,transcriber's ,notes3 ,underscores before and after a word or phrase indicate italics in the original text4 ,equal signs before and after a word or phrase indicate bold in the original text4 ,carat symbol designates a superscript4 ,small capitals have been converted to ,,solid capitals4 ,illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs4 ,old or antiquated spellings have been preserved4 ,typographical errors have been silently corrected but other variations in spelling and punctuation remain unaltered4 ,illustration ,,privately ,,printed ,,opuscula4 ,,issued ,,to ,,members ,,of ,,the ,,sette ,,of ,,odd ,,volumes4 ,no4 ,,xxix4 ,,automata ,,old ,,and ,,new4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,see page #ed4 ,automata ,old and ,new ,,by ,,conrad ,,william ,,cooke1 ,m4,,inst4,e4,e4 ,mechanick to the ,sette of ,odd ,volumes ,illustration ,delivered at a ,meeting of the ,sette held at ,limmer's ,hotel1 on ,friday1 ,november #fth1 #ahia ,illustration ,,london ,,imprinted ,,at ,,the ,,chiswick ,,press ,,mdcccxciii ,,to ,,their ,,oddships ,,charles ,,holme1 ,f4,l4,s4 7,pilgrim71 ,,president1 #ahij4 ,,george ,,charles ,,hait1 ,r4,b4,a41 ,f4,l4,s4 7,art ,critic71 ,,president1 #ahia4 ,,and ,,william ,,murrell1 ,m4,d4 7,leech71 ,,president1 #ahib4 ,,during ,,whose ,,years ,,of ,,office ,,the ,,following ,,notes ,,on ,,automata ,,were ,,respectively ,,prepared1 ,,presented ,,and ,,printed1 ,,this ,,little ,,book ,,is ,,dedicated ,,by ,,conrad ,w4 ,,cooke1 ,mechanick to ye ,sette of ,odd ,volumes4 ,illustration ,this edition is limited to #bee copies1 and is imprinted for private circulation only4 ,illustration ,illustration ,illustration ,,automata ,,old ,,and ,,new4 ,may it please your ,oddship1 ,brethren and ,guests of ,ye ,sette of ,odd ,volumes4 ,the origin of this little paper is very simple4 ,just eleven months ago we had the delight of listening to the very interesting and instructive communication upon the work of that wonderful mechanical genius1 electrician1 and prestidigitateur1 ,robert-,houdin1 presented to us by my very good friend1 our revered ,seer1 ,brother ,manning4 ,with the object of contributing something to the discussion which followed that paper1 ,i began to make a few notes upon ,automata1 with which subject the name of ,robert-,houdin must for ever be associated2 ,i soon found1 however1 that the subject was so comprehensive and went back into such remote periods of antiquity1 that to do it even the most scanty justice would require a paper devoted to itself alone2 and1 as our esteemed ,pilgrim and ,past-,president1 ,brother ,holme1 was at that time pressing me for a paper with that persistency and importunity which characterized his presidentship and gave it so much of its success1 ,i1 as a loyal ,odd ,volume1 felt bound to obey the mandate of his ,oddship2 and1 holding the honourable office of ,mechanick to the ,sette1 ,i have chosen 8,automata ,old and ,new0 for the subject of this communication4 ,the word ,automaton would in its strictest and most comprehensive sense include all apparently self-moving machines or devices which contain within themselves their own motive power1 and in this sense such machines as clocks and watches1 and even locomotives and steamships might be included4 ,i shall1 however1 throughout this paper limit myself to the more restricted and more ordinarily accepted meaning of the term1 namely1 such self-moving machines as are made either in the forms of men or of animals1 or by which animal motions and functions are more or less imitated4 ,as mechanics1 next to mathematics and astronomy1 is the most ancient of sciences1 and as the scientific knowledge of the ancients was ever shrouded in mystery to conceal it from the eyes of the vulgar1 and to confer upon the initiated power and profit by working on the credulity of the ignorant1 it was but only to be expected that mechanical science should be early applied in the ancient mysteries by which the philosophers and the priests of antiquity maintained so much of their supremacy4 ,one of the very earliest allusions to mysterious self-moving machines is to be found in the eighteenth book of the 8,iliad10 wherein we are told of ,vulcan that 8,full twenty tripods for his hall he fram'd1 ,that1 placed on living wheels of massy gold 7,wondrous to tell7 instinct with spirit roll'd ,from place to place1 around the bless'd abodes1 ,self-mov'd1 obedient to the beck of gods40#a ,several others of the ancient poets besides ,homer have sung about the wonderful mechanical devices of ,vulcan1 among which were golden statues1 the semblances of living maids1 which not only appeared to be endued with life1 but which walked by his side and bore him up as he walked4 ,aristotle also refers to self-moving tripods1 and ,philostratus states that ,appolonius of ,tyana saw similar pieces of mechanism among the ,brahmins of ,india2 but this must have been nearly four hundred years after ,aristotle wrote1 and some nine hundred years after the time of ,homer4 ,then again we hear of ,ddalus making self-moving statues1 small figures of the gods1 of which ,plato in his 8,menos0 says that unless they were fastened they would of themselves run away1 and he puts this into the mouth of ,socrates1 who uses it as a figure to illustrate the importance of not only acquiring but of holding fast scientific truth that it may not fly away from us4 ,aristotle in referring to these statues affirms that ,ddalus accomplished his object by putting into them quicksilver1 but the learned mechanician ,bishop ,wilkins points out that 8this would have been too grosse a way for so excellent an artificer2 it is more likely that he did it with wheels and weights40#b ,we are moreover told by ,macrobius#c that in the temple of ,hieropolis at ,antium there were moving statues4 ,a contemporary of ,plato and1 it is said1 his master1 was ,archytas of ,tarentum1 the celebrated ,pythagorean philosopher1 mathematician1 cosmographer1 and mechanician1 to whom is accredited the invention of the screw and of the crane4 ,archytas is said to have constructed of wood a pigeon that could fly about1 but which could not rise again after it had settled2 and ,aulus ,gellius 7who lived in the reigns of ,trajan1 ,hadrian1 ,antoninus ,pius1 and ,marcus ,aurelius71 tells us in his 8,noctes ,attic10 that 8many men of eminence among the ,greeks1 and ,favonius1 the philosopher1 a most vigilant searcher into antiquity1 have in a most positive manner assured us that the model of a pigeon1 formed in wood by ,archytas1 was so contrived as by a certain mechanical art and power to fly2 so nicely was it balanced by weights and put in motion by hidden and inclosed air4 ,in a matter so very improbable we may be allowed to add the words of ,favonius himself3 #8,archytas of ,tarentum1 being both a philosopher and skilled in mechanics1 made a wooden pigeon which had it ever settled would not have risen again till now4'0#d ,and ,i am bound to admit that in this point ,i agree with him4 ,from the above description it would appear that a still greater invention than a flying automaton was made by ,archytas1 for in an apparatus 8so nicely balanced by weights and put in motion by hidden and inclosed air10 we have a very fair forecast of the modern arostat or balloon1 filled with gas and balanced by ballast4 ,there cannot be any doubt but that the accounts of these very early machines 7if such ever existed at all71 have been greatly exaggerated during the process of being handed down through long ages of ignorance and credulity2 but we may now enter upon surer ground although still very ancient4 ,in the reign of ,ptolemy ,euergetes ,,ii4 7,ptolemy ,,vii471 about #aej years ,b4,c41 there lived at ,alexandria that great genius of mechanical science1 ,hero2 and his remarkable book 8,spiritalia10 of which ,i am able to show you several copies to-night1 is itself a great storehouse of ingenuity in the construction of automata of very various forms and principles4 ,this remarkable man was1 if not the inventor1 the first describer of the siphon in both its typical forms1 the syringe1 the well-known portable shower-bath1 the clack valve1 the fire engine1 even with that mechanical refinement1 an air vessel for insuring a continuous stream1 a self-trimming lamp1 the steam blowpipe1 the pneumatic fountain called after his name1 a steam engine1 and last if not least1 the penny-in-the-slot automatic machine for obtaining a drink1 or1 may be1 a charge of scent4 ,i propose now to show you on the screen some photographic reproductions of pages in his book1 some taken from the ,latin edition of ,commandinus1 published at ,urbino in #aege1 and some from the ,italian edition of ,alessandro ,georgi1 printed at the same place in #aeib1 some from the fine edition of ,aleotti1 published in #aehi1 and others from the ,amsterdam version of #afhj1 all of which editions ,i am able to show you4 ,i have1 moreover1 copied some from manuscripts in the ,british ,museum1 of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries1 of which there are four in the ,national ,library1 i4e41 two in the ,harley ,collection and two among the ,burney manuscripts4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,the first illustration ,i shall show you from ,hero's work is a bird which1 by means of a stream of water1 is caused to pipe or sing4 ,this little automaton consists of a pedestal 7,a ,b ,c ,d7 7,fig4 #a71 which is in reality a water-tight tank fitted with a funnel 7,e71 the stem of which reaches nearly to the bottom2 to the right of this there is a little bush on which sits a bird1 and a tube 7,g ,h7 leads up from the roof of the tank and terminates in a little whistle1 the end of which dips into a cup 7,l7 containing water4 ,when water is poured into the funnel1 the air in the tank is driven out through the tube and whistle 7,g ,h7 and1 bubbling through the water1 sounds as if the bird were singing4 ,thus the well-known bubbling bird-whistle dates back to a century and a half before the ,christian era or earlier4 ,the next illustration 7,fig4 #b7 shows a more elaborate arrangement1 in which there are four small birds being watched by an owl2 the moment the owl's back is turned the birds begin to sing1 but cease as soon as he turns towards them4 ,in this apparatus the birds are made to sing in precisely the same way as in the last illustration1 namely1 by the displacement by water of the air in the tank1 but as soon as the level of the water in the tank reaches the top of a concentric siphon 7,f ,g7 the water is discharged into a bucket1 the birds cease to sing1 and the bucket1 owing to its increased weight1 lifts the counterbalance weight 7,z71 and in doing so turns the spindle 7,p ,m7 which supports the owl 7,r ,s74 ,when the bucket is full its contents are discharged by a small siphon within it and it is drawn up by the weight 7,z7 the owl turns its back to the birds1 and the cycle of operations is repeated4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,in the next figure a still more elaborate effect is produced4 ,here is a pedestal upon which are four little bushes each having a bird sitting in its branches2 when water is allowed to flow into the funnel the first bird begins to whistle1 and after a few minutes leaves off1 when the next bird begins1 and when he has finished the third bird sings1 after a little time the fourth takes up the song1 and when he has finished the first begins again1 and so on as long as water is flowing into the funnel4 ,these effects are produced in the simplest possible manner1 by a combination of as many superposed tanks as there are birds to sing1 the one emptying into the other by siphons4 ,the illustration explains itself4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,in the next device 7,fig4 #d7 we have a bird whose singing is intermittent4 ,in this case the water flows into a little cup which topples over the moment it is full1 emptying itself into the funnel and immediately righting itself 7being loaded at its bottom71 the sound is produced by the displaced air escaping through a whistle in the manner already described4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,we now come to a different class1 in which heat is employed for obtaining an increase of air pressure whereby certain automatic actions are produced4 ,here we have a priest and priestess officiating at an altar2 and the effect of lighting the fire thereon is to cause the two figures to pour libations onto the sacrifice4 ,in this case the altar consists of an air-tight metallic box in communication1 by means of a central tube1 with a larger box forming the pedestal4 ,into this lower reservoir is poured the wine or other liquid through the hole marked ,m4 ,when the fire is lighted the air in the altar is expanded1 and pressing on the surface of the liquid in the pedestal1 forces some of it through the tubes which pass through the body and down the right arm of each figure4 ,in the next view 7,fig4 #f7 we see how this principle was employed by ,hero for the opening of the doors of a temple1 