,transcrib]'s ,notes3      ,und]scores  
be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate     
italics      9 ! orig9al text4    ,equal
 signs  be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase      
indicate bold      9 ! orig9al text4    
,c>at symbol  designates a sup]script4  
,small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid
 capitals4    ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ s
 !y d n break up p>agraphs4    ,old or  
antiquat$ spell+s h be5 pres]v$4        
,typographical errors h be5 sil5tly     
correct$ b o!r v>iations      9 spell+ &
 punctuation rema9 unalt]$4             
,illu/ration                            
,,privately ,,pr9t$ ,,opuscula4         
,,issu$ ,,to ,,memb]s ,,( ,,! ,,sette   
,,( ,,odd ,,volumes4                    
,no4 ,,xxix4                            
,,automata ,,old ,,& ,,new4             
,illu/ration    ,illu/ration3 ,see page 
#ed4                                    
,automata ,old & ,new                   
,,by                     ,,conrad       
,,william ,,cooke1 ,m4,,in/4,e4,e4      
,me*anick to ! ,sette (                 

,odd ,volumes    ,illu/ration           
,deliv]$ at a ,meet+ ( ! ,sette held at 
,limm]'s ,hotel1 on ,friday1            
,novemb] #f?1 #ahia    ,illu/ration     
,,london                      ,,impr9t$ 
,,at ,,! ,,*iswick ,,press              
,,mdcccxciii                            
,,to ,,_! ,,odd%ips                     
,,*>les ,,holme1 ,f4,l4,s4              
7,pilgrim71                             
,,presid5t1 #ahij4                      
,,george ,,*>les ,,hait1 ,r4,b4,a41     
,f4,l4,s4                               
7,art ,critic71                         
,,presid5t1 #ahia4                      
,,&                                     
,,william ,,murrell1 ,m4,d4             
7,lee*71                                
,,presid5t1 #ahib4                      
,,dur+ ,,^: ,,ye>s ,,( ,,(fice          
,,! ,,foll[+ ,,notes ,,on               
,,automata                              
,,7 ,,respectively                      
,,prep>$1 ,,pres5t$ ,,& ,,pr9t$1        
,,?is ,,little ,,book                   

,,is ,,d$icat$ ,,by                     
,,conrad ,w4 ,,cooke1                   
,me*anick to ye ,sette ( ,odd ,volumes4 
,illu/ration                   ,?is     
edition is limit$ to #bee copies1 &     
is impr9t$ = private circulation only4  
,illu/ration    ,illu/ration            
,illu/ration          ,,automata ,,old  
,,& ,,new4      ,may x please y\r       
,odd%ip1 ,bre?r5 & ,gue/s ( ,ye ,sette (
 ,odd  ,volumes4 ,! orig9 ( ?is little  
pap] is v simple4 ,j elev5  mon?s ago we
 _h ! delight ( li/5+ to ! v int]e/+ &  
in/ructive communication ^u ! "w ( t    
wond]ful me*anical  g5ius1 electrician1 
& pre/idigitateur1 ,rob]t-,h\d91 pres5t$
  to u by my v good fri5d1 our rev]$    
,se]1 ,bro!r ,mann+4 ,)  ! object (     
contribut+ some?+ to ! discussion :i*   
foll[$  t pap]1 ,i began to make a few  
notes ^u ,automata1 ) :i*  subject ! "n 
( ,rob]t-,h\d9 mu/ = ev] be associat$2  
,i soon  f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ! subject 0 s   
compreh5sive & w5t back  into su* remote
 p]iods ( antiquity1 t to d x ev5 ! mo/ 

scanty ju/ice w\ld require a pap] devot$
 to itself alone2 &1 z  our e/eem$      
,pilgrim & ,pa/-,presid5t1 ,bro!r       
,holme1 0 at t  "t press+ me = a pap] ) 
t p]si/5cy & importunity  :i* *>act]iz$ 
8 presid5t%ip & gave x s mu* ( its      
success1 ,i1 z a loyal ,odd ,volume1    
felt b\nd to obey ! m&ate (  8 ,odd%ip2 
&1 hold+ ! hon\rable (fice ( ,me*anick  
to !  ,sette1 ,i h *os5 8,automata ,old 
& ,new0 = ! subject ( ?is               
communication4    ,! ^w ,automaton w\ld 
9 its /ricte/ & mo/ compreh5sive s5se   
include all app>5tly self-mov+ ma*9es or
 devices :i* conta9  )9 !mselves _! own 
motive p[]1 & 9 ?is s5se su*  ma*9es z  
clocks & wat*es1 & ev5 locomotives &    
/eam%ips  might be includ$4 ,i %all1    
h[ev]1 ?r\gh\t ?is pap] limit  myself to
 ! m re/rict$ & m ord9>ily accept$ mean+
 (  ! t]m1 namely1 su* self-mov+ ma*9es 
z are made ei!r 9 !  =ms ( m5 or (      
animals1 or by :i* animal motions &     
functions  are m or less imitat$4    ,z 
me*anics1 next to ma!matics & a/ronomy1 

is ! mo/ anci5t  ( sci5ces1 & z !       
sci5tific k ( ! anci5ts 0 ev]  %r\d$ 9  
my/]y to conceal x f ! eyes ( ! vulg>1 &
 to  conf] ^u ! initiat$ p[] & pr(it by 
work+ on ! cr$ulity  ( ! ignorant1 x 0 b
 only to be expect$ t me*anical  sci5ce 
%\ld be e>ly appli$ 9 ! anci5t my/]ies  
by :i* !  philosoph]s & ! prie/s (      
antiquity ma9ta9$ s mu* ( _!  supremacy4
    ,"o ( ! v e>lie/ allusions to       
my/]i\s self-mov+ ma*9es  is to be f\nd 
9 ! eighte5? book ( ! 8,iliad10 :]e9 we 
are  told ( ,vulcan t        8,full     
tw5ty tripods = 8 hall he fram'd1       
,t1 plac$ on liv+ :eels ( massy gold    
7,wondr\s to tell7 in/9ct ) _s roll'd   
,f place to place1 ar\nd ! bless'd      
abodes1      ,self-mov'd1 ob$i5t to !   
beck ( gods40#a    ,sev]al o!rs ( !     
anci5t poets besides ,hom] h sung ab\t  
! wond]ful me*anical devices ( ,vulcan1 
among :i* 7 gold5  /atues1 ! semblances 
( liv+ maids1 :i* n only appe>$ to be   
endu$ ) life1 b :i* walk$ by 8 side &   
bore him up z he  walk$4 ,ari/otle also 

ref]s to self-mov+ tripods1 &           
,philo/ratus  /ates t ,appolonius (     
,tyana saw simil> pieces ( me*anism     
among  ! ,brahm9s ( ,india2 b ?is mu/ h 
be5 ne>ly f\r hundr$  ye>s aft]         
,ari/otle wrote1 & "s n9e hundr$ ye>s   
aft] ! "t  ( ,hom]4    ,!n aga9 we he> (
 ,ddalus mak+ self-mov+ /atues1 small   
figures  ( ! gods1 ( :i* ,plato 9 8     
8,m5os0 says t unless !y 7  fa/5$ !y    
w\ld ( !mselves run away1 & he puts ?is 
into !  m\? ( ,socrates1 :o uses x z a  
figure to illu/rate ! importance  ( n   
only acquir+ b ( hold+ fa/ sci5tific    
tru? t x may  n fly away f u4 ,ari/otle 
9 ref]r+ to ^! /atues affirms  t ,ddalus
 accompli%$ 8 object by putt+ into !m   
quicksilv]1  b ! le>n$ me*anician ,bi%op
 ,wilk9s po9ts out t 8?is w\ld  h be5   
too grosse a way = s excell5t an        
artific]2 x is m  likely t he did x )   
:eels & weights40#b ,we are moreov] told
  by ,macrobius#c t 9 ! temple (        
,hi]opolis at ,antium !re 7  mov+       
/atues4    ,a contempor>y ( ,plato &1 x 

is said1 8 ma/]1 0 ,ar*ytas  ( ,t>5tum1 
! celebrat$ ,py?agorean philosoph]1     
ma!matician1  cosmograph]1 & me*anician1
 to :om is accr$it$ ! inv5tion  ( !     
screw & ( ! crane4 ,ar*ytas is said to h
 con/ruct$  ( wood a pigeon t c\ld fly  
ab\t1 b :i* c\ld n rise aga9  aft] x _h 
settl$2 & ,aulus ,gellius 7:o liv$ 9 !  
reigns (  ,trajan1 ,hadrian1 ,anton9us  
,pius1 & ,m>cus ,aurelius71 tells u 9  8
 8,noctes ,attic10 t 8_m m5 ( em95ce    
among ! ,greeks1 &  ,favonius1 !        
philosoph]1 a mo/ vigilant se>*] into   
antiquity1  h 9 a mo/ positive mann]    
assur$ u t ! model ( a pigeon1  =m$ 9   
wood by ,ar*ytas1 0 s contriv$ z by a   
c]ta9 me*anical  art & p[] to fly2 s    
nicely 0 x balanc$ by weights & put  9  
motion by hidd5 & inclos$ air4 ,9 a     
matt] s v improbable  we may be all[$ to
 add ! words ( ,favonius himself3       
#8,ar*ytas (  ,t>5tum1 be+ bo? a        
philosoph] & skill$ 9 me*anics1 made a  
wood5 pigeon :i* _h x ev] settl$ w\ld n 
h ris5 aga9 till  n[4'0#d ,& ,i am b\nd 

to admit t 9 ?is po9t ,i agree ) him4   
,f ! above description x w\ld appe> t a 
/ill great]  inv5tion ?an a fly+        
automaton 0 made by ,ar*ytas1 = 9 an    
app>atus 8s nicely balanc$ by weights & 
put 9 motion by hidd5  & inclos$ air10  
we h a v fair =eca/ ( ! mod]n aro/at  or
 balloon1 fill$ ) gas & balanc$ by      
balla/4 ,!re _c be  any d\bt b t !      
acc\nts ( ^! v e>ly ma*9es 7if su*  ev] 
exi/$ at all71 h be5 greatly exagg]at$  
dur+ ! process  ( be+ h&$ d[n ?r\gh long
 ages ( ignorance & cr$ulity2 b  we may 
n[ ent] ^u sur] gr\nd al?\gh /ill v     
anci5t4 ,9 !  reign ( ,ptolemy ,eu]getes
 ,,ii4 7,ptolemy ,,vii471 ab\t #aej ye>s
 ,b4,c41  !re liv$ at ,alex&ria t great 
g5ius ( me*anical sci5ce1  ,h]o2 & 8    
rem>kable book 8,spiritalia10 ( :i* ,i  
am able to %[  y sev]al copies to-night1
 is itself a great /oreh\se ( +5uity  9 
! con/ruction ( automata ( v v>i\s =ms &
 pr9ciples4  ,?is rem>kable man 01 if n 
! inv5tor1 ! fir/ describ]  ( ! siphon 9
 bo? its typical =ms1 ! syr+e1 !        

well-kn[n  portable %[]-ba?1 ! clack    
valve1 ! fire eng9e1 ev5 ) t  me*anical 
ref9em5t1 an air vessel = insur+ a      
cont9u\s /ream1  a self-trimm+ lamp1 !  
/eam bl[pipe1 ! pneumatic f\nta9  call$ 
aft] 8 "n1 a /eam eng9e1 & la/ if n     
lea/1 !  p5ny-9-!-slot automatic ma*9e =
 obta9+ a dr9k1 or1 may be1  a *>ge (   
sc5t4    ,i propose n[ to %[ y on !     
scre5 "s photographic reproductions  (  
pages 9 8 book1 "s tak5 f ! ,lat9       
edition ( ,comm&9us1  publi%$ at ,urb9o 
9 #aege1 & "s f ! ,italian edition (    
,aless&ro ,georgi1 pr9t$ at ! same place
 9 #aeib1 "s f !  f9e edition (         
,aleotti1 publi%$ 9 #aehi1 & o!rs f !   
,am/]dam v]sion ( #afhj1 all ( :i*      
editions ,i am able to %[ y4  ,i h1     
moreov]1 copi$ "s f manuscripts 9 !     
,briti% ,museum1  ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? 
c5turies1 ( :i* !re are f\r 9  !        
,national ,libr>y1 i4e41 two 9 ! ,h>ley 
,collection & two  among ! ,burney      
manuscripts4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 
,! fir/ illu/ration ,i %all %[ y f      

,h]o's "w is a bird  :i*1 by means ( a  
/ream ( wat]1 is caus$ to pipe or s+4   
,?is  little automaton consi/s ( a      
p$e/al 7,a ,b ,c ,d7 7,fig4 #a71 :i* is 
9  reality a wat]-tight tank fitt$ ) a  
funnel 7,e71 ! /em ( :i*  rea*es ne>ly  
to ! bottom2 to ! "r ( ?is !re is a     
little  bu% on :i* sits a bird1 & a tube
 7,g ,h7 leads up f ! ro( (  ! tank &   
t]m9ates 9 a little :i/le1 ! end ( :i*  
dips into  a cup 7,l7 conta9+ wat]4 ,:5 
wat] is p\r$ into ! funnel1 !  air 9 !  
tank is driv5 out ?r\gh ! tube & :i/le  
7,g ,h7 &1  bubbl+ ?r\gh ! wat]1 s\nds z
 if ! bird 7 s++4 ,?us  ! well-kn[n     
bubbl+ bird-:i/le dates back to a c5tury
 & a half  be=e ! ,*ri/ian era or e>li]4
    ,! next illu/ration 7,fig4 #b7 %[s a
 m elaborate arrangem5t1 9  :i* !re are 
f\r small birds be+ wat*$ by an owl2 !  
mom5t  ! owl's back is turn$ ! birds    
beg9 to s+1 b cease z soon z  he turns  
t[>ds !m4 ,9 ?is app>atus ! birds are   
made to s+  9 precisely ! same way z 9 !
 la/ illu/ration1 namely1 by !          

displacem5t by wat] ( ! air 9 ! tank1 b 
z soon z ! level  ( ! wat] 9 ! tank     
rea*es ! top ( a conc5tric siphon 7,f   
,g7  ! wat] is dis*>g$ into a bucket1 ! 
birds cease to s+1 &  ! bucket1 ow+ to  
its increas$ weight1 lifts !            
c\nt]balance  weight 7,z71 & 9 do+ s    
turns ! sp9dle 7,p ,m7 :i* supports !   
owl 7,r ,s74 ,:5 ! bucket is full its   
cont5ts are dis*>g$ by a  small siphon  
)9 x & x is drawn up by ! weight 7,z7 ! 
owl  turns its back to ! birds1 & !     
cycle ( op]ations is repeat$4           
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4    ,9 ! next    
figure a /ill m elaborate effect is     
produc$4 ,"h is a  p$e/al ^u :i* are f\r
 little bu%es ea* hav+ a bird sitt+  9  
its bran*es2 :5 wat] is all[$ to fl[    
into ! funnel !  fir/ bird beg9s to     
:i/le1 & aft] a few m9utes leaves (f1 :5
  ! next bird beg9s1 & :5 he has f9i%$ !
 ?ird bird s+s1  aft] a little "t ! f\r?
 takes up ! song1 & :5 he has  f9i%$ !  
fir/ beg9s aga91 & s on z long z wat] is
 fl[+  into ! funnel4 ,^! effects are   

produc$ 9 ! simple/ possible  mann]1 by 
a comb9ation ( z _m sup]pos$ tanks z !re
 are birds  to s+1 ! "o empty+ into !   
o!r by siphons4 ,! illu/ration  expla9s 
itself4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4    ,9
 ! next device 7,fig4 #d7 we h a bird ^:
 s++ is  int]mitt5t4 ,9 ?is case ! wat] 
fl[s into a little cup :i*  topples ov] 
! mom5t x is full1 empty+ itself into ! 
funnel &  imm$iately right+ itself 7be+ 
load$ at its bottom71 ! s\nd is  produc$
 by ! displac$ air escap+ ?r\gh a :i/le 
9 ! mann]  already describ$4            
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4    ,illu/ration3
 ,fig4 #e4    ,we n[ come to a diff]5t  
class1 9 :i* heat is employ$ =  obta9+  
an increase ( air pressure :]eby c]ta9  
automatic  actions are produc$4 ,"h we h
 a prie/ & prie/ess (ficiat+  at an     
alt>2 & ! effect ( light+ ! fire !reon  
is to cause  ! two figures to p\r       
libations onto ! sacrifice4 ,9 ?is case 
! alt> consi/s ( an air-tight metallic  
box 9 communication1  by means ( a      
c5tral tube1 ) a l>g] box =m+ ! p$e/al4 

