,,section-,,cutt+3 ,a ,,practical ,,guide ,,to ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,& ,,m\nt+ ,,( ,,sections ,,= ,,! ,,microscope1 ,,special ,,prom95ce ,,be+ ,,giv5 ,,to ,,! ,,subject ,,( ,,animal ,,sections4 ,,by ,,dr4 ,,sylve/] ,,m>%4 ,,) ,,illu/rations4 ,,repr9t$ ,,f ,,! ,,london ,,edition1 ,,) ,,notes ,,& ,,an ,,app5dix ,,on ,,! ,,selection ,,& ,,c>e ,,( ,,section ,,knives4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,indu/rial ,,publication ,,company4 #ahgi4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,preface4 ,if we glance at any ( ! num]\s magaz9es devot$ ei!r :olly or 9 "p to ! subject ( microscopy1 we %all h>dly fail to be /ruck ) ! num]\s qu]ies relat+ to ,,section-,,cutt+1 :i* are to be f\nd 9 its pages4 ,a simple explanation ( ?is wide-spread want is af=d$ by ! fact t ! use ( ! microscope has at ! pres5t day ext5d$ to 7& is /ill rapidly spread+ among/7 va/ numb]s ( /ud5ts1 :o1 9 _m in/ances1 possess nei!r ! leisure nor ! means to ref] = in=mation to l>ge & exp5sive text-books4 ,moreov]1 7 !y actually to consult su* works1 !y w\ld practically fail to obta9 ! in=mation ( :i* !y are 9 ne$1 = ! covet$ in/ruction is to be f\nd 9 ^? treatises only 9 a scatt]$ & fragm5t>y =m--no "w ) :i* we are acqua9t$ treat+ ( ! subject 9 any?+ l a detail$ mann]4 ,to fill ?is vacuum 9 ! lit]ature ( microscopy ! pres5t manualette has be5 prep>$4 ,little claim is made to orig9ality1 yet ! book is by no means a m]e compilation1 b ! outcome ( long & ext5sive p]sonal exp]i5ce 9 ! cutt+ & m\nt+ ( microscopical sections4 ,e process describ$ has be5 put to ! te/ ( actual trial1 s t its wor? may confid5tly be dep5d$ ^u4 ,_m ( ! little po9ts insi/$ ^u 9 ! ensu+ pages w d\btless to ! practis$ microscopi/ appe> sup]flu\s or ev5 pu]ile2 b a vivid recollection ( our own e>ly failures & disappo9tm5ts assures u t x is j ^! v m9uti ( detail :i* w be f\nd mo/ s]viceable 9 direct+ & su/a9+ ! falt]+ foot/eps ( ! tyro4 ,,/4 ,,hel5s1 ,septemb]1 #ahgh4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,preface ,,to ,,am]ican ,,edition4 -------------- ,dr4 ,m>%'s book _c fail to promote ! practical /udy ( hi/ology :]ev] ! ,engli% language is spok51 & "u ord9>y circum/ances ! /ud5ts ( ?is c\ntry might h be5 left to ! use ( ! ,london edition4 ,b a c>eful read+ %[$ t "o or two po9ts :i* are p]fectly cle> to ,briti% read]s might be a s\rce ( d\bt & difficulty to /ud5ts on ?is side4 ,at ! pres5t day 9 ?is c\ntry hi/ology is a favorite /udy ) v _m private /ud5ts :o h no access to tea*]s or l>ge libr>ies1 & = ! purpose ( smoo?+ _! pa? we h add$ su* in=mation z 0 obvi\sly desirable4 ,9 ! hope t ^! additions w prove ( value1 we submit ! book to ,am]ican read]s4 ,,new ,,york1 ,janu>y1 #ahgi4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,cont5ts4 ------- ,,"p ,i4 ,introduction #aa ,on ,cutt+ ,unprep>$ ,vegetable ,tissues #ab ,on ,cutt+ ,unprep>$ ,animal ,tissues #ac ,prep>ation ( ,vegetable ,tissues #ae ,prep>ation ( ,animal ,tissues #af ,special ,me?ods ( ,h>d5+ #ai ,cutt+ ,h>d5$ ,tissues by ,h& #ai ,microtome #bj !r ,microtome #bd ,section-,knife #bd ,imb$d+ 9 ,p>aff9e = ,microtome #bf ,employm5t ( ,microtome #bi ,/a9+ ,ag5ts #ca ,c>m9e ,/a9+ #cb ,m\nt+ ,m$ia #cf ,m\nt+ 9 ,glyc]9e #ch ,uses ( ,freez+ ,microtome #db ,employm5t ( ,freez+ ,microtome #dc ,logwood ,/a9+ #dg ,absolute ,alcohol #ej ,clove ,oil #ea ,canada ,balsam #ea ,m\nt+ 9 ,balsam #ec ,f9i%+ ! ,slide #ee ,,"p ,,ii4 ,special ,me?ods #eg ,bone #eg ,bra9 #ei ,c>tilage #fj ,c(fee ,b]ry #fb ,fat #fc ,hair #fc ,horn1 etc4 #fd ,inte/9e #fd ,liv] #fe ,lung #fe ,muscle #ff ,orange-peel #fg ,ov>y #fg ,porcup9e ,quill #fg ,potato #fg ,ru% #fh ,sk9 #fh ,sp9al ,cord #fi ,sponge #ga ,/oma* #ga ,tongue #ga ,vegetable ,ivory #gb ,wood #gb ,note ,a1 #ge ,note ,b1 #ge ,note ,c1 #gf ,note ,d1 #gf ,note ,e1 #gf ,note ,f1 #gg ,note ,g1 #gg ,note ,h1 #ic ,note ,i1 #id ,index ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,section-,,cutt+4 -------------- ,,"p ,i4 #a4 ,introduction4--,_m ( ! mo/ int]e/+ objects ) :i* ! microscopi/ has to deal1 _c be made to reveal _! beauty or m9ute /ructure until !y h be5 cut into slices or sections1 ( su* a degree ( ?9ness z to r5d] !m transp>5t1 & ?us p]mit ( _! exam9ation by transmitt$ light1 ) objectives ( v>y+ p[]4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 v few ( ! objects ( ?is class are1 9 _! natural condition1 9 a suitable /ate to be submitt$ to ?is me?od ( proc$ure4 ,"s are ( su* a s(t & yield+ nature t any attempt to cut !m is an utt] failure1 = 9 place ( a p]fect section be+ obta9$1 no?+ rema9s ^u ! knife b a mass ( difflu5t pulp2 o!rs1 aga91 are ( su* d5sity z to resi/ ! action ( any cutt+ in/rum5t4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t no?+ c be done ) su* refractory mat]ials until1 by subjection to appropriate me?ods ( prep>ation1 !y %all h be5 r$uc$ to su* a consi/5ce z to r5d] !m suitable = cutt+4 ,h[ ?is is to be accompli%$ w dep5d entirely ^u ! physical & *emical nature ( ! sub/ance to be op]at$ ^u4 ,z ! v>i\s objects diff] s widely f ea* o!r 9 ^! respects1 s mu/ ! me?ods ( prep>ation suitable to ea* also v>y4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t no g5]al directions = atta9+ ?is end c be giv5 :i* w\ld be ( any practical value4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 & v conv5i5t1 to arrange ! v>i\s objects into gr\ps or classes1 to ! treatm5t ( ea* ( :i* c]ta9 g5]al rules are applicable2 b !re w /ill rema9 a comp>atively num]\s s]ies ( objects ^: individual peculi>ities ( /ructure w dem& = !m correspond+ly special me?ods ( prep>ation4 ,:5 su* objects come to be spok5 (1 ! p>ticul> treatm5t mo/ suitable to ea* w also be notic$4 #b4 ,on ,cutt+ unprep>$ ,vegetable ,tissues4--,!re are "s few sub/ances1 h[ev]1 :i* may ) m or less success be cut into sections :il/ 9 _! natural condition4 ,su* objects are to be f\nd 9 ! vegetable _w 9 c]ta9 k9ds ( leaves & alli$ /ructures1 :il/ 9 ! animal k+dom !y are pr9cipally repres5t$ by ! v>i\s int]nal organs ( man & ! l[] animals4 ,special directions are giv5 9 text-books = ! prep>ation ( sections ( leaves & simil> sub/ances4 ,= in/ance1 x is recomm5d$ to lay ! leaf1 etc41 on a piece ( f9e cork1 & ) a %>p knife to %ave (f ?9 slices1 cutt+ d[n ^u ! cork4 ,ano!r plan is to place ! leaf1 etc41 betwe5 two ?9 lay]s ( cork1 & cut ?r\gh ! mass4 ,no me?od1 h[ev]1 is at once s simple & successful z ! process ( imb$d+ 9 p>aff9e4 ,to d ?is1 x is necess>y to make a pap] m\ld by twi/+ a /rip ( /\t writ+ pap] r\nd a rul]1 & turn+-9 ! pap] ov] ! end ( ! rul]4 ,?is m\ld1 ! height ( :i* may v>y f an in* to an in* & a half1 %\ld n[ be ab\t half fill$ ) melt$ p>aff9e mixture 7 #aa71 ! leaf or o!r object plung$ into x1 & held 9 position by small =ceps till ! p>aff9e has become suffici5tly solidifi$ to yield x a support4 ,m ( ! p>aff9e mixture is n[ p\r$ 9 until ! specim5 is ?or\ghly imb$d$2 ! :ole is to be put away 9 a cold place = an h\r or s1 :5 ! mass w be f\nd suffici5tly firm to be cut ) ease4 ,sections may be made ) a razor kept con/antly wett$ ) wat]1 or1 if ! pres]vation ( col\r be no object1 me?ylat$ _s may be employ$ = ! purpose4 ,z ! subsequ5t treatm5t ( su* sections 9 no wise diff]s f t requir$ by ^? cut 9 ! microtome1 we %all def] its consid]ation until t me?od ( section has be5 describ$ 7 #ab74 #c4 ,on ,cutt+ unprep>$ ,animal ,tissues4--,= ! cutt+ ( fre% animal tissues sev]al plans may be foll[$4 ,?us1 if a section ( only v limit$ area be requir$1 x may be obta9$ by snipp+ a piece (f ! tissue ) a pair ( b5t scissors1 :i*1 = ?is purpose1 are s made t ! blades are curv$ on ! flat 7,c>p5t]74 ,if ?is be c>efully p]=m$ x w be f\nd t a l>ge portion ( ! section 7p>ticul>ly at ! circumf]5ce7 s obta9$ w be suffici5tly ?9 = exam9ation4 ,if a l>g] section be desir$1 an attempt may be made to cut x ) a v %>p scalpel or razor1 ! blade ( :i* :il/ 9 use mu/ be kept flood$ ) wat]1 or _s1 ! latt] ( :i* is to be pref]r$4 ,rec\rse may also be _h to ,val5t9's knife4 ,?is consi/s ( two long1 n>r[ blades1 runn+ p>allel to ea* o!r1 ! di/ance at :i* ! blades are held ap>t1 & :i*1 ( c\rse1 det]m9es ! ?ickness ( ! section1 be+ regulat$ by means ( a f9e screw pass+ ?r\gh bo? blades4 ,a mill$ head atta*$ to ?is screw gives a ready means ( op5+ or clos+ ! blades1 s z to br+ !m to ! desir$ degree ( approximation4 ,! me?od ( us+ ! knife is v simple4 ,aft] hav+ 8set0 ! blades at ! desir$ di/ance ap>t by means ( ! mill$ head1 ! tissue to be cut is held 9 ! left h& imm]s$ 9 a bas9 ( wat]4 ,! knife is n[ /eadily & ) a rapid motion drawn ?r\gh ! tissue1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! cut is made 9 su* a mann] t ! blades move f heel to po9t4 ,by slightly sep>at+ ! blades & g5tly %ak+ !m 9 ! wat]1 ! section at once becomes dis5gag$4 ,aft] use1 ! blades mu/ be ?or\ghly dri$1 :5 !y may be sme>$ ) "s oil :i* does n readily oxidize4 ,= ?is purpose1 a v suitable oil is t kn[n z 8,rangoon40#a ,?\gh x has be5 deem$ advisable briefly to describe ! prec$+ me?ods ( cutt+ unh>d5$ tissues1 x w be f\nd t = ! purposes ( ! ord9>y microscopical /ud5t sections s obta9$ are ( v little value4 ,!y are always ( v limit$ dim5sions1 seldom ( uni=m ?ickness1 & (t5 s extremely friable z to r5d] x v difficult & frequ5tly impossible to submit !m ) safety to su* fur!r treatm5t z is necess>y to fit !m = be+ m\nt$ z p]man5t objects4 ,?is me?od ( section-cutt+1 h[ev]1 is n )\t its uses1 = by its means ! m$ical practition] is provid$ ) a simple & ready me?od ( r\ghly inve/igat+ ! /ructure ( morbid tissues1 :il/ to ! g5]al /ud5t x furni%es an easy means ( mak+ a cursory exam9ation ( c]ta9 sub/ances1 9 ord] t he may det]m9e :e!r x be wor? 8 :ile to subject !m to "s ( ^? v>i\s processes ( h>d5+ h]eaft] to be describ$4 ,footnote #a3 ,note ,a4 #d4 ,prep>ation ( ,vegetable ,tissues4--,let u n[ pass to a brief consid]ation ( ! me?ods usually adopt$ = prep>+ ! v>i\s objects = easy section4 ,9 ! case ( vegetable tissues1 n only d we1 z a rule1 f9d _! texture ( too great d5sity to be readily cut 9 _! natural condition1 b !y also conta9 mu* res9\s & />*y matt]1 ( :i* x is highly desirable to get rid4 ,9 ord] to d ?is we fir/ cut ! sub/ance 7say a /em or root7 into small pieces1 :i* are to be plac$ 9 wat] = ?ree or f\r days1 by :i* "t all ! soluble gummy matt]s w h disappe>$4 ,! pieces are n[ transf]r$ to a wide-neck$ bottle1 conta9+ me?ylat$ _s1#b :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( a few days1 w dissolve out all ! res91 etc4 ,_m k9ds ( woody tissue are by ^! processes r$uc$ to a fit condition = imm$iate cutt+2 o!rs1 h[ev]1 are s h>d z to r5d] x necess>y to give !m ano!r soak+ = "s h\rs 9 wat]1 to br+ !m to a suffici5t degree ( s(tness to cut easily4 ,if ! wood 7z 9 "s few refractory cases w happ57 be /ill too h>d = section1 a %ort imm]sion 9 w>m1 or if necess>y1 9 boil+ wat]1 w n fail effectually to s(t5 x4 ,! treatm5t ( su* memb]s ( ! vegetable division z require peculi> me?ods1 w be f\nd describ$ 9 future pages4 ,footnote #b3 ,note ,b4 #e4 ,prep>ation ( ,animal ,tissues4--,animal tissues diff] f "o ano!r s greatly1 bo? 9 consi/5ce & 9 *emical composition1 z well z 9 _! degree ( natural h>dness1 t no g5]al rules c be giv5 :i* w\ld be applicable to ! prep>ation ( ! :ole class4 ,su* z are ( any consid]able degree ( h>dness1 z horn & k9dr$ /ructures1 mu/ be treat$ mu* 9 ! same mann] z ! d5s] v>ieties ( wood1 viz41 by m or less prolong$ imm]sion 9 wat]--cold1 hot1 or boil+4 ,^? :i* are ( extreme h>dness1 z bones & tee?1 c be cut only by foll[+ c]ta9 special me?ods1 full details ( :i* w be f\nd 9 ! ,second ,"p ( ?is "w 7 #bf74 ,_m1 & inde$ ! va/ majority ( animal tissues1 (f] a direct contra/ 9 po9t ( h>dness to ^? we h j be5 consid]+4 ,all ! int]nal organs ( ! body are1 :5 fre%ly remov$1 ( mu* too s(t a nature to p]mit1 :5 9 _! unprep>$ condition1 ( easy or p]fect cutt+4 ,x is ^u br++ !m to t critical degree ( h>dness1 :i* is (t5 s difficult to atta91 t ! *ief secret ( successful section-cutt+ dep5ds2 = unless ! h>d5+ process has be5 c>ri$ up to1 b n beyond1 a giv5 po9t1 :i* v>ies ) diff]5t tissues1 ! op]ator1 h[ev] dext]\s1 w fail to obta9 satisfactory sections4 ,=1 if ! h>d5+ has fall5 %ort ( ?is critical po9t1 he is1 to "s ext5t1 9 ! same position z if he 7 deal+ ) unh>d5$ tissues2 :il/1 if ?is po9t has be5 exce$$1 ! tissue w h become s brittle z to crumble be=e ! knife4 ,= ! purpose ( h>d5+ animal tissues1 ! /ud5t has at 8 comm& two pr9cipal ag5ts1 namely1 alcohol & *romic acid1 ea* ( :i* possesses advantages ( its own1 b ! use ( ea* ( :i* is also att5d$ by its own inconv5i5ces4 ,?us1 by ! use ( alcohol1 !re is v mu* less risk ( ov]h>d5+ ! specim5 ?an if *romic acid _h be5 employ$4 ,alcohol1 h[ev]1 ?\gh a capital indurat+ ag5t 9 "s in/ances1 does n answ] s well 9 _m o!rs4 ,*romic acid is1 !re=e1 to be pref]r$ = g5]al use4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a v delicate ag5t to manage1 = unless ! greate/ c>e be tak5 x is exce$+ly likely to ov]h>d5 tissues submitt$ to its action1 & :5 ?is happ5s ! specim5 becomes utt]ly useless = cutt+1 z !re is no kn[n means ( remov+ ! extreme brittl5ess :i* x has acquir$4 ,by tak+ ! precautions n[ to be giv51 ?is ov]h>d5+ may g5]ally be avoid$4 ,let u h>d5 a portion ( "s viscus1 say ! kidney1 = in/ance4 ,suppose we cut f ! organ five or six small pieces 7f half to ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* squ>e1 n l>g]74 ,^! mu/ be plac$ 9 a mixture ( equal p>ts ( me?ylat$ _s & wat] = ?ree days1 at ! end ( :i* p]iod !y may be transf]r$ to a solution ( *romic acid1 made by dissolv+ tw5ty gra9s ( ! pure acid 9 sixte5 ounces ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,! solution %\ld be kept 9 a wide-neck$ bottle furni%$ ) a glass /opp]4 ,at ! expiration ( sev5 days1 p\r (f ! solution & replace x by fre%4 ,at ! end ( ano!r week1 c>efully exam9e ! imm]s$ tissues1 & by means ( a %>p razor see if !y h acquir$ ! necess>y degree ( h>dness to all[ ( a section ( mod]ate ?9ness be+ made4 ,if s1 remove ! pieces & put !m into a /opp]$ bottle conta9+ f six to eight ounces ( me?ylat$ _s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! h>d5+ be f\nd n to be suffici5tly advanc$1 ! *romic acid solution is to be p\r$ (f & aga9 replac$ by fre%4 ,x w n[ be necess>y to exam9e ! tissues at int]vals ( ab\t two days1 until !y are f\nd to be suffici5tly h>d1 :5 !y mu/ be transf]r$ to ! _s4 ,"u no circum/ances1 h[ev]1 %\ld !y be p]mitt$ to rema9 9 ! *romic acid long] ?an ! end ( ! ?ird week1 & ?\gh !y %\ld at ?is "t appe> n to h und]gone suffici5t induration1 yet x w be advisable to transf] !m to ! me?ylat$ _s1 :i* 9 a %ort "t w safely complete ! process ( h>d5+1 )\t any risk be+ run ( ! tissue becom+ ru9\sly brittle4 ,x w be notic$1 t :5 ! specim5s h be5 transf]r$ to _s1 ! latt] w 9 a day or two become ( a deep yell[ color1 :il/ a ?ick floccul5t deposit falls to ! bottom ( ! bottle4 ,! tissues %\ld !n be remov$1 ! bottle empti$ & well wa%$1 &1 be+ refill$ ) clean _s1 ! prep>ations are aga9 to be replac$4 ,?is may occasionally be repeat$1 until ! _s becomes & rema9s p]fectly bright & cle>4 ,! specim5s are !n ready = section4 #f4 ,special ,me?ods ( ,h>d5+4--,! bra9 7 #bg71 sp9al cord 7 #dc71 liv] 7 #cd71 & sev]al o!r organs1 etc41 require special me?ods ( h>d5+1 details ( :i* w be f\nd 9 ! p>agraph devot$ to ea*4 ,9 ! case ( inject$ prep>ations1 ! be/ plan is to h>d5 !m 9 alcohol f ! outset1 beg9n+ ) weak _s1 & gradually increas+ ! /r5g? z ! h>d5+ proce$s4 ,:5 ! object has be5 inject$ ) ,prussian blue1 a few drops ( hydro*loric acid %\ld be add$ to ! alcohol to fix ! color4 ,x may "h be obs]v$1 t specim5s ( morbid tissues require1 z a g5]al rule1 a %ort] imm]sion 9 *romic acid solution ?an heal?y tissues d4 ,a v small degree ( ov]h>d5+ spe$ily r5d]s !m brittle & useless4 ,!y %\ld1 !re=e1 be remov$ f ! acid m$ium at ! end ( t5 days or a =tnight1 & _! fur!r h>d5+ c>ri$ on by means ( alcohol4 #g4 ,cutt+ ,h>d5$ ,tissues by ,h&4--,our mat]ial be+ n[ r$uc$ to a fit condition = cutt+1 let u proce$ to consid] ! sev]al me?ods by :i* ?is may be effect$4 ,! readie/ & mo/ simple plan1 if ! piece be l>ge en\gh1 is to hold x 9 ! left h&1 &1 hav+ br\ght ! surface to a p]fect level by cutt+ (f sev]al r ?ick slices1 endeavor to cut a ?9 section by ! aid ( a v %>p razor1 ! blade ( :i* mu/ be kept well flood$ ) _s4 ,z 9 ! use ( ,val5t9's knife1 s "h1 great c>e mu/ be tak5 /eadily to draw ! blade across ! tissue1 e ef=t be+ made to avoid pu%+ ! knife1 else ! section w be torn (f1 in/ead ( be+ cut4 ,?\gh ?is me?od#c is ( v great importance = _m purposes1 yet a consid]able degree ( manipulative skill is requir$ to enable ! op]ator to obta9 any?+ l p]fect sections by its means1 &1 un=tunately1 ?is skill is acquir$ by v few p]sons inde$1 ev5 aft] mu* practice4 ,if ! piece :i* x is desir$ to cut be too small to be conv5i5tly held 9 ! h&1 x may be imb$d$ 9 p>aff9e 9 ! mann] already describ$ 7 #c74 ,a v simple imb$d+ ag5t1 & "o ( ! greate/ practical value1 is a /rong solution ( gum arabic1 :i*1 ^u be+ dehydrat$ ei!r by ord9>y dry+ or ! action ( alcohol1 soon acquires su* a degree ( h>dness z to p]mit x 7) ! imb$d$ tissue7 to be cut ) ease4 ,z ?is me?od ( imb$d+1 h[ev]1 is mo/ frequ5tly resort$ to :]e1 by its means1 special difficulties h to be ov]come1 a full description ( ! process 7 #ce7 w be def]r$ until su* special cases come to be spok5 (4 ,footnote #c3 ,note ,c4 #h4 ,microtome4--,al?\gh ! prec$+ plans may be suffici5t to answ] all 8 requirem5ts1 if ! /ud5t wi%es to obta9 only "o or two sections ( small dim5sions1 ( a giv5 object1 if he requires a numb] ( su* sections he w f9d ^! me?ods fail him1 = ev5 ?\gh by practice he may h atta9$ to consid]able aptitude 9 ! use ( ! knife1 x w /ill unque/ionably happ5 t ! va/ majority ( 8 sections w be m or less imp]fect4 ,if1 !re=e1 x be desir$ to procure a numb] ( p]fect sections1 ( equable ?ickness & l>ge area1 x is absolutely necess>y to resort to ! use ( "s =m or o!r ( microtome1 or section-cutt]4 ,?is in/rum5t1 9 its simple/ =m1 m]ely consi/s ( a /\t brass tube clos$ at "o end1 & be+ by ! o!r fix$ at "r angles into a smoo? plate ( metal4 ,a plug or disk ( brass1 accurately fitt+ ! int]ior ( ! tube1 is act$ ^u by a f9e ?read$ screw pi]c+ ! base ( ! tube1 & by means ( :i* ! plug1 & any object x may support1 c be elevat$ at pleasure4 ,! object by ?is means be+ made gradually to rise out ( ! tube1 sections are cut f x by simply glid+ a %>p knife along ! smoo? cutt+-plate1 & h5ce across ! specim54 ,any intellig5t work] 9 brass w\ld make an in/rum5t ( ?is k9d at a v small co/1 & al?