,,manual ,,of ,,library ,,cataloguing ,,by ,j4 ,,henry ,,quinn1 ,,librarian1 ,,chelsea ,,public ,,libraries1 ,,london4 7,formerly ,principal ,cataloguing ,assistant1 ,liverpool ,free ,libraries47 ,,london4 ,,library ,,supply ,,company1 #d1 ,,ave ,,maria ,,lane1 ,e4,c4 #ahii ,printed by ,marlborough1 ,pewtress ,co41 ,london1 ,e4 ,c4 ,,preface ,this little book does not claim to be a comprehensive treatise on the art of cataloguing books1 nor is it intended for the use of the expert in bibliography4 ,the rules embodied are those generally recognized as necessary for the proper cataloguing of a collection of books4 ,by simple illustrations the author has endeavoured to deal with those difficulties which he has found most frequently arise and call for careful consideration4 ,information concerning the printing of catalogues has been added in order to make the book more complete4 ,if this ,manual should prove a help to the better understanding of the true principles of cataloguing1 and is found to be of practical assistance to those engaged in library work1 the object of its compilation will have been attained4 ,j4 ,h4 ,q4 ,march1 #ahii4 ,,contents4 ,,chap4 ,i4--,,introductory4 ,,ii4--,,the ,,dictionary ,,catalogue4 ,,iii4--,,the ,,principal ,,entry3 ,,the ,,author-,,entry1 #a4 ,,iv4--,,the ,,principal ,,entry3 ,,the ,,author-,,entry1 #b4 ,v4--,,the ,,principal ,,entry3 ,,the ,,author-,,entry1 #c4 ,,vi4--,,the ,,principal ,,entry3 ,,the ,,author-,,entry1 #d4 ,,vii4--,,the ,,principal ,,entry3 ,,corporate ,,and ,,other ,,forms1 ,,editors ,,and ,,translators4 ,,viii4--,,subject4 ,,title1 ,,and ,,series ,,entries4 ,,ix4--,,subject1 ,,title1 ,,and ,,series ,,entries 7continued74 ,x4--,,title-,,entries ,,and ,,repetition ,,dashes4 ,,xi4--,,indexing ,,contents4 ,,xii4--,,the ,,classified ,,catalogue4 ,,xiii4--,,alphabetization ,,and ,,arrangement4 ,,xiv4--,,printing4 ,appendix ,a4--,,list ,,of ,,words ,,or ,,phrases ,,occurring ,,in ,,connection ,,with ,,books ,,with ,,abbreviations4 0 ,b4--,,table ,,of ,,sizes ,,of ,,books4 0 ,c4--,,some ,,modern ,,pseudonyms ,,with ,,the ,,real ,,names1 ,,including ,,ladies ,,with ,,names ,,changed ,,by ,,marriage4 0 ,d4--,,method ,,of ,,correcting ,,printer',s ,,proof4 0 ,e4--,,list ,,of ,,subject-,,headings ,,for ,a ,,dictionary ,,catalogue4 ,,index4 ,,manual ,,of ,,library ,,cataloguing4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,introductory4 #a4--,most people are satisfied to believe that there is no department of a librarian's work so easily managed as that of compiling catalogues4 ,the catalogue of a library is often regarded as a mere list of books1 calling for no more mental effort in its production than is required in that of a furniture auctioneer1 or similar trade list4 ,professor ,john ,fiske1 in his essay on 8,a ,librarian's ,work10#a says 8,generally ,i find a library catalogue is assumed to be a thing that is somehow #8made' at a single stroke1 as ,aladdin's palace was built1 at intervals of ten or a dozen years1 or whenever a #8new catalogue' is thought to be needed10 instead of1 as he proceeds to show1 being a never-ending work calling for the exercise of all the power and knowledge at the command of the cataloguer4 #b4--,there are varieties of library catalogues1 from the simple inventories made by private persons for their own collection of books1 to the mammoth 8,catalogue of ,printed ,books in the ,british ,museum10 so great in its size and extensive in the field it covers that its entries have to be almost exclusively limited to a single item for each book4 ,the catalogues to be compiled upon the lines laid down in this work come between these two extremes1 and are intended to serve as a key to the treasure-house of knowledge and disclose its contents in a ready1 but orderly1 manner to all inquirers4 ,carlyle says1 8a big collection of books1 without a good catalogue1 is a ,polyphemus with no eye in his head40 #c4--;,a good library is virtually useless without an adequate and properly compiled catalogue1 but even an indifferent collection of books can be made to render good service by means of a good catalogue4 ,in order to compile such a catalogue it is necessary that certain particulars be given descriptive of the books1 but in such a way that1 while the entries afford all needful information to the person well-versed in books1 they shall at the same time be so simple in character as to be understood with very little effort by anyone of average intelligence4 ,at the same time the particulars given should be so comprehensive that a searcher in the catalogue may be able to obtain a clear idea of the nature and scope of the book described without actually examining it1 though the descriptions in this respect are not expected to be of the very full order looked for in special bibliographies intended only for the use of experts4 ,the value of a good catalogue does not depend upon its extent or size any more than does a good book1 but rather upon the exactness of the method by which the information given is digested and concentrated4 ,there are library catalogues so elaborately compiled that they are most imposing in appearance1 and very often1 as a consequence1 are considered to be most erudite productions by those who do not understand the art of cataloguing1 whereas the persons who have to use them too often find out that they are so ill-arranged as to be little better than a hotch-potch of book titles--pedantic without being learned4 8,infinite riches in a little room0 might1 on the other hand1 be often adopted as the motto for many an insignificant-looking catalogue4 #d4--;,it is a common occurrence to find a small library with quite a big catalogue4 ,this does not always arise from the wish to make the most of the library1 but often from the fact that the compilation has been undertaken by some over-zealous member of a committee who fancied he had a penchant for such work1 or that it has been compiled by an amateur with no experience1 whose friends have secured him his appointment as librarian4 ,such people do not know that it is as easy1 if not easier1 to over-catalogue a library as to do it judiciously1 and a fearful and wonderful work is often the result4 ,there would not be much trouble in giving illustrative examples of this1 but that catalogue may be cited where ,green's 8,short ,history of the ,english ,people0 obtained five entries1 viz41 under ,green1 ,short1 ,history1 ,english ,history1 and ,people 7,english71 instead of the two entries that would have sufficed4 ,many of the first catalogues of the smaller free libraries are of this order4 ,this1 however1 is not always the result of the above-named causes1 but as often as not is brought about by committees of new libraries postponing the appointment of a librarian1 to save his salary1 until a few weeks before the library is announced to be opened1 and then expecting him to purchase the books and produce a printed catalogue in the meantime4 ,the conception of the matter is1 far too often1 that books can be selected1 arranged1 and listed in bulk1 as groceries are bought1 displayed1 and ticketed1 and in as short a time4 ,the result1 of course1 is that the librarian1 being rushed1 must select and buy the books as quickly as he can1 and relegate the work of cataloguing them to an assistant1 who most likely has no training1 and the best has to be made of a bad job4 ,in very few instances can it be considered that the first catalogue of a new library fairly represents the ability of the librarian as a cataloguer4 #e4--,with the rapid rise of the standard of education more exact and better work is at present demanded in libraries than was the case during the first quarter of a century after the ,public ,libraries' ,act came into operation4 ,the slipshod rule-of-thumb cataloguing at one time in vogue does not pass muster unnoticed now1 as it did then1 and consequently there is less use than ever before for the bald lists of books1 compiled upon no principle in particular1 sent forth to bewilder and hinder rather than help an inquiring public4 ,the student1 and that interesting personage1 8the general reader10 are each year coming to a better understanding of the uses and peculiarities of books1 and so look for more precise information concerning them4 ,no better evidence is needed of the manner in which the demand for information about books has grown than is found in the large place which the reviewing of them now takes in the columns of the newspaper press1 so that even minor journals cannot afford to ignore it4 ,the dictum that a cataloguer has no right to go behind the information contained on the title-page of a book does not now find acceptance1 as it did in the past4 ,those persons who are possessed of even a little experience in the matter know that it is impossible to compile a catalogue in a hap-hazard fashion1 and that clear and definite rules must be laid down before any part of the work is attempted1 otherwise confusion and want of proportion will result4 ,happily of late years the rules governing the proper compilation of catalogues have been codified1 particularly those for the form at present in most general use1 known as the 8dictionary catalogue40 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,the ,,dictionary ,,catalogue4 #f4--,the dictionary catalogue is not the idea or invention of any individual1 but has developed gradually from the requirements of librarians in dealing with readers4 ,the earlier catalogues were limited to entries given under the authors' names1 as in the ,british ,museum ,catalogue1 or were in classified form1 either under the large classes into which a library was divided1 or with very little other sub-division4 ,these were followed by what may be termed 8dictionary index catalogues0 containing the first principles of the dictionary catalogue as now understood4 ,they consisted of very brief entries under authors1 and the simple turning about of a title to bring a certain word in it to the front as conveying its subject1 in this manner3-- ,england under ,victoria4 ,michelsen4 ,englefield 7,sir ,h4 ,c47 ,walk through ,southampton4 ,english ,antiquities4 ,eccleston4 #ahdg4 ,ennui4 ,edgeworth4 ,entomology1 ,exotic4 ,drury4 #ahcg4 ,episodes of ,insect ,life4 #ahea4 ,errand to the ,south4 ,malet4 ,by this method the real subject of the book was often missed1 more especially if the author had made use of a fanciful title1 and one subject would be found under many different entries1 according to the word used on the title-page1 and without cross references to bind them together4 ,it must be confessed that to-day many of the dictionary catalogues of public libraries are no more than this 8index catalogue0 under the newer name4 ,the entries may be a little fuller1 but the principles of compilation remain the same4 #g4--,prior to #ahgf there was no complete code of rules for the preparation of a subject as well as author catalogue1 though ,prof4 ,c4 ,c4 ,jewett's 8,on the construction of ,catalogues of ,libraries0 7,washington1 #ahec71 with its subsequent modifications1 was a step in this direction4 ,there were rules for author catalogues1 for the most part based upon the ,british ,museum rules1 as well as schemes of classification for classified catalogues4 ,in that year was published the now well-known 8,rules for a ,dictionary ,catalogue10 by ,charles ,a4 ,cutter1 ,librarian of the ,boston ,athenum4 ,it appeared as the second part of the 8,special ,report on the ,public ,libraries in the ,united ,states of ,america10 issued under the auspices of the ,united ,states ,bureau of ,education4 ,a second edition of these rules was separately issued in #ahhi4 ,the third edition1 with further corrections and additions1 appeared in #ahia1 and has been most liberally distributed by the ,united ,states ,government to the libraries of the world4 ,since #ahgf other rules have been formulated1 principally with ,cutter's as a basis4 ,a consensus of these will be found in the 8,eclectic ,card ,catalog ,rules1 ,author and ,title ,entries10 by ,k4 ,a4 ,linderfelt1 ,librarian of the ,milwaukee ,public ,library1 ,boston 7,charles ,a4 ,cutter7 #ahij4 ,this most useful compilation1 8based on ,dziatzko's #8,instruction' compared with the rules of the ,british ,museum1 ,cutter1 ,dewey1 ,perkins1 and other authorities10 is not as well known to ,english librarians as it should be4 ,the present ,manual is intended to serve as an introduction to these two codes1 and the instructions contained in it are based upon them4 ,when these have not been adhered to the changes made have obtained authority in library practice4 ,mr4 ,henry ,b4 ,wheatley's interesting little book1 8,how to ,catalogue a ,library0 7,stock1 #ahhi71 must also be mentioned1 and should be read as an introduction to the subject4 #h4--,the great merit of the dictionary catalogue is that it can be made to supply most of the information usually asked for by those using libraries1 and by immediate reference without any preliminary study of its arrangement4 ,it obtains its name from the circumstance that all the entries1 irrespective of their nature1 are put into a single alphabetical sequence1 and consulted as one would consult a dictionary4 ,it is considered to be the most acceptable form to the majority of those making use of popular libraries1 and experience has proved it to be so4 ,the dictionary catalogue is intended to answer all of the following questions3 ,what books are contained in the library by a given author1 as1 ,hall ,caine8 ,the answer to this is called the author-entry4 ,what books have you upon a specific subject1 as the dynamo2 or upon a particular topic1 as the ,eastern question8 ,the entries answering such enquiries are the subject-entries4 ,have you a book called1 8,a ,daughter of ,eve80 ,the entry supplying this information would be the title-entry4 ,have you any volume of a series1 as1 8,english men of letters80 ,this it will also answer1 and the reply may be termed the series-entry4 ,there are questions1 however1 that the dictionary catalogue does not ordinarily answer4 ,it would not tell what books were in the library in a particular language1 say ,french1 and it will not provide a complete and definite list of books in a particular form1 as fiction1 or poetry2 or in a class of literature as distinct from subject4 ,for example1 it will not group together all the theological works1 or the scientific books1 but will distribute them throughout the entire alphabet1 according to the divisions of these subjects1 and these divisions will in their turn be distributed according to lesser divisions and monographs4 ,a catalogue compiled upon the lines requisite to group such classes completely1 so that a general treatise and a monograph upon a minute division will follow in natural order1 would be a classified catalogue1 and that form is dealt with separately in ,chapter ,,xii4 ,to effect a combination of both forms in such a way that they would answer any question1 reasonable or otherwise1 would necessitate so large a number of entries for each book that its compilation would be barely feasible1 and if carried out it would be unsatisfactory1 because the simplicity of the alphabetical order would be destroyed1 and the result would not be worth the labour expended1 to say nothing of its size and costliness4 #i4--,therefore choice must be made at the very outset between the two forms1 dictionary or classified4 ,the point to be first considered is1 which form is most likely to best suit the needs of the particular class who use the library2 as a catalogue which would be most useful for a college library1 or that of a scientific society1 would be unsuitable for a free library in the midst of a working-class population4 ,then the question of cost enters into the matter1 and here the classified form has the advantage1 as apart from the brief index entries1 one entry per book mostly suffices1 whereas in the dictionary form the average is three entries4 ,there is a still more important matter which materially affects the older libraries1 and that is the impossibility of keeping the dictionary form within reasonable compass1 even with curtailed entries and closely-printed pages of small type4 ,borrowers from a public lending library prefer to carry their catalogues with them when exchanging books1 but they cannot do so if it is in two or three volumes1 or so bulky as not to be portable4 ,for this reason librarians with unbounded belief in the superior advantages of the dictionary catalogue have been compelled1 against their will1 to adopt the classified form4 ,they had no alternative1 except the very unsatisfactory one of extensively weeding their stock of books1 and only those who have undertaken that responsibility know how difficult it is to decide whether a book is worth retaining or not4 ,a very judicial statement of the merits of the two styles of catalogues will be found in a paper by ,mr4 ,f4 ,t4 ,barrett1 of the ,mitchell ,library1 ,glasgow1 entitled 8,the ,alphabetical and ,classified ,forms of ,catalogues ,compared10 in the 8,transactions of the ,second ,international ,library ,conference10 #ahig4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,brown's views1 as set forth in ,chapter v4 of his 8,manual of ,library ,classification0 7,library ,supply ,co41 #ahih71 should also be carefully considered4 ,,preliminaries4 #aj4--,presuming that the student is for the first time undertaking the work of cataloguing a library1 he will require to provide himself with a supply of cards or slips of paper cut uniform in size4 ,almost any size will do1 but the most convenient and more commonly used measures #e inches by #c inches4 ,if the catalogue is to be written for the use of readers1 then cards are necessary as they are more convenient for turning over than the paper slips which serve well enough for 8copy0 for a printed catalogue4 ,if the cards or slips are to be written upon with a pen they should be ruled 8feint0 across and have marginal rulings to mark the 8indent40 ,these rulings are only upon one side1 as in no case should an entry be continued to the other side4 ,if an entry is so long that it cannot be put on one card then it must be continued on the face of a second1 with the author or other heading repeated4 ,for the cataloguer's own use or as printer's copy1 the card or slip may be lengthened as required by pasting to it a strip of paper of the same width1 and folding it up within the compass of the size of the card1 but exposing the heading4 ,this cannot be done when the cards are held in place by a rod running through them4 ,it need hardly be pointed out that for a card catalogue meant for the use of many persons the quality of the cards is of great importance1 as those of a cheap1 inferior material will not bear much turning over without tearing4 ,card catalogues are not invariably appreciated by the public1 as some persons seem to experience difficulty in turning over the cards4 ,for this reason some librarians prefer the sheaf form because it maintains the book shape1 which everyone understands1 and it has the same advantages as the card catalogue in allowing the insertion of additions in proper order at any time1 and permits unlimited expansion1 besides taking up less room4 ,upon each card or slip a separate entry of each book is made1 and by 8book0 is meant a work that may be in a single volume or in many volumes4 ,two works even by the same author1 appearing under his name1 should be entered on separate cards1 as1 if written together1 it is usually found that another book will later have to be inserted between them4 #aa4--,printers are acknowledged1 as a class1 to be the most exact and patient of men1 but to those beginners who have not any large experience of their ways it is well to say 8be careful to write boldly and plainly10 remembering always that it is a much more difficult work for a compositor to set a catalogue than probably any other form of book1 because the matter does not 8run on0 and various types and languages commonly enter into it4 ,apart from the mistakes easily made when the 8copy10 as the manuscript is called1 is not clear and distinct1 there is the risk incurred of an extra charge for 8author's corrections0--a well-known item in all printers' bills4 ,to write clearly is of even more importance if the catalogue is to remain in manuscript for use by readers4 ,a handy little brochure upon this subject is 8,library ,handwriting10 issued by the ,new ,york ,state ,library ,school1 ,april #ahih1 and the style of handwriting therein shown should be studied and imitated4 ,the specimen on the next page is taken from it4 #ab4--;,it is in the preparation of 8copy0 and in writing card catalogues for public use that the great value of the typewriter is experienced1 as clearness and uniformity are insured by its use as well as economy of space4 ,while it is hardly within the scope of this ,manual to say anything by way of recommendation of any particular make of typewriter1 yet experience shows that it would be a mistake to overlook the 8,hammond0 when considering the merits of different machines4 ,in cataloguing it is found useful because a variety of types of a distinctive character1 including the accented letters most commonly required1 can be used upon a single machine4 ,illustration3 ,,specimen ,,alphabets ,,and ,,figures ,joined hand ,disjoined hand ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,the ,,principal ,,entry4--,,the ,,author ,,entry1 ,i4 #ac4--,whatever difference of opinion may exist upon various points that arise in cataloguing books all authorities are agreed that the principal or main entry giving the most particulars concerning a book should be that under its author's name4 ,this1 then1 is the first entry to be made1 and the cataloguer having selected the book to be dealt with ignores any title upon the binding and1 passing by the preliminary1 or 8half title10 turns to the title page proper1 that containing the most information and with the imprint 7place of publication1 publisher1 and date7 at foot1 and copies from it the following particulars1 adding those not given upon the title-page by an examination of the book1 and in this order1 viz4-- #a4 ,the author's surname4 #b4 ,the author's ,christian name 7or prenom74 #c4 ,titles of the author 7when required for distinctive or distinguishing purposes74 #d4 ,the title of the book4 #e4 ,the editor's name 7if not the author or compiler7 or the translator's name 7if to be given74 #f4 ,the edition4 #g4 ,the name of series 7if any71 or1 if part of a book1 the name of the book it is contained in4 #h4 ,the collation 7if to be given71 or #i4 ,the number of volumes1 when more than one4 #aj4 ,the size 7if to be given74 #aa4 ,the place of publication4 #ab4 ,the place of printing or name of printer 7when the book is typographically interesting only74 #ac4 ,the date of publication4 #ad4 ,the shelf1 press1 or other location or finding mark4 #ae4 ,descriptive or explanatory note 7when thought desirable74 #af4 ,contents 7if set out74 ,the order is that most usually adopted1 but ,nos4 #h to #ac may be varied at pleasure1 if such variation is made at the commencement of the work and adhered to in all cases afterwards4 #ad4--;,as the surname of the author leads1 the ,christian name must follow1 either enclosed in parentheses1 as ,dickens 7,charles71 or preceded by a comma1 as ,emerson1 ,ralph ,waldo4 ,the parentheses are more commonly used1 but they have not so good an appearance as the comma1 and their use necessitates what a printer calls 8a run on sorts0--that is the use of a particular piece of type to such an extent as to require a special supply beyond that ordinarily furnished with a fount of type4 ,this1 after all1 resolves itself more into a question of taste than of expediency1 and the cataloguer will choose as he thinks best4 ,it may be remarked in passing that the 8cult of the trivial0 is not to be altogether despised in cataloguing1 as careful attention to apparently minor details ensures good and exact work4 #ae4--,the points to be observed in copying the title-page and preparing the author-entry can be shown more clearly by illustration than by description4 ,let it be supposed that the title-page of the book in hand reads in full3 ,the ,personal ,history of ,david ,copperfield4 ,by ,charles ,dickens4 ,with eight illustrations4 ,london3 ,chapman ,hall1 ,piccadilly4 ,we proceed to write the principal entry to read3-- ,dickens1 ,charles4 ,the personal history of ,david ,copperfield4 ,from the 8fly-title0 we learn that this is the 8,charles ,dickens' edition40 ,we examine the book1 and find it contains six prefatory pages1 these being paged in ,roman numerals1 and #ecc others paged in ,arabic1 with a portrait and seven other illustrations4 ,this statement of the number of pages and illustrations is known as the 8collation10 as to examine a book for the purpose of ascertaining that it is perfect is to collate it4 ,as the place of publication is ,london1 it is the practice in ,english catalogues to omit it from the entry1 such omission signifying that ,london is understood4 ,the date of publication not being given1 and as there are no means of finding it out with certainty1 the initials 8n4d410 meaning 8no date10 are added1 and the full catalogue entry will be3 ,,dickens1 ,,charles4 ,the personal history of ,david ,copperfield4 7,charles ,dickens' ed47 pp4 vi41 #ecc1 port41 illus4 #hvo4 n4d4 ,k #abjj ,the author's name should be written at the outside left hand of the card at the top1 the rest of the entry following with an indent at each side1 the press mark alone coming outside at the right hand1 as shown in the printed entry above4 #af4--;,it is of the utmost importance that care be taken in transcribing a title1 as it is much easier to make a mistake than to detect it afterwards1 even at the time of printing4 ,errors of the hand and of the eye creep in imperceptibly4 ,besides1 a mistake having once been made is likely to be repeated in all other entries1 when copied from the first one4 ,a very common cause of error is to let the mind become so absorbed in the consideration of a book in hand1 that when a second comes to be dealt with some word from the first will unwittingly be written into its title1 and if the result is not very obvious from its absurdity it escapes notice altogether until printed1 and bears permanent witness against the cataloguer4 #ag4--,the signs and abbreviations of words made use of in the above illustration1 and all others to follow1 are those customary in cataloguing1 and as there is a number of well-understood abbreviations used in connection with books1 a list of the most useful of these is given in ,appendix ,a4 ,it is a commendable plan to take note of those it is intended to use1 and to keep a list of them written on a card always at hand for reference4 ,the list could then be put in the preface to the catalogue when printed1 as a help to its better understanding by those not versed in book abbreviations4 ,it is as well to remember that there is not very much gained in the long run by abbreviating too closely1 as 8illus40 is easier understood than 8il40 or 8ill40 and 8transl40 than 8tr40 #ah4--;,in copying a title-page it is required that the spelling of it should be closely followed1 more especially if peculiar1 but not the punctuation4 ,the punctuation in the illustrative entries throughout this ,manual is that most frequently made use of in catalogues1 and will be found convenient in practice4 ,but if personal preference for other forms comes in1 and a change is made1 all that is needed is that such change should be uniformly carried out4 ,besides the ordinary rules of punctuation there are but four well-defined which can be considered to govern the matter1 and these are3-- ,a4--,that alternative titles take a semi-colon after the first title1 and a comma after the word 8or20 as ,st4 ,winifred's2 or1 the world of school4 ,b4--,that explanatory sub-titles be preceded by a colon2 as ,the foundation of death3 a study of the drink question4 ,c4--,when additional matter in the book occupies a subsidiary place in the title-page1 in order not to detach it altogether from the rest of the title1 that the word 8with0 be preceded by a semi-colon2 as ,life of ,luther2 with an account of the ,reformation4 ,d4--,that when an editor's or translator's name appears upon the title-page the word 8ed40 or 8transl40 be preceded by a semi-colon1 as ,epictetus4 ,discourses2 transl4 by ,george ,long4 ,green fairy book2 ed4 by ,andrew ,lang4 ,it is necessary to point out that in cataloguing it must not be left to the printer to supply the punctuation1 as is customary with other books1 and therefore the cataloguer must carefully supply it as he proceeds1 and not when the time comes to prepare the work for the press4 #ai4--,the same rule holds good with respect to the use of capital letters4 ,until recently it was the general fashion in printing book-titles to give every word1 or almost every word1 an initial capital1 but the custom has fallen into disuse4 ,like other old-fashioned customs it dies hard1 and if not advised that the 8copy0 must be closely followed in this respect1 the printer will as likely as not put in the capitals all the same1 and this in spite of the fact that he may have to wait until he has one sheet printed off before he can set another1 on account of the run on the capitals4 ,all that is now expected is that capital letters should be used in catalogue entries as they would be in any ordinary book1 viz41 to proper names2 to words coming after a full stop2 and to words derived from proper names4 ,in the last-named a lower-case 7i4e4 small7 initial letter is sometimes used in catalogues1 but such words as 8christian10 8pauline10 8lutheran10 8darwinism10 8ibsenism10 have not a good appearance and should be avoided4 ,in foreign titles the usage of the language should be followed1 so that there will be fewer capitals used in ,latin1 ,french1 or ,italian than in ,english1 and more in ,german4 #bj4--;,all dates and numbers should be transcribed in ,arabic figures1 even if they are in ,roman numerals upon the title-page4 ,thus1 8from the ,x,v,i,ith ,century to the ,present ,time0 becomes 8from the #agth century to the present time20 8,,mdcccxcix0 becomes 8#ahii20 and 8,volume xliv40 is simply 8v4 #dd40 ,the only reasonable exception to this rule is that numbers to the names of potentates be always in ,roman1 though in ,american catalogues these also are put into ,arabic4 ,we on this side of the ,atlantic are not yet well enough accustomed to 8,charles #b10 or even 8,edward #fth10 to adopt it4 #ba4--,sometimes figures form part of the title of a book1 when it is desirable for the sake of appearance to write them out in words3 the transcript1 of course1 being kept in the language of the title-page1 though 8#ej tudes pour le piano0 has been seen entered in a catalogue as 8,fifty tudes pour le piano40 #bb4--,so far as languages printed in ,roman are concerned1 it is the invariable rule to adhere to the language of the title-page1 and not to make a translation4 ,in ordinary libraries ,greek is usually transliterated into ,latin2 if a ,greek classic has both ,greek and ,latin titles1 as is commonly the case1 then the ,latin title is taken rather than the ,greek4 #bc4--,upon this point of the translation of title-pages the question of utility1 in popular libraries especially1 might very well be considered4 ,it does not often happen1 but it is possible1 that a person may be a capable musician and not know a word of ,french1 ,german1 or ,italian1 and it is likely therefore that many of the lesser-known compositions would be made acceptable if a translation of the title-page were given as well as the original4 ,it is very certain that in the public libraries there are many valuable foreign books upon ornament and the decorative arts1 consisting almost exclusively of illustrations1 that are not used as they should be4 ,the catalogue entries of such books convey no meaning whatever to many an artisan or craftsman1 and a free translation might very well be given for their benefit4 ,if such a translation is not given1 a note descriptive of the nature of the book should be added4 #bd4--;,it is a safe rule that the date of publication should be given in every case and in every entry1 as it serves in some measure to show the particular edition of the book1 and more important still in scientific and technical works1 to show if the editions in a library are of recent date or obsolete4 ,it will1 however1 be found quite useless in popular libraries to give the dates of publication in the entries of works of fiction1 for the simple reason that many of the books in this class of literature are so often worn out and then replaced with new copies1 which are very seldom of the same dates as those printed in the catalogue1 and it soon becomes incorrect in this respect4 ,happily it is a matter of no importance1 as very few fiction readers are concerned about the date of publication1 and therefore it may be safely omitted from all entries4 ,this statement does not apply to first or other editions of novels of special value1 such as the first edition of 8,david ,copperfield10 as these would be fully described as well as carefully preserved4 #be4--;,a suggestion worthy of consideration has been made that the original dates of publication should be added to the entries of reprints4 ,this would increase the information given1 and might prevent persons mistaking an old book for a new one1 though librarians are familiar with the fact that old books are read with as much pleasure as the newest1 if got up with modern attractive illustrations and pretty bindings4 #bf4--;,in the illustrative entry we have marked the book as #hvo4--that is octavo in size4 ,this we learn either by experience in the sizes of books1 or by actual measurement1 and it may be at once admitted that the question of size notation is a vexed one and no absolute rule can be laid down for guidance4 ,those who have studied the matter know that there is no satisfactory solution of the difficulty beyond that of measuring the book and giving its size in centimetres or in inches4 ,but this encumbers the catalogue entry too much1 and for ordinary every-day purposes the old signs suffice of #hvo4 7octavo71 #dto4 7quarto71 and fo4 7folio71 and they give a rough idea of the size4 ,these may be qualified1 if thought necessary1 by la4 7large71 sm4 7small71 or obl4 7oblong71 if the books are of a special size4 ,the terms #ab41 #af41 #cb41 c4 are sometimes used1 but they do not convey any