^! %\ld n be m ?an #ac mtres 7#ad y>ds7 ap>t 9 ord] to obta9 betwe5 !m ! m9imum illum9at+ p[] ( #jje ,c>cel 7#jdge c&le71 suffici5t = enabl+ pass5g]s to read4 #b4 ,! second case is t ( a burn] consum+ #adjj litres 7#ej cubic feet ne>ly7 ( gas1 ) an illum9at+ int5sity ( #ad ,c>cels 7#acc c&les71 plac$ at ! height ( #cbj mtres2 ?is be+ ! class ( burn] fix$ 9 ! ,rue du ,quatre ,septembre4 ,! int5sity ( light at ! foot ( ! lamp-pill> is #acfg ,c>cels 7#ac c&les ne>ly71 & to obta9 ! light ( #jje ,c>cel 7#jdge c&le7 already m5tion$ z ! lea/ int5sity enabl+ "o to read1 a po9t mu/ be fix$ 9 a circle ( #af mtres radius f ! lamp z a c5tre4 ,tak+ n[ a gr\p ( six lamp-columns1 ?ree on ea* side ( ! /reet1 & ov]lapp+1 z 9 ! ,rue du ,quatre ,septembre1 x w be f\nd t ! di/ribution ( light is defective4 ,! mo/ brilliantly light$ po9t at ! foot ( ! column has an int5sity ( #acfg ,c>cels 7#ac c&les71 or m ?an triple t ( ! d>ke/ po9t1 :i* has an int5sity ( #je ,c>cel 7#dge c&les7 at #deh mtres di/ance4 #c4 ,a lamp ( #ej-;,c>cel 7#dge-;c&le7 p[]1 gas or electric1 fix$ at ! height ( #h mtres 7#bfbd feet74 ,! illum9at+ int5sity at ! po9t v]tically "u ! light is r$uc$ to #jg ,c>cel 7#ffe c&les72 b ! light ( #je ,c>cel 7#dge c&les7 is to be f\nd 9 a circle ( #f mtres radius f ?is po9t4 ,x w !re=e be obs]v$ t ! di/ribution ( light ov] ! gr\nd is bett] 9 proportion z ! lum9\s c5tre is high]2 b conv]sely also1 ! am\nt ( light ?r[n on ! gr\nd is great] z ! lum9\s c5tre is l[]4 ,x consequ5tly results t ! p[] ( ! light & its height %\ld be det]m9$ 9 e case ) ref]5ce to ! effect desir$4 ,! me?od %ortly describ$ %[s t1 9 ! case ( ! light+ ( ! ,rue du ,quatre ,septembre1 ! mean am\nt ( light p] squ>e mtre ( ! roadway is #hee dcic>cel-cubes1 ! be/ light$ p>ts hav+ an int5sity ( #afb cubic ,c>cels1 & ! d>ke/ portions an int5sity ( #jej cubic ,c>cel4 ,m4 ,s]vi] has exam9$ ! "q ( light+ a /reet #bj mtres wide & "o or m kilomtres long1 ) ! condition t ! illum9ation ( ! gr\nd %all pres5t a mean det]m9ate quantity ( light p] squ>e mtre1 or a giv5 int5sity at ! d>ke/ po9ts4 ,"s int]e/+ results are ?us obta9$4 ,?us1 by sub/itut+ = ! #ad-;,c>cel 7#acc-;c&le7 lamps 9 ! ,rue du ,quatre ,septembre1 burn]s ( #ej-;,c>cel 7#dge-;c&le7 p[]1 ) ! condition ( giv+ ! same int5sity ( #je ,c>cel 7#dge c&les7 to ! d>ke/ po9ts1 a quantity ( light m consid]able ?an be=e w be requir$4 ,t is1 a great] numb] ( ,c>cels 7#cjjj z aga9/ #ahdh p] kilomtre 9 l5g?7 w be necess>y 9 ! l>g] burn]s ?an 7 requir$ 9 ! orig9al small] lamps4 ,x is !re=e imp]ative1 9 ord] t ! light+ %all be equally economical1 t ! unit ( int5sity--! ,c>cel or c&le p[]--%all be less co/ly 9 a lamp ( #ej ,c>cel 7or #dge-;c&le p[]7 ?an 9 ! small] lamps4 ,by fix+ lamps ( #ej-;,c>cel 7#dge-;c&le7 p[] 9 ! c5tre ( ! /reet1 in/ead ( along ! side walks1 ma9ta9+ ! condition ( giv+ ! light ( #je ,c>cel 7#dge c&les7 9 ! d>ke/ p>ts ( ! ?or\ghf>es1 x is f\nd t ! pill>s mu/ be #h mtres high & #bj mtres ap>t4 ,! be/-light$ "p ( ! road w\ld !n h ! int5sity ( #a ,c>cel 7#ie c&les71 & w\ld !re=e be only twice z brilliantly light$ z ! d>ke/ corn]2 ! mean quantity light p] squ>e mtre w\ld be #gee dcic>cel-cubes4 ,la/ly1 ! same me?od ( light+ has be5 appli$ to ! 8ord9>y10 z di/+ui%$ f ! 8luxuri\s0 light+ ( ! public ?or\ghf>es1 assum$ to be #bj mtres wide1 giv+ a light ( #jje ,c>cel 7#jdge c&le7 at ! d>ke/ po9ts4 ,) ord9>y /reet burn]s consum+ #bjj litres 7#g cubic feet7 ( gas p] h\r1 & giv+ #agb-;,c>cel 7#afcd-;c&le7 p[]1 x is f\nd t ! lamps %\ld be #ah mtres 7#bj y>ds ne>ly7 ap>t1 ! burn]s be+ #c mtres 7#i feet #aj in*es7 high4 ,) burn]s ( #ad-;,c>cel 7#acc-;c&le7 p[] plac$ at ! height ( #cbj mtres 7#aj feet #f in*es71 ! lamp-pill>s w\ld be #ajf mtres 7#aae y>ds7 ap>t4 ,or ) lamps ( #ej-;,c>cel 7#dge-;c&le7 p[] plac$ at a height ( #h mtres 7#bfbd feet71 ! di/ance betwe5 ! pill>s may be increas$ to #bgj mtres 7#did y>ds74 ,9 ! case ( electric light+ ,m4 ,s]vi] has /udi$ two examples--! ,jablo*k(f c&le1 & an arc light 7sy/em n /at$74 ,! =m] is cr$it$ ) ! illum9at+ p[] ( #af ,c>cels 7#aeb c&les71 & is fix$ at ! height ( #e mtres 7#af feet #c in*es71 on pill>s #aaj mtres 7#abj y>ds7 ap>t4 ,?is w\ld give a light ( #jfe ,c>cel 7#fbg c&les7 at ! foot ( ! pill>1 & a m9imum int5sity ( #jje ,c>cel 7#jdge c&le7 midway betwe5 ! lights4 ,! arc light is purposely made exactly equal 9 comput$ effici5cy to ! l>g] ,siem5s burn] ( #ej ,c>cels 7#dge c&les74 ,9 ! matt] ( exp5se1 h[ev]1 us+ ! data applicable to ,p>is1 ) #ab-;c&le gas at #fs4 #f;d4 p] #ajjj cubic feet1 ,m4 ,s]vi] makes a /rik+ comp>ison4 ,! co/ ( light+ a kilomtre ( road 9 ! 8ord9>y0 mann] la/ describ$ v>ies v little = ! ?ree classes ( gas lamps--small1 l>ge1 & v p[]ful--includ$ 9 ! calculation1 & ranges f #ccc frs4 to #cif frs4 p] h\r4 ,! co/ ( ! same "w done by ! ,jablo*k(f c&le is e/imat$ at ab\t d\ble1 or #fia frs4 p] h\r2 & ) ! arc light ! co/ w\ld be #d frs41 or /ill high] ?an ) ! mo/ co/ly sy/em ( gas light+1 al?\gh less ?an ! exp5se ( ! ,jablo*k(f electric light4 ,! foll[+ table w %[ ! p>ticul>s ( diff]5t lights s plac$ t p]sons may see to read ord9>y pr9t 9 any "p ( ! /reet1 :i* may be tak5 z !n be+ a well-light$ /reet4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,di/ance ( ,numb] ( ,illum9at+,height ( ,lamps ,lamps p] ,description ( ,light4 ,p[]4 ,lamps4 ap>t4 ,mile4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,gas4 c&les4 ft4 94 y>ds4 ,batsw+1 #g cubic feet #afcd #i #aj #bj #agf ,clu/]1 #ej #accjj #aj #f #aae #bi ,siem5s1 #ajj #dgejj #bf #c #bid #aj ,electricity ,jablo*k(f c&le #aebjj #af #c #abj #bi ,arc light #dgejj #bf #c #bid #aj ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,greate/ ,lea/ ,total ,consumption,int5sity ,int5sity ,illum9at+( ,gas p] ( ,light ( ,light ,description ( ,light4 ,p[]4 ,mile4 on ,gr\nd4on ,gr\nd4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,gas4 c&les4 cub4 ft4 c&les4 c&les4 ,batsw+1 #g cubic feet #bhgf #abcb #bae #jdg ,clu/]1 #ej #cheg #adej #acaj #jdg ,siem5s1 #ajj #dgej #ajjj #gdf #jdg ,electricity ,jablo*k(f c&le #ddjh 44 #fah #jdg ,arc light #dgej 44 #gdf #jdg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,x mu/ n be lo/ sight (1 t ! illum9at+ p[] ( ! gas 9 ,p>is is v l[1 & is ?us fix$4 ,"u a pressure ( #ab hundr$?s ( an in*1 gas burn+ at ! rate ( #dje cubic feet p] h\r 7or #aae litres7 %all give a light ( #ie /&>d sp]m c&les 7or a 8,c>cel0 lamp burn+ #db grammes ( pure colza oil7 p] h\r4 ,! competition :i* has be5 />t$ by ! electric light+ companies has giv5 a great impetus to gas light+4 ,a l>ge numb] ( improv$ /reet gas lamp burn]s & lant]ns hav+ be5 inv5t$ & br\ght into g5]al use1 ! foll[+ p>ticul>s ) ref]5ce to "s ( ^? :i* 7 tri$ 9 ! ,city ( ,exet] may be ( use z a comp>ison4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,consumption ,co/ p] ,h\r1 ( gas 9 gas be+ suppli$ ,c&le ,p[] cubic feetat #cs4 p] #ajjj ,description ( ,lamp4 ( ,light4 p] h\r4 cubic feet4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- p5ce4 ,ord9>y /reet lamp #ae #e ) batsw+ burn] ,siem5s' #ccj #ej #a ,ditto #acj #be ,ditto #de #aj ,sugg's #ej #af ,ditto #cj #aj ,bray's #hj #bj ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,hav+ ?us f> giv5 a few facts ^u light+ /reets ) coal gas1 ,i w n[ turn to ! "q ( light+ !m by means ( electricity1 & 9 do+ ?is ! foll[+ po9ts w be consid]$3 7#a47 ,! motive-p[] to be employ$ 9 produc+ electricity & its applicability = ! purpose4 7#b47 ,! description ( ma*9]y to be employ$4 7#c47 ,! value ( ! light produc$1 & its adaptability to ! requirem5ts ( any t[n4 7#d47 ,! comp>ative co/ ( ! electric light z comp>$ ) gas4 7#a47 ,:atev] motive p[] is employ$1 :e!r wat]-p[]1 /eam or gas1 x is ess5tial t x %\ld be /eady & unfail+2 /eady1 because ! regul>ity & uni=mity ( ! light dep5ds ^u ! ev5ness ( ! spe$ ) :i* ! p[] works1 & unfail+1 because a /oppage means ! imm$iate ext+ui%m5t ( ! lights3 electricity1 unlike gas1 is n /or$ aft] manufacture1 b is us$ z fa/ z x emanates f ! produc+ p[]4#aaf ,s5sitive gov]nors & c>eful b$d+ ( ! ma*9]y greatly t5d to less5 un/ead9ess1 & are po9ts ( consid]able importance4 7#b47 ,! ma*9]y consi/s ( ! dynamo ma*9es1 ! conduct+ wires & ! lamps4 ,i w n "h ent] into ! "q ( :i* is ! be/ dynamo ma*9e to employ1 z to discuss ! m]its ( !m all w\ld involve a l>ge am\nt ( space2 b = ?is & o!r valuable in=mation ^u ! subject ( electric light+ ,i w ref] my read]s to ,mr4 ,h$ges' excell5t little book entitl$ #8,useful ,in=mation on ,electric ,light+1'#aag b ! foll[+ po9ts %\ld be att5d$ to4 ,! dynamo ma*9e %\ld be fix$ 9 a dry place1 & n be expos$ to du/ or fly+s1 x %\ld be kept p]fectly clean1 & its be>+s well oil$1 its coils & conductors %\ld be p]fectly insulat$1 & x %\ld1 :]e practicable1 be fix$ on an insulat$ b$4 ,) reg>d to ! wires1 ! foll[+ #8,regulations = ! prev5tion ( ,fire ,risks aris+ f ,electric ,light+1' publi%$ by ! ,society ( ,telegraph ,eng9e]s & ( ,electricians1 are giv5 9 full1 z !y leave no?+ to be desir$ 9 ! way ( _! c>eful selection & fix+3 87#g47 ,e swit* or commutator us$ = turn+ ! curr5t on or (f %\ld be con/ruct$ s t :5 x is mov$ & left to itself x _c p]mit ( a p]man5t arc or ( heat+1 & its /& %\ld be made ( slate1 /onew>e1 or "s o!r incombu/ible sub/ance4 87#h47 ,!re %\ld be 9 connection ) ! ma9 circuit a safety fuse con/ruct$ ( easily fusible metal :i* w\ld be melt$ if ! curr5t atta9 any undue magnitude1 & w\ld ?us cause ! circuit to be brok54 87#i47 ,e "p ( ! circuit %\ld be s det]m9$ t ! gauge ( wire to be us$ is prop]ly proportion$ to ! curr5ts x w h to c>ry1 & *anges ( circuit1 f a l>g] to a small] conductor1 %\ld be suffici5tly protect$ ) suitable safety fuses1 s t no portion ( ! conductor %\ld ev] be all[$ to atta9 a temp]ature exce$+ #aej ,f4 8,n4,b4--,^! fuses are ( ! v ess5ce ( safety4 ,!y %\ld always be enclos$ 9 incombu/ible cases4 ,ev5 if wires become p]ceptibly w>m$ by ! ord9>y curr5t1 x is a pro( t !y are too small = ! "w !y h to d & t !y ought to be replac$ by l>g] wires4 87#aj47 ,"u ord9>y circum/ances complete metallic circuits %\ld be us$1 & ! employm5t ( gas or wat] pipes %\ld 9 no case be all[$4 87#aa47 ,:]e b>e wire out ( doors re/s on insulat+ supports1 x %\ld be coat$ ) insulat+ mat]ial1 su* z india-rubb] tape or tube1 = at lea/ two feet on ea* side ( ! support4 87#ab47 ,b>e wires pass+ ov] ! tops ( h\ses %\ld nev] be less ?an sev5 feet cle> ( any "p ( ! ro(1 & !y %\ld inv>iably be high en\gh1 :5 cross+ ?or\ghf>es1 to all[ fire-escapes to pass "u !m4 87#ac47 ,x is mo/ ess5tial t ! jo9ts %\ld be electrically & me*anically p]fect4 ,"o ( ! be/ jo9ts is t %[n 9 ! annex$ sket*es4 ,! jo9t is :ipp$ ar\nd ) small wire1 & ! :ole me*anically unit$ by sold]4 ,illu/ration 87#ad47 ,! position ( wires :5 und]gr\nd %\ld be effici5tly indicat$1 & !y %\ld be laid d[n s z to be easily inspect$ & repair$4 87#ae47 ,all wires us$ = indoor purposes %\ld be effici5tly insulat$4 87#af47 ,:5 ^! wires pass ?r\gh ro(s1 floors1 walls1 or p>titions1 or :]e !y cross or are liable to t\* metallic masses1 l iron gird]s or pipes1 !y %\ld be ?or\ghly protect$ f abrasion ) ea* o!r1 or ) ! metallic masses1 by suitable additional cov]+2 & :]e !y are liable to abrasion f any cause or to ! depr$ations ( rats or mice1 !y %\ld be effici5tly encas$ 9 "s h>d mat]ial4 87#ag47 ,:]e wires are put out ( sight1 z b5ea? floor+1 !y %\ld be ?or\ghly protect$ f me*anical injury1 & _! position %\ld be indicat$4 8,n4,b4--,! value ( frequ5tly te/+ ! wires _c be too /rongly urg$4 ,x is an op]ation skill 9 :i* is easily acquir$ & appli$4 ,! escape ( electricity _c be detect$ by ! s5se ( smell z c gas1 b x c be detect$ by app>atus f> m c]ta9 & delicate4 ,leakage n only means wa/e1 b 9 ! pres5ce ( moi/ure x means de/ruction ( ! conductor & its insulat+ cov]+ by electric action40 ,! lamps may take ei!r ! 8arc0 =m1 or ! 8inc&esc5t40 ,! =m] is produc$ by ! electric curr5t pass+ betwe5 c>bon po9ts1 & requires consid]able electrical pressure2 !y give a light ( f #aejj to #djjj c&le p[]2 ! me*anism ( arc lamps has to be ( ! mo/ delicate k9d to ensure ! prop] di/ance ( ! c>bon po9ts be+ ma9ta9$4 ,! lamps %\ld be gu>d$ by globes ( fro/$ glass1 n only to prev5t inc&esc5t pieces ( c>bon f fall+1 b to less5 ! gl>e ( ! light4 8,inc&esc5t0 lamps are ( small size1 giv+ a light ( f #h to #ej-;c&le p[]1 :i* is produc$ by ! heat+ ( a filam5t ( c>bon 9 a vacuum ow+ to ! resi/ance caus$ to ! electric curr5t by ?is contraction ( ! conductor4 7#c47 ,) reg>d to ! value ( ! light produc$1 & its adaptability to ! requirem5ts ( any t[n1 x w be se5 on ref]5ce to ! op5+ ( ?is *apt] t at pres5t consid]able d\bt exi/s z to its adaptability = g5]al public light+1 & z ea* t[n v>ies 9 ! l5g?1 /raightness1 & wid? ( its /reets1 ! numb] ( its l>ge squ>es or conf9$ c\rts & alleys1 ! surveyor mu/ use 8 own judgm5t z to ! suitability ( ! light be=e recomm5d+ 8 corporation to adopt x4 ,z to ! value ( ! electric light1 !re c be no d\bt t a mo/ brilliant & p[]ful light is produc$ by ! voltaic arc3 s brilliant inde$1 z to r5d] x necess>y to scre5 x ne>ly always beh9d fro/$ or opalesc5t glass globes1 ! =m] be+ f\nd to be mu* ! be/ = _m reasons4 ,z to ! photometrical value ( ! light1 "s consid]able difficulty has hi!rto be5 exp]i5c$ 9 obta9+ accurate obs]vations1 pr9cipally ow+ to ! peculi> col\r ( ! electric light1 & also f its fluctuat+ "*2 b ^! difficulties are be+ /eadily ov]come1 & ) a photomet] m\nt$ on a light frame ) :eels1 "s excell5t exp]im5ts h be5 made 9 ! public /reets ^u ! comp>ative values ( diff]5t lights4 7#d47 ,! la/ & really "o ( ! mo/ important que/ions rema9+ to be discuss$ is t ( ! co/ ( ! electric light z comp>$ ) gas4 ,) ref]5ce to ! co/ ( ! electric light1 ! foll[+ table may be ( use2 x is compil$ f an excell5t pap] on electric light+1 by ,mr4 ,james ,n4 ,%oolbr$3#aah ,,table ,,( ,,comp>ative ,,e/imates ,,( ,,fir/ ,,outlay ,,& ,,( ,,work+ ,,exp5ses ,,( ,,"s ,,sy/ems ,,( ,,electric ,,light+4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,fir/ ,co/1 includ+ ,eng9e to drive x4 --------------------------- ,"o ,two ,?ree ,five ,"n ( ,ma*9e4light4lights4lights4lights4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,gramme s+le light 8,a0 ) #ccj #ece #gbe #ice ,siem5s lamp ,co/ p] light -- -- -- -- p] h\r ,siem5s s+le light 8m$ium0 ) ,siem5s #cfe #faa #hce #aahe small-siz$ lamp ,co/ p] light -- -- -- -- p] h\r ---------------------------------------- --- ,six lights4 ,tw5ty lights4 ----------------------------- ,gramme 8_m light0 ma*9e #egf #aaee ) c&les ,co/ p] light -- -- p] h\r ---------------------------------------- ----- ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,work+ ,exp5ses p] h\r4 -------------------------------------- ,"o ,two ,?ree ,five ,"n ( ,ma*9e4 light4 lights4 lights4 lights4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- s4 d4 s4 d4s4 d4s4 d4 ,gramme s+le light 8,a0 ) #a #f #b #a #b #g #c #j ,siem5s lamp ,co/ p] light #a #aad #a #dh #a #bb #j #ajb p] h\r ,siem5s s+le light 8m$ium0 ) ,siem5s #a #gaai #b #d #b #aj #c #i small-siz$ lamp ,co/ p] light #b #ad #a #fh #a #chd #a #jh p] h\r ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,six lights4 ,tw5ty lights4 ---------------------------------------- s4 d4 s4 d4 ,gramme 8_m light0 ma*9e #b #h #f #c ) c&les ,co/ p] light #j #fd #j #db p] h\r ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,mr4 ,%oolbr$ has also giv5 ano!r table#abj ( /reet light+ :i* p>tly deals ) ! "q ( co/1 x is z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,illumi- nat+ ,co/ to ,annual ,p[] ,munic- ,l5g? ,co/ ( ipal ( p] ,no4 ea* 7on ,date ( ,au?or-,/reetmile ( ( hori- ,light+4 ity4 ,lit4 /reet4,lamps4zontal74 ,rem>ks4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- y>ds l9e- c- al4 dles4 ,,city ,,( ,,london4 ,di/rict ,no4 #a4 7,ludgate ,hill1 c474--8,bru%0 ,electric ,light ,co4 ,m>4 #ca1 #ahha #ffj;,a #agej #ffj #cb arc #iejf #a #dj-light ,bru% to ma*9e4 ,m>4 #cj1 #ahhb ,a ,add #gej to co/1 = fix+ & f9al removal ( app>atus4 ,di/rict ,no4 #b4 7,k+ ,william ,/reet1 c474 --,siem5s ,bros4 ,co41 ,ld4 ,m>4 #ca1 #ahha #bbgj;,b #aifj #bjbf #f arc #djjj #f cont9u\s to #bc arc #ccj curr5t ma- ,m>4 #cj1 #ahhb *9es4 #b alt]nat+ ditto4 ,b ,add #adej to co/1 = fix+ & removal ( app>atus4 ,metropolitan ,bo>d ( ,works 7,?ames ,embankm5t74--8,jablo*k(f0 ,co4 ,dec4 #ac1 #ahghb;d4 #bedj #aaca #fj #chj #c ,gramme d\ble- to p] c- ma*9e 78,a0 & ,june #cj1 #ahha light dles divid]74 p] #a ,ransome's h\r4 /eam eng9e4 #bj ,,hp nom9al4 ,july #a1 #ahha #a;d4 44 #gec to p] ,june #cj1 #ahhd light p] h\r4 ,,city ,,( ,,norwi* 7,pr9ce ( ,wales' ,road1 c474--,r4 ,e4 ,crompton ,co4 ,aug4 #ae1 #ahha #gaj #agjj #eca #e arc #bjjj #d ,brg9 to #i arc #ejj ma*9es4 ,jan4 #ca1 #ahhc #a ,ransome's /eam eng9e1 #bj ,,hp nom9al4 ,*e/]field 7,m>ket ,place1 c474 --,bru% 7,hammond7 ,electric ,light ,co4 ,nov4 #a1 #ahha #hee #cejj #bb arc #iej #b #dj-,light to 44 #ajj #af 8,bru%0 ma- ,oct4 #ca1 #ahhb ,incan- *9es4 des- #b ,f[l]'s semi- c5t4 portable com- p\nd eng9es #bj ,,hp nom9al4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,z to ! comp>ison ( co/ betwe5 ! electric light & gas1 ?is has only1 ,i believe1 be5 prop]ly e/imat$ on ! ,?ames ,embankm5t1 ,london1 by ,sir ,joseph ,bazalgette1 ! results ( ^: inve/igations ^u ?is important po9t ,i %all give pres5tly2 x has1 h[ev]1 be5 /at$ g5]ally1 & )\t contradiction1 t arc lights c be produc$ ( ab\t #bjjj c&le p[]1 ) #a ,,hp at a co/ ( f #c;d4 to #f;d4 p] c&le p] annum ( #djjj h\rs1 gas co/+ f #as4 #i;d4 to #cs4 #f;d4 p] c&le accord+ to ! price ( ! gas4 ,inc&esc5t lamps co/ #cs4 to #ds4 p] c&le p] annum1 z _! life is %ort1 & only #bjj c&le p[] c be got f #a ,,hp4#aba ,! late/ inve/igations into ! comp>ative co/ ( light+ by gas & electricity ^u ! ,victoria ,embankm5t & ,wat]loo ,bridge 9 ,london1 %[ t ! light+ z effect$ by #if gas burn]s = an av]age ( #ab h\rs burn+ all night1 & #aba gas burn]s = #f h\rs light$ aft] ! electric lights are put out1 toge!r ) ! electric light+ #dj lights on ! p>apet ( ,embankm5t1 & #aj on ! bridge1 co/s #hcdl4 = ! gas & #ffcl4 = ! electric light p] annum4 ,gas co/+ #cs4 #b;d4 p] #ajjj cubic feet %[$ a co/ ( ne>ly #as4 p] h\r = e #ajjj c&le p[] ( light4 ,! electric lights co/ #a;d4 p] light p] h\r1 :i* is /at$ to repres5t #eff p5ce p] #ajjj c&le p[] ( light2 ea* electric light z n[ us$1 x is said1 gives a photometric light ( #bfe c&les1 fro/$ glass globes be+ f\nd to pass mu* m light ?an ! opalesc5t globes4 ,^! are by f> ! mo/ important & reliable comp>isons t h hi!rto be5 made1 & x w be se5 t ! co/ is 9 fav\r ( ! electric light4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! acme ( all artificial light+ is ! prolongation ( ! light ( day1 & :e!r ?is is propos$ to be effect$ by electricity or gas1 x %\ld be ! goal aim$ at by all :o make ?is "q _! /udy4 #aab ,s9ce writ+ ^! l9es ! foll[+ lett] has appe>$ 9 ! ,/&>d & has nev] be5 refut$1 :i* %[s t electric light+ = /reets is n yet all t c be desir$3 ,,electric ,,light+4 ,to ! ,editor ( ! ,,/&>d4 ,,sir1--,at ?is "t1 :5 ! "q ( light+ by means ( electricity is receiv+ s mu* att5tion1 & z ,*e/]field is ! only t[n 9 ,engl& ^: light+ is done ?r\gh\t by electricity1 x may be int]e/+ to y\r read]s to "k :at our exp]i5ce has be54 ,i ne$ n detail ! /ages :i* l$ to our ab&on+ gas1 & tak+ up ! electric light aft] be+ 9 d>kness "s mon?s4 ,i may briefly /ate t1 aft] go+ c>efully into ! "q1 we decid$ to adopt ! sy/em ^: praise 0 9 ev]yone's m\? a ye> ago1 namely1 8,! ,bru%10 &1 ?\gh we 7 appli$ to by o!r companies1 we plac$ ! execution ( ! "w 9 ! h&s ( ! "o t we consid]$ ! mo/ suitable--! ,hammond ,company4 ,dur+ ! negotiations ( ! contract1 ,mr4 ,hammond p>ticul>ly press$ u n to /ipulate = inc&esc5t lamps1 z he ackn[l$g$ t _! ,company 7 n 9 a position to cope ) inc&esc5t light+ = public purposes4 ,we1 h[ev]1 decid$ ^u ! t[n be+ light$ ) ! ,lane-,fox ,inc&esc5t ,lamps1 z well z ! ,bru% ,arc ,lights4 ,aft] wait+ _m we>y mon?s = ! completion ( ! inc&esc5t light+1 x is n[1 :5 decl>$ by ! contractors complete1 9 my op9ion a decid$ failure4 ,! ,lane-,fox lamps1 :i* h be5 suppli$ by ! ,bru% ,company1 are mo/ v>iable 9 _! light+ p[]2 :il/ "s are good1 o!rs only give a feeble light in/ead ( a light equal to t ( fifte5 c&les1 z expect$4 ,! arc lights are do+ good s]vice 9 "s ( ! l>ge /reets1 b z a :ole ,i ?9k x has be5 fully demon/rat$ 9 a ye>'s trial 9 ,*e/]field1 t ! field = arc light+ is v limit$ inde$4 ,?\gh ! tradesm5 h be5 canvass$ by ! ,hammond ,company ) a view to introduc+ ! arc lights into _! %ops & hotels1 9 n "o s+le case has ! light be5 adopt$4 ,inde$1 x is evid5t to u :o h !m "u our eyes e night1 t !y are only fit = light+ works & l>ge1 op5 spaces4 ,! exp]i5ce t has be5 ?us ga9$ at ,*e/]field at ! pres5t juncture mu/ be ( value to all t[ns int5d+ to adopt ! electric light1 & is my reason = tr\bl+ y ) ?is lett]1 al?\gh ,i believe ! "t w %ortly come :5 light+ by electricity may be advantage\sly adopt$1 bo? = public & private purposes4 ,i am1 ,sir1 y\r ob$i5t s]vant1 ,,geo4 ,,edwd4 ,,gee1 ,ald]man ( ! ,bor\gh ( ,*e/]field4 ,,high ,,/reet1 ,,*e/]field1 ,octob] #aj1 #ahhb4 #aac ,! ,surveyor ( ,folke/one says3 8,sugg's self-act+ regulator is us$1 adju/$ z ne>ly z may be practicable to consume #d feet p] h\r1 & s v satisfactory is ?is app>atus t = ! la/ two ye>s1 aft] burn+ #gbid h\rs1 x is f\nd by ! av]age met] to h consum$ #bi1bbg feet1 z aga9/ #bi1agf feet z p] regulator1 be+ only #ea feet 9 excess ( t :i* ! app>atus is adju/$ to consume40 ,vide ,ellice ,cl>k on gas 9 ,public ,/reets1 #8,proce$+s ( ! ,association ( ,municipal & ,sanit>y ,eng9e]s & ,surveyors1' vol4 ii4 ,p4 #aic4 #aad ,bracket lamps may n be fix$ by an urban au?ority to h\ses )9 _! di/rict )\t ! previ\s cons5t ( ! own]s ( su* h\ses4 ,vide #8,fitzg]ald's ,public ,heal? ,act1' ?ird edition1 p4 #ahb4 #aae ,meet+ ( ! #8,socit ,te*nique de l'lndu/rie du ,gaz en ,france' 9 #ahhb4 #aaf 8,faure's0 batt]ies c /ore electricity1 b at pres5t ?is _c be manipulat$ on a v l>ge scale4 #aag ,publi%$ by ,messrs4 ,spon1 #af ,*>+ ,cross1 ,london4 #aah ,vide #8,proce$+s ( ! ,association ( ,municipal & ,sanit>y ,eng9e]s & ,surveyors1' vol4 vi4 p4 #i et seq4 #aai ,siem5s' light at ,blackburn co/ #bs4 p] h\r p] lamp ( #fjjj c&le p[]4 #abj ,vide #8,proce$+s ( ! ,association ( ,municipal & ,sanit>y ,eng9e]s & ,surveyors1' vol4 viii4 p4 #aga1 c4 #aba ,on ?is po9t ,mr4 ,w4 ,g4 ,laws1 ,bor\gh ,eng9e]1 ,newca/le-^u-,tyne1 says3 8,tak+ z an example a /reet a mile long1 light$ by ! arc sy/em1 ! arrangem5t w\ld probably be lamps #fj y>ds ap>t1 plac$ alt]nately on ei!r side1 giv+ #cj lamps or #fj1jjj c&les at a co/ ( ab\t #hjjl4 p] annum4 ,if light$ by #8inc&esc5t lamps' we %\ld h !m plac$ ab\t #cj y>ds ap>t on bo? sides3 t is1 #abj lamps giv+ #bdjj c&les at a co/ ( ab\t #dbjl4 p] annum4 ,! numb] ( gas lamps = ! same di/ance might be #aej1 giv+ ab\t #bbej c&les at a co/ ( #cjjl4 p] annum40 7#8,proce$+s ( ! ,association ( ,municipal & ,sanit>y ,eng9e]s & ,surveyors1' vol4 viii4 p4 #fe47 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,/reet ,,nam+ ,,& ,,numb]+4 ,x 0 n until ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t c5tury t inconv5i5ce 0 app>5tly felt f ! want ( any di/+ui%+ names ( /reets1 or numb]s to h\ses1 ei!r 9 ,london or prov9cial t[ns2 ! fir/ ,act ( ,p>liam5t on ! subject be+ "o pass$ 9 ! ye> #ahai1 :i* gave p[]s to ve/ries & di/rict bo>ds to put up ! names ( /reets1 & ev5 !n = "s consid]able p]iod aft]w>ds h\ses or premises 7 n m>k$ ) numb]s1 b ) di/+ui%+ trade signs or names4 ,! ,t[ns ,improvem5t ,clauses ,act #ahdg1 h[ev]1 conta9s ! foll[+ clauses :i* are incorporat$ ) ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge1 by ! #afj? section ( t act3 8,! commission]s %all f "t to "t cause ! h\ses & build+s 9 all or any ( ! /reets#abb to be m>k$ ) numb]s z !y ?9k fit1 & %all cause to be put up or pa9t$ on a conspicu\s "p ( "s h\se1 build+ or place at or ne> ea* end1 corn]1 or entrance ( e su* /reet ! "n by :i* su* /reet is to be kn[n2 & e p]son :o de/roys1 pulls d[n1 or defaces any su* numb] or "n1 or puts up any numb] or "n diff]5t f ! numb] or "n put up by ! commission]s1 %all be liable to a p5alty n exce$+ #djs4 = e su* (f5ce0 7#aj #aa ,vic4 c4 #cd1 sec4 #fd74 8,! occupi]s ( h\ses & o!r build+s 9 ! /reets %all m>k _! h\ses ) su* numb]s z ! commission]s approve (1 & %all r5ew su* numb]s z (t5 z !y become oblit]at$1 or defac$2 & e su* occupi] :o fails )9 "o week aft] notice = t purpose f ! commission]s to m>k 8 h\se ) a numb] approv$ ( by ! commission]s1 or to r5ew su* numb] :5 oblit]at$1 %all be liable to a p5alty n exce$+ #djs42 & ! commission]s %all cause su* numb]s to be m>k$ or to be r5ew$ z ! case may require1 & ! exp5se !re( %all be repaid to !m by su* occupi]1 & %all be recov]able z damages0 7#aj #aa ,vic4 c4 #cd1 s4 #fe74 ,"s diff]5ce ev5 n[ exi/s z to ! mann] 9 :i* /reets are nam$1 !re be+ consid]able div]sity 9 ! sizes1 col\rs1 & mat]ials ( ! "n plates1 z well z 9 ! spaces all[$ = ! lett]s4 ,! foll[+ li/ is giv5 to %[ h[ ?is div]sity exi/$ 9 ! metropolis ev5 s late z ! ye> #ahgj4 ,table tak5 f a 8,memor&um by ! ,sup]9t5d+ ,ar*itect ( ! ,metropolitan ,bo>d ( ,works1 relative to ! en=cem5t ( ! ,law regulat+ ! nam+ ( ,/reets & numb]+ ( ,h\ses 9 ! ,metropolis0 7#ahga73 ,p>i% ,a4 ,p>i% ,b4 ,names on h\ses at corn]s ( /reets #bcg #bha on pi]s ( rail+s #bd #cf on iron plates #f #dd on wood5 bo>ds #ah #cf on enamell$ plates #a #b impress$ 9 t]ra cotta #b #c 9 cem5t lett]s #ad #i 9 ,m9ton's *9a lett]s #b #a engrav$ on /one #e #ac on porcela9 plates #a #a ) rais$ lett]s on iron gird] #a on bo>d on po/s #aa on z9c #b ,& to ?is table are add$ ! words 8,"s names are completely hidd5 by v9es1 names giv5 = #8/reets' are put up z #8roads4'0 ,s9ce ?is table 0 prep>$ h[ev]1 ! confusion has be5 rectifi$ by ! en]getic action ( ! ,metropolitan ,bo>d ( ,works4 ,x is no d\bt ess5tial t = po/al1 telegraphic1 & social reasons !re %\ld be uni=mity 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! nam+ & numb]+ ( /reets is c>ri$ out1 & ! foll[+ p>ticul>s & sugge/ions may be ( use4 ,names ( /reets %\ld be m>k$ up 9 su* a mann] z to be legible bo? by day & lamp light1 & ! mat]ials ( :i* ! "n-plates are compos$ %\ld be ( suffici5t /r5g? to prev5t any damage accru+ to !m f /one-?r[+ or o!r wilful or accid5tal injury1 or f ! action ( *anges ( temp]ature or climatic influ5ces ( any k9d1 & ! foll[+ li/ is giv5 descriptive ( "s ( ! mod]n me?ods ( effect+ ?is3 ,m9ton's ,*9a ,tiles4--,^! are :ite glaz$ *9a tiles #f in*es squ>e1 on :i* ei!r blue or black lett]s are burnt 91 "o lett] on ea* tile 7except 9 ! case ( ,/4 :i* is on "o tile72 !y are fix$ by *as+ !m into walls ( build+s1 & sett+ !m 9 cem5t4 ,!y are ! be/ description ( "n-plate ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$1 _! co/ be+ only #f;d4 ea*1 ) ! additional advantages ( be+ n easily brok51 !y c be remov$ & re-us$ ) facility1 wea!r has no effect ^u !m1 & !y require no att5tion :atev] aft] !y are once fix$4 ,ca/-iron ,plates ) ,emboss$ ,lett]s4--,^! are g5]ally pa9t$ ) a :ite gr\nd1 & black lett]s2 !y are liable to become brok51 & z !y are fix$ ) screws ^! ru/ ?r\gh 9 c\rse ( "t1 :5 ! plate may sudd5ly fall 9 a dang]\s mann] into ! /reet2 ano!r disadvantage is t !y require to be pa9t$ ab\t once e ?ree ye>s4 ,pa9t$ ,names on ,walls ( ,build+s4--,?is me?od requires no special m5tion2 x is an economical plan & is m adopt$ ?an any o!r1 b ! lett]s mu/ be pa9t$ e ?ree ye>s at lea/1 & !y are apt to be defac$ if ! premises are pa9t$ by ! own] or occupi]4 ,enamell$ ,iron ,plates4--,^! look v well1 b !y are apt to get loose1 & a bl[ f a /one w %iv] !m4 ,wood5 or ,metal ,figures cut out & fa/5$ on to ,bo>ds or aga9/ ,walls4--,! same objection holds good ) ?is me?od z ) o!rs ( ! same description1 ! fa/5+s fail 9 "t1 & ! "n disappe>s4 ,enamell$ ,glass ,tablets 9 ,/reet ,lamps4--,?is is an excell5t me?od ( rec5t introduction1 & has _m advantages4 ,! "n c be se5 v pla9ly ei!r by day or night1 no private premises h to be int]f]$ ) 9 fix+ !m1#abc a uni=mity ( position or 8:]e to look0 = ! "n ( ! /reet is secur$1 & !re is no limit to ! numb] ( times ! "n may be repeat$4 ,:]e ! names ( /reets are plac$ aga9/ build+s ! lett]s :i* compose ! "n %\ld n be less ?an #d in*es 9 height by #b in*es 9 bread?1 ) a space betwe5 ea* lett] ( n less ?an #a in*2 a light col\r %\ld always :]e practicable be us$ = ! back gr\nd1 & black or blue = ! lett]s4 ,"o great objection to pa9t$ lett]s is t !y mu/ be frequ5tly repa9t$1 & 9 ord] to d ?is1 ladd]s h to be rais$ aga9/ ! build+1 :i* ! occupi]s naturally object to )\t previ\s notice3 x is always v annoy+ to any citiz5 to h ! head ( a pa9t] appe>+ outside 8 b$-room w9d[ at any "t1 & m especially at an inconv5i5t h\r 9 ! morn+4 ,9 select+ names = /reets x is v important t !y %\ld n be duplicat$ 9 a t[n1 & also t !re %\ld be "s s5se 9 _! nom5clature2 g5]ally "s local association c be f\nd ) a family or hi/orical "n :i* is suitable = ! /reet4 ,no?+ is m ridicul\s ?an to see su* names z ,ba? ,/reet or ,york ,road giv5 to /reets :i* h z mu* association ) su* places z ) ,j]i*o4 ,! /reet hav+ be5 prop]ly & conspicu\sly nam$1 ! next po9t to consid] is t ( ! mann] 9 :i* x %all be numb]$1 !re be+ ?ree me?ods 9 vogue by :i* ?is c be effect$4 7#a47 ,by allott+ ev5 numb]s on "o side ( ! /reet & odd numb]s on ! o!r side4 7#b47 ,by allott+ consecutive numb]s up "o side ( ! /reet1 & d[n ! o!r side4 7#c47 ,by allott+ correspond+ numb]s to bo? sides ( ! /reet1 :i* are di/+ui%$ by a prefix ( nor? & s\?1 or ea/ & we/1 z ! case may require4 ,! fir/ is by f> ! be/ me?od to pursue1 = ! foll[+ reasons3 ,if ! /reet is ev] ext5d$ aft] be+ numb]$1 ! sequ5ce is 9 no way di/urb$4 ,by ?is me?od any h\se c be m easily f\nd1 z on ref]5ce to a directory x w at once be se5 at :i* end ( ! /reet x is situat$4 ,if ! second me?od _h be5 adopt$ ?is w\ld be impossible1 except = ! fir/ few numb]s1 & :]e a /reet is ( consid]able l5g? ) bran* /reets runn+ into x ?is is ( ! greate/ importance4 ,x is ! be/ me?od also = ! ,po/-,(fice (ficials1 z x facilitates ! di/rict sort+ ( ! lett]s4 ,giv+ ea* side ( ! /reet di/9ctive prefixes to its "n1 su* z nor? & s\?1 c41 is evid5tly a bad plan1 & leads to mu* confusion4 ,9 allott+ numb]s to premises 9 a /reet1 if x has be5 already numb]$ c>e %\ld be tak5 to di/urb exi/+ numb]s z little z possible1 = an alt]$ numb] involves consid]able exp5se z well z inconv5i5ce to ! occupi] ( bus9ess or trade premises1 ow+ to ! necessity ( alt]+ bill heads1 lett] pap]1 c41 & sometimes ev5 consid]able tr\ble & exp5se 9 ord] to secure ! validity ( ! title4 ,avoid numb]+ f "r to left1 & take c>e to allot suffici5t numb]s to vacant spaces :i* may ev5tually be built ^u1 & to d ?is ! l5g? ( frontage may be divid$ into su* l5g?s z 79 ! surveyor's judgm5t7 w repres5t ! new frontages4 ,9 any case x is bett] to h too _m numb]s 9 a /reet ?an too few1 & l>ge premises1 & any public or o!r build+s :i* may be remov$1 & o!r build+s sub/itut$ %\ld h numb]s allott$ to !m1 al?\gh x w n be necess>y to s]ve ! notices to h !m affix$4 ,mo/ l>ge %ops pref] to h m ?an "o numb]1 al?\gh ,i h he>d ! r f>-fet*$ cont5tion urg$1 t m ?an "o numb] means extra rat+4 ,consid]able c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ to ensure t no sep>ate premises are pass$ ov] 9 allott+ ! numb]s1 (t5 only a door or side passage d5ot+ ! exi/5ce ( ano!r claimant = a numb]4 ,no?+ looks worse 9 a fre%ly numb]$ /reet ?an to see su* numb]s z #cg;,a or #if plac$ ^u premises t %\ld h _h a di/9ct num]al1 & ?us %[+ t !y mu/ h be5 left out4 ,! mann] 9 :i* /reets are numb]$ is g5]ally z foll[s3 ,! t[n surveyor or "o ( 8 assi/ants walks ?r\gh ! /reet1 & ) a piece ( *alk legibly m>ks ea* h\se ) its correct numb]1 tak+ c>e to obs]ve ! precautions ,i h enum]at$2 hav+ done ?is ?r\gh\t its entire l5g?1 ^! numb]s mu/ be ent]$ 9 a book ) ! "n ( ! occupi] writt5 opposite to ! numb]4 ,^u return+ to ! (fice ! surveyor mu/ !n fill up & s]ve ! necess>y notice ^u ea* ( ^! occupi]s1 ! foll[+ be+ giv5 z a specim5 ( su* notice3 ,urban ,sanit>y ,au?ority = ! 4 ,,t[n ,,surveyor',s ,,(fice1 #ahh 4 ,i beg leave to give y notice1 t ! ,t[n ,c\ncil ( 1 z ! ,urban ,sanit>y ,au?ority1 h approv$ ( ! numb] = ! h\se 9 y\r occupation1 9 4 ,y are !re=e requir$1 )9 "o week f ! date ( ?is notice to oblit]ate ! pres5t numb]1 &#abd to m>k ! said h\se ) ! numb] s approv$ (1 & to r5ew ! same f "t to "t 9 ! case ( its becom+ oblit]at$4 ,a p5alty ( #djs4 w be incurr$ 9 ! ev5t ( default 9 compliance ) ?is notice4 ,i am1 ,y\r ob$i5t ,s]vant1 ,t[n ,surveyor4 ,to ,no4 ,9 ! ev5t ( ! old numb] ) :i* any premises 7 m>k$ n be+ oblit]at$ by ! occupi]1 ! foll[+ notice may be s]v$3 ,urban ,sanit>y ,au?ority = ! 4 ,,t[n ,,surveyor',s ,,(fice1 #ahh 4 ,x has be5 report$ to ! ,t[n ,c\ncil t y h neglect$ to oblit]ate ! old numb] ( y\r premises1 ,no4 ,/reet1 aft] receiv+ notice ( a new numb] be+ allott$ to su* premises by ! ,t[n ,c\ncil1 :]eby y h incurr$ a p5alty ( #djs4 ,! duplication ( numb]s 9 ! same /reet 0 f\nd to be ! occasion ( s mu* inconv5i5ce1 t ! ,c\ncil 7 oblig$ to re-numb] ! /reet 9 "q1 & x is manife/ t if a numb] allott$ to ano!r h\se is reta9$ by y1 ! inconv5i5ce s\ght to be remov$ w /ill rema94 ,i am !re=e in/ruct$ to in=m y t unless ! old numb] ( y\r premises is oblit]at$ )9 sev5 days f ! date ( ?is notice1 proce$+s w be tak5 aga9/ y = ! recov]y ( ! p5alty incurr$4 ,y\rs fai?fully1 ,t[n ,surveyor4 ,( c\rse1 if no?+ is done aft] s]vice ( ?is second notice1 x only rema9s to summon ! (f5d] z provid$ by ! sections ( ! ,act1 :i* ,i h giv5 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is *apt]4 #abb 8,/reet0 includes any highway 7n be+ a turnpike road71 & any public bridge 7n be+ a c\nty bridge71 & any road1 lane1 footway1 squ>e1 c\rt1 alley1 or passage1 :e!r a ?or\ghf>e or n4 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #d47 #abc ,! law app>5tly gives ! ,sanit>y ,au?ority p[] to fix names ( /reets aga9/ any premises !y may *oose1 )\t fir/ apply+ = or obta9+ any cons5t f ei!r ! occupi] or own] ( su* premises4 7,vide #aj #aa ,vic4 c4 #cd1 s4 #fd47 #abd ,if ! premises h no exi/+ numb]1 ^! words c be left out4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,break+ ,,up ,,/reets4 ,9 ne>ly e city & t[n ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 except ^? :]e ! gas & wat] und]tak+s are ! prop]ty ( ! urban au?ority1 ! t[n surveyor is con/antly annoy$ by hav+ "s portions ( 8 /reets brok5 up & greatly damag$ by ! action ( ! gas or wat] companies ( ! di/rict4 ,) reg>d to ! la/+ "* ( ! damage caus$ to ! /reet by ?is di/urbance ( its surface1 ,i %all h some?+ to say 9 ?is *apt]1 b x is fir/ necess>y to see :at legal p[]s ! companies h to break up ! /reets1 & :at p[]s ! surveyor has to en=ce ! "w be+ prop]ly c>ri$ out4 ,x w be f\nd t ! sections be>+ ^u ?is po9t are almo/ precisely simil> 9 _! word+ 9 ! foll[+ ,acts3 8,! ,gas ,works ,clauses ,act #ahdg0 7#aj #aa ,vic4 c4 #ae74 8,! ,wat] ,works ,clauses ,act #ahdg0 7#aj #aa ,vic4 c4 #ag74 8,! ,electric ,light+ ,act #ahhb0 7#de #df ,vic4 c4 #ef74 b ) reg>d to ! p[]s ( ! ,gov]nm5t to lay telegraph & telephone wires1 c41 ! clauses are diff]5t1 & are conta9$ 91 8,! ,telegraphs ,act #ahfc0 7#bf #bg ,vic4 c4 #aab74 ,z ! clauses on ?is subject ( 8! ,wat] ,works ,clauses ,act0 are ^? :i* are incorporat$ ) ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge1 ,i %all select ! sections f t ,act1 ! fir/ ( importance be+ z foll[s3 8,! und]tak]s1 "u su* sup]9t5d5ce z is h]e9aft] specifi$1 may op5 & break up ! soil & pavem5t ( ! sev]al /reets & bridges )9 ! limits ( ! special ,act1 & may op5 & break up any sew]s1 dra9s1 or tunnels1 )9 or "u su* /reets or bridges1 & lay d[n & place )9 ! same limits pipes1 conduits1 s]vice pipes1 & o!r works1 & eng9es1 & f "t to "t repair1 alt]1 or remove ! same1 & = ! purposes a=esaid remove & use all e>? & mat]ials 9 & "u su* /reets & bridges1 & d all o!r acts :i* ! und]tak]s %all f "t to "t deem necess>y = supply+ wat]#abe to ! inhabitants ( ! di/rict includ$ )9 ! said limits2 do+ z little damage z c be#abf 9 ! execution ( ! p[]s h]eby or by ! special ,act grant$1 & mak+ comp5sation = any damage :i* may be done 9 ! execution ( su* p[]s0 7#aj #aa ,vic4 c4 #ag s4 #bh74 ,! next clause deals only ) ! p[]s ( lay+ pipes1 c41 9 private prop]ty1 & "h x w be well to rem>k t if ! wat] und]tak+ is 9 ! h&s ( ! urban au?ority !y h mu* m p[] ( entry = ^! purposes ?an companies possess 7,vide ss4 #af1 #ah1 #cb1 & #ed1 #ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee71 b ?is is a matt] :i* does n affect ! que/ions dealt ) 9 ?is *apt]4 ,! next clause is ^u ! subject ( giv+ ! necess>y notices1 & is z foll[s3 8,be=e ! und]tak]s#abg op5 or break up any /reet1 bridge1 sew]1 dra91 or tunnel1 !y %all give to ! p]sons "u ^: control or managem5t ! same may be1 or to _! cl]k1 surveyor1 or o!r (fic]1 notice 9 writ+ ( _! int5tion to op5 or break up ! same1 n less ?an ?ree cle> days be=e beg9n+ su* "w1 except 9 cases ( em]g5cy aris+ f defects 9 any ( ! pipes or o!r works1 & !n s soon z is possible aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! "w or ! necessity = ! same %all h aris50 7#aj #aa ,vic4 c4 #ag1 s4 #cj74 ,! next clause is ( great importance1 z x gives ! surveyor ! necess>y p[]s to dictate ! mann] 9 :i* ! int]f]5ce ) 8 /reets is to be conduct$4 8,no su* /reet1 bridge1 sew]1 dra91 or tunnel %all1 except 9 ! cases ( em]g5cy a=esaid1 be op5$ or brok5 up except "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! p]sons hav+ ! control or managem5t !re(1 or ( _! (fic]1 & accord+ to su* plan#abh z %all be approv$ ( by su* p]sons or _! (fic]1 or 9 case ( any diff]5ce respect+ su* plan1 z %all be det]m9$ by two ju/ices2 & su* ju/ices may1 on ! application ( ! p]sons hav+ ! control or managem5t ( any su* sew] or dra91 or _! (fic]1 require ! und]tak]s to make su* tempor>y or o!r works z !y may ?9k necess>y = gu>d+ aga9/ any int]ruption ( ! dra9age dur+ ! execution ( any works :i* int]f]e ) any su* sew] or dra94 ,provid$ always1 t if ! p]sons hav+ su* control or managem5t z a=esaid1 & _! (fic] fail to att5d at ! "t fix$ = ! op5+ ( any su* /reet1 bridge1 sew]1 dra91 or tunnel1 aft] hav+ su* notice ( ! int5tion ( ! und]tak]s z a=esaid1 or %all n propose any plan = break+ up or op5+ ! same1 or %all refuse or neglect to sup]9t5d ! op]ation1 ! und]tak]s may p]=m ! "w specifi$ 9 su* notice )\t ! sup]9t5d5ce ( su* p]sons or _! (fic]0 7#aj #aa ,vic4 c4 #ag1 s4 #ca74 ,!re are sev]al po9ts to :i* x is necess>y to draw att5tion :il/ consid]+ ! above clause4 ,i am afraid t ! 8att5dance0 ( ! surveyor 8at ! "t fix$ = ! op5+0 or ev5 ( "o ( 8 assi/ants c\ld n always be manag$1 nor w\ld x be practicable to prep>e a 8plan0 = e op5+ t might be made by a gas or wat] company = new s]vices1 leaks 9 ma9s1 c42 b :]e x is propos$ to c>ry out any ext5sive works1 su* z lay+ a consid]able l5g? ( new ma9 or remov+ an old "o1 x is c]ta9ly necess>y t !re %\ld be "s 8plan0 ( ! mann] 9 :i* su* "w is propos$ to be c>ri$ out by ! company4 ,on ref]r+ to ! clause x is evid5t t ! fir/ 8plan0 m5tion$ mu/ be prep>$ by & on behalf ( ! company propos+ to c>ry out ! "w1 & ?is plan mu/ %[ ! exact position on ea* /reet ( ! propos$ excavations1 & _! dep?1 c41 :i* 8%all be approv$ ( by su* p]sons 7hav+ ! control ( ! /reets7 or _! (fic]10 _! (fic] really be+ ! surveyor4 ,l[] d[n 9 ! clause ano!r 8plan0 is ref]r$ to 9 ! foll[+ words3 8or %all n propose any plan = break+ up or op5+ ! same40 ,?is plan1 or m correctly speak+1 a specification ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! company %all proce$ ) ! "w1 mu/ be prep>$ by ! surveyor1 & if x meets ) ! approval ( 8 corporation x c be en=c$4 ,9 ord] to assi/ t[n surveyors :o may be requir$ to act "u ?is clause1 ,i n[ give a v]batim copy ( a 8plan0 or specification "u :i* ,i compell$ a gas company to "w aft] !y _h giv5 me ! usual /atutory notice ( _! int5tion to break up c]ta9 macadamis$ /reets = ! purpose ( remov+ "s disus$ ma9s4 ,plan ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,gas ,light & ,coke ,company %all take up & remove ! old ma9s 9 /reet1 comm5c+ at or ne> /reet4 ,a tr5* to be excavat$ ( n great] wid? ?an in*es & ( no great] l5g? ?an feet at a "t4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 to keep ! top fac+ metal sep>ate f ! l[] =mation ( ! roadway1 s t !y may n become mix$ toge!r2 no metal is on any acc\nt to be remov$ f ! /reet4 ,! ma9s mu/ be tak5 up ) all possible spe$ & in/antly convey$ away1 )\t be+ all[$ to rema9 at ! sides ( ! /reets4#abi ,! tr5* to be !n at once fill$ 91 c>e be+ tak5 to replace all ! mat]ials ( :i* ! roadway is =m$ 9 _! prop] positions4 ,all extra fill+ 9 t may be requir$ ow+ to ! removal ( ! ma9s %all be done on ! surface ) ! be/ /one1 brok5 s z to pass all ways ?r\gh a r+ ( #b in*es int]nal diamet]1 ! top ( ! tr5* be+ always kept flu% ) ! surface cont\r ( ! roadway4 ,no e>?1 rubbi%1 or o!r mat]ial %all be all[$ to be br\ght on to ! gr\nd by ! gas company = ! purpose ( fill+ 91 nor %all any mat]ial ( any k9d be all[$ to be br\ght f any o!r excavations t may be be+ made by ! gas company 9 o!r p>ts ( ! t[n = ! purpose ( lay+ or remov+ ma9s4 ,! fill+ 9 to be done 9 ! proportion ( "o man fill+ to two m5 ramm+ ) punn]s ( n less weight ?an lbs4 ea*4 ,dur+ dry wea!r a pl5tiful supply ( wat] mu/ be all[$ to run into ! tr5* :il/ ! fill+ 9 is 9 progress1 = ! purpose ( consolidat+ ! gr\nd4 ,! traffic mu/ n 9 any case be imp$$1 & planks mu/ be plac$ across ! excavations1 :]e necess>y1 = ! conv5i5ce ( foot pass5g]s4 ,! "w %all if necess>y be susp5d$ on m>ket days1 or any o!r days t ! surveyor may deem prop] = ! conv5i5ce ( ! public4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! next clause ( ! ,act deals ) ! mann] 9 :i* ! companies %all re9/ate & make good ! road or pavem5t1 & is z foll[s3 8,:5 ! und]tak]s op5 or break up ! road or pavem5t ( any su* /reet1 or bridge1 or any sew]1 dra91 or tunnel1 !y %all ) all conv5i5t spe$ complete ! "w = :i* ! same %all be brok5 up1 & fill 9 ! gr\nd & re9/ate & make good ! road or pavem5t1 or ! sew]1 dra91 or tunnel s op5$ or brok5 up1 & c>ry away ! rubbi% occasion$ !reby2 & %all at all times :il/ any road or pavem5t %all be s op5$ or brok5 up cause ! same to be f5c$ & gu>d$1 & %all cause a light suffici5t = ! w>n+ ( pass5g]s to be set up1 & kept !re aga9/ e night dur+ :i* su* road or pavem5t %all be cont9u$ op5 or brok5 up1 & %all aft] replac+ & mak+ good ! road or pavem5t :i* %all h be5 s brok5 up1 keep ! same 9 good repair = ?ree mon?s !reaft]1 & su* fur!r "t1 if any1 n be+ m ?an twelve mon?s 9 ! :ole1 z ! soil s brok5 up %all cont9ue to subside0 7#aj #aa ,vic4 c4 #ag1 s4 #cb74 ,! conditions embodi$ 9 ! above clause are easi] writt5 ?an c>ri$ out4 ,x is well kn[n t a tr5* cut longitud9ally ?r\gh a /reet takes a v long "t to heal4 ,asphalte %[s x ! lea/ if !re is a good back+ ( concrete1 b all o!r pavem5ts suff] consid]ably 9 ! process1 z x is almo/ impossible to ma9ta9 _! /rict cont\r1 & ) macadamis$ roadways ! result is simply disa/r\s4 ,op5+ a macadamis$ roadway does x m h>m ?an ! heavie/ & mo/ p]si/5t traffic1 & x is surpris+ = :at a l5g? ( "t ! surface w %[ ! treatm5t x has receiv$4 ,x is un=tunately ! practice g5]ally = ! m5 9 ! employ ( a gas or wat] company1 aft] lay+ a pipe1 to try & ram into ! tr5* all ! mat]ial !y h remov$1 )\t all[+ = ! cubical cont5ts tak5 up by ! pipe1 or if !y d condesc5d to c>t any?+ away x is g5]ally ! metal1 :i* !y ?9k w come 9 nicely = ! repairs ( ! tr5* dur+ _! liability = su* repairs4 ,:at ought to be done is t no fill+ ( ord9>y e>?1 c41 %\ld be all[$ to come )9 at lea/ six in*es ( ! top ( ! tr5*1 :i* %\ld !n be fill$ 9 ) good road metal1 & z ?is we>s d[n x %\ld be br\ght up to ! prop] level ) m metal4 ,9 ! =m] plan a hump is se5 ov] ! tr5*1 & ?is hump is a mass ( mix$ dirt & road-metal = :i* !re is no cure b its entire removal to a dep? ( at lea/ six in*es1 & ! sub/itution ( good clean road-metal1 :i* w\ld h be5 ! be/ & mo/ economical plan 9 ! fir/ place4 ,! clauses foll[+ ^? ,i h quot$ are 8p5alty clauses0 = non-compliance ) ! provisions ( ! ,act1 & ne$ n be "h giv51 b !re is "o m clause ( ! ,wat] ,works ,clauses ,act #ahdg1 deal+ ) ! p[]s ( private individuals to break up /reets = ! purpose ( lay+ s]vice pipes1 :i* x is necess>y to give 9 ext5so4 ,on ! "q ( simil> p[]s to private individuals to break up /reets = dra9s1 c41 ,i %all speak lat] on 9 ?is *apt]3 8,any su* own] or occupi] may op5 or break up s mu* ( ! pavem5t ( any /reet z %all be betwe5 ! pipe ( ! und]tak]s & 8 h\se1 build+ or premises1 & any sew] or dra9 !re91 = any su* purpose z a=esaid1 do+ z little damage z may be & mak+ comp5sation = any damage done 9 ! execution ( any su* "w2 provid$ always1 t e su* own] or occupi] desir+ to break up ! pavem5t ( any /reet or any sew] or dra9 !re91 %all be subject to ! same necessity ( giv+ previ\s notice1 & %all be subject to ! same control1 re/rictions1 & obligations 9 & dur+ ! "t ( break+ up ! same1 & also re9/at+ ! same1 & to ! same p5alties = any delay 9 reg>d !reto1 z ! und]tak]s are subject to by virtue ( ?is or ! special ,act0 7#aj #aa ,vic4 c4 #ag1 s4 #eb74 ,x w\ld also seem t ! cons5t ( ! urban au?ority mu/ be obta9$ 7z well z notice giv5 to !m7 be=e a /reet is brok5 up 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #adi74 ,v (t51 h[ev]1 ! companies pref] to execute all ?is "w !mselves1 z !y d n l anyone else to int]f]e ) _! ma9s or put 9 s]vices :i* may be unfitt$ = ! purpose2 consequ5tly !y give ! necess>y notices1 execute ! "w !mselves1 & *>ge ! own] or occupi] ) ! exp5se4 ,! p[]s "u :i* /reets are brok5 up = telegraphic or telephonic purposes are1 z ,i h previ\sly /at$1 conta9$ 9 ! 8,telegraphs ,act #ahfc10 ! foll[+ be+ ! clauses :i* ref] to ?is subject3 8,! company %all n place a telegraph "u any /reet )9 ! limits ( ! di/rict ov] :i* ! au?ority ( ! ,metropolitan ,bo>d ( ,works ext5ds1 or ( any city or municipal bor\gh or t[n corporate1 or ( any t[n hav+ a population ( ?irty ?\s& inhabitants or upw>ds 7accord+ to ! late/ c5sus71 except ) ! cons5t ( ! bodies hav+ ! control ( ! /reets )9 su* respective limits0 7#bf #bg ,vic4 c4 #aab1 s4 #i74 8,:]e ! company has obta9$ cons5t to ! plac+1 or by virtue ( ! p[]s ( ! company "u ?is ,act int5ds to proce$ ) ! plac+ ( a telegraph "u a /reet or public road1 ! dep?1 c\rse & position at & 9 :i* ! same is to be plac$ %all be settl$ betwe5 ! company & ! foll[+ bodies3 8,! body hav+ ! control ( ! /reet or public road4 8,! body hav+ ! control ( ! sew]age or dra9age !reund]4 8,b if su* settlem5t is n come to ) any su* body1 ! foll[+ provisions %all take effect3 87#a47 ,! company may give to su* body a notice specify+ ! dep?1 c\rse & position :i* ! company desires4 87#b47 ,if ! body to :om su* notice is giv5 does n1 )9 #bh days aft] ! giv+ ( su* notice1 give to ! company a c\nt]-notice object+ to ! proposal ( ! company1 & specify+ ! dep?1 c\rse & position :i* su* body desires1 !y %all be deem$ to h agre$ to ! proposal ( ! company4 87#c47 ,9 ! ev5t ( ultimate diff]5ce betwe5 ! company & su* body1 ! dep?1 c\rse & position %all be det]m9$ 9 ,engl& or ,irel& by two ,ju/ices1 & 9 ,scotl& by two ,ju/ices or ! ,%]iff0 7#bf #bg ,vic4 c4 #aab1 s4 #aj74 8,subject to any special /ipulations made ) a company by ! body hav+ ! control ( a /reet or public road1 & to any det]m9ations1 ord]s1 or directions ( ! ,ju/ices1 or ,%]iff1 z a=esaid1 :]e ! company proce$s to op5 or break up a /reet or public road1 ! foll[+ provisions %all take effect4 87#a47 ,! company %all give to ! bodies betwe5 :om respectively & ! company ! dep?1 c\rse & position ( a telegraph "u su* /reet or public road are h]e9be=e requir$ to be settl$ or det]m9$1 notice ( _! int5tion to op5 or break up su* /reet or public road1 specify+ ! "t at :i* !y w beg9 to d s1 su* notice to be giv5 9 ! case ( an und]gr\nd "w t5 days at lea/1 & 9 ! case ( an above-gr\nd "w five days at lea/ be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! "w1 except 9 case ( em]g5cy1 9 :i* case notice ( ! "w propos$ %all be giv5 z soon z may be aft] ! comm5cem5t !re(4 87#b47 ,! company %all n 7save 9 case ( em]g5cy7 op5 or break up any /reet or public road except "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! bodies to :om respectively notice is by ! pres5t section requir$ to be giv51 unless su* bodies respectively refuse or neglect to give su* sup]9t5d5ce at ! "t specifi$ 9 ! notice = ! comm5cem5t ( ! "w or discont9ue ! same dur+ ! "w4 87#c47 ,! company %all pay all reasonable exp5ses to :i* su* bodies respectively may be put on acc\nt ( su* sup]9t5d5ce0 7#bf #bg ,vic4 c4 #aab1 s4 #ag74 ,x w be se5 by ! above section t ! "t requir$ be=e ! "w is comm5c$ aft] s]vice ( ! notice is consid]ably long] ?an t = gas or wat] ma9s or = electric light+ wires1 & subsection #c au?orises a paym5t = ! s]vices ( ! surveyor or o!r (fic] att5d+ to sup]9t5d ! "w1 :i* is n ! case 9 ! o!r ,acts4 ,! next clauses are z foll[s3 8,subject to any su* special /ipulations z a=esaid1 aft] ! company has op5$ or brok5 up a /reet or public road !y %all be "u ! foll[+ fur!r obligations3 87#a47 ,!y %all ) all conv5i5t spe$ complete ! "w on acc\nt ( :i* !y op5$ or broke up ! same1 & fill 9 ! gr\nd & make good ! surface1 & g5]ally re/ore ! /reet or public road to z good a condition z t 9 :i* x 0 be=e be+ op5$ or brok5 up1 & c>ry away all rubbi% occasion$ !reby3 87#b47 ,!y %all 9 ! meantime cause ! place :]e ! /reet or public road is op5$ or brok5 up to be f5c$ & wat*$1 & to be prop]ly light$ at night3 87#c47 ,!y %all pay all reasonable exp5ses ( keep+ ! /reet or public road 9 good repair = six mon?s aft] ! same is re/or$1 s f> z su* exp5ses may be increas$ by su* op5+ or break+ up0 4 4 4 7#bf #bg ,vic4 c4 #aab1 s4 #ah74 8,:5ev] ! p]man5t surface or soil ( any /reet or public road is brok5 up or op5$ by ! company x %all be lawful = ! body hav+ ! control ( ! /reet or road1 9 case !y ?9k x exp$i5t s to d1 to fill 9 ! gr\nd1 & to make good ! pavem5t or surface or soil s brok5 up or op5$1 & to c>ry away ! rubbi% occasion$ !reby1 in/ead ( p]mitt+ su* "w to be done by ! company2 & ! co/ & exp5ses ( fill+ 9 su* gr\nd & mak+ good ! pavem5t or soil s brok5 up or op5$1 %all be repaid on dem& to ! body hav+ ! control ( ! /reet or road by ! company1 & 9 default !re( may be recov]$ by ! body hav+ ! control ( ! /reet or road f ! company1 z a p5alty is or may be recov]able f ! company0 7#bf #bg ,vic4 c4 #aab1 s4 #ai74 8,! company %all n /op or imp$e traffic 9 any /reet or public road1 or into or out ( any /reet or public road1 fur!r ?an is necess>y = ! prop] execution ( _! works4 ,!y %all n close aga9/ traffic m ?an "o ?ird 9 wid? ( any /reet or public road or ( any way op5+ into any /reet or public road at "o "t2 & 9 case two-?irds ( su* /reet or road are n wide en\gh to all[ two c>riages to pass ea* o!r1 !y %all n occupy ) _! works at "o "t m ?an fifty y>ds 9 l5g? ( ! "o-?ird !re( except ) ! special cons5t ( ! body hav+ ! control !re(0 7#bf #bg ,vic4 c4 #aab1 s4 #bj74 ,x w be se5 t ^! are mu* m elaborate clauses1 re/rict+ ! rights ( ! telegraph companies ?an ^? ( ! gas & wat] companies1 c41 & z ! ,telegraphs ,act conta9+ ^! /rict clauses 0 pass$ 9 ! ye> #ahfc & ! ,wat] ,works ,clauses ,act 9 #ahdg1 x is fair to assume t ! clauses ( ! ,telegraphs ,act #ahfc 7 fram$ to meet c]ta9 objections to ^! clauses & ^u exp]i5ce ( _! work+1 & are consequ5tly bett] & m adapt$ = ! case 9 po9t4 ,to obviate all ! difficulties & complications aris+ out ( ?is con/ant break+ up ( /reets1 ) ! att5dant inconv5i5ce to ! public & damage to ! surfaces ( ! roadways1 x 0 sugge/$ _m ye>s ago t subways %\ld be con/ruct$ "u ! surface ( ! pr9cipal /reets1 9 :i* %\ld be plac$ all ! gas & wat] ma9s !n exi/+4 ,!re is no d\bt t !re are _m advantages 9 ?is plan z well z "s disadvantages4 ,x mu/ be recollect$ t probably ! subways w\ld h be5 con/ruct$ ( suffici5t capability to c>ry all ! ma9s & wires !n exi/+1 ) a m>g9 = future ext5sions ( size1 b :5 we see ! enorm\s gr[? ( _m t[ns1 notably t ( ! metropolis1 & ! consequ5t increase necess>y 9 ! numb] & diamet]s ( ! ma9s1 x is to be fe>$ t suffici5t space w\ld n h be5 left1 & competition betwe5 rival gas & wat] companies might consequ5tly h be5 crippl$4 ,/ill !re w\ld be great conv5i5ce 9 _m respects if all wat] & gas ma9s1 telegraph & telephone wires c\ld be c>ri$ 9 subways1 z !y w\ld be easily accessible = repairs1 & hidd5 leaks w\ld be unkn[n4 ,) reg>d to ! "o great objection s con/antly urg$1 t 9 ! case ( a leaky gas ma9 or s]vice a mo/ t]rible & damag+ explosion might take place1 x is true t ?is is a v grave & s]i\s objection1 b x mu/ also be recollect$ t al?\gh ?is dang] may be enhanc$ by ! necess>ily solid masonry ( :i* ! subway is con/ruct$1 /ill !re w\ld be e precaution tak5 to prev5t leakage ( gas1 & 9 ! pres5t sy/em liability to explosion is n altoge!r remote4 ,9 ,p]cy ,/reet1 ,tott5ham ,c\rt ,road1 only a ye> or two ago1 !re 0 a t]rible explosion 9 tr5*es & ma9s :i* _h become full ( gas & atmosph]ic air 9 ! proportions ( "o volume ( gas to fifte5 volumes ( air1 & if gas ma9s 7 laid 9 subways great] precautions w\ld no d\bt be tak54 ,!re w\ld be also great dang] 9 convey+ ! wires us$ = electric light+ purposes 9 ^! subways1 z !y might fuse & ?us cause dang]1 & at all ev5ts !y w\ld h "s consid]ably di/urb+ influ5ce ^u ! wires ( ! telegraph & telephone sy/ems1 if laid too ne>4 ,i w n[ pass on to consid] ! p[]s ( individuals to break ! surface ( public /reets = ! purpose ( putt+ new dra9s to _! premises or ( repair+ exi/+ dra9s4 ,) reg>d to ! =m] "q ,i h giv5 full p>ticul>s ) reg>d to new dra9s or connections ) sew]s 9 ! *apt] ^u 8h\se dra9age10 b ) reg>d to ! latt] "q x w be necess>y to make a few rem>ks4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! public /reets ve/ 9 ! urban au?ority1 & x is cont5d$ t ! foll[+ clause ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge prev5ts any p]son f break+ up any /reet )\t _! p]mission1 al?\gh x is sometimes que/ion$ :e!r ! words 8wilfully displaces0 d n mean ! do+ ( an illegal act1 su* z tak+ up a /one 9 a /reet to annoy or injure a neighb\r or f %e] mis*ief1 r ?an t ( a legal act = a prop] purpose2 ! clause 9 "q is z foll[s3 8,all /reets be+ or :i* at any "t become highways repairable by ! inhabitants at l>ge )9 any urban di/rict1 & ! pavem5t /ones & o!r mat]ials !re( & all build+ implem5ts & o!r ?+s provid$ = ! purposes !re(1 %all ve/ 9 & be "u ! control ( ! urban au?ority4 4 4 4 ,any p]son :o )\t ! cons5t ( ! urban au?ority wilfully displaces or takes up1 or :o injures ! pavem5t1 /ones1 mat]ials1 f5ces or po/s ( or ! trees 9 any su* /reet1 %all be liable to a p5alty n exce$+ five %ill+s = e squ>e foot ( pavem5t1 /ones or o!r mat]ials s displac$ tak5 up or injur$2 he %all also be liable 9 ! case ( any injury to trees to pay to ! local au?ority su* am\nt ( comp5sation z ! c\rt may aw>d0 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #adi74 ,ev51 h[ev]1 grant+ t application mu/ be made be=e any individual c break up a /reet1 ! urban au?ority w\ld n be likely to )hold _! cons5t if x 0 = a legitimate purpose1 & hav+ di/urb$ ! /reet1 a p]son mu/ light & gu>d ! op5+1 & ! 8hole10 z x is call$ 9 ! clauses foll[+ mu/ be 8fill$ up or o!rwise made secure20 b x is v d\btful if he c be call$ ^u to keep ! surface ( ! road 9 repair = any l5g? ( "t1 z c be done 9 ! case ( wat] & gas companies1 c42 ! foll[+ are ! clauses 9 "q3 8,:5 any build+ mat]ials1 rubbi% or o!r ?+s are laid or any hole made 9 any ( ! /reets1 :e!r ! same be done by ord] ( ! commission]s or n1 ! p]son caus+ su* mat]ials or o!r ?+s to be s laid or su* hole to be made1 %all at 8 own exp5se cause a suffici5t light to be fix$ 9 a prop] place ^u or ne> ! same1 & cont9ue su* light e night f sun-sett+ to sun-ris+ :ile su* mat]ials or hole rema94 ,& su* p]son %all at 8 own exp5se cause su* mat]ials or o!r ?+s & su* hole to be suffici5tly f5c$ & enclos$ until su* mat]ials or o!r ?+s are remov$ or ! hole fill$ up or o!rwise made secure0 4 4 4 7#aj #aa ,vic4 c4 #cd1 s4 #ha74 8,9 no case %all any su* build+ mat]ials or o!r ?