,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,spiritual ,,activity ,a ,mod]n ,philosophy ( ,life ,develop$ by ,sci5tific ,me?ods ,by ,,rudolf ,,/e9] ,ph4,d4 7,vi5na7 ,be+ an ,enl>g$ & ,revis$ ,edition ( ,! ,philosophy ( ,fre$om1 toge!r ) ! ,orig9al ,!sis on ,tru? & ,sci5ce ,,au?oriz$ ,,translation ,,by ,pr(essor ,mrs4 ,r4 ,f4 ,,alfr$ ,,ho]nl ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons ,london ,new ,york ,,editor',s ,,note ,! foll[+ pages are a translation ( ,dr4 ,/e9]'s ,philosophie d] ,freiheit1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ,g]many "s tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,! edition 0 soon exhau/$1 & has nev] be5 repr9t$2 copies are mu* s\ght aft] b v difficult to obta94 ,! popul>ity ( ,dr4 ,/e9]'s lat] works ^u e?ics1 my/icism1 & k9dr$ subjects has caus$ p to =get 8 e>li] "w ^u philosophy 9 spite ( ! fact t he makes frequ5t ref]5ces to ?is book & x conta9s ! g]ms ( :i* _m ( 8 pres5t views are ! logical outcome4 ,= ! above reasons1 & ) ! au?or's sanction1 ,i h decid$ to publi% a translation4 ,i h _h ! good =tune to h be5 able to secure z jo9t translators ,mrs4 ,ho]nl1 :o1 aft] graduat+ 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 cont9u$ h] /udies 9 ! ,univ]sities ( ,cambridge1 ,leipzig1 ,p>is1 & ,bonn1 & h] husb&1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,f4 ,alfr$ ,ho]nl1 ,assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy at ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 ,u4,s4,a41 =m]ly ,j5kyns ,exhibition]1 ,balliol ,college1 ,ox=d1 _! ?or\gh k ( philosophy & _! complete comm& ( ! ,g]man & ,engli% languages enabl+ !m to ov]come ! difficulty ( f9d+ adequate ,engli% equival5ts = ! t]ms ( ,g]man ,philosophy4 ,i am glad to seize ?is opportunity ( ackn[l$g+ my indebt$ness to ^! two1 )\t :om ?is publication c\ld n h be5 und]tak54 ,,h>ry ,,collison4 ,m>* #aiaf4 ,,editor',s ,,note ,,to ,,second ,,edition ,9 #aiah ,dr4 ,/e9] publi%$ a revis$ edition ( ! ,philosophie d] ,freiheit4 ,= ! translation ( ! new passages add$ to1 & ( ! incid5tal *anges made 91 ?is revis$ edition ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,ho]nl1 n[ ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy 9 ! ,arm/rong ,college 7,newca/le-^u-,tyne71 ,univ]sity ( ,durham4 ,at ! au?or's reque/ ,i h *ang$ ! title to ,philosophy ( ,spiritual ,activity1 & ?r\gh\t ! entire "w fre$om %\ld be tak5 to mean spiritual activity4 ,dr4 ,/e9]'s ,ph4 ,d4 ,!sis on ,tru? & ,sci5ce1 orig9ally publi%$ z a prelude to ,! ,philosophy ( ,fre$om1 has1 ) 8 cons5t1 be5 translat$ = ?is edition & be5 add$ at ! end ( ?is volume4 ,h4 ,c4 ,m>* #aiba4 ,,cont5ts ,,*ap4 ,,page ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,revis$ ,,edition 7#aiah7 ,,xi ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,fre$om ,i ,,consci\s ,,human ,,action #a ,,ii ,,:y ,,! ,,desire ,,= ,,k ,,is ,,fundam5tal #ad ,,iii ,,?\ght ,,z ,,! ,,in/rum5t ,,( ,,k #bd ,,iv ,,! ,,_w ,,z ,,p]cept #dh ,v ,,our ,,k ,,( ,,! ,,_w #gc ,,vi ,,human ,,individuality #aja ,,vii ,,are ,,!re ,,limits ,,to ,,k8 #aji ,,! ,,reality ,,( ,,fre$om ,,viii ,,! ,,factors ,,( ,,life #acg ,,ix ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,fre$om #adf ,x ,,monism ,,& ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,spiritual ,,activity #agh ,,xi ,,_w-,,purpose ,,& ,,life-,,purpose 7,,! ,,de/9y ,,( ,,man7 #aij ,,xii ,,moral ,,imag9ation 7,,d>w9 ,,& ,,morality7 #aih ,,xiii ,,! ,,value ,,( ,,life 7,,optimism ,,& ,,pessimism7 #bac ,,xiv ,,! ,,individual ,,& ,,! ,,g5us #bej ,,ultimate ,,que/ions ,,xv ,,! ,,consequ5ces ,,( ,,monism #bei ,,tru? ,,& ,,sci5ce ,i ,,prelim9>y ,,obs]vations #bgg ,,ii ,,! ,,fundam5tal ,,problem ,,( ,,kant',s ,,!ory ,,( ,,k #bhj ,,iii ,,!ory ,,( ,,k ,,s9ce ,,kant #bia ,,iv ,,! ,,/>t+-,,po9ts ,,( ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,k #cjd ,v ,,k ,,& ,,reality #cai ,,vi ,,!ory ,,( ,,k ,,)\t ,,presuppositions ,,v]sus ,,fi*te',s ,,!ory ,,( ,,sci5ce #cbi ,,vii ,,conclud+ ,,rem>ks3 ,,epi/emological #cdg ,,viii ,,conclud+ ,,rem>ks3 ,,practical #cea ,,app5dices ,i ,,addition ,,to ,,revis$ ,,edition ,,( ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,fre$om #aiah #ceg ,,ii ,,revis$ ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,fre$om #cfh ,,iii ,,preface ,,to ,,orig9al ,,edition ,,( ,,tru? ,,& ,,sci5ce #cgd ,,iv ,,introduction ,,to ,,orig9al ,,edition ,,( ,,tru? ,,& ,,sci5ce #cha ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,revis$ ,,edition 7#aiah7 ,!re are two fundam5tal problems 9 ! life ( ! human m9d1 to "o or o!r ( :i* ev]y?+ belongs t is to be discuss$ 9 ?is book4 ,"o ( ^! problems conc]ns ! possibility ( atta9+ to su* a view ( ! ess5tial nature ( man z w s]ve z a support = :atev] else comes into 8 life by way ( exp]i5ce or ( sci5ce1 & yet is subject to ! suspicion ( hav+ no support 9 itself & ( be+ liable to be driv51 by d\bt & criticism1 into ! limbo ( unc]ta9ties4 ,! o!r problem is ?is3 ,is man1 z volunt>y ag5t1 entitl$ to attribute fre$om to himself1 or is fre$om a m]e illusion begott5 ( 8 inability to recognise ! ?reads ( necessity on :i* 8 volition1 l any natural ev5t1 dep5ds8 ,x is no artificial tissue ( !ories :i* provokes ?is "q4 ,9 a c]ta9 mood x pres5ts itself q naturally to ! human m9d4 ,& x is easy to feel t a m9d lacks some?+ ( its full /ature :i* has nev] once confront$ ) ! utmo/ s]i\sness ( inquiry ! two possibilities--fre$om or necessity4 ,?is book is int5d$ to %[ t ! spiritual exp]i5ces :i* ! second problem causes man to und]go1 dep5d ^u ! position he is able to take up t[>ds ! fir/ problem4 ,an attempt w be made to prove t !re is a view conc]n+ ! ess5tial nature ( man :i* c support ! re/ ( k2 &1 fur!r1 an attempt to po9t out h[ ) ?is view we ga9 a complete ju/ification = ! idea ( free w1 provid$ only t we h fir/ discov]$ t region ( ! m9d 9 :i* free volition c unfold itself4 ,! view to :i* we "h ref] is "o :i*1 once ga9$1 is capable ( becom+ "p & p>cel ( ! v life ( ! m9d itself4 ,! answ] giv5 to ! two problems w n be ( ! purely !oretical sort :i*1 once ma/]$1 may be c>ri$ ab\t z a m]e piece ( memory-k4 ,su* an answ] w\ld1 = ! :ole mann] ( ?9k+ adopt$ 9 ?is book1 be no real answ] at all4 ,! book w n give a f9i%$ & complete answ] ( ?is sort1 b po9t to a field ( spiritual exp]i5ce 9 :i* man's own inw>d spiritual activity supplies a liv+ answ] to ^! que/ions1 z (t5 z he ne$s "o4 ,:oev] has once discov]$ ! region ( ! m9d :]e ^! que/ions arise1 w f9d precisely 9 8 actual acqua9tance ) ?is region all t he ne$s = ! solution ( 8 two problems4 ,) ! k ?us acquir$ he may !n1 z desire or fate dictate1 adv5ture fur!r into ! bread?s & dep?s ( ?is unfa?omable life ( ours4 ,?us x w\ld appe> t !re is a k9d ( k :i* proves its ju/ification & validity by its own inn] life z well z by ! k9%ip ( its own life ) ! :ole life ( ! human m9d4 ,?is is h[ ,i conceiv$ ! cont5ts ( ?is book :5 ,i fir/ wrote x tw5ty-five ye>s ago4 ,to-day1 once aga91 ,i h to set d[n simil> s5t5ces if ,i am to *>act]ise ! lead+ ?\ghts ( my book4 ,at ! orig9al writ+ ,i cont5t$ myself ) say+ no m ?an 0 9 ! /ricte/ s5se connect$ ) ! fundam5tal problems :i* ,i h outl9$4 ,if anyone %\ld be a/oni%$ at n f9d+ 9 ?is book z yet any ref]5ce to t region ( ! _w ( spiritual exp]i5ce ( :i* ,i h giv5 an acc\nt 9 my lat] writ+s1 ,i w\ld ask him to be> 9 m9d t x 0 n my purpose at t "t to set d[n ! results ( spiritual rese>*1 b fir/ to lay ! f\ndations on :i* su* results c re/4 ,! ,philosophy ( ,spiritual ,activity conta9s no special results ( ?is spiritual sort1 z little z x conta9s special results ( ! natural sci5ces4 ,b :at x does conta9 is1 9 my judgm5t1 indisp5sable = anyone :o desires a secure f\ndation = su* k4 ,:at ,i h said 9 ?is book may be acceptable ev5 to "s :o1 = reasons ( _! own1 refuse to h any?+ to d ) ! results ( my rese>*es into ! ,spiritual ,realm4 ,b anyone :o f9ds some?+ to attract him 9 my inquiries into ! ,spiritual ,realm may well appreciate ! importance ( :at ,i 0 "h try+ to d4 ,x is ?is3 to %[ t op5-m9d$ consid]ation simply ( ! two problems :i* ,i h indicat$ & :i* are fundam5tal = all k1 leads to ! view t man lives 9 ! mid/ ( a g5u9e ,spiritual ,_w4 ,! aim ( ?is book is to demon/rate1 prior to our entry ^u spiritual exp]i5ce1 t k ( ! ,spiritual ,_w is a fact4 ,?is demon/ration is s conduct$ t x is nev] necess>y1 9 ord] to accept ! pres5t argum5ts1 to ca/ furtive glances at ! exp]i5ces on :i* ,i h dwelt 9 my lat] writ+s4 ,all t is necess>y is t ! read] %\ld be will+ & able to adapt himself to ! mann] ( ! pres5t discussions4 ,?us x seems to me t 9 "o s5se ?is book occupies a position completely indep5d5t ( my writ+s on /rictly spiritual matt]s4 ,yet 9 ano!r s5se x seems to be mo/ intimately connect$ ) !m4 ,^! consid]ations h mov$ me n[1 aft] a lapse ( tw5ty-five ye>s1 to re-publi% ! cont5ts ( ?is book 9 ! ma9 )\t ess5tial alt]ations4 ,i h only made additions ( "s l5g? to a numb] ( *apt]s4 ,! misund]/&+s ( my argum5t ) :i* ,i h met seem$ to make ^! m detail$ elaborations necess>y4 ,actual *anges ( text h be5 made by me only :]e x seem$ to me n[ t ,i _h said clumsily :at ,i meant to say a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago4 7,only malice c\ld f9d 9 ^! *anges occasion to sugge/ t ,i h *ang$ my fundam5tal conviction47 ,= _m ye>s my book has be5 out ( pr9t4 ,9 spite ( ! fact1 :i* is app>5t f :at ,i h j said1 t my utt]ances ( tw5ty-five ye>s ago ab\t ^! problems /ill seem to me j z relevant today1 ,i hesitat$ a long "t ab\t ! completion ( ?is revis$ edition4 ,aga9 & aga9 ,i h ask$ myself :e!r ,i ought n1 at ?is po9t or t1 to def9e my position t[>ds ! num]\s philosophical !ories :i* h be5 put =w>d s9ce ! publication ( ! fir/ edition4 ,yet my preoccupation 9 rec5t ye>s ) rese>*es into ! purely ,spiritual ,realm prev5t$ my do+ z ,i c\ld h wi%$4 ,h[ev]1 a survey1 z ?or\gh z ,i c\ld make x1 ( ! philosophical lit]ature ( ! pres5t day has conv9c$ me t su* a critical discussion1 allur+ ?\gh x w\ld be 9 itself1 w\ld be out ( place 9 ! context ( :at my book has to say4 ,all t1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! ,philosophy ( ,spiritual ,activity1 x seem$ to me necess>y to say ab\t rec5t philosophical t5d5cies may be f\nd 9 ! second volume ( my ,riddles ( ,philosophy4 ,,rudolf ,,/e9]4 ,april #aiah4 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,fre$om ,i ,,consci\s ,,human ,,action ,is man free 9 action & ?\ght1 or is he b\nd by an iron necessity8 ,!re are few que/ions on :i* s mu* +5uity has be5 exp5d$4 ,! idea ( fre$om has f\nd en?usia/ic support]s & /ubborn oppon5ts 9 pl5ty4 ,!re are ^? :o1 9 _! moral f]v\r1 label anyone a man ( limit$ intellig5ce :o c d5y s pat5t a fact z fre$om4 ,oppos$ to !m are o!rs :o reg>d x z ! acme ( unsci5tific ?9k+ = anyone to believe t ! uni=mity ( natural law is brok5 9 ! sph]e ( human action & ?\ght4 ,"o & ! same ?+ is ?us proclaim$1 n[ z ! mo/ preci\s possession ( humanity1 n[ z its mo/ fatal illusion4 ,inf9ite subtlety has be5 employ$ to expla9 h[ human fre$om c be consi/5t ) det]m9ism 9 nature ( :i* man1 aft] all1 is a "p4 ,o!rs h be5 at no less pa9s to expla9 h[ su* a delusion z ?is c\ld h aris54 ,t we are deal+ "h ) "o ( ! mo/ important que/ions = life1 religion1 conduct1 sci5ce1 mu/ be cle> to e "o ^: mo/ prom95t trait ( "* is n ! rev]se ( ?or\ghness4 ,x is "o ( ! sad signs ( ! sup]ficiality ( pres5t-day ?\ght1 t a book :i* attempts to develop a new fai? out ( ! results ( rec5t sci5tific rese>* 7,david ,fri$ri* ,/rauss1 ,d] alte und neue ,glaube71 has no?+ m to say on ?is "q ?an ^! words3 ,) ! "q ( ! fre$om ( ! human w we are n conc]n$4 ,! alleg$ fre$om ( indiff]5t *oice has be5 recognis$ z an empty illusion by e philosophy wor?y ( ! "n4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! moral value ( human conduct & "* rema9s unt\*$ by ?is problem4 ,x is n because ,i consid] t ! book 9 :i* x occurs has any special importance t ,i quote ?is passage1 b because x seems to me to express ! only view to :i* ! ?\ght ( ! majority ( our contempor>ies is able to rise 9 ?is matt]4 ,e "o :o has gr[n beyond ! k9d]g>t5-/age ( sci5ce appe>s to "k n[adays t fre$om _c consi/ 9 *oos+1 at "o's pleasure1 "o or o!r ( two possible c\rses ( action4 ,!re is always1 s we are told1 a p]fectly def9ite reason :y1 out ( sev]al possible actions1 we c>ry out j "o & no o!r4 ,?is seems q obvi\s4 ,nev]!less1 d[n to ! pres5t day1 ! ma9 attacks ( ! oppon5ts ( fre$om are direct$ only aga9/ fre$om ( *oice4 ,ev5 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 9 fact1 ^: doctr9es are ga9+ gr\nd daily1 says1 ,t e "o is at lib]ty to desire or n to desire1 :i* is ! real proposition involv$ 9 ! dogma ( free w1 is negativ$ z mu* by ! analysis ( consci\sness1 z by ! cont5ts ( ! prec$+ *apt]s 7,! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 ,"p ,,iv1 *ap4 ix1 p>4 #bai74 ,o!rs1 too1 />t f ! same po9t ( view 9 combat+ ! concept ( free w4 ,! g]ms ( all ! relevant argum5ts are to be f\nd z e>ly z ,sp9oza4 ,all t he br\ght =w>d 9 cle> & simple language aga9/ ! idea ( fre$om has s9ce be5 repeat$ times )\t numb]1 b z a rule envelop$ 9 ! mo/ sophi/icat$ argum5ts1 s t x is difficult to recognise ! /raight=w>d tra9 ( ?\ght :i* is alone 9 "q4 ,sp9oza writes 9 a lett] ( ,octob] or ,novemb]1 #afgd1 ,i call a ?+ free :i* exi/s & acts f ! pure necessity ( its nature1 & ,i call t unfree1 ( :i* ! be+ & action are precisely & fix$ly det]m9$ by some?+ else4 ,?us1 e4g41 ,god1 ?\gh necess>y1 is free because he exi/s only ?r\gh ! necessity ( 8 own nature4 ,simil>ly1 ,god kn[s himself & all else z free1 because x foll[s solely f ! necessity ( 8 nature t he kn[s all4 ,y see1 !re=e1 t = me fre$om consi/s n 9 free decision1 b 9 free necessity4 ,b let u come d[n to creat$ ?+s :i* are all det]m9$ by ext]nal causes to exi/ & to act 9 a fix$ & def9ite mann]4 ,to p]ceive ?is m cle>ly1 let u imag9e a p]fectly simple case4 ,a /one1 = example1 receives f an ext]nal cause act+ ^u x a c]ta9 quantity ( motion1 by reason ( :i* x necess>ily cont9ues to move1 aft] ! impact ( ! ext]nal cause has ceas$4 ,! cont9u$ motion ( ! /one is due to compulsion1 n to ! necessity ( its own nature1 because x requires to be def9$ by ! impact ( an ext]nal cause4 ,:at is true "h = ! /one is true also = e o!r p>ticul> ?+1 h[ev] complicat$ & _m-sid$ x may be1 namely1 t ev]y?+ is necess>ily det]m9$ by ext]nal causes to exi/ & to act 9 a fix$ & def9ite mann]4 ,n[1 pray1 assume t ?is /one dur+ its motion ?9ks & kn[s t x is /riv+ to ! be/ ( its p[] to cont9ue 9 motion4 ,?is /one :i* is consci\s only ( its /riv+ & is by no means indiff]5t1 w believe t x is absolutely free1 & t x cont9ues 9 motion = no o!r reason ?an its own w to cont9ue4 ,n[ ?is is t human fre$om :i* ev]ybody claims to possess & :i* consi/s 9 no?+ b ?is1 t m5 are consci\s ( _! desires1 b ignorant ( ! causes by :i* !y are det]m9$4 ,?us ! *ild believes t he desires milk ( 8 own free w1 ! angry boy reg>ds 8 desire = v5geance z free1 & ! c[>d 8 desire = flight4 ,aga91 ! drunk5 man believes t he says ( 8 own free w :at1 sob] aga91 he w\ld fa9 h left unsaid1 & z ?is prejudice is innate 9 all m51 x is difficult to free oneself f x4 ,=1 al?