the tradition being that when a sacrifice was offered on her altar the goddess ,isis showed her invisible presence by throwing open the doors of her sanctuary4 ,in this case the altar consists of an air-tight metallic box communicating by means of a tube 7,f ,g7 with a spherical vessel 7,h7 partly filled with water4 ,when the altar becomes hot the contained air is expanded1 thereby increasing the pressure on the surface of the water1 some of which is therefore forced through the bent tube 7,l7 into the bucket 7,m71 which descends by its increased weight1 thereby unwinding the cords from the two spindles that perform the function of hinges to the temple doors1 at the same time winding up the counterweight 7,r7 on the left4 ,when the fire goes out the altar cools1 assuming its ordinary atmospheric pressure1 and the water in the bucket is forced back into the vessel 7,h71 and the weight counterbalancing the empty bucket1 closes again the doors4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,like many other geniuses who have lived before their time1 ,hero had his plagiarists1 his devices having been adopted and described by later writers without one word of acknowledgment as to their authorship4 ,from the middle to the end of the seventeenth century several books appeared which to a great extent were simply bad and erroneous copies of ,hero's inventions1 and not even intelligently copied4 ,here for instance 7,fig4 #g7 is a facsimile of an illustration in a curious old book1 8,the ,mysteries of ,nature and ,art10 by ,john ,bate1 published in #afce2 this is poor ,bate's attempt to steal ,hero's device for the temple doors1 showing an altogether impossible scheme4 ,in the first place the doors could not open at all1 for the ropes are so coiled as to neutralize each other's action1 and1 secondly1 the counterweight to the right has its cord simply looped round the spindle and therefore is absolutely useless2 the accompanying description is even more absurd1 for it explains the action of the apparatus as follows3 8,the fier on the ,altar will cause the water to distill out of the ,ball into the ,bucket1 which when 7by reason of the water7 it is become heavier than the waight1 it will draw it up and so open the sayd gates or little doores40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,again1 in one of ,hero's illustrations a revolving disc carrying little figures was made to rotate upon the reaction principle of his own olipile1 or steam engine4 ,by a little bit of bad perspective the ends of the cross tubes were shown as turning alternately up and down1 and ,bate not only repeats this error1 but goes out of his way to point out that 8in the middest0 there must be 8a hollow pipe spreading itself into foure severall branches at the bottom3 the ends of two of the branches must turn up and the ends of two must turn down10 thus making any rotative action impossible4 ,but ,bate was not the only pirate of ,hero's work2 a few years after ,bate had written1 that is1 in #afei1 there appeared another curious book by ,isaak de ,caus1 upon ,water ,works1#e and in that book we find our old friend the owl keeping the small birds in order1 the only difference being that this is a more indulgent owl1 or perhaps he is a teacher of singing1 for in this case the birds sing while he is looking at them and cease the moment he turns his back4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,another pretty conceit of ,hero's is shown in ,fig4 #h1 in which there is a bird which not only makes a noise but at certain times will drink any liquid which is presented to it4 ,the flow of water being intermittent1 the cistern forming the pedestal is alternately filled and emptied4 ,while it is being filled the air escapes through a whistle and causes the bird to sing1 and when it is being emptied1 by means of a siphon1 a partial vacuum is produced and liquid presented to it is drawn up through the beak4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,the next automaton from ,hero is very ingenious and interesting1 because it combines hydraulic1 pneumatic1 and mechanical actions4 ,here 7,fig4 #i7 is a figure of ,hercules armed with a bow and arrow2 there is also a dragon under an apple tree1 from which an apple has fallen to the ground4 ,upon the apple being lifted1 ,hercules discharges the arrow at the dragon1 which begins to hiss and continues to do so for some minutes4 ,in this apparatus there is a double tank having a connection by a valve 7,h71 which is attached by a cord to the apple 7,k71 another cord1 passing over a pulley1 connects the apple with a trigger in the right hand of ,hercules4 ,upon lifting the apple the trigger is released1 and at the same time the valve is opened1 allowing the water in the upper tank to flow into the lower1 by which means air is forced through a tube 7,z7 into the dragon's mouth1 producing a hissing sound1 and this will continue until the upper tank is empty4 ,here 7,fig4 #aj7 is ,bate's version of the same device1 but very inferior to that from which it was taken4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,the next photograph is taken from another work of ,hero's1 8,quatro theoremi aggiunti a gli artifitiosi spiriti10 a copy of which ,i have here 7,fig4 #aa71 and which was printed at ,ferrara in #aehi4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,this figure illustrates a very elaborate automaton1 representing one of ,vulcan's workshops in which you will see a smith forging a piece of iron1 and assisted by three hammermen4 ,the smith first puts his iron in the fire and then lays it on the anvil when the hammermen begin to hammer it2 then they leave off1 and the smith turns round again to the fire4 ,all these effects are produced by the machinery below the floor1 and shown in the illustration4 ,a shaft 7,a ,b7 is driven by means of a water-wheel on the right1 and on this shaft are projections or cambs which1 by striking the ends of three levers 7,t1 ,x1 and ,v71 pull the chains by which the arms of the hammermen are lifted4 ,while this is going on the bucket 7marked #bj7 is slowly filling1 and when a sufficient weight of water has accumulated in it1 it lifts the counterweight 7#ag71 and1 in doing so1 rotates the vertical shaft to which the figure of the smith is attached1 turning him round to the fire1 and at the same time1 by swinging round the conduit pipe 7,h ,i71 cuts off the water from the wheel1 and the hammermen cease to work until the smith is again ready for them4 ,i think you will agree with me that this machine offers very fair evidence of the mechanical ingenuity of a man who flourished more than #b1jjj years ago4 ,the last automaton of ,hero to which ,i shall refer is perhaps the most ingenious of all1 and it is one that those who were present when ,brother ,manning gave us his discourse on ,robert-,houdin have already seen1 ,i mean the little figure whose head cannot be severed from his body no matter how many times a knife be passed through his neck4 ,thanks to the kindness of my good friend ,i can show you one of these beautiful figures presented to me by him1 and it will1 ,i think1 be of interest to him and to you to know that this device was invented nearly #b1jjj years before ,robert-,houdin was born1 and a description of it with accompanying figures may be seen to-day in the ,british ,museum in a ,greek manuscript of the fifteenth century1 which is a copy of ,hero's 1 and ,i now throw on the screen a carefully made facsimile 7,fig4 #ab7 of the figure given in that manuscript 7which is known as ,no4 #efje of the ,harleian ,collection74 ,illustration3-,,harleian ,,manuscript-7,,fifteenth ,,century7-,fig4 #ab4 ,the head of this figure1 which is otherwise separate from it1 is attached to it by a peculiar shaped wheel pivotted between the shoulders of the body4 ,this wheel may be described as a circular disc having an expanded rim so that a section taken through a radius would be of the form of the letter ,t1 out of this wheel three nearly semicircular gaps are cut1 each occupying sixty degrees of the circumference1 and therefore leaving three portions of the rim1 each also of sixty degrees4 ,the neck attached to the head is fitted with a hollow ,t shaped circular groove into which the ,t ended arms of the wheel pass in succession as the wheel is rotated4 ,as the groove in the head occupies nearly sixty degrees it follows that as the wheel is rotated the rim of one arm can never leave the groove before the rim of the following arm has entered it1 and so the head is attached to the body in every position of the wheel4 ,when the knife is passed between the head and the body it strikes against one of the spokes of the wheel1 moving it forward and pushing one of the arms out of the groove in the head1 while1 at the same time1 another1 following behind the knife1 takes its place1 and thus the head can never be detached from the body4 ,such an automaton is the little negro which ,i hold in my hand1 for which ,i am indebted to the fraternal generosity of ,brother ,manning4 ,hero's description1 however1 carries the ingenuity of the device considerably farther1 for in his automaton1 not only is it impossible to sever the head from the body by passing a knife through the neck1 but the figure can actually drink both before and after the operation4 ,the illustration on the screen 7,fig4 #ac7 is a sort of modern restoration of the ,harley drawing1 showing the disposition of the various parts of the mechanism4 7,a7 represents the wheel by which the head is held on to the body1 and it will be noticed that a tube ,d ,d leads from the mouth to the neck and another1 ,e1 from the neck through the body2 these two tubes1 marked respectively ,d ,d and ,e1 are connected by the sliding tube ,f1 which is attached to the two racks ,f and ,g1 into which are geared the two toothed wheels ,b and ,c4 ,when the knife is passed from ,p to ,o it first rotates the holding-on wheel ,a1 and then strikes against the radial face of the wheel ,c1 turning it through a small arc1 thereby moving the racks1 and1 sliding the connecting tube ,f out of ,d1 allowing the knife to pass1 which next strikes the radial face of the wheel ,b1 and1 by turning it1 restores the sliding connecting tube ,f into ,d1 and thus recompletes the connection4 ,the sucking-up the liquid being accomplished in a similar manner to that in the drinking bird already described4#f ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,i have now done with ,hero of ,alexandria1 but1 before passing to another period1 ,i cannot resist showing you an invention of his which although not an automaton is too interesting in the light of modern civilization to omit4 ,this 7,fig4 #ad7 is ,hero's automatic penny-in-the-slot machine for giving a drink in exchange for a coin4 ,if a 8coin of five drachmas0 be dropped into the slot it falls on a little plate at the end of a lever thereby opening a valve and allowing the liquid to escape through the nozzle4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,it is more than probable that ,hero was not himself the inventor of all the devices he describes1 it is possible that many are due to ,ctesibius whose pupil he was1 and it is clear1 from his own writings1 that he was acquainted with the writings of ,philo and of ,archimedes4 ,he was1 however1 the first to describe these inventions1 and therefore it is only fair1 in the absence of other evidence1 to give him the credit4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,there can be no doubt that puppets or dolls are of great antiquity2 they were common with the ancient ,egyptians1 and here 7,fig4 #ae7 is an illustration of a doll from ,thebes which is now in the ,british ,museum1 and you will notice that the head is covered with holes which served for the insertion of strings of beads to represent hair4 ,puppets were also in use with the ,greeks1 and afterwards found their way to ,rome1 and it is an interesting fact that1 about three years ago1 while the ground was being excavated for the foundations of the new ,palais de ,justice at ,rome1 at a spot not far from the ,vatican1 a stone coffin was discovered containing the skeleton of a young girl of about fifteen years of age1 who had teeth of great beauty1 and in her arms was a beautifully modelled wooden doll with jointed limbs which was dressed in a rich material4 ,the interment had taken place in the time of ,pliny1 who refers to the child1 and mentions that she was engaged to be married1 a statement which is supported by the fact that on one of the fingers is a doubly-linked gold ring1 besides other ornaments4 ,the coffin1 with its contents as they were found1 is now in the museum in the ,capitol and it is1 ,i believe1 the only instance of an ancient doll having been found in ,rome1 although moving puppets or marionettes were known in very ancient times1 and are referred to by ,xenophon1 ,aristotle1 ,horace1 ,antoninus1 ,galen1 and ,aulus ,gellius4 ,the next figure is an illustration of what ,i suppose must be the very earliest moving doll in existence to-day2 