+s or su* hole be all[$ to rema9 = any unnecess>y "t40 4 4 4 7#aj #aa ,vic4 c4 #cd1 s4 #hb74 8,if any build+1 or hole1 or any o!r place ne> any /reet be = want ( suffici5t repair1 protection or inclosure1 dang]\s to ! pass5g]s along su* /reet1 ! commission]s %all cause ! same to be repair$1 protect$1 or inclos$1 s z to prev5t dang] !refrom1 & ! exp5ses ( su* repair1 protection1 or inclosure %all be repaid to ! commission]s by ! own] ( ! premises s repair$1 protect$ or inclos$1 & %all be recov]able f him z damages0 7#aj #aa ,vic4 c4 #cd1 s4 #hc74 ,^! ?ree sections are incorporat$ 9 ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge1 by #ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #afj1 & ! la/ clause und\bt$ly gives p[] to ! urban au?ority to repair a 8hole0 :i* = want ( 8suffici5t repair0 is 8dang]\s to pass5g]s0 b n o!rwise1 9 h[ev] unsightly a mann] ! tr5* may h be5 repair$4 ,! result ( ?is unc]ta9ty has be5 t a great _m t[ns h ins]t$ 9 _! private improvem5t ,acts1 clauses mak+ x compulsory ^u all p]sons to give !m f #c to #g days' notice ( _! int5tion to break up ! /reets1 specify+ ! mann] 9 :i* ! "w %all be done1 & also compell+ !m to deposit a sum ( money 9 ord] to secure t ! repairs ( ! /reet are prop]ly execut$4#acj ,a bett] me?od ?an ?is is to ins]t 9 any private improvem5t ,act a clause giv+ p[]s to ! urban au?ority to execute all dra9-"w !mselves & *>ge x ^u ! own]s ( ! prop]ty1 ?us ensur+ t any int]f]5ce ) ! surface ( ! /reet %all be done 9 a prop] mann] by m5 accu/om$ to ! "w1 & also t ! dra9 itself %all be ( p]fect workman%ip4 ,:]e ! t[n surveyor has no private improvem5t ,act deal+ ) ?is "q1 x is well to frame "s regulations z to ! mann] 9 :i* ! notice ( int5tion to break up ! surface ( ! /reet %all be giv5 to him by ! p]son int5d+ to d ! "w1 & if possible to obta9 a deposit ( a few %ill+s z a gu>antee t ! surface ( ! /reet %all be kept 9 some?+ l dec5t repair4 ,al?\gh ?is may n be /rictly legal1 x is a v univ]sal practice among/ t[n surveyors4 ,! foll[+ =ms ( notices are giv5 z specim5s ( ! description ( notice n[ 9 use1 & are copi$ v]batim f ^? :i* are n[ en=c$ 9 a v l>ge bor\gh 9 ?is c\ntry3 ,bor\gh ( 4 ,,to ,,! ,,bor\gh ,,surveyor1 ,i h]eby apply = p]mission to break up ! footway or roadway1 & make excavations 9 = ! purpose ( 1 & ,i h]eby und]take to light1 wat* & f5ce ! place dur+ ! progress ( ! works1 to tempor>ily make good ! surface ( ! footway or roadway1 to remove all rubbi%1 & to execute & complete ! "w to ! satisfaction ( ! bor\gh surveyor4 ,i also deposit ! sum ( five %ill+s = ! repair ( ! surface1 & agree to pay ! balance if x %\ld co/ m ?an t sum4 7,signature7 7,address7 ,witness & receiv] 4 ,receiv$ by acc\ntant #ahh 4 ,surface repair$ #ahh 4 ,at a co/ ( 4 ,bor\gh ( 4 #ahh 4 ,to ,mr4 ,?is is to c]tify t y h paid a deposit ( five %ill+s1 & t y are h]eby p]mitt$ to take up ! footway or roadway & make excavations 9 = ! purpose ( on ! und]tak+ y h giv5 to light1 wat* & f5ce ! place dur+ ! progress ( ! works1 to tempor>ily make good ! surface ( ! footway or roadway1 to remove all rubbi%1 & to execute & complete ! "w to ! satisfaction ( ! bor\gh surveyor2 also t y w pay ! balance if ! surface repairs %\ld co/ m ?an ! a=esaid sum ( five %ill+s4 ,bor\gh ,surveyor4 ,,note4--,if ! surface repairs %\ld co/ less ?an ! deposit$ sum1 ! balance w be return$ to y by ! acc\ntant1 :o w notify y ( ! fact4 ,notice mu/ be giv5 to ! ,build+ ,inspector :5 ! "w is ready = inspection1 & no dra9age "w mu/ be cov]$ up until x has be5 exam9$ by ! ,inspector4 ,x may be well to add to ?is au?ority to break up ! /reets1 ! foll[+ words-- 8,?is au?ority may be revok$ at any "t if f\nd necess>y1 & x does n 9 any way relieve ! p]son to :om x is grant$ f any liabilities he may incur 9 respect ( accid5ts f any?+ done 9 pursuance !re(40 ,9 "s t[ns ! foll[+ cu/om prevails 9 reg>d to ?is "q4 ,! p]son desir\s ( op5+ ! /reet = ! execution ( any "w has to apply to ! surveyor = a lic5ce1 & at ! same "t deposit a sum suffici5t to cov] ! exp5se ( ! "w1 su* sum be+ e/imat$ & fix$ by ! surveyor4 ,! corporation !n supply "o lab\r] :il/ ! job is 9 h&1 :o1 :il/ work+1 takes c>e t ! soil is prop]ly ramm$ & ! surface made good2 a mason is also suppli$ to make any dra9age or sew] connections4 ,! deposit is kept = ab\t #c mon?s1 & ! co/ ( ! lab\r] & mason1 & ( any subsequ5t mak+ good ! surface ( ! /reet1 is !n d$uct$1 & ! balance return$ to ! p]son :o made ! deposit4 ,?is arrangem5t seems an excell5t plan1 & is said to "w rem>kably well :]e x is 9 vogue1 b :e!r x is /rictly legal is op5 to consid]able "q4 #abe ,or gas or electricity1 z ! case may be4 #abf ,^! words apply only to ! mann] ( do+ ! "w1 n to alt]native ways ( do+ x4 7,vide #8,fitzg]ald's ,public ,heal? & ,local ,gov]nm5t ,act1 #ahge1' #crd edition1 p4 #de47 #abg ,9 ! 8,electric ,light+ ,act #ahhb10 ! words 8proce$ to0 h be5 ins]t$ be=e ! ^w op51 :i* is an obvi\s improvem5t4 #abh ,x is incumb5t ^u ! und]tak]s int5d+ to break up a road to communicate be=eh& _! propos$ plan or me?od ( execut+ ! "w to ! road au?ority1 & ?is 9 a suffici5t mann] to enable ! road au?ority to judge :e!r :at is propos$ ought to be done )\t modification4 ,! plan %\ld1 !re=e1 %[ ! position on ! road ( ! propos$ excavation1 & its dep?4 7,edgw>e ,highway ,bo>d v4 ,colne ,valley ,wat] ,company1 #df ,l4 ,j4 *4 #hhi47 #abi ,?is precaution 0 necess>y1 z ! smell ( ! old ma9s 0 naturally v (f5sive & a nuisance4 #acj ,9 "s t[ns x is ! practice to give ! build] a junction pipe or block = no?+1 ?us ensur+ 8 call+ to give notice1 b ?is is only successful 9 ! case ( new atta*m5ts to sew]s1 9 :i* case ! law is mu* m /rict4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,ob/ructions ,,9 ,,/reets4 ,= conv5i5ce1 ,i propose to treat 9 ?is *apt] "s subjects :i*1 /rictly speak+1 d n come "u ! head ( 8ob/ructions10 b !y are all que/ions :i* h to be consid]$ by ! t[n surveyor2 tempor>y ob/ructions & o!r (f5ces ) :i* x is ! prov9ce ( ! police to deal are omitt$4 ,! foll[+ subjects w !re=e be discuss$3 7#a47 ,improv+ ! l9e ( frontages ( /reets4 7#b47 ,remov+ projections4 7#c47 ,doors & gates op5+ outw>ds4 7#d47 ,vault or cell> cov]+s4 7#e47 ,ra9-wat] %utes & d[n-pipes4 7#f47 ,bl9ds or awn+s ov] footpa?s4 7#g47 ,trees ov]-hang+ roadways4 7#h47 ,surface wat] f private premises runn+ ov] footpa?s4 7#i47 ,ho>d+s & scaffolds4 7#aj47 ,dang]\s build+s4 7#a47 ,improv+ ! ,l9e ( ,frontages ( ,/reets4--,by ! ,t[ns ,improvem5t ,clauses ,act #ahdg1 c]ta9 p[]s 7 grant$ :i* enabl$ ! commission]s to agree ) own]s ( prop]ty to set back = ! purpose ( wid5+ any /reet1#aca b ?is 0 (t5 f\nd to be difficult & we>isome ( accompli%m5t1 consequ5tly 9 ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge1 ! foll[+ important clause be>+ ^u ?is po9t 0 ins]t$4 8,:]e any h\se or build+ situat$ 9 any /reet 9 an urban di/rict1 or ! front !re(1 has be5 tak5 d[n 9 ord] to be rebuilt or alt]$1 ! urban au?ority may prescribe ! l9e 9 :i* any h\se or build+1 or ! front !re(1 to be built or rebuilt 9 ! same situation %all be erect$1 & su* h\se or build+ or ! front !re( %all be erect$ 9 accordance !re)4 ,! urban au?ority %all pay or t5d] comp5sation to ! own] or o!r p]son imm$iately int]e/$ 9 su* h\se or build+ = any loss or damage he may su/a9 9 consequ5ce ( 8 h\se or build+ be+ set back or =w>d1 ! am\nt ( su* comp5sation 9 case ( dispute to be settl$ by arbitration 9 mann] provid$ by ?is ,act0 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #aee74 ,?is clause gives an excell5t p[] to ! sanit>y au?ority1 especially 9 old] t[ns1 to lay d[n improv$ build+ l9es ^u ! plan ( _! t[n1 & ?us set back ! l9e ( build+s z opportunity (f]s4 ,9 assess+ ! value ( comp5sation to be paid to ! own] = sett+ back 8 prop]ty1 ! foll[+ po9ts %\ld be consid]$3 7#a47 ,! value ( ! area ( ! l& giv5 up to ! public4 7#b47 ,! loss ( available & useful space to ! premises4 7#c47 ,if any use is made by ! own] ( ! l& giv5 up to ! public by con/ruct+ cell>s und]nea?1 ! am\nt ( comp5sation %\ld be less4 7#d47 ,! am\nt ! own] w h to exp5d to make good ! sides ( ! neighb\r+ premises ?us expos$ by 8 sett+ back mu/ be consid]$4 ,a surveyor %\ld be v c>eful to recollect if any build+ l9e has be5 laid d[n 9 any /reet :5 ! plans ( new build+s are deposit$ ) him = approval4 ,if ^! plans are approv$ )\t any notice be+ giv5 to ! own] to set back1 x is que/ionable :e!r he c aft]w>ds be call$ ^u to d s4#acb 7#b47 ,remov+ ,projections ( ,build+s4--,! ,t[ns ,improvem5t ,clauses ,act #ahdg made provision = sett+ back any h\se or build+1 or any "p :i* project$ beyond ! regul> l9e ( /reet :5 tak5 d[n1 on paym5t ( comp5sation1#acc & ?is & ! foll[+ sections 7 incorporat$ 9 ! g5]al ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge4acd 8,! commission]s may give notice to ! occupi]#ace ( any h\se or build+ to remove or alt] any por*1 %$1 project+ w9d[1 /ep1 cell>1 cell>-door1 or w9d[1 sign1 sign-po/1 sign-iron1 %[-bo>d1 w9d[ %utt]1 wall1 gate1 or f5ce1 or any o!r ob/ruction or projection erect$ or plac$ aft] ! pass+ ( ! special ,act1 aga9/ or 9 front ( any h\se or build+ )9 ! limits ( ! special ,act1 & :i* is an ob/ruction to ! safe & conv5i5t passage along any /reet1 & su* occupi] %all )9 f\rte5 days aft] ! s]vice ( su* notice ^u him1 remove su* ob/ruction or alt] ! same 9 su* mann] z %all h be5 direct$ by ! commission]s1 & 9 default !re( %all be liable to a p5alty n exce$+ =ty %ill+s2 & ! commission]s 9 su* case may remove su* ob/ruction or projection1 & ! exp5se ( su* removal %all be paid by ! occupi] s mak+ default1 & %all be recov]able z damages2 provid$ always1 t except 9 ! case 9 :i* su* ob/ructions or projections 7 made or put up by ! occupi]1 su* occupi] %all be entitl$ to d$uct ! exp5se ( remov+ ! same f ! r5t payable by him to ! own] ( ! h\se or build+40 ,! wall ( a g>d5 9 front ( a h\se1 & %rubs 9 ! g>d51 :i* encroa* on ! /reet1 come )9 ! words 8any o!r ob/ruction0 9 ?is section4#acf ,x is d\btful1 h[ev]1 if trade signs project+ at su* a height z n to be 8an ob/ruction to ! safe & conv5i5t passage along any /reet0 c be remov$ "u ?is section1 h[ev] unsightly !y may be1 nor does x appe> t flag poles or flags c be ord]$ to be remov$ :5 at su* a height z to cause no ob/ruction4 ,! foll[+ clause1 h[ev]1 ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge affects ! "q ( new projections mu* m closely4 8,x %all n be lawful 9 any urban di/rict1 )\t ! writt5 cons5t ( ! urban au?ority1 to br+ =w>d any h\se or build+ =m+ "p ( any /reet or any "p !re(1 beyond ! front wall ( ! h\se or build+ on ei!r side !re(1 nor to build any addition !reto beyond ! front ( ! h\se or build+ on ei!r side ( ! same4 ,any p]son (f5d+ aga9/ ?is enactm5t %all be liable to a p5alty n exce$+ #djs4 = e day dur+ :i* ! (f5ce is cont9u$ aft] writt5 notice 9 ?is behalf f ! urban au?ority0 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #aef74 ,"h "s difficulty is frequ5tly exp]i5c$ z to ! "q if ! build+ has really be5 br\ght beyond ! common l9e ( neighb\r+ build+s1 especially :]e ! h\ses are deta*$2 b x is app>5tly left to ! tribunal be=e :om ! case is he>d to decide ?is po9t1 & ! surveyor c only give 8 evid5ce1 z 9 _m o!r cases1 to ! be/ ( 8 ability & k1 & tru/ to obta9+ a v]dict 9 8 fav\r4 ,) reg>d to ob/ructions erect$ be=e ! pass+ ( ! special ,act1 ! commission]s may cause ! same to be remov$ or alt]$ z !y ?9k fit-- 8,provid$ t !y give notice ( su* int5d$ removal or alt]ation to ! occupi]#acg ( ! h\se or build+ aga9/ or 9 front ( :i* su* alt]ation or removal is begun2 & if su* ob/ructions or projections %all h be5 lawfully made1 !y %all make reasonable comp5sation to e p]son :o suff]s damage by su* removal or alt]ation40#ach ,"h ! words 8reasonable comp5sation0 are difficult ( con/ruction & lead frequ5tly to long litigation4 7#c47 ,doors or ,gates op5+ outw>ds4-- ,section #ga ( ! ,t[ns ,improvem5t ,clauses ,act #ahdg enacts t 8,all doors1 gates & b>s put up aft] ! pass+ ( ! special ,act )9 ! limits !re(1 & :i* op5 ^u any /reet1 %all be hung or plac$ s z n to op5 outw>ds1 except :5 9 ! case ( public build+s ! commission]s all[ su* doors1 gates or b>s to be o!rwise hung or plac$2 & if 7except z a=esaid7 any su* door1 gate or b> be hung or plac$ s z to op5 outw>ds on any /reet1 ! occupi] ( su* h\se1 build+1 y>d or l& %all1 )9 eight days aft] notice f ! commission]s to t effect1 cause ! same to be alt]$ s z n to op5 outw>ds2 & 9 case he neglect s to d ! commission]s may make su* alt]ation1 & ! exp5ses ( su* alt]ation %all be paid to ! commission]s by su* occupi]1 & %all be recov]able f him z damages1 & he %all 9 addition be liable to a p5alty n exce$+ #djs40 ,section #gb ( ! same ,act fur!r enacts1 8,if any su* door1 gate or b> 0 be=e ! pass+ ( ! special ,act hung s z to op5 outw>ds ^u any /reet1 ! commission]s may alt] ! same s t no "p !re( :5 op5 %all project ov] any public way40 ,x is naturally necess>y t doors or gates ( all public build+s %\ld hang s z to op5 outw>ds1 s z to give a free & easy exit 9 case ( panic1 _m s]i\s accid5ts hav+ aris5 f a want ( ?is precaution2 b ) reg>d to private premises ! case is altoge!r diff]5t1 & if doors & gates 7 all[$ to op5 outw>ds1 !y w\ld soon become a dang]\s & intol]able nuisance4 ,x w be se5 t !re are two c\rses to be pursu$ 9 connection ) ?is (f5ce4 ,! fir/ is :]e ! door1 gate or b> has be5 plac$ be=e ! pass+ ( ! ,t[ns ,improvem5t ,clauses ,act 9 #ahdg1 9 :i* case ! 8commission]s may alt] ! same1 s t no "p !re( :5 op5 %all project ov] any public way40 ,?is duty ( c\rse re/s ) ! t[n surveyor1 & 9 _m cases x is n easy ( execution1 z /ructural difficulties may h to be enc\nt]$ & ov]come4 ,9 ! second case1 :]e ! door1 gate or b> has be5 plac$ s9ce ! pass+ ( ! ,act 9 #ahdg1 c]ta9 p5alties are incurr$ by ! occupi] or own]1 & ! commission]s may also alt] ! door1 gate or b> at 8 exp5se4 ,! foll[+ specim5 =m ( notice to be s]v$ 9 connection ) a case ( ?is description may be ( use3 ,,t[n ,,surveyor',s ,,(fice4 ,,sir1 ,i beg leave to give y notice t ( ! premises 9 y\r occupation op5s outw>ds1 & :5 op51 projects into ! /reet call$ or kn[n z 4 ,i h !re=e to require t y w be good en\gh to h su* alt]$ s t x %all n op5 outw>ds into ! said /reet1 )9 eight days next aft] y\r receipt ( ?is notice4 ,i beg leave also to give y notice t if y neglect to make ! alt]ation requir$ )9 ! p]iod specifi$ by ?is notice1 y r5d] y\rself liable to a p5alty ( #djs41 & ,i %all proce$ to make ! necess>y alt]ations1 & recov] ! co/s & p5alties f y z ! law directs4 ,i am1 ,sir1 y\r ob$i5t ,s]vant1 ,t[n ,surveyor4 ,to 7#d47 ,vault or ,cell> ,cov]+s4-- ,section #gc ( ! ,t[ns ,improvem5t ,clauses ,act #ahdg enacts1 8,:5 any op5+ is made 9 any pavem5t or footpa? )9 ! limits ( ! special ,act1 z an entrance into any vault or cell>1 a door or cov]+ %all be made by ! occupi]#aci ( su* vault or cell>1 ( iron1 or su* o!r mat]ials1 & 9 su* mann] z ! commission]s direct1 & su* door or cov]+ %all f "t to "t be kept 9 good repair by ! occupi] ( su* vault or cell>3 & if su* occupi] d n )9 a reasonable "t make su* door or cov]+1 or if he make any su* door or cov]+ contr>y to ! directions ( ! commission]s1 or if he d n keep ! same :5 prop]ly made 9 good repair1 he %all = e su* (f5ce be liable to a p5alty n exce$+ five p\nds40 ,besides ! p5alty1 ! p]son neglig5tly leav+ ! cov]+ 9 a dang]\s condition w\ld be liable to an action = damages at ! suit ( anyone :o _h su/a9$ an injury 9 consequ5ce ( ! cov]+ be+ s kept4#adj ,!re is ano!r clause incorporat$ 9 ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge f ! ,t[ns ,police ,clauses ,act #ahdg ^u ?is subject1 :i* is z foll[s3 8,e p]son :o leaves op5 any vault or cell>1 or ! entrance f any /reet to any cell> or room und]gr\nd1 )\t a suffici5t f5ce or h& rail1 or leaves defective ! door1 w9d[ or o!r cov]+ ( any vault or cell> 4 4 4 4 %all be liable to a p5alty n exce$+ #djs4 = ea* (f5ce1 or 9 ! discretion ( ! ju/ice be=e :om he is convict$ may be committ$ to prison1 !re to rema9 = a p]iod n exce$+ #ad days0 7#aj #aa ,vic4 c4 #hi1 s4 #bh74 ,b ! =m] section ,i h quot$ is t ^u :i* ! t[n surveyor g5]ally acts4 ,9 connection ) ?is duty ! foll[+ is giv5 z a specim5 notice3 ,,sir1 ,i beg to call y\r att5tion to ! fact t ! door or cov]+ to ! vault or cell> 9 y\r occupation1 ,no4 ,/reet1 is n 9 good repair 7& is slipp]y & dang]\s to foot-pass5g]s71#ada y are 9 consequ5ce liable to a p5alty ( #el4 ,i mu/ reque/ y w be good en\gh to h su* door or cov]+ prop]ly repair$ & made good 9 accordance ) ! con/ruction requir$ by law1 )9 days f ! date h]e(1 & 9 ! ev5t ( y\r fail+ to d s1 proce$+s w be tak5 to en=ce ! p5alty to :i* y are liable )\t fur!r notice4 ,i am1 y\r ob$i5t ,s]vant1 ,t[n ,surveyor4 ,to ,9 accordance ) ! provisions conta9$ 9 ! section ( ! ,t[ns ,improvem5t ,clauses ,act #ahdg :i* ,i h quot$1 t ! 8door or cov]+ %all be made by ! occupi] ( su* vault or cell> ( iron or su* o!r mat]ials1 & 9 su* mann] z ! commission]s direct10 mo/ t[ns 9 ?is c\ntry h prescrib$ ! size & mat]ials ( :i* !y %all be made1 ! size be+ (t5 limit$ to #f feet 9 l5g?1 by #bj in*es projection1 f ! l9e ( plyn? ( ! build+1 = cell> cov]+s or pavem5t lights z !y are sometimes call$1 & #ab in*es 9 diamet] = coal plates4 ,hayw>d's pat5t hexagonal & semiprismatic pavem5t lights1 h[ev]1 h obviat$ ! dang] ( slipp+ ^u ?is description ( cov]+1 & consequ5tly little or no inconv5i5ce is exp]i5c$1 ev5 if ! great] portion ( ! foot pavem5t is cov]$ by !m4#adb ,coalhole plates %\ld be s firmly fix$ z to prev5t ! possibility ( _! %ift+1 ev5 :5 ! rebate ( ! flag /one into :i* !y are dropp$ is worn1 & also to prev5t mis*iev\s p]sons f rais+ !m4 ,"h let me /ate t no p]son c )\t ! writt5 cons5t ( ! urban au?ority cause 8any vault1 ar* or cell> to be newly built or con/ruct$ "u ! c>riageway ( any /reet0 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #bf72 b f ?is section x does n appe> illegal to con/ruct a vault1 ar* or cell> "u ! footpa?1 :i* w\ld g5]ally be ! ext5t to :i* su* con/ructions w\ld be ext5d$4 ,h[ev]1 ! m g5]al p[]s conta9$ 9 section #adi ( ! same ,act1 by :i* all 8/reets & ! pavem5t /ones & o!r mat]ials !re(0 ve/ 9 & are "u ! control ( ! urban au?ority1 give ! necess>y p[]s to prev5t ! con/ruction ( cell>s "u any portion ( ! foot-pavem5t )\t ! cons5t ( ! urban au?ority4 ,! usual practice adopt$ is = any p]son :o requires to con/ruct a cell> "u ! foot-pavem5t or c>riageway ( any /reet1 to apply to ! urban au?ority = ! necess>y p]mission to d s4 ,9 grant+ ! p]mission1 ! urban au?ority call ^u ! own] ( ! premises to :i* ! propos$ vault or cell> is atta*$1 to ent] into an agreem5t ackn[l$g+ t ! cell> or vault is only an easem5t1 & agree+ to remove ! encroa*m5t :5ev] call$ ^u by ! urban au?ority to d s4 ,^! agreem5ts & any o!r simil> easem5ts %\ld be kept toge!r 9 a book1 :i* may be call$ ! 8,easem5t ,book10 & index$ 9 su* a mann] t a ref]5ce c be easily made at any "t to any easem5t t has be5 grant$4 7#e47 ,ra9-wat] f ,%utes or ,d[n ,pipes4-- ,wat] may n be all[$ to drip on to ! pavem5ts ( ! /reets f ! adjo9+ h\ses1 & ! foll[+ clause f ! ,t[ns ,improvem5t ,clauses ,act #ahdg has be5 incorporat$ ) ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge3 8,! occupi] ( e h\se or build+ 91 adjo9+1 or ne> to any /reet %all1 )9 sev5 days next aft] s]vice ( an ord] ( ! commission]s = t purpose1 fit up & keep 9 good condition a %oot or tr\gh ( ! :ole l5g? ( su* h\se or build+1 & %all connect ! same ei!r ) a simil> %oot on ! adjo9+ h\se1 or ) ! pipe or trunk to be fix$ to ! front or side ( su* build+ f ! ro( to ! gr\nd1 to c>ry ! wat] f ! ro( !re( 9 su* a mann] t ! wat] f su* h\se or any portico or projection !refrom %all n fall ^u ! p]sons pass+ along ! /reet or fl[ ov] ! footpa?2 & 9 default ( compliance ) any su* ord] )9 ! p]iod a=esaid1 su* occupi] %all be liable to a p5alty n exce$+ #djs4 = e day t he %all s make default0 7#aj #aa ,vic4 c4 #cd1 s4 #gd74 ,9 _m private ,t[n ,improvem5t ,acts1 ! co/ ( ! repair necess>y "u an ord] to d s f ! urban au?ority may be d$uct$ by ! occupi] f ! r5t payable to ! own] ( ! premises1 ?us ensur+ ! "w be+ done m quickly4 ,! foll[+ is a specim5 notice to be s]v$ ^u ! occupi] to repair or put new %ut+ to 8 h\se3 ,i beg to give y notice t ! eaves1 %ut+1 or project+ cornice#adc to ! h\se or build+ ,no4 9 y\r occupation1 is out ( repair4 ,a p5alty ( #djs4 w be incurr$ if ?is %ut+ be n repair$ )9 sev5 days f ! date ( ?is notice 7& "u ! ,special ,improvem5t ,act ! co/ ( su* repair may be d$uct$ f ! r5t payable to ! own]74#add ,i am1 y\r ob$i5t ,s]vant1 ,t[n ,surveyor4 ,to ,x is a common practice 9 mo/ t[ns = ! urban au?ority to provide & fix trunks or tr\ghs across _! footpa?s into :i* ! d[n pipes f ! ra9-wat] %utes c empty _! cont5ts4 7#f47 ,bl9ds or ,awn+s ov] ,footpa?s4-- ,^! may be dealt ) z ob/ructions "u sec4 #fi ( ! ,t[ns ,improvem5t ,clauses ,act #ahdg1 :i* ,i h already quot$1#ade b !y are m p>ticul>ly allud$ to 9 ! ,police ,clauses ,act #ahdg 9 ! foll[+ section3 8,e p]son :o 4 4 4 places any bl9d1 %ade1 cov]+1 awn+1 or o!r projection ov] or along any su* footway1 unless su* bl9d1 %ade1 cov]+1 awn+ or o!r projection is #h feet 9 height at lea/ 9 e "p !re( f ! gr\nd1 %all be liable to a p5alty n exce$+ #djs4 = ea* (f5ce1 c40 4 4 4 7#aj #aa ,vic4 c4 #hi1 s4 #bh74 ,?us legalis+ ! fix+ ( %op-bl9ds1 c41 provid$ !y are at lea/ #h feet 9 height & consequ5tly no ob/ruction to ! traffic4 ,9 ord] to make ! bl9ds or awn+s suffici5tly secure :]e !y are ( l>ge dim5sions1 x is v usual = ! own] or occupi] ( ! premises to :i* ! bl9d or awn+ is to be atta*$1 to seek & obta9 ! cons5t ( ! local au?ority to fix iron sockets 9 ! k]b ( ! footpa? into :i* iron or wood /&>ds are ins]t$ = ! purpose ( support+ ! out] "p ( ! bl9d or awn+1 & !re c be no objection to ?is practice provid$ t ! "w is effici5tly p]=m$ & to ! satisfaction ( ! t[n surveyor4 7#g47 ,trees ov]hang+ ,roadways4-- ,x us$ =m]ly to be consid]$ by road surveyors & o!rs#adf t great injury 0 caus$ to roadways by ov]hang+ bran*es ( trees or bu%es1 :i* 7 suppos$ to exclude ! light & air f ! roadway & ?us damage x1 h5ce p[]s 7 giv5 to local au?orities1 z surveyors ( highways1 to compel occupi]s ( premises adjo9+ ! roadways to cut back & prune _! trees or h$ges 9 ord] to prev5t ?is damage4 ,! foll[+ be+ ! =m ( notice usually adopt$ = ?is purpose3 ,to ,y are h]eby requir$ to cut1 prune1 & trim y\r h$ges adjo9+ ! highway lead+ f to & also to cut d[n1 prune1 or lop ! bran*es ( trees1 bu%es & %rubs gr[+ 9 or ne> su* h$ges & o!r f5ces adjo9+ !reto1 9 su* mann] t ! said highway %all n be prejudic$ by ! %ade !re(1 & t ! sun & w9d may n be exclud$ !refrom4 ,& y w fur!r take notice1 t if y %all neglect s to d )9 five days ( ! deliv]y h]e(1 ,i %all proce$ to h ! said h$ges1 trees1 & bu%es cut & prun$1 accord+ to ! p[] & provisions ( ! v>i\s ,acts ( ,p>liam5t relat+ !reto4 ,& fur!r1 t ,i %all also proce$ to recov] f y ! p5alties 9 ?is respect impos$ by ! said ,acts ( ,p>liam5t4 ,dat$ ?is day ( ,surveyor4 ,x is h[ev] n[ v seldom t ov]hang+ bran*es ( trees or h$ges cause any damage to ! roadways )9 an urban di/rict1 & unless !y are an actual ob/ruction to ! traffic1 ! gr[? ( trees ne> urban roads & /reets %\ld be enc\rag$2 inde$ x is n[ a common practice to plant trees close alongside ! roadway1 ! bran*es ( :i* mu/ ( necessity hang ov] x1 & cause no damage if ! roadway is prop]ly =m$ & att5d$ to4 7#h47 ,surface ,wat] f ,private ,premises runn+ ov] ,footpa?s4-- ,x frequ5tly happ5s t ! ra9-wat] :i* falls ^u a front g>d5 or c\rty>d f9ds its way1 = want ( a suffici5t dra91 out ( ! gate & across or along ! public footpa?1 ?us caus+ annoyance to p$e/rians ev5 if x does no injury to ! pa?4 ,!re does n seem to be any clause 9 ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge to meet ?is objection1 = ! section :i* ,i h giv5 ) ref]5ce to ra9-wat] %utes & d[n pipes 7#aj #aa ,vic4 c4 #cd1 s4 #gd71 does n apply to su* cases1 z x only ref]s to wat] f ! 8ro( or any portico or projection0 & n to wat] fall+ ^u ! surface ( a g>d5 or c\rty>d1 nor is !re any?+ 9 ! ,highways ,acts :i* c be br\ght to be> ^u ! subject4 ,if1 h[ev]1 any injury is caus$ to ! footpa?1 no d\bt ! cause ( (f5ce may be /opp$ or ! p]petrator prosecut$ or indict$ 9 default4 7#i47 ,ho>d+s & ,scaffolds4-- ,:5 build+s are 9 c\rse ( erection1 or repairs are be+ c>ri$ out to !m1 x is g5]ally necess>y t ! p]son engag$ 9 ! "w %\ld con/ruct ei!r a ho>d+ or inclosure1 or at all ev5ts a scaffold1 s z to execute ! "w prop]ly4 ,^u ?is po9t ! foll[+ clause ( ! ,t[ns ,improvem5t ,clauses ,act has be5 incorporat$ ) ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge3 8,e p]son int5d+ to build or take d[n any build+ )9 ! limits ( ! special ,act1 or to cause ! same to be s done1 or to alt] or repair ! outw>d "p ( any su* build+1 or to cause ! same to be s done1 :]e any /reet or footway w be ob/ruct$ or r5d]$ inconv5i5t by means ( su* "w1 %all1 be=e beg9n+ ! same1 cause suffici5t ho>ds or f5ces to be put up 9 ord] to sep>ate ! build+ :]e su* works are be+ c>ri$ on f ! /reet1 ) a conv5i5t plat=m & h&rail if !re be room en\gh1 to s]ve z a footway = pass5g]s1 outside ( su* ho>d or f5ce1 & %all cont9ue su* ho>d or f5ce ) su* plat=m & h&rail z a=esaid /&+ & 9 good condition1 to ! satisfaction ( ! commission]s1 dur+ su* times z ! public safety or conv5i5ce requires1 & %all1 9 all cases 9 :i* x is necess>y 9 ord] to prev5t accid5ts1 cause ! same to be suffici5tly light$ dur+ ! night4#adg ,& e su* p]son :o fails to put up su* f5ce or ho>d or plat=m ) su* h&rail z a=esaid1 or to cont9ue ! same respectively /&+ & 9 good condition z a=esaid1 or :o does n1 :ile ! said ho>d or f5ce is /&+1 keep ! same suffici5tly light$ 9 ! night1 or :o does n remove ! same :5 direct$ by ! commission]s )9 a reasonable "t aft]w>ds1 %all = e su* (f5ce be liable to a p5alty n exce$+ #el41 & a fur!r p5alty n exce$+ #djs4 = e day :ile su* default is cont9u$0 7#aj #aa ,vic4 c4 #cd1 s4 #hj74 ,ho>d+s & scaffold+s are n[ s sci5tifically erect$ z to be little or no inconv5i5ce to foot-pass5g]s4 ,c>e mu/1 h[ev]1 be tak5 to see t 9 ! erection ( a ho>d+ ! doors or gates 9 x %all n op5 outw>ds1 & ! police %\ld be in/ruct$ to prev5t c>ts be+ back$ 9 & left /&+ across ! footpa?4 ,! surveyor mu/ ex]cise great discretion 9 ! l5g? ( "t he all[s a ho>d+ to rema92 )\t undue h>d%ip on ! build]1 he mu/ /udy at ! same "t ! m important "q ( ! public conv5i5ce4 7#aj47 ,dang]\s ,build+s4-- ,?is is ! la/1 al?\gh by no means ! lea/1 ( ! s]ies ( 8ob/ructions0 ,i h enum]at$4 ,"h1 aga91 v grave responsibility re/s ) ! surveyor to det]m9e :at is a dang]\s build+1 & 9 :at mann] x %all be r5d]$ safe & secure1 = 8 op9ion is app>5tly legally conclusive on ?is matt]4 ,! foll[+ is ! clause ( ! ,t[ns ,improvem5t ,clauses ,act :i* deals ) ru9\s or dang]\s build+s3 8,if any build+ or wall1 or any?+ affix$ !reon1 )9 ! limits ( ! special ,act1 be deem$ by ! surveyor ( ! commission]s to be 9 a ru9\s /ate & dang]\s to pass5g]s or to ! occupi]s ( ! neighb\r+ build+s1 su* surveyor %all imm$iately cause a prop] ho>d or f5ce to be put up = ! protection ( pass5g]s1#adh & %all cause notice 9 writ+ to be giv5 to ! own] ( su* build+ or wall1 if he be kn[n & resid5t )9 ! said limits1 & %all also cause su* notice to be put on ! door or o!r conspicu\s "p ( ! said premises1 or o!rwise to be giv5 to ! occupi] !re(1 if any1 requir+ su* own] or occupi] =?) to take d[n1 secure or repair su* build+1 wall or o!r ?+1 z ! case %all require4 ,& if su* own] or occupi] d n beg9 to repair1 take d[n or secure su* build+1 wall or o!r ?+1 )9 ! space ( ?ree days aft] any su* notice has be5 s giv5 or put up z a=esaid1 & complete su* repairs or tak+ d[n or secur+ z spe$ily z ! nature ( ! case w admit1 ! said surveyor may make compla9t !re( be=e two ju/ices to ord] ! own]1 or 9 8 default ! occupi] 7if any7 ( su* build+1 wall1 or o!r ?+1 to take d[n1 rebuild1 repair or o!rwise secure1 to ! satisfaction ( su* surveyor1 ! same1 or su* "p !re( z appe>s to !m to be 9 a dang]\s /ate1 )9 a "t to be fix$ by su* ju/ices4 ,& 9 case ! same be n tak5 d[n1 repair$1 rebuilt or o!rwise secur$ )9 ! "t s limit$1 or if no own] or occupi] c be f\nd on :om to s]ve su* ord]1 ! commission]s %all ) all conv5i5t spe$ cause all or s mu* ( su* build+1 wall1 or o!r ?+ z %all be 9 a ru9\s condition & dang]\s z a=esaid1 to be tak5 d[n1 repair$1 rebuilt or o!rwise secur$ 9 su* mann] z %all be requisite1 & all ! exp5ses ( putt+ up e su* f5ce1 & ( tak+ d[n1 repair+1 rebuild+ or secur+ su* build+1 wall or o!r ?+ %all be paid by ! own] !re(0 7#aj #aa ,vic4 c4 #cd1 s4 #ge74 ,great c>e mu/ be obs]v$ 9 see+ t ! notices are prop]ly prep>$ & s]v$ 9 accordance ) sections #bff & #bfg ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge1 & ! t[n cl]k1 z ! legal advis] ( ! sanit>y au?ority1 %\ld be consult$ 79 ?is z 9 all cases requir+ notices7 by ! surveyor4 ,x sometimes happ5s t a tall *imney %aft1 wall1 or o!r erection may app>5tly be p]fectly safe1 :]eas 9 a high gale ( w9d x may be bl[n d[n4 ,_m tall *imney %afts rock 9 an al>m+ mann] 9 a high w9d1#adi b he w\ld be a bold surveyor :o w\ld ord] "s ( ^! exp5sive /ructures to be pull$ d[n 9 ! face ( ! opposition he w\ld receive4#aej ,a curi\s case ( "s difficulty 9 connection ) dang]\s build+s has come "u my notice1 :]e a h\se 0 built ) ! approval ( ! urban au?ority1 & aft] completion & occupation ! att5tion ( ! surveyor 0 call$ to ! fact t a l>ge piece ( rock at ! back ( ! h\se1 f :i* ! site _h be5 excavat$ = ! purpose ( its erection1 0 9 a dang]\s condition & likely to fall at any mom5t & cause great damage to prop]ty1 or ev5 loss ( life4 ,! cl]k to ! urban au?ority1 :5 consult$1 0 ( op9ion t ! surveyor c\ld d no?+ 9 ! matt]1 z ! case 0 n met 9 any way by ! ,act4 ,! foll[+ is giv5 z a specim5 notice to s]ve ) ref]5ce to a dang]\s /ructure3 ,,notice4 ,to 7,a7 ! ,own] ( ! ru9\s & dang]\s 7,b7 "u-m5tion$ & ! occupi] !re(4 ,:]eas a c]ta9 7,b7 situat$ at )9 ! bor\gh ( 1 9 ! c\nty ( 1 is deem$ by me1 ! und]sign$1 ! surveyor ( ! mayor1 ald]m5 & burgesses ( ! said bor\gh ( 1 act+ by ! c\ncil z ! urban sanit>y au?ority = ! same1 to be 9 a ru9\s /ate & dang]\s to pass5g]s or to ! occupi]s ( neighb\r+ build+s3 ,!re=e take notice1 t y are h]eby requir$1 9 pursuance ( ! provisions 9 t behalf ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge1 & ! ,t[ns ,improvem5t ,clauses ,act #ahdg1 to take d[n1 repair or secure ! said 7,b74 ,& t if y d n or if nei!r ( y does beg9 to take d[n1 repair1 or secure ! said 7,b7 )9 ! space ( ?ree days aft] ?is notice has be5 s]v$ ^u y or put ^u ! said premises1 & complete su* tak+ d[n1 repair+ or secur+ z spe$ily z ! nature ( ! case w admit1 ,i %all cause compla9t !re( to be made be=e two ju/ices 9 accordance ) ! provisions ( ! /atutes a=esaid4 ,dat$ ?is day ( #ah 4 ,surveyor ( ! said ,urban ,sanit>y ,au?ority4 ,a4 ,! "n & description ( ! own] or occupi]1 or ! names1 c41 ( bo? %\ld be "h ins]t$4 ,b4 ,build+1 wall1 or any?+ affix$ !reon4 ,be=e clos+ ?is *apt] ^u 8,ob/ructions 9 ,/reets0 ,i give ! foll[+ clause f ! 8,t[ns ,improvem5t ,clauses ,act10 :i* comes aft] two o!r sections ( ! same ,act pr9cipally deal+ ) build+ mat]ials1 rubbi%1 or holes 9 /reets1 & al?\gh 9 ?is clause ! ^w 8build+0 is us$1 ! section _c be tak5 z ref]r+ to dang]\s build+s1 al?\gh x may und\bt$ly be us$ :]e x is requir$ on acc\nt ( wa/e l&1 c41 be+ left 9 an unprotect$ & dang]\s /ate3-- 8,if any build+ or hole or any o!r place ne> any /reet be1 = want ( suffici5t repair1 protection or inclosure1 dang]\s to ! pass5g]s along su* /reet1 ! commission]s %all cause ! same to be repair$1 protect$ or inclos$ s z to prev5t dang] !refrom2 & ! exp5se ( su* repair1 protection or inclosure %all be repaid to ! commission]s by ! own] ( ! premises s repair$1 protect$ or inclos$1 & %all be recov]able f him z damages0 7#aj #aa ,vic4 c4 #cd1 s4 #hc74 ,i h purposely omitt$ any ref]5ce to tempor>y ob/ructions 9 ! /reets1 :i* are naturally subjects = ! int]f]5ce ( ! police1 b ,i ?9k ,i h enum]at$ all ^? :i* require ! att5tion ( ! t[n surveyor4 #aca ,vide #aj #aa ,vic4 c4 #cd1 s4 #fg4 #acb ,vide ,fitzg]ald's #8,public ,heal? & ,local ,gov]nm5t ,act #ahge1' #crd edition1 p4 #aff4 #acc ,vide #aj #aa ,vic4 c4 #cd1 s4 #fh4 #acd ,ibid4 ss4 #fi & #gj4 #ace ,or ,own]s1 see s4 #afj1 #ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee4 #acf ,vide ,fitzg]ald's #8,public ,heal? & ,local ,gov]nm5t ,act #ahge1' #crd edition1 p4 #agd4 #acg ,or own]1 see #ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #afj4 #ach ,t[ns ,improvem5t ,clauses ,act #ahdg1 s4 #gj4 #aci ,or own]4 #adj ,vide #8,fitzg]ald's ,public ,heal? & ,local ,gov]nm5t ,act #ahge1' #crd edition1 p4 #age4 #ada ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! mode ( con/ruction 8direct$ by ! commission]s0 au?orises ?is "p ( ! notice4 #adb ,9 ! ,city ( ,london ^! pat5t lights h be5 fix$ 9 ! pavem5t r\nd ! :ole ( ! frontage ( ,mansion ,h\se ,build+s1 at ! corn] ( ,que5 ,victoria ,/reet1 & also ov] ! :ole ( ! pavem5ts 9 ,drap]'s ,g>d5s1 besides _m o!r equally cr[d$ ?or\ghf>es1 )\t ! lea/ inconv5i5ce be+ exp]i5c$4 #adc ,9 ! ,act ! words us$ are 8%oot0 & 8tr\gh40 #add ,^! words mu/ be omitt$ if !re is no special ,improvem5t ,act4 #ade ,vide p4 #agf4 #adf ,sir ,fr$4 ,p>nell 9 8 celebrat$ "w ^u roads has ! foll[+ p>agraph ^u ?is subject3-- ,! great advantage ( hav+ a road p]fectly expos$ to ! action ( ! sun & w9d w be m accurately conceiv$ by ref]r+ to writ]s ( sci5ce on evaporation4 ,dr4 ,hailey /ates t "o-t5? ( an in* ( ! surface ( ! sea is rais$ p] diem 9 vap\r4 ,he also says t ! w9ds lick up ! wat] some:at fa/] ?an x exhales by ! heat ( ! sun4 ,o!r writ]s say ! dissipation ( moi/ure is mu* accel]at$ by ! ag5cy ( sweep+ w9ds1 ! effects be+ sometimes augm5t$ five to t5 times4 ,trees are p>ticul>ly injuri\s by n all[+ ! sun & w9d to h free action on ! surface ( roads produc+ evaporation4 ,besides ! b5efit :i* a road receives f its dry+ rapidly by an op5 exposure to ! atmosph]e1 !re is ano!r ( great importance1 namely1 t ( af=d+ to horses ! advantage ( free respiration2 = x is well kn[n t ! p[]s ( a horse to p]=m "w ) ease1 p>ticul>ly :5 mov+ rapidly1 dep5ds ^u ! quantity ( cool & fre% air t he c pass ?r\gh 8 lungs4 ,if ! cause ( horses tir+ or becom+ ill "u _! "w be c>efully exam9$ into1 x w (t5 be f\nd t x is n _! muscles or limbs t fail !m1 b _! w9d2 & !re=e1 x is p>ticul>ly important to h a road s circum/anc$ t a horse may on all p>ts ( x h ! b5efit ( a free curr5t ( air4 #adg ,no p]son c put up ho>ds or scaffolds 9 ! /reets )\t fir/ obta9+ ! cons5t ( ! urban au?ority1 vide sections #add & #adi ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge4 ,_m t[ns also h private improvem5t ,acts ) v b9d+ clauses on ?is subject1 emp[]+ ! surveyor to dem& a fee = a lic5ce to erect a ho>d+1 & emp[]+ him to remove ^! aft] notice1 c4 #adh ,?is is sc>cely ev] feasible1 or ( ! slighte/ use if done4 #adi ,mr4 ,coop] /ates t 8a tall *imney w rock #a in* 9 a mod]ate w9d1 & ev5 to an ext5t ( ? ( an in* at a di/ance ( only #af feet up f its base1 & yet be safe40 7,vide #8,m9utes ( ,proce$+s ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1' vol4 xxvii4 p4 #ajj47 #aej ,:il/ ?is "w 0 9 ! press ! t]rible disa/] aris+ f ! fall+ ( an imm5se *imney %aft at ,brad=d took place1 ! result ( :i* 0 ! dea? ( upw>ds ( =ty p]sons & great de/ruction ( prop]ty4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,improvem5t ,,( ,,private ,,/reets4 ,prior to ! pass+ ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge ! improvem5t ( private roads & /reets 0 dealt ) "u section #fi ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahdh1 b ! clause "u :i* ! t[n surveyor n[ works is t :i* is s well kn[n z ! #aej? section ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge1 & is z foll[s3 8,:]e any /reet )9 any urban di/rict 7n be+ a highway repairable by ! inhabitants at l>ge7 or ! c>riageway1 footway1 or any o!r "p ( su* /reet is n sew]$1 levell$1 pav$1 metall$1 flagg$1 *annell$ & made good1 or is n light$ to ! satisfaction ( ! urban au?ority1 su* au?ority may1 by notice address$ to ! respective own]s or occupi]s ( ! premises front+1 adjo9+ or abutt+ on su* p>ts !re( z may require to be sew]$1 levell$1 pav$1 metall$1 flagg$ or *annell$1 or to be light$1 require !m to sew]1 level1 pave1 metal1 flag1 *annel or make good1 or to provide prop] means = light+ ! same )9 a "t to be specifi$ 9 su* notice4 8,be=e giv+ su* notice ! urban au?ority %all cause plans & sections ( any /ructural works int5d$ to be execut$ "u ?is section1 & an e/imate ( ! probable co/ !re(1 to be made "u ! direction ( _! surveyor1 su* plans & sections to be on a scale ( n less ?an "o in* = eighty-eight feet = a horizontal plan1 & on a scale ( n less ?an "o in* = t5 feet = a v]tical section1 &1 9 ! case ( a sew]1 %[+ ! dep? ( su* sew] bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd3 su* plans1 sections & e/imate %all be deposit$ 9 ! (fice ( ! urban au?ority1 & %all be op5 at all reasonable h\rs = ! inspection ( all p]sons int]e/$ !re9 dur+ ! "t specifi$ 9 su* notice2 & a ref]5ce to su* plans & sections 9 su* notice %all be suffici5t )\t requir+ any copy ( su* plans & sections to be annex$ to su* notice4 ,if su* notice is n compli$ )1 ! urban au?ority may1 if !y ?9k fit1 execute ! works m5tion$ or ref]r$ to !re92 & may recov] 9 a summ>y mann] ! exp5ses incurr$ by !m 9 s do+ f ! own]s 9 default1 accord+ to ! frontage ( _! respective premises1 & 9 su* proportion z is settl$ by ! surveyor ( ! urban au?ority1 or 79 case ( dispute7 by arbitration 9 mann] provid$ by ?is ,act2 or ! urban au?ority may by ord] decl>e ! exp5ses s incurr$ to be private improvem5t exp5ses4 8,! same proce$+s may be tak5 & ! same p[]s may be ex]cis$ 9 respect ( any /reet or road ( :i* a "p is or may be a public footpa? or repairable by ! inhabitants at l>ge1 z fully z if ! :ole ( su* /reet or road 0 a highway n repairable by ! inhabitants at l>ge0 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #aej74 ,"o has only to look at ! numb] ( footnotes t foll[ ?is clause bo? 9 8,gl5n0 & 8,fitzg]ald0 to see t x requires "s consid]able int]pretation4 ,i propose 9 ?is *apt] to call att5tion to "s ( its eng9e]+ discrepancies & to po9t out ! duties ( ! t[n surveyor 9 connection ) its en=cem5t4 ,fir/ !n1 ,i conclude t x is ! duty ( ! surveyor to call ! att5tion ( ! urban au?ority to ! fact t any /reet )9 8 di/rict 7n be+ a highway repairable by ! inhabitants at l>ge7 is n 8sew]$1 levell$1 pav$1 c40 b !re is no express ord] = him to d s1 b ) :oev] ?is duty re/s1 x is no d\bt ! surveyor's duty to be c]ta9 t ! /reet 9 "q has nev] be5 d$icat$ to ! public or repair$ at ! co/ ( ! rates1 b is really a private /reet )9 ! mean+ ( ! ,act4 ,be=e proce$+ to give ! mann] ( putt+ ! #aej? section into =ce1 x is necess>y to draw att5tion to "s ( its word+4 ,! ^w 8sew]$0 no d\bt is also meant to include all dra9s bo? = h\se sewage & surface wat] fall+ on ! /reet1 c41 & may be us$ 9 ! same compreh5sive mann] t ! ^w 8sew]age0 is g5]ally employ$4 8,levell$0 is also r a vague t]m1 b x has be5 held to ref] only to ! level or cross section ( ! /reet itself1 !re be+ no p[] to *>ge ! adjac5t own]s ) ! exp5se ( alt]+ ! level ( ! /reet s z to make x con=m to a /reet ) :i* x connects4 ,! ^w 8=m$0 w\ld 9 ?is case h !re=e be5 a m appropriate phrase4 8,pav$1 metall$1 flagg$1 *annell$ & made good0 are v precise directions1 b :y bo? ! words 8pav$0 & 8metall$0 are us$ is n cle>4 ,is ! pav+ to be plac$ on ! top ( ! metall+ or vice v]s8 ,x seems ludicr\s to h us$ bo? words4 ,! ^w 8k]b$0 also ought no d\bt to h be5 ins]t$1 z no /reet ei!r urban or suburban c be =m$ )\t ?is necess>y adjunct4 ,^! v precise directions1 if c>ri$ out 9 _! entirety1 w\ld cause great inju/ice to ! adjac5t own]s ( ! prop]ty :o _h to be> ! exp5se1 = al?\gh 8pav+0 & 8flagg+0 may be necess>y = /reets situat$ 9 a t[n itself1 !y w\ld be p]fectly unnecess>y = a suburban road1 & x is to ?is latt] class ( "w t ! section is m frequ5tly appli$4 ,!re are g5]ally v few badly ma9ta9$ private /reets 9 ! he>t & busie/ p>ts ( a t[n1 mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion consequ5tly exi/s 9 diff]5t localities z to :at ! requirem5ts %all be4 ,"s urban au?orities insi/ t ! roadways %all be pav$ ) granite setts or wood blocks1 ! footpa?s be+ flagg$ or pav$ ) asphalte1 :ile o!rs are cont5t ) ord9>y macadamis$ roadways & gravell$ pa?s4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! t[n surveyor mu/ use consid]able discretion 9 decid+ :at class ( "w %\ld be dem&$1 & he mu/ be greatly guid$ by ! situation & requirem5ts ( ! /reet 9 "q & ! description & value ( ! adjo9+ prop]ty4 ,) ref]5ce to ! words 8or is n light$10 my op9ion is t ne>ly all private /reets are at once light$ by ! urban au?ority out ( ! rates1 s soon z build+s are erect$ at its sides or x is f\nd necess>y = ! public conv5i5ce to d s4 ,a ref]5ce to section #afa ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge w %[ t !re is no exclusion ( private /reets = t purpose1 & = _m obvi\s reasons x is bett] t ! urban au?ority %\ld !mselves und]take ?is duty r ?an ?r[ x ^u private individuals4 ,hav+ ?us f> drawn att5tion to "s ( ! word+ ( ! clause1 x is n[ necess>y to discuss ! duties ( ! t[n surveyor 9 connection ) x4 ,x w be se5 t notice has to be address$ to ! own]s or occupi]s ( 8premises front+1 adjo9+ or abutt+ on su* p>ts !re( z may require to be sew]$1 levell$1 pav$1 c40 ,x is (t5 f\nd t al?\gh ! great] portion ( a c]ta9 private /reet may be 9 a %ock+ /ate ( repair1 p]haps j a small l5g? "h & !re opposite portions ( diff]5t frontages may n be s bad3 = in/ance1 ! pa? may be well gravell$ & k]b$ & a n>r[ *annel gutt] ins]t$ aga9/ a wret*$ly con/ruct$ roadway4 ,x is (t5 op5 to "q if ! own]s ( ^! prop]ties aga9/ :i* ^! p>tial improvem5ts h be5 effect$ c expect to escape _! liability4 ,if !y c1 x complicates /ill m ! work+ ( an already greatly complicat$ clause4 8,be=e giv+ su* notice ! urban au?ority %all cause plans & sections 4 4 4 to be made "u ! direction ( _! surveyor40 ,?is ord] involves "s consid]able am\nt ( "w4 ,v accurate surveys mu/ be made & plott$ to a l>ge scale1 levels mu/ be tak51 & :]e sew]s h to be includ$ 9 ! notice x is (t5 necess>y to ext5d ! survey consid]ably1 9 ord] to make provision = future ext5sions ( /reets or build+s or = ! exi/+ sew]age sy/em4 ,! clause is v p>ticul> 9 /at+ t ! 8dep? ( su* sew] bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd0 mu/ be %[n1 b no m5tion is made ab\t ! size4 ,! latt] po9t be+ ( q z great importance x w\ld be ?\ght z ! dep?1 ! "q also at once arises1 :e!r ! new sew] mu/ be specifi$ ( su* a size z only to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! /reet alone1 or may x be made ( su* an area z w c>ry ! sewage ( a consid]able di/rict8 ,x w\ld be mo/ unju/ to expect ! own]s ( prop]ty to pay = a sew] l>g] ?an 0 requir$ = ! /reet 9 respect ( :i* !y 7 responsible1 & if legal1 ! bett] plan w\ld be = !m to be *>g$ ) ! co/ ( su* a sew] z w\ld be suffici5t = _! purpose & let any extra size t ! surveyor f\nd 0 requisite be paid = out ( ! public rates4 ,x %\ld be not$ t 9 addition to ! plans & sections 8an e/imate ( ! probable co/0 mu/ also be prep>$ by ! surveyor1 & ?is mu/ be v c>efully prep>$1 = x has be5 held to be a 8condition prec$5t to ! recov]y ( ! exp5ses1 t su* e/imate %\ld h be5 prop]ly made0 7,vide #8,fitzg]ald' p4 #afj1 #crd edition74 ,no m5tion is h[ev] made 9 ! ,act ( a specification1 :i* is ( c\rse absolutely ess5tial4 ,x may "h be ( use if ,i give a specim5 =m ( notice to be s]v$ 9 connection ) c>ry+ out ! duties involv$ by ?is clause2 ( c\rse ea* t[n surveyor mu/ alt] ! "w specifi$ to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! case2 ,to ! ,own] or ,own]s ( c]ta9 premises front+1 adjo9+1 or abutt+ ^u a c]ta9 /reet1 call$ 9 ! p>i% ( 9 ! bor\gh ( 9 ! c\nty ( ,:]eas ! said /reet is n levell$1 pav$1 metall$1 *annell$ & made good to ! satisfaction ( ! mayor1 ald]m5 & burgesses ( 1 ! urban sanit>y au?ority ( ! above-nam$ bor\gh3 ,& :]eas y\r said premises front1 adjo91 or abut on c]ta9 p>ts ( ! said /reet :i* requires to be levell$1 pav$1 metall$1 *annell$ & made good z a=esaid3 ,n[ !re=e1 ! mayor1 ald]m5 & burgesses ( 1 ! urban sanit>y au?ority ( ! said bor\gh z a=esaid1 h]eby give y notice 79 pursuance ( ! /atute 9 t case made & provid$7 to level1 pave1 metal1 *annel & make good ! portion ( ! said /reet 9 :i* y\r said premises front1 adjo91 or abut z a=esaid1 )9 ! space ( "o mon? f ! date h]e(1 9 mann] foll[+1 t is to say3 7,if a sew] is to be =m$1 fill 9 ?is fir/47 ,! c>riage-way & wat] tables !re( to be =m$ 9 ! mode1 accord+ to ! sections1 & on ! levels & at ! rates ( incl9ation %[n ^u ! plan1 sections1 & 9 accordance ) ! specification ( ! "w prep>$ by ! surveyor to ! said urban sanit>y au?ority1 & n[ op5 = public inspection at 8 (fice1 dur+ ! usual (fice h\rs4 ,! c>riage-way to be bottom$1 =m$1 & c>efully levell$ up to ! =m %[n by ! said sections2 & 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 7,"h fill 9 specification ( me?od47 ,con/ruct gullies1 fitt$ ) five-b> ca/-iron grat+s & frames ( ! =m & patt]n to be se5 at 1 ^! gullies to be plac$ 9 su* positions z are %[n on ! a=esaid plan & sections2 ea* gully to h a six-in* glaz$ /onew>e socket-pipe dra9 connect+ x ) ! sew]1 to be laid on a solid b$1 & at an uni=m incl9ation f gully to sew]1 ) jo9ts made ( neat ,portl& cem5t4 ,! exi/+ k]b to be tak5 up & replac$ by in*es by in*es granite k]b 9 l5g?s ( n less ?an in*es1 to ! l9es %[n on plan1 & to ! levels m>k$ on sections4 ,! wat]-tables or gutt] to be *annell$ ) prop]ly laid1 & b$d$ on f9e gravel to ! levels & incl9ations m>k$ on sections4 ,! footpa?s %all be prop]ly =m$1 bottom$1 & dra9$ :]e requir$2 ! =mation level made to ! incl9ation %[n on section1 & aft]w>ds coat$ ) 4 ,! :ole ( ! above-m5tion$ works to be execut$ by y 9 accordance ) ! plan & sections h]e9be=e ref]r$ to & n[ op5 = inspection at ! surveyor's (fice z a=esaid1 & ( ! dim5sions1 wid?s & levels %[n !reon1 & to be done 9 a good1 workmanlike & sub/antial mann]1 to ! satisfaction ( ! said urban sanit>y au?ority & ( _! surveyor4 ,an e/imate ( ! probable co/ ( ! said "w1 prep>$ "u ! direction ( ! surveyor to ! said urban sanit>y au?ority1 is also ly+ = inspection at ! (fice ( ! said surveyor1 9 mann] requir$ by section #aej ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge4 ,dat$ ?is day ( #ah 4 ,t[n ,cl]k4 ,! clause !n goes on to say 8,if su* notice is n compli$ )40 ,x w\ld be a mo/ difficult & co/ly proce$+ = any individual own] ( prop]ty to execute ! "w = half ! wid? ( ! /reet opposite 8 l5g? ( frontage1 & ! result w\ld be any?+ b satisfactory if ! own]s ( ! prop]ties 7 to comply ) ! notices 9 ?is mann]4 ,if ! own]s d int5d to comply ) ! notice1 & c>ry out ! "w !mselves1 ! be/ me?od = !m to adopt is to hold a meet+ & decide ^u hav+ x done1 !n to appo9t "o ( _! numb]1 or "s o!r p]son to sup]9t5d or c>ry out ! "w1 & aft]w>ds collect ! money1 b ?is is v seldom done1 & ! wise/ c\rse 7:i* is g5]ally adopt$7 is n to comply ) ! notice1 b let ! urban au?ority execute ! "w !mselves4 ,?is aga9 entails consid]able lab\r ^u ! t[n surveyor1 :o has to sup]9t5d ! "w & see t all ! details conta9$ 9 ! /atutory notices are prop]ly c>ri$ out1 b 8 lab\r does n end "h4 ,^u ! completion ( ! "w ! am\nt exp5d$ has to be recov]$ 8f ! own]s 9 default accord+ to ! frontage ( _! respective premises1 & 9 su* proportion z is settl$ by ! surveyor ( ! urban au?ority1 or 79 case ( dispute7 by arbitration40 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to po9t out :at an imm5se am\nt ( responsible "w ?is involves4 ,fir/1 a sep>ate acc\nt ( all ! lab\r & mat]ials employ$ on ! /reet mu/ be mo/ c>efully kept & totall$ at ! end ( ! "w1 ) su* additional sum = sup]vision1 c41 z ! urban au?ority may ?9k necess>y4#aea ,! exact l5g? ( ea* prop]ty 8front+1 adjo9+ or abutt+0 on ! /reet1 mu/ be mo/ c>efully measur$4 ,a proportionate sum has !n to be calculat$ = ea* ( ^!1 & ?is sum is (t5 complicat$ by cross roads1 cul-de-sacs1 n>r[ passages1 /rips ( l& int]v5+ betwe5 ! /reet & ! prop]ties1 & _m o!r p]plex+ intricacies1 9 addition to ^? p]sons :o are legally exempt$ f any paym5t "u ! foll[+ clause ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge3 8,! incumb5t or m9i/] ( any *ur*1 *apel1 or place appropriat$ to public religi\s wor%ip1 :i* is n[ by law exempt f rates = ! relief ( ! poor1 %all n be liable to any exp5ses "u ! la/ prec$+ section z ! own] or occupi] ( su* *ur*1 *apel1 or place1 or ( any *ur*y>d or burial gr\nd atta*$ !reto1 nor %all any su* exp5ses be deem$ to be a *>ge on su* *ur*1 *apel or o!r place1 or on su* *ur*y>d or burial gr\nd 4 4 40 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #aea474 ,! t[n surveyor1 hav+ asc]ta9$ :at is ! am\nt ( ! sum due f ea* own]1 %all proce$ to fill 9 ! am\nt ^u a =m a specim5 ( :i* is n[ giv53 ,to ! ,own] ( c]ta9 premises front+1 adjo9+ or abutt+ ^u a c]ta9 /reet call$ 9 ! p>i% ( 9 ! bor\gh ( 9 ! c\nty ( ,:]eas ! mayor1 ald]m5 & burgesses ( ! urban sanit>y au?ority = ! said 1 by a notice 9 writ+ pursuant to ! /atute 9 t behalf made & provid$1 dat$ ! day ( 1 #ah 1 requir$ y be+ ! own] ( c]ta9 premises front+1 adjo9+ or abutt+ ^u a /reet or highway call$ 1 )9 ! said 7& n be+ a /reet or highway repairable by ! inhabitants at l>ge7 to level1 pave1 metal1 *annel & make good ! said /reet or highway )9 ! "t & 9 ! mann] specifi$ 9 ! said notice1 & accord+ to ! plans & sections deposit$ at ! (fice ( ! surveyor to ! said urban sanit>y au?ority at 3 ,& :]eas ! said notice n hav+ be5 compli$ ) by y )9 ! "t limit$ by ! said notice1 ! said urban sanit>y au?ority h execut$ ! works m5tion$ or ref]r$ to !re93 ,& :]eas ! exp5ses incurr$ by ! said urban sanit>y au?ority 9 levell+1 pav+1 metall+1 *annell+ & mak+ good ! said /reet1 am\nt to p\nds %ill+s & p5ce3 ,:]e=e take notice t ,i ! und]sign$1 be+ ! surveyor ( ! said urban sanit>y au?ority1 9 pursuance ( ! /atutes 9 t case made & provid$1 d h]eby apportion ! sum ( p\nds1 %ill+s & p5ce z ! proportion ( ! said sum ( p\nds1 %ill+s & p5ce1 to be paid by y z su* own] a=esaid1 su* apportionm5t be+ accord+ to ! frontage ( y\r said premises1 front+1 adjo9+ or abutt+ ^u ! said /reet or highway4 ,fur!r take notice t ! a=esaid apportionm5t w be b9d+ & conclusive ^u y unless )9 ! p]iod ( ?ree mon?s f ! day ( ! date ( ?is notice y %all by writt5 notice to ! said urban sanit>y au?ority dispute ! same4 ,dat$ ?is day ( 1 #ah 4 ,surveyor to ! said ,urban ,sanit>y ,au?ority4 ,cl]k ( ! said ,urban ,sanit>y ,au?ority4 ,!re seems to be no p[] on ! "p ( any own] to dispute ! "q z to :e!r ! works c>ri$ out h be5 necess>y or n1 or :e!r ! co/ ( ! works h be5 excessive2 ! only po9t ^u :i* !y c g to arbitration is t z to :e!r ! proportion settl$ by ! surveyor is accurate or n1 & ?is po9t ! arbitrator is left to decide4 ,x mu/ n be lo/ sight ( t !re is a clause 9 ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge1 :i* makes ! exp5ses s settl$ by ! surveyor v b9d+ ^u ! own] ( ! prop]ty 9 "q1 unless he appeals )9 ?ree mon?s f ! s]vice ( ! notice1 z ! foll[+ extract f ! clause w %[3 4 4 4 8,:]e su* exp5ses h be5 settl$ & apportion$ by ! surveyor ( ! local au?ority z payable by su* own]1 su* apportionm5t %all be b9d+ & conclusive on su* own]1 unless )9 ?ree mon?s f s]vice ( notice on him by ! local au?ority or _! surveyor ( ! am\nt settl$ by ! surveyor to be due f su* own]1 he %all by writt5 notice dispute ! same0 4 4 4 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #beg7aeb & x mu/ also be borne 9 m9d t ! p]son f :om ^! exp5ses may be recov]$ 8is ! own] ( ! premises at ! "t :5 ! "w 0 done1 n ! own] to :om notice requir+ ! "w to be done may be giv50 7vide ,fitzg]ald's ,public ,heal? ,act1 p4 #cja1 #crd edition72 s t ! t[n surveyor mu/ be v c>eful to make sure t any ( ! prop]ty abutt+ on ! /reet has n *ang$ h&s be=e he comm5ces ! "w4 ,aft] ! #aej? section ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act has be5 c>ri$ out & a private /reet has be5 ?us put into ?or\gh repair1 ! urban au?ority may take possession ( x & decl>e x to be a highway repairable by ! inhabitants at l>ge2 ! foll[+ section ( ! ,act gives ! modus op]&i necess>y to effect ?is3 8,:5 any /reet )9 any urban di/rict1 n be+ a highway repairable by ! inhabitants at l>ge1 has be5 sew]$1 levell$1 pav$1 flagg$1 metall$1 *annell$ & made good & provid$ ) prop] means ( light+ to ! satisfaction ( ! urban au?ority1 su* au?ority may if !y ?9k fit1 by notice 9 writ+ put up 9 any "p ( ! /reet1 decl>e ! same to be a highway1 & !reupon ! same %all become a highway repairable by ! inhabitants at l>ge1 & e su* notice %all be ent]$ among ! proce$+s ( ! urban au?ority4 8,provid$ t no su* /reet %all become a highway s repairable if )9 "o mon? aft] su* notice has be5 put up1 ! proprietor or ! majority 9 numb] ( proprietors ( su* /reet1 by notice 9 writ+ to ! urban au?ority1 object !reto1 & 9 asc]ta9+ su* majority1 jo9t proprietors %all be reckon$ z "o proprietor0 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #aeb74 ,! necess>y notices 9 con=mity ) ?is section are usually prep>$ by ! t[n cl]k1 s t ! t[n surveyor has no?+ to d ) ?is proce$+ except to ma9ta9 ! /reet aft] x has be5 decl>$ a highway repairable by ! inhabitants at l>ge1 9 ! same mann] z he does ! re/ ( ! public /reets )9 8 di/rict4 ,!re is /ill "o o!r clause ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge1 :i* deals ) ! "q ( private roads1 & x is z foll[s3 8,any urban au?ority may agree ) any p]son = ! mak+ ( roads )9 _! di/rict = ! public use ?r\gh ! l&s & at ! exp5se ( su* p]son1 & may agree t su* roads %all become & ! same %all accord+ly become on completion1 highways ma9ta9able & repairable by ! inhabitants at l>ge )9 _! di/rict2 !y may also ) ! cons5t ( two-?irds ( _! numb] agree ) su* p]son to pay & may accord+ly pay any portion ( ! exp5ses ( mak+ su* roads0 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #adf74 ,?is clause is v explicit & requires no comm5t1 x w\ld h[ev] be mu* bett] = ! urban au?ority 9 contemplat+ a case ( ?is description to execute ! necess>y works !mselves & agree ) ! p]son ab\t ! exp5se1 = if !y are int5d$ to be aft]w>ds tak5 ov] x is to be fe>$ t ! roads w\ld be v improp]ly con/ruct$ 9 ! fir/ place by ! p]son int5d+ to h& !m ov]4 ,x mu/ be not$ t ! ^w 8roads0 is us$ 9 ! above clause in/ead ( 8/reets0 z 9 ! o!r clauses ,i h quot$1 & also t ! ^w 8ma9ta9able0 is add$ to repairable4 ,/reet is ! t]m legally us$ 9 ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge1 & is ?us def9$3 8,/reet includes any highway 7n be+ a turnpike road7 & any public bridge 7n be+ a c\nty bridge71 & any road1 lane1 footway1 squ>e1 c\rt1 alley or passage1 :e!r a ?or\ghf>e or n0 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #d47 s t :]eas 9 ! #aej? section ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge1 any ( ! above c be dealt )1 x is only op5 = ! urban au?ority to deal ) roads "u ! #adf? section ( ! ,act1 & x is sometimes r difficult to def9e a road = ! purposes ( ! latt] section4 #aea ,9 "s di/ricts ! urban au?ority make an additional *>ge ( #e p] c5t4 ^u ! total outlay to cov] ! co/ ( prelim9>y surveys & sup]vision ( ! "w by _! surveyor2 ?is #e p] c5t41 h[ev]1 is n paid to him1 b is paid to ! city treasur]1 & ?us becomes a set (f aga9/ 8 sal>y4 #aeb ,see also #ch #ci ,vict4 c4 #ee1 s4 #bfh1 :]e a p]son :o deems himself aggriev$ may memorialise ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d1 c4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,new ,,/reets ,,& ,,build+s4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important duties devolv+ ^u a 8t[n surveyor0 is t ( ex]cis+ control ov] any new /reets t may be con/ruct$1 or any new build+s t may be erect$1 )9 ! limits ( 8 jurisdiction4 ,?is duty is impos$ on him by ! foll[+ clause ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge3 8,e urban au?ority may make byelaws ) respect to ! foll[+ matt]s2 7t is to say17 87#a47 ,) respect to ! level1 wid? & con/ruction ( new /reets1 & ! provisions = ! sew]age !re(2 87#b47 ,) respect to ! /ructure ( walls1 f\ndations1 ro(s1 & *imneys ( new build+s1 = secur+ /ability & ! prev5tion ( fires1 & = purposes ( heal?2 87#c47 ,) respect to ! suffici5cy ( ! space ab\t build+s to secure a free circulation ( air1 & ) respect to ! v5tilation ( build+s2 87#d47 ,) respect to ! dra9age ( build+s1 to wat]closets1 e>? closets1 privies1 a%pits1 & cesspools1 9 connexion ) build+s1 & to ! clos+ ( build+s or p>ts ( build+s unfit = human habitation1 & to prohibition ( _! use = su* habitation2 8,& !y may fur!r provide = ! obs]vance ( su* byelaws by enact+ !re9 su* provisions z !y ?9k necess>y z to ! giv+ ( notices2 z to ! deposit ( plans & sections by p]sons int5d+ to lay out /reets or to con/ruct build+s2 z to inspection by ! urban au?ority1 & z to ! p[] ( su* au?ority 7subject to ! provisions ( ?is ,act7 to remove1 alt]1 or pull d[n any "w begun or done 9 contrav5tion ( su* byelaws4 ,provid$ t no byelaw made "u ?is section %all affect any build+ erect$ 9 any place 7:i* at ! "t ( ! pass+ ( ?is ,act is includ$ 9 an urban sanit>y di/rict7 be=e ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,acts came into =ce 9 su* place1 or any build+ erect$ 9 any place 7:i* at ! "t ( ! pass+ ( ?is ,act is n includ$ 9 an urban sanit>y di/rict7 be=e su* place becomes con/itut$ or includ$ 9 an urban di/rict1 or by virtue ( any ord] ( ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d subject to ?is enactm5t4 8,! provisions ( ?is section1 & ( ! two la/ prec$+ sections1 %all n apply to build+s belong+ to any railway company1 & us$ = ! purposes ( su* railway "u any ,act ( ,p>liam5t0 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #aeg74 ,! result ( ?is p[] hav+ be5 s giv5 to urban au?orities1 is t !y h all fram$ sets ( byelaws1 :i* hav+ receiv$ ! sanction ( ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d1 are n[ law 9 ! sev]al di/ricts4 ,9 ! ye> #ahgg1 x be+ f\nd t consid]able v>iation exi/$ 9 ! requirem5ts set =? 