,into ?is l[] res]voir is p\r$ ! w9e or 
o!r liquid ?r\gh  ! hole m>k$ ,m4 ,:5 ! 
fire is light$ ! air 9 ! alt> is  exp&$1
 & press+ on ! surface ( ! liquid 9 !   
p$e/al1  =ces "s ( x ?r\gh ! tubes :i*  
pass ?r\gh ! body &  d[n ! "r arm ( ea* 
figure4 ,9 ! next view 7,fig4 #f7 we see
  h[ ?is pr9ciple 0 employ$ by ,h]o = ! 
op5+ ( ! doors  ( a temple1 ! tradition 
be+ t :5 a sacrifice 0 (f]$ on  h] alt> 
! goddess ,isis %[$ h] invisible pres5ce
 by ?r[+  op5 ! doors ( h] sanctu>y4 ,9 
?is case ! alt> consi/s ( an  air-tight 
metallic box communicat+ by means ( a   
tube 7,f ,g7 ) a  sph]ical vessel 7,h7  
p>tly fill$ ) wat]4 ,:5 ! alt> becomes  
hot ! conta9$ air is exp&$1 !reby       
increas+ ! pressure on  ! surface ( !   
wat]1 "s ( :i* is !re=e =c$ ?r\gh  ! b5t
 tube 7,l7 into ! bucket 7,m71 :i*      
desc5ds by its increas$  weight1 !reby  
unw9d+ ! cords f ! two sp9dles t p]=m  !
 function ( h+es to ! temple doors1 at !
 same "t w9d+  up ! c\nt]weight 7,r7 on 
! left4 ,:5 ! fire goes out !  alt>     

cools1 assum+ its ord9>y atmosph]ic     
pressure1 & ! wat]  9 ! bucket is =c$   
back into ! vessel 7,h71 & ! weight     
c\nt]balanc+ ! empty bucket1 closes aga9
 ! doors4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4    
,l _m o!r g5iuses :o h liv$ be=e _! "t1 
,h]o _h 8  plagi>i/s1 8 devices hav+ be5
 adopt$ & describ$ by lat]  writ]s )\t  
"o ^w ( ackn[l$gm5t z to _! au?or%ip4 ,f
  ! middle to ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 
sev]al books appe>$  :i* to a great     
ext5t 7 simply bad & errone\s copies (  
,h]o's  inv5tions1 & n ev5 intellig5tly 
copi$4 ,"h = in/ance 7,fig4  #g7 is a   
facsimile ( an illu/ration 9 a curi\s   
old book1 8,!  ,my/]ies ( ,nature &     
,art10 by ,john ,bate1 publi%$ 9 #afce2 
?is  is poor ,bate's attempt to /eal    
,h]o's device = ! temple doors1  %[+ an 
altoge!r impossible s*eme4 ,9 ! fir/    
place ! doors  c\ld n op5 at all1 = !   
ropes are s coil$ z to neutralize  ea*  
o!r's action1 &1 secondly1 ! c\nt]weight
 to ! "r has  its cord simply loop$ r\nd
 ! sp9dle & !re=e is absolutely         

useless2 ! accompany+ description is ev5
 m absurd1 = x  expla9s ! action ( !    
app>atus z foll[s3 8,! fi] on ! ,alt>  w
 cause ! wat] to di/ill out ( ! ,ball   
into ! ,bucket1 :i*  :5 7by reason ( !  
wat]7 x is become heavi] ?an ! waight1 x
  w draw x up & s op5 ! sayd gates or   
little doores40    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4  
#g4    ,aga91 9 "o ( ,h]o's illu/rations
 a revolv+ disc c>ry+ little  figures 0 
made to rotate ^u ! reaction pr9ciple ( 
8 own  olipile1 or /eam eng9e4 ,by a    
little bit ( bad p]spective ! ends  ( ! 
cross tubes 7 %[n z turn+ alt]nately up 
& d[n1 &  ,bate n only repeats ?is      
error1 b goes out ( 8 way to po9t out  t
 89 ! midde/0 !re mu/ be 8a holl[ pipe  
spread+ itself  into f\re sev]all       
bran*es at ! bottom3 ! ends ( two ( !   
bran*es mu/ turn up & ! ends ( two mu/  
turn d[n10 ?us mak+  any rotative action
 impossible4    ,b ,bate 0 n ! only     
pirate ( ,h]o's "w2 a few ye>s aft]     
,bate  _h writt51 t is1 9 #afei1 !re    
appe>$ ano!r curi\s book by  ,isaak de  

,caus1 ^u ,wat] ,works1#e & 9 t book we 
f9d our old  fri5d ! owl keep+ ! small  
birds 9 ord]1 ! only diff]5ce  be+ t ?is
 is a m indulg5t owl1 or p]haps he is a 
tea*] (  s++1 = 9 ?is case ! birds s+   
:ile he is look+ at !m  & cease ! mom5t 
he turns 8 back4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 
#h4    ,ano!r pretty conceit ( ,h]o's is
 %[n 9 ,fig4 #h1 9 :i* !re is  a bird   
:i* n only makes a noise b at c]ta9     
times w dr9k any  liquid :i* is pres5t$ 
to x4 ,! fl[ ( wat] be+ int]mitt5t1  !  
ci/]n =m+ ! p$e/al is alt]nately fill$ &
 empti$4  ,:ile x is be+ fill$ ! air    
escapes ?r\gh a :i/le & causes  ! bird  
to s+1 & :5 x is be+ empti$1 by means ( 
a siphon1  a p>tial vacuum is produc$ & 
liquid pres5t$ to x is drawn up  ?r\gh !
 beak4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4    ,! 
next automaton f ,h]o is v +5i\s &      
int]e/+1 because  x comb9es hydraulic1  
pneumatic1 & me*anical actions4 ,"h     
7,fig4  #i7 is a figure ( ,h]cules arm$ 
) a b[ & arr[2 !re is also  a dragon "u 
an apple tree1 f :i* an apple has fall5 

to !  gr\nd4 ,^u ! apple be+ lift$1     
,h]cules dis*>ges ! arr[  at ! dragon1  
:i* beg9s to hiss & cont9ues to d s = "s
  m9utes4 ,9 ?is app>atus !re is a d\ble
 tank hav+ a connection  by a valve     
7,h71 :i* is atta*$ by a cord to ! apple
 7,k71 ano!r  cord1 pass+ ov] a pulley1 
connects ! apple ) a trigg] 9  ! "r h& (
 ,h]cules4 ,^u lift+ ! apple ! trigg] is
  releas$1 & at ! same "t ! valve is    
op5$1 all[+ ! wat]  9 ! upp] tank to fl[
 into ! l[]1 by :i* means air is =c$    
?r\gh a tube 7,z7 into ! dragon's m\?1  
produc+ a hiss+ s\nd1  & ?is w cont9ue  
until ! upp] tank is empty4 ,"h 7,fig4  
#aj7 is  ,bate's v]sion ( ! same device1
 b v inf]ior to t f :i*  x 0 tak54      
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4    ,! next     
photograph is tak5 f ano!r "w ( ,h]o's1 
8,quatro  !oremi aggiunti a gli         
artifitiosi spiriti10 a copy ( :i* ,i h 
"h 7,fig4 #aa71 & :i* 0 pr9t$ at ,f]r>a 
9 #aehi4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4    
,?is figure illu/rates a v elaborate    
automaton1 repres5t+ "o  ( ,vulcan's    

work%ops 9 :i* y w see a smi? =g+ a     
piece (  iron1 & assi/$ by ?ree hamm]m54
 ,! smi? fir/ puts 8 iron  9 ! fire & !n
 lays x on ! anvil :5 ! hamm]m5 beg9  to
 hamm] x2 !n !y leave (f1 & ! smi? turns
 r\nd aga9  to ! fire4 ,all ^! effects  
are produc$ by ! ma*9]y bel[  ! floor1 &
 %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,a %aft 7,a ,b7 is
 driv5 by  means ( a wat]-:eel on ! "r1 
& on ?is %aft are projections  or cambs 
:i*1 by /rik+ ! ends ( ?ree lev]s 7,t1  
,x1 & ,v71  pull ! *a9s by :i* ! arms ( 
! hamm]m5 are lift$4 ,:ile  ?is is go+  
on ! bucket 7m>k$ #bj7 is sl[ly fill+1 &
 :5  a suffici5t weight ( wat] has      
accumulat$ 9 x1 x lifts !  c\nt]weight  
7#ag71 &1 9 do+ s1 rotates ! v]tical    
%aft to  :i* ! figure ( ! smi? is       
atta*$1 turn+ him r\nd to !  fire1 & at 
! same "t1 by sw++ r\nd ! conduit pipe  
7,h ,i71  cuts (f ! wat] f ! :eel1 & !  
hamm]m5 cease to "w  until ! smi? is    
aga9 ready = !m4 ,i ?9k y w agree ) me  
t ?is ma*9e (f]s v fair evid5ce ( !     
me*anical +5uity  ( a man :o fl\ri%$ m  

?an #b1jjj ye>s ago4    ,! la/ automaton
 ( ,h]o to :i* ,i %all ref] is p]haps ! 
mo/  +5i\s ( all1 & x is "o t ^? :o 7   
pres5t :5  ,bro!r ,mann+ gave u 8       
disc\rse on ,rob]t-,h\d9 h already  se51
 ,i mean ! little figure ^: head _c be  
sev]$ f 8  body no matt] h[ _m times a  
knife be pass$ ?r\gh 8 neck4  ,?anks to 
! k9dness ( my good fri5d ,i c %[ y "o (
 ^!  beautiful figures pres5t$ to me by 
him1 & x w1 ,i ?9k1 be  ( int]e/ to him 
& to y to "k t ?is device 0 inv5t$      
ne>ly #b1jjj ye>s be=e ,rob]t-,h\d9 0   
born1 & a description  ( x ) accompany+ 
figures may be se5 to-day 9 ! ,briti%   
,museum 9 a ,greek manuscript ( !       
fifte5? c5tury1 :i* is a copy  ( ,h]o's 
1 & ,i n[ ?r[ on ! scre5 a c>efully made
  facsimile 7,fig4 #ab7 ( ! figure giv5 
9 t manuscript 7:i* is  kn[n z ,no4     
#efje ( ! ,h>leian ,collection74        
,illu/ration3-,,h>leian                 
,,manuscript-7,,fifte5? ,,c5tury7-,fig4 
#ab4    ,! head ( ?is figure1 :i* is    
o!rwise sep>ate f x1 is  atta*$ to x by 

a peculi> %ap$ :eel pivott$ betwe5 !    
%\ld]s ( ! body4 ,?is :eel may be       
describ$ z a circul>  disc hav+ an exp&$
 rim s t a section tak5 ?r\gh a radius  
w\ld be ( ! =m ( ! lett] ,t1 out ( ?is  
:eel ?ree  ne>ly semicircul> gaps are   
cut1 ea* occupy+ sixty degrees ( !      
circumf]5ce1 & !re=e leav+ ?ree portions
 ( ! rim1 ea*  also ( sixty degrees4 ,! 
neck atta*$ to ! head is fitt$ ) a      
holl[ ,t %ap$ circul> groove into :i* ! 
,t end$ arms (  ! :eel pass 9 succession
 z ! :eel is rotat$4 ,z ! groove 9  !   
head occupies ne>ly sixty degrees x     
foll[s t z ! :eel  is rotat$ ! rim ( "o 
arm c nev] leave ! groove be=e !  rim ( 
! foll[+ arm has ent]$ x1 & s ! head is 
atta*$  to ! body 9 e position ( ! :eel4
 ,:5 ! knife is pass$  betwe5 ! head & !
 body x /rikes aga9/ "o ( ! spokes (  ! 
:eel1 mov+ x =w>d & pu%+ "o ( ! arms out
 ( !  groove 9 ! head1 :ile1 at ! same  
"t1 ano!r1 foll[+ beh9d  ! knife1 takes 
its place1 & ?us ! head c nev] be deta*$
  f ! body4 ,su* an automaton is !      

little negro :i* ,i hold  9 my h&1 = :i*
 ,i am indebt$ to ! frat]nal g5]osity ( 
,bro!r ,mann+4 ,h]o's description1      
h[ev]1 c>ries ! +5uity (  ! device      
consid]ably f>!r1 = 9 8 automaton1 n    
only is x  impossible to sev] ! head f !
 body by pass+ a knife ?r\gh  ! neck1 b 
! figure c actually dr9k bo? be=e & aft]
 !  op]ation4 ,! illu/ration on ! scre5 
7,fig4 #ac7 is a sort ( mod]n           
re/oration ( ! ,h>ley draw+1 %[+ !      
disposition ( !  v>i\s p>ts ( !         
me*anism4 7,a7 repres5ts ! :eel by :i* !
  head is held on to ! body1 & x w be   
notic$ t a tube ,d ,d  leads f ! m\? to 
! neck & ano!r1 ,e1 f ! neck ?r\gh  !   
body2 ^! two tubes1 m>k$ respectively ,d
 ,d & ,e1 are connect$  by ! slid+ tube 
,f1 :i* is atta*$ to ! two racks ,f &   
,g1  into :i* are ge>$ ! two too!d :eels
 ,b & ,c4 ,:5 ! knife  is pass$ f ,p to 
,o x fir/ rotates ! hold+-on :eel ,a1 & 
!n  /rikes aga9/ ! radial face ( ! :eel 
,c1 turn+ x ?r\gh  a small arc1 !reby   
mov+ ! racks1 &1 slid+ ! connect+  tube 

,f out ( ,d1 all[+ ! knife to pass1 :i* 
next /rikes !  radial face ( ! :eel ,b1 
&1 by turn+ x1 re/ores ! slid+  connect+
 tube ,f into ,d1 & ?us recompletes !   
connection4 ,!  suck+-up ! liquid be+   
accompli%$ 9 a simil> mann] to t 9  !   
dr9k+ bird already describ$4#f          
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4    ,i h n[ done
 ) ,h]o ( ,alex&ria1 b1 be=e pass+ to   
ano!r  p]iod1 ,i _c resi/ %[+ y an      
inv5tion ( 8 :i* al?\gh  n an automaton 
is too int]e/+ 9 ! light ( mod]n        
civilization  to omit4 ,?is 7,fig4 #ad7 
is ,h]o's automatic p5ny-9-!-slot ma*9e 
= giv+ a dr9k 9 ex*ange = a co94 ,if a  
8co9 ( five  dra*mas0 be dropp$ into !  
slot x falls on a little plate at !  end
 ( a lev] !reby op5+ a valve & all[+ !  
liquid to  escape ?r\gh ! nozzle4       
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4    ,x is m ?an 
probable t ,h]o 0 n himself ! inv5tor ( 
all  ! devices he describes1 x is       
possible t _m are due to ,ctesibius  ^: 
pupil he 01 & x is cle>1 f 8 own writ+s1
 t he  0 acqua9t$ ) ! writ+s ( ,philo & 

( ,ar*im$es4 ,he 01  h[ev]1 ! fir/ to   
describe ^! inv5tions1 & !re=e x is     
only fair1 9 ! abs5ce ( o!r evid5ce1 to 
give him ! cr$it4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4
 #ae4    ,!re c be no d\bt t puppets or 
dolls are ( great antiquity2  !y 7      
common ) ! anci5t ,egyptians1 & "h      
7,fig4 #ae7 is an  illu/ration ( a doll 
f ,!bes :i* is n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1  
& y w notice t ! head is cov]$ ) holes  
:i* s]v$  = ! ins]tion ( /r+s ( beads to
 repres5t hair4 ,puppets 7  also 9 use )
 ! ,greeks1 & aft]w>ds f\nd _! way to   
,rome1  & x is an int]e/+ fact t1 ab\t  
?ree ye>s ago1 :ile !  gr\nd 0 be+      
excavat$ = ! f\ndations ( ! new ,palais 
de  ,ju/ice at ,rome1 at a spot n f> f !
 ,vatican1 a /one c(f9  0 discov]$      
conta9+ ! skeleton ( a "y girl ( ab\t   
fifte5 ye>s ( age1 :o _h tee? ( great   
beauty1 & 9 h] arms  0 a beautifully    
modell$ wood5 doll ) jo9t$ limbs :i* 0  
dress$ 9 a ri* mat]ial4 ,! int]m5t _h   
tak5 place 9 ! "t  ( ,pl9y1 :o ref]s to 
! *ild1 & m5tions t %e 0 engag$  to be  

m>ri$1 a /atem5t :i* is support$ by !   
fact t on "o  ( ! f+]s is a d\bly-l9k$  
gold r+1 besides o!r ornam5ts4  ,! c(f91
 ) its cont5ts z !y 7 f\nd1 is n[ 9 !   
museum  9 ! ,capitol & x is1 ,i believe1
 ! only in/ance ( an anci5t  doll hav+  
be5 f\nd 9 ,rome1 al?\gh mov+ puppets or
 m>ionettes  7 kn[n 9 v anci5t times1 & 
are ref]r$ to by ,x5ophon1  ,ari/otle1  
,horace1 ,anton9us1 ,gal51 & ,aulus     
,gellius4    ,! next figure is an       
illu/ration ( :at ,i suppose mu/ be ! v 
e>lie/ mov+ doll 9 exi/5ce to-day2 x is 
n[ 9 ! ,museum  van ,oudh$5 at ,leyd51 &
 is a toy :i* belong$ to a *ild (       
anci5t ,egypt2 ,i h con/ruct$ a model ( 
x by :i* y w  see t x is work$ by pull+ 
a ?read2 & "h ,i mu/ make a  pass+      
ref]5ce to ! notori\s phallic figures   
:i* 7 c>ri$  9 procession dur+ !        
fe/ivals ( ,osiris & 9 ! ,dionysia  (   
,bac*us4 ,we are told by ,lucian#g t    
8,among ! sev]al sorts  ( ,phalloi :i* !
 ,greeks set up 9 hon\r ( ,bac*us !re 7 
figures ( dw>fs ) mov+ p>ts actuat$ by  