it is now in the ,museum van ,oudheden at ,leyden1 and is a toy which belonged to a child of ancient ,egypt2 ,i have constructed a model of it by which you will see that it is worked by pulling a thread2 and here ,i must make a passing reference to the notorious phallic figures which were carried in procession during the festivals of ,osiris and in the ,dionysia of ,bacchus4 ,we are told by ,lucian#g that 8,among the several sorts of ,phalloi which the ,greeks set up in honour of ,bacchus there were figures of dwarfs with moving parts actuated by strings1 which were called #8'40 ,in so eminently proper a community as ,we are in ,ye ,sette of ,odd ,volumes1 ,i am unable to describe these figures in detail1 or to exhibit them in action1 but those who are curious as well as odd will find abundant evidence of them in the writings of ,herodotus1 of ,lucian1 of ,pausanias1 of ,athenus1 of ,plutarch1 of ,gyraldus1 and of several other writers4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,the earliest forms of moving puppets were set in motion by strings pulled by hand which were afterwards supplanted by cylinders turned by a winch1 and the transition from that arrangement to the use of weights and springs was inevitable and was only a question of time4 ,from the time of ,hero ,i have found nothing worth recording for nearly a thousand years1 until the time of ,charlemagne1 to which monarch was presented by the ,kalif ,haroun al ,raschid a most elaborate water clock4 ,in front of the dial1 and corresponding to the hours1 were twelve little doors1 and the time was shown by these doors opening one after another1 each releasing a little brass ball which fell upon a small bell2 after all the hours had struck1 that is1 at noon1 another door opened1 twelve little knights rode out1 and1 after careering round the dial1 they closed the doors and retired4 ,the eminent mechanician ,gerbert who occupied the papal chair in ,a4,d4 #ajjj1 reigning under the name of ,silvester ,,ii41 is said to have constructed a speaking head of brass1 and was in consequence arrested for practising magic1 and ,albertus ,magnus1 who flourished in the thirteenth century1 spent1 according to his own account1 thirty years in the construction of an automaton of clay which not only spoke but walked and answered questions and solved problems submitted to it4 ,it is recorded that his pupil1 the celebrated ,st4 ,thomas ,aquinas was so horrified when he saw and heard this figure that 7believing it to be the work of his ,satanic ,majesty71 he broke it into pieces1 when ,albertus cried aloud3 8,sic periit opus triginta annorum40 ,i deeply regret this mischievous act of ,st4 ,thomas ,aquinas1 because it renders it impossible for me to show it to the ,brethren and our guests this evening4 ,roger ,bacon also is said to have made a similar automaton4 ,records of speaking androides or talking heads reach us from very early times4 ,at ,lesbos there was a head of ,orpheus which delivered oracles and predicted to ,cyrus his violent death1 and we have it on the authority of ,philostratus that the head was so celebrated for its oracular utterances1 among both the ,greeks and the ,persians that even ,apollo became jealous of its fame4 ,then again the mighty ,odin had among his mystical possessions a speaking head1 believed to be that of ,minos1 which ,odin preserved by encasing it in solid gold4 ,he is said to have consulted it on all occasions1 and its utterances were regarded as oracles4 ,mention might here be made of the colossal figure of ,amunoph ,,iii4 on the plain of ,thebes1 and which is commonly known as the 8vocal ,memnon10 of which a photograph is now before you2 it is the more eastern of the two ,colossi1 and1 when the first rays of the morning sun fell on it1 it emitted a sound which has been described as similar to that of the snapping of a harp string1 but it has been silent since the time of ,severus4 ,it is a seated figure nearly sixty feet in height1 and is in no sense an automaton1 but ,i mention it here because it was believed to utter sentences which the ancient priests of ,egypt alone1 for the very best of reasons1 knew how to interpret4 ,in more modern times we hear of the eminent ,dr4 ,wilkins1 ,bishop of ,chester 7who married the sister of ,oliver ,cromwell1 and who may be regarded as the founder of the ,royal ,society71 experimenting upon the transmission of sound2 and ,evelyn1 in his 8,diary10 writing on the #acth of ,july1 #afed1 says1 8,we all dined at that most obliging and universally curious ,dr4 ,wilkins's1 at ,wadham ,college4 ,he had contrived a hollow statue1 which gave a voice and uttered words02 and in his 8,mathematicall ,magick10 7a copy of which ,i have here7 which was published in #afdh1 ,wilkins refers to the speaking figures of the ancients4 ,a contemporary of ,wilkins was the celebrated ,edward ,somerset1 ,marquis of ,worcester1 who in his 8,century of ,inventions0 gives as his #hhth device3 8,how to make a ,brazen or ,stone-head in the midst of a great ,field or ,garden1 so artificial and natural that though a man speak never so softly1 and even whispers into the eare thereof1 it will presently open its mouth1 and resolve the ,question in ,french1 ,latine1 ,welsh1 ,irish or ,english1 in good terms uttering it out of his mouth1 and then shut it untill the next ,question be asked40--,but1 unhappily1 he does not tell us how it may be done4 ,the great period for the construction of automata began at the close of the fourteenth century1 and reached its climax at the end of the seventeenth and beginning of the eighteenth century4 ,one of the earliest mechanicians who devoted his skill to automata was ,johann ,mller1 of ,knigsberg1 commonly known as ,regiomontanus4 ,this eminent mathematician and astronomer made of iron a fly which is said to have left his hand and1 after flying to each of the guests in the room1 returned to its master1 alighting on his hand4 ,mller made also a still more wonderful machine2 this was an artificial eagle which1 on the authority of ,peter ,ramus1 flew to meet the ,emperor ,maximilian on his entry into ,nuremberg on the #gth of ,june1 #adgj4 ,after soaring aloft in the air1 ,ramus informs us1 the eagle met the emperor at some distance from the city1 then returned and perched upon the city gate where it awaited the emperor's approach4 ,on his arrival the bird stretched out its wings and saluted him by bowing4 ,it is a remarkable fact that not one of ,mller's contemporaries1 who often refer to this learned man and to his great accomplishments1 makes any reference to these pieces of mechanism1 and ,peter ,ramus was not born until forty-five years after1 but they are referred to by ,baptista ,porta1 ,gassendi1 ,lana1 and ,bishop ,wilkins1 who1 however1 differ considerably in their dates4 ,strada1 in his 8,de ,bello ,belgico10 tells us that the ,emperor ,charles ,v41 after his abdication in #aeef1 took a most keen interest in automata of various kinds1 and he employed a very skilful artist1 ,janellus ,turrianus1 of ,cremona1 to construct them for him4 ,this mechanic made figures of horsemen which marched along the table1 played upon flutes and drums1 and entered into combat with one another1 and he exhibited wooden birds which flew up to their nests 7they must1 ,i think1 have been wood pigeons74 ,this ,janellus ,turrianus was evidently a very wonderful man1 for he made a corn-mill so small that it could be concealed in a glove1 and yet could grind in a day as much corn as would supply eight men with food4 ,i never saw this machine myself1 and ,i cannot help thinking that either the glove must have been rather large or the appetites of the men must have been rather small4 ,apart1 however1 from the exaggeration of the genius of this man1 he was undoubtedly a most skilful mechanician1 for he repaired and considerably improved a most complex clock constructed by ,wilhelm ,zelandin for the city of ,padua1 in which moving figures and astronomical phenomena were represented4 ,the addition to clocks of automata set in motion by the train was a very favourite occupation of the horologists of the sixteenth century4 ,of these clocks perhaps the most celebrated was that at ,strasburg1 which was constructed by ,conrad ,dasypodius4 ,this clock was finished in the year #aegc4 ,apart from its interesting representations of various celestial phenomena1 it is remarkable for the number of moving figures which embellish it1 and which perform various functions2 above the dial the four ages of man are represented by symbolical figures2 one passes every quarter of an hour1 marking the quarter by striking on a bell2 the first quarter is struck by a child with an apple1 the second by a youth with an arrow1 the third by a man with his staff1 and the fourth by an old man with his crutch4 ,after these follows the figure of ,death1 who1 after sounding the hour on a large bell1 is expelled by a figure representing ,christ1 while two small angels are set into motion1 the one striking a bell with a sceptre1 while the other turns over an hour-glass at the expiration of an hour4 ,there are1 besides1 various animals1 and among them a cock1 which flaps its wings and crows just before the clock strikes the hour4 ,the great clock at ,lyons1 the work of ,lippius of ,basle1 is hardly less interesting4 ,besides exhibiting mechanical illustrations of astronomical phenomena1 a complete cycle of operations representing scriptural events is performed4 ,before each hour strikes a cock comes forward and crows three times1 after which angels appear1 who by striking upon a gamut of bells ring out the air of a hymn1 and this is followed by a moving group illustrating the ,annunciation of the ,virgin and the descent of a dove1 and the cycle is completed by the striking of the hour4 ,in the ,royal ,palace of ,versailles there was a very curious clock1 the work of ,martinot1 a clockmaker of the seventeenth century4 ,before it struck the hour two cocks flapped their wings and crowed alternately1 then two little doors opened and a figure came out of each carrying a gong which was struck by armed guards with their clubs4 ,these figures having retired1 a door in the centre opened and an equestrian figure of ,louis ,,xiv4 came out4 ,at the same time a group of clouds separated giving passage to the figure of ,fame which hovered over the head of the king4 ,an air was then chimed upon the bells1 after which the figures retired2 the two guards raised their clubs and the hour was struck4 ,in the year #aghh1 ,agostino ,ramelli published his important work 8,le diverse ed artificiose ,machine10 and ,i have reproduced some of the plates in that beautiful book1 a copy of which is before me 7one of which1 ,fig4 #ag1 see ,frontispiece1 ,i have chosen to adorn the menu which is on the table1 for no other reason than that it appeared especially appropriate as figurative of the desire of your humble ,mechanick to be for ever associated with ,ye ,sette of ,odd ,volumes74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,in the next illustration 7,fig4 #ah7 we have a beautiful plate from ,ramelli1 in which another of ,hero's inventions1 the group of singing birds is introduced as an ornament in an elaborately furnished room of the period4 ,in this case the water is in the first instance lifted by air being blown in through a pipe by a person concealed behind the wall which in the drawing is broken away to show a medival old buffer engaged in this manly performance4 ,about the middle of the seventeenth century magnetism began to be employed for producing the effects of magic1 and that extraordinary versatile all-round ,odd ,volume1 ,athanasius ,kircher1 in his 8,magnes sive de ,arte ,magnetica10 which was published in #afda 7a copy of which ,i have here71 describes and illustrates several automata which depend for their action upon magnetism4 ,here1 for example 7,fig4 #ai71 he gives a representation of the ,dove of ,archytas1 which by the action of a revolving loadstone1 is made to fly around a dial and mark the hours by pointing to the figures on its edge4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,time will not permit me to say as much about this curious old book as its quaintness and terribly bad science deserve1 ,i will only show you one more illustration from it in which a wheel is driven round by two olipiles in the form of human heads1 which blow out jets of steam against the cellular periphery of the wheel1 and in the lower figure the little boilers 7,c and ,d7 which the heads inclose1 are shown separately1 the nozzle of one pointing upwards1 while that of the other has a downward direction4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,when ,kircher's book was published ,louis ,,xiv4 was a child1 and it is stated by several authorities that both ,pre ,truchet and ,camus made the most elaborate automata for his boyish amusement1 but as ,louis ,,xiv4 was forty years old when ,truchet came of age and fifty-five ,when ,camus was twenty-one it is difficult to reconcile these statements with facts4 ,putting aside1 however1 