9 ! byelaws1 accord+ to ! di/ricts f :i* !y emanat$1 & exp]i5ce hav+ %[n t ! =ms ( byelaws previ\sly issu$ by ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d 7 inadequate1 ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d 9 ord] to assi/ urban au?orities issu$ a s]ies ( model byelaws2 among/ ! s]ies be+ a set ( byelaws regulat+ ! mann] 9 :i* new /reets %\ld be con/ruct$ & build+s erect$4#aec ,^! model byelaws are too ext5sive to give 9 detail1 z !y conta9 #ii clauses1 b e t[n surveyor %\ld at once procure a copy1 ev5 if 8 corporation h n adopt$ !m1 nor int5d to d s4 ,"o ( ! fir/ difficulties t (t5 pres5ts itself to ^? :o h to en=ce ! obs]vance ( ! necess>y 8giv+ ( notices & deposit ( plans & sections by p]sons int5d+ to con/ruct new build+s0 is to prove t ! build+ is 8new0 s z to br+ x "u ! op]ations ( ! ,act4 ,9 _m cases1 ( c\rse1 !re c be no d\bt :]e b>e l& is be+ built ^u1 b (t5 aft] build+s h be5 p>tially de/roy$ by fire1 or :]e ext5sive alt]ations are be+ c>ri$ out1 "s consid]able elem5ts ( unc]ta9ty z to :at is a 8new build+0 are introduc$4 ,! law attempts to settle ! "q z foll[s3 8,= ! purposes ( ?is ,act1 ! re-erect+ ( any build+ pull$ d[n to1 or bel[ ! gr\nd floor1 or ( any frame-build+ ( :i* only ! frame-"w is left d[n to ! gr\nd floor1 or ! conv]sion into a dwell+ h\se ( any build+ n orig9ally con/ruct$ = human habitation1 or ! conv]sion into m ?an "o dwell+ h\se ( a build+ orig9ally con/ruct$ z "o dwell+ h\se only1 %all be consid]$ ! erection ( a new build+0 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #aei74 ,b ! difficulty at once pres5ts itself z to :at is meant by ! words 8gr\nd floor40 ,does ?is mean ! actual floor level1 or ! cubical space conta9$ by ! walls1 floor & ceil+ ( ! 8gr\nd floor0 7or z x is sometimes call$ 8gr\nd /ory07 ( ! build+8 ,! latt] may be assum$ to be ! correct int]pretation1 = if we ord] a man to hang a picture1 or to fix a *&eli] on ! 8gr\nd floor10 we c]ta9ly d n expect to f9d !m plac$ ^u ! floor4 ,x is important t ?is po9t %\ld be settl$ def9itely1 or "s m explanatory t]m employ$ 9 ! ,act 9 ord] to det]m9e :at is a new build+1 = 9 ! pres5t /ate ( unc]ta9ty x may be urg$ t ! :ole build+ mu/ be raz$ to ! gr\nd1 :]eas if ! prop] mean+ ( 8gr\nd floor0 is tak51 w\ld ! removal ( ! sup]/ructure & de/ruction ( ! ceil+ only ( ! 8gr\nd floor0 br+ ! new "w "u ! def9ition ( a new build+ & )9 ! op]ation ( ! byelaws8 ,?is unc]ta9ty is n[ tak5 advantage ( by build]s & o!rs1 :o sometimes f9d x irksome & inconv5i5t to be oblig$ to con/ruct a build+ 9 accordance ) ! byelaws ( any t[n4 ,some:at %>p practices are consequ5tly resort$ to 9 ord] to evade ! law1 & old build+s are conv]t$ into new ones )\t any p[]s ( int]f]5ce by ! urban au?ority or _! surveyor4 ,?is is greatly to be regrett$1 z unless ! build+ comes )9 ! op]ation ( ! byelaws1 x is frequ5tly erect$ )\t any sanit>y precautions or ev5 /ability4 ,sometimes a s-call$ repair ( a build+ is comm5c$ by add+ a new ro( p]haps1 at a high] level ?an ! old "o2 :5 suffici5t "t has elaps$ to allay suspicion1 a new front is erect$1 & !n new back & side walls 9 due c\rse1 ! alt]ation ( ! int]ior floors n attract+ mu* att5tion4 ,cases ( ?is description are v tr\blesome to ! t[n surveyor1 z if legal proce$+s are to be tak5 aga9/ ! (f5d]1 x is necess>y = ! surveyor to make surveys & draw+s ( ! works z !y are 9 progress 9 ord] to prove 8 case1 & ^! might ext5d ov] a consid]able p]iod ( "t4#aed ,9 ord] to make ^! surveys x w\ld be necess>y = him to ent] ! premises :il/ ! works 7 9 progress1 b !re does n seem to be any p[]s conf]r$ on him by any ,act ( ,p>liam5t = su* a purpose1 s t really he has no p[] to prev5t ! occurr5ces ,i h m5tion$4 ,x mu/ also n be =gott5 t :at may sometimes appe> to be an entirely new build+1 may only be an addition to "o t exi/$ be=e ! pass+ ( ! ,act1 & al?\gh ! new "w may be t5 times z l>ge z ! old1 /ill mu* conflict+ evid5ce may be br\ght to be> be=e x c be prov$ to be a 8new build+0 )9 ! mean+ ( ! ,act4 ,turn+ aga9 to section #aei ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge1 ^! words w be f\nd z def9+ also :at is a new build+3 8or ! conv]sion into a dwell+ h\se ( any build+ n orig9ally con/ruct$ = human habitation40 ,x w\ld h be5 bett] 9 ! int]e/s ( sanitation if ! ,act _h prohibit$ ! conv]sion ( any build+ at all into a dwell+ h\se )\t ! approval ( ! urban au?ority1 = z ! law /&s at pres5t1 x is op5 = an own] ( prop]ty to conv]t /ables or w>eh\ses1 c41 into dwell+ h\ses1 by simply ass]t+ & br++ witnesses or o!r evid5ce to prove t !y 7 8orig9ally con/ruct$ = human habitation0 irrespective ( :e!r !y are adapt$ = ! purpose or n1 ?us defeat+ ! int5tion ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act to secure a bett] description ( dwell+s ?an ^? t 7 erect$ be=e ! pass+ ( ! ,act4 ,:5 a dispute does arise ) anyone z to :e!r a build+ comes )9 ! def9ition ( 8new0 or n1 x is well if possible to agree ^u c]ta9 po9ts ( fact & ^u plans1 c41 be=e ! case comes into c\rt1 & !n to endeav\r to get ! magi/rates to 8view40 ,?is c\rse if pursu$ (t5 saves l5g?y litigation1 & a great wa/e ( "t & money4 ,) ref]5ce to ! deposit ( plans ( new /reets or build+s1 ! foll[+ clause ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge provides t ?is %all be done3 8,:]e a notice1 plan or description ( any "w is requir$ by any byelaw made by an urban au?ority to be laid be=e t au?ority1 ! urban au?ority %all1 )9 "o mon? aft] ! same has be5 deliv]$ or s5t to _! surveyor or cl]k1#aee signify 9 writ+ _! approval or disapproval ( ! int5d$ "w to ! p]son propos+ to execute ! same2 & if ! "w is comm5c$ aft] su* notice ( disapproval1 or be=e ! expiration ( su* mon? )\t su* approval1 & is 9 any respect n 9 con=mity ) any byelaw ( ! urban au?ority1 ! urban au?ority may cause s mu* ( ! "w z has be5 execut$ to be pull$ d[n or remov$0 4 4 4 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #aeh474 ,! result ( ^! clauses ( ! ,act ) ref]5ce to new /reets & build+s is1 t "s ( ! mo/ ardu\s & irksome duties ( ! t[n surveyor are embodi$ 9 ! few words !y conta94 ,^! duties consi/ (1 fir/1 ! c>eful exam9ation (1 & report ^u all plans ( new /reets & build+s2 secondly1 ! con/ant sup]vision ( ^! /reets & build+s :il/ ! works are 9 progress2 & ea* ( ^! duties w be consid]$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?is *apt]4 ,fir/ !n1 z to ! deposit & exam9ation ( ! plans ( new /reets or build+s4 ,! byelaws ( :i* ,i h already made m5tion %\ld conta9 "s su* clause z ! foll[+3 8,e p]son :o %all int5d to make or lay out any new /reet1 :e!r ! same %all be int5d$ to be us$ z a public way or n1 %all give notice to ! urban au?ority ( su* int5tion1 by writ+ deliv]$ to !m at _! (fice1 or at ! (fice ( _! surveyor1 & %all at ! same "t leave or cause to be left at ! (fice ( ! urban au?ority1 or ( _! surveyor1 a plan & section ( su* int5d$ new /reet1 drawn to a scale ( n less ?an #a in* to e #dd feet1 & %all %[ on e su* plan ! names ( ! own]s ( ! l& ?r\gh or ov] :i* su* /reet %all be int5d$ to pass1 ! level1 wid?1 direction1 ! propos$ mode ( con/ruction1 ! propos$ "n ( su* int5d$ new /reet1 & its position relatively to ! /reets ne>e/ !reto2 ! size & numb] ( ! int5d$ build+ lots1 & ! propos$ sites1 height1 class1 & nature ( ! build+s to be erect$ !re91 & ! propos$ height ( ! division & f5ce walls !reon2 & ! "n & address ( ! p]son int5d+ to lay out su* new /reet1 & he %all himself sign su* plan1 or cause ! same to be sign$ by 8 duly au?oris$ ag5t4 8,su* p]son %all %[ on e su* section ! level ( ! pres5t surface ( ! gr\nd above "s kn[n fix$ datum1 ! level & rate or rates ( incl9ation ( ! int5d$ new /reet1 ! level & incl9ation ( ! /reets ) :i* x w be connect$1 & ! level ( ! l[e/ floors ( ! int5d$ new build+s4 8,e p]son :o %all int5d to erect any new build+ %all give notice to ! urban au?ority ( su* int5tion by writ+ deliv]$ to !m at _! (fice or at ! (fice ( _! surveyor1 & %all at ! same "t leave or cause to be left at ! said (fice detail plans & sections ( e floor ( su* int5d$ new build+1 drawn to a scale ( n less ?an #a in* to e #h feet1 %[+ ! position1 =m & dim5sions ( ! sev]al p>ts ( su* build+1 & ( ! wat]closet1 e>? closet1 privy1 cesspool1 a%pit1 well1 & all o!r appurt5ances2 & toge!r ) su* plans & sections he %all leave or cause to be left at ! (fice ( ! urban au?ority1 or ( _! surveyor1 a description ( ! mat]ials ( :i* ! build+ is propos$ to be con/ruct$1 ( ! int5d$ mode ( dra9age1 & means ( wat] supply4 8,su* p]son %all at ! same "t leave or cause to be left at ! (fice ( ! urban au?ority1 or ( _! surveyor1 a block plan drawn to a scale ( n less ?an #a in* to e #dd feet1 & %all %[ ! position ( ! build+s & appurt5ances ( ! prop]ties imm$iately adjo9+1 ! wid? & level ( ! /reet 9 front1 & ( ! /reet1 if any1 at ! re> ( su* build+1 ! level ( ! l[e/ floor ( su* build+1 & ( any y>d or gr\nd belong+ !reto4 8,su* p]son %all likewise %[ on su* plan ! int5d$ l9es ( dra9age ( su* build+1 & ! int5d$ size1 dep? & incl9ation ( ea* dra92 & ! details ( ! arrangem5t propos$ to be adopt$ = ! v5tilation ( ! dra9s40 ,) ref]5ce to ! deposit ( plans z requir$ by ! above byelaw1 ! foll[+ sugge/ions z to ! be/ mann] ( effect+ ?is may be ( "s use3 7#a47 ,! t[n surveyor %\ld see t ! p]son1 or 8 ag5t1 int5d+ to c>ry out ! "w1 deposits trac+s ( ! propos$ /reet or build+ sign$ by himself1 s t !re %\ld be no aft] dispute z to :at really has be5 deposit$2 ^! trac+s %\ld be on good pap] prop]ly ink$ 9 & col\r$ s z to be indelible4 ,9 "s t[ns x is ! practice = orig9al plans to be deposit$ tempor>ily ) ! surveyor1 :o is expect$ to h !m trac$ & !n return$ to ! own]1 b ?is n only t5ds to ! possibility ( dispute z to ! correctness ( ! trac+s1 b x also takes up a l>ge am\nt ( ! surveyor's "t1 or ( su* o!r (fic] z may h *>ge ( ?is bran* ( ! duties4 ,9 ord] to insure t ! plans deposit$ %all n be aft]w>ds claim$ by ! p]son mak+ ! deposit1 x might be well to add ^! words to ! clause ( ! byelaws :i* ,i h quot$3 8,all su* plans & sections s left at ! (fice ( ! urban au?ority or ( _! surveyor1 %all rema9 ! prop]ty ( ! urban au?ority40 7#b47 ,x is advisable = ! t[n surveyor to h 9 8 possession a numb] ( pr9t$ =ms on :i* application %\ld be made by ! p]son int5d+ to erect a new build+ & fill$ 9 & sign$ by him or 8 duly au?oris$ ag5t4 ,! foll[+ is giv5 z a specim5 =m = ?is purpose3 ,to ! ,surveyor ( ! ,urban ,au?ority ( ,i h]eby give y notice t x is my int5tion to erect c]ta9 build+s 9 /reet1 & t ! foll[+ p>ticul>s relate !reto3 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,no4 ,que/ions4 ,no4 ,answ]s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a ,*ri/ian & ,surname 9 full1 #a ,address & ,occupation ( p]sons = :om build+s to be erect$4 #b ,numb] ( draw+s deposit$4 #b #c ,"n ( ar*itect1 if any4 #c #d ,description ( build+s & ( #d ! mat]ials to be us$ 9 con/ruction ( same4 #e ,situation ( build+s4 #e #f ,level1 or int5d$ level ( cell>1 #f or gr\nd floor1 ) ref]5ce to surface ( /reet4 #g ,?ickness ( walls4 #g #h ,height ( build+ 9 /ories4 #h #i ,area ( cle> op5 space at re> #i or side ( build+s exclusively belong+ !reto4 #aj ,di/ance across su* op5 space4 #aj #aa ,description ( v5tilation4 #aa #ab ,wid? ( /reet or op5 space #ab opposite build+s4 #ac ,size & description ( dra9s1 #ac & traps1 & if v5tilat$4 #ad ,incl9ation ( dra9s4 #ad #ae ,description ( outlet to dra9s4 #ae #af ,h[ suppli$ ) wat]4 #af #ag ,situation1 dim5sions1 & #ag p>ticul>s ( app>atus ( w4c4's4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,& ,i h]e) leave detail plans & sections ( e floor ( su* int5d$ new build+s1 drawn to a scale ( n less ?an #a in* to e #h feet1 %[+ ! position1 =m1 & dim5sions ( ! sev]al p>ts ( su* build+s1 & ( ! wat]closet1 privy1 cesspool1 e>?closet1 a%pit1 well1 & all o!r appurt5ances2 & also1 a block plan drawn to a scale ( n less ?an #a in* to e #dd feet1 %[+ ! position ( ! build+s & appurt5ances ( ! prop]ties imm$iately adjo9+1 ! wid? & level ( ! /reet1 ! level ( ! l[e/ floor ( ! int5d$ build+1 & ( ! y>d or gr\nd belong+ !reto4 ,dat$ ?is day ( #ah ,signature 9 full1 ,address1 ,occupation1 ,a simil> =m may be prep>$ relat+ to plans ( propos$ new /reets1 b ( c\rse ! numb] ( ! que/ions conta9$ 9 x w be less4 7#c47 ,:5 ! necess>y notices h be5 giv5 & ! trac+s prop]ly deposit$ ) ! surveyor1 he %\ld c>efully exam9e !m to see if !y are 9 accordance ) ! byelaws :i* are 9 =ce 9 8 di/rict4 ,!y %\ld !n be fold$ & plac$ 9 a l>ge envelope1 :i* %\ld be endors$ ) ! "n ( ! p]son propos+ to c>ry out ! "w1 ! description ( ! "w propos$1 ! "n ( ! ar*itect1 if any1 ! "n ( ! build]1 if any1 ! date ( ! deposit1 & a blank left = ! date ( approval4 ,ea* envelope %\ld also h a l>ge numb] /amp$ ^u x4 7#d47 ,^! p>ticul>s %\ld be ent]$ 9 a book ( ref]5ce aga9/ a correspond+ numb]1 s t at any future date x may be easy to f9d & ref] to any plans t h be5 deposit$ by means ( an index & ! numb] on ! envelope4 7#e47 ,if on exam9+ ! plans ! surveyor f9ds any?+ 9 !m :i* does n con=m to ! byelaws1 he %\ld be emp[]$ by ! urban au?ority to return !m at once to ! p]son deposit+ !m1 )\t hav+ to wait to lay !m be=e a committee1 z ?is is a great sav+ ( "t4 ,9 return+ ! plans ! surveyor %\ld write a lett] sett+ =? a s*$ule ( 8 objections & ! p>ticul>s ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! plans & sections fail to comply ) ! requirem5ts ( ! byelaws4 7#f47 ,if ! plans are r$eposit$ unalt]$ or %[+ /ill "s non-compliance ) ! byelaws1 ! surveyor mu/ lay !m be=e 8 committee & expla9 9 :at respects !y are defective1 leav+ x to ! committee to decide :e!r !y %all be approv$ or n4 7#g47 ,if ! plans are 9 accordance ) ! byelaws1 ! surveyor reports ! fact to ! committee1 :]eupon ! plans %\ld be at once sign$ by ! *airman ( ! committee4 7#h47 ,all plans :i* ! committee decl9e to approve ( %\ld be at once return$ to ! p]son :o deposit$ !m ) a writt5 notification ( ! reasons4 7#i47 ,plans :i* are approv$ ( by ! committee & aft]w>ds ratifi$ by ! g5]al meet+ ( ! urban au?ority1 %\ld be c>efully put away 9 pigeon-holes1 s t by means ( ! ref]5ce book previ\sly describ$ !y c be easily f\nd at any future "t4 ,?is is v important1 z no ext5sion ( a build+ ! plans ( :i* h be5 ?us approv$ by ! urban au?ority c ev] aft]w>ds be c>ri$ out )\t _! cons5t2 & ! plans ( any alt]ation :i* w\ld n involve build+ ^u an increas$ area mu/ be deposit$ z 9 ! case ( a new build+4 7#aj47 ,a notification 9 writ+ %\ld be s5t to ! p]son :o has deposit$ ! plans :5 !y h be5 approv$ by ! urban au?ority2 & 9 s5d+ ?is notification x is well to draw 8 att5tion to ! fact t notice mu/ be giv5 to ! surveyor ( ! comm5cem5t ( ! "w1 9 ord] t ! f\ndations1 dra9s1 c41 may be exam9$ by him be=e ! gr\nd is fill$ 94 ,! importance & necessity = ! deposit ( plans ) a sanit>y au?ority _c be ov]-e/imat$1 b ?is deposit is ( b little practical good unless x c be insur$ t all ! build+s are erect$ /rictly 9 con=mity ) ^! plans1 & ?is1 accord+ to ! ,act1 is ! duty also ( ! t[n surveyor4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x is q impossible = any s+le p]son 9 any l>ge t[n to p]=m ?is duty1 & a /aff ( assi/ants is consequ5tly necess>y if ! sanit>y au?ority really wi% _! byelaws to be en=c$4 ,anyone :o is practically acqua9t$ ) ! difficulties t ev5 ar*itects exp]i5ce 9 sup]9t5d+ build+s !y h !mselves design$1 & h[ mu* !y h to tru/ to ! cl]k ( works 7( :i* !re is g5]ally "o to e build+71 w readily see :at an absurdity x is to suppose t a t[n surveyor1 ) 8 multitude ( o!r duties & att5dances at committees & meet+s1 c ev5 pret5d to see t ! #ii detail clauses ( su* byelaws z ^? emanat+ f ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d ,(fice1 or ev5 ^? ( a less /r+5t "*1 c possibly be en=c$1 especially :5 x is rememb]$ t _m ( ! build+s he has to inspect h no sup]9t5d+ ar*itect1 b are be+ erect$ = purposes ( speculation by :at are commonly kn[n z j]ry build]s4 ,laws may be pass$1 books on sanit>y que/ions may be writt51 b until a *ange is made 9 ! ma*9]y & mann] ( ! inspection ( build+s 9 ! c\rse ( erection1 & a l>ge /aff ( inspectors or sanit>y police or "s su* (ficials are kept by a sanit>y au?ority1 v little real advancem5t w be made ) ! poor] classes ( build+s4 ,x mu/ 9 fairness to ! build] be /at$ t to erect h\ses 9 /rict accordance ) ! model byelaws w\ld probably mean loss ( money to him1 z !y c\ld n possibly be built ) any prospect ( a reasonable return ^u ! outlay4 ,?is p>tly arises f ! /r+5t clauses ins]t$ ) respect to ! /ructure ( walls & o!r precautions = ! prev5tion ( fires4 ,i _c help ?9k+ t too mu* int]f]5ce is n[ made by sanit>y au?orities = ! protection ( prop]ty f fire4#aef ,x is n a sanit>y "q1 & is c]ta9ly "o :i* *iefly affects insurance companies4 ,e "o %\ld be able to pay 8 small insurance premium & ! companies %\ld look aft] _! own int]e/s1 & n expect x to be done by o!rs4 ,if ! sanit>y au?ority wi% to int]f]e 9 ! "q ( fire1 :y %\ld n ! protection ( life be consid]$ z mu* z prop]ty8 ,yet no clause c be discov]$ 9 ! model byelaws r5d]+ x compulsory to make "s provision 9 dwell+-h\ses or factories = ! easy escape ( ! inmates 9 case ( fire4 ,inde$1 z ! ,public ,heal? ,act does n au?orise ! enactm5t ( a byelaw = su* a purpose1 su* a clause w\ld mo/ probably be held to be ultra vires4 ,ano!r cause ( exp5se to build]s is ! necessity impos$ on !m to provide a comp>atively l>ge op5 space at ! back or sides ( new dwell+-h\ses1 ?us sacrific+ l&1 & sometimes mak+ x almo/ impossible to build at all4 ,?is necessity = op5 g>d5s or y>ds at ! back ( ev5 small lab\r]s' dwell+s is 9 "s t[ns pu%$ to an extreme4 ,if su* h\ses are erect$ 9 a ?or\ghly sanit>y mann] 9 all po9ts ( detail1 x is que/ionable if ?is op5 space is really b5eficial4 ,my exp]i5ce has %[n me t ! space is (t5 misus$1 animals1 su* z rabbits1 *ick5s1 pigeons1 c41 be+ kept !re1 or x is made into a s-call$ g>d51 really a refuse heap :i* is a receptacle = all ! g>bage & fil? ( ! h\se1 soon becom+ a fruitful s\rce ( disease to ! occupants ( ! h\se itself & ! neighb\rs4 ,x is also difficult to ensure t ! space ?us provid$ & approv$ ( 9 ! deposit$ plans %all n be built ^u at "s future p]iod4 ,x w\ld be bett] if ! /reets 9 front ( su* dwell+s 7 wide1 & a n>r[ /reet or 8drangway0 con/ruct$ at ! back = ! du/-c>t s]vice1 supply ( coals1 c4 ,! h\ses !mselves %\ld h _! rooms prop]ly & ?or\ghly v5tilat$2 und]gr\nd kit*5s or liv+ rooms %\ld be prohibit$4 ,! dra9age1 wat]-supply1 & all ! app>atus 9 connection ) !m1 %\ld be p]fect b simple4 ,at ! back ( ! h\se %\ld be a small y>d or c\rt well pav$ ) asphalte or o!r imp]vi\s mat]ial1 9 :i* %\ld be plac$ ! wa%-h\se1 w4c41 c4 ,^! & public p>ks & pl5ty ( fre% air 9 ! /reets & 9 ! dwell+-h\ses !mselves %\ld take ! place ( ! l>ge op5 spaces at ! back ( small dwell+-h\ses1 :i*1 z ,i h already /at$1 are g5]ally s mu* misus$4 ,! model byelaws ) reg>d to new /reets & build+s issu$ by ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d conta9 mo/ admirable clauses--valuable sugge/ions :i* %\ld receive att5tion f any t[n surveyor :o has to advise 8 corporation ^u ! subject ( fram+ a set ( byelaws = 8 di/rict--b !y necess>ily conta9 _m clauses :i* are n suitable equally well = t[ns 9 ! nor?1 s\?1 ea/1 & we/ ( ,engl&4 ,_m ( ! clauses are too /r+5t to be en=c$1 b ?is arises n f any fault 9 ! byelaws !mselves1 b r f ! ma*9]y employ$ 9 c>ry+ !m into effect4 ,to secure all t !y require adequate inspection is ne$$1 & ?is might be effect$ if !re 0 a fee *>g$ by ! urban au?ority ( any t[n = ! purposes ( prop] inspection ( build+s 9 c\rse ( con/ruction2 & al?\gh x mu/ be admitt$ t any provision :i* increases ! co/ ( con/ruction ( small dwell+-h\ses :i* %all be complete 9 all sanit>y requisites is undesirable1 ! extra co/ ( su* inspection w\ld be too small to be appreciable1 :ile ! advantages aris+ f su* improv$ sup]vision w\ld1 ev5 f a pecuni>y po9t ( view1 be ( imm5se advantage n only to ! community z t5d+ to improve ! public heal?1 b also to ! own] z ensur+ good hone/ "w 9 return = 8 money4 ,9 l>g] & m exp5sive build+s ?is sup]vision is ex]cis$ by ! ar*itect1 b z a rule !re is no ar*itect employ$ 9 ! case ( small h\ses1 & ! build] is accord+ly left to 8 own devices1 ) frequ5tly un=tunate results4 #aec #8,model ,bye-laws issu$ by ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d = ! use ( sanit>y au?orities4 ,new ,/reets & ,build+s1 ,,iv4' ,pr9t$ by ,george ,e4 ,eyre & ,william ,spottiswoode1 #ahgg4 #aed ,x is op5 also to "q :e!r 9 ! case ( an old build+ be+ gradually alt]$ into a new "o1 x w\ld be possible to prosecute1 z !re is ! foll[+ limitation z to proce$+s 9 ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge3 8,any compla9t or in=mation made or laid 9 pursuance ( ?is ,act %all be made or laid )9 six mon?s f ! "t :5 ! matt] ( su* compla9t or in=mation respectively arose0 4 4 4 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #beb74 ,! compla9t c\ld n be made :5 ! "w 0 fir/ comm5c$1 z no (f5ce w\ld h be5 committ$1 & if made aft] ! "w 0 f9i%$1 x might be urg$ t ! (f5ce 0 comm5c$ m ?an six mon?s prior1 & t ! compla9t %\ld h be5 made 8:5 ! matt] ( su* compla9t or in=mation respectively arose40 #aee ,plans are usually deposit$ ) ! surveyor z be+ ! (fic] :o w\ld be mo/ likely to und]/& !m4 #aef ,no?+ c be m vexati\s ?an ! bye-law compell+ ! p>ty walls ( new build+s to be c>ri$ up above ! ro( to at lea/ #ab in*es2 n only does ?is frequ5tly spoil ! ar*itectural appe>ance ( a build+1 b x causes great exp5se 9 ord] to keep ! wet out3 a v difficult ?+ ) a wall treat$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,scav5g+4 ,9 a great numb] ( t[ns 9 ?is c\ntry ! t[n surveyor has *>ge ( ! uno/5tati\s1 ?\gh v necess>y sanit>y "w ( ! scav5g+ ( ! di/rict ov] :i* he has *>ge1 & ! foll[+ are ! clauses ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge1 "u :i* he c>ries out 8 duties3 8,e local au?ority may1 & :5 requir$ by ord] ( ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d %all1 !mselves und]take or contract =-- 8,! removal ( h\se refuse f premises2 8,! cleans+ ( e>?closets1 privies1 a%pits1 & cesspools2 ei!r = ! :ole or any "p ( _! di/rict3 ,moreov] e urban au?ority & any rural au?ority inve/$ by ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d ) ! requisite p[]s may1 & :5 requir$ by ! said bo>d %all1 !mselves und]take or contract = ! prop] cleans+ ( /reets1 & may also !mselves und]take or contract = ! prop] wat]+ ( /reets = ! :ole or any "p ( _! di/rict4 8,all matt]s collect$ by ! local au?ority or contractor 9 pursuance ( ?is section may be sold or o!rwise dispos$ (1 & any pr(its ?us made by an urban au?ority %all be c>ri$ to ! acc\nt ( ! fund or rate applicable by !m = ! g5]al purposes ( ?is ,act2 & any pr(its ?us made by a rural au?ority 9 respect ( any contributory place %all be c>ri$ to ! acc\nt ( ! fund or rate out ( :i* exp5ses incurr$ "u ?is section by t au?ority 9 su* contributory place are defray$4 8,if any p]son removes or ob/ructs ! local au?ority or contractor 9 remov+ any matt]s by ?is section au?oris$ to be remov$ by ! local au?ority1 he %all = ea* (f5ce be liable to a p5alty n exce$+ five p\nds3 ,provid$ t ! occupi] ( ! h\se )9 ! di/rict %all n be liable to su* p5alty 9 respect ( any su* matt]s :i* are produc$ on 8 own premises & are int5d$ to be remov$ = sale or = 8 own use1 & are 9 ! meantime kept s z n to be a nuisance0 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #db74 ,! next clause imposes a p5alty on ! local au?ority if !y fail 8)\t reasonable excuse aft] notice 9 writ+ f ! occupi] ( any h\se0 to cleanse ! a%pit1 c41 )9 sev5 days if !y h 8!mselves und]tak5 or contract$ = ! removal ( h\se refuse0 c41 & ! next clause is z foll[s3 8,:]e ! local au?ority d n !mselves und]take or contract =1 8,! cleans+ ( footways & pavem5ts adjo9+ any premises2 8,! removal ( h\se refuse f any premises2 8,! cleans+ ( e>?closets1 privies1 a%pits1 & cesspools belong+ to any premises2 8,!y may make byelaws impos+ ! duty ( su* cleans+ or removal1 at su* int]vals z !y ?9k fit1 on ! occupi] ( any su* premises4 8,an urban au?ority#aeg may also make byelaws = ! prev5tion ( nuisances aris+ f sn[1 fil?1 du/1 a%es1 & rubbi%1 & = ! prev5tion ( ! keep+ ( animals on any premises s z to be injuri\s to heal?0#aeh 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #dd74 ,!re is also ano!r clause 9 ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge1 :i* is z foll[s3 8,any urban au?ority may1 if !y see fit1 provide 9 prop] & conv5i5t situations receptacles = ! tempor>y deposit & collection ( du/1 a%es1 & rubbi%2 !y may also provide fit build+s & places = ! deposit ( any matt]s collect$ by !m 9 pursuance ( ?is "p ( ?is ,act0 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #de74 ,! result ( ! above compreh5sive clauses ^u ! subject ( scav5g+ is t ! foll[+ duties fall ^u ! t[n surveyor :]e t (fic] is responsible = su* "w3 7#a47 8,! removal ( h\se refuse f premises40 ,?is "w1 l all ! re/ :i* foll[s1 c be done ei!r by ! local au?ority !mselves or by contract1 ! =m] me?od1 z ,i hope pres5tly to %[1 be+ mu* ! be/ sy/em4 ,9 connection ) ?is fir/ duty ( ! removal ( h\se refuse1 ! foll[+ po9ts w h to be consid]$3 7a47 ,:at is h\se refuse8 7b47 ,:at is ! be/ mann] ( /or+ x on ! premises p5d+ ! visit ( ! scav5g]8 7c47 ,:i* are ! be/ me?ods = its collection8 7d47 ,:i* are ! be/ me?ods = its disposal8 7#b47 8,! cleans+ ( e>?closets1 privies1 a%pits1 & cesspools40 ,?is "w :]e necess>y 7ow+ to ! want ( a sy/em ( sew]age7 c be c>ri$ out simultane\sly ) ! collection ( h\se refuse & 9 almo/ ! same mann]4 7#c47 8,! prop] cleans+ ( /reets40 ,9 connection ) ?is duty ! foll[+ po9ts mu/ be consid]$3 7a47 ,! be/ me?ods = sweep+ & cleans+ /reets4 7b47 ,if ma*9]y effects su* "w bett] & m economically ?an h& lab\r4 7c47 ,! extra "w involv$ by ! bad con/ruction ( /reets1 or ! ill *os5 mat]ials ( :i* !y are =m$4 7d47 ,:e!r private /reets1 c\rts & alleys1 8n repairable by ! inhabitants at l>ge10 %\ld be swept & cleans$ by ! local au?ority8 7e47 ,! ultimate disposal ( excessive accumulations ( mud4 7f47 ,! removal & disposal ( sn[4 7#d47 8,! prop] wat]+ ( /reets = ! :ole or any "p ( _! di/rict40 ,9 consid]+ ?is "q x is necess>y to note3 7a47 ,! be/ =m ( vehicle = c>ry+ & spread+ ! wat]4 7b47 ,! numb]1 position1 & description ( /&pipes4 7c47 ,:e!r vehicles1 or fix$ /&pipes & hose are be/4 7#e47 ,if ! local au?ority d n impose a byelaw !y mu/ !mselves cleanse ! 8footways & pavem5ts adjo9+ any premises20 & ?is 9 excessively muddy wea!r1 or aft] a heavy fall ( sn[1 is no inconsid]able "w4 7#f47 ,an urban au?ority may make provision = ! 8tempor>y deposit & collection ( du/1 a%es & rubbi%40 ,?is involves public du/-b9s be+ plac$ 9 suitable positions 9 ! t[n1 ! po9ts 9 connection ) ?is "w be+1 7a47 ,! mo/ suitable sites = su* accommodation4 7b47 ,! mat]ials & =m ( :i* !y %all be con/ruct$4 ,hav+ ?us /at$ all ! heads "u :i* ! "w ( scav5g+ may be gr\p$1 x is necess>y to decide :at is 8h\se refuse20 = unless ?is is satisfactorily settl$1 consid]able onus & exp5se w be put ^u ! local au?ority if !y are to include 9 ! removal trade1 g>d51 & o!r simil> refuse4#aei ,x may be assum$ t all h\se refuse :i* x is ! duty ( ! scav5g] to remove1 is really s remov$ by ! direction ( ! local au?ority )\t dispute1 b t ! foll[+ articles1 :i* frequ5tly f9d _! way into a dome/ic du/-b91 are n 9 ! /rict t]ms ( ! ,act expect$ to be remov$ by him4 7#a7 ,pla/] f walls & brick bats1 7#b7 ,l>ge quantities ( brok5 bottles & fl[] pots1 7#c7 ,cl9k]s & a%es f f\ndries & gre5-h\ses1 7#d7 ,wall pap] torn f ! rooms ( a h\se1 7#e7 ,scrap t9 7b n old t9s :i* h conta9$ meats1 c41 & :i*1 al?\gh v useless & bulky1 may be fairly assum$ to be h\se refuse71 7#f7 ,all g>d5 refuse su* z grass cutt+s1 dead leaves1 & ! lopp+s f trees & %rubs4#afj ,z a matt] ( fact1 out ( n9ety t[ns ) :i* ,i communicat$ on ?is subject only ?irte5 ( !m direct$ ! removal ( bo? trade & g>d5 refuse )\t any special extra paym5t be+ made by ! h\sehold]1 & ?is is only done :5 ^! mat]ials are plac$ 9 ! ord9>y du/b9 or a%pit atta*$ to a h\se4 ,sev]al t[ns1 h[ev]1 x appe>s remove su* mat]ials on special paym5ts be+ made ( sums v>y+ f #as4 #f;d4 to #cs4 p] load4 ,disputes frequ5tly arise betwe5 ! m5 employ$ 9 scav5g+ & ! h\sehold] on ^! vex$ que/ions z to ! diff]5ce betwe5 h\se1 trade or g>d5 refuse3 a dispute (t5 rais$ by ! scav5g]s !mselves1 9 ! hope ( obta9+ a gratuity or rew>d = ! cle>ance ( a du/b91 :i* no d\bt1 legally1 !y are p]fectly ju/ifi$ 9 refus+ to empty2 & 9 ord] to less5 ! *ance ( su* disputes & to attempt to settle ?is "q1 ! foll[+ sugge/ions may be ( value4 ,x w\ld no d\bt be vexati\s if any sanit>y au?ority 7 to absolutely refuse to remove ! 8g>d50 refuse f ^? h\ses to :i* a small fl[] g>d5 0 atta*$1 :il/ x w\ld on ! contr>y be an unfair tax ^u ! g5]al community if ! refuse ( l>ge g>d5s 0 remov$ )\t paym5t4 ,a good rule w\ld !re=e be to remove only su* g>d5 refuse z 0 conta9$ 9 ! ord9>y du/b9 or a%pit atta*$ to a h\se1 & t z ! removal ( any k9d ( trade refuse w\ld no d\bt lead to abuses if done gratuit\sly by ! sanit>y au?ority1 t ?is mat]ial %\ld only be remov$ on paym5t ( "s sum1 :i* %\ld be previ\sly fix$ by ! local au?ority1 & ea* case %\ld be report$ to ! (fic] sup]9t5d+ ! "w be=e x 0 remov$4 ,! next "q is ! important "o ( ! mann] & place 9 :i* h\se refuse %all be tempor>ily /or$ p5d+ ! visit ( ! scav5g]4 ,! ,public ,heal? ,act ( #ahge enacts t3 8,e local au?ority %all provide t all dra9s1 wat]closets1 e>?closets1 privies1 a%pits1 & cesspools )9 _! di/rict be con/ruct$ & kept s z n to be a nuisance or injuri\s to heal?0 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #dj74 ,& section #ce ( ! above ,act /ates1 8,x %all n be lawful newly to erect any h\se or to rebuild any h\se pull$ d[n to or bel[ ! gr\nd floor )\t a suffici5t wat]closet1 e>? closet1 privy1 & an a%pit furni%$ ) prop] doors & cov]+s4 ,any p]son :o causes any h\se to be erect$ or rebuilt 9 contrav5tion ( ?is enactm5t %all be liable to a p5alty n exce$+ tw5ty p\nds0 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #ce74 ,! same ,act also gives p[] to local au?orities to en=ce provision ( a%pit accommodation = h\ses :]e su* accommodation does n already exi/1 & to frame byelaws ) respect to a%pits4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! position ( ! du/b9 or a%pit1 z reg>ds its site ) ref]5ce to ! ma9 dwell+-h\se1 is ( prim>y sanit>y importance1 = if ! g>bage & dome/ic accumulations !re9 are all[$ to rema9 = a few days1 especially :5 ! wea!r is close1 damp1 & w>m1 !y become v (f5sive1 & ! emanations !refrom may ev5 be highly delet]i\s & dang]\s to heal?2 ?is effect is aggravat$ by p]sons empty+ vegetable refuse & o!r matt]s :i* are wet into ! du/b91 z decomposition ( ^! matt]s is greatly assi/$ by ?is addition1 & x w\ld be well t all su* matt]s %\ld be burnt on ! kit*5 or scull]y fire along ) a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! a%es :i* c\ld be sift$ & sav$ f ^? :i* too readily f9d _! way into ! du/b91 & are ?us wa/$4 ,c>e w\ld ( c\rse h to be tak5 9 ?is process t no smell or nuisance 0 caus$ by ! process ( burn+4 ,x is op5 to consid]able d\bt if ! fix$ du/b9 or a%pit is ! be/ or mo/ sanit>y receptacle = ! h\se refuse2 !y may be necess>y & suitable = ,public ,in/itutions1 or = l>ge isolat$ private dwell+s1 or = s*ools or any places :]e excessive quantities ( refuse may accumulate1 b :]e ?is refuse is sy/ematically & prop]ly remov$ by ! ord] ( ! local au?ority1 at su* times & 9 su* mann] z w be h]eaft] po9t$ out1 moveable or portable du/b9s1 boxes or baskets are f> pref]able to ! l>ge immoveable1 inconv5i5t fix$ a%pit1 recomm5d$ & en=c$ "u ! ,act4 ,! next po9t to consid] is t ( ! collection ( ! h\se refuse1 :i* %\ld be effect$ satisfactorily1 economically & exp$iti\sly4 ,! foll[+ are ! ?ree me?ods by :i* ?is is attempt$3 7#a47 ,by a h\se to h\se call at int]mitt5t p]iods4 7#b47 ,by ! scav5g]s giv+ notice ( _! approa* by r++ a bell or by o!r signal1 & requir+ ! h\sehold] to br+ out ! refuse to ! c>t4 7#c47 ,by plac+ public du/b9s 9 diff]5t localities1 & expect+ h\sehold]s 9 _! vic9ity to place ! h\se refuse 9 ^! du/b9s1 :i* are !n cle>$ f "t to "t by ! local au?ority4 ,exp]i5ce alone c tea* :i* ( ^! is ! be/ me?od to adopt 9 any di/rict1 & x is usually f\nd t "s modification ( all ?ree is necess>y4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 difficult sometimes to adopt public du/b9s n only on acc\nt ( _! fir/ co/1 b f ! objections rais$ by ! occupi]s ( adjac5t h\ses to _! be+ fix$ 9 _! neighb\rhood4 ,if ^! du/b9s 7 con/ruct$ ) prop]ly balanc$ self-clos+ lids1 ^! objections might be ov]come1 & _! fir/ co/ w\ld be b trifl+ :5 comp>$ ) ! b5efit to be d]iv$ by plac+ !m 9 "s ( ! ?ickly populat$ c\rts & alleys :i* are un=tunately to be f\nd 9 ne>ly e t[n4 ,:]e !re are no public du/b9s ! inhabitants ( ^! c\rts ?r[ _! wa/e products ^u ! surface ( ! /reets or c\rts1 f "t to "t ?r\gh\t ! day1 z x _c be expect$ nor desir$ t su* mat]ials %\ld rema91 ev5 = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 9 _! "o liv+ room1 :i* is frequ5tly ov] cr[d$1 & has b little sp>e space ev5 = ! common necessities ( life2 b t ^! wa/e products %\ld be ?us /rewn ov] ! surface ( ! /reet or c\rt is almo/ equally objectionable1 & po9ts to ! advantage to be ga9$ by plac+ 9 conv5i5t situations cov]$ du/b9s :i* c\ld be easily empti$ once a day4 ,und\bt$ly ! be/ me?od = ! removal ( refuse is ! h\se to h\se call1 b except 9 suburban di/ricts & = ! collection ( refuse f ! bett] class ( dwell+-h\ses & public in/itutions1 ! exp5se1 delay & difficulty :i* w\ld be incurr$ 9 call+ at e h\se ?r\gh\t a t[n1 w\ld make x almo/ impracticable1 & consequ5tly ?is sy/em is univ]sally comb9$ ) t :i* is kn[n z ! bell or signal sy/em1 :i* simply means t ! scav5g+ c>t 9 go+ its r\nds has a bell atta*$ to x1 or ! horse1 :i* bell r+s automatically z ! c>t proce$s on its way2 or ! man 9 *>ge bl[s a trumpet1 or calls 9 /5torian tones1 8,du/ oh60 ,on he>+ ?is signal1 b n be=e1 ! h\sehold] is expect$ to br+ out ! refuse 9 "s conv5i5t receptacle1 :i* is !n empti$ into ! c>t by ! scav5g]4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! receptacles conta9+ all ! wa/e products ( ^! h\sehold]s are br\ght out & are plac$ 9 ! gutt] ( ! /reet close to ! k]b1 long be=e ! c>t makes its appe>ance or c be reasonably expect$ to d s4 ,! result ( ^! 7g5]ally inappropriate7 receptacles fill$ ) het]og5\s collections ( h\se refuse be+ left unprotect$ 9 ! public /reets1 is t _! cont5ts are quickly /rewn ab\t ! surface ( ! /reet1 by _! be+ upset accid5tally1 or purposely1 & ! appe>ance ( ! /reet1 :i* has probably be5 c>efully swept & g>ni%$ dur+ ! night or e>ly 9 ! morn+1 quickly assumes1 especially 9 a high w9d1 a v (f5sive "*1 & probably has to be entirely re-swept & cleans$ be=e ! ord9>y traffic ( ! day comm5ces4 ,to obviate ?is evil ,i mu/ ref] my read]s to a small book on ! subject ( scav5g+1 entitl$ #8,dirty ,du/b9s & ,sloppy ,/reets1' publi%$ by ,messrs4 ,spon ,co41 writt5 by myself1 9 :i* ,i h sugge/$ moveable iron cyl9d]s be+ plac$ 9 ! /reets = ! reception ( ! h\se refuse4 ,! 8h\se to h\se0 call sy/em 9 ! suburbs ( a t[n may be greatly assi/$ by a v simple rem$y1 :i* has already be5 tri$ 9 "s t[ns ) consid]able success4 ,x consi/s 9 ! h\sehold] plac+ a c>d be>+ ! lett] ,d1 or "s o!r di/+ui%+ m>k1 9 a conspicu\s place 9 a w9d[1 :5 ! s]vices ( ! scav5g]s are requir$2 ^! c>ds %\ld be pr9t$ & circulat$ by ! ,sanit>y ,au?ority ( ! di/rict1 :o %\ld /ate on ! back ( ! c>d ! days on :i* ! scav5g]s w\ld visit ea* neighb\rhood1 ) ! approximate h\r ( ! day 9 :i* !y w\ld appe>1 9 ord] t ! h\sehold] may n be unnecess>ily inconv5i5c$ by be+ oblig$ to keep ! c>d = any l5g? ( "t 9 8 w9d[4 ,! scav5g]s 9 pass+ obs]ve ! signal1 & call at ! h\se2 o!rwise !y pass on1 unless specially call$ 9 by ! occupants1 ?us avoid+ any unnecess>y delay 9 _! r\nds4 ,a visit f ! scav5g]s ei!r be=e sev5 or aft] t5 9 ! morn+ is g5]ally v inconv5i5t = h\seholds ( a sup]ior class1 & %\ld be1 if possible1 c>efully avoid$ by ! sanit>y au?ority4 ,! c>t usually employ$ = scav5g+ is t kn[n z ! ord9>y 8tip c>t10 /rongly1 if n clumsily1 con/ruct$ ( an oak frame1 ) elm or deal sides ( consid]able height2 x holds ab\t a c\ple ( cubic y>ds ( mat]ial1 & co/s f sixte5 to tw5ty p\nds4 ,^! c>ts are n only clumsy & heavy1 b !y give an ov]weight$ dim9utive appe>ance to ! horse betwe5 ! %afts1 especially z ! quality ( horses employ$ = "w ( ?is "* is frequ5tly none ( ! be/4 ,! height1 too1 ( ! c>t is (t5 s great z to necessitate ! use ( a %ort ladd]1 up :i* ! scav5g] has to climb1 ! result be+ a %[] ( du/ :5 x is be+ load$ ) h\se refuse1 & spatt]+s ( mud1 :5 x is be+ us$ z a slop c>t4 ,x is difficult also to effectually cov] a c>t ( ?is description4 ,! imp]fect mode at pres5t adopt$ is to cov] x ) a t>paul91 :i* is ti$ d[n z tightly z ! circum/ances ( ! case w admit1 b :i* z a rule does n effectually answ] ! purpose = :i* x is int5d$4 ,9 t[ns :]e ! h\se refuse is n collect$ sep>ately f ! road scrap+s1 a judici\s mixture ( ! two 9 ! c>t consid]ably assi/s 9 prev5t+ any mud f spla%+ ov] or ! du/ f bl[+ ab\t4 ,! employm5t ( wood5 c>ts = ?is "w is bad economy1 _! r\gh usage1 & ! mode adopt$ = empty+ !m by 8tipp+10 r5d]s _! life a %ort "o2 a c>t 9 con/ant "w frequ5tly co/s f #dl4 to #el4 p] annum 9 repairs1 & hav+ b little ( ! orig9al mat]ial ( :i* x 0 con/ruct$ left 9 x at ! end ( six ye>s4 ,!y are also difficult to cleanse or dis9fect4 ,) a view to obviate ^! & o!r objections1 sev]al improv$ c>ts & waggons h be5 introduc$ by diff]5t mak]s1 :o h /yl$ !m by a v>iety ( names4 ,among/ o!rs !y are call$ du/ c>ts1 g5]al purpose c>ts1 sanit>y c>ts1 slu% c>ts1 tumbl] c>ts1 mud waggons1 tip waggons1 slop waggons1 c4 ,^! are con/ruct$ ) iron bodies fix$ ^u wood5 frames & :eels2 !y are ( v>i\s =ms & designs1 ! pr9cipal objects aim$ at be+ lightness ( con/ruction comb9$ ) /r5g?1 s balanc$ z to be> ) a m9imum ( weight ^u ! horse2 economy 9 _! co/ has n be5 lo/ sight (1 & !y are usually provid$ ) "s special means = empty+1 ei!r by be+ tipp$ by a *a9 & w9dlass1 or by "s me*anical arrangem5t ( ! tailbo>d2 !y are built v l[ ^u _! axles1 s z to be easily fill$1 are ei!r completely cov]$ ov] ) a moveable lid1 or are fitt$ ) h+$ side bo>ds1 s z to prev5t any spla%+ ov] ( _! cont5ts1 & z !y are ne>ly all con/ruct$ ) iron2 !y are easily cleans$ & dis9fect$ :5ev] x is ?\ght necess>y to d s4 ,) ref]5ce to ! important "q ( ! ultimate disposal ( h\se refuse1 /reet sweep+s c41 no rules c be laid d[n1 z s mu* dep5ds ^u ! position ( e t[n & ! "* ( ! di/rict 9 :i* x is situat$1 z ! foll[+ replies to "s que/ions :i* ,i address$ to sev]al ,engli% t[ns w %[4 ,9 _m t[ns x is /at$ t ! :ole ( ! refuse is us$ by brick mak]s1 9 o!rs x is simply 8tipp$ to wa/e40 ,9 "o case ! answ] is1 8,sold by auction twice a ye>10 b to :om x is sold1 & = :at purpose1 does n transpire4 ,9 "s t[ns x appe>s to be mix$ ) lime & us$ z manure ^u ! fields1 & 9 o!rs x is mix$ ) ! sludge ( ! sewage f>ms1 & is !n pl\gh$ or dug into ! soil ( ! f>m4 ,?is seems a bett] plan ?an t ( ano!r t[n1 :]e x is 8giv5 or ?r[n away10 al?\gh ! difficulty ( dispos+ ( ! old iron1 t9s1 c41 is n t\*$ ^u 9 any ( ! =ego+ answ]s4 ,! next reply /ates t 8x is riddl$1 & ! c9d]s & vegetable refuse are burnt to g5]ate /eam1 ! f9e du/ is us$ ) ! manure manufactory 7tub sy/em71 ! old iron is sold1 & ! pots1 c41 us$ = ! f\ndations ( roads40 ,9 "o case ! :ole ( ! refuse is tak5 out to sea 9 hopp] b>ges1 & sunk 9 deep wat]4#afa ,9 a great numb] ( t[ns x is sold by t5d] = ! ye>1 b :at ev5tually becomes ( x does n transpire4 ,b ! mo/ fav\r$ me?ods1 :]e x _c be sold z manure to f>m]s1 seem to be ei!r t ( c>t+ x away to "s spot outside ! t[n1 & !re us+ x = ! purpose ( fill+ up holl[s & depressions1 or t ( giv+ or sell+ x to brick-mak]s4 ,! practice ( fill+ up holl[ places ) su* mat]ials _c be too /rongly deprecat$ if !re is any *ance ( dwell+ h\ses be+ erect$ on !m1 z ! unsanit>y condition ( sites ?us =m$ has be5 frequ5tly demon/rat$4 ,:]e t[ns are unable to dispose ( _! refuse by sale to f>m]s or m>ket g>d5]s1 ! be/ me?od1 & "o :i* is ga9+ 9 popul>ity e day1 is t ( its de/ruction by fire4 ,) ?is object 9 view a ,mr ,fry] has inv5t$ an app>atus :i* he /yles a 8,pat5t ,c>bonis]1 = ! conv]sion ( g>bage1 /reet1 & m>ket sweep+s1 also o!r vegetable refuse1 into *>coal40 ,?is app>atus consi/s ( a /ructure some:at resembl+1 ext]nally1 a brick kiln4 ,x is divid$ into hopp]-%ap$ comp>tm5ts1 :i* at ! bottom are furni%$ ) a furnace1 fitt$ ) a rev]b]atory ar*4 ,a fire is light$ 9 ?is furnace1 ! necess>y combu/ion be+ obta9$1 & ! heat ma9ta9$1 by burn+ ! c9d]s1 :i* are sift$ out ( ! h\se refuse = ?is purpose4 ,all ! /reet sweep+s1 refuse1 g>bage1 c41 is !n ?r[n 9 at ! top ( ! kiln1 & x is !re & !n completely de/roy$ by ! action ( ! fire1 & conv]t$ into *>coal1 :i* is )drawn ?r\gh a slid+ door fix$ at ! bottom ( ! kiln4#afb ,! next po9t :i* has to be consid]$1 & :i* is ! second 9 ord] ( ! li/ ( duties ,i h giv5 at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is *apt]1 is 8! cleans+ ( e>? closets1 privies1 a%-pits1 & cesspools40 ,?is is g5]ally effect$ 9 conjunction ) ! collection ( ! h\se refuse & ! "w is c>ri$ out at night4 ,"u ! ,g\x-tub sy/em ! a%es ( ! h\se refuse are l>gely us$ z a deodorant or absorb5t z a l9+ = ! tub1#afc b 9 ! pail sy/ems ?is mixture is n effect$ until ! tubs & refuse arrive toge!r at ! dept4 ,= descriptions ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! pail sy/em = ! collection ( excreta is c>ri$ out 9 ,birm+ham1 ,i mu/ ref] my read]s to an article writt5 by myself 9 a numb] ( ,! ,sanit>y ,eng9e] ( ,new ,york publi%$ on ! #a/ ,sept4 #ahha1 9 :i* ,i h ent]$ fully into ! me?od !re adopt$ & its advantages & disadvantages1 b :i* are too long to recapitulate 9 ?is *apt]4 ,! next duty :i* has to be consid]$ is t ( 8! prop] cleans+ ( /reets40 ,!re is no d\bt t = ! sake ( ! appe>ance z well z ! heal? ( any t[n its /reets _c be too well cleans$4 ,muddy & wet /reets cause dampness 9 ! subsoil ( neighb\r+ dwell+s1 & du/ is n only injuri\s to tradesm5's goods b also to ! lungs ( ^? :o h to brea! an atmosph]e load$ ) silicate & organic impurities4#afd ,/reet cleans+ is effect$ ei!r by h&-sweep+ & h&-scrap+1 or by ma*9]y4 ,z to :i* is ! mo/ economical mu* dep5ds ^u ! value ( lab\r1 & also ^u ! condition ( ! roads to be dealt )1 b 9 po9t ( "t & z a g5]al rule ! value ( a horse rot>y bru%-sweep+ ma*9e is und\bt$1 ! only "t at :i* su* a ma*9e fails to d effective "w is on ! occasions :5 ! mud to be remov$ 7ow+ to a peculi> condition ( ! atmosph]e71 has atta9$ a semisolidity1 & is ( a /iff & /icky consi/5cy1 :5 x ei!r adh]es to & clogs ! bru%es ( ! ma*9e1 or is flatt5$ by !m on to ! road in/ead ( be+ remov$4#afe ,! bru%es ( a ma*9e la/ ab\t #ahj h\rs con/ant "w1 & !n ! old /ocks c be easily refill$ ) bass at no great co/4 ,! comp>ative "w :i* c be done by a sweep+ ma*9e is ab\t #aa to #a ( t effect$ by manual lab\r1 s t ! economy involv$ by ! =m] me?od is evid5t4 ,! /r5g? & durability ( ! brooms us$ = ! "w ( sweep+ ! /reets is ( "s importance1 z affect+ ! ultimate co/ ( ! "w1 & "s c>e & skill is requir$ 9 _! selection4 ,bass brooms are bett] ?an bir* brooms = ?is purpose1 & ! bass ( :i* ! brooms are made %\ld be suffici5tly /\t & ( regul> ?ickness2 x %\ld be t\gh & ela/ic1 n old1 dry1 & brittle1 ea* knot %\ld be ( uni=m size & be firmly set1 & ! numb] ( knots 9 ea* broom head is also a matt] ( *oice4 ,a conv5i5t & fair te/ ( ! s\ndness ( a broom is to soak x = a few days 9 wat] be=e issu+ x to ! sweep]1 & !n note ! "t x w la/4 ,! h&les ( ! brooms %\ld be made ( ald] wood4 ,on ! "q ( ! extra "w involv$ 9 /reet cleans+ by its bad con/ruction or by ! mat]ials ( :i* x is con/ruct$1 climate mu/ be consid]$1 z well z ! am\nt ( traffic x has to be>1 & also its gradi5t & ! habits ( ! p resid+ 9 x4#aff ,! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,scav5g+ ,dep>tm5t at ,liv]pool has made "s obs]vations & obta9$ "s valuable in=mation on ^! po9ts1 :i* he has detail$ 9 a report he pres5t$ to ! ,heal? ,committee ( t bor\gh 9 ! ye> #ahgg1 an ab/ract ( :i* is z foll[s3 ,,gross ,,co/ ,,= ,,ea* ,,"t ,,( ,,cleans+ #aj1jjj ,,y>ds ,,sup]ficial ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,descriptions ,,( ,,roadway ,,9 ,,! ,,bor\gh ,,( ,,liv]pool4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,con- ,gross dition ,area ,loads ,times ,co/ p] ,descrip- ( re- ( re- swept#aj1jjj ,y>ds tion pair ( ,c>- mov$ 9 ,sup]ficial ( ,:5 ,road- riage-9 "o "o = ea* ,/reet4,pavem5t4 pav$4 way4 way4 ,mon?4mon?4 cleans+4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,yds4 supr4 s4 d4 ,"l ,granite #ahgg ,v #d1ejc #ae #bf #j #f #e ,/reet setts1 good asphalte jo9ts ,nor? ,ditto #ahgb ,good #c1bhg #ag #bf #j #h #aj ,john ,/reet ,ti!- ,granite #ahgb ,bad #e1aej #ch #bf #j #aa #b b>n setts1 & ,/reet ord9>y #ahgd jo9ts ,we/ ,ditto1 #ahgf ,v #aa1ihj #ce #ac #j #i #d ,d]by asphalte good ,road jo9ts ,great ,ditto #ahgg ,good #af1hfj #he #ac #j #ad #d ,h[>d ,/reet ,great ,ditto1 ,n z- ,mod- #ae1ijj #he #ac #j #ad #a ,hom] ord9>y c]ta9- erate ,/reet jo9ts able ,k5s+-,macadam ,ditto ,good #ad1edj #gf #ac #j #ad #c ton brea/$ ,/reet ) sett ,/anley ,ditto ,ditto ,bad #af1ecdahf #ac #a #h #i ,road ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,he adds t ! full b5efit ( ! imp]vi\s pavem5ts z reg>ds ! co/ ( scav5g+ has n yet be5 felt1 = almo/ all ! l9es ( /reets s pav$ are int]sect$ at %ort di/ances by /reets ( ord9>y jo9t$ granite setts or macadam1 :5ce a quantity ( mud & refuse is dragg$ by ! traffic on to ! asphalt$ jo9t$ roadways1 :i* are consequ5tly debit$ ) ! co/ ( removal ( "s effete mat]ial n intr9sically belong+ to !m4 ,mr4 ,till1 ! ,bor\gh ,surveyor ( ,birm+ham1 f inve/igations he has made on ?is subject1 says t = granite pavem5t #b c>t loads ( mud h to be remov$ f e #ajjj squ>e y>ds ( surface1 "o ?ird ( a load = wood pavem5t#afg & #d loads ?ree times a day 7a total ( #ab loads7 = macadamis$ roadways4 ,! ultimate disposal ( ! mat]ial remov$ f ! surfaces ( roadways especially :5 !y are macadamis$ is a difficult matt]1 z1 be+ *iefly compos$ ( silicate1 x is valueless z a manure4 ,9 small t[ns1 except dur+ abnormally muddy wea!r1 x may be mix$ ) ! h\se refuse & sold to f>m]s1 or ! road scrap+s !mselves may be us$ z an excell5t s&1 if ?or\ghly wa%$1 to mix ) lime or cem5t to =m mort> = public works2 excessive accumulations ( mud1 h[ev]1 mu/ be got rid ( 9 ! mo/ economical & spe$y mann] possible1 & ?is is effect$ ei!r by fill+ up old disus$ qu>ries ) x1 or deposit+ x ^u wa/e l&s1 or =m+ embankm5ts = new roads1 b 9 no case %\ld x be us$1 z ,i h be=e /at$1 ^u build+ sites2 x is difficult & exp5sive to de/roy x or p>tially conv]t x into o!r matt]s by fire1 s t if ^! me?ods :i* ,i h enum]at$ are impracticable1 ! only o!r me?od left = ! disposal ( ! sweep+s or scrap+s f ! /reets is to take !m out to sea 9 hopp] b>ges & s9k !m 9 deep wat]4 ,! la/ "q t arises on ! subject ( scav5g+ be=e we consid] ! disposal ( sn[1 is :e!r ! onus ( cleans+ private c\rts & alleys :i* are n repairable by ! urban au?ority %\ld be borne by !m or n4 ,! great difficulty atta*$ to ?is duty arises f ! fact t ^! private c\rts & alleys are g5]ally v badly pav$1 if pav$ at all1 full ( pits1 :]e pools ( /agnant mud & wat] collect1 & ev5 9 ! be/ cases1 ! int]/ices betwe5 ! pebbles1 or o!r pav+1 are fill$ ) fil? aris+ 9 great measure f ! dirty habits ( ! p1 & ?is fil? x is f\nd exce$+ly difficult to dislodge4 ,! rem$y = ?is is to compel ! own]s ( ! abutt+ prop]ties to h ! c\rts & alleys prop]ly pav$ ) asphalte1 or o!r equally imp]vi\s mat]ial1 aft] :i* x w\ld be easy = ! urban au?ority to cause !m to be swept at lea/ once a day1 & flu%$ ) wat] 9 ! hot wea!r once a week1 b 9 ord] to compel ! own]s to execute ?is v desirable "w x w\ld be necess>y to put ! complicat$ ma*9]y ( section #aej ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge 9 =ce1 & ! exp5se to ! l&lords w\ld be 9 _m cases v disproportionate to ! value ( _! prop]ty4 ,out ( ! n9ety t[ns to :i* ref]5ce has be=e be5 made1 ! au?orities ( only n9ete5 ( !m cleanse ! private c\rts & alleys 9 _! jurisdiction1 al?\gh = ! sake ( sanitation x is v desirable t su* "w %\ld be s und]tak5 by !m4 ,9 mo/ t[ns x is necess>y to cleanse its pr9cipal /reets at lea/ once a day1 & ?is appe>s to be ! practice ( ne>ly all ! n9ety t[ns ,i h ref]r$ to2 only sev5 ( !m1 h[ev]1 appe> to h ?is op]ation repeat$ m frequ5tly2 9 sev]al t[ns1 ! horse dropp+s1 c41 are remov$ at once1 "u :at is call$ ! 8ord]ly0 sy/em1 & ?is is especially necess>y 9 /reets t are pav$ ) su* mat]ials z wood pav+1 asphalte1 or granite setts4 ,! suburban /reets ( a t[n ne$ only be cleans$ once or twice a week1 except 9 special cases ( extremes ( mud or sn[1 & ,i w n[ proce$ to discuss ! que/ions involv$ by a heavy fall ( ! latt]4 ,exp]im5ts h %[n t a cubic y>d ( fre% fall5 sn[ may weigh z mu* z #had p\nds or z little z #ga p\nds4 ,assum+ t a cubic foot w weigh #afch p\nds1 ,i e/imate t = a fall ( #c in*es ( sn[ ^u a /reet #cf feet 9 wid?1 #bj tons1 repres5t+ a bulk ( ab\t #ajj cubic y>ds1 w\ld h to be remov$ = e #ajj y>ds ( l5g? ( /reet if x 0 ?\ght necess>y to cle> x away4 ,assum+ t !re are #cj miles ( /reet 9 a t[n f :i* ! sn[ mu/ be remov$2 #ba1add loads mu/ be c>t$ some:]e1 at a co/ ( at lea/ #a1ejjl41 assum+ t ea* c>t c\ld make t5 trips a day1 & ev5 !n x w\ld take #ceb c>ts a :ole week to effect x4 ,x may be cont5d$ t ,i h tak5 an extreme case1 & t1 ( c\rse1 ! sn[ does n lie = v long ^u ! gr\nd 9 ! condition 9 :i* x fell1 & t h\rly x is r$uc+ 9 bulk & weight by be+ gr\nd up by ! traffic1 & f9d+ its way 9 ! =m ( wat] into ! sew]s4 ,?is may be s1 b at ! same "t x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! bulk is also be+ con/antly increas$ by t :i* is %ovell$ (f ! h\se tops#afh & br\ght out f private premises adjo9+ ! /reets4 ,^u ?is po9t ,mr4 ,hayw>d1 ! ,eng9e] to ! ,commission]s ( ,sew]s ( ! ,city ( ,london1 says#afi3-- 8,sn[ readily compresses "u ! traffic1 & :5 remov$ 9 c>ts & %ot d[n else:]e x may be assum$ t on an av]age f\r cubic y>ds ( sn[ measur$ z x has fall5 is equal to "o cubic y>d :5 plac$ on ! app>atus40 ,?is computation1 h[ev]1 does n make any all[ance = ! sn[ ?r[n f (f ! ro(s1 c41 & x ( c\rse greatly consolidates :il/ travell+ 9 ! c>t4 ,=tunately = a t[n surveyor 9 ?is c\ntry1 exceptionally heavy falls ( sn[ are n v frequ5t1 b :5 !y d happ5 great pressure is put ^u 8 dep>tm5t to cope ) x1 & "o ( ! greate/ difficulties he has to cont5d aga9/ is ! disposal ( ! sn[ aft] x has be5 plac$ 9 ! c>t4 ,if !re is a riv] close by1 x c be tak5 !re & tipp$1 b ?is is objectionable if x is a navigable riv] :]e dr$g+ has to be done1 z x is surpris+ :at a quantity ( road scrap+s & o!r matt]s are always remov$ ) ! sn[1 & ^! mat]ials naturally s9k to ! bottom1 & add consid]ably to ! co/ ( dr$g+4 ,if !re are public p>ks ! sn[ may be heap$ 9 !m1 provid$ no damage is done to ! grass or pa?s1 b ! sn[ ?us heap$ takes a consid]able "t to melt1 ! fir/ effect ( a ?aw be+ to consolidate x3 a bett] plan is to deposit x ^u wa/e spots1 if ^! are n too f> f ! /reets :i* h to be cle>$4 ,tipp+ ! sn[ d[n ! manholes into ! sew]s has be5 tri$ 9 ,london & o!r cities1 b has fail$ ?r\gh ! sn[ consolidat+1 & al?\gh light$ gas jets h be5 turn$ on to ! sn[1 x has /ill melt$ too sl[ly to be ( any practical utility4 ,speak+ ( ,cl>ke's app>atus = melt+ sn[1 ,mr4 ,haywood1 9 ! same report f :i* ,i h already quot$1 says3 8,x is seldom t a fall ( sn[ occurs suffici5tly l>ge to cause s]i\s int]ruption to ! traffic2 heavy sn[/orms 9 fact occur only once 9 six or sev5 ye>s2 = "s ye>s !re=e ^! app>atuses if fix$ might n be requir$4 ,!y w\ld ei!r h to be tak5 out1 /or$ & refix$ ye>ly or ma9ta9$ 9 _! places & kept 9 ord] !re1 9 ei!r case at an annual exp5se40 ,9 p]us+ ,mr4 ,hayw>d's report x also appe>s t ! co/ ( ?is app>atus fix$ is ab\t #abjl41 & ! co/ ( melt+ ! sn[ #i;d4 p] cubic y>d4 ,9 ord] to grapple ) ?is "q ( ! removal ( sn[1 ,i am ( op9ion t x is useless to attempt to c>t x away :ile fall+1 b try to make cle> cross+s = ! foot pass5g]s & to keep ! traffic op54 ,if !re %\ld be a high w9d at ! "t1 & ! sn[ drifts 9 consequ5ce1 cut ?r\gh ! drifts s z to all[ ! vehicul> traffic to cont9ue4 ,directly ! sn[ ceases to fall put on all available h&s to cle> ! *annel gutt]s & /reet grat+s1 9 prep>ation = a sudd5 ?aw1 :51 if ^! precautions 7 n tak51 s]i\s flood+ & great damage to prop]ty might ensue2 = ! same reason c>t away all ! sn[ y c at ! bottom ( gradi5ts & 9 ! valleys1 & also f v n>r[ /reets & passages1 c4 ,9 ! wid] /reets use ! sn[ pl\gh1 or ) gangs ( m5 79 ! sn[ season !re is g5]ally pl5ty ( lab\r obta9able71 %ovel ! sn[ into a long n>r[ heap on ea* side ( ! /reet1 tak+ c>e to leave ! *annel gutt]s & grat+s q cle>1 & a suffici5t space betwe5 ! heaps = at lea/ two l9es ( traffic4 ,passages mu/ also be cut at frequ5t int]vals ?r\gh ! heaps1 9 ord] to all[ foot pass5g]s to cross ! /reet1 & also to let ! wat] rea* ! *annel gutt]s z soon z ! sn[ beg9s to melt4#agj ,! next po9t to be consid]$ 9 ?is *apt] is t ( 8,! prop] wat]+ ( /reets = ! :ole or any "p ( _! di/rict40 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ me?ods = wat]+ /reets1 b "o :i* has1 ,i ?9k1 almo/ entirely di$ out1 on acc\nt pr9cipally ( ! l>ge quantity ( wat] us$ 9 ! process1 0 t ( all[+ ! wat] to run d[n ! *annel gutt]s1 pond+ x back by means ( canvas or lea!r aprons plac$ across ! gutt]1 & !n spread+ ! wat] on to ! surface ( ! /reet by ?r[+ x ) wood5 %ovels4 ,?is me?od1 :i* at fir/ sight may appe> clumsy1 is an exce$+ly good "o ^u sanit>y gr\nds4 ,x n only lays ! du/1 b x wa%es ! surface ( ! /reet1 & x mo/ effectually sc\rs out ! gutt]s & at ! same "t flu%es ! sew]s1 :i* at ! season t wat]+ is necess>y is also ( great importance to any t[n4 ,by ?is process a delightful fre%ness is giv5 to ! air1 & ! appe>ance ( ! cool & limpid wat] ru%+ along on ea* side ( ! /reet acts fav\rably ^u ! inhabitants4 ,! great objections to ?is sy/em are 7#a7 ! enorm\s quantity ( wat] t is us$ 9 ! process1 & 7#b7 ! difficulty ( do+ ! "w aft] ! traffic ( ! day has comm5c$4 ,some:at ( a modification ( ?is process is :at is kn[n z 8,br[n's ,sy/em ( ,/reet ,wat]+10 :i* may be describ$ z foll[s3--,a lead pipe is laid 9 ! footpa? at ! back ( ! k]b on ea* side ( ! /reet to be wat]$1 small grat+s or %ields be+ fix$ 9 ! pipe at int]vals ( twelve in*es1 & ! rema9+ space fill$ ) asphalte2 small holes are !n bor$ 9 ! pipe ?r\gh ! op5+s 9 ! %ields4 ,! pipe is connect$ ) ! wat] ma9 9 ! /reet1 & is provid$ ) ! necess>y /opcocks1 c4 ,on ! wat] be+ turn$ on1 f9e jets are ?r[n 9 diff]5t directions ^u ! surface ( ! /reet4 ,! wid? ( roadway t c be wat]$ by ?is process dep5ds ^u ! pressure ( ! wat]1 b x may be fairly assum$ t 9 mo/ t[ns /reets ( fifty feet wid? c\ld be effectually wat]$ 9 a few m9utes by a pipe on ea* side ( ! /reet4 ,?is process has n ga9$ mu* fav\r hi!rto1 pr9cipally on acc\nt ( ! l>ge fir/ co/ involv$1 :i* w\ld am\nt to upw>ds ( #hjjl4 p] mile ( /reet1 b ! exp5se aft]w>ds %\ld n mu* exce$ ! wages ( "o man at ab\t #cs4 #f;d4 p] day to manipulate ! necess>y "w1 & ! int]e/ on ! outlay & depreciation ( ! pipes1 c4 ,! o!r objections to ?is sy/em are3-- 7#a47 ,! liability ( ! pipes & p]=ations to get out ( ord]1 especially :5 all[$ to lie idle = s _m mon?s 9 ea* ye>4 7#b47 ,! unpleasantness to p$e/rians :i* mu/ be caus$ :il/ ! wat]+ is proce$+4 7#c47 ,! inconv5i5ce to ! traffic dur+ ! process4 7#d47 ,! effect ^u ! wat] by high w9ds1 :5 9 all probability x w\ld be bl[n back across ! foot pavem5t4 7#e47 ,9 v broad /reets x w\ld be inop]ative4 ,9 ,p>is & o!r cont95tal cities1 & also 9 sev]al t[ns 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! wat]+ is effect$ by hose & reels1 or by portable iron tubes4 ,mr4 ,p>ry1 ,c4,e41 ! ,bor\gh ,surveyor ( ,read+1 has giv5 ! foll[+ p>ticul>s ( ! sy/em ( h& wat]+ adopt$ 9 t bor\gh1 9 :i* he gives ! co/1 & describes ! utility ( t me?od z comp>$ ) ! use ( wat] c>ts3 ,a wat] c>t 7he /ates7 w wat] twice a day a sup]ficial area ( #bc1hdi y>ds1 & = a l5g? wat]$ "o wid? t means #e1ifb l9eal y>ds1 or = a d\ble wid? #b1iha y>ds1 ! co/ p] day ( lay+ on be+ z foll[s3--,horse1 c>t1 & man1 #hs4 co/ ( ma9t5ance ( c>t1 h>ness1 %oe+1 c41 #as4 #e;d41 mak+ #is4 #e;d4 p] day4 ,) respect to ! h& ma*9es he /ates t he has "o ( ,headley's drum ma*9es1 & ?ree ( special make1 some:at simil> to ^? us$ 9 ,p>is4 ,!y are equal 9 po9t ( "w2 & "o ma*9e w wat] #bc1gdj squ>e y>ds twice a day1 :i*1 x w be obs]v$1 is v close to ! am\nt ( "w p]=m$ by a c>t4 8,headley's ma*9e co/ u 7he cont9ues71 five ye>s ago :5 new1 #cal4 #gs4 #c;d41 & ! repairs & ma9t5ance s9ce t date h be5 #bbl41 or an av]age ( #dl4 #hs4 p] annum1 & is j n[ almo/ pa/ repair4 ,! o!r description ( h& ma*9e co/ ea* :5 new #bjl41 & ! repairs & ma9t5ance h am\nt$ to an av]age ( #cl4 #ahs4 ea* ye>4 ,!y 7 9 use "s "t be=e ,headley's 0 obta9$1 & !y w be ( use = a long "t yet4 ,! co/ ( lab\r p] day by ! h& ma*9es is = two m5 at #bs4 #aj;d4 ea*--#es4 #h;d4--z x requires two m5 to "w ! ma*9e prop]ly1 "o to di/ribute ! wat]1 & ! o!r to move ! ma*9e & to atta* & deta* ! app>atus to & f ! hydrants2 add to ?is #g;d4 p] day = ma9t5ance & repairs1 w make #fs4 #c;d4 p] day4 ,! quantity ( wat] deliv]$ by ! wat] c>ts is #jea gallons p] squ>e y>d1 & by ! h& ma*9e #acj gallons40 ,x w ?us be se5 t 9 ! case ( ! c>t #bd1cbd gallons ( wat] are us$ p] diem1 & #fa1gbd gallons by ! h& ma*9es1 ! surface wat]$ be+ v ne>ly ! same 9 bo? cases4 ,assum+ t ! wat] has a comm]cial value ( #f;d4 p] #ajjj gallons1 & add+ ?is to ! co/ p] diem 9 ea* case1 ! total co/ /&s ?us3 ,h& ma*9es #a #ajs4 #aj;d4 ,c>ts #a #as4 #g;d4 ! advantage 9 po9t ( co/ be+ 9 fav\r ( ! c>ts2 b ! h& ma*9e may wat] bett]1 especially 9 broad /reets1 al?