\gh p]haps x might lack ! f9i% ( an in/rum5t b\ght at ! optician's1 x w\ld1 if accurately made1 d its "w z well z ! mo/ complicat$ & exp5sive4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! /ud5t resolves to pur*ase a microtome1 !re are a v>iety ( =ms 9 ! m>ket f :i* he may *oose4 ,a few h9ts may p]haps be ( s]vice 9 enabl+ him to make a judici\s selection4 ,at ! outset we may say t unless ! /ud5t int5ds to devote himself solely to ! production ( sections ( wood1 etc41 he ought n to procure "o ( ^? =ms ( microtome kn[n z wood section-cutt]s1 9 :i* ! object to be cut is held 9 position 9 ! tube by means ( a b9d+ screw :i* pi]ces its side4#d ,al?\gh ^! ma*9es are all t c be desir$ = cutt+ h>d bodies1 !y are n s suitable = s(t ones4 ,! *ief po9ts to be att5d$ to 9 select+ a microtome are1 7#a7 t ! cutt+-plate ( ! in/rum5t be made ( glass1 or 9 default ( ?is1 ( v h>d metal ( ! mo/ p]fect smoo?ness2#e 7#b7 t ! diamet] ( ! tube be nei!r too l>ge nor too small--x ought n to be less ?an #e_/h-;941 or great] ?an #a in*2#f 7#c7 t ! screw1 :i* %\ld be f9e & well cut1 be provid$ ) a graduat$ head2 7#d7 t !re be "s k9d ( index by :i* fractional portions ( a revolution ( ! screw may be measur$2 & 7#e7 t ! plug fit ! tube ( ! microtome s accurately t :5 melt$ p>aff9e1 gum1 or o!r imb$d+ ag5t be p\r$ into x1 x may n f9d its way betwe5 ! plug & side ( ! tube 7 #ah74 ,x (t5 happ5s 9 cutt+ tissues imb$d$ 9 p>aff9e1 t ! pressure ( ! knife causes ! cyl9d] ( ! imb$d+ ag5t to twi/ r\nd 9 ! tube ( ! ma*9e1 & s cause consid]able difficulty & annoyance4 ,?is evil is usually met by runn+ a deep groove across ! upp] surface ( ! plug1 & into ?is ! p>aff9e s9ks1 & s is prev5t$ f rotat+4 ,x w be f\nd1 moreov]1 t ano!r difficulty ( a k9dr$1 ?\gh mu* m s]i\s "*1 w frequ5tly be enc\nt]$4 ,dur+ section ! p>aff9e has a t5d5cy n only to rotate1 b also to become loos5$ f ! subjac5t plug1 & to rise 9 ! tube ( ! microtome4 ,:5 ?is happ5s ! p[] to cut sections ( uni=m ?ickness has completely gone1 = "s w n[ be f\nd to be _m times ?ick] ?an o!rs2 9 fact1 ! irregul>ity 9 ?is respect soon becomes s mon/r\s z to r5d] x useless to prolong ! sitt+4 ,9 ! ord9>y run ( microtomes no provision seems to h be5 made to meet ?is difficulty1 & = ?is reason _m in/rum5ts1 ( o!rwise great m]it1 h _! effici5cy s]i\sly impair$4 ,=tunately1 ?is imp]fection is easily rem$i$1 all t is requir$ be+ t ! upp] surface ( ! plug %\ld be furni%$ ) "s k9d ( projection1 hav+ at its summit a table-l expansion1 z %[n at ,a 9 ! figure4 ,! imb$d+ p>aff9e1 by p5etrat+ b5ea? & ar\nd ?is1 becomes firmly atta*$ to ! plug1 & ?us all risk ( its ris+ is effectually avoid$4 ,if ! /ud5t wi%es to secure a really fir/-class in/rum5t1 none c be s confid5tly recomm5d$ z ! freez+ microtome ( ,pr(essor ,ru!r=d4 ,9 addition to its be+ ! be/ in/rum5t = c>ry+ out ! freez+ me?od 7 #ah71 ?is ma*9e is equally effective = cutt+ tissues imb$d$ 9 p>aff9e1 or any ( ! o!r ag5ts us$ = t purpose2 inde$1 :atev] "w a microtome c d1 ?is "o w p]=m4 ,footnote #d3 ,note ,d4 ,footnote #e3 ,note ,e4 ,footnote #f3 ,note ,f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,( ,,microtome-,,tube ,,%[+ ,,arrangem5t 7,a7 ,,to ,,prev5t 8,,rise0 ,,( ,,p>aff9e4 #i4 !r ,microtome4--,a ^w "h z to freez+ microtomes1 :]e ! ag5t us$ is !r4 ,su* z h fall5 "u our notice h n answ]$ ! expectations we 7 ju/ly entitl$ to =m ( !m4 ,t x is possible to freeze a piece ( tissue by _! use is und5iable1 b x is1 z a rule1 at an exp5diture ( su* a quantity ( !r 7only ! v be/ ( :i* mu/ be us$7 z to con/itute x a v exp5sive proce$+4 ,ano!r s]i\s disadvantage !y possess is1 t if ! supply ( !r be int]mitt$ = only a v %ort "t1 ! already froz5 tissue ?aws ) great & mo/ inconv5i5t rapidity4 #aj4 ,section-,knife4--,( n less importance ?an ! microtome is ! section-knife1 to be us$ 9 conjunction ) x4 ,h[ p]fect soev] ! =m]1 & :atev] ! dext]ity ( ! op]ator1 unless he be provid$ ) a suitable & well-made knife1 he w nev] succe$ 9 obta9+ satisfactory results4 ,z to ! mo/ desirable size ( ! knife1 mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion seems to exi/1 section knives v>y+ 9 ?is respect f a blade ( extreme %ortness to "o :i* fell "u our obs]vation1 9 :i* ! port5t\s l5g? ( ?irte5 in*es 0 atta9$4 ,:at advantages 7 to be expect$ by prolong+ ! blade to ?is extravagant l5g?1 mu/ rema9 an inscrutable my/]y to all save its design]4 ,conc]n+ ! %ape ( ! knife1 x is frequ5tly advis$ t ! surface :i* has to glide along ! cutt+-plate ( ! microtome %\ld be gr\nd flat4 ,a mo/ unsuitable arrangem5t1 z a v little actual exp]i5ce ( section-cutt+ w spe$ily demon/rate4 ,aft] _m unsuccessful attempts to obta9 a really good & reliable section-knife1 we det]m9$ to h "o specially made1 :i*1 z x has prov$ ev]y?+ t c\ld be desir$1 m]its a brief description4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ importance t ! blade be made ( good & well-temp]$ /eel1 n only t x may be capable ( receiv+ an edge ( ! mo/ exquisite ke5ness1 b also t x may reta9 x4 ,! knife ( :i* we speak 7& :i* 0 made by ,mr4 ,g>dn]1 ( ,s\? ,bridge1 ,ed9burgh7 is furni%$ ) a blade f\r in*es long1 & #g_/h-;in* broad1 set into a squ>e h&le ( boxwood1 also f\r in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! ?ickness ( ! blade at ! back is n q #a_/d-;in*1 :ile bo? ( its surfaces are slightly holl[ gr\nd4 ,x is ess5tially necess>y t ! back & edge ( ! blade be /rictly p>allel to ea* o!r1 o!rwise ! knife1 :5 9 use1 w h su* a t5d5cy to tilt ov] z to r5d] its managem5t extremely difficult4 ,x is v easy to discov] if ?is condition be fulfill$1 = if on c>efully lay+ ! flat ( ! blade ^u a piece ( level glass1 e portion ( bo? back & edge are f\nd to be 9 close contact ) x1 ! knife may 9 ?is respect be consid]$ p]fect4 ,e /ud5t :o aspires to be a successful section-cutt] %\ld provide himself ) a good ,turkey oil/one1 & le>n to use x4 ,he %\ld also possess a razor /rop1 z x w be 9 con/ant requisition4#g ,x may "h be rem>k$ t ?\gh razors1 z a rule1 are unsuitable = use ) ! microtome f want ( uni=mity 9 ! ?ickness ( _! blades1 yet1 if only a small object is to be cut--= in/ance1 a ?9 root or /em--v good results may be obta9$ f _! use1 especially if "o ( ! old-fa%ion$ make1 hav+ a ?ick back & slightly concave surfaces1 be employ$4 #aa4 ,imb$d+ 9 ,p>aff9e = ,microtome4--,hav+ describ$ at "s l5g? ! v>i\s in/rum5ts necess>y = section-cutt+1 we w n[ consid] h[ !y are to be us$4 ,let u endeavor to cut "s sections--say ( a piece ( kidney--& 9 s do+ we w adopt ! 8p>aff9e0 me?od ( imb$d+4 ,ord9>y p>aff9e1 h[ev]1 :5 us$ alone1 is r too h>d = our purpose4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to br+ x to a suitable consi/5ce1 x mu/ be mix$ ) "o-fif? its weight ( common unsalt$ l>d1 a g5tle heat appli$1 & ! two ?or\ghly /irr$ toge!r4 ,a quantity ( ?is %\ld be prep>$1 s t x may always be ready :5 want$--x is v conv5i5tly kept 9 an o9tm5t pot or pres]ve j>1 ! top ( ! latt] be+ well cov]$1 to keep out ! du/4 ,:5 x is int5d$ to use ?is mixture = ! purpose ( imb$d+1 only j ab\t ! quantity requir$ %\ld be melt$2 = 9 do+ ?is x is advisable to use z l[ a degree ( heat z possible1 n only to prev5t injury to ! tissue to be imb$d$1 b also t ! p>aff9e :5 cool+ may n und]go su* an am\nt ( contraction z to cause x to %r9k f ! sides ( ! microtome-tube4 ,x is !re=e a good plan to effect ! melt+ 9 a wat]-ba?1 a simple k9d ( :i*1 some?+ aft] ! fa%ion ( a glue-pot1 w\ld be made = a few p5ce by any t9man4 ,footnote #g3 ,see ,note ,g4 ,! kidney :i* we are ab\t to cut has1 ( c\rse1 gone ?r\gh ! process ( h>d5+ already describ$ 7 #e71 & is n[ pres]v$ 9 _s4 ,a small piece1 say half an in* squ>e1 is select$1 remov$ ) =ceps1 & plac$ on a bit ( blott+ pap]1 :5 ! surface ( ! tissue w rapidly become dry 7only ! surface mu/ be all[$ to dry74 ,x is ! usual plan n[ to proce$ at once to imb$ x 9 ! melt$ p>aff9e4 ,?is is a mo/ undesirable /ep1 & gives rise at a lat] /age ( our proce$+s to a great am\nt ( tr\ble & annoyance1 = aft] sections h be5 cut f a tissue s imb$d$ x w be f\nd t portions ( p>aff9e adh]e to _! edges ) su* t5acity t 9 ! case ( _m ( !m !re is no effectual me?od ( remov+ ! p>aff9e1 %ort ( soak+ ! sections 9 w>m !r2 a v objectionable proce$+1 = ?\gh ! !r w und\bt$ly remove ! p>aff9e1 x w also dissolve out any fatty matt]s :i* ! section itself may naturally conta94 ,all ?is annoyance may be prev5t$ by subject+ ! tissue to a simple prep>atory treatm5t be=e x is imb$d$ 9 ! p>aff9e4 ,= ?is purpose prep>e a v weak solution ( gum arabic 9 wat]--tw5ty gra9s to ! ounce4 ,into ?is1 by means ( ! =ceps1 dip = a few mom5ts ! already surface-dri$ tissue1 tak+ special c>e n to squeeze x1 or ! pressure w cause ! _s f its int]ior to remoi/5 ! surface1 :i* w\ld prev5t ! gum f adh]+4 ,we %all see ! value ( ?is a little lat] on4 ,remove ! tissue f ! solution on to blott+ pap]1 :5 ! sup]flu\s gum w spe$ily dra9 (f1 & 9 two or ?ree m9utes ! surface w h become q glazy & dry4 ,hav+ melt$ "s p>aff9e mixture 9 ! wat]-ba?1 ! tissue held 9 ! =ceps mu/ be plung$ = an in/ant into ! heat$ liquid & imm$iately )drawn1 :5 ! cru/ ( p>aff9e ) :i* x is envelop$ w promptly h>d54 ,:il/ ?is is tak+ place we may make ready ! microtome4 ,hav+ by means ( ! mill$ head or h&le depress$ ! plug 9 ! tube s z to leave a free op5+ ab\t an in* deep at its upp] end1 we mu/ p\r 9 ! melt$ p>aff9e1 :i* by ?is "t w h become a little cool]1 until ! cavity be ab\t half fill$4 ,! prep>$ tissue mu/ n[ be introduc$1 c>e be+ tak5 to place x 9 su* a position t ! sections may be cut 9 ! desir$ direction4 ,! tissue mu/1 if necess>y1 be held 9 position ) =ceps or a ne$le po9t1 till ! imb$d+ mat]ial becomes h>d en\gh to give x due support4 ,x is "h to be rememb]$ t x w n be advisable to place ! tissue 9 ! c5tre ( ! tube--x w be mu* m easily cut if plac$ r ne>] to t edge ( ! tube :i* is situat$ next ! op]ator 9 ! act ( cutt+4 ,m p>aff9e is to be sl[ly add$1 until ! tissue is completely cov]$2 ev5 aft] ?is /ill m %\ld be add$1 = x w be f\nd t 9 cool+ ! p>aff9e %r9ks s z to leave a cup-%ap$ depression 9 its c5tre1 :]eby portions ( ! tissue :i* 7 previ\sly cov]$ are aga9 laid b>e4 ,! be/ me?od ( prev5t+ ?is is to use ! p>aff9e at z l[ a temp]ature z possible1 & to use pl5ty ( x4 ,! microtome1 ) its cont5ts1 mu/ n[ be remov$ to a cool place1 :5 ! p>aff9e w soon become solidifi$4 ,:il/ ?is is be+ accompli%$ we may make our fur!r prep>ations4 ,! fir/ ?+ we require w be a l>ge bas91 full ( fre%ly-filt]$ wat]1 & provid$ ) a cov]4 ,a small beak] ( me?ylat$ _s1 ) a dipp+ rod or pipette1 w also be necess>y4 ,we mu/ n[ see t ! section-knife is 9 ?or\gh ord]1 to ensure :i* x w be advisable to give x a few turns on ! /rop4 ,an ord9>y razor w also be ( s]vice4 #ab4 ,employm5t ( ,microtome4--,! p>aff9e be+ suffici5tly h>d1 we w clamp ! microtome on to ! table1 & seat ourselves on a *air ( conv5i5t height be=e x4 ,to our "r /& ! bas9 ( wat]1 razor1 & section-knife2 ! beak] ( _s to ! left1 & a clo? on our knee4 ,a few turns ( ! microtome screw hav+ br\ght ! p>aff9e to ! surface1 a ?ick slice is to be cut (f1 & ?is repeat$ until ! imb$d$ tissue comes into view4 ,?is prelim9>y "w _h be/ be done ) ! razor1 z x is ne$less to subject our section-knife to unnecess>y we> & te>4 ,by a fractional revolution ( ! screw ! tissue is n[ slightly elevat$1 & ) ! pipette held 9 ! left h&1 a l>ge drop ( _s is to be let fall ^u its surface4 ,! section-knife1 grasp$ firmly b lightly 9 ! "r h&1 is to be laid flat ^u ! cutt+-plate ( ! ma*9e1 s z to occupy ! diagonal position %[n 9 ! figure4 ,two f+]s ( ! left h& are n[ laid g5tly ^u ! back ( ! blade1 s z to give x an equable support1 :il/ ! knife ) a rapid motion is pu%$ 9 ! comb9$ direction ( =w>ds & to ! left1 s t ! blade 9 cutt+ ! tissue w pass ?r\gh x f po9t to heel4 ,?us x w be obs]v$ t ! /roke ( ! knife is f ! op]ator--a f> easi] & m effective mode ( cutt+ ?an ! rev]se plan4 ,! blade ( ! knife1 hav+ ! section j cut1 ei!r float+ 9 a small pool ( _s on its surface or adh]+ !reto1 mu/ n[ be imm]s$ 9 ! bas9 ( wat]1 :5 by a little v g5tle agitation ( ! knife ! section w be float$ (f4 ,& n[ we %all f9d ! great practical value ( imm]s+ ! tissue 9 gum be=e imb$d+1 = no soon] is ! section dis5gag$ f ! knife ?an ! ?9 film ( gum :i* sep>ates ! p>aff9e f x becomes dissolv$1 & ! section w be obs]v$ gradually to subside to ! bottom1 leav+ ! p>aff9e float+ ^u ! surface4 ,aft] c>efully wip+ ! knife f all %r$s ( p>aff9e1 ! microtome screw mu/ aga9 be p>tially revolv$1 m _s appli$ to ! tissue1 & ano!r section be+ cut1 x mu/ be transf]r$ to ! wat] z be=e1 & s on1 until a suffici5t numb] ( sections h be5 obta9$4 ,z to h[ ?9 ! sections %\ld be cut1 no g5]al directions c be giv52 ea* case mu/ be regulat$ by its own conditions4 ,! d5s] ! tissue1 ! ?9n] %\ld ! section be2 :il/ c]ta9 sub/ances ( loose & spongy texture d n require ! sections to be p>ticul>ly ?9--x may be said1 h[ev]1 9 a g5]al way t sections1 & especially animal ones1 _c be cut too ?9 s long z !y rema9 p]fect & entire4 ,if ,pr(essor ,ru!r=d's microtome 7z made by ,g>dn]7 be employ$1 ! head ( ! screw w be f\nd to be graduat$ into divisions ( slightly unequal value2 ! sections w !re=e be m>k$ by correspond+ v>iations ( ?ickness1 s t among/ a numb] cut1 !re mu/ be _m ( ! exact ?ickness to meet ! requirem5ts ( any individual case4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,%[+ ,,diagonal ,,position ,,( ,,knife ,,9 ,,comm5c+ ,,to ,,make ,a ,,section4 #ac4 ,/a9+ ,ag5ts4--,be=e proce$+ to m\nt ! sections :i* h j be5 cut1 x w be v advisable t !y %\ld be submitt$ to ! action ( "s /a9+ fluid1 9 ord] to r5d] m cle> & di/9ct _! m9ute /ructure4 ,organic sub/ances possess ! prop]ty ( be+ able to absorb v>i\s col\r+ matt]s f _! solution1 & to incorporate su* col\r into _! own texture4 ,?is p[] ( attraction is n1 h[ev]1 possess$ by all sub/ances indiscrim9ately1 or to an equal ext5t4 ,"s possess x 9 a high degree1 :ile o!rs appe> to be ne>ly1 if n entirely1 devoid ( su* p[]4 ,h5ce x foll[s1 t if we imm]se an organic tissue 7"o ( our sections1 = in/ance7 ( complex /ructure1 9 a suitable /a9+ fluid1 ! tissue w n become /a9$ 9 an ev5 & uni=m mann] ?r\gh\t1 b ! sev]al portions ( x w receive v>y+ dep?s ( col\r 9 accordance ) ! v>y+ attractive p[] ( its sev]al con/itu5ts4 ,by ?is means we are enabl$ 9 /a9$ sections to discrim9ate by _! diff]5ce ( %ade1 m9ute & delicate /ructures1 :i* 9 ! un/a9$ condition x w\ld be difficult & (t5 impossible to diff]5tiate4 ,= ! purpose ( section-/a9+ !re are _m ag5ts 9 use1 ! mo/ g5]ally suitable be+ c>m9e1 logwood 7 #ai71 & anil9e blue 7 #bg72 :il/ = special purposes *loride ( gold 7 #bh71 pyrogallate ( iron 7 #bh71 & sev]al o!rs are all ( mu* value4 #ad4 ,c>m9e ,/a9+4--,9 ! case ( animal sections1 c>m9e is1 z a rule1 to be select$1 giv+ z x does mo/ satisfactory & beautiful results4 ,tissues may be /a9$ ) c>m9e by two diff]5t plans3 9 ! fir/1 a /rong solution is us$1 & ! tissue subject$ to its action = a v %ort p]iod only1 :il/ 9 ! latt] only v weak solutions are employ$1 ! "t ( imm]sion be+ consid]ably prolong$4 ,! rapid me?od1 h[ev]1 is n to be recomm5d$1 = ! /rong c>m9e acts s p[]fully ^u ! tissue z to give ! v>i\s elem5ts compris+ x no "t1 z x 71 to ex]cise _! p[] ( quantitive selection1 b involves ! :ole 9 "o uni=m degree ( %adeless col\r4 ,by adopt+ ! gradual me?od mu* bett] results are obta9$1 ea* portion ( ! tissue be+ n[ at lib]ty to acquire its own p>ticul> %ade4 ,among/ ! v>i\s =mul = ! prep>ation ( c>m9e fluid1 none c be s safely foll[$ z t devis$ by ,dr4 ,lionel ,beale4 ,x runs ?us3--,place t5 gra9s ( ! f9e/ c>m9e 9 a te/ tube1 add ?irty m9ims ( /rong liquor ammonia1 boil1 add two ounces ( di/ill$ wat]1 & filt]2 !n add two ounces ( glyc]9e1 & half an ounce ( rectifi$ _s--?is solution ought to be kept 9 a well /opp]$ bottle4 ,! be/ vessels 9 :i* to /a9 sections are small j>s ( :ite porcela91 capable ( hold+ ab\t two fluid ounces1 & furni%$ ) lids--!y are mu* pref]able to beak]s or wat* glasses1 = ow+ to ! :ite backgr\nd :i* !y af=d x is v easy to wat* h[ ! /a9+ is proce$+4 ,! c>m9e solution :i* we h j describ$ is bo? too /rong & ( too great d5sity to be us$ 9 its pure /ate4 ,x w1 !re=e1 require to be dilut$ ) di/ill$ wat] be=e use--! mo/ useful degree ( dilution be+ atta9$ by add+ "o "p ( /a9 to sev5 ( wat]4 ,sections may be plac$ 9 ?is solution = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 9 :i* "t !y w usually be f\nd to h acquir$ a suffici5t dep? ( col\r4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! tissue be unusually difficult to /a91 ! "t ( imm]sion may be d\bl$1 or /ill fur!r prolong$1 )\t detrim5t to ! section4 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,spoon4 ,hav+ prep>$ & filt]$ "s ( ?is dilute solution1 say an ounce1 let u proce$ to /a9 ) x ^? sections :i* we left 9 ! bas9 ( wat] 7 #ab74 ,"h we are at once met by a practical difficulty4 ,h[ are ! sections to be transf]r$ f "o vessel to ! o!r8 ,?is is ord9>ily effect$ by means ( a s(t camel's-hair p5cil4 ,x is a me?od1 h[ev]1 op5 to grave objections1 = ! sections s curl ar\nd ! bru%1 & get entangl$ amid/ its hairs1 t1 not)/&+ e c>e1 valuable sections n unfrequ5tly become torn dur+ transit4 ,e difficulty at once vani%es if we sub/itute = ! bru% a small implem5t1 :i* any "o c readily make = himself4 ,all t is necess>y is to take a /rip ( ,g]man-silv]1 or copp]1 ( ! ?ickness ( /\t c>dbo>d1 & ab\t sev5 in*es 9 l5g? by five-eigh?s ( an in* 9 bread?4 ,! %>p angles are to be fil$ (f & ! edges c>efully smoo!d1 :il/ at a di/ance ( five-eigh?s ( an in* f ea* extremity ! end mu/ be turn$ up s z to =m an angle ( ab\t #ce4 ,"o end mu/ be left pla91 :il/ ! o!r1 ) ! aid ( a pun* or drill1 is to be pi]c$ ) five holes ab\t ! ?ickness ( a /ock+ ne$le#h 7see ,figure74 ,if we n[ dip ! p]=at$ end ( ?is spoon into ! wat] conta9+ ! sections1 & g5tly agitate x1 ! sections w rise f ! bottom & float ab\t4 ,! spoon is n[ br\ght "u "o ( !m1 & be+ /eadily lift$ up ! wat] fl[s d[nw>ds ?r\gh its ap]tures1 & ! section smoo?ly spread+ itself out ^u ! spoon1 may be g5tly lift$ out ( ! wat]1 & on ! spoon be+ dipp$ into ! /a9+ fluid ! section at once floats (f4 ,by ?is simple means sections1 h[ev] l>ge1 ?9 or delicate1 may ) ease be convey$ f "o fluid to ano!r1 ) ! utmo/ c]ta9ty ( _! n be+ injur$ dur+ ! process4 ,! sections hav+ be5 9 ! c>m9e fluid = ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 z mu* ( ! liquor z is possible mu/ be g5tly p\r$ (f1 & its place suppli$ by a fre%ly-filt]$ mixture ( five drops ( glacial-acetic acid to "o ounce ( wat]1 :5 9 a few mom5ts ! c>m9e w become p]man5tly fix$ 9 ! tissue1 & ! process ( /a9+ be complete4 ,footnote #h3 ,dr4 ,kle9 describes a k9d ( 8lift]10 made by b5d+ "s ,g]man-silv] wire1 b z no draw+ accompanies 8 description1 x is n easy to =m a cle> idea z to ! =m ( ?is in/rum5t4 ,9 ! rec5t & philosophical "w ( ,s*f]1 a lift] is figur$1 :i* consi/s ( a wire /em1 hav+ atta*$ to its end a spade-l blade4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! spoon describ$ 9 ! text diff]s f ?is lift] 9 hav+ "o end p]=at$1 & 