7,=e/ ,s]vice1 ,u4,s4,d4,a41 by ,john ,:iteside7 ,,cov]3 ,r$ondo ,peak1 f ,jemez ,canyon ,sc5ic ,trips to ! ,geologic ,pa/ ,s]ies3 ,no4 #a--,santa ,fe1 ,new ,mexico ,no4 #b--,taos--,r$ ,riv]--,eagle ,ne/1 ,new ,mexico1 ,circle ,drive ,no4 #c--,roswell--,capitan--,ruidoso & ,bottomless ,lakes ,/ate ,p>k1 ,new ,mexico ,no4 #d--,s\!rn ,zuni ,m\nta9s1 ,new ,mexico ,no4 #e--,silv] ,city--,santa ,rita--,hurley1 ,new ,mexico ,no4 #f--,trail ,guide to ,geology ( ! ,upp] ,pecos1 ,new ,mexico ,no4 #g--;,high ,pla9s ,nor!a/]n ,new ,mexico1 ,raton--,capul9 ,m\nta9--,clayton ,no4 #h--,mosaic ( ,new ,mexico's ,sc5]y1 ,rocks1 & ,hi/ory ,no4 #i--;,albuqu]que--,its ,m\nta9s1 ,valleys1 ,wat]1 & ,volcanoes ,no4 #aj--,s\?we/]n ,new ,mexico ,no4 #aa--;,cumbres & ,toltec ,sc5ic ,railroad ,no4 #ab--,! ,/ory ( ,m9+ 9 ,new ,mexico ,no4 #ac--;,espaola--,*ama--,taos ,illu/ration3 7,=e/ ,s]vice1 ,u4,s4,d4,a41 by ,rob]t ,w4 ,talbott7 ,:itewat] ,canyon ne> ,gl5wood ,,sc5ic ,,trips ,,to ,,! ,,geologic ,,pa/ ,,no4 #h ,mosaic ( ,new ,mexico's ,sc5]y1 ,rocks1 & ,hi/ory edit$ by ,,paige ,w4 ,,*ri/ians5 & ,,frank ,e4 ,,kottl[ski ,,new ,,mexico ,,bureau ,,( ,,m9es ,,& ,,m9]al ,,res\rces #aigb ,,new ,,mexico ,,in/itute ,,( ,,m9+ ,,te*nology ,k5ne? ,w4 ,=d1 ,presid5t ,,new ,,mexico ,,bureau ,,( ,,m9es ,,m9]al ,,res\rces ,frank ,e4 ,kottl[ski1 ,director ,george ,s4 ,au/91 ,deputy ,director ,,bo>d ,,( ,,reg5ts ,ex ,(ficio ,bruce ,k+1 ,gov]nor ( ,new ,mexico ,leon>d ,de,layo1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public ,in/ruction ,appo9t$ ,/eve ,torres1 ,presid5t1 #aifg-aihe1 ,socorro ,dave ,rice1 ,secret>y-,treasur]1 #aigb-aihc1 ,c>lsbad ,william ,g4 ,abbott1 #aifa-aihe1 ,hobbs ,judy ,floyd1 #aigg-aihg1 ,las ,cruces ,ow5 ,lopez1 #aigg-aihc1 ,santa ,fe ,,bureau ,,/aff ,full ,"t ,m>la ,d4 ,adk9s1 ,assi/ant ,editor ,or9 ,j4 ,&]son1 ,geologi/ ,rub5 ,ar*uleta1 ,te*nician ,i ,rob]t ,a4 ,bieb]man1 ,s5ior ,petrol4 ,geologi/ ,/eve ,blodgett1 ,assi/ant ,editor ,lynn ,a4 ,br&vold1 ,*emi/ ,james ,brannan1 ,draft] ,corale ,bri]ley1 ,*emical ,microbiologi/ ,ron ,broadhead1 ,petroleum ,geologi/ ,br5da ,r4 ,broadwell1 ,assoc4 ,lab ,geosci5ti/ ,jane ,a4 ,calv]t1 ,assi/ant ,editor ,frank ,campbell1 ,coal ,geologi/ ,ri*>d ,*amb]l91 ,economic ,geologi/ ,*>les ,e4 ,*ap91 ,s5ior ,geologi/ ,jeanette ,*avez1 ,adm94 ,secret>y ,i ,ri*>d ,r4 ,*avez1 ,assi/ant ,head1 ,petroleum ,rub5 ,a4 ,cresp91 ,laboratory ,te*nician ,,ii ,lois ,m4 ,devl91 ,director1 ,bus4-,pub4 ,(fice ,amelia ,dond]o1 ,metallurgi/ ,ka?y ,c4 ,ed51 ,editorial ,te*nician ,rob]t ,w4 ,evele?1 ,m9+ ,eng9e] ,k4 ,babette ,f>is1 ,x-ray ,lab4 ,manag] ,r\sseau ,h4 ,fl[]1 ,sr4 ,em]itus ,paleontologi/ ,john ,w4 ,hawley1 ,s5ior ,env4 ,geologi/ ,c9dy ,h[ell1 ,/aff ,secret>y ,rob]t ,w4 ,kelley1 ,editor ,geologi/ ,arle5 ,l9dsey1 ,/aff ,secret>y ,m>k ,logsdon1 ,indu/rial ,m9]als ,geologi/ ,david ,w4 ,love1 ,environm5tal ,geologi/ ,wess ,mauld91 ,drill] ,virg9ia ,mc,lemore1 ,geologi/ ,lynne ,mc,neil1 ,/aff ,secret>y ,norma ,j4 ,meeks1 ,dep>tm5t ,secret>y ,david ,m5zie1 ,geologi/ ,t]esa ,muell]1 ,draft] ,rob]t ,m4 ,nor?1 ,m9]alogi/ ,kei? ,o',bri51 ,hydrologi/ ,jo,anne ,c4 ,osburn1 ,coal ,geologi/ ,gl5n ,r4 ,osburn1 ,volcanologi/ ,b>b>a ,r4 ,popp1 ,lab4 ,biote*nologi/ ,m>%all ,a4 ,reit]1 ,s5ior ,geophysici/ ,jacques ,r4 ,r5ault1 ,s5ior ,geologi/ ,james ,m4 ,rob]tson1 ,m9+ ,geologi/ ,gret*5 ,h4 ,roybal1 ,coal ,geologi/ ,amy ,%acklett1 ,as/4 ,lab ,biote*nologi/ ,jackie ,h4 ,smi?1 ,laboratory ,te*nician ,,iv ,william ,j4 ,/one1 ,hydrogeologi/ ,samuel ,?ompson ,,iii1 ,s5ior ,petrol4 ,geologi/ ,judy ,m4 ,vaiza1 ,executive ,secret>y ,debra ,vett]man1 ,draft] ,rob]t ,h4 ,web]1 ,s5ior ,geologi/ ,betsy ,wilson1 ,receptioni/_/,cl]k ,typi/ ,donald ,wolb]g1 ,v]tebrate ,paleontologi/ ,mi*ael ,w4 ,wooldridge1 ,sci5tific ,illu/rator ,"p ,"t ,*ri/9a ,l4 ,balk1 ,geologi/ ,h[>d ,b4 ,nickelson1 ,coal ,geologi/ ,bev]ly ,ohl9e1 ,act+ ,director1 ,info4 ,s]vices ,?omas ,e4 ,zimm]man1 ,*ief ,security ,(fic] ,graduate ,/ud5ts ,danny ,bobr[ ,james ,t4 ,boyle ,g]ry ,w4 ,cl>kson ,mike ,davidson ,david ,r4 ,guil+] ,t]ry ,j5s5 ,d\glas ,l4 ,hea? ,adrian ,hunt ,+rid ,kli* ,ione ,l9dley ,curtis ,v]ple\gh ,john ,m4 ,wakefield ,m>y ,lynne ,yates ,john ,"y ,plus ab\t #ej und]graduate assi/ants ,?ird edition1 #d? pr9t+ ,publi%$ by ,au?ority ( ,/ate ( ,new ,mexico1 ,,nmsa #aiec ,sec4 #fc-a-d ,pr9t$ by ,univ]sity ( ,new ,mexico ,pr9t+ ,plant1 ,albuqu]que1 ,april #aihb ,available f ,new ,mexico ,bureau ( ,m9es ,m9]al ,res\rces1 ,socorro1 ,,nm #hghja #d4jj ,cont5ts #c ,( ,indians1 ,spani>ds1 & ,am]icans1 ,paige ,w4 ,*ri/ians5 #af ,! exotic plants ( ,new ,mexico1 ,ross ,calv9 #bf ,dwell]s 9 ! hills & pla9s1 ,levon ,lee #cc ,rocks t %ape ! en*ant+ l&scapes1 ,frank ,e4 ,kottl[ski #ed ,be=e ,coronado1 ,rob]t ,h4 ,web] #fd ,fronti] =ts ( ,new ,mexico1 ,rob]t ,a4 ,bieb]man #ge ,our ,national ,h]itage #ge ,new ,mexico's big %>e ( ! ,national ,p>k ,sy/em1 ,h4 ,v4 ,reeves1 ,jr4 #ic ,=e/ l&s above ! des]t1 ,ru? ,bu% ,jones #ajd ,! ,/ate ,also ,pres]ves #ajd ,new ,mexico ,/ate ,monum5ts1 ,museum ( ,new ,mexico ,/aff #ajg ,new ,mexico ,/ate ,p>ks1 ,! ,editors #aac ,angl+ 9 ! des]t's wat]s1 ,fr$ ,a4 ,?ompson #aai ,! ,indians ( ,new ,mexico1 ,paige ,w4 ,*ri/ians5 #acc ,rem9d]s ( ! pa/1 ,paige ,w4 ,*ri/ians5 #ade ,d]ricks & m9es1 ,george ,b4 ,griswold #aed ,en*ant+ l&scapes1 ,frank ,e4 ,kottl[ski #afe ,index ,illu/ration3 ,new ,mexico ,preface ,previ\s ,sc5ic ,trips to ! ,geologic ,pa/ h emphasiz$ sc5ic t\rs ( local areas 9 ,new ,mexico4 ,?is book lays out a mosaic ( facts & fancies conc]n+ ! /ate's l&scapes1 ! rocks t und]lie & make up ! l&scapes1 & ! hi/ory ( ! p n[ liv+ or :o h liv$ amid ,new ,mexico's excit+ & v>i$ sc5]y4 ,we hope ^! %ort articles w help y enjoy our /ate1 :e!r y are a t\ri/ driv+ ?r\gh at sev5ty miles an h\r1 a visitor ) a little "t to explore1 or an old-tim] :o rememb]s ! cattle drives4 ,! idea = ?is publication grew out ( a booklet1 ,new ,mexico ,mosaic ( ,sci5ce & ,hi/ory1 t 0 writt5 = ! #aifc ,national ,sci5ce ,fair-,int]national held 9 ,albuqu]que4 ,! ,national ,sci5ce ,fair booklet 0 direct$ specifically to ! ,fair p>ticipants & emphasiz$ _! t\rs to fam\s sci5tific in/allations 9 ,new ,mexico1 areas ( sc5ic geologic wond]s1 & po9ts ( hi/oric & ar*eologic importance4 ,! booklet _h only limit$ di/ribution2 subsequ5t int]e/ 9 ?is k9d ( publication ab\t ,new ,mexico l$ to ! prep>ation ( ?is book4 ,sc5ic ,trips ,no4 #h is 9 two major p>ts4 ,fir/1 !re are articles ( g5]al /atewide int]e/ to acqua9t visitor & resid5t alike ) ! ,l& ( ,en*antm5t--its hi/ory1 flora & fauna1 geology1 & sc5ic beauty4 ,second1 !re are articles describ+ specific sc5ic1 geologic1 hi/oric1 & recreational places to give a dep? ( und]/&+ & a m intimate view ( ,new ,mexico4 ,! entire mosaic ( ,new ,mexico ?us pres5t$ is a p]man5t record to recall vi/as ( ,new ,mexico's en*ant+ l& & fasc9at+ hi/ory4 ,ackn[l$gm5ts ,_m p h contribut$ _! "t & tal5ts to ?is co-op]ative und]tak+4 ,we ?ank ea* ( ! au?ors ( ! articles2 :]e _! affiliation is n giv51 !y are /aff memb]s ( ! ,new ,mexico ,bureau ( ,m9es & ,m9]al ,res\rces division ( ! ,new ,mexico ,in/itute ( ,m9+ & ,te*nology4 ,pr(essor ,*ri/ians5 is a memb] ( ! ,humanities ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,in/itute's ,college division4 ,?is book w\ld h be5 incomplete )\t ! co-op]ation ( ! ,new ,mexico ,dep>tm5t ( ,game & ,fi%1 ! ,museum ( ,new ,mexico1 ! ,new ,mexico ,dep>tm5t ( ,developm5t1 ! ,/ate ,p>k ,commission1 ! ,u4,s4 ,p>k ,s]vice1 & ! ,=e/ ,s]vice1 ,s\?we/]n ,region1 ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,our special appreciation goes to ,dr4 ,ross ,calv9 = 8 int]pretative description ( ,new ,mexico's unique flora4 ,black & :ite photographs 7 contribut$ by ,rob]t ,bieb]man1 ,roy ,fo/]1 & ,t]i ,ray ( ! ,bureau ( ,m9es /aff & by ! au?ors or _! ag5cies4 ,"s ( ! draw+s 7 made by ,david ,h4 ,moneyp5ny4 ,ackn[l$gm5t is also made to ,mr4 ,elliott ,s4 ,b>k] & ! ,=e/ ,s]vice = _! will+ loan ( color transp>5cies4 ,among ! num]\s p]sonnel ( ! ,new ,mexico ,in/itute ( ,m9+ & ,te*nology :o aid$ 9 prep>ation ( ?is book1 appreciation is due ,hel5 ,waxl]1 ,lois ,devl91 ,lola ,:ite1 ,m>y ,ann ,gr&jean1 & ,%>on ,ball5g] = typ+ ( manuscripts & ,william ,arnold1 ,rob]t ,price1 & ,raymond ,mol9a = draft+ maps & figures4 ,t]i ,ray des]ves special m5tion = h] int]e/ & editorial advice & = nurs+ ! mat]ial f r\gh manuscripts into pr9t$ pages4 ,,preface ,,to ,,second ,,edition ,! k9d reception giv5 our attempt to provide a brief b compreh5sive guide to ,new ,mexico's sc5]y1 rocks1 & hi/ory result$ 9 di/ribution ( #ejjj copies 9 two ye>s1 & l$ to ?is second edition4 ,9 ?is revision1 we h incorporat$ *anges t h occurr$ dur+ ^! two ye>s1 especially ! addition ( ,/ate ,p>ks1 & ,t]i ,ray has add$ an index to make ! book m usable4 ,ea* au?or has re-edit$ 8 article & made *anges :]e necess>y4 ,william ,arnold add$ mu* mat]ial to ! index map2 typ+ ( ! revision manuscript 0 c>efully done by ,lois ,devl94 ,alfr$ ,c\ll\don & ,wayne ,b]a suppli$ additional photographs4 ,t]i ,ray initiat$ revision ( ! fir/ edition1 work$ ) au?ors1 & guid$ ! manuscript f ! au?ors to ! f9al copy4 ,,preface ,,to ,,?ird ,,edition ,! fir/ edition appe>$ 9 #aifd1 ! second 9 #aifg1 & a repr9t 9 #aifh4 ,9 ! pres5t edition front matt] has be5 re-/yl$1 pr9t$ matt] has be5 alt]$ on ! inside & outside ( ! cov]s1 a footnote add$ to page #ajd1 & a less bulky pap] us$4 ,( ,indians1 ,spani>ds1 & ,am]icans by ,paige ,w4 ,*ri/ians5 ,9 ! _w ( ! tw5tie? c5tury ) its tumultu\s ovation = ea* discov]y ( sci5ce1 ) its language ( non-,euclidian space1 ) new h]oes :o leave ! e>?1 n discov] x--sometimes x is refre%+ to look back on o!r days1 to see o!r h]oes1 & to seek romance & excitem5t :i* 0 equally spectacul> 9 times pa/4 ,yet !re is a close aff9ity & a spiritual l9k among ! h]oes ( ! pa/1 ! pres5t1 & ! future1 & ! reaction ( _! contempor>ies to _! feats ( glory is n s diff]5t4 ,h]oes are ^? :o seek ! unkn[n1 :o risk life & position to exp& ! fronti]s ( man's univ]se & m9d4 ,b h]oes c only lead an age1 nev] surpass x4 ,hi/ory1 !n1 is p & _! cataly/1 ideas4 ,! hi/ory ( ,new ,mexico1 l tw5tie? c5tury sci5ce1 is multi-dim5sional4 ,its complex cultural patt]ns fit ) ! intricate v>iety ( its geologic wond]s & its flora & fauna4 ,9 reality1 ,new ,mexico is a "p ( a broad] concept1 ! ,s\?we/4 ,?is va/ region1 :i* includes we/]n ,texas1 ,new ,mexico1 ,arizona1 s\!rn ,cali=nia1 "p ( s\!rn ,colorado1 & s\!rn ,utah1 has giv5 rise to "s ( man's greate/ a*ievem5ts4 ,"h prehi/oric man rose above 8 animal h]itage to take control ( ^! l&s4 ,"h1 also1 _m mill5nia lat]1 man a*iev$ "o ( 8 greate/ sci5tific wond]s1 ! successful release ( atomic en]gy4 ,! /ory ( ! ye>s betwe5 ^! ev5ts1 s f> sep>at$ 9 "t1 is a wondr\s tale4 ,,indian ,,beg9n+s ,be=e ! com+ ( ! :ite man1 ?is l& belong$ to nature's *ildr51 ! ,indian4 ,c5turies be=e ,european nations came into exi/5ce1 peoples f ,asia1 cross+ by ! ,b]+ wat]s1 _h discov]$1 explor$1 & settl$ ! ,am]ican cont95ts f ,alaska to ,ti]ra del ,fuego4 ,!y ma/]$ ! pla9s1 ! nor!rn =e/s1 ! jungles ( ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ! arid regions4 ,9 ! des]ts & m\nta9s ( ! ,s\?we/1 !y conqu]$ elem5ts & t]ra91 fir/ to survive & !n sl[ly to asc5d ! ladd] ( culture4 ,at fir/ !y 7 =ag]s1 liv+ on :at nature provid$4 ,at ! "t ( ,*ri/1 sev]al gr\ps c\ld be di/+ui%$3 ,9 ! ,colorado ,riv] dra9age1 s\? ( ! ,gr& ,canyon1 7 ! ,yuman ,=ag]s2 9 s\!a/]n ,arizona & s\?we/]n ,new ,mexico 7 ! ,mogollon p2 9 ! ,f\r ,corn]s area 7:]e ! /ates ( ,utah1 ,colorado1 ,arizona1 & ,new ,mexico meet7 & 9 ! ,rio ,gr&e ,valley ( ,new ,mexico 0 a complex ( cave sites t evid5c$ a =ag] type ( culture4 ,b1 z man always aspires to rise above 8 environm5t1 ! ,indian sl[ly & pa9fully le>n$ to make tools1 develop$ new te*niques1 & f9ally made ! great /ep upw>d2 he dome/icat$ plants4 ,agriculture1 bas$ prim>ily on ! gr[+ ( corn1 came to ! ,f\r ,corn]s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,gradually1 out ( ! primitive =ag]s1 !re develop$ across ! ,s\?we/ a complex patt]n ( agricultural societies2 peaceful f>m]s int5t ^u h>ve/+ ! utmo/ f a h>% l&4 ,9 ,arizona1 ! ,hohokam peoples creat$ a culture bas$ ^u irrigation4 ,9 ! valleys ( ! upp] ,gila & ,mimbres riv]s ( s\?we/]n ,new ,mexico1 sev]al bran*es ( ! ,mogollon culture grew & prosp]$4 ,9 ! ,f\r ,corn]s area & 9 ! upp] ,rio ,gr&e ,valley1 ! ,mesa ,v]de1 ! ,gran ,*aco1 & lat] ! ,rio ,gr&e bran*es develop$1 at fir/ 9 ! cliffs ( ! high c\ntry1 !n 9 op5 villages along ! ma9 tribut>ies ( ! ,rio ,gr&e4 ,t !re 7 num]\s & v>i$ cultures is atte/$ to by ! ru9s "o f9ds scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! ,s\?we/4 ,along n[ dry arroyos1 on buttes ov]look+ riv]s or dry riv] b$s1 among cliffs 9 ! m\nta9 fa/nesses & 9 caves :]ev] !y appe>1 !re are ?\s&s ( sites ^: p & hi/ory are lo/ 9 antiquity4 ,illu/ration3 ,prehi/oric ,indian cliff dwell+ ,& ^! p 7 build]s4 ,!y liv$ 9 caves at fir/1 !n 9 crude pit h\ses4 ,f9ally !y mov$ above ! gr\nd & evolv$ build+ te*niques & /yles ( ar*itecture t /ood ! ravages ( "t & /ill s]ve ! p ( ! ,s\?we/4 ,9 ! city ( ,santa ,fe1 ! ,palace ( ! ,gov]nors 0 built ^u ! ru9s ( an ,indian pueblo 7village71 ! "n ( :i* has disappe>$ ev5 f tradition1 & its massive walls ( puddl$ adobe1 laid d[n be=e ! art ( mak+ bricks 0 introduc$ by ! ,spani%1 may be se5 "u glass 9 "s ( ! rooms ( ! ,palace at ! pres5t "t4 ,p]haps mo/ spectacul> are ! great h\ses ( ,*aco ,canyon1 "s ( :i* mu/ h %elt]$ f "o to two ?\s& p ea*1 & :i* z a*ievem5ts 9 build+1 bo? f ! /&po9t ( durability & graceful con/ruction1 rival ! /ructures ( ! hi/oric valleys & plateaus ( ! anci5t ea/]n _w4 ,9 addition to agriculture & build+1 ! ,indian ( ! ,s\?we/ a*iev$ great heights 9 arti/ic =ms4 ,! c]amics ( ! ,am]ican ,s\?we/ become increas+ly important :5 comp>$ ) products ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,! ,indians ( ,am]ica & ! ,s\?we/ are a race ( arti/s4 ,_! ae/hetic culture t[]s above any?+ a*iev$ by ! :ite man1 ) ! g5]al exception ( anci5t ,greece & ,r5aissance ,italy4 ,z impressive z 8 a*ievem5ts 9 dome/icat+ plants1 9 build+ massive /ructures1 & 9 develop+ symbolism & ae/hetic values to mat* 8 mat]ial advances1 ! ,indian's greate/ heights 7 rea*$ 9 8 philosophy on nature & life4 ,he conceiv$ himself to be1 n ma/] ( creation1 b a s+le factor 9 ! s*eme ( ?+s4 ,he %>$ ) all ?+s--bea/s1 birds1 rocks1 trees1 ev]y?+ 9 nature--a life pr9ciple :i* p]meat$ all1 a gift conf]r$ by ! mighty p[]s ( e>? & sky4 ,he obs]v$ ord]ly procession ( natural ph5om5a & ord]$ 8 own life 9 h>mony !re)4 ,8 0 no egoc5tric po9t ( view :i* has become s mu* a "p ( ! philosophic base ( ! ,european m5tality4 ,8 natural philosophy ent]$ into e facet ( 8 life--8 daily "w1 8 art1 8 c]amics1 8 religion4 ,9 %ort1 ?is s+ul>ly f9e outlook ^u ! _w helps to acc\nt = 8 success 9 conqu]+ ! div]se elem5ts ( e>? & sky :i* con/antly ?reat5$ 8 v exi/5ce4 ,b ?is f9e culture did n survive 9 ! fullness ( its bloom4 ,:at ev5tually de/roy$ ! va/ & complicat$ agricultural sy/em 0 n ! rigors ( ,"m ,nature b a migration ( new p into ! fl[ ( ,s\?we/ hi/ory4 ,sometime aft] #ajjj ,a4,d41 a nonf>m+1 nomadic1 w>like p ent]$ ! ,s\?we/4 ,! peaceful f>m]s1 weak5$ by dr\?1 7 unable to cope ) ?is new =ce4 ,gradually !y fell back1 leav+ beh9d _! homes1 _! fields1 _! culture4 ,by #acjj1 only a small remnant rema9$1 t locat$ 9 ! ,rio ,gr&e ,valley ( nor?-c5tral ,new ,mexico4 ,across ! re/ ( ! ,s\?we/ ! nomadic tribes1 te*nically call$ ,a?apascan f _! l+ui/ic affiliation b bett] kn[n by _! mod]n "n1 ,apa*e1 _h replac$ ! f>m+ cultures4 ,! picturesque ,indian pueblos we see today 9 ! valleys ( nor!rn ,new ,mexico are ! direct desc5dants ( ! great cultures t exi/$ at ,mesa ,v]de1 ,gran ,*aco1 ,frijoles1 & o!r c5t]s ( cultural a*ievem5t4 ,! ,indians ( ! ,rio ,gr&e ,valley & ! ,apa*e :o controll$ mo/ ( ! ,s\?we/ manag$ an uneasy coexi/5ce4 ,! ,pueblo ,indians rema9$ basically f>m]s1 hold+ fa/ to ! cultural advances made by _! ance/ors dur+ ! mill5nium prec$+ #acjj4 ,! ,apa*e1 = ! mo/ "p1 rema9$ nomadic pr$ators1 liv+ (f nature's b\nty1 or bett] /ill1 raid+ ! pueblos = food4 ,! ,apa*e gr\ps began to take on names & traditional areas :i* !y call$ _! own4 ,9 nor!rn ,new ,mexico 7 ! ,jic>illa ,apa*e & 9 ! s\!a/1 ! ,lipan1 ! ,mescal]o1 & ! ,natage ,apa*e4 ,9 nor!a/]n ,arizona 7 ! ,navajo & 9 ! dra9age ( ! ,gila ,riv]1 ! ,*iricahua1 ! ,gila1 & o!r gr\ps ( ! ,we/]n ,apa*e4 ,ea* ( ^! gr\ps made its m>k ^u ! face ( ! l&4 ,,spani% ,,contributions ,?is 0 ! situation 9 ! ,s\?we/ :5 ! sixte5? c5tury op5$1 b a new =ce 0 abroad :i* w\ld gr[ & /r5g!n & leave a deep impr9t on ,new ,mexico4 ,beg9n+ on ! wild isl&s ( ! ,c>ibbean & !n fann+ out into ! he>t ( ,mexico & ! ,s\? ,am]ican cont95t1 ?is new =ce spread across ! face ( ,am]ica4 ,europeans1 m exactly1 ,spani>ds1 came b5t ^u conque/ = its own rew>d1 = ! glory ( ,god1 & = gold4 ,^! /urdy m5 f ! ,ib]ian p59sula ) weapons va/ly sup]ior to ! ,indians'1 ) ! horse :i* made !m highly mobile & deva/at+ 9 battle1 & ) tactics & precision 9 w>f>e unkn[n among ! ,indians1 7 to sweep )\t s]i\s setback across ! great cultures ( ,mexico & ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,by #aedj1 !y 7 ready to take _! next leap =w>d4 ,on ! we/ coa/ ( ,mexico1 at a place call$ ,culiacan1 a colorful ho/ ga!r$4 ,9 _! e>s rang ! words ( ! leg5d ( ! ,sev5 ,cities ( ,cibola1 sev5 gold5 cities1 a leg5d :i* _h be5 popul> 9 ,spa9 = _m g5]ations4 ,mexico ,city _h produc$ weal?1 & ! ,spani% 7 ready to believe t o!r fabul\s cities exi/$4 ,"o ,spani>d _h already cross$ "p ( ,nor? ,am]ica & _h he>d f ! ,indians tales ( ! ri* cities4 ,8 "n 0 ,cabeza de ,vaca1 & ! exub]ance ( 8 tales fir$ ! imag9ation ( ! ,spani>ds4 ,! soldi]s & adv5tur]s ga!r+ 9 ,mexico1 comm&$ by ,francisco ,vasquez de ,coronado1 7 ! fir/ ,europeans to organize an exp$ition to ! ,am]ican ,s\?we/4 ,leav+ f ,culiacan 9 #aedj1 !y w5t up ! we/ coa/ ( ,mexico into mod]n ,arizona1 !n ea/ into ,new ,mexico4 ,! sev5 gold5 cities turn$ out to be ! pueblos ar\nd ,zuni1 ,new ,mexico1 & n gold5 at all4 ,! exp$ition1 al?\gh disc\rag$1 m>*$ into ! ,rio ,gr&e ,valley & visit$ mo/ ( ! pueblos !re4 ,/ill !y fail$ to f9d ! treasure !y s\ght4 ,9 a f9al desp]ate attempt1 !y explor$ onto ! ,great ,pla9s1 ev5tually rea*+ c5tral ,kansas4 ,brok5 9 _s & body1 !y /ruggl$ back to ! ,rio ,gr&e ,valley1 & !n retrac$ _! r\te to ,mexico4 ,9 all1 ! exp$ition cov]$ a two-ye> span4 ,a failure8 ,yes1 9 t]ms ( weal? & treasure f\nd4 ,yes1 9 t]ms ( conque/1 = no?+ _h be5 conqu]$4 ,no1 9 t]ms ( human res\rces1 = ! ,indians ,coronado met 7 to be ! inc5tive t w\ld br+ ! ,spani>d back to ,new ,mexico4 ,:ile ! ,spani>d did seek gold & glory1 he also burn$ ) a mission>y zeal & s\ght s\ls = 8 deep-runn+ religion1 ,roman ,ca?olicism4 ,illu/ration3 ,mesa top pueblo ,= fifty-five ye>s aft] ,coronado1 int]e/ 9 ,new ,mexico & ! ,s\?we/ 0 spotty4 ,o!r ?+s occupi$ ! ,spani%--prim>ily silv] discov]ies 9 ! c5tral valleys ( ,mexico4 ,b m5 did n =get ,new ,mexico & saw !re an opportunity = mission>y activity & exploitation4 ,also1 o!r nations ( ,europe 7 beg9n+ to take an int]e/ 9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t1 & ,new ,mexico began to look attractive to ! ,spani% z a fronti] def5sive outpo/4 ,! fronti] l9e pu%$ ev] nor?w>d f c5tral ,mexico4 ,by #aeie1 ! ,spani% 7 ready to pu% a sali5t into ,new ,mexico4 ,f among ! m9+ communities ( nor!rn ,mexico1 a =ce ( two hundr$ coloni/s 0 assembl$ by ,don ,juan ,oate :o _h a contract to colonize ,new ,mexico4 ,aft] c\ntless delays due to politics & supply %ortages1 ! ,oate exp$ition left ,*ihuahua 9 #aeih4 ,! r\te w5t nor? across ! des]t to ! ,rio ,gr&e ne> ,el ,paso del ,norte 7mod]n ,ju>ez71 !nce up ! ,rio ,gr&e into ,new ,mexico4 ,on ,augu/ #ah1 #aeih1 !y arriv$ at ,san ,juan1 & !re f\nd$ ! fir/ capital ( ,new ,mexico1 ,san ,juan de los ,caball]os4 ,^! l&s ( ! ,s\?we/ s long color$ by ! ,indian n[ receiv$ a new impr9t1 "o t w\ld alt] ! direction & fl[ ( culture & *ange x f ! ,indian to ! ,spani% ,s\?we/4 ,f ,san ,juan1 & lat] 7#afaj7 f ,santa ,fe1 ,oate1 8 m51 & 8 coloni/s br\ght ,new ,mexico "u ! ,spani% yoke4 ,9 co-op]ation ) ! ,franciscan ,ord]1 :i* _h be5 assign$ ! task ( conv]t+ ! ,indian1 ,oate sup]vis$ ! build+ ( missions & mission *ur*es at _m ( ! pueblos ( ,new ,mexico4 ,at ! same "t1 ,spani% t[ns develop$1 ! mo/ important be+ ! new capital at ,santa ,fe4 ,by #afbh1 ,new ,mexico 0 solidly 9 ! h&s ( h] new ma/]s4 ,! p]iod f #afbh to #afhj 0 "o ( int]nal conflict & isolation = ,new ,mexico4 ,x lay f> out on ! fronti]1 alone & di/ant f its s\rce ( supplies4 ,x lack$ _m ( ! items necess>y = fronti] life1 p>ticul>ly h>dw>e & clo?+4 ,its population 0 small1 & 9 con/ant fe> ( ,indian upris+1 & its (ficials 7 too weak to act ) vigor4 ,f9ally1 !re 0 a lack ( g5u9e int]e/ on ! "p ( ! c5tral au?orities4 ,all ^! problems l$ to int]nal conflicts betwe5 soldi] & coloni/2 betwe5 coloni/ & ,indian2 betwe5 coloni/ & (ficial2 &1 p]haps mo/ bitt] ( all1 betwe5 *ur* & /ate4 ,?is latt] conflict w\ld erupt "t aft] "t1 op5ly1 & ) bitt]ness & d5unciation f bo? sides4 ,gov]nors 7 excommunicat$ z h]etics2 ,franciscans 7 accus$ ( all sorts ( crimes & improp] behavior4 ,?is1 plus ! o!r conflicts1 gave rise to gr[+ disrespect by ! ,indians = _! ,european conqu]ors4 ,! sup]iority ( ,*ri/ianity 0 que/ion$ by ! ,indians z !y wat*$ ! attacks & c\nt]attacks made by prie/ & gov]nor4 ,! :ole sy/em ( ,spani% rule seem$ a mock]y4 ,9 #afhj1 ! ,indians decid$ _! way 0 be/ aft] all & rose 9 rebellion4 ,l$ by ,po-p f ,taos1 ! v>i\s pueblos b&$ toge!r 9 a mighty ef=t to remove ! ,spani% f traditional ,indian l&s4 ,= ! fir/ "t ! pueblos came toge!r1 unit$ by a s+le purpose4 ,!re 7 two exceptions2 ,isleta1 j s\? ( ,albuqu]que1 & ! ,piro villages f>!r s\? 7,socorro7 rema9$ loyal to ! ,spani%4 ,up & d[n ! ,rio ,gr&e ,valley1 ! ,spani>ds fell be=e ! p5t-up ang] ( ! ,indians4 ,survivors ga!r$ at ,santa ,fe1 b _! wat] supply 0 cut1 & !y 7 =c$ to retreat s\?4 ,at ,isleta & lat] at ! ,piro villages1 !y receiv$ aid be=e cont9u+ s\? to ,el ,paso del ,norte4 ,) !m w5t _! ,indian allies f ,isleta & ,socorro4 ,x 0 a total defeat = ! ,spani%1 & ! ,indian aga9 0 ma/] ( ,new ,mexico4 ,b n = long1 = at ,el ,paso !re ga!r$ a =ce d$icat$ to rev5ge = _! comrades :o _h di$ be=e ! ,indian onslaught4 ,ably l$ by ,diego de ,v>gas1 ?is exp$ition mov$ into ,new ,mexico 9 #afib4 ,! ,indians1 :o _h a*iev$ su* unity = ! mom5t 9 #afhj1 7 aga9 badly divid$4 ,de ,v>gas1 in/ead ( hav+ to subdue an alliance1 _h only to deal ) "o pueblo at a "t4 ,v quickly ,new ,mexico 0 return$ to a mission area & fronti] milit>y po/4 ,! ,pueblo ,indians became p]man5tly subject$ to ,european dom9ation4 ,_! "o & only attempt at unity _h1 9 ! f9al analysis1 fail$4 ,dur+ ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 ,new ,mexico 0 ! he>t ( ! ,spani% empire 9 ! ,s\?we/4 ,only 9 s\?we/]n ,arizona1 we/]n ,texas1 & ,cali=nia did ! ,spani% hold any l& o!r ?an 9 ! upp] ,rio ,gr&e ,valley ( ,new ,mexico4 ,dur+ ^! c5turies1 ?is valley complex play$ out its dual role ( mission area & milit>y outpo/4 ,its only connection ) ! res\rces & ideas ( ! _w 0 a long haz>d\s road t /ret*$ f ,santa ,fe to ,*ihuahua ,city & !n s\? to ,mexico ,city4 ,?is 0 ,new ,mexico's ,royal ,road1 & ov] x mov$ ev]y?+ ne$$ by soldi]1 prie/1 & civilian4 ,! trade 0 dom9at$ by ! m]*ants ( ,*ihuahua1 & ,new ,mexico suff]$4 ,! tale ( ,new ,mexico dur+ ?is p]iod 0 "o ( pov]ty1 h>d%ip1 & w>f>e4 ,& sev]al vital =ces mov$ across ! l&4 ,"o ( ^! =ces _h long be5 9 ! ,s\?we/1 b lat5t4 ,! ,spani% adopt$ an ,indian ^w mean+ enemy to describe x--,apa*e6 ,! ,spani% br\ght ) !m dome/icat$ animals :i* quickly adapt$ to conditions ( ! ,new ,_w & became available to ! ,indian4 ,mo/ important 0 ! horse1 at lea/ z f> z ! ,apa*e 0 conc]n$4 ,by ! e>ly eighte5? c5tury1 ! ,apa*e1 & o!r gr\ps on ! pla9s1 _h adapt$ to ! use ( ! horse4 ,:ile dang]\s z foot soldi]s1 ! ,apa*e became va/ly m dang]\s z m\nt$ w>riors4 ,:]eas !y _h be5 satisfi$ ) m9or raids aga9/ ! pueblos & ! ,spani% hold+s prior to #agjj1 !y explod$ on a wave ( t]rorism dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury :i* v ne>ly drove ! ,spani% f ! fronti]4 ,late 9 ! c5tury1 ! conflict betwe5 ! ,apa*e & ! ,spani% became increas+ly bitt]4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,s\?we/ became ! hi/ory ( incessant ,indian incursions & ,spani% attempts to control ! raid]s4 ,! missions decl9$ & 9 _m in/ances gave way entirely to ! presidio or =t4 ,9 ,new ,mexico ! milit>y came to dom9ate ! mission>y1 & only ?r\gh ! h]oic ef=ts ( ! meag] =ce at ! ,presidio ( ,santa ,fe did ! ,spani% manage to hold ,new ,mexico f total collapse4 ,a poor prov9ce became poor]1 population decl9$1 bo? among ! ,spani% & ,indian1 & ! future look$ d>k inde$4 ,f> f ,new ,mexico1 o!r =ces 7 /irr+ :i* w\ld h a pr(\nd effect on ! prov9ce & ! ,s\?we/4 ,spa9 & ! ,spani% empire 7 9 tr\ble4 ,spa9 _h fail$ to develop ! supply capability to keep h] colonies alive & 0 =c$ to sp5d h] weal? 9 o!r areas ( ,europe4 ,aft] two & a half c5turies1 ! cumb]some & ineffici5t colonial adm9i/rative ma*9]y 0 break+ d[n4 ,:ile ,spa9's /> 0 desc5d+1 o!r ,european nations 7 on ! move4 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,holl&1 & ,russia 7 conte/+ ) ,spa9 = control ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,engl& & ,france 7 digg+ 9 on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica2 ,holl& 0 p5etrat+ ! isl&s ( ! ,c>ibbean1 & ,russia 0 pu%+ d[n ! ,pacific ,coa/ f ,alaska4 ,! weakness ( ,spa9 & ! failure ( h] colonial gov]nm5t1 plus help f ,napoleon by way ( 8 invasion ( ! ,ib]ian ,p59sula 9 #ahjh1 br\ght ab\t ! collapse ( ! ,spani% empire4 ,9 ,am]ica1 patriots1 inspir$ by ! e>li] success ( ! ,am]ican ,revolution & afire ) ! ideas ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 /ruck out at ! remnants ( ,spani% rule4 ,by #ahbe1 all ! ,spani% colonies b ! isl&s ( ! ,c>ibbean 7 free & indep5d5t nations4 ,new ,mexico & ! ,s\?we/ became "p ( ! ,mexican /ate4 ,almo/ imm$iately1 ,mexico1 )\t lead]s1 )\t a political h]itage to lead x to /ability1 & torn by p[] /ruggles l>ge & small1 0 plung$ into a p]iod ( political an>*y & civil w> :i* w\ld la/ = half a c5tury4 ,! problems & dang]s ( a f>-flung fronti] 7 lo/ 9 ! d9 ( conflict1 & ,new ,mexico became a =gott5 prov9ce4 ,its claims z a mission area 7 s weak z to be almo/ nonexi/5t4 ,x 0 no long] ne$$ z a milit>y outpo/1 = ! dang] to ,mexico 0 n ext]nal1 b int]nal4 ,its reasons = be+ 7 =gott51 at lea/ = ! mom5t1 & ,new ,mexico _h to survive on h] own initiative4 ,b = "o v important fact1 ! ,spani% sali5t into ! ,s\?we/ might h collaps$ "u ! weight ( pov]ty & ,indian attacks4 ,t fact 0 ! op5+ ( ! ,santa ,fe ,trail 9 #ahba1 a trail :i* l9k$ ! ,spani% _w ) ! ,anglo-,saxon _w !n pu%+ its fronti]s out f ,miss\ri4 ,?is trail1 s ri* 9 lore & adv5ture1 s mu* a "p ( ! hi/ory ( bo? ! ,am]ican we/ & ! ,spani% nor?1 0 ! door ?r\gh :i* pass$ ! *>act]s = ! f9al act 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,s\?we/4 ,be=e ! f9al act1 h[ev]1 x is vital & necess>y to set d[n ! contribution ( two hundr$ fifty ye>s ( ,spani% occupation & rule4 ,! com+ ( ! ,spani>d to ! ,s\?we/ began a mixture ( :ite & r$ races :i* result$ 9 a new mix$ race4 ,! fir/ g5]ation ( ^? :o came up f ,mexico 7 ,caucasians2 _! desc5dants 7 usually n4 ,!y came seek+ weal? & security1 b !re 0 nei!r weal? nor security 9 ,new ,mexico1 & !y rema9$ poor1 v poor4 ,! society t evolv$ 0 to be bas$ ^u f>m+ & /ock rais+1 & its organization 0 to be feudal 9 nature4 ,!re w\ld be no education2 h5ce1 !re c\ld be no intellectual advance4 ,! _w began to g ahead ( ! p ( ,new ,mexico4 ,only 9 ! h\se ( ! rico 0 !re any sign ( ! weal? & gr&eur ( ,spa92 ev]y:]e else 0 pov]ty4 ,f>m+ 0 left 9 ! h&s ( ! ,indian1 :ile ! ,spani>d *ose to be a man on horseback1 a cattleman1 an ari/ocrat4 ,9 ! f9al analysis1 ,spani% ,new ,mexico w\ld n develop z democratic & agricultural1 b ari/ocratic & feudal4 ,! haci5da 0 a "p ( old ,spa9 9 exile4 ,! rico tri$ va9ly to hold to 8 idea ( *ivalry & to a decorum suitable to 8 position4 ,b :at *ance 0 !re 9 ! face ( ! increas+ pov]ty1 ! con/ant dang] to life & prop]ty1 & "t t did n move8 ,:ile individual c\rage ( ! upp] class rema9$1 discipl9e & indu/ry di$4 ,:5 ! ,am]ican army m>*$ into ! ,s\?we/1 ! sons ( ! conqui/adores c\ld (f] no arm$ resi/ance4 ,p]haps ! mo/ amaz+ ?+ ab\t ! society ( ! ricos 9 ,new ,mexico 0 t x fail$ to contribute any la/+ monum5t4 ,x left no art1 no music1 no great highways1 no adequate gov]nm5tal sy/em4 ,b _m elem5ts ( ,spani% culture 7 to p]si/1 & ^! arose f ! collective consci\sness ( ! p ( ,new ,mexico4 ,ar\nd ! great haci5das 7 small villages ) _! artisans & work]s4 ,x 0 among ^! p t ! h]itage ( ,spa9 clung to ?is l&4 ,_m ( ^! t[ns yet rema9 & are n mu* diff]5t f ^? ( two hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,to a l>ge degree1 _! ,spani% culture seems hidd5 & undiscov]$1 b ! p1 _! loves & hates1 pleasures & hopes1 beliefs & fe>s1 are gov]n$ by tradition1 a tradition t f9ds its roots deep 9 ! soil ( ,spa94 ,illu/ration3 ,old mission *ur* at ,isleta ,pueblo ,today1 :5 we look at ! cultural sc5e 9 ,new ,mexico1 we c see direct evid5ce ( ,spani% occupation4 ,! language ( half ! p 9 ! /ate is ,spani%1 9 "s areas /ill ! ,spani% ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,roman ,ca?olicism1 ( :i* ! ,spani% 7 ! mo/ ,ca?olic1 dom9ates ! religi\s sc5e4 ,! ,spani% h]itage 9 political attitudes1 9 build+ & ar*itecture1 & 9 ! legal tradition ( ! /ate is app>5t4 ,new ,mexico1 ( all ! /ates 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is ! only "o t c claim a truly ,spani% h]itage4 ,,anglo-,,am]ican ,,vigor ,:ile ,spa9 lo/ its empire & ,new ,mexico & ! ,s\?we/ sank into pov]ty & decay1 yet ano!r =ce 0 on ! m>*1 a =ce t well$ up 9 an ,anglo-,am]ican p cl++ to ! ,atlantic ,coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,z ^! p develop$ a nation1 !y also discov]$ a s5se ( de/9y :i* turn$ _! faces to ! we/ & _! foot/eps t[>d ! sunset4 ,) !m mov$ _! culture4 ,at fir/1 x 0 a trickle1 a few trad]s b5t on pr(it1 cross+ ! pla9s on ! ,santa ,fe ,trail4 ,!n ! trickle became a flood4 ,= ,new ,mexico1 ^! m5 came z saviors4 ,! ,miss\ri trad]s broke ! ,*ihuahua monopoly & goods f all p>ts ( ! _w began to fl[ into ,new ,mexico1 result+ 9 high] /&>ds ( liv+4 ,^! ,yankee trad]s1 s5s+ a good ?+1 also p5etrat$ ! m>kets ( ,mexico1 us+ ,new ,mexico's ,royal ,road to ga9 entrance4 ,aga9 !re 0 conflict1 n ,spani% & ,indian1 b ,lat9 & ,anglo-,am]ican4 ,mexico own$ ! l&s ( ! ,s\?we/ & int5d$ to keep !m4 ,b ?is ,am]ican1 ) 8 gaze glu$ on we/]n skies1 refus$ to turn aside1 & he /rode on1 gr9d+ ! feeble ef=ts ( ,mexican resi/ance into ! des]t s&s4 ,! ,mexican ,w> 9 #ahdf1 sudd5ly transf]r$ own]%ip ( ,texas1 ,new ,mexico1 ,utah1 ,nevada1 ,arizona1 & ,cali=nia f ,mexico to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is 0 ne>ly half ! t]ritory ( ,mexico4 ,new ,mexico1 ) h] already complex cultural patt]n1 0 subject$ to /ill ano!r influ5ce4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican occupation ( ! ,s\?we/ is z complex & div]se z its pr$ecessors4 ,its +r$i5ts include cattle1 m9+1 railroads1 agriculture1 sci5ce1 & ! ,indian4 ,all ^!1 & o!rs1 comb9$ to give an ,anglo-,am]ican slant to ! ,s\?we/4 ,! ,indian culture did n disappe>1 nor did ! ,spani%1 b r a new /ratum 0 ca/ t 0 to complete ! mosaic4 ,:5 ! ,am]ican arriv$ 9 ,new ,mexico1 he f\nd a poor1 backw>d area1 hungry = trade & outside contacts4 ,he f\nd ! ,indians ( ! ,s\?we/ 9 op5 rebellion aga9/ ! :ite m54 ,! ,navajo & o!r ,apa*e gr\ps1 ! ,coman*e1 & "s ( ! ,pueblos 7 ! prim>y (f5d]s4 ,?is 0 to be ! ma9 problem occupy+ ! "t & en]gy ( ! ,am]ican settl] & soldi] = =ty ye>s aft] #ahdf4 ,until ! ,indian situation 0 /abiliz$1 !re w\ld be little economic & social developm5t4 ,! me?od evolv$ = conta9+ ! vici\s raids aga9/ fri5dly ,indian1 ,spani%1 & ,am]ican communities 0 a s]ies ( =ts plac$ at /rategic passes or trails surr\nd+ ! traditional l&s ( ! ,apa*e4 ,! ,indian /rongholds 7 locat$ prim>ily 9 ! m\nta9\s regions ( s\?we/]n ,new ,mexico & s\!a/]n ,arizona4 ,! l9e ( =ts /ret*$ along ! ,rio ,gr&e s\? ( ,socorro to ! vic9ity ( ,las ,cruces1 & we/ along ! s\!rn edge ( ! m\nta9 esc>pm5t into ,arizona4 ,!n ! def5se complex ran nor? across ! des]t to an irregul> l9e runn+ ea/ f ,flag/aff ?r\gh ,gallup & back to ! ,rio ,gr&e4 ,^! =ts 7 well g>rison$ & provision$ & began to c>ry ! fight to ! ,indian4 ,e>ly success 0 halt$ by ! conflict g5]at$ by ! ,am]ican ,civil ,w>4 ,! c5t] ( ! ,civil ,w> 9 ! we/ 0 9 ,new ,mexico4 ,!re 0 conflict1 argum5t1 & "s small degree ( fight+ 9 o!r we/]n /ates & t]ritories z settl]s f ! nor? or s\? /ruggl$ to c>ry ?is t]ritory or t /ate into ! ,union or ! ,conf$]acy4 ,^! 71 h[ev]1 local matt]s & z mu* political z milit>y4 ,9 ,new ,mexico1 !re 0 a w> & !re 7 battles1 battles :i* des]ve to be a "p ( ! g5]al ,civil ,w> /ory b t are usually =gott5 9 ! smoke & ro> ( ea/]n cannon4 ,two major battles 7 f\ght 9 ,new ,mexico1 ! fir/ a ,conf$]ate victory1 ! second a ,union victory :i* sav$ ,new ,mexico1 & ! we/1 = ! ,union4 ,! aim ( ! ,conf$]ate =ces 0 to capture1 intact if possible1 ! =ts 9 ,new ,mexico & ,arizona ) _! great /ore ( milit>y provisions1 provisions badly ne$$ by ! ,conf$]ate army4 ,also1 !re 0 a feel+ among s\!rn lead]s t success 9 ,new ,mexico might also lead to success 9 ,cali=nia1 badly split on ! "q ( secession1 & 9 ,colorado1 ri* 9 silv] & gold4 ,an army recruit$ 9 ,texas & comm&$ by ,g5]al ,h5ry ,sibley 0 s5t to accompli% ,conf$]ate aims4 ,?is army ent]$ ,new ,mexico along ! traditional r\te1 mov+ up ! ,rio ,gr&e f ,el ,paso4 ,x quickly subdu$ ! =ts & ,union troops 9 s\!rn ,new ,mexico & cont9u$ up-riv]4 ,on ,febru>y #ba1 #ahfb1 x met a ,union army comm&$ by ,colonel ,e4 ,r4 ,s4 ,canby at ,valv]de1 a small community ab\t tw5ty miles s\? ( ,socorro1 ,new ,mexico4 ,kit ,c>son1 ,new ,mexico's fam\s trapp] & sc\t1 comm&$ ! ,new ,mexico ,volunte]s1 a "p ( ! ,union =ce4 ,canby's troops 7 beat5 & disp]s$ at ! ,battle ( ,val ,v]de1 leav+ ! upp] ,rio ,gr&e ,valley virtually )\t def5se4 ,)9 a few weeks1 ! ,texans _h tak5 ,albuqu]que & ,santa ,fe4 ,b "o /ronghold 9 ,new ,mexico rema9$ 9 ! h&s ( ! ,union =ces4 ,=t ,union1 nor!a/ ( ,las ,vegas1 ,new ,mexico1 became ! focal po9t ( action by bo? nor? & s\?4 ,sibley1 m>*+ f ,santa ,fe1 knew success dep5d$ on ! fall ( ,=t ,union4 ,! ,union =ces1 equally aw>e ( ! importance ( ! =t1 hurri$ly re9=c$ x ) a numb] ( volunte]s f ,colorado4 ,)9 ,=t ,union1 a crisis develop$ ov] diff]+ op9ions on /rategy4 ,! =t comm&] want$ to keep ! g>rison at full /r5g? & fight ! ,conf$]ates f )9 ! =t4 ,! ,colorado ,volunte]s want$ to g out & meet ! enemy4 ,! latt] won & a ,union =ce mov$ into ! passes ( ! ,sangre de ,cri/o ,m\nta9s to meet ! ,conf$]ates 9 a fateful battle t w\ld decide control ( ! we/4 ,x 0 f\ght at ,glorieta ,pass on ,m>* #bh1 #ahfb4 ,despite ! fact t ! two armies met on ?is field1 ! conte/ 0 n decid$ !re4 ,e>ly on ! morn+ ( ,m>* #bh1 a =ce ( #djj ,colorado ,volunte]s1 comm&$ by ,colonel ,john ,m4 ,*iv+ton1 began a flank+ action 9 hopes ( hitt+ ! ,conf$]ate re>4 ,?is gr\p mov$ out ( ! ,pass into ! m\nta9s1 & by a v difficult r\te mov$ back t[>d ! ,pass beh9d ! ,conf$]ate =ce4 ,on a ridge ov]look+ ,apa*e ,canyon1 !y saw bel[ !m ! entire ,conf$]ate supply tra9 & cavalry horse h]d4 ,9 a lightn+ hit-&-run attack1 ! supply tra9 & horses 7 de/roy$4 ,:5 ^w ( ?is rea*$ ,sibley at ,glorieta ,pass1 !re 0 little = him to d b to retire f ! field4 ,! ,conf$]ate =ce nev] recov]$ f ?is disa/] & gradually retreat$ to ,santa ,fe1 !n back d[n ! ,rio ,gr&e into ,texas4 ,) ! end ( ! ,civil ,w>1 ,new ,mexico & ! ,s\?we/ return$1 n to peace1 b to w>1 w> aga9/ ! ,apa*e4 ,x took tw5ty ye>s = ! ,am]ican ) all 8 mod]n weapons & tactics to br+ ! ,apa*e "u control4 ,= ! ,apa*e1 x end$ on ,septemb] #c1 #ahhf1 :5 ,g]onimo & 8 few ragg$ foll[]s surr5d]$ to ,g5]al ,miles 9 ,skeleton ,canyon1 ,arizona4 ,"u ! weight ( /eel & increas+ numb]s ( :ite m51 ! ,apa*e 0 doom$4 ,?\gh civilization w\ld swall[ ! ,apa*e1 z x has always succe$$ aga9/ ! b>b>ian1 ! ,apa*e made a spectacul> def5se ( 8 l&s & 8 way ( life aga9/ bo? ,spani>d & ,am]ican4 ,he made himself ma/] ( ! des]t1 & only ! gods ( sci5ce succe$$ 9 ov]com+ him & 8 des]t gods4 ,,indu/rial ,,boom ,) ! ,indian situation settl$1 ,new ,mexico und]w5t a boom 9 two important areas1 m9+ & cattle rais+4 ,^! indu/ries1 s mu* a "p ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican ,we/1 did & /ill play an important role 9 ! well-be+ ( ! ,s\?we/4 ,m9+ camps sprang up along ! m\nta9 fr+es z new discov]ies ( silv] & gold came to light4 ,ar\nd ,socorro & ,magdal5a1 9 ! ,mogollon ,m\nta9s1 at ,hillsboro & ,k+/on 9 ! ,black ,range1 & hundr$s ( o!r places 9 ,new ,mexico & ! ,s\?we/1 m5 hungry = quick weal? sw>m$ ov] ! hills & m\nta9s & built _! ro>+ camps4 ,:ile m9]s 7 tapp+ ! subsurface weal?1 cattlem5 7 /ak+ out _! claims to ! grassl&s1 bo? on ! ea/]n pla9s & 9 ! high m\nta9 mead[s4 ,cattle empires grew to /agg]+ proportions1 sometimes erupt+ into viol5t conflict ov] graz+ & wat] rights1 su* z ! ,l9coln ,c\nty ,w> made fam\s by ! p>ticipation ( ,billy ! ,kid4 ,illu/ration3 ,feature ( ! ,old ,we/ ,! "* ( ! ,s\?we/ /ill be>s ! /amp ( ! m9] & ! cattleman4 ,al?\gh ! cattle & graz+ indu/ry has decl9$1 z has ! traditional m9+ camp1 ! pa/ importance ( ^! activities has _h a trem5d\s impact ^u ! "* ( ,s\?we/ folklore1 law1 & music & on ! ?\ght ( ! p4 ,o!r influ5ces affect$ ,new ,mexico z a result ( ! ,am]ican occupation1 ?+s inh]5t 9 ! ,am]ican culture4 ,ribbons ( /eel across a cont95t1 build+s ( /eel & /one1 bus9ess & comm]ce1 te*nology1 common law1 ! ,engli% language1 ! ,prote/ant religion1 &1 above all1 ! ,am]ican-br\ght driv+ desire to dom9ate1 to w94 ,c]ta9ly ! ,am]ican _h to adapt 8 culture to ! des]t l&s1 b he did x 9 8 own way1 n 9 ! way ( ! ,indian or ,spani>d4 ,s ,anglo-,am]ican culture became sup]impos$ ^u a ,spani% culture t 0 sup]impos$ ^u an ,indian culture4 ,dis9h]it$1 t is ! ^w t be/ describes contempor>y ,new ,mexico culture4 ,a /rong] race came & took away ! inh]itance ( ! ,indian1 ?\gh !re did result a blood mixture4 ,only 9 sup]ficial matt]s did ! ,spani% adopt any ( ! ,indian ways4 ,! ,spani%1 too1 succumb$ to a /rong] p & h be5 d5i$ ! privilege commonly accord$ to conqu]$ peoples1 t ( mix+ _! blood ) t ( ! conqu]ors4 ,"o f9ds today 9 ,new ,mexico ?ree di/9ct p--,indian1 ,spani%1 & ,anglo-,am]ican--z %>ply contra/$ z ! /r&s 9 a ,navajo blanket4 ,!re is pure r$ alongside :ite1 & only r>ely d ! colors bl5d into p9ks or grays4 ,?is is :y we mu/ say t ,new ,mexico is a mosaic1 n a syn!sis1 ( _m elem5ts1 cle>ly def9$4 ,across ! span ( "t1 great m51 p1 & ideas h mold$ ,new ,mexico & ,s\?we/ hi/ory4 ,indian1 ,spani%1 ,am]ican--vital =ces t are today work+ t[>d a g5u9ely unique culture 9 ,new ,mexico4 ,! mod]n _w may well give to ! ,s\?we/ ! idea or cataly/ t w bl5d ^! elem5ts into a s+le =ce4 ,sci5ce1 te*niques1 ideas are ?+s ( ! pres5t & are = ! pres5t to assess & syn!size4 ,! ,indian gods ( air1 e>?1 & sky & ! :ite man's gods ( morality & sci5ce d n diff] a great deal 9 _! aspirations = _! *os5 p1 & p]haps !y w decree a spl5did & unique syn!sis f ! cultural mosaic4 ,?r\gh und]/&+ comes k2 f k1 creation4 ,! ,exotic ,plants ( ,new ,mexico by ,ross ,calv9 ,! problem ( discuss+ plant life becomes complicat$1 = "s ( ^? arriv+ 9 ,new ,mexico may be comp\nd microscope botani/s1 "s collectors1 o!rs pa?ologi/s1 /ill o!rs g5etici/s4 ,"s w be *emi/s or ma!maticians1 "s o!rs untra9$ 9 ! ways ( gr[+ ?+s & ma9ly int]e/$ 9 see+ :ile !y t\r4 ,b "o ?+ is fairly c]ta9--mo/ visitors w come f a di/ance1 s x may be useful to invite !m to obs]ve :at !y c readily see on ! way hi!r1 :i* w be a relatively pa9less me?od ( amass+ "s in=mation4 ,yet ! me?od ( arrival itself sugge/s *oices1 options1 & ex]cises 9 probability4 ,d visitors come 9 cov]$ wagons1 or 9 jet planes2 by bus1 c>1 tra91 or "s o!r way8 ,! mo/ conv5i5t way1 d\btless1 is by plane travel+ six hundr$ miles an h\r at a height ( "s ?irty ?\s& feet2 b ! mo/ rew>d+ way is by saddle or on foot z ! e>ly collectors came4 ,s9ce "o _c "k 8 own c\ntry well if he kn[s no o!r1 a visitor f ! ea/ arriv+ at an altitude ( five miles w probably be m consci\s ?an o!rs ( dra/ic *anges 9 ! l&scape :5 he fir/ looks d[n on ,new ,mexico4 ,in/ead ( ! univ]sal gre5 ( ! ea/1 he w note ! e>? z an unaccu/om$ tawny1 r$di% br[n expanse1 & ?is w be its common color ?r\gh mo/ mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,he w note ! abs5ce ( riv]s1 b ! pres5ce ( m\nta9s :i* g5]ally r+ ! horizon4 ,he w wond]1 aft] trav]s+ ! bord] c\nties at ! we/]n edge ( ! ,great ,pla9s1 at ! infrequ5cy ( pl[l&s1 & w promptly conclude t ,new ,mexico is "o va/1 b>e des]t--an impression t w be correct$ rapidly :5 he visits ! d>k ,national ,=e/s :]e ! slim1 cr[d$ spruces & firs t[] skyw>d4 ,! visitor f ,el ,paso1 z ! ,*ihuahua des]t 7! "n is fairly des]v$7 slides backw>d und]nea? him1 w be amaz$ at ! s]p5t9e /ripe ( vivid v]dure bel[1 all completely level$1 & all m>k$ (f by geometrical l9es & tightly bord]$ by pale hills :]e ! vegetation is r$uc$ to t9y dots n tall en\gh to ca/ a %ad[4 ,/ill proce$+ nor?1 he w pres5tly be above a n9ety-mile /ret* :]e ! vegetation is s skimpy & ! riv] s closely box$ 9 by desolate hills t ,spani% explor]s be/[$ on x ! s9i/] "n ,jornada del ,mu]to--,dead ,man's ,j\rney1 :i* is self-explanatory4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 a visitor desc5d+ into ,new ,mexico f ! nor?l& 9 w9t]time above ?is same ,rio ,gr&e w trav]se a featureless jumble ( peaks on :i* ! black conif]\s =e/ no long] %[s z black at all b1 sn[-encas$1 gleams z :ite z ! nak$ sn[fields !mselves4 ,& he w f9d incr$ible ! imm5se range ( climate spann$ 9 a flight only an h\r long4 ,! jet travel] approa*+ f ! we/ beholds ! greate/1 mo/ spectacul> panorama ( all1 ! true wa/el& ( ! des]t1 ) va/ blocks uplift$ f out ( e>?'s cru/1 plateaus dissect$ by giant empty canyons ^: walls are se>$ to utt] nudity by ages ( ! mo/ int5se sun%9e on our cont95t4 ,"h ! ar*itecture ( nature is all design$ on a gigantic scale1 & ! climate exhibits influ5ces ( a mighty ocean1 ( t[]+ m\nta9 *a9s1 & ! range ( w&]+ planet>y w9ds :i* creat$ ! des]t4 ,f ! altitude ( a cruis+ jet1 ! di/ances1 ! spe$1 ! color1 & ! light are indescribably exhil>at+4 ,s9ce ! travel] arriv+ f any direction c see = id5tification only a few species1 x w suffice to po9t out only two ( ! h>b+]s ( ea/]n ,new ,mexico1 bo? ( :i* are dom9ant on t area ( ! ,great ,pla9s3 ! blue grama grass1 :i* 9 fall & w9t] be>s ! graceful sickle-%ap$ head1 & ! small ,yucca glauca :i* _c be mi/ak5 = any?+ else4 ,along ! nor!rn l9e1 ! visitor %\ld look = ! somb]1 almo/ black1 =e/ ( spruce & fir ) its :ite pat*es ( asp5 on ! #aj1jjj-;foot slopes4 ,desc5d+ f>!r s\?w>d1 ev5 a casual obs]v] w note t ^! species give way fir/ to ! yell[ p9es1 !n to ! junip]s 78c$>s07 & dw>f p9es or pions4 ,! visitor arriv+ f ! s\? w f9d mo/ conspicu\s ( all ! olive-gre5 creosote bu% 9 its summ]-w9t] foliage1 next1 ! omnipres5t mesquite 7,prosopis71 !n ! v>i\s ,opuntia cacti 7*ollas & prickly pe>s71 & ! yuccas4 ,z he comes 9 f ,arizona1 ! spl5did sagu>os w beckon him t[>d ! gateway ( ,new ,mexico1 b !y w n[h]e ent] x !mselves4 ,! vase-%ap$ body ( ! ocotillo consi/+ ( unbran*+1 t5-foot w&s %\ld be recogniz$ at a glance1 z likewise %\ld ! v>i\s yuccas & agaves4 ,& 9 e>ly spr+time1 a l[ tree ) a r\nd$ mass ( gold5 bloom w joy\sly proclaim its id5tity z a palov]de4 ,! des]t plants ?us enum]at$ c be recogniz$ along v>i\s /ret*es ( ,u4,s4 #ff z "o holds 8 spe$ at a cons]vative n9ety or1 ev5 bett]1 at a cons]vative sixty4 ,! amateur sci5ti/ w ne$ to d "s homework be=e he le>ns mu* sy/ematic botany or plant physiology4 ,x takes consid]able /udy to compreh5d ! sl[1 age-long process :i* has result$ 9 ! evolution ( all ?is grotesque vegetation3 ! int]action ( extreme aridity1 high temp]ature1 l[ humidity1 high evaporation1 infrequ5t precipitation1 ! ho/ility ( num]\s *emical solutions1 & ! natural rapacity ( ! animal population4 ,ea* plant mu/ h an adaptation ( its own1 f ! t9y w9t] annual1 :i* mu/ race ?r\gh its c\rse f a t5d] rosette to rip5$ se$ be=e ! se>+ sun%9e arrives1 on up ?r\gh ! s]ies to ! /oic sagu>o1 :i* seems able to scorn nature's enmity4 ,a f9al w>n+ to ! air travel]4 ,he %\ld be sure be=e deplan+ t he has obs]v$ a bajada4 ,x is a mu/4 ,bajada is "o "n1 outwa% slope is ano!r1 alluvial fan is /ill ano!r4 ,! /ew>dess %\ld inquire ( ea* /ud5t1 & if 8 answ] is 8no10 %e %\ld reply1 8,!n y've j flunk$ ! c\rse40 ,a bajada is ! mo/ *>act]i/ic s+le feature ( all 9 ! slop+1 /ony topography ( ! des]t--& rememb] t ! surface ( ! des]t is regul>ly slop+ & /ony4 ,! ,spani% ^w itself means only a d[n slope1 b x has come to h a semite*nical s5se--a fan-%ap$ apron ( rocky debris at ! foot ( a m\nta9 :]e x has settl$ out ( ! summ] torr5ts & !re keeps accumulat+ 9 successive floods4 ,z ! mass builds up1 ! bigg] fragm5ts drop out close/ to ! p>5t crag1 !n ! small ones1 f9ally ! co>se gravel1 & l[e/ ( all on ! slope ! f9e s&4 ,?us ! fragm5ts are graduat$ 9 size1 9 di/ance travel$1 & 9 ! nature ( soil result+4 ,z ! fan increases 9 size & laps up high] & high] on ! m\nta9's flank1 ! geologi/s (t5 describe ! result by say+ t ! m\nta9 8is bury+ itself "u its own debris40 ,f ! air1 ! l9es ( dra9age w be se5 to h assum$ ! =m ( a tree ) its trunk d[nw>d1 its bran*es high 9 air4 ,b ! mo/ int]e/+ aspect ( a bajada is ! nice proportion :i* nature works out betwe5 ! plant species & _! location on ! curve4 ,,f ,,sagebru% ,,to ,,spruce ,,trees ,! travel] :o has view$ ! ,s\?we/]n panorama ( nature f its sagebru% to its spruce trees has inde$ se5 mo/ ( x4 ,! spruce :i* gr[s wild only well up on ! high] m\nta9s is famili> to ev]ybody because x has become a favorite 9 =mal plant+ ev]y:]e4 ,b ! sages--:o kn[s !m8 ,to ! t5d]foot1 almo/ any gray plant is 8sage40 ,to my fri5ds ! c[m51 sage means commonly saltbu%4 ,to my fri5ds ! =e/]s1 sage means an artemisia4 ,b !re are romantics to :om 8purple sage0 is ,apa*e plume1 :i* is a memb] ( ! wild rose family4 ,"s popul> education w\ld seem to be desirable4 ,& ?is applies1 too1 to ! cacti1 = !re is m mis9=mation ab\t !m ?an any?