\gh 9 n>r[ /reets or :]e !re is mu* traffic1 ?is me?od w\ld be impracticable4 ,9 ,p>is bo? hose & c>ts are us$ = wat]+ ! ?or\ghf>es1 ! =m] = ! b\lev>ds1 ! av5ues1 & a c]ta9 numb] ( fir/-class /reets4 ,! mo/ commonly kn[n me?od 9 ?is c\ntry = wat]+ ! /reets & roads ( our t[ns is t ( c>ry+ ! wat] 9 :eel$ b>rels1 c>ts1 or vans1 & di/ribut+ x !refrom ?r\gh a p]=at$ pipe ^u ! surface ( ! road z ! vehicle is drawn along by a horse atta*$ to ! %afts4#aga ,! old b>rel ^u :eels gave place to a c>t1 & n[ we h 8,bayley's ,pat5t ,hydro/atic ,van10 :i* is too well kn[n to almo/ all t[n surveyors to ne$ mu* description4 ,x holds ab\t #dej gallons ( wat] & takes ab\t #i m9utes to fill 7?is "t ( c\rse v>y+ ) ! size ( ma9 & pressure ( wat]71 & t5 m9utes to spread ! wat] ^u ! surface ( ! road4 ,) reg>d to ! "w t "o ( ^! vans w accompli% 9 comp>ison to t effect$ by an ord9>y c>t1 ! foll[+ table1 compil$ f exp]im5ts on ! "q1 w be useful3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,no4 ( ,loads ,total ,cont5ts to quantity ,ga9 9 cov] ( p] ,c>t or ,van4 ,gallons4 beat4 ,wat]4 ,"t4 ,diff]5ce4 ,c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,hrs4 ,mnts4 ,hrs4 ,mnts4 ,bayley's van #dej #e #bdge #a #bc 44 44 ,ord9>y c>t #bbe #aa #bdge #a #ej #j #bg #bd ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,bayley's van #dej #e #bdge #a #ch 44 44 ,ord9>y c>t #bcg #aa #bfjg #b #aj #j #cb #be ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,bayley's van #dej #f #bgjj #a #de 44 44 ,ord9>y c>t #bij #aa #caij #b #aj #j #be #ai ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,bayley's van #dej #h #cfjj #b #ae 44 44 ,ord9>y c>t #bfj #ag #ddbj #c #cj #a #ae #cf ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,?is %[s a mean ga9 ( #bf p] c5t4 9 fav\r ( ! van1 & ! foll[+ tables1 made by an inspector 9 #ahgc1 %[+ ! actual occupation ( ! ord9>y c>ts & ,bayley's vans dur+ a day's "w1 are extremely int]e/+1 z %[+ t :ile ! van is engag$ 9 spread+ ! wat] ! "t ( ! c>t is wa/$ 9 travell+ to & f ! /& po/s1 & :5 x is borne 9 m9d also t ! van spreads wat] m widely ?an ! c>t1 !re c be no d\bt t a sav+ ( at lea/ #cj p] c5t4 c be effect$ by ! sub/itution ( ^! vans = ! old-fa%ion$ c>t4 ,,c>ts4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,travell+,travell+ ,fill+4 ,full4 ,empty4 ,wait+1 c4,spread+4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,h4 ,m4 ,h4 ,m4 ,h4 ,m4 ,h4 ,m4 ,h4 ,m4 ,padd+ton #a #de #b #i #a #eh #j #bj #a #cj ,/4 ,savi\r's #a #bi #b #af #b #d #j #bf #a #bi ,/r& #a #aa #b #cj #b #ah #j #ag #a #c ,k5s+ton #d #dj #b #b #a #eg #j #j #a #ed ,*elsea #b #dd #a #ae #b #ad #j #ce #a #f ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,vans4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,padd+ton #c #cc #a #i #a #c #j #j #c #j ,/4 ,savi\r's #b #bj #a #d #a #ba #j #bc #b #eh ,/r& #b #cj #a #be #a #ad #j #bj #b #bc ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,9 ! ye> #ahef1 ,mr4 ,scott1 ,c4,e41 ! ,*ief ,surveyor ( ! p>i% ( ,/4 ,pancras1 kept an acc\nt ( ! daily r\nd ( an ord9>y wat] c>t1 :5 he f\nd t ?r\gh an av]age work+ day ( #aj h\rs1 exclusive ( ! breakfa/ & d9n] h\rs1 ! c>t took "o h\r & tw5ty m9utes fill+1 fifty m9utes only 9 di/ribut+ ! wat] on ! roads1 & eight h\rs & sev5 m9utes 9 travell+ to spread ! wat] & back to ! /& po/s4 ,x 0 obvi\s t ^! 7 plac$ too f> ap>t1 & by ! subsequ5t introduction ( additional /&po/s ,mr4 ,scott f\nd1 9 ! ye> #ahfg1 t ! fill+ occupi$ two h\rs1 ! di/ribution "o h\r & ?irty m9utes1 & ! travell+ to & fro six h\rs & ?irty m9utes2 s t x may be assum$1 ) an ord9>y two-:eel$ wat] c>t1 t two-?irds ( ! day is sp5t 9 travell+1 "o fif? 9 fill+1 & ab\t "o-sev5? 9 ! actual spread+4 ,b a wat* %\ld be kept ^u ! man :o is engag$ 9 ?is "w1 o!rwise he w idle away 8 "t & ! /reets rema9 unwat]$4 ,a good *eck ^u ?is is ,mr4 ,bayley's ,tell-,tale1 :i* regi/]s automatically on a dial at ! side ( ! van ! numb] ( r\nds a man goes ea* day4 ,wat]+ ! /reets ) sea wat] %\ld be adopt$ :5ev] x is feasible1 z x n only gives a delightful fre%ness to ! air & dispels iod9e1 b x also causes ! surface ( ! /reet to ma9ta9 its humidity = a long] p]iod ?an :5 fre% wat] is us$1 z x impregnates ! soil ) hygrometric matt]4 ,?is has be5 (t5 attempt$ artificially1 by add+ common salt to ! wat] us$ = wat]+1 b x is r too exp5sive = ! b5efit d]iv$4#agb ,wat]+ ! roads ) a l>gely dilut$ dis9fectant su* z 8,sanitas0 9 ! liquid =m1 is frequ5tly ( great b5efit1 & :]e x c be af=d$1 x %\ld be occasionally done1 especially 9 ! n>r[] /reets & m cr[d$ di/ricts ( a city or t[n1 or :5 an epidemic has brok5 out4 ,) ref]5ce to ! v important "q z to ! co/ ( scav5g+1 /reet-cleans+ & wat]+4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 n possible to lay d[n any h>d & fa/ l9es1 z x mu/ necess>ily v>y consid]ably accord+ to circum/ances2 mu* dep5ds ^u :e!r ! di/rict is an urban "o1 consi/+ ( h\ses closely pack$ toge!r1 or :e!r x is suburban1 ) scatt]$ villas & mansions /&+ 9 _! own gr\nds2 ! "q1 also1 ( ! di/ance ( ! depts to :i* ! mat]ial has to be c>t$1 consid]ably affects ! result ( any e/imate1 z also does ! co/ ( horse hire1 ! rate ( wages1 & :e!r ! di/rict is ( a hilly or flat nature1 &1 z ,i h be=e %[n1 ! mann] 9 :i* ! /reets are =m$ & pav$1 ! habits ( ! p1 ! requirem5ts z to cleans+ /reets & wat]+1 & la/1 b n lea/1 ! mann] ( ! ev5tual disposal ( ! rubbi% aft] removal2 all ^! po9ts mu/ be> ) great weight ^u any "q ( co/1 & make ! results widely diff]5t4 ,on ref]r+ to ! returns to :i* ,i h m ?an once allud$1 x is f\nd t ! co/ ( remov+ ! h\se refuse & cleans+ & sweep+ ! /reets comb9$1 v>ies consid]ably 9 diff]5t localities4 ,9 "o case ! sum am\nts only to ! rate ( "o half-p5ny p] annum p] head ( ! population ( ! t[n1 :]eas 9 ano!r case ! am\nt is at ! rate ( ?ree %ill+s & sixp5ce p] head4 ,on calculat+ ! av]age co/ p] head ( population p] annum ( ! n9ety t[ns f :i* ,i receiv$ replies on ?is po9t1 ,i f9d t x am\nts to ab\t t5p5ce half-p5ny1 aft] giv+ cr$it = any sum ( money realis$ by ! sale ( ! refuse to f>m]s & o!rs2 s t if ?is "w is co/+ ! ratepay]s ( a t[n or city any?+ "u a %ill+ p] head ( ! :ole population e ye>1 !y h no cause to grumble4 ,be=e clos+ ?is *apt] ,i w make a few obs]vations ^u ! subject ( contracts = "w ( ?is description4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! 8du/ & slopp+0 contractor is fa/ go+ out ( fa%ion1#agc z x has be5 f\nd t ! "w is f> m c>efully & sy/ematically c>ri$ out )\t ! int]v5tion ( a contractor2 = if we turn to ! articles ( agreem5t or contract usually drawn up betwe5 a sanit>y au?ority & a contractor = scav5g+1 we f9d t !y mu/ be v b9d+ 9 _! phraseology1 & ent] fully into ! details ( ! "w2 !y %\ld /ate v cle>ly ! numb] ( times 9 e week t ! contractor %all cause all ! a%pits 9 ! di/ricts enum]at$ to be empti$ & cleans$1 ! mann] 9 :i* ?is "w %all be p]=m$1 & h[ ! mat]ials ?us remov$ %all be dispos$ ( & ! place ( _! ultimate de/9ation4 ,! conditions %\ld fur!r specify :at am\nt ( manual1 team lab\r1 & c>ts1 are necess>y = ! "w1 & also :at plant ! contractor mu/ keep 9 ! way ( ladd]s1 baskets1 %ovels1 & brooms1 c4 ,! conditions %\ld also conta9 a c>efully prep>$ li/ ( ! /reets to be swept1 & ! mann] & numb] ( times ?is "w mu/ be execut$1 & arrange = ! disposal ( ! mat]ials ?us remov$4 ,9 _m su* contracts x is f\nd necess>y to ins]t clauses b9d+ ! contractor1 "u all sorts ( p5alties1 to be always at ! disposal ( & "u ! comm&s ( ! inspector ( nuisances1 or su* o!r (fic] or (fic]s z ! sanit>y au?ority may appo9t4 ,! contractor's m5 also are =bidd5 to accept gratuities1 & are direct$ on no acc\nt to remove ei!r trade or g>d5 refuse1 & !y are also enjo9$ to be 8c>eful to consult ! conv5i5ce ( ! h\sehold]s 9 _! visits1 & to ?or\ghly clean up all dirt & litt] t !y may cause 9 ! dis*>ge ( _! duties4 ,if !y fail 9 any or ei!r ( ^! injunctions & comm&s1 or = any o!r d]eliction ( duty1 ! inspector ( nuisances1 or su* o!r (fic] z ! sanit>y au?ority %all appo9t1 may summ>ily dismiss !m1 )\t any ref]5ce be+ made on ! subject to _! employ] ! contractor1 & 9 fact ! conditions h necess>ily to be made s /r+5t & b9d+ z to be ei!r totally inop]ative or op5 to grave abuses1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 ! "w c be c>elessly & improp]ly execut$ by ! contractor4 ,! consequ5ce ( su* b9d+ clauses is t ! (fic]s1 if !y d _! /rict duty1 w probably be engag$ 9 con/ant disputes & litigation ) ! contractor z to ! due & prop] obs]vance ( ! t]ms ( 8 contract1 & ?us _! "t is mu* occupi$ in/ead ( 9 o!r m important matt]s1 :i* is naturally detrim5tal to ! int]e/s ( ! ratepay]s4 ,i am /rongly ( op9ion t ! "w ( ! collection ( h\se refuse & cleans+ ! /reets %\ld be c>ri$ out by ! local au?ority ) _! own (fic]s & /aff1 & t execut+ ?is "w by contract is a mi/ake & a false economy4 ,x is1 p]haps1 true t x may be done 9 ! latt] mann] at less actual co/ to ! ratepay]s1 b all public "w %\ld be done 9 ! be/ mann] possible1 irrespective ( co/1 ?or\ghly1 b )\t extravagance1 & ! result ( su* "w1 especially :]e x affects ! cleanl9ess & ! appe>ance ( a t[n1 soon fully repays any mod]ate extra co/ t may ?us h be5 incurr$1 irrespective ( ! enorm\s b5efit t is conf]r$ ^u any community by ! r$uction ( disease & ! dea?-rate by a prop] att5tion to su* necess>y sanit>y "w4 #aeg ,a rural au?ority _c app>5tly make any byelaw ) reg>d to ! prev5tion ( su* nuisances4 #aeh ,a byelaw "u ?is section 8mu/ be limit$ to impos+ ^u ! occupi] ! duty ( cleans+ or removal at su* int]vals z ! sanit>y au?ority may ?9k fit4 ,! mode ( cleans+ or removal & ! precautions to be obs]v$ 9 connection ) ! process are n matt]s )9 ! range ( su* byelaws40 ,vide #8,memor&um to ! ,model ,byelaws issu$ by ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d = ! use ( ,sanit>y ,au?orities1 ,no4 #a1 ,cleans+ ( ,footways & ,pavem5ts1 c41' #ahgg4 #aei ,9 ,gl5n's #8,law ( ,public ,heal? & ,local ,gov]nm5t1' #h? edition1 9 a footnote to section #dd1 p4 #ci1 sev]al in/ances are giv5 ( :at is n refuse1 su* z a%es f furnaces1 c41 & x is /at$ t 8! int5tion ( ! ,act 0 t only ! rubbi% aris+ f ! dome/ic use ( h\ses %\ld be remov$40 #afj ,! ,bromley ,local ,bo>d issue a c>d on :i* is pr9t$1 among/ o!r in=mation ) ref]5ce to ! contract = ! removal ( h\se refuse1 ! foll[+ sugge/ions3--8,x is hop$ t h\sehold]s w z f> z possible facilitate ! sy/ematic removal ( refuse by provid+ suitable du/-b9s1 & direct+ _! s]vants t ord9>y h\se refuse only %all be deposit$ 9 su* receptacles4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! items ( refuse :i* ! contractors are b\nd to remove1 viz43--c9d] a%es1 potatoe peel+s1 cabbage leaves1 & kit*5 refuse g5]ally4 ,b ! contractors are n requir$ to remove ! refuse ( any trade1 manufacture1 or bus9ess1 or ( any build+ mat]ials or any g>d5 cutt+s or sweep+s40 #afa ,9 ,new ,york ab\t #hjj1jjj tons ( refuse are dispos$ ( annually 9 ?is mann]4 #afb ,= a description ( ! mann] 9 :i* ?is is effect$ at ,man*e/]1 see my book on scav5g+1 to :i* ,i h be=e ref]r$4 #afc ,! a%es are mix$ ) *aff1 *opp$ /raw1 refuse hay1 grass cutt+s1 dry /reet sweep+s1 wool & hair1 %oddy1 c41 & a small p]c5tage ( sulphate ( iron or lime4 #afd ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 9 8 beautiful exp]im5ts1 has prov$ t du/y air is alive ) ! g]ms ( ! bact]ia ( putrefaction1 :il/ ! pure fre% air :i* he ga!r$ on a m\nta9 peak 9 ! ,alps is innoc5t ( su* g]ms1 & is absolutely p[]less to produce any organisms4 #afe ,dry du/ w absorb ab\t t5 times its bulk ( wat]1 ?us swell+ consid]ably & produc+ ! greasy mud s (t5 se5 aft] ra94 #aff ,9 ,bo/on1 ,u4,s4,a41 ! macadamis$ roads are n swept at all1 z x is consid]$ t by sweep+ (f ! s& & detritus _! durability is mu* less5$1 b _! gutt]s are cleans$ z requir$1 & rubbi% pick$ up4 7,vide #8,m9utes ( ,proce$+s ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1' vol4 lxiii4 p4 #cfh47 #afg ,9 ,reg5t ,/reet1 ,london1 9 ,novemb] #ahha1 ,i saw f\r loads ( mud remov$ f ab\t #ajjj squ>e y>ds ( surface1 x be+ !n almo/ new wood pavem5t4 #afh ,see note "u 8,o!r ,ob/ructions & ,nuisances10 p4 #aee1 #h? edition1 ,gl5's #8,law ( ,public ,heal? & ,local ,gov]nm5t4' #afi ,vide #8,report to ! ,/reets ,committee ( ! ,hon\rable ! ,commission]s ( ,sew]s ( ! ,city ( ,london on ,melt+ ,sn[ by ,cl>ke's ,app>atus1' by ,william ,haywood1 ,eng9e] & ,surveyor to ! ,commission1 #ahha1 p4 #i4 #agj ,) reg>d to ! removal ( sn[ f ! footpa?s1 x is highly desirable t ?is %\ld be effect$ by ! occupi]s ( ! premises adjac5t to ! /reet1 z o!rwise x adds imm5sely to ! "w ( ! local au?ority4 ,! foll[+ int]e/+ rem>ks by ! sup]9t5d5t ( ! scav5g+ dep>tm5t ( ,liv]pool w be no d\bt read ) great int]e/3 8,! only way to compass ! removal ( sn[ f ! footwalks ( ! pr9cipal ?or\ghf>es )9 a comp>atively %ort "t1 is by spr9kl+ !m ) salt1 su* z is commonly us$ = agricultural purposes4 ,x is c]ta9 t1 unaid$ by ! salt1 a suffici5t numb] ( m5 _c be procur$ = ! em]g5cy ( cle>+ sn[ f ! footways ( ! mo/ important ?or\ghf>es4 ,x has be5 /at$ by m$ical au?orities t ! application ( salt to sn[ is detrim5tal to ! heal? ( p :o h to walk ?r\gh ! #8slu%' produc$ by ! mixture1 & t ! excessive cool+ ( ! air surr\nd+ ! places :]e ! application has be5 made is injuri\s to delicate p]sons4 ,x !re=e seems t ! application ( salt to sn[ %\ld n be und]tak5 dur+ ! day "t1 b %\ld be comm5c$ n be=e #aa p4m41 nor cont9u$ aft] #f a4m41 & t only su* an area ( footwalks %\ld be s treat$ on any "o night z ! available /aff ( m5 c cle> by an e>ly h\r ! foll[+ morn+4 8,to sweep sn[ f ! footwalks :il/ ! fall ( sn[ cont9ues1 & especially dur+ bus9ess h\rs1 appe>s to be wa/eful & futile1 & to apply salt dur+ ! same p]iods may be held to be injuri\s to heal?4 8,t ! sn[ ( an ord9>y fall c be remov$ f ! footwalks by an application ( salt an h\r or s be=e !y are scrap$ is an asc]ta9$ fact1 except at lea/ :5 a mod]ately sev]e fro/ has prec$$1 accompani$1 or foll[$ ! sn[-fall1 or :5 ! sn[ has drift$ into ext5sive accumulations4 ,7 x n = ! dang] to heal? by excessive cool+ ( ! air1 & = ! exp5se att5d+ ! op]ation1 all ! imp]vi\s pavem5ts c\ld be cle>$ ( sn[ 7unless ! fall 0 a heavy "o7 9 a comp>atively %ort "t by a lib]al application ( salt & ! employm5t ( ! horse sweep+ ma*9es z soon z ! sn[ _h become suffici5tly s(t5$ to admit ( _! use40 #aga ,9 ! metropolis ( ,london alone1 ! wat]+ ( ! /reets & roads employs1 9 addition to a /aff ( inspectors & =em51 ab\t #aejj m51 & an equal numb] ( horses & c>ts2 & 9 ord] to lay ! du/ effectually1 ab\t #cj1jjj tons ( wat] mu/ be spread ^u ! /reets e dry day1 ! co/ ( ?is gigantic "w be+ ne>ly #bjj1jjjl4 p] annum ^u an av]age ( #abj days :5 wat]+ becomes necess>y4 #agb ,9 ,r\51 :]e *loride ( calcium is obta9$ f ! manufactories ( pyroligne\s acid 9 ! neighb\rhood1 x is mix$ ) ! wat] = use on ! roads1 & x is /at$ t on a mile ( road1 #af feet 9 wid?1 #efcj gallons ( wat] 7 necess>y daily1 b t ! same result 0 atta9$ ) #adhj gallons ( *loride solution1 m>k+ #cj ,baum1 & co/+ ab\t d4 p] gallon1 ! humectation rema9+ good = five or six days ) ! solution ( *loride4 ,) wat] only 9 #ajic y>ds1 9 f\r r\nds daily1 #cebj gallons 7 us$1 ! co/ be+ #dhs42 ) *loride ( calcium ! co/ 0 #cbs4 p] day4 #agc ,among/ ! que/ions :i* ,i address$ to ! surveyors ( ! pr9cipal t[ns ( ,engl& 9 #ahgi 0 ! foll[+3--8,is ! h\se refuse collect$ by ! sanit>y au?ority or by a contractor80 & out ( ! n9ety t[ns f :i* ,i receiv$ replies1 only ?irty 7 f\nd to employ contractors = ?is purpose1 & ( ^! ! au?orities ( two ( !m propos$ to disp5se ) ! s]vices ( ! contractor1 & to adm9i/rate ! "w ) _! own /aff1 z !y f\nd ! exi/+ /ate ( ?+s 0 ?or\ghly unsatisfactory4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,sew]age4 ,! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge conta9s a consid]able numb] ( clauses deal+ ) ! subject ( ! sew]s ( a t[n1 b two ( ! %orte/ sections 9 ! :ole ,act1 & yet ^? t involve a consid]able am\nt ( "w 9 ! t[n surveyor's dep>tm5t1 are ! foll[+3 8,e local au?ority %all keep 9 repair#agd all sew]s belong+ to !m1 & %all cause to be made su* sew]s z may be necess>y = effectually dra9+ _! di/rict = ! purposes ( ?is ,act0#age 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #ae74 8,e local au?ority %all cause ! sew]s belong+ to !m to be con/ruct$1 cov]$1 v5tilat$1#agf & kept s z n to be a nuisance or injuri\s to heal?1 & to be prop]ly cleans$ & empti$0#agg 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #ai74 ,z to :at sew]s d 8belong0 to ! local au?ority1 ! foll[+ section ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge /ates3 8,all exi/+ & future sew]s )9 ! di/rict ( a local au?ority1 toge!r ) all build+s1 works1 mat]ials1 & ?+s belong+ !reto1 8,except 87#a47 ,sew]s made by any p]son = 8 own pr(it1 or by any company = ! pr(it ( ! %>ehold]s2 & 87#b47 ,sew]s made & us$ = ! purpose ( dra9+1 pres]v+1 or improv+ l& "u any local or private ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 or = ! purpose ( irrigat+ l&2 & 87#c47 ,sew]s "u ! au?ority ( any commission]s ( sew]s appo9t$ by ! ,cr[n1 %all ve/ 9 & be "u ! control ( su* local au?ority4 8,provid$ t sew]s )9 ! di/rict ( a local au?ority :i* h be51 or :i* may h]eaft] be con/ruct$ by or transf]r$ to "s o!r local au?ority1 or by or to a sewage bo>d or o!r au?ority emp[]$ "u any ,act ( ,p>liam5t to con/ruct sew]s1 %all 7subject to any agreem5t to ! contr>y7 ve/ 9 & be "u ! control ( ! au?ority :o con/ruct$ ! same1 or to :om ! same h be5 transf]r$0 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #ac74 ,& z to ! def9ition ( ! ^w 8sew]10 ! same ,act /ates3 8#8,sew]' includes sew]s & dra9s ( e description1 except dra9s to :i* ! ^w #8dra9'#agh int]pret$ z a=esaid applies1 & except dra9s ve/$ 9 or "u ! control ( any au?ority hav+ ! managem5t ( roads & n be+ a local au?ority "u ?is ,act40 ,! result ( ?is acquisition by ! local au?ority ( ! sew]s 9 _! di/rict is1 t 9 mo/ ( ! old cities & t[ns a legacy ( v defective & imp]fect sew]s has be5 inh]it$1 & consid]able exp5se 9 _! repair & ma9t5ance has ?us be5 entail$4 ,a great numb] ( books h be5 writt5 on ! subject ( sew]age1 & mu* valuable in=mation has be5 publi%$ f "t to "t1 s t x almo/ seems sup]flu\s to say mu* ^u ! subject2 h[ev]1 a few rem>ks :i* are p>ticul>ly applicable to ! "w ( a t[n surveyor may be ( "s s]vice4 ,! ^w sew]age may be tak5 z mean+ a sy/em ( sew]s c>ry+ sewage :i* is ! fluid & fecul5t refuse f dwell+s & _! y>ds1 c4 ,sewage is g5]ally f\nd mix$ ) ra9 wat] f ! surface ( ! /reets & ro(s ( h\ses1 toge!r ) ! liquid wa/e products f manufactories1#agi & sometimes1 al?\gh v improp]ly1 ) subsoil wat]4 ,a good sy/em ( sew]age %\ld embrace ! :ole ( ! foll[+ requirem5ts3-- 7#a47 ,ea* sew] %\ld be laid at su* a dep? z w readily dra9 ! basem5ts ( ! adjo9+ build+s4 7#b47 ,its area & gradi5t mu/ be s regulat$ z to make x self-cleans+1 & at ! same "t c>ry (f effectively ! maximum quantity ( liquid = :i* x is int5d$4#ahj 7#c47 ,ea* sew] %\ld 7unless q impracticable7 be laid 9 /raight l9es & ) ev5 gradi5ts betwe5 man- or lamp-holes1 & ^! gradi5ts mu/ n be excessive1 or damage may be caus$ to ! sew]4 ,a velocity ( ab\t #f feet p] second is suffici5t4 7#d47 ,sew]s mu/ be laid at prop] levels 9 respect ( _! int]section ) ea* o!r1 be>+ 9 m9d t !y are all g5]ally conv]g+ to "o po9t4 7#e47 ,manholes %\ld be ( simple con/ruction2 circul> brickwork ^u concrete is a conv5i5t description4 ,!y may be made to s]ve ! additional purposes ( v5tilat+ %afts1 flu%+ *amb]s1 junction %afts1 /orm ov]fl[s1 & side entrances4 7#f47 ,tribut>y sew]s or dra9s %\ld n jo9 ! ma9 sew]s at "r angles unless ! bottom ( ! manhole is s con/ruct$ z to give ! requir$ curve 9 ! direction ( ! fl[ ( ! sewage1 & !y %\ld jo9 at a height 7if ( unequal section7 equal to ! diff]5ce ( _! sectional diamet]s1 ! aim ( all junctions be+ to cause z little di/urbance z possible 9 ! prop] fl[ ( ! liquids along _! respective *annels4 7#g47 ,sew]s %\ld n be con/ruct$ ( too l>ge a sectional area1 b none %\ld be less ?an #f in*es int]nal diamet]1 z h\se-dra9s 9 ?is c\ntry are nev] less ?an #d in*es diamet]1 & ! ma9 sew] %\ld ( c\rse be l>g] ?an its tribut>ies4 ,x is also r difficult to v5tilate a small] sew] ?an #f in*es1 & v little is sav$ by putt+ 9 a small] sew] ?an t4 ,/onew>e pipes ( great] diamet] ?an #ah in*es %\ld nev] be us$4 ,:]e l>g] sew]s are con/ruct$ !y %\ld be ei!r concrete pipes1#aha or brickwork or concrete %\ld be employ$4 ,! position ( ! sew] %\ld1 if possible1 be beh9d ! h\ses = ! foll[+ reasons3-- 7#a47 ,! wat]closets1 s9ks1 c41 be+ ne>ly always at ! back1 a dra9 "u ! h\se 7:i* is always objectionable7 is avoid$4 7#b47 ,economy is secur$ to ! own] ( ! prop]ty1 z a %ort] l5g? ( dra9 is requir$ ?an if ! sew] 0 9 ! front4 7#c47 ,a bett] fall is usually obta9$4 7#d47 ,:]e !re is a sep>ate or p>tially sep>ate sy/em ( sew]age1 a d\ble sew] 9 ! /reet is avoid$4 ,! only objection to ?is me?od be+ t ( ! *ance ( ! sew] becom+ *ok$ or brok5 :5 entry has to be made into private prop]ty to repair x1 b ?is ought nev] to happ5 aft] once ! sew] has be5 prop]ly con/ruct$4 ,( c\rse1 :]e h\ses are closely pack$ toge!r x w\ld n be possible to c>ry ! sew] at ! back1 b :]e x c be done ,i agree ?or\ghly ) ,mr4 ,rawl9son1 ,c4,b41 ,c4,e41 c41 :o1 speak+ ( ?is me?od1 says1 8,i "k no?+ b good ( x40 ,:]e ! sew] is propos$ to be tak5 ?r\gh any private l&s x is necess>y to act 9 accordance ) ! foll[+ clause ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge1 & s]ve ! necess>y notices1 a specim5 =m ( :i* also foll[s3 8,any local au?ority may c>ry any sew] ?r\gh1 across1 or "u any turnpike road1 or any /reet or place laid out z or int5d$ = a /reet1 or "u any cell> or vault :i* may be "u ! pavem5t or c>riageway ( any /reet1 &1 aft] giv+ reasonable notice 9 writ+ to ! own] or occupi] 7if on ! report ( ! surveyor x appe>s necess>y71 into1 ?r\gh1 or "u any l&s#ahb :atsoev] )9 _! di/rict4 ,!y may also 7subject to ! provisions ( ?is ,act relat+ to sewage works )\t ! di/rict ( ! local au?ority7 ex]cise all or any ( ! p[]s giv5 by ?is section )\t _! di/rict = ! purposes ( outfall or di/ribution ( sewage0 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #af74 ,! =m ( notice necess>y to be s]v$ be=e entry ^u any l&s = ! purpose ( c>ry+ out any sew]age works may be on ! foll[+ patt]n3-- 8,,notice ,,is ,,h]eby ,,giv54 8#a4 ,t ! mayor1 ald]m51 & burgesses ( ! bor\gh ( 1 9 execution ( ! p[]s & au?orities giv5 to & ve/$ 9 !m by virtue ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge1 ^u ! report ( _! surveyor1 :]eby x appe>s to ! said au?ority to be necess>y to ent] into1 ?r\gh1 or "u ! l&s & premises p>ticul>ly describ$ 9 ! s*$ule h]eund] writt51 = ! sev]al purposes h]e9aft] m5tion$1 ! said mayor1 ald]m51 & burgesses w imm$iately aft] ! day ( ent] into & ^u ! premises describ$ 9 ! said s*$ule h]eto1 & on ! plan h]e9aft] m5tion$ numb]$ 1 = ! purpose ( 91 ?r\gh1 or "u ! said l&s & premises 1 & to con/ruct all o!r necess>y works = all or any ( ! purposes a=esaid4 8#b4 ,! c\rse ( ! said sew] is indicat$ by a l9e drawn on ! said plan f ! po9t to 4 8,& notice is h]eby fur!r giv5 t a plan ( ! int5d$ works1 & ( ! l&s & premises ^u :i* x is int5d$ to ent] = ! con/ruction ( ! same1 is n[ op5 = inspection1 betwe5 ! h\rs ( #aj 9 ! =5oon & #d 9 ! aft]noon1 & may !n be se5 at ! (fices ( ! bor\gh surveyor1 ,/reet1 1 & a trac+ !re( is h]eunto annex$4 ,dat$ ?is day ( #ah 4 ,t[n ,cl]k40#ahc ,,! ,,s*$ule ,,ref]r$ ,,to4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,no4 on plan4,description ( premises4,:]e situate4,own]4 ,occupi]4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,9 c>ry+ out works ( sew]age ! greate/ c>e is necess>y 9 ! mat]ials select$ & ! mann] 9 :i* ! "w is execut$4 ,tunnels & %afts mu/ be mo/ c>efully timb]$1 levels v accurately giv5 & adh]$ to1 & = ?is purpose sight rails & long bon+ rods c be us$ ) great advantage4 ,9 runn+ s&s1 or :]e ! l9e ( an old sew] is be+ foll[$1 or 9 fact any:]e :]e a good & quick jo9t is requir$1 8,/an=d's0 pat5t jo9t$ pipes %\ld be us$4 8,?is jo9t is made by ca/+1 ^u ! spigot & 9 ! socket ( ea* pipe1 r+s ( durable mat]ial1 :i*1 :5 put toge!r1 fit me*anically into ea* o!r1 z 9 a bor$ & turn$ jo9t2 x ne$s no skill$ lab\r 9 fix+1 only a little grease1 all[s ( slight settlem5t ( ! pipes )\t injury1 & requires nei!r cem5t1 clay1 nor o!r extrane\s mat]ial1 ! pipes conta9+ a p]fect jo9t )9 !mselves40 ,breakages sometimes occur 9 /onew>e pipe sew]s aft] !y are laid1 :i* g5]ally are f\nd on exam9ation to arise f "o ( ! foll[+ causes3 7#a47 ,lay+ ! pipes on a rigid f\ndation )\t recess+ ! sockets s z to give an ev5 be>+4 7#b47 ,lay+ ! pipes on f\ndations :i* aft]w>ds yield or settle4 7#c47 ,lay+ ! pipes at too great a dep? )\t protection by concrete or o!rwise to resi/ ! pressure ( ! sup]9cumb5t e>?1 or by n suffici5tly punn+ ! fill+-91 :5 a sudd5 settlem5t w (t5 crack or cru% a pipe4 7#d47 ,accid5tal or wilful injuries to pipes :i* are n notic$ be=e ! tr5* is fill$ 94 7#e47 ,lay+ ! pipes at too %all[ a dep? )\t protection1 :5 heavy traffic or a fall+ weight ^u ! surface w cru% or crack a pipe4 7#f47 ,defective or weak pipes4#ahd ,! foll[+ plates give ! diff]5t =ms ( sew]age pipes t are n[ manufactur$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 9 addition to ^? ( common %apes3 ,illu/ration3 ,,brooke',s ,,pat5t ,,subsoil ,,dra9s ,,& ,,pipe-,,re/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,creeke',s ,,pat5t ,,capp$ ,,pipes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mawbey',s ,,pat5t ,,groov$ ,,socket-,,pipes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h5ry ,,%>p1 ,,jones1 ,,co4',s ,,rock-,,concrete ,,pipes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,j5n+',s ,,pat5t ,,*air ,,& ,,saddle ,,pipes4 ,! *okage 9 pipe sew]s g5]ally arises f "o or m ( ! foll[+ causes3-- 7#a47 ,improp] gradi5ts4 7#b47 ,insuffici5t flu%4#ahe 7#c47 ,=eign articles f9d+ _! way into & *ok+ ! sew]4 7#d47 ,defective jo9ts ?r\gh :i* ! liquid runs leav+ solid matt]s beh9d4 7#e47 ,an excess ( road detritus or ( a%es1 ?r\gh ! h\se closets ( ! poor1 f9d+ _! way into ! sew]4 7#f47 ,improp] b5ds 9 ! l9e ( sew]4 7#g47 ,"r-angle or improp] junctions be+ =m$ ) ! sew]4 7#h47 ,a collapse ( ! sew]4 ,a tempor>y *okage 9 a small-siz$ sew] :i* does n arise f any /ructural defect c be spe$ily & effectually rem$i$ by ! use ( ,b5 ,re$'s pat5t dra9-clean+ rods1 :i* are probably too well kn[n to e t[n surveyor to ne$ any description1 b 9 conjuction ) man- or lamp-holes & /raight l9es ( sew]s !y are v valuable4 ,be=e clos+ ?is *apt]1 a few words ^u :at is call$ ! 8sep>ate sy/em ( sew]age0 may be ( use4 ,! mi/ake hi!rto made has be5 to try to absolutely sep>ate all ra9fall f ! sew]s1 & !re is no d\bt t a p>tial sep>ation ( ! ra9-wat] f ! sewage prop] has _m advantages2 b x mu/ be und]/ood t a great deal ( ! ra9-wat] t falls ^u ro(s ( build+s & 9 back y>ds & small back /reets mu/ ( necessity be c>ri$ into ! sew]s1 z well z liquid refuse f manufactories4 ,a p>tial sep>ation ?us c>ri$ out has ! foll[+ advantages3 7#a47 ,x is n necess>y to h sew]s ( enorm\s diamet]4 7#b47 ,! dep? ( ! surface wat] conduits ne$ n be s great z t :i* is necess>y = sew]s4 7#c47 ,! avoidance ( road detritus be+ wa%$ into ! sew]s4 7#d47 ,:]e ! sewage has to be pump$ or treat$ *emically or put on ! l&1 ! comb9$ sy/em causes an imm5se unwieldy bulk ( liquid to be at times dealt )4#ahf 7#e47 ,! sew]s may be plac$ at ! back ( ! h\ses1 a great advantage :i* _c be c>ri$ out "u ! comb9$ sy/em4 7#f47 ,! regul>ity 9 ! am\nt ( fl[ ( sewage4 7#g47 ,! accuracy ) :i* ! quantity ( sewage may be calculat$ & ! sizes ( sew]s apportion$4 7#h47 ,economy bo? to ! g5]al rates & also to individuals 9 c>ry+ out _! connections4 7#i47 ,:]e old & defective sew]s exi/ !y are (t5 fitt$ to c>ry surface wat]1 b are q inappropriate z sew]s4 ,no rules1 h[ev]1 c be laid d[n ) reg>d to ?is "q1 z ea* t[n or di/rict mu/ be treat$ z ! case requires4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i w m5tion ! diff]5t me?ods at pres5t 9 vogue = ! sew]age ( t[ns4 7#a47 ,! comb9$ sy/em1 :]e all sewage1 surface wat]1 manufactur]s' refuse1 & subsoil wat]s are c>ri$ 9 ! same sew]4 7#b47 ,simil> to ! above1 ! subsoil wat]1 h[ev]1 be+ c>efully exclud$4 7#c47 ,! p>tially sep>ate sy/em4 7#d47 ,! absolutely sep>ate sy/em1 :]e !re are ?ree sets ( sew]s1 "o = sewage prop]1 "o = surface wat]1 & "o = subsoil wat]4 7#e47 ,! 8,lieurn]0 sy/em1 :i* pr(esses to remove all sewage by exhau/+ ! air 9 ! sew]s & dra9s4 7#f47 8,%one's0 pneumatic ejector sy/em1 :i* is describ$ z foll[s3-- 8,! ejectors are ca/-iron receiv]s ( a suitable =m1 plac$ und]gr\nd at dep?s to suit ! locality1 into :i* ejectors ! sewage fl[s ?r\gh ! ord9>y pipe dra9s f ! h\ses4 ,z ! liquid rises 9 ! int]ior ( ! ejector1 & :5 full1 x lifts a valve & admits compress$ air f an eng9e :i* supplies ! entire di/rict4 ,! ejectors are ?us empti$ ( _! cont5ts1 :i* are bl[n out 9 ab\t eighty seconds ( "t1 & ! sewage passes ?r\gh ca/-iron ma9 pipes ( suitable diamet]s to ! l&1 or o!r outlet provid$ to receive x1 or x may be di/ribut$ ^u ! wa/e l& z x passes ?r\gh40 7#g47 ,! dry sy/ems1 :i* consi/ (-- 7a47 ,e>? closets2 7b47 ,tubs1 z ! ,g\x1 c42 7c47 ,pails1 z ! ,ro*dale2 7d47 ,midd5s4 ,b all ^! dry sy/ems require "s sy/em ( sew]s to c>ry (f ra9-wat]1 slop-wat]1 c41 & 9 my op9ion are n suitable = v l>ge communities4 #agd ,if ! sew]s ve/$ 9 & belong+ to a local au?ority are all[$ by _! neglig5ce to get out ( repair1 !y are liable to an action = damages 7,vide #8,fitzg]ald's ,public ,heal? ,act1' #crd edition1 p4 #ai74 ,keep+ 9 repair does n1 h[ev]1 include con/ruction ( entirely new works4 7,ibid47 #age ,! sew]s provid$ by a local au?ority mu/ be suffici5t to c>ry (f ! ord9>y sewage & ra9fall ( ! di/rict1 b !y ne$ n be suffici5t to c>ry (f an extraord9>y fl[ ( wat] caus$ by a /orm2 damage caus$ by t comes "u ! def9ition ( damage caus$ by ! act ( ,god1 = :i* !re is no individual responsibility 7,ibid4 p4 #bj74 ,?is clause seems to insi/ ^u sew]s c>ry+ ! ra9fall4 #agf ,see *apt] on 8,v5tilation ( ,sew]s40 #agg ,a local au?ority is n to be held liable = n keep+ _! sew]s cleans$ at all ev5ts & "u all circum/ances1 b only :]e by ! ex]cise ( reasonable c>e & skill !y c be kept cleans$4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 liable1 9 case !y make default 9 obs]v+ ! requirem5ts1 to h an injunction fil$ aga9/ !m & to be re/ra9$ by injunction f all[+ ! cont9uance ( ! nuisance4 7,ibid4 p4 #bc47 #agh ,= ! legal def9ition ( 8dra910 see ! *apt] on 8,h\se ,dra9age40 #agi ,facilities mu/ be giv5 to enable manufactur]s to s5d ! liquids proce$+ f _! works into ! public sew]s1 provid$ ! sew]s are m ?an suffici5t = ! requirem5ts ( ! di/rict1 or if ! liquids w\ld n prejudicially affect ! sew]s1 or f _! temp]ature or o!rwise be injuri\s 9 a sanit>y po9t ( view4 ,vide ,riv]s ,pollution ,act #ahgf 7#ci #dj ,vic4 c4 #ge1 s4 #g74 ,b ?is "q is (t5 greatly disput$1 & has l$ to mu* litigation4 #ahj ,if ev]y?+ has to be c>ri$ 9 a sew]1 ! foll[+ provisions mu/ be made3-- 7a7 ,! h\se sewage :i* may be calculat$ f ! wat] supply4 7b7 ,manufactur]s' refuse4 7c7 ,ra9fall1 :i* is a v unc]ta9 quantity4 7d7 ,! subsoil wat] %\ld c]ta9ly be dealt )1 b x %\ld on no acc\nt be p]mitt$ to ent] ! sew]s !mselves2 sep>ate provision "u ! ma9 sew]s %\ld be provid$ = ?is purpose4 #aha ,messrs4 ,%>p1 ,jones & ,co41 ( ,b\rnem\?1 make mo/ excell5t concrete pipes up to #cf in*es 9 diamet]1 :i* c be economically & advantage\sly us$ 9 _m in/ances1 & are ga9+ e day 9 popul>ity ) eng9e]s4 #ahb ,! def9ition ( 8l&s0 z giv5 9 ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge1 is z foll[s3--8#8l&s' & #8premises' include messuages1 build+s1 l&s1 easem5ts1 & h]$itam5ts ( any t5ure0 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #d74 #ahc ,notices may be sign$ ei!r by ! cl]k to ! local au?ority or _! surveyor 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #bff74 #ahd ,! ?ickness ( /onew>e pipe sew]s %\ld be z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,int]nal diamet] ( pipe4,?ickness ( mat]ial4 ---------------------------------------- -------- 94 94 #c #d #f #i #a #ab #a #ae #a #ah #a ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,! ?ickness ( fire clay or e>!nw>e pipes %\ld be slightly 9 excess ( ^? giv5 = /onew>e4 #ahe ,! pat5t automatic flu%+ arrangem5t by ,mr4 ,rog]s ,field1 ,c4,e41 is an excell5t app>atus = less5+ ! *ances ( a sew] becom+ *ok$ f ?is cause4 #ahf ,x is necess>y 9 _m t[ns :]e ! comb9$ sy/em is 9 =ce1 & ! sewage has to be pump$ :5 heavy ra9s comm5ce1 to put tempor>y clay dams r\nd ! /reet grat+s to prev5t ! surface wat] f ent]+ ! sew]s1 ?us at once %[+ ! inability ( ! sy/em to deal ) flood wat]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,sewage ,,disposal4 ,! magnitude ( ! "q ( 8sewage disposal0 almo/ decid$ me to refra9 f mak+ any rem>ks ^u x1 b on reconsid]ation ,i ?\ght a few might be s]viceable4 ,sewage disposal means ! gett+ rid ( ! f\l wat] conta9$ 9 ! sew]age sy/em ( any community4 ,:]e a dry me?od is 9 =ce = ! collection ( ! excrem5titi\s matt]s x is call$ 8int]ception02 ! foll[+ are "s ( ! sy/ems :i* effect x3-- ,privies1 a%pits1 midd5s1 cesspools1 pails1 tr\ghs1 ! 8,ro*dale10 ! 8,eureka10 ! 8,g\x10 ,fosses ,p]man5tes1 ,fosses ,mobiles1 & ,m\le's1 ,taylor's1 & ,phillip's e>? closets4 ,! collection & disposal ( ! mass ( excrem5t "u ^! dry sy/ems is f\nd to be a v tr\blesome matt]1 & !y are at _! be/ b inf]ior sub/itutes = wat] c>riage1 nor mu/ x be =gott5 t sew]s & dra9s are necess>y ev5 if a good int]ception process is 9 =ce4 ,i %all !re=e conf9e my rem>ks to ! disposal ( wat]-c>ri$ sewage4 ,_m books h be5 writt51 _m valuable reports h be5 prep>$ & issu$1 l5g?y pap]s & discussions h be5 frequ5t at ! meet+s ( sci5tific societies1 & almo/ innum]able pamphlets h be5 publi%$ ^u ?is important sanit>y subject4 ,"s millions ( money h also be5 sp5t 9 try+ to deal satisfactorily ) ?is "q1 n only ) a view to ! purification ( ! efflu5t ( ! sewage1 b also to endeav\r to make a pr(it out ( ! residuals4#ahg ,! result ( ?is lit]ature1 discussion1 & exp]im5t has l$ to ! foll[+ conclusions3 ,no h>d & fa/ l9es c be laid d[n z to ! be/ me?od to be adopt$ = ! disposal ( ! sewage ( any t[n1 b ! peculi> circum/ances ( ea* case mu/ be consid]$ be=e advice c\ld be giv5 on ! subject3 geographical position1 physical arrangem5t1 habits ( ! population1 & ! "* & quantity ( ! sewage ( ! t[n be+ "s ( ! mo/ important4 ,9 any case x is necess>y t ! transmission ( ! sewage to ! outfall %\ld be effect$ z spe$ily z possible1 & t ! position ( ?is outfall %\ld be su* z to cause no nuisance4 ,! cont5ts ( ! sew]s %\ld1 if possible1 be empti$ by gravitation1 z pump+ is a con/ant exp5se1 & economy ) effici5cy mu/ ( c\rse be /udi$4 ,up to ! pres5t "t ! foll[+ are ! me?ods adopt$ 9 ?is c\ntry = ! disposal ( sewage3 7#a47 ,pass+ ! sewage 9 its crude /ate into ! sea or tidal riv]4 7#b47 ,pass+ ! sewage 9 its crude /ate ov] l>ge tracts ( l&2 ?is is call$ broad irrigation4 7#c47 ,pass+ ! sewage 9 its crude /ate on to small tracts ( l& previ\sly prep>$ by deep dra9age2 ?is is call$ int]mitt5t d[nw>d filtration4 7#d47 ,me*anical subsid5ce ( ! sewage 9 l>ge tanks1 ! efflu5t pass+ on to l& or into a riv]4 7#e47 ,me*anical filtration ( ! sewage1 ! efflu5t pass+ on to l& or into a riv]4 7#f47 ,! introduction ( lime or o!r precipitant into ! sewage1 :i* is all[$ to settle 9 tanks1 ! efflu5t pass+ on to l& or into a riv]4 ,v little ne$ be said ^u ! fir/ ( ^! me?ods4 ,_m eng9e]s ( high /&+ cont5d t1 :]e practicable1 ! sea or ! tidal e/u>y ( a riv] is ! "r place = ! sewage1 z no co/ly works are necess>y1 & an abom9able nuisance is ?us got rid ( at once & = ev]4 ,to ensure ?is1 h[ev]1 great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 ! selection ( ! site = ! outfall4 ,float obs]vations %\ld be made1 n only ( ! surface tides & curr5ts1 b also ( ^? at diff]5t dep?s1 & ! effect ^u ! sewage by its diff]5t specific gravity f t ( ! salt wat] mu/ be all[$ =1 z well z ! diff]5ce ( level ( ! tides & ! configuration ( ! adjo9+ coa/ l9e4 ,! second me?od1 t ( broad irrigation1 is "o t f9ds consid]able fav\r ) a l>ge numb] ( eng9e]s & agriculturi/s4 ,! great sewage-disposal cry has always be51 8,put back on ! l& :at y h tak5 f x1 or "s day !re w be no beef & no bread40 ,! difficulty is to always f9d l& 9 suffici5t quantity & s situat$ z to be available = ?is purpose4 ,almo/ any soil is1 h[ev]1 suitable = irrigation1 provid$ x is well & prop]ly dra9$4 ,! quantity ( sewage :i* %\ld be us$ = ?is purpose p] acre ( l& v>ies consid]ably1 z w be se5 on ref]5ce to a table prep>$ by ,mr4 ,h5ry ,rob9son1#ahh :]e ! numb] ( inhabitants to ea* acre irrigat$ is 9 "o case 7,leam+ton7 /at$ to be #ee1 9 ano!r 7,blackburn7 #bjh1ahi ! av]age be+ #acg1 ! numb] ( gallons p] head ( population p] diem be+ #ch4 ,x may be useful to /ate "h t a hundr$ tons ( sewage w cov] an acre ( l& #a in* 9 dep?1 & t ! value ( sewage z a manure is said to v>y f d4 to #b;d4 p] ton1 or1 calculat$ 9 ano!r mann]1 ab\t #aj;d4 p] head ( population p] annum4 ,! be/ crops = a sewage f>m 79 addition to ne>ly all k9ds ( m>ket-g>d5 produce7 are rye-grass1 mangolds1 beetroot1 cabbages1 c>rots1 potatoes1 turnips1 rabi1 p>snips1 luc]ne1 beans1 :eat1 oats1 & b>ley2 ! c]eals1 h[ev]1 are apt to run r to /raw1 & "s c>e is also necess>y n to ov]sewage potatoes & "s o!r root crops4 ,graz+ cattle or c[s c also be c>ri$ on ) advantage1 ! pres5ce ( sewage hav+ no effect ei!r on ! milk or fle% ( animals f$ on sewage f>ms4 ,! ?ird me?od1 t ( int]mitt5t d[nw>d filtration1 is really irrigation ( l& to su* an ext5t z ! l& w filt] or purify ! sewage1 ! efflu5t pass+ (f pure1 irrespective ( any effect ^u ! crops :i* may be gr[+ ^u ! l&4 ,great discussions h aris5 7! pr9cipal battle-gr\nd be+ ,m]?yr ,tydvil7 z to ! maximum quantity ( sewage :i* an acre ( prop]ly prep>$ l& w treat1 "s ( ! *ampions ( ?is sy/em cont5d+ t a good por\s soil prop]ly dra9$ to a dep? ( six feet w purify ! sewage ( #fjjj p]sons p] acre1 o!rs t only ! sewage ( #bej p]sons c be s treat$4#aij ,!re c be no d\bt t e>? has a mo/ p[]ful deodoris+ p[]4 ,laboratory exp]im5ts h %[n t z mu* z eight gallons ( sewage c be filt]$ ?r\gh a cubic y>d ( loamy soil 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ! soil be+ dra9$ at a dep? ( six feet1 ! efflu5t !refrom hav+ obta9$ a wond]ful degree ( purity4 ,mu*1 h[ev]1 mu/ dep5d ^u ! "* ( ! soil ( ! filt]+ area & ! /r5g? ( ! sewage :i* is be+ op]at$ ^u4 ,! foll[+ description ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! e>? acts ^u sewage w be ( int]e/3 8,! fcal matt]s & o!r impurities atta*$ !mselves to ! surfaces ( ! p>ticles ( e>? by a k9d ( cohesive attraction1 & 9 ?is /ate 7 readily attack$ by ! oxyg5 ( ! air4 ,_! organic c>bon became c>bonic acid1 _! nitrog5 0 conv]t$ into nitr\s or nitric acid1 :i* unit$ ) ! lime1 magnesia1 & o!r basic matt]s pres5t4 ,me*anically susp5d$ impurities 7 arre/$ z by a sieve1 & ! wat] issu$ f b5ea?--n inde$ fit = dietetic or dome/ic purposes1 b at any rate 9 a fair /ate ( purity & q in(f5sive to ! s5ses40 7,vide ,w4 ,crookes 9 ! discussion on ! ,sewage ,"q by ,norman ,bazalgette1 #8,m94 ( ,proce$+s ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1' vol4 xlviii4 p4 #afd47 ,! l& ?us us$ z a sewage filt] requires con/ant aration by be+ dug ov] or pl\gh$1 & if ?is precaution is tak51 x is surpris+ to :at a wond]ful ext5t ! l& w take sewage )\t becom+ :at is call$ 8sewage sick40 ,clay soils are1 h[ev]1 /at$ to be ill-adapt$ = ?is purpose4 ,! next me?od1 t ( me*anical subsid5ce ( ! sewage 9 l>ge tanks1 has be5 attempt$ 9 conjunction ) irrigation & filtration )\t mu* b5efit1 nor has ! fif? me?od ,i h m5tion$1 viz41 t ( me*anical filtration ( ! sewage1 met ) any bett] result4 ,artificial filt]s h be5 con/ruct$ ( burnt clay1 c9d]s1 coke1 *>coal1 peat1 *alk1 gravel1 brok5 /one1 s&1 spongy iron 7?is is n[ be+ appli$ v successfully = ! purification ( wat]71 /raw1 cocoa-nut matt+1 wick]-"w1 & wire gauze ( diff]5t degrees ( f95ess ( me%4 ,! late ,mr4 ,odams sp5t a consid]able sum 9 endeav\r+ to /ra9 sewage ?r\gh revolv+ scre5s ( wire gauze ) b little success1 & ,mr4 ,bannehr has /riv5 to a*ieve ! same object by pass+ sewage ov] oscillat+ scre5s ( ! l mat]ial4 ,9 all ^! cases ( me*anical filtration1 h[ev]1 ! efflu5t has ei!r n be5 suffici5tly pure or ! scre5s & filt]s h become clogg$ & refus$ to act4#aia ,! la/ me?od t ,i h m5tion$ = ! disposal ( sewage is t ( precipitation1 or :at may be m prop]ly call$ ! *emical treatm5t ( sewage4 ,precipitation means ! production1 by ! introduction ( *emical sub/ances )9 ! body ( ! sewage1 ( c]ta9 solid comp\nds1 :i*1 9 settl+1 drag d[n ) !m ! susp5d$ matt]s 9 ! sewage1 toge!r ) a small proportion ( ! pollut+ matt]s :i* are 9 solution 9 ! sewage1 ?is proportion v>y+ ) ! quantity ( solid matt]s deposit$4 ,! efflu5t f ! tanks 9 :i* ?is precipitation takes place is !n all[$ to fl[ direct into a riv] or /ream1 or is /ill fur!r purifi$ by be+ pass$ ov] l& or filt]$ ?r\gh deep-dra9$ soils4 ,*emical treatm5t ( sewage 0 fir/ tri$ 9 ,p>is 9 ! ye> #agdj1 & s9ce !n e ef=t has be5 made to extract a valuable & comm]cial manure f sewage & purify ! efflu5t4 ,betwe5 ! ye>s #ahfe & #ahge m ?an #djj pat5ts 7 tak5 out 9 respect ( ^! & o!r matt]s 9 connection ) ! sewage "q4 ,x is almo/ ne$less to say t b few ( ^! pat5ts 7 ( any practical value4 ,^? processes :i* h "s m]it & are n[ be/ kn[n are1 ,i believe1 includ$ 9 ! foll[+ li/3-- ,,li/ ,,( ,,*emical ,,processes ,,= ,,! ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,t[n ,,sewage4 ,! ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 7or ,sill>'s7 process ,&]son's process ,bird's ,bly?'s ,campbell's ,coll9's ,=bes & ,price's process ,fulda's process ,goodall's ,hanson's ,higg's ,hille's ,hold5's process ,l5k's ,lundy's ,mann+'s ,scott's ,smi?'s ,sp5ce's ,/o!rt's ,suv]n's ,:it?read's process ,wick/ead's ,space w n p]mit me to describe ^! processes1 & probably mo/ ( !m1 if n all1 are famili> to my read]s4 ,suffice x to say t 9 ne>ly all cases ! modus op]&i is t ( mix+ c]ta9 *emicals ) ! sewage by me*anical agitation1 or by pass+ ! sewage ov] 8salmon ladd]s10 c41 !n all[+ ! sewage to rema9 p]fectly /ill :il/ ! solids are gravitat+1 & !n deal+ ) ! efflu5t 9 diff]5t mann]s4 ,among/ ! num]\s *emical +r$i5ts :i* are us$ = ?is purpose may be m5tion$ ! foll[+3-- ,alum1 animal *>coal1 a%es1 blood1 bone a%1 c>bolic acid1 *alk1 *loride ( lime1 *loride ( z9c1 *loride ( iron1 clay1 creosote1 hmatite1 hydrate ( lime1 lead nitrate1 magnesian salts1 oxide ( manganese1 p]*loride ( iron1 salt1 soda1 sulphate ( z9c1 sulphate ( iron1 sulphuric acid1 & t>4 ,"o ( ! great difficulties 9 connection ) ! precipitation ( sewage is ! disposal ( ! sludge :i* is left beh9d 9 ! tanks4 ,?is sludge conta9s ab\t #ij p] c5t4 ( moi/ure1 & if left to dry atmosph]ically1 a ?9 cru/ =ms ov] x1 ?us protect+ t :i* is und]nea?1 & x w n dry = _m mon?s4 ,9 "s cases x is s\ght to dispose ( ! accumulations ( sludge by digg+ x into ! l&2 9 o!rs x is mix$ ) h\se a%es1 c41 & sold z manure4 ,its bulk1 h[ev]1 9 proportion to its manurial value is s excessive z to r5d] x almo/ valueless1 & x is difficult to get rid ( x = ?is purpose ev5 :5 =tifi$ ) ammonia or o!r *emical4 ,a frequ5t practice n[ adopt$ is to r$uce its bulk by exposure or by presses to a semi-dri$ condition2 9 o!r cases x is dri$ to a p[d] by heat1 & ,g5]al ,scott has pat5t$ a me?od :]e1 9 connection ) ! lime process1 x is burn$ & manufactur$ into cem5t4 ,sometimes x is squeez$ 9 presses1 su* z ,ne$ham & ,kite's or ,johnson's1 or x is filt]$ by ,milburn's or ,we>e's app>atus4 ,= dry+ ! sludge by heat1 ,borwick's or ,=re/'s ma*9es h be5 us$ ) "s success1 b !re is no d\bt t ! slimy1 glut9\s1 album9\s1 (f5sive mixture te*nically kn[n z sludge is a difficult matt] to dispose ( 9 all sewage works4 ,9 connection ) ! *emical treatm5t ( sewage1 x is ( advantage to pass ! efflu5t ov] l& filt]s on ! int]mitt5t d[nw>d filtration pr9ciple4 ,ano!r v effective plan is to pass ! efflu5t 7or ev5 crude sewage7 ?r\gh l& :i* is ?ickly plant$ ) ! ,ana*>is or ,am]ican we$1 duckwe$1 s$ges1 ru%es1 re$s1 c41 or ?r\gh b$s ( osi]s or ald] trees4 ,an acre ( l& ?us plant$ is said to purify m ?an ?ree million gallons ( sewage p] diem4#aib ,!re is no d\bt t plants ( ?is description h a p[]ful action 9 purify+ sewage or f\l wat] ( any k9d1 & :]e l& is sc>ce ?is me?od has _m advantages4 ,x is almo/ unnecess>y to add t :]e sewage is treat$ 9 any o!r mann] ?an t ( ?r[+ x into ! sea or riv]1 bulk is a great objection1 especially if x has to be pump$4 ,to obviate ?is bulk ! sep>ate sy/em is ( great advantage1 & ,isaac ,%one's new me?od = eject+ sewage along pipes seems also to be a mo/ desirable inv5tion 9 connection ) ?is subject4 #ahg ,x is comput$ t e ton ( liquid sewage :i* is treat$ *emically co/s ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( a f>?+4 #ahh ,vide #8,sewage ,disposal1' by ,h5ry ,rob9son1 ,c4,e41 c41 #bnd edition1 p4 #gi4 #ahi ,i purposely omit 7,k5dal7 #hef1 z ?is is1 prop]ly speak+1 8filtration40 #aij ,= mu* int]e/+ in=mation ^u ?is & o!r subjects 9 connection ) sewage disposal1 see #8,m9utes ( ,proce$+s ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1' vol4 xlviii4 p4 #aje et seq4 ,also ! report ( a committee ( ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d on ,modes ( ,treat+ ,t[n ,sewage1 #ahgf4 #8,sewage ,disposal1' by ,h5ry ,rob9son1 ,c4,e41 & o!r works on ! subject4 #aia ,"u ! ,riv]s ,pollution ,act1 no efflu5t is all[$ to ent] a /ream c41 if x conta9s m ?an ?ree p>ts ( susp5d$ inorganic matt]1 & "o "p organic matt] = e #ajj1jjj p>ts ( liquid4 #aib ,vide #8,m9utes ( ,proce$+s ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1' vol4 xlviii4 p4 #agi4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,v5tilation ,,( ,,sew]s4 ,! necessity = "s mann] ( deal+ ) ! noxi\s vap\rs emanat+ f sewage o!r ?an t ( lett+ x f9d its way f ! sew]s into ! h\se dra9s & !nce into dwell+ h\ses1 has induc$ ! legislature ( ?is c\ntry to introduce ! foll[+ clause 9 ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge1 :i* imposes on e local au?ority ! duty ( caus+ _! sew]s to be v5tilat$ s z n to be a nuisance or injuri\s to heal?4 8,e local au?ority %all cause ! sew]s belong+ to !m to be con/ruct$1 cov]$1 v5tilat$ & kept1 s z n to be a nuisance1 or injuri\s to heal?1 & to be prop]ly cleans$ & empti$0 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #ai74 ,! result ( ?is compulsion ^u local au?orities to v5tilate _! sew]s has be5 ! introduction ( _m me?ods to effect ! purpose1 ! great difficulty be+ to 8v5tilate s z n to be a nuisance or injuri\s to heal?10 ! advocates ( op5 v5tilation cont5d+ t ?is is effect$ by hav+ a suffici5t numb] ( op5+s 9 a sew] to dilute & safely dissem9ate ! f\l gas ) atmosph]ic air s t no nuisance is caus$4#aic ,_m o!r me?ods h be5 f "t to "t sugge/$1 "s ( :i* h be5 c>ri$ into effect1 & ,i w n[ proce$ to give !m 9 detail1 discuss+ _! m]its & objections 9 ea* case4 7#a47 ,op5 %afts are c>ri$ up f ! cr[n ( ! sew] to ! c5tre or side ( ! roadway1 & !re protect$ by an op5 iron grid or grat+ at ! level ( ! /reet surface4 ,?is is ! sy/em :i* has hi!rto f\nd mo/ fav\r ) t[n surveyors1 & is sometimes modifi$ or work$ 9 conjunction ) ! practice ( untrapp+ all ! gully pits & buddle holes at ! sides ( ! roadway1 :i* is an excell5t plan if ! !ory ( ! atmosph]ic air dilution at :i* ?is sy/em aims is a correct "o2 9 fact1 if ?is dilution by air is all t is necess>y to r5d] ! f\l air 9 a sew] innocu\s & in(f5sive1 !re _c be too _m op5+s into x4 ,! objections to ?is sy/em are z foll[s3 7a47 ,! f\l air escap+ into ! public /reets is (t5 v injuri\s to p]sons pass+ a v5tilator1 & sew]s are buri$ out ( sight1 b !y are n out ( m9d s long z we are con/antly & unpleasantly rem9d$ ( _! exi/5ce4 7b47 ,x is f\nd t a *ange ( temp]ature ei!r ( ! atmosph]e1 or ( ! air 9 a sew]1 w s]i\sly affect ! action ( a %aft1 caus+ x sometimes to h upca/ curr5ts ( air1 sometimes d[nca/2 ! effect ( ?is latt] action1 especially :5 x arises f ! direction ( ! w9d bl[+ ov] or into ! %aft1 is frequ5tly to drive ! impure gases conta9$ 9 ! sew] into ! h\se dra9s1 & f !nce into ! h\ses1 unless !y are s trapp$ & v5tilat$ z to prev5t x4 7c47 ,!y are also affect$ by ! fluctuations ( ! fl[ ( sewage 9 ! sew]1 or by b>ometric *anges 9 ! atmosph]e4 7d47 ,! situation ( ! op5 grids 9 ! /reet is sometimes some:at awkw>d = traffic1 & horses w frequ5tly %y at !m1 !y also admit solid road detritus into ! sew] unless !y are protect$ by a cat* plate ( "s description4 7e47 ,!y are tempt+ places = *ildr5 to play ov]1 ) :at results may be imag9$4 7#b47 ,op5 %afts are c>ri$ up ! sides 7gable ends if possible7 ( build+s 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! sew]2 ^! %afts may be ei!r op5 at ! top1 or be furni%$ ) exhau/ c[ls4 ,?is sy/em is sometimes employ$ 9 conjunction ) inlet %afts at ! sides ( ! /reet1 9 ! mann] %[n by ! draw+ :i* foll[s3 ,illu/ration ,?is me?od has ! advantage ov] ! fir/ sy/em ,i h m5tion$ ( c>ry+ ! smells fur!r f our rea*1 b x also has ! foll[+ disadvantages3 7a47 ,! di/ance & ! numb] ( b5ds & elb[s ! gases h to trav]se be=e rea*+ ! ext]nal air4 7b47 ,! difficulty ( fix+ !m j at ! po9ts :]e !y are mo/ requir$ ) ref]5ce to ! gradi5ts ( ! sew]1 especially if !y are to be con/ruct$ ( su* an int]nal diamet] z w ensure _! effici5cy4 7c47 ,! great objection rais$ by occupi]s & own]s ( premises aga9/ hav+ !m fix$ on _! premises1 bo? on sanit>y & legal gr\nds4 7d47 ,_! great exp5se4 7e47 ,! effect ( wea!r ^u _! curr5ts4 7#c47 ,by mak+ use ( ! ra9-wat] pipes f adjo9+ build+s4 ,?is me?od comm5ds itself z be+ v economical1 & ! opportunities ?us giv5 = v5tilation are s num]\s4 ,if sew]s are to be v5tilat$ at all#aid x w\ld seem at fir/ sight t !re c\ld n be too _m op5+s f & into !m1 b ?is sy/em has ! foll[+ s]i\s objections3 7a47 ,:5 ra9+1 little or no v5tilation c take place1 & ?is is ! v "t1 ow+ to ! ris+ ( ! wat] 9 ! sew]1 t ! gases %\ld be all[$ free egress if su* is consid]$ ! be/ mann] ( deal+ ) !m4 7b47 ,! position ( ! head ( ! ra9-wat] pipe is g5]ally ! wor/ t c\ld be *os5 = ! egress ( ! gases1 bo? on sanit>y & pneumatic gr\nds4 7c47 ,! jo9ts ( a ra9-wat] pipe are usually none ( ! be/4 7d47 ,! objections p]sons naturally h to all[ ! ra9-wat] pipes ( _! h\ses to be us$ = su* a purpose4 7#d47 ,by utilis+ ! lamp po/s or columns adjac5t to ! sew]4 ,! objects ( ?is sy/em are fir/ to obta9 a con/ant upw>d curr5t f ! sew]1 & secondly to secure t ! f\l gases & air %all be consum$ & r5d]$ innocu\s by be+ burnt4 ,! objections to ?is sy/em are-- 7a47 ,! lamps are only lit at night1 consequ5tly little or no v5tilation w\ld be go+ on dur+ ! day4 7b47 ,! numb] & diamet] ( ! lamps are g5]ally too small to make any appreciable effect ^u ! v5tilation ( ! sew]4 7#e47 ,by pass+ or filt]+ ! f\l air ?r\gh *>coal plac$ 9 trays or o!r receptacles 9 %afts4 ,! !ory ( ?is me?od is admirable1 z ! *>coal w\ld arre/ all ! impurities & floccul5t organic matt]s conta9$ 9 ! f\l air1 & all[ only ! pure filt]$ air to pass into ! atmosph]e4 ,x has be5 f\nd1 h[ev]1 :]e ?is me?od has be5 adopt$1 t ! *>coal v soon becomes s cak$ & consolidat$ f damp & ! vibration ( ! traffic1 t x w nei!r all[ ! air to filt] ?r\gh1 nor absorb ! impurities conta9$ 9 x2 ^! objections & ! am\nt ( att5tion ?is sy/em requires1 has n r5d]$ x v popul> ) t[n surveyors1 al?\gh x has mu* to recomm5d x4 7#f47 ,by mak+ use ( ord9>y *imney %afts4 ,?is me?od & ! "o :i* foll[s h "s m]its1 ! pr9ciple be+ t an upw>d curr5t is e/abli%$ z an exhau/ f ! sew]1 & also t ! f\l air is purifi$ by be+ pass$ ?r\gh fire1 b bo? ^! advantages are only ga9$ :5 ! fires are actually burn+2 ! objections to ?is sy/em are-- 7a47 ,/ructural difficulties mu/ (t5 be enc\nt]$ & ov]come4 7b47 ,possibility ( explosion aris+ f leaks ( gas ma9s into sew]s 7a by no means uncommon occurr5ce1 z all :o h *>ge ( sew]s frequ5tly f9d to _! co/74 7c47 ,! objections ( own]s & occupi]s to all[ _! premises to be ?us made use ( to c>ry (f a public nuisance = :i* !y z individuals are 9 no way responsible4 7#g47 ,by l(ty %afts erect$ at conv5i5t positions :i* are ei!r 9 connection ) furnaces or are simply op5 to ! air4 ,= a long outfall sew] ) no connections ?is me?od has _m advantages1 notably s 9 ! l>ge furnace & %aft erect$ on ! ,brighton outfall sew] by ! bor\gh surveyor1 ,mr4 ,lockwood4 ,b 9 a g5]al sy/em ( sew]age1 x 0 f\nd by exp]im5ts made by ,sir ,joseph ,bazalgette1 ,c4,b4 t ! effect ( try+ to r$uce ! gases by ! action ( furnaces 0 b v small1 & t ! area ov] :i* ! effect ext5d$ 0 b v limit$3 9 fact1 a sew] may be comp>$ to a p]=at$ tube1 ! h\se dra9s1 gully dra9s1 c41 repres5t+ ! p]=ations2 ! effect ( an exhau/ion by ! action ( ! furnace is simply to suck fre% air into ! sew] at all ^! po9ts in/ead ( remov+ ! f\l air = any di/ance4 ,high %afts at diff]5t po9ts effect a p>tial cle>ance ( sew] gases1 b !y are v co/ly1 & ! reasons ,i h previ\sly giv5 aga9/ ! sy/em ( op5 %afts are practically ! same 9 ?is & all o!r modifications ( ! pr9ciple4 ,_m o!r me?ods h be5 tri$ f "t to "t1 ei!r to prev5t ! =mation ( gases 9 ! sew]s1 or neutralize or de/roy !m1 "s ( :i* are z foll[s3 ,by giv+ a quick velocity ( dis*>ge 9 a sew]2 by plac+ mat]ials )9 sew]s :i* w\ld absorb ! gases z fa/ z !y 7 g5]at$2 by pass+ deodorants or dis9fectants into sew]s2 by deodoriz+ or dis9fect+ all mat]ials be=e !y are all[$ to ent] a dra9 or sew]2 by plac+ *emical ag5ts )9 sew]s to give (f c]ta9 gases :i* w\ld !n1 x 0 conjectur$1 de/roy ! noxi\s prop]ties ( ! sew] gases2 by introduc+ *>coal into sew]s to absorb ! f\l gases2 by lay+ pipes )9 ! sew]s = ! purpose ( dis*>g+ *lor9e into ! sew]2 by employ+ galvanic ag5cy to dis5gage or to produce ozone f ! sew] gas2 by pass+ ! f\l air ?r\gh %afts into :i* wat] 0 con/antly inject$1 & by endeav\r+ to extract ! f\l air by fans driv5 by ma*9]y4 ,i h myself pat5t$ a plan = 8annihilat+ sew] gases0 by all[+ !m to be absorb$ into dry e>?1 & h tri$ ! sy/em ) "s v m>k$ & successful results4#aie ,hav+ ?us f> consid]$ all ! kn[n me?ods = deal+ ) ! noxi\s emanations :i* proce$ f sew]s1 ! next po9t to consid] is :at ^! noxi\s emanations are1 & :e!r !y exi/ 9 all sew]s4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ev5 9 sew]s ( ! be/ & mo/ mod]n con/ruction :at is call$ 8sew] gas0 is g5]at$ 9 m or less quantity2 ?is arises ev5 f fre% sewage1 b is f> m noxi\s & dang]\s to heal? :5 ! sewage has begun to decompose4 ,ev5 :]e ! sew]s are s con/ruct$ z to remove all ! sewage to ! outfall )9 #bd h\rs 7:i* has be5 decid$ to be ! maximum "t x %\ld take71 !re is /ill an accumulation ( slime on ! inn] p]iph]y ( ! sew]s1 ow+ to ! rise & fall ( ! sewage l9e1 :i* is con/antly manufactur+ gases ( decomposition4 ,x is no d\bt true t ! m p]fect ! sy/em ( sew]age is ! less f\l air !re is 9 ! sew]s1 b 9 v few t[ns w !re be f\nd no sew]s or dra9s :]e tempor>y ob/ructions ( ! sewage d n occur1 & :]e gases are g5]at$1 :i* !n f9d _! way into o!r p>ts ( ! sewage sy/em unless !y are dealt ) 9 "s effective mann]4 ,z to :at is ! actual composition ( ?is f\l air 9 a sew] little or no?