9 ?is consi/s ! real value ( ! implem5t4 #ae4 ,m\nt+ ,m$ia4--,! fur!r treatm5t ( ! /a9$ sections w entirely dep5d ^u ! nature ( ! m$ium 9 :i* x is int5d$ to m\nt !m4 ,!re are a v>iety ( fluids 9 use = ?is purpose1 ! pr9cipal be+ dilute alcohol 7 #bf71 damm>1 or ,canada balsam 7 #bb-bc71 & glyc]9e4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 _c be us$ indiscrim9ately1 ea* possess+ c]ta9 special prop]ties :i* r5d] x suitable = use ) p>ticul> classes ( objects only4 ,?us1 weak _s1 hav+ no t5d5cy to increase ! transp>5cy ( objects1 c advantage\sly be us$ ) su* only z are already p]fectly transp>5t4 ,x is also m suitable = ! pres]vation ( vegetable tissues 7:5 ! ret5tion ( col\r is no object7 ?an animal1 s9ce ) ! latt] x has a t5d5cy aft] a :ile to cause a k9d ( granul> dis9tegration1 :i* ultimately de/roys mu* ( ! usefulness ( ! prep>ation4 ,damm> & ,canada balsam1 on ! o!r h&1 possess v great refractive p[]1 s t !y are ( great s]vice 9 m\nt+ objects :i* require _! transp>5cy to be mu* increas$4 ,= ?is reason !y are n well adapt$ to ! pres]vation ( v delicate or transp>5t tissues 7unless previ\sly /a9$71 ! m9ute details ( :i* become almo/ entirely oblit]at$ :5 m\nt$ 9 !m4 ,! *ief advantage possess$ by ^! res9\s m$ia is1 t tissues m\nt$ 9 !m und]go no alt]ation1 ev5 aft] ! lapse ( _m ye>s4 ,glyc]9e1 9 respect ( its cl>ify+ p[]s1 occupies an int]m$iate position betwe5 _s & balsam1 be+ mu* m refractive ?an ! =m]1 inf9itely less s ?an ! latt]4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ( v great value = ! pres]vation ( su* tissues z possess a m$ium degree ( transp>5cy1 & :i* w\ld become obscur$ if m\nt$ 9 _s1 or h _! outl9es r5d]$ indi/9ct if pres]v$ 9 balsam4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ value = m\nt+ un/a9$ anatomical sections :i*1 :5 put up 9 ?is m$ium1 reveal su* m9ute details ( /ructure z w\ld readily h escap$ obs]vation _h any o!r ag5t be5 employ$4 ,x may also be us$ ) /a9$ sections1 b 9 ?is case ! sections %\ld be ( extreme ?9ness1 o!rwise ! refractive p[] ( ! glyc]9e w be insuffici5t to r5d] !m ?or\ghly transp>5t4 ,! great drawback to ! use ( glyc]9e is ! extreme difficulty exp]i5c$ 9 prev5t+ its escape f b5ea? ! cov]+ glass1 = x un=tunately possesses su* great p5etrat+ p[] t no cem5t hi!rto devis$ c be ?or\ghly dep5d$ ^u = )/&+ its solv5t action = any consid]able l5g? ( "t4#i ,att5tion to ! in/ructions pres5tly to be giv5 7 #af7 w1 h[ev]1 r$uce ?is risk ( leakage to a m9imum4 ,9 ! use ( glyc]9e ,dr4 ,c>p5t]'s caution mu/ ev] be borne 9 m9d1 viz41 t1 z c>bonate ( lime is 9 "t dissolv$ by glyc]9e1 ?is ag5t ought nev] to be employ$ = ! pres]vation ( objects conta9+ su* salt4 ,footnote #i3 ,note ,h4 #af4 ,m\nt+ 9 ,glyc]9e4--,to illu/rate ! me?od ( us+ ?is m$ium we w m\nt our pres5t sections 9 glyc]9e4 ,9 ! fir/ place we %all require a deep wat*-glass1 :i* is to be half fill$ ) glyc]9e dilut$ ) an equal am\nt ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,by means ( ! spoon1 "o or m sections may be transf]r$ into ?is1 ei!r directly f ! acetic acid solution 7 #ad71 or if1 s9ce cutt+1 !y h be5 pres]v$ 9 _s1 !y %\ld fir/ und]go a %ort imm]sion 9 a l>ge vessel full ( wat]4 ,! wat*-glass %\ld n[ be cov]$ ) an inv]t$ w9e-glass1 & put away = "s h\rs1 9 ord] t ! sections may become ?or\ghly saturat$ ) ! dilute glyc]9e4 ,:5 ?is has be5 accompli%$1 a slide mu/ be clean$1 & "o ( ! sections1 ) ! aid ( ! unpi]c$ end ( ! spoon1 be transf]r$ to its c5tre4#aj ,z ! k9d ( section ) :i* we are n[ deal+ is1 or ought to be1 ( extreme ?9ness1 no cell 7 #bf7 is necess>y4 ,aft] tilt+ up "o end ( ! slide1 s z to dra9 (f z mu* ( ! weak glyc]9e z possible1 a drop ( ,price's be/ glyc]9e mu/1 ) a glass rod or pipette1 be all[$ to fall g5tly ^u ! section1 s z to avoid ! =mation ( air-bubbles4 ,if any ( ^!1 h[ev]1 %\ld be produc$1 !y mu/ be remov$ ) ! po9t ( a ne$le set 9 a wood5 h&le1#aa & ! slide !n cov]$ ) a small bell-glass 7or w9e-glass74 ,a circul> cov] is n[ to be clean$ ) a s(t h&k]*ief1 & aft] g5tly bl[+ f x any adh]+ fibres ( l9t1 etc41 x w be advisable to hold ! side ( ! glass :i* is to come into contact ) ! prep>ation close to ! m\?1 & brea! ^u x1 s z to cov] x ) moi/ure4 ,! cov] held betwe5 ! ?umb & =ef+] ( ! left h& mu/ n[ be appli$ by its edge ne> to ! m>g9 ( ! prep>ation1 & ! surface ( ! cov] direct$ 9 an incl9$ mann] ov] x4 ,b5ea? ! ov]hang+ edge ( ! cov] ! po9t ( ! ne$le1 held 9 ! "r h&1 is n[ to be ins]t$ 7see ,figure74 ,by g5tly l[]+ ! ne$le1 ! cov] w come into gradual contact ) ! slide1 driv+ be=e x a m9ute wave ( glyc]9e1 9 :i* any air-bubbles t may h become develop$ are usually c>ri$ (f4 ,a v consid]able degree ( tact1 h[ev]1 is requir$ to p]=m ?is little op]ation1 simple z x may appe>1 = ! retreat+ wave ( glyc]9e n unfrequ5tly floats out ! section1 ei!r :olly or p>tially1 f b5ea? ! cov]4 ,air-bubbles1 also 7! btes noires ( ?is process71 are exce$+ly likely to arise4 ,:5 ?is happ5s ! be/ plan to adopt is1 by means ( ! ne$le po9t1 g5tly to raise & remove ! cov]1 apply ano!r drop ( glyc]9e to ! section1 & cov] ) a fre% piece ( ?9 glass4 ,x w n[ be necess>y to remove any sup]flu\s glyc]9e :i* may h collect$ ar\nd & ne> ! cov]4 ,! great bulk mu/ be wip$ away by means ( a camel's-hair p5cil1 slightly wett$ betwe5 ! lips1 any rema9+ /ick9ess be+ remov$ ) a bit ( blott+ pap] :i* has be5 slightly damp$4 ,) a v small camel's-hair p5cil1 *>g$ ) solution ( gelat9e1 a r+ mu/ be made r\nd ! m>g9 ( ! cov]1 ( suffici5t bread? to take 9 a small tract ( bo? cov] & slide4 ,z ?is cem5t is p]fectly miscible ) glyc]9e1 x readily unites ) any ( t fluid :i* may ooze f b5ea? ! cov]1 & :i*1 9 ! case ( any ( ! ord9>y v>ni%es1 w\ld act z a fatal ob/acle to p]fect adhesion4 ,to make ! cem5t1 take half an ounce ( ,nelson's opaque gelat9e1 put 9 a small beak]1 add suffici5t cold wat] to cov] x1 & all[ ! mixture to rema9 until ! gelat9e has become ?or\ghly soak$4 ,! wat] is n[ p\r$ (f1 & heat appli$ until ! gelat9e becomes fluid1 :5 ?ree drops ( creosote %\ld be well /irr$ 91 & ! fluid mixture transf]r$ to a small bottle to solidify4 ,be=e use1 ?is comp\nd mu/ be r5d]$ liquid by imm]s+ ! bottle conta9+ x 9 a cup ( w>m wat]4 ,:5 ! r+ ( gelat9e has become q set & dry 7:i* w n take long71 e trace ( glyc]9e mu/ be c>efully remov$ f ! cov] & its neighborhood1 by g5tly swabb+ ^! p>ts ) a l>ge camel's-hair p5cil dipp$ 9 me?ylat$ _s4 ,aft] dry+ ! slide a r+ ( ,bell's microscopical cem5t may be appli$ ov] ! gelat9e1 &1 :5 ?is is dry1 ano!r coat is to be laid on4 ,if x be desir$ to give ! slide a neat & ta/eful appe>ance1 x is a v easy matt]1 by means ( ! turn-table1 to lay on a f9al r+ ( ,brunswick black or :ite z9c cem5t 7 #bd74 ,e c>e has n[ be5 tak5 to r5d] our prep>ation p]man5t2 b1 to make assurance d\bly sure1 x w be well to foll[ ,dr4 ,c>p5t]'s advice1 &1 e ye> or s1 to lay on a ?9 coat+ ( good gold-size4#ab ,footnote #aj3 ,! appe>ance ( a slide is va/ly improv$ if ! prep>ation be plac$ exactly 9 its c5tre4 ,?is may readily be done 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,take "s v f9ely-p[d]$ ,prussian blue1 & rub x up 9 a mort> ) a little ( ! weak gum solution 7 #aa71 s z to =m a ?9 blue pigm5t4 ,a quantity ( ?is %\ld be made1 s z always to be at h&4 ,a slide hav+ be5 clean$1 ! be/ surface is to be select$1 & on ! rev]se side1 by means ( ! self-c5tr+ turn-table1 a small circle is to be drawn ) a camel's-hair p5cil1 *>g$ ) ! pigm5t4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ?is r+1 b on ! opposite side ( ! slide1 ! section is to be plac$1 :5 x ( c\rse w occupy a position exactly c5tral4 ,:5 ! slide comes to be f9i%$1 ! blue r+ may easily be remov$ ) a wet rag4 ,footnote #aa3 ,a cro*et-ne$le hold] made ( bone1 & :i* may be b\ght at ! smallw>e deal]s' = ab\t sixp5ce1 makes an admirable h&le = microscopical ne$les4 ,at "o extremity !re is a small cavity1 clos$ ) a cap1 = ! /orage ( res]ve ne$les1 :il/ ! o!r end t]m9ates 9 a metal tip1 provid$ ) a crucial slit & c5tral p]=ation = ! reception ( ! ne$le 9 actual use1 & s arrang$ t1 by means ( a small screw-nut1 ne$les ( v>i\s sizes may be firmly held 9 position4 ,footnote #ab3 ,if squ>e cov]s be employ$1 !y may be fix$ to ! slide by a simple me?od mu* 9 vogue 9 ,g]many4 ,a ?9 wax tap] is to be light$1 & be+ p>tially inv]t$ = a few seconds1 ! wax surr\nd+ ! wick w become melt$4 ,aft] ! slide has be5 fre$ f excess ( glyc]9e1 a drop ( ?is heat$ wax is all[$ to fall ^u ea* corn] ( ! cov]1 & a l9e ( ! melt$ wax run along ! m>g9s ( ! cov] betwe5 ^! po9ts1 s z p]fectly to surr\nd x4 ,if a good coat ( :ite z9c cem5t be subsequ5tly laid ov] ! wax a v durable1 & n unornam5tal1 l9e ( union w h be5 =m$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,me?od ,,( ,,apply+ ,,cov]4 #ag4 ,use ( ,freez+ ,microtome4--,our prec$+ consid]ation ( ! me?od ( employ+ ! microtome 9 conjunction ) p>aff9e z an imb$d+ ag5t 7 #aa71 w h =m$ a v suitable introduction to ! /udy ( ! some:at m complicat$ process ( imb$d+ ! tissue 9 gum1 = section 9 ! freez+ microtome4 ,?is me?od is ( ! utmo/ value to ! practical hi/ologi/1 = by its means he is enabl$ ) ease to possess himself ( p]fect sections ( sev]al /ructures1 ! cutt+ ( :i*1 be=e ! introduction ( ?is process1 0 always a matt] ( difficulty & anxiety4 ,! freez+ microtome is especially valuable = ! section ( su* sub/ances z f _! extreme delicacy are liable to be injur$ by be+ imb$d$ 9 p>aff9e--= in/ance1 ! delicate villi ( ! inte/9es becomes v frequ5tly1 by ! use ( p>aff9e1 d5ud$ ( _! epi!lium1 & ! villi !mselves n seldom become torn (f or o!rwise damag$4 ,! great value ( ! me?od is also v well se5 9 ! treatm5t ( ^? tissues :i*1 l ! lung1 are ( su* loose & spongy texture z to (f] insuffici5t resi/ance to ! knife unless _! int]/ices h previ\sly be5 fill$ up ) "s solid yet easily cut mat]ial4 ,z ! space at our comm& is /rictly limit$1 we are preclud$ f ent]+ z fully into ?is bran* ( section-cutt+ z ! importance ( ! subject dem&s & our own incl9ation w\ld lead u4 ,to ^? :o wi% to become ?or\ghly conv]sant ) ! full value ( ?is me?od we _c d bett] ?an recomm5d ! p]usal ( ,pr(essor ,ru!r=d's ,practical ,hi/ology1 #b;d edition1 ?an :i*1 on ! :ole subject ( physiological microscopy1 no treatise ) :i* we are acqua9t$ is at once s pla91 practical1 & pr(\nd4 #ah4 ,employm5t ( ,freez+ ,microtome4--,a v suitable object ) :i* to demon/rate ! me?od ( us+ ?is =m ( microtome w be af=d$ u by a portion ( inte/9e1 say ( ! ileum ( a cat or dog4 ,suppose we h "s ( ?is 9 me?ylat$ _s--let u select a piece ( ab\t half an in* 9 l5g?4 ,our fir/ c>e w be to deprive ?is ( its _s2 = s long z ! tissue rema9s impregnat$ ) alcohol x w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be impossible to freeze x4 ,we w1 !re=e1 ?r[ x into a l>ge bas9ful ( wat]1 & leave x !re = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 dur+ :i* "t x w\ld be z well to *ange ! wat] once or twice4 ,we %all n[ require a /rong solution ( gum4 ,?is1 :i* %\ld h be5 made "s "t previ\sly1 may be prep>$ by plac+ a quantity1 say ?ree or f\r ounces1 ( ord9>y gum arabic 9 a glass beak]1 & add+ suffici5t wat] to cov] x--! mixture mu/ be /irr$ occasionally ) a glass rod until solution has tak5 place1 :i* w be 9 a few days4 ,if necess>y a little m wat] may be add$1 b s long z ! gum w p\r f vessel to vessel1 x _c well be made too /rong4 ,mucilage1 by keep+1 is v apt to become s\r & m\ldy--?is may be prev5t$ by add+ to ea* ounce ( ! wat] ) :i* x is prep>$ ab\t half a gra9 ( salicylic acid4 ,we n[ p\r "s ( ?is mucilage into a small vessel--an egg cup w answ] v well--& into x transf] ! piece ( ileum f ! wat]4 ,"h we mu/ all[ x to rema9 = a "t suffici5t to p]mit ( its becom+ ?or\ghly saturat$ ) ! gum1 = :i* purpose "s h\rs w be necess>y4 ,:5 ?is soak+ has be5 accompli%$ we w prep>e ! microtome1 :i* we w assume to be ,ru!r=d's4 ,9 ! fir/ place x w be necess>y to remove ! plug--:i* is to be done by turn+ ! h&le connect$ ) ! screw until ! plug rises s high 9 its tube t x may be grasp$ ) ! f+]s & remov$1 :5 x is to be well sme>$ all ov] ) sp]m oil & replac$4 ,?is is done to prev5t any unpleasant adhesions tak+ place :il/ ! freez+ is go+ on4 ,we mu/ next depress ! plug1 s z to conv]t ! upp] "p ( ! tube into a k9d ( 8well0 ( suffici5t dep? to hold our specim54 ,x w n[ be v advisable to look c>efully into ?is well & obs]ve :e!r ! plug fits accurately into ! tube 7 #h7 = if !re be any int]val betwe5 ! two x w give rise to mu* subsequ5t annoyance1 z ! gum p5etrat+ ?is int]/ice w !re become firmly froz5 into irregul> pat*es1 :i* w s int]f]e ) ! ev5 glid+ ( ! plug )9 its tube z to cause ! =m] to asc5d 9 su* an irregul> & j]ky mann] z to be utt]ly de/ructive ( all accuracy 9 ! cutt+4 ,if ?is defect be obs]v$1 x may be at once rem$i$ by dropp+ a small quantity ( g5tly heat$ p>aff9e into ! well1 :i* w effectually close up any fissures4 ,! microtome1 by means ( its clamp+ arrangem5t1 mu/ n[ be firmly atta*$ to ! table1 & a suitable vessel be plac$ on ! floor b5ea? x1 s t x may cat* ! wat] :i* w issue f ! wa/e-pipe ( ! app>atus4 ,! next requirem5t is a supply ( block ice & f9ely-p[d]$ salt4 ,a lump ( ! ice mu/ be wrapp$ 9 a t[el1 & cru%$ into small pieces2 ^!1 by means ( a l>ge mort>1 are to be fur!r r$uc$ to a v f9e p[d]4 ,any attempt to hurry ov] ?is tr\blesome "p ( ! op]ation w lead to future disappo9tm5t1 = unless ! ice be us$ 9 a v f9e p[d] great delay 7at lea/7 9 ! freez+ w be ! result4 ,) ! aid ( a small spoon ! ice & salt are 9 alt]nate spoonsful to be convey$ into ! freez+-box ( ! ma*9e1 great c>e be+ tak5 t ! cavity "u ! cutt+-plate & ar\nd ! tube be ?or\ghly pack$1 aft] :i* ! uncov]$ portion ( ! box %\ld also be well fill$4 ,! well is n[ to be fill$ ) ! /rong gum to )9 a little di/ance ( its top1 & a piece ( %eet gutta-p]*a 7su* z %oe soles are made (7 be+ appli$ ov] ! well1 & kept 9 position by a weight1 we mu/ wait until ! freez+ comm5ces4 ,9 a %ort "t we %all notice t ! gum has acquir$ a ?ick muddy appe>ance4 ,! tissue mu/ n[1 by means ( ! =ceps1 be transf]r$ to ! well1 & !re plac$ 9 su* a position t ! sections1 :5 cut1 %all run 9 ! desir$ direction4 ,aft] m gum has1 if necess>y1 be5 add$1 s z completely to cov] ! tissue1 ! well is aga9 to be cov]$1 & att5tion giv5 to ! freez+-box4 ,z ! mixture :i* ?is conta9s becomes melt$1 x mu/ con/antly be r5ew$1 c>e be+ at ! same "t tak5 t ! m\? ( ! dis*>ge-pipe be kept q free1 o!rwise wat] accumulat+ 9 ! box1 ! freez+ mixture w deg5]ate into a useless puddle4 ,:5 ! gum becomes suffici5tly h>d to cut1 ?is mu/ be done mu* 9 ! same mann] z if p>aff9e _h be5 us$ 7 #ab74 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 no fluid w be requir$1 or mu/ be us$1 to wet ! knife )1 & especial c>e mu/ be tak5 t 9 dis5gag+ ! sections f ! knife into ! wat] !y be n torn4 ,^! sections (t5 adh]e v t5aci\sly to ! blade1 b if a little pati5ce be ex]cis$ ! wat] w soon float !m (f 9 safety--mu* m safely ?an if any attempt be made to lib]ate !m prematurely4 ,!re is "o circum/ance connect$ ) ! use ( ! freez+ microtome :i* is r annoy+4 ,! moi/ure ( ! brea? & atmosph]e is apt to become cond5s$ on ! cutt+-plate1 & "h1 mix$ ) accid5tal sme>s ( gum1 x becomes froz5 into a jagg$ & irregul> %eet ( ice1 :i* n only s]i\sly int]f]es ) ! smoo? play ( ! knife1 b also con/itutes a real p]il to its edge4 ,z ?is evil _c be avoid$1 all we c d is1 by con/ant wip+1 to keep ! cutt+-plate clean & free f ?is accumulation4 ,?is is be/ done ) a bit ( s(t rag j moi/5$ ) _s1 b ?is mu/ n come into contact ) any portion ( ! cyl9d] ( froz5 gum1 else x w in/antly ?aw x4 ,:5 us+ ! freez+ microtome x is always advisable to we> an apron1 o!rwise our clo!s may receive consid]able damage f ! con/ant spla%+ ( ! salt wat]1 z x falls f ! wa/e-pipe into ! vessel b5ea? x4 ,aft] use1 ! microtome mu/ be well wa%$ 9 pl5ty ( cold wat] till e trace ( salt be remov$1 = if any ( ?is rema9 x w quickly corrode ! brass-"w ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! plug & screw1 z also ! section-knife1 %\ld be well sme>$ ) ,rangoon oil be=e ! ma*9e is put away4 #ai4 ,logwood ,/a9+4--,! employm5t ( logwood z a /a9+ ag5t is n[ becom+ v g5]al4 ,x acts mu* 9 ! same mann] z c>m9e1 b ! violet color :i* x produces is by _m ?\ght to be ( a m s(t & agreeable "* ?an t due to ! action ( c>m9e4 ,a valuable & v conv5i5t prop]ty also :i* x possesses is t x /a9s tissues v rapidly1 & ?is )\t int]f]+ ) t diff]5tial k9d ( coloration 7 #ad7 ^u :i* ! *ief value ( all /a9+ processes dep5ds4 ,a simple me?od ( prep>+ ! logwood fluid is to mix an aque\s solution ( extract ( logwood ) a solution ( alum 7#a to #h7 till ! deep impure r$ col\r has become violet1 & !n to filt] ! mixture 7,frey74 ,?is w /a9 sections 9 ab\t half an h\r4 ,?is /a91 ?\gh "h m5tion$ = ! ease ) :i* x may be made is1 z a rule1 v inf]ior to a fluid prep>$ directly f hmatoxylon1 ! alkaloid or active pr9ciple ( logwood4 ,z1 h[ev]1 x is difficult & tr\blesome to make ! solution 9 ?is mann]1#ac x w be advisable = ! /ud5t to pur*ase1 ready prep>$1 su* small quantity ( ! dye z he may require4 ,small bottles may be obta9$ = a few p5ce ( ,mr4 ,m>t9dale1 #aj1 ,new ,cav5di% ,/reet1 ,london1 & f repeat$ trials ( ?is solution we c recomm5d x z produc+ excell5t results4 ,x is a v /rong fluid1 & requires to be dilut$ be=e use4 ,! degree to :i* ! dilution mu/ be c>ri$ _c1 h[ev]1 be v accurately indicat$1 = all /a9+ fluids ( ?is nature possess ! v undesirable prop]ty ( becom+ decompos$ by age4 ,aft] ! fluid has be5 kept = "s "t1 a portion ( ! col\r+ matt] is ?r[n out ( solution1 & becomes deposit$ ^u ! sides & bottom ( ! vessel 9 :i* x is conta9$1 h5ce ! old] ! prep>ation1 ! weak] x w h become4 ,z ! "t requir$ = /a9+ ) logwood is b %ort1 x is desirable t all ! sections %\ld beg9 to be submitt$ to its action at ! same "t1 o!rwise "s w become m deeply /a9$ ?an o!rs4 ,a good plan is to fill a small porcela9 j> 7 #ad7 ) filt]$ wat]1 & into ?is transf] ! sections4 ,:il/ !y are settl+ well d[n to ! bottom1 a mixture mu/ be prep>$ ( half a dra*m ( ,m>t9dale's solution 7fre%7 to "o ounce ( di/ill$ wat]1 & ev]y?