\gh exp]i5ce tea*es u (t5 en\gh t man lea/ ( all c temp] 8 desires1 & t1 mov$ by conflict+ passions1 he p]ceives ! bett] & pursues ! worse1 yet he consid]s himself free because !re are "s ?+s :i* he desires less /rongly1 & "s desires :i* he c easily inhibit ?r\gh ! recollection ( some?+ else :i* x is (t5 possible to recall4 ,x is easy to detect ! fundam5tal error ( ?is view1 because x is s cle>ly & def9itely express$4 ,! same necessity by :i* a /one makes a def9ite movem5t z ! result ( an impact1 is said to compel a man to c>ry out an action :5 impell$ !reto by any cause4 ,x is only because man is consci\s ( 8 action1 t he ?9ks himself to be its orig9ator4 ,9 do+ s1 he ov]looks ! fact t he is driv5 by a cause :i* he mu/ obey unconditionally4 ,! error 9 ?is tra9 ( ?\ght is easily br\ght to light4 ,sp9oza1 & all :o ?9k l him1 ov]look ! fact t man n only is consci\s ( 8 action1 b also may become consci\s ( ! cause :i* guides him4 ,anyone c see t a *ild is n free :5 he desires milk1 nor ! drunk5 man :5 he says ?+s :i* he lat] regrets4 ,nei!r kn[s any?+ ( ! causes1 work+ deep )9 _! organisms1 :i* ex]cise irresi/ible control ov] !m4 ,b is x ju/ifiable to lump toge!r actions ( ?is k9d ) ^? 9 :i* a man is consci\s n only ( 8 actions b also ( _! causes8 ,are ! actions ( m5 really all ( "o k9d8 ,%\ld ! act ( a soldi] on ! field ( battle1 ( ! sci5tific rese>*] 9 8 laboratory1 ( ! /atesman 9 ! mo/ complicat$ diplomatic negotiations1 be plac$ on ! same level ) t ( ! *ild :5 he desires milk8 ,x is1 no d\bt1 true t x is be/ to seek ! solution ( a problem :]e ! conditions are simple/4 ,b lack ( ability to see di/9ctions has be=e n[ caus$ endless confusion4 ,!re is1 aft] all1 a pr(\nd diff]5ce betwe5 kn[+ ! motive ( my action & n kn[+ x4 ,at fir/ sight ?is seems a self-evid5t tru?4 ,& yet ! oppon5ts ( fre$om nev] ask !mselves :e!r a motive ( action :i* ,i recognise & und]/&1 is to be reg>d$ z compulsory = me 9 ! same s5se z ! organic process :i* causes ! *ild to cry = milk4 ,edu>d von ,h>tmann1 9 8 ,phnom5ologie des ,sittli*5 ,bewus/se9s 7p4 #dea71 ass]ts t ! human w dep5ds on two *ief factors1 ! motives & ! "*4 ,if "o reg>ds m5 z all alike1 or at any rate ! diff]5ces betwe5 !m z negligible1 !n _! w appe>s z det]m9$ f )\t1 viz41 by ! circum/ances ) :i* !y come 9 contact4 ,b if "o be>s 9 m9d t m5 adopt an idea z ! motive ( _! conduct1 only if _! "* is su* t ?is idea ar\ses a desire 9 !m1 !n m5 appe> z det]m9$ f )9 & n f )\t4 ,n[1 because an idea1 giv5 to u f )\t1 mu/ fir/ 9 accordance ) our *>act]s be adopt$ z a motive1 m5 believe t !y are free1 i4e41 indep5d5t ( ext]nal influ5ces4 ,! tru?1 h[ev]1 accord+ to ,edu>d von ,h>tmann1 is t ev5 ?\gh we mu/ fir/ adopt an idea z a motive1 we d s n arbitr>ily1 b accord+ to ! disposition ( our *>act]s1 t is1 we are any?+ b free4 ,"h aga9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 motives1 :i* ,i all[ to influ5ce me only aft] ,i h consci\sly made !m my own1 & ^? :i* ,i foll[ )\t any cle> k ( !m1 is absolutely ignor$4 ,?is leads u /raight to ! /&po9t f :i* ! subject w be treat$ "h4 ,h we any "r to consid] ! "q ( ! fre$om ( ! w by itself at all8 ,& if n1 ) :at o!r "q mu/ x necess>ily be connect$8 ,if !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 consci\s & unconsci\s motives ( action1 !n ! action 9 :i* ! =m] issue %\ld be judg$ diff]5tly f ! action :i* spr+s f bl9d impulse4 ,h5ce our fir/ "q w conc]n ?is diff]5ce1 & on ! result ( ?is inquiry w dep5d :at attitude we ought to take up t[>ds ! "q ( fre$om prop]4 ,:at does x mean to h k ( ! motives ( "o's actions8 ,too little att5tion has be5 paid to ?is "q1 because1 un=tunately1 man :o is an indivisible :ole has always be5 torn asund] by u4 ,! ag5t has be5 divorc$ f ! kn[]1 :il/ he :o matt]s m ?an ev]y?+ else1 viz41 ! man :o acts because he kn[s1 has be5 utt]ly ov]look$4 ,x is said t man is free :5 he is controll$ only by 8 reason1 & n by 8 animal passions4 ,or1 aga91 t to be free means to be able to det]m9e "o's life & action by purposes & delib]ate decisions4 ,no?+ is ga9$ by ass]tions ( ?is sort4 ,= ! "q is j :e!r reason1 purposes1 & decisions ex]cise ! same k9d ( compulsion ov] a man z 8 animal passions4 ,if1 )\t my do+1 a rational decision occurs 9 me ) ! same necessity ) :i* hung] & ?ir/ happ5 to me1 !n ,i mu/ ne$s obey x1 & my fre$om is an illusion4 ,ano!r =m ( expression runs3 to be free means1 n t we c w :at we w1 b t we c d :at we w4 ,?is ?\ght has be5 express$ ) great cle>ness by ! poet-philosoph] ,rob]t ,ham]l+ 9 8 ,atomi/ik des ,will5s4 ,man c1 x is true1 d :at he wills1 b he _c w :at he wills1 because 8 w is det]m9$ by motives6 ,he _c w :at he wills8 ,let u consid] ^! phrases m closely4 ,h !y any intelligible mean+8 ,does fre$om ( w1 !n1 mean be+ able to w )\t gr\nd1 )\t motive8 ,:at does will+ mean if n to h gr\nds = do+1 or /riv+ to d1 ?is r ?an t8 ,to w any?+ )\t gr\nd or motive w\ld mean to w some?+ )\t will+ x4 ,! concept ( motive is indissolubly b\nd up ) t ( w4 ,)\t ! det]m9+ motive ! w is an empty faculty2 x is ! motive :i* makes x active & real4 ,x is1 !re=e1 q true t ! human w is n 'free1' inasmu* z its direction is always det]m9$ by ! /ronge/ motive4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ be admitt$ t x is absurd to speak1 9 contra/ ) ?is 'unfre$om1' ( a conceivable 'fre$om' ( ! w1 :i* w\ld consi/ 9 be+ able to w :at "o does n w 7,atomi/ik des ,will5s1 p4 #bac ff474 ,"h1 aga91 only motives 9 g5]al are m5tion$1 )\t tak+ into acc\nt ! diff]5ce betwe5 unconsci\s & consci\s motives4 ,if a motive affects me1 & ,i am compell$ to act on x because x proves to be ! /ronge/ ( its k9d1 !n ! idea ( fre$om ceases to h any mean+4 ,h[ %\ld x matt] to me :e!r ,i c d a ?+ or n1 if ,i am =c$ by ! motive to d x8 ,! prim>y "q is1 n :e!r ,i c d a ?+ or n :5 impell$ by a motive1 b :e!r ! only motives are su* z impel me ) absolute necessity4 ,if ,i mu/ w some?+1 !n ,i may well be absolutely indiff]5t z to :e!r ,i c also d x4 ,& if1 ?r\gh my "*1 or ?r\gh circum/ances prevail+ 9 my environm5t1 a motive is =c$ on me :i* to my ?9k+ is unreasonable1 !n ,i %\ld ev5 h to be glad if ,i c\ld n d :at ,i w4 ,! "q is1 n :e!r ,i c c>ry out a decision once made1 b h[ ,i come to make ! decision4 ,:at di/+ui%es man f all o!r organic be+s is 8 rational ?\ght4 ,activity is common to him ) o!r organisms4 ,no?+ is ga9$ by seek+ analogies 9 ! animal _w to cle> up ! concept ( fre$om z appli$ to ! actions ( human be+s4 ,mod]n sci5ce loves ^! analogies4 ,:5 sci5ti/s h succe$$ 9 f9d+ among animals some?+ simil> to human behavi\r1 !y believe !y h t\*$ on ! mo/ important "q ( ! sci5ce ( man4 ,to :at misund]/&+s ?is view leads is se51 = example1 9 ! book ,die ,illusion d] ,will5sfreiheit1 by ,p4 ,ree1 #ahhe1 :]e1 on ,page #e1 ! foll[+ rem>k on fre$om appe>s3 ,x is easy to expla9 :y ! movem5t ( a /one seems to u necess>y1 :ile ! volition ( a donkey does n4 ,! causes :i* set ! /one 9 motion are ext]nal & visible1 :ile ! causes :i* det]m9e ! donkey's volition are int]nal & invisible4 ,betwe5 u & ! place ( _! activity !re is ! skull cap ( ! ass4444 ,! causal nexus is n visible & is !re=e ?\ght to be non-exi/5t4 ,! volition1 x is expla9$1 is1 inde$1 ! cause ( ! donkey's turn+ r\nd1 b is itself uncondition$2 x is an absolute beg9n+4 ,"h aga9 human actions 9 :i* !re is a consci\sness ( ! motives are simply ignor$1 = ,ree decl>es1 t betwe5 u & ! sph]e ( _! activity !re is ! skull cap ( ! ass4 ,z ^! words %[1 x has n s mu* z dawn$ on ,ree t !re are actions1 n inde$ ( ! ass1 b ( human be+s1 9 :i* ! motive1 become consci\s1 lies betwe5 u & ! action4 ,ree demon/rates 8 bl9dness once aga9 a few pages fur!r on1 :5 he says1 ,we d n p]ceive ! causes by :i* our w is det]m9$1 h5ce we ?9k x is n causally det]m9$ at all4 ,b en\gh ( examples :i* prove t _m argue aga9/ fre$om )\t kn[+ 9 ! lea/ :at fre$om is4 ,t an action ( :i* ! ag5t does n "k :y he p]=ms x1 _c be free goes )\t say+4 ,b :at ( ! fre$om ( an action ab\t ! motives ( :i* we reflect8 ,?is leads u to ! "q ( ! orig9 & mean+ ( ?\ght4 ,= )\t ! recognition ( ! activity ( m9d :i* is call$ ?\ght1 x is impossible to und]/& :at is meant ei!r by k ( some?+ or by action4 ,:5 we "k :at ?\ght 9 g5]al means1 x w be easi] to see cle>ly ! role :i* ?\ght plays 9 human action4 ,z ,hegel rightly says1 ,x is ?\ght :i* turns ! s\l1 common to u & animals1 into _s4 ,h5ce x is ?\ght :i* we may expect to give to human action its *>act]i/ic /amp4 ,i d n mean to imply t all our actions spr+ only f ! sob] delib]ations ( our reason4 ,i am v f> f call+ only ^? actions human 9 ! highe/ s5se1 :i* proce$ f ab/ract judgm5ts4 ,b z soon z our conduct rises above ! sph]e ( ! satisfaction ( purely animal desires1 our motives are always %ap$ by ?\ghts4 ,love1 pity1 & patriotism are motives ( action :i* _c be analys$ away into cold concepts ( ! und]/&+4 ,x is said t "h ! he>t1 ! s\l1 hold sway4 ,?is is no d\bt true4 ,b ! he>t & ! s\l create no motives4 ,!y presuppose !m4 ,pity ent]s my he>t :5 ! ?\ght ( a p]son :o ar\ses pity _h appe>$ 9 my consci\sness4 ,! way to ! he>t is ?r\gh ! head4 ,love is no exception4 ,:5ev] x is n m]ely ! expression ( b>e sexual in/9ct1 x dep5ds on ! ?\ghts we =m ( ! lov$ "o4 ,& ! m we idealise ! lov$ "o 9 our ?\ghts1 ! m bless$ is our love4 ,"h1 too1 ?\ght is ! fa!r ( feel+4 ,x is said t love makes u bl9d to ! fail+s ( ! lov$ "o4 ,b ! opposite view c be tak51 namely t x is precisely = ! good po9ts t love op5s ! eyes4 ,_m pass by ^! good po9ts )\t notice4 ,"o1 h[ev]1 p]ceives !m1 & j because he does1 love awak5s 9 8 s\l4 ,:at else has he done except p]ceive :at hundr$s h fail$ to see8 ,love is n !irs1 because !y lack ! p]ception4 ,f :atev] po9t we reg>d ! subject1 x becomes m & m cle> t ! "q ( ! nature ( human action presupposes t ( ! orig9 ( ?\ght4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 turn next to ?is "q4 ,,ii ,,:y ,,! ,,desire ,,= ,,k ,,is ,,fundam5tal ,zwei ,seel5 wohn51 a*6 9 me9] ,bru/1 ,die e9e w si* von d] &]n tr5n52 ,die e9e hlt1 9 d]b] ,liebeslu/1 ,si* an die ,welt mit klamm]nd5 ,organ52 ,die &re hebt gewaltsam si* vom ,du/ ,zu d5 ,gefild5 hoh] ,ahn54 #a ,fau/ ,i1 #aaab-aaag4 ,9 ^! words ,goe! expresses a trait :i* is deeply +ra9$ 9 human nature4 ,man is n a self-conta9$ unity4 ,he dem&s ev] m ?an ! _w1 ( itself1 (f]s him4 ,nature has end[$ u ) ne$s2 among !m are "s ! satisfaction ( :i* %e leaves to our own activity4 ,h[ev] abundant ! gifts :i* we h receiv$1 /ill m abundant are our desires4 ,we seem born to dissatisfaction4 ,& our desire = k is b a special in/ance ( ?is unsatisfi$ /riv+4 ,suppose we look twice at a tree4 ,! fir/ "t we see its bran*es at re/1 ! second "t 9 motion4 ,we are n satisfi$ ) ?is obs]vation4 ,:y1 we ask1 does ! tree appe> to u n[ at re/1 !n 9 motion8 ,e glance at nature evokes 9 u a multitude ( que/ions4 ,e ph5om5on we meet pres5ts a new problem to be solv$4 ,e exp]i5ce is to u a riddle4 ,we obs]ve t f ! egg !re em]ges a creature l ! "m animal1 & we ask = ! reason ( ! lik5ess4 ,we obs]ve a liv+ be+ gr[ & develop to a det]m9ate degree ( p]fection1 & we seek ! conditions ( ?is exp]i5ce4 ,n[h]e are we satisfi$ ) ! facts :i* nature spreads out be=e our s5ses4 ,ev]y:]e we seek :at we call ! explanation ( ^! facts4 ,! some?+ m :i* we seek 9 ?+s1 ov] & above :at is imm$iately giv5 to u 9 !m1 splits our :ole be+ into two p>ts4 ,we become consci\s ( our opposition to ! _w4 ,we oppose ourselves to ! _w z indep5d5t be+s4 ,! univ]se has = u two opposite poles3 ,self & ,_w4 ,we erect ?is b>ri] betwe5 ourselves & ! _w z soon z consci\sness is fir/ k9dl$ 9 u4 ,b we nev] cease to feel t1 9 spite ( all1 we belong to ! _w1 t !re is a connect+ l9k betwe5 x & u1 & t we are be+s )91 & n )\t1 ! univ]se4 ,?is feel+ makes u /rive to bridge ov] ?is opposition1 & ultimately ! :ole spiritual /riv+ ( mank9d is no?+ b ! bridg+ ( ?is opposition4 ,! hi/ory ( our spiritual life is a cont9u\s seek+ aft] union betwe5 ourselves & ! _w4 ,religion1 ,art1 & ,sci5ce foll[1 "o & all1 ?is goal4 ,! religi\s man seeks 9 ! revelation1 :i* ,god grants him1 ! solution ( ! _w problem1 :i* 8 ,self1 dissatisfi$ ) ! _w ( m]e ph5om5a1 sets him z a task4 ,! arti/ seeks to embody 9 8 mat]ial ! ideas :i* are 8 ,self1 t he may ?us reconcile ! _s :i* lives )9 him & ! out] _w4 ,he1 too1 feels dissatisfi$ ) ! _w ( m]e appe>ances1 & seeks to m\ld into x t some?+ m :i* 8 ,self supplies & :i* transc5ds appe>ances4 ,! ?9k] se>*es = ! laws ( ph5om5a4 ,he /rives to ma/] by ?\ght :at he exp]i5ces by obs]vation4 ,only :5 we h trans=m$ ! _w-cont5t into our ?\ght-cont5t d we recapture ! connection :i* we _h ourselves brok5 (f4 ,we %all see lat] t ?is goal c be rea*$ only if we p5etrate mu* m deeply ?an is (t5 done into ! nature ( ! sci5ti/'s problem4 ,! :ole situation1 z ,i h "h /at$ x1 meets u1 on ! /age ( hi/ory1 9 ! conflict betwe5 ! "o-_w !ory1 or ,monism1 & ! two-_w !ory1 or ,dualism4 ,dualism pays att5tion only to ! sep>ation betwe5 ! ,self & ! ,_w1 :i* ! consci\sness ( man has br\ght ab\t4 ,all its ef=ts consi/ 9 a va9 /ruggle to reconcile ^! opposites1 :i* x calls n[ ,m9d & ,matt]1 n[ ,subject & ,object1 n[ ,?\ght & ,appe>ance4 ,! ,duali/ feels t !re mu/ be a bridge betwe5 ! two worlds1 b is n able to f9d x4 ,9 s f> z man is aw>e ( himself z ,i1 he _c b put d[n ?is ,i 9 ?\ght on ! side ( ,_s2 & 9 oppos+ to ?is ,i ! _w1 he is b\nd to reckon on ! _w's side ! realm ( p]cepts giv5 to ! s5ses1 i4e41 ! ,mat]ial ,_w4 ,9 do+ s1 man assigns a position to himself )9 ?is v anti!sis ( ,_s & ,matt]4 ,he is ! m compell$ to d s because 8 own body belongs to ! ,mat]ial ,_w4 ,?us ! ,i1 or ,ego1 belongs z a "p to ! realm ( ,_s2 ! mat]ial objects & processes :i* are p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses belong to ! ,_w4 ,all ! riddles :i* belong to ,_s & ,matt]1 man mu/ inevitably r$iscov] 9 ! fundam5tal riddle ( 8 own nature4 ,monism pays att5tion only to ! unity & tries ei!r to d5y or to slur ov] ! opposites1 pres5t ?\gh !y are4 ,nei!r ( ^! two po9ts ( view c satisfy u1 = !y d n d ju/ice to ! facts4 ,! ,duali/ sees 9 ,m9d 7,self7 & ,matt] 7,_w7 two ess5tially diff]5t entities1 & _c !re=e und]/& h[ !y c int]act ) "o ano!r4 ,h[ %\ld ,m9d be aw>e ( :at goes on 9 ,matt]1 see+ t ! ess5tial nature ( ,matt] is q ali5 to ,m9d8 ,or h[ 9 ^! circum/ances %\ld ,m9d act ^u ,matt]1 s z to translate its int5tions into actions8 ,! mo/ absurd hypo!ses h be5 prop\nd$ to answ] ^! que/ions4 ,h[ev]1 up to ! pres5t ! ,moni/s are n 9 a mu* bett] position4 ,!y h tri$ ?ree diff]5t ways ( meet+ ! difficulty4 ,ei!r !y d5y ,m9d & become ,mat]iali/s2 or !y d5y ,matt] 9 ord] to seek _! salvation z ,spirituali/s2 or !y ass]t t1 ev5 9 ! simple/ entities 9 ! _w1 ,m9d & ,matt] are indissolubly b\nd toge!r1 s t !re is no ne$ to m>vel at ! appe>ance 9 man ( ^! two modes ( exi/5ce1 see+ t !y are nev] f\nd ap>t4 ,mat]ialism c nev] (f] a satisfactory explanation ( ! _w4 ,= e attempt at an explanation mu/ beg9 ) ! =mation ( ?