+ else t gr[s1 runs1 or creeps--except rattlesnakes4 ,! clev] p :o design travel fold]s & pictorial maps almo/ always put sagu>os 9 ,new ,mexico4 ,b sagu>os d n gr[ 9 ,new ,mexico4 ,t is f9al6 ,& ! yucca is n a cactus4 ,t also is f9al4 ,nor yet ! ocotillo--t defiant1 spl5did d5iz5 ( ! des]t :i* flaunts ! sc>let tor* ( fl[]s4 ,! "q t is always on ! surface z "o writes ( plant life 9 ! ,s\?we/ is1 8,:o wants to "k80 ,! picnick] wants to "k ! names--& no?+ mu* besides--( ! wild fl[]s4 ,my fri5d ! c[man already has ! names2 t is1 ! common ones4 ,if ,i *ance to m5tion blue grama grass1 he g5tly corrects me1 8black grama40 ,!n if ,i m5tion black grama1 he says1 8no1 :ite grama40 ,b at lea/ he is conc]n$ ab\t some?+ m important ?an nonsci5tific names4 ,he wants to "k if ! plant is some?+ t a lean old c[ c eat1 :e!r x /ays gre5 9 w9t]1 & if x w hold ! soil 9 place4 ,! t\ri/ :o pilots c> & pass5g]s "s six hundr$ miles betwe5 breakfa/ & b$time asks only :at he 0 look+ at4 ,! re/ ( u :o g into ! m\nta9s (t5 en\gh to be impress$ by ! lay]-cake succession ( plants on _! slopes c1 ) ! aid ( "s read+1 amass a /ore ( k :]e o!rs amass only mileage4 ,on a t\r1 x is mileage or k4 ,"o has to *oose4 ,actually1 our ,new ,mexico des]t is n dom9at$ by sage4 ,t honor is held by ! creosote bu%1 call$ by "s ( ! old-tim]s greasewood1 ,covillea glut9osa1 by "s ( ! sci5ti/s--along ) five o!r synonyms4 ,l ! mesquite ) :i* x %>es ! same g5]al habitat b does n int]mix1 x occupies an imm5se spread ( t]ritory1 r\ghly f ,texas to ,cali=nia4 ,s9ce no live/ock w eat x & ! gr\nd x occupies is equally useless = agriculture because ( aridity & /on9ess1 creosote is a v]itable coyote = survival4 ,! travel] desc5d+ f ,taos to ,santa ,fe ne$ n look = x4 ,! sage ( t locality1 :i* gives ! l&scape its s+ul>ly m\rnful aspect1 is a true sage4 ,) good reason ! c[boys call x black sage4 ,9 #ahdf1 ,lieut5ant ,emory1 z he rode s\?w>d ) ! ,army ( ! ,we/1 fir/ enc\nt]$ ! creosote z he approa*$ ,socorro4 ,! nor?w>d ext5sion ( ! plant is at ! same po9t today1 & ! range ( mesquite ext5ds only a few miles f>!r nor?4 ,^! two rem>kable plants are ! ma9 m>k]s ( ! ,l[] ,sonoran ,zone4 ,9 ! same arid1 /ony1 brok5 c\ntry1 ! travel] w f9d an abundance ( cacti1 & ^! plants are usually suppos$ to be ! mo/ t5aci\s ( all t5aci\s gr[+ ?+s4 ,actually1 9 s\?we/]n ,arizona & neighbor+ p>ts ( ,cali=nia !re are :ole areas :]e ! aridity is too sev]e = cacti1 b = our /ate--let x /&4 ,ev]ybody1 ( c\rse1 has not$ ! grotesque %ape ( ! plants1 b n ev]ybody has not$ t ! %ape 0 *os5 ) a canny intellig5ce4 ,a globe exposes less surface 7t is1 ! vuln]able area = evaporation7 ?an any o!r solid ( equal volume4 ,& a cyl9d] is second be/4 ,ano!r ?+--cacti be+ succul5ts are fill$ ) a wat]y sap or juice :i* quickly coagulates aft] a w\nd & /ops ! wa/e ( moi/ure4 ,fur!rmore1 ! plant's aggressive root sy/em is arrang$ s z to capture ! gr\nds scanty moi/ure mo/ quickly & completely aft] ra9s4 ,cacti ( m ?an sixty species occur )9 our /ate1 b m ?an n9e t5?s ( ! plants se5 along ! highway--unless !y are br\ght toge!r = a g>d5 collection--c be gr\p$ into "o g5us1 ! ,opuntia4 ,! family lik5ess is %[n n by ! %ape or g5]al appe>ance b by ! fact t all are jo9t$4 ,bo? ! cane cactus 7also call$ *olla & elkhorn7 & ! pancak$ prickly pe>1 unlike ! big b>rel cactus & ! num]\s small species :i* resemble x 9 %ape1 h jo9ts & may !re=e be rightly call$ opuntias4 ,! 8pancakes10 x may be rem>k$1 are n leaves b divisions ( ! /em4 ,a cactus gets along )\t leaves4 ,s a good r\gh-&-ready te/ is ?is3 if x has leaves1 x is n a cactus--:i* elim9ates ocotillo1 yucca1 agave1 sotol1 & s on4 ,! b>rel cactus is sure to be se5 gr[+ beside s]vice /ations 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! /ate4 ,its "n z well z its size id5tifies x4 ,! fl[]s & ! l>ge lemon-%ap$ fruits are wor? a glance4 ,if !y d n occur on ! s\? side ( ! plant1 x has be5 transplant$ & turn$4 ,! evid5ce is z tru/wor?y z ! pres5ce ( moss on ! nor? side ( a tree 9 ! =e/4 ,! b>rel cacti1 ! opuntias1 acacias1 ! ocotillos1 along ) ! creosote & mesquite already m5tion$1 h a way ( gr[+ along toge!r 9 :at is call$ a plant society4 ,^! all belong 9 ! bottom lay] ( ! cake call$ ! ,l[] ,sonoran ,zone1 :i* is be/ se5 on ! ,rio ,gr&e mesas ne> ,el ,paso4 ,! lay] next above x comprises ! foo?ill c\ntry ( ! ,upp] ,sonoran ,zone1 :i* includes mo/ ( ! /ate ( ,new ,mexico4 ,"s ( its common m>k]s are junip]1 pion1 oak ( v>i\s species includ+ live oak1 m\nta9 mahogany1 mescal1 yucca1 be>grass1 & ! fam\s blue grama grass4 ,x is exhibit$ all along ! ,cont95tal ,divide 9 ! s\?we/ "p ( ! /ate b n[h]e s well z 9 ! ,=t ,bay>d ,res]vation4 ,!re a tract1 protect$ = ?ree g5]ations f woodcutt+1 fires1 & int5sive graz+1 (f]s a l>ge-scale picture ( ! lovely l& t once 0 ,new ,mexico4 ,!re ! "* & am\nt ( vegetation a/\nds ! visitor :o is famili> ) only ! close-pick$1 p>*$ aspect ( ! l&scape t g5]ally bord]s ! ma9 highways4 ,:5 se5 f ! air1 ! v color ( ! grass-mantl$ e>? is _m %ades light] ?an t ( ! b>e ov]graz$ ranges a few miles to ! s\?4 ,& ! diff]5ce c be se5 by anybody4 ,! foo?ills are dott$1 n cov]$1 ) junip] & pion4 ,! dw>f$1 r\nd$ little junip]s 7prop]ly en\gh call$ c$>s7 leave ! travel] unprep>$ to believe t !y w any:]e become respectable =e/ trees4 ,yet 9 ! ,burro ,m\nta9s1 ! alligator-b>k species1 f9e/ ( !m all1 rea*es a diamet] ( five feet & an age ( ab\t #ajjj ye>s4 ,! wood has an extraord9>y fragrance1 & its smoke tells ! neighbors = blocks ar\nd t y are w>m+ y\rself at ! fireplace4 ,ano!r notable ?+ ab\t ! wood is its resi/ance to decay 9 ! e>?4 ,i h remov$ pieces ( x f subt]ranean ru9s ( ! ,mimbres culture :i*1 accord+ to ! be/ ar*aeological op9ion1 are "s eight hundr$ ye>s old4 ,! yuccas des]ve a /ory by !mselves4 ,"o small1 unimpressive species greets y on ! mead[s at ! foot ( ,raton ,pass2 o!rs h to be se>*$ out along high lime/one ridges :]e ! foo?ills are decid+ to become m\nta9s4 ,! "o *os5 = our /ate fl[] is ! tall yucca 7,yucca elata71 a sup]b species be/ se5 along ! ,cont95tal ,divide ne> ,silv] ,city4 ,! g5us rea*es its greate/ size 9 ! grotesque ,jo%ua tree1 :i* nev] fails to attract ! eye on ! ,mohave des]t 9 ,cali=nia4 ,! c5tury plant has a "n t always gets att5tion4 ,b let u be sure we mean ! same ?+4 ,rightly1 x means ! mescal1 ! favorite food ( ! ,mescal]o ,apa*es4 ,besides ^! two names1 x is call$ also maguey &1 no d\bt1 ,spani% dagg] along ) v>i\s o!r sp9e-tipp$ plants4 ,all ( :i* cl9*es ! argum5t = a "n :i* = all us]s is a c]ta9 designation = "o object & only "o4 ,x is n j because botani/s l to appe> le>n$ t !y call ?is plant ,agave p>ryi4 ,t title is z descriptive z middle ,c = "o key on ! piano1 & 9 ! same way int]national4 ,illu/ration3 ,yucca plants ,ev]yone inquires ab\t ! c5tury plant's life expectancy4 ,an insurance man might make an inf]5ce f ! "n4 ,! plant is a big compact clu/] or rosette ( rigid1 upw>d-po9t+1 spadelike leaves1 ea* f\r or five in*es 9 wid? & ea* tipp$ ) a vici\s1 /\t ?orn4 ,ye> aft] ye> ! plant j sits !re by a b\ld]1 unnotic$4 ,i "q :e!r any?+ alive on ! des]t has a bett] life expectancy4 ,z f> z my obs]vations g1 x has no diseases4 ,x is inv9cible to dr\?4 ,freez+ does n h>m x1 & fire _c burn x--al?\gh a yucca ev5 :5 gre5 w flame up l a tor*4 ,no hungry old c[ c crop x1 & no rod5t gnaws x1 at lea/ n en\gh to d h>m4 ,& s9ce ! ,indians h gone on res]vations1 no human uses x4 ,s x /ays !re4 ,9 fact1 no?+ less ?an a cat]pill> c leave a d5t on x--n1 ( c\rse1 ! cat]pill> t eats "y tomato plants1 b ! ,cat]pill> t pulls heavy road ma*9]y4 ,! plant j does n die be=e maturity1 x w\ld seem4 ,a rem>kable organism1 inde$6 ,b aft] _m1 _m ye>s1 dep5d+ on ! am\nt ( moi/ure x receives1 x makes up its m9d to fl[]4 ,9 "o trem5d\s ef=t1 x %oots up a twelve-foot fl[] /alk at ! rate ( sev]al in*es a day4 ,! blossom+ is a f9al1 dramatic1 beautiful ge/ure1 = by ! "t ! fl[]s h )]$1 ! great t5aci\s plant has turn$ to a gha/ly purple & is dead4 ,on ! high slopes :]e ! la/ yuccas end & only a few junip]s rema9 9 ! race = survival1 ! yell[ p9es come 9 to m>k (f :at is call$ ! ,transition ,zone4 ,! p9es ne$ no description1 no pr9t$ promotion4 ,! travel]1 any travel]1 c appreciate !m al?\gh he might n be /irr$ to ! slighte/ int]e/ by ! lovely yuccas4 ,s9ce ! beg9n+ ( "t1 ! p9es1 fragrant1 *e]ful1 companionable1 h be5 man's be/ fri5d4 ,among ! pond]osa p9es takes place mo/ ( ! hunt+1 mo/ ( ! camp+1 mu* ( ! picnick+4 ,!re is no dang] t ! t\ri/ w ov]look ! p9e belt & ! p9es = !y are probably ! mo/ num]\s tree 9 ,new ,mexico4 ,illu/ration3 ,pion ne$les ,above !m1 ! classifications are less cle>ly def9$ & ecologi/s are less incl9$ to agree on zonation4 ,! ,canadian ,zone1 if we settle on t "n1 occurs only 9 small areas on ! map1 & mo/ ( !m nor? ( ,santa ,fe4 ,^! are high ridges & isl& peaks t t[] high en\gh to tempt ! ,engelmann spruces4 ,yet "s ( ^! isl&s occur z f> s\? z ! ,mogollon ,m\nta9s & ?us br+ ,canadian ,zone sc5es almo/ to ! ,mexican bord]4 ,= h>dy ecologi/s :o want to explore high ridges & horns ( b>e /one :i* rise z clean z a h\nd's too? cle> up into ! ,arctic-alp9e ,zone1 x is necess>y to ent] ,colorado4 ,engelmann spruce =e/s may be associat$ ) ! #aj1jjj-;foot level4 ,! blue spruce is v simil>1 p]haps only a subspecies1 b x comes 9 a little l[]4 ,! ,engelmann makes a d5se =e/ h>dly all[+ invad]s1 b ! blue is m tol]ant1 less au/]e4 ,x loves ! wat] & is ! natural companion ( *ill1 cascad+ tr\t /reams4 ,?\gh fond ( %ad[1 x seems to gr[ equally well :]e ! n>r[ canyons wid5 & admit ! sun%9e ^u ! t9y mead[s ( lu% grass1 cranesbill1 velvety r$ c9quefoils1 lup9es1 & yell[ columb9es4 ,& :5 "o ( ^! m9iature op5+s is fr+$ ) spruces ^: po9t$ tips rise %>p aga9/ a curta9 ( azure ) its :ite cumulus cl\ds1 !re y h ! lovelie/ vi/a 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,,our ,,visible ,,impact ,,on ,,! ,,plant ,,life ,?\gh nature lov]s usually f9d ! life zones m fasc9at+ ?an any o!r aspect ( plants 9 ! m\nta9s1 !re is "o o!r mu* m important4 ,x is ! misuse1 injury1 & de/ruction ( native plant life4 ,because sci5ti/s are g5]ally al]t to ! cons]vation ( :at is useful & beautiful 9 natural res\rces1 ,i v5ture to br+ up ! matt] "h4 ,a useful case hi/ory is provid$ by ,silv] ,city1 ,new ,mexico4 ,x 0 f\nd$ 9 ! e>ly sev5ties z a silv] camp1 :i* w\ld fairly gu>antee a c]ta9 am\nt ( reckless ha/e & r[dy c>elessness4 ,po9t two 0 its location on a foo?ill wat]%$ only tw5ty-sev5 squ>e miles 9 area4 ,po9t ?ree 0 an extreme conc5tration ( live/ock ne> ! t[n4 ,po9t f\r 0 ! fact t ! annual ra9fall 0 cr[d$ ma9ly into ,july1 ,augu/1 & a "p ( ,septemb]4 ,m9es are naturally us]s ( timb]4 ,obvi\sly1 %afts & tunnels h to be timb]$4 ,m ?an t1 little smelt]s ne/l$ back among ! hills 7 also hungry = wood4 ,& s9ce coal 0 exp5sive & h>d to get1 mo/ ( ! adobe cottages 7 heat$ _m ye>s by junip]1 oak1 & pion firewood4 ,all ^! matt]s 7 naturally1 if n actually1 inevitable "u ! circum/ances4 ,! massive ore wagons & freight wagons _h to be drawn by f\r- to t5-horse teams--& ! horses kept on eat+4 ,!n because x 0 also a ran*+ c\ntry1 ea* c[boy _h to keep a remuda ( saddle horses--& !y ate too4 ,also1 ! few c[s t provid$ milk = ! *ildr5 graz$ hungrily ov] ! /ony slopes4 ,mo/ ( all1 ! range cattle1 :i* _h no prov5d] at all except t :i* ! competitive1 half-/>v$ /e]s c\ld provide = !mselves1 ov]graz$ e squ>e foot ( pa/urage d[n to ! b>e soil4 ,! gov]nm5t's op5-range policy made ov]graz+ inevitable because no ran*man c\ld protect 8 pa/urage s9ce x 0 all unf5c$4 ,! c[ t got !re fir/ got ! grass4 ,t pass$ z l& managem5t1 :i* proves t "s /atesm5 !n 7 ab\t z wise z "s ( ! ,wiz>ds ( ,wa%+ton n[4 ,b ! adv5t ( f5ces caus$ ! cutt+ ( millions ( f5ce po/s :]e none %\ld h be5 cut4 ,illu/ration3 ,elk ,:5 ! grass w5t1 its roots w5t1 & :5 its roots w5t1 !re 0 no?+ to hold ! soil1 & !n x1 too1 />t$ to g4 ,& g x did4 ,a deep hole =m$ 9 ,ma9 ,/reet1 z x is /ill call$ on ! ,silv] ,city t[n plat4 ,! be/ explanation ,i c f9d ( t hole is t e>? 0 tak5 out ( x to =m adobe bricks = ! walls ( h\ses & corrals 7t clay did make good adobe674 ,mean:ile1 ! woodhaul]s' wagons _h gre$ily c>t$ away ! trees f ea* little canyon1 :ile ! n>r[ /eel tires cut deep ruts :i* =m$ two deep gullies at ! fir/ heavy ra94 ,!n ! p>allel gullies proce$$ to wa% out deep] & create a middle ridge or high c5t] on :i* axles got /uck4 ,s9ce !re 0 nobody responsible = mak+ a new road1 !re 0 no *oice except to move ov] & =m ano!r track & use x until 9 turn x became unusable4 7,by ?is simple k9d ( de/ruction1 ! old ,santa ,fe ,trail1 x is said1 rea*$ a wid? ( a hundr$ feet47 ,b ! wat] desc5d+ ! slope kept increas+ its de/ructive velocity z ! d5ud$ gr\nd approa*$ ! b>5ess ( a t9 ro(4 ,villag]s obs]v$ t ! hole 9 _! ,ma9 ,/reet 0 becom+ a wat]fall aft] ea* ra91 & t ! ru9 0 pass+ into a big-"t op]ation4 ,! t[n built a dam to re/ra9 ! floods4 ,x wa%$ out 9 ! fir/ "o4 ,soon ,ma9 ,/reet foll[$ x d[n ! dra91 :i* by ?is "t 0 already a hide\s ga% 9 ! e>? _m miles long & tw5ty feet deep4 ,!n ! wat] began on a really diff]5t scale ( de/ruction4 ,"o furi\s flood wa%$ away ! cab9 9 :i* ,billy ! ,kid's "m liv$4 ,m ?an t1 x wa%$ away ! wall ( ,judge ,newcomb's h\se & abduct$ 8 ,/e9way f ! second floor4 ,a few y>ds f ! spot1 an old photograph tak5 9 #ahia %[s a woodhaul]'s ox team ly+ 9 ! /reet !re4 ,x gives no h9t at t "t ( ! fam\s ,big ,dit*--! only "n t ,ma9 ,/reet1 ,silv] ,city has _h n[ = ! la/ =ty ye>s4 ,by #aibg1 aft] _m o!r attempts _h be5 made to tame ! floods a /eel bridge ab\t "o hundr$ feet long & ?irty feet above ! floor ( ! 8canyon0 0 swung into place4 ,9 #aice-aicf1 ! ,soil ,cons]vation ,s]vice w5t to "w 9 e>ne/1 made ! wat]%$ a demon/ration area1 & sp5t a ?ird ( a million doll>s !re 9 a %ort "t4 ,9 ! ,new ,mexico ,magaz9e = ,augu/ #aicd1 ! really incr$ible /ory ( ! ,big ,dit* is exactly docum5t$ ) old photographs & newspap] clipp+s4 ,aft] a fri5d%ip ( _m ye>s ) old-"t m9]s & ran*]s at ,silv] ,city1 ,i w\ld n po9t an accus+ f+] at "o ( !m4 ,i appeal1 h[ev]1 = a great] vigilance ov] plant life & soils n[adays f ev]ybody4 ,9 su* protect$ areas z ! ,=t ,bay>d ,res]vation1 ! ,u4,s4 ,national ,=e/ enclosures1 & ! fronti] cemet]ies1 ! imag9ation c visualize a ,new ,mexico t is f> diff]5t f :at is "h today--a close-pick$1 h>d-us$ l& :]e unwise woodcutt+ has cont9u$ ?r\gh mu* ( ! la/ ?ree c5turies & :]e ! ?9 ranges h be5 requir$ to support 9 ! la/ c5tury alone p]haps m ?an "o hundr$ million c[s1 %eep1 & horses4 ,! magnitude ( ! cause acc\nts = ! magnitude ( ! effect4 ,a good _m ye>s ago1 ,i wrote z ! conclud+ p>agraph to ,sky ,det]m9es :at seem$ to "s exagg]at$ praise = my adopt$ homel&4 ,!re is n[ less & less cavil f any read]s4 ,i believ$ ! words true 9 #aicd1 & ,i /& my gr\nd n[4 ,p]haps n[h]e 9 ! _w is ! natural sett+ nobl] ?an 9 ,new ,mexico--m beautiful ) spaci\s des]t1 sky1 m\nta92 m v>i$ 9 ri*1 en]giz+ climate1 m dramatic 9 its human procession1 m mell[ ) age-old *>m4 ,end[$ ) sun%9e t /imulates1 & w9t] *ill t t\gh5s2 ) sil5ce & maje/ic des]t color t (f] a spiritual companion%ip1 x has en\gh4 ,"h1 if any:]e is air1 e>?1 sky fit to con/itute a graci\s homel&1 n alone = ^? :o /udy & create1 b z well = ^? :o play1 = ^? :o sit /ill to brood & dream4 ,illu/ration3 ,tyuonyi ,pueblo ru9 ,?is l>ge ru9 9 ,b&eli] ,national ,monum5t lies along ! banks ( ,el ,rito de los ,frijoles4 ,n>r[-leaf cottonwoods l9e ! /ream1 & %rubs ( ! ,upp] ,sonoran ,zone cov] ! hillside slopes4 ,dwell]s 9 ! ,hills & ,pla9s by ,levon ,lee#a ,! va/ sweep ( ,new ,mexico's #gg million acres1 :i* ranges all ! way f ! ,alp9e tundra ( ! talle/ m\nta9s d[n to ! heat ( ! l[] ,sonoran des]t1 (f]s a home & sanctu>y = _m k9ds ( wild life4 ,"s ( ^! animals are consid]$ game animals2 o!rs may be pe/s1 s9ce !y prey ^u or de/roy :at mank9d reg>ds z its own4 ,! coyote :i* takes a %eep f ! small h]d] is wick$ inde$ 9 ! eyes ( ! %eepman4 ,pr$ator9ess on all liv+ ?+s by o!r ?+s has gone on s9ce "t began & w cont9ue--mank9d be+ n ! lea/ pr$ator4 ,a good def9ition is t compos$ by ! late ,judge ,c4 ,m4 ,botts :o def9$ a pr$ator z 8a critt] t takes ano!r critt] t ,i want40 ,new ,mexico's imm5se topographic & geologic diff]5ces make = a v wide range ( habitats pref]r$ by ! v>i\s species4 ,! elk & de]1 be+ highly adaptable1 may be f\nd f ! ,alp9e tundra ( ! high] m\nta9s cle> out into ! creosote des]t4 ,de] occur 9 f\r sep>ate subspecies3 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 & ! des]t mule de]1 ! we/]n :itetail1 & ! ,sonoran fantail de]1 :i* is also a :itetail4 ,^! animals may be f\nd all ! way f ! d5se conif]\s =e/s ( ! nor? ) p]petual gloom & cold to ! sun-scor*$ granite m\nta9s su* z ! ,florida & ! ,organ m\nta9s ( s\!rn ,new ,mexico2 f great t[]+ granite spires to ! fold$ blocks ( lime/one su* z comprise ! ,big ,hat*ets1 ! ,guadalupe1 & ! ,san ,&res m\nta9s4 ,! javel9a1 or little wild pig1 lives along ! wat]c\rses 9 ! s\? we/ "p ( ! /ate4 ,its ?9 spiky hair gives x little or no protection aga9/ cold1 & only 9 ! balmi] p>ts ( ,new ,mexico does x feel at home4 ,! des]t bighorn %eep1 z di/+ui%$ f 8 c\s9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 bighorn1 goes ar\nd on a sun-scor*$1 ocotillo-cov]$ lime/one-rubble slope 9 ! full gl>e ( ! sun & lies d[n to take 8 aft]noon sie/a4 ,! ,rocky ,m\nta9 bighorn1 on ! o!r h&1 ) 8 pref]5ce = cool] climates does n %un ev5 ! d5se spruce timb] at ! v top ( ! ,s&ia ,m\nta9s z ! hide\t = 8 aft]noon re/4 ,?is adaptability by ,new ,mexico's species to ! trem5d\s diff]5ces 9 altitude1 ra9fall1 & temp]ature makes !m all ! m valuable z a res\rce = ! pleasure & enjoym5t ( ev]yone4 ,illu/ration3 7,photo c\rtesy ( ,=e/ ,s]vice1 ,u4,s4,d4,a47 ,pack tra9 on a wild]ness trail ,! mo/ popul> big game animals 9 ,new ,mexico are ! mule de] 9 ei!r ( ! two subspecies4 ,e fall1 beg9n+ 9 late ,octob] & ext5d+ ord9>ily ?r\gh ,decemb]1 m ?an #ajj1jjj hunt]s take to ! woods = _! #ej-ej *ance ( br++ home ! s\ght-aft] mule de]4 ,a hunt] may %oot 8 mule de] at ! ,alp9e tundra timb] l9e1 out 9 ! blaz+ heat ( ! creosote des]t1 or among ! rock crags ( "s ( ! s\!rn des]t m\nta9s4 ,he w f9d 8 qu>ry a wor?y oppon5t4 ,%y1 wild1 & ) t]rific eyesight & he>+1 ^! animals provide a true *all5ge4 ,elk & antelope1 z well z bighorn %eep1 are hunt$ by special lic5ses only1 s9ce _! numb]s d n w>rant a g5]al op5 season4 ,^! special lic5ses are mu* s\ght aft] & are ord9>ily made available by application & a public draw+ 9 ! fall4 ,! javel9a1 conf9$ to our s\?we/]n c\nties1 is also hunt$ by special lic5se4 ,x is notewor?y t al?\gh ,new ,mexico _h protect$ !m = _m ye>s1 ! javel9a did n increase its numb]s4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! natural losses appli$ aga9/ any game species are go+ to be 9 effect no matt] :e!r hunt+ is p]mitt$ or n1 ! hunt+ be+ m]ely subtract$ f :at w\ld be lo/ to nature anyh[4 ,our /ate mammal1 ! black be>1 is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! wood$ areas ( ! /ate & occasionally w&]s out into ! pla9s or d[n into ! des]t m\nta9s ( ! s\?4 ,be>s are hunt$ avidly 9 ! fall by sportsm5 ) dog packs be=e ! regul> big game seasons beg91 :5 ! use ( dogs is prohibit$4 ,!y are aga9 hunt$ dur+ ! big game seasons by anyone be>+ ! prop] lic5se1 b no packs ( dogs are all[$4 ,?is is to prohibit ! possibility ( dogs be+ us$ to pursue elk1 de]1 or wild turkey1 an illegal act 9 ,new ,mexico4 ,new ,mexico is =tunate 9 hav+ a trem5d\s div]sity ( bo? upl& game & wat]f[l1 & big game & small game = h] p4 ,importantly1 ! game res\rces are spread out ?r\gh e c\nty 9 ! /ate4 ,! /ate's ri*ness ( bird life is v>i$ & ext5sive4 ,new ,mexico ranks among ! fir/ five 9 ! total numb] ( birds f\nd )9 its b\nd>ies4 ,m ?an #djj species ( birds live )9 ! /ate4 ,^! range all ! way f ! t9y mites ( ! bird k+dom1 ! humm+birds1 weigh+ less ?an an ounce1 to ! great :ite :i/l+ swan1 weigh+ up to #be p\nds1 or ! ,m]riam turkey1 :i* may weigh close to #cj4 ,( ! six species ( quail f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,new ,mexico has f\r & may possess ! fif?1 s9ce ! m\nta9 quail ( ! we/]n coa/ h be5 introduc$ into ?is /ate & /ill occur on ! we/ slopes ( ! ,sacram5to ,m\nta9s ne> ,tul>osa4 ,five species ( doves f\nd ?r\gh\t ! /ate f ! highe/ conif]\s =e/ d[n into ! scor*+ heat ( ! creosote des]t are ! ,inca dove1 gr\nd dove1 m\rn+ dove1 :ite-w+$ dove1 & ! b&tail pigeon1 all ( !m close relatives4 ,( ^!1 only two1 ! m\rn+ dove & ! :ite-w+$ dove1 are commonly hunt$ z game species4 ,an unexpla9$ & precipit\s decl9e /ruck ! b&tail pigeon ab\t t5 or twelve ye>s ago1 f :i* x app>5tly has nev] recov]$4 ,al?\gh hunt+ 0 und\bt$ly "p ( ! pressure ex]cis$ aga9/ ^! birds1 x 9 no way acc\nt$ = _! sudd5 & dramatic decl9e 9 numb]s4 ,?is decl9e may gradually be rev]s$1 s9ce m & m ( ^! birds are be+ se54 ,x is well kn[n t animals ) a high reproductive capacity c endure mu* heavi] losses to _! population ?an c ^? ) l[ or v limit$ reproduction1 su* z ! b&tail1 :i* normally lays only a s+le egg4 ,! m\rn+ dove1 on ! o!r h&1 lays two eggs at a "t & may raise z _m z five or m broods 9 "o ye>4 ,take ?is "o /ep fur!r ) ! scal$ or ,gambel quail1 :i* may lay up to #ab or #ae eggs1 & x c readily be se5 t ! population ( b&tail pigeons c nev] endure ! losses t ! mu* m prolific m\rn+ dove & quail c4 ,! same might be said by comp>ison ( elk & de]4 ,elk d n be> _! fir/ "y until _! ?ird ye>1 & !n ! c[ may n be> "y b alt]nate ye>s until h] sev5? or eigh? ye>2 by t "t %e has begun to decl9e 9 vigor2 9 h] total life %e may n produce m ?an f\r or five calves4 ,! mule de]1 on ! o!r h&1 />t be>+ at ! age ( two1 ) _! fir/ bir? normally s+le2 f !n on1 tw9s are usual = ! re/ ( ! doe's life4 ,?us1 de] h a consid]ably great] reproductive pot5tial ?an d elk or bighorn %eep1 :i* h "o "y at a "t4 ,! fleet-foot$ antelope ( ! op5 roll+ pla9s is ano!r example ( fairly high reproductive capacity1 s9ce !y bre$ e>li] ?an d de] & normally be> tw9s4 ,antelope are conf9$ to ! m op5 c\ntry :]e _! prodigi\s runn+ ability & m>vel\s eyesight /& 9 good /ead 9 protect+ !m aga9/ _! natural enemies4 ,! wild turkey1 classifi$ by law 9 ,new ,mexico z big game1 is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! m\nta9\s areas ( ! /ate1 n except+ "s ( ! des]t ranges4 ,new ,mexico is "o ( two /ates =tunate en\gh to possess ?ree ( ! five =ms ( ! wild turkey kn[n to ! ,unit$ ,/ates3 ! ,m]riam turkey1 f\nd 9 ! high] elevations ( ! m\nta9\s areas1 usually ! pond]osa =e/2 ! ,rio ,gr&e turkey1 conf9$ to ! wat]c\rses ( ! ea/]n pla9s2 & ! fairly r>e ,mexican turkey1 f\nd 9 ! ,animas & ,peloncillo m\nta9s ( extreme s\?we/]n ,new ,mexico4 ,9 ,hildalgo ,c\nty ^! m\nta9s are actually l>gely ,mexican 9 bo? flora & fauna4 ,"s ( ! r>e/1 mo/ beautiful birds ( ,nor? ,am]ica are also f\nd 9 ?is area & n[h]e else 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) ! exception ( s\!a/]n ,arizona4 ,our mo/ abundant game bird1 ! m\rn+ dove1 is f\nd 9 e c\nty ( ! /ate & ne/s f ! conif]\s =e/s ( ! nor? & ! high] m\nta9s ( ! s\? cle> out into ! pla9s :]e !re is n a tree 9 sight = miles4 ,doves are extremely adaptable & v prolific4 ,!y provide ! f9e/ k9d ( sport %oot+ & are avidly s\ght1 p>ticul>ly by %otgun en?usia/s ( ! ea/]n & s\!rn p>ts ( ! /ate4 ,scal$ quail are f\nd ?r\gh\t ,new ,mexico1 be+ abs5t only 9 elevations above #gjjj feet4 ,ev5 !re1 !y p]iodically occur b are ord9>ily driv5 back by w9t] sn[4 ,gambel quail are f\nd ?r\gh\t ! riv] c\rses ( ! ,rio ,gr&e ,valley1 ! ,san ,juan ,valley1 & ! s\?we/]n wat]c\rses4 ,! ,me>ns' quail is f\nd 9 ! s\!rn half ( ! /ate 9 ! high] m\nta9 elevations1 :]eas ! bob-:ite quail occupies ! grassy roll+ s&hills ( ! ea/]n c\nties :]e x is commonly f\nd toge!r ) scal$ quail4 ,quail hunt+ is "o ( ! mo/ popul> sports 9 ,new ,mexico & _m ?\s&s ( hunt]s c h>dly wait f "o season to ! next4 ,new ,mexico is 9 ! he>t ( ! scal$ quail c\ntry & provides "s ( ! f9e/ %oot+ to be _h any:]e4 ,migratory wat]f[l1 :ile n consid]$ abundant1 are n uncommon 9 ?is /ate1 kn[n m = its aridity ?an = its riv]s & lakes4 ,! two ma9 fly ways are ! ,rio ,gr&e ,valley & ! ,pecos ,valley1 ) ! ,pecos ,valley be+ some:at ahead 9 total numb]s4 ,ducks commonly f\nd 9 ,new ,mexico 9 abundance are teal1 bo? gre5-w+$ & blue-w+$ z well z ! less]-kn[n c9namon teal1 mall>ds1 widgeon1 p9tails1 gadwall1 scaups1 canvasbacks1 r$heads1 & o!r species4 ,9 addition1 ,new ,mexico plays w9t] home to _m ?\s&s ( ! less] s&hill crane :i* is conf9$ to ! riv] valleys & op5 pla9s ( ! ea/]n "p ( ! /ate1 p>ticul>ly ! s\!a/]n c\nties4 ,a small] population ( ! great] s&hill crane is f\nd 9 ! ,rio ,gr&e ,valley & ne> ,columbus4 ,flocks ( ! small ,ri*>dson's goose are f\nd 9 ! nor!a/]n c\nties1 9 p>ticul>1 & along riv] c\rses ?r\gh\t ! /ate4 ,! small sn[ goose is likewise conf9$ mo/ly to major riv] c\rses4 ,! l>g] ,canada geese are f\nd p>ticul>ly 9 ! middle ,rio ,gr&e ,valley :]e ext5sive developm5t has be5 made by bo? /ate & f$]al ag5cies to enc\rage ! use & ! pres5ce ( b&s ( geese4 ,new ,mexico is unique 9 t x 0 ! fir/ /ate 9 _m ye>s to be able to op5 a hunt+ season on ! less] s&hill crane4 ,?is bird is comp>atively abundant1 ! total population probably be+ 9 excess ( #bjj1jjj1 ) ! va/ majority ( ^! birds w9t]+ 9 we/ ,texas1 ,new ,mexico1 & ,mexico4 ,!y occasionally cause heavy depr$ation to gra9 crops 9 ! s\!a/]n "p ( ! /ate1 & hunt+ has be5 p>tly ju/ifi$ on ! basis t ! l>ge w9t]+ flocks might be brok5 up & depr$ation spread ov] a l>g] area = less individual effect4 ,^! birds are tall1 wild1 & %y4 ,!y are h>d to hunt1 ev5 m s ?an geese1 & al?\gh /r5u\s ef=ts h be5 made1 n too _m ( !m are bagg$4 ,"o %\ld n ov]look ! trem5d\s opportunity = sport hunt+ ( unprotect$ species1 su* z ! v>i\s rabbits1 ! m\nta9 lions & bobcats1 & coyotes4 ,! wolf is n[ v r>e 9 ,new ,mexico4 ,only occasionally d wolves come out ( ,mexico into ! s\?we/]n c\nties1 usually 9 ,hidalgo1 ,luna1 & ,da ,ana4 ,wolves are l>ge1 effective pr$ators & are incompatible ) ! cattle-rais+ indu/ry4 ,s9ce !y h a fondness = beef1 ! h& ( ! cattleman is rais$ aga9/ !m4 ,! m\nta9 lion pref]s 8 natural prey ( de]1 mule de] be+ ! pr9cipal victims4 ,! bobcat preys on de] & on _m ( ! small wild animals1 rabbits 9 p>ticul>4 ,^! pr$ators1 :5 run & hunt$ ) a pack ( dogs1 provide a fasc9at+ sport :i* is gr[+ 9 popul>ity4 ,! use ( calls to attract animals to a 8victim0 has become widespread4 ,! calls imitate ! di/ress$ cry ( rabbits & o!r creatures :i* to ! pr$ator means a meal close at h&4 ,ev]y?+ f m\nta9 lions to r$-tail$ hawks h be5 hunt$ by ?is proc$ure1 & x c be v successful 9 bagg+ qu>ry4 ,?is type ( hunt+ has value 9 t x c be enjoy$ at any "t ( ! ye> ?r\gh\t ! /ate & ) a m9imum ( "t & ef=t4 ,hunt+ is a cons]vation practice t1 wisely adm9i/]$1 results 9 :olesome out-(-door recreation & br+s _m tons ( high prote9 food ( highe/ quality to ! table4 ,nature n[h]e 9 h] economy locks up a res\rce & ?r[s away ! key--we %\ld be no less wise4 ,long gone are ! buffalo :i* once roam$ ! ,high ,pla9s ( ea/]n ,new ,mexico4 ,exotic animals1 import$ & /ock$ along ! rugg$ canyon ( ! ,canadian ,riv] above ,con*as ,res]voir1 are ! ,b>b>y %eep ) _! magnific5t coil$ horns4 ,beav]s dam "s ( ! m\nta9 /reams1 badg]s & skunks c be se5 f ! highways1 & amid ! =e/s are squirrels & porcup9es1 :ile high on rock slopes1 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 wood*uck & ! gray rock cony da% f l$ge to l$ge4 ,! :ite-tail$ pt>migan also haunts ^! high crags1 & l[] d[n ! m\nta91 bluebirds ne/4 ,hawks1 eagles1 magpies1 jays1 rav5s1 orioles1 wr5s1 sp>r[s1 w>bl]s1 f9*es1 & _m o!r birds ( endless v>iety so> ov] canyon1 =e/1 & s&-dune des]t4 ,mo/ notable ( all is ! cre/$ roadrunn]1 ! *app>al cock or paisano ( ,mexico & ! /ate bird4 ,9 betwe5 rac+ ) horsem5 or automobiles1 ! sl5d] roadrunn] cocks 8 head1 /rikes swiftly & victori\sly1 !n swall[s 8 victim1 :i* c be a small rattlesnake1 :ole4 ,snakes !re are apl5ty4 ,mo/ly1 !y are nonpoison\s1 su* z ! g>t] snake1 glass snake1 puff add]1 r+-neck$ snake1 ! coa*:ip1 ! ,mexican blacksnake1 & ! l>ge we/]n bullsnake4 ,! small b v v5om\s coral snake is r>e1 b common among rocks & ne> /reams are ! l>ge we/]n diamondback rattlesnake1 ! prairie rattl]s1 & ! less common gre5 or blacktail$ rattlesnake4 ,e sun-w>m$ rock has its scamp]+ liz>d1 & ne>by are horn$ toads1 dry-l& t]rap9s1 tortoises1 t>antulas1 c5tip$es1 v9eg>roons1 scorpions1 & spid]s4 ,( ^! latt] des]t animals1 only ! black wid[ spid] is poison\s4 ,contra/ 9 ! influ5ce ( environm5ts is %[n by ! animals t inhabit ! 8malpais10 ! rec5t fl[s ( black1 r\gh-surfac$ lava1 comp>$ ) simil> animals f\nd among ! :ite gypsum dunes ( ,:ite ,s&s4 ,black or d>kly color$ subspecies ( mice1 pla9s wood rats1 kang>oo rats1 & rock squirrels live on ! black lava1 :]eas :ite or pale c\nt]p>ts ( ^! animals live among ! :ite gypsum dunes4 ,illu/ration3 ,sket* ( roadrunn]1 ,new ,mexico /ate bird ,! dwell]s 9 ! hills & pla9s ( ,new ,mexico are z v>i$ z ! hills & pla9s2 !y add _! color & movem5t to ! sc5es ( ! ,l& ( ,en*antm5t4 ,rocks ,t ,%ape ! ,en*ant+ ,l&scape by ,frank ,e4 ,kottl[ski 8,z old z ! hills40 ,h[ mu* m anci5t c any?+ be8 ,yet ,new ,mexico's hills1 its en*ant+ l&scapes1 7 built 9 b ! mo/ rec5t 8m9ute0 ( geologic "t4 ,m]ely "o geologic era ago1 m>9e wat]s cov]$ ! /ate1 & /orm-toss$ waves rul$ :]e n[ ! hot sun beats d[n on dry s&s & cacti a mile above sea level4 ,:at det]m9$ ! ,l& ( ,en*antm5t's l&scapes8 ,%ap+ ^! l& =ms are ! rocks ( ! e>?'s cru/1 ! /ructure ( ^? rocks1 & ! endless battle betwe5 ! rocks & ! atmosph]e4 ,a /ory spell$ out 9 /one1 ! geologic hi/ory4 ,! rocks det]m9e4 ,eons ago1 x began2 "o billion1 two billion1 or p]haps ev5 m billions ( ye>s ago4 ,a hi/ory ^: beg9n+s h be5 lo/ ow+ to de/ruction ( its e>lie/ records4 ,a hi/ory1 writt5 9 ! rocks1 t is divid$ into f\r g5]al p>ts 7fig4 #a74 ,! olde/ rocks1 m ?an #fjj m4y4 7million ye>s7 old1 almo/ devoid ( traces ( life1 are ! ,precambrian rocks4 ,! ,paleozoic rocks1 #bcj to #fjj m4y4 old1 are m>k$ by anci5t 7paleo-7 life4 ,?is 0 ! ,p]iod ( ,inv]tebrates1 animals )\t backbones4 ,mesozoic rocks1 #gj to #bcj m4y4 old1 =m$ 9 ! ,era ( ,d9osaurs & conta9 types ( life t are int]m$iate 7meso-7 betwe5 ! anci5t & mod]n animals4 ,& rocks ( ! ,c5ozoic ,era1 #gj m4y4 ago to ! pres5t1 make up ! late/ 7c5o-1 rec5t7 *apt] ( ! e>?'s hi/ory4 ,ev5ts ( ! ,c5ozoic ,era h _h ! greate/ influ5ce on ,new ,mexico's l&scapes4 ,s let u beg9 ! /ory at ! dawn ( ! ,c5ozoic1 & return to ! e>li] geologic *apt]s lat]4 ,,c5ozoic ,,era ,! m\nta9s1 ! pla9s1 ! riv]s1 & ! lakes all are transitory features ( ! l&scape1 creat$ dur+ ! rec5t "p ( ! ,c5ozoic ,era1 & all doom$ to de/ruction 9 ! ne> future1 geologically speak+4 ,ev5 s1 "s ( ! pla9s & m\nta9s may pr$ate man's evolution onto ! e>? sc5e4 ,gone 7 ! late ,mesozoic seas2 nev] aga9 dur+ our lifetime nor ! lifetime ( _m future g5]ations w m>9e wat]s roll ov] ,new ,mexico1 & sea-spawn$ creatures rule4 ,= ! fir/ two ?irds ( ! ,c5ozoic1 ! ,paleog5e ,p]iod 7#be to #gj m4y4 ago71 ,new ,mexico suff]$ f ! dy+ effects ( ! great ,l>amide upheaval ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,l>ge areas 7 expos$ to ! h>% erosion ( /ream & w9d4 ,! l&scape look$ z p>ts ( s\?we/]n ,new ,mexico d today--tall rugg$ m\nta9 ranges scatt]$ 9 isolat$ pat*es amid wide gravelly pla9s4 ,b ! climate 0 m humid1 & :ile no l>ge ?r\gh riv]s are kn[n1 local great swamps & lakes lay on ! pla9s 9 debris-trapp+ l[l&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a4 ,table ( geologic "t ,scale ( geologic "t 9 millions ( ye>s ,era ,rocks ,dom9ant life ,geologic age #gj ,,c5ozoic ,neog5e ,plei/oc5e ,b&eli] volcanic a%1 ,man basalts1 s& dunes1 riv] gravels1 glacial lake b$s4 #a my ,plioc5e ,volcanic rocks ( ,mt4 ,mammals ,taylor1 e>ly ,valle ,gr&e ,gila region2 ,santa ,fe1 ,gila1 & ,ogallala ,fms4 #aa my ,mioc5e #be my ,paleog5e ,oligoc5e ,datil1 ,esp9aso1 & o!r volcanic rocks4 #dj my ,eoc5e ,baca1 ,animas1 ,nacimi5to1 ,san ,jose1 ,raton1 ,poison ,canyon1 ,gali/eo ,el ,rito1 ,blanco ,bas91 ,cub ,m\nta9 ,fms4 #fj my ,paleoc5e #afj ,,mesozoic ,cretace\s ,upp] s&/one1 %ale1 ,d9osaurs coal4 ,mesav]de1 ,pi]re1 ,niobr>a1 ,dakota ,ss4 & ,mancos ,%4 ,volcanic rocks1 lime/one1 s&/one1 & conglom]ate4 #ace my ,jurassic ,morrison ,fm41 ,summ]ville ,fm41 ,zuni ,ss41 ,todilto ,ls4 gypsum1 ,entrada ,ss4 #ahj my ,triassic ,w+ate ,ss41 ,dockum ,fm41 ,*9le ,fm41 ,santa ,rosa ,ss41 ,mo5kopi ,fm4 #cgj ,,paleozoic ,p]mian ,ru/l] ,dolomite2 r$b$s ,amphibians ,ca/ile gypsum1 ,salado ,salt4 ,artesia ,grp4--,capitan reef ,san ,&res ,ls4--,goat ,seep reef ,glorieta ,s&/one ,yeso ,fm4--,bone ,spr+ ,fm4 ,abo ,r$b$s--,hueco ,ls4 #bhj my ,p5nsylvanian ,mo/ly lime/one2 b$s ( %ale s&/one2 l5ses ( gypsum1 salt1 & coal4 #caj my ,mississippian ,helms ,p>adise ,fms4 ,fi% ,ran*]ia ,ls4 ,lake ,valley ,escabrosa ,lss4 ,arroyo ,p5asco ,t]]ro ,fms4 #cde my ,devonian ,p]*a ,%ale1 ,ouray ,ls4 nor!rn dol41 ss1 & %4 erosion #djj my ,silurian ,fusselman ,dolomite erosion #dbe my ,ordovician ,montoya ,dolomite ,inv]tebrates ,el ,paso ,lime/one ,bliss #ejj my ,cambrian ,s&/one erosion #aejj ,,precambrian qu>tzite1 gneiss1 rhyolite1 ,simple &esite1 granite1 primitive =ms pegmatite1 s*i/1 gre5/one4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b4 ,new ,mexico dur+ ,paleog5e "t ,sc5]y 9 nor?-c5tral ,new ,mexico 7fig4 #b7 may h be5 simil> to today's1 ) m\nta9s 9 ! same g5]al areas z ! pres5t-day ,sangre de ,cri/o1 ,nacimi5to1 ,san ,juan1 & ,brazos ranges4 ,co>se-gra9$ gravels 7 /ack$ up at ! edges ( ! m\nta9s1 b out 9 ! adjo9+ l[l&s1 floodpla9 s&s & v>icolor$ lake-b$ clays settl$4 ,?ree l[ areas 7 8bas9s0 ( deposition :]e ?ick masses ( s$im5ts accumulat$--! ,raton & ,poison ,canyon =mations 9 ! ,raton ,bas9 ne> ,raton1 ! ,animas1 ,nacimi5to1 & ,san ,jose =mations 9 ! ,san ,juan ,bas9 nor? & nor?we/ ( ,cuba1 se5 along ,n4,m4 ,highway #dd1 ) ?9n] deposits ( ! ,el ,rito & ,blanco ,bas9 =mations to ! nor!a/ ( ,cuba1 & ! ,gali/eo ,=mation 9 ! ,gali/eo ,bas9 s\? & s\?we/ ( ,santa ,fe4 ,volcanic rocks1 ! ,esp9aso b$s1 ov]lie ! ,gali/eo b are n mu* y\ng] 9 age4 ,r$di% rocks ( ! ,gali/eo ,=mation crop out along ,u4,s4 ,highway #he at ,la ,bajada ,hill ab\t tw5ty miles s\?we/ ( ,santa ,fe4 ,! ,s&ia ,m\nta9s' area appe>s to h be5 a l[l&4 ,silicifi$ wood1 *iefly ( p9es b ) "s oak & popl>1 is abundant 9 ! ,gali/eo ,=mation4 ,l>ge logs1 up to #f feet 9 diamet] & #ace feet long1 h be5 f\nd4 ,9 ! great swamps ( ! ,raton ,bas91 :]e ! climate 0 mu* l t ( ,georgia today1 tall re$s1 wat] lilies1 fig trees1 palm trees1 magnolias1 & sycamores grew 9 pr(usion1 & contribut$ to ! ?ick coal b$s n[ m9$ !re4 ,! e>ly ages ( ! ,c5ozoic saw ! spectacul> rise ( ! mammals to dom9ance ov] reptiles on l&2 num]\s rema9s ( ! e>ly mammals are f\nd 9 ! ,nacimi5to & ,san ,jose =mations1 includ+ ! fam\s ,pu]co & ,torrejon faunas--z well z _m clams1 snails1 fi%1 turtles1 crocodiles1 snakes1 & birds4 ,s\!a/]n ,new ,mexico appe>s to h be5 relatively level ) only local hills & va/ regions ( featureless1 /agnant b high pla9s :]e erosion sl[ly ate d[nw>d1 deposition 0 slight1 & mo/ ( ! detritus 0 c>ri$ ea/w>d f> beyond ! /ate's bord]s4 ,! r$b$s ( ! ,baca ,=mation 7 laid d[n on ! nor? flank ( l[ m\nta9s t ext5d$ int]mitt5tly f some:]e ne> ,quemado t[>d ,socorro4 ,"s anci5t hills ne> pres5t-day ,si]ra ,blanca %$ rock fragm5ts t accumulat$ ne> ,capitan z ! v>icolor$ ,cub ,m\nta9 ,=mation4 ,deeply erod$ upl&s nor?we/ ( ,elephant ,butte ,res]voir suppli$ gravels & s&s t m+l$ ) &esitic volcanic debris z ! upp] "p ( ! ,mc,rae ,=mation 9 c5tral ,si]ra ,c\nty4 ,_m ( ! wea!r$ gre5i% & purpli% volcanic rocks 9 s\?we/]n ,new ,mexico 7 extrud$ at ?is "t1 & b5ea? ! surface ^! molt5 magmas 7hot liquefi$ rocks7 cut into old] rocks4 ,vapors & hot solutions f ! magmas are believ$ to h emplac$ "s ( ,new ,mexico's va/ ore deposits dur+ ?is "t4 ,! la/ phase ( ! ,paleog5e ,p]iod1 ab\t #be to #dj m4y4 ago1 0 an e>?-%ak+ "t 9 ,new ,mexico--& ! fir/ explosion ( an atomic bomb 9 #aide on ! ,jornada del ,mu]to betwe5 ,socorro & ,c>rizozo 0 a relatively l[-en]gy-yield ev5t comp>$ ) ! late ,paleog5e e>? movem5ts4 ,almo/ ! entire s\?we/]n qu>t] ( ! /ate lit]ally explod$1 ) volcanic eruptions on a gr& scale4 ,^! lava fl[s1 rock breccias1 a%es1 pumice1 & associat$ intrusives 7molt5 rocks t did n make x to ! surface7 =m ! ,datil-,mogollon plateau--at lea/ #ajj miles 9 diamet]--z "p ( ! ,datil ,=mation1 :i* locally is miles ?ick1 & made up ! ma9 mass ( _m o!r ranges ne> ! ,mexican bord]4 ,si]ra ,blanca 7#ab1jjc feet altitude7 nor!a/ ( ,alamogordo is a huge1 isolat$ volcanic mass ( late ,paleog5e age4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c4 ,ea/-we/ cross section ( ,rio ,gr&e grab5 ne> ,santa ,fe ,?is widespread volcanic activity cont9u$ into ! ,neog5e ,p]iod :i* began ab\t #be m4y4 ago4 ,rhyolites1 pumice1 & p]lite 9 ! s\?we/1 z well z 9 o!r p>ts ( ! /ate1 cov]$ wide areas4 ,m\nt ,taylor1 t[]+ up to #aa1chi feet ne> ,grants & visible on ! we/]n skyl9e f ,albuqu]que1 is a ,neog5e volcanic pile1 z are p>ts ( ! ,sangre de ,cri/o range nor!a/ ( ,taos4 ,%iprock & ,cabezon ,peak1 l&m>ks 9 nor?we/]n ,new ,mexico1 are volcanic necks--! erod$ cores ( anci5t volcanoes4 ,valle ,gr&e cald]a makes up ! c5t] ( ! ,jemez ,m\nta9s we/ ( ,los ,alamos & is a late ,neog5e volcanic mass ) ! c5tral crat] sixte5 miles 9 diamet]--"o ( ! _w's l>ge/ cald]as4 ,b&eli] ,national ,monum5t headqu>t]s is )9 a canyon c>v$ f ,valle ,gr&e's a%es4 ,volcanic a% scatt]$ ov] ! we/]n p>ts ( ,texas1 ,oklahoma1 & ,kansas 0 bl[n f ?is volcano4 ,capul9 ,m\nta91 ea/ ( ,raton1 is a huge rec5t c9d] cone & is surr\nd$ by num]\s basaltic lava fl[s t cap ! ,high ,pla9s f ,raton ea/w>d to ,clayton4 ,! v fre% black basalt fl[s ne> ,c>rizozo & 9 ! valley ( ,rio ,san ,jose ne> ,grants are probably less ?an #ajjj ye>s old4 ,num]\s mesas along ! ,rio ,gr&e ,valley f ! ,colorado l9e to ,el ,paso are capp$ by black basalt fl[s ( late ,neog5e age4 ,_m ( ! pres5t-day m\nta9s 7 uplift$ 9 e>ly ,neog5e "t1 foll[+ ! climax ( ! great volcanic eruptions4 ,?is uplift+1 9 _m in/ances1 took place along "o side ( huge m\nta9 masses1 =m+ tilt$ fault blocks l ! ,s&ia1 ,manzano1 ,san ,&res1 & ,sacram5to m\nta9s4 ,rock b$s 9 ! ,s&ia ,m\nta9s1 = example1 dip to ! ea/1 b 7 uplift$ along a we/-b\nd+ fault zone--a huge break 9 ! e>?'s cru/--z mu* z f\r miles6 ,?is 0 an e>?-%ak+ ev5t6 ,h[ev]1 ! uplift+ took place sl[ly1 & inde$ is cont9u+ today z ! ,albuqu]que area1 along ) ! ,rio ,gr&e ,valley s\?w>d to ,socorro1 is "o ( ! mo/ active e>?quake areas 9 ! /ate4 ,concurr5t ) uplift1 o!r blocks ( ! e>?'s cru/ sank1 =m+ grab5 bas9s :i* 7 flood$ ) rock debris f ! adjo9+ uplifts4 ,a trem5d\s irregul> grab51 n[ foll[$ by ! ,rio ,gr&e1 cut nor?-s\? across ! /ate4 ,geologi/s label x ! ,rio ,gr&e /ructural depression 7fig4 #c74 ,m\nta9s on ! ea/ are ! ,sangre de ,cri/o1 ,s&ia1 ,manzano1 ,los ,p9os1 ,fra ,cri/obal1 & ,caballo ranges2 ^? to ! we/ include ! ,brazos1 ,jemez1 ,ladron1 ,socorro1 ,magdal5a1 & ,san ,mateo m\nta9s4 ,)9 ?is complex grab51 & ar\nd ! bord]+ ranges1 ! colorful s&/ones & silt/ones ( ! ,santa ,fe ,gr\p 7 deposit$--^! r$1 yell[1 orange1 & cream rocks are erod$ 9 _m places1 su* z ne> ,santa ,fe1 to 8badl&s0 *>act]i/ic ( ! l&scapes along ! ,rio ,gr&e ,valley f ,espanola s\?w>d to ,el ,paso4 ,mu* brightly t9t$ silicifi$ wood is f\nd 9 ^! b$s1 & lit]ally freight-c> loads ( mammalian rema9s h be5 %ipp$ to museums f outcrops ne> ,espanola4 ,9 ! bas9s amid ! m\nta9s ( s\?we/]n ,new ,mexico1 simil> s&s & gravels ( ! ,gila ,conglom]ate fill$ l[ areas4 ,ea/ ( ! m\nta9s ( c5tral ,new ,mexico t =m a nor?-s\? *a9 ( ranges f ,raton to ,c>lsbad1 ?9 gravels ( ! ,ogallala ,=mation 7 dump$ onto ! we/]n edges ( ! ,high ,pla9s4 ,!y n[ cap ! pla9s z well z make picturesque bluffs ea/ ( ! ,pecos ,riv] & s\!a/ ( ,tucumc>i--! 8caprock0 ( t area4 ,9 nor?we/]n ,new ,mexico1 isolat$ mesas are topp$ by ! ,*uska & ,bidaho*i =mations2 simil> s&s1 silts1 & clays wa%$ f adjo9+ highl&s4 ,! f9al episodes ( l&scape =mation occurr$ dur+ ! ,plei/oc5e ,epo*1 ! rec5t glacial p]iod4 ,m\nta9 valley glaci]s occupi$ "s ( ! high] p>ts ( ! /ate1 z f> s\?w>d z ,si]ra ,blanca2 l>ge lakes fill$ _m ( ! clos$ bas9s1 su* z ^? ne> ,e/ancia & s\? ( ,lordsburg2 ! ,c>rizozo & ,grants basalt fl[s 7 extrud$2 ! f9al trem5d\s explosions ( ,valle ,gr&e spread volcanic a% ov] l>ge regions2 s&s1 gravels1 & clays 7 erod$ & deposit$ by /reams & 9 lakes2 & s& dunes 7 heap$ up 9 _m areas4 ,! gli/5+ :ite gypsum dunes 7fig4 #d7 ( ,:ite ,s&s ,national ,monum5t1 built up into #ej-;foot-high m\nds w9dw>d ( gypsif]\s ,lake ,luc]o1 are spectacul> products ( ! w9d4 ,! ,rio ,gr&e1 9 its pres5t valley1 probably is only z old z mid-,plei/oc5e1 born dur+ late uplift ( its headwat] m\nta9s1 ! ,san ,juan & ,sangre de ,cri/o ranges 9 s\!rn ,colorado & nor!rn ,new ,mexico--initiat$ by floods ( meltwat]s f wan+ m\nta9 glaci]s4 ,"s ( ! l[] t]races 7b5*es7 along ! ,rio ,gr&e are v "y1 be+ dat$ by radioc>bon me?ods at #bfjj b4p4 7be=e pres5t74 ,until %ackl$ by ,elephant ,butte ,dam 9 #aiaf1 & small] dams up & d[n ! valley1 ! ,rio ,gr&e swit*$ its c\rse ) e l>ge spr+time flood4 ,ev5 ) ^! man-made controls1 ! ,rio c>ves new *annels dur+ floods & cov]s flood$ fields ) silt z ! high wat]s rec$e4 ,,precambrian ,,era ,! highe/ po9ts 9 ,new ,mexico are 9 ! nor?-c5tral region4 ,"h1 along ! backbone ( ! ,sangre de ,cri/o ,m\nta9s1 t[] ,:eel] ,peak 7#ac1afj feet above sea level71 nor!a/ ( ,taos1 & ,s\? ,tru*as ,peak 7#ac1ajb feet71 nor!a/ ( ,santa ,fe4 ,sn[ l+]s on ^! l(ty spires all ye> ar\nd except dur+ an especially hot ,augu/4 ,highe/ peaks--!y mu/ be capp$ by ! y\nge/ rocks4 ,b no1 ! qu>tzites & gneisses1 h>d rocks made up ( qu>tz & feldsp>1 t hold up ^! p9nacles aga9/ ! attack ( wat] & ice are among ! olde/ rocks kn[n 9 ! ,s\?we/--p]haps z mu* z two billion ye>s old4 ,^! ,precambrian rocks lay deep b5ea? ! e>?'s surface f e>ly ,paleozoic "t 7#ejj m4y4 ago87 until e>ly ,neog5e "t1 !n 7 uplift$ along great breaks 9 ! e>?'s cru/1 uplift$ sl[ly & int]mitt5tly dur+ ! span ( "t f ab\t #bj m4y4 ago to p]haps #a m4y4 ago4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #d4 ,gypsum dunes ( ,:ite ,s&s ,h[ did ^! anci5t rocks =m8 ,:at did ,new ,mexico look l dur+ ! dawn ( geologic hi/ory8 ,! record 9 /one is fragm5t>y4 ,b ab\t two billion or s ye>s back1 ?ick masses ( qu>tz s&/one 7 laid d[n 9 nor?-c5tral ,new ,mexico1 z well z va/ l5ses ( mud1 & "s b$s ( feldsp>-ri* s&/one4 ,volcanic activity 0 int5se2 huge fl[s ( rhyolite & &esite 7 p\r$ out ov] mo/ ( ! /ate1 & ^! 9 turn1 along ) ! muddy & s&y s$im5ts1 7 intrud$ by enorm\s masses ( hot granite4 ,mile-high m\nta9s 7 =m$1 & dur+ ! /ret* ( ?is e>ly geologic "t1 call$ ! ,precambrian ,era1 ! high peaks 7 erod$ by ra91 w9d1 & sun until "s 7 worn d[n to featureless pla9s slop+ t[>d ! anci5t ance/ral oceans4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #e4 ,/aurolite tw9 cry/als 9 mica s*i/ ,^! ,precambrian rocks n[ make up ! cores ( su* m\nta9 ranges z ! ,s&ias ea/ ( ,albuqu]que1 ! ,sangre de ,cri/o range ne> ,santa ,fe1 ! ,p$]nal ,hills s\? ( ,cl9es ,corn]s1 ! ,burro ,m\nta9s s\?we/ ( ,silv] ,city1 ! ,brazos ,range ea/ ( ,ti]ra ,am>illa1 ! ,zuni ,m\nta9s s\?we/ ( ,grants1 & ! ,san ,&res ,m\nta9s we/ ( ,:ite ,s&s4 ,z se5 9 ,tij]as ,canyon ea/ ( ,albuqu]que1 ! bulk ( ! anci5t rocks are gray to p9ki% granite & granite gneiss1 speckl$ by cry/als ( biotite1 microcl9e1 or?oclase1 & qu>tz4 ,qu>tzites 7h>d5$ s&/ones71 gre5/one1 & foliat$ mica s*i/s 7fig4 #e7 are ! old] rocks t 7 intrud$ by granitic magmas ab\t #acej million ye>s ago--z indicat$ by dat+ ( radioactive isotopes1 ,k-,ar & ,rb-,sr4 ,locally1 pegmatite dikes1 a late-cool+1 l>ge-cry/al /age ( ! granites1 crisscross ! granite & conta9 excell5t cry/als ( qu>tz1 feldsp>1 & mica1 z well z less common m9]als4 ,! fam\s ,h>d+ pegmatite ne> ,dixon1 ab\t =ty miles nor? ( ,santa ,fe1 conta9s b]yl1 columbite-tantalite1 lepidolite mica1 spodum5e1 & o!r r>e m9]als4 ,"s ( ^! cry/als are t5 feet 9 l5g?6 ,,paleozoic ,,era ,!re are "s primitive types ( plant & animal life kn[n f ,precambrian rocks outside ( ,new ,mexico b ! e>lie/ b$s t conta9 abundant fossils are ^? ( ,cambrian age1 #ejj to #fjj m4y4 old4 ,cambrian rocks 9 ,new ,mexico are 9 ! ,bliss ,s&/one1 a r$di% br[n iron-ri* b$1 #ej to #bjj feet ?ick1 t occurs only 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! /ate4 ,!re x c be se51 = example1 along ! bold ea/-fac+ esc>pm5t ( ! ,san ,&res ,m\nta9s or ! we/-fac+ cliffs ( ! ,caballo ,m\nta9s1 z a d>k b& re/+ on ! p9ki% ,precambrian granitic rocks4 ,x is a %all[-sea s&1 deposit$ on ! nor!a/]n edge ( ! ,cambrian seas4 ,scatt]$ amid ! br[n-/a9$ qu>tz1 r$ hematite1 & gre5 glauconite are brok5 %ells ( trilobites & primitive bra*iopods4 ,nor!rn ,new ,mexico 0 a l[1 broad isl& dur+ ,cambrian "t1 a s\rce ( "s ( ! s&s 9 ! ,bliss ,s&/one4 ,dur+ ! ,ordovician ,p]iod1 #dbe to #ejj m4y4 ago1 upp] s&s ( ! ,bliss z well z ov]ly+ lime/ones & dolomites 7 deposit$ 9 ! %all[ w>m seas ( s\!rn ,new ,mexico2 ^! latt] rocks are ! ,el ,paso ,lime/one & ,montoya ,dolomite4 ,! ,ordovician seas teem$ ) inv]tebrate life4 ,fifte5-foot-long cephalopods1 z mu* z a foot 9 diamet]1 rul$ ! %all[ salt-wat] bottoms1 mun*+ on ! abundant trilobites & ! moss animals1 ! bryozoans4 ,num]\s bra*iopods1 corals1 snails1 & clams also ?riv$1 ) _m ( ! ,ordovician c>bonate-rock b$s lit]ally be+ made up ( ^! fossil rema9s4 ,ne> ,el ,paso1 ^! limy fossilif]\s b$s are ne>ly #bjjj feet ?ick1 b !y ?9 nor?w>d to a knife edge 9 ?ickness ne> ,mock+bird ,gap at ! nor? end ( ! ,san ,&res ,m\nta9s4 ,p>ts ( nor?we/]n ,new ,mexico may h be5 l[ isl&s expos$ to ! sun & erosion dur+ ,ordovician "t1 b mo/ ( ! /ate 0 probably )9 an ext5sive %all[ ocean4 ,lat]1 erosion remov$ ! ,ordovician rocks f c5tral & nor!rn ,new ,mexico4 ,silurian /rata1 ! br[n ,fusselman ,dolomite1 deposit$ dur+ ! middle ( t p]iod 7#djj to #dbe m4y4 ago71 rema9 only 9 ! s\!rn & s\!a/]n p>ts ( ! /ate1 ?9n+ out nor?w>d f ! #ajjj-;foot-?ick b$ ne> ,el ,paso4 ,! ext5t ( ^! middle ,silurian seas is n kn[n1 b mo/ ( c5tral & nor!rn ,new ,mexico 0 und]go+ erosion dur+ late ,silurian "t4 ,! nor?w>d ?9n+ ( ! ,fusselman ,dolomite is due *iefly to ?is erosion1 evid5c$ by ! knobby1 ridg$ & *annel$ top surface ( ! ,fusselman4 ,bra*iopods & corals are ! mo/ abundant fossils 9 ! ,fusselman ,dolomite2 else:]e1 ,silurian rocks are kn[n = ! sea scorpions or eurypt]ids1 :i* atta9$ a l5g? ( n9e feet1 & = ! complete rema9s ( primitive fi%es4 ,dur+ e>ly & middle ,devonian "t 7#cde to #djj m4y4 ago71 mo/ ( ,new ,mexico 0 a l[l& rott+ b5ea? ! sun4 ,fossilif]\s ,devonian rocks are unkn[n 9 ! nor?