+ got 9 read9ess = its imm$iate filtration4 ,! wat] is n[ v g5tly to be p\r$ (f ! sections1 & if c>e be ex]cis$ ?is may be done 9 su* a mann] z to leave !m undi/urb$ at ! bottom1 aft] remov+ almo/ e drop ( wat]4 ,! dilut$ logwood fluid mu/ n[ be imm$iately filt]$ ^u ! sections1 s t !y may run no risk ( becom+ dry4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance ! /a9+ may be all[$ to proce$ = ab\t ?irty m9utes1 & ?is w be f\nd a conv5i5t "t = ! imm]sion ( ! g5]al run ( animal sections4 ,if ! logwood fluid be n q fre%1 ei!r a little m ( x w h to be add$ to ! wat]1 or ! "t ( imm]sion mu/ be prolong$ until ! desir$ dep? ( color has be5 produc$4 ,x is well :il/ ! /a9+ is go+ on g5tly to %ake ! vessel occasionally1 s t ! sections may n rema9 9 a heap at ! bottom1 b all be z fully z possible expos$ to ! action ( ! dye4 ,:5 ! /a9+ is judg$ to be complete1 ! logwood solution mu/ be g5tly p\r$ (f1 leav+ ! /a9$ sections at ! bottom ( ! j>1 :5 !y %\ld be quickly cov]$ ) me?ylat$ _s1 :i* w fix ! col\r4 ,we %all n[ be able to see if ! coloration obta9$ be p]fectly satisfactory4 ,if n deep en\gh1 x is v easy aga9 to submit !m to ! action ( ! dye = a few m9utes long]4 ,if on ! o!r h&1 & z m frequ5tly happ5s1 ! coloration %\ld be too deep1 ! excess ( col\r may readily be remov$ by transf]r+ ! sections = a %ort "t into "s dilut$ acetic acid prep>$ by add+ five drops ( ! glacial acid to an ounce ( wat]4 ,! action ( ?is %\ld be c>efully wat*$1 & :5 ! col\r has be5 r$uc$ to ! desir$ t9t ! sections may be retransf]r$ to ! me?ylat$ _s4 ,footnote #ac3 ,%\ld ! /ud5t1 h[ev]1 det]m9e to prep>e ?is solution = himself1 he w f9d a good =mula = ! purpose 9 ,s*f]'s 8,practical ,hi/ology10 p #agf4 ,note ,i4 #bj4 ,absolute ,alcohol4--,z we purpose m\nt+ ! sections :i* h j be5 /a9$1 9 ,canada balsam1 we w briefly consid] ! prelim9>y treatm5t to :i* !y mu/ be submitt$ be=e ?is c be effect$4 ,! object ( ?is is to ab/ract f ! tissue all its wat]1 = if any moi/ure be p]mitt$ to rema9 9 ! section x w1 :5 m\nt$ 9 balsam1 become obscur$ & surr\nd$ by a k9d ( opalesc5t halo1 due to ! imp]fect p5etration ( ! balsam into ! only p>tially dehydrat$ tissue4 ,! old-fa%ion$ plan ( dehydration 0 simple exposure to ! air4 ,! me?od n[ g5]ally adopt$ is to br+ ab\t ! same result by means ( absolute alcohol4 ,?is fluid has su* a /rong aff9ity = wat] t tissues submitt$ to its influ5ce are rapidly & effectually depriv$ ( any wat] !y may conta94 ,absolute alcohol 9 small quantity may be obta9$ f ! druggi/ at ab\t sixp5ce p] ounce4 ,x w be necess>y = ! /ud5t to provide himself ) a little ( ?is ag5t1 say ab\t two ounces1 ! me?od ( us+ :i* w v %ortly be expla9$4 ,absolute alcohol mu/ be kept 9 a bottle ) a v accurately-fitt+ /opp]1 9 ord] to prev5t its absorb+ moi/ure f ! air4 ,= our purpose su* a bottle1 hav+ a neck z wide z possible1 is to be select$4 #ba4 ,clove ,oil4--,aft] be+ ?or\ghly dehydrat$ ! sections may1 9 special in/ances 7 #dh71 be at once m\nt$ 9 balsam2 b1 z a g5]al rule1 x w be f\nd necess>y 7p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( animal sections7 to treat !m ) "s cl>ify+ ag5t1 9 ord] to remove ! cl\d9ess & opacity :i* is 79 "p7 due to _! previ\s imm]sion 9 alcohol4 ,= ?is purpose turp5t9e1 or any ( ! ess5tial oils1 may be us$3 ( ^!1 oil ( cloves is to be specially recomm5d$4 ,x is r exp5sive1 rang+ f sixp5ce to "o %ill+ p] ounce3 b1 z a drop or two w be suffici5t = prep>+ ea* slide1 only a small quantity--say half an ounce or an ounce--ne$ be procur$4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t vessel 9 :i* to keep ! oil is "o ( ! small te/ bottles us$ by wat*mak]s4 ,^! bottles are provid$ ) a glass cap to exclude du/1 & ! /opp] is prolong$ into a glass rod1 :i* dips into ! bottle4 ,! use ( ?is rod & ! me?od ( employ+ ! oil w be expla9$ %ortly4 #bb4 ,canada ,balsam1 z ord9>ily met )1 is a ?ick res9\s balm ( great viscidity1 b readily r5d]$ p]fectly fluid by ! application ( heat4 ,=m]ly1 sections 7 m\nt$ 9 ?is m$ium 9 its pure /ate1 b ow+ to ! annoyance :i* 0 s con/antly be+ exp]i5c$ f ! t5acity ) :i* intrud+ air-bubbles 7 held by ! visc\s m$ium1 ?is plan ( m\nt+ is rapidly fall+ out ( use4#ad ,x is n[ usual to employ ! balsam 9 a dilut$ condition1 ! two *ief dilu5ts be+ *lor(orm & b5zole4 ,z balsam1 h[ev]1 (t5 conta9s m or less moi/ure1 x is desirable to drive ?is (f be=e add+ ! dilu5t4 ,a v conv5i5t way ( do+ s is to expose "s pure balsam to ! heat ( a cool ov5 = sev]al h\rs1 :5 ! balsam w be f\nd to h assum$ a h>d1 vitre\s "*4 ,x %\ld n[ be brok5 into small pieces1 ^! put into a bottle1 & "s me?ylat$ *lor(orm add$1 :i* 9 a little :ile w completely dissolve ! h>d5$ balsam4 ,m *lor(orm is !n to be add$1 until a solution is obta9$ suffici5tly ?9 to run ?r\gh filt]+-pap]4 ,a glass _s lamp mu/ n[ be procur$1 hav+ a capacity ( ab\t two ounces1 & provid$ ) a cap4 ,into ! wick-hold] ( ?is 7:i* mu/ be made ( porcela97 a holl[ glass tube is to be s fitt$ t its end dips into ! lamp to )9 ab\t a ?ird ( ! bottom4 7,see ,fig47 ,! ?9 *lor(orm-balsam is n[ to be filt]$ into ?is lamp1 v f9e filt]+-pap]--?r\gh :i* a little *lor(orm has fir/ be5 pass$--be+ us$ = ! purpose4 ,:5 ! lamp is full x mu/ 7depriv$ ( its cap7 be put 9 a w>m place until suffici5t ( ! *lor(orm has evaporat$ to leave beh9d x a fluid ( ! consi/5ce ( ?9 syrup4 ,footnote #ad3 ,al?\gh we _c too /rongly insi/ ^u ! use ( *lor(orm-balsam :]ev] practicable1 yet x sometimes happ5s 9 ! m\nt+ ( sub/ances ( consid]able ?ickness1 t aft] all ! *lor(orm has evaporat$ an insuffici5t am\nt ( balsam is left beh9d to fill up ! cavity betwe5 slide & cov]4 ,9 su* cases1 !re=e1 x is advisable to use pure balsam1 :i* may be done 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! object hav+ be5 previ\sly ?or\ghly dehydrat$ by imm]sion 9 absolute alcohol1 is to be !nce transf]r$ to a little good turp5t9e1 or b5zole1 :]e x %\ld rema9 until p]fectly transp>5t4 ,x is n[ to be plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( a slide :i* has be5 g5tly w>m$1 & a drop or two ( fre% fluid balsam add$1 ! greate/ c>e be+ tak5 to prev5t ! =mation ( air-bubbles4 ,%\ld su* arise !y mu/ be t\*$ ) ! po9t ( a heat$ ne$le1 :i* w cause !m to bur/ & disappe>4 ,! *ief difficulty ( ! process has yet to be enc\nt]$ 9 ! application ( ! cov]2 = x is dur+ ?is proc$ure t ! developm5t ( air-bubbles is mo/ likely to take place4 ,?is annoyance may1 h[ev]1 be entirely avoid$ by tak+ ! simple precaution ( dipp+ ! cov] into turp5t9e be=e x is appli$ 7 #af71 :5 x w be f\nd t 8y c't get air-bubbles1 ev5 if y try40 ,! c\rtesy ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,kay1 ( ,*a?am1 enables u to give our read]s ! b5efit ( ?is practical 8wr9kle40 ,illu/ration3 ,,_s ,,lamp ,,adapt$ ,,to ,,conta9 ,,balsam4 #bc4 ,m\nt+ 9 ,balsam4--,let u n[ return to our sections :i*1 x w be rememb]$1 7 left 9 me?ylat$ _s 7 #ai74 ,^! we w n[ m\nt 9 balsam1 & al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 any numb] may be proce$$ ) at ! same "t1 yet to avoid confusion1 9 ! foll[+ directions "o section only w be spok5 (4 ,?is section !n is1 ) ! p]=at$ spoon1 to be transf]r$ to ! bottle ( absolute alcohol1 :]e x may rema9 = ab\t an h\r--consid]ably less "t is actually requir$1 b z f con/ant use ! _s becomes weak5$1 x is z well to be on ! safe side4 ,x mu/ n[ be remov$ to ! c5tre ( a clean glass slip1 & "h ! pla9 end ( ! spoon comes into use4 ,if ?is be employ$ = effect+ ! transf]1 x w be f\nd t :5 ! section is be+ remov$ f ! alcohol x w br+ along ) x a small pool ( ! _s4 ,a slight t\* ( ! ne$le appli$ to ! edge ( ! section w cause x to float f ! spoon on to ! slide1 at ! same "t c>ry+ ! pool ( alcohol ) x1 9 :i* x w g5tly spread itself out ^u ! slide )\t ! fa9te/ risk ( injury4 ,! sup]flu\s _s is n[ to be dra9$ (f1 & j z ! section is becom+ glaz$ & sodd5-look+ 7n dry7 we mu/1 by means ( ! long glass /opp] 7 #ba71 apply to x a l>ge drop ( clove oil4 ,! oil1 h[ev]1 %\ld n be plac$ on ! section1 b be all[$ to drop on to ! slide ne> to its m>g94 ,by g5tly tilt+ ! slide ! oil w gradually ins9uate itself b5ea? ! section & sl[ly asc5d ?r\gh x to ! surface4 ,! slide %\ld n[ be cov]$ ) a bell-glass 7or w9e-glass71 & ab\t two m9utes all[$ = ! oil ?or\ghly to saturate ! section4 ,z mu* z possible ( ! sup]flu\s oil mu/ !n be dra9$ (f1 & ! rema9d] remov$ ) blott+ pap]4 ,by means ( ! glass rod a small quantity ( *lor(orm-balsam is n[ tak5 f ! _s lamp :i* conta9s x1 & all[$ g5tly to fall ^u ! section1 :i* mu/ !n be cov]$ ) a ?9 glass circle 9 ! mann] previ\sly describ$ 7 #af74 ,:5 ! object is v fragile1 x is a good plan1 aft] dra9+ (f ! clove oil1 to apply ! cov] directly ^u ! section1 & !n to place a drop ( ! balsam ne> to ! edge ( ! cov]4 ,?is1 by capill>y attraction1 w spe$ily diffuse itself b5ea? ! cov]1 fl[+ ov] & surr\nd+ ! object1 )\t 9 ! slighte/ degree di/urb+ its position4 ,if1 dur+ ! process ( m\nt+1 any air-bubbles arise1 we may view _! developm5t ) equanimity1 be+ well assur$ t z ! *lor(orm evaporates !y too w quickly disappe>4 ,:5 ! m\nt+ is complet$1 ! slide %\ld be r\ghly labell$ & plac$ on a w>m mantel-piece = a few days to dry4 #bd4 ,f9i%+ ! ,slide4--,9 ! c\rse ( two or ?ree days x w be advisable to take an old p5knife1 & aft] heat+ ! blade 9 ! flame ( a _s lamp1 g5tly to run ! po9t ( x r\nd ! m>g9 ( ! cov]1 s z to remove any excess ( balsam :i* may h ooz$ f b5ea? x4 ,9 a few days m1 any rema9+ balsam may be c>efully scrap$ away ) a cold knife4 ,all rema9+ traces ( balsam are !n to be remov$ f ar\nd ! cov] by means ( a rag j moi/5$ ) me?ylat$ _s1 or1 :at is bett]1 ) a mixture ( equal p>ts ( _s & !r1 aft] :i* ! slide is to be ?or\ghly wa%$ 9 cold wat]4 ,! slide is n[ 9 reality f9i%$1 b1 9 ord] to give x a sm>t appe>ance1 x is usual1 ) ! assi/ance ( ! turn-table1 to run a r+ ( color$ v>ni% r\nd ! cov]+ glass4 ,a v useful v>ni% = ! purpose is ! :ite z9c cem5t4 ,to prep>e ?is1 dissolve an ounce ( gum damm> 9 an ounce ( turp5t9e by ! aid ( heat4 ,take "o dram ( oxide ( z9c & an equal quantity ( turp5t9e2 rub !m up toge!r 9 a mort>1 add+ ! turp5t9e drop by drop1 s z to =m a creamy mixture p]fectly free f lumps or grit4 ,"o fluid ounce ( ! damm> solution previ\sly made mu/ n[ gradually be add$1 ! mixture be+ kept con/antly /irr$ 7,frey74 ,! cem5t1 :5 made1 %\ld be /ra9$ ?r\gh a piece ( f9e musl91 previ\sly wett$ ) turp5t9e1 into a small wide-neck$ bottle1 :i*1 in/ead ( hav+ a cork or /opp]1 %\ld be cov]$ ) a loose metal cap4 ,in/ead ( a bottle1 ! v>ni% may be kept 9 "o ( ! collapsible tubes us$ by arti/s2 b ?\gh ?is plan is highly recomm5d$ by _m1 x is n )\t its disadvantages4 ,if ! v>ni% becomes ?ick by keep+1 a few drops ( turp5t9e or b5zole well /irr$ 9 w soon r$uce x to a suitable consi/5ce = use4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,"p ,,ii4 #be4 ,special ,me?ods4--,hav+ 9 ! prec$+ pages ent]$ at "s l5g? into ! g5]al subject ( section-cutt+1 x rema9s = u n[ to consid] ^? special me?ods ( prep>ation :i* ! peculi>ities ( c]ta9 objects dem&4 ,9 ord] to keep ! bulk 7& consequ5t price7 ( ?is manualette )9 due b\nds1 we %all1 )\t fur!r preface1 proce$ to ! description ( ^! me?ods1 9 do+ :i* e endeav\r w be made to employ su* brevity ( expression z may be consi/5t ) p]fect cle>ness ( mean+4 ,z ! mo/ conv5i5t plan1 ! objects "h treat$ ( w be arrang$ 9 alphabetical succession4 #bf4 ,bone4--,bo? transv]se & longitud9al sections %\ld be prep>$1 ! =m] be+ ! pretti] & mo/ int]e/+4 ,aft] prolong$ mac]ation 9 wat]1 all fat1 etc41 mu/ be remov$ & ! bone dri$1 :5 z ?9 a slice z possible is to be cut (f 9 ! desir$ direction1 by means ( a v f9e saw4 ,if ! section s obta9$ be plac$ ^u a piece ( smoo? cork x may1 ) ! aid ( a f9e file & ! ex]cise ( c>e1 be fur!r r$uc$ 9 ?ickness4 ,x is !n to be laid ^u a hone moi/5$ ) wat]1 & be+ press$ g5tly & ev5ly d[n ^u x ) ! tip ( ! f+] 7protect$1 if necess>y1 by a bit ( cork or gutta-p]*a71 x mu/ be rubb$ ^u ! /one until ! desir$ degree ( ?9ness has be5 atta9$4 ,f9ally1 9 ord] to remove scrat*es & to poli% ! section1 x %\ld be rubb$ ^u a dry hone ( v f9e texture1 or ^u a /rop *>g$ ) putty-p[d]4 ,aft] c>eful wa%+ 9 sev]al wat]s ! section mu/ be all[$ ?or\ghly to dry1 :5 x may be m\nt$ by ! dry me?od 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,a r+ ( gold-size mu/1 by means ( ! turn-table1 be drawn 9 ! c5tre ( a slide1 & ! slide put away 9 a w>m place = sev]al days 7! long] ! bett]71 9 ord] t ! r+ may become p]fectly dry & h>d4 ,:5 ?is has be5 accompli%$ ! section is to be plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! r+1 & a cov]+ circle ( ! requisite size hav+ be5 clean$1 ?is mu/ h a ?9 r+ ( gold-size appli$ r\nd its m>g94 ,! cov] is n[ to be plac$ 9 position & g5tly press$ d[n1 a spr+ clip be+ employ$1 if necess>y1 to prev5t x f mov+4 ,9 ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs ano!r lay] ( ! v>ni% %\ld be appli$1 & ! slide aft]w>ds f9i%$ 9 ! mann] already describ$ 7 #bd74 ,! above me?od is also applicable to ! prep>ation ( sections ( tee? & also ( fruit-/ones & o!r h>d bodies1 :i* are incapable ( be+ r5d]$ s(t en\gh = cutt+4 ,z ! process j describ$1 h[ev]1 is bo? tr\blesome & t$i\s1 x is mu* bett] = ord9>y purposes to h rec\rse to ! decalcify+ me?od1 by :i* means sections 9 e way suitable = ! exam9ation ( ! ess5tial /ructure ( bone may be obta9$ ) ease4 ,to c>ry out ?is plan a piece ( fre% bone %\ld be cut into small pieces & plac$ 9 a solution made by dissolv+ #ae gra9s ( pure *romic acid 9 #g ounces ( di/ill$ wat]1 to :i* #cj m9ims ( nitric acid s4 g4 #a4dbj are aft]w>ds to be add$4 ,"h !y %\ld rema9 = ?ree or f\r weeks1 or until ! bone has become suffici5tly s(t to cut easily1 ! fluid be+ repeat$ly *ang$ dur+ ! process4 ,f ?is solution !y mu/ be transf]r$ to me?ylat$ _s = a few days1 :5 a piece may be select$1 imb$d$ 9 p>aff9e1 & cut 9 ! microtome 7 #ab74 ,"s ( ! sections %\ld be m\nt$1 un/a9$1 9 _s4 ,= ?is purpose a cell ( gold-size1 z above describ$1 mu/ fir/ be prep>$ & fill$ full ( a mixture ( _s ( w9e "o "p1 & di/ill$ wat] ?ree p>ts4 ,into ?is ! section mu/ be c>efully plac$ & ! cov] appli$1 ! same precautions = ! exclusion ( air-bubbles be+ tak5 :i* 7 recomm5d$ :5 speak+ ( m\nt+ 9 glyc]9e 7 #af74 ,:5 ! cov] is 9 position a r+ ( gold-size mu/ be laid on1 repeat$ :5 dry1 & ! slide aft]w>ds f9i%$ 9 ! ord9>y mann]4 ,x w also be advisable to /a9 "s ( ! sections ) c>m9e 7 #ad71 or picro-c>m9e 7 #db71 & m\nt !m 9 glyc]9e4 ,tee? may also be treat$ by ! decalcify+ me?od1 b 9 ?is case x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! enamel w dissolve away4 #bg4 ,bra94--,! be/ h>d5+ fluid is t recomm5d$ by ,ru!r=d1 & is made by dissolv+ #ae gra9s ( pure *romic acid & #ca gra9s ( cry/aliz$ bi*romate ( pota% 9 #dc ounces ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,small pieces ( bra91 :i* h previ\sly be5 imm]s$ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 rectifi$ _s1 %\ld be plac$ 9 ab\t a p9t ( ?is solution1 :]e !y mu/ rema9 = five or six weeks1 ! fluid be+ repeat$ly *ang$ dur+ ! process4 ,if by ?is "t !y are n suffici5tly h>d ! induration mu/ be complet$ 9 alcohol4 ,sections are easily cut 9 ! microtome by ! p>aff9e me?od 7 #ab74 ,^! may advantage\sly be /a9$ 9 a solution ( anil9e blue1 made by dissolv+ #a-a_/b gra9 ( anil9e blue 9 #aj ounces ( di/ill$ wat]1 & add+ #a dra*m ( rectifi$ _s 7,frey74 ,z ?is /a9 acts v rapidly two or ?ree m9utes' imm]sion w g5]ally be f\nd long en\gh4 ,! sections mu/ !n be m\nt$ 9 balsam 7 #bc74 #bh4 ,c>tilage4--,! me?od to be employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( c>tilage w entirely dep5d ^u ! nature ( ! /a9+ ag5t1 to ! action ( :i* ! sections are to be submitt$4 ,?us1 if ! elegant gold me?od is to be foll[$1 x is necess>y t ! c>tilage %\ld be p]fectly fre%2 :il/ if any ( ! o!r /a9+ ag5ts are to be employ$ ! tissue may h be5 previ\sly pres]v$ 9 alcohol4 ,an excell5t object on :i* to demon/rate ! gold process is to be f\nd 9 ! articul> c>tilage ( bone4 ,x is a v easy matt] to obta9 f ! but*]s ! foot ( a %eep :i* has j be5 kill$4 ,! jo9t is to be op5$1 & ! bones dissociat$1 :5 !y w be se5 to h _! extremities coat$ ) a :ite gli/5+ membrane--?is is ! articul> c>tilage4 ,exce$+ly ?9 slices mu/ be at once cut f x1 & z only small sections are requir$1 a %>p razor may be us$ = ! purpose1 ! blade be+ ei!r dry or simply wett$ ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,! sections z cut are to be transf]r$ to a small quantity ( a half p] c5t4 solution ( *loride ( gold 9 a wat* glass4 ,*loride ( gold may be pur*as$ 9 small glass tubes h]metically seal$1 ea* tube conta9+ #ae gra9s1 & co/+ ab\t #bs4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! /ud5t requires only a small quantity ( ! /a9+ fluid he ne$ n be ev5 at ?is small exp5se1 = z photograph]s = ! requirem5ts ( _! art always keep on h& a /&>d solution ( *loride ( gold ( ! /r5g? ( "o p] c5t41 a little ( ?is may readily be obta9$1 & dilut$ to ! requir$ degree4 ,aft] ! sections h be5 expos$ to ! action ( ! /a9+ fluid = ab\t t5 m9utes !y may be transf]r$ to a small beak] ( di/ill$ wat]1 & expos$ to diffus$ light = ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 :5 !y mu/ be m\nt$ 9 glyc]9e 7 #af74 ,sections ( c>tilage may also be exam9$1 )\t be+ /a9$1 9 :i* case ! field ( ! microscope %\ld be only v feebly illum9at$4 ,or c>m9e /a9+ 7 #ad7 may be resort$ to--^! sections %[ well 9 glyc]9e1 or if ! /a9+ be made v deep1 ev5 ,canada balsam may be employ$1 & ) fair results4 ,microscopi/s are indebt$ to ,dr4 ,frances ,elizabe? ,hoggan = ! description ( a new me?od ( /a9+1 :i* we h f\nd especially suit$ to ! treatm5t ( c>tilage4 ,! ag5t employ$ is iron1 & ! process1 :i* is v simple1 is z foll[s4 ,two fluids are necess>y--7#a7 t9cture ( /eel2 7#b7 a two p] c5t4 solution ( pyrogallic acid 9 alcohol4 ,a little ( ! =m] is to be p\r$ into a wat* glass1 & into ?is ! sections1 aft] hav+ be5 previ\sly /eep$ 9 alcohol = a few m9utes1 are to be plac$4 ,9 ab\t two m9utes ! iron solution is to be p\r$ away & replac$ by solution ,no4 #b4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a m9ute or two ! desir$ dep? ( col\r w h be5 produc$1 :5 ! sections are to be remov$1 wa%$ 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & m\nt$ 9 glyc]9e4 ,! results obta9$ by ?is process are v beautiful1 ! col\r produc$ be+ a v f9e neutral t9t1 ( delightful s(tness4 ,! process also answ]s admirably 9 ! case ( morbid tissues1 & we h n[ 9 our possession "s sections ( ulc]at$ c>tilage t+$ by ! iron me?od1 9 :i* ! m9ute *anges result+ f ! ulc]ative dis9tegration are br\ght out ) wond]ful di/9ctness4 ,z ! /ructure ( c>tilage diff]s accord+ to its purpose & situation1 ! /ud5t w f9d 8 "t pr(itably employ$ 9 a c>eful exam9ation ( ! foll[+ =ms 77 hyal9e--articul> & co/al2 77 yell[ fibro-c>tilage--epiglottis1 or ext]nal e>2 77 cellul>--e> ( m\se4 ,sections ( ! int]v]tebral ligam5ts %\ld also be made1 9 :i* ! diff]5t k9ds ( c>tilage may be exam9$ side by side ) ea* o!r4 #bi4 ,c(fee ,b]ry af=ds sections ( great beauty4 ,! unroa/$ b]ry %\ld be soak$ = h\rs or days 9 cold wat] until suffici5tly s(t2 !n imb$d$ 9 p>aff9e1 & cut 9 ! microtome 7 #ab71 ! section be+ made 9 ! direction ( ! long axis ( ! b]ry4 ,put up 9 glyc]9e1 or /a9 r /rongly ) c>m9e1 & m\nt 9 balsam4 ,! same me?od ( treatm5t may also be appli$ to o!r h>d b]ries or se$s4 #cj4 ,fat4--,adipose tissue may be h>d5$ 9 alcohol1 cut 9 p>aff9e1 & m\nt$ 9 glyc]9e4 ,if ! tissue has be5 inject$ ! sections may be m\nt$ 9 balsam1 & are !n v beautiful objects1 %[+ ! capill>y network encircl+ ! fat cells4 #ca4 ,hair4--,longitud9al sections are readily made by splitt+ ! hair ) a %>p