\ghts ab\t ! ph5om5a ( ! _w4 ,mat]ialism1 ?us1 beg9s ) ! ?\ght ( ,matt] or mat]ial processes4 ,b1 9 do+ s1 x is ipso facto confront$ by two diff]5t sets ( facts1 viz41 ! mat]ial _w & ! ?\ghts ab\t x4 ,! ,mat]iali/ seeks to make ^! latt] intelligible by reg>d+ !m z purely mat]ial processes4 ,he believes t ?9k+ takes place 9 ! bra91 mu* 9 ! same way t dige/ion takes place 9 ! animal organs4 ,j z he ascribes me*anical1 *emical1 & organic processes to ,nature1 s he cr$its h] 9 c]ta9 circum/ances ) ! capacity to ?9k4 ,he ov]looks t1 9 do+ s1 he is m]ely %ift+ ! problem f "o place to ano!r4 ,in/ead ( to himself he ascribes ! p[] ( ?\ght to ,matt]4 ,& ?us he is back aga9 at 8 />t+-po9t4 ,h[ does ,matt] come to ?9k ( its own nature8 ,:y is x n simply satisfi$ ) itself & cont5t to accept its own exi/5ce8 ,! ,mat]iali/ has turn$ 8 att5tion away f ! def9ite subject1 8 own self1 & occupies himself ) an indef9ite %ad[y some:at4 ,& "h ! old problem meets him aga94 ,! mat]iali/ic !ory _c solve ! problem2 x c only %ift x to ano!r place4 ,:at ( ! ,spirituali/ic !ory8 ,! pure ,spirituali/ d5ies to ,matt] all indep5d5t exi/5ce & reg>ds x m]ely z a product ( ,_s4 ,b :5 he tries to apply ?is !ory to ! solution ( ! riddle ( 8 own human nature1 he f9ds himself caught 9 a tight place4 ,ov] aga9/ ! ,i1 or ,ego1 :i* c be rang$ on ! side ( ,_s1 !re /&s directly ! _w ( ! s5ses4 ,no spiritual approa* to x seems op54 ,x has to be p]ceiv$ & exp]i5c$ by ! ,ego ) ! help ( mat]ial processes4 ,su* mat]ial processes ! ,ego does n discov] 9 itself1 s long z x reg>ds its own nature z exclusively spiritual4 ,f all t x a*ieves by its own spiritual ef=t1 ! s5sible _w is ev] exclud$4 ,x seems z if ! ,ego _h to conc$e t ! _w w\ld be a clos$ book to x1 unless x c\ld e/abli% a non-spiritual relation to ! _w4 ,simil>ly1 :5 x comes to act+1 we h to translate our purposes into realities ) ! help ( mat]ial ?+s & =ces4 ,we are1 !re=e1 dep5d5t on ! out] _w4 ,! mo/ extreme ,spirituali/1 or1 if y pref] x1 ,ideali/1 is ,johann ,gottlieb ,fi*te4 ,he attempts to d$uce ! :ole edifice ( ! _w f ! ,ego4 ,:at he has actually accompli%$ is a magnific5t ?\ght-picture ( ! _w1 )\t any empirical cont5t4 ,z little z x is possible = ! ,mat]iali/ to argue ! ,m9d away1 j z little is x possible = ! ,ideali/ to d )\t ! out] _w ( ,matt]4 ,:5 man directs 8 !oretical reflection ^u ! ,ego1 he p]ceives1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 only ! "w ( ! ,ego 9 ! conceptual elaboration ( ! _w ( ideas4 ,h5ce a philosophy ! direction ( :i* is spirituali/ic1 may feel tempt$1 9 view ( man's own ess5tial nature1 to ackn[l$ge no?+ ( _s except ?is _w ( ideas4 ,9 ?is way ,spiritualism becomes "o-sid$ ,idealism4 ,in/ead ( go+ on to p5etrate ?r\gh ! _w ( ideas to ! spiritual _w1 idealism id5tifies ! spiritual _w ) ! _w ( ideas itself4 ,z a result1 x is compell$ to rema9 fix$ ) its _w-view 9 ! circle ( ! activity ( ! ,ego1 z if x 7 bewit*$4 ,a curi\s v>iant ( ,idealism is to be f\nd 9 ! !ory :i* ,f4 ,a4 ,lange has put =w>d 9 8 widely read ,hi/ory ( ,mat]ialism4 ,he holds t ! ,mat]iali/s are q "r 9 decl>+ all ph5om5a1 includ+ our ?\ghts1 to be ! product ( purely mat]ial processes1 b1 9 turn1 ,matt] & its processes are = him !mselves ! product ( our ?9k+4 ,! s5ses give u only ! effects ( ?+s1 n true copies1 mu* less ! ?+s !mselves4 ,b among ^! m]e effects we mu/ include ! s5ses !mselves toge!r ) ! bra9 & ! molecul> vibrations :i* we assume to g on !re4 ,t is1 our ?9k+ is produc$ by ! mat]ial processes1 & ^! by our ?9k+4 ,lange's philosophy is ?us no?+ m ?an ! philosophical analogon ( ! /ory ( hone/ ,b>on ,mn*haus51 :o holds himself up 9 ! air by 8 own pigtail4 ,! ?ird =m ( ,monism is t :i* f9ds ev5 9 ! simple/ real 7! atom7 ! union ( bo? ,matt] & ,m9d4 ,b no?+ is ga9$ by ?is ei!r1 except t ! "q1 ! orig9 ( :i* is really 9 our consci\sness1 is %ift$ to ano!r place4 ,h[ comes x t ! simple real manife/s itself 9 a two-fold mann]1 if x is an indivisible unity8 ,aga9/ all ^! !ories we mu/ urge ! fact t we meet ) ! basal & fundam5tal opposition fir/ 9 our own consci\sness4 ,x is we ourselves :o break away f ! bosom ( ,nature & contra/ ourselves z ,self ) ! ,_w4 ,goe! has giv5 classic expression to ?is 9 8 essay ,nature4 ,liv+ 9 ! mid/ ( h] 7,nature7 we are /rang]s to h]4 ,ceaselessly %e speaks to u1 yet betrays none ( h] secrets4 ,b ,goe! kn[s ! rev]se side too3 ,mank9d is all 9 h]1 & %e 9 all mank9d4 ,h[ev] true x may be t we h e/rang$ ourselves f ,nature1 x is none ! less true t we feel we are 9 h] & belong to h]4 ,x c be only h] own life :i* pulses also 9 u4 ,we mu/ f9d ! way back to h] aga94 ,a simple reflection may po9t ?is way out to u4 ,we h1 x is true1 torn ourselves away f ,nature1 b we mu/ none ! less h c>ri$ away some?+ ( h] 9 our own selves4 ,?is quality ( ,nature 9 u we mu/ seek out1 & !n we %all discov] our connection ) h] once m4 ,dualism neglects to d ?is4 ,x consid]s ! human m9d z a spiritual entity utt]ly ali5 to ,nature & attempts someh[ to hit* x on to ,nature4 ,no wond] t x _c f9d ! c\pl+ l9k4 ,we c f9d ,nature outside ( u only if we h fir/ le>nt to "k h] )9 u4 ,! ,natural )9 u mu/ be our guide to h]4 ,?is m>ks out our pa? ( inquiry4 ,we %all attempt no speculations conc]n+ ! int]action ( ,m9d & ,matt]4 ,we %all r probe into ! dep?s ( our own be+1 to f9d !re ^? elem5ts :i* we sav$ 9 our flight f ,nature4 ,! exam9ation ( our own be+ mu/ br+ ! solution ( ! problem4 ,we mu/ rea* a po9t :]e we c say1 ,?is is no long] m]ely ',i1' ?is is some?+ :i* is m ?an ',i4' ,i am well aw>e t _m :o h read ?us f> w n consid] my discussion 9 keep+ ) ! pres5t /ate ( sci5ce4 ,to su* criticism ,i c reply only t ,i h s f> n be5 conc]n$ ) any sci5tific results1 b simply ) ! description ( :at e "o ( u exp]i5ces 9 8 own consci\sness4 ,t a few phrases h slipp$ 9 ab\t attempts to reconcile ,m9d & ! ,_w has be5 due solely to ! desire to elucidate ! actual facts4 ,i h !re=e made no attempt to give to ! expressions ,self1 ,m9d1 ,_w1 ,nature1 ! precise mean+ :i* !y usually be> 9 ,psy*ology & ,philosophy4 ,! ord9>y consci\sness ignores ! %>p di/9ctions ( ! sci5ces1 & s f> my purpose has be5 solely to record ! facts ( ev]yday exp]i5ce4 ,i am conc]n$1 n ) ! way 9 :i* sci5ce1 s f>1 has int]pret$ consci\sness1 b ) ! way 9 :i* we exp]i5ce x 9 e mom5t ( our lives4 ,,iii ,,?\ght ,,z ,,! ,,in/rum5t ,,( ,,k ,:5 ,i obs]ve h[ a billi>d ball1 :5 /ruck1 communicates its motion to ano!r1 ,i rema9 entirely )\t influ5ce on ! process be=e me4 ,! direction & velocity ( ! motion ( ! second ball is det]m9$ by ! direction & velocity ( ! fir/4 ,z long z ,i rema9 a m]e spectator1 ,i c say no?+ ab\t ! motion ( ! second ball until aft] x has happ5$4 ,x is q diff]5t :5 ,i beg9 to reflect on ! cont5t ( my obs]vations4 ,! purpose ( my reflection is to con/ruct concepts ( ! process4 ,i connect ! concept ( an ela/ic ball ) c]ta9 o!r concepts ( me*anics1 & consid] ! special circum/ances :i* obta9 9 ! in/ance 9 "q4 ,i try1 9 o!r words1 to add to ! process :i* takes place )\t my int]f]5ce1 a second process :i* takes place 9 ! conceptual sph]e4 ,?is latt] process is dep5d5t on me4 ,?is is %[n by ! fact t ,i c re/ cont5t ) ! obs]vation1 & r5\nce all se>* = concepts if ,i h no ne$ ( !m4 ,if1 !re=e1 ?is ne$ is pres5t1 !n ,i am n cont5t until ,i h e/abli%$ a def9ite connection among ! concepts1 ball1 ela/icity1 motion1 impact1 velocity1 etc41 s t !y apply to ! obs]v$ process 9 a def9ite way4 ,z surely z ! occurr5ce ( ! obs]v$ process is indep5d5t ( me1 s surely is ! occurr5ce ( ! conceptual process dep5d5t on me4 ,we %all h to consid] lat] :e!r ?is activity ( m9e really proce$s f my own indep5d5t be+1 or :e!r ^? mod]n physiologi/s are "r :o say t we _c ?9k z we w1 b t we mu/ ?9k exactly z ! ?\ghts & ?\ght-connections det]m9e1 :i* happ5 to be 9 our m9ds at any giv5 mom5t4 7,cp4 ,zieh51 ,leitfad5 d] ,physiologis*5 ,psy*ologie1 ,j5a1 #ahic1 p4 #aga47 ,= ! pres5t we wi% m]ely to e/abli% ! fact t we con/antly feel oblig$ to seek = concepts & connections ( concepts1 :i* /& 9 def9ite relation to ! objects & processes :i* are giv5 indep5d5tly ( u4 ,:e!r ?is activity is really ours1 or :e!r we are det]m9$ to x by an unalt]able necessity1 is a "q :i* we ne$ n decide at pres5t4 ,:at is unque/ionable is t ! activity appe>s1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to be ours4 ,we "k = c]ta9 t concepts are n giv5 toge!r ) ! objects to :i* !y correspond4 ,my be+ ! ag5t 9 ! conceptual process may be an illusion2 b !re is no d\bt t to imm$iate obs]vation ,i appe> to be active4 ,our pres5t "q is1 :at d we ga9 by supplem5t+ a process ) a conceptual c\nt]p>t8 ,!re is a f>-rea*+ diff]5ce betwe5 ! ways 9 :i*1 = me1 ! p>ts ( a process are relat$ to "o ano!r be=e1 & aft]1 ! discov]y ( ! correspond+ concepts4 ,m]e obs]vation c trace ! p>ts ( a giv5 process z !y occur1 b _! connection rema9s obscure )\t ! help ( concepts4 ,i obs]ve ! fir/ billi>d ball move t[>ds ! second 9 a c]ta9 direction & ) a c]ta9 velocity4 ,:at w happ5 aft] ! impact ,i _c tell 9 advance4 ,i c once m only wat* x happ5 ) my eyes4 ,suppose someone ob/ructs my view ( ! field :]e ! process is happ5+1 at ! mom5t :5 ! impact occurs1 !n1 z m]e spectator1 ,i rema9 ignorant ( :at goes on4 ,! situation is v diff]5t1 if prior to ! ob/ruct+ ( my view ,i h discov]$ ! concepts correspond+ to ! nexus ( ev5ts4 ,9 t case ,i c say :at occurs1 ev5 :5 ,i am no long] able to obs]ve4 ,!re is no?+ 9 a m]ely obs]v$ process or object to %[ its relation to o!r processes or objects4 ,?is relation becomes manife/ only :5 obs]vation is comb9$ ) ?\ght4 ,obs]vation & ?\ght are ! two po9ts ( dep>ture = all ! spiritual /riv+ ( man1 9 s f> z he is consci\s ( su* /riv+4 ,! work+s ( common s5se1 z well z ! mo/ complicat$ sci5tific rese>*es1 re/ on ^! two fundam5tal pill>s ( our m9ds4 ,philosoph]s h />t$ f v>i\s ultimate anti!ses1 ,idea & ,reality1 ,subject & ,object1 ,appe>ance & ,?+-9-itself1 ,ego & ,non-,ego1 ,idea & ,w1 ,concept & ,matt]1 ,=ce & ,sub/ance1 ! ,consci\s & ! ,unconsci\s4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 easy to %[ t all ^! anti!ses are subsequ5t to t betwe5 ,obs]vation & ,?\ght1 ?is be+ = man ! mo/ important4 ,:atev] pr9ciple we *oose to lay d[n1 we mu/ ei!r prove t some:]e we h obs]v$ x1 or we mu/ enunciate x 9 ! =m ( a cle> concept :i* c be re-?\ght by any o!r ?9k]4 ,e philosoph] :o sets out to discuss 8 fundam5tal pr9ciples1 mu/ express !m 9 conceptual =m & ?us use ?\ght4 ,he !re=e indirectly admits t 8 activity presupposes ?\ght4 ,we leave op5 "h ! "q :e!r ?\ght or some?+ else is ! *ief factor 9 ! developm5t ( ! _w4 ,b x is at any rate cle> t ! philosoph] c ga9 no k ( ?is developm5t )\t ?\ght4 ,9 ! occurr5ce ( ph5om5a ?\ght may play a second>y "p1 b x is q c]ta9 t x plays a *ief "p 9 ! con/ruction ( a !ory ab\t !m4 ,z reg>ds obs]vation1 our ne$ ( x is due to our organisation4 ,our ?\ght ab\t a horse & ! object horse are two ?+s :i* = u h sep>ate exi/5ces4 ,! object is accessible to u only by means ( obs]vation4 ,z little z we c con/ruct a concept ( a horse by m]e />+ at ! animal1 j z little are we able by m]e ?\ght to produce ! correspond+ object4 ,9 "t obs]vation actually prec$es ?\ght4 ,= we become famili> ) ?\ght itself 9 ! fir/ in/ance by obs]vation4 ,x 0 ess5tially a description ( an obs]vation :51 at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]1 we gave an acc\nt ( h[ ?\ght is k9dl$ by an objective process & transc5ds ! m]ely giv54 ,:atev] ent]s ! circle ( our exp]i5ces becomes an object ( appreh5sion to u fir/ ?r\gh obs]vation4 ,all cont5ts ( s5sations1 all p]ceptions1 intuitions1 feel+s1 acts ( w1 dreams & fancies1 images1 concepts1 ideas1 all illusions & halluc9ations1 are giv5 to u ?r\gh obs]vation4 ,b ?\ght z an object ( obs]vation diff]s ess5tially f all o!r objects4 ,! obs]vation ( a table1 or a tree1 occurs 9 me z soon z ^? objects appe> )9 ! horizon ( my field ( consci\sness4 ,yet ,i d n1 at ! same "t1 obs]ve my ?\ght ab\t ^! ?+s4 ,i obs]ve ! table1 b ,i c>ry on a process ( ?\ght ab\t ! table )\t at ! same mom5t obs]v+ ?is ?\ght-process4 ,i mu/ fir/ take up a /&po9t outside ( my own activity1 if ,i want to obs]ve my ?\ght ab\t ! table1 z well z ! table4 ,:]eas ! obs]vation ( ?+s & processes1 & ! ?9k+ ab\t !m1 are ev]yday occurr5ces mak+ up ! cont9u\s curr5t ( my life1 ! obs]vation ( ! ?\ght-process itself is an exceptional attitude to adopt4 ,?is fact mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt1 :5 we come to det]m9e ! relations ( ?\ght z an object ( obs]vation to all o!r objects4 ,we mu/ be q cle> ab\t ! fact t1 9 obs]v+ ! ?\ght-processes1 we are apply+ to !m a me?od :i* is our normal attitude 9 ! /udy ( all o!r objects 9 ! _w1 b :i* 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( t /udy is usually n appli$ to ?\ght itself4 ,someone might object t :at ,i h said ab\t ?9k+ applies equally to feel+ & to all o!r m5tal activities4 ,?us x is said t :51 e4g41 ,i h a feel+ ( pleasure1 ! feel+ is k9dl$ by ! object1 b x is ?is object ,i obs]ve1 n ! feel+ ( pleasure4 ,?is objection1 h[ev]1 is bas$ on an error4 ,pleasure does n /& at all 9 ! same relation to its object z ! concept con/ruct$ by ?\ght4 ,i am consci\s1 9 ! mo/ positive way1 t ! concept ( a ?+ is =m$ ?r\gh my activity2 :]eas a feel+ ( pleasure is produc$ 9 me by an object 9 a way simil> to t 9 :i*1 e4g41 a *ange is caus$ 9 an object by a /one :i* falls on x4 ,= obs]vation1 a pleasure is giv5 9 exactly ! same way z ! ev5t :i* causes x4 ,! same is n true ( concepts4 ,i c ask :y an ev5t ar\ses 9 me a feel+ ( pleasure4 ,b ,i c]ta9ly _c ask :y an occurr5ce causes 9 me a c]ta9 numb] ( concepts4 ,! "q w\ld be simply mean+less4 ,9 ?9k+ ab\t an occurr5ce1 ,i am n conc]n$ ) x z an effect on me4 ,i le>n no?+ ab\t myself f kn[+ ! concepts :i* correspond to ! obs]v$ *ange caus$ 9 a pane ( glass by a /one ?r[n aga9/ x4 ,b ,i d le>n some?+ ab\t myself :5 ,i "k ! feel+ :i* a c]ta9 occurr5ce ar\ses 9 me4 ,:5 ,i say ( an object :i* ,i p]ceive1 ?is is a rose1 ,i say absolutely no?+ ab\t myself2 b :5 ,i say ( ! same ?+ t x causes a feel+ ( pleasure 9 me1 ,i *>act]ise n only ! rose1 b also myself 9 my relation to ! rose4 ,!re c1 !re=e1 be no "q ( putt+ ?\ght & feel+ on a level z objects ( obs]vation4 ,& ! same c\ld easily be %[n ( o!r activities ( ! human m9d4 ,unlike ?\ght1 !y mu/ be class$ ) any o!r obs]v$ objects or ev5ts4 ,! peculi> nature ( ?\ght lies j 9 ?is1 t x is an activity :i* is direct$ solely on ! obs]v$ object & n on ! ?9k+ subject4 ,?is is app>5t ev5 f ! way 9 :i* we express our ?\ghts ab\t an object1 z di/9ct f our feel+s or acts ( w4 ,:5 ,i see an object & recognise x z a table1 ,i d n z a rule say1 ,i am ?9k+ ( a table1 b1 ?is is a table4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i d say1 ,i am pleas$ ) ! table4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ,i am n at all int]e/$ 9 /at+ t ,i h ent]$ into a relation ) ! table2 :]eas1 9 ! second case1 x is j ?is relation :i* matt]s4 ,9 say+1 ,i am ?9k+ ( a table1 ,i adopt ! exceptional po9t ( view *>act]is$ above1 9 :i* some?