-c5tral "p ( ! /ate b occur b5ea? ! surface 9 ! ,f\r ,corn]s region ( nor?we/]n ,new ,mexico & ! adjo9+ /ates4 ,^! rocks are ( late ,devonian age & consi/ ( l[] dolomite & s&/one1 middle %ale & dolomite1 & ! upp] ,ouray ,lime/one4 ,9 s\!rn ,new ,mexico1 a uni=m blanket ( d>k limy muds1 call$ ! ,p]*a ,%ale1 0 deposit$ dur+ late ,devonian "t4 ,?is %ale m>ks a great *ange f ! lime/ones ( e>li] ages4 ,9 "p1 x is ( black muds deposit$ 9 widespread or 9 local /agnant bas9s & 9 "p calc>e\s fossilif]\s muds 9 :i* abundant inv]tebrate life 0 buri$4 ,! clay & qu>tz silt t make up ! rocks 7 a wea!r$ residuum t _h accumulat$1 dur+ ! long p]iod ( late ,silurian & e>ly & middle ,devonian times1 on ! l[l& ( c5tral & nor!rn ,new ,mexico4 ,except 9 ! /agnant bas9s1 inv]tebrate life 0 prolific1 bra*iopods1 bryozoans1 & corals be+ especially num]\s4 ,fossil fi% remnants1 *iefly tee?1 are abundant 9 "s ( ! s&y units1 & outside ( ,new ,mexico ! e>lie/ amphibians occur 9 upp] ,devonian rocks4 ,! olde/ def9itely kn[n assemblage ( l& plants occurs 9 ! ,devonian1 & =e/s conta9+ =ty-foot-high trees spread ov] ! upl&s4 ,su* tree f]ns1 horsetail ru%es1 & lycopods 7spik$-leaf$ trees7 may h gr[n 9 pr(usion on ! swampy l[l&s ne> ,albuqu]que's & ,santa ,fe's pres5t sites1 f> nor? ( ! muddy ,devonian seas ( s\!rn ,new ,mexico4 ,figure #f4 ,fossil specim5s ,illu/ration3 ,bra*iopod ,m>g9if]a4 ,illu/ration3 ,cr9oid /em fragm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,cr9oid re/oration ( a cr9oid4 ,mississippian rocks 7#caj to #cde m4y4 old7 probably 7 deposit$ ov] mo/ ( ,new ,mexico4 ,subsequ5t erosion remov$ mu* ( ! ,mississippian b$s 9 nor!rn ,new ,mexico4 ,! remnants1 less ?an #ajj feet ?ick 9 mo/ places1 are ( l[] s&y & %aly b$s ov]la9 by massive cr9oidal lime/ones1 ! ,arroyo ,p5asco ,=mation ( ! ,nacimi5to & ,s&ia m\nta9s & ! ,t]]ro ,=mation ( ! ,sangre de ,cri/o range ea/ ( ,santa ,fe4 ,9 s\!rn ,new ,mexico1 ! ,mississippian b$s are ?ick & widespread1 be+ m ?an #ajjj feet 9 ?ickness 9 ! s\?we/]n panh&le4 ,!re ! rock units are ! ,escabrosa ,lime/one ( ! s\?we/ or ! ,lake ,valley ,lime/one ( ! s\?-c5tral "p ( ! /ate4 ,^! are massive fossilif]\s lime/ones precipitat$ 9 %all[ ext5sive seas ab\nd+ ) inv]tebrate life4 ,huge g>d5s ( ! sea lilies1 cr9oids1 spread ov] ! area1 _! rema9s m+l$ ) ^? ( lacy moss animals1 ! bryozoans1 & ) bra*iopods & corals4 ,locally1 z 9 ! region ( ! ,sacram5to & ,san ,&res m\nta9s & ,black ,range1 m\ndlike fossil reefs1 call$ bioh]ms1 7 built4 ,"s ( ^! bioh]ms 9 ! ,sacram5to ,m\nta9s are m\nds ( fossilif]\s lime/ones #cej feet high & sev]al ?\s& feet 9 diamet]4 ,b$s on _! flanks dip z mu* z #ce degrees & are made up ( brok5 8fossil ha%0 calcite s&s4 ,"o c /& at ! base ( ^! huge lime/one hills & almo/ he> ! anci5t waves break+ aga9/ ! reef & see ! dy+ /ruggle ( ! bra*iopod 7fig4 #f7 t left 8 %ell 9 ! reef-flank s&s4 ,to ! s\?1 beg9n+ ne> ! pres5t site ( ,:ite ,s&s1 d>k *]ty lime/ones 7 laid d[n 9 /agnant wat]s1 to become ! ,ran*]ia ,lime/one4 ,?is black to r$di% br[n silice\s lime/one is m ?an #cjj feet ?ick ne> ,el ,paso4 ,!re its ?9 b$s break d[n into slabs t resemble a jumbl$ woodpile4 ,nor!rn ,new ,mexico 0 above sea level dur+ late ,mississippian "t2 9 "s areas caves develop$ 9 ! por\s lime/ones1 & 9 o!r places ! lime/ones 7 erod$ to a residuum ( *]t & r$ clay4 ,! l& mu/ h look$ l ! k>/ areas ( ,indiana1 ,k5tucky1 & ,ill9ois today--) lo/ riv]s fl[+ into s9k holes1 num]\s caves1 & _m und]gr\nd riv]s4 ,only ! s\!rnmo/ "p ( ! /ate 0 awa% 9 ! late ,mississippian seas1 & 9 ^! salt wat]s1 rocks ( ! ,helms & ,p>adise =mations settl$4 ,!y are typical ne>%ore b$s ( yell[i% limy s&/one1 gre5 limy %ales1 & br[n s&y oolitic lime/ones4 ,plant fossils occur int]m+l$ ) m>9e animal rema9s2 ! plant fragm5ts 7 wa%$ into ! %all[ seas f ! l& areas ( ! c5tral & nor!rn p>ts ( ! /ate4 ,! ,p5nsylvanian ,p]iod 7#bhj to #caj m4y4 ago7 0 a "t ( *ange4 ,previ\sly1 nor!rn ,new ,mexico _h be5 an em]g5t l[l& or b>ely awa% 9 %all[ wat]s1 :ile to ! s\? %all[ b ext5sive seas held sway1 ! spawn+ gr\nd ( ! v]tebrates & inv]tebrates t evolv$ betwe5 #caj & #fjj m4y4 ,b4,c4 ,b m\nta9s 7 built dur+ ! ,p5nsylvanian1 & ! :ole patt]n ( l& & sea 0 alt]$4 ,! sun rose on nor?-s\? align$ ranges int]sp]s$ ) nor?-s\?-tr5d+ seas 7fig4 #g74 ,some:]e nor? ( ,albuqu]que a mighty range ( m\nta9s1 ! ,uncompahgre ,range1 arose to %$ rock debris into adjo9+ ocean bas9s4 ,to ! s\!a/1 a l[] b prom95t range1 ! ,p$]nal ,m\nta9s1 /ret*$ f ! pres5t-day ,p$]nal ,hills s\?w>d to some:]e ne> ,ruidoso & ,pion4 ,rocks erod$ f ?is l&mass 7 dump$ we/w>d into ! ,orogr&e bas9 :i* occupi$ ! region ne> ! pres5t-day ,:ite ,s&s2 !re z mu* z #cjjj feet ( b$s accumulat$--impure s&/ones1 d>k %ales1 fragm5tal lime/ones1 & ev5 "s gypsum dur+ ! end phase ( ,p5nsylvanian s$im5tation4 ,rocks fill$ ! ,delaw>e bas9 9 s\!a/]n ,new ,mexico--lime/ones1 s&/ones1 & black %ales t n[ produce oil & gas4 ,9 nor?we/]n ,new ,mexico we/ ( ,grants & mo/ly we/ ( ! ,zuni ,m\nta9s1 a l[ l& area1 ! ,zuni ,isl&s1 0 ! s\rce ( erod$ residuum releas$ into an ocean *annelway t ran nor?-nor?we/ ?r\gh c5tral ,new ,mexico f ,el ,paso to ,f>m+ton4 ,& 9 ! nor!a/1 granite hills ( ! ,si]ra ,gr&e ,ar* /ood above ! %all[ ,p5nsylvanian seas4 ,9 ! ,f\r ,corn]s region1 brok5 rock f ! ,uncompahgre ,range 0 ru%$ we/w>d into ! ,p5nsylvanian-age ,p>adox ,bas94 ,amid ! cla/ic lime/ones1 black %ale1 gypsum1 & salt ( ?is bas9 are oil-be>+ l5ses4 ,today1 oil wells pump ?is black 8gold0 f ! anci5t rocks--wells almo/ 9 ! %ad[ ( ,%iprock's fam\s spire4 ,! ,p5nsylvanian ,p]iod 0 a "t ( coal mak+ on ! greate/ scale 9 ! e>?'s hi/ory4 ,ext5sive swamps & m>%es1 ! habitat ( peat & ultimately coal1 7 almo/ lack+ 9 ,new ,mexico4 ,?us1 only ?9 scatt]$ l5ses ( coal occur 9 ! ,p5nsylvanian b$s ( ! /ate4 ,! l&s ( ?is p]iod 7 cov]$ by tree f]ns1 scale trees1 horsetail ru%es1 & primitive conif]s4 ,9 ! %all[ seas1 ! dom9ant inv]tebrates 7 fusul9ids 7fig4 #h71 small-%ell$ protozoans %ap$ l gra9s ( :eat4 ,abundant cockroa*es1 l>ge dragonflies1 & spid]s sw>m$ ov] ! l&4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #g4 ,new ,mexico dur+ ,p5nsylvanian "t ,p]mian ,rocks ,! ,p]mian ,p]iod 7#bcj to #bhj m4y4 ago7 dawn$ ) r5ew$ ris+ ( ! highl&s 9 nor!rn ,new ,mexico & s\!rn ,colorado4 ,floods ( r$ s& & clay1 wa%$ f ! rott+ hills1 wip$ out ! seas ( nor!rn & c5tral ,new ,mexico1 & int]tongu$ s\?w>d ) m>9e lime/ones4 ,^! e>ly ,p]mian rocks are ! ,hueco ,lime/one ne> ,el ,paso1 !re #bbjj feet ?ick1 ! ,abo ,r$b$s ne> ,albuqu]que1 & ! upp] ,sangre de ,cri/o ,r$b$s s\!a/ ( ,santa ,fe4 ,:]ev] ! r$b$s crop out1 _! d>k r$di% br[n hue1 speckl$ & /rip$ ) spots & /reaks ( gre51 enliv5s ! drab gray-&-br[n l&scape4 ,"s ( ! r$di% color+ is f angul> gra9s ( r$ to orange feldsp>1 b mo/ is 9 ?9 brilliantly t9t$ sk9s ( hematite t coat ! s& gra9s & saturate ! clays4 ,9 nor!rn & c5tral ,new ,mexico1 amphibians & o!r primitive v]tebrate animals liv$ amid ! r$ soils & s&s2 _! bones & impr9ts h be5 pres]v$ on ?9 flat slabs ( s&/one t n[ decorate sidewalks & patios4 ,figure #h4 ,fossil specim5s ,illu/ration3 ,bryozoan ,f5e/rell9a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fusul9id ,fusul9a4 ,illu/ration3 ,coral ,lophophyllidium4 ,! e>ly ,p]mian sea%ore1 :]e limy muds beyond ! surf int]m+l$ ) r$ s&y muds swept f ! nor?1 vacillat$ some:]e nor? ( ,alamogordo ) ea* sea-level *ange4 ,amid ! break]s1 & z subm>9e banks 9 ! %all[ wat]s1 reefs grew--m\ndlike masses ( %ell debris & calcite mud trapp$ among frondlike calc>e\s algae4 ,ne> ,tul>osa1 ^! algal 8bioh]ms0 are sixty feet high & ext5d )9 broad belts half a mile wide4 ,9 s\!a/]n ,new ,mexico1 ^! buri$ 8,abo0 reefs h yield$ mu* oil4 ,by ! middle ( ,p]mian "t1 ! s\!rn ,colorado m\nta9s _h be5 worn d[n to l[ hills t lay nor? ( an ext5sive sea cov]+ mo/ ( ,new ,mexico4 ,f ,santa ,fe s\? to ,:ite ,s&s & s\!a/w>d almo/ to ,c>lsbad1 v %all[ m>9e wat]s 7 alt]nately /ifl$ by pale-r$ s&y muds or evaporat$ by ! sun4 ,! results 7 alt]nat+ b$s ( pale-r$ s&/one1 gypsum1 & silty dolomitic lime/one1 call$ ! ,yeso ,=mation4 ,locally1 z ne> ,c>rizozo1 ?ick deposits ( rock salt also 7 precipitat$1 & ! ,yeso !re is ab\t #djjj feet ?ick4 ,at ?is "t1 ! ,delaw>e bas9 ( s\!a/]n ,new ,mexico saw ! beg9n+ ( its mo/ spectacul> ev5ts1 ! build+ ( ! ,capitan & ,goat ,seep reefs4 ,?is bas9--a huge oval s\? ( ,c>lsbad & ea/ ( ,c>lsbad ,cav]ns--_h be5 8deep0 sea dur+ mo/ ( ,p5nsylvanian "t1 b x 0 a m di/9ct geographic feature dur+ ! ,p]mian4 ,:ile ! pale-r$ s&s1 gypsum1 halite1 & dolomitic lime/ones ( ! ,yeso ,=mation 7 laid d[n to ! nor? & nor?we/1 ! ,delaw>e bas9 0 rimm$ by a l[1 broad bank ( fossil-ha% calcite s&1 n[ call$ ! ,victorio ,peak ,lime/one4 ,9 ! bas91 9 deep /agnant wat]s1 black s&y lime/one & black %ale ( ! ,bone ,spr+ ,=mation 7 deposit$4 ,a %eet ( :ite qu>tz s& fill$ ! late ,yeso seas2 ! result+ ,glorieta ,s&/one1 ab\t #bjj feet ?ick1 prom95tly caps ,glorieta ,mesa4 ,its cliffs are a famili> sight to travel]s on ! ,santa ,fe ,railway at ,glorieta ,pass4 ,! ,cocon9o ,s&/one 9 ! ,gr& ,canyon area ( ,arizona is ! we/]n "p ( ! ,glorieta4 ,?is 8clean0 s&--lack+ int]mix$ mud--m>ks ! cont9u$ l[]+ ( ! s\!rn ,colorado upl&s4 ,broad seas !n spread ov] all b nor!rn ,new ,mexico & a ?ick 7#fjj to #ajjj feet7 p]si/5t m>9e unit1 ! ,san ,&res ,lime/one1 0 laid d[n4 ,mu* oil is produc$ 9 s\!a/]n ,new ,mexico f ?is d>k-gray unit ( lime/ones & dolomites4 ,! ri* agricultural region /ret*+ f ,roswell to ,artesia dep5ds on und]gr\nd wat] ga9$ f ! ,san ,&res ,lime/one1 wat] t falls z ra9 & sn[ on ! ,sacram5to ,m\nta9s1 seeps und]gr\nd into ! cracks & cav]ns )9 ! ,san ,&res1 & fl[s ea/w>d d[nslope to ! ,pecos ,valley4 ,! delicate balance betwe5 l& & sea swung upw>d at ! end ( ,san ,&res "t z ^! late ,p]mian seas retreat$ to s\!rn ,new ,mexico4 ,! deep ,delaw>e bas9 0 ! only p]si/5t m>9e body ( wat]4 ,x 0 rimm$ by magnific5t t[]+ b>ri] reefs1 ! ,goat ,seep & ,capitan reefs t n[ are ho/ to ,c>lsbad ,cav]ns4 ,^! reefs 7 simil> to ! pres5t-day ,great ,b>ri] ,reef ( ,au/ralia1 except t ! ,capitan & ,goat ,seep reefs surr\nd$ an inl& sea :]eas ! ,au/ralian reef bord]s a cont95t4 ,! ,capitan reef is ab\t #djj miles long1 & o!r ?an oceanw>d *annels cut ?r\gh to ! s\?1 completely encircl$ ! #aj1jjj-squ>e-mile ,delaw>e bas94 ,at its heyday1 ! ,capitan reef 0 b>ely awa%1 & teem+ ) life1 9 contra/ to ! sil5t1 /agnant deeps ( ! ,delaw>e bas9 :i* 7 ab\t #bjjj feet bel[ sea level only a few miles away f ! b>ri] reef4 ,on ! /eep slope into ! bas91 huge slump blocks ( fossilif]\s reef lime/one slid1 m+l+ ) fossil-ha% s&4 ,^! 8flank0 b$s dip /eeply f ! massive reef core to int]f+] ) ! black s&y lime/ones ( ! bas94 ,! ,delaw>e bas9 0 a m>9e feature ?r\gh\t ,late ,paleozoic "t2 its nor?we/]n bord] is n[ m>k$ by ! s\!a/-tr5d+ front ( ! ,guadalupe ,m\nta9s s\!a/ ( ,c>lsbad2 its nor? edge 0 ea/-nor!a/ ( ,c>lsbad1 & x ext5d$ s\?w>d into ,we/ ,texas4 ,%all[ 8%elf0 seas rea*$ irregul>ly & int]mitt5tly nor?w>d & nor?we/w>d f ! ,capitan reef & m+l$ ) l[ isl&s ?r\gh\t all b s\!a/]n ,new ,mexico4 ,l&w>d1 away f ! ,delaw>e bas91 ! rocks *ange f massive1 ?ick1 light-gray lime/ones ( ! reefs into ?9 units ( ?9-b$d$ dolomite1 !n abruptly into alt]nat+ b$s ( gypsum & r$b$s1 ! ,artesia ,gr\p ( rocks1 & f9ally1 m>k+ ! di/ant %orel9es1 into ?9 units ( r$ mud/one & r$ s&/one1 ! ,b]nal ,=mation4 ,evaporation ( sea wat] 0 excessive1 & av]age temp]atures high2 ! climate v>i$ f semi>id 9 nor?we/]n ,new ,mexico to subtropical 9 ! ,delaw>e bas9 area--a contra/ & a simil>ity to today's climate4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #i4 ,ca/ile gypsum sample ,late/ ,p]mian "t saw ! dramatic end ( ! ,paleozoic ,era4 ,mo/ ( ,new ,mexico 0 uplift$ above sea level1 ) only ! ,delaw>e bas9 rema9+ z a l&-lock$ sea1 mu* l ! ,caspian ,sea today1 b ) *annels op5 p]iodically s\?w>d to ! ocean4 ,! rocks ( ?is wan+ "p ( ! ,p]mian are call$ ! ,o*oan ,s]ies2 !y %[ an abrupt & /rik+ *ange f ! und]ly+ ,c>lsbad reef lime/ones & associat$ black bas9-fill+ lime/ones up into ! lam9at$ gypsum-anhydrite ( ! basal ,o*oan rocks1 ! ,ca/ile =mation4 ,normal m>9e conditions end$ almo/ in/antane\sly4 ,excess ( evaporation l[]$ ! wat] level ( ! inl& sea2 ! accumulat$ br9e 7conc5trat$ salty sea wat]7 kill$ ! life on & ne> ! ,capitan reef1 & ?ick b$s ( anhydrite 7 precipitat$4 ,! l[e/ b$s ( ! ,o*oan ,s]ies1 ! ,ca/ile ,anhydrite1 & ! ov]ly+ ,salado ,salt1 mo/ly fill$ ! deep depression t 0 ! ,delaw>e bas92 ! upp] b$s1 ! ,ru/l] ,dolomite & ,dewey ,lake ,r$b$s1 lap ov] ! edges ( ! bas9 & 9 places re/ irregul>ly ^u ! ,capitan lime/one4 ,^! are unusual rocks4 ,! ,ca/ile 7ab\t #ahjj feet ?ick7 is ?9ly b&$1 ) ?ick] b&s 7lam9ae1 ?9 lay]s7 ( light-gray gypsum-anhydrite alt]nat+ ) ?9 lam9ae ( d>k-br[n calcite 7fig4 #i74 ,?is lam9ation is believ$ due to annual *anges1 ! br[n calcite be+ precipitat$ dur+ ! summ] & ! gray anhydrite dur+ ! w9t]4 ,on ! surface1 ! calcium sulfate m9]al is gypsum1 b at dep?s ( ab\t #fjj feet1 ^! lam9ae are anhydrite4 ,addition ( wat] to anhydrite has *ang$ x to gypsum :]ev] gr\nd wat] p5etrat$ ! lam9ae4 ,! ,salado ,salt1 ab\t #bjjj feet ?ick1 is almo/ entirely ( rock salt 7halite71 ) important int]b$s ( potassium-ri* m9]als--r$ sylvite1 gray langbe9ite1 br[ni% bitt]-ta/+ c>nallite1 & pale-r$ polyhalite4 ,z all ^! salts are highly soluble 9 wat]1 ! ,salado ,salt n[h]e 8crops out0 at ! surface4 ,ea/ ( ,c>lsbad1 h[ev]1 ! pota%-ri* b$s are m9$ und]gr\nd1 & supply ab\t n9ety p] c5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates' production--us$ *iefly z f]tiliz]4 ,! arid p]iod ( ,salado ,salt evaporation *ang$ slightly z ! dolomites & anhydrites ( ! ,ru/l] ,dolomite 7 laid d[n 9 ! la/ dry+ mom5ts 7geologically speak+7 ( ! ,p]mian4 ,!n z ! seas retreat$ to ! s\?1 ! f9e-gra9$ r$ s&s & silts ( ! ,dewey ,lake ,r$b$s 7 spread z a ?9 blanket ov] ! l[ l&s bask+ "u ! hot ,p]mian sun4 ,?is 0 a "t ( dy+2 :ole races ( v]tebrate & inv]tebrate animals 7 wip$ out1 to be kn[n today only f _! fossil rema9s4 ,z ! dim unm>k$ episode ( late/ ,p]mian "t m]g$ into ! ,triassic1 an inkl+ ( com+ life 0 record$ 9 ! rocks4 ,! amphibians 7 m mod]n types1 & !y gave rise to ! mo/ /rik+ ( e>ly l& animals1 ! reptiles4 ,?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! conque/ ( ! l& by ! reptiles1 :i* culm9at$ lat] 9 ! d9osaurs1 & 0 aid$ by ! retreat ( %all[ seas f ! cont95ts1 a *ange surviv$ *iefly by ! species adapt$ to liv+ on l&4 ,,mesozoic ,,era ,! ,mesozoic ,era dawn$ 9 ,new ,mexico on ext5sive pla9s1 except = a nor?we/-tr5d+ range 9 ! extreme nor?-c5tral "p ( ! /ate4 ,dur+ ?is1 ! e>ly "p ( ! ,triassic ,p]iod 7#ahj to #bcj m4y4 ago71 s&s & muds erod$ f ,new ,mexico 7 c>ri$ we/w>d to nor!a/]n ,arizona :]e !y n[ =m ! ,mo5kopi ,=mation1 ! brilliant r$s & purples ( ! ,pa9t$ ,des]t region4 ,upl&s arose 9 late ,triassic "t 9 s\?we/]n ,new ,mexico4 ,along ) m\nta9s 9 s\?-c5tral ,colorado1 ^! highl&s 7 torn ap>t by wat] & w9d1 & ! detritus 0 swept into %eets ( brightly color$ s& & %ale4 ,^! b$s are ?icke/ 7ab\t #bjjj feet7 along ! ,new ,mexico--,texas l9e ea/ ( ,roswell & 9 we/-c5tral ,new ,mexico 7ne> ,grants7 ext5d+ we/w>d into nor!a/]n ,arizona4 ,! ea/]n ,triassic rocks are ! r$b$s ( ! ,dockum ,gr\p ) ! l[] ,santa ,rosa ,s&/one & ! upp] ,*9le b$s4 ,! nor?we/]n rocks are ! ,*9le ,=mation ov]la9 by ! r$b$s ( ! ,w+ate ,s&/one4 ,! ,*9le ,=mation is ( special sc5ic int]e/ z its b$s conta9 ! silicifi$ trees s well %[n at ,petrifi$ ,=e/ ,national ,monum5t4 ,^! v>icolor$ rocks--r$1 purple1 gre51 & gray--also decorate ! ,pa9t$ ,des]t area1 ! wide valley ( ,rio ,san ,jose ea/ ( ,laguna1 & flank ,int]/ate #dj 7,u4,s4 ,highway #ff7 f ! ,texas l9e we/w>d almo/ to ,cl9es ,corn]s4 ,z "s b$s are wea!r$ 8a%0 b$s1 ! highl&s 7 sites ( volcanoes t spread _! du/ ov] mu* ( ! ,s\?we/4 ,9 contra/ to ! und]ly+ m>9e ,paleozoic rocks1 ^! ,triassic b$s 7 deposit$ on l& by /reams & 9 %all[ lakes4 ,?us ! bea/s t roam$ ,new ,mexico 7 amphibians--su* z ! ?ick-skull$ /egocephalians--& reptiles ( ! crocodilelike clan1 ! phytosaurs4 ,! silicifi$ trees 9 ! ,*9le are mo/ly primitive p9es2 "s grew to heights ( m ?an #ajj feet & measure #g feet 9 diamet]4 ,new ,mexico 0 featureless roll+ prairie1 ) scatt]$ l[ hills 9 ! nor?we/1 dur+ mo/ ( ,jurassic "t 7#ace to #ahj m4y4 ago74 ,9 ! late "p ( ! p]iod1 ! ,sundance-,curtis sea & its %orel9e lagoons spread d[n f ! nor? into nor?we/]n ,new ,mexico4 ,s& dunes on its s\!a/]n %ores consolidat$ into ! cross-b$d$ ,entrada ,s&/one2 its r$di% br[n cliffs rim ! ,rio ,san ,jose ,valley ne> ,grants & ,gallup4 ,9 an ext5sive lagoon1 or salt-wat] lake t cov]$ mo/ ( nor?we/]n & nor?-c5tral ,new ,mexico1 ! gypsum & lime/one ( ! ,todilto ,=mation 7 precipitat$2 ?is gypsum is ! b$ m9$ ne> ,ros>io sid+ 7se5 betwe5 ,albuqu]que & ,santa ,fe7 by ! ,kais] ,gypsum ,company1 & ne> ,san ,ysidro on ,:ite ,mesa by ! ,am]ican ,gypsum ,company4 ,! ,todilto salty bas9 0 ov]:elm$ by r$di% s&s & silts ( ! ,summ]ville ,=mation1 wa%$ *iefly f ! s\?1 & by ! multicolor$ s&s ( ! ,zuni ,s&/one 7expos$ at ,el ,morro71 & !n ! /ream & w9d-bl[n s&s & clays ( ! v>icolor$ ,morrison ,=mation 7 laid d[n 9 nor!rn ,new ,mexico4 ,petrifi$ wood & bone fragm5ts are abundant 9 ! ,morrison b$s--along ) uranium--b no fossil f9ds 9 ,new ,mexico equal ^? 9 ! ,morrison ,=mation ( ,d9osaur ,national ,p>k1 ,utah4 ,mu* ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 includ+ s\!rn ,new ,mexico1 0 l& dur+ ! ,jurassic4 ,9 ! /reams & lakes 7 _m k9ds ( fi%es1 amphibians1 reptiles1 snails1 cru/aceans1 & wat] bugs2 on dry l& 7 hordes ( reptiles1 small primitive mammals1 & ants2 9 ! air 7 fly+ reptiles1 ! e>lie/ kn[n birds1 mo?s1 & butt]flies4 ,! e>? 0 rul$ by ! reptiles1 ) ! d9osaurs dom9ant--"s be+ ! mo/ pond]\s l& animals ( all e>? hi/ory4 ,su* 7 ,/egosaurus & ,bra*iosaurus1 ! latt] #he feet long & weigh+ #ej tons4 ,! ,cretace\s ,p]iod 7#gj to #ace m4y4 ago7 0 "o ( great contra/ 9 ,new ,mexico4 ,dur+ ,e>ly ,cretace\s "t1 mo/ ( ! c5tral & nor!rn p>ts ( ! /ate 7 l[ l&s torn by erosion1 :ile ?ick piles ( conglom]ate1 s&/one1 & %ale accumulat$ 9 depressions 9 ! s\?we/]n corn]4 ,huge volcanoes ne> ,lordsburg add$ _! hot a%es1 bombs1 & fl[s to ! s$im5t>y detritus1 & ?ick fossilif]\s lime/ones 7 laid d[n 9 muddy & s&y wat]s ( ! sea--! %orel9e fluctuat$ ov] t5s ( miles 9 areas s\? ( ,lordsburg1 ,dem+1 & ,el ,paso4 ,^! ,e>ly ,cretace\s b$s total #bj1jjj feet 9 ?ickness 9 "s areas4 ,9 ea/]n & nor!a/]n ,new ,mexico1 9 contra/1 ?9 %eets ( qu>tz s& 7 deposit$ by /reams on ! edge ( a %all[ sea1 & black muds 9 local lagoons4 ,rock b$s ?\s&s ( feet ?ick 7 laid d[n 9 nor!rn & c5tral ,new ,mexico dur+ ,late ,cretace\s "t1 :]eas mo/ ( ! s\!rn "p ( ! /ate 0 above sea level & 0 be+ erod$ by tireless w9ds & /reams4 ,! %orel9es made p>allel nor?we/-tr5d+ b&s across ! /ate4 ,^! are n[ m>k$ by bea* s&s1 "s ( :i* are speckl$ by black m9]als1 high 9 r>e elem5ts titanium1 niobium1 & zirconium4 ,nor?we/]n & c5tral ,new ,mexico 0 a battlegr\nd ( ! l& & sea1 ) ! bea*es advanc+ & retreat+ fifty or a hundr$ miles dur+ an in/ant ( geologic "t4 ,/ream s&s & coal b$s lie l&w>d f ! bea* s&s :i*1 9 turn1 m+le seaw>d ) black limy %ales t 7 flu%$ into ! seas4 ,! l[e/ ( ^! rocks is ! ,dakota ,s&/one--fam\s z an artesian aquif] 9 ! ,high ,pla9s areas ( /ates to ! nor!a/--,colorado1 ! ,dakotas1 ,nebraska1 ,kansas1 ,wyom+1 & ,montana4 ,above is ! black ,mancos ,%ale1 :i* 9 turn is ov]la9 by ! ,mesav]de ,gr\p4 ,! transitions f coal swamps & /ream s&s to bea* deposits & !n into m>9e black %ales is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,mesav]de 9 nor?we/]n & nor?-c5tral ,new ,mexico4 ,to ! nor!a/1 b$s ( ! same age 7 laid d[n 9 an ext5sive muddy sea t /ret*$ f> to ! ea/2 ! ,pi]re ,%ale & ,niobr>a *alky lime/one t und]lie ! pla9s nor!a/ ( ,las ,vegas are typical4 ,! cliff-=m+ s&/ones & coal b$s ne> ,gallup are "p ( ! ,mesav]de ,gr\p & rim ! entire ,san ,juan ,bas94 ,above are simil> rocks su* z ! ,kirtl& ,%ale1 ,pictur$ ,cliffs ,s&/one1 & ,fruitl& ,=mation t und]lie valleys cut 9 ! %ales & cliffs c>v$ f ! s&/ones 9 ! nor?we/ corn] ( ,new ,mexico ne> ,f>m+ton4 ,t[>d ! end ( ! ,cretace\s1 ! ,l>amide 8revolution0 began1 & ,new ,mexico along ) mo/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica em]g$ f b5ea? ! seas1 to be high & dry to ! pres5t4 ,! revolution1 an ext5sive upheaval ( ! e>?'s cru/1 saw uplift ( ! ,san ,juan ,m\nta9s area 9 s\?we/]n ,colorado & l>ge volcanoes sp\t+ fire & a%es ne>by4 ,fragm5ts ( ! erod$ m\nta9s & debris f ^! &esitic volcanoes 7 flu%$ s\?w>d by /reams & /eam to settle z ?ick piles ( mud1 s&/one1 & conglom]ate1 ! ,mc,dermott & ,animas =mations 9 ! ,san ,juan ,bas94 ,! la/ mom5t ( ,cretace\s "t1 if we c\ld be s precise1 0 u%]$ out almo/ unnotic$--) m\nta9s ris+ to ! nor? & ! &esitic-qu>tz detritus be+ laid d[n to ! s\? 9 ! upp] b$s ( ! ,animas ,=mation4 ,simil>ly1 m\nta9s arose dur+ ,late ,cretace\s "t 9 nor?-c5tral ,new ,mexico & s\?-c5tral ,colorado1 ab\t on ! site ( ! pres5t-day ,sangre de ,cri/o range nor!a/ ( ,taos1 & %$ erosional gravels & muds into ! ,raton ,bas9 area4 ,alluvial fan gravels & s&s grade ea/w>d into d>k muds & coals laid d[n 9 swamps & on floodpla9s4 ,^! rocks n[ cap ! rugg$ mesas se5 nor?we/ ( ! ,santa ,fe ,railway f ,raton s\?w>d--! cliff-=m+ ,tr9idad ,s&/one & ! d>k silt/ones1 s&/ones1 black %ales1 & coal b$s ( ! ,v]mejo & ,raton =mations4 ,! ,kais] ,/eel ,corporation m9e ne> ,koehl] extracts coal f ^! b$s4 ,aga91 ! exact end ( ! ,cretace\s is m>k$ only by "s obscure b\nd>y betwe5 b$s1 9 t area )9 ! ,raton ,=mation4 ,dur+ ! ,cretace\s ,p]iod1 ! decidu\s trees--su* z ! oak1 maple1 popl>1 & elm t dom9ate today's flora--became common4 ,! cov]$-se$ plants1 ! angiosp]ms1 are ! mo/ notable ( ! ,cretace\s plants1 b ! developm5t ( ! mod]n floras 0 an antec$5t to ! great expansion ( mammals & birds dur+ ! foll[+ ,c5ozoic ,era4 ,reptiles rul$ ! e>?1 l$ by ! d9osaurs 7fig4 #aj7 & _! di/9ctive gr\p1 ! horn$ l>ge-skull$ c]atopsians su* z ,tric]atops4 ,! small1 hairy1 w>m-blood$ mammals 7 /ill insignificant creatures t ran f _! huge d9osaur lords1 b !y ate reptile eggs1 & s excell$ ! sluggi% reptiles 9 m5tal & physical activity t !y adapt$ swiftly to ! *ang+ environm5ts ( ! ,l>amide revolution--& became dom9ant z ! pea-bra9$ reptiles 7 unable to /& ! *anges4 ,! %all[ seas ( ! ,cretace\s sw>m$ ) inv]tebrate life2 =am9if]s 7unicellul> protozoans7 9 unc\ntable billions make up l>ge p>ts ( ! *alky lime/ones4 ,mollusks1 p>ticul>ly clams l oy/]s & ! heavy ribb$ ,inoc]amus1 & complexly sutur$ cephalopods1 ! ammonites1 z well z ! int]nal-%ell$ belemnoids 7t look l cig>s71 7 mo/ num]\s among l>g] m>9e animals4 ,reef build]s 9 s\?we/]n ,new ,mexico 7 ! peculi>ly corallike clams1 ! rudi/ids4 ,widespread w>m humid climates seem to h prevail$ ?r\gh\t ! /ate dur+ mo/ ( ! ,cretace\s4 ,,l&scapes ,,& ,,m9]al ,,res\rces ,?us z ! ,cretace\s seas )drew f ,new ,mexico1 ! ,c5ozoic ,era dawn$1 & nev] aga9 h m>9e wat]s %ap$ ! l&scapes4 ,! rocks1 ,precambrian1 ,paleozoic1 ,mesozoic1 & ,c5ozoic1 & _! anci5t movem5ts det]m9e ,new ,mexico's spectacul> l&scapes4 ,!y tell tales ( ! endless w> betwe5 erosion & h>d rock1 %[ ! deposition ( s$im5ts1 _! uplift1 & _! ev5tual de/ruction4 ,! result is /rik+ sc5]y--volcanic m\nta9s1 z ,m\nt ,taylor1 ,si]ra ,blanca1 ,valle ,gr&e--fre% lava fl[s ne> ,c>rizozo & ,grants--volcanic necks l ,%iprock & ,cabezon--,:ite ,s&s1 ! "w ( ! w9d--,el ,morro1 ,en*ant$ ,mesa1 ,acoma1 & badl&s ne> ,santa ,fe1 ! result ( wea!r+ & erosion--great fault-l9e esc>pm5ts ( ! ,s&ia1 ,manzano1 ,san ,&res1 & ,sacram5to m\nta9s--! "w ( und]gr\nd wat]s at ,c>lsbad ,cav]ns4 ,& man adds 8 erosive p[]s--! huge op5-pit copp] m9e at ,santa ,rita & c\ntless excavations = rock to build homes1 to /raight5 highways4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aj4 ,make way = 'is lord%ip1 ! ,d9osaur6 ,! sun c be h>% & hot1 ! ra9 sp>se1 ! w9t] nights fi]ce cold4 ,b )9 ! rocks are natural res\rces undream$ ( by ! e>ly ,indians1 almo/ unt\*$ by ! ,spani%1 & ) pot5tial beyond vision = ! future4 ,wat]1 be+ sc>ce1 is "o ( ! m important res\rces4 ,) an av]age ye>ly precipitation ( only fifte5 in*es1 & m ?an half ( ! /ate receiv+ less ?an t av]age1 wat] is a problem6 ,f>m+ mu/ dep5d ^u irrigation1 ! wat] be+ drawn f /reams or 8m9$0 f und]gr\nd 8pools0 :]e x _h be5 accumulat+ = c5turies4 ,=e/s1 game1 & fi% are lucrative res\rces some:at unexpect$ 9 a semi>id /ate2 %eep & cattle--9 ?is ! /ronghold ( ! c[boy1 fam\s 9 gunfight] lore--ea* total m ?an a million4 ,new ,mexico's #aife m9]al production1 valu$ at #gha4i million1 rank$ sev5? among ! /ates4 ,pr9cipal commodities won f ! rocks1 9 ord] ( value1 7 oil1 pota%1 natural gas1 uranium1 copp]1 s& & gravel1 z9c1 coal1 cru%$ /one1 & p]lite4 ,sizeable quantities ( b>ite1 b]yl1 c>bon dioxide1 cem5t1 clays1 gem /ones1 gold1 gypsum1 helium1 iron ore1 lead1 lime/one1 magnesium comp\nds1 manganese1 mica1 molybd5um1 pumice1 salt1 silv]1 sulfur1 & vanadium 7 also m9$4 ,! huge op5-pit copp] m9e at ,santa ,rita1 ! _m uranium m9es ne> ,grants1 ! und]gr\nd pota% m9es ne> ,c>lsbad1 & ! ?\s&s ( oil & gas wells 9 ! nor?we/]n & s\!a/]n p>ts ( ! /ate are typical ( man-made l&scape features attributable to m9]al exploitation 9 ,new ,mexico4 ,num]\s old m9e dumps1 rott+ m9e %afts1 & spooky gho/ t[ns are rem9d]s ( pa/ =tunes won & lo/4 ,! rocks1 ! "w ( wat]1 w9d1 & sun1 & ! n insignificant upheavals by man h %ap$ ,new ,mexico's l&scapes4 ,bl5d$ ) its blue skies1 w>m sun1 & ! products ( ?ree cultures--,indian1 ,spani%1 & ,am]ican--! rocks & _! movem5ts h made ! l&scapes a l& ( en*antm5t4 ,e>? we>s a mantle ri* ) lore1 ( /ori$ fabric f9ely spun1 ,t tells ( k+doms come & gone1 ( legions lo/ & battles won4 ,no se] no mon>* c div9e1 ! cryptic writ+s2 he alone1 ,:o humbly speaks ! tongue ( e>?1 c f9d a /ory 9 a /one4 ,be=e ,coronado by ,rob]t ,h4 ,web] ,! cultural h]itage ( ,new ,mexico is a ri* & colorful "o1 bl5d+ z x does ! ?ree sep>ate traditions ( ,indian1 ,spani%1 & ,anglo-,am]ican4 ,( ^!1 ! lifeways ( ! ,indian1 anci5t & mod]n1 are ( p>ticul> int]e/ to bo? ! visitor & resid5t4 ,^! 7 ! fir/ inhabitants ( ! ,new ,_w1 ^: roots ext5d back 9 "t _m ?\s&s ( ye>s be=e ! fir/ ,european set foot "h4 ,p :o _h adapt$ !mselves to ! v>i$ & (t5 h>% environm5ts ( des]t1 pla91 valley1 canyon1 & m\nta92 :o witness$ ! disappe>ance ( ! l>ge mammals ( ! ,plei/oc5e ,ice ,age & concomitant *anges 9 climate & vegetation2 ! fir/ prospectors & m9]s seek+ fl9t1 obsidian1 turquoise1 clay1 salt1 & m9]al pigm5ts2 e>ly trad]s ex*ang+ valu$ m9]als & h&icrafts = %ells ( ! coa/al regions2 hunt]s & f>m]s1 ar*itects & build]s1 civic & religi\s lead]s1 philosoph]s & critics1 skill$ craftsm5 & arti/s1 explor]s & soldi]s--all anci5t c\nt]p>ts ( ^? :o 7 to foll[4 ,9 #aedj1 :5 ! tra9 ( soldi]s 9 ! company ( ,coronado's ,spani% ,exp$ition ent]$ ! unkn[n l&s lat] call$ ,new ,mexico1 f\r gr\ps ( native ,am]icans 7 e/abli%$ resid5ts 9 ! area4 ,along ! arable valley ( ! ,rio ,gr&e & its tribut>ies1 & 9 sev]al outly+ areas 7 ! adobe & /one ap>tm5t-h\se villages ( ! ,pueblo ,indians1 ^: livelihood 0 bas$ l>gely on agriculture4 ,ea/ ( ! m\nta9s 7 scatt]$ b&s ( ,pla9s ,indians1 ,ea/]n ,apa*es1 :o 7 nomadic hunt]s foll[+ ! h]ds ( buffalo t rang$ across ! va/ grassl&s ( ! ,high ,pla9s4 ,we/]n ,apa*es 7 disp]s$ 9 small b&s ( hunt]s & ga!r]s ( wild foods ?r\gh ! m\nta9\s c\ntry to ! we/ ( ! ,rio ,gr&e4 ,a relat$ gr\p1 ! ,navajo1 augm5t$ ! necessities ( life ga9$ by hunt+ & ga!r+ ) subord9ate agricultural crops 9 ! ,plateau region to ! nor?we/4 ,e>ly contacts ( ! conqui/adores 7 l>gely ) ! ,pueblo ,indians1 al?\gh !y _h limit$ k ( ! ,apa*es & ,navajos 9 outly+ di/ricts4 ,!re 0 little to sugge/ to ! ,spani% invad]s1 except = ! ru9s ( long-ab&on$ ,pueblo villages1 t ! fragm5t>y record ( ?\s&s ( ye>s ( human prehi/ory lay scatt]$ 9 ! du/ b5ea? _! feet4 ,und\bt$ly !y w\ld h dismiss$ z utt] nons5se any notion t m5 arm$ ) /one-tipp$ spe>s _h "h sla9 elephants 9 a m>% #ab1jjj ye>s old t n[ lay buri$ b5ea? %ift+ s&s ( a des]t l&scape4 ,inde$1 x 0 n until ! la/ qu>t] ( ! #ahjj's t s]i\s attempts 7 made to deciph] ! prehi/oric traces ( ! ,pueblo ,indians1 :]eas concrete evid5ce t man _h hunt$ long-ext9ct ,plei/oc5e big game 9 ,am]ica 0 n discov]$ until less ?an =ty ye>s ago4 ,,e>ly ,,hunt]s ,! ye> #aibf 0 m>k$ by ! fir/ ( a s]ies ( important ar*eological f9ds 9 ,new ,mexico t 7 ev5tually to demon/rate t man _h occupi$ ?is area z mu* z #aa1jjj to #ab1jjj ye>s ago4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 ,late ,plei/oc5e ice %eets ( cont95tal glaci]s /ill blanket$ p>ts ( ! nor!rn ti] ( /ates 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,great ,lakes1 & elephants 7bo? mammo?s & ma/odons71 horses1 camels1 giant bison1 tapirs1 & gr\nd slo?s roam$ ! ,s\?we/4 ,excavations begun 9 #aibf ne> ! small t[n ( ,folsom1 9 nor!a/]n ,new ,mexico 7fig4 #a71 disclos$ a numb] ( fossil skeletons ( a l>ge =m ( ext9ct bison1 =]unn]s ( ! mod]n bison or buffalo4 ,among ^! bones 7 d>t or spe> po9ts ( di/9ctive =m & workman%ip1 *>act]iz$ by broad1 %all[ flutes or *annels on ea* face 7fig4 #b74 ,^! artifacts1 n[ kn[n z ,folsom po9ts1 h s9ce be5 recov]$ f a numb] ( sites 9 ,new ,mexico & else:]e 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 commonly 9 association ) ! rema9s ( ext9ct bison4 ,evid5tly ,folsom 8,man0 7^: skeletal rema9s h n be5 discov]$7 0 a nomadic hunt] p>ticul>ly dep5d5t ^u ! bison = 8 food supply1 mu* z 7 ! lat] ,pla9s ,indians ( hi/oric "t4 ,ages ( f #aj1jjj to #aa1jjj ye>s h be5 obta9$ f *>coal & o!r organic rema9s at ,folsom camp sites by ! radioc>bon me?od4 ,succe$+ ye>s h se5 an increas+ numb] ( valuable ar*eological discov]ies at camp & game-kill sites ( ,folsom ,man & o!r ,e>ly ,hunt]s4 ,unque/ionably1 ! mo/ important ( ^! sites is ! ,blackwat] ,draw locality betwe5 ,clovis & ,portales 9 extreme ea/]n ,new ,mexico1 :]e excavations = gravel disclos$ a /ratifi$ sequ5ce ( s$im5ts t 7 deposit$ 9 an anci5t pond & spr+4 ,"h1 too1 7 ! *>act]i/ic ,folsom po9ts 9 association ) ! bones ( fossil bison4 ,bel[ ! ,folsom lay]1 /ill old] deposits conta9$ ! fossil bones ( mammo?1 horse1 camel1 & bison associat$ ) flut$ spe> po9ts t resembl$ ^? f ,folsom b 7 g5]ally l>g] & less skillfully *ipp$ & flut$4 ,^! po9ts1 n[ kn[n z ,clovis po9ts1 are s commonly f\nd beside ! rema9s ( mammo?s 9 a numb] ( sites 9 ! ,high ,pla9s & ! ,s\?we/ t _! mak]s are believ$ to h be5 adept at hunt+ ^! ext9ct elephants4 ,radioc>bon dates place ,clovis po9ts 9 a "t range ( f #aa1jjj to #ab1jjj ye>s ago4 ,9 a lay] above t conta9+ ,folsom po9ts at ,blackwat] ,draw1 sev]al v>ieties ( unflut$ lanceolate po9ts 7 f\nd to be associat$ ) ! bones ( fossil bison4 ,^! po9ts h be5 id5tifi$ by v>i\s specific names su* z ,pla9view1 ,milnes&1 ,ed51 & ,scottsbluff f excavat$ sites else:]e 9 ! ,high ,pla9s region1 & probably range 9 age f #hjjj to #aj1jjj ye>s4 ,al?\gh ! giant bison /ill surviv$ into ?is level ( /ratigraphy & "t1 ! elephant1 camel1 & horse ( ! ,clovis level _h disappe>$ f ! area4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a4 ,index map ( ,new ,mexico %[+ locations ( significant ar*eological sites1 mod]n ,indian pueblos1 & ,navajo1 ,ute1 & ,apa*e res]vations ,e>ly ,hunt] ,sites #a4 ,folsom ,/ate ,monum5t #b4 ,s&ia ,cave #c4 ,san ,jon #d4 ,blackwat] ,draw #e4 ,manzano ,cave #f4 ,lucy #g4 ,milnes& #h4 ,burnet ,cave ,prehi/oric ,pueblo & ,cliff-,dwell+ ,ru9s #i4 ,aztec ,ru9s ,national ,monum5t #aj4 ,*aco ,canyon ,national ,monum5t #aa4 ,puye ,cliff ,dwell+s #ab4 ,b&eli] ,national ,monum5t 7,tyuonyi7 #ac4 ,gila ,cliff ,dwell+s ,national ,monum5t ,hi/oric ,pueblo ,ru9s #ad4 ,jemez ,/ate ,monum5t #ae4 ,pecos ,/ate ,monum5t #af4 ,coronado ,/ate ,monum5t 7,kuaua7 #ag4 ,paako ,/ate ,monum5t #ah4 ,qu>ai ,/ate ,monum5t #ai4 ,abo ,/ate ,monum5t #bj4 ,gran ,quivira ,national ,monum5t ,mod]n ,pueblos #ba4 ,taos #bb4 ,san ,lor5zo 7,picurs7 #bc4 ,san ,juan #bd4 ,santa ,cl>a #be4 ,san ,ildefonso #bf4 ,namb #bg4 ,tesuque #bh4 ,co*iti #bi4 ,santo ,dom+o #cj4 ,san ,felipe #ca4 ,s&ia #cb4 ,santa ,ana #cc4 ,zia #cd4 ,jemez #ce4 ,isleta #cf4 ,laguna #cg4 ,acoma #ch4 ,zuni #ci4 ,ojo ,cali5te ,navajo1 ,ute1 & ,apa*e ,res]vations #dj4 ,navajo ,indian ,res]vation #da4 ,ute ,m\nta9 ,indian ,res]vation #db4 ,jic>illa ,apa*e ,indian ,res]vation #dc4 ,mescal]o ,apa*e ,indian ,res]vation ,mod]n pueblos ,hi/oric pueblo ru9s ,prehi/oric pueblo & cliff-dwell+ ru9s ,e>ly ,hunt] sites ,ano!r important discov]y 0 made 9 ,s&ia ,cave nor!a/ ( ,albuqu]que4 ,bel[ cave deposits conta9+ ,folsom po9ts 0 an e>li] type ( po9t among ! bones ( mammo?1 horse1 camel1 & o!r l>ge ,plei/oc5e mammals4 ,n[ id5tifi$ z ,s&ia po9ts1 ^! projectile tips are di/+ui%$ by an asymmetric /emm$ =m ) a %\ld] on "o side4 ,! age ( ! ,s&ia po9ts has be5 a subject ( "s controv]sy1 b ! late/ available data f *>coal 9 ,s&ia ,cave indicates an age ( ne>ly #ab1jjj ye>s1 :i* is )9 ! accept$ range ( ! ,clovis po9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b4 ,folsom po9t recov]$ f among rib bones ( fossil bison at ,folsom1 ,new ,mexico 7,photograph ( pla/ic replica4 ,orig9al po9t 9 collection ( ,d5v] ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory47 ,clovis1 ,s&ia1 & ,folsom po9ts1 toge!r ) relat$ /one implem5ts1 are at _m places enclos$ 9 s$im5ts deposit$ 9 or adjac5t to ponds1 lakes1 /reams1 & wet mead[s4 ,^! environm5ts indicate a =m] cool & m humid climate 9 areas t are n[ semi>id4 ,! food requirem5ts ( _m ( ! l>ge h]bivores t liv$ at ?is "t also sugge/ m abundant vegetation & surface wat] ?an prevails "h today4 ,x is n unreasonable1 !n1 to presume t climatic conditions contribut+ to ! advance ( cont95tal glaci]s 9 ! ,great ,lakes region1 & to valley glaci]s 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 %\ld h be5 reflect$ 9 l[] summ] temp]atures & high] ra9fall 9 non-glaciat$ areas4 ,! ultimate ext9ction ( ! l>ge ,plei/oc5e mammals & ! simil> "t ( disappe>ance ( ! hunt]s :o prey$ ^u !m may bo? be relat$ to ! climatic *anges t foll[$ ! end ( ! ,ice ,age 9 ,am]ica4 ,,hunt]s ,,& ,,ga!r]s ,gr\ps ( p dep5d5t ^u a diff]5t way ( life f t ( ! ,e>ly ,hunt]s are kn[n to h occupi$ mu* ( ! pres5t area ( ,new ,mexico4 ,al?\gh !re is "s sugge/ion ( ov]lap 9 "t ( ^! p ) ! ,e>ly ,hunt]s1 !y appe> to h become prom95t dur+ ! sev]al ?\s& w>m1 dry ye>s foll[+ ! end ( ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,adapt$1 z !y 71 to a full] utilization ( ! res\rces ( ! area ?r\gh ! hunt+ & trapp+ ( small] game & an emphasis on ! ga!r+ ( a wide v>iety ( wild plant foods1 ^! p rang$ ext5sively across ! v>i$ t]ra9 ( ! /ate4 ,simil> patt]ns ( subsi/5ce & artifacts are kn[n f ! ,great ,bas9 region we/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 :]e !y h be5 categoriz$ "u ! t]m ,des]t ,culture4 ,local manife/ations ( ! ,des]t ,culture 9 s\!a/]n ,arizona1 ext5d+ ea/w>d into we/]n & s\!rn ,new ,mexico1 are id5tifi$ z ! ,co*ise ,culture4 ,o!r gr\ps %[+ simil>ities ) ,ar*aic cultures to ! ea/ p5etrat$ ! nor!a/]n "p ( ,new ,mexico at a "t :5 ! area 0 /ill populat$ by ,plei/oc5e bison4 ,habitation sites ( ^! ga!r]s are di/ribut$ 9 op5 situations & 9 %elt] caves4 ,su* sites are commonly m>k$ by mill+ /ones t *>act]ize ! prep>ation ( wild foods 7fig4 #c71 he>?s1 *opp+ & scrap+ implem5ts1 & /emm$ projectile po9ts m>k$ly diff]5t f ^? us$ by ! ,e>ly ,hunt]s4 ,^! po9ts 7 affix$ to d>t %afts t 7 propell$ ) a spe> ?r[] or atlatl1 a device t prec$$ ! b[ & arr[ 9 ,am]ica b is /ill us$ by ,au/ralian ,aborig9es4 ,seasonal *anges 9 ! local availability ( wild foods mu/ h necessitat$ a nomadic or sem9omadic way ( life4 ,! developm5t ( agricultural te*niques 9 ! lat] ye>s be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian ,era1 h[ev]1 probably contribut$ to ! developm5t ( a semis$5t>y exi/5ce t 0 ev5tually to lead to ! village life ( ! lat] p]iods4 ,! exact "t ( introduction ( ! pr9cipal agricultural crops1 corn1 squa%1 & beans1 is unkn[n1 b evid5ce f we/-c5tral ,new ,mexico indicates _! use by ! ,co*ise p by #bejj ,b4,c4 ,,puebloan ,,f>m]s ,hav+ acquir$ ! te*niques ( delib]ately plant+ & rais+ food crops t c\ld be /or$ aga9/ future ne$s1 local populations ( ,hunt]s & ,ga!r]s became less dep5d5t ^u ! ga!r+ ( wild foods & began to con/ruct clu/]s ( m p]man5t dwell+s ne> cultivable l&4 ,among ! e>lie/ recogniz$ h\ses ( ?is p]iod are ! semisubt]ranean pit h\ses ( ! e>ly ,mogollon p 9 ! ,san ,francisco ,riv] dra9age ( we/-c5tral ,new ,mexico 7fig4 #d7 & ( ! ,anasazi ,basketmak]s 9 ! ,san ,juan ,riv] dra9age ( nor?we/]n ,new ,mexico4 ,^! cultural advances1 toge!r ) ! acquisition ( te*niques = ! manufacture ( fir$ pott]y1 =e%ad[$ ! developm5t ( ! ,mogollon & ,pueblo cultures at a "t beg9n+ p]haps z e>ly z #cjj ,b4,c4 = ! ,mogollon area & at lea/ by #a ,a4,d4 = ! ,anasazi area4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c4 ,mill+ /ones ( ! type us$ by ! ,co*ise ,p ,plant foods 7 gr\nd 9 a %all[ bas9 metate ) ! small "o-h& mano 7h& /one74 ,socorro1 ,new ,mexico4 ,^! two cultural gr\ps1 ! ,mogollon 9 s\?we/]n & s\!rn ,new ,mexico1 ^: roots ext5d back ?r\gh ! ance/ral ,co*ise to be=e #fjjj ,b4,c41 & ! ,anasazi 9 ! ,f\r ,corn]s region ( nor?we/]n ,new ,mexico1 probably develop$ indep5d5tly dur+ ! e>ly ye>s4 ,f ab\t #ejj ,a4,d41 h[ev]1 !re is increas+ evid5ce ( trade relation%ips & ev5tual fusion ( traits4 ,o!r gr\ps to ! we/1 su* z ! ,hohokam ( ,arizona1 7 s\rces ( cultural influ5ce on ! indig5\s p ( ,new ,mexico4 ,9 ! ,mogollon & ,san ,juan ,anasazi he>tl&s & 9 ! ,rio ,gr&e ,valley ( c5tral ,new ,mexico1 a patt]n ( village life ) elaboration ( social & religi\s organization em]g$ f ! relatively simple cultures ( ! e>ly ye>s4 ,villages began to assume organiz$ =m1 dwell+s 7 comb9$ 9 r[s ( adobe & /one /ructures conta9+ a numb] ( contigu\s rooms1 & subt]ranean c]emonial *amb]s or kivas assum$ l>g] & m specializ$ ar*itectural di/9ctiv5ess f ! ance/ral pit-h\se dwell+s4 ,9 ! ,mogollon area1 ! *>act]i/ic br[nw>e pott]y ( ! ,mogollons 0 us$ side by side ) decorat$ black-on-:ite pott]y ( ,anasazi orig94 ,! b[ & arr[ sl[ly replac$ ! less effici5t atlatl & d>t4 ,! significance ( ^! e>ly /ages 9 ! evolution ( ! ,pueblo ,culture 9 ! ,san ,juan & upp] ,rio ,gr&e areas is indicat$ by _! designation z ! ,developm5tal ,pueblo p]iod 7,pueblo ,i & ,,ii74 ,illu/ration3 7,photograph ( museum diorama c\rtesy ( ! ,*icago ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum7 ,figure #d4 ,mogollon pit-h\se village ( ! p]iod #bjj ,b4,c4 ,! climax ( ^! developm5ts occurr$ 9 ! int]val betwe5 #ajej & #acjj ,a4,d4 9 ! ,classic or ,great ,pueblo p]iod 7,pueblo ,,iii74 ,among ! mo/ impressive manife/ations ( ?is p]iod are l>ge /one-masonry ap>tm5t h\ses1 "s ris+ to five /ories 9 height & h\s+ hundr$s ( p4 ,dwell+s ( ?is type are highlights ( sev]al well-kn[n t\ri/ attractions1 among :i* are ! cliff dwell+s ( ,mesa ,v]de 9 s\?we/]n ,colorado & ! monum5tal ru9s ( ,pueblo ,bonito 9 ,*aco ,canyon 7fig4 #e71 bo? products ( ! +5uity ( ! ,anasazi ,indians4 ,at ! v apex ( ! cultural effloresc5ce ( ! ,great ,pueblo p]iod1 "s unkn[n circum/ance or s]ies ( ev5ts caus$ ab&onm5t ( mo/ ( ! urban c5t]s ( ! ,san ,juan ,anasazi & ,mogollon areas4 ,a prolong$ dr\? is record$ by tree r+s =m$ dur+ ! p]iod f #abgf to #abii ,a4,d4 ,surely a dr\? ( ?is magnitude w\ld h _h s]i\s effects on p z dep5d5t ^u agriculture z 7 ! ,pueblo ,indians4 ,!re are "s indications t ali5 & p]haps enemy p 7 drift+ into ^! areas at ab\t ?is "t1 p]haps pr$ecessors ( ! mod]n ,navajos & ,apa*es4 ,! conge/$ liv+ conditions ( ,pueblo villages und\bt$ly contribut$ to unsanit>y conditions & social pressures t also may h contribut$ to %ifts 9 population4 ,_m ( ^! migrants mov$ into ! homel& ( ! ,rio ,gr&e ,anasazi 9 ! upp] ,rio ,gr&e ,valley1 & to a less] ext5t 9 ! c5tral ,rio ,gr&e ,valley4 ,"s may h relocat$ at ,zuni & o!r areas along ! ,little ,colorado ,riv] dra9age ext5d+ we/w>d into ,arizona4 ,illu/ration3 7,photograph c\rtesy ( ! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice7 ,figure #e4 ,pueblo ,bonito1 ,*aco ,canyon ,national ,monum5t ,a multi/ory pueblo conta9+ #hjj rooms4 ,dur+ ! ,great ,pueblo p]iod1 ano!r gr\p %[+ *>act]i/ics ( bo? ! ,anasazi & ( non-,puebloan p occupi$ an area on bo? sides ( ! ,cont95tal ,divide along ! ea/]n m>g9 ( ! ,san ,juan ,bas94 ,?is cultural phase1 kn[n z ! ,l>go-,gall9a because ( ! di/ribution ( sites 9 ! ,l>go & ,gall9a dra9age bas9s1 is repres5t$ by pit h\ses1 surface rooms1 & t[]like /ructures ) "s simil>ities to ! dwell+s ( ! ,anasazi4 ,! black-on-:ite pott]y also sugge/s ,puebloan relation%ips1 :]eas ! cul9>y vessels resemble ^? ( ! ,navajo4 ,beg9n+ at ab\t #acjj ,a4,d4 or %ortly !reaft]1 a diff]5t cultural gr\p began to move we/w>d f ! ,texas ,panh&le into ! pla9s ( nor!a/]n ,new ,mexico4 ,^! p ( ! ,panh&le ,aspect built s+le-room /ructures & contigu\s room pueblos resembl+ ^? 