/r+s1 :i* 7  call$ #8'40 ,9 s em95tly   
prop] a community z ,we are  9 ,ye      
,sette ( ,odd ,volumes1 ,i am unable to 
describe ^! figures 9  detail1 or to    
exhibit !m 9 action1 b ^? :o are curi\s 
z  well z odd w f9d abundant evid5ce (  
!m 9 ! writ+s  ( ,h]odotus1 ( ,lucian1 (
 ,pausanias1 ( ,a!nu1 ( ,plut>*1 (      
,gyraldus1 & ( sev]al o!r writ]s4       
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4    ,! e>lie/   
=ms ( mov+ puppets 7 set 9 motion by    
/r+s  pull$ by h& :i* 7 aft]w>ds        
supplant$ by cyl9d]s turn$ by  a w9*1 & 
! transition f t arrangem5t to ! use (  
weights  & spr+s 0 inevitable & 0 only a
 "q ( "t4    ,f ! "t ( ,h]o ,i h f\nd   
no?+ wor? record+ = ne>ly  a ?\s& ye>s1 
until ! "t ( ,*>lemagne1 to :i* mon>* 0 
pres5t$ by ! ,kalif ,h>\n al ,ras*id a  
mo/ elaborate wat] clock4  ,9 front ( ! 
dial1 & correspond+ to ! h\rs1 7 twelve 
little doors1 & ! "t 0 %[n by ^! doors  
op5+ "o aft]  ano!r1 ea* releas+ a      
little brass ball :i* fell ^u a small   
bell2 aft] all ! h\rs _h /ruck1 t is1 at

 noon1 ano!r door  op5$1 twelve little  
knights rode out1 &1 aft] c>e]+ r\nd  ! 
dial1 !y clos$ ! doors & retir$4 ,!     
em95t me*anician  ,g]b]t :o occupi$ !   
papal *air 9 ,a4,d4 #ajjj1 reign+ "u !  
"n ( ,silve/] ,,ii41 is said to h       
con/ruct$ a speak+ head  ( brass1 & 0 9 
consequ5ce arre/$ = practis+ magic1 &   
,alb]tus ,magnus1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! ?irte5?
 c5tury1 sp5t1  accord+ to 8 own acc\nt1
 ?irty ye>s 9 ! con/ruction (  an       
automaton ( clay :i* n only spoke b     
walk$ & answ]$  que/ions & solv$        
problems submitt$ to x4 ,x is record$ t 
8  pupil1 ! celebrat$ ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as
 0 s horrifi$ :5 he saw  & he>d ?is     
figure t 7believ+ x to be ! "w ( 8      
,satanic  ,maje/y71 he broke x into     
pieces1 :5 ,alb]tus cri$ al\d3 8,sic    
p]iit opus trig9ta annorum40 ,i deeply  
regret ?is mis*iev\s act (  ,/4 ,?omas  
,aqu9as1 because x r5d]s x impossible = 
me to %[ x  to ! ,bre?r5 & our gue/s ?is
 ev5+4 ,rog] ,bacon also is said  to h  
made a simil> automaton4    ,records (  

speak+ &roides or talk+ heads rea* u f v
  e>ly times4 ,at ,lesbos !re 0 a head (
 ,orpheus :i* deliv]$  oracles & pr$ict$
 to ,cyrus 8 viol5t dea?1 & we h x on  !
 au?ority ( ,philo/ratus t ! head 0 s   
celebrat$ = its  oracul> utt]ances1     
among bo? ! ,greeks & ! ,p]sians t ev5  
,apollo became jeal\s ( its fame4    ,!n
 aga9 ! mighty ,od9 _h among 8 my/ical  
possessions a  speak+ head1 believ$ to  
be t ( ,m9os1 :i* ,od9 pres]v$ by       
encas+ x 9 solid gold4 ,he is said to h 
consult$ x on all  occasions1 & its     
utt]ances 7 reg>d$ z oracles4    ,m5tion
 might "h be made ( ! colossal figure ( 
,amunoph ,,iii4 on  ! pla9 ( ,!bes1 &   
:i* is commonly kn[n z ! 8vocal         
,memnon10  ( :i* a photograph is n[ be=e
 y2 x is ! m ea/]n ( !  two ,colossi1 &1
 :5 ! fir/ rays ( ! morn+ sun fell on x1
  x emitt$ a s\nd :i* has be5 describ$ z
 simil> to t ( !  snapp+ ( a h>p /r+1 b 
x has be5 sil5t s9ce ! "t (  ,sev]us4 ,x
 is a seat$ figure ne>ly sixty feet 9   
height1 & is 9  no s5se an automaton1 b 

,i m5tion x "h because x 0 believ$ to   
utt] s5t5ces :i* ! anci5t prie/s (      
,egypt alone1 = ! v  be/ ( reasons1 knew
 h[ to int]pret4    ,9 m mod]n times we 
he> ( ! em95t ,dr4 ,wilk9s1 ,bi%op (    
,*e/] 7:o m>ri$ ! si/] ( ,oliv]         
,cromwell1 & :o may be  reg>d$ z ! f\nd]
 ( ! ,royal ,society71 exp]im5t+ ^u  !  
transmission ( s\nd2 & ,evelyn1 9 8     
8,di>y10 writ+ on  ! #ac? ( ,july1      
#afed1 says1 8,we all d9$ at t mo/      
oblig+  & univ]sally curi\s ,dr4        
,wilk9s's1 at ,wadham ,college4 ,he _h  
contriv$ a holl[ /atue1 :i* gave a voice
 & utt]$ words02 &  9 8 8,ma!maticall   
,magick10 7a copy ( :i* ,i h "h7 :i*  0 
publi%$ 9 #afdh1 ,wilk9s ref]s to !     
speak+ figures ( !  anci5ts4    ,a      
contempor>y ( ,wilk9s 0 ! celebrat$     
,edw>d ,som]set1 ,m>quis  ( ,worce/]1 :o
 9 8 8,c5tury ( ,inv5tions0 gives z 8   
#hh?  device3 8,h[ to make a ,braz5 or  
,/one-head 9 ! mid/ ( a great  ,field or
 ,g>d51 s artificial & natural t ?\gh a 
man speak  nev] s s(tly1 & ev5 :isp]s   

into ! e>e !re(1 x w  pres5tly op5 its  
m\?1 & resolve ! ,"q 9 ,fr5*1 ,lat9e1   
,wel%1 ,iri% or ,engli%1 9 good t]ms    
utt]+ x out ( 8 m\?1  & !n %ut x untill 
! next ,"q be ask$40--,b1 unhappily1 he 
does n tell u h[ x may be done4    ,!   
great p]iod = ! con/ruction ( automata  
began at ! close  ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & 
rea*$ its climax at ! end ( !  sev5te5? 
& beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,"o ( !   
e>lie/ me*anicians :o devot$ 8 skill to 
automata 0 ,johann  ,mll]1 ( ,knigsb]g1 
commonly kn[n z ,regiomontanus4 ,?is    
em95t  ma!matician & a/ronom] made (    
iron a fly :i* is said to h  left 8 h&  
&1 aft] fly+ to ea* ( ! gue/s 9 ! room1 
return$ to its ma/]1 alight+ on 8 h&4   
,mll] made also a /ill  m wond]ful      
ma*9e2 ?is 0 an artificial eagle :i*1 on
 !  au?ority ( ,pet] ,ramus1 flew to    
meet ! ,emp]or ,maximilian on 8  entry  
into ,nuremb]g on ! #g? ( ,june1 #adgj4 
,aft] so>+ al(t 9  ! air1 ,ramus in=ms  
u1 ! eagle met ! emp]or at "s di/ance  f
 ! city1 !n return$ & p]*$ ^u ! city    

gate :]e x  await$ ! emp]or's approa*4  
,on 8 arrival ! bird /ret*$ out  its w+s
 & salut$ him by b[+4    ,x is a        
rem>kable fact t n "o ( ,mll]'s         
contempor>ies1 :o  (t5 ref] to ?is le>n$
 man & to 8 great accompli%m5ts1  makes 
any ref]5ce to ^! pieces ( me*anism1 &  
,pet] ,ramus  0 n born until =ty-five   
ye>s aft]1 b !y are ref]r$ to  by       
,bapti/a ,porta1 ,gass5di1 ,lana1 &     
,bi%op ,wilk9s1 :o1 h[ev]1  diff]       
consid]ably 9 _! dates4 ,/rada1 9 8 8,de
 ,bello ,belgico10  tells u t ! ,emp]or 
,*>les ,v41 aft] 8 abdication 9 #aeef1  
took a mo/ ke5 int]e/ 9 automata ( v>i\s
 k9ds1 & he employ$  a v skilful arti/1 
,janellus ,turrianus1 ( ,cremona1 to    
con/ruct  !m = him4 ,?is me*anic made   
figures ( horsem5 :i* m>*$  along !     
table1 play$ ^u flutes & drums1 & ent]$ 
into combat  ) "o ano!r1 & he exhibit$  
wood5 birds :i* flew up to _!  ne/s 7!y 
mu/1 ,i ?9k1 h be5 wood pigeons74 ,?is  
,janellus  ,turrianus 0 evid5tly a v    
wond]ful man1 = he made a corn-mill  s  

small t x c\ld be conceal$ 9 a glove1 & 
yet c\ld gr9d 9  a day z mu* corn z w\ld
 supply eight m5 ) food4 ,i nev] saw    
?is ma*9e myself1 & ,i _c help ?9k+ t   
ei!r ! glove  mu/ h be5 r l>ge or !     
appetites ( ! m5 mu/ h be5  r small4    
,ap>t1 h[ev]1 f ! exagg]ation ( ! g5ius 
( ?is man1 he 0 und\bt$ly a mo/ skilful 
me*anician1 = he  repair$ & consid]ably 
improv$ a mo/ complex clock con/ruct$   
by ,wilhelm ,zel&9 = ! city ( ,padua1 9 
:i* mov+ figures &  a/ronomical ph5om5a 
7 repres5t$4    ,! addition to clocks ( 
automata set 9 motion by ! tra9 0 a  v  
fav\rite occupation ( ! horologi/s ( !  
sixte5? c5tury4  ,( ^! clocks p]haps !  
mo/ celebrat$ 0 t at ,/rasburg1  :i* 0  
con/ruct$ by ,conrad ,dasypodius4 ,?is  
clock 0 f9i%$ 9  ! ye> #aegc4 ,ap>t f   
its int]e/+ repres5tations ( v>i\s      
cele/ial ph5om5a1 x is rem>kable = !    
numb] ( mov+ figures  :i* embelli% x1 & 
:i* p]=m v>i\s functions2 above ! dial  
! f\r ages ( man are repres5t$ by       
symbolical figures2 "o passes  e qu>t] (

 an h\r1 m>k+ ! qu>t] by /rik+ on a     
bell2  ! fir/ qu>t] is /ruck by a *ild )
 an apple1 ! second by a  y\? ) an arr[1
 ! ?ird by a man ) 8 /aff1 & ! f\r?  by 
an old man ) 8 crut*4 ,aft] ^! foll[s ! 
figure ( ,dea?1  :o1 aft] s\nd+ ! h\r on
 a l>ge bell1 is expell$ by a figure    
repres5t+ ,*ri/1 :ile two small angels  
are set into motion1 !  "o /rik+ a bell 
) a sceptre1 :ile ! o!r turns ov] an    
h\r-glass at ! expiration ( an h\r4 ,!re
 are1 besides1 v>i\s  animals1 & among  
!m a cock1 :i* flaps its w+s & cr[s j   
be=e ! clock /rikes ! h\r4    ,! great  
clock at ,lyons1 ! "w ( ,lippius (      
,basle1 is h>dly  less int]e/+4 ,besides
 exhibit+ me*anical illu/rations (      
a/ronomical ph5om5a1 a complete cycle ( 
op]ations repres5t+  scriptural ev5ts is
 p]=m$4 ,be=e ea* h\r /rikes a cock     
comes  =w>d & cr[s ?ree times1 aft] :i* 
angels appe>1 :o by  /rik+ ^u a gamut ( 
bells r+ out ! air ( a hymn1 & ?is is   
foll[$ by a mov+ gr\p illu/rat+ !       
,annunciation ( ! ,virg9  & ! desc5t ( a

 dove1 & ! cycle is complet$ by ! /rik+ 
( ! h\r4    ,9 ! ,royal ,palace (       
,v]sailles !re 0 a v curi\s clock1 !  "w
 ( ,m>t9ot1 a clockmak] ( ! sev5te5?    
c5tury4 ,be=e x  /ruck ! h\r two cocks  
flapp$ _! w+s & cr[$ alt]nately1  !n two
 little doors op5$ & a figure came out (
 ea* c>ry+ a  gong :i* 0 /ruck by arm$  
gu>ds ) _! clubs4 ,^! figures  hav+     
retir$1 a door 9 ! c5tre op5$ & an      
eque/rian figure  ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 came   
out4 ,at ! same "t a gr\p ( cl\ds       
sep>at$  giv+ passage to ! figure (     
,fame :i* hov]$ ov] ! head ( !  k+4 ,an 
air 0 !n *im$ ^u ! bells1 aft] :i* !    
figures  retir$2 ! two gu>ds rais$ _!   
clubs & ! h\r 0 /ruck4    ,9 ! ye>      
#aghh1 ,ago/9o ,ramelli publi%$ 8       
important "w 8,le  div]se ed artificiose
 ,ma*9e10 & ,i h reproduc$ "s ( !       
plates 9 t beautiful book1 a copy ( :i* 
is be=e me 7"o (  :i*1 ,fig4 #ag1 see   
,frontispiece1 ,i h *os5 to adorn ! m5u 
:i* is on ! table1 = no o!r reason ?an t
 x appe>$  especially appropriate z     

figurative ( ! desire ( y\r humble      
,me*anick to be = ev] associat$ ) ,ye   
,sette ( ,odd ,volumes74                
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4    ,9 ! next   
illu/ration 7,fig4 #ah7 we h a beautiful
 plate f  ,ramelli1 9 :i* ano!r ( ,h]o's
 inv5tions1 ! gr\p ( s++  birds is      
introduc$ z an ornam5t 9 an elaborately 
furni%$ room  ( ! p]iod4 ,9 ?is case !  
wat] is 9 ! fir/ in/ance lift$  by air  
be+ bl[n 9 ?r\gh a pipe by a p]son      
conceal$ beh9d !  wall :i* 9 ! draw+ is 
brok5 away to %[ a m$ival old buff]     
engag$ 9 ?is manly p]=mance4    ,ab\t ! 
middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury magnetism    
began to be  employ$ = produc+ ! effects
 ( magic1 & t extraord9>y  v]satile     
all-r\nd ,odd ,volume1 ,a?anasius       
,kir*]1 9 8 8,magnes  sive de ,arte     
,magnetica10 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #afda 7a   
copy ( :i*  ,i h "h71 describes &       
illu/rates sev]al automata :i* dep5d  = 
_! action ^u magnetism4 ,"h1 = example  
7,fig4 #ai71 he gives  a repres5tation (
 ! ,dove ( ,ar*ytas1 :i* by ! action ( a

  revolv+ load/one1 is made to fly ar\nd
 a dial & m>k ! h\rs by  po9t+ to !     
figures on its edge4    ,illu/ration3   
,fig4 #bj4    ,"t w n p]mit me to say z 
mu* ab\t ?is curi\s old book  z its     
qua9tness & t]ribly bad sci5ce des]ve1  
,i w only %[  y "o m illu/ration f x 9  
:i* a :eel is driv5 r\nd  by two        
olipiles 9 ! =m ( human heads1 :i* bl[  
out jets (  /eam aga9/ ! cellul> p]iph]y
 ( ! :eel1 & 9 ! l[]  figure ! little   
boil]s 7,c & ,d7 :i* ! heads inclose1   
are %[n  sep>ately1 ! nozzle ( "o po9t+ 
upw>ds1 :ile t ( ! o!r  has a d[nw>d    
direction4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4  
,:5 ,kir*]'s book 0 publi%$ ,l\is ,,xiv4
 0 a *ild1 & x is  /at$ by sev]al       
au?orities t bo? ,pre ,tru*et & ,camus  
made !  mo/ elaborate automata = 8 boyi%
 amusem5t1 b z ,l\is ,,xiv4 0  =ty ye>s 
old :5 ,tru*et came ( age & fifty-five  
,:5 ,camus 0  tw5ty-"o x is difficult to
 reconcile ^! /atem5ts ) facts4         
,putt+ aside1 h[ev]1 ! "q ( ! p]iod (   
life :5 !  k+ amus$ himself ) su* ?+s1 x

 is well au!nticat$ t  ,pre ,tru*et1    
t[>ds ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1        
con/ruct$  = him mov+ pictures :i*      
exhibit$ extraord9>y me*anical skill4   
,"o ( ^! 0 ! repres5tation ( a five-act 
op]a1 ! sc5]y (  :i* 0 automatically    
*ang$ betwe5 ! acts4 ,! actors came on  
& w5t (f1 & p]=m$ _! p>ts 9 pantomime4  
,! prosc5ium  0 ab\t sixte5 in*es 9     
bread? & ?irte5 9 height1 & !  :ole ( ! 
ma*9]y ) ! sc5]y occupi$ a space only an
 in*  & a qu>t] 9 dep?4#h    ,! acc\nt  
giv5 by ,camus ( a toy he con/ruct$ =   
?is baby k+  ( fifty summ]s is v        
wond]ful4 ,?is elaborate automaton      
consi/$  ( a small coa* drawn by two    
horses & :i* conta9$ ! figure (  a lady 
) a footman & a page beh9d4 ,:5 ?is     
little coa* 0  plac$ on ! edge ( a      
suitable table ! coa*man smack$ 8 :ip  &
 ! horses imm$iately />t$1 mov+ _! legs 
9 a mo/ natural  mann]2 :5 !y rea*$ !   
opposite edge ( ! table !y turn$  %>ply 
at "r angles & proce$$ along t edge4 ,z 
soon z !  c>riage arriv$ opposite ! k+ x