+ is made ! object ( obs]vation :i* is always pres5t 9 our m5tal activity1 )\t be+ itself normally an obs]v$ object4 ,! peculi> nature ( ?\ght consi/s j 9 ?is1 t ! ?9k] =gets 8 ?9k+ :ile actually engag$ 9 x4 ,x is n ?9k+ :i* occupies 8 att5tion1 b r ! object ( ?\ght :i* he obs]ves4 ,! fir/ po9t1 !n1 to notice ab\t ?\ght is t x is ! unobs]v$ elem5t 9 our ord9>y m5tal life4 ,! reason :y we d n notice ! ?9k+ :i* goes on 9 our ord9>y m5tal life is no o!r ?an ?is1 t x is our own activity4 ,:atev] ,i d n myself produce appe>s 9 my field ( consci\sness z an object2 ,i contra/ x ) myself z some?+ ! exi/5ce ( :i* is indep5d5t ( me4 ,x =ces itself ^u me4 ,i mu/ accept x z ! presupposition ( my ?9k+4 ,z long z ,i ?9k ab\t ! object1 ,i am absorb$ 9 x1 my att5tion is turn$ on x4 ,to be ?us absorb$ 9 ! object is j to contemplate x by ?\ght4 ,i att5d1 n to my activity1 b to its object4 ,9 o!r words1 :il/ ,i am ?9k+ ,i pay no he$ to my ?9k+ :i* is ( my own mak+1 b only to ! object ( my ?9k+ :i* is n ( my mak+4 ,i am1 moreov]1 9 exactly ! same position :5 ,i adopt ! exceptional po9t ( view & ?9k ( my own ?\ght-processes4 ,i c nev] obs]ve my pres5t ?\ght1 ,i c only make my pa/ exp]i5ces ( ?\ght-processes subsequ5tly ! objects ( fre% ?\ghts4 ,if ,i want$ to wat* my pres5t ?\ght1 ,i %\ld h to split myself into two p]sons1 "o to ?9k1 ! o!r to obs]ve ?is ?9k+4 ,b ?is is impossible4 ,i c only accompli% x 9 two sep>ate acts4 ,! obs]v$ ?\ght-processes are nev] ^? 9 :i* ,i am actually engag$ b o!rs4 ,:e!r1 = ?is purpose1 ,i make obs]vations on my own =m] ?\ghts1 or foll[ ! ?\ght-processes ( ano!r p]son1 or f9ally1 z 9 ! example ( ! motions ( ! billi>d balls1 assume an imag9>y ?\ght-process1 is immat]ial4 ,!re are two ?+s :i* are incompatible ) "o ano!r3 productive activity & ! !oretical contemplation ( t activity4 ,?is is recognis$ ev5 9 ! ,fir/ ,book ( ,moses4 ,x repres5ts ,god z creat+ ! _w 9 ! fir/ six days1 & only aft] its completion is any contemplation ( ! _w possible3 ,& ,god saw ev]y?+ t he _h made &1 behold1 x 0 v good4 ,! same applies to our ?9k+4 ,x mu/ be !re fir/1 if we w\ld obs]ve x4 ,! reason :y x is impossible to obs]ve ! ?\ght-process 9 its actual occurr5ce at any giv5 mom5t1 is ! same z t :i* makes x possible = u to "k x m imm$iately & m intimately ?an any o!r process 9 ! _w4 ,j because x is our own creation d we "k ! *>act]i/ic features ( its c\rse1 ! mann] 9 :i* ! process1 9 detail1 takes place4 ,:at 9 ! o!r sph]es ( obs]vation we c discov] only indirectly1 viz41 ! relevant objective nexus & ! relations ( ! individual objects1 t is kn[n to u imm$iately 9 ! case ( ?\ght4 ,i d n "k (f-h& :y1 = p]ception1 ?und] foll[s lightn+1 b ,i "k imm$iately1 f ! cont5t ( ! two concepts1 :y my ?\ght connects ! concept ( ?und] ) t ( lightn+4 ,x does n matt] = my argum5t :e!r my concepts ( ?und] & lightn+ are correct4 ,! connection betwe5 ! concepts ,i h is cle> to me1 & t ?r\gh ! v concepts !mselves4 ,?is transp>5t cle>ness 9 ! obs]vation ( our ?\ght-processes is q indep5d5t ( our k ( ! physiological basis ( ?\ght4 ,i am speak+ "h ( ?\ght 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x is ! object ( our obs]vation ( our own m5tal activity4 ,= ?is purpose x is q irrelevant h[ "o mat]ial process 9 my bra9 causes or influ5ces ano!r1 :il/ ,i am c>ry+ on a process ( ?\ght4 ,:at ,i obs]ve1 9 /udy+ a ?\ght-process1 is1 n :at process 9 my bra9 connects ! concept ( ?und] ) t ( lightn+1 b :at is my reason = br++ ^! two concepts into a def9ite relation4 ,introspection %[s t1 9 l9k+ ?\ght ) ?\ght1 ,i am guid$ by _! cont5t1 n by ! mat]ial processes 9 ! bra94 ,?is rem>k w\ld be q sup]flu\s 9 a less mat]iali/ic age ?an ours4 ,to-day1 h[ev]1 :5 !re are p :o believe t1 :5 we "k :at matt] is1 we %all "k also h[ x ?9ks1 x is necess>y to affirm ! possibility ( speak+ ( ?\ght )\t trespass+ on ! doma9 ( bra9 physiology4 ,_m p to-day f9d x difficult to grasp ! concept ( ?\ght 9 its purity4 ,anyone :o *all5ges ! acc\nt ( ?\ght :i* ,i h giv5 "h1 by quot+ ,cabanis' /atem5t t ! bra9 secretes ?\ghts z ! liv] does gall or ! spittle-gl&s spittle1 etc4 simply does n "k ( :at ,i am talk+4 ,he attempts to discov] ?\ght by ! same me?od ( m]e obs]vation :i* we apply to ! o!r objects t make up ! _w4 ,b he _c f9d x 9 ?is way1 because1 z ,i h %[n1 x eludes j ?is ord9>y obs]vation4 ,:oev] _c transc5d ,mat]ialism lacks ! ability to ?r[ himself into ! exceptional attitude ,i h describ$1 9 :i* he becomes consci\s ( :at 9 all o!r m5tal activity rema9s unconsci\s4 ,x is z useless to discuss ?\ght ) "o :o is n will+ to adopt ?is attitude1 z x w\ld be to discuss col\r ) a bl9d man4 ,let him n imag9e1 h[ev]1 t we reg>d physiological processes z ?\ght4 ,he fails to expla9 ?\ght1 because he is n ev5 aw>e t x is !re4 ,= e "o1 h[ev]1 :o has ! ability to obs]ve ?\ght1 & ) good w e normal man has ?is ability1 ?is obs]vation is ! mo/ important he c make4 ,= he obs]ves some?+ :i* he himself produces4 ,he is n confront$ by :at is to beg9 ) a /range object1 b by 8 own activity4 ,he kn[s h[ t :i* he obs]ves has come to be4 ,he p]ceives cle>ly its connections & relations4 ,he ga9s a firm po9t f :i* he c1 ) well-f\nd$ hopes1 seek an explanation ( ! o!r ph5om5a ( ! _w4 ,! feel+ t he _h f\nd su* a firm f\ndation1 induc$ ! fa!r ( mod]n philosophy1 ,desc>tes1 to base ! :ole ( human k on ! pr9ciple1 ,i ?9k1 !re=e ,i am4 ,all o!r ?+s1 all o!r processes1 are indep5d5t ( me4 ,:e!r !y be tru?1 or illusion1 or dream1 ,i "k n4 ,!re is only "o ?+ ( :i* ,i am absolutely c]ta91 = ,i myself am ! au?or ( its indubitable exi/5ce2 & t is my ?\ght4 ,:atev] o!r orig9 x may h 9 addition1 :e!r x come f ,god or f else:]e1 ( "o ?+ ,i am sure1 t x exi/s 9 ! s5se t ,i myself produce x4 ,desc>tes _h1 to beg9 )1 no ju/ification = read+ any o!r mean+ into 8 pr9ciple4 ,all he _h a "r to ass]t 0 t1 9 appreh5d+ myself z ?9k+1 ,i appreh5d myself1 )9 ! _w-sy/em1 9 t activity :i* is mo/ uniquely *>act]i/ic ( me4 ,:at ! add$ words !re=e ,i am are int5d$ to mean has be5 mu* debat$4 ,!y c h a mean+ on "o condition only4 ,! simple/ ass]tion ,i c make ( a ?+ is1 t x is1 t x exi/s4 ,:at k9d ( exi/5ce1 9 detail1 x has1 c 9 no case be det]m9$ on ! spot1 z soon z ! ?+ ent]s )9 ! horizon ( my exp]i5ce4 ,ea* object mu/ be /udi$ 9 its relations to o!rs1 be=e we c det]m9e ! s5se 9 :i* we c speak ( its exi/5ce4 ,an exp]i5c$ process may be a complex ( p]cepts1 or x may be a dream1 an halluc9ation1 etc4 ,9 %ort1 ,i _c say 9 :at s5se x exi/s4 ,i c nev] read (f ! k9d ( exi/5ce f ! process itself1 = ,i c discov] x only :5 ,i consid] ! process 9 its relation to o!r ?+s4 ,b ?is1 aga91 yields me no k beyond j its relation to o!r ?+s4 ,my inquiry t\*es firm gr\nd only :5 ,i f9d an object1 ! reason ( ! exi/5ce ( :i* ,i c ga!r f itself4 ,su* an object ,i am myself 9 s f> z ,i ?9k1 = ,i qualify my exi/5ce by ! det]m9ate & self-conta9$ cont5t ( my ?\ght-activity4 ,f "h ,i c g on to ask :e!r o!r ?+s exi/ 9 ! same or 9 "s o!r s5se4 ,:5 ?\ght is made an object ( obs]vation1 some?+ :i* usually escapes our att5tion is add$ to ! o!r obs]v$ cont5ts ( ! _w4 ,b ! usual mann] ( obs]vation1 su* z is employ$ also = o!r objects1 is 9 no way alt]$4 ,we add to ! numb] ( objects ( obs]vation1 b n to ! numb] ( me?ods4 ,:5 we are obs]v+ o!r ?+s1 !re ent]s among ! _w-processes--among :i* ,i n[ include obs]vation--"o process :i* is ov]look$4 ,!re is pres5t some?+ diff]5t f e o!r k9d ( process1 some?+ :i* is n tak5 into acc\nt4 ,b :5 ,i make an object ( my own ?9k+1 !re is no su* neglect$ elem5t pres5t4 ,= :at lurks n[ 9 ! backgr\nd is j ?\ght itself ov] aga94 ,! object ( obs]vation is qualitatively id5tical ) ! activity direct$ ^u x4 ,?is is ano!r *>act]i/ic feature ( ?\ght-processes4 ,:5 we make !m objects ( obs]vation1 we are n compell$ to d s ) ! help ( some?+ qualitatively diff]5t1 b c rema9 )9 ! realm ( ?\ght4 ,:5 ,i weave a tissue ( ?\ghts r\nd an indep5d5tly giv5 object1 ,i transc5d my obs]vation1 & ! "q !n arises1 ,:at "r h ,i to d ?is8 ,:y d ,i n passively let ! object impress itself on me8 ,h[ is x possible = my ?\ght to be relevantly relat$ to ! object8 ,^! are que/ions :i* e "o mu/ put to himself :o reflects on 8 own ?\ght-processes4 ,b all ^! que/ions lapse :5 we ?9k ab\t ?\ght itself4 ,we !n add no?+ to our ?\ght t is =eign to x1 & !re=e h no ne$ to ju/ify any su* addition4 ,s*ell+ says3 ,to "k ,nature means to create ,nature4 ,if we take ^! words ( ! d>+ philosoph] ( ,nature lit]ally1 we %all h to r5\nce = ev] all hope ( ga9+ k ( ,nature4 ,= ,nature aft] all exi/s1 & if we h to create x ov] aga91 we mu/ "k ! pr9ciples accord+ to :i* x has orig9at$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,we %\ld h to borr[ f ,nature z x exi/s ! conditions ( exi/5ce = ! ,nature :i* we are ab\t to create4 ,b ?is borr[+1 :i* w\ld h to prec$e ! creat+1 w\ld be a kn[+ ( ,nature1 & w\ld be ?is ev5 if aft] ! borr[+ no creation at all 7 attempt$4 ,! only k9d ( ,nature :i* x w\ld be possible to create )\t previ\s k1 w\ld be a ,nature diff]5t f ! exi/+ "o4 ,:at is impossible ) ,nature1 viz41 creation prior to k1 t we accompli% 9 ! act ( ?\ght4 ,7 we to refra9 f ?9k+ until we _h fir/ ga9$ k ( x1 we %\ld nev] ?9k at all4 ,we mu/ resolutely ?9k /raight ahead1 & !n aft]w>ds by introspective analysis ga9 k ( our own processes4 ,?us we ourselves create ! ?\ght-processes :i* we !n make objects ( obs]vation4 ,! exi/5ce ( all o!r objects is provid$ = u )\t any activity on our "p4 ,my cont5tion t we mu/ ?9k be=e we c make ?\ght an object ( k1 might easily be c\nt]$ by ! app>5tly equally valid cont5tion t we _c wait ) dige/+ until we h fir/ obs]v$ ! process ( dige/ion4 ,?is objection w\ld be simil> to t br\ght by ,pascal aga9/ ,desc>tes1 :5 he ass]t$ we might also say ,i walk1 !re=e ,i am4 ,c]ta9ly ,i mu/ dige/ resolutely & n wait until ,i h /udi$ ! physiological process ( dige/ion4 ,b ,i c\ld only comp>e ?is ) ! analysis ( ?\ght if1 aft] dige/ion1 ,i set myself n to analyse x by ?\ght1 b to eat & dige/ x4 ,x is n )\t reason t1 :ile dige/ion _c become ! object ( dige/ion1 ?\ght c v well become ! object ( ?\ght4 ,?is !n is indisputable1 t 9 ?9k+ we h got hold ( "o bit ( ! _w-process :i* requires our pres5ce if any?+ is to happ54 ,& t is ! v po9t t matt]s4 ,! v reason :y ?+s seem s puzzl+ is j t ,i play no "p 9 _! production4 ,!y are simply giv5 to me1 :]eas ,i "k h[ ?\ght is produc$4 ,h5ce !re c be no m fundam5tal />t+-po9t ?an ?\ght f :i* to reg>d all _w-processes4 ,i %\ld l /ill to m5tion a widely curr5t error :i* prevails ) reg>d to ?\ght4 ,x is (t5 said t ?\ght1 9 its real nature1 is nev] exp]i5c$4 ,! ?\ght-processes :i* connect our p]ceptions ) "o ano!r1 & weave ab\t !m a network ( concepts1 are n at all ! same z ^? :i* our analysis aft]w>ds extracts f ! objects ( p]ception1 9 ord] to make !m ! object ( /udy4 ,:at we h unconsci\sly wov5 into ?+s is1 s we are told1 some?+ widely diff]5t f :at subsequ5t analysis recov]s out ( !m4 ,^? :o hold ?is view d n see t x is impossible to escape f ?\ght4 ,i _c get outside ?\ght :5 ,i want to obs]ve x4 ,we %\ld nev] =get t ! di/9ction betwe5 ?\ght :i* goes on unconsci\sly & ?\ght :i* is consci\sly analys$1 is a purely ext]nal "o & irrelevant to our discussion4 ,i d n 9 any way alt] a ?+ by mak+ x an object ( ?\ght4 ,i c well imag9e t a be+ ) q diff]5t s5se-organs1 & ) a diff]5tly con/ruct$ intellig5ce1 w\ld h a v diff]5t idea ( a horse f m9e1 b ,i _c ?9k t my own ?\ght becomes diff]5t because ,i make x an object ( k4 ,i myself obs]ve my own processes4 ,we are n talk+ "h ( h[ my ?\ght-processes appe> to an intellig5ce diff]5t f m9e1 b h[ !y appe> to me4 ,9 any case1 ! idea :i* ano!r m9d =ms ( my ?\ght _c be tru] ?an ! "o :i* ,i =m myself4 ,only if ! ?\ght-processes 7 n my own1 b ! activity ( a be+ q diff]5t f me1 c\ld ,i ma9ta9 t1 not)/&+ my =m+ a def9ite idea ( ^! ?\ght-processes1 _! real nature 0 beyond my compreh5sion4 ,s f>1 !re is n ! slighte/ reason :y ,i %\ld reg>d my ?\ght f any o!r po9t ( view ?an my own4 ,i contemplate ! re/ ( ! _w by means ( ?\ght4 ,h[ %\ld ,i make ( my ?\ght an exception8 ,i ?9k ,i h giv5 suffici5t reasons = mak+ ?\ght ! />t+-po9t = my !ory ( ! _w4 ,:5 ,ar*im$es _h discov]$ ! lev]1 he ?\ght he c\ld lift ! :ole cosmos out ( its h+es1 if only he c\ld f9d a po9t ( support = 8 in/rum5t4 ,he ne$$ a po9t :i* 0 self-support+4 ,9 ?\ght we h a pr9ciple :i* is self-subsi/+4 ,let u try1 !re=e1 to und]/& ! _w />t+ ) ?\ght z our basis4 ,?\ght c be grasp$ by ?\ght4 ,! "q is :e!r by ?\ght we c also grasp some?+ o!r ?an ?\ght4 ,i h s f> spok5 ( ?\ght )\t tak+ any acc\nt ( its vehicle1 ! human consci\sness4 ,mo/ pres5t-day philosoph]s w\ld object t1 be=e !re c be ?\ght1 !re mu/ be consci\sness4 ,h5ce we ought to />t1 n f ?\ght1 b f consci\sness4 ,!re is no ?\ght1 !y say )\t consci\sness4 ,9 reply ,i w\ld urge t1 9 ord] to cle> up ! relation betwe5 ?\ght & consci\sness1 ,i mu/ ?9k ab\t x4 ,h5ce ,i presuppose ?\ght4 ,"o might1 x is true1 retort t1 ?\gh a philosoph] :o wi%es to und]/& consci\sness1 naturally makes use ( ?\ght1 & s f> presupposes x1 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( life ?\ght arises )9 consci\sness & !re=e presupposes t4 ,7 ?is answ] giv5 to ! _w-creator1 :5 he 0 ab\t to create ?\ght1 x w\ld1 )\t d\bt1 be to ! po9t4 ,?\ght _c1 ( c\rse1 come into be+ be=e consci\sness4 ,! philosoph]1 h[ev]1 is n conc]n$ ) ! creation ( ! _w1 b ) ! und]/&+ ( x4 ,h5ce he is 9 se>* ( ! />t+-po9t1 n = creation1 b = ! und]/&+ ( ! _w4 ,x seems to me v /range t philosoph]s are reproa*$ = tr\bl+ !mselves1 above all1 ab\t ! correctness ( _! pr9ciples1 in/ead ( turn+ /raight to ! objects :i* !y seek to und]/&4 ,! _w-creator _h above all to "k h[ to f9d a vehicle = ?\ght2 ! philosoph] mu/ seek a firm basis = ! und]/&+ ( :at is giv54 ,:at does x help u to />t ) consci\sness & make x an object ( ?\ght1 if we h n fir/ inquir$ h[ f> x is possible at all to ga9 any k ( ?+s by ?\ght8 ,we mu/ fir/ consid] ?\ght q imp>tially )\t relation to a ?9k+ subject or to an object ( ?\ght4 ,= subject & object are bo? concepts con/ruct$ by ?\ght4 ,!re is no d5y+ t ?\ght mu/ be und]/ood be=e any?+ else c be und]/ood4 ,:oev] d5ies ?is1 fails to realise t man is n ! fir/ l9k 9 ! *a9 ( creation b ! la/4 ,h5ce1 9 ord] to expla9 ! _w by means ( concepts1 we _c />t f ! elem5ts ( exi/5ce :i* came fir/ 9 "t1 b we mu/ beg9 ) ^? :i* are ne>e/ & mo/ intimately connect$ ) u4 ,we _c1 ) a leap1 transport ourselves to ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1 9 ord] to beg9 our analysis !re1 b we mu/ />t f ! pres5t & see :e!r we _c advance f ! lat] to ! e>li]4 ,z long z ,geology fabl$ fanta/ic revolutions to acc\nt = ! pres5t /ate ( ! e>?1 x grop$ 9 d>kness4 ,x 0 only :5 x began to /udy ! processes at pres5t at "w on ! e>?1 & f ^! to argue back to ! pa/1 t x ga9$ a firm f\ndation4 ,z long z ,philosophy assumes all sorts ( pr9ciples1 su* z atom1 motion1 matt]1 w1 ! unconsci\s1 x w hang 9 ! air4 ,! philosoph] c rea* 8 goal only if he adopts t :i* is la/ 9 "t z fir/ 9 8 !ory4 ,?is absolutely la/ 9 ! _w-process is ?