,transcriber's ,notes3 ,typographical errors have been silently corrected but other variations in spelling and punctuation remain unaltered4 ,underscores before and after a word or phrase indicate italics in the original text4 ,equal signs before and after a word or phrase indicate bold in the original text4 ,small capitals have been converted to ,,solid capitals4 ,,paper ,,and ,,stationery ,warehouse4 ,,john ,g4 ,,hodge ,,co41 ,cor4 ,sansome and ,sacramento sts41 ,,san ,,francisco4 ,,importing ,,and ,,manufacturing ,,stationers1 ,keep ,blank ,books1 ,stationery1 ,school ,books1 ,cheap ,publications1 ,,log ,,books1 ,shipping ,articles1 ,rolls of ,sale of ,vessels1 etc41 etc4 ,the ,best ,grades at ,lowest ,prices4 ,g4 ,w4 ,,brewer4 ,m4 ,p4 ,mc,l,a,u,g,h,l,i,n4 ,mc,l,a,u,g,h,l,i,n ,,brewer1 ,,real ,,estate ,,agents1 ,no4 #cbh ,,montgomery ,,street1 7,office ,no4 #i17 ,,san ,,francisco4 ,,the ,,law ,,of ,,storms3 ,,the ,,various ,,phenomena ,,by ,,which ,,their ,,approach ,,can ,,be ,,ascertained ,,with ,,certainty1 ,,and ,,practical ,,directions ,,to ,,mariners ,,for ,,the ,,avoidance ,,of ,,their ,,fury4 ,,compiled ,,from ,,various ,,sources ,,by ,,capt4 ,,john ,,ross4 ,illustration ,a4 ,,roman ,,company1 ,,booksellers1 ,,publishers ,,and ,,importers1 #dag and #aai ,montgomery ,street1 ,san ,francisco4 #bg ,,howard ,,st41 ,,new ,,york4 #ahfi4 ,entered according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahfi1 ,,by ,,capt4 ,,john ,,ross1 ,in the ,clerk's ,office of the ,district ,court of the ,united ,states for the ,northern ,district of ,california4 ,printed by ,,spaulding ,,barto1 ,,mining ,,and ,,scientific ,,press ,,job ,,office1 #dad ,clay ,street1 ,san ,francisco4 ,,on ,,hurricanes ,,and ,,the ,,law ,,of ,,storms4 ,in the ,northern ,hemisphere1 when the ,polar and ,equatorial currents of air are alternating with each other1 the regular shifting of the wind round the compass will be through ,s41 ,s4,w41 ,w41 ,n4,w41 ,n41 ,n4,e41 ,e41 ,s4,e41 ,s4--and the changes will take place oftener between south and west1 and between north and east1 than between west and north1 and between east and south4 ,similarly in the ,southern ,hemisphere1 it may be inferred that when ,polar currents of air alternate with ,equatorial1 the regular shifting of the wind round the compass will be successive through ,s41 ,s4,e41 ,e41 ,n4,e41 ,n41 ,n4,w41 ,w41 ,s4,w41 ,s4 ,this is ,dove's 8,law of ,gyration10 7or the law of the rotation of winds74 ,and collecting the main points into a few general propositions1 it may be laid down1 that all steady winds are modified by the rotation of the earth1 in such a manner that ,equatorial currents of air receive a westerly deflection1 and ,polar currents an easterly deflection2 but latitudinal currents suffer no change4 ,the ,n4,e4 and ,s4,e4 ,trade ,winds are steady ,polar currents4 ,the ,monsoons are alternations of a ,polar and an ,equatorial current1 twice during the year4 ,therefore they are ,n4,e4 and ,s4,w4 in the ,northern ,hemisphere1 and ,s4,e4 and ,n4,w4 in the ,southern ,hemisphere4 ,the ,s4,w4 passage winds of the ,northern ,hemisphere1 and the ,n4,w4 passage winds of the ,southern ,hemisphere1 are ,equatorial currents4 ,bodies of air set in motion from a state of rest1 turn the wind-vane in the direction of the meridian as follows3 ,the ,polar current in the ,northern ,hemisphere from ,n4 to ,e4 ,the ,polar current in the ,southern ,hemisphere from ,s4 to ,e4 ,the ,equatorial current in the ,northern ,hemisphere from ,s4 to ,w4 ,the ,equatorial current in the ,southern ,hemisphere from ,n4 to ,w4 ,in general the winds in the ,northern ,hemisphere are as follows3 ,those from ,n4 to ,e4 the ,polar currents4 ,those from ,e4 to ,s4 the transition of the ,polar to the ,equatorial4 ,those from ,s4 to ,w4 the ,equatorial current4 ,those from ,w4 to ,n4 the transition of the ,equatorial to the ,polar4 ,also1 in the ,southern hemisphere1 the winds are as follows3 ,those from ,s4 to ,e4 the ,polar currents4 ,those from ,e4 to ,n4 the transition of the ,polar to the ,equatorial4 ,those from ,n4 to ,w4 the ,equatorial current4 ,those from ,e4 to ,s4 the transition of the ,equatorial to the ,polar4 ,thus1 a complete revolution of the wind-vane in the ,northern ,hemisphere is therefore ,s4,w41 ,n4,e41 ,s4 with the sun1 and in the ,southern ,hemisphere the rotation is ,s4,e41 ,n4,w41 ,s41 with the sun1 also1 in that region4 ,when the course of a steady wind is obstructed in such a manner as to produce a ,hurricane1 or ,cyclone1 the wind has a rotary or whirling motion 7as it were1 on an axis71 while the storm itself has a progressive motion4 ,n4 ,b4--,the rotation of the wind during a hurricane1 in the ,northern ,hemisphere1 is in a direction contrary to that in which the hands of a watch move4 ,in the ,southern ,hemisphere1 the rotation is in the same direction as that of the hands of a watch4 ,and hence the following shiftings of the vane3 ,in the ,northern ,hemisphere1 when the vortex 7or center7 of the storm passes to the westward of the place of observation1 the rotation is ,s4,w41 ,n4,e41 ,s41 with the sun2 when the vortex passes to the eastward of the place of observation1 the rotation is ,s4,e41 ,n4,w41 ,s41 against the sun4 ,in the ,southern ,hemisphere1 if the vortex passes to the westward of the place of observation1 the rotation is ,s4,e41 ,n4,w41 ,s41 with the sun4 ,if the vortex passes to the eastward of the place of observation1 the rotation is ,s4,w41 ,n4,e41 ,s41 against the sun4 ,on ,hurricanes or ,cyclones4 ,thus1 in both ,hemispheres1 the passage of an equatorial whirlwind storm on the west side of the place of observation produces normal revolutions in accordance with the law of gyration2 while1 on the other hand1 its passage on the east side produces anomalous revolutions contrary to the law of gyration4 ,when the vortex of a whirlwind storm passes over the place of observation1 the vane may shift from one direction to that immediately opposite to it4 ,generally1 if the whirlwind storm is an equatorial one in the ,northern ,hemisphere1 it progresses from ,s4,e4 to ,n4,w4 in the ,torrid ,zone2 it recurves at the outer edge of the ,n4,e4 trade wind1 and thence moves from ,s4,w4 to ,n4,e4 ,but in the ,southern ,hemisphere an equatorial storm moves first from ,n4,e4 to ,s4,w42 recurves at the outer edge of the ,s4,e4 trade wind1 and then advances from ,n4,w4 to ,s4,e4--bearing in mind the direction of the rotation of the wind in each hemisphere1 viz3 against watch hands in the ,northern1 but with watch hands in the ,southern ,hemisphere4 ,certain portions of the storms are characterized by certain hurricane winds1 and dividing the storm by diameters drawn from the northern to the southern margin1 and again from the eastern to the western margin1 we find that in the ,northern ,hemisphere1 on the northern margin1 the wind will be easterly2 on the eastern margin1 southerly2 on the southern margin1 westerly2 and on the western margin1 northerly2--each portion of the cyclone possessing its appropriate wind4 ,the relations of the winds to the margin in the ,southern ,hemisphere1 will be exactly the reverse of their relation in the ,northern4 ,thus3 ,it is the southern margin of the storm south of the ,equator1 that exhibits an easterly2 the western margin a southerly2 the northern margin a westerly1 and the eastern margin a northerly wind4 ,hence1 each portion of the hurricane having its appropriate wind1 there results1 according to the law of the rotation of revolving gales1 a very simple rule for determining the bearing of the center of the storm from the ship1 viz3 ,look to the wind's eye and set its bearing by compass1 the eighth point to the right thereof when in the ,northern ,hemisphere2 but to the left of the wind's direction when in the ,southern ,hemisphere1 will be the bearing of the storm's center4 ,thus1 in the ,northern ,hemisphere1 from an easterly wind1 which characterizes the northern margin of the storm1 its center will bear south2 from a northerly wind the center will bear east2 from a westerly wind it will bear north1 and from a southerly wind1 west4 ,but in the ,southern ,hemisphere1 from an easterly wind1 the center of the storm bears north2 from a southerly wind the center bears east2 from a westerly wind1 south2 and from a northerly wind1 west4 ,the above rule is perfectly clear and definite2 but as it is especially important to avoid the center of the storm1--its most dangerous part1--the following table shows at a glance its relative bearing in each ,hemisphere4 ,,in ,,the ,,northern ,,hemisphere4 ,,in ,,the ,,southern ,,hemisphere4 ,if the wind ,the center of the ,if the wind ,the center of the be-- storm will bear be-- storm will bear from the ship-- from the ship-- ,north4 ,east4 ,north4 ,west4 ,n by ,e ,e by ,s ,n by ,e ,w by ,n ,,nne ,,ese ,,nne ,,wnw ,,ne by ,n ,,se by ,e ,,ne by ,n ,,nw by ,w ,,ne ,,se ,,ne ,,nw ,,ne by ,e ,,se by ,s ,,ne by ,e ,,nw by ,n ,,ene ,,sse ,,ene ,,nnw ,e by ,n ,s by ,e ,e by ,n ,n by ,w ,east4 ,south4 ,east4 ,north4 ,e by ,s ,s by ,w ,e by ,s ,n by ,e ,,ese ,,ssw ,,ese ,,nne ,,se by ,e ,,sw by ,s ,,se by ,e ,,ne by ,n ,,se ,,sw ,,se ,,ne ,,se by ,s ,,sw by ,w ,,se by ,s ,,ne by ,e ,,sse ,,wsw ,,sse ,,ene ,s by ,e ,w by ,s ,s by ,e ,e