 /opp$ & bo? ! footman &  page got d[n &
 op5$ ! door1 ! lady alight$1 &1        
curtsey+  to ! k+1 pres5t$ a petition4  
,aft] wait+ a few m9utes %e  b[$ aga9 to
 ! k+ & re-ent]$ ! c>riage1 ! page got  
up  aga9 beh9d1 ! coa*man :ipp$ up 8    
horses & drove on1 & !  footman runn+   
aft] ! c>riage jump$ up into 8 =m]      
place4 ,9  ! acc\nt giv5 by ,m4 de      
,camus he does n attempt to describe !  
me*anism ( ! ma*9e & we h 8 ^w alone = !
 acc\nt (  its p]=mance4    ,! great    
philosoph] ,desc>tes =m$ ! !ory t all   
animals  are m]ely automata ( a high    
degree ( p]fection1 &1 to prove 8       
notion1 he is said to h con/ruct$ an    
automaton 9 ! =m (  a "y girl to :i* he 
gave ! "n ( 8,ma fille ,franc9e40 ,?is  
figure came unhappily to a wat]y grave1 
= dur+ a voyage by sea  ! capta9 ( !    
vessel 9 :i* x 0 travell+ _h ! curiosity
  to op5 ! case 9 :i* ,franc9e 0 pack$  
&1 9 8 a/oni%m5t  at ! movem5ts ( !     
automaton1 :i* 7 s wond]fully natural1  
he ?rew ! :ole ?+ ov]bo>d1 believ+ x to 

be ! "w ( !  devil4    ,i n[ come to :at
 are1 if n ! mo/ extraord9>y pieces (   
me*anism1 c]ta9ly ! mo/ wond]ful        
automata ! _w has ev]  se54 ,9 ! ye>    
#agch t great me*anical g5ius ,m4       
,vaucanson1 a  memb] ( ! ,acadmie des   
,sci5ces exhibit$ at ,p>is ?ree v       
rem>kable automata :i* 71 a flute-play]1
 a figure :i* play$  ! %eph]d's pipe (  
,prov5ce & ! drum1 & an artificial duck4
  ,! fir/ ( ^!1 ! flute-play]1 he       
describ$ 9 a ,memoir read  be=e !       
,acadmie on ! #cj? ( ,april1 #agch4 ,?is
 automaton 0 a  wood5 figure six feet   
six in*es 9 height1 repres5t+ a         
well-kn[n  antique /atue ( a ,faun1     
sitt+ on a rock & m\nt$ on a squ>e      
p$e/al f\r feet six f ! gr\nd4 ,x 0     
capable ( p]=m+  twelve pieces ( music  
on a ,g]man flute1 ! in/rum5t be+ really
  play$ z a man w\ld play x by bl[+     
across ! emb\*ure  & project+ ! air )   
v>iable =ce by movable lips1 :i*        
imitat$ 9 _! action ^? ( a liv+ play]1  
employ+ a tongue  to regulate ! op5+1 & 

produc+ ! notes by ! tips ( !  f+]s     
clos+ or op5+ ! holes4    ,! me*anical  
devices 9 ?is automaton are s beautiful 
& s  sci5tifically ?\ght out1 t ,i am   
only sorry t "t w n  p]mit me to        
describe !m 9 detail1 b ,i w try & make 
its  g5]al pr9ciples cle>4    ,)9 !     
p$e/al 0 a tra9 ( :eel-"w driv5 by a    
weight1 :i*  set into motion a small    
%aft on :i* 7 six cranks dispos$ at     
equal angul> di/ances ar\nd x2 to ^! six
 cranks z _m pairs  ( bell[s 7 atta*$   
7_! inlet valves be+ me*anically op5$  &
 clos$ s z to make !m sil5t 9 action74  
,! air suppli$ by  ^! bell[s 0 convey$  
to ?ree diff]5t w9d *e/s1 "o load$  ) a 
weight ( f\r p\nds1 "o ) a weight ( two 
p\nds1 &  ! la/ hav+ only ! weight ( its
 upp] bo>d4 ,^! w9d *e/s  communicat$ ) 
?ree little *amb]s 9 ! body ( ! figure1 
&  ^! *amb]s 7 all connect$ ) ! w9dpipe 
:i* pass$ up !  ?roat to ! cavity ( !   
m\? & t]m9at$ 9 ! two movable  lips :i*1
 betwe5 !m1 =m$ an orifice t c\ld be    
protrud$ or  drawn back1 & might be     

fur!r modifi$ by ! action ( ! tongue4   
,! tra9 ( :eels also set into motion a  
cyl9d] tw5ty in*es 9  diamet] & two feet
 six in*es long2 on ?is 7 fix$ a numb]  
( brass b>s ( diff]5t l5g?s & ?icknesses
 :i* 9 _!  revolution act$ ^u a r[ (    
fifte5 keys or lev]s2 ?ree ( ^!         
correspond$ to ! ?ree little w9d *amb]s 
conta9+ air at  diff]5t pressures1 &1 by
 means ( little *a9s1 op]at$ _!         
respective valves4 ,!re 7 sev5 lev]s set
 ap>t = op]at+ !  f+]s1 _! respective   
*a9s mak+ b5ds at ! %\ld]s &  elb[s ( ! 
automaton1 & t]m9at$ at ! wri/ 9 ! ends 
(  :at ,i may call metac>pal lev]s      
atta*$ to ! f+]s :i* 7  arm$ at _! tips 
) lea!r to imitate ! fle% ( ! natural   
h&4    ,! motion ( ! m\? 0 controll$ by 
f\r ( ! lev]s1 "o to  op5 ! lips s z to 
give to ! w9d a great] issue1 "o to br+ 
!m clos] toge!r1 & s contract ! passage1
 a ?ird to draw !  lips backw>d & away f
 ! flute1 & ! f\r? to pu% !m  =w>d ov] !
 edge ( ! emb\*ure4    ,! la/ ( ! fifte5
 lev]s is ! clev]e/ ( all1 = x has  !   

p[] ( controll+ ! tongue1 an            
accompli%m5t :i* ,i ?9k  ev]yone 7unless
 he be an ,odd ,volume7 w agree ) me is 
a v  difficult "o to acquire4    ,!     
b>rel work$ ^u a screw$ be>+ 7simil> to 
t ( !  cyl9d] ( a phonograph71 s t 9 its
 revolution all ! lev]s  describ$ a     
spiral l9e sixty-f\r in*es long1 &1 z ! 
b>rel  dur+ ! p]=mance made twelve      
revolutions x foll[$ t !  lev]s pass$   
ov] a di/ance ( no less ?an #gfh in*es 9
 go+  ?r\gh its p]=mance ( twelve tunes4
    ,9 a ,memoir read be=e ! ,acadmie   
des ,sci5ces1 ,m4 ,vaucanson  describ$ !
 v beautiful me?ods by :i* ! b>rel 0 set
 out1  & by :i* ! positions ( ! b>s 7   
det]m9$ on its surface  s z to regulate 
! supply ( air & to control ! actions ( 
!  f+]s1 ! motion ( ! lips & ! movem5ts 
( ! tongue2 & he  gave a mo/ int]e/+    
analysis ( ! ac\/ics ( w9d in/rum5ts2  b
 "t w n p]mit me to make m ?an ?is pass+
 ref]5ce to  !m4    ,! picture on !     
scre5 7,fig4 #ba7 is a photographic     
reproduction (  ! plate atta*$ to ,m4   

,vaucanson's ,memoir 7a some:at r>e     
little  tract publi%$ 9 #agch7 9 :i* 8  
?ree automata are %[n1 & ,i  hold 9 my  
h& a copy ( ! translation by ,dr4       
,desaguli]s1 publi%$  9 ,london 9 #agdb1
 :i*1 ! impr9t tells u1 0 8sold at !    
long  room at ! ,op]a ,h\se 9 !         
,haym>ket1 :]e ! me*anical figures  are 
to be se5 at #a1 #b1 #e1 & #g o'clock 9 
! aft]noon40    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4
    ,! second ( ,vaucanson's automata 0 
8 celebrat$ model ( a duck1  :i* he     
himself describ$ 9 a lett] to ! ,abb de 
la ,fonta9e 9  #agch4 ,?is extraord9>y  
automaton 7accord+ to ! inv5tor's own   
acc\nt ( x71 exhibit$ a consid]able     
am\nt ( physiological &  anatomical k & 
! mo/ pr(\nd me*anical skill1 = 9 x  !  
op]ation ( eat+1 dr9k+1 & dige/ion1 7 v 
closely  imitat$4 ,! duck /ret*$ out its
 neck to take corn f !  h&1 x swall[$ x 
& dis*>g$ x 9 a dige/$ condition1 !     
dige/ion be+ effect$ n by trituration1 b
 by dissolution1 &  7to quote ! qua9t   
expressions ( ! inv5tor71 8,! matt]     

dige/$  9 ! /oma* is conduct$ by pipes  
7z 9 an animal by ! guts71  q to ! anus1
 :]e !re is a sph9ct] t lets x out4 ,i  
don't  pret5d10 he says1 8to give ?is z 
a p]fect dige/ion1 capable (  produc+   
blood & nutritive p>ticles = ! support (
 ! animal4  ,i hope nobody w be s unk9d 
z to upbraid me ) pret5d+ to any  su*   
?+4 ,i only pret5d to imitate ! me*anism
 ( _! action 9  ^! ?+s1 i4e41 fir/1 to  
swall[ ! corn2 secondly1 mac]ate or     
dissolve x2 ?irdly1 to make x come out  
s5sibly *ang$ f :at  x 040 ,b 7on ! same
 au?ority71 besides be+ furni%$ ) a     
dige/ive sy/em1 ! w+s 7 anatomical      
imitations ( nature2 n  only 0 e bone   
imitat$1 b all ! processes & em95ces (  
ea* bone1 & ! jo9ts 7 articulat$ z 9 a  
real animal4    ,aft] hav+ be5 w\nd up1 
! duck ate & drank1 play$ 9 ! wat]  ) 8 
bill1 mak+ :at is describ$ z a 8gugl+0  
s\nd1 rose  up on its legs & sat d[n1   
flapp$ its w+s1 dress$ its fea!rs  ) its
 bill1 & p]=m$ all ^! diff]5t op]ations 
)\t  requir+ to be t\*$ aga94    ,x is  

important1 h[ev]1 to po9t out t ?is     
dige/ion /ory c  only be 8dige/$0 cum   
grano salis1 & ?is is suppli$ 9 !       
sequel :i* furni%es ! explanation4 ,9 ! 
ye> #ahdj ! automaton  0 f\nd hidd5 away
 9 a g>ret 9 ,b]l92 x 0 v mu* out (     
ord]1 & a me*anician ( ! "n ( ,georges  
,tiets und]took to  repair x4 ,x 0 tak5 
to ,p>is1 & 9 ! ye> #ahdd 0 exhibit$ 9  
! ,place du ,palais ,royal4 ,9 ! c\rse (
 ?is exhibition "o ( !  w+s became      
d]ang$1 & x 0 put into ! h&s (          
,rob]t-,h\d9  = repairs4 ,rob]t-,h\d9   
took advantage ( ?is opportunity =      
exam9+ ! s-call$ dige/ive sy/em ( !     
automaton1 & he ?us  describes its      
action3    8,on prs5tait  l'animal un   
vase dans lequel tait de la gra9e       
baignant dans l'eau4 ,le m\vem5t que    
faisait le bec en b>botant  divisait la 
n\rriture et en facilitait              
l'introduction dans un tuyau  plac s\s  
le bec infrieur du can>d2 l'eau et la   
gra9e1 a9si  aspirs tombai5t dans une   
bote place s\s le v5tre de l'automate1  

laquelle se vidait t\tes les trois ou   
quatre sances4 ,l'vacuation  tait *ose  
prp>e  l'avance2 une espce de b\llie1   
compose de  mie de pa9 colore de v]t1   
tait p\sse p> un c\p de pompe et        
soigneusem5t reue1 sur un plateau en    
arg5t1 comme produit d'une  dige/ion    
artificielle10 s t1 aft] all1 ?is       
wond]ful dige/ion  ( ,vaucanson's duck 0
 no?+ m ?an a clev] trick4    ,! ?ird   
automaton ( ,vaucanson 0 a figure t     
play$ on a  %eph]d's pipe ) "o h& :ile x
 beat a drum ) ! o!r4 ,!  in/rum5t play$
 ^u 0 a little pipe ) only ?ree holes1 &
  ! diff]5t notes 7 produc$ by a great] 
or less pressure ( air  & a m or less   
clos+ ( ! holes1 & e note1 no matt] h[  
rapid 0 ! succession1 _h to be modifi$  
by ! tongue4 ,9 ?is  ma*9e !re 7 provid$
 z _m diff]5t pressures ( air z !re  7  
notes to be s\nd$1 & ! me*anism by :i*  
^! op]ations  & ! f+]+ ( ! keys 7       
effect$ reflects ! greate/  cr$it on !  
memory ( ?is rem>kable man4#i    ,!     
,automaton duck ( ,vaucanson 01 to a    

c]ta9 ext5t1 anticipat$  by ! ,comte de 
,g5nes1 ,gov]nor ( ! ,isl& ( ,sa9t      
,*ri/oph]1  :o1 we are told by ,pre     
,labat1 con/ruct$ a peacock :i* c\ld    
walk  ab\t & pick up gra9s ( corn1 :i* x
 swall[$ & dige/$4 ,i  h no means (     
det]m9+ :e!r or n ,vaucanson took ! idea
 (  8 duck f ?is automaton1 b t         
,vaucanson _h imitators !re is  abundant
 evid5ce to prove4 ,9 ! ye> #ageb1 ,du  
,m\l91 a silv]smi?1  travell$ all ov]   
,europe ) automata simil> to ^? (       
,vaucanson1  & !y 7 aft]w>ds pur*as$ 9  
,nuremb]g1 by ,b]eis1 a  c\nsellor (    
,helm/adt1 at ^: place !y 7 se5 by      
,beckmann 9  #aged4    ,9 ! ye> #agfj1  
!re 0 a writ+ automaton exhibit$ 9      
,vi5na1  :i* 0 con/ruct$ by ,fri$ri* von
 ,knaus1 & ab\t ! same "t  a numb] ( v  
curi\s automata 7 made by ,le ,droz1 (  
,*aux de  ,fonds1 9 ,neuf*atel4 ,"o ( ^!
 0 a clock1 pres5t$ to ! ,k+  ( ,spa91  
:i* _h1 9 addition to sev]al mov+       
figures1 a %eep  t bleat$ 9 a v natural 
way1 & a dog m\nt+ gu>d ov]  a basket ( 

fruit2 if anyone attempt$ to t\* !      
basket ! dog  b>k$ & gr[l$1 & if any ( !
 fruit 7 tak5 away ! b>k+  cont9u$ until
 x 0 re/or$4    ,! son ( ?is man 7:o    
liv$ at ,g5eva71 0 no less skilful a    
me*anician1 = he made a gold snuffbox   
ab\t #d-a_/b in*es long by #c  in*es    
broad1 9 :i* :5 a spr+ 0 t\*$ a little  
door flew  op5 & a beautifully modell$  
bird ( gre5 enamell$ gold rose  up1     
flutt]$ its w+s & tail1 & comm5c$ a     
trill+ song (  great beauty & p[]1 its  
beak keep+ "t ) ! notes4 ,su* a         
snuffbox 0 exhibit$ 9 ! ,great          
,exhibition ( #ahea1 prov+ z  great a   
popul> attraction z ! ,koh-i-nur        
diamond1 & 7ow+ to !  k9dness ( my fri5d
 ,mr4 ,trippl9 ! well-kn[n horologi/7 ,i
 am n[  able to %[ y "o ( ^! v beautiful
 triumphs ( me*anical  skill4    ,ano!r 
( ! y\ng] ,le ,droz's inv5tions 0 8     
celebrat$ draw+  automaton1 :i* 0 a     
life-size figure ( a man sitt+ beh9d a  
table  & hold+ a /yle 9 8 h&4 ,a %eet ( 
vellum 0 plac$ on !  table1 & ! figure  

began to draw portraits ( well-kn[n     
p]sons  ) extraord9>y correctness4 ,?is 
automaton 0 %[n 9 ,london1 &  attract$  
consid]able att5tion at ! "t4           
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4    ,i mu/ n[   
re-introduce to y ano!r old fri5d1 fir/ 
%[n "h by  ,bro!r ,mann+4 ,"h he is6 a  
little acrobat t turns som]saults       
backw>ds d[n /airs4 ,?is is n1 z _m h   
?\ght1 an inv5tion  ( t great me*anical 
g5ius1 ,rob]t-,h\d91 = x is figur$ &    
describ$ 9 ,muss*5broeck's 8,introductio
 ad philosophiam naturalem10  :i* 0     
publi%$ 9 ,leyd5 9 #agfb 7a ye> aft] !  
au?or's  dea?71 & half a c5tury be=e    
,rob]t-,h\d9 0 born1 & on !  scre5 y h a
 facsimile 7,fig4 #bb7 ( ,muss*5broeck's
 illu/ration  ( ?is me*anical toy1 :i*  
he ref]s to z 8an old inv5tion (  !     
,*9ese40 ,x is also describ$ by ,ozanam 
9 8 8,recrations  ,ma?matiques et       
,physiques10 ! fir/ edition ( :i* 0     
publi%$  9 #afid4 ,! figure ,i n[ ?r[ on
 ! scre5 7,fig4 #bc71 is tak5 f  !      
second edition ( ?is "w :i* 0 edit$ by  

,montucla 9 #agij4  ,! pr9ciple is      
exce$+ly simple2 ! :ole ?+ dep5ds ^u !  
c5tre ( gravity be+ sudd5ly *ang$ by a  
%ift+ weight4 ,)9  a tube conta9$ )9 !  
body1 is a small quantity ( m]cury1 &  !
 mom5t t ?is tube is incl9$ to ! horizon
 ! m]cury fl[s  to ! l[] end tilt+ "o   
figure ov] ! o!r1 & ) su* =ce  t x is   
c>ri$ ov] by its in]tia f> en\gh to tilt
 ! tubes1  & cause ! m]cury to fl[ to ! 
opposite end1 & ! process  is repeat$ z 
long z !re are /airs to desc5d2 by a v  
simple  arrangem5t ( /r+s pass+ ov]     
pulleys1 ! legs & arms are  always      
br\ght into suitable positions to       
support ! figure 9 e  position ( its    
desc5t4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4     
,i n[ come to ! automaton :i* = "s ye>s 
0 ! wond] (  e c\ntry 9 ,europe1 !      
automaton *ess-play] ( ! ,b>on          
,wolfgang von ,kempel51 con/ruct$ 9     
#aggf4 ,?is automaton 0 a  life-size    
sitt+ figure dress$ z a ,turk1 & hav+   
be=e x a  l>ge rectangul> *e/ or cab9et1
 #c feet #f in*es long1 #b feet deep1  &

 #b feet #f in*es high1 on ! top ( :i* 0
 a *essbo>d &  a set ( m54 ,! seat on   
:i* ! figure sat1 0 atta*$ to !  cab9et 
& ! :ole 0 on ca/ors1 s t x c\ld be     
:eel$  ab\t ! floor4 ,:5 ! automaton 0  
exhibit$1 ! exhibitor began  op]ations  
by op5+ ! doors ( ! cab9et s z to %[ its
  cont5ts1 & "h ,i w ?r[ on ! scre5 a   
copy 7,fig4 #bd7 ( "o  ( ! plates 9 a   
curi\s pamphlet1#aj pr9t$ anonym\sly 9  
#ahba1  b probably by ,pr(essor ,willis4
 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be recollect$  t ^!     
doors 7 op5$ 9 succession1 & nev] all at
 ! same  "t1 b :i*ev] door 0 op5$1 no?+ 
c\ld be se5 b :eels1  lev]s1 connect+   
rods1 /r+s & cyl9d]s4 ,aft] ?is ! doors 
7 clos$ & lock$1 ! ma*9]y 0 w\nd up1 & !
 figure 0  ready to play a game ( *ess )
 any "o :o w\ld *all5ge him4 ,on        
comm5c+ ! game ! figure mov$ its head1 &
 seem$ to look at  e "p ( ! bo>d4 ,:5 x 
*eck$ ! k+1 x nodd$ its head  ?ree      
times1 & :5 x ?reat5$ ! que51 x nodd$   
twice4 ,x also  %ook its head :5 its    
adv]s>y made a false move1 & replac$ !  

(f5d+ piece4 ,x ne>ly always won ! game1
 b occasionally lo/4    ,:5 x 0         
complet$1 x 0 exhibit$ 9 ,riga1 ,mosc[1 
,/4  ,pet]sburg1 ,b]l91 ,presburg &     
,vi5na1 com+ to ,london 9 #aghc1 &  hav+
 be5 se5 by _m ?\s&s dur+ ^? ye>s ) out 
its  secret be+ discov]$1 b 9 ! ye>     
#aghi1 a book 0 publi%$  by ,mr4        
,freyh]re ( ,dresd51 9 :i* he %[$ t 8a  
well taught  boy v ?9 & tall ( 8 age1   
7suffici5tly s t he c\ld be  conceal$ 9 
a draw] bel[ ! *essbo>d17 agitat$ !     
:ole40 ,9  ! plate be=e y1 y w see t !  
au?or has %[n 9 dott$  l9es1 ! position 
a boy might take :5 ! left h& door 0    
op5$4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4    ,! 
real /ory ( ?is mo/ +5i\s & successful  
sci5tific fraud  is s int]e/+ t ,i mu/  
tell x "h1 al?\gh x puts =  ev] ,b>on   
von ,kempel5's *ess-play] outside !     
circle ( true  automata4 ,9 ! ye> #aggf1
 a regim5t1 half ,russian & half ,poli%1
  mut9i$ at ,riga4 ,! mut9e]s 7 defeat$1
 & _! *ief (fic]1  ,wor\ski1 fell1 hav+ 
_h bo? 8 ?ighs fractur$ by a cannon     

ball4  ,he hid himself 9 a dit* until   
aft] d>k1 :5 he dragg$ himself  to !    
neighb\r+ h\se ( a doctor nam$ ,osl(f1 a
 man ( great  b5evol5ce1 :o took him 9 &
 conceal$ him1 b he _h to amputate  bo? 
8 legs4 ,dur+ ! "t ( ,wor\ski's illness1
 ,osl(f 0  visit$ by 8 intimate fri5d ! 
,b>on von ,kempel51 & aft] _m           
consultations & mu* ?\ght1 ,kempel5 hit 
^u ! idea ( convey+  him out ( ! c\ntry 
by devis+ ?is automaton 7z ,wor\ski 0 a 
great *ess-play]71 & 9 ?ree mon?s !     
figure 0 f9i%$4    ,9 ord] to avoid     
suspicion he gave p]=mances en r\te to !
  fronti]4 ,! fir/ p]=mance 0 giv5 at   
,t\la1 on ! #f? (  ,novemb]1 #aggg 7t is
 to say exactly #aad ye>s ago to-day74  
,!  ma*9e & ,wor\ski 7 pack$ 9 a case & 
/>t$ = ,prussia1 b  :5 !y rea*$ ,riga1  
ord]s came f ! ,empress ,ka!r9e ,,ii41  
= ,b>on von ,kempel5 to g to ,/4        
,pet]sburg ) 8 automaton4  ,! ,empress  
play$ sev]al games ) him1 b 0 always    
beat51 &  !n %e want$ to buy ! figure4  
,?is 0 an awkw>d situation =  ,kempel51 

& he 0 at 8 wits' end to "k h[ to       
wriggle out (  x4 ,he decl>$ t 8 own    
pres5ce 0 absolutely necess>y = !  work+
 ( ! ma*9e1 & t x 0 q impossible = him  
to  sell x1 &1 aft] "s fur!r discussion1
 he 0 all[$ to proce$  on 8 j\rney4     
,?is *ess-play] 01 9 ! same ye>1 pur*as$
 by ,mons4 ,an?on1 :o  took x all ov]   
,europe4 ,at 8 dea? x came into ! h&s ( 
,johann  ,maelzel1 ! inv5tor ( !        
,metronome1 :o s5t x to ! ,unit$        
,/ates4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds s5t back to       
,europe1 & 9 ! ye> #ahdd 0  9 !         
possession ( a me*anician ( ,belleville1
 nam$ ,croizi]4    ,maelzel himself 0 a 
me*anician ( v consid]able skill1 & he  
con/ruct$ an automaton trumpet]1 :i* 0  
exhibit$ at ,vi5na  ab\t ! ye> #ahjd1   
:i* play$ ! ,au/rian & ,fr5* cavalry    
m>*es1 & m>*es & allegros by ,weigl1    
,dussek1 & ,pleyel4  ,maelzel 01 aft] t1
 appo9t$ me*anician to ! ,au/rian ,c\rt1
  & con/ruct$ an automatic or*e/ra1 9   
:i* trumpets1 flutes1  cl>ionets1       
viol9s1 violoncellos1 drums1 cymbals1 & 

a triangle1 7  introduc$1 & ?is attract$
 v great int]e/ 9 ! ,au/rian  capital at
 ! "t4    ,9 ! ye> #aggb !re 0 9 ,spr+  
,g>d5s1 ne> ,*>+ ,cross1  a mo/         
rem>kable collection ( automata exhibit$
 9 a place (  ent]ta9m5t kn[n z ,cox's  
,museum1 & "h ,i h an orig9al copy  ( ! 
8,descriptive catalogue1 ( ! sev]al     
sup]b & magnific5t  pieces ( me*anism & 
jewell]y exhibit$ 9 ,mr4 ,cox's ,museum1
 at  ,spr+ ,g>d5s1 ,*>+ ,cross40 ,to :i*
 ?is footnote is add$1  8,h\rs (        
,admission1 #aa1 #b1 & #g1 e day        
7,sundays except$71  tickets ,half a    
,gu9ea ea*1 admitt+ "o p]son1 to be _h  
at ,mr4  ,cox's1 ,no4 #ajc1 ,%oe ,lane40
 ,?is 0 a v extraord9>y exhibition1  &  
conta9$ upw>ds ( tw5ty l>ge & elaborate 
automata1 sev]al  ( !m be+ adorn$ ) gold
 & preci\s /ones4 ,"s 7  complicat$     
clocks1 "s 7 l>ge gr\ps ( animals1 &    
figures )  f\nta9s & cascades ar\nd !m4 
,none ( ^! objects 0 less  ?an n9e feet 
high1 & "s 7 z high z sixte5 feet4 ,i c 
f9d  no?+ important en\gh f a           

,me*anick's po9t ( view1 to describe  9 
detail1 b x 0 ! precursor 9 ! same place
 ( ! exhibition  ( ,monsieur ,maill>det1
 :i* 0 "o ( ! ,london attractions at !  
beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury4    ,m4        
,maill>det exhibit$ a bird automaton    
7simil> to t already  ref]r$ to :i* 0   
made by ,le ,droz71 & ^: p]=mance la/$  
f\r m9utes ) "o w9d+ up4 ,he con/ruct$  
also a spid]1  entirely ( /eel1 :i*     
imitat$ all ! actions ( ! real animal1  
x ran r\nd & r\nd ! table 9 a spiral    
l9e1 t5d+ t[>ds !  c5tre4 ,maill>det    
made automata repres5t+ a cat]pill>1 a  
m\se1  a liz>d1 & a s]p5t2 ! la/ crawl$ 
ab\t all ov] ! table1  d>t$ its tongue 9
 & out1 & produc$ a hiss+ s\nd4         
,maill>det's mo/ important automata 71  
h[ev]1 8 draw+ &  writ+ figure1 & 8     
pian(orte play]4 ,! =m] 0 a kneel+  boy1
 :o wrote 9 ink ) an ord9>y p51 s5t5ces 
9 ,engli%  & 9 ,fr5*1 & drew l&scapes4  
,! piani/ 0 a figure ( a  lady1 :o p]=m$
 eighte5 pieces ( music4 ,%e began by   
b[+  to ! audi5ce1 h] bosom heav$1 & h] 

eyes fir/ look$ at !  music1 & !n foll[$
 ! motion ( h] f+]s1 & ! music  0       
produc$ by ! keys be+ play$ on by !     
f+]s2 b !  mo/ rem>kable ( ,m4          
,maill>det's ma*9es1 0 a magician1 or   
=tune-tell]1 :i* gave answ]s to "s tw5ty
 giv5 que/ions1  :i* 7 inscrib$ on z _m 
c\nt]s or m$allions4 ,"o ( ^!  m$allions
 hav+ be5 put into a draw]1 ! figure    
arose f 8  seat1 b[$ to ! audi5ce1 &    
describ$ my/ic circles 9 ! air  ) 8 w&2 
aft] appe>+ to consult 8 book ( my/]ies1
 he  /ruck a little door beh9d him1 :i* 
flew op51 & exhibit$ an  appropriate    
answ] to ! "q on ! m$allion4    ,! g5]al
 pr9ciple ^u :i* ?is automaton's p[] (  
selection  0 f\nd$ lay 9 ! fact t 9 !   
edge ( ea* m$allion !re  0 a small hole 
drill$1 b no two holes 7 drill$ to !    
same  dep?1 &1 by an exce$+ly delicate  
me*anism1 ! v>y+ dep?  to :i* a p9 c\ld 
be ?ru/ into ! edge ( a disc1 0 caus$ to
  control ! me*anism by :i* ! v>i\s     
answ]s 7 select$1 &  :i* 7 exhibit$ :5 !
 little door flew op54    ,! next great 

ma/] ( automaton design & con/ruction1 0
 t  wond]ful g5ius ,rob]t-,h\d9 7ab\t   
:om our wor?y ,secret>y &  ,se] disc\rs$
 to u s pleasantly & s in/ructively     
ne>ly a ye>  ago74 ,bro!r ,mann+'s pap] 
0 s complete 9 itself1 & t "p  ( x :i*  
dealt ) automata 0 s ably illu/rat$1 t x
 w  be q unnecess>y = me to add to !    
l5g? ( ?is communication1  by go+ ov] t 
gr\nd aga91 s ,i w m]ely enum]ate !     
automata ( t int]e/+ man & pass on to   
/ill m rec5t times4    ,! fir/ ( !      
automata ( ,rob]t-,h\d9 0 a             
confection]'s %op1  9 :i* a pa/ry-cook  
came out ( ! door :5 reque/$ & (f]$  to 
! spectators patiss]ie1 bonbons1 &      
refre%m5ts ( e  description1 & )9 ! %op 
might be se5 ! assi/ants mak+  pa/ry1   
roll+ out ! d\gh1 & putt+ x into ! ov54 
,!n he  made two cl[ns1 kn[n z ,auriol &
 ,dbureau4 ,! fir/ ( ^!  p]=m$ a numb] (
 acrobatic feats ^u a *air :i* 0 held at
  arm's l5g? by ! o!r4 ,aft] ?is1 !     
figure ( ,auriol smok$ a  pipe1 &       
accompani$ on ! flageolet an air play$  

by ! or*e/ra4    ,ano!r 0 an acrobat :i*
 p]=m$ tricks on ! trapze1 & !  la/ to  
:i* ,i %all ref]1 0 8 celebrat$ writ+   
figure1 :i*  is illu/rat$ 9 ,bro!r      
,mann+'s 8,opusculum10 ,no4 ,,xxiv41 to 
:i* ,i  mu/ ref] y = a great deal (     
int]e/+ in=mation respect+  t rem>kable 
man4    ,a contempor>y ( ,rob]t-,h\d9 0 
,mons4 ,m>eppe1 :o con/ruct$ a  v       
wond]ful automaton viol9 play]1 & :i* 0 
exhibit$ at !  ,cons]vatoire at ,p>is1 9
 ! ye> #ahch1 & :i* p]=m$ on !  viol9 by
 b[+ & f+]+ ! /r+s1 & 9 an acc\nt ( !   
p]=mance :i* 0 publi%$ at ! "t 9        
8,galignani's ,mess5g]10  x is /at$ t ! 
musical execution 0 s p]fect z to br+   
te>s into ! eyes ( ! audi5ce4    ,com+  
to our own p]iod1 f ! "t ( ,rob]t-,h\d91
 !re h  be5 no great automata :i* w live
 9 ! hi/ory ( ! subject1  until ! ye>   
#ahge1 :5 ,mr4 ,j4 ,n4 ,maskelyne 7:o1  
,i am happy to  tell y1 is hon\r+ u ) 8 
pres5ce to-night7 exhibit$ at  !        
,egyptian ,hall 8 m>vell\s 8,psy*o40    
,?is 0 a seat$ figure1  support$ by a   

cyl9drical p$e/al ( glass :i* /ood ^u a 
little  plat=m1 &1 be+ on ca/ors1 c\ld  
be :eel$ ab\t ! floor4 ,?is  automaton c
 actually play a game ( :i/1 select+ !  
c>ds f a  rack 9 front ( x1 & play+ a   
mo/ skilful game4 ,! ma*9e works        
app>5tly )\t any me*anical connection ) 
any?+ outside1  & ! delicacy & precision
 ( its actions1 display ! mo/           
consummate skill 9 design1 & give to its
 inv5tor a high position  = me*anical   
sci5ce4 ,?is automaton also works out   
ari?metical  calculations1 ) numb]s f "o
 to a hundr$ millions1 %[+ !  result    
beh9d a door :i* op5s 9 front ( its box4
    ,ano!r ( ,mr4 ,maskelyne's automata1
 is ! celebrat$ 8,zoe0 ( #ahgg1  a sitt+
 figure support$ l ! la/ on a glass     
p$e/al s z to  exclude ! possibility (  
an electrical sy/em ( communication4 ,a 
%eet ( pap] is fa/5$ on to ! table 9    
front1 & ! figure  traces out v fair    
portraits ( public *>act]s *os5 by !    
audi5ce out ( a li/ ( "s two hundr$     
names4    ,9 respect to ^! mo/ beautiful

 ma*9es ,i mu/ refra9 f  reveal+ to y ! 
secrets ( _! work+1 & t = two  reasons1 
fir/1 because ,i d n "k !m myself2 &    
second1 because  ,mr4 ,maskelyne is "h &
 is d\btless only impati5t to jump up :5
 ,i  sit d[n & tell u all ab\t !m4    ,i
 d n int5d to say any?+ ab\t speak+     
ma*9es or to d  m ?an make a pass+      
ref]5ce to ! v int]e/+ "w &  rese>*es ( 
,kir*] 9 #afej1 ,van ,helmont1 #affg1   
,kratz5/e91 9  #aghj1 ,l',abb ,mical1 9 
#aghc1 ,von ,kempel5 9 #agia1 ,willis 9 
#ahbi1  ,:eat/one 9 #ahcg1 or ( ,fab] 9 
#ahfb4 ,all ^! me*anicians &  physici/s 
/udi$ ! philosophy ( spee* & produc$    
ma*9es or  p>ts ( ma*9es1 :i* c\ld utt] 
v[els1 words or ev5 s5t5ces1  b ^!      
ma*9es 7 op]at$ by keys & /ops & 71 9 no
  s5se ( ! t]m1 automata4    ,i mu/1    
h[ev]1 ref] to "o ( ! greate/ m>vels (  
mod]n  sci5ce1 ! phonograph :i* ,mr4    
,edison has appli$ 9 !  con/ruction ( 8 
talk+ dolls4 ,edison's talk+ doll is a  
figure1  )9 :i* a little phonograph1    
driv5 by a little w9*1 is  conceal$1 &  

:i* repeats 9 a cle> voice any s5t5ce or
 rhyme  :i* may h be5 spok5 aga9/ its   
record+ cyl9d] or disc4  ,i am deeply   
disappo9t$ to be unable to %[ y "o ( ^! 
mo/  int]e/+ automata to-night1 = "o is 
on its way to me across !  ,atlantic4   
,colonel ,g\r& v k9dly s5t = "o t ,i    
might %[  x to y ?is ev5+1 & ,i deeply  
regret t x has n arriv$ 9  "t1 = ! ,odd 
,volumes w\ld1 o!rwise1 h be5 ! fir/ to 
he>  its voice 9 ,europe4#aa    ,9 !    
phonograph1 t spl5did triumph ( ac\/ical
 & me*anical  sci5ce1 we h lit]ally     
fulfill$1 ! pr$iction made by ,sir      
,david  ,brew/] 9 #ahhc1 :5 he wrote 8,i
 h no d\bt t be=e ano!r  c5tury is      
complet$1 a talk+ & a s++ ,ma*9e w be   
numb]$  among ! conque/s ( ,sci5ce40    
,no "o :o is famili> ) any ( ! great    
,european capitals c  h fail$ to notice 
9 ! w9d[s ( ! high] class ( toy-%ops1   
clock-"w automata ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,we h   
juggl]s & rope  danc]s1 conjur]s1       
piani/s1 viol9i/s1 h>pi/s & trumpet]s1  
danc+ nigg]s1 figures fight+1 knitt+1   

sew+1 writ+1 &  engag$ 9 almo/ e        
occupation p]=m$ by human be+s1 b none  
t ,i h se5 are fit = comp>ison ) !      
wond]ful me*anical  works ( ,vaucanson1 
,rob]t-,h\d9 or ,maskelyne2 me*anically 
!y are  ne>ly id5tical ) "o ano!r1 &    
diff] only 9 ! ext]nal  application ( ! 
int]nal ma*9]y4 ,at ,int]national       
,exhibitions "o  sees "o or two (       
sup]ior m]it1 b ,i h n rec5tly se5 any (
  suffici5t importance to br+ be=e y ?is
 ev5+4 ,! piani/s  & o!r musicians m]ely
 move _! h&s on _! in/rum5ts1  b ! music
 7save ! m>k7 :e!r x be a viol9 or a    
trumpet1  comes f a musical snuffbox    
inside :i* is g5]ally w\nd up by  a     
diff]5t key4 ,^! figures are usually v  
co/ly1 & ,i am  always puzzl$ to "k :o  
are ! p :o pur*ase !m4 ,! be/  are      
g5]ally ^? me*anical toys :i* repres5t !
 movem5ts (  animals1 & "h ,i h a       
me*anical be> :i* is r amus+1  & x is   
+5i\s because by a v simple comb9ation (
 clock "w  ) cranks & /r+s a numb] (    
diff]5t motions is obta9$2 we  h ! m\?  

op5+ & %utt+1 ! head go+ f side to side1
  ! lips mov+ & ! :ole animal b[+ to !  
spectators4    ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s a mo/ 
extraord9>y am\nt ( me*anical  +5uity   
has be5 br\ght to be> ^u ! con/ruction (
 small  automatic toys1 :i* are sold 9 !
 /reets = a few p5ce1 &  ,i ?9k1 ev5 m  
?an ! extraord9>ily simple & +5i\s      
contrivances by :i* ! v>i\s effects are 
produc$1 ! great  inv5tive m]it consi/s 
9 a design & me?od ( manufacture by :i* 
!y c be turn$ out1 ) a pr(it1 at s      
insignificant a co/4 ,i  h br\ght toge!r
 a few examples1 a v m9ute fraction ( ! 
hundr$s ( =ms t exi/1 b select$ m]ely to
 illu/rate !  diff]5t types ( pr9ciple (
 action4    ,a v fav\rite motive p[] is 
a w\nd up spr+1 consi/+ (  /r&s (       
vulcaniz$ india-rubb]1 & "h ,i h "o ( ! 
well-kn[n butt]flies :i* come out 9     
,p>is 9 #ahgh1 :]e !y  fill$ ! air ( !  
,av5ue de l',op]a1 ! %ops ( :i* 7 !n    
occupi$ *iefly by hawk]s ( toys4 ,!     
motive p[] ( ?is toy  is no?+ m ?an a   
light screw propell] or fan rotat$ by ! 

