,illu/ration3 ,a ,,native ,,( ,,jamaica ,,isl& ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,spices ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,"k ,,!m ,,by ,w4 ,m4 ,,gibbs ,illu/ration3 ,decoration ,,mcmix ,,composition1 ,,presswork1 ,,& ,,b9d+ ,,by ,,! ,,mat!ws-,,nor?rup ,,works ,,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,copyright1 #aiji1 by ,w4 ,m4 ,,gibbs1 ,,dunkirk1 ,n4 ,y4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,to ,,! ,,progressive ,,plant] ,,& ,,hone/ ,,mill] ,,( ,,spices1 ,,to ,,! ,,scrupul\s ,,& ,,consci5ti\s ,,:olesale ,,& ,,retail ,,deal]1 ,,to ,,! ,,e>ne/ ,,comm]cial ,,man1 ,,& ,,to ,,! ,,consum] ,,:o ,,is ,,p>ticul>3 ,,?is ,,book ,,is ,,respectfully ,,d$icat$4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,cont5ts ,,introduction1 #e1 #f ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,e>ly ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,spices1 #g-i ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,adult]ation ,,( ,,spices #aj-ad ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,detect ,,adult]ations ,,9 #ae-cd ,,spices--,,_! ,,=mation ,,& ,,analysis1 ,potato ,/>*1 #ba ,m>anta ,/>*1 #bb ,circuma1 #bb ,legum9\s ,/>*es1 #bc ,nutmeg ,/>*1 #bc ,capsicum ,/>*1 #bc ,pepp] ,/>*1 #bc ,c9namon ,/>*1 #bd ,buck:eat ,/>*1 #bd ,maize or ,corn ,/>*1 #bd ,rice ,/>*1 #bd ,:eat ,/>*1 #bd ,b>ley ,/>*1 #be ,rye ,/>*1 #be ,oat ,/>*1 #be ,reag5ts & ,app>atus1 #cj ,! ,det]m9ation1 #cb ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,black ,,pepp]1 #ce-eh ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,:ite ,,pepp]1 #ei-fa ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,long ,,pepp]1 #fb-fe ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,capsicum1 ,,or ,,cay5ne1 #ff-gd ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,pim5to1 ,,or ,,allspice1 #ge-hj ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,c9namon ,,& ,,cassia1 #ha-ajg ,*emical ,composition ( #ajg ,cassia & ,c9namon1 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,cloves1 #ajh-aba ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,g+]1 #abb-ace ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,nutmegs1 #acf-aea ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,mace1 #aeb-aef ,! ,*emical ,composition ( #aee ,mace ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,mu/>d1 #aeg-afh ,wet ,mu/>d or ,fr5* #afa ,mu/>d ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,h]bs1 #afi-agi ,sage1 #afi ,m>joram1 #aga ,p>sley1 #agb ,savory1 #agc ,?yme1 #agd ,se$1 #agf ,c>away1 #agf ,cori&]1 #agg ,c>damom1 #agh ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,introduction ,,x is ) a c]ta9 feel+ ( helplessness & lonel9ess t ,i am v5tur+ ^u ! attempt to trace out ! hi/ory ( spices1 z ,i h n a spice grove or g>d5 to /ep into = my in=mation2 b ,i mu/ dep5d ^u a f>-di/ant c\ntry1 :]e intellig5ce is b little above :at x 0 five hundr$ ye>s ago1 :]e may be f\nd ! lair ( ! lion & ! jungles ( ! tig]1 :]e ! elephant is us$ z a bea/ ( burd51 :]e ! p file _! tee? & color !m black because !y ?9k natural :ite tee? too mu* l dogs' tee?4 ,! fact t su* ignorance is g5]al 9 ! ,spice ,isl&s obvi\sly makes my in=mation ! m difficult to obta94 ,moreov]1 ! cam]a & its uses are n kn[n among ! ,malays1 & ! pa9t]'s art is n among _! imag9+s4 ,= ^! reasons1 ! illu/rations ,i h obta9$ h be5 secur$ only at great co/1 b !y are z true to nature 9 color z x is possible = pr9t]'s ink to make !m4 ,i hope !y w aid me 9 realiz+ my purpose ( mak+ deal]s 9 spices m famili> ) _! goods4 ,x 0 n until aft] long & c>eful consid]ation ( ! fact t ! mass ( p "k b little ab\t ! condim5ts :i* are to be f\nd on almo/ e table1 & ( ! fur!r fact ( ! 8inhumanity ( man to man0 9 adult]at+1 t ,i 0 bold en\gh to attempt to write ^u a subject nev] be=e writt5 ^u1 except 9 a meag] way4 ,& al?\gh ,i d n expect to int]e/ all :o may read my pages1 ,i hope to create a wi% 9 "s to "k m ( ! flavors :i* s tickle ! palate1 ! fruits ( t f>-di/ant c\nty1 ! ,/raits ,settlem5t1 & neighbor+ regions4 ,if ,i succe$ 9 creat+ a desire among ! retail deal]s 9 spices to "k ! goods bett]1 & to sell only ^? :i* are pure & :olesome1 ,i %all feel t my "w has n be5 a failure4 ,9 plac+ ! same be=e ! public1 ,i believe x to be ! mo/ complete "w ev] writt5 ^u ! subject ) :i* x deals4 ,,! ,,au?or4 ,i am mu* indebt$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,bullet9 #ac1 by ,clif=d ,ri*>dson1 = in=mation 9 ,*apt] #c1 on ,adult]ations & ,analysis ( ,spices4 ,also to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,consulates ( ! cities ( ,p5ang1 ,s+apore1 & ,colombo1 to :om ,i ext5d ?anks4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,i ,,e>ly ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,spices 8,be /ill6 oh ,nor? w9ds1 & come1 oh ,s\!rn breezes1 & bl[ ^u my g>d51 t ! spice trees !re9 may blossom & be> fruit60 8,8 *eeks are z a b$ ( spices1 ( sweet fl[]s40 --,! ,song ( ,solomon4 ,,! t]ms spices & condim5ts are appli$ to ^? articles :i*1 :ile possess+ 9 !mselves no nutriti\s pr9ciples1 are add$ to food to make x m palatable & to /imulate dige/ion4 ,!y are ( an exclusively vegetable orig91 & occupy an important position 9 ! diet ( ! human race4 ,a ride ( ?irty-five days by ocean /eam] f ,new ,york ,city br+s u to ! city ( ,s+apore1 situat$ on a small isl& ( t "n1 ! pr9cipal export+ city & ! metropolis & capital ( ,malaysia1 ! ,/raits ,settlem5t1 ,india4 ,! isl&s t con/itute ! ,/raits ,settlem5t are cr[n$ ) spice =e/s4 ,"h ! noonday sun is truly v]tical twice ea* ye>1 & = _m days x passes s ne> ! z5i? t *ange is sc>cely p]ceptible4 ,"h ! gr& con/ellation ,orion passes ov]head1 :ile ! ,great ,be> & ,pole ,/> lie l[ d[n 9 ! horizon4 ,to ! s\? may be se5 ! ,s\!rn ,cross1 & ! planets high 9 ! z5i?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,asiatic ,,ar*ipelago ,no autumn t9ts1 l ^? ( our ,nor!rn woods1 deck ! spice =e/s4 ,!re is no purple & yell[ dy+ foliage :i* rivals1 & ev5 excels1 ! expir+ dolph9 9 spl5dor1 & ! long1 cold sleep ( w9t] & ! fir/ g5tle t\* ( spr+ are unkn[n4 ,b in/ead1 we behold a ceaseless r\nd ( active life1 :i* weaves ! fair sc5]y ( ! tropics into "o monoton\s :ole1 ! compon5t p>ts ( :i* exhibit 9 detail untold v>iety & beauty2 & no "o compon5t "p impresses u m =cibly ?an ! spice trees4 ,x is said t sailors1 sev]al miles at sea1 9 favorable wea!r1 ) a g5tle l& breeze1 c tell !y are ne>+ l& long be=e !y come 9 sight ( ! isl&s by ! fragrance ( ! spice g>d5s4 ,s+apore has a population ( only #bjj1jjj1 & ! small isl& on :i* x is built conta9s b #ade1jjj acres1 yet ! city does a bus9ess ( #bjj1jjj1jjj a ye> & c c\nt its millionaires by ! score4 ,eighty ye>s ago1 ! place :]e x /&s 0 simply a jungle = tig]s4 ,s+apore has %ips f e port ( ! _w go+ 9 & out ( its h>bor1 & its /reets are z lively z ^? ( ,new ,york4 ,y c g f x to ! cont95t 9 a r[boat 9 "o-half h\r4 ,close connections are also made at ,s+apore = ,siam1 ,borneo1 ,au/ralia1 ,*9a1 ,japan1 ,sumatra1 & ,ceylon1 & x is ! half-way /ation ( ! voyage ar\nd ! _w4 ,! ,isl& ( ,ceylon1 ) ,colombo z its capital & *ief city ( export1 also produces _m f9e spices4 ,:at c\ld ,india d )\t h] ,spice ,=e/s8 ,?is is a "q :i* rema9s unansw]$4 ,we might z well ask :at ! ,unit$ ,/ates c\ld d )\t its :eat fields4 ,! diff]5t grades ( spices take _! names f ! c\ntry or city f :i* !y are export$1 ea* diff]5t k9d hav+ a flavor ( its own4 ,our be/ grades come mo/ly f ,p5ang1 & are call$ 8,p5ang ,spice10 :ile spice ( ne>ly z good a quality comes f p>ts ( ,malab>4 ,o!r *ief cities ( export are ,bombay1 ,batavia1 ,calcutta1 & ,cay5ne1 ,s\? ,am]ica2 b ! mo/ important is ,s+apore1 z has be5 be=e m5tion$4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,plantation ,,on ,,jamaica ,,isl& ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,plantation ,,9 ,,india ,! decl>$ value ( all spices %ipp$ direct to ?is c\ntry av]ages ab\t #ab1jjj1jjj wor? annually4 ,among ! cities t import spices ,new ,york /&s fir/1 probably receiv+ m ?an ?ree-qu>t]s ( all importations4 ,9 #ahih1 #e1jjj1jjj p\nds ( g+] 7 receiv$ at ,new ,york--#ai1jjj bags be+ f ,calcutta1 #i1jaj f ,africa1 #fe1jjj f ,co*91 #c1fjh b>rels f ,jamaica4 ,!re 7 #f1jjj1jjj p\nds ( pepp] receiv$ at ,new ,york1 & probably ne>ly z mu* m at o!r ports4 ,?is may seem a l>ge am\nt1 b :5 we consid] ! quantity us$ 9 prep>$ meats & pickles1 & ! fact t pepp] is on e table :i* c af=d a pepp]-box or ca/]1 & t pepp] ent]s into "s ( our food at ne>ly e meal1 ! above am\nt1 :i* gives less ?an "o-six? ( a p\nd p] capita1 is n l>ge4 ,a l>g] sum is paid = pepp] ?an = any o!r spice4 ,! am\nt paid = spices 9 ?is c\ntry annually does n fall mu* %ort ( "o doll> p] capita at retail prices4 ,f\r & "o-half days by ocean /eam] f ,new ,york br+s u to ! ,isl& ( ,jamaica2 & ?is *apt] w\ld n be complete if ,i did n m5tion t gem ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 ! home ( ! ,pim5to & ! fam\s ,jamaica ,g+]4 ,xaymaca 7! ,indian "n = ,jamaica7 is l a huge m\nta9 /&+ alone 9 ! ,c>ibbean ,sea1 ) its h>d1 :ite coral bea* & ideal climate4 ,! ride f ,k+/on1 ! capital ( ! isl&1 ) its #ej1jjj population ( picturesque folks 7,am]icans1 ,europeans1 ,we/ ,indies wom51 gorge\sly array$1 & ! coolie wom5 load$ ) ornam5ts71 to beautiful ,montego ,bay & ,port ,antonio is an exp]i5ce nev] to be =gott54 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,adult]ation ,,( ,,spices ,,! ,dut* at "o "t tri$ to control mu* ( ! spice trade b 7 fru/rat$ by ! birds :i* c>ri$ ! se$s & plant$ !m 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,we are /rongly incl9$ to look ^u ! s*em+ ,dut*man ) contempt = ?is selfi% act1 b !re is to-day hov]+ ov] spice products a great] evil1 :i* makes "o feel almo/ l %$d+ te>s ( %ame = ! acts ( m5 :o adult]ate spices4 ,if !y w\ld /op 9 _! "w long en\gh to pond] on ! foll[+ appropriate words1 !y might receive new light 9 _! attempt to mock ,nature3 8,?\ great fir/ cause1 & only cause direct1 ,all else exi/+1 only 9 effect2 ,cause & effect mu/ h>monize & bl5d1 ,to d\bt ! cause1 we ne$ b d\bt ! end4 ,p]fection alt]$1 w\ld produce a flaw4 ,god _c err1 h5ce1 _c *ange ,8 law4 ,fir/1 foll[ ,nature1 & y\r judgm5t frame ,by h] j /&>d :i* is /ill ! same4 ,un]r+ ,nature1 /ill div9ely bright1 ,"o cle>1 un*ang$ & univ]sal light4 ,life1 =ce1 & beauty mu/ all imp>t2 ,at once ! s\rce1 & end1 ! te/ ( ,art40 ,:5 ! spice gr9d] w consid] h[ h>d x is to hide ! sp>k ( ,nature1 :oev] yields rew>d to him :o seeks & loves h] be/1 & :5 ! retail deal] ( spices w rememb] t !re is ano!r man on ! o!r side ( ! c\nt] :o is entitl$ to 8 money's wor?1 !n1 & n until !n1 w ! evil ( ! adult]ation ( spices be done away )4 ,a m]*ant :o w1 kn[+ly1 sell to 8 cu/om] adult]at$ spices at ! value ( pure goods is worse ?an a ?ief1 because he n only robs !m ( _! money b gives !m poison = _! /oma*4 ,spice mill]s %\ld n be c\nt]feit]s6 ,h[ c !y af=d to imp]il _! reputation by adv]tis+ 8s*eme goods08 ,let !m gr9d _! spices to give ,nature's flavors z !y gr[ 9 ! balmy =e/s ( ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,let !m n mix ^! spices to suit ! price ( ! retail deal]1 b gr9d !m pure1 to please ! tongue & ! palate1 & !n hang out _! sign1 z _! bus9ess w\ld sugge/1 z spice mill]s or gr9d]s1 in/ead ( 8spice manufactur]s40 ,if ! retail deal] ( adult]at$ spices tru/s a cu/om] :o w n pay 8 indebt$ness1 he calls ! man a rogue1 b =gets t ! great] rogue is himself2 t 8 cu/om] has ! law on 8 side1 & t 8 be/ witness is ! adult]at$ goods :i* 7 sold him2 fur!rmore1 ?is deal] is tea*+ to ! cl]k :om he has tak5 into 8 employ1 ) a promise to tea* ! "y man ! trade & good bus9ess pr9ciples ( an hone/ m]*ant1 ! trade ( a ?ief1 & z su* tea*es him to rob 8 employ]4 ,if ! m]*ant breaks 8 "p ( ! contract1 c he expect ! cl]k to keep 88 ,if ! cl]k1 tra9$ by ! deal] 9 di%one/y1 /eals f ! ca%-draw]1 w\ld x be "r to dis*>ge him ) a t>ni% on ! good "n he _h :5 he ent]$ su* employ8 ,let ! deal] keep pure goods1 & tea* 8 cl]k _! m]it4 ,by s do+1 he c be twice arm$ :5 he is sell+ 9 competition ) a deal] ( adult]ations4 ,let n ! m]*ant pr(ess to seek aft] ! prosp]ity ( ! c\ntry2 let him wond] n t bus9ess is dull2 t labor is unemploy$2 t ent]prise is dead1 :5 he is do+ all he c to de/roy bus9ess & comm]cial prosp]ity by und]m9+ ! public confid5ce1 :i* is ! f\ndation ^u :i* all comm]cial ent]prise re/s4 ,no?+ is m ess5tial to bus9ess prosp]ity ?an a confid5ce t prosp]\s1 exi/+ conditions w rema9 un*ang$4 ,he :o is help+ to de/roy t confid5ce makes himself a /umbl+ block 9 ! public highway ( humanity &1 z su*1 is a detrim5t to mank9d4 ,he is ! greate/ enemy to self t humanity c produce4 ,he is l a v9e :i* climbs ! tree & obta9s its life by suck+ ! life ( t to :i* x cl+s4 ,no man c be a good citiz5 :o w wrong 8 fell[ man simply because ! laws ( ! c\ntry w protect him or1 9 o!r words1 w n puni% him = su* wrongdo+4 ,a mill] or retail deal] ( mix$ or adult]at$ spices is z mu* a crim9al z ! man :o has +5uity en\gh to %ape a co9 f alloy & /amp x z a legal /&>d1 or z "o :o c\nt]feits a bank note1 = all are guilty ( illegal acts to obta9 weal?4 ,! gov]nm5t puni%es ! c\nt]feit] ( money1 b ! deal] 9 adult]at$ goods is all[$ fre$om4 ,! gov]nm5t w grant a pat5t = ! late/ improvem5t 9 ma*9]y = mix+ spices1 b x w n grant a pat5t = a die to c\nt]feit bank notes4 ,! deal+ 9 adult]ations is n conf9$ to ! poor] deal]s4 ,among ^? :o are guilty ( ?is wrong we f9d ! weal?y & ^? pr(ess+ to be ,*ri/ians--m5 :o %udd] at a di%one/ act1 b !y app>5tly =get _! duty to ,god & man4 ,is n su* conduct mock]y8 ,is x n (f5sive to ,god8 ,if n1 :]e c\ld we f9d t :i* w\ld be8 ,let m5 d>e to d "r if !y wi% to be successful & respect$4 ,let !m d>e to d "r = ! sake ( _! fell[ man :o is /riv+ = an hone/ liv+4 ,let !m d>e to d "r & n wait = ! law to compel !m4 ,let !m rememb] t !re is some?+ 9 an hone/ "n :i* !y _c af=d to lose6 ,to ! consum] ( spices1 ?is %\ld be said3 ,be will+ y\r groc] %\ld live & obta9 a pr(it = 8 "w4 ,d n compel him to h&le adult]at$ goods by quot+ him ! price ( 8 neighbor deal] :o sells ! adult]at$ /ock4 ,spices ( high ord] are m co/ly1 b are *eap to ! consum] by reason ( excess ( flavor & /r5g?4 ,let y\r deal] "k y c appreciate a good article &1 if he h&les adult]at$ goods1 rem9d him 8t he may fool all ! p "s ( ! "t1 & "s ( ! p all ( ! "t1 b he c't fool all ( ! p all ( ! "t40 #a;,z an illu/ration ( ! ext5t ( ! adult]ation ( spices1 ! fact may be cit$ t "o firm 9 ,new ,york ,city us$ & put ^u ! m>ket 9 _! spices m ?an #e1jjj p\nds ( cocoanut %ells4 ,to %[ h[ bold ! cu/om has become1 ! foll[+ quotation is copi$ f a j\rnal devot$ to spices3 8,all necess>y in=mation = spice manufactur+ suppli$40 ,& ! foll[+ adv]tisem5ts appe>3 8,manufactur]s ( spice mixtures & mu/>d4 ,goods made to ord] = :olesale40 8,groc]s' spice mixtures & cay5ne pepp] a specialty40 ,ano!r reads3 8,manufactur]s ( all k9ds ( spice mixtures4 ,my celebrat$ br& ( ,p4 ,d4 pepp] is sup]ior to any made2 samples s5t on application4 ,goods %ipp$ to all p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,spice mixtures a specialty40 ,out ( all samples obta9$ at r&om f ! mill] or retail deal]1 "o-half to two-?irds h be5 f\nd to be adult]at$4 ,su* a /ate ( affairs is simply b>b>\s4 ----- ,footnote #a3 ,s9ce ! words on adult]ations 7 writt51 ! pure food laws ( ! diff]5t /ates h be5 greatly en=c$1 :i* has r$uc$ adult]at+ almo/ to an entirety2 b en\gh yet rema9s to make !m ( value4 ,cloves 7 prep>$ ) ! volatile oil extract$1 & ) ! cloves !re 7 gr\nd clove /ems1 roa/$ %ells1 :eat fl\r1 peas1 & m9]als4 ,allspice is gr\nd ) burnt %ells & crack]s1 sp5t clove /ems & *>coal & m9]al color4 ,g+]1 ) corn fl\r1 mu/>d hulls1 color+1 & yell[ corn meal4 ,mace1 ) fl\r buck:eat1 wild mace1 & corn meal4 ,cay5ne1 ) rice fl\r1 /ale %ip/uff1 yell[ corn meal1 tum]ic1 & m9]al r$4 ,cassia1 ) gr\nd %ells & crack]s1 tum]ic1 & m9]als4 ,c9namon1 ) cassia1 peas1 />*1 mu/>d hulls & tum]ic1 m9]al crack] du/1 burnt %ells1 or *>coal4 ,pepp]1 ) refuse ( all k9ds1 gr\nd crack]s1 cocoanut %ells1 cay5ne1 peas1 beans1 yell[ corn meal1 buck:eat hulls1 nutmegs1 c]eal1 />*1 mu/>d hulls1 rice fl\r1 *>coal1 & pepp] du/4 ,mu/>d1 ) tum]ic = color1 & cay5ne to tone x up1 c]eal />*1 peas1 yell[ corn meal1 g+]1 & gypsum4 ,by comp>+ prices 9 ! foll[+ table ( gr\nd & :ole spices1 we may see to :at ext5t adult]ation is c>ri$ on4 ,?is adult]ation is s l>gely practic$ t x has giv5 rise to a bran* ( ! manufactur+ indu/ry ( great magnitude1 :i* has = its sole object ! manufacture ( articles kn[n z 8spice mixtures10 or 8pepp] du/10 :i* are kn[n to ! trade by su* te*nical abbreviations z 8,p4 ,d40 ,?is is a v5]able fraud1 :i* has exp&$ ) rapidity4 ,,table ,,k9ds ,,( ,,spice ,,gr\nd ,,:ole ,,product ,,price ,cassia1 ,batavia1 #g to #g c5ts #aj c5ts ,cassia1 ,*9a1 #e c5ts #db c5ts ,cassia1 ,saigon1 #cf to #dj c5ts ,cloves1 ,amboyna1 #bg c5ts #cb c5ts ,g+]1 ,african1 #e c5ts #h c5ts ,g+]1 ,co*91 #ac c5ts #ab c5ts ,mace1 #ej c5ts ,nutmegs1 #aajs1 #dh c5ts ,pepp]1 black1 #ah c5ts #ah c5ts ,s+apore1 ,pepp]1 black1 ,we/ #af c5ts #ae c5ts ,coa/1 ,pepp]1 :ite1 #bi c5ts #cb c5ts ,p5ang1 ,pepp]1 r$1 #i c5ts #aj c5ts ,zanzib>1 ,pim5to1 #e c5ts ,mu/>d1 yell[1 #d c5ts #ab c5ts ,mu/>d1 br[n1 #e c5ts #ab c5ts ,( c\rse1 ! above prices are /&>d = ! ye> :5 ! comp>ison 0 made1 b x is well to exam9e ! figures z giv5 & comp>e ! price ( ! :ole spice ) ! gr\nd4 ,su* comp>ison af=ds good indications ( ! ext5t ( adult]ation1 s9ce ! meal is sold bel[ ! co/ ( ! :ole spice4 ,we n[ f9d ?is article put up 9 b>rels1 z 8,p4 ,d4 ,pepp]10 8,p4 ,d4 ,g+]10 8,p4 ,d4 ,cloves10 & s on ?r\gh ! entire aromatic li/4 ,diff]5t cities use diff]5t mat]ial = _! pepp] du/1 us+ t :i* is mo/ easily &1 !re=e1 mo/ *eaply obta9$ 9 _! locality4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,capsicum ,fig4 #ch4 ,,l9se$ ,fig4 #ci4 ,,palm ,,se$ ,fig4 #dj4 ,,ext]ior ,,husk ,,( ,,rape ,,se$ ,fig4 #dd4 ,,pure ,,cay5ne ,,pepp] ,fig4 #de4 ,,cay5ne ,,pepp]1 ,,adult]at$ ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,h[ ,,to ,,detect ,,adult]ations ,,9 ,,spices--,,_! ,,=mation ,,& ,,analysis ,,z f> z its practical use to ! m]*ant or consum] ( spices is conc]n$1 x w\ld be z well1 p]haps1 if ?is *apt] rema9$ unwritt51 & yet ?is treatise w\ld be f> f complete )\t x1 z mu* ( t :i* is h]e9 conta9$ is ( ! utmo/ importance1 c\ld x be put into practice4 ,9 ?is *apt] ,i attempt to give ways to detect adult]ations1 b ! lam5table fact is t ! g5]al m]*ants h nei!r ! "t nor ! facilities at h& to discov] ! =eign sub/ance4 ,!re are two pr9cipal ways ( detect+ adult]ations 9 spices1 :i* dep5d ^u ! diff]5ce 9 ! /ructure ( ! cells betwe5 ! adult]ants & ! true spice to :i* !y are add$1 & also on _! proximate composition4 ,! =m] diff]5ce is recogniz$ by ! me*anical sep>ation & by ! use ( ! microscope1 & ! latt] by *emical analysis4 ,! adult]ations f\nd 9 spices may be class$ 9 f\r grades3 ,fir/4 ,integum5ts ( gra9s ( se$s1 su* z bran ( :eat & buck:eat1 hulls ( mu/>d se$1 flax se$1 etc4 ,second4 ,f>9ace\s sub/ances ( l[ price1 z spice damag$ 9 transportation or by long /orage1 middl+s1 corn meal1 & /ale %ip bread4 ,?ird4 ,legum9\s se$s1 z peas & beans1 :i* contribute l>gely to ! pr(it ( ! mix]4 ,f\r?4 ,v>i\s articles *os5 ) ref]5ce to _! suitabl5ess to br+ up ! mixtures1 z ne>ly z possible1 to ! requir$ /&>d color ( ! g5u9e article2 v>i\s %ades f light colors to d>k br[n may be obta9$ by skillful roa/+ ( ! f>9ace\s & legum9\s sub/ances1 & a little tum]ic goes a long way to give a ri* yell[ color to real mu/>d made f pale c\nt]feit ( :eat fl\r & t]ra-alba1 or ! defective pal5ess ( artificial black pepp] is br\ght to ! desir$ tone by judici\s sift+ 9 ( a f9ely pulv]iz$ *>coal4 ,f :at has be5 said ( ! diff]5t =eign sub/ances us$ = adult]ations ( spices & condim5ts1 ! necessity ( kn[+ ! /ructure & =mation ( ! molecules ( bo? pr9cipal & =eign elem5ts :i* con/itute ! pr9cipal tissues ( ! p>ticul> plant-p>ts us$ = ! adult]ations is app>5t1 :ile 9 ! *emical exam9ation ! pr9ciple ( proximate analysis mu/ be und]/ood & appli$4 ,x is also necess>y t ! analy/ %\ld be ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! application ( ! microscope1 to det]m9e ! cellul> /ructure1 to make det]m9ations ( proximate pr9ciples 9 ! sub/ances "u exam9ation1 s9ce a me*anical sep>ation by ! microscope is m exp$iti\s & is m at ! comm& ( ! majority ( p]sons se>*+ = adult]ations4 ,= a me*anical analysis ( food sep>ations1 a p[]ful microscope ( good workman%ip is requir$4 ,x is bett] if x is suppli$ ) a sub/ance cond5s] & ,nical prisms = ! use ( pol>iz$ light4 ,objectives ( an in* & half in*1 &1 = "s />*es1 "o-fif? in*1 equival5t focus1 are suffici5t4 ,"o eye-piece ( m$ium dep?1 "o-f\r? to "o-six?1 adju/$ at #afj degrees is en\gh1 ) pl5ty ( good light4 ,! analy/ %\ld also h pl5ty ( sieves ( #dj to #fj me%es to ! in* to be us$ = sep>ation1 :i* w furni% means ( detect+ adult]ants & select+ p>ticles = inve/igation1 & w (t5 reveal ! pres5ce ( =eign mat]ial )\t fur!r exam9ation1 s9ce _m adult]ants are n gr\nd s f9e z ! spices to :i* !y are add$1 & by pass+ ! mixtures ?r\gh ! sieves ! co>s] p>ticles rema9+ w be ei!r recogniz$ at once by an unaid$ educat$ eye or ) a pocket l5s4 ,9 ?is way1 tum]ic is readily sep>at$ f mu/>d & yell[ corn meal2 mu/>d hulls & cay5ne1 f l[-grade pepp]4 ,:]e a pocket l5s is insuffici5t1 ! high] p[] ( ! microscope is confirmatory4 ,x is also desirable to be provid$ ) a dissect+ microscope = select+ p>ticles = exam9ation f l>ge masses ( gr\nd spice1 & = ?is a l>ge ,zeiss /&1 made = t purpose1 is be/1 b simpl] =ms1 or ev5 a h& l5s1 w answ] ! purpose4 ,= small] app>atus1 a few beak]s1 wat* cry/als1 /irr+ rods1 & specim5 tubes1 ) bottles = reag5ts1 w be suffici5t1 9 addition to ! ord9>y glass slides & cov]s = glasses4 ,! reag5ts requir$ = *emical analysis 7if no great am\nt is us$7 are z foll[s3 ,/rong alcohol1 ,ammonia1 ,*loral-hydrate solution--#h p>ts to #e ( wat]1 ,glyc]9e1 ,iod9e solution--wat] #ae p>ts1 iodide ( pota% #bj p>ts1 iod9e #e p>ts2 wat] di/ill$4 ,balsam 9 b5zol & glyc]9e jelly are desirable = m\nt+ m$ia1 & "s wax %eets w be ne$$ = mak+ cells4 ,9 addition1 ! analy/ %\ld supply himself ) specim5s ( :ole spices1 />*es1 & kn[n adult]ants1 :i* may be us$ to become acqua9t$ ) ! =ms & appe>ances to be expect$2 x is easi] to beg9 "o's /udy 9 ?is way on sections prep>$ ) ! knife1 & aft]w>ds ! p[d]$ sub/ance may be tak5 up4 ,to /udy ! physiological /ructure 9 ! spices & _! adult]ants is q difficult1 z ! vegetable tissues :i* make up ! /ructure ( ! spices & ! mat]ials ( a vegetable orig9 :i* are add$ z adult]ations consi/ ( cells ( diff]5t =ms & ?ickness2 ^? :i* are mo/ prom95t & common are ! p>5*yma1 ! scl]5*yma fibr\s tissue1 & ! fibro-vascul> bundles4 ,spiral & dott$ vessels are also common 9 sev]al ( ! adult]ants1 & 9 ! epid]mis are o!r =ms ( tissue :i* x is necess>y to be well acqua9t$ )1 ?\gh n physiologically4 ,! p>5*yma is ! mo/ abundant tissue 9 all mat]ial ( vegetable orig91 mak+ up ! l>ge/ proportion ( ! ma9 "p ( ! plant4 ,x is compos$ ( ?9 wall cells :i* may be recogniz$ 9 ! potato & 9 ! int]ior ( ! /ems ( maize4 ,9 ! latt] plant1 also1 ! fibro-vascul> sy/em is well exemplifi$1 runn+ z scatt]$ bundles betwe5 ! nodes or jo9ts4 ,fibr\s tissue consi/s ( elongat$ ?ick-wall$ cells ( fib]s :i* are v common 9 ! vegetable k+dom & are well illu/rat$ 9 flax1 b !y are n s commonly us$ = adult]at+ purposes4 ,!y are optically active1 & 9 ! %ort] =ms !y some:at resemble ! cells next describ$4 ,!y are se5 9 "o ( ! coats ( buck:eat hulls & 9 ! out] husks ( ! cocoanut4 ,! scl]5*yma is f\nd 9 ! %ells ( _m nuts & 9 "o or two ( ! spices1 ! cells be+ kn[n z /one cells1 f ! great ?ick5+ ( _! walls4 ,to !m is due ! h>dness ( ! %ell ( ! cocoanut1 ! pits ( ! olive1 etc4 7,see ,fig4 #a47 ,spiral & dott$ vessels are common 9 woody tissue & are readily recogniz$4 ,all ^! =ms an analy/ %\ld make himself famili> )4 ,9 pepp] & mu/>d ! p>5*yma cells are prom95t 9 ! int]ior ( ! b]ry1 :ile ^? con/itut+ ! out] coats are indi/9ct 9 ! pepp]1 because ( _! deep color2 b 9 ! mu/>d are *>act]i/ics ( ?is p>ticul> species4 ,9 fact1 9 _m ( ! spices1 & especially ^? :i* are se$s1 ! =ms ( ! epid]mal cells are v /rik+1 &1 if no attempt is made to classify !m _! peculi>ities mu/ be c>efully not$1 z ! recognition ( ! pres5ce ( =eign husky matt] dep5ds ^u a k ( ! normal appe>ance 9 any spice4 ,! fibro-vascul> bundles are mo/ prom95t 9 g+] & 9 ! b>ks1 :ile 9 ! p[d]$ spices !y are f\nd z /r+y p>ticles4 ,! scl]5*yma1 or /one cells1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 are common 9 ! adult]ant1 especially 9 cocoanut %ells1 :]e may also be se5 num]\s spiral cells1 & 9 ! ext]ior coats ( fibr\s tissue4 ,z to aids to di/+ui% ^! /ructures1 ! foll[+ peculi>ities may be cit$3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,,/one ,,cells ,fig4 #b4 ,,/>* ,,/a9$ ,,) ,,iod9e ,fig4 #c4 ,/>*1 pla9 ,fig4 #d4 ,,potato ,,/>* ,fig4 #e4 ,potato ,! /one cells & fibr\s tissue are optically active1 & are1 !re=e1 readily detect$ ) pol>iz$ light1 %9+ out 9 ! d>k field ( ! microscope z silv]-:ite or yell[i% bodies4 ,! fibro-vascul> bundles are /a9$ deep orange br[n ) iod9e1 ow+ to ! nitrog5\s matt] :i* !y conta91 :ile p>5*yma is n affect$ by ?is reag5t1 aside f ! cell cont5ts1 nor has x any action on pol>iz$ light1 rema9+ q invisible 9 ! field ) cross$ prisms4 ,next to cellul> tissue1 />* is ! mo/ important elem5t = consid]ation 9 ! plant1 :i* possesses an organiz$ /ructure & is di/+ui%$ by its reaction ) iod9e solution1 :i* gives x a deep blue or blacki%-blue color1 v>y+ some:at ) diff]5t k9ds ( />* & ) ! /r5g? ( ! reag5t1 & its abs5ce is m>k$ by no blue color "u ! same circum/ances4 ,heat1 h[ev]1 z 9 ! process ( bak+1 s alt]s />*es1 conv]t+ !m into dextr9e & relat$ bodies1 t !y give a br[n color ) iod9e1 in/ead ( a blue-black2 !y are no long] />*1 h[ev]2 _! =m1 n be+ ess5tially *ang$1 p]mits ( _! id5tification1 ) a /udy ( ! size & %ape ( ! granules ( ! hilum1 or c5tral depressions ( nucleus1 & ! prom95ce & position ( ! r+s4 ,by pol>iz$ light & sel5ite1 ! />*es ( tub]s %[$ a m v>i$ play ( colors ?an ! c]eal & legum9\s />*es :i* are produc$ above gr\nd4 ,! />*es we are to consid] are ^? ( a limit$ numb] to be met ) 9 spices & _! adult]ants1 & "o mu/ be able readily to recognize ! foll[+3 ,,/>* ,,natural ,,to ,,spices ,,& ,,condim5ts ,g+]1 ,pepp]1 ,nutmegs1 ,cassia1 ,pim5to1 ,c9namon1 ,cay5ne4 ,,/>*es ,,( ,,admixtures ,:eat & o!r ,c]eals3 ,corn1 ,oats1 ,b>ley1 ,potato4 ,m>anata & o!r arr[roots3 ,rice1 ,beans1 ,peas1 ,sago1 ,buck:eat4 ,no "o ( ^! is complete 9 itself1 b f ! *>act]s giv51 & ) ! aid ( illu/rations1 ! />*es :i* commonly occur 9 sub/ances :i* are "h consid]$ may usually be id5tifi$ )\t difficulty4 ,= ! b5efit ( ^? :o h _h no exp]i5ce ) ! microscope1 ,i w give ! foll[+ directions3 ,take a small portion ( ! />* or spice to be exam9$ ^u a clean camel's hair bru% & du/ x ^u a common slide1 bl[ ! excess away & moi/5 t reta9$ ) a drop ( a mixture ( equal p>ts ( glyc]9e & wat]1 or ) glyc]9e & camphor wat]1 & cov] ) a glass4 ,x is well to h a small supply ( ! common />*es 9 a s]ies ( tubes :i* c be m\nt$ at any mom5t & us$ = comp>ison4 ,!y may be p]man5tly m\nt$ by mak+ ) cork bor]s1 ( two sizes1 a wax cell r+ equal to ! diamet] ( ! cov] glass &1 aft] cem5t+ ! cell to ! slide ) copal v>ni% ?9n$ ) turp5t9e & introduc+ ! />* & glyc]9e mixture1 fix+ ! cov] glass on aft] runn+ "s ( ! cem5t ov] ! top ( ! r+4 ,a little exp]i5ce w enable "o to put ! "r am\nt ( liquid 9 ! cell & to make a prep>ation t w keep = "s "t4 ,aft] sev]al mon?s1 h[ev]1 x is h>d to di/+ui% ! r+s :i* m>k ! developm5t ( ! granule1 & x is bett] to keep x fre%4 ,= o!r purposes1 ! />*es %\ld be m\nt$ 9 prep>$ ,canada ,balsam1 or by well-kn[n me?ods 9 :i* !y may be pres]v$ indef9itely1 b !y are sc>cely visible ) ord9>y illum9ation & mu/ be view$ by pol>iz$ light1 :i* w br+ out di/9ctive *>act]s n se5 z well1 or n at all1 9 ! o!r m\nts4 ,:5 m\nt$ 9 ! mann] describ$1 9 glyc]9e & wat]1 or 9 wat] alone1 if = tempor>y use1 "u a microscope ) "o objective ( equival5t focus ( "o-half to "o-fif? in*1 & ) means = oblique illum9ation1 ! />*es w display *>act]i/ics :i* are illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #b1 #c1 & #d4 ,! illu/rations h be5 drawn f ,nature2 ,fig4 #b gives />* /a9$ ) iod9e2 ,fig4 #c gives %ape & size ( pla9 />*1 & pres5ce or abs5ce ( a nucleus1 or hilum1 & ( ! r+s & _! arrangem5ts :i* c be made out4 ,! />* is class$ 9 its prop] place4 ,if m\nt$ 9 balsam1 _! appe>ance is sc>cely visible "u any =m ( illum9ation ) ord9>y light1 ! index refraction ( ! granules & ! balsam be+ s simil>1 b :5 pol>iz$ light is us$ ! effect is a /rik+ "o4 7,see plates ( g+]1 :]e x is easy to di/+ui% all ! *>act]i/ics1 except ! r+s1 ! c5t] ( ! cross be+ at ! nucleus ( ! granule47 ,! pr9cipal />*es :i* are met ) may be describ$ z foll[s 9 connection ) illu/rations giv51 beg9n+ ) ^? ( ! arr[root class1 includ+ potato1 g+]1 & tum]ic4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,fig4 #g4 ,,potato ,,/>* ,fig4 #h4 ,,m>unta ,,/>* ,fig4 #i4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,m>unta ,,potato ,,/>* ,potato />* gra9s are v v>iable 9 size1 be+ f\nd f 4#je to 4#aj millimet] 9 l5g?1 & 9 %ape f oval & alli$ =ms to irregul>1 & ev5 r\nd 9 ! smalle/2 ^! v>iations are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #d1 b ! frequ5cy ( ! small] granules is n z evid5t z 9 ,figs4 #e & #f4 ,! lay]s 9 "s granules are v pla9 & 9 o!rs are h>dly visible4 ,!y are r m prom95t 9 ! />* obta9$ f a fre%ly cut surface4 ,! r+s are m di/9ct ne> ! hilum1 or nucleus1 :i* 9 ?is1 z 9 all tub]\s />*es1 is ecc5tric1 %ad+ (f t[>d ! broad] or m exp&$ portion ( ! granules4 ,! hilum appe>s z a %ad[y depression 7,fig4 #d7 &1 ) pol>iz$ light1 its position is well m>k$ by ! junction ( ! arms ( ! cross4 ,x w be f\nd by comp>ison ( ,fig4 #f & ,fig4 #g1 t 9 ! potato x is m (t5 at ! small] end ( ! granules1 & t 9 ! arr[root x is at ! l>g]4 ,) pol>iz$ light & a sel5ite plate a beautiful play ( colors is obta9$4 ,! small] granules1 by _! ne>ly r\nd %ape1 may be confus$ ) o!r />*es1 b _! pres5ce at once s]ves to di/+ui% !m f ,m>anta or ,b]muda arr[root />*4 ,r>ely1 comp\nd granules are f\nd compos$ ( two or ?ree s+le ones ea* )9 its own nucleus4 ,( ! same type z ! potato />* are v>i\s arr[roots4 ,! only ones commonly met ) 9 ?is c\ntry are ! ,b]muda1 ! />* ( ! rhizome ( ,m>anta arund9acea1 & ! />* ( tum]ic4 ,,m>anta ,,/>* ,! granules are n usually s v>i$ 9 size or %ape z ^? ( ! potato1 z may be se5 9 ,figs4 #h1 #i1 & #aj4 ,!y av]age ab\t 4#jg millimet]s 9 l5g?4 ,!y are ab\t ! same size z ! av]age ( ^? ( ! potato1 b are nev] f\nd z l>ge or z small4 ,?is fact1 toge!r ) ! fact t ! end at :i* ! nucleus appe>s is broad] 9 ! ,m>anta & m po9t$ 9 ! potato1 enables "o to di/+ui% ! />*es )\t difficulty4 ,) pol>iz$ light1 ! results are simil> to ^? se5 ) potato />*1 &1 by ?is means1 ! two v>ieties may be readily di/+ui%$ by display+1 9 a /rik+ way1 ! =ms ( ! granule & ! position ( ! hilum1 z is illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #h & #i4 ,,circuma ,circuma1 or tum]ic />* 7,fig4 #aa71 ?\gh ( ! arr[root class1 is q di/9ct 9 appe>ance f ^! we h describ$1 be+ mo/ irregul> 9 outl9e1 s t x is impossible to def9e its %ape or to d m ?an to ref] to ! illu/ration4 ,_m ( ! granules are long & n>r[ & drawn out to q a po9t4 ,! r+s are di/9ct 9 ! l>g]1 & ! size is ab\t t ( ,m>anta4 ,g+] />* 7,figs4 #ab1 #ac1 & #ad7 is ( ! same class z potato & ,m>anta & sev]al o!rs :i* are ( und]gr\nd orig94 ,9 outl9e1 x is n oval l ^? nam$1 b is m rectangul>1 hav+ m obtuse angles 9 ! l>g] granules & be+ cyl9drical or circul> 9 outl9e 9 ! small]2 its av]age size is ne>ly ! same z ,m>anta />*1 b x is mu* m v>iable 9 size & =m1 ! r+s be+ sc>cely visible ev5 ) mo/ favorable illum9ations4 ,fig4 #ab %[s g+] adult]at$4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,,beans ,fig4 #af4 ,beans ,fig4 #ag4 ,,peas ,fig4 #ah4 ,peas4 ,fig4 #df4 ,,c9namon ,,adult]at$ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,pepp] ,fig4 #bg4 ,,rice ,,/>* ,fig4 #bh4 ,,rice ,,/>* ,fig4 #bi4 ,rice ,fig4 #db4 ,p4 ,d4 ,,pepp] ,fig4 #dc4 ,,pepp] ,,adult]at$ ,,legum9\s ,,/>*es ,su* z ^? ( beans & peas 7,figs4 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 & #ah71 produce b a slight effect "u pol>iz$ light2 ! r+s are sc>cely visible1 & ! hilum is /ellate or mu* crack$ along a m$ian l9e4 ,?is *>act]i/ic is m m>k$ 9 ! bean ?an 9 ! pea4 ,9 ! latt] x resembles fre% d\gh knead$ aga9 into ! c5t] z 9 mak+ rolls1 & 9 ! =m] ! %ape assum$ by ! same aft] bak+4 ,9 bo? x v>ies 9 size f 4#jbe to 4#aj millimet] 9 l5g?4 ,,nutmeg ,,/>* ,fig4 #ai has r+s sc>cely visible & n iridesc5t ) pol>iz$ light4 ,x is small] 9 size ?an ! prec$+1 :i* x resembles1 be+ at times z long z 4#je millimet] d[n to small] ?an 4#jje millimet]1 & ( extremely irregul> =m1 hav+ angul> depressions & angul> outl9es4 ,x is di/+ui%$ by a budd$ appe>ance caus$ by ! adh]5ce ( small granules to ! l>g]4 ,,capsicum ,,/>* ,fig4 #bj is ne>ly circul> or r\nd$ polyh$ral 9 =ms ) sc>cely visible r+s1 & 9 mo/ cases a depress$ hilum1 resembl+ 9 size & %ape corn />*1 b hav+ peculi> irregul>ities :i* di/+ui% x1 su* z rosette-l =mation on a flatt5$ granule1 or a r\nd depression at "o end4 ,x does n pol>ize z actively z maize />* & c be di/+ui%$ f rice by ! great] angul>ity ( ! latt]4 ,,pepp] ,,/>* ,fig4 #ba is ! mo/ m9ute />* :i* is usually met )1 n av]ag+ ov] 4#jja millimet] nor exce$+ 4#jje4 ,x is irregul>ly polyh$ral & pol>izes v well1 b requires a high p[] to discov] any detail :5 a hilum is f\nd4 ,x _c be confus$ ) o!r />*es4 ,,c9namon ,,/>* ,figs4 #bb & #bc h an extremely irregul> polyh$ral or di/ort$ granules1 (t5 unit$ 9 gr\ps ) small] granules & adh]5t to ! l>g] ones4 ,9 size1 x v>ies f 4#jja to 4#jbe millimet]1 av]ag+ ne>ly ! latt] size4 ,9 "s granules ! hilum c be di/+ui%$1 b no r+s2 x is readily detect$ ) pol>iz$ light4 ,,buck:eat ,,/>* ,fig4 #bd is v *>act]i/ic4 ,x consi/s ( a *a9 or gr\ps ( angul> granules ) a n v evid5t circul> nucleus & )\t r+s4 ,! outl9e is /rik+ly angul> & ! size n v v>iable1 be+ ab\t 4#ja to 4#jae millimet]4 ,,maize ,,or ,,corn ,,/>* ,figs4 #be & #bf h granules l>gely ( ! same size f 4#jb to 4#jc millimet] 9 diamet]1 ) n[ & !n a few :i* are mu* small]2 !y are mo/ly circul> 9 %ape or1 r1 polyh$ral ) r\nd$ angles4 ,!y =m v brilliant objects ) pol>iz$ light1 b ) ord9>y illum9ation %[ b ! fa9te/ signs ( r+s & a well-develop$ hilum1 at times />-%ap$ & at o!rs m l a circul> depression4 ,,rice ,,/>* ,figs4 #bg1 #bh1 & #bi1 is v simil> to corn />*1 & is easily confus$ ) x1 be+ ab\t ! same size4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 di/+ui%$ f x by its polygonal =m & its well-def9$ angles4 ,! hilum is m prom95t & m (t5 /ellate1 or l9e>1 & sev]al gra9s are at times unit$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,,pure ,,c9namon ,fig4 #bc ,c9namon ,fig4 #be4 ,,maize ,,/>* ,fig4 #bf ,corn ,fig4 #da4 ,,pure ,,cassia ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,,:eat ,,/>* ,fig4 #ca ,:eat ,fig4 #cb4 ,,b>ley ,,/>* ,fig4 #cc ,b>ley ,,:eat ,,/>* ,figs4 #cj & #ca are q v>iable 9 size1 v>y+ f 4#je to 4#jab millimet] 9 diamet]1 & ?is />* belongs to ! same class z b>ley & rye2 ! hilum is invisible & ! r+s are n prom95t2 ! granules are circul> disks 9 =m1 & !re are n[ & !n contort$ depressions1 resembl+ ^? 