by ,n ,south4 ,west4 ,south4 ,east4 ,s by ,w ,w by ,n ,s by ,w ,e by ,s ,,ssw ,,wnw ,,ssw ,,ese ,,sw by ,s ,,nw by ,w ,,sw by ,s ,,se by ,e ,,sw ,,nw ,,sw ,,se ,,sw by ,w ,,nw by ,n ,,sw by ,w ,,se by ,s ,,wsw ,,nnw ,,wsw ,,sse ,w by ,s ,n by ,w ,w by ,s ,s by ,e ,west4 ,north4 ,west4 ,south4 ,w by ,n ,n by ,e ,w by ,n ,s by ,w ,,wnw ,,nne ,,wnw ,,ssw ,,nw by ,w ,,ne by ,n ,,nw by ,w ,,sw by ,s ,,nw ,,ne ,,nw ,,sw ,,nw by ,n ,,ne by ,e ,,nw by ,n ,,sw by ,w ,,nnw ,,ene ,,nnw ,,wsw ,n by ,w ,e by ,n ,n by ,w ,w by ,s ,the path which the axis of rotation describes is not inappropriately termed the 8,axis ,line40 ,on the 8,axis ,line0 there is no change of wind until the center has passed1 when1 after a brief interval of calm1 the wind springs up with great fury from the opposite quarter4 ,it has been remarked by ,piddington1 8that he who watches his barometer1 watches his ship40 ,this invaluable instrument1 if well understood1 invariably announces the approach of a revolving storm2 shows whether the vessel is plunging into the vortex1 or if she be receding from it2 and hence1 by carefully noticing its indications1 the disastrous consequences of a hurricane may1 to a great extent1 be avoided1--for the laws of its oscillations are very distinctly marked4 ,the barometer often stands unusually high before the commencement of a cyclone1 and frequently 7if not always7 just around the storm4 ,and conceiving the cyclone to be divided into two parts by a diameter at right angles to its path1 it may be noted that the barometer always falls during the passage of the advancing semi-circle of a revolving storm4 ,the barometer always rises during the passage of the receding semi-circle of a revolving storm4 ,in cases of manuvering to take advantage of the hurricane winds1 and to keep just within the verge of the storm1 the barometer is of signal benefit1--it should be kept as high as possible1 without losing the wind4 ,in whatever position the ship may be1 the rising of the mercury announces that the first 7or dangerous7 half of the storm has passed4 ,the barometer is a faithful guide in the zone of the ,trade ,winds4 ,its ordinary variations are so small that any deviation from its normal height requires attention4 ,its fluctuations are larger beyond the ,tropics2 but the indications are scarcely less certain if used in conjunction with the thermometer and hygrometer1--hence1 more watchfulness is required on the part of the navigator2 and it is of the utmost importance to have such a knowledge of the ,law of ,storms1 of storm instruments1 and of the signs of the weather1 as to be able to detect the presence of a hurricane or cyclone1 when as yet sky and sea betoken but little of that blind fury1 during the height of which it is so difficult to guide the vessel in safety4 ,one great advantage of such knowledge is a quick apprehension of the indications which forewarn1 to make all snug in time4 ,the meteorological signs indicating the approach of a hurricane or cyclone1 have been collected from various sources by ,mr4 ,birt1 and are enumerated and classed according as the phenomena may be presented to the external sensations of feeling1 sight1 or hearing4 ,,meteorological ,,signs ,,recognized ,,by ,,the ,,feelings4 #a4 ,a sultry1 oppressive state of the atmosphere4 #b4 ,a calm4 ,,meteorological ,,signs ,,recognized ,,by ,,the ,,eye4 #a4 ,a remarkably clear state of the atmosphere1 so that the stars may be seen to rise and set with nearly the same distinctness as the sun and moon4 #b4 ,a peculiar white appearance in the zenith1 more or less of a circular form4 #c4 ,a remarkably red or fiery appearance of the sky4 ,this is not unfrequently of such intensity as to tinge all the surrounding objects with a deep crimson2 and when this is seen there can be no question that the violent portion of the cyclone is not far from the vessel4 ,when this red light is seen at night1 the impression on the seaman's mind is that day has broken before its time4 #d4 ,a peculiar coloring of the clouds1 more especially of an olive green4 ,this is generally the precursor of a most violent and terrific hurricane4 #e4 ,a thick1 hazy appearance in that quarter of the horizon in which the cyclone is raging4 #f4 ,a remarkable and peculiar appearance of the heavenly bodies4 ,when shining through a haze they are said to shine with a pale1 sickly light1 and are not unfrequently surrounded by rings of light1 or halos4 ,some observers describe the stars 8as looking big1 with burs about them02 others speak of their 8dancing10 and generally they have been noticed as being remarkably bright and twinkling4 #g4 ,the sun1 on