+ seems to be kn[n1 except t x is highly dang]\s to heal? if brea!d1 & is also v (f5sive to ! smell4 ,! 8ftid organic vap\r10 or sew] gas prop]1 has = its companions 9 a sew]1 sulphurett$ hydrog51 a mo/ poison\s z well z unpleasant smell+ gas1 c>burett$ hydrog51 due v (t5 to leaky gas ma9s or s]vices1 or to decompos+ vegetable matt]s1 c>bonic acid gas or c>bonic anhydride 7*oke damp71 & "s ammoniacal comp\nds4 ,! actual compon5t p>ts1 h[ev]1 ( any gases 9 a sew] mu/ v>y consid]ably ) its conditions & locality1 c41 9 ! same mann] z !y w\ld 9 any public build+ or room1 & x is impossible to tell1 )\t co/ly exp]im5ts1 :at gases may be preval5t 9 any p>ticul> portion ( a sew]4 ,b :atev] may be ! analysis ( ?is f\l air1 !re c be b little d\bt t x conta9s organic matt] float+ ab\t 9 x z solids1 & t x is excessively injuri\s & ev5 dang]\s to brea!1 & t x %\ld be caught & de/roy$ or r5d]$ innocu\s1 & n be p]mitt$ to pass into & contam9ate & poison ! air we brea!4 ,"s eng9e]s are ( op9ion t ?is f\l air always f9ds its way to ! upp] portions ( ! sew]age sy/em1 b my inve/igations into ?is subject h l$ me to believe t no rule ( ?is k9d c be laid d[n1 = ) quick velocities ( fl[1 9 "s sew]s1 ! gases are c>ri$ by friction 9 ! direction ( ! fl[ ( ! sewage1 & d n asc5d z has be5 imag9$4 ,:atev] sy/em ( v5tilation ( ! ma9 sew]s 9 any t[n may be adopt$1 x is imp]ative t ! h\se dra9s connect$ ) !m %\ld be prop]ly trapp$ & v5tilat$1 & ?is is 9 my judgm5t ( ev5 great] importance ?an ! v5tilation ( ! ma9 sew]s4 ,on ?is po9t ,i h giv5 m explanations 9 ! *apt] ^u 8,h\se ,dra9age40 ,9 conclusion1 let me ref] my read]s to a mo/ exhau/ive discussion1 & v valuable in=mation conta9$ 9 ! *apt] entitl$ 8,v5tilation ( ,sew]s & ,dra9s0 9 ,mr4 ,baldw9 ,la?am's #8,sanit>y ,eng9e]+1' 9 :i* may be f\nd almo/ ev]y?+ t is at pres5t kn[n ^u ?is important subject4 #aic ,if !re is any tru? 9 ! 8g]m !ory0 ( disease1 h[ dang]\s mu/ be ! practice ( op5 sew] v5tilation1 a waft ( f\l air f a sew] c>ry+ ) x a g]m1 & ! unsuspect+ pass]-by is inoculat$ j z surely z if he _h h&l$ or be5 ne> ! excrem5ts ( ! diseas$ p]son ^: evacuations h be5 pass$ into ! public sew]4 #aid ,! important city ( ,bri/ol has no sy/em ( sew] v5tilation1 & yet ! dea? rate ( ! city1 :i* is by no means specially heal?ily situat$1 has n be5 abnormally high up to ?is ye> 7#ahhc74 #aie ,= fur!r in=mation ^u my sy/em = ! annihilation ( sew] gases1 ,i mu/ ref] my read]s to a pamphlet writt5 by myself 9 #ahhj1 entitl$ #8,sew] ,v5tilation1 or a ,new & ,improv$ ,sy/em = ! disposal ( ! ,noxi\s ,gases g5]at$ 9 ,sew]s & ,dra9s1' & also to a pap] ,i read on ?is subject at ! meet+ ( ! ,sanit>y ,in/itute ( ,great ,brita91 held 9 ,exet] 9 ! ye> #ahha4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,public ,,conv5i5ces4 ,9 almo/ e t[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom public ur9als are n[ erect$1 al?\gh x is n (t5 t good wat]closet accommodation is provid$1 except at hotels & railway /ations1 ov] :i* ! local au?ority h no jurisdiction2 or p]haps if !y d provide any accommodation ( ?is description x is only 9 connection ) ! public p>ks or 9 ! m>kets1 museums1 c4 ,! clause ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act :i* emp[]s an urban au?ority to sp5d money out ( ! di/rict rates = ?is purpose is z foll[s3 8,any urban au?ority may if !y ?9k fit provide & ma9ta9 9 prop] & conv5i5t situations1 ur9als1 wat]closets1 e>?closets1 privies & a%pits & o!r simil> conv5i5ces = public accommodation0 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #ci74 ,x is n my int5tion to ent] into ! m]its or o!rwise ( ! _m descriptions ( ur9als & latr9es t h be5 br\ght to ! notice f "t to "t ( e t[n surveyor by ent]pris+ manufactur]s & pat5tees1 b only to give a few sugge/ions ^u ! subject4 ,public ur9als ought to be erect$ by ! urban au?ority z a matt] ( conv5i5ce to ! p]ipatetic portion ( any community1 & also to prev5t nuisances be+ committ$ 9 improp] places4 ,9 select+ sites = ur9als ! t[n surveyor mu/ take c>e t aft] erection !y %all n be (f5sive or a nuisance to any p]sons liv+ 9 ! vic9ity1 & t !y %all be s plac$ t al?\gh !y may be easily f\nd1 ! p]sons us+ !m %all be effectually scre5$4#aif ,ur9als are bett] con/ruct$ ( iron r ?an ( brickwork or m solid workman%ip1 9 ord] t !y c be readily remov$4 ,x is surpris+ :at an upro> is sometimes rais$ 9 a neighb\rhood by ! erection ( a ur9al2 ?is clam\r occasionally has s mu* effect ^u ! urban au?ority t !y ord] ! removal ( ! ur9al1 al?\gh x may n h be5 erect$ _m days1 & if x has be5 sub/antially built a consid]able wa/e ( ! public money is ?us involv$4 ,:]e a ur9al is con/ruct$ ) bas9s1 z by ! foll[+ plan1 ! bas9s may be ( iron or good /one w>e or simil> con/ruction1 ^! be+ always kept full ( wat] :i* is con/antly al?\gh sl[ly *ang+4 ,illu/ration ,/all ur9als may be "s modification ( ! foll[+ plan1 & be con/ruct$ ( iron ) slate p>titions1 or ! p>titions may be ( iron cov]$ ) plate glass :]e soil$1 ! /alls %\ld n be less ?an #bd 94 9 ! cle>1 & wat] mu/ be kept con/antly fl[+ ov] ! soil$ portion ei!r f a p]=at$ pipe or a spread]4#aig ,a v excell5t arrangem5t is to h a tr5* or tr\gh cut at ! foot ( ! /all = ! :ole l5g? ( ! ur9al1 :i* is kept con/antly full ( wat] & occasionally flu%$1 ?us avoid+ nuisance 9 a v satisfactory mann]4 ,illu/ration ,provision mu/ ( c\rse be made to effici5tly dra9 & light all public ur9als1 & arrangem5ts %\ld be made by :i* !y c be ?or\ghly wa%$ once or twice a day1 s z to keep e "p scrupul\sly clean4 ,ur9e aft] a v %ort exposure exhales a mo/ ftid & unpleasant od\r1 f ! decomposition ( its nitrog5\s matt]4 ,c>bolic acid1 *loride ( lime1 sanitas1 or o!r dis9fectant %\ld also be us$1 especially 9 w>m wea!r4 ,if ! int]ior ( a public ur9al or latr9e has to be pa9t$ a light col\r1 x is well to mix a little s& ) ! pa9t1 s z to prev5t z mu* z possible t lit]ature & art :i* s (t5 disfigures e/abli%m5ts ( ?is description4 ,an excell5t composition ) :i* to treat ur9als1 al?\gh x is ( a some:at d>k t9t1 is a mixture ( common coal t> & naph?a1 :i* n only gives a clean & poli%$ appe>ance to ! place1 b is also an excell5t deodorant & dis9fectant4 ,) reg>d to public ,w4,c4 accommodation1 ?is1 z ,i h be=e /at$1 is n v (t5 provid$ by an urban au?ority1#aih al?\gh common public latr9es are sometimes erect$4 ,^! are g5]ally us$ by r r\gh p]sons1 & %\ld be con/ruct$ 9 a /rong & simple mann]4 ,= ?is purpose /onew>e b[ls or bas9s plac$ ov] a dra9 & fitt+ into ord9>y "r-angl$ junctions plac$ v]tically are simple & effective z well z v economical 9 con/ruction4 ,slate1 iron1 or wood seats may be plac$ on ^! bas9s1 :i* %\ld be kept half full ( wat]4 ,a p]iodical & sudd5 flu% :i* c>ries ! :ole cont5ts into ! ne>e/ sew] c be arrang$ = s z to "w automatically by ! introduction ( a ci/]n & "o ( ,mr4 ,rog] ,field's flu% syphons at ! upp] end ( ! sy/em4 ,= fur!r in=mation on ! subject ( ur9als1 wat]closets1 latr9es1 & all simil> subjects1 let ! t[n surveyor ref] to ,mr4 ,george ,j5n+s or ,messrs4 ,macf>lane1 :o h an endless v>iety ( designs & appliances 9 connection ) su* matt]s4 #aif ,! urban au?ority h an absolute discretion z to ! sites !y select4 ,!y _c1 h[ev]1 erect public conv5i5ces s z !reby to cause a nuisance1 ev5 ?\gh ! conv5i5ce is want$ & ! locality *os5 suitable4 7,vide #8,public ,heal? & ,local ,gov]nm5t ,act1' by ,f4 ,v4 ,fitzg]ald1 #crd edition1 p4 #cc47 #aig ,! quantity ( wat] usually requir$ to ea* /all :5 kept con/antly runn+ is ab\t half a gallon p] m9ute4 #aih ,= an excell5t specim5 ( su* public accommodation1 t at ,liv]pool ne> ! ,/4 ,george's ,hall %\ld be inspect$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,artizans ,,& ,,lab\r]s' ,,dwell+s1 c4 ,! ,artizans & ,lab\r]s' ,dwell+s ,act #ahfh 7#ca #cb ,vic4 c4 #acj7 0 9 effect incorporat$ 9 ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge s t 8e urban au?ority %all )9 _! di/rict1 4 4 4 h1 ex]cise & be subject to all ! p[]s1 rights1 duties1 capacities1 liabilities1 & obligations )9 su* di/rict ex]cisable or atta*+ by & to ! local au?ority0 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #aj74 ,! mode ( proc$ure is z foll[s3 ,:]e ! 8(fic] ( heal?0#aii f9ds any premises 9 a condition or /ate dang]\s to heal? s z to be unfit = human habitation1 he %all report ! same 9 writ+ to ! cl]k ( ! local au?ority4 ,! local au?ority mu/ !n ref] su* report to a surveyor or eng9e]1#bjj :o %all !reupon consid] ! report s furni%$ to him1 & report to ! local au?ority :at is ! cause ( ! evil s report$ on1 & if su* evil is occasion$ by defects 9 any premises1 :e!r ! same c be rem$i$ by /ructural alt]ations & improvem5ts or o!rwise1 or :e!r su* premises or any or :at "p !re( ought to be demoli%$ 7#ca #cb ,vic4 c4 #acj1 s4 #f74 ,^u ! receipt ( ?is report f ! surveyor ! local au?ority s5ds copies to ! own] ( ! premises1 giv+ him opportunities ( att5d+ be=e !m & ( appeal+ aga9/ ! report1 & if 8 objections are ov]rul$1 a plan & specification ( ! works 7if any7 & an e/imate ( ! co/ ( su* works1 mu/ be prep>$ by ! surveyor1 & ^! 9 turn may be inspect$ by ! own] & object$ to by him 9 writ+1 & he may also att5d be=e ! local au?ority1 & if he makes good 8 objections ! local au?ority may direct ! plan1 specification & e/imate to be am5d$1 & ! works w\ld !n be execut$ 9 accordance ) ! am5d$ plans1 c4 7#ca #cb ,vic4 c4 #acj1 s4 #h74 ,p]sons :o are aggriev$ by any ord] ( ! local au?ority may appeal aga9/ x1 b fail+ ?is1 if ! own] does n )9 two mon?s dilig5tly proce$ ) & complete ! same 9 con=mity ) ! specification to ! satisfaction ( ! surveyor1 ! local au?ority may ei!r ord] ! premises to be %ut up1 or to be demoli%$1 or may !mselves execute ! requir$ works 9 con=mity ) ! specification 7#ca #cb ,vic4 c4 #acj1 s4 #ah74 ,if ! requirem5ts ( ! ord] involve ! total demolition & n ! improvem5t ( ! premises1 ! own] %all )9 ?ree mon?s proce$ to take d[n & remove !m1 & if he fail to d s1 !n ! local au?ority may pull d[n & rec\p ! exp5ses by a sale ( ! old mat]ial 7#ca #cb ,vic4 c4 #acj1 s4 #bj74 ,! above ,act 0 am5d$ 9 #ahgi by ! 8,artizans & ,lab\r]s' ,dwell+s ,act 7#ahfh7 ,am5dm5t ,act #ahgi0 7#db #dc ,vic4 c4 #fd71 ! mo/ important clause affect+ ! action ( ! t[n surveyor be+ z foll[s3 8,not)/&+ any?+ 9 ! ,act ( #ahfh1 ! own] ( any premises specifi$ 9 an ord] ( ! local au?ority made "u t ,act1 & requir+ him to execute any works or to demoli% su* premises1 may )9 ?ree mon?s aft] s]vice on him ( ! ord]1 require ! local au?ority 9 writ+ to pur*ase su* premises0 7#db #dc ,vic4 c4 #fd1 s4 #e74 ,! am\nt ( comp5sation to be paid to ! own] is to be settl$ by arbitration if no agreem5t c be arriv$ at1 su* arbitration to be c>ri$ out 9 a mann] provid$ = by c]ta9 clauses 9 ?is ,am5dm5t ,act #ahgi4 ,sec4 #i ( ! same ,act also provides = ! repaym5t 7by sale ( old mat]ials1 c47 ( ! co/ incurr$ by ! local au?ority 9 execut+ any works "u ! ,acts4 ,?is ,act has aga9 be5 am5d$ q rec5tly 7,augu/ #ahhb7 by 8,an ,act to ,am5d ! ,artizans & ,lab\r]s' ,dwell+s ,acts0 7#de #df ,vic4 c4 #ed71 ! mo/ important clause affect+ ! work+ ( ?is ,act be+ z foll[s3 7#a47 8,if 9 any place to :i* ! ,artizans & ,lab\r]s' ,dwell+s ,act #ahfh applies ! (fic] ( heal? f9ds t any build+1 al?\gh n 9 itself unfit = human habitation1 is s situate t by reason ( its proximity to or contact ) any o!r build+ x causes "o ( ! foll[+ effects1 t is to say3 87#a47 ,x /ops v5tilation or o!rwise makes or conduces to make su* o!r build+s to be 9 a condition unfit = human habitation2 or 87#b47 ,x prev5ts prop] measures f be+ c>ri$ into effect = rem$y+ ! evils compla9$ ( 9 respect ( su* o!r build+s1 9 any su* case ! (fic] ( heal? %all make a report to ! local au?ority 9 writ+ ( ! p>ticul>s relat+ to su* fir/-m5tion$ build+ 79 ?is ,act ref]r$ to z #8an ob/ructive build+'7 /at+ t 9 8 op9ion x is exp$i5t t ! ob/ructive build+ %\ld be pull$ d[n1 & %all deliv] ! report to ! cl]k ( ! local au?ority4 87#b47 ,! local au?ority %all ref] su* report to a surveyor or eng9e] to report !reon1 & to report z to ! co/ ( acquir+ ! l&s on :i* su* ob/ructive build+ is erect$1 & ( pull+ d[n su* build+40 ,! local au?ority !n consid] ! reports ( ! (fic] ( heal? & ( ! surveyor1 & proce$ to give copies to ! own] ( ! l&s 9 "q1 :o has lib]ty ( appeal1 c41 z be=e giv5 9 ! ,act #ahfh4 ,! l&s may be acquir$ by ! local au?ority by agreem5t or compulsorily "u ! ,l&s ,clauses ,consolidation ,acts1 & ! ob/ructive build+1 8or su* "p !re( z may be ob/ructive10 may be pull$ 8d[n1 & ! :ole site1 or su* "p !re( z may be requir$ to be kept op5 = ! purpose ( rem$y+ ! evils0 kept z an op5 space4 ,! own] ( ! l& may1 by giv+ due notice1 decl>e t 8he desires to reta9 ! site ( ! ob/ructive build+1 & und]take ei!r to pull d[n or to p]mit ! local au?ority to pull d[n1 ! ob/ructive build+10 9 :i* case he reta9s ! site1 & is comp5sat$ only = ! build+4 ,^! rec5t am5dm5ts to ! old ,act ( #ahfh are ( ! greate/ importance1 = !y aim at ! easy improvem5t ( c\rts & alleys1 by op5+ !m :]e h\ses h be5 erect$ across ! entrance1 9 "s cases depriv+ ! c\rts & alleys ( light & air1 & leav+ only a small cov]$ ar*way ?r\gh :i* ! occupants c ent]4 ,! ,act has only too rec5tly become law = me to give any p>ticul>s ) reg>d to its work+1 b x appe>s to be a mo/ valuable sanit>y ,act4 ,prior to ^! am5dm5ts ( ! ,act #ahfh1 x 0 felt t x dealt only ) isolat$ build+s1 & consequ5tly1 9 ord] to improve l>ge areas1 ! 8,act = ,facilitat+ ! ,improvem5t ( ! ,dwell+s ( ! ,work+ ,classes 9 ,l>ge ,t[ns0 0 pass$ 9 #ahge 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #cf71 s9ce :i* date1 l ! ,act #ahfh1 x has be5 twice am5d$1 once 9 #ahgi 7#db #dc ,vic4 c4 #fc71 & aga9 9 #ahhb 7#de #df ,vic4 c4 #ed74 ,! object ( ! ,act ( #ahge 0 to facilitate ! removal ( portions ( t[ns1 especially ( ! c\rts & alleys 9 ! poor] & m d5sely-populat$ p>ts4 ,! ,act is to be put 9 =ce :]e an (ficial repres5tation is made by ! m$ical (fic] ( heal? to ! local au?ority ( an urban sanit>y di/rict 7:i* mu/ conta9 a population ( at lea/ #be1jjj7 t 8any h\ses1 c\rts1 or alleys )9 a c]ta9 area0 are 8unfit = human habitation1 or t diseases indicat+ a g5]ally l[ condition ( heal? among/ ! population h be5 f "t to "t preval5t 9 a c]ta9 area10 & t ?is is attributable to ! bad arrangem5t or bad condition ( ! /reets & h\ses1 or 8o!r sanit>y defects10 :i* c only be rem$i$ by 8an improvem5t s*eme = ! re>rangem5t & recon/ruction ( ! /reets or h\ses0 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #cf1 s4 #c74 ,! improvem5t s*eme to be prep>$ on receipt ( ?is report by ! local au?ority mu/ be accompani$ by 8maps1 p>ticul>s1 & e/imates0 7no d\bt ^! mu/ be prep>$ by ! surveyor1 al?\gh no m5tion is made z to :o %all prep>e !m71 & ?is s*eme may 8provide = wid5+ any exi/+ approa*es to ! unheal?y area1 or o!rwise = op5+ out ! same = ! purposes ( v5tilation or heal?40 ,x mu/ di/+ui% 8! l&s propos$ to be tak5 compulsorily10 & by ! ,act #ahge x 0 necess>y to 8provide = ! accommodation ( at ! lea/ z _m p]sons ( ! work+ class z may be displac$ 9 ! area ) respect to :i* ! s*eme is propos$ 9 suitable dwell+s1 :i*1 unless !re are any special reasons to ! contr>y1 %all be situate )9 ! limits ( ! same area or 9 ! vic9ity !re(0 7sec4 #e74 ,s mu* practical difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ 9 c>ry+ ?is latt] "p ( ! clause into effect1 t 9 #ahgi a %ort ,act 0 pass$ 7#db #dc ,vic4 c4 #fc71 :i* by ! #d? section am5d$ t "p ( ! orig9al clause z to ! provision ( accommodation = ! work+ classes z foll[s3 8,:]e x is prov$ to ! satisfaction ( ! confirm+ au?ority 4 4 4 4 t equally conv5i5t accommodation c be provid$ 4 4 4 4 at "s place o!r ?an )9 ! area or ! imm$iate vic9ity 4 4 4 4 & x is also prov$ to ! satisfaction ( su* au?ority t ! requir$ accommodation has be5 or is ab\t to be =?) provid$40 ,! confirm+ au?ority may be satisfi$ ) su* provision1 & = ?is purpose ! local au?ority may make use ( any l&s belong+ to !m1 or pur*ase any t are suitable 7#db #dc ,vic4 c4 #fc1 s4 #d74 ,?is "p ( ! ,act has aga9 be5 am5d$ 9 ! ye> #ahhb by #de #df ,vic4 c4 #ed1 :i* 9 section #c enacts z foll[s3 84 4 4 4 & :]e any su* improvem5t s*eme comprises an area situate else:]e ?an 9 ! metropolis or ! ,city ( ,london1 x %all1 if ! confirm+ au?ority s require 7b x %all n o!rwise be obligatory on ! local au?ority s to frame _! s*eme71 provide = ! accommodation ( su* numb] ( ^? p]sons ( ! work+ class displac$ 9 ! area ) respect to :i* ! s*eme is propos$ 9 suitable dwell+s to be erect$ 9 su* place or places ei!r )9 or )\t ! limits ( ! same area z ! said au?ority1 on a report made by ! (fic] conduct+ ! local enquiry1 may require 4 4 4 40 ,hav+ ?us f> giv5 ! modus op]&i "u :i* ! ,act has to be en=c$1 x is necess>y to see :at are "s ( ! t[n surveyor's duties 9 connection !re)4 ,fir/1 !re are ! 8maps1 p>ticul>s1 & e/imates0 :i* h to be prep>$1 & ^! involve-- 7a47 ,accurate surveys ( ! area2 7b47 ,a ref]5ce ( all ! prop]ties includ$3 7c47 ,a c5sus ( ! population ( ! area2 7d47 ,a valuation ( all ! prop]ties2 7e47 ,a plan ( ! propos$ new /reets1 c4 7f47 ,an e/imate ( ! co/ ( ! :ole "w4 ,9 addition to ?is x is necess>y = ! local au?ority to 8impose suitable conditions & re/rictions z to ! elevation1 size1 & design ( ! h\ses & ! ext5t ( ! accommodation to be af=d$ !reby1 & to make due provision = ! ma9t5ance ( prop] sanit>y arrangem5ts10 & ?is naturally involves detail$ draw+s ( ! build+s to be erect$4 ,9 ! same clause 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #cf1 s4 #i7 x is /at$ t ! local au?ority may engage ) any society1 c41 to c>ry ! :ole or any "p ( ! s*eme into effect1 b 8! local au?ority %all n !mselves1 )\t ! express approval ( ! confirm+ au?ority1 und]take ! rebuild+ ( ! h\ses or ! execution ( any "p ( ! s*eme1 except t !y may take d[n any or all ( ! build+s ^u ! area1 & cle> ! :ole or any "p !re(1 & may lay out1 =m1 pave1 sew]1 & complete0 all ! necess>y /reets1 c41 :i* %all !nce=? be public /reets repairable by ! inhabitants at l>ge4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to say t ! en=cem5t ( ?is ,act involves a consid]able exp5diture ( "w & "t 9 ! (fice ( ! t[n surveyor4 ,! build+s :i* are erect$ on ! sites dealt ) "u ?is ,act are g5]ally ( ! 8high block0 class1 z x is f\nd t ! lab\r+ man pref]s to live ne> 8 "w1 & l& is g5]ally too exp5sive 9 su* localities to admit ( ! erection ( any o!r description ( build+s4 ,z to :e!r ?is class ( dwell+ is z heal?y z ord9>y cottages or h\ses1 ! foll[+ dea?-rates = ! ye> #ahgi w be "s guide3 ,! ,london ,improv$ ,indu/rial ,dwell+s #afd p] #ajjj ,! ,peabody ,tru/ ,dwell+s #agb ,! ,metropolitan ,association ,dwell+s #adc ,! ,newca/le ,improv$ ,indu/rial ,dwell+s #abj ,! g5]al dea? rate = ! ,metropolis at ! same date be+ #bab ,x is ( c\rse necess>y t ! sanit>y arrangem5ts ( indu/rial dwell+s ( ! block type %\ld be v p]fect1 & z to ! mann] 9 :i* !y %\ld be erect$ ! foll[+ words ( ,mr4 ,john ,price1 :o = twelve ye>s _h liv$ 9 "o ( !m himself1 c be "h giv5 ) advantage3#bja 8,model dwell+s are !re=e mo/ appreciat$ by work+ m5 :5 plac$ ne> ! sc5e ( _! daily lab\r4 ,! arrangem5ts mo/ pref]r$ are ^? :i* br+ ! fewe/ families or p]sons 9 contact ) "o ano!r on a flat or l&+4 ,z a rule ! build+s %\ld n exce$ f\r /ories 9 height2 ! /aircases %\ld be ab\t f\r feet 9 wid?1 & brok5 by %ort l&+s1 light$ by l>ge w9d[s op5 to ! ext]nal air2 ! w9d[-sills %\ld n be less ?an ?ree feet f ! floors = ! safety ( "y *ildr51 & = ! same reason well /aircases %\ld be avoid$4 ,! /eps ( ! /airs %\ld only h a #f-;in* #8rise1' = ! m easy accommodation ( old p & "y *ildr52 !y %\ld be fire-pro(1 & well light$ ) gas on an ev5+4 ,!re %\ld be a ?ick lay] ( deaf5+ betwe5 ! floors4 ,! wat]closets %\ld be plac$ 9 an (f%oot f ! ma9 build+1 op5+ on to ea* l&+1 & well v5tilat$ by op5 w9d[s & air bricks4 ,! wat]closet app>atus %\ld be z simple & effective z possible4 ,pat5ts dep5d+ ^u ! prop] work+ ( valves & ball-cocks %\ld be avoid$1 z ! fruitful cause ( tr\ble & exp5se2 little reliance mu/ be plac$ on _! prop] use by t5ants :]e m ?an "o family h access to !m4 ,i h se5 excell5t closets /opp$ up ) clo?s & all mann] ( e>!nw>e & h>dw>e1 *ildr5 ( c>eless p>5ts be+ ! pr9cipal (f5d]s2 :at is ev]ybody's duty is (t5 mo/ neglect$4 ,x w be f\nd mo/ economical 9 l>ge build+s ( ?is class to appo9t a p]son ^: duty x %\ld be to att5d to ! prop] flu%+ ( wat]closets daily4 ,i w\ld sugge/ t !re %\ld be a l>ge ci/]n "u ! ro( 7di/9ct f ! ci/]n us$ = dome/ic purposes71 a -in* fe$ pipe %\ld lead to ea* w4c41 :i* %\ld consi/ ( a simple metal or e>!nw>e pan1 provid$ only ) a tap1 flu%+ rim1 & plug1 plac$ "u ! seat securely1 & "u ! sole control ( ! att5dant1 :o1 by ! necess>y daily inspection1 w\ld detect any /oppage or injury to ! fitt+s4 ,! exp5se ( su* sup]vision w\ld probably be soon sav$ 9 plumb]s' bills4 ,( c\rse ! soil-pipes %\ld be well v5tilat$ above ! ro( ( ! build+1 & all dra9s & s9ks %\ld be prop]ly trapp$4 ,! att5dant on 8 daily r\nds w\ld also be able to see t ^! are kept 9 prop] ord]4 ,! du/-%aft1 ext5d+ to ! full height ( ! build+1 %\ld h prop] hopp]s connect$ ) x to prev5t ! du/ com+ f ! l[] or upp] l&+s2 a nuisance sometimes compla9$ ( 9 block dwell+s4 ,! wa%h\ses %\ld be plac$ on ! ro( or 9 ! y>ds1 fitt$ ) set pots & requisite conv5i5ces4 ,! s(t wat] f ! ro(s %\ld be /or$ 9 tanks = wa%+ & dome/ic purposes--x w be mu* appreciat$ by s5sible t5ants1 & save ! wat] bill greatly4 8,! great desid]ata ( ^! l>ge blocks ( build+s is ample playgr\nd = ! *ildr51 )\t :i* !y play ^u ! /airs1 & are (t5 ! cause ( /rife among/ neighb\rs4 ,i "k ^? :o h exp]i5ce 9 ! matt] may say t x is m easy to /ate :at is desirable ?an :at is practical4 ,! enhanc$ value ( l& 9 all our l>ge t[ns precludes any lib]al inve/m5t on :at appe>s s f9ancially unremun]ative z playgr\nds1 yet !y are ess5tial adjuncts :]ev] !re is an infantile population4 ,mr4 ,p[ell1 on behalf ( ! ,london ,trades' ,unions1 enum]at$ be=e ,sir ,ri*>d ,cross's ,committee c]ta9 objections :i* ! work+ classes ( ,london ent]ta9$ aga9/ ! e>lie/ erect$ blocks ( dwell+s1 among/ :i* 0 _! b>rack-l & un9vit+ appe>ance1 & also _! want ( playgr\nds = *ildr54 ,rec5tly ^! defects h be5 greatly rem$i$40 ,a few words are necess>y ^u ! 8,lab\r+ ,classes' ,lodg+ ,h\ses ,acts0 7#ad #ae ,vic4 c4 #cd2 #bi #cj ,vic4 c4 #bh2 #cj #ca ,vic4 c4 #bh74 ,! object ( ^! ,acts 0 to emp[] urban au?orities1 "u c]ta9 re/rictions & aft] c]ta9 =malities1 to appropriate any l&s ve/$ 9 !m or at _! disposal1 or to pur*ase or r5t ! necess>y l&s = ! purpose ( erect+ suitable build+s = lodg+-h\ses = ! work+ classes1 or to conv]t any build+s into lodg+-h\ses1 & 8repair & improve ! same respectively ) all requisite furniture1 fitt+s1 & conv5i5ces02 & fur!r p[]s are giv5 9 ! ,acts = ! urban au?ority to contract ) p]sons = diff]5t objects1 c4 ,i am unable to give any exp]i5ces ( ! work+ ( ^! ,acts1 = ,i d n "k ( any urban au?ority :i* has c>ri$ !m into effect1 ! ,artizans & ,lab\r]s' ,dwell+s ,improvem5t ,acts hav+ virtually sup]s$$ !m4 ,! foll[+ copy ( ! bye-laws z sanction$ by ! ,treasury 9 #ahfg 9 connection ) ! ,lab\r+ ,classes' ,lodg+ ,h\ses ,acts may1 h[ev]1 be ( int]e/1 z well z ! table ( sizes ( rooms :i* foll[s3 ,sep>ate wat]closet accommodation to be provid$ = ea* t5em5t1 or else1 :]e wat]closet accommodation is to be us$ 9 common by ! occupants ( two or m t5em5ts1 sep>ate accommodation mu/ be provid$ = ea* sex4 ,su* accommodation may be ei!r wat]closet1 e>?closet1 or privy4 ,ea* t5em5t to h a du/b9 or ! use ( a du/b9 common to sev]al build+s4 ,ea* t5em5t to be well light$ by ext]nal w9d[s made to op54 ,ea* t5em5t to h ready access to wat]4 ,:]e sev]al t5em5ts 9 "o build+1 prop] v5tilation to be provid$ = ! passages1 /aircases1 c4 ,! dra9s to be well con/ruct$4 ,p>ties to :om moneys to be advanc$ to ent] into cov5ants ) ! ,public ,works ,loan ,commission]s1 t :]e !re are sev]al t5em5ts 9 "o build+ !y 7a47 ,w cause ! passages1 /aircases1 c41 to be kept clean2 7b47 ,w cause ! wat]closets1 c41 to be kept 9 good repair2 7c47 ,w cause ! du/b9s to be empti$ at int]vals ( sev5 days2 7d47 ,w take precautions aga9/ any int]ruption 9 ! supply ( wat]2 7e47 ,w keep ! w9d[s 9 good ord] & repair1 & ! *imneys swept2 7f47 ,w keep ! dra9s 9 prop] ord]2 7g47 ,w all[ inspection by ,commission] ( ,works to see t ! above cov5ants are obs]v$4 ,numb] ( cubic feet 9 ea* room ( ! sev]al classes ( t5em5ts 7none ( less ?an two rooms7 = :i* money has be5 au?oris$ to be advanc$3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,"o ,"o ,"o ,"o ,"o ,room (,room (,room (,room (,room ( cubic cubic cubic cubic cubic ,class4 feet4 feet4 feet4 feet4 feet4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,class ,i4 ( two rooms #gae #a1bai ,ditto #haf #iid ,ditto #iie #a1jbj ,class ,,ii4 ( f\r rooms #ifj #ifj #ifj #ifj ,class ,,iii4 ( five rooms #cgb #fge #ajef #ajef #abcb ,ditto #ddf #dei #dei #gha #adfh ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,x may be in=mation valuable to a t[n surveyor1 if be=e clos+ ?is *apt] ,i draw att5tion to ! provisions ( ! ,municipal ,corporations ,act #ahhb1 sec4 #c1 :i* gives corporations p[] to conv]t any corporate l& into sites = work+ m5's dwell+s1 al?\gh ! corporation are n au?oris$ to erect ! dwell+s !reon4 #aii ,! t]m 8(fic] ( heal?10 z respects any urban sanit>y di/rict 9 ,engl&1 means ! m$ical (fic] ( heal? appo9t$ by ! urban sanit>y au?ority "u ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge 7#db #dc ,vic4 c4 #fd1 s4 #c74 #bjj ,! t[n surveyor is usually employ$ = ?is "w4 #bja ,vide #8,indu/rial ,dwell+s f a ,sanit>y po9t ( ,view1' by ,john ,price1 ,resid5t ,ag5t1 ,newca/le-on-,tyne ,indu/rial ,dwell+s ,company1 read ,septemb] #bh?1 at ! ,congress ( ! ,in/itute1 held at ,newca/le-on-,tyne4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,defects ,,9 ,,dwell+-,,h\ses1 ,c4 ,!re are _m defects 9 dwell+-h\ses ) :i* x is ! duty ( ! sanit>y inspector to deal1 su* z ! ,bakeh\se ,regulations ,act1 (f5sive trades1 nuisances r5d]+ h\ses unfit = human habitation1 c41 b ,i propose to give 9 ?is *apt]1 9 addition to ^? ) :i* ,i h already dealt1 su* subjects "u ?is head z come )9 ! duties ( ! t[n surveyor4 ,! fir/ :i* ,i propose to treat is t ( ! "q ( ,cell> ,dwell+s4--,^! are at all times objectionable ev5 if ! clauses ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge be /rictly c>ri$ out1 & ! surveyor %\ld disc\rage !m z mu* z possible4 ,no?+ m c be said ) ref]5ce to !m ?an is conta9$ 9 ! provisions ( ! above ,act1 :i* are z foll[s3#bjb 8,x %all n be lawful to let or occupy or suff] to be occupi$ sep>ately z a dwell+1 any cell> 7includ+ = ! purposes ( ?is ,act 9 t expression any vault or und]gr\nd room7 built or rebuilt aft] ! pass+ ( ?is ,act1 or :i* is n lawfully s let or occupi$ at ! "t ( ! pass+ ( ?is ,act0 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #ga74 ,& ) reg>d to exi/+ cell> dwell+s !y are only to be let or occupi$ on ! foll[+ conditions3-- 8,unless ! cell> is 9 e "p !re( at lea/ sev5 feet 9 height1 measur$ f ! floor to ! ceil+ !re(1 & is at lea/ ?ree feet ( its height above ! surface ( ! /reet or gr\nd adjo9+ or ne>e/ to ! same2 & 8,unless !re is outside ( & adjo9+ ! cell> & ext5d+ along ! entire frontage !re(1 & upw>ds f six in*es bel[ ! level ( ! floor !re( up to ! surface ( ! said /reet or gr\nd1 an op5 area ( at lea/ two feet & six in*es wide 9 e "p2 & 8,unless ! cell> is effectually dra9$ by means ( a dra91 ! upp]mo/ "p ( :i* is "o foot at lea/ bel[ ! level ( ! floor !re(2 & 8,unless !re is appurt5ant to ! cell> ! use ( a wat]closet1 e>?closet1 or privy1 & an a%pit1 furni%$ ) prop] doors & cov]+s1 accord+ to ! provisions ( ?is ,act2 & 8,unless ! cell> has a fireplace ) a prop] *imney or flue1 & an ext]nal w9d[ ( at lea/ n9e sup]ficial feet 9 area cle> ( ! sa% frame1 & made to op5 9 a mann] approv$ by ! surveyor 7except 9 ! case ( an inn] or back cell> let or occupi$ along ) a front cell> z "p ( ! same lett+ or occupation1 9 :i* case ! ext]nal w9d[ may be ( any dim5sions1 n be+ less ?an f\r sup]ficial feet 9 area cle> ( ! sa% frame74 8,provid$ t 9 any area adjo9+ a cell> !re may be /eps necess>y = access to su* cell>1 if ! same be s plac$ z n to be ov]1 across1 or opposite to ! said ext]nal w9d[1 & s z to all[ betwe5 e "p ( su* /eps & ! ext]nal wall ( su* cell> a cle> space ( six in*es at ! lea/1 & t ov] or across any su* area !re may be /eps necess>y = access to any build+ above ! cell> to :i* su* area adjo9s1 if ! same be s plac$ z n to be ov]1 across1 or opposite to any su* ext]nal w9d[0 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #gb74 ,:]e two convictions 9 respect ( ! same cell> h tak5 place )9 ?ree mon?s1 ! local au?ority may close x1 & recov] any exp5ses incurr$ by !m 9 ! execution ( ?is duty 7#ch #ci ,vic41 c4 #ee1 s4 #ge74 ,! next defect 9 a dwell+-h\se :i* w be consid]$ is t ( ,insuffici5t ,w4,c4 accommodation4--,a new h\se may n be erect$ )\t 8a suffici5t wat]closet1 e>?closet1#bjc or privy0 "u a p5alty n exce$+ tw5ty p\nds#bjd 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #ce74 ,& ) reg>d to exi/+ premises3 8,if a h\se )9 ! di/rict ( a local au?ority appe>s to su* au?ority by ! report ( _! surveyor or inspector ( nuisances to be )\t a suffici5t wat]closet1 e>?closet1 or privy 4 4 4 4 ! local au?ority %all by writt5 notice require ! own] or occupi] ( ! h\se )9 a reasonable "t !re9 specifi$1 to provide a suffici5t wat]closet1 e>?closet1 or privy 4 4 4 4 or ei!r ( !m z ! case may require4 ,if su* notice is n compli$ ) ! local au?ority may1 at ! expiration ( ! "t specifi$ 9 ! notice1 d ! "w1 provid$ t :]e a wat]closet1 e>?closet1 or privy has be5 & is us$ 9 common by ! inmates ( two or m h\ses1 or if 9 ! op9ion ( ! local au?ority a wat]closet1 e>?closet1 or privy may be s us$1 !y ne$ n require ! same to be provid$ = ea* h\se0 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #cf74 ,if ! local au?ority approve1 an e>?closet may be con/ruct$ in/ead ( a wat]closet1 b 9 ?is case !y %\ld make arrangem5ts = ! supply ( ! dry e>? & ! removal ( its cont5ts4 ,! necess>y =m ( notice to be s]v$ 9 connection ) insuffici5t w4c4 accommodation may be z foll[s3 ,to ! own] ( ! h\se ,no4 9 ! bor\gh ( 4 ,:]eas ! above-m5tion$ h\se is situate )9 ! di/rict ( ! mayor1 ald]m51 & burgesses ( 1 ! urban sanit>y au?ority = ! bor\gh ( 3 ,& :]eas x appe>s to ! said urban sanit>y au?ority t ! said h\se is )\t a suffici5t wat]closet1 e>?closet1 or privy3 ,n[ ! said urban sanit>y au?ority d h]eby require y1 ! said own]1 )9 f ! date ( ?is notice to provide a suffici5t wat]closet = ! use ( ! inhabitants ( ! said h\se4 ,& take notice1 t if y d n )9 ! "t above specifi$ provide a suffici5t wat]closet1 z a=esaid1 to ! satisfaction ( ! said urban sanit>y au?ority1 !y w !mselves1 at ! expiration ( su* "t1 d ! necess>y "w to provide su* closet accommodation z a=esaid1 & proce$ to recov] ! co/s & exp5ses !reby incurr$ 9 mann] provid$ by ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge4 ,dat$ ?is ( 1 #ahh 4 ,surveyor to ! said ,mayor1 ,ald]m5 & ,burgesses4 ,& :]e ! case dem&s1 ! foll[+ note may be add$ bel[ ! above notice3 8,,note4--,! urban sanit>y au?ority may1 if !y s det]m9e1 require a sep>ate wat]closet to be provid$ = ea* h\se1 or !y may p]mit a wat]closet to be us$ 9 common by ! inmates ( two or m h\ses1#bje b 9 ei!r case ! closet itself mu/ be prop]ly con/ruct$ & provid$ ) due means ( v5tilation4 ,! urban sanit>y au?ority w approve ( ! exi/+ closet accommodation if x is p]fect$ by means ( ! foll[+ works be+ c>ri$ out4 7,specification ( "w requir$ to be done mu/ "h be ins]t$47 ,! :ole ( ! "w to be execut$ 9 a workmanlike mann] & to my entire approval4 8,x is1 h[ev]1 to be und]/ood t ! above notice requir+ ! "w to be execut$ )9 "o mon? w be rigidly en=c$2 & if at ! expiration ( t "t ! "w be n complet$1 ! urban sanit>y au?ority w !mselves proce$ to execute ! necess>y "w to provide prop] closet accommodation 9 su* mann] z !y may deem mo/ advisable1 )\t pl$g+ !mselves to ! adoption ( ! me?od above sugge/$40 ,surveyor to ! said ,mayor1 ,ald]m5 & ,burgesses4 ,) reg>d to wat]closet accommodation = factories1 x appe>s to re/ entirely ) ! t[n surveyor to draw ! att5tion ( ! sanit>y au?ority to any case :]e he consid]s ?is is defici5t1 z by ! foll[+ clause3 8,:]e x appe>s to any local au?ority by ! report ( _! surveyor t any h\se is us$ or int5d$ to be us$ z a factory or build+ 9 :i* p]sons ( bo? sexes are employ$ or int5d$ to be employ$ at "o "t 9 any manufacture1 trade1 or bus9ess1 ! local au?ority may1 if !y ?9k fit1 by writt5 notice require ! own] or occupi] ( su* h\se1 )9 ! "t !re9 specifi$1 to con/ruct a suffici5t numb] ( wat]closets1 e>?closets1 or privies & a%pits = ! sep>ate use ( ea* sex4 8,any p]son :o neglects or refuses to comply ) any su* notice %all be liable = ea* default to a p5alty n exce$+ tw5ty p\nds1 & to a fur!r p5alty n exce$+ =ty %ill+s = e day dur+ :i* ! default is cont9u$0 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #ch74 ,9 provid+ closet accommodation :i* is to be us$ 9 common by ! occupants ( a numb] ( h\ses1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t x %\ld be ( ! mo/ simple description4 ,any "o acqua9t$ ) ! work+ ( wat]closets situat$ 9 c\rts & alleys w "k h[ badly !y are treat$1 & into :at a fe>ful /ate ( disrepair & fil? !y spe$ily fall1 z ! great difficulty ! sanit>y inspector always f9ds is to h !m kept clean2 8,:at is ev]ybody's bus9ess is nobody's40 ,& al?\gh by clauses #dj1 #da1 #df1 c41 ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge p]sons caus+ a nuisance c be puni%$1 x is a difficult matt] to detect ! p]son 9 fault1 unless ( c\rse x is a /ructural defect1 :5 ! own] c be summon$ if x is all[$ to rema9 uncur$4 ,= ?is reason :at are kn[n z 8,f[l]'s closets10 or "s modification ( ?is pr9ciple1 %\ld be adopt$ 9 all su* localities :]e e>?closets or "s ( ! dry sy/ems are n 9 =ce1 z !y are )\t any complicat$ valve app>atus or any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,! la/ po9t to consid] 9 ?is *apt] is t ( ,h\ses )\t a prop] supply ( wat]4 8,:]e on ! report ( ! surveyor ( a local au?ority x appe>s t any h\se is )\t a prop] supply ( wat]1 & t su* a supply c be furni%$ at a co/ n exce$+ t au?oris$ by any local ,act1 or :]e !re is n any local ,act1 n exce$+ twop5ce a week1 or at su* o!r co/ z ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d may det]m9e1 ! local au?ority %all give notice 9 writ+ to ! own]1 requir+ him1 )9 a "t specifi$1 to obta9 su* supply1 & to d all su* works z may be necess>y = t purpose1#bjf & 9 default ( 8 do+ s may c>ry out all necess>y works !mselves = obta9+ su* supply0 7vide #ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 lxii474 ,x is n v (t5 t a h\se is f\nd )\t any supply ( wat] at all1 = if t f ! ma9s is n laid on x is g5]ally f\nd t ! h\se is suppli$ f a well or f a /&-pipe 9 a c\rt1 or "s simil> s\rce4 ,if ! wat] is d]iv$ f an impure well or o!r contam9at$ s\rce1 ! foll[+ clause ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge mu/ be en=c$ 9 ord] to close ! well or compel ! discont9uance ( ! pollut$ supply1 :5 a 8prop]0 supply ( wat] c be en=c$ 9 ! mann] ,i h describ$3 8,on ! repres5tation ( any p]son to any local au?ority t )9 _! di/rict ! wat] 9 any well1 tank1 or ci/]n1 public or private1 or suppli$ f any public pump1 & us$ or likely to be us$ by man = dr9k+ or dome/ic purposes1 or = manufactur+ dr9ks = ! use ( man1 is s pollut$ z to be injuri\s to heal?1 su* au?ority may apply to a c\rt ( summ>y jurisdiction = an ord] to rem$y ! same2 & !reupon su* c\rt %all summon ! own] or occupi] ( ! premises to :i* ! well1 tank1 or ci/]n belongs if x be private1 & 9 ! case ( a public well1 tank1 ci/]n or pump1 any p]son alleg$ 9 ! application to be int]e/$ 9 ! same1 & may ei!r dismiss ! application1 or may make an ord] direct+ ! well1 tank1 ci/]n1 or pump to be p]man5tly or tempor>ily clos$1 or ! wat] to be us$ = c]ta9 purposes only1 or su* o!r ord] z may appe> to !m to be requisite to prev5t injury to ! heal? ( p]sons dr9k+ ! wat]4 8,! c\rt may1 if !y see fit1 cause ! wat] compla9$ ( to be analys$ at ! co/ ( ! local au?ority apply+ to !m "u ?is section4 8,if ! p]son on :om an ord] "u ?is section is made fails to comply ) ! same1 ! c\rt may1 on ! application ( ! local au?ority1 au?orise !m to d :atev] may be necess>y 9 ! execution ( ! ord]1 & any exp5ses incurr$ by !m may be recov]$ 9 a summ>y mann] f ! p]son on :om ! ord] is made4 8,exp5ses incurr$ by any rural au?ority 9 ! execution ( ?is section1 & n recov]$ by !m z a=esaid1 %all be special exp5ses0 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #gj74 ,x is an e/abli%$ fact t wells )9 a t[n mu/ always be reg>d$ ) "s suspicion1 & :]e !y exi/ ei!r publicly or privately ! local au?ority w\ld d well to h ! wat] f !m analys$ ) a view to hav+ !m clos$4 ,ev5 ci/]ns1 if n frequ5tly exam9$ & cleans$1 w cause ! wat] t is /or$ 9 !m to become pollut$1 n only f ! du/ ( ! air settl+ 9 !m & ! natural impurities ( ! wat] pass+ ?r\gh !m1 b frequ5tly f =eign objects fall+ into !m & decay+1 su* z rats1 mice1 cats1 & 9 "o case t ,i "k (1 a sirlo9 ( beef1 & 9 ano!r a plumb]6 ,^! rema9$ 9 ! ci/]n until ! col\r1 smell1 & ta/e ( ! wat] drew ! att5tion ( ! dr9k]s to 8some?+ be+ ! matt]60 ,! cure = ! *ance ( su* cases z ^! is ( c\rse ! con/ant supply4 #bjb ,any cell> 9 :i* any p]son passes ! night %all be deem$ to be occupi$ z a dwell+ )9 ! mean+ ( ?is ,act 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #gd74 #bjc 8,9 ?is ,act 7,p4 ,h4 ,act #ahge7 ! t]m #8e>? closet' includes any place = ! reception & deodorization ( fcal matt] con/ruct$ to ! satisfaction ( ! local au?ority0 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #cg74 #bjd ,9 case ( sev]al h\ses toge!r1 x has be5 held z n necess>y to h sep>ate accommodation = ea* h\se1 if !re is suffici5t = !m collectively4 7,clutton ,gu>dians v4 ,po9t+1 #d ,q4 ,b4 ,division #cdj1 #dh ,l4 ,j4 ,m4 ,c4 #acg47 #bje ,x is n always possible = a sep>ate w4c4 to be provid$ = ea* h\se1 h5ce ! wisdom ( ! law :i* makes x p]missive = a local au?ority to all[ a gr\p ( t5em5ts to be provid$ = by sev]al wat]closets close toge!r4 #bjf ,a simil> provision is made requir+ ! keep] ( a common lodg+ h\se to obta9 a prop] supply ( wat] 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #ha71 b x does n appe> to be ! express duty ( ! t[n surveyor to draw att5tion to ?is1 z x does 9 ! m g5]al clause4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,h\se ,,dra9age4 ,x w\ld n be possible 9 "o *apt] ( a book ( ?is description to ent] into all ! details & necess>y app>atus 9 connection ) h\se dra9age4 ,i propose only to po9t out "s ( ! t[n surveyor's duties 9 connection ) ?is subject1 & to add a few rem>ks :i* may be ( "s s]vice4 ,! def9ition ( ! ^w 8dra90 z giv5 9 ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge is z foll[s3 8#8,dra9' means any dra9 ( & us$ = ! dra9age ( "o build+ only1 or premises )9 ! same curtilage1 & made m]ely = ! purpose ( communicat+ !refrom ) a cesspool or o!r l receptacle = dra9age1 or ) a sew] into :i* ! dra9age ( two or m build+s or premises occupi$ by diff]5t p]sons is convey$0 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #d74 ,al?\gh ?is def9ition is v cle>1 x occasionally happ5s1 especially 9 old t[ns1 t "s d\bt arises z to :e!r an exi/+ conduit = sewage is a 8dra90 or a 8sew]0#bjg = ?\gh a conduit is ( small size x maybe f\nd to be c>ry+ ! sewage ( two or m build+s1 & ?us is really 8a sew] belong+ to ! local au?ority40 ,?is difficulty (t5 leads to litigation :]e a notice hav+ be5 s]v$ ^u an own] ( prop]ty to put 9 a new dra9 9 place ( "o t has be5 f\nd on exam9ation to be defective1 ! new "w is ( c\rse comm5c$ at ! junction ) ! ma9 sew]1 & x is n until ! new s-call$ dra9 is ne>ly complet$ t x is f\nd to be 8us$ = ! dra9age0 ( m ?an "o build+1 & is 9 fact 8a sew] into :i* ! dra9age ( two or m build+s or premises1 occupi$ by diff]5t p]sons is convey$0 7see clause quot$ above71 & is !re=e repairable by ! local au?ority 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #ac74 ,:]e ! t[n surveyor is 9 any d\bt z to :e!r ! conduit is a dra9 or a sew]1 he %\ld te/ f :5ce ! sewage comes by pass+ dilut$ :ite lime or c>bolic acid d[n ! adjac5t wat]-closets & wat*+ :e!r x fl[s ?r\gh ! conduit or n1 b ev5 "h he is sometimes at fault if ! dra9s are old & dilapidat$1 z !y d n rea* ! po9t he is wat*+ & he is ?us misl$4 ,9 connection ) ! "q ( h\se dra9age ! t[n surveyor has ! foll[+ duties to p]=m3 7#a47 ,to inspect all new dra9s t are con/ruct$ 9 connection ) exi/+ build+s )9 8 di/rict4 7#b47 ,to inspect all dra9s ( new build+s t are con/ruct$ )9 8 di/rict4 7#c47 ,to inspect all defective dra9s )9 8 di/rict1 s]ve ! necess>y notices 9 respect !re(1 & inspect ! works he has requir$ to be execut$ :il/ !y are 9 progress4 7#a47 ,) ref]5ce to ! fir/ ( ^! duties ! foll[+ is ! clause ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge :i* be>s ^u ! po9t3 8,! own] or occupi] ( any premises )9 ! di/rict ( a local au?ority %all be entitl$ to cause 8 dra9s to empty into ! sew]s ( t au?ority on condition ( 8 giv+ su* notice z may be requir$ by t au?ority ( 8 int5tion s to d1 & ( comply+ ) ! regulations ( t au?ority 9 respect ( ! mode 9 :i* ! communications betwe5 su* dra9s & sew]s are to be made1 & subject to ! control ( any p]son :o may be appo9t$ by t au?ority to sup]9t5d ! mak+ ( su* communications4 ,any p]son caus+ a dra9 to empty into a sew] ( a local au?ority )\t comply+ ) ! provisions ( ?is section %all be liable to a p5alty n exce$+ tw5ty p\nds1 & ! local au?ority may close any communication betwe5 a dra9 & sew] made 9 contrav5tion ( ?is section 4 4 4 40 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #ba74 ,! fir/ ?+ !re=e t a local au?ority has to d is to frame ! necess>y regulations & appo9t a 8p]son to sup]9t5d ! mak+ ( su* communications40 ,! foll[+ is giv5 z a specim5 =m ( ! mann] 9 :i* ^! regulations may be compil$3#bjh ,regulations made & orda9$ by ! ,urban ,sanit>y ,au?ority = 1 z to ! giv+ ( notice be=e any dra9s are made to communicate ) ! sew]s ( ! said ,urban ,sanit>y ,au?ority2 regulat+ ! mode 9 :i* su* communications are to be made2 & appo9t+ ! p]son "u ^: sup]9t5d5ce & control ! "w is to be execut$4 #a4--,no communication %all be made ) any sew] belong+ to ! said ,urban ,sanit>y ,au?ority1 nor any dra9 made to empty !re91 unless notice ( an int5tion s to d1 sign$ by ! own] or occupi] ( ! premises to :i* su* dra9s belong1 be left at ! (fice ( ! bor\gh surveyor two days previ\sly2 & su* notice mu/ specify ! po9t at :i* x is desir$ t communication %all be made1 & ! "t at :i* x is propos$ ! "w %all be comm5c$1 & any p]son n comply+ ) ^! regulations w be liable to a p5alty n exce$+ tw5ty p\nds4 #b4--,"w requir$ to be done 9 connect+ any h\se dra9 or dra9s ) ! ma9 or public sew]1 %all be execut$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! gr\nd to be excavat$ to ! requir$ dep? ) all possible exp$ition1 ! "w to proce$ by night & day2 & !re %all be ma9ta9$ dur+ ! progress ( ! "w all su* f5c+s1 ho>d+s1 /rutt+s1 & %or+s1 z may be necess>y = or 9 consequ5ce ( any ( ! works1 = ! protection ( ! public1 & ( all build+s & prop]ty :atev]1 ne> to or liable to be affect$ by ! "w1 :i* %all also be well wat*$ & light$4 ,! %or+ & /rutt+ ( ! excavation is to be done 9 su* mann]1 ) pol+ bo>ds1 wal+ pieces & /ruts1 z ! surveyor %all consid] necess>y4 ,all surplus e>? or mat]ial is to be c>t$ away z spe$ily z possible4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 :]e ! excavation is made 9 a road or pa? to keep sep>ate ! surface mat]ial f ! l[]1 s z to replace !m 9 _! prop] positions4 ,! excavation %all 9 all cases :]e practicable be 9 op5 cutt+1 & n by %afts & head+s4 ,! junction ) ! ma9 sew] to be done 9 ! foll[+ mann]3-- ,! dra9 %all 9 no case be less ?an f\r in*es int]nal diamet]1 & %all be con/ruct$ ( well-burnt glaz$ socket$ /onew>e pipes1 circul>1 p]fectly true 9 bore1 & /raight1 ) :ole socket jo9ts free f flaws1 bli/]s1 cracks1 or o!r defects1 set 9 ,portl& cem5t jo9ts ) a uni=m fall1 well b$d$ on well-ramm$ & solid gr\nd1 ! sockets be+ sunk into x s z to give an ev5 be>+4 ,no %afts or sudd5 falls w be all[$4 ,:]e ! junction is ) a sew] con/ruct$ ( pipes1 "o l5g? ( ! sew] 7or m if necess>y7 %all be remov$ & an oblique prop] glaz$ socket junction pipe1 set 9 ,portl& cem5t1 ins]t$ 9 its place4 ,! junction ) ! sew] %all be ( ! same size z ! dra94 ,:]e ! junction is ) a brick or /one sew]1 ! connection %all be made at su* height above ! inv]t z ! surveyor %all det]m9e1 & be made ) a glaz$ socket pipe obliquely 9 l9e ( curr5t ( ma9 sew]1 prop]ly b$d$ 9 ) cem5t1 cut (f s z to take ! =m ( ! ma9 sew] & (f] no ob/ruction to ! prop] fl[ ( sewage !re91 or ) a prop]ly con/ruct$ /onew>e block junction4 ,on completion ( ! junction1 :i* %all be made be=e any ( ! pipe dra9 is laid1 x %all be inspect$ by ! surveyor1 & ! "w mu/ n be fur!r proce$$ ) until su* inspection has be5 made & ! junction pron\nc$ satisfactory4 ,! dra9 %all be prop]ly trapp$ betwe5 ! sew] & ! h\se1 ) a syphon ( su* =m z ! surveyor %all direct1 & be at its inlet end or o!r extremity c>ri$ up op5 its full diamet] to above ! ro( l9e4 ,! excavation is to be fill$ 9 )9 six in*es ( ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 ) lay]s ( e>? n m ?an six in*es 9 ?ickness1 c>efully ramm$ or punn$ ) iron punn]s ( n less weight ?an #aj lbs4 ,! surface ( a roadway mu/ be br\ght up to its prop] level ) ! surface mat]ial kept sep>ate1 & prop]ly brok5 or o!r approv$ road metal1 & ! roadway :]e brok5 %all be kept 9 repair by ! p]son op5+ ! gr\nd = a p]iod ( twelve mon?s aft] ! completion ( ! "w4 ,if ! excavation is made "u a footpa? or pav$ road1 ! pav+ mu/ be made good & kept 9 repair = a simil> p]iod4 #c4--;,a4 ,b4 ,c41 ! pres5t bor\gh surveyor1 & 8 successors 9 (fice1 or ! p]son = ! "t be+ act+ z or dis*>g+ ! duties ( bor\gh surveyor1 are h]eby appo9t$ z ! p]son or p]sons to sup]9t5d ! mak+ ( su* communications ) ! public sew]s z a=esaid4 99 99 99 99 99 7#a47 ,not)/&+ ! /r+5cy ( ! above regulations x is v difficult to ensure t ! :ole ( ! new dra9 is prop]ly execut$ by ! p]son :o is c>ry+ out ! "w1 = if he wi%es to deceive ! surveyor's dep>tm5t x is n v difficult to d s 9 works ( ?is description4 ,x w\ld be f> bett] if all dra9s ( dwell+ h\ses c\ld be con/ruct$ solely by ! /aff ( ! local au?ority1 & fail+ any g5]al act ^u ! subject1 t !y %\ld be able to obta9 private p[]s to d s4 ,x is illegal = anyone to t\* ! surface ( ei!r roadway or footpa? = any purpose :atev]#bji )\t ! cons5t ( ! urban au?ority 7see #ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 sec4 #adi71 & especially to t\* or int]f]e ) ! ma9 sew]s4 ,all su* "w c\ld be done bett] & *eap]1 bo? = ! ratepay]s & ! own]s ( prop]ty1 if c>ri$ out by ! tra9$ /aff ( ! local au?ority2 no?+ w\ld be ga9$ by scamp+ ! "w1 & "o ( ! wor/ /umbl+ blocks 9 ! int]e/s ( sanitation w\ld be remov$ by ?is simple & effective measure4 ,gas & wat] companies inv>iably refuse to all[ anyone to int]f]e ) _! ma9s or s]vices1 b execute ! "w ) _! own m52 h[ mu* m important is x t h\se dra9s & sew]s %\ld be equally protect$4 ,if a gas or wat] ma9 or h\se s]vice leaks ?r\gh defective "w x is quickly detect$ & rem$i$2 n s ) a dra9 or sew]1 ! deadly gases may be ooz+ ?r\gh defective jo9ts or ! f\l liquid may be poison+ ! soil "u ! adjac5t dwell+ h\ses1 & _m victims may suff] be=e ! cause is asc]ta9$1 & ev5 !n labori\s legal ma*9]y has to be put 9 =ce be=e x c be rectifi$4 ,! only objections t c be rais$ to ! plan ,i s /rongly advocate are1 fir/1 ! int]f]5ce ) ! trade connections & int]e/s ( build]s & o!rs2 & secondly1 ! responsibility incurr$ by ! local au?ority to execute ?or\ghly s\nd & good "w1 & ! difficulty !y might aft]w>ds exp]i5ce if x 0 necess>y to f9d fault ) _! own "w4 ,! fir/ objection %\ld really h no weight :5 lives are at /ake1 & ! responsibility incurr$ by ! second objection ought n to be %irk$4 ,until "s alt]ation is made 9 ! pres5t law ! t[n surveyor mu/ be z vigilant z he c1 & endeav\r to induce ! public to look m closely !mselves into su* all-important po9ts4 7#b47 ,! next duty ( ! t[n surveyor is to inspect all dra9s ( new build+s t are be+ con/ruct$ 9 8 di/rict4 ,i h dealt ) ?is subject 9 ! *apt] on 8,new ,build+s40 ,! model bye-laws to :i* ,i h !re ref]r$ conta9 "s excell5t pr9ciples 9 ref]5ce to ?is matt]1 & too mu* p[] _c be giv5 to a local au?ority 9 respect ( h\se dra9s1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( prohibit+ any "o else to con/ruct !m4 ,! ma9 sew]1 %>$ 9 common z x is by all ! inhabitants ( a t[n1 mu/ be look$ ^u z a common dang]1 & ea* h\se t connects ) x %\ld s f> z possible be sev]$ f x2 at ! same "t ! dra9 mu/ be s con/ruct$ t ! sewage rea*es ! sew] z quickly & z completely z possible1 )\t any nuisance or k ( ! unpleasant nature ( its cont5ts or ^? 