9 ! pea />*2 x is ! lea/ regul> ( ! ?ree />*es & does n pol>ize actively4 ,,b>ley ,,/>* ,figs4 #cb & #cc are q simil> to t ( :eat1 b b>ley />* does n v>y s mu* 9 size1 av]ag+ 4#je millimet]4 ,x has r+s m di/9ct & v small granules adh]+ to ! l>ge/ 9 bud-l =ms4 ,,rye ,,/>* ,fig4 #cd is m v>iable 9 size1 _m ( ! granules n exce$+ 4#jb millimet] :ile ! l>ge/ rea* 4#jf to 4#jg millimet]4 ,x lacks di/9ctive *>act]i/ics entirely1 & is ! mo/ simple 9 =m ( all />*es describ$4 ,,oat ,,/>* ,figs4 #ce & #cf1 is unique1 be+ compos$ ( l>ge comp\nd masses ( polyh$ral granules f 4#ab to 4#jb millimet] 9 l5g?1 ! s+le granules av]ag+ 4#jb to 4#jae millimet]4 ,x does n pol>ize actively1 z may be se5 9 ! figures1 & displays nei!r r+s nor hilum4 ,! fir/ sign ( maize or corn meal z an adult]ant is ! ?9 out] coat :i* becomes deta*$ 9 mill+ & is n readily cru%$4 ,9 yell[ corn x has a p9ki% color1 & simple1 longitud9al cells4 ,brok5 rice is sometimes us$ z a dilutant2 x may be recogniz$ by ! brilliant appe>ance ( ! h>d :ite p>ticles :i* may be pick$ out ( ! spice "u a h& l5s4 ,! two c]eals nam$ 7brok5 rice & maize corn7 are ! only ones :i* are commonly met ) t introduce />*4 ,:eat bran 7,fig4 #cg7 is occasionally add$1 :i* c be recogniz$ by its di/9ctive /ructural "* & is bett] und]/ood f an au!ntic specim51 :i* %\ld be soak$ 9 *loral-hydrate4 ,z modifi$ c]eals1 we f9d refuse bread1 crack] du/1 & /ale %ip bread1 9 :i* ! :eat />* is mu* *ang$ f its orig9al =m by ! heat & moi/ure1 s t at times x might be confus$ ) legum9\s />*1 b ! s(tness ( ! p>ticles & ! ease ) :i* !y fall to pieces 9 wat] reveal _! true "n4 ,oil se$1 oil cake1 & husk 7,figs4 #ch1 #ci1 & #dj7 are v commonly us$ & are readily recogniz$ by ! peculi> /ructure ( ! out] coats ( ! se$4 ,! p>ticles1 :i* c be usually f\nd & select$ ) a dissect+ microscope1 %\ld be exam9$ 9 alcohol or glyc]9e1 or a mixture ( ! two1 z ! out] coats ( "s se$s1 su* z mu/>d1 are swoll5 by wat] & become indi/9ct4 ,_m v>ieties ( ! crucif]\s se$s resemble x v mu*1 s t x is difficult to di/+ui% !m1 b x is g5]ally recogniz$ by ! out] lay] ( hexagonal cells & a middle & inn] coat+1 :i* consi/s ( peculi> angul> cells1 ! latt] be+ mu* l>g] ?an ! =m]1 :i* are ! mo/ *>act]i/ic feature1 & %\ld be comp>$ ) se$s ( kn[n orig94 ,aft] soak+ 9 *loral-hydrate1 ! rema9+ int]ior lay]s are1 p]haps1 m easily made out1 9 "s cases1 aft] mod]ate blea*+ ) nitric acid & *lorate2 ! int]ior ( ?is se$ is n blu$ by iod9e4 ,peanut1 or gr\nd nut cake1 is recogniz$ by ! *>act]i/ic /ructure ( ! r$-br[ni% coat1 :i* surr\nds ! se$1 & consi/s ( polygonal cells ) peculi> saw-too!d ?ick5+ ( ! walls4 ,! se$ itself consi/s ( polygonal cells full ( oil & />* granules1 :i* are globul> 9 =m & n easily confus$ ) pepp] />*4 ,! /ructure ( ! br[n membrane is be/ made out 9 *loral-hydrate1 :i* removes ! r$ color & leaves ! fragm5ts ( a bright yell[4 ,l9se$ cake is di/+ui%$ by ! fact t its husk is made up ( "o or two *>act]i/ic elem5ts4 ,! out] coat1 or epid]mis1 is colorless & swells up 9 wat]1 =m+ a mucilage1 l ! mu/>d se$4 ,b5ea? ?is is a lay] ( ?91 r\nd1 yell[ cells1 :ile ! ?ird is v *>act]i/ic & consi/s ( n>r[ & v ?ick-wall$ dott$ vessels2 next to ^! is an inn] lay] ( compact polygonal cells1 ) fairly ?91 b /ill ?ickly dott$1 :ite walls & d>k-br[n cont5ts conta9+ tum]ic4 ,! endog5 & embryo are free f />* & w n color yell[ by pota%1 z is ! case ) mu/>d & rape se$ cake4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,,oat ,,/>* ,fig4 #cf4 ,oats ,fig4 #cg4 ,,:eat ,,bran ,fig4 #df4 ,,p[d]$ ,,allspice ,,%[+ ,,port ,,w9e ,,cells4 7,a7 ,,/>* ,cocoanut %ells are (t5 us$1 & h num]\s1 bo? long & %ort1 /one cells & spiral vessels f ?is fibr\s tissue2 ! long /one cells hav+ ?9n] walls ?an ! %ort] cells1 all ( :i* are readily se5 aft] blea*+4 ,:5 ! %ells are roa/$1 !y refuse to blea*1 & x is !n only possible to class ! p>ticles1 on :i* ! reag5ts d n act1 z roa/$ %ells or *>coal1 :i* are frequ5tly us$ 9 pepp] to give desir$ color to mat]ial r5d]$ too light by :ite adult]ants4 ,buck:eat1 aft] blea*+1 %[s a prepond]ance ( tissue made up ( long1 sl5d]1 & po9t$ scl]5*yma cells & a small] am\nt ( reticulat$ tissue1 resembl+ ! c]eals some:at & cay5ne pepp]4 ,portions ( ! int]ior ( ! se$ are also visible & consi/ ( an agglom]ation ( small hexagonal cells :i* orig9ally conta9$ />*4 ,! />* is readily recogniz$ by its peculi> *>act]i/ics4 ,! scl]5*yma is1 ( c\rse1 optically active & =ms a beautiful & di/9ctive object ) pol>iz$ light4 ,sawdu/ ( v>i\s woods may be recogniz$ by ! fragm5ts ( v>i\s spiral & dott$ vessels & fibr\s mat]ial :i* are n f\nd 9 spices or 9 o!r adult]ants4 ,rice bran is made up prom95tly ( two s]ies ( cells at "r angles to ea* o!r1 :i* make up ! out] coats ( gra91 ! /ructure be+ be/ made out aft] soak+ 9 *loral-hydrate2 ! cells ( "o s]ies are long1 small1 & ?9-wall$1 & are arrang$ 9 p>allel bundles2 ! o!rs h v mu* ?ick] walls & are only two or ?ree times z long z !y are broad4 ,clove /ems are di/+ui%$ by _! peculi> yell[ dott$ vessels & _! l>ge & q num]\s cells1 nei!r ( :i* is se5 prom95tly 9 ! sub/ances :i* are adult]at$4 ,! peculi>ities ( adult]ants %\ld be c>efully confirm$ & ! eye tra9$ by practice s z to become accu/om$ to recogniz+ _! /ructure by a /udy ( ! actual sub/ance4 ,take "o gram ( p[d]$ spice :i* w pass a #fj-me% sieve & dry at #aej degrees to #aaj degrees ,c4 9 an air ba? provid$ ) a regulator1 until a successive weigh+ %[s a ga91 :i* d5otes t oxidization has begun1 :i* takes ab\t #ab h\rs1 or ov] night2 ! loss is wat]1 toge!r ) ! l>ge/ "p ( volatile oil4 ,d$uction ( ! volatile oil1 z det]m9$ 9 ! e!r extract1 w give a close approximation ( wat]4 ,! a% portion is det]m9$ by inc9]ation at a v l[ temp]ature1 su* z may be atta9$ 9 a gas muffle1 :i* is ! mo/ conv5i5t arrangem5t = "w ( ?is k9d4 ,! proportion ( a% insoluble 9 acid may be det]m9$ :]e !re is a reason to believe t s& is pres5t4 ,to f9d ! am\nt ( volatile oil by e!r extract3 ,two gra9s ( sub/ance are extract$ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 a siphon+ extraction app>atus1 be+ fir/ plac$ 9 a te/ tube1 :i* is ins]t$ into a cont9u\s extraction app>atus ( ! int]mitt5t siphon class1 ! tube us$ be+ an ord9>y te/ tube1 ! bottom ( :i* has be5 bl[n out4 ,a wad ( wa%$ cotton ( suffici5t ?ickness is put 9 ! l[] end ( ! tubes to prev5t any solid p>ticles ( ! sample f f9d+ _! way into ! receiv+ flask2 ano!r wad ( cotton is pack$ on top ( ! sample1 & ! app>atus is !n s adju/$ t ! cond5s$ e!r drops into ! tube & p]colates ?r\gh ! sample siphons into ! receiv+ flask4 ,9 ?is way ! op]ation is cont9u$ ! l5g? ( "t nam$4 ,! be/ e!r %\ld be us$ to avoid extract+ sub/ances o!r ?an oil soluble 9 alcohol1 & to cont9ue ! extraction = at lea/ ! "t nam$1 z pip]9e & sev]al o!r proximate pr9ciples are n extremely soluble 9 e!r4 ,on /opp+ ! extraction1 ! extract is wa%$ into a light1 weigh$1 glass di%1 & ! e!r is all[$ to evaporate spontane\sly1 b n too rapidly1 = ! reason t wat]1 :i* is difficult to remove1 might be cond5s$ into ! di%4 ,9 a %ort "t ! e!r w disappe>1 & ! di% is plac$ 9 a dessicator ) pumice & sulphuric acid1 n ) *loride ( calcium1 :i* has be5 %[n to be useless4 ,x is all[$ to rema9 ov] night to remove any moi/ure2 ! loss ( oil by ?is process is sc>cely appreciable4 ,! di% is next weigh$ & aft]w>d heat$ to #aaj degrees ,c4 = "s h\rs1 to drive (f ! volatile oil1 beg9n+ at a l[ temp]ature1 z ! oil is easily oxidiz$1 & !n is n volatile oil4 ,! residue is weigh$1 ! diff]5ce be+ calculat$ to volatile oil & exam9$ z to its composition ( purity4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,tum]ic ,fig4 #ab4 ,,g+] ,,adult]at$ ,fig4 #ac4 ,,pure ,,g+] ,fig4 #ad4 ,g+] ,fig4 #ai4 ,nutmeg ,fig4 #bd4 ,buck:eat ,fig4 #cd4 ,rye ,alcohol extract is made 9 ! same mann] z ! e!r extract1 us+1 ( c\rse1 ! sub/ance extract$4 ,! solv5t may be ei!r absolute alcohol--t ( #ie p] c5t4 by volume1 or #hj p] c5t4 by weight1 ! latt] be+ pref]able 9 mo/ cases1 z !re is no def9ite po9t ) ! /rong] _s at :i* ! extraction is complet$4 ,! am\nt ( r$uc+ mat]ial produc$ by boil+ ! spices ) dilute acids s]ves ) sev]al z an index ( purity4 ,9 ! case ( pepp]1 :i* conta9s a l>ge am\nt ( />*1 ! addition ( fibr\s adult]ants r$uces ! equival5t ( r$uc+ sug>1 :i* are indicat$ 9 ! solution aft] boil+ ) acid4 ,tum]ic is always f\nd 9 spices1 su* z cloves & pim5to ( good quality4 ,x has be5 said t prelim9>y extractions ( ! mat]ial ) ! be/ e!r is necess>y to remove oil & o!r sub/ances1 n tann9 on :i* p]manganate may act2 ord9>y e!r w n answ]1 z x conta9s s mu* alcohol & wat] z to dissolve "s ( ! tann94 ,! sub/ance fre$ f e!r %\ld be extract$ ) boil+ wat] & ! extract made up to su* dilution t #aj ,,cc4 is equal to ab\t #aj ,,cc4 ( ! ?irtie? normal1--p]manganate solution us$4 ,! titration mu/ be p]=m$ sl[ly to insure accuracy1 ! p]manganate be+ run 9 at ! rate ( n m ?an a drop 9 a second1 or ?ree drops 9 two seconds4 ,! eye mu/ become accu/om$ to ! blea*+ ( ! indigo us$1 & select "s "o t9t ( yell[1 z ! end ( reaction is !n possible to duplicate4 ,t "p ( ! mat]ial analyz$1 :i* is insoluble 9 acid & alkali ( c]ta9 /r5g? aft] treatm5t = a def9ite l5g? ( "t1 at a def9ite temp]ature1 is call$ crude fib]1 & x may be describ$ z foll[s3 ,select two gra9s ( sub/ance #bjj ,,cc4 ( #e p] c5t4 hydro*loric acid2 /eam ba? two h\rs1 rais+ ! liquid to a temp]ature ( #ij degrees to #ie degrees ,c4 filtration on l95 clo?1 wa%+ back into beak] ) #bjj ,,cc4 #e p] c5t4 sodic-hydrate2 /eam ba? two h\rs1 filtration on asbe/os1 wa%+ ) hot wat]1 alcohol1 & e!r1 dry+ at #abj degrees1 weigh+1 ignition & crude fib] f loss 9 weight4 ,,reag5ts ,,& ,,app>atus 7#a74 ,hydro*loric acid ^: absolute /r5g? has be5 det]m9$4 7a74 ,by precipitat+ ) silv] nitrate & weigh+ ! silv] *loride4 7b74 ,by sodium c>bonate1 z describ$ 9 ,fres5ius ,quantitative ,analysis1 second ,am]ican edition1 page #fhj4 7c74 by det]m9+ ! am\nt neutraliz$ by ! di/illate f a weigh$ quantity ( pure ammonium-*loride boil$ ) an excess ( sodium-hydrate4 7#b74 ,/&>d ammonia ^: /r5g? relative to ! acid has be5 accurately det]m9$4 7#c74 ,c4 ,p4 sulphuric acid specific gravity #a4hc1 free f nitrates1 & also f ammonium sulphates1 :i* are sometimes add$ 9 ! process ( manufacture to de/roy oxides ( nitrog54 7#d74 ,m]curic-oxide1 ,hg,o1 prep>$ 9 ! wet way4 ,t prep>$ f m]cury nitrate _c safely be us$4 7#e74 ,potassium p]manganate tol]ably f9ely pulv]iz$4 7#f74 ,granulat$ z9c4 7#g74 ,a solution ( #dj grams ( comm]cial potassium-sulphide 9 "o lit] ( wat]4 7#h74 ,a saturat$ solution ( sodium-hydrate1 free f nitrates :i* are sometimes add$ 9 ! process ( manufacture to de/roy organic matt] & improve ! color ( ! product4 7#i74 ,solution ( co*9eal1 prep>$ accord+ to ,fres5ius ,quantitative ,analysis1 second ,am]ican edition1 page #fgi4 7#aj74 ,burettes %\ld be calibrat$ 9 all cases by ! us]4 7#aa74 ,dige/ion flasks ( h>d1 & mod]ately ?ick1 well-anneal$ glass1 :i* %\ld be ab\t #i in*es long1 ) a r\nd1 pe>-%ap$ bottom1 hav+ a maximum diamet] ( #b in*es & tap]+ out gradually 9 a long neck1 :i* is ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* 9 diamet] at ! n>r[e/ "p & fl>$ a little at ! edge4 ,! total capacity is #bbe to #bej cubic c5timet]s4 7#ab74 ,di/illation flasks ( ord9>y %ape1 #eej cubic c5timet]s capacity1 & fitt$ ) rubb] /opp]s1 & a bulb tube above to prev5t ! possibility ( sodium-hydrate be+ c>ri$ ov] me*anically dur+ di/illation2 ?is is adju/$ to ! tube ( ! cond5s] by a rubb] tube4 7#ac74 ,a cond5s] ) tube ( block t9 is be/1 z glass is decompos$ by /eam & ammonia vapor1 & w give up alkali en\gh to impair accuracy2 ! tank %\ld be made ( copp]1 support$ by wood5 frame1 s t its bottom is #aa in*es above ! workb5* on :i* x /&s4 ,x %\ld be ab\t #af in*es high1 #cb in*es long1 & #c in*es wide1 gradually wid5+ #f in*es t[>d ! top2 ! wat]-supply tube %\ld ext5d to ! bottom1 & !re %\ld be a l>g] ov]fl[ pipe above4 ,! block t9 cond5s+ tubes %\ld be ab\t ( an in* inn] measure & sev5 9 numb]1 ent]+ ! tank ?r\gh holes 9 ! front side ( x ne> ! top above ! level ( ! ov]fl[1 & pass d[n p]p5dicul>ly ?r\gh ! tank & out ?r\gh ! rubb] /opp]s1 tightly fitt$ into holes 9 ! bottom2 !y %\ld project #a in*es bel[ ! bottom ( ! tank1 & connect by %ort rubb] tubes1 ) glass bulb tubes1 ( ! usual %ape1 :i* dip into glass precipitat+ beak]s4 ,^! beak]s %\ld project ab\t #f in*es high by #c in*es 9 diamet] bel[1 gradually n>r[+ above1 & %\ld be ab\t #ejj cubic c5timet]s capacity4 ,! titration c be made directly 9 !m4 ,! sev5 di/illation flasks %\ld be support$ on a %eet-iron %elf atta*$ to ! wood5 frame :i* supports ! tank at ! front2 :]e ea* flask is to /&1 a circul> hole %\ld be cut ) ?ree project+ lips to support ! wire gauze "u ! flask1 & ?ree o!r lips to hold ! flask 9 place1 & to prev5t its mov+ lat]ally out ( place :ile di/illation is go+ on4 ,bel[ ! %eet-iron %elf %\ld be a metal tube c>ry+ sev5 ,buns5 burn]s1 ea* ) a /opcock l ^? ( a gas combu/ion furnace4 ,^! burn]s are ( l>g] diamet] at ! top1 :i* prev5ts smok+ :5 cov]$ ) f9e gauze to prev5t ! flame f /rik+ back4 7#ad74 ,! /& = hold+ ! dige/ion flask %\ld consi/ ( a pan ( %eet iron1 #bi in*es long by #h in*es wide1 on ! front ( :i* is fa/5$ a %elf ( %eet iron z long z ! pan1 #e in*es wide & #d in*es high4 ,9 ?is are cut six holes #a in*es 9 diamet]4 ,at ! back ( ! pan is a /\t wire runn+ l5g?wise ( ! /&1 #h in*es high1 ) a b5d or depression opposite ea* hole 9 ! %elf4 ,! dige/ion flask re/s ) its l[] "p ov] a hole 9 ! %elf & its neck 9 "o ( ! depressions 9 ! wire frame1 :i* holds x securely 9 position1 & heat %\ld be suppli$ ) ,buns5 burn]s bel[ ! %elf4 ,,! ,,det]m9ation ,"o gram ( ! sub/ance to be analyz$ is br\ght into a dige/ion flask ) approximately #j4g grams ( m]curic-oxide1 & #bj cubic c5timet]s ( sulphuric acid1 & ! flask is plac$ on ! frame describ$ 9 an incl9$ position1 & heat$ bel[ ! boil+ po9t ( ! acid = f five to fifte5 m9utes1 or until fro?+ has ceas$4 ,! heat is !n rais$ until x boils briskly4 ,no fur!r att5tion is requir$ until ! cont5ts ( ! flask h become a cle> liquor1 :i* is colorless1 or1 at lea/1 has only a v pale /raw color4 ,! flask is !n remov$ f ! flame1 held upright1 &1 :ile yet hot1 potassium p]manganate is dropp$ 9 c>efully & 9 small quantities at a "t until1 aft] %ak+1 ! liquid rema9s ( a gre5 or purple color4 ,aft] cool+1 ! cont5ts ( ! flask are !n transf]r$ to ! di/ill+ flask ) wat]1 & to ?is #be cubic c5timet]s ( potassium-sulphide solution are add$1 #ej cubic c5timet]s ( ! soda solution1 or suffici5t to make ! reaction /rongly alkal9e1 & ) a few pieces ( granulat$ z9c4 ,! flask is at once connect$ ) ! cond5s] & ! cont5ts ( ! flask are di/ill$ until all ( ! ammonia has pass$ ov] into ! /&>d acid conta9$ 9 ! precipitat+ flask previ\sly describ$ & ! conc5trat$ solution c no long] be safely boil$4 ,?is op]ation usually requires f #bj to #dj m9utes4 ,! di/illate is !n titrat$ ) /&>d ammonia4 ,! use ( ! m]curic-oxide 9 ?is op]ation greatly %ort5s ! "t necess>y = dige/ion1 :i* is r>ely ov] an h\r & a half 9 ! case ( sub/ances mo/ difficult to oxidize1 & is m commonly less ?an an h\r4 ,9 mo/ cases ! use ( potassium p]manganate is q unnecess>y1 b x is believ$ t 9 exceptional cases x is requir$ = complete oxidation1 &1 9 view ( ! unc]ta9ty1 x is always us$4 ,potassium-sulphide removes all m]cury f solutions & s prev5ts ! =mation ( m]curo-ammonium comp\nds :i* are n completely decompos$ by soda solution4 ,! addition ( z9c gives rise to an evolution ( hydrog5 & prev5ts viol5t bump+4 ,previ\s to use1 ! reag5ts %\ld be te/$ by a blank exp]im5t ) sug>1 :i* w p>tially r$uce any nitrates t are pres5t :i* might o!rwise escape notice4 ,?is me?od _c be us$ = ! det]m9ation ( nitrog5 sub/ances :i* conta9 nitrate or c]ta9 album5oids4 ,^! me?ods ( analysis are suitable to all spices & h be5 us$ ) !m4 ,!y are b a g5]al process1 h[ev]1 & are dep5d5t = _! value on uni=mity 9 ! way !y are c>ri$ out & ! mann] 9 :i* peculi>ities ( proximate composition 9 diff]5t spices are consid]$ 9 draw+ conclusions2 det]m9ations ( p>ticul> sub/ances1 su* z pip]9e1 require1 h[ev]1 modifications1 :i* mu/ be describ$ :5 discuss+ ! analysis ( ea* sep>ate spice4 ,! *emical composition ( olive /ones & cocoanut %ells is ab\t z foll[s3 ,wat]1 #e4fc #f4ae ,a%1 #d4bh #b4ae ,fib]1 #da4cc #cg4ae ,album5oids1 #a4ef #a4be ,nitrog51 4#be 4#bj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,black ,,pepp] 7,pip] ,nigrum7 #a ,malab> #b ,a*e5 or ,sumatra #c ,mangalore #d ,s+apore #e ,:ite1 f ,p5ang1 ) all ?ree coats remov$ #f ,:ite1 ) "o coat remov$ #g1 #h ,p>ts ( spikes #i1 #aj ,fruit #ab ,ov>y ) /am5s #ac ,/am5s #ad ,portion ( spike #ae ,a fl[]+ twig ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,black ,,pepp] ,,fr5*1 ,poivre2 ,g]man1 ,pfeff]2 ,italian1 ,pepe ,n]o2 ,spani%1 ,pimi5ta2 ,portuguese1 ,pim5ta2 ,cyngalese1 ,gamm>is2 ,javanese1 ,m>i*a2 ,p]sian1 ,filfll-,seeah2 ,h9doo/anse1 ,gol-mir*4 ,pepp] 7,pip]7 ,nigrum1 a "n employ$ by ! ,romans1 & d]iv$ by !m f ! ,greek ^w pep]i2 ! ,greeks 9 _! turn mu/ h d]iv$ x f ! ,h9doos4 ,botanically x is appli$ to ! typical g5us plant ( ! natural ord] pip]aceae4 ,( all ! v>ieties ( spices us$ z a condim5t1 pepp] is ! only "o :i* gr[s on a climb+ v9e1 & !re is no k9d ( spice bett] kn[n or m e/eem$ or m ext5sively us$ ?an pepp]4 ,its consumption is enorm\s4 ,black pepp] is "o ( ! e>lie/ spices kn[n to mank9d1 be+ ( extreme antiquity4 ,*oice spices & r>e gums 7 among ! preci\s treasures ( ! k+s ( ,egypt m ?an two ?\s& ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! hi/ory ( its developm5t f e>lie/ times is well br\ght out by ! acc\nt giv5 9 ! ,ph>macopia4 ,accord+ to ,fluckig] & ,hanbury ! spice 0 well kn[n z e>ly z ! f\r? c5tury ,b4 ,c4 ,arrian1 ! au?or ( ,p]iplus ( ! ,fry?rean ,sea1 :i* 0 writt5 ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #fah1 /ates t pepp] 0 !n import$ f ,b>ake1 ! %ipp+ place ( ,nelkunda localities1 :i* h be5 id5tifi$ ) po9ts on ! ,malab> coa/4 ,to ?is spice1 ,v5ice1 ,g5oa1 & o!r comm]cial cities ( c5tral ,europe are indebt$ = mu* ( _! weal?4 ,! c>avan ( trad+ ,midianites1 :o pur*as$ ,joseph f 8 bre?r5 & sold him into ,egypt 7 be>]s ( 8spices & balm0 = ! ,egyptian m>ket1 & :5 ! sons ( ,jacob 7 mak+ prep>ations to visit ! l& ! second "t to propitiate ! "l ( ! realm1 _! fa!r said to !m3 8,take ( ! be/ fruits ( ! l& & c>ry d[n a little balm1 & a little honey1 spice1 & myrrh1 nuts & almonds40 ,dur+ ! palmy days ( ,egypt1 :5 !y embalm$ all ( _! di/+ui%$ dead1 preci\s gums & fragrant pung5t spices 7 l>gely call$ into requisition4 ,ev5 ! ,israelites 9 _! rituali/ic wor%ip held 9 su* high e/eem _m ( ^! r>e gums & oils t _! law =bade _! use = any o!r purpose4 ,pepp] receiv$ m5tion 9 ! epic poems ( ! anci5t ,h9doos4 ,!ophra/us diff]5tiat$ betwe5 r\nd & long pepp]1 ,diasc>ides m5tion$ long pepp]1 :ite pepp] & black pepp]1 & ,pl9y1 ! naturali/1 express$ 8 surprise t x %\ld come into g5]al use consid]+ its want ( flavor1 & he /ates t ! price ( pepp] 9 8 "t at ,rome 0 n9e %ill+s & f\r p5ce p] p\nd1 ,engli% money4 ,bo? he & ,diasc>ides1 z well z ,hippocrates1 write ( ! m$ic9al virtues ( spices & ( _! use 9 m$ic9e4 ,pepp] has be5 s sc>ce at times & s exp5sive t "o p\nd 0 consid]$ a royal pres5t1 & 0 us$ l money z a m$ium ( ex*ange1 :ile at o!r times its m>ket value has be5 v l[4 ,9 its frequ5t m5tion by ,roman writ]s ( ! ,augu/an age we are told t x 0 us$ by !m to pay tribute4 ,"o ( ! articles dem&$ by ,al>ic1 ! d>+ rul] ( ! b>b>ic ,visigo?s 9 #daj ,a4 ,d41 ( ?is conqu]$ & greatly humiliat$ race 0 #c1jjj p\nds ( pepp]4 ,dur+ ?is d>k middle age pepp] 0 s co/ly t r5ts 7 paid 9 pepp] corn1 ! am\nt be+ ab\t "o p\nd at /at$ times4 ,ev5 n[ 9 places ?is cu/om /ill cont9ues4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 surpris+ t dur+ ! fir/ c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era ! common black pepp] 0 priz$ z highly 9 ! city ( ,rome z its weight 9 gold4 ,black pepp] is f\nd 9 ! ,ea/ ,indian ,isl&s1 among :i* may be m5tion$ ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 ,java1 ,sumatra1 ,rhio1 ,johore4 ,x is also a native ( ,siam & ,co*9 ,*9a1 & x gr[s wild 9 ! =e/s ( ,malab> & ,travancore4 ,x is cultivat$ 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 9 ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s4 ,! e>ly hi/ory ( ! pepp] trade is simil> to t ( o!r ,ea/]n spices4 ,! ,dut* = a long "t conf9$ ! cultivation ( x to ! ,isl& ( ,java4 ,to accompli% ?is !y =c$ its cultivation ) s mu* e>ne/ness t !y defeat$ _! own purpose & a m enlight5$ sy/em has prevail$ = ! pa/ ?irty ye>s4 ,s9ce x is no long] "u gov]nm5t monopoly1 & entire fre$om is all[$ 9 ! rais+ ( ?is spice1 its cultivation has be5 greatly increas$4 ,! k+ ( ,portugal contract$ ) middlem5 9 ea* ( 8 =ts on ! coa/ ( ,malab> = an annual supply ( #cj1jjj qu9tals ( pepp]1 & b\nd himself to s5d five %ips e ye> to export t am\nt4 ,all risk 0 held by ! middlem5 or f>m]s 8:o l&$ x 9 ,portugal40 ,z a comp5sation = ?is risk1 ! middlem5 obta9$ ! price ( twelve ducats a qu9tal & _h great & /rong privileges3 8,fir/1 t no man ( :at e/ate or condition soev] he be1 ei!r ,port+all or ( any place 9 ,india1 may deale or trade 9 pepp]1 b !y ^u pa9e ( dea? :i* is v %>ply look$ into4 ,& al?\gh ! pepp] 7 = ! k+'s own p]son1 yet mu/ ! f>m]s pepp] be fir/ lad5 to :om ! ,vic]oy & o!r (fic]s & ,capta9s ( ,india mu/ give all assi/ance1 helpe & fav\r ) wat*+ same & all o!r ?+s :atsoev] t %all by said f>m]s be requir$ = ! safetie & b5efite ( ! said pepp]40 ,9 fact1 x 0 because ! price ( pepp] 0 s high dur+ ! ,middle ,ages t ! ,portuguese 7 l$ to seek a sea r\te to ,india4 ,aft] ! passage ar\nd ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope _h be5 discov]$1 ab\t #adif1 !re 0 a consid]able r$uction 9 ! price ( pepp]1 & :5 x began to be cultivat$ 9 ! ,isl&s ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 ano!r r$uction 0 made4 ,x1 h[ev]1 rema9$ a monopoly ( ! ,portuguese cr[n = _m ye>s1 ev5 z late z ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! e>lie/ ref]5ce to a trade 9 pepp] 9 ,engl& is ,a4 ,d4 #igh-ajaf1 :5 x 0 enact$ t trad]s br++ _! %ips to ,bill+sgate %\ld pay at ,*ri/mas & ,ea/]1 ) o!r tributes1 t5 p\nds ( pepp]4 ,great ,brita9 d]iv$ a duty f x = c5turies1 & z late z #afbc ?is duty 0 five %ill+s1 or ab\t #a4bj p] p\nd4 ,engli% groc]s 7 kn[n z 8,pepp]s40 ,ev5 9 #ahbc ! duty 0 two %ill+s & six p5ce p] p\nd4 ,! pepp] allud$ to by ,pl9y at 8 "t 9 ,rome mu/ h be5 ! product ( ,malab>1 ! ne>e/ "p ( ,india to ,europe1 & mu/ h co/ 9 ,malab> ab\t #b;d4 p] p\nd4 ,x probably w5t to ,europe by cross+ ! ,indian & ,arabian oceans ) ! ea/]ly monsoon1 sail+ up ! ,r$ ,sea1 cross+ ! des]t1 & !n go+ d[n ! ,nile1 & mak+ its way along ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,?is voyage 9 our "t c be made 9 "o mon?2 at t "t x probably took eighte5 mon?s4 ,transit & cu/om duties mu/ h be5 paid ov] & ov] aga9 & !re mu/ h be5 pl5ty ( extortion4 ,^! facts w expla9 h[ pepp] c\ld n be sold 9 ! ,roman m>ket "u fifty-six times its prime co/4 ,imm$iately previ\s to ! discov]y ( ! r\te to ,india by ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope we f9d t ! price ( pepp] 9 ! m>ket ( ,europe _h fall5 to #fs4 a p\nd1 or #cs4 #d;d4 less ?an 9 ! "t ( ,pl9y4 ,:at probably contribut$ to ?is fall 9 price 0 ! sup]ior skill 9 navigation ( ! n[ conv]t$ ,mohamm$an ,arabs1 ,turks1 & ,v5etians1 & ! ext5sion ( _! comm]ce 9 ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 :i* ab\nd$ 9 pepp]4 ,black pepp] 0 !n = _m ye>s consid]$ a v *oice article &1 l gold1 silv]1 & preci\s /ones1 x 0 possess$ only by p]sons ( weal?1 & 0 = g5]ations f\nd only on royal tables & ^? ( ! ri* & noble :o aspir$ to rank ) ! rul]s ( ! realm4 ,! ,briti% gave up ! *ief pepp] gr\nd ( ! _w1 :i* 0 ! gr& ,isl& ( ,sumatra1 to ! ,dut* = ! small ,dut* colony 9 ,we/]n ,africa1 :i* has involv$ bo? nations 9 little w>s & has co/ ! ,dut* m lives & money ?an x is wor?2 b pre/ige mu/ also be su/a9$1 & g5]al aft] g5]al return$ ) a %att]$ reputation f ! 8,atyeh10 z ! ,dut* call$ ,a*e54 ,:5 ! ,ea/ ,india ,company fir/ =m$ a settlem5t on ! coa/ ( ,sumatra1 x direct$ its att5tion to produce l>ge gr[?s ( pepp]4 ,a /ipulation 0 made ) "s ( ! native *iefs1 b9d+ !m to compel _! subjects ea* to cultivate a c]ta9 numb] ( pepp] v9es1 & ! :ole product 0 to be deliv]$ to ! company's ag5ts at a price f> bel[ ! actual co/ ( cultivation & h>ve/+4 ,! *iefs = a long "t en=c$ ob$i5ce to ?is arbitr>y measure & _! success 9 ?is 0 suppos$ to be p]man5tly assur$ by grant+ !m an all[ance proportionate to ! quantity ( pepp] deliv]$4 ,?is arbitr>y practice 0 too ke5ly felt by ! natives to be endur$1 &1 ! influ5ce ( ! *iefs soon decl9+ & ! p becom+ neglig5t 9 ! cultivation1 ! annual supply fell (f4 ,! *iefs1 unable long] to ma9ta9 _! despotic practice1 ab&on$ to ! ag5ts ( ! company ! task ( oblig+ ! p to labor t o!rs might reap4 ,n[ ! rights ( ! p are m respect$ & ! inju/ice ( ! me?ods =m]ly us$ are fully ackn[l$g$2 ! cultivation ( pepp] 9 ,sumatra1 z well z else:]e1 is free4 ,p]haps ! e>lie/ writ] to describe ! ext5t ( ! cultivation ( pepp] 0 ,l9s*ot54 ,he speaks ( its com+ f ,mala or ,malab>1 & 8 fri5d & comm5tator ( pepp]1 ,paludanus1 ent]s into a long acc\nt ( its m$ic9al virtues4 8,x w>me? ! mawe10 he writes1 8& consume? ! cold slym5es !re( to ease ! payne 9 ! mawe :i* proce$e? ( rawnesse & w9de1 x is good to eat fyve pepp] cornes ev]ie morn+4 ,he t ha? a bad or ?ick sight1 let him use pepp] cornes ) annis f5nel se$ & cloves = !re by ! my/9esse ( ! eyes :i* d>k5 ! sight is cle>$ & driv5 away40 ,b 9 mod]n m$ic9e x is v little us$1 be+ r>ely prescrib$ except indirectly z an +r$i5t ( "s comp\nd4 ,black pepp] is ! dri$ fruit ( ! pip] nigrum1 a p]5nial climb+ %rub indig5\s to ! =e/s ( ,travancore1 a native /ate 9 ,india1 prov9ce ( ,madras1 & ( ,malab>1 a prov9ce ( ,india1 f :i* x has be5 introduc$ into ! o!r c\ntries m5tion$4 ,two species ( pip] w be f\nd "u drugs1 8,cubebs0 & a ?ird falls )9 ! range ( ! articl$ drugs 8,kava-,kava10 & ,n>cotics2 & two o!rs are dealt ) "u 8,n>cotics40 ,!re rema9 !n = description z spice1 black pepp]1 :ite pepp]1 long pepp]1 & ,a%antee pepp]4 ,9 plant+ a new g>d5 :]e no wild pepp] v9es are to be _h1 level l& is select$ :i* bord]s on a riv] or small /ream )\t mu* slop+1 b n s l[ z to be liable to any ov]fl[ f ! /ream1 z ! l& mu/ be kept well dra9$4 ,pepp] is a h>dy plant & w gr[ on almo/ any soil1 b n on old1 worn-out plantations or on poor s&y or clay soil1 z m dep5ds on ! soil ?an on ! cultivation4 ,x %\ld n be plant$ on hillsides because ! e>? w wa% f ! roots 9 "t ( ra9s4 ,! be/ soil = pepp] culture is a well-dra9$ vegetable loam2 swamp l&s are v good 9 a hot climate ) heavy ra9s4 ,! v9e may be propagat$ ei!r f ! se$ or by cutt+s4 ,:5 b]ries are select$ = se$ !y are fir/ soak$ = ?ree days1 :5 ! out] coat c be remov$4 ,! se$ is !n dri$ 9 ! %ade1 aft] :i* x is s[n by drills 9 nurs]y b$s1 :i* are made 9 ! usual mann] 9 good moi/ soil 9 a %ady locality4 ,frequ5t wat]+ w be necess>y1 if x be a dry "t1 until ! plants h f\r leaves1 :5 !y w be ready = plant+4 ,! l& to be plant$ is to be cle>$ ( und]bru%4 ,sometimes l>ge trees are burn$ by sett+ fire to _! trunks4 ,! tree w !n decay & w be attack$ by insects & w become a heap ( rott5 du/4 ,?is du/ is wa%$ by ! ra9 ar\nd ! roots ( ! v9es1 mak+ a good f]tiliz]4 ,! l& cle>$ is next well plant$ & ho$ & is l9$ out #g #g feet1 & holes are dug two feet squ>e & fifte5 in*es deep1 :i* are fill$ ) good soil or leaf mold if x c be secur$4 ,9 fill+ ^! holes !y %\ld n be heap$1 z depressions are bett] = ! plant1 b c>e %\ld be tak5 t all t portion ( ! plant und]gr\nd 9 ! nurs]y %\ld be buri$ 9 ! g>d54 ,! l& is f5c$ by mud walls made into t]races4 ,! v9es ne$ support1 = if !y are n support$ !y w spread ov] ! gr\nd ) ! result t !re w be mu* loss ( fruit4 ,:5 po/s are us$1 z is ! case on ! ,isl& ( ,borneo1 !y %\ld be twelve feet long & eight in*es squ>e1 ) ! l[] end t>r$ = two feet1 to prev5t decay+ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! plantation w !n h ! appe>ance ( a hop field4 ,b !re are _m disadvantages 9 connection ) ! po/ support1 z ! po/s mu/ be reset at int]vals 7mu* (t5] ?an ! v9es7 & ! remov+ ( ! po/ di/urbs ! a]ial roots ( ! v9e1 :i* cl+ to !m4 ,ev5 if ! v9e be tra9$ to its new po/1 x w take "s "t = x to atta* suffici5tly to receive any support or n\ri%m5t4 ,z ! poles furni% little or no %ade1 a sev]e dr\ght w l>gely ru9 ! plants4 ,= ^! reasons ! use ( po/s has n prov$ a success4 ,diff]5t c\ntries use diff]5t gr[+ trees = ! support1 ?us secur+ %ade protection z well4 ,_m k9ds ( trees are us$4 ,"o ( ^! is ! mango or ! bread tree1 :i* w yield ! plant] "o crop ( fruit ea* ye> 9 addition to ! pepp] crop2 b ! bread tree 7artoc>pus-incioa71 be+ ( sl[ gr[?1 %\ld n be us$ = a support until x is twelve ye>s old4 ,! ,jack tree 7artoc>pus-integrifolia7 is sometimes us$ 9 ,malab> z a second *oice1 b its fruit is dim9i%$ 9 quantity & quality by ! pressure ( ! pepp]1 & sometimes ! monkeys w pull !m out or ! crickets nip (f ! tops4 ,! ery?r9a-,indica 7ery?r9a coroilod5dron71 a ?orn tree call$ by ! natives *+k>iang1 is mu* us$ 9 ,sumatra = an e>ly support4 ,x gr[s quickly & is easily />t$ by simply /ick+ a l>ge bran* 9 ! gr\nd 9 ! ra9y season4 ,x w be capable ( support+ ! v9e 9 "o ye>1 b x w soon be kill$ by ! gr[+ v9e1 n la/+ m ?an twelve ye>s4 ,= ?is reason ! mango or bread tree is plant$ beside x & :5 ! ery?r9a-,indica tree dies out ! fir/ *oice mango tree 7manganif]a-,indica7 is ready to take its place & w furni% support = ! v9e = tw5ty ye>s4 ,moreov]1 ! fruit ( ! tree w n be affect$ by ! gr[+ v9es4 ,plantations are set on ! till$ l& f ,july to ,augu/ ab\t twelve paces ap>t4 ,9 ,febru>y & ,m>* ! support+ trees are plant$ =ty feet ap>t4 ,!y are kept well wat]$ dur+ ! dry season1 & :5 t5 feet high are topp$ & kept trimm$ or ! leaves are pick$ (f s z n to %ade ! plant too mu*4 ,if ! pepp] g>d5 is small1 ! v9es may be plant$ ne> ! trees already gr[+4 ,plants rais$ f ! se$ 9 nurs]ies are transplant$ 9 ,may or ,june1 be+ plac$ 9 ! prep>$ holes five feet ap>t ) _! root end f ! tree & ) ! gr[+ p]5nial v9e top direct$ t[>ds its support4 ,! root %\ld be z f> di/ant z possible f ! support4 ,if ! plants are ( sl[ gr[?1 manure may be appli$ to ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,9 ,*9a burnt e>? & rott5 fi% are us$4 ,! l& mu/ be kept free f we$s & ! plants mu/ be kept well wat]$ on alt]nate days 9 ! dry season4 ,! pepp] v9es are tra9$ to _! support 9 ,octob] & ,novemb]4 ,!y may beg9 to be> fruit ! fir/ ye>1 b d n yield mu* until ! ?ird or f\r? ye>4 ,! hoe+1 tra9+1 & f]tiliz+ are kept up twice ea* ye> 9 ,octob] & ,novemb] & ,july & ,augu/4 ,! moi/ e>? %\ld be heap$ up & well tramp$ d[n ab\t ! plant4 ,:5 ! v9es are six feet high !y w cl+ to ! trees )\t fur!r tra9+4 ,! v9es w be> = ab\t f\rte5 ye>s & ev5 ?irty ye>s sometimes 9 extra good soil1 b :5 pa/ f\rte5 ye>s !y w usually decl9e 9 vigor & fruitfulness4 ,! v9e1 aft] topp+1 is f eight to t5 feet long1 b if left to gr[ its full l5g? w be f tw5ty to ?irty feet long & w g to wood & be> less fruit1 & ! fruit w\ld be difficult to ga!r4 ,:5 cutt+s are to be us$ = plant+1 at lea/ ?ree %\ld be plac$ 9 ea* hole ) six in*es "u gr\nd or f\r in*es above gr\nd1 ! portion above gr\nd to be direct$ t[>ds ! support4 ,! plantation is next cov]$ ) leaves1 dri$ grass1 or we$s z a protection f ! sun & to keep ! e>? moi/ & cool4 ,! v9es gr[ rapidly if x is wet wea!r4 ,:5 !y h run up ! support two feet1 ! ends are nipp$ (f s z to cause lat]al bran*es to />t out4 ,9 "s places1 :5 ! v9es are f a ye> to eighte5 mon?s old & h gr[n five feet up ! support1 !y are c>efully deta*$ & ! ends1 hav+ be5 coil$ up 9 a spiral =m1 are buri$ 9 a hole dug 9 ! gr\nd close to its roots1 except a small surface ( ! /em4 ,?is process is call$ lett+ d[n4 ,x insures a l>ge crop1 produc+ sev5 or m v9es to "o support+ tree4 ,plants rais$ f cutt+s w only be> f sev5 to eight ye>s1 b ! quantity & quality ( ! pepp] is f> sup]ior to t rais$ f ! se$4 ,! plant+ ( ! cutt+s 9 baskets is (t5 c>ri$ on 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! cutt+s1 :i* are ab\t eighte5 in*es long1 are put half a doz5 9 a basket2 at high] altitudes m are us$1 sometimes z _m z t5 or twelve4 ,! basket is !n fill$ ) e>? & is buri$ at ! foot ( ! support+ tree1 c>e be+ tak5 t !y d n t\*4 ,9 ,octob] & ,novemb] ! gr\nd ar\nd ! baskets is dug up & ! v9es are manur$ ) c[ dung & leaves4 ,! baskets are said to be a great protection to ! "y v9es & !y insure mu* bett] results4 ,! end ( ! v9e makes ! be/ cutt+1 z x is a gr[+ t]m9al bud4 ,v9es gr[+ wild1 su* z are indig5\s to ! =e/s ( ,malab> & ,travancore1 are left plant$ ) ! =e/ trees = _! support4 ,! surplus %ade & und]bru% are cut out & ! gr\nd is we$$1 old v9es be+ replac$ by "y ones4 ,! product rais$ 9 ?is way is ab\t z good z ! cultivat$4 ,a pepp] g>d5 is g5]ally plant$ ) pl5ty ( room = roads1 s z to secure easy access to all p>ts ( x & ) ! lea/ possible grade1 :i* %\ld n be m ?an "o foot 9 tw5ty4 ,! g>d5 conta9s any:]e f five to fifte5 acres & is divid$ into plots by h$ges ( %rubs1 ea* plot conta9+ f five hundr$ to "o ?\s& plants4 ,! plants are prun$ or ?9n$ by h& z !y gr[ bu%y at ! top1 :5 ! flexible /ems g5]ally entw9e at ! top ( _! support & !n b5d d[nw>d1 hav+ _! extremities z well z _! bran*es load$ ) fruit4 ,x matt]s n h[ _m /alks gr[ f ! same root until ! v9e beg9s to be> fruit1 b :5 fruit be>+ beg9s only "o or two /ems %\ld be left1 z m w\ld weak5 ! root & x w\ld n1 = t reason1 be> z abundantly4 ,all suck]s & side %oots mu/ be c>efully remov$4 ,tr5*es are cut to ! neighbor props :]e ! v9es h fail$1 & ?r\gh ^! tr5*es sup]flu\s %oots are conduct$1 :]e !y soon asc5d ar\nd ! adjac5t tree4 ,by ?is means ! plantation is ( a uni=m gr[?1 &1 s9ce ! gr\nd is kept well we$$ & is elevat$1 & s9ce !re is an op5 bord] ( twelve feet wide ar\nd ea* g>d51 !re is giv5 to ! plantation an admirable symmetry & neatness ( appe>ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h>ve/+ ,,( ,,black ,,pepp] ,illu/ration3 ,,coa/ ,,ne> ,,mangalore ,! pepp] v9e or climb+ %rub is m5tion$ by ,sir ,john ,m&eville 9 8 travels ( #acbb to #acef z foll[s3 8,! pepp] gr[e! 9 man]e z do? a wylde v9e t is plant$ fa/ by ! trees ( ! woodee = to su/eyn5 x by1 z do? ! vyne & fruyt !re( hange! 9 man]e z ,reys+es2 & ! tree is s ?ikke *>g$ t x seme! t x wolde breke1 & :5 x is ripe x is all gr5e z x 7 ivy b]ryes2 & !n m5 kytt5 !m z m5 doe ! vynes & !n !y putt5 x ^u an owv5 & !re x waxe? blak & crisp40 ,?is simple description w 9 "s respects answ] our purpose at ! pres5t "t4 ,! leaf ( ! pepp] v9e is entire1 simple1 alt]nate1 )\t /ipules1 broad1 & fle%y1 or oval or he>t-%ap$4 ,! leaves are arrang$ 9 clu/]s ( five to sev5 9 numb]1 opposite ! fl[] /alk1 & ! fl[]s1 :i* are glossy-:ite1 are v insignificant 9 appe>ance ^u a long sl5d] p5dul\s spadix4 ,!y are = ! mo/ "p uni-sexual1 ei!r manci\s or dici\s2 t is1 ! /am9ate 7male fl[]7 & pi/illate 7female7 fl[]s are sep>ate ei!r ^u diff]5t bran*es ( ! same plant 7manci\s7 or ^u diff]5t plants 7dici\s74 ,! leaves are f\r to six in*es long1 & !y p>take /rongly ( ! aromatic & peculi> smell & pung5t ta/e ( ! b]ry4 ,! small fruit gr[s loosely on ! p5dul\s fruit /alks or spikes4 ,a s+le v9e w be> f tw5ty to ?irty fruit spikes & ea* spike conta9s tw5ty to =ty b]ries4 ,if !y 7 all[$ to rip51 ! b]ries w\ld lose "s ( _! pung5cy & w\ld gradually fall (f4 ,! pepp] v9e produces two crops annually1 ! fir/ 9 ,decemb] & ,janu>y1 at ! "t ( ! fir/ monsoon4 ,! fl[]s ( ! second crop appe> 9 ,m>* & ,april1 at ! "t ( ! little monsoon1 & ! crop is ga!r$ 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,! second crop is inf]ior bo? 9 quality & quantity1 probably on acc\nt ( lack ( moi/ure4 ,! pepp] b]ry is a small1 r\nd1 sessile1 fle%y fruit1 :i* at fir/ appe>s gre51 next r$1 & f9ally yell[ :5 fully ripe4 ,:5 "o or two b]ries at ! base ( ! spike beg9 to turn r$ ! entire spike is p9*$ (f4 ,9 ga!r+ ! fruit1 ! natives make use ( a small triangul> ladd] made ( bamboo1 ) :i* !y g ar\nd ! tree & rea* all ! fruit z !y g4 ,! fruit is put 9 small baskets slung ov] ! %\ld] 7see illu/rations7 ( ! ga!r]4 ,x is !n tak5 by ^? :o "w on ! gr\nd to a smoo?1 level spot ( clean1 h>d gr\nd & spread on mats or plat=ms to dry 7mat dry+ is said to give heavi] returns71 c>e be+ tak5 to c>ry x 9 at night s z to escape ! dews4 ,aft] ?ree days1 z ! dry+ proce$s1 ! b]ries are remov$ by rubb+ ) ! h&s & are pick$ clean or w9n[$ 9 l>ge r\nd sieves4 ,9 "s ea/]n localities mills op]at$ by h& facilitate ! "w4 ,aft] ! b]ries h become dry !y w %rivel & turn black or *ocolate4 ,^? ga!r$ too soon w aft] be+ dri$ become du/4 ,! b]ries aft] dry+ are sph]ical & ab\t "o-fif? ( an in* 9 diamet] & are wr9kl$ on ! surface1 indi/9ctly po9t$ bel[ by ! rema9s ( a v %ort p$ical & cr[n$ by ?ree or f\r lob$ /igmas4 ,! ?9 p]ic>p tightly encloses a s+le se$1 ! embryo ( :i*1 on acc\nt ( ! premature ga!r+ is n fully develop$ & is replac$ by ! cavity bel[ ! apex4 ,! se$ itself conta9s )9 ! ?9 r$-br[n te/a a %9+ album5 ( angul>1 radically arrang$1 l>ge-cell$ p>5*yme1 gray & horny )\t & mealy )94 ,! transv]se section ( a gra9 ( pepp] exhibits a s(t1 yell[i% epid]mis cov]+2 ! out] p]ic>p is =m$ ( a closely pack$ yell[ lay] ( l>ge & mo/ radically arrang$ ?ick-wall$ cells1 mo/ ( :i* are colorless & load$ ) />*2 o!rs conta9 a s(t1 yell[i%1 amorph\s mass1 ea* conta9+ 9 its m9ute cavity a quantity ( d>k-br[n res91 :ile ! middle lay] ( ! p]ic>p consi/s ( />* & oil1 ! %r9kage ( :i* causes ! deep wr9kles on ! surface ( ! b]ry4 ,! next inn] lay] ( ! p]ic>p exhibits its circumf]5ce tang5tially arrang$ s(t p>5*yme1 ! cells ( :i* possess ei!r spiral /riation or spiral fib]s1 b t[>ds ! int]ior lose p>5*yme free f />* & conta9+ v l>ge oil cells4 ,! te/a is =m$ 9 ! fir/ place ( a r[ ( small yell[i% ?ick-wall$ cells1 next to :i* foll[s ! true te/a z a d5se1 d>k-br[n lay] ( lignifi$ cells1 ! individual outl9es ( :i* are indi/+ui%able4 ,if ?9 slices are kept "u glyc]9e = "s "t ^! masses are sl[ly trans=m$ into ne$le-%ap$ cry/als ( pip]9e4 ,! angul> cells ( ! int]ior ( ! se$ are1 ( c\rse1 ! m prom95t &1 :5 once se51 _! *>act]i/ic =m & cont5ts are easily recogniz$ aga94 ,! /ructure ( ! out] coats is made out ) m difficulty1 & be=e attempt+ to d s on gr\nd pepp] x is be/ to s(t5 "s :ole black & :ite pepp] corns 9 glyc]9e & cut sections f v>i\s p>ts ( ! ext]ior ( ! b]ry4 ,:ite pepp]1 s9ce x is all[$ to rip5 fully1 has ! mo/ di/9ctness1 &1 s9ce x lacks ! wr9kles1 x w n be f\nd difficult to pick out ?ree lay]s ( diff]5t cells f a section f x m\nt$ 9 glyc]9e1 compos+ ! out] coat ( ! corn1 besides angul> l>ge cells ( ! int]ior :i* are fill$ ) />* & pip]9e1 ! latt] be+ yell[ 9 color4 ,! fir/ ( ^! lay]s1 ! out] "o1 is made ( colorless1 l>ge1 loosely arrang$ cells ) "s fib]s t[>d ! ext]ior m compact ?an ^? t[>d ! int]ior ( ! lay] & c>ry+ globules ( oil4 ,?is lay] makes up ! pr9cipal "p ( ! husk ( ! :ite pepp]4 ,! second lay] is a "p ( :at is g5]ally call$ ! te/a & consi/s ( small yell[ cells1 ?ick wall$ & closely oppress$4 ,next comes ! ?ird lay] & second portion ( ! te/a1 :i* consi/s ( lignifi$ br[n cells1 :i* 9 _! transv]se appe>ance resemble "s ( ! cells ( mu/>d hulls4 ,! individuality ( ^! cells is n made out easily1 ow+ to ! ?ickness ( ! walls4 ,aft] ! obs]v] has become ?or\ghly famili> ) ^! appe>ances ( ! :ite pepp] he %\ld exam9e gr\nd pepp]1 :i* w be f\nd to diff] 9 ! way 9 :i* ^! coats are to be pres5t$2 !y c be recogniz$1 h[ev]1 & mu/ be /udi$ until ?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,! black pepp] is n z simple 9 its arrangem5t z ! :ite1 ! maturity ( ! :ite giv+ x di/9ctness1 :ile ! %runk5 "* ( ! black b]ry makes ! recognition ( its v>i\s tissues difficult4 ,9 a section f ! ext]ior ( a s(t5$ black pepp]1 ! int]ior coats1 aft] :at has be5 le>n$ ( ! :ite1 w be quickly recogniz$1 b !y are n pla9ly develop$4 ,! coats ( ! out] p]ic>p1 :i* 9 ! :ite pepp] 7 want+1 w be f\nd to be d>k] color$1 %runk5 & confus$1 s t x requires mu* /udy to discov] ! =ms ( ! cells1 :i* may be m easily f\nd 9 ! p[d]$ black pepp]2 !re ! /ructure already recogniz$ 9 ! gr\nd :ite pepp] w be se5 & 9 addition d>k-br[n p>ticles1 portions ( ! out] coats4 ,c>eful exam9ations ( diff]5t p>ticles w reveal "s :i* consi/ ( ! elongat$1 v]tical ext]ior cells conta9+ res91 :ile o!rs are ! %runk5 p>5*yme cells ( ! second lay]1 ^: /ructure is indi/9ct4 ,! color$ portion ( a gr\nd black pepp] divides itself into two classes1 ! d>k p>ticles :i* h j be5 m5tion$ & ! deep r$di% ones :i* are made up ( ! te/a ( ! se$ & its adh]5t p>5*yme4 ,! two w be readily recogniz$ & di/+ui%$ f adult]ants by inve/igation4 ,!re are 9 all ab\t =ty diff]5t species ( pepp] plant1 consi/+ ( h]bs1 %rubs1 & trees4 ,!y are g5]ally nam$ f ! city or c\ntry ( export4 ,! diff]5ces 9 appe>ance ( ! product com+ f v>i\s s\rces are suffici5tly m>k$ to be readily notic$ :5 samples ( ea* are at h& side by side1 b o!rwise x is almo/ impossible to di/+ui% betwe5 "s ( !m4 ,! goodness ( ! pepp] dep5ds m on ! quality ( ! soil ?an on ! cultivation1 al?