some occasions1 has exhibited a blue appearance1 and white objects have been seen of a decided light blue color4 ,the sun has also been observed of a pale and somewhat similar appearance to that of the full moon4 #h4 ,a dense1 heavy bank of cloud in the direction of the hurricane4 #i4 ,a peculiar appalling appearance in this bank1 more particularly as if it were a solid wall1 drawing down upon and closing around the ship4 #aj4 ,a darting forward of portions of this bank1 as if torn into rags and shreds by some violent force1 and driven before1 not borne1 by the wind4 ,when this indication is distinctly recognized1 a run of about two hours toward the center will involve the vessel in a destructive hurricane4 #aa4 ,a peculiar motion exhibited by small bodies1 as branches of trees when agitated by the wind1 consisting of an apparent whirling1 not a bending forward1 as if bent by a stream of air4 #ab4 ,lightning of a remarkable columnar character1 shooting up in stalks from the horizon with a dull glare2 also like flashes from a gun1 and sparks from a flint and steel4 ,,meteorological ,,signs ,,recognized ,,by ,,the ,,ear4 #a4 ,a distant roar 7probably of the hurricane itself7 as of wind rushing through a hollow vault4 #b4 ,a peculiar moaning of the wind1 indicative of the close proximity of the violent portion of the hurricane4 ,,the ,,meteorological ,,phenomena ,,accompanying ,a ,,revolving ,,storm ,,may ,,also ,,be ,,enumerated ,,thus3 #a4 ,a very rapid motion of the air constituting the hurricane1 and increasing in velocity as the center is approached4 #b4 ,a fitful variation of intensity in the force of the wind1 which sometimes blows with fearful violence1 carrying away everything that opposes its progress2 then sinking to a gentle breeze1 or even lulling to a calm1 but almost immediately afterwards springing up with greater violence than before4 ,the hurricane winds are nearly if not entirely1 without exception1 puffy1 violent1 and blowing in gusts4 #c4 ,an immense condensation of aqueous vapor1 forming large banks of cloud1 which precipitate torrents of rain4 ,the condensation appears to be so exceedingly rapid that large quantities of electricity are generally developed1 giving rise to incessant flashes of lightning4 #d4 ,a general darkness1 and gloominess within the area of the cyclone1 relieved only by the fitful glare of the lightning1 or the appearance of the imperfect circle of light near the center or axis of the storm4 #e4 ,a separation of the clouds in or near the center of the hurricane1 so as to produce in the immediate neighborhood of the axis a clear sky1 through which the sun and stars are often seen with great brilliancy4 #f4 ,a calm in the center of the cyclone4 ,,indications ,,of ,,approaching ,,or ,,existing ,,hurricanes1 ,,manifested ,,by ,,the ,,ocean1 ,,of ,,especial ,,utility ,,to ,,vessels ,,at ,,anchor ,,in ,,roadsteads4 #a4 ,a swell1 produced by the storm-wave1 rolling in upon the shore1 at first of a gentle character4 ,the direction of this swell will pretty surely indicate the bearing of the storm1 and its changes will point out in some localities the course the hurricane may be pursuing4 #b4 ,a swell rolling in1 without changing its direction1 may be regarded as indicative of a hurricane approaching the shore4 ,the same phenomenon met with at sea 7the ship's course being taken into account7 will indicate the bearing down of the cyclone on the vessel4 #c4 ,a dirty green appearance of the ocean2 on some occasions its assuming a muddy or brown color1 on others its being remarkably clear1 its temperature increasing1 and its swellings stronger than at other times1--are all indications of the proximity of a cyclone4 ,the area over which these rotary storms have been known to expand1 varies from #cj to #dj to #a1jjj miles2 but while the diameter1 so long as the storm is within the tropics1 expands but very gradually1 it suddenly increases in a remarkable manner after recurving4 ,the rate at which they travel on their onward course also varies greatly1 not only in different parts of the globe1 but even in the same locality1 and at the same season4 ,generally1 however1 the rapidity with which the vortex of the hurricane progresses is greater as the storm recurves on reaching the outer edge of the trade winds4 ,thus1 the hurricane of ,august1 #ahec1 traversed #f1bgf ,english miles in about twelve days1 with a mean progressive velocity of twenty-six miles per hour2 but after it arrived at the ,banks of ,newfoundland this velocity was increased to about fifty miles per hour4 ,within the area of the cyclone the moving body of air frequently attains