the question of the period of life when the king amused himself with such things1 it is well authenticated that ,pre ,truchet1 towards the end of the seventeenth century1 constructed for him moving pictures which exhibited extraordinary mechanical skill4 ,one of these was the representation of a five-act opera1 the scenery of which was automatically changed between the acts4 ,the actors came on and went off1 and performed their parts in pantomime4 ,the proscenium was about sixteen inches in breadth and thirteen in height1 and the whole of the machinery with the scenery occupied a space only an inch and a quarter in depth4#h ,the account given by ,camus of a toy he constructed for this baby king of fifty summers is very wonderful4 ,this elaborate automaton consisted of a small coach drawn by two horses and which contained the figure of a lady with a footman and a page behind4 ,when this little coach was placed on the edge of a suitable table the coachman smacked his whip and the horses immediately started1 moving their legs in a most natural manner2 when they reached the opposite edge of the table they turned sharply at right angles and proceeded along that edge4 ,as soon as the carriage arrived opposite the king it stopped and both the footman and page got down and opened the door1 the lady alighted1 and1 curtseying to the king1 presented a petition4 ,after waiting a few minutes she bowed again to the king and re-entered the carriage1 the page got up again behind1 the coachman whipped up his horses and drove on1 and the footman running after the carriage jumped up into his former place4 ,in the account given by ,m4 de ,camus he does not attempt to describe the mechanism of the machine and we have his word alone for the account of its performance4 ,the great philosopher ,descartes formed the theory that all animals are merely automata of a high degree of perfection1 and1 to prove his notion1 he is said to have constructed an automaton in the form of a young girl to which he gave the name of 8,ma fille ,francine40 ,this figure came unhappily to a watery grave1 for during a voyage by sea the captain of the vessel in which it was travelling had the curiosity to open the case in which ,francine was packed and1 in his astonishment at the movements of the automaton1 which were so wonderfully natural1 he threw the whole thing overboard1 believing it to be the work of the devil4 ,i now come to what are1 if not the most extraordinary pieces of mechanism1 certainly the most wonderful automata the world has ever seen4 ,in the year #agch that great mechanical genius ,m4 ,vaucanson1 a member of the ,acadmie des ,sciences exhibited at ,paris three very remarkable automata which were1 a flute-player1 a figure which played the shepherd's pipe of ,provence and the drum1 and an artificial duck4 ,the first of these1 the flute-player1 he described in a ,memoir read before the ,acadmie on the #cjth of ,april1 #agch4 ,this automaton was a wooden figure six feet six inches in height1 representing a well-known antique statue of a ,faun1 sitting on a rock and mounted on a square pedestal four feet six from the ground4 ,it was capable of performing twelve pieces of music on a ,german flute1 the instrument being really played as a man would play it by blowing across the embouchure and projecting the air with variable force by movable lips1 which imitated in their action those of a living player1 employing a tongue to regulate the opening1 and producing the notes by the tips of the fingers closing or opening the holes4 ,the mechanical devices in this automaton are so beautiful and so scientifically thought out1 that ,i am only sorry that time will not permit me to describe them in detail1 but ,i will try and make its general principles clear4 ,within the pedestal was a train of wheel-work driven by a weight1 which set into motion a small shaft on which were six cranks disposed at equal angular distances around it2 to these six cranks as many pairs of bellows were attached 7their inlet valves being mechanically opened and closed so as to make them silent in action74 ,the air supplied by these bellows was conveyed to three different wind chests1 one loaded with a weight of four pounds1 one with a weight of two pounds1 and the last having only the weight of its upper board4 ,these wind chests communicated with three little chambers in the body of the figure1 and these chambers were all connected with the windpipe which passed up the throat to the cavity of the mouth and terminated in the two movable lips which1 between them1 formed an orifice that could be protruded or drawn back1 and might be further modified by the action of the tongue4 ,the train of wheels also set into motion a cylinder twenty inches in diameter and two feet six inches long2 on this were fixed a number of brass bars of different lengths and thicknesses which in their revolution acted upon a row of fifteen keys or levers2 three of these corresponded to the three little wind chambers containing air at different pressures1 and1 by means of little chains1 operated their respective valves4 ,there were seven levers set apart for operating the fingers1 their respective chains making bends at the shoulders and elbows of the automaton1 and terminated at the wrist in the ends of what ,i may call metacarpal levers attached to the fingers which were armed at their tips with leather to imitate the flesh of the natural hand4 ,the motion of the mouth was controlled by four of the levers1 one to open the lips so as to give to the wind a greater issue1 one to bring them closer together1 and so contract the passage1 a third to draw the lips backward and away from the flute1 and the fourth to push them forward over the edge of the embouchure4 ,the last of the fifteen levers is the cleverest of all1 for it has the power of controlling the tongue1 an accomplishment which ,i think everyone 7unless he be an ,odd ,volume7 will agree with me is a very difficult one to acquire4 ,the barrel worked upon a screwed bearing 7similar to that of the cylinder of a phonograph71 so that in its revolution all the levers described a spiral line sixty-four inches long1 and1 as the barrel during the performance made twelve revolutions it followed that the levers passed over a distance of no less than #gfh inches in going through its performance of twelve tunes4 ,in a ,memoir read before the ,acadmie des ,sciences1 ,m4 ,vaucanson described the very beautiful methods by which the barrel was set out1 and by which the positions of the bars were determined on its surface so as to regulate the supply of air and to control the actions of the fingers1 the motion of the lips and the movements of the tongue2 and he gave a most interesting analysis of the acoustics of wind instruments2 but time will not permit me to make more than this passing reference to them4 ,the picture on the screen 7,fig4 #ba7 is a photographic reproduction of the plate attached to ,m4 ,vaucanson's ,memoir 7a somewhat rare little tract published in #agch7 in which his three automata are shown1 and ,i hold in my hand a copy of the translation by ,dr4 ,desaguliers1 published in ,london in #agdb1 which1 the imprint tells us1 was 8sold at the long room at the ,opera ,house in the ,haymarket1 where the mechanical figures are to be seen at #a1 #b1 #e1 and #g o'clock in the afternoon40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,the second of ,vaucanson's automata was his celebrated model of a duck1 which he himself described in a letter to the ,abb de la ,fontaine in #agch4 ,this extraordinary automaton 7according to the inventor's own account of it71 exhibited a considerable amount of physiological and anatomical knowledge and the most profound mechanical skill1 for in it the operation of eating1 drinking1 and digestion1 were very closely imitated4 ,the duck stretched out its neck to take corn from the hand1 it swallowed it and discharged it in a digested condition1 the digestion being effected not by trituration1 but by dissolution1 and 7to quote the quaint expressions of the inventor71 8,the matter digested in the stomach is conducted by pipes 7as in an animal by the guts71 quite to the anus1 where there is a sphincter that lets it out4 ,i don't pretend10 he says1 8to give this as a perfect digestion1 capable of producing blood and nutritive particles for the support of the animal4 ,i hope nobody will be so unkind as to upbraid me with pretending to any such thing4 ,i only pretend to imitate the mechanism of their action in these things1 i4e41 first1 to swallow the corn2 secondly1 macerate or dissolve it2 thirdly1 to make it come out sensibly changed from what it was40 ,but 7on the same authority71 besides being furnished with a digestive system1 the wings were anatomical imitations of nature2 not only was every bone imitated1 but all the processes and eminences of each bone1 and the joints were articulated as in a real animal4 ,after having been wound up1 the duck ate and drank1 played in the water with his bill1 making what is described as a 8gugling0 sound1 rose up on its legs and sat down1 flapped its wings1 dressed its feathers with its bill1 and performed all these different operations without requiring to be touched again4 ,it is important1 however1 to point out that this digestion story can only be 8digested0 cum grano salis1 and this is supplied in the sequel which furnishes the explanation4 ,in the year #ahdj the automaton was found hidden away in a garret in ,berlin2 it was very much out of order1 and a mechanician of the name of ,georges ,tiets undertook to repair it4 ,it was taken to ,paris1 and in the year #ahdd was exhibited in the ,place du ,palais ,royal4 ,in the course of this exhibition one of the wings became deranged1 and it was put into the hands of ,robert-,houdin for repairs4 ,robert-,houdin took advantage of this opportunity for examining the so-called digestive system of the automaton1 and he thus describes its action3 8,on prsentait l'animal un vase dans lequel tait de la graine baignant dans l'eau4 ,le mouvement que faisait le bec en barbotant divisait la nourriture et en facilitait l'introduction dans un tuyau plac sous le bec infrieur du canard2 l'eau et la graine1 ainsi aspirs tombaient dans une bote place sous le ventre de l'automate1 laquelle se vidait toutes les trois ou quatre sances4 ,l'vacuation tait chose prpare l'avance2 une espce de boullie1 compose de mie de pain colore de vert1 tait pousse par un coup de pompe et soigneusement reue1 sur un plateau en argent1 comme produit d'une digestion artificielle10 so that1 after all1 this wonderful digestion of ,vaucanson's duck was nothing more than a clever trick4 ,the third automaton of ,vaucanson was a figure that played on a shepherd's pipe with one hand while it beat a drum with the other4 ,the instrument played upon was a little pipe with only three holes1 and the different notes were produced by a greater or less pressure of air and a more or less closing of the holes1 and every note1 no matter how rapid was the succession1 had to be modified by the tongue4 ,in this machine there were provided as many different pressures of air as there were notes to be sounded1 and the mechanism by which these operations and the fingering of the keys were effected reflects the greatest credit on the memory of this remarkable man4#i ,the ,automaton duck of ,vaucanson was1 to a certain extent1 anticipated by the ,comte de ,gennes1 ,governor of the ,island of ,saint ,christopher1 who1 we are told by ,pre ,labat1 constructed a peacock which could walk about and pick up grains of corn1 which it swallowed and digested4 ,i have no means of determining whether or not ,vaucanson took the idea of his duck from this automaton1 but that ,vaucanson had imitators there is abundant evidence to prove4 ,in the year #ageb1 ,du ,moulin1 a silversmith1 travelled all over ,europe with automata similar to those of ,vaucanson1 and they were afterwards purchased in ,nuremberg1 by ,bereis1 a counsellor of ,helmstadt1 at whose place they were seen by ,beckmann in #aged4 ,in the year #agfj1 there was a writing automaton exhibited in ,vienna1 which was constructed by ,friedrich von ,knaus1 and about the same time a number of very curious automata were made by ,le ,droz1 of ,chaux de ,fonds1 in ,neufchatel4 ,one of these was a clock1 presented to the ,king of ,spain1 which had1 in addition to several moving figures1 a sheep that bleated in a very natural way1 and a dog mounting guard over a basket of fruit2 if anyone attempted to touch the basket the dog barked and growled1 and if any of the fruit were taken away the barking continued until it was restored4 ,the son of this man 7who lived at ,geneva71 was no less skilful a mechanician1 for he made a gold snuffbox about #d-a_/b inches long by #c inches broad1 in which when a spring was touched a little door flew open and a beautifully modelled bird of green enamelled gold rose up1 fluttered its wings and tail1 and commenced a trilling song of great beauty and power1 its beak keeping time with the notes4 ,such a snuffbox was