\gh cultivation w increase ! yield4 ,! f9e ,telli*]ry pepp] toge!r ) ! ,alleppy are consid]$ ! be/ v>ieties4 ,telli*]ry is nam$ f ! city ( ,telli*]ry ( ,briti% ,india1 prov9ce ( ,malad>1 di/rict ( ,madras4 ,alleppy is nam$ f ! city ( ,alleppy1 :i* is ! capital ( ! native /ate ,travancore 9 ! di/rict ( ,madras4 ,^! are closely foll[$ by ! ,malab> pepp] f ! di/rict ( ,malab>1 ,india4 ,^! v>ieties are sun-dri$4 ,next comes ! f9e ,p5ang pepp]1 nam$ f ! city ( ,p5ang1 mean+ 8betalnut0 7see illu/ration7 9 ! ,/raits ,settlem5t4 ,?is is foll[$ by ! ,s+apore1 nam$ f ! city ( ,s+apore1 & mean+ ,city ( ! ,lion 7see illu/ration71 :i* is also 9 ! ,/raits ,settlem5t1 & is ! l>ge/ export city ( spice 9 ! _w1 be+ ! c5t] ( export = spices gr[n 9 ! ,malay ,p59sula z well z 9 ,java & ,sumatra & ( t ri* /ate kn[n z ,johore1 9 ! s\!rn extremity ( ! ,malay ,p59sula4 ,illu/ration3 ,,a*e5 ,illu/ration3 ,,telli*]ry ,,coa/ ,,f ,,old ,,=t1 ,,look+ ,,nor? ,s+apore pepp]1 by reason ( its d>k color & fairly uni=m quality1 is a good-look+ pepp]1 & = t reason x is e/eem$1 b = gr9d+ purposes x has n be5 h]et(ore s highly reg>d$1 because ( its smoky odor1 z x is dri$ ov] smoke4 ,! pepp] plantation & ! gambi] plantation ( ,johore are usually "u "o managem5t1 & 9 boil+ d[n ! gambi] to make ! vegetable extracts !re are susp5d$ ov] ! kettle mats on :i* are plac$ quantities ( ! ,s+apore pepp]4 ,! smoke f ! furnace dries & at ! same "t black5s ! pepp] & gives x ! unmi/akable smoky smell :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ,s+apore pepp]4 ,?is smoky odor is reta9$ to a consid]able degree aft] ! pepp] is gr\nd1 & x is "o ( ! te/s by :i* pepp] m]*ants det]m9e :e!r a giv5 sample is ,s+apore or n4 ,! ,s+apore pepp] f ,borneo is divid$ into1 fir/1 ! ,mullacca1 :i* is ! be/ & heavie/2 second1 ! ,caytongee2 & ?ird1 ! poore/ sort1 ,neg>a1 :i* is mo/ abundant1 & :i* is small & usually falls to du/4 ,mangalore pepp]1 nam$ f ! city ( ,mangalore 7,fig4 #c71 is ! l>ge/ pepp] corn gr[n4 ,x is ne>ly twice ! size ( ord9>y pepp]1 is ( a deep black color1 v clean1 & ( uni=m size4 ,:5 gr\nd x yields a p[d] ( a *>act]i/ic gre5i% appe>ance4 ,lampong pepp] takes its "n f a di/rict bord]+ on ! ea/ end ( ! ,isl& ( ,sumatra ne> ! ,/raits ( ,sunda :]e x gr[s4 ,!re is also a city 9 ! di/rict by ! "n1 ,lampong 7mean+ bobb+ 9 wat]71 :]e all ! m5 & wom5 meet at a c5tral m>ket h\se to transact _! bus9ess matt]s4 ,! ,lampong pepp] corns are less uni=m 9 size ?an ^? ( ! o!r v>ieties be=e m5tion$1 & are also ( a light] color1 & ! surface conta9s mu* dirt4 ,a*e51 ,sumatra1 or ,we/ ,coa/1 are names appli$ to ! pepp] f\nd on ! great wild isl& ( ,sumatra1 visit$ by ,m>co ,polo 9 #abia4 ,! isl& is divid$ into semi-indep5d5t /ates1 ea* be+ rul$ by its own pr9ce or *ief1 :o may be call$ ,sultan1 ,rajah1 or ,datto4 ,! int]ior ( ,sumatra is inhabit$ by ! lion & ! tig]1 & by b&s ( savage ,malays mix$ ) ,dyaks ( ,borneo & ,h9doos1 "s ( :om are v savage4 ,among ^! are ! head-hunt]s1 or cannibals1 :o impose z a p5alty = c]ta9 crimes t ! guilty "o is to be cut to pieces & eat51 & sometimes is to be eat5 alive4 ,?is class ( p are f\nd 9 ! s\? ( ,a*94 ,a*e5 pepp] 7,fig4 #b7 takes its "n f ! di/rict by t "n1 or f ! city ( ,a*e5 7native dialect1 ,atkeh7 7see illu/ration7 & ! di/rict ( ,a*e51 :i* export$ 9 ! ye> #aijd1 #fj1jjj piculs 7#acf lbs4 ea*72 ,telak ,betang 7,s\? ,sumatra7 export$ #ej1jjj piculs 7#acf lbs4 ea*72 ,padang1 ,sumatra 7mean+ an op5 pla971 produces mu* pepp] ( good quality1 & ! ,bataks1 ( ,nor? ,sumatra1 h long be5 devot$ to its cultivation4 ,! designation ,ea/ & ,we/ ,coa/1 z =m]ly us$1 h be5 7z h also ! ?ree names x 0 kn[n by on ! isl&1 8,iada-,iawor0 or 8,lampoon10 8,iada ,manna10 & 8,iada ,jambee07 lo/ track (1 & ! pepp] is n[ designat$ accord+ to its specific gravity z ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 or ,d grade4 ,a grade weighs at lea/ #d lbs41 #ac oz4 to ! imp]ial gallon 7#dha grams p] lit]74 ,b grade weighs at lea/ #d lbs41 #e oz4 to ! imp]ial gallon 7#dca grams p] lit]74 ,c grade weighs at lea/ #c lbs41 #ac oz4 to ! imp]ial gallon 7#cha grams p] lit]74 ,d grade weighs at lea/ #c lbs41 #e oz4 to ! imp]ial gallon 7#ehf grams p] lit]74 ,!re has probably n be5 any ( ! ,a grade ( ,a*e5 black pepp] 9 ?is c\ntry = sev]al ye>s1 = ! reason t x is ?is grade ( pepp] t is pref]r$ by ! manufactur]s ( ,p5ang :ite pepp]2 & s9ce x is us$ up 9 t way x does n rea* our m>ket except 9 ! =m ( :ite pepp]1 ,fig4 #e4 ,! be/ way to te/ ! quality ( ! :ole pepp] is by weight1 ! heavi] be+ ! be/4 ,x takes #f1ihd ,s+apore pepp] corns 7,fig4 #d7 to weigh "o p\nd1 :ile ! f9] grades ( ,telli*]ry or ,malab> 7,fig4 #a7 require b #f1djj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c5tral ,,m>ket ,,lompong 7,bobb+ 9 ,wat]7 ,,telah ,,b5tong ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,home ,,9 ,,alleppy ,pepp] is sometimes grad$ by putt+ x 9 wat]1 :5 ! heavy s9ks & ! light swims2 ! wat] also removes ! dirt t might adh]e to x4 ,%ot pepp] is ! heavi] black pepp] put ?r\gh a soak+ & h>d5+ process4 ,aft]w>ds x is oil$ to give x a bett] appe>ance1 b z ! wat] is injuri\s to ! b]ry x is n[ g5]ally sep>at$ 9 a column ( air4 ,! bett] appe>ance ?us giv5 to ! %ot pepp] makes x m 9 dem& & gives x a high] m>ket value4 ,f :at has be5 said1 we c readily und]/& t ! quality ( pepp] diff]s 9 ! diff]5t localities4 ,pepp] w hold its /r5g? long] ?an any o!r spice4 ,x has be5 f\nd by mix+ ,malab> = weight1 ,p5ang = /r5g?1 & ,sumatra = color1 we get ! mo/ desirable p[d]$ article4 ,malab> pepp] has ab\t twice ! /r5g? ( ,s+apore1 :i* has twice ! /r5g? ( ,sumatra4 ,! ,atjeh1 ,at*9 or ,a*e51 pepp] f ! nor!a/]n "p ( ,sumatra1 & t f ! prov9ce ( ,batak 9 ! m c5tral ea/]n "p ( ,sumatra ,isl&1 z receiv$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 conta9 mu* e>?y matt]1 & ! ,ea/ ,ar*ipelago pepp] culture1 includ+ ! isl&s ( ,johore & ,rhio1 is s widely spread z to give u l>ge & v>i\s qualities4 ,! city ( ,p5ang1 9 ! ,/raits ,settlem5t1 export$ 9 ! ye> #aijd1 #ec1fac bags ( black pepp] & #bb1dae bags ( :ite pepp]1 be+ ab\t half ( ! entire supply1 & ! ,isl& ( ,ceylon export$ 9 #aijd1 #b1gdf cwt4 ( pepp] valu$ at #cgi4hc4 ,saigon1 ,*9a1 has also _m acres "u cultivation4 ,( c\rse1 :5 ! price ( pepp] is high1 !re is m pr(it = ! gr[]1 & ! labor] is giv5 m employm5t1 s9ce ! acreage is increas$4 ,advances ( money are made to ! ,*9aman by ! m]*ants1 :o take security on ! gr[+ pepp] at a rate fix$ mu* bel[ its actual value4 ,! ,*9aman on ?is advance money erects a small build+ requir$ z a home1 & pur*ases 8 f>m+ implem5ts & has two doll>s mon?ly = food & = opium1 & at ! end ( ! ?ird ye> ! plantation is equally divid$ betwe5 ! contract+ p>ties4 ,"o man c take c>e ( ab\t #c1jjj plants aft] !y come into be>+4 ,a%antee pepp] or ,we/ ,african 7& z x is sometimes call$1 ,african ,cubebs7 is ! fruit ( ! pip]1 7,cubeb7 8,clusii10 & is pr9cipally f ,niam-,niam1 a di/rict 9 ,gu9ea bord]+ on ! ,gulf ( ,gu9ea 9 ,africa1 & is locally us$ z a sub/itute = black pepp]1 b has a holl[ b]ry1 mu* small] & less wr9kl$4 ,9 ! s\?we/ ( ,india1 :]e pepp] gr[s wild1 x is f\nd 9 ri*1 moi/ soil1 usually 9 n>r[ valleys4 ,x propagates itself by runn+ along on ! gr\nd & ?r[+ (f %oots e few feet4 ,! natives1 9 c>+ = x1 m]ely tie ! ends ( ! v9es to trees at di/ances at lea/ six feet ap>t1 & especially to ^? hav+ a r\gh b>k1 z ! v9e readily cl+s to ! r\gh surface ( ! tree4 ,9 ,india ! b]ries ( 7,embelia7 7,sam>a7 ,ribes are (t5 mix$ ) pepp]4 ,!re is also a fruit call$ ,melegueta pepp]1 kn[n also z 8,gu9ea ,gra9s10 ,gra9s ( ,p>adise1 or ,alligator pepp]1 :i* is ! se$ ( ,amomum ,mele ,gueta1 a plant ( ! g+] family1 :i* conta9s se$s :i* are exce$+ly pung5t & are us$ z a spice ?r\gh ,c5tral & ,nor!rn ,africa4 ,! cultivation ( ! pepp] plant 9 ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e has be5 att5d$ ) fair success :]e x has be5 p]sev]+ly pursu$1 b !re is little probability t x c successfully compete ev5 9 ! ,we/ ,india isl&s ) t ( ^? c\ntries :]e ! plant is indig5\s4 ,jamaica pepp]1 :i* is a native ( ! ,isl& ( ,jamaica1 belongs m to ! fruit ( pim5ta1 an acc\nt ( :i* is giv5 "u a sep>ate *apt]4 ,! yield ( pepp] v>ies 9 diff]5t localities & may be f "o & "o-half to eight or t5 p\nds to a s+le v9e4 ,! ?ird ye> ! yield is "o catty2 f\r? ye>1 "o & "o-half catty2 ! fif? ye>1 ?ree & "o-half catties1 a catty be+ "o & "o-?ird p\nds4 ,f\r ?\s& p\nds is a good av]age to "o acre4 ,t5 p\nds ( gre5 b]ries make only f\r to five p\nds :5 dri$ & bagg$ = ! m>ket4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s+apore 7,city ( ! ,lion7 ,illu/ration3 ,,view ,,9 ,,h>bor ,,( ,,p5ang ,,f ,,/eam] ,,look+ ,,nor?we/ ,copyright by ,und]wood & ,und]wood1 ,n4 ,y4 ,x is h>d to e/imate ! am\nt ( black pepp] us$ ea* ye>1 b x is v great4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates consumes m spices pro rata ?an any o!r c\ntry4 ,?is fact is well kn[n by export]s aft] long exp]i5ce1 & n[ _m spices are %ipp$ direct to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ports in/ead ( by ! way ( ,london4 ,! *ief use ( pepp] is t ( a spice add$ pr9cipally to meats1 b also to o!r food sub/ances4 ,pepp] is sometimes us$ = m$ic9al purposes1 z x /imulates ! /oma* on acc\nt ( ! pip]9e x conta9s1 & ?us aids 9 dige/ion4 ,9 remov+ r+worms x has few equals4 ,! native doctors ( ,india consid] x a /imulant1 & !y prescribe an infusion ( ! toa/$ b]ries 9 cases ( *ol]a morbus2 x w *eck viol5t vomit+ 9 t disease :5 _m o!r rem$ies fail4 ,!y also prep>e a l9im5t f pepp] :i* !y ?9k has sov]eign virtue 9 *ronic rheumatism4 ,9 ,europe x is sometimes us$ z a /imulant 9 g\t & palsy1 & ! wat]y infusion has prov$ a useful g>gle 9 relaxation ( ! uvula4 ,! dose ( black pepp] %\ld be ab\t six gra9s4 ,! *ief enemies ( ! pepp] v9e are :ite ants1 ! black bug & :ite bug1 ! bor]1 male crickets1 & ! ,c9*ana cat]pill>4 ,a /rong solution ( tuba root is suffici5t to keep away :ite ants1 & tuba root mix$ ) juice ( common tobacco w prev5t ! black & :ite bug "w1 & 9 mild cases a%es or sulphur & lime appli$ e>ly 9 ! morn+ w be f\nd suffici5t4 ,! bor] beg9s by attack+ ! jo9ts ( ! bran*es & its pres5ce is kn[n by ! light yell[i% color ( ! b>k4 ,!re is no kn[n prev5tive = ! bor]1 except to cat* x be=e x has gone too f>4 ,x always works ar\nd ! jo9ts1 & :5 x has complet$ ! circle1 x comm5ces to bore d[n ! c5t] ( ! bran*1 & sometimes1 b v seldom1 ! /em4 ,! male cricket goes = ! roots1 b does ! lea/ damage2 if x has gone too f> to be dug out1 ! be/ way is to plug up its hole z f> z possible ) clay4 ,! gre5 ,c9*ana cat]pill> attacks ! leaves only1 b may de/roy _m ( !m2 ! only plan to make way ) x is to s5d a coolie ar\nd to collect & de/roy ! insects4 ,:ole pepp] is seldom or nev] adult]at$1 al?\gh mu* is unclean$4 ,old1 wat]-soak$ /ock is at times f\nd on ! m>ket4 ,sev]al ye>s ago two ?\s& bags 7 ?r[n into ! ,?ames ,riv] f a :>f :i* 0 on fire1 & 0 lat] (f]$ = sale at auction4 ,! p[d]$ article1 h[ev]1 is adult]at$ m ?an any o!r condim5t us$ z a table spice4 ,! adult]ation is made by almo/ any *eap1 =eign article atta9able & 9 a mo/ ridicul\s & n only unlawful b inhuman way4 ,! probable reasons :y pepp] is select$ = ?is m ext5sive abuse are f\nd 9 ! fact t adult]ation is m easily cov]$ up & 9 ! fur!r fact t1 ow+ to ! l>ge am\nt ( pepp] us$1 ! ga9 is mu* great]4 ,! quality ( a gr\nd pepp] c be told by an exp]t f its weight & color1 & on exam9ation ) a l5s ( l[ magnify+ p[]4 ,! p>ticles are n co>sely gr\nd1 & x is n difficult to pick out pieces ( husk1 yell[ corn1 & rice2 if necess>y1 a m c>eful inve/igation "u a microscope ( high] p[] w s]ve = confirmation4 ,black pepp] is mu* m liable to be adult]at$ ?an ! :ite1 al?\gh x is p]fectly easy to dilute ! latt] ) brok5 rice or crack] du/1 or ) long pepp]4 ,!re is a disposition _m times on ! "p ( ^? :o c af=d x to h ! be/ t c be made1 9 appe>ance at lea/1 & x is ?\ght by "s t ! :it] ! color ( ! pepp] ! pur] ! quality4 ,?is is a great mi/ake4 ,! remov+ ( ! out] cov]+ ( ! black 9 ord] to make :ite pepp] removes ! mo/ pung5t "p ( ! fruit4 ,?is "w is sometimes c>ri$ s f> t1 :ile ! fruit1 :5 gr\nd1 is ne>ly z :ite z />*1 !re is little left b />*4 ,x is que/ion$ :e!r ?is practice is n z mu* an adult]ation z ! skimm+ ( milk1 z x takes away ! mo/ valuable "p ( ! fruit4 ,long pepp] is also us$ to adult]ate pepp]1 b ! ta/e & smell ( ! long pepp] _c be disguis$1 & its />* is ne>ly d\ble ! size ( t ( ord9>y black pepp]4 ,n only are ! pepp] %ells us$ to adult]ate gr\nd pepp]1 b also o!r by-products1 su* z middl+s1 :eat1 corn1 gr\nd olive /ones1 cocoanut %ells1 almond %ells1 mu/>d hulls1 long pepp]1 ,cay5ne pepp]1 sago1 & l9se$4 ,^! are sold to ! spice gr9d]s "u ! "n ( 8,p4 ,d40 pepp]4 ,pepp] adult]ants & pepp] mixtures1--,p4 ,d41 pepp] du/2 ,h4 ,p4 ,d41 hot pepp] du/2 ,w4 ,p4 ,d41 :ite pepp] du/--consi/ ( su* products z ! gr9d] has at h& or c obta9 at ! l[e/ price1 ! mix] requir+ only t ! colors %all be su* z are suitable = 8 trade4 ,9 ,london1 ! olive /ones are mu* us$1 put up 9 colors ( bo? black & :ite4 ,pepp] mixtures are sold "u ! "n ( 8,poivrette or ,pepp]ette40 ,_! natural color is pale buff1 mu* resembl+ ! middle lay] ( ! pepp] b]ry :5 gr\nd1 & !y _c be di/+ui%$ f ! pepp] by ! eye1 ev5 ) ! use ( a h& l5s1 :5 mix$ ) a p[d]$ pepp]1 b ) ! aid ( ! microscope ) "o-six? or "o-eigh? objective1 x is se5 t !y consi/ ( pale1 d5se1 lign\s cells1 be+ entire & m>k$ ) l9e> air spaces2 "s are torn & indi/9ct4 ,o!r sub/ances exam9$ %[$ f9ely gr\nd clay & brick du/4 ,! pres5ce ( pepp] husks & *>coal is g5]ally kn[n by ! imm5sely increas$ proportion ( black p>ticles 9 ! field1 z appe>s 9 ,fig4 #dc1 opposite page #be1 ,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,! true pepp] p[d]1 & "o 9 :i* rice />* is pres5t1 is giv5 9 ,fig4 #ba & 9 ,fig4 #db1 :i* also gives u an idea ( ! size ( ! pepp] />*1 :i* is v small z comp>$ ) any o!r k9d ( />*4 ,mu* au?ority might be quot$ on ! adult]ations ( pepp]1 b en\gh has be5 writt5 to give ! read] an idea ( its va/ness4 ,i w next endeavor to give ! me?od ( exam9+ pepp]s microscopically4 ,fir/1 ! sieve exam9ation ( ^? p>ticles left ^u a =ty to sixty-me% sieve is ( value4 ,?is exam9ation w frequ5tly reveal ! nature ( ! adult]ant or ! too l>ge portion ( pepp] husk4 ,next1 by ! aid ( a good dissect+ microscope1 fifte5 to ?irty p[]1 ! frequ5cy ( ! occurr5ce ( ! co>se p>ticles1 aft] a little exp]i5ce1 w n be difficult to sort out1 & ! pres5ce ( s& or a notable excess ( ,p4 ,d4 may be detect$ & e/imat$4 ,backgr\nds ( :ite & black ) reflect$ light & aft]w>ds transmitt$ light may be us$ 9 ! mann] s conv5i5tly af=d$ by ,zeiss's /& made = ?is purpose4 ,a portion ( ! p[d]$ pepp] or ! sep>at$ co>se p>ticles %\ld also be treat$ ) a *loral-hydrate solution = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 to r5d] x m transp>5t = exam9ation ) high] p[]s1 & 9 ! meantime a "p ( ! co>se p>ticles collect$ f ! sieve may be exam9$ "u a "o & "o-half in* objective & !n cru%$ & re-exam9$1 us+ bo? pla9 & pol>iz$ light4 ,9 ?is way husky matt] may be di/+ui%$ & =eign />*es reject$4 ,pol>iz$ light is !n ! means ( br++ out m pla9ly ! />*es1 ! proportion ( :i* iod9e w reveal4 ,due all[ance %\ld be made = ! small] granules ( pepp] />* & all optically active tissue1 su* z ! fib]s & scl]5*yma or /one cells1 :i* are f\nd 9 olive /ones & cocoanut %ells4 ,! *loral-hydrate prep>ation %\ld n[ be exam9$1 mu* ( :i* disappe>s1 & ! />* is f\nd mu* swoll54 ,! /ructure ( ! pepp] itself has already be5 expla9$ & is suppos$ to be s well und]/ood t x _c be confus$ ) ! =eign matt]1 z ! husky matt] pres5t is r5d]$ s mu* cle>] t its id5tification & diff]5tiation are mu* easi]4 ,exp]i5ce ) half a doz5 samples ( *eap1 9 comp>ison ) a pure1 pepp] w soon tea* "o ! be/ means ( mak+ out :at has be5 briefly describ$4 ,x has be5 f\nd mo/ valuable to dige/ ab\t a gram ( pepp] ) nitric acid1 specific gravity #a4a1 & *lorate ( pota% = sev]al h\rs1 or until ! color is blea*$1 :5 x is !n possible to di/+ui% ! d5s] cellul> /ructure m easily ?an 9 any o!r way4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true ( ! /one cells1 :i* make up ! l>g] "p ( ! cocoanut %ells & gr\nd olive /ones1 especially :5 pol>iz$ light is us$4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to confuse ! /one cells ( ! pepp] husk ) ^? ( olive /ones or o!r adult]ants4 ,*>coal at ! same "t rema9s unblea*$4 ,! analy/ w f9d _m v>iations 9 ! samples met ) & %\ld always be on gu>d = some?+ new4 ,*emical composition ( black pepp]4--,! analysis ( ! pure gr\nd pepp] %[s ! am\nt ( wat] to be betwe5 #h & #aj p] c5t41 b1 ( c\rse1 x v>ies ) surr\nd+ conditions4 ,! a% 9 black pepp]s does n exce$ f #d-aj to #g-aj p] c5t41 & 9 :ite1 #d-aj p] c5t42 x is fair to believe t any?+ above #e p] c5t4 = black & #b p] c5t4 = :ite is suspici\s4 ,! volatile oil1 to :i* pepp] owes its flavor1 v>ies 9 black pepp] f #a4fi to 4#gj1 & 9 :ite #a4bf to 4#eg are f\nd1 b ?is det]m9ation is n ( great value z a means ( detect+ adult]ations4 ,pip]9e1 :i* is a neutral cry/all9e sub/ance1 & res91 to :i* ! pepp] owes its pung5cy1 ( :i* x yields ab\t two p] c5t4 9 its composition1 are simil> to oil ( turp5t9e z well 9 specific gravity z 9 ! boil+ po9t4 ,^! sub/ances furni% a mo/ valuable *eck on ! purity ( bo? :ite & black pepp]4 ,pepp] conta9s f #g4ij to #g4bd p] c5t4 ( ^! sub/ances1 %[+ a great con/ancy 9 am\nt1 & on addition ( adult]ants1 ?is is pla9ly affect$1 :i* seems bett] ?an a det]m9ation ( pure pip]9e1 :i* is difficult & causes mu* loss4 ,x has also prov$ impossible to make det]m9ations ( pip]9e by ! combu/ion1 or ,k4 ,jeldahl1 me?ods by application ( ,/utz]'s copp]-hydrate process1 ! p]c5tage ( nitrog5 be+ s small1 #d4iab 9 pip]9e1 z to make ! error v l>ge :5 conv]t+ ! =m] to ! latt]1 ! necess>y factor be+ #bj4cf4 ,! det]m9ation ( />* or its equival5t 9 r$uc+ sug>s has be5 look$ into ) c>e1 & a prelim9>y extraction ) alcohol & wat] is necess>y to obta9 results :i* are fairly con/ant1 :i* det]m9ation %[s black pepp] to conta9 f #cd to #ch p] c5t4 ( />*1 or #db to #dg p] c5t4 ( sub/ances ( r$uc+ sug> equival5t1 calculat$ on dry a% free sub/ance4 ,:ite pepp] conta9s 9 ! same way f #dj to #dc p] c5t4 />* & gives f #ej to #ee p] c5t4 ( r$uc+ sug> equival5t on dry a% free sub/ance4 ,! crude fib] 9 black pepp] does n v>y f> f #aj p] c5t41 b 9 ! :ite pepp] is mu* r$uc$1 dep5d+ to a c]ta9 ext5t on ! p]fection ( ! decortication4 ,f\r to #h p] c5t4 are probably fair limits1 & ?is det]m9ation is q necess>y 9 reveal+ ! pres5ce ( =eign woody or fibr\s matt]4 ,album9oids d n v>y widely1 #aj p] c5t4 be+ ! av]age1 ) extremes ( #g4fi & #aa4ej4 ,! addition ( nitrog5\s se$s1 ( c\rse1 increases ! am\nt1 & ( fibr\s or woody matt] dim9i%es x4 ,we h ! foll[+ result z a /&>d3 ,wat]1 #h4j to #aa4j ,a%1 #b4ge to #e4j ,volatile ,oil1 4#ej to #a4ge ,pepp]9e & ,res91 #g4j to #h4j ,/>*1 #cb4j to #ch4j ,crude ,fib]1 #h4j to #aa4j ,album9oids1 #g4j to #ab4j ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,v ,,:ite ,,pepp] ,,:ite pepp] is ?\ght by _m to be produc$ by a sep>ate plant1 b x is ! fruit ( ! black pepp] v9e1 ! *ange 9 appe>ance be+ br\ght ab\t by artificial prep>ation4 ,! poor natives are said to collect = m>ket "s :ite b]ries1 :i* h be5 left on ! v9es until fully ripe & !n h fall5 to ! gr\nd &1 by _! exposure to ! sun1 h lo/ ! out] black coat+4 ,t :i* rema9s is call$ ! 8g5u9e0 :ite pepp]4 ,?is collection ( ! :ite pepp] corns by ! natives has giv5 rise to ! /ory t a small bird call$ ball>ee1 fe$+ on ! black pepp]1 dige/s no?+ b ! out] husks &1 ! balance1 hav+ pass$ :ole ?r\gh ! organs ( ! bird1 becomes :ite4 ,! pepp] v9es are injur$ by all[+ ! b]ry to rip5 be=e ga!r+ to make :ite pepp]4 ,= ?is reason ! unripe fruit is (t5 us$1 & "s manufactur]s make x a bus9ess to prep>e or make ! :ite pepp]4 ,! unripe black pepp] is robb$ ( its out] coat1 to make :ite pepp]1 9 sev]al ways1 accord+ to ! ext5t to :i* ! decorticat+ process is c>ri$4 ,?us1 we may h decorticat$ pepp] f :i* all ?ree coats are remov$1 or only "o or two ( !m4 ,all ( ^! k9ds are call$ factiti\s :ite pepp]4 ,?us we h ,telli*]ry1 :i* is p>ticul>ly f9e1 &1 second1 ! 8cori&] :ite10 s call$ f its close resemblance to ! se$ ( t "n4 ,?is is also a f9e grade4 ,x is made 9 imitation ( ! cori&] se$ by cutt+ (f f ! end ( ea* corn a piece ( ! out] hull1 s t ! d>k-color$ inn] portion %[s4 ,! ord9>y :ite foll[s next1 :i* is made f ! ,s+apore1 ,p5ang1 etc4 ,?is is (t5 blea*$ to imitate ! fir/ two1 b x makes a sad imitation4 ,! ,telli*]ry & cori&] are pack$ 9 cases ( ab\t #bjj p\nds1 ea* ) m>k$ t>e on e case4 ,! ord9>y :ite is pack$ 9 bags ( ab\t #aej p\nds1 ) #b p] c5t4 t>e1 ) an all[ance ( "o p\nd to ea* package4 ,! process is z foll[s3 ,! black pepp] may be kept 9 ! h\se = sev]al days & !n bruis$ or wa%$ 9 a basket to remove ! /alk & pulpy matt]1 aft] :i* x is dri$ 9 ! sun%9e be=e %ipp+4 ,x is also prep>$ by /eep+ 9 wat] 9 :i* x has be5 all[$ fully to rip5 & !n remov+ ! out] coat by friction4 ,! natives also remove ! out] lay] by plac+ ! ripe/ r$ gra9s 9 runn+ wat] or 9 pits made ne> ! riv] bank or 9 /agnant pools4 ,sometimes x is only buri$ 9 ! gr\nd1 & :5 x has be5 "u ?is treatm5t = ab\t "o week x w swell & bur/ ! out] husk1 :i* is !n easily remov$ by rubb+ ) ! h&s :ile x is dry+ 9 ! sun%9e4 ,aft] be+ w9n[$ x is ready = export4 ,ano!r way ( prep>+ :ite pepp]1 (t5 us$1 is to place ! black pepp] 9 a solution ( *loride ( lime wat] to remove ! d>k coat+1 aft] :i* x is rubb$ & dri$ z 9 ! o!r prep>ation4 ,al?\gh ! :ite pepp] has ! "n ( be+ a sup]ior article1 x is n4 ,x is v true t only ! m>r[ ( ! black pepp] b]ries c be us$ to make :ite pepp]1 & ! product does h an exquisite flavor2 b s9ce ! great] /r5g? lies 9 ! out] cov]1 !re is "s d\bt z to ! quality ( ! :ite pepp]4 ,moreov]1 ! real goodness ( ! pepp] is1 9 fact1 n improv$ by ?is process1 z ! wat] injures its /r5g?1 ! out] husk conta9s m ( ! aroma1 & ! quality ( ! pepp] remov$ is almo/ proportionate to ! weight ( ! pepp] corn4 ,! only ga9 obta9$ is 9 ! appe>ance1 & ?is process is b ano!r way ( meet+ ! public dem& = some?+ to please ! eye1 in/ead ( ! palate4 ,:ite pepp] br+s a high] price to ! gr[]1 b :5 ! wa/e & extra labor are consid]$ x is se5 t ! gr[]'s pr(its are l>gely r$uc$4 ,:ite pepp] corns all[$ to rip5 fully are l>g] ?an black & c be r$uc$ to a p[d] m readily1 & w pres5t a m uni=m appe>ance4 ,*9a & ! ,/raits ,settlem5t export mu* ( ! *eap] :ite pepp] f\nd 9 our m>ket & mu* ( x comes f ! isl& ( ,rhio1 & x is import$ 9 ! :ole4 ,*emical composition ( :ite pepp]3 ,wat]1 #h4j to #aa4j ,a%1 #a4j to #b4j ,volatile ,oil1 4#ej to #a4ge ,pip]9e & ,res91 #g4j to #h4j ,/>*1 #dj4j to #dd4j ,crude ,fib]1 #d4aa to #h4j ,album9oids1 #h4j to #aj4j ,by mix+ "o "p gr\nd :ite pepp] ) two p>ts ( slack$ lime & a suffici5t quantity ( wat]1 & evaporat+ ! solution to dryness 9 a wat] ba?1 ! p[d] be+ exhau/$ ) comm]cial e!r1 pip]9e c be obta9$ ne>ly pure 9 l>ge cry/als ( a fa9t /raw color4 ,to obta9 x p]fectly pure1 x mu/ be dissolv$ 9 alcohol & recry/alliz$4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,long ,,pepp] 7,pip] ,longum7 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,long ,,pepp] ,long pepp] is ! fruit spike ( a wild plant ( ,pip] longum 7,*avica ,roxburghii7 & ( ,pip] 7,c4 (fic9>um71 !re be+ two species--,fr5*1 ,poivre longue2 ,g]man1 ,lang] ,pfeff]2 ,italian1 ,pepe lungo2 ,spani%1 ,pimi5ta l>ga2 ,javanese1 ,*abi-,jawa2 ,h9do/an1 ,pipel2 ,cyngalese1 ,tipilie1 elephant pepp]2 ,co*9 ,*9ese1 ,caylot4 ,,long pepp] 7,pip] (fic9>um7 is a p]5nial plant & has oblong leaves att5uat$ at ! base1 & is a native ( ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 ,nepaul1 & ,java4 ,x is f\nd gr[+ along ! /reams ( ! ,ea/ ,indies1 ,sumatra1 ,celebes1 & ,timor1 & is also f\nd 9 ,malab>1 ,ceylon1 & ,ea/ ,b5gal1 & 9 ! ,philipp9es1 be+ indig5\s to mo/ ( ^! c\ntries4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f ! =m] by hav+ cordate or he>t-%ap$ leaves at ! base1 :i* are p9nate & five-ve9$4 ,9 ,b5gal ! plants are rais$ f suck]s & are set five feet ap>t 9 ri*1 high1 dry soil4 ,its /em is smoo? ) a sl5d] bran* & sc&5t leaves1 cordate po9t$ & n]v$1 & ( a deep-gre5 color4 ,! fl[]s are dici\s & small1 9 %ort1 d5se1 t]m9al solit>y spikes1 :i* are ne>ly cyl9drical & opposite to ! leaves4 ,!y are v simil> to black pepp]1 ) "s *>act]i/ic diff]5ces4 ,long pepp] appe>s to h be5 kn[n by ! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans1 & 9 ! t5? c5tury m5tion is made ( long pepp] or ,macro-pip]4 ,! m9ute baccate fruit1 :i* is closely pack$ ar\nd ! c5tral axis1 is at fir/ gre51 becom+ r$ :5 ripe4 ,! pepp]s are hotte/ 9 _! immature /ate & are !n ga!r$ & dri$ 9 ! sun%9e1 :5 !y *ange to a d>k gray color4 ,!y are import$ 9 ! spikes :i* h ! appe>ance ( be+ lim$4 ,!y are ab\t "o & "o-half in*es 9 l5g? by "o-f\r? in* ?ick1 b v>y 9 size & are ind5t$ on ! surface4 ,! yield f an acre is ?ree maunds ( eighty p\nds ! fir/ ye>1 twelve ! second ye>1 & eighte5 ! ?ird ye>1 aft] :i* ! yield dim9i%es4 ,! roots are f9ally grubb$ up & dri$ & sold z 8pi pli mul10 :i* is a favorite m$ic9e ( ! ,h9doos1 :o use x = palsy & apoplexy4 ,! infusion ( ! p[d]$ fruit mix$ ) a little honey is said to be good 9 cat>rhal affection1 :5 ! *e/ is load$ ) phlegm4 ,9 /ructure x does n be> a close resemblance to black pepp]1 z its pepp] corns1 or b]ries1 & husks all h>d5 toge!r on a long1 c5tral1 irregul>1 climb+ /em1 mu* 9 ! same way t 9 ! p9es ! se$ & cov]+ are all h>d5$ into "o cone4 ,x n only has m woody fib] b br+s ) x mu* m s&1 :i* is f\nd imb$d$ 9 ! crevices ( ! irregul> fruit1 ?an is f\nd 9 ord9>y pepp]4 ,long pepp] is a spice (t5 call$ = dur+ ! fall season = pickl+4 ,x imp>ts a flavor to pickles :i* causes a dem& = x = pres]v+ purposes4 ,!re is mu* old /ock on ! m>ket1 :i* is poor4 ,?is is (t5 us$ to adult]ate ord9>y pepp]1 b x c be readily detect$ by its disagreeable odor1 :i* w>m? w develop1 & by its slaty color & ! am\nt ( s& x conta9s4 ,al?\gh gr9d]s try to de/roy ! odor by blea*+1 & ! slaty color by sift+ out ! husk to make x light]1 its *>act]i/ics _c be cov]$ up 9 ! true pepp]4 ,9 ga!r+ ! long pepp]1 ! native1 be+ paid by ! weight = :at he br+s to ! m>ket1 takes c>e n to less ! weight ( dirt1 b r to increase x1 & 9 consequ5ce we f9d t x has always f #c to #g p] c5t4 ( insoluble s& & clay 9 addition to ! prop] a% ( ! fruit4 ,x is impossible to clean x z pepp] %\ld be clean$ = gr9d+1 except ) difficulty & by h&4 ,! pepp] is h>ve/$ 9 ,janu>y & :5 ?or\ghly dry is put up 9 piculs ( #ace p\nds ea*4 ,! a% ( ! long pepp] conta9s a v l>ge proportion ( salts insoluble 9 hydro*loric acid1 & :5 gr\nd ! h>d husk & woody c5t]s1 z well z ! dirt1 are necess>ily gr\nd along ) ! m9ute b]ries4 ,al?\gh x conta9s m s& & m woody fib] ?an g5u9e gr\nd pepp] ( ! correspond+ %ade1 x does n conta9 z mu* cellulose z ! mo/ husky black pepp]4 ,long pepp] is always *eap] ?an ! be/ black pepp] & may be sold z long pepp] on ! m>ket )\t (f5se1 b x has no m "r to a place on ! m>ket z black pepp] ?an has any o!r admixture1 & z su* is z fraudul5t z buck:eat meal & is j z objectionable4 ,a sure te/ = long pepp] z an adult]ant 9 gr\nd black pepp] is to heat a piece ( cold meat betwe5 two plates & spr9kle "s ( ! suspect$ fre% long pepp] on x1 :5 ! smell & flavor w be s (f5sive t "o w feel oblig$ to reject ! meat4 ,! pres5ce ( long pepp] may be det]m9$ by ! foll[+ *>act]i/ics3 #a4 ,if mu* long pepp] is us$1 its peculi> slaty color w %[1 al?\gh sift+ & blea*+ w p>tly hide ! color2 b ! odor ( ! mixture :5 w>m$ is unmi/akable to an educat$ olfactory s5se1 ev5 if ! am\nt ( mixture be mod]ate4 ,! odor _c be de/roy$ by blea*+1 = t has be5 tri$1 & ev5 ! e?al z well z ! alcoholic extracts f :i* ! solv5t has be5 evaporat$ at a l[ temp]ature yields1 :5 w>m$1 ! *>act]i/ic odor v pla9ly4 ,admixture ( long pepp] w\ld also introduce mu* s& 9 ! p[d]$ black pepp]1 & 9 :ite pepp] x w\ld be mu* m noticeable1 z :ite pepp] does n conta9 #b p] c5t4 ( s& & m w\ld mean an admixture4 ,!re be+ also mu* woody matt] 9 p[d]$ long pepp]1 aris+ f ! smallness ( ! b]ries z well z ! h>d5$ sett+ & f ! c5tral woody tube1 ?is may be detect$ ei!r by *emical analysis or by microscope1 & "s ( x by ! nak$ eye or ) ! aid ( a l>ge h& l5s4 ,if ! sample be spread out 9 a smoo?1 ?9 lay] on /rong pap] by means ( an ivory pap] knife1 pieces ( fluffy woody fib] w be detect$1 especially if ! ?9 lay] be tapp$ lightly f bel[4 ,^! pieces come f ! c5tral "p ( ! indurat$ catk91 :i* _c be completely gr\nd f9e z g5u9e pepp] /alks are gr\nd4 ,mu* ( ?is matt] is remov$ by ! gr9d]'s sieves1 b en\gh pass ?r\gh ! me%es ( ! silk to be useful z a corroborative indication1 & if any p>ticles ( husk pass ?r\gh !y c be told f ^? ( ! g5u9e pepp] husks4 ,a proportion ( ! />* granules ( long pepp] is ( l>g] size1 ab\t 4#jjjb in*1 & ( angul> %ape1 v slightly small] ?an rice granules & m loosely aggregat$ 9 clu/]s or isolat$4 ,"h x is necess>y to notice t ! /atem5t is made 9 books t g5u9e pepp] />* is r\nd 9 =m4 ,pepp] />* is d\btless r\nd 9 ! ma91 b n inv>iably4 7,see illu/ration47 ,! loose granules ( ! int]ior are sph]ical1 b 9 ! d5se portions ( ! b]ry !y become m angul> by pressure on ea* o!r4 ,*emical composition ( long pepp]3 ,total a%1 #h4ia ,s& & a% matt] conv]t$ into #a4b sug>1 ,h4 ,c4 ,l41 ,total matt] soluble 9 #aj p] #fg4hc c5t4 ( ,h4 ,c4 ,l41 ,/>* & matt]s conv]tible into #dd4jd sug>1 ,album9\s matt] soluble 9 #ae4dg alkali1 ,cellulose1 #ae4gj ,extract$ by alcohol1 #g4g ,extract$ by e!r1 #e4e ,nitrog51 #b4a ,long pepp] also conta9s pip]9e1 res91 & volatile oil4 ,! pr9cipal cities ( export are ,s+apore & ,p5ang1 ! annual am\nt ( export be+ f #b1jjj to #c1jjj piculs ( #ace p\nds ea* f ea* city at a ,london m>ket value ( #cg to #des4 a cwt4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,capsicum ,,or ,,cay5ne #a ,zanzib> #b ,bombay #c ,si]ra ,leone #d1 #e1 #f & #g ,common ,g>d5 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,capsicum1 ,,or ,,cay5ne ,,cay5ne pepp]1 ,guiana pepp]1 ,spani% pepp]1 ,mexican *illi1 z x is (t5 call$1 m commonly spok5 ( z r$ pepp]1 is a g5us ( h]bs or %rubs ( ! night%ade family 7,salanaceoe7 ! fruit ( any species ( capsicum4 ,! "n capsicum is ( unc]ta9 orig91 p]haps f kato1 to bite--all ( !m hav+ a /rong1 pung5t flavor1 or f ,l4 capso1 box or *e/1 f ! %ape ( ! fruit2 ! latt] "n be+ giv5 to x by ,broconna4 ,,annuum ,,h]bace\s ,,or ,,suffrutesc5t ,! true pepp]s are memb]s ( a totally di/9ct ord]1 ! ,pip]aceoe4 ,fr5*1 ,pim5t or ,corail des ,j>d9s ,poivra d',inde or ,gu9ee2 ,g]man1 ,spani%] ,od]k]s*] ,pfeff]4 ,cay5ne takes its "n f ! city ( ,cay5ne 7,koy5 or ,ki57 7see illu/ration71 or f ! isl& & riv]1 bo? ( same "n1 on :i* x is locat$1 or f ! prov9ce ( ,cay5ne 9 ,fr5* ,guiana1 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! city ( ,cay5ne is a ,fr5* p5al /ation1 & exports l>ge quantities ( ,cay5ne1 :i* we call ,guiana pepp]4 ,probably ! fir/ kn[n hi/ory ( ,cay5ne pepp] 9 ,europe is t giv5 by ,m>tyr1 :o writes ( ,columbus br++ x home ) him 9 #adic1 & speaks ( x z be+ m pung5t ?an t f ,caucasus1 probably ref]r+ to ! ,ori5tal black pepp]4 ,ab\t a c5tury lat]1 ,g]>de writes ( its be+ br\ght into ,europe f ,africa & ,s\!rn ,asia & be+ gr[n 9 ,european g>d5s4 ,probably ! fir/ record ( its use is t giv5 by ,doctor ,*auca1 :o 0 physician ) ,columbus's fleet 9 #adid1 & :o alludes to x z a condim5t us$ 9 dress+ meats1 dye+1 & o!r purposes1 z well z a m$ic9e4 ,cay5ne pepp] is suppos$ to h fir/ be5 br\ght to ,am]ica by ! ,portuguese1 :o f\nd x gr[+ 9 a wild /ate4 ,our great] supply n[ comes f ,zanzib>1 ,nepaul1 ,bombay1 & ,p5ang4 ,almo/ e g>d5] kn[s ! r$ pepp] plant4 ,! plants are g5]ally />t$ 9 a nurs]y or hot-h\se 9 e>ly spr+1 f ! se$1 & are transplant$ :5 a few in*es high1 z soon z ! wea!r w p]mit1 9 ! prep>$ g>d51 ab\t f\r feet ap>t4 ,:5 ab\t six in*es high1 a little ri* f]tiliz] %\ld be work$ 9 ! soil ab\t ! plants4 ,! ,cay5ne pepp] plant is an annual & is a sl[ gr[]1 & x seldom rises high] ?an f\r feet4 ,x has a r\gh /em1 ne>ly globul\s1 ) bran*es diffus$ & (t5 sc&5t2 ! leaves are lancelate1 q entire & rep&1 small1 smoo?1 petiol$1 alt]nate 9 pairs or ne> ea* o!r1 gre5i%-:ite fl[]s1 seldom violace\s2 solit>y or 9 twos & ?rees ) rotate five1 r>ely six or sev51 cleft corolla2 /am5s1 five1 & r>ely six or sev51 ) five blui% an!rs 7conniv5t & dehis+ longitud9ally7 & an obtuse /igma1 calyx usually embrac+ base ( ov>y1 :i* soon becomes a pod1 consi/+ ( a fle%y envelope at fir/ & aft]w>ds a lea!ry1 oblong1 l9e>1 juiceless pod or fruit1 9 :i* are ! spongy pulp & se$s4 ,^! fruit pods are ( sev]al v>ieties1 v>y+ 9 %ape & color1 & be+ long or %ort1 podd$ & oval1 r\nd or he>t-%ap$4 ,! pods are bright r$ or yell[1 divid$ into two or ?ree cells full ( small :ite se$s1 kn[n z pod pepp]4 ,! pods :i* are ( a gre5 color1 :5 full gr[n1 comm5ce to *ange fir/ to a lovely can>y yell[ & !n to a rose p9k1 & s on ?r\gh ! diff]5t %ades until !y are int5se sc>let :5 ready = h>ve/+ 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb] 7see illu/ration74 ,don gives a li/ ( ?irty-?ree v>ieties 9 8 ,g5]al ,sy/em ( ,g>d5+ & ,botany1 :i* are us$ to make ,cay5ne pepp]1 b !re are n9ety diff]5t species ( capsicum kn[n1 & rang+ 9 height f a small plant ( six in*es to ornam5tal plants six feet 9 height1 & ( _m v>ieties or species ( capsicum too contribute to t f\nd 9 comm]ce4 ,! ,c4 frutesc5s ( ! ,fa/igiatum 7p]5nial7 sometimes rea*es to a height ( sev]al feet ) bran*+ & spread+ tops1 sometimes decumb5t1 leaves broadly ovate1 fruit ( v>i\s %apes & colors1 usually small & v pung5t1 borne on long p$uncles & is ! species :i* is (fic9al 9 bo? ! ,briti% & ,unit$ ,/ates ,ph>macopias4 ,x gr[s 9 tropical ,africa & ,am]ica & is call$ ,zanzib> pepp]1 & (t5 by ! "n ( ,mexican *illies1 & is ( a high grade ( ,cay5ne 7,fig4 #a74 ,its pods are v small1 be+ f "o-half to ?ree-f\r?s in* long & v bright r$1 conta9+ :ite se$s1 ! sk9 ( ! pods be+ t5d] & v pung5t4 ,! color ( its p[d] is light] yell[ ?an ,c4 annum1 has a fibr\s root sy/em4 ,potato & tomato belong+ to ! same family1 x is f\nd gr[+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,europe & has be5 gr[+ 9 ,engli% g>d5s s9ce #aedh &1 al?\gh indig5\s to ,s\? ,am]ica1 is n[ cultivat$ 9 ,india1 ,hung>y1 ,italy1 & ,turkey4 ,nepaul capsicum 7or ,nepal & ,nipal71 z x is sometimes call$1 has an odor & flavor resembl+ orris & a pod ! color ( amb] :5 dri$4 ,x is mo/ e/eem$ z a condim5t1 be+ aromatic & appetiz+1 & n s acrid or bit+ z is mo/ ,cay5ne4 ,x is f\nd cultivat$ on ! m\nta9 side 9 ,h9doo/an4 ,cay5ne ( ! ,african v>iety comes f ,si]ra ,leone 9 ! ea/ & f ,natal1 s\!a/ ( ,cape ,colony1 includ+ ,zulul& & ,tangal&1 or f a t]ritory t has a coa/ l9e ( #cjj miles4 ,x gr[s to a height ( five or six feet produc+ long1 kidney-%ap$1 orange-color$ pods4 ,x is %ipp$ f ! port ( ,natal4 ,x is consid]$ ! be/ = fluid extract4 ,t f ,si]ra ,leone 7,fig4 #c7 has pods t are small1 conical-po9t$1 & less ?an "o in* 9 l5g?4 ,x is v pung5t1 & :5 r$uc$ to p[d] is a light br[ni% yell[ ) a peculi> odor & some:at aromatic4 ,x is /rong] 9 ! p[d] ?an 9 ! dry fruit1 & to ! ta/e is bitt]i%1 acrid1 & burn+1 produc+1 a fi]y s5sation 9 ! m\?1 :i* cont9ues = a long "t4 ,!re is a new ,cay5ne on ! m>ket ( rec5t date1 call$ ,mombassa1 f ! city ( ! same "n 9 ,africa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cay5ne ,bombay ,cay5ne 7,fig4 #b7 has l>ge pods1 f two to ?ree in*es long1 :i* :5 dry become flat 9 %ape & ( a pale-r$ color4 ,x is n s f9e flavor$ or pung5t z ! ,zanzib> & is ( less value4 ,! true ,mexican *illies are gr[n mo/ly 9 ,frant]a de ,tabasco1 ,mexico1 ! "n be+ mu* us$ = ,cay5ne *illies f o!r c\ntries1 z has be5 m5tion$4 ,! small] v>ieties 7,c4 baccatum7 h be5 kn[n 9 ! ,engli% g>d5s s9ce #agca2 plants1 small & v erect1 & sl5d] bran*es1 fa/igiate1 flex\s2 corolla1 small1 spread+ ab\t "o-half an in*1 & has a globul> fruit call$ *]ry or b]ry capsicum1 & are usually kn[n z ! 