a rotatory velocity of from seventy to one hundred miles an hour4 ,,table ,,showing ,,the ,,different ,,months ,,of ,,the ,,year ,,in ,,which ,,hurricanes ,,and ,,cyclones ,,have ,,been ,,recorded ,,in ,,various ,,regions4 ,,locality4 ,jan,feb,mar,apr,may,jun,jul,aug,sep,oct ,nov,dec ,no4 ,atlantic and ,w4,i4 #e #g #aa #f #e #aj #db #if #hj #fi #ag #g ,south'n ,indian ,ocean ,mauritius4 #i #ae #ae #h #d #a #a #d #f ,north'n ,indian ,ocean2 ,bay of ,bengal-- ,n4,e4 ,monsoon4 #a #c #ab #g #f ,s4,w4 ,monsoon4 #f #af #d #a #b #a ,arabian ,sea ,bomb'y-- ,n4,e4 ,monsoon4 #a #a #a #h #ab #i #e ,s4,w4 ,monsoon4 #e #i #b #d #e ,china ,sea and ,north ,pacific-- 7western part74 #a #b #b #ab #e #ah #ad #ab #a ,java ,sea and ,northwest ,coast of ,australia4 #c #e #a #a #b #b ,from this table it appears that the hurricane seasons in the several localities are as follows3 #a4 ,in the ,north ,atlantic1 from ,june to ,november1 the greater number occurring in ,july1 ,august1 ,september1 and ,october4 #b4 ,in the ,bay of ,bengal they are most prevalent in ,october1 ,november and ,december1 when the ,n4 ,e4 ,monsoon is strongest2 they occur also during the ,s4 ,w4 ,monsoon1 especially in ,april1 ,may or ,june4 #c4 ,in the ,arabian ,sea they have been experienced during both ,monsoons4 #d4 ,in the ,china ,sea they are prevalent on the coast between ,june and ,october2 but in the central part of that sea during ,september1 ,october and ,november4 #e4 ,in the ,southern ,indian ,ocean they may be expected between ,november and ,april1 but they are most prevalent during ,january1 ,february and ,march4 #f4 ,in the ,java ,sea1 and on the ,n4 ,w4 ,coast of ,australia they have been recorded during ,december1 ,january and ,february4 ,,rules ,,for ,,trimming ,,the ,,ship ,,in ,a ,,hurricane4 ,piddington long ago said3 8,that all positive rules tend to mislead40 ,every ship must have its own peculiar management depending on the four great elements of the problem1 which are-- #a4 ,the ship and her sea room4 #b4 ,the track of the cyclone4 #c4 ,its rate of traveling4 #d4 ,the ship's run and drift4 ,while1 on the part of the commander1 caution and watchfulness are essentially requisite1 still all the circumstances being favorable1 rules may be given in a very brief compass for trimming a vessel to the hurricane winds4 ,these are embodied in the following tables4 ,where the directions of the wind vane1 as set down in the first column are tangents to the whirlwind in its course1 these indicate the quarter from which the storm sets in4 ,the points of the compass in the second column show the position of the storm's center as regards the vessel4 ,the fourth column gives the direction in which to steer when the wind shifts as indicated in the third column2 but if it shifts as indicated in the fifth column1 then bear away as told in the sixth column4 ,i4--,,for ,,the ,,northern ,,hemisphere4 ,direction of wind ,if the ,and the wind ,but if the at commencem't center shifts from ,steer wind shifts of storm 7or vortex7 from ,bears ,north4 ,east4 ,n to ,w ,south4 ,n to ,e ,n by ,e ,e by ,s ,n by ,e to ,n ,s by ,w ,n by ,e to ,e ,,nne ,,ese ,,nne to ,n ,,ssw ,,nne to ,e ,,ne by ,n ,,se by ,e ,,ne by ,n to ,n ,,sw by ,s ,,ne by ,n to ,e ,,ne ,,se ,,ne to ,n ,,sw ,,ne to ,e ,,ne by ,e ,,se by ,s ,,ne by ,e to ,n ,,sw by ,w ,,ne by ,e to ,e ,,ene ,,sse ,,ene to ,n ,,wsw ,,ene to ,e ,e by ,n ,s by ,e ,e by ,n to ,n ,w by ,s ,e by ,n to ,e ,east4 ,south4 ,e to ,n ,west4 ,e to ,s ,e by ,s ,s by ,w ,e by ,s to ,e ,w by ,n ,e by ,s to ,s ,,ese ,,ssw ,,ese to ,e ,,wnw ,,ese to ,s ,,se by ,e ,,sw by ,s ,,se by ,e to ,e ,,nw by ,w ,,se by ,e to ,s ,,se ,,sw ,,se to ,e ,,nw ,,se to ,s ,,se by ,s ,,sw by ,w ,,se by ,s to ,e ,,nw by ,n ,,se by ,s to ,s ,,sse ,,wsw ,,sse to ,e ,,nnw ,,sse to ,s ,s by ,e ,w by ,s ,s by ,e to ,e ,n by ,w ,s by ,e to ,s ,south4 ,west4 ,s to ,e ,north4 ,s to ,w ,s by ,w ,w by ,n ,s by ,w to ,s ,n by ,e ,s by ,w to ,w ,,ssw ,,wnw ,,ssw to ,s ,,nne ,,ssw to ,w ,,sw by ,s ,,nw by ,w ,,sw by ,s to ,s ,,ne by ,n ,,sw by ,s to ,w ,,sw ,,nw ,,sw to ,s ,,ne ,,sw to ,w ,transcriber's ,note3 stands for3 8,put the ship on the ,starboard ,tack40 ,printed vertically in #fth column4 ,,ii4--,,for ,,the ,,southern ,,hemisphere4 ,direction of wind ,if the ,and the wind ,but if the at commencem't center shifts from ,steer wind shifts of storm 7or vortex7 from ,bears ,south4 ,east4 ,s to ,w ,north4 ,s to ,e ,s by ,e ,e by ,n ,s by ,e to ,s ,n by ,w ,s by ,e to ,e ,,sse ,,ene ,,sse to ,s ,,nnw ,,sse to ,e ,,se by ,s ,,ne by ,e ,,se by ,s to ,s ,,nw by ,n ,,se by ,s to ,e ,,se ,,ne ,,se to ,s ,,nw ,,se to ,e ,,se by ,e ,,ne by ,n ,,se by ,e to ,s ,,nw by ,w ,,se by ,e to ,e ,,ese ,,nne ,,ese to ,s ,,wnw ,,ese to ,e ,e by ,s ,n by ,e ,e by ,s to ,s ,w by ,n ,e by ,s to ,e ,east4 ,north4 ,e to ,s ,west4 ,e to ,n ,e by ,n ,n by ,w ,e by ,n to ,e ,w by ,s ,e by ,n to ,n ,,ene ,,nnw ,,ene to ,e ,,wsw ,,ene to ,n ,,ne by ,e ,,nw by ,n ,,ne by ,e to ,e ,,sw by ,w ,,ne by ,e to ,n ,,ne ,,nw ,,ne to ,e ,,sw ,,ne to ,n ,,ne by ,n ,,nw by ,w ,,ne by ,n to ,e ,,sw by ,s ,,ne by ,n to ,n ,,nne ,,wnw ,,nne to ,e ,,ssw ,,nne to ,n ,n by ,e ,w by ,n ,n by ,e to ,e ,s by ,w ,n by ,e to ,n ,north4 ,west4 ,n to ,e ,south4 ,n to ,w ,n by ,w ,w by ,s ,n by ,w to ,n ,s by ,e ,n by ,w to ,w ,,nnw ,,wsw ,,nnw to ,n ,,sse ,,nnw to ,w ,,nw by ,n ,,sw by ,w ,,nw by ,n to ,n ,,se by ,s ,,nw by ,n to ,w ,,nw ,,sw ,,nw to ,n ,,se ,,nw to ,w ,transcriber's ,note3 stands for3 8,put the ship on the ,starboard ,tack40 ,printed vertically in #fth column4 ,,admiral ,,fitzroy',s ,,instructions ,,on ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,the ,,barometer ,,in ,,north ,,latitude4 ,,the ,,barometer ,,rises3 ,for northerly wind 7including from ,n4 ,w4 by the north to the eastward71 for dry1 or less wet weather1 for less wind1 or for more than one of these changes--except on a few occasions when rain 7or snow7 comes from the northward1 with strong wind4 ,a ,,thermometer ,,falls3 ,for change of wind towards any of the above directions4 ,,the ,,barometer ,,falls3 ,for southerly wind 7including from ,s4 ,e4 by the south to the westward7 for wet weather1 for stronger wind1 or for more than one of these changes--except on a few occasions when moderate wind with rain 7or snow7 comes from the northward4 ,a ,,thermometer ,,rises3 ,for change of wind towards the upper directions only4 ,moisture or dampness in the air 7shown by a hygrometer7 increases before or with rain1 fog or dew4 ,on ,barometer ,scales the following ,and the following ,summary may contractions may be useful in be useful generally throughout in ,north ,latitudes4 the world4 ,rise for ,fall for ,rise for ,fall for ,,ne by ,,nw-,n-,e ,,sw by ,,se-,s-,w ,cold1 dry or ,warm1 wet or ,dry or less ,wet or more less wind more wind wind--except wind--except --except wet --except wet wet from ,,ne wet from ,,ne from cold side4 from cold side4 ,in south latitudes substitute south or southward for north1 northward1 etc4 ,,advertising ,,supplement ,,thomas ,,tennent1 ,,chronometer --,,and-- ,,nautical ,,instrument ,,maker1 ,,battery ,,street1 ,,opposite ,,the ,,custom ,,house1 ,,san ,,francisco4 ,,established ,,in #ahej4 ,,depot ,,for ,u4 ,s4 ,government ,chronometers4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,agency ,,for ,government ,charts of ,pacific ,coast and ,harbors4 ,,chronometers carefully rated by ,,transit ,,observations4 ,repairs or ,cleaning of ,,chronometers1 ,,watches or ,,nautical ,,instruments executed in the best manner1 under his personal supervision1 and perfect satisfaction guaranteed4 ,a full supply constantly kept of ,,charts of all parts of the world1 ,,nautical ,,books1 ,,nautical ,,instruments1 etc41 etc4 ,no ,runners ,employed4 ,orders left at the store promptly attended to4 ,,james ,,curtis ,,co41 ,,marine ,,drug ,,store4 ,,wholesale ,,and ,,retail ,,druggists1 ,corner ,stewart and ,market ,streets1 ,,san ,,francisco4 ,particular attention paid to replenishing ,,ships' ,,medicine ,,chests with ,,pure ,,medicine4 ,a good assortment of ,medicine ,chests always on hand and for sale at reasonable prices4 ,also1 ,,pure ,,wines ,,and ,,liquors1 ,of our own importation1 for sale in large or small quantities4 ,,james ,,curtis ,,co4 ,merchants' ,mutual ,marine ,insurance ,company ,,of ,,san ,,francisco4 ,,organized ,april #h1 #ahfc4 ,,capital1 ,,paid ,,up #ejj1jjj4 ,office--#djf ,california ,street1 ,san ,francisco4 ,,no ,,fire ,,risks ,disconnected with ,marine ,insured by this ,company4 ,,losses ,,paid ,,promptly ,,in ,u4 ,s4 ,,gold ,,coin4 ,,board ,,of ,,directors4--,c4 ,l4 ,taylor1 ,f4 ,roeding1 ,isaac ,e4 ,davis1 ,j4 ,b4 ,scotchler1 ,a4 ,m4 ,simson1 ,james ,irvine1 ,jabez ,howes1 ,a4 ,l4 ,tubbs1 ,c4 ,adolphe ,low1 ,w4 ,j4 ,adams1 ,r4 ,e4 ,raimond1 ,james ,p4 ,flint1 ,h4 ,b4 ,williams4 ,j4 ,b4 ,,scotchler1 ,president1 ,,jabez ,,howes1 ,vice-,president4 ,e4 ,w4 ,,bourne1 ,secretary1 ,this ,company is ,engaged ,exclusively in ,marine ,insurance4 ,,fire ,,and ,,marine4 ,,all ,,losses ,,paid ,,in ,,united ,,states ,,gold ,,coin4 ,,the ,,california ,,insurance ,,company1 ,office1 #cah ,california ,street1 ,three doors east from ,sansome ,san ,francisco4 ,capital paid up1 #bjj1jjj4 ,assets1 #cji1jjj4 ,c4 ,t4 ,,hopkins1 ,pres4 ,h4 ,b4 ,,tichenor1 ,vice-,pres4 ,z4 ,,crowell1 ,secretary4 ,,blakiston ,,berwick1 ,sail ,makers1 ,no4 #f ,clay ,street1 near ,east1 ,,san ,,francisco4 ,sails1 ,tents1 ,awnings1 etc41 ,made to order4 ,,sails ,,repaired1 ,,bought ,,and ,,sold4 ,materials furnished at the ,lowest ,market ,prices4 ,work done with dispatch--neatly1 substantially1 and on the most reasonable terms4 ,orders ,respectfully ,solicited and ,promptly ,attended to4 ,w4 ,s4 ,,phelps ,,co4 ,ship ,smiths1 #ac and #ae ,drumm street1 7,bet4 ,sacramento and ,california7 ,,san ,,francisco4 ,,all ,,kinds ,,of ,ship and ,steamboat ,blacksmithing ,executed at the shortest notice1 ,and on the most ,reasonable ,terms4 ,,san ,,francisco ,screw ,bolt ,works1 ,,phelps ,,brothers1 ,propr's1 ,manufacturers of all kinds of ,,machine ,,bolts1 ,,bridge ,,bolts1 ,,ship ,,or ,,band ,,bolts1 ,sets of ,car ,bolts1 ,set ,screws or ,tap ,bolts1 ,lag ,screws1 ,wrought or ,cold ,punched ,nuts1 ,turn buckles1 ,bolt ,ends1 ,etc41 ,etc4 #ac and #ae ,,drumm ,,street1 ,,san ,,francisco4 ,j4 ,,chadbourne',s ,steam ,ship ,bread ,,and ,,cracker ,,bakery1 ,manufactory1 ,oregon street1 between ,front and ,davis1 ,office1 #dda ,,jackson ,,street1 ,,san ,,francisco1 ,,cal4 ,,all ,,orders ,,for ,pilot and ,navy ,bread and ,crackers1 ,of every description promptly attended to4 ,,baker',s ,,extra ,,superfine ,,flour ,,for ,,sale4 ,,the ,,pacific ,,pump ,,manufacturing ,,company ,no4 #bac ,california street1 ,san ,francisco4 ,,the ,,american ,,submerged ,ship ,pump4 ,,boston1 ,january #ag1 #ahfh4 ,,gents--,i have with great interest examined your ,american ,submerged ,ship ,pump in full operation4 ,i consider it the best ,pump ,i have ever seen1 as to the steady and large volume of water delivered1 its simplicity1 and great labor saved1 which is the desideratum on ship board4 ,no clapper getting off4 ,no packing4 ,no drawing of boxes to clear the clapper1 and placed below freezing point4 ,as to force and head pumps on board ship1 it cannot be equalled4 ,it is the pump4 ,my opinion is based upon over half a century's experience on shipboard4 ,,john ,,devereux1 ,surveyor ,american ,lloyds4 ,,the ,,california ,dry ,dock ,company1 ,san ,francisco1 ,california1 ,u4 ,s4 ,notice to ,ship ,owners1 ,agents1 ,consignees1 and ,masters ,,the ,,company',s ,,dry ,,docks1 ,situate at ,,hunter',s ,,point1 ,san ,francisco1 are now completed and in successful operation1 and afford every facility for the ,docking and ,repair of all classes of ,,steam and ,,sailing ,,vessels4 ,,the ,,graving ,,dock1 ,excavated in the solid rock1 and finished in the most substantial manner1 is of the following dimensions3 ,extreme length1 #dej feet1 length on blocks1 #daf feet2 width at the top1 #abj feet2 depth1 #cj feet2 width at entrance1 #ij feet4 ,at mean high tide will take in a ship drawing #bb feet without lightening4 ,this ,dock is fitted with a ,caisson ,gate1 and is supplied with two powerful ,centrifugal ,steam ,pumps1 capable of pumping out the dock in two hours4 ,,the ,,floating ,,dry ,,dock1 ,will receive vessels of #aejj tons measurement and under4 ,the ,dock is #hb feet in width1 and #baj feet in length2 is built of the soundest ,oregon ,pine1 thoroughly braced and bolted1 and is furnished with all the requisites for ,docking a ,ship successfully4 ,vessels taken up at all stages of the tide4 ,the ,company feel warranted in stating that ,repairs on ,vessels can be made as advantageously in ,san ,francisco in respect to cost of materials and labor as in any other part of the world4 ,for particulars1 address ,,james ,,pollock1 ,supt41 ,san ,francisco1 ,california1 ,u4 ,s4 ,,judd ,,whelan1 ,,shipwrights1 ,,caulkers1 --,,and-- ,spar ,makers4 ,,refer ,,to ,shedd ,farran2 ,major ,james ,t4 ,hoyt4 ,quartermaster's ,department2 ,lester ,co41 ,shipping ,office2 ,simmons1 ,rowe ,co4 ,yard--on ,vallejo ,street1 ,between ,front and ,davis1 ,,san ,,francisco4 ,c4 ,,moss4 ,d4 ,,beadle4 ,,moss ,,beadle1 ,,commission ,,merchants1 #cbf ,,davis ,,street1 ,corner of ,washington1 ,,san ,,francisco4 ,,jackson',s ,,pacific ,,hotel1 ,pacific st41 bet4 ,front and ,davis1 ,,san ,,francisco4 ,,to ,,the ,,public4 ,no ,cure4 ,no ,pay4 ,medical and ,surgical ,institute1 ,established in #ahej1 by ,,dr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,,young1 7,formerly ,professor of the ,university1 ,penn47 ,no4 #fah ,sacramento st41 bet4 ,montgomery and ,kearny1 ,,san ,,francisco1 ,,cal4 ,consultation by letter or otherwise1 free4 ,the ,doctor can be consulted privately1 and with the utmost confidence1 by the afflicted1 at all hours1 daily1 from #i ,a4,m4 until #h ,p4,m4 ,cures always