9 ! sew] rea*+ ! inhabitants ( ! h\se3 ?is is ! key-note ( all h\se dra9age1 & _m excell5t books & descriptions ( ?is class ( "w h be5 f "t to "t writt54 7#c47 ,! next duty ( ! t[n surveyor is to inspect all defective dra9s )9 8 di/rict1 & s]ve ! necess>y notices1 c4 ,?is duty is embodi$ 9 ! foll[+ clauses ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act1 #ahge3 8,:]e any h\se )9 ! di/rict ( a local au?ority is )\t a dra9 suffici5t = effectual dra9age1 ! local au?ority %all by writt5 notice require ! own] or occupi] ( su* h\se1 )9 a reasonable "t !re9 specifi$1 to make a cov]$ dra9 or dra9s empty+ into any sew] :i* ! local au?ority are entitl$ to use1 & :i* is n m ?an "o hundr$ feet f ! site ( su* h\se2 b if no su* means ( dra9age are )9 t di/ance1 !n empty+ into su* cov]$ cesspool or o!r place n be+ "u any h\se z ! local au?ority direct2 & ! local au?ority may require any su* dra9 or dra9s to be ( su* mat]ials & size1 & to be laid at su* level & ) su* fall1 z on ! report ( _! surveyor may appe> to !m to be necess>y4 8,if su* notice is n compli$ )1 ! local au?ority may1 aft] ! expiration ( ! "t specifi$ 9 ! notice1 d ! "w requir$1 & may recov] 9 a summ>y mann] ! exp5ses incurr$ by !m 9 s do+ f ! own]1 or may by ord] decl>e ! same to be private improvem5t exp5ses4 8,provid$ t :]e1 9 ! op9ion ( ! local au?ority1 great] exp5se w\ld be incurr$ 9 caus+ ! dra9s ( two or m h\ses to empty into an exi/+ sew] pursuant to ?is section1 ?an 9 con/ruct+ a new sew] & caus+ su* dra9s to empty !re91 ! local au?ority may con/ruct su* new sew]1 & require ! own]s or occupi]s ( su* h\ses to cause _! dra9s to empty !re91 & may apportion z !y deem j ! exp5ses ( ! con/ruction ( su* sew] among ! own]s ( ! sev]al h\ses1 & recov] 9 a summ>y mann] ! sums apportion$ f su* own]s1 or may by ord] decl>e ! same to be private improvem5t exp5ses0 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #bc74 ,! above clause is ! mo/ simple "u :i* ?is duty c be c>ri$ out1 provid$ x c be prov$ t ! h\se#baj is 8)\t a dra9 suffici5t = effectual dra9age10 & = ?is purpose x w\ld probably be necess>y to ent] ! premises & op5 up & exam9e ! dra91 unless1 ( c\rse1 x 0 a case :]e no dra9 exi/$ to ! h\se at all1 or 0 evid5tly & notori\sly )\t 8effectual dra9age40 ,9 ord] to ent] = ?is purpose ! requisite p[]s are conf]r$ 9 ! foll[+ clause ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge3 8,! local au?ority1 or any ( _! (fic]s1 %all be admitt$ into any premises = ! purpose ( exam9+ z to ! exi/5ce ( any nuisance !reon1 or ( en=c+ ! provisions ( any ,act 9 =ce )9 ! di/rict requir+ fireplaces & furnaces to consume _! own smoke1 at any "t betwe5 ! h\rs ( n9e 9 ! =5oon & six 9 ! aft]noon1 or 9 ! case ( a nuisance aris+ 9 respect ( any bus9ess1 !n at any h\r :5 su* bus9ess is 9 progress or is usually c>ri$ on4 8,:]e "u ?is ,act a nuisance has be5 asc]ta9$ to exi/1 or an ord] ( abatem5t or prohibition has be5 made1 ! local au?ority or any ( _! (fic]s %all be admitt$ f "t to "t into ! premises betwe5 ! h\rs a=esaid1 until ! nuisance is abat$1 or ! works ord]$ to be done are complet$1 z ! case may be4 8,:]e an ord] ( abatem5t or prohibition has n be5 compli$ )1 or has be5 infr+$1 ! local au?ority1 or any ( _! (fic]s1 %all be admitt$ f "t to "t at all reasonable h\rs1 or at all h\rs dur+ :i* bus9ess is 9 progress or is usually c>ri$ on1 into ! premises :]e ! nuisance exi/s1 9 ord] to abate ! same4 8,if admission to premises = any ( ! purposes ( ?is section is refus$1 any ju/ice on compla9t !re( on oa? by any (fic] ( ! local au?ority 7made aft] reasonable notice 9 writ+ ( ! int5tion to make ! same has be5 giv5 to ! p]son hav+ cu/ody ( ! premises71 may1 by ord] "u 8 h&1 require ! p]son hav+ cu/ody ( ! premises to admit ! local au?ority1 or _! (fic]1 into ! premises dur+ ! h\rs a=esaid1 & if no p]son hav+ cu/ody ( ! premises c be f\nd1 ! ju/ice %all1 on oa? made be=e him ( t fact1 by ord] "u 8 h& au?orise ! local au?ority or any ( _! (fic]s to ent] su* premises dur+ ! h\rs a=esaid4 8,any ord] made by a ju/ice = admission ( ! local au?ority or any ( _! (fic]s on premises %all cont9ue 9 =ce until ! nuisance has be5 abat$1 or ! "w = :i* ! entry 0 necess>y has be5 done0 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #ajb74 ,! above clause also gives ! necess>y p[]s ( entry :]e ! foll[+ clause ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act is en=c$ ) ref]5ce to defective h\se dra9age1 in/ead ( ! #bcrd section :i* ,i h quot$4 8,on ! writt5 application ( any p]son to a local au?ority1 /at+ t any dra91 wat]closet1 e>?closet1 privy1 a%pit1 or cesspool on or belong+ to any premises )9 _! di/rict is a nuisance1 or injuri\s to heal? 7b n o!rwise71 ! local au?ority may1 by writ+1 emp[] _! surveyor or inspector ( nuisances1 aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs' writt5 notice to ! occupi] ( su* premises1 or 9 case ( em]g5cy )\t notice1 to ent] su* premises1 ) or )\t assi/ants1 & cause ! gr\nd to be op5$1 & exam9e su* dra91 wat]closet1 e>?closet1 privy1 a%pit1 or cesspool4 ,if ! dra91 wat]closet1 e>?closet1 privy1 a%pit1 or cesspool on exam9ation is f\nd to be 9 prop] condition1 he %all cause ! gr\nd to be clos$1 & any damage done to be made good z soon z c be1 & ! exp5ses ( ! works %all be defray$ by ! local au?ority4 ,if ! dra91 wat]closet1 e>?closet1 privy1 a%pit1 or cesspool on exam9ation appe> to be 9 bad condition1 or to require alt]ation or am5dm5t1 ! local au?ority %all =?) cause notice 9 writ+ to be giv5 to ! own] or occupi] ( ! premises requir+ him =?) or )9 a reasonable "t !re9 specifi$ to d ! necess>y works2 & if su* notice is n compli$ )1 ! p]son to :om x is giv5 %all be liable to a p5alty n exce$+ t5 %ill+s = e day dur+ :i* he cont9ues to make default1 & ! local au?ority may1 if !y ?9k fit1 execute su* works1 & may recov] 9 a summ>y mann] f ! own] ! exp5ses incurr$ by !m 9 s do+1 or may by ord] decl>e ! same to be private improvem5t exp5ses0 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #da74 ,9 act+ ^u ! above clause x is well to note ! ma*9]y t is necess>y 9 ord] to secure success 9 ! ev5t ( a prosecution4 7#a47 ,! notice to ! local au?ority ( ! exi/5ce ( a nuisance aris+ f a dra91 c41 mu/ be 9 writ+1 & t au?ority mu/ !n proce$ to consid] ! notice4 7#b47 ,if !y agree to take action ! local au?ority may emp[] _! surveyor to ent] ! premises 7) or )\t notice z ! case may require7 b ?is ord] to him mu/ also be 9 writ+4#baa 7#c47 ,if ! surveyor is all[$ by ! occupi] ( ! premises to ent] 7& 9 default he mu/ put ! #ajbnd section :i* ,i h quot$ 9 =ce7 he may !n op5 ! gr\nd 8) or )\t assi/ants40 7#d47 ,if he f9ds a defective dra9 he mu/ !n report to ! local au?ority 9 writ+1 unless he has be5 prim>ily inve/$ by ! local au?ority ) su* p[]s z w disp5se ) su* report4#bab 7#e47 ,! local au?ority %all 8=?) cause notice 9 writ+ to be giv5 to ! own]1 c40 to d ! "w4 7#f47 ,if ! own] executes ! "w ! surveyor mu/ sup]vise its execution4 7#g47 ,if ?is "w is n done )9 a reasonable "t ! local au?ority 8may if !y ?9k fit0 execute ! works2 ! surveyor has probably to c>ry !m out1 aft] hav+ obta9$ ! necess>y p]mission to ent] = ! purpose4 7#h47 ,! co/s ( ! "w h to be recov]$4 ,anyone acqua9t$ ) local gov]nm5t w "k h[ difficult & t$i\s su* processes mu/ necess>ily be1 ! delay betwe5 ! meet+s ( ! local au?ority be+ q suffici5t to make ! matt] 9 dispute la/ a consid]able "t1 & ?is delay is extremely undesirable :]e a nuisance aris+ f a defective h\se-dra9 is 9 exi/5ce4 ,!re seems to be no d\bt t ! clauses :i* are giv5 9 ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge emp[] ! local au?ority to specify )\t dispute ! class ( "w !y ?9k necess>y 9 ord] to rem$y any evils aris+ f a defective dra91 b x is a pity t "s m simple process _c be introduc$ to improve ! sanit>y condition ( a h\se )\t ! necessity ( s mu* labori\s legal ma*9]y4 ,!re is /ill "o o!r clause 9 ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge1 :i* ref]s to h\se dra9age1 & x is z foll[s3 8,e local au?ority %all provide t all dra9s1 wat]closets1 e>?closets1 privies1 a%pits1 & cesspools )9 _! di/rict be con/ruct$ & kept s z n to be a nuisance1 or injuri\s to heal?0 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #dj74 ,b ?is clause is usually tak5 to apply r to nuisances aris+ f tempor>y defects ?an to m important /ructural defects 9 a dra91 & su* nuisances come m "u ! cognizance & duties ( ! inspector ( nuisances ?an ^? ( ! t[n surveyor4 ,x w\ld n be possible1 z ,i h already /at$1 9 "o *apt] to give all ! detail descriptions ( h\se dra9s & ! necess>y app>atus 9 connection !re)1 & besides v _m excell5t books1 pamphlets & pap]s h be5 f "t to "t writt5 on ?is important subject4#bac ,be=e1 h[ev]1 br++ ?is *apt] to a conclusion1 ,i w give a li/ ( ! ess5tial requirem5ts ( all good h\se dra9age :i* may be ( "s use to ! t[n surveyor3 7#a47 ,a h\se dra9 %\ld be con/ruct$ ( /onew>e pipes 7n e>!nw>e or fire clay71 ^! are g5]ally salt glaz$1 & %\ld be p]fectly smoo? or ev5 slipp]y inside1 ! pipes mu/ be ( true circul> section & ?ickness ( mat]ial1 & /raight 9 ! direction ( _! l5g?1 ) :ole sockets ( prop] dep?1 & free f any cracks1 bli/]s1 s& holes1 or o!r defects4 ,z ev5 ! mo/ c>efully manufactur$ pipes v>y some:at 9 diamet] ( sockets2 c41 x is well to h !m sort$ be=e comm5c+ ! "w2 x is sc>cely necess>y to add t no 8seconds0 %\ld be all[$ on ! works4 7#b47 ,! int]nal diamet] ( ! dra9 %\ld n be too l>ge2 #f in*es may be consid]$ z a maximum1 #d in*es is g5]ally q suffici5t to c>ry (f all ! sewage f an ext5sive e/abli%m5t1 ev5 if all ! wat] f ! ro(s or a portion ( !m is includ$4 7#c47 ,! incl9ation is gov]n$ by circum/ances1 b ab\t #a 9 #fj is f\nd to be a v conv5i5t fall = _m hydraulic1 & o!r reasons4 7#d47 ,! jo9t+ ( ! pipes %\ld be execut$ ) great c>e2 if cem5t jo9ts are made ea* pipe %\ld be jo9t$ sep>ately1 & x %\ld be se5 t no cem5t is left 9 ! dra94 ,sometimes t>r$ gask9 is us$ to prev5t ?is1 & ,/an=d's pat5t jo9ts are excell5t :]e runn+ wat] or sewage has to be cont5d$ )1 or great despat* ( ! "w is necess>y4#bad 7#e47 ,! sockets ( ! pipes %\ld be sunk into ! gr\nd at ! bottom ( ! tr5* s z to give an ev5 be>+1 :i* among/ o!r b5efits disp5ses ) ! *ance ( settlem5ts4 7#f47 ,no pipes %\ld be all[$ to be cov]$ 9 until !y h be5 inspect$ by ! t[n surveyor or 8 assi/ants1 & 9 ord] to te/ ! s\ndness ( ! jo9ts1 x is a good plan to fill ! dra9 ) wat]1 hav+ fir/ /opp$ up ! l[] end1 & note ! effect4 7#g47 ,dra9s %\ld n pass "u build+s if x c be avoid$1 b if unavoidable !y mu/ be buri$ 9 good concrete1 & reliev+ ar*es turn$ to any walls pass+ ov] !m4 ,9 ,am]ica iron pipes are us$ "u h\ses4 7#h47 ,c>e mu/ be ex]cis$1 9 fill+ 9 ov] pipes1 n to break or injure !m4 7#i47 ,! trap to a h\se dra9 %\ld be a 8,bu*an0 or o!r simil> syphon ) a good cascade action1 its position mu/ be guid$ by circum/ances4 7#aj47 ,! dra9 %\ld end at ! outside wall ( ! h\se & be c>ri$ up ! wall its full diamet] to above ! ro( = v5tilation1 an inlet = fre% air be+ ess5tial on ! h\se side ( ! trap2 if ! dra9 has to pass "u ! h\se x mu/ be simil>ly c>ri$ up on ! o!r side4 7#aa47 ,! connection ) ! ma9 sew] has be5 already describ$4 ,9 conclusion ,i w\ld urge ! necessity ( a regi/] ( all dra9s be+ kept t are exam9$ by ! surveyor's dep>tm5t4 ,?is c be done by hav+ a s]ies ( numb]$ notebooks kept solely = ?is purpose1 & all ! in=mation ?us acquir$ %\ld also be plott$ on ! map ( ! t[n if on a suffici5tly l>ge scale4 ,! necessity ( correct plans ( ! dra9age ( build+s _c be ov]-e/imat$1 especially = hospitals1 asylums1 workh\ses1 s*ools1 or o!r public build+s1 & ev5 = ! smalle/ dwell+ h\se su* a plan w\ld (t5 prove to be ! greate/ boon to ! occupi] or own] z well z at all times to ! t[n surveyor1 ! m$ical (fic] ( heal?1 & ! inspector ( nuisances4 #bjg ,= def9itions ( ! ^w 8sew]10 see ! *apt] on ,sew]age4 #bjh ,! ,new ,york ,bo>d ( ,heal? require t e>!nw>e dra9 pipes connect+ dwell+s ) /reet sew]s %all be h>d & salt glaz$1 s\nd & cyl9drical2 at lea/ ?s ( an in* ?ick if #e in*es 9 diamet]1 & ( an in* ?ick if #f in*es 9 diamet]4 ,pipe mu/ be connect$ ) hydraulic cem5t ( ! be/ quality4 ,no 8temp]$ up0 cem5t c be us$4 ,! pipes mu/ be laid ) su* good alignm5t t ! inspector c see ?r\gh ! entire l9e f ! h\se to ! sew]1 & e section mu/ be b$d$ 9 cem5t s z to h a firm be>+1 n only at ! hub1 b along its entire l5g?4 ,! inside ( ! dra9 mu/ be fre$ f all cem5t :i* may h ooz$ ?r\gh at ! jo9ts1 & f all o!r ob/ructions4 ,be=e ! dra9 is cov]$ notice mu/ be s5t to ! ,heal? ,dep>tm5t1 by ! own] or plumb]1 t ! inspector may visit & exam9e ! "w1 & ! ,bo>d ( ,heal? w n approve or p]mit a dra9 :i* has n be5 exam9$ by "o ( its inspectors & f\nd to be prop]ly con/ruct$4 #bji ,see *apt] on 8,break+ up ,/reets40 #baj ,! def9ition ( h\se is z foll[s3--8,h\se0 includes s*ools1 also factories & o!r build+s 9 :i* m ?an tw5ty p]sons are employ$ at "o "t4 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #d7 #baa ,notices1 ord]s1 & o!r su* docum5ts "u ?is ,act may be 9 writ+ or pr9t1 or p>tly 9 writ+ & p>tly 9 pr9t2 & if ! same require au!ntication by ! local au?ority1 ! signature !re( by ! cl]k to ! local au?ority or _! surveyor or inspector ( nuisances %all be suffici5t au!ntication 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #bff74 #bab ,hav+ obta9$ admission to ! premises1 ! inspection ( ! alleg$ nuisance %\ld be s conduct$ z to enable ! local au?ority to det]m9e :e!r x exi/s1 or :e!r x exi/$ at ! "t ! notice 0 giv51 & :e!r1 al?\gh x has s9ce be5 remov$ or discont9u$1 x is likely to recur or to be repeat$2 & 9 all cases x w be ! mo/ exp$i5t c\rse to r$uce to writ+ ! result ( ! inspection4 ,:5 ! inspection is made by an (fic] ( ! local au?ority1 x w also be exp$i5t = t au?ority1 on receiv+ ! report ( _! (fic] =mally & 9 writ+1 to record ! conclusions to :i* !y h come aft] consid]+ 8 report 9 ord] to gr\nd fur!r proce$+s4 7,vide #8,law ( ,public ,heal? & ,local ,gov]nm5t1' by ,w4 ,c4 & ,a4 ,g4 ,gl51 #h? edition1 p4 #ha47 #bac ,= ample in=mation on ! subject ( h\se dra9age & simil> subjects see ! foll[+ books1 etc43-- ,bailey ,d5ton's #8,sanit>y ,eng9e]+'2 ,baldw9 ,la?am's #8,sanit>y ,eng9e]+'2 ,bu*an's #8,plumb+'2 ,slagg's #8,sanit>y ,"w'2 ,h>t's #8,manual ( ,public ,heal?'2 ,helly]'s #8,plumb] & ,sanit>y ,h\ses'2 ,galton's #8,heal?y ,dwell+s'2 #8,h\se ,dra9age1' by ,w4 ,a4 ,tylor2 ,philbrick's #8,am]ican ,sanit>y ,eng9e]+1' & _m o!rs1 besides ! num]\s reports ( ! 8,heal? ( ,t[ns ,commission10 & sev]al articles 9 ! ,sanit>y ,record1 ! ,sanit>y ,eng9e] ( ,new ,york1 & ,mr4 ,rawl9son's #8,h9ts1' all ( :i* %\ld be /udi$ by ! t[n surveyor4 #bad ,9 "s p>ts ( ! nor? ( ,engl& tap] pipes are us$ ab\t #bj in*es 9 l5g?1 ! int]nal diamet] ( ! l>g] end be+ slightly great] ?an ! ext]nal diamet] ( ! small] end1 ?us all[+ ! small end ( "o pipe to ent] ! l>ge end ( ano!r4 ,cont9u\s l5g?s ( cem5t pipes made 9 situ are also n[ be+ introduc$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,public ,,pleasure ,,gr\nds ,,& ,,/reet ,,trees4 ,among/ ! clauses ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge :i* affect ! duties ( ! t[n surveyor w be f\nd ! foll[+3 8,any urban au?ority may pur*ase or take on lease1 lay out1 plant1 improve1 & ma9ta9 l&s = ! purpose ( be+ us$ z public walks or pleasure gr\nds1 & may support or contribute to ! support ( public walks or pleasure gr\nds provid$ by any p]son :omsoev]4 8,any urban au?ority may make bye-laws = ! regulation ( any su* public walk or pleasure gr\nd1 & may by su* bye-laws provide = ! removal f su* public walk or pleasure gr\nd ( any p]son infr++ any su* bye-law by any (fic] ( ! urban au?ority or con/able0 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #afd74 ,!re are v few1 if any1 cities or t[ns 9 ?is c\ntry t h n avail$ !mselves ( ?is clause1 ev5 if !y did n already possess "o if n m public p>ks or pleasure gr\nds ( "s description1 ^! hav+ ei!r be5 giv5 by "s b5evol5t citiz5 or acquir$ 9 "s o!r mann] by ! urban au?ority4#bae ,includ$ 9 ! p[]s giv5 by ! above clause are no d\bt ^? regulat+ ! acquisition & support ( recreation or public playgr\nds1 public walks1 or old city walls or o!r places1 & disus$ bury+ gr\nds4#baf ,9 connection ) ! above clause ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act1 ! t[n surveyor may h ! foll[+ duties to p]=m3 ,to advise 8 corporation ^u ! value1 suitability1 & desirability ( any site t is int5d$ = use z a public p>k or recreation gr\nd1 & aft] its acquisition to adapt x = ! requisite purposes4 ,to effect ?is x mu/ be dra9$ & laid out ) c>riage-drives1 walks1 lawns1 fl[]-b$s1 plantations1 & sometimes /reams1 wat]falls1 & lakes4 ,he mu/ design & erect ! necess>y lodges1 entrance gates1 f5ces1 %elt]s1 seats1#bag b&-/&s1 & f\nta9s1 & mu/ aft]w>ds sup]9t5d ! ma9t5ance ( ^! & ! re/ ( ! works 9 connection ) ! pleasure gr\nd4 ,x w\ld be impossible to lay d[n any rules = ! guidance ( a surveyor 9 c>ry+ out ^! works1 = ea* case mu/ be dealt ) z its exig5cies require1 & a great deal ( common s5se1 z well z eng9e]+1 ar*itectural1 & arti/ic skill mu/ be display$ by him 9 c>ry+ out any works ( ?is description1 details ( :i* c\ld n possibly be giv5 9 a book ( ?is size deal+ ) s _m subjects4#bah ,a few sugge/ions may1 h[ev]1 be ( "s s]vice on ^! po9ts4 ,public playgr\nds = *ildr5 %\ld be compos$ ( l>ge1 level1 well-roll$1 gravell$ spaces1 ) a few trees = %ade1 & "s %$s = %elt]4 ,turf soon gets spoil$ & worn b>e1 :5 x is n s pleasant z well-roll$ gravel1 z x is f> m du/y 9 dry wea!r & v damp 9 wet1 besides hav+ an unc>$-= appe>ance4 ,9 public p>ks1 %rubs plant$ s+ly directly on ! lawns )\t any b$s ar\nd !m h a v pleas+ look1 al?\gh x adds some:at to ! difficulty ( m[+ ! grass4 ,! grass itself is greatly improv$ if x is well dress$ ) manure 9 ! spr+ & con/antly wat]$ all ! ye> r\nd4 ,pa?s %\ld be gravell$ 9 ! autumn1 c>e be+ tak5 to wait until all ! leaves h fall51 :i* are swept up & remov$ at once4 ,a good f5ce = a pa?1 if any protection is necess>y1 is ei!r a /ra9$ wire f5ce or ca/-iron hoops repres5t+ b5t /icks4 ,!y are bo? *eap1 & /& well aga9/ wea!r & r\gh treatm5t4 ,a v economical & neat bord] to ! footpa?s c be made f ! old us$-up flag/ones f ! foot pavem5ts ( ! /reets1 ^! cut up & plac$ on edge1 especially if 9 conjunction ) a pit*$ *annel gutt] ( pebbles1 look rem>kably well4 ,ornam5tal fl9ts make a pretty bord]1 b !y are na/y ?+s = a *ild to fall ^u4 ,= fl[]-b$s a flat bord] or edge ( ivy has a v tell+ effect4 ,if !re are ponds or lakes 9 ! p>k !re %\ld be a broad pa? or road close to ! wat]'s edge4 ,x is surpris+ :at a great advantage 9 effect ?is has ov] ! plan ( leav+ a /rip ( gre5 betwe5 ! pa? & ! wat]4 ,! selection ( ! prop] %rubs = a p>k & _! di/ribution is a matt] t requires ! advice ( an exp]t g>d5]4 ,! foll[+ li/ ( ord9>y %rubs t w ?rive well almo/ any:]e 9 ?is c\ntry may h[ev] be ( use = ref]5ce3 ,aucubas4 ,azaleas4 ,box4 ,b]b]ises4 ,euonymus4 ,hollies4 ,ivies4 ,laurels4 ,lilacs4 ,mahorrias4 ,pampas grass4 ,privet4 ,rhodod5drons4 ,?orns4 ,yuccas4 ,) reg>d to ! selection ( trees1 ?is also requires skill$ advice1 b a li/ is giv5 fur!r on 9 ?is *apt]1 ( trees suitable = /reet plant+1 :i* may be also "s guide 9 ?is respect4 ,9 high gales ( w9d ! surveyor may be expect$ to endeav\r to save valuable trees 9 a public p>k f be+ bl[n d[n4 ,?is may sometimes be effect$ by a judici\s application ( *a9s or ropes1 b ! bett] plan is to keep all trees well prun$ & z free z possible f 8top hamp]0 & undue lev]age f ov]hang+ limbs4 ,on ! prun+ ( trees & ! removal ( l>ge limbs ,i mu/ ref] my read]s to a mo/ admirable little book rec5tly publi%$ 9 ,am]ica1 be+ a translation f ! celebrat$ #8,treatise on ,prun+ ,=e/ & ,ornam5tal ,trees1 by ,a4 des ,c>s1' :i* ent]s mo/ fully into ! subject1 & be+ ( great practical value1 %\ld be /udi$ by anyone :o has any?+ to d ) ! c>e ( =e/ or o!r trees4#bai ,) reg>d to ! plant+ ( trees along ! sides ( /reets1 our ,fr5* neighb\rs are mu* 9 advance ( u4#bbj ,x is true t 9 ?is c\ntry1 ow+ to ! mu* l>g] consumption ( coal z a dome/ic fuel1 !re is m soot 9 ! air1 b x is errone\s to suppose t trees w n ?rive well 9 ,engl&4 ,no d\bt ! moi/ure ( our climate causes ! soot or 8blacks0 to adh]e to ! leaves & limbs ( ! trees1 b = t reason decidu\s & n ev]gre5 trees %\ld be select$ = plant+ 9 t[ns1 & ^!1 if well *os5 & c>efully plant$1 w mo/ und\bt$ly fully repay _! fir/ co/ & ma9t5ance by ! additional beauty to ! /reet1 ! agreeable %ade !y ca/1 & _! g5]ally heal?ful action on ! population4 ,9 select+ trees to plant along ! sides ( ! /reets or roads 9 any t[ns1 x is well to be> 9 m9d t ! foll[+ qualities are necess>y3-- ,! tree mu/ be h>dy2 x mu/ n be affect$ by a long-cont9u$ dr\ght2 heat mu/ n )] x nor make x look ru/y2 x mu/ be able to )/& du/1 smoke1 soot1 f\l air1 & ! insidi\s attacks ( insects1 & be able to recov] f any malici\s or accid5tal injury x may receive4 ,! tree mu/ be ( rapid gr[?1 & develope a /raight1 clean /em ) %ady foliage4 ,x mu/ be graceful ei!r 9 full leaf or :5 b>e z 9 w9t]2 its roots mu/ n require too mu* room1 & !y mu/ be able to )/& ! effects ( pollution or r\gh treatm5t4 ,al?\gh ! =ego+ li/ ( requirem5ts may seem r =midable1 yet among/ ! trees ^: names n[ foll[ !re w be f\nd "s :i* meet _m1 if n all ( ^! requirem5ts1 & :i*1 if prop]ly plant$ ) all reasonable c>e1 may be expect$ to ?rive if plant$ at ! sides ( ! /reets 9 any t[n 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,trees ,,suitable ,,= ,,plant+ ,,at ,,! ,,sides ,,( ,,/reets4 ,we/]n ,plane4 ,lime4 ,maple4 ,horse ,*e/nut4 ,elm4 ,tulip tree4 ,lomb>dy ,popl>4 ,a%4 ,will[4 ,bee*4 ,bir*4 ,oak4 ,sycamore4 ,copp] ,bee*4 ,pawlonia4 ,ailantus ,gl&ulosa4 ,laburnum4 ,lilac4 ,almond4 ,pea*4 ,haw?orn4 ,acacia4 ,d\ble ,*]ry1 etc4 ,( ! above li/ ! we/]n plane = _m reasons is ! mo/ desirable4 ,its fre%ness :5 x bur/s into gre5 buds is well kn[n1 & x is prov]bial = its h>d9ess4 ,! lime 0 at "o "t ! mo/ popul> tree = ?is purpose1 b x has sev]al defects1 ! mo/ notable be+ t its leaves )] be=e ! summ] is ov]1 & ! tree assumes a lifeless look at a "t :5 mo/ %ade & fre%ness are requir$ ( x4 ,( ! rema9d] ( ! trees ,i h enum]at$ "s are sl[ 9 gr[?1 :i* is a consid]able drawback2 o!rs are n :olly free f be+ affect$ by cold w9ds 9 ! spr+ or by lice 9 ! w9t]1 & ! assi/ance ( an exp]t is v necess>y 9 select+ trees = ?is important purpose4 ,:atev] trees are select$1 ! foll[+ precautions %\ld be tak53 ,! "y tree %\ld h be5 well n\ri%$ 9 its nurs]y be=e removal1 & %\ld on no acc\nt be plant$ 9 ! /reet until its /em is ne>ly #aj feet 9 height & ab\t #c in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! /em %\ld be clean & /raight1 & ! :ole tree symmetrical4 ,! great difficulty 9 ?is c\ntry is to obta9 suffici5t numb]s ( trees ( ! exact size & description1 :5 x becomes necess>y to plant out a /reet4 ,!y h (t5 to be import$1 :5 x is f\nd t !y are frequ5tly unsuit$ bo? = soil & climate1 besides be+ v co/ly2 ?us _m failures h aris5 9 consequ5ce4 ,to obviate ?is necessity 9 ,p>is ! ,gov]nm5t h = _m ye>s in/itut$ & ma9ta9$ special nurs]ies :]e trees are gr[n = ?is purpose alone1 ^! nurs]ies be+ situat$ at ,passy1 ! ,j>d9 ,fleuri/e1 & ,petit ,buy1 no less ?an #aae m5 be+ con/antly employ$ 9 ! "w4 ,"s fur!r p>ticul>s w be giv5 pres5tly on ! co/ ( ?is "w4 ,! trees ?us n\ri%$ & select$ %\ld be plant$ 9 ! autumn1 = !re is a well-kn[n say+ t 8a tree plant$ be=e ,*ri/mas c be ord]$ to gr[2 if plant$ aft] ,*ri/mas x mu/ be ask$ to d s02 & !re is no d\bt t if trees are plant$ too late 9 ! season great difficulty 9 gett+ !m to gr[ is g5]ally exp]i5c$4 ,! excavat$ pits mu/ be well dra9$1 & fill+ ! bottom ( ! pit ) rubble is a good plan4 ,! fur!r ! tree c be plant$ f ! k]b ! bett]1 s z n only to give x a l>g] body ( soil1 b to less5 ! risk ( kill+ ! tree by ! pollution ( ! gr\nd ) gas f a defective ma91 & also excess ( moi/ure f ! *annel gutt]s4 ,! di/ance ap>t ( ! trees is a matt] ( *oice4 ,9 ,p>is ?is is only #af to #ah feet1 b ,i ?9k half a *a9 7#cc feet7 is q close en\gh2 x economises trees & gives pl5ty ( room = ! limbs ( ea* tree to spread1 & ! int]m$iate lamp-po/s1 wat]+ hydrants1 or o!r /&>ds are n cr[d$ out4 ,ea* tree %\ld h a ca/-iron grat+ ar\nd its roots simil> to ! foll[+ draw+3-- ,illu/ration ,?is %\ld be ab\t #d feet squ>e4 ,x prev5ts ! gr\nd gett+ h>d ab\t ! trees1 & p]mits air & wat] to ent] to ! roots4 ,x also makes x easy to give any att5tion to ! trees t !y may require :5 "y1 su* z manur+1 digg+1 c4 ,! tree %\ld also be protect$ ) a slight iron grill or rail+ to prev5t mis*iev\s p]sons f cutt+ _! names on ! trunk1 climb+ up into ! tree1 or break+ (f its bran*es :il/ /ill "y4 ,! foll[+ sket* %[s ! description ( grill necess>y1 :i* is light1 *eap1 & at ! same "t effective4 ,illu/ration ,! foll[+ int]e/+ p>ticul>s ( ! mann] 9 :i* /reet plant+ ( trees is conduct$ 9 ,p>is w be useful1 & are giv5 9 ext5so3#bba 8,:5 ! b\lev>de is m>k$ out & levell$1 if ! soil is ( bad quality1 z is ne>ly always ! case1 tr5*es are dug 9 ! footway f "o end ( ! b\lev>de to ! o!r4 ,! wid? ( ?is tr5* is usually ab\t #f feet1 & its dep? #d or #e2 & be=e fill+ x 9 dra9-pipes are laid along ! sides made ) lapp$ jo9ts s t ! roots %all n ent] betwe5 !m4 ,! tr5* is !n fill$ ) good g>d5 e>?1 rais+ x a little high] ?an ! level s z to all[ = settl+4 ,9 ?is gr\nd ! trees are plant$ ab\t #f y>ds ap>t4 ,!y %\ld be c>efully *os5 ) p]fect roots1 & mod]ately prun$4 ,=m]ly ! /em 0 cut at ab\t #i feet f ! gr\nd1 b ?is _h ! bad effect ( prev5t+ ! top ( ! tree f be+ /raight1 & ! practice has be5 giv5 up4 ,! trees are next /ak$ & ti$ ) wire ov] a neat wad ( /raw1 :i* prev5ts all injury to ! /em4 ,a protect+ cage1 nei!r heavy nor v exp5sive1 is plac$ r\nd ! tree to prev5t accid5ts2 & if ! wea!r be at all dry at ! "t ( plant+1 ! trees are copi\sly wat]$40 ,! co/ ( plant+ a tree 9 ! ,p>is b\lev>de is ?us giv53#bbb fr4 c4 #ae cubic metres ( excavation at #d francs #fjjj #ae cubic metres ( vegetable m\ld at #d francs #fjjj ,tra9+ poles ab\t #e metres 9 height #aej ------ #abaej ,av]age d$uction ( #ae p] c5t4 result+ f lett+ by t5d] #ahbc ------ ,price by contract #ajcbg ,pipe dra9age & mat]ials #aaae ,wat]+ appliance 7av]age7 #bej ,ca/ iron grat+ r\nd ! base #dffi ,transport ( tree f nurs]y #bjj ,plant+1 includ+ /akes #cjj ,iron basket 7to protect /em7 #hgj ,! tree #ejj ,lab\r = plant+ #afi ------ #ahdjj ,! ma9t5ance ( ea* tree co/s #aeh francs4 ,! total co/1 !re=e1 ( ea* tree capitalis$ rea*es ab\t #hl41 & its life is said n to exce$ twelve ye>s4 ,be=e clos+ ?is *apt] x is well to adv]t to ! evid5t importance t ! legislature atta* to ! plant+ & pres]vation ( trees along ! sides ( ! public /reets 9 ?is c\ntry & _! desire to protect !m1 z ! foll[+ clause ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge w %[4 84 4 4 ,any p]son :o1 )\t ! cons5t ( ! urban au?ority1 wilfully displaces or takes up1 or :o injures ! pavem5t1 /ones1 mat]ials1 f5ces1 or po/s (1 or ! trees 9 any su* /reet %all be liable to a p5alty n exce$+ five p\nds1 & to a fur!r p5alty n exce$+ five %ill+s = e squ>e foot ( pavem5t1 /ones1 or o!r mat]ials s displac$1 tak5 up1 or injur$2 he %all also be liable 9 ! case ( any injury to trees to pay to ! local au?ority su* am\nt ( comp5sation z ! c\rt may aw>d0 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #adi74 ,x is a great s\rce ( regret t mis*iev\s p]sons c be f\nd :o by _! wilful malice injure ! trees plant$ at ! sides ( /reets out ( ! public funds & ) great exp5se & tr\ble4 #bae ,by ! 8,commons ,act #ahgf10 p[]s 7 giv5 to acquire & lay out commons = purposes ( public recreation1 etc4 #baf ,^u ?is latt] po9t ,vide #bd #be ,vic4 c4 #fa1 s4 #ba4 #bag ,z a pres]vative aga9/ ! malici\s disfigurem5t ( wood5 seats1 ,i h se5 ! foll[+ inscription plac$ ^u "s seats 9 an old public p>k1 8,nev] cut a fri5d10 & x _h app>5tly ! desir$ effect4 #bah ,z an in/ance ( ! size & importance works ( ?is description may assume1 ! ,bois de ,b\logne1 ,p>is1 is an example4 ,x cov]s an area ( #bjjj acres1 ( :i* "o half is =e/1 "o qu>t] is grass1 "o-eigh? roads1 & ab\t #gj acres is wat]4 ,"o ( ! mo/ beautifully arrang$ public p>ks 9 ?is c\ntry is ,sefton ,p>k1 ,liv]pool1 :]e ! mo/ p]fect arrangem5ts ( lawns1 plantations1 lakes & drives1 h be5 c>ri$ out4 #bai #8,a ,treatise on ,prun+ ,=e/ & ,ornam5tal ,trees1' by ,a4 des ,c>s1 translat$ f ! #g? ,fr5* edition1 ) an introduction by ,*>les ,s4 ,s>g5t1 etc4 ,publi%$ by ,a4 ,williams & ,co41 ,bo/on1 ,u4,s4,a41 #ahha4 #bbj ,9 ,p>is 9 ! ye> #ahhj1 !re 7 #ij1jjj trees 9 ! /reets1 besides #bj1jjj m 9 ! cemet]ies4 7,vide ,report ( ,mr4 ,till1 ! ,bor\gh ,surveyor ( ,birm+ham1 #bj? ,decemb]1 #ahhj47 ,!re are also upw>ds ( #hjjj seats 9 public places2 ! trees & seats co/+ ne>ly #ajj1jjjl4 p] annum to ma9ta94 #bba ,vide #8,! ,p>ks1 ,prom5ades1 & ,g>d5s ( ,p>is1' by ,w4 ,rob9son1 ,f4,l4,s41 #ahfi1 p4 #abh4 #bbb ,vide #8,l',ar*itecte1' #bj? ,novemb]1 #ahhj1 p4 #cgj4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,public ,,abattoirs4 ,! foll[+ is ! clause ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge :i* emp[]s an urban au?ority to e/abli% public slaught]-h\ses 7or 8abattoirs8#bbc z !y are sometimes call$7 = ! purposes ( ! di/rict !y gov]n3 8,any urban au?ority may1 if !y ?9k fit1 provide slaught]-h\ses1 & !y %all make bye-laws ) respect to ! managem5t & *>ges = ! use ( any slaught]h\ses s provid$4 8,= ! purpose ( enabl+ any urban au?ority to regulate slaught]-h\ses )9 _! di/rict1 ! provisions ( ! ,t[ns ,improvem5t ,clauses ,act #ahdg1 ) respect to slaught]-h\ses1 %all be incorporat$ ) ?is ,act4#bbd 8,no?+ 9 ?is section %all prejudice or affect any rights1 p[]s1 or privileges ( any p]sons incorporat$ by any local ,act pass$ be=e ! pass+ ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahdh1 = ! purpose ( mak+ & ma9ta9+ slaught]-h\ses0 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #afi74 ,! great necessity = ! e/abli%m5t ( "o or m public slaught]-h\ses 9 any t[n c only fully be realis$ by p]sons :o w take ! tr\ble to inspect ^? :i* are private2 !y are g5]ally plac$ ne> ! %ops ( ! but*]s = ! sake ( conv5i5ce1 ! result be+ t !y are situat$ 9 ! c5tral portions ( ! t[n & are ?us surr\nd$ by closely pack$ dwell+s4 ,! private slaught] h\se (t5 consi/s ( a /able or %$ :i* has be5 conv]t$ into an ill-design$ slaught]-h\se1 badly pav$1 ) imp]fect dra9age2 !y are frequ5tly n suffici5tly light$1 v5tilat$ or dra9$1 & are utt]ly unfitt$ = ! purposes = :i* !y are us$4 ,_! position also is (t5 s badly *os5 t ! *ildr5 9 ! vic9ity resort !re to see ! animals kill$1 & ! poor bea/s h 9 "s cases to be driv5 ?r\gh a n>r[ passage into ! slaught]-h\se itself1 :]e1 trembl+ at ! sight & smell ( ! blood & c>casses ( its dead companions1 x rema9s te!r$ until its turn comes to fall a victim to ! bl[ ( ! slaught]-man3 a bl[ :i* sometimes has (t5 to be repeat$ be=e its object is atta9$1 ow+ to ! bad light & cramp$ surr\nd+s ( ! place4 ,z ^! slaught]-h\ses are g5]ally r5t$ by ! but*] us+ !m at l>ge r5tals 7su* accommodation be+ sc>ce71 x is n to be expect$ t he w sp5d mu* money to improve prop]ty :i* is n 8 own2 b not)/&+ ! loss ( weight incurr$ by ! animal to be slaught]$ ?us frett+ & sweat+ 9 its t]ror1 ! damage to ! meat by its be+ dress$ 9 ! same locality ) ! live bea/1 /eam+ & smell+ 9 ! vic9ity1 & ! exorbitant r5ts dem&$1 /ill !re are great objections always rais$ by but*]s 9 t[ns to ! e/abli%m5t ( public slaught]-h\ses4 ,^! objections are bas$ by !m on ! foll[+ gr\nds3 ,!y cont5d t ! c>riage ( ! meat f ! slaught]-h\se to _! %op deprives !m ( "s ( _! pr(its2 t slaught]+ _! animals 9 ! pres5ce ( o!r but*]s leads to disp>ag+ rem>ks & trade jeal\sies1 & t !y sometimes are robb$ ( fat1 tools1 c4 ,^! argum5ts are gr\ndless if ! public abattoir is prop]ly design$1 is 9 a suitable locality1 & is well manag$4 ,!re are no p[]s by :i* but*]s c be compell$ to ab&on private slaught]-h\ses1 & use ^? provid$ by ! urban au?ority1 s long z ! bye-laws ( ! au?ority are n infr+$2 b z ! law /&s at pres5t1 private slaught]-h\ses may be lic5s$ 7#aj #aa ,vic4 c4 #cd1 ss4 #abe1 #abf7 or regi/]$ 7#aj #aa ,vic4 c4 #cd1 s4 #abg71 & ! only mann] 9 :i* !y c\ld be clos$ 7:i* w\ld !n compel ! but*] to use ! public abattoir7 w\ld be by putt+ ! #abi? section ( ! same ,act 9 =ce1 :i* /ates t ! ju/ices be=e :om any p]son is convict$ ( kill+ or dress+ cattle contr>y to ! provision ( ! ,act1 or ( ! non-obs]vance ( any bye-law or regulation ( ! local au?ority1 9 addition to ! p5alty may susp5d ! lic5ce = any p]iod n exce$+ two mon?s2 or 9 ! case ( ! own] ( any regi/]$ slaught]-h\se may =bid = any p]iod n exce$+ two mon?s1 ! slaught]+ ( cattle !re94 ,= a second or o!r subsequ5t l (f5ce1 9 addition to ! p5alty ! ju/ices may revoke ! lic5ce or absolutely =bid ! slaught]+ ( cattle 9 ! p>ticul> h\se or y>d4 ,9 su* an ev5t ! local au?ority may refuse to grant any lic5ce :atev] to ! p]son ^: lic5ce has be5 revok$1 or on acc\nt ( ^: default ! slaught]+ ( cattle 9 any regi/]$ slaught]-h\se has be5 =bidd54 ,) ref]5ce to ! e/abli%m5t anew ( ! bus9ess ( a slaught]] ( cattle 9 ,london1 ! foll[+ p>ticul>s requir$ to be deposit$ by ! applicant ) ! ,metropolitan ,bo>d ( ,works w be useful4 ,a plan ( ! premises & sections ( ! build+ drawn to a scale ( -in* to ! foot & %[+ ! propos$ or exi/+ arrangem5ts = dra9age1 light+1 v5tilation1 & wat] supply1 ) a key plan ( ! locality1 h to be deposit$1 z well z replies to ! foll[+ que/ions3 7#a47 ,/ate :at place = ! accommodation or p\ndage ( ! cattle ab\t to be slaught]$ is provid$2 if su* place has an entrance way = ! cattle o!rwise ?an ?r\gh ! slaught]-h\se2 if sep>at$ f ! slaught]-h\se by a brick p>tition ) a door2 & also :at provision is made !re9 = wat]+ animals4 7#b47 ,/ate if slaught]-h\se & its p\ndage is )9 #bj feet ( an inhabit$ build+2 & if x has any entrance op5+ directly on a public highway4 7#c47 ,/ate if ! entrance to ! premises is ap>t f & indep5d5t ( any %op or dwell+-h\se2 if f a /reet at ! side or re>2 & also ! height ( ! entrance gates4 7#d47 ,/ate ! dim5sions ( ! slaught]-h\se1 l5g?1 bread?1 height to eaves1 & con/ruction ( ! ro(2 & give simil> in=mation ab\t ! p\ndage4 7#e47 ,/ate if slaught]-h\se & p\ndage are dra9$ by glaz$ pipes communicat+ ) public sew]1 or h[2 h[ dra9s are trapp$2 & if grat+s h op5+s great] ?an ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* across4 7#f47 ,/ate if floors are bel[ level ( outside road or footway1 & if pav$ ) asphalte1 or flag-/one set 9 cem5t1 or h[4 7#g47 ,/ate h[ walls ( slaught]-h\se are con/ruct$1 & if !y are cov]$ ) h>d smoo? & imp]vi\s mat]ial to a height ( at lea/ #d feet2 &1 if s1 /ate :at mat]ial is us$1 & to :at height x is c>ri$4 7#h47 ,/ate h[ slaught]-h\se & p\ndage are light$1 if ) lant]n1 sky1 or side-lights1 or o!rwise4 7#i47 ,/ate h[ v5tilat$1 if by op5+s1 w9d[s1 l\vre bo>ds1 or o!rwise4 7#aj47 ,/ate :at provision is made = wat]-supply1 ! capacity ( ! ci/]n1 & at :at height x is plac$ above floor level4 7#aa47 ,/ate if any wat]closet1 privy1 ur9al1 cesspool1 or /able1 is )91 or communicates directly ) ! slaught]-h\se4 7#ab47 ,/ate if any rooms or l(ts are con/ruct$1 or propos$ to be con/ruct$1 ov] ! slaught]-h\se4 7#ac47 ,/ate if ! premises w be provid$ ) all ! necess>y & mo/ approv$ app>atus & tackle = ! slaught]+ ( cattle4 ,hav+ ?us f> dealt ) private slaught]-h\ses1 ,i w n[ turn to ! "q ( ! provision ( public e/abli%m5ts ( ! k9d by ! urban au?ority1 = x is usually ! duty ( ! t[n surveyor to advise 8 corporation ^u su* a matt]4 ,fir/1 z to ! site ( ! propos$ public abattoir1 ?is dep5ds greatly ^u :at sites are at ! comm& ( ! t[n2 x %\ld if possible be ne> ! cattle m>ket to prev5t ! passage ( animals ?r\gh ! /reets1 n only on acc\nt ( ! great public inconv5i5ce1 b also ! loss ( weight to ! animal#bbe & ! heat$ & bad /ate into :i* its blood becomes f ! ex]cise1 & ! viol5t bl[s ( ! drov]s' /icks4 ,! site w\ld be isolat$ & yet n too f> f ! %ops ( ! but*]s1 or ! co/ ( c>riage ( ! meat w be consid]able2 x is almo/ ne$less to say t x %\ld be easily & effectively dra9$1 & ! m air ) :i* x c be surr\nd$ ! bett]4 ,x is imp]ative t ! entrance = ! live bea/s %\ld be sep>ate f ! exit ( ! dead meat1 & ! approa* roads to ! site %\ld n be n>r[4 ,9 lay+ out ! site e t[n surveyor mu/ use 8 own judgm5t1 b ! foll[+ plan on :i* ! site ( ! excell5t public abattoir at ,man*e/] is laid out may s]ve z "s guide = ?is purpose1 al?\gh ( c\rse ?is e/abli%m5t is on a v l>ge scale inde$1 & is 9 connection ) a c>cass m>ket m ?an #ejj feet 9 l5g?3 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( ,,man*e/] ,,slaught]-,,h\se4 ,9 design+ an abattoir on a l>ge scale provision = ! foll[+ accommodation %\ld be consid]$4 7#a47 ,lairs = cattle & p5s = %eep4 ,^! %\ld be sep>at$ f ! slaught]-h\se by a small] tempor>y lair 9 :i* ! bea/ ^: turn has come c be fa/5$ to ! halt] by :i* he is dragg$ into ! slaught]-h\se1 ! sides ( ! door-way be+ l9$ ) iron = ?is purpose4 ,! pav+ ( ! lairs may be ( asphalte1 b c>e mu/ be tak5 t ne> ! door ( slaught]-h\se1 ! pav+ is ( pit*]s or some?+ t is n at all slipp]y1 z "h ! fright5$ bea/ (t5 /ruggles & draws back :5 he sees ! 8eng9es ( de/ruction0 9 ! slaught]-h\se1 & smells ! blood ( ^? :o h gone be=e4 ,! lairs mu/ be ?or\ghly well dra9$1 light$1 & v5tilat$1 & tr\ghs = hay & wat] plac$ = ea* bea/1 = al?\gh ! animals are n expect$ to rema9 long 9 ! lairs be=e be+ kill$1 /ill x is v important t !y %\ld be well & k9dly treat$1 & re/1 s t !y may obta9 _! normal condition be=e be+ kill$4 ,a door easily clos$ %\ld %ut (f ! lair f ! slaught]-h\se1 z x is op5 to "q1 if animals d n see ) fe> ! hapless fate ( _! comrades2 = ?is & o!r obvi\s reasons ! animals mu/ on no acc\nt be p]mitt$ to pass ?r\gh ! slaught]-h\se to rea* ! lair4 ,! lairs %\ld be well light$ artificially1 z a great deal ( slaught]+ is conduct$ be=e & aft] daylight4 7#b47 ,! slaught]-h\ses4 ,^! may be sep>ate or 9 "o long build+ us$ 9 common by ! but*]s2 bo? sy/ems h _! advantages & disadvantages4 ,! long build+ has ! advantage ( great] economy 9 erection & ( managem5t1 z "o inspector c see f end to end ( x4 ,:]e also a l>ge site is n available great] advantage c be tak5 ( a slaught]-h\se erect$ on ?is plan1 z sev]al but*]s c slaught] 9 turn2 ! lairs1 h[ev]1 mu/ be kept sep>ate4 ,! but*]s d n l ?is plan1 b pref] privacy1 & a great deal ( 8horse play0 is sometimes indulg$ 9 by ! slaught]m5 at "w 9 a l>ge build+4 ,! me?od ( paym5t = ! use ( a slaught]-h\se ( ?is description _c well be by r5t1 b by head ( animal slaught]$1 & ?is is op5 to ! objection ( possible fraud4 ,x is necess>y also to h sep>ate slaught]-h\ses = ! %eep & ! pigs4 ,:e!r ! slaught]-h\ses are con/ruct$ sep>ately or 9 "o long build+1 ! detail requirem5ts are mu* ! same4 ,! pavem5t ( ! floor %\ld be plac$ on concrete & x %\ld be con/ruct$ ( "s mat]ial t is easily cleans$1 is imp]vi\s to moi/ure1 & is n slipp]y ei!r wet or dry4 ,x mu/ also be ( suffici5t durability1 & be /rong en\gh to be> ! weight ( ! dead-meat c>ts :i* h to back 9 ov] x "u ! beams c>ry+ ! c>casses1 %\ld !re be no dead meat m>ket 9 connection ) ! slaught]-h\se z at ,man*e/]1 ,dundee1 c4 ,! requirem5ts ( su* a floor are met by good natural compress$ or ma/ic asphalte4 ,! necess>y holes = ! reception ( ! flay+ /icks us$ 9 _m p>ts ( ,engl& c be easily manag$ by ins]t+ ei!r small brass sockets specially made1 or m simply by pieces ( gas-pipe cut into l5g?s ( ab\t an in* set tight 9 ! asphalte4 ,! walls ( ! slaught]-h\se mu/ be ( suffici5t /r5g? to c>ry ! beams or gird]s ( ! ov]head hoi/+ ge>1 z well z "s tons ( hang+ c>casses1 z w pres5tly be expla9$4 ,! inside ( ^! walls mu/ be l9$ to a height ( ab\t #f feet above ! floor l9e ) "s mat]ial :i* is imp]vi\s & easily cleans$4 ,glaz$ :ite tiles or bricks are sometimes us$ = ?is purpose1 b are apt to get *ipp$ or brok51 & ,i h f\nd t asphalte1 al?\gh d>k 9 col\r1 answ]s ! purpose admirably1 & is mu* *eap]4 ,) reg>d to ! dra9age ( ! slaught]-h\se1 ?is %\ld1 if possible1 be s arrang$ t !re are no grat+s or gully-pits 9 ! h\se itself4 ,! floor %\ld fall ab\t #a 9 #cj f ! lairs to ! c>t doors1 s t ev]y?+ %\ld pass outside into a gutt] 9 :i* ! necess>y grat+s & gully-pits c be arrang$4 ,if ?is is ?\ght to be objectionable1 pits ) d\ble grat+s1 ! l[] "o be+ only a plate ) p]=at$ holes1 c be plac$ 9 ! slaught]-h\se s z to prev5t any solid matt] :atev] f ent]+ ! dra9s1 & ^! pits c be unit$ by %ort dra9s ) gully-pits outside4 ,! d\ble grat+ %\ld 9 any case be ins]t$1 z by ?is means all solid matt] is kept out ( ! dra9s3 a v important consid]ation4 ,! c>t doors %\ld be made slid+1 & n h+$1 or great inconv5i5ce w be exp]i5c$1 & !y mu/ be made wide en\gh = ! c>ts to back 9 easily4 ,9 "s slaught]-h\ses ! kill+ r+ to :i* ! bea/ is atta*$ :il/ ! bl[ f ! poleaxe is giv5#bbf consi/s ( a /rong horse-%oe %ap$ piece ( iron project+ ab\t #bd in*es f ! wall at a height ( ab\t #ah in*es1 & hav+ a r+ 9 ! top curve1 ?us-- ,illu/ration :il/ 9 o!rs ! kill+ r+ is on ! floor1 ?us-- ,illu/ration & 9 o!rs an iron pill> /&+ up f ! floor is us$1 :i* is consid]$ ! be/ plan1 z ! bea/ %\ld /& 9 a natural & easy position at ab\t a "r angle f ! fell]4 ,! light+ ( ! slaught]-h\se %\ld be effect$ f ! ro(1 z a good & /eady light is ess5tial to ! m5 engag$ 9 ?is bus9ess4 ,an awkw>d cut may s]i\sly damage good beef or mutton4 ,c>e mu/1 h[ev]1 be tak5 to exclude ! gl>e ( ! sun1 & ! v5tilation %\ld be c>efully arrang$ by l\vres easily manipulat$4 ,wat] %\ld be pl5tifully laid on at a good pressure1 s z to ensure ?or\gh flu%+1 c41 & ! necess>y taps %\ld be recess$ 9 ! walls1 z ev]y?+ 9 a build+ ( ?is description %\ld be kept z flu% z possible1 or x w be damag$4 ,9 "s slaught]-h\ses hot wat] is laid on1 & ?is is a great boon to ! but*]s & mu* appreciat$ by !m4 ,gas mu/ ( c\rse be laid on1 z mu* slaught]+ takes place dur+ ! night4 ,! ma*9]y = hoi/+ ! bea/s & sl++ ! c>casses requires to be effective1 simple1 & v /rong1 z x is subject$ to ! r\ghe/ treatm5t1 & su* ma*9]y has be5 pat5t$ & is erect$ by ,messrs4 ,john ,meiklejon & ,son1 ( ,dalkei?1 on v reasonable t]ms4#bbg ,?is ma*9]y hoi/s ! bea/ by simply pull+ on an endless *a94 ,x rema9s susp5d$ at any height1 & c be equally easily l[]$4 ,! divid$ c>cass c be plac$ ^u hooks at any po9t along ! gird]s above )\t be+ t\*$1 & x c be tak5 (f aga9 & l[]$ on to a man's %\ld]s or into ! c>t direct1 & 9 fact1 speak+ f my own exp]i5ce1 ?is ma*9]y is v p]fect4 ,! c>casses ( ! %eep are hung by h& ^u hooks project+ f rails :i* are plac$ at a conv5i5t height ar\nd ! walls ( ! slaught]-h\se4 ,9 "s abattoirs ! %eep slaught]-h\ses are di/9ct f ^? us$ = kill+ bea/s1 & ?is me?od has _m advantages4 ,be=e proce$+ to describe ! fur!r requirem5ts ( an abattoir or gr\p ( slaught]-h\ses1 ,i ?9k ! foll[+ plan w be ( use to %[ ! arrangem5t :i* ,i h describ$ ) reg>d to lairs & slaught]-h\ses3-- ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,section ,,?r\gh ,a4,b4 ,! foll[+ plan %[s ! arrangem5ts adopt$ 9 ! ,metropolitan ,cattle ,m>ket slaught]-h\ses3 ,illu/ration3 ,,metropolitan ,,cattle ,,m>ket ,,slaught]-,,h\ses4 7#c47 ,! condemn$ meat dep>tm5t4 ,?is %\ld consi/ ( a lair = suspect$ cattle1 a lair & slaught]-h\se = ! condemn$ cattle simil> to t already describ$1 & a condemn$ meat /ore3 ?is be+ ! place :]e n only all ! diseas$ animals' c>casses are tempor>ily /or$ p5d+ de/ruction1 b also any meat ( s\nd bea/s t may h gone bad aft] kill+1 c4 ,! :ole ( ! meat ?us plac$ 9 ! condemn$ /ore mu/ be tak5 to ! boil+-d[n h\se1 :]e x is de/roy$ by be+ boil$ d[n to fat1 :i* is dispos$ ( = v>i\s trade purposes4 ,! foll[+ description ( ! me?od employ$ = ?is purpose at ! ,dept=d ,=eign ,cattle ,m>ket w "h be ( use3#bbh 8,!re are sev]al kill+ h\ses = diseas$ cattle1 & excell5t app>atus = boil+ d[n condemn$ meat4 ,= ?is purpose two boil]s are susp5d$ f a /rong plat=m ?r\gh :i* !y pass1 & ! bottoms ( !m are sev]al feet above ! floor4 ,!y are ea* #d feet #f in*es 9 diamet] & #aj feet 9 l5g? "u plat=m4 ,at ! bottom ! cyl9d] tap]s to #b feet #h in*es 9 diamet]4 ,"u ?is !re is a semisph]ical bottom to ! boil] h+$ & kept %ut by a back-weight$ lev] & screws4 ,on ! top ( ea* !re is a semisph]ical cov] & safety valve4 8,!re is an iron crane & w9dlass = lift+ (f & on ! cov]s4 ,aft] ! boil]s are *>g$ ) diseas$ meat ! cov]s are made secure & /eam let into !m ne> ! bottom4 ,!re is a cock 9 ! bottom ( ea* = runn+ (f ! liquid at c]ta9 /ages into a trap grat+ 9 ! floor "u x1 & conduct$ into a cem5t ci/]n outside ( ! boil+-h\se1 f :i* x is p]iodically remov$4 ,:e!r any use is made ( ! tall[ produc$ ,i am n in=m$4 ,! bones :5 remov$ are q por\s1 ( a v :ite col\r1 & ne>ly z light z cork4 ,i presume t !y w be sold = be+ conv]t$ into bone manure4 ,i und]/& ^! l>ge boil]s are n v (t5 us$1 & t a small close galvaniz$ iron cyl9d]1 #b feet #i in*es 9 diamet]1 & #b feet #f in*es high1 plac$ #ae in*es above ! gr\nd1 hav+ cock at bottom1 /eam pipe at side1 & portable lid1 does mo/ ( ! "w v effici5tly40 7#d47 ,! pig-kill+ dep>tm5t4 ,?is %\ld be sep>ate f ! ord9>y slaught]-h\se1 z ! /yes = pigs mu/ be diff]5tly arrang$ to ! cattle lairs1 & a boil] h\se is necess>y1 z boil+ wat] mu/ be _h = scald+ & dress+ ! c>casses4 ,special iron tr\ghs ) false bottoms h be5 arrang$ by ,messrs4 ,meiklejon1 :i* greatly facilitate ?is "p ( ! but*]'s "w1 & simple hoi/+ app>atus ov] ^! tr\ghs lifts ! c>case 9 & out1 & c>ries x (f to ! cool+ or hang+ room1 :i* mu/ ( necessity be sep>ate f ! kill+ & scald+ rooms4 ,dra9age1 light+1 v5tilation & floors %\ld be simil> to ^? describ$ = ! slaught]-h\ses1 & pl5ty ( lime wa% c be us$ ) advantage "h z well z 9 ! ma9 slaught]-h\se4 7#e47 ,! blood h\se4 ,! blood ( ! slaught]$ animals1 :i* =m]ly 0 all[$ to run away1 has be5 f\nd to conta9 a mo/ valuable anil9e dye1 & = ?is purpose x is n[ collect$ & tak5 to ! blood-h\ses1 :]e 9 ord] to obta9 ?is dye x is necess>y to place ! blood 9 %all[ t9s1 :]e x is w>m$ by /eam-pipes1 ! liquid is !n drawn (f1 :i* is ! album5 f :i* ! dye is extract$1 ! residuum left 9 ! trays is ( ! consi/5cy ( jelly1 & is sold = manure4 7#f47 ,! trip]y4 ,?is is provid$ 9 l>ge abattoirs = ! purpose ( prep>+ ! tripe & feet ( ! slaught]$ animals1 & 9 ! ,glasg[ public slaught]-h\ses ?is is effect$ by ! corporation free ( *>ge by special ma*9]y adapt$ = ! purpose4 7#g47 ,! tall[ m>ket4 ,:]e tall[ is melt$ d[n1 & m\ld$ 9 %apes = manufactur]s' uses4 7#h47 ,! hide /ore4 ,?is is :]e ! hides & %eep sk9s are weigh$ & tempor>ily /or$1 sometimes 9 connection ) ?is are-- 7#i47 ,sale rooms2 = ! hides1 sk9s ( %eep1 c41 & tall[4 ,9 addition to ! above requirem5ts may be m5tion$1 7#aj47 ,a sup]9t5d5t's dwell+-h\se & (fice4 7#aa47 ,a gate keep]'s dwell+-h\se & (fice4 7#ab47 ,a weigh+ ma*9e & (fice4 7#ac47 ,a conv5i5t room = ! meet+s ( ! committee ( ! corporation hav+ *>ge ( ! slaught]-h\se4 7#ad47 ,wait+ rooms = deal]s1 drov]s1 slaught]m51 & but*]s1 c4 7#ae47 ,/ore-rooms & a jo9]'s work%op4 7#af47 ,/ables & %$d+ = ! horses & c>ts ( ! jobb]s & but*]s1 c4 7#ag47 ,l(ts = /raw & hay2 ! =m] %\ld be provid$ free by ! corporation1 ! latt] on paym5t ( s mu* p] diem = ea* bea/4 7#ah47 ,! necess>y ur9al & w4 c4 accommodation4 ,) reg>d to ! provision to be made = /or+ ! dung & wa/e refuse f public slaught]-h\ses1 ,i am /rongly ( op9ion t !re %\ld n be any fix$ receptacle = su* matt]s1 b t cov]$ c>ts %\ld be provid$1 :i* c\ld /& 9 conv5i5t positions & be remov$ e day1 a fre% & clean c>t be+ sub/itut$ at once = ! "o remov$2 by ?is means all nuisance is avoid$4 ,speak+ ( public abattoirs1 9 a rec5t lecture on ,indu/rial ,nuisances1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,*ancellor1 ( ! ,m>yl& ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? ,u4,s4,a41 gives "s advice on ! managem5t ( slaught]-h\ses4 ,he says3 8,dur+ ! process ( slaught]+ z mu* c>e z possible %\ld be tak5 to prev5t ! dis*>ge ( blood or o!r animal matt] ^u ! floor ( ! slaught]-h\se1 ^u ! surr\nd+ e>?1 or into an op5 /ream4 ,! cont5ts ( ! visc]a %\ld1 ) ! blood1 (fal & o!r g>bage1 be plac$ 9 imp]vi\s1 cov]$1 moveable receptacles1 con/ruct$ ( galvaniz$ iron or o!r non-absorb5t mat]ial1 & remov$ f ! premises )\t undue delay4 ,:]e hides or sk9s are necess>ily reta9$ = a day or two be=e !y c be remov$1 !y might )\t injury be advantage\sly bru%$ ov] on ! fle%y side ) a solution ( c>bolic acid or "s o!r antiseptic4 ,fat %\ld be freely expos$ to ! air 9 a cool place4 ,z soon z ! slaught]+ is complet$ ! :ole slaught]-h\se1 floor & walls1 %\ld be ?or\ghly wa%$4 ,all ! vessels & implem5ts us$ 9 ! slaught]+ %\ld be kept clean & sweet4 ,deodoriz]s may sometimes be us$ ) advantage40 ,!re c be no d\bt t :]eas private slaught]-h\ses are frequ5tly a mo/ injuri\s nuisance to ! neighb\rhood 9 :i* !y are plac$1 ow+ to _! situation & con/ruction1 & a visit to "o ( !m is likely to give a /rong impetus to veget>ianism1 ! public abattoir1 on h[ev] l>ge a scale1 if prop]ly con/ruct$ & manag$1 ne$ be no nuisance :atev]1 & e t[n 9 ! k+dom %\ld endeav\r to obta9 "o1 n only on acc\nt ( ! nuisance caus$ by private slaught]-h\ses1 b = ! inc5tive :i* is giv5 to but*]s to ab/a9 f slaught]+ diseas$ or un:olesome animals1 ! prev5tion ( cruelty1 & ! mat]ial b5efits d]iv$ 9 a prop] e/abli%m5t = ! be/ me?ods ( dress+ ! meat4 #bbc ,! ^w 8abattoir0 is a ,fr5* ^w f 8abattre0 to fell1 x is us$ 9 ?is c\ntry to designate a gr\p ( slaught]-h\ses4 #bbd ,! clauses ref]r$ to are conta9$ 9 #aj #aa ,vic4 c4 #cd1 & are ss4 #abe1 #abf1 et seq42 !y ref] to ! regi/ration1 lic5s+ & managem5t ( private slaught]-h\ses1 & ne$ n be comm5t$ ^u "h4 #bbe ,an ord9>y bea/ is said to lose #c cwt4 9 weight 9 a j\rney f ,ed9burgh to ,london4 #bbf ,! pole-axe %\ld be ( ! ,am]ican patt]n1 :i* has a head holl[ & v %>p r\nd ! p]iph]y4 ,! practise is1 aft] ! bl[ is /ruck & ! animal fell$1 to plunge a ?9 cane into ! w\nd1 :i* passes d[n ! sp9e1 caus+ in/antane\s dea? :il/ ! animal is ly+ /unn$4 #bbg ,! foll[+ is f ! pat5t specification ( ?is ma*9]y3 8,lett]s pat5t to ,john ,meiklejon1 ( ,we/field ,iron ,works1 ,dalkei?1 9 ! ,c\nty ( ,mid-,lo?ian1 ,scotl&1 = ! inv5tion ( new or improv$ ma*9]y & appliances to be us$ 9 hoi/+1 remov+1 divid+1 & hang+ on hooks1 tak+ (f ^! hooks aga91 & load+ c>casses & o!r bodies 9 abattoirs1 c>cass & meat m>kets1 & o!r places40 8,! ma*9]y & appliances above ref]r$ to enable ! op]ations above nam$ to be p]=m$ )\t ! necessity ( ! but*]s t\*+ ! meat4 ,also enables c>casses to be convey$ f abattoirs to c>cass m>ket on a travell+ hoi/ 7h]eaft] describ$71 same be+ provid$ ) r[s ( fix$ jo9t$ hooks or loops1 atta*$ to rails on :i* ! hoi/ runs1 s t ! travell+ hoi/ is enabl$ to hang ! c>casses or bodies on to su* hooks or loops4 ,also enables a but*] to hang a c>cass on any ( ^! hooks or loops1 & pick !m (f aga91 & load on a vehicle1 )\t mov+ or t\*+ any ( ! o!r c>casses hang+ on ! o!r hooks4 ,also enables all op]ations to be p]=m$1 f hoi/+ :5 kill$ to load+ :5 sold or remov$ f m>ket40 #bbh ,vide #8,report on ! ,new ,cattle ,m>ket & ,abattoirs propos$ to be erect$ at ,c>ol9a ,port1 ,dundee1' by ,william ,mackison1 ,f4,r4,i4,b4 ,a41 c4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,,m>kets4 ,"u c]ta9 conditions urban au?orities are emp[]$ to provide m>kets 9 _! di/rict by ! foll[+ clause ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge3 8,:]e an urban au?ority are a local bo>d or improvem5t commission]s1 !y %all h p[]1 ) ! cons5t ( ! own]s & ratepay]s ( _! di/rict1 express$ by resolution pass$ 9 mann] provid$ by ,s*$ule ,,iii4 to ?is ,act1 & :]e ! urban au?ority are a t[n c\ncil !y %all h p[]1 ) ! cons5t ( two ?irds ( _! numb]1 to d ! foll[+ ?+s1 or any ( !m1 )9 _! di/rict3 8,to provide a m>ket place1 & con/ruct a m>ket h\se & o!r conv5i5ces1 = ! purpose ( hold+ m>kets3 8,to provide h\ses & places = weigh+ c>ts3 8,to make conv5i5t approa*es to su* m>ket3 8,to provide all su* matt]s & ?+s z may be necess>y = ! conv5i5t use ( su* m>ket3 8,to pur*ase or take on lease l&1 & public or private rights 9 m>kets & tolls = any ( ! =ego+ purposes3 8,to take /allages1 r5ts & tolls 9 respect ( ! use by any p]son ( su* m>ket3 8,b no m>ket %all be e/abli%$ 9 pursuance ( ?is section s z to int]f]e ) any rights1 p[]s1 or privileges enjoy$ )9 ! di/rict by any p]son )\t 8 cons5t0 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #aff74 ,9 _m t[ns1 m>kets bo? = cattle & g5]al m]*&ise h be5 already e/abli%$1 & ! duties ( ! t[n surveyor are simply to execute ! necess>y alt]ations & ma9t5ance ( ! build+s 9 connection ) !m1 b !re may be occasions on :i* he has to advise 8 corporation ^u ! acquisition ( l& = ! purpose ( lay+ x out z a cattle m>ket1 & aft]w>ds ! erection ( ! necess>y p5s & build+s1 & a few rem>ks ^u ! subject may be ( "s s]vice4 ,! site = a cattle m>ket %\ld be select$1 if practicable1 ne> to a railway /ation1 s z to avoid z mu* z possible ! dang]\s & objectionable practice ( driv+ cattle & %eep ?r\gh ! /reets1 & = ! same reasons x %\ld be ne> ! public slaught]-h\ses if !re are any 9 ! t[n4 ,pl5ty ( space %\ld be provid$ 9 ! m>ket = ! cattle to move ab\t 91 = x mu/ be rememb]$ t _m ( !m :i* are s5t to m>ket are unus$ to ! bu/le ( a t[n1 & are wild & untractable1 & h nev] 9 _! lives be5 subject$ to ei!r p5n+ or te!r+4 ,! site mu/ be easily & effectively dra9$1 x %\ld be some:at isolat$ ) respect to neighb\r+ build+s1 ! m air t c be got to sweep ?r\gh x ! bett]4 ,! accommodation necess>y 9 a cattle m>ket mu/ v>y consid]ably ) ! requirem5ts ( ! di/rict1 b ! foll[+ li/ may be giv5 = selection3 7#a47 ,p5s or lairs = fat bea/s4 7#b47 ,p5s or lairs = /ore cattle4 7#c47 ,p5s or lairs = c[s ) calves4 7#d47 ,p5s or lairs = calves4 7#e47 ,p5s = %eep4 7#f47 ,p5s or /yes = pigs4 7#g47 ,cov]$ %$s or /ables = horses4 7#h47 ,a space = %[+ horses (f4 7#i47 ,%$s = agricultural implem5ts4 7#aj47 ,%ops = ! display ( se$s1 ropes1 t>paul9s1 sacks1 etc4 7#aa47 ,accommodation = auctione]s4 7#ab47 ,lodges & (fices = ! sup]9t5d5t or gate keep]4 7#ac47 ,a weigh+ ma*9e & (fice4 7#ad47 ,a corn ex*ange 7?is is sometimes provid$ 9 ! g5]al m>ket74 ,! entrance to a cattle m>ket may ) advantage be provid$ ) d\ble sets ( gates1 ) a space betwe5 9 :i* flocks ( %eep or h]ds ( cattle c be tempor>ily p5n$2 a wicket gate 9 ! second set ( gates w enable ! toll collect] to c\nt ! numb] ( animals easily z !y pass ?r\gh into ! m>ket4 ,! pav+ ( ! m>ket %\ld be ( granite pit*es1 z x is ess5tial t x %\ld n be slipp]y1 or ! cattle1 :i* usually arrive 9 a v excit$ condition1 w fall & injure !mselves2 ?is description ( pav+ is also fairly imp]vi\s1 & is easily cleans$4 ,! pav+ ( ! lairs & p5s may1 h[ev]1 be ( asphalte4 ,= ! cattle !re may be enclosures = loose bullocks z well z divisions 9 :i* ! cattle are te!r$2 ^! divisions & enclosures may be con/ruct$ ( brick walls ab\t #d feet #f in*es 9 height1 or po/s & rails ( wood & iron1 /rongly fa/5$ iron r+s ab\t #d feet ap>t are necess>y to :i* ! bea/s mu/ be te!r$4 ,! pav+ mu/ be kept high t[>ds ! head ( ! bea/ 9 ord] to %[ him (f to ! greate/ advantage4 ,l>ge pa9t$ signbo>ds %\ld be fix$ ov] ! entrance ( ea* comp>tm5t1 to designate to :i* class x belongs1 9 ord] to avoid confusion or mi/ake4 ,!re %\ld be dr9k+ tr\ghs = all cattle1 & hydrants %\ld be fix$ all ab\t ! m>ket1 s t x c be ?or\ghly flu%$ & wa%$ d[n4 ,! %eep-p5s c be con/ruct$ ) iron or wood po/s & rails ) ! :ole ( "o side op5+ z a gate1 !y %\ld be ab\t #c feet 9 height1 & ! floor %\ld slope up f ! po9t at :i* ! pur*as] w /& 9 ord] t ! %eep at ! f> end ( ! p5 may n appe> dim9utive4#bbi ,! gates ( ! %eep-p5s %\ld be /rongly /ay$1 z !y make mo/ conv5i5t seats on :i* ! drov]s & heavy f>m]s sit :il/ !y drive _! b>ga9s4 ,) reg>d to ! dim5sions ( ! p5s & lairs1 ! foll[+ sizes are sugge/$ z suffici5t spaces = diff]5t animals1 9 ! mod]n bye-laws1 emanat+ f ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d 9 #ahgg1 ) respect to m>kets3 ,= e horse #h feet by #b feet4 ,= e ox or c[ #h #b ,= e mule or ass #e #a feet #f in*es4 ,= e calf #e #a #c ,= e %eep1 goat or pig 7( m$ium size7 #d feet sup]ficial4 ,! p5s = calves & ! /yes = pigs %\ld be cov]$1 & _! floors %\ld be ab\t #c feet #f in*es above ! g5]al level ( ! m>ket1 z animals ( ?is description are g5]ally br\ght 9 c>ts1 & !y c\ld ?us be easily mov$ out & 94 ,^! p5s & /yes mu/ ( c\rse be ?or\ghly well dra9$ & v5tilat$4 ,) reg>d to ! weigh+ ma*9e1 ?is %\ld be ( ! be/ manufacture1 & be ( suffici5t size to weigh a l>ge wagon4 ,x is bett] to h :at is call$ a 8self conta9$0 iron f\ndation1 & pit = ! weighbridge r ?an "o ( masonry4 ,a conv5i5t size = ?is weighbridge w\ld be #ae feet 9 l5g? by #ab feet 9 bread?4 ,) ref]5ce to ! re/ ( ! provisions ,i h enum]at$1 !y require no special comm5t1 b mu/ necess>ily be left to ! discretion ( ! t[n surveyor & ! wi%es ( 8 corporation4 ,m>kets = g5]al m]*&ise are usually h&some build+s1 :i* are erect$ 9 ! mo/ c5tral positions ( ! t[n2 !y conta93 7#a47 ,! corn ex*ange 7?is is sometimes erect$ 9 ! cattle m>ket74 7#b47 ,! fi% m>ket4 7#c47 ,! dead meat m>ket 7?is is sometimes erect$ 9 connection ) ! public slaught]-h\ses74 7#d47 ,! game & p\ltry m>ket4 7#e47 ,! fruit1 vegetable & fl[] m>ket4 7#f47 ,! butt]1 eggs & *eese m>ket4 7#g47 ,! miscellane\s goods m>ket4 7#h47 ,public conv5i5ces4 7#i47 ,(fices & dwell+ = ! cl]k ( ! m>ket4 7#aj47 ,committee room = ! m>ket committee4 ,! floor ( ! m>ket %\ld be on a level z mu* z is practicable ) ! adjac5t /reets2 /eps up or d[n are objectionable = ! public1 & gall]ies or upp] floors %\ld also be avoid$ unless ! available area ( ! site is limit$4 ,! int]ior ( ! build+ %\ld be l(ty1 & x mu/ be ?or\ghly well v5tilat$2 ! great fault ) ne>ly all exi/+ m>kets is ! cutt+ draught to :i* buy]s & sell]s are usually subject$4 ,pl5ty ( light is ess5tial1 b ! rays ( ! sun %\ld be exclud$ by fro/$ glass or o!r contrivance1 or ! goods expos$ = sale w be damag$4 ,! floor %\ld be ( asphalte or o!r simil> mat]ial2 x is surpris+ :at a 8mess0 is always made 9 a m>ket4 ,! /alls mu/ be s arrang$ z to %[ to be/ advantage ! goods (f]$1 & pl5ty ( 8gangway0 %\ld be left betwe5 !m = ! passage ( ! public4 ,fi% /alls %\ld be con/ruct$ ( iron1 slate or simil> mat]ial1 pl5ty ( wat] be+ provid$ 9 ?is dep>tm5t2 fi%-wa%+ tr\ghs fill$ ) runn+ wat] are v desirable1 & a f\nta9 c be introduc$ ) pleas+ effect4 ,but*]s' /alls %\ld be ( ?ick wood to resi/ ! *opp+1 & pl5ty ( /&>ds & rails provid$ ) iron hooks mu/ be fix$ above !m4 ,a great numb] ( moveable iron 8(fal boxes0 %\ld be plac$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! m>ket1 :i* mu/ be cle>$ at lea/ once a day1 & ! m>ket %\ld be frequ5tly flu%$ & cleans$ ) wat] f hydrants fix$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! build+4 ,_m o!r po9ts w no d\bt sugge/ !mselves to t[n surveyors1 :o h ! important "w ( design+ ei!r cattle or g5]al m>kets to und]take1 b ! few sugge/ions :i* h be5 giv5 may be ( "s use4 #bbi ,! foll[+ is a description ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! %eep are p5n$ 9 ! cattle m>ket ( la ,villette at ,p>is3--8,! enclosures or p5s are all ( iron1 ^? = ! %eep h a c5tre rail+ #c feet #c in*es high1 & cross rail+s #a foot #i in*es high2 ! =m] ) ?ree horizontal rails & v]tical rods1 & ! latt] two horizontal rails & v]tical rods4 ,!re is a di/ance ( #ae feet betwixt ! high rail+s1 :i* is divid$ into ?ree by iron po/s #ba in*es high4 ,! fir/ r[ ( ^! po/s is plac$ at a di/ance ( #c feet f ! l[ cross rail+ at ! passage1 ! second r[ #ah in*es f ! fir/1 ! ?ird #c feet f ! second1 & s on4 ,! %eep are plac$ 9 l9e side by side z close z !y c /&1 ) _! heads up to ! l[ rail4 ,a moveable hurdle ( wood is !n set on edge betwe5 ! %eep 9 re> & ! iron po/s j describ$4 ,a passage ( #ah in*es is left cle>1 & !n ano!r r[ ( %eep & ano!r passage1 & s on4 ,9 ?is mann] a great numb] ( %eep are put into little space1 9 su* a way z all c be exam9$ ) ! greate/ ease40 7,vide #8,report on ! ,new ,cattle ,m>ket & ,abattoirs propos$ to be erect$ at ,c>ol9a ,port1 ,dundee1' by ,w4 ,mackison1 ,f4,r4,i4,b4,a41 c41 ,t[n ,surveyor1 ,dundee74 ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,cemet]ies4 ,among/ ! _m duties t a t[n surveyor has to p]=m is sometimes includ$ t ( lay+ out l& = a l>ge burial gr\nd or cemet]y1 & its managem5t aft] con/ruction4 ,p[] is giv5 to all local au?orities to become burial au?orities by ! ,public ,heal? ,int]m5ts ,act #ahgi1 & s /rongly is ! ne$ felt = :at is call$ extramural int]m5t1 t ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d may compel a local au?ority to provide & ma9ta9 cemet]ies4 ,p[] is also giv5 = ! compulsory pur*ase ( l& = ?is purpose 7see sections #age1 #agf1 ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge71 & ! cemet]y may be plac$ ei!r )9 or )\t ! di/rict ov] :i* ! local au?ority ex]cise _! jurisdiction1 & _m o!r privileges are grant$ 9 ord] to enc\rage ! acquisition ( l& s f> remov$ f habitations z to make ! burial gr\nd z sanit>y z ! practice ( bury+ human bodies c be made4 ,l& once consecrat$ or us$ = burial _c aft]w>ds be sold or us$ = secul> purposes1 except ( c\rse by an ,act ( ,p>liam5t2 8footpa?s may1 h[ev]1 be provid$ 9 a consecrat$ b disus$ burial gr\nd1 & ! gr\nd may be plant$1 s z 9 effect1 ?\gh n nom9ally1 to make x a public g>d540#bcj ,a cemet]y mu/ n be con/ruct$ )9 #bjj y>ds ( any dwell+ h\se1 )\t ! cons5t 9 writ+ ( ! own]1 lessee1 & occupi] ( su* h\se2 b !re is no prohibition ^u anyone to prev5t _! build+ a h\se close to a cemet]y aft] x has be5 e/abli%$4#bca ,*apels may be built 9 cemet]ies = ! p]=mance ( ! burial s]vices1 & ! gr\nds may be laid out & embelli%$ z ! local au?ority may deem fit4 ,! cemet]y mu/ be enclos$ by walls or o!r suffici5t f5ces or iron rail+s #h feet 9 height2 x mu/ be prop]ly sew]$ & dra9$1 b su* dra9age mu/ n fl[ into any 8/ream1 canal1 res]voir1 aqu$uct1 pond or wat]+ place40#bcb ,cemet]ies are divid$ into consecrat$ & unconsecrat$ portions by bond /ones or o!r suitable m>ks2 a *apel mu/ be built ^u ! consecrat$ portion1 al?