untwi/+ ( a spr+1 :ile on ! body ( !    
ma*9e are two fix$  w+s or f9s to prev5t
 ! :ole ma*9e f rotat+4 ,! action is    
wond]fully l t ( an animal1 p]haps mo/ l
 t ( a bat4  ,"h aga9 ! same pr9ciple is
 appli$ 9 a runn+ m\se1 & ?is  is       
especially int]e/+ f ! fact t ! ma*9e   
w9ds itself  up ! mom5t ! t5sion ( !    
cord is relax$1 & z ! sp9dle (  ! :eels 
is ! flexible rubb] itself ! peculi>    
scuttl+ action  ( a m\se is well        
imitat$4    ,!re is aga9 a l>ge class ( 
me*anical toys 9 :i* !re is a           
comb9ation ( a rubb] spr+ ) a :eel &    
escapem5t1 ! pallets  ( :i* by _!       
reciprocat+ motion produc+ :atev] effect
 may  be desir$2 ! swimm+ fi% is "o (   
!m1 ! wagg+ ( ! tail  be+ produc$ 9 !   
way ,i h describ$4 ,"h is ano!r display+
  consid]able +5uity4 ,9 ?is case an    
escapem5t :eel works a crut*  :i* by a  
pair ( cranks l9k$ toge!r causes ea* (  
two pugili/s  to turn a little way      
backw>ds & =w>ds on "o heel1 & ! arms   
be+ hung loosely to ! %\ld]s by rubb]   

h+es give to !  figures ! appe>ance (   
hitt+ out vigor\sly4    ,i h "h a c\ple 
( figures :i* ,i admit d n conta9 _!    
motive p[] )9 !mselves b !y require s   
little aid f  outside & d s mu* =       
!mselves t ,i h be5 tempt$ to  br+ !m 94
 ,"h is a monkey climb+ a rope1 & its   
progression  is insur$ by ! simple/     
possible device1 ! /r+ passes ov] "o  p9
 & "u ano!r 9 8 po/]ior h&s :ile !      
ant]ior pair (  h&s grip ! rope ) a     
slight degree ( friction3 if ! /r+ be   
tight5$ ! l[] h&s act z a lev] :i* pu%es
 ! body up1 b  :5 x is slack x slips    
r\nd ! p9s & does no "w1 9 o!r  words ! 
grip ( ! h&s is great] ?an t ( ! feet :5
 !  cord is slack b less :5 x is tight4 
,9 ?is little animat$ skeleton1 we h an 
imm5se effect produc$ by  an            
extraord9>ily small ext]nal motion4 ,!  
squeeze t ,i give to  ?is ,u %ap$ spr+1 
by v>y+ ! t5sion ( ! twi/$ /r+s1 on  :i*
 ! skeleton is susp5d$1 is almo/        
inf9itesimal--b x gives  to ! skeleton  
consid]ably m en]gy ?an is usually to be

 f\nd 9  skeletons4    ,"h we h a walk+ 
figure ^: action dep5ds ^u gravity1 b  8
 progression is *eck$ by ! friction ( 8 
feet on ! bo>d on  :i* he p]=ms1 fir/ "o
 foot cat*es & !n ano!r1 & ea*  "t 8    
in]tia turns him r\nd1 :i* gives him an 
appe>ance (  hav+ be5 9 ! company (     
teetotall]s1 or c he h be5 d9+  ) !     
,sette ( ,odd ,volumes8    ,a famili> =m
 ( me*anical or automatic toys is 9 ! =m
 ( a  box or frame hav+ a glass front1  
beh9d :i* figures ( acrobats1           
rope-danc]s & mov+ gr\ps are set into   
motion by s& fall+ on  a :eel )9 ! case2
 & x is an +5i\s feature ( ^! toys  t !y
 are 8w\nd up0 by simply roll+ ! box ov]
 on its edge  ?r\gh "o revolution1 :i*  
has ! effect ( lift+ ! fall5 s&  back   
into ! upp] res]voir4    ,! la/ great   
class ( me*anical figures1 to :i* ,i    
%all ref]1  includes ^? :i* dep5d = _!  
action ^u ! sp9n+ ( a top  or fly-:eel1 
& "s ( !m are p>ticul>ly pretty & +5i\s4
    ,"h1 = example1 is a c\ple (        
figures1 :i* ! g5tleman :o  sold x to me

 told me 0 8a ,n>ry & a ,n>riet walk+   
h\t on  #8,amp/ead ',ea?40 ,9 ?is case !
 rul+ _s & g is z usual  9 ! lady1 & !  
man has to foll[ :i!r %e leads1 ! legs  
( ! man are connect$ toge!r at ! hips by
 a pair ( cranks s  dispos$1 t if "o leg
 be pu%$ back1 ! o!r is !reby ?r[n      
=w>d4 ,n[ ! heels are s cut t !y cat* 9 
! gr\nd :5  9 a =w>d position & c slide 
=w>d :5 beh9d2 9 be+ urg$  along1 ! =w>d
 leg cat*+ 9 ! gr\nd is relatively pu%$ 
back  & ! o!r leg comes =w>d1 :i* 9 its 
turn cat*es1 & !  effect ( walk+ is     
produc$4    ,& "h we h 7,fig4 #be7 ano!r
 on precisely ! same pr9ciple1 9  :i* an
 o/ri* appe>s to draw a c>t1 :i* 9      
reality1 is pu%+  him along1 b ! effect 
( ! o/ri*'s /rut is delightfully        
reproduc$4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4  
,"h is ano!r 9 :i* sev]al v curi\s      
motions are reproduc$4  ,?is beautiful  
little me*anical toy 7,fig4 #bf7        
repres5ts a circus  girl rid+ r\nd ! r+1
 & occasionally leap+ ov] a b> or  b[+  
to ! audi5ce1 :ile ! pranc+ action ( !  

horse is  +5i\sly imitat$4 ,! motive p[]
 is d]iv$ f ! sp9n+ (  a top or         
fly-:eel1 support$ 9 a frame atta*$ to !
 b> to :i*  ! horse is fix$2 &1 z !     
sp9dle ( ! top sp9s on !  bevel edge ( !
 circul> base1 ! horse is caus$ to      
gallop r\nd  9 a circle1 &1 be+ support$
 on ! table by a roll] m\nt$            
ecc5trically on its axis1 x prances up &
 d[n z x runs4 ,!  eque/ri5ne is atta*$ 
to a light lev] pivott$ on ! rotat+     
frame & revolv+ ) x4 ,twice 9 its       
revolution ?is lev] is  lift$ by a cam1 
=m+ "p ( ! base2 ! fir/ lift causes !   
figure to give a little b[1 & ! second1 
:i* is mu* great]1  makes h] leap ov] ! 
b> "u :i* ! horse runs4 ,?is little     
ma*9e is "o ( ! mo/ me*anically +5i\s ( 
! mod]n  automaton toys1 & x is made at 
! co/ ( only a few p5ce4                
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4    ,! la/ ,i   
%all %[ y is ?is elephant4 ,9 ?is little
 ma*9e we  h a fly-:eel1 :i* ) its      
v]tical %aft looks l an umbrella  ov] ! 
,nabob :o sits on ! top1 ! v]tical %aft 

passes into  ! body ( ! elephant1 & !re 
by a simple frictional ge>+1  rotates a 
c\ple ( cranks to :i* ! legs are        
connect$4 ,! effect  ( sp9n+ ! umbrella 
is !re=e m]ely to move ! legs backw>ds  
& =w>ds2 &1 if t 7 all1 no progression  
c\ld be effect$2  b ea* foot re/s on a  
little :eel or roll]1 :i* c only rotate 
9 "o direction s t :ile x cat*es ! gr\nd
 9 its backw>d  /roke x rolls freely ov]
 x :ile x is mov+ =w>d1 & ?us  ea* leg 9
 its turn contributes to ! progressive  
movem5t ( ! toy4    ,n[ ,i h come to !  
end1 & x only rema9s to me to ?ank y all
  = hav+ support$ me by y\r pres5ce 9   
su* numb]s to-night1 &  to say to y 9 ! 
words ( ,o!llo3        8,x gives me     
wond] great z my cont5t1      ,to see y 
"h be=e me40    ,illu/ration            
,footnotes3    #a ,! 8,iliad0 ( ,hom]1  
translat$ by ,alex&] ,pope1 xviii4      
#ddj-ddd4    #b 8,ma!maticall ,magick1  
or ! ,wond]s t may be p]=m$ by          
,me*anicall ,geometry40 ,london1 pr9t$  
by ,m4 ,e4 = ,sa3 ,gellibr&  at ! ,bras5

 ,s]p5t 9 ,paul's ,*ur*y>d1 #afdh 7page 
#agc74    #c 8,saturnaliorum            
,conviviorum10 ,lib4 ,i4 cap4 xxiii4    
#d ,aulus ,gellius1 8,noctes ,attic40   
,lib4 ,x4 cap4 xii4    #e 8,new & ,r>e  
,inv5tions ( ,wat] ,workes1 %ew+ !      
easie/  waies to raise wat] high] ?an ! 
spr+4 ,by :i* inv5tion !  ,p]petual     
,motion is propos$1 _m h>d lab\rs p]=m$ 
,& v>iety  ( ,motions & ,s\nds produc$4 
,fir/ writt5 9 ,fr5* by ,isaak de  ,caus
 a late fam\s eng9e]2 & n[ translat$    
into ,engli% by ,john  ,leak4 ,london1  
,pr9t$ by ,joseph ,moxon4 ,folio4       
#afei40    #f ,see page #cj4    #g 8,de 
,syria ,dea40    #h ,mem4 ,acad4 ,sc4   
,p>is1 #agbi4    #i ,beckmann 9 8       
8,hi/ory ( ,inv5tions10 says t ^!       
automata  f\nd _! way to ,/4 ,pet]sburg1
 & t 9 #agfd1 he himself saw  !m at !   
,palace ( ,z>sko-,selo1 :]e he le>nt t  
!y _h be5  pur*as$ f ,vaucanson1 b !y 7 
n1 at t "t1 9 work+  ord]4    #aj 8,an  
,attempt to ,analyse ! ,automaton ,*ess 
,play] ( ,mr4 de  ,kempel51 ) an easy   

me?od ( imitat+ ! movem5ts ( t          
celebrat$ figure4 ,illu/rat$ by orig9al 
draw+s4 #hvo4 ,london4 #ahba40    #aa ,!
 au?or exhibit$ ,edison's talk+ doll at 
! ,conv]sazione (  ! ,sette ( ,odd      
,volumes :i* 0 held ! foll[+ mon?4      
,,! ,,foll[+ ,,editions ,,( ,,old       
,,works1 ,,9 ,,illu/ration ,,( ,,!      
,,pap]1 ,,7  ,,exhibit$ ,,by ,,!        
,,au?or4         #a4 ,john ,wilk9s1     
7,bi%op ( ,*e/]17 ,ma!maticall ,magick4 
7,fir/ ,edition47 ,sm4 #hvo4 ,london1   
#afdh4       #b4 ---- ,ditto4 7,?ird    
,edition47 ,sm4 #hvo4 ,london1 #afhj4   
#c4 ---- ,ditto4 7,f\r? ,edition47 ,sm4 
#hvo4 ,london1 #afia4       #d4 ,aulus  
,gellius1 ,noctes ,attic4 ,folio4 ,p>is1
 #aecj4       #e4 ---- ,ditto4 ,sm4     
#hvo4 ,lyons1 #aedf4       #f4 ----     
,ditto4 #abmo4 7,elzevir47 ,am/]dam1    
#afea4       #g4 ,h]o1 ( ,alex&ria4     
,spiritalia4 7,comm&9us ,edition47      
,sm4 #dto4 ,urb9o1 #aege4       #h4 ----
 ,ditto4 7,aleotti ,edition47 ,sm4 #dto4
 ,f]r>a1 #aehi4       #i4 ---- ,ditto4  

7,georgi ,edition47 #dto4 ,urb9o1 #aeib4
      #aj4 ---- ,ditto4 7,aleotti       
,edition47 ,sm4 #dto4 ,am/]dam1 #afhj4  
#aa4 ---- ,de gli automati ov]o ma*9e se
 mov5te4 ,sm4 #dto4                     
,v5ice1 #aehi4      #ab4 ---- ,quatro   
!oremi aggiunti a gli artifitiosi       
,spiriti4                 ,sm4 #dto4    
,f]r>a1 #aehi4      #ac4 ,john ,bate1 ,!
 ,my/]ies ( ,nature & ,art4 ,sm4 #dto4  
,london1 #afed4    #ad4 ,edw>d ,som]set 
7,m>quis ( ,worce/]74 ,a ,c5tury ( !    
,names                 & ,scantl+s ( su*
 ,inv5tions1 z at pres5t ,i c           
call to m9d4 #abmo4 ,london1 #agdf4     
#ae4 ,ago/9o ,ramelli4 ,le ,div]se et   
artificiose ,ma*9e4 ,folio4             
,p>is1 #aehh4      #af4 ,a?anasius      
,kir*]4 ,magnes sive de ,arte           
,magnetica4 ,folio4                     
,rome1 #afda4      #ag4 ,vaucanson4 ,an 
,acc\nt ( ! ,me*anism ( ,automaton or   
image                 play+ on ! ,g]man 
,flute4 #dto4 ,london1 #agdb4      #ah4 
,pet] van ,muss*5broeck4 ,introductio ad

 ,philosophiam                          
,naturalem4 #dto4 ,padua1 #agfh4        
#ai4 ,jacques ,ozanam4 ,recrations      
,ma?matiques et physiques4              
#hvo4 ,p>is1 #afif4      #bj4 ,anonym\s1
 7believ$ to be by ,?omas ,p[ell1       
,d4,d47 ,humane                         
,indu/ry1 or a ,hi/ory ( mo/ ,manual    
,arts4                 ,sm4 #hvo4       
,london1 #affa4      #ba4 ,anonym\s1    
7probably ,pr(essor ,willis47 ,an       
attempt to ,analyse                 !   
,automaton ,*ess play] ( ,mr4 de        
,kempel54 #hvo4                 ,london1
 #ahba4      #bb4 ,cox's ,museum4       
,descriptive ,catalogue ( ! ,sup]b &    
,magnific5t pieces ( ,me*anism &        
,jewell]y 9 ,cox's                      
,museum4 ,sm4 #dto4 ,london1 #aggb4     
#bc4 ,h5ry ,van ,ett51 ,ma!maticall     
,recreations4 #abmo4 ,london1           
#afcc4    ,illu/ration    ,illu/ration  
,o4 ,v4                                 
,a                                      
,,bibliography                          

,,( ,,!                                 
,,privately ,,pr9t$ ,,opuscula          
,issu$ to ! ,memb]s ( ! ,sette ( ,odd   
,volumes4       8,books t c be held 9 ! 
h&1 & c>ri$ to ! fireside1              
are ! be/ aft] all40--,samuel ,johnson4 
8,! writ+s ( ! wise are ! only ri*es our
 po/]ity _c                             
squ&]40--,*>les ,lamb4        #a4 ,b4   
,q4         ,a ,biographical &          
,bibliographical ,fragm5t4 #bb ,pages4  
,pres5t$         on ,novemb] ! #e?1     
#ahhj1 by ,8 ,odd%ip ,c4 ,w4 ,h4        
,,wyman4 #a/         ,edition limit$ to 
#be copies4                             
7,subsequ5tly enl>g$ to #ej copies47    
#b4 ,glossographia ,anglicana4          
,by ! late ,j4 ,,trott] ,,brockett1     
,f4,s4,a41 ,london & ,newca/le1         
au?or ( 8,gloss>y ( ,nor? ,c\ntry       
,words10 to :i* is         prefix$ a    
,biographical ,sket* ( ! ,au?or by      
,,fr$]ick         ,,bloom]4 7pp4 #id47  
,pres5t$ on ,july ! #g?1 #ahhb1 by ,8   
,odd%ip ,,b]n>d ,,qu>it*4               

,edition limit$ to #aej copies4      #c4
 ,ye ,boke ( ,ye ,odd ,volumes1         
f #ahgh to #ahhc4 ,c>efvlly ,compil$ &  
pa9sfvlly ,edit$         by ye vnwor?y  
,hi/oriograph] to ye ,sette1 ,bro!r &   
,vice-,presid5t ,,william ,,mort        
,,?ompson1 & produc$ by ye ord]         
& at ye *>ges ( ,hys ,odd%ip ye         
,presid5t & ,libr>ian (         ye      
,sette1 ,bro4 ,,b]n>d ,,qu>it*4 7pp4    
#acf47 ,pres5t$ on ,april         !     
#ac?1 #ahhc1 by 8 ,odd%ip ,,b]n>d       
,,qu>it*4                               
,edition limit$ to #aej copies4      #d4
 ,love's ,g>l&2         ,or ,posies =   
,r+s1 ,h&-k]*]s1  ,gloves1 & su* pretty 
,tok5s t ,lov]s s5d _! ,loves4 ,london1 
#afgd4 ,a ,repr9t4         ,& ,ye ,g>l& 
( ,ye ,odd ,volumes1 7pp4 #ajb47        
,pres5t$ on         ,octob] ! #ab?1     
#ahhc1 by ,bro4 ,,james ,,rob]ts ,,br[n4
                                        