guaranteed1 or no pay required4 ,seminal ,weakness4 ,i am aware that by dwelling upon so uninviting a subject as the decay of manly vigor through the loss of the vital principle of life1 the ignorant may asperse my motive2 but the desire to point out to those who suffer1 languish and decay1 the true cause of their afflictions is too great an incentive to be forced into abeyance4 ,how extended the terrible disease of ,seminal ,weakness is1 no one but the practical specialist1 who devotes his time to its treatment can tell2 but its presence can be detected by the most inexperienced by noting the following symptoms3 ,weakness of the back and limbs2 languishing feelings2 loss of muscular power2 nervousness2 irritability2 cold feet and hands1 accompanied by hot head2 symptoms of consumption2 short breath2 flushings of the face2 aversion in society2 confusion of the mind2 loss of memory2 nightly emissions2 colorless1 slight discharges upon the least excitement2 palpitation of the heart2 irregular appetite2 variable temper1 etc41 etc4 ,to the ,afflicted there is hope and certainty of relief and cure4 ,thousands are annually cured1 without hindrance from business or change of diet4 ,the directions are readily followed4 ,even a man's most intimate companion cannot suspect of his being treated4 ,persons afflicted living in the interior1 can1 by stating fully in a letter their symptoms1 receive advice and remedies at home4 ,important to ,persons ,afflicted with ,venereal4 ,there are no maladies1 either in a medical or moral point of view1 worse than those arising from the contamination of ,,venereal ,,poison4 ,none are more terrible in their effects1 or more disastrous in their results4 ,,mercury will not cure ,,venereal1 ,,but ,,dries ,,on ,,the ,,surface1 ,,to ,,allow ,,it ,,to ,,poison ,,and ,,destroy ,,the ,,blood1 ,,to ,,re-,,appear ,,in ,,hideous ,,marks ,,upon ,,the ,,body1 and in the throat1 mouth and nose4 ,having treated a great number of nautical men1 the ,doctor fully understands their peculiar requirements1 and the medicines prescribed do not interfere with their occupation4 ,all letters should be addressed1 ,dr4 ,,benj4 ,f4 ,,josselyn1 ,m4 ,d4 #fah ,sacramento street1 between ,montgomery and ,kearny1 ,san ,francisco4 ,box #gce4 ,,american ,,and ,,foreign ,,patent ,,agents4 ,mining and ,scientific ,press4 ,,published ,,every ,,saturday1 ,at ,no4 #dad ,clay ,street1 ,san ,francisco4 ,if you are an ,inventor1 ,patentee1 ,miner1 ,farmer1 ,manufacturer1 ,mechanic1 or a progressive ,student or ,artisan in any ,industrial or ,professional ,calling in the ,pacific ,states or ,territories1 you are doing yourself irreparable injustice1 if not already a subscriber and reader of the ,,mining ,,and ,,scientific ,,press4 ,it contains hints and information enough to repay the subscription price many times in a single month4 ,its columns are filled with instructive reading in plain1 comprehensible and attractive form to minds of ordinary intelligence4 ,it contains #af pages and #fd columns of the size of ,harpers's ,weekly1 and is the best printed and most valuable paper on the western half of the continent4 ,all claims of patents issued to inventors on this coast are reported4 ,illustrations of new machinery are given each week4 ,descriptions of new inventions and discoveries throughout the world1 are given1 with fresh and comprehensive information of scientific developments and mechanical and industrial progress1 which cannot be obtained from books1 or readily found gathered in so convenient a form elsewhere4 ,subscribe now1 and you will not regret it4 ,,patent ,,agency4 ,messrs4 ,,dewey ,,co41 ,publishers of the ,,mining ,,and ,,scientific ,,press1 the only well established successful ,patent ,agents west of the ,rocky ,mountains1 give ,inventors and ,patentees honest and reliable advice1 free4 ,the ,patent ,business in all its legitimate branches is transacted by us intelligently and skillfully1 in an able and straightforward manner4 ,patents secured in ,,every ,,country ,,in ,,the ,,world where ,patent ,laws exist4 ,being long established1 and transacting a large business1 our appointments are thorough throughout1 safe1 prompt and responsible4 ,consultations by letter or otherwise1 are kept inviolately secret4 ,circulars containing ,illustrated ,mechanical ,movements1 and ,,hints ,,and ,,information ,,for ,,inventors ,,and ,,patentees1 sent free4 ,,dewey ,,co41 ,patent ,agents1 ,publishers and ,engravers1 #dad ,clay street1 below ,sansome1 ,san ,francisco4 ,,spaulding ,,barto1 ,book and ,job ,,printers1 7,mining and ,scientific ,press ,office17 #dad ,clay ,street1 ,san ,francisco4