9 use by ! ,anasazi ( ! ,rio ,gr&e & 7 skill$ bison hunt]s1 f>m]s1 & trad]s4 ,?is comb9ation ( traits sugge/s bo? ,puebloan & ea/]n traditions4 ,panh&le ,aspect villages 7 ab&on$ sudd5ly n long aft] #adjj1 p]haps z a result ( ! dr\? record$ by tree r+s = ! p]iod f #adci to #aded4 ,foll[+ ! %ift 9 population ( ! ,pueblo region1 cultural *anges occurr$ t h l$ to ! designation ,regressive ,pueblo p]iod 7,pueblo ,,iv7 = ! int]val betwe5 #acjj & #agjj ,a4,d4 ,notewor?y *anges dur+ ?is p]iod include a t5d5cy t[>d enl>gem5t ( villages & ! creation ( new /yles ( pott]y1 accompani$ by "s det]ioration ( ! arti/ic creativity ( ! ,classic p]iod4 ,major ru9s ( ?is p]iod t are readily accessible to ! public include ,puye ,cliff ,dwell+s1 ,tyuonyi ,pueblo 9 ,b&eli] ,national ,monum5t1 & ,pecos ,pueblo 9 ,pecos ,national ,monum5t4 ,at ! "t ( ,coronado's entrada 9 #aedj1 !re 7 f #fj to #gj ,pueblo villages 9 ,new ,mexico1 mo/ ( :i* conta9$ few] ?an #djj inhabitants4 ,f\r or five mutually un9telligible languages 7 spok51 ea* ) sev]al dialects1 mak+ communication betwe5 ,spani% & ,indian extremely difficult4 ,language b>ri]s contribut$ to an inadequate docum5tation ( ! ,pueblo way ( life dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( ,spani% contact1 s t we mu/ cont9ue to dep5d ^u ! ar*eological record dur+ ! fir/ c5tury ( ,spani% colonization ( ! area4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! ,hi/oric ,pueblo p]iod 7,pueblo ,v7 accord+ly is commonly set at #agjj ,a4,d4 ,,apa*es ,,& ,,navajos ,little is kn[n conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ^! two relat$ gr\ps1 :o diff] m>k$ly f ! ,pueblo ,indians 9 language & cultural traits4 ,_! close/ ties are ) o!r ,a?apaskan-speak+ tribes 9 nor?we/]n ,canada1 & available evid5ce indicates t !y are comp>ative newcom]s to ! ,s\?we/4 ,a correlation betwe5 ! ab&onm5t ( sections ( ! ,pueblo region & pressures ex]t$ by ance/ral ,apa*es & ,navajos has be5 sugge/$1 b def9ite pro( ( ?is is /ill lack+4 ,raids aga9/ ! ea/]n pueblos ( ! ,gali/eo ,bas9 are report$ to h occurr$ 9 #aebe4 ,coronado's exp$ition enc\nt]$ nomadic hunt]s 9 ! pla9s ea/ ( ,pecos 9 #aeda1 obs]v+ t !y foll[$ ! movem5ts ( h]ds ( bison or buffalo on :om !y 7 highly dep5d5t = food & %elt]1 liv$ 9 portable t5ts ( tann$ buffalo hides support$ by a framework ( poles1 & us$ dogs z bea/s ( burd54 ,trade contacts ) ! ,rio ,gr&e pueblos includ$ ex*ange ( hide 8cloaks0 = corn gr[n by ! ,pueblo ,indians4 ,relat$ gr\ps 9 we/]n & nor?we/]n ,new ,mexico are ev5 m poorly kn[n1 z !re 0 /ill less contact betwe5 !m & ! ,spani% explor]s4 ,evid5tly "s agriculture 0 practic$ z a supplem5t to a subsi/5ce bas$ l>gely on hunt+ & ga!r+1 a patt]n ( livelihood rem9isc5t ( t ( ! pre-,puebloan ,co*ise p4 ,! succe$+ ye>s ( ,spani% & ,am]ican colonization ( ,new ,mexico 7 to be highly influ5c$ by ! ,apa*es & ,navajos1 & also by ano!r gr\p ( ,pla9s ,indians1 ! ,coman*es4 ,! ev5ts ( ?is p]iod1 h[ev]1 are discuss$ 9 a sep>ate article4 ,fronti] ,=ts ( ,new ,mexico by ,rob]t ,a4 ,bieb]man ,foll[+ ,presid5t ,polk's decl>ation ( w> aga9/ ,mexico 9 ,may #ahdf1 a ,unit$ ,/ates ,army =ce 0 s5t f ,ft4 ,leav5wor?1 ,kansas ,t]ritory1 aga9/ ! ,mexican prov9ces ( ,new ,mexico & ,cali=nia4 ,?is army1 kn[n z 8,! ,army ( ! ,we/10 0 l$ by ,g54 ,/eph5 ,w4 ,ke>ny4 ,^u 8 arrival 9 ,santa ,fe 9 ,augu/ #ahdf1 ,g5]al ,ke>ny issu$ a proclamation :i* in=m$ ! citiz5s t ,new ,mexico 0 n[ a "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & t he & 8 army & ! =ces to foll[ w\ld protect !m & _! prop]ty4 ,g5]al ,ke>ny rema9$ 9 ,santa ,fe only "o mon?1 b dur+ t mon? he appo9t$ a gov]nor1 judges1 & o!r (ficials1 />t$ con/ruction ( a =t 9 ,santa ,fe1 & s5t troops aga9/ ! ,navajo ,indians 9 fulfillm5t ( 8 promise to protect ! p4 ,ke>ny & 8 8,army ( ! ,we/0 left ,santa ,fe 9 ,septemb] #ahdf to conqu] ,cali=nia1 leav+ beh9d a deta*m5t ( troops "u ! comm& ( ,col4 ,alex&] ,w4 ,doniphan4 ,?us began ! role ( ! ,u4,s4 ,army1 :i* 0 to cont9ue = ! next half c5tury1 9 secur+ ! fronti] 9 :at we n[ "k z ! ,/ate ( ,new ,mexico4 ,hi/ory has %[n t ! troops /ation$ 9 ,new ,mexico 7 call$ ^u to p>ticipate 9 ! ,mexican ,w> & ! ,civil ,w> & to protect ! newly e/abli%$ bord] betwe5 ,mexico & ,new ,mexico f violations f bo? sides4 ,h[ev]1 ! basic role ( ! milit>y1 ! role :i* cont9u$ = fifty ye>s1 0 to protect ! travel]1 ! f>m]1 ! m9]1 & ! settl] f ,indian attack4 ,its task 0 made no less difficult by ! *ang+1 unreali/ic1 discrim9atory ,indian policies :i* came out ( ,wa%+ton dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,:5 relative calm 0 e/abli%$1 promises 7 =gott5 & viol5ce erupt$ anew4 ,! def5se policy 9 ,new ,mexico did n foll[ a set plan b gradually evolv$4 ,milit>y po/s 7 e/abli%$ at diff]5t places :5 ! ne$ arose & 7 ab&on$ :5 ! ne$ dim9i%$4 ,a few ( ! po/s 7 occupi$ & us$ by ! army ?r\gh\t mo/ ( ?is p]iod4 ,o!rs exi/$ b a few mon?s or ye>s4 ,,=ts ,=t ,union ,locat$ tw5ty-sev5 miles nor!a/ ( ,las ,vegas1 ,=t ,union became ! mo/ important & mo/ fam\s =t 9 ! ,new ,mexico ,t]ritory4 ,e/abli%$ on ! ,santa ,fe ,trail 9 #ahea1 x s]v$ z supply depot = ! t]ritory & z a base = troops engag$ 9 ! protection ( traffic along ! ,santa ,fe ,trail & ( ! settlem5ts 9 ! area f ! depr$ations ( ! ,apa*es1 ,utes1 ,coman*es1 & ,ki[as4 ,! site c be rea*$ by travel+ eight miles ( pav$ road :i* leaves ,u4,s4 ,highway #he "o mile nor? ( ,watr\s4 ,dur+ its =ty-ye> hi/ory1 ,=t ,union occupi$ ?ree diff]5t sites1 all )9 ! same g5]al area4 ,! orig9al =t 0 ( log con/ruction :i* rapidly fell into disrepair4 ,9 ,augu/ #ahfa1 amid rumors ( ! possible invasion ( ! t]ritory by ,conf$]ate =ces1 con/ruction 0 begun on a new =t4 ,?is =t 0 ( e>?works1 9 ! =m ( an eight-po9t$ />4 ,x 0 "h t ! troops wait$ = ! attack :i* nev] came4 ,) ! pass+ ( ! ,conf$]ate ?reat1 "w 0 begun 9 #ahfc on ! ?ird =t1 ! rema9s ( :i* are se5 today4 ,=t ,union soon became ! l>ge/ =t 9 ! t]ritory4 ,x 0 con/ruct$ 9 two sections1 "o = ! g>rison & "o = ! supply depot4 ,! g>rison area consi/$ ( f\r infantry & two cavalry b>racks fac+ a r[ ( n9e (fic]s' qu>t]s across ! p>ade gr\nd4 ,a sixty-b$ hospital 0 con/ruct$4 ,! depot area includ$ five w>eh\ses1 me*anics corral1 transportation corral1 & adm9i/ration build+s4 ,an ars5al 0 built ab\t "o mile f ! =t prop]4 ,! build+s 7 con/ruct$ ( adobe on /one f\ndations4 ,! ro(s 7 flat & ! walls 7 capp$ ) brick cop+s 9 :at has become ! t]ritorial /yle ( ar*itecture4 ,illu/ration3 7,photo c\rtesy ( ,national ,p>k ,s]vice7 ,ru9s ( ,=t ,union ,=t ,union 0 a community )9 itself & a lively social c5t]4 ,we>y travel]s on ! ,santa ,fe ,trail eag]ly anticipat$ _! arrival4 ,few compla9ts 7 he>d :5 soldi]s 7 transf]r$ to ,=t ,union1 = ?is 0 a popul> assignm5t4 ,) ! com+ ( ! railroad & peace at la/ desc5d+ on ! fronti] 9 ! #ahhj's1 ! ne$ = ! =t dim9i%$4 ,b x clung to life = a few m ye>s1 ma9ly because ( ! fond memories :i* liv$ 9 ! he>ts ( ! milit>y lead]s :o _h be5 /ation$ !re4 ,f9ally1 ! end came & ,=t ,union 0 ab&on$ 9 ,febru>y #ahia4 ,new life came to ! =t 9 #aiee :5 x became a ,national ,monum5t4 ,! ru9s h be5 excavat$ & /abiliz$ & a f9e visitors' c5t] & museum has be5 e/abli%$4 ,=t ,union has at la/ assum$ its rightful place z a %r9e ( hi/ory4 ,/& on ! p>ade gr\nd & survey ! maje/y t 0 ,=t ,union1 li/5 = ! s\nds1 ! bugle calls1 ! b>klike comm&s ( close-ord] drill1 ! creak ( wagons1 & ! ?und] ( horses' hooves4 ,^! are ! s\nds ( ,=t ,union4 ,!y are /ill !re if "o w only pause & li/54 ,=t ,m>cy ,=t ,m>cy 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahdf at ,santa ,fe & 0 nam$ = ! !n ,secret>y ( ,w>1 ,w4 ,l4 ,m>cy4 ,! =t 0 locat$ on a hill ov]look+ ! city "s #ajjj y>ds nor!a/ ( ! plaza4 ,a deep dit* or moat surr\nd$ ! massive adobe walls ( ! =t & a blockh\se1 )9 musket range1 protect$ ! only entrance4 ,at ! "t ( ,colonel ,manfield's inspection trip 9 ,augu/ #ahec1 ! troops 7 qu>t]$ 9 public build+s 9 ,santa ,fe1 !re be+ no qu>t]s provid$ at ! =t2 h[ev]1 x c\ld be occupi$ on a mom5t's notice4 ,! orig9al ,=t ,m>cy 0 ab&on$ 9 #ahfg & a new "o 0 con/ruct$ a %ort di/ance to ! we/4 ,?is new site is n[ occupi$ by bus9ess & resid5tial prop]ties4 ,! ,w> ,dep>tm5t ab&on$ ,=t ,m>cy 9 ,octob] #ahid1 ! troops & equipm5t be+ mov$ to ,=t ,sill1 ,oklahoma4 ,! site 0 turn$ ov] to ! city ( ,santa ,fe 9 #ahig4 ,=t ,m>cy play$ an important role dur+ ! milit>y occupation ( ,new ,mexico4 ,x s]v$ z a base ( op]ations aga9/ m>aud+ ,indians1 0 captur$ & occupi$ = a %ort "t by ,conf$]ate =ces 9 #ahfb1 s]v$ z headqu>t]s = ! ,n9? ,milit>y ,dep>tm5t 7*ang$ to ,dep>tm5t ( ,new ,mexico 9 #ahec7 ?r\gh\t mo/ ( ?is p]iod1 & 0 a c5t] = ! social life ( ,santa ,fe4 ,only l[ m\nds ( e>? n[ m>k ! site ( ,=t ,m>cy4 ,=t ,w+ate ,=t ,w+ate1 at ! site kn[n today1 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahfh4 ,x is locat$ on ! site ( a pre-exi/+ =t at ,ojo del ,oso 7,be> ,spr+s7 ab\t twelve miles ea/ ( ,gallup & ?ree miles s\? ( ,u4,s4 ,highway #ff4 ,=t ,fauntl]oy 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,augu/ #ahfj & 0 nam$ = ! !n ,dep>tm5t ,comm&]1 ,col4 ,t4 ,t4 ,fauntl]oy4 ,! "n 0 *ang$ to ,=t ,lyon 9 ,septemb] #ahfa aft] ,colonel ,fauntl]oy resign$ 8 commission & jo9$ ! ,conf$]ate =ces4 ,! =t 0 ab&on$ 9 ,decemb] #ahfa z troops 7 conc5trat$ at o!r po/s to meet ! ?reat ( invasion ( ! t]ritory by ,conf$]ate =ces f ! s\?4 ,) ! defeat ( ,conf$]ate troops e>ly 9 #ahfb1 ! milit>y return$ to ! ,indian problem & e/abli%$ a po/ "s sixty miles to ! ea/ on ! ,rio de ,gallo ne> ,san ,rafael4 ,?is po/ 0 nam$ ,=t ,w+ate 9 honor ( ,capt4 ,b5jam9 ,w+ate :o di$ ( w\nds receiv$ dur+ ! battle ) ! ,conf$]ate =ces at ,val ,v]de4 ,! po/ prov$ to be too f> f ! ,navajo c\ntry = effective control &1 9 #ahfh1 0 ab&on$ & a new ,=t ,w+ate e/abli%$ at ,ojo del ,oso on ! site occupi$ e>li] by ,=t ,fauntl]oy4 ,! physical plant ( ! new ,=t ,w+ate consi/$ ( b>racks1 (fic]s' qu>t]s1 hospital1 gu>d h\se1 /oreh\se1 employees' qu>t]s1 corrals1 b>ns1 & v>i\s repair & /orage %$s1 all bord]+ ! traditional rectangul> p>ade gr\nd4 ,"s ( ^! build+s are 9 use today4 ,9 #aiad1 #djjj ,mexican refugees liv$ 9 a t5t city at ,=t ,w+ate until peace 0 re/or$ aft] ,pan*o ,villa's revolution 9 ,mexico4 ,foll[+ ,_w ,w> ,i1 x became an ordnance /orage depot1 & new adm9i/rative & liv+ qu>t]s 7 built sev]al miles we/ ( ! orig9al =t enclosure4 ,?is in/allation is kn[n today z ,=t ,w+ate ,ordnance ,depot1 & ! long r[s ( concrete ammunition /orage bunk]s c be se5 f ,u4,s4 ,highway #ff4 ,9 #aibe1 ! orig9al =t enclosure 0 transf]r$ to ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior = use z an ,indian s*ool4 ,today1 ! p>ade gr\nd is a playgr\nd & ! b>racks are dormitories = ! *ildr5 :o att5d ?is s*ool4 ,! missile age came to ,=t ,w+ate 9 #aifc :5 a portion ( ! milit>y res]vation became ! laun*+ site = te/ rockets :i* impact at ! ,:ite ,s&s ,missile ,range #bjj miles to ! s\?4 ,=t ,w+ate has se5 _m *anges dur+ its long & colorful hi/ory4 ,x s]v$ well dur+ its fir/ #ajj ye>s & cont9ues to s]ve today4 ,=t ,craig ,=t ,craig 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! spr+ ( #ahed on ! ab&onm5t ( ,=t ,conrad1 n9e miles nor?4 ,x 0 nam$ 9 honor ( ,col4 ,l4 ,s4 ,craig :o 0 kill$ by an army des]t] on ,june #f1 #aheb4 ,! rema9s ( ,=t ,craig are locat$ on ! we/ bank ( ! ,rio ,gr&e ab\t ?irty-f\r miles s\? ( ,socorro & five miles1 by dirt road1 ea/ ( ,u4,s4 ,highway #he4 ,! =t 0 e/abli%$ to af=d protection aga9/ ! _m b&s ( ,apa*es t roam$ ?is "p ( ! t]ritory4 ,=t ,craig 0 well built & became "o ( ! be/-g>rison$ milit>y po/s 9 ,new ,mexico4 ,built on ! usual rectangul> plan1 ! p>ade gr\nd 0 bord]$ on ! nor!a/ by two d\ble (fic]s' qu>t]s2 on ! nor?we/ by ! gu>d h\se1 prison room1 & sallyport2 on ! s\?we/ by ?ree soldi]s' b>racks ea* 9 ! =m ( a holl[ squ>e enclos+ a patio2 & on ! s\!a/ by v>i\s work%ops1 /or]ooms1 /ables1 & corrals4 ,! comm&+ (fic]s' qu>t]s occupi$ ! we/ corn] ( ! p>ade gr\nd & ! hospital ! ea/ corn]4 ,beh9d ! comm&+ (fic]s' qu>t]s !re 7 ?ree l>ge bombpro( /or]ooms4 ,! entire in/allation 0 enclos$ )9 a high wall1 beyond :i* a dit* encircl$ ! =t4 ,gun ba/ions project$ f ! nor? & s\? corn]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,remnants ( gu>d h\se1 ,=t ,craig 7built ( basalt blocks7 ,=t ,craig 0 "o ( ! mo/ important milit>y po/s 9 ,new ,mexico4 ,its troops p>ticipat$ 9 _m engagem5ts ) ! ,indian4 ,9 ! fall ( #ahfa1 troops f o!r po/s 7 conc5trat$ at ,=t ,craig to meet ! ?reat5$ invasion ( ,conf$]ate =ces f ! s\?4 ,9 ,febru>y #ahfb1 ^! troops 7 defeat$ by ! ,conf$]ate invad]s 9 ! battle ( ,val ,v]de :i* took place ab\t f\r miles nor? ( ! =t4 ,^u ! )drawal ( ,conf$]ate =ces f ! t]ritory lat] 9 #ahfb1 ! troops at ,=t ,craig return$ to ! ,indian problem4 ,9 ,m>* #ahhe1 ! =t 0 rel9qui%$ by ! army & ! improvem5ts sold4 ,! la/ soldi] left 9 ,augu/ #ahhe aft] gov]nm5t prop]ty 0 remov$ & s5t to ,=ts ,bliss & ,/anton4 ,! build+s 7 sold at public auction on ,april #cj1 #ahid1 to ! ,valv]de ,l& & ,irrigation ,company = #ajgj4ej4 ,=t ,craig is n[ a ru91 b ! outl9es ( mo/ ( ! build+s c /ill be se54 ,portions ( ! pla/]$ walls ( ! comm&+ (fic]s' qu>t]s rema91 z d portions ( ! hospital & /one gu>d h\se4 ,! wall & dit* surr\nd+ ! =t1 gun ba/ions1 /oreh\ses1 & cemet]y are /ill mu* 9 evid5ce4 ,coal m>ks ! blacksmi?'s %op & brok5 bottles ! sutl]'s /ore4 ,ano!r fronti] =t has pass$ into hi/ory4 ,=t ,/anton ,=t ,/anton 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,may #ahee on ! ,rio ,bonito at a site locat$ approximately f\r miles ea/ ( pres5t-day ,capitan & ?ree miles s\? ( ,u4,s4 ,highway #chj4 ,! =t 0 an attempt to control ! ,mescal]o & ,:ite ,m\nta9 ,apa*es & 0 nam$ = ,capt4 ,h4 ,w4 ,/anton :o _h be5 kill$ by ,apa*e ,indians e>li] t ye>4 ,_m a soldi] /ation$ at ,=t ,/anton gave up 8 life to an ,apa*e dur+ ! ,indian w>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,map ( ,new ,mexico %[+ location ( fronti] =ts ,! orig9al =t 0 little m ?an a /ockade1 ) few build+s & little equipm5t4 ,9 ,augu/ #ahfa1 ! gov]nm5t /ores 7 burn$ & ! troops mov$ to ,albuqu]que 9 ! face ( ! ,conf$]ate invasion4 ,conf$]ate troops occupi$ ! site "o mon? lat] b promptly left aft] a few enc\nt]s ) ! ,apa*e4 ,! site 0 reoccupi$ by ,union troops ,octob] #ahfb &1 lat]1 sub/antial build+s 7 erect$1 mo/ ( :i* /ill /&4 ,) ! pass+ ( ! fronti]1 ,=t ,/anton 0 ab&on$ z a milit>y po/ 9 ,augu/ #ahif1 & 9 #ahii1 ! in/allation pass$ to ! ,u4,s4 ,public ,heal? ,s]vice = use z a m]*ant m>9e hospital = ! treatm5t ( tub]culosis4 ,dur+ ,_w ,w> ,,ii1 a ,g]man prison] ( w> camp 0 e/abli%$ at ! =t4 ,9 #aiec1 ! hospital 0 clos$ by ! f$]al gov]nm5t because ( ! high co/ ( runn+ ! e/abli%m5t4 ,=t ,/anton is n[ a /ate tub]culosis hospital op]at$ by ! ,new ,mexico ,dep>tm5t ( ,public ,welf>e4 ,col4 ,kit ,c>son us$ ! =t z a base ( op]ations :ile r\nd+ up ! ,mescal]o & ,:ite ,m\nta9 ,apa*es 9 late #ahfb & e>ly #ahfc4 ,9 #ahha1 ! fam\s outlaw1 ,billy ! ,kid1 0 conf9$ 9 ! build+ n[ us$ z a d5tal cl9ic :ile on 8 way to ! gall[s 9 ,l9coln1 :i* nev] claim$ him4 ,g54 ,john ,j4 ,p]%+1 z a "y lieut5ant1 0 /ation$ = a "t at ,=t ,/anton4 ,=t ,seld5 ,=t ,seld5 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahfe & nam$ = ,capt4 ,h5ry ,r4 ,seld5 7lat] colonel7 :o di/+ui%$ himself at ! battle ( ,val ,v]de1 ,febru>y #ba1 #ahfb4 ,! =t 0 beside ! ,rio ,gr&e n9e miles nor? ( ! settlem5t ( ,da ,ana4 ,! site is locat$ along ,u4,s4 ,highway #he ab\t sev5te5 miles nor? ( pres5t-day ,las ,cruces4 ,=t ,seld5 0 "o ( a *a9 ( =ts e/abli%$ to control ! ,apa*es4 ,x 0 on ! ,butt]field ,trail & provid$ protection = ! gov]nm5t rope f]ry :i* cross$ ! ,rio ,gr&e at ne>by ,leasburg4 ,! summit ( ,mt4 ,robl$o1 across ! riv] to ! we/1 0 us$ z a heliograph /ation1 fla%+ messages betwe5 ,=t ,seld5 & ,=t ,bliss at ,frankl9 7,el ,paso1 ,texas74 ,! build+s ( ! =t 7 "o-/ory adobe /ructures ) walls two feet ?ick4 ,! in/allation includ$ b>racks = enli/$ m51 two d\ble (fic]s' qu>t]s1 a t5-b$ hospital1 /one gu>d h\se1 /oreh\ses1 work%op1 bake %op1 corrals1 & a magaz9e ) /one walls ?ree feet ?ick4 ,! =t 0 rectangul> 9 gr\nd plan1 ! build+s enclos+ a p>ade gr\nd4 ,=t ,seld5 0 ab&on$ 9 #ahgi :5 ! railroads began to draw travel away f ! ov]l& trails4 ,x 0 reoccupi$ 9 #ahha :5 ! ,apa*e ,*iefs ,victorio1 ,nana1 & lat] ,g]onimo 7 on ! w>pa?4 ,) ! pass+ ( ! ,indian problem1 ,=t ,seld5 0 p]man5tly ab&on$ 9 #ahib4 ,dur+ ,_w ,w> ,i1 ! gr\nds ( ! =t 7 us$ = cavalry maneuv]s by units /ation$ at ,=t ,bliss4 ,a r fam\s ,am]ican once liv$ at ,=t ,seld54 ,g54 ,d\glas ,mac,arthur1 z a *ild ( f\r1 mov$ ) 8 family to ! =t 9 #ahhd1 foll[+ ! assignm5t ( 8 fa!r1 !n an infantry capta91 to t po/4 ,! family rema9$ at ,=t ,seld5 until late 9 #ahhf4 ,n[ only crumbl+ adobe walls m>k ! site ( ,=t ,seld51 once a welcome sight to travel]s 9 s\!rn ,new ,mexico4 ,! w9d1 ra91 & sun h tak5 _! toll1 aid$ 9 no small way by man himself4 ,9 #aifc1 ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ! ,da ,ana ,hi/orical ,society1 ,=t ,seld5 0 made a ,/ate ,monum5t by ! ,new ,mexico legislature4 ,x is to be hop$ t ! =t w n[ be protect$ f fur!r wea!r+ & v&alism s t ! remnants ( ?is old outpo/ w /& = _m ye>s to come z a monum5t to ! m5 :o once mann$ x4 ,=t ,cumm+s ,=t ,cumm+s 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,octob] #ahfc 9 :at is n[ ,luna ,c\nty1 ,new ,mexico4 ,x 0 locat$ at ,cooke's ,spr+1 an important wat]+ /op on ! ,butt]field ,trail1 at ! ea/]n edge ( ,cooke's ,canyon4 ,prior to ! e/abli%m5t ( ,=t ,cumm+s1 ! ,apa*es made frequ5t & fatal attacks ^u travel]s z !y pass$ ?r\gh ! f\r miles ( ,cooke's ,canyon or /opp$ at ! spr+4 ,cooke's ,canyon 0 "o ( ! mo/ dang]\s /ret*es on ! ,butt]field ,trail4 ,! =t 0 nam$ = ,maj4 ,joseph ,cumm+s :o 0 kill$ by ,navajo ,indians 9 ,augu/ #ahfc4 ,its ru9s c be rea*$ by turn+ (f ,/ate ,highway #bf at ,florida1 sixte5 miles nor!a/ ( ,dem+1 & travel+ sev5 miles to ! we/4 ,=t ,cumm+s 0 ! mo/ elaborate & be/-wall$ =t 9 ,new ,mexico4 ,x cov]$ an area #cfe #cbj feet & 0 completely surr\nd$ by a twelve-foot-high adobe wall4 ,! ma9 entrance 0 topp$ by a gu>d t[]4 ,(fic]s' qu>t]s occupi$ ! we/ side ( ! p>ade gr\nd1 ! hospital ! nor? side1 & soldi]s' qu>t]s ! ea/ side4 ,! v>i\s work%ops1 /or]ooms1 (fices1 /ables1 & corrals ext5d$ along ! s\? side ( ! =t4 ,ab&on$ 9 ,augu/ #ahgc1 ,=t ,cumm+s 0 reoccupi$ 9 #ahhj1 & !n aga9 ab&on$ 9 ,octob] #ahhf4 ,lat] x 0 us$ z a cattle corral by ! ,c>p5t]-,/anley ,cattle ,company4 ,! spr+ 0 wall$ & cov]$1 & ! wat] pip$ to ,florida4 ,little rema9s ( ,=t ,cumm+s today4 ,a few wea!r$ walls "h & !re among ! mesquite & creosote bu%es m>k ! site4 ,! spr+ /ill fl[s1 supply+ wat] = ! /ock :i* n[ graze ^u ?is 8protector ( ! trail40 ,=t ,bay>d ,=t ,bay>d1 e/abli%$ 9 #ahfe to protect ! m9]s & settl]s mov+ into ! area foll[+ ! ,civil ,w>1 all[$ ! ord]ly developm5t ( :at 0 to become ,new ,mexico's mo/ important m9]al-produc+ area4 ,nam$ = ,capt4 ,george ,d4 ,bay>d :o 0 w\nd$ repeat$ly dur+ ,indian =ays & :o di$ ( w\nds receiv$ 9 ! ,battle ( ,fr$ricksburg 7,va47 dur+ ! ,civil ,w>1 ! =t 0 locat$ ab\t five miles s\!a/ ( ,p9os ,altos & ab\t midway betwe5 ! m9+ t[ns ( ,p9os ,altos & ,santa ,rita4 ,! site is ab\t n9e miles ea/ ( pres5t-day ,silv] ,city1 j nor? ( ,/ate ,highway #ij4 ,! orig9al =t consi/$ ( log & adobe build+s =m+ a squ>e ar\nd ! p>ade gr\nd4 ,dur+ its ?irty-f\r ye> hi/ory z an army po/1 _m *anges & additions 7 made to ! =t1 includ+ ! build+ ( two-/ori$ (fic]s' qu>t]s4 ,9 #ahii1 ! l9e troops 7 remov$ & ! =t 0 (ficially designat$ z a ,u4,s4 ,army ,g5]al ,hospital to treat tub]cul> soldi]s4 ,9 #aibj1 ! hospital 0 turn$ ov] to ! ,public ,heal? ,dep>tm5t2 9 #aibb1 to ! ,u4,s4 ,vet]ans ,adm9i/ration2 & aga91 9 #aiff1 to ! ,/ate ,heal? ,dep>tm5t z a facility = ! c>e ( ! ag$ & ( tub]culosis cases4 ,x c n[ accommodate m ?an #cjj pati5ts4 ,! mod]n build+s are a f> cry f ! dirt-floor$ log & adobe build+s ( ! orig9al =t4 ,,hi/ory ,pre-,civil ,w> ,p]iod4 ,! p]iod #ahdf to #ahfa 0 *>act]iz$ by con/ant ,indian w>f>e4 ,treaties 7 made1 !n brok54 ,=ts 7 e/abli%$1 !n ab&on$1 & new =ts built z ! milit>y tri$ 9 va9 to cope ) ! problem4 ,punitive exp$itions prov$ ineffective z ! ,indians sep>at$ into small & pr$atory b&s :i* ov]ran ! c\ntry4 ,=ts ,union1 ,m>cy1 ,fauntl]oy1 ,craig1 & ,/anton 7 e/abli%$ dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,additional =ts1 ^: sites h return$ to ! des]t1 are ,=t ,conrad 7#ahea71 on ! ,rio ,gr&e ab\t tw5ty-five miles s\? ( ,socorro2 ,=t ,?orn 7#ahec71 on ! ,rio ,gr&e ab\t five miles nor? ( ,hat*2 ,=t ,fillmore 7#ahea71 on ! ,rio ,gr&e ab\t sev5 miles s\? ( ,las ,cruces2 ,=t ,web/] 7#aheb71 on ! ,mimbres ,riv] ab\t "o & "o-half miles nor?we/ ( ,san ,lor5zo2 ,=t ,mc,lane 7#ahfj71 at ,apa*e ,tejo ab\t f\r miles s\? ( ,hurley2 & ,=t ,floyd 7#aheg71 on ! ,gila ,riv] ab\t two miles s\? ( ,cliff4 ,civil ,w> ,p]iod4 ,! outbreak ( ! ,civil ,w> 9 #ahfa creat$ a new problem on ! fronti] 9 ,new ,mexico4 ,conf$]ate milit>y lead]s mov$ quickly to seize control ( ! ,s\?we/ & ,cali=nia to cut (f ! supply ( gold to ! ,nor? & div]t x to ! ,conf$]acy4 ,conf$]ate troops "u ,col4 ,j4 ,b4 ,baylor occupi$ ab&on$ ,=t ,bliss at ,frankl9 7,el ,paso71 ,texas on ,july #a1 #ahfa4 ,baylor began 8 move nor?w>d along ! ,rio ,gr&e on ,july #bc & quickly occupi$ ,mesilla4 ,ne>by ,=t ,fillmore 0 ab&on$ & ! ,union =ces retreat$ t[>d ,=t ,/anton1 b !y 7 soon captur$ by ,baylor's troops4 ,^u ! fall ( ,=t ,fillmore1 ,=t ,/anton 0 ha/ily ab&on$ on ,augu/ #b & 0 tak5 ov] by ! ,conf$]ates %ortly !reaft]4 ,g54 ,h4 ,h4 ,sibley arriv$ at ,=t ,bliss 9 ,decemb] #ahfa to assume comm& ( ! ,conf$]ate =ces4 ,sibley's troops mov$ nor?w>d along ! ,rio ,gr&e & 7 engag$ 9 battle by ,union troops f ,=t ,craig1 "u ,g54 ,e4 ,r4 ,s4 ,canby1 z !y attempt$ to bypass ! well-g>rison$ po/4 ,! ,battle ( ,val ,v]de took place f\r miles nor? ( ,=t ,craig on ,febru>y #ba1 #ahfb4 ,aft] a day ( bloody fight+1 ,sibley em]g$ ! victor4 ,he occupi$ ,albuqu]que on ,m>* #b1 #ahfb1 & ,santa ,fe on ,m>* #bc4 ,! ,conf$]ate =ces !n mov$ t[>d ,=t ,union 9 an attempt to ga9 complete control ( ! t]ritory4 ,on ,m>* #bg & #bh1 !y 7 met by ,union =ces s5t out f ,=t ,union & 7 defeat$ 9 battle ne> pres5t-day ,glorieta4 ,sibley !n retreat$ to ,=t ,bliss4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,conf$]ate campaign 9 ,new ,mexico1 #ahfa-ahfb ,:ile ,sibley 0 ?us engag$1 ano!r "p ( 8 army mov$ across :at is n[ s\?we/]n ,new ,mexico & s\!a/]n ,arizona & occupi$ ,tucson 7,arizona74 ,g54 ,j4 ,h4 ,c>leton & 8 ,cali=nia ,column left ,los ,angeles on ,april #ac & cle>$ ?is area ( ,conf$]ate troops1 rea*+ ! ,rio ,gr&e on ,augu/ #g4 ,c>leton reoccupi$ ,=t ,bliss1 :i* _h be5 ab&on$ by ! ,conf$]ate troops 9 _! retreat4 ,po/-,civil ,w> ,p]iod4 ,:ile ! ,union troops 7 preoccupi$ ) ! ,conf$]ates1 ! ,indians /epp$ up _! raids & depr$ations4 ,) ! pass+ ( ! ,conf$]ate ?reat1 att5tion 0 once m focus$ on ! ,indian problem4 ,a new plan 0 =mulat$ :i* call$ = ! captur+ ( ! ,indians & conf9+ !m to res]vations4 ,a res]vation 7,bosque ,r$ondo7 0 e/abli%$ late 9 #ahfb ne> pres5t-day ,=t ,sumn]1 ,new ,mexico1 to :i* 7 ev5tually conf9$ sev]al ?\s& ,navajos & ,mescal]o ,apa*es4 ,?is resettlem5t 0 n a success s9ce ! ,apa*es ran (f & ! ,navajos suff]$ greatly f sickness & disease4 ,a treaty 0 sign$ ) ! ,navajos 9 #ahfh1 & !y 7 all[$ to return to _! homes1 no long] a ?reat to ! fronti]4 ,! ,mescal]o ,apa*es 7 f9ally settl$ on a res]vation 9 _! own c\ntry s\? ( ,=t ,/anton1 & ! ,jic>illas on a res]vation we/ ( ,ti]ra ,am>illa4 ,! ,mimbr5o1 ,mogollon1 & ,w>m ,spr+s ,apa*es ( s\?we/]n ,new ,mexico 7 m ( a problem4 ,9 #ahga1 a res]vation & ,=t ,tul>osa 7 e/abli%$ ne> pres5t-day ,aragon 9 we/]n ,new ,mexico4 ,aft] a futile attempt to keep ! ,indians !re1 !y 7 mov$ 9 #ahgd to a new res]vation & milit>y po/ at ,ojo ,cali5te1 ab\t =ty miles nor?we/ ( pres5t-day ,tru? or ,consequ5ces4 ,?is1 too1 prov$ a failure & ! ,apa*es 7 mov$ to ! ,san ,c>los ,res]vation 9 :at is n[ ,arizona4 ,dur+ ^! attempts to locate ! ,apa*es on res]vations1 v>i\s rebelli\s b&s ( ,apa*es l$ by ,victorio1 ,nana1 & ,g]onimo cont9u$ on ! w>pa?4 ,g]onimo & 8 b& surr5d]$ 9 #ahhf & 7 imprison$ 9 ,florida4 ,aft] ,g]onimo's surr5d]1 relative peace desc5d$ ^u ! fronti] 9 ,new ,mexico4 ,e/abli%$ 9 ! po/-,civil ,w> p]iod 7 ,=ts ,w+ate 7old & new71 ,seld51 ,cumm+s1 & ,bay>d1 z well z ,=t ,l[ell 7#ahfh71 ne> ,ti]ra ,am>illa2 ,=t ,bascom 7#ahfc71 on ! ,canadian ,riv] ab\t eight miles nor? ( ,tucumc>i2 ,=t ,sumn] 7#ahfb71 on ! ,pecos ,riv] ab\t five miles s\!a/ ( pres5t-day ,=t ,sumn]2 ,=t ,mc,rae 7#ahfc71 on ! ,rio ,gr&e ab\t t5 miles nor!a/ ( ,tru? or ,consequ5ces2 & ,=t ,we/ 7#ahfc71 on ! ,gila ,riv] ab\t two miles s\? ( ,cliff4 ,) ! arrival ( ! railroad & cessation ( ho/ilities ) ! ,indians1 a new era 0 begun4 ,"o by "o1 ! old =ts 7 ab&on$3 _! ne$ _h pass$4 ,! colorful fronti] =ts ( ,new ,mexico are j a memory n[4 ,our ,national ,h]itage ,national ,=e/s 9 ! s-call$ 8des]t0 /ate ( ,new ,mexico cov] m ?an #h4e million acres1 ab\t #aa p] c5t ( ! /ate's area4 ,national ,monum5ts & ,c>lsbad ,cav]ns ,national ,p>k only ext5d ov] ab\t #dcj squ>e miles b cov] t5 ( ,new ,mexico's mo/ sc5ic areas t are ( national geologic1 ar*eologic1 & hi/oric int]e/4 ,^! are our national h]itage1 set aside by ! f$]al gov]nm5t = ! p]petual equal use ( all ,am]icans4 ,! =e/s cap ! high] ranges ( ! /ate1 except on w9dbl[n peaks t ext5d above ! timb]l9e4 ,!y provide protection = ! wat]%$s t fe$ ,new ,mexico's riv]s1 supply ab\t #abe million bo>d feet ( cut timb] ea* ye>1 & yield =age = m ?an #aej1jjj cattle & %eep4 ,picnic nooks & camp gr\nds are pl5tiful1 fi% ab\nd 9 ! ru%+ m\nta9 /reams1 & big game awaits ! hunt] ?r\gh\t ! =e/ l&s4 ,! primitive virg9 wild]ness is pres]v$ 9 its natural /ate1 accessible only by pack trip1 9 ! ,gila ,wild]ness area ( ! ,diablo & ,mogollon m\nta9s nor? ( ,silv] ,city & ! ,pecos ,wild]ness area ea/ ( ,santa ,fe 9 ! ,sangre de ,cri/o ,m\nta9s4 ,incomp>able ,c>lsbad ,cav]ns is 9 ! /ate's only ,national ,p>k4 ,national ,monum5ts include ! gli/5+ gypsum dunes ( ,:ite ,s&s1 ! volcanic cone ( ,capul9 ,m\nta91 ! prehi/oric ru9s ( ,*aco ,canyon1 ,aztec ,ru9s1 ,b&eli]1 & ,gila ,cliff ,dwell+s1 ! ,spani% ru9s at ,gran ,quivira1 ,inscription ,rock at ,el ,morro1 & ! crumbl+ walls ( old ,=t ,union4 ,9 ! ne> future1 ,valle ,gr&e may be add$ to ! ,national ,p>k ,sy/em & w include ,valle ,cald]a1 "o ( ! _w's l>ge/ volcanic cald]as1 a m\nta9\s jumble ) cool /reams1 ?ick conif]\s =e/s1 & lu% high mead[s4 ,,new ,,mexico',s ,,big ,,%>e ,,( ,,! ,,national ,,p>k ,,sy/em by ,h4 ,v4 ,reeves1 ,jr4#b ,9 contemplat+ ! gr[? ( cities & t[ns1 ! insatiable suburbs1 conge/$ /reets & highways1 ! acres ( dump y>ds = disc>d$ automobiles1 legions ( billbo>ds up/ag+ m\nta9 ranges & sea%ores1 & ! melan*oly pr$ictions ( demograph]s :o say t )9 ?irty ye>s !re w be twice z _m ( u1 consid] ?is3 = ,new ,mexico 9 p>ticul>1 ! outlook is n utt]ly bleak4 ,"s n9ety ye>s ago1 )\t any?+ approa*+ ! pres5t-day horrible example be=e !m1 "s f>sight$1 selfless1 tireless individuals began to "w to set aside areas ( out/&+ sc5ic1 sci5tific1 & hi/orical int]e/ s t !y w\ld n be engulf$ by humanity4 ,(t5 aga9/ /rong opposition1 ^! b5efactors succe$$ 9 br++ ab\t legislation t b\nd$ _m su* areas & def9$ laws to protect !m4 ,! areas became national p>ks1 monum5ts1 & hi/oric sites4 ,& 9 #aiaf1 ! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice1 an ag5cy ( ! ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior1 0 e/abli%$ to adm9i/] ! units ( ! ,national ,p>k ,sy/em4 ,today1 o!r selfless individuals are contribut+ _! "t & ef=t to br+ additional areas into ! ,national ,p>k ,sy/em be=e !y are lo/ =ev]4 ,= example1 ,pecos ru9s became a ,national ,monum5t 9 late #aiff 7see page #ajf74 ,n e sugge/$ area possesses ! qualities t m]it pres]vation1 qualities ( national significance4 ,propos$ areas receive c>eful /udy be=e !y are recomm5d$ = inclusion )9 ! sy/em--recomm5d$ to ! ,congress by ! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior4 ,! ,secret>y's recomm5dations are bas$ on ^? receiv$ f ! ,advisory ,bo>d on ,national ,p>ks1 ,hi/oric ,sites1 ,build+s1 & ,monum5ts4 ,?is bo>d is compos$ ( elev5 private citiz5s1 ea* ( :om is compet5t 9 "o or m ( ! foll[+ fields3 hi/ory1 natural hi/ory1 ar*eology1 ar*itecture1 cons]vation1 & recreation4 ,div]se 9 "*1 ,new ,mexico's t5 units ( ! ,national ,p>k ,sy/em are ( geologic1 sc5ic1 ar*eological1 & hi/orical int]e/4 ,a visit to ea* unit w disclose ! qualities t h be5 judg$ to be ( national significance4 ,c>lsbad ,cav]ns ,national ,p>k ,incomp>able ,c>lsbad ,cav]ns1 9 s\!a/]n ,new ,mexico1 includes a s+le und]gr\nd *amb] s expansive t its floor c\ld accommodate f\rte5 football fields & its ceil+ c\ld hold a #bb-/ory build+2 o!r *amb]s t conta9 c\ntless cave =mations ( great v>iety ( %ape & color2 cool & naturally circulat+ fre% air2 & a sy/em ( light+ t reveals ! beauty & spaci\sness mo/ effectively4 ,s9ce ! temp]ature )9 ! ,cav]ns rema9s at ab\t #ef;,f ! ye> r\nd1 w>m clo?+ is ne$$4 ,com=table %oes1 too1 = ! f\r-h\r1 ?ree-mile complete t\r1 :i* />ts at ! natural entrance4 ,%ort] trips1 ! ,big ,room t\rs t />t at ! elevators 9 ! visitor c5t]1 take 9 only a "p ( ! und]gr\nd *amb]s4 ,all t\rs are "u lead]%ip ( compet5t p>k guides :o answ] que/ions & expla9 ! e>? processes t h result$ 9 ! cav]ns & _! amaz+ decorations4 ,f ! natural entrance1 ! imm5se ma9 corridor ( ! ,cav]ns is foll[$ d[nw>d #hbi feet = "o & ?ree-qu>t]s miles4 ,?is br+s visitors to ! mo/ sc5ic rooms 7! ,gre5 ,lake ,room1 ,k+'s ,palace1 ,que5's ,*amb]1 & ,papoose ,room71 :]e ! /alactites1 /alagmites1 & helictites rea* _! peak 9 numb]s1 %apes1 & delicate color+4 ,! trail leads upw>d #hj feet f ! ,papoose ,room to ! lun*room4 ,ne> ! lun*room is ! ,big ,room1 ! mo/ maje/ic ( ! ,cav]ns' *amb]s4 ,! trail ar\nd its p]imet]1 "o & a qu>t] miles long1 encompasses a floor space ( f\rte5 acres4 ,illu/ration3 ,hall ( ,giants 9 ,c>lsbad ,cav]ns ,national ,p>k ,complet+ ! circuit ( ! ,big ,room & return+ to ! lun*room1 visitors may ei!r walk or bo>d an elevator & ride smoo?ly back to ! surface4 ,h[ 7 ! ,cav]ns =m$8 ,! /ory began ab\t #bdj million ye>s ago1 dur+ ! ,p]mian ,p]iod4 ,at t "t1 ! two lime/one =mations 9 :i* ! cav]ns occur--! ,tansill ,=mation & ,capitan ,lime/one--7 deposit$ z "p ( an organic reef complex at ! edge ( a w>m %all[ sea4 ,dur+ subsequ5t p]iods1 o!r seas br\ght 9 s$im5t>y mat]ial t cov]$ ! reef4 ,ab\t #fj million ye>s ago1 e>? movem5ts1 :i* 7 responsible = ! uplift ( ! area1 fractur$ ! reef & p]mitt$ surr\nd+ gr\nd wat] to ent] along fracture l9es & beg9 "w 9 fa%ion+ ! cav]ns4 ,! wat] at fir/ dissolv$ small crevices 9 ! lime/one4 ,z m wat] came 91 ! crevices enl>g$ to cavities1 call$ solution pockets4 ,!n ! walls1 floors1 & ceil+s ( ! pockets dissolv$ & collaps$1 jo9+ ! pockets1 :ile ! solution process cont9u$1 ev5tually =m+ ! huge rooms se5 today4 ,beg9n+ ab\t #c million ye>s ago & into rec5t times1 ! uplift ( ! local ,guadalupe ,m\nta9s & *ang+ climates l[]$ ! wat] table4 ,wat] t _h be5 inside ! cav]ns dra9$ away & 0 replac$ by air4 ,mo/ solution /opp$1 b l>ge sections ( p>tly dissolv$ walls & ceil+s collaps$ "u _! own weight4 ,/ability 0 f9ally a*iev$1 h[ev]1 & probably no rock has fall5 )9 ! cav]ns dur+ ! la/ sev]al ?\s& ye>s4 ,ev5 be=e ! collaps+ end$1 ano!r phase ( cav]n developm5t _h begun4 ,ra9 wat] & sn[ melt sl[ly seep$ into ! cav]ns4 ,droplets ( wat]1 ea* hold+ a m9ute quantity ( dissolv$ lime/one1 appe>$ ^u ! ceil+s4 ,expos$ to ! air1 ! droplets evaporat$ & left _! m9]al cont5t z calcite & aragonite--cry/all9e =ms ( lime/one4 ,ov] c5turies1 ?is process ( evaporation & deposition has built a myriad ( cry/all9e /alactites ( all %apes & sizes4 ,wat] t dripp$ to ! floor evaporat$ & deposit$ ! calcite & aragonite to build /alagmites4 ,:5 jo9$ toge!r1 /alactites & /alagmites become columns1 or pill>s4 ,9 ! sc5ic rooms1 conditions exi/$ t br\ght ab\t ! creation ( helictites--twi/$ =mations t seem to defy gravity 9 _! gr[?4 ,color 9 ! cave =mations1 %ades ( br[n1 r$1 & yell[1 result f ! pres5ce ( small am\nts ( iron oxide & o!r m9]als4 ,c>lsbad ,cav]ns ,national ,p>k (f]s m ?an ! cav]ns !mselves4 ,ea* ev5+ f ,april to ,octob]1 bats 9 incr$ible numb]s spiral upw>d out ( ! ,cav]ns' entrance & fly s\?w>d ov] ! rim ( ! esc>pm5t to fe$ 9 ! valleys ( ! ,black & ,pecos riv]s4 ,!y return j be=e dawn1 div+ swiftly & f high altitudes into ! entrance4 ,fly+ directly to ! bat cave1 !y sp5d ea* day hang+ head d[nw>d 9 d5se clu/]s f ! walls & ceil+s4 ,! bat cave itself is n op5 to visitors4 ,a p>k naturali/ expla9s ! bat flight & discusses ! bats 9 detail 9 a talk giv5 at ! entrance to ! ,cav]ns ea* ev5+ be=e ! flight beg9s4 ,! nature trail1 a half mile loop t beg9s & ends ne> ! entrance to ! ,cav]ns1 guides ! visitor to _m ( ! des]t plants ( ! region4 ,! p>k is visit$ by m ?an half a million p ea* ye>1 & yet ! delicate cave =mations & ! natural beauties rema9 unm>r$4 ,:ite ,s&s ,national ,monum5t ,:ite ,s&s ,national ,monum5t1 fifte5 miles s\?we/ ( ,alamogordo1 is ano!r area ( great int]e/ to ! geologi/ & biologi/4 ,b its /rang5ess1 ! graceful cont\rs ( its sn[-:ite dunes1 & ! peculi> adaptations ( "s ( ! plants & animals t live among its dunes are appreciat$ z fully by ! nonsci5ti/4 ,m ?an #cgj1jjj visitors come to m>vel at ! ,:ite ,s&s ea* ye>4 ,! ,monum5t1 "s #bcj squ>e miles 9 ext5t1 pres]ves ! mo/ impressive "p ( ! _w's l>ge/ gypsum des]t4 ,?is is a gli/5+ sea ( pure gypsum s& t ! w9d has drift$ into huge dunes t are almo/ b>e ( vegetation except along ! fr+es4 ,wavelike1 ! re/ive dunes move sl[ly be=e ! prevail+ w9ds1 cov]+ & uncov]+ ! few plants t lie 9 _! way4 ,& wavelike1 _! surfaces trace ! vag>ies ( indecisive breezes 9 t9y p>allel ripplelike ridges4 ,because ( ! almo/ con/ant w9d & result+ gradual advance ( ! dunes1 mo/ ( ! plants t are able to e/abli% !mselves 9 ! op5 flats betwe5 ! dunes ev5tually become buri$4 ,a few species1 h[ev]1 are able to survive ! irresi/ible m>* ( ! s&4 ,?r\gh rapid gr[? & elongation ( ! /ems1 ! /ruggl+ cr[ns rema9 on top ( ! ris+ cre/s ( ! dunes4 ,plants ) /ems m ?an =ty feet long h be5 f\nd4 ,z ! dunes cont9ue =w>d "u ! pressure ( ! w9d1 !y leave ! plants elevat$ on columns ( compact$ gypsum b\nd by _! adv5titi\s roots4 ,animals1 too1 h become adapt$ to _! unusual surr\nd+s4 ,! small creatures1 liz>ds1 mice1 & o!rs1 are pick$ (f easily by su* pr$ators z foxes1 coyotes1 & hawks :5 !y are conspicu\s4 ,?us1 ?r\gh ! c5turies1 only ! light]-color$ individuals h surviv$ among ! dunes &1 ?r\gh _m g5]ations1 h develop$ pale & elusive animals t bl5d inconspicu\sly ) _! :ite surr\nd+s4 ,pocket mice are a good example ( ?is4 ,among ! :ite dunes1 ! pocket mice are :ite2 9 ! ne>by r$ hills1 !y are a ru/y color2 & on ! b$s ( black lava a few miles nor? ( ! s&1 ! pocket mice are v d>k4 ,a visitor to ,:ite ,s&s ,national ,monum5t %\ld /op at ! visitor c5t]1 :]e exhibits expla9 ! geology ( ! dunel& & o!rs describe ! plants & animals t are able to live !re4 ,b h[ & f :]e did ?is natural wond] come8 ,! dunes ( gypsum lie 9 ! ,tul>osa ,bas91 :i* /ret*es = m ?an #ajj miles betwe5 two nor?-s\? m\nta9 ranges4 ,all sides ( ! valley slope g5tly inw>d1 =m+ ! bas91 ) ,lake ,luc]o1 its l[e/ po9t1 at ! s\?we/ end ( ! ,monum5t4 ,?is valley 0 =m$ hundr$s ( c5turies ago1 :5 a great section ( ! e>?'s cru/ settl$ to =m ! type ( bas9 kn[n geologically z a grab54 ,high above ! bas9 floor1 b$s ( gypsum are f\nd to ! nor? 9 ! m\nta9 ranges flank+ ! valley4 ,simil> gypsum b$s lie f> b5ea? ! floor ( ! bas94 ,?us1 x 0 once a "p ( ! high plateau1 a great blocklike section t sl[ly sank to =m ! bas9 at its pres5t level4 ,p]colat+ wat] f seasonal ra9s & melt+ sn[ c>ries tons ( gypsum1 9 solution1 f ! highl&s at ! nor? end ( ! bas9 into ,lake ,luc]o4 ,dur+ mu* ( ! ye>1 cl\dless skies & w>m dry w9ds evaporate ,lake ,luc]o1 & x %r9ks to a cry/al-encru/$ m>%4 ,capill>ity draws ! gypsum-lad5 und]gr\nd wat] to ! surface2 x1 too1 evaporates1 deposit+ its burd5 ( gypsum ?r\gh\t ! ext5sive 8alkali flats40 ,! p]si/5t s\?we/ w9d picks up ! p>ticles ( gypsum & :irls !m away1 add+ !m to ! gleam+ :ite dunes1 ! accumulation ( c5turies4 ,! be/ ways to see ! dunes are by c> & by foot4 ,along ! drive t leads into ! he>t ( ! dunel& are numb]$ po/s t correspond to numb]$ p>agraphs 9 ! ,monum5t's in=mational fold]4 ,^! p>agraphs expla9 ! features t are ( p>ticul> significance4 ,at pull-outs along ! drive1 p>k ! c> & walk among ! dunes4 ,illu/ration3 ,capul9 ,m\nta9 ,national ,monum5t ,capul9 ,m\nta9 ,national ,monum5t ,capul9 ,m\nta9 ,national ,monum5t1 9 ! nor!a/ "p ( ! /ate1 is an area ( geologic int]e/ t pres5ts /ill ano!r aspect ( ! sci5ce ( ! e>?4 ,x conta9s ! cone ( an ext9ct volcano1 "o ( ! mo/ symmetrical ( ! geologically rec5t c9d] cones 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,its conical =m rises m ?an #ajjj feet above its base4 ,! irregul> rim is ab\t "o mile 9 circumf]5ce1 & ! crat] is ab\t #dae feet 9 dep?1 z measur$ f ! highe/ "p ( ! rim4 ,"s #dj1jjj p a ye> visit ! ,monum5t4 ,! m\nta9 consi/s *iefly ( loose c9d]s1 a%1 & o!r rock debris ( volcanic explosions4 ,^! mat]ials 7 spew$ out by a s]ies ( successive eruptions1 probably ( consid]able duration4 ,! co>se mat]ials fell back ar\nd ! v5t1 pil+ up to =m ! conical m\nd4 ,du/ & o!r f9e mat]ials 7 c>ri$ away by ! w9d4 ,aft] ! eruptions1 vegetation ga9$ a foo?old on ! /eep1 un/able flanks ( ! cone1 s t 9 "t ! slopes became /abiliz$4 ,geological /udies indicate t ! volcano probably 0 active ab\t #gjjj ye>s ago4 ,capul9 ,m\nta9 is ( special int]e/1 p>tly because x repres5ts ! la/ /ages ( a great p]iod ( volcanic activity t 0 widespread ?r\gh\t we/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,evid5ces ( ?is old] & m int5se activity c be se5 f ! top ( ,capul9 ,m\nta9 9 ! scores ( o!r ne>by volcanic hills & peaks4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! is ! ,si]ra ,gr&e1 an ext9ct volcano ris+ #djjj feet above ! surr\nd+ pla92 x is t5 miles to ! s\!a/4 ,nor?we/ ( ,capul9 are a numb] ( mesas t are capp$ ) black lava1 ! l>ge/ ( :i* are ,b>ella1 ,raton1 & ,johnson4 ,fi%]s ,peak1 s\? ( ,tr9idad1 ,colorado1 is on a simil> mesa4 ,! fam\s ,spani% ,peaks1 nor?we/ ( ,tr9idad1 are a pair ( ext9ct volcanoes4 ,9 ?is great volcanic area1 ! lava erupt$ 9 a succession ( fl[s4 ,! s]ies ( eruptions 7 sep>at$ by long p]iods ( inactivity4 ,dur+ ^! inactive times1 erosion cut valleys & wore d[n p>ts ( ! old lava %eets4 ,?is action =m$ new *annels & l[] t]ra9 ov] :i* succe$+ lava fl[s spread4 ,?is process 0 repeat$ at lea/ ?ree times4 ,! olde/ lavas1 :i* h be5 expos$ by erosion1 are f\nd on ! tops ( ! highe/ mesas4 ,! la/ s]ies ( eruptions creat$ ,capul9 ,m\nta92 !y 7 ejections mo/ly ( c9d]s & a%1 ) less lava fl[ ?an 9 ! prec$+ volcanic activity4 ,^! c9d]-&-a% eruptions 7 s rec5t1 geologically1 t "s ( ! ne>by1 b>e1 /eep-sid$ c9d] cones appe> z if !y _h j cool$4 ,! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice has con/ruct$ a road up ! m\nta9 to ! rim ( ! crat]4 ,& f ! p>k+ area at ! rim1 two trails lead to ! mo/ int]e/+ po9ts on ! m\nta94 ,"o trail1 self-guid+1 makes ! complete "o-mile circuit ( ! crat] along ! rim4 ,a guide booklet1 key$ to numb]$ /akes t h be5 set at places along ! trail1 expla9s ! features ( p>ticul> significance--bo? on ! m\nta9 & 9 ! di/ance4 ,! o!r trail1 less sc5ic1 provides a r>e opportunity to see a volcanic m\nta9 f ! inside out1 = x leads d[n to ! bottom ( ! crat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,view ( ,*aco ,canyon ,national ,monum5t ,*aco ,canyon ,national ,monum5t ,ri* 9 areas ( geological int]e/1 ,new ,mexico is equally ri* 9 areas ( ar*eological int]e/4 ,f\r ( ^! are pres]v$ z units ( ! ,national ,p>k ,sy/em4 ,*aco ,canyon ,national ,monum5t1 9 ! nor?we/]n "p ( ! /ate1 conta9s m ?an a doz5 l>ge prehi/oric ru9s & hundr$s ( small] ar*eological sites4 ,^! ru9s are consid]$ to be )\t equal nor? ( c5tral ,mexico4 ,no o!r ar*eological area 9 ! ,s\?we/ exhibits su* a high developm5t ( prehi/oric ,pueblo civilization4 ,mo/ ( ! sites lie )9 a /rip ( l& ab\t eight miles long & two miles wide1 ?r\gh :i* ,*aco ,canyon runs4 ,al?\gh ! ,monum5t is relatively isolat$1 x is op5 ye> ar\nd & is visit$ by ab\t #bb1jjj p annually4 ,! mo/ impos+ & be/ kn[n ( ! ru9s is ,pueblo ,bonito4 ,built betwe5 #hjj & #ijj ye>s ago1 ?is #d- & #e-/ory village cov]$ m ?an ?ree acres & conta9$ ab\t #hjj rooms & #cb kivas1 or c]emonial *amb]s4 ,ar*eologi/ ,neil ,m4 ,judd1 ( ! ,national ,museum1 :o conduct$ "s ( ! late excavations1 has said t ,pueblo ,bonito 0 ! l>ge/ ap>tm5t h\se built any:]e 9 ! _w prior to #ahhg1 e/imat+ t at "o "t x h\s$ #abjj p4 ,e>lie/ ( ! ,*aco sites1 small villages ( crude pit h\ses 7 occupi$ dur+ #fjj to #hjj ,a4,d4 ,ar*eologi/s1 /udy+ *anges 9 masonry /yle1 pott]y types1 & o!r rema9s1 h piec$ toge!r ! developm5t ( ! culture ( ! inhabitants ( ,*aco ,canyon ov] a p]iod ( six c5turies4 ,aft] ,*aco ,canyon's cultural high po9t 0 rea*$ 9 ! #aajj's1 a gradual decl9e set 94 ,! population decreas$1 & 9 ! #abjj's1 ! region 0 ab&on$4 ,dur+ ?is same c5tury1 o!r ,pueblo c5t]s )9 ! ,san ,juan ,bas9 7 also des]t$4 ,v>i\s !ories h be5 advanc$ to expla9 ?is exodus3 soil erosion1 w>like enemies1 poor facilities = urban sanitation1 dr\ght1 & int]village w>f>e4 ,"o or a comb9ation ( ^! factors might h be5 in/rum5tal 9 br++ ab\t ! ab&onm5t ( ! region4 ,aztec ,ru9s ,national ,monum5t ,aztec ,ru9s ,national ,monum5t1 at ,aztec 9 ! nor?we/]n corn] ( ! /ate1 0 set aside to pres]ve an out/&+ example ( classical ,pueblo con/ruction1 "o ( ! l>ge/ pre-,spani% villages 9 ! ,s\?we/4 ,m ?an #dj1jjj visitors come to ! ,monum5t ea* ye>4 ,tree-r+ dates indicate t mo/ ( ! big c5tral pueblo 0 rapidly con/ruct$ dur+ ! p]iod #aajf to #aaba4 ,at ?is "t1 ! p ( ,aztec 7 influ5c$ by ! cultural c5t] to ! s\?1 ,*aco ,canyon4 ,dur+ ! la/ half ( ! #aajj's1 aft] ! decl9e ( ,*aco ,canyon _h begun1 ! p ( ,aztec began to look t[>d ! nor?1 & by #abjj1 ,mesa ,v]de ideas dom9at$ ! region4 ,aztec 0 ab&on$ by ab\t #acjj1 z 0 ! re/ ( ! g5]al region4 ,( p>ticul> int]e/ at ,aztec ,ru9s ,national ,monum5t is ! recon/ruct$ ,great ,kiva4 ,! ,pueblo ,indians built sep>ate rooms1 n[ kn[n z kivas1 = c]emonial purposes4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( ,*aco influ5ce1 ! p at ,aztec con/ruct$ a v l>ge circul> build+1 #dh feet 9 diamet]1 9 _! plaza4 ,its features diff] f ^? ( ! small kivas & e/abli% x z a ,great ,kiva1 simil> to ^? at ,*aco4 ,! ,great ,kivas repres5t ! peak ( religi\s ar*itecture among ! ,pueblos4 ,! ,great ,kiva at ,aztec 0 completely re/or$ 9 #aicd by ,e>l ,h4 ,morris1 ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,b&eli] ,national ,monum5t ,b&eli] ,national ,monum5t1 =ty-six miles we/ ( ,santa ,fe1 pres]ves ! ru9s ( dwell+s & o!r /ructures t 7 erect$ by ,indians :o liv$ 9 ! area until ab\t #aeej ,a4,d4 ,almo/ #ajj1jjj p visit ! ,monum5t ea* ye>4 ,:5 _m ( ! anci5t ,pueblo ,indian c5t]s 7 ab&on$ 9 ! late ?irte5? c5tury1 ! p mov$ to locations :]e ! wat] supply 0 m con/ant4 ,a favorable area 0 ! upp] ,rio ,gr&e ,valley 9 :at is n[ ,new ,mexico4 ,"o ( ! lat] fl[]+s ( ,pueblo culture occurr$ "h4 ,! ru9s )9 ,b&eli] are repres5tative ( ?is phase ( ,pueblo developm5t4 ,9 ,frijoles ,canyon1 ! ,indians *ose ! location ( _! homes well4 ,! creek t runs ?r\gh ! canyon fl[s all ye>4 ,on ! canyon floor & mesa top !re 0 l& suitable to ! cultivation ( crops4 ,& ! canyon walls ( s(t tuff 7consolidat$ volcanic a%7 c\ld easily be holl[$ out by ! ,indians ) _! h>d] /one tools 9 fa%ion+ /orage rooms beh9d dwell+s built aga9/ ! cliff4 ,cliff ru9s1 or talus villages1 ext5d along ! base ( ! nor!rn wall ( ! canyon = ab\t two miles4 ,o!r ru9s are locat$ on ! floor ( ! canyon4 ,! h\ses ( /one masonry 7 irregul>ly t]rac$1 f "o to ?ree /ories 9 height4 ,"s holl[$ recesses at ! base ( ! cliff also 7 us$ = dwell+ rooms4 ,l ! o!r pueblo dwell]s1 ! ,frijoles inhabitants 7 f>m]s1 rais+ ! usual corn1 beans1 & squa%4 ,!y us$ cotton clo?1 :i* has be5 f\nd 9 ! ru9s & :i* sugge/s t !y _h ! loom4 ,s9ce ! gr[+ season 9 ! high ,frijoles c\ntry is %ort1 !y probably obta9$ _! cotton by trade ) ,indians :o liv$ f>!r s\?4 ,!y made pott]y decorat$ ) glaze pa9t4 ,= a few c5turies1 ! ,indian f>m]s liv$ 9 ! canyons1 built villages1 honeycomb$ ! cliffs ) artificial caves1 & till$ ! soil4 ,b ) ! pass+ ye>s1 dr\ght1 soil-erod+ floods1 soil depletion1 fam9e1 & possibly disease--s+ly or 9 comb9ation--=c$ ! canyon dwell]s aga9 to seek new homes4 ,desc5dants ( ^! ,indians /ill live 9 ne>by mod]n pueblos along ! ,rio ,gr&e4 ,illu/ration3 ,cliff h\ses 9 ,frijoles ,canyon1 ,b&eli] ,national ,monum5t ,ab\t n9ety p] c5t ( ,b&eli] ,national ,monum5t is1 & w rema91 a wild]ness4 ,! rugg$ & sc5ic back c\ntry is accessible by ab\t sixty miles ( ma9ta9$ trails1 lead+ to su* features z ,alamo ,canyon1 ! ,/one ,lions1 ,pa9t$ ,cave1 ! ,pueblo ru9s ( ,san ,miguel & ,yapa%i1 & ,:ite ,rock ,canyon ( ! ,rio ,gr&e4 ,valle ,gr&e ,ano!r area has be5 consid]$ z an addition to ! ,national ,p>k ,sy/em 9 ,new ,mexico4 ,a #aifc bill introduc$ 9 ,congress w\ld e/abli% ,valle ,gr&e-,b&eli] ,national ,p>k1 ab\t =ty-six miles we/ ( ,santa ,fe4 ,valle ,gr&e is "p ( ! ,valle ,cald]a1 :i* is among ! _w's l>ge/ & has be5 ! site ( ext5sive /udies ( cald]as 7! collaps$ summits ( volcanoes74 ,lessons le>n$ !re h be5 appli$ 9 recogniz+ & inve/igat+ cald]as 9 o!r places4 ,b&eli] ,national ,monum5t1 prim>ily ( ar*eological significance1 lies to ! ea/ ( ! canyon-cut rim ( ! cald]a4 ,z writt51 ! bill w\ld h incorporat$ ! ,monum5t 9 ! propos$ national p>k4 ,illu/ration3 ,"p ( ,gila ,cliff ,dwell+s ,national ,monum5t ,gila ,cliff ,dwell+s ,national ,monum5t ,gila ,cliff ,dwell+s ,national ,monum5t1 =ty-sev5 miles nor? ( ,silv] ,city & at ! edge ( ! ,gila ,wild]ness ,area1 conta9s a s]ies ( ru9s t portray ! developm5t ( ! agricultural ,indians :o liv$ s\? ( ! ,mogollon ,m\nta9s4 ,specifically1 ! ru9s repres5t a bran* ( ! g5]aliz$ culture kn[n z ,mogollon4 ,al?\gh "p ( ! road to ! ,monum5t 0 pav$ 9 #aifc1 ! la/ f\r-mile /ret* is /ill primitive & %\ld n be attempt$ 9 an ord9>y pass5g] c> except dur+ ! summ] & 9 dry wea!r4 ,9 spite ( ! difficult road1 m ?an #bc1jjj p visit$ ! ,monum5t dur+ #aife4 ,! la/ f\r miles ( ! road h be5 rec5tly pav$4 ,! e>lie/ ru9 yet f\nd )9 ! ,monum5t is a ,mogollon pit h\se ( a type t 0 made ab\t #ejj ,a4,d4 ,x is r\ndi% &1 on ! ea/ side1 has a n>r[ ramplike entrance "s two feet wide & t5 feet long4 ,! p ( ?is p]iod did only a little f>m+ 7corn & beans71 a little hunt+1 & ga!r$ mu* uncultivat$ plant food4 ,!y made a fairly good pla9-br[n pott]y & und\bt$ly 7 skill$ 9 a numb] ( crafts ^: products h s9ce disappe>$4 ,su* ?+s z nets & sn>es1 baskets1 & wood5 tools la/ b a %ort "t 9 op5 sites4 ,o!r1 lat]1 pit h\se types may be se5 9 ! ,monum5t4 ,pit h\ses 7 preval5t 9 ! area until ab\t #ajjj ,a4,d41 :5 influ5ces f ! ,anasazi 7,pueblo7 ,indians ( ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,s\?we/ began to affect ! ,mogollon p4 ,squ>e h\ses1 built above ! gr\nd1 became ! /yle2 "s 7 ( masonry1 "s ( adobe con/ruction1 & "s 7 built ( wattle 7wood5 rods & twigs74 ,a new type ( pott]y 0 also introduc$ at ab\t ! same "t3 :ite ) black designs4 ,! pr9cipal ru9s 9 ! ,monum5t are ! cliff dwell+s1 :i* 7 built dur+ ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies4 ,!y1 too1 reflect ! nor!rn pueblo influ5ce4 ,ab\t =ty rooms1 rem>kably well pres]v$1 are fitt$ into a s]ies ( *amb]s1 or caves1 9 a l[ cliff ( ,gila ,conglom]ate4 ,by ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! area 0 ab&on$ by ! f>m+ ,indians4 ,gran ,quivira ,national ,monum5t ,significant *apt]s 9 ! absorb+ hi/ory ( ,new ,mexico 7 writt5 at ?ree sites t h be5 made units ( ! ,national ,p>k ,sy/em4 ,gran ,quivira ,national ,monum5t1 ne> ! c5t] ( ! /ate s\!a/ ( ,m\nta9air1 pres]ves ! ru9s ( a fronti] ,spani% mission t _h be5 built1 us$1 & ab&on$ by #afge4 ,! ,monum5t conta9s tw5ty-"o ru9$ h\se m\nds ( ,indian pueblos & ru9s ( two mission *ur*es4 ,x 0 ! pres5ce ( ! ,indians at ?is location1 ( c\rse1 t attract$ ! ,franciscan mission>ies4 ,illu/ration3 ,a look at ru9s ( ,gran ,quivira ,! e>lie/ ,indian pueblo 9 ! ,monum5t 0 f\nd$ ab\t #acjj ,a4,d42 by ! #afjj's1 ! village1 ) sev]al /ructures1 _h become ! l>ge/ 9 ! region4 ,x 0 conv5i5tly locat$ on ! s\? side ( a hill ne> ! cultivat$ fields 9 ! surr\nd+ l[l&s4 ,wat] 0 a problem !n z n[4 ,! ,indians solv$ ?is z be/ !y c\ld by digg+ %all[ wells at ! base ( ! hill1 ab\t "o mile we/ ( ! pueblo4 ,! fir/ kn[n specific ref]5ce to ,gran ,quivira 0 made 9 #afcj by ,fray ,alonso de ,b5avides1 a ,franciscan mission>y4 ,he call$ ! pueblo ! 