8*illies0 or 8bird pepp]40 ,!y are n m ?an "o-half to ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* :ile ! ,c4 annuum is two to ?ree in*es long4 ,c4 fa/igiatum 7m9imum7 :i* is usually t]m$ ! %rubb]y capsicum & by ,rhe$e is call$ capo-malago1 is f\nd gr[+ wild 9 ,s\? ,india & is ext5sively cultivat$ 9 tropical ,africa & ,am]ica4 ,x is ?ree to six feet high ) prom95tly angl$ or some:at *annel$ /em & loosely spread+ or trail+ bran*es2 leaves broadly ovate & acum9ate1 ?ree to six in*es long & two to ?ree & "o-half in*es wide2 p$uncles1 sl5d] & "o to two in*es long 9 pairs1 usually long] ?an ! fruit2 calyx1 cup-%ap$1 embrac+ base ( fruit2 corolla1 (t5 ) a*]\s m>k+s 9 ! ?roat2 fruit1 r$1 obtuse or oblong1 acum9ate1 ?ree-f\r?s to "o & "o-f\r? in*es long1 & "o-f\r? to ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & v acrid4 ,c4 annuum 7,longum crossum71 bell-%ap$1 ( ,alg]ia1 :i* are (t5 spok5 ( z h]bace\s1 & by ,rhe$e z vallia capo-malago1 ! diff]5ce be+ *iefly 9 ! nature ( ! /em4 ,x is two feet high ) few bran*es & v l>ge leaves1 (t5 ?ree to five in*es long1 & sometimes c>ic\s1 l[] ones usually p5dant petioles1 deeply *annel$2 p$uncles1 ab\t "o in* long2 corolla1 l>ge & spread+ sev5-eigh?s to "o & "o-f\r? in*es2 fruit1 l>ge1 oblate1 oblong or truncat$1 ?ree to f\r-lob$1 usually ) basal depressions1 m or less sulcate & rugose2 fle%1 ?ick1 firm & mild flavor4 ,! ,m9imum 9 ,h9doo/an is nam$ 8,dhan ,nuri*40 ,! ,c4 grossum be>s fruit z l>ge z a small apple & is call$ by ! ,engli% 9 ,india c(frie *illie4 ,x is pref]r$ = pickl+1 ! se$ be+ fir/ remov$4 ,! sk9 is fle%y & t5d]4 ,c4 fasciculatum has few bran*es & clu/]$ leaves or cr[d$ 9 bran*es ab\t ! summit1 elliptical1 lanceolate1 po9t$ at bo? ends2 fruit clu/]$ erect1 sl5d]1 ab\t ?ree in*es long1 "o-f\r? in* 9 diamet]1 v acrid & is ! r$ clu/] pepp]4 ,acum9atum 7,c4 *il5se71 h]bace\s1 v bran*y1 ab\t two & "o-half feet high1 becom+ a d5se mass ( foliage2 fl[]s1 m$ium size1 spread+ "o-half to ?ree-f\r?s in*2 fruit1 l>g] ?an ,c4 fasciculatum4 ,c4 c]asi=me has leaves m$ium ovate1 oblong1 acum9ate1 ab\t "o & "o-f\r? to ?ree & "o-half in*es long2 calyx seat$ on base ( fruit2 corolla1 l>ge & spread+ sev5-eigh?s to "o & "o-half in*es2 fruit1 "o-half to "o-eigh? in* ?ick1 sph]ical1 subcordate1 oblate or occasionally obscurely po9t$1 or slightly elongat$1 smoo?1 or1 r>ely1 m9utely rugose or sulcate2 extremely pung5t1 & *]ry yell[4 ,tetragomum1 or bonnet pepp]1 is a species mu* e/eem$ 9 ,guiana1 :i* be>s v l>ge1 h&some1 fle%y fruit1 two colors1 sc>let & gold5 yell[2 & ,c4 frutesc5s 7spur or goat pepp]7 has be5 gr[+ 9 ! ,engli% g>d5s s9ce #ahef1 is said to yield mo/ ( ! ,cay5ne pepp] :i* comes f ! ,we/ ,indies & ,s\? ,am]ica2 l>gely us$ 9 salads4 ,a k9d call$ tobacco pepp] is said to possess ! mo/ pung5t prop]ties ( any ( ! species4 ,x yields a small r$ pod g5]ally less ?an an in* 9 l5g?1 & is longitud9al 9 %ape1 mo/ly borne above ! leaves1 & is s exce$+ly hot t a small quantity ( x is suffici5t to season a l>ge di% ( any food4 ,ow+ to its oleag9\s "* x has be5 f\nd impossible to pres]ve x by dry+1 b by p\r+ /rong boil+ v9eg> on x a sauce or decoction c be made :i* w possess 9 a conc5trat$ =m all ! ess5tial qualities ( ! vegetable1 a s+le drop be+ en\gh to flavor a :ole plate ( s\p or food4 ,! *illi plant is ! ,lat-tsiao ( ,co*9 ,*9ese4 ,x is con/antly f\nd 9 its wild /ate 9 ! ea/]n isl&s4 ,^! v>ieties are enum]at$ by botani/s2 _! fruits diff] 9 degrees ( pung5cy4 ,all capsicum is a l[ grade ( ,cay5ne4 ,x requires b ! simple/ culture1 & cultivation appe>s to increase ! size ( ! fruit1 b x dim9i%es its pung5cy4 ,sev]al v>ieties ( ,c4 annuum h little or no pung5cy4 ,"o ( ^! is abundantly gr[n 9 ,au/ria-,hung>y1 f :i* we obta9 ,paprika ( ! ,magy>s4 ,ano!r k9d is import$ into ?is c\ntry f ,spa9 9 a p[d] = fe$+ birds to improve ! colors ( _! fea!rs & to make !m s+4 ,!re are gr[+ 9 ! botanical g>d5s ( ,calcutta six species ( capsicum1 viz1 annuum1 grossum1 frutesc5s1 baccatum1 purpureum1 & m9imum4 ,! grossum 9 ,h9doo/an is call$ 8,kaffrie ,muri*0 & ( ! frutesc5s !re are two v>ieties1 ! r$ & ! yell[1 call$ by ! ,b5galese 8lall-lunka10 8,muri*0 & 8huldi-lunka0 ,muri*4 ,! ,cyngalese "n = frutesc5s is ,casnairis4 ,!re is said to be a black pod z well z a r$ & yell[ kn[n on ! ,isl& ( ,ceylon4 ,! consumption ( *illies 9 ,india is imm5se1 z !y are us$ by bo? ri* & poor & con/itute ! pr9cipal season+ = ! poor 9 _! rice4 ,! natives ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,africa1 & ,mexico use !m v ext5sively4 ,we/ ,india /oma*ic man-drum is prep>$ by wa%+ a few pods ( bird's pepp] & mix+ !m ) slic$ cucumb] & %allots1 to :i* add a little lime juice or ,madeira w9e4 ,a great quantity ( agri or ,guiana pepp] is gr[n 9 ,p]u1 a v>iety :i* ! natives are v fond ( z a condim5t4 ,x is n uncommon = an ,am]ican ,indian to make a meal ( tw5ty to ?irty pods ( capsicum & a little salt & a piece ( bread wa%$ d[n ) *ica1 _! popul> bev]age4 ,! wort1 or ,cay5ne pottage1 may be t]m$ ! national di% ( ! ,abyss9ians1 z t1 or its basis1 8dillock10 is almo/ always eat5 ) _! ord9>y diet4 ,equal p>ts ( salt & well-p[d]$ r$ ,cay5ne pod are mix$ toge!r ) a little pea or bean meal to make a pa/e :i* is call$ dillock4 ,?is mixture is made 9 quantities at a "t1 be+ pres]v$ 9 a l>ge g\rd %ell1 g5]ally susp5d$ f ! ro(4 ,! wort is m]ely a little wat] add$ to ! pa/e1 :i* is boil$ ov] ! fire ) ! addition ( a little fat meat4 ,m meal is add$ to make a k9d ( porridge1 to :i* sometimes are also add$ sev]al w>m se$s1 su* z ! common cress or black mu/>d4 ,sometimes ! l>g] pepp]s are h>ve/$ :5 full gr[n1 :ile yet gre5 9 color1 to be us$ = mangoes by remov+ ! se$s & /uff+ ) *[-*[ pickles4 ,cay5ne may be consid]$ "o ( ! mo/ useful vegetables 9 hygi5e z a /imulant & auxili>y 9 dige/ion & has be5 consid]$ invaluable 9 w>m climates4 ,x is us$ m$ic9ally = v>i\s ailm5ts 9 =m ( t9ctures1 z a rubefaci5t & /imulant1 especially 9 case ( ulc]at$ sore ?roat & also dropsy1 colic1 & too?a*e2 :5 mix$ ) honey & appli$ ext]nally is a good rem$y = qu9sy4 ,x is also us$ = tropical fev]s1 = g\t & p>alysis4 ,x acts on ! /oma* z an aromatic condim5t & :5 pres]v$ 9 acetic acid x =ms *illi v9eg>4 ,:5 ! se$ ( ! *illies or capsicum is fre% x has a p5etrat+1 acrid smell1 & ?is irritant prop]ty :i* prevails obscures ! n>cotic action4 ,its acridity is ow+ to an oleag9\s sub/ance call$ capsic9e1 & ?is extremely pung5t pr9ciple produces a mo/ pa9ful burn+ 9 ! m\?4 ,capsicum or *illies is g5]ally import$ 9 bales ( #acj p\nds ea* & occasionally is bottl$ 9 v9eg> :5 gre5 or ripe4 ,9 ! l>ge factories a special mill is usually res]v$ = p[d]+ ,cay5ne exclusively1 in/ead ( burr-/one mills ) ! ord9>y %ak+ sift]4 ,a high-spe$ iron plate mill is (t5 us$1 & 9 connection ) ?is a l>ge revolv+ reel is requir$ = sift+ ! spice z x is gr\nd4 ,! co>se "p or tail+s are return$ to ! mill automatically by means ( a suitable1 connect$-bucket elevator4 ,a special gr9d+ outfit ( ?is k9d c be arrang$ s t x does n require mu* att5tion f ! workman1 a device :i* is v ess5tial1 z ! f9e p[d] works into ! sk9 & great c>e mu/ be us$ 9 h&l+ ! goods4 ,small gr9d]s pref] to buy x p[d]$ f ! l>ge factories4 ,sometimes ! p[d]$ ,cay5ne pepp] is adult]at$ by mix+ ) :eat fl\r & made into cakes ) yea/ & bak$ h>d l biscuit1 !n !y are gr\nd & sift$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,public ,,build+s1 ,,bombay ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,madras ,,family ,z ! *ildr5 m>ry1 !y build an addition to ! old home ,! p]ic>p consi/s ( two lay]s1 ! out] be+ compos$ ( yell[1 ?ick-wall$ cells2 ! inn] lay] is twice z broad & exhibits a s(t1 %runk5 p>5*yma1 trav]s$ by _! fibro-vascul> bundles4 ,! cells ( ! out] lay] are especially ! seat ( ! f9e granules ( color+ matt]1 :i* conta9 a fat or oily sub/ance1 z may be f\nd if !y are remov$ by alcoholic solution ( pota%4 ,! /ructural details ( ?is fruit af=d int]e/+ subjects = microscopical inve/igation4 ,! peculi>ities describ$ are s di/9ctive t ! pres5ce ( =eign matt] is easily detect$4 ,! cells ( ! p]ic>p or epid]mis are ( a peculi> flatt5$ & *a9-l angul> =m1 :i* are *>act]i/ic ( ,cay5ne4 ,! o!r /ructures are n z prom95t1 b are n liable to be conf\nd$ ) ^? ( any adult]ants4 ,diagrammatic repres5tatives ( ?is /ructure are giv5 9 ,fig4 #de1 ,*ap4 ,,iii1 & ! appe>ance ( ! pure gr\nd ,cay5ne "u pol>iz$ light 9 ,fig4 #dd4 ,! portions ( ! se$ 9 ! p[d] are n readily di/+ui%$ )\t c>eful exam9ation4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 *>act]i/ic & conta9 />*1 ! =m ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bj1 ,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,! adult]ants us$ are m9]al color+ matt] to hide ! loss ( color1 :i* takes place on exposure ( ,cay5ne to light1 & = add$ weight gr\nd rice1 tum]ic1 husk ( mu/>d1 etc4 ,rice & corn fl\r adult]ations are %[n 9 ,fig4 #de1 :i* _c be confus$ ) ! few />* gra9s f\nd 9 ! l[] lay] ( ! p]ic>p or 9 ! se$4 ,! tum]ic & mu/>d are recogniz$ by _! peculi> /ructure4 ,! *emical composition ( capsicum is 7#a7 a fix$ oil )\t %>p smell or ta/e & :i* is almo/ entirely 9 ! se$2 7#b7 a camphor-l sub/ance :i* ta/es & smells %>p1 & :i* conta9s ! peculi> pr9ciple ( ,cay5ne 7capsic9e72 ?is pr9ciple is f\nd bo? 9 ! pod & 9 ! se$s1 b 9 great] quantity 9 ! pod2 7#c7 a res9\s body1 ! r$ color+ matt] 7capsicum r$71 :i* is f\nd only 9 ! pod4 ,9 ! detection ( ! adult]ations ( ,cay5ne by *emical me?ods1 det]m9ation ( wat] & a%1 e!r extracts & album9oids are ( value1 & z a rule :5 comb9$ ) a microscopic exam9ation w reveal ! means & am\nts ( adult]ations )\t difficulty4 ,*emical composition ( ,capsicum annum1 wat] at #ajj degrees3 ,se$ ,pod ,:ole ,fruit ,wat] at #ajj deg41 #h4ab #ad4ge #aa4id ,album9oids1 #ah4ca #aj4fi #ac4hh ,fat 7e!r extract71 #bh4ed #e4dh #ae4bf ,nitrog51 free extract #ba4cc #ch4gc #cb4fc by diff]5ce ,crude ,fib]1 #ag4ej #bc4ge #ba4ji ,a%1 #c4bj #f4fb #e4bj ,total1 #ig4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,nitrog51 #b4ic #a4ga #b4bb ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,pim5to ,,or ,,allspice #a ,g>d5 ,allspice #b ,wild ,allspice ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,pim5to1 ,,or ,,allspice ,,:at',s 9 a "n8 ,t :i* we call allspice by any o!r "n w\ld h z f9e a flavor4 ,pim5to (fic9alis 7,myrtus ,eug5ia pim5ta71 an ord] ( ,jamaica ,pepp] 7,icas&ria ,monogyia74 ,pim5ta vulg>is myrtaceae4 7,^! are names appli$ to ! immature fruit ( pim5to47 ,spani% "n1 ,pim5to4 ,fr5*1 ,pim5t des ,anglais ,t\te epice ,poivre de la ,jamiaque4 ,g]man1 ,nelk5pfeff]1 ,nelk5kopfe1 ,neugewurz4 ,! pim5to tree belongs to ! myrtle family & is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful trees kn[n z an ev]gre54 ,x gr[s to a height ( f tw5ty to ?irty feet & occasionally x rea*es a height ( =ty feet4 ,x is sl5d]1 /raight1 & upright1 ) _m bran*es at its top4 ,! trunk is cov]$ by a smoo?1 gray1 or a%5-br[n aromatic b>k :i* peels (f 9 flakes z ! tree gr[s4 ,! leaves are opposite1 /alk$ f f\r to six in*es long1 & are oblong1 lanceolate1 & some:at tap]+4 ,! petioles are blunt & r em>g9at$ at ! apex1 & entire1 smoo? on bo? surfaces1 ) deep-gre51 pale1 & m9ute gl&s1 dott$ b5ea?1 ) ! midrib prom95t4 ,!y are p>ticul>ly aromatic :5 fre%1 ab\nd+ 9 ess5tial oil :i* is ! aromatic prop]ty ( all k9ds ( fragrant fruits4 ,?is tree is a native ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 & is f\nd mo/ abundantly on ! lime/one hills on ! ,isl& ( ,jamaica4 ,x is ! only common spice hav+ its orig9 9 ! ,new ,_w4 ,x is f\nd1 b n 9 abundance1 9 mo/ ( ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 z well z 9 ,mexico1 ,co/a ,rica1 & ,v5ezuela4 ,x takes its "n1 pim5to1 f ! ,spani% ^w = pepp]4 ,?is "n 0 giv5 to x by e>ly explor]s ( ! ,new ,_w because ( its resemblance to pepp] corn4 ,x is call$ allspice because ( ! comb9ation1 or ( ! suppos$ comb9ation1 ( v>i\s flavors4 ,"s writ]s h claim$ t x is a *ild ( ,nature1 & t x defies cultivation1 b ?is is a mi/ake1 z may be se5 by comp>+ ! illu/rations ( ! g>d5 b]ry 7,fig4 #a7 ) ^? ( ! wild b]ry 7,fig4 #b74 ,x is seldom cultivat$1 h[ev]1 & x is f\nd at its be/ gr[+ wild #f1jjj feet above ! sea & v ne> ! coa/ l9e1 on a poor rocky lime or *alky soil1 ) a v %all[ surface mold4 ,! tree w n d well 9 a clay or s&y or m>%y soil1 b ! soil mu/ be kept well dra9$1 & a hot1 dry climate is ! be/4 ,s9ce ! pim5to se$s are scatt]$ by birds1 ! trees are f\nd 9 great] or less numb]s 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,isl& ( ,jamaica4 ,!y sometimes are f\nd 9 gr\ps ( f five to tw5ty1 & aga9 9 great =e/s4 ,x is ! pr$om9at+ tree on ! isl& & is seldom f\nd alone4 ,aft] ! tree has obta9$ a c]ta9 gr[? ! und]bru% & o!r wood1 ) "s ( ! pim5to trees1 are cut out1 leav+ ! trees f tw5ty to tw5ty-five feet ap>t1 z !y w n yield s well if left clos]4 ,x is 9 ?is way t ! beautiful pim5to walks 7,pi-m5-to-wak7 are =m$ :i* we read ( 9 ,jamaica4 ,! pim5to tree fl[]s twice ea* ye>1 9 ,july & ,april1 b x be>s only "o crop annually & beg9s to be> :5 ?ree ye>s old1 & arrives at maturity at sev5 ye>s1 :5 x abundantly repays ! pati5ce ( ! plant]4 ,9 ,july ! tree is cov]$ ) small gre5i%-:ite fragrant fl[]s ( f\r reflect$ petals4 ,! fl[]s are 9 bun*es or tri*otom\s panicles at ! extremities ( ! bran*es ) a calyx divid$ into f\r r\ndi% segm5ts4 ,! filam5ts are num]\s & long] ?an ! corolla1 spread+1 & ( ! same color z ! petals1 support+ r\ndi% :ite an!rs4 ,! /yle is %ort & s+le & erect ) an obtuse /igma4 ,z ! tree bran*es symmetrically1 & has a v luxuriant foliage1 its ri* gre5 leaves & pr(usion ( small :ite fl[]s give a v h&some appe>ance4 ,! air is freight$ ) its fragrance = q a long di/ance1 & e breeze :i* di/urbs its bran*es conveys ! delici\s odor4 ,! fruit :i* appe>s soon aft] ! blossoms1 is a smoo?1 glossy1 succul5t1 globul> b]ry1 f two-t5?s to ?ree-t5?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 or ab\t ! size ( a small pea4 ,plant]s d n all[ ! b]ries to rip5 fully1 because 9 t case !y w\ld be difficult to cure & w\ld become black & ta/eless1 los+ _! aromatic prop]ty4 ,:5 ! b]ries h _! full size 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/1 ?\gh yet gre5 9 color1 !y are ga!r$4 ,! h>ve/+ is done by h&1 by break+ (f ! twigs & /ems :i* be> ! b]ries4 ,^! are plac$ on a rais$ wood5 floor or t]race to dry on mats = f sev5 to twelve days 9 ! sun%9e4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 to turn !m1 s z to expose !m fully to ! sun1 to prev5t _! quality be+ injur$ by moi/ure4 ,"s plant]s dry !m 9 kilns4 ,! "o :o removes ! b]ries f ! trees keeps ?ree p]sons busy ga!r+ !m bel[1 :o are usually wom5 or *ildr54 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to sep>ate1 z f> z possible1 all ripe b]ries f ^? :i* are gre51 z o!rwise ! crop w be made ( inf]ior quality4 ,! fruit1 :i* necess>ily rip5s on ! tree1 be=e ! bulk ( ! crop is h>ve/$1 falls to ! gr\nd & is ( no comm]cial value1 z x has lo/ its aromatic prop]ties4 ,! problem :i* ! plant] has to cont5d ) ( h>ve/+ 8 crop be=e x rip5s is a s]i\s "o1 = ! h>ve/+ (t5 mu/ be done rapidly1 & x is (t5 difficult to obta9 help en\gh among ! indol5t natives to pick ! crop4 ,?us _m ?\s& p\nds (t5 g to wa/e4 ,9 wet wea!r ! sy/em ( smok+ is sometimes adopt$ = dry+4 ,! prop] degree ( dryness is asc]ta9$ by ! wr9kl$ appe>ance & by ! d>k or r$di%-br[n color ( ! spice & ! rattl+ noise made by ! se$s :5 !y are %ak54 ,:5 ! b]ries beg9 to dry !y are frequ5tly laid 9 clo?s to pres]ve !m f ! dews4 ,!y are expos$ to ! sun's rays e day & remov$ "u cov] e ev5+ until suffici5tly dry4 ,!y lose "o-?ird ( _! weight 9 dry+4 ,! break+ ( ! bran*es 9 ga!r+ ! fruit answ]s to a rude k9d ( prun+4 ,! crop is v abundant1 "s trees yield+ z high z #aej p\nds ( gre5 or #ajj p\nds ( dri$ b]ries4 ,illu/ration3 ,,isl& ,,( ,,jamaica ,,we/ ,,indies ,pim5to is export$ *iefly f ,k+/on1 ,jamaica1 9 #abj to #acj-p\nd bags4 ,ab\t "o-?ird ( ! crop comes to ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 mo/ ( ! balance goes to ,engl&1 :5ce x is export$ to o!r c\ntries4 ,! pim5to del tobasco tree1 a native ( ,mexico1 produces a l>g] b]ry ?an ! true pim5to1 b x is less aromatic & is (t5 us$ to adult]ate ! allspice ( comm]ce1 b ! true pim5to is s *eap t x is adult]at$ b v little4 ,! pim5to is gr\nd on common burr /ones4 ,x is us$ = m$ic9al purposes to prev5t ! ta/e ( nause\s drugs1 & x /imulates & gives tone to ! /oma*4 ,x is sometimes us$ 9 tann+ "s k9ds ( lea!r4 ,! small trees are us$ = walk+-/icks & = umbrella h&les4 ,! b]ry is cr[n$ ) a p]si/5t calyx ( a black or d>k-purple color :5 ripe1 & :5 ! f\r %ort ?ick sepals are rubb$ (f a sc> is left l an elevat$ r+4 ,at ! o!r extremity ( ! fruit !re is a %ort] /alk atta*$4 ,! b]ry has a brittle1 woody %ell or p]ic>p1 easily cut1 ( a d>k f]rug9\s-br[n color ext]nally4 ,! r\ghness on ! surface is caus$ by ! small ess5tial oil receptacles4 ,! b]ry is less aromatic ?an ! p]ic>p4 ,its hull consi/s ( a delicate epid]mis ( l>ge ?9-wall$ cells ) light or d>k r$ cont5ts :i* are call$ portw9e cells 7see illu/rations74 ,fig4 #df1 ,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h>ve/+ ,,( ,,allspice ,! fruit is two-cell$1 ea* cell conta9+ a s+le flatti% or kidney-%ap$ b]ry4 ,! embryo is l>ge & spirally curv$1 & ! b]ry1 :5 ripe1 is fill$ ) a sweeti% pulp1 :i* has !n p>tly lo/ ! aromatic prop]ty :i* x conta9$ 9 ! unripe /ate4 ,! aroma is suppos$ to be a mixture ( ! aromas ( nutmegs1 cloves1 & c9namon4 ,! microscope %[s t ! out] lay] ( ! p]ic>p j b5ea? ! epid]mis conta9s1 ) its collection ( br[n cells1 an int]ior mass ( fibro-vascul> bundles trav]s+ a mass ( tissues ( con/ruct$ p>5*ym\s-wall$ cells1 conta9+ res9 & tann9 & small cry/als ( calcic oxalates4 ,! se$ conta9s mu* />* 9 m9ute gra9s1 & yields f #c p] c5t4 to #d p] c5t4 ( volatile oil1 by di/illation4 ,?is oil is compos$ ma9ly ( eug5ol ,c#aj;,h#ab1 & v closely resembles ! oil ( cloves 9 all respects1 b 9 odor1 ! diff]5ce be+ 9 ! nature ( ! sesquialt]al accompany+ ! eug5ol4 ,its specific gravity is #a4jd to #a4je at #ae degrees ,c4 ,! yield ( oil f ! leaves is ne>ly #a p] c5t4 ,pol>iz$ light is a mo/ important aid 9 exam9+ p[d]$ allspice1 z x br+s out /rongly ! /one cells & ligne\s tissue 7,fig4 #a1 ,*ap4 ,,iii71 & diff]5tiates ^! f ! great mass ( o!r matt]4 ,x also makes ! oil cavities di/9ct4 ,x is h>d to give a true *emical composition ( pim5to1 b a good und]/&+ ( ! tann9 %\ld be kn[n1 & especially a good e/imation ( ! volatile oil4 ,! am\nt ( a% f\nd 9 pim5to is ab\t #f p] c5t4 9 ! :ole & #e p] c5t4 9 ! p[d]$ /ate4 ,! *emical composition ( a sample ( :ole pim5to 0 f\nd to be z foll[s3 ,wat]1 #f4ai ,a%1 #d4ja ,volatile ,oil1 #c to #d ,fix$ ,oil1 #f4ae ,crude ,fib]1 #ad4hc ,undet]m9$1 #ei4bh ,album9oids1 #d4ch ,nitrog51 4#gj ,tann9 ,equival5t1 #aj4ig ,oxyg5 ,requir$1 #b4ha ,! be/ adult]ant is bak$ b>ley4 ,! specific gravity ( ! volatile oil is #a4jd to #a4je at #ae degrees ,c4 ,pim5to meal loses its aromatic flavor v rapidly4 #b,! ta/e ( allspice is w>m1 aromatic1 pung5t1 & slightly a/r+5t1 & x imp>ts its flavor to wat] & all its virtue to alcohol4 ,! infusion ) wat] is ( a br[n color1 & r$d5s litmus pap]4 ,allspice yields volatile oil by di/illation1 a gre5 fix$ oil1 a fatty sub/ance 9 yell[i% flakes1 & tann91 gum1 res91 sug>1 color+ matt]1 malic & galic acids1 sal9e matt]1 moi/ure & lign94 ----- ,footnote #b3 ,/ate ( ,mi*igan1 ,dairy & ,food ,commission4 ,! gre5 oil has ! burn+1 aromatic ta/e ( pim5to1 & is suppos$ to be ! acrid pr9ciple4 ,^u ?is1 !re=e1 toge!r ) ! volatile oil1 ! active prop]ties ( ! b]ries dep5d4 ,! %ell conta9s #aj p] c5t4 ( volatile oil1 & p]haps a little *lorophyl4 ,allspice is report$ to conta9 an alkaloid hav+ ! odor ( cane9e4 ,! volatile oil1 :i* is us$ z a flavor+ 9 alcoholic solution1 is ( a br[ni%-r$1 cle> appe>ance1 & has ! odor & ta/e ( pim5to1 b is w>m] & m pung5t4 ,x is readily soluble 9 alcohol1 & if two drops ( ! oil be dissolv$ 9 "o fluid dra*m ( alcohol1 & a drop ( f]ric *loride te/ solution be add$1 a bright-gre5 color w be produc$4 ,if "o ,c4 ,c4 ( ! oil be %ak5 ) tw5ty ,c4 ,c4 ( hot wat] x %\ld n give m ?an a sc>cely p]ceptible acid reaction ) litmus pap]4 ,if1 aft] cool+1 ! liquid be pass$ ?r\gh a wet filt]1 ! cle> filtrate w produce1 ) a drop ( f]ric *loride te/ solution1 only a transi5t greyi% gre51 b n a blue or violet color1 a fact :i* indicates ! abs5ce ( c>bolic acid4 ,pim5to oil consi/s1 l ! oil ( cloves1 ( two di/9ct oils1 a light & heavy oil1 sep>at$ by di/ill+ ! oil f cau/ic potassa4 ,! light oil passes ov]1 leav+ ! heavy oil beh9d1 comb9$ ) ! potassa4 ,! heavy oil may be recov]$ by di/ill+ ! residue ) sulphuric acid4 ,! heavy oil has ! acid prop]ty ( comb9+ ) ! alkalides1 =m+ cry/alliz$ comp\nds1 :i* is id5tical ) ! eug5ol f ! oil ( cloves1 f :i* is prep>$ ! vanill9 ( comm]ce4 ,p[d]$ allspice is (t5 adult]at$ ) clove /ems1 peas1 almond %ells1 crack] du/1 etc4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,c9namon ,,& ,,cassia #a ,ceylon #b ,batavia #c ,cassia ,liguea #d ,java #e ,saigon #f ,cassia ,liguea bud #g ,leaf /alk or fl[]+ twig ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,c9namon ,,& ,,cassia ,robb$ ( y\r b>k 9 masses l>ge1 ,x's s5t abroad by %ip & b>ge2 ,& ,india's fragrance y be/[1 ,9 summ] climes & frigid sn[4 ,,! c9namon tree has be5 kn[n to live two hundr$ ye>s & its hi/ory is ne>ly z old z ! hi/ory ( man4 ,x appe>s to h be5 ! fir/ spice s\ght aft] 9 all ,ori5tal voyages1 & is "o ( ! few condim5ts t has be5 honor$ ) a price t only ! weal?y c buy4 ,bo? c9namon & cassia are m5tion$ z preci\s odorif]\s sub/ances 9 ! ,masonic writ+s4 ,bible hi/ory m5tions c9namon at a v e>ly date 9 ,exodus1 ,*ap4 ,,xxx1 #bc2 9 ,prov]bs1 ,*ap4 ,,vii1 #ag2 9 ,song ( ,solomon1 ,*ap4 ,,iv1 #ad1 be+ !n introduc$ by ! ,phnicians4 ,x 0 likewise kn[n to ! ,greeks & ,romans "u ! "n ( k9namomun4 ,vespasian1 on 8 return f ,pale/9e1 d$icat$ to ! ,goddess ( ,peace1 9 "o ( ! temples ( ! ,capitol1 g>l&s ( c9namon enclos$ 9 poli%$ gold1 & 9 ! temple built on ,m\nt ,palat9e by ! ,empress ,augu/a 9 honor ( ,augu/us ,cs>1 h] husb&1 0 plac$ a root ( ! c9namon tree set 9 a gold5 cup4 ,x is record$ t two hundr$ & t5 bur!ns ( spice 7 consum$ on ! fun]al pile ( ,sylla1 & t ,n]o burnt at ! obsequies ( 8 wife1 ,poppa1 a quantity ( c9namon & cassia exce$+ ! :ole importation ( "o ye>4 ,dr4 ,c>l ,s*umann's ,kritis*e ,unt]su*ung5 b] die ,zimtlnd]1 publi%$ z a supplem5t to ,pet]mann's ,geographis*e ,mitteilung51 is a mo/ erudite contribution to hi/ory ( geography & comm]ce4 ,! au?or c>efully exam9es ! notices on c9namon & cassia to be f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ! anci5ts & ( ! ,arabs1 & critically exam9es ^! by ! light ( mod]n rese>*4 ,! anci5t ,egyptians procur$ _! c9namon f punt1 :i* is id5tifi$ ) ! ,rego ,c9namonif]a at ! promontory ( ,g>adafiri ( ! mod]n ,somalil&4 ,b nei!r c9namon nor cassia 0 a product ( ?is region1 nor are !y at ! pres5t "t1 :i* is amply prov$ & illu/rat$ by a consid]ation ( ! geographical di/ribution ( ! ,l\racea4 ,arabian m]*ants int5tionally %r\d$ 9 my/]y _! mann] or place ( obta9+ c9namon &1 9 consequ5ce1 ! anci5ts ent]ta9$ ! mo/ prepo/]\s ideas on ! subject4 ,! 8,khisit0 ( ! inscriptions ( ! temple ( ,doral ,bah>i is correctly translat$ c9namon or cassia4 ,! latt] ^w & ! gizi ( ,gal5 & ! ,keziah ( ! ,hebrew are d]iv$ f x1 b x is ( itself a corruption ( ,kei-%i1 ! ,*9ese "n = cassia4 ,f ?is fact1 ! au?or concludes t ,*9a suppli$ ! anci5t _w ) mo/1 if n all1 ( its c9namon1 b did s ?r\gh trad]s settl$ 9 p>ts ( ,arabia or ! ,somali coa/1 :o ma9ta9$ _! monopoly until ! discov]y ( c9namon 9 ! ,isl& ( ,ceylon4 ,h]odotus relates t cassia grew 9 ,arabia1 b t c9namon 0 br\ght !re by birds f ,india1 ! fabl$ bir?place ( ,bac*us4 ,?is writ] /ates t cassia grew 9 a %all[ lake1 ! bord]s ( :i* 7 infe/$ ) w+$ animals resembl+ bats2 t ^! 7 p[]ful creatures & utt]$ pi]c+ cries2 b t ! ,arabs made w> aga9/ !m = ! purpose ( obta9+ ! spice &1 def5d+ _! eyes f ! attack ( ! mon/]s1 drove !m f _! /ronghold = a brief p]iod & !n1 unmole/$1 collect$ ! cassia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ceylon ,a /ill m m>vel\s acc\nt 0 giv5 by a ,grecian hi/orian ( ! mann] 9 :i* c9namon 0 obta9$1 :i* is z foll[s3 8,! ,arabs !mselves 7 p]fectly ignorant ( ! situation ( ! favor$ spots :i* produc$ ?is spice2 "s1 h[ev]1 ass]t$ ) mu* appe>ance ( probability t x grew 9 ! c\ntry :]e ,bac*us 0 born1 & !y gave ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! plan resort$ to = obta9+ c9namon3 ,"s v l>ge birds collect$ toge!r a quantity ( ! %oots & small bran*es ( ! c9namon & built _! ne/s ) x on ! l(ty m\nta9s inaccessible to man2 & ! inhabitants ( ! c\ntry plac$ l>ge pieces ( c>rion fle% ne> ! haunts ( ! birds :o bore x to _! ne/s :i*1 n be+ made /rong en\gh to hold ! additional load1 gave way1 fall+ to ! valley bel[1 :]e x 0 ga!r$ up by ! natives & export$ to =eign l&s40 ,x 0 export$ into ,india 9 ! "t ( ! au?ors ( ! ,p]iplus ( ! ,ery?ran ,sea1 & ev5 long be=e x 0 mu* us$ among ma/]s ( ! anci5t _w4 ,celsius recomm5ds t x %\ld be giv5 8p]p>ationem40 ,x is m5tion$ 9 ! h]b book ( ! ,*9ese ,emp]or ,%5-nong1 & 0 kn[n 9 ,*9a #b1gjj ,b4 ,c4 "u ! "n ( 8,kwei0 & 0 introduc$ into ,egypt ab\t #a1fjj or #a1ejj ,b4 ,c41 & ,*9a ma9ta9$ h] monopoly until ! discov]y ( c9namon on ! ,isl& ( ,ceylon4 ,x w\ld appe> t c9namon 0 n conf9$ to ,asia1 mu* less to ,ceylon1 9 =m] times4 ,ibn-,batuta is cr$it$ ) hav+ fir/ m5tion$ ! ,isl& ( ,ceylon z a c9namon region1 = ! ,sayalan ( ,kazw9i & ,yakut is n ,ceylon1 z suppos$ by ,colonel ,yale & o!rs1 b ,rami or ,sumatra4 ,! ,romans 7 suppli$ by ! ,arabs1 ! c9namon be+ c>ri$ up ! ,nile 9 %ips1 !n across ! des]t on camels to ! ,r$ ,sea1 :i* !y cross$ to a port ( ,arabia1 :]e ,india m]*ants 7 met & ex*anges took place1 ! c9namon be+ ! mo/ important article ( comm]ce f ,india1 & 9 ?is way ! odors ( ! f>-fam$ c9namon spice came1 by poetical lib]ty1 to be associat$ ) 8,araby ! ,ble/0 by ! sy/em ( transit by c>avans ov]l& ?r\gh ,arabia4 ,! ,romans communicat$ ) ,india only once ea* ye> dur+ ! reign ( ,augu/us1 & at su* times inve/$ ab\t #djc1jjj 9 ! trade ( c9namon4 ,!y figur$ on ab\t #ajj p] c5t4 pr(it4 ,hi/ory tells u x 0 at "o "t sold 9 ,rome at #be p] p\nd4 ,ev5 9 comp>atively mod]n times ! products ( ! m ea/]n p>ts ( ,asia 7 *iefly import$ into ,europe by way ( ,egypt4 ,! ,v5etians almo/ entirely controll$ ?is lucrative bran* ( comm]ce1 & ?r\gh _! h&s ^! articles 7 suppli$ to ! re/ ( ,europe4 ,b :5 ! passage ar\nd ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope 0 discov]$ by ! ,portuguese1 9 #adih1 ,indian comm]ce 0 turn$ into a diff]5t *annel & ! ,portuguese soon supplant$ ! ,v5etians 9 ! traffic ( ,indian commodities4 ,e>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury !y obta9$ p]mission f ! p[]s ( ,ceylon to e/abli% a factory on t isl&4 ,al?\gh ! ,europeans _h obta9$ lic5se f ! rul+ au?orities to pursue ?is trade1 ! ,arab m]*ants did n submit )\t a /ruggle to ! intrusion4 ,!y vigor\sly oppos$ ! l&+ ( ! /rang]s :o 7 tak+ _! trade away f !m1 b ! ,portuguese built ! =t ( ,colombo & soon aft] made a treaty ) ! k+ ( ,k&y1 by ! t]ms ( :i* ! ,portuguese agre$ to assi/ ! k+ ( ,k&y & 8 successors 9 all _! w>s & 9 return 7 to receive out ( ! ,k&yan t]ritory an annual supply ( #abd1jjj p\nds ( c9namon4 ,! ,dut* view$ ) a jeal\s eye ! ri* & ?riv+ ,portuguese1 & soon aft] !y e/abli%$ !mselves 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 & became desir\s ( monopoliz+ ! c9namon trade1 !y tri$ to und]m9e ! ,portuguese by %[+ favors to ! k+ ( ,k&y1 & 9 ?is way tri$ to h him drive ! ,portuguese f ! isl&4 ,! ,dut* 7 p>tly successful 9 _! bold attempt1 z ! k+ ( ,k&y1 9 #afab1 agre$ to sell ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,india ,company all ! c9namon t he c\ld collect 9 8 k+dom4 ,! ,portuguese1 h[ev]1 w\ld n quietly submit1 b aft] a long conte/+ ( ! matt] x end$ 9 #afde 9 a treaty ( peace ) ! ,dut*1 by :i* bo? nations 7 to %>e equally4 ,dur+ ! "t ?is treaty 0 9 =ce bo? nations employ$ native c9namon cutt]s to cut & prep>e ! aromatic b>k1 & all t 0 collect$ on ei!r side 0 deposit$ 9 a c5tral situation ^u ! riv] ,dondegam1 ne> ,negombo4 ,:5 ! c9namon h>ve/ 0 complet$ an equal division ( ! quantity obta9$ 0 made1 ea* p>ty pay+ half ! co/ ( h>ve/+4 ,?is amicable arrangem5t 0 n1 h[ev]1 ( v long cont9uance1 & 9 #afeb a fre% w> prov$ m disa/r\s to ! ,portuguese1 :o 7 f9ally expell$ f ! ,isl& ( ,ceylon 9 #afeh4 ,! ,dut* n[ made /r5u\s ef=ts to obta9 a monopoly ( ! c9namon trade1 & !y also tri$ = ! exclusive comm]ce ( ! ,malab> coa/4 ,?is 0 v exp5sive to ! ,dut*1 z m]*ants ( o!r c\ntries1 by pay+ a good price1 7 always able to obta9 x f ! natives not)/&+ ! decrees ( ! pr9ces ( ! c\ntry4 ,all ?r\gh ! ,portuguese & ,dut* p]iods1 c9namon 0 ! pr9cipal s\rce ( weal?4 ,! ,dut* fir/ tri$ cultivat+ x 9 #agfg1 !reby occasion+ mu* fe> on ! "p ( ! native ,s9halese t ! cultivation w\ld ru9 ! c9namon =e/4 ,previ\s to ?is "t1 9 #aejf1 l>ge trees 7 f\nd by ! ,portuguese gr[+ wild & scatt]$ ?r\gh ! int]ior ( ,ceylon4 ,! ,dut*1 aft] _m attempts to re/rict ! cultivation ( x to ! ,isl& ( ,ceylon1 pass$ a law mak+ ! removal ( ! se$ f ! isl& a crime puni%able by dea?4 ,! law also provid$ t p]sons %\ld be compell$ to c>e = ! tree1 ev5 if x 7 on _! prop]ty1 & x fur!r provid$ t any p]son discov]$ 9 cutt+ a %rub ( c9namon on ! isl& %\ld h 8 "r h& cut (f4 ,?is law s ret>d$ plant+ t up to #ahjh or #ahji only #ae1jjj acres 7 cultivat$4 ,exportation 0 re/rict$ to #h1jjj bales ( #ajj p\nds ea*4 ,9 #agif1 ,ceylon 0 captur$ by ! ,engli%4 ,!y put an end to ^! b>b>\s laws1 b a monopoly 0 cont9u$ until #ahcb4 ,aft]w>ds ! cultivation ( ! tree 0 introduc$ by ! ,dut* into _! own isl&s & ! ,malay ,p59sula1 an act :i* w\ld h be5 mu* m cr$itable to ! ,dut* _h !y tri$ ?is means e>li]1 in/ead ( w>r+ ) o!r c\ntries4 ,x is e/imat$ t ! _w's production ( true c9namon does n exce$ #djj1jjj1jjj p\nds1 :ile an equal am\nt ( cassia is collect$ *iefly 9 ,*9a & ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,c9namon is n an article :i* ent]s into ! daily food ( ! masses ( ! p1 & ! consumption does n increase ) a l[ price or decrease :5 ! price is high4 ,! pres5t consumption does n equal "o p\nd to ea* #ejj inhabitants ( ! e>?4 ,c9namon & cassia blume are ! b>ks ( sev]al species ( g5us c9namomum 7natural ord] lauroce7 & ! true c9namon1 ) :i* cassia is (t5 comp\nd$1 is produc$ by c9namomum ,zeylanicum1 =m]ly call$ ,laurus1 :i* is a memb] ( ! laurel family 7,fr5*1 ,cannele de ,ceylon2 ,g]man1 ,zimmt ,ceylon1 ,zimmt ,kaneel2 ,arabic "n1 ,k9sman74 ,! true c9namon tree1 if left 9 its natural /ates1 v>ies 9 height & dim5sions 9 diff]5t sections1 gr[+ to ! height ( tw5ty to =ty feet ) a /raight trunk1 & is f twelve to eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,x is ! h>die/ ( any ( ! spice trees1 & 9 its natural climate gr[s on almo/ any soil & at almo/ any elevation1 ) an av]age temp]ature ( #he degrees & an in* ( ra9fall = e degree4 ,x may be gr[n by cultivation 9 any place :]e x is f\nd gr[+ wild4 ,:5 %elt]$ f ! w9d & ! direct rays ( ! hot sun1 x w gr[ f #a1ejj to #h1jjj feet above ! sea level4 ,x is f\nd 9 ^? angles ( ! m\nta9s :i* face ! monsoons4 ,:]e x is cultivat$1 x is cut back :5 six ye>s old to ab\t fifte5 feet & e two ye>s !reaft]1 & !n has ! g5]al appe>ance ( an orange tree4 ,x is an ev]gre5 ) a beautiful sc>let foliage :i* *anges to a d>k glossy gre54 ,! leaf & leaf /alk are glob\s & are ne>ly opposite1 oblong1 ovate1 obtuse1 ! l>ge/ be+ f elev5 to twelve c5timet]s 9 l5g? & f five to sev5 c5timet]s 9 wid?4 ,! leaf is coriace\s & %9+ bright gre5 above & glauc\s b5ea?4 ,besides ! middle ve9 !re are also two o!r ve9s on ea* side />t+ f ! /alk1 r\nd$ to ! %ape ( ! edge ( ! leaf ne>ly to its extremity4 ,! leaves on dry+ acquire a r$di%-br[n color due to ! oxidation ( ! ess5tial oil :i* !y conta94 ,small1 d+y1 :ite or gre5i% blossoms dispos$ 9 t]m9al panicles appe> 9 ,janu>y or ,febru>y1 _! /rong & unpleasant odor resembl+ a mixture ( lilac & rose4 ,9 color !y resemble mignonette4 ,by ,may !y develop into small1 purpli%1 br[n-color$ b]ries enclos$ at ! base by a calyx & %ap$ l an acorn4 ,! b]ry conta9s a s(t br[n pulp & has b "o se$1 :i* rip5s 9 ,augu/ & is ga!r$ by ! natives = ! fragrant oil x conta9s4 ,! entire tree conta9s an aromatic flavor ( c9namon & no "p ( x is lo/1 z ! entire tree is us$ = "s purpose1 e "p ( x hav+ a di/9ct flavor4 ,x is impossible to discov] ! cause or causes by means ( :i* diff]5t qualities are produc$ f ! same bran*1 s9ce ! %oots & ! same tree are f\nd to yield c9namon ( diff]5t qualities4 ,! quality ( a c9namon tree is (t5 det]m9$ by ! size ( ! leaves1 z well z by ta/+ ! inn] b>k2 ! l>g] ! leaf ! bett] b>k ! tree w af=d4 ,! quality ( ! b>k v>ies v mu* ) local conditions1 "s be+ s inf]ior z to be h>ve/$ only = ! purpose ( adult]ations4 ,two ( ^! inf]ior v>ieties are ! korah$i & ! velli1 ! latt] gr[+ m quickly ?an any o!r c9namon kn[n1 be+ (t5 at two ye>s' gr[? f\r to five in*es 9 gir? & eight to t5 feet high4 ,x has a v co>se b>k & takes its "n f s& velli because x grits "u ! tee?4 ,! b>k is (t5 s h>d t x w turn ! edge ( a peel+ knife4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties ( c9namon4 ,next 9 ord] aft] ,ceylon are ! foll[+3 #a4 ,p5ne or ,rosse ,kuroondu 7:i* signifies honey or sweet c9namon74 #b4 ,naya ,kuroondu 7or snake c9namon74 #c4 ,kapooru ,kuroondu 7or camphor74 #d4 ,kabatte ,kuroondu 7or a/r+5t c9namon74 #e4 ,sevel ,kuroondu 7or mucilag9\s c9namon74 #f4 ,d[ool ,kuroondu 7flat or drum c9namon74 #g4 ,nika ,kuroondu 7or wild c9namon1 ^: leaf resembles t ( nicaso or vitex negundo74 #h4 ,mal ,kuroondu 7or bloom or fl[] c9namon74 #i4 ,tompat ,k4 7or trefoil c9namon74 ,only ! fir/ f\r are /rictly v>ieties ( ! ,laurus ,c9namomum1 & z ! names giv5 are only kn[n by ! plant]s ( c9namon or by ! native ,s9halese1 ,i w n ref] to !m aga9 except by ! names kn[n to comm]ce4 ,! true c9namon is a native ( ! ,isl& ( ,ceylon & x adds sweetness to ! breezes :i* 8bl[ s(tly o'er ,ceylon's ,isle10 & n[h]e else has x be5 f\nd gr[+ s well or s spontane\sly4 ,! l>ge trees scatt]$ ?r\gh ! old] =e/s ( ! int]ior are e ye> gorge\s 9 bloom ( e %ade ( p9k f a fa9t rose to blood r$4 ,! ,ceylon v>iety is ! be/ 9 ! _w1 & ! product 9 #aijd 0 #i1baf hundr$s1 valu$ at #bgh1dcj4 ,x gr[s up six or sev5 feet1 l will[s1 & ! twigs are cut d[n = exportation2 ! small] ! twigs ! f9] ! quality4 ,! f>m plantation is call$ a 8,c9namon ,g>d540 ,9 ,ceylon ^! g>d5s are ! mo/ fam\s 9 ! _w1 ! own]s liv+ l pr9ces4 ,"s ( ! c>v$ wood 9 ^! homes are lit]ally wor? _! weight 9 gold4 ,!re are c]ta9 trees & species t are tak5 9 *>ge by ! royal surgeons4 ,su* h ! (ficial /amp indicat+ :at _! m$ical value is4 ,?is c9namon commonly sells at #ae to #be p] p\nd & sometimes z high z #ajj4 ,:ile ! ord9>y ,*9a cassia1 h&l$ by our groc]s1 sells at :olesale at six or sev5 c5ts a p\nd4 ,! m$ic9al cassia1 h[ev]1 has ab\t ! value = cook+ purposes t ! ord9>y ,saigon cassia has4 ,_m c9namon g>d5s are be+ root$ up & plant$ to tea1 h[ev]1 z tea culture is m pr(itable4 ,a s&y loam soil mix$ ) humus matt] is favorable = ! culture ( c9namon1 & old1 worn1 c(fee e/ates are (t5 us$ 9 ,ceylon = c9namon plantations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,colombo1 ,,ceylon ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,plantation ,,9 ,,ceylon ,! c9namon crop has few enemies4 ,cattle1 goats1 & squirrels eat ! gr[+ %oots :ile t5d]4 ,! pr9cipal insect enemy is a m9ute beetle t bre$s 9 ! leaves & sometimes does injury by ret>d+ ! gr[? & r5d]+ ! wood unpeelable1 z well z unheal?y4 ,a r$ worm1 ab\t two in*es long1 eats its way up ! c5t] ( "s old & unheal?y /icks gr[+ on p>tially decay$ roots1 b ! injury f ! insect is sc>cely wor? consid]+4 ,:ite ants eat dead roots b seldom injure liv+ wood1 & !y are to "s ext5t enemies ( all o!r insects :i* prey ^u c9namon trees4 ,!y build _! ne/s ar\nd live bran*es1 b ?is does n int]f]e ) _! gr[?4 ,cr[s & wood pigeons dev\r ! b]ries ) great eag]ness1 b 9 ! process ( dige/ion ! productive qualities ( ! se$ are n injur$ & by ?is means ! se$ is scatt]$ ov] a l>ge ext5t ( c\ntry4 ,plants may be rais$ f ! se$ or by 8lay+40 ,! culture ( ! be/ k9d1 :i* is ! true ,c4 ,zeylanicum1 a cultivat$ ,cur&a or honey c9namon 7call$ p5ne rasse ,kuroondu by ! ,s9halese7 is f ! ,kadirona1 ,ekla & ,muradana g>d5s1 betwe5 ,colombo & ,negunbo1 :i* occupy a tract ( c\ntry upw>ds ( t5 miles 9 l5g? & 9 a w9d+ circuit2 z well z f ! ,m>atuwa & ,b]uwala g>d5s1 & ^? ( ,galle & ,mat>a4 ,!re is also a ,c+alese b>k f\nd 9 ! ar*ipelago1 :i* is v pung5t & mu* resembles ! true b>k f ,ceylon4 ,x br+s a fair price on ! m>ket1 & is m aromatic ?an t ( ,ceylon4 ,!re are sev]al k9ds ( x1 "s ( x br++ an exorbitant price1 & x is cultivat$ solely = royal use4 ,! out] b>k is nev] remov$ f x & = t reason x has ! d>k ,java color4 ,x1 l ! ,saigon1 is export$ 9 #ejj-p\nd bundles4 ,no sy/em 0 fir/ reg>d$ 9 plant+ c9namon groves 9 ,ceylon4 ,?is neglect greatly h9d]$ cultivation4 ,! usual way ( e/abli%+ a g>d5 is fir/ to cut d[n all ! bru% & small trees on new gr\nd1 leav+ ! tall trees at int]vals ( f fifty to sixty feet1 z a protection f ! w9d & f ! /rong hot rays ( ! sun4 ,! fall5 bru% is next burn$ & ! plat ,v,e,seared is l9$ out4 ,! soil is turn$ up = hills 9 squ>es ( ab\t "o to f\r feet at int]vals ( f six to t5 feet1 accord+ to ! ri*ness ( ! soil4 ,! long] int]vals be+ provid$ ) ! ri*] soil4 ,! a% f ! burn$ bru% mix$ ) ! brok5 gr\nd & vegetable matt]1 & f f\r to five ( ! b]ries are s[n 9 ea* hill4 ,bran*es ( trees are plac$ ov] ! e>? :]e ! se$ is plant$ to protect !m f ! sun & to keep ! e>? f p>*+4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 9 select+ ! se$1 z t f trees t5 ye>s old & up is be/4 ,se$ f old trees ) co>se wood produces co>se & unpeelable b>k1 :i* helps to increase ! *ips4 ,if ! tree is to be rais$ f %oots1 ! y\nge/1 or ^? n conta9+ m ?an ?ree leaves1 mu/ be select$1 = if old] !y w surely die4 ,! me?od ( rais+ plants f lay]s is v good1 because ! num]\s side bran*es :i* issue f ! bottom ( ! trunk also furni% an abundant supply1 well adapt$ = ! purpose int5d$4 ,! transplant+ ( ! divisions ( old roots or /umps is also mu* approv$1 z !y yield %oots ( useful size twelve mon?s aft] plant+4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 9 plant+ or remov+ ! roots or ! divisions ( ! p>5t /ump1 = %\ld any ( ! rootlets become bruis$1 ev5 to ! t5? "p ( an in* 9 diamet]1 ! injur$ "p w c]ta9ly p]i%4 ,c>e mu/ also be tak5 :5 remov+ ! roots or /umps to keep z mu* e>? on !m z possible1 or z c be c>ri$ ) !m4 ,! dirt orig9ally tak5 f ! holes %\ld n be return$1 b !re %\ld be us$1 in/ead1 t f ! surface :i* has be5 burn$ & conta9s a%es mix$ ) vegetable manure4 ,:5 old c9namon trees are cut d[n & burn$ on _! /umps1 ! roots w lat] produce a sup]ior quality ( c9namon4 ,plant+ ( se$ is lea/ advantage\s z x requires great] att5tion ?an o!r modes1 & ! trees are long] rea*+ p]fection4 ,z !y are plant$ f\r to five se$s 9 a hill1 & z !y are q sure to g]m9ate1 ! plants gr[ 9 clu/]s4 ,%\ld no ra9 fall aft] plant+ on ei!r ! roots or /umps1 !y mu/ be kept wat]$ e morn+ & ev5+ until ! spr\ts %oot out fre% buds4 ,?is w be 9 ab\t two weeks f ! plant+ & is an indication t !y h tak5 root4 ,9 a mon? ! %oots w be f ?ree to f\r in*es high4 ,:5 se$ is s[n & dry wea!r foll[s1 ! se$l+s w p]i%4 ,x w be necess>y1 !re=e1 to plant ! gr\nd anew4 ,x is wise1 !re=e1 to raise plants 9 a nurs]y to supply ! vacancies 9 ! hills4 ,illu/ration3 ,,galle ,,h>bor ,illu/ration3 ,,negombo ,,canal ,= a nurs]y1 a plat ( ri* soil is select$1 free f /one & cle>$ f bru%wood1 except ! tall trees1 :i* are left = %ade4 ,! gr\nd is dug ov] & =m$ into b$s f ?ree to f\r feet wide & ! se$ is s[n n9e to twelve in*es ap>t & %ad$ at eight to twelve in*es above gr\nd1 by a p5dall ( leaves4 ,! plants are kept wat]$ on alt]nate days until !y h "o pair ( leaves1 b ! %ade %\ld n be remov$ until ! plants are six to eight in*es high & are able to be> ! sun4 ,! se$ w g]m9ate 9 f two to ?ree weeks4 ,! plant+ takes place 9 autumn :5 ! se$ is ga!r$ fully ripe4 ,! se$s are heap$ up 9 %ady places1 z ! sun w\ld crack & spoil !m2 ! out] r$ coat+ w rot1 turn black1 & come (f easily2 ! se$ is !n wa%$ & dri$ 9 ! air1 b n 9 ! sun2 t :i* w float on wat] is reject$4 ,! plants are tak5 f ! nurs]y 9 ,octob] & ,novemb]1 & "u favorable situations !y w gr[ f five to six feet high 9 f six to sev5 ye>s4 ,a heal?y bu% w !n af=d two or ?ree %oots ready = peel+1 b %\ld unfavorable results occur !y w n yield = f eight to twelve ye>s4 ,aft] ! plants are fully e/abli%$ 9 ! field1 v little cultivation is requir$1 except to keep !m free f ! we$s4 ,9 a good soil f f\r to sev5 %oots may be cut e two ye>s4 ,sometimes ?riv+ plants may be cut fir/ 9 f\r ye>s & sometimes ev5 9 two ye>s4 ,! quality ( ! b>k dep5ds ^u its position on ! bran*2 t f ! middle is ! be/1 t f ! top second1 & t f ! base1 :i* is ! ?ick] "p ( ! bran*1 ! ?ird grade4 ,%oots expos$ dur+ gr[? to ! direct rays ( ! sun h _! b>k m acrid & spicy ?an ! b>k ( ^? :i* gr[ 9 ! %ade4 ,a m>%y soil r>ely produces good c9namon1 its texture be+ cross-gra9$ & spongy1 ) little aroma4 ,! quality is det]m9$ by ! ?9ness ( ! b>k--! ?9n] & m pliable ! f9]4 ,! f9e/ quality ( b>k is smoo? & some:at %9y & ( a light yell[ color4 ,! %oot b5ds be=e x breaks1 & :5 ! fracture occurs x is g5]ally 9 ! =m ( a spl9t] :i* has an agreeable1 w>m1 aromatic ta/e ) a slight degree ( sweetness4 ,two crops are ga!r$ ea* ye>--! fir/ f ,april to ,augu/ & ! second f ,novemb] to ,janu>y4 ,^! p>ticul> seasons are select$ = h>ve/+ on acc\nt ( _! com+ j aft] ! heavy ra9s1 j z ! "y1 r$ leaf assumes ! normal d>k gre54 ,! sap !n is m active & ! b>k is m easily deta*$4 ,if !re is n suffici5t ra9 ! g>d5 may h to be cut ov] sev]al times4 ,9 h>ve/+1 ! %oots are n all cut at "o "t1 b by degrees z !y arrive at ! requir$ maturity4 ,^? /icks :i* promise to peel at ! next cutt+ are left4 ,9 prun+1 ) pl5ty ( help1 e /ick old] ?an two ye>s is cut1 :e!r x w peel or n4 ,a grayi%1 corky appe>ance is an indication ( ! fitness ( ! %oots = cutt+4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt is m>k$ (f = ea* day's cutt+1 & x is an (f5se to g outside ( t limit1 b )9 ! limit e "o is all[$ to g :]e he pleases4 ,:5 fifte5 or tw5ty p]sons are all[$ to scramble z !y please1 ! trees are agitat$ z by a :irlw9d pass+ ov] !m & 9 less ?an =ty m9utes ! be/ /icks are cut & appropriat$4 ,!n sy/ematic "w beg9s4 ,e /ick is !n te/$ be=e cutt+1 &1 if ! wood is 9 a fair condition = peel+1 x w take ab\t two h\rs to f9i% a plat ( #dhd squ>e feet4 ,!re are f\r su* plats to an acre4 ,!y yield f tw5ty-eight to =ty-eight p\nds ea*4 ,:5 call$ (f1 no "o is all[$ to cut ano!r /ick4 7,see illu/ration47 ,illu/ration3 ,,cutt+ ,,c9namon ,z long z ! se$ is on ! bu%es1 :i* is ne>ly till ! end ( ! ye>1 ! /icks c>ry+ !m d n peel1 ow+ possibly to ! gr[? be+ *eck$ & ) x ! free fl[ ( sap 9 ! ef=t to mature ! se$4 ,if1 !re=e1 ?is se$ is all[$ to rema9 great loss results1 z by ! "t ! se$-be>+ bu%es are peelable !y w h gr[n s mu* z to yield co>se b>k1 fit only to quill co>se c9namon1 or n fit to be quill$ at all4 ,to avoid ?is loss ! se$ is /ripp$ f ! limb1 :5 x w peel 9 its prop] "t4 ,a plantation %\ld n be expect$ to br+ l>ge returns = eight or n9e ye>s4 ,aft] ! crop1 :i* is tak5 f f\r to six in*es above gr\nd1 has be5 cut1 ! /umps %\ld be cov]$ ) fre% e>? ga!r$ f ! space betwe5 ! r[s & =m$ into a heap ar\nd ! base4 ,sometimes a fire is made on ! old /ump4 ,! next ye> two or ?ree times z l>ge a crop may be ga!r$1 & s on ye> aft] ye>1 until at l5g? ! bu%es w become s ?ick z to admit only ! we$]s & peel]s4 ,! only manure requir$ is ! we$s1 :i* ?ree or f\r times a ye> are plac$ betwe5 ! r[s & cov]$ ) e>?4 ,:5 ! %oots are h>ve/$ f old /umps1 !y %\ld be cut ) "o /roke ( ! heavy knife1 9 ord] to avoid splitt+ ! /ems4 ,z ! cutt+ takes place twice ea* ye>1 !re is a succession ( "y wood ( diff]5t ages on ! tree4 ,! bran*es are cut (f f ?ree to five feet long :5 tipp$ at ! ends by means ( a long knife 9 %ape ( a hook or sickle 7catty74 ,! %oots1 aft] !y h be5 cut & ! tops h be5 remov$1 are ti$ into bundles & c>ri$ to ! 