razor4 ,x is m difficult to cut ! hair transv]sely4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 may easily be done 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! hairs hav+ previ\sly be5 well soak$ 9 !r to remove all fatty matt]s1 a suffici5t numb] ( !m mu/ be select$ to =m a bundle ab\t ! ?ickness ( a cr[ quill4 ,?is bundle1 aft] be+ ti$ at ea* extremity ) a bit ( ?read1 is to be imm]s$ = sev]al h\rs 9 /rong gum 7 #ah17 to :i* a few drops ( glyc]9e h be5 add$4 ,on removal1 ! bundle mu/ be susp5d$ by means ( a ?read atta*$ to "o end ( x1 9 a w>m place until suffici5tly h>d1 :5 x is to be imb$d$ & cut 9 p>aff9e 7 #ab74 ,ea* section1 z cut1 is to be float$ (f ! knife into me?ylat$ _s4 ,f ?is x is ) ! aid ( ! spoon 7 #ad7 to be transf]r$ to a slide1 ! _s tilt$ (f1 a drop ( absolute alcohol add$1 :51 aft] a m9ute or two1 ?is also is to be dra9$ (f1 ! section treat$ ) clove oil1 & ! m\nt+ complet$ z describ$ 9 #bc4 #cb4 ,horn v>ies v mu* 9 consi/5ce1 9 "s in/ances hav+ a c>tilag9\s "*1 :il/ 9 o!rs x is almo/ bony4 ,9 ! latt] case1 sections w h to be gr\nd d[n 9 ! mann] expla9$ :5 speak+ ( bone 7 #bf74 ,:]e ! texture is less d5se1 rec\rse may be _h to prolong$ /eep+ 9 hot or boil+ wat]2 9 "s cases x w be necess>y to cont9ue ! imm]sion = sev]al h\rs4 ,:5 suffici5tly s(t ! piece ( horn may1 by means ( bits ( s(t wood1 be firmly w$g$ into ! tube ( ! microtome1 & sections cut ) a razor1 or :at is bett]1 ) a broad & v %>p *isel4 ,! sections are to be put betwe5 glass slips1 held toge!r by ,am]ican clips 7or pegs71 & put away = two or ?ree days 9 ord] to become ?or\ghly dry4 ,aft] well soak+ 9 good turp5t9e or b5zole1 !y mu/ be transf]r$ to slides1 ! sup]flu\s turp5t9e dra9$ (f1 & *lor(orm-balsam add$1 etc4 7 #bc74 ,sections ( horn %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be cut 9 diff]5t directions1 b = exam9ation ) ! pol>iscope ^? cut transv]sely yield by f> ! mo/ magnific5t results4 ,ho(s1 :alebone1 & alli$ /ructures %\ld also be treat$ by ! above me?od4 #cc4 ,inte/9e4--,! me?od to be pursu$ ) sections has already be5 describ$ 7 #ah74 ,! ileum1 h[ev]1 is a v pretty object :5 a portion ( x is s m\nt$ z to %[ ! villi erect4 ,to d ?is x is necess>y to cem5t to ! slide1 by m>9e glue1 a glass cell ( suffici5t dep?4 ,?is %\ld h be5 prep>$ "s "t be=eh&1 s t ! cem5t may be p]fectly dry & h>d4 ,! cell is n[ to be fill$ ) turp5t9e1 & ! piece ( ileum 7hav+ be5 previ\sly pass$ ?r\gh me?ylat$ _s & absolute alcohol into turp5t9e7 is g5tly plac$ into x1 hav+ ! villi upp]mo/2 p\r "s pure & r fluid balsam on ! object at "o end1 & gradually incl9e ! slide1 s z to all[ ! turp5t9e to fl[ out at ! opposite side ( ! cell1 till x is full ( balsam4 ,!n take a clean cov]1 & hav+ plac$ ^u x a small /reak ( balsam f "o end to ! o!r1 all[ x gradually to fall ^u ! cell1 s z to avoid ! =mation ( air-bubbles 7 #ag71 & f9i% ! slide 9 ! usual mann]4#ae ,or1 ! inte/9e may be dri$1 & m\nt$ dry1 9 a cell ) a black5$ bottom1 = exam9ation z an opaque object4 ,footnote #ae3 ,ralf4 #cd4 ,liv]4--,small pieces ( liv] may be v successfully h>d5$ by imm]sion 9 alcohol1 beg9n+ ) weak _s & end+ ) absolute alcohol4 ,cut & m\nt z usual4 #ce4 ,lung mu/ be prep>$ 9 *romic acid 7 #e74 ,= ! cutt+ ( sections ! freez+ microtome 7 #ah7 is ( especial value1 & %\ld1 !re=e1 be us$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! /ud5t be n provid$ ) ?is in/rum5t1 he mu/ proce$ z foll[s4 ,a small piece ( lung1 previ\sly depriv$ ( all _s1 is to be imm]s$ until ?or\ghly saturat$ 9 solution ( gum 7 #ah74 ,a small m\ld ( bibul\s pap] 7 #b71 only j l>ge en\gh to receive ! piece ( tissue1 hav+ be5 prep>$ & fill$ ) ! mucilage1 ! specim5 is to be transf]r$ to x4 ,! m\ld1 ) its cont5ts1 is n[ to be plac$ 9 a sauc]1 into :i* a mixture ( ab\t #f p>ts ( me?ylat$ _s & #a "p ( wat] 7,s*f]7 is to be p\r$ until ! fluid rea*es to )9 ab\t a ?ird ( ! top ( ! pap] m\ld4 ,9 ! c\rse ( sev]al h\rs ! surface ( ! mucilage w beg9 to :it5 & solidify4 ,z soon z ?is occurs m dilute _s mu/ be p\r$ into ! sauc]1 until ! m\ld is completely subm]g$4 ,9 a day or two ! gum w be f\nd to h acquir$ a suitable consi/5ce = cutt+1 :5 x mu/ be remov$ f ! _s1 ! pap] m\ld peel$ (f1 & ! mass imb$d$ & cut 9 p>aff9e1 ! sections be+ aft]w>ds treat$ z if !y _h be5 obta9$ by ! freez+ me?od 7 #ah74 ,if ! solidification ( ! gum %\ld proce$ too sl[ly1 a few drops ( pure _s may be add$ to ! cont5ts ( ! sauc]4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! gum %\ld become ov]h>d1 x w be necess>y to put into ! sauc] a few drops ( wat]1 & repeat ?is until ! requir$ consi/5ce be obta9$4 #cf4 ,muscle4--,h>d5 9 *romic acid1 & cut 9 p>aff9e4 ,transv]se sections may be made to %[ ! %ape ( ! fibrils4 ,longitud9al sections w only be requir$ 9 ! case ( inject$ tissues1 :5 su* sections w be f\nd v elegant1 %[+1 z !y d1 ! elongat$ me%es ( capill>ies runn+ betwe5 & ar\nd ! muscul> fasciculi4 ,m\nt 9 glyc]9e or balsam4 ,to see ! transv]se /ri *>act]i/ic ( volunt>y muscle1 a v good plan is to take a bit ( pork 7cook$ or fre%71 & by means ( ne$les to teaze x out into ! f9e/ possible %r$s4 ,if ^! be exam9$ 9 wat] or glyc]9e1 ! m>k+s w be %[n v p]fectly4 #cg4 ,orange-peel1 common object ?\gh x be1 is n to be despis$ by ! microscopi/4 ,transv]se sections mu/ be prep>$ by ! gum me?od 7 #ce74 ,^! sections are n to be subject$ to ! action ( alcohol 7z ?is w\ld de/roy ! col\r71 b aft] dry+ betwe5 glass slides !y mu/ be soak$ 9 turp5t9e & m\nt$ 9 balsam4 ,we %all !n h a good view ( ! l>ge globul> gl&s ^: (fice x is to secrete t ess5tial oil ^u :i* ! odor ( ! orange dep5ds4 #ch4 ,ov>y may be prep>$ 9 ! same mann] z liv] 7 #cd74 ,sections1 :i* are to be cut 9 p>aff9e1 may be /a9$ ) c>m9e1 & m\nt$ 9 glyc]9e or balsam4 ,ap>t f all sci5tific value1 we "k ( no slide = ! microscope :i*1 ev5 z a m]e object ( %[1 surpasses 9 beauty a well-prep>$ section ( inject$ ov>y1 %[+ ! wondr\s ,graafian vesicles1 surr\nd$ by _! me&]+ capill>ies4 #ci4 ,porcup9e ,quill4--,s(t5 9 hot wat]1 cut 9 p>aff9e1 & m\nt 9 balsam4 ,mu* 79 our op9ion too mu*7 laud$ z an object = ! pol>iscope4 #dj4 ,potato4--,f ! l>ge am\nt ( wat] :i* x conta9s ?9 sections _c be cut f ! potato 9 its natural /ate4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 be p>tially desiccat$1 ei!r by imm]sion 9 me?ylat$ _s = a few days or by exposure to ! air4 ,sections may !n readily be obta9$ by imb$d+ & cutt+ 9 p>aff9e4 ,su* sections m\nt$ 9 balsam are v beautiful1 ! />* be+ se5 9 sit1 :il/ if pol>iz$ light be employ$ ea* granule gives out its *>act]i/ic black cross4 #da4 ,ru% is to be prep>$ & cut z orange-peel 7 #cg74 ,transv]se sections ( ?is 8we$0 furni% slides ( ! mo/ exquisite beauty4 #db4 ,sk94--,to prep>e sk9 = section a piece is to be select$ :i*1 aft] hav+ be5 boil$ = a few seconds 9 v9eg>1 mu/ be /ret*$ out on a bit ( flat wood1 & be+ ma9ta9$ 9 position by p9s be all[$ to rema9 until ?or\ghly dry4 ,!n imb$ 9 p>aff9e1 & cut exce$+ly ?9 transv]se sections4 ,^! may be /a9$ 9 c>m9e1 b m beautiful results are obta9$ if picro-c>m9e be employ$4 ,sections ( sk91 :5 /a9$ by ?is ag5t are mu* increas$ bo? 9 beauty & in/ructiv5ess2 = ! sev]al con/itu5ts ( ! tissue becom+ t+$ ) diff]5t col\rs are readily di/+ui%able f ea* o!r1 :il/ ! contra/ ( col\r+ =ms a pleas+ picture to ! eye4 ,! me?od ( prep>+ picro-c>m9e is v simple1 ?\gh x sometimes yields a solution n altoge!r satisfactory4 ,! be/ =mula ) :i* we are acqua9t$ is t giv5 by ,ru!r=d1#af & if due c>e be tak5 9 foll[+ x out failure w g5]ally be avoid$4 8,take #ajj c4c4 ( a saturat$ solution ( picric acid4 ,prep>e an ammoniacal solution ( c>m9e1 by dissolv+ #a gramme 9 a few c4c4 wat]1 ) ! aid ( excess ( ammonia & heat4 ,boil ! picric acid solution on a s& ba?1 & :5 boil+ add ! c>m9e solution4 ,evaporate ! mixture to dryness4 ,dissolve ! residue 9 #ajj c4c4 wat]1 & filt]4 ,a cle> solution ought to be obta9$2 if n1 add "s m ammonia1 evaporate1 & dissolve z be=e40 ,sections may be expos$ to ! action ( ?is fluid = a p]iod v>y+ f fifte5 to ?irty m9utes1 !n rapidly wa%$ 9 wat]1 & m\nt$ 9 glyc]9e4 ,!y may also be m\nt$ 9 balsam1 c>e be+ tak5 9 t case to %ort5 z mu* z possible ! p]iod ( _! imm]sion 9 alcohol1 s t no risk may be run ( ! picric acid /a9 be+ dissolv$ out4 ,footnote #af3 8,practical ,hi/ology10 #b;d edit4 p4 #agc4 ,if x is int5d$ to /udy ! /ructure ( ! sk9 ) any?+ l ?or\ghness1 portions mu/ ( c\rse be exam9$ f diff]5t localities1 9 ord] t its sev]al v>ieties & peculi>ities may be obs]v$4 ,?us ! sudori=\s1 or sweat gl&s1 may be f\nd 9 ! sole ( ! foot1 :il/ ! sebace\s gl&s are to be s\ght 9 ! sk9 ( ! nose4 ,! papill are well repres5t$ at ! tips ( ! f+]s1#ag :il/ ! /ructure ( ! %aft ( ! hair1 toge!r ) t ( ! follicle )9 :i* its root is enclos$1 z also ! muscles by :i* x is mov$1 are to be /udi$ 9 sections ( sk9 f ! scalp or o!r suitable locality4 ,footnote #ag3 ,x is well1 9 connection ) ^! papill1 to be> 9 m9d a fact po9t$ out by ,frey1 namely1 t ! tips ( ! f+]s frequ5tly become1 po/-mortem1 ! seat ( ext5sive natural injections2 h5ce1 9 sections f ?is region1 we frequ5tly obta9 good views ( di/5d$ capill>ies )\t hav+ be5 at ! tr\ble ( previ\sly inject+ !m4--,frey1 8,microscopical ,te*nology40 #dc4 ,sp9al ,cord4--,! sp9al cord1 say ( a cat or a dog 7or if procurable1 ( man71 aft] be+ cut into pieces ab\t half an in* 9 l5g?1 may be h>d5$ 9 ! usual *romic acid fluid 7 #e74 ,z x is peculi>ly liable to ov]h>d5 & become uselessly brittle1 ! process mu/ be c>efully wat*$4 ,its fur!r treatm5t is ! same z t ( bra94 ,^! sections may be /a9$ v satisfactorily by ! ink process1 = communicat+ details ( :i* we are indebt$ to ! k9dness ( ,dr4 ,paul1 ( ,liv]pool4 ,! ag5t usually employ$ is ,/eph5son's blue-black ink1 :i*1 = ?is purpose1 mu/ be q fre%4 ,z 9 ! case ( c>m9e1 two me?ods ( /a9+ may be adopt$--ei!r rapid1 by us+ conc5trat$ solutions1 or m prolong$1 accord+ to degree ( dilution4 ,= ! reasons previ\sly giv5 7 #ad71 sl[ me?ods ( /a9+ are always to be pref]r$1 z yield+ ! mo/ beautiful results1 yet1 = ! purposes ( prelim9>y inve/igation1 x is (t5 conv5i5t to h rec\rse to ! quick process4 ,to c>ry out ! latt] plan1 an ink solution ( ! /r5g? #a 9 #e--aj p>ts ( wat] is to be fre%ly prep>$1 & ! sections expos$ to its action = a few m9utes4 ,= gradual /a9+ ! dilution mu/ be c>ri$ to #a 9 #cj--ej1 & ! "t ( imm]sion prolong$ to sev]al h\rs1 ! sections be+ occasionally exam9$ dur+ ! /a9+1 s t !y may be remov$ j z !y h acquir$ ! desir$ t9t4 ,:5 a satisfactory coloration has be5 obta9$1 ! prep>ations %\ld be m\nt$ 9 damm> or balsam 7 #bc74 ,"o advantage ( ?is me?od ( /a9+ is1 t def9ition is almo/ z good by artificial light z by day4 #dd4 ,sponge may readily be cut aft] be+ tightly compress$ betwe5 two bits ( cork2 or its int]/ices may be fill$ up by imm]sion ei!r 9 melt$ p>aff9e 7 #aa7 or 9 /rong gum 7 #ah71 & !n cut z usual4 #de4 ,/oma* requires no special me?od ( h>d5+ 7*romic acid74 ,sections %\ld always1 :5 practicable1 be cut 9 ! freez+ microtome4 ,9 default ( ?is1 proce$ 9 ! mann] z direct$ = lung 7 #ce74 ,bo? v]tical & horizontal sections w1 ( c\rse1 be requir$4 ,if ! prep>ation has be5 inject$1 ! latt] are p>ticul>ly beautiful4 ,/a9 ) c>m9e or anil9e blue 7 #bg71 & m\nt--if = v close /udy1 9 glyc]9e--if inject$ & = a 8%[0 slide1 use balsam4 #df4 ,tongue4--,h>d5 9 *romic acid1 imb$ & cut transv]se sections 9 p>aff9e4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! p>aff9e is apt to get entangl$ among/ ! papill1 :5ce x is aft]w>ds ) difficulty dislodg$1 x w be z well be=e imb$d+ to soak ! tongue 9 /rong gum = a few m9utes1 & aft]w>ds imm]se 9 alcohol till ! gum becomes h>d5$1 s t ! delicate papill may ?us be protect$ f ! p>aff9e by a surface-coat+ ( gum4 ,! be/ /a9+ ag5t is picro-c>m9e 7 #db74 ,sections ( cat's tongue ne> ! root1 :5 ?us /a9$1 furni% spl5did objects4 ,sections %\ld also be made ( ! ta/e-bulbs1 f\nd on ! tongues ( rabbits4 ,^! are small oval prom95ces1 situat$ "o on ea* side ( ! upp] surface ( ! tongue ne> its root4 ,!y %\ld be snipp$ (f ) scissors1 & v]tical sections made 9 ! direction ( _! long axis4 ,/a9 ) c>m9e or picro-c>m9e1 & m\nt 9 glyc]9e or balsam4 #dg4 ,vegetable ,ivory4--,aft] prolong$ soak+ 9 cold wat] may readily be cut 9 ! microtome4 ,! sections %\ld be m\nt$ 9 balsam1 & ?\gh n usually reg>d$ z pol>iscopic objects1 nev]!less1 :5 exam9$ ) ! sel5ite1 yield v good col\rs4 #dh4 ,wood4--,%av+s ( extreme ?9ness may be cut f l>ge pieces or blocks ( timb]1 by means ( a v %>p plane4 ,9 ?is way v good sections may be procur$ ( mo/ ( ! common woods1 z oak1 mahogany1 8gl&ul> wood0 ( p9e1 etc4 ,:]e h[ev]1 ! mat]ial to be op]at$ ^u takes ! =m ( /ems1 roots1 etc41 ( no great ?ickness1 !y %\ld1 aft] hav+ be5 r$uc$ to a suitable consi/5ce 7 #d71 be imb$d$ 9 p>aff9e1 & cut 9 ! microtome4 ,be=e imb$d+ x mu/ n be =gott5 to imm]se ! wood to be cut 9 weak gum-wat] 7 #aa71 ?is precaution be+ ( great importance1 especially 9 ! case ( /ems1 etc41 ! b>k ( :i* is at all r\gh & s9u\s4 ,if ! sections are to be m\nt$ un/a9$1 !y are usually put up 9 weak _s 7 #bf74 ,a v g5]al me?od also ( deal+ ) ?is class ( objects is to m\nt !m dry 7 #bf74 ,?is plan1 h[ev]1 _c be recomm5d$1 = h[ev] ?9 ! sections may be1 ! outl9es1 :5 ?is process is adopt$1 always pres5t a disagreeable black or blurr$ appe>ance4 ,to avoid ?is we may h rec\rse to ,canada balsam1 b ! ord9>y me?od ( employ+ x mu/ be slightly modifi$1 a drop ( *lor(orm be+ sub/itut$ = ! clove oil 7 #bc71 o!rwise ?is latt] ag5t w cause ! section to become s transp>5t z to r5d] m9ute details ( /ructure difficult to recognize4 ,a bett] plan1 p]haps1 is to /a9 ! section ) c>m9e or logwood1 & m\nt 9 balsam by ! ord9>y process4 ,! be/ c\rse to foll[1 h[ev]1 especially 9 ! case ( transv]se sections1 is ! d\ble /a9+ me?od4#ah ,= ?is purpose ! sections 9 ! fir/ place mu/ be subject$ to ! action ( a solution ( *loride ( lime 7#a_/d oz4 to a p9t ( wat]7 until !y become ?or\ghly blea*$4 ,!y mu/ !n be soak$ 9 a solution ( hyposulphite ( soda 7"o dra*m to f\r ounces ( wat]7 = an h\r1 & aft] be+ wa%$ = "s h\rs1 9 sev]al *anges ( wat]1 are to be transf]r$ = a %ort "t to me?ylat$ _s4 ,"s r$ /a9+ fluid is n[ to be prep>$ by dissolv+ half a gra9 ( ,mag5ta cry/als 9 "o ounce ( me?ylat$ _s4 ,a little ( ?is solution be+ p\r$ into a small vessel ( :ite porcela9 7 #ad71 ! sections are to be imm]s$ 9 ! dye = ab\t ?irty m9utes4 ,!y are n[ to be remov$1 & aft] rapid r9s+ 9 me?ylat$ _s to remove all sup]flu\s col\r1 !y mu/ be plac$ 9 a blue /a9+ fluid made by dissolv+ half a gra9 ( anil9e blue 9 "o dra*m ( di/ill$ wat]1 add+ t5 m9ims ( dilute nitric acid & aft]w>ds suffici5t me?ylat$ _s to make two fluid ounces4 ,! sections mu/ be p]mitt$ to rema9 9 ?is solution = a v %ort "t only1 "o to ?ree m9utes be+ g5]ally suffici5t1 = z ! action ( ! dye is v en]getic1 x w1 if too long exposure be all[$1 completely oblit]ate ! previ\s coloration by ! mag5ta4 ,aft] be+ aga9 rapidly r9s$ 9 me?ylat$ _s1 z mu* ( ?is z possible mu/ be dra9$ (f1 & ! sections put into oil ( cajeput1 :5ce1 9 an h\r1 !y may be transf]r$ to spirits ( turp5t9e1 & aft] a %ort soak+1 m\nt$ 9 balsam4 ,footnote #ah3 ,see a pap] by ,mr4 ,/yles 9 ! 8,ph>maceutical ,j\rnal10 also 8,mon?ly ,microscopical ,j\rnal0 = ,augu/1 #ahge4 ,= a v exhau/ive pap] on ?is subject by ! late ,dr4 ,beatty1 ( ,baltimore1 ,md41 see 8,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,microscopy0 = ,june1 #ahgf4 ,if ! /ud5t w c>efully c>ry out ! above process1 8 tr\ble w be amply repaid by ! beautiful results obta9$1 = by its means he may1 ) ease1 prep>e = himself a s]ies ( slides ( su* value z to con/itute a wor?y addition to 8 cab9et4 ,! prec$+ li/ by no means repres5ts all ! objects1 sections ( :i* w be f\nd int]e/+ to ! microscopic /ud5t4 ,su* 0 n its purpose--_h x be5 s1 ! enum]ation might h be5 prolong$ almo/ indef9itely4 ,! end 9 view 0 to br+ "u ! notice ( ! read] only ^? sub/ances ! cutt+ ( :i* is accompani$ by difficulty2 & ev5 ( ?is class ! space at our disposal has be5 s limit$ t we h be5 unwill+ly compell$ to pass ov] _m1 & dwell only on su* z possess a typical "*4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,notes4 ---------- ,,note ,a41 ,page #ad4 ,,rangoon oil is n f\nd 9 ?is m>ket4 ,x is a v>iety ( naph?a or petroleum f\nd at ,rangoon1 9 ,asia1 & conta9s a v>iable p]c5tage ( solid p>aff94 ,k]os5e ) a v little p>aff9 dissolv$ 9 x1 w\ld und\bt$ly answ] ! same purpose4 ,good sp]m oil or tall[ 7free f salt7 w s]ve q z well4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to caution ! read] t all oily matt] %\ld be remov$ f ! knife be=e x is us$ = cutt+ sections4 ,?is is be/ effect$ by dipp+ x 9 hot wat] & c>efully wip+ x4 ,,note ,b41 ,page #ae4 ,,me?ylat$ _s is alcohol :i* conta9s a small p]c5tage ( me?yl4 ,?is r5d]s x unfit = use 9 ! manufacture ( liquors or ev5 *lor(orm1 b does n injure x z a pres]vative fluid4 ,! sci5tific m5 ( ,great ,brita9 h ! privilege ( obta9+ ?is fluid free f duty1 & consequ5tly !y make v g5]al use ( x4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! /ud5t ( sci5ce has no su* privilege1 & mu/ use ! m exp5sive alcohol4 ,?is h[ev] is b ( a piece ) o!r re/rictions plac$ ^u sci5tific pursuits 9 ?is c\ntry1 :]e m5 l ,m>%all ,jewell & ,hannibal ,haml9 h influ5ce en\gh to pass laws :i* prohibit ! ex*ange by mail ( microscopic specim5s1 :i* pass freely 9 e o!r civiliz$ c\ntry4 ,true me?yl alcohol1 or me?ylat$ spirits1 is n to be _h 9 ?is c\ntry1 & !re=e :5ev] ?is liquid is direct$ to be us$ 9 ,engli% books ! ,am]ican microscopi/ mu/ sub/itute good alcohol4 ,:at is sold = 8me?yl alcohol0 is wood _s or wood naph?a1 & w n s]ve ! purposes ( ! microscopi/1 ?\gh x answ]s well en\gh = _s lamps1 mak+ v>ni%es1 etc4 ,,note ,c41 ,page #bj4 ,,! me?od describ$ 9 ! text is g5]ally kn[n z ! 8free-h&0 me?od1 & al?