8,village ( ! ,humanas10 & ref]r$ to ! *ur* !re z hav+ be5 built by ,fa!r ,francisco ,letrado 9 #afbi & d$icat$ to ,san ,isidro4 ,humanas1 n[ misnam$ 8,gran ,quivira10 0 lat] adm9i/]$ f ! mission ( ,san ,gregorio de ,abo1 "s =ty miles to ! nor?4 ,9 #afei1 ,fa!r ,diego de ,sant&] 0 assign$ to ,humanas4 ,con/ruction ( ! mission build+s1 :i* he r$$icat$ to ,san ,bu5av5tura1 0 complet$ by him4 ,! ,franciscans _h a pron\nc$ influ5ce ^u ! ,pueblo ,indians4 ,!y /imulat$ trade ) ,mexico & ! pueblos f>!r nor?4 ,!y import$ w9e grapes & cultivat$ !m1 & !y introduc$ dome/icat$ %eep1 goats1 cattle1 & horses4 ,sometime betwe5 #afgb & #afge1 ! pueblo & mission at ,humanas 7 ab&on$ because ( ,apa*e raids1 dr\ght1 & crop failures4 ,! p fir/ mov$ to ! ,rio ,gr&e ne> ! pres5t t[n ( ,socorro4 ,a few cont9u$ to ,el ,paso del ,norte1 :]e1 9 #afhj1 !y 7 jo9$ by ^? f ,socorro1 :o _h fl$ ) ! ,spani>ds f ! ,pueblo ,revolt ( t ye>4 ,el ,morro ,national ,monum5t ,el ,morro ,national ,monum5t1 s\?we/ ( ,grants ne> ,ramah1 0 e/abli%$ to pres]ve ! fam\s ,inscription ,rock1 regi/] ( ,indians1 ,spani>ds1 & we/w>d-mov+ pione]s4 ,ab\t #bb1jjj p n[ visit ! ,monum5t ea* ye>4 ,el ,morro1 or ,inscription ,rock1 is a massive mesa po9t ( s&/one4 ,ris+ "s #bjj feet above ! valley floor1 x =ms a /rik+ l&m>k4 ,f its summit1 ra9 & melt$ sn[ dra9 into a natural bas9 at ! foot ( ! cliff1 creat+ a con/ant & dep5dable supply ( wat] 9 a region :]e wat] is sc>ce4 ,! r\te f ,acoma to ! ,zuni pueblos l$ directly pa/ ! mesa4 ,x 0 a regul> camp+ place = ,spani% conqui/adores &1 lat]1 = travel]s f ! ea/4 ,on ! top ( ,el ,morro lie ru9s ( ,indian pueblos1 ab&on$ long be=e ! com+ ( ! ,spani>ds4 ,& c>v$ 9 ! s&/one are num]\s petroglyphs left by ^! anci5t p1 ance/ors ( ! mod]n ,zunis4 ,p]haps x 0 ! petroglyphs t prompt$ lat] travel]s to record _! names & ?\ghts on ! rock4 ,! fir/ kn[n hi/orical m5tion ( ,el ,morro is f\nd 9 ! j\rnal ( ,diego ,prez de ,luxn1 *ronicl] ( ! ,espejo ,exp$ition ( #aehc4 ,luxn /opp$ !re = wat] on ,m>* #aa ( t ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,"p ( ! pool & cliff at ,el ,morro ,! olde/ dat$ inscription at ,el ,morro 0 made 9 #afje by don ,juan de ,oate1 fir/ gov]nor ( ,new ,mexico4 ,return+ f an exp$ition to ! m\? ( ! ,colorado ,riv]1 he camp$ at ,el ,morro & c>v$ ?is inscription 9 ,spani%3 8,pass$ by "h ! ,adelantado ,don ,juan de ,oate f ! discov]y ( ! ,sea ( ! ,s\?1 ! #af? ( ,april ( #afje40 ,! 8,sea ( ! ,s\?0 0 ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia4 ,if don ,diego de ,v>gas1 ! mo/ fam\s ,spani% gov]nor ( ,new ,mexico1 seems boa/ful 9 ! message he left at ,el ,morro1 :o c blame him8 ,8 words1 9 ,engli%1 read1 8,"h 0 ! ,g5]al ,don ,diego de ,v>gas1 :o conqu]$ = our ,holy ,fai? & = ! ,royal ,cr[n all ( ,new ,mexico at 8 own exp5se1 ye> ( #afib40 ,twelve ye>s e>li]1 ! great ,pueblo ,indian ,revolt _h driv5 ! ,spani>ds f ,new ,mexico4 ,m ?an #djj1 includ+ #bc prie/s1 _h lo/ _! lives1 & ! surviv+ ,spani>ds1 "s #aajj1 _h fl$ to ,el ,paso del ,norte4 ,de ,v>gas re/or$ ord]1 )\t fur!r blood%$1 9 #afib4 ,aft] ! occupation ( ,santa ,fe by ! army ( ,g54 ,/eph5 ,w4 ,ke>ny 9 ,augu/ #ahdf1 details ( ,unit$ ,/ates troops 7 dispat*$ to explore v>i\s p>ts ( ,new ,mexico4 ,probably ! fir/ to visit ,el ,morro 0 ,lt4 ,j4 ,h4 ,simpson1 accompani$ by ! arti/ ,r4 ,h4 ,k]n1 :o copi$ "s ( ! e>ly inscriptions 9 ,septemb] #ahdi4 ,!n ! names ( o!r soldi]s1 trad]s1 ,indian ag5ts1 surveyors1 emigrants :o 7 travel+ we/w>d1 & settl]s 7 add$ to ! rock4 ,s9ce ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,monum5t by ,presid5tial proclamation 9 #aijf1 inscrib+ on ! face ( ! cliff has be5 prohibit$4 ,if ! ,monum5t _h n be5 e/abli%$ & ! law n pass$1 ?is fasc9at+ "p ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,s\?we/ w\ld surely h be5 lo/4 ,=t ,union ,national ,monum5t ,=t ,union ,national ,monum5t1 tw5ty-six miles nor!a/ ( ,las ,vegas & on ! r\te ( ! old ,santa ,fe ,trail :]e ! m\nta9s meet ! pla9s1 pres]ves ! ru9s ( a fam\s fronti] ,army po/4 ,z a base ( op]ations = milit>y & civilian v5tures 9 ,new ,mexico f #ahea to #ahia1 ,=t ,union help$ to direct ! c\rse ( ev5ts 9 ! =mative ye>s ( ! ,s\?we/4 ,m ?an #aa1jjj visitors come to ! ,monum5t ea* ye>4 ,five ye>s aft] ! conque/ ( ,new ,mexico by ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! w> ) ,mexico1 ,col4 ,e4 ,v4 ,sumn] mov$ "s ( 8 troops f ,=t ,m>cy1 9 ,santa ,fe1 to ! site ( ,=t ,union & !re began con/ruction ( log build+s on ! we/ side ( ,coyote ,creek4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ ,=t ,union4 ,! fir/ po/ took an active "p 9 protect+ settl]s & trad]s f ,indian raids dur+ ! #ahej's4 ,m\nt$ patrols ( dragoons made _m exp$itions into ! m\nta9s aga9/ ! w>r+ ,apa*es & ,utes & out onto ! pla9s to pursue ,coman*e w> p>ties4 ,=t ,union 0 also *>g$ ) supply & support ( _m outly+ milit>y po/s1 su* z ,=t ,defiance & ,=t ,craig4 ,! ,qu>t]ma/] ,depot at ,=t ,union 9 lat] ye>s came to be ! hub ( all ,army supply s]vices 9 ! ,s\?we/4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ?ree decades ( its life1 ,=t ,union saw ! great ,cone/oga wagons & prairie s*oon]s ( ! ,santa ,fe ,trail c>avans pass 9 increas+ numb]s4 ,by ! outbreak ( ! ,civil ,w>1 ent]pris+ trad]s 7 haul+ m ?an t5 million doll>s' wor? ( goods f ,miss\ri ea* ye>4 ,! =t provid$ escorts = c>avans & :5 reque/$ by appreh5sive company or po/al (ficials1 escorts = /age-coa*es ( ! ,indep5d5ce-,santa ,fe ,mail4 ,c5tury-old tracks ( ! ,santa ,fe ,trail c be /ill se5 ne> ,=t ,union4 ,! />t ( ! ,civil ,w> 9 #ahfa br\ght new activity to ! =t4 ,imm$iate invasion ( ,new ,mexico by ,conf$]ate =ces f ,texas 0 expect$4 ,g54 ,e4 ,r4 ,s4 ,canby1 comm&+ ,union troops 9 ! t]ritory1 began con/ruction ( an e>?work =tification 9 a def5sive position ab\t a mile f ! orig9al =t4 ,! dit*es1 p>apets1 & bomb-pro(s ( ?is r$\bt 7 complet$ late 9 #ahfa4 ,! ,texas column 0 n sl[ 9 com+4 ,by ,m>* #ahfb1 ^! invad]s "u ,g54 ,h5ry ,h4 ,sibley _h defeat$ a ,union =ce at ,val ,v]de1 _h fright5$ ! def5d]s f ,albuqu]que & ,santa ,fe into inaction1 & 7 m>*+ ea/w>d across ! m\nta9s t[>d ! f9al /ronghold1 ,=t ,union4 ,on ,m>* #aj1 ! ,fir/ ,regim5t ( ,colorado ,volunte]s1 "u ,col4 ,j4 ,p4 ,sl\gh1 arriv$ at ,=t ,union z re9=cem5ts4 ,& on ,m>* #bb1 ,colonel ,sl\gh l$ 8 #acdb m5 out ( ! =t to meet ! advanc+ ,conf$]ates4 ,9 a two-day battle f\ght 9 ,apa*e ,canyon & ,glorieta ,pass1 ! ,union =ces defeat$ ! ,conf$]ates1 ?us sav+ ,=t ,union = ! f$]al cause4 ,f #ahfc to #ahfi1 ! g>risons at ,=t ,union 7 *iefly occupi$ 9 a con/ruction program t produc$ mo/ ( ! adobe-wall$ build+s ^: ru9s may n[ be se54 ,=t ,union !n return$ to its e>li] mission ( a base = ,indian fight+4 ,! usefulness ( ,=t ,union 0 r$uc$ ) ! f9al submission ( ! ,indians & ) ! arrival ( ! railhead at ,las ,vegas 9 #ahgi4 ,! huge =t 0 demot$ to c>etak] /atus 9 ! #ahhj's & 0 ab&on$ 9 #ahia4 ,at ea* ( ^! ,new ,mexico units ( ! ,national ,p>k ,sy/em1 z at o!r units ?r\gh\t ! nation1 tra9$ p]sonnel ( ! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice--ar*eologi/s1 hi/orians1 naturali/s1 & p>k rang]s--are on duty4 ,_! purpose is to make ! visitor's trip rew>d+4 ,?is !y d ?r\gh museum exhibits1 guid$ walks & self-guid+ trails1 campfire talks1 & publications4 ,"h 9 ,new ,mexico1 !n1 escape ! irritations t seem to g ) progress4 ,await+ ! travel] are unspoil$ places :]e he c surr\nd himself ) ! quiet maje/y ( nature1 walk ! pa?s made by prehi/oric p1 camp :]e ! ,spani% conqui/adores camp$1 /roll among ! ru9s ( build+s erect$ by ! m5 :o help$ to fa%ion ! ,s\?we/4 ,,=e/ ,,l&s ,,above ,,! ,,des]t by ,ru? ,bu% ,jones#c ,today1 z 9 e>li] times1 p ( ,new ,mexico look to _! m\nta9s ) a new & great] appreciation ( _! =e/ l& h]itage4 ,today1 also1 p seek ae/hetic values ( peace1 beauty1 & s]5ity f\nd 9 nature's solitudes1 9 addition to =e/ products = economic use4 ,basic to ! enjoym5t ( ! high c\ntry are ! =e/ treasures ( cle>1 pure wat] 444 ( wild game & birds 444 ( trees = %ade & solitude1 fuel1 %elt]1 & =e/ products 444 ( grass & br[se = cattle1 %eep1 horses1 & wildlife 444 ( magnific5t gr&eur & panoramic vi/as4 ,^! basic treasures c\pl$ ) und]/&+ ( ! purposes & _m b5efits ( ! ,national ,=e/s br+ true recreation to ! visitor4 ,! high c\ntry ( ,new ,mexico1 mu* ( x 9 ! ,national ,=e/s1 is entru/$ by law to ! c>e & adm9i/ration ( ! ,u4,s4 ,=e/ ,s]vice1 an ag5cy ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,^! va/ public prop]ties locat$ 9 sev]al sections ( ! /ate are adm9i/]$ z ,c>son1 ,santa ,fe1 ,cibola1 ,l9coln1 ,gila1 ,apa*e1 & ,coronado ,national ,=e/s1 ! latt] two ly+ prim>ily 9 ,arizona & be+ direct$ f !re r ?an f ,new ,mexico4 ,visitors to ,new ,mexico travel+ along ma9 highways see ! high =e/ c\ntry outl9+ ! horizon & (t5 reg>d ! l(ty masses ( rugg$ rock z unapproa*able & lack+ 9 fri5dl9ess4 8,n s10 says ! ,=e/ ,rang]4 ,!re are broad highways welcom+ ! travel] into ! high c\ntry :]e =e/ trees /ret* to ! sky4 ,!re are cool invigorat+ /reams sp>kl+ cle> & clean f m\nta9 fa/nesses & develop$ campgr\nds & picnic areas ready = use4 ,outdoor recreation f simple relax+ & picnick+ "u a p9e tree to ! mo/ /r5u\s ( wild]ness backpack+ or horseback rid+1 w9t] sports1 & ski+ awaits ! visitor4 ,!re is fi%+ 9 m\nta9 /reams & 9 big op5 lakes or 9 preci\s1 seclud$ m\nta9 lakes4 ,& = ^? :o l _! surr\nd+s int]pret$ = !m1 !re are nature trails &_/or =e/ naturali/s to expla9 local rock =mations1 vegetation1 & ! natural & human hi/ory ( ! imm$iate c\ntry4 ,! ,=e/ ,rang] asks only t ea* visitor d 8 %>e 9 clean+ up a camp or picnic site & be+ sure t camp fires1 mat*es1 & cig>ettes are ?or\ghly ext+ui%$3 8,keep ,y\r ,national ,=e/ ,gre5 & ,clean60 ,c>son ,national ,=e/ ,locat$ 9 nor?-c5tral ,new ,mexico1 ) headqu>t]s at ,taos1 ! ,c>son ,national ,=e/ nurtures & cradles ! ,rio ,gr&e z x leaves its bir?place 9 ,colorado en r\te to ! s\?4 ,c>ry+ wat] f high c\ntry sn[ melt1 ! ,c>son adds preci\s1 cle> wat] f its high m\nta9 /reams & lakes to ! ,rio ,gr&e 9 support ( ! prosp]\s communities along its way4 ,! ,c>son includes "s ( ! highe/ wat]-produc+ l&s 9 ! /ate & is ! s\rce ( sev]al p]man5t /reams & lakes4 ,illu/ration3 ,map ( ,national ,=e/s 9 ,new ,mexico ,nam$ 9 honor ( ,kit ,c>son1 ! not$ sc\t1 ,c>son ,national ,=e/ (f]s "s ( ! mo/ spectacul> m\nta9 sc5]y 9 ! ,s\?we/1 includ+ ! ,sangre de ,cri/o ,m\nta9s1 ,r$ ,riv] ,canyon1 & ,:eel] ,peak1 :i* at #ac1afj feet is ! highe/ po9t 9 ,new ,mexico4 ,"p ( ! fam$ ,pecos ,wild]ness ,area & ! ,:eel] ,peak ,wild ,area are includ$ 9 ?is ,=e/ & are available to ^? will+ & able to hike1 ride a horse1 or pack into ! rugg$ m\nta9 c\ntry4 ,= ! w9t] sports en?usia/1 ! ,r$ ,riv] ,ski ,area1 ,sipapu ,w9t] ,sports ,area1 & ,taos ,ski ,valley op]ate 9 "p )9 ! ,c>son ,national ,=e/ & (f] "s ( ! f9e/ alp9e ski+ 9 ! ,s\?we/4 ,good roads lead ! visitor to ,spani% & ,indian villages :]e life & culture are almo/ un*ang$ s9ce ! anci5t & comp>atively rec5t days ( settlem5t4 ,t[ns ) s++-s\nd+ names l ,picurs1 ,taos ,pueblo1 ,las ,trampas1 ,tru*as1 ,santa ,b>b>a1 & ,tres ,ritos ne/le along =e/ /reams & add *>m & beauty to a sc5ic trip 9 ! nor!rn ,sangre de ,cri/o range 7"n giv5 to ! m\nta9s by e>ly ,spani% settl]s1 mean+ ,blood ( ,*ri/4 ,! analogy relates to ! r$di% gl[ t sometimes colors ! m\nta9s at sunset474 ,radiat+ f ,taos are roads lead+ into ! ea/]n half ( ! ,=e/1 br++ ! travel] into fasc9at+ & colorful c\ntry4 ,taos ,canyon1 ,arroyo ,hondo1 ,que/a1 & ! ,r$ ,riv] c\ntry ab\nd 9 old m9+ gho/ t[ns1 ,indian ru9s1 & leg5d>y ,spani% villages locat$ 9 canyons & on m\nta9 tops4 ,! high range ris+ betwe5 ! ,rio ,gr&e & ! ,*ama ,riv] to ! we/ is ! major "p ( ! we/]n half ( ! ,c>son ,national ,=e/4 ,tres ,pi$ras1 ,el ,rito1 ,la ,mad]a1 ,canjilon1 ,lagunitas1 & ,san ,antonio are a few ( ! picturesque communities "h4 ,f>!r to ! we/ is ! ,jic>illa ,division ( ! ,c>son1 ! high m\nta9 c\ntry adjac5t to ! ,jic>illa ,apa*e ,res]vation4 ,bisect$ by ,/ate ,highway #ag betwe5 ,f>m+ton & ,*ama1 ?is section is a te/ ( true pione]+ skill = ! travel] :o is will+ to foll[ dim tracks ( roads & trails to enjoy ! ,=e/4 ,h[ev]1 mod]n civilization is introduc$ by ! #aej oil & gas wells 9 ?is area1 ev5 ?\gh ! c\ntry is rugg$ & brok54 ,c>son ,national ,=e/ is a tr\t fi%]man's delight4 ,= ! hunt]1 ,rocky ,m\nta9 mule de]1 elk1 & antelope are f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ! ,=e/4 ,small game is pl5tiful1 & rabbits provide _m h\rs ( hunt+ pleasure4 ,beav]1 muskrat1 m9k1 weasel1 m>t51 & skunk are ! pr9cipal fur be>]s1 & turkey1 gr\se1 ducks1 geese1 quail1 & doves make up ! game bird population4 ,pr$ators include ! m\nta9 lion1 bobcat1 coyote1 & fox4 ,m ?an #dj develop$ camp & picnic gr\nds1 mo/ ( :i* are accessible ye> r\nd1 welcome ! visitor4 ,among !m1 ,e*o ,amphi!at] picnic gr\nd on ,u4,s4 ,highway #hd1 s\? ( ,canjilon1 is a /rik+ natural e*o *amb] =m$ by c5turies ( w9d & wat] erosion 9 ! rugg$ s&/one rock4 8,if y /& ne> ! *amb]1 y only h to :isp]1 & y\r words come back 9 a spooky e*o40 ,ab\t five miles s\? on ,u4,s4 ,highway #hd is ! ,gho/ ,ran* ,museum1 ) live native ,s\?we/]n animals & cons]vation exhibits1 includ+ a liv+ & gr[+ display %[+ on-!-gr\nd ,=e/ ,s]vice ,multiple ,use ,managem5t ( ! my?ical ,beav] ,national ,=e/1 ! 8smalle/ ,national ,=e/ 9 ! _w40 ,rang] /ations at ,canjilon1 ,el ,rito1 ,gob]nador1 ,p5asco1 ,que/a1 ,taos1 & ,tres ,pi$ras provide local in=mation & recreation maps4 ,illu/ration3 ,e*o ,amphi!at] surr\nds "p ( ! trail to campgr\nd ,santa ,fe ,national ,=e/ ,! ,santa ,fe ,national ,=e/1 ) headqu>t]s 9 ,santa ,fe1 lies directly s\? ( ! ,c>son ,national ,=e/ on bo? sides ( ! ,rio ,gr&e & is ! c5t] ( a region ri* 9 natural res\rces z well z hi/oric & geologic int]e/s4 ,! two divisions ( ! ,=e/ conta9 ! high m\nta9s to ! ea/ & we/ 9 ! c5tral section ( ! /ate4 ,! ,pecos ,division to ! ea/ ( ! ,rio ,gr&e is ! location ( ! major "p ( ! ,pecos ,wild]ness ,area1 "o ( ! e>lie/ ( su* areas to be e/abli%$4 ,! ,pecos ,division is s nam$ because ! ,pecos ,riv]1 :i* lat] jo9s ! ,rio ,gr&e 9 ,texas1 heads among its t[]+ m\nta9s 9 a beautiful alp9e bas9 sometimes call$ ! ,pecos ,horse%oe4 ,! ,pecos ,riv] is "o ( ! /ate's l>ge/ /reams & supplies "s ( its mo/ important irrigation projects4 ,?is division ( ! ,=e/ includes ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,sangre de ,cri/o range & 0 fir/ kn[n z ! ,pecos ,riv] ,=e/ ,res]ve1 e/abli%$ 9 #ahib--! olde/ ,national ,=e/ 9 ! ,s\?we/4 ,! division ab\nds 9 cle>1 cold m\nta9 lakes & /reams4 ,tru*as ,lakes1 ,pecos ,baldy1 ,/ew>t ,lake1 ,_s ,lake1 & ,lo/ ,lake1 z well z _m m\nta9 /reams1 lure n only ! fi%]man b ! hik] & camp] to _! wild]ness beauty4 ,tw5ty-?ree develop$ campgr\nds & picnic areas locat$ 9 cool glades are ready = ! visitor along roads lead+ into ! ,=e/ f ,santa ,fe1 ,pecos1 ,glorieta1 ,las ,vegas1 & o!r communities4 ,ski+ & w9t] sports are available at ! ,santa ,fe ,ski ,bas9 nor!a/ ( ,santa ,fe2 ! *air lift op]ates ye> ar\nd = ^? :o wi% m]ely to view ! spectacul> sc5]y4 ,! ,pecos ,division wat]%$s ( ! ,santa ,fe ,national ,=e/1 l ! ea/]n section ( ! ,c>son1 contribute g5]\sly to ! wat] fl[ ( ! ,rio ,gr&e4 ,wild game1 game birds1 & fi%+ attract visitors at all times ( ! ye>1 :ile ! gold5 hues ( ! asp5 9 ! autumn tempt arti/s & photograph]s to record on canvas & film nature's fall colors4 ,a trip j be=e ! w9t] sn[s to ! asp5 c\ntry ( ! ,santa ,fe ,national ,=e/ is a mu/4 ,rang] /ations are locat$ at ,santa ,fe1 ,las ,vegas1 & ,pecos4 ,illu/ration3 ,an ,izaak ,walton along ! ,pecos riv] ,we/ ( ! ,rio ,gr&e are ! ,jemez ,m\nta9s1 :i* =m ! ,jemez ,division ( ! ,santa ,fe ,national ,=e/4 ,! ,jemez c\ntry is a favorite area = fi%]m5 & hunt]s4 ,= ! /urdy hik] & picnick]1 !re are hundr$s ( fasc9at+ po9ts to visit & peaks to climb4 ,capul9 ,peak1 ,dead ,man's ,peak1 ,nacimi5to ,peak1 & ,c]ro ,p$]nal are a few ( ! excit+ ones4 ,! ,jemez c\ntry conta9s ! ,san ,p$ro ,p>ks ,wild ,area1 nor!a/ ( ,cuba :]e ,san ,gregorio ,lake is wait+ = ! fi%]man or hik] will+ to walk or ride horseback4 ,?is section ab\nds 9 unique geologic =mations--,battle%ip ,rock1 ,t5t ,rocks1 ,teakettle ,rock1 to "n a few4 ,eighte5 develop$ camp+ & picnick+ areas welcome ! visitor to ! ,jemez ,division4 ,y\? gr\ps also favor ! ,jemez = _! summ] camp+4 ,boy ,sc\ts1 ,girl ,sc\ts1 ,camp ,fire ,girls1 ,,ymca1 & o!rs h camps adjac5t to ! ,santa ,fe ,national ,=e/4 ,timb] production1 wildlife habitat managem5t1 live/ock graz+1 & wat]%$ protection are among ! activities ( ! ,jemez ,division1 :ile visitors & travel]s enjoy ! =e/1 ! /reams1 & ! unique sc5]y4 ,rang] /ations are at ,jemez ,spr+s1 ,cuba1 ,espanola1 & ,coyote4 ,cibola ,national ,=e/ ,a m\nta9 playgr\nd = p :o live or visit ne> ,u4,s4 ,highway #ff is ,cibola ,national ,=e/1 ) headqu>t]s 9 ,albuqu]que4 ,embrac+ ! ,s&ias1 ,manzanos1 & ,gall9as ,peak areas ea/ ( ! ,rio ,gr&e 9 c5tral ,new ,mexico1 ?is ,=e/ also includes mo/ ( ! m\nta9 ranges 9 ! we/-c5tral section ( ! /ate1 ! ,san ,mateo ,m\nta9s1 ) #aa1chi-;foot ,m\nt ,taylor1 & ! ,datil1 ,magdal5a1 & ,zuni ranges4 ,outdoor recreation is ! fa/e/ gr[+ use ( ! ,cibola ,national ,=e/ & m ?an a million visits are made ea* ye> to ?is popul> ,=e/4 ,! "n is a ,zuni ,indian ^w1 pron\nc$ ,,see-bo-lah1 mean+ buffalo4 ,buffalo may h roam$ ! ,cibola 9 ye>s pa/1 b today's big game animals mak+ ! ,cibola _! home are ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 bighorn %eep1 ,rocky ,m\nta9 mule de]1 :ite-tail$ de]1 elk1 antelope1 & be>4 ,game birds include turkey1 gr\se1 quail1 & dove2 spr+ & fall migrations ( ducks & geese use ! ,cibola z a re/+ place4 ,!re are #ah campgr\nds ) #bdi family units & #ad picnic gr\nds ) #chb family units scatt]$ ?r\gh ! va/ doma9 ( ! ,cibola ,national ,=e/4 ,s&ia ,cre/ 9 ! ,s&ia ,m\nta9s ea/ ( ,albuqu]que is a goal = _m travel]s4 ,"h on ?is #aj1fgh-;foot m\nta9 top1 !re is a brea?tak+ view ( ! middle ,rio ,gr&e ,valley & ! ,e/ancia ,valley--a jet age view ( ne>ly #aj1jjj squ>e miles4 ,! visitor /&s on rocks :i* 9 eons pa/ 7 "u ! sea1 z indicat$ by fossils f\nd on ! peak4 ,rec5t recreation developm5ts h be5 made at ! ,s&ia ,ski ,area :]e a new #gdej-;foot d\ble *air lift w c>ry #gjj rid]s an h\r on a #afej-;foot v]tical rise to ! re/aurant & upp] t]m9al on ,s&ia ,cre/4 ,a tramway asc5ds ! we/ face ( ! ,s&ias to meet ! ,ski ,area *air lift at ! ,cre/4 ,! fabl$ ,manzano ,m\nta9s ris+ above ! pla9s to ! we/ ( ,/ate ,highway #aj & s\? ( ,u4,s4 ,highway #ff are fa/ becom+ a hav5 = ! camp]1 picnick]1 or sightse] will+ to foll[ second>y roads to f9d ! p]fect spot to enjoy ! =e/4 ,capillo ,peak1 #icfh feet high1 ,mosca ,peak1 ,c]ro ,blanco1 & ,manzano ,peak lure ! m\nta9 climb]4 ,leg5ds surr\nd+ ! old ,spani% communities ( ,tajique1 ,torreon1 & ,manzano are excit+ campfire /ories aft] a day sp5t explor+ ! high c\ntry4 ,we/ ( ! ,rio ,gr&e1 ! ,san ,mateo ,m\nta9s nor? ( ,grants & ! ,zuni ,m\nta9s =m+ ! backbone ( ! ,cont95tal ,divide s\!a/ ( ,gallup c be a new exp]i5ce 9 outdoor recreation4 ,mc,gaffey ,lake recreation area1 n too f> f ! r\te ( ! conqui/adore ,juan de ,oate1 is a cool retreat aft] cross+ ! des]t & lava fl[4 ,we/ ( ,socorro on ,u4,s4 ,highway #fj1 ) ,magdal5a z headqu>t]s1 ! high ,datil1 ,gall9as1 & ,magdal5a m\nta9s & ano!r ,san ,mateo range rise above ! ,san ,agu/9 ,pla9s1 an anci5t lake b$4 ,mt4 ,)+ton & ,mt4 ,baldy1 #aj1ghg feet high1 dom9ate ! l&scape4 ,good roads & develop$ campgr\nds are available4 ,hunt+ = wild game z well z = unusual gem /ones & geologic f9ds are favor$ activities 9 ?is we/]n section ( ! ,cibola4 ,di/rict rang] /ations are at ,grants1 ,gallup1 ,magdal5a1 ,m\nta9air1 & ,tij]as4 ,l9coln ,national ,=e/ ,nam$ = ! great presid5t1 ! ,l9coln ,national ,=e/1 ) headqu>t]s at ,alamogordo1 has *>act]i/ics di/+ui%+ x f all o!r ,national ,=e/s 9 ! /ate4 ,! high m\nta9s & canyons ( ! ,sacram5to1 ,guadalupe1 ,capitan1 & ,:ite m\nta9s1 ris+ betwe5 ! ,tul>osa & ,pecos bas9s1 7 ! backdrop & (t5 ! prize ( ! ,indian & cattle w>s4 ,/ories & leg5ds ( e>ly day happ5+s 9 ! ,tul>osa ,bas91 m9+ op]ations1 battles betwe5 rival cattle ran*]s1 l>ge timb] op]ations provid+ lumb]1 poles1 m9e props1 & railroad ties are w>p & wo( ( ! ,l9coln c\ntry4 ,?is ,=e/ includes ! high m\nta9s nor? & s\? ( ! ,mescal]o ,apa*e ,indian ,res]vation4 ,dur+ ! la/ decade1 ! ,l9coln ,national ,=e/ ga9$ new fame z ! bir?place ( ! _w-r5[n$ ,smokey ! ,be>1 symbol ( =e/ fire prev5tion4 ,9 ! ,capitan ,m\nta9s1 travel]s l to visit ,smokey's bir?place ne> ,capitan ,pass1 & 9 ! community ( ,capitan on ,u4,s4 ,highway #chj is a log museum :i* features ! activities ( ! be> cub f\nd ne> !re dur+ a disa/r\s fire4 ,= ! outdoor en?usia/1 ! ,=e/ (f]s sup]b beauty1 graceful & maje/ic sn[-cov]$ peaks1 & ! peace & s]5ity ( a =e/ sanctu>y4 ,ea* ye>1 ?\s&s ( visitors f ! pla9s seek its cool refuge f des]t heat 9 summ] & its readily accessible sports area 9 ! w9t]4 ,t5 campgr\nds ) _m picnick+ & camp+ sites are provid$4 ,canyons1 m\nta9s1 & /reams 9 _m in/ances feature angliciz$ names--,big ,dog ,canyon1 ,mule ,peak1 ,bug ,scuffle ,hill--?\gh ! influ5ce ( ! e>ly ,spani% settl] /ill rema9s 9 names su* z ,sacram5to1 ,agua ,*iquita1 ,ruidoso1 & ,rio ,p5asco4 ,l9coln ,national ,=e/ ab\nds 9 po9ts ( int]e/2 ,monjeau ,look\t ov]looks ! headwat]s ( ! ,bonito1 ,eagle1 & ,ruidoso creeks z well z ! tall slopes ( ,si]ra ,blanca to ! s\?we/4 ,si]ra ,blanca1 #ab1jjc feet high1 is ! mo/ s\!rly m\nta9 ( t elevation 9 ! cont95tal ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,j nor? ( ! peak is ! ,si]ra ,blanca ,recreation ,area1 ) "o ( ! f9e/ & be/-equipp$ ski+ facilities 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! re/aurant & gondola lift op]ate dur+ summ] mon?s1 & f ,look\t ,m\nta9 obs]vation site1 ne> ! gondola's upp] t]m9al1 ! travel] c view ,:ite ,s&s1 ! ,malpais 7lava fl[71 & ! #bh1jjj-;acre ,:ite ,m\nta9 ,wild ,area4 ,hunt]s f9d de] ( ?ree di/9ct types 9 ?is ,=e/--! ,rocky ,m\nta9 mule de]1 ! des]t mule de]1 & ! ,texas :ite-tail$ de]--&1 ( c\rse1 black be> f :i* family ,smokey ! ,be> came4 ,game birds l wild turkey1 quail1 & *ukk> p>tridge *all5ge ! hunt]4 ,fi%+ ! ,l9coln's lakes & /reams is a recurr+ delight to ! angl]4 ,asp5s & oaks flaunt _! brilliant autumn color+ aga9/ ! w>m gre5 ( p9es & spruces1 h]ald+ ! adv5t ( w9t] sn[s & provok+ num]\s asp5cades = ^? :o wi% a %>e 9 ?is ev] new pageant ( nature's beauty4 ,l all ! ,national ,=e/s1 ! ,l9coln is manag$ = ! production & wise use ( wat]1 timb]1 & =age = live/ock & wildlife & outdoor recreation4 ,di/rict rang] /ations are at ,cl\dcr(t1 ,c>lsbad1 ,mayhill1 ,ruidoso1 ,sacram5to1 & ,capitan4 ,illu/ration3 8,anybody = a run80 at ,si]ra ,blanca ski area ,gila ,national ,=e/ ,! ,gila ,national ,=e/1 ) headqu>t]s 9 ,silv] ,city1 is a big1 wild1 wond]ful c\ntry 9 ! s\?we/]n section ( ! /ate4 ,x has be5 sc>cely affect$ by ! hu/le & bu/le ( mod]n liv+4 ,)9 its b\nd>ies are #b4g million acres ( public-own$ =e/ & range l&1 ) almo/ a qu>t] ( x devot$ to wild]ness & primitive areas4 ,x includes ! fam\s ,gila ,wild]ness1 ! fir/ su* area set aside 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! l>ge/ 9 ! ,s\?we/4 ,mo/ ( ! ,gila ,national ,=e/ is nor? ( ,silv] ,city1 ?\gh "p ( x lies 9 ! high c\ntry betwe5 ,silv] ,city & ,lordsburg4 ,! ,gila is an excit+ & exhil>at+ place to explore1 sightsee1 hunt1 fi%1 & j enjoy4 ,indian ru9s are evid5t almo/ ev]y:]e1 b ! ,gila ,cliff ,dwell+s ,national ,monum5t1 adjac5t to ! ,gila ,primitive ,area1 is ! be/ pres]v$4 ,anci5t tree /umps & ab&on$ ,indian ru9s record ! hi/ory ( man2 old m9e dumps conta9 ores & m9]als n kn[n nor appreciat$ 9 ! heyday ( local m9+2 microscopic plants & =e/ grasses :i* may hold ! key to man's future heal? ab\nd2 & ! travel] may exp]i5ce great delight 9 f9d+ a dri$ root or bran* to add to a native rock g>d52 ! maje/ic peaks1 de] & o!r wild game1 & cool1 spla%+ wat]s ( a m\nta9 creek delight ! cam]a hobbyi/4 ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful & spectacul> box canyons 9 ! ,s\?we/ is on ,:itewat] ,creek ab\t f\r miles nor!a/ ( ,gl5wood4 ,a catwalk built aga9/ ! rock walls ( ! canyon enables ! travel] to ?rill at ! unusual beauty & colors ( ! canyon & ! cool dep?s ( ! tr\t /ream bel[ 7see ,frontispiece74 ,good roads lead into ! ,gila ,national ,=e/ at ,res]ve & ,alma f ,u4,s4 ,highway #bfj4 ,an enjoyable loop trip :i* t\*es ! ,gila ,wild]ness at ,will[ ,creek c be tak5 on ,/ate ,highway #gh f ,alma4 ,ano!r beautiful trip is ?r\gh ! ,black ,range f ! junction ( ,/ate ,highway #ahj & ,u4,s4 ,highway #he to ,silv] ,city4 ,approa* to ! ,gila f ! nor? c be made ?r\gh ,beav]head1 ,apa*e ,creek1 & ,res]ve1 :]e good roads lead into ! ,=e/4 ,fifte5 develop$ recreation areas provide camp+ & picnick+ = ! hik]1 horseback rid]1 & motori/ & are complete ) fireplaces1 tables1 & b5*es4 ,elk1 de]1 antelope1 be>1 javel9a1 & game birds are pl5tiful1 & fi%+ 9 ! high m\nta9 creeks is usually rew>d$ ) a satisfy+ cat*4 ,di/rict rang] /ations are at ,magdal5a1 ,tru? or ,consequ5ces1 ,res]ve1 ,gl5wood1 & ,mimbres4 ,apa*e & ,coronado ,=e/s ,al?\gh small p>ts ( ^! =e/s lie 9 ,new ,mexico1 !y belong to =e/s 9 ,arizona4 ,apa*e ,national ,=e/ t\*es ! nor!rn edge ( ! ,gila & its attractions are mu* l ^? ( ! latt]4 ,! ,coronado ,national ,=e/1 :i* is 9 ! extreme s\?we/ corn] ( ,new ,mexico1 lies 9 an area ( aridity & is difficult to rea* f ,new ,mexico4 ,x is surr\nd$ by ,sonoran des]t1 at lea/ 9 its environm5t 9 ?is /ate4 ,illu/ration3 ,gila ,hunt]s ) ,happy ,?anksgiv+ 7wild turkeys7 ,^! f>-flung public l&s 9 ,new ,mexico provide _m res\rces besides v>i$ k9ds ( outdoor recreation3 timb] = indu/ry1 wat] = city & f>m1 =age = live/ock & wildlife4 ,z long z our ,national ,=e/s are protect$ & develop$--us$ b n abus$--!y w cont9ue to yield ri* h>ve/s1 bo? tangible & intangible1 =ev]4 ,illu/ration3 ,lake ,rob]ts ,?is #gj-;acre lake ?irty miles nor!a/ ( ,silv] ,city on ,/ate ,highway #be lies 9 ! ,gila ,national ,=e/4 ,! ,/ate ,also ,pres]ves#d ,/ate ,monum5ts h be5 e/abli%$ to pres]ve "s ( ,new ,mexico's hi/oric & ar*eologic sites ( importance4 ,^! include ! mission ru9s ( ,abo1 ,qu>ai1 ,pecos1 & ,jemez1 ! ,palace ( ! ,gov]nors 9 ,santa ,fe1 pueblo ru9s at ,coronado ,/ate ,monum5t1 ! old ,l9coln ,c\nty ,c\r?\se1 ! ar*eologic site at ,folsom ,man ,/ate ,monum5t1 ! plaza & ne>by ,mexican ,colonial-/yle build+s 9 ,la ,mesilla1 & ,=t ,seld54 ,! hi/ory record$ at ^! sites dates f #aj1jjj ,b4,c4 ( ,clovis ,man to #ahgh ( ! cattlem5's ,l9coln ,c\nty ,w>4 ,/ate p>ks cov] areas ( sc5ic beauty1 geologic wond]s1 & hi/oric int]e/4 ,res]voir lakes yield+ necess>y wat]1 good fi%+1 swimm+1 & boat+ include ,con*as1 ,/orrie1 ,bluewat]1 ,el ,vado1 ,ute1 ,elephant ,butte1 ,caballo1 ,alamogordo1 ,clayton1 ,morphy1 & ,bottomless ,lakes4 ,! latt] are natural s9k holes ea/ ( ,roswell4 ,hyde ,memorial ,p>k & ,santa ,fe ,riv] ,p>k1 ne> & 9 ,santa ,fe1 provide sc5ic picnic spots1 z d ,rock ,h\nd ,/ate ,p>k ne> ,dem+ & ,oasis ,/ate ,p>k ne> ,portales & ,clovis4 ,picnick+1 fi%+1 & spectacul> canyons attract ! visitor at ,rio ,gr&e ,gorge ,p>k we/ ( ,taos4 ,weird erosional figures c>v$ f volcanic lay]s di/+ui% ,city ( ,rocks ,/ate ,p>k ne> ,dem+4 ,pan*o ,villa ,/ate ,p>k at ,columbus & ,kit ,c>son ,memorial at ,taos m>k hi/oric sites4 ,valley ( ,fires ,/ate ,p>k we/ ( ,c>rizozo pres]ves ! black twi/$ lava ( a relatively rec5t volcanic fl[4 ,,new ,,mexico ,,/ate ,,monum5ts by ,museum ( ,new ,mexico ,/aff ,! ,/ate ( ,new ,mexico1 recogniz+ ! dep? & color ( its own hi/ory1 has e/abli%$ a numb] ( /ate monum5ts pres]v+ important hi/orical or ar*eological sites4 ,^! are adm9i/]$ by ! ,museum ( ,new ,mexico locat$ 9 ,santa ,fe4 ,any mosaic ( ,new ,mexico w\ld be incomplete )\t includ+ ^! important l&m>ks4 ,el ,palacio1 ,palace ( ! ,gov]nors ,! ma9 facility ( ! ,museum ( ,new ,mexico is ,el ,palacio4 ,! ,palace ( ! ,gov]nors1 on ! plaza 9 ! he>t ( ,santa ,fe1 is ! olde/ public build+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,built 9 #afaj1 x 0 ! seat ( ,spani% gov]nm5t 9 ,new ,mexico until #ahba1 ( ! ,mexican gov]nm5t until #ahdf1 & ! resid5ce ( ! gov]nors appo9t$ by ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates until #aiaj1 :5 x became a unit ( ! ,museum ( ,new ,mexico4 ,x pres5tly conta9s exhibits relat+ to ,new ,mexico's pa/1 rang+ f ! ,indians1 :o arriv$ aft] cross+ ! ,b]+ ,sea1 to ! ,spani%1 :o came seek+ gold & glory on horseback1 to ! wagon tra9s f ! ea/1 ^: goal 0 ! end ( ! ,santa ,fe ,trail1 :i* is directly 9 front ( ,el ,palacio4 ,el ,palacio 0 ! capitol ( ,new ,mexico = #cjj ye>s & 0 ! seat ( resid5ce = m ?an "o hundr$ ( ,new ,mexico's gov]nors4 ,dur+ t "t x 0 captur$ & held by ! ,indians f #afhj to #afib4 ,! ,army ( ! ,conf$]acy captur$ x = a few days dur+ ! ,civil ,w>1 & "o ( its occupants1 ,t]ritorial ,gov]nor ,lew4 ,wallace1 wrote 8 fam\s novel1 ,b5 ,hur1 )9 its walls4 ,!re are o!r fasc9at+ units connect$ ) ! ,museum ( ,new ,mexico 9 ,santa ,fe4 ,among ^! are ! ,f9e ,arts ,museum1 emphasiz+ ! art & arti/s ( ! great ,s\?we/2 ! ,int]national ,folk ,art ,museum2 & ! ,hall ( ,e?nology1 devot$ prim>ily to ! peoples ( ! ,s\?we/4 ,abo ,/ate ,monum5t ,(f ,u4,s4 ,highway #fj1 n9e miles we/ ( ,m\nta9air is ,abo ,/ate ,monum5t4 ,! ru9s ( ! anci5t mission *ur* ( ,san ,gregorio de ,abo & its pueblo1 built ( r$ s&/one1 are 9 a broad1 natural amphi!at] rimm$ on ! nor? & we/ by ! blue ,manzano ,m\nta9s1 :i* contra/ /rik+ly ) ! r$di% hues ( ! ,abo s&/one4 ,?is is "o ( ! ,sal9e ,missions1 s call$ because ( ! ne>by salt deposits 9 ! ,e/ancia ,bas94 ,x 0 built dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury by ,indians "u ! sup]vision ( ! ,franciscans1 l$ by ! v5]able ,fray ,francisco de ,acev$o4 ,! inhabitants ( ,abo 7 v fri5dly to ! ,spani>ds4 ,!y 7 =c$ to ab&on _! pueblo ab\t #afgc because ( dr\ght & ! raids ( ! ,apa*es & ,coman*es4 ,!y !n mov$ s\? to ,el ,paso del ,norte :]e !y jo9$ 9 f\nd+ ,isleta del ,sur4 ,! walls ( ! pueblo h dis9tegrat$ ) "t into l[ m\nds :i* lie adjac5t to ! mission4 ,! ecclesia/ical /ructures h be5 excavat$ & repair$ = p]man5t pres]vation4 ,qu>ai ,/ate ,monum5t ,?is monum5t is ne> ,punta de ,agua1 eight miles nor? ( ,m\nta9air (f ,/ate ,highway #aj4 ,! ru9s ( ! mission *ur* ( ! ,immaculate ,conception at ,qu>ai are unsurpass$ 9 gr&eur ( ar*itecture or sett+ by any t survive f ! labors ( ! e>ly ,franciscans 9 ,new ,mexico4 ,built ( r$ s&/one masonry ab\t #afbh1 at ! ,pueblo ( ,qu>ai1 x 0 ab&on$ along ) ! pueblo ab\t #afgd1 *iefly because ( ,apa*e depr$ations4 ,"o ( ! mo/ v5]at$ ( ! ,franciscan mission>ies1 ,fray ,g]onimo de la ,llana1 work$ & di$ at ,qu>ai1 belov$ by 8 ,indian *>ges4 ,8 rema9s n[ re/ 9 a crypt 9 ! wall ( ,/4 ,francis ,ca!dral 9 ,santa ,fe4 ,! ru9s h be5 excavat$ & repair$ = p]man5t pres]vation4 ,coronado ,/ate ,monum5t ,?is pueblo ru9 is on ! we/ bank ( ! ,rio ,gr&e1 "o mile f ! t[n ( ,b]nalillo1 sev5te5 miles nor? ( ,albuqu]que1 & "o mile (f ,u4,s4 ,highway #he1 betwe5 ,albuqu]que & ,santa ,fe4 ,! ,pueblo ( ,kuaua 0 "o ( ! sev]al t[ns ( ! anci5t ,tiguex prov9ce4 ,at or ne> ,kuaua1 ! ,coronado exp$ition ma9ta9$ headqu>t]s f ab\t #aedj to #aedb ,a4,d4 ,dur+ excavation ( ! anci5t pueblo1 m ?an #abjj gr\nd-floor rooms 7 f\nd & five kivas1 or und]gr\nd c]emonial *amb]s1 7 uncov]$4 ,9 "o ( ! kivas 0 f\nd a highly important gr\p ( anci5t wall pa9t+s4 ,?is kiva has be5 recon/ruct$ & ! pa9t+s re/or$4 ,! old walls ( ,kuaua h be5 rebuilt to a few feet 9 height s t ! /ructure c be se54 ,a museum has be5 erect$ on ! site to exhibit ! mat]ial f\nd dur+ ! excavation & to portray life 9 ! ,tiguex prov9ce4 ,! ,coronado ,/ate ,monum5t & ,museum commemorates ! meet+1 m ?an f\r hundr$ ye>s ago1 ( ! elem5ts t influ5c$ ! culture ( ,new ,mexico--! ,indian & ! conqui/adore4 ,a curator-cu/odian is on duty at ! ,coronado ,museum headqu>t]s1 :i* is op5 all ye>4 ,pecos ,/ate ,monum5t ,(f ,u4,s4 ,highway #hd-he1 ?ree miles s\? ( ,pecos1 is ?is ,/ate ,monum5t4 ,x became a ,national ,monum5t dur+ late #aiff4 ,?is mission1 ! ,*ur* ( ,nue/ra ,s5ora de los ,angeles de ,porciuncula at ,pecos1 dates f ! ye> #afag4 ,x is fitt+ t ?is mission1 :i* 0 "o ( ! fir/ two1 ) ,jemez1 e/abli%$ by ! ,franciscans 9 ,new ,mexico1 %\ld be> ! "n 8,our ,lady ( ! ,angels ( ,porciuncula10 = ) 8 own h&s1 ,/4 ,francis1 f\nd] ( ! ,ord]1 rebuilt ! decay+ *apel ( ,our ,lady ( ,angels at ,assisi1 :i* he call$ 8 ,porciuncula or 8,little ,inh]itance10 & !re e/abli%$ ! headqu>t]s ( ! ,franciscan ,ord]4 ,pecos 0 well =tifi$ because ( its location on ! ea/]n edge ( ! pueblo area & its contact ) ! ,pla9s ,indians4 ,x resi/$ ! raids = _m ye>s1 b :5 a smallpox epidemic 9 #ahch r$uc$ ! population to sev5te5 survivors1 !y mov$ to ,jemez ,pueblo1 ab&on+ ,pecos4 ,a "p ( ! massive adobe walls ( ! ru9$ mission has be5 excavat$ & repair$1 z h "s ( ! rubble masonry walls4 ,jemez ,/ate ,monum5t ,?is ,monum5t is at ,jemez ,spr+s1 sixty miles nor? ( ,albuqu]que on ,/ate ,highway #d4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ e>ly mission *ur*es 0 e/abli%$ at ,giusewa ,pueblo4 ,giusewa means 8place ( ! boil+ wat]s0 9 ! language ( ! ,jemez ,indians1 & ref]s to ! fam\s ,jemez ,hot ,spr+s ne>by4 ,! mission1 ) ,pecos1 0 "o ( ! two e>lie/ 9 ,new ,mexico4 ,^! 7 f\nd$ "o hundr$ & fifty-two ye>s be=e ! fir/ ,cali=nia missions4 ,! orig9al settlem5t ( ! ,giusewa ,pueblo goes back hundr$s ( ye>s be=e ,columbus' discov]y ( ,am]ica1 z does ! settlem5t ( ! o!r pueblos1 ,qu>ai1 ,abo1 & ,pecos4 ,guisewa ,pueblo became ext9ct dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 a result ( ! consolidation ( sev]al pueblos ( ! ,jemez prov9ce into few] & l>g] t[ns4 ,only "o t[n1 ! pres5t ,jemez ,pueblo1 survives f t "t4 ,excavation & repairs h be5 made 9 ! ru9s ( bo? ! pueblo & ! mission *ur*4 ,la ,mesilla ,/ate ,monum5t ,?is colorful ,/ate ,monum5t consi/s ( ! plaza 9 ! village ( ,mesilla1 ne> ,las ,cruces1 & ! build+s ne>by4 ,! ,monum5t pres]ves an aspect ( ! ,mexican ,colonial culture & ar*itecture :i* fl\ri%$ "h 9 ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! ,gadsd5 ,pur*ase ( #ahec 0 celebrat$ 9 ! ,mesilla ,plaza & ! fam\s desp]ado1 ,billy ! ,kid1 once /ood trial "h = 8 life4 ,dur+ ! ,civil ,w>1 ,mesilla 0 briefly ! ,conf$]ate capitol ( ! ,t]ritory ( ,arizona4 ,l9coln ,/ate ,monum5t ,locat$ 9 ,l9coln1 on ,u4,s4 ,highway #chj1 & kn[n z ! ,old ,l9coln ,c\nty ,c\r?\se1 ! fir/ floor ( ?is ,monum5t 0 ! m]cantile /ore ( ,l4 ,g4 ,murphy ,co4 9 ! #ahgj's1 dur+ ! ,l9coln ,c\nty ,w>4 ,! second floor 0 pur*as$ 9 #ahgj by ! c\nty = a c\rt h\se4 ,x 0 f ?is build+ t ,billy ! ,kid made 8 d>+ escape on ,april #bh1 #ahha1 aft] kill+ 8 two gu>ds4 ,a c>etak] & a museum att5dant are on duty at all times4 ,mem5tos ( ! infam\s ,l9coln ,c\nty cattle w> are featur$4 ,=t ,seld5 ,/ate ,monum5t ,! crumbl+ adobe walls ( ,=t ,seld5 lie ab\t sev5te5 miles nor? ( ,las ,cruces j we/ ( ,int]/ate ,highway #be4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is =t1 giv5 9 ! article on ,fronti] ,=ts1 0 highlight$ by ! brief /ay ( ,g5]al ,d\glas ,mac,arthur1 :o sp5t "s ( 8 *ildhood )9 ! =t's walls & play$ 9 ! adjo9+ gre5 valley ( ! ,rio ,gr&e4 ,,new ,,mexico ,,/ate ,,p>ks by ,! ,editors ,new ,mexico is bless$ ) a weal? ( natural res\rces & p]haps mo/ important is ! abundance ( sites ) out/&+ sc5ic & recreational facilities4 ,! contra/s app>5t 9 ! mosaic ( ,new ,mexico are also se5 9 ! patt]n ( its /ate p>ks4 ,!y range f des]t regions ) sp>se & exotic flora & fauna to ! high m\nta9 canyons *ok$ ) ,d\glas fir & asp5 :]e ev5 9 ! summ] ev5+s "o huddles close to ! fire = w>m?4 ,& ! mosaic %ifts f wat]less areas amid geologic wond]s to wide expanses ( op5 wat] well /ock$ ) tr\t4 ,! p>ks are adm9i/]$ by ! ,new ,mexico ,/ate ,p>k & ,recreation ,commission4 ,:]ev] possible1 areas h be5 set aside = ! p]man5t enjoym5t ( ! p ( ,new ,mexico & _! visitors4 ,bottomless ,lakes ,/ate ,p>k ,bottomless ,lakes ,/ate ,p>k1 e/abli%$ 9 #aicf1 0 "o ( ! fir/ ( ! ,new ,mexico /ate p>ks4 ,x is surpris+ to f9d ?is treasure ( great natural beauty 9 an area s dom9at$ by aridity4 ,!re are six small lakes 9 ! p>k1 ( :i* ,lea ,lake is ! l>ge/ ) ab\t #ae acres ( surface area4 ,! wat] ( ! lakes is cry/al cle> & v>ies 9 dep? f #de feet 9 ! %all[ lakes to ab\t #ajj feet 9 ! deep] ones4 ,!y 7 creat$ z 8s9k holes0 :5 wat] dissolv$ l>ge areas ( und]gr\nd gypsum1 result+ 9 cave-ins4 ,! lakes n[ (f] ext5sive recreational facilities = ! p ( ,new ,mexico & = t\ri/s pass+ ?r\gh or visit+ ! area4 ,camp+1 swimm+1 & boat+ are available4 ,pecos 8diamonds10 small qu>tz cry/als1 c be f\nd 9 ! neighbor+ hills4 ,con*as ,lake ,/ate ,p>k ,illu/ration3 ,sket* ( ,bottomless ,lake ,con*as ,lake is "o ( ! l>ge/ su/a9$ bodies ( wat] 9 ,new ,mexico4 ,con*as ,dam1 :i* holds ! wat] ( ! ,canadian ,riv]1 =ms ! lake4 ,! ma9 dam is #bce feet above ! roadway & is #abej feet 9 l5g?4 ,at capacity x holds #fjj1jjj acre-feet ( wat]4 ,! res]voir s]ves _m purposes3 flood control1 local irrigation1 camp+ & boat+ facilities1 & fi%+ & wat] ski+4 ,! ,canadian ,riv] has its orig9 on ,raton ,mesa & fl[s s\?w>d to ,con*as ,dam1 !n turns abruptly ea/w>d4 ,on its way across ! ,high ,pla9s1 x cuts into "s ( ! olde/ rocks t c be se5 on ! we/]n edge ( ! pla9s1 ! ,dockum ,gr\p ( ,late ,triassic age4 ,! be/ place to view ! e>?-build+ processes ( ?is region is :]e ,/ate ,highway #abj crosses ! gorge ( ! ,canadian ,riv] betwe5 ,wagon ,m\nd & ,roy4 ,hyde ,memorial ,/ate ,p>k ,"h1 at an elevation ( #ijjj feet1 among tall p9es & asp5s is "o ( ! mo/ sc5ic ( all ,new ,mexico's p>ks4 ,high 9 ! ,sangre de ,cri/o ,m\nta9s1 eight miles nor!a/ ( ,santa ,fe1 ! p>k (f]s an excell5t example ( ! sc5ic beauty 9 ,new ,mexico r>ely se5 by mo/ travel]s pass+ ?r\gh ! /ate4 ,easily accessible f ,santa ,fe1 ,hyde ,p>k gives a few mom5ts1 or a few days1 respite 9 ! cool refre%m5t ( a m\nta9 =e/4 ,excell5t picnic & camp+ facilities are available4 ,= ^? :o want to p5etrate ! m\nta9 va/ness ev5 f>!r1 !re are a numb] ( well-m>k$ trails = hik+4 ,navajo ,lake ,/ate ,p>k ,navajo ,dam on ! ,san ,juan ,riv] lies tw5ty-five miles ea/ ( ,aztec at an elevation ( #fbjj feet 9 a region ( spectacul> sc5ic beauty4 ,camp+1 picnick+1 boat+1 fi%+1 & wat] ski+ facilities are available1 & a lodge is "u con/ruction4 ,?is is expect$ to be "o ( ! mo/ important sports & recreational c5t]s 9 nor?we/ ,new ,mexico 9 com+ ye>s4 ,pan*o ,villa ,/ate ,p>k ,nam$ = ! fam\s ,mexican b&it & revolution>y lead]1 ! p>k is locat$ ne> ,columbus1 ,new ,mexico1 site ( ,villa's mo/ infam\s raid4 ,9 ! dead ( ! night on ,m>* #aj1 #aiaf1 ,villa & 8 m5 ent]$ ! t[n ( ,columbus & did _! bloody "w4 ,:5 !y left1 sev5te5 local p 7 dead1 includ+ eight soldi]s & n9e civilians4 ,! ,mexican =ce suff]$ heavy casualties1 p]haps z _m z #abe kill$4 ,! t[n ( ,columbus 0 badly damag$ & has only rec5tly begun to recov] f ! bl[4 ,! exp$ition ( ,g5]al ,p]%+1 !n on duty along ! ,mexican bord]1 0 organiz$ to hunt d[n ,villa & 8 m54 ,p]%+ & a ,unit$ ,/ates milit>y unit sp5t ?ree mon?s inside ,mexico1 only to return to ! ,unit$ ,/ates empty-h&$4 ,! p>k commemorates "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & tragic episodes 9 ,new ,mexico hi/ory4 ,)9 ! p>k1 "o c see excell5t examples ( ,sonoran des]t flora4 ,picnic facilities & camp+ sites are available4 ,el ,vado ,lake ,/ate ,p>k ,el ,vado ,dam is a "p ( ! complex ,rio ,gr&e ,cons]vancy ,di/rict flood & irrigation project4 ,x holds ! wat] ( ! ,*ama ,riv]1 :i* fl[s we/1 s\?1 & !n ea/ into ! ,rio ,gr&e4 ,! c\ntry surr\nd+ ,el ,vado ,lake is beautiful & conta9s "s ( ! f9e/ tr\t fi%+ /reams 9 ! /ate4 ,at ! lake itself !re are camp+ facilities1 includ+ trail] spaces 7no hookups = wat] or electricity74 ,! lake is at an elevation ( #gjjj feet & is "o ( ! important flood-control bodies ( wat] 9 ,new ,mexico4 ,bluewat] ,/ate ,p>k ,bluewat] ,lake1 at an elevation ( #gdfj feet1 is a spot ( spectacul> beauty4 ,adjac5t is a #afj-;acre wood$ p>k4 ,! area (f]s boat+1 fi%+1 & swimm+4 ,! lake 0 =m$ by imp\nd+ ! wat]s f ! ,zuni ,m\nta9s' wat]%$1 & x fills ?ree great depressions 9 high tablel&s4 ,! dam1 built across two l(ty natural walls ( solid rock1 ! ,san ,&res ,lime/one1 holds a lake a mile wide & sev5 & a half miles long4 ,bluewat] ,lake ,/ate ,p>k 0 ! fir/ ( ,new ,mexico's p>ks1 s designat$ 9 #aibi4 ,/orrie ,lake ,/ate ,p>k ,/orrie ,lake ,/ate ,p>k surr\nds a small lake nor? ( ,las ,vegas1 ,new ,mexico4 ,x lies on ! we/ edge ( ! ,high ,pla9s & is an excell5t recreation area4 ,! lake is at an elevation ( #fdjj feet & has a limit$ numb] ( picnic & camp+ facilities4 ,x is /ock$ ) ra9b[ & br[n tr\t & crappies4 ,city ( ,rocks ,/ate ,p>k ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ unusual ( ! /ate p>ks1 & "o ( ! f9e/ = picnick+ & = camp+4 ,locat$ 9 ! unusual rock =mation kn[n z ! ,sug>lump ,weld$ ,rhyolite ,tuff nor?we/ ( ,dem+1 x is a s\rce ( wond] to all visitors4 ,sudd5ly1 9 a seem+ly flat1 des]t pla91 "o comes ^u ^! grotesque outcrops4 ,9 ! coolness ( ! %ade ( ^! anci5t rocks "o c survey vi/as "u an azure sky t are almo/ brea?less4 ,?is is ! des]t ,s\?we/ at its v be/2 n ! h>%1 unfri5dly des]t ( movies & fiction1 b a lovely spot 9 :i* to enjoy to ! fulle/ ! wond]s ( nature4 ,kit ,c>son ,memorial ,p>k ,?is #bj-;acre plot ( grass1 fl[] b$s1 trees1 & picnic tables lies on ! nor!a/ edge ( ,taos & conta9s ! graves ( ,kit ,c>son & ,padre ,jos ,m>t9ez4 ,n f> away is ! ,kit ,c>son ,h\se1 a gr\p ( adobe build+s surr\nd+ a patio1 t 0 ,c>son's headqu>t]s1 (fice1 & home f #aheh to #ahff4 ,?is ,indian fight]1 trapp]1 hunt]1 & trad] is mo/ fam\s = defeat+ ! ,navajos 9 ,canyon de ,*elly & m>*+ #gjjj ( ^! ,indians across ,new ,mexico to a res]vation at ,bosque ,r$ondo ne> ,=t ,sumn]4 ,h[ev]1 dur+ 8 eight ye>s z ,indian ag5t1 ,c>son work$ cont9u\sly = ! welf>e ( 8 *>ges4 ,oasis ,/ate ,p>k ,"o ( ! /ate's newe/ p>ks1 ,oasis is sev5 miles nor!a/ ( ,portales along ,/ate ,highway #dfg4 ,?is %ady place ( cottonwood trees amid s& dunes has long be5 a favorite picnic spot4 ,! s& dunes =m an irregul> ridge sep>at+ ,portales ,valley to ! s\? f ,blackwat] ,draw to ! nor?4 ,9 ,blackwat] ,draw h be5 f\nd bones ( anci5t animals & ! weapons us$ by e>ly man "s #ab1jjj ye>s ago4 ,portales ,valley is ! s&-fill$ remnant ( ! e>ly ,plei/oc5e ,brazos ,riv] ,valley t once dra9$ ea/w>d into ,texas4 ,ab\t #hjj1jjj ye>s ago1 ! ,pecos ,riv] to ! we/ 8captur$0 ! headwat]s ( ?is =m] ,brazos ,riv] & left ! ,portales ,valley high & dry4 ,valley ( ,fires ,/ate ,p>k ,?is p>k1 ab\t five miles we/ ( ,c>rizozo on ,u4,s4 ,highway #chj1 features picnic tables amid ! ,c>rizozo lava fl[1 or malpais1 "o ( ! y\nge/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! lava fl[$ out ( ,little ,black ,peak ab\t #ajjj ye>s ago 9 a s]ies ( individual 8riv]s0 ( hot black basalt4 ,! composite fl[ is #dd miles long1 #j4e to #f miles wide1 & is made up ( ab\t #a cubic mile ( basalt2 x mov$ s\?w>d d[n ! l[e/ "p ( ! nor!rn ,tul>osa ,bas94 ,climb ar\nd on ! lava & note ! ropy nature ( ! surface 7pahoehoe ( ! ,hawaiians71 ! _m froz5 gas bubbles 9 ! rocks 7vesicles71 ! squeeze-ups :]e once-liquid lava protrudes ?r\gh cracks 9 ! h>d5$ cru/1 ! pressure ridges :]e ! h>d5$ cru/ ar*$ & broke1 & collaps$ lava tunnels :]e ! out] lava froze & ! molt5 int]ior ran out1 leav+ an op5 tube or cave4 ,ute ,lake ,/ate ,p>k ,ute ,dam1 two miles s\?we/ ( ,logan1 provides a #dbjj-;acre res]voir along ! ,canadian ,riv] & ,ute ,creek /ock$ ) ra9b[ tr\t1 bass1 crappie1 & catfi%4 ,camp+1 picnick+1 & boat+ facilities are available along ! valley walls1 :i* are cut 9 ! br[n ,santa ,rosa ,s&/one & ov]ly+ m>oon to gre5 ,*9le %ales4 ,santa ,fe ,riv] ,/ate ,p>k ,bord]+ ! ,santa ,fe ,riv] 9 d[nt[n ,santa ,fe1 ?is city p>k m]ges ) ! ,/ate ,capitol gr\nds4 ,x provides picnic tables & b5*es 9 ! %ade ( tall trees amid ! picturesque anci5t city4 ,elephant ,butte ,lake ,/ate ,p>k ,! giant ,elephant ,butte ,res]voir1 imp\nd$ beh9d ! dam five miles ea/ ( ,tru? or ,consequ5ces1 provides ye>-ar\nd fi%+1 boat+1 wat] ski+1 & camp+4 ,built 9 br[n to gray ,cretace\s s&/one & %ale1 ! dam is ov]look$ by ! br[ni%-black volcanic neck t is ,elephant ,butte4 ,ea/]n %ores are c>v$ f ! purpli% & m>oon ,mc,rae lay]s4 ,?is is ! ma9 /orage res]voir = ! wat] t irrigates ! lu% ,rio ,gr&e ,valley to ! s\? ne> ,las ,cruces & ,el ,paso4 ,caballo ,lake ,/ate ,p>k ,caballo ,res]voir1 d[n/ream f ,elephant ,butte1 (f]s excell5t facilities = wat] sports1 its bass & crappie fi%+ be+ notable4 ,! ,/ate ,p>k is f\rte5 miles s\? ( ,tru? or ,consequ5ces & six miles nor? ( ! dam4 ,! spectacul> rugg$ front ( ! ,caballo ,m\nta9s looms to ! ea/1 ) %>p canyons & ribb$ cliffs along ! valley walls cut 9 ! tan lay]s ( ! ,santa ,fe ,=mation4 ,rio ,gr&e ,gorge ,/ate ,p>k ,f ,vel>de 7twelve miles nor? ( ,espanola7 = sev5ty miles nor?w>d to ! ,colorado /ate l9e1 ! ,rio ,gr&e ,gorge is c>v$ #ejj to #hjj feet into black basalt fl[s & tan ,santa ,fe ,=mation lay]s4 ,fi%+ is excit+ 9 ! fa/ wat]s1 al?\gh ! nor!rn "p ( ! gorge is difficult to rea*4 ,foot & horseback trails lead to ! bottom at ! m\? ( ,r$ ,riv] we/ ( ,que/a :]e picnic units h be5 built4 ,alamogordo ,lake ,/ate ,p>k ,! dam ( ,alamogordo ,res]voir blocks ! ,pecos ,riv] & ,alamogordo ,creek nor?we/ ( ,=t ,sumn]4 ,picnic1 camp1 & wat] sports facilities lie along ,u4,s4 ,highway #hd ab\t sixte5 miles nor?we/ ( ,=t ,sumn]4 ,junip] trees dot ! l[ valley walls :]e ! m>oon to gre5 %ale & s&/one ( ! ,*9le ,=mation crop out4 ,rock ,h\nd ,/ate ,p>k ,ly+ on ! we/ flank ( ! ,little ,florida ,m\nta9s1 ,rock ,h\nd ,/ate ,p>k1 twelve miles s\!a/ ( ,dem+1 (f]s camp+ & picnick+ facilities & _m v>ieties ( agate 9 ! volcanic rocks4 ,a few miles to ! s\? t[] cliffs ( ! ,florida ,m\nta9s1 a l&m>k ( s\?we/]n ,new ,mexico & also happy hunt+ gr\nds = rock h\nds4 ,clayton ,lake ,/ate ,p>k ,s]v+ ! nor!a/ corn] ( ,new ,mexico1 ,clayton ,lake ,/ate ,p>k lies twelve miles nor? ( ,clayton on ,/ate ,highway #cgj1 imp\nd$ by a dam across ,ci5eguilla ,creek4 ,! /ream b$ cuts br[n ,dakota ,s&/one1 & roll+ grassy hills to ! s\? ov]lie wea!r$ basalt fl[s4 ,morphy ,lake ,/ate ,p>k ,morphy ,lake1 back$ up f a dam across ,rito ,morphy1 lies ?ree miles we/ ( ,l$\x 9 s\?we/]n ,mora ,c\nty & ?irty-"o miles nor? ( ,las ,vegas (f ,/ate ,highway #id4 ,! #ae-;acre lake provides f9e tr\t fi%+ & picnick+ amid /ately pond]osa p9es1 ) ! canyon walls =m$ by ti] ^u ti] ( ,p5nsylvanian lime/ones4 ,angl+ 9 ! ,des]t's ,wat]s by ,fr$ ,a4 ,?ompson#e ,wat] 9 ! great ,s\?we/1 ( :i* ! ,/ate ( ,new ,mexico is a "p1 has made = a colorful & hi/orical backgr\nd4 ,wat]1 p]haps m ?an any?