very precise information and the additional terms of 8demy10 8royal10 8imperial10 and others have varying meaning nowadays1 as there is no fixed standard in the sizes of paper or books4 ,appendix ,b consists of a table taken from the 8,report of the ,committee on ,size ,notation of the ,library ,association of the ,united ,kingdom10 and this may be studied as an introduction to the subject1 but is not to be taken as decisive4 ,the full report of the ,committee is to be found in the ,library ,association ,monthly ,notes1 vol4 #c1 #ahhb1 pp4 #acj-acc4 ,a scale made from this table will be found convenient to cataloguers1 as will also the handy and better known book-size scale prepared by ,mr4 ,madeley of the ,warrington ,museum4 ,the pages of books are to be measured and not their bindings4 ,the sizes of books are not always shown in the printed catalogues of free libraries and if they were it is most likely that the signs would confuse rather than help1 as the majority of the public do not understand anything of the matter1 besides the proportion of books other than octavos is not large in a lending library4 ,the reference library usually contains a considerable number of quartos and folios and the information upon this point would be more useful in the catalogue of that department4 #bg4--,the immense value of occasional explanatory or descriptive notes to the entries in a catalogue is well known1 but they are not as often inserted as they might be4 ,they should be added to author1 subject1 or title entry1 where necessary1 desirable1 or in any way helpful1 as far as possible briefly and to the point1 and printed under the entry in a smaller type1 to show they are not part of the title4 ,the following are a few examples taken from various catalogues3 ,,albert1 ,,mary4 ,holland and her heroes4 #ahgh ,adapted from ,motley's 8,dutch ,republic40 ,,ball 7,sir ,robert ,s47 ,elements of astronomy4 #ahhf4 ill4 ,knowledge of mathematics required for the study of this book4 ,ball1 7,william ,p47 ,are the effects of use and disuse inherited8 #ahij4 ,nature series4 ,,note4--,the author taken a negative view and attempts to prove that no improvement in mankind can take place without the aid of natural or artificial selection4 ,,boccaccio1 ,giovanni4 ,il decamerone2 nuovamente correto et con diligentia stampato4 pp4 xii1 #efh4 #ho4 ,firenze1 #aebg ,venice1 #agbi4 ,this is the counterfeit of the ,giunta or 8,ventisetana0 ,decameron of #aebg4 ,dupont-,auberville1 ,m4 ,art industrial3 ,l'ornement des tissus4 #ahgg ,coloured designs suitable for all purposes taken from textile fabrics4 ,mariette1 ,a4 ,e41 called ,mariette-,bey4 ,outlines of ancient ,egyptian history4 #ahij ,the best brief manual4 ,persia4 ,morier1 ,j4 ,hajji ,baba4 #ahie ,remains yet a standard book upon ,persian life and manners4 ,in adding notes of this nature it is a wise plan to keep to statements of fact1 and not indulge in expressions of opinion4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,the ,,principal ,,entry4--,,the ,,author ,,entry1 #b4 #bh4--;,having laid down some of the general principles to be followed in making the author-entry in a complete form1 we proceed to take further examples selected because they happen to be at hand and not for any difficulty they present4 ,any batch of ordinary books will contain some that are troublesome to the beginner in cataloguing1 and for this reason nothing that can be regarded as of an out-of-the-way character has been taken in illustration4 ,the next book is3 ,historic survey of ,german poetry1 interspersed with various translations4 ,by ,w4 ,taylor1 of ,norwich4 ,london3 ,treuttel1 c4 ,the work is in three volumes1 the first being dated #ahbh1 the second #ahbi1 and the third #ahcj4 ,we ascertain by reference to a biographical dictionary1 or other likely work1 that the author's name is ,william1 and as ,wm4 ,taylor is a somewhat common name we retain the description 8of ,norwich10 so that he may be distinguished from any other author of the same name4 ,the author-entry then is3 ,,taylor1 ,william 7of ,norwich74 ,historic survey of ,german poetry1 interspersed with various translations4 #c v4 #ho4 #ahbh-cj ,this book being in more than one volume a collation of each is not given1 as the statement of the number of volumes is considered to give sufficient idea of its extent4 ,if the work were illustrated this fact would still be stated1 not usually as 8#c v41 illus40 but 8,illus4 #c v40 or 8illus4 #c v40 ,it will be seen that the date of publication of each volume is not given but the first and last dates only4 ,it is necessary to point out that the earliest and latest dates are not always those of the first and last volumes of a set1 as it sometimes happens that they are not the first or last issued4 ,often enough the volumes of a set are made up of two or more editions with long intervals between the dates4 ,in all cases the earliest and latest dates are to be given1 and any peculiarities of the edition can be stated in the form of a note at the end of the entry4 ,taking another book we find that the title-page reads3 ,life of ,ralph ,waldo ,emerson1 by ,richard ,garnett1 ,,ll4,d4 ,london1 ,walter ,scott1 c4 #ahhh and after an exhaustive examination the entry comes out as ,,garnett1 ,richard4 ,life of ,ralph ,waldo ,emerson4 7,great writers47 pp4 #bjj1 xiv4 sm4 #ho4 #ahhh ,with a bibliography by ,john ,p4 ,anderson4 #bi4--,the desirability1 or otherwise1 of using initials instead of giving the ,christian name in full in an author-entry depends largely upon the requirements of the library and the space taken up4 ,there seems to be a growing practice to search out from any available source all the names that an author was ever saddled with4 ,the object of this for catalogues1 other than those of great libraries of national importance1 is not very obvious1 and it should not concern the cataloguer why ,dickens chose to be known as ,charles simply instead of ,charles ,john ,huffam1 or ,du ,maurier preferred to be called ,george rather than ,george ,louis ,palmela ,busson1 or even why ,hall ,caine has dropped the use of ,thomas ,henry from the fore part of his name4 ,yet these and other persons have appeared with all the names set out at length even in minor catalogues1 and sometimes with the titles of the books cut down to the finest limit in order that the whole name might be got in4 ,the spirit of infinite research is not always an advantage to the cataloguer4 #cj4--,on the other hand1 bare initials have a meagre appearance1 and the middle course should be adopted even when expense is a consideration1 as it adds very little to the cost of printing to give at least one name in full4 ,it must be admitted that in many instances where there are two or more ,christian names1 the initials are distinctive enough for all reasonable purposes1 as ,e4 ,a4 ,abbott1 ,a4 ,k4 ,h4 ,boyd1 ,e4 ,a4 ,freeman1 and can be so used4 ,well-understood abbreviations1 like ,chas4 ,dickens1 ,geo4 ,r4 ,sims1 ,robt4 ,browning1 ,thos4 ,carlyle1 can also be used1 but the gain is so trifling as not to be worth consideration4 ,the first ,christian name in use should be given in full1 unless it happens that some other is better or specially known1 as ,w4 ,h4 ,davenport ,adams1 ,j4 ,percy ,groves1 ,j4 ,cotter ,morison1 ,r4 ,bosworth ,smith4 #ca4--,with the commoner surnames1 as ,smith1 ,brown1 ,jones1 and the rest1 there will be a number of authors who will have also the same ,christian name1 when particular care must be exercised not to mix the works together1 and so attribute books to a wrong author4 ,some distinction must be given1 like that shown in the 8,taylor of ,norwich0 entry 7p4 #bg71 and these are better printed in italics4 ,examples of these1 taken from a catalogue1 are ,smith1 ,john1 ,a4 ,l4 ,s4 ,smith1 ,john1 of ,kilwinning4 ,smith1 ,john1 of ,malton4 ,thomson1 ,james 7poet1 #agjj-dh74 ,thomson1 ,james 78,b4 ,v407 ,thomson1 ,james 7,traveller74 ,when father and son with the same name are authors1 and the difference between them appears in the book as 8the elder10 8jun410 8fils10 8an10 c41 it should be given at the time the entry is made1 even though not then required for distinguishing purposes1 the library only possessing the works of one or the other4 ,frequently such a distinction is not shown on the book1 and the cataloguer must add it4 ,strange to say1 entries like the following have been seen in catalogues3-- ,frres1 ,p4 ,modes et costumes historiques4 ,nassau1 ,w41 sen4 ,journals kept in ,france and ,italy4 ,the first book being by the ,paquet frres1 and the other by ,nassau ,w4 ,senior4 #cb4--;,biographical dictionaries of all kinds are useful to the cataloguer1 but for making distinctions like those referred to above1 and for general use1 the most serviceable and handiest1 because concise and comprehensive1 is 8,the dictionary of biographical reference1 containing one hundred thousand names10 by ,lawrence ,b4 ,phillips 7,sampson ,low1 #ahga47 ,there is a later edition of this work1 but it is merely a reprint with no new matter4 ,it should be superfluous to name the valuable and indispensable 8,dictionary of national biography0 for ,british names4 ,allibone's 8,critical dictionary of ,english literature and ,british and ,american authors10 with its supplement by ,kirk1 is an every-day book of reference for cataloguers4 ,for ,german biography the 8,allgemeine deutsche ,biographie0 7,leipzig1 #ahge-ih71 is the most important1 and for ,french names the 8,biographie universelle0 7,paris1 #ahdb-fe7 is very serviceable1 as well as for names generally4 ,it should be supplemented by ,vapereau's 8,dictionnaire des contemporains40 #cc4--,the form for author-entry is clear and simple enough1 and seems easy to put into practice1 but difficulties soon arise1 and the amount of knowledge the cataloguer possesses upon men in general and authors in particular will be early put to the test4 ,the next book coming before us is ,vice vers2 or1 a lesson to fathers4 ,by ,f4 ,anstey4 ,new and revised ed4 ,london1 ,smith1 ,elder1 c41 #ahhc4 ,the author's name in this instance is a pseudonym1 and the mode of treating such names has given rise to differences of opinion1 and consequently of practice4 ,in many catalogues the real name of the author1 when known1 is taken for the author-entry1 and a reference given from the pseudonym to it4 ,this may be a good rule to follow in very special catalogues1 but there is no doubt that it is against the convenience of the great majority of persons who use libraries2 and therefore the best1 because most convenient and useful1 plan is to make the entry under the best known name1 whether it be assumed or real4 ,it has been often said1 and with much truth1 that it is not the business of librarians to discover the identity of an author by proving his use of an alias unless for some sufficient reason4 ,it has become quite a mania with some cataloguers to hunt and pry until they find out whether a name is real or not1 and their zeal in this direction sometimes misleads them1 as witness the fact that 8,george ,eliot0 has been entered as ,mrs4 ,lewes in quite a number of catalogues1 and ,marie ,corelli is called ,marion ,mackay4 ,the cataloguer1 besides putting himself to the bother of being ever on the look-out for real names1 gives readers the trouble and vexation of looking in several places in the catalogue before they can find the author's works they are in search of4 ,people wanting books by 8,ouida0 do not care to be told on turning to that name to 8see ,de la ,ram10 or 8,rame1 ,l4 de la10 or even 8,la ,ram40 ,it would be equally absurd1 on the other hand1 to refer from ,dickens to 8,boz10 or ,thackeray to 8,titmarsh20 therefore use the best known names4 ,when the pseudonym is the most familiar name1 and the principal entry is accordingly given under that form1 then it is desirable1 but not absolutely essential1 to also give the real name1 when known with certainty1 enclosing it in parentheses1 as ,anstey1 ,f4 7,t4 ,anstey ,guthrie74 ,hobbes1 ,john ,oliver 7,mrs4 ,p4 ,m4 ,t4 ,craigie74 ,sometimes the pseudonym is printed in italics in all entries1 but this only serves to emphasise the name1 without indicating that it is a known pseudonym4 ,if it is wished to point out that the name is assumed1 then the customary form of printing it in inverted commas is better understood1 as 8,twain1 ,mark0 7,samuel ,l4 ,clemens71 but this need only be in the author-entry4 ,upon these lines the book before us appears as 8,,anstey1 ,f40 7,t4 ,anstey ,guthrie74 ,vice vers2 or1 a lesson to fathers4 ,new ed4 #ahhc ,to perfectly complete the author-entry and to prevent any possibility of mistake1 we require a cross-reference pointing from the real name to the pseudonym under which the entry is found1 thus3 ,guthrie1 ,t4 ,anstey4 ,see ,anstey1 ,f4 ,if space is of no consideration1 and it is wished to make the entry as exact as possible1 then the form is ,anstey1 ,f4 7pseudonym of ,t4 ,anstey ,guthrie71 and the reference reads ,guthrie1 ,t4 ,anstey4 ,see ,anstey ,f4 7pseud47 #cd4--;,before leaving this question of the treatment of pseudonymous books attention may be directed to other phases of it4 ,there is the difficulty that occasionally arises of an author publishing under a pseudonym and under his real name and being equally as well-known under both4 ,instances of this would be the ,rev4 ,john ,m4 ,watson1 whose theological works appear under his own name1 and his stories under 8,ian ,maclaren20 and ,j4 ,e4 ,muddock1 who publishes some stories under that name and1 it is said1 his detective stories under the name of 8,dick ,donovan40 ,common-sense might offer the suggestion to adhere to the rule already laid down and enter under both names1 but this violates one of the first principles of dictionary cataloguing1 viz41 that all works by an author must be brought together under a single name4 ,therefore in such cases there is no option but to adopt the real name1 at the same time taking care to remove all occasion of difficulty by giving cross-references1 as 8,maclaren1 ,ian40 ,see ,watson1 ,john ,m4 8,donovan1 ,dick40 ,see ,muddock1 ,j4 ,e4 #ce4--,then there are books that have a phrase for the pseudonym1 like 8,one who has kept a diary10 or 8,a whistler at the plough40 ,these1 while nominally pseudonyms1 are virtually anonyms1 and it is customary in full and special catalogues to make the entry under the first word not an article of such a phrase-name4 ,it may be considered as very likely that such an entry in the majority of catalogues would be quite superfluous4 ,books like3 8,five years penal servitude1 by ,one who has endured it40 8,three in ,norway1 by ,two of them40 would be better dealt with if the title-entries1 such as these1 were taken as the principal entries and the pseudonym ignored4 ,this is a case where the cataloguer will use his discretion as to the best course to pursue1 being guided by the requirements of the library1 but it is a mistake on the right side to give both forms if there is the least doubt4 #cf4--;,books with initials only instead of the author's name come between the pseudonymous and anonymous4 ,the initials may be those of a name or indicate a title or profession4 ,in all cases where the name veiled by the initials cannot be discovered1 or their meaning ascertained1 then the entry is given under the last letter1 but if the letters stand for a known pseudonym1 as 8,a4,l4,o4,e410 or a title or degree1 as 8by an ,m4,p410 or 8,m4,a4 7,oxon710 then the first letter is taken instead of the last4 ,occasionally an initialism will be given like1 8by ,b4,h4,w41 ,d4,d410 when1 the meaning being clear1 the entry will be under the ,w41 as ,w41 ,b4,h41 ,d4,d4 ,if it is known what the name is that is covered by the initials1 as ,a4,k4,h4,b41 or ,l4,e4,l41 then the entry is given under the name in full1 ,boyd1 ,a4,h4,k4 ,landon1 ,l4,e4 but it is requisite that cross-references be given from the initialism1 as ,b41 ,a4,k4,h4 ,see ,boyd1 ,a4,k4,h4 ,l41 ,l4,e4 ,see ,landon1 ,l4,e4 ,the remark as to whether it is worth while in minor catalogues to give an entry under a phrase-pseudonym applies equally to the initials1 and is open to the same doubts4 #cg4--;,in arranging the entries in alphabetical order it should be noted that initials take precedence of all other names in each particular letter1 as ,b41 ,a4,k4,h4 ,b41 ,g4,w4 ,baar1 ,thomas4 8,bab40 ,the works most useful to the cataloguer in revealing real names are ,halkett and ,laing's ,dictionary of the anonymous and pseudonymous literature of ,great ,britain1 ,cushing's ,initials and pseudonyms1 and ,les supercheries littraires dvoiles1 par ,qurard4 ,a list of pseudonyms1 mostly modern instances1 with the real names1 will be found in ,appendix ,c1 by those who may require it4 #ch4--,the next illustration is selected because it is distinctly anonymous1 that is the author is not shown in any form in the book1 either by a pseudonym or initialism1 and the ordinary sources of information do not enable the authorship to be discovered4 ,times and days3 being essays in romance and history1 pp4 viii1 #bae4 sm4 #ho4 #ahhi ,upon such books1 if they are worth it1 the industry of the cataloguer may very well be exercised1 as librarians and the public feel that they are fully justified in finding out who the author is if they can4 ,if the book is of any importance the name of the author is sure to be revealed for general information sooner or later1 and the possibility of this adds zest to the search for the name at the moment it is needed by the cataloguer4 ,besides the works of reference mentioned already1 ,watt's ,bibliotheca ,britannica should be consulted 7for the older books71 ,barbier's ,dictionnaire des ouvrages anonymes1 and any special bibliographies or catalogues within reach1 not forgetting the great ,british ,museum ,catalogue of ,printed ,books4 ,local catalogues often prove valuable in this work1 as the identity of an author may be well-known locally but not further4 ,it is as well to point out that if a work is merely 8ascribed10 or 8said to be0 by a particular person it is better to regard the book as altogether anonymous4 ,to name a case in point1 ,halkett and ,laing ascribe the authorship of the1 at one time1 celebrated 8red pamphlets0 on the ,mutiny of the ,bengal ,army to a ,major ,bunbury1 whereas the author is now known to have been the late ,colonel ,g4 ,b4 ,malleson4 ,in the event of the search after the author's name proving futile1 the rule is that the principal entry be given under the first word of the title not an article1 in the same way as the entries follow in the work of ,halkett and ,laing4 ,should the library be a small one of a general character it would be somewhat pedantic to adhere rigidly to this rule1 more especially if the subject of the book is clearly stated upon its title-page4 ,for example1 books like1 ,a short history of ,poland1 and ,the rambler's guide to ,harrogate1 would be amply and satisfactorily dealt with if entries were alone given under 8,poland0 and 8,harrogate0 respectively1 instead of under 8,short0 and 8,rambler's10 as required by the rule4 #ci4--,when books are said to be 8by the author of --0 and it cannot be ascertained who the author is1 then they are treated as altogether anonymous and dealt with accordingly1 as ,n4 or ,m41 by the author of 8,honor bright40 ,no entry would be made under 8,honor bright0 except1 of course1 for that book itself if it happened to be in the library4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,the ,,principal ,,entry--,,the ,,author-,,entry1 #c4 #dj4--,there are further difficulties that arise from time to time in making the author-entry owing to the great variety in the form of authors' names4 ,the first book we take to illustrate one of these is3 ,m4 ,tullii ,ciceronis ,orationes2 with a commentary by ,george ,long4 7,bibliotheca classica2 ed4 by ,george ,long and ,a4 ,j4 ,macleane47 #d v4 la4 #ho4 #ahee-fb ,the rule is to transcribe ,greek and ,latin names either into the ,english form1 as ,cicero1 ,horace1 ,livy1 ,ovid1 or into the ,latin nominative as ,m4 ,tullius ,cicero1 and therefore the entry will be3 ,,cicero1 ,m4 ,tullius4 ,orationes2 with a commentary1 by ,george ,long4 7,bibliotheca classica74 #d v4 la4 #ho4 #ahee-fb ,greek names are not simply transcribed in ,roman characters1 as ,homeros1 but into the ,english or ,latin form1 as ,homer1 ,homerus4 ,all forms of the name1 irrespective of the language of the original book or its translations1 must be concentrated under the form adopted2 thus the following three books1 ,the odes of ,horace2 transl4 into ,english by the ,rt4 ,hon4 ,w4 ,e4 ,gladstone1 ,m4,p4 pp4 xvi41 #aed4 #ho4 #ahid ,quinti ,horatii ,flacci ,opera omnia2 with a commentary by the ,rev4 ,arthur ,john ,macleane1 ,m4,a4 #dth ed41 revised by ,george ,long1 ,m4,a4 7#ahfi74 7,bibliotheca classica47 pp4 xxxii1 #gga4 la4 #ho4 #ahha ,q4 ,orazio ,flacco4 ,odi1 epistole1 satire2 traduzione di ,diocleziano ,mancini4 pp4 #fd4 sm4 #ho4 ,castello1 #ahig are entered either under ,horace or ,horatius ,flaccus 7,quintus71 and therefore would appear as ,,horace4 ,opera omnia2 with a commentary1 by ,arthur ,j4 ,macleane4 #dth ed41 revised by ,geo4 ,long 7#ahfi74 7,bibliotheca classica47 pp4 xxxii1 #gga4 la4 #ho4 #ahha ,odi1 epistole1 satire2 trad4 di ,diocleziano ,mancini4 pp4 #fd4 sm4 #ho4 ,castello1 #ahig ,odes2 transl4 into ,english by ,w4 ,e4 ,gladstone1 pp4 xvi1 #aed4 #ho4 #ahid ,it is very rarely required to give cross-references from the one form of name to the other1 especially in the case of the classical authors4 ,it should be noted that absolute uniformity is necessary in the style of such names in a single catalogue1 be the form ,latin or ,english1 as it would be inconsistent to have1 say ,virgilius in one place1 and ,livy in another--in other words1 it should be ,virgil and ,livy or ,livius and ,virgilius1 popular libraries adopting the ,english form as most suitable4 #da4--,the customary mode of arranging the entries in such a case as the ,horace given above1 is to give first the whole works in the original1 then the whole works in translations1 afterwards the portions in the original followed by translations of these in their turn1 the greater parts taking precedence of the lesser1 and those in the language of the original coming before translations without regard to alphabetical order4 #db4--,there are classes of persons whose names come oftener under the notice of the cataloguer for subject-than for author-entry1 such as sovereigns1 princes1 saints1 and popes2 but as one rule governs both forms of entry1 it may be referred to at this point4 ,all such personages are entered under the ,christian names by which they are known and not under family or titular names4 ,with these names are included those of ancient or medival use before the days of fixed surnames1 or when they were merely sobriquets4 ,omitting titles of books in illustration examples of all these with the correct form would be3 ,albert1 ,prince ,consort4 ,albert ,edward1 ,prince of ,wales4 ,augustine1 ,st4 ,giraldus ,cambrensis4 ,leo ,,xiii41 ,pope4 ,paul1 ,st4 ,thomas a',becket4 ,thomas a',kempis4 ,victoria1 ,queen4 ,william of ,malmesbury4 ,it would be safer to provide cross-references for such names as ,thomas a' ,becket and ,thomas a' ,kempis1 thus3 ,becket1 ,thomas a'4 ,see ,thomas a' ,becket4 ,kempis1 ,thomas a'4 ,see ,thomas a' ,kempis4 #dc4--,strange to say1 it is quite a common mistake in catalogues to enter all the saints together under 8,saint10 instead of under their names1 and it has even been attempted to justify such an obvious absurdity by the contention that people naturally turn to the word 8,saint0 for such names4 ,this is very likely1 but it would be just as reasonable to expect to find ,lord ,beaconsfield's books under 8,lord0 or 8,earl10 and ,mr4 ,gladstone's under 8,mr40 ,besides1 if such a rule were logically carried out in the case of every person canonized1 ,sir ,thomas ,more would now be entered under 8,blessed10 and ,thomas a' ,becket under 8,saint40 #dd4--;,in the case of noblemen who are authors1 the entry should be under the title1 and not under the family name1 though it may be necessary in some instances to give a cross-reference from the family name4 ,illustrative examples of these would be3 ,beaconsfield1 ,earl of4 ,coningsby4 ,disraeli1 ,benjamin4 ,see ,beaconsfield4 ,argyll1 ,duke of4 ,the reign of law4 ,in full catalogues it is usual to give more particulars1 as ,beaconsfield1 ,benjamin ,disraeli1 ,earl of4 ,argyll1 ,george ,d4 ,campbell1 #hth ,duke of4 but even in concise catalogues1 if the library happens to possess books by noblemen of the same title1 the distinction must be clearly shown as ,albemarle1 #fth ,earl of4 ,fifty years of my life4 ,albemarle1 #hth ,earl of4 ,cycling4 or fuller still1 as ,derby1 ,edward1 #adth ,earl of4 ,the ,iliad of ,homer1 translated4 ,derby1 ,edward ,h41 #aeth ,earl of4 ,speeches and addresses4 #de4--;,in some exceptional and well-defined cases1 it is better to place the entries under the family name1 for the reason that it is more in common use and so is better known1 as ,bacon1 ,francis1 ,lord ,verulam4 ,walpole1 ,horace1 ,earl of ,orford4 ,it is important to remember that the title of the author to be used is not that of the time when the book happened to be published1 but the highest attained to at the time the catalogue is prepared or issued4 #df4--,this brings us to the question as to the extent in which titles of honour1 of professional rank1 or of scholastic attainment are to be used in cataloguing1 particularly in connection with authors' names4 ,this is a matter that has been settled more by convenience and usage than by fixed rules4 ,it is usual to omit all titles of rank below that of a knight1 all such distinctions to a name as 8,baronet10 8,knight10 8,right ,honourable10 and 8,honourable10 as well as the initials of the various orders of knighthood1 as ,k4,g41 ,k4,c4,b41 ,c4,b41 c4 ,university degrees and initials of membership of learned or other societies1 as ,d4,d41 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,r4,hist4,s41 c41 are ignored1 and so are professional titles1 as ,professor1 ,colonel1 ,doctor1 ,barrister-at-,law4 ,for example1 in the 8republic of letters10 as exemplified in cataloguing1 ,the ,right ,honourable ,sir ,charles ,wentworth ,dilke1 ,bart41 ,m4,p4 becomes simply ,dilke1 ,sir ,charles ,w4 and ,the ,right ,honourable ,professor ,f4 ,max ,mller4 is ,mller1 ,f4 ,max4 ,upon the same plan most of the ecclesiastical titles are passed over1 or at anyrate all under the rank of a dean1 and all the prefixes as 8,right ,reverend10 8,rev40 are left out4 ,thus ,the ,right ,reverend the ,lord ,bishop of ,london1 ,mandell ,creighton1 ,d4,d41 c4 is reduced to ,creighton1 ,mandell1 ,bp4 of ,london4 or shorter still1 if desired1 to ,creighton1 ,mandell1 ,bp4 ,it has been found that simple treatment of this kind meets every requirement1 and it is quite unnecessary to waste space in a catalogue by adding superfluous matter of this kind1 besides the line must be drawn somewhere1 and1 as the cataloguer has no reason1 even for politic motives1 to indulge in snobbery1 there is no occasion to swell a catalogue to undue proportions4 #dg4--;,if it is desired1 however1 to include degrees or other distinctive affixes1 they must follow the ,christian name1 as ,jones1 ,thomas1 ,,ll4,d4 and not ,jones1 ,,ll4,d41 ,thomas4 ,prefixes would be inserted in their proper order1 as ,jones1 ,dr4 ,thomas4 ,anything not actually part of the author's name should be made distinctive by being printed in italics as here shown4 #dh4--;,it cannot be too often impressed on the young cataloguer how important it is to keep himself well posted in all changes occurring in the world around1 and1 more particularly1 in the literary and social world4 ,while many sources of information are available in a well-equipped library1 yet none of these can compensate for a retentive memory and a mind keenly alive even for the comparatively trivial affairs that need to be constantly noted if error is to be avoided1 or at least if the catalogue is to show the latest information4 ,for instance1 as each ,new ,year and ,queen's ,birthday comes round the lists of new honours gazetted have to be read1 as an author or two may be among those raised to the peerage or be made baronets or knights and their style in the catalogue has to be altered accordingly4 ,this may be considered unnecessary advice because catalogues of libraries are supposed to1 and do1 cover the whole field of human knowledge in all directions1 and it is part of the cataloguer's business to keep his knowledge modernized if his services are to be worth much4 ,it is as well1 however1 to point this out to beginners1 otherwise1 if attention be not paid to such details1 they will very soon find1 or others will for them1 that they have books written by the same person under two names1 sometimes three1 in a single catalogue4 ,many examples could be given of how this can be brought about1 but it will suffice to give one4 ,the first edition1 #ahhg1 of the book on cycling in the 8,badminton ,library0 series has the names of ,viscount ,bury and ,g4 ,l4 ,hillier as the authors1 and the new edition of #ahie is by the ,earl of ,albemarle and ,g4 ,l4 ,hillier4 ,it would not do for a library possessing the first edition only to now enter it under 8,bury10 nor for a library with both editions to enter one under 8,bury0 and the other under 8,albemarle40 #di4--,this point may be further emphasized by stating that ecclesiastical changes in the higher orders of the clergy have to be carefully observed from time to time1 so that the very latest office is shown at the time the catalogue is printed1 or that the alteration is made if in manuscript4 ,it would not look well to continue to describe ,frederick ,temple as ,bishop of ,exeter or even as ,bishop of ,london1 ,mandell ,creighton as ,bishop of ,peterborough1 or ,frederick ,w4 ,farrar as ,archdeacon1 though their names may so appear upon the books being catalogued4 ,occasionally books will be found by authors whose ecclesiastical office and not their names appear upon the title-pages1 as 8by ,william1 ,bishop of ,chester10 8by the ,archbishop of ,york10 when the name must be sought out and care taken to give the credit of the book to the right person4 ,for instance1 there is a book upon the ,riviera1 published in #ahgj1 8by the ,dean of ,canterbury10 which might easily be credited to ,dean ,payne ,smith instead of ,dean ,alford1 and a very careless or unthinking cataloguer might even add it to ,dean ,farrar's books4 ,in this connection a very useful book of reference is ,the book of dignities1 by ,joseph ,haydn1 continued by ,horace ,ockerby1 #ahid1 and of course any back volumes available of clerical directories or diocesan calendars will prove useful4 #ej4--;,but the ladies have to be watched with much greater care1 as they are so much more apt to change their name1 and that without any evidence of such change being given upon the title-page4 ,many examples might be given of ladies who have written under both their maiden and their married names4 ,if the ladies continue writing under their maiden names1 then the rule given for pseudonymous books would fitly apply1 and the more familiar name should be used1 as ,m4 ,e4 ,braddon1 and not ,mrs4 ,maxwell1 ,florence ,warden1 and not ,mrs4 ,james4 ,where women authors are better known under their husbands' names with the prefix 8,mrs410 as ,mrs4 ,humphry ,ward1 ,mrs4 ,coulson ,kernahan1 c41 it will be found that the best known form is also the best for use in a general or popular catalogue1 though it would be more exact to give the ladies' own names4 ,if exactness is of prime importance1 then the distinction can very well be shown1 as ,ward1 ,mary ,a4 7,mrs4 ,humphry ,ward74 ,kernahan1 ,jeanie ,g4 7,mrs4 ,coulson ,kernahan74 ,when both the maiden and married names are given upon a title-page1 as 8,katharine ,tynan 7,mrs4 ,h4 ,a4 ,hinkson710 then it is better to adopt the married name for the entry1 but a cross-reference should be given1 especially if books have been issued under the maiden name alone4 ,accordingly the entry would be ,hinkson1 ,katharine 7,katharine ,tynan74 and the reference ,tynan1 ,katharine4 ,see ,hinkson1 ,katharine4 #ea4--,peculiarities of form in surnames will next demand consideration1 and probably the first of these will be names with patronymic or other prefixes4 ,if the author is ,english1 or has virtually become so 7and 8,english0 is to be here understood in its widest sense71 then the prefix is simply regarded as a part of the name1 and as such it will lead off4 ,the following are some examples of names in this form3 ,st4 ,john1 ,percy ,b4 ,de ,crespigny1 ,e4 ,c4 ,d',israeli1 ,isaac ,fitz ,george1 ,george ,le ,gallienne1 ,richard4 ,l',estrange1 ,a4 ,g4 ,m',crie1 ,thomas4 ,mac,donald1 ,george4 ,o',brien1 ,william4 ,ap ,john1 ,lewis4 ,van ,dyck1 ,sir ,a4 #eb4--;,in ,french names the entry should not be made under the prefix 8de10 but under the name next following it1 unless the 8de0 has become so much embodied in the surname as to be an integral part of it rather than a prefix4 ,if the prefix happens to be the definite article 8le0 or 8la10 or the article is comprised in it1 as 8du10 then the entry is to be given under the prefix4 ,the following names show the part of the name which leads off3 ,maupas1 ,c4 ,e4 de4 ,decourcelle1 ,a4 ,delaroche1 ,paul4 ,la ,bruyre1 ,jean de4 ,la ,sizeranne1 ,robert de4 ,le ,monnier1 ,l4 ,du ,boisgobey1 ,f4 ,du ,camp1 ,maxim4 ,in arranging such names for alphabetical order they are placed as if the prefix were part of the name1 and the last five would come in place as ,labr41 ,lasi41 ,lemo41 ,dubo41 ,duca4 ,the ,english names are treated in much the same manner1 but contractions are to be placed as if spelt out in full1 and letters omitted by elision are to be ignored4 ,in this way the ,english names given above would come in order3 ,st4 ,john as ,saint ,john 7not as ,saintj1 however1 but before ,sainte1 as ,sainte-,beuve71 ,de ,crespigny as ,decre41 ,d',israeli as ,disra41 ,le ,gallienne as ,legall41 ,l',estrange as ,lestr41 ,m',crie as ,maccrie1 ,mac ,donald as ,macdon41 ,o',brien as ,obri41 ,ap ,john as ,apjohn1 and ,van ,dyck as ,vandyck4 ,of course1 the names must in no wise be altered from the form appearing upon the title-pages even for the purpose of harmonising them with neighbouring names in the alphabetical sequence4 #ec4--;,in ,german and ,dutch names the 8von0 and 8van0 are entered after the name similarly to the ,french 8de0 as3 ,ewald1 ,g4 ,h4 ,a4 von4 ,beneden1 ,p4 ,j4 van4 ,some cataloguers keep these and the ,french 8de0 in their place as prefixes1 at the same time ignoring them for alphabetical order1 thus3 von ,ewald1 ,g4 ,h4 ,a4 van ,beneden1 ,p4 ,j4 de ,cuvier1 ,georges1 ,baron4 of course1 placing them under ,ewald1 ,beneden1 ,cuvier4 ,the effect is not wholly satisfactory and it breaks the running line in the alphabet4 #ed4--,the next difficulty is that of the compound names4 ,it has been already hinted that stereotyped uniformity is not always to be recommended1 but in dealing with names of this type it is as well to fix a rule and adhere rigidly to it4 ,in the case of ,english compound names the best course to adopt is to give the entries under the last name in all cases4 ,examples of such names would be ,phillipps1 ,j4 ,o4 ,halliwell4 ,turner1 ,c4 ,tennyson4 ,dunton1 ,theodore ,watts4 ,these are so well known to most people as changed names1 that it would not be quite correct to give merely an initial for the first name1 as ,phillipps1 ,j4 ,o4 ,h4 ,turner1 ,c4 ,t4 ,dunton1 ,theodore ,w4 though in most cases of compound names1 this would not signify4 ,under some rules for cataloguing1 it is recommended that where the author has added to his name at a late period of his life1 as the above-named persons have1 then the entry should be given under the first part of the name4 ,the objection to adopting this course is that two methods would be in use1 and they would likely lead to confusion1 for the reason that it is not always clearly or generally known that a compound name consists in reality of the addition of a name to the original surname4 ,it is more frequently the case1 owing to fashion or foible1 that two names already belonging by right to a person have simply been joined by a hyphen1 and so become 8compounded40 ,again1 it is not always shown or known that a new name has been taken1 as for instance ,j4 ,f4 ,b4 ,firth so described himself upon his books on ,london ,government1 and not as ,j4 ,f4 ,bottomley-,firth1 though he was born ,bottomley1 and took the name of ,firth afterwards4 ,therefore1 all things considered1 it is wiser to adhere to the last name1 more especially as it is so easy to safeguard it in doubtful cases by the useful cross-reference1 such as ,tennyson-,turner1 ,c4 ,see ,turner4 ,halliwell-,phillipps1 ,j4 ,o4 ,see ,phillipps4 ,watts-,dunton1 ,theodore4 ,see ,dunton4 ,even these cross-references are seldom necessary1 as it may reasonably be presumed that if a person fails to find the entries under the one name he turns to the other1 thus if he wants books by the ,rev4 ,s4 ,baring-,gould1 and fails to find them under ,baring1 it is unlikely that he will conclude they are not in the library without first looking under ,gould4 #ee4--;,but while this rule for making use of the last part of a compound name holds good for ,english authors1 the reverse method must be adopted as correct for foreign compound names1 and the entry given accordingly under the first part of such a name1 as ,dreux-,brz1 ,marquis de4 ,martinengo-,cesaresco1 ,countess4 ,merle d',aubign1 ,j4 ,h4 ,tascher de la ,pagerie1 ,comtesse de4 ,it will be seen that this form is principally governed by the custom of the country to which the author happens to belong1 and cataloguers will make themselves acquainted with the usages of each country as far as they can1 either by reading or by constant reference to native biographical dictionaries and authoritative catalogues4 #ef4--;,in an average ,british library oriental names will only occasionally come under the notice of the cataloguer1 and then for the most part attached to ,english books4 ,a general rule may be laid down that the first part of such names should be taken for the author-entry1 as ,omar ,khayyam4 ,rubiyt2 transl4 by ,fitzgerald4 ,wo ,chang4 ,england through ,chinese spectacles4 ,dosabhai ,framji ,karaka4 ,history of the ,parsis4 but a rule of this kind must not be blindly followed1 as it is sure to have exceptions4 ,some other part of the name may be the best known or even correct form1 as3 ,ranjitsinhji1 ,k4 ,s4 ,the ,jubilee book of cricket4 remembering always that the surname according to ,western ideas1 handed on from one generation to another does not exist in the ,east4 ,in every case it is a wise plan to consult any available catalogues that have been compiled by experts in oriental language and custom4 ,care is also necessary in dealing with these names lest it should be found when too late that the entry has been given under a title and not a name4 ,on pages #gf-ig of ,linderfelt's ,eclectic card catalog rules will be found a list of oriental titles and occupations with their signification1 and the use of this will do much to prevent mistakes of the kind4 ,beale's ,oriental biographical dictionary2 revised by ,h4 ,g4 ,keene 7,w4 ,h4 ,allen1 #ahid7 is also a helpful work in this connection4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,the ,,principal ,,entry4--,,the ,,author-,,entry1 #d4 #eg4--,when books are written in collaboration1 the customary procedure is to make the entry under the first-named author1 if not more than two are given on the title-page1 followed by the name of the second4 ,if there are more than two authors1 then the name of the first only is given1 followed by 8and others10 or 8c410 as ,woods1 ,robert ,a41 and others4 ,the poor in great cities4 ,it is desirable to give a cross-reference from every joint-author to the name under which the entry is placed1 but it depends greatly upon the style of the catalogue whether this is done or not4 ,in most cases it will be found that the references can be dispensed with if more than two authors1 and often enough from the second when but two4 ,it is unlikely1 for example1 that a reference is necessary from ,rice to ,besant for the novels by ,besant and ,rice1 or from ,chatrian for those by ,erckmann-,chatrian4 ,if1 however1 the second-named author is also the single author of other books in the library1 the reference is unavoidable and must be given4 ,in the principal entry it is unnecessary to reverse the names of any author but the first1 though this is sometimes done1 as ,besant1 ,sir ,walter1 and ,rice1 ,james2 but the better form is ,besant1 ,sir ,walter1 and ,james ,rice4 #eh4--,the order of arrangement for books written by an author who is also a joint-author is to give first those books written by him alone2 then those books in which he has collaborated1 with his name occupying the leading place upon the title-page2 and lastly the references to other authors with whom he has joined1 but with his name in a secondary place4 ,the entries would be separately alphabetical in each of these divisions4 ,the following illustrates this point3-- ,,stevenson1 ,robert ,l4 ,the black arrow4 ,weir of ,hermiston4 and ,fanny4 ,the dynamiter4 and ,lloyd ,,osbourne4 ,the ebb-tide4 ,the wrecker4 ,see also ,henley1 ,w4 ,e4 #ei4--;,as in this illustration the repeat dash has been used1 it may be here stated that its purpose is to save the repetition of the author's name in each entry after the first1 and1 as shown in the case of 8,the wrecker10 it is unnecessary to give more than a single dash in any instance1 as the position of the entry denotes that it is by the same authors as the preceding book4 ,it was owing to the misuse of this dash that the old catalogue joke arose of ,mill1 ,j4 ,s4 ,on liberty4 ,on the ,floss4 and others equally ridiculous are to be found in catalogues where the dash is not limited in use as a repeat for authors' names1 or as a repeat to a subject-heading1 but this point is further dealt with under subject-cataloguing 7,section #ajb74 ,it must be noted that in the case of authors' or editors' names the dash is strictly limited in use as a repeat for second and further books by the same author1 and not to repeat all authors with the same surname1 as ,fletcher1 ,andrew4 ,banister4 ,c4 ,r4 ,l4 ,giles4 ,j4 ,s4 ,j4 ,w4 ,this bad form should be avoided1 and the surname of each person given in full1 as ,fletcher1 ,andrew4 ,fletcher1 ,banister4 ,fletcher1 ,c4 ,r4 ,l4 #fj4--,music is not usually treated upon the supposition that the librettist is joint-author with the composer4 ,the latter is always regarded as the author and the entry given under his name only4 ,the reason for this is that in the case of operas1 oratorios1 and the like the libretto is a mere secondary matter and the books are placed in libraries for the music only1 and in the vocal scores of operas there is seldom a complete libretto4 ,in this way the ,gilbert-,sullivan operas are entered only under ,sullivan1 and if thought desirable a reference may be given from ,gilbert1 but it is not essential4 ,the following is from the title-page of one of these operas4 8,an entirely new and sthetic opera in two acts entitled #8,patience2 or1 ,bunthorne's bride1' written by ,w4 ,s4 ,gilbert1 composed by ,arthur ,sullivan1 arranged from the full score by ,berthold ,tours4 ,london40 ,properly adapted this would appear in the catalogue as ,,sullivan1 ,sir ,arthur ,s4 ,patience2 or1 ,bunthorne's bride3 opera2 arranged by ,berthold ,tours4 7,vocal score47 pp4 #aag4 #do4 n4d4 ,it is hardly necessary to say that if on the other hand the libretto only of an opera or similar work were in the library1 the entry would be given under the librettist1 and the composer would be ignored1 as there would be none of his work in the book4 ,occasionally an exception to these rules will arise1 and would be found in a book like ,moore's ,irish melodies2 with accompaniments by ,m4 ,w4 ,balfe4 because it is likely enough that an edition of ,moore's ,melodies with music would be called for without regard to the composer1 though the book may have been placed in the library more on account of the music4 ,therefore1 both entries must be given1 that under the arranger's name being the principal1 as ,,balfe1 ,michael ,w4 ,moore's ,irish melodies2 with accompaniments4 pp4 viii41 #aib4 la4 #ho4 n4d4 ,,moore1 ,thomas4 ,irish melodies2 with accompaniments by ,balfe4 n4d4 #fa4--,when a book consists of a collection of essays or articles by a number of authors1 gathered together by an editor1 it is proper to give the principal entry under the editor's name rather than under that of the first-named author in the contents4 ,if a book of this nature is of sufficient importance1 each of its divisions can be treated as a separate work1 and author-entries given1 each author being credited with his share only4 ,as to how far books of the kind are to be so dealt with must rest entirely with the cataloguer1 space and utility being the two important points for his consideration4 ,it frequently happens that a single essay or section of a book contains the essence of many volumes1 and to a busy man such essays may be of more real value than a whole book4 ,again1 if a person is interested in the work of a particular author1 he will be glad not only to have the complete books1 but also his contributions to miscellaneous works as well1 and these are shown by indexing the contents4 ,to do this will add to the extent and cost of a catalogue1 but it will1 at the same time1 add to its value and usefulness4 ,of course there are many volumes of this miscellaneous nature1 the contents of which are of a very slight or ephemeral value1 and to so index them would be a waste of energy and of space4 ,it is quite as easy to overdo this indexing of contents as to carry it out judiciously1 as witness the fact that some librarians have gone to the trouble of indexing the principal contents of such obvious works of reference as the ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 and the ,dictionary of ,national ,biography4 ,in this matter1 then1 it will be seen that no fixed rule can be laid down4 ,sometimes the setting out of the contents under the principal entry will be sufficient4 ,this does not imply that the contents of volumes of magazines1 reviews1 and the like should be so treated1 as is sometimes seen attempted1 of course with sorry results so far as completeness is concerned1 because at best but a selection can be given1 and even this necessitates wading through pages of closely-set small type2 in fact1 the only real purpose it serves is to show what serial stories are in a particular volume4 ,no one can gainsay the fact that an enormous quantity of valuable material lies hidden away in back volumes of magazines1 but librarians must depend upon such works as ,poole's ,index to ,periodical ,literature1 with its supplements1 and the ,review of ,reviews' ,annual ,index to ,periodicals to reveal it4 #fb4--;,in some libraries the contents of miscellaneous books are set out as well as indexed1 but it is doubtful if it is worth while doing both in the majority of cases4 ,the following entries show a well-known book fully treated in this way so far as the principal and author entries only are concerned3-- ,essays and reviews1 pp4 iv41 #dcd4 la4 #ho4 #ahfj ,contains3--,the education of the world1 by ,temple4 ,bunsen's ,biblical researches1 by ,williams4 ,on the study of the evidences of ,christianity1 by ,powell4 ,sances historiques de ,genve3 ,the national church1 by ,wilson4 ,on the ,mosaic cosmogony1 by ,goodwin4 ,tendencies of religious thought in ,england1 #afhh-agej1 by ,pattison4 ,on the interpretation of scripture1 by ,jowett4 ,,temple1 ,frederick1 ,archbp4 ,the education of the world4 7,essays and reviews74 #ahfj ,,williams1 ,rowland4 ,bunsen's ,biblical researches4 7,essays and reviews74 #ahfj ,,powell1 ,baden4 ,on the study of the evidences of ,christianity4 7,essays and reviews74 #ahfj ,,wilson1 ,henry ,b4 ,sances historiques de ,genve3 ,the national church4 7,essays and reviews74 #ahfj ,,goodwin1 ,c4 ,w4 ,on the ,mosaic cosmogony4 7,essays and reviews74 #ahfj ,,pattison1 ,mark4 ,tendencies of religious thought in ,england1 #afhh-agej4 7,essays and reviews74 #ahfj ,,jowett1 ,benjamin4 ,on the interpretation of scripture4 7,essays and reviews74 #ahfj ,as these items would each require at least one subject entry besides1 it will be seen that this book must have fifteen distinct entries to be effectually catalogued4 #fc4--,the contents of collected works in more than one volume must be set out in order that the catalogue may show in what volume a particular work is to be found1 in this way3-- ,,hawthorne1 ,nathaniel4 ,complete works2 with introductory notes by ,geo4 ,p4 ,lathrop4 7,riverside ed47 ,illus4 #ab v4 #ahhc v4 #a4 ,twice-told tales4 v4 #b4 ,mosses from an old manse4 v4 #c4 ,the house of the seven gables4 ,the snow image1 and other twice-told tales4 and so on through the rest of the volumes4 ,wherever possible1 the tabulated contents of such works should be summarised when considered sufficient for all reasonable purposes1 as ,,gray1 ,thomas4 ,works2 ed4 by ,edmund ,gosse4 #d v4 #ahhd v4 #a4 ,poems1 journals1 and essays4 v4 #b-c4 ,letters4 v4 #d4 ,notes on ,aristophanes and ,plato4 ,to give a list of the essays contained in the first volume is unnecessary1 as all ,gray's miscellaneous essays are in that volume4 #fd4--,there are books1 or rather editions of books1 of a composite nature1 where an editor has joined together works by different authors into one volume4 ,examples of these are ,the poetical works of ,henry ,kirke ,white and ,james ,grahame2 with memoirs1 c41 by ,george ,gilfillan4 ,edin41 #ahef ,the dramatic works of ,wycherley1 ,congreve1 ,vanbrugh1 and ,farquhar2 with biographical and critical notices by ,leigh ,hunt4 #ahge ,to be exact1 the cataloguer may give the principal entry under the editor1 as already stated1 but it does not obviate the necessity under any circumstances of a separate entry under the name of each author4 ,there is no need to include the names of the other authors in the entries1 and just the same principle would apply as illustrated in the ,essays and reviews above4 ,it is as well1 however1 to add the name of the editor to each author-entry1 as it shows the particular edition4 ,the entries in full would appear as ,,gilfillan1 ,george 7,ed47 ,the poetical works of ,henry ,kirke ,white and ,james ,grahame2 with memoirs1 c4 #ho4 ,edin41 #ahef ,,white1 ,henry ,kirke4 ,poetical works2 ed4 by ,george ,gilfillan4 #ahef ,,grahame1 ,james4 ,poetical works2 ed4 by ,george ,gilfillan4 #ahef ,the second book would be dealt with after the same manner1 but with the ,christian names supplied to the sub- or author-entries1 as ,,hunt1 ,leigh 7,ed47 ,the dramatic works of ,wycherley1 ,congreve1 ,vanbrugh1 and ,farquhar2 with biog4 and critical notices4 la4 #ho4 #ahge ,,wycherley1 ,wm4 ,dramatic works2 with biog41 c4 notices by ,leigh ,hunt4 #ahge and similar entries under ,wm4 ,congreve1 ,sir ,john ,vanbrugh1 and ,george ,farquhar4 ,the entries may be made a little more concise1 as ,congreve1 ,wm4 ,dramatic works2 ed4 by ,hunt4 #ahge ,it will be observed that neither of the above books would properly admit of a principal entry under the first-named author1 as it would bring the authors' names together in such a way as to lead to the supposition that they were joint-authors1 as ,white1 ,henry ,kirke1 and ,james ,grahame4 ,poetical works4 ,wycherley1 ,wm41 ,wm4 ,congreve1 and others4 ,dramatic works4 ,it is true that any person with the least knowledge of ,english literature would know better than that these authors had collaborated1 but the cataloguer has to put himself in the position of the man who knows nothing of the matter4 ,cross-references from one author's name to the other in such a case would be absurd4 #fe4--;,anthologies or other compilations are to be entered under the names of the editors or compilers1 with the abbreviation ,ed4 7,editor7 or ,comp4 7,compiler7 following the name1 as ,palgrave1 ,francis ,t4 7,ed47 ,golden treasury of songs and lyrics4 #ahhg ,the artist of a collection of drawings or other illustrations is to be regarded as the author1 and the writer of any descriptive text accompanying them placed subordinately1 as ,,burgess1 ,walter ,w4 ,bits of old ,chelsea3 a series of forty-one etchings2 with letterpress descriptions by ,lionel ,johnson and ,richard ,le ,gallienne4 fo4 #ahid ,it would be as well to give cross-references from the writers of the text1 as ,johnson1 ,lionel4 ,see also ,burgess1 ,w4 ,w4 ,le ,gallienne1 ,richard4 ,see also ,burgess1 ,w4 ,w4 #ff4--,the difference in references between 8,see0 and 8,see also0 must be noted4 ,if there are entries of any kind already in the catalogue under the names of the persons referred from1 then the reference is 8,see also10 and not 8,see40 ,the best form for writing a cross-reference is ,johnson1 ,lionel4 ,see also ,burgess1 ,w4 ,w41 and1 if it should happen that by the time the 8copy0 of the catalogue is being got ready for printing there was no other entry under this author's name1 it would be altered to ,johnson1 ,lionel4 ,see ,burgess1 ,w4 ,w4 #fg4--;,it occasionally happens that both the work of the artist and of the writer of the text are of sufficient importance to warrant separate entries1 but only one of the entries should be the principal entry giving the fullest particulars4 ,a book of this kind is ,ruskin's edition of ,turner's ,harbours of ,england4 ,as this particular edition is published as one of ,ruskin's works1 and ,turner is more subject than author1 then the main entry is ,,ruskin1 ,john4 ,the harbours of ,england2 with ''' illustrations by ,j4 ,m4 ,w4 ,turner2 ed4 by ,thos4 ,j4 ,wise4 pp4 xxvi1 #acd4 sm4 #ho4 ,orpington1 #ahie and the subordinate entry is ,,turner1 ,j4 ,m4 ,w4 ,the harbours of ,england2 text by ,john ,ruskin4 #ahie #fh4--,when a word not on the title-page is added to an entry by the cataloguer1 it is customary to show this by enclosing it in brackets as the word 8text0 in the above example4 ,on the other hand1 if words have been left out from the transcript of the title-page as unnecessary the omission is denoted by three points ''' as shown in the ,ruskin entry where the word 8thirteen0 has been passed over4 ,in the smaller libraries it will be found that it is unnecessary to denote either additions or omissions in this way1 but where perfect exactness is of importance this is the understood form for the purpose4 ,this ,ruskin entry also shows that if it is already stated in the title that the book is illustrated there is no occasion to repeat 8illus40 in the collation4 ,there are many books of which the value lies more in the illustrations than in the text1 such as those illustrated by ,blake1 ,bewick1 ,cruikshank1 8,phiz10 and others4 ,it is often found sufficient in such cases to give a cross-reference from the artist to the author illustrated1 like ,,cruikshank1 ,george1 ,works illustrated by4 ,see ,ainsworth1 ,w4 ,h42 ,maxwell1 ,w4 ,h4 it being1 of course1 understood that it is stated in the author-entry that the particular edition is illustrated by the artist from whose name the reference is given1 as ,,maxwell1 ,w4 ,h4 ,history of the ,irish ,rebellion1 #agih2 illus4 by ,geo4 ,cruikshank4 otherwise the reference would be worthless4 ,the extent to which these references are given depends altogether upon the editions1 as the cheap modern reprints of books like ,ainsworth's novels do not call for notice of the illustrations1 and there are not many illustrators of books--especially in these days of 8process0 reproduction--whose work calls for the special attention of the cataloguer4 ,in making references like the foregoing1 or of any kind1 care should be exercised to give all the names necessary1 and not1 as is sometimes done1 but two or three1 and then finishing with a comprehensive 8c40 which is less than no use1 inasmuch as it only serves to show that there are other books in the library illustrated by this particular artist1 but what they are the cataloguer has neglected to state and the inquirer is thus left in vexatious doubt4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,the ,,principal ,,entry4--,,corporate ,,and ,,other ,,forms4--,,editors ,,and ,,translators4 #fi4--;,in cataloguing the transactions1 memoirs1 proceedings and other publications of the learned societies1 the societies in their corporate capacity are regarded as the authors and so treated1 the principal entry being placed under the first word of their names not an article1 provided they are societies of a national or general character1 as ,royal ,society of ,london4 ,library ,association4 ,linnean ,society4 ,royal ,geographical ,society4 ,society of ,antiquaries4 ,societies of a strictly local character are to be entered under the name of the place of meeting or publication1 as for example the publications of the ,literary and ,philosophical ,society of ,newcastle-on-,tyne are not entered under 8,literary10 but ,newcastle-on-,tyne ,literary and ,philosophical ,society1 such an entry of course being kept quite apart from the subject-heading ,newcastle-on-,tyne4 ,there are antiquarian and other societies whose work covers a much larger area than the particular locality in which they hold meetings or their offices happen to be situated1 and they could not be fitly entered under the name of the place4 ,for instance1 the publications of the ,historic ,society of ,lancashire and ,cheshire emanate from ,liverpool1 but the place of meeting or publication might be changed to ,manchester or ,chester without in any way affecting the nature or scope of the ,society's work4 ,therefore the entry in such a case should not be under ,liverpool or even 8,historic10 but ,lancashire and ,cheshire1 ,historic ,society of4 ,almost similar are the publishing societies dealing with a limited area1 as the ,chetham and ,surtees ,societies1 but the specially distinctive name settles the matter1 and the entries would accordingly be under those names4 ,societies of this class1 however1 are simply the publishers of collections of books1 and so1 in addition to the entries under the societies' names1 each book must have a separate author-entry4 ,the entries would be after this manner3-- ,navy ,records ,society1 ,publications of the4 v4 #a-i4 la4 #ho4 #ahid-g v4 #i ,the journal of ,sir ,george ,rooke1 ,admiral of the ,fleet1 #agjj-b2 ed4 by ,oscar ,browning4 7,the first eight volumes would be set out in the same way in their place as are the contents of collected works74 ,,rooke1 ,sir ,george1 ,admiral of the ,fleet4 ,journal1 #agjj-b2 ed4 by ,oscar ,browning4 7,navy ,records ,soc41 v4 #i47 #ahig ,it would be within the scope of most catalogues to separately enter under authors and subjects any exceptionally important monographs published with or supplementary to1 the transactions of scientific or other societies1 but to go further than this and to catalogue in this way each separate contribution to such transactions opens up so vast a field of work that it need not be attempted4 ,special libraries used only by special classes of the community will have to settle the length to which they can go in this direction according to their several requirements and the means at their disposal4 ,something towards this end of making available the contents of transactions1 proceedings1 and the like has been accomplished in the ,royal ,society's ,catalogue of ,scientific ,papers1 but there is infinitely more yet to be done and the majority of libraries will choose to wait for the promised great ,international ,catalogue of ,scientific ,literature rather than attempt to index the contents of whatever transactions they happen to possess in their libraries1 though this great catalogue has up to the present got no further than the conference-and-dinner stage of compilation4 ,the publications of foreign societies are usually entered under the names of the countries if of national importance1 or places where they meet if of local importance1 unless they have a specially distinctive title4 ,government publications are entered under the names of the countries or places1 as ,france4 ,chambre des ,dputs4 ,paris4 ,prefecture de la ,seine4 ,united ,states ,bureau of ,education4 ,the publications of the home government cannot be grouped under one head or title in this way1 and must be distributed under the names of the various departments as ,board of ,trade1 ,local ,government ,board1 ,historical ,manuscripts ,commission1 ,charity ,commission1 c4 ,the reports of ,church ,councils and official publications of religious denominations occasionally call for some consideration4 ,important ecclesiastical councils as the ,council of ,trent or the ,westminster ,assembly of ,divines are entered under the names of the places of meeting1 but in the case of denominational assemblies where the place of meeting is a mere incident1 the entry is to be made under the name of the denomination1 and not the place of meeting4 ,examples of such publications are ,official report of the ,church ,congress1 ,cardiff1 #ahhi4 ,report of proceedings of the ,presbyterian ,alliance held in ,philadelphia1 #ahhj4 ,minutes of proceedings of the yearly meeting of ,friends held in ,london1 #ahif4 and the form of entry is ,church of ,england4 ,official report of the ,church ,congress1 ,cardiff1 #ahhi4 ,presbyterian ,alliance4 ,report of proceedings1 ,philadelphia1 #ahhj4 ,friends1 ,society of4 ,minutes of proceedings of the yearly meeting1 ,london1 #ahif4 ,in the same way reports or publications of particular societies meeting in annual or occasional congress as ,freemasons1 ,good ,templars1 ,trades ,unions1 or professional associations are entered under the names of the societies irrespective of the places of meetings4 #gj4--,there is still one form of principal entry to be considered1 and that is when there is no author1 editor1 or compiler whose name can be used and a title-entry becomes a principal entry4 ,the commonest form is that of newspapers1 magazines1 and periodicals4 ,these are invariably entered under the first word of the title not an article1 and never under the editor's name4 ,the first and last volumes of the series contained in the library with the earliest and latest dates 7i4e4 years7 are given1 as ,chambers's ,journal1 v4 #a-bj4 la4 #ho4 #ahed-fd ,strand ,magazine4 ,illus4 v4 #a-ad4 la4 #ho4 #ahia-g ,times1 ,the4 #dg v4 la4 fo4 #ahha-ia ,if the series is incomplete then the volumes wanting must be shown by the entry1 as ,chambers's ,edinburgh ,journal4 ,new ser41 v4 #i-ae1 #ag1 #ai-bj4 la4 #ho4 #ahdh-ed this showing that volumes #a to #h1 #af1 and #ah are not in the library4 #ga4--;,another form of principal title-entry is that for the sacred books1 especially for the ,bible in its various editions and translations4 ,it is customary to enter all editions in all languages of the complete scriptures1 or of portions of them1 under the word 8,bible10 arranging the entries in this order in the first place-- #a ,old and ,new ,testament 7whether inclusive of the ,apocrypha or not74 #b ,old ,testament only4 #c ,parts of ,old ,testament4 #d ,new ,testament4 #e ,parts of ,new ,testament4 ,each of these divisions are then arranged according to language1 and each of the languages again chronologically according to the edition4 ,when a library contains a fair collection of versions and editions of the scriptures it is as well to keep to the rule to place those first which are in the original languages1 but in the average ,english library it will be found most convenient to lead off with the ,english versions1 followed by those in the original texts1 and afterwards with those in modern languages other than ,english4 ,the entries would be after the following style1 but with such distinctive bibliographical particulars as may be desirable according to the importance and interest of the collection4 ,,bible1 ,,the ,old and ,new ,testaments4 ,english4 ,the ,bible in ,englishe according to the translation of the great ,byble4 #aefa ,the parallel ,bible4 ,the ,holy ,bible3 being the ,authorised ,version arranged in parallel columns with the ,revised ,version4 #ahhe ,french4 ,la sainte ,bible4 ,ed4 ,ostervald4 #ahij ,old ,testament4 ,greek4 ,the ,septuagint version of the ,old ,testament2 with an ,english translation1 notes1 c4 n4d4 ,this arrangement and sub-division is only applicable to the text1 and then only if the edition is simply a version or translation and is not accompanied by a commentary4 ,commentaries are treated as any other original work would be and entered under the author's name1 unless they happened to be of a collective character1 as ,the ,cambridge ,bible for schools and colleges2 ed4 by ,perowne1 when the principal-entry would be under 8,bible0 7,subject sub-division 8,commentaries07 preferably to 8,cambridge ,bible10 with the contents of each volume of the series set out1 not alphabetically1 but in the order of the books of the ,bible1 as ,,bible1 ,,the3 ,commentaries4 ,cambridge ,bible for schools and colleges2 ed4 by ,perowne4 ,old ,testament4 ,joshua1 by ,g4 ,f4 ,maclear4 #ahhg ,judges1 by ,j4 ,j4 ,lias4 #ahhf ,ezra and ,nehemiah1 by ,h4 ,e4 ,ryle4 #ahic ,a cross-reference would be necessary from ,cambridge ,bible for schools1 c4 ,see ,bible 7,commentaries7 and1 if it were deemed desirable1 references could be given from the editors' names in this form ,maclear1 ,g4 ,f4 ,see ,bible 7,cambridge ,bible74 #gb4--,sometimes the commentaries in a series are of sufficient importance1 or of such a character1 that each is virtually a book quite apart from its place as one of the series4 ,the volumes of the ,expositor's ,bible1 edited by ,w4 ,robertson ,nicoll1 are of this class1 and1 while they should in the first place be dealt with as shown in the ,cambridge ,bible above1 yet a mere reference under the author's names hardly suffices--they are not merely editors as in the ,cambridge ,bible series--therefore1 besides this principal-entry under ,bible1 entries are required1 as ,farrar1 ,f4 ,w41 ,dean4 ,the first ,book of ,kings4 7,expositor's ,bible74 #ahic ,the second ,book of ,kings4 7,expositor's ,bible74 #ahid ,the ,book of ,daniel4 7,expositor's ,bible74 #ahie or in a style more concise ,farrar1 ,f4 ,w41 ,dean4 ,expositor's ,bible3 ,i4 and ,,ii4 ,kings4 #b v4 #ahic-d ,daniel4 #ahie ,though coming more correctly under the remarks on subject-headings it may be here noted in passing that commentaries in a series are regarded as a single book and not entered separately under the name of each book of the ,bible throughout the catalogue1 therefore the above items would not have entries under 8,kings0 or 8,daniel40 ,if1 however1 ,dean ,farrar had written a separate work dealing with the ,book of ,daniel1 it should be entered under 8,daniel10 and not under 8,bible40 ,so commentaries1 or any other works upon the whole ,bible1 like the entire series of the ,expositor's ,bible1 go under 8,bible10 but if the commentaries deal with the ,old or ,new ,testament1 or any particular book of the ,bible separately1 such works are placed under the headings of 8,old ,testament10 8,new ,testament10 or under the name of the particular book dealt with1 as the case may be1 and not under the heading 8,bible10 as in the case of the text alone1 or any portion of it4 ,there are exceptions even to this rule with regard to translations1 if special1 and more particularly if accompanied by an exposition1 as in a case like ,,jowett1 ,benjamin4 ,the epistles of ,st4 ,paul to the ,thessalonians1 ,galatians1 and ,romans4 #crd ed41 ed4 and condensed by ,lewis ,campbell4 #b v4 #ahid v4 #a1 ,translation and commentary4 v4 #b1 ,essays and dissertations4 ,this work would not be put under 8,bible0 as its subject1 but would be entered either under 8,paul1 ,st40 7where all books upon his ,epistles1 not part of a general commentary or including any other parts of the ,bible1 might very well be grouped71 or under the names of the churches to which the ,epistles were addressed1 as ,thessalonians1 ,st4 ,paul's ,epistles to the4 ,in either case a cross-reference would be needed under the heading 8,bible10 sub-division 8,commentaries10 thus3 ,bible4 ,commentaries4 ,see also ,paul1 ,st4 or ,see also ,thessalonians4 #gc4--,the extent to which editors and translators are to be noticed in cataloguing is a very important one1 but it also depends largely upon the requirements of the case4 ,it should be taken for granted in large reference libraries intended principally for use by scholars that every name appearing upon a title-page1 whether as author1 editor1 translator1 compiler1 or adapter1 would be noticed and receive an entry1 either in full or by way of cross-reference4 ,but for an average library1 and particularly lending libraries1 it would be waste of energy and of space to adopt this system and fully carry it out4 ,thus1 a work like ,easy selections adapted from ,xenophon2 with a vocabulary1 notes1 and a map1 by ,j4 ,surtees ,phillpotts and ,c4 ,s4 ,jerram4 would in the former case have references from ,phillpotts and ,jerram to ,xenophon1 under which the principal entry should appear4 ,but in most cases a single entry will be found ample1 as ,,xenophon4 ,easy selections2 adapted1 c4 by ,phillpotts and ,jerram4 ,on the other hand1 there are famous translations or editions that should have in every case entries under the translator's or editor's name1 as ,chapman1 ,george4 ,homer's ,iliad and ,odyssey4 ,jowett1 ,benjamin4 ,the ,republic of ,plato4 ,these are instances where two principal entries might be given with advantage1 firstly under 8,homer0 and 8,plato10 and secondly under 8,chapman0 and 8,jowett10 as above4 ,almost in the same category come those books which have been revised and enlarged by an editor to such an extent as to leave but little of the original author's work4 ,sometimes the revision and additions may not be so extensive1 but still be important enough to command a separate entry under the reviser's name4 ,examples of these are ,,prescott1 ,wm4 ,h4 ,history of the reign of the ,emperor ,charles ,v41 by ,wm4 ,robertson1 extended by ,w4 ,h4 ,p4 ,,tilden1 ,wm4 ,a4 ,watts' ,manual of chemistry4 v4 #b1 ,organic chemistry4 #bnd ed4 #ahhf these entries being in addition to those under 8,robertson0 and 8,watts40 #gd4--;,it occasionally occurs that a prefatory essay or biographical or critical introduction to a book is of so much value as to be worth a separate entry1 as ,,courthorpe1 ,wm4 ,j4 ,life of ,alexander ,pope4 7,pope's ,works1 v4 #e47 #ahhi ,the careful cataloguer will rarely overlook these important points1 though it too often happens that sets of books are lumped into a catalogue without the least attention to details of this kind1 leaving it incomplete and so making the library less useful4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,subject1 ,,title1 ,,and ,,series ,,entries4 #ge4--,the form of author-entry1 or its equivalent1 having been settled1 the subject-entry now commands attention4 ,the importance of the author-entry is recognised1 but it is well known to librarians that1 leaving fiction out of the question1 most inquiries are made in libraries for books upon a particular subject1 or for a special class of literature1 rather than for the works of a particular writer1 the people who know many authors not being so numerous as might be supposed4 ,therefore it is essential in all cataloguing work that the utmost attention be paid to the subjects4 ,every volume dealt with should be thoroughly examined for the purpose of ascertaining generally the nature of its contents1 and definitely the subject or subjects of which it treats4 ,this course should be pursued in every case1 even if the subject is so clearly defined upon the title-page that to go beyond the statement there made would seem to be a sheer waste of time1 otherwise the 8pitfalls0 that lie in the cataloguer's way cannot be avoided4 ,besides1 there may be some particularly valuable feature of the book hidden away in an appendix1 or even a separate book bound up in the same cover1 which the first title-page will not reveal4 #gf4--,when the subject of the book has been clearly ascertained1 an entry taken from the book itself or from the principal entry already written1 is made under the name of the direct and definite subject of the book1 not under the class of literature to which it belongs or even the form in which it is written4 ,it is of the first importance that the cataloguer should definitely decide the particular subject-name he will adopt in order to avoid the somewhat common blemish in catalogues of synonymous headings4 ,having so decided1 it will prevent future mistakes if a cross-reference is immediately written and sorted into place with the first lot of slips alphabetized when it at once serves as a pointer in the right direction by preventing books upon a single subject being placed under two headings4 ,thus if the book in hand is ,,newth1 ,samuel4 ,a first book of natural philosophy4 pp4 viii41 #acf1 illus4 sm4 #ho4 #ahfg and the cataloguer has decided in favour of the heading 8,physics10 he will at once write a cross-reference ,natural philosophy4 ,see ,physics4 which when put in its alphabetical sequence will point out if slips have been inadvertently written under 8,natural ,philosophy0 that the chosen heading is 8,physics10 and that the entries must be so altered and arranged4 ,the subject-entry in this instance would be ,physics3 ,newth1 ,s4 ,first book of natural philosophy4 #ahfg ,it will be here noted that under the subject-heading the author's surname leads off as it directs to the principal entry where the fullest particulars concerning the book are to be found1 and consequently it is most unusual to give the collation1 size1 and other information in all sub-entries4 ,it is advisable1 however1 to give the date of publication in every entry excepting in the case of works of fiction under the circumstances referred to in paragraph #bd4 #gg4--,the forms of subject entries in dictionary catalogues can be much better shown by means of example with explanations than by statement alone1 and for this reason a number of ordinary books1 not selected for any difficulty they present1 are given4 ,these have been fully worked out in the dictionary system1 and are accompanied in each case by the principal entry1 so that the complete series of entries can be seen4 ,the styles of types in printing commonly made use of to mark distinctions are also shown4 ,,abney1 ,w4 de ,w4 ,colour measurement and mixture4 7,romance of science ser47 pp4 #bjg1 illus4 sm4 #ho4 #ahia ,colour4 ,abney1 ,w4 de ,w4 ,colour measurement and mixture4 #ahia ,romance of ,science series3 ,abney1 ,w4 de ,w4 ,colour measurement and mixture4 #ahia ,science4 ,see also ,romance of science series4 ,it is an excellent rule to follow that a subject must have at least two books upon it before it is entitled to a 8heading10 such as the second of the above entries has4 ,in the event of the library possessing but this one book upon the subject by the time the 8copy0 has to be sent to the printer1 it would then be reduced to title form1 as ,colour measurement and mixture4 ,abney1 ,w4 de ,w4 #ahia #gh4--,the third entry is under the name of the series4 ,where space is a consideration1 and only brief entries can be given1 the cataloguer can omit either the name of the series from the principal entry and retain the entries under the title heading of the series1 or he may reverse the process and leave out this third entry1 as he may deem most expedient1 but if possible both should be retained1 as they afford useful information--in the first entry showing that the book is one of a particular series1 and thereby giving some idea of its character and scope1 indeed it would not be amiss for the same reason to include it in the second entry1 and the third entry form furnishes a list of the books of this particular series in the library4 #gi4--;,,baillon1 ,henry ,e4 ,the natural history of plants2 transl4 by ,marcus ,m4 ,hartog4 ,illus4 #hv4 la4 #ho4 #ahga-hh ,this work should neither be placed under 8,natural ,history0 nor 8,plants10 as some might suppose1 as its subject is 8,botany10 and the further entries would therefore be ,botany3 ,baillon1 ,h4 ,e4 ,the natural history of plants4 #hv4 #ahga-hh4 ,plants4 ,see ,botany4 ,,hartog1 ,marcus ,m4 7,transl47 ,see ,baillon1 ,h4 ,e4 ,besides the curtailment of information given in the principal entry already shown1 the ,christian names of authors are reduced to simple initials1 and the names of translators and editors are omitted in all sub-entries4 ,it is important to notice the difference between 8,see0 and 8,see also0 in cross-references2 the first would prevent any entries being placed under the subject-heading where it is given1 as already stated1 but the second is intended to guide to lesser or closely-related divisions of the subject under which it appears4 ,there may be a number of these see alsos under a single heading by the time the catalogue is ready for printing1 when they are to be embodied into one entry1 as in the following illustration1 where nine are so amalgamated ,botany4 ,see also ,alg4 ,cryptogamia4 ,ferns4 ,flowers4 ,fungi4 ,grasses4 ,lichens4 ,mosses4 ,trees4 ,of course1 references of any kind must never be made in anticipation1 but at the moment when the book to which they refer is being catalogued2 otherwise a series of references will be the result that lead nowhere1 as would be the case in the above example if the library had no books upon ,alg or the other subjects named4 #hj4--,,taylor1 ,wm4 7of ,norwich74 ,historic survey of ,german poetry4 #h v4 #ho4 #ahbh-cj ,the subject-entries for a book such as this call for careful consideration4 ,a title-entry under 8,historic0 is uncalled for1 as the subject is clearly defined in the full title4 ,but a choice of headings must be made under which the entries are to be given4 ,the mind will waver between some of these3 ,german poetry4 ,poetry1 ,german4 ,german literature4 ,literature1 ,german4 ,germany4 7,sub-division ,literature7 and upon a right decision hangs the usefulness and correctness of the catalogue1 as it is possible that other entries will be affected by it later4 ,an exact analysis shows that the book is specifically upon the first-named subject1 but it is so clearly a part of the third-named as to be entitled to come under it in some form1 either by way of entry or cross-reference4 ,it is true that1 if treated logically1 the book has no absolute right of inclusion under a heading 8,german literature10 inasmuch as it only deals with poetical literature1 but it may be taken for granted that a book with the title of 8,historic survey of ,german prose0 would be placed under such a heading without much questioning2 and therefore1 as concentration and convenience count for something1 and are often of more moment than literal exactness1 the entries might very well be ,german literature4 ,taylor1 ,w4 ,historic survey of ,german poetry4 #h v4 #ahbh-cj4 ,german poetry4 ,see ,german ,literature4 ,catalogued in strict observance of rule1 the entries would be ,german poetry1 ,historic survey of4 ,taylor1 ,w4 #c v4 #ahbh-cj with a possible reference3 ,german literature4 ,see also ,german poetry4 ,the second and fourth headings would not be chosen1 for the reason that the book is neither upon 8,poetry0 nor 8,literature0 generally or in the abstract1 and it is much better to reserve those headings for books of that nature or of a miscellaneous kind1 putting books upon the literature of particular countries under their distinctive name4 ,an inquirer wanting a book upon ,german literature is more likely to turn to 8,german0 than to 8,literature40 ,a general cross-reference will put the matter beyond possibility of mistake1 as ,literature4 ,see also the names of national literatures1 as ,english1 ,french1 ,german1 ,greek1 ,latin4 #ha4--,the fifth heading is merely another form of the third heading1 but it is given among the rest because in the larger catalogues of reference libraries the whole of the books upon a particular country are often grouped together under the name of the country1 these again being sub-divided for convenience of reference according to the number of entries under the heading1 in divisions like these3 ,antiquities1 architecture1 and art4 ,description and social life4 ,education4 ,history and politics4 ,religion4 ,miscellaneous4 #hb4--,the next book coming under notice is ,,booth1 ,wm4 78,general0 of the ,salvation ,army74 ,in darkest ,england1 and the way out4 pp4 #bhe1 xxxi1 frontis4 la4 #ho4 #ahij ,whether a title-entry is needed is open to doubt1 but as the title of the book is enigmatical it is safer to give one4 ,the rule for all title-entries is to give them under the first word not an article1 and it would accordingly be ,in darkest ,england4 ,booth1 ,w4 #ahij but the probability is that nine men out of ten would remember the book as 8,darkest ,england10 and look for it under 8,darkest10 and therefore it might be more useful if the entry were ,darkest ,england1 ,in4 ,booth1 ,w4 #ahij #hc4--,the subject of the book requires that it be entered under whatever heading may be adopted for the social question1 say ,poor and poor relief4 ,booth1 ,w4 ,in darkest ,england4 #ahij ,no entry is called for under 8,england10 unless everything relating directly or indirectly to the home-country is to be brought together under that heading or 8,great ,britain40 ,if this is so1 and it is to be faithfully and literally carried out1 it will become so large as to need very elaborate sub-division1 and even then1 in the catalogue of a ,british library at anyrate1 its extent will make it of little practical value4 ,in large catalogues page after page would be filled to no great advantage1 and therefore the best course to adopt is to make the entry under the exact subject1 as shown1 ignoring 8,england0 if the book deals with the country generally and not a particular corner of it4 ,by this plan a book upon the 8,poor of ,essex0 would be entered both under 8,essex0 and 8,poor10 but books like ,ruskin4 ,the art of ,england4 ,stephen4 ,general view of the criminal law of ,england4 ,hobkirk4 ,british mosses4 ,fairholt4 ,costume in ,england4 ,oliphant4 ,literary history of ,england4 ,green4 ,short history of the ,english people1 are sufficiently dealt with if1 apart from the author-entry1 they appear under 8,art10 8,law10 8,mosses10 8,costume10 8,english literature10 and 8,english history10 respectively1 leaving the headings 8,england0 and 8,great ,britain0 for books descriptive of the country generally and not some special aspect of it4 ,as already shown1 books upon even special features of other countries should be entered under the name of the country4 ,in most cases it is also desirable1 even necessary1 to enter under the subject likewise4 ,thus the double subject-entries of books1 like ,griffis4 ,the religions of ,japan4 ,perkins4 ,historical handbook of ,italian sculpture4 ,gray4 ,birds of the ,west of ,scotland4 would be under 8,japan0 and 8,religions10 8,italy0 and 8,sculpture10 and 8,scotland0 and 8,birds40 ,if space cannot be afforded for both entries1 judgment would then have to be exercised in making choice of the best single subject-heading1 and it would be found that for the above the most useful are 8,japan10 8,sculpture10 and 8,birds40 ,in catalogues of the larger libraries a heading like 8,birds0 would have so many items to it that it should be sub-divided to facilitate reference1 first the books upon birds generally1 followed by those upon the birds of particular countries or localities like that above-named upon the birds of the ,west of ,scotland4 ,the arrangement under the general division would be alphabetically by authors1 but it has been found convenient to arrange the 8local0 by the name of the place1 also alphabetically1 after this manner ,birds4 ,countries and local4 ,africa1 ,south1 ,birds of4 ,layard1 ,e4 ,l4 ,asia1 ,birds of4 ,gould1 ,j4 ,british4 ,our rarer birds4 ,dixon1 ,c4 ,history of ,british birds4 ,seebohm1 ,h4 ,scotland4 ,birds of the ,w4 of ,scotland4 ,gray1 ,r4 #hd4--,the desirability1 or otherwise1 of using scientific terms for subject-headings in catalogues is governed altogether by the people for whom the library is intended4 ,in a library used by all classes of the community1 the simpler and more widely known term is the best1 and therefore 8,birds0 is preferable to 8,ornithology10 8,fishes0 to 8,ichthyology10 and 8,insects0 to 8,entomology40 ,in a library of a college or scientific institution the reverse method would possibly prove the best1 but it is essential that perfect uniformity be maintained whatever form is decided upon1 as it would be somewhat ridiculous to use scientific terms in some cases and popular names in others4 ,the cross-reference comes in most usefully in any style of catalogue as it removes all doubt1 thus ,ornithology4 ,see ,birds4 ,catalogues compiled upon very exact lines occasionally reserve the popular name for books of a popular or miscellaneous nature1 and the scientific for those intended for the scientist1 but the dividing line between the two classes of books cannot always be clearly seen1 and it is much better to bring all together under the same heading1 marking there any differences in the character of the books by means of sub-division4 ,in some few instances the use of the scientific term is unavoidable as there may be no popular name that meets the case4 ,for example1 it would not be correct to put a book upon the fresh-water alg under a heading 8,sea-weeds10 and a book upon the tunicata cannot be put under any other name4 ,the fact may be again emphasised that in a dictionary catalogue a book is entered under its definite subject and never under its class or general subject4 ,thus a book like ,white1 ,w4 ,f4 ,ants and their ways1 does not go under 8,insects10 or even 8,hymenoptera10 but directly under 8,ants10 though such a book as ,lubbock1 ,sir ,john4 ,ants1 bees1 and wasps4 would be sufficiently entered in the catalogue of a scientific library1 if placed under 8,hymenoptera10 but in the catalogue of a popular library should go under all three names1 8,ants10 8,bees10 and 8,wasps10 just as a book like ,meyrick1 ,e4 ,british lepidoptera4 is better placed under 8,butterflies0 and 8,moths0 with a cross-reference ,lepidoptera4 ,see ,butterflies4 ,moths4 ,it would be a waste of space1 however1 to enter a work so comprehensive in character as ,bath1 ,w4 ,h4 ,ants1 bees1 dragon-flies1 earwigs1 crickets and flies4 under each of these as1 even though it omits the butterflies1 moths1 and beetles1 it would be well enough dealt with if entered under 8,insects40 ,as it is a well-understood principle that a book must be entered under the exact subject of which it treats1 so a work upon the natural history of animals while coming within the popular notion of 8natural history10 and may be so called by its author1 as ,lydekker1 ,richard 7,ed47 ,the royal natural history4 ,illus4 #f v4 la4 #ho4 #ahic-f yet from the cataloguer's standpoint it would not be altogether correct to enter it under 8,natural ,history10 as that term is properly held to include the flora as well as fauna1 and therefore the heading should be either 8,zoology0 or 8,animals40 ,this last term is frequently reserved for books dealing only with animals1 and apart from birds1 reptiles1 etc41 and for books upon animals1 not written from the naturalist's point of view4 ,correctness is again ensured by cross-references1 as ,natural history of animals4 ,see ,zoology4 ,animals1 ,natural history of4 ,see ,zoology4 #he4--,the next books are selected for the purpose of showing the difference in treatment of works similar in character3 ,milman1 ,henry ,h41 ,dean4 ,annals of ,s4 ,paul's ,cathedral4 #bnd ed4 pp4 xiv1 #edj1 ports41 illus4 #ho4 #ahfi ,loftie1 ,w4 ,j4 ,kensington ,palace1 pp4 #gf1 illus4 #ho4 #ahih ,hiatt1 ,charles4 ,the ,cathedral ,church of ,chester4 7,bell's ,cathedral ser47 pp4 viii1 #if1 illus4 sm4 #ho4 #ahig ,routledge1 ,c4 ,f4 ,the ,church of ,st4 ,martin1 ,canterbury4 pp4 #aja1 illus4 sm4 #ho4 #ahih ,those upon buildings of a more national than local character situated in ,london are entered under the name of the buildings and not the locality1 as ,st4 ,paul's ,cathedral4 ,milman1 ,h4 ,h4 ,annals of ,s4 ,paul's ,cathedral4 #ahfi unless the locality is embodied in the title as ,kensington ,palace4 ,loftie1 ,w4 ,j4 #ahih ,neither of these books should be placed under a heading 8,london10 but a cross-reference may be given3 ,london4 ,see also the names of buildings1 as ,kensington ,palace1 ,st4 ,paul's ,cathedral4 ,the other books should lead off with the name of the place where the building is situated1 though not entered under the place-heading1 as they are not books upon ,chester or ,canterbury4 ,therefore the form is ,chester1 ,the ,cathedral ,church of4 ,hiatt1 ,c4 #ahig ,canterbury1 ,the ,church of ,st4 ,martin4 ,routledge1 ,c4 ,f4 #ahih or in shorter fashion3 ,chester ,cathedral4 ,hiatt1 ,c4 #ahig ,canterbury1 ,st4 ,martin's ,church4 ,routledge1 ,c4 ,f4 #ahih ,upon the same principle a history of a ,london parish is not entered under 8,london10 but under its particular name with a cross-reference from ,london to the places1 as ,london4 ,see also the names of parishes1 as ,chelsea1 ,kensington1 ,southwark1 ,westminster4 ,monographs upon buildings of national importance in foreign countries are however always entered under the name of the city where situated and not under the name of the building4 ,works upon ,st4 ,mark's1 ,venice1 or ,notre ,dame de ,paris being entered under ,venice and ,paris respectively1 as ,venice1 ,st4 ,mark's4 ,paris1 ,notre ,dame4 ,to give heed to details of this kind is not 8hair-splitting10 as the novice may be disposed to imagine--it is the very essence of good cataloguing4 ,even with most careful attention the cataloguer may well congratulate himself if at the conclusion of his work1 and especially when in print1 it comes out faultless1 because the perfect catalogue absolutely free from error has not yet been seen4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,subject1 ,,title1 ,,and ,,series ,,entries 7continued74 #hf4--,there remain other varieties of double or treble entries to consider4 ,a book such as ,,baker1 ,w4 ,r4 ,intemperance the idolatry of ,britain4 #crd ed4 pp4 #fb4 sm4 #ho4 n4d4 has no appearance of difficulty1 as it is so obviously upon intemperance1 but the question of concentration of books pro and con upon such a subject as this must be looked into4 ,it is most undesirable to send an inquirer to a number of headings to find all the books upon the 8drink question40 ,to effectively group them together1 developes the heading into a class rather than subject1 but even so1 it has more justification than the grouping of say 8,natural history0 would have1 because it is more distinctly a single subject regarded from several standpoints1 and while 8temperance0 cannot be 8intemperance10 yet to bring the two aspects of the question together adds more to the utility of the catalogue than to separate books with these words upon their title-pages under different headings4 ,in looking into this matter1 the subject was followed up in a good catalogue compiled upon strictly orthodox lines1 and was found up and down under headings like ,alcohol1 ,drink1 ,inebriety1 ,teetotalism1 ,temperance1 ,total ,abstinence1 ,licensed ,victuallers1 ,public ,houses1 ,sunday ,drinking4 ,most of the books under these various headings might have been brought together with advantage under a general term-heading like 8,drink question10 with cross-references from the other topics to bind the whole together beyond possibility of mistake4 ,there are other questions that admit of concentration in this way1 as for example books upon ,free ,trade1 ,fair ,trade1 ,reciprocity1 and ,protection can all safely be entered under 8,free ,trade0 with references from the others4 ,some books1 on the other hand1 must have several entries1 as ,ruddock1 ,e4 ,h4 ,modern medicine and surgery on homopathic principles4 #ahgd requires three entries1 viz41 under 8,medicine10 8,surgery10 8,homopathy40 ,the only method of avoiding this would be to enter the book under 8,homopathy10 with cross-references from the other headings1 as ,medicine4 ,see also ,homopathy4 ,in a small general library it would be possible to bring together all books upon subjects so closely allied as medicine and surgery under that heading1 with a cross-reference1 ,surgery4 ,see also ,medicine and surgery4 ,another example of a book needing several entries1 is ,garner1 ,r4 ,l4 ,gorillas and chimpanzees4 ,as this is not a work upon ,monkeys generally1 or even upon ,apes1 the correct procedure is to enter it under 8,gorillas0 and 8,chimpanzees0 respectively1 as ,gorillas4 ,garner1 ,r4 ,l4 ,gorillas and chimpanzees4 ,in a small library there would most likely be other books upon ,gorillas1 but hardly a second upon ,chimpanzees1 therefore the second entry would be ,chimpanzees1 ,gorillas and4 ,garner1 ,r4 ,l4 ,to bring this book fully under the notice of those interested in the monkey tribe cross-references are necessary4 ,presuming that there were already entries under 8,monkeys0 7generally7 and 8,apes0 7particularly71 then all the entries would be bound together by ,monkeys4 ,see also ,apes4 ,apes4 ,see also ,gorillas4 ,no cross-reference being called for to 8,chimpanzees10 as they are included in the title of the book under 8,gorillas40 ,in the event1 however1 of there being a second book upon ,chimpanzees1 then the cross-reference becomes ,apes4 ,see also ,chimpanzees4 ,gorillas4 #hg4--;,at the risk of repetition1 and to make the matter clear1 it may be again stated that a book must not be entered under every important word appearing upon its title-page4 ,there is much rule-of-thumb cataloguing done that would cause a book like ,ihering1 ,rudolph von4 ,the evolution of the ,aryan1 to be entered under 8,evolution10 whereas not even a title-entry under the word 8evolution0 is required1 and the single subject-entry is ,aryans1 ,the ,ihering1 ,r4 von4 ,the evolution of the ,aryan4 ,it may be considered unnecessary advice to say that a book so unmistakably upon the ,aryan peoples should not be put under 8,evolution10 when the accepted meaning of that term as a subject has nothing to do with it1 yet there are catalogues at present in force of important town libraries with much worse forms4 ,one has a heading 8,natural history10 under which there are sixteen items that include such diverse matters as 8,natural method of curing diseases10 8,natural theology10 8,natural philosophy10 8,nature and art10 8,drawing from nature10 because the word 8natural0 or 8nature0 happened to occur in the titles of the books4 ,another has a heading 8,school1 ,schoolmasters1 and ,schools10 which includes ,molire's 8,school for wives0 and his 8,school for husbands40 ,any number of examples equally ridiculous could be quoted from present-day catalogues to prove the contention that this is a common form of error4 ,therefore the advice to 8get at the subject of the book1 and never mind the particular words used on the title-page10 cannot be too often impressed upon the cataloguer4 #hh4--;,books in a number of languages dealing with a single subject must all be entered under the ,english name for that subject4 ,books like ,kohlrausch1 ,f4 ,kurze ,darstellung der deutschen ,geschichte4 #ahfd ,green1 ,s4 ,g4 ,pictures from the ,german fatherland4 n4d4 ,breton1 ,j4 ,notes d'un tudiant franais en ,allemagne4 #ahie are to be found entered in a catalogue under ,deutschen1 ,germany1 and ,allemagne1 without a single binding reference4 ,another has books upon the ,united ,states under ,america1 tats-,unis1 and ,united ,states4 ,in one catalogue there is a reference in the following form3 tats-,unis--see ,l',univers1 which is most flattering to our ,american cousins4 ,in this connection it should be observed that references of this kind are quite wrong4 ,in the first place there is no occasion for a reference or entry of any kind under 8tats-,unis0 in an ,english catalogue1 and in the second the principle of referring from a lesser to a greater subject is incorrect2 the reference must always be from a greater to a lesser4 ,in the same catalogue there are numbers of references from subjects to authors1 which are also wrong in principle1 as a reference should never be given in this form3 ,indigestion4 ,see ,douglas 7,dr4 ,jas471 or its reverse1 equally erroneous3 ,duncan1 ,dr4 ,andrew4 ,see ,consumption1 otherwise the curious humour of references of this kind will soon show itself4 ,in both cases entries were required and not references4 ,therefore the only references to be used are 7#a7 ,subject to subject 7connected or synonymous only74 7#b7 ,greater subject to lesser division of the same subject4 7#c7 ,author to author 7joint-authors74 7#d7 ,translator1 editor1 or compiler to author4 7#e7 ,translator1 editor1 or compiler to title not containing the name of an author or not treated as author 7as editor of a series74 #hi4--,the next illustration is ,,garnett1 ,richard4 ,life of ,ralph ,waldo ,emerson4 7,great writers47 pp4 #cjj1 xiv4 sm4 #ho4 #ahhh ,with a bibliography by ,john ,p4 ,anderson4 ,no entry is needed under the word 8,life10 or under 8,biographies10 as that is a class-heading and not a subject1 and the book goes under the name of its direct subject1 making a heading of it1 as the library will contain ,emerson's works as well as other biographies of him1 as ,emerson1 ,ralph ,w4 ,garnett1 ,r4 ,life of ,ralph ,waldo ,emerson4 7,great writers47 #ahhh ,an entry is required under the name of the series1 and to be strictly accurate the name of the author should lead1 as ,great writers2 ed4 by ,eric ,s4 ,robertson4 7,note3--,each volume contains a bibliography of the subject by ,john ,p4 ,anderson47 ,garnett1 ,r4 ,life of ,ralph ,waldo ,emerson4 #ahhh though it will be found more useful in the case of a series of a biographical nature to lead off with the subject1 instead of the author1 as ,great writers3 ,emerson1 ,ralph ,waldo1 by ,r4 ,garnett4 #ahhh ,references to complete the matter fully may be given as ,robertson1 ,eric ,s4 7,ed47 ,see ,great writers 7series74 ,anderson1 ,john ,p4 ,see ,great writers 7series74 ,in case of series like the ,bampton1 ,hulsean1 and ,hibbert ,lectures1 the most convenient method is to arrange them in chronological order of the delivery of the lectures 7not the date of publication7 after this style3 ,bampton ,lectures3 #ahgf4 ,alexander4 ,the witness of the ,psalms to ,christ and ,christianity4 #ahgg #ahhj4 ,hatch4 ,the organization of the early ,christian churches4 #ahhh #ahia4 ,gore4 ,the incarnation4 #ahia ,the question is raised now and then as to whether it is worth while giving the list of works forming a series under the first word1 other than an article1 of the title of the series instead of under some other leading word4 ,there is no occasion to lay down a hard and fast rule in the matter1 but all things considered1 it will be found safer to treat all series in the manner indicated and to enter them uniformly under this first word as ,great artists1 ,great writers1 ,story of the nations1 ,leaders of religion1 ,international scientific series1 under 8,great10 8,story10 8,leaders10 and 8,international0 respectively rather than under 8,artists10 8,writers10 8,nations10 8,religion10 or 8,scientific40 ,the fact cannot be overlooked that the entry is only given because it is a series-entry and not as a make-shift form of subject-entry1 and for this very reason it would be as erroneous to enter all the series of 8,great artists0 under the subject-heading 8,artists0 as to put the 8,leaders of religion0 under 8,religion40 ,the difficulty is fully met by cross-references where required1 as ,science4 ,see also ,international scientific series4 ,authors4 ,see also ,great writers 7series74 ,scots1 ,famous 7series74 ,see ,famous ,scots4 ,if the series-entry is to be converted into a semi-subject entry1 it should be by the simple transposition of the title of the series and then kept altogether apart from the subject-heading4 ,in a library catalogue1 as distinct from a bookseller's1 it is only those series of a special and limited character that receive entries under the names of the series1 and this form should not be extended so as to include long lists of books in series under publisher's names1 as ,weale's series1 ,pitt ,press series1 ,macmillan's ,manuals for students4 ,where very full information is given1 these names may be added to the principal entry and not carried further4 #ij4--;,already it has been stated that in many libraries it is of the utmost importance that a catalogue should be compiled with short entries and within narrow limits so as to reduce both the size and the cost of production4 ,to do this judiciously does not interfere in the least with the principles of good and adequate cataloguing1 care only being required in curtailing the entries so as not to lose their correct character4 ,the majority of readers in popular libraries are little concerned with precise bibliographical information provided they get a list of the books by the author1 or upon the subject they want4 ,the title of ,dr4 ,garnett's book mentioned above can1 for example1 be shortened into entries like these3-- ,garnett1 ,richard4 ,life of ,ralph ,w4 ,emerson4 #ahhh ,emerson1 ,ralph ,w4 ,garnett1 ,r4 ,life of ,emerson #ahhh ,great writers3 ,emerson1 by ,r4 ,garnett4 #ahhh ,the references from ,robertson and ,anderson can be dispensed with4 ,shorter entries than the foregoing would not be looked for1 and would be worthless4 ,very brief entries imply little or no information1 as witness the following complete entries from the catalogue of a large library3 8,church's ,lament40 ,conspiracy4 ,ritualistic4 ,workhouse4 ,union4 ,bowen4 #ia4--,the next illustration is taken to further show the method of regarding a book for its subject-entry3 ,,saintsbury1 ,george4 ,a history of ,elizabethan literature4 #ahhg ,this is neither a book upon literature generally nor in the abstract1 nor upon ,english literature as a whole1 but only upon a particular period of it4 ,such a book could very properly be placed under 8,elizabethan literature0 with a reference from 8,english literature40 ,it might even go under the name of ,elizabeth where all books pertaining to her reign in every particular could be gathered1 but this is not so satisfactory4 ,after all the most useful place for a book of this kind would be under 8,english literature10 and its inclusion could be better justified if the books under such a heading were sub-divided1 if sufficient in number1 into periods arranged chronologically as a heading like 8,english ,history0 is often usefully divided4 ,this would necessitate a cross-reference like ,elizabethan literature4 ,see ,english literature4 ,to further illustrate this point it may be said that a book like ,,brewer1 ,j4 ,s4 ,the reign of ,henry ,,viii4 #b v4 #ho4 #ahhd is better treated in the reverse way and entered under the name of the monarch1 in common with other books of a strictly historical nature dealing with a particular reign4 ,in the first case the book is thought to be more usefully catalogued as a contribution to the larger subject of 8,english literature10 and in the second the book is looked upon as being more particularly concerned with ,henry ,,viii4 than with 8,english history0--hence the difference in the treatment4 ,in this last instance the safe-guarding cross-reference