exhibited in the ,great ,exhibition of #ahea1 proving as great a popular attraction as the ,koh-i-nur diamond1 and 7owing to the kindness of my friend ,mr4 ,tripplin the well-known horologist7 ,i am now able to show you one of these very beautiful triumphs of mechanical skill4 ,another of the younger ,le ,droz's inventions was his celebrated drawing automaton1 which was a life-size figure of a man sitting behind a table and holding a style in his hand4 ,a sheet of vellum was placed on the table1 and the figure began to draw portraits of well-known persons with extraordinary correctness4 ,this automaton was shown in ,london1 and attracted considerable attention at the time4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,i must now re-introduce to you another old friend1 first shown here by ,brother ,manning4 ,here he is6 a little acrobat that turns somersaults backwards down stairs4 ,this is not1 as many have thought1 an invention of that great mechanical genius1 ,robert-,houdin1 for it is figured and described in ,musschenbroeck's 8,introductio ad philosophiam naturalem10 which was published in ,leyden in #agfb 7a year after the author's death71 and half a century before ,robert-,houdin was born1 and on the screen you have a facsimile 7,fig4 #bb7 of ,musschenbroeck's illustration of this mechanical toy1 which he refers to as 8an old invention of the ,chinese40 ,it is also described by ,ozanam in his 8,recrations ,mathmatiques et ,physiques10 the first edition of which was published in #afid4 ,the figure ,i now throw on the screen 7,fig4 #bc71 is taken from the second edition of this work which was edited by ,montucla in #agij4 ,the principle is exceedingly simple2 the whole thing depends upon the centre of gravity being suddenly changed by a shifting weight4 ,within a tube contained within the body1 is a small quantity of mercury1 and the moment that this tube is inclined to the horizon the mercury flows to the lower end tilting one figure over the other1 and with such force that it is carried over by its inertia far enough to tilt the tubes1 and cause the mercury to flow to the opposite end1 and the process is repeated as long as there are stairs to descend2 by a very simple arrangement of strings passing over pulleys1 the legs and arms are always brought into suitable positions to support the figure in every position of its descent4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,i now come to the automaton which for some years was the wonder of every country in ,europe1 the automaton chess-player of the ,baron ,wolfgang von ,kempelen1 constructed in #aggf4 ,this automaton was a life-size sitting figure dressed as a ,turk1 and having before it a large rectangular chest or cabinet1 #c feet #f inches long1 #b feet deep1 and #b feet #f inches high1 on the top of which was a chessboard and a set of men4 ,the seat on which the figure sat1 was attached to the cabinet and the whole was on castors1 so that it could be wheeled about the floor4 ,when the automaton was exhibited1 the exhibitor began operations by opening the doors of the cabinet so as to show its contents1 and here ,i will throw on the screen a copy 7,fig4 #bd7 of one of the plates in a curious pamphlet1#aj printed anonymously in #ahba1 but probably by ,professor ,willis4 ,it must1 however1 be recollected that these doors were opened in succession1 and never all at the same time1 but whichever door was opened1 nothing could be seen but wheels1 levers1 connecting rods1 strings and cylinders4 ,after this the doors were closed and locked1 the machinery was wound up1 and the figure was ready to play a game of chess with any one who would challenge him4 ,on commencing the game the figure moved its head1 and seemed to look at every part of the board4 ,when it checked the king1 it nodded its head three times1 and when it threatened the queen1 it nodded twice4 ,it also shook its head when its adversary made a false move1 and replaced the offending piece4 ,it nearly always won the game1 but occasionally lost4 ,when it was completed1 it was exhibited in ,riga1 ,moscow1 ,st4 ,petersburg1 ,berlin1 ,presburg and ,vienna1 coming to ,london in #aghc1 and having been seen by many thousands during those years with out its secret being discovered1 but in the year #aghi1 a book was published by ,mr4 ,freyherre of ,dresden1 in which he showed that 8a well taught boy very thin and tall of his age1 7sufficiently so that he could be concealed in a drawer below the chessboard17 agitated the whole40 ,in the plate before you1 you will see that the author has shown in dotted lines1 the position a boy might take when the left hand door was opened4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,the real story of this most ingenious and successful scientific fraud is so interesting that ,i must tell it here1 although it puts for ever ,baron von ,kempelen's chess-player outside the circle of true automata4 ,in the year #aggf1 a regiment1 half ,russian and half ,polish1 mutinied at ,riga4 ,the mutineers were defeated1 and their chief officer1 ,worouski1 fell1 having had both his thighs fractured by a cannon ball4 ,he hid himself in a ditch until after dark1 when he dragged himself to the neighbouring house of a doctor named ,osloff1 a man of great benevolence1 who took him in and concealed him1 but he had to amputate both his legs4 ,during the time of ,worouski's illness1 ,osloff was visited by his intimate friend the ,baron von ,kempelen1 and after many consultations and much thought1 ,kempelen hit upon the idea of conveying him out of the country by devising this automaton 7as ,worouski was a great chess-player71 and in three months the figure was finished4 ,in order to avoid suspicion he gave performances en route to the frontier4 ,the first performance was given at ,toula1 on the #fth of ,november1 #aggg 7that is to say exactly #aad years ago to-day74 ,the machine and ,worouski were packed in a case and started for ,prussia1 but when they reached ,riga1 orders came from the ,empress ,katherine ,,ii41 for ,baron von ,kempelen to go to ,st4 ,petersburg with his automaton4 ,the ,empress played several games with him1 but was always beaten1 and then she wanted to buy the figure4 ,this was an awkward situation for ,kempelen1 and he was at his wits' end to know how to wriggle out of it4 ,he declared that his own presence was absolutely necessary for the working of the machine1 and that it was quite impossible for him to sell it1 and1 after some further discussion1 he was allowed to proceed on his journey4 ,this chess-player was1 in the same year1 purchased by ,mons4 ,anthon1 who took it all over ,europe4 ,at his death it came into the hands of ,johann ,maelzel1 the inventor of the ,metronome1 who sent it to the ,united ,states4 ,it was afterwards sent back to ,europe1 and in the year #ahdd was in the possession of a mechanician of ,belleville1 named ,croizier4 ,maelzel himself was a mechanician of very considerable skill1 and he constructed an automaton trumpeter1 which was exhibited at ,vienna about the year #ahjd1 which played the ,austrian and ,french cavalry marches1 and marches and allegros by ,weigl1 ,dussek1 and ,pleyel4 ,maelzel was1 after that1 appointed mechanician to the ,austrian ,court1 and constructed an automatic orchestra1 in which trumpets1 flutes1 clarionets1 violins1 violoncellos1 drums1 cymbals1 and a triangle1 were introduced1 and this attracted very great interest in the ,austrian capital at the time4 ,in the year #aggb there was in ,spring ,gardens1 near ,charing ,cross1 a most remarkable collection of automata exhibited in a place of entertainment known as ,cox's ,museum1 and here ,i have an original copy of the 8,descriptive catalogue1 of the several superb and magnificent pieces of mechanism and jewellery exhibited in ,mr4 ,cox's ,museum1 at ,spring ,gardens1 ,charing ,cross40 ,to which this footnote is added1 8,hours of ,admission1 #aa1 #b1 and #g1 every day 7,sundays excepted71 tickets ,half a ,guinea each1 admitting one person1 to be had at ,mr4 ,cox's1 ,no4 #ajc1 ,shoe ,lane40 ,this was a very extraordinary exhibition1 and contained upwards of twenty large and elaborate automata1 several of them being adorned with gold and precious stones4 ,some were complicated clocks1 some were large groups of animals1 and figures with fountains and cascades around them4 ,none of these objects was less than nine feet high1 and some were as high as sixteen feet4 ,i can find nothing important enough from a ,mechanick's point of view1 to describe in detail1 but it was the precursor in the same place of the exhibition of ,monsieur ,maillardet1 which was one of the ,london attractions at the beginning of the present century4 ,m4 ,maillardet exhibited a bird automaton 7similar to that already referred to which was made by ,le ,droz71 and whose performance lasted four minutes with one winding up4 ,he constructed also a spider1 entirely of steel1 which imitated all the actions of the real animal1 it ran round and round the table in a spiral line1 tending towards the centre4 ,maillardet made automata representing a caterpillar1 a mouse1 a lizard1 and a serpent2 the last crawled about all over the table1 darted its tongue in and out1 and produced a hissing sound4 ,maillardet's most important automata were1 however1 his drawing and writing figure1 and his pianoforte player4 ,the former was a kneeling boy1 who wrote in ink with an ordinary pen1 sentences in ,english and in ,french1 and drew landscapes4 ,the pianist was a figure of a lady1 who performed eighteen pieces of music4 ,she began by bowing to the audience1 her bosom heaved1 and her eyes first looked at the music1 and then followed the motion of her fingers1 and the music was produced by the keys being played on by the fingers2 but the most remarkable of ,m4 ,maillardet's machines1 was a magician1 or fortune-teller1 which gave answers to some twenty given questions1 which were inscribed on as many counters or medallions4 ,one of these medallions having been put into a drawer1 the figure arose from his seat1 bowed to the audience1 and described mystic circles in the air with his wand2 after appearing to consult his book of mysteries1 he struck a little door behind him1 which flew open1 and exhibited an appropriate answer to the question on the medallion4 ,the general principle upon which this automaton's power of selection was founded lay in the fact that in the edge of each medallion there was a small hole drilled1 but no two holes were drilled to the same depth1 and1 by an exceedingly delicate mechanism1 the varying depth to which a pin could be thrust into the edge of a disc1 was caused to control the mechanism by which the various answers were selected1 and which were exhibited when the little door flew open4 ,the next great master of automaton design and construction1 was that wonderful genius ,robert-,houdin 7about whom our worthy ,secretary and ,seer discoursed to us so pleasantly and so instructively nearly a year ago74 ,brother ,manning's paper was so complete in itself1 and that part of it which dealt with automata was so ably illustrated1 that it will be quite unnecessary for me to add to the length of this communication1 by going over that ground again1 so ,i will merely enumerate the automata of that interesting man and pass on to still more recent times4 ,the first of the automata of ,robert-,houdin was a confectioner's shop1 in which a pastry-cook came out of the door when requested and offered to the spectators patisserie1 bonbons1 and refreshments of every description1 and within the shop might be seen the assistants making pastry1 rolling out the dough1 and putting it into the oven4 ,then he made two clowns1 known as ,auriol and ,dbureau4 ,the first of these performed a number of acrobatic feats upon a chair which was held at arm's length by the other4 ,after this1 the figure of ,auriol smoked a pipe1 and accompanied on the flageolet an air played by the orchestra4 ,another was an acrobat which performed tricks on the trapze1 and the last to which ,i shall refer1 was his celebrated writing figure1 which is illustrated in ,brother ,manning's 8,opusculum10 ,no4 ,,xxiv41 to which ,i must refer you for a great deal of interesting information respecting that remarkable man4 ,a contemporary of ,robert-,houdin was ,mons4 ,mareppe1 who constructed a very wonderful automaton violin player1 and which was exhibited at the ,conservatoire at ,paris1 in the year #ahch1 and which performed on the violin by bowing and fingering the strings1 and in an account of the performance which was published at the time in 8,galignani's ,messenger10 it is stated that the musical execution was so perfect as to bring tears into the eyes of the audience4 ,coming to our own period1 from the time of ,robert-,houdin1 there have been no great automata which will live in the history of the subject1 until the year #ahge1 when ,mr4 ,j4 ,n4 ,maskelyne 7who1 ,i am happy to tell you1 is honouring us with his presence to-night7 exhibited at the ,egyptian ,hall his marvellous 8,psycho40 ,this was a seated