+ else1 has mold$ ! lives ( all inhabitants ( ! area f ! pueblo & lodge ( ! e>ly ,indian to ! civilization we "k today4 ,! fi% & wildlife res\rces z relat$ to wat] h play$ an important "p 9 ev]yday liv+ & economy4 ,f data ga!r$ by ar*eologi/s !re are indications t ! e>ly ,indian us$ fi% z "p ( 8 diet4 ,fi% bones are f\nd 9 excavat$ ru9s1 & fi% pictures are occasionally f\nd z petroglyphs & on pott]y 7fig4 #a74 ,al?\gh ! use ( fi% 0 limit$1 x 0 widespread ?r\gh\t ! ,s\?we/1 n be+ conf9$ to "o ,indian tribe or nation4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a4 ,b[l depict+ fi%1 f\nd 9 ru9s ( ,mimbres ,indians ,! use ( fi% by ! :ite settl] 0 likewise re/rict$1 b x increas$ z "t progress$ & k & equipm5t improv$4 ,!re is only limit$ ref]5ce to fi% = ei!r food or sport fi%+ until aft] ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,e>ly explor]s made records ( fi% 9 v>i\s wat]s ( ,new ,mexico & 9 mo/ in/ances describ$ ! new species4 ,orig9ally1 ! wat]s ( ! des]t also c\ld be describ$ z fi% des]ts4 ,only ?ree recogniz$ k9ds ( food fi%1 z we "k !m today1 inhabit$ ! wat]s ( ?is region4 ,! tr\t 0 limit$ to ! cut?roat species or subspecies4 ,^! 7 f\nd z "o subspecies 9 ! ,rio ,gr&e dra9age & ! o!r subspecies 9 ! ,arkansas ,riv] dra9age4 ,! latt] is r$uc$ 9 numb]s b a few remnants rema9 9 ! headwat]s4 ,! =m] is be+ artificially propagat$ & is be+ ma9ta9$ successfully4 ,! tr\t f\nd 9 ! ,gila ,riv] dra9age1 orig9ally ?\ght to be a cut?roat1 !n a ra9b[1 has be5 rec5tly describ$ z a sep>ate species4 ,^! tr\t1 l ! ,arkansas ,riv] fi%1 rema9 z remnants 9 ! headwat]s4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 ! native tr\t h _h a difficult "t surviv+ 9 rec5t ye>s because ( ! *ange 9 wat] & l& use2 ! habitat has become exce$+ly re/rict$4 ,*annel catfi% 7 orig9ally f\nd 9 ! ,rio ,gr&e dra9age & cont9ue to ma9ta9 !mselves satisfactorily4 ,wat] & l& manipulation1 h[ev]1 pres5t a s]i\s ?reat1 ev5 to ?is h>dy fi%4 ,!re are records t ! gulf eel once came up ! ,rio ,gr&e dur+ "p ( its life cycle4 ,?is fi% ( ! ocean has long s9ce disappe>$--! fate ( _m migrat+ fi% :5 confront$ ) man-made ob/ructions 9 ! wat]c\rses4 ,wat]f[l 7 9 great abundance once1 9 bo? ! upp] ,rio ,gr&e & ! ,pecos ,riv] dra9ages4 ,^! birds utiliz$ ! va/ m>% areas ( ! valleys dur+ spr+ & fall migrations4 ,x is presum$ t !re 0 v little ne/+ ( wat]f[l 9 ! e>ly ye>s4 ,! mammals t live 9 or ne> ! wat]1 pr9cipally fur be>]s1 7 9 abundance z long z wat] habitat 0 abundant & prior to unre/rict$ trapp+4 ,) ! exception ( ! beav] 7s9ce re/ock$ & protect$71 _m ( ! fur be>]s once num]\s are n[ extremely limit$ 9 numb]s or approa*+ ext9ction4 ,!re is only an occasional sight+ ( ! ott] :i* 0 once relatively pl5tiful4 ,habitat = ! v>i\s wat] mammals1 birds1 & fi% is f\nd 9 ! dra9age sy/ems4 ,! major sy/em is ! ,rio ,gr&e t fl[s ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! /ate2 ! ,pecos ,riv] is its tribut>y4 ,9 ?is sy/em are six ( ! sev5 life zones & conditions ( habitat suitable to almo/ any =m ( wat]-dwell+ life4 ,!re is a noticeable habitat *ange due to sev]al causes1 su* z ran*+1 irrigation1 urban developm5t1 & a g5]al m9or *ange 9 climatic conditions4 ,_m v>iations are 9 direct relation1 su* z improp] graz+1 unscre5$ irrigation div]sions1 dams1 & sewage disposal1 to m5tion a few4 ,!re is an indication ( a long-t]m w>m+ ( ! g5]al ,s\?we/1 & ?\gh ?is *ange is fractional1 x does h a basic effect on habitat4 ,! effect ( habitat *ange c be not$ 9 ! life ( ! cut?roat tr\t4 ,e>ly records reveal t ?is tr\t1 lik+ cool cle> wat]1 0 once caught 9 ! ,rio ,gr&e 9 ! l[] "p ( ! box canyon nor? ( ,peablanca4 ,x 0 also caught ne> ! t[n ( ,pecos4 ,! fi% c no long] survive 9 ! *ang$ wat] conditions & is f\nd n[ only 9 ! headwat]s4 ,ev5 ! catfi% has difficulty surviv+ 9 "s sections ( ! riv]s = lack ( wat]4 ,9 ! l[] ,pecos1 ! catfi% f9ds difficulty 9 reproduc+ because ( ! high salt cont5t ( ! riv] wat]4 ,z has already be5 not$1 ! fi% t are recogniz$ z game fi% today 7 9 %ort supply a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,x 0 n until ! railroads ent]$ ,new ,mexico t fi% 7 import$ to supplem5t ! native supply4 ,9 an unpubli%$ report by ! au?or1 x 0 po9t$ out t almo/ e k9d ( fi% propagat$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 import$ & /ock$ 9 wat]s ( ,new ,mexico4 ,( ^!1 "s h surviv$ beyond expectations & o!rs h disappe>$ entirely4 ,:5 ! railroads ent]$ ,new ,mexico1 !re 7 already reque/s = fi% 9 ! h&s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,fi% ,commission4 ,fi% 7 deliv]$ 9 especially design$ fi%-di/ribution c>s & ! consignee met ! c>s at designat$ rail sid+s4 ,f ! di/ribution c>s1 ! fi% 7 fur!r transport$ by wagons 9 wat] conta9]s ( v>i\s descriptions1 usually wood5 b>rels or wat]tight wood5 boxes1 to /reams or lakes z assign$4 ,because ( ! mode ( travel at ! "t1 ! quantities ( fi% s /ock$ 7 limit$1 b !y did provide se$ /ock f :i* _! population c\ld gr[4 ,fi% 7 pack$ on back & on horses into relatively inaccessible areas4 ,! proc$ures & te*niques ( fi% transportation h evolv$ to ! pres5t highly specializ$ equipm5t & me?ods ( op]ation4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! quantities ( fi% import$ & plant$ increas$ 9 relation to ! improv$ transportation4 ,! e>ly records indicate ! numb]s 9 ! hundr$s & 9 j a few locations2 lat] plant+s increas$ bo? 9 numb]s /ock$ & 9 wat]s /ock$4 ,! fir/ fi% import$ to supplem5t ! native fi% 0 ! ,g]man c>p4 ,9 fact1 ?is 0 ! only fi% import$ = eight consecutive ye>s1 #ahhc-ahij4 ,^! e>ly plant+s 7 foll[$ by catfi%1 ,g]man br[n tr\t1 brook tr\t1 yell[ p]*1 l>gem\? black bass1 crappie1 rock bass1 t5*1 ra9b[ tr\t1 /rawb]ry bass1 black spott$ tr\t1 bream1 smallm\? bass1 salmon1 :ite bass1 & walley$ pike4 ,all ! fi% import$ are class$ z game fi% except c>p & t5* 7! latt] did n survive74 ,! v>i\s species met _! habitat requirem5ts1 & al?\gh !re 7 no survivals 9 "s locations1 !y did acclimate 9 o!rs & h develop$ into a sub/antial fi%]y4 ,"s species are pr$om9ant :ile o!rs1 l ! rock bass1 are remnant & tak5 only occasionally4 ,! fi% mo/ s\ght n[ & pr$om9ant 9 ! fi%]y are ra9b[ 7fig4 #b7 & br[n tr\t1 catfi%1 l>gem\? bass1 crappie1 & walley$ pike4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b4 ,joy ( ! fi%]man1 ra9b[ tr\t ,managem5t ( ! fi%]y has progress$ ) te*nical developm5t4 ,:5 fi% 7 plant$ 9 e>ly ye>s1 v little ?\ght 0 giv5 ab\t ! habitat except t x 0 wat]4 ,!re 0 little kn[n ( ! requirem5ts ( fi%4 ,z a result1 fi% 7 plac$ 9 wat]s only to p]i%4 ,to ma9ta9 a fi% population n[1 all te*niques available are employ$ & fi% are /ock$ :]e wat] & species are compatible4 ,wat] 9 ! des]t is always at a premium = ! inhabitants4 ,! e>ly ,indian cultures us$ wat] = irrigation1 & !re are /ill ve/iges ( canals us$ by ,indians to convey wat] to _! crops4 ,! use ( wat] by ! ,indians !n _h little or no effect on fi% life1 b z irrigation developm5t increas$1 a new habitat 0 =m$4 ,! once free-fl[+ riv]s became dry 9 places1 & new wat]s 7 develop$ 9 ! dra9age dit*es 9 ! ,rio ,gr&e ,valley4 ,! competition = wat] is v ke5 & fi% & wildlife uses come aft] dome/ic1 comm]cial1 & irrigation purposes4 ,! wat] requirem5ts are s great1 9 fact1 t x has be5 necess>y to control wat] & its use by laws4 ,! law ( #ahgf provid$ t wat] c\ld n be refus$ a travel]4 ,community dit* commission]s 7 e/abli%$ by law 9 #ahie4 ,! basic laws gov]n+ wat] rights 7 e/abli%$ 9 #aijg4 ,^! laws h be5 am5d$ or add$ to z conditions dictate4 ,cons]vancy di/ricts 7 recogniz$ by law 9 #aibg1 & und]gr\nd wat]s came "u law 9 #aica4 ,! ,int]/ate ,/ream ,commission 0 creat$ 9 #aice4 ,at pres5t1 ,new ,mexico wat] laws are consid]$ "s ( ! be/ 9 ! nation2 h[ev]1 x has be5 only rec5tly t wat] = fi% & wildlife has be5 recogniz$ z "o ( ! b5eficial uses4 ,conv]se to ! use ( wat] to ! detrim5t ( fi% & wildlife1 !re are sev]al areas 9 :i* wat] has be5 develop$ & imp\nd$ to ! b5efit ( ! fi%]y4 ,al?\gh "s imp\ndm5ts 7 s+le-purpose developm5ts1 !y supply habitat 9 cons]vation pools or dur+ ye>s ( abundant wat] supply4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c4 ,f9d ! elephant6--at ,elephant ,butte res]voir ,wat]s imp\nd$ by man b us$ z a fi%]y are ,elephant ,butte ,res]voir 7fig4 #c71 #dj1jif surface acres :5 full4 ,x conta9s l>gem\? black bass1 crappie1 walley$ pike1 catfi%1 & sunfi%4 ,?is lake has n be5 full = _m ye>s2 b l ,alamogordo ,res]voir 7#dfej surface acres71 ,caballo ,res]voir 7#aa1ecb surface acres71 ,mc,millan ,res]voir 7#bejj surface acres71 ,con*as ,res]voir 7#af1fdj surface acres71 & ,avalon ,res]voir 7#iej surface acres71 x has produc$ excell5t fi%+4 ,^! are l>ge irrigation lakes & are all /ock$ g5]ally ) ! same species ( fi%4 ,! lakes built = irrigation b utiliz$ = tr\t are usually mu* small]4 ,! pr9cipal ones are ,navajo ,res]voir 7#ae1fjj surface acres7 & ,el ,vado 7#cejj surface acres74 ,!re are also ,miami ,lake 7#aij surface acres7 & sev]al o!rs ( small size4 ,9 addition1 sev]al small lakes h be5 built or acquir$ = ! prim>y purpose ( provid+ fi%+4 ,a few ( ^! are ,hopewell ,lake 7#ad surface acres71 ,lake ,rob]ts 7#gc surface acres71 & ,*>ette ,lakes 7#djj surface acres74 ,!re are _m m v>y+ 9 size4 ,! small] lakes are prim>ily = tr\t fi%+1 b a few 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! /ate d h species usually f\nd 9 w>m] wat]s4 ,9 ! process ( res]voir con/ruction1 wat]f[l habitat & re/+ areas are creat$4 ,^! new lakes1 h[ev]1 are a poor sub/itute = ! natural m>%es & po?oles orig9ally frequ5t$ by ducks & geese4 ,wat] mammals1 likewise1 f9d ! artificial imp\ndm5ts undesirable 9 comp>ison1 & ! increas$ wat] has add$ v little to ?is res\rce4 ,e wat] developm5t has ) x ! appeal ( recreation o!r ?an fi%+4 ,n[ a lake mu/ h su* facilities z picnic & camp+ areas1 laun*+ ramps1 good accessibility1 boat r5tals1 & a concessionaire4 ,!re is no s+le-purpose res]voir 9 respect to recreation4 ,f9ally1 x is conclud$ t ! old adage1 8fi%+ a9't :at x us$ to be10 %\ld no long] be true = ,new ,mexico4 ,! fi%+ wat] has be5 add$ to greatly & ! fi% are manag$ bett]4 ,! only problem is "o ( increas$ human population4 ,:]e !re 0 "o fi%]man fifty ye>s ago1 !re are a ?\s& n[4 ,truly1 ! wat] ( ! des]t is us$ to ! limit4 ,illu/ration3 7,=e/ ,s]vice1 ,u4,s4,d4,a47 ,! pa/ liv+ today--,san ,miguel1 e>ly mission *ur* /ill us$ daily 9 ,santa ,fe ,! ,indians ( ,new ,mexico by ,paige ,w4 ,*ri/ians5 ,p ent]+ ,new ,mexico today f9d ,indian cultures & ,indian villages ) traditions & ways ( life t h *ang$ little 9 _m c5turies4 ,9 ?is respect1 man 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury %>es an exp]i5ce 9 common ) ,coronado1 ,oate1 & all ! o!r conqui/adores :o visit$ ,new ,mexico s _m g5]ations ago4 ,!y1 too1 f\nd ! anci5t ,indian cultures /rangely magnetic & excit+4 ,if we c\ld b remove ! asphalt highways1 ! billbo>ds1 ! telephone poles1 & f5ces t seem always to surr\nd u1 ! ,indian villages 9 _m p>ts ( ! /ate w\ld look v mu* z !y look$ to ! e>ly ,spani% explor]s :o 7 ! fir/ ,europeans to see !m4 ,to meet ! ,indians ( ,new ,mexico & to visit _! homes1 if possible1 is "o ( ! greate/ exp]i5ces available to resid5ts & visitors alike4 ,al?\gh words are inadequate to give ! true flavor & excitem5t ( ! ,indian & 8 way ( life1 !y are all we h to introduce ! v>i\s p :o make up ! ,indian population ( ,new ,mexico4 ,!re are two ma9 gr\ps t %\ld be kn[n4 ,fir/1 ! ,pueblo ,indians1 ^? :o develop$ s$5t>y village life & :o are ! desc5dants ( ! fir/ ,am]icans 9 ,new ,mexico4 ,second1 ! 8newcom]s0 to ! /ate1 ^? :o1 = "s reason or o!r1 mov$ into ! /ate to replace e>li] cultures4 ,let u1 !n1 visit "s ( ^! p's homes4 ,acoma ,pueblo ,acoma ,indian ,pueblo1 ! ,sky ,city1 is fam\s 9 bo? hi/ory & leg5d4 ,built on ! top ( a l(ty1 almo/ inaccessible1 r$rock mesa "s #ceg feet high1 x is "o ( ! mo/ picturesque ( all ,new ,mexico ,indian pueblos4 ,no o!r pueblo gives "o su* a cle> s5se ( liv+ 9 ance/ral times4 ,! movem5ts ( ! p up & d[n ! /eep trails1 ! untir+ vi/as1 & ! anci5t homesites are rem9isc5t ( ! life & times ( ! cliff dwell]s4 ,"h ! ar*eologi/s c se>* out ! secrets ( anci5t life by direct obs]vation4 ,"h1 too1 is br\ght =? 9 ! fullness ( its bloom an ,indian culture ( out/&+ a*ievem5t4 ,! ,indians ( ,acoma p>ticipat$ 9 ! great ,pueblo ,revolt ( #afhj4 ,!y kill$ _! prie/1 ,fray ,lucas ,maldonado1 9 ! fir/ fr5zy ( ! rebellion4 ,because ( _! isolation & ! inaccessibility ( ! village1 !y 7 sp>$ ! v5geance ( ! ,spani>ds "u de ,v>gas dur+ ! reconque/ 9 #afib4 ,!re 0 an attempt by ! ,spani% 9 #afif to take ,acoma1 b !y succe$$ only 9 de/roy+ ! crops & 9 captur+ five ,acoma w>riors4 ,! ,indians held out until ,july #f1 #afii1 :5 !y submitt$ to ! ,spani% gov]nor ( ,new ,mexico1 ,gov]nor ,cub]o4 ,!reaft]1 ,acoma became an integral "p ( ! mission complex e/abli%$ 9 ,new ,mexico by ! ,spani%4 ,illu/ration3 7,=e/ ,s]vice1 ,u4,s4,d4,a41 by ,/>r ,j5k9s7 ,asp5 ,bas9 9 ,sangre de ,cri/o ,m\nta9s ne> ,santa ,fe ,illu/ration3 7,=e/ ,s]vice1 ,u4,s4,d4,a41 by ,john ,:iteside7 ,t5t ,rocks 9 ,jemez ,m\nta9s ,acoma is not$ = its excell5t pott]y4 ,! w>e is fa%ion$ f clay ( f9e quality1 is v well fir$1 & is c>efully decorat$ 9 typical ,acoma designs4 ,"h is an excell5t example ( ,indian arti/ic ability4 ,"s weav+1 su* z belts & headb&s1 is engag$ 9 & a few baskets are produc$1 b ,acoma is mo/ fam\s = its pott]y4 ,"o ( ! l&m>ks at ,acoma is ! great *ur* :i* brave ,fray ,juan ,ramirez toil$ to create 9 ! e>ly sev5te5? c5tury4 ,surely !re are few memorials ( ! ,spani% epo* 9 ! ,s\?we/ t pres5t su* a picture ( dauntless fai? 9 spiritual ideals z does ?is =tress *ur* silh\ett$ high aga9/ ! sky above ! b>e-rock mesa4 ,x measures #aej feet 9 l5g? & has walls t are #fj feet high & #aj feet ?ick4 ,timb]s #dj feet long & #ad in*es ?r\gh support ! ro( & make a h&some ceil+4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 no seats & little decoration4 ,& :at a location = s magnific5t a spiritual c5t] x is6 ,f !re "o may lift 8 eyes 9 rapt admiration ( ! spl5did panorama ( ! great pla9 & ! encircl+ m\nta9s1 & !reby appreciate m fully ! "w ( ! ,deity4 ,! ,acoma are agriculturi/s1 cultivat+ _! l&s by irrigation2 !y raise corn1 :eat1 melons1 squa%es1 & hay4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 mo/ ( ! p ( ,acoma d n live on _! mesa :i* protect$ !m = s _m c5turies4 ,! dang]s ( attack are no long] pres5t1 & ! f>m]s f9d x m advantage\s to live clos] to _! irrigat$ plots4 ,! result is t ! p ( ,acoma are n[ scatt]$ ?r\gh\t sev]al villages4 ,_! great culture1 _! traditions1 _! fi]ce pride1 & _! deep rev]5ce = _! spectacul> hi/ory is visible 9 _! faces & mann]s4 ,acoma1 ! ,sky ,city1 rema9s ! et]nal city ( ,new ,mexico4 ,co*iti ,pueblo ,! ,indians ( ,co*iti ,pueblo claim ! fam$ cave dwell+s & ru9s ( ! ,rito de ,frijoles 7,b&eli] ,national ,monum5t7 z _! ance/ral home4 ,failure ( timb] & wat] res\rces plus ! con/ant attack ( ! v>i\s ,apa*e ,indian tribes ov] sev]al c5turies caus$ ! resid5ts ( ! ,rito de ,frijoles to seek a bett] home4 ,?is probably occurr$ ab\t #abjj ,a4,d4 ,9 #aeih1 :5 ,juan de ,oate1 coloniz] ( ,new ,mexico1 arriv$1 ! ,indians ( ,co*iti 7 liv+ 9 _! pres5t village4 ,= a %ort "t foll[+ ! reconque/ ( ,new ,mexico by de ,v>gas aft] ! ,pueblo ,revolt1 ! p ( ,co*iti liv$ 9 ,caada de ,co*iti1 :i* 0 9 a bett] position = def5se aga9/ ,spani% reconque/4 ,9 #afid1 de ,v>gas took ! canyon village by /orm1 burn$ x1 & =c$ ! p to return to ! old] village ( ,co*iti :]e !y rema9 to ?is day4 ,! population ( ! village is slightly m ?an #cjj1 & !re has be5 little gr[? 9 ! pa/ ?irty ye>s4 ,l ! o!r ,new ,mexico pueblos1 ! ma9 occupation is agriculture4 ,_! anci5t traditions are well pres]v$1 among !m ! well-kn[n ,ra9 ,dance held dur+ ! annual fe/ival ( ,san ,bu5av5tura 9 ,july4 ,locat$ at ! pueblo is ! anci5t & beautiful ,spani% mission1 ,san ,bu5av5tura de ,co*iti1 built 9 ! e>ly sev5te5? c5tury4 ,to /ep into ?is *ur* is to return to ! ,spani% days ( yore4 ,!re are no seats1 wom5 kneel on "o side1 ! m5 on ! o!r1 & ! s]vices are a mixture ( old _w or?odoxy & new _w ,indian traditions4 ,co*iti repres5ts "o ( ! f9e/ examples ( mod]n ,pueblo ,indian life4 ,isleta ,pueblo ,isleta ,pueblo is ! s\!rnmo/ ( ! pueblos ly+ along ! gre5 & lu% ,rio ,gr&e ,valley today4 ,x /&s on ! same site x occupi$ :5 ,coronado came 9 #aedj & 0 a /opp+ place = e ,spani% explor] & travel] :o pass$ ?r\gh ,new ,mexico4 ,x did n take "p 9 ! ,pueblo ,revolt ( #afhj1 b r jo9$ ! ,spani% 9 ! retreat to ,el ,paso del ,norte 7mod]n ,ju>ez1 ,mexico74 ,!re !y f\nd$ a new village j to ! s\? ( mod]n ,el ,paso :i* !y call$ ,isleta del ,sur4 ,! ma9 village ( ,isleta1 9 ,new ,mexico1 rema9$ des]t$ until #agji :5 x 0 re-e/abli%$ by ,fray ,juan de la ,pea4 ,two diff]5t missions 7 built at ,isleta ,pueblo4 ,! fir/1 ,san ,antonio de ,isleta1 0 con/ruct$ ab\t #afbi4 ,! *ur* 0 burn$ 9 #afhj1 & 9 #afha 0 be+ us$ z a %eep corral4 ,betwe5 #afhj & ! completion ( ! reconque/1 x 0 completely de/roy$4 ,! second mission1 /ill rema9+ at ,isleta1 call$ ,san ,agu/9 de ,isleta1 0 built 9 #agji on ! old site4 ,agriculture is ! prim>y pursuit ( ! ,indians ( ,isleta1 al?\gh !y d consid]able /ock graz+4 ,! population ( ,isleta is ne>ly #bjjj p]sons4 ,! annual fie/a takes place 9 late ,augu/4 ,jemez ,pueblo ,! ,jemez ,indians 7 fir/ se5 by ,europeans 9 #aeda :5 !y 7 visit$ by ,capta9 ,francisco de ,b>rio-,nuevo1 ( ,coronado's exp$ition4 ,he c\nt$ sev5 villages1 nam+ !m ,aguas ,cali5tes because ( ! _m hot spr+s 9 ! canyon ( ! ,jemez ,riv]4 ,! anci5t pueblos are n[ all 9 ru9s1 ) "o pres]v$ z ! ,jemez ,/ate ,monum5t4 ,! pres5t pueblo1 built on ! mesa :]e ! ,jemez ,riv] leaves ! m\nta9s1 0 con/ruct$ aft] ! ,pueblo ,revolt4 ,! ,jemez p fl$ _! old] villages dur+ ! reconque/ & = a "t liv$ ) ! ,navajo1 :om !y dislik$ b pref]r$ to ! ,spani%4 ,!re h be5 f\r notable missions among ! ,jemez ,indians4 ,! fir/1 ,san ,diego de ,jemez ,mission1 0 built 9 ! e>ly sev5te5? c5tury4 ,x 0 "o ( ! mo/ successful ( ! ,new ,mexico missions2 report$ly1 m ?an #fjjj conv]ts 7 made among ! ,jemez ,indians be=e #afbb4 ,because ( ! con/ant attacks ( ! ,navajo1 ! traditional enemies ( ! ,jemez p1 ! anci5t pueblos gradually decl9$ & 7 f9ally completely ab&on$ aft] ,jemez p>ticipation 9 ! ,pueblo ,revolt4 ,! ru9s ( ?is *ur*1 n[ ! ,jemez ,/ate ,monum5t1 are among ! mo/ picturesque 9 all ,new ,mexico4 ,its walls are ?ree feet ?ick & 7 put toge!r ) intricate c>e4 ,9 its "t1 x mu/ h be5 a beautiful build+4 ,! second1 ,san ,juan de ,los ,jemez ,mission1 0 built 9 #afag at a village locat$ ne> ! junction ( ! ,guadalupe & ,jemez riv]s1 six miles nor? ( ! pres5t pueblo4 ,! ru9s are fa9t b /ill visible4 ,! mission 0 ab&on$ 9 #afhj4 ,! ?ird mission _h a v brief hi/ory4 ,x 0 call$ ,san ,jose de los ,jemez ,mission & 0 locat$ ne> ,san ,juan de ,los ,jemez1 ( :i* x 0 a visita4 ,l ,san ,juan1 ,san ,jose 0 ab&on$ 9 #afhj4 ,! pres5t mission 0 f\nd$ e>ly 9 ! eighte5? c5tury & is "o ( ! int]e/+ ?+s to visit at ,jemez ,pueblo4 ,?is old *ur* is ! c5t] ( ! annual fe/ival held at ,jemez on ,novemb] #ab4 ,jemez is not$ = its spl5did pres5tation ( ! ,buffalo ,dance 9 ! w9t] & = its ,corn ,dances dur+ ! ,novemb] fe/ival4 ,laguna ,pueblo ,laguna ,pueblo is ! y\nge/ & second l>ge/ ( ! pueblos 9 ,new ,mexico4 ,built 9 #afig1 %ortly aft] ! reconque/ by de ,v>gas1 ! "n 0 d]iv$ f a l>ge lake :i* exi/$ at "o "t j we/ ( ! village4 ,9 addition to ! ma9 village1 a numb] ( small settlem5ts h develop$ :]e ! t]ra9 is suitable = agriculture1 ! ma9 occupation ( ! ,lagunas4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! villages are ,paguate1 ,enc9al1 ,p>aje1 ,mesita1 ,seama1 & ,casa ,blanca4 ,! ,laguna ,indians are ( mix$ orig91 compos$ ( f\r l+ui/ic /ocks3 ,tano1 ,k]es1 ,%o%one1 & ,zuni4 ,illu/ration3 ,rock-wall$ ,santa ,m>ia mission1 ,laguna ,res]vation ,al?\gh ! occupation ( ! pueblo 0 traditionally agriculture1 9 rec5t ye>s a mod]ate revolution has be5 visible4 ,! p ( ,laguna are 9 ! middle ( "o ( ! ri*e/ uranium m9+ areas 9 ! _w1 & _m ( !m h be5 employ$ 9 m9+ activities4 ,also1 ! pueblo lies on ! ma9 l9e ( ! ,santa ,fe ,railway1 all[+ "s employm5t ) ! railroad4 ,laguna ,pueblo is "o ( ! mo/ progressive ( all ! ,indian gr\ps 9 ,new ,mexico4 ,x has a population well 9 excess ( #cjjj4 ,locat$ at ,laguna is ! ,san ,jose de ,laguna mission1 built 9 #afii4 ,! pla/] on ! build+ is native e>?4 ,indian symbols are pa9t$ on ! ceil+ ( ! *ancel1 & a l>ge picture ( ,/4 ,joseph done on elk sk9 hangs on ! r]$os4 ,! halos on ! sa9ts are triangul> r ?an circul>4 ,! alt> is cov]$ ) animal sk9s pa9t$ ) ,*ri/ian symbols4 ,namb ,pueblo ,namb is "o ( ! smalle/ ( ! pueblos b is locat$ 9 an area not$ = its sc5ic beauty & climate4 ,its population is less ?an #bjj4 ,x 0 n always s small2 dur+ ! eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies1 ! population 0 greatly r$uc$ by int]tribal w> & wit*craft executions4 ,! ,namb p play$ an active role 9 ! pueblo rebellion ( #afhj1 murd]+ _! prie/ & de/roy+ _! *ur*4 ,! orig9al *ur* at ,namb 0 "o ( ! fir/ missions f\nd$ aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! fir/ ,european settlem5t ( ,san ,gabriel at ,san ,juan 9 #aeih4 ,de/roy$ 9 #afhj1 x 0 rebuilt 9 #afif4 ,9 #agbi1 ! conv]ts _h increas$ to su* numb]s t a new *ur* 0 requir$4 ,?is *ur* rema9$ 9 use until #aiji :51 because ( c>elessness 9 keep+ x 9 repair1 ! ro( collaps$ dur+ a /orm4 ,! annual ,namb fie/a is held 9 e>ly ,octob]4 ,picurs ,pueblo ,picurs is seldom visit$ by ! t\ri/1 = x lies 9 ! m\nta9s =ty miles nor? ( ,santa ,fe & c only be rea*$ ov] a gravel road4 ,! p ( ,picurs 7 among ! mo/ w>like ( ! normally peaceful pueblo peoples4 ,!y p>ticipat$ actively 9 ! pueblo rebellion 9 #afhj1 kill+ _! prie/ & all ! ,spani>ds 9 ! vic9ity4 ,!y also p>ticipat$ 9 ! battle = ,santa ,fe :i* broke ,spani% p[] 9 ,new ,mexico until #afib4 ,aft] ! revolt1 fe> ( ! ,spani% caus$ !m to ab&on _! village until !y 7 induc$ to return 9 #agjf4 ,! population ( ,picurs is v small1 be+ slightly m ?an #ajj4 ,"o ( ! few old missions left 9 ,new ,mexico1 ! ,san ,lor5zo de ,picurs *ur* %[s ! /range mixture ( ,spani% & ,indian traditions4 ,ne> ! door is a human skull cov]$ ) an old clo?1 b un=tunately1 its /ory is lo/ to antiquity4 ,an int]e/+ feature at ,picurs is ! unusual con/ruction se5 9 "s ( ! build+s4 ,made ( puddl$ adobe1 !y are ! olde/ /ill /&+ ( any pueblo 9 ! ,rio ,gr&e ,valley4 ,! build+s 7 made by p\r+ adobe mud into wall =ms4 ,?is is ! same k9d ( con/ruction t is f\nd at ,casa ,gr&e1 ,arizona1 "o ( ! significant prehi/oric ru9s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,pojoaque ,pueblo ,pojoaque1 ?\gh /ill li/$ among ! ,indian villages ( ,new ,mexico1 is no long] populat$ by ,indians4 ,two missions 7 e/abli%$ at ,pojoaque 9 ! e>ly ,spani% days1 ! fir/ %ortly aft] #afjj4 ,?is 0 de/roy$ 9 ! rebellion 9 #afhj4 ,lat]1 9 #agjf1 a new *ur* 0 con/ruct$ :i* is /ill 9 use4 ,! ,indian population ( ,pojoaque 0 gradually r$uc$ until1 9 #aijj1 ! few rema9+ families ab&on$ ! village4 ,s9ce t "t1 ,spani%-,am]ican families h occupi$ ! build+s4 ,x is a picturesque village seldom se51 = x is hidd5 f ! pass+ t\ri/ by a hill4 ,yet "s ( ! build+s 9 ?is anci5t village date back to pre-,coronado times & are a significant "p ( ! romance ( ,new ,mexico4 ,s&ia ,pueblo ,s&ia ,pueblo is a remnant ( ! ,tiguex villages visit$ by ,coronado 9 #aedj4 ,a mission 0 creat$ at ,s&ia %ortly aft] ! colonization by ,oate1 & x 0 an important mission c5t] until ! ,pueblo ,revolt4 ,aft] ! revolt1 ,s&ia peoples scatt]$ r ?an aga9 submit to ,spani% control4 ,_m ( !m w5t to live ) ! ,hopi & !re f\nd$ ! village ( ,payupki on ! middle mesa1 ! walls ( :i* c /ill be f\nd4 ,aft] #fb ye>s1 9 #agdb1 a few families return$ to ! ,rio ,gr&e ,valley to f\nd ! mod]n pueblo4 ,! old mission rema9s visible1 al?\gh r$uc$ to a rubble ( adobe4 ,s&ia ,pueblo rema9s a small village1 conta9+ less ?an #aej p4 ,san ,felipe ,pueblo ,san ,felipe is "o ( ! mo/ cons]vative ( ! pueblos & has reta9$ mu* ( its ,indian h]itage despite ! impact ( ,spani% & ,am]ican influ5ces4 ,x has a close aff9ity ) its neighbors1 p>ticul>ly ,santo ,dom+o only five miles di/ant4 ,san ,felipe 0 a well-e/abli%$ village :5 ! ,spani% fir/ arriv$4 ,its p jo9$ 9 he>tily :5 ! pueblo upris+ began 9 #afhj b ab&on$ _! village dur+ a ,spani% c\nt](f5sive 9 #afha 7:i* fail$74 ,:5 reconque/ 0 complet$ 9 #afib1 ! p return$ to _! village4 ,!reaft]1 !y rema9$ fri5dly to ! ,spani% & suff]$ _m attacks f ! ,navajo1 :o hat$ !m = ?is loyalty4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ rema9+ /ructures %[+ e>ly ,franciscan mission ar*itecture c be se5 at ! ,san ,felipe *ur*4 ,! pres5t *ur* is n ! orig9al mission1 = ?ree diff]5t *ur*es 7 locat$ at ,san ,felipe ov] ! c5turies4 ,! fir/ 0 built 9 #afje & de/roy$ dur+ ! ,pueblo ,revolt4 ,! second 0 built 9 a new "p ( ! village 9 #afid1 b %ortly aft] #agjj1 ! village 0 mov$ & a new *ur* con/ruct$4 ,! latt] *ur* is ! "o n[ 9 use at ,san ,felipe4 ,on ,may #a1 ! ne>ly #ajjj p ( ! pueblo celebrate _! annual fie/a4 ,san ,ildefonso ,pueblo ,san ,ildefonso has ga9$ fame ?r\gh\t ! _w because ( ! excell5ce ( its pott]y4 ,! high quality & g5]al acceptance ( ?is commodity has made ! village prosp]\s4 ,x boa/s "s ( ! mo/ fam\s ,indian arti/s & artisans 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 among !m ,julian & ,m>ia ,m>t9ez1 p]haps ! be/-kn[n pott]s 9 ! _w4 ,san ,ildefonso p>ticipat$ 9 ! ,pueblo ,revolt b did n conte/ ! reconque/1 at lea/ n at fir/4 ,9 #afid1 :5 de ,v>gas began to wage w> on ! nor!rn pueblos1 ,san ,ildefonso did take "p4 ,! p =tifi$ !mselves on ,black ,mesa1 a high1 /eep mesa ( volcanic orig9 ne> ! pueblo4 ,!re !y successfully )/ood ,spani% ef=ts to dislodge !m4 ,not)/&+ _! initial success1 !y 7 ultimately conqu]$ & br\ght into ! ,spani% sy/em4 ,today !re are sev]al hundr$ p liv+ 9 ! village1 & !y are among ! fri5dlie/ ( ! pueblo peoples4 ,san ,ildefonso is easily accessible f ,santa ,fe4 ,! mission *ur* dates back to ! #ahij's1 al?\gh e>li] *ur*es at ! pueblo play$ an important role 9 br++ ,*ri/ianity to ! ,pueblo ,indian _w4 ,! old] *ur*es are long s9ce gone4 ,san ,juan ,pueblo ,san ,juan ,pueblo is be/ not$ = its close association ) ! fir/ ,spani% settlem5t 9 ,new ,mexico 9 #aeih4 ,oate1 coloniz] ( ,new ,mexico1 select$ a site = 8 fir/ headqu>t]s :i* 0 a "p ( ! anci5t ,pueblo ( ,san ,juan4 ,! natives liv+ 9 t "p ( ! village will+ly gave up _! homes to ! ,spani>ds & 7 tak5 9 by ! rema9d] ( ! p ( ,san ,juan4 ,oate1 9 appreciation = ?is hospitality1 be/[$ ^u ! pueblo ! "n ,san ,juan de los ,caball]os1 a "n :i* ! pueblo is /ill pr\d to be>4 ,yet ?is same fri5dly p also contribut$ ,po-p1 ! great lead] ( ! ,pueblo ,revolt1 to ! hi/ory ( ,new ,mexico4 ,:ile ,po-p %>$ ) _m o!r pueblo lead]s a hatr$ ( ! ,spani% conqu]or1 he 0 ! spiritual =ce & ! organiz] ( ! rebellion t broke ! control ( ! ,spani>d = twelve ye>s & return$ ,new ,mexico to ! ,indian4 ,?is great rebellion /&s z "o ( ! significant ef=ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w ( a p to ca/ (f ! bonds ( =eign control4 ,san ,juan _c claim a *ur* dat+ back to ! conqui/adores1 b x does h "o ( ! great l&m>k *ur*es 9 ! ,s\?we/4 ,9 #ahij1 ! *apel ( ,our ,lady ( ,l\rdes 0 d$icat$ at ,san ,juan4 ,x 0 con/ruct$ ( r$ volcanic rock f\nd we/ ( ! ,rio ,gr&e4 ,?is beautiful /ructure is an ar*itectural jewel set 9 des]t surr\nd+s4 ,! ne>ly #gjj p ( ,san ,juan welcome visitors to _! homes2 _! undecorat$ burni%$ black pott]y is p>ticul>ly di/9ctive & popul>4 ,! pueblo's annual fe/ival is held 9 ,june4 ,santa ,ana ,pueblo ,santa ,ana ,pueblo lies along ! banks ( ! ,rio ,jemez1 :i* ent]s ! ,rio ,gr&e f ! we/4 ,! pueblo 0 visit$ by ,oate & a mission 0 built !re ab\t #afjj1 %ortly aft] 8 visit4 ,! p ( ,santa ,ana jo9$ 9 ! ,pueblo ,revolt1 & s9ce !re 0 no prie/ s]v+ _! *ur* 9 #afhj1 !y jo9$ ) ! ,indians ( ,santo ,dom+o & ,san ,felipe to massacre ! padres at ,san ,felipe4 ,9 #afhg1 dur+ "o ( ! ,spani% ef=ts to reconqu] ,new ,mexico1 ,santa ,ana 0 de/roy$ & h] p fl$4 ,lat]1 at ! urg+ ( de ,v>gas1 ! mod]n pueblo 0 e/abli%$1 along ) ! *ur* n[ /&+ !re4 ,! population ( ,santa ,ana is ne>ly #djj4 ,its annual fe/ival takes place 9 ,augu/4 ,x is (t5 difficult to f9d _m ( ! p at ! ma9 pueblo = !y sp5d mo/ ( ! gr[+ season at ,el ,ran*ito1 to ! ea/ 9 ! ,rio ,gr&e ,valley4 ,santa ,cl>a ,pueblo ,santa ,cl>a ,pueblo is ne> ! m\? ( ,santa ,cl>a ,creek1 a ye>-r\nd /ream fl[+ out ( ! ,jemez ,m\nta9s into ! ,rio ,gr&e4 ,to ! we/ ( ! pueblo1 on l&s own$ by ,santa ,cl>a1 are ! fam\s ,puye ,cliff ,dwell+s ru9s4 ,! p ( ,santa ,cl>a claim ^! natural cliff homes z _! ance/ral dwell+ places1 a fact :i* has be5 sub/antiat$ by ar*eologi/s4 ,! ,santa ,cl>a ,indians repres5t1 !n1 an important liv+ ,indian gr\p 9 :i* "o c obs]ve in/itutions & traditions t c be l9k$ to traditions ( ! cultures t liv$ 9 ! caves & ab&on$ cities ( ,s\?we/ antiquity4 ,l mo/ ( ! pueblo p1 ,santa ,cl>a jo9$ ! ,pueblo ,revolt1 b ?is action did n s]i\sly h>m ! pueblo4 ,! real damage 0 done to ,santa ,cl>a 9 ! late eighte5? c5tury :5 int]tribal w>f>e ov] wit*craft1 plus ! ravages ( disease1 took ne>ly #ejj lives 9 ! village4 ,! curr5t population is ab\t #ejj4 ,! *ur* at ,santa ,cl>a is q mod]n1 hav+ be5 con/ruct$ 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,! old *ur*1 built 9 #agfj1 0 caught up 9 ! mod]nization craze t swept ?r\gh ! pueblo _w 9 ! e>ly #aijj's4 ,p]haps "o ( ! mo/ sub/antial & beautiful ( all pueblo *ur*es1 ! old *ur* collaps$ dur+ a /orm 9 #aiji 7! same /orm t de/roy$ ! *ur* at ,namb72 x _h be5 /ructurally weak5$ by ! removal ( ! ro( = remodel+4 ,! village has excell5t agricultural l&s & supplem5ts its income by manufactur+ an excell5t & di/9ctive pure black pott]y4 ,its annual fe/ival is 9 mid-,augu/4 ,santo ,dom+o ,pueblo ,santo ,dom+o is "o ( ! l>ge/ ( ! pueblos1 hav+ a population ( ne>ly #aejj4 ,x is also ! mo/ cons]vative 9 ret5tion ( its native culture4 ,?is makes its dances & dress ( p>ticul> int]e/ to ! visitor to ,new ,mexico4 ,! pres5t pueblo 0 e/abli%$ aft] ! reconque/ 9 #afib4 ,! ,indians ( ,santo ,dom+o took a p>ticul>ly active "p 9 ! ,pueblo ,revolt1 kill+ ?ree padres resid5t at ! pueblo4 ,:5 de ,v>gas mov$ to retake ,santo ,dom+o1 he f\nd ! p _h ab&on$ ! village4 ,!y _h con/ruct$ a village 9 ! ,jemez ,m\nta9s to ! we/1 & x 0 !re t de ,v>gas defeat$ !m4 ,ev5 !n1 ! p ( ,santo ,dom+o did n give up ! fight1 & only aft] a long s]ies ( defeats & s]i\s loss ( life did !y surr5d] & aga9 return to ! vic9ity ( _! orig9al village4 ,! *ur* at ,santo ,dom+o is n s old z _m o!r pueblo edifices1 b its qualities rema9 among ! mo/ typical aspects ( e>ly ,new ,mexico mission ar*itecture4 ,9 e>ly ,augu/1 dur+ ! great annual fe/ival1 ! ,indians completely clean & :itewa% ! *ur*4 ,two l>ge horses are pa9t$ on ! front ( ! build+ by native arti/s4 ,! dances dur+ ! ,santo ,dom+o fe/ival are among ! mo/ colorful & au!ntic 9 ,new ,mexico4 ,taos ,pueblo ,taos repres5ts ! nor!rnmo/ ( ! pueblos 9 ,new ,mexico4 ,x is also "o ( ! mo/ sc5ic1 ly+ at ! foot ( ! ,taos ,m\nta9s1 a spur ( ! mighty ,sangre de ,cri/o range4 ,x is a prosp]\s village ( ab\t #ijj p]sons4 ,!re is no f9] example ( pueblo ap>tm5t ar*itecture 9 ,new ,mexico4 ,! ma9 pueblo build+ rises five /ories above ! mesa4 ,"o mu/ be c>eful n to confuse ! ,spani% t[n1 don ,f]n&o de ,taos1 & ! old ,indian f>m+ c5t]1 ,ran*os de ,taos1 ) ! pueblo1 ,san ,g]onimo de ,taos4 ,x is ! latt] t is ,indian & is1 !re=e1 by f> ! olde/ ( ! ?ree4 ,! ru9s ( ! old ,san ,g]onimo mission at ,taos repres5t "o ( ! mo/ hi/oric & fateful 9 all ! ,s\?we/4 ,x 0 !re t two prie/s 7 murd]$ 9 #afhj dur+ ! fir/ days ( ! ,pueblo ,revolt4 ,x 0 !re t ,po-p s[$ ! fir/ se$s ( t rebellion4 ,aga9 9 #afif1 ! ,taos ,indians s\ght to free !mselves f ,spani% control by kill+ _! prie/s & o!r ,spani>ds 9 ! vic9ity4 ,aga9 !y 7 subdu$4 ,9 #ahdg1 :5 ! ,am]icans annex$ ,new ,mexico1 ! ,taos ,indians tri$ once m to ga9 _! indep5d5ce4 ,inflam$ by ,mexican citiz5s :o refus$ to accept ,am]ican au?ority1 !y attack$ ! ,am]icans at ,f]n&o de ,taos1 kill+ n9e ( !m4 ,gov]nor ,*>les ,b5t1 build] ( ! fam\s ,b5t's ,=t on ! ,santa ,fe ,trail1 0 among ^? kill$4 ,on ,febru>y #c1 #ahdg1 ! ,am]ican army 9 ,new ,mexico laid siege to ! village & ! ,indians =tifi$ !mselves 9 ! mission4 ,x became ! ,alamo ( ! ,taos p4 ,am]ican artill]y 0 br\ght to be>1 & ! walls ( ! anci5t *ur* 7 batt]$ d[n2 ! ,indians fl$1 fir/ to ! village & !n into ! m\nta9s1 leav+ beh9d #aej dead & _m w\nd$4 ,!y 7 f9ally =c$ to surr5d]1 & _! lead]s 7 hung4 ,^? s hung rema9 m>tyrs to ?is day4 ,! ru9s ( ! ,taos mission1 built ?ree & a qu>t] c5turies ago1 /ill c be se54 ,!y are a />k l&m>k to ! /ubborn indep5d5ce ( ! p ( ,taos4 ,illu/ration3 7,=e/ ,s]vice1 ,u4,s4,d4,a47 ,s\v5ir ( ! ,am]ican army's "w 9 #ahdg3 ,taos ,pueblo mission ,! traditions & c]emonials ( ,taos are well pres]v$4 ,_! arts & crafts1 h[ev]1 h decl9$ & are n ( ! high quality f\nd 9 "s ( ! o!r pueblos4 ,_! c]emonials are excell5t & are not$ = _! beauty & precision4 ,! fea/ day ( ,san ,g]onimo1 ,septemb] #cj1 is ! mo/ important ev5t ( ! ye>4 ,tesuque ,pueblo ,tesuque is a small village1 p]haps numb]+ no m ?an #aej p]sons4 ,ev5 ?\gh x has always be5 small1 x holds a major place 9 ! hi/ory ( ,new ,mexico4 ,x 0 at ,tesuque t ! fir/ blood 0 %$ 9 ! ,pueblo ,revolt ( #afhj4 ,on ,augu/ #i1 ,cri/obal de ,h]r]a 0 murd]$1 & two ,tesuque ,indians ru%$ to ,santa ,fe to w>n ! ,spani% gov]nor ( ! imp5d+ rebellion4 ,! ,indian lead]s1 n[ aw>e t _! plot 0 kn[n1 mov$ ! date ( ! revolt f ,augu/ #ac to ,augu/ #aj4 ,on ,augu/ #aj1 ,fa!r ,pio1 9 *>ge ( ! ,tesuque mission1 w5t out f ,santa ,fe to say ,mass & also 0 murd]$4 ,illu/ration3 7,=e/ ,s]vice1 ,u4,s4,d4,a47 ,mo/-pa9t$ *ur* 9 ,am]ica8444 ,ran*os de ,taos ,al?\gh its h&icrafts are ( poor quality1 ! ,tesuque ,indian c]emonials are colorful & au!ntic4 ,! p h reta9$ mu* ( _! e>ly culture :ile liv+ 9 proximity to ! :ite man 7,santa ,fe is only n9e miles di/ant74 ,! pueblo's mo/ important fe/ival falls on ,novemb] #ab4 ,zia ,pueblo ,! /ory ( ,zia is "o ( trag$y & difficult problems ( exi/5ce4 ,locat$ on a basalt fl[ on ! nor? bank ( ! ,jemez ,riv] "s fifte5 miles above its junction ) ! ,rio ,gr&e1 ,zia has poor l& & a limit$ supply ( irrigation wat]4 ,agriculture is ! ma9 economic pursuit1 b ! pueblo's un=tunate location makes trad+ = "p ( its food supply necess>y4 ,oate report$ ,zia to be a l>ge pueblo4 ,h[ev]1 x suff]$ greatly because ( its p>ticipation 9 ! ,pueblo ,revolt4 ,"s hi/orians e/imate t dur+ ! reconque/1 ne>ly #fjj ( ! p ( ,zia 7 kill$ def5d+ !mselves f ! ,spani%4 ,cont9u$ w>s & pe/il5ce r$uc$ ! pueblo to a v few families4 ,ov] ! pa/ c5tury1 ! gr\p has aga9 %[$ signs ( gr[? & n[ has a population ( m ?an #cjj4 ,! *ur* at ,zia dates f #afib1 & ?us repres5ts "o ( ! f9e examples ( anci5t ,franciscan ar*itecture 9 ,new ,mexico4 ,! annual fe/ival1 d$icat$ to ,nue/ra ,s5ora de la ,asuncion1 is celebrat$ ) an excell5t ,corn ,dance on ,augu/ #ae4 ,zuni ,pueblo ,zuni has ! di/9ction ( be+ ! fir/ ( ! pueblos se5 or visit$ by ,europeans4 ,se5 f a di/ance by ,fray ,m>cos de ,niza 9 #aeci1 x 0 report$ z a ri* & ext5sive city4 ,ne>by 7 six o!r pueblos1 & ! ,spani% imm$iately associat$ ! ,zuni complex ) an old ,spani% leg5d ab\t sev5 gold5 cities1 ! ,sev5 ,cities ( ,cibola4 ,! exp$ition ( ,coronado 0 =m$ to explore & conqu] ! ri* pueblos ( ,new ,mexico4 ,8 fir/ contact 0 at ,zuni1 !n call$ ,hawikuh4 ,x 0 nei!r gold5 nor ri*4 ,al?\gh ,zuni 0 an important /opp+ place on ! e>ly trails to ,mexico1 x manag$ to rema9 lea/ influ5c$ by ,european ideas4 ,! ,spani% conc5trat$ _! ef=ts 9 ! ,rio ,gr&e ,valley & ,zuni w5t its own way mo/ ( ! "t4 ,:ile !re 7 mission>y ef=ts f "t to "t1 by ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! /\t resi/ance to su* activity caus$ x to cease4 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 sporadic mission>y activity has be5 evid5t1 b x has n be5 notably successful4 ,! mo/ fam\s ( all ,new ,mexico ,indian c]emonial dances is held at ,zuni ea* ye>4 ,! ,%alako1 :i* occurs 9 e>ly ,decemb]1 is au!ntic & spectacul>4 ,! danc]s1 c>ry+ huge c]emonial figures on _! %\ld]s1 mu/ tra9 & practice con/antly dur+ ! entire ye>4 ,zuni is ! l>ge/ ( ! pueblos 9 ,new ,mexico1 ) a population numb]+ m ?an #ejjj p]sons4 ,! ma9 occupation is agriculture4 ,! ,zunis supplem5t _! income by manufactur+ silv] inlay jewelry t %[s great creative skill & is beautiful to behold4 ,o!r ,new ,mexico ,indians ,9 addition to ! well-kn[n ,pueblo ,indians ( ,new ,mexico1 !re are f\r o!r areas ( ,indian l&s4 ,?ree ( ^! belong to peoples ( ,a?apascan orig91 sometimes bett] kn[n z ,apa*e ,indians4 ,by "n1 !y are ! ,jic>illa ,apa*e1 ! ,mescal]o ,apa*e1 & ,navajo4 ,! f\r? gr\p is ! ,ute ,indian4 ,! ,apa*e tribes 7 relative newcom]s to ! ,s\?we/4 ,_! orig9 0 ! pla9s area betwe5 ! nor!rn ,rocky ,m\nta9s & ,hudson ,bay 9 ,canada4 ,ab\t #ajjj ,a4,d41 a "p ( ^! nor!rn ,pla9s ,indians began a migration t ultimately br\ght !m to ,new ,mexico4 ,d[n ! ,high ,pla9s across ! we/]n ,dakotas1 we/]n ,nebraska1 ,kansas1 & f9ally to we/]n ,texas & ea/]n ,new ,mexico1 ^! p came4 ,at ab\t ! latitude ( ,albuqu]que1 ! migration split4 ,"p ( ! gr\p cont9u$ s\?1 across ! ,/ak$ ,pla9s1 into s\!a/]n ,new ,mexico1 we/ ,texas1 & nor!rn ,coahuila & ,*ihuahua1 ,mexico4 ,"h !y divid$ into ! ,lipan1 ! ,mescal]o1 & ! ,natage ,apa*e4 ,today1 9 s\?-c5tral ,new ,mexico are ! desc5dants ( ! ,mescal]o4 ,! ,mescal]o ,apa*e res]vation is cross$ by ,u4,s4 ,highway #gj1 a sc5ic drive ?r\gh p9e =e/s4 ,! tribe op]ates ! ,si]ra ,blanca ski area1 "o ( ! s\!rnmo/ ski areas 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,its annual ,cr[n ,dance & com+-(-age c]emonials are held ,july #a to #d1 foll[$ by an ,apa*e rodeo4 ,! ,lipan & ! ,natage h virtually disappe>$4 ,! second gr\p ( ! migration discov]$ = ! fir/ "t 9 _! long trek d[n ! ea/]n fr+es ( ! ,rockies t ! c\ntry op5$ up to ! we/4 ,!y p\r$ ?r\gh ! passes & ent]$ ! areas traditionally controll$ by pueblo f>m]s4 ,gradually1 !y took ov] ^! l&s = !mselves1 driv+ out ! f>m]s4 ,by ! "t ! ,spani% came on ! sc5e1 mo/ ( ! peaceful f>m]s _h giv5 way be=e ! onslaught ( ! w>like ,a?apascan savages4 ,only "o gr\p rema9$1 ! pueblos ( ! c5tral ,rio ,gr&e ,valley4 ,! migration t mov$ into ! des]t & m\nta9 l&s divid$ into a numb] ( gr\ps :i* are kn[n by mod]n names3 ! ,*iricahua1 ,:ite ,m\nta91 ,we/]n1 & ,jic>illa ,apa*e & ! ,navajo4 ,! ,jic>illa ,apa*e reside ma9ly 9 nor?-c5tral ,new ,mexico on res]vation l&s1 & ! ,navajo res]vation lies p>tly 9 extreme nor?we/]n ,new ,mexico4 ,mo/ ( ! ,navajo l& & all ! l&s ( ! o!rs are 9 ,arizona4 ,! ,ute ,indians1 driv5 f ! pla9s by /rong] tribes1 settl$ 9 ! c5tral ,rocky ,m\nta9 area4 ,!re !y raid$ ! weal?y 7at lea/ 9 _! eyes7 pueblos to ! s\?4 ,!y f\ght sporadically aga9/ :ite p5etration b 7 f9ally subdu$ & plac$ on res]vation l&s 9 ! ,f\r ,corn]s area1 "p ( :i* lies 9 ,new ,mexico4 ,:ile ! hi/ory ( ^! peoples is fasc9at+ & full ( romance1 !re is little besides sc5]y to be se5 :5 visit+ _! res]vations4 ,! populations are (t5 scatt]$ ov] _m hundr$s ( squ>e miles1 & ! p h only rudim5t>y h&icrafts4 ,! exception is ! ,navajo1 & a trip to ! ,navajo res]vation is wor?:ile4 ,^! ,indians h develop$ te*niques ( weav+ & silv]smi?+ t contribute significant art =ms to ,s\?we/ h&icrafts4 ,! out/&+ ,indian ev5t ( ! ye> 9 ,new ,mexico is ! ,int]-,tribal ,indian ,c]emonial at ,gallup1 held dur+ mid-,augu/4 ,"s ?irty tribes f ! ,s\?we/ & ,midwe/ meet to compete 9 arts1 crafts1 & c]emonial danc+4 ,rem9d]s ( ! ,pa/ by ,paige ,w4 ,*ri/ians5 ,:5 driv+ across ,new ,mexico or :5 visit+ "s "p ( ! /ate1 "o %\ld be aw>e ( ! weal? ( hi/ory t is always close at h&4 ,_m p1 :5 fac$ ) :at seems l endless miles ( empty c\ntry1 fail to realize t ! v empt9ess is "o ( ! *>ms ( ! /ate4 ,!y also d n recognize t 9 ! va/ expanses ( m\nta9 & des]t1 p ( ! anci5t pa/ or a rec5t pa/ h liv$ & work$ & di$4 ,sometimes ! fruits ( _! labor are cle> & evid5t & live on 9 cities & t[ns4 ,9 _m in/ances1 h[ev]1 ! m\nta9s & des]t h reclaim$ _! own & ! works ( man h succumb$4 ,a m5tal picture mu/ be ca/ ov] ! l&scape on :i* great hi/orical ev5ts took place b :i* is almo/ empty ( signs ( man's ef=ts4 ,if travel]s are =tunate1 !re may /ill be "s sign--a gho/ t[n1 a ru9$ ran*1 "s old artifacts--to tell ! /ory2 if n1 imag9ation mu/ be giv5 re94 ,! se>* is ! adv5ture1 & to give aid 9 t se>*1 ! foll[+ might suffice z a fa9t guid+ light4 ,to simplify ! descriptions ( ^! rem9d]s ( ! pa/1 ,new ,mexico is divid$ into sev5 geographical regions :i* a travel] might well visit3 #a4 ,nor? f ,santa ,fe1 includ+ ,u4,s4 ,highways #fd1 #bhe1 & #hd1 & connect+ /ate highways4 #b4 ,! nor!a/1 includ+ ,u4,s4 #he f ,santa ,fe to ,raton1 ,u4,s4 #ff ea/ f ,albuqu]que to ! ,texas l9e1 ,u4,s4 #ef f ,spr+] to ! /ate l9e1 & connect+ /ate highways4 #c4 ,! nor?we/1 includ+ ,u4,s4 #ff we/ f ,albuqu]que to ! ,arizona l9e1 ,u4,s4 #fff nor? f ,gallup to ,colorado1 & ,/ate ,highway #dd f ,b]nalillo to ,f>m+ton4 #d4 ,ea/-c5tral1 includ+ ,u4,s4 #fj ea/ f ,b]n>do1 ,u4,s4 #chj ea/ f ,san ,antonio1 ,u4,s4 #gj f ! ,mescal]o ,indian ,res]vation to ! ,texas l9e1 ,u4,s4 #bhe f ,cl9es ,corn]s to ,roswell1 ,u4,s4 #ed f ,?ree ,riv]s to ,santa ,rosa1 & connect+ /ate highways4 #e4 ,we/-c5tral1 includ+ ,u4,s4 #fj we/ ( ,socorro1 ,u4,s4 #ahj-bfj & ,/ate ,highway #ab 9 ,catron ,c\nty1 ,u4,s4 #he f ,los ,lunas to ,elephant ,butte1 & connect+ /ate highways4 #f4 ,s\!a/1 includ+ ,u4,s4 #gj f ,las ,cruces to ! ,mescal]o ,indian ,res]vation1 ,u4,s4 #ed f ,el ,paso to ,?ree ,riv]s1 ,u4,s4 #fb f ,hobbs to ! ,texas l9e1 ,u4,s4 #bhe f ,roswell to ! ,texas l9e1 & num]\s /ate roads4 #g4 ,s\?we/1 includ+ ,u4,s4 #he f ,tru? or ,consequ5ces to ,el ,paso1 ,u4,s4 #ahj nor? f ,dem+ to ! ,catron c\nty l9e1 ,u4,s4 #gj-hj we/ f ,las ,cruces to ,arizona1 & /ate roads4 ,nor? ,f ,santa ,fe ,! c\ntry nor? ( ,santa ,fe is ! he>t ( ,indian & ,spani% ,new ,mexico4 ,"h1 if he looks beyond ! n>r[ b\nd>ies ( ! highway "r-(-way1 ! travel] c see ,indian & ,spani% villages :i* h n *ang$ significantly 9 two & a half c5turies4 ,along ! lu% gre5 ( ! ,rio ,gr&e ,valley or ( its tribut>ies da%+ out ( ! ,sangre de ,cri/o range to ! ea/1 ^! sleepy conc5trations ( p reveal cultural & language patt]ns :i* smack ( ! conqui/adores ( ! sixte5? c5tury or ( ! anci5t cliff dwell]s4 ,x is a sl[ & easy _w1 p]haps mo/ repres5tative ( ! 8l& ( maana40 ,9 a region already work$ = c5turies = :at x c produce1 !re is no hurry4 ,x w be !re tomorr[ & =ev]4 ,! p ( ?is region are typically ,new ,mexican4 ,! hills are dott$ ) pion & junip] trees :i* give a gre5i% to black ca/ to ! l&4 ,?is1 too1 is typically ,new ,mexican4 ,illu/ration3 7,=e/ ,s]vice1 ,u4,s4,d4,a47 ,cool drive on a summ] day1 ,r$ ,riv] ,canyon ,!re is "o %ort trip t w\ld be fruitful = him :o wants to "k ,new ,mexico1 to feel ! romance ( ,spani% culture1 & to seek adv5ture (f ! beat5 track4 ,j nor? ( ,espaola1 ,/ate ,highway #gf /rikes ea/ f ,u4,s4 #fd4 ,n[h]e 9 ! /ate c be f\nd s mu* ( old _w *>m or spectacul> sc5ic beauty4 ,head+ ea/1 ! travel] passes ?r\gh ,*imay1 a village fam$ ?r\gh\t ! _w = its weav+1 ?\gh seldom visit$1 !n on ?r\gh ,tru*as & ,las ,trampas to ,p5asco1 he>t ( ! ,p5it5te c\ntry4 ,! ,p5it5tes 7 a religi\s sect gr[+ out ( long isolation f ! ma9 ?reads ( ,roman ,ca?olicism4 ,!y gradually rev]t$ to relatively primitive ,*ri/ian practices )\t guidance f ma9 *ur* c5t]s b )9 ! pa/ few ye>s h return$ to ! ,*ur*4 ,! _m :ite crosses t c be se5 9 ! area atte/ to _! =m] activity4 ,f ,p5asco1 ! travel] c return to ,u4,s4 #fd via ,/ate ,highway #ge4 ,! area nor?we/ ( ,santa ,fe1 /ret*+ "s ?irty or =ty miles on ! s\!a/ flanks ( ! ,jemez ,m\nta9s1 is ! not$ ,paj>ito ,plateau1 ! home ( great numb]s ( ,indian cultures1 liv+ & dead4 ,_m ( ! mod]n ,indian pueblos w be f\nd 9 ?is region4 ,also1 "s ( ! mo/ significant anci5t ,indian ru9s are f\nd "h1 su* z ! ,frijoles ,canyon 7,b&eli] ,national ,monum5t7 & ,puye ,cliff ,dwell+s4 ,! entire area nor? ( ,santa ,fe1 !n1 is alive ) hi/ory4 ,9 e village1 9 e canyon1 !re is some?+ t w add to ! romance ( ,spani%-,indian ,new ,mexico4 ,9 our ,s\?we/1 ! h]itage h&$ d[n by ^! two great cultures is held de> by ! p4 ,to ! travel] w come a great] appreciation & a great] und]/&+ ( ,new ,mexico & ! ,s\?we/ if ^! are b und]/ood4 ,nor!a/ ,new ,mexico ,! section designat$ z nor!a/ ,new ,mexico is an area ( m\nta9s & pla9s1 & its hi/orical mosaic %[s elem5ts ( bo?3 ! rugg$ ,s&ia ,m\nta9s ne> ,albuqu]que & ! s\!rnmo/ p>ts ( ! ext5sive ,sangre de ,cri/o range1 :i* ?ru/s nor? f ,u4,s4 ,highway #he f> into ,colorado1 & "p ( ! fam$ buffalo pla9s4 ,! area is dra9$ by two ma9 riv] sy/ems2 ! ,canadian ,riv] fl[s ea/ to jo9 ! ,arkansas & ! ,mississippi & ! ,pecos ,riv] fl[s s\? to jo9 ! ,rio ,gr&e4 ,?r\gh ?is va/ area ran "o ( ,am]icas greate/ highways1 ! ,santa ,fe ,trail4 ,beg9n+ 9 ,miss\ri communities1 ! ,trail hurl$ itself into ! intricate patt]ns ( ! ,great ,pla9s ) all ( _! dang]s--,indians1 bor$om1 viol5t /orms1 trea*]\s riv]s1 & prairie grass fires4 ,!n on into ! foo?ills ( ! mighty ,rocky ,m\nta9s & ! /eep & backbreak+ approa*es to ,raton ,pass 9 ,new ,mexico4 ,! new highway across ?is pass 7,u4,s4 #he7 & ! nature ( our vehicles h made ?is an easy passage4 ,b ! travel] %\ld pause at "s high po9t1 or p]haps leave ! ma9 highway = a mom5t1 & try to imag9e cross+ ?is rugg$ l& 9 ,cone/oga wagons4 ,f ,raton1 ! ,santa ,fe ,trail cont9u$ s\? to ,las ,vegas & !nce into ,santa ,fe via ,glorieta ,pass 7curr5t r\te ( ,u4,s4 #he74 ,ov] ?is trail pass$ ! goods ( ! _w4 ,9 "p1 ^! 