8wadi or peel+ %$10 :]e !y are all[$ to sweat = ! prep>ation ( ! b>k4 ,! leaves1 side bran*es1 & out] b>k are next remov$ f ! %oots4 ,! peel] 7,*aliyas1 ,s9halese ca/e ( c9namon peel]s71 sits on ! gr\nd beside 8 bundle & ) 8 left h& cuts ! inn] b>k 9 two pieces 7& sometimes ?ree if v heavy & ?ick71 longitud9al slits ! entire l5g? ( ! /ick4 ,x is !n easily remov$ by means ( a peel+ knife 7mama71 :i* is r\nd-po9t$ & has a project+ po9t on "o side = ripp+ & runn+ b5ea? ! b>k & lift+ x ab\t "o-half in* on bo? sides4 ,! b>k w usually come (f 9 halves eight to n9e in*es wide4 ,! assortm5t is made at ! same "t4 ,! co>se peelable b>k is = co>se c9namon1 & t :i* is n peelable goes z *ips4 ,if ! b>k adh]es firmly1 ! sep>ation is facilitat$ by friction ) ! h&le ( ! knife rubb$ dextr\sly d[n x or ) "s smoo?1 h>d piece ( wood ( conv5i5t l5g?4 ,:5 ! day's "w is f9i%$ ! assort$ b>k is pil$ 9 a small enclosure made by /icks driv5 9 ! gr\nd & is cov]$ ) ! day's scrap+s & ) a mat4 ,?is treatm5t is call$ 8f]m5t+10 b x is r to hold ! moi/ure & s(t5 ! b>k = ! next op]ation4 ,aft] rema9+ tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 or on ! morn+ ( ! second day1 ?ree /icks are driv5 into ! gr\nd at su* an angle t !y w cross ea* o!r ab\t "o foot high4 ,!y are ti$ firmly at ! po9t ( cross+ & are us$ = support+ ! end ( a f\r? /ick1 ! o!r end ( :i* re/s ^u ! gr\nd4 ,be=e ?is support ! native sits ^u ! gr\nd & tak+ a /rip ( ! b>k places x on ! /ick & holds ! upp] end firm ) 8 foot4 ,!n ) a small curv$ knife1 hav+ a slightly s]rat$ edge1 he scrapes (f ! cuticle1 = if any rema9s x w create a bitt]ness4 7,see illu/ration47 ,:ile x is yet moi/ ) sap1 x is plac$ ) concave side d[nw>d to dry & x !n contracts & curls into tubes or quills4 ,! pipe mak]1 z he is call$1 is furni%$ ) a bo>d ab\t "o y>d 9 l5g?1 a measur+ /ick1 & a pair ( scissors4 ,he takes a bundle ( ! prep>$ /icks & sorts !m into ?ree or f\r grades1 accord+ to quality4 ,slips = ! out] cov]+ are !n select$1 ! ends be+ cut squ>e ) ! scissors4 ,plac+ ?is on ! bo>ds1 he proce$s to pack )9 x z _m ( ! small] pieces 7see illu/ration7 z x w close ov] :5 dry1 :i* is call$ pip+4 ,:5 ! day's "w is f9i%$ ! pipes are arrang$ on p>allel l9es /ret*$ across ! %$4 ,!y are !n plac$ on hurdles cov]$ ) mats to dry 9 ! sun%9e until firm en\gh = h&l+4 ,aft]w>ds1 if necess>y1 ! out] edges are press$ 9 & ! ends are dress$ & !y are ti$ into bundles ( ab\t ?irty p\nds ea*4 ,?ree bundles are ti$ toge!r to =m a bale4 ,?is bale is cov]$ ) canvas4 ,9 ?is =m ! product is put on ! m>ket ready = export1 :]e x appe>s 9 long brittle /icks ( a pale yell[-br[n color or :ite to lighti% yell[ 7,fig4 #a74 ,! be/ grade is ne>ly z ?9 z pap]1 n be+ m ?an "o-eigh? to "o-sixte5? ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,x has a v delicate flavor & is v sup]ior 9 aroma & /r5g? to ! ord9>y ,*9ese v>iety4 ,x lacks ! /r5g? ( ,saigon1 h[ev]1 & is seldom call$ = except = m$ic9al use1 = :i* 9 _m cases x is highly valuable4 ,a well-made c9namon pipe1 z x is call$1 w be ( uni=m ?ickness & quality2 ! edges w be neatly jo9$ & 9 a /raight l9e f end to end ) ! appe>ance ( a tight roll ( pap]1 :i* w feel firm "u pressure ( ! ?umb & f+]1 & ! size ( ! pipes w v>y accord+ to ! quality ( ! spice4 ,9 ! f9] sorts !re are f fifte5 to tw5ty-f\r pipes to ! p\nd4 ,9 ! next grade !re are f t5 to twelve4 ,! co>s] are /uck toge!r )\t reg>d to appe>ance4 ,9 ,ceylon ! yield is ab\t #aej p\nds p] acre1 b on good soil & ) c>eful tillage & manur+ l>g] returns are obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cutt+ ,,& ,,quill+ ,,c9namon ,illu/ration3 ,,peel+ ,,& ,,quill+ ,,c9namon ,foll[+ ! ,ceylon 9 value are ! ,saigon1 ,java1 & ,batavia & ,*9a4 ,! ,saigon 7,fig4 #e7 comes f ,co*9 ,*9a1 tak+ its "n f ! city ( ,saigon4 7,see illu/ration47 ,! ?9n]-quill$ ,saigon b>k1 :i* is f select$ twigs & small] bran*es1 is kn[n z ,java 7,fig4 #d74 ,x has a v d>k color & possesses an aroma & /r5g? sup]ior to ^! qualities 9 ! ,saigon4 ,! ,java is sold *iefly 9 ! :ole /ate 7! out] r9d is nev] remov$7 & 9 a v>iety ( packages kn[n z piculs1 conta9+ #ace p\nds ea*1 mo/ly 9 cases1 sometimes valu$ high] ?an ,ceylon4 ,! ,telli*]ry & ,malab> are f ,bombay & ! prov9ce ( ,malab>4 ,! ,telli*]ry is equal to ! ,ceylon 9 appe>ance1 b ! int]ior surface is m fibr\s & ! flavor is inf]ior & ! b>k ?ick]4 ,x is sup]ior to ! ,malab>1 :i* is ! true c9namon introduc$ into ,india by ! ,engli%4 ,! ,malab> conta9s ne>ly all ! qualities ( ! ,ceylon1 b is pal] 9 color ) a feeble & less p]man5t odor4 ,! /icks aft] pip+ are 9 l5g? equal to ^? ( ! ,ceylon1 b ! b>k is %ort] & ! l5g? ( ! /ick is due to ! me?od ( telescop+ ! /icks ( b>k into "o ano!r4 ,batavia b>k 7,fig4 #b7 has a pale /raw color & is a heavy b>k sup]ior to ,*9a ,cassia ,lignea 7,fig4 #c74 ,x is export$ 9 rolls ( ab\t fifty p\nds ea*4 ,! b>k ( ! l>g] or co>s] %oots _c be quill$ & is remov$ 9 ?ick pieces4 ,:5 mix$ ) ! b>k ( ! prun+s & ) ^? /icks :i* d n peel well x is kn[n z *ips4 ,x br+s a l[ price on ! m>ket & is us$ = gr9d+2 &1 al?\gh x does n h ! delicate flavor ( ! quill$1 :at is lack+ 9 delicacy is made up 9 pung5cy &1 !re=e1 9 _m cases1 x is pref]r$4 ,*ips br+ s l[ a price 9 ! m>ket t !y may be pur*as$ by ! mill] ( spices & sold 9 ! pure p[d]$ /ate at a price mu* bel[ :at he c sell ! b>k at4 ,?is fact may acc\nt 9 a measure = prices giv5 9 ! table 9 *apt] ,,ii1 page #g1 on adult]ation4 ,! export+ ( c9namon *ips is c>ri$ on by ! plant]s to a great ext5t & at a great detrim5t to !mselves4 ,by do+ ?is !re is %ortsight$ness on _! "p1 z ! *ips are b\ght by ! mill] at a l[ price 9 place ( ! high-pric$ b>k1 :i* necess>ily mu/ p>tly g begg+ = a m>ket4 ,?us1 ! m valuable product s depreciates z to leave b little pr(it = ! gr[]2 8 m>g9 ( pr(it is s small t he does n give 8 c9namon grove prop] att5tion & _m times cuts x = wood4 ,if ! plant] w\ld di/ill 8 wa/e prun+ & co>se *ips = ! oil :i* !y conta9 he w\ld be well paid = 8 labor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,batavia ,illu/ration3 ,,saigon #cbbc1 ,,co*9*9e--,sagon ,av5ue devant is ,palais du ,lieut5ant ,g\v]neur ,! cultivators ( c9namon give employm5t to a l>ge numb] ( p1 sev]al ?\s& be+ n[ engag$ 9 ! cultivation ( ! trees & ! prep>ation ( ! b>k4 ,! prun+ imm$iately foll[s ! cutt+ & consi/s 9 cutt+ out all wood ( m ?an two ye>s' gr[? & r$uc+ all /umps left too high & remov+ all weak & crook$ %oots & sup]flu\s bran*es4 ,?is wa/e mat]ial1 ) ! we$+1 is buri$ ne> ! out] roots1 z x is f\nd t organic matt] is an excell5t f]tiliz] = c9namon1 z ! %oots rea* out 9 all directions & p]meate ! decay+ matt] & s br+ mu* b5efit to ! tree4 ,x w n d to raise a m\nd ar\nd ! base ( ! trunk1 z ! roots are !reby =c$ aga9/ _! natural c\rse & ?r[ !mselves into ! m\nd4 ,:5 ?is is once done !y mu/ be all[$ to rema91 z any di/urbance w\ld injure ! tree4 ,:5 ! ,ceylon c9namon tree becomes too old to produce good gr[? x is cut d[n & ! b>k remov$ f ! l>g] bran*es & ! trunk1 & is call$ mate c9namon4 ,al?\gh ! f9e/ b>k is obta9$ f ! cultivat$ trees !re is mu* b>k obta9$ f ! uncultivat$1 ( :i* ,c4 multiflorum & ,c4 ovalufolium are us$ = purposes ( adult]ation4 ,cassia b>k 7,fig4 #c71 ,fr5* cassia & ,g]man cassia1 are ! dri$ b>k ( a tree :i* gr[s tw5ty to =ty feet high1 sometimes ev5 sixty feet high1 irregul> & knotty1 ) l>ge spread+ horizontal bran*es1 out] b>k ?ick1 r\gh & scabr\s1 ) a% color1 speckl$ inn] b>k r$di% ) d>k gre5 & light orange color4 ,x is kn[n to comm]ce z cassia lignea or ,*9a c9namon1 & is f ! ,c9namomum aromaticum4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,s\? ,*9a & is a native ( ,ceylon1 ,co*9 ,*9a1 ,ea/ ,india1 & ,java1 & has be5 br\ght f ,*9a s9ce ! e>lie/ days ( hi/ory4 ,x is produc$ by an undescrib$ tree ( sev]al species ( c9namomum1 diff]+ f ea* o!r 9 foliage & 9 infloresc5ce & aromatic prop]ties1 & has ab\t z _m names 9 ,*9ese z !re are prov9ces 9 :i* x is f\nd gr[+4 ,x is f\nd mo/ abundantly 9 ! prov9ce ( ,kwangsi 9 ! s\? ( ,*9a1 l>ge quantities be+ br\ght to ,canton annually f 8,kwei l9 ,foo0 7lit]ally ! ,city ( ! ,=e/ ( ,cassia ,trees71 d]iv+ its "n f ! =e/s ( cassia ar\nd x1 & is ! capital & pr9cipal city ( ! prov9ce4 ,! exact botanical s\rce ( ,*9a ,cassia lignea 0 n kn[n until #ahhd1 al?\gh x 0 g5]ally attribut$ to ! tree n[ prov$ to yield x 7,c9namomum cassia74 ,x is cultivat$ 9 ! ?ree foll[+ di/ricts ( ,*9a3 ,taiwu1 ,kwangsi prov9ce1 & ,lukpo & ,lot+1 bo? 9 ,kwang-tung prov9ce4 ,taiwu is ab\t #ahj miles we/ ( ,canton & f f\r to five miles f ! ,we/ ,riv]1 b ! ne>e/ cassia plantations are f tw5ty-five to ?irty miles f>!r1 9 a s\!rn or s\?we/]n direction4 ,! ,lot+ di/rict comm5ces f eight to t5 miles f ,lot+ ,city4 ,aft] leav+ ! ,we/ ,riv] ab\t eighty miles ( ! ,lot+ ,riv] & ! ,nam-,kong mu/ be trav]s$ be=e rea*+ ! city1 & f !re ! di/ance is made ov]l&4 ,9 ^! plantations !re are #eb1fjj acres :i* h be5 "u cultivation = ab\t =ty ye>s4 ,lukpo is lea/ important4 ,! city ( ,lukpo is situat$ on ! nor!rn bank ( ! ,we/ ,riv]4 ,! ne>e/ plantation is ab\t fifte5 miles di/ant f ,lukpo ,city4 ,cassia is also f\nd 9 ! foll[+ prov9ces3 ,hunan1 ,%5si1 ,hupeh1 & ,eonsu1 & "u ! foll[+ ,*9ese names3 ,yuk-quai-%e1 ,toro-,tsao1 ,*u-eh or ,tsao1 ,*u-eh1 ,eh-,m+ or ,*ueh ,m+s2 = drugs--fungus1 ,huei-hua1 ,mu-erh4 ,! ,*9ese h v>ieties :i* !y cultivate "u special circum/ances1 almo/ sacr$1 & by _! long famili>ity ) diff]5t k9ds & _! exp]tness 9 det]m9+ its value !y use x 9 _m ways ( :i* we are ignorant4 ,! ?ick b>k ( ! old uncultivat$ trees f\nd gr[+ ne> ! ,annam fronti] is v highly valu$ by ! ,*9ese on acc\nt ( its suppos$ m$ic9al purposes1 especially a d>k b>k call$ ,*+ ,fa ,kwei f ! trees gr[+ on ! ,*+ ,fa ,m\nta9s 9 ,annam4 ,! b>k is /ripp$ f ! limbs z are ! o!r grades ( c9namon4 ,x is only ab\t sixte5 in*es 9 l5g?1 has a d>k-br[n color & dull flavor1 is n s sweet z true c9namon & has a bitt] ta/e4 ,! b>k is ?ick & heavy & n uni=m 9 size4 ,x is n enclos$ or quill$ & is brittle1 ) a less fibr\s texture4 ,x is less pung5t & has a m mucilag9\s or gelat9\s quality4 ,! out]1 corky b>k is ( a deep] color & is ! k9d mix$ ) mu* co>s] b>k1 kn[n z 8,cassia ,v]a10 :i* is gr\nd by our spice gr9d]s 9 place ( ! true c9namon4 ,?is b>k is import$ 9 mats ( f ?ree to f\r p\nds ea*1 b\nd up 9 bamboo spl9ts1 & is %ipp$ 9 bales ( ab\t eighty p\nds4 ,inf]ior c9namon trees are f\nd scatt]$ ov] a l>ge tract ( c\ntry 9 ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 ,c4 ,tamala ,nees1 & ,eb]m1 ext5d+ into ,silhet1 ,sikk91 ,nepaul1 ,kumaon1 & ev5 into ,au/ralia4 ,!re are two species ( ,ar*ipelago ,c41 ,cassia ,blume & ,c4 ,burmanii ,blume1 ! la/ be+ a ,*9ese v>iety f\nd gr[+ 9 ,sumatra & ,java1 & ! ,philipp9es furni% 8,cassia ,v]a40 ,sev]al o!r cassia ,c+alese species ( c9namon cassia b>k are f\nd 9 _! respective localities4 ,9 ! ,khasia ,m\nta9s ( ,ea/ ,b5gal !re is ! b>k ( ,abtusifolium ,nees1 & ,c4 ,pauciflorum ,nees1 & ,c4 ,tamala ,nees1 & ,eb]m f\nd gr[+ at #a1jjj to #d1jjj feet elevations1 %ipp$ f ,calcutta4 ,c9namomum in]s re9w is a k9d f\nd 9 ,india1 ,ceylon1 ,java1 & ,sumatra1 & o!r isl&s 9 a v>iable /ate & has a pal] & ?9n] & diff]5t ve9$ leaf ?an ! true c9namon4 ,"y bran*es ( ! tree are collect$ & ti$ up 9 fagots con/itut+ cassia twigs1 :i* =m a l>ge article ( comm]ce4 ,9 ord] to p[d] c9namon b>k1 x mu/ fir/ be pass$ ?r\gh a crack] ma*9e1 z x is call$1 to r$uce x to a prop] size = fe$+ 9 a mill4 ,! mill consi/s ( a roll] provid$ ) v co>se tee?1 :i* revolve ?r\gh simil> /ation>y tee?4 ,! mat]ial is reta9$ by a semi-circul>1 p]=at$ plate1 until x is r$uc$ to ! size ( ! p]=ation1 or ab\t ! size ( a c(fee bean1 :5 x is !n ready = ! burr /ones4 ,true gr\nd c9namon 7see ,figs4 #bb & #bc1 ,*ap4 ,,iii7 consi/s ( long cells ( woody fib] :i* repres5t ! ?9 lay]s f\nd 9 ! b>k & scatt]$ ?r\gh x1 consi/+ ( a little />* 9 /ellate cells4 ,!re is no?+ m di/9ct betwe5 c9namon & cassia ?an ! am\nt ( volatile oil ! b>k conta9s1 & yet "s ( ! inf]ior c9namon b>k does n conta9 z mu* volatile oil z does good cassia1 b c9namon oil is ( a mu* high] & m delicate aroma4 ,x is h>d to detect cassia 7see ,fig4 #da1 ,*ap4 ,,iii2 adult]at$1 ,fig4 #df7 9 gr\nd c9namon1 z ! flavor is s simil>1 b ! cassia conta9s b little wood fib] & few /ellate cells & ! pres5ce ( />* is m m>k$4 ,to te/ c9namon1 exp]ts are requir$4 ,! usual te/ is by *ew+1 b ?is me?od soon makes ! m\? sore4 ,! mo/ inf]ior gr\nd cassia1 h[ev]1 be>s su* a close resemblance to ! be/ cassia & to ! true c9namon t x may be sub/itut$ = x or us$ z an adult]ant )\t be+ easily detect$4 ,! foll[+ in/ructions are useful 9 exam9+ p[d]$ c9namon4 ,make a decoction ( pure gr\nd c9namon1 also a decoction ( ! suspect$ mixture1 & filt] bo?2 :5 cold add to ?irty grams ( ea* "o or two drops ( iod9e1 :5 ! decoction ( pure c9namon w be b slightly affect$ :ile ! mixture w assume a blacki%-blue coloration4 ,al?\gh mu* dep5ds ^u ! age ( ! oils1 ! great] ! age ( ! oil ! small] ! quantity ( iod9e solution absorb$ by x4 ,! *eap sort ( cassia1 or 8,cassia ,v]a10 c be di/+ui%$ f ,*9a cassia & f true c9namon by its ri*ness 9 mucilage1 :i* c be extract$ by cold wat] z a ?ick gl>y liquid1 :i* on ! addition ( corrosive sublimate or neutral acetate ( lead yields a d5se visc\s precipitate4 ,! mo/ reliable te/ = cassia 9 true c9namon is to obta9 ! proportion ( a% 9 ea*1 ! a% 9 c9namon be+ #d4ei & #d4gh p] c5t41 cassia lignea giv+ b #a4hd & 8,cassia ,v]a0 ne>ly ! same z c9namon1 #d4jh4 ,ano!r te/ is to asc]ta9 ! am\nt ( a% soluble 9 wat]4 ,! quantities are #be4jd1 #bh4ih p] c5t4 9 :ole c9namon1 ab\t #ah p] c5t4 9 *ips1 & #h4ae 9 8,cassia ,v]a10 & #bf4dj 9 cassia lignea4 ,aga9 ! proportion ( oxide ( manganese is nev] m ?an #a p] c5t4 7#j4ac-j4ig7 9 c9namon1 b x is ov] 7#a4ac-a4ec7 9 8,cassia ,v]a0 & #c4fe-e4aa 9 cassia lignea4 ,! c9namon a% w always be f\nd :ite or ne>ly s1 :ile bo? ! cassia a%es are gray or br[n & yield an abundance ( *lor9e on heat+ ) hydro*loric acid4 ,! c9namon or cassia 9 ! b>k is easily di/+ui%$1 z ! inf]ior k9ds are ?ick] & appe>ance co>s] & _! color d>k] br[n & dull] & h a m pung5t ta/e1 :i* is less sweet ?an ! true c9namon1 succe$$ by a bitt] ta/e4 ,! ,ceylon b>k is *>act]iz$ by be+ cut obliquely at ! bottom ( ! quill :ile o!r k9ds are cut transv]sely4 ,gr\nd c9namon w det]iorate v rapidly4 ,c9namon is s s+ul>ly s5sitive 9 ! b>k t great c>e has to be tak5 9 reg>d to its surr\nd+s 9 %ipp+ abo>d vessels to prev5t loss4 ,rec\rse has be5 made to v>i\s exp$i5ts1 b x is f\nd t ! only effective safegu>d is to pack bags ( pepp] betwe5 ! bales4 ,ceylon alone exports #f1jjj p\nds ( b>k to ?is c\ntry annually 9 gunny bags ( ab\t #ajj p\nds ea*4 ,colombo 7see illu/ration71 :i* has "o ( ! l>ge/ botanical g>d5s & ! l>ge/ c9namon grove 9 ! _w1 is ! pr9cipal city ( export4 ,cassia ,buds 7flores cassi immature clavelli c9namomi7 are ! calyces ( ! immature fl[]s ( ! cassia tree :i* yields cassia lignea4 ,! cassia buds ( comm]ce be> a resemblance to cloves b are small] & h ! odor & flavor ( cassia lignea or c9namon4 ,!y are ga!r$ 9 an unripe /ate at ab\t "o-f\r? _! normal size & are export$ f ,canton 9 piculs ( #aej p\nds ea*4 ,canton export$ ab\t #ajj1jjj p\nds 9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( #aije1 & ,canton exports #ai1jjj piculs ( cassia c9namon ( #acc p\nds ea* & #ejj piculs ( twigs annually1 & x is ! pr9cipal city ( export 9 ! _w = cassia b>ks4 ,9 ,s\!rn ,india ! cassia buds are ga!r$ f a v>iety ( wild ,c9namomum in]s re9w 9 a mature /ate1 b !y are inf]ior to ! ,*9ese cassia buds4 ,!y h ! appe>ance ( nails ) r\ndi% heads ( v>i\s sizes1 & if completely dri$ ! receptacle is ne>ly d>k1 firmly embrac+ ! embryo se$1 :i* protrudes4 ,se$s :i* are us$ = se$+ are obta9$ f trees t5 ye>s old & upw>d1 :i* are n cut back b are all[$ to gr[ naturally f fifty to sixty feet ap>t1 :ile ! balance ( ! or*>d is cut d[n e six ye>s = ! b>k4 ,! se$ trees are cut only 9 cases ( necessity to supply a great dem& = ! ?ick b>k on ! trunks1 :5 "s c be sacrific$4 ,! ,*9ese frequ5tly adult]ate ! oil ( cassia ) colophony1 :i* may be easily detect$1 z x has a great] specific gravity4 ,extra pale colophony has a specific gravity ( #a4jgj & ! pale colophony has a specific gravity ( #a4aaj4 ,any oil heavi] ?an #a4jgj %\ld be h&l$ ) suspicion4 ,! d>k] ! sample & ! high] ! specific gravity1 ! great] ! adult]ation4 ,! tips ( ! bran*es & ! o!r trimm+ :i* collects are c>efully dri$ & di/ill$ & sold z c9namon oil4 ,oil ( c9namon or cassia dep5ds entirely ^u ! am\nt ( c9namyl aldehyde x conta9s4 ,oil ( ! true c9namon b>k 7c9namomum ,zeylonicum7 is ! f9e/ ess5tial oil to be _h4 ,x is wor? #e p] p\nd1 :ile common cassia is wor? only ab\t sev5ty c5ts4 ,true c9namon oil is obta9$ 9 ,ceylon & is ( a gold5 color :5 fre%1 ) an aromatic odor1 & is v pung5t1 be+ p[]ful en\gh to bli/] ! tongue1 b v>ies by age f *]ry to yell[-r$1 ! pal] v>ieties be+ ! mo/ e/eem$4 ,c9namon leaf is r$i/ill$ 9 ,london to obta9 ! desir$ color1 al?\gh at a loss ( ab\t #aj p] c5t4 7=mula ,c#aj;,h#ad71 ) a small quantity ( b5zoic acid4 ,f9e c9namon oil has a ta/e ( int5se sweetness1 f> sweet] ?an sug>1 & a clove-l ta/e is at fir/ develop$4 ,x is l>gely us$ 9 p]fum]y & m$ic9e4 ,ceylon %ips ab\t #ae1jjj to #dj1jjj ounces annually4 ,*9a exports z mu*4 ,aft] a "t x loses its sweetness & is no bett] ?an cassia oil4 ,! tree yields ess5tial oils f ! leaves1 b>k1 & root1 ea* oil diff]+ 9 composition & value1 :i* acc\nts = ! _m diff]5t grades or prices = c9namon oil f\nd on ! m>ket4 ,c9namon & cassia oils are ( ! same *emical compositions1 _! value be+ e/imat$ by ! am\nt ( c9namyl aldehyde !y conta94 ,t obta9$ f ! roots is light1 :ile t obta9$ f ! leaves is s heavy z to s9k 9 wat]4 ,!re is b a small am\nt ( oil 9 ! b>k1 ! yield be+ b #a to #a4e p] c5t42 six & "o-half ounces ( heavy oil & two & "o-half ounces ( light oil to eighty p\nds ( b>k4 ,x consi/s *iefly ( c9namyl aldehyde or ! hydride ( c9namyl & a v>iable quantity ( hydroc>bon4 ,! oil d]iv$ f ! co>s] b>k is a d>k-br[ni% color4 ,! oil di/ill$ f ! true b>k is wor? ab\t eighte5 times z mu* z ! oil di/ill$ f ! leaves or leaf /alk or fl[] /alk4 ,! latt] oil is *iefly ( eug5ol1 a hydroc>bon hav+ an odor ( cym5e1 a little b5zoic acid & c9namyl aldehyde4 ,:5 mix$ ) ! "y twigs & cassia buds ( cassia %rubs1 ?is oil becomes a beautiful bright oil ( excell5t ta/e--*>act]i/ics :i* d5ote a high] p]c5tage ( aldehyde4 ,twigs %[ a famili> sweet c9namon ta/e1 b !y yield a small] p]c5tage ( ess5tial oil ?an is di/ill$ f ! leaves1 & has a specific gravity ( #a4de at #ae degrees ,c41 %[+ #ij p] c5t4 ( aldehyde4 ,! leaves yield sweet oil at #ae degrees ,c41 specific gravity #a4jef1 aldehyde #ic4 ,cassia buds yield ess5tial oil #a4eej p] c5t41 specific gravity #a4jbf1 aldehyde #hj4d p] c5t4 ,/alk ( cassia leaves1 leaf /alk1 & "y twigs mix$ yield ess5tial oil #j4gg p] c5t41 gravity #a4jee1 aldehyde #ic p] c5t4 ,! oil f ! root conta9s c9namyl aldehyde1 hydroc>bon & ord9>y camphor1 & is light] ?an wat]1 bo? ! oil ( ! b>k & ( ! leaves be+ heavi]4 ,oil f c9namon b>k & %oots is seldom export$4 ,! oil is obta9$ 9 ,ceylon by mac]at+ ! p[d]$ b>k or roots ) a saturat$ solution ( common salt = two days1 aft] :i* ! :ole is di/ill$4 ,c9namyl aldehyde1 :i* is a v pleasant smell+ colorless liquid1 may be sep>at$ f hydroc>bon1 :i* is also f\nd 9 ! oil1 by br++ ! oil 9 contact ) conc5trat$ nitric acid4 ,! cry/als1 :i* sep>ate 9 long rhombic prisms or small plates1 are decompos$ by wat] into nitric acid4 ,free c9namyl aldehyde may be prep>$ by all[+ a mixture ( t5 p>ts b5zolaldehyde1 fifte5 p>ts acetaldehyde1 #ijj p>ts ( wat]1 & t5 p>ts ( a #aj p] c5t4 solution ( cau/ic soda to /& eight or t5 days1 at a temp]ature ( #cj degrees1 ! :ole be+ frequ5tly agitat$4 ,f9ally ! aldehyde is extract$ by means ( e!r4 ,! pure ,*9ese cassia lignea b>k1 ess5tial oil #a4e p] c5t41 has a specific gravity ( ab\t #a4jce to #a4jfj2 aldehyde1 #hi4i p] c5t41 & at #ae ,c4 %\ld h a specific gravity ( #a4jej to #a4jgj4 ,on di/ill+1 ab\t #ij p] c5t4 ( pure cassia oil %\ld pass ov]1 & ! balance1 #aj p] c5t4 residue1 mu/ n become solid 9 cool+1 mu/ n be brittle b mu/ be 9 a semifluid /ate4 ,if ! oil conta9s less ?an #gj p] c5t4 ( c9namyl aldehydes x may be consid]$ adult]at$1 & at #ge p] c5t4 %\ld be h&l$ ) suspicion4 #ad to #i ye>s old1 #gi p] c5t4 ,c9namyl aldehyde #ae ye>s old1 #gj p] c5t4 ,c9namyl aldehyde #af ye>s old1 #gc p] c5t4 ,c9namyl aldehyde ,c9namic acid occurs 9 ! fl[]s ( c9namon & =ms 9 small quantities by oxidation ( ! c9namyl aldehyde :5 x comes 9 contact ) ! op5 air4 ,x w dissolve 9 #c1ejj p>ts ( wat] at #ag degrees & is m readily soluble 9 boil+ wat] & cry/allizes f x 9 lu/r\s plates4 ,f ! cassia buds1 refuse b>k1 "y %oots & roots a fragrant volatile sub/ance is obta9$ :i* floats on wat]1 & :5 remov$ & all[$ to cool1 x becomes a suet1 giv+ a delici\s odor 9 burn+1 call$ a c9namon suet1 or wax1 :i* is us$ l>gely by ! ,ca?olics & ,buddhi/s 9 wor%ip & at high native w$d+s4 ,x 0 =m]ly us$ 9 ,ceylon = mak+ c&les4 ,:5 true gr\nd c9namon & cassias are exam9$ microscopically ) pol>iz$ light1 diff]5ces are reveal$ at once :i* are *>act]i/ic en\gh to di/+ui% ! specim5s1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #da & #bc1 ,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,b ( ! proximate *emical composition ( any ( ! b>ks b little is kn[n4 ,num]\s det]m9ations & analyses ( ! a% h be5 made ) a view to detect+ peculi>ities or ! addition ( m9]al matt]4 ,! p]c5tage ( a% is extremely v>iable1 dep5d+ on ! age & quality ( ! b>k4 ,saigon *ips h be5 kn[n to h #h4bc p] c5t41 :ile unkn[n cassia b>k has be5 f\nd ) b #a4ge p] c5t4 ,c9namon b>k w be likely to av]age less ?an cassia4 ,fib]-l a% is v v>iable1 ,saigon yield+ #bf4bi p] c5t41 true c9namon #cc4jh p] c5t41 :ile unkn[n cassia gives #ad4bj2 t conta9+ ! lea/ fib] conta9s ! smalle/ am\nt ( lime4 ,! album9oids are also v>iable2 ! ,batavia & ,saigon b>ks appe> to conta9 ! mo/4 ,! pres5ce ( ov] #d p] c5t4 is an indication ( an inf]ior quality4 ,! am\nt ( ! tann9 runs extremely small1 any addition ( :i* c be readily detect$4 ,"o-f\r? ( ! a% ( c9namon is soluble 9 wat]1 b less ( 8,cassia ,v]a10 & less yet ( cassia lignea4 ,little has be5 le>n$ :i* w\ld =m a s\nd basis = di/+ui%+ ^! b>ks4 ,! pres5ce ( manganese _c be consid]$ z indicat+ t sub/ance an ess5tial elem5t ( ! a%1 nor is ! fact "o f :i* su* def9ite conclusions c\ld be drawn z to s]ve z ! basis ( legal te/imony1 b x is :at gives to ! diff]5t b>ks _! diff]5t colors4 ,true c9namon conta9s less ?an #a p] c5t4 ( oxide ( manganese2 8,cassia ,v]a0 m ?an #a p] c5t41 & cassia lignea z high z #e p] c5t4 ,! ess5tial oil is b #j4e to #a p] c5t4 ( ! b>k ( c9namon & mu* less 9 inf]ior cassia4 ,we also f9d ! pres5ce ( mucilage1 color+ matt]1 res91 acid1 />*1 & lignea z well z volatile oil4 ,aside f ! det]m9ation ( volatile oil ^u :i* ! prop]ties ( cassia b>k dep5ds1 *emical analysis seems to be ( little value2 ! pr9cipal dep5d5ce mu/1 ) our pres5t k1 be plac$ on ! me*anical & microscopic exam9ation4 ,to detect ! adult]ation ( oil ( cassia by oil ( cloves1 a drop ( ! oil %\ld be heat$ on a wat* glass4 ,g5u9e cassia evolves a fragrant vapor possess+ b a little acridity4 ,:51 h[ev]1 clove oil is pres5t1 ! vapor is v acrid & excites c\gh+4 ,) fum+ nitric acid1 cassia m]ely cry/allizes2 b if cloves be pres5t x swells up1 evolves a l>ge quantity ( r$ vapor & yields a ?ick r$di%-br[n oil4 ,pure cassia oil solidifies ) conc5trat$ pota% b w n :5 mix$ ) clove oil4 ,a good te/ = cassia oil sub/itut$ = oil ( c9namon is to add nitric acid1 specific gravity #a4cf1 to oil ( c9namon 7"o "p ( ! latt] to two p>ts ( acid71 & %ake ! mixture4 ,a bright orange-color$ liquid is fir/ obta9$1 ^u ! surface ( :i* floats an orange1 res9\s sub/ance1 sl[ly becom+ deep] 9 color1 until a beautiful *]ry-r$ color is visible1 by :i* "t x has *ang$ to a liquid t floats on a light]-color$ sub/ratum1 :i* also 9 a %ort "t becomes ne>ly ( ! same t9t4 ,bubbles !n comm5ce to appe> & %ortly aft]w>ds spontane\s ebullition occurs1 ) ! evolution ( nitr\s fumes & vapors ( b5zoic aldehyde4 ,by ! "t ?is ebullition has ceas$ ! amb]-color$ liquid comm5ces to cle> itself & f9ally a cle> amb] liquid is left ) orange globules float+ on its surface4 ,^u oil ( cassia1 nitric acid1 specific gravity #a4cf1 has a diff]5t action1 z1 aft] mix+ "o "p ( oil ( cassia ) two ( nitric acid1 a dirty gre5 sup]natant res9\s mass 7sl[ly turn+ br[n7 is se5 float+ on a yell[i% liquid1 & no fur!r *ange takes place4 ,if a l>ge excess ( ! acid be add$ aft] ! fir/ addition1 ! res9\s mass *anges to a deep r$di% br[n & ! subnasc5t liquid takes a *]ry-r$ color4 ,! same reaction occurs if a l>ge excess ( nitric acid be add$ to oil ( cassia at fir/1 b 9 nei!r ( ^! cases is !re any spontane\s ebullition or evolution ( ! nitr\s fumes & b5zoic aldehyde vapors4 ,if oil ( cassia be mix$ ) oil ( c9namon1 ! reaction ) nitric acid takes place z ) oil ( c9namon1 b m t>dily1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( cassia oil pres5t2 &1 at ! end ( ! process1 a turbid subnasc5t liquid is se51 in/ead ( a cle> "o1 z is ! case ) pure oil ( c9namon4 ,spirits ( nitr\s e!r c also be us$ to di/+ui% betwe5 ^! oils1 z x =ms a cle> solution ) t ( c9namon1 b a turbid "o ) cassia4 ,,*emical ,,composition ,,( ,,cassia ,,& ,,c9namon ,samples exam9$1 a% ( ! :ole be+ ab\t #h p] c5t4 & p[d]$ #e p] c5t43 ,a% ,saigon1 #h4bc ,unkn[n ,cassia1 #a4ge1 extreme ,fib] ,saigon1 #bf4bi ,fib] ( ,cassia #ad to #bj1 extreme ,c9namon1 ,fib] ,true ,c9namon1 #cc4jh ,album9oids ,saigon1 #d4ee ,album9oids ,unkn[n #b4de1 extreme ,cassia1 ,lime ,true ,c9namon1 #dj4ji1 #cf4ih1 #dj4ci1 9 ?ree specim5s ,lime ,cassia ,lignea1 #be4bi ,lime 8,cassia ,v]a10 #eb4gb ,magnesia1 ,true #b4fe1 #c4cj1 #c4hf1 9 ?ree specim5s ,c9namon1 ,magnesia1 ,cassia #e4dh ,lignea1 ,magnesia1 8,cassia #a4aj ,v]a10 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,cloves 7,eug5ia ,c>yophyllata ( ,c>yophyllus ,aromaticus7 #a ,zanzib> #b ,ambo9a #c ,p5ang #d ,b5cool5 #e ,calyx #f ,calyx #g ,fl[]+ /em ) leaves ,,*apt] ,x ,,cloves ,y\r unexp&$ fl[] buds fair ,hold = u flavors f9e & r>e1 ,welcome y\r petals 9 our home1 ',?\gh ,nature *oose y %\ld n bloom4 ,,cloves are ! unexp&$ fl[] buds ( ,eug5ia ,c>yophyllata ( ,c>yophyllus ,aromaticus1 a tree belong+ to ! natural ord] ,myrtacca1 & are nam$ f ! ,fr5* ^w cl\1 signify+ nail1 :i* x sometimes resembles4 ,! ,fr5* ^w1 ,gir(le ,cl\x de ,gir(le2 ,g]man1 ,gewurzuelk52 ,p]sian1 ,meykuk2 ,sanskrit1 ,lavunga2 ,arabia1 ,k]unful2 ,b5galle1 ,lung2 ,malay1 ,*ankee1 ,lawang2 ,portuguese1 ,cravos da ,india2 ,*9ese1 ,!nghio2 ,java1 ,wohkayu1 ,lawang2 ,h9doo1 ,laung4 ,x is indig5\s to ! ,molucca or1 z !y are frequ5tly call$1 ! 8,spice ,isl&s40 ,x 0 orig9ally conf9$ to five ( ^! isl&s1 viz3 ,tidor1 ,t]nate1 ,motir1 ,batian1 & ,kian1 b *iefly to ! la/4 ,^! con/itute a /r+ ( isl&s we/w>d ( ! l>ge isl& ,gilalo &1 /range to say1 ! clove tree does n appe> to d well on ! l>ge isl&s1 su* z ,gilalo & ,c]am & ,celebes4 ,x is probable t ,booro & ! ,xula ,isles con/itute ab\t ! we/]n limit ( ! successful culture ( ! clove4 ,al?\gh x is a native ( small isl&s1 x w n d well too ne> ! sea :]e x receives mu* moi/ure1 or at a high elevation :]e x is cold4 ,slop+ loam l& is be/1 :]e !re is no /agnant wat]1 #a1jjj feet elevation be+ ! limit4 ,! clove tree is f\nd outside ! ,moluccas & ,ambo9a1 ,h>uka1 ,sap>ua1 & ,naesalaut 9 ! foll[+ places3 ,guiana1 ,zanzib>1 ,pemba1 ,java1 ,sumatra1 ,reunion1 & ,we/ ,indies isl&s4 ,!re are five v>ieties ( cloves z foll[s3 #a4 ,! ord9>y cultivat$ clove4 #b4 ,! female clove ) pale /em1 :i* natives call pol5g4 #c4 ,! k]iak or leory cloves4 #d4 ,! royal clove 7:i* is v sc>ce74 #e4 ,! wild clove4 ,! fir/ ?ree are ab\t equally valuable z spices1 ! female be+ consid]$ be/ = di/illation ( ess5tial oil1 :ile ! wild clove has v little aromatic flavor & no value b = adult]ation4 ,! royal clove is a curi\s mon/rosity1 :i* =m]ly _h a great reputation z ! ,c>yophyllum regium1 by reason ( its r>ity1 & ! curi\s obs]vations :i* are made respect+ x4 ,x is a v small clove & is di/+ui%$ by an abnormal numb] ( sepals & by l>ge bracts at ! base ( ! tubes ( ! calyx4 ,! corolla & int]nal organs are imp]fectly develop$4 ,9 comm]ce ! cloves are kn[n & nam$ f ! places ( gr[? & are grad$ 9 value 9 ! ord] nam$--,p5ang 7,fig4 #c71 ,b5cool5 7,fig4 #d71 ,ambo9a 7,fig4 #b71 ,zanzib> 7,fig4 #a74 ,!y d n exhibit any v decid$ /ructural diff]5ce1 b x takes #d1ejj ,p5ang cloves to weigh "o p\nd & #e1jjj ,zanzib> = same weight4 ,!re also ent]s into comm]ce z a second>y product clove /alks & "m's cloves1 ! latt] be+ ! dri$ ripe fruit4 ,cloves 7 "o ( ! pr9cipal ,ori5tal spices1 be+ ! basis ( a ri* trade f an e>ly "p ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 & ! spice 0 well kn[n to ! anci5ts & c]ta9ly =m$ an article ( comm]ce1 dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 :5 ,alleppo 0 ! gr& m>t ( ,ea/]n trade4 ,! ,portuguese discov]$ cloves gr[+ abundantly on ! ,molucca ,isl&s ab\t ! ye> #afjj & !y held possession ( ! pr9cipal clove trade = ne>ly a c5tury4 ,previ\s to ?is "t1 cloves 7 br\ght to ,europe f ports 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 :]e !y _h be5 br\ght by ,arabians1 ,p]sians1 & ,egyptians4 ,ab\t #afje1 ! ,portuguese 7 driv5 f ! ,moluccas by ! ,dut*1 :o endeavor$ to control ! clove trade by attempt+ to extirpate all ! clove trees gr[+ 9 _! native isl&s1 & to conf9e ! culture ( ! entire production to ! isl&s ( ,ambo9a & ,t]nate1 pay+ ! k+s ( ! isl&s ( ,t]nate1 ,tidor1 & ,batian a tribute to p]mit & assi/ 9 ! extirpation ( ! trees4 ,9 ! ye>s #agfi & #agga1 ! ,fr5*1 "u ,m4 ,poivre1 made two exp$itions to ! ,moluccas & f\nd ! clove tree gr[+ 9 "s small isl&s :i* _h be5 ov]look$ by ! ,dut*4 ,f "o ( ^! 7,guebi7 !y obta9$ plants & transplant$ !m to ! ,isle ( ,france4 ,9 #aghe1 !re 7 already betwe5 #aj1jjj & #aa1jjj clove trees gr[+ 9 ?is isl&4 ,at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 an ,arab c>ri$ ! clove se$ f ,baurb\ & plant$ ! plantation 9 ,zanzib> at ,miltoni1 on ! road to ,*euni1 & plants 7 convey$ f ! ,isle ( ,france to ,cay5ne1 ,dom9ica1 & to ,mauritius4 ,ab\t #aggj1 ! ,engli% put su* a high duty on spices 9 ,dom9ica t !y ru9$ ! trade !re1 & al?\gh ,m4 ,buee plant$ ! clove tree !re ov] #ajj ye>s ago1 "o tree is yet liv+4 ,mean:ile ! ,dut*1 :o favor$ ! "o pr9cipal isle1 ,ambo9a1 select+ t "p ( x call$ ,leytime] & ! adjo9+ ,uliass] ,isl&s1 divid$ ,ambo9a into #d1jjj allotm5ts4 ,ea* ( ^! divisions 0 expect$ to af=d suffici5t space = ! gr[? ( #abe trees1 & x 0 ord]$ t ?is numb] %\ld be cultivat$4 ,9 #agbj1 a law 0 pass$ r5d]+ x compulsory on ! natives to make up ! full complem5t1 & accord+ly #ejj1jjj clove trees fl\ri%$ )9 ! limit ( ! small isl&1 _! annual aggregate product am\nt+ to m ?an #a1jjj1jjj p\nds ( cloves4 ,"o c sc>cely imag9e ! beauty ( ^! imm5se groves ) _! p9ki%-:ite1 sn[drop blossoms1 ! sweet p]fumes ( :i* are c>ri$ by ! g5tle breezes f> out to sea4 ,! clove tree1 ow+ to its noble height1 f9e =m1 & luxuriant foliage1 is attractive 9 appe>ance4 ,its b>k is ?9 & smoo? & its wood exce$+ly h>d1 b x has a grayi% color1 :i* unfits x = cab9et "w4 ,x is an ev]gre5 & 9 its natural /ate gr[s to a height ( f ?irty to =ty feet1 ) a /raight trunk1 mak+ x ! mo/ beautiful ( all kn[n trees4 ,:5 f\r feet high1 ! tree spreads into sev]al bran*es ) =k /ems1 on :i* leaves gr[ directly opposite ea* o!r4 ,! leaves are long1 ovate & smoo?1 n>r[ & ind5t$ on ! edge1 po9t$ & ( a ?ick consi/5cy4 ,! color ( ! upp] surface incl9es to r$1 z also does ! /alk1 :ile ! "u surface is gre54 ,! entire tree is /rongly aromatic & ! petioles ( ! leaves h ne>ly ! same pung5cy z ! calyces ( ! fl[]s4 ,9 cultivat+ cloves1 ! "m cloves are be/ select$ fre%1 z !y soon lose _! vitality4 ,! fruit se$ 7call$ by ! natives pal5y71 :i* h become f]tiliz$ by rema9+ & rip5+ on ! trees1 are fir/ soak$ 9 wat] ?ree days1 or until !y beg9 to g]m9ate1 & are next plant$ 9 a nurs]y ( ri* mold ) bud end above gr\nd 9 %ad$ b$s1 six in*es ap>t if _m plants are ne$$1 twelve in*es ap>t = few4 ,two se$s are plant$ 9 ea* hill 9 ! tr5*es1 to provide = ! failure ( a "p ( ! se$ to g]m9ate1 & c>e mu/ be tak5 n to plant ! se$ m ?an two in*es bel[ ! surface4 ,! nurs]y b$s are made ab\t six feet wide & ( any l5g? desir$1 & are %ad$ by a flat framework ( /icks ?ree to ?ree & "o-half feet high1 ov] :i* is plac$ grass or cocoanut leaves4 ,! gr\nd is wat]$ e morn+ & ev5+ by tak+ wat] 9 ! h& f ! wat]+ pot until ! se$s h develop$4 ,:5 ! plants appe> above gr\nd !y are wat]$ e o!r day1 & :5 ab\t six in*es high e t5 days4 ,! plants are kept 9 ! %ad$ b$s = n9e mon?s or "o ye>1 :5 !y w be ab\t "o foot high4 ,aft] ?is !y are gradually left to ! exposure ( ! sun by remov+ ! framework = "o or two mon?s1 :5 !y are transplant$4 ,great c>e is tak5 9 mov+ ! plants4 ,! transplant+ takes place 9 ! ra9y season4 ,! soil is fir/ cut ar\nd ! plant by a knife or triangul>-%ap$ spade call$ 8moaa10 8jembe10 or hoe1 & ! plant is lift$ ) z mu* soil adh]+ to x z possible & is plac$ across two banana /rips ( fib]1 :i* are ?ree to f\r in*es wide & "o to two feet long4 ,! f\r ends ( ^! /rips are wrapp$ ar\nd ! plants & firmly ti$ toge!r1 & 9 t way ! plants are c>ri$ to ! place = plant+4 ,be=e plant+1 ! pieces ( fib] are cut b5ea? at ea* corn] & ! plant is plac$ 9 holes dug = !m1 :i* are ab\t ?irty feet ap>t2 ! e>? is heap$ ar\nd !m & ! balance ( ! fib] at ! top is remov$4 ,! plant is wat]$ e day if x is v dry wea!r1 & at int]vals = a ye>1 or until x is ab\t eighte5 in*es high4 ,a great _m plants usually die out & cont9ually replant+ is necess>y4 ,= ?is reason1 a nurs]y is kept = ab\t five ye>s4 ,aft] ! clove g>d5 is plant$ !re is no ne$ ( %ad+1 b z ! trees h only a slight hold 9 ! gr\nd1 !y are easily de/roy$4 ,!y %\ld be plant$ 9 %elt]$ situations4 ,= example1 a hurricane :i* visit$ ,zanzib> 9 #ahgb de/roy$ n9e-t5?s ( ! clove groves1 b ! adjo9+ isl& ( ,pemba did n suff] ne>ly s mu*1 especially on ! we/ side ( ! isl&1 :i* 0 fairly well protect$4 ,= ?is reason ! clove trees are protect$ by belt$ d\ble r[s ( casu>9a & c]b]a trees4 ,cocoanut trees are also plant$ at irregul> places among ! clove trees4 ,! slaves1 :o h _! own small or*>ds1 (t5 plant cassava1 cocoanut1 & mangoes ) ! clove n only = %elt] b to secure extra crops f ! o!r trees4 ,9 ,ambo9a ! "y trees are plant$ 9 old clove or*>ds = %elt]1 & :5 ! "y trees gr[ up ! old trees are cut d[n4 ,a clayey sub/ratum1 d>k yell[ or volcanic e>?1 int]m+l$ ) gravel & d>k loam1 ) a small am\nt ( s& to r$uce its t5acity1 is ! be/ soil4 ,m>%y soil is fatal4 ,plants obta9$ f a g>d5 ( self-s[n se$s are ! be/1 b sometimes "y bran*es are laid d[n & kept moi/1 :5 !y w take root 9 ab\t six mon?s4 ,clove trees aft] be+ well root$ require b little c>e1 & z ! clove tree attracts mu* moi/ure1 little o!r h]bage w gr[ b5ea? x1 b !y mu/ be kept well we$$ or ! trees w run into wild cloves4 ,new leaves =m 9 ! wet season 9 ,may1 ! old leaves dropp+ (f z new ones come1 & soon aft] ! leaves are out ! g]m ( fruit is discov]$ & ! tree beg9s to be>4 ,! clove tree ne$s no prun+ ) ! exception ( topp+1 & no manur+ except by leaves :i* fall f ! trees1 :i* are v good f]tiliz]s4 ,! fl[]s are ( a delicate p9k color & gr[ at ! extremity ( ! bran*es4 ,!re are f n9e to fifte5 fl[]s 9 a clu/]4 ,^! clu/]s1 or bran*$ p$uncles1 are arrang$ 9 tricahatom\s t]m9al cymes1 jo9t$ to ! bran*es4 ,! unexp&$ corolla =ms a ball on ! top ( ! bud betwe5 f\r ( ! calyces4 ,! calyx is elongat$ & to x ! ov>y is unit$4 ,x tap]s d[nw>d & is ! cup ( ! unripe fruit se$1 giv+ ! se$ ! resemblance ( ! clove 7g>afa1 :i* is no d\bt a corruption ( ! ,fr5* ^w gir(le74 ,z soon z ! corolla beg9s to fade ! calyx *anges its color1 fir/ to yell[ & gre5 7,fig4 #f71 & !n to r$ 7,fig4 #e71 &1 toge!r ) ! embryo se$1 :i* is ab\t ! size ( a small pea1 is at ?is /age ( its gr[? ! clove ( comm]ce & is ready = h>ve/+4 ,if x is all[$ to rema9 on ! tree ?ree weeks long] x w gradually swell1 =m+ an oblong b]ry conta9+ "o or two cells & z _m se$s4 ,x is !n ripe1 & is kn[n z ! "m clove 7by ! native1 pal5g74 ,x has !n lo/ ! pung5t prop]ty ( ! clove & w h entirely lo/ its value z a spice1 & is valuable only = se$4 ,! clove1 !n1 we f9d compos$ ( two p>ts4 ,! "p we use is ! fl[] clove4 ,x is ab\t six-t5?s ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,x has a long cyl9drical calyx1 divid+ above into f\r po9t$ spread+ sepals1 :i* surr\nd f\r petals or leaves t are ! unexp&$ fl[]s4 ,?us ! filam5ts are roll$ into a globul> bud or head ( ! clove1 :i* is ab\t two-t5? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,! p>ts may be se5 by soak+ ! clove 9 wat]1 :5 ! leaves w s(t5 & unroll4 ,! petals are ( a light color on acc\nt ( _! num]\s oil cells1 :i* spr+ f ! base ( a f\r-sid$ epigyn\s disc ) angles direct$ t[>ds ! lobes ( ! calyx4 ,! /am5s are v num]\s1 be+ ins]t$ at ! base ( ! petals & ar*$ ov] ! /yle1 :i* is %ort & sublate & rises f depressions 9 ! c5t] ( ! disc4 ,imm$iately bel[ x1 & unit$ ) ! upp] portion ( ! calyx1 is ! ov>y1 :i* is two-cell$ & conta9s _m ovules4 ,! l[] end ( ! calyx 7hypan?ium7 has a compress$ =m1 is solid1 b has int]nal tissues :i* are f> m por\s ?an ! walls1 ! :ole calyx be+ ( a deep1 ri* br[n color4 ,x has a dull1 wr9kl$ surface & d5se1 fle%y texture1 & ab\nds 9 ess5tial oil :i* exudes on a simple pressure ( ! f+] nail4 ,! clove tree is n subject to any fungoid disease1 b x suff]s f a cat]pill> :i* (t5 /rips ! leaves 9 dry wea!r1 b ! tree w soon recov] aft] ! ra9 sets 94 ,! :ite ant also attacks ! root4 ,no rem$y is und]tak5 = ei!r ( ^! pe/s4 ,a worm also ins9uates itself into ! wood & ?\s&s ( trees sometimes p]i% f its "w4 ,h>ve/+ %\ld beg9 z soon z ! fruit is at ! prop] /age & %\ld be ru%$ ) z mu* ha/e z is possible1 or mu* ( ! crop may be lo/ by ov]-rip5+4 ,z all buds d n mature at "o "t1 x takes ab\t ?ree weeks to complete ! h>ve/4 ,clo?s are fir/ spread on ! gr\nd b5ea? ! tree4 ,! fruit mu/ be pick$ mo/ly by h&4 ,al?\gh ! twigs are easily brok51 ! h>ve/+ is v t$i\s4 ,f\r-sid$ ladd]s or movable /ages are us$ = ! l[] limbs & se$ poles = beat+ ! fruit f ! upp] bran*es1 :i* _c be rea*$ f ! ladd]s4 ,! limbs ( ! tree are s brittle t great c>e mu/ be tak5 n to break !m1 le/ ! crop = ! next ye> be injur$4 ,boys & girls f t5 to f\rte5 ye>s old1 are ! be/ help = ga!r+ ! fruit4 ,! clove & clove /ems are bo? ga!r$ at ! same "t1 & are dri$ on mats to prev5t f]m5tation4 ,^? :i* fall f ! tree are dri$ 9 ! sun%9e4 ,!y h a %rivel$ appe>ance1 dull color1 little ess5tial oil1 & are ( inf]ior value4 ,! fl[]s are next dri$1 :5 !y assume ! br[n color ( ! clove4 ,! f9e/ cloves are d>k-br[n ) a full1 p]fect head free f moi/ure4 ,! inf]ior are small] & poor] 9 ess5tial oil4 ,! dry+ process is usually by simple exposure to ! sun = sev]al days on mats1 b 9 "s places ! fl[]s are smok$ on hurdles cov]$ ) matt+ ne> a sl[ fire4 ,9 a few cases !y h be5 scald$ 9 hot wat] be=e smok+4 ,aft] ! dry+ process1 !y are ready = pack+1 if !y are brittle or readily break betwe5 ! f+]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h>ve/+ ,,cloves ,cloves are n[ export$ 9 l>ge am\nts f ,zanzib> & its neighbor+ isl& ,pemba1 tw5ty miles di/ant4 ,!y are cultivat$ !re by all classes1 f ! ,sultan to ! humble/ ( 8 subjects4 ,zanzib> cloves1 be+ v dry1 d n lose mu* 9 weight by dry+ & may be /or$ = "s "t & w n mold1 b ! ,pemba production arrives 9 a damp condition & mu/ be sold or mill$ at once to save loss f %ortage4 ,! ,zanzib> cloves are l>g] ?an ! ,pemba v>iety & h a r$di% head by :i* !y may be kn[n1 :ile ! dry ,pemba cloves1 by reason ( ! great] am\nt ( moi/ure !y conta91 h a d>k] color4 ,! ,zanzib> cloves1 be+ well cultivat$1 are v f9e1 b ! ,pemba1 hav+ m ra9s1 h an advantage ov] ! ,zanzib> 9 quantity1 b !y are lack+ 9 quality4 ,zanzib> ,isl& is fifty miles long by tw5ty miles wide1 & alone produces #g1jjj1jjj p\nds ( cloves annually1 & ,pemba a mu* l>g] quantity4 ,pemba is divid$ into two di/ricts1 ,weti 9 ! nor? & ,*aki 9 ! s\?4 ,! two isl&s produce #ij p] c5t4 ( all ! cloves rais$ 9 ! _w4 ,:ole cloves h a great aff9ity = wat]4 ,"s export]s h tak5 advantage ( ! fact by attempt+ to place _! sacks 9 a position abo>d vessels :]e !y may imbibe wat] & increase _! weight1 mu* to ! detrim5t ( ! clove4 ,cloves 9 _! natural /ate lose f #ej to #fj p] c5t4 9 dry+4 ,"o frasila ( ?irty-five p\nds ( fre%ly ga!r$ cloves is equal to b half a frasila :5 dri$4 ,! diff]5ce 9 %ortage betwe5 cloves at ,zanzib> & on _! arrival 9 ,europe is ab\t #h p] c5t4 ,only ab\t two-?irds ( a clove g>d5 is dep5d$ on = be>+1 "o-?ird be+ all[$ = b>r5 "y trees4 ,! tree 9 its native isl&s beg9s to be> :5 f f\r to five ye>s old & is at its prime at twelve ye>s2 b 9 ,ambo9a & o!r ,molucca isl&s1 ,h>uka1 ,sap>ua1 & ,naesalaut1 x does n be> mu* until x is f t5 to twelve ye>s old1 & x requires mu* m att5tion4 ,! tree yields b "o crop ea* ye>1 :i*1 on an av]age1 is ab\t sev5 p\nds4 ,a good heal?y or*>d at maturity produces ab\t #cge p\nds to ! acre1 less "o-?ird = "y trees1 or ab\t #cjj p\nds4 ,! yield is (t5 fifte5 to tw5ty p\nds to a tree1 & we h records ( trees :i* bore z high z sev5ty-five p\nds at ! age ( #aej ye>s4 ,! ord9>y life ( a tree is f tw5ty to ?irty ye>s1 ?\gh x v>ies mu* 9 diff]5t localities4 ,:5 ! clove tree becomes old & wor?less = be>+ x w h a ragg$ appe>ance4 ,cloves are %ipp$ to native ports 9 hides & are sometimes export$ 9 sacks made f split cocoanut leaves1 conta9+ #acc p\nds ea*1 call$ 8piculs10 also 9 tw5ty-two-p\nd packages call$ 8kilos40 ,!y are m (t5 export$ 9 d\ble mats 9 bags call$ 8frales10 ( eighty to #ajj p\nds 7call$ by ! natives 8mankunda074 ,^! bags are pref]r$ to gunny sacks1 ?\gh !re is m %ortage1 a fact :i* is /rangely m>k$1 s9ce ! mats1 ?\gh d\ble1 admit a l>ge am\nt ( dampness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,city ,,( ,,zanzib> ,illu/ration3 ,,view ,,( ,,zanzib> ,,h>bor ,! av]age annual consumption ( cloves ?r\gh\t ! _w has be5 e/imat$ at #aa1jjj1jjj p\nds4 ,no cloves 7 export$ f ,s+apore 9 ! ye> #aijd1 b ! city ( ,p5ang export$ 9 t ye> #g1cgc4ia wor?1 & ,colombo1 ,ceylon1 export$ #aae hundr$ weight ( cloves & mace 9 ! same ye>4 ,a transv]se section ( ! l[] "p ( a clove %[s a d>k rhomboid zone1 ! tissue on ei!r side ( :i* is ( a light] hue1 :i* is *iefly made up ( ab\t ?irty fibro-vascul> bundles1 ano!r /rong] bundle trav]s+ ! c5t] ( ! clove4 ,! out] lay] ( ?is1 b5ea? ! epid]mis & belong+ to x1 we f9d to be a debris ( no app>5t /ructure1 consi/+ ( num]\s cells & fibro-vascul> bundles )9 _! spiral vessels1 ) deep %r$s ( br[n cellul> matt] atta*$4 ,!re are also tissues bord]+ on ! oil cells4 ,^! cells are frequ5tly z _m z #cjj micro-millimet]s 9 diamet]4 ,ab\t #bjj oil cells may be c\nt$ 9 "o transv]se section1 s t ! l>ge am\nt ( ess5tial oil 9 ! drug is well %[n by its microscopic "*4 ,poll5 gra9s & sometimes :ole an!rs are pres5t & concretions ( oxalate ( lime4 ,! fibro-vascul> bundles1 z well z ! tissues bord]+ on ! oil cells1 assume a gre5i%-black hue on com+ 9 contact ) alcoholic p]*loride ( iron4 ,oil cells are l>gely di/ribut$ 9 ! leaves & petals b no />* is f\nd 9 !m4 ,! clove is v ri* 9 ess5tial oil1 conta9+ a great] proportion ?an any o!r plant4 ,! oil has a great] specific gravity ?an wat] &1 !re=e1 s9ks 9 x4 ,wat] extracts v little ( ! flavor ( cloves4 ,! oil comb9$ ) res9\s matt] 9 cloves gives !m _! pung5cy1 & _! aromatic prop]ty dep5ds on ! am\nt ( oil !y conta94 ,9 /udy+ ! /ructure ( bo? ! :ole or ! p[d]$ cloves1 an exam9ation = />* 9 ! p[d] %\ld fir/ be made 9 wat]1 z ! />* granules swell by ! use ( ! *loral-hydrate solution4 ,?is solution mu/ be us$1 h[ev]1 z ! sections & fragm5ts w n be transp>5t )\t x4 ,cloves are gr\nd on common burr /one1 b great c>e mu/ be tak5 9 gr9d+ s9ce !y conta9 s mu* oil4 ,! be/ p[d]$ cloves pres5t a ri* meal ( r$di%-br[n color & are a good prev5tive ( mo?s1 b !y det]iorate v rapidly4 ,! natives ( ,*9a & ,india use cloves to flavor _! rice2 ! oil is also us$ = m$ic9al purposes4 ,cloves1 /ems1 & leaves are %ipp$ 9 l>ge quantities f ,zanzib> = adult]at+ ! p[d]$ clove & are call$ 8vikunia02 by ! native1 8swahil02 ,fr5*1 8griff]s de gir(le10 8p$uncles de gir(le02 ,italy1 8fu/i& ba/or5i02 ,lat91 8/iptes c>yophylli40 ,!y =m a dull1 gray-color$ p[d] & yield only #e to #f p] c5t4 ( volatile oil1 &1 ( c\rse1 h only a correspond+ p]c5tage ( ! /r5g? or value ( ! true clove 7! root yields #j4jd p] c5t474 ,on acc\nt ( _! ne> appe>ance 9 color & flavor to ! p[d]$ clove1 & p>ticul>ly = _! *eapness1 !y are mu* s\ght = by ! mill] ( spices1 z he c ?us sell 8 mixture at a price mu* bel[ ! m>ket value ( ! true p[d]$ clove4 ,?is adult]ant may be easily detect$ by ! microscope1 :i* w reveal _! ?ick-wall$1 h>d1 fl9ty /one cells & long1 yell[1 fibr\s tissue1 z simil> /ructures are n f\nd 9 ! cloves 9 su* abundance4 ,! fruit ( ! clove1 if add$1 conta9s />* granules1 :i* are n pres5t 9 ! meal ( ! leaves & /ems4 ,(t5 ! ess5tial oil is press$ f ! :ole cloves & !y are !n rubb$ 9 oil betwe5 ! h&s & mix$ ) cloves :i* drop f ! trees2 bo? are !n mix$ ) good cloves1 & all are sold z prime /ock4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 easily detect$ by _! pale color & %runk5 appe>ance & lack ( pung5cy4 ,on "o occasion sev]al bags ( artificial :ole cloves arriv$ 9 ,london f ,zanzib>1 neatly manufactur$ by ma*9]y f s(t deal wood /a9$ a d>k color & soak$ 9 a solution ( ess5ce ( cloves to give !m ! requir$ sc5t4 ,^u inve/igation x 0 f\nd t ?is manufactur$ article _h be5 import$ into ,zanzib> f ,am]ica4 ,a great _m fl[]s ( plants conta9 ! flavor or p]fumes ( cloves4 ,among ^! are ! fl[]s ( ! lettsomia bana-nox1 call$ by ! natives ( ,bangal 8kulmiluta40 ,! fl[]s :i* are produc$ 9 ra9y seasons are l>ge & pure :ite1 exp&+ at sunset ) a /rong flavor ( cloves1 b !y )] at sunrise4 ,sometimes ! fl[] buds ( ,dicypellium c>yophyllatum ( ,brazil1 :i* has a b>k call$ clove cassia1 are us$ z sub/itute = cloves 7also call$ ,brazilian clove b>k74 ,cloves are l>gely adult]at$ ) roa/$ rye & :5 ! price ( cloves is high1 pim5to or ,jamaica pepp] is (t5 us$ z a mixture4 ,?is adult]ant may be detect$ by ! microscope by reason ( ! ?ick walls ( ! cells1 :i* are n pres5t 9 cloves1 z well z by ! quantity ( />* granules :i* are n visible 9 ! gr\nd clove4 ,! ess5tial oil ( cloves is a mixture ( two oils1 "o a hydroc>bon isom]ic ) oil ( turp5t9e & ! o!r an oxyg5at$ oil eug5ol or eug5ic acid1 :i* possesses ! ta/e & odor ( cloves1 dep5d+ on ! am\nt ( eug5ol x conta9s4 ,?is am\nt may be e/imat$ by sep>ation z foll[s3 ,%ake ?ree p>ts ( ! oil ) a solution compos$ ( "o "p cau/ic pota% or soda 9 t5 p>ts ( wat]2 press ! cry/all9e pa/e ( eug5ol alkali :i* =ms2 take (f ! press residue ) wat]2 decompose ) hydro*loric acid2 wa% ! lib]at$ eug5ol ) wat]1 dry x ) calcium *loride & !n rectify4 ,clove oil is (t5 adult]at$ ) ph5ol4 ,?is adult]ant may be detect$ by %ak+ ! oil ) fifty times its volume ( hot wat]2 aft] cool+1 x is decant$ & conc5trat$ at a g5tle heat to a small bulk2 !n a drop ( liquid ammonia & a p9* ( *loride are dropp$ on ! surface2 if ph5ol is pres5t ! liquor w assume a gre5 color1 :i* *anges to a blue %ade1 :i* w rema9 = a numb] ( days2 if n adult]at$1 no coloration w be produc$4 ,clove oil is fir/ colorless1 or yell[1 & d>k5s ) age & by exposure to ! air4 ,x consi/s ( sesquialt]al & an oxyg5at$ oil1 ! fir/ pass+ ov] ) vapor ( wat]1 call$ 8light oil ( cloves40 ,:5 ! crude oil is di/ill$ ) /rong pota% ( lye1 its composition is ,c#ae;,h#bd1 specific gravity #j4aij at #ae degrees ,c41 its boil+ po9t #bea degrees to #bed degrees ,c41 its optical p[] be+ v light4 ,! o!r1 :i* is ! eug5ol1 is ! *ief con/itu5t4 ,its composition is ,c#aj;,h#ab,o#b4 ,?is con/itu5t exi/s to ! ext5t ( #gf to #he p] c5t41 :ile v f9e may conta9 #ij4fd p] c5t4 9 ! oil ( cloves1 9 direct proportion to ! quality ( ! product4 ,good oil ( cloves %\ld h a specific gravity ( #a4jfg at #ae degrees ,c41 & %\ld be freely soluble 9 alcohol at #ij p] c5t4 ,an adult]ation by turp5t9e w\ld l[] ! specific gravity & dim9i% ! solubility 9 alcohol4 ,eug5ol is a /rongly refractive liquid ) ! *>act]i/ic smell & ! burn+ ta/e ( cloves1 & by exposure to ! air x becomes br[n2 on fusion ) cau/ic pota% x yields protocate*uic acid conv]tible into vanill9 by action ( potassium p]manganate4 ,eug5ol is also f\nd 9 pim5to & 9 ! leaves ( c9namon & ( _m o!r trees & has be5 artificially produc$ by ! action ( sodium amalgam on conif]yl alcohol4 ,pure eug5ol has a specific gravity ( #a4jgb at #ae degrees2 its boil+ po9t is #bec degrees to #bdc degrees ,c41 & x =ms a cle> solution 9 #a p] c5t4 ( cau/ic pota% solution4 ,clove oil has be5 f\nd to conta9 "s salicylic acid1 :i* gives ! gre5i% blue coloration :5 x is br\ght 9 contact ) an alcoholic solution ( p]*loride ( iron1 & produces ! int5se violet color :5 x is agitat$ ) metallic r$uc$ iron4 ,?is acid may be isolat$ by agitat+ ! oil ) a solution ( c>bonate ( ammonia4 ,c>yophyll9 7,c#aj;,h#ah,o71 a neutral1 ta/eless1 inodor\s sub/ance1 isom]ic ) common camphor1 cry/allizable 9 prismatic ne$les1 has also be5 f\nd 9 cloves by extract+ ) e!r cloves previ\sly depriv$ ( ! great] "p ( _! ess5tial oil by a little alcohol4 ,cloves also conta9 #af p] c5t4 ( a peculi> tannic acid1 #ac p] c5t4 ( gum1 & ab\t #ah p] c5t4 ( wat] & extractive matt]4 ,! *emical composition ( cloves diff]s to q an ext5t 9 ! diff]5t c\ntries :]e !y gr[--,ambo9a1 #ai p] c5t42 ,zanzib>1 #ag4e p] c5t4 ,wat]1 #aa4jj to #b4ge ,a%1 #ac4jj to #e4jj ,volatile ,oil1 #ba4jj to #i4jj ,fix$ ,oil & ,res91 #aa4jj to #d4jj ,crude ,fib]1 #aj4jj to #f4jj ,album9oids1 #h4jj to #d4jj ,c(fee oil is lea/ volatile ( any ess5tial oil & is obta9$ f ! fl[] buds & ! fl[] /alks ( cloves by aque\s di/illation4 ,?is di/illation is l>gely c>ri$ on 9 ,engl&1 & ! proportion ( oil may am\nt to #af or #bj p] c5t41 b1 to extract ! :ole1 di/illation mu/ be long cont9u$2 ! wat] be+ return$ to ! same mat]ial4 ,! oil is a colorless or yell[i% liquid l all clove oil1 ) a p[]ful odor & flavor ( cloves1 v>y+ 9 specific gravity f #a4jdf to #a4jeh4 ,x comb9es well ) grease1 soap1 & spirits1 & is l>gely us$ 9 p]fum]y1 & 9 ,g]many x is (t5 adult]at$ ) c>bolic acid 7ph5ol74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,g+]4 7,amomum ,z+ib]7 #a ,leaf /alk #b ,fl[]s #c ,co*9 g+] #d ,african #e ,jamaica ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,g+] ,g+] black or g+] :ite ,w furni% w>m? 9 colde/ night4 ,)\t g+] h[ _m w\ld miss ,a g+] cookie = little ,sis4 ,,g+] 7(fic9ale 7,roscoe7 amomum z+ib]1 national ord] z+ib]aceoe ,l9n41 mon&ria monogynia74 ,fr5*1 ,g+embre2 ,g]man1 ,+w]2 ,lat91 ,z+ib]2 ,italian1 ,z5zev]o2 ,spani%1 ,g5gibre2 ,portuguese1 ,g5giu>e4 ,z a rule1 spices gr[ above gr\nd1 b g+] is an exception1 x be+ ! roots or rhizomes ( ,z+ib]4 ,! root is h]bace\s & creep+1 tub]\s1 & ( a some:at flatt5$ r\ndi% =m1 m>k$ ) r+s4 ,x is difficult to fix ! orig9al habits ( ! g+] plant1 & x appe>s to be an unsettl$ "q z to its native c\ntry1 :e!r x be ,asia or ,brazil1 b 9 its wild /ate x w\ld sugge/ ,asia4 ,its hi/ory dates back to a v e>ly p]iod4 ,v9c5t's 8,comm]ce & ,navigation ( ! ,anci5ts0 speaks ( ! imports ( x f ! ,r$ ,sea into ,alex&ria 9 ! second c5tury4 ,x has be5 kn[n 9 ,india f a v remote p]iod1 ! ,greek & ,lat9 names = g+] be+ d]iv$ f ! ,sanskrit4 ,! ,greek "n = g+] is conc$$ to h be5 tak5 f its ,p]sian application4 ,g+] is indig5\s to ,*9a1 & _m lead+ au?orities av] t x d]ives its "n g+] 9 ,*9a1 :]e x =m]ly grew abundantly1 & t ! plant 0 fir/ call$ g+i at t place4 ,x 0 common 9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies & 0 next 9 value to pepp]1 :i* 0 mo/ common ( all spices4 ,x 0 ?\ght by ! ,greeks & ,romans to h be5 a product ( ,s\!rn ,arabia & 0 receiv$ by !m by way ( ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,pl9y describes x z com+ f ,arabia4 ,! ,romans fix$ a duty on g+]1 :i* is m5tion$ among o!r ,indian spices1 & g+] is m5tion$ 9 ! li/s ( dutiable goods ( ! ,middle ,ages1 %[+ t x con/itut$ an important item ( comm]ce betwe5 ,europe & ! ,ea/4 ,?is duty 0 levi$ 9 ,p>is 9 #abif2 ,b>celona1 #abba2 ,m>seilles1 #abbh4 ,g+] appe>s to h be5 well kn[n 9 ,engl& be=e ! ,norman conque/1 s9ce x is (t5 ref]r$ to 9 ! ,anglo-,saxon books ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,m>co ,polo appe>s to h se5 ! g+] plant1 bo? 9 ,india & ,*9a1 ab\t #abhj1 & "s ( ! mission>y fri>s :o visit$ ,india ab\t #abib give a description ( ! plant & ref] to x z be+ dug up & transplant$4 ,! ,v5etian m]*ants 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury describe ! plant z se5 by !m 9 ,india1 &1 ?\gh ! ,v5etians receiv$ g+] by way ( ,egypt1 "s ( ! sup]ior k9ds 7 tak5 f ,india ov]l& via ,afghani/an1 ,p]sia1 & ,turkey1 & ! ,black ,sea1 !n ?r\gh ! ,d>danelles to ! ,m$it]ranean & to ! ,european m>ket4 ,francis de ,m5doza is said to h fir/ introduc$ x into ,am]ica 9 #aedg1 br++ x f ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,!re is good pro( ( its hav+ be5 %ipp$ = comm]cial purposes f ,san ,dom+o 9 #aehe1 & z e>ly z #aedg consid]able quantities 7 s5t f ! ,we/ ,indies to ,spa94 ,! plant endures a wide range ( climate4 ,x may be gr[n at ! sea level or 9 high m\nta9 regions1 provid+ ! ra9fall be abundant or irrigation be adapt$4 ,x is f\nd cultivat$ f ! ,himalaya ,m\nta9s1 #e1jjj feet above sea level1 to ,cape ,comor94 ,x is n[ f\nd 9 ,s\!a/]n ,asia1 9 "s ( ! isl&s ( ! ,malayan ,ar*ipelago1 on ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ! ,we/ ,indies1 &1 9 fact1 almo/ all w>m c\ntries1 includ+ ,*9a & ,japan1 :i* are l>ge export]s ( g+]4 ,! city ( ,calcutta 7,city ( ,palaces71 f two words1 ,kali-ghatta1 signify+ ! l&+ place ( ! ,goddess ,kali1 9 ,b5gal ,india1 exports m ?an any o!r city 9 ! _w4 ,! f9e/ :ite g+]1 :i* is mo/ 9 dem&1 comes f ,jamaica4 ,! acreage is n l>ge1 am\nt+ to only #cej acres 9 #ahia2 x probably does n n[ mu* exce$ #djj acres1 b improv$ me?ods ( cultivation h increas$ ! av]age yield p] acre to a l>ge am\nt4 ,g+] is f\nd 9 ! foll[+ di/ricts ( ,india3 ,mahur1 ,massa1 ,patra1 ,d>ra1 ,ko?i1 ,kotahi1 ,bagal1 & ,jayal4 ,x is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ,kwang-tung prov9ce1 ,*9a4 ,! di/rict ( ,nan-hai1 :i* belongs to ! city ( ,canton1 produces a great] quantity & bett] quality ?an any o!r ( ! neighbor+ di/ricts4 ,! indep5d5t tribes ( ! ,miso-tsu1 9 ! m\nta9s ( ! nor?we/]n bord] ( ! same prov9ce1 produce mu* g+]1 z does also ,co*9 ,*9a1 f :i* ! fam\s ,co*9 g+] d]ives its "n4 ,9 ! di/rict ( ,hs9-hs+1 ab\t ?irty miles s\? ( ! city ( ,*ao-,*+1 on ! ,we/ ,riv]1 ?ree-t5?s ( ! flatl& & sev5-t5?s ( ! cultivat$ soil 9 ! hills are plant$ ) g+]4 ,a di/9ction is made betwe5 flatl& g+] 79 ,canton dialect t5-keung7 :i* is g5]ally s(t & t5d]1 & m\nta9 g+] 7%an keung7 :i* is brittle & pung5t4 ,?ree k9ds ( g+] 7 kn[n among ! m]*ants ( ,italy ab\t ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! fir/ 0 bell$i or baladi 7an ,arabic "n71 :i*1 z appli$ to g+]1 w\ld signify 8c\ntry0 or 8wild10 & d5otes common g+]4 ,second3 ,calomb9a1 :i* ref]s to ,calumbum1 ,kolam or ,quilon1 a port 9 ,travancore1 frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,?ird3 ,mic*9o1 a "n :i* d5ot$ t ! spice _h be5 br\ght f or by way ( ,mecca4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bird',s-,,eye ,,view ,,( ,,co*9 ,illu/ration3 ,,clean ,,& ,,airy ,,*[r+hee ,,road 7,esplanade at ,left7 ,,look+ ,,nor? ,,ov] ,,calcutta1 ,,india ,copyright by ,und]wood & ,und]wood1 ,n4 ,y4 ,x is inf]r$ f ! exam9ation ( specim5s ( pres]v$ g+] t are s5t abroad f ,*9a t ! ,*9ese h a species unkn[n 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,?is inf]5ce is 9 h>mony ) ! well-kn[n ,*9ese secretiv5ess1 a *>act]i/ic ( ?is /range p :i* is n only inbr$ b also inborn4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t "s o!r plant :i* is n true g+] may be us$ 9 mak+ ! celebrat$ ,canton pres]v$ g+]1 b1 :ile ?is possibility is suspect$1 x has n be5 prov54 ,! ,briti% & ,am]ican m>kets d]ive _! supply ( g+] f v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! pr9cipal k9ds f\nd 9 comm]ce are ,jamaica 7,fig4 #e71 ,co*9 7,fig4 #c71 & ,african 7,fig4 #d71 ! ,si]ra ,leone di/rict produc+ ! bulk ( ! ,african4 ,al?\gh ea* ( ^! 9 its turn has sev]al v>ieties & qualities1 ! be/ & mo/ valu$ k9d ( all is ,jamaica 7,fig4 #e71 & next to x is ! ,co*9 7,fig4 #c74 ,! ,co*9 :5 blea*$ resembles ,jamaica to "s ext5t4 ,g+] is classifi$ into sev]al species1 z ! n>r[ leaf1 ! broad leaf1 & ! ,japanese r$ leaf2 ! n>r[ leaf be+ ! mo/ e/eem$4 ,g+] ?rives be/ on ri* clay or cool loam soil t is well dra9$4 ,new l& :i* has be5 pl[$ b two or ?ree times is be/ adapt$ to its cultivation4 ,! gr\nd %\ld be dug up & cle>$ ( we$s4 ,! plant w n gr[ 9 dry s& or h>d clay soil4 ,g+]1 be+ an und]gr\nd /em ( tub]\s-appe>+ roots1 takes its botanical "n1 rhizome1 f ! ,spani% ^w rais1 a root4 ,^! roots are kn[n 9 comm]ce z races1 & 9 ,jamaica z h&s1 f _! irregul> palmate =m4 ,! real roots are ! fib]s ?r[n (f ! rhizomes4 ,x is a p]5nial1 re$-l plant1 simil> 9 appe>ance to our iris or flag root1 two a]ial /ems be+ ?r[n up f ea* ( ! und]gr\nd roots 7,fig4 #a71 :i* soon rise above gr\nd to ! height ( ?ree or f\r feet4 ,! fir/ ( ! %oots ?r[n up be>s ! leaves1 & ! second or %ort] /em1 ! fl[]s1 :i* blossom 9 ,augu/ 7rhodon7 or ,septemb]4 ,at ?is "t ! gr\nd w be cov]$ by ! spread ( ! leaves :i* )] & fade at ! close ( ! ye>1 :5 ! root is 9 a ripe /ate & is ready = h>ve/+4 ,! leaves are alt]nate1 bright-gre51 smoo?1 & tap]+ or lanceolate at bo? ends1 ) v %ort petioles :i* gradually div]ge f ! /em until !y are ne>ly horizontal1 sev5 or eight in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! fl[]s are borne on ! %ort] sep>ate /em 7,fig4 #b71 av]ag+ f six to twelve in*es high at ! apex ( ! /ems4 ,!y appe> 9 d5se1 ovate1 oblong1 cane-l spikes f two to ?ree in*es long1 compos$ ( obtuse1 /rongly imbricat$ bracts or scales ) membran\s m>g9s betwe5 ea* bract1 enclos+ a s+le small yell[i%-:ite sessile fl[] ) purple or blue m>k+1 & h an agreeable fragrance4 ,! g+] plant+ takes place 9 ,m>* & ,april :5 ! ra9y season beg9s4 ,! cle>$ l&s are made into b$s ) a little rais$ edge :i* =ms tr5*es betwe5 ! b$s 7see illu/ration71 ) op5+s betwe5 to all[ ! wat] to run (f1 =1 if all[$ to /& on ! b$s1 x w cause ! tub]s to rot1 & sometimes ! b$s are rais$ betwe5 ! r[s to eighte5-in* squ>es1 two r[s be+ plant$ on ea* ridge1 ! sides be+ p]p5dicul>4 ,propagation is effect$ by divisions ( ! protub]ances ( ! roots :i* are brok5 9 small pieces1 "o or two in*es 9 l5g?1 c>e be+ tak5 to leave at lea/ "o %ort bud on ea* cutt+2 !y are !n plant$ 9 well-brok5 b$s f\r in*es deep1 9 ! manur$ holes 9 ! tr5*es made 9 ! b$s :i* are n9e to twelve in*es ap>t & are %ad$ ) bu%es1 :i* are replac$ 9 t5 days by twigs4 ,! l& mu/ be kept well we$$ dur+ ,may1 ,june1 & ,july4 ,x is well to cov] ! l& half an in* deep ) a mold ( dead leaves1 & :5 x ra9s ! wat] w be impregnat$ ) manure :i* filt]s readily ?r\gh ! leaves to ! roots1 & !y mu/ be kept wat]$ 9 dry times4 ,! rhizome sometimes gr[s to a great size2 (t5 a s+le root w weigh "o p\nd4 ,x is a great impovi%] ( l& & ! same gr\nd %\ld n be us$ m ?an two consecutive ye>s1 & x is bett] to use x b "o ye>4 ,! yield is #d1jjj p\nds & upw>ds to an acre1 ea* plant produc+ ab\t eight tub]s1 & eight to t5 times m 9 weight ?an ! am\nt plant$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mak+ ,a ,,g+] ,,g>d5 ,illu/ration3 ,,hoe+ ,,g+] ,! g+] ( comm]ce v>ies 9 =m f s+le jo9ts an in* or less 9 l5g? to flatti%1 irregul>ly bran*$ pieces ( sev]al jo9ts f ?ree to f\r in*es long4 ,ea* bran* has a depression at its summit1 %[+ ! =m] atta*m5t ( a leafy /em4 ,! color 9 its natural /ate is a pale buff4 ,x has a some:at r\gh or fibr\s appe>ance1 break+ ) a %ort1 mealy fracture1 & pres5t+ on ! surface ( ! brok5 p>ts num]\s %ort1 bri/ly fib]s4 ,:5 "y1 x has a light color1 int]nally s(t1 & *ang+ to gre5i%4 ,z x gr[s old] x becomes grey outside & r$di% int]nally4 ,:5 ready = digg+ ! texture becomes fibr\s & firm & heavy1 & :5 dri$ x is cov]$ ) wr9kl$ /riat$ br[n integum5ts :i* give x a crude appe>ance1 :i* is less develop$ on ! flat surface &1 int]nally1 x is less bright & delicate ?an g+] f :i* ! cuticle "p has be5 remov$4 ,! be/ pieces ( g+] root are collect$ at ! h>ve/ & ?r[n into heaps & cov]$ ) c[ manure to keep ! roots f dry+ = ! next plant+4 ,! scrap$ g+]1 or m>r[1 has a pale hue & breaks readily & mod]ately %ort1 ! y\ng] & t]m9al portions appe>+ pale yell[1 be+ s(t & />*y1 :ile ! long] transv]se sections ( ! m p]fect & out] p>ts are h>d1 fl9ty1 & res9\s1 surr\nd+ a f>9ace\s c5t] :i* has a speckl$ appe>ance f ! cut extremities ( ! fib]s & ducts4 ,! ext]nal lay] ( coat$ g+] is sep>at$1 ab\t "o millimet] broad1 by a f9e l9e f ! :iti% mealy int]ior portion1 ?r\gh ! tissue ( :i* num]\s vascul> bundles & res9 cells are irregul>ly scatt]$4 ,! ext]nal tissue consi/s ( loose out] lay] & an inn] compos$ ( tubul> cells4 ,^! are foll[$ by peculi> %ort p>5*ymat\s cells1 ! walls ( :i* are s9u\s on a transv]se section1 & p>tially ?ick5$1 imp>t+ a horny appe>ance4 ,?is delicate1 felt$ tissue =ms ! /riat$ surface ( scrap$ g+] & is ! pr9cipal seat ( ! res9 & volatile oil1 :i* "h fill l>ge spaces1 ! pr9cipal con/itu5ts be+ ( ! p>5*ymat\s cells load$ ) />* & res94 ,! volatile oil gives g+] its odor2 ! res91 pung5cy4 ,! />* granules are irregul>ly sph]ical 9 =m1 atta9+ at ! utmo/ =ty millimet]s 9 diamet]4 ,c]ta9 v>ieties ( g+]1 ow+ to ! />* hav+ be5 r5d]$ gelat9\s by scald+1 are ?r\gh\t horny & transluc5t4 ,! circle ( vascul> bundles :i* sep>ates ! out] lay]s & ! c5tral portion is n>r[ & has ! /ructure ( ! correspond+ circle or nucleus %ea? ( tum]ic4 7,see illu/rations #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 ,*ap4 ,,iii2 illu/ration #ab %[s g+] adult]at$2 #ac & #ad pure47 ,coat$ g+] has usually a less bright1 delicate hue ?an g+] f :i* ! cuticle "p has be5 remov$1 mu* ( x be+ d>k1 horny1 & res9\s4 ,g+] diff]s 9 quality & 9 comm]cial value 9 diff]5t localities4 ,x is also influ5c$ by ! cultivation1 h>ve/+1 & prep>ation1 b all true g+] has ! same />*y1 fibr\s rhizome2 ! be/ quality is plump1 ) little or no epid]mis1 :ile ! inf]ior quality is frequ5tly coat$ & is n s plump4 ,borneo or ,co*9 7,fig4 #c7 7or blea*$ g+]7 is said to be produc$ by submitt+ ! root to ! action ( ! fumes ( burn+ sulphur or by wa%+ x 9 *loride ( lime1 b by *emical analysis x has be5 f\nd t ! blea*$ appe>ance is due to ! application ( common :itewa% to ! root1 :i* is du/$ ov] :ile wet ) m>ble du/4 ,?is treatm5t1 ( c\rse1 injures ! quality ( ! root4 ,illu/ration3 ,,k+/on1 ,,jamaica ,! ,co*9 g+] is :at is call$ ! :ite g+]4 ,x is prep>$ by wa%+ & scrap+ ! roots "o at a "t4 ,?is process takes mu* "t1 & ! only b5efit to be d]iv$ f x is t x makes ! root m agreeable to ! eye1 & = t reason causes x to br+ a mu* high] price4 ,at ! "t ( digg+ ! rhizomes boil+ is kept 9 ! field ) frequ5t *ang+ ( wat]1 & ! roots int5d$ = m>ket are plung$ into ! boil+ wat] & all[$ to rema9 = ab\t t5 m9utes4 ,?is process injures ! aromatic spirits ( ! g+]4 ,at ! fir/ ( ! ye>1 9 ,janu>y or ,febru>y1 ! h>ve/+ takes place4 ,! =m 9 :i* g+] is h>ve/$ diff]s 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,9 "s c\ntries ! g+] is dri$ ) ! epid]mis remov$4 ,?is is kn[n z scrap$ g+]4 ,9 o!r c\ntries ! g+] is h>ve/$ )\t remov+ ! epid]mis4 ,^! two =ms ( ! product are kn[n comm]cially z coat$ & uncoat$ g+]4 ,! scrap$ g+] is export$ mo/ly f ,co*9 & ,brazil1 ! coat$ f ,africa & f a di/rict ( ,india1 & is kn[n z ,malab> g+]4 ,x is export$ f ! city ( ,calcutta4 ,:5 ! roots are fir/ dug !y are plac$ 9 baskets susp5d$ by ropes & are pull$ by two m5 ) ropes at ea* end ( ! basket = two h\rs ea* day = two days1 giv+ !m a good %ak+ up to remove ! scales & rootlets4 ,! rhizomes are next spread on a rais$ plat=m to dry = eight days & are !n %ak51 :5 two m days' dry+ puts !m 9 keep+ /ate = ! m>ket4 ,!y are put up 9 p>cels ( "o hundr$ p\nds ea*4 ,! product is kn[n z black g+]4 ,) prop] c>e mu* money might be made by cultivat+ g+] 9 ,india1 b s9ce ?is crop receives b little c>e x has b a small m>ket value4 ,! roots _m times are c>$ = by simply sme>+ ) c[ manure4 ,!y are hung ab\t huts to dry & become %rivel$ & dirty1 & al?\gh !y may be well smok$1 !y w be badly bor$ by ! bamboo insects4 ,india g+] is q simil> to ,african & is kn[n 9 comm]ce z ,calcutta 7n %[n 9 illu/ration71 f ! city ( export & is l>gely us$ = flavor+4 ,x also is sup]ior = g+] snaps1 g+] be]1 & g+] w9e4 ,! ,african & ,b>badoes diff] f ! ,india by ! epid]mis be+ less %rivel$4 ,!y are n s h>d or d>k1 & are sometimes scrap$ & blea*$ & made :ite by ! *emical process ( *loride ( lime1 a process :i* impairs ! quality ( ! product b increases its m>ket value4 ,! blea*+ & coat+ ) gypsum or c>bonate ( lime is a process (t5 appli$ to old & inf]ior roots to make !m salable by mak+ !m m attractive to ! eye4 ,! ,jamaica is ! be/ g+] & is always told by its pale1 bright-yell[ color4 ,! real m>r[ or :ite g+] 7,z+ib] album7 is obta9$ f ! scrap$ ,jamaica g+]1 :i* is free f res9 & w give up prop]ties to wat] v readily1 a fact :i* makes x v valuable = m$ic9al use4 ,*9a pres]v$ g+] has a m agreeable aromatic flavor ?an t ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 & ! celebrat$ ,canton pres]v$ excels all o!r pres]v$ g+]4 ,! syrup wat]s drawn (f are us$ = cool dr9ks4 ,canton export$ = ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! ye> #aije #fej piculs ( pres]v$ g+] ( #acc p\nds ea*4 ,:5 ! tub]s are int5d$ = sug>-press$ g+]1 !y are dug 9 e>ly spr+1 :ile gre51 to obta9 t :i* is "y1 t5d]1 & full ( juice4 ,! s(t1 succul5t1 p]5nial rhizomes at su* times r>ely exce$ five to six in*es 9 l5g? & are kn[n z gre5 g+]4 ,!y are buri$ 9 ano!r place = a mon? & are !n dri$ 9 ! sun%9e = "o day1 aft] :i* !y are fit = gre5 g+]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,canton1 ,,*9a ,illu/ration3 ,,m&eville1 ,,jamaica ,pres]v$ g+] 7,condition ,zangib>is7 is prep>$ by clean+ ! gre5 root1 :i* is dug :5 "y & t5d] & full ( sap1 be=e x is h>d & woody1 & scald+ x until x is suffici5tly t5d]4 ,x is next put into cold wat] & peel$ & scrap$ gradually1 an op]ation :i* may la/ ?ree or f\r days1 ! wat] be+ *ang$ (t54 ,aft] ?is x is put into glass j>s & cov]$ ) a ?9 or weak syrup :i*1 9 two or ?ree days1 is *ang$ = a ri*] syrup4 ,sometimes ev5 a ?ird syrup is p\r$ (f = ! f\r? & yet ?ick] syrup1 b n (t54 ,! syrup w be v ?ick & ! g+] w be bright & ne>ly transp>5t4 ,! foll[+ rule = mak+ pres]v$ g+] is infallible3 ,let ! "y tub]s boil = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 !n peel (f ! discolor$ & h>d p>ts4 ,next boil "o p\nd loaf sug> 9 six p9ts ( wat] & p\r ! syrup ov] twelve p\nds ( ! cook$ g+] 9 a j>4 ,let x /& = "o week1 :5 ! syrup is drawn (f & ! g+] is aga9 boil$ & treat$ to ano!r syrup l ! fir/ & left to /& ano!r week1 :5 aga9 ! syrup %\ld be drawn (f ?r\gh a f9e sieve4 ,return ! g+] to ! /one j> & p\r ov] x ! f9al syrup1 made ( twelve p9ts ( boil+ wat] & twelve p\nds ( loaf sug>1 boil$ & /irr$ until x is z ?ick z good honey1 & w drop sl[ly f a silv] spoon1 ! g+] hav+ be5 previ\sly cov]$ ) boil+ wat] & all[$ to rema9 until cool4 ,x is next plac$ 9 ! bottles or j>s = :i* x is int5d$1 9 small pieces1 z closely z !y w pack1 up to ! cork1 s t !re w be no room = air4 ,x is !n cork$ ) a good1 new cork4 ,c&i$ g+] is dri$1 spr9kl$ ) sug>1 & is import$ 9 boxes4 ,9 ord] to p[d] g+] root x mu/ fir/ be pass$ ?r\gh a crack] ma*9e1 z x is call$1 to r$uce x to a prop] size = fe$+ 9 a mill4 ,! mill consi/s ( a roll] provid$ ) v co>se tee?1 :i* revolve ?r\gh simil> /ation>y tee?2 ! mat]ial is reta9$ by a semi-circul> p]=at$ plate until x is r$uc$ to ! size ( ! p]=ation1 or ab\t ! size ( a c(fee bean1 :5 x is !n ready = ! burr /ones4 ,9 gr\nd g+] little ( its /ructure is se5 beyond ! />*y gra9s :i* c readily be di/+ui%$ by _! %ape & by _! fibr\s1 vascul> bundles :i* are easily traceable4 ,9 ! unscrap$ g+] ! out] horny lay] is to be se51 b n di/9ct 9 its "* at any "t1 & :5 scald+ ( ! rhizomes takes place1 ! />* gra9s are swoll5 & x is m difficult to f9d ! =eign p>ticles4 ,good p[d]$ g+] %\ld h ! fib]s tak5 out by sift+4 ,! be/ g+] cuts pale1 b bright1 ) a v>i$ color1 bo? outside & inside4 ,its consi/5cy is asc]ta9$ by cutt+1 & v>ies f h>d to s(t or1 z is t]m$ 9 ! trade1 fl9ty1 ! s(t be+ ! be/4 ,! popul> m$ic9al /imulant kn[n z ,jamaica g+] extract is an alcoholic extract ( g+] root1 & is (t5 resort$ to by old top]s :o c no long] be satisfi$ ) :iskey4 ,salable ess5ce ( g+] is made by tak+ "o p9t ( /rong t9cture ( ! f9e/ ,jamaica1 to :i* add 9 small portions at a "t f9ely p[d]$ slack$ lime1 %ak+ vigor\sly aft] ea* addition1 until ! t9cture ceases to lose color1 !n ?r[ ! :ole ^u a filt] & pass ?r\gh ! residue pro( _s until ! product w measure two p9ts4 ,next add1 drop by drop1 dilut$ sulphuric acid until ! ri* yell[ ( ! t9cture sudd5ly disappe>s4 ,let x /& tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 dilute ) wat] to f\r p9ts1 & %ake ) a little p[d]$ pumice or silica & filt] at #j degrees ,c41 if possible4 ,g+] loz5ges are us$ z a confection]y :i* frequ5tly b5efits dyspepsia & g5]ally enc\rages fle%4 ,g+]-be] p[d]s are made by mix+ two ounces ( :ite sug> ) tw5ty-six gra9s ( bic>bonate ( soda1 five gra9s ( p[d]$ g+]1 & "o drop ( ess5ce ( lemon1 put 9 :ite pap]4 ,9 blue pap] put half ounce ( t>t>ic acid4 ,9 dr9k+ use 9 ! same way z seidlitz p[d]4 ,! foll[+ is a good recipe = mak+ g+] be]1 & x has a high m$ical au?ority z yield+ a v sup]ior bev]age1 & "o t w keep = sev]al mon?s3 ,:ite sug>1 tw5ty p\nds2 lemon juice1 eighte5 fluid ounces2 honey1 "o p\nd2 bruis$ g+]1 tw5ty-two ounces2 wat]1 eighte5 gallons4 ,boil ! g+] 9 ?ree gallons ( wat] = half an h\r1 !n add ! sug>1 ! lemon juice1 & ! honey ) ! rema9d] ( ! wat]1 & /ra9 ?r\gh a clo?2 :5 cold1 add ! :ite ( "o egg & half an ounce ( ess5ce ( lemon2 aft] /&+ = f\r or five days1 bottle4 ,! bottles %\ld be laid on _! sides 9 a cell>1 & ! be] is ready = use 9 ab\t ?ree weeks4 ,if a little yea/ has be5 us$ ! be] is ready 9 ab\t two days1 b 9 ?is case ! be] does n keep well4 ,illu/ration3 ,,montego ,illu/ration3 ,,port ,,royal1 ,,jamaica ,! pr9cipal consumption ( g+] is n only z a useful aromatic spice1 b :5 appli$ to ! no/rils x acts z an irritant & produces sneez+4 ,! native doctors prize x highly z a /imulant4 ,x is especially valu$ = p>alytic & rheumatic tr\bles1 & also = int]mitt5t fev]s4 ,europeans (t5 use infusions ( g+] = delicate n]ves 9 place ( tea4 ,! gre5 root cut into /rips & /eep$ is ?\ght to be sup]ior to ! dri$ root4 ,rhizome *ew$ relieves too?a*e & p[]fully increases ! fl[ ( saliva1 & to ! /oma* x op]ates z a /imulant1 fir/ to ! alim5t>y canal &1 secondly1 to ! body 9 g5]al1 especially ! organs ( respiration4 ,9 enfeebl$ & relax$ habits1 especially ( old & g\ty individuals1 x promotes dige/ion & relieves flatul5cy & spasms ( ! /oma* & b[els4 ,x *ecks & prev5ts nausea & grip+1 :i* is sometimes produc$ by "s dra/ic purgative1 & a g+] pla/] :5 appli$ to ! =ehead w relieve heada*e4 ,:5 p[d]$ & us$ ) hot wat] & appli$ ext]nally x produces a s5sation ( int5se heat1 & slight r$ness1 & adds cordial qualities to ! tonic4 ,p[d]$ g+] may be tak5 9 doses ( t5 gra9s or m 9 ! =m ( a pill or 9 tea4 ,:5 us$ to excess1 h[ev]1 x is v dang]\s1 z x sl[ly de/roys ! l9+ ( ! /oma* & causes l+]+ pa9 & agoniz+ dea?4 ,g+] conta9s a great deal ( alcohol4 ,?is fact acc\nts = ! =mation ( ! s-call$ g+] habit to :i* ! victim becomes a slave z to ! :iskey1 opium1 or tobacco habit4 ,indulg5ce 9 ?is habit is m dang]\s because g+] is suppos$ to be h>mless4 ,a c>eful qualitative exam9ation ( ! "* ( ! extracts at times may reveal ! pres5ce ( an adult]ant1 b ! *ief dep5d5ce is exam9ation "u ! microscope4 ,! microscope1 h[ev]1 w n reveal ! pres5ce ( exhau/$ g+]1 & a c>eful /udy ( ! effect ( exhau/ion on ! proximate composition ( ! gr\nd root is1 !re=e1 desirable4 ,x w\ld naturally increase ! relative p]c5tage ( fib] & album9oids & />*1 & dim9i% t ( ! extract matt]4 ,!re is a v>iety ( g+] kn[n & cultivat$ by ! ,*9ese "u ! "n ( ,galangal ,a4 (fic9>om4 ,x is v ?ick & slightly flatt5$ & is priz$ by ! ,siamese & ,*9ese z a sub/itute = g+]4 ,9 ,siam x is kn[n z ,alp9ia4 ,!re is also a v>iety f\nd & cultivat$ 9 ,siam simil> to ,alp9ia allughas1 call$ luk reu or ba/>d c>damom1 :i* has ! c>damom-l fruit4 ,g+] usually comes to ,new ,york 9 #aaj to #abj-p\nd bags & #acj-p\nd b>rels4 ,! yield ( oil f g+] is f #a4i to #b4g p] c5t41 hav+ a specific gravity at #ae degrees ,c4 ( #j4hhj to #j4hhe1 & an optical rotation ( #be to #dj degrees 9 a #ajj-millimet] tube4 ,! *emical composition ( g+] oil rema9s unkn[n1 b x is kn[n to conta9 camph5e & o!r +r$i5ts2 its complex nature is indicat$ by ! wide range ( its boil+ po9t4 ,:5 di/ill$1 aft] dry+ ov] ,ca,cl#b1 ! boil beg9s to pass ov] at #adj degrees ,c41 accompani$ by a few drops ( aque\s fluid1 ! temp]ature con/antly & rapidly ris+ to ab\t #bdj degrees1 ! *ief portion ( ! oil com+ ov] betwe5 #bdj degrees & #bgj degrees ,c4 & a little passes ov] betwe5 #bgj degrees & #cjj degrees1 b evid5tly accompani$ by decomposition products1 a transp>5t1 br[n1 t5aci\s1 semi-solid residue rema9+ 9 flask4 ,! l[] boil+ products reta9 ! g+] aroma1 :i* is not$ :5 dilut$ ) spirits1 & are mu* m soluble 9 rectifi$ spirits ?an high] fractions4 ,oil ( g+] is yell[ 9 color & its odor is int5sely l t ( ! root2 t ( ,jamaica is ! mo/ fragrant1 b has n ! burn+1 pung5t ta/e ( g+]1 :i* is due to g+]ol1 ! active pung5t pr9ciple ( ! root4 ,g+]ol exi/s 9 ! dri$ rhizomes to ! ext5t ( f #j4fjj to #a4dej p] c5t4 ,x is ( a pale /raw color & odorless1 ) a pung5t1 bitt] ta/e4 ,x is soluble 9 alcohol 9 ev5 #ej p] c5t4 dilution2 x is also soluble 9 b5z5e1 volatile oils1 c>bon disulphide1 solution ( pota% & ammonia1 & glacial acetic acid1 & v slightly soluble 9 petroleum e!r1 consi/+ ( res91 />*1 mucilage1 & p>aff9e1 organic acids1 oxalic acids z ,ca,c#b;,c#d cellulose album9oids1 etc41 :i* con/itu5ts ( g+] are f\nd to be odorless & ta/eless4 ,! alcoholic solution is neutral 9 reaction & gives no precipitate ) ! acetates ( lead nor ) lime1 & does n yield glucose :5 treat$ ) dilut$ sulphuric acid4 ,/rong sulphuric acid dissolves x ) ! production ( a br[n color2 hydro*loric acid does n affect x4 ,nitric acid conv]ts x into a blood-r$ res9\s sub/ance4 ,adult]ants ( g+] are sago1 tapioca1 fl\r ( rice1 :eat1 & potatoes1 ,cay5ne & mu/>d hulls1 & tum]ic & exhau/$ g+]4 ,! =eign />*es1 ,cay5ne1 & mu/>d hulls are easily detect$1 b ! tum]ic 7,ea/ ,india arr[root7 cells1 f _! resemblance to ! res9 globules ( ! g+]1 are mo/ confus+4 ,= detection ( exhau/$ g+] rec\rse mu/ be _h to proximate analysis4 ,*emical composition ( g+]3 ,a% may v>y f #c4d to #h p] c5t42 fib]1 #a4g to #i p] c5t4 ,! :ite g+] has less a% ?an ! d>k1 z is also ! case 9 reg>d to ! p]c5tage ( fib]4 ,wat]1 #aa4jj to #i4aj ,a%1 #g4jb to #c4ci ,volatile ,oil1 #b4ed to 4#if ,fix$ ,oil1 #d4eh to #b4bi ,/>*1 #ec4cc to #df4af ,crude ,fib]1 #g4fe to #a4gj ,album9oids1 #aj4he to #e4be ,x is said t ! wat] & />* extract f ! weight ( ! newly dug root #ge to #he p] c5t41 & yet ! dri$ root reta9s all ! valuable aromatic qualities4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,nutmeg4 7,myri/ica7 #a ,nutmeg ) ,mace & "p inn] %ell #b ,br[n ,p$ang #c ,long ,macass> ) ,mace #d ,s+apore or ,batavia #e ,fl[]+ twig ) leaf #f ,burr j op5+ %[+ ! ,mace ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,nutmegs ,?