is ,english ,history4 ,for the histories of particular reigns see under the names of monarchs1 as ,charles ,i41 ,henry ,,viii41 ,victoria4 #ib4--,the following group is given 7in brief form7 in order to show the difference of treatment of books apparently alike in subject3 ,farrar1 ,f4 ,w41 ,dean 7,ed47 ,with the poets4 ,james1 ,henry4 ,french poets and novelists4 ,johnson1 ,samuel4 ,lives of the ,english poets4 ,keats1 ,john4 ,poetical works4 ,shairp1 ,j4 ,c4 ,aspects of poetry4 ,sharp1 ,wm4 ,life of ,shelley4 ,tennyson1 ,lord4 ,demeter and other poems4 ,the first entry would be placed under a heading 8,poems10 because it is an anthology4 ,this heading 8,poems0 should be reserved for collections of miscellaneous poems by many authors and would not include a book like the ,keats1 which should be entered under the name of the author only4 ,it does not require any entry under 8,poetical works10 as that is simply a form1 and can no more be justified than a heading 8,prose works0 could be4 ,if1 however1 the book has a definite title1 like the ,tennyson1 then a title-entry must be given as ,demeter and other poems4 ,tennyson1 ,lord4 ,librarians sometimes consider it necessary to give a series of references under the heading 8,poems0 or 8,poetry0 to the names of the authors represented in the catalogue1 but this is on an equality with the practice of grouping all the fiction under a heading 8,novels40 ,these being class-headings are not strictly accurate but1 no doubt1 are a convenience to a section of readers4 ,so much cannot be said for all such grouping in a dictionary catalogue1 and it is better to avoid it if possible4 ,a catalogue of a very important library has a heading 8,essays10 under which an attempt has been made to enter all books written in the form of essays1 as well as with the word 8essay0 upon the title-pages1 and the result is a mere jumble of titles1 absolutely useless1 including as it does works so widely apart in character as ,baring ,gould's ,old country life1 ,barrie's ,auld licht idylls1 ,doran's ,in and about ,drury ,lane1 and ,lang's ,books and bookmen4 ,to attempt this in a classified catalogue would be bad enough1 but in a dictionary catalogue it shows that the first principles governing its compilation are wholly misunderstood4 ,the book by ,henry ,james would be fitly placed under 8,french literature0 and the words 8poets0 and 8novelists0 ignored4 ,dr4 ,johnson's book should go under 8,poets10 together with any other lives of poets in collected form1 but the life of an individual poet1 like that of ,shelley1 would not be so entered1 as lives of individuals are entered under their names1 and not under the class to which they belong4 ,shairp's book being upon 8,poetry0 in the abstract would accordingly go under that heading1 as would any book of a miscellaneous character upon poetry which could not well be placed under a more definite subject-heading4 #ic4--,sometimes in the case of biographies it will be found unnecessary to give both author and subject-entries because the biographies are written or edited by a son or other relative bearing the same name1 and accordingly both entries come together in the catalogue1 therefore1 while it is quite correct to give both entries1 yet one suffices4 ,if the single entry is adopted it is better to make choice of the subject for the entry1 not the author1 as ,stokes1 ,william3 his life and works1 #ahjd-ahgh1 by his son ,sir ,wm4 ,stokes4 7,masters of medicine47 #ahih #id4--,volumes of sermons are dealt with in the same manner as poetical works1 avoiding1 as far as possible1 an entry under the form 8,sermons40 ,an illustration is ,kingsley1 ,charles4 ,all ,saints' ,day1 and other sermons4 #ahij ,the gospel of the ,pentateuch3 sermons4 #ahij ,sermons on national subjects4 #bv4 #ahgb ,sermons for the times4 #ahij ,village sermons4 #ahij ,the first and last of these simply require title-entries1 as ,all ,saints' ,day1 and other sermons4 ,kingsley1 ,c4 #ahij ,village sermons4 ,kingsley1 ,c4 #ahij ,the second1 instead of receiving a title-entry1 is better placed as a contribution to its subject1 as ,pentateuch1 ,the4 ,kingsley1 ,c4 ,the gospel of the ,pentateuch3 sermons4 #ahij ,the third and fourth will also require title-entries unless there happens to be a general reference under the word1 8,sermons10 after this fashion ,sermons4 ,for volumes of sermons with specific titles or upon definite subjects see those titles and subjects4 ,books with the general title of sermons will be found under the names of the following authors3 7,here follows a list of the names1 including ,kingsley47 ,if this form is not considered suitable then there is no alternative but to give title-entries1 because a heading cannot be correctly made4 ,the form then is3 ,sermons4 ,le ,bas1 ,c4 ,w4 #b v4 #ahbh ,sermons for the times4 ,kingsley1 ,c4 #ahij ,sermons in the ,east4 ,stanley1 ,a4 ,p4 #ahfc ,sermons on national subjects4 ,kingsley1 ,c4 #bv4 #ahgb ,the arrangement is alphabetically by the words of the titles as in the case of any other title-entries1 and not by the names of the authors4 #ie4--;,dramas1 ,dramatic ,works1 are also forms calling for similar treatment to ,poems1 ,essays1 or ,sermons4 ,collections of letters by individuals are simply entered under the names of the writers with references from the editors4 #if4--,there is a form of entry occasionally seen in catalogues that is so obviously absurd that it scarcely needs to be more than referred to1 viz41 a heading 8,pamphlets40 ,here1 presumably1 all the thin or unbound books in a library are entered4 ,under an arrangement of this description1 work should be facilitated1 as but two headings would be requisite--one 8,books0 and the other 8,pamphlets0--the dividing line between the two to be fixed by the number of pages4 ,almost in a line with such a ridiculous heading is the lazy cataloguer's method of taking volumes consisting of a number of pamphlets bound together1 whether upon the self-same subject or as many different subjects as there are pamphlets in the volumes1 and lumping them with entries like these3 ,miscellaneous pamphlets4 v4d4 ,pamphlets1 ,miscellaneous4 #cg v4 v4d4 ,sermons1 ,miscellaneous4 v4d4 ,political pamphlets4 v4d4 ,of course1 each pamphlet must be dealt with in precisely the same way as if it were a separate book1 the fact that it is a thin book not entering into the question1 unless it happens to be of so very trifling or ephemeral a character as to be unworthy of an entry1 when it should either be withdrawn from the library 7unless the fact of its being bound up with others prevents7 or properly catalogued4 #ig4--,the prolix titles of many pamphlets1 especially the polemical tracts of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries1 often need abbreviation4 ,for example3 ,the succession of ,solomon to the throne of ,david consider'd in a sermon on the occasion of the sudden death of ,his ,majesty ,king ,george ,i41 ,june #ah1 #agbg1 by ,thomas ,bradbury4 #bnd ed4 #agbg may very well be cut down to ,bradbury1 ,thomas4 ,sermon on the death of ,george ,i4 #agbg and ,an ordinance of the ,lords and ,commons assembled in ,parliament1 together with rules and directions concerning suspention from the sacrament of the ,lord's ,supper in cases of ignorance and scandall2 also the names of such ministers and others that are appointed triers and judges of the ability of elders within the province of ,london4 #afde may be safely curtailed in most cases to ,lord's ,supper4 ,an ordinance of ,parliament1 with rules and directions concerning suspention from the sacrament4 pp4 ii41 #ad4 sm4 #do4 #afde ,pamphlets are frequently collected and stored in libraries for some special reason--perhaps because they are of local interest--when this fact should be brought out in the catalogue4 ,accordingly a pamphlet entitled ,a sermon preached in ,chelsea ,church at the funeral of the ,hon4 ,mrs4 ,elizabeth ,roberts1 by ,thomas ,knaggs4 #agaj would be entered under ,chelsea ,church1 ,sermon preached in1 at the funeral of the ,hon4 ,mrs4 ,eliz4 ,roberts4 ,knaggs1 ,t4 #agaj this entry being additional to that under 8,knaggs0 and another under 8,roberts10 if the person happened to be of some local importance in her day4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,title-,,entries ,,and ,,repetition ,,dashes4 #ih4--,the extent to which title-entries1 as distinct from subject-entries1 are called for in a dictionary catalogue has in some measure been already shown4 ,works of fiction1 plays1 poems1 volumes of essays1 and sometimes sermons1 nearly all demand such entries1 they being for the most part sought for by their titles4 ,examples of each of these are ,far from the madding crowd4 ,hardy1 ,t4 ,michael and his lost angel3 a play4 ,jones1 ,h4 ,a4 ,aurora ,leigh3 poem4 ,browning1 ,e4 ,b4 #ahij ,obiter dicta4 ,birrell1 ,a4 #bv4 #ahhg-if ,discipline1 and other sermons4 ,kingsley1 ,c4 #ahij ,these are apart from the title-as-subject entries1 such as ,miners and their works underground4 ,holmes1 ,f4 ,m4 n4d4 ,moravian ,church1 ,short history of the4 ,hutton1 ,j4 ,e4 #ahie4 ,there are very few books outside the above classes that really require title-entries1 and1 as a rule1 this feature of cataloguing is overdone4 ,books like ,finck1 ,h4 ,t4 ,lotos-time in ,japan4 #ahie ,hollingshead1 ,john4 ,my lifetime4 #b v4 #ahie ,adams1 ,w4 ,h4 ,d4 ,the ,maid of ,orleans4 #ahhi ,marsh1 ,george ,p4 ,lectures on the ,english language4 #ahgd do not require entries under 8,lotos10 8,my ,lifetime10 8,maid of ,orleans10 or 8,lectures10 besides those necessary under 8,japan10 8,hollingshead10 8,joan of ,arc10 and 8,english language10 yet it is quite customary to see such entries4 #ii4--;,it must be carefully noted that in title-entries the articles 7,a1 ,an1 ,the7 are absolutely ignored1 and any other first word is the leading word under which the entry is to be given4 ,it is often desirable to include the article1 especially the definite article1 in such entry1 when it must be got in as soon as it can be consistent with sense and sound1 or at the end of the phrase1 as ,guardian angel1 ,the4 ,not ,guardian1 ,the1 angel4 ,clyde1 ,the1 to the ,jordan4 ,not ,clyde to the ,jordan1 ,the4 ,noble life1 ,a4 ,not ,noble1 ,a1 life4 ,evil1 ,the genesis of4 ,not ,evil1 genesis of1 ,the4 ,the articles are occasionally left out of such entries as ,guardian angel4 ,clyde to the ,jordan4 ,noble life4 ,evil1 ,genesis of4 but this applies only to the article preceding the first word of the title and no other4 ,chariot of the flesh1 ,the4 cannot be correctly entered as ,chariot of flesh4 ,the general omission of the leading article means very little1 if any1 saving of space1 and has a bald effect1 reading often like the wording of a telegram4 ,besides losing the clearness which its inclusion gives1 it may alter the sense1 as ,day's ride4 ,is not the same as ,day's ride1 ,a4 ,phyllis of the ,sierras4 ,is not the same as ,phyllis1 ,a1 of the ,sierras4 ,soldier born4 ,is not the same as ,soldier born1 ,a4 ,in transposing the article or any other leading word from the beginning of the title the capital initial letter must be retained1 as shown in the above entries1 and not in this way1 ,animal's friend1 the4 ,priestcraft1 popular history of4 ,primeval life1 relics of4 ,in order to prevent a break in the alphabetical sequence1 the articles are sometimes transposed under the authors' names1 as 8,hobbes1 ,john ,oliver40 ,bundle of life1 ,a4 ,herb-moon1 ,the4 ,sinner's comedy1 ,the4 but so little is gained by this form of entry that it hardly compensates for the awkwardness of it4 ,it is incorrect in any form1 author or title1 to leave out the article in foreign languages1 and to do so can only be justified by usage rather than exactness4 ,as in ,english the entry-word is never under the article1 as ,petite paroisse1 ,la4 ,not ,la petite paroisse4 ,aventure d'amour1 ,une4 ,not ,une aventure d'amour4 ,karavane1 ,die4 ,not ,die ,karavane4 #ajj4--,many works of fiction with proper names in their titles are better known by those names1 and are rarely looked for under the first word of the title4 ,books so well known as1 ,the personal history of ,david ,copperfield4 ,mr4 ,midshipman ,easy4 ,history of ,pendennis4 ,confessions of ,harry ,lorrequer4 ,adventures of ,huckleberry ,finn4 will oftener be sought for under 8,david10 8,midshipman10 8,pendennis10 8,harry10 and 8,huckleberry10 than 8,personal10 8,mr40 8,history10 8,confessions10 8,adventures10 therefore judgment should be exercised1 and either a single entry given under the most likely place1 or both title-entries given4 ,if space is a consideration always omit the less-known entry4 ,it will be seen that names in fiction are never regarded as real names1 and entries must not be given under the surnames as 8,copperfield10 8,easy10 8,lorrequer10 8,finn40 #aja4--;,for the sake of brevity title-entries are sometimes given with the surname only of the author1 after this manner ,two hundred pounds reward1 by ,payn4 ,two in the bush1 by ,moore4 ,two kisses1 by ,smart4 ,two little wooden shoes1 by ,ouida4 and occasionally in this style3 ,afloat and ashore4 ,cooper4 ,afloat in the forest4 ,reid4 ,after dark4 ,collins4 ,in works of fiction like these there is no very great objection to the plan other than the bald appearance of the entries1 but to carry it into effect with all other title and subject entries is to revert to the dark ages of cataloguing4 ,the following selected specimens prove that such entries can have very little value for the uninitiated4 ,the complete entry other than the shelf mark is given3 ,holland1 ,through4 ,by ,wood4 ,horace4 ,by ,martin4 ,childs1 ,george ,w4 7#ahgd74 ,grosart4 ,christ1 ,with 7,sermon74 ,kemble4 ,church1 ,of the 7#ahdg74 ,field4 ,electricity4 ,by ,ferguson4 ,epic of ,hades4 ,by ,morris4 ,essays4 ,by ,cowley4 ,faraday4 ,by ,gladstone4 #ajb4--,this leads to the matter of repetition dashes1 to which some reference has already been made in paragraph #ei upon the author-entry1 and no better advice can be given to the young cataloguer than that to avoid repetition dashes wherever possible1 and1 at most1 only use them in one of the following instances3 a4 ,to save repeating an author's name in author-entry 7as already illustrated7 or under subject-heading4 b4 ,to save repeating a title-entry or title-as-subject-entry where a second copy or another edition of the same work is entered4 c4 ,to save repeating a subject-heading4 ,illustrations of the second form are ,cond1 ,princes de1 ,history of the4 ,aumale1 ,duc d'4 #b v4 #ahgb 7,french ed47 #b v4 #ahfc-d ,food and feeding4 ,thompson1 ,sir ,h4 #ahia 7,enlarged ed47 #ahih ,household of ,sir ,thomas ,more4 ,manning1 ,a4 #ahhg 7,illus4 ed47 #ahif and of the third form3 ,insanity4 ,hill1 ,r4 ,g4 ,insanity1 its past and present4 #ahgj ,maudsley1 ,h4 ,the pathology of mind4 #ahie but most cataloguers are dispensing with this form1 as the indent under the heading is sufficient to denote that all the entries belong to such heading4 ,if it is used1 a second dash will occasionally be needed in cases similar to this3 ,ireland4 ,froude1 ,j4 ,a4 ,the ,english in ,ireland in the #ahth century4 #c v4 #ahhf4 ,ireland since the ,union4 #ahhf4 ,hickson1 ,m4 ,ireland in the #agth century4 #b v4 #ahhd4 ,nothing is lost by avoiding this dash under headings1 and some find that the indent alone1 even under author's names1 is so clear that the dash can be altogether discarded1 and that this will be no disadvantage the following typical and genuine examples of what has been sarcastically called the 8dot and dash system0 of cataloguing will show3 ,china ,painting4 ,by ,florence ,lewis4 ,old highways in4 ,by ,williamson4 ,english ,church ,composers4 ,by ,barrett4 ,history of the4 ,by ,perry4 ,law and the ,lady3 a ,novel4 ,by ,collins4 ,international4 ,by ,levi4 ,physical and ,moral1 ,difference between4 ,by ,arthur4 ,reign of4 ,by ,argyll4 ,science of4 ,by ,amos4 ,moors1 ,the1 and the ,fens4 ,by ,mrs4 ,riddell4 in ,spain4 ,by ,s4 ,l4 ,poole4 ,workshop ,appliances4 ,by ,shelley4 ,receipts for the ,use of ,manufacturers1 ,mechanics1 and ,scientific ,amateurs4 ,by ,spon ,second series4 ,by ,haldane4 ,these are quite as absurd in their way as that from a recent index to publishers' catalogues1 viz43 ,lead1 ,silver and4 ,kindly ,light4 and attention is drawn to them simply for the purpose of showing how ridiculous such entries can be made1 and that they are more hindrance than help to the users of a catalogue needs no further demonstration4 ,therefore it can be confidently recommended to the cataloguer to make a very limited use of these dashes1 in all cases of doubt it being much better to repeat the word4 ,the eleven dashes under 8,workshop0 above are unnecessary1 and the proper form of entry is3 ,workshop appliances4 ,shelley1 ,c4 ,p4 ,b4 #ahhe ,workshop receipts for the use of manufacturers1 c4 ,spon1 ,e4 #ahhe 7,second ser47 ,haldane1 ,r4 #ahhe ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,indexing ,,contents4 #ajc4--,the mode of setting-out the contents of books of a miscellaneous or collective character has been referred to in sections #fa-fb and it has been pointed out that frequently an essay or article is more useful--even more valuable--than a whole book1 as it may give the pith of the matter it deals with1 and be sufficiently full for the needs of most people4 ,under these circumstances1 it is most desirable that not only shall each subject-heading in a catalogue have all the books in the library set out under it1 but also portions of books1 within reasonable limits4 ,how far these limits are to extend is a nice question1 and it is certainly one that demands the consideration of ,english librarians1 with a view to co-operation in the production of a work upon the lines of the 8,a4 ,l4 ,a40 ,index3 an index to general literature1 by ,wm4 ,i4 ,fletcher1 with the coperation of many librarians 7,boston1 #ahic71 to fill the place for this class of literature that ,poole's and other indexes do for periodical literature4 ,the 8,a4,l4,a4 ,index0 is distinctly ,american1 and does not fit in so well with the collections in ,english libraries1 though its value cannot be gainsaid4 ,pending the settlement of this question librarians must do what they can to open up for the use of their readers the valuable material hidden away in volumes of essays and others of a miscellaneous character4 ,all the rules previously laid down for cataloguing come into application in dealing with books of this kind1 because they sometimes consist of sections by a number of authors upon one subject1 or of many authors upon many subjects1 or by a single author on many subjects4 ,the method usually employed of completely carrying out this indexing is shown in the following series of examples3 ,,stevenson1 ,robert ,l4 ,familiar studies of men and books4 #crd ed4 pp4 xxi41 #cig4 sm4 #ho4 #ahhh ,contents3--,preface1 by way of criticism4 ,victor ,hugo's romances4 ,some aspects of ,robert ,burns4 ,walt ,whitman4 ,h4 ,d4 ,thoreau3 his character and opinions4 ,yoshida-,torajiro4 ,franois ,villon1 student1 poet1 and housebreaker4 ,charles of ,orleans4 ,samuel ,pepys4 ,john ,knox and women4 ,hugo1 ,victor4 ,stevenson1 ,r4 ,l4 ,victor ,hugo's romances4 7,men and books47 #ahhh ,burns1 ,robert4 ,stevenson1 ,r4 ,l4 ,some aspects of ,robert ,burns4 7,men and books47 #ahhh ,whitman1 ,walt4 ,stevenson1 ,r4 ,l4 ,walt ,whitman4 7,men and books47 #ahhh ,thoreau1 ,henry ,d4 ,stevenson1 ,r4 ,l4 ,thoreau3 his character and opinions4 7,men and books47 #ahhh ,yoshida-,torajiro4 ,stevenson1 ,r4 ,l4 7,men and books47 #ahhh ,villon1 ,franois1 student1 poet1 and housebreaker4 ,stevenson1 ,r4 ,l4 7,men and books47 #ahhh ,charles of ,orleans4 ,stevenson1 ,r4 ,l4 7,men and books47 #ahhh ,pepys1 ,samuel4 ,stevenson1 ,r4 ,l4 ,samuel ,pepys4 7,men and books47 #ahhh ,knox1 ,john4 ,stevenson1 ,r4 ,l4 ,john ,knox and women4 7,men and books47 #ahhh ,the sixth1 seventh1 and eighth entries are in title form1 upon the presumption that the library will have no other items upon these persons or books by them4 ,the remainder are headings1 because the probability is that there will be other books by or upon these authors4 ,there are alternative methods of treating books of this nature4 ,it has already been said that the list of contents can be omitted under the principal entry1 and thereby effect a slight saving4 ,it would also be quite possible to give only the title of the whole book under the subject-heading1 omitting the title of the particular essay or article1 as ,hugo1 ,victor4 ,stevenson1 ,r4 ,l4 ,men and books4 #ahhh ,the fact that the entry is given under ,hugo would show that there was something in the book about him1 but not that it concerned his romances only4 ,there is also the reverse process of giving simply the title of the essay1 as ,hugo1 ,victor4 ,stevenson1 ,r4 ,l4 ,victor ,hugo's romances4 #ahhh ,the disadvantage of this form is that it would be taken for a whole book instead of an essay1 but this difficulty could be got over by inserting the explanatory word 8essay10 as ,hugo1 ,victor4 ,stevenson1 ,r4 ,l4 ,victor ,hugo's romances essay4 #ahhh ,there is also the cross-reference form1 like ,hugo1 ,victor4 ,see also ,stevenson1 ,r4 ,l4 ,men and books4 which is the least desirable because it is vague and also extravagant so far as space is concerned4 ,the next illustration is ,,collins1 ,john ,churton4 ,essays and studies4 pp4 xii1 #cfi4 la4 #ho4 #ahie ,contents3--,john ,dryden4 ,the predecessors of ,shakspeare4 ,lord ,chesterfield's ,letters4 ,the ,porson of ,shaksperian criticism4 ,menander4 ,the fact that these essays are principally reviews of books necessitates a consideration of their interest in this respect as well as that which attaches to their value as contributions to the subjects1 and after examination it will be found that the essays are best placed under 8,dryden10 8,symonds1 ,j4 ,a402 8,chesterfield02 8,theobald1 ,lewis02 and 8,menander10 in this manner3 ,dryden1 ,john4 ,collins1 ,j4 ,c4 ,john ,dryden4 7,essays and studies47 #ahie ,symonds1 ,j4 ,a4 ,collins1 ,j4 ,c4 ,the predecessors of ,shakspeare4 7,essays and studies47 #ahie ,a review of ,symonds' work on this subject4 ,if it were thought necessary to give the second and fourth essays under 8,shakespeare0 also1 they could be amalgamated into one entry in this form3 ,shakespeare1 ,william4 ,collins1 ,j4 ,c4 ,the predecessors of ,shakspeare4 ,the ,porson of ,shakspearian criticism4 7,essays and studies47 #ahie ,a further book of the kind is ,,noble1 ,j4 ,ashcroft4 ,the sonnet in ,england1 and other essays4 pp4 x1 #baa4 sm4 #ho4 #ahic ,contents3--,the sonnet in ,england4 ,a pre-,raphaelite magazine4 ,leigh ,hunt3 the man and the writer4 ,the poetry of common sense4 ,robert ,buchanan as poet4 ,hawker of ,morwenstow4 ,the word 8contents0 may be changed to 8contains0 or 8containing10 or even omitted altogether1 as the position or style of type would sufficiently indicate that the list was that of the contents4 ,due regard being paid to the exact subject of each of the essays1 the entries would be given under 8,sonnet0 7title-entry72 8,germ1 ,the02 8,hunt1 ,leigh02 8,pope1 ,alex402 8,buchanan1 ,robert02 8,hawker1 ,robert ,s40 #ajd4--;,it must be clearly understood that while there is a certain option in indexing the contents of books like the above1 there is none whatever in dealing with collected works4 ,that a library happens to possess say the set of the ,ashburton edition of ,carlyle's ,works does not imply that they are sufficiently entered if set out under 8,carlyle10 and therefore they must be fully catalogued in precisely the same manner as if each book had been purchased separately in various editions4 ,under the author's name they would be entered as shown in the ,hawthorne illustration 7section #fc71 and each book dealt with upon the lines already laid down1 as for example ,cromwell1 ,oliver4 ,carlyle1 ,t4 ,oliver ,cromwell's letters and speeches elucidated4 7,works1 ,ashburton ed41 v4 #f-h74 #c v4 #ahhe-f #aje4--,there is a well understood though not formulated rule1 that the contents of the great classical works do not require indexing1 and upon this principle a work1 say upon 8,hamlet10 would simply be entered under 8,shakespeare10 and not even a cross-reference is needed from 8,hamlet40 ,so with the ancient classics4 ,the ,iliad or ,odyssey1 the neid1 or the ,agamemnon are not usually entered in any other place than under ,homer1 ,virgil1 and schylus respectively4 ,this rule would also be extended according to the nature of the library4 ,one that had a particular collection say of editions of ,more's ,utopia would not require any entry under ,utopia further than a cross-reference to ,more1 where all the editions would be set out with every necessary particular4 #ajf4--,the remarks made in section #ajc upon the need for a co-operative index to essays and the like also applies to the need1 which is probably not so much felt1 for an index to plays1 and further indexes might even be looked for to volumes of sermons arranged under subjects and texts4 ,more pressing still is the want of an index to the many portraits contained in books4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,the ,,classified ,,catalogue4 #ajg4--,the difference between the dictionary and classified forms of catalogues already referred to in sections #h and #i may be further demonstrated by taking the two well-known railway guides1 8,bradshaw0 and the 8,a4,b4,c410 in illustration4 ,both guides have merits of their own1 yet are very unlike4 ,the 8,a4,b4,c40 will show by ready reference and without any previous study of its arrangement1 the times of departure for and arrival at a particular railway station1 but it does not show the stoppages at intervening stations on the journey1 or supply the exhaustive information that 8,bradshaw0 does4 ,but before 8,bradshaw0 can be satisfactorily used its arrangement and order must be studied1 and so it is with the classified catalogue4 ,its arrangement1 that is the system of classification adopted1 must first be understood1 and then the order of sub-division of the classes must be ascertained before it can be properly used1 unless such division happens to be alphabetical rather than natural or logical4 ,having mastered the classification and arrangement1 the user of the classified catalogue has the advantage of an exhaustive list of a whole class of literature1 then of a particular subject in the aggregate and afterwards in detail1 and with all its collateral subjects brought together4 ,that at least is the theory of its compilation4 ,this form has the further advantage1 already alluded to1 of economy in production1 as a book seldom calls for more than a single entry other than a reference in the index1 whereas the number of entries to each book in a dictionary catalogue is seldom less than three4 ,again a classed catalogue can be issued in sections1 a class or more at the same time1 and in large or small editions of each section1 according to the demand for them4 ,to be of any real service the dictionary catalogue must be published complete1 as if issued in instalments it is of no value until completed because each section is not complete in itself as a class-list is4 ,having said so much for the classed catalogue1 it may be pointed out that the whole of the books contained in a library by a particular author cannot be ascertained by it without some trouble1 unless it has a brief-title author-index as shown in section #aab1 nor can the books upon a stated country1 say ,china1 be found together in one place1 those upon the religions of ,china would not be grouped with those upon its social customs1 those upon its natural history would not be with either of these1 and a book dealing with all of these together1 inclusive of a description of the country1 would be in a separate place4 #ajh4--,the arguments for and against the two styles of catalogue being carefully weighed1 more especially from the point of view of general usefulness to the public concerned1 and with due regard to cost of production1 and choice having been made of the classified form of catalogue1 the cataloguer will first decide upon the scheme of classification to be adopted1 presuming that the library in hand is not already classified or its system of main classes is unsatisfactory for cataloguing purposes4 ,this having been accomplished by means of ,brown's ,manual of ,library ,classification1 which summarises all the various systems1 the author-entry is made upon the general principles already laid down in ,chapters ,,iii4 to ,,vii4 of the present work which are all equally applicable4 ,a line or two must be left at the top of the slip on which the entry is written for the purpose of marking the classification1 division1 and sub-division either by their names or by numbers1 if the scheme adopted has a numerical notation4 ,supposing for example the book is ,ward1 ,james4 ,historic ornament3 treatise on decorative art and architectural ornament4 ,illus4 #b v4 #ho4 #ahig the slip or card would be marked as follows on the right hand top corner1 as being the most convenient for sorting1 ,fine ,arts4 ,the class4 ,ornament4 ,the division4 or if the well-known ,dewey ,classification#b is used1 the number #gde would be written in the same place1 signifying the class 8,fine ,arts10 the division 8,drawing1 ,decoration1 ,design10 and the sub-division or definite subject1 8,ornamental design40 ,under ,brown's ,adjustable ,classification1#c the entry would be marked ,c #gf1 denoting the class1 8,fine ,arts10 the division 8,decoration10 and the sub-division 8,general practice and examples40 ,in the dictionary catalogue this book would be entered under 8,ward0 and 8,ornament40 ,another example is ,willmott1 ,robt4 ,a4 7,ed47 ,the poets of the #aith century3 selections4 pp4 xx1 #fbj1 port41 illus4 #ho4 n4d4 ,this would be marked 8,literature10 division 8,english ,literature10 sub-division 8,poetry10 and left for more detailed sub-division when it comes to be arranged with kindred works at the time of preparation for the press4 ,the ,dewey number would be #hba4jh or according to ,brown's method of marking ,j #ab4 ,a further illustration is ,bird1 ,robert4 ,jesus1 the carpenter of ,nazareth4 #hth ed4 pp4 xii1 #dih4 sm4 #ho4 #ahid ,this would be marked 8,theology0 or 8,religion10 division 8,bible10 sub-division 8,christ02 the ,dewey number being #bcb4i1 and that in ,brown's notation ,e#afh4 #aji4--,the next illustration is one of some difficulty1 inasmuch as it can be placed in three classes3 ,macpherson1 ,h4 ,a41 ,a4 ,j4 ,stuart-,wortley1 and ,alex4 ,i4 ,shand4 ,the pheasant3 natural history1 shooting1 cookery4 7,fur and feather ser47 pp4 x1 #bfe1 illus4 #ahie ,having regard to the series in which the book appears1 it cannot very well be placed under 8,natural ,history10 nor is there much contained in it that appeals to the scientific naturalist1 though a reference from the division 8,game birds0 in that class would be most desirable4 ,as the pheasant has first to be shot before it can be cooked1 and there are many more pages devoted to the shooting than to the cooking1 the book is placed among sporting books3 class 8,fine ,arts10 division 8,recreative ,arts10 sub-division 8,field ,sports10 further division 8,shooting40 ,the ,dewey number is accordingly #gii1 and the ,brown mark ,c#fcb4 ,in the dictionary catalogue a book like ,bernard1 ,henry ,m4 ,the apodid4 7,nature ser47 pp4 xx4 #caf1 illus4 sm4 #ho4 #ahib is readily dealt with1 as it is simply entered under 8,apodid0 for the subject4 ,in the classified catalogue1 however1 it must be worked out to its full limits1 as class 8,science10 section 8,natural ,history10 division 8,zoology10 sub-division 8,arthropoda0 or 8,articulata10 lesser division 8,crustacea40 ,the ,dewey number is #eie4c1 and the ,brown notation is ,a#aeb4 ,upon a like principle1 a book upon a very different subject1 viz41 ,loftie1 ,w4 ,j4 ,westminster ,abbey4 ,new ed41 revised1 pp4 xii1 #cai1 illus4 #ho4 #ahia is treated in the same manner4 ,the class is 8,history10 the division 8,europe10 sub-division 8,british ,isles10 further division 8,england10 and lesser division 8,london02 the ,dewey number being #idb4a1 and that of ,brown is ,f#gdb4 ,this arrangement is upon the presumption that the book is written from the historical and topographical standpoint4 ,it is1 however1 written as much from the architectural point of view1 and the heading might be entirely different2 as then the class would be 8,fine ,arts10 the division 8,architecture10 and the sub-division 8,ecclesiastical ,architecture10 with a further section devoted to 8,monographs40 ,this is one of those books of a composite character that can be very suitably placed in two classes1 so far as the catalogue is concerned1 as against shelf arrangement4 ,even in cataloguing it is unusual and not easy to split up into classes and sub-divisions those books of a miscellaneous character1 as volumes of essays1 which are 8indexed0 section by section in the dictionary catalogue4 ,these1 therefore1 are brought together in one place1 unless the whole or the greater number of the essays or sections are upon a particular subject1 when they are placed in their proper class4 ,though there may be no division of the contents of miscellaneous books1 as distinct from collected works1 this in no wise obviates the necessity for setting out in full the contents of such books in the entry under the main class4 ,apart from the little difficulty and it not being customary1 there is no very sufficient reason why these contents should not be split up in classified cataloguing and inserted in the proper classes throughout1 even as they would be treated to subject-entries in the dictionary catalogue2 indeed1 fairly looked at1 it is the only right method of procedure to adopt4 ,the under-mentioned books are grouped together because they are all comprised in the single class of 8,history0 under the ,dewey classification4 ,by the ,brown method 8,biography and ,correspondence0 is separated from 8,history and ,geography0 and made into another class1 though it is often very difficult to find the dividing line between history and biography in the lives of monarchs and other historical memoirs4 ,the classes and divisions are given to each item in the form which it is advised that the catalogue slips should be marked for sorting until the time arrives for them to be prepared for printing4 ,history4 ,voyages and travels4 ,arctic ,regions4 ,n4-,e4 ,passage4 ,nordenskild1 ,a4 ,e4 ,the voyage of the ,vega round ,asia and ,europe2 transl4 by ,alex4 ,leslie1 pp4 viii1 #dad1 ports41 maps1 illus4 sm4 #ho4 #ahhf ,if the ,dewey or ,brown classifications were in use1 instead of marking with class and subject headings as above1 the entry would simply be marked #iai or ,f#acef4 ,history4 ,europe4 ,ireland4 ,bagwell1 ,richard4 ,ireland under the ,tudors4 #c v4 #ho4 #ahhe-ij 7,dewey number #ida4ee4 ,brown mark ,f#hbf47 ,history4 ,biography of ,literature4 ,fitzgerald1 ,percy4 ,the life of ,lawrence ,sterne4 ,port4 #b v4 sm4 #ho4 #ahif 7,dewey number #ibh4 ,brown mark ,g#hh-,sterne47 ,history4 ,voyages and travels4 ,europe4 ,russia4 ,hapgood1 ,isabel ,f4 ,russian rambles4 pp4 xiv1 #cfi4 sm4 #ho4 #ahie 7,dewey number #iad1 #g4 ,brown mark ,f #aafh47 #aaj4--;,as already pointed out1 the principal difficulty with classified catalogues1 more especially if the classification is extended to its fullest limits1 is that persons using the catalogue must familiarise themselves with its arrangement before they can make an adequate use of it4 ,thus to find a book upon ,russia1 the geographical order has to be thought out1 and to find a life of ,sterne it must first be remembered that as he was an author he will come into the literary division of biography1 or if a life of ,william ,penn is wanted1 it must be found out whether it is placed in the biography of religion or of history according to the point of view from which it is regarded4 ,mr4 ,brown's system removes some of these difficulties1 as he for the most part arranges his countries alphabetically under continents1 and his biographies of individuals altogether alphabetically by the subjects4 ,in some recent classified catalogues this idea has been carried further1 and all continents and countries of the world arranged in one alphabet1 as ,abyssinia1 ,afghanistan1 ,africa1 ,algeria1 ,asia1 and so on with such suitable sub-division under each as may be called for4 ,this alphabetical arrangement has also been carried out under the main divisions of the classes 8,fine ,arts0 and 8,useful ,arts10 and it certainly facilitates reference1 though it must be admitted that it breaks away from the important principle of giving a complete view of a subject in all its bearings1 first generally1 then in particular down to its finest limits4 ,this principle may very well be waived in dealing with individual biography1 and in such case the form of entry would be reversed1 as ,biography4 ,sterne1 ,laurence1 ,the life of1 by ,percy ,fitzgerald4 ,port4 #b v4 sm4 #ho4 #ahif ,by the ,dewey system works of fiction fall into place under languages1 epochs1 and authors in the main class 8,literature0 as they should1 but most libraries have to make a separate class for this kind of literature4 ,this has been allowed for in the ,brown ,adjustable ,classification1 the arrangement being alphabetically by authors with a separate section of books for juveniles1 this being further divided for books specially written for boys and again for books for girls4 ,these two main divisions of works of fiction 7i4e4 novels7 and story books for children will be found sufficient in cataloguing1 the entries being alphabetically by authors4 ,the dictionary principle of a title-entry may be added with advantage1 and the titles given either in separate alphabetical order or more conveniently in their place in the same alphabet with the author-entries1 of course keeping all the entries together in their particular class4 #aaa4--,the more elaborate the classification in a classified catalogue the more need there is for an adequate index to authors and subjects4 ,the index may be a simple reference under the author's name to the page upon which the entry is to be found1 as ,ward1 ,james #acj but this necessitates a hunt from page to page1 and almost from line to line on each page if the author has written a number of books which appear in different parts of the catalogue4 ,for example1 this is the index-entry to a catalogue so indexed3 ,hamerton1 ,p4 ,g41 #db1 #hd1 #hf1 #aai1 #abe1 #adi1 #aea1 #afc1 #afe1 #agd1 #age1 #agf1 #aij1 #bac1 #bae1 #beb1 #ccj1 #cff4 ,the only method of obviating this is to give a brief title of each book1 just sufficient to identify it1 and while it must be admitted this method takes up some space1 yet it is worth it4 ,the following is the form referred to3 ,hamerton1 ,p4 ,g4 ,drawing and engraving1 #hf4 ,french and ,english1 #aai4 ,human intercourse1 #db4 ,modern ,frenchmen1 #adi4 ,thoughts about art1 #hd4 ,the same difficulty would not arise in indexing subjects because the whole subject would be grouped in one place or almost so1 and reference to the page or pages would be easy enough4 ,an example of this subject-index entry taken from the same catalogue is ,france 7,history71 #abd1 #abf1 #acf4 7,descriptive7 #bae4 ,the ,church in1 #aci4 ,language and ,literature1 #bdf1 #bhj4 ,franco-,german ,war1 #acf4 ,with the ,dewey and ,brown notations the indexing would be by class and topic number1 and not by pages1 as ,ornament1 #gde4 ,poetry1 ,english4 #hba4 ,christ1 ,lives of4 ,e #afh4 ,irrespective of the system of classification made use of each separate section of a class could be numbered consecutively for indexing purposes 7as this present book is7 and unless the sections were unusually large1 reference would thereby be much simpler and more direct than by the page4 ,if the section or class of prose fiction were arranged under authors alphabetically1 there would be no occasion to include the authors of that section in the index1 and a mere general statement at the commencement of the index1 pointing to the fact that they were not so included would meet the case4 ,upon a similar principle it would hardly be necessary to index the subjects of individual biography if they were arranged alphabetically as suggested1 though it must be remembered that many of these would appear in the index as authors4 ,it is customary to keep the author and subject-indexes separate1 sometimes printing one at the beginning and the other at the end of the catalogue4 ,there does not seem to be any important reason for adopting this course1 and both indexes might very well be amalgamated1 and so add one feature of the dictionary form to the classified catalogue1 besides it would be easier to refer to4 ,in no case should a summary of the classification adopted1 showing the order of its arrangement1 be omitted1 and this is better placed at the beginning than at the end where the index will be4 ,the index entries can be made1 if desired1 at the time of writing the main entry for the catalogue1 when a smaller-sized slip should be used for them2 but it is found convenient to compile the index from the printer's proofs as the work passes through the press4 ,with the ,dewey and ,brown numbering there is no occasion to wait until the work is so far advanced1 and the index can be as easily compiled before any portion of the 8copy0 is sent to the printer as when it is in type4 #aab4--;,it may be necessary to add that the main entries of a classified catalogue are arranged by class and topic names or numbers1 as shown in the examples1 and not by authors1 as in the dictionary catalogue1 though the authors of books coming together under a single definite topic would be arranged alphabetically as a matter of course4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,alphabetisation ,,and ,,arrangement4 #aac4--,on the face of it1 it seems a simple affair to arrange slips in alphabetical order--8as easy as a1 b1 c0--but1 judging by the mistakes made1 and the small number of persons who when put to it can alphabetise properly1 it is not so simple as it appears4 ,the arrangement is1 of course1 to be according to the ,english alphabet1 and irrespective of the language of the entries1 ,i and ,j and ,u and ,v to be kept apart as distinct letters1 and then by each separate word4 ,one of the first principles is to arrange all entries leading off with the same word in accordance with what is understood as precedence and importance of entry1 viz41 7#a7 author and other personal names2 7#b7 subject names2 7#c7 titles of books2 as1 for example3 ,ireland1 ,alex4 7,ed47 ,the book-lover's enchiridion4 7,author47 ,ireland4 ,bagwell1 ,r4 ,ireland under the ,tudors4 7,subject47 ,ireland3 a tale4 ,martineau1 ,h4 7,title47 ,it has already been shown that initial letters precede all words with the same initial1 and under the same rule all names with a particular initial for the ,christian name are placed before those with the ,christian name in full1 as ,fitzgerald1 ,p4 ,f4 ,fitzgerald1 ,percy4 ,fitzgerald1 ,s4 ,j4 ,a4 ,fitzgerald1 ,samuel4 ,where there are a number of persons of the same surname and initial in the catalogue it is as well1 for the sake of clearness1 to try and find out the full name for which the initial stands and give it4 ,when this cannot be done it is very important to take care and not attribute books by different authors to one1 or by an individual to different authors4 ,these are mistakes much more commonly made than might be supposed4 ,monarchs1 as authors or as subjects1 having similar names are arranged in chronological order1 but with ,british sovereigns leading1 as ,william ,i41 the ,conqueror4 ,william ,,iii41 ,prince of ,orange4 ,william ,,iv4 ,william ,,ii41 ,emperor of ,germany4 ,these would be followed by persons with a single name1 as ,william of ,malmesbury1 and then by other persons with ,william as a surname1 arranged in order alphabetically by their ,christian names or initials4 ,when titles are used and appear in the name1 as ,lord1 ,lady1 ,sir1 ,rev41 ,dr41 they are ignored and not allowed to affect the arrangement in the least1 not even if it happens that there is no other means of distinguishing a person1 and if the ,christian name cannot be ascertained such a name would be placed before that of all others of the same name and treated in precisely the same way as if the surname only were known and no title existed1 as ,lamb1 ,lady4 ,lamb1 ,arthur4 ,lamb1 ,charles4 ,if two noblemen of the same title have the same ,christian name they should be placed in order of succession with their order shown1 as ,derby1 ,edward1 #adth ,earl of4 ,derby1 ,edward1 #aeth ,earl of4 and parents and children with similar names are arranged according to seniority1 like ,dumas1 ,alexandre4 ,dumas1 ,alexandre1 fils4 ,it is sometimes recommended to place distinctions of this nature with the surname1 as ,johnson senior1 ,thomas4 ,johnson junior1 ,thomas4 but this is not a very happy form4 ,names of a person in different forms must not be alphabetised under those forms1 but one selected and all concentrated under it1 as it would be foolish to have separate entries under say ,shakspere1 ,shakespeare1 ,shakspear1 ,shakspeare1 though the variety in the name can be shown in the different entries under the form adopted4 #aad4--;,it has already been shown that different editions of the same work are to be arranged in order of publication as far as possible1 and that editions in the language of the original are placed before translations1 and complete works before parts or selections4 ,these would in turn be followed by works upon the author as subject1 i4e41 biographical and critical1 when there is no occasion to repeat his name as a subject-heading1 as the repeat dash may be omitted to show that he is not the author of a book upon himself1 a mistake that is not likely to be made by the dullest person if the name of the author of the book upon the author in question leads off1 thus ,lamb1 ,charles4 ,the essays of ,elia4 ,mrs4 ,leicester's school4 ,ainger1 ,a4 ,charles ,lamb4 ,martin1 ,b4 ,e4 ,in the footprints of ,lamb4 ,this order of arrangement may be tabulated in full in this way3-- #ast4 ,complete works in the original 7by date of publication74 #bnd4 ,complete works in translation 7by date of publication74 #crd4 ,semi-complete works 7i4e4 more than a single work74 #dth4 ,single works1 arranged alphabetically by titles1 first in the original1 and then translations of each immediately following4 #eth4 ,works where the author is a joint-author4 #fth4 ,works when he is only editor or compiler4 #gth4 ,references from the person as author4 #hth4 ,works relating to him1 alphabetically by authors4 #ith4 ,references from the person as subject4 ,as already stated in section #eb1 names with prefixes are taken as part of the name1 and arranged accordingly4 ,if the prefix is abbreviated as ,m'1 or ,mc1 or ,st41 it is placed in order as if spelled out ,mac or ,saint4 ,this does not imply that the name must be so altered in the catalogue1 and refers to the order only4 ,names like ,mller should be arranged as ,muller1 taking care that other entries are not under ,mueller1 but this is a matter that can be best dealt with according to the circumstances of the case1 as1 for instance1 ,goethe should be so alphabetised1 and not as ,gthe4 ,diphthongs are alphabetised as separate letters4 #aae4--;,abbreviated words in title-entries are also treated as if given in full1 and consequently 8,dr4 ,thorne0 and 8,mr4 ,isaacs0 do not come immediately before 8,drab0 and 8,mud10 but with 8,doctor0 and 8,mister0 respectively4 ,it need hardly be said that 8,mrs4 ,bligh0 or any other ,mrs4 is not alphabetised in either the abbreviated or colloquial form1 but as 8,mistress10 and therefore does not come between 8,mozley0 and 8,muddock40 ,other abbreviated words are arranged upon the same plan4 8,fo'c's'le yarns0 appearing as 8,forecastle10 though the exception to this rule is found in other elisions contained in such entries1 as ',twas in ,trafalgar's ,bay4 ',tween snow and fire4 ,who was ,philip8 ,who's to blame8 which are alphabetised as here shown1 and not under 8,it10 8between10 or 8,who is40 ,compound words1 whether divided by a hyphen or printed as one word1 are arranged to follow the single word1 after this fashion3 ,book for the hammock4 ,book of nonsense4 ,bookbinding4 ,book-buying4 ,book-keeping4 ,book-plates4 ,books4 ,new ,south ,wales4 ,new ,testament4 ,new ,zealand4 ,newcastle4 ,newfoundland4 ,newgate4 ,when numerals lead off in a title-entry they are alphabetised as if written or printed in words2 thus #a1jjj1jjj bank-note1 ,the4 #igth ,regiment1 ,history of the4 #bjj reward4 are put in order as1 8,one million10 8,ninety-seventh10 and 8,two hundred0 respectively4 #aaf4--;,it is necessary to repeat the instructions to ignore the articles 8,a10 8,an0 and 8,the0 in alphabetical arrangement1 when they lead in a title or are transposed for alphabetical purposes1 but not otherwise4 ,in the middle of a title they must be reckoned with1 and therefore 8,under a strange mask0 comes before 8,under ,drake's flag10 and 8,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,faulconbridge0 before 8,mr4 ,baker's money40 ,the possessive is to be treated as spelled1 and so 8,miners and their works0 comes before 8,miner's right1 ,the10 and 8,boys' and ,girls' ,book of ,games0 comes between 8,boys' adventures0 and 8,boys and ,i40 ,sometimes entries upon quite different subjects1 which are spelled alike are1 in the work of sorting1 inadvertently amalgamated under a single heading1 and so books like 8,the ,great ,seals of ,england0 by ,wyon2 8,seals of the ,british ,seas0 by ,southwell2 and 8,catalogue of seals in the ,british ,museum0 by ,birch1 are brought together to the confusion of the naturalist or the antiquarian4 ,fortunately there are not many such subjects1 or the rule-of-thumb mechanical cataloguer would oftener create laughter than he now does4 ,occasionally it will be found advisable to ignore the alphabetical order of the titles of the books under an author's name1 as in the case where a number of books with varying titles are intended to be read in a particular order when it is of more advantage to so arrange them than to adhere to the alphabetical order4 ,a note should be added1 stating that the arrangement is according to sequence4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,printing4 #aag4--,the slips being sorted into alphabetical order if a dictionary catalogue1 or into classes and divisions if a classified catalogue1 are to be laid down on sheets of paper to send to the printer4 ,these sheets of paper should be thin1 tough1 and uniform in size1 but the colour and quality is of little importance and brown or cheap printing paper will do4 ,the slips are first prepared by cutting away any part of the entry not to be printed1 as the author's name from the second and subsequent entries under his name1 and in the same way cutting off the subject-heading from those slips where there are more entries than one under the subject4 ,this is better than laying all down1 and then afterwards marking out what is not to be printed4 ,the sheets of paper should be first pasted all over1 the slips laid upon them in order1 usually in two columns1 and then all pressed over4 ,a little marginal space should be left for the insertion of additional entries4 ,if the entries are written upon cards1 and it is wished to avoid the work of laying them down on sheets of paper1 the names and headings not to be printed should be scored through1 and the cards strung together in batches of a hundred or so by means of the hole usually perforated in them1 numbering them through from beginning to end for order and safety4 ,if the 8copy0 consists of the printed pages of a former catalogue with new additions to be inserted1 the page should first be laid down on the sheet and the new entries below1 these being numbered consecutively on each sheet separately with a corresponding number marked upon the page at the exact place where the new entry goes4 ,should there be a comparatively large number of such insertions1 it is a much safer plan and fairer to the printer to cut up the printed page and place the additional entries in their correct order before laying them down on the sheet of paper4 #aah4--,the sheets as they are got ready must be consecutively numbered throughout with a bold figure on the right hand top corner1 and before sending them to the printer they should be finally looked through for revision4 ,this is the most convenient time for marking the 8copy10 for variations in type4 ,the marking is usually as follows3 ,for ,,capitals underline three times in black ink4 ,for ,,small ,,capitals underline twice in black ink4 ,for ,italics underline once in black ink4 ,for ,clarendon or other heavy type underline as above in red4 ,for smaller type than the body of the catalogue mark the portions down the margin in red and black1 or red and blue4 ,before the catalogue can be sent to be printed1 its form must be decided upon as to the size of pages1 quality and colour of paper1 the types to be used1 and the style of binding1 and these being settled1 a specification must be prepared to guide the printer in his work1 or to obtain tenders upon if the work of printing is open to competition1 as is most usual with all work done for public bodies4 ,personal preferences govern many matters in connection with the 8get up0 of a catalogue1 though in most instances there is a limit imposed by the necessity for economy in cost of printing1 just as there so often is for economy of compilation4 ,the styles ordinarily adopted in the catalogues of the lending departments of the rate-supported libraries may be referred to4 #aai4--,the most economical and commonest form is royal octavo in size1 printed with two columns on the page in brevier type1 with the subject-headings in a heavier type1 and notes and list of contents in nonpareil4 ,sometimes the authors' names in the principal entry are printed in capitals and small capitals1 and this serves very well for distinctive purposes4 ,occasionally a catalogue is seen in which the subject-headings are in capitals and the authors' names printed in heavier type1 with the result that the authors are too prominent and the subjects not prominent enough4 ,if the authors' names in all entries are printed in blacker type and the shelf or other finding numbers as well1 the appearance is greatly marred1 the page having a spotted look most unrestful to the eye1 and the purpose for which the heavy type is adopted is defeated4 ,altogether it will be found that the heavier type to be effective must be used sparingly1 and as subject-headings are much less numerous than authors' names1 the most dignified and satisfactory page is obtained by the use of heavier type for the headings rather than for the authors' names4 ,while this refers mainly to the dictionary catalogue1 it is also the best style to adopt for the classified catalogue4 ,all type used should be as plain as possible1 either old or modern-faced1 without fancy letters1 and the heavier type should be similar in style and size to that used in the body of the catalogue4 ,when two sizes of type are used for distinctive purposes1 it is customary to pass over a size in order that the distinction may be clearer1 thus if the body type were long primer1 the contents and notes should be set in brevier and not bourgeois1 and nonpareil should be used with brevier1 and not minion4 ,the following specimens of types will be found useful1 especially as it shows the line space occupied by each size3 ,,sizes ,,of ,,type4 ,illustration3 ,this line of type is modern-faced 7,pica47 ,this line of type is modern-faced 7,small ,pica47 ,this line of type is modern-faced 7,long ,primer47 ,this line of type is modern-faced 7,bourgeois47 ,this line of type is modern-faced 7,brevier47 ,this line of type is modern-faced 7,minion47 ,this line of type is modern-faced 7,nonpareil47 ,this line of type is old-faced 7,pica47 ,this line of type is old-faced 7,small ,pica47 ,this line of type is old-faced 7,long ,primer47 ,this line of type is old-faced 7,bourgeois47 ,this line of type is old-faced 7,brevier47 ,this line of type is old-faced 7,minion47 ,this line of type is old-faced 7,nonpareil47 #abj4--;,another style of catalogue often seen is demy octavo in size1 printed across the page in long primer with 8,clarendon0 or 8,de ,vinne0 subject-headings and brevier notes and contents4 ,this is a very effective form for a class-list or for the first catalogue of a new library1 as it has the advantage of giving an imposing appearance to the catalogue1 no matter how poor the collection of books is4 ,of course it is much easier to read and altogether gives a better page1 but it adds considerably to the bulk and cost of the catalogue1 besides giving the printer more 8fat10 as the white or unprinted portions of the page are called4 ,this style is preferable for the reference library1 where the size of the catalogue is unimportant1 as it has not to be carried about4 ,there are variations from these sizes and types ranging from a super royal octavo and crown quarto down to duodecimo1 with type from small pica to nonpareil4 ,the number of copies in the edition depends upon the number or probable number of purchasers of the catalogue during a given term of years1 local circumstances alone deciding in this matter4 #aba4--;,before sending out a specification for printing estimates1 it is a safer1 more satisfactory1 and fairer plan to all concerned to have a specimen page set up1 containing in it all the types to be used in something near their proportionate quantities4 ,the cost of such a page is trifling1 but the librarian then knows precisely what he is asking for and what to expect1 and the printer better understands what he is tending for4 ,all other points it is thought are included in the following illustrative specification1 which is not taken from that of any particular library1 but embodies concisely what are considered to be the best features of several specifications4 ,,corporation ,,of ,,lambwell4 ,specification for ,printing the ,public ,library ,catalogue4 ,the ,committee of the ,free ,public ,library invite tenders for printing a catalogue of their ,lending ,library upon the following conditions3 ,edition and ,size4--,the edition to consist of three thousand copies1 royal octavo in size 7say #i #f when bound74 ,paper4--,to be at least #cjlbs4 to the ream1 of good finish1 white1 uniform in tint throughout4 ,type and ,setting4--,old-style brevier1 with occasional small capitals1 italics1 and clarendon or antique1 with nonpareil for notes and contents1 and the proper accented letters in foreign languages4 ,to be set solid1 two columns to the page1 seventy lines to the column1 each fifteen ems wide1 with double division rules between4 ,turnover lines to be indented two ems1 the repeat dash to be a one em rule1 the class-letter and number to stand clear four ems1 the nonpareil indent to be two ems4 ,spaces between the end of the book-entry and the class-letter to be filled with leaders4 ,the type must not be worn or broken1 and must be free from wrong founts4 ,machining4--,the sheets to be well worked in perfect register1 with good ink1 and afterwards rolled or pressed4 ,time4--,from the first receipt of copy1 the work to be proceeded with at not less than two sheets of sixteen pages each per week until completed1 or in default thereof the printer to pay a sum of two pounds per week as damages4 ,proofs4--,two copies of proof in galley and two copies of a revise in page to be furnished for reading and correction4 ,the ,librarian to have the right to demand a revise in galley and such revises in page as he shall deem necessary4 ,no sheet to be sent to press until ordered by the endorsement of the ,librarian thereon4 ,additions and corrections4--,the ,librarian to have the right to insert additional matter in galley but not in page4 ,no charge to be allowed for author's corrections unless pointed out and priced at the time they are made4 ,number of pages4#d--,the number of pages is estimated to be #bej more or less1 but the number is not guaranteed4 ,covers4--,three thousand covers to be printed upon coloured paper1 of an approved tint1 not less than #cdlbs4 to the ream 7royal74 ,the front of this cover to be printed with the title of the catalogue4 ,binding4--,the whole edition to be bound in good straw boards of suitable thickness1 strongly sewn with thread1 with cloth strip backs1 the covers pasted on the sides and cut flush4 ,fourteen days will be allowed for binding beyond the time when the last sheet is sent to press4 ,delivery4--,the catalogues when completed1 to be tied in brown paper parcels of fifty each1 and delivered to the ,public ,library1 ,high ,street1 ,lambwell4 ,tender4--,the tender is to be at per page for brevier type and for nonpareil type respectively1 the price to include all charges for press corrections1 covers1 binding1 and delivery4 ,other conditions4--,the work is to be carried out to the entire satisfaction of the ,librarian1 and if he is dissatisfied with its execution he shall have power to stop the work and refer the matter to the ,library ,committee1 whose decision shall be final and binding4 ,the ,committee will require the firm whose tender is accepted to enter into a contract to execute the work in accordance with this specification and its conditions4 ,when completed1 the work to be measured up and charges allowed according to the quantity of brevier and nonpareil used1 and payment made within three months afterwards4 ,the ,committee do not bind themselves to accept the lowest or any tender4 ,tenders1 with samples of the paper to be used1 to be sent in sealed envelopes endorsed 8,catalogue10 to the undersigned on or before the #bjth day of ,november1 #ahih4 ,,john ,e4 ,,burkett1 ,librarian4 #abb4--,the printer and price having been fixed a supply of 8copy0 is sent and in due time proofs in 8galley10 i4e4 in long columns before the matter is 8broken up0 into pages1 are received4 ,the first proofs will not comprise the title-page1 preface1 and other preliminary pages1 which are invariably printed last though first in order when the work is completed1 and therefore the copy for this part of the catalogue need not be sent to the printer until the work is nearing its completion4 ,the manuscript or other 8copy0 will be returned with the proofs and should be carefully and clearly read aloud by some qualified person to the cataloguer1 who will correct the proofs by marking the corrections on the margin4 ,when the proofs in hand have been so read over1 it is advisable for the cataloguer to again read them carefully through apart from the copy before returning to the printer1 as it is a much simpler matter to correct in galley than in page4 ,at this point any additions to be inserted must be given1 as they cannot be added to proofs in page without very great trouble1 entailing the upsetting of work done1 and consequently delay4 ,the proofs after being fully corrected1 will be returned by the printer with a clean proof 7or 8revise0 as a proof after correction is termed7 in page when all the corrections marked on the galley must be compared with the entries or the revise1 to see that they have been properly attended to4 ,at this time the headings1 catch words1 and numbering of the pages must be checked1 and when the entries under a subject-heading have been divided by the end of a page or column the repeated headings upon the next column or page must be carefully examined4 ,when books under an author's name are so divided1 his name should be repeated in the same way at the top of the next column or page4 ,these being attended to1 the whole sheet should again be read through before finally sending it to press1 and even with the care already expended1 it is remarkable how many mistakes will then be discovered for the first time4 ,if the corrections in page are somewhat numerous1 or if any doubt exists as to their receiving proper attention1 or a particular correction is one of some moment1 it is as well to have another 8pull0 of the sheet when corrected1 and make quite certain before marking it to 8go to press40 #abc4--;,in correcting proofs there are other mistakes to look for besides the misspelling1 misplacing1 or omission of words4 ,it is of the utmost importance that the numbers or other marks whereby the books are asked for or found should be as correct as possible1 as mistakes of this kind lead to vexation both on the part of the readers and officials4 ,attention is also required to the proper dividing of words in turning over lines1 the use of letters of the right fount of type as others get sorted in1 and if not changed mar the look of the page when printed1 the removal of broken letters1 the correct guage for indents and parts 8standing clear10 the removal of quadrats or space pieces1 so that they do not stand up in evidence on the printed page1 and other items of this nature4 ,the column of catalogue matter given in ,appendix ,d has most of the errors usually made upon it with the signs used in correcting it1 and is accompanied by explanations of them4 ,the corrections are to be marked in the margins as shown in the specimen1 and not upon the printed matter1 else they will be overlooked4 ,the same page as corrected is given4 ,if after due attention to all these details the cataloguer is enabled to produce a work free from blemish of compilation or printing he may heartily congratulate himself1 though the public who use the library having such a catalogue will even then not fully appreciate the care and anxiety expended on it1 and will soon after prove this by asking when 8a new one will be out40 ,,footnotes #a ,darwinism and other essays1 by ,john ,fiske4 7,macmillan1 #ahgi47 #b ,decimal classification and relative index1 by ,melvil ,dewey1 #aeth ed4 ,boston1 #ahid4 #c ,manual of library classification and shelf arrangement1 by ,james ,d4 ,brown4 7,library ,supply ,co47 #ahih4 7pp4 #aje-afj74 #d ,even a careful estimate made from the 8copy0 is liable to turn out wrong when the work is in type and the tendency is to overstate the number of pages1 when the printer is within his rights1 according to trade usages1 in claiming for profit upon the full number of pages upon which his estimate was based1 therefore it is better to have a saving clause as well as to leave a safe margin on the lesser side when calculating the number of pages4 ,,appendix ,a4 ,list of words or phrases occurring in connection with books1 with the abbreviations of them used in cataloguing4 ,when an alternative abbreviation is given1 that placed first is recommended4 ,,authors1 ,,editors1 ,,and ,,titles4 ,editor1 ,edited ed4 ,herausgegeben hrsg4 herausg4 ,translator1 ,translated transl4 tr4 ,traduit1 ,tradotto trad4 ,compiler1 ,compiled comp4 ,illustrator illus4 ,introduction1 ,introductory intro4 ,anonym1 ,anonymous anon4 ,pseudonym1 ,pseudonymous pseud4 ,born b4 ,died d4 ,society ,soc4 7,in names of societies1 as ,camden ,soc47 ,thus 7sic74 ,inserted sometimes to emphasize peculiarity of spelling or phrase4 ,,volumes ,,and ,,collations4 ,volume1 ,volumes v4 ,band bd4 ,part1 ,parts ,pt41 pts4 ,number1 ,numbers ,no41 nos4 ,series ser4 ,new series n4s4 ,pamphlet1 ,pamphlets pamph4 ,pages pp4 ,leaves ll4 ,folios ff4 ,illustrated1 ,illustrations illus41 ill41 il4 ,coloured col4 ,portrait1 ,portraits port41 ports4 ,frontispiece front41 frontis4 ,plate1 ,plates pl41 pls4 ,large paper l4p4 ,advertisements advts4 ,no title-page n4t4p4 ,title-page wanting t4p4w4 ,,imprint4 ,no date n4 d41 ,n4,d41 s4a4 7i4e41 sine anno47 ,no place n4p4 ,no place or date s4a4 et l4 ,various dates v4d4 ,about 7,circa1 followed by a date7 c4 ,printed1 ,printer pr4 ,published1 ,publisher pub4 ,manuscript1 ,manuscripts ,,ms41 ,,mss4 ,reprint repr4 ,specimen abbreviations for places ,lon41 ,dub41 ,edin41 ,oxf41 of publication 7only7 ,camb41 ,l'pool1 ,m'chester1 ,b'ham1 ,n4 ,york4 ,edition ed4 ,,binding4 ,cloth cl4 ,morocco mor4 ,calf cf4 ,half hf4 ,bound bd4 ,binding bdg4 ,gilt edges g4e4 ,,sizes ,,of ,,books4 ,sextodecimo #afo41 #afmo41 ,s ,duodecimo #abo41 #abmo41 duo41 ,d4 ,octavo #ho41 #hvo41 ,o4 ,quarto #do41 #dto41 ,q4 ,folio fo41 fol41 ,f4 ,small sm4 ,large la4 ,super sup4 ,atlas atl4 ,imperial imp4 ,royal roy4 ,demy dy4 ,crown cr4 ,oblong obl4 ,,appendix ,b4 ,,library ,,association ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,kingdom4 ,,committee ,,on ,,size-,,notation4 ,,table ,,of ,,sizes ,,of ,,books4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,height ,leaves to ,wire line in ,notation4 in ,width4 ,signature4 laid or hand ,inches4 made ,papers4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,folio4 ,atlas f 7#a7;,circa #cj ,in ,la4 f ,imp4 f 7#e7ba-bc twos1 or ,roy4 f 7#e7ah-ba to fours1 ,perpendicular ,f 7#b7ac-ah sixes1 and ,sm4 f 7#c77d7h-ac eights4 ,,quarto4 ,la4 #d or ,imp4 #d 7#e7ac-af ,in ,roy4 #d 7#e7aa-ac fours1 ,horizontal #d 7#b7i-aa sixes1 and ,sm4 #d 7#c7g-i eights4 ,,octavo ,,et ,,infra4 ,la4 #h