7 int5d$ = ! p ( ,new ,mexico1 b ov] o!r trails !y also f\nd m>kets 9 ,mexico & 9 ,cali=nia4 ,= ! curi\s & adv5tur\s1 sections ( ! ,santa ,fe ,trail c /ill be se54 ,local inquiry w elicit directions to rema9+ p>ts ( ! wide rutt$ ,trail1 sc5e ( s mu* ( ! ,am]ican we/w>d movem5t4 ,illu/ration3 7,=e/ ,s]vice1 ,u4,s4,d4,a47 ,h[ ,to see ! ,rio ,gr&e ,valley--f ,s&ia ,cre/ ,:ile pass+ ?r\gh ! m\nta9s betwe5 ,santa ,fe & ,las ,vegas1 ! travel] %\ld be aw>e t a critical ,civil ,w> battle 0 wag$ 9 ! fa/ness ( ^! passes4 ,9 #ahfb1 ,conf$]ate =ces1 :i* came up ! ,rio ,gr&e f ,texas & won a s]ies ( victories ov] ,union troops1 met a comb9$ =ce ( ,colorado ,volunte]s & ,new ,mexico ,union troops 9 a decisive conte/ ov] ! control ( ! ,am]ican ,s\?we/4 ,! ,union troops 7 successful1 pres]v+ ,new ,mexico & ! ,we/ = ! ,union4 ,^!1 !n1 are "s ( ! ?+s to look = 9 ?is region ( pla9s & m\nta9s4 ,picture buffalo by ! t5s ( ?\s&s pu%+ up ! ,canadian ,riv]1 or long l9es ( wagons w9d+ _! way along ! ,santa ,fe ,trail c>ry+ goods & p into new l&s1 or ! ,blue & ! ,gray lock$ 9 deadly combat f> f ! ?und] ( ! ma9 ,civil ,w> battles4 ,! mosaic "h is %>p & vividly diff]5t4 ,nor?we/ ,new ,mexico ,nor?we/ ,new ,mexico is typifi$ z anci5t ,indian c\ntry4 ,:ile seem+ly a h>% l&1 x is only ?is to ! un9itiat$1 to ^? :o lock _! m9ds to beauties ( hi/ory & l&s unlike _! own4 ,! ,indian f\nd ?is c\ntry good & productive4 ,"s ( ! f9e/ ru9s ( ,indian antiquity are 9 ?is region--,*aco ,canyon & ,aztec1 bo? ,national ,monum5ts1 & hundr$s m t rema9 unnam$4 ,! ,indians ( ! ,f\r ,corn]s area 7nam$ ?us because ,new ,mexico1 ,colorado1 ,utah1 & ,arizona meet "h1 ! only place 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :]e ! l9es ( f\r /ates int]sect7 creat$ levels ( culture unsurpass$ 9 :at is ! cont95tal ,unit$ ,/ates2 only ! ,indians ( ,mexico & ,p]u claim a high] culture4 ,?is is a l& ^: anci5t p rea*$ _! great peak at ! same "t z ! lat] ,romans1 z ,*>lemagne 9 anci5t ,franki% ,europe1 & z ,mohamm$ & 8 successors 9 ! ,middle ,ea/4 ,b anci5t ,indians hold no monopoly on ?is va/ region4 ,today _m ( ! ,indians ( ,new ,mexico /ill f9d homes "h4 ,! ,navajo ,res]vation lies betwe5 ,gallup & ! ,colorado l9e4 ,"p ( ! ,ute ,res]vation lies along ! nor!rn edge ( ,new ,mexico1 & ! ,jic>illa ,res]vation is 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ?is region4 ,_m ( ! pueblo p are f\nd betwe5 ,albuqu]que & ,santa ,fe4 ,at ,gallup ea* ye>1 ! fam$ ,indian ,c]emonials br+ toge!r peoples f _m ( ! tribes 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is region is also r5[n$ z an oil & natural gas produc] & is "o ( ! boom+ areas 9 ,new ,mexico4 ,b ?is is only "o aspect ( ! m9]al ri*es ( ! nor?we/2 ! m9es ne> ,grants1 betwe5 ,albuqu]que & ,gallup1 produce trem5d\s quantities ( uranium ores4 ,! atomic en]gy capability ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates beg9s at ,grants4 ,& ne> ,gallup & ,fruitl& are huge op5-pit coal m9es4 ,! nor?we/ is dra9$ by ! ,san ,juan ,riv]1 a tribut>y ( ! ,colorado ,riv]1 & is !re=e a "p ( ! ,pacific wat]%$4 ,! ,navajo ,dam project1 j ea/ ( ,f>m+ton1 is a "p ( ?is dra9age patt]n4 ,?us ! region is *>act]iz$ by ,indians old & new1 anci5t ?+s buri$ deep b5ea? ! e>?1 & great beauty 9 pa/el colors & subtle contra/s--! mosaic ( ! l&4 ,ea/-,c5tral ,new ,mexico ,ea/-c5tral ,new ,mexico1 l ! nor!a/1 is an area ( pla9s & m\nta9s4 ,"h ! buffalo roam$1 & 9 _! place1 cattle n[ utilize ! h>dy & nutriti\s grasses ( ! ,high ,pla9s4 ,m\nta9s are ! ,manzano1 s\!a/ ( ,albuqu]que1 & ,si]ra ,blanca1 ne> ,c>rizozo1 z well z num]\s m9or ranges4 ,also 9 ?is region is "s h>% & desolate c\ntry1 se>$ by ! s\?we/]n sun & lack+ 9 ra9fall1 b support+ ! exotic plants & wildlife typical ( ! ,sonoran des]t regions4 ,:ile ! des]t regions may n be attractive to ! eye1 !y %\ld be appreciat$ = _! "p 9 ! hi/orical mosaic4 ,9 ! area ea/ ( ! ,rio ,gr&e is ! nor!rn half ( ! well-kn[n ,:ite ,s&s ,missile ,range1 "o ( ! significant te/ c5t]s 9 ! rocket & space age4 ,x 0 also 9 ?is arid region t ! fir/ atomic bomb 0 explod$ 7s\!a/ ( ,socorro74 ,! e>ly use ( ?is des]t1 h[ev]1 emphasiz$ its h>%ness4 ,= c5turies1 ! ,spani% suff]$ across ?is wat]less wa/e on _! way f ,*ihuahua 9 ,old ,mexico to ,santa ,fe1 = ?is 0 ! ,jornada del ,mu]to1 j\rney ( dea?1 ! h>de/ & mo/ dang]\s "p ( ! trip ov] ! ,cam9o ,real4 ,! ,cam9o ,real 0 ! lifel9e ( ,new ,mexico f #aeih until ! ,santa ,fe ,trail 0 op5$ 9 #ahba1 & all visitors dur+ t p]iod 7 oblig$ to cross ?is arid section4 ,a mod]n rocket crosses 9 m]e seconds :at took ! ,spani>ds _m days4 ,illu/ration3 7,=e/ ,s]vice1 ,u4,s4,d4,a47 ,:o says ?is is des]t c\ntry8444 ,si]ra ,blanca f ,u4,s4 #gj ,9 ! ,manzano ,m\nta9s1 !re are num]\s ,indian ru9s :i* repres5t ! ea/]n fr+es ( ! pueblo-build+ ,indians ( ,new ,mexico4 ,^! ru9$ villages h be5 giv5 ! "n by hi/orians ( 8cities t di$ ( fe>10 fe> ( ! vici\s ,apa*e & ,coman*e tribes4 ,= c5turies1 ^! brave village p till$ _! crops & liv$ peacefully on ! l&4 ,!n1 9 ! ?irte5?1 f\rte5?1 & fifte5? c5turies1 ! great migrations ( ,pla9s ,indians t pu%$ into ! ,s\?we/ gradually did _! deadly "w4 ,"o by "o ! villages succumb$1 until by #agjj few p rema9$1 & ^! 7 ultimately kill$ or driv5 into ! sanctu>y ( ! ,rio ,gr&e pueblos4 ,x is awesome to /& mid ! rubble ( "o ( ^? anci5t cities & imag9e ! circum/ances ( its demise4 ,9 ! ea/]n "p ( ?is section 0 ! he>t ( ! ,high ,pla9s cattle empires4 ,"h is a l& t once belong$ to ! great cattle b>ons1 a l& ( free range1 ! home ( ! c[boy4 ,al?\gh x is f5c$ today1 x is /ill a l& ( cattle & is /ill v close to ! e>ly days ( ! cattleman4 ,aga91 !re is an intricate & v>i$ mosaic4 ,no simple l& ?is1 b a complexity ( pla9s1 m\nta9s1 & des]t1 all ( :i* color its hi/ory4 ,! ,indians no long] inhabit _! villages1 ! ,spani% no long] /ruggle along ! ,jornada del ,mu]to1 & ! free range ( ! cattle b>on is gone1 b if ! travel] sees x ?r\gh its hi/orical pa/1 x w aga9 come alive4 ,we/-,c5tral ,new ,mexico ,?is section is a complex & colorful mass ( l&=ms scatt]$ helt]-skelt] across ! we/]n "p ( ! /ate4 ,x /ret*es f ! gre5 ,rio ,gr&e ,valley1 ) its irrigat$ l&s1 qua9t f>ms1 & picturesque agricultural villages1 up ! ,valley's /eep we/]n slopes to ! roll+ grassl& & mesas & alluvial fans1 end+ 9 precipit\s & trea*]\s canyons 9 ! rugg$ m\nta9s4 ,socorro ,m\nta91 ! ,magdal5as1 ! ,san ,mateos1 ! ,ladrones1 & c\ntless o!rs seem always to r+ ! horizon4 ,"s ( !m are timb]$ & ab\nd 9 cool1 refre%+ %ade & spr+s2 "s are h>% & dry4 ,9 ! we/1 ! fam$ ,san ,agu/9 ,pla9s /ret* to ! sunset1 a wide c>pet fr+$ by black1 timb]$ hills1 site ( fabul\s cattle drives ( a bygone day4 ,! complexity ( ! region's geology1 sc5]y1 & t]ra9 is mat*$ by an equally complex hi/ory4 ,! hi/ory is a mosaic ( _m hues1 "s h>% & />k l its dry des]t m\nta9s1 "s invit+ l ! %ade & coolness ( its timb]$ canyons & m\nta9 spr+s4 ,fir/ 7 ! _m div]se & sometimes ho/ile ,indian cultures4 ,!re 7 peaceful pueblo peoples till+ _! l&s1 us+ ! ,rio ,gr&e's fl[+ wat] to produce abundance4 ,also1 prehi/oric village dwell]s /ruggl$ to create agricultural societies along ! banks ( n[-dry riv]s 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! region4 ,& !re 7 ! fe>some ,apa*e ,indians :o f\nd$ _! homes 9 ! brok5 m\nta9 fa/nesses & add$ _! excitem5t & trag$y to ! mosaic4 ,s1 too1 did ! ,spani>d make 8 m>k & ! ,mexican :o foll[$ close beh9d4 ,! place names ( ! ea/]n "p ( ! region are prim>ily ,spani%1 al?\gh ! ,spani% f\nd ! area a difficult "o 9 :i* to ma9ta9 !mselves4 ,& !n ! ,am]ican came to dom9ate ?is l&1 add+ realism & te*nology4 ,f9ally1 two major economic factors left a pr(\nd impr9t3 /ock rais+ & m9+4 ,! fir/ began ) ! ,spani%1 0 cont9u$ by ! ,mexicans1 & comm]cializ$ by ! ,am]icans4 ,ev]y:]e are signs ( ?is h]itage4 ,m9+ also play$ a dom9ant role1 al?\gh ( a %ort] duration4 ,"o c h>dly lift 8 eyes to ! hills )\t see+ signs ( ! prospectors %ovel or ! m9]'s "w4 ,"o c h>dly conv]se ) local citiz5s )\t discuss+ m9es ( ! pa/ or m9es ( ! future4 ,live/ock & m9]als1 !n1 are wov5 ?r\gh ! hi/orical patt]n & are nev] f> f any "p ( ! /ory4 ,let ! travel] be aw>e ( sev]al important facts :5 he passes ?r\gh ?is region4 ,fir/1 ?is is empty c\ntry1 an area t has few] p n[ ?an x _h eighty ye>s ago4 ,its m9es are mo/ly clos$ & ! t[ns t grew ) ! m9es are gho/s4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s ( ^! is ! t[n ( ,kelly1 a %ort di/ance f ! community ( ,magdal5a4 ,ano!r is ,mogollon1 (f ,u4,s4 ,highway #ahj 9 ! s\?we/]n "p ( ?is region4 ,ei!r ( ^! w give to ! view] a vivid picture ( ! m9+ camps ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,to ! av]age t\ri/ cross+ ! ,san ,agu/9 ,pla9s1 !y seem desolate & un9t]e/+4 ,to ! travel] ) imag9ation & k ( ! hi/ory ( ?is once great inl& lake1 ! trip c be excit+4 ,he pictures ?is great bas9 full ( wat]1 =ty-five miles long & fifte5 miles wide1 & sees m\nta9s cov]$ ) blue spruce surr\nd+ ! great lake4 ,8 m5tal motion picture rolls on ?\s&s ( ye>s1 wat*+ ! wat] evaporate & ! =e/ ( spruce die1 to be replac$ ev5tually by ! pion & junip] n[ dott+ ! hills4 ,grass grew 9 ! old lake b$1 except 9 ! la/ areas to evaporate1 = ^! _h an alkali cont5t too high = mo/ grasses4 ,! travel] !n wat*es ! ,indian ent] ! sc5e--n ! pueblo build]1 except z a transi5t1 = no wat] is available4 ,! nomadic w>rior uses ! pa?way lat]4 ,9 #aggd & 9 #aggf1 he sees sev]al important battles betwe5 ! ,spani% & ! ,apa*es f\ght on ^! ,pla9s4 ,lat]1 ! ,am]ican cattleman dom9ates !m1 z he does today4444 ,& s ! mosaic gr[s--,indians1 ,spani%1 ,am]icans1 cattle1 & m9es--& ! spectacul> vi/as & ! va/ empt9ess add color & excitem5t = ! travel] :o sees ! pa/ ) ! pres5t4 ,s\!a/ ,new ,mexico ,mu* ( s\!a/ ,new ,mexico is an ext5sion ( ! ,great ,pla9s1 b x has "s rugg$ m\nta9s & a sev]e des]t 9 ! middle ( :i* lie ,:ite ,s&s ,national ,monum5t & ! ,:ite ,s&s ,missile ,range4 ,m\nta9 ranges include ! ,sacram5to ea/ ( ,alamogordo & ! ,guadalupe ,m\nta9s1 9 :i* are locat$ ,c>lsbad ,cav]ns4 ,! pla9s "p ( ?is region are devot$ to cattle1 pota%1 & oil4 ,l ! o!r pla9s regions ( ,new ,mexico1 ! h]itage pass$ on f ! great cattle empires ( bygone days is v /rong & detectable 9 ! p4 ,s9ce ! e>ly #aicj's1 oil has come to play an increas+ly important "p 9 ! hi/ory ( ?is section4 ,?is is especially true ne> ,hobbs4 ,illu/ration3 7,=e/ ,s]vice1 ,u4,s4,d4,a47 ,anyone = a hike8444 9 ! ,guadalupe ,m\nta9s ,! des]t region 9 ! we/]n "p ( ?is section has cle>ly def9$ aspects ( ! old & ! new4 ,! s\!rn "p ( ! dread ,jornado del ,mu]to swept across ?is arid l& & only return$ to ! riv] ne> mod]n ,hat*1 or sometimes f>!r s\?1 ne> mod]n ,las ,cruces1 accord+ to ! :im ( ! riv]4 ,"h also lies ! ,:ite ,s&s ,national ,monum5t1 a des]t spot ( unusual beauty & int]e/4 ,ne> ! ,monum5t1 ! ,:ite ,s&s ,missile ,range /&s z an advanc$ sci5tific te/ c5t] = ! mo/ mod]n ( vehicles1 ! rocket4 ,ne> ,alamogordo1 ano!r advanc$ space developm5t & te/+ facility is locat$ at ,holloman ,air ,=ce ,base4 ,s ! des]t is useful1 & x is beautiful1 & x is full ( tragic hi/ory4 ,?is is also ,indian l&4 ,ea/ ( ,tul>osa is ! ,mescal]o ,apa*e ,indian ,res]vation4 ,9 a way1 ?is region has always belong$ to ! ,apa*e1 at lea/ s9ce he migrat$ into ,new ,mexico4 ,! area conta9$ no s$5t>y gr\ps & ! ,apa*e appropriat$ x z 8 own4 ,8 /rongholds 7 9 ! ,guadalupe & ,sacram5to m\nta9s4 ,! =ts along ! ,rio ,gr&e1 l ,=ts ,fillmore & ,seld51 7 locat$ to control ! ,mescal]o & o!r ,apa*e gr\ps4 ,all t rema9s today are ! ,mescal]os4 ,!re 0 little ,spani% influ5ce 9 ?is area except ne> ,el ,paso & 9 ! ,rio ,gr&e ,valley4 ,! ,spani% 7 m attract$ to ! upp] ,rio ,gr&e ,valley because ( ! s$5t>y nature ( ! ,indians ( t region4 ,! s\!a/ und]w5t its greate/ developm5t 9 ! ,am]ican p]iod4 ,aga91 s5se ! mosaic3 ,^! are n bl5ds ( l& & hi/ory2 !y are %>p & di/9ct1 ea* ) its own "*4 ,se>* = ! hi/ory & ! beauty1 = !y d n come automatically4 ,s\?we/ ,new ,mexico ,f9ally1 ! s\?we/1 ano!r region ( h>% des]t & cool refre%+ m\nta9s1 "p ( ,new ,mexico's unusual contra/4 ,! c\ntry s\? ( ,u4,s4 #gj is ,sonoran des]t1 ?9ly populat$ & poorly wat]$4 ,to ! nor? ( ! highway lies "o ( ! mo/ spectacul> beauty spots 9 ! ,s\?we/1 ! m\nta9s & =e/s =m+ ! headwat]s ( ! ,gila ,riv]4 ,! ,gila ,riv] fl[s we/ across ,arizona until x jo9s ! ,colorado ,riv] :i* empties into ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia4 ,! ,indians 9 ?is "p ( ! /ate fall into two di/9ct categories3 ,! build]s1 kn[n z ! ,mimbres culture1 con/ruct$ homes 9 caves & along ! wat]c\rses ( ! ,gila & ,mimbres riv]s4 ,!y rea*$ extremely high levels ( culture1 & !n !y disappe>$4 ,! ,apa*e ,indians1 :o ent]$ ?is c\ntry at ! same "t z !y did ! re/ ( ,new ,mexico1 7 responsible = ! end ( ! f>m]s & build]s1 at lea/ 9 "p4 ,! ,apa*es 7 pr$ators & ! f>m]s 7 peaceful1 unv]s$ 9 ! arts ( w>4 ,f9ally ! ,apa*e rul$ supreme1 & ?is region became ! mo/ important s+le /ronghold ( ! ,indian4 ,x 0 "h t ,g]onimo f\nd sanctu>y4 ,b ! ,apa*es1 too1 7 =c$ to surr5d] _! claims & 7 plac$ on res]vations outside ?is area4 ,m9+ is & has be5 ! ma9 s\rce ( weal?4 ,! great op5-pit op]ation ( ,k5necott ,copp] ,company is at ,santa ,rita1 ea/ ( ,silv] ,city4 ,?is is "o ( ! l>ge/ op5-pit copp] m9es 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,to look into t huge man-made pit is a ?rill+ exp]i5ce4 ,?is m9e 0 fir/ op5$ 9 #ahjc by ! ,spani% :o ne$$ copp] badly z a circulat+ curr5cy 9 ,new ,spa9 7,mexico74 ,= a numb] ( ye>s1 ! co9s us$ = money 9 ,mexico 7 f copp] m9$ 9 s\?we/]n ,new ,mexico4 ,copp] repres5ts only a "p ( ! m9+ activity 9 ?is region4 ,fam\s m9+ di/ricts 9 e>li] days 7 at ,k+/on & ,hillsboro1 j ea/ ( ! ,black ,range on ,/ate ,highway #ij4 ,^! areas produc$ consid]able quantities ( silv]4 ,!re is "s activity yet1 b ! boom has long s9ce pass$ !m by1 al?\gh !y are int]e/+ t[ns to visit4 ,! trip f ,u4,s4 #he to ,silv] ,city via ,/ate ,highway #ij is "o ( ! mo/ sc5ic r\tes 9 ! /ate4 ,9 ! region nor? ( ,silv] ,city lies high m\nta9 c\ntry1 mu* ( x pres]v$ z ! ,gila ,wild]ness ,area4 ,"h a p]son :o wi%es ! solitude ( =e/ & m\nta91 ! ?rill ( tr\t fi%+ 9 a cle> cold /ream1 & a weal? ( wildlife c f9d 8 he>t's desire4 ,9 ! he>t ( ?is wild]ness1 ! travel] might well f9d "s ( ! anci5t homes ( ! ,mimbres p4 ,hi/ory & recreation bl5d into "o4 ,^! complete ! mosaic4 ,ev]y:]e "o travels 9 ,new ,mexico is en*ant+ hi/ory1 9 ! l& &_/or 9 ! p4 ,?is has n be5 an ef=t to acqua9t anyone ) ! intricate detail ( all ! hi/ory ( e nook & cranny ( ?is l&1 b ^! broad /rokes made on ! canvas may help ! travel]1 transi5t or native1 to enjoy himself4 ,let him accept ! *all5ge1 /op to inve/igate1 se>* out evid5ce ( ! hi/ory t is !re 9 ! colorful & *ang+ l& itself1 ! ,indian h]itage1 ! ,spani% pa/1 ! cattleman's range1 ! m9]'s endless se>*--& become en*ant$4 ,illu/ration3 7,=e/ ,s]vice1 ,u4,s4,d4,a41 by ,john ,:iteside7 ,:eel] ,peak ne> ,taos--highe/ po9t 9 ,new ,mexico1 #ac1afj feet above sea level ,illu/ration3 7,c\rtesy ,elliott ,s4 ,b>k]7 ,gho/ ,ran* ,m\nta9 nor? ( ,abiquiu ,d]ricks & ,m9es by ,george ,b4 ,griswold ,new ,mexico is a m9]al-ri* /ate4 ,! gross production value ( oil1 gas1 & m9]als 0 #fga million dur+ #aifc1 mak+ ! /ate ! six? rank+ m9]al produc] 9 ! nation4 ,new ,mexico ranks among o!r /ates z foll[s3 fir/ 9 ! production ( pota%1 uranium1 p]lite1 & c>bon dioxide2 ?ird 9 helium2 f\r? 9 copp]2 fif? 9 natural gas & liquids2 & sev5? 9 petroleum4 ,important am\nts ( z9c1 lead1 gold1 silv]1 magnesium comp\nds1 coal1 gypsum1 pumice1 & salt are also produc$ f deposits )9 ,new ,mexico4 ,! oil & gas indu/ry holds a dom9ant position 9 ! /ate1 acc\nt+ = almo/ two ?irds ( ! value ( m9]als produc$4 ,,oil ,,& ,,gas ,mo/ ( ,new ,mexico's oil & gas are produc$ 9 ! s\!a/]n "p1 s\? & ea/ ( ,roswell4 ,! bu/l+ t[ns ( ,hobbs1 ,artesia1 & ,lov+ton1 z well z ,roswell1 are headqu>t]s = ! _m oil companies & ! associat$ s]vice & supply organizations op]at+ 9 ! area4 ,oil & gas are produc$ f num]\s res]voirs1 call$ fields or pools1 9 ,paleozoic s$im5ts rang+ f ,ordovician to ,p]mian 9 age4 ,f ! /&po9t ( production1 ! ,eunice-,monum5t field 7ly+ betwe5 ^! two t[ns7 is ! l>ge/1 hav+ produc$ m ?an #bej million b>rels ( oil4 ,o!r important fields are ,hobbs1 ,vacuum1 ,langlie ,mattix1 ,d5ton1 & ,jalmat4 ,all ^! fields produce a consid]able am\nt ( gas associat$ directly ) ! oil4 ,:5 driv+ an automobile ?r\gh s\!a/ ,new ,mexico1 a layman f9ds x difficult to compreh5d ! imm5sity ( ! petroleum indu/ry ( t region4 ,?is is due to ! scatt]+ ( wells ov] a l>ge area4 ,seldom are wells spac$ clos] ?an "o to e t5 acres1 ev5 9 ! mo/ productive fields4 ,!re are1 9 fact1 "s #af1jjj wells 9 ?is "p ( ,new ,mexico1 rang+ 9 dep? f less ?an #ajjj feet to #ag1eee feet4 ,! o!r oil- & gas-produc+ area ( ! /ate is 9 ! nor?we/1 9 ! ,san ,juan ,bas94 ,f>m+ton s]ves z ! base ( op]ations = mo/ ( ?is activity4 ,9 #aifb1 !re 7 #gcgh wells 9 ! area1 #aggj ( :i* 7 produc+ oil & gas & #efjh produc+ gas only4 ,mo/ ( ! ,san ,juan ,bas9 production is f ,cretace\s s&/ones1 9 contra/ to ! s\!a/ :]e ! oil & gas are d]iv$ f ,paleozoic s$im5ts4 ,! developm5t ( ! ,san ,juan ,bas9 production is relatively new2 mo/ ( ! wells h be5 drill$ s9ce ,_w ,w> ,,ii4 ,! petroleum indu/ry c be pr\d ( ! great help x has giv5 to ! developm5t ( ?is once-almo/-=gott5 "p ( ! /ate4 ,illu/ration3 7,c\rtesy ,el ,paso ,natural ,gas ,co47 ,!re's ! way to ref9e oil6 ,look at ^? mesas1 ne> ,gallup ,! me?ods ( f9d+ & produc+ oil & gas h come a long way f ! 8boom t[n0 days :5 wells 7 drill$ = ! mo/ "p on pure hun*es & hopes4 ,! exploration & exploitation ( petroleum are n[ highly specializ$ te*nologies4 ,all bran*es ( ! geologic & geophysical sci5ces are br\ght into play to piece toge!r a compreh5sive picture ( all ! factors :i* may h made a c]ta9 area favorable = ! accumulation ( oil or gas4 ,^! factors include su* ?+s z ! age1 ?ickness1 & p]meability ( ! s$im5t>y rocks1 ! /ructure1 old %orel9es1 & buri$ reefs4 ,once a t>get is select$1 a drill+ rig is mov$ onto ! location to prove or disprove ! !ory4 ,?is is ! co/ly /ep ( f9d+ oil4 ,a s+le #aj1jjj-;foot hole may co/ #cej1jjj1 & "s individual wells 9 ,new ,mexico h co/ m ?an #a million to drill4 ,if ! well is 9 a completely unte/$ area1 x is call$ a 8wildcat40 ,once a discov]y is made1 !n ! l& ar\nd ! wildcat is explor$ by 8(fset0 wells until ! complete ext5t ( ! new field is prov$4 ,dur+ #aifb1 #afff wells 7 drill$ to an av]age dep? ( #eaec feet4 ,! av]age drill+ co/ 0 #ga1jjj a well1 repres5t+ a total inve/m5t ( almo/ #abj million 9 a s+le ye>6 ,mo/ ( ^! wells 7 ( ! developm5t 7(fset7 type1 b ev5 !n1 #bg p] c5t 7 dry4 ,dur+ #aifb1 #bie true wildcats 7 drill$2 ( ^!1 only #df f\nd oil or gas--ab\t two out ( e ?irte54 ,! /ory ( oil j beg9s ) ! discov]y ( a well4 ,v>i\s special 8completion0 op]ations are appli$ to ! oil-produc+ horizon s z to increase ! fl[ into ! well4 ,! mo/ common te*niques are ei!r by 8acidiz+10 pump+ acid into ! =mation to increase fl[ by enl>g+ ! pores 9 ! rock1 or by 8hydrafrac+10 :]eby actual cracks are induc$ 9 ! =mation by pump+ oil f ! surface back into ! well "u v high pressure4 ,aft] ! well is 8complet$10 x may be a natural-fl[+ well if suffici5t gas is associat$ ) ! oil4 ,if suffici5t gas is n pres5t1 !n ! well is pump$4 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 consid]able success has be5 a*iev$ 9 revitaliz+ old fields :]e production _h dropp$ bel[ ! po9t ( economic op]ation4 ,^! fields are reactivat$ by =c+ ei!r wat] or gas d[n select$ wells )9 ! field1 !reby =c+ /agnat$ oil )9 ! produc+ zone t[>d ! o!r wells4 ,?is te*nique is call$ second>y recov]y4 ,_m fields w produce m oil "u ! second>y recov]y program ?an !y did dur+ _! prim>y life4 ,illu/ration3 ,"h's a wildcat = y6 ,once ! oil is on ! surface1 x passes ?r\gh sep>ators to remove any admix$ gas f ! oil4 ,! gas is s5t into pipel9es :ile ! oil is s5t to /orage tanks call$ tank batt]ies4 ,p]iodically1 ! oil is drawn f ! tank batt]ies :]e x is transport$ by pipel9e or rail to ref9]ies4 ,! great bulk ( ! crude oil leaves ,new ,mexico = ref9+ via a major pipel9e network ext5d+ ?r\gh ,texas to bo? ! ,gulf & ,ea/ coa/s4 ,"s oil is ref9$ 9 ,new ,mexico1 h[ev]4 ,oil ref9]ies 9 ,artesia1 ,bloomfield1 ,c9iza1 ,f>m+ton1 & ,monum5t h a comb9$ capacity to treat "s #cj1jjj b>rels 7#db gallons a b>rel7 ( crude oil a day4 ,on ! o!r h&1 practically all ! natural gas is treat$ 9 ,new ,mexico s z to recov] its liquid petroleum con/itu5ts be=e s5d+ x out ( ! /ate by pipel9e4 ,,m9+ ,! m9+ indu/ry ( ,new ,mexico dates back to ! days ( ,spani% rule4 ,copp] 0 m9$ f ! ,santa ,rita m9e z e>ly z #ahjj = %ipm5t to ,mexico = use 9 co9age4 ,significant m9+ 9 ,new ,mexico did n comm5ce1 h[ev]1 until ! late #ahjj's4 ,!re are ?ree major c5t]s today3 ,c>lsbad1 pota%2 ,silv] ,city area1 copp]1 z9c1 & lead2 & ,grants1 uranium4 ,illu/ration3 ,"q3 :]e are ! o!r oil pumps & tanks 9 ! ,san ,juan ,bas98 ,! pota% m9+ ea/ ( ,c>lsbad1 a #ge million-a-ye> indu/ry employ+ m ?an #cfjj p]sons1 is ! l>ge/ op]ation ( its k9d 9 ! _w4 ,six m9+ companies are active 9 ! area1 & a sev5? is develop+ yet ano!r m9e4 ,pota% is a ^w us$ to d5ote v>i\s potassium comp\nds4 ,! pr9cipal ore m9]al at ,c>lsbad is sylvanite1 a mixture ( potassium *loride & sodium *loride 7common salt74 ,! ore conta9s ! equival5t ( #ba to #be p] c5t potassium oxide 7,k,o74#f ,ano!r ore m9]al1 kn[n z langbe9ite1 a d\ble salt ( potassium & magnesium sulfate1 is also m9$4 ,! pota% ores occur z horizontal b$s s&wi*$ betwe5 ?ick salt & anhydrite lay]s4 ,^! b$s are ! result ( evaporation ( l>ge quantities ( salt wat]s dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! ,p]mian p]iod "s #bdj million ye>s ago4 ,! pota%-be>+ horizons n[ are buri$ f #ijj to #ahjj feet bel[ ! surface4 ,! discov]y ( pota% 9 s\!a/ ,new ,mexico 0 almo/ by accid5t4 ,9 #aibe1 ! ,sn[d5 & ,mc,sweeny ,company drill$ a wildcat oil te/ a few miles ea/ ( ,c>lsbad4 ,! hole 0 dry1 b pota% m9]als 7 detect$ 9 ! drill cutt+s4 ,! discov]y g5]at$ consid]able int]e/ because ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 =c$ to import mo/ ( its pota% prior to ?is "t4 ,fur!r drill+ prov$ ! exi/5ce ( trem5d\s deposits ( potassium salts 9 t area4 ,! pota% m9es are among ! mo/ highly me*aniz$ ( ! m9]al indu/ry4 ,access to ! buri$ deposits is ga9$ by v]tical %afts4 ,actual m9+ is n[ done to a l>ge ext5t by cont9u\s m9]s1 ma*9es :i* bore or rip ! pota% ore f ! face & load x into %uttle c>s 9 "o cont9u\s op]ation4 ,! %uttle c>s !n transport ! ore to conveyor belts :i* move x to ! %afts = hoi/+4 ,work+ conditions & safety are excell5t & h l$ to high productivity f ^! m9es4 ,! pota% ore is ref9$ or process$ by fractional cry/allation or flotation4 ,^! plants remove mo/ ( ! unwant$ sodium *loride & o!r gangue m9]als to produce high-quality potassium *loride or sulfate4 ,aft] process+1 ! pota% salts are /or$ 9 giant b9s to await %ipm5t by rail to ! major agriculture areas ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,c>lsbad m9es produce "s #ae million tons ( ore a ye> :i*1 :5 ref9$1 produces #d million tons ( m>ketable potassium salts hav+ a ,k,o equival5t ( #b4e million tons4 ,illu/ration3 7,c\rtesy ,int]national ,m9]als ,*emical ,corp47 ,crun*6444 cont9u\s m9+ ma*9e at "w ,uranium m9+ is ! newe/ major indu/ry 9 ,new ,mexico4 ,! boom />t$ 9 #aiej ) ! discov]y ( uranium ore we/ ( ,grants by a ,navajo %eep ran*] nam$ ,paddy ,m>t9ez4 ,?is discov]y />t$ "o ( ! mo/ ext5sive exploration & developm5t campaigns 9 all m9+ hi/ory4 ,by #aieg1 ! area _h prov$ uranium res]ves acc\nt+ = m ?an half ( ! entire res]ve ( ! nation4 ,^! discov]ies w make ?is c\ntry self-suffici5t 9 ?is vital atomic en]gy metal = ye>s to come4 ,five mills 7 built t are capable ( produc+ 8yell[ cake0 7almo/ pure uranium oxide7 f uranium ores conta9+ z little z #j4bj p] c5t ,u,o4 ,f\r mills are locat$ 9 ! ,grants area1 rang+ 9 capacity f #aejj to #djjj tons a day4 ,! fif? mill1 rat$ at #ejj tons a day1 is at ,%iprock4 ,!re are num]\s m9es1 rang+ f t9y two-man op]ations up to great m9es produc+ m ?an #ajjj tons a day4 ,! mo/ prolific produc+ area is ! ,ambrosia ,lake ,di/rict nor? ( ,grants2 mo/ ( ^! m9es are und]gr\nd4 ,probably ! l>ge/ s+le uranium m9e1 h[ev]1 is ! op5-pit ,jackpile-,paguate m9e ( ! ,anaconda ,company on ! ,laguna ,indian ,res]vation "s ?irty miles ea/ ( ,grants4 ,! m9e uses electric %ovels capable ( load+ eight cubic y>ds ( ore at a "t into l>ge diesel trucks4 ,copp] is produc$ f ! ,*9o m9e locat$ at ,santa ,rita1 ab\t fifte5 miles ea/ ( ,silv] ,city4 ,?is m9e1 op]at$ by ,k5necott ,copp] ,corporation1 is ! %[piece ( ! ,new ,mexico m9]als indu/ry4 ,! copp] ore is l[ grade1 conta9+ only sixte5 p\nds a ton ( ! r$ metal1 b ! deposit is imm5se1 all[+ ! m9+ ( #bb1ejj tons a day4 ,! ,*9o is by f> ! l>ge/ s+le m9+ op]ation 9 ! /ate4 ,a l>ge conc5trator & smelt] are locat$ at ,hurley1 ab\t t5 miles s\?we/ ( ! pit4 ,! ,*9o pit is a spectacul> sight = its sc5ic sett+ & its %e] size4 ,! deposit is locat$ bel[ ! ,kneel+ ,nun1 a fam\s natural /atue =m$ by ! erosion ( a rhyolite fl[ :i* caps a high mesa4 ,! pit cov]s almo/ "o squ>e mile & is #hjj feet deep4 ,! m9+ is highly me*aniz$4 ,l>ge rot>y drills make bla/ holes twelve in*es 9 diamet] into :i* explosives are load$4 ,a s+le bla/ may break #ajj1jjj tons ( rock4 ,! ore is load$ ) #h-;cubic-y>d %ovels into l>ge trucks c>ry+ f #be to #fe tons ea*4 ,! trucks transport ! ore to an incl9$ skipway on ! we/ end ( ! pit4 ,! skip !n c>ries ! ore up to ! tra9 level :]e x is transf]r$ into railroad c>s = %ipm5t to ! mill4 ,wa/e rock1 too l[-grade to ju/ify s5d+ to ! mill1 is transport$ to ! v top ( ! skip way1 :]e x is truck$ to ! dumps4 ,at ,*9o1 mu* ( ! wa/e rock conta9s "s copp]4 ,! am\nt is small1 b a "p ( x c be recov]$ by lea*+-p]colat+ wat] d[n ?r\gh ! rock to dissolve ! copp]4 ,at ! bottom ( ! dumps1 ! copp]-ri* wat] is collect$ & s5t ?r\gh precipitat+ tanks conta9+ scrap iron4 ,! copp] plates out on ! iron1 =m+ metallic copp]4 ,! dump-lea*+ program alone at ,*9o is a sub/antial ent]prise4 ,! conc5trator & smelt] at ,hurley is ! facility :i* r$uces ! l[-grade ore into pure metal4 ,! conc5trator fir/ cru%es & gr9ds ! ore1 !n recov]s ! copp]-be>+ m9]als 7pr9cipally *alcocite & *alcopyrite7 by flotation4 ,! conc5trate ( ^! copp] sulfides is tak5 to ! smelt] to make metallic copp]4 ,nor? & we/ ( ! ,*9o m9e are important deposits ( z9c & lead4 ,two und]gr\nd m9es are n[ active3 ! ,hanov] ( ! ,new ,j]sey ,z9c ,company & ! ,ke>ney--,pewabic ( ,am]ican--,p]u ,m9+ ,company4 ,al?\gh dw>f$ by ! ,*9o m9e1 ^! are important produc]s4 ,illu/ration3 7,c\rtesy ,! ,anaconda ,co47 ,man1 dig ?is hole6444 ,jackpile op5-pit uranium m9e ne> ,laguna ,illu/ration3 7,c\rtesy ,k5necott ,copp] ,corp47 8,j scoop up copp] ore1 take x to ! skipway44440 up ! side ( ! ,*9o ,m9e at ,santa ,rita ,copp]1 pota%1 & uranium are n ! only m9+ op]ations ( ,new ,mexico4 ,p]lite is recov]$ f deposits ne> ,no ,agua 9 ,taos ,c\nty & j nor? ( ,grants4 ,two new gypsum plants are n[ op]at+ nor!a/ ( ,albuqu]que1 & a cem5t plant is locat$ ea/ ( t city4 ,high-grade copp] ve9s are work$ s\? ( ,lordsburg4 ,coal m9+ is be+ reactivat$1 ) produc+ m9es ne> ,gallup1 ,fruitl&1 & ,raton4 ,a new molybd5um m9e is "u developm5t ea/ ( ,que/a4 ,new ,mexico's m9]al indu/ry is on a broad & firm base4 ,m9es & d]ricks are ev]-pres5t aspects ( ,new ,mexico's l&scapes2 !y are se5 by e citiz5 ( ! /ate & e t\ri/ z he travels across ! pla9s1 valleys1 & m\nta9s4 ,! d]ricks & ! m9e op5+s are m]ely surface features ?r\gh :i* ! va/ weal? ( ! und]gr\nd is exploit$1 b !y are a monet>ily important "p ( ,new ,mexico's sc5]y1 rocks1 & hi/ory4 ,en*ant+ ,l&scapes by ,frank ,e4 ,kottl[ski ,! visitor & ! native may be well acqua9t$ ) ! m fam\s sc5ic places 9 ,new ,mexico4 ,mo/ ( ^! are ,national or ,/ate ,p>ks or ,monum5ts--gli/5+ dunes ( ,:ite ,s&s1 s&/one cliffs ( ,el ,morro1 canyons erod$ 9 volcanic rocks ( ,b&eli]1 ! rec5t volcano ( ,capul9 ,m\nta91 multicolor$ s9kholes at ,bottomless ,lakes1 grotesque c>v+s ( volcanic rocks at ,city ( ,rocks1 & ! black tongues ( cool$ lava 9 ! ,valley ( ,fires ,/ate ,p>k ne> ,c>rizozo4 ,_m ( ! less]-kn[n spectacul> sc5ic areas are (f ! beat5 pa?1 f> f ! sev5ty-mile-an-h\r ,int]/ate highways4 ,ev5 a brief description ( all w\ld fill a ?ick book4 ,b ne> ! mo/ travel$ r\tes are num]\s en*ant+ l&scapes4 ,! travel] f ! midwe/ or ea/1 driv+ ,u4,s4 ,highway #ff 7,int]/ate #dj7 breaks ov] ! edge ( ! 8caprock0 a few miles ea/ ( ! ,new ,mexico--,texas l9e4 ,atop ! caprock is ,llano ,e/acado1 ! ,/ak$ ,pla9s1 a level surface /ret*+ along ! s\!a/ edge ( ,new ,mexico ea/w>d into ,texas4 ,z se5 s\? ( ,tucumc>i ne> ,ragl&1 ea/ ( ,=t ,sumn] ne> ,taiban1 or ea/ ( ,roswell ne> ,k5na & ,caprock1 ! bluffs ( ! ,llano ,e/acado are topp$ by caprock1 a cliff ( :ite cali*e-lime/one z mu* z =ty feet ?ick 9 places4 ,bel[1 on g5tle to /eep slopes rea*+ nor?w>d t[>d ,tucumc>i or we/w>d t[>d ,=t ,sumn] & ,roswell1 are ! v>icolor$ r$1 purple1 gre51 & gray %ales & s&/ones ( ,triassic age4 ,r$ ,lake ne> ,taiban on ,u4,s4 ,highway #fj-hd lies 9 ! r$ muds ( ^! ,triassic rocks4 ,s\? ( ,tucumc>i1 ris+ boldly f ! r$-e>? l[l&s dra9+ to ! ,canadian ,riv]1 are ,tucumc>i ,m\nta9 & ,mesa ,r$onda1 & to ! nor?we/ ! long buff cliffs ( ,mesa ,rica4 ,! latt] mesa lies nor? ( ,int]/ate #dj z f> we/ z ,newkirk4 ,pat*es ( ! :ite caprock cali*e-lime/one cap ^! ea/]n ,new ,mexico s5t9els1 :]eas 9 o!r localities1 ! br[n ,dakota ,s&/one tops ! buttes & is und]la9 by p9k ,jurassic s&/ones1 ) ! mesa bases made up ( ! ,triassic r$b$s4 ,ne> ,santa ,rosa1 ,int]/ate #dj dips d[n into ! n>r[ gre5 valley ( ,rio ,pecos4 ,roadcuts l9+ ! /eep hills into ! city %[ ! r$ & br[n s&/ones & %ales ( ! ,triassic b$s4 ,driv+ we/w>d f ,santa ,rosa1 "o crosses roll+ hills ne> ,cl9es ,corn]s1 !n dips g5tly d[n into ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,e/ancia ,bas9 ne> ,mori>ty4 ,to ! nor? on ! horizon are ! sn[-capp$ peaks ( ! ,sangre de ,cri/o ,m\nta9s4 ,f ,mori>ty1 ,int]/ate #dj pulls sl[ly upw>d t[>d ,edgewood into ! ea/]n foo?ills ( ! ,s&ia ,m\nta9s1 ! grassy pla9s giv+ way to junip] & pion groves4 ,f ! d[ngrade into ,tij]as ,canyon1 ,/ate ,highway #aj leads nor? to ,san ,antonito & ! turn(f to ,s&ia ,cre/4 ,! cre/ road w9ds up canyon walls1 on slop+ lime/one mesas1 up ?r\gh ?ick /&s ( pond]osa p9e1 asp51 &1 ne> ! top1 ,engelmann spruce & corkb>k fir4 ,rocky ,m\nta9 bighorn %eep may be se5 (f ! road on ! high crags4 ,f ,s&ia ,cre/1 #aj1fgh feet above sea level1 mu* ( nor?-c5tral ,new ,mexico is visible2 ,m\nt ,taylor to ! we/1 ! ,nacimi5to & ,jemez m\nta9s to ! nor?we/1 ! mighty ,sangre de ,cri/o ,m\nta9s to ! nor!a/1 & c\ntless ranges to ! s\? & s\?we/4 ,! city ( ,albuqu]que is spread out at ! base ( ! ,s&ias1 & ! twi/+ nor?-s\? *annel ( ! ,rio ,gr&e /ret*es1 gli/5+1 z f> left & "r z "o c see4 ,f ,tij]as1 ,int]/ate #dj plunges into ,tij]as ,canyon1 slic+ ?r\gh v]tical roadcuts 9 ,p5nsylvanian lime/ones & %ales1 !n ?r\gh ! anci5t ,precambrian granite4 ,at ! canyons m\?1 ! road levels (f on ! broad alluvial pla9 on :i* mu* ( ea/ ,albuqu]que is built1 al?\gh ! 8d[nt[n0 is really d[n1 9 ! valley ( ! ,rio ,gr&e4 ,we/w>d1 ,int]/ate #dj rolls up out ( ! valley1 crosses w9dswept pla9s spott$ ) black volcanic cones1 9 & out ( ! %all[ br[n valley ( ,rio ,pu]co1 & !n to ! r$-cliff-bord]$ valley ( ,rio ,san ,jose4 ,cliffs are ( br[n1 buff1 & light-gray ,jurassic s&/ones1 ) ! valley c>v$ 9 ,triassic r$b$s4 ,ne> ,laguna1 on ! nor? side ( ! valley1 :ite gypsum ( ! ,todilto ,=mation crops out4 ,!n ?r\gh ! p9k ,jurassic cliffs ! canyon w9ds1 & ne> ,new ,laguna1 ! highway is bord]$ by ! v>icolor$1 uranium-be>+ ,morrison b$s1 :i* are ov]la9 by br[n s&/ones & black %ales ( ,cretace\s age4 ,b z ,int]/ate #dj approa*es ,grants1 ! dom9ant feature is black froz5 lava4 ,! mesas surr\nd+ ,m\nt ,taylor are capp$ by black basalt1 built up 9 _m lay]s1 ea* individual fl[s1 & loose blocks tumble d[n on ! hillsides4 ,"y basalt1 twi/$ & wr9kl$ z if x 7 /ill hot1 w9ds along ! valley2 j ea/ ( ,grants1 a huge 8field0 ( ?is rec5t basalt /ret*es s\?w>d beyond ! horizon4 ,& above all looms ,m\nt ,taylor1 remnant ( an anci5t volcano1 sn[-capp$ 9 w9t]1 t[]+ #aa1chi feet above sea level4 ,at ,casa ,blanca1 s\!a/ ( ,m\nt ,taylor1 ,/ate ,road #bc leads s\? to ,acoma ,pueblo4 ,elev5 miles to ! s\?we/1 ,en*ant$ ,mesa1 ,katsim z x is call$ by ! ,acomas1 t[]s #dej feet above ! surr\nd+ valley floor4 ,?is %e]-cliff$ rock is built by lay]s ( 7f ! base to ! top7 p9k & :ite ,entrada ,s&/one1 gray ,todilto lime/one1 p9k & gre5 ,summ]ville b$s1 a massive cliff ( light-tan ,zuni ,s&/one1 & a cap ( yell[-br[n ,dakota ,s&/one4 ,! top ( ,en*ant$ ,mesa is inaccessible by normal means4 ,leg5d has x t once ! ,acomas liv$ !re1 & !re are ,indian ru9s up on ! isolat$ rim4 ,a t]rific ra9 & lightn+ /orm1 "o summ] day1 s5t huge wat]falls d[n ! sides ( ! mesa1 te>+ away l>ge blocks ( s&/one1 & de/roy$ ! trail to ! top1 a s]ies ( n>r[ zigzag l$ges & toeholds 9 crevasses4 ,?us ! ,acoma ,indians mov$ a few miles to ! s\?we/ to ,acoma1 onto ! top ( ano!r %e] cliff1 a rock =tress c>v$ 9 ,zuni ,s&/one & capp$ by ,dakota ,s&/one4 ,illu/ration3 ,talk ab\t wide op5 spaces 444 ar\nd ! ,en*ant$ ,mesa ,s\?we/ ( ,grants1 ! =e/$ ,zuni ,m\nta9s rise1 bord]$ on ! nor? by a valley cut 9 ,triassic r$b$s & on ! ea/ by ! rec5t black basalt fl[s4 ,! hurry+ travel] w foll[ ,int]/ate #dj to ,gallup ar\nd ! nor? edge ( ! ,zuni dome1 flank$ on ! nor? by ! spectacul> p9k1 r$1 br[n1 & gray cliffs ( ,jurassic & ,cretace\s s&/ones4 ,if "o has "t1 take ! l[ road1 ,/ate ,highways #ec & #cf1 ar\nd ! s\!rn edge ( ! ,zunis4 ,= almo/ tw5ty miles1 pass+ ?r\gh ,san ,rafael1 ! pav$ highway p>allels ! we/ edge ( ! ,grants black basalt fl[2 !n up ov] l[ ridges & pa/ black c9d] cones t[>d ,el ,morro4 ,9 ! lava tunnels1 p]petual ice /ays hidd5 f ! sun2 ^! c be visit$ at ,ice ,caves4 ,el ,morro1 ,inscription ,rock1 ) its t[]+ cliffs ( ,zuni ,s&/one1 ov]looks peaceful gre5 valleys2 f>!r we/1 ! r$ & br[n s&/ones are c>v$ into _m mesas & buttes ne> ,zuni ,pueblo4 ,!n nor?w>d to ,gallup1 sw++ ar\nd ! we/ edge ( ! ,zuni ,m\nta9s1 ! roll]-coa/] highway1 ,/ate #cf1 cuts ?r\gh pond]osa p9e c\ntry1 bord]$ by ,cretace\s br[n s&/ones1 black %ales1 & coal b$s4 ,nor!a/ ( ,gallup eight miles is ,kit ,c>son's ,cave1 a gap+ door on ! face ( a massive cliff ( ,jurassic s&/one4 ,a pool ( cool wat] lies along its floor4 ,! ?ree-&-a-half-mile drive nor? ( ,int]/ate #dj is ?r\gh a va/ brok5 c\ntry ( s&/one spires1 pyramids1 cliffs1 & l$ges c>v$ 9 ! ,jurassic rocks4 ,ne> ,gallup1 ! drab coal-be>+ ,cretace\s b$s =m ! l&scapes1 b we/w>d ne> ! ,arizona l9e1 erosion has cut d[n aga9 to ! brilliantly color$ ,jurassic rocks1 & ,int]/ate #dj is escort$ we/w>d into ! ,gr& ,canyon ,/ate by cliffs ( :ite & p9k s&/one4 ,cali=nians cross+ ,new ,mexico 9 ! w9t] are likely to travel ,u4,s4 ,highway #gj-hj 7,int]/ate #aj7 ea/w>d4 ,new ,mexico is ent]$ j be=e ,/e9s ,pass1 :i* is *annel$ ?r\gh ! tan & gre5 volcanic rocks ( ! ,peloncillo ,m\nta9s4 ,!n d[n across ! mud & salt m>%es ( ,alkali ,flats ly+ 9 ! ,animas ,valley & up onto ! nor? edge ( ! ,pyramid ,m\nta9s into ,lordsburg4 ,m9e dumps dot ! ,pyramids1 & ! gho/ m9+ t[n ( ,%akespe>e lies amid ! purple volcanic rocks4 ,ea/w>d f ,lordsburg = #aah miles are ! ,antelope ,pla9s2 pla9s1 pla9s1 pla9s4 ,/e]s graze on ! sp>se grass1 yucca clumps bord] ! highway1 & "h & !re s& dunes flee be=e ! re/less w9ds4 ,m\nta9 ranges1 l isl&s on ! sea ( grass1 yucca1 & creosote bu%1 rise 9 ! di/ance4 ,we/ ( ,dem+1 ! l[ ,victorio ,m\nta9s lie s\? ( ! highway1 made up ( dolomite1 lime/one1 & &esite ridges4 ,s\!a/ ( ,dem+ are ! l(ty ,florida ,m\nta9s1 _! nor!rn toe cross$ by ,int]/ate #aj4 ,volcanic hills dot ! l&scape ea/ ( ,las ,cruces1 ,si]ra de las ,uvas' purple slopes to ! nor?1 & ! ,potrillo ,m\nta9s & ,m\nt ,riley to ! s\?4 ,! latt] are "p ( a spectacul> volcanic field :]e black c9d] cones & basalt fl[s cov] hundr$s ( squ>e miles1 & crat]s su* z ,kilb\rne ,hole are sunk bel[ ! pla9s4 ,! desc5t into ! ,rio ,gr&e ,valley is awesome1 especially if ! late aft]noon sun is danc+ on ! spires & cliffs ( ! ,organ ,m\nta9s to ! ea/4 ,f across ! br[n pla9s1 ,int]/ate #aj w9ds d[n into ! gre5 ,mesilla ,valley1 a diff]5t _w ( cotton & alfalfa fields1 pecan & cottonwood groves1 & r$-tile-ro($ ,spani% homes4 ,! view ( ! ,organ ,m\nta9s alone is wor? ! trip4 ,at ,las ,cruces1 a city boom+ on cotton1 rockets1 & t\ri/s1 ,int]/ate #aj turns s\? to p>allel ! ea/ side ( ! ,rio ,gr&e ,valley d[n to ,texas & ,el ,paso4 ,if "o pref]s a quiet sc5ic r\te1 ,/ate ,highway #bh w9ds its way along ! we/ side ( ! ,valley amid fields & groves1 ?r\gh peaceful villages1 to end at ! bridge ov] ! ,rio ,gr&e on ! edge ( ,el ,paso4 ,"h1 to ! s\?1 is ,el ,cri/o ,rey1 a cone ( massive &esite1 flank$ by /eeply tilt$ b$s ( lime/one & %ale1 ,e>ly ,cretace\s 9 age1 cut 9 two by ! ,new ,mexico-,mexico bord]4 ,atop ! peak is a #bi-;foot-high1 #dj-ton1 lime/one /atue ( ,*ri/2 a w9d+ pa? leads upw>d f ! base = ^? /rong en\gh ( limb to make ! climb4 ,beyond1 to ! s\?1 ,ciudad ,ju>ez lies1 fam\s = its bord]t[n flavor1 m>kets1 ca!drals1 & bull r+s4 ,! travel] to ! ea/ %\ld /ay on ,u4,s4 #fb-ahj f ,el ,paso4 ,?is highway cuts ?r\gh ! ,hueco ,m\nta9s via ,p[w[ ,canyon1 a ga% c>v$ f ,p5nsylvanian & ,p]mian lime/ones1 crosses ! ,diablo ,plateau1 rolls pa/ ! :ite pat*es ( ,salt ,flat lakes1 !n w9ds up to ! summit ( ,guadalupe ,pass betwe5 ! ,delaw>e ,m\nta9s on ! s\? & ! t[]+ ,guadalupe ,m\nta9s on ! nor?4 ,look+ nor? f ! ,pass1 ,guadalupe ,peak1 highe/ po9t 9 ,texas1 & ,el ,capitan are un=gettable sights1 _! /eep l[] slopes ribb$ br[n & gre51 ov]%ad[$ by ! #ajjj-;foot lime/one cliffs ( ! peaks4 ,! lime/one-hewn ,guadalupe ,m\nta9s p>allel ! highway 9 ,new ,mexico & are pitt$ ) _m caves1 ) ,c>lsbad ,cav]ns ! l>ge/ kn[n 9 ! range4 ,ea/w>d beyond ! ,pecos ,valley /ret*es ! ,great ,pla9s & ,texas4 ,a side trip1 ne> ,c>lsbad1 ov] black-topp$ & gravel roads leads f ,sev5 ,riv]s1 up ,rocky ,arroyo on ,/ate ,road #acg1 into ! nor!rn foo?ills ( ! ,guadalupe ,m\nta9s to ,sitt+ ,bull ,falls4 ,"h1 cool spr+ wat]s cascade ov] lime/one l$ges to jo9 9 gre5 pools ly+ amid ! cottonwood groves ( ! canyon floor4 ,lake ,mc,millan1 a res]voir along ! ,pecos ,riv] nor? ( ,c>lsbad1 & ! _m pota% m9es ea/ ( ,c>lsbad are p>ts ( ! en*ant+ l&scapes ( ?is s\!a/]n corn]4 ,nor?w>d1 foll[+ ! gre5 cotton fields bord]+ ! ,pecos ,riv]1 ,u4,s4 ,highway #bhe leads ?r\gh ,artesia ) its oil ref9]ies to mod]n boom+ ,roswell1 second city ( ! /ate4 ,ea/ ( ,roswell1 bord]+ ! ea/ side ( ! ,pecos ,valley1 is ,bottomless ,lakes1 azure blue pools spott$ 9 s9k holes4 ,ea/w>d f ,roswell1 on ei!r ,u4,s4 ,highway #gj or #chj1 r$b$s ( ,p]mian & ,triassic age lie half hidd5 by p9ki% s&s up to ! edge ( ! caprock2 beyond are ! f]tile graz+ & crop l&s ( ! ,llano ,e/acado1 ) its que5 cities ( ,clovis & ,portales4 ,"h1 deep wells pump und]gr\nd wat]s to irrigate lu% fields t produce peanuts1 tomatoes1 sweet potatoes1 melons1 /rawb]ries1 cucumb]s1 & grapes4 ,on ! pla9s beyond ! rea* ( ! wells1 :eat1 maize1 & broomcorn are gr[n4 ,s\!a/w>d1 oil d]ricks dot ! pla9s1 surr\nd+ ,hobbs & ,lov+ton4 ,we/w>d f ,roswell1 ,u4,s4 ,highways #gj & #chj run toge!r up ! roll+ lime/one hills we/ ( ! ,pecos ,valley be=e plung+ d[n ,pica*o ,hill into ! n>r[ canyon ( ,rio ,hondo4 ,at ,hondo !y divide4 ,u4,s4 ,highway #chj leads nor?we/w>d ?r\gh ,l9coln t[n1 ,billy ! ,kid's %oot+ gr\nds1 into ,capitan1 ov] ,indian ,divide1 & d[n into sleepy ,c>rizozo--p>allel$ by ! =e/$ peaks ( ,capitan ,m\nta9s to ! nor? & ov]%ad[$ by mighty ,si]ra ,blanca to ! s\?we/4 ,u4,s4 ,highway #gj runs up ! gre5 canyon ( ,rio ,ruidoso1 pa/ ,ruidoso ,d[ns1 pa/ ,/ate ,highway #cg :i* leads to ,ruidoso & ! ,si]ra ,blanca ,ski ,area1 up into ! pond]osa p9es1 cross+ ! divide at ,apa*e ,summit1 !n we/w>d & d[nhill pa/ ,mescal]o1 p>allel+ ,rio ,tul>osa4 ,sudd5ly ! canyon wid5s1 & ahead is ! dry ,tul>osa ,bas9 ) ! ,:ite ,s&s gli/5+ 9 ! f> di/ance4 ,illu/ration3 7,=e/ ,s]vice1 ,u4,s4,d4,a47 ,n[ ?is is :at is meant by =e/4444 f ,monjeau ,look\t ,f ,tul>osa to ,alamogordo1 ,u4,s4 ,highway #gj is along ! we/ edge ( ! ,sacram5to ,m\nta9s :]e9 ti] ^u ti] ( dolomite & lime/one cliffs rise to ! high peaks ne> ,cl\dcr(t4 ,s\?we/w>d f ,alamogordo1 ! highway cuts diagonally across ! ,tul>osa ,bas91 skirt+ ! s\!rn edge ( ! ,:ite ,s&s1 & pass+ ?r\gh ,:ite ,s&s ,missile ,range4 ,ahead lie ! fabul\s spires ( ! ,organ ,m\nta9s2 to ! "r1 ! not*$ cliffs ( ! ,san ,&res ,m\nta9s /ret* nor?w>d to r\nd$ ,sal9as ,peak & beyond ! horizon4 ,/eeply1 ! highway rises to cross ,san ,augu/9 ,pass betwe5 ! ,organ & ,san ,&res m\nta9s1 pa/ ! village ( ,organ ) its crumbl+ m9+ dumps1 be=e plung+ d[nw>d onto ! s\!rn end ( ,jornada del ,mu]to1 & f9ally1 on ! ea/ edge ( ,las ,cruces1 leaves ! creosote bu% pla9s to dip into ! gre5 ,mesilla ,valley ( ! ,rio ,gr&e4 ,we/ ( ,c>rizozo1 ,u4,s4 #chj crosses ! black basalt fl[s ( ,valley ( ,fires ,/ate ,p>k1 curves ov] ! ,c>rizozo dome & up ! dip slopes ( ,*upad]a ,mesa1 crosses 9 r$ roadcuts ! nor!rn tip ( ,si]ra ,oscura1 !n we/w>d ?r\gh s& dunes ( ! nor!rn ,jornada del ,mu]to4 ,coal b$s crop out at ,c]ro ,colorado be=e ! highway sweeps d[n into ! ,rio ,gr&e ,valley to ,san ,antonio4 ,u4,s4 ,highway #fj ent]s ! /ate f ! ea/ on ! ,/ak$ ,pla9s ne> boom+ ,clovis1 crosses ,rio ,pecos ,valley at ,=t ,sumn]--ne> ,billy ! ,kid's grave--goes /raight z a beel9e ov] ! pla9s to ,vaughn1 !n crosses ! l[ s\!rn end ( ! ,p$]nal ,hills :]e tan ,p]mian s&/ones lie abruptly on ,precambrian granite1 qu>tzite1 & s*i/s4 ,ne> ,will>d1 ! highway crosses ! s\!rn end ( ! ,e/ancia ,valley1 ) ! salt lakes ( ,laguna del ,p]ro m]e remnants ( ! huge ,plei/oc5e lake t once fill$ ! ,valley4 ,we/ f ,m\nta9air1 ,abo r$b$s bord] ! highway2 lime/one walls ( ,gran ,quivira lie to ! s\? & ! r$ s&/one *ur* ru9s ( ,abo & ,qu>ai are to ! nor?4 ,?r\gh ,abo ,pass betwe5 ! ,manzano & ,los ,p9os m\nta9s ! highway runs1 !n d[n ! long alluvial fan slopes to ! ,rio ,gr&e ,valley at ,b]n>do4 ,f ,b]n>do to ,socorro1 ,u4,s4 ,highway #fj jo9s ,int]/ate #be2 we/w>d f ,socorro1 ! road climbs out ( ! ,valley onto ,snake ,ran* ,flats1 p>allels ! sn[-tipp$ ,magdal5a ,m\nta9s to ,magdal5a1 !n crosses ! nor? end ( ! grassy ,san ,agu/9 ,pla9s4 ,we/w>d to ,datil & ,quemado1 ! highway is always 9 sight ( volcanic m\nta9s1 up & d[n w9d+ canyons1 & across int]montane pla9s4 ,/ill we/w>d into ,arizona along ,u4,s4 ,highway #fj are ,spr+]ville1 fabul\s ,salt ,riv] ,canyon1 ! m9+ cities ( ,globe1 ,miami1 & ,sup]ior1 & boom+ ,pho5ix4 ,into ?is we/-c5tral ,new ,mexico c\ntry ( volcanic peaks & grassy pla9s comes ,u4,s4 ,highway #ahj f ,dem+ nor?we/w>d4 ,along ! sc5ic1 w9d+ r\te are ,city ( ,rocks1 ! copp] smelt] at ,hurley1 ,santa ,rita's huge op5-pit copp] m9e1 fam\s ,silv] ,city1 colorful canyons ( ! ,gila & ,san ,francisco riv]s1 &1 cross$ by passes or bord]+ all r\tes1 ! rugg$ rhyolite1 &esite1 & basalt l$ges & cliffs4 ,f ,el ,paso to ,raton ,pass1 #eae miles1 ,u4,s4 ,highway #he 7,int]/ate #be7 crosses ,new ,mexico f s\? to nor?1 f ,mexico to ,colorado4 ,z f> z ,la ,bajada ,hill1 betwe5 ,albuqu]que & ,santa ,fe1 ! highway p>allels ! ,rio ,gr&e4 ,nor?w>d f ,el ,paso1 pa/ ,las ,cruces to ,radium ,spr+s & old ,=t ,seld51 ! gre5 ,mesilla ,valley bord]s ! r\te2 !n ?r\gh ,seld5 ,canyon into ! ,hat* ,valley ne> ,san ,diego ,m\nta91 & along ! we/ side ( ! bold cliffs ( ! ,caballo ,m\nta9s1 pa/ ,caballo ,res]voir to ,tru? or ,consequ5ces 7old ,hot ,spr+s74 ,ea/w>d lies ,elephant ,butte ,dam & res]voir2 ! road cuts across alluvial pla9s to ! we/ ( ! ,rio ,gr&e all ! way to ,albuqu]que1 ) ! m\nta9s to ! we/ ! ,san ,mateo1 ,magdal5a1 ,socorro1 & ,ladron & to ! ea/1 ! ,fra ,cri/obal1 ,los ,p9os1 & ,manzano4 ,int]sect+ ,int]/ate #dj at ,albuqu]que1 ! ,pan-,am]ican ,c5tral ,highway1 ,int]/ate #be crosses to ! ea/ side ( ! ,rio ,gr&e1 ! %e] cliffs ( ! ,s&ia ,m\nta9s to ! ea/ & ! di/ant d>k gre5 ,jemez ,m\nta9s to ! nor?we/4 ,cross+ ,gali/eo ,creek nor!a/ ( ,santo ,dom+o ,pueblo1 ,int]/ate #be turns t[>d ! nor!a/1 climbs ,la ,bajada ,hill1 onto ! gre5 pla9s slop+ f ,santa ,fe4 ,santa ,fe1 ! anci5t capital city1 is ne/l$ on ! edge ( ! ,sangre de ,cri/o ,m\nta9s4 ,s\!a/w>d & ea/w>d1 ,u4,s4 ,highway #he 7to be ,int]/ate #be "h7 rolls1 skirt+ ! s\!rn end ( ! ,sangre de ,cri/o ,m\nta9s1 w$g$ 9 by ! nor?