\gh all y\r p>ts we ra%ly grate ,to p>ticles mo/ f9e1 ,y yet return = cruel /rokes1 ,te>s fill$ ) p]fume f9e4 ,,nutmegs are ! fruit ( ,myri/ica fragrans 7natural ord] ,myri/icaceoe7 mas*ata (fic9alis4 ,myri/ica is f\nd$ ^u ! ,greek ^w myrrh1 myri/ikas1 sweet smell+1 & belongs to ! cu/>d family4 ,italian1 ,nace moscada2 ,fr5*1 ,muscades et macis or ,naix muscade2 ,portuguese1 ,noiz mascada2 ,g]man1 ,muskatnusse & ,muskatblu!r4 ,! nutmeg 0 kn[n by ! ,p]sians 7z j\zbewa7 & by ! ,arabians 7j[zalteib7 9 ! eigh? c5tury4 ,!re are ab\t =ty diff]5t species4 ,al?\gh ! "n myri/ikas 7sweet smell+7 0 giv5 to ! g5us on acc\nt ( ! odor ( its fruit1 !re is a mat]ial diff]5ce 9 ! sev]al species1 ! comm]cial value ( ! fruit dep5d+ ^u ! degree 9 :i* ! ess5tial oil produc+ ?is p]fume is pres5t4 ,! true nutmeg is ! k]nel1 mo/ly consi/+ ( ! album5 ( ! fruit or ! se$ ( a dici\s ev]gre5 tree1 :i* 9 "s c\ntries1 z 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 gr[s f fifty to sixty feet high4 ,x is a native ( ! ,molucca ,isl&s4 ,! nutmeg g>d5s ( ! _w are ! ,b&a ,isl&s belong+ to ! ,ea/ ,indies1 b ! nutmeg is also f\nd 9 ! ,we/ ,indies on ! ,isl& ( ,jamaica1 :i* is q not$ = its nutmeg plantations4 ,nutmegs are also f\nd 9 ,b5gal1 ,s+apore1 ,p5ang1 & ,fr5* ,gu9ea & ,brazil1 9 ! we/ p59sula ( ,new ,gu9ea1 ,damma1 ,ambo9a1 ,c]am1 ,boro1 ,bo]o or ,b\ro1 ,gilolo1 ,sumatra1 & !y h be5 successfully introduc$ 9 ,t]nate1 ,m5&o1 9 ! ,celebes gr\p1 & 9 ,java & ,b\rbon or ,reunion1 b n 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,!y d n d well except betwe5 #ab degrees nor? & #e degrees s\? ( ! equator4 ,!y are f\nd gr[+ wild 9 ! ,b&a ,isl&s1 to :i* !y are indig5\s4 ,?ree ( ^! isl&s are not$ = _! nutmeg g>d5s1 viz43 ,great ,b&a or ,lantor 7,lantor ,b&a71 ,pulo ,n]a1 & ,go5ong ,api4 ,! ?ree isl&s toge!r conta9 ?irty-f\r p>ks1 ( :i* ,great ,b&a has tw5ty-five1 ,go5ong ,api six1 & ,pulo ,n]a ?ree4 ,^! p>ks conta9 #cai1hjd be>+ trees1 :i* produce annually ab\t #d1jjj piculs ( #aci p\nds ea* ( nutmegs1 & #a1jjj p\nds ( mace4 ,?is yield gives ab\t "o & "o-half catties ( #aci p\nds ea* ( spice to ea* tree p] annum4 ,b mu* ( ! fruit is lo/ on acc\nt ( ! height ( ! trees1 & ! inaccessible places 9 :i* _m ( ! nuts fall4 ,_m drop into ! /reams & float away1 & _m are lo/ by be+ worm-eat51 also _m are eat5 by field rats4 ,! entire gr\p ( ,b&a ,isl&s is compris$ )9 a space sev5 miles long & ?ree miles wide2 9 fact1 ^! are ! dim5sions ( ! ,isl& ( ,lantor itself4 ,! isl&s are ( a light volcanic soil1 & ! great moi/ure1 due to ! num]\s ra9s1 makes !m mo/ favorable = nutmeg rais+1 & seems almo/ p]fectly to suit ! requirem5ts ( ! tree4 ,! only cultivation requir$ is to keep ! grass & we$s & und]bru% cut1 no manur+ or artificial /imulus be+ ne$$4 ,almo/ ! entire surface ( ! isl&s is plant$ ) nutmeg trees4 ,! labor is p]=m$ by ,dut* convicts1 :o are bani%$ to ^! isl&s1 !re be+ no native population4 ,plants :i* spr+ up spontane\sly f ! se$ are tak5 up & transplant$ by simply heel+ 9 ! gr\nd ( ! requir$ vacancy4 ,9 "s places clumps ( trees are f\nd gr[+ n m ?an t5 to twelve feet ap>t "u ! %ade ( ! can>ium commune4 ,9 fact1 ! nutmeg is m collect$ ?an cultivat$ 9 ! ,b&a ,isl&s4 ,! trees gr[ f fifty to sixty feet high1 :ile ^? ( ! ,/raits are b a %rub 9 comp>ison1 & 9 o!r c\ntries !y gr[ only f tw5ty to =ty feet high1 & ne$ mu* manur+ & v c>eful cultivation4 ,x w\ld appe> z if ! trees 7 ov]%ad$ 9 ! ,/raits1 & yet !y require mu* %ade to protect !m f ! /rong w9ds :i* prevail !re4 ,:5 a nutmeg plantation is to be />t$1 great c>e mu/ be tak5 to select a good1 ri*1 virg9 soil1 =m$ ( a deep loam ) good dra9age1 z ! plants w n ?rive on a s&y soil4 ,! ra9fall %\ld be at lea/ f sixty to sev5ty in*es p] annum4 ,al?\gh ! nutmeg plant is ess5tially a l[l& plant1 fl\ri%+ f two hundr$ to f\r hundr$ feet above sea level1 & n prov+ successful at a high] elevation ?an fifte5 hundr$ feet1 x mu/ be kept free f /agnant wat] ab\t its roots1 = ?is w\ld surely kill x4 ,virg9 =e/ l&s1 ) a soil cov]$ ) a lay] ( leaf mold or rott5 wood1 is well adapt$ to ! cultivation ( ! plant1 & a hot1 moi/ climate is requisite4 ,pl5ty ( %ade is necess>y to protect ! trees f ! prevail+ w9ds :i* w\ld scatt] ! fl[]s & uproot ! trees1 z ! roots take b a sl5d] hold 9 ! gr\nd4 ,l>ge trees %\ld n be all[$ to gr[ ) spice trees1 z !y w\ld exclude ! vivify+ rays ( ! sun & arre/ ! fall ( ! night dews1 :i* are necess>y = quantity z well z quality ( ! nutmegs4 ,l>ge trees w\ld also rob ! soil ( its ri*ness4 ,a d\ble r[ ( cassu>9a littorea & c]b]a manghas plant$ at ! w9dw>d side ( ! plantations w af=d ample %ade & protection f ! w9ds1 & trees ) ^! advantages w give good crops4 ,plants are rais$ f ! l>ge/1 r\nd1 fre% nuts be=e !y w rattle 9 ! %ell1 c>e be+ tak5 t !y are n m ?an two mon?s old4 ,!y may be plant$ & /ak$ 9 ! field int5d$ = ! plantation1 ab\t eight feet ap>t4 ,if !y are kept well wat]$ & manur$1 su* plant+ is pref]r$ to s[+ 9 a nurs]y4 ,plants rais$ 9 a nurs]y are usually s[n 9 bottomless baskets ab\t "o in* bel[ ! surface 9 a place well %elt]$ f ! w9ds4 ,! nurs]ies mu/ be kept free f we$s & well wat]$ e day 9 dry wea!r1 especially :5 ! se$s are plant$ 9 bamboo baskets1 = %\ld ! e>? become h>d & dry ! nuts w n g]m9ate4 ,if ! l& has be5 well till$ ! se$l+s w appe> 9 ab\t sixty days4 ,:5 !y are f ?ree to f\r feet high !y may be transplant$ to a p]man5t situation4 ,?is %\ld be done dur+ wet wea!r & ! trees mu/ be kept well manur$4 ,!y mu/ be wat]$ on alt]nate days & protect$ f ! sun4 ,!y mu/ be cultivat$ = five ye>s4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to /rike ! roots ( ! tree 9 cultivat+1 = if ! tap root is brok5 ! tree is sure to die4 ,:5 any roots become expos$ !y %\ld be cov]$ ) leaf mold or ) dirt mix$ ) c[ manure4 ,:5 well />t$1 ! trees %\ld be ?9n$ out1 leav+ !m f tw5ty to ?irty feet ap>t1 accord+ to ! ri*ness ( ! soil2 ! ri*] ! soil ! wid] ! space4 ,be=e ! transplant+ ( ! se$l+s f ! nurs]y1 holes are fir/ dug & left op5 = a "t & fill$ ) surface soil consi/+ ( c[ dung mix$ ) burnt e>?1 b if ! gr\nd is v ri* ! manure may be disp5s$ )4 ,! holes prep>$ 9 ?is way give ! "y plants a good />t4 ,! trees are plant$ 9 prep>$ holes 9 ! bamboo baskets z !y are tak5 f ! nurs]y1 slit d[n at "o side4 ,banana plants make good %ade = "y trees & return good pr(it until !y h to be cut d[n to give room = ! gr[+ tree4 ,:5 ! trees are backw>d 9 gr[+ !y %\ld h extra c>e4 ,! soil ab\t ! roots %\ld be loos5$ & manur+ %\ld be done ) f>my>d compo/ lightly scatt]$ ar\nd ! trees close to ! /em1 s t x may "w its way into ! soil4 ,to dig holes w\ld injure ! roots & might cause ! tree to die4 ,9 v dry wea!r x is well to cov] ! gr\nd ar\nd ! trees ) dry leaves to protect !m f ! sun's rays & to keep ! moi/ure 9 ! gr\nd4 ,on poor soil ! trees mu/ be kept manur$ until !y are fifte5 ye>s old4 ,!y ne$ z _m z t5 l>ge baskets to a tree4 ,! manure %\ld be at fir/ spread 9 ! sun%9e to kill all ! insects x may conta94 ,all p>asitic & epiphytic plants :i* may atta* !mselves to ! /em & bran*es %\ld be remov$ at once1 z !y w\ld h a mo/ injuri\s effect4 ,! prun+ op]ations are v simple4 ,all suck]s %\ld be cut away & ! l[] bran*es %\ld be remov$ gradually until !re is suffici5t space = work+ "u ! trees4 ,! nutmeg trees are monci\s z well z dici\s4 ,! sex ( a tree _c be told until x fl[]s1 :i* w be 9 ab\t sev5 ye>s1 :51 on cutt+ ! fl[] op5 longitud9ally ) a %>p p5-knife1 ! sex may be det]m9$4 7,see illu/ration47 ,! /am9ate fl[]s are f ?ree to five1 or sometimes m1 on a p$uncle1 & ! pi/illate fl[]s are (t5 solit>y1 bo? k9ds ( fl[]s be+ small & ( a yell[ color 7)\t calyx71 & ! p]ian? is bell-%ap$ ) ?ree or f\r tee? at ! top4 ,! an!rs are set ar\nd a c5tral column1 & if ! fl[]s be fully op5 ! yell[ poll5 may be easily se5 9 ! pi/illate or female fl[]s1 9 ! =m ( a little r$ disk knob4 ,soon aft] ! fecundation ( ! embryo ! female fl[] drops (f & ! little knob exp&s1 gradually increas+ 9 gr[?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,a1 v]ticle section ( male fl[]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,b1 v]ticle section ( female fl[]s4 ,x w be notic$ t ! pi/il is %ort] ?an ! p]ian? & is swoll5 at ! base & cr[n$ ) ! /igma :i* is indi/9ctly cut into lobes4 ,x is a good plan to plant two nuts or transplant two se$l+s 9 "o hole ab\t two feet ap>t1 & :5 ! fl[]s appe> x w seldom happ5 t bo? trees w be male trees4 ,aft] det]m9+ ! sexes ! cutt+ out ( ! surplus male trees %\ld take place4 ,^? :i* are to rema9 %\ld be left z mu* on ! w9dw>d side ( ! plantation z possible1 s t ! poll5 may be c>ri$ by ! w9d to ! pi/ils ( ! female trees4 ,9 ?is respect ! p>ks are simil> to our apple or*>ds4 ,if a surplus numb] ( male trees be left gr[+1 !y are topp$1 or head$ d[n & graft$ ) scions f ! female tree4 ,! p>k9e]s#c on ! ,b&a ,isl&s d n expect a yield above #cj p] c5t4 ( male trees f ! plant$ se$1 & seldom s _m1 & !y ?9k #b p] c5t4 en\gh male trees to leave gr[+1 :ile o!r c\ntries look = a yield any:]e f #h p] c5t4 to #ge p] c5t4 ( male trees1 & !y e/imate "o male tree to eight or t5 female ! "r proportion4 ----- ,footnote #c3 ,! p>k9e]s is a t]m us$ 9 ! ,b&a ,isl&s4 ,! nutmeg tree is a h&some1 bu%y ev]gre5 ) /raight & l(ty undivid$ trunk1 & ) r$di%-br[n b>k & v]ticillate bran*+ head1 mu* resembl+ our apple tree4 ,x is cut back 9 ! ,/raits to ab\t tw5ty feet4 ,! b>k on ! "y bran*es is bright gre51 ! d>k1 %9+ leaves1 glossy on ! upp] surface & :iti% bel[1 are alt]nate1 simple1 & entire & oblong & obliptic & v aromatic4 ,!y are /rongly ve9$1 ! petiolate be+ devoid ( /ipules or hav+ v %ort foot /alks4 ,! nutmeg tree w beg9 to be> :5 f five to six ye>s old & w !n produce f five to six p\nds ( nutmegs & half a p\nd ( mace to a tree4 ,! yield is m pr(itable :5 ! tree is t5 ye>s old4 ,! tree w cont9ue to produce fruit at sixty ye>s ( age1 & has be5 kn[n to be> a crop :5 "o hundr$ ye>s old4 ,! male tree has a mu* %ort] life ?an ! fruit-be>+ trees4 ,! fl[]s are v small & are clu/]$ 9 ! axils ( ! leaves4 ,!y are a pale yell[ & h a fragrance mu* l t ( ! lily ( ! valley4 ,! nuts w (t5 split be=e rea*+ maturity1 by reason ( cold1 damp wea!r & sudd5 *anges4 ,! nutmeg tree1 l ! orange1 is a con/ant be>]1 produc+ two crops 9 "o ye>1 & sometimes ?ree1 9 ! ,ea/4 ,a mu* l>g] crop1 h[ev]1 is h>ve/$ 9 ! lat] mon?s ( ! ye>1 & ! small] crops 9 ,april1 ,may1 & ,june1 & ev5 9 ,july4 ,"s are h>ve/$ e mon? ( ! ye>1 z is ! case to "s ext5t on ! ,b&a ,isl&s1 & !y are deliv]$ e mon? to ! gov]nm5t boats4 ,b ! mon?s especially devot$ to h>ve/+ are ! same on ! ,b&a ,isl&s z 9 ! ,/raits ,settlem5t4 ,f ! ,/raits ! %ipm5ts are made qu>t]ly4 ,! nutmeg fruit is ab\t ?ree in*es long & ab\t two in*es 9 diamet]1 & is f\nd int]m+l$ ) ! fl[]s ( ! tree1 x requires f six to n9e mon?s to mature2 fruits all ! ye> ar\nd 9 a hot1 moi/ climate4 ,9 ! ,b&a ,isl&s ! fruit hangs ^u long] & m sl5d] /alks ?an is ! case 9 ! ,/raits ,settlem5t4 ,! fruit hangs p5dul\s f ! tree & is fle%y & firm4 ,at fir/ x is r\nd or oval & smoo?1 mu* l a damson plum1 b x soon takes on ! m>k$ longitud9al1 d5t$ l9e & pale gre5 color--*>act]i/ics t give x m ! appe>ance ( a pea* or an apricot4 ,x f9ally *anges to a gold5 or yell[ color & to ! %ape ( a pe> :5 ripe4 ,?is out] cov]+1 :i* is at fir/ ?91 gradually gr[s fle%y1 ab\nd+ 9 an a/r+5t mass :i* becomes dry & lea!ry1 at :i* "t x bur/s op5 into two valves f ! apex1 disclos+ a brilliant sc>let aril or net-l membrane1 reveal+ ! nutmeg k]nel1 :i* is closely inve/$ 9 a ?9 br[n %ell1 :i* sep>ates ! k]nel f ! aril or mace :i* envelopes bo?4 ,9 ! e>ly days ! ,dut* own$ ! ,b&a ,isl&s4 ,!y attempt$ to control ! nutmeg trade4 ,accord+ly1 !y us$ to heat or lime ! k]nels be=e %ipp+1 to keep !m f spr\t+ & s to prev5t ! propagation ( ! trees4 ,at "o "t !y burn$ ?ree piles ( nutmegs1 ea* z l>ge z a *ur*1 to keep up ! price4 ,b ,nature did n fancy ?is k9d ( bus9ess & a l>ge pigeon1 call$ ! 8nutmeg pigeon10 also kn[n by ! "n ( walor & nut eat] 7species ( c>pophoga71 0 attract$ by ! bright color ( ! mace &1 fe$+ on x ext5sively1 swall[+ ! mace & reject+ ! nutmegs1 accompli%$ :at ! ,dut* tri$ to prev5t1 by plant+ ! nuts 9 all ! surr\nd+ c\ntries ( ,p5ang1 ,*9a1 ,ceylon1 & ,india4 ,?us ! _w at l>ge 0 b5efit$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h>ve/+ ,,nutmegs ,! br[n %ell :i* cov]s ! nutmeg has ab\t "o-f\r? ! weight ( ! nutmeg k]nel4 ,:5 ! nutmegs are export$ )\t remov+ ! %ell !y keep bett]1 b ! co/ ( freight to ! import]s is increas$4 ,! nutmeg fruit includes1 fir/1 ! out] or fle%y membran\s "p2 second1 ! sub/ance cov]+ ! inn] %ell ( ! nutmeg1 kn[n z mace2 next1 ! inn] %ell2 &1 f9ally1 ! k]nel or nutmeg4 ,! native wom5 & *ildr5 ga!r ! fruit twice ea* day1 except ,sundays1 f "u ! trees & c>ry !m into ! b\can1 b>n1 or %$s1 made ( brick ) t]rac$ ro(s1 reject+ ! out] %ell or husk4 ,9 ! ,/raits ,settlem5t1 if ! trees are n too high 7! highe/ tree n be+ ov] ?irty-five feet on ,p5ang ,isl&71 ! nuts are beat5 (f by means ( long bamboo poles4 ,9 ! ,b&a ,isl&s ! fruit is ga!r$ by ! use ( a neat oval bamboo basket1 p>tly op5 at ! top1 furni%$ ) a c\ple ( prongs4 ,) ^! prongs ! h>ve/] cat*es ! fruit /alk & by a g5tle pull causes ! nuts to fall into ! basket1 :i* w hold ?ree or f\r4 ,by us+ ?is me?od ! mace w n be bruis$ z x w\ld be by fall+ to ! gr\nd1 & !y h a sk9 m free f blemi%1 & x is ?9n] comp>$ ) ! fruit & ( a well-uni=m$ proportion4 ,! out] %ell or husk1 :i* is h>d] ?an t ( a filb]t1 is remov$ by "o man plac+ ! nuts on a sort ( a drum head & ano!r beat+ !m ) a flat bo>d1 a process :i* w n bruise ! nuts4 ,"o man w beat out z _m 9 ?is way z six m5 c d 9 ! way :i* is employ$ at ! ,/raits4 ,aft] ! envelope ( ! curi\s1 r$-color$ network 7mace7 is tak5 (f ! nutmegs are plac$ 9 receptacles :i* h f9e wire-me% bottoms1 made ( spl9ts1 call$ by ! natives neebongs1 to all[ ! air to pass ?r\gh1 or1 by be+ elevat$ above ea* o!r1 !y are kept be=e a fire = a mon? or m1 ! fir/ elevat$ be+ ab\t t5 feet f ! gr\nd4 ,aft] ?is !y are expos$ to ! sun two h\rs ea* day = two or ?ree days until !y rattle inside ! %ell :5 %ak54 ,!y _c be remov$ :5 gre5 )\t damage to ! nut4 ,!y are !n crack$ by beat+ ) great c>e1 z h>d bl[s w\ld cause a black spot on ! nuts1 affect+ ! sale4 ,!y are !n assort$ into ?ree grades1 ! f9e/ are export$1 ! second are res]v$ = home consumption1 & ! ?ird grade1 made up ( small1 damag$1 or unripe /ock1 are burn$ or us$ = nutmeg butt]4 ,nutmegs are (t5 affect$ by black spots or gangr5e on ! out] cov]+1 caus$ by an insect1 :i* deposits its l>v on x 9 ! husk & fe$s on ! sac*>9e matt] ( ! out] cov]+ until x bur/s1 :5 x makes its way into ! s(t nut itself4 ,! numb] "o nutmegs are put up 9 half piculs 7heavy-made boxes7 conta9+ sixty to sixty-five p\nds4 ,! ovate nutmeg se$ is m>k$ ) impressions l ! lobes or arillus 7mace7 :i* cov]s x1 "o side be+ ( a pal] hue & slightly flatt5$1 & hav+ ! %ape ( ! out] %ell1 ) correspond+ dim5sions 9 size1 ! l>ge/ be+ ab\t "o in* long by eight-t5?s ( an in* broad4 ,f\r su* nuts w weigh "o ounce4 ,!y are ( a grayi% or br[n color1 b !y are co>sely furr[$ & longitud9ally ve9$1 & are m>k$ on ! flatt] side ) a %all[ groove4 ,!re are only ?ree k9ds ( nutmegs g5]ally kn[n to ! trade4 ,! d>k] br[n1 :i* is ! fruit ( ! myri/ica fragrans1 is cultivat$ 9 ,p5ang & is kn[n z ! ,p5ang nutmeg4 ,x is export$ f ! city ( ,p5ang 7,betel-nut ,city1 ,fig4 #b74 ,! pale-br[n1 l9$1 ,s+apore or ,batavian 7,fig4 #d71 is nam$ f ! city ( ,batavia1 on ! ,isl& ( ,java1 f :i* ?is v>iety is export$4 ,! long1 sl5d]1 wild nutmegs 7,fig4 #c7 are kn[n z ,macass>s1 f ! city ( ,macass> 7call$ by ! natives ,mangkas>a7 on ! ,isl& ( ,celebes1 ! pr9cipal city ( export4 ,b ! ?ree k9ds are di/+ui%$ by ! plant]s z male or b>r52 second1 ! r\nd female 7nux myri/ica fm9a or gre57 7nux mas*ata fructo rotundo71 & ! royal4 ,! royal nutmeg is no l>g] ?an a peanut 7nux mas*ata rigia7 & produces ! long nut :i* has ! aril or mace mu* long] ?an ! nut1 :ile ! true que5 or female1 :i* is ! m valuable r\nd nutmeg1 has its mace ext5d+ only half way d[n ! nut4 ,! av]age yield at six or sev5 ye>s1 at :i* "t ! trees beg9 to be>1 is five to six p\nds1 & a t5-ye>-old tree w produce f t5 to fifte5 p\nds1 & w cov] an area ( ab\t five hundr$ squ>e feet4 ,?is yield1 at =ty c5ts p] p\nd1 includ+ ! mace1 w\ld br+ #cjj p] acre1 besides ! o!r +r$i5ts yield$1 :i* are valuable4 ,! old] ! tree ! great] ! yield1 &1 ( c\rse1 ! tree is valu$ accord+ly4 ,!re is a tree on ! ,isl& ( ,jamaica :i* be>s ov] #d1jjj nutmegs e ye>4 ,nutmegs v>y greatly 9 size1 runn+ f #fj's to #abj's z foll[s3 l>ge1 #fj's to #hj's to ! p\nd2 m$ium1 #he's to #ie's2 small1 #ajj's to #acj's4 ,!re are probably m ( ! #aaj size us$ ?an ( all o!r sizes comb9$4 ,nutmegs are assort$ into ! sev]al sizes f\nd on ! m>ket by pass+ !m ov] diff]5t me% sieves4 ,?is process is call$ g>bl+4 ,! ,p5ang nutmeg1 ! fruit ( ! myri/ica fragrans1 call$ by ! ,h9du/anee & ,b5galee jaiphal1 or true nutmeg1 z its "n implies1 :i* is ! f9e/1 is ( a br[n color & %ap$ l a damson plum4 ,x is furr[$ on ! int]ior & grayi% inside1 ) ve9s ( r$ runn+ ?r\gh x1 & possesses a f9e1 delicate aroma ( great /r5g? & flavor4 ,! ,p5ang nutmegs are n to be f\nd 9 ! spice-mill /ock because ! poor] ,batavia or ! wild ,macass>s w gr9d bett]1 _! worm holes w n %[ 9 ! meal1 & !y are n difficult to p[d]4 ,lim+ nutmegs by ! ,dut* to prev5t _! spr\t+ has lead to misund]/&+ & _m vices4 ,"s ?9k lim$ nutmegs ! be/1 tak+ !m 9 pref]5ce to ! f9e1 br[n ,p5ang1 & are will+ to pay high] prices = !m4 ,su* buy]s seem to "k no?+ ab\t ! conv9c+1 easy te/s t may be made by weigh+1 ! pure nutmegs be+ heavi] on acc\nt ( ! oil !y conta91 & by scrap+ ! nut ) ! f+] nail to note if ! oil />ts4 ,al?\gh !re are only f\r k9ds ( nutmegs kn[n to ! trade !re are m ?an tw5ty-five 7_m give z _m z =ty7 diff]5t v>ieties4 ,^? kn[n to comm]ce1 :5 f\nd 9 ! ord] ( _! quality1 are z foll[s3 ,! ,p5ang1 ( :i* !re 7 export$ 9 #aijd1 #b1hbh piculs1 valu$ at #age1eib1 :i* are unlim$ & are br[n2 second1 ,dut* lim$ or ,batavians2 ?ird1 ,s+apore1 :i* are a r\gh]1 unlim$1 n>r[] k9d1 & ( some:at less value ?an ! ,dut* ,batavia2 f\r?1#d 8long0 or 8wild0 or 8male nutmeg10 nux myri/icamas1 ,clusius 7nux mas*ata fructo oblongo ,c4 b\*971 :i* is ! product ( myri/ica fatua4 ,9 addition to ^!1 we h ! ,malab>1 f\nd 9 ! di/rict ( ,malab>1 prov9ce ( ,madras1 ,briti% ,india1 :i* is ! product ( myri/ica ,malab>ica4 ,x resembles a date 9 size & %ape1 & is closely alli$ to ! long nutmeg1 b has less flavor4 ,x is call$ by ! ,h9du/anee & ,b5galee jaiphal1 & ^? ( myri/ica ,malab>ica1 8ran jaiphal10 & 8ramphal10 & 9 ! native ,malab> dialect1 8panam palka10 & is l>gely us$ z an adult]ant = p[d]$ true nutmeg4 ----- ,footnote #d3 ,j4 ,c4 ,sawy]'s ,odorographia1 ,second ,s]ies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h>bor ,,( ,,macass>1 ,,celebes ,,isl&s ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,=e/ ,! wild nutmeg 7myri/ica arg5tea7 tree gr[s v high ) a leaf equal 9 size to ! horse *e/nut1 ) a silv]y top1 & 9 ,g]many x is call$ ! 8horse nutmeg40 ,x is f\nd 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 ,ambo9a1 & ! ,b&a ,isl&s4 ,! nuts1 :5 fre% f ! trees1 are ab\t f\r & "o-half c5timet]s to six & "o-half c5timet]s 9 l5g?1 & f\r & "o-half c5timet]s to five & "o-half c5timet]s 9 diamet]4 ,!y are fir/ ( a bright r$1 b lat] scatt]$ yell[-br[n ve9s or specks appe> :i* conta9 ! aroma4 ,aft] ! husk is remov$1 ! nut is ab\t ?ree & "o-half to f\r & "o-half c5timet]s long & f two to two & "o-half c5timet]s 9 diamet]1 & ! te/a is ne>ly "o millimet] ?ick4 ,!y ab\nd 9 a disagreeable oil1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 w rob !m ( ! pleasant nutmeg flavor :i* is f\nd 9 ! cultivat$ nut4 ,! ?ick p]ic>p or out] cov]+ is h>d & brittle4 ,! mace :i* cov]$ x is insipid1 is ( a r$di% color1 has a disagreeable odor & x g5]ally consi/s ( f\r /ripes :i* are unit$ above & bel[4 ,x is broade/ at ! base1 gradually n>r[+ t[>d ! end4 ,! fruit is elongat$1 or ellipsoidal1 ru/y1 tom5tose1 9 %ape l a date1 & diff]s f ! true nutmeg 9 be+ less m>k$ by ! arillus furr[s4 ,! cotyl$ons are jo9$ 9 a disc swell$ at its edges to five millimet]s diamet]1 & ! endosp]m conta9s mu* />*4 ,myri/ica arg5tea nutmegs are sometimes us$ m$ic9ally = dys5t]y1 heada*e1 & o!r ailm5ts1 & ^? long nutmegs 7male71 wild myri/ica tom5tosa 7myri/ica fatua71 are next 9 flavor to ! true myri/ica fragrans1 & are ! k9d sold 9 ! m>ket z ,macass>s4 ,ano!r k9d sc>cely wor?y ( m5tion is ! myri/ica succ$anea1 a v>iety f\nd on ! ,isl& ( ,tidor1 :i* is v simil> to ! myri/ica fragrans4 ,o!r s-call$ nuts :i* r>ely figure 9 our m>ket except z a sub/itute to adult]ate are ! ,am]ican1 ,jamaicans1 or ,calaba% 7monodora myri/ica71 ,brazilian 7cryptoc>ya mas*ata71 ,cali=nian or /9k+ 7torreya myri/ica71 ,madagasc> or clove 7aga?ophyllum aromaticum71 ,p]uvian 7laurelia semp]vir571 ,plume 7a!rosp]ma mas*ata71 ,sante ,fe 7myri/ica otoba7 ( ,new ,granada & ! myri/ica sebif]a virola sebif]a aublet1 ! se$ ( :i* furni%es an abundance ( aromatic yell[ tall[ :i* has a cry/all9e appe>ance & is suitable to manufacture into c&les4 ,all ( ^! v>ieties are n mu* bett] ?an ! wood5 nutmegs f ! ,nutmeg ,/ate1 or ! "o made by ! hea!n ,*9ese out ( sawdu/ & clay4 ,batavia nutmegs are (t5 attack$ by beetles or are worm eat54 ,9 ?is case !y are pickl$ 9 lime wat] made f calc9$ %ell-fi% & mix$ ) wat] until x is ( a semi-fluid consi/5cy4 ,into ?is mixture !y plunge ! nutmegs 7:i* h be5 put 9 bamboo baskets7 two or ?ree times until !y are completely cov]$ ) x4 ,next !y are put 9 heaps & are all[$ to sweat4 ,aft] ?is !y are pack$ 9 boxes or b>rels made ( ! be/ ,java teak = exportation1 ) ! worm holes plugg$ up4 ,sometimes x is ?\ght q necess>y to lime ! ,batavia nuts 7! k9d mo/ commonly us$7 be=e %ipp+1 n only to protect !m f ! ravages ( ! beetles or worms :i* attack !m1 b also to prev5t g]m9ation4 ,b x has be5 prov5 t ?is process is p]fectly unnecess>y1 z a simple exposure ( ! nuts to ! action ( ! sun is suffici5t to de/roy ! vitality ( ! embryo4 ,x is also prov5 to be unnecess>y1 s9ce ! true br[n ,p5ang is %ipp$ )\t lim+4 ,if lime is us$1 h[ev]1 x %\ld be 9 a dry /ate4 ,aft] all t has be5 said1 x is evid5t t ! deal] or ! consum] mu/ be ei!r fooli% or ignorant :o w reject ! fancy1 r\nd1 br[n ,p5ang nutmegs = ! lim$ ,batavia because x pleases ! eye1 & w = no o!r reason buy old worm-eat5 nuts ) plugg$-up holes1 relim$ to give !m a new appe>ance4 ,! new coat ( lime co/s b little1 b :5 ! case is empty !re is f\nd f "o to two p\nds ( lime 9 ! bottom1 n cov]$ by t>e1 :i* has co/ ! pur*as] ! price ( good nutmegs4 ,j s long z ! trade w dem& ?is class ( /ock1 j s long w deception be practic$ & inf]ior /ock w be f\nd on ! m>ket4 ,all nutmegs h a m>ket value & mu/ be sold4 ,9 select+ /ock1 pick out ( a lot ! mo/ inf]ior look+ nut & cut x into two p>ts4 ,if x cuts firm l wood & has pl5ty ( oil & no worm holes1 !re is n apt to be any dang] ( inf]ior nuts 9 ! balance ( ! /ock4 ,9 us+ nutmegs always grate f ! fl[] end in/ead ( ! /em end4 ,good1 fre% nutmegs _c be gr\nd by an ord9>y burr /one1 su* z is us$ 9 spice mills1 b mu/ fir/ be brok5 or crack$ 9 a crack+ ma*9e4 ,?is ma*9e consi/s ( a roll] provid$ ) co>se tee? :i* revolve ?r\gh simil> /ation>y tee?1 ! mat]ial be+ reta9$ by a semi-circul> p]=at$ plate until x is r$uc$ to ! size ( ! p]=ation or ab\t ! size ( a c(fee bean4 ,aft] ?is x is pulv]iz$ by p\nd+ or by /amps1 z !y are call$1 9 ! same way t mu/>d se$ is pulv]iz$4 ,sometimes ! nuts are ext5sively mix$ ) "s dry1 =eign mat]ial1 9 :i* case !y may be gr\nd on ! burr /one by an exp]i5c$ mill]4 ,"o or two /amps may be us$ 9 p[d]+ nutmegs & mace1 two be+ ab\t all "o man c well h&le4 ,p[d]$ nutmegs soon lose _! flavor by /&+1 on acc\nt ( ! loss ( oil1 b z !y h ! consi/5cy ( tall[1 ! flavor is = a "t pres]v$4 ,nutmeg butt] or balsam ( nutmeg is (t5 obta9$ by p[d]+ ! brok5 nuts1 :5 fre%1 to a f9e p[d] or pa/e1 & !n /eam+ !m = five or six h\rs4 ,! sub/ance is !n put into bags1 plac$ betwe5 heat$ iron w$ges or plates & is subject$ to a /rong pressure1 :i* presses out ! fluid 7?\gh ?is is sometimes extract$ by e!r or alcohol71 :i* is ab\t #bj to #be p] c5t4 ( ! mass4 ,t5 to #ab p] c5t4 ( ?is fluid is an orange-color$ oil1 :i* gives x an agreeable odor4 ,:5 x is cold x becomes some:at spongy & has a m>bl$ or mottl$ appe>ance4 ,x becomes h>d ) age & is export$ 9 small bricks1 t5 in*es by two & "o-half in*es1 wrapp$ 9 palm leaves4 ,x is kn[n "u sev]al names1 z nutmeg butt]1 balsam ( nutmeg1 concrete oil1 or ! mace oil ( comm]ce 7,fr5*1 beurre de mascade2 ,g]man1 masket butt]1 muskatnussal71 & z ,b&a soap1 sometimes made f ! di/ill$ nutmeg leaves4 ,x has an agreeable odor & a greasy ta/e1 melts at #de degrees ,c41 & dissolves 9 f\r times its volume ( w>m alcohol1 #h p] c5t4 pure1 or 9 two p>ts w>m e!r4 ,! ,b&a soap is s(t to ! t\*1 has a yell[ color1 & is sometimes c\nt]feit$ by us+ a =eign fatty sub/ance1 z palm oil1 suet1 wax1 & animal fat1 boil$ ) p[d]$ nutmeg & flavor$ ) sassafras1 :i* gives x ! "r color & flavor4 ,! be/ nutmeg oil is import$ f ,india1 (t5 adult]at$ by ! di/illation ( ! leaves ( ! eucalyptus alba1 :i* has a nutmeg odor & flavor4 ,! fle%y "p ( ! nutmeg fruit is (t5 pres]v$ 9 sug> & eat5 z sweetmeats4 ,london's annual import ( nutmegs is #djj1jjj to #hjj1jjj p\nds1 & ( mace f #fj1jjj to #hj1jjj p\nds4 ,an amus+ incid5t is told ( an ,engli% gov]nor s5t to ! ,isle ( ,ceylon :o1 not+ ! /ati/ics t nutmegs 7 v abundant & *eap1 & mace 0 sc>ce & high1 call$ 8 c\ncil toge!r & said3 8,we mu/ raise less nutmegs & m mace40 ,! tissue ( ! se$ c be cut ) equal facility 9 any direction4 ,by ! microscopic /udy ( a transv]se section ( a cut nutmeg we f9d ! te/a consi/s ma9ly ( long1 ?91 radially arrang$1 rigid cells1 :i* are closely int]lac$ & d n exhibit any di/9ct cavities4 ,! endopleora1 :i* =ms ! adh]+ coat ( ! k]nel & p5etrates into x1 consi/s ( s(t-wall$1 r$-br[n tissue1 ) small scatt]$ bundles ( vessels1 !reby imp>t+ ! peculi> m>bl$ appe>ance s famili> 9 a cut nutmeg4 ,9 ! out] lay] ! endopleora exhibits small collaps$ cells1 b ! tissue :i* fills ! folds t dip into ! int]ior consi/s ( mu* l>g] cells4 ,! tissue ( ! album5 is =m$ ( s(t-wall$ p>5*yma :i* is d5sely fill$ ) conspicu\s />* gra9s & ) fat p>tly cry/alliz$4 ,among ! prismatic cry/als ( fat1 l>ge1 ?ick1 rhombic or six-sid$ tables may (t5 be obs]v$4 ,) ^! are associat$ gra9s ( album9oid matt]1 p>tly cry/alliz$4 ,9 c>efully made prep>ations f ! :ole nutmeg1 ! /ructure above describ$ may be made out by c>e & pati5ce1 b 9 ! gr\nd only ! int]ior p>5*yma cells ) _! />* cont5ts c be se5 :5 m\nt$ 9 wat]1 ) ! alt]nate use ( common & pol>iz$ light4 ,! fatty cry/als are n obs]v$ & ! fragm5ts ( ! endopleora1 or r$-br[n tissue1 are only detect$ by _! colors4 ,9 *loral-hydrate ! />* cells & gra9s are swoll51 b ! r$-br[n tissue is mu* m transp>5t1 suffici5tly s1 9 fact1 to reveal any diff]5ces betwe5 x & any adult]ant :i* might be> a resemblance4 ,!re are b few bundles ( fib]s to be f\nd1 & ! /ructure z a :ole w be f\nd s simple t ! addition ( any =eign mat]ial c be readily detect$4 ,! nutmeg owes its flavor & aroma to ! oil x conta9s1 :i* is soluble 9 alcohol & may be obta9$ by di/illation ( ! pulv]iz$ nuts1 ! yield be+ f #h to #aj p] c5t4 ,! oil is /raw color$1 ) a specific gravity ( #j4jic1 consi/+ pr9cipally ( a hydroc>bon1 ,c#aj;,h#af1 boil+ at #afe degrees ,c4 ,?is appe>s by rese>* to be a mixture ( at lea/ two hydroc>bons--"o a t]p5e1 boil+ at #afc degrees2 ! o!r1 ord9>y cym5e1 ! cym5e be+ extract$ by treat+ ! mixture ( hydroc>bons ) sulphuric acid1 :]eby ! t]p5e becomes res9iz$ &1 on di/illation ) wat]1 ! cym5e passes ov] unalt]$2 :5 purifi$1 ?is 0 f\nd to be id5tical ) all ! o!r kn[n cym5es4 ,oil ( nutmegs also conta9s an oxyg5at$ con/itu5t1 t]m$ myri/icol1 ^: assign$ =mula is ,c#aj;,h#ad,o1 boil+ ne> #bab degrees4 ,exam9$ by pol>iz$ light 9 a #bjj-millimet] tube1 oil ( nutmeg1 di/ill$1 0 f\nd to deviate ! ray #ae4c degrees to ! "r1 & oil ( long nutmeg #bh4g degrees to ! "r4 ,a m m9ute analysis might be giv51 b en\gh has be5 said to meet all requirem5ts = di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! pure & ! adult]at$ nutmegs4 ,to add m might be confus+1 &1 s9ce at pres5t nutmegs are almo/ entirely sold :ole & grat$ 9 ! kit*51 attempts at adult]ation h be5 v few4 ,*emical composition ( nutmegs3 ,wat]1 #f4jh ,a%1 #c4bg ,volatile ,oil1 #b4hd ,fix$ ,oil or ,fat1 #cd4cg ,/>*1 etc41 #cf4ih ,crude ,fib]1 #aa4cj ,album9oids1 #e4af ,nitrog51 4#hc ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,mace ,) y\r colors %9+ bright1 ,y /opp$ ! pigeons 9 _! flight2 ,f ,dut*m5's fields !y plant$ se$1 ,:i* br\ght =? weal? 9 "t ( ne$4 ,,al?\gh nutmegs & mace are ! fruit ( ! same tree1 & al?\gh !y h simil> prop]ties1 !y are yet s diff]5t 9 gr[? & flavor z to ju/ify giv+ to !m sep>ate *apt]s4 ,! fle%y sc>let mantle or arillus :i* envelopes ! nutmeg 7illu/ration "u nutmeg71 or ! coat betwe5 ! outside p]ic>p & ! se$ ( ! nutmeg1 is call$ mace 7,lat91 ,macis2 ,fr5*1 ,macis2 ,g]man1 ,mak]74 ,x is n a cont9u\s coat1 b a network :i* v>ies 9 am\nt 9 diff]5t localities1 z well z on ! sev]al species ( nuts1 be+ f #j4be p] c5t4 9 ! ,b&as to #aj p] c5t4 9 ,jamaica4 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 require f t5 to #djj p\nds ( nutmegs to produce "o p\nd ( mace4 ,plan*on says ( ?is lac9iate envelope t x is no?+ m ?an an expansion ( ! exo/ome &1 !re=e1 an arillode or false aril4 ,mace is h>ve/$ at ! same "t z ! nutmegs & sometimes x is remov$ f ! nutmeg by scrap+ ) a knife1 b remov+ x by h& is consid]$ ! bett] way4 ,?is is done by comm5c+ at ! base ( ! nut1 = ! reason t !re ! int]lac+ or l9+ becomes m exp&$ & at ! same "t flatt5$4 ,9 ?is condition x is plac$ on mats or trays to dry 9 ! sun%9e4 ,! mod]n dri]1 h[ev]1 is n[ l>gely us$ & is pref]able1 ev5 :5 ! wea!r is cle> = a suffici5t "t to cure ! mace1 z sun%9e seems to absorb "s ( its sub/antial qualities4 ,! mod]n dri] also prev5ts x f dry+ too rapidly4 ,mace1 9 dry+1 is fir/ crimson1 !n blood r$1 b 9 process ( dry+ x loses ?is t+e1 & aft] a few mon?s1 :5 prop]ly cur$1 x is ( a yell[i% or gold5-br[n color1 pref]r$ by ! deal]s4 ,x is !n firmly pack$ 9 bags 7call$ by ! ,g]mans 9 ! ,/raits ,settlem5ts1 sok kols74 ,! ,b&a mace is usually pack$ 9 "o-half piculs ( sixty-five p\nds & 9 b>rels or casks conta9+ ab\t #bhj p\nds ea*1 ! pressure be+ ab\t equal to ! weight ( ! mace4 ,:5 dri]s are n us$ & ! wea!r is wet1 mace is dri$ by be+ smok$1 c>e be+ tak5 n to black5 x4 ,sometimes ! base ( ! mace is cut (f & x is dri$ 9 d\ble lay]s--a process :i* _m ?9k has a t5d5cy to keep worms f work+ into x1 b ?is is n true1 z x1 in/ead1 furni%es a place 9 :i* !y c hide4 ,true mace is ! product ( ! true nutmeg1 :i* is r\nd & cov]$ ) s+le & d\ble blades ( flat & some:at irregul> smoo? slits4 ,^! are slightly flexible or brittle membrane ( a gold5-yell[ color1 &1 9 ! odor & ta/e1 analog\s to ! odor & ta/e ( ! nutmeg4 ,!y are ri* 9 fix$ & ess5tial oils & 9 aroma4 ,:ile ea* is a "p ( ! same fruit1 ! nutmeg & mace are entirely diff]5t 9 outw>d appe>ance & are sep>at$ = comm]cial purposes1 z well z = _! sep>ate uses4 ,! ,p5ang mace is mo/ e/eem$ because x is flaxy & spreads4 ,p5ang export$ #a1adc piculs1 valu$ at #aje1jcb1 9 #aijd4 ,! ,dut* or ,batavian is m fle%y & *eap]4 ,! ,s+apore is inf]ior to bo? ! ,p5ang & ! ,dut*1 :ile ! wild or false mace f ! long nutmegs is d>k r$ & has a co>se1 /rong flavor1 :i* is v diff]5t f t ( ! true mace4 #e,myri/ica ,malab>ica1 kn[n "u ! "n ( ,bombay mace1 us$ to adult]ate ! true p[d]$ mace1 is mu* l>g] & m cyl9drical ?an ! arillus ( ! true nutmeg & has sev]al flaps unit$ at ! apex1 =m+ a conical /ructure4 ,! anatomical /ructure is also diff]5t1 z may be se5 by ! aid ( a microscope4 ,:5 moi/5$ ) hydro*loric acid1 ! ,bombay mace pres5ts ! m>k$ peculi>ity ( assum+ a gre5i% color4 ,bombay mace may be detect$ by boil+ ! suspect$ samples ) alcohol & filt]+ ?r\gh a :ite filt]2 if ! mace is pure ! filt] is /a9$ a fa9t yell[1 b if ,bombay mace is pres5t ! filt]1 especially ! edge1 is color$ r$4 ,a r m delicate te/ is to add 8,g\l>d's0#f extract to ! alcoholic filtrate2 ) pure mace only a :ite turbidity is occasion$1 b :5 ,bombay mace is pres5t a r$ turbidity is obta9$4 ,! reaction giv5 by tum]ic is simil>1 b x may be di/+ui%$ f t ( ,bombay mace 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,a /rip ( filt] pap] is saturat$ ) ! alcoholic solution1 ! excess ( fluid remov$1 & ! /rips drawn ?r\gh a cold1 saturat$ solution ( boric acid4 ,:5 ,bombay mace is pres5t ! pap] rema9s un*ang$1 b 9 ! pres5ce ( tum]ic x turns orange br[n4 ,if a drop ( potassium-hydrate solution is n[ plac$ on ! /rip ( pap]1 x causes a blue r+ if tum]ic be pres5t1 & a r$ r+ if ! adult]ant is ,bombay mace4 ----- ,footnote #e3 ,tamk ,b$d1 ,g4 ,l41 ,sylv4 t#bfi2 ,rhe$e1 ,hort41 ,m#ba1 iv1 t#e4 ----- ,footnote #f3 ,ph>macographia ,indica4 ,! myri/ica arg5tea produces a dirty-br[n color$ mace1 & ! arillus g5]ally consi/s ( f\r broad /ripes :i* are unit$ above & bel[4 ,9 select+ mace c>e %\ld be tak5 to select ! orange-color$ ) a transp>5t-l appe>ance4 ,:5 x has a t5d5cy to crumble to du/ x is consid]$ ( poor quality4 ,dull-look+ p>cels %\ld be avoid$1 z su* is nev] g5u9e mace1 b is obta9$ f concrete virtue or express$ oil ( bruis$ or brok5 nutmegs4 ,al?\gh pure mace has a flavor q simil> to t ( ! nutmeg1 x has a peculi>ity ( its own :i* mo/ p pref]4 ,x is ext5sively us$ = m$ic9al purposes4 ,gr\nd mace1 :i* is p[d]$ by /amps or by p\nd+1 ! same z nutmegs or mu/>d1 loses its flavor v rapidly & :5 di/ill$ yields a r$di%1 butt]y oil1 :i* c be obta9$ by process ( di/illation4 ,?is oil is /rong & volatile & conta9s an oxyg5at$ body1 ! prop]ties ( :i* h n be5 det]m9$4 ,?is butt]y oil1 mix$ ) o!r sub/ances1 is kn[n z nutmeg balsam4 7,see nutmegs47 ,! uni=m1 small-cell$1 angul> p>5*yma ( mace conta9s num]\s br[n cells ( l>ge size & ! inn] p>ts conta9 ?91 br[n vascul> bundles4 ,! cells ( ! epid]mis on ei!r side are colorless1 conta9+ ?ick walls1 longitud9ally ext5d$1 & cov]$ ) a peculi> cuticle ( broad1 flat1 ribbon-l cells z a cont9u\s film :i* _c be remov$4 ,! p>5*yma also conta9s _m small granules to :i* a r$ color is imp>t$ by means ( a solution ( m]aci\s nitrate & an orange hue by use ( iod9e4 ,?is result %[s t !y consi/ ( album9\s matt] )\t />*4 ,! *emical *>act]i/ics are s m>k$ & ! /ructure is s closely c>ri$ out t ! adult]ation ( gr\nd mace is v easily detect$4 ,all ! details ( /ructure 9 ! gr\nd p[d] ( mace are readily made out by *loral-hydrate prep>ation ) ! pol>iz$ light1 z ! br[n vascul> bundles1 ! ribbon-l & epid]mal cells are all pol>iz+ sub/ances1 :ile ! l>ge mass ( granul> p>5*ym\s cells are n4 ,! ribbon-l cells are p>ticul>ly int]e/+ 9 ! v>i$ =ms !y assume4 ,,! ,,*emical ,,composition ,,( ,,mace ,! nature ( ! pr9cipal con/itu5t ( mace c be f\nd f ! foll[+ exp]im5ts3 ,sev5te5 grammes ( f9ely pulv]iz$ mace 7 entirely exhau/$ by boil+ e!r & ! solv5t left to spontane\s evaporations4 ,! residue1 am\nt+ to #e4eg grammes aft] dessications at #ajj degrees ,c41 0 r$uc$ 9 weight to #d4ag1 ! loss #a4dj grammes be+ ! ess5tial oil1 :i* 0 #h4b p] c5t4 ,! residue1 am\nt+ to #bd4e p] c5t41 0 ?ick1 aromatic balsam 9 :i* we c f9d no trace or pres5ce ( fat1 b1 in/ead1 x consi/$ ( res9 & semi-res9ifi$ aromatic oil4 ,alcohol extracts f ?is #a4d p] c5t4 ( uncry/allizable sug>1 :i* may be r$uc$ by cupric oxide4 ,! drug aft] ?is treatm5t ) alcohol & e!r yields sc>cely any?+ to cold wat]1 b boil+ wat] extracts #a4h p] c5t4 ( mucilage1 :i* takes a blue color if treat$ ) iod9e1 or a r$di%-violet if previ\sly dri$4 ,?is te/ %[s t x has qualities q diff]5t f ^? ( nutmegs4 ,?is sub/ance is n soluble 9 an ammoniacal solution ( cupric oxide2 x seems r to be an int]m$i>y body betwe5 gum & />*1 & may be call$ amylodextr94#g ,x is di/+ui%$ f ! true />* by be+ /a9$ r$di% br[n in/ead ( blue by an aque\s solution ( iod9e2 ! gra9s ( amylodextr9#g d n appe> to conta9 ev5 a nucleus ( />*4 ,z se5 "u ! microscope1 !y h usually some:at ! =m ( a rod & are (t5 curv$ or coil$2 less (t5 !y are r\ndi% or disc-%ap$2 !y d n usually exhibit any evid5t /ratification4 ----- ,footnote #g3 ,amyloce\s1 />*y4 ,*emical composition3 ,wat]1 #e4fg ,a%1 #d4aj ,volatile ,oil1 #d4jd ,res91 #bg4ej ,undet]m9$1 #da4ag ,crude ,fib]1 #h4ic ,album9oids1 #d4ee ,nitrog51 4#gc ,! city ( ,macass>1 ,celebes1 export$ dur+ ! fir/ n9e mon?s ( ! ye> #aije1 #d1ebj4fa wor? ( mace2 & ,padang1 ,sumatra1 export$ #a1fag4ag dur+ ! same "t4 ,! city ( ,s+apore export$ #bb1gaj4ab wor? dur+ ! ye> #aijd4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,mu/>d #a ,fl[]+ /em ) leaves #b ,fl[] #c ,pod #d ,yell[ se$ #e ,black se$ ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,mu/>d ,y are an appetiz] prime1 ,& a fri5d 9 "t ( pa94 ,:at did !y d )\t y1 pray1 ,be=e ,old ,lady ,clem5ts' "t8 ,,fr5*1 ,m\t>de2 ,g]man1 ,s5f2 ,portuguese1 ,mu/>da2 ,spani%1 ,maszaza4 ,! mu/>d ( comm]ce is ! se$1 :ole or p[d]$1 ( ! sev]al species ( ! g5us brassica 7or s9apis7 ( ! mu/>d family4 ,!y are 7crucif]\s7 plants :i* gr[ wild1 or c9namon *>lock1 & are cultivat$ "u v>i\s conditions4 ,mu/>d dates back ?r\gh a numb] ( c5turies1 & ! mu/>d tree1 spok5 ( 9 ,luke ,,xiii1 #ai1 :i* atta9s a height ( t5 or ev5 fifte5 feet 9 ,pale/9e1 0 probably ! true mu/>d1 brassica 7s9apis7 nigra1 accord+ to ,ragle & o!rs4 ,! tree meant is ,salvadora ,p]sica1 a small tree be>+ m9ute b]ries ) pung5t se$s :i* be> ! "n 9 ,arabic ( mu/>d4 ,hippocrates us$ x 9 m$ic9e "u ! "n ( vanuit4 ,9 ! "t ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 ! ,dut* 7 employ$ to ?r[ out ! e>? f ! eighty-foot dyke to dra9 ! f>ms ( ,l9coln%ire1 ,norfolk1 & ,cambridge%ire1 :i* 7 cov]$ ) wat] & _h be5 ! habitation ( wild f[ls4 ,?is dirt 0 f\nd to conta9 small br[n se$s :i*1 on be+ expos$ to ! sun & air1 spr\t$ & grew into plants1 produc+ a yell[ blossom :i* prov$ to be mu/>d4 ,! two common v>ieties are ! black or br[n mu/>d1 kn[n z 7brassica s9apis nigra71 & ! :ite se$1 z x is call$1 al?