\gh x is n g5]ally employ$ = ! production ( cab9et specim5s or slides t are int5d$ = sale1 yet x possesses s _m advantages t e /ud5t %\ld endeavor to acquire ! art ( cutt+ sections )\t ! use ( ! microtome4 ,= purposes ( /udy su* sections are q equal to ! be/ ( ^? usually f\nd on sale1 & = ! enc\ragem5t ( beg9n]s we may add t we h se5 sections cut by ! free-h& me?od :i* = size1 ?9ness & accuracy1 excell$ any t we h ev] se5 produc$ ) ! microtome4 ,inde$ ,s*ff] di/9ctly affirms t no microtome c equal ! skill$ h& 9 ! production ( ?9 sections4 ,,note ,d41 ,page #bb4 ,,! m]e exi/5ce ( a b9d+ screw %\ld be no objection1 & :]e bu%+s are employ$ x is sometimes necess>y4 ,b z ! au?or well obs]ves1 a b9d+ screw _c be us$ to secure hi/ological prep>ations4 ,,note ,e41 ,page #bb4 ,a ,,/ill bett] sy/em is :]e ! section-knife is held 9 a frame :i* slides on ! plate s t ! edge is kept j above ! surface4 ,9 ?is way ! edge ( ! knife is nev] dull$ by gr9d+ on glass or metal4 ,a common mi/ake 9 ?is =m1 h[ev]1 is to raise ! cutt+ edge too f> above ! surface ( ! plate4 ,?is gives rise to great irregul>ities4 ,,note ,f41 ,page #bb4 ,,z ! size ( ! sections :i* x may be desir$ to cut1 v>ies )9 wide limits1 ! be/ microtomes made 9 ?is c\ntry are furni%$ ) z _m z ?ree tubes or 8bu%+s10 fitt+ "o )9 ! o!r1 & 9 ?is way ! hole may be p>tially fill$ up & ?us r$uc$ 9 size4 ,?is enables u to obta9 a range ( f "o in* & a qu>t]1 suitable = l>ge hi/ological prep>ations1 to "o-eigh? ( an in* = su* objects z hair sections4 ,,note ,g41 ,page #cg4 ,,knives ,,= ,,cutt+ ,,sections4 ,,success 9 cutt+ sections dep5ds m ^u ! excell5ce ( ! knife t is us$ ?an ^u any o!r "o po9t1 & !re=e ! art ( keep+ ! knife 9 good ord] is "o :i* %\ld be acquir$ by e microscopi/1 ev5 at ! co/ ( consid]able "t1 /udy & labor4 ,z a /epp+ /one to ! acquisition ( ?is art1 !re are c]ta9 g5]al pr9ciples :i* mu/ be ?or\ghly und]/ood be=e we c hope = success 9 practice4 ,^! pr9ciples are simple1 & :5 once cle>ly /at$1 q obvi\s1 b !y are frequ5tly ov]look$4 ,cutt+ in/rum5ts act 9 two ways--ei!r z simple w$ges or z a s]ies ( w$ges1 ! latt] be+ g5]ally kn[n z ! saw-l action4 ,x is frequ5tly /at$ 9 s*ool philosophies t ! edges ( all cutt+ in/rum5ts are too!d l a saw1 & t !y act l a saw2 ?is is evid5tly n ! case ) _m1 su* z ! axe1 ! *isel1 ! plane1 etc41 & x is n ev5 true ( sev]al to :i* x is frequ5tly appli$1 su* z ! razor1 ! p5knife1 etc4 ,! action c be said to be 8saw-l0 only :5 ! tee? act z indep5d5t w$ges & remove a small portion ( ! sub/ance act$ ^u1 ! portion be+ kn[n z saw-du/4 ,n[ 9 cutt+ sections ( wood ) a %>p razor1 :]e b a s+le /roke is us$ to c>ry ! cutt+ edge across a section1 say half an in* 9 diamet]1 ! edge ( ! razor does n act l a saw2 none ( ! mat]ial is remov$ except ! section itself2 9 o!r words1 !re is no saw-du/4 ,t ! edge ( ! knife or razor is n ev51 is v easily prov$ by means ( ! microscope1 b x w be f\nd t ! not*es & projections =m a s]ies ( lancet-%ap$ knifelets1 ea* "o ( :i* acts j z does ! blade ( a p5knife :5 drawn ov] a piece ( wood or a quire ( pap]4 ,n[ if we lay a quire ( pap] on a bo>d & draw ! edge ( a p5knife ov] x1 we w cut d[n ?r\gh ! pap]1 n by saw+ b by a mov+ w$ge4 ,x is precisely 9 ?is way t ! little lancet-%ap$ tee? on ! edge ( a razor act :5 ! latt] is us$ to cut a section4 ,if we fur!r exam9e ! edge ( ! razor1 we w f9d t ! bottoms ( ! not*es are comp>atively blunt2 if !re=e we press ! razor directly =w>d we soon press ^! blunt portions ( ! g5]al edge aga9/ ! mat]ial to be cut1 & ! resi/ance becomes s great t ! mat]ial is actually cru%$ or torn4 ,?is w\ld n happ5 if we _h an absolutely p]fect edge--"o )\t any not*es4 ,?is be+ practically unatta9able1 h[ev]1 we mu/ endeavor to make up = x by a saw+ motion1 7?\gh n a saw+ action7 at ! same "t seek+ to avoid z mu* z possible ^? saw-l features :i* r5d] ?is motion necess>y4 ,we h dwelt at l5g? ^u ?is po9t because s mu* has be5 writt5 comp>+ ! edge ( a razor to t ( a saw1 t "s p]sons actually advise u to give ! edges ( our knives & razors a saw-l "*1 "u ! impression t by s do+ !y w "w bett]4 ,?is is a fallacy2 ! be/ "w w be obta9$ f ! smoo!/ & mo/ p]fect edge1 provid$ ! latt] is ?9 en\gh4 ,if ! mat]ial ( :i* our cutt+ in/rum5ts are made w\ld all[ x1 t is to say if x 0 p]fectly h>d1 p]fectly rigid & incapable ( be+ cru%$ or torn ap>t1 ! prop] %ape ( a cutt+ in/rum5t w\ld be a w$ge ( ! mo/ acute =m possible4 ,b s9ce ! /eel :i* we use is limit$ 9 its h>dness & its p[] ( resi/+ cru%+ & b5d+ influ5ces1 ! blades ( our knives mu/ h a c]ta9 /r5g? or ?ickness1 dep5d+ ^u ! "* ( ! mat]ial to be cut4 ,= v h>d sub/ances ! knife mu/ be /\t & ! edge gr\nd to a comp>atively obtuse angle2 = mod]ately s(t sub/ances1 su* z wood1 ! angle may be m acute1 :ile = v s(t tissues ! ?9ne/ blade & ! %>pe/ edge are mo/ suitable4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,! v>i\s angles to :i* cutt+ tools ( diff]5t k9ds are gr\nd are %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/rations1 :i* expla9 !mselves4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,9 ! diagrams j giv51 ! sides ( ! w$ge are c>ri$ 9 /raight l9es to ! v edge4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 ?is is nev] done1 !re be+ two /rong objections to su* a =m4 ,9 ! fir/ place if ! sides 7 z %[n 9 ! figures1 e "t ! tool 0 gr\nd or set1 ! entire side w\ld h to be gr\nd (f1 & ?is w\ld involve great labor4 ,b ano!r difficulty1 q z great1 w\ld occur 9 ! use ( ! in/rum5t1 = s9ce ! w$ge keeps gr[+ con/antly & proportionately ?ick]1 ! friction betwe5 ! sides ( ! w$ge & ! mat]ial w\ld rapidly become v great4 ,!re=e mo/ cutt+ edges are gr\nd to a second angle1 mu* m obtuse ?an ! fir/1 & x is ?is second angle :i* =ms ! true cutt+ edge4 ,& x is obvi\s t ! mass ( mat]ial requir$ to c>ry out ! ultimate angle 9 any case is :olly unnecess>y1 = if ! tool be /rong en\gh at a b 7,fig4 #b7 x w c]ta9ly be /rong en\gh at c d4 ,an extreme illu/ration ( ?is pr9ciple is %[n 9 ! cold *isel us$ = cutt+ iron1 ! edge ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 & ! angle ( #hj to :i* x is gr\nd is c>ri$ out by dott$ l9es4 ,! angle :i* ! sides ( ! *isel 7n ! sides ( ! extreme cutt+ edge h[ev]7 make ) ea* o!r is #be4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,!re are two me?ods by :i* ?is *ange ( angle may be made1 "o ( :i* is %[n 9 ! cold *isel j figur$1 & ! o!r 9 ! razor ( :i* a section is %[n 9 figures #c & #d4 ,9 ! case ( ! cold *isel x w be se5 t ! tool is fir/ =m$ to a ?9 /raight w$ge :i* is aft]w>ds *ang$ to "o t is mu* m blunt4 ,?is answ]s v well :]e ! ultimate angle is comp>atively l>ge or blunt1 z is ! case ) p5knives1 table-knives1 c>v+-knives1 etc4 ,b :]e ! ultimate angle is v small ?is plan does n answ] well1 & ! me?od %[n 9 ,fig4 #c is g5]ally adopt$4 ,"h ! ultimate angle is su* t l9es t\*+ ! extreme edge & ! back ( ! blade are p]fectly /raight & =m ! actual cutt+ angle4 ,9 ?is case1 !re=e1 ! relief is obta9$ by holl[+ out ! sides ( ! blade1 & ?is is done to v>i\s ext5ts1 ! extremes be+ %[n 9 figures #c & #d4 ,fig4 #c %[s a section ( a razor gr\nd on a /one #ab in*es 9 diamet]1 :i* is z l>ge z is g5]ally us$ = ?is purpose4 ,fig4 #d is a section ( a razor gr\nd on a f\r-in* /one--! smalle/ 9 g5]al use4 ,?is me?od ( *ang+ ! angle is ( c\rse sub/antially ! same z ! fir/1 m]ely diff]+ 9 ! me*anical device us$1 b x af=ds ?is important advantage t 9 ! subsequ5t hon+ & /ropp+ processes ! back ( ! razor =ms a p]fect guide by :i* ! ultimate angle may be det]m9$4 ,?is is n ! case ) ! cold *isel or ! c>v+-knife1 9 bo? ( :i* cases ! eye & h& alone det]m9e ! cutt+ angle1 :i* is !re=e apt to become irregul> or ev5 r\nd$--! wor/ =m ( all4 ,?is w be m easily und]/ood f ! foll[+ engrav+s :]e ,a1 ,fig4 #e1 %[s a p5knife blade1 z appli$ to an oil/one = ! purpose ( giv+ x ! f9al edge4 ,! angle "h %[n is consid]ably great] ?an t g5]ally us$1 b ! pr9ciple is ! same4 ,x is evid5t t if1 9 mov+ ! blade back & =? on ! /one we all[ x to rock or *ange ! angle :i* ! blade makes ) ! /one's surface1 ! edge w become r\nd$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #f--;a =m :i* = delicate "w is useless4 ,if ! blade be laid d[n flat z at ,b1 ,fig4 #e1 ! labor ( we>+ away ! sup]flu\s metal w be enorm\s4 ,b if ! blade be holl[ z ,fig4 #g1 7:]e ! holl[ is1 = cle>ness ( illu/ration1 slightly exagg]at$7 !n ! ultimate angle may be =m$ quickly & accurately1 !re be+ no dang] ( ! angles be+ *ang$ on acc\nt ( want ( skill on ! "p ( ! op]ator4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,9 "s cases "o side is left q flat & ! o!r side is gr\nd to two or sometimes ?ree angles1 z 9 ! c>p5t]'s *isel1 a section ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #h1 :]e a a %[s ! angle made by ! body ( ! blade2 b b ! angle ( ! bevel =m$ by ! gr9d/one1 & c c ! angle ( ! cutt+ edge :i* is =m$ by ! oil/one4 ,9 ?is case ! flat side ,a ,b =ms a /raight guide & enables ! workman1 9 cutt+1 to make /raight1 clean "w4 ,9 %>p5+ su* a tool on ! oil/one ! flat side is always laid flat on ! oil/one & m]ely smoo!d (f1#ai & ! skill ( ! workman is *iefly %[n 9 ! accuracy ) :i* he =ms ! angle c ,b c4 ,! dext]ity ) :i* skill$ workm5 c effect ?is by ! h& alone is a/oni%+1 b 9 ! h&s ( ^? :o h _h b little practice ! edge infallibly becomes r\nd$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,!re=e :]ev] a knife ) a flat side is us$1 no attempt %\ld ev] be made to gr9d ?is flat side on ! hone4 ,su* an attempt w almo/ always result 9 an edge s irregul> t x w be almo/ impossible to cut a good section ) x4 ,b if ! "u side ( ! knife be left truly flat1 we w h ! v be/ tool t c be _h = use ) ! microtome4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 x is v difficult to get a knife ) a truly flat surface1 t is1 "o t is p]fectly 8out ( w9d0 z me*anics say4 ,z a g5]al rule ! flat sides ( knives are n true planes b irregul>ly curv$ surfaces2 consequ5tly :5 laid on a plane surface1 su* z ! table ( a microtome1 !y rock1 & ! edge is 9 contact ) ! table at "s po9ts & sep>at$ f x at o!rs1 & ! po9ts :i* are 9 contact *ange z ! knife is mov$ diagonally across ! table4 ,?is makes ! section irregul> & wor?less4 ,b a really good knife ) a p]fectly true flat side is su* a valuable tool t a good deal ( ef=t may be pr(itably exp5d$ 9 gett+ x1 & :5 once obta9$ nev] let ! flat side be t\*$ by a gr9d/one1 or m ?an t\*$ by a hone4 ,x is n absolutely necess>y1 h[ev]1 t ! sides ( a delicate knife %\ld be curv$1 provid$ ! knife is us$ = cutt+ v s(t mat]ials4 ,an angle ( #aj or ev5 #e gives a pretty /\t blade :5 c>ri$ back ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in*1 z may be se5 by exam9+ ,fig4 #a1 & ! guid+ action ( ! v ?ick back may be obta9$ by means ( an artificial guide1 appli$ l ! brass backs ( t5on saws4 ,su* an arrangem5t is %[n 9 ,fig4 #i1 & has be5 f\nd v effectual4 ,footnote #ai3 ,holtzapffel tell u t *isels t are requir$ = p>+ across ! end gra9 ( mod]ately s(t wood are consid]$ to hang bett] to ! "w :5 !y h a v slight ke5 burr or wire edge ?r[n up on ! face or flat side ( ! tool4 ,b ?is does n apply to section knives4 ,:5 ! knife is to be hon$1 ! back is appli$ & fa/5$ by means ( two or ?ree set screws4 ,:5 laid on ! hone1 ! edge ( ! knife & ! l[] surface ( ! back =m ! guide & regulate ! cutt+ angle4 ,9 ?is way we c use a broad1 ?9 blade & yet secure great accuracy 9 hon+ x4 ,su* a blade has ?is advantage also1 t x is n s liable to be r\nd$ & ?us injur$ by /ropp+ z "o 9 :i* ! relief is obta9$ by holl[+ out ! sides4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,su*1 !n1 are ! g5]al pr9ciples :i* gov]n ! con/ruction ( cutt+ tools1 includ+ ! section knives us$ by microscopi/s4 ,we w n[ give a few practical directions = select+ a knife & putt+ & keep+ x 9 ord]4 ,9 select+ a knife = cutt+ sections1 reg>d mu/ be _h to ! texture ( ! mat]ial t is to be cut4 ,to attempt to cut delicate sections ( s(t tissues ) ! /\t knives :i* are suitable = cutt+ sections ( woody fibre w\ld be to de/roy ! sections1 :ile to rev]se ! op]ation & cut sections ( wood ) ?91 delicate knives w\ld result 9 ! ru9 ( ! knife4 ,we h se5 a mo/ excell5t knife s]i\sly injur$ by an attempt to cut mat]ial t 0 too h>d = x4 ,! knife 0 v ?91 & _h prov$ mo/ excell5t 9 cutt+ sections ( su* mat]ial z kidney1 liv]1 etc4 ,an attempt 0 made1 aga9/ our prote/1 to cut a section ( an apple-%oot1 ! wood ( :i* 0 mature4 ,be=e ! knife _h gone half way across1 x b5t1 dug into ! wood & broke1 leav+ an ugly gap 9 ! middle4 ,exp]i5c$ section-cutt]s "k ?is v well1 b "y microscopi/s are n s famili> ) ! facts j /at$1 & ! po9t is too important to be ov]look$4 ,^?1 !re=e1 :o devote !mselves to microscopical /udies1 or :o expect to make sections ( mat]ials ( sev]al k9ds1 diff]+ 9 h>dness1 etc41 mu/ provide !mselves ) knives ( diff]5t degrees ( /r5g?4 ,= common "w1 good razors are z good z any?+1 provid$ !y c be obta9$ ) /raight edges4 ,:]e razors are n suitable1 rec\rse mu/ be _h to ! surgical in/rum5t mak]1 ?\gh we are sorry to say t !re are b few 9 ?is c\ntry t "k h[ to =ge1 temp] & gr9d a dec5t knife4 ,mo/ ( our deal]s 9 in/rum5ts d n make ! in/rum5ts !y sell2 !y import ! goods !y sell ) _! names /amp$ on1 & ?us get a reputation z manufactur]s2 a special ord] !y are unable to fill respectably4 ,!re are "s exceptions1 b ( ! majority ( deal]s :at we h writt5 above is true4 ,! po9ts :i* specially dem& att5tion 9 a knife = cutt+ sections are ^!3 #a4 ,quality ( ! /eel us$2 #b4 ,temp]2 #c4 ,=m ( ! blade4 ,( ! quality ( ! mat]ial ( :i* a knife is made1 no?+ c be det]m9$ except by actual trial4 ,! old te/s ( /a9+ ) acids1 exam9+ ) ! microscope1 etc41 are wor?less1 or at lea/ too crude & unc]ta9 to be ( any practical value4 ,color *anges ) ! degree ( poli% t is produc$1 &1 9 %ort1 !re is no reliable guide4 ,! pur*as] mu/ dep5d entirely ^u ! reputation ( ! manufactur]4 ,!re is pl5ty ( good /eel to be f\nd2 ! tr\ble lies ) ! cutl]s4 ,!y are c>eless & 9 ha/e1 & z a consequ5ce !y burn ! /eel or fail to "w x suffici5tly1 & ! result is a useless tool4 ,! /eel may be ( ! v be/ quality1 h[ev]1 & well =g$1 & yet ! knife may fail f be+ badly temp]$--too s(t or too h>d4 ,if too s(t1 ! edge is soon dull$2 ! knife requires to be frequ5tly hon$1 & ! "t wa/$ 9 keep+ x 9 ord] is a s]i\s drawback4 ,if too h>d1 x is impossible to give x a ke5 edge1 = ! metal crumbles away z soon z x is hon$ or /ropp$ v ?91 & ! edge becomes ragg$ & dull4 ,good /eel1 well =g$1 may be s temp]$ t x w nei!r crumble nor become rapidly dull4 ,mu* may be le>n$ on ?is po9t f c>eful inspection ( ! edge1 & trial on a piece ( horn1 su* z an old razor h&le4 ,:5 drawn ov] a clean piece ( horn once or twice ! edge ( a s(t knife is completely dull$2 if well-temp]$ x %\ld sc>cely lose its ke5ness4 ,aga91 :5 laid flat on ! ?umb nail & press$1 ! edge ought to b5d up )\t break+ or crumbl+1 & at once1 :5 ! pressure is remov$1 resume its orig9al %ape4 ,! ext5t to :i* extreme h>dness & durability1 or t\ghness1 may be comb9$1 is well %[n 9 ! fam\s ,tol$o sword-blades4 ,"o ( ^! blades w %e> ?r\gh an iron nail )\t hav+ its edge p]ceptibly dull$1 & yet s t\gh & spr+y is x t x may be coil$ up into a hoop ( sev]al folds )\t break+ or receiv+ any p]man5t set4 ,if we c\ld only get section knives ( /uff l ?is1 x w\ld be a pleasure to "w ) !m4 ,aft] all1 h[ev]1 ! only te/ ( ^! two po9ts1 mat]ial & temp]1 is a fair trial 9 actual practice4 ,( ! =m ( ! blade1 h[ev]1 x is easy to judge1 & !re are a few po9ts :i* are frequ5tly ov]look$ & :i* give rise to errors t are attribut$ to o!r causes4 ,9 ! text we are told t 8,x is ess5tially necess>y t ! back & edge ( ! blade be /rictly p>allel to ea* o!r40 ,! au?or und\bt$ly knew :at ! correct =m %\ld be1 b ! def9ition he has giv5 is n a correct ma!matical /atem5t ( ! conditions involv$4 ,^! are z foll[s3 ,! edge mu/ =m a /raight l9e1 & bo? ! edge & ! "u side ( ! back mu/ lie 9 ! same plane4 ,let u consid] ^! conditions some:at c>efully4 ,s9ce ! hole 9 :i* ! mat]ial to be cut is imb$d$1 is always circul>1 & s9ce ! blade is g5]ally press$ =cibly aga9/ ! table ( ! microtome1 x is obvi\s t if ! edge ( ! knife be curv$ x w s9k into ! hole to a great] or less dep? accord+ z x is fur!r f ! c5tre ( ! hole or ne>] to x4 ,to expla9 ?is let u ref] to ! greatly exagg]at$ draw+ giv5 9 figure #aj :]e ! edge ( ! knife1 a1 b1 is %[n 9 two diff]5t positions cov]+ ! hole ( ! microtome4 ,! lea/ degree ( reflection w %[ t z ! knife passes t[>ds ! c5tre f a b to a b1 x w h a t5d5cy to turn on ! back z on a h+e1 & ! middle ( ! edge w s9k deep] into ! hole z x approa*es ! c5tre ( ! latt]4 ,! section w !re=e v>y 9 ?ickness & prove useless4 ,?is difficulty c be obviat$ only by ! use ( a /raight edge l e f1 :i* w always lie 9 ! same plane4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,if ! knife 7 p]fectly rigid1 & ! curv$ edge & back lay entirely 9 ! same plane1 ?is difficulty w\ld n occur to any great ext5t4 ,b s9ce a curv$ edge r>ely lies :olly 9 ! plane ( ! back ( ! knife1 & s9ce ! blades ( mo/ knives1 especially ^? ?9 ones us$ = cutt+ sections ( s(t tissues1 yield a little to pressure1 & s9ce ?is pressure is nev] exactly ! same1 x is impossible to prev5t irregul>ities f occurr+4 ,:ile x is n necess>y t ! back ( ! knife & ! cutt+ edge %\ld be p>allel to ea* o!r1 x is absolutely necess>y t !y be 9 ! same plane1 or1 z me*anics say1--8out ( w9d40 ,if ?is condition be n obs]v$1 ! blade w rock on ! microtome table z x passes ov] x1 & irregul>ity 9 ?ickness ( section w result4 ,a slight k ( geometry w enable any "o to see t ^! /atem5ts are /rictly accurate4 ,z reg>ds o!r po9ts 9 ! =m ( ! knife1 we ref] to :at has be5 previ\sly said :5 discuss+ ! g5]al pr9ciples :i* %\ld gov]n ! con/ruction ( cutt+ tools4 ,we n[ proce$ to give a few practical directions = %>p5+ knives & razors & keep+ !m 9 ord]4 ,section knives1 dur+ ! process ( %>p5+1 are subject$ to ?ree di/9ct processes3 #a1 ,gr9d+2 #b1 ,hon+2 #c1 ,/ropp+4 ,gr9d+ is "o ( ! mo/ important1 ?\gh x is probable t x w r>ely be und]tak5 by ! microscopi/ himself4 ,m knives & razors are spoil$ 9 gr9d+ ?an 9 any o!r way4 ,we h n[ 9 our possession an excell5t knife1 :i* 9 an evil h\r we entru/$ to a ,new ,york cutl]1 & receiv$ x back utt]ly ru9$1 ! temp] be+ entirely tak5 out ( ! blades6 ,"s ( our read]s may wond] at ?is1 b un=tunately x is too true4 ,! cutl]1 to save "t & tr\ble1 too frequ5tly holds ! blade aga9/ ! /one ) su* =ce t x becomes ov]-heat$1 especially :5 he is a little c>eless & all[s ! supply ( wat] to fall %ort4#bj ,! own] does n f9d ?is out until he discov]s t ! knife is ru9$1 because no?+ is m easy ?an to cool ! blade & gr9d (f ! tell-tale blue spots4 ,:5 *>g$ ) 8 rascality1 ! cutl] always d5ies x & lays ! blame on a 8s(t spot 9 ! /eel0--a mis]able subt]fuge--too transp>5t to deceive ! lea/ exp]i5c$4 ,footnote #bj3 ,no?+ is m easy ?an to heat a ?9 rod or /\t wire r$ hot by hold+ x aga9/ a dry gr9d/one rapidly revolv+4 ,we h (t5 k9dl$ fire 9 ?is way4 ,! only protection aga9/ ?is is ei!r to entru/ ! knife to a man ( kn[n c>efulness & integrity1 or to /& ov] him :ile he does x4 ,if ! knife be gr\nd "u ! own]'s eye1 no fe> ne$ be ent]ta9$1 because x is easy to insi/ ^u ! use ( pl5ty ( wat]4 ,! gr9d/one us$ = section knives %\ld be ( f9e gra91 & x %\ld run true & be v /raight across ! face1 o!rwise x w be impossible to gr9d ! knife true1 & ?is1 z we h se51 is a necessity4 ,e microscopi/ t expects to d mu* at cutt+ sections mu/ le>n to hone 8 own knife or razor4 ,( ! v>i\s hones 9 use ! fam\s ,turkey oil/one is said to be altoge!r ! be/4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 v difficult to get x g5u9e & 9 suffici5tly l>ge pieces4 ,we !re=e use ! ,g]man hone-slate1 a s(t]1 yell[ /one ( wond]ful f95ess & cutt+ p[]4 ,! ord9>y :et/ones are altoge!r too co>se1 & z = artificial /ones & /rops1 !y may d = co>se "w & common razors = scrap+1 b !y w n d = knives us$ = section-cutt+4 ,if any ( our read]s %\ld be s =tunate z to possess a good1 old-fa%ion$ ,turkey oil/one ) a fair siz$ surface1 let !m ?9k mu* ( x4 ,x is invaluable4 ,ye>s ago1 :5 work+ on "s inve/igations t requir$ ! use ( v %>p knives1 we 7 (f]$1 by an old ,engli% c>p5t]1 ! use ( a real ,turkey /one4 ,we h nev] s9ce f\nd any?