or ,imp4 #h 7#e7aj-aa to ,in eights1 and ,perpendicular ,roy4 #h 7#e7i-aj 0 som't'mes fours4 #h 7#b7h-i 0 ,in eights ,perpendicular ,sm4 #h 7#c7f-g 0 ,in eights ,perpendicular #ab 0 ,in sixes and twelves ,horizontal #af 7#f7 to ,in eights ,horizontal to #e-f sixteens ,perpendicular #ah ,in sixes1 twelves and eighteens ,horizontal #bd 0 ,in sixes and #d-e twelves ,perpendicular #cb 0 ,in eights and sixteens ,perpendicular #dh or m 7#g7under #d 0 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #a4 ,including 8elephant10 8columbia10 c4 #b4 ,including 8medium10 8demy0 and 8crown40 #c4 ,including 8copy10 8post10 8foolscap0 and 8pot40 #d4 ,of preceding centuries4 #e4 ,of this century4 #f4 ,including sq4 #af1 and all books of this size1 in eights4 #g4 ,including #dh1 #fd1 c4 8,minimo0 for the smallest books4 ,,appendix ,c4 ,,some ,,modern ,,pseudonyms ,,with ,,the ,,real ,,names1 ,,including ,,ladies ,,with ,,names ,,changed ,,by ,,marriage4 ,,pseudonym4 ,,real ,,name4 ,a4,l4,o4,e4 ,charlotte ,m4 ,tucker4 ,acheta ,domestica ,l4 ,m4 ,budgen ,adams1 ,mrs4 ,leith ,mrs4 ,r4 ,s4 de ,courcy ,laffan ,adeler1 ,max ,charles ,h4 ,clark ,ainslie1 ,noel ,edith ,lister ,alexander1 ,mrs4 ,annie ,e4 ,hector ,alien ,mrs4 ,l4 ,a4 ,baker ,allen1 ,f4 ,m4 ,edmund ,downey ,amateur ,angler1 ,the ,edward ,marston ,amyand1 ,arthur ,andrew ,haggard ,andom1 ,r4 ,alfred ,w4 ,barrett ,anstey1 ,f4 ,thos4 ,anstey ,guthrie ,argles1 ,mrs4 ,mrs4 ,hungerford ,audley1 ,john ,mrs4 ,e4 ,m4 ,davy ,aunt ,judy ,mrs4 ,margaret ,gatty ,b41 ,a4 ,k4 ,h4 ,a4 ,k4 ,h4 ,boyd ,b41 ,e4 ,v4 ,eleanor ,v4 ,boyle ,barker1 ,lady ,lady ,broome ,basil ,richard ,ashe ,king ,bede1 ,cuthbert ,edward ,bradley ,bell1 ,nancy ,mrs4 ,arthur ,bell ,belloc1 ,marie ,a4 ,mrs4 ,lowndes ,bickerdyke1 ,john ,c4 ,h4 ,cook ,billings1 ,josh ,henry ,w4 ,shaw ,bird1 ,isabella ,l4 ,mrs4 ,i4 ,l4 ,bishop ,blackburne1 ,e4 ,owens ,elizabeth ,casey ,boldrewood1 ,rolf ,thos4 ,a4 ,browne ,braddon1 ,m4 ,e4 ,mrs4 ,maxwell ,breitmann1 ,hans ,charles ,g4 ,leland ,brenda ,mrs4 ,castle ,smith ,buckley1 ,arabella ,b4 ,mrs4 ,fisher ,caballero1 ,fernan ,cecilia ,b4 de4 ,f4 ,arrom ,cambridge1 ,ada ,mrs4 ,g4 ,f4 ,cross ,carmen ,sylva ,elizabeth1 ,queen of ,roumania ,carroll1 ,lewis ,charles ,l4 ,dodgson ,cavendish ,henry ,jones ,cellarius ,thos4 ,w4 ,fowle ,champfleury ,jules ,f4 ,f4 ,husson-,fleury ,chester1 ,norley ,emily ,underdown ,cleeve1 ,lucas ,mrs4 ,kingscote ,collingwood1 ,harry ,wm4 ,j4 ,c4 ,lancaster ,colmore1 ,george ,mrs4 ,gertrude ,c4 ,dunn ,connor1 ,marie ,marie ,c4 ,leighton ,conway1 ,derwent ,henry ,d4 ,inglis ,conway1 ,hugh ,f4 ,j4 ,fargus ,coolidge1 ,susan ,sarah ,c4 ,woolsey ,cooper1 ,rev4 ,wm4 ,m4 ,james ,g4 ,bertram ,craddock1 ,c4 ,e4 ,mary ,n4 ,murfree ,crawley1 ,captain ,g4 ,f4 ,pardon ,cromarty1 ,deas ,mrs4 ,r4 ,a4 ,watson ,dale1 ,darley ,francesca ,m4 ,steele ,dall1 ,guillaume ,madame ,jules ,lebaudy ,d',anvers1 ,n4 ,mrs4 ,arthur ,bell ,dean1 ,mrs4 ,andrew ,mrs4 ,alfred ,sidgwick ,donovan1 ,dick ,j4 ,e4 ,muddock ,dowie1 ,mnie ,m4 ,mrs4 ,henry ,norman ,duncan1 ,sara ,j4 ,mrs4 ,everard ,cotes ,egerton1 ,george ,mrs4 ,clairmonte ,eha ,edward ,h4 ,aitken ,eliot1 ,george ,mary ,ann ,evans 7afterwards ,mrs4 ,cross7 ,elbon1 ,barbara ,leonora ,b4 ,halsted ,elizabeth1 ,charlotte ,charlotte ,e4 ,tonna ,ellis1 ,luke ,j4 ,page ,hopps ,fane1 ,violet ,lady ,philip ,currie ,farningham1 ,marianne ,mary ,a4 ,hearne ,fin ,bec ,w4 ,b4 ,jerrold ,fleming1 ,george ,julia ,c4 ,fletcher ,france1 ,anatole ,anatole ,franois ,thibault ,francis1 ,m4 ,e4 ,mrs4 ,m4 ,blundell ,free ,lance1 ,a ,f4 ,h4 ,perry ,coste ,g4 ,g4 -- ,harper ,garrett1 ,edward ,isabella ,f4 ,mayo ,gaunt1 ,mary ,mrs4 ,miller ,gerard1 ,dorothea ,mdme4 ,longard de ,longgarde ,gerard1 ,emily ,mdme4 de ,lazowski ,gift1 ,theo4 ,theodora ,boulger ,grand1 ,sarah ,mrs4 ,m',fall ,gray1 ,maxwell ,m4 ,g4 ,tuttiett ,grier1 ,sydney ,c4 ,hilda ,gregg ,grville1 ,henry ,alice ,m4 ,c4 ,durand ,grove1 ,lilly ,mrs4 ,j4 ,g4 ,frazer ,gubbins1 ,nathaniel ,edward ,spencer ,gyp ,la comtesse de ,martel de ,janville ,haliburton1 ,hugh ,j4 ,l4 ,robertson ,hall1 ,eliza ,calvert ,lina ,calvert ,obenchain ,hamst1 ,olphar ,ralph ,thomas ,hayes1 ,henry ,mrs4 ,e4 ,o4 ,kirk ,hertz-,garten1 ,theodor ,mrs4 de ,mattos ,hieover1 ,harry ,charles ,bindley ,hobbes1 ,john ,oliver ,mrs4 ,pearl ,m4 ,t4 ,craigie ,hoffman1 ,professor ,a4 ,j4 ,lewis ,holdsworth1 ,annie ,mrs4 ,e4 ,lee ,hamilton ,hope1 ,andre ,mrs4 ,harvey ,hope1 ,anthony ,anthony ,h4 ,hawkins ,hope1 ,ascott ,r4 ,robt4 ,h4 ,moncreiff ,ingoldsby1 ,thomas ,richard ,h4 ,barham ,iota ,mrs4 ,mannington ,caffyn ,iron1 ,ralph ,mrs4 ,o4 ,cronwright-,schreiner ,james1 ,croake ,james ,paterson ,janus ,johann ,j4 ,i4 von ,dllinger ,k41 ,o4 ,mdme4 ,olga ,novikoff 7ne ,kireft7 ,keith1 ,leslie ,mrs4 ,g4 ,l4 ,keith ,johnston ,kipling1 ,alice ,mrs4 ,fleming ,l41 ,l4 ,e4 ,letitia ,e4 ,mac,lean 7ne ,landon7 ,laffan1 ,may ,mrs4 ,w4 ,n4 ,hartley ,larwood1 ,jacob ,l4 ,r4 ,sadler ,law1 ,john ,miss ,m4 ,e4 ,harkness ,leander1 ,richard ,r4 ,volkmann ,lee1 ,holme ,harriet ,parr ,lee1 ,vernon ,violet ,paget ,legrand1 ,martin ,james ,rice ,lennox ,lennox ,pierson ,loti1 ,pierre ,louis ,m4 ,j4 ,viaud ,lyall1 ,edna ,ada ,e4 ,bayly ,maartens1 ,maarten ,j4 ,m4 ,w4 van der ,poorten ,schwartz ,maclaren1 ,ian ,john ,m4 ,watson ,malet1 ,lucas ,mrs4 ,m4 ,st4 ,l4 ,harrison 7ne ,kingsley7 ,manning1 ,anne ,mrs4 ,a4 ,m4 ,rathbone ,markham1 ,mrs4 ,mrs4 ,eliz4 ,penrose ,marlitt4 ,e4 ,henriette ,f4 ,c4 ,e4 ,john ,marlowe1 ,charles ,harriet ,jay ,marryat1 ,florence ,mrs4 ,f4 ,lean ,marvell1 ,ik4 ,donald ,g4 ,mitchell ,mathers1 ,helen ,mrs4 ,h4 ,reeve ,meade1 ,l4 ,t4 ,mrs4 ,toulmin ,smith ,meredith1 ,owen ,earl ,lytton ,merriman1 ,henry ,seton ,h4 ,s4 ,scott ,miller1 ,joaquin ,c4 ,h4 ,miller ,montbard1 ,g4 ,charles ,a4 ,loyes ,morice1 ,chas4 ,morice ,gerard ,morris1 ,may ,mrs4 ,sparling ,mulholland1 ,rosa ,lady ,gilbert ,nesbit1 ,e4 ,edith ,bland ,nimrod ,c4 ,j4 ,apperley ,nordau1 ,max ,m4 ,s4 ,sdfeld ,north1 ,christopher ,prof4 ,john ,wilson ,north1 ,pleydell ,mrs4 ,egerton ,eastwick ,nye1 ,bill ,e4 ,w4 ,nye ,old ,boomerang ,j4 ,r4 ,houlding ,oldcastle1 ,john ,wilfred ,meynell ,oliver1 ,pen ,sir ,henry ,thompson ,optic1 ,oliver ,wm4 ,t4 ,adams ,o',rell1 ,max4 ,paul ,blout ,otis1 ,james ,j4 ,o4 ,kaler ,ouida ,louise de la ,rame ,owen1 ,j4 ,a4 ,mrs4 ,owen ,visger ,page1 ,h4 ,a4 ,alex ,h4 ,japp ,pansy ,isabella ,m4 ,alden ,parallax ,samuel ,b4 ,robotham ,parley1 ,peter ,wm4 ,martin ,paston1 ,george ,miss ,e4 ,m4 ,symonds ,pattison1 ,mrs4 ,mark ,lady ,e4 ,f4 ,s4 ,dilke ,paull1 ,m4 ,a4 ,mrs4 ,john ,ripley ,percy1 ,sholto and ,reuben ,joseph ,c4 ,robertson and ,thomas ,byerley ,phelps1 ,eliz4 ,s4 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,d4 ,ward ,plain ,woman1 ,a ,miss ,ingham ,prevost1 ,francis ,h4 ,f4 ,p4 ,battersby ,pritchard1 ,martin ,j4 ,mrs4 ,augustus ,moore ,prout1 ,father ,f4 ,mahony ,q4 ,a4 ,t4 ,quiller ,couch ,raimond1 ,c4 ,e4 ,elisabeth ,robins ,rapier ,a4 ,e4 ,t4 ,watson ,ridley1 ,mrs4 ,edward ,lady ,alice ,ridley ,rita ,mrs4 ,w4 ,desmond ,humphreys ,rives1 ,amlie ,mrs4 ,a4 ,r4 ,chandlers ,robert 78,a ,city ,waiter07 ,john ,t4 ,bedford ,robins1 ,g4 ,m4 ,mrs4 ,l4 ,baillie ,reynolds ,robinson1 ,a4 ,mary ,f4 ,mde4 ,a4 ,m4 ,f4 ,darmesteter ,rogers1 ,halliday ,miss ,reid ,rutherford1 ,mark ,w4 ,hale ,white ,st4 ,aubyn1 ,alan ,frances ,marshall ,saint-,patrice ,james ,h4 ,hickey ,saintine1 ,x4 ,b4 de ,joseph ,h4 ,boniface ,sand1 ,george ,mde4 ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,dudevant ,scalpel1 sculapius ,edward ,berdoe ,scott1 ,leader ,lucy ,e4 ,baxter ,seafield1 ,frank ,alex4 ,h4 ,grant ,sguin1 ,l4 ,g4 ,l4 ,g4 ,strahan ,setoun1 ,gabriel ,thos4 ,n4 ,hepburn ,sharp1 ,luke ,robert ,barr ,shirley ,sir ,john ,skelton ,sigerson1 ,dora ,mrs4 ,clement ,shorter ,sketchley1 ,arthur ,geo4 ,rose ,slick1 ,sam ,t4 ,c4 ,haliburton ,son of the ,marshes1 ,a ,denham ,jordan ,son of the ,soil1 ,a ,j4 ,s4 ,fletcher ,spinner1 ,alice ,mrs4 ,fraser ,stendhal1 ,m4 de ,marie ,henri ,beyle ,stepniak1 ,s4 ,s4 ,m4 ,kravchinsky ,stonehenge ,john ,h4 ,walsh ,strathesk1 ,john ,john ,tod ,stretton1 ,hesba ,hannah ,smith ,stuart1 ,esm ,miss ,leroy ,swan1 ,annie ,s4 ,mrs4 ,burnett ,smith ,tasma ,madam ,j4 ,couvreur ,thanet1 ,octave ,alice ,french ,thomas1 ,annie ,mrs4 ,pender ,cudlip ,thorne1 ,whyte ,richard ,whiteing ,tomson1 ,graham ,r4 ,rosamund ,m4 ,watson ,travers1 ,graham ,margt4 ,g4 ,todd ,turner1 ,ethel ,mrs4 ,h4 ,r4 ,curlewis ,twain1 ,mark ,samuel ,l4 ,clemens ,tynan1 ,katharine ,mrs4 ,h4 ,a4 ,hinkson ,tytler1 ,sarah ,henrietta ,keddie ,uncle ,remus ,joel ,c4 ,harris ,vivaria1 ,kassandra ,mrs4 ,m4 ,heinemann ,walker1 ,patricius ,wm4 ,allingham ,wallis1 ,a4 ,s4 ,c4 ,miss ,opzoomer ,wanderer ,e4 ,h4 d',avigdor ,ward1 ,artemus ,chas4 ,f4 ,browne ,warden1 ,florence ,mrs4 ,florence ,james ,waters ,wm4 ,russell ,webb1 ,mrs4 ,mrs4 ,webb ,peploe ,wells1 ,charles ,j4 ,h4 ,l4 ,howard ,werner1 ,e4 ,elisabeth ,brstenbinder ,wetherell1 ,eliz4 ,susan ,warner ,wharton1 ,grace and ,philip ,john ,c4 and ,katharine ,thomson ,whitby1 ,beatrice ,mrs4 ,philip ,hicks ,wiggin1 ,kate ,d4 ,mrs4 ,j4 ,c4 ,rigg ,wilcox1 ,e4 ,g4 ,mrs4 ,egerton ,allen ,winchester1 ,m4 ,e4 ,m4 ,e4 ,whatham ,winter1 ,john ,strange ,mrs4 ,h4 ,e4 ,v4 ,stannard ,worboise1 ,emma ,j4 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,guyton ,yorke1 ,curtis ,mrs4 ,s4 ,richmond ,lee ,z4 ,z4 ,louis ,zangwill ,zack ,gwendoline ,keats ,,appendix ,d4 ,explanations of some of the ,marks used in ,correcting ,proof4 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,it is not possible to give some of these marks in plain text2 they are substituted with symbol4 ,refer to the ,,html version for an illustration4 symbol ,delete2 to remove a letter or word not wanted4 l4c4 ,lower case2 to be a small letter1 and not a capital4 cap4 ,capital2 to be a capital letter1 and not a small4 w4f4 ,wrong fount2 the letter is not the same type as the rest4 trs4 ,transpose2 to alter the position of a line or word4 symbol ,marks a broken letter4 ,space to be inserted4 ,a hyphen to be inserted4 symbol ,a dash to be inserted4 symbol ,a full stop to be inserted4 symbol ,to join a word which it is not intended to divide4 symbol ,a quadrat1 or some other piece not wanted1 to be made not to print4 ,indent4 ,to set back the line to the place marked4 ,gauge4 ,to bring up an indented line to the place marked4 symbol ,to straighten a line which has been wrongly or leaded perpendicularly or has something symbol making the line crooked horizontally4 symbol ,marks a letter which has been turned upside down or otherwise4 ,stet4 ,a word marked through by mistake and to be retained is underlined with dots 444444444 and 8stet0 written in the margin4 ,illustration3 ,specimen ,page showing ,marked ,proof4 ,illustration3 ,specimen ,page ,corrected4 ,,appendix ,e4 ,a list of the principal subject-headings for a dictionary catalogue of an average general library1 with references and cross-references1 excepting to geographical headings4 ,biographical subject-headings are not included4 ,the reference 8,see0 implies that the heading from which it refers must not be used as it is synonymous4 ,a more exhaustive list with a fuller series of references from greater to lesser and related divisions of subjects 7i4e41 8see alsos107 will be found in the ,list of subject headings for use in dictionary catalogues1 prepared by a ,committee of the ,american ,library ,association4 ,boston 7,library ,bureau71 #ahie4 ,abbeys ,abraham ,abyssinia ,acoustics4 ,see ,sound ,acting ,actors ,see also ,drama and the names of actors ,acts of the ,apostles ,admirals ronautics4 ,see ,ballooning sthetics ,afghanistan ,africa ,generally ,north ,west ,east and ,central 7or ,equatorial7 ,south ,agnosticism ,agriculture ,see also ,land1 ,soils ,air ,see also ,meteorology1 ,pneumatics ,alaska ,albania ,alcohol ,alg ,algebra ,algeria and ,algiers ,alloys ,almanacs ,alphabets ,alps1 ,the ,alsace-,lorraine ,amazon1 ,river ,america ,north ,central ,south ,america1 ,united ,states of4 ,see ,united ,states ,american ,indians ,amusements ,see also ,games ,anatomy ,human ,comparative ,see also ,embryology1 ,osteology1 ,physiology ,artistic ,andes1 ,the ,anecdotes ,angling4 ,see ,fishing ,anglo-,saxon language and literature ,anglo-,saxons ,animal intelligence ,see also ,instinct ,animal locomotion ,animal magnetism ,animals ,animals1 ,natural history of4 ,see ,zoology ,annelida4 ,see ,worms ,antarctic ,regions ,anthropology4 ,see ,man ,antiquities 7,generally only74 ,see also the names of countries and places for national or local antiquities ,ants ,apes ,aphorisms ,apocrypha ,see also ,bible ,apostles1 ,the ,apostles' ,creed ,aquaria ,see also ,pond ,life ,arabia ,arachnida4 ,see ,spiders ,archology1 ,pre-historic ,see also ,antiquities ,archery ,architecture ,generally 7including periodicals and transactions7 ,classical ,ecclesiastical ,monumental ,domestic 7or otherwise according to material and requirements7 ,arctic ,regions ,see also ,north-,east ,passage1 ,north-,west ,passage ,ardennes1 ,the ,argentina ,arithmetic ,armenia ,arminianism ,arms and armour ,arms1 ,coats of4 ,see ,heraldry ,army1 ,british ,see also the names or numbers of ,regiments as ,royal ,artillery1 #bast ,lancers ,art ,general ,historical ,treatises ,see also ,architecture1 ,christian ,art1 ,painting1 ,sculpture ,art1 ,ornamental4 ,see ,ornament ,artillery ,artists ,see also ,painters1 ,sculptors ,arts1 ,industrial ,aryans ,ashantee ,asia ,generally ,western ,central ,eastern ,asia ,minor ,assyria ,see also ,nineveh ,astrology ,astronomers ,astronomy ,see also ,moon1 ,sun1 and the names of planets ,athanasian ,creed ,atheism ,see also ,scepticism ,athens ,athletics ,see also ,exercise1 ,gymnastics ,atlantic ,ocean ,atlases ,atonement1 ,the4 ,see ,christ ,australasia ,australia ,generally ,southern ,western ,austria ,authors ,babylon ,bacteria ,bahamas1 ,the ,balkans1 ,the ,ballads4 ,see ,songs and ,ballads ,ballooning ,baltic1 ,the ,banking ,bankruptcy ,baptism ,barbadoes ,barbary ,bashan ,baths and bathing ,battles ,bees ,beetles ,belgium ,belief ,see also ,scepticism ,bells ,bengal ,berlin ,bermudas1 ,the ,bible ,the ,text ,concordances ,dictionaries ,commentaries ,expositions ,authenticity ,inspiration ,history ,antiquities ,miscellaneous ,bible and science ,bibliography4 ,see ,books ,bicycling4 ,see ,cycling ,billiards ,bimetallism ,biography 7,general7 ,see also under the names of classes1 as ,actors1 ,authors1 and the names of individuals ,biology ,see also ,botany1 ,evolution1 ,heredity1 ,zoology ,birds ,see also ,eggs1 and the names of birds1 as ,hummingbirds ,birds1 ,cage ,see also ,canaries1 ,parrots ,bishops ,black ,forest ,black ,sea ,blind1 ,the ,boating ,sailing ,rowing ,boilers ,book illustration4 ,see ,illustration ,book of ,common ,prayer4 ,see ,prayer ,book ,bookbinding ,book-keeping ,book-plates 7ex libris7 ,books ,boots and shoes ,borneo ,bosnia ,boston1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,botany ,text-books ,economic ,british 7and other countries as needed7 ,habits1 fertilization ,periodicals ,see also ,alg1 ,ferns1 ,fungi1 ,grasses1 ,mosses1 ,palontology1 ,trees ,boxing ,boys ,brahmanism ,brain1 ,the ,brass founding ,brazil ,bread ,brewing ,brickwork ,bridges ,britain1 ,ancient ,see also ,anglo-,saxons1 ,english ,history ,british ,columbia ,british ,empire ,see also ,colonies ,british ,isles ,british ,museum ,brittany ,broads1 ,the ,bryology4 ,see ,mosses ,buccaneers ,buddha and ,buddhism ,building ,bulgaria ,burmah ,business ,butterflies ,byzantine ,empire ,cabinet making ,see also ,furniture ,cage-birds4 ,see ,birds 7,cage7 ,calculus 7,mathematics7 ,california ,calvinism ,cambridge and the ,university ,canada ,history ,description and social life ,politics and miscellaneous ,canals ,canaries ,candles ,canon law ,canterbury ,cape ,colony ,capital ,see also ,labour ,capital punishment ,card playing4 ,see also ,whist ,caricature ,carpentry and joinery ,see also ,handrailing ,carthage ,cashmere ,caspian ,sea ,castles ,see also the names of castles ,cathedrals ,see also the names of cathedrals ,catholic emancipation ,cats ,cattle ,caucasus ,celts1 ,the ,cements ,cetacea ,see also ,whales ,ceylon ,chalda ,chance4 ,see ,probabilities ,channel ,islands ,character ,cheirosophy4 ,see ,hand ,chelsea ,chemistry ,history ,general ,inorganic ,organic ,analysis1 special and miscellaneous ,periodicals and societies ,cheshire ,chess ,children ,chili ,china ,history ,description and social life ,politics ,religions and missions ,china painting ,chivalry ,christ4 ,sub-divide as necessary into divisions1 as ,lives ,teaching ,divinity ,incarnation ,resurrection ,the ,atonement ,christian art ,christian ,church4 ,see ,church4 ,christian evidences4 ,see ,christianity4 ,christian unity ,christianity ,history ,evidences ,miscellaneous ,see also ,church history ,chronicles ,chronology ,church1 ,the ,church history4 ,sub-divide into epochs if required4 ,church history ,see also the names of particular churches and countries4 ,church of ,england ,history ,polity1 ritual1 c4 ,see also ,disestablishment1 ,oxford movement1 ,prayer ,book ,church and ,state ,church music4 7,as subject only47 ,see also ,music ,churches 7i4e41 generally1 not particular sects7 ,civil ,war1 ,the 7#afdb-di7 ,civil ,service ,civilisation ,classical geography4 ,see ,geography ,clergy4 ,see also ,preachers ,climate ,climbing mountains4 ,see ,mountaineering ,clocks4 ,see ,watches and clocks ,clothing ,clouds ,coach-building ,coaching ,coal1 ,coal-mining ,coins and medals ,coleoptera4 ,see ,beetles ,collieries4 ,see ,coal ,colonies1 ,british4 ,see also the names of colonies ,colour ,comets ,commandments1 ,the ,commerce4 ,see also ,free trade ,commons1 ,house of4 ,see ,parliament ,commonwealth1 ,the ,see also ,cromwell ,communism ,companies1 ,commercial ,comparative anatomy4 ,see ,anatomy ,composers4 ,see ,musicians ,conchology4 ,see ,shells ,confectionery ,confucius and ,confucianism ,congo1 ,the ,congregationalism ,conic sections ,conjuring ,conscience ,conservatism ,constantinople ,consumption ,conversation ,conversion ,cookery ,co-operation ,corals and coral-reefs ,corea ,corinthians1 ,epistles to the ,corn laws ,cornwall ,corsica ,costume ,cotton ,country life ,creation ,creeds ,cremation ,cricket ,crime ,crimean ,war ,criminal law ,criticism1 ,literary ,crusades ,crustacea ,cryptogamia4 ,see also ,alg1 ,ferns1 ,fungi1 ,mosses ,crystallography ,cuba ,culture ,see also ,education ,cumberland ,curves ,customs4 ,see ,manners and customs ,cycling ,cyprus ,dairy1 ,the ,dancing ,daniel the ,prophet ,darwinism4 ,see also ,evolution ,david ,deafness ,death ,decoration4 ,see ,ornament ,deer ,deism ,democracy ,denmark ,dentistry ,derbyshire ,descent4 ,see ,evolution ,design4 ,see ,ornament ,devil1 ,the ,devonshire ,diamonds ,diatoms ,diet4 ,see ,food ,digestion ,disease4 ,see also ,medicine ,disestablishment ,divorce4 ,see ,marriage law ,doctors ,doctrine ,dogs ,domestic economy4 ,see also ,cookery1 ,dressmaking1 ,needlework1 ,washing ,dorsetshire ,drainage ,see also ,hygiene1 ,plumbing ,drama1 ,the ,dramatists ,drawing and sketching4 ,see also ,illustration1 ,perspective ,dreams ,dress4 ,see ,costume ,dressmaking ,drink1 ,intoxicating4 ,see ,temperance question ,driving ,dublin ,duelling ,durham ,dyeing ,dynamics ,see also ,mechanics1 ,hydrostatics1 ,pneumatics ,dynamos ,ear1 ,the ,see also ,deafness ,earth1 ,the ,earthquakes4 ,see also ,volcanoes ,east1 ,the ,see also the names of ,eastern countries ,eastern ,empires1 ,ancient4 ,see ,history1 ,ancient ,eastern ,question1 ,the ,ecclesiastical architecture4 ,see ,architecture ,ecclesiastical history4 ,see ,church history ,echinoderms ,economics4 ,see ,political economy ,edinburgh ,education4 ,see also ,culture1 ,kindergarten1 ,mind1 ,schools1 ,teaching1 ,technical education ,eggs1 ,birds' ,egypt4 ,ancient4 7,sub-divide3 ,art4 ,antiquities1 inscriptions and language4 ,history4 ,religion7 ,medival ,modern4 7,sub-divide as required47 ,see also ,soudan ,elections ,electric lighting ,electrical engineering4 ,see also ,dynamos ,electricians ,electricity and magnetism ,electro-metallurgy4 ,see ,metallurgy ,electro-plating ,elijah the ,prophet ,elocution4 ,see also ,recitations ,emblems ,embroidery ,embryology ,emigration ,emotions1 ,the ,enamels ,encyclopdias ,energy ,engineering ,general ,civil ,mechanical ,marine ,see also ,electrical engineering1 ,gas engines1 ,locomotive engine1 ,machinery1 ,steam engine1 ,strength of materials ,engineers ,england ,description ,social life ,see also the names of counties and of towns ,english composition ,english ,constitution ,see also ,english history 7,constitutional7 ,english history ,general 7,divide into epochs as may be deemed expedient7 ,for the histories of particular reigns see under the names of monarchs ,constitutional ,ecclesiastical ,see also ,church of ,england1 and the names of denominations ,social and ,industrial ,english language ,history ,dictionaries ,grammar ,english literature ,history and manuals ,miscellaneous ,engraving ,wood and metal ,see also ,etching1 ,process ,entomology ,ephesus ,epigrams ,eschatology4 ,see ,future state ,essays ,for ,essays upon particular subjects or with specific titles see the names of those subjects and titles4 ,works with the general title of 8,essays0 will be found under the names of the following authors3--7,then give list of authors7 ,etching ,ethics ,ethnology4 ,see ,man ,etiquette ,eton ,etruria ,euclid ,europe ,history ,descriptive ,politics ,evil ,evolution ,see also ,biology1 ,creation1 ,heredity ,exercise1 ,physical4 ,see ,gymnastics ,expression ,see also ,emotions1 ,physiognomy ,eye1 ,the ,see also ,sight ,fables ,factories ,fair trade4 ,see ,free trade ,fairy tales ,see also ,folk lore ,faith ,family1 ,the ,fanaticism ,farming4 ,see ,agriculture ,farriery ,fathers1 ,the ,fenianism ,fermentation ,ferns ,feudalism ,fever ,fiction 7,n4,b4--,this heading is for books upon fiction as subject only7 ,fiji ,fine arts4 ,see ,art ,fish ,fisheries ,fishing 7including ,angling7 ,see also the names of sporting fishes1 as ,salmon1 ,trout ,flags 7i4e41 ,standards1 colours1 signals1 c47 ,florence ,flour ,flower painting4 ,see ,painting ,flowers ,folk lore ,general ,local ,special ,folk songs ,food ,see also ,cookery ,football ,foraminifera ,forestry ,formosa ,fossils4 ,see ,palontology ,france ,history ,see also ,franco-,german ,war1 ,french ,revolution1 and the names of ,french monarchs ,description and social life4 ,see also the names of ,french provinces and places ,politics ,miscellaneous ,franchise ,see also ,women's suffrage ,franco-,german ,war1 #ahgj-ga ,free thought ,free trade question ,free will ,freemasonry ,french art4 ,see ,art ,french language ,french literature ,french polishing ,french ,revolution1 ,the ,fret-cutting ,friendly societies ,friends1 ,society of 78,quakers07 ,frogs ,fruit ,fuel ,fungi ,furniture ,future state ,gambling ,games and sports 7generally7 ,see also the names of games1 as ,billiards1 ,chess1 ,cricket1 c4 ,gardening ,gas engines ,gas lighting ,gases ,gems4 ,see ,precious stones ,genealogy ,genesis1 ,book of ,see also ,pentateuch ,genius ,geography ,ancient ,modern ,commercial ,see also ,atlases and the names of continents and countries ,geography1 ,physical4 ,see ,physiography ,geological ,survey of the ,u4,k4 ,maps ,memoirs ,other publications ,geology ,general and miscellaneous ,periodicals and societies ,local ,see also ,ice age1 ,palontology1 ,physiography ,geometry ,see also ,euclid ,german language ,german literature ,germany ,history ,description and social life ,politics ,miscellaneous ,ghosts ,gilds ,gipsies ,girls ,glaciers ,see also ,ice age ,glasgow ,glass ,gloucestershire ,god ,see also ,christ1 ,holy ,spirit1 ,revelation ,gold ,gold and silver work ,golf ,gorillas ,gospels1 ,the ,gothic architecture4 ,see ,architecture ,goths1 ,the ,government ,general ,special ,utopias ,see also ,democracy1 ,local government1 ,politics ,grammar1 ,english4 ,see ,english language ,grasses ,great ,britain ,descriptive1 etc4 ,see also ,england1 ,scotland1 ,wales ,great ,britain and ,ireland4 ,see ,british ,isles ,greece1 ,ancient ,history ,antiquities and art ,mythology ,greece1 ,modern ,greek language ,greek literature and philosophy ,greenland ,guiana ,guilds4 ,see ,gilds ,gunnery4 ,see ,artillery ,gunpowder ,plot1 ,the ,gymnastics and physical exercise ,hair1 ,the ,hampshire ,hampton ,court ,palace ,hand1 ,the ,handrailing and staircasing ,harbours ,harmony4 ,see ,music ,harrow ,harvard ,university1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,hawaii4 ,see ,sandwich ,islands ,hayti ,health4 ,see ,hygiene ,health resorts ,heat ,heaven ,hebrew language ,hebrew religion1 ,hebrews4 ,see ,jews ,hebrews1 ,epistle to the ,hebrides1 ,the ,hell ,heraldry ,herculaneum ,heredity ,herefordshire ,hertfordshire ,hieroglyphics ,see also ,egypt 7,ancient7 ,himalayas1 ,the ,hinduism ,hindustani language ,histology ,history ,universal ,ancient ,modern ,miscellaneous ,for national histories see under the names of countries and peoples ,history of ,england4 ,see ,english history ,hittites1 ,the ,hoisting machinery ,holland4 7,sub-divide as required7 ,holy ,land4 ,see ,palestine ,holy ,spirit1 ,the ,homopathy ,horses ,see also ,driving1 ,farriery1 ,hunting1 ,racing1 ,riding ,horticulture4 ,see ,gardening ,hospitals ,house decoration ,house painting ,hudson's ,bay ,territory ,huguenots1 ,the ,human species4 ,see ,man ,humour4 ,see ,wit ,hungary ,hunting and hunting adventures ,hydraulics ,hydropathy ,hydrophobia ,hydrostatics ,hygiene ,hymenoptera ,see also ,ants1 ,bees1 ,wasps ,hymns ,hypnotism ,see also ,animal magnetism1 ,mesmerism ,ice age1 ,the ,iceland ,ichthyology4 ,see ,fish ,illuminating ,illusions ,illustration ,see also ,engraving ,imagination ,immortality ,imperial federation4 ,see ,colonies1 ,british ,incarnation1 ,the4 ,see ,christ ,indexing ,india ,history ,see also ,indian ,mutiny ,description and social life ,see also ,bengal1 ,himalayas1 ,parsees ,natural history ,religions and missions ,see also ,hinduism1 ,mohammedanism ,miscellaneous ,india1 ,languages of4 ,see ,hindustani1 ,pali1 ,sanskrit ,indian ,mutiny1 ,the ,individualism ,indo-,china4 ,see ,malay ,peninsula ,industrial ,arts4 ,see ,arts1 ,industrial ,industrial remuneration4 ,see ,wages ,industry4 ,see ,labour ,infection ,infidelity ,see also ,scepticism ,infusoria ,inquisition1 ,the ,insanity ,insects ,see also ,ants1 ,bees1 ,beetles1 ,butterflies1 ,moths ,instinct ,insurance ,intellect4 ,see ,mind ,intemperance4 ,see ,temperance question ,international law4 ,see ,law ,invertebrates ,ireland ,history ,description and social life ,art1 literature1 and folk lore ,politics and religion ,miscellaneous ,irish language ,iron and steel ,ironwork ,isaiah ,islam4 ,see ,mohammedanism ,israel4 ,see ,jews ,italian language ,italian literature ,italy ,history ,description and social life ,see also ,florence1 ,venice ,miscellaneous ,jacob 7,patriarch7 ,jacobite ,rebellion1 ,the ,jamaica ,japan ,art and industries ,description and social life ,religions and missions ,java ,jeremiah 7,prophet7 ,jerusalem ,jesuits ,jews ,history ,religion ,political position ,job1 ,book of ,john1 ,st41 ,gospel of ,joseph ,joshua1 ,book of ,judges1 ,book of ,jupiter 7,planet7 ,jurisprudence4 ,see ,law ,justification ,kashmir4 ,see ,cashmere ,kensington ,kent ,khiva ,kindergarten ,kings ,kings1 ,books of ,knighthood ,koran ,see also ,mohammed ,kurdistan ,labour question ,labrador ,lace ,lake ,district1 ,english ,lake dwellings ,lambeth ,palace ,lancashire ,lancaster and ,york1 ,houses of ,land question ,language ,see also under the names of languages4 ,lapland ,latin language ,latin literature ,latter-day saints4 ,see ,mormonism ,law ,theoretical ,history ,general and administrative ,international ,see also the law of special subjects1 as ,criminal1 ,labour1 ,licensing1 and of special countries ,lawn tennis ,leather ,see also ,tanning ,leicestershire ,lepidoptera4 ,see ,butterflies1 ,moths ,letter painting ,see also ,alphabets ,letter-writing ,letters1 ,miscellaneous and collected4 ,see under authors' names ,liberalism ,liberty ,general ,of conscience ,of the subject ,liberty of the press4 ,see ,newspapers ,liberty1 ,religious4 ,see ,religious liberty ,libraries ,licensing ,lichens ,life ,see also ,biology ,lifeboats ,light ,lighthouses ,lighting ,see also ,electric light1 ,gas lighting ,limes1 ,cements ,liquor traffic4 ,see ,temperance question ,literature 7,general and miscellaneous only7 ,see also the names of literatures1 as ,english1 ,french1 c4 ,liturgies ,liverpool ,local government ,locomotion1 ,animal4 ,see ,animal locomotion ,locomotive engine ,logarithms ,logic ,london ,history ,description ,religious life ,social life ,government ,miscellaneous ,environs ,see also the names of parishes1 as ,chelsea1 ,clerkenwell1 ,westminster1 and of institutions and places1 as ,british ,museum1 ,hyde ,park1 ,st4 ,paul's ,cathedral ,longevity ,lord's ,prayer1 ,the ,lord's ,supper1 ,the ,louisiana ,lourdes ,love ,luke1 ,st41 ,gospel of ,lungs1 ,the ,machinery and millwork ,see also ,engineering1 ,mechanics ,madagascar ,madeira ,magnetism4 ,see ,electricity ,mahomet4 ,see ,mohammed ,malay ,archipelago ,malay ,peninsular ,malta ,mammalia ,man ,man1 ,isle of ,manchester ,manitoba ,manners and customs ,see also ,folk lore ,manual training ,manufactures 7,generally only7 ,see also under the names of particular manufactures ,maori ,land4 ,see ,new ,zealand ,maps4 ,see ,atlases and the names of places ,marine engineering4 ,see ,engineering 7,marine7 ,marine insurance ,maritime law ,mark1 ,st41 ,gospel of ,marriage ,marriage law ,mars 7,planet7 ,martyrs ,mary1 ,the ,virgin ,masai-,land ,mashonaland ,masonry4 ,see ,stone ,mass1 ,the4 ,see ,lord's ,supper ,massage ,masses4 ,see ,music ,materialism ,mathematics ,see also ,algebra1 ,arithmetic1 ,calculus1 ,conic sections1 ,equations1 ,euclid1 ,geometry1 ,logarithms1 ,mensuration ,matter ,matthew1 ,st41 ,gospel of ,maxims ,measures4 ,see ,weights and measures ,mechanical engineering4 ,see ,engineering1 ,machinery ,mechanics ,see also ,hydrostatics1 ,pneumatics ,mechanism4 ,see ,machinery ,medals4 ,see ,coins and medals ,medicine ,see also ,disease1 ,homopathy1 ,surgery ,mediterranean1 ,the ,melanesia ,mensuration ,mesmerism ,metal work ,see also ,ironwork ,metallurgy ,metaphysics4 ,see ,mind ,meteorology ,methodism4 ,see ,wesleyan ,methodism ,mexico ,michigan ,microbes ,see also ,bacteria ,microscope1 ,the1 and microscopic life ,middle ,ages1 ,the ,middlesex ,midian ,milk ,millennium1 ,the ,millwork4 ,see ,machinery ,mind ,mineralogy ,mining ,see also ,coal ,minnesota ,miracle plays ,miracles ,missions ,mohammed ,mohammedanism ,mollusca ,see also ,shells ,monasticism ,see also ,nuns ,money ,see also ,banking1 ,bimetallism1 ,capital ,mongolia ,monkeys ,monks4 ,see ,monasticism ,montana ,monuments ,moon1 ,the ,moral philosophy4 ,see ,ethics ,mormonism ,morocco ,morphology ,moses ,see also ,genesis1 ,pentateuch ,mosses ,moths ,mountaineering ,see also ,alps ,mountains ,muscles ,museums ,music ,history ,miscellaneous literature ,dictionaries ,theory 7including ,sol-fa7 ,singing ,instrumental ,instruments 7,instruction and practice7 ,instrumental for organ ,instrumental for pianoforte ,instrumental for violin1 c4 ,vocal ,oratorios1 cantatas1 anthems1 masses1 c4 ,operas 7vocal scores7 ,songs1 with music ,musical instruments ,see also the names of instruments1 as ,organ1 ,pianoforte1 ,violin 7,note4--,music for particular instruments goes under 8,music0 in its sub-division1 but historical works or upon the making of instruments are distributed under the names of instruments throughout the catalogue7 ,musicians ,mysticism ,mythology ,see also ,folk lore ,names1 ,personal ,names of places4 ,see ,place-names ,naples ,natal ,national ,gallery1 ,the ,natural history of animals4 ,see ,zoology ,natural history ,see also ,biology1 ,botany1 ,microscope1 ,zoology ,natural philosophy4 ,see ,physics ,natural theology4 ,see ,theology ,navies ,navigation and seamanship ,navy1 ,british ,history ,description and administration ,needlework ,negro1 ,the ,nehemiah1 ,book of ,nerves ,netherlands1 ,the ,nevada ,new ,church1 ,the4 ,see ,swedenborgianism ,new ,england ,new ,forest1 ,the ,new ,guinea ,new ,mexico ,new ,south ,wales ,new ,testament ,commentaries and illustrative works ,critical ,miscellaneous ,see also the names of the gospels1 epistles1 c4 ,new ,york 7,city7 ,new ,zealand ,newfoundland ,newgate ,gaol ,newspapers ,niagara ,nicaragua ,nile1 ,the ,see also ,egypt1 ,soudan ,nineveh ,nonconformity ,norfolk ,norman ,conquest1 ,the ,normandy ,normans1 ,the ,north-,east ,passage ,north-,west ,passage ,norway ,nottinghamshire ,numismatics4 ,see ,coins and medals ,nursing 7,invalid7 ,nursing of children4 ,see ,children ,oceania4 ,see ,malay ,archipelago1 ,pacific ,ocean ,ohio ,oils ,old ,testament1 ,the4 7,sub-divide as ,new ,testament7 ,see also under the names of the various books of the ,o4 ,t4 ,ontario ,oology4 ,see ,eggs 7,birds'7 ,operas1 with music4 ,see ,music ,opium ,optics4 ,see ,sight ,orchids ,oregon ,organ1 ,the ,ornament and design ,ornithology4 ,see ,birds ,osteology ,oxford ,city ,oxford ,movement1 ,the ,oxford ,university ,oxfordshire ,pacific ,ocean and ,islands ,paganism ,painters ,see also ,artists ,painting ,historical and critical ,theory ,painting1 ,house4 ,see ,house painting ,painting1 ,oil ,painting1 ,water-colour ,general ,landscape and marine ,flowers and trees ,figure and animals ,paints ,palography ,palontology ,general ,palobotany ,palozoology ,palestine ,palmyra ,pamirs1 ,the ,pantheism ,papacy1 ,the4 ,see ,popes1 ,roman ,catholicism ,paper ,parables1 ,the ,paraguay ,parasites ,paris ,parliamentary representation ,parrots ,parsees ,parthenon1 ,the ,pastimes4 ,see ,games ,patagonia ,patents ,pathology4 ,see ,disease1 ,medicine ,pattern-making ,paul1 ,st4 ,peace question ,see also ,war ,pedigrees4 ,see ,genealogy ,peerages ,peninsular ,war1 ,the ,pennsylvania ,pensions1 ,old age ,pentateuch1 ,the ,persia ,perspective ,see also ,projection ,peru ,pessimism ,peter1 ,st4 ,petrology4 ,see ,rocks ,petroleum ,philippines1 ,the ,philology4 ,see ,language ,philosophy ,histories ,general and miscellaneous ,see also ,eclecticism1 ,ethics1 ,logic1 ,mind1 ,pessimism ,phnicia ,phonetics ,phonography ,instruction books ,works in phonography ,photography ,photography1 ,rntgen ,phrenology ,physical education4 ,see ,gymnastics ,physical geography4 ,see ,physiography ,physicians4 ,see ,doctors ,physics ,see also ,dynamics1 ,electricity1 ,heat1 ,hydrostatics1 ,light1 ,mechanics1 ,pneumatics1 ,sound ,physiognomy ,physiology ,see also ,anatomy1 ,biology1 ,histology ,pianoforte1 ,the ,pianoforte music4 ,see ,music ,pigeons ,pigs ,pilgrim ,fathers1 ,the ,place-names ,plants4 ,see ,botany ,plata ,river ,plate ,platinotype4 ,see ,photography ,plays4 ,see ,drama ,plumbing ,see also ,drainage1 ,sanitation ,pneumatics ,poems4 ,poetical works4 ,for works bearing these general titles see the following names 7,poems with specific titles will be found under those titles and the authors' names73 ,poetry 7,anthologies7 ,poets and poetry ,poisons ,poland ,polar ,regions4 ,see ,arctic ,regions ,police ,political economy ,see also ,capital1 ,commerce1 ,free trade1 ,government1 ,labour1 ,land1 ,money1 ,poor1 ,population1 ,prices1 ,property1 ,taxation1 ,wages ,politics ,polynesia4 ,see ,pacific ,ocean and ,islands ,polyzoa ,pompeii ,pond life ,poor and poor relief ,see also ,pensions ,popes1 ,the ,see also the names of popes as ,pius ,,ix41 ,leo ,,xiii4 ,population ,port-,royal ,portraits ,portugal ,positivism ,post ,office1 ,the ,pottery ,prayer ,prayer ,book1 ,the ,prayers ,preachers and preaching ,precious metals ,precious stones ,predestination ,see also ,calvinism ,prehistoric man4 ,see ,man ,presbyterians ,prices ,priests4 ,see ,clergy ,printing ,prisons ,probabilities ,progress ,projection ,pronunciation ,property ,prophecy ,protection4 ,see ,free trade question ,protestantism ,provence ,proverbs ,proverbs1 ,book of ,psalms1 ,the ,psychology4 ,see ,mind ,pugilism4 ,see ,boxing ,purgatory ,puritans1 ,the ,pyramids1 ,the ,pyrenees ,quakers4 ,see ,friends1 ,society of ,quantities 7,building7 ,queens ,queensland ,quotations ,racing1 ,horse ,railways ,see also the names of railways1 as ,great ,northern ,rain ,rating4 ,see ,taxation ,rationalism ,reciprocity4 ,see ,free trade question ,recitations ,recreations4 ,see ,games ,red ,sea1 ,the ,reform ,reformation1 ,the ,religion ,see also ,revelation ,religion and science ,religions ,see also the names of religions1 as ,christianity1 ,buddhism ,religious liberty ,religious thought ,renaissance1 ,the ,repouss4 ,see ,metal work ,representation4 ,see ,parliamentary representation ,reptiles ,see also ,frogs1 ,snakes ,resurrection1 ,the4 ,see ,christ ,resurrection of the dead ,revelation ,revelation1 ,book of ,revolution1 ,the1 #afhh ,rhetoric ,rhine1 ,the ,rhodesia ,see also ,mashonaland1 ,matabeleland ,riding ,rings ,ritualism ,rituals4 ,see ,liturgies ,rivers ,see also the names of rivers ,riviera1 ,the ,rocks ,rocky ,mountains ,roman ,catholicism ,roman law ,romance ,romances ,romans1 ,epistle to the ,rome1 ,ancient ,history ,antiquities ,miscellaneous ,rome1 ,medieval and ,modern ,roofs ,roses ,roumania ,rowing4 ,see ,boating ,royal ,academy of ,arts ,royal ,navy4 ,see ,navy ,royal ,society of ,london ,russia ,history ,description and social life ,churches and religious life ,government and politics ,miscellaneous ,russian language ,rye ,house ,plot ,sabbath1 ,christian4 ,see ,sunday ,sacraments ,see also ,baptism1 ,lord's ,supper ,sailing4 ,see ,boating1 ,yachting ,sailors ,st4 ,albans ,st4 ,paul's ,cathedral ,st4 ,petersburg ,saints ,salmon ,salt ,salvation ,samoa ,sandwich ,islands ,sanitation4 ,see ,drainage1 ,hygiene1 ,plumbing1 ,sewage ,sanscrit language ,saracens1 ,the ,scandinavia ,scepticism ,schools ,science 7,general and miscellaneous only7 ,science and religion4 ,see ,religion and science ,scotland ,history ,description and social life ,language1 literature1 and folk lore ,miscellaneous ,scotland1 ,church of ,screw propeller ,scriptures1 ,the4 ,see ,bible ,sculptors ,sculpture ,sea1 ,the ,sea-weeds4 ,see ,alg ,seals 7,animals7 ,seals 7,personal1 c47 ,seamanship4 ,see ,navigation ,secularism ,semites1 ,the ,senses1 ,the ,sepulchral monuments4 ,see ,monuments ,sermons ,for collections of sermons by various authors see their names4 ,volumes of sermons with specific titles or on definite subjects will be found under those titles and subjects ,servia ,sewage ,shan ,states ,sheep ,shells ,see also ,mollusca ,ships and shipping ,see also ,navy1 ,sailors1 ,steamships ,shipwrecks ,shorthand ,see also ,phonography ,siam ,siberia ,sicily ,sight ,silk ,silver ,sin ,sinai ,singing4 ,see ,music 7,singing7 ,skating ,sketching4 ,see ,drawing ,skin1 ,the ,slavery ,sleep ,smoking ,soap ,socialism ,sociology ,soils ,solomon ,islands ,somali-land ,song birds4 ,see ,birds ,songs and ballads ,songs with music4 ,see ,music 7,songs7 ,soudan1 ,the ,soul1 ,the ,sound ,south ,africa4 ,see ,africa1 ,south ,south ,kensington ,museum ,south ,sea4 ,see ,pacific ,ocean ,spain ,history ,description1 c4 ,miscellaneous ,spanish ,armada1 #aehh ,spanish language ,speaking4 ,see ,voice ,spectrum analysis ,speech4 ,see ,elocution1 ,voice ,speeches 7,collections only7 ,for speeches by particular persons see under their names ,spiders ,spinning ,spiritualism ,sporting adventures4 ,see ,hunting ,sports4 ,see ,games ,stage1 ,the4 ,see ,drama ,stars4 ,see ,astronomy ,statesmen ,statics ,statistics ,steam ,steam engine ,steamships ,steel4 ,see ,iron and steel ,stone and stonemasonry ,strains4 ,see ,strength of materials ,stratford-upon-,avon ,strength ,strength of materials ,stuarts1 ,the ,style 7,literary7 ,sugar ,suicide ,sun1 ,the ,sunday ,supernatural1 ,the ,see also ,ghosts1 ,spiritualism ,superstition ,surnames4 ,see ,names ,surrey ,surveying ,see also ,building1 ,quantities ,sussex ,sweden ,swedenborgianism ,swimming ,switzerland ,symbols ,syria ,table talk ,tailoring ,talmud1 ,the ,tanning ,taouism ,tapestry ,tariffs ,tasmania ,taste4 ,see sthetics ,taxation ,taxidermy ,tea ,teaching ,see also ,education ,technical education ,teetotalism4 ,see ,temperance question ,telegraphy ,telephone1 ,the ,telescopy ,temperance question ,temple1 ,the ,tennis ,see also ,lawn tennis ,texas ,textile fabrics ,see also ,dyeing1 ,spinning1 ,weaving ,thames1 ,river ,theatre1 ,the4 ,see ,actors1 ,drama ,theatricals1 ,amateur ,theism ,theology ,theosophy ,thermics4 ,see ,heat ,thibet ,thirty ,years' ,war1 ,the ,thrift ,tibet4 ,see ,thibet ,tides ,tiles ,timber ,tithes ,tobacco ,see also ,smoking ,tonic sol-fa4 ,see ,music 7,singing7 ,tonquin ,tools ,tower of ,london ,towns ,toxicology4 ,see ,poisons ,trade ,trades unions ,see also ,gilds1 ,labour ,transubstantiation4 ,see ,lord's ,supper ,transvaal1 ,the ,trees ,see also ,timber ,trials 7,collections only7 ,note4--,single trials are usually entered under the name of the defendant ,trigonometry ,trinitarianism ,trinity1 ,the ,trout ,troy ,tunis ,turkey ,turning ,tuscany ,typewriting ,ulster ,understanding1 ,the4 ,see ,mind ,unitarianism ,united ,states4 7,sub-divide as required7 ,universities ,utilitarianism ,vaccination ,vases ,vatican1 ,the ,vaudois1 ,the ,vegetarianism ,venice ,ventilation ,vertebrates ,vestments1 ,church ,veterinary surgery ,see also ,dogs1 ,horses ,victoria1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,vienna ,violin1 ,the ,violin music4 ,see ,music ,vivisection ,voice1 ,the ,volcanoes ,voyages and travels 7,collections1 generally1 and round the world only7 ,wages ,wales4 7,sub-divide as required7 ,war ,warwickshire ,washington 7,city7 ,wasps ,watches and clocks ,water ,water supply ,waterloo1 ,battle of ,wealth ,weather4 ,see ,meteorology ,weaving ,weights and measures ,wells ,wesleyan ,methodism ,west ,indies ,westminster ,abbey ,westminster ,assembly ,whales ,whist ,wight1 ,isle of ,will1 ,the ,wills ,winchester ,winds ,windsor ,castle ,wine ,winter ,wit and humour ,witchcraft ,woman ,women's suffrage ,wood carving ,wood engraving4 ,see ,engraving ,woodwork ,see also ,carpentry ,wool ,work4 ,working classes4 ,see ,labour ,workshop appliances ,see also ,tools ,worms ,wrestling ,writing ,yachting ,yorkshire ,zoology ,general ,local ,periodicals and societies ,see also ,palontology ,zoophytes ,zoroastrianism ,zululand ,,index4 ,n4,b4--,the references are to the sections1 not to the pages4 ,abbreviated entries1 #ij1 #ig1 #aja ,abbreviated words1 ,arrangement of1 #aae ,abbreviated words1 ,list of1 ,appendix ,a ,abbreviations1 #ag ,additions to title1 #fh ,alphabetical order4 ,see ,arrangement ,amateur cataloguing1 #d ,annotations1 #bg ,anonymous books1 #ch1 #ci ,anthologies1 #fe1 #ib ,arrangement of entries1 ,alphabetical1 c41 #cg1 #da1 #eb1 #eh1 #aac-aaf ,classified catalogues1 #aab ,author-entry1 tabulated1 #aad ,articles 7a1 an1 the71 ,use and transposition of1 #ii ,arrangement of1 #aaf ,artists1 #fe1 #fg ,author-entry1 ,the1 #ac-fh ,arrangement of1 #aad ,artists1 #fe ,composers1 #fj ,compound names1 #ed1 #ee defined1 #h ,initialisms1 #cf ,noblemen1 #dd1 #de ,order of information given1 #ac ,oriental names1 #ef ,patronymic1 or other prefix1 #ea-ec ,pseudonyms1 #cc-ce ,saints1 #dc ,sovereigns1 princes1 c41 #db ,surname to lead1 #ad ,women with changed names1 #ej ,authors of same name1 #bh1 #ca ,authors1 ,joint1 #eg ,authors' surnames only1 #aja ,barrett1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,t41 on dictionary and classified catalogues1 #i ,bible1 ,the1 #ga ,bible commentaries1 #gb ,biographical dictionaries1 #cb ,biographies1 #ic ,brown1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,d41 on classified catalogues1 #i ,brown's adjustable classification applied1 #ajh-aaj ,buildings1 ,monographs on1 #he ,canonized persons1 #dc ,capitals1 ,use of1 #ah ,card catalogues1 #aj ,catalogues1 ,amateur1 #d ,early forms1 #f ,need for rules1 #e ,popular notions of1 #a ,requirements of1 #c1 #e ,varieties of1 #b ,christian names1 ,fullest1 #bi ,initials of1 #cj ,place of1 #ad used for author-entry1 #db ,church councils1 #fi ,classical works1 contents not indexed1 #aje ,classified v4 dictionary catalogues considered1 #i1 #ajg ,classified catalogue1 ,form of entry1 with examples1 #ajh-aaj ,arrangement of entries1 #aab ,index to1 #aaa ,collation1 ,the1 #ae1 #bh ,collected essays works1 #fa-fc ,indexing1 #ajc-ajd ,compilations1 #fe ,compilers1 #gc ,composers1 ,music1 #fj ,composite books1 #fd ,compound names1 #ed1 #ee ,contents1 ,setting out and indexing1 #fa-fc1 #ajc-aje ,corporate bodies1 #fi ,cross-references4 ,see ,references ,cutter's ,rules1 #g ,dash1 ,repetition1 ,use of1 #ei1 #ajb ,dates of publication1 #bd ,earliest and latest1 #bh ,not given 7n4d471 #ae ,omitted in works of fiction1 #bd ,original1 in reprints1 #be ,roman numerals1 #bj ,degrees1 ,university1 #df-dg ,descriptive notes1 #bc1 #bg ,dewey's ,classification applied1 #ajh-aaj ,dictionary catalogue1 ,merits of1 #h ,development of1 #f ,information it will and will not supply1 #h v4 ,classified catalogue1 #i1 #ajg ,general compilation of1 #ac-ajf ,list of subject-headings for1 ,appendix ,e ,distinction between authors of similar names1 #ca ,dramas1 #ie ,dutch names1 #ec ,ecclesiastical dignities1 #df ,ecclesiastical titles1 ,changes in1 #di ,editors1 #fa1 #fd1 #gc 8,england0 as subject-heading1 #hc ,entry1 ,form of1 #ae ,errors in cataloguing1 #af ,essays1 ,collected1 #fa-fb ,indexing1 #ajc-aje as subject-heading1 #ib ,explanatory notes1 #bg ,fiction1 ,works of1 in classified catalogues1 #aaj ,dates of publication1 #bd ,proper names in titles of1 #ajj ,figures and dates1 ,transcription of1 #ba ,fiske1 ,prof41 on catalogues1 #a ,foreign works under ,english headings1 #hh ,form of principal entry1 #ae ,french names with prefixes1 #eb ,geographical subject-headings1 #hc ,german names1 #ec ,government publications1 #fi ,greek title-pages1 #bb names1 #dj ,handwriting1 #aa ,headings4 ,see ,subject-headings ,illustrators1 #fe1 #fg-fh ,indexing contents 7,authors71 #fa-fb 7,subjects71 #ajc-ajd ,indexing classified catalogue1 #aaa ,initialisms1 #cf1 #cg ,initials for ,christian names1 #bi1 #cj ,introductions1 #gd ,jewett's ,construction of catalogues1 #g ,joint-authors1 #eg ,ladies' names changed by marriage1 #ej ,language of title-page1 #bb ,latin names1 #dj ,library ,assoc4 ,report on size-notation1 #bf2 ,appendix ,b ,librettists1 #fj ,linderfelt's ,eclectic card catalog rules1 #g ,local pamphlets1 #ig ,madeley's book-size scale1 #bf ,marriage names of ladies1 #ej ,materials for cataloguing1 #aj ,mistakes1 ,how made1 #af ,monarchs' names1 #db ,arrangement of1 #aac ,monographs in societies' transactions1 #fi ,music1 ,composer of1 #fj ,names1 ,compound1 #ed-ee ,oriental1 #ef as titles1 #ajj ,arrangement1 #aac ,newspapers1 #gj ,noblemen1 ,titles and family names of1 #dd-de ,notes1 ,descriptive1 c41 #bc1 #bg ,numbers1 ,transcription of1 #bj1 #ba ,numbers in title1 ,arrangement of1 #aae ,official publications1 #fi ,omissions1 #fh ,order of entries4 ,see ,arrangement ,oriental names1 #ef ,pamphlets1 #if-ig ,patronymics1 #ea ,periodicals1 #gj ,phrase-names1 #cd ,place of publication1 #ae ,plays1 ,need for index to1 #ajf ,poems1 poetical works1 #ib ,popular terms for subject-headings1 #hd ,portraits1 ,need for index to1 #ajf ,potentates1 ,names of1 #db ,prefatory essays1 #gd ,prefixes to names1 #ea-ec ,arrangement of1 #aad ,princes1 ,names of1 #db ,principal entry1 ,the1 #ac-gd ,order in which particulars are given1 #ac ,printers and catalogues1 #ac ,printing1 ,preparation for1 #aag-abc ,specification for1 #aba ,proof-reading and correction1 #abb-abc ,proof1 ,specimen1 with corrections1 ,appendix ,d ,pseudonyms1 #cc-ce ,list of1 ,appendix ,c ,publication1 ,dates of4 ,see ,dates ,publication1 ,place of1 #ae ,publication societies1 #fi ,punctuation1 #ah ,references and cross-references1 ,forms of1 #ed1 #fe1 #ff1 #fh1 #gf1 #gi1 #hf1 #hh1 #hi ,use of1 tabulated1 #hh ,religious societies1 #fi ,repeat dash1 #ei1 #ajb ,reprints1 ,original dates to1 #be ,revised editions1 #gc ,roman numerals1 #bj ,sacred books1 #ga ,saints1 ,names of1 #db-dc ,scientific terms for subject-headings1 #hd 8,see0 and 8,see also01 ,difference between 7,author7 #ff1 7,subject7 #gi ,series entry defined1 #h ,series entries1 #ge1 #hi ,sermons1 #id ,need for index to1 #ajf ,sheaf catalogues1 #aj ,short entries1 #ij1 #aja ,signs and abbreviations1 #ag ,sizes and styles of catalogues1 #aai-abj ,sizes of books1 #bf ,table of1 ,appendix ,b ,social changes1 ,necessity for noting1 #dh ,societies' transactions1 c41 #fi ,sovereigns1 ,names of1 #db ,specification for printing a catalogue1 #aba ,subject entries defined1 #h ,subject-headings1 ,alternative1 #hj ,choice of1 #hj1 #ia ,concentration of1 #hf ,curtailment of entry under1 #gi ,errors of1 #hg ,exact1 #ge ,foreign works1 #hh ,forms of1 #gg1 #ij ,grouping1 #hf ,illustrative examples1 #gg1 #gi-hc1 #hi1 #ia ,importance of1 #ge ,list of1 for a dictionary catalogue1 ,appendix ,e ,method of regarding books for1 #ia1 #ib ,reduction to title-entry1 #gg ,scientific v4 popular terms for1 #hd ,sub-division of1 #ha1 #hc ,synonymous1 #gf ,surnames1 ,similar1 #ca with prefixes1 #ea-ec ,synonymous subject-headings1 #gf ,title-as-subject entries1 #ih ,title-entry defined1 #h ,title-entries1 #ih-aja as principal entries1 #ce ,title-pages1 #ac-ae ,abbreviation of1 #ig ,additions1 #fh ,numbers on1 #bj-ba ,omissions1 #fh ,peculiar1 #ah ,prolix1 #ig ,transcription of1 #af ,translations of1 #bb-bc ,titles of honour1 c41 #df ,transactions1 c41 of societies1 #fi ,translations of title-pages1 #bb-bc ,translators1 #gc ,types for printing1 ,styles of1 #aai-abj ,marking for1 #aah ,specimens tabulated1 #aai ,typewriter1 ,the1 #ab ,volumes1 ,number of1 #bh ,wheatley's ,how to catalogue1 #g ,word entries1 ,erroneous1 #hg ,writing1 ,style of1 #aa ,specimens of1 page #af ,,the ,,library ,,supply ,,co4 ,,designers1 ,,patentees1 ,,and ,,makers ,,of ,illustration ,mechanical ,appliances1 ,fittings1 ,furniture1 and ,supplies for ,libraries1 ,museums and ,offices4 ,office and ,showroom3 #d1 ,,ave ,,maria ,,lane1 ,,paternoster ,,row1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,card ,indexing for ,libraries4 ,illustration ,the ,life of a ,card ,catalogue never ends4 ,additions can be made at any time1 and in any place4 ,in all libraries1 whether private or public1 the ,card ,catalogue is an essential4 ,in a large public library1 where the stock of books is being constantly added to1 it is necessary1 in order to save a weary search through pages of ,,mss4 and numerous printed supplements to have a complete index on cards carefully kept up-to-date1 where the public or the staff can readily ascertain by one reference whether any particular book is in the library4 ,in the reference library the necessity of the ,card ,catalogue cannot be questioned4 ,to print a catalogue of the reference library is an expensive proceeding1 as the sales seldom reach one-tenth part of the cost2 and frequently the printed catalogue suffers in usefulness by the need of keeping it within certain limits4 ,we recommend the 8,libraco0 ,tray ,cabinets for use in ,libraries1 as they divide up a catalogue into many parts1 and allow several persons to consult the ,catalogue at one time4 ,send for full descriptive list of the ,applications of the ,card ,system--,sectional ,catalogue1 ,no4 #aj4 99 99 99 99 99 8,,libraco0 ,,tray ,,cabinets4 ,the enormous advantages of the ,card ,indexing ,system for ,libraries are beyond question4 ,the only disadvantage alleged against the system is that only a limited number of people can consult the card catalogue at one time4 ,the ,cabinet illustrated on this page holds #ah1jjj cards1 and is suitable for a library of #f1jjj volumes4 ,the ,cabinet therefore divides the catalogue into #ae parts and allows #ae persons to use it4 ,the trays are removable and may be carried to a counter for consultation4 ,in a reference library it is seldom that at any given time during the day more than three or four people are desirous of consulting the catalogue1 therefore the one and only disadvantage alleged against the ,card ,system is imaginary4 ,a properly guided ,card ,catalogue is easier to handle than the ,,mss4 book4 ,stout cards and perfect arrangement render consultation a pleasure4 ,illustration3 ,,no4 #ae;,a4 ,,fifteen ,,tray ,,cabinet4 ,in ,oak4 #h net4 ,with #ah1jjj ,thin ,linen ,cards1 and #a1jjj ,guides1 #af #fs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 8,,libraco0 ,,tray ,,cabinets4 ,made in ,,oak1 ,,walnut1 or ,,mahogany4 ,,single ,,tray1 ,no4 #a;a4 ,a handsome case1 with cover lid1 suitable for small catalogues4 ,illustration ,price1 ,case only1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,case with #a1jjj ,thin ,linen ,cards and one set of ,a-,z ,guides1 complete1 #a #a #j ,,four ,,tray ,,cabinet1 ,no4 #d;a4 ,a finely finished ,cabinet with four trays1 each holding #a1jjj cards1 used for indexes to borrowers1 additions to the lending library1 c4 ,illustration ,price1 ,cabinet only1 #b #e #j ,cabinet with #d1jjj ,thin ,linen ,cards and #bjj ,guides complete1 #d #c #j ,,made ,,in ,,various ,,sizes4 99 99 99 99 99 8,,libraco0 ,,slide ,,cabinets4 ,the 8,libraco0 ,slide ,cabinets are thoroughly constructed of oak1 mahogany or walnut throughout4 ,they are provided with extension slides1 which prevent the drawer coming out entirely1 but allow it to pull out to the full extent4 ,a full view of the contents is thus obtained4 ,every detail has been carefully considered and worked out1 so that a loaded drawer runs noiselessly and with ease4 ,built in various sizes4 ,illustration3 ,,three ,,drawer ,,slide ,,cabinet4 ,in ,oak1 ,mahogany1 or ,walnut1 #d #j #j4 ,holds #i1jjj ,thin ,linen ,cards4 ,the 8,libraco0 ,slide ,cabinets have been supplied to ,science and ,art ,dept4 7#c ten-drawer ,cabinets for #ajj1jjj cards71 ,st4 ,paul's ,cathedral ,library1 ,oxford ,union ,society 7#ba ,drawer ,cabinet for #hd1jjj cards71 ,hull ,public ,library1 ,bishopsgate ,institute 7#b eight-drawer ,cabinets for #eh1jjj cards71 ,cripplegate ,institute1 ,hove1 ,west ,ham1 ,carlisle1 and many other public libraries4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,price ,,list ,,of 8,,libraco0 ,,index ,,cards4 ,illustration ,,the ,,best ,,english ,,linen ,,cards4 ,the material from which these cards are cut is manufactured by an ,english ,mill to the order of the ,library ,supply ,co4 ,it is prepared expressly to meet the requirements of the ,card ,system1 and is not carried in stock by any ,paper ,merchant4 ,the 8,libraco0 ,index ,cards are exact in height and the edges will be found true and square4 ,the machinery for cutting these cards has been specially adapted for the purpose4 ,the 8,libraco0 ,index ,cards are made in three weights1 thin1 medium1 and thick4 ,the thin cards are mostly used because they occupy less space1 and therefore reduced the cost of storage4 ,but in all important indexes1 medium and thick cards are adopted4 ,price ,list4 ,d ,thin ,linen ,cards1 ,ruled ,punched #ajs4 per #a1jjj4 ,b 0 0 0 ,plain 0 #gs4 0 ,z ,medium ,linen ,cards1 ,ruled ,punched #abs4 0 ,y 0 0 0 ,plain 0 #ajs4 0 ,h ,thick ,linen ,cards1 ,ruled ,punched #aes4 0 ,f 0 0 0 ,plain 0 #abs4 0 ,,manilla ,,cards4 ,for temporary lists--in four colours1 drab1 red1 yellow and blue4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 per #a1jjj1 ,plain and ,punched4 ,,cataloguing ,,slips4 ,of good ,cartridge ,paper #as4 #c;d4 per #a1jjj4 8,,libraco0 ,,second ,,grade ,,cards4 ,are principally intended for temporary lists4 ,they are cut as accurately and as truly as the best ,english linen cards1 but are inferior in durability4 ,they are made in two thicknesses--thin and thick4 ,stocked in ten colours3--white1 salmon1 green1 grey1 primrose1 rose1 fawn1 lemon1 silurian and celestial4 ,price ,list4 ,m ,thin ,cards1 ,ruled and ,punched #gs4 per #a1jjj4 ,k 0 0 ,plain 0 #ds4 #f;d4 0 ,q ,thick ,cards1 ,ruled and ,punched #is4 0 ,o 0 0 ,plain 0 #fs4 #f;d4 0 ,,guide ,,cards4 ,made from strong and tough material4 ,cut so as to form a projection above the ordinary card1 one-fifth1 third1 or half the length of the card1 according to the amount of writing desired on projecting tab4 ,they are of great importance in a card catalogue1 and should be used freely1 as they enable the user to turn instantly to any desired topic1 name1 or title in the index1 thereby reducing the wear and tear of the cards4 ,blank ,guides 7fifths1 thirds1 or halves7 #as4 #f;d4 per #ajj4 ,a-,z ,guides 7,printed7 #as4 #j;d4 per set4 ,month ,guides 0 #js4 #h;d4 0 ,week ,guides 0 #js4 #f;d4 0 ,day ,guides 0 #as4 #f;d4 0 99 99 99 99 99 ,,adjustable ,,sheaf ,,catalogues4 ,for certain index purposes these sheaf binders are admirably suited1 and appeal to those in favour of the book form of cataloguing4 ,the sheaf catalogues are in the form of screw binders1 which hold loose slotted slips4 ,the slips can be arranged alphabetically and maintained in strict order4 ,the screws are turned by means of a key1 and thus release contents1 when insertions or withdrawals can be made4 ,when screwed up the slips are clamped firmly1 and it is impossible to remove or tear out an entry without leaving a counterfoil4 ,illustration3 ,,adjustable ,,catalogue ,,holder4 ,size of ,slips1 #f #c4 ,half ,pigskin1 finished in gilt4 ,price #hs4 net4 ,xylonite ,label ,holders1 #c;d4 each extra4 ,cabinets to hold these binders are made in ,oak4 ,prices on application4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,adjustable ,,periodicals ,,list4 ,titles of papers1 magazines1 directories1 c41 printed on separate slips of card1 and inserted in proper place in frame4 ,of great convenience to the librarian and to the public4 ,when ordering send list of papers4 ,illustration ,frames of any size are ,made4 ,prices complete1 from #aes4 ,oak or ,walnut frames as desired4 ,the same titles can be used for ,periodical indicators4 ,frames containing list of papers to be found on each table are supplied at cheap rates4 ,send particulars and we will quote price4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,yale ,,book ,,support4 ,a new invention for supporting books on the shelves4 ,can be attached to top or underside of shelf4 ,made of steel1 nicely japanned4 ,the support slides along shelf1 but is secured or released by a turn of the set screw4 ,absolutely rigid4 ,the most effective book-support in the market4 ,illustration ,,net ,,prices3 #a_/-;each4 #i_/f per #aj4 #df_/-per #ej4 #ij_/-per #ajj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,yale ,,book ,,carrier4 ,consists of ,polished ,wood base1 #b-;ft4 long #f-;ins wide1 and two ,yale ,book ,supports4 ,exceedingly convenient to the cataloguer1 and for holding ledgers on desk1 etc4 ,net ,price1 #e_/f4 ,carriage #f;d4 extra4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the 8,,libraco0 ,,perforating ,,stamp4 ,cuts the name into the paper by means of a series of needles1 and thus establishes the ownership of books beyond question4 ,the impression does not mar the appearance of the printed page1 or interfere with the legibility of the reading matter4 ,it is effective and cannot be removed4 ,the 8,libraco0 ,perforating ,stamp is absolutely essential on art plates and valuable books4 ,illustration3 ,,cork ,,public ,,library ,price #chs4 net4 ,illustration3 ,,sandeman ,,public ,,library ,,perth ,price #b net4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,gold ,,blocked ,,name ,,tablets4 7,for ,newspapers ,stands1 ,magazine ,racks1 ,table ,indicators1 ,magazine ,covers7 ,consists of a red leatherette label blocked in gold1 fitted in japanned metal frame1 and covered with transparent material to protect label4 ,illustration3 ,,illustrated ,,london ,,news ,large ,size1 #ae;in41 by #a;in41 for ,newspaper ,stands ,illustration3 ,,strand ,,mag ,small ,size1 #f;in4 by in41 for ,tables1 etc4 ,,prices3 ,large ,size ,label1 frames and screws complete #a_/i each4 ,small 0 0 0 0 0 #aj;d4 0 ,large ,size ,label only #a_/c 0 ,small 0 0 0 #f;d4 0 ,,neat1 ,,permanent ,,and ,,effective4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,successful ,,series ,,of ,,account ,,books for ,,libraries and ,,museums4 ,illustration ,adopted by all the latest and most important libraries4 ,the 8,libraco0 ,stock ,book for #aj1jjj entries4 ,a handsomely bound folio 7#ag-;in4 #aa-;in47 volume1 half morocco1 cloth sides4 ,ruled and printed on sound linen paper4 ,contains #ah headings suitable for all purposes4 ,very carefully designed4 ,price #cjs4 net4 ,library ,accessions4 ,foolscap folio4 ,a ,stock book for small ,libraries of #e1jjj vols4 ,bound in half leather1 cloth sides4 ,ruled and printed on sound linen paper4 ,price #ajs4 net4 ,shelf ,register4 ,foolscap folio4 ,uniform with above4 ,ruled and printed for #aj years use4 ,price #ajs4 net4 ,library ,register4 ,foolscap folio4 ,for recording issues4 ,price #ajs4 net4 ,bindery ,book4 ,foolscap folio4 ,for recording books sent to the ,binder4 ,loose sheets1 #b_/- per quire4 ,price #ajs4 net4 ,borrowers' ,register4 ,foolscap folio4 ,for numerically registering of borrowers1 to be supplemented by an alphabetical card index of names4 ,price #ajs4 net4 ,library ,statistics4 ,foolscap folio4 ,for recording statistics of issue for each month4 ,price #abs4 net4 ,periodicals ,register4 ,foolscap folio4 ,for checking the supply of periodicals to the library4 ,price #abs4 net4 ,proposition ,book4 ,foolscap folio4 ,for recording proposals of readers4 ,price #ajs4 net4 ,library ,catalogue4 ,foolscap folio4 ,index cut through4 ,for alphabetical catalogue of small libraries4 ,price #abs4 net4 ,books ,overdue4 ,foolscap folio4 ,for recording books overdue4 ,price #ajs4 net4 ,donation ,book4 ,foolscap folio4 ,for recording full particulars of donations of books1 pictures1 c41 to the library4 ,price #ajs4 net4 ,visitors' ,book4 ,demy folio 7#ae #i-;in47 ,a beautifully bound book4 ,ruled and printed on sound linen paper4 ,price #aes4 net4 ,museum ,accessions4 ,foolscap folio4 ,price #ajs4 net4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,library ,,and ,,museum ,,numbers4 ,gold ,blocked ,numbers and ,letters on ,leatherette4 ,these numbers and letters are easily and permanently affixed to the backs of books by means of fish glue1 and whilst they cost less than one-sixth of the sum charged by a bookbinder1 they are1 in the opinion of many librarians1 better and more effective than numbering direct on to the books1 as the contrast between the colour of the leatherette and the colour of the binding emphasises the number4 ,besides cheapness1 they are time savers1 as new books can be numbered as purchased4 ,their neat and uniform appearance are pleasing recommendations1 and sufficient to warrant the discarding of the unsightly draper's labels commonly used4 ,numbers supplied in strips of #aj1 on dark green ,leatherette4 ,numbers #j to #iiii4 ,for any set of #ajj numbers between #j to #aiii #a_/b per #ajj #bjjj to #ciii #a_/c 0 #djjj to #eiii #a_/d 0 #fjjj to #giii #a_/e 0 #hjjj to #iiii #a_/f 0 ,for any set of #ejj numbers between #j to #aiii #e_/f per #ejj #bjjj to #ciii #f_/- 0 #djjj to #eiii #f_/f 0 #fjjj to #giii #g_/- 0 #hjjj to #icii #g_/f 0 ,numbers #aj1jjj to #iii1iii4 ,for any complete set of numbers between #ajjjj and #iiiii #bb_/- per #ajjj #ajjjjj and #iiiiii #bg_/f per #ajjj ,smaller ,quantities supplied at ,special ,prices4 ,for each complete #ajjj ,numbers4 #j to #iii #aj_/- per set4 #ajjj to #aiii #aj_/f 0 #bjjj to #biii #aa_/- 0 #cjjj to #ciii #aa_/f 0 #djjj to #diii #ab_/- 0 #ejjj to #eiii #ab_/f 0 #fjjj to #fiii #ac_/- 0 #gjjj to #giii #ac_/f 0 #hjjj to #hiii #ad_/- 0 #ijjj to #iiii #ae_/- 0 ,for each complete ,set4 #j to #iii #aj_/- per set4 #j to #aiii #bj_/- 0 #j to #biii #cj_/- 0 #j to #ciii #dj_/- 0 #j to #diii #ej_/- 0 #j to #eiii #fj_/- 0 #j to #fiii #gj_/- 0 #j to #giii #hj_/- 0 #j to #hiii #ij_/- 0 #j to #iiii #ajj_/- 0 ,letters1 put up singly in boxes of #ajj3 ,a to ,k1 #aj;d4 #ajj2 ,l to ,z1 #a_/-ajj ,letters on various coloured leatherette and strips of even numbers for the ,adjustable ,classification ,scheme4 ,cheap ,printed ,numbers from #a to #f1jjj on grey gummed paper1 from #b;d4 per #ajj4 ,,best ,,fish ,,glue--#f;d4 per ,bottle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,shelf ,,label ,,holders4 ,illustration3 ,,shelf ,,label ,,holder ,simplest1 ,cheapest and ,best4 ,shelf ,label ,holders are useful in every library1 especially in libraries where books are classified on the shelves4 ,our ,label ,holders are made of japanned metal1 having a long flange which rests on the shelf4 ,the edges of the holder are so turned that they hold a stout card bearing the name of subject or author4 ,this card may be removed or renewed at pleasure4 ,where desired1 transparent slips1 to cover the cards and protect them from dust1 are supplied at an extra charge4 ,card ,labels are supplied free with our holders4 ,hundreds of these holders are now in use1 and have practically demonstrated their usefulness and many advantages4 ,they take the place of the unsightly labels of many colours and shapes hitherto pinned to the shelves1 which were so detrimental to the woodwork4 ,,prices4 #e inches wide #be_/j per #ajj #d 0 0 #bd_/j 0 #c 0 0 #bc_/j 0 #b 0 0 #bb_/j 0 ,supplied with ,stout ,labels4 ,,transparent ,,slips1 #e_/-per #ajj extra4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,marlborough ,,pamphlet ,,cases4 ,these ,cases supply a means of preserving pamphlets from dust and destruction1 and meet with the approval of librarians1 clergymen1 and others desirous of preserving any kind of unbound literature or ,,mss41 in a form at once easily accessible and secure4 ,illustration ,,sizes ,,and ,,prices4 ,no4 ,size4 s4 d4 #a4-- #g #e #a #a #j #b4-- #i #f #a #a #c #c4-- #aj #f #a #a #d #d4-- #aa #g #a #a #f #e4-- #aa #g #c #b #j #f4-- #h #g #a #a #f #g4-- #aa #i #a #b #j #h4-- #ac #h #a #b #j #i4-- #ad #aj #b #b #f #aj4-- #ag #ab #b #c #j #aa4-- #i #e #c #a #i #ab4-- #i #f #c #b #j #ac4-- #aj #g #c #b #j #ad4-- #ac #i #c #b #i #ae4-- #ac #aj #c #b #aj #af4-- #i #g #b #b #j #ag4-- #ab #i #c #b #f #ah4-- #aj #g #c #b #j #ai4-- #aj #h #c #b #f #bj4-- #aa #i #c #b #i #ba4-- #ac #i #c #b #i #bb4-- #aa #h #c #b #f #bc4-- #aj #g #c #b #f #bd4-- #aa #i #c #b #i #be4-- #ab #i #c #b #i #bf4-- #ab #h #c #b #i #bg4-- #ab #aj #c #b #i #bh4-- #aj #g #c #b #j #bi4-- #aa #h #c #b #f #cj4-- #ae #aa #b #b #i #ca4-- #ah #ab #d #d #j #cb4-- #ab #h #b #b #f #cc4-- #i #f #b #a #h ,the sizes given are the clear inside measurements of the inner cases4 ,in ordering1 please quote the distinctive number4 99 99 99 99 99 8,,libraco0 ,,pamphlet ,,cases4 ,,the ,,cheapest ,,box ,,in ,,the ,,market4 ,a cheap1 handy1 and convenient box for storing pamphlets1 papers1 c4 ,covered in special marble paper4 ,made with hinged half-lids1 shouldered sides1 and fall-down fronts4 ,provided with a contents label4 ,they are dust proof1 and have the advantage of taking up less space than any other form of ,pamphlet ,case4 ,illustration3 ,,closed4 ,illustration3 ,,open4 ,,price ,,list4 ,paper ,cloth ,covered4 ,covered4 ,no4 #fj1 ,size #e #c #b for ,cards1 c4 #d;d4 -- 0 #fb1 0 #i #f #b ,demy #hvo4 #g;d4 #a_/f 0 #fg1 0 #aa #i #b ,demy #dto4 #aa;d4 #b_/j 0 #fad1 0 #ac #i #c ,fcap4 fol4 #as4 #b_/d 0 #faf1 0 #i #g #b ,fcap4 #dto4 #i;d4 #a_/h 0 #fbd1 0 #aa #i #b ,large #dto4 #aj;d4 #b_/j ,loose ,alphabetical ,index ,leaves1 to fit ,no4 #fbd1 price #aa;d4 ,in ordering quote distinctive ,no42 clear inside measurements are given4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,library ,,publications4 ,the ,library ,world3 ,monthly4 ,illustrated4 ,subscription1 #es4 #f;d4 per annum4 ,single copies1 #f;d4 each1 post free4 ,established ,july1 #ahih4 ,,some ,,important ,,features4 ,studies in ,library ,practice3-- ,i4 ,the ,history and ,description of ,library ,charging ,systems1 by ,,james ,d4 ,,brown1 ,clerkenwell ,public ,library4 ,,ii4 ,classified and ,annotated ,cataloguing3 ,suggestions and ,rules4 ,by ,l4 ,,stanley ,,jast1 ,croydon ,public ,library ,library ,extension ,work3-- ,i4 ,lectures4 ,symposium4 ,the ,library ,rate4 ,librarian's ,workshop3 ,practical ,notes4 ,practical ,points in ,library ,administration4 ,select ,subject ,lists4 c41 c41 c4 8,libraco0 ,series of ,text ,books on ,library ,economy4 ,manual of ,library ,classification and ,shelf ,arrangement4 ,by ,,james ,d4 ,,brown1 ,librarian1 ,clerkenwell ,public ,library1 ,london4 ,cr4 #hvo41 ,cloth1 #ds4 net1 postage #c;d4 ,adjustable ,classification for ,libraries2 with index4 ,by ,,james ,d4 ,,brown1 ,librarian1 ,clerkenwell ,public ,library4 7,abstracted from 8,,manual ,,of ,,library ,,classification407 #ff pp41 interleaved1 ,cr4 #hvo41 ,paper ,covers1 #as4 #f;d4 net1 postage #c;d4 ,manual of ,library ,cataloguing4 ,by ,j4 ,,henry ,,quinn1 ,librarian1 ,chelsea ,public ,libraries1 ,london4 ,cr4 #hvo41 ,cloth1 #es41 net1 ,postage #c;d4 ,souvenir of the ,annual ,meeting of the ,library ,association held at ,southport--,preston--,wigan1 #ahih4 ,royal #hvo41 #df portraits and other illustrations1 bound in ,cloth4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,post free4 ,,published ,,by ,,library ,,supply ,co41 #d1 ,ave ,maria ,lane1 ,london1 ,e4,c4