,edition limit$ to #bej copies4      #e4
 ,que5 ,anne ,musick4         ,a brief  
,accompt ( ye g5u9e ,article1 ^? :o     

p]=m$ ye         same1 & ye ,ma/]s 9 ye 
facultie4 ,f #agjb to #agad4 7pp4 #dj47 
,pres5t$ on ,july ! #ac?1 #ahhc1 by     
,bro4 ,,burnham ,w4 ,,horn]4            
,edition limit$ to #ajj copies4      #f4
 ,a ,v ,odd ,dream4         ,relat$ by  
,8 ,odd%ip ,w4 ,m4 ,,?ompson1 ,presid5t 
( ! ,sette (         ,odd ,volumes1 at !
 ,freemasons' ,tav]n1 ,great ,que5      
,/reet1 on         ,june #a/1 #ahhc4    
7pp4 #bf47 ,pres5t$ on ,july ! #ac?1    
#ahhc1 by         ,8 ,odd%ip ,w4 ,,mort 
,,?ompson4                              
,edition limit$ to #bej copies4      #g4
 ,codex ,*iromantiae4         ,be+ a    
,compleate ,manualle ( ye ,sci5ce &     
,arte ( ,exp\ndynge         ye ,pa/1 ye 
,pres5te1 ye ,future1 & ye ,*>act]e1 by 
ye         ,scrut9ie ( ye ,h&e1 ye      
,ge/ures !re(1 & ye ,*irographie4       
,codicillus ,i4--,,*irognomy4 7pp4      
#aah47 ,pres5t$ on ,novemb] !           
#bnd1 #ahhc1 by ,bro4 ,,ed4             
,,h]on-,,all54                          
,edition limit$ to #acc copies4      #h4

 ,intaglio ,engrav+3 ,pa/ & ,pres5t4    
,an ,address1 by ,bro4 ,,edw>d ,,r5ton1 
deliv]$ at ! ,freemasons'               
,tav]n1 ,great ,que5 ,/reet1 on ,decemb]
 #e?1 #ahhd4 7pp4 #gd47         ,pres5t$
 to ! ,sette by ,8 ,odd%ip ,,edw>d ,f4  
,,wyman4                                
,edition limit$ to #bjj copies4      #i4
 ,! ,rights1 ,duties1 ,obligations1 &   
,advantages ( ,hospitality4         ,an 
,address by ,bro4 ,,cornelius ,,wal=d1  
,f4,i4,a1 ,f4,s4,s41 ,f4,r4 ,hi/4       
,soc41 ,b>ri/]-at-,law1 ,ma/] ( ! ,rolls
 9 ! ,sette (         ,odd ,volumes1    
deliv]$ at ! ,freemasons' ,tav]n1 ,great
 ,que5         ,/reet1 on ,friday1      
,febru>y #e?1 #ahhe4 7pp4 #gb47 ,pres5t$
 to         ! ,sette by ,8 ,odd%ip      
,,edw>d ,f4 ,,wyman4                    
,edition limit$ to #acc copies4         
#aj4 8,p5s1 ,ink1 & ,pap]30 a ,disc\rse 
^u ,caligraphy4         ,! ,implem5ts & 
,practice ( ,writ+1 bo? ,anci5t &       
,mod]n1         ) ,curiosa1 & an        
,app5dix ( fam\s ,engli% ,p5m51 by ,bro4

         ,,daniel ,w4 ,,kettle1         
,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,cosmograph]2 deliv]$ at !
         ,freemasons' ,tav]n1 ,great    
,que5 ,/reet1 on ,friday1 ,novemb] #f?1 
#ahhe4 7pp4 #ajd47 ,pres5t$ to ! ,sette 
on ,janu>y #h?1 #ahhf1 by         ,bro4 
,,daniel ,w4 ,,kettle4                  
,edition limit$ to #bcc copies4         
#aa4 ,on ,"s ( ! ,books = ,*ildr5 ( !   
,la/ ,c5tury4         ,) a few ,words on
 ! ,philan?ropic ,publi%] ( ,/4 ,paul's 
,*ur*y>d4 ,a pap] read at a ,meet+ ( !  
,sette ( ,odd         ,volumes by ,bro!r
 ,,*>les ,,wel%1 ,*apman ( ! ,sette1 at 
!         ,freemasons' ,tav]n1 on       
,friday1 ! #h? day ( ,janu>y1 #ahhf4    
7pp4 #ajh47 ,pres5t$ to ! ,sette by     
,bro4 ,,*>les ,,wel%4                   
,edition limit$ to #bej copies4         
#ab4 ,fro/ ,fairs on ! ,?ames4          
,an ,address by ,bro4 ,,edw>d ,,wal=d1  
,m4,a41 ,rhym] to ! ,sette         ( !  
,odd ,volumes1 deliv]$ at ,willis's     
,rooms1 on ,friday1         ,decemb]    
#crd1 #ahhf4 7pp4 #gf47 ,pres5t$ to !   

,sette by ,8         ,odd%ip ,,george   
,,clul[4                                
,edition limit$ to #acc copies4         
#ac4 ,on ,col\r$ ,books = ,*ildr54      
,by ,bro4 ,,*>les ,,wel%1 ,*apman to !  
,sette4 ,read be=e !         ,sette1 at 
,willis's ,rooms1 on ,friday1 ! #f?     
,may1 #ahhg4 ,) a         ,catalogue ( !
 ,books ,exhibit$4 7pp4 #fj47 ,pres5t$  
to !         ,sette by ,bro4 ,,james    
,,rob]ts ,,br[n4                        
,edition limit$ to #bee copies4         
#ad4 ,a ,%ort ,sket* ( ,liturgical      
,hi/ory & ,lit]ature4         ,illu/rat$
 by ,examples ,manuscript & ,pr9t$4 ,a  
,pap] read at         a ,meet+ ( !      
,sette ( ,odd ,volumes by ,bro4 ,,b]n>d 
,,qu>it*1         ,libr>ian & ,fir/     
,presid5t ( ! ,sette1 at ,willis's      
,rooms1         on ,friday1 ,june #aj?1 
#ahhg4 7pp4 #hf47 ,pres5t$ to ! ,sette  
by         ,bro4 ,,b]n>d ,,qu>it*4      
#ae4 ,cornelius ,wal=d3 ,9 ,memoriam4   
,by 8 ,k9sman1 ,,edw>d ,,wal=d1 ,m4,a41 
,rhym] to ! ,sette ( ,odd               

,volumes4 ,read be=e ! ,sette at        
,willis's ,rooms1 on ,friday1           
,octob] #ba/1 #ahhg4 7pp4 #fj47 ,pres5t$
 to ! ,sette by ,bro4         ,,edw>d   
,,wal=d1 ,m4,a4                         
,edition limit$ to #bee copies4         
#af4 ,! ,sweat+ ,sickness4         ,by  
,,fr$]ick ,h4 ,,g]vis1 ,m4,r4,c4,s41    
,apo!c>y to ! ,sette ( ,odd             
,volumes1 deliv]$ at ,willis's ,rooms1  
on ,friday1 ,novemb] #d?1         #ahhg4
 7pp4 #dh47 ,pres5t$ to ! ,sette by     
,bro4 ,,fr$4 ,h4 ,,g]vis4               
,edition limit$ to #acc copies4         
#ag4 ,new ,ye>'s ,day 9 ,japan4         
,by ,bro4 ,,*>les ,,holme1 ,pilgrim ( ! 
,sette ( ,odd ,volumes4 ,read           
be=e ! ,sette at ,willis's ,rooms on    
,friday1 ,janu>y #f?1 #ahhh4            
7pp4 #df47 ,pres5t$ to ! ,sette by ,bro4
 ,,*>les ,,holme4                       
,edition limit$ to #acc copies4         
#ah4 ,ye ,seconde ,boke ( ,ye ,odd      
,volumes1         f #ahhc to #ahhh4     
,c>efvlly ,compil$ & pa9sfvlly ,edit$   

by ye vnwor?y ,hi/oriograph] to ye      
,sette1 ,bro4 ,,william ,,mort          
,,?ompson1 & produc$ by ye ord] & at ye 
*>ges ( ye         ,sette4 7pp4 #aeg47  
,edition limit$ to #aae copies4         
#ai4 ,repeats & ,plagi>isms 9 ,art1     
#ahhh4         ,by ,bro4 ,,james        
,,orrock1 ,r4,i41 ,connoisseur to !     
,sette ( ,odd         ,volumes4 ,read   
be=e ! ,sette at ,willis's ,rooms1 ,/4  
,james's1         on ,friday1 ,janu>y   
#d?1 #ahhi4 7pp4 #cc47 ,pres5t$ to !    
,sette         by ,bro4 ,,james         
,,orrock1 ,r4,i4                        
,edition limit$ to #acc copies4         
#bj4 ,h[ ,dreams ,come ,true4         ,a
 ,dramatic ,sket* by ,bro4 ,j4          
,,todhunt]1 ,b>d ( ! ,sette (           
,odd ,volumes4 ,p]=m$ at a ,conv]sazione
 ( ! ,sette at !         ,grosv5or      
,gall]y1 on ,?ursday1 ,july #ag?1 #ahij4
 7pp4 #df47         ,pres5t$ to ! ,sette
 by ,8 ,odd%ip ,bro4 ,,*>les ,,holme4   
,edition limit$ to #fjj copies4         
#ba4 ,! ,drama 9 ,engl& dur+ ! la/ ,?ree

 ,c5turies4         ,by ,bro4 ,,walt]   
,,hamilton1 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,p>odi/ to !  
,sette ( ,odd         ,volumes4 ,read   
be=e ! ,sette at ,limm]'s ,hotel1 on    
,w$nesday1         ,janu>y #h?1 #ahij4  
7pp4 #hj47 ,pres5t$ to ! ,sette by ,bro4
         ,,walt] ,,hamilton4            
,edition limit$ to #bja copies4         
#bb4 ,gilb]t1 ( ,col*e/]4         ,by   
,bro4 ,,silvanus ,p4 ,,?ompson1 ,d4,sc41
 ,b4,a41 ,magnetiz] to !         ,sette 
( ,odd ,volumes4 ,read be=e ! ,sette at 
,limm]'s ,hotel1         on ,friday1    
,july #d?1 #ahij4 7pp4 #fc47 ,pres5t$ to
 ! ,sette by         ,bro4 ,,silvanus   
,p4 ,,?ompson4                          
,edition limit$ to #bdi copies4         
#bc4 ,neglect$ ,frescoes 9 ,nor!rn      
,italy4         ,by ,bro4 ,,d\glas ,h4  
,,gordon1 ,remembranc] to ! ,sette (    
,odd         ,volumes4 ,read be=e !     
,sette at ,limm]'s ,hotel1 on ,friday1  
,decemb] #f?1 #ahhi4 7pp4 #dh47 ,pres5t$
 to ! ,sette by ,bro4         ,,d\glas  
,h4 ,,gordon4                           

,edition limit$ to #acc copies4         
#bd4 ,recollections ( ,rob]t-,h\d94     
,by ,bro4 ,,william ,,mann+4 ,se] to !  
,sette ( ,odd ,volumes4         ,deliv]$
 at a ,meet+ ( ! ,sette held at ,limm]'s
 ,hotel1 on         ,friday1 ,decemb]   
#g?1 #ahij4 7pp4 #ha47 ,pres5t$ to !    
,sette by         ,bro4 ,,william       
,,mann+4                                
,edition limit$ to #bje copies4         
#be4 ,scotti% ,wit*craft ,trials4       
,by ,bro4 ,j4 ,w4 ,,brodie ,,innes1     
,ma/] ( ! ,rolls to ! ,sette (          
,odd ,volumes4 ,read be=e ! ,sette at a 
,meet+ held at ,limm]'s         ,hotel1 
on ,friday1 ,novemb] #g?1 #ahij4 7pp4   
#ff47 ,pres5t$ to !         ,sette by   
,bro4 ,,ald]man ,,tyl]4                 
,edition limit$ to #bde copies4         
#bf4 ,blue & ,:ite ,*9a4         ,by    
,bro4 ,,alex&] ,t4 ,,holl+swor?1        
,artific] to ! ,sette         ( ,odd    
,volumes4 ,deliv]$ at a ,meet+ ( !      
,sette held at         ,limm]'s ,hotel1 
on ,friday1 ,febru>y #f?1 #ahia4 7pp4   

#gj47         ,pres5t$ to ! ,sette by   
,bro4 ,,alex&] ,t4 ,,holl+swor?4        
,edition limit$ to #bde copies4         
#bg4 ,read+ a ,poem4         ,a ,=gott5 
,sket* by ,,wm4 ,m4 ,,?ack]ay4          
,communicat$ by ,bro4         ,,*as4    
,,plumptre ,,johnson 7,cl]ke-atte-,lawe 
to ! ,sette ( ,odd         ,volumes71 to
 ! ,sette at ,limm]'s ,hotel1 on        
,friday1 ,may #a/1         #ahia4 7pp4  
xi & #ff47 ,pres5t$ to ! ,sette by ,bro4
 ,,*as4         ,,plumptre ,,johnson4   
,edition limit$ to #cba copies4         
#bh4 ,! ,ballades ( a ,blas ,man1       
to :i* are add$ "s ,rondeaux ( 8        
,rejuv5esc5ce1         labori\sly       
con/ruct$ by ! ,necromanc] to ! ,sette (
         ,odd ,volumes1 7pp4 #hh47      
,pres5t$ to ! ,sette by ,bro4 ,,edw>d   
,,h]on-,,all51 9 ,octob]1 #ahia4        
,edition limit$ to #ii copies4      #bi4
 ,automata ,old & ,new4         ,by     
,bro4 ,,conrad ,w4 ,,cooke1 ,me*anick to
 ! ,sette ( ,odd ,volumes4         ,read
 be=e ! ,sette at a ,meet+ held at      

,limm]'s ,hotel1 on         ,friday1    
,novemb] #f?1 #ahia4 7pp4 #aah74        
,pres5t$ to ! ,sette by         ,bro4   
,,conrad ,w4 ,,cooke4                   
,edition limit$ to #bee copies4         
,,ye>-,,bokes4        ,i4 ,! ,ye>-,boke 
( ! ,odd ,volumes3 ,an ,annual ,record (
 !         ,transactions ( ! ,sette4    
,elev5? ,ye>1 #ahhh-i4           ,writt5
 & compil$ by ,bro4 ,w4 ,,mort          
,,?ompson1         ,hi/oriograph] to !  
,sette4 ,issu$ ,novemb] #bi?1 #ahij4    
,,ii4 ,! ,ye>-,boke ( ! ,odd ,volumes3  
,an ,annual ,record ( !                 
,transactions ( ! ,sette4 ,twelf? ,ye>1 
#ahhi-ij4      ,,iii4 ,! ,ye>-,boke ( ! 
,odd ,volumes3 ,an ,annual ,record ( !  
,transactions ( ! ,sette4 ,?irte5? ,ye>1
 #ahij-a4           ,compil$ ma9ly f !  
,m9ute ,book ( ! ,sette1 &              
imprynt$ = private circulation only4    
,edition limit$ to #acc copies4         
,illu/ration          ,,folia4          
,,orig9at$ ,,by ,,bro!r ,,holme1        
,pilgrim1 ,,:o                          

,,pres5t$ ,,ea* ,,bro!r ,,) ,a          
,,special ,,portfolio4           #a4 ,! 
,victuall+ ,crew4 ,pres5t$ by ,bro4     
,,h5ry            ,,moore1 ,a4,r4,a41   
,anci5t ,m>9]4         #b4 ,pr\d        
,maisie1 f a draw+ by ,fr$]ick ,s&ys4   
,pres5t$ by ,bro4 ,,todhunt]1           
,playwright4         #c4 ,a ,ra9y ,day 9
 ,hakone1 ,japan4 ,pres5t$ by           
,bro4 ,,alfr$ ,,ea/1 ,l&scape ,pa9t]4   
#d4 ,! ,%elley ,memorial4 ,photogravure 
f !            orig9al ,/atue4 ,pres5t$ 
by ,e4 ,,onsl[ ,,=d1                    
,a4,r4,a41 ,sculptor4    ,illu/ration   
,illu/ration          ,,miscellanies4   
#a4 ,inaugural ,address         ( ,8    
,odd%ip1 ,w4 ,m4 ,,?ompson1 ,f\r?       
,presid5t ( ! ,sette         ( ,odd     
,volumes1 deliv]$ at ! ,freemasons'     
,tav]n1 ,great         ,que5 ,/reet1 on 
8 tak+ (fice on ,april #ac?1 c4 7pp4    
#ca47         ,pr9t$ by ord] ( ,ye      
,sette1 & issu$ on ,may ! #d?1 #ahhc4   
,edition limit$ to #bej copies4      #b4
 ,codex ,*iromantiae4         ,app5dix  

,a4 ,dactylomancy1 or ,f+]-r+ ,magic1   
,anci5t1         ,m$ival1 & ,mod]n1 7pp4
 #cd47 ,pres5t$ on ,octob] ! #ab?1      
#ahhc1 by ,bro4 ,,ed4 ,,h]on-,,all54    
,edition limit$ to #acc copies4      #c4
 ,a ,presid5t's ,p]siflage4             
,spok5 by ,8 ,odd%ip ,w4 ,m4 ,,?ompson1 
,f\r? ,presid5t ( !         ,sette (    
,odd ,volumes1 at ! ,freemasons' ,tav]n1
 ,great ,que5         ,/reet1 at !      
,fifty-eigh? ,meet+ ( ! ,sette1 on      
,decemb]         #g?1 #ahhc4 7pp4 #ae47 
,edition limit$ to #bej copies4      #d4
 ,inaugural ,address         ( ,8       
,odd%ip ,,edw>d ,f4 ,,wyman1 ,fif?      
,presid5t ( ! ,sette (         ,odd     
,volumes1 deliv]$ at ! ,freemasons'     
,tav]n1 ,great ,que5         ,/reet1 on 
8 tak+ (fice1 on ,april #d?1 #ahhd1 c4  
7pp4 #ef47         ,pres5t$ to ! ,sette 
by ,8 ,odd%ip ,,edw>d ,f4 ,,wyman4      
,edition limit$ to #acc copies4      #e4
 ,musical ,london a ,c5tury ,ago4       
,compil$ f ! ,raw ,mat]ial1 by ,bro!r   
,,burnham ,w4 ,,horn]1                  

,f4,r4,s4,l41 ,f4,r4 ,hi/4 ,s41 ,organi/
 ( ! ,sette ( ,odd ,volumes1            
deliv]$ at ! ,freemasons' ,tav]n1 ,great
 ,que5 ,/reet1 on         ,june #f?1    
#ahhd4 7pp4 #cb47 ,pres5t$ to ! ,sette  
by ,8 ,odd%ip         ,,edw>d ,f4       
,,wyman4                                
,edition limit$ to #acc copies4      #f4
 ,! ,unf9i%$ ,r5aissance2         ,or1  
,fifty ,ye>s ( ,engli% ,art4 ,by ,bro4  
,,george ,c4 ,,hait1 ,au?or         (   
8,plant ,/udies10 c4 ,deliv]$ at !      
,freemasons' ,tav]n1         ,friday1   
,july #aa?1 #ahhd4 7pp4 #dj47 ,pres5t$  
to ! ,sette by ,8         ,odd%ip       
,,edw>d ,f4 ,,wyman4                    
,edition limit$ to #acc copies4      #g4
 ,! ,pre-,%akespe>ian ,drama4           
,by ,bro4 ,,frank ,,ireson4 ,deliv]$ at 
! ,freemasons' ,tav]n1         ,friday1 
,janu>y #bnd1 #ahhe4 7pp4 #cd47 ,pres5t$
 to ! ,sette by         ,8 ,odd%ip      
,,edw>d ,f4 ,,wyman4                    
,edition limit$ to #acc copies4      #h4
 ,inaugural ,address         ( ,8       

,odd%ip1 ,bro!r ,,james ,,rob]ts ,,br[n1
 ,six? ,presid5t (         ! ,sette (   
,odd ,volumes1 deliv]$ at ! ,freemasons'
 ,tav]n1         ,great ,que5 ,/reet1 on
 8 tak+ (fice1 on ,april #ag?1 #ahhe1   
c4 7pp4 #ef47 ,pres5t$ to ! ,sette by ,8
 ,odd%ip ,,james         ,,rob]ts       
,,br[n4                                 
,edition limit$ to #acc copies4      #i4
 ,catalogue ( ,works ( ,art             
,exhibit$ at ! ,freemasons' ,tav]n1     
,great ,que5 ,/reet1 on         ,friday1
 ,july #aa?1 #ahhd4 ,l5t by ,memb]s ( ! 
,sette ( ,odd         ,volumes4 ,pres5t$
 to ! ,sette by ,8 ,odd%ip ,,edw>d ,f4  
,,wyman4                                
,edition limit$ to #bee copies4         
#aj4 ,catalogue ( ,manuscripts &        
,e>ly-,pr9t$ ,books         ,exhibit$ & 
,describ$ by ,bro4 ,b4 ,,qu>it*1 !      
,libr>ian (         ! ,sette ( ,odd     
,volumes1 at ! ,freemasons' ,tav]n1     
,great ,que5         ,/reet1 ,june #e?1 
#ahhe4 ,pres5t$ to ! ,sette by ,8       
,odd%ip         ,,james ,,rob]ts ,,br[n4

                                        
,edition limit$ to #bee copies4         
#aa4 ,catalogue ( ,old ,organ ,music    
,exhibit$ by ,bro4 ,,burnham ,w4        
,,horn]1 ,f4,r4,s4,l41 ,f4,r4,hi/4,s41  
,organi/ ( ! ,sette ( ,odd ,volumes1 at 
! ,freemasons' ,tav]n1         ,great   
,que5 ,/reet1 on ,friday1 ,febru>y #e?1 
#ahhf4 ,pres5t$ to         ! ,sette by  
,8 ,odd%ip ,,james ,,rob]ts ,,br[n4     
,edition limit$ to #acc copies4         
#ab4 ,inaugural ,address         ( ,8   
,odd%ip ,bro4 ,,george ,,clul[1 ,sev5?  
,presid5t ( !         ,sette ( ,odd     
,volumes1 deliv]$ at ! ,freemasons'     
,tav]n1 ,great         ,que5 ,/reet1 on 
8 tak+ (fice1 on ,april #bnd1 #ahhf1 c4 
7pp4 #fd47 ,pres5t$ to ! ,sette by ,8   
,odd%ip ,,george ,,clul[4               
,edition limit$ to #acc copies4         
#ac4 ,a ,few ,notes ab\t ,arabs4        
,by ,bro4 ,,*>les ,,holme1 ,pilgrim ( ! 
,sette ( ,odd ,volumes4 ,read         at
 a ,meet+ ( ! 8,sette0 at ,willis's     
,rooms1 on ,friday1 ,may         #g?1   

#ahhf4 7pp4 #df47 ,pres5t$ to ! ,sette (
 ,odd ,volumes by         ,bro4 ,,*as4  
,,holme4                                
,edition limit$ to #acc copies4         
#ad4 ,acc\nt ( ! ,great ,le>n$          
,societies & ,associations1 & (         
! ,*ief ,pr9t+ ,clubs ( ,great ,brita9 &
 ,irel& ,deliv]$         by ,bro4       
,,b]n>d ,,qu>it*1 ,libr>ian ( ! ,sette (
 ,odd ,volumes1         at ,willis's    
,rooms on ,tuesday1 ,june #h?1 #ahhf4   
7pp4 #ff47         ,pres5t$ to ! ,sette 
by ,8 ,odd%ip ,,george ,,clul[4         
,edition limit$ to #bee copies4         
#ae4 ,report ( a ,conv]sazione          
,giv5 at ,willis's ,rooms1 ,k+ ,/reet1  
,/4 ,james's1 on ,tuesday1         ,june
 #h?1 #ahhf1 by 8 ,odd%ip ,bro4 ,,george
 ,,clul[1 ,presid5t2         ) a summ>y 
( an ,address on 8,,le>n$ ,,societies   
,,& ,,pr9t+         ,,clubs10 !n deliv]$
 by ,bro4 ,,b]n>d ,,qu>it*1 ,libr>ian4  
,by         ,bro4 ,w4 ,m4 ,,?ompson1    
,hi/oriograph]4 ,pres5t$ to ! ,sette    
by ,8 ,odd%ip ,,george ,,clul[4         

,edition limit$ to #bee copies4         
#af4 ,codex ,*iromantiae4               
,app5dix ,b4--,a ,,disc\rse ,,conc]n+   
,,autographs ,,& ,,_!                   
,,significations4 ,spok5 9 val$iction at
 ,willis's ,rooms1 on         ,octob] ! 
#h?1 #ahhf1 by ,bro4 ,,edw>d            
,,h]on-,,all54 7pp4 #de47               
,pres5t$ to ! ,sette by ,8 ,odd%ip      
,,george ,,clul[4                       
,edition limit$ to #acc copies4         
#ag4 ,inaugural ,address         ( ,8   
,odd%ip ,,alfr$ ,j4 ,,davies1 ,eigh?    
,presid5t ( ! ,sette         ( ,odd     
,volumes1 deliv]$ at ,willis's ,rooms1  
on 8 tak+         (fice on ,april #d?1  
#ahhg4 7pp4 #fd47 ,pres5t$ to ! ,sette  
by         ,8 ,odd%ip ,,alfr$ ,j4       
,,davies4                               
,edition limit$ to #acc copies4         
#ah4 ,inaugural ,address         ( ,8   
,odd%ip ,bro4 ,t4 ,c4 ,,v5ables1 ,n9?   
,presid5t ( ! ,sette         ( ,odd     
,volumes1 deliv]$ at ,willis's ,rooms1  
on 8 tak+         (fice on ,april #f?1  

#ahhh4 7pp4 #ed47 ,pres5t$ to ! ,sette  
by         ,8 ,odd%ip ,t4 ,c4 ,,v5ables4
                                        
,edition limit$ to #acc copies4         
#ai4 ,ye ,papyrus ,roll-,scroll ( ,ye   
,sette ( ,odd ,volumes4         ,by     
,bro4 ,j4 ,,brodie-,,innes1 ,ma/] ( !   
,rolls to ! ,sette ( ,odd               
,volumes1 deliv]$ at ,willis's ,rooms1  
,may #d?1 #ahhh4 7pp4 #ci47             
,pres5t$ to ! ,sette by ,8 ,odd%ip ,t4  
,c4 ,,v5ables4                          
,edition limit$ to #acc copies4         
#bj4 ,inaugural ,address         ( ,8   
,odd%ip ,bro4 ,h4 ,j4 ,,gordon ,,ross1  
,t5? ,presid5t ( !         ,sette ( ,odd
 ,volumes1 deliv]$ at ,willis's ,rooms4 
,k+ ,/reet1         ,/4 ,james's ,squ>e1
 on 8 tak+ (fice1 ,april #e?1 #ahhi4    
,edition limit$ to #bee copies4         
,illu/ration                            
,,works ,,d$icat$ ,,to ,,! ,,sette4     
,! ,ance/ry ( ! ,viol94                 
,london1 #ahhb4 ,,edw>d ,,h]on-,,all54  
,an ,odd ,volume = ,smok]s4             

,london1 #ahhi4 ,,walt] ,,hamilton4     
,! ,blue ,fri>s4                        
,london1 #ahhi4 ,w4 ,h4 ,k4 ,,wright4   
,quatra9s4                  ,london1    
#ahib4 ,w4 ,,wilsey ,,m>t94             
,illu/ration          ,ye ,sette ( ,odd 
,volumes4        ,orig9al ,memb]4 #ahgh4
 ,,b]n>d ,,qu>it*1 ,libr>ian1           
#ae1 ,piccadilly1 ,w4                   
7,presid5t1 #ahgh1 #ahgi1 & #ahhb74     
,orig9al ,memb]4 #ahgh4 ,,edw>d ,,r5ton1
 ,h]ald1                           #dd1 
,s\? ,hill ,p>k1 ,hamp/ead1 ,n4,w4      
7,vice-,presid5t1 #ahhj2 ,secret>y1     
#ahhb74      ,orig9al ,memb]4 #ahgh4 ,w4
 ,,mort ,,?ompson1 ,hi/oriograph]1      
#af1 ,c>lyle ,squ>e1 ,*elsea1 ,s4,w4    
7,vice-,presid5t1 #ahhb2 ,presid5t1     
#ahhc74      ,orig9al ,memb]4 #ahgh4    
,,*>les ,w4 ,h4 ,,wyman1 ,typograph]1   
#ajc1 ,k+ ,h5ry's ,road1 ,primrose      
,hill1 ,n4,w4                           
7,vice-,presid5t1 #ahgh & #ahgi2        
,presid5t1                              
#ahhj74      ,orig9al ,memb]4 #ahgh4    

,,edw>d ,f4 ,,wyman1 ,treasur]1         
#ai1 ,blomfield ,road1 ,maida ,vale1 ,w4
                           7,secret>y1  
#ahgh & #ahgi2 ,presid5t1 #ahhd74       
#ahgh4 ,,alfr$ ,j4 ,,davies1            
,attorney-,g5]al1                       
,fairlight1 ,uxbridge ,road1 ,eal+1 ,w4 
7,vice-,presid5t1 #ahha2 ,secret>y1     
#ahhd2                                  
,presid5t1 #ahhg74                      
#ahgh4 ,g4 ,r4 ,,tyl]1 ,ald]man1 late   
,high ,%]iff (                          
! ,city ( ,london1 ,/ation]1            
#ag1 ,p5yw]n ,road1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 ,w4  
7,vice-,presid5t1 #ahhf74               
#ahgi4 ,t4 ,c4 ,,v5ables1 ,antiqu>y1    
#i1 ,m>lbor\gh ,place1 ,n4,w4           
7,presid5t1 #ahhh74                     
#ahgi4 ,,james ,,rob]ts ,,br[n1         
,al*ymi/1                           #dd1
 ,tregunt] ,road1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 ,w4    
7,secret>y1 #ahhj2 ,vice-,presid5t1     
#ahhc2                                  
,presid5t1 #ahhe74                      
#ahhj4 ,,burnham ,w4 ,,horn]1           

,f4,r4,s4,l41 ,organi/1                 
,matson ,r$ ,h\se1 ,ri*mond ,p>k1       
,ri*mond1 ,s4,w4                        
7,vice-,presid5t1 #ahhi74               
#ahhb4 ,,william ,,murrell1 ,m4,d41     
,lee* 7,presid5t71                      
#ag1 ,welbeck ,/reet1 ,cav5di% ,squ>e1  
,w4                          7,secret>y1
 #ahhc2 ,vice-,presid5t1 #ahhe74        
#ahhc4 ,,h5ry ,,george ,,liley1 ,art    
,director1                              
,radnor ,h\se1 ,radnor ,place1 ,hyde    
,p>k1 ,w4                       #ahhc4  
,,george ,,*>les ,,hait1 ,f4,l4,s41 ,art
 ,critic1                               
,ormsby ,lodge1 ,! ,av5ue1 ,b$=d ,p>k1  
,w4                                     
7,vice-,presid5t1 #ahhg2 ,presid5t1     
#ahia74                       #ahhc4    
,,edw>d ,,h]on-,,all51 ,necromanc]1     
7,vice-,presid5t71                      
#c1 ,nor?wick ,t]race1 ,n4,w4           
7,secret>y1 #ahhe74                     
#ahhd4 ,,wilfrid ,,ball1 ,r4 ,p4 ,e41   
,pa9t]-,et*]1                           

#d1 ,albem>le ,/reet1 ,w4               
7,ma/] ( ,c]emonies1 #ahij2             
,vice-,presid5t1                        
#ahia74                       #ahhd4    
,,daniel ,w4 ,,kettle1 ,f4,r4,g4,s41    
,cosmograph]1                           
,hayes ,common1 ne> ,beck5ham1 ,k5t     
7,secret>y1 #ahhf74                     
#ahhd4 ,,*>les ,,wel%1 ,*apman1         
,! ,popl>s1 ,=e/ ,lane1 ,wal?am/[       
7,vice-,presid5t1 #ahhh74               
#ahhf4 ,,*>les ,,holme1 ,f4,l4,s41      
,pilgrim1                           ,!  
,r$ ,h\se1 ,bexley ,hea?1 ,k5t          
7,secret>y1 #ahhg2 ,presid5t1 #ahij74   
#ahhf4 ,,fr$k4 ,h4 ,,g]vis1 ,m4         
,r4,c4,s41 ,apo!c>y1                    
#a1 ,fell[s ,road1 ,hav]/ock ,hill1     
,n4,w4                       #ahhg4     
,,john ,w4 ,,brodie-,,innes1 ,ma/] ( !  
,rolls1                           #ad1  
,dubl9 ,/reet1 ,ed9burgh                
7,secret>y1 #ahhh74                     
#ahhg4 ,,h5ry ,,moore1 ,a4,r4,a41       
,anci5t ,m>9]1                          

,coll+ham1 ,m>esfield ,g>d5s1 ,n4,w4    
,illu/ration    ,illu/ration            
,supplem5tal ,odd ,volumes4             
#ahhg4 ,,james ,,orrock1 ,r4,i41        
,connoisseur1          #dh1 ,b$=d       
,squ>e1 ,w4,c4      #ahhh4 ,,alfr$      
,,ea/1 ,r4,i41 ,l&scape ,pa9t]2         
#ad1 ,adamson ,road1 ,belsize ,p>k1     
,n4,w4      #ahhh4 ,,walt] ,,hamilton1  
,p>odi/1          ,keep] ( ! ,ar*ives1  
,ell>bee1 ,elms ,road1 ,clapham ,common1
 ,s4,w4      #ahhh4 ,,d\glas ,h4        
,,gordon1 ,remembranc]1          7,ma/] 
( ,c]emonies71          #da1 ,t$wor?    
,squ>e1 ,s4,w4 7,secret>y1 #ahhi74      
#ahhh4 ,,alex&] ,t4 ,,holl+swor?1       
,artific]1          #agb1 ,su!rl&       
,av5ue1 ,maida ,vale1 ,w4               
7,vice-,presid5t1 #ahij74      #ahhh4   
,,john ,,lane1 ,bibliograph]1           
#cg1 ,s\?wick ,/reet1 ,hyde ,p>k1 ,w4   
7,odd ,c\ncillor1 #ahia2 ,secret>y1     
#ahij2          ,ma/] ( ,c]emonies1     
#ahia74      #ahhh4 ,,john ,,todhunt]1  
,m4,d41 ,playwright 7,secret>y71        

,or*>d ,cr(t1 ,! ,or*>d1 ,b$=d ,p>k1 ,w4
      #ahhi4 ,,francis ,,elg>1 ,,ll4,d41
 ,%ipwright1          #aac1 ,cannon     
,/reet1 ,e4,c4      #ahhi4 ,,william    
,,mann+1 ,se]1          #ba1 ,r$cliffe  
,g>d5s1 ,s4,w4          7,secret>y1     
#ahia2 ,odd ,c\ncillor74      #ahij4    
,,silvanus ,p4 ,,?ompson1 ,d4,sc41      
,f4,r4,s41 ,magnetiz]1          ,morl&1 
,*islett ,road1 ,n4,w4      #ahij4      
,,conrad ,w4 ,,cooke1 ,me*anick1        
,! ,l9d5s1 ,l>khall ,rise1 ,s4,w4       
#ahij4 ,e4 ,,onsl[ ,,=d1 ,a4,r4,a41     
,sculptor1          #fb1 ,acacia ,road1 
,n4,w4      #ahia4 ,,*>les ,,plumptre   
,,johnson1 ,cl]ke at ,law 7,auditor71   
#bc1 ,cork ,/reet1 ,w4      #ahia4      
,,fr$]ic ,,villi]s1 ,w> ,correspond5t1  
,ma%rabeyah1          #fe1 ,*anc]y      
,lane1 ,w4,c4      #ahia4 ,,m>cus ,b4   
,,hui%1 ,,ll4,b41 ,arts-man1            
#ba1 ,essex ,villas1 ,phillimore ,g>d5s1
 ,w4      #ahib4 ,w4 ,,wilsey ,,m>t91   
,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,laureate1          #ae1  
,delam]e ,t]race1 ,w4      #ahib4       

,,h]b]t ,,w>d1 ,w&]]1          ,%eph]d  
,hill ,h\se1 ne> ,rickmanswor?4         
#ahib4 ,,fr$]ick ,,york ,,p[ell1        
,ignoramus1          ,! ,corn]1 ,priory 
,road1 ,b$=d ,p>k1 ,w4      #ahib4      
,,erne/ ,,cl>ke1 ,yeoman1          #aj1 
,addison ,road1 ,b$=d ,p>k1 ,w4         
#ahib4 ,,paul ,,bevan1 ,ready ,reckon]1 
#df1 ,que5's ,gate ,t]race1 ,s4,w4      
#ahib4 ,,max ,,pemb]ton1 ,hack1         
#cd1 ,clifton ,hill1 ,/4 ,john's ,wood1 
,n4,w4      ,illu/ration    ,illu/ration
                    ,,*iswick           
,,press3----,c4 ,,:itt+ham ,,& ,,co41   
,,tooks ,,c\rt1 ,,*anc]y ,,lane4