\gh x does n seem to be compulsory to d s ^u ! unconsecrat$ portion4 ,! selection ( a prop] site on sanit>y & o!r gr\nds = a cemet]y is "o ( ! greate/ importance1 & a t[n surveyor1 or anyone :o has ?is duty to p]=m1 _c d bett] ?an keep ! foll[+ words ( ! well-kn[n sanit>y eng9e] ,mr4 ,eassie be=e him3#bcc 8,a well-*os5 cemet]y is "o ^: soil is dry1 close1 & yet por\s1 p]mitt+ ! ra9 & its accompany+ air to rea* a reasonable dep?1 & s exp$ite decay4 ,! =mation is also well cov]$ ) vegetable m\ld1 :i* assi/s 9 neutralis+ any hurtful emanations1 & enc\rages ! gr[? ( %rubs4 ,! subsoil is also ( su* a k9d z to ne$ no "u dra9+1 & su* z w prev5t ! wat] lodg+ 9 any grave or vault4 ,x w also /& expos$ to ! nor? or nor? ea/ w9ds :i* are dry1 & :i* d n hold ! putrefactive gases 9 solution1 l ! moi/ s\? or s\? we/]ly w9ds40 8,an improp]ly *os5 gravey>d may be said to be "o :]e ! soil is d5se & clayey1 & imp]vi\s to moi/ure4 ,x w be insuffici5tly dra9$1 necessitat+ ! use ( planks to walk ^u 9 wet wea!r4 ,x w be too close to ! abodes ( ! liv+1 too small to p]mit prop] plant+1 ! graves cov]$1 x may be ) flat /ones :i* prev5t ! passage d[nw>ds ( ! air & ra91 & surr\nd$ moreov] by high walls :i* exclude ! fre% air4 ,! gr\nd w be /ony & insuffici5tly cov]$ ) vegetable soil4 ,no natural outfall w exi/1 & ! dra9age wat] mu/ be pump$ up1 ! b>e idea ( :i* is horrible4 ,x w be ne> also to wat]-be>+ /rata1 or to a res]voir4 ,long be=e decomposition has tak5 place ow+ to ! smallness ( ! site1 & ! impossibility ( obta9+ any m l& except at high build+ prices1 ! organic matt] hidd5 out ( sight w be f> too l>ge 9 proportion to ! area40 ,dr4 ,p>sons1 9 a memor&um prep>$ by him on ! 8,sanit>y ,requirem5ts ( ,cemet]ies0 & publi%$ by ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d 9 _! elev5? annual report1 says3 8,! soil ( a cemet]y %\ld be ( an op51 por\s nature1 ) num]\s close int]/ices1 ?r\gh :i* air & moi/ure may pass 9 a f9ely divid$ /ate freely 9 e direction4 ,9 su* a soil decay proce$s rapidly1 & ! products ( decomposition are absorb$ or oxidis$4 ,! soil %\ld be easily work$1 yet n s loose z to r5d] ! "w ( excavation dang]\s ?r\gh ! liability to falls ( e>?4 ,x %\ld be free f wat] or h>d rock to a dep? ( at lea/ #h feet4 ,if n naturally free f wat]1 x %\ld be dra9$ if practicable to t dep?3 to ?is end x is necess>y t ! site %\ld be suffici5tly elevat$ above ! dra9age level ( ! locality1 ei!r naturally1 or1 :]e necess>y1 by fill+ x up to ! requir$ level ) suitable e>?40 8,loam1 & s& ) a suffici5t quantity ( vegetable m\ld1 are ! be/ soils2 clay & loose /ones ! wor/4 ,a d5se clay is labori\s to "w & difficult to dra92 by exclud+ moi/ure & air x ret>ds decay1 & x reta9s1 9 a conc5trat$ /ate1 ! products ( decomposition1 sometimes to be dis*>g$ into graves op5$ 9 ! vic9ity1 or sometimes to escape ?r\gh cracks 9 ! gr\nd to ! surface4 ,a loose1 /ony soil1 on ! o!r h&1 all[s ! passage ( effluvia40 ,& ) ref]5ce to ! site to be *os5 = a cemet]y he fur!r /ates3 8,nev]!less1 9 view ( ! evils :i* 9 =m] times h und\bt$ly aris5 f ! practice ( intramural sepulture1 & also because ! erection ( h\ses ne> a cemet]y int]f]es ) ! free play ( air ar\nd & ov] x1 x is desirable t ! site ( ! cemet]y %\ld be 9 a neighb\rhood 9 :i* build+ is n likely to take place1 & also t s f> z practicable a belt ( gr\nd %\ld be res]v$ betwe5 ! graves & ! ne>e/ l& on :i* a h\se may be built1 9 ord] to obviate to "s ext5t ! risk ( contam9ation ( gr\nd-air & subsoil wat] ) decompos+ matt]s4 ,?is is especially necess>y :]e h\ses are con/ruct$ ) cell>s4 ,x is1 !re=e1 highly desirable t int]m5ts %\ld n be made up to ! extreme edge ( ! cemet]y1 & x w\ld be possible )\t great wa/e ( space to res]ve 9 all cases a /rip ( gr\nd free f int]m5ts1 #ae to #cj feet 9 wid?1 ar\nd ! :ole cemet]y on ! int]ior ( ! b\nd>y f5ce4 ,?is /rip w\ld af=d room1 on ! inside = a gravel or asphalte walk to give access to all p>ts ( ! cemet]y1 & on ! outside next ! f5ce to a belt ( %rubs or trees1 ! rootlets ( :i*1 p5etrat+ ! soil1 w\ld arre/ & assimilate any decompos+ matt]s p]colat+ to ! ext]ior ( ! cemet]y4 ,obvi\sly a cemet]y %\ld n be plac$ on elevat$ gr\nd above h\ses1 :]e ! soak+s f x may p]colate to ! sites & f\ndations ( ! dwell+s bel[4 4 4 40 8,sites are ( c\rse unsuitable :i* are liable to be flood$ or to l&slips1 or :i* are 9 dang] ( be+ wa%$ away1 or encroa*$ ^u by /reams or ! sea4 ,v /eep sites are n desirable4 ,! cemet]y %\ld be accessible by good roads f all p>ts ( ! di/rict40 ,z to ! unsuitability ( clay z a soil = cemet]ies1 ,l\is ,crteur 9 8,hygi5e 9 ! ,battle ,field0 says1 t ! bodies ( soldi]s sla9 dur+ ! ,battle ( ,s$an 7 buri$ 9 *alk1 qu>ry rubble1 s&1 argillite1 slate1 m>l1 or clay soils1 & ! "w ( dis9fection la/$ f ! beg9n+ ( ,m>* till ! end ( ,june4 ,9 rubble ! decay _h fully tak5 place1 b 9 ! clay ! bodies kept well1 & ev5 aft] a v long "t ! features c\ld be id5tifi$4 ,) reg>d to ! am\nt ( l& necess>y = a cemet]y1 ,dr4 ,p>sons calculates t ab\t a qu>t] ( an acre ( l& = e ?\s& ( ! population ( ! community to :om ! cemet]y belongs1 is ! 8usually e/imat$ m9imum10 b ?is is f> too small a proportion ev5 = a cemet]y possess+ e advantage1 & he fur!r /ates1 8,! desirability ( provid+ m ?an ?is b>e m9imum ( space is obvi\s1 & is g5]ally recogniz$40 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t z a rule1 q "o-six? ( ! total area ( a cemet]y is tak5 up by ! roads1 pa?s1 ornam5tal grass or b$s ( fl[]s & %rubs1 ! *apels1 mortu>ies1 lodges1 c41 & suffici5t wid? %\ld be all[$ betwe5 ea* grave space to p]mit e grave be+ rea*$ )\t trampl+ on o!rs3 a /&>d ( #aaj burials p] acre has sometimes be5 tak51 b ?is appe>s to me to be r a small "o4 ,9 lay+ out gr\nd = a cemet]y1 ! foll[+ are "s po9ts t require c>eful att5tion3 7#a47 ,! position ( ! entrance or entrances2 !re %\ld if possible be only "o1 z a lodge is necess>y at ea*1 :i* entails exp5se4 7#b47 ,! be/ position = ! lodge or lodges1 ! *apels & mortu>y4 7#c47 ,! direction ( ! roads 9 ! cemet]y3 ^! mu/ be wide en\gh = ! he>ses & m\rn+ coa*es1 & !re mu/ be conv5i5t places provid$ = turn+ r\nd4 7#d47 ,! direction ( ! pa?s3#bcd ^! & ! roads %\ld be z /raight z possible1 s z to economise available burial gr\nd1 pa?s %\ld be suffici5tly wide to all[ an entrance to be made 9 !m to ! adjo9+ vaults or wall$ graves1 ^! be+ frequ5tly cov]$ ) a massive tomb or l$g] v difficult to remove4 ,! vaults & wall$ graves1 be+ ( a bett] class1 are g5]ally put 9 ! bord]s ( ! burial gr\nd1 close to ! pa?s4 7#e47 ,9 "s soils deep & c>eful dra9age is necess>y4 ,?is %\ld be c>ri$ out ) ord9>y dra9 pipes laid at a dep? ( at lea/ #aj feet1 & s communicat+ ) ea* o!r & ! grave spaces1 t ev5 9 a clay soil ea* grave z x is sunk %\ld be f\nd free f wat]4 7#f47 ,surface dra9age1 especially ( ! roads & pa?s1 is also necess>y4 7#g47 ,provision mu/ be made = ! disposal ( ! soil excavat$ f ! graves1 z v little punn+ or ramm+ ( ! soil ?r[n 9 aft] a burial %\ld be p]mitt$1 & ?us !re is always a l>ge quantity ( mat]ial to be o!rwise dispos$ (4 ,! cemet]y mu/ be divid$ into ,*ur* or consecrat$ gr\nd1 ,diss5t]s' gr\nd1 & ,roman ,ca?olic gr\nd1 9 su* proportions z may be f\nd to suit ! p>ticul> requirem5ts ( ! locality 9 :i* ! cemet]y is plac$4 ,^! divisions mu/ aga9 be subdivid$ into sections accord+ to ! class & description ( ! propos$ grave1 & ea* ( ^! subdivisions & grave-spaces mu/ be accurately m>k$ ) a di/+ui%+ lett] & numb]1 s t on ref]5ce to a plan & a regi/] book1 any p]son's grave may be easily f\nd1 h[ev] long a "t may h elaps$ s9ce ! int]m5t took place1 & al?\gh no head/one or m>k ov] ! grave is !re4 ,x is ne$less to say1 t ! plan ( ! cemet]y has to be mo/ c>efully prep>$1 & ! gr\nd equally c>efully set out1 to prev5t any *ance ( error occurr+1 or s]i\s consequ5ces might result4 ,x may be well to rem>k t no body c be remov$ aft] burial )\t an ord] f "o ( ,h] ,maje/y's pr9cipal ,secret>ies ( ,/ate1 or by faculty f ! ,bi%op 9 consecrat$ gr\nd4#bce ,! foll[+ description ( ! diff]5t sections necess>y 9 a l>ge cemet]y may "h be ( use1 ! fees *>geable = ! privilege ( bury+ 9 ea* section advanc+ ) ! lett]s appropriat$ to ! sections4 ,section ,a4 ,?is is appropriat$ to workh\se paup]s or v poor p]sons only1#bcf ! dep?#bcg ( ! grave may be limit$ to #f feet1 & ! size %\ld be #i feet by #d feet2 only c(f9s made ( wood %\ld be all[$ 9 ?is section4#bch ,section ,b4 ,?is is ( a slightly sup]ior class to ! la/1 ! dep? & size may h[ev] be ! same1 b a l>g] fee c be *>g$1 & ! position ( ! section ) ref]5ce to ! pa?s %\ld be bett] & m conv5i5t4 ,section ,c4 ,?is is aga9 sup]ior to ei!r ( ! =m] sections4 ,extra dep? & size may be all[$1 & ! position %\ld also be bett]4 ,section ,d4 ,9 ! previ\s sections only 8common0 graves z !y are call$ %\ld be all[$4 ,9 ?is section ei!r wall$ graves1 vaults1 tombs or common graves may be plac$1 ! common graves may be ( extra dep? & size1 ! space = a vault may be #h feet #f in*es by #f feet4#bci ,?is section %\ld be exclusively ! bord]s ( ! pa?s & o!r spots easily accessible & prom95t to view4 ,section ,e4 ,?is is ! be/ section4 ,no common graves %\ld be all[$ 9 x1 & ! spaces allott$ = burial may be isolat$ & ( v>i\s sizes accord+ to agreem5t & paym5t4 ,"h co/ly tombs & monum5ts are erect$1 ! position ( ! section be+ g5]ally ne> ! *apels4#bdj ,9 all ! above sections x is necess>y to provide = ! burial ( *ildr53 ^! require small] space & 9 "s in/ances !y c be buri$ ) _! "m1 b 9 sep>ate c(f9s4 ,un=tunately x is necess>y to all[ r a l>ge p]c5tage ( available space = ! int]m5t ( *ildr51 z ! infant mortality 9 ?is c\ntry is s excessive4 ,9 connection ) ! "q ( ! plan & ! sections = burial1 x may be well to give ! foll[+ rules & regulations = ! managem5t ( a cemet]y3 ,cemet]y ,rules & ,regulations4 7#a47 ,all *>ges = int]m5t1 monum5ts1 & grave/ones mu/ be paid at ! "t ! ord] is grant$2 no k9d ( "w all[$ to be done1 or any corpse br\ght on ! gr\nd )\t ! production ( an ord]4 7#b47 ,c]tificates ( dea? to be produc$ 7%[+ ! "n ( ! p>i%1 c41 & all o!r requisite in=mation7 on pay+ ! fees4 7#c47 ,two days' notice to be giv5 = int]m5t 9 graves1 7exclusive ( ,sunday17 & ?ree days if a vault or brick grave be requir$4 ,9 default1 an extra *>ge w be made = work+ by night4 7#d47 ,! "t :5 ! fun]al procession w be on ! gr\nd to be nam$ 9 ! notice4 ,an extra fee ( w be *>g$ :5 ! fun]al procession is m9utes lat] ?an ! "t appo9t$1 & = e m9utes aft]w>ds4 7#e47 ,! h\rs ( int]m5t are f ,a4,m4 to ,p4,m4 f ,mi*aelmas to ,lady-day1 & f ,a4,m4 to ,p4,m4 f ,lady-day to ,mi*aelmas4 7#f47 ,all brick or /one "w 9 ! graves1 & all f\ndations & fix+ ( memorials1 or plant+1 %all be "u ! sup]vision & control ( ! local au?ority or _! appo9t$ ag5t4 7#g47 ,no grave or vault %all be re-op5$ by o!r p]sons ?an memb]s ( t family )\t ! writt5 cons5t ( ! p>ties int]e/$ & ( ! local au?ority4 ,an extra fee = ! int]m5t ( /rang]s w be *>g$ at ! discretion ( ! local au?ority4 7#h47 ,9 all unbrick$ graves1 c(f9s ( wood only %all be us$4 ,no int]m5t w be all[$ ne>] ! surface ?an f\r feet = an adult1 or ?ree feet = a *ild "u #ab ye>s4 ,e c(f9 9 a brick$ grave or vault to be sep>ately entomb$ 9 an air-tight mann]4 7#i47 ,no palisades or iron rail+s to exce$ feet 9 height1 except ) ! special cons5t ( ! local au?ority2 & no palisades1 or enclosure ( any description w be p]mitt$ to a grave until a head/one or tomb has be5 erect$4 7#aj47 ,a draw+ ( e monum5t or grave/one to be submitt$ = approval1 & a copy ( ! int5d$ inscription1 if x conta9s m ?an "n1 age1 & date4 ,inscriptions to be arrang$ s z to face ! pa?s z f> z practicable4 ,any "q :i* %all arise t\*+ ! fitness ( any monum5tal inscription1 plac$ 9 any "p ( ! consecrat$ portion ( ! gr\nd1 %all be det]m9$ on appeal by ! ,bi%op ( ! ,diocese4 7#aa47 ,all graves & vaults1 monum5ts1 grave/ones1 f5c+ or o!r enclosures1 to be kept 9 repair by ! p]sons int]e/$ 9 _! pres]vation4 ,if suff]$ to g out ( repair & become unsightly1 ! local au?ority w remove !m altoge!r1 & !y w n be all[$ to be replac$ )\t ! cons5t ( ! local au?ority4 ,graves w be kept 9 ord] by ! local au?ority = a fee ( p] annum4 ,a plan ( ! gr\nd1 %[+ ea* grave space1 is kept at ! (fice ( ! surveyor to ! local au?ority & may be se5 )\t *>ge4 ,! public are admitt$ to ! cemet]y1 on weekdays1 f #g ,a4,m4 to #h ,p4,m4 f ,lady-day to ,mi*aelmas1 & f #h ,a4,m4 to #e ,p4,m4 f ,mi*aelmas to ,lady-day4 ,on ,sundays1 f #b to #h ,p4,m4 9 summ] & #b to #e ,p4,m4 9 w9t]4 ,all fur!r in=mation may be obta9$ at ! (fice4 ,! local au?ority =bid any gratuity be+ receiv$ by _! s]vants4 ,! local au?ority res]ves a "r1 f "t to "t1 to make any alt]ation 9 ! =ego+ *>ges & regulations4 ,9 connection ) ! above rules1 a scale ( fees ( ! *>ges = int]m5ts mu/ be prep>$ z well z = head/ones1 foot-/ones1 l$g]s1 & tombs1 or = enclos+ any grave ) k]b+1 iron-rail+s1 po/s & *a9s1 c4 ,! practice ( all[+ p]sons to plant small %rubs & trees ^u ! graves ( _! fri5ds1 %\ld be deprecat$1 z n only d !y t5d ev5tually to make a cemet]y look untidy b !y are plac$ s close to ! graves t :5 !y gr[ up _! roots (t5 split op5 a vault or wall$ grave1 & ev5 damage valuable tomb/ones4 ,trees :i* are suitable = cemet]ies1 & :i* w\ld ?rive ev5 9 a t[n atmosph]e1 are ! weep+ will[1 cypress1 yew1 c$>1 junip]1 bir*1 a%1 weep+ elm1 & a consid]able numb] & v>iety ( droop+ & o!r decidu\s trees4 ,^! %\ld1 h[ev]1 be plant$ "u ! control ( ! local au?ority1 z o!rwise a cemet]y w\ld soon be ov]run by !m4 ,! regulations issu$ by ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate = ! ,home ,dep>tm5t 9 ,janu>y #ahfc1 = burial gr\nds provid$ "u ! ,burial ,acts1 may be ( use = ref]5ce1 & are giv5 9 ext5so3 7#a47 ,! burial gr\nd %all be effectually f5c$1 &1 if necess>y1 "u-dra9$ to su* a dep? z w prev5t wat] rema9+ 9 any grave or vault4 7#b47 ,! area to be us$ = graves %all be divid$ into grave spaces1 to be designat$ by conv5i5t m>ks1 s t ! position ( ea* may be readily det]m9$1 & a correspond+ plan kept on :i* ea* grave space %all be %[n4 7#c47 ,! grave spaces = ! burial ( p]sons above #ab ye>s ( age %all be at lea/ #i feet by #d feet1 & ^? = ! burial ( *ildr5 "u #ab ye>s ( age1 #f feet by #c feet1 or if pref]r$1 half ! measurem5t ( ! adult grave space1 namely1 #d feet by #d feet4 7#d47 ,a regi/] ( graves %all be kept 9 :i* ! "n1 age1 & date ( burial 9 ea* %all be duly regi/]$4 7#e47 ,no body %all be buri$ 9 any vault or wall$ grave unless ! c(f9 be sep>ately entomb$ 9 an air-tight mann]2 t is1 by prop]ly cem5t$ /one or brickwork1 :i* %all nev] be di/urb$4 7#f47 ,"o body only %all be buri$ 9 a grave at "o "t1 unless ! bodies be ^? ( memb]s ( ! same family4 7#g47 ,no unwall$ grave %all be re-op5$ )9 #ad ye>s aft] ! burial ( a p]son above #ab ye>s ( age1 or )9 eight ye>s aft] ! burial ( a *ild "u #ab ye>s ( age1 unless to bury ano!r memb] ( ! same family1 9 :i* case a lay] ( e>? n less ?an #a foot ?ick %all be left undi/urb$ above ! previ\sly buri$ c(f92 b if on reop5+ any grave ! soil be f\nd to be (f5sive1 su* soil %all n be di/urb$1 & 9 no case %all human rema9s be remov$ f ! grave4 7#h47 ,no c(f9 %all be buri$ 9 any unwall$ grave )9 #d feet ( ! ord9>y level ( ! gr\nd1 unless x conta9s ! body ( a *ild "u #ab ye>s ( age1 :5 x %all n be less ?an #c feet bel[ t level4 ,= fur!r in=mation ^u ! subject ( ! ,int]m5ts ,act #ahgi & mu* useful in=mation 9 connection ) cemet]ies1 ,i ref] my read]s to #8,notes & ,practical ,sugge/ions ^u ! ,int]m5t ,act #ahge1' by ,t4 ,bak]1 ,esq4 ,i _c close ?is *apt] ^u cemet]ies )\t a few words ^u a subject :i* is analog\s1 cremation2 & al?\gh ,i am aw>e t ?is is a debateable "q1 /ill x is impossible = me to be sil5t1 z f my (ficial exp]i5ce on ! practice ( burial1 ,i am s deeply conv9c$ t cremation %\ld be sub/itut$ = x = v _m weighty reasons1 t ,i feel x is necess>y = me to give !m4 ,!y are z foll[s3 7#a47 ,no?+ c be m unsanit>y or dang]\s to ! liv+ ?an ! burial ( ! dead4 ,?is has be5 enl>g$ ^u ov] & ov] aga9 by m5 :o h well /udi$ ! subject & are compet5t to give an op9ion & to t op9ion ,i add my te/imony4 7#b47 ,no?+ c be m loa?some & degrad+ to ! dead bodies ( our fri5ds or m revolt+ to our feel+s1 ?an ! horrible practice ( plac+ ! rema9s ( ^? we love 9 ! soil ( a common *ur*y>d or cemet]y1 to be dev\r$ ) o!r bodies by worms4 7#c47 ,9 plac+ a dead body "u gr\nd we c nev] be sure h[ long ! rema9s w be left undi/urb$1 a new /reet or railway w soon de/roy all traces ( its re/+ place1#bda & ev5 ! law only all[s a grave to rema9 undi/urb$ = a %ort #ad ye>s4 7#d47 ,9 ! ev5t ( fri5ds or relations dy+ abroad _! rema9s _c be s5t home = burial except at great exp5se1 cremation w\ld r$uce ! body to a few beautiful silv]y a%es :i* c\ld easily be br\ght home & secur$ on arrival 9 a suitable & safe position4#bdb 7#e47 ,cremation is ! mo/ respectful & beautiful mann] = ! disposal ( dead bodies1 & ne$ n al>m 7on religi\s gr\nds#bdc7 any m ?an ! practice at sea ( l[]+ ! dead bodies ov]bo>d to be ev5tually eat5 & dige/$ by m>9e animals4 7#g47 ,cremation w\ld settle at once & = ev] ! vex$ "q ( burial 9 consecrat$ or unconsecrat$ gr\nd1 & all ! unseemly qu>rels :i* h tak5 place 9 connection ) x f "t to "t4 7#h47 ,! great ext5t ( l& t is n[ wa/$ 9 public burial gr\nds & cemet]ies4#bdd ,!re is no reason1 ev5 if cremation %\ld take ! place ( burial1 :y ! fees = cl]gym5 & o!rs %\ld n rema9 z at pres5t1 & ! unpleasant assi/ance ( ! ,briti%-gh\l1 ! und]tak]1 ) 8 long face at ! c]emony & /ill long] bill aft]w>ds1 c\ld easily be disp5s$ )4 ,! oppon5ts ( cremation urge t x w\ld be m exp5sive ?an burial1 & consequ5tly out ( ! rea* ( ! poor] classes1 & also t x w\ld cause s mu* difficulty 9 detect+ cases ( poison+1 t x w\ld t5d to enc\rage p]sons to poison o!rs :o happ5$ to be 9 _! way1 or objectionable to !m1 & ?us crime w\ld g un*eck$4 ,if ^! are ! only objections !y are easily to be ov]come4 ,fir/1 by con/ruct+ public crematories1 :]e = a few %ill+s a day suffici5t heat c\ld be ma9ta9$ to consume almo/ any numb] ( bodies1 :il/ ! pres5t great exp5se ( ma9ta9+ l>ge cemet]ies ) _! att5dant gu>dians & o!r co/s w\ld be disp5s$ )2 & ,secondly1 by in/itut+ a sci5tific & indep5d5t enquiry z to ! cause ( e dea? :i* occurs4 ,?is is s mu* requir$ at ! pres5t day = ! sake ( ! public heal?1 t ev5 if cremation is nev] introduc$ x %\ld be at once en=c$1 s t ^? :o h *>ge ( ! public heal? c\ld h exact & reliable k ( ! causes ( all ! dea?s ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 & ?us obta9 su* valuable in=mation z w\ld greatly assi/ 9 ! daily fight to subdue & ov]come dea?s f prev5table causes4 #bcj ,vide #8,fitzg]ald's ,public ,heal? ,act1' p4 #acj1 #crd edition4 #bca ,vide #8,fitzg]ald's ,public ,heal? ,act1' p4 #aca1 #crd edition4 ,foot note to clause x4 ,cemet]y ,clauses ,act #ahdg4 #bcb ,cemet]y ,clauses ,act #ahdg1 s4 #bj4 #bcc ,vide #8,cremation ( ! ,dead1' by ,william ,eassie1 ,c4,e4 c4 c41 p4 #ej4 #bcd ,! roads & pa?s 9 a cemet]y require to be c>efully made1 9 ord] t !y may be available dur+ any wea!r4 #bce #bj #ba ,vic4 c4 #ha1 s4 #be4 #bcf ,! foll[+ is a description ( ! mann] ( bury+ ! poor] p 9 ! cemet]y ( ,p]e la ,*aise1 ne> ,p>is4 7,vide #8,! ,p>ks1 ,prom5ades1 & ,g>d5s ( ,p>is1' by ,w4 ,rob9son1 ,f4,l4,s41 c41 p4 #aji47 8,a v wide tr5* or fosse is cut wide en\gh to hold two r[s ( c(f9s plac$ across x1 & #ajj y>ds long or s4 ,"h !y are rapidly /[$ 9 "o aft] ano!r1 j z nurs]y lab\r]s lay 9 /ock #8by ! heels1' only mu* clos]1 because !re is no e>? betwe5 ! c(f9s1 & :]ev] ! c(f9s1 :i* are v l egg-boxes1 only some:at less sub/antial1 happ5 to be %ort s t a little space is left betwe5 ! two r[s1 ^? ( *ildr5 are plac$ 9 l5g?wise betwe5 !m to economise space2 ! :ole be+ done exactly z a natty man w\ld pack toge!r turves or mu%room spawn bricks404 4 4 ,let u hope t :atev] else may be 8tak5 f ! ,fr5*10 we may nev] imitate !m 9 _! cemet]y managem5t4 #bcg ,dep? ( burial v>ies f #f to #aj feet1 b !re mu/ be #d feet ( e>? ^u ! top ( ! la/ c(f9 if an adult1 #c feet if a *ild4 #bch ,a prop] grave %\ld be dry :5 op5$1 & h a suffici5cy ( soil ov] ! c(f9 to absorb any gases ( decomposition2 x %\ld all[ an adjo9+ grave to be op5$ )\t collaps+1 & %\ld if possible disp5se ) ! necessity ( %or+ or close timb]+ ! sides1 & %\ld all[ suffici5t space = a head/one to be plac$ ov] x4 #bci ,9 a tomb or wall$ grave1 ! c(f9 %\ld be enclos$ 9 an air-tight case1 by means ( a /one cem5t$ d[n :i* mu/ nev] aga9 be mov$2 or concrete may be us$4 ,x is a good plan to put "s *>coal ) ! c(f9 to absorb any gases ( decomposition 9 case ( ! vault op5+ accid5tally at any future "t1 & 9 ord] to gu>d aga9/ su* an occurr5ce x is bett] to leave at lea/ #b feet ( e>? on ! top ( ! grave bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd 9 wall$ graves4 #bdj 8,no body %all be buri$ 9 any vault "u any *apel ( ! cemet]y or )9 #ae feet ( ! out] wall ( any su* *apel40 7,vide s4 #ci1 ,cemet]y ,clauses ,act #ahdg47 #bda ,9 a beautiful out-(-!-way valley 9 ,wales1 !re is a pretty village ) a quiet *ur*y>d f> f ! 8busy haunts ( man10 yet "h x is f\nd necess>y to dis9t] all ! bodies1 z ?is *ur*y>d w soon be #cj feet "u ! surface ( ! wat] ( an imm5se res]voir n[ be+ con/ruct$ to supply ! liv+ ) dr9k+ wat]1 & x w\ld n be "r to leave ! bodies !re4 #bdb ,! body ( ,"l ,balc>res 0 7z is n[ hi/ory7 remov$ f ! mausoleum 9 8 own gr\nds1 & only recov]$ aft] a mo/ pa9ful int]val2 ?is desecration c\ld n h happ5$ _h 8 body be5 cremat$ & ! a%es suitably secur$4 #bdc ,i believe x 0 ,"l ,%aftesbury ^: rem>k on ?is po9t 01 8,:at w\ld h become ( ! bless$ m>tyrs1 if de/ruction by fire 0 to annul _! *ances ( resurrection80 #bdd ,! metropolis alone has 9 addition to ! num]\s bury+ gr\nds ne> its p>i% *ur*es1 c4 7_m ( :i* h be51 h[ev]1 dug up & de/roy$71 ! av]age ( :i* x w\ld be difficult to det]m9e1 ! foll[+ cemet]ies1 :i* may be call$ extra mural3 ,wok+ ,cemet]y #ejj acres ,il=d & ,leyton/one ,cemet]y #afh ,norwood & ,nunhead ,cemet]y #dj ,highgate ,cemet]y #dj ,we/ ,london at ,brompton #dj ,abney ,p>k ,cemet]y #cb ,k5sal ,gre5 ,cemet]y #ah ,victoria ,cemet]y ---- ,t[] ,hamlets ,cemet]y ---- ,colney ,hat* ,cemet]y ---- ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,,mortu>ies4 ,z ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge conta9s sev]al clauses be>+ ^u mortu>ies1 a few words ^u ?is subject w n be altoge!r inappropriate4 ,! great & t]rible evils aris+ f ! practice ( keep+ corpses 9 inhabit$ rooms by ! poor] classes 7 po9t$ out by ,mr4 ,*adwick 9 ! ye> #ahdcbde & ! foll[+ clauses ^u ?is subject & ! necessity impos$ ^u ! local au?ority to provide prop] mortu>ies are conta9$ 9 ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge3 8,any local au?ority may1 & if requir$ by ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d %all provide & fit up a prop] place = ! reception ( dead bodies be=e int]m5t 79 ?is ,act call$ a mortu>y71 & may make bye-laws ) respect to ! managem5t & *>ges = use ( ! same2 !y may also provide = ! dec5t & economical int]m5t1 at *>ges to be fix$ by su* bye-laws1 ( any dead body :i* may be receiv$ into a mortu>y 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #ada74 8,:]e ! body ( "o :o has di$ ( any infecti\s disease is reta9$ 9 a room 9 :i* p]sons live or sleep1 or any dead body :i* is 9 su* a /ate z to endang] ! heal? ( ! inmates ( ! same h\se or room is reta9$ 9 su* h\se or room1 any ju/ice may1 on a c]tificate sign$ by a legally qualifi$ m$ical practition]1 ord] ! body to be remov$1 at ! co/ ( ! local au?ority1 to any mortu>y provid$ by su* au?ority1 & direct ! same to be buri$ )9 a "t to be limit$ 9 su* ord]2 & unless ! fri5ds or relations ( ! deceas$ und]take to bury ! body )9 ! "t s limit$1 & d bury ! same1 x %all be ! duty ( ! reliev+ (fic] to bury su* body at ! exp5se ( ! poor rate1 b any exp5se s incurr$ may be recov]$ by ! reliev+ (fic] 9 a summ>y mann] f any p]son legally liable to pay ! exp5se ( su* burial4 8,any p]son ob/ruct+ ! execution ( an ord] made by a ju/ice "u ?is section %all be liable to a p5alty n exce$+ five p\nds0 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #adb74 ,f ^! clauses x w\ld appe> t a mortu>y or mortu>ies are an absolute ess5tial 9 e t[n1 al?\gh x does n appe> necess>y to h a sep>ate mortu>y = any 8body ( "o :o has di$ ( any infecti\s disease10 b x may be tak5 to ! mortu>y :i* has be5 provid$ = ! reception ( dead bodies g5]ally4 ,x may also be assum$ t bodies may be view$ by a coron]'s jury 9 ! mortu>y1 al?\gh a po/-mortem exam9ation _c be made 9 x1 z by ! foll[+ section3 8,any local au?ority may provide & ma9ta9 a prop] place 7o!rwise ?an at a workh\se or at a mortu>y7 = ! reception ( dead bodies dur+ ! "t requir$ to conduct any po/-mortem exam9ation ord]$ by a coron] or o!r con/itut$ au?ority1 & may make regulations ) respect to ! managem5t ( su* place2 & :]e any su* place has be5 provid$1 a coron] or o!r con/itut$ au?ority may ord] ! removal ( ! body to & f su* place = c>ry+ out su* po/-mortem exam9ation1 su* co/s ( removal to be paid 9 ! same mann] & out ( ! same fund z ! co/s & fees = po/-mortem exam9ations :5 ord]$ by ! coron] 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #adc740 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! above clause app>5tly =bids a po/-mortem room be+ provid$ at ! mortu>y1 al?\gh ?is w\ld appe> to be ! mo/ appropriate situation = x1 & inde$ su* a room is frequ5tly provid$ at or ne> ! mortu>y4 ,! reason = ?is prohibition1 especially z x is associat$ ) a workh\se1 is evid5tly to ov]come ! prejudice :i* w\ld exi/ 9 ! m9ds ( ! ignorant t ! fact ( tak+ a body to a mortu>y necessitat$ dissection3 a practice :i* is look$ ^u ) mu* disfav\r by su* p]sons4 ,mortu>ies 9 ?is c\ntry g5]ally consi/ ( "o ( ! foll[+ descriptions3 7#a47 ,elaborate gr\ps ( build+s1 compris+ mortu>y *apel1 coron]'s room1 po/-mortem room1 dead h\se1 wait+ rooms1 c41 & ! necess>y c>e-tak]'s rooms1 & (fices4 7#b47 ,mortu>ies 9 connection ) infecti\s hospitals4 7#c47 ,mortu>ies 9 connection ) g5]al hospitals4 7#d47 ,mortu>ies at cemet]ies or lic5s$ burial gr\nds4 7#e47 ,dead-h\ses provid$ by ! sanit>y au?ority4 ,9 arrang+ = ! erection ( a dead-h\se or mortu>y 9 any t[n1 ! surveyor may f9d ! foll[+ p>ticul>s & sugge/ions ( "s use to him3 ,a mortu>y mu/ be provid$ 9 ! gr\nds or ne> all cemet]ies t are 9 active op]ation1 b 9 addition to ^!1 o!rs ought to be erect$ 9 c5tral positions ( ! t[n1 s t bodies c be easily convey$ !re1 n only ) a view to meet ! objections m5tion$ 9 ! op5+ ( ?is *apt]1 b also to avoid ! unseemly practice at pres5t s l>gely 9 vogue ( tak+ any cases ( sudd5 dea?1 suicide1 accid5tal dr[n+1 viol5ce or accid5t1 c41 t may occur1 to ! ne>e/ public h\se1 !re to await id5tification & ! coron]'s inque/4#bdf ,x has be5 comput$ t = e #ej1jjj ( ! population ( any t[n1 a mortu>y %\ld be provid$4 ,9 ,frank=t mortu>ies h be5 = "s ye>s 9 exi/5ce2 !y are simple build+s1 ) a sep>ate room = ea* corpse1 int5d$ n only to prev5t bodies f be+ kept 9 private h\ses1 b also to less5 ! *ance ( any p]son be+ buri$ alive4 ,! foll[+ is a plan ( "o ( ^! in/itutions3 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( ,a ,,g]man ,,lei*5haus ,,or ,,dead-,,h\se4 ,to prev5t ! *ance ( bury+ any p]son alive1 ea* corpse z x is plac$ 9 its little dead-h\se has a r+ plac$ ^u its f+]2 ?is r+ is atta*$ to a /r+ :i* is 9 communication ) a bell :i* hangs 9 ! att5dant's room1 :o is !re night & day1 a w9d[ communicates ) ea* dead-h\se1 s t on ! al>m be+ giv5 he is at once ready to r5d] assi/ance4 ,9 ,p>is1 z is well kn[n1 all bodies t are f\nd are plac$ 9 ! 8,morgue0 beh9d 8,notre ,dame10 :]e !y are publicly exhibit$1 ?us assi/+ id5tification1 al?\gh ! exposure ( bodies 9 ?is mann] is n v attractive4 ,9 prep>+ designs = a gr\p ( build+s su* z are set =? 9 ! fir/ on ! li/ :i* ,i h giv51 ! foll[+ requirem5ts %\ld be consid]$3 ,! ,mortu>y ,*apel %\ld be ( su* dim5sions z are suitable = ! requirem5ts ( ! di/rict1 be>+ 9 m9d t if an epidemic ( a fatal "* 0 to un=tunately break out1 x c\ld ei!r provide accommodation = ! extra /ra9 ^u x or be capable ( be+ easily ext5d$4 ,x %\ld be design$ s z to comb9e ! *>act]i/ics ( a *apel ) ! mo/ p]fect sanit>y arrangem5ts4#bdg ,! walls %\ld be ( /one & are bett] l9$ ) cem5t or glaz$ tiles1 & ev]y?+ %\ld be kept z flu% z possible s z to avoid projections on :i* du/ c\ld accumulate1 ! :ole be+ easily & readily cleans$ & dis9fect$4 ,! floor may be ( asphalte or o!r imp]vi\s mat]ial1 & be well dra9$1 great c>e be+ ( c\rse tak5 to exclude rats4 ,! v5tilation mu/ be p]fect1 ! build+ %\ld always be ( l[ temp]ature ev5 9 ! hotte/ days ( summ]4 ,all ! gr\p ( build+s %\ld1 if possible1 be surr\nd$ by a free belt ( air4 ,_! position %\ld be isolat$ ) respect to o!r build+s1 & ( c\rse x is highly necess>y t !y %\ld be z f> away z possible f any dwell+-h\ses1 a disus$ burial gr\nd be+ sometimes select$ z a conv5i5t site4 ,! furniture ( a mortu>y *apel %\ld consi/ only ( tre/les or ( brackets aga9/ ! walls ^u :i* to re/ ! %ells conta9+ ! corpses4 ,! ,dead-h\se %\ld be a room small] ?an ! mortu>y *apel1 b its con/ruction may be ! same4 ,x is "h t all bodies %\ld be br\ght unc(f9$ = ! purpose ( await+ id5tification1 or prep>atory to po/-mortem exam9ation1 or ( bodies ( ^? :o h di$ f dang]\s contagi\s maladies1 & r5d]+ imm$iate removal necess>y2 ^! are plac$ ^u slabs provid$ = ! purpose1 :i* may be ( slate1 z9c1 or o!r suitable mat]ial4 ,9 conjunction ) ! dead-h\se %\ld be ,! ,po/-,mortem ,room1 :i* requires pl5ty ( light2 x mu/ also1 l ! mortu>y *apel & dead-h\se1 be ?or\ghly v5tilat$ & dra9$ & be easily cleans$4 ,its furniture mu/ consi/ ( ! necess>y po/-mortem table ( slate1 z9c1 or wood cov]$ entirely ) lead3 ?is table mu/ slightly di% t[>ds ! c5tre & be dra9$ into a pail or on to a grat+4 ,pl5ty ( wat] is ess5tial1 conv5i5tly laid on1 & ! room mu/ be fitt$ ) good arrangem5ts = gas or o!r means ( artificial light+4 ,"s me?od is also necess>y = ! purpose ( heat+ wat] :5ev] x is requir$4 ,! ,coron]'s ,c\rt may be simply a l>ge room ) conv5i5t seat+s & tables = ! coron] & 8 jury1 accommodation be+ also provid$ = ! press1 witnesses1 c4 ) ! necess>y retir+ rooms & (fices4 ,9 addition to ! above requirem5ts ! foll[+ accommodation %\ld also be provid$3 ,a c>etak] or resid5t att5dant %\ld h accommodation at or ne> ! ma9 gr\p ( build+s4 ,a ,laboratory & ,weigh+ ,room %\ld also be provid$ 9 connection ) ! po/-mortem room2 & a ,/ore ,room = sp>e %ells & dis9fectants1 c4 ,if possible also x is well to provide a ,he>se ,h\se2 & 9 connection ) ! mortu>y e/abli%m5t1 ! dis9fect+ ( b$d+1 clo?+1 c41 :i* h become infect$1 %\ld also if possible be c>ri$ on4 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 proce$+ to discuss ! "q ( dis9fection ,i w give ! foll[+ draw+ ( a mortu>y *apel1 c41 z propos$ by ! late ,dr4 ,w4 ,h>dwicke1 ! well-kn[n ,coron]1 9 a valuable pap] ^u ! subject ( ,public ,mortu>ies :i* he read be=e ! ,royal ,in/itute ( ,briti% ,ar*itects 9 ! ye> #ahfi3 ,illu/ration ,i am1 h[ev]1 n aw>e t any public mortu>y ev5 ( ?is size has yet be5 actually c>ri$ out 9 ?is c\ntry1 greatly z !y are ne$$4 ,) ref]5ce to ! "q ( dis9fection1 :i* z ,i /at$ c be conv5i5tly tak5 9 connection ) t ( mortu>ies1 ! foll[+ is ! clause ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge :i* deals ) x3 8,any local au?ority may provide a prop] place1 ) all necess>y app>atus & att5dance1 = ! dis9fection ( b$d+1 clo?+ or o!r articles :i* h become infect$1 & may cause any articles br\ght = dis9fection to be dis9fect$ free ( *>ge 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #abb74 ,see also #ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 ss4 #abj & #aba40 ,! fir/ duty "h involv$ is to provide a prop] place = ?is purpose1 & ?is place _c be bett] ?an t ( ! mortu>y1 s z to c5tralize z mu* z possible ! spots to :i* infection has to be c>ri$1 & ! necess>y att5dant c also "h be f\nd1 z well z conv5i5t places to put ! h& c>ts1 c41 pres5tly describ$4 ,! next duty is to provide ! necess>y app>atus1 :i* is n[ done almo/ exclusively by ! action ( heat4 ,?is is sometimes effect$ by build+ brick-"w *amb]s :i* c be heat$ up to ab\t #cej ,fahr4 aft] ! doors are clos$1 by means ( coal or coke furnaces4 ,)9 ^! *amb]s are moveable horses on :i* are plac$ ! articles to be dis9fect$3 ^! are expos$ to ! necess>y heat = v>y+ times accord+ to ! nature ( ! articles1 ! horse is !n drawn out1 :5 ! articles %\ld be ?or\ghly wa%$ ) a dis9fect+ soap & return$ to _! own]s4 ,great c>e is necess>y 9 ?is op]ation to ensure ev5ness ( heat1 z o!rwise ! clo!s1 b$d+1 c41 may be scor*$ & injur$1 & ! local au?ority w !n h to make comp5sation4 ,a m conv5i5t =m ( dis9fect+ ma*9e1 & "o t is less co/ly to "w & m ev5 9 its temp]ature1 is "o t c be heat$ by gas1 ?is is sometimes effect$ by ! use ( an iron box ) c\nt]-balanc$ lid into :i* ! articles are put1 heat be+ appli$ by means ( gas jets burn+ und]nea?4 ,a m elaborate & effective me?od has h[ev] be5 pat5t$1 & is n[ manufactur$ by ,messrs4 ,godd>d & ,massey ( ,nott+ham1 :i* is kn[n z ,dr4 ,ranson's sy/em4 ,! foll[+ draw+ %[s ! arrangem5t ( ?is ma*9e1 & "s ( ! advantages claim$ = x are z foll[s3 ,its heat is ma9ta9$ automatically )9 c]ta9 limits 9 all p>ts ( ! *amb]1 & has great dry+ p[]1 :i* is important1 z secur+ f ! long p]iod ( "t at :i* ?is /eady heat c be ma9ta9$1 t p5etration into b$d+ & o!r bad conductors :i* is s desirable to secure ! necess>y de/ruction ( all disease g]ms or *ances ( aft] inoculation3 ,illu/ration ,!re c be no d\bt t :]e a ma*9e is n requir$ to be con/antly at "w gas is ! *eape/ & mo/ conv5i5t heat-produc] t we h4 ,x is ( c\rse necess>y t ! infect$ b$d+ & clo?+ %\ld be fet*$ f ! own]s' h\ses 9 su* a mann] z w less5 ! risk ( spread+ infection z mu* z possible1 & = ?is purpose x is necess>y = ! local au?ority to keep a cov]$ h&-c>t :i* %\ld be l9$ ) t9 & clos$ h]metically4 ,x %\ld be suffici5tly l>ge to take a mattrass1 & be ( light con/ruction1 s t "o man c draw x :5 full4 ,be=e conclud+ my rem>ks on dis9fection1 x is well to /ate t pl5ty ( c>bolic acid %\ld be kept 9 a mortu>y4 ,%eets saturat$ ) c>bolic acid are us$ to wrap ar\nd ! dead bodies ( infect$ p]sons1 & sawdu/ saturat$ ) c>bolic acid is also freely us$1 besides l>ge quantities ( t excell5t dis9fectant1 8,sanitas40 #bde ,vide #8,a ,supplem5t>y ,report on ! ,results ( a ,special ,enquiry into ! ,practice ( ,int]m5ts 9 ,t[ns1' by ,edw9 ,*adwick1 #ahdc4 #bdf ,!re is no law t c compel any "o to receive a dead body into 8 h\se4 #bdg ,x is important to remove ! idea ( a 8p>i% dead-h\se10 o!rwise its object w be defeat$1 z p]sons w object to all[ ! bodies ( _! deceas$ fri5ds to be tak5 to x4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,,borr[+ ,,"u ,,! ,,local ,,gov]nm5t ,,bo>d4 ,!re are a numb] ( clauses 9 ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge1 :i* emp[] a local au?ority to borr[ money on ! cr$it ( ! rates = ! purpose ( 8defray+ any co/s1 *>ges & exp5ses incurr$ or to be incurr$ by !m 9 ! execution ( ! ,sanit>y ,acts40 7,vide #ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #bcc74 ,! ex]cise ( ^! p[]s ( borr[+ are subject to ! foll[+ regulations3 7#a47 ,money %all n be borr[$ except = p]man5t works4#bdh 7#b47 ,! sum borr[$ %all n exce$ at any "t1 includ+ all out/&+ debts1 ! assessable value = two ye>s ( ! di/rict4 7#c47 ,:]e x exce$s ! value ( "o ye>1 ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d w n give _! sanction until "o ( _! inspectors has held a local enquiry4 7#d47 ,! money _c be borr[$ = a long] "t ?an #fj ye>s1 & x mu/ be paid (f )9 t "t4 7#e47 ,c]ta9 regulations z to s9k+ funds1 c4 7,vide #ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #bcd et seq47 ,! p[] to borr[ money ?us grant$ to local au?orities has und\bt$ly giv5 a consid]able /imulus to ! execution ( important sanit>y works :i* c\ld n be c>ri$ out if !y _h to be paid = out ( ! curr5t rates4 ,x is also a fair & equitable arrangem5t t p]man5t works %\ld be paid = by ^? t reap ! b5efit ( !m1 & x is n[ s arrang$ t ! money borr[$ is repaid )9 a c]ta9 specifi$ "t by equal annual paym5ts1 9 ord] t ! ratepay] ( ! pres5t %all n be unduly tax$ = ! b5efit ( po/]ity4 ,no regul> or fix$ times h be5 settl$ by ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d ov] :i* !y w all[ ! repaym5t ( loans to be spread1 b x appe>s t ! duration ( ! propos$ works some:at guides ! l5g? ( "t all[$1 z w appe> f ! foll[+ li/ :i* ,i h prep>$ f ! eigh? ,annual ,report ( ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d3 ,description ( ,"w4 ,numb] ( ,ye>s4 ,pur*ase ( l& #ej to #fj ,sewage disposal #cj #ej ,sew]age works #cj #ej ,wat] supply #bj #ej ,fire brigade purposes #cj & #fj ,m>ket ,purposes #cj #fj ,plan ( di/rict #bj #cj ,lamps = public light+ #aj #bj ,artizans & ,lab\r]s' ,dwell+s ,act #ej ,erection ( hospital #cj public ba?s #cj slaught]-h\ses #cj build+s at sewage f>m #cj ,a public p>k #ej ,cemet]ies #cj ,gas supply #cj ,/reet improvem5ts #ae to #cj ,pav+#bdi & *annell+ #ae #bj ,/ables1 ur9als1 eng9eh\se #bj ,con/ruction ( a new road #bj ,dis9fect+ app>atus #bj ,mortu>y & weigh+ ma*9e #ae ,/eam road roll] #aj ,:5ev] a local au?ority decide to make application to ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d = p[] to borr[ money = any propos$ improvem5ts or works )9 _! di/rict1 x is ! duty ( ! t[n surveyor to prep>e ! necess>y draw+s & obta9 ! requir$ in=mation 9 ord] to fill 9 ! =ms :i* are suppli$ f ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d (fice4 ,) ref]5ce to ?is important "p ( 8 duty1 ,i _c d bett] ?an give ! foll[+ ,sugge/ions z to ! ,prep>ation ( ,plans ( ,propos$ ,works1 by ,rob]t ,rawl9son1 ,c4,b41 ,c4,e41 c4 7,*ief ,eng9e]+ ,inspector to ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d71 prep>$ by him 9 #ahgh3 8,x w 9 all cases be necess>y1 ^u application be+ made = sanction to a loan1 = ! execution ( works1 t plans 7or trac+s ( ! plans71 sections1 e/imates 9 detail & specifications be submitt$ ) ! application1 accompani$ by in=mation z to ! population at ! two la/ p]iods ( ! tak+ ( ! c5sus1 ! rateable value ( ! di/rict1 & ! am\nt ( out/&+ loans40 8,su* plans or trac+s may be us$ = %[+ l9es ( ma9 sew]s1 dra9s1 wat]-pipes & gas-ma9s4 ,! l9es ( ma9 sew]s & dra9s %\ld h ! cross sectional dim5sions ( ! sew]s & _! gradi5ts di/9ctly m>k$ 7writt5 & figur$7 ^u !m4 ,! dim5sions ( wat] & gas pipes %\ld also be %[n 9 figures or by writ+40 8,n4,b4--,no g5]al map %\ld be submitt$ :i* is drawn to a scale ( less ?an #f in*es to a mile1 except :5 ! in* ordnance map is us$40 8,maps ^u :i* sew]age works or wat] works are to be %[n1 or = /reet improvem5ts1 %\ld be n less ?an ! ordnance scale ( ?40 8,! sections %\ld be drawn to ! same horizontal scale1 & to a v]tical scale ( #bj feet to #a in*40 ,any detail$ plan = ! purposes ( h\se dra9age1 pav+1 ! pur*ase ( l& c41 %\ld be 8con/ruct$ to a scale ( n less ?an #aj feet to a mile1 & ^u ?is plan %\ld be exhibit$ all h\ses & o!r build+s1 b5* m>ks1 ! levels ( /reets & roads1 ( cell>s1 ( ! sea at high & l[ tide level1 & ! summ] & flood levels ( riv]s4 #c feet by #b feet w be a conv5i5t size = ! %eets ( ?is plan40 8,enl>g$ detail plans & sections ( sew]s1 side entrances1 man-holes1 sew] sluices1 sluice valves1 wat]-pipe jo9ts1 & simil> details1 %\ld be to a scale n less ?an #h feet to #a in*1 & = "s details #d feet to #a in*40#bej 8,z x may occasionally be desir$ to c>ry out works piecemeal1 ) a view to save ! "t :i* w\ld be occupi$ 9 ! prep>ation ( a complete plan f actual survey1 x w be suffici5t 9 ! fir/ in/ance to furni% any available g5]al plan ( /reets & roads1 ) ! surface levels & ^? ( ! deepe/ cell>s figur$ 9 feet & in*es1 & ! propos$ s*eme ( works %[n 7or sket*$7 !reon1 aft] :i* ! works c proce$ 9 sections4 ,x %\ld be und]/ood1 h[ev]1 t a complete plan ( ! entire di/rict mu/ be proce$$ )1 s t :5 ! works are f9i%$1 ! sanit>y au?ority & ?is ,bo>d may possess a prop] record ( !m40 ,& aga91 ,mr4 ,rawl9son 9 ! same ye>1 at a meet+ ( ! ,association ( ,municipal & ,sanit>y ,eng9e]s1 writes z foll[s3 8,plans %\ld be neatly & cle>ly drawn1 ! cross sectional dim5sions & ! gradi5t be+ writt5 on ! plan ( sew]s2 !re %\ld be a title & scale on ea* plan1 z also on ea* %eet1 & ! date ) ! "n ( ! eng9e] or surveyor cle>ly writt5 s z easily to be read2 ?is z a rule %\ld be 9 ! "r-h& corn]4 ,_m names are s writt5 t exp]ts _c read !m1 & plans are frequ5tly s5t out hav+ no title1 nor any scale1 nor any "n40 8,plans ( details1 su* z side entrances1 man-holes1 flu%+ *amb]s1 & sew] v5tilat+ arrangem5ts1 %\ld be at #d feet to an in*1 l>g] works may be at #d1 #aj to #bj feet to an in*4 ,cle> und]/&able & measurable details are desirable 4 4 4 ,i h mu* tr\ble 9 look+ ov] defectively prep>$ plans & crude ill-und]/ood & ill-dige/$ s*emes z !y are submitt$ to ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d1 = approval & sanction to a propos$ loan4 ,"o great fact connect$ ) ! ,bo>d mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be ov]look$4 ,x is n an (fice ( works1 x does n und]take to devise nei!r does x make itself responsible 9 any degree = ! plans or = ! e/imates :i* may h be5 sanction$4 ,ea* eng9e] & ea* local au?ority mu/ bo? devise & execute ! local works1 & ! di/rict mu/ alone be responsible = ! local exp5diture4 ,! ,bo>d nei!r dictates z to works1 nor sup]9t5ds works1 b res]ves ! p[] ( refus+ sanction to a propos$ loan1 & ( requir+ full explanations z to failures 9 ! works1 or z to exp5ses ov] e/imates be=e sanction+ a supplem5tal loan4 ,! reason t ! ,bo>d decl9es responsibility ought to be cle>ly manife/2 plans & details may be ! be/ possible1 b ! ultimate result dep5ds on daily local sup]vision1 & ?is ! ,bo>d does n give2 nei!r local action nor local responsibility is sup]s$$40 ,speak+ on ?is po9t at ! fir/ meet+ ( ! ,sanit>y ,in/itute ( ,great ,brita9 held at ,croydon 9 #ahgi1 ,capta9 ,d\glas ,galton1 ,c4,b41 says3#bea 8,:]e a loan is appli$ =1 ! plan ^u :i* ! money is to be sp5t is submitt$ = ,gov]nm5t approval4 ,! ,gov]nm5t only l5ds ! money aft] ! approval ( ! propos$ s*eme ( exp5diture by "o ( _! inspectors40 8,! ,local ,au?orities ( ! t[ns to be dra9$ _c !re=e be responsible = ! plan select$1 = ! ,local ,au?orities mu/ alt] _! plans to suit ! views ( ! inspector4 ,! responsibility ( ! eng9e] is dim9i%$1 because he may be compell$ to modify 8 plan 9 a mann] 9 :i* he may n ?or\ghly approve1 & ! inspector has no responsibility 9 ! matt]1 because1 aft] hav+ approv$ ( ! g5]al s*eme1 he has no control ov] ! details or ! execution ( ! "w1 nor c he be 9 any way held responsible1 if ! result 7 a failure40 #bdh ,! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d h held a /eam roll]1 a /eam fire-eng9e1 a dis9fect+ app>atus1 & lamp columns to be p]man5t works4 #bdi ,= asphalte pavem5ts twelve ye>s h be5 all[$4 #bej 8,details may be drawn to any scale l>g] ?an ! dim5sions nam$4 ,engrav$ or li?ograph$ diagrams1 if cle> & di/9ct1 w be accept$4 ,a new plan ( any t[n or di/rict _c be us$ = ma9 sew]+1 wat] supply1 gas supply1 pavem5ts1 footwalks1 & o!r purposes )\t spoil+ x2 consequ5tly x _h bett] be reta9$ z a /&>d & be z9cograph$1 !re may !n be copies = all local purposes4 ,! z9c plates to be ! prop]ty ( ! local au?ority40 #bea ,vide #8,transactions ( ! ,sanit>y ,in/itute ( ,great ,brita91' vol4 i4 p4 #aaf4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii4 ,,contracts4 ,contracts be+ pr9cipally a legal "q1 x is n my int5tion to say mu* on ! matt]4 ,9 ! ,public ,heal? ,act #ahge w be f\nd ! foll[+ clauses3 8,any ,local ,au?ority may ent] into any contracts necess>y = c>ry+ ?is ,act into execution 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #agc74 8,) respect to contracts made by an ,urban ,au?ority "u ?is ,act1 ! foll[+ regulations %all be obs]v$ 7namely73 87#a47 ,e contract made by an ,urban ,au?ority :]e( ! value or am\nt exce$s fifty p\nds %all be 9 writ+1 & seal$ ) ! common seal ( su* au?ority3 87#b47 ,e su* contract %all specify ! "w1 mat]ials1 matt]s or ?+s to be furni%$1 _h or done1 ! price to be paid1 & ! "t or times )9 :i* ! contract is to be p]=m$1 & %all specify "s pecuni>y p5alty to be paid 9 case ! t]ms ( ! contract are n duly p]=m$3 87#c47 ,be=e contract+ = ! execution ( any works "u ! provisions ( ?is ,act1 an ,urban ,au?ority %all obta9 f _! surveyor an e/imate 9 writ+1 z well ( ! probable exp5se ( execut+ ! "w 9 a sub/antial mann] z ( ! annual exp5se ( repair+ ! same2 also a report z to ! mo/ advantage\s mode ( contract+1 t is to say1 :e!r by contract+ only = ! execution ( ! "w1 or = execut+ & also ma9ta9+ ! same 9 repair dur+ a t]m ( ye>s or o!rwise3 87#d47 ,be=e any contract ( ! value or am\nt ( "o hundr$ p\nds or upw>ds is ent]$ into by an ,urban ,au?ority t5 days' public notice at ! lea/ %all be giv51 express+ ! nature & purpose !re(1 & invit+ t5d]s = ! execution ( ! same2 & su* au?ority %all require & take suffici5t security = ! due p]=mance ( ! same3 87#e47 ,e contract ent]$ into by an ,urban ,au?ority 9 con=mity ) ! provisions ( ?is section1 & duly execut$ by ! o!r p>ties !reto1 %all be b9d+ on ! ,au?ority by :om ! same is execut$ & _! successors1 & on all o!r p>ties !reto & _! executors1 adm9i/rators1 successors or assigns to all int5ts & purposes3 ,provid$ t an ,urban ,au?ority may comp\nd ) any contractor or o!r p]son 9 respect ( any p5alty incurr$ by reason ( ! non-p]=mance ( any contract ent]$ into z a=esaid1 :e!r su* p5alty is m5tion$ 9 any su* contract1 or 9 any bond or o!rwise1 = su* sums ( money or o!r recomp5se z to su* ,au?ority may seem prop]0 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #agd74 ,9 read+ ! num]\s foot-notes t foll[ ! above clauses 9 ,gl5's #8,law ( ,public ,heal? & ,local ,gov]nm5t1' x w be se5 t contracts ) corporations h be5 held to be v diff]5t f ord9>y ones betwe5 individuals or companies4 ,all contracts %\ld be by de$ "u ! seal ( ! corporation1 or 8!re is no safety or security = anyone deal+ ) su* a body on any o!r foot+10 & ?is applies also 9 8respect ( any v>iation or alt]ation 9 a contract :i* has be5 made40 8,a committee ( ! corporation has no p[] to ent] into any contract0 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #bjj74 ,a memb] ( a corporation may n be 8conc]n$ 9 any b>ga9 or contract0 ent]$ into by ! corporation1 al?\gh ?is w\ld n vitiate ! contract 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s*4 #aa1 clause #fd71 nei!r may an (fic] ( ! corporation be 8conc]n$ or int]e/$ 9 any b>ga9 or contract0 7#ch #ci ,vic4 c4 #ee1 s4 #aic74 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 necess>y be=e any contract c be ent]$ into1 t ! t[n surveyor %\ld prep>e ! specification1 s*$ule ( prices & draw+s :]e necess>y2 ?is entails a consid]able am\nt ( "w4 ,9 addition to ord9>y specifications = works1 ! t[n surveyor has (t5 to prep>e specifications & s*$ules = ! supply ( ! foll[+ goods3 ,ironmong]y4 ,pa9ts1 etc4 ,dis9fectants4 ,ca/+s4 ,coals4 ,h>ness4 ,fodd]4 ,road metal4 ,pav+4 ,clo?+4 ,/ation]y4 ,horse hire4 & a ho/ ( o!r ?+s too num]\s to m5tion4 ,a well-writt51 cle>1 & compreh5sive specification is a mo/ difficult ?+ to write1 b x %\ld be 8common s5se0 f beg9n+ to end1 any legal phraseology be+ left to ! t[n cl]k to introduce 9 8 8de$0 z requir$ by ! ,act4 ,= sew] & dra9 "w lump sum contracts are (t5 undesirable3 x is bett] to "w accord+ to a s*$ule ( prices1 & p]iodical measurem5ts4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t 9 all contracts ! contractor seeks to make a pr(it out ( ! "w2 if !re is no int]m$iate contractor ?is pr(it goes to ! ratepay]s4 ,9 mo/ sanit>y works also ! m5 employ$ by ! local au?ority are m skill$ 9 t p>ticul> class ( "w ?an ! *ance m5 employ$ by a contractor1 & = ?is & _m o!r reasons1 adm9i/ration by ! local au?ority is 9 mo/ cases pref]able to contracts4#beb ,:]e t5d]s h be5 invit$ by adv]tisem5t or o!rwise1 ! successful p]son %\ld be writt5 to1 appris+ him ( ! fact1 & reque/+ him to call1 sign ! necess>y specification1 de$s1 & draw+s2 an intimation %\ld also be made to ! unsuccessful competitors t _! t5d]s h n be5 accept$4 ,9 conclusion1 let me ?ank ! au?ors ( ! foll[+ books = ! useful in=mation :i* ,i h ga9$ 9 p]us+ !m = ! purposes ( ?is "w1 &1 let me add1 !y c be /udi$ ) advantage by e 8,t[n ,surveyor03 #8,am]ican ,sanit>y ,eng9e]+1' by ,e4 ,s4 ,philbrick4 #8,annales des ,ponts et ,*ausses1' publi%$ 9 ,p>is4 #8,annual ,reports ( ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d1' publi%$ 9 ,london4 #8,a ,practical ,guide = ,inspectors ( ,nuisances1' by ,f4 ,r4 ,wilson4 #8,a ,treatise on ,roads1' by ,sir ,h4 ,p>nell4 #8,cremation ( ! ,dead1' by ,w4 ,eassie4 #8,exp]i5ce sur le tirage des ,voitures1' by ,m4 ,mor94 #8,heal?y ,dwell+s1' by ,d4 ,galton4 #8,heal? ( ,t[ns ,commission1' sundry reports4 #8,law ( ,public ,heal? & ,local ,gov]nm5t1' by ,w4 ,c4 & ,a4 ,gl54 #8,local ,bo>d ,manual1' by ,ow5 ,h>ris4 #8,new ,mode ( ,con/ruct+ ,/reets1' by ,j4 ,edgwor?4 #8,plumb+ & ,h\se ,dra9+1' by ,w4 ,p4 ,bu*an4 #8,practical ,treatise on ,roads1' by ,a4 ,p5fold4 #8,repair ( ,ma9 ,roads1' by ,w4 ,h4 ,:eel]4 #8,roads & ,/reets1' by ,d4 ,k9ne> ,cl>k4 #8,roads1 ,/reets1 & ,pavem5ts1' by ,q4 ,a4 ,gillmore4 #8,roads & ,roadways1' by ,g4 ,w4 ,willcocks4 #8,rem>ks on ! ,pres5t ,sy/em ( ,road ,mak+1' c41 by ,john ,l\don ,mc,adam4 #8,sanit>y ,eng9e]+1' by ,baldw9 ,la?am4 #8,sanit>y ,eng9e]+1' by ,bailey ,d5ton4 #8,sanit>y ,"w1' by ,*>les ,slagg4 #8,sugge/ions z to ! ,prep>ation ( ,di/rict ,maps & ( ,plans = ,ma9 ,sew]age1 ,dra9age1 & ,wat] ,supply1' by ,rob]t ,rawl9son1 ,c4,b41 c4 #8,/reet ,pavem5ts1' by ,g4 ,f4 ,crosby ,dawson4 #8,/eam ,road ,roll+1' by ,fr$4 ,a4 ,paget4 #8,! ,p>ks1 ,prom5ades1 & ,g>d5s ( ,p>is1' by ,w4 ,rob9son4 #8,! ,public ,heal? & ,local ,gov]nm5t ,act1' by ,j4 ,vesey ,fitzg]ald4 #8,! ,int]m5ts ,act #ahgi1' by ,t4 ,bak]4 #8,! ,plumb] & ,sanit>y ,h\ses1' by ,s4 ,s4 ,helly]4 #8,! ,ma9t5ance ( ,macadamis$ ,roads1' by ,?omas ,codr+ton4 #8,! true sy/em ( ,wood ,pavem5t1' ,anonym\s4 #8,! ,surveyor ( ,highways1' by ,alex4 ,gl54 #8,tree ,prun+1' by ,a4 des ,c>s4 ,v>i\s pap]s 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s4 ,v>i\s pap]s 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,sanit>y ,in/itute ( ,great ,brita94 ,v>i\s pap]s 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,association ( ,municipal & ,sanit>y ,eng9e]s & ,surveyors4 ,v>i\s pap]s f ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society4 ,v>i\s pap]s f ! ,reports on ! ,application ( ,sci5ce & ,art to ,/reet ,pav+4 ,v>i\s reports by ,mr4 ,haywood1 ,eng9e] to ! ,commission]s ( ,sew]s ( ! ,city ( ,london4 ,v>i\s reports by ,mr4 ,till1 ,surveyor ( ,birm+ham4 ,v>i\s reports ( ,commissions1 etc4 #beb ,mr4 ,p>ry1 ,c4,e41 ,bor\gh ,surveyor ( ,read+1 says1 8,my exp]i5ce ( su* works is t t[n au?orities c obta9 bo? lab\r & mat]ials *eap] ?an contractors1 & ) effici5t sup]vision ! "w co/s less money40 7,vide #8,proce$+s ( ! ,association ( ,municipal & ,sanit>y ,eng9e]s & ,surveyors1' vol4 iv4 p4 #hi47 ,,index4 ,abattoirs1 #cbh ,abrasion ( /one1 #dh ,accid5ts to horses1 #ca ,accommodation 9 ,cattle ,m>ket1 #cde ,acl&1 ,dr41 on ! surveyor1 #d ,acquisition ( sew]s1 #beb ,acreage ( sewage f>ms1 #bfe ,action ( e>? on sewage1 #bff ,additions to old build+s1 #baj ,advantage ( plants = sewage1 #bgj ,advantages ( asphalte1 #ii ---- public abattoirs1 #cdc ---- sep>ate sy/em1 #bfa ---- /eam roll+1 #gj ---- wood pav+1 #hi ,alleys & c\rts if cleans$1 #bch ,allott+ numb]s1 #aed ,alt]ation ( old build+ to new1 #bji ,am]ican footpa?1 #aad ---- pav+1 #gg ---- road roll+1 #fe ,analysis ( asphalte1 #ig ,angell ,lewis on ! surveyor1 #f ,angles ( roads1 #cj ,annihilation ( sew] gases1 #bgg ,application to borr[1 #cgf ,appo9tm5t ( surveyor1 #a1 #c1 #aj1 #ah ,arc lights1 #add ,area ( cemet]ies1 #ced1 #cfc ---- sew]s1 #bec1 #bed ,artificial asphalte1 #aag ---- /one pavem5ts1 #aaf ,artizans' dwell+s1 #bhd1 #bia ,a%pits1 #bbf ,asphalte1 ,mac ,adam1 #df ---- ma/ic1 #ajg ---- roadways1 #if ,asphaltic wood pavem5t1 #hb ,automatic flu%+1 #bfb ,avel+ & ,port]'s roll]1 #fh ,awn+s ov] pa?s1 #ahd ,b>ga9s4 ,see ,contracts ,b>s op5+ outw>ds1 #agh ,bayley's hydro/atic van1 #bde ,be/ /ones = pit*]s1 #ge ,bitum51 #if ,bitum9\s concrete1 #gh ---- mixture1 #gi ---- roadways1 #df ,b9d+ = roads1 #fb ,bl9ds ov] pa?s1 #ahd ,blood-h\se1 #cda ,books on dra9age1 #cae ---- useful1 #chd ,borr[+1 #cge ,bord]s = pa?s1 #cbj ,bottles & brickbats1 #bbe ,bottom+ roadways1 #cg ,breakages 9 pipe sew]s1 #beh ,break+ /one1 #dh1 #ea ,break+-up /reets1 #aeg ,brick footpa?s1 #aaf ,bridges ov] /reets1 #cc ,broad irrigation1 #bfe ,br[n's /reet wat]+1 #bdc ,build+s1 dang]\s1 #ahh ---- projections (1 #agf ---- new1 #bjf ---- sett+ back1 #age ,buddle hole1 #abh ,bullock lairs1 #cdf ---- roll]s1 #fj ,burial fees1 #cef ---- 9 clay1 #ced ,burn]s1 gas1 #adj ,burn+ refuse1 #bcc ,but*]s1 #cbi1 #ccd ,byelaws = new /reets1 c41 #bjf ,cage = trees1 #cbe ,cai?ness flagg+1 #aab ,caldrons1 #ajg ,c&le p[]1 #acf ,canvass+1 #ai ,capacities ( surveyor1 #e ,c>cel p[]1 #acf ,c>ey's wood pavem5t1 #hc ,c>t = scav5g+1 #bcj ,ca/-iron "n plates1 #aea ,cattle lairs1 #ccc ,cattle ,m>ket1 #cde ,causes ( breakages 9 pipes1 #beh ,cell> cov]+s1 #ahj ---- door project+1 #agf ---- dwell+s1 #bie ,cemet]ies1 #cej ,*annell+1 #abc ,*apel mortu>y1 #cfi ,*apels 9 cemet]ies1 #cea ,*>coal sew] v5tilators1 #bge ,*emical treatm5t ( sewage1 #bfh ,*e/]field light+1 #abi ,*icago roads1 #ch ,*imney %afts1 #aij ---- ---- v5tilators1 #bge ,*loride ( calcium = wat]+1 #bdg ,*oice ( /reet names1 #aeb ,*okages 9 pipe sew]s1 #bfj ,ci/]ns1 objectionable1 #cjb ,cl>ke's app>atus1 #bdj ,clay slate1 #di ,cleans+ ( /reets1 #bcd ---- private c\rts1 c41 #bch ,climate & trees1 #cba ,cl9k]s1 #bbe ,clos+ pollut$ well1 #cja ---- slaught]-h\ses1 #ccj ,coal plates1 #ahb ,coeffici5ts ( road metal1 #ea ,collection ( h\se refuse1 #bbh ,comb9$ sy/em ( sew]age1 #bfa ,committees1 #bc ,common l9e ( frontage1 #agg ,comp5sation = sett+ back1 #age ,composition ( sew] gas1 #bgh ,compress$ asphalte1 #if ,concrete1 #gh ---- footpa?s1 #aac ---- pipes1 #bed ,condemn$ meat1 #cci ,connection ) ma9 sew]s1 #cje ,con/ruction ( asphalte roads1 #ih ,cont\r ( roadways1 #dc ,contract ) ,gas ,company1 #acb ,contracts1 #cha ---- = scav5g+1 #bdi ---- surveyor mu/ n be int]e/$ 91 #c1 #chb ,conv]sion into new build+1 #baj ,co/ ( asphalte1 #aja ---- *emical treatm5t1 #bfd ---- electric light1 #ade ---- k]b+1 #abe ---- ma9t5ance ( macadamis$ roads1 #cd1 #da ---- melt+ sn[1 #bda ---- pipes1 #bed ---- scav5g+1 #bdh ---- tree plant+1 #cbf ---- wat]+1 #bdd ---- wood pavem5t1 #ia ---- work+ /eam roll]s1 #fa1 #fc ,core h>d1 #ci ,coron]'s c\rt1 #cgj ,cremation1 #cfa ,crops = sewage f>m1 #bfe ,croskey's wood pavem5t1 #hb ,damage to roads1 #afa ---- trees1 #cbg ,dang]\s build+s1 #ahh ---- cross+s1 #cc ,deacon on /reets1 #gf ,dead-h\se1 #cfg1 #cfi ,decl>ation ( public /reets1 #bjd ,defac+ numb]s or names1 #adi ,defects 9 dwell+s1 #bie ,defective cell> cov]s1 #aha ---- dra9s1 #caj ,def9ition ( new build+1 #bjh ---- sew]1 #beb ---- /reet1 #adi1 #bje ,demolition ( premises1 #bhe ,deposit ( plans ( /reets1 #baj ,dep? ( sew]s1 #bec ,diamet] ( dra9s1 #cae ,di>y ( wat]-c>t1 #bdg ,dim5sions ( lairs & p5s1 #cdg ,disadvantages ( /eam roll+1 #gb ,diseas$ meat1 #cci ,dis9fection1 #cga ,disposal ( refuse1 #bcb ---- road scrap+s1 #bcg ---- sewage1 #bfc ,di/ance ( lamps1 #ace ---- trees1 #cbd ,division ( cemet]ies1 #cee ---- ,engl&1 #b ,doors op5+ outw>ds1 #agh ,d[n pipes1 #ahc ,dra9age1 #cjc ---- def9ition (1 #cjc ---- ( cemet]ies1 #cea ---- slaught]-h\se1 #cce ,dra9-clean+ rods1 #bfj ,dra9s "u h\ses1 #caf ,draught on roads1 #bi ,dry sy/ems1 #bfc ,dry+ sludge1 #bfi ,du/-b9s1 #bbf ,du/y /reets1 #bcd ,duties ( surveyor1 #e1 #g1 #aa1 #bj ,dwell+s & cemet]ies1 #cej ,dynamos1 #ada ,e>? z a sewage filt]1 #bff ,easem5ts1 #ahb ,eaves %ut+1 #ahc ,effect ( traffic1 #bg ,ela/icity ( asphalte1 #ajd ,electric light+1 #abi1 #adj ,enamell$ "n plates1 #aeb ,entrance to cattle m>ket1 #cdf ,erection ( ho>d+s or scaffolds1 #ahg ,escape f fire1 #bah ,eu/on pavem5t1 #gg ,evasion ( ,build+ ,acts1 #bji ,exam9ation ( surveyor1 #ad ,fees = burials1 #cef ,f5ces1 #cbj ,fill+-9 ov] pipes1 #cag ,filt]s = sewage1 #bfg ,filtration ( sewage1 #bff ,fire protection1 #bah ,fitness ( /one1 #dh ,flagg+1 ,york1 #aaj ---- ,cai?ness1 #aab ---- blue lias1 #aac ,flag poles1 #agg ,fl9ts1 #ej ,float obs]vations1 #bfe ,flu%+ c\rts & alleys1 #bch ,footpa?s1 #ajf ---- & sn[1 #bda ,=ce requir$ on roads1 #cj ,=ms ( ,notice4 ,see ,notice ,f\ndation ( macadamis$ roads1 #ci ,fr5* burial1 #cef ,frontage ( /reets1 #agd ,fry]'s de/ructor1 #bcc ,fuel = roll]s1 #fa ,furnaces z sew] v5tilators1 #bgf ,furniture ( mortu>y1 #cfi ,gales & trees1 #cba ,galton on borr[+1 #cgi ,g>d5 refuse1 #bbe ,gas-burn]s1 #adj ---- light+1 #acj ,gates op5+ outw>ds1 #agh ,gauge ( /one1 #eb ,g5]al m>kets1 #cdh ,g]man dead-h\se1 #cfh ,g]m !ory1 #bga ,glass "n tablets1 #aeb ,gneiss1 #di ,good h\se dra9age1 #cae ,g\x sy/em1 #bcc ,gradi5ts ( h\se-dra9s1 #caf ---- roads1 #cj ---- sew]s1 #bec ---- = roll]s1 #fb ,granite1 #di ---- foot-pavem5t1 #aag ---- k]b1 #abd ,grass1 #cbj ,grat+ = trees1 #cbd ,gravel footpa?s1 #aba ---- #ej ,grave spaces1 #cfj ---- y>ds1 #cej ,gre5 & ,son's roll]1 #fi ,grill = trees1 #cbe ,gritt$ asphalte1 #ajh ,gr\nd floor1 #bjh ,gr\t+1 #gi ,gulley grat+s1 #abf ,hamm]-brok5 /one1 #eb ,h& or hose wat]+1 #bdd ,h>d core1 #ci ,h>rison's wood pavem5t1 #hc ,hayw>d on sn[1 #bci ,hayw>d's pavem5t lights1 #aha ,heads ( scav5g+1 #bbd ,healey's boil]s1 #hj ,heal? ( di/rict1 #bhh ,h5son's wood pavem5t1 #hc ,hide /ore1 #cda ,highways1 surveyor (1 #bj ,ho>d+s1 #ahg ,hoi/+ ma*9]y1 #ccg ,horse-%oes1 #bg ,h\se1 def9ition (1 #caa ---- dra9age1 #cjc ---- refuse collection1 #bbh ---- ---- disposal1 #bcb ---- ---- de/ruction1 #bcc ---- ---- remov$1 #bbc ,h\ses unfit = habitation1 #bhd ,hydro/atic van1 #bde ,illum9at+ p[]1 #ace ,imp]i%able /one-pav+ blocks1 #ajd ,importation ( trees1 #cbb ,improp] wat] supply1 #cjj ,improv$ wood pavem5t1 #ha ,improvem5t ( c\rts & alleys1 #bhg ---- /reets1 #agd ---- private /reets1 #aic ,inc&esc5t lamps1 #add ,incl9ation ( roads1 #cj ,individuals break+-up /reets1 #afi ,indu/rial dwell+s1 #bij ,in]tia ( load1 #cb ,+r$i5ts us$ = precipitation1 #bfi ,inlets = fre% air into sew]s1 #bgc ,inspection ( dra9s1 #cje1 #cad ---- build+s1 #bag1 #bai ,insuffici5t w4c4 accommodation1 #big ,int]ception or dry sy/ems1 #bfc ,int]mitt5t filtration1 #bff ,int]section ( sew]s1 #bed ,iron "n plates1 #aea ,irrigation1 #bfe ,jo9ts ( pipe dra9s1 #caf ,junction ( dra9s1 #cjg ---- sew]s1 #bed ,keep+ sew]s clean1 #bea ,k]b+ & *annell+1 #abc ,kill+ r+s1 #ccf ,lab\r]s' dwell+s1 #bhd1 #bia ,lairs = cattle1 #ccc1 #cdf ,lamp-po/s1 #acd ---- ---- z sew] v5tilators1 #bgd ,l& necess>y = cemet]y1 #ced ,latr9es1 #bhb ,lay+ out a cemet]y1 #ced ,leaky dra9s1 #cji ,leaves z refuse1 #bbe ,lett]s = names1 #aeb ,lias flagg+1 #aac ,lic5ce to break-up /reet1 #agb ,lieurn] sy/em1 #bfb ,life ( brooms1 #bce ---- c>ts1 #bca ---- pav+ /ones1 #gf ---- wood1 #hh ,light+ ( slaught]-h\se1 #ccf ---- /reets1 #abi ,ligno m9]al pavem5t1 #hc ,lime/one1 #di ,lime-tree1 #cbb ,l9e ( frontage1 #agg ,l9+ ( slaught]-h\se1 #cce ,li/ ( borr[+ p[]s1 #cgf ---- *emical processes = sewage1 #bfh ---- duties ( surveyor1 #e1 #ba ---- p]sons call$ surveyors1 #d ---- road metal1 #di ---- %rubs1 #cbj ---- trees1 #cbb ---- useful books1 #chd ,liv]pool scav5g+1 #bce ,lloyd's wood pavem5t1 #hb ,locomobiles1 #ajg ,loose /ones on road1 #de ,macadamis$ roadways1 #cd ,ma*9]y = electricity1 #ada ---- 9 slaught]-h\se1 #ccg ,ma*9es = sweep+1 #bcd ---- /one-break+1 #ec ,managem5t ( cemet]y1 #ceh ,man*e/] abattoir1 #ccc ---- pavem5t1 #gh ,manholes = sew]s1 #bec ,manufactur]s' refuse1 #bec ,m>kets1 #cdd ,ma/ic asphalte1 #ajg ,mat]ials ( sewage filt]s1 #bfg ,me*anical subsid5ce ( sewage1 #bfg ,meet+s ( committees1 #bc ,melt+ sn[1 #bdj ,m]it1 te/ (1 #ad ,metal road1 #dh ,met]s = public lamps1 #acc ,me?od ( appo9tm5t1 #ah ,me?ods ( disposal ( sewage1 #bfd ---- light+1 #aca ---- numb]+1 #aec ---- sew]age1 #bfa ---- sew] v5tilation1 #bgf ,m9ton's "n plates1 #aea ,model bye-laws1 #bjg ---- lodg+-h\ses1 #bia ,metropolitan slaught]-h\se1 #cci ,money1 receipt (1 #c ,mortu>ies1 #cfe ,m\nt ,sorrel1 #ge ,m[lem's wood pavem5t1 #hc ,muddy /reets1 #bcd ,names ( committees1 #bc ,nam+ & numb]+ /reets1 #adi ,necessity = k]b1 #abc ---- slaught]-h\se1 #cbh ,newca/le light+1 #adg ,new /reets & build+s1 #bjf ,ni*olson's wood pavem5t1 #hd ,norwi* wood pavem5t1 #hd ,notices to repair private /reets1 #aih ---- ( assessm5t ( co/ ( ditto1 #bja ---- ( defective dra9age1 #cac ---- = break+-up /reets1 #aeh ---- cell> cov]+s1 #aha ---- = dang]\s build+1 #aij ---- defective %ut+1 #ahc ---- doors & gates op5+ outw>ds1 #agi ---- insuffici5t w4c4 accommodation1 #bih ---- numb]+1 #aee ---- ov]hang+ trees1 #ahe ---- p]mission to break-up /reets1 #agb ---- to con/ruct sew]s on private l&s1 #bef ---- to erect build+s1 #bad ---- to op5 slaught]-h\se1 #cba ---- signature (1 #cac ,numb] ( graves 9 cemet]y1 #ced ,objections to asphalte1 #ajj ---- macadamis$ roadways1 #dd ---- /eam roll+1 #gb ---- ,york flagg+1 #aaj ,obs]vations ( tides1 #bfe ,ob/ruction 9 /reets1 #agd ,ob/ructive build+s1 #bhf ,old t9s1 #bbe ,op5+ graves1 #cef1 #cfa ,op5 space at back ( build+s1 #bah ---- v5tilat+ %afts1 #bgb ,ornam5tal %rubs1 #cbj ,outfalls ( sew]s1 #bfe ,ov]hang+ trees1 #ahe ,paget on /eam roll+1 #ga ,pail sy/em1 #bcd ,pails1 #bfc ,pa9t$ names1 #aea ,pa9t+ ur9als1 #bhb ,pamphlet on /eam roll+1 #fe ,pap]s1 exam9ation1 #af ,p>is light+1 #ace ---- roadways1 co/ (1 #da ---- tree plant+1 #cbf ,p>ks1 #cah ,p>ry on contracts1 #chc ---- wat]+1 #bdd ,p>ty walls ?r\gh ro(s1 #bah ,pa?s 9 cemet]ies1 #cee ,p>tially sep>ate sy/em1 #bfb ,pav+ ( ,cattle ,m>ket1 #cdf ---- lairs1 #ccc1 #cdf ,pebbles1 #ej ,p$e/rian traffic1 #cc ,p5s = %eep1 #ccc1 #cdf ,p]mission to break-up /reets1 #agb ---- con/ruct cell>1 #ahb ,p]sons call$ surveyor1 #d ,pig kill+1 #cdj ,p9n$ roadways1 #cf1 #ci ,pipe dra9s1 #cae ---- sew]s1 ?ickness1 c41 #beh ---- ---- diagrams1 #bei ,pit* boil]s1 #hj ,pit*$ pavem5ts1 #gc ,plan = break+-up /reets1 #afj ,plans ( new /reets or build+s1 #baj ---- ( h\se dra9s1 #cag ---- = borr[+1 #cgg ---- slaught]-h\se1 #cch ,plane tree1 #cbb ,plants = sewage1 #bgj ,pla/] n h\se refuse1 #bbe ,plates1 "n1 #aea ,playgr\nds1 #cah ,pleasure gr\nds1 #cah1 #cej ,pav+ ( slaught]-h\se1 #ccd ,pole-axe1 #ccf ,pollut$ wat] supply1 #bia ,por*1 #agf ,portable du/-b9s1 #bbg ,position ( sew]1 #bed ,po/-mortem room1 #cgj ,p[]s to close slaught]-h\ses1 #ccj ,p[] to borr[1 #cge ---- make contracts1 #cha ,precipitation ( sewage1 #bfh ,pres]vation ( wood1 #hf ,private l&s & sew]1 #bee ---- roads improvem5ts1 #bjd ---- slaught]-h\ses1 #cbi ---- /reet improvem5ts1 #aic ,privies1 #bfc ,processes ( *emical treatm5t1 #bfh ,projections1 #agf ,proportions = asphalte1 #aji ,pross]'s wood pavem5t1 #he ,protection ( surveyor1 #f1 #h ,prun+ trees1 #cba ,public abattoirs1 #cbh ---- conv5i5ces1 #bhj ---- du/-b9s1 #bbh ---- light+1 #aca ---- mortu>ies1 #cfe ---- works1 #cgf ,punctuality1 #bd ,qualities ( road metal1 #di1 #ea ,quantity ( l& = sewage f>m1 #bfe ,ra9-wat] pipes z v5tilators1 #bgd ---- ---- %utes1 #ahc ,rate collect+ by surveyor1 #c ,rawl9son on borr[+1 #cgg ,receipt ( money1 #c ,refuse1 disposal (1 #bcb ---- f manufactories1 #bec ---- receptacles1 #bbi ---- trade & g>d51 #bbe ,regi/] ( dra9s1 #cag ---- graves1 #cfj ,regulation ( traffic1 #cc ,regulations ( cemet]ies1 #ceh1 #cfj ---- connections ) sew]s1 #cje ,regulations = break+-up /reets1 #aga ,re9/at+ tr5*es1 #afb ,removal ( sn[1 #bci ---- h\se refuse1 #bbc ,remov+ projections1 #agf ,requirem5ts ( artizans' dwell+s1 #bia ---- dra9s1 #cag ---- roadways1 #be ,remun]ation ( surveyor1 #g ,reports1 #bd ---- on duties ( surveyor1 #aj ,resi/ance ( :eels1 #ca ,roads1 private1 improvem5t (1 #bjd ---- 9 cemet]ies1 #cee ,roadway1 specifications (1 #ce1 #cf ,road metal1 #dh ---- ---- li/ (1 #di ---- ---- specification (1 #eg ---- ---- weight (1 #ef ---- repairs1 #ff ---- roll+1 #fj ---- ,roman1 #gc ,ruts 9 roads1 #de ,safety 9 traffic1 #ca ,sale rooms1 #cda ,sanctu>ies1 #cc ,s&/one1 #ej ,sanit>y ,in/itute ( ,great ,brita91 #ad ,scaffolds1 #ahg ,scav5g+1 #bba ---- c>t1 #bcj ,sea-wat] = wat]+1 #bdg ,section ( roadway1 #dc ---- footpa?s1 #aba ,sections ( cemet]y1 #cef ,security to be ent]$ into1 #c ,selection ( trees1 #cba1 #cbb ,sep>ate sy/em1 #bfj1 #bfb ,sett+ back build+s1 #age ---- k]b1 #abd ,sew]age1 #bea ,sew]age1 sy/em (1 #bec ,sew] ?r\gh private l&s1 #bee ,sew]$1 #aie ,sewage & plants1 #bgj ---- crops =1 #bfe ---- disposal1 #bfc ---- filtration1 #bff1 #bfg ---- irrigation1 #bfe ---- me*anical subsid5ce1 #bfg ---- precipitation1 #bfh ---- scre5+1 #bfg ---- value (1 #bfe ,sew] gas1 #bgg ---- v5tilation1 #bga ,%afts = v5tilation1 #bgc ,%$1 #agf ,%eep p5s1 #ccc1 #cdf ,%iel's composite pavem5t1 #he ,%one's sy/em1 #bfb ,%op bl9ds1 #ahd ,%rubs project+1 #agf ---- #cbj ---- 9 cemet]ies1 #cfj ,%utes1 #ahc ,%utt] project+1 #agf ,sight rails1 #beg ,sign project+1 #agf ,site = abattoir1 #ccb ---- ( ,cattle ,m>ket1 #cde ---- = cemet]y1 #cea ,size ( cell> cov]s1 #aha ---- dra9s1 #caf ---- graves1 #cef ---- pit*]s1 #gd ---- rooms1 #bid ---- trees1 #cbc ,slaught]-h\ses1 #cbh1 #ccd ,slaught]+1 #cdb ,slipp]y roads1 #cb ,sludge1 treatm5t (1 #bfi ,sn[1 removal (1 #bci1 #bda ---- on footpa?s1 #bda ,soil = cemet]y1 #ceb ,soot on trees1 #cba ,specific gravity ( road metal1 #di ,specifications ( roadway1 #ce1 #cf ,specification = asphalte1 #ajc ---- flagg+1 #aaj ---- = break+-up /reets1 #afa ---- ( wood pavem5t1 #id ---- road metal1 #eg ---- scav5g+1 #bdi ---- t> pavem5t1 #aah ,/alls 9 m>kets1 #cdi ,/an=d's jo9t1 #beg ,/ep project+1 #agf ,/one break+1 #dh ,/ore = hides1 #cda ,/[e's wood pavem5t1 #hd ,/reet1 break+-up1 #aee ---- cleans+1 #bcd ---- def9ition (1 #adi1 #bje ---- light+1 #abi ---- l9es1 #agd ---- private1 improvem5ts1 #aic ---- trees1 #cah ---- wat]+1 #bdb ,/reets1 new1 #bjf ,/r+5t bye-laws1 #bai ,subjects requir+ att5tion1 #ba ,subways1 #afh ,sugg's regulator1 #acc ,sup]vision ( new build+s1 #bag ,surface wat] ov] pa?s1 #ahf ,subsoil wat]1 #bfa ,surveyor1 (fice fir/ legalis$1 #a ---- appo9tm5t (1 #a1 #c1 #aj1 #ah ---- & private /reets1 #aid ---- z rate collector1 #c ---- duties (1 #e1 #g1 #aa1 #bj ---- exam9ation (1 #ad ---- entry (1 to see if new build+1 #bji ---- may be also inspector ( nuisances1 #c ---- mu/ n be int]e/$ 9 contracts1 #c ---- ( highways1 #bj ---- protection (1 #f1 #h ,sweep+ ma*9es1 #bcd ,sy5ite1 #di1 #ge ,tables ( co/ ( roadways1 #da ,table ( scav5g+1 #bcf ---- wat]+1 #bdf ,tall[ m>ket1 #cda ,t> pav+1 #aah ,telegraphs "u or across roads1 #afd ,tel=d1 ,?omas1 #ce ,tell-tale on wat]-c>t1 #bdg ,tempor>y ob/ructions1 #aib ,te/imonials1 #ah ,te/ = asphalte1 #ig ---- brooms1 #bce ---- ( good dra9s1 #caf ---- m]it1 #ad ,?ames ,embankm5t1 light+1 #adg ,tides & outfalls1 #bfe ,t9s z refuse1 #bbe ,title ( surveyor1 #d ,t[n surveyor4 ,see ,surveyor ,traction on roads1 #bh ,trade refuse1 #bbe ,traffic1 #be ,tram track1 #hj ,trap = dra91 #cag ,trappean rock1 #di ,treatm5t ( sludge1 #bfi ---- wood1 #hf ,trees1 #cah ---- 9 cemet]ies1 #cfj ---- ov]hang+1 #ahe ,tr5*es cut 9 roads1 #afa ,t\ghness ( /one1 #dh ,trip]y1 #cda ,tr\ghs = pig-dress+1 #cdj ,unheal?y areas1 #bhh ,ur9als1 #bhj ,useful books1 #chd ,use ( /eam roll]s1 #fa ,vacancy 9 (fice ( surveyor1 #aj ,value ( sewage1 #bfe ,vans = wat]+1 #bde ,vault or cell> cov]+s1 #ahj ---- ---- "u-pa?1 #ahb ,velocity 9 sew]s1 #bed ,v5tilation ( h\se dra91 #cag ---- mortu>ies1 #cfi ---- sew]s1 #bga ,vigilance ( dra9 inspection1 #cji ,visit ( scav5g]s1 #bcj ,walls ( cemet]ies1 #cea ---- mortu>ies1 #cfi ,wall project+1 #agf ---- slaught]-h\se1 #cce ,wat] & asphalte1 #aje ---- companies & /reets1 #aeg ---- = slaught]-h\se1 #ccg ---- ov] footpa?s1 #ahf ---- supply to dwell+s1 #cjj ,w4,c4 accommodation1 #bhj1 #big ---- 9 factories1 #bii ,wat]+ /reets1 #bdb ,we> ( pav+ /ones1 #gf ,we>+ effect ( traffic1 #bg ,wea!r on /one1 #dh ,:eels1 resi/ance (1 #ca ,weigh+ ma*9es1 #cdh ,weight ( asphalte1 #if ---- road metal1 #ef ---- roll]s1 #fg ---- sn[1 #bci ,wid5+ /reets1 #agd ,wid? ( roadways1 #cb ,w9d[ project+1 #agf ,wires = electricity1 #ada ,wood5 "n plates1 #aeb ,wood pav+1 #ha ---- treatm5t1 #hf ---- we> (1 #hh ,y>ds beh9d build+s1 #bah ,york flagg+1 #aaj ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,william ,,cl[es ,,& ,,sons1 ,,limit$1 ,,/am=d ,,/reet ,,& ,,*>+ ,,cross4 ,,books ,,relat+ ,,to ,,appli$ ,,sci5ce ,,publi%$ ,,by ,e4 ,f4 ,n4 ,,spon1 ,,london3 #af1 ,,*>+ ,,cross4 ,,new ,,york3 #dd1 ,,murray ,,/reet4 ,a ,pocket-,book = ,*emi/s1 ,*emical ,manufactur]s1 ,metallurgi/s1 ,dy]s1 ,di/ill]s1 ,brew]s1 ,sug> ,ref9]s1 ,photograph]s1 ,/ud5ts1 etc41 etc4 ,by ,,?omas ,,bayley1 ,assoc4 ,r4,c4 ,sc4 ,irel&1 ,analytical & ,consult+ ,*emi/ & ,assay]4 ,second edition1 ) additions1 #dcg pp41 royal #cbmo1 roan1 gilt edges1 #es4 ,,synopsis ,,( ,,cont5ts3 ,atomic ,weights & ,factors -- ,useful ,data -- ,*emical ,calculations -- ,rules = ,indirect ,analysis -- ,weights & ,measures -- ,!rmomet]s & ,b>omet]s -- ,*emical ,physics -- ,boil+ ,po9ts1 etc4 -- ,solubility ( ,sub/ances -- ,me?ods ( ,obta9+ ,specific ,gravity -- ,conv]sion ( ,hydromet]s -- ,/r5g? ( ,solutions by ,specific ,gravity -- ,analysis -- ,gas ,analysis -- ,wat] ,analysis -- ,qualitative ,analysis & ,reactions -- ,volumetric ,analysis -- ,manipulation -- ,m9]alogy -- ,assay+ -- ,alcohol -- ,be] -- ,sug> -- ,miscellane\s ,te*nological matt] relat+ to ,pota%1 ,soda1 ,sulphuric ,acid1 ,*lor9e1 ,t> ,products1 ,petroleum1 ,milk1 ,tall[1 ,photography1 ,prices1 ,wages1 ,app5dix1 etc41 etc4 ,! ,me*anician3 ,a ,treatise on ! ,con/ruction & ,manipulation ( ,tools1 = ! use & in/ruction ( ,"y ,eng9e]s & ,sci5tific ,amateurs1 compris+ ! ,arts ( ,blacksmi?+ & ,=g+2 ! ,con/ruction & ,manufacture ( ,h& ,tools1 & ! v>i\s ,me?ods ( ,us+ & ,gr9d+ !m2 ! ,con/ruction ( ,ma*9e ,tools1 & h[ to "w !m2 ,ma*9e ,fitt+ & ,erection2 description ( ,h& & ,ma*9e ,processes2 ,turn+ & ,screw ,cutt+2 pr9ciples ( ,con/ruct+ & details ( ,mak+ & ,erect+ ,/eam ,eng9es1 & ! v>i\s details ( sett+ out "w1 etc41 etc4 ,by ,,cam]on ,,knight1 ,eng9e]4 ,conta9+ #aadg illu/rations1 & #cig pages ( lett]-press4 ,?ird edition1 #dto1 clo?1 #ahs4 ,on ,design+ ,belt ,ge>+4 ,by ,e4 ,j4 ,,c[l+ ,,wel*1 ,mem4 ,in/4 ,me*4 ,eng9e]s1 ,au?or ( #8,design+ ,valve ,ge>+4' ,fcap4 #hvo1 sew$1 #f;d4 ,a ,h&book ( ,=mul1 ,tables1 & ,memor&a1 = ,ar*itectural ,surveyors & o!rs engag$ 9 ,build+4 ,by ,j4 ,t4 ,,hur/1 ,c4,e4 ,?irte5? edition1 royal #cbmo1 roan1 #es4 8,x is no disp>agem5t to ! _m excell5t publications we ref] to1 to say t 9 our op9ion ?is little pocket-book ( ,hur/'s is ! v be/ ( !m all1 )\t any exception4 ,x w\ld be useless to attempt a recapitulation ( ! cont5ts1 = x appe>s to conta9 almo/ ev]y?+ t anyone connect$ ) build+ c\ld require1 &1 be/ ( all1 made up 9 a compact =m = c>ry+ 9 ! pocket1 measur+ only #e 94 by #c 941 & ab\t 94 ?ick1 9 a limp cov]4 ,we congratulate ! au?or on ! success ( 8 labori\s & practically compil$ little book1 :i* has receiv$ unqualifi$ & des]v$ praise f e pr(essional p]son to :om we h %[n x40--,! ,dubl9 ,build]4 ,! ,cab9et ,mak]2 be+ a ,collection ( ! mo/ approv$ designs 9 ! ,m$ival1 ,l\is-,seize1 & ,old ,engli% /yles1 = ! use ( ,cab9et ,mak]s1 ,c>v]s1 c4 ,by ,r4 ,,*>les4 #if plates1 folio1 half-b\nd1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,quantity ,survey+4 ,by ,j4 ,,lean+4 ,) #db illu/rations1 cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #is4 ,,cont5ts3 ,a complete ,explanation ( ! ,london ,practice4 ,g5]al ,in/ructions4 ,ord] ( ,tak+ ,(f4 ,modes ( ,measurem5t ( ! v>i\s ,trades4 ,use & ,wa/e4 ,v5tilation & ,w>m+4 ,cr$its1 ) v>i\s ,examples ( ,treatm5t4 ,abbreviations4 ,squ>+ ! ,dim5sions4 ,ab/ract+1 ) ,examples 9 illu/ration ( ea* ,trade4 ,bill+4 ,examples ( ,preambles to ea* ,trade4 ,=m = a ,bill ( ,quantities4 ,d4 ,bill ( ,cr$its4 ,d4 ,bill = ,alt]native ,e/imate4 ,re/orations & ,repairs1 & ,=m ( ,bill4 ,v>iations be=e ,acceptance ( ,t5d]4 ,errors 9 a ,build]'s ,e/imate4 ,s*$ule ( ,prices4 ,=m ( ,s*$ule ( ,prices4 ,analysis ( ,s*$ule ( ,prices4 ,adju/m5t ( ,acc\nts4 ,=m ( a ,bill ( ,v>iations4 ,rem>ks on ,specifications4 ,prices & ,valuation ( ,"w1 ) ,examples & ,rem>ks ^u ea* ,trade4 ,! ,law z x affects ,quantity ,surveyors1 ) ,law ,reports4 ,tak+ ,(f aft] ! ,old ,me?od4 ,nor!rn ,practice4 ,! ,g5]al ,/atem5t ( ! ,me?ods recomm5d$ by ! ,man*e/] ,society ( ,ar*itects = tak+ ,quantities4 ,examples ( ,collections4 ,examples ( 8,tak+ ,(f0 9 ea* ,trade4 ,rem>ks on ! ,pa/ & ,pres5t ,me?ods ( ,e/imat+4 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ,heat1 z appli$ to ! ,useful ,arts2 = ! ,use ( ,eng9e]s1 ,ar*itects1 c4 ,by ,,?omas ,,box4 ,) #ad plates4 ,?ird edition1 cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,a ,descriptive ,treatise on ,ma!matical ,draw+ ,in/rum5ts3 _! con/ruction1 uses1 qualities1 selection1 pres]vation1 & sugge/ions = improvem5ts1 ) h9ts ^u ,draw+ & ,col\r+4 ,by ,w4 ,f4 ,,/anley1 ,m4,r4,i4 ,fif? edition1 ) num]\s illu/rations1 cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #es4 ,spons' ,ar*itects & ,build]s' ,pocket-,book ( ,prices & ,memor&a4 ,edit$ by ,w4 ,,"y1 ,ar*itect4 ,royal #cbmo1 roan1 #ds4 #f;d42 or clo?1 r$ edges1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,publi%$ annually4 ,t5? edition4 ,n[ ready4 ,long-,span ,railway ,bridges1 compris+ ,inve/igations ( ! ,comp>ative ,!oretical & ,practical ,advantages ( ! v>i\s adopt$ or propos$ ,type ,sy/ems ( ,con/ruction1 ) num]\s ,=mul & ,tables giv+ ! weight ( ,iron or ,/eel requir$ 9 ,bridges f #cjj feet to ! limit+ ,spans2 to :i* are add$ simil> ,inve/igations & ,tables relat+ to ,%ort-span ,railway ,bridges4 ,second & revis$ edition4 ,by ,b4 ,,bak]1 ,assoc4 ,in/4 ,c4,e4 ,plates1 cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #es4 ,elem5t>y ,!ory & ,calculation ( ,iron ,bridges & ,ro(s4 ,by ,,augu/ ,,ritt]1 ,ph4,d41 ,pr(essor at ! ,polyte*nic ,s*ool at ,aix-la-,*apelle4 ,translat$ f ! ?ird ,g]man edition1 by ,h4 ,r4 ,,sankey1 ,capt4 ,r4,e4 ,) #ejj illu/rations1 #hvo1 clo?1 #aes4 ,! ,build]'s ,cl]k3 a ,guide to ! ,managem5t ( a ,build]'s ,bus9ess4 ,by ,,?omas ,,bales4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 clo?1 #as4 #f;d4 ,! ,elem5t>y ,pr9ciples ( ,c>p5try4 ,by ,,?omas ,,tr$gold4 ,revis$ f ! orig9al edition1 & p>tly re-writt51 by ,,john ,,?omas ,,hur/4 ,conta9$ 9 #eag pages ( lett]-press1 & illu/rat$ ) #dh plates & #aej wood engrav+s4 ,?ird edition1 cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #ahs4 ,section ,i4 ,on ! ,equality & ,di/ribution ( ,=ces -- ,section ,,ii4 ,resi/ance ( ,timb] -- ,section ,,iii4 ,con/ruction ( ,floors -- ,section ,,iv4 ,con/ruction ( ,ro(s -- ,section ,v4 ,con/ruction ( ,domes & ,cupolas -- ,section ,,vi4 ,con/ruction ( ,p>titions -- ,section ,,vii4 ,scaffolds1 ,/ag+1 & ,gantries -- ,section ,,viii4 ,con/ruction ( ,c5tres = ,bridges -- ,section ,,ix4 ,c(f]-dams1 ,%or+1 & ,/rutt+ -- ,section ,x4 ,wood5 ,bridges & ,viaducts -- ,section ,,xi4 ,jo9ts1 ,/raps1 & o!r ,fa/5+s -- ,section ,,xii4 ,timb]4 ,our ,factories1 ,work%ops1 & ,w>eh\ses3 _! ,sanit>y & ,fire-,resi/+ ,arrangem5ts4 ,by ,b4 ,h4 ,,?waite1 ,assoc4 ,mem4 ,in/4 ,c4,e4 ,) #ahc wood engrav+s1 cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #is4 ,gold3 ,its ,occurr5ce & ,extraction1 embrac+ ! ,geographical & ,geological ,di/ribution & ! ,m9]alogical ,*>act]s ( ,gold-be>+ rocks2 ! peculi> features & modes ( work+ ,%all[ ,plac]s1 ,riv]s1 & ,deep ,leads2 ,hydraulic+2 ! ,r$uction & ,sep>ation ( ,aurif]\s ,qu>tz2 ! treatm5t ( complex ,aurif]\s ores conta9+ o!r metals2 a ,bibliography ( ! subject & a ,gloss>y ( ,te*nical & ,=eign ,t]ms4 ,by ,,alfr$ ,g4 ,,lock1 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,) num]\s illu/rations & maps1 #abej pp41 sup]-royal #hvo1 clo?1 #bl4 #abs4 #f;d4 ,progressive ,lessons 9 ,appli$ ,sci5ce4 ,by ,,edw>d ,,sang1 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 ea* ,"p1 #cs4 ,"p #a4 ,geometry on ,pap] -- ,"p #b4 ,solidity1 ,weight1 & ,pressure -- ,"p #c4 ,trigonometry1 ,vision1 & ,survey+ ,in/rum5ts4 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ,coal ,m9+4 ,by ,,george ,g4 ,,&r1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,assoc4 ,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,memb] ( ! ,society ( ,eng9e]s4 ,) #hb li?ographic plates4 #b vols41 royal #dto1 clo?1 #cl4 #abs4 ,sug> ,gr[+ & ,ref9+3 a ,compreh5sive ,treatise on ! ,culture ( ,sug>-yield+ ,plants1 & ! ,manufacture1 ,ref9+1 & ,analysis ( ,cane1 ,beet1 ,maple1 ,milk1 ,palm1 ,sorghum1 & ,/>* ,sug>s1 ) copi\s /ati/ics ( _! production & comm]ce1 & a *apt] on ! di/illation ( ,rum4 ,by ,,*>les ,g4 ,,w>n=d ,,lock1 ,f4,l4,s41 c41 & ,g4 ,w4 ,,wign] & ,r4 ,h4 ,,h>l&1 ,,ff4,c4,s41 ,,ff4,i4,c4 ,) #bje illu/rations1 #hvo1 clo?1 #cjs4 ,spons' ,in=mation = ,colonial ,eng9e]s4 ,edit$ by ,j4 ,t4 ,,hur/4 ,demy #hvo1 sew$4 ,no4 #a1 ,ceylon4 ,by ,,abraham ,,deane1 ,c4,e4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,cont5ts3 ,introductory ,rem>ks -- ,natural ,productions -- ,ar*itecture & ,eng9e]+ -- ,topography1 ,trade1 & ,natural ,hi/ory -- ,pr9cipal ,/ations -- ,weights & ,measures1 etc41 etc4 ,no4 #b4 ,s\!rn ,africa1 includ+ ! ,cape ,colony1 ,natal1 & ! ,dut* ,republics4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,hall1 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,f4,r4,c4,i4 ,) ,map4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,cont5ts3 ,g5]al ,description ( ,s\? ,africa -- ,physical ,geography ) ref]5ce to ,eng9e]+ ,op]ations -- ,notes on ,lab\r & ,mat]ial 9 ,cape ,colony -- ,geological ,notes on ,rock ,=mation 9 ,s\? ,africa -- ,eng9e]+ ,in/rum5ts = ,use 9 ,s\? ,africa -- ,pr9cipal ,public ,works 9 ,cape ,colony3 ,railways1 ,m\nta9 ,roads & ,passes1 ,h>b\r ,works1 ,bridges1 ,gas ,works1 ,irrigation & ,wat] ,supply1 ,ligh?\ses1 ,dra9age & ,sanit>y ,eng9e]+1 ,public ,build+s1 ,m9es -- ,table ( ,woods 9 ,s\? ,africa -- ,animals us$ = ,draught ,purposes -- ,/ati/ical ,notes -- ,table ( ,di/ances -- ,rates ( ,c>riage1 etc4 ,no4 #c4 ,india4 ,by ,f4 ,c4 ,,danv]s1 ,assoc4 ,in/4 ,c4,e4 ,) ,map4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,cont5ts3 ,physical ,geography ( ,india -- ,build+ ,mat]ials -- ,roads -- ,railways -- ,bridges -- ,irrigation -- ,riv] ,works -- ,h>b\rs -- ,ligh?\se ,build+s -- ,native ,lab\r -- ,! ,pr9cipal ,trees ( ,india -- ,money -- ,weights & ,measures -- ,gloss>y ( ,indian ,t]ms1 etc4 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ,ca/+ & ,f\nd+1 includ+ descriptions ( ! mod]n ma*9]y employ$ 9 ! art4 ,by ,n4 ,e4 ,,spretson1 ,eng9e]4 ,?ird edition1 ) #hb plates drawn to scale1 #dab pp41 demy #hvo1 clo?1 #ahs4 ,! ,cl]k ( ,works3 a ,vade-,mecum = all engag$ 9 ! ,sup]9t5d5ce ( ,build+ ,op]ations4 ,by ,g4 ,g4 ,,hosk9s1 ,f4,r4,i4,b4,a4 ,?ird edition1 fcap4 #hvo1 clo?1 #as4 #f;d4 ,tropical ,agriculture2 or1 ! ,culture1 ,prep>ation1 ,comm]ce1 & ,consumption ( ! ,pr9cipal ,products ( ! ,vegetable ,k+dom1 z furni%+ ,food1 ,clo?+1 ,m$ic9e1 etc41 & 9 _! relation to ! ,arts & ,manufactures2 =m+ a practical treatise & ,h&book ( ,ref]5ce = ! ,coloni/1 ,manufactur]1 ,m]*ant1 & ,consum]1 on ! ,cultivation1 ,prep>ation = ,%ipm5t1 & ,comm]cial ,value1 etc41 ( ! v>i\s ,sub/ances obta9$ f ,trees & ,plants ent]+ into ! ,husb&ry ( ,tropical & ,sub-,tropical ,regions4 ,by ,p4 ,l4 ,,simmonds4 ,second edition1 revis$ & improv$1 #eae pages1 #hvo1 clo?1 #al4 #as4 ,/eel3 its ,hi/ory1 ,manufacture1 & ,uses4 ,by ,j4 ,s4 ,,jeans1 ,secret>y ( ! ,iron & ,/eel ,in/itute4 #hfj pages & #bd plates1 #hvo1 clo?1 #cfs4 ,am]ican ,f\ndry ,practice3 ,treat+ ( ,loam1 ,dry ,s&1 & ,gre5 ,s& ,m\ld+1 & conta9+ a ,practical ,treatise ^u ! ,managem5t ( ,cupolas1 & ! ,melt+ ( ,iron4 ,by ,t4 ,d4 ,,we/1 ,practical ,iron ,m\ld] & ,f\ndry ,=eman4 ,second edition1 ) num]\s illu/rations1 cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,! ,ma9t5ance ( ,macadamis$ ,roads4 ,by ,t4 ,,codr+ton1 ,m4,i4,c4,e1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,g5]al ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,c\nty ,roads = ,s\? ,wales4 #hvo1 clo?1 #fs4 ,hydraulic ,/eam & ,h& ,p[] ,lift+ & ,press+ ,ma*9]y4 ,by ,,fr$]ick ,,coly]1 ,m4 ,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,m4 ,in/4 ,m4,e4 ,) #gc plates1 #hvo1 clo?1 #ahs4 ,pumps & ,pump+ ,ma*9]y4 ,by ,f4 ,,coly]1 ,m4,i4,c4,e41 ,m4,i4,m4,e4 ,) #bc fold+ plates1 #hvo1 clo?1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,tables ( ! ,pr9cipal ,spe$s occurr+ 9 ,me*anical ,eng9e]+1 express$ 9 metres 9 a second4 ,by ,p4 ,,ke]ayeff1 ,*ief ,me*anic ( ! ,ob\*(f ,/eel ,works1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg2 translat$ by ,,s]gius ,,k]n1 ,m4,e4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 sew$1 #f;d4 ,gird] ,mak+ & ! ,practice ( ,bridge ,build+ 9 ,wr\ght ,iron1 illu/rat$ by ,examples ( ,bridges1 ,pi]s1 & ,gird] ,"w1 etc41 con/ruct$ at ! ,sk]ne ,iron ,works1 ,d>l+ton1 by ,,edw>d ,,hut*9son1 ,m4 ,in/4 ,m4,e4 ,) #ce plates1 demy #hvo1 clo?1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,spons' ,diction>y ( ,eng9e]+1 ,civil1 ,me*anical1 ,milit>y1 & ,naval2 ) te*nical t]ms 9 ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 ,italian1 & ,spani%1 #cajj pp41 & ne>ly #hjjj engrav+s1 9 sup]-royal #hvo1 9 #h divisions1 #el4 #hs4 ,complete 9 #c vols41 clo?1 #el4 #es4 ,b\nd 9 a sup]ior mann]1 half-morocco1 top edge gilt1 #c vols41 #fl4 #abs4 ,see page #ae4 ,a ,treatise on ! ,orig91 ,progress1 ,prev5tion1 & ,cure ( ,dry ,rot 9 ,timb]2 ) ,rem>ks on ! ,means ( ,pres]v+ ,wood f ,de/ruction by ,sea-,worms1 ,beetles1 ,ants1 etc4 ,by ,,?omas ,,all5 ,,britton1 late ,surveyor to ! ,metropolitan ,bo>d ( ,works1 etc41 etc4 ,) #aj plates1 cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,metrical ,tables4 ,by ,g4 ,l4 ,,moleswor?1 ,m4,i4,c4,e4 #cbmo1 clo?1 #as4 #f;d4 ,,cont5ts4 ,g5]al -- ,l9e> ,measures -- ,squ>e ,measures -- ,cubic ,measures -- ,measures ( ,capacity -- ,weights -- ,comb9ations -- ,!rmomet]s4 ,a ,h&book ( ,electrical ,te/+4 ,by ,h4 ,r4 ,,kempe1 ,memb] ( ! ,society ( ,telegraph ,eng9e]s4 ,new edition1 revis$ & enl>g$1 ) #ha illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,electro-,telegraphy4 ,by ,,fr$]ick ,s4 ,,bee*ey1 ,telegraph ,eng9e]4 ,a ,book = ,beg9n]s4 ,illu/rat$4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 sew$1 #f;d4 ,h&rail+3 by ! ,squ>e ,cut4 ,by ,,john ,,jones1 ,/aircase ,build]4 ,f\r? edition1 ) sev5 plates1 #hvo1 clo?1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,h&rail+3 by ! ,squ>e ,cut4 ,by ,,john ,,jones1 ,/aircase ,build]4 ,"p ,second1 ) eight plates1 #hvo1 clo?1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,! ,gas ,consum]'s ,h&y ,book4 ,by ,,william ,,ri*>ds1 ,c4,e4 ,illu/rat$4 #ahmo1 sew$1 #f;d4 ,/eam ,heat+ = ,build+s2 or1 ,h9ts to ,/eam ,fitt]s1 be+ a description ( ,/eam ,heat+ ,app>atus = ,w>m+ & ,v5tilat+ ,private ,h\ses & l>ge ,build+s2 ) ,rem>ks on ,/eam1 ,wat]1 & ,air 9 _! relation to ,heat+2 to :i* are add$ miscellane\s ,tables4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,baldw91 ,/eam ,heat+ ,eng9e]4 ,) _m illu/rations4 ,second edition1 cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,a ,pocket-,book ( ,useful ,=mul & ,memor&a = ,civil & ,me*anical ,eng9e]s4 ,by ,,guil=d ,l4 ,,moleswor?1 ,mem4 ,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,consult+ ,eng9e] to ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,india = ,/ate ,railways4 ,) num]\s illu/rations1 #gdd pp4 ,tw5ty-fir/ edition1 revis$ & enl>g$1 #cbmo1 roan1 #fs4 ,,synopsis ,,( ,,cont5ts3 ,survey+1 ,levell+1 etc4 -- ,/r5g? & ,weight ( ,mat]ials -- ,e>?work1 ,brickwork1 ,masonry1 ,ar*es1 etc4 -- ,/ruts1 ,columns1 ,beams1 & ,trusses -- ,floor+1 ,ro(+1 & ,ro( ,trusses -- ,gird]s1 ,bridges1 etc4 -- ,railways & ,roads -- ,hydraulic ,=mul -- ,canals1 ,sew]s1 ,wat]works1 ,docks -- ,irrigation & ,breakwat]s -- ,gas1 ,v5tilation1 & ,w>m+ -- ,heat1 ,light1 ,col\r1 & ,s\nd -- ,gravity3 ,c5tres1 ,=ces1 & ,p[]s -- ,millwork1 ,tee? ( ,:eels1 ,%aft+1 etc4 -- ,work%op ,recipes -- ,sundry ,ma*9]y -- ,animal ,p[] -- ,/eam & ! ,/eam ,eng9e -- ,wat]-p[]1 ,wat]-:eels1 ,turb9es1 etc4 -- ,w9d & ,w9dmills -- ,/eam ,navigation1 ,%ip ,build+1 ,tonnage1 etc4 -- ,gunn]y1 ,projectiles1 etc4 -- ,weights1 ,measures1 & ,money -- ,trigonometry1 ,conic ,sections1 & ,curves -- ,telegraphy -- ,m5suration -- ,tables ( ,areas & ,circumf]5ce1 & ,arcs ( ,circles -- ,log>i?ms1 ,squ>e & ,cube ,roots1 ,p[]s -- ,reciprocals1 etc4 -- ,useful ,numb]s -- ,diff]5tial & ,integral ,calculus -- ,algebraic ,signs -- ,telegraphic ,con/ruction & ,=mul4 ,spons' ,tables & ,memor&a = ,eng9e]s2 select$ & arrang$ by ,j4 ,t4 ,,hur/1 ,c4,e41 ,au?or ( #8,ar*itectural ,surveyors' ,h&book1' #8,hur/'s ,tr$gold's ,c>p5try1' etc4 ,fif? edition1 #fdmo1 roan1 gilt edges1 #as42 or 9 clo? case1 #as4 #f;d4 ,?is "w is pr9t$ 9 a pe>l type1 & is s small1 measur+ only #b 94 by #a 94 by 94 ?ick1 t x may be easily c>ri$ 9 ! wai/coat pocket4 8,x is c]ta9ly an extremely r>e ?+ = a review] to be call$ ^u to notice a volume measur+ b #b 94 by #a 941 yet ^! dim5sions fai?fully repres5t ! size ( ! h&y little book be=e u4 ,! volume--:i* conta9s #aah pr9t$ pages1 besides a few blank pages = memor&a--is1 9 fact1 a true pocket-book1 adapt$ = be+ c>ri$ 9 ! wai/coat pocket1 & conta9+ a f> great] am\nt & v>iety ( in=mation ?an mo/ p w\ld imag9e c\ld be compress$ into s small a space4 4 4 4 4 ,! little volume has be5 compil$ ) consid]able c>e & judgm5t1 & we c cordially recomm5d x to our read]s z a useful little pocket companion40--,eng9e]+4 ,analysis1 ,te*nical ,valuation1 ,purification & ,use ( ,coal ,gas4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,r4 ,,b[dit*1 ,m4,a4 ,) wood engrav+s1 #hvo1 clo?1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,cond5sation ( ,gas -- ,purification ( ,gas -- ,light -- ,measur+ -- ,place ( ,te/+ ,gas -- ,te/ ,c&les -- ,! ,/&>d = ,measur+ ,gas-light -- ,te/ ,burn]s -- ,te/+ ,gas = ,sulphur -- ,te/+ ,gas = ,ammonia -- ,cond5sation by ,brom9e -- ,gravimetric ,me?od ( tak+ ,specific ,gravity ( ,gas -- ,c>burett+ or ,naph?aliz+ ,gas -- ,acetyl5e -- ,explosions ( ,gas -- ,gnaw+ ( ,gaspipes by ,rats -- ,pressure z relat$ to ,public ,light+1 etc4 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ,natural & ,artificial ,concrete1 its ,v>ieties & ,con/ructive ,adaptations4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,reid1 ,au?or ( ! #8,sci5ce & ,art ( ! ,manufacture ( ,portl& ,cem5t4' ,new ,edition1 ) #ei woodcuts & #e plates1 #hvo1 clo?1 #aes4 ,hydrodynamics3 ,treatise relative to ! ,te/+ ( ,wat]-,:eels & ,ma*9]y1 ) v>i\s o!r matt]s p]ta9+ to ,hydrodynamics4 ,by ,,james ,,em]son4 ,) num]\s illu/rations1 #cfj pp4 ,?ird edition1 cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,! ,gas ,analy/'s ,manual4 ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,,h>tley1 ,assoc4 ,in/4 ,c4,e41 etc4 ,) num]\s illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #fs4 ,gas ,measurem5t & ,gas ,met] ,te/+4 ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,,h>tley4 ,f\r? edition1 revis$ & ext5d$4 ,illu/rat$1 cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #ds4 ,! ,fr5*-,poli%]s ,manual4 ,by a ,fr5*-,poli%]2 conta9+ ,timb] ,/a9+1 ,wa%+1 ,mat*+1 ,improv+1 ,pa9t+1 ,imitations1 ,directions = ,/a9+1 ,siz+1 ,embody+1 ,smoo?+1 ,_s ,v>ni%+1 ,fr5*-,poli%+1 ,directions = ,repoli%+4 ,?ird edition1 royal #cbmo1 sew$1 #f;d4 ,hops1 _! ,cultivation1 ,comm]ce1 & ,uses 9 v>i\s ,c\ntries4 ,by ,p4 ,l4 ,,simmonds4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,manufacture & ,di/ribution ( ,coal ,gas4 ,by ,,william ,,ri*>ds4 ,demy #dto1 ) num]\s wood engrav+s & #bi plates1 clo?1 #bhs4 ,,synopsis ,,( ,,cont5ts3 ,introduction -- ,hi/ory ( ,gas ,light+ -- ,*emi/ry ( ,gas ,manufacture1 by ,lewis ,?ompson1 ,esq41 ,m4,r4,c4,s4 -- ,coal1 ) ,analyses1 by ,j4 ,pat]son1 ,lewis ,?ompson1 & ,g4 ,r4 ,hislop1 ,esqrs4 -- ,retorts1 ,iron & ,clay -- ,retort ,sett+ -- ,hydraulic ,ma9 -- ,cond5s]s -- ,exhau/]s -- ,wa%]s & ,scrubb]s -- ,purifi]s -- ,purification -- ,hi/ory ( ,gas ,hold] -- ,tanks1 ,brick & ,/one1 ,composite1 ,concrete1 ,ca/-iron1 ,comp\nd ,annul> ,wr\ght-iron -- ,specifications -- ,gas ,hold]s -- ,/ation ,met] -- ,gov]nor -- ,di/ribution -- ,ma9s -- ,gas ,ma!matics1 or ,=mul = ! ,di/ribution ( ,gas1 by ,lewis ,?ompson1 ,esq4 -- ,s]vices -- ,consum]s' ,met]s -- ,regulators -- ,burn]s -- ,fitt+s -- ,photomet] -- ,c>burization ( ,gas -- ,air ,gas & ,wat] ,gas -- ,composition ( ,coal ,gas1 by ,lewis ,?ompson1 ,esq4 -- ,analyses ( ,gas -- ,influ5ce ( ,atmosph]ic ,pressure & ,temp]ature on ,gas -- ,residual ,products -- ,app5dix -- ,description ( ,retort ,sett+s1 ,build+s1 etc41 etc4 ,practical ,geometry & ,eng9e]+ ,draw+2 a ,c\rse ( ,descriptive ,geometry adapt$ to ! ,requirem5ts ( ! ,eng9e]+ ,draughtsman1 includ+ ! det]m9ation ( ca/ %ad[s & ,isometric ,projection1 ea* *apt] be+ foll[$ by num]\s examples2 to :i* are add$ rules = ,%ad+1 ,%ade-l9+1 etc41 toge!r ) practical in/ructions z to ! ,l9+1 ,col\r+1 ,pr9t+1 & g5]al treatm5t ( ,eng9e]+ ,draw+s1 ) a *apt] on draw+ ,in/rum5ts4 ,by ,,george ,s4 ,,cl>ke1 ,lieut4 ,r4,e41 ,in/ructor 9 ,me*anical ,draw+1 ,royal ,indian ,eng9e]+ ,college4 #bj plates1 #dto1 clo?1 #aes4 ,! ,elem5ts ( ,graphic ,/atics4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,k>l ,,von ,,ott1 translat$ f ! ,g]man by ,g4 ,s4 ,,cl>ke1 ,lieut4 ,r4,e41 ,in/ructor 9 ,me*anical ,draw+1 ,royal ,indian ,eng9e]+ ,college4 ,) #ic illu/rations1 cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #es4 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,graphic ,/atics4 ,by ,,george ,,syd5ham ,,cl>ke1 ,lieut4 ,royal ,eng9e]s4 ,) #aab illu/rations4 #dto1 clo?1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,! ,new ,=mula = ,mean ,velocity ( ,dis*>ge ( ,riv]s & ,canals4 ,by ,w4 ,r4 ,,kutt]4 ,translat$ f articles 9 ! #8,cultur-,+5ieur1' by ,,l[is ,d',a4 ,,jackson1 ,assoc4 ,in/4 ,c4,e4 #hvo1 clo?1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,practical ,hydraulics2 a ,s]ies ( ,rules & ,tables = ! use ( ,eng9e]s1 etc41 etc4 ,by ,,?omas ,,box4 ,fif? edition1 num]\s plates1 po/ #hvo1 clo?1 #es4 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,con/ruction ( ,horizontal & ,v]tical ,wat]:eels1 specially design$ = ! use ( op]ative me*anics4 ,by ,,william ,,cull51 ,millwright & ,eng9e]4 ,) #aa plates4 ,second edition1 revis$ & enl>g$1 small #dto1 clo?1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,aid ,book to ,eng9e]+ ,ent]prise ,abroad4 ,by ,,ew+ ,,ma!son1 ,m4 ,in/4 ,c4,e4 ,! book treats ( ,public ,works & ,eng9e]+ ,ent]prises 9 _! inception & prelim9>y arrangem5t2 ( ! diff]5t modes 9 :i* money is provid$ = _! accompli%m5t2 & ( ! economical & te*nical consid]ations by :i* success or failure is det]m9$4 ,! in=mation necess>y to ! designs ( ,eng9e]s is classifi$1 z are also ^? p>ticul>s by :i* ,contractors may e/imate ! co/ ( works1 & ,capitali/s ! probabilities ( pr(it4 ,illu/rat$1 #b vols41 #hvo1 #abs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,! ,ess5tial ,elem5ts ( ,practical ,me*anics2 bas$ on ! ,pr9ciple ( ,"w1 design$ = ,eng9e]+ ,/ud5ts4 ,by ,,oliv] ,,byrne1 =m]ly ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics1 ,college = ,civil ,eng9e]s4 ,?ird edition1 ) #adh wood engrav+s1 po/ #hvo1 clo?1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,cont5ts3 ,*ap4 #a4 ,h[ ,"w is ,measur$ by a ,unit1 bo? ) & )\t ref]5ce to a ,unit ( ,"t -- ,*ap4 #b4 ,! ,"w ( ,liv+ ,ag5ts1 ! ,influ5ce ( ,friction1 & introduces "o ( ! mo/ beautiful ,laws ( ,motion -- ,*ap4 #c4 ,! pr9ciples exp\nd$ 9 ! fir/ & second *apt]s are appli$ to ! ,motion ( ,bodies -- ,*ap4 #d4 ,! ,transmission ( ,"w by simple ,ma*9es -- ,*ap4 #e4 ,useful ,propositions & ,rules4 ,! ,practical ,millwright's & ,eng9e]'s ,ready ,reckon]2 or ,tables = f9d+ ! diamet] & p[] ( cog-:eels1 diamet]1 weight1 & p[] ( %afts1 diamet] & /r5g? ( bolts1 etc4 ,by ,,?omas ,,dixon4 ,f\r? edition1 #abmo1 clo?1 #cs4 ,brew]ies & ,malt+s3 _! ,arrangem5t1 ,con/ruction1 ,ma*9]y1 & ,plant4 ,by ,g4 ,,scamell1 ,f4,r4,i4,b4,a4 ,second edition1 revis$1 enl>g$1 & p>tly rewritt54 ,by ,f4 ,,coly]1 ,m4,i4,c4,e41 ,m4,i4,m4,e4 ,) #bj plates1 #hvo1 clo?1 #ahs4 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,manufacture ( ,/>*1 ,glucose1 ,/>*-,sug>1 & ,dextr9e1 bas$ on ! ,g]man ( ,l4 ,,von ,,wagn]1 ,pr(essor 9 ! ,royal ,te*nical ,s*ool1 ,buda ,pe/h1 & o!r au?orities4 ,by ,,julius ,,frankel2 edit$ by ,,rob]t ,,hutt]1 proprietor ( ! ,philadelphia ,/>* ,works4 ,) #eh illu/rations1 #cdd pp41 #hvo1 clo?1 #ahs4 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ,mill-ge>+1 ,:eels1 ,%afts1 ,rigg]s1 etc42 = ! use ( ,eng9e]s4 ,by ,,?omas ,,box4 ,?ird edition1 ) #aa plates4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,m9+ ,ma*9]y3 a ,descriptive ,treatise on ! ,ma*9]y1 ,tools1 & o!r ,appliances us$ 9 ,m9+4 ,by ,g4 ,g4 ,,&r1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,assoc4 ,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,mem4 ( ! ,society ( ,eng9e]s4 ,royal #dto1 uni=m ) ! ,au?or's ,treatise on ,coal ,m9+1 conta9+ #ahb plates1 accurately drawn to scale1 ) descriptive text1 9 #b vols41 clo?1 #cl4 #abs4 ,,cont5ts3 ,ma*9]y = ,prospect+1 ,excavat+1 ,haul+1 & ,hoi/+ -- ,v5tilation -- ,pump+ -- ,treatm5t ( ,m9]al ,products1 includ+ ,gold & ,silv]1 ,copp]1 ,t91 & ,lead1 ,iron1 ,coal1 ,sulphur1 ,*9a ,clay1 ,brick ,e>?1 etc4 ,tables = ,sett+ out ,curves = ,railways1 ,canals1 ,roads1 etc41 v>y+ f a radius ( five *a9s to ?ree miles4 ,by ,a4 ,,k5n$y & ,r4 ,w4 ,,hackwood4 ,illu/rat$1 #cbmo1 clo?1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,! ,sci5ce & ,art ( ! ,manufacture ( ,portl& ,cem5t1 ) obs]vations on "s ( its con/ructive applications4 ,) #ff illu/rations4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,reid1 ,c4,e41 ,au?or ( #8,a ,practical ,treatise on ,concrete1' etc41 etc4 #hvo1 clo?1 #ahs4 ,! ,draughtsman's ,h&book ( ,plan & ,map ,draw+2 includ+ in/ructions = ! prep>ation ( ,eng9e]+1 ,ar*itectural1 & ,me*anical ,draw+s4 ,) num]\s illu/rations 9 ! text1 & #cc plates 7#ae pr9t$ 9 col\rs74 ,by ,g4 ,g4 ,,&r1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,assoc4 ,in/4 ,c4,e4 #dto1 clo?1 #is4 ,,cont5ts3 ,! ,draw+ ,(fice & its ,furni%+s -- ,geometrical ,problems -- ,l9es1 ,dots1 & _! ,comb9ations -- ,col\rs1 ,%ad+1 ,lett]+1 ,bord]+1 & ,nor? ,po9ts -- ,scales -- ,plott+ -- ,civil ,eng9e]s' & ,surveyors' ,plans -- ,map ,draw+ -- ,me*anical & ,ar*itectural ,draw+ -- ,copy+ & ,r$uc+ ,trigonometrical ,=mul1 etc41 etc4 ,! ,boil]-mak]'s & ,iron ,%ip-build]'s ,companion1 compris+ a s]ies ( orig9al & c>efully calculat$ tables1 ( ! utmo/ utility to p]sons int]e/$ 9 ! iron trades4 ,by ,,james ,,fod51 au?or ( #8,me*anical ,tables1' etc4 ,second edition revis$1 ) illu/rations1 cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #es4 ,rock ,bla/+3 a ,practical ,treatise on ! means employ$ 9 ,bla/+ ,rocks = ,indu/rial ,purposes4 ,by ,g4 ,g4 ,,&r1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,assoc4 ,in/4 ,c4,e4 ,) #ef illu/rations & #ab plates1 #hvo1 clo?1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,sur*>g$ & diff]5t ,=ms ( ,reta9+ ,walls4 ,by ,j4 ,s4 ,,tate4 ,illu/rat$1 #hvo1 sew$1 #bs4 ,a ,treatise on ,ropemak+ z practis$ 9 public & private ,rope-y>ds1 ) a ,description ( ! ,manufacture1 ,rules1 ,tables ( ,weights1 etc41 adapt$ to ! ,trade1 ,%ipp+1 ,m9+1 ,railways1 ,build]s1 etc4 ,by ,r4 ,,*apman1 =m]ly =eman to ,messrs4 ,hudd>t & ,co41 ,limeh\se1 & late ,ma/] ,ropemak] to ,h4,m4 ,docky>d1 ,dept=d4 ,second edition1 #abmo1 clo?1 #cs4 ,laxton's ,build]s' & ,contractors' ,tables2 = ! use ( ,eng9e]s1 ,ar*itects1 ,surveyors1 ,build]s1 ,l& ,ag5ts1 & o!rs4 ,bricklay]1 conta9+ #bb tables1 ) ne>ly #cj1jjj calculations4 #dto1 clo?1 #es4 ,laxton's ,build]s' & ,contractors' ,tables4 ,excavator1 ,e>?1 ,l&1 ,wat]1 & ,gas1 conta9+ #ec tables1 ) ne>ly #bd1jjj calculations4 #dto1 clo?1 #es4 ,sanit>y ,eng9e]+3 a ,guide to ! ,con/ruction ( ,works ( ,sew]age & ,h\se ,dra9age1 ) ,tables = facilitat+ ! calculations ( ! ,eng9e]4 ,by ,,baldw9 ,,la?am1 ,c4,e41 ,m4 ,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,f4,g4,s41 ,f4,m4,s41 ,pa/-,presid5t ( ! ,society ( ,eng9e]s4 ,second edition1 ) num]\s plates & woodcuts1 #hvo1 clo?1 #al4 #ajs4 ,screw ,cutt+ ,tables = ,eng9e]s & ,ma*9i/s1 giv+ ! values ( ! diff]5t tra9s ( ,:eels requir$ to produce ,screws ( any pit*1 calculat$ by ,"l ,l9dsay1 ,m4,p41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 etc4 ,royal #hvo1 clo?1 oblong1 #bs4 ,screw ,cutt+ ,tables1 = ! use ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s1 %[+ ! prop] arrangem5t ( ,:eels = cutt+ ! ,?reads ( ,screws ( any requir$ pit*1 ) a ,table = mak+ ! ,univ]sal ,gas-pipe ,?reads & ,taps4 ,by ,w4 ,a4 ,,m>t91 ,eng9e]4 ,second edition1 royal #hvo1 oblong1 clo?1 #as41 or sew$1 #f;d4 ,a ,treatise on a ,practical ,me?od ( ,design+ ,slide-,valve ,ge>s by ,simple ,geometrical ,con/ruction1 bas$ ^u ! pr9ciples enunciat$ 9 ,euclid's ,elem5ts1 & compris+ ! v>i\s =ms ( ,pla9 ,slide-,valve & ,expansion ,ge>+2 toge!r ) ,/eph5son's1 ,goo*'s1 & ,allan's ,l9k-,motions1 z appli$ ei!r to rev]s+ or to v>iable expansion comb9ations4 ,by ,,edw>d ,j4 ,,c[l+ ,,wel*1 ,memb4 ,in/4 ,me*anical ,eng9e]s4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #fs4 ,clean+ & ,sc\r+3 a ,manual = ,dy]s1 ,laundresses1 & = ,dome/ic ,use4 ,by ,s4 ,,*ri/oph]4 #ahmo1 sew$1 #f;d4 ,a ,h&book ( ,h\se ,sanitation2 = ! use ( all p]sons seek+ a ,heal?y ,home4 ,a repr9t ( ^? portions ( ,mr4 ,bailey-,d5ton's ,lectures on ,sanit>y ,eng9e]+1 giv5 be=e ! ,s*ool ( ,milit>y ,eng9e]+1 :i* relat$ to ! 8,dwell+10 enl>g$ & revis$ by 8 ,son1 ,e4 ,f4 ,,bailey-,,d5ton1 ,c4,e41 ,b4,a4 ,) #adj illu/rations1 #hvo1 clo?1 #hs4 #f;d4 ,treatise on ,valve-,ge>s1 ) special consid]ation ( ! ,l9k-,motions ( ,locomotive ,eng9es4 ,by ,dr4 ,,gu/av ,,zeun]4 ,?ird edition1 revis$ & enl>g$1 translat$ f ! ,g]man1 ) ! special p]mission ( ! au?or1 by ,,moritz ,m,,ll]4 ,plates1 #hvo1 clo?1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,a ,pocket-,book = ,boil] ,mak]s & ,/eam ,us]s1 compris+ a v>iety ( useful in=mation = ,employ] & ,workman1 ,gov]nm5t ,inspectors1 ,bo>d ( ,trade ,surveyors1 ,eng9e]s 9 *>ge ( ,works & ,slips1 ,=em5 ( ,manufactories1 & ! g5]al ,/eam-us+ ,public4 ,by ,,maurice ,,john ,,sexton4 ,second edition1 royal #cbmo1 roan1 gilt edges1 #es4 ,! ,/ra9s ^u ,bridge ,gird]s & ,ro( ,trusses1 includ+ ! ,w>r51 ,lattice1 ,trellis1 ,b[/r+1 & o!r ,=ms ( ,gird]s1 ! ,curv$ ,ro(1 & ,simple & ,comp\nd ,trusses4 ,by ,,?os4 ,,c>gill1 ,c4,e4,b4,a4,t41 ,c4,d41 ,assoc4 ,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,memb] ( ! ,society ( ,eng9e]s4 ,) #fd illu/rations1 drawn & work$ out to scale1 #hvo1 clo?1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,/eam ,eng9e1 conta9+ ,plans & ,arrangem5ts ( ,details = ,fix$ ,/eam ,eng9es1 ) ,essays on ! ,pr9ciples involv$ 9 ,design & ,con/ruction4 ,by ,,ar?ur ,,rigg1 ,eng9e]1 ,memb] ( ! ,society ( ,eng9e]s & ( ! ,royal ,in/itution ( ,great ,brita94 ,demy #dto1 copi\sly illu/rat$ ) woodcuts & #if plates1 9 "o ,volume1 half-b\nd morocco1 #bl4 #bs42 or *eap] edition1 clo?1 #bes4 ,?is "w is n1 9 any s5se1 an elem5t>y treatise1 or hi/ory ( ! /eam eng9e1 b is int5d$ to describe examples ( ,fix$ ,/eam ,eng9es )\t ent]+ into ! wide doma9 ( locomotive or m>9e practice4 ,to ?is end illu/rations w be giv5 ( ! mo/ rec5t arrangem5ts ( ,horizontal1 ,v]tical1 ,beam1 ,pump+1 ,w9d+1 ,portable1 ,semi-portable1 ,corliss1 ,all51 ,comp\nd1 & o!r simil> ,eng9es1 by ! mo/ em95t ,firms 9 ,great ,brita9 & ,am]ica4 ,! laws relat+ to ! action & precautions to be obs]v$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! v>i\s details1 su* z ,cyl9d]s1 ,pi/ons1 ,pi/on-rods1 ,connect+-rods1 ,cross-heads1 ,motion-blocks1 ,ecc5trics1 ,simple1 ,expansion1 ,balanc$1 & ,equilibrium ,slide-valves1 & ,valve-ge>+ w be m9utely dealt )4 ,9 ?is connection w be f\nd articles ^u ! ,velocity ( ,reciprocat+ ,p>ts & ! ,mode ( ,apply+ ! ,indicator1 ,heat & ,expansion ( ,/eam ,gov]nors1 & ! l4 ,x is ! writ]'s desire to draw illu/rations f e possible s\rce1 & give only ^? rules t pres5t practice deems correct4 ,b>l['s ,tables ( ,squ>es1 ,cubes1 ,squ>e ,roots1 ,cube ,roots1 ,reciprocals ( all ,integ] ,numb]s up to #aj1jjj4 ,po/ #hvo1 clo?1 #fs4 ,camus 7,m47 ,treatise on ! ,tee? ( ,:eels1 demon/rat+ ! be/ =ms :i* c be giv5 to !m = ! purposes ( ,ma*9]y1 su* z ,mill-"w & ,clock-"w1 & ! art ( f9d+ _! numb]s4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5*1 ) details ( ! pres5t practice ( ,millwrights1 ,eng9e ,mak]s1 & o!r ,ma*9i/s1 by ,,isaac ,,hawk9s4 ,?ird edition1 ) #ah plates1 #hvo1 clo?1 #es4 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,sci5ce ( ,l& & ,eng9e]+ ,survey+1 ,levell+1 ,e/imat+ ,quantities1 etc41 ) a g5]al description ( ! sev]al ,in/rum5ts requir$ = ,survey+1 ,levell+1 ,plott+1 etc4 ,by ,h4 ,s4 ,,m]rett4 ,?ird edition1 #da plates ) illu/rations & tables1 royal #hvo1 clo?1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,,pr9cipal ,,cont5ts3 ,"p #a4 ,introduction & ! ,pr9ciples ( ,geometry4 ,"p #b4 ,l& ,survey+2 compris+ ,g5]al ,obs]vations -- ,! ,*a9 -- ,(fsets ,survey+ by ! ,*a9 only -- ,survey+ ,hilly ,gr\nd -- ,to ,survey an ,e/ate or ,p>i% by ! ,*a9 only -- ,survey+ ) ! ,!odolite -- ,m9+ & ,t[n ,survey+ -- ,railroad ,survey+ -- ,mapp+ -- ,division & ,lay+ out ( ,l& -- ,obs]vations on ,enclosures -- ,plane ,trigonometry4 ,"p #c4 ,levell+ -- ,simple & ,comp\nd ,levell+ -- ,! ,level ,book -- ,p>liam5t>y ,plan & ,section -- ,levell+ ) a ,!odolite -- ,gradi5ts -- ,wood5 ,curves -- ,to ,lay out a ,railway ,curve -- ,sett+ out ,wid?s4 ,"p #d4 ,calculat+ ,quantities g5]ally = ,e/imates -- ,cutt+s & ,embankm5ts -- ,tunnels -- ,brickwork -- ,ironwork -- ,timb] ,measur+4 ,"p #e4 ,description & ,use ( ,in/rum5ts 9 ,survey+ & ,plott+ -- ,! ,improv$ ,dumpy ,level -- ,tr\ghton's ,level -- ,! ,prismatic ,compass -- ,proportional ,compass -- ,box ,sextant -- ,v]ni] -- ,pantagraph -- ,m]rett's ,improv$ ,quadrant -- ,improv$ ,computation ,scale -- ,! ,diagonal ,scale -- ,/raight ,edge & ,sector4 ,"p #f4 ,log>i?ms ( ,numb]s -- ,log>i?mic ,s9es & ,co-,s9es1 ,tang5ts & ,co-,tang5ts -- ,natural ,s9es & ,co-,s9es -- ,tables = ,e>?work1 = ,sett+ out ,curves1 & = v>i\s ,calculations1 etc41 etc41 etc4 ,saws3 ! ,hi/ory1 ,developm5t1 ,action1 ,classification1 & ,comp>ison ( ,saws ( all k9ds4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,grim%aw4 ,) #bbj illu/rations1 #dto1 clo?1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,a ,supplem5t to ! above2 conta9+ additional practical matt]1 m especially relat+ to ! =ms ( ,saw ,tee? = special mat]ial & conditions1 & to ! behavi\r ( ,saws "u p>ticul> conditions4 ,) #abj illu/rations1 clo?1 #is4 ,a ,guide = ! ,electric ,te/+ ( ,telegraph ,cables4 ,by ,capt4 ,v4 ,,hoski,r1 ,royal ,dani% ,eng9e]s4 ,) illu/rations1 second edition1 cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,lay+ & ,repair+ ,electric ,telegraph ,cables4 ,by ,capt4 ,v4 ,,hoski,r1 ,royal ,dani% ,eng9e]s4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,a ,pocket-,book ( ,practical ,rules = ! ,proportions ( ,mod]n ,eng9es & ,boil]s = ,l& & ,m>9e purposes4 ,by ,n4 ,p4 ,,burgh4 ,sev5? edition1 royal #cbmo1 roan1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,table ( ,log>i?ms ( ! ,natural ,numb]s1 f #a to #ajh1jjj4 ,by ,,*>les ,,babbage1 ,esq41 ,m4,a4 ,/]eotyp$ edition1 royal #hvo1 clo?1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,to ensure ! correctness ( ^! ,tables ( ,log>i?ms1 !y 7 comp>$ ) ,callett's1 ,vega's1 ,hutton's1 ,briggs'1 ,g>d9]'s1 & ,taylor's ,tables ( ,log>i?ms1 & c>efully read by n9e diff]5t read]s2 & fur!r1 to remove any possibility ( an error rema9+1 ! /]eotyp$ %eets 7 hung up 9 ! ,hall at ,cambridge ,univ]sity1 & a rew>d (f]$ to anyone :o c\ld f9d an inaccuracy4 ,s correct are ^! ,tables1 t s9ce _! fir/ issue 9 #ahbg no error has be5 discov]$4 ,! ,/eam ,eng9e consid]$ z a ,heat ,eng9e3 a ,treatise on ! ,!ory ( ! ,/eam ,eng9e1 illu/rat$ by ,diagrams1 ,tables1 & ,examples f ,practice4 ,by ,,jas4 ,h4 ,,cott]ill1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,pr(essor ( ,appli$ ,me*anics 9 ! ,royal ,naval ,college4 #hvo1 clo?1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,! ,practice ( ,h& ,turn+ 9 ,wood1 ,ivory1 ,%ell1 etc41 ) ,in/ructions = ,turn+ su* ,"w 9 ,metal z may be requir$ 9 ! ,practice ( ,turn+ 9 ,wood1 ,ivory1 etc42 also an ,app5dix on ,ornam5tal ,turn+4 7,a book = beg9n]s47 ,by ,,francis ,,camp94 ,second edition1 ) wood engrav+s1 cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #fs4 ,,cont5ts3 ,on ,la!s -- ,turn+ ,tools -- ,turn+ ,wood -- ,drill+ -- ,screw ,cutt+ -- ,miscellane\s ,app>atus & ,processes -- ,turn+ ,p>ticul> ,=ms -- ,/a9+ -- ,poli%+ -- ,sp9n+ ,metals -- ,mat]ials -- ,ornam5tal ,turn+1 etc4 ,heal? & ,com=t 9 ,h\se ,build+1 or ,v5tilation ) ,w>m ,air by ,self-,act+ ,suction ,p[]1 ) ,review ( ! mode ( ,calculat+ ! ,draught 9 ,hot-,air ,flues1 & ) "s actual ,exp]im5ts4 ,by ,j4 ,,drysdale1 ,m4,d41 & ,j4 ,w4 ,,hayw>d1 ,m4,d4 ,second edition1 ) ,supplem5t1 ) plates1 demy #hvo1 clo?1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,treatise on ,wat*work1 ,pa/ & ,pres5t4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,l4 ,,nel?ropp1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,) #cb illu/rations1 cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #fs4 #f;d4 ,,cont5ts3 ,def9itions ( ,words & ,t]ms us$ 9 ,wat*work -- ,tools -- ,"t -- ,hi/orical ,summ>y -- ,on ,calculations ( ! ,numb]s = ,:eels & ,p9ions2 _! ,proportional ,sizes1 ,tra9s1 etc4 -- ,( ,dial ,:eels1 or ,motion ,"w -- ,l5g? ( ,"t ( ,go+ )\t ,w9d+ up -- ,! ,v]ge -- ,! ,horizontal -- ,! ,duplex -- ,! ,lev] -- ,! ,*ronomet] -- ,repeat+ ,wat*es -- ,keyless ,wat*es -- ,! ,p5dulum1 or ,spiral ,spr+ -- ,comp5sation -- ,jewell+ ( ,pivot ,holes -- ,cl]k5well -- ,fallacies ( ! ,trade -- ,incapacity ( ,workm5 -- ,h[ to ,*oose & ,use a ,wat*1 etc4 ,spons' ,eng9e]s' & ,contractors' ,illu/rat$ ,book ( ,prices ( ,ma*9es1 ,tools1 ,ironwork1 & ,contractors' ,mat]ial2 & ,eng9e]s' ,directory4 ,?ird edition1 #dto1 clo?1 #fs4 ,algebra ,self-,taught4 ,by ,w4 ,p4 ,,higgs1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,sc41 ,,ll4,d41 ,assoc4 ,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,au?or ( #8,a ,h&book ( ! ,diff]5tial ,calculus1' etc4 ,second edition1 cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,cont5ts3 ,symbols & ! ,signs ( ,op]ation -- ,! ,equation & ! ,unkn[n ,quantity -- ,positive & ,negative ,quantities -- ,multiplication -- ,involution -- ,expon5ts -- ,negative ,expon5ts -- ,roots1 & ! ,use ( ,expon5ts z ,log>i?ms -- ,log>i?ms -- ,tables ( ,log>i?ms & ,proportionate ,p>ts -- ,trans=mation ( ,sy/em ( ,log>i?ms -- ,common ,uses ( ,common ,log>i?ms -- ,comp\nd ,multiplication & ! ,b9omial ,!orem -- ,division1 ,fractions1 & ,ratio -- ,cont9u$ ,proportion -- ,! ,s]ies & ! ,summation ( ! ,s]ies -- ,limit ( ,s]ies -- ,squ>e & ,cube ,roots -- ,equations -- ,li/ ( ,=mul1 etc4 ,,j ,,publi%$4 ,9 sup]-royal #hvo1 #aafh pp41 ) #bdjj illu/rations1 9 #c ,divisions1 clo?1 price #acs4 #f;d4 ea*2 or #a vol41 clo?1 #bl42 or half-morocco1 #bl4 #hs4 ,a ,,supplem5t ,,to ,,spons' ,,diction>y ,,( ,,eng9e]+1 ,civil1 ,me*anical1 ,milit>y1 & ,naval4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,,erne/ ,,spon1 ,,memb4 ,,soc4 ,,eng9e]s4 ,! success :i* has att5d$ ! publication ( #8,,spons' ,,diction>y ,,( ,,eng9e]+' has enc\rag$ ! ,publi%]s to use e ef=t t5d+ to keep ! "w up to ! /&>d ( exi/+ pr(essional k4 ,z ! ,book has n[ be5 "s ye>s be=e ! public )\t addition or revision1 !re are _m subjects ( importance :i*1 ( necessity1 are ei!r n includ$ 9 its pages1 or h be5 treat$ some:at less fully ?an _! pres5t importance dem&s4 ,) ! object1 !re=e1 ( rem$y+ ^! omissions1 ?is ,supplem5t is n[ be+ issu$4 ,ea* subject 9 x is treat$ 9 a ?or\ghly compreh5sive way2 b1 ( c\rse1 )\t repeat+ ! in=mation already includ$ 9 ! body ( ! "w4 ,! new matt] comprises articles ^u ,abacus1 ,c\nt]s1 ,spe$ ,indicators1 & ,slide ,rule4 ,agricultural ,implem5ts & ,ma*9]y4 ,air ,compressors4 ,animal ,*>coal ,ma*9]y4 ,antimony4 ,axles & ,axle-boxes4 ,b>n ,ma*9]y4 ,belts & ,belt+4 ,bla/+4 ,boil]s4 ,brakes4 ,brick ,ma*9]y4 ,bridges4 ,cages = ,m9es4 ,calculus1 ,diff]5tial & ,integral4 ,canals4 ,c>p5try4 ,ca/ ,iron4 ,cem5t1 ,concrete1 ,limes1 & ,mort>4 ,*imney ,%afts4 ,coal ,cleans+ & ,wa%+4 ,coal ,m9+4 ,coal ,cutt+ ,ma*9es4 ,coke ,ov5s4 ,copp]4 ,docks4 ,dra9age4 ,dr$g+ ,ma*9]y4 ,dynamo--,electric & ,magneto-,electric ,ma*9es4 ,dynamomet]s4 ,electrical ,eng9e]+1 ,telegraphy1 ,electric ,light+ & its practical details1 ,telephones4 ,eng9es1 ,v>ieties (4 ,explosives4 ,fans4 ,f\nd+1 ,m\ld+ & ! practical "w ( ! ,f\ndry4 ,gas1 ,manufacture (4 ,hamm]s1 ,/eam & o!r ,p[]4 ,heat4 ,horse ,p[]4 ,hydraulics4 ,hydro-geology4 ,indicators4 ,iron4 ,lifts1 ,hoi/s1 & ,elevators4 ,ligh?\ses1 ,buoys1 & ,beacons4 ,ma*9e ,tools4 ,mat]ials ( ,con/ruction4 ,met]s4 ,ores1 ,ma*9]y & ,processes employ$ to ,dress4 ,pi]s4 ,pile ,driv+4 ,pneumatic ,transmission4 ,pumps4 ,pyromet]s4 ,road ,locomotives4 ,rock ,drills4 ,roll+ ,/ock4 ,sanit>y ,eng9e]+4 ,%aft+4 ,/eel4 ,/eam ,navvy4 ,/one ,ma*9]y4 ,tramways4 ,well ,s9k+4 ,,n[ ,,complete4 ,) ne>ly #aejj illu/rations1 9 sup]-royal #hvo1 9 #e ,divisions1 clo?4 ,divisions #a to #d1 #acs4 #f;d4 ea*2 ,division #e1 #ags4 #f;d42 or #b vols41 clo?1 #c #ajs4 ,,spons' ,,encyclop,,dia ,,( ,,! ,,indu/rial ,,arts1 ,,manufactures1 ,,& ,,comm]cial ,,products4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,c4 ,g4 ,,w>n=d ,,lock1 ,f4,l4,s4 ,among ! m important ( ! subjects treat$ (1 are ! foll[+3-- ,acids1 #bjg pp4 #bbj figs4 ,alcohol1 #bc pp4 #af figs4 ,alcoholic ,liquors1 #ac pp4 ,alkalies1 #hi pp4 #gh figs4 ,alloys4 ,alum4 ,asphalt4 ,assay+4 ,bev]ages1 #hi pp4 #bi figs4 ,blacks4 ,blea*+ ,p[d]1 #ae pp4 ,blea*+1 #ea pp4 #dh figs4 ,c&les1 #ah pp4 #i figs4 ,c>bon ,bisulphide4 ,celluloid1 #i pp4 ,cem5ts4 ,clay4 ,coal-t> ,products1 #dd pp4 #ad figs4 ,cocoa1 #h pp4 ,c(fee1 #cb pp4 #ac figs4 ,cork1 #h pp4 #ag figs4 ,cotton ,manufactures1 #fb pp4 #eg figs4 ,drugs1 #ch pp4 ,dye+ & ,calico ,pr9t+1 #bh pp4 #i figs4 ,dye/uffs1 #af pp4 ,electro-,metallurgy1 #ac pp4 ,explosives1 #bb pp4 #cc figs4 ,fea!rs4 ,fibr\s ,sub/ances1 #ib pp4 #gi figs4 ,floor-clo?1 #af pp4 #ba figs4 ,food ,pres]vation1 #h pp4 ,fruit1 #h pp4 ,fur1 #e pp4 ,gas1 ,coal1 #h pp4 ,gems4 ,glass1 #de pp4 #gg figs4 ,graphite1 #g pp4 ,hair1 #g pp4 ,hair ,manufactures4 ,hats1 #bf pp4 #bf figs4 ,honey4 ,hops4 ,horn4 ,ice1 #aj pp4 #ad figs4 ,indi>ubb] ,manufactures1 #bc pp4 #ag figs4 ,ink1 #ag pp4 ,ivory4 ,jute ,manufactures1 #aa pp41 #aa figs4 ,knitt$ ,fabrics--,hosi]y1 #ae pp4 #ac figs4 ,lace1 #ac pp4 #i figs4 ,lea!r1 #bh pp4 #ca figs4 ,l95 ,manufactures1 #af pp4 #f figs4 ,manures1 #ba pp4 #cj figs4 ,mat*es1 #ag pp4 #ch figs4 ,mordants1 #ac pp4 ,n>cotics1 #dg pp4 ,nuts1 #aj pp4 ,oils & ,fatty ,sub/ances1 #abe pp4 ,pa9t4 ,pap]1 #bf pp4 #bc figs4 ,p>aff91 #h pp4 #f figs4 ,pe>l & ,coral1 #h pp4 ,p]fumes1 #aj pp4 ,photography1 #ac pp4 #bj figs4 ,pigm5ts1 #i pp4 #f figs4 ,pott]y1 #df pp4 #eg figs4 ,pr9t+ & ,engrav+1 #bj pp4 #h figs4 ,rags4 ,res9\s & ,gummy ,sub/ances1 #ge pp4 #af figs4 ,rope1 #af pp4 #ag figs4 ,salt1 #ca pp4 #bc figs4 ,silk1 #h pp4 ,silk ,manufactures1 #i pp4 #aa figs4 ,sk9s1 #e pp4 ,small ,w>es1 #d pp4 ,soap & ,glyc]9e1 #ci pp4 #de figs4 ,spices1 #af pp4 ,sponge1 #e pp4 ,/>*1 #i pp4 #aj figs4 ,sug>1 #aee pp4 #acd figs4 ,sulphur4 ,tann91 #ah pp4 ,tea1 #ab pp4 ,timb]1 #ac pp4 ,v>ni%1 #ae pp4 ,v9eg>1 #e pp4 ,wax1 #e pp4 ,wool1 #b pp4 ,wooll5 ,manufactures1 #eh pp4 #ci figs4 ,london3 ,e4 ,f4 ,n4 ,,spon1 #af1 ,*>+ ,cross4 ,new ,york3 #dd1 ,murray ,/reet4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,dep5d+ on ! h>d- & s(tw>e us$ & _! sett+s1 n all elem5ts may display z int5d$2 "s ( ! l>g] tables are be/ view$ on a wide scre5 9 a wide w9d[4 ,inconsi/5t spell+1 hyph5ation1 lay-out & use ( acc5ts & ?\s&s sep>ators h be5 reta9$ except z li/$ bel[4 ,! 7inconsi/5t7 use ( spaces1 und]scores1 hyph5s etc4 to indicate blanks :]e names1 data etc4 ne$ to be ins]t$ has n be5 /&>dis$4 page #d1 ,dr4 ,ackl&3 possibly ,h5ry ,acl&4 page #acg1 #hee dcic>cel-cubes3 probably ! decimal po9t is miss+4 page #cgb1 ,ranson's3 %\ld possibly be ,ransom's 7cf4 ,table ( ,cont5ts7 or vice v]sa4 ,index3 n all items are giv5 9 alphabetical ord]1 ?is has n be5 correct$4 ,*anges made3 ,footnotes h be5 mov$ to ! end ( ea* *apt]4 ,"s obvi\s m9or punctuation & typographical errors h be5 correct$ sil5tly4 ,vide has be5 /&>dis$ to ,vide4 ,"s tables h be5 re-arrang$ or split to fit ! available space4 page xv3 ,lei*5haus] *ang$ to ,lei*5haus page #a3 c4 #fc s4 #cg *ang$ to c4 #fc s4 #cg page #ad3 clos+ quotes remov$ f aft] 444 in/ructions !reon4 page #af3 op5+ quotes remov$ f be=e ,syllabus ( ,subjects 444 page #ch3 clos+ quote remov$ f aft] 444 f9i%$ pavem5t4 page #eb3 ,ellisons *ang$ to ,ellison's page #he1 footnote #gc3 ,h5ry ,allnut *ang$ to ,h5ry ,allnutt page #ic3 #e #j *ang$ to #ej page #acg3 dcic>cel-tubes *ang$ to dcic>cel-cubes page #afd3 clos+ quote remov$ f aft] 444 is brok5 up4 page #ahd3 nor exce$+ *ang$ to n exce$+ page #bcc3 depot *ang$ to dept z else:]e page #bdg1 footnote #agb3 ,beaum *ang$ to ,baum page #cbb3 ,oilantus *ang$ to ,ailantus page #ccd3 7#b47 add$ be=e ,! 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