+ t did its "w s quickly & s well4 ,to m]ely m5tion ! sub/itutes = ,turkey oil/one w\ld fill "s pages4 ,we !re=e conf9e ourselves to ! ,g]man hone4 ,x is obta9$ f ! slate m\nta9s 9 ! neighborhood ( ,ratisbon1 :]e x occurs 9 ! =m ( a yell[ ve9 runn+ v]tically into ! blue slate1 sometimes n m ?an an in* 9 ?ickness1 & v>y+ to twelve to eighte5 in*es4 ,aft] be+ qu>ri$ x is saw$ into ?9 slabs1 :i* are usually cem5t$ to a simil> slab ( ! blue slate z a support1 & ! comb9$ /ones are !n set 9 a wood5 frame & fitt$ ) a cov]1 also ( wood4 ,unlike ! ,turkey oil/one1 ! ,arkansas /one1 & "s o!rs1 ! ,g]man hone is s(t & easily scrat*$ & worn4 ,x mu/ !re=e be c>efully pres]v$1 & z ! flatness ( ! hone is an important po9t1 x %\ld nev] be us$ = any?+ b section knives4 ,hav+ pur*as$ a hone1 ! fir/ ?+ to d is to see t x is p]fectly true2 t is1 t its surface is a p]fect plane4 ,if holl[ or twi/$1 x is useless until made /raight4 ,x may be te/$ by means ( two /eel or wood /raight-edges1 & ! me?od ( do+ ?is1 :i* is v simple b difficult to describe1 ! microscopi/ c le>n f any cab9et mak] or c>p5t]4 ,if ! hone be n true x mu/ be made s1 & ?is is be/ done by gr9d+ x ) em]y on a slab ( m>ble or1 bett] /ill1 a plate ( ca/ iron :i* has be5 plan$ true4 7,wa/e ca/+s ) plan$ surfaces may be f\nd 9 mo/ ma*9e %ops1 & may be ei!r borr[$ or pur*as$ = a small sum47 ,if ! hone is v unev51 co>se em]y may be us$ at fir/2 !n f9] mu/ be tak51 & s on until ! surface ( ! hone is n only true b v smoo?4 ,?is involves consid]able labor1 b x _c be avoid$ if a true edge z well z a %>p "o is desir$1 & h5ce our advice to use ! hone = no?+ b section knives4 ,accuracy 9 a p5knife or a razor = %av+ is ( no consequ5ce2 9 a section-knife x is a s9e qua non4 ,! surface ( ! hone mu/ n only be true & smoo?1 x mu/ also be clean & free f du/ & grit1 a s+le p>ticle ( :i* may spoil ! "w ( h\rs4 ,x %\ld !re=e1 :5 n 9 use1 be kept con/antly cov]$4 ,x is always us$ ) oil1 & ?is oil %\ld be ( a k9d t does n readily dry up4 ,good sp]m is excell5t1 & s is purifi$ neat's-foot oil4 ,avoid k]os5e1 soap & wat]1 & simil> fluids1 :i* are s frequ5tly recomm5d$1 especially "u ! guise ( new discov]ies4 ,!y h all be5 tri$ & f\nd want+4 ,aft] use1 ! /one %\ld be c>efully wip$ clean1 fre% oil be+ appli$ :5 x is next us$4 ,x mu/ nev] be us$ )\t a lib]al supply ( oil1 o!rwise x w become glaz$ & w no long] act on ! /eel4 ,! hone be+ 9 good ord]1 ! blade is laid flat on x & mov$ ov] its surface ) circul> sweeps4 ,! me?od ( do+ ?is is easily acquir$1 & is be/ le>n$ by wat*+ an exp]t cutl] at "w4 ,if we c\ld only hit x1 ! p]fection ( ?is op]ation w\ld be to we> d[n ! sides ( ! blade until !y j met2 !y w\ld !n =m a ke5 & p]fect edge4 ,un=tunately we _c always hit ?is po9t exactly2 we are apt to ov]do ! matt] j a little1 & !n comes up ! bte noir ( beg9n]s--! 8wire edge40 ,?is is caus$ by ! metal ( ! blade b5d+ away f ! hone z soon z x becomes ( a c]ta9 degree ( ?9ness4 ,once x does ?is x _c be worn (f by ! hone1 & ! only way to remove x is to draw ! edge ( ! knife or razor across a piece ( horn or h>d wood4 ,aft] remov+ ! wire edge 9 ?is way1 give ! blade "o or two sweeps on ! hone & !n /rop x4 ,if ! blade be v s(t1 ! wire edge comes v quickly & easily1 & is v h>d to get rid (4 ,on v h>d blades ! wire edge is n s apt to make its appe>ance4 ,x comes1 h[ev]1 on v excell5t blades4 ,x may be avoid$ 9 a measure by driv+ ! blade edge-fir/ ov] ! hone1 & inde$ ! blade %\ld always be %>p5$ mo/ 9 ?is way4 ,& s9ce ! backw>d & =w>d /rokes are always ne>ly equal1 z reg>ds space pass$ ov]1 ?is is accompli%$ by ex]t+ a great] pressure on ! =w>d ?an on ! backw>d /roke4 ,?is wire edge is a na/y ?+ :5 x breaks (f on ! hone4 ,unless remov$ x w v spe$ily ru9 a f9e knife1 !re=e look out = x & wipe (f ! hone c>efully if y h any suspicion t p>ticles ( /eel h brok5 (f ! blade & got on to x4 ,9 hon+1 z 9 ev]y?+ else1 h[ev]1 no?+ b practice w imp>t skill1 & he :o int5ds to become an exp]t %\ld practice on a few old razors1 gr9d+1 hon+ & /ropp+ !m himself1 until he has acquir$ ! art ( giv+ !m an edge f> ke5] ?an mo/ ( ! razors ord9>ily us$ = %av+4 ,! la/ op]ation to :i* ! knife is subject$ is t ( /ropp+1 & z ! blade %\ld be /ropp$ aft] e section1 x becomes important t our tools %\ld be good & t we %\ld "k h[ to use !m4 ,by hav+ two or ?ree knives we c always avoid gr9d+ & hon+ ! blades ourselves1 = x is !n easy to hire ! "w done1 & half a doz5 knives w la/ a c>eful work] a long "t ) m]ely ! aid ( a good /rop4 ,b ! /rop he mu/ use himself4 ,=tunately no great skill is requir$ 9 /ropp+1 b ! /rop mu/ be a good "o & is be/ home-made4 ,our read]s h d\btless se5 ! 8,*eap ,john0 /rop-v5dors take a r\gh table knife1 /rop x on "o ( _! 8pat5t0 /rops & cut a hair ) x4 ,nev]!less su* a knife1 %>p5$ 9 t way1 w\ld n cut good sections1 & su* a /rop is n j ! ?+ = giv+ ! f9i%+ t\* to a section-knife1 ev5 ?\gh ! label does say t x is 8int5d$ = surgical in/rum5ts40#ba ,footnote #ba3 ,! f9e/ em]y pap]1 glu$ on a /rip ( wood & us$ z a /rop1 w imp>t to a razor an edge suffici5tly ke5 to enable x to remove ! be>d1 & if pap] ?ree or f\r degrees co>s] be us$1 a v dull knife or razor may be %>p5$1 & aft]w>ds /ropp$ on ! f9] em]y until x is ke5 en\gh to cut a hair4 ,b x w be f\nd t cutt+ edges produc$ 9 ?is way are n smoo? en\gh = section-cutt+4 ,! /rop %\ld nev] be us$ ) ! int5tion ( remov+ metal s z to ?9 ! edge ( ! knife4 ,?is is ! prop] function ( ! hone1 & ^? :o dep5d mo/ on ! hone & lea/ on ! /rop1 w always succe$ be/4 ,! /rop is us$ 9 ! fir/ place = smoo?+ (f ! edge1 & 9 ! second = remov+ t incipi5t dullness :i* always comes f ev5 ! slighte/ use4 ,x is true t 9 ! latt] case ! /rop trespasses some:at on ! functions ( ! hone1 b only to a v slight ext5t1 & /ropp+ %\ld nev] be c>ri$ s f> z to require m ?an a v few /rokes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,! be/ mat]ial = a /rop is good calf-sk91 well tann$1 & firmly glu$ to a /rip ( wood ) ! hair side out4 ,! lea!r %\ld be h>d1 o!rwise x w rapidly r\nd ! edge ( ! knife4 ,! way 9 :i* ?is occurs is readily und]/ood f figures #aa & #ab4 ,9 ,fig4 #ab ! lea!r is se5 to rise up beh9d ! edge ( ! blade z ! latt] passes ov] x1 s t in/ead ( two plane facets meet+ at an angle ( f #ae to #bj z left f ! hone1 7,fig4 #ab7 ! edge has become consid]ably r\nd$ & ! ultimate angle ( ! cutt+ edge is ne>ly or q d\bl$4 ,! h>de/ & firme/ lea!r %\ld !re=e be *os51 avoid+ ( c\rse any lea!r t has be5 made h>d & unpliable by ! action ( wat] or o!r ag5ts4 ,two sides w be f\nd en\gh = a /rop4 ,on "o ! lea!r %\ld be kept clean1 :ile ! o!r %\ld be ?or\ghly impregnat$ ) f9e gra9$1 b v h>d r\ge or crocus4#bb ,r\ge is an artificial oxide ( iron prep>$ by expos+ sulphate ( iron to heat4 ,! h>dness ( ! result+ p[d] dep5ds ^u ! temp]ature to :i* x has be5 expos$1 & ?is temp]ature is v well indicat$ by ! color :i* ! r\ge assumes4 ,bright r$ or crimson r\ge is s(t & w n cut /eel2 h>d r\ge1 suitable = poli%+ /eel1 is purple 9 color1 & ?is quality %\ld !re=e be *os54 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 to see t x is free f gritty p>ticles1 & x %\ld be well rubb$ into ! lea!r 9 a dry /ate4 ,all mixtures ( grease & oil ) abrasive sub/ances %\ld be es*ew$4 ,if ! lea!r be ( good texture & ! r\ge h>d & f9e1 a v few /rokes w suffice to imp>t ! la/ degree ( smoo?ness & ke5ness to ! blade4 ,footnote #bb3 ,r\ge may be pur*as$ f deal]s 9 wat*-mak]s' tools4 ,^? :o _c procure x readily may v easily prep>e x = !mselves4 ,full directions may be f\nd 9 ! 8,amateur's ,h&book40 ,new ,york3 ,indu/rial ,publication ,company4 ,s9ce grit & du/ w\ld soon spoil ! /rop1 x %\ld be kept c>efully cov]$ & protect$4 ,! r\ge w require occasional r5ew+1 :i* may be done by spr9kl+ a little lightly ov] ! surface & rubb+ x 9 ) ! f+]4 ,consequ5tly we f9d t ! be/ & mo/ conv5i5t hold] = r\ge is a bottle ) "s f9e b por\s fabric ti$ ov] ! m\? ( x1 =m+ z x 7 a sort ( dr$ge4 ,ov] ! bottle m\? & its cov] %\ld be ti$ a pap] cap to keep out du/4 ,we h ?us endeavor$ to give1 9 z simple a mann] z possible1 su* in=mation z w guide ! microscopi/ to ! acquisition ( skill 9 ?is mo/ important b g5]ally despis$ dep>tm5t ( 8 art4 ,we are told by ! biograph] ( ,swamm]dam t a great deal ( 8 success 0 to be attribut$ to 8 skill 9 %>p5+ 8 f9e knives & scissors4 ,! same is also /at$ ( o!r not$ work]s1 & yet none give ev5 ! slighte/ directions to ! novice :o desires to foll[ 9 _! foot/eps4 ,!re is n to our k a s+le book 9 ! ,engli% language :i* treats fully ( ?is subject1 ) p]haps ! exception ( ,holtzapffel's "w on 8,me*anical ,manipulation10 & ?is has long be5 out ( pr9t4 ,z previ\sly /at$1 h[ev]1 x is only by practice t ! necess>y f+]-skill c be acquir$1 b ?is skill is well wor? acquir+ at any co/4 ,! man :o dep5ds ^u cutl]s & knife gr9d]s w nev] make satisfactory progress4 ,,note ,h4 ,we are incl9$ to believe t ! difficulty ( enclos+ glyc]9e does n arise f ! dissolv+ action ( ?is liquid1 s mu* z f ! great adhesiv5ess :i* exi/s betwe5 x & glass4 ,oily cem5ts are ( c\rse attack$ by glyc]9e1 b %ellac & sev]al o!r gums are insoluble1 & dry+ oils1 if well oxidiz$ are also insoluble4 ,:]e cells are us$ !y mu/ be fir/ firmly atta*$ to ! clean slide1 & ! cem5t %\ld also be br\ght into direct contact ) ! clean cov]4 ,glyc]9e does n evaporate at ord9>y temp]atures1 & consequ5tly :]ev] ! slide or cov] is soil$ ) x1 no cem5t w ev] adh]e until ! glyc]9e has be5 wip$ (f4 ,!re is no prospect ( its dry+4 ,,note ,i4 ,page #dh4 ,! solution "h ref]r$ to1 & :i* is kn[n z ,kle95b]g's solution1 is made 9 ! foll[+ way3 7#a47 ,make a saturat$ solution ( cry/alliz$ calcium *loride 9 #gj p] c5t4 alcohol1 & add alum to saturation4 7#b47 ,make also a saturat$ solution ( alum 9 #gj p] c5t4 alcohol4 ,add 7#a7 to 7#b7 9 ! proportion ( #a3h4 ,to ! mixture add a few drops ( a saturat$ solution ( hmatoxyl9 9 absolute alcohol4 ,?is solution may be us$ 9 v _m cases = /a9+ sections1 9 place ( ! ord9>y wat]y solution ( logwood alum4 ,x may1 if requir$1 be dilut$ ) ! mixture ( #a & #b4 ,! /a9$ sections are plac$ at once 9 /rong _s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,index4 ,acetic acid1 #ch ,adipose tissue1 #fc !r microtome1 #bd ,air-bubbles1 #dj1 #ee1 #fb ,alcohol1 #ag1 #ai absolute1 #ed ,balsam1 ,canada1 #df1 #ea to clean f slide1 #ee ,beale's c>m9e fluid1 #cc ,bell's cem5t1 #da ,blue /a9+ fluid1 #fj ,bone1 #af1 #eg decalcifi$1 #eh ,bottles = m$ia1 c41 #dh ,bra91 #ei ,brunswick black1 #da ,capill>y attraction1 #ee ,c>m9e /a9+1 #cb ,c>p5t]1 ,dr41 #cg1 #da ,c>tilage1 #fj ,cells1 to make1 #ei ,c5tr+ slide1 #ch ,*lor(orm-balsam1 #ea1 #ed ,*romic acid1 #ag ,clove oil1 #ea1 #ed ,c(fee b]ry1 #fb ,cov]1 apply+1 #cg ,g]man plan1 #ci ,cro*et-ne$le hold]s1 #ci ,d\ble /a9+1 #gc ,dry m\nt+1 #eh1 #fe1 #gb ,fat1 #fc ,f9i%+ slide1 #ed ,fibro-c>tilage1 #fb ,freez+ me?od1 #db-dg ,fre% tissues1 to cut1 #ae-ag ,fruit /ones1 #eh ,g>dn]1 ,mr41 #be1 #ca ,gelat9e cem5t1 #da ,glyc]9e1 #cg1 #ch ,gold /a9+1 #eh ,gum1 imb$d+ 91 #bb1 #ff /rong1 #dc weak1 #ca1 #ga ,hair1 #fc-fi ,hmatoxylon1 see ,logwood ,h&-sections1 #ai ,h>d5+ ag5ts1 #ai ,hoggan1 ,f4 ,elizabe?1 ,dr41 #fa ,hone1 #bf1 #eg ,horn1 ho(s1 c41 #af1 #fd ,hyal9e c>tilage1 #fb ,ice1 = freez+1 #dc ,injections1 to h>d51 #ai ,ink /a9+1 #gj ,inte/9e1 #db1 #dc1 #fd ,iron /a9+1 #fa ,kay1 ,j4 ,a41 ,mr41 #eb ,kidney1 #ag ,kle9's lift]1 #ce ,knife1 section1 #be1 #cj ,leaves1 c41 to cut1 #ab ,ligam5ts1 int]v]tebral1 #fb ,lime1 c>bonate (1 #cg ,liv]1 #fe ,logwood /a9+1 #dg ,lung1 #dc1 #fe ,m>t9dale's logwood fluid1 #dg ,m$ia1 m\nt+1 #ch ,me?ylat$ _s1 see ,alcohol ,microtome1 #ba *oice (1 #bb ,microtome1 employm5t (1 #bi freez+1 #dc1 #dd imp]fection 91 #bc1 #df ,ru!r=d's1 #ca ,muscle1 #ff ,ne$les1 microscopical1 #ci ,orange-peel1 #fg ,ov>y1 #fg ,papill ( f+]1 #fi ,p>aff9e1 adh]+ to sections1 #bg imb$d+ 91 #bj1 #bf mixture1 #bf ris+ 9 tube1 #bc %r9ks 9 cool+1 #bi ,paul1 ,dr41 #gj ,pa?ological specim5s1 #ai1 #fb ,picro-c>m9e1 #ei1 #fh1 #gb ,porcup9e quill1 #fg ,potato1 #fg ,prep>ation ( animal tissues1 #af vegetable tissues1 #ae ,prussian blue pigm5t1 #ch ,rangoon oil1 #ad1 #dg ,razors1 #bj1 #bf1 #bi1 #cj ,ru%1 #gh ,ru!r=d's microtome1 #bd1 #ca 8,practical ,hi/ology10 #dc ,salicylic acid1 #dd ,salt1 = freez+1 #de ,s*f]'s 8lift]10 #ce 8,practical ,hi/ology10 #dh ,scissors1 section1 #ac ,sebace\s gl&s1 #fi ,section-cutt]1 see ,microtome ,section-knife1 #bd ,sections1 ?ickness (1 #ca to dehydrate1 #eb to transf]1 #cc ,se$s1 #fc ,sk91 #fh ,sp]m oil1 #dd ,sp9al cord1 #fi ,_s lamp = balsam1 #ec weak1 #cf1 #ei ,sponge1 #ga ,spoon1 section1 #ce1 #ed ,/a9+ ag5ts1 #ca ,/rop1 razor1 #bf1 #bi ,/oma*1 #ga ,sudorif]\s gl&s1 #fi ,ta/e-bulbs1 #ga ,tee?1 #af1 #eh ,tongue1 #ga ,tubes1 collapsible1 #ef ,val5t9's knife1 #ad ,vegetable ivory1 #gb tissues1 to prep>e1 #ab ,vessels1 porcela91 #cc ,wat]-ba?1 *eap1 #bi ,:alebone1 #fd ,:ite z9c cem5t1 #ef ,wood1 #gb ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,catalogue ,,( ,books & ,p]iodicals ,,publi%$ ,,& ,,= ,,sale ,,by ,,! ,,indu/rial ,,publication ,,company1 #agf ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,any ( ^! ,books may be obta9$ f any ,booksell] or ,newsdeal]1 or w be s5t ,free by mail to any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada ,,on ,,receipt ,,( ,,price4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! ,amateur's ,h&book ( ,practical ,in=mation1 ,= ! ,work%op & ! ,laboratory4 ,second ,edition4 ,greatly ,enl>g$4 ,neatly ,b\nd #ae c5ts4 ,?is is a h&y little book1 conta9+ j ! in=mation ne$$ by ,amateurs 9 ! ,work%op & ,laboratory4 ,directions = mak+ ,alloys1 ,fusible ,metals1 ,cem5ts1 ,glues1 etc42 & = ,sold]+1 ,braz+1 ,lacqu]+1 ,bronz+1 ,/a9+ & ,poli%+ ,wood1 ,temp]+ ,tools1 ,cutt+ & ,work+ ,glass1 ,v>ni%+1 ,silv]+1 ,gild+1 ,prep>+ ,sk9s1 etc41 etc4 ,! ,new ,edition conta9s ext5d$ directions = prep>+ ,poli%+ ,p[d]s1 ,freez+ ,mixtures1 ,color$ ,lights = tableaux1 ,solutions = r5d]+ ladies' dresses incombu/ible1 etc4 ,!re has also be5 add$ a v l>ge numb] ( new & valuable receipts4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,rhymes ( ,sci5ce3 ,wise & ,o!rwise4 ,by ,o4 ,w4 ,holmes1 ,bret ,h>t1 ,+oldsby1 ,pr(4 ,=bes1 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,w4 ,mc,q4 ,rank9e1 ,hon4 ,r4 ,w4 ,raymond1 & o!rs4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,clo?1 ,gilt ,title4 #ej c5ts4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,section-,cutt+4 ,a ,practical ,guide to ! ,prep>ation & ,m\nt+ ( ,sections = ! ,microscope2 ,special ,prom95ce be+ giv5 to ! ,subject ( ,animal ,sections4 ,by ,sylve/] ,m>%4 ,repr9t$ f ! ,london edition4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #abmo41 ,clo?1 ,gilt ,title4 #ge c5ts4 ,?is is und\bt$ly ! mo/ ?or\gh treatise extant ^u section-cutt+ 9 all its details4 ,! ,am]ican edition has be5 greatly enl>g$ by valuable explanatory notes1 & also by ext5d$ directions1 illu/rat$ ) engrav+s1 = select+ & %>p5+ knives & razors4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,companion = ,*eap ,microscopes4 ,int5d$ = ^? :o h absolutely no k ( ! ,microscope or h[ to use x4 ,price1 9 ,bo>ds1 #cj c5ts4 ,9 ,clo?1 ,gilt ,title #ej c5ts4 ,?is is a v elem5t>y book1 giv+ v simple directions = us+ ! ,microscope1 & = collect+1 prep>+ & m\nt+ objects4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,h[ to ,use ! ,microscope4 ,a ,simple & ,practical ,book1 int5d$ = beg9n]s4 ,by ,john ,ph91 editor ( 8,! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,microscopy40 ,second ,edition4 ,greatly ,enl>g$1 ) #ej illu/rations 9 ! text & #d full-page engrav+s pr9t$ on heavy t9t pap]4 #abmo41 ,neatly b\nd 9 ,clo?1 ,gilt ,title4 #ge c5ts4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! ,microscope4 ,by ,&rew ,ross4 ,fully ,illu/rat$4 #abmo41 ,clo?1 ,gilt ,title4 #ge c5ts4 ,?is is ! celebrat$ article contribut$ by ,&rew ,ross to ! 8,p5ny ,cyclopdia10 & quot$ s frequ5tly by writ]s on ! ,microscope4 ,c>p5t] & ,hogg1 9 ! la/ editions ( _! works on ! ,microscope1 & ,brooke1 9 8 treatise on ,natural ,philosophy1 all ref] to ?is article z ! be/ s\rce = full & cle> in=mation 9 reg>d to ! pr9ciples ^u :i* ! mod]n a*romatic ,microscope is con/ruct$4 ,x %\ld be 9 ! libr>y ( e p]son to :om ! ,microscope is m ?an a toy4 ,x is writt5 9 simple language1 free f ab/ruse te*nicalities4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,diatoms4 ,practical ,directions = ,collect+1 ,pres]v+1 ,transport+1 ,prep>+ & ,m\nt+ ,diatoms4 ,by ,pr(4 ,a4 ,mead ,edw>ds1 ,m4 ,d41 ,pr(4 ,*ri/oph] ,john/on1 ,m4 ,d41 ,pr(4 ,hamilton ,l4 ,smi?1 ,,ll4 ,d4 #abmo41 ,clo?4 #ge c5ts4 ,?is volume und\bt$ly conta9s ! mo/ complete s]ies ( directions = ,collect+1 ,prep>+ & ,m\nt+ ,diatoms ev] publi%$4 ,! directions giv5 are ! late/ & be/4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,common ,objects = ! ,microscope4 ,by ,rev4 ,j4 ,g4 ,wood4 ,upw>ds ( f\r hundr$ illu/rations1 includ+ twelve color$ plates by ,tuff5 ,we/4 ,illum9at$ ,cov]s4 #ej c5ts4 ,?is book conta9s a v complete description ( ! objects ord9>ily met )1 & z ! plates are v good1 & almo/ e object is figur$1 x is a mo/ valuable assi/ant to ! "y microscopi/4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,five ,hundr$ & ,sev5 ,me*anical ,movem5ts4 ,embrac+ all ^? :i* are ,mo/ ,important 9 ,dynamics1 ,hydraulics1 ,hydro/atics1 ,pneumatics1 ,/eam ,eng9es1 ,mill & ,o!r ,ge>+1 ,presses1 ,horology & ,miscellane\s ,ma*9]y2 & includ+ ,_m ,movem5ts nev] be=e publi%$1 & sev]al ( :i* h only rec5tly come into use4 ,by ,h5ry ,t4 ,br[n1 editor ( ! 8,am]ican ,artisan40 ,elev5? ,edition4 #a4jj4 ,?is "w is a p]fect ,cyclopdia ( ,me*anical ,inv5tions1 :i* are "h r$uc$ to fir/ pr9ciples1 & classifi$ s z to be readily available4 ,e me*anic t hopes to be m workman1 ought to h a copy4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! ,six ,days ( ,creation4 ,! ,*emical ,hi/ory ( ! ,six ,days ( ,creation4 ,by ,john ,ph91 ,c4 ,e41 editor ( 8,! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,microscopy40 #abmo41 ,clo?4 #ge c5ts4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,/ories ,ab\t ,horses4 ,j ! ,book = ,boys4 ,) eight full-page engrav+s4 ,9 ,bo>ds1 #be c5ts4 ,9 ,clo? #ej c5ts4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,%oot+ on ! ,w+4 ,pla9 ,directions = ,acquir+ ! ,art ( ,%oot+ on ! ,w+4 ,) ,useful ,h9ts conc]n+ all t relates to ,guns & ,%oot+1 & p>ticul>ly 9 reg>d to ! art ( ,load+ s z to ,kill4 ,to :i* has be5 add$ sev]al ,valuable & hi!rto ,secret ,recipes1 ( ,great ,practical ,importance to ! ,sportsman4 ,by an ,old ,gamekeep]4 #abmo41 ,clo?1 ,gilt ,title4 #ge c5ts4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! ,pi/ol z a ,weapon ( ,def5ce1 ,9 ! ,h\se & on ! ,road4 #abmo41 ,clo?4 #ej c5ts4 ,?is "w aims to in/ruct ! peaceable & law-abid+ citiz5s 9 ! be/ means ( protect+ !mselves f ! attacks ( ! brutal & ! lawless1 & is ! only practical book publi%$ on ?is subject4 ,its cont5ts are z foll[s3 ,! ,pi/ol z a ,weapon ( ,def5ce4--,! ,c>ry+ ( ,fire-,arms4--,diff]5t k9ds ( ,pi/ols 9 ,m>ket2 ,h[ to ,*oose a ,pi/ol4--,ammunition1 diff]5t k9ds2 ,p[d]1 ,caps1 ,bullets1 ,copp] ,c>tridges1 etc4--,be/ =m ( ,bullet4--,h[ to ,load4--,be/ ,*>ge = ,pi/ols4--,h[ to regulate ! ,*>ge4--,c>e ( ! ,pi/ol2 h[ to ,clean x4--,h[ to ,h&le & ,c>ry ! ,pi/ol4--,h[ to ,le>n to ,%oot4--,practical use ( ! ,pi/ol2 h[ to ,protect y\rself & h[ to ,disable y\r antagoni/4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,lightn+ ,rods4 ,pla9 ,directions = ! ,con/ruction & ,erection ( ,lightn+ ,rods4 ,by ,john ,ph91 ,c4 ,e41 editor ( 8,! ,"y ,sci5ti/10 au?or ( 8,*emical ,hi/ory ( ! ,six ,days ( ! ,creation10 etc4 ,second ,edition4 ,enl>g$ & ,fully ,illu/rat$4 #abmo41 ,clo?1 ,gilt ,title4 #ej c5ts4 ,?is is a simple & practical little "w1 int5d$ to convey j su* in=mation z w enable e prop]ty own] to decide :e!r or n 8 build+s are ?or\ghly protect$4 ,x is n writt5 9 ! int]e/ ( any pat5t or p>ticul> article ( manufacture1 & by foll[+ its directions1 any ord9>ily skilful me*anic c put up a rod t w af=d p]fect protection1 & t w n infr+e any pat5t4 ,e own] ( a h\se or b>n ought to procure a copy4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,in/ruction 9 ! ,art ( ,wood ,engrav+4 ,a ,manual ( ,in/ruction 9 ! ,art ( ,wood ,engrav+2 ) a ,description ( ! ,necess>y ,tools & ,app>atus1 & ,concise ,directions = _! ,use2 ,explanation ( ! ,t]ms ,us$1 & ! ,me?ods ,employ$ = ,produc+ ! ,v>i\s ,classes ( ,wood ,engrav+s4 ,by ,s4 ,e4 ,full]4 ,fully illu/rat$ ) ,engrav+s by ! au?or1 sep>ate %eets ( engrav+s = transf] & practice be+ add$4 ,new ,edition1 ,neatly ,b\nd4 #cj c5ts4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,:at to ,d 9 ,case ( ,accid5t4 ,:at to ,d & ,h[ to ,d ,x 9 ,case ( ,accid5t4 ,a ,book = ,ev]ybody4 #abmo41 ,clo?1 ,gilt ,title4 #ej c5ts4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ useful books ev] publi%$4 ,x tells exactly :at to d 9 case ( accid5ts1 su* z ,sev]e ,cuts1 ,spra9s1 ,dislocations1 ,brok5 ,bones1 ,burns ) ,fire1 ,scalds1 ,burns ) ,corrosive ,*emicals1 ,sun/roke1 ,suffocation by ,f\l ,air1 ,hang+1 ,dr[n+1 ,fro/-,bite1 ,fa9t+1 ,/+s1 ,bites1 ,/>vation1 ,lightn+1 ,poisons1 ,accid5ts f ,ma*9]y1 & f ! ,fall+ ( ,scaffold+1 ,gun%ot ,w\nds1 etc41 etc4 ,x ought to be 9 e h\se1 = "y & old are liable to accid5t1 & ! directions giv5 9 ?is book might be ! means ( sav+ _m a valuable life4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,b\nd ,,volumes ,,( ,! ,te*nologi/1 or ,indu/rial ,mon?ly4 ,! eight volumes ( ,,! ,,te*nologi/1 or ,,indu/rial ,,mon?ly1 :i* h be5 issu$1 =m a ,me*anical & ,ar*itectural ,encyclopdia ( great value2 &1 :5 prop]ly b\nd1 !y =m a mo/ important addition to any libr>y4 ,! spl5did full-page engrav+s1 pr9t$ on t9t$ pap]1 9 ! highe/ /yle ( ! art1 are univ]sally conc$$ to be ! f9e/ ar*itectural & me*anical engrav+s ev] publi%$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,we h on h& a few complete sets1 :i* we (f] = #af4jj1 h&somely & uni=mly b\nd 9 clo?4 ,we h also a few extra sets ( ,vols4 ,,iii to ,,viii inclusive4 ,^! six volumes we (f] = #h4jj b\nd 9 clo?4 ,z !re are b a v few sets rema9+1 ^? :o desire to secure !m %\ld ord] imm$iately4 ,,note4--,! above prices d n include po/age or express *>ges4 ,! set weighs altoge!r too mu* to be s5t by mail4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,j ,publi%$4 #a ,vol41 #abmo4 ,neatly ,b\nd 9 ,clo?1 ,gilt ,title4 ,price #ge c5ts4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,use ,,! ,,microscope4 ,a ,simple & ,practical ,book1 int5d$ = beg9n]s4 ,,by ,,john ,,ph91 ,editor ( 8,! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,microscopy40 ,second ,edition4 ,greatly ,enl>g$1 ) #ej illu/rations 9 ! text1 & #d full-page engrav+s pr9t$ on heavy t9t pap]4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,:at ,a ,,microscope ,,is4--,diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,microscopes4--,simple ,microscopes4--,h& ,magnifi]s4--,! ,codd+ton ,l5s4--,! ,/anhope ,l5s4--,raspail's ,microscope4--,! ,excelsior ,microscope4--,tw5ty-five c5t ,microscopes & h[ to make !m4--,p5ny ,microscopes4 ,,comp\nd ,,microscopes4--,diff]5t k9ds ( ,objectives4--,non-,a*romatic ,objectives4--,fr5* ,a*romatic ,objectives4--,objectives ( ! ,engli% ,=m4--,imm]sion ,objectives4--,focal ,l5g?s correspond+ to ! numb]s employ$ by ,na*et1 ,h>tnack & ,gundla*4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,*oose ,a ,,microscope4--,microscopes = ,special ,purposes4--,magnify+ ,p[] requir$ = diff]5t purposes4--,h[ to judge ( ! quality ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,microscope4 ,,accessory ,,app>atus4--,/age ,=ceps1 ,animalcule ,cage1 etc4 ,,illum9ation4--,sun ,light4--,artificial ,light4--,bulls-,eye ,cond5s]4--,side ,reflector4--,! ,lieb]kuhn4--,axial ,light4--,oblique ,light4--,direct ,light4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,use ,,! ,,microscope4--,h[ to ,c>e = ! ,microscope4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,collect ,,objects4--,:]e to f9d ,objects4--,:at to ,look =4--,h[ to ,capture ,!m4--,nets4--,bottle-,hold]s4--,spoons4 --,new ,=m ( ,collect+ ,bottle4--,aqu>ia = ,microscopic ,objects4--,dipp+ ,tubes4 ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,& ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,objects4--,cutt+ ,?9 ,sections ( ,s(t ,sub/ances4--,sections ( ,wood & ,bone4--,improv$ ,section-,cutt]4--,sections ( ,rock4--,knives4--,scissors4--,ne$les4-- ,dissect+ ,pans & ,di%es4--,dissect+ ,microscopes4--,sep>ation ( ,deposits f ,liquids4--,prep>+ :ole ,insects4--,feet1 ,eyes1 ,tongues1 ,w+s1 etc41 ( ,insects4--,use ( ,*emical ,te/s4--,liquids = ,moi/5+ ,objects4--,refractive ,p[] ( ,liquids4--,cov]s = ,keep+ out ,du/4--,errors 9 ,microscopical ,obs]vations4 ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,objects4--,g5]al ,pr9ciples4--,recipes = ,pres]vative ,fluids4--,g5]al ,rules = ,apply+ !m4 ,,m\nt+ ,,objects4--,app>atus & ,mat]ials =3 ,slides1 ,cov]s1 ,cells1 ,turn-,table1 ,c>ds = ,mak+ ,cells1 ,hot-,plate1 ,lamps1 ,retort ,/&1 ,slide-,hold]1 ,m\nt+ ,ne$les1 ,cov] ,=ceps1 ,simple ,=m ( ,spr+ ,clip1 ,c5t]+ ,c>ds1 ,gold-,size1 ,black ,japan1 ,brunswick ,black1 ,%ellac1 ,bell's ,cem5t1 ,seal+ ,wax ,v>ni%1 ,color$ ,%ellac1 ,dam> ,cem5t1 ,m>9e ,glue1 ,liquid ,glue1 ,dextr9e4--,m\nt+ ,transp>5t ,objects ,dry4--,m\nt+ 9 ,balsam4--,m\nt+ 9 ,liquids4--,m\nt+ ( ,:ole ,insects4--,h[ to ,get ,rid ( ,air-,bubbles4--,m\nt+ ,opaque ,objects4 ,,f9i%+ ,,! ,,slides4 ,may be obta9$ f any ,booksell] or ,news ,ag5t1 or w be s5t by mail1 po/age paid1 on receipt ( price4 ,,! ,,indu/rial ,,publication ,,company1 ,p4 #j4 ,box #dhge4 #agf ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,g5esis ,,& ,,geology4 -------------- ,,! ,,*emical ,,hi/ory ,,( ,! ,six ,days ( ,creation4 ,,by ,,john ,,ph91 ,c4 ,e41 ,,editor ,,( 8,,! ,,am]ican ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,microscopy40 #a ,vol41 #abmo4 ,clo?4 #ge c5ts4 -------------- ,! foll[+ are a few ( ! ,op9ions ( ! ,press3 ,?is is a small book1 b full ( matt]4 99 99 99 ,we ?9k ?is book is full ( int]e/ & value2 & z ! discussions conc]n+ ! h>mony ( sci5ce & fai? are rife at ! pres5t day1 we comm5d ! reason+s ( ,mr4 ,ph9 to ! great numb] ( read]s & /ud5ts :o are inve/igat+ ^! subjects4--,! ,presbyt]ian 7,philadelphia74 ,! au?or gives a new solution ( ?is difficult "q1 & c]ta9ly pres5ts _m v plausible argum5ts 9 support ( 8 !ory4--,sunday-,s*ool ,workman4 ,a v c&id & +5i\s essay4--,*ri/ian ,union 7,h4 ,w4 ,bee*]'s pap]74 ,no "o c read ?is book )\t comp5sation1 )\t becom+ m ?\ghtful conc]n+ ! ph5om5a ( creation2 & he ne$ lose none ( 8 rev]5ce = ! supremacy ( ! ,div9e ,law4--,rural ,new ,york]4 ,we c\ld say mu* 9 comm5dation ( ,pr(4 ,ph9's little book4 ,an intellig5t read] c h>dly fail to be int]e/$ 9 x1 & _m might be b5efit$4--,c\ntry ,g5tleman4 ,! book c n fail to int]e/ ev5 ^? :o d n fully accept ! !ory x advocates4--,bo/on ,j\rnal ( ,*emi/ry4 ,x is a new sci5tific view ( ! matt]4--,phr5ological ,j\rnal4 ,! book1 al?\gh n l>ge1 w prove exce$+ly int]e/+ to all :o h ev] direct$ att5tion to ?is matt]1 & conta9s m solid & sugge/ive ?\ght ?an _m volum9\s treatises on ! subject4--,insurance ,monitor4 ,! "w is +5i\s & orig9al1 & pres5ts _m /rik+ sugge/ions4--,am]ican ,bapti/4 ,we believe ,pr(4 ,ph9 has />t$ ^u ! correct basis1 & 8 !ory is ma9ly t5able4 ,8 views are pres5t$ 9 a mann] :i*1 ?\gh t]se1 is easily compreh5d$4--,daily ,gu>dian 7,pat]son1 ,n4 ,j47 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,! ,,"y ,,sci5ti/1 ,a ,practical ,j\rnal = ,amateurs4 ,,issu$ ,,mon?ly4 ,price #ej ,c5ts p] ye>4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( "y ,am]icans t !y want to be ,,do+ some?+4 ,!y are n cont5t ) m]ely kn[+ h[ ?+s are done1 or ev5 ) see+ !m done2 !y want to d !m !mselves4 ,9 o!r words1 !y want to exp]im5t4 ,h5ce ! wond]ful dem& t has sprung up = small tool *e/s1 turn+ la!s1 scroll saws1 wood c>v+ tools1 telegraphs1 model /eam eng9es1 microscopes & all k9ds ( app>atus4 ,9 n9e cases out ( t51 h[ev]1 ! "y workman f9ds x difficult to le>n h[ to use 8 tools or app>atus aft] he has got !m4 ,x is true t we h a l>ge numb] ( v excell5t text-books1 b ^! are n j ! ?+4 ,:at is want$ is a liv+ tea*]4 ,:]e a liv+ tea*] _c be f\nd1 ! next be/ ?+ is a live j\rnal1 & ?is we propose to furni%4 ,& 9 attempt+ ?is1 x is n our int5tion to conf9e ourselves to m]e practical directions4 ,9 ^! days ( k & sci5tific culture1 ! 8,:y0 becomes z necess>y z ! 8,h[40 ,! object ( ! ,,"y ,,sci5ti/ is to give cle> & easily foll[$ directions = p]=m+ *emical1 me*anical & o!r op]ations1 z well z simple & accurate explanations ( ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 ! v>i\s me*anical & *emical processes :i* we %all und]take to describe4 ,! scope & "* ( ! j\rnal w be bett] und]/ood f an inspection ( a few numb]s1 or f ! li/ ( cont5ts f\nd on a subsequ5t page1 ?an f any labor$ description4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 ?ree features to :i* we w\ld call special att5tion3 ,,correspond5ce4--,9 ?is dep>tm5t we int5d to place our read]s 9 communication ) ea* o!r1 & 9 ?is way we hope to secure = e "o j su* aid z may be requir$ = any special "w on h&4 ,,ex*anges4--,an ex*ange column1 l t :i* has be5 su* a m>k$ success 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,microscopy1 w be op5$ 9 ! ,"y ,sci5ti/4 ,ye>ly subscrib]s :o may wi% to ex*ange tools1 app>atus1 books1 or ! products ( _! skill1 c /ate :at !y h to (f] & :at !y want1 )\t *>ge4 ,buy+ & sell+ mu/1 ( c\rse1 be c>ri$ on 9 ! adv]tis+ columns4 ,,illu/rations4--,! j\rnal w make no claims to ! "* ( a 8picture book10 b :]ev] engrav+s are ne$$ to make ! descriptions cle> !y w be furni%$4 ,"s ( ! engrav+s :i* h already appe>$ 9 our pages are z f9e z any?+ to be f\nd 9 ! mo/ exp5sive j\rnals4 ,special ,notice4 ,z our j\rnal is too small & too l[-pric$ to claim ! att5tion ( news deal]s1 we are compell$ to rely almo/ :olly ^u subscriptions s5t directly to ?is (fice4 ,z _m p]sons w\ld no d\bt l to exam9e a few numb]s be=e becom+ regul> subscrib]s1 we w s5d f\r curr5t numb]s z a trial trip = ,,fifte5 ,,c5ts4 -------------- ,,clubs4 ,:]e ?ree or m subscribe toge!r = ! j\rnal1 we (f] ! foll[+ lib]al t]ms3 #c copies = #a4be #e #b4jj #g #b4ge #aj #c4ej ,adv]tisem5ts1 #cj c5ts p] l9e4 ,z po/al curr5cy has ne>ly disappe>$ f circulation1 we receive po/age /amps ( ! l[] d5om9ations 7ones1 twos & ?rees7 at _! full value4 ,po/al ord]s are1 h[ev]1 mu* saf] & m conv5i5t4 ,to avoid delay & mi/akes address all communications to 8,,! ,,"y ,,sci5ti/1 ,box #dhge1 ,new ,york10 & make all *ecks & ord]s payable to ,john ,ph94 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,:at ,,p ,,say ,,( ,,u4 ,9 a lett] to ! ,editor1 ,oliv] ,w5dell ,holmes1 ! g5ial 8,autocrat ( ! ,breakfa/ ,table10 says3 8,i am mu* pleas$ ) ! ,,"y ,,sci5ti/4 ,x makes me want to be a boy aga940 8,x is a little publication1 calculat$ to call out & educate all ! lat5t +5uity & ?ir/ = k :i* ! y\?ful m9d possesses1 & we hope x w w9 its way into e h\sehold 9 ! l&40--,sci5tific ,press4 8,we h nev] se5 a p]iodical1 design$ = y\?1 :i* came ne>] to our ideal ( :at su* a j\rnal %\ld be40--,canadian ,ph>maceutical ,j\rnal4 8,! ,,"y ,,sci5ti/ is "o ( ! *oice/ publications = juv5ile m9ds 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,e page treats on subjects ( importance to "y & old1 portray$ 9 a cle>ly compreh5sive mann]1 :i* at once int]e/s ! "y idea 9 its c>eful p]usal40--,lape] ,cl>ion4 8,x seems to fill ! bill40--,newport ,daily ,news4 8,x is pleas+ to note t its y\?ful subscrib]s w n be misl$ by clap-trap adv]tisem5ts or adv]tisem5ts ( pat5t m$ic9es1 :i* w n be receiv$ at any price4 ,! ,,"y ,,sci5ti/ is do+ good "w 9 sett+ its face aga9/ ?is class ( humbugs40--,manufactur+ & ,trade ,review4 8,! "w is a copi\sly illu/rat$ mon?ly1 & is full ( practical h9ts t w in/ruct & amuse ! "y folks40--,indu/rial ,s*ool ,advocate4 8,a small b elegant & v in/ructive mon?ly40--,pittsburg ,*ronicle4 8,conta9s ! be/ possible read+ = ! "y ( bo? sexes40--,ottawa ,j\rnal4 8,we c safely recomm5d ?is magaz9e z "o ( ! v be/ publications = ! "y folks40--,! ,indep5d5t1 ,f5ton1 ,mi*4 8,?is j\rnal occupies a new field1 & is ne$$ to put ! m9ds ( our y\? on ! "r track to secure a correct und]/&+ ( ! nature ( ?+s40--,wayl& ,press4 8,x is ably edit$ by ,john ,ph91 :o w make a l>ge place 9 ! he>t ( ! ris+ g5]ation1 if he p]si/s 9 8 v5ture4 ,we hope 8 success 9 ! field w be equal to ! article furni%$--fir/ be/40--,sunset ,*imes4 8,! articles are writt5 9 a popul>1 readable /yle1 & pr(usely illu/rat$40--,akron ,city ,times4 8,! ,,"y ,,sci5ti/ is excell5t 9 conception1 & well design$ to amuse & in/ruct "y p40--,*icago ,ev5+ ,j\rnal4 8,! ,,"y ,,sci5ti/ is a h&some mon?ly magaz9e1 ea* numb] conta9+ ab\t #af pages1 h&somely illu/rat$4 ,x w supply a place :i* has be5 h]et(ore unoccupi$4 ,! copy be=e u comes fully up to ! promise ( ! prospectus40--,! ,times1 ,iroquois1 ,mi*4 8,x is a j\rnal :i* %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( bo? "y & old1 & is a great b5efit to ! "y sci5ti/ z well z ! advanc$ pr(essor4 ,x is a ?\s& times m valuable ?an ! dime novel s]ies1 s mu* read by boys4 ,p>5ts w\ld d well to h x 9 _! h\seholds40--,! ,iron ,home4 8,?is publication is a new laun*1 & x is v gratify+ to witness ! abl5ess :i* p]vades its pages40--,amh]/ ,free ,press4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,! ,,am]ican ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,microscopy1 ,,& ,,popul> ,,sci5ce4 -------------- ,,prospectus4 ,! object ( ! ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,microscopy is to diffuse a k ( ! be/ me?ods ( us+ ! ,microscope2 ( all valuable improvem5ts 9 ! in/rum5t & its accessories2 ( all new me?ods ( microscopical inve/igation1 & ( ! mo/ rec5t results ( microscopical rese>*4 ,! ,,j\rnal does n address itself to ^? :o h long pursu$ c]ta9 special l9es ( rese>*1 & ^: wants c be suppli$ only by elaborate pap]s1 :i*1 f _! ?or\ghness1 are entitl$ to be call$ monographs r ?an m]e articles4 ,x is int5d$ r to meet ! wants ( ^? :o use ! microscope = purposes ( g5]al /udy1 m$ical "w1 class in/ruction1 & ev5 amusem5t1 & :o desire1 9 addition to ! in=mation af=d$ by text-books1 su* a k ( :at o!rs are do+ z c be d]iv$ only f a p]iodical4 ,) ?is object 9 view1 !re=e1 ! publi%]s propose to make ! ,,j\rnal s simple1 practical & tru/wor?y1 t x w prove to ! advantage ( e "o :o uses ! microscope at all to take x4 ,,illu/rations4--,! ,,j\rnal w be freely illu/rat$ by engrav+s repres5t+ ei!r objects ( natural hi/ory or app>atus connect$ ) ! microscope4 ,,transactions ,,( ,,societies4--,,! ,,am]ican ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,microscopy is n ! organ ( any ,society1 b x gives ! proce$+s ( all ,societies ^: (fic]s s5d u a report4 ,z ! ,,j\rnal is devot$ :olly to ,microscopy1 & is 9 good =m & size = b9d+1 no bett] m$ium c be _h = pres]v+ ! sci5tific records ( any society4 ,matt]s ( m]e bus9ess r\t9e we are frequ5tly oblig$ to omit = want ( room4 ,,ex*anges4--,an important feature ( ! ,,j\rnal is ! ex*ange column1 by means ( :i* work]s 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry are enabl$1 )\t exp5se1 except = po/age1 to ex*ange slides & mat]ials ) ea* o!r4 ,,t]ms4 ,dur+ ! fir/ two ye>s ( its exi/5ce1 ! subscription to ! ,,am]ican ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,microscopy 0 only fifty c5ts p] ye>1 b at ! reque/ ( m ?an two-?irds ( ! subscrib]s1 ! size ( ! ,,j\rnal has be5 d\bl$1 & ! price rais$ to ,,"o ,,doll> ,,p] ,,ye>4 ,f\r copies = ?ree doll>s4 ,^? :o wi% to economize 9 ! direction ( p]iodicals1 w\ld d well to exam9e our clubb+ li/4 ,,=eign ,,subscrib]s4--,! ,,j\rnal w be s5t1 po/age paid1 to any c\ntry 9 ! ,po/al ,union = #a4bd1 or #e %ill+s /]l+ p] ye>4 ,engli% po/age /amps1 ,am]ican curr5cy or ,am]ican po/age /amps tak5 9 paym5t4 ,9 return = a po/al ord] or draft = #a #es41 five copies ( ! ,,j\rnal w be furni%$ & mail$ to diff]5t addresses4 ,make all drafts & po/al ord]s payable to ,john ,ph94 ,,back ,,volumes4--,we h on h& a few copies ( ,vols4 ,i & ,,ii1 b\nd 9 h&some clo? cases1 :i* we (f] = #a #be ea*4 ,vols4 ,i & ,,ii1 b\nd1 & ! numb]s ( ,vol4 ,,iii1 z issu$1 we (f] = #b4ej4 ,we c no long] supply complete sets ( #ahgf-g 9 %eets4 ,to ^? :o wi% to exam9e ! j\rnal1 we w s5d t5 odd numb]s = #be c5ts4 ,adv]tisem5ts4 ,! ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,microscopy1 f its v nature1 is a visitor to ! v be/ families1 & its value z an adv]tis+ m$ium has !re=e prov$ to be mu* above t ( av]age p]iodicals4 ,a few select adv]tisem5ts w be ins]t$ at ! rate ( #cj c5ts p] l9e1 nonp>iel measure1 ( :i* twelve l9es make an in*4 ,address ,,am]ican ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,microscopy1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #dhge1 ,new ,york4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,miss+ or obscur$ punctuation 0 correct$4 ,typographical errors 7 sil5tly correct$4 ,inconsi/5t spell+ 0 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant =m 0 f\nd 9 ?is book2 o!rwise x 0 n *ang$4 ,=ms ( ! "n ,s*f] 7 regul>iz$ to mat* ! title page ( 8 8,a ,c\rse ( ,practical ,hi/ology40 ,text t 0 9 italics is enclos$ by und]scores 7italics72 text t 0 bold by 8equal0 signs 7bold74