-fac+ cliffs ( ,glorieta ,mesa1 ?r\gh ,glorieta ,pass1 :]e ! ,conf$]ates lo/ ! battle = ! ,s\?we/1 across ! upp] rea*es ( ,rio ,pecos1 & ar\nd to ,las ,vegas4 ,!n 9 /raight l9es across ! we/]n edges ( ! ,great ,pla9s :]e !y lap up onto ! ,sangre de ,cri/o ranges1 ?r\gh ,wagon ,m\nd & ,spr+] to ,raton4 ,! climb up-canyon to ,raton ,pass1 ?r\gh roadcuts ( br[n s&/one1 %ale1 & coal1 leads into ,colorado1 ) a view ( mu* ( s\!rn ,colorado f ! ,pass4 ,_m r\tes lead nor?w>d f anci5t ,santa ,fe4 ,u4,s4 ,highway #bhe crosses ! high divide ne> ,bi%op's ,lodge1 foll[s ,rio ,tesuque to ,pojoaque1 crosses ! ,rio ,gr&e ne> ,espanola amid v>icolor$ badl&s cut 9 ! ,santa ,fe rocks1 !n heads nor?w>d on ! black basalt plateau t[>d ,colorado4 ,black ,mesa1 a volcanic neck1 lies s\? ( ,espanola1 ov]look+ ! gre5 ,rio ,gr&e ,valley2 atop ?is height1 ,pueblo ,indians once defi$ ,spani% guns until !y />v$4 ,nor?w>d1 ne> ,tres ,pi$ras1 ! ,ortega & ,brazos ranges t[] to ! we/1 ! p]lite-ri* hills ( ,no ,agua lie to ! nor!a/1 & across ! basalt pla9s cut by ! ,rio ,gr&e1 ! l(ty1 sn[-capp$ ,sangre de ,cri/o ,m\nta9s loom4 ,at ,pojoaque1 ,/ate ,road #d leads we/w>d1 across ,ot[i bridge ( ! ,rio ,gr&e1 !n w9ds up into ! canyon & mesa c\ntry bord]+ ! ,jemez ,m\nta9s4 ,h]e9 lie ,b&eli] & ,los ,alamos1 "o ) anci5t ab&on$ pueblos1 ! o!r ! atomic city4 ,f>!r we/1 ! road crosses ! rim ( an anci5t volcano into ,valle ,gr&e1 ! crat] ( t volcano--"s #af miles across4 ,:5 ?is volcano spew$ =? hot a%es ab\t a million ye>s ago1 ! volcanic du/ 0 w9d-bl[n z f> z ,kansas & ,nebraska6 ,at ,espanola1 ,u4,s4 ,highway #hd breaks away to ! nor?we/ to foll[ ,rio ,*ama 9 its canyon c>v$ f r$b$s ne> ,abiquiu1 pa/ ! int]e/+ museum at ,gho/ ,ran*--:]e bones ( ,triassic d9osaurs are collect$--,e*o ,amphi!at]1 ,el ,vado ,lake1 ?r\gh ,*ama1 & on up into ! ,san ,juan ,m\nta9s c\ntry ( s\!rn ,colorado4 ,ne> ,espanola1 ,u4,s4 ,highway #fd splits (f to ! nor!a/2 ?is is ! high road ( nor?-c5tral ,new ,mexico4 ,p>allel+ ! canyon ( ! ,rio ,gr&e to ,pil>1 ! highway climbs up onto ! ,taos plateau to ,taos1 turns ea/w>d to cut ?r\gh ! ,sangre de ,cri/o ,m\nta9s ov] ,palo ,fle*ado ,pass1 d[n into ! grassy ,mor5o ,valley to ,eagle ,ne/ & ,eagle ,ne/ ,lake1 !n ea/w>d aga9 foll[+ ! n>r[ canyon ( ! ,cim>ron ,riv] to ,cim>ron & ,raton4 ,a loop trip nor?w>d f ,eagle ,ne/ on ,/ate #ch goes ?r\gh gho/ t[n ,elizabe?t[n1 ov] ,r$ ,riv] ,pass1 & d[n ! v>icolor$ canyon ( ,r$ ,riv] to ,que/a1 be=e turn+ s\?w>d t[>d ,taos4 ,illu/ration3 7,u4,s4 ,p>k ,s]vice7 ,subdivision liv+1 pueblo /yle--at ,aztec ,national ,monum5t ,& !re is ! nor?we/1 ! ,f\r ,corn]s region1 l& ( ,navajos & gas wells1 presid$ ov] by magnific5t ,%iprock4 ,/ate ,highway #dd leaves ,int]/ate #be at ,b]nalillo1 foll[s ,rio ,salado to ,san ,ysidro1 :i* ne/les at ! s\? tip ( ! ,nacimi5to ,m\nta9s bel[ ,:ite ,mesa1 !nce nor?we/w>d pa/ ,cabezon ,peak & coaly ,la ,v5tana to ,cuba 9 ! valley ( ,rio ,pu]co4 ,!n1 up & d[n1 ! w9d+ highway cuts transv]sely across ! ,san ,juan ,bas91 ?r\gh p9e groves at ! ,cont95tal ,divide1 pa/ ! side road to ,*aco ,canyon ,national ,monum5t at ,blanco ,trad+ ,po/1 & among ! multicolor$ ,t]ti>y b$s c>v$ into badl&s4 ,at ,bloomfield1 oil & gas wells lie all ab\t1 & ! mesa-&-canyon c\ntry gives way to ! valley ( ! ,san ,juan ,riv]4 ,at ,aztec1 ,/ate ,road #dd jo9s ,u4,s4 ,highway #eej 9 ! n>r[ valley ( ! ,animas ,riv]--a cle> cold /ream s5t ru%+ d[n f ! icy lakes ( ! ,san ,juan ,m\nta9s to ! nor?4 ,ea/w>d a few miles lies ,navajo ,lake along ! ,san ,juan ,riv]2 nor?w>d1 ,u4 ,s4 #eej w9ds up ! ,animas ,valley t[>d ,durango1 high ,silv]ton1 & ,mesa ,v]de ,national ,p>k4 ,aztec ,ru9s ,national ,monum5t is j to ! nor?we/ ( ,aztec4 ,we/w>d f ,aztec1 ,u4,s4 ,highway #eej foll[s ! ,animas ,riv] to its junction ) ! ,san ,juan ,riv]1 !n pa/ ! huge ,navajo coal m9e1 a long op5 cut ne> ,fruitl&1 to junction ) ,u4,s4 ,highway #fff at ,%iprock4 ,%iprock6 ,a buttress$ ne$le1 t[]+ #adej v]tical feet above ,navajo-l&1 ) walls ( black igne\s rock radiat+ f its feet l spokes on a :eel4 ,?is d>k-color$ spire once fill$ ! ?roat ( a volcano4 ,:]e are piles ( rocks1 hundr$s ( feet ?ick1 t once surr\nd$ x8 ,d[n ! riv] !y w5t1 d[n ! ,san ,juan to ! ,colorado ,riv]1 & !nce to ! ocean4 ,to ! we/1 z a backgr\nd1 are ! =e/$ ,c>rizo1 ,luka*ukai1 & ,*uska m\nta9s4 ,(f to ! ea/ lies ,hogback ,m\nta91 an upturn$ ridge ( s$im5t>y rocks produc+ oil--! petroleum geologi/'s favorite haunt1 an anticl9e4 ,s\?w>d f ,%iprock1 ,u4,s4 #fff passes o!r volcanic necks su* z ,b5nett ,peak & ,=d ,butte4 ,nor? ( ,gallup1 ,/ate ,road #fh leads we/w>d to ,w9d[ ,rock 7,arizona71 ! ,indian ,headqu>t]s ( ! ,navajo ,res]vation4 ,ne> ,gallup1 coal b$s ( ,late ,cretace\s age crop out1 ,gam]co once be+ a boom+ coal-m9+ t[n4 ,n[ huge dragl9e %ovels scoop out ! coal f op5 pits to ! nor?we/ ( ,gallup4 ,& at ,gallup1 ! ,indian ,capital1 a loop drive ar\nd ! ,san ,juan ,bas9 is complet$2 ,int]/ate #dj1 old ,u4,s4 ,highway #ff1 goes ea/w>d to ,albuqu]que1 ,/4 ,l\is1 & ,*icago1 & we/w>d to ,gr& ,canyon1 ,los ,angeles1 & ! blue ,pacific4 ,_m o!r sc5ic places dot ! ,l& ( ,en*antm5t2 local ho/s1 ran*] or city dwell]1 "k ( ^!4 ,m\nta9 mead[s1 ru%+ /reams1 rocky peaks1 des]t valleys1 badl&s1 grassy pla9s1 ?ick =e/s1 spectacul> *asms1 ne$le rocks1 & brilliant colors--!y are all "h 9 ,new ,mexico4 ,footnotes #a,new ,mexico ,dep>tm5t ( ,game & ,fi%4 #b,national ,p>k ,s]vice4 #c;,=e/ ,s]vice1 ,s\?we/]n ,region1 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture4 #d;,in=mation on monum5ts & p>ks develop$ s9ce ?is publication 0 fir/ pr9t$ may be obta9$ f ,! ,new ,mexico ,/ate ,p>k & ,recreation ,commission1 ,santa ,fe1 ,new ,mexico #hgeja4 #e,new ,mexico ,dep>tm5t ( ,game & ,fi%4 #f,k,o is ! common unit us$ 9 pric+ & assay+ potassium salts4 ,h[ev]1 ! pota% is sold z purifi$ potassium *loride or sulfate4 ,composition3 ,l9otype ,fairfield ,text--#aj_/aa ,index--#h_/i 7r$uc$ to #f_/g7 ,display heads--#ah pt4 ,bulm] italic ,presswork3 #ch ,miehle ,s+le ,color ,(fset #bi ,h>ris ,s+le ,color ,(fset ,b9d+3 ,smy? sewn & glu$ ,pap]3 ,text--#gj :ite matte ,cov]--#ab pt4 ,kiv> ,index ,a ,abiquiu1 #ade1 #afb ,abo1 #ajd2 *ur*1 #afa2 ,pass1 #afa2 ,pueblo1 #ajg2 ,r$b$s1 #dd1 #ajd1 #afa2 ,/ate ,monum5t1 #aje ,acev$o1 ,fray ,francisco de1 #aje ,acoma1 #ea2 ,indian1 #aeg2 ,pueblo1 #hi1 #abj1 #abb1 #aef agave1 #ag1 #bj1 #ba agriculture1 #d1 #ab1 #ai1 #ec1 #ed1 #eh1 #fa1 #fb1 #abb1 #abd1 #abe1 #aca1 #acb1 #aej ,agua ,*iquita1 #ii ,aguas ,cali5tes1 #abc ,alamo ,canyon1 #he ,alamogordo1 #cf1 #de1 #gh1 #ii1 #ada1 #adc1 #aei1 #afj2 ,creek1 #aab2 ,lake ,/ate ,p>k1 #ajd1 #aab2 ,res]voir1 #aab ,albuqu]que1 #h1 #ac1 #cg1 #dj1 #db1 #dc1 #dd-de1 #di1 #eg1 #gj1 #gc1 #ib1 #ih1 #ajf1 #acb1 #acd1 #acf1 #ach1 #aed1 #aef1 #afa1 #afb1 #afd alfalfa1 #aeh algae1 #de ,alkali ,flats1 #aeh alluvial fan1 #ah1 #ej1 #adj1 #aef1 #afa ,alma1 #aja ,alp9e ,zone1 #bb1 #bf1 #bh ,ambrosia ,lake ,di/rict1 #aea ,am]ican ,gypsum ,company1 #di ammonites1 #ea amphibians1 #da1 #de1 #dh1 #di ,anasazi1 #fj1 #fa1 #fb2 ,basketmak]s1 #ei2 ,indians1 #fj1 #hf &esite1 #ci1 #aeh1 #afa anhydrite1 #dg1 #dh1 #di ,animas ,=mation1 #ce1 #ej ,m\nta9s1 #bi ,riv]1 #afc1 #afd ,valley1 #aeh1 #afd antelope1 #bh1 #bi1 #ie1 #ih1 #aja ,apa*e1 #e1 #f1 #i1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #ed1 #fa1 #fb1 #fc1 #fe1 #fg1 #fi1 #gj1 #ga1 #gd1 #hi1 #ij1 #aje1 #abb1 #acb1 #aci1 #adj1 #ada1 #adc 7see also "u tribal names72 ,canyon1 #ac1 #ib2 ,creek1 #aja2 ,national ,=e/1 #aja1 #ajc2 plume1 #ah2 ,res]vation1 map #ef2 ,summit1 #aei2 ,tejo1 #gb ,aragon1 #gd aragonite1 #gh ar*eological sites1 map #ef ,arctic-alp9e ,zone1 #bb 7see also ,alp9e7 ,arkansas ,riv]1 #aad1 #acf ,army ( ! ,we/1 #ai1 #fd ,arroyo ,hondo1 #ie ,arroyo ,p5asco ,=mation1 #db artemisia1 #ah ,artesia1 #df1 #adf1 #adh1 #aei2 ,gr\p1 #df asp51 #ag1 #ig1 #ajj1 #ajg1 #aji1 illus4 #aba1 #aef ,a?apascan1 #e1 #fb1 #acb1 #acc atlatl1 #eh1 #fj ,avalon ,res]voir1 #aah ,aztec1 #hb1 #aji1 #ach1 #afc1 #afd2 ,ru9s ,national ,monum5t1 #ge1 #hb1 #hd1 illus4 #afc1 #afd ,b ,baca ,=mation1 #cf badg]1 #ca bajada1 #ah ,b&eli] ,national ,monum5t1 illus4 #be1 #cg1 #fb1 #ge1 #hd-he1 illus4 #he1 #abb1 #acf1 #aee1 #afb b&tail pigeon 7see doves7 b>ite1 #ec ,b>ella ,mesa1 #ha basalt1 #cg1 #ch1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aca1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #afa1 #afb bas91 #ce1 #da1 #de1 #di1 #gi1 #hi1 #if1 #ada 7see also "u prop] names3 ,delaw>e1 ,gali/eo1 ,gall9a1 ,great1 ,l>go1 ,orogr&e1 ,p>adox1 ,san ,juan1 ,tul>osa7 bass1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aae1 #aag bats1 #gh ,battle ( ,val ,v]de1 #ac1 #fh1 #gj1 #gc1 #ib ,battle%ip ,rock1 #ih ,baylor1 ,col4 ,j4 ,b41 #gb beans1 #eh1 #hd1 #hf be>1 #bh1 #ih1 #ajj1 #aja2 /ate mammal1 #bh be>grass1 #bj beav]1 #ca1 #ie1 #aad ,beav]head1 #aja ,beav] ,national ,=e/1 #ie belemnoids1 #ea ,b5avides1 ,fray ,alonso de1 #hi ,b5 ,hur1 #aje ,b5nett ,peak1 #afd ,b5t1 ,gov]nor ,*>les1 #abi2 ,b5t's ,=t1 #abi ,b]nal ,=mation1 #dg ,b]nalillo1 #ajf1 #acd1 #afc ,b]n>do1 #acd1 #afa b]yl1 #dj1 #ec ,bidaho*i ,=mation1 #ch ,big ,dog ,canyon1 #ii ,big ,hat*et ,m\nta9s1 #bf ,billy ! ,kid1 #ad1 #bd1 #gj1 #ajg1 #aei1 #afa bioh]m1 #db1 #de biotite1 #dj birds1 #bi-ca1 #cf1 #di1 #ea1 #ie1 #ih ,bi%op's ,lodge1 #afb bison1 #ee1 #eh1 #fb black 8gold10 #dc ,black ,mesa1 #abg1 #afb ,range1 #ad1 #db1 #aja1 #add ,riv] ,valley1 #gh ,blackwat] ,draw1 #ee1 #aaa ,blanco ,bas9 ,=mation1 #cf ,blanco ,trad+ ,po/1 #afc ,bliss ,s&/one1 #dj1 #da ,bloomfield1 #adh1 #afc bluebird1 #ca blue spruce1 #bb1 #ada ,bluewat] ,lake1 #ajd1 #aaj2 ,/ate ,p>k1 #aaj bobcat1 #cj1 #ca1 #ie ,bone ,spr+ ,=mation1 #df ,bonito ,creek1 #ii ,bosque ,r$ondo1 #gd1 #aaj ,bottomless ,lakes1 #ajd1 illus4 #ajh1 #aei2 ,/ate ,p>k1 #ajh1 #aee ,botts1 ,judge ,c4 ,m41 #bf bra*iopods1 #dj1 #da1 #db1 illus4 #db ,bra*iosaurus1 #di ,brazos ,m\nta9s1 #ce1 #ch1 #dj1 #afb ,brazos ,riv] ,valley1 #aaa bream1 #aae broomcorn1 #aei bryozoans1 #da1 #db1 illus4 #de buffalo1 #ca1 #ed1 #ee1 #fb1 #ih1 #acf1 #acg1 #ach ,buffalo ,dance1 #abd ,bug ,scuffle ,hill1 #ii ,burro ,m\nta9s1 #bj1 #dj ,butt]field ,trail1 #gj1 #ga ,c ,caballo ,lake ,/ate ,p>k1 #ajd1 #aab ,m\nta9s1 #ch1 #dj1 #aab1 #afa ,res]voir1 #aab1 #aag1 #afa ,cabeza de ,vaca1 #f ,cabezon ,peak1 #cg1 #ea1 #afc cacti1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #cc calcite1 #db1 #df1 #dg1 #gh cald]a1 #cg1 #ge1 #he1 #hf ,cali=nia ,column1 #gc-gd camels1 #ee1 #eg ,cambrian1 #dj2 rocks1 #dj ,cam9o ,real 7see ,royal ,road7 ,canadian ,riv]1 #ca1 #gd1 #ajh1 #aji1 #aaa1 #acf1 #acg1 #aee ,canadian ,zone1 #bb ,canby1 ,col4 ,e4 ,r4 ,s41 #ac1 #gc1 #ib ,canjilon1 #ie ,canyon de ,*elly1 #aaj ,capillo ,peak1 #ih ,capitan1 #cf1 #fi1 #ii1 #ajj1 #aei2 lime/one1 #dg1 #gg2 ,m\nta9s1 #ii1 #aei2 ,pass1 #ii2 ,reef1 #de1 #df1 #dg caprock1 #ch1 #aee1 #aei ,caprock ,n4 ,mex41 #aee ,capuln ,m\nta91 #cg1 #ge2 ,national ,monum5t1 illus4 #hj1 #ha-hb1 #aee ,capul9 ,peak1 #ig c>bon dioxide1 #ec1 #adf ,c>lsbad1 #ch1 #de1 #df1 #dh1 #ec1 #adh1 #adi1 #aej1 #aei2 reef lime/ones1 #dg ,c>lsbad ,cav]ns1 #df1 #ea1 #ada1 #aei2 ,national ,p>k1 #ge1 #gf-gh1 illus4 #gg ,c>leton1 ,g54 ,j4 ,h41 #gc1 #gd c>nallite1 #dh c>p1 #aae ,c>rizo ,m\nta9s1 #afd ,c>rizozo1 #cf1 #cg1 #ch1 #de1 #ajd1 #aaa1 #ach1 #aee1 #aei1 #afa2 dome1 #afa ,c>son1 ,kit1 #ac1 #gj1 #id1 #aaj 7see also "u ,kit7 ,c>son ,national ,=e/1 #ic-ie1 #if1 #ig ,casa ,blanca1 #aef ,casa ,gr&e ,ariz41 #abf ,ca/ile ,anhydrite1 #dg2 gypsum sample1 illus4 #dg catfi%1 #aaa1 #aad1 #aae1 #aag ,catron ,c\nty1 #acd1 #ace cattle1 #ab1 #ad1 #ae1 #bc1 #bd1 #ca1 #ec1 #ge1 #hi1 #ic1 #ii1 #adj1 #ada c$>1 #bj1 #ba cem5t1 #ec1 #aed ,c5ozoic ,era1 #cc-ch1 #ea2 rocks1 #ea c5tip$e1 #ca c5tury plant1 #bj cephalopods1 #da1 #ea ,c]ro ,blanco1 #ih ,colorado1 #afa ,p$]nal1 #ig ,*aco ,canyon1 #e1 #fj1 #ge1 #hb1 #hd1 #ach2 ,national ,monum5t1 #fa1 #hb1 illus4 #hc1 #afc *alcocite1 #aea *alcopyrite1 #aea ,*ama1 #ie1 #afb2 ,riv]1 #ie1 #aaj ,*>ette ,lakes1 #aah *]t1 #dc ,*ihuahua ,mexico1 #g1 #i1 #aa1 #acb1 #aci ,*ihuahua des]t1 #af ,*imay1 #acf ,*9le ,=mation1 #dh1 #di1 #aaa1 #aab ,*9o m9e1 #aea1 illus4 #aec ,*iricahua ,apa*e1 #f1 #acc ,*iv+ton1 ,col4 ,john ,m41 #ac *ollas1 #ag1 #ai ,*upad]a ,mesa1 #afa ,*uska ,=mation1 #ch ,m\nta9s1 #afd ,cibola ,national ,=e/1 #ih-ii ,ci5eguilla ,creek1 #aab ,cim>ron1 #afc2 ,riv]1 #afc ,c9iza1 #adh 8cities t di$ ( fe>10 #aci ,city ( ,rocks ,/ate ,p>k1 #ajd1 #aaj1 #aee1 #afa ,civil ,w>1 #ab1 #ac1 #fd1 #ga1 #gb-gd1 #ib1 #aje1 #ajg1 #acg clams1 #cf1 #da1 #ea clay1 #ce1 #ch1 #da1 #dc1 #dd1 #de1 #di1 #ec1 #ed ,clayton1 #cg1 #aab2 ,lake ,/ate ,p>k1 #ajd1 #aab ,cliff1 #gb1 #gd ,cl9es ,corn]s1 #dj1 #di1 #acd1 #aee ,cl\dcr(t1 #ajj1 #afj ,clovis1 #ee1 #ajd1 #aei1 #afa2 ,man1 #ajd2 po9ts1 #ee1 #eg coal1 #bc1 #cf1 #dc1 #ej1 #ea1 #ec1 #fi1 #ach1 #adf1 #aed1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #afa1 #afb1 #afd ,co*ise ,culture1 #eh1 #ei1 #fc ,co*iti1 ,caada de1 #abb2 ,pueblo1 #abb-abc ,cocon9o ,s&/one1 #df ,colorado ,riv]1 #c1 #ij1 #ach1 #adc1 #afd /ate l9e1 #aab ,volunte]s1 #ac1 #ib1 #acg columbite-tantalite1 #dj ,columbus ,n4 ,mex41 #cj1 #ajd1 #aji ,coman*e1 #ab1 #fc1 #fe1 #ij1 #aje1 #aci ,con*as ,dam1 #ajd1 #ajh1 #aji ,lake ,/ate ,p>k1 #ajh-aji ,res]voir1 #ca1 #aah ,conf$]ate1 #ab1 #ac1 #fe1 #ff1 #fg1 #fh1 #gj1 #gb1 #gc1 #gd1 #ib1 #aje1 #ajg1 #acg1 #afb2 campaign1 map #gc conglom]ate1 #di1 #ej conif]s1 #dd conqui/adore1 #aj1 #ed1 #hi1 #ib1 #ii1 #ajf1 #abj1 #abg1 #ace ,cont95tal ,divide1 #bj1 #fa1 #ii1 #afc cont9u\s m9]1 #aej1 illus4 #aej cony1 #ca ,cooke's ,canyon2 ,spr+1 #ga copp]1 #ea1 #ec1 #adc1 #add1 #adf1 #adh1 #aea1 #aec1 #aed1 #afa corals1 #da1 #db1 illus4 #de corn1 #d1 #eh1 #fb1 #hd1 #hf1 #abb ,corn ,dance1 #abd1 #acb ,coronado 7,francisco ,vasquez de71 #f1 #g1 #ed1 #fb1 #ajf1 #abj1 #abc1 #abf1 #acb ,coronado ,national ,=e/1 #aja1 #ajc ,/ate ,monum5t1 #ajd1 #ajf cotton1 #hd1 #aeh1 #aei cottonwood1 illus4 #be1 #aeh1 #aei coyote1 #ai1 #bf1 #cj1 #gi1 #ie ,coyote ,n4 ,mex41 #ih ,coyote ,creek1 #ij crane1 #cj crappies1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aae1 #aag creosote bu%1 #ag1 #ai1 #bj1 #bf1 #bh1 #ga1 #aeh1 #afa ,cretace\s1 #ej1 #aab1 #adf1 #aef1 #aeh1 #afd2 b$s1 #di1 #aeh2 ,p]iod1 #di1 #ea2 s&/one1 #aeg2 seas1 #ea2 "t1 #di1 #ej cr9oid1 #db1 illus4 #db crocodiles1 #cf ,cr[n ,dance1 #acc ,cuba ,n4 ,mex41 #ce1 #cf1 #ih1 #afc ,cub ,m\nta9 ,=mation1 #cf cucumb]s1 #aei ,culiacan ,mexico1 #f ,culture ,ar*aic1 #eh2 ,co*ise1 #eh2 ,des]t1 #eh2 ,pueblo1 #ei1 #fj ,d ,dakota ,s&/one1 #ej1 #aab1 #aee1 #aef1 #aeg ,datil1 #afa2 ,=mation1 #cf2 ,m\nta9s1 #ih1 #ii ,datil-,mogollon plateau1 #cf ,dead ,man's ,peak1 #ig de]1 #bf1 #bh1 #bi1 #ca1 #ajj1 #aja2 des]t mule1 #bf1 #ajj2 mule1 #bh1 #bi1 #ca2 ,rocky ,m\nta9 mule1 #bf1 #ie1 #ih1 #ajj2 ,sonoran fantail1 #bf2 :itetail1 #bf1 #ih1 #ajj de la ,llana1 ,fray ,g]onimo1 #aje ,delaw>e bas91 #dc1 #de1 #df1 #dg ,m\nta9s1 #aei ,dem+1 #di1 #ga1 #ajd1 #aaj1 #aab1 #ace1 #aeh1 #afa de ,niza1 ,fray ,m>cos1 #acb de ,v>gas1 don ,diego1 #h1 #ij1 #abj1 #abb1 #abd1 #abg1 #abh1 #abi ,devonian1 #db2 rocks1 #da2 seas1 #db2 "t1 #da ,dewey ,lake ,r$b$s1 #dg1 #dh ,diablo ,m\nta9s1 #ge ,plateau1 #aei d9osaur1 #dh1 #di1 #ea1 illus4 #eb1 #afb ,dixon1 #dj ,dockum ,gr\p1 #dh1 #aji dolomite1 #da1 #df1 #dh1 #aeh1 #aei ,da ,ana1 #gj2 ,c\nty1 #cj2 ,hi/orical ,society1 #ga ,doniphan1 ,col4 ,alex&] ,w41 #fd doves1 #bh1 #bi1 #ie1 #ih dragonflies1 #dd ducks1 #cj1 #ie1 #ih1 #aah ,e eagle1 #ca ,eagle ,creek1 #ii ,ne/1 #afb1 #afc2 ,lake1 #afc ,e>ly ,hunt]s1 #ee1 #eh e>?quake1 #cg ,e*o ,amphi!at]1 #ie1 illus4 #if1 #afb ,edgewood1 #aee eel1 #aad ,el ,capitan1 #aei ,el ,cri/o ,rey1 #aeh ,elephant ,butte1 #aab1 #acd2 ,dam1 #ch1 #aaa1 #afa2 ,lake ,/ate ,p>k1 #ajd1 #aaa1 #aab2 ,res]voir1 #cf1 #aaa1 #aag1 illus4 #aag elephants1 #ed1 #ee ,elizabe?t[n1 #afc elk1 illus4 #bc1 #bf1 #bh1 #bi1 #ie1 #ih1 #aja elkhorn 7cacti71 #ai elm1 #ea ,el ,morro1 #di1 #ea1 #ge1 #hi1 #aeg2 ,national ,monum5t1 #hi-ij1 illus4 #ia1 #aee ,el ,palacio ,/ate ,monum5t1 #ajd-aje 7see also ,palace ( ! ,gov]nors7 ,el ,paso ,tex41 #ac1 #af1 #bj1 #cg1 #ch1 #da1 #db1 #dc1 #dd1 #di1 #gj1 #gb1 #aab1 #abc1 #acd1 #ace1 #adc1 #aeh1 #afa ,el ,paso del ,norte1 #g1 #h1 #hi1 #ij1 #aje1 #abc ,el ,paso ,lime/one1 #da ,el ,ran*ito1 #abh ,el ,rito1 #ie2 de los ,frijoles1 illus4 #be2 ,=mation1 #cf ,el ,vado ,dam1 #aaj ,lake1 #ajd1 #aaj1 #aah1 #afb2 ,/ate ,p>k1 #aaj ,res]voir1 #aah ,emory1 ,lieut5ant1 #ai ,en*ant$ ,mesa1 #ea1 #aef1 illus4 #aeg ,engelmann spruce1 #bb1 #aef ,entrada ,s&/one1 #di1 #aef ,escabrosa ,lime/one1 #db ,espanola1 #ch1 #ih1 #aab1 #acf1 #afb ,espejo ,exp$ition1 #hi ,esp9aso b$s1 #cf ,e/ancia1 #ch2 ,bas91 #ih1 #aje1 #aee1 #afa ,eunice1 #adf eurypt]ids1 #da ,f ,f>m+ton1 #dc1 #ej1 #ie1 #acd1 #ach1 #adf1 #adh feldsp>1 #ci1 #dj1 #de f]ns1 #db1 #dc fig trees1 #cf f9*1 #ca fir1 #af1 #ag2 corkb>k1 #aef2 ,d\glas1 #ajh fi%1 #cf1 #da1 #di1 #ec1 #ge1 #aja1 #ajd1 #aac-aah1 illus4 #aac ,fi%]s ,peak1 #ha fl9t1 #ed ,florida ,m\nta9s1 #bf1 #aab1 #aeh ,folsom1 #ee1 #eg2 ,man1 #ee2 ,/ate ,monum5t1 #ajd2 po9ts1 #ee1 #eg1 illus4 #eg =am9if]s1 #ea ,=d ,butte1 #afd =t1 #i1 #ab1 #ac1 #fd-gd1 map #fi1 #ij1 #ib1 #ajg1 #adc ,=t 7see also individual li/+7 ,bascom1 #gd ,defiance ,ariz41 #ij ,floyd1 #gb ,l[ell1 #gd ,lyon1 #fg ,mc,lane1 #gb ,mc,rae1 #gd ,?orn1 #gb ,tul>osa1 #gd ,web/]1 #gb ,we/1 #gd ,=t ,bay>d1 #ga-gb1 #gd2 ,res]vation1 #bj1 #bd ,=t ,bliss ,texas1 #fh1 #gj1 #gb1 #gc1 #gd ,=t ,conrad1 #fg1 #gb ,=t ,craig1 #fg-fi1 illus4 #fh1 #gb1 #gc1 #ij ,=t ,cumm+s1 #ga1 #gd ,=t ,fauntl]oy1 #ff-fg1 #gb ,=t ,fillmore1 #gb1 #adc ,=t ,m>cy1 #ff1 #gb1 #ij ,=t ,seld51 #gj-ga1 #gd1 #ajd1 #ajg1 #adc1 #afa2 ,/ate ,monum5t1 #ajd1 #ajg ,=t ,/anton1 #fh1 #fi-gj1 #gb1 #gd ,=t ,sumn]1 #gd1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aee1 #afa ,=t ,union1 #ac1 #fd-ff1 illus4 #fe1 #gb1 #gc1 #ge1 #ib2 ,national ,monum5t1 #ff1 #ij1 #ib ,=t ,w+ate1 #ff-fg1 #gd2 ,ordnance ,depot1 #fg fossil1 #da1 illus4 #db1 #dc1 illus4 #de1 #dh1 #di1 #ee1 #ih2 fi%1 #da2 ha%1 #db1 #df2 reefs1 #db ,f\r ,corn]s1 #c1 #d1 #da1 #dc1 #ei1 #acc1 #ach1 #afc fox1 #gi1 #ie ,fra ,cri/obal ,m\nta9s1 #ch1 #afb ,franciscan1 #h1 #hi1 #aje1 #ajf1 #abf2 mission>ies1 #hf1 #hi1 #aje2 ,ord]1 #g1 #ajf ,frankl9 7see ,el ,paso1 ,texas7 ,frijoles ,canyon1 #e1 #hd1 illus4 #he1 #acf ,fruitl&1 #ach1 #aed1 #afd2 ,=mation1 #ej ,fusselman ,dolomite1 #da fusul9ids1 #dd1 illus4 #de ,g ,gadsd5 ,pur*ase1 #ajg gas1 #dc1 #ec1 #ie1 #ach1 #adf-adh1 #afc ,gali/eo ,bas91 #cf1 #fb ,creek1 #afb ,=mation1 #cf ,gall9a bas91 #fa ,gall9as ,m\nta9s1 #ii ,peak1 #ih ,gallup1 #ab1 #di1 #ej1 #ff1 #ii1 #acc1 #acd1 #ach1 #adg1 #aed1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #afd ,gam]co1 #afd geese1 #cj1 #ie1 #ih1 #aah gem /ones1 #ec geologic hi/ory1 #cc-ec "t table1 #cd1 #ci1 #ej ,g]onimo1 #ad1 #gj1 #gd1 #adc ,gho/ ,ran*1 #afb2 ,m\nta91 illus4 #ade2 ,museum1 #ie gho/ t[ns1 #ec1 #ie1 #ada1 #aeh1 #afc ,gila ,apa*e1 #f ,cliff ,dwell+s 7,national ,monum5t71 #ge1 #hf1 illus4 #hg1 #aja ,conglom]ate1 #ch1 #hf ,national ,=e/1 #aja ,riv]1 #d1 #f1 #gb1 #gd1 #aad1 #adc1 #afa ,wild]ness 7,area71 #ge1 #hf1 #aja1 #add ,giusewa ,pueblo1 #ajf1 #ajg glaci]1 #ch1 #ee1 #eg glauconite1 #dj ,gl5wood1 #aja ,glorieta1 #gc1 #ig2 ,mesa1 #df1 #afb2 ,pass1 #ac1 #df1 #ib1 #acg1 #afb2 ,s&/one1 #df gneiss1 #ci1 #dj goats1 #hi ,goat ,seep ,reef1 #de1 #df ,gob]nador1 #ie gold1 #f1 #g1 #ac1 #ad1 #ec1 #gb1 #ajd1 #adf grab51 #cg1 #ch1 #gi grama grass1 #ag1 #ah1 #bj ,gran ,*aco1 #d1 #e granite1 #ci1 #dj1 #dc1 #aef1 #afa ,gran ,quivira1 #ge1 #afa2 ,national ,monum5t1 #hf1 illus4 #hh1 #hi ,grants1 #cg1 #ch1 #dj1 #dc1 #dh1 #di1 #ec1 #hi1 #ii1 #ach1 #adh1 #aej1 #aea1 #aec1 #aef1 #aeg grapes1 #hi1 #aei gravel1 #ce1 #cf1 #ch1 #ej1 #ec greasewood1 #ai ,great ,b>ri] ,reef1 #df1 #ada ,bas91 #eh ,kiva1 #hd ,lakes1 #ee1 #eg ,pla9s1 #f1 #af1 #ag1 #acf1 #aei1 #afb gre5/one1 #dj gr\se1 #ie1 #ih ,guadalupe ,m\nta9s1 #bf1 #df1 #gg1 #ii1 #ada1 illus4 #adb1 #adc1 #aei ,pass1 #aei ,peak1 #aei ,riv]1 #abd ,gulf ( ,cali=nia1 #ij1 #adc gypsum1 #dc1 #de1 #df1 #dh1 #di1 #ec1 #gi1 #adf1 #aec1 #aef2 --anhydrite1 #dg2 dunes1 #ca1 #cb1 #ch1 illus4 #ci1 #ge1 #gh ,h halite1 #de1 #dh ,hall ( ,giants1 illus4 #gg ,hanov] m9e1 #aea ,h>d+ pegmatite1 #dj ,hat*1 #gb1 #adb2 ,valley1 #afa hawk1 #ca1 #gi hay1 #abb helictites1 #gf1 #gh heliograph /ation1 #gj helium1 #ec1 #adf ,helms ,=mation1 #dc hematite1 #dj1 #de ,h]r]a1 ,cri/obal de1 #acj ,hidalgo ,c\nty1 #bi1 #cj ,high ,pla9s1 #ca1 #cg1 #ch1 #ej1 #ed1 #ee1 #aji1 #aaj1 #acc1 #ach1 #adj ,hillsboro1 #ad1 #add ,hobbs1 #acd1 #adb1 #adf1 #aei ,hogback ,m\nta91 #afd ,hohokam p1 #d1 #ei ,holloman ,air ,=ce ,base1 #adc ,hondo1 #aei ,hopewell ,lake1 #aah horse1 #f1 #i1 #ac1 #bc1 #ee1 #eg1 #hi1 #ic1 #aae1 #abi ,hopi1 #abf ,hot ,spr+s ,n4 ,mex4 7see ,tru? or ,consequ5ces7 ,hueco ,lime/one1 #dd ,m\nta9s1 #aeh humm+birds1 #bh ,hunt]s & ,ga!r]s1 #eh ,hurley1 #gb1 #aea1 #afa ,hyde ,memorial ,/ate ,p>k1 #ajd1 #aji ,i ,ice ,caves1 #aeg ,immaculate ,conception 7*ur*71 #aje ,indian1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #ab1 #ad1 #ae1 #ba1 #ec1 #ed-fc1 #fd1 #ff1 #fg1 #fh1 #gb1 #gd1 #hd1 #hf1 #hi1 #ij1 #ie1 #ii1 #aja1 #ajd1 #aje1 #ajf1 #aaj1 #aac1 #aaf1 #abj-acc1 #ace1 #acf1 #ach1 #adj1 #ada1 #adc1 #afd2 ,divide1 #aei2 pueblo1 #d1 #e1 map #ef1 #hf1 #hi1 #abj-acc1 #acf2 res]vations1 map #ef ,inscription ,rock 7see ,el ,morro7 ,int]/ate ,highway #aj3 #aeh #be3 #ajg1 #afa1 #afb1 #afc #dj3 #dh1 #aee1 #aef1 #aeg1 #afb1 #afd ,int]-,tribal ,indian ,c]emonial1 #acc1 #ach iron1 #ec1 #gh ,isleta del ,sur1 #aje1 #abc ,pueblo1 #h1 #aa1 #abc ,san ,agu/9 de1 #abc ,san ,antonio de1 #abc ,j ,jackpile-,paguate m9e1 #aea1 illus4 #aeb javel9a1 #bf1 #bh1 #aja jay1 #ca ,jemez1 #ajf2 ,division1 #ig1 #ih2 ,indians1 #ajg2 ,mission1 #ajd1 ,san ,diego de1 #abc1 ,san ,jose de los1 #abd1 ,san ,juan de ,los1 #abd2 ,m\nta9s1 #cg1 #ch1 #ig1 #aba1 #abh1 #abi1 #acf1 #aef1 #afb2 ,pueblo1 #ajf1 #abc-abd2 ,riv]1 #abc1 #abd1 #abh1 #aca2 ,spr+s1 #ih1 #ajf1 #ajg2 ,/ate ,monum5t1 #ajf-ajg1 #abc1 #abd ,jic>illa ,apa*e1 #f1 #gd1 #acb1 #acc ,division1 #ie ,indian ,res]vation1 #ie1 #ach ,johnson ,mesa1 #ha ,jornada del ,mu]to1 #af1 #cf1 #aci1 #adj1 #adb1 #afj-afa ,jo%ua tree1 #bj ,jurez ,mexico1 #g1 #abc1 #aeh junip]1 #bj1 #ba1 #bc1 #ace1 #ada1 #aee ,jurassic rocks1 #aeh s&/ones1 #aee1 #aef1 #aeg "t1 #di ,k ,kais] ,gypsum ,company1 #di ,kais] ,/eel ,corporation1 #ea kang>oo rats1 #cb ,ke>ny1 ,g54 ,/eph5 ,w41 #fd1 #ij ,kelly1 #ada ,k5na1 #aee ,k5necott ,copp] ,company1 #adc1 #aea ,k]es1 #abd ,k]n1 ,r4 ,h41 #ij ,kilb\rne ,hole1 #aeh ,k+/on1 #ad1 #add ,ki[as1 #fe ,kirtl& ,%ale1 #ej ,kit ,c>son ,memorial ,/ate ,p>k1 #ajd1 #aaj 7see also "u ,c>son7 ,kit ,c>son's ,cave1 #aeg kiva1 #ei1 #hd1 #ajf ,kneel+ ,nun1 #aea ,koehl]1 #ea ,kuaua1 #ajf ,l ,la ,bajada ,hill1 #cf1 #afa1 #afb ,ladron ,m\nta9s1 #ch1 #adj1 #afb ,laguna1 #dh1 #aeb1 #aef2 del ,p]ro1 #afa2 ,indians1 #abd2 ,mission1 ,san ,jose de1 #abe2 ,santa ,m>ia1 illus4 #abd2 ,pueblo1 #abd-abe2 ,res]vation1 #abd1 #aea ,lagunitas1 #ie ,lakes &_/or ,res]voirs 7see individual entries3 ,alamogordo1 ,avalon1 ,bluewat]1 ,bottomless1 ,caballo1 ,*>ette1 ,clayton1 ,con*as1 ,eagle ,ne/1 ,elephant ,butte1 ,el ,vado1 ,hopewell1 ,lea1 ,lo/1 ,luc]o1 ,mc,gaffey1 ,mc,millan1 ,miami1 ,morphy1 ,navajo1 ,r$1 ,rob]ts1 ,san ,gregorio1 ,/ew>t1 ,/orrie1 ,tru*as1 ,ute7 ,lake ,luc]o1 #ch1 #gi ,lake ,rob]ts1 illus4 #ajc1 #aah ,lake ,valley ,lime/one1 #db ,la ,mad]a1 #ie ,la ,mesilla ,/ate ,monum5t1 #ajd1 #ajg lanceolate po9ts1 #ee langbe9ite1 #dh1 #adi ,l>amide revolution1 #cc1 #ej ,l>go bas91 #fa ,las ,cruces1 #ab1 #gj1 #gb1 #ajg1 #aab1 #acd1 #ace1 #adb1 #aeh1 #afa ,las ,trampas1 #ie1 #acf ,las ,vegas ,n4 ,mex41 #ac1 #ej1 #fd1 #ij1 #ib1 #ig1 #aaj1 #aab1 #acg1 #afb lava1 #ca1 #cb1 #cf1 #cg1 #ea1 #gi1 #ha1 #ii1 #ajj1 #ajd1 #aaa1 #aee1 #aef ,la ,v5tana1 #afc lead1 #ec1 #adf1 #adh1 #aea ,lea ,lake1 #ajh ,leasburg1 #gj ,l$\x ,n4 ,mex41 #aab lepidolite mica1 #dj ,letrado1 ,fa!r ,francisco1 #hi lime/one1 #da1 #db1 #dc1 #dd1 #de1 #df1 #di1 #ea1 #ec1 #gg1 #gh1 #aee1 #aef1 #aeh1 #aei1 #afj1 #afa ,l9coln1 #gj1 #ajg1 #aei2 ,c\nty ,c\r?\se1 #ajd1 #ajg2 ,c\nty ,w>1 #ad1 #ajd1 #ajg2 ,national ,=e/1 #ii-ajj2 ,/ate ,monum5t1 #ajg ,lipan ,apa*e1 #f1 #acb1 #acc ,little ,black ,peak1 #aaa ,little ,colorado ,riv]1 #fa ,little ,florida ,m\nta9s1 #aab live/ock1 #ai1 #bc1 #ih1 #ajj1 #ajc1 #ada liz>d1 #ca1 #gi ,llano ,e/acado 7see ,/ak$ ,pla9s7 ,logan1 #aaa ,look\t ,m\nta91 #ajj ,lordsburg1 #ch1 #di1 #aja1 #aed1 #aeh ,los ,alamos1 #cg1 #afb ,los ,lunas1 #acd ,los ,p9os ,m\nta9s1 #ch1 #afb ,lo/ ,lake1 #if ,lov+ton1 #adf1 #aei ,luka*ukai ,m\nta9s1 #afd ,luna ,c\nty1 #cj1 #ga ,luxn1 ,diego ,prez de1 #hi ,m ,mac,arthur1 ,g54 ,d\glas1 #gj-ga1 #ajg ,mc,dermott ,=mation1 #ej ,mc,gaffey ,lake1 #ii ,mc,millan ,res]voir1 #aag1 #aei ,mc,rae ,=mation1 #cf1 #aab ,magdal5a1 #ad1 #ii1 #aja1 #ada1 #afa-afb2 ,m\nta9s1 #ch1 #ih1 #ii1 #adj1 #afa magma1 #cf1 #dj magnesium comp\nds1 #ec1 #adf magnolia trees1 #cf magpie1 #ca maguey1 #ba maize1 #aei ,maldonado1 ,fray ,lucas1 #abj malpais1 #ca1 #ajj1 #aaa mammals1 #bf-cb1 #cf1 #di1 #ea1 #eg1 #eh1 #ie1 #ih1 #aad2 prehi/oric1 #di1 #ea1 #ee mammo?1 #ee1 #eg manganese1 #ec ,mancos ,%ale1 #ej mano1 illus4 #ei ,manzano1 #ii2 ,m\nta9s1 #cg1 #ch1 #ea1 #ih1 #aje1 #ach1 #aci1 #afa1 #afb2 ,peak1 #ih maple1 #ea m>t51 #ie ,m>t9ez1 ,julian & ,m>ia1 #abg ,m>t9ez1 ,paddy1 #aej ,m>t9ez1 ,padre ,jos1 #aaj ma/odon1 #ee ,mayhill1 #ajj melons1 #abb1 #aei ,mesa ,r$onda1 #aee ,rica1 #aee ,v]de ,colo41 #d1 #e1 #fj1 #hd2 ,national ,p>k1 #afd ,mesav]de ,gr\p1 #ej mescal1 #bj1 #ba ,mescal]o1 #aei2 ,apa*e1 #f1 #ba1 #fi1 #gj1 #gd1 #acb2 ,indian ,res]vation1 #ii1 #acc1 #acd1 #adc ,mesilla1 #gb1 #ajg2 ,valley1 #aeh1 #afa ,mesozoic ,era1 #dh-ea rocks1 #cc1 #ea seas1 #cc mesquite1 #ag1 #ai1 #bj1 #ga metate1 illus4 #ei ,mexican1 #adj1 #ada2 ,colonial1 #ajd1 #ajg2 ,w>1 #ab1 #fd ,mexico1 #f1 #g1 #aj1 #ab1 #cj1 #ca1 #fd1 #fg1 #hi1 #ij1 #acb1 #acg1 #ach1 #aci1 #add1 #adh1 #aeh1 #afa2 ,city1 #f1 #i ,miami ,lake1 #aah mica1 #dj1 #ec2 s*i/1 illus4 #dj mice1 #ca1 #gi microcl9e1 #dj ,miles1 ,g5]al1 #ad ,mimbr5o ,apa*e1 #gd ,mimbres1 #aja1 #add2 culture1 #bj1 #adc2 ,riv]1 #d1 #gb1 #adc m9]als1 #dj1 #ec1 #adf ff4 m9k1 #ie m9+1 #ab1 #ad1 #ae1 #bc1 #ec1 #gb1 #ie1 #ii1 #aja1 #abe1 #ada1 #adc1 #add1 #adf1 #adh-aed1 #afj1 #afa mission7s71 #h1 #i1 #hf1 #hi1 #abf2 *ur*es1 #h1 illus4 #aa1 #hf1 #aje1 #ajf1 #ajg1 illus4 #aai1 #abb1 #abc1 #abg2 ru9s1 #ajd ,mississippian rocks1 #db seas1 #dc "t1 #dc ,mock+bird ,gap1 #da ,mo5kopi ,=mation1 #dh ,mogollon1 #ada2 ,apa*e1 #gd2 culture1 #d1 #ei1 #hf2 ,m\nta9s1 #ad1 #bb1 #ge1 #hf2 p1 #c1 #ei1 #fj1 #hf mollusks1 #ea molybd5um1 #ec1 #aed ,monjeau ,look\t1 #ii1 illus4 #afj ,montoya ,dolomite1 #da ,monum5t1 #adf1 #adh ,mora ,c\nty1 #aab ,mor5o ,valley1 #afb ,mori>ty1 #aee ,morphy ,lake1 #aab2 ,/ate ,p>k1 #ajd1 #aab ,morrison ,=mation1 #di ,mosca ,peak1 #ih ,m\nta9air1 #hf1 #ii1 #aje1 #afa m\nta9 lion1 #cj1 #ca1 #ie m\nta9 mahogany1 #bj m\nta9s 7see "u prop] "n3 ,animas1 ,big ,hat*et1 ,black ,range1 ,brazos1 ,burro1 ,caballo1 ,capitan1 ,c>rizo1 ,*uska1 ,datil1 ,delaw>e1 ,diablo1 ,florida1 ,fra ,cri/obal1 ,gall9as1 ,guadalupe1 ,hueco1 ,jemez1 ,ladron1 ,little ,florida1 ,los ,p9os1 ,luka*ukai1 ,magdal5a1 ,manzano1 ,mogollon1 ,nacimi5to1 ,organ1 ,ortega1 ,p$]nal ,hills1 ,peloncillo1 ,potrillo1 ,pyramid1 ,rocky1 ,sacram5to1 ,san ,&res1 ,s&ia1 ,sangre de ,cri/o1 ,san ,juan1 ,san ,mateo1 ,taos1 ,victorio1 ,zun7 ,m\nt ,baldy1 #ii ,riley1 #aeh ,robl$o1 #gj ,taylor1 #cg1 #ea1 #ih1 #aef ,)+ton1 #ii ,mule ,peak1 #ii museum1 #ajd1 #aje muskrat1 #ie ,n ,nacimi5to ,=mation1 #ce1 #cf ,m\nta9s1 #ce1 #db1 #aef1 #afc ,peak1 #ig ,namb1 #abh2 mission1 #abe2 ,pueblo1 #abe ,nana1 #gj1 #gd ,natage ,apa*e1 #f1 #acb1 #acc ,national ,=e/s1 #af1 #bd1 #ge1 #ic-ajc1 map #id 7see also "u prop] names3 ,apa*e1 ,beav]1 ,c>son1 ,cibola1 ,coronado1 ,gila1 ,l9coln1 ,santa ,fe7 ,national ,monum5ts1 #ge-ib1 #ach1 #aee 7see also "u prop] names3 ,aztec ,ru9s1 ,b&eli]1 ,c>lsbad ,cav]ns 7,p>k71 ,capul9 ,m\nta91 ,*aco ,canyon1 ,el ,morro1 ,=t ,union1 ,gila ,cliff ,dwell+s1 ,gran ,quivira1 ,pecos1 ,valle ,gr&e1 ,:ite ,s&s7 ,national ,p>k ,sy/em1 #ge1 #gf1 #hb1 #he1 #hf1 #ib2 ,s]vice1 #gf1 #ha ,navajo1 #f1 #ab1 #ae1 #ed1 #fa1 #fb1 #fc1 #fd1 #fg1 #ga1 #gd1 #aaj1 #abc1 #abf1 #acb1 #acc1 #afc1 #afd2 ,dam1 #aji1 #ach2 ,indian ,res]vation1 map #ef1 #acc1 #ach1 #afd2 ,lake1 #afc2 ,/ate ,p>k1 #aji2 ,res]voir1 #aah ,neog5e ,p]iod1 #cg "t1 #ci ,newkirk1 #aee ,new ,mexico ,dep>tm5t ( ,public ,welf>e1 #gj ,new ,mexico ,volunte]s1 #ac niobium1 #ej ,niobr>a lime/one1 #ej ,no ,agua1 #aec1 #afb ,o oak1 #bj1 #bc1 #cf1 #ea1 #ajj ,oasis ,/ate ,p>k1 #ajd1 #aaa obsidian1 #ed ,o*oan rocks1 #dg ,s]ies1 #dg ocotillo1 #ag1 #ah1 #bj1 #bf ,ogallala ,=mation1 #ch oil1 #dc1 #de1 #df1 #ec1 #ie1 #ach1 #ada1 #adf-adh1 #aei1 #afc1 #afd2 fields1 #adf2 pumps1 illus4 #adi2 ref9]y1 illus4 #adg1 #aei2 second>y recov]y1 #adh ,ojo ,cali5te1 #gd ,ojo del ,oso 7,be> ,spr+s71 #ff1 #fg ,oate 7,don ,juan71 #g1 #h1 #ij1 #ii1 #abj1 #abb1 #abf1 #abg1 #abh1 #aca opuntia1 #ag1 #ai1 #bj ,ordovician1 #adf2 ,p]iod1 #dj2 rocks1 #da2 seas1 #da2 "t1 #da ,organ ,n4 ,mex41 #afj ,organ ,m\nta9s1 #bf1 #aeh1 #afj oriole1 #ca ,orogr&e bas91 #dc ,ortega ,m\nta9s1 #afb or?oclase1 #dj ,ot[i bridge1 #afb ott]1 #aad ,ouray ,lime/one1 #da ,our ,lady ( ,l\rdes 7*apel71 #abg oy/]s1 #ea ,p ,pa9t$ ,cave1 #he ,pa9t$ ,des]t1 #dh ,paj>ito ,plateau1 #acf ,palace ( ! ,gov]nors1 #d1 #e1 #ajd 7see also ,el ,palacio7 ,paleog5e ,p]iod1 #cc1 #cf "t1 map #ce ,paleozoic1 #adf2 ,era1 #dj-dh2 rocks1 #cc1 #di1 #ea2 "t1 #ci1 #df palm trees1 #cf ,palo ,fle*ado ,pass1 #afb palov]de1 #ag ,pan-,am]ican ,c5tral ,highway1 #afb ,pan*o ,villa1 #fg1 #aji2 ,/ate ,p>k1 #ajd1 #aji ,panh&le ,aspect1 #fb ,p>adise ,=mation1 #dc ,p>adox ,bas91 #dc p>tridge1 #ajj peanuts1 #aei pecan1 #aeh ,pecos1 #ig1 #ajf1 #aae2 ,baldy1 #if2 ,bas91 #ii2 8diamonds10 #ajh2 ,division1 #if1 #ig2 ,horse%oe1 #if2 mission1 #ajd1 #ajg2 ,national ,monum5t1 #fb1 #gf1 #ajf2 ,pueblo1 #fb1 #ajg2 ,riv]1 #ch1 #gd1 #if1 illus4 #ig1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aad1 #acf1 #aee1 #aei1 #afb1 ,=e/ ,res]ve1 #if2 ,/ate ,monum5t1 #ajf2 ,valley1 #cj1 #df1 #gh1 #aei1 #afa2 ,wild]ness 7,area71 #ge1 #id1 #if ,p$]nal ,hills1 #dj1 #dc1 #afa pegmatite1 #dj ,peloncillo ,m\nta9s1 #bi1 #aeh ,pea1 ,fray ,juan de la1 #abc ,peablanca1 #aae ,p5asco1 #ie1 #acf ,p5it5te1 #acf ,p5nsylvanian lime/one1 #aab ,p]iod1 #dc1 #aef1 #aei "t1 map #dd1 #de p]*1 #aae ,p]*a ,%ale1 #da p]lite1 #cg1 #ec1 #adf1 #aec1 #afb ,p]mian1 #de1 #dh1 #adf1 #aei1 #afa2 ,p]iod1 #dd1 #gg1 #adi2 rocks1 #dd-dh2 seas1 #df2 "t1 #de1 #dg ,p]%+1 ,g54 ,john ,j41 #gj1 #aji ,petrifi$ ,=e/ ,national ,monum5t1 #dh petrifi$ wood1 #di petroglyphs1 #hi1 #aac petroleum1 #adf1 #adg1 #afd ,pho5ix ,ariz41 #afa phytosaur1 #di ,pica*o ,hill1 #aei ,pictur$ ,cliffs ,s&/one1 #ej ,picurs1 #ie2 ,pueblo1 #abe-abf2 ,san ,lor5zo de1 #abe ,pi]re ,%ale1 #ej pike1 #aae1 #aag ,pil>1 #afb p9e1 #bb1 #cf1 #di1 #ic1 #ajj1 #aji1 #afc2 dw>f1 #ag2 pond]osa1 #ag1 #ba1 #bi1 #aab1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aei2 yell[1 #ag1 #ba pion1 #ag1 #bj1 illus4 #bb1 #bc1 #ace1 #ada1 #aee ,pion1 #dc ,p9os ,altos1 #gb ,piro1 #h pit h\ses1 #d1 #ei1 illus4 #fj1 #fa1 #hb1 #hf ,pla9s ,indians1 #ed1 #ee1 #fc1 #ajf1 #acb1 #adj ,plei/oc5e1 #ed1 #ee1 #eg1 #aaa1 #afa2 ,epo*1 #ch2 ,ice ,age1 #ed1 #eh ,poison ,canyon ,=mation1 #ce ,pojoaque1 #afb2 ,pueblo1 #abf polyhalite1 #dh ,po-p1 #h1 #abg1 #abi popl>1 #cf1 #ea ,porciuncula1 ,*ur* ( 444 de1 #ajf porcup9e1 #ca ,portales1 #ee1 #ajd1 #aaa1 #aei2 ,valley1 #aaa pota%1 #dh1 #ec1 #ada1 #adf1 #adh1 #adi1 #aej1 #aec1 #aei potatoes1 #aei ,potrillo ,m\nta9s1 #aeh pott]y1 #fb1 #hb1 #hd1 #hf1 #aac1 illus4 #aac1 #abb1 #abg1 #abh2 black-on-:ite1 #fj1 #fa2 br[n1 #hf2 br[nw>e1 #ei2 :ite ) black1 #hf ,p[w[ ,canyon1 #aeh ,precambrian1 #aef1 #afa2 ,era1 #ch-dj2 rocks1 #cc1 #ci1 #dj1 #ea ,presidio ( ,santa ,fe1 #i prickly pe>s1 #ag1 #ai protozoans1 #dd1 #ea pt>migan1 #ca ,pueblo ,bonito1 #fj1 illus4 #fa1 #hb ,indians1 #e1 #h1 #ab1 #ed1 #fa1 #fb1 #hd1 #hf1 #hi1 #abj ff41 #afb p]iods3 ,classic 7or ,great71 #fj1 #fa1 #fb1 #hb ,developm5tal1 #fj ,hi/oric1 #fb prehi/oric1 #hb ,regressive1 #fb ,revolt1 #h1 #hi1 #ij1 #abj1 #abb1 #abc1 #abd1 #abf1 #abg1 #abh1 #abi1 #acj1 #aca ru9s1 #ajd pumice1 #cf1 #cg1 #ec1 #adf ,punta de ,agua1 #aje ,puye ,cliff ,dwell+s1 #fb1 #abh1 #acf ,pyramid ,m\nta9s1 #aeh ,q quail1 #bh1 #bi1 #cj1 #ie1 #ih1 #ajj ,qu>ai1 #ajd *ur*1 #afa ,pueblo1 #ajg ,/ate ,monum5t1 #aje qu>tz1 #ci1 #dj1 #da1 #df1 #ej1 #ajh qu>tzites1 #dj1 #afa ,quemado1 #cf1 #afa ,que/a1 #ie1 #aab1 #aed1 #afc ,r rabbit1 #cj1 #ca1 #ie ,radium ,spr+s1 #afa ,ragl&1 #aee rattlesnakes1 #ah1 #ca railroads1 #ab1 #ff1 #gj1 #gd1 #ib1 #ii1 #aae1 #abe1 #aea ,ra9 ,dance1 #abc ,ramah ,n4 ,mex41 #hi ,ramirez1 ,fray ,juan1 #abb ,ran*]ia ,lime/one1 #db ,raton1 #ce1 #cg1 #ch1 #ej1 #acd1 #acf1 #afb1 #afc ,bas91 #ce1 #cf1 #ej ,=mation1 #ce1 #ea ,mesa1 #ha1 #aji ,pass1 #bj1 #acf1 #afa1 #afb rav51 #ca r$b$s1 #cf1 #de1 #df1 #dg1 #dh1 #di1 #aee1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aei1 #afa1 #afb ,r$ ,lake1 #aee ,r$ondo ,peak1 cov] ,r$ ,riv]1 #ie 7t[n71 #aab1 #afc 7riv]7 ,canyon1 #id1 illus4 #ace ,pass1 #afc ,ski ,area1 #id re$s1 #cf reef1 #db1 #de1 #df1 #ea1 #gg1 #adg reptiles1 #ca1 #cf1 #dh1 #di1 #ea ,res]ve1 #aja ,res]voirs 7see "u ,lakes = individual li/+7 rhyolite1 #cg1 #ci1 #afa ,rio ,bonito1 #fi ,*ama1 #afb de ,gallo1 #fg ,gr&e 7see sep>ate entry7 ,hondo1 #aei ,p5asco1 #ii ,pu]co1 #aef1 #afc ,ruidoso1 #aei ,salado1 #afc ,san ,jose1 #cg1 #dh1 #aef ,valley1 #di ,tesuque1 #afb ,tul>osa1 #aei ,rio ,gr&e1 #d1 #g1 #ab1 #ac1 #af1 #bj1 #ch1 #ed1 #fj1 #fb1 #fg1 #gj1 #gb1 #gd1 #hd1 #hi1 #ic1 #id1 #ie1 #if1 #ig1 #ih1 #ii1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #aaj1 #aad1 #aae1 #abg1 #abh1 #aca1 #acf1 #acg1 #aci1 #adc1 #aef1 #aeh1 #afa1 #afb ,gorge1 #aab1 ,/ate ,p>k1 #ajd1 #aab grab51 illus4 #cg pueblos1 #fb1 #adj ,valley1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #h1 #ac1 #cj1 #cg1 #ch1 #ed1 #ei1 #fa1 #hd1 #ih1 #aab1 #aag1 #abc1 #abe1 #abf1 #abh1 #acb1 #acc1 #ace1 #acg1 #adj1 #adc1 #aeh1 #afa1 #afb ,rito de ,frijoles1 #abb ,rito ,morphy1 #aab roadrunn] 7*app>al71 #ca1 illus4 #cb /ate bird1 #ca rocks 7see "u prop] "n3 ,cambrian1 ,c5ozoic1 ,devonian1 ,jurassic1 ,mesozoic1 ,mississippian1 ,o*oan1 ,ordovician1 ,paleozoic1 ,p]mian1 ,precambrian1 ,silurian1 ,triassic1 volcanic7 ,rock ,h\nd ,/ate ,p>k1 #ajd1 #aab ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 #eg1 #eh1 #acb1 #acc1 #acf ,rocky ,arroyo1 #aei ,roswell1 #df1 #dh1 #ajd1 #acd1 #adf1 #aee1 #aei ,roy1 #aji ,royal ,road 7,cam9o ,real71 #i1 #ab1 #aci rudi/ids1 #ea ,ruidoso1 #dc1 #ii1 #ajj1 #aei ,creek1 #ii ,d[ns1 #aei ru9s1 #d1 #fj1 #fb1 #fe1 #fh1 #ge1 #hb1 #hd1 #he1 #hf1 #hi1 #ij1 #ib1 #ie1 #aja1 #ajd1 #aje1 #ajf1 #aac1 #abh1 #abi1 #acf1 #ach1 #aci1 #aef1 #afa ru%es1 #db1 #dc-dd ,ru/l] ,dolomite1 #dg1 #dh ,s ,sacram5to ,m\nta9s1 #bh1 #cg1 #db1 #df1 #ea1 #ii1 #ada1 #adc1 #aei ,sacram5to ,n4 ,mex41 #ii1 #ajj sage1 #ah1 #ai sagu>os1 #ag1 #ah ,sa9t ,francis1 #ajf ,sa9t ,joseph1 #abe ,salado ,salt1 #dg1 #dh ,sal9as ,peak1 #afj ,sal9e ,missions1 #aje salmon1 #aae salt1 #dc1 #de1 #ec1 #ed1 #aje1 #aae1 #adf1 #adi saltbu%1 #ah ,salt ,flat lakes1 #aei ,san ,agu/9 ,pla9s1 #ii1 #adj1 #ada1 #afa ,san ,&res ,lime/one1 #df1 #aaj ,m\nta9s1 #bf1 #cg1 #dj1 #da1 #db1 #ea1 #afj ,san ,antonio1 #ie1 #acd1 #afa ,san ,antonito1 #aee ,san ,augu/9 ,pass1 #afj ,san ,bu5av5tura1 #hi de ,co*iti1 #abb s&1 #ce1 #cf1 #ch1 #dj1 #db1 #dd1 #de1 #df1 #dh1 #di1 #ej1 #ec1 #ed1 #gi1 #aaa1 #aei ,s&ia ,cave1 #ee1 #eg ,cre/1 #ih1 illus4 #acg1 #aef ,m\nta9s1 #bf1 #cf1 #cg1 #ch1 #dj1 #db1 #ea1 #ih1 #acf1 #aee1 #aef1 #afb po9ts1 #eg ,pueblo1 #abf ,ski ,area1 #ih ,san ,diego ,m\nta91 #afa s&/one1 #ch1 #ci1 #dj1 #da1 #dc1 #de1 #dg1 #di1 #ej1 #ea1 #hi1 #ie1 #aje1 #adf1 #aee1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #afa1 #afb ,san ,felipe1 #abh *ur*1 #abf ,pueblo1 #abf-abg ,san ,francisco ,riv]1 #ei1 #afa ,san ,gabriel1 #abe ,san ,g]onimo1 #acj ,sangre de ,cri/o ,m\nta9s1 #ac1 #ce1 #cg1 #ch1 #dj1 #db1 #ej1 #ge1 #id1 #ie1 #if1 #aji1 #aba1 #abi1 #ace1 #acf1 #aee1 #aef1 #afb ,sangre de ,cri/o ,r$b$s1 #de ,san ,gregorio de ,abo1 #hi1 #aje ,lake1 #ih ,san ,ildefonso1 pott]y1 #abg ,pueblo1 #abg ,san ,isidro1 #hi ,san ,jose ,=mation1 #ce1 #cf ,san ,juan1 #g1 #fj1 #abe ,bas91 #ce1 #ej1 #fa1 #hb1 #adf1 #adi1 #afc1 #afd de los ,caball]os1 #g1 #abg ,m\nta9s1 #ce1 #ch1 #ej1 #afb1 #afc ,pueblo1 #abg-abh ,riv]1 #ei1 #aji1 #ach1 #afc1 #afd ,valley1 #cj ,san ,lor5zo1 #gb ,san ,mateo ,m\nta9s1 #ch1 #ih1 #ii1 #adj1 #afa ,san ,miguel mission *ur*1 illus4 #aai ,pueblo ru9s1 #he ,san ,p$ro ,wild ,area1 #ig-ih ,san ,rafael1 #fg1 #aeg ,santa ,ana ,pueblo1 #abh ,santa ,b>b>a ,n4 ,mex41 #ie ,santa ,cl>a ,creek1 #abh ,pueblo1 #abh ,santa ,fe1 #d1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #ac1 #ai1 #bb1 #cf1 #cg1 #ch1 #dj1 #db1 #de1 #di1 #ea1 #fd1 #ff1 #gc1 #ge1 #hd1 #he1 #ij1 #ib1 #if1 #ig1 #ajd1 #aje1 #ajf1 #aji1 #aaa1 #aai1 #aba1 #abe1 #abg1 #acj1 #aca1 #acd1 #ace1 #acf1 #acg1 #ach1 #aci1 #afa1 #afb ,=mation1 #aab ,gr\p1 #ch ,national ,=e/1 #if-ih ,railway1 #df1 #ej1 #abe ,riv] ,/ate ,p>k1 #ajd1 #aaa ,ski ,bas91 #ig ,trail1 #aj1 #aa1 #bd1 #fd1 #ff1 #ij1 #ib1 #ajd1 #abi1 #acf1 #acg1 #aci ,santa ,m>ia mission1 illus4 #abd ,sant&]1 ,fa!r ,diego de1 #hi ,santa ,rita1 #ea1 #ec1 #gb1 #adc1 #adh1 #aea1 #aec1 #afa ,santa ,rosa1 #acd1 #aee ,s&/one1 #dh1 #aaa ,santo ,dom+o1 #abh2 ,pueblo1 #abf1 #abh-abi1 #afb ,san ,ysidro1 #di1 #afc s*i/1 #dj1 #afa sci5ce1 #ab1 #ae1 #fg1 #aci1 #adc1 #adg scorpion1 #ca sea1 #da sea lilies1 #db second>y recov]y 7oil71 #adh ,seld5 ,canyon1 #afa ,sev5 ,cities ( ,cibola1 #f1 #acb ,sev5 ,riv]s1 #aei ,%alako dances1 #acb ,%akespe>e1 #aeh %ale1 #da1 #dc1 #df1 #dh1 #di1 #ej1 #ea1 #aee1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #afb %eep1 #bf1 #ec1 #ge1 #hi1 #ic ,b>b>y1 #ca bighorn1 #bh1 #bi2 des]t1 #bf2 ,rocky ,m\nta91 #bf1 #ih1 #aef %ells1 #ed ,%iprock1 #cg1 #dc1 #ea1 #aea1 #afc1 #afd ,%o%one1 #abd ,sibley1 ,g5]al ,h5ry ,h41 #ac1 #gb1 #gc ,si]ra ,blanca1 #cf1 #ch1 #ea1 #ajj1 #ach1 illus4 #aci1 #aei ,ski ,area1 illus4 #ajj1 #acc1 #aei ,si]ra ,c\nty1 #cf de las ,uvas1 #aeh ,gr&e1 #ha ,ar*1 #dc ,oscura1 #afa silicifi$ wood1 #cf1 #ch1 #di silt1 #ch1da1 #dh1 #di silt/one1 #ch1 #ea ,silurian1 #da rocks1 #da silv]1 #g1 #ac1 #ad1 #bc1 #ec1 #acb1 #add1 #adf ,silv] ,city1 #bj1 #bc1 #bd1 #dj1 #gb1 #ge1 #hf1 #aja1 #adc1 #add1 #adh1 #aea1 #afa ,simpson1 ,lt4 ,j4 ,h41 #ij ,sipapu ,w9t] ,sports ,area1 #id-ie ,sitt+ ,bull ,falls1 #aei skipway1 #aea1 illus4 #aec skunk1 #ca1 #ie ,sky ,city 7see ,acoma ,pueblo7 slo?s1 #ee ,sl\gh1 ,col4 ,j4 ,p41 #ib ,smokey ! ,be>1 #ii1 #ajj snails1 #cf1 #da1 #di ,snake ,ran* ,flats1 #afa snakes1 #ah1 #ca1 #cf ,socorro1 #h1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #ai1 #cf1 #cg1 #ei1 #gb1 #hi1 #ii1 #acd1 #aci1 #afa ,m\nta91 #ch1 #adj sodium *loride1 #adi1 #aej ,sonoran des]t1 #bf1 #ajc1 #aji1 #ach1 #adc ,l[] ,zone1 #ai1 #bj ,upp] ,zone1 #bj1 illus4 #be sotol1 #bj ,s\? ,tru*as ,peak1 #ch ,spa91 #f1 #i1 #aj1 #aa ,spani%1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ae1 #af1 #ah1 #ec1 #ed1 #fb1 #fc1 #hf1 #hi1 #ib1 #ie1 #ii1 #ajd1 #abj1 #abb1 #abc1 #abe1 #abf1 #abh1 #abi1 #acj1 #aca1 #acb1 #acc1 #ace1 #acf1 #aci1 #adj1 #ada1 #adc1 #adh1 #aeh1 #afb dagg]1 #ba ,peaks1 #ha sp>r[1 #ca spid]1 #ca1 #dd ,_s ,lake1 #if spodum5e1 #dj ,spr+]1 #acd1 #afb spruce1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #bf1 #ajj2 blue1 #bb1 #ada2 ,engelmann1 #bb1 #aef squa%1 #eh1 #hd1 #abb squirrel1 #ca1 #cb ,/ak$ ,pla9s 7,llano ,e/acado71 #acb1 #aee1 #aei1 #afa /alactites1 #gf1 #gh /alagmites1 #gf1 #gh /ate bird1 #ca ,capitol1 #aaa fl[]1 #bj mammal1 #bh ,/ate ,highway #d3 #ajf1 #afb #aj3 #ih1 #aje1 #aef #ab3 #acd #ag3 #ie #bc3 #aef #be3 illus4 #ajc #bf3 #ga #bh3 #aeh #cf3 #aeg #cg3 #aei #ch3 #afc #dd3 #cf1 #acd1 #afc #ec3 #aeg #fh3 #afd #ge3 #acf #gf3 #acf #gh3 #aja #ij3 #gb1 #add #id3 #aab #abj3 #aji #acg3 #aei #ahj3 #aja #cgj3 #aab #dfg3 #aaa ,/ate ,monum5ts1 #ajd-ajg1 #aee 7see also "u prop] names3 ,abo1 ,coronado1 ,el ,palacio1 ,folsom ,man1 ,gran ,quivira1 ,jemez1 ,la ,mesilla1 ,l9coln 7,c\nty ,c\r?\se71 ,pecos1 ,qu>ai1 ,seld57 ,/ate ,p>ks1 #ajd1 #ajg-aab1 #aee 7see also "u prop] names3 ,alamogordo ,lake1 ,bluewat] ,lake1 ,bottomless ,lakes1 ,caballo ,lake1 ,city ( ,rocks1 ,clayton ,lake1 ,con*as ,lake1 ,elephant ,butte ,lake1 ,el ,vado ,lake1 ,hyde ,memorial1 ,kit ,c>son ,memorial1 ,morphy ,lake1 ,navajo ,lake1 ,oasis1 ,pan*o ,villa1 ,rio ,gr&e ,gorge1 ,rock ,h\nd1 ,santa ,fe ,riv]1 ,/orrie ,lake1 ,ute ,lake1 ,valley ( ,fires7 /aurolite1 illus4 #dj ,/egosaurus1 #di ,/e9's ,pass1 #aeh ,/ew>t ,lake1 #if ,/one ,lions1 #he ,/orrie ,lake1 #ajd2 ,/ate ,p>k1 #aaj /rawb]ries1 #aei ,sug>lump ,weld$ ,rhyolite ,tuff1 #aaj sulfur1 #ec ,summ]ville b$s1 #aef ,=mation1 #di sunfi%1 #aag swan1 #bh sycamore trees1 #cf sylvanite1 #adi sylvite1 #dh ,t ,taiban1 #aee ,tajique1 #ii ,tano1 #abd ,tansill ,=mation1 #gg ,taos1 #h1 #ai1 #cg1 #ch1 #ej1 #ic1 #ie1 #ajd1 #aaj1 #ade1 #afb1 #afc2 ,canyon1 #ie2 ,c\nty1 #aec2 don ,f]n&o de1 #abi2 ,indians1 #abi2 mission1 #abi1 illus4 #acj2 ,m\nta9s1 #abi2 ,pueblo1 #ie1 #abi-acj2 ,ran*os de1 #abi1 illus4 #acj2 ,san ,g]onimo de1 #abi2 ,ski ,valley1 #ie tapirs1 #ee t>antula1 #ca ,teakettle ,rock1 #ih t5*1 #aae ,t5t ,rocks1 #ih1 illus4 #aba ,t]]ro ,=mation1 #db t]rap91 #ca ,t]ti>y1 #afc ,tesuque ,indians1 #acj ,pueblo1 #acj-aca ,riv]1 #afb ,?ree ,riv]s1 #acd ,ti]ra ,am>illa1 #dj1 #gd ,tiguex1 #ajf1 #abf ,tij]as1 #ii1 #aef2 ,canyon1 #dj1 #aef timb]1 #ge1 #ii1 #ajj1 #ajc1 #abb titanium1 #ej toad1 #ca ,todilto ,=mation1 #di1 #aef tomatoes1 #aei ,torreon1 #ii tortoise1 #ca tramway1 #ih ,transition ,zone1 #ba ,tres ,pi$ras1 #ie1 #afb ,tres ,ritos1 #ie ,triassic1 #dh1 #aei1 #afb2 age1 #aji1 #aee2 ,p]iod1 #dh2 r$b$s1 #di1 #aee1 #aef1 #aeg2 rocks1 #dh1 #aee2 "t1 #dh ,tric]atops1 #ea trilobite1 #dj1 #da ,tr9idad ,s&/one1 #ej tr\t1 #ie1 #aja1 #ajh1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aah1 #add2 black spott$1 #aae2 brook1 #aae2 br[n1 #aaj1 #aae2 ,g]man br[n1 #aae2 cut?roat1 #aad1 #aae2 ra9b[1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aad1 #aae1 illus4 #aaf ,tru*as1 #ie1 #acf2 ,lakes1 #if ,tru? or ,consequ5ces1 #gd1 #aja1 #aaa1 #ace1 #afa ,tucumc>i1 #ch1 #gd1 #aee2 ,m\nta91 #aee tuff1 #hb ,tul>osa1 #bh1 #de1 #adc1 #aei2 ,bas91 #gi1 #ii1 #aaa1 #aei1 #afj turkey 7wild71 #bh1 #bi1 #ie1 #ih1 #ajj1 illus4 #ajb turquoise1 #ed turtles1 #cf ,tyuonyi ,pueblo ru91 illus4 #be1 #fb ,u ,uncompahgre ,range1 #dc ,union =ces1 #ab1 #ac1 #gj1 #gb1 #gc1 #gd1 #ib1 #acg ,u4,s4 ,highway #ed3 #acd #ef3 #acd #fj3 #ii1 #aje1 #acd1 #aee1 #afa #fb3 #acd1 #aeh #fd3 #acd1 #acf1 #afb #ff3 #ag1 #dh1 #ff1 #fg1 #ih1 #acd1 #aee1 #afd #gj3 #acc1 #acd1 #ace1 #adc1 #aeh1 #aei #hj3 #ace1 #aeh #hd3 #ie1 #ajf1 #aab1 #acd1 #aee1 #afb #he3 #cf1 #fe1 #fg1 #gj1 #aja1 #ajf1 #acd1 #ace1 #acf1 #acg1 #add1 #afa1 #afb #ahj3 #acd1 #ace1 #ada1 #aeh1 #afa #bfj3 #aja1 #acd1 #afa #bhe3 #acd1 #aei1 #afb #chj3 #fi1 #ii1 #ajg1 #aaa1 #acd1 #aei1 #afa #eej3 #afc1 #afd #fff3 #acd1 #afd ,u4,s4 ,public ,heal? ,s]vice1 #gj1 #gb uranium1 #di1 #ec1 #abe1 #ach1 #adf1 #adh1 #aej1 #aea1 #aeb1 #aec1 #aef ,ute1 #fe1 #ij2 ,creek1 #aaa2 ,dam1 #aaa2 ,indian1 #acb1 #acc2 ,lake ,/ate ,p>k1 #ajd1 #aaa2 ,res]vation1 map #ef1 #acc1 #ach ,v ,valle ,gr&e1 #ch1 #ea1 #ge1 #he-hf1 #afb2 --,b&eli] ,national ,p>k1 #he2 cald]a1 #cg1 #ge1 #he ,valley ( ,fires ,/ate ,p>k1 #ajd1 #aaa1 #aee1 #afa ,valv]de ,n4 ,mex41 #ac1 #fg ,valv]de ,l& & ,irrigation ,company1 #fh vanadium1 #ec ,vaughn1 #afa ,vel>de1 #aab ,v]mejo ,=mation1 #ea v]tebrate1 #dc1 #de1 #dh ,victorio1 #gj1 #gd2 ,m\nta9s1 #aeh2 ,peak ,lime/one1 #df 8,village ( ! ,humanas10 #hi v9eg>roon1 #ca volcanic activity1 #cf1 #cg1 #ch1 #ci1 #ha neck1 #cg1 #ea1 #aab1 #afb1 #afd rocks1 #cf1 #ajd1 #aab volcano1 #cg1 #di1 #ej1 #ha1 #ajd1 #aef1 #afb ,w ,wagon ,m\nd1 #aji1 #afb ,wallace1 ,gov4 ,lew41 #aje w>bl]1 #ca ,w>m ,spr+s ,apa*e1 #gd wat]1 #ec1 #hd1 #hi1 #ic1 #ajj1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #ajh1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aab1 #aac1 #aad1 #aae1 #aaf1 #aag1 #aah1 #abb2 laws1 #aag2 lilies1 #cf wat]f[l1 #aad1 #aah ,watr\s1 #fe weasel1 #ie :eat1 #abb1 #aei ,:eel] ,peak1 #ch1 #id1 illus4 #ade2 ,wild ,area1 #id ,:ite ,mesa1 #di1 #afc ,m\nta9 ,apa*e1 #fi1 #gj1 #acc ,m\nta9s1 #ii2 ,wild ,area1 #ajj ,rock ,canyon1 #he ,:ite ,s&s1 #ca1 illus4 #ci1 #dj1 #db1 #dc1 #de1 #ea1 #ge1 #ajj1 #aei1 #afj2 ,missile ,range1 #fg1 #aci1 #ada1 #adc1 #afj2 ,national ,monum5t1 #ch1 #gh-gi1 #ada1 #adb-adc1 #aee ,:itewat] ,canyon1 frontispiece2 ,creek1 #aja wildcat1 #adg1 illus4 #adh1 #adi wildlife1 #bf-cb1 #ic1 #ig1 #ih1 #ajj1 #ajc1 #aac1 #aag1 #ach1 #add ,wild]ness trail 7illus471 #bg ,will>d1 #afa ,will[ ,creek1 #aja ,w+ate ,s&/one1 #dh wolf1 #cj wood*uck1 #ca wood rats1 #ca ,_w ,w> ,i1 #fg1 #gj2 ,,ii1 #gj1 #adf wr51 #ca ,y ,yankee trad]s1 #ab ,yapa%i ,pueblo ru9s1 #he 8yell[ cake10 #aea ,yeso ,=mation1 #de1 #df yucca1 #ag1 #ah1 #bj1 illus4 #ba2 /ate fl[]1 #bj ,yuman ,=ag]s1 #c ,z ,zia ,pueblo1 #aca-acb z9c1 #ec1 #adf1 #adh1 #aea zirconium1 #ej ,zuni1 #fa1 #ih2 ,m\nta9s1 #dj1 #dc1 #ih1 #ii1 #aaj1 #aeg2 ,pueblo1 #f1 #hi1 #acb1 #aeg2 ,s&/one1 #di1 #aef1 #aeg ,travel]'s-,eye ,view ( ,new ,mexico ,a truly repres5tative picture ( ,new ,mexico is pres5t$ 9 ?is guide = visitor & resid5t4 ,! travel] ga9s a backgr\nd k ( ! ,/ate's c5turies-old hi/ory1 des]t-to-alp9e flora & fauna1 geological pa/1 anci5t ,indians1 & fronti] =ts4 ,he le>ns ( ! num]\s recreational & sc5ic attractions ( its n9e ,national ,monum5ts1 sev5 ,=e/s1 & "o ,p>k & n9e ,/ate ,monum5ts & tw5ty-"o ,p>ks4 ,unusual features su* z ! ,antelope ,pla9s1 ,gho/ ,ran* ,museum1 ,sitt+ ,bull ,falls1 ,jackpile op5-pit uranium m9e1 ,jornada del ,mu]to1 & ,abo ,pass r$b$s are describ$1 z are n9ete5 ,indian pueblos4 ,r\tes giv5 include bo? major highways & good second>y roads2 all are well designat$ & easy to foll[ on ! full-color g5]al map4 ,,new ,,mexico ,,bureau ,,( ,,m9es ,,& ,,m9]al ,,res\rces ,transcrib]'s ,notes --,reta9$ publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3 ?is e,book is public-doma9 9 ! c\ntry ( publication4 --,correct$ a few palpable typos4 --,9 ! text v]sions only1 text 9 italics is delimit$ by und]scores4