figure1 supported by a cylindrical pedestal of glass which stood upon a little platform1 and1 being on castors1 could be wheeled about the floor4 ,this automaton can actually play a game of whist1 selecting the cards from a rack in front of it1 and playing a most skilful game4 ,the machine works apparently without any mechanical connection with anything outside1 and the delicacy and precision of its actions1 display the most consummate skill in design1 and give to its inventor a high position for mechanical science4 ,this automaton also works out arithmetical calculations1 with numbers from one to a hundred millions1 showing the result behind a door which opens in front of its box4 ,another of ,mr4 ,maskelyne's automata1 is the celebrated 8,zoe0 of #ahgg1 a sitting figure supported like the last on a glass pedestal so as to exclude the possibility of an electrical system of communication4 ,a sheet of paper is fastened on to the table in front1 and the figure traces out very fair portraits of public characters chosen by the audience out of a list of some two hundred names4 ,in respect to these most beautiful machines ,i must refrain from revealing to you the secrets of their working1 and that for two reasons1 first1 because ,i do not know them myself2 and second1 because ,mr4 ,maskelyne is here and is doubtless only impatient to jump up when ,i sit down and tell us all about them4 ,i do not intend to say anything about speaking machines or to do more than make a passing reference to the very interesting work and researches of ,kircher in #afej1 ,van ,helmont1 #affg1 ,kratzenstein1 in #aghj1 ,l',abb ,mical1 in #aghc1 ,von ,kempelen in #agia1 ,willis in #ahbi1 ,wheatstone in #ahcg1 or of ,faber in #ahfb4 ,all these mechanicians and physicists studied the philosophy of speech and produced machines or parts of machines1 which could utter vowels1 words or even sentences1 but these machines were operated by keys and stops and were1 in no sense of the term1 automata4 ,i must1 however1 refer to one of the greatest marvels of modern science1 the phonograph which ,mr4 ,edison has applied in the construction of his talking dolls4 ,edison's talking doll is a figure1 within which a little phonograph1 driven by a little winch1 is concealed1 and which repeats in a clear voice any sentence or rhyme which may have been spoken against its recording cylinder or disc4 ,i am deeply disappointed to be unable to show you one of these most interesting automata to-night1 for one is on its way to me across the ,atlantic4 ,colonel ,gourand very kindly sent for one that ,i might show it to you this evening1 and ,i deeply regret that it has not arrived in time1 for the ,odd ,volumes would1 otherwise1 have been the first to hear its voice in ,europe4#aa ,in the phonograph1 that splendid triumph of acoustical and mechanical science1 we have literally fulfilled1 the prediction made by ,sir ,david ,brewster in #ahhc1 when he wrote 8,i have no doubt that before another century is completed1 a talking and a singing ,machine will be numbered among the conquests of ,science40 ,no one who is familiar with any of the great ,european capitals can have failed to notice in the windows of the higher class of toy-shops1 clock-work automata of various kinds4 ,we have jugglers and rope dancers1 conjurers1 pianists1 violinists1 harpists and trumpeters1 dancing niggers1 figures fighting1 knitting1 sewing1 writing1 and engaged in almost every occupation performed by human beings1 but none that ,i have seen are fit for comparison with the wonderful mechanical works of ,vaucanson1 ,robert-,houdin or ,maskelyne2 mechanically they are nearly identical with one another1 and differ only in the external application of the internal machinery4 ,at ,international ,exhibitions one sees one or two of superior merit1 but ,i have not recently seen any of sufficient importance to bring before you this evening4 ,the pianists and other musicians merely move their hands on their instruments1 but the music 7save the mark7 whether it be a violin or a trumpet1 comes from a musical snuffbox inside which is generally wound up by a different key4 ,these figures are usually very costly1 and ,i am always puzzled to know who are the people who purchase them4 ,the best are generally those mechanical toys which represent the movements of animals1 and here ,i have a mechanical bear which is rather amusing1 and it is ingenious because by a very simple combination of clock work with cranks and strings a number of different motions is obtained2 we have the mouth opening and shutting1 the head going from side to side1 the lips moving and the whole animal bowing to the spectators4 ,within the last few years a most extraordinary amount of mechanical ingenuity has been brought to bear upon the construction of small automatic toys1 which are sold in the streets for a few pence1 and ,i think1 even more than the extraordinarily simple and ingenious contrivances by which the various effects are produced1 the great inventive merit consists in a design and method of manufacture by which they can be turned out1 with a profit1 at so insignificant a cost4 ,i have brought together a few examples1 a very minute fraction of the hundreds of forms that exist1 but selected merely to illustrate the different types of principle of action4 ,a very favourite motive power is a wound up spring1 consisting of strands of vulcanized india-rubber1 and here ,i have one of the well-known butterflies which come out in ,paris in #ahgh1 where they filled the air of the ,avenue de l',opera1 the shops of which were then occupied chiefly by hawkers of toys4 ,the motive power of this toy is nothing more than a light screw propeller or fan rotated by the untwisting of a spring1 while on the body of the machine are two fixed wings or fins to prevent the whole machine from rotating4 ,the action is wonderfully like that of an animal1 perhaps most like that of a bat4 ,here again the same principle is applied in a running mouse1 and this is especially interesting from the fact that the machine winds itself up the moment the tension of the cord is relaxed1 and as the spindle of the wheels is the flexible rubber itself the peculiar scuttling action of a mouse is well imitated4 ,there is again a large class of mechanical toys in which there is a combination of a rubber spring with a wheel and escapement1 the pallets of which by their reciprocating motion producing whatever effect may be desired2 the swimming fish is one of them1 the wagging of the tail being produced in the way ,i have described4 ,here is another displaying considerable ingenuity4 ,in this case an escapement wheel works a crutch which by a pair of cranks linked together causes each of two pugilists to turn a little way backwards and forwards on one heel1 and the arms being hung loosely to the shoulders by rubber hinges give to the figures the appearance of hitting out vigorously4 ,i have here a couple of figures which ,i admit do not contain their motive power within themselves but they require so little aid from outside and do so much for themselves that ,i have been tempted to bring them in4 ,here is a monkey climbing a rope1 and its progression is insured by the simplest possible device1 the string passes over one pin and under another in his posterior hands while the anterior pair of hands grip the rope with a slight degree of friction3 if the string be tightened the lower hands act as a lever which pushes the body up1 but when it is slack it slips round the pins and does no work1 in other words the grip of the hands is greater than that of the feet when the cord is slack but less when it is tight4 ,in this little animated skeleton1 we have an immense effect produced by an extraordinarily small external motion4 ,the squeeze that ,i give to this ,u shaped spring1 by varying the tension of the twisted strings1 on which the skeleton is suspended1 is almost infinitesimal--but it gives to the skeleton considerably more energy than is usually to be found in skeletons4 ,here we have a walking figure whose action depends upon gravity1 but his progression is checked by the friction of his feet on the board on which he performs1 first one foot catches and then another1 and each time his inertia turns him round1 which gives him an appearance of having been in the company of teetotallers1 or can he have been dining with the ,sette of ,odd ,volumes8 ,a familiar form of mechanical or automatic toys is in the form of a box or frame having a glass front1 behind which figures of acrobats1 rope-dancers and moving groups are set into motion by sand falling on a wheel within the case2 and it is an ingenious feature of these toys that they are 8wound up0 by simply rolling the box over on its edge through one revolution1 which has the effect of lifting the fallen sand back into the upper reservoir4 ,the last great class of mechanical figures1 to which ,i shall refer1 includes those which depend for their action upon the spinning of a top or fly-wheel1 and some of them are particularly pretty and ingenious4 ,here1 for example1 is a couple of figures1 which the gentleman who sold it to me told me was 8a ,narry and a ,narriet walking hout on #8,ampstead ',eath40 ,in this case the ruling spirit and go is as usual in the lady1 and the man has to follow whither she leads1 the legs of the man are connected together at the hips by a pair of cranks so disposed1 that if one leg be pushed back1 the other is thereby thrown forward4 ,now the heels are so cut that they catch in the ground when in a forward position and can slide forward when behind2 in being urged along1 the forward leg catching in the ground is relatively pushed back and the other leg comes forward1 which in its turn catches1 and the effect of walking is produced4 ,and here we have 7,fig4 #be7 another on precisely the same principle1 in which an ostrich appears to draw a cart1 which in reality1 is pushing him along1 but the effect of the ostrich's strut is delightfully reproduced4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,here is another in which several very curious motions are reproduced4 ,this beautiful little mechanical toy 7,fig4 #bf7 represents a circus girl riding round the ring1 and occasionally leaping over a bar or bowing to the audience1 while the prancing action of the horse is ingeniously imitated4 ,the motive power is derived from the spinning of a top or fly-wheel1 supported in a frame attached to the bar to which the horse is fixed2 and1 as the spindle of the top spins on the bevel edge of the circular base1 the horse is caused to gallop round in a circle1 and1 being supported on the table by a roller mounted eccentrically on its axis1 it prances up and down as it runs4 ,the equestrienne is attached to a light lever pivotted on the rotating frame and revolving with it4 ,twice in its revolution this lever is lifted by a cam1 forming part of the base2 the first lift causes the figure to give a little bow1 and the second1 which is much greater1 makes her leap over the bar under which the horse runs4 ,this little machine is one of the most mechanically ingenious of the modern automaton toys1 and it is made at the cost of only a few pence4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,the last ,i shall show you is this elephant4 ,in this little machine we have a fly-wheel1 which with its vertical shaft looks like an umbrella over the ,nabob who sits on the top1 the vertical shaft passes into the body of the elephant1 and there by a simple frictional gearing1 rotates a couple of cranks to which the legs are connected4 ,the effect of spinning the umbrella is therefore merely to move the legs backwards and forwards2 and1 if that were all1 no progression could be effected2 but each foot rests on a little wheel or roller1 which can only rotate in one direction so that while it catches the ground in its backward stroke it rolls freely over it while it is moving forward1 and thus each leg in its turn contributes to the progressive movement of the toy4 ,now ,i have come to the end1 and it only remains to me to thank you all for having supported me by your presence in such numbers to-night1 and to say to you in the words of ,othello3 8,it gives me wonder great as my content1 ,to see you here before me40 ,illustration ,footnotes3 #a ,the 8,iliad0 of ,homer1 translated by ,alexander ,pope1 xviii4 #ddj-ddd4 #b 8,mathematicall ,magick1 or the ,wonders that may be performed by ,mechanicall ,geometry40 ,london1 printed by ,m4 ,e4 for ,sa3 ,gellibrand at the ,brasen ,serpent in ,paul's ,churchyard1 #afdh 7page #agc74 #c 8,saturnaliorum ,conviviorum10 ,lib4 ,i4 cap4 xxiii4 #d ,aulus ,gellius1 8,noctes ,attic40 ,lib4 ,x4 cap4 xii4 #e 8,new and ,rare ,inventions of ,water ,workes1 shewing the easiest waies to raise water higher than the spring4 ,by which invention the ,perpetual ,motion is proposed1 many hard labours performed ,and variety of ,motions and ,sounds produced4 ,first written in ,french by ,isaak de ,caus a late famous engineer2 and now translated into ,english by ,john ,leak4 ,london1 ,printed by ,joseph ,moxon4 ,folio4 #afei40 #f ,see page #cj4 #g 8,de ,syria ,dea40 #h ,mem4 ,acad4 ,sc4 ,paris1 #agbi4 #i ,beckmann in his 8,history of ,inventions10 says that these automata found their way to ,st4 ,petersburg1 and that in #agfd1 he himself saw them at the ,palace of ,zarsko-,selo1 where he learnt that they had been purchased from ,vaucanson1 but they were not1 at that time1 in working order4 #aj 8,an ,attempt to ,analyse the ,automaton ,chess ,player of ,mr4 de ,kempelen1 with an easy method of imitating the movements of that celebrated figure4 ,illustrated by original drawings4 #hvo4 ,london4 #ahba40 #aa ,the author exhibited ,edison's talking doll at the ,conversazione of the ,sette of ,odd ,volumes which was held the following month4 ,,the ,,following ,,editions ,,of ,,old ,,works1 ,,in ,,illustration ,,of ,,the ,,paper1 ,,were ,,exhibited ,,by ,,the ,,author4 #a4 ,john ,wilkins1 7,bishop of ,chester17 ,mathematicall ,magick4 7,first ,edition47 ,sm4 #hvo4 ,london1 #afdh4 #b4 ---- ,ditto4 7,third ,edition47 ,sm4 #hvo4 ,london1 #afhj4 #c4 ---- ,ditto4 7,fourth ,edition47 ,sm4 #hvo4 ,london1 #afia4 #d4 ,aulus ,gellius1 ,noctes ,attic4 ,folio4 ,paris1 #aecj4 #e4 ---- ,ditto4 ,sm4 #hvo4 ,lyons1 #aedf4 #f4 ---- ,ditto4 #abmo4 7,elzevir47 ,amsterdam1 #afea4 #g4 ,hero1 of ,alexandria4 ,spiritalia4 7,commandinus ,edition47 ,sm4 #dto4 ,urbino1 #aege4 #h4 ---- ,ditto4 7,aleotti ,edition47 ,sm4 #dto4 ,ferrara1 #aehi4 #i4 ---- ,ditto4 7,georgi ,edition47 #dto4 ,urbino1 #aeib4 #aj4 ---- ,ditto4 7,aleotti ,edition47 ,sm4 #dto4 ,amsterdam1 #afhj4 #aa4 ---- ,de gli automati overo machine se movente4 ,sm4 #dto4 ,venice1 #aehi4 #ab4 ---- ,quatro theoremi aggiunti a gli artifitiosi ,spiriti4 ,sm4 #dto4 ,ferrara1 #aehi4 #ac4 ,john ,bate1 ,the ,mysteries of ,nature and ,art4 ,sm4 #dto4 ,london1 #afed4 #ad4 ,edward ,somerset 7,marquis of ,worcester74 ,a ,century of the ,names and ,scantlings of such ,inventions1 as at present ,i can call to mind4 #abmo4 ,london1 #agdf4 #ae4 ,agostino ,ramelli4 ,le ,diverse et artificiose ,machine4 ,folio4 ,paris1 #aehh4 #af4 ,athanasius ,kircher4 ,magnes sive de ,arte ,magnetica4 ,folio4 ,rome1 #afda4 #ag4 ,vaucanson4 ,an ,account of the ,mechanism of ,automaton or image playing on the ,german ,flute4 #dto4 ,london1 #agdb4 #ah4 ,peter van ,musschenbroeck4 ,introductio ad ,philosophiam ,naturalem4 #dto4 ,padua1 #agfh4 #ai4 ,jacques ,ozanam4 ,recrations ,mathmatiques et physiques4 #hvo4 ,paris1 #afif4 #bj4 ,anonymous1 7believed to be by ,thomas ,powell1 ,d4,d47 ,humane ,industry1 or a ,history of most ,manual ,arts4 ,sm4 #hvo4 ,london1 #affa4 #ba4 ,anonymous1 7probably ,professor ,willis47 ,an attempt to ,analyse the ,automaton ,chess player of ,mr4 de ,kempelen4 #hvo4 ,london1 #ahba4 #bb4 ,cox's ,museum4 ,descriptive ,catalogue of the ,superb and ,magnificent pieces of ,mechanism and ,jewellery in ,cox's ,museum4 ,sm4 #dto4 ,london1 #aggb4 #bc4 ,henry ,van ,etten1 ,mathematicall ,recreations4 #abmo4 ,london1 #afcc4 ,illustration ,illustration ,o4 ,v4 ,a ,,bibliography ,,of ,,the ,,privately ,,printed ,,opuscula ,issued to the ,members of the ,sette of ,odd ,volumes4 8,books that can be held in the hand1 and carried to the fireside1 are the best after all40--,samuel ,johnson4 8,the writings of the wise are the only riches our posterity cannot squander40--,charles ,lamb4 #a4 ,b4 ,q4 ,a ,biographical and ,bibliographical ,fragment4 #bb ,pages4 ,presented on ,november the #eth1 #ahhj1 by ,his ,oddship ,c4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,wyman4 #ast ,edition limited to #be copies4 7,subsequently enlarged to #ej copies47 #b4 ,glossographia ,anglicana4 ,by the late ,j4 ,,trotter ,,brockett1 ,f4,s4,a41 ,london and ,newcastle1 author of 8,glossary of ,north ,country ,words10 to which is prefixed a ,biographical ,sketch of the ,author by ,,frederick ,,bloomer4 7pp4 #id47 ,presented on ,july the #gth1 #ahhb1 by ,his ,oddship ,,bernard ,,quaritch4 ,edition limited to #aej copies4 #c4 ,ye ,boke of ,ye ,odd ,volumes1 from #ahgh to #ahhc4 ,carefvlly ,compiled and painsfvlly ,edited by ye vnworthy ,historiographer to ye ,sette1 ,brother and ,vice-,president ,,william ,,mort ,,thompson1 and produced by ye order and at ye charges of ,hys ,oddship ye ,president and ,librarian of ye ,sette1 ,bro4 ,,bernard ,,quaritch4 7pp4 #acf47 ,presented on ,april the #acth1 #ahhc1 by his ,oddship ,,bernard ,,quaritch4 ,edition limited to #aej copies4 #d4 ,love's ,garland2 ,or ,posies for ,rings1 ,hand-kerchers1 ,gloves1 and such pretty ,tokens that ,lovers send their ,loves4 ,london1 #afgd4 ,a ,reprint4 ,and ,ye ,garland of ,ye ,odd ,volumes1 7pp4 #ajb47 ,presented on ,october the #abth1 #ahhc1 by ,bro4 ,,james ,,roberts ,,brown4 ,edition limited to #bej copies4 #e4 ,queen ,anne ,musick4 ,a brief ,accompt of ye genuine ,article1 those who performed ye same1 and ye ,masters in ye facultie4 ,from #agjb to #agad4 7pp4 #dj47 ,presented on ,july the #acth1 #ahhc1 by ,bro4 ,,burnham ,w4 ,,horner4 ,edition limited to #ajj copies4 #f4 ,a ,very ,odd ,dream4 ,related by ,his ,oddship ,w4 ,m4 ,,thompson1 ,president of the ,sette of ,odd ,volumes1 at the ,freemasons' ,tavern1 ,great ,queen ,street1 on ,june #ast1 #ahhc4 7pp4 #bf47 ,presented on ,july the #acth1 #ahhc1 by ,his ,oddship ,w4 ,,mort ,,thompson4 ,edition limited to #bej copies4 #g4 ,codex ,chiromantiae4 ,being a ,compleate ,manualle of ye ,science and ,arte of ,expoundynge ye ,past1 ye ,presente1 ye ,future1 and ye ,charactere1 by ye ,scrutinie of ye ,hande1 ye ,gestures thereof1 and ye ,chirographie4 ,codicillus ,i4--,,chirognomy4 7pp4 #aah47 ,presented on ,november the #bnd1 #ahhc1 by ,bro4 ,,ed4 ,,heron-,,allen4 ,edition limited to #acc copies4 #h4 ,intaglio ,engraving3 ,past and ,present4 ,an ,address1 by ,bro4 ,,edward ,,renton1 delivered at the ,freemasons' ,tavern1 ,great ,queen ,street1 on ,december #eth1 #ahhd4 7pp4 #gd47 ,presented to the ,sette by ,his ,oddship ,,edward ,f4 ,,wyman4 ,edition limited to #bjj copies4 #i4 ,the ,rights1 ,duties1 ,obligations1 and ,advantages of ,hospitality4 ,an ,address by ,bro4 ,,cornelius ,,walford1 ,f4,i4,a1 ,f4,s4,s41 ,f4,r4 ,hist4 ,soc41 ,barrister-at-,law1 ,master of the ,rolls in the ,sette of ,odd ,volumes1 delivered at the ,freemasons' ,tavern1 ,great ,queen ,street1 on ,friday1 ,february #eth1 #ahhe4 7pp4 #gb47 ,presented to the ,sette by ,his ,oddship ,,edward ,f4 ,,wyman4 ,edition limited to #acc copies4 #aj4 8,pens1 ,ink1 and ,paper30 a ,discourse upon ,caligraphy4 ,the ,implements and ,practice of ,writing1 both ,ancient and ,modern1 with ,curiosa1 and an ,appendix of famous ,english ,penmen1 by ,bro4 ,,daniel ,w4 ,,kettle1 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,cosmographer2 delivered at the ,freemasons' ,tavern1 ,great ,queen ,street1 on ,friday1 ,november #fth1 #ahhe4 7pp4 #ajd47 ,presented to the ,sette on ,january #hth1 #ahhf1 by ,bro4 ,,daniel ,w4 ,,kettle4 ,edition limited to #bcc copies4 #aa4 ,on ,some of the ,books for ,children of the ,last ,century4 ,with a few ,words on the ,philanthropic ,publisher of ,st4 ,paul's ,churchyard4 ,a paper read at a ,meeting of the ,sette of ,odd ,volumes by ,brother ,,charles ,,welsh1 ,chapman of the ,sette1 at the ,freemasons' ,tavern1 on ,friday1 the #hth day of ,january1 #ahhf4 7pp4 #ajh47 ,presented to the ,sette by ,bro4 ,,charles ,,welsh4 ,edition limited to #bej copies4 #ab4 ,frost ,fairs on the ,thames4 ,an ,address by ,bro4 ,,edward ,,walford1 ,m4,a41 ,rhymer to the ,sette of the ,odd ,volumes1 delivered at ,willis's ,rooms1 on ,friday1 ,december #crd1 #ahhf4 7pp4 #gf47 ,presented to the ,sette by ,his ,oddship ,,george ,,clulow4 ,edition limited to #acc copies4 #ac4 ,on ,coloured ,books for ,children4 ,by ,bro4 ,,charles ,,welsh1 ,chapman to the ,sette4 ,read before the ,sette1 at ,willis's ,rooms1 on ,friday1 the #fth ,may1 #ahhg4 ,with a ,catalogue of the ,books ,exhibited4 7pp4 #fj47 ,presented to the ,sette by ,bro4 ,,james ,,roberts ,,brown4 ,edition limited to #bee copies4 #ad4 ,a ,short ,sketch of ,liturgical ,history and ,literature4 ,illustrated by ,examples ,manuscript and ,printed4 ,a ,paper read at a ,meeting of the ,sette of ,odd ,volumes by ,bro4 ,,bernard ,,quaritch1 ,librarian and ,first ,president of the ,sette1 at ,willis's ,rooms1 on ,friday1 ,june #ajth1 #ahhg4 7pp4 #hf47 ,presented to the ,sette by ,bro4 ,,bernard ,,quaritch4 #ae4 ,cornelius ,walford3 ,in ,memoriam4 ,by his ,kinsman1 ,,edward ,,walford1 ,m4,a41 ,rhymer to the ,sette of ,odd ,volumes4 ,read before the ,sette at ,willis's ,rooms1 on ,friday1 ,october #bast1 #ahhg4 7pp4 #fj47 ,presented to the ,sette by ,bro4 ,,edward ,,walford1 ,m4,a4 ,edition limited to #bee copies4 #af4 ,the ,sweating ,sickness4 ,by ,,frederick ,h4 ,,gervis1 ,m4,r4,c4,s41 ,apothecary to the ,sette of ,odd ,volumes1 delivered at ,willis's ,rooms1 on ,friday1 ,november #dth1 #ahhg4 7pp4 #dh47 ,presented to the ,sette by ,bro4 ,,fred4 ,h4 ,,gervis4 ,edition limited to #acc copies4 #ag4 ,new ,year's ,day in ,japan4 ,by ,bro4 ,,charles ,,holme1 ,pilgrim of the ,sette of ,odd ,volumes4 ,read before the ,sette at ,willis's ,rooms on ,friday1 ,january #fth1 #ahhh4 7pp4 #df47 ,presented to the ,sette by ,bro4 ,,charles ,,holme4 ,edition limited to #acc copies4 #ah4 ,ye ,seconde ,boke of ,ye ,odd ,volumes1 from #ahhc to #ahhh4 ,carefvlly ,compiled and painsfvlly ,edited by ye vnworthy ,historiographer to ye ,sette1 ,bro4 ,,william ,,mort ,,thompson1 and produced by ye order and at ye charges of ye ,sette4 7pp4 #aeg47 ,edition limited to #aae copies4 #ai4 ,repeats and ,plagiarisms in ,art1 #ahhh4 ,by ,bro4 ,,james ,,orrock1 ,r4,i41 ,connoisseur to the ,sette of ,odd ,volumes4 ,read before the ,sette at ,willis's ,rooms1 ,st4 ,james's1 on ,friday1 ,january #dth1 #ahhi4 7pp4 #cc47 ,presented to the ,sette by ,bro4 ,,james ,,orrock1 ,r4,i4 ,edition limited to #acc copies4 #bj4 ,how ,dreams ,come ,true4 ,a ,dramatic ,sketch by ,bro4 ,j4 ,,todhunter1 ,bard of the ,sette of ,odd ,volumes4 ,performed at a ,conversazione of the ,sette at the ,grosvenor ,gallery1 on ,thursday1 ,july #agth1 #ahij4 7pp4 #df47 ,presented to the ,sette by ,his ,oddship ,bro4 ,,charles ,,holme4 ,edition limited to #fjj copies4 #ba4 ,the ,drama in ,england during the last ,three ,centuries4 ,by ,bro4 ,,walter ,,hamilton1 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,parodist to the ,sette of ,odd ,volumes4 ,read before the ,sette at ,limmer's ,hotel1 on ,wednesday1 ,january #hth1 #ahij4 7pp4 #hj47 ,presented to the ,sette by ,bro4 ,,walter ,,hamilton4 ,edition limited to #bja copies4 #bb4 ,gilbert1 of ,colchester4 ,by ,bro4 ,,silvanus ,p4 ,,thompson1 ,d4,sc41 ,b4,a41 ,magnetizer to the ,sette of ,odd ,volumes4 ,read before the ,sette at ,limmer's ,hotel1 on ,friday1 ,july #dth1 #ahij4 7pp4 #fc47 ,presented to the ,sette by ,bro4 ,,silvanus ,p4 ,,thompson4 ,edition limited to #bdi copies4 #bc4 ,neglected ,frescoes in ,northern ,italy4 ,by ,bro4 ,,douglas ,h4 ,,gordon1 ,remembrancer to the ,sette of ,odd ,volumes4 ,read before the ,sette at ,limmer's ,hotel1 on ,friday1 ,december #fth1 #ahhi4 7pp4 #dh47 ,presented to the ,sette by ,bro4 ,,douglas ,h4 ,,gordon4 ,edition limited to #acc copies4 #bd4 ,recollections of ,robert-,houdin4 ,by ,bro4 ,,william ,,manning4 ,seer to the ,sette of ,odd ,volumes4 ,delivered at a ,meeting of the ,sette held at ,limmer's ,hotel1 on ,friday1 ,december #gth1 #ahij4 7pp4 #ha47 ,presented to the ,sette by ,bro4 ,,william ,,manning4 ,edition limited to #bje copies4 #be4 ,scottish ,witchcraft ,trials4 ,by ,bro4 ,j4 ,w4 ,,brodie ,,innes1 ,master of the ,rolls to the ,sette of ,odd ,volumes4 ,read before the ,sette at a ,meeting held at ,limmer's ,hotel1 on ,friday1 ,november #gth1 #ahij4 7pp4 #ff47 ,presented to the ,sette by ,bro4 ,,alderman ,,tyler4 ,edition limited to #bde copies4 #bf4 ,blue and ,white ,china4 ,by ,bro4 ,,alexander ,t4 ,,hollingsworth1 ,artificer to the ,sette of ,odd ,volumes4 ,delivered at a ,meeting of the ,sette held at ,limmer's ,hotel1 on ,friday1 ,february #fth1 #ahia4 7pp4 #gj47 ,presented to the ,sette by ,bro4 ,,alexander ,t4 ,,hollingsworth4 ,edition limited to #bde copies4 #bg4 ,reading a ,poem4 ,a ,forgotten ,sketch by ,,wm4 ,m4 ,,thackeray4 ,communicated by ,bro4 ,,chas4 ,,plumptre ,,johnson 7,clerke-atte-,lawe to the ,sette of ,odd ,volumes71 to the ,sette at ,limmer's ,hotel1 on ,friday1 ,may #ast1 #ahia4 7pp4 xi and #ff47 ,presented to the ,sette by ,bro4 ,,chas4 ,,plumptre ,,johnson4 ,edition limited to #cba copies4 #bh4 ,the ,ballades of a ,blas ,man1 to which are added some ,rondeaux of his ,rejuvenescence1 laboriously constructed by the ,necromancer to the ,sette of ,odd ,volumes1 7pp4 #hh47 ,presented to the ,sette by ,bro4 ,,edward ,,heron-,,allen1 in ,october1 #ahia4 ,edition limited to #ii copies4 #bi4 ,automata ,old and ,new4 ,by ,bro4 ,,conrad ,w4 ,,cooke1 ,mechanick to the ,sette of ,odd ,volumes4 ,read before the ,sette at a ,meeting held at ,limmer's ,hotel1 on ,friday1 ,november #fth1 #ahia4 7pp4 #aah74 ,presented to the ,sette by ,bro4 ,,conrad ,w4 ,,cooke4 ,edition limited to #bee copies4 ,,year-,,bokes4 ,i4 ,the ,year-,boke of the ,odd ,volumes3 ,an ,annual ,record of the ,transactions of the ,sette4 ,eleventh ,year1 #ahhh-i4 ,written and compiled by ,bro4 ,w4 ,,mort ,,thompson1 ,historiographer to the ,sette4 ,issued ,november #bith1 #ahij4 ,,ii4 ,the ,year-,boke of the ,odd ,volumes3 ,an ,annual ,record of the ,transactions of the ,sette4 ,twelfth ,year1 #ahhi-ij4 ,,iii4 ,the ,year-,boke of the ,odd ,volumes3 ,an ,annual ,record of the ,transactions of the ,sette4 ,thirteenth ,year1 #ahij-a4 ,compiled mainly from the ,minute ,book of the ,sette1 and imprynted for private circulation only4 ,edition limited to #acc copies4 ,illustration ,,folia4 ,,originated ,,by ,,brother ,,holme1 ,pilgrim1 ,,who ,,presented ,,each ,,brother ,,with ,a ,,special ,,portfolio4 #a4 ,the ,victualling ,crew4 ,presented by ,bro4 ,,henry ,,moore1 ,a4,r4,a41 ,ancient ,mariner4 #b4 ,proud ,maisie1 from a drawing by ,frederick ,sandys4 ,presented by ,bro4 ,,todhunter1 ,playwright4 #c4 ,a ,rainy ,day in ,hakone1 ,japan4 ,presented by ,bro4 ,,alfred ,,east1 ,landscape ,painter4 #d4 ,the ,shelley ,memorial4 ,photogravure from the original ,statue4 ,presented by ,e4 ,,onslow ,,ford1 ,a4,r4,a41 ,sculptor4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,miscellanies4 #a4 ,inaugural ,address of ,his ,oddship1 ,w4 ,m4 ,,thompson1 ,fourth ,president of the ,sette of ,odd ,volumes1 delivered at the ,freemasons' ,tavern1 ,great ,queen ,street1 on his taking office on ,april #acth1 c4 7pp4 #ca47 ,printed by order of ,ye ,sette1 and issued on ,may the #dth1 #ahhc4 ,edition limited to #bej copies4 #b4 ,codex ,chiromantiae4 ,appendix ,a4 ,dactylomancy1 or ,finger-ring ,magic1 ,ancient1 ,medival1 and ,modern1 7pp4 #cd47 ,presented on ,october the #abth1 #ahhc1 by ,bro4 ,,ed4 ,,heron-,,allen4 ,edition limited to #acc copies4 #c4 ,a ,president's ,persiflage4 ,spoken by ,his ,oddship ,w4 ,m4 ,,thompson1 ,fourth ,president of the ,sette of ,odd ,volumes1 at the ,freemasons' ,tavern1 ,great ,queen ,street1 at the ,fifty-eighth ,meeting of the ,sette1 on ,december #gth1 #ahhc4 7pp4 #ae47 ,edition limited to #bej copies4 #d4 ,inaugural ,address of ,his ,oddship ,,edward ,f4 ,,wyman1 ,fifth ,president of the ,sette of ,odd ,volumes1 delivered at the ,freemasons' ,tavern1 ,great ,queen ,street1 on his taking office1 on ,april #dth1 #ahhd1 c4 7pp4 #ef47 ,presented to the ,sette by ,his ,oddship ,,edward ,f4 ,,wyman4 ,edition limited to #acc copies4 #e4 ,musical ,london a ,century ,ago4 ,compiled from the ,raw ,material1 by ,brother ,,burnham ,w4 ,,horner1 ,f4,r4,s4,l41 ,f4,r4 ,hist4 ,s41 ,organist of the ,sette of ,odd ,volumes1 delivered at the ,freemasons' ,tavern1 ,great ,queen ,street1 on ,june #fth1 #ahhd4 7pp4 #cb47 ,presented to the ,sette by ,his ,oddship ,,edward ,f4 ,,wyman4 ,edition limited to #acc copies4 #f4 ,the ,unfinished ,renaissance2 ,or1 ,fifty ,years of ,english ,art4 ,by ,bro4 ,,george ,c4 ,,hait1 ,author of 8,plant ,studies10 c4 ,delivered at the ,freemasons' ,tavern1 ,friday1 ,july #aath1 #ahhd4 7pp4 #dj47 ,presented to the ,sette by ,his ,oddship ,,edward ,f4 ,,wyman4 ,edition limited to #acc copies4 #g4 ,the ,pre-,shakespearian ,drama4 ,by ,bro4 ,,frank ,,ireson4 ,delivered at the ,freemasons' ,tavern1 ,friday1 ,january #bnd1 #ahhe4 7pp4 #cd47 ,presented to the ,sette by ,his ,oddship ,,edward ,f4 ,,wyman4 ,edition limited to #acc copies4 #h4 ,inaugural ,address of ,his ,oddship1 ,brother ,,james ,,roberts ,,brown1 ,sixth ,president of the ,sette of ,odd ,volumes1 delivered at the ,freemasons' ,tavern1 ,great ,queen ,street1 on his taking office1 on ,april #agth1 #ahhe1 c4 7pp4 #ef47 ,presented to the ,sette by ,his ,oddship ,,james ,,roberts ,,brown4 ,edition limited to #acc copies4 #i4 ,catalogue of ,works of ,art ,exhibited at the ,freemasons' ,tavern1 ,great ,queen ,street1 on ,friday1 ,july #aath1 #ahhd4 ,lent by ,members of the ,sette of ,odd ,volumes4 ,presented to the ,sette by ,his ,oddship ,,edward ,f4 ,,wyman4 ,edition limited to #bee copies4 #aj4 ,catalogue of ,manuscripts and ,early-,printed ,books ,exhibited and ,described by ,bro4 ,b4 ,,quaritch1 the ,librarian of the ,sette of ,odd ,volumes1 at the ,freemasons' ,tavern1 ,great ,queen ,street1 ,june #eth1 #ahhe4 ,presented to the ,sette by ,his ,oddship ,,james ,,roberts ,,brown4 ,edition limited to #bee copies4 #aa4 ,catalogue of ,old ,organ ,music ,exhibited by ,bro4 ,,burnham ,w4 ,,horner1 ,f4,r4,s4,l41 ,f4,r4,hist4,s41 ,organist of the ,sette of ,odd ,volumes1 at the ,freemasons' ,tavern1 ,great ,queen ,street1 on ,friday1 ,february #eth1 #ahhf4 ,presented to the ,sette by ,his ,oddship ,,james ,,roberts ,,brown4 ,edition limited to #acc copies4 #ab4 ,inaugural ,address of ,his ,oddship ,bro4 ,,george ,,clulow1 ,seventh ,president of the ,sette of ,odd ,volumes1 delivered at the ,freemasons' ,tavern1 ,great ,queen ,street1 on his taking office1 on ,april #bnd1 #ahhf1 c4 7pp4 #fd47 ,presented to the ,sette by ,his ,oddship ,,george ,,clulow4 ,edition limited to #acc copies4 #ac4 ,a ,few ,notes about ,arabs4 ,by ,bro4 ,,charles ,,holme1 ,pilgrim of the ,sette of ,odd ,volumes4 ,read at a ,meeting of the 8,sette0 at ,willis's ,rooms1 on ,friday1 ,may #gth1 #ahhf4 7pp4 #df47 ,presented to the ,sette of ,odd ,volumes by ,bro4 ,,chas4 ,,holme4 ,edition limited to #acc copies4 #ad4 ,account of the ,great ,learned ,societies and ,associations1 and of the ,chief ,printing ,clubs of ,great ,britain and ,ireland ,delivered by ,bro4 ,,bernard ,,quaritch1 ,librarian of the ,sette of ,odd ,volumes1 at ,willis's ,rooms on ,tuesday1 ,june #hth1 #ahhf4 7pp4 #ff47 ,presented to the ,sette by ,his ,oddship ,,george ,,clulow4 ,edition limited to #bee copies4 #ae4 ,report of a ,conversazione ,given at ,willis's ,rooms1 ,king ,street1 ,st4 ,james's1 on ,tuesday1 ,june #hth1 #ahhf1 by his ,oddship ,bro4 ,,george ,,clulow1 ,president2 with a summary of an ,address on 8,,learned ,,societies ,,and ,,printing ,,clubs10 then delivered by ,bro4 ,,bernard ,,quaritch1 ,librarian4 ,by ,bro4 ,w4 ,m4 ,,thompson1 ,historiographer4 ,presented to the ,sette by ,his ,oddship ,,george ,,clulow4 ,edition limited to #bee copies4 #af4 ,codex ,chiromantiae4 ,appendix ,b4--,a ,,discourse ,,concerning ,,autographs ,,and ,,their ,,significations4 ,spoken in valediction at ,willis's ,rooms1 on ,october the #hth1 #ahhf1 by ,bro4 ,,edward ,,heron-,,allen4 7pp4 #de47 ,presented to the ,sette by ,his ,oddship ,,george ,,clulow4 ,edition limited to #acc copies4 #ag4 ,inaugural ,address of ,his ,oddship ,,alfred ,j4 ,,davies1 ,eighth ,president of the ,sette of ,odd ,volumes1 delivered at ,willis's ,rooms1 on his taking office on ,april #dth1 #ahhg4 7pp4 #fd47 ,presented to the ,sette by ,his ,oddship ,,alfred ,j4 ,,davies4 ,edition limited to #acc copies4 #ah4 ,inaugural ,address of ,his ,oddship ,bro4 ,t4 ,c4 ,,venables1 ,ninth ,president of the ,sette of ,odd ,volumes1 delivered at ,willis's ,rooms1 on his taking office on ,april #fth1 #ahhh4 7pp4 #ed47 ,presented to the ,sette by ,his ,oddship ,t4 ,c4 ,,venables4 ,edition limited to #acc copies4 #ai4 ,ye ,papyrus ,roll-,scroll of ,ye ,sette of ,odd ,volumes4 ,by ,bro4 ,j4 ,,brodie-,,innes1 ,master of the ,rolls to the ,sette of ,odd ,volumes1 delivered at ,willis's ,rooms1 ,may #dth1 #ahhh4 7pp4 #ci47 ,presented to the ,sette by ,his ,oddship ,t4 ,c4 ,,venables4 ,edition limited to #acc copies4 #bj4 ,inaugural ,address of ,his ,oddship ,bro4 ,h4 ,j4 ,,gordon ,,ross1 ,tenth ,president of the ,sette of ,odd ,volumes1 delivered at ,willis's ,rooms4 ,king ,street1 ,st4 ,james's ,square1 on his taking office1 ,april #eth1 #ahhi4 ,edition limited to #bee copies4 ,illustration ,,works ,,dedicated ,,to ,,the ,,sette4 ,the ,ancestry of the ,violin4 ,london1 #ahhb4 ,,edward ,,heron-,,allen4 ,an ,odd ,volume for ,smokers4 ,london1 #ahhi4 ,,walter ,,hamilton4 ,the ,blue ,friars4 ,london1 #ahhi4 ,w4 ,h4 ,k4 ,,wright4 ,quatrains4 ,london1 #ahib4 ,w4 ,,wilsey ,,martin4 ,illustration ,ye ,sette of ,odd ,volumes4 ,original ,member4 #ahgh4 ,,bernard ,,quaritch1 ,librarian1 #ae1 ,piccadilly1 ,w4 7,president1 #ahgh1 #ahgi1 and #ahhb74 ,original ,member4 #ahgh4 ,,edward ,,renton1 ,herald1 #dd1 ,south ,hill ,park1 ,hampstead1 ,n4,w4 7,vice-,president1 #ahhj2 ,secretary1 #ahhb74 ,original ,member4 #ahgh4 ,w4 ,,mort ,,thompson1 ,historiographer1 #af1 ,carlyle ,square1 ,chelsea1 ,s4,w4 7,vice-,president1 #ahhb2 ,president1 #ahhc74 ,original ,member4 #ahgh4 ,,charles ,w4 ,h4 ,,wyman1 ,typographer1 #ajc1 ,king ,henry's ,road1 ,primrose ,hill1 ,n4,w4 7,vice-,president1 #ahgh and #ahgi2 ,president1 #ahhj74 ,original ,member4 #ahgh4 ,,edward ,f4 ,,wyman1 ,treasurer1 #ai1 ,blomfield ,road1 ,maida ,vale1 ,w4 7,secretary1 #ahgh and #ahgi2 ,president1 #ahhd74 #ahgh4 ,,alfred ,j4 ,,davies1 ,attorney-,general1 ,fairlight1 ,uxbridge ,road1 ,ealing1 ,w4 7,vice-,president1 #ahha2 ,secretary1 #ahhd2 ,president1 #ahhg74 #ahgh4 ,g4 ,r4 ,,tyler1 ,alderman1 late ,high ,sheriff of the ,city of ,london1 ,stationer1 #ag1 ,penywern ,road1 ,south ,kensington1 ,w4 7,vice-,president1 #ahhf74 #ahgi4 ,t4 ,c4 ,,venables1 ,antiquary1 #i1 ,marlborough ,place1 ,n4,w4 7,president1 #ahhh74 #ahgi4 ,,james ,,roberts ,,brown1 ,alchymist1 #dd1 ,tregunter ,road1 ,south ,kensington1 ,w4 7,secretary1 #ahhj2 ,vice-,president1 #ahhc2 ,president1 #ahhe74 #ahhj4 ,,burnham ,w4 ,,horner1 ,f4,r4,s4,l41 ,organist1 ,matson ,red ,house1 ,richmond ,park1 ,richmond1 ,s4,w4 7,vice-,president1 #ahhi74 #ahhb4 ,,william ,,murrell1 ,m4,d41 ,leech 7,president71 #ag1 ,welbeck ,street1 ,cavendish ,square1 ,w4 7,secretary1 #ahhc2 ,vice-,president1 #ahhe74 #ahhc4 ,,henry ,,george ,,liley1 ,art ,director1 ,radnor ,house1 ,radnor ,place1 ,hyde ,park1 ,w4 #ahhc4 ,,george ,,charles ,,hait1 ,f4,l4,s41 ,art ,critic1 ,ormsby ,lodge1 ,the ,avenue1 ,bedford ,park1 ,w4 7,vice-,president1 #ahhg2 ,president1 #ahia74 #ahhc4 ,,edward ,,heron-,,allen1 ,necromancer1 7,vice-,president71 #c1 ,northwick ,terrace1 ,n4,w4 7,secretary1 #ahhe74 #ahhd4 ,,wilfrid ,,ball1 ,r4 ,p4 ,e41 ,painter-,etcher1 #d1 ,albemarle ,street1 ,w4 7,master of ,ceremonies1 #ahij2 ,vice-,president1 #ahia74 #ahhd4 ,,daniel ,w4 ,,kettle1 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,cosmographer1 ,hayes ,common1 near ,beckenham1 ,kent 7,secretary1 #ahhf74 #ahhd4 ,,charles ,,welsh1 ,chapman1 ,the ,poplars1 ,forest ,lane1 ,walthamstow 7,vice-,president1 #ahhh74 #ahhf4 ,,charles ,,holme1 ,f4,l4,s41 ,pilgrim1 ,the ,red ,house1 ,bexley ,heath1 ,kent 7,secretary1 #ahhg2 ,president1 #ahij74 #ahhf4 ,,fredk4 ,h4 ,,gervis1 ,m4 ,r4,c4,s41 ,apothecary1 #a1 ,fellows ,road1 ,haverstock ,hill1 ,n4,w4 #ahhg4 ,,john ,w4 ,,brodie-,,innes1 ,master of the ,rolls1 #ad1 ,dublin ,street1 ,edinburgh 7,secretary1 #ahhh74 #ahhg4 ,,henry ,,moore1 ,a4,r4,a41 ,ancient ,mariner1 ,collingham1 ,maresfield ,gardens1 ,n4,w4 ,illustration ,illustration ,supplemental ,odd ,volumes4 #ahhg4 ,,james ,,orrock1 ,r4,i41 ,connoisseur1 #dh1 ,bedford ,square1 ,w4,c4 #ahhh4 ,,alfred ,,east1 ,r4,i41 ,landscape ,painter2 #ad1 ,adamson ,road1 ,belsize ,park1 ,n4,w4 #ahhh4 ,,walter ,,hamilton1 ,parodist1 ,keeper of the ,archives1 ,ellarbee1 ,elms ,road1 ,clapham ,common1 ,s4,w4 #ahhh4 ,,douglas ,h4 ,,gordon1 ,remembrancer1 7,master of ,ceremonies71 #da1 ,tedworth ,square1 ,s4,w4 7,secretary1 #ahhi74 #ahhh4 ,,alexander ,t4 ,,hollingsworth1 ,artificer1 #agb1 ,sutherland ,avenue1 ,maida ,vale1 ,w4 7,vice-,president1 #ahij74 #ahhh4 ,,john ,,lane1 ,bibliographer1 #cg1 ,southwick ,street1 ,hyde ,park1 ,w4 7,odd ,councillor1 #ahia2 ,secretary1 #ahij2 ,master of ,ceremonies1 #ahia74 #ahhh4 ,,john ,,todhunter1 ,m4,d41 ,playwright 7,secretary71 ,orchard ,croft1 ,the ,orchard1 ,bedford ,park1 ,w4 #ahhi4 ,,francis ,,elgar1 ,,ll4,d41 ,shipwright1 #aac1 ,cannon ,street1 ,e4,c4 #ahhi4 ,,william ,,manning1 ,seer1 #ba1 ,redcliffe ,gardens1 ,s4,w4 7,secretary1 #ahia2 ,odd ,councillor74 #ahij4 ,,silvanus ,p4 ,,thompson1 ,d4,sc41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,magnetizer1 ,morland1 ,chislett ,road1 ,n4,w4 #ahij4 ,,conrad ,w4 ,,cooke1 ,mechanick1 ,the ,lindens1 ,larkhall ,rise1 ,s4,w4 #ahij4 ,e4 ,,onslow ,,ford1 ,a4,r4,a41 ,sculptor1 #fb1 ,acacia ,road1 ,n4,w4 #ahia4 ,,charles ,,plumptre ,,johnson1 ,clerke at ,law 7,auditor71 #bc1 ,cork ,street1 ,w4 #ahia4 ,,frederic ,,villiers1 ,war ,correspondent1 ,mashrabeyah1 #fe1 ,chancery ,lane1 ,w4,c4 #ahia4 ,,marcus ,b4 ,,huish1 ,,ll4,b41 ,arts-man1 #ba1 ,essex ,villas1 ,phillimore ,gardens1 ,w4 #ahib4 ,w4 ,,wilsey ,,martin1 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,laureate1 #ae1 ,delamere ,terrace1 ,w4 #ahib4 ,,herbert ,,ward1 ,wanderer1 ,shepherd ,hill ,house1 near ,rickmansworth4 #ahib4 ,,frederick ,,york ,,powell1 ,ignoramus1 ,the ,corner1 ,priory ,road1 ,bedford ,park1 ,w4 #ahib4 ,,ernest ,,clarke1 ,yeoman1 #aj1 ,addison ,road1 ,bedford ,park1 ,w4 #ahib4 ,,paul ,,bevan1 ,ready ,reckoner1 #df1 ,queen's ,gate ,terrace1 ,s4,w4 #ahib4 ,,max ,,pemberton1 ,hack1 #cd1 ,clifton ,hill1 ,st4 ,john's ,wood1 ,n4,w4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,chiswick ,,press3----,c4 ,,whittingham ,,and ,,co41 ,,tooks ,,court1 ,,chancery ,,lane4