\gh ( a yell[ color 7brassica s9apis alba71 usually f\nd 9 :ole mix$ spices4 ,! ,indian wild br[n mu/>d se$ 7rai or *>lock juncea ,s>epta brassica71 tak+ ! "n ,s>epta f ! city ( t "n 9 ,russia1 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,s>atov1 is sometimes (f]$ z ! black mu/>d4 ,s9apis glauca & s9apis ramosa yield a :ite se$ f\nd 9 ,s\? ,russia & 9 ! /eppes nor!a/ ( ! ,caspian ,sea4 ,mu/>d is kn[n by e f>m] & is an annual h]b 7see illu/ration71 f ?ree to six feet high1 ) lyrate leaves1 yell[i% fl[]1 & sl5d] pods conta9+ r\nd se$2 x may be gr[n almo/ any:]e4 ,z only a few k9ds ( mu/>d se$ are kn[n to comm]ce1 we w conf9e our hi/ory pr9cipally to ! black se$1 :i* is yell[ )9 7brassica nigra71 & :i* furni%es ! mo/ aroma4 ,! se$s are v small & d n weigh m ?an "o-fiftie? ( a gra91 :ile ! se$ ( brassica alba1 or ! :ite se$1 z x is call$1 is ?ree times z l>ge z ! black4 ,mu/>d se$ is f\nd 9 almo/ all ( ,europe1 except ! mo/ nor!rn "p1 9 ,nor!rn ,africa1 ,asia ,m9or1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,mesopotamia1 ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,s\? ,sib]ia1 & ,*9a4 ,x is naturaliz$ 9 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 & is cultivat$ to a great ext5t 9 ,bohemia1 ,holl&1 & ,italy1 & 9 ,l9coln%ire & ,york%ire1 ,engl&4 ,x is g5]ally put up = m>ket 9 bags ( #bjj p\nds ea*4 ,mu* ( ! black se$ 7,fig4 #e7 comes f ,cali=nia1 & is br\ght to ! ,ea/]n m>ket by railroads2 mu* comes also f ,k5tucky4 ,ea* ( ^! ,/ates produce l>ge crops1 & ! ,new ,york ,spice ,mills use l>ge quantities ( x on acc\nt ( its be+ *eap] ?an ! import$4 ,x does n conta9 z mu* fl\r z ! yell[ se$1 b x is sweet]4 ,! be/ d>k se$ comes f ,italy & is export$ f ! city ( ,trie/e1 ,au/ria1 & is call$ ,trie/e mu/>d4 7,see illu/ration47 ,x is (t5 s5t by ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea to ,london1 & f !re is transf]r$ to ,new ,york vessels1 al?\gh "s comes direct f ,bombay & ,sicily4 ,! yell[ or l>ge1 plump1 /raw-color$1 r\gh1 hairy se$ 7,fig4 #d7 is mu* less remun]ative ?an ! black1 smoo? se$2 is :ite inside1 &1 ?\gh a native ( ,asia1 is f\nd 9 ,russia & ,africa4 ,! be/ ( x comes f ,engl&1 & is (t5 call$ ,engli% mu/>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,trie/e1 ,,au/ria ,! ,dut* se$ is consid]$ next grade 9 quality to ! ,engli%4 ,9 ,*9a & "s p>ts ( ,europe a species is cultivat$ = gre5s = ! table1 :i* are prep>$ 9 ! same way z sp9a*4 ,! great aim ( ! gr[] is to produce r$di%-br[n se$1 )\t any int]mixture ( gray4 ,! gray color ( ! se$ is attribut$ to ! influ5ce ( ! ra9s dur+ ! rip5+4 ,! pres5ce ( ?is color greatly l[]s ! value ( ! se$4 ,! crop requires v little tillage4 ,! se$ is s[n broadca/1 9 ! mon? ( ,april1 at ! rate ( "o bu%el to an acre4 ,! h>ve/+ w take place 9 ,june & ,july4 ,! l& is suffici5tly se$$ to produce two crops1 :i* are sometimes ga!r$ 9 "o ye>4 ,a yield ( =ty bu%els to an acre is n uncommon4 ,! se$ weighs sixty p\nds to ! bu%el4 ,mu/>d 0 fir/ introduc$ z a table condim5t 9 ! ye> #agbj by an old lady nam$ ,clem5ts1 resid+ 9 ,durham4 ,x is f ?is fact t ! well-kn[n ,durham mu/>d takes its "n4 ,%e prep>$ x 9 a crude =m by gr9d+ ! se$ 9 a small h& mill4 ,! product 0 no?+ m ?an ! cru%$ se$4 ,?is 0 pass$ ?r\gh me% sieves to sep>ate ! bran f ! husk4 ,! secret ( ?is process %e kept = _m ye>s4 ,mu/>d 0 us$ z a m$ic9e by ! anci5ts & is spok5 ( 9 hi/ory by ,!ophra/us & ,gal5 & o!rs4 ,its use z a condim5t is spok5 ( by ,%akespe>e 9 8,tam+ ( ! ,%rew10 ,act ,,iv1 ,sc5e ,,iii4 ,! mu/>d :i* 0 made 9 ! "t ( ,k+ ,george1 :o gave x 8 approval1 0 made f ! wild *>lock ,s4 arv5sis & 0 prep>$ by ,lady ,clem5ts4 ,b z manufactur+ gradually develop$1 9 ord] to cat] to public ta/e1 ! se$ meal has be5 *ang$ to ! g5u9e mu/>d ( to-day1 :i* is ! f>9a or fl\r ( ! black or :ite mu/>d se$1 made f ! int]ior ( ! se$1 :i* is sep>at$ f ! out] coat or %ell4 ,mu/>d se$ conta9s s mu* oil t x _c be gr\nd on common burr /ones4 ,x is prep>$ = m>ket by fir/ pass+ x ?r\gh a w9n[+ ma*9e to remove ! du/ & any o!r =eign mat]ial2 x is next cru%$ by pass+ x betwe5 roll]s2 !n x is plac$ 9 silk bags made = t purpose1 & ! volatile oil is extract$ by hydraulic pressure4 ,aft] ! cake is dri$ x is put into pots & is /amp$ or p\nd$ by a sy/em ( batt]y p\nd+1 or by means ( roll] mills1 9 :i* ! p\nd]s v>y 9 numb] f two to f\r1 eight1 twelve1 or sixte54 ,! p\nd+ or /amp+ cont9ues until ! cake is r$uc$ to ! consi/5cy ( s(t middl+s1 or to ! requir$ p[d]4 ,x is next scoop$ out into a tr\gh & m cake is put into ! pots4 ,! /amp+ cont9ues until all ! cake is us$ up4 ,!n x is scoop$ = bolt+ on sieves made ( silk clo? ( f9e or co>se me%1 z requir$1 :i* are set 9 frames & giv5 a %ak+ motion by an upright %aft1 ! meal fall+ into a receptacle bel[4 ,! quality ( p[d]$ mu/>d v>ies mu*1 accord+ to ! quality ( ! mu/>d se$4 ,prime se$ yields #ej to #fj p] c5t4 ( fl\r1 & poor se$ w run z l[ z #bh p] c5t4 ,x does n pay to prep>e poor se$1 z ! "t lo/ 9 its prep>ation w\ld n make up = ! *eapness ( x4 ,! op]ation ( prop]ly r$uc+ mu/>d se$ requires exp]t h&l+1 & x c easily be ru9$ by incompet5t op]ators4 ,m ?an #ej or #fj p] c5t4 ( meal might be tak5 out at ! fir/ sift+1 b to d s ! bran w\ld h to be *opp$ up s f9e t "s w\ld pass ?r\gh ! sieve & spoil ! appe>ance ( ! fl\r4 ,! fl\r :i* is tak5 out at ! fir/ sift+ is call$ sup]f9e4 ,if no m c\ld be obta9$ f ! se$ ?an ! sup]f9e fl\r1 x is v cle> t ! mu/>d fl\r w\ld co/ ne>ly or q twice z mu* z ! cake1 ) all ! labor add$4 ,b to save ?is extra co/ ! mill] (t5 adds to ! rema9+ bran or tail+s an equal quantity ( good :eat fl\r1 & also #a p] c5t4 ( good ,cay5ne pepp]1 & suffici5t color 7tum]ic7 to give ! same t+e z t ( pure mu/>d4 ,p\nd ?is z be=e & by ! same process1 ! fl\r rema9+ is sep>at$ f ! bran & unit$ ) ! :eat fl\r4 ,9 pass+ ?r\gh ! sieve1 #ge p] c5t4 ( ! comp\nd may be extract$4 ,?is product1 :i* is bett] ?an mo/ ( ! adult]at$1 is call$ f9e4 ,ne>ly all ( ! :eat fl\r w pass ?r\gh ! sieves1 & ab\t #be p] c5t4 ( ! mu/>d & ?is #be p] c5t4 ( bran is treat$ z be=e4 ,z ! :eat fl\r is increas$1 ! hulls or bran w be less apt to affect ! appe>ance ( ! mu/>d4 ,?is is call$ seconds4 ,x is admitt$ t mu* ( ! good prop]ty ( ! mu/>d is 9 ! bran1 &1 aft] all1 x is only necess>y to extract x to satisfy a popul> prejudice z to :at a f9e1 yell[ color pure mu/>d ought to h4 ,?is notion is (t5 wrong1 j z color+ butt] to please ! eyes is wrong4 ,^! mixtures may all be mix$ & p[d]$ toge!r1 if rightly color$1 & aga9 bolt$ to make v>i\s grades1 or1 ) exp]i5ce 9 ! use ( a mill & an acqua9tance ) ! nature ( ! p>ticul> k9d ( se$ or ! quality ( ! press$ cake1 x may be p[d]$ f ! />t1 if suffici5t adult]ation is add$ to ! cake4 ,?us a grade comb9+ all ! qualities may be made at "o op]ation4 ,?is process r$uces ! labor to a m9imum4 ,aft] ! sift+ is complet$ !re w rema9 a residue 9 ! sieves1 :i* is call$ dress+4 ,?is is us$ 9 wet mu/>d or ,fr5* mu/>d1 z x is kn[n to ! consum]4 ,x is sometimes us$ by pickle manufactur]s4 ,,wet ,,mu/>d ,,or ,,fr5* ,,mu/>d1 ,consi/s ( a comp\nd ( cru%$ mu/>d se$ & v9eg>1 ! se$ hav+ be5 pass$ betwe5 roll]s & !n wa%$ into a cask or vat4 ,) x !re is (t5 mix$ g>lic & su* spice or flavor+ mat]ial z ! fancy or exp]i5ce ( ! manufactur] w det]m9e4 ,?is comp\nd is gr\nd two or ?ree times ?r\gh a /one mill or ?r\gh a l9e ( sev]al mills1 ! mat]ial be+ f$ f "o to ! o!r until x is receiv$ 9 a f9al res]voir1 f :i* x is put up 9 bottles4 ,x is ( a consi/5cy ( pa/e1 :i* conta9s all ! mu/>d1 ! oil1 ! fl\r1 & ! bran4 ,x may be comp\nd$ ) an indef9ite v>iety ( mat]ial1 & ! refuse bran ( dry mu/>d may also be add$4 ,its use is /eadily increas+1 & a v satisfactory article may be made at home by ?or\ghly p\nd+ ! se$ & mix+ x ) good v9eg>4 ,9 ?is way ! mak] c be sure t 8 comp\nd has ! virtue ( purity & also ( *eapness4 ,z ! fix$ oil has no pung5cy or mu/>d ta/e1 x adds no?+ to ! flavor ( ! fl\r1 b1 in/ead1 injures its keep+ qualities1 &1 if left 91 makes ! se$ v difficult to be pulv]iz$4 ,x is us$ z a salad & !re is a ready m>ket = x1 z !re is a great dem& = x by ! ,jewi% p4 ,s9ce hydraulic presses are exp5sive1 co/+ f #b1jjj to #d1jjj ea*1 b a small numb] ( ! spice mill]s press _! own mu/>d se$4 ,!y ei!r buy ! mu/>d cake1 :i* has be5 prep>$ by special mu/>d mills1 or buy ! pure or adult]at$ fl\r1 already prep>$ = ! m>ket4 ,"s spice mill]s are suspici\s ( ! cake1 fe>+ x may be adult]at$ or be made up ( p>tially poor se$1 or ( ! refuse ( previ\s work+s1 & !y h good reasons = _! fe>s1 z su* adult]ation might occur1 b z ! pure article is to be judg$ by ! flavor & pung5cy x may possess1 x is z easy to te/ ! cake z ! se$4 ,mu/>d is n only v popul> z a condim5t b is a m$ic9al rubefaci5t1 z x has _m /imulat+ prop]ties4 ,! use ( mu/>d pla/]s e h\sehold is famili> )2 mu/>d also promotes dige/ion1 & x is a spl5did emetic 9 case ( poison+4 ,a good /ory is told ( a quack doctor :o adv]tis$ electric belts = sale4 ,he _h receiv$ _m te/imonials f ^? :o _h b\ght !m1 8 patrons speak+ v highly ( ! b5efit !y _h receiv$ f _! use1 b z ! belts became worn & 7 ripp$ op5 x 0 f\nd t ! electricity !y conta9$ 0 made up ( mu/>d fl\r4 ,9 ! gr\nd mu/>d or mu/>d meal1 z has be5 expla9$1 we h only ! int]ior ( ! se$1 ) ! exception ( ! few small portions ( ! husk1 :i* may h escap$ 9 ! op]ation ( bolt+4 ,! pres5ce ( ^! fragm5ts enables u to recognize ! s\rce f :i* ! fl\r is d]iv$1 & also to detect ! use ( mu/>d hulls z an adult]ant ( o!r food mat]ials4 ,! f>9a or black & :ite mu/>d diff]s b little 9 appe>ance4 ,! br[n1 h[ev]1 is slightly d>k]4 ,! out] color\s epid]mis consi/s ( angul> plates1 or hexagonal tabul> cells1 ) a c5t] ( diff]5t brilliancy4 ,x swells up & becomes slimy 9 wat]1 &1 !re=e1 mu/ be obs]v$ 9 glyc]9e4 ,at ! be/ x requires "s manipulation to see x well1 & x is f> less prom95t 9 ! black se$4 ,! next coat1 d5om9at$ ! subepid]mal1 is n prom95t & c only be se5 at all easily 9 ! :ite se$4 ,! ?ird lay] is an important "o1 & 9 x is f\nd ! color+ matt] ( ! br[n se$4 ,its abs5ce is ! cause ( ! lack ( color 9 ! :ite v>iety4 ,by ?is lay] "o is able to tell :e!r ! fl\r is a mixture ( bo? ! black & :ite se$ or if x is d]iv$ f "o only4 ,fragm5ts ( ?is lay] are common 9 p[d]$ mu/>d4 ,x is di/+ui%$ by ! ?ick or colorless br[n cell walls & _! irregul> dott$ appe>ance4 ,betwe5 ! ?ird & second lay]s are num]\s cells conta9+ "s color 9 ! br[n se$1 b ( little importance4 ,)9 ^! comes ! important lay]1 d5om9at$ ! inn] tunic or plasma lay]4 ,x sep>ates readily f ! o!r p>ts ( ! husk & is (t5 f\nd by itself 9 ! p[d]$ mu/>d4 ,z its cont5ts are brok5 up by wat] or *loral-hydrate1 x is necess>y to use glyc]9e or oil 9 m\nt+4 ,! cells & _! cont5ts ( ?is lay] are l>ge & mu* alike 9 bo? ! black & :ite se$4 ,! int]ior ( ! mu/>d se$ is made up ( small1 s(t p>5*yma cells1 conta9+ ! oil & ! o!r con/itu5ts ( ! mu/>d1 b )\t any trace ( />*--a fact :i* makes adult]ations easily detect$4 ,! peculi> pung5cy & odor ( ! black se$ are due to an ess5tial or fix$ oil1 myronic acid1 :i* is develop$ by ! action ( cold wat] 7hot wat] w n answ]7 on two peculi> *emical sub/ances :i* x conta9s1 :i* =m a comp\nd1 t]m$ by ! discov]]s myronate ( pota%1 b s9ce call$ synan?r91 an acid ) =mula ,c#aj;,h#ai,,ns#b,o#aj4 ,?is acid is conv]t$ into ! volatile oil ( mu/>d or sulphocyanide ( allyl ,c#d;,h#e,,ns1 or ,c ,n ,s4 ,c#c;,h#e ,?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! myros91 ano!r con/itu5t ( br[n se$1 :5 ! two are br\ght 9 contact ?r\gh ! m$ium ( wat]1 we h vegetable album51 a bitt] pr9ciple1 a little gum & sug>1 & a peculi> gre5 sub/ance1 cellulose1 & m9]al wat]1 call$ sulphocyanide ( s9ap9e4#h ,! aque\s extract ( yell[ mu/>d se$ yields ) a solution ( f]ric *loride a deep1 blood-r$ coloration1 :i* is sc>cely p]ceptible ) simil> extract ( black mu/>d4 ,! aque\s extract ( :ite mu/>d acquires a p[]ful odor ( sulphurat$ hydrog5 9 a few h\rs1 :ile t ( ! black se$ smells only ( ! pung5t mu/>d oil4 ----- ,footnote #h3 ,s9apal9e s9cal9e4 ,:ite mu/>d se$ conta9s f #be p] c5t4 to #ce p] c5t4 ( an inodor\s fix$ oil ) a little t5d5cy to become rancid & ( little pung5cy1 :i* x w n give up 9 wat]4 ,9 place ( myronic acid conv]t$ into volatile oil ( mu/>d1 x conta9s a non-volatile1 bitt] & acrid salt t]m$ sulphocyanide ( s9ap9e 7,c#ag;,h#bd,n#b,,s#e or ,c#af;,h#bc,,no#e;,,cnhs71 myros9 gum cellulose & m9]al matt]4 ,n[1 z x is on ! volatile oil & ! acrid & some:at bitt] salt t ! pung5cy & acridity ( mu/>d dep5d1 we c see a /rong reason :y 9 ! mu/>d ( comm]ce ! f>9a ( ! two species1 black & :ite se$1 %\ld be bl5d$ toge!r1 9 ! proportion ( two p>ts ( :ite to "o ( black4 ,! black se$ does conta9 "s ( ! acrid pr9ciple z well z ! volatile oil1 z has be5 v]ifi$ by ! action ( nitric acid1 cau/ic pota%1 & f]ric *loride1 on ! alcoholic extract4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ! mo/ valuable ( ! two se$s on acc\nt ( ! little volatile oil 9 ! yell[ se$4 ,! acrid pr9ciple ( :ite mu/>d appe>s to possess b little /ability1 al?\gh x has be5 said to be> a temp]ature ( #acj degrees ,c4 ,we f9d t x is readily affect$ by heat & t x is n safe to evaporate ! alcoholic solution conta9+ x at a high] temp]ature ?an ab\t #cj degrees ,c41 =1 if subject$ to a mu* high] temp]ature1 x quickly loses its acridity & acquires a bitt]1 c>amel-l ta/e4 ,! oil extract$ by e!r f ! br[n se$ is ( a bright & beautiful em]ald-gre5 color1 ow+ to ! peculi> gre5 pr9ciple describ$ z "o ( its con/itu5ts4 ,s deep & rem>kable is ! color ( ! oil t x w\ld be easy by means ( a graduat$ scale ( t9ts to det]m9e ) v tol]able c]ta9ty ! p]c5tage ( br[n mu/>d conta9$ 9 any sample ( mix$ mu/>d4 ,specific gravity1 #a4jag2 boils at #adh degrees4 ,myronate ( pota% decomposes "u ! influ5ce ( ! nitrog5\s matt] conta9$ 9 br[n mu/>d into volatile oil1 glucose1 & acid sulphate ( pota%4 ,! quantity ( ea* ( ^! products ( decomposition gives1 !re=e1 by simple calculation1 ! quantity ( myronic acid2 "o hundr$ p>ts ( ?is acid yield #bc4he p>ts ( volatile oil4 ,place =ty to fifty grammes ( mu/>d f>9a 9 a flask ( ab\t "o-half lit] capacity2 #bej cubic c5timet]s ( tepid wat] %\ld be p\r$ ov] x1 !n close ! flask ) a cork & %ake well4 ,aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs' /&+ connect ! flask ) a ,liebig's cond5s] & heat to boil+4 ,p\r ?irty cubic c5timet]s /rong ammonia into ! receiv]1 ! end ( ! cond5s] be+ dipp$ bel[ ! surface ( ! liquid4 ,wat] & ! volatile oil w pass ov]1 ! oil at fir/ float+ 9 ! %ape ( oily drops on ! surface ( ! liquid1 :i* soon s9ks to ! bottom1 especially :5 ! liquid is g5tly agitat$4 ,:5 no m oil globules pass ov]1 ! di/illation has f9i%$4 ,! receiv] %\ld be clos$ ) a cork & all[$ to /& tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 at ! end ( ?is "t all ! oil w be dissolv$ & is n[ conta9$ 9 ! liquid 9 ! =m ( ?ios9am9e 7,c#d;,h#h,n#b74 ,?is solution is evaporat$ on ! wat] ba? 9 a weigh$ plat9um bas91 ! residue dri$ & weigh$1 & ! quantity ( ?ios9am9e obta9$1 m9us "o molecule ( ammonia1 repres5ts ! am\nt ( volatile oil4 ,to e/imate ! am\nt ( myros9 or album5 & sulphocyanide ( s9ap9e1 ! am\nt ( nitrog5 & sulphur 9 ! mu/>d %\ld fir/ be obta9$1 ! =m] by combu/ion ) soda lime 9 ! well-kn[n mann]1 & ! latt] by deflagration ( ! mu/>d & oxidation ( its sulphur 9 a mixture ( nitrate ( soda & c>bonate ( pota%4 ,fir/1 dissolve ! mass 9 wat] or dilut$ acid1 & ! sulphuric acid conta9$ 9 ! solution is e/imat$ by means ( *loride ( b>ium1 &1 f ?is data ! am\nt ( ! myros9 & ( ! sulphocyanide ( s9ap9e1 ! acrid pr9ciple is calculat$4 ,z mu* sulphur & nitrog5 are fir/ d$uct$ f ! totals ( ^! sub/ances obta9$ z is conta9$ 9 ! quantity ( myronic acid previ\sly det]m9$4 ,next1 ! :ole rema9+ sulphur1 & z mu* ( ! nitrog5 z is requir$1 are e/imat$ 9 ! acrid pr9ciple1 &1 la/ly1 ! surplus nitrog5 is calculat$ into myros91 :i* has ! same =mula z vegetable album54 ,b n[1 hav+ ! am\nt ( ! acrid pr9ciple & ( ! myros91 a fur!r calculation has to be made1 s9ce myros9 conta9s ab\t #a p] c5t4 ( sulphur1 & ?is c be d$uct$ f ! total acrid pr9ciple1 a correspond+ quantity ( nitrog5 be+ 9 turn calculat$ into myros94 ,*emical composition ( :ite mu/>d3 ,moi/ure1 #i4cb ) v>iations ,fat1 #be4ef ,cellulose1 #aj4eb ,sulphur1 #j4ii ,nitrog51 #d4ed ,album9oids1 #bh4cg ,myros9 #e4bd ,album91 ,soluble ,matt]1 #bg4ch ,volatile ,oil1 #j4jjf ,a%1 #d4eg ,soluble1 #j4ee ,*emical composition ( br[n mu/>d se$3 ,moi/ure1 #h4eb ,fat1 #be4ed ,cellulose1 #i4ja ,album9oids1 #be4ej ,myros9 & ,album91 #e4bd ,soluble ,matt]1 #bd4bb ,nitrog51 #d4ch ,sulphur1 #a4bh ,a%1 #d4ih ,fix$ ,oil1 #cf4jj ,volatile ,oil1 #j4dgc ,potassium ,myronate1 #a4fib ,soluble1 #a4aa ) "s v>iations ,mu/>d is1 no d\bt1 adult]at$ m ?an any o!r ( ! condim5ts1 unless x be black pepp]4 ,tum]ic is ! great ag5t us$ to br+ out ! desir$ color 9 ! adult]ation1 & ,cay5ne pepp] is us$ to give x a tonic flavor4 ,9 fact1 tum]ic has be5 s ext5sively us$ 9 adult]at+ ! mu/>d fl\r t _m consum]s h become s accu/om$ to x t1 9 judg+ ! prep>$ mu/>d meal ) ! eye1 !y pref] x on acc\nt ( its yell[ color to ! g5u9e mu/>d4 ,x is claim$ by "s t tum]ic is desirable 9 ton+ d[n ! pung5cy ( mu/>d & 9 add+ to its keep+ quality1 b if x 0 too pung5t m yell[ se$ might be us$ 9 place ( an admixture4 ,tum]ic is treat$ m z a con/itu5t ( ! mu/>d ?an z a =eign sub/ance--a fact :i* makes x appe> almo/ a comm]cial necessity4 ,?is %\ld n be all[$4 ,! natural color ( a pure meal is grayi% or a%51 m l t ( corn meal1 & accord+ly corn meal is consid]$ a v good article to use z an adult]ant2 turnip1 radi%1 & rape se$1 & brok5 crack]s are also (t5 us$4 ,!y are mix$ ) mu/>d se$ & mill$ ) x to increase ! bulk & obta9 m value f ! cake4 ,tum]ic1 ^: color+ matt] is call$ curcum91 is a root conta9+ />*4 ,x resembles g+] & is gr\nd 9 ! same way z g+]4 ,x is m g5]ally us$ 9 pref]5ce to o*] or yell[ e>?4 ,z mu/>d fl\r does n conta9 any />*1 ! fraudul5t tum]ic & />* are readily detect$ 9 ! f>9a by ! use ( iod9e & ammonia4 ,place a little ( ! suspect$ sample1 :i* has be5 previ\sly heat$ & aft]w>ds all[$ to cool1 on a piece ( glass & add ! ammonia or iod9e1 :5 ! br[n color+ pr9ciple ( ! tum]ic w be br\ght out4 ,x may also be detect$ by its action ) borax or boric acid & ,m>t9 yell[ 7d9itronap?ol7 by ! use ( #ie p] c5t4 ( alcohol4 ,if capsicum be pres5t ! te/ w\ld be/ be obs]v$ by treat+ ! dry mu/>d ) /rong alcohol by p]colation1 :i* w\ld develop ! peculi> pung5cy ( ! capsicum :5 conc5trat$4 ,! microscope is ! be/ aid to detect x4 ,:eat fl\r1 if us$ to adult]ate1 conta9s b #a4b to #b4a p] c5t41 & r$uces ! natural yell[ color ( mu/>d1 :i* mu/ !n be ton$ up ) tum]ic or "s o!r color+ matt]4 ,9 ! discussion ( ! analysis ( mu/>d se$ we may add t ! fl\r is fairly con/ant 9 its composition2 wat] is pres5t 9 small am\nts1 v>y+ betwe5 #c & #g p] c5t42 a% v>ies betwe5 #d & #f p] c5t41 & s =eign m9]al matt] is easily detect$4 ,volatile oil is pres5t 9 ! se$ 9 small am\nts1 v>y+ f #b4jf 9 "o to z little z #j4ee 9 ano!r4 ,fix$ oil is "o ( ! mo/ prom95t con/itu5ts ( ! se$4 ,x v>ies 9 am\nt f #ca to #cg p] c5t4 ,/>* is entirely abs5t 9 ! :ole se$4 ,crude fib] v>ies1 dep5d+ on ! c>e & me?od ( mill+4 ,! am\nt %\ld n be m ?an #f to #g p] c5t4 ,album9oids make up a l>ge "p ( ! se$1 v>y+ f #be to #cj p] c5t4 ,if !y are bel[ #bj p] c5t4 ?is fact po9ts to dilution ) mat]ial poor 9 nitrog54 ,! undet]m9$ matt] consi/s ( gum & "s unid5tifi$ sub/ances soluble 9 alcohol1 ^: e/imation is ( no p>ticul> value1 z a means ( detect+ adult]ations4 ,z a :ole1 = g5]al ref]5ce1 ! foll[+ table may be us$3 ,wat]1 #c to #g p] c5t4 ,a%1 #d to #f p] c5t4 ,volatile ,oil1 to #b p] c5t4 ,fix$ ,oil1 #ca to #cg p] c5t41 f entire se$ ,fix$ ,oil1 #af to #ah p] c5t41 f cake ,/>*1 ,none ,crude ,fib]1 #e to #ah p] c5t4 ,album9oids1 #be to #cb p] c5t4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,sage #a ,fl[] #b ,fl[] )\t /am5s ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,h]bs ,,ne>ly e "o is famili> ) ! subject ( ?is *apt]4 ,! sweet & aromatic h]bs = cul9>y purposes are f\nd 9 bo? hemisph]es1 & little1 !re=e1 ne$ be said ab\t !m4 ,( ^? :o "k !m1 none are bett] acqua9t$ or m famili> ) _! use ?an ! f>m]'s wife4 ,! h]bs we are to consid] are ! few hav+ t peculi> prop]ty ( imp>t+ to fre% meats a flavor1 s mu* e/eem$1 :i* br+s !m into g5]al use4 ,!y are also us$ = m$ic9al purposes ( :i* we h ! foll[+ k9ds3 ,sage1 m>joram1 savory1 p>sley1 & ?yme4 8,h]bs to /ill ! summ]40 8,! k ( /ill+ is "o ( pretty feat10 b x is a lo/ art4 ,! /ill+ room 0 also a dry+ room1 & 9 breezy %ad[s ?r\gh\t ! long summ] days 7 dry+ leaves & sprigs ( _m aromatic plants4 ,! bran*es 7 (t5 made up into small bun*es1 ! size to be us$ = a kettle ( s\p or = ! ba/+ ( a s+le roa/4 8,^! 7 ! fagots ( h]bs s (t5 ord]$ 9 old recipes1 & 7 a n unimportant "p ( h\sehold supplies4 ,!re is no spice comp>able = h]bs use 9 rosem>y40 ,pl9y says t ! s]p5ts s\ght ! %ade ( ! f5nel to /r5g!n _! sight4 ,culpepp] not$ ! />ry influ5ce "u :i* ea* plant grew4 ,,sage ,sage 7,salvia (fic9alis7 is ! common sage4 ,sage1 sauge1 swage1 natural ord] ,lam9aceoe4 ,fr5*1 ,sauge2 ,portuguese1 ,salva2 ,italian & ,lat91 ,salvia1 ,salvas 7,culpepp]74 ,x is gov]n$ by ,m>s4 ,salvia1 f salvo1 to save or heal4 ,! mo/ ext5sively us$ ( ! h]bs is ! sage4 ,its high reputation z a m$ic9e la/$ = ye>s4 ,! ,arabians valu$ x1 & ! m$ical s*ool ( ,sal]no summ$ up its surpass+ m]its 9 ! l9e1 8,cur morietor homo cui salvia cresit 9 horto80 7,h[ c a man die :o gr[s sage 9 8 g>d587 ,p]haps ?is orig9at$ ! ,engli% say+1 8,:o eats sage 9 ,may %all live = aye40 ,p>k9son says3 8,x make? ! hayre blacke1 x is good = w\ndis4 ,= le?>gy & =getfulness ba! ! back ( ! head ) a decoction ( sage & smallage40 ,pepys notes t 9 *ur*y>ds betwe5 ,gasport & ,s\?ampton1 ,engl&1 ! cu/om prevail$ ( s[+ ! graves ) sage4 ,evelyn sums up its noble prop]ties by its assidu\s use z mak+ man immortal4 8,we _c1 !re=e1 b all[ ! t5d] summities ( ! "y leaves b pr9cipally ! fl[]s 9 our sallet40 ,salvia (fic9alis & ,s4 gr&iflora4 ,! fir/ is ! common g>d5 sage1 a native ( s\!rn ,europe1 & has be5 naturaliz$ = _m ye>s 9 ?is c\ntry z a g>d5 plant4 ,x is a p]5nial %rub1 seldom m ?an two feet high & sometimes treat$ z an annual4 ,! plant has a pubesc5t f\r-sid$ /em ) erect bran*es1 ho>y ) d[n1 & leafy at ! base1 ^? be>+ fl[]s be+ ab\t a foot or a foot & a half long4 ,! fl[]s are 9 racemes ( blue v>iegat$ ) purple 7r>ely r$71 arrang$ 9 spik$ :orls4 ,! fl[]s h b two p]fect /am5s1 ! filam5ts ( :i* be> at _! summit a cross ?read4 ,a mu*-elongat$ connective is fa/5$ by a po9t & has "o cell ( ! an!r at ! upp] end & ! o!r1 b imp]fect1 cell at ! o!r end4 ,! se$s ( _m species1 :5 /eep$ 9 wat]1 become cov]$ ) a mucilag9\s slime1 l t ( qu9ce se$s4 ,! leaves are ovate1 oblong1 lanceolate1 f9ely not*$1 are curi\sly wr9kl$ or r\gh1 hairy or tom5tose1 & ( a :iti%-gre5 color4 ,! leaves & tops are ga!r$ & dri$ dur+ ! fl[]+ seasons1 :i* is 9 ,june & ,july4 ,sage is slightly tonic ) a peculi>1 /rong1 a/r+5t1 aromatic1 camphor\s odor1 & a %>p1 w>m1 slightly bitt] ta/e4 ,^! prop]ties are ow+ to its volatile oil 7sage oil71 :i* may be obta9$ by di/ill+ ! plant ) wat] infusion1 b m especially 9 alcohol4 ,=m]ly x _h a high reputation z a sudorific & z an antiseptic1 & 0 s e/eem$ by ! anci5ts1 especially by ! ,*9ese1 b at pres5t1 ?\gh (fic9al1 x is little us$ z a rem$y except 9 dome/ic practice1 & x has no place 9 ! ph>macopia4 ,b ! infusion is mu* valu$ 9 cases ( ga/ric debility z a g>gle1 *eck+ flatul5cy ) spe$ & c]ta9ty4 ,x is a good a/r+5t & n]ve tonic z well z a good rem$y = use 9 cases ( rheumatism4 ,b its great use is z a condim5t 9 flavor+ dress1 sausage1 *eese1 etc4 ,sage gr[s be/ 9 dry soil & is f\nd gr[+ on sunny m\nta9 slopes & rocks4 ,x has long be5 9 g5]al cultivation 9 g>d5s1 & x is easily rais$ f ! se$ or f cutt+s or divisions ( ! root4 ,roots %\ld be plant$ ab\t six in*es ap>t4 ,sage bru% 7,c>teunissia hid5lata7 is f\nd on ,we/]n table l&s4 ,! apple-be>+ sage 7,s4 pomif]a7 is a native ( ,s\!rn ,europe & is rem>kable = its r$di% or purple bracts & l>ge gall nuts gr[+ on ! bran*es z on ! leaves ( ! oak4 ,^! are kn[n z sage apples4 ,!y h an agreeable aromatic ta/e & are edible4 ,bo? ^! species are us$ to adult]ate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m>joram #a ,leaf & fl[] /em #b ,bract ( fl[] #c1 #d ,diff]5t views ( fl[] #e ,/am5s #f ,se$ ,! ,salvia longiflora ( ,p]u sometimes atta9s ! height ( tw5ty feet1 ) fl[]s six to eight in*es long4 ,sev]al k9ds are f\nd fifte5 feet 9 height4 ,!re are said to be ne>ly #cjj v>ieties ( sage1 among :i* are ! foll[+3 ,s4 spl5d51 ) l>ge spik$1 sc>let fl[]s1 f ,mexico1 :i* is e/eem$ by flori/s2 ,s4 cocc9ea1 ) small]1 b h&some fl[]s2 ! op5-coroll$ ,s4 pat5s1 ) tall1 op5 spikes1 ) l>ge blue fl[]s2 ! bracteat$ ,s4 involucrata1 ) ?ick obtuse spikes ( r$di%-purple fl[]s2 ! ,clory ,s4 scl>ea1 ) l>ge1 beautiful1 purpli%-gre5 decidu\s bracts4 ,,m>joram ,m>joram 7,origanum m>jorum74 ,origanum 7mean+ 9 ,greek1 joy ( ! m\nta9s74 ,sweet m>joram1 a g5us ( ! natural ord] ( plants labiat or m9t family4 ,x is *iefly a native ( ,greece & ! c\ntries bord]+ on ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,x is an annual %rubby plant ) a /em ab\t "o foot high1 & has a t5-ribb$1 five-too!d calyx1 loose spikes1 & broad bracts4 ,x is peculi>ly aromatic & fragrant1 & is mu* us$1 z o!r m9t plants are us$1 9 common cook+4 ,x has ne>ly an entire ovate1 or egg-%ap$1 grayi% or gre51 leaf1 cov]$ on bo? sides ) a ?9 d[n1 situat$ ab\t ?ree r\ndi% heads ( small purpli% fl[]s cr[d$ 9 cyl9drical or oblong spikes1 :i* are imbricat$ ) color$ bracts4 ,x fl[]s 9 ,augu/4 ,! fl[]s are v small & inconspicu\s4 ,m>joram conta9s a yell[i% ess5tial oil 7oil ( m>joram or oil ( origanum71 :i* is obta9$ f "s species by di/illation4 ,x yields fifte5 ounces f "o hundr$ & fifty p\nds ( ! rec5t-cut plants4 ,?is oil w become solid by /&+4 ,x is us$ = too?a*e & = canc]s4 ,an infusion ( x is a /imulant & is a good rem$y = n]v\sness4 ,x is mix$ ) olive oil to make a /imulat+ l9im5t1 :i* is us$ z a rem$y = rheumatic compla9ts & = baldness1 & 9 case ( spra9s & bruises4 ,! common m>joram1 wild 7,o4 vulg>e71 is f\nd on dry hilly1 bu%y places4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p>sley #a ,rip5+ fruit #b ,rip5+ fruit1 m develop$ #c ,fl[] #d ,/am5 #e ,pi/il #f ,se$ ,,p>sley ,p>sley 7,c>um petrosel9um sativum74 ,fr5*1 ,p]sil 7,culpepp]74 ,x is gov]n$ by ,v5us4 ,p>sley is a bi5nial plant1 ) a fle%y1 sp9dle-%ap$ root & a r\gh1 erect1 smoo?-bran*+ /em4 ,x is a native ( ! ,ea/]n ,m$it]ranean region4 ,x is n[ widely cultivat$ 9 all p>ts ( ! civiliz$ _w z a cul9>y vegetable1 & x sometimes runs wild1 ! root be+ "o ( ! pr9cipal p>ts4 ,x is a great favorite on acc\nt ( its mu*-divid$1 f9ely cut1 crisp$1 aromatic leaves1 :i* are us$ 9 flavor+ s\ps & o!r di%es & = g>ni%+4 ,! leaves ( ! wild p>sley are pla94 ,p>sley has a :ite or gre5i%-yell[ fl[] & f ! se$ an ess5tial oil is obta9$1 nam$ apial1 :i* is us$ z a drug 9 place ( qu99e 9 int]mitt5t fev]s4 ,its leaves are (t5 *ew$ to neutralize ! sc5t ( onions4 ,p>sley wrea?s 7 tw9$ = ! victors ( ! ,nemean games1 b n[ x has fall5 f its high e/ate to flavor or to g>ni% "s lordly di%4 ,! se$ 0 =m]ly mix$ 9 *eese curds ) f5nel & ?yme & o!r fragrant h]bs4 ,! roots 7 also us$ z a reli%1 z not$ 9 ! words ( ,wynkyn1 8de worde 9 ! ,boke ( ,k]iynge says #8qu9ces & p]es ,ciryppe ) p>cel]y rate4 ,bight to begyn y\r mele4'0 ,p>sley se$s g]m9ate imp]fectly & ! disappo9tm5t ( ! s[] 0 expla9$ by ! belief t ! devil took 8 ti! !re(4 ,_m dire evils1 belief 9 :i* c sc>cely n[ be und]/ood1 7 atta*$ to ! s[+1 ga!r+1 & ev5 dream+ ( p>sley se$4 ,^! beliefs may h orig9at$ 9 ! fact t ! ,greeks /rew$ x ^u newly made graves4 ,to be 9 ne$ ( p>sley 0 a colloquialism :i* express$ ! imm95ce ( dea?4 ,h]rick said3 8,de> ,p]5na1 ,pri!e come & ) ,smallage dressmy tomb40 ,illu/ration3 ,,savory #a ,fl[] #b ,fl[] )\t /am5s #c ,leaf #d ,fl[] cut1 %[+ /am5s #e ,corolla #f ,leaves ( an axil #g ,pi/il #h ,/am5 #i ,se$ ,,savory ,satureia ,hort5sis1 a g5us ( ! natural ord] labiat1 belong+ to ! m9t family4 ,fr5*1 ,savorae4 ,x is said to be gov]n$ by ,m]cury 7,culpepp]7 & 0 suppos$ to belong to ! satyrs4 ,! summ] savory is *iefly ( two k9ds--,s4 ,hort5sis1 ! summ] savory1 & ,s4 ,montana1 ! w9t] savory4 ,bo? k9ds are natives ( ,s\!rn ,europe4 ,savory is m5tion$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t 7,g5esis1 ,*ap4 ,,xxvii1 #d? v]se73 8,& make me sav\ry meet su* z ,i love1 & br+ x to me t ,i may eat1 t my s\l may bless !e be=e ,i die40 ,savory 0 probably introduc$ into ,brita9 by ! ,romans1 z we f9d x spok5 ( 9 a ,lat9 treatise1 8,husb&rie ( ,pallodius10 at ! fifte5? c5tury1 translat$ ab\t #adbj4 ,x is a common h]bace\s plant1 f t5 in*es to "o foot high1 be+ half %rubby1 ) num]\s /alks1 :i* are v h>d & woody ne> ! bottom4 ,! leaves are n>r[1 oblong or l9e> or lanceolate1 entire1 acute at ! end1 ) res9\s dots & %ort axill>y1 /&+ two at ea* jo9t1 ) a quantity ( "y ones 9 _! axils4 ,! fl[]s1 :i* gr[ on ! upp] "p ( ! /alk among ! leaves1 are :ite ) a t+e ( blue or r$4 ,! :ole plant ( ! common summ] savory 7,s4 ,hort5sis71 z our cultivat$ g>d5 h]b is kn[n1 has an agreeable pung5t ta/e & aromatic odor1 & is analog\s to ^? ( ?yme 7?ymus71 diff]+ f x 9 ! regul> five-too!d or f9e-cleft calyx & hav+ ! /am5s b5t toge!r into an ar* "u ! upp] lip ( ! corolla1 bo? be+ 9 common use z a season+ 9 cook+1 ei!r fre% or dri$1 = flavor+ di%es1 & especially = flavor+ beans1 & is cultivat$ = ^! cul9>y purposes 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,its tea is us$ z a rem$y = colic & z a ca?>tic4 ,w9t] savory 7,s4 ,montana7 is us$ 9 ! same way z ! summ] savory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?yme #a ,plant #b ,root #c ,leaf #d1 #e ,/am5s #f ,fruit #g ,se$ #h ,/am5 #i ,se$ ,,?yme ,g>d5 ?yme 7,?ymus vulg>is74 ,fr5*1 ,?ym2 ,g]man1 ,?yman4 ,?yme teucrium m>um & ,?yme pallium4 ,x is a plant ( ! g5us ?ymus1 a humble1 half-%rubby plant ( ! natural ord] labiat 7m9t family72 ,lat91 ?ymus inc5se1 ?us indicat+ its =m] use on sacrificial alt>s4 ,x is said to h made ! b$ 9 ! /able at ,be?lehem & 0 us$ 9 _m *>ms & incantations4 8,x is ev] ! bee's allur+ "t10 & x 0 wild ?yme :i* gave ! fam$ flavor to ! honey ( ,m\nt ,hymettus4 ,among ! ,greeks ?yme d5ot$ graceful elegance ( ! ,attic /yle4 ,to smell ( ?yme 0 an expression ( praise appli$ to ^? ^: /yle 0 admirable4 ,9 ! days ( *ivalry1 p]adv5ture1 v highly not$ ladies us$ to embroid] _! knightly h]oes' sc>fs ) ! figure ( a bee hov]+ ab\t a sprig ( ?yme1 ! bees z ! belles ( ?yme4 ,e>ly li/s ( ,engli% plants give no "n ) :i* x c c]ta9ly be id5tifi$4 ,x gr[s f six in*es to "o foot high & has a two-lipp$ calyx & f\r div]g+ /am5s & is clo!d ) a ho>y d[n1 ) n>r[1 almo/ elliptical leaves ) edges turn$ 94 ,x may h _m /ems slightly ind5t$ 9 pairs1 /&+ erect ^u %ort petioles or decumb5t at ! base1 :i* be> v small ovate leaves1 :i* are %>p-po9t$1 :ile ^? ( ! :orls are blunt4 ,! fl[]s are ( a pale purple or :iti% or r$di% color1 :i* gr[ 9 sep>ate :orls1 six 9 a :orl4 ,x fl[]s f ,may until ,augu/ & is a native ( ,europe & especially ( ,s\!rn ,france4 ,x is commonly f\nd gr[+ on dry hills & is cultivat$ 9 g>d5s on acc\nt ( its fragrance4 ,x has a pung5t1 aromatic prop]ty & is l>gely us$ z a season+ = s\ps1 sauces1 etc4 ,f x is also di/ill$ ! oil ( ?yme1 :i* is consid]ably us$ 9 vet]9>y practice & = p]fum]y1 & (t5 passes z oil ( organum4 ,! tea ( ?yme is also us$ = n]v\s habits4 ,! wild creep+ ?yme1 or "m ( ?yme1 is ,t4 s]pillum1 a less erect plant :i* has a procumb5t /em ) _m bran*es f two to ?ree feet long1 small entire oval leaves & purpli% fl[]s1 arrang$ 9 :orls1 :i* are unit$ 9 a d5se t]m9al leafy head4 ,?is v>iety is abundant on hills & m\nta9s 9 ,great ,brita9 & 9 all p>ts ( ,europe & ! nor? ( ,asia1 betwe5 =ty & fifty v>ieties be+ describ$4 ,x is less fragrant ?an g>d5 ?yme1 b bo? species h ! same aromatic ess5tial oil4 ,t4 s]pillum has procumb5t /ems1 num]\s %ort asc5d+ bran*es1 end+ 9 %ort1 loose1 leafy1 :orl$ fl[] spikes1 ! leaves be+ egg-%ap$ & n>r[ & m or less fr+$ t[>d ! bottom1 ^? ( ! fl[] spikes be+ simil> b small]4 ,!re are two =ms--,t4 en s]pillum1 ) fl[]+ bran*es1 asc5d+ f %oots1 :i* are b>r5 at ! tip 9 "o head1 & ! upp] lip ( ! corolla oblong2 & ,t4 *amo$rys1 9 :i* all ! bran*es asc5d f ! cr[n ( ! root /alk ) :orls 9 _m axill>y heads & a %ort & broad upp] lip to ! corolla4 ,! fl[]+ bran*es1 h]ba ?ymi & h]ba s]pylli1 are us$ 9 m$ic9e z a p[]ful /imulant4 ,! lemon ?yme1 or lemon-sc5t$ ?yme ( our g>d5s1 is reg>d$ z a v>iety ( ?yme s]pyllum kn[n z citratus or citriodrus1 :i* is g5]ally a h>dy & v dw>f$ travel+ ev]gre51 ( l[] gr[? ?an ! common g>d5 ?yme4 ,no species ( ?yme is indig5\s 9 ,am]ica4 ,se$ %\ld be s[n 9 drills or broadca/ 9 ,m>* or ,april1 9 light1 f9e e>? & rak$ 9 lightly4 ,! "y plants are transplant$ 9 ! summ] :5 f two to ?ree in*es high4 ,aft] !y are f ?ree to five in*es 9 gr[?1 !y %\ld be ?9n$ out to ab\t t5 in*es ap>t4 ,?yme is also propagat$ by slips ( ! bran*+ %oots 9 ! spr+ or e>ly autumn1 b m especially by sections ( ! bru% or by remov+ root$ bran*es4 ,! h>ve/+ takes place 9 ,augu/ by cutt+ ! plants r closely d[n ) a v %>p sickle4 ,! se$ %\ld be dri$ on clo?1 rubb$ out clean1 & pres]v$ 9 a dry place = s[+ ! foll[+ ye>4 ,9 us+ ! h]b = di/illation x %\ld n be dri$1 b ! crop ga!r$ ea* day %\ld be put 9 ! /ill at once4 ,,se$ ,9 addition to ! se$ be=e m5tion$ :i* are us$ 9 connection ) spices are ! c>away1 or c>um c>ui4 ,cori&] or ! dri$ fruit ( ! ,c>i&rum salivum1 & ! c>damom or ! dri$ capsules ( ,elett>ia c>damomum4 ,,c>away ,c>away 7,c>um c>ui74 ,! common "n1 c>away or c>raway1 is giv5 to ! dri$ fruits c>um c>ui1 :i* is a bi5nial umbellif]\s plant4 ,! ,engli% "n c>away & ! ,spani% "n alc>ahuega are d]iv$ f ! "n giv5 to ! fruit by ! ,arabians1 8k>awya40 ,x is a native ( ,great ,brita91 gr[+ on v l[ gr\nd ) a root mu* l ! p>snip4 ,! se$s are s[n 9 drills 9 ! autumn soon aft] !y are ripe1 & mu/ be ?9n$ out ! same z c>rots & o!r simil> plants1 & mu/ be kept free f we$s4 ,!y w fl[] 9 ,june & are ready = h>ve/+ 9 ,july4 ,! plant gr[s two or ?ree feet high4 ,! leaves are long & subdivid$ into num]\s p9nul or segm5ts :i* are n>r[-po9t$ & ( a d>k color4 ,! fl[]s gr[ 9 t]m9al umbels4 ,! se$s are two1 nak$1 br[n1 /riat$1 & ( an oblong %ape1 hot & acrid b pleasant to ! ta/e4 ,! se$ ab\nds 9 ess5tial oil conta9+ gummy & res9\s p>ts4 ,its t9cture is us$ z a /oma*ic & c>m9ative4 ,x is us$ z a flavor+ 9 cook+4 ,,cori&] 7,k>i&rum47 ,! product kn[n z cori&] se$ consi/s ( ! dri$ ripe fruit ( c>i&rum salivum1 :i* is ! only specie ( ! g5us umbellif]4 ,x is an annual h]b cultivat$ 9 ,france & ,g]many = its se$4 ,x gr[s ab\t two feet high ) bran*+ /ems4 ,! /alks are r\nd & erect & holl[1 b h a pi? )94 ,! leaves are bip9nate1 ! l[] ones divid$ into broad or w$ge-%ap$1 deeply cut segm5ts1 :ile ! upp] ones are divid$ into n>r[ p>ts & m f9ely cut4 ,! fl[]s gr[ 9 clu/]s ( a :ite or r$di% color ^u its bran*es4 ,! umbels h five to eight rays )\t a g5]al involucre & ! p>tial ones consi/s ( a few small bracts4 ,! se$s foll[1 two aft] ea* fl[]4 ,!y are half r\nd & are ! only "p ( ! plant us$4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic feature is ?is globul> fruit1 :i* is ( a *amois or pale-yell[ color & is ab\t ! size ( ! :ite pepp] corn1 :i* is cr[n$ by ! tee? ( ! calyx & conta9s no oil *annels on ! out] surface1 b has two on ! inn] face ( ea* half ( ! fruit4 ,! ridges are five 9 numb] & v indi/9ct4 ,z ! two c>pels1 ( :i* ! fruit is compos$1 d n readily sep>ate "o f ! o!r1 !y be+ protect$ by ! ligne\s p]ic>p1 ! fruit mu/ be brok5 be=e submitt+ !m to di/illation4 ,! unripe fruit possesses ! int5sely disgu/+ odors ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! plant1 & = t reason x %\ld be all[$ to rip5 fully be=e ga!r+4 ,:5 !y are dry !y are sweet & fragrant4 ,!y dispel w9d & w>m & /r5g!n ! /oma*1 & assi/ 9 dige/ion1 & are good = pa9s 9 ! head4 ,!y are also us$ 9 :ole mix$ spices1 us$ = pickl+4 ,,c>damom ,c>damom1 ,k>damom 7,amomum c>damomum74 ,c>damom is ! fruit ( v>i\s ,ea/ ,india or ,*9ese plants ( ! g5]a elett>i ( ! g+] family 7,z+ib]aceoe74 ,especially ! mo/ e/eem$ are ^? conta9$ 9 ! dri$ capsules1 ,e4 c>damomum ( ,malab>1 :i* diff]s f ! g5us amomum by its elongat$ fili=m tube ( ! corolla1 by ! pres5ce ( int]nal lat]al lobes 9 ! %ape ( v small too?-l processes & by ! filam5ts n be+ prolong$ beyond ! an!r4 ,all ! species are natives ( ! tropical p>ts ( ,india4 ,small or ,malab> c>damoms1 z !y are kn[n comm]cially1 are ! rhizomes :i* are ?ick1 fle%y1 or woody & ridg$ ) sc>s ( ! atta*m5ts ( previ\s leaves1 giv+ (f fibr\s roots bel[4 ,/ems1 p]5nial1 erect1 smoo?1 jo9t$1 envelop$ 9 ! spongy %ea?s ( ! leaves1 f six to n9e feet high & ab\t "o in* ?ick1 r\nd & gre5 & holl[1 b ) pi? )91 & resemble our re$s 9 _m respects4 ,! leaves are a half y>d long1 alt]nate1 sessile 9 _! %ea?1 entire lanceolate1 f9e-po9t$1 pubesc5t above1 silky b5ea?1 %ea?s slightly vill\s ) a r\ndi% ligule ris+ f ! m\?1 & z broad z a man's h&4 ,besides ^! /alks1 !re rises f ! same root o!rs :i* are weak & t5d] & ab\t eight in*es high1 :i* produce ! fl[]s1 :i* are small & gre5i%4 ,foll[+ e fl[] comes "o ( ! fruits call$ ! great c>damom1 :i* is a light1 dry1 holl[ fruit ( a :iti% color1 & some:at triangul> 9 %ape1 & ( ! size ( a small bean1 & ( a dry sub/ance on ! outside1 b ) sev]al small se$s )91 :i* are r$di% 9 color & v acrid b pleasant to ! ta/e4 ,^! fruits are call$ ! less] c>damoms or c>damom se$s1 & !y are excell5t to /r5g!n ! /oma* & to assi/ dige/ion4 ,!y also are good = disord]s ( ! head & are equal to any?+ to be _h = colics1 & are be/ us$ by *ew+4 ,!y are us$ 9 :ole mix$ spices4 ,!re are two o!r k9ds ( c>damoms kn[n z ! middle c>damom1 a long fruit1 seldom met )1 & ! great c>damom1 g5]ally call$ 8,gra9 ( ,p>adise40 ,9 ! home m>ket ?ree k9ds ( c>damoms are f\nd "u ! curi\s names ( 8%orts10 8%ort-longs10 & 8long-longs40 ,%orts are capsules f a qu>t] to half an in* long & a qu>t] ( an in* broad1 & ! longe/ ( ! long-longs is ab\t "o in* 9 l5g?4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,miss+ or obscur$ punctuation 0 correct$4 ,9 sev]al places ! punctuation ( numb]s 7 undecid$ 9 mean+4 ,!y 7 *ang$ to h ! mo/-likely mean+4 7,pages #eg - 8#a #d-aj01 #aaf - 8#acc #a-c074 ,on page #gd1 ! table 8,*emical composition ( ,capsicum annum0 0 re=matt$ s t 8,se$01 8,pod0 & 8,:ole ,fruit0 7 column head+s4 ,9 ! illu/ration fac+ page #bd1 ! caption 8,fig4 #bc4 ,,maize ,,/>*0 0 correct$ to 8,fig4 #be4 ,,maize ,,/>*04 ,on page #aeh1 ! ref]5ce to 8r\gh1 hairy se$ 7,fig4 #e70 0 correct$ to 87,fig4 #d704 ,9 ! illu/ration fac+ page #hj1 ! caption 8#e ,s>gon0 0 correct$ to 8#e ,saigon04 ,typographical errors 7 sil5tly correct$4 ,inconsi/5t spell+ & hyph5ation 7 made consi/5t only :5 a pr$om9ant =m 0 f\nd 9 ?is book4 ,text 9 italics is enclos$ by und]scores 7italics72 text 9 bold by 8equal0 signs 7bold74 ,*emical =mul are writt5 ) a notation t indicates "s numb]s are subscripts4 ,= example3 9 ,h#b,o ! #b "p means ! #8#b' is a subscript4