\ght4 ,!re are p :o say x is impossible to asc]ta9 ) c]ta9ty :e!r ?\ght is "r or wrong1 & t1 s f>1 our />t+-po9t is a d\btful "o4 ,x w\ld be j z intellig5t to raise d\bts z to :e!r a tree is 9 itself "r or wrong4 ,?\ght is a fact1 & x is mean+less to speak ( ! tru? or falsity ( a fact4 ,i c1 at mo/1 be 9 d\bt z to :e!r ?\ght is rightly employ$1 j z ,i c d\bt :e!r a c]ta9 tree supplies wood adapt$ to ! mak+ ( ?is or t useful object4 ,x is j ! purpose ( ?is book to %[ h[ f> ! application ( ?\ght to ! _w is "r or wrong4 ,i c und]/& anyone d\bt+ :e!r1 by means ( ?\ght1 we c ga9 any k ( ! _w1 b x is un9telligible to me h[ anyone c d\bt t ?\ght 9 itself is "r4 ,,addition ,,to ,,! ,,revis$ ,,edition 7#aiah74 ,9 ! prec$+ discussion ,i h po9t$ out ! importance ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?9k+ & all o!r activities ( m9d4 ,?is diff]5ce is a fact :i* is pat5t to g5u9ely unprejudic$ obs]vation4 ,an obs]v] :o does n try to see ! facts )\t preconception w be tempt$ to br+ aga9/ my argum5tation su* objections z ^!3 ,:5 ,i ?9k ab\t a rose1 !re is involv$ no?+ m ?an a relation ( my ,i to ! rose1 j z :5 ,i feel ! beauty ( ! rose4 ,!re subsi/s a relation betwe5 ,i & object 9 ?9k+ precisely z !re does1 e4g41 9 feel+ or p]ceiv+4 ,^? :o urge ?is objection fail to be> 9 m9d t x is only 9 ! activity ( ?9k+ t ! ,i1 or ,ego1 kn[s itself to be id5tical1 "r into all ! ramifications ( ! activity1 ) t :i* does ! ?9k+4 ,( no o!r activity ( m9d c we say ! same4 ,= example1 9 a feel+ ( pleasure x is easy = a really c>eful obs]v] to discrim9ate betwe5 ! ext5t to :i* ! ,ego kn[s itself to be id5tical ) :at is active 9 ! feel+1 & ! ext5t to :i* !re is some?+ passive 9 ! ,ego1 s t ! pleasure is m]ely some?+ :i* happ5s to ! ,ego4 ,! same applies to ! o!r m5tal activities4 ,! ma9 ?+ is n to confuse ! hav+ ( images ) ! elaboration ( ideas by ?9k+4 ,images may appe> 9 ! m9d dream-wise1 l vague intimations4 ,b ?is is n ?9k+4 ,true1 someone might n[ urge3 ,if ?is is :at y mean by ?9k+1 !n y\r ?9k+ conta9s will+1 & y h to d1 n ) m]e ?9k+1 b ) ! w to ?9k4 ,h[ev]1 ?is w\ld ju/ify u only 9 say+3 ,g5u9e ?9k+ mu/ always be will$ ?9k+4 ,b ?is is q irrelevant to ! *>act]isation ( ?9k+ z ?is has be5 giv5 9 ! prec$+ discussion4 ,let x be grant$ t ! nature ( ?9k+ necess>ily implies its be+ will$1 ! po9t :i* matt]s is t no?+ is will$ :i*1 9 be+ c>ri$ out1 fails to appe> to ! ,ego z an activity completely its own & "u its own sup]vision4 ,inde$1 we mu/ say t ?9k+ appe>s to ! obs]v] z ?r\gh & ?r\gh will$1 precisely because ( its nature z above def9$4 ,if we g5u9ely try to ma/] all ! facts :i* are relevant to a judgm5t ab\t ! nature ( ?9k+1 we _c fail to obs]ve t1 z a m5tal activity1 ?9k+ has ! unique "* :i* is "h 9 "q4 ,a read] ( ^: p[]s ! au?or ( ?is book has a v high op9ion1 has object$ t x is impossible to speak ab\t ?9k+ z we are "h do+1 because ! suppos$ obs]vation ( active ?9k+ is no?+ b an illusion4 ,9 reality1 :at is obs]v$ is only ! results ( an unconsci\s activity :i* lies at ! basis ( ?9k+4 ,x is only because1 & j because1 ?is unconsci\s activity escapes obs]vation1 t ! deceptive appe>ance ( ! self-exi/5ce ( ! obs]v$ ?9k+ arises1 j z :5 an illum9ation by means ( a rapid succession ( electric sp>ks makes u believe t we see a movem5t4 ,?is objection1 likewise1 re/s solely on an inaccurate view ( ! facts4 ,! objection ignores t x is ! ,ego itself :i*1 id5tical ) ! ?9k+1 obs]ves f )9 its own activity4 ,! ,ego w\ld h to /& outside ! ?9k+ 9 ord] to suff] ! sort ( deception :i* is caus$ by an illum9ation ) a rapid succession ( electric sp>ks4 ,"o might say r t to indulge 9 su* an analogy is to deceive oneself wilfully1 j z if someone1 see+ a mov+ light1 7 ob/9ately to affirm t x is be+ fre%ly lit by an unkn[n h& at e po9t :]e x appe>s4 ,no1 :oev] is b5t on see+ 9 ?\ght any?+ else ?an an activity produc$--& obs]vable by--! ,ego has fir/ to %ut 8 eyes to ! pla9 facts t are !re = ! look+1 9 ord] !n to inv5t a hypo!tical activity z ! basis ( ?9k+4 ,if he does n wilfully bl9d himself1 he mu/ recognise t all ^! hypo!tical additions to ?9k+ take him away f its real nature4 ,unprejudic$ obs]vation %[s t no?+ is to be c\nt$ z belong+ to ! nature ( ?9k+ except :at is f\nd 9 ?9k+ itself4 ,x is impossible to discov] ! cause ( ?9k+ by go+ outside ! realm ( ?\ght4 ,,iv ,,! ,,_w ,,z ,,p]cept ,! products ( ?9k+ are concepts & ideas4 ,:at a concept is _c be express$ 9 words4 ,words c d no m ?an draw our att5tion to ! fact t we h concepts4 ,:5 someone p]ceives a tree1 ! p]ception acts z a /imulus = ?\ght4 ,?us an ideal elem5t is add$ to ! p]ceiv$ object1 & ! p]ceiv] reg>ds ! object & its ideal complem5t z belong+ toge!r4 ,:5 ! object disappe>s f ! field ( 8 p]ception1 ! ideal c\nt]p>t alone rema9s4 ,?is latt] is ! concept ( ! object4 ,! wid] ! range ( our exp]i5ce1 ! l>g] becomes ! numb] ( our concepts4 ,moreov]1 concepts are n by any means f\nd 9 isolation "o f ! o!r4 ,!y comb9e to =m an ord]$ & sy/ematic :ole4 ,! concept organism1 e4g41 comb9es ) ^? ( developm5t accord+ to law1 gr[?1 & o!rs4 ,o!r concepts bas$ on p>ticul> objects fuse completely ) "o ano!r4 ,all concepts =m$ f p>ticul> lions fuse 9 ! univ]sal concept lion4 ,9 ?is way1 all ! sep>ate concepts comb9e to =m a clos$1 conceptual sy/em )9 :i* ea* has its special place4 ,ideas d n diff] qualitatively f concepts4 ,!y are b full]1 m saturat$1 m compreh5sive concepts4 ,i atta* special importance to ! necessity ( be>+ 9 m9d1 "h1 t ,i make ?\ght my />t+-po9t1 & n concepts & ideas :i* are fir/ ga9$ by means ( ?\ght4 ,^! latt] presuppose ?\ght4 ,my rem>ks reg>d+ ! self-dep5d5t1 self-suffici5t "* ( ?\ght _c1 !re=e1 be simply transf]r$ to concepts4 7,i make special m5tion ( ?is1 because x is "h t ,i diff] f ,hegel1 :o reg>ds ! concept z some?+ prim>y & ultimate47 ,concepts _c be d]iv$ f p]ception4 ,?is is app>5t f ! fact t1 z man gr[s up1 he sl[ly & gradually builds up ! concepts correspond+ to ! objects :i* surr\nd him4 ,concepts are add$ to p]ception4 ,a philosoph]1 widely read at ! pres5t day 7,h]b]t ,sp5c]71 describes ! m5tal process :i* we p]=m ^u p]ception z foll[s3 ,if1 :5 walk+ ?r\gh ! fields "s day 9 ,septemb]1 y he> a ru/le a few y>ds 9 advance1 & on obs]v+ ! dit*-side :]e x occurs1 see ! h]bage agitat$1 y w probably turn t[>ds ! spot to le>n by :at ?is s\nd & motion are produc$4 ,z y approa* !re flutt]s into ! dit* a p>tridge2 on see+ :i* y\r curiosity is satisfi$--y h :at y call an explanation ( ! appe>ances4 ,! explanation1 m>k1 am\nts to ?is--t :]eas ?r\gh\t life y h _h c\ntless exp]i5ces ( di/urbance among small /ation>y bodies1 accompany+ ! movem5t ( o!r bodies among !m1 & h g5]alis$ ! relation betwe5 su* di/urbances & su* movem5ts1 y consid] ?is p>ticul> di/urbance expla9$ on f9d+ x to pres5t an in/ance ( ! l relation 7,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 ,"p ,i1 p>4 #bc74 ,a clos] analysis leads to a v diff]5t description f t "h giv54 ,:5 ,i he> a noise1 my fir/ dem& is = ! concept :i* fits ?is p]cept4 ,)\t ?is concept1 ! noise is to me a m]e noise4 ,:oev] does n reflect fur!r1 he>s j ! noise & is satisfi$ ) t4 ,b my ?\ght makes x cle> to me t ! noise is to be reg>d$ z an effect4 ,?us x is only :5 ,i comb9e ! concept ( effect ) ! p]cept ( a noise t ,i am l$ to g beyond ! p>ticul> p]cept & seek = its cause4 ,! concept ( effect calls up t ( cause1 & my next /ep is to look = ! ag5t1 :i* ,i f9d1 say1 9 a p>tridge4 ,b ^! concepts1 cause & effect1 c nev] be ga9$ ?r\gh m]e p]ception1 h[ev] _m in/ances we br+ "u review4 ,p]ception evokes ?\ght1 & x is ?is :i* %[s me h[ to l9k sep>ate exp]i5ces toge!r4 ,if "o dem&s ( a /rictly objective sci5ce t x %\ld take its data f p]ception alone1 "o mu/ dem& also t x ab&on all ?\ght4 ,= ?\ght1 by its v nature1 transc5ds ! objects ( p]ception4 ,x is "t n[ to pass f ?\ght to ! ?9k]4 ,= x is ?r\gh ! ?9k] t ?\ght & p]ception are comb9$4 ,! human m9d is ! /age on :i* concept & p]cept meet & are l9k$ to "o ano!r4 ,9 say+ ?is1 we already *>act]ise ?is 7human7 consci\sness4 ,x m$iates betwe5 ?\ght & p]ception4 ,9 p]ception ! object appe>s z giv51 9 ?\ght ! m9d seems to itself to be active4 ,x reg>ds ! ?+ z object & itself z ! ?9k+ subject4 ,:5 ?\ght is direct$ ^u ! p]ceptual _w we h consci\sness ( objects2 :5 x is direct$ ^u itself we h self-consci\sness4 ,human consci\sness mu/1 ( necessity1 be at ! same "t self-consci\sness1 because x is a consci\sness :i* ?9ks4 ,=1 :5 ?\ght contemplates its own activity x makes an object = /udy ( its own ess5tial nature1 x makes an object ( itself z subject4 ,x is important to note "h t x is only by means ( ?9k+ t ,i am able to det]m9e myself z subject & contra/ myself ) objects4 ,!re=e ?9k+ mu/ nev] be reg>d$ z a m]ely subjective activity4 ,?9k+ transc5ds ! di/9ction ( subject & object4 ,x produces ^! two concepts j z x produces all o!rs4 ,:51 !re=e1 ,i1 z ?9k+ subject1 ref] a concept to an object1 we mu/ n reg>d ?is ref]5ce z some?+ purely subjective4 ,x is n ! subject1 b ?\ght1 :i* makes ! ref]5ce4 ,! subject does n ?9k because x is a subject1 r x conceives itself to be a subject because x c ?9k4 ,! activity ( consci\sness1 9 s f> z x ?9ks1 is ?us n m]ely subjective4 ,r x is nei!r subjective nor objective2 x transc5ds bo? ^! concepts4 ,i ought nev] to say t ,i1 z an individual subject1 ?9k1 b r t ,i1 z subject1 exi/ myself by ! grace ( ?\ght4 ,?\ght ?us takes me out ( myself & relates me to objects4 ,at ! same "t x sep>ates me f !m1 inasmu* z ,i1 z subject1 am set ov] aga9/ ! objects4 ,x is j ?is :i* con/itutes ! d\ble nature ( man4 ,8 ?\ght embraces himself & ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,b by ?is same act ( ?\ght he det]m9es himself also z an individual1 9 contra/ ) ! objective _w4 ,we mu/ next ask ourselves h[ ! o!r elem5t1 :i* we h s f> simply call$ ! p]ceptual object & :i* comes1 9 consci\sness1 into contact ) ?\ght1 ent]s into ?\ght at all8 ,9 ord] to answ] ?is "q1 we mu/ elim9ate f ! field ( consci\sness ev]y?+ :i* has be5 import$ by ?\ght4 ,=1 at any mom5t1 ! cont5t ( consci\sness is always %ot ?r\gh ) concepts 9 ! mo/ v>i\s ways4 ,let u assume t a be+ ) fully develop$ human intellig5ce orig9at$ out ( no?+ & confront$ ! _w4 ,all t x !re p]ceiv$ be=e its ?\ght began to act w\ld be ! pure cont5t ( p]ception4 ,! _w s f> w\ld appe> to ?is be+ z a m]e *aotic aggregate ( s5se-data1 col\rs1 s\nds1 s5sations ( pressure1 ( w>m?1 ( ta/e1 ( smell1 &1 la/ly1 feel+s ( pleasure & pa94 ,?is mass con/itutes ! _w ( pure un?9k+ p]ception4 ,ov] aga9/ x /&s ?\ght1 ready to beg9 its activity z soon z x c f9d a po9t ( attack4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t ! opportunity is n long 9 com+4 ,?\ght is able to draw ?reads f "o s5se-datum to ano!r4 ,x br+s def9ite concepts to be> on ^! data & ?us e/abli%es a relation betwe5 !m4 ,we h se5 above h[ a noise :i* we he> is connect$ ) ano!r cont5t by our id5tify+ ! fir/ z ! effect ( ! second4 ,if n[ we recollect t ! activity ( ?\ght is on no acc\nt to be consid]$ z m]ely subjective1 !n we %all n be tempt$ to believe t ! relations ?us e/abli%$ by ?\ght h m]ely subjective validity4 ,our next task is to discov] by means ( ?\ght :at relation ! above-m5tion$ imm$iate s5se-data h to ! consci\s subject4 ,! ambiguity ( curr5t spee* makes x advisable = me to come to an agreem5t ) my read]s conc]n+ ! mean+ ( a ^w :i* ,i %all h to employ 9 :at foll[s4 ,i %all apply ! "n p]cepts to ! imm$iate s5se-data enum]at$ above1 9 s f> z ! subject consci\sly appreh5ds !m4 ,x is1 !n1 n ! process ( p]ception1 b ! object ( ?is process :i* ,i call ! p]cept4 ,i reject ! t]m s5sation1 because ?is has a def9ite mean+ 9 ,physiology :i* is n>r[] ?an t ( my t]m p]cept4 ,i c speak ( feel+ z a p]cept1 b n z a s5sation 9 ! physiological s5se ( ! t]m4 ,be=e ,i c h cognisance ( my feel+ x mu/ become a p]cept = me4 ,! mann] 9 :i*1 ?r\gh obs]vation1 we ga9 k ( our ?\ght-processes is su* t :5 we fir/ beg9 to notice ?\ght1 x too may be call$ a p]cept4 ,! unreflective man reg>ds 8 p]cepts1 su* z !y appe> to 8 imm$iate appreh5sion1 z ?+s hav+ a :olly indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,:5 he sees a tree he believes t x /&s 9 ! =m :i* he sees1 ) ! col\rs ( all its p>ts1 etc41 !re on ! spot t[>ds :i* 8 gaze is direct$4 ,:5 ! same man sees ! sun 9 ! morn+ appe> z a disc on ! horizon1 & foll[s ! c\rse ( ?is disc1 he believes t ! ph5om5on exi/s & occurs 7by itself7 exactly z he p]ceives x4 ,to ?is belief he cl+s until he meets ) fur!r p]cepts :i* contradict 8 =m] ones4 ,! *ild :o has z yet _h no exp]i5ce ( di/ance grasps at ! moon1 & does n correct its fir/ impression z to ! real di/ance until a second p]cept contradicts ! fir/4 ,e ext5sion ( ! circle ( my p]cepts compels me to correct my picture ( ! _w4 ,we see ?is 9 ev]yday life1 z well z 9 ! m5tal developm5t ( mank9d4 ,! picture :i* ! anci5ts made = !mselves ( ! relation ( ! e>? to ! sun & o!r heav5ly bodies1 _h to be replac$ by ano!r :5 ,cop]nicus f\nd t x contradict$ p]cepts :i* 9 ^? e>ly days 7 unkn[n4 ,a man :o _h be5 born bl9d said1 :5 op]at$ on by ,dr4 ,franz1 t ! idea ( ! size ( objects :i* he _h =m$ be=e 8 op]ation by 8 s5se ( t\* 0 a v diff]5t "o4 ,he _h to correct 8 tactual p]cepts by 8 visual p]cepts4 ,h[ is x t we are compell$ to make ^! cont9ual corrections 9 our obs]vations8 ,a s+le reflection supplies ! answ] to ?is "q4 ,:5 ,i /& at "o end ( an av5ue1 ! trees at ! o!r end1 away f me1 seem small] & ne>] toge!r ?an ^? :]e ,i /&4 ,b ! sc5e :i* ,i p]ceive *anges :5 ,i *ange ! place f :i* ,i am look+4 ,! exact =m 9 :i* x pres5ts itself to me is1 !re=e1 dep5d5t on a condition :i* inh]es1 n 9 ! object1 b 9 me1 ! p]cipi5t4 ,x is all ! same to ! av5ue :]e ,i /&4 ,b ! picture ( x :i* ,i receive dep5ds ess5tially on my /&po9t4 ,9 ! same way1 x makes no diff]5ce to ! sun & ! planet>y sy/em t human be+s happ5 to p]ceive !m f ! e>?2 b ! picture ( ! heav5s :i* human be+s h is det]m9$ by ! fact t !y inhabit ! e>?4 ,?is dep5d5ce ( our p]cepts on our po9ts ( obs]vation is ! easie/ k9d ( dep5d5ce to und]/&4 ,! matt] becomes m difficult :5 we realise fur!r t our p]ceptual _w is dep5d5t on our bodily & m5tal organisation4 ,! physici/ tea*es u t )9 ! space 9 :i* we he> a s\nd !re are vibrations ( ! air1 & t !re are vibrations also 9 ! p>ticles ( ! body :i* we reg>d z ! cause ( ! s\nd4 ,^! vibrations are p]ceiv$ z s\nds only if we h normally con/ruct$ e>s4 ,)\t !m ! :ole _w w\ld be = u = ev] sil5t4 ,aga91 ! physiologi/ tea*es u t !re are m5 :o p]ceive no?+ ( ! wond]ful display ( col\rs :i* surr\nds u4 ,9 _! _w !re are only degrees ( light & d>k4 ,o!rs are bl9d only to "o col\r1 e4g41 r$4 ,_! _w lacks ?is col\r tone1 & h5ce x is actually a diff]5t "o f t ( ! av]age man4 ,i %\ld l to call ! dep5d5ce ( my p]ceptual _w on my po9t ( obs]vation ma!matical1 & its dep5d5ce on my organisation qualitative4 ,! =m] det]m9es proportions ( size & mutual di/ances ( my p]cepts1 ! latt] _! quality4 ,! fact t ,i see a r$ surface z r$--?is qualitative det]m9ation--dep5ds on ! /ructure ( my eye4 ,my p]cepts1 !n1 are 9 ! fir/ in/ance subjective4 ,! recognition ( ! subjective "* ( our p]cepts may easily lead u to d\bt :e!r !re is any objective basis = !m at all4 ,:5 we "k t a p]cept1 e4g41 t ( a r$ col\r or ( a c]ta9 tone1 is n possible )\t a specific /ructure ( our organism1 we may easily be l$ to believe t x has no be+ at all ap>t f our subjective organisation1 t x has no k9d ( exi/5ce ap>t f ! act ( p]ceiv+ ( :i* x is ! object4 ,! classical repres5tative ( ?is !ory is ,george ,b]keley1 :o held t f ! mom5t we realise ! importance ( a subject = p]ception1 we are no long] able to believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( a _w ap>t f a consci\s m9d4 ,"s tru?s !re are s ne> & obvi\s to ! m9d t man ne$ only op5 8 eyes to see !m4 ,su* ,i take ?is important "o to be1 viz41 t all ! *oir ( heav5 & ! furniture ( ! e>?--9 a ^w1 all ^? bodies :i* compose ! mighty frame ( ! _w--h n any subsi/5ce )\t a m9d2 t _! be+ is to be p]ceiv$ or kn[n2 t consequ5tly1 s long z !y are n actually p]ceiv$ by me1 or d n exi/ 9 my m9d or t ( any o!r creat$ _s1 !y mu/ ei!r h no exi/5ce at all or else subsi/ 9 ! m9d ( "s ,et]nal ,_s 7,b]keley1 ,( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k1 ,"p ,i1 ,section #f74 ,on ?is view1 :5 we take away ! act ( p]ceiv+1 no?+ rema9s ( ! p]cept4 ,!re is no col\r :5 none is se51 no s\nd :5 none is he>d4 ,ext5sion1 =m1 & motion exi/ z little z col\r & s\nd ap>t f ! act ( p]ception4 ,we nev] p]ceive b>e ext5sion or %ape4 ,^! are always jo9$ ) col\r or "s o!r quality1 :i* are und\bt$ly dep5d5t on ! subject4 ,if ^! latt] disappe> :5 we cease to p]ceive1 ! =m]1 be+ connect$ ) !m1 mu/ disappe> likewise4 ,if x is urg$ t1 ev5 ?\gh figure1 col\r1 s\nd1 etc41 h no exi/5ce except 9 ! act ( p]ception1 yet !re mu/ be ?+s :i* exi/ ap>t f p]ception & :i* are simil> to ! p]cepts 9 our m9ds1 !n ! view we h m5tion$ w\ld answ]1 t a col\r c be simil> only to a col\r1 a figure to a figure4 ,our p]cepts c be simil> only to our p]cepts & to no?+ else4 ,ev5 :at we call a ?+ is no?+ b a collection ( p]cepts :i* are connect$ 9 a def9ite way4 ,if ,i /rip a table ( its %ape1 ext5sion1 col\r1 etc4--9 %ort1 ( all t is m]ely my p]cepts--!n no?+ rema9s ov]4 ,if we foll[ ?is view to its logical conclusion1 we are l$ to ! ass]tion t ! objects ( my p]ceptions exi/ only ?r\gh me1 & only 9 z f> z1 & z long z1 ,i p]ceive !m4 ,!y disappe> ) my p]ceiv+ & h no mean+ ap>t f x4 ,ap>t f my p]cepts ,i "k ( no objects & _c "k ( any4 ,no objection c be made to ?is ass]tion z long z we take into acc\nt m]ely ! g5]al fact t ! p]cept is det]m9$ 9 "p by ! organisation ( ! subject4 ,! matt] w\ld be f> o!rwise if we 7 9 a position to say :at "p exactly is play$ by our p]ceiv+ 9 ! occurr5ce ( a p]cept4 ,we %\ld "k !n :at happ5s to a p]cept :il/ x is be+ p]ceiv$1 & we %\ld also be able to det]m9e :at "* x mu/ possess be=e x comes to be p]ceiv$4 ,?is leads u to turn our att5tion f ! object ( a p]ception to ! subject ( x4 ,i am aw>e n only ( o!r ?+s b also ( myself4 ,! cont5t ( my p]ception ( myself consi/s1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 9 t ,i am some?+ /able 9 contra/ ) ! ev] com+ & go+ flux ( p]cepts4 ,! aw>5ess ( myself accompanies 9 my consci\sness ! aw>5ess ( all o!r p]cepts4 ,:5 ,i am absorb$ 9 ! p]ception ( a giv5 object ,i am1 = ! "t be+1 aw>e only ( ?is object4 ,next ,i become aw>e also ( myself4 ,i am !n consci\s1 n only ( ! object1 b also ( my ,self z oppos$ to & obs]v+ ! object4 ,i d n m]ely see a tree1 ,i "k also t x is ,i :o see x4 ,i "k1 moreov]1 t "s process takes place 9 me :5 ,i obs]ve a tree4 ,:5 ! tree disappe>s f my field ( vision1 an aft]-effect ( ?is process rema9s1 viz41 an image ( ! tree4 ,?is image has become associat$ ) my ,self dur+ my p]ception4 ,my ,self has become enri*$2 to its cont5t a new elem5t has be5 add$4 ,?is elem5t ,i call my idea ( ! tree4 ,i %\ld nev] h occasion to talk ( ideas1 7 ,i n aw>e ( my own ,self4 ,p]cepts w\ld come & g2 ,i %\ld let !m slip by4 ,x is only because ,i am aw>e ( my ,self1 & obs]ve t ) ea* p]ception ! cont5t ( ! ,self is *ang$1 t ,i am compell$ to connect ! p]ception ( ! object ) ! *anges 9 ! cont5t ( my ,self1 & to speak ( hav+ an idea4 ,t ,i h ideas is 9 ! same s5se matt] ( obs]vation to me z t o!r objects h col\r1 s\nd1 etc4 ,i am n[ also able to di/+ui% ^! o!r objects1 :i* /& ov] aga9/ me1 by ! "n ( ! out] _w1 :]eas ! cont5ts ( my p]ception ( my ,self =m my inn] _w4 ,! failure to recognise ! true relation betwe5 idea & object has l$ to ! greate/ misund]/&+s 9 mod]n philosophy4 ,! fact t ,i p]ceive a *ange 9 myself1 t my ,self und]goes a modification1 has be5 ?ru/ into ! =egr\nd1 :il/ ! object :i* causes ^! modifications is altoge!r ignor$4 ,9 consequ5ce x has be5 said t we p]ceive1 n objects1 b only our ideas4 ,i "k1 s x is said1 no?+ ( ! table 9 itself1 :i* is ! object ( my p]ception1 b only ( ! *anges :i* occur )9 me :5 ,i p]ceive a table4 ,?is !ory %\ld n be confus$ ) ! ,b]keleyan !ory m5tion$ above4 ,b]keley ma9ta9s ! subjective nature ( my p]ceptual cont5ts1 b he does n say t ,i c "k only my own ideas4 ,he limits my k to my ideas because1 on 8 view1 !re are no objects o!r ?an ideas4 ,:at ,i p]ceive z a table no long] exi/s1 accord+ to ,b]keley1 :5 ,i cease to look at x4 ,?is is :y ,b]keley holds t our p]cepts are creat$ directly by ! omnipot5ce ( ,god4 ,i see a table because ,god causes ?is p]cept 9 me4 ,= ,b]keley1 !re=e1 no?+ is real except ,god & human spirits4 ,:at we call ! _w exi/s only 9 spirits4 ,:at ! nave man calls ! out] _w1 or mat]ial nature1 is = ,b]keley non-exi/5t4 ,?is !ory is confront$ by ! n[ pr$om9ant ,kantian view :i* limits our k ( ! _w to our ideas1 n because ( any conviction t no?+ beyond ^! ideas exi/s1 b because x holds t we are s organis$ t we c h k only ( ! *anges )9 our own selves1 n ( ! ?+s-9-!mselves :i* are ! causes ( ^! *anges4 ,?is view concludes f ! fact t ,i "k only my own ideas1 n t !re is no reality indep5d5t ( !m1 b only t ! subject _c h direct k ( su* reality4 ,! m9d c m]ely ?r\gh ! m$ium ( its subjective ?\ghts imag9e x1 conceive x1 "k x1 or p]haps also fail to "k x 7,o4 ,liebmann1 ,zur ,analysis d] ,wirkli*keit1 p4 #bh74 ,kantians believe t _! pr9ciples are absolutely c]ta91 inde$ imm$iately evid5t1 )\t any pro(4 ,! mo/ fundam5tal pr9ciple :i* ! philosoph] mu/ beg9 by grasp+ cle>ly1 consi/s 9 ! recognition t our k1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 does n ext5d beyond our ideas4 ,our ideas are all t we imm$iately h & exp]i5ce1 & j because we h imm$iate exp]i5ce ( !m ! mo/ radical d\bt _c rob u ( ?is k4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! k :i* transc5ds my ideas--tak+ ideas "h 9 ! wide/ possible s5se1 s z to include all psy*ical processes--is n pro( aga9/ d\bt4 ,h5ce1 at ! v beg9n+ ( all philosophy we mu/ explicitly set d[n all k :i* transc5ds ideas z op5 to d\bt4 ,^! are ! op5+ s5t5ces ( ,volkelt's book on ,kant's ,!ory ( ,k4 ,:at is "h put =w>d z an imm$iate & self-evid5t tru? is1 9 reality1 ! conclusion ( a piece ( argum5t :i* runs z foll[s4 ,nave common s5se believes t ?+s1 j z we p]ceive !m1 exi/ also outside our m9ds4 ,physics1 ,physiology1 & ,psy*ology1 h[ev]1 tea* u t our p]cepts are dep5d5t on our organisation1 & t !re=e we _c "k any?+ ab\t ext]nal objects except :at our organisation transmits to u4 ,! objects :i* we p]ceive are ?us modifications ( our organisation1 n ?+s-9-!mselves4 ,?is l9e ( ?\ght has1 9 fact1 be5 *>act]is$ by ,ed4 von ,h>tmann z ! "o :i* leads necess>ily to ! conviction t we c h direct k only ( our own ideas 7cp4 8 ,grundproblem d] ,erk5ntni/heorie1 pp4 #af-dj74 ,because outside our organisms we f9d vibrations ( p>ticles & ( air1 :i* are p]ceiv$ by u z s\nds1 x is conclud$ t :at we call s\nd is no?+ m ?an a subjective reaction ( our organisms to ^! motions 9 ! ext]nal _w4 ,simil>ly1 col\r & heat are inf]r$ to be m]ely modifications ( our organisms4 ,&1 fur!r1 ^! two k9ds ( p]cepts are held to be ! effects ( processes 9 ! ext]nal _w :i* are utt]ly diff]5t f :at we exp]i5ce z heat or z col\r4 ,:5 ^! processes /imulate ! n]ves 9 ! sk9 ( my body1 ,i p]ceive heat2 :5 !y /imulate ! optical n]ve ,i p]ceive light & col\r4 ,light1 col\r1 & heat1 !n1 are ! reactions ( my s5sory n]ves to ext]nal /imuli4 ,simil>ly1 ! s5se ( t\* reveals to me1 n ! objects ( ! out] _w1 b only /ates ( my own body4 ,! physici/ holds t bodies are compos$ ( inf9itely small p>ticles call$ molecules1 & t ^! molecules are n 9 direct contact ) "o ano!r1 b h def9ite int]vals betwe5 !m4 ,betwe5 !m1 !re=e1 is empty space4 ,across ?is space !y act on "o ano!r by attraction & repulsion4 ,if ,i put my h& on a body1 ! molecules ( my h& by no means t\* ^? ( ! body directly1 b !re rema9s a c]ta9 di/ance betwe5 body & h&1 & :at ,i exp]i5ce z ! body's resi/ance is no?+ b ! effect ( ! =ce ( repulsion :i* its molecules ex]t on my h&4 ,i am absolutely ext]nal to ! body & exp]i5ce only its effects on my organism4 ,! !ory ( ! s-call$ ,specific ,n]v\s ,en]gy1 :i* has be5 advanc$ by ,j4 ,mll]1 supplem5ts ^! speculations4 ,x ass]ts t ea* s5se has ! peculi>ity t x reacts to all ext]nal /imuli 9 only "o def9ite way4 ,if ! optic n]ve is /imulat$1 light s5sations result1 irrespective ( :e!r ! /imulation is due to :at we call light1 or to me*anical pressure1 or an electrical curr5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! same ext]nal /imulus appli$ to diff]5t s5ses gives rise to diff]5t s5sations4 ,! conclusion f ^! facts seems to be1 t our s5se-organs c give u k only ( :at occurs 9 !mselves1 b n ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,!y det]m9e our p]cepts1 ea* accord+ to its own nature4 ,physiology %[s1 fur!r1 t !re c be no direct k ev5 ( ! effects :i* objects produce on our s5se-organs4 ,?r\gh 8 /udy ( ! processes :i* occur 9 our own bodies1 ! physiologi/ f9ds t1 ev5 9 ! s5se-organs1 ! effects ( ! ext]nal process are modifi$ 9 ! mo/ div]se ways4 ,we c see ?is mo/ cle>ly 9 ! case ( eye & e>4 ,bo? are v complicat$ organs :i* modify ! ext]nal /imulus consid]ably1 be=e !y conduct x to ! correspond+ n]ve4 ,f ! p]iph]al end ( ! n]ve ! modifi$ /imulus is !n conduct$ to ! bra94 ,"h ! c5tral organs mu/ 9 turn be /imulat$4 ,! conclusion is1 !re=e1 drawn t ! ext]nal process und]goes a s]ies ( trans=mations be=e x rea*es consci\sness4 ,! bra9 processes are connect$ by s _m int]m$iate l9ks ) ! ext]nal /imuli1 t any simil>ity betwe5 !m is out ( ! "q4 ,:at ! bra9 ultimately transmits to ! s\l is nei!r ext]nal processes1 nor processes 9 ! s5se-organs1 b only su* z occur 9 ! bra94 ,b ev5 ^! are n appreh5d$ imm$iately by ! s\l4 ,:at we f9ally h 9 consci\sness are n bra9 processes at all1 b s5sations4 ,my s5sation ( r$ has absolutely no simil>ity ) ! process :i* occurs 9 ! bra9 :5 ,i s5se r$4 ,! s5sation1 aga91 occurs z an effect 9 ! m9d1 & ! bra9 process is only its cause4 ,?is is :y ,h>tmann 7,grundproblem d] ,erk5ntni/heorie1 p4 #cg7 says1 ,:at ! subject exp]i5ces is !re=e only modifications ( 8 own psy*ical /ates & no?+ else4 ,h[ev]1 :5 ,i h s5sations1 !y are v f> z yet f be+ gr\p$ 9 ^? complexes :i* ,i p]ceive z ?+s4 ,only s+le s5sations c be transmitt$ to me by ! bra94 ,! s5sations ( h>dness & s(tness are transmitt$ to me by ! organ ( t\*1 ^? ( col\r & light by ! organ ( sight4 ,yet all ^! are f\nd unit$ 9 "o object4 ,?is unification mu/1 !re=e1 be br\ght ab\t by ! s\l itself2 t is1 ! s\l con/ructs ?+s out ( ! sep>ate s5sations :i* ! bra9 conveys to x4 ,my bra9 conveys to me s+ly1 & by widely diff]5t pa?s1 ! visual1 tactual1 & auditory s5sations :i* ! s\l !n comb9es into ! idea ( a trumpet4 ,?us1 :at is really ! result ( a process 7i4e41 ! idea ( a trumpet71 is = my consci\sness ! prim>y datum4 ,9 ?is result no?+ c any long] be f\nd ( :at exi/s outside ( me & orig9ally /imulat$ my s5se-organs4 ,! ext]nal object is lo/ entirely on ! way to ! bra9 & ?r\gh ! bra9 to ! s\l4 ,x w\ld be h>d to f9d 9 ! hi/ory ( human speculation ano!r edifice ( ?\ght :i* has be5 built up ) great] +5uity1 & :i* yet1 on clos] analysis1 collapses into no?+4 ,let u look a little clos] at ! way x has be5 con/ruct$4 ,! !ory />ts ) :at is giv5 9 nave consci\sness1 i4e41 ) ?+s z p]ceiv$4 ,x proce$s to %[ t none ( ! qualities :i* we f9d 9 ^! ?+s w\ld exi/ = u1 _h we no s5se-organs4 ,no eye--no col\r4 ,!re=e1 ! col\r is n1 z yet1 pres5t 9 ! /imulus :i* affects ! eye4 ,x arises fir/ ?r\gh ! int]action ( ! eye & ! object4 ,! latt] is1 !re=e1 col\rless4 ,b nei!r is ! col\r 9 ! eye1 = 9 ! eye !re is only a *emical1 or physical1 process :i* is fir/ conduct$ by ! optic n]ve to ! bra91 & !re initiates ano!r process4 ,ev5 ?is is n yet ! col\r4 ,t is only produc$ 9 ! s\l by means ( ! bra9 process4 ,ev5 !n x does n yet appe> 9 consci\sness1 b is fir/ ref]r$ by ! s\l to a body 9 ! ext]nal _w4 ,!re ,i f9ally p]ceive x1 z a quality ( ?is body4 ,we h travell$ 9 a complete circle4 ,we are consci\s ( a col\r$ object4 ,t is ! />t+-po9t4 ,"h ?\ght beg9s its con/ruction4 ,if ,i _h no eye1 ! object w\ld be1 = me1 col\rless4 ,i _c1 !re=e1 attribute ! col\r to ! object4 ,i mu/ look = x else:]e4 ,i look = x1 fir/1 9 ! eye--9 va92 9 ! n]ve--9 va92 9 ! bra9--9 va9 once m2 9 ! s\l--"h ,i f9d x inde$1 b n atta*$ to ! object4 ,i recov] ! col\r$ body only on return+ to my />t+-po9t4 ,! circle is complet$4 ,! !ory leads me to id5tify :at ! nave man reg>ds z exi/+ outside ( him1 z really a product ( my m9d4 ,z long z "o /ops "h ev]y?+ seems to fit beautifully4 ,b we mu/ g ov] ! argum5t once m f ! beg9n+4 ,hi!rto ,i h us$1 z my />t+-po9t1 ! object1 i4e41 ! ext]nal p]cept ( :i* up to n[1 f my nave /&po9t1 ,i _h a totally wrong conception4 ,i ?\ght t ! p]cept1 j z ,i p]ceive x1 _h objective exi/5ce4 ,b n[ ,i obs]ve t x disappe>s ) my act ( p]ception1 t x is only a modification ( my m5tal /ate4 ,h ,i1 !n1 any "r at all to />t f x 9 my argum5ts8 ,c ,i say ( x t x acts on my s\l8 ,i mu/ h5ce=? treat ! table ( :i* =m]ly ,i believ$ t x act$ on me1 & produc$ an idea ( itself 9 me1 z itself an idea4 ,b f ?is x foll[s logically t my s5se-organs1 & ! processes 9 !m are also m]ely subjective4 ,i h no "r to talk ( a real eye b only ( my idea ( an eye4 ,exactly ! same is true ( ! n]ve pa?s1 & ! bra9 processes1 & ev5 ( ! process 9 ! s\l itself1 ?r\gh :i* ?+s are suppos$ to be con/ruct$ out ( ! *aos ( div]se s5sations4 ,if assum+ ! tru? ( ! fir/ circle ( argum5tation1 ,i run ?r\gh ! /eps ( my cognitive activity once m1 ! latt] reveals itself z a tissue ( ideas :i*1 z su*1 _c act on "o ano!r4 ,i _c say t my idea ( ! object acts on my idea ( ! eye1 & t f ?is int]action results my idea ( col\r4 ,b x is necess>y t ,i %\ld say ?is4 ,= z soon z ,i see cle>ly t my s5se-organs & _! activity1 my n]ve- & s\l-processes1 c also be kn[n to me only ?r\gh p]ception1 ! argum5t :i* ,i h outl9$ reveals itself 9 its full absurdity4 ,x is q true t ,i c h no p]cept )\t ! correspond+ s5se-organ4 ,b j z little c ,i be aw>e ( a s5se-organ )\t p]ception4 ,f ! p]cept ( a table ,i c pass to ! eye :i* sees x1 or ! n]ves 9 ! sk9 :i* t\*es x1 b :at takes place 9 ^! ,i c1 9 turn1 le>n only f p]ception4 ,& !n ,i soon p]ceive t !re is no trace ( simil>ity betwe5 ! process :i* takes place 9 ! eye & ! col\r :i* ,i see4 ,i _c get rid ( col\r s5sations by po9t+ to ! process :i* takes place 9 ! eye :il/ ,i p]ceive a col\r4 ,no m c ,i re-discov] ! col\r 9 ! n]ve- or bra9-processes4 ,i only add a new p]cept1 localis$ )9 ! organism1 to ! fir/ p]cept :i* ! nave man localises outside ( 8 organism4 ,i only pass f "o p]cept to ano!r4 ,moreov]1 !re is a break 9 ! :ole argum5t4 ,i c foll[ ! processes 9 my organism up to ^? 9 my bra91 ev5 ?\gh my assumptions become m & m hypo!tical z ,i approa* ! c5tral processes ( ! bra94 ,! me?od ( ext]nal obs]vation ceases ) ! process 9 my bra91 m p>ticul>ly ) ! process :i* ,i %\ld obs]ve1 if ,i c\ld treat ! bra9 ) ! in/rum5ts & me?ods ( ,physics & ,*emi/ry4 ,! me?od ( int]nal obs]vation1 or introspection1 beg9s ) ! s5sations1 & includes ! con/ruction ( ?+s out ( ! mat]ial ( s5se-data4 ,at ! po9t ( transition f bra9 process to s5sation1 !re is a break 9 ! sequ5ce ( obs]vation4 ,! !ory :i* ,i h "h describ$1 & :i* calls itself ,critical ,idealism1 9 contra/ to ! /&po9t ( nave common s5se :i* x calls ,nave ,realism1 makes ! mi/ake ( *>act]is+ "o gr\p ( p]cepts z ideas1 :il/ tak+ ano!r gr\p 9 ! v same s5se z ! ,nave ,realism :i* x app>5tly refutes4 ,x e/abli%es ! ideal "* ( p]cepts by accept+ navely1 z objectively valid facts1 ! p]cepts connect$ ) "o's own body2 &1 9 addition1 x fails to see t x confuses two sph]es ( obs]vation1 betwe5 :i* x c f9d no connect+ l9k4 ,critical ,idealism c refute ,nave ,realism only by itself assum+1 9 nave-reali/ic fa%ion1 t "o's own organism has objective exi/5ce4 ,z soon z ! ,ideali/ realises t ! p]cepts connect$ ) 8 own organism /& on exactly ! same foot+ z ^? :i* ,nave ,realism assumes to h objective exi/5ce1 he c no long] use ! =m] z a safe f\ndation = 8 !ory4 ,he w\ld1 to be consi/5t1 h to reg>d 8 own organism also z a m]e complex ( ideas4 ,b ?is removes ! possibility ( reg>d+ ! cont5t ( ! p]ceptual _w z a product ( ! m9d's organisation4 ,"o w\ld h to assume t ! idea col\r 0 only a modification ( ! idea eye4 ,s-call$ ,critical ,idealism c be e/abli%$ only by borr[+ ! assumptions ( ,nave ,realism4 ,! app>5t refutation ( ! latt] is a*iev$ only by uncritically accept+ its own assumptions z valid 9 ano!r sph]e4 ,?is mu*1 !n1 is c]ta93 ,analysis )9 ! _w ( p]cepts _c e/abli% ,critical ,idealism1 &1 consequ5tly1 _c /rip p]cepts ( _! objective "*4 ,/ill less is x legitimate to repres5t ! pr9ciple t ! p]ceptual _w is my idea z self-evid5t & ne$+ no pro(4 ,s*op5hau] beg9s 8 *ief "w1 ,! ,_w z ,w & ,idea1 ) ! words3 ,! _w is my idea--?is is a tru? :i* holds good = ev]y?+ t lives & kn[s1 ?\gh man alone c br+ x into reflective & ab/ract consci\sness4 ,if he really does ?is1 he has atta9$ to philosophical wisdom4 ,x !n becomes cle> & c]ta9 to him t :at he kn[s is n a sun & an e>?1 b only an eye t sees a sun1 a h& t feels an e>?2 t ! _w :i* surr\nds him is !re only 9 idea1 i4e41 only 9 relation to some?+ else1 ! consci\sness :i* is himself4 ,if any tru? c be ass]t$ a priori1 x is ?is3 = x is ! expression ( ! mo/ g5]al =m ( all possible & ?9kable exp]i5ce1 a =m :i* is m g5]al ?an "t1 or space1 or causality1 = !y all presuppose x 444 7,! ,_w z ,w & ,idea1 ,book ,i1 p>4 #a74 ,?is :ole !ory is wreck$ by ! fact1 already m5tion$ above1 t ! eyes & ! h& are j z mu* p]cepts z ! sun & ! e>?4 ,us+ ,s*op5hau]'s vocabul>y 9 8 own s5se1 ,i might ma9ta9 aga9/ him t my eye :i* sees ! sun1 & my h& :i* feels ! e>?1 are my ideas j l ! sun & ! e>? !mselves4 ,t1 put 9 ?is way1 ! :ole !ory cancels itself1 is cle> )\t fur!r argum5t4 ,= only my real eye & my real h&1 b n my ideas eye & h&1 c\ld own ! ideas sun & e>? z modifications4 ,yet x is only 9 t]ms ( ^! ideas t ,critical ,idealism has ! "r to speak4 ,critical ,idealism is totally unable to ga9 an insight unto ! relation ( p]cept to idea4 ,x _c make ! sep>ation1 m5tion$ on p4 #eh1 betwe5 :at happ5s to ! p]cept 9 ! process ( p]ception & :at mu/ be inh]5t 9 x prior to p]ception4 ,we mu/ !re=e attempt ?is problem 9 ano!r way4 ,v ,,our ,,k ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,f ! =ego+ consid]ations x foll[s t x is impossible to prove1 by analysis ( ! cont5t ( our p]ceptions1 t our p]cepts are ideas4 ,?is is suppos$ to be prov$ by %[+ t1 if ! process ( p]ceiv+ takes place 9 ! way 9 :i* we conceive x 9 accordance ) ! nave-reali/ic assumptions conc]n+ ! psy*ological & physiological con/itution ( human individuals1 !n we h to d1 n ) ?+s !mselves1 b m]ely ) our ideas ( ?+s4 ,n[1 if ,nave ,realism1 :5 consi/5tly ?\ght out1 leads to results :i* directly contradict its presuppositions1 !n ^! presuppositions mu/ be disc>d$ z unsuitable = ! f\ndation ( a !ory ( ! _w4 ,9 any case1 x is inadmissible to reject ! presuppositions & yet accept ! consequ5ces1 z ! ,critical ,ideali/ does :o bases 8 ass]tion t ! _w is my idea on ! l9e ( argum5t indicat$ above4 7,edu>d von ,h>tmann gives 9 8 "w ,das ,grundproblem d] ,erk5ntni/heorie a full acc\nt ( ?is l9e ( argum5t47 ,! tru? ( ,critical ,idealism is "o ?+1 ! p]suasiv5ess ( its pro(s ano!r4 ,h[ x /&s ) ! =m]1 w appe> lat] 9 ! c\rse ( our argum5t1 b ! p]suasiv5ess ( its pro(s is nil4 ,if "o builds a h\se1 & ! gr\nd floor collapses :il/ ! fir/ floor is be+ built1 !n ! fir/ floor collapses too4 ,nave ,realism & ,critical ,idealism are relat$ to "o ano!r l ! gr\nd floor to ! fir/ floor 9 ?is simile4 ,= "o :o holds t ! :ole p]ceptual _w is only an ideal _w1 &1 moreov]1 ! effect ( ?+s unkn[n to him act+ on 8 s\l1 ! real problem ( k is naturally conc]n$1 n ) ! ideas pres5t only 9 ! s\l1 b ) ! ?+s :i* lie outside 8 consci\sness1 & :i* are indep5d5t ( him4 ,he asks1 ,h[ mu* c we le>n ab\t !m indirectly1 see+ t we _c obs]ve !m directly8 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 he is conc]n$1 n ) ! connection ( 8 consci\s p]cepts ) "o ano!r1 b ) _! causes :i* transc5d 8 consci\sness & exi/ indep5d5tly ( him1 :]eas ! p]cepts1 on 8 view1 disappe> z soon z he turns 8 s5se-organs away f ! ?+s !mselves4 ,our consci\sness1 on ?is view1 works l a mirror f :i* ! pictures ( def9ite ?+s disappe> ! v mom5t its reflect+ surface is n turn$ t[>ds !m4 ,if1 n[1 we d n see ! ?+s !mselves1 b only _! reflections1 we mu/ obta9 k ( ! nature ( ! =m] indirectly by draw+ conclusions f ! "* ( ! latt]4 ,! :ole ( mod]n sci5ce adopts ?is po9t ( view1 :5 x uses p]cepts only z a means ( obta9+ in=mation ab\t ! motions ( matt] :i* lie beh9d !m1 & :i* alone really are4 ,if ! philosoph]1 z ,critical ,ideali/1 admits real exi/5ce at all1 !n 8 sole aim is to ga9 k ( ?is real exi/5ce indirectly by means ( 8 ideas4 ,8 int]e/ ignores ! subjective _w ( ideas1 & pursues in/ead ! causes ( ^! ideas4 ,! ,critical ,ideali/ c1 h[ev]1 g ev5 fur!r & say1 ,i am conf9$ to ! _w ( my own ideas & _c escape f x4 ,if ,i conceive a ?+ beyond my ideas1 ?is concept1 once m1 is no?+ b my idea4 ,an ,ideali/ ( ?is type w ei!r d5y ! ?+-9-itself entirely or1 at any rate1 ass]t t x has no significance = human m9ds1 i4e41 t x is z good z non-exi/5t s9ce we c "k no?+ ( x4 ,to ?is k9d ( ,critical ,ideali/ ! :ole _w seems a *aotic dream1 9 ! face ( :i* all /riv+ = k is simply mean+less4 ,= him !re c be only two sorts ( m53 7#a7 victims ( ! illusion t ! dreams !y h wov5 !mselves are real ?+s1 & 7#b7 wise m5 :o see ?r\gh ! no?+ness ( ?is dream _w1 & :o gradually lose all desire to tr\ble !mselves fur!r ab\t x4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 ev5 "o's own p]sonality may become a m]e dream phantom4 ,j z dur+ sleep !re appe>s among my dream-images an image ( myself1 s 9 wak+ consci\sness ! idea ( my own ,self is add$ to ! idea ( ! out] _w4 ,i h !n giv5 to me 9 consci\sness1 n my real ,self1 b only my idea ( my ,self4 ,:oev] d5ies t ?+s exi/1 or1 at lea/1 t we c "k any?+ ( !m1 mu/ also d5y ! exi/5ce1 respectively ! k1 ( "o's own p]sonality4 ,?is is h[ ! ,critical ,ideali/ comes to ma9ta9 t ,all reality trans=ms itself into a wond]ful dream1 )\t a life :i* is ! object ( ! dream1 & )\t a m9d :i* has ! dream2 into a dream :i* is no?+ b a dream ( itself4 7,cp4 ,fi*te1 ,die ,be/immung des ,m5s*547 ,:e!r he :o believes t he recognises imm$iate exp]i5ce to be a dream1 po/ulates no?+ beh9d ?is dream1 or :e!r he relates 8 ideas to actual ?+s1 is immat]ial4 ,9 bo? cases life itself mu/ lose all sci5tific int]e/ = him4 ,h[ev]1 :]eas = ^? :o believe t ! :ole ( accessible reality is exhau/$ 9 dreams1 all sci5ce is an absurdity1 = ^? :o feel compell$ to argue f ideas to ?+s1 sci5ce consi/s 9 /udy+ ^! ?+s-9-!mselves4 ,! fir/ ( ^! !ories ( ! _w may be call$ ,absolute ,illusionism1 ! second is call$ ,transc5d5tal ,realism #b by its mo/ rigor\sly logical expon5t1 ,edu>d von ,h>tmann4 ,^! two po9ts ( view h ?is 9 common ) ,nave ,realism1 t !y seek to ga9 a foot+ 9 ! _w by means ( an analysis ( p]cepts4 ,)9 ?is sph]e1 h[ev]1 !y are unable to f9d any /able po9t4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important que/ions = an adh]5t ( ,transc5d5tal ,realism w\ld h to be1 h[ ! ,ego con/ructs ! _w ( ideas out ( itself4 ,a _w ( ideas :i* 0 giv5 to u1 & :i* disappe>$ z soon z we %ut our s5ses to ! ext]nal _w1 might provoke an e>ne/ desire = k1 9 s f> z x 0 a means = inve/igat+ indirectly ! _w ( ! self-exi/+ ,self4 ,if ! ?+s ( our exp]i5ce 7 ideas1 !n our ev]yday life w\ld be l a dream1 & ! discov]y ( ! true facts l wak+4 ,ev5 our dream-images int]e/ u z long z we dream &1 consequ5tly1 d n detect _! dream "*4 ,b z soon z we wake1 we no long] look = ! connections ( our dream-images among !mselves1 b r = ! physical1 physiological1 & psy*ological processes :i* und]lie !m4 ,9 ! same way1 a philosoph] :o holds ! _w to be 8 idea1 _c be int]e/$ 9 ! reciprocal relations ( ! details )9 ! _w4 ,if he admits ! exi/5ce ( a real ,ego at all1 !n 8 "q w be1 n h[ "o ( 8 ideas is associat$ ) ano!r1 b :at takes place 9 ! ,s\l :i* is indep5d5t ( ^! ideas1 :ile a c]ta9 tra9 ( ideas passes ?r\gh 8 consci\sness4 ,if ,i dream t ,i am dr9k+ w9e :i* makes my ?roat burn1 & !n wake up ) a fit ( c\gh+ 7cp4 ,weyg&t1 ,ent/ehung d] ,trume1 #ahic7 ,i cease1 ! mom5t ,i wake1 to be int]e/$ 9 ! dream-exp]i5ce = its own sake4 ,my att5tion is n[ conc]n$ only ) ! physiological & psy*ological processes by means ( :i* ! irritation :i* causes me to c\gh1 comes to be symbolically express$ 9 ! dream4 ,simil>ly1 once ! philosoph] is conv9c$ t ! giv5 _w consi/s ( no?+ b ideas1 8 int]e/ is b\nd to swit* f !m at once to ! s\l :i* is ! reality ly+ beh9d !m4 ,! matt] is m s]i\s1 h[ev]1 = ! ,illusioni/ :o d5ies ! exi/5ce ( an ,ego beh9d ! ideas1 or at lea/ holds ?is ,ego to be unkn[able4 ,we might v easily be l$ to su* a view by ! reflection t1 9 contra/ to dream+1 !re is ! wak+ /ate 9 :i* we h ! opportunity to detect our dreams1 & to realise ! real relations ( ?+s1 b t !re is no /ate ( ! self :i* is relat$ simil>ly to our wak+ consci\s life4 ,e adh]5t ( ?is view fails entirely to see t !re is1 9 fact1 some?+ :i* is to m]e p]ception :at our wak+ exp]i5ce to our dreams4 ,?is some?+ is ?\ght4 ,! nave man _c be *>g$ ) failure to p]ceive ?is4 ,he accepts life z x is1 & reg>ds ?+s z real j z !y pres5t !mselves to him 9 exp]i5ce4 ,! fir/ /ep1 h[ev]1 :i* we take beyond ?is /&po9t c be only ?is1 t we ask h[ ?\ght is relat$ to p]ception4 ,x makes no diff]5ce :e!r or no ! p]cept1 z giv5 to me1 has a cont9u\s exi/5ce be=e & aft] ,i p]ceive x4 ,if ,i want to ass]t any?+ :atev] ab\t x1 ,i c d s only ) ! help ( ?\ght4 ,:5 ,i ass]t t ! _w is my idea1 ,i h enunciat$ ! result ( an act ( ?\ght1 & if my ?\ght is n applicable to ! _w1 !n my result is false4 ,betwe5 a p]cept & e k9d ( judgm5t ab\t x !re int]v5es ?\ght4 ,! reason :y1 9 our discussion ab\t ?+s1 we g5]ally ov]look ! "p play$ by ?\ght1 has already be5 giv5 above 7p4 #ca74 ,x lies 9 ! fact t our att5tion is conc5trat$ only on ! object ab\t :i* we ?9k1 b n at ! same "t on ! ?9k+ itself4 ,! nave m9d1 !re=e1 treats ?\ght z some?+ :i* has no?+ to d ) ?+s1 b /&s altoge!r alo( f !m & makes its !ories ab\t !m4 ,! !ory :i* ! ?9k] con/ructs conc]n+ ! ph5om5a ( ! _w is reg>d$1 n z "p ( ! real ?+s1 b z exi/+ only 9 m5's heads4 ,! _w is complete 9 itself ev5 )\t ?is !ory4 ,x is all ready-made & f9i%$ ) all its sub/ances & =ces1 & ( ?is ready-made _w man makes himself a picture4 ,:oev] ?9ks ?us ne$ only be ask$ "o "q4 ,:at "r h y to decl>e ! _w to be complete )\t ?\ght8 ,does n ! _w cause ?\ghts 9 ! m9ds ( m5 ) ! same necessity z x causes ! blossoms on plants8 ,plant a se$ 9 ! e>?4 ,x puts =? roots & /em1 x unfolds into leaves & blossoms4 ,set ! plant be=e y\rselves4 ,x connects itself1 9 y\r m9ds1 ) a def9ite concept4 ,:y %\ld ?is concept belong any less to ! :ole plant ?an leaf & blossom8 ,y say ! leaves & blossoms exi/ q ap>t f an exp]i5c+ subject4 ,! concept appe>s only :5 a human be+ makes an object ( ! plant4 ,q s4 ,b leaves & blossoms also appe> on ! plant only if !re is soil 9 :i* ! se$ c be plant$1 & light & air 9 :i* ! blossoms & leaves c unfold4 ,j s ! concept ( a plant arises :5 a ?9k+ be+ comes into contact ) ! plant4 ,x is q arbitr>y to reg>d ! sum ( :at we exp]i5ce ( a ?+ ?r\gh b>e p]ception z a totality1 a :ole1 :ile t :i* ?\ght reveals 9 x is reg>d$ z a m]e accretion :i* has no?+ to d ) ! ?+ itself4 ,if ,i am giv5 a rosebud to-day1 ! p]cept t (f]s itself to me is complete only = ! mom5t4 ,if ,i put ! bud into wat]1 ,i %all to-morr[ get a v diff]5t picture ( my object4 ,if ,i wat* ! rosebud )\t int]ruption1 ,i %all see to-day's /ate gradually *ange into to-morr['s ?r\gh an inf9ite numb] ( int]m$iate /ages4 ,! picture :i* pres5ts itself to me at any "o mom5t is only a *ance section out ( ! cont9u\s process ( gr[? 9 :i* ! object is engag$4 ,if ,i d n put ! bud into wat]1 a :ole s]ies ( /ates1 ! possibility ( :i* lay 9 ! bud1 w n be realis$4 ,simil>ly1 ,i may be prev5t$ to-morr[ f wat*+ ! blossom fur!r1 & ?us c>ry away an incomplete picture ( x4 ,x w\ld be a q unsci5tific & arbitr>y judgm5t :i* decl>$ ( any haphaz>d appe>ance ( a ?+1 ?is is ! ?+4 ,to reg>d ! sum ( p]ceptual appe>ances z ! ?+ is no m legitimate4 ,x might be q possible = a m9d to receive ! concept at ! same "t z1 & toge!r )1 ! p]cept4 ,to su* a m9d x w\ld nev] occur t ! concept did n belong to ! ?+4 ,x w\ld h to ascribe to ! concept an exi/5ce indivisibly b\nd up ) ! ?+4 ,let me make myself cle>] by ano!r example4 ,if ,i ?r[ a /one horizontally ?r\gh ! air1 ,i p]ceive x 9 diff]5t places at diff]5t times4 ,i connect ^! places s z to =m a l9e4 ,ma!matics tea*es me to di/+ui% v>i\s k9ds ( l9es1 "o ( :i* is ! p>abola4 ,i "k a p>abola to be a l9e :i* is produc$ by a po9t mov+ accord+ to a c]ta9 well-def9$ law4 ,if ,i analyse ! conditions "u :i* ! /one ?r[n by me moves1 ,i f9d t ! l9e ( its flight is id5tical ) ! l9e ,i "k z a p>abola4 ,t ! /one moves exactly 9 a p>abola is a result ( ! giv5 conditions & foll[s necess>ily f !m4 ,! =m ( ! p>abola belongs to ! :ole ph5om5on z mu* z any o!r feature ( x4 ,! hypo!tical m9d describ$ above :i* has no ne$ ( ! r\ndab\t way ( ?\ght1 w\ld f9d itself pres5t$1 n only ) a sequ5ce ( visual p]cepts at diff]5t po9ts1 b1 z "p & p>cel ( ^! ph5om5a1 also ) ! p>abolic =m ( ! l9e ( flight1 :i* we c add to ! ph5om5on only by an act ( ?\ght4 ,x is n due to ! real objects t !y appe> to u at fir/ )\t _! conceptual sides1 b to our m5tal organisation4 ,our :ole organisation functions 9 su* a way t 9 ! appreh5sion ( e real ?+ ! relevant elem5ts come to u f two s\rces1 viz41 f p]ception & f ?\ght4 ,! nature ( ?+s is indiff]5t to ! way ,i am organis$ = appreh5d+ !m4 ,! brea* betwe5 p]ception & ?\ght exi/s only f ! mom5t t ,i confront objects z spectator4 ,b :i* elem5ts d1 & :i* d n1 belong to ! objects1 _c dep5d on ! mann] 9 :i* ,i obta9 my k ( !m4 ,man is a be+ ) _m limitations4 ,fir/ ( all1 he is a ?+ among o!r ?+s4 ,8 exi/5ce is 9 space & "t4 ,h5ce b a limit$ portion ( ! total univ]se c ev] be giv5 to him4 ,?is limit$ portion1 h[ev]1 is l9k$ up ) o!r p>ts on e side bo? 9 "t & 9 space4 ,if our exi/5ce 7 s l9k$ ) ?+s t e process 9 ! object _w 7 also a process 9 u1 !re w\ld be no diff]5ce betwe5 u & ?+s4 ,nei!r w\ld !re be any individual objects = u4 ,all processes & ev5ts w\ld !n pass cont9u\sly "o into ! o!r4 ,! cosmos w\ld be a unity & a :ole complete 9 itself4 ,! /ream ( ev5ts w\ld n[h]e be int]rupt$4 ,b ow+ to our limitations we p]ceive z an individual object :at1 9 tru?1 is n an individual object at all4 ,n[h]e1 e4g41 is ! p>ticul> quality r$ to be f\nd by itself 9 ab/raction4 ,x is surr\nd$ on all sides by o!r qualities to :i* x belongs1 & )\t :i* x c\ld n subsi/4 ,= u1 h[ev]1 x is necess>y to isolate c]ta9 sections ( ! _w & to consid] !m by !mselves4 ,our eye c seize only s+le col\rs "o aft] ano!r out ( a manifold col\r-complex1 our und]/&+ only s+le concepts out ( a connect$ conceptual sy/em4 ,?is isolation is a subjective act1 :i* is due to ! fact t we are n id5tical ) ! _w-process1 b are only ?+s among o!r ?+s4 ,x is ( ! greate/ importance = u to det]m9e ! relation ( ourselves1 z ?+s1 to all o!r ?+s4 ,! det]m9+ ( ?is relation mu/ be di/+ui%$ f m]ely becom+ consci\s ( ourselves4 ,= ?is self-aw>5ess we dep5d on p]ception j z we d = our aw>5ess ( any o!r ?+4 ,! p]ception ( myself reveals to me a numb] ( qualities :i* ,i comb9e into an appreh5sion ( my p]sonality z a :ole1 j z ,i comb9e ! qualities1 yell[1 metallic1 h>d1 etc41 9 ! unity gold4 ,?is k9d ( self-consci\sness does n take me beyond ! sph]e ( :at belongs to me4 ,h5ce x mu/ be di/+ui%$ f ! det]m9ation ( myself by ?\ght4 ,j z ,i det]m9e by ?\ght ! place ( any s+le p]cept ( ! ext]nal _w 9 ! :ole cosmic sy/em1 s ,i fit by an act ( ?\ght :at ,i p]ceive 9 myself into ! ord] ( ! _w-process4 ,my self-obs]vation re/ricts me )9 def9ite limits1 b my ?\ght has no?+ to d ) ^! limits4 ,9 ?is s5se ,i am a two-sid$ be+4 ,i am conta9$ )9 ! sph]e :i* ,i appreh5d z t ( my p]sonality1 b ,i am also ! possessor ( an activity :i*1 f a high] /&po9t1 det]m9es my f9ite exi/5ce4 ,?\ght is n individual l s5sation & feel+2 x is univ]sal4 ,x receives an individual /amp 9 ea* sep>ate human be+ only because x comes to be relat$ to 8 individual feel+s & s5sations4 ,by means ( ^! p>ticul> col\r+s ( ! univ]sal ?\ght1 individual m5 are di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r4 ,!re is only "o s+le concept ( triangle4 ,x is q immat]ial = ! cont5t ( ?is concept :e!r x is 9 ,a's consci\sness or 9 ,b's4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 be grasp$ by ea* ( ! two m9ds 9 its own individual way4 ,?is ?\ght conflicts ) a common prejudice :i* is v h>d to ov]come4 ,! victims ( ?is prejudice are unable to see t ! concept ( a triangle :i* my m9d grasps is ! same z ! concept :i* my neighb\r's m9d grasps4 ,! nave man believes himself to be ! creator ( 8 concepts4 ,h5ce he believes t ea* p]son has 8 private concepts4 ,"o ( ! fir/ ?+s :i* philosophic ?\ght requires ( u is to ov]come ?is prejudice4 ,! "o s+le concept ( triangle does n split up into _m concepts because x is ?\ght by _m m9ds4 ,= ! ?\ght ( ! _m is itself a unity4 ,9 ?\ght we h ! elem5t :i* welds ea* man's special individuality into "o :ole ) ! cosmos4 ,9 s f> z we s5se & feel 7p]ceive71 we are isolat$ individuals2 9 s f> z we ?9k1 we are ! ,all-,"o ,be+ :i* p]vades ev]y?+4 ,?is is ! deep] mean+ ( our two-sid$ nature4 ,we are consci\s ( an absolute pr9ciple reveal+ itself 9 u1 a pr9ciple :i* is univ]sal4 ,b we exp]i5ce x1 n z x issues f ! c5tre ( ! _w1 b r at a po9t on ! p]iph]y4 ,7 ! =m] ! case1 we %\ld "k1 z soon z ev] we became consci\s1 ! solution ( ! :ole _w problem4 ,b s9ce we /& at a po9t on ! p]iph]y1 & f9d t our own be+ is conf9$ )9 def9ite limits1 we mu/ explore ! region :i* lies beyond our own be+ ) ! help ( ?\ght1 :i* is ! univ]sal cosmic pr9ciple manife/+ itself 9 our m9ds4 ,! fact t ?\ght1 9 u1 rea*es out beyond our sep>ate exi/5ce & relates itself to ! univ]sal _w-ord]1 gives rise to ! desire = k 9 u4 ,be+s )\t ?\ght d n exp]i5ce ?is desire4 ,:5 !y come 9 contact ) o!r ?+s no que/ions arise = !m4 ,^! o!r ?+s rema9 ext]nal to su* be+s4 ,b 9 ?9k+ be+s ! concept confronts ! ext]nal ?+4 ,x is t "p ( ! ?+ :i* we receive n f )\t1 b f )94 ,to assimilate1 to unite1 ! two elem5ts1 ! inn] & ! out]1 t is ! function ( k4 ,! p]cept1 ?us1 is n some?+ f9i%$ & self-conta9$1 b "o side only ( ! total reality4 ,! o!r side is ! concept4 ,! act ( cognition is ! syn!sis ( p]cept & concept4 ,& x is only ! union ( p]cept & concept :i* con/itutes ! :ole ?+4 ,! prec$+ discussion %[s cle>ly t x is futile to seek = any o!r common elem5t 9 ! sep>ate ?+s ( ! _w ?an ! ideal cont5t :i* ?9k+ supplies4 ,all attempts to discov] any o!r pr9ciple ( unity 9 ! _w ?an ?is int]nally coh]5t ideal cont5t1 :i* we ga9 = ourselves by ! conceptual analysis ( our p]cepts1 are b\nd to fail4 ,nei!r a p]sonal ,god1 nor =ce1 nor matt]1 nor ! bl9d w 7( ,s*op5hau] & ,h>tmann71 c be accept$ by u z ! univ]sal pr9ciple ( unity 9 ! _w4 ,^! pr9ciples all belong only to a limit$ sph]e ( our exp]i5ce4 ,p]sonality we exp]i5ce only 9 ourselves1 =ce & matt] only 9 ext]nal ?+s4 ,! w1 aga91 c be reg>d$ only z ! expression ( ! activity ( our f9ite p]sonalities4 ,s*op5hau] wants to avoid mak+ ab/ract ?\ght ! pr9ciple ( unity 9 ! _w1 & seeks in/ead some?+ :i* pres5ts itself to him imm$iately z real4 ,?is philosoph] holds t we c nev] solve ! riddle ( ! _w s long z we reg>d x z an ext]nal _w4 ,9 fact1 ! mean+ = :i* we seek ( t _w :i* is pres5t to u only z our idea1 or ! transition f ! _w z m]e idea ( ! kn[+ subject to :atev] x may be besides ?is1 w\ld nev] be f\nd if ! inve/igator himself 7 no?+ m ?an ! pure kn[+ subject 7a w+$ *]ub )\t a body74 ,b he himself is root$ 9 t _w3 he f9ds himself 9 x z an individual1 t is to say1 8 k1 :i* is ! necess>y support] ( ! :ole _w z idea1 is yet always giv5 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a body1 ^: affections are1 z we h %[n1 ! />t+-po9t = ! und]/&+ 9 ! p]ception ( t _w4 ,8 body is1 = ! pure kn[+ subject1 an idea l e o!r idea1 an object among objects4 ,its movem5ts & actions are s f> kn[n to him 9 precisely ! same way z ! *anges ( all o!r p]ceiv$ objects1 & w\ld be j z /range & incompreh5sible to him if _! mean+ 7 n expla9$ = him 9 an entirely diff]5t way4444 ,! body is giv5 9 two entirely diff]5t ways to ! subject ( k1 :o becomes an individual only ?r\gh 8 id5tity ) x4 ,x is giv5 z an idea 9 intellig5t p]ception1 z an object among objects & subject to ! laws ( objects4 ,& x is also giv5 9 q a diff]5t way z t :i* is imm$iately kn[n to e "o1 & is signifi$ by ! ^w 'w4' ,e true act ( 8 w is also at once & )\t exception a movem5t ( 8 body4 ,! act ( w & ! movem5t ( ! body are n two diff]5t ?+s objectively kn[n1 :i* ! bond ( causality unites2 !y d n /& 9 ! relation ( cause & effect2 !y are "o & ! same1 b !y are giv5 9 entirely diff]5t ways--imm$iately1 & aga9 9 p]ception = ! und]/&+4 7,! ,_w z ,w & ,idea1 ,book #b1 #ah47 ,s*op5hau] consid]s himself entitl$ by ^! argum5ts to hold t ! w becomes objectifi$ 9 ! human body4 ,he believes t 9 ! activities ( ! body he has an imm$iate exp]i5ce ( reality1 ( ! ?+-9-itself 9 ! concrete4 ,aga9/ ^! argum5ts we mu/ urge t ! activities ( our body become kn[n to u only ?r\gh self-obs]vation1 & t1 z su*1 !y are 9 no way sup]ior to o!r p]cepts4 ,if we want to "k _! real nature1 we c d s only by means ( ?\ght1 i4e41 by fitt+ !m into ! ideal sy/em ( our concepts & ideas4 ,"o ( ! mo/ deeply root$ prejudices ( ! nave m9d is ! op9ion t ?9k+ is ab/ract & empty ( any concrete cont5t4 ,at be/1 we are told1 x supplies b an ideal c\nt]p>t ( ! unity ( ! _w1 b nev] t unity itself4 ,:oev] holds ?is view has nev] made cle> to himself :at a p]cept ap>t f concepts really is4 ,let u see :at ?is _w ( b>e p]cepts is4 ,a m]e juxtaposition 9 space1 a m]e succession 9 "t1 a *aos ( disconnect$ p>ticul>s--t is :at x is4 ,none ( ^! ?+s :i* come & g on ! /age ( p]ception has any connection ) any o!r4 ,! _w is a multiplicity ( objects )\t di/9ctions ( value4 ,none plays any great] "p 9 ! nexus ( ! _w ?an any o!r4 ,9 ord] to realise t ?is or t fact has a great] importance ?an ano!r we mu/ g to ?\ght4 ,z long z we d n ?9k1 ! rudim5t>y organ ( an animal :i* has no significance 9 its life1 appe>s equal 9 value to its m important limbs4 ,! p>ticul> facts reveal _! mean+1 9 !mselves & 9 _! relations ) o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 only :5 ?\ght sp9s its ?reads f ?+ to ?+4 ,?is activity ( ?9k+ has always a cont5t4 ,= x is only ?r\gh a p]fectly def9ite concrete cont5t t ,i c "k :y ! snail belongs to a l[] type ( organisation ?an ! lion4 ,! m]e appe>ance1 ! p]cept1 gives me no cont5t :i* c\ld in=m me z to ! degree ( p]fection ( ! organisation4 ,?\ght contributes ?is cont5t to ! p]cept f ! _w ( concepts & ideas4 ,9 contra/ ) ! cont5t ( p]ception :i* is giv5 to u f )\t1 ! cont5t ( ?\ght appe>s )9 our m9ds4 ,! =m 9 :i* ?\ght fir/ appe>s 9 consci\sness we w call intuition4 ,intuition is to ?\ghts :at obs]vation is to p]cepts4 ,intuition & obs]vation are ! s\rces ( our k4 ,an ext]nal object :i* we obs]ve rema9s un9telligible to u1 until ! correspond+ intuition arises )9 u :i* adds to ! reality ^? sides ( x :i* are lack+ 9 ! p]cept4 ,to anyone :o is incapable ( supply+ ! relevant intuitions1 ! full nature ( ! real rema9s a seal$ book4 ,j z ! col\r-bl9d p]son sees only diff]5ces ( brightness )\t any col\r qualities1 s ! m9d :i* lacks intuition sees only disconnect$ fragm5ts ( p]cepts4 ,to expla9 a ?+1 to make x intelligible1 means no?+ else ?an to place x 9 ! context f :i* x has be5 torn by ! peculi> organisation ( our m9ds1 describ$ above4 ,no?+ c possibly exi/ cut (f f ! univ]se4 ,h5ce all isolation ( objects has only subjective validity = m9ds organis$ l ours4 ,= u ! univ]se is split up into above & bel[1 be=e & aft]1 cause & effect1 object & idea1 matt] & =ce1 object & subject1 etc4 ,! objects :i*1 9 obs]vation1 appe> to u z sep>ate1 become comb9$1 bit by bit1 ?r\gh ! coh]5t1 unifi$ sy/em ( our intuitions4 ,by ?\ght we fuse aga9 into "o :ole all t p]ception has sep>at$4 ,an object pres5ts riddles to our und]/&+ s long z x exi/s 9 isolation4 ,b ?is is an ab/raction ( our own mak+ & c be unmade aga9 9 ! _w ( concepts4 ,except ?r\gh ?\ght & p]ception no?+ is giv5 to u directly4 ,! "q n[ arises z to ! int]pretation ( p]cepts on our !ory4 ,we h le>nt t ! pro( :i* ,critical ,idealism (f]s = ! subjective nature ( p]cepts collapses4 ,b ! exhibition ( ! falsity ( ! pro( is n1 by itself1 suffici5t to %[ t ! doctr9e itself is an error4 ,critical ,idealism does n base its pro( on ! absolute nature ( ?\ght1 b relies on ! argum5t t ,nave ,realism1 :5 foll[$ to its logical conclusion1 contradicts itself4 ,h[ does ! matt] appe> :5 we recognise ! absolut5ess ( ?\ght8 ,let u assume t a c]ta9 p]cept1 e4g41 r$1 appe>s 9 consci\sness4 ,to cont9u$ obs]vation1 ! p]cept %[s itself to be connect$ ) o!r p]cepts1 e4g41 a c]ta9 figure1 temp]ature1 & t\*-qualities4 ,?is complex ( p]cepts ,i call an object 9 ! _w ( s5se4 ,i c n[ ask myself3 ,ov] & above ! p]cepts j m5tion$1 :at else is !re 9 ! section ( space 9 :i* !y are8 ,i %all !n f9d me*anical1 *emical1 & o!r processes 9 t section ( space4 ,i next g fur!r & /udy ! processes :i* take place betwe5 ! object & my s5se-organs4 ,i %all f9d oscillations 9 an ela/ic m$ium1 ! "* ( :i* has n ! lea/ 9 common ) ! p]cepts f :i* ,i />t$4 ,i get ! same result if ,i trace fur!r ! connection betwe5 s5se-organs & bra94 ,9 ea* ( ^! inquiries ,i ga!r new p]cepts1 b ! connect+ ?read :i* b9ds all ^! spatially & temporally sep>at$ p]cepts into "o :ole1 is ?\ght4 ,! air vibrations :i* c>ry s\nd are giv5 to me z p]cepts j l ! s\nd4 ,?\ght alone l9ks all ^! p]cepts "o to ! o!r & exhibits !m 9 _! reciprocal relations4 ,we h no "r to say t ov] & above our imm$iate p]cepts !re is any?+ except ! ideal nexus ( precepts 7:i* ?\ght has to reveal74 ,! relation ( ! object p]ceiv$ to ! p]ceiv+ subject1 :i* relation transc5ds ! b>e p]cept1 is !re=e purely ideal1 i4e41 capable ( be+ express$ only ?r\gh concepts4 ,only if x 7 possible to p]ceive h[ ! object ( p]ception affects ! p]ceiv+ subject1 or1 alt]natively1 only if ,i c\ld wat* ! con/ruction ( ! p]ceptual complex ?r\gh ! subject1 c\ld we speak z mod]n ,physiology1 & ! ,critical ,idealism :i* is bas$ on x1 speak4 ,_! !ory confuses an ideal relation 7t ( ! object to ! subject7 ) a process ( :i* we c\ld speak only if x 7 possible to p]ceive x4 ,! proposition1 ,no col\r )\t a col\r-s5s+ eye1 _c be tak5 to mean t ! eye produces ! col\r1 b only t an ideal relation1 recognisable by ?\ght1 subsi/s betwe5 ! p]cept col\r & ! p]cept eye4 ,to empirical sci5ce belongs ! task ( asc]ta9+ h[ ! prop]ties ( ! eye & ^? ( ! col\rs are relat$ to "o ano!r2 by means ( :at /ructures ! organ ( sight makes possible ! p]ception ( col\rs1 etc4 ,i c trace h[ "o p]cept succe$s ano!r & h[ "o is relat$ to o!rs 9 space1 & ,i c =mulate ^! relations 9 conceptual t]ms1 b ,i c nev] p]ceive h[ a p]cept orig9ates out ( ! non-p]ceptible4 ,all attempts to seek any relations betwe5 p]cepts o!r ?an conceptual relations mu/ ( necessity fail4 ,:at !n is a p]cept8 ,?is "q1 ask$ 9 ?is g5]al way1 is absurd4 ,a p]cept appe>s always z a p]fectly det]m9ate1 concrete cont5t4 ,?is cont5t is imm$iately giv5 & is completely conta9$ 9 ! giv54 ,! only "q "o c ask conc]n+ ! giv5 cont5t is1 :at x is ap>t f p]ception1 t is1 :at x is = ?\ght4 ,! "q conc]n+ ! :at ( a p]cept c1 !re=e1 only ref] to ! conceptual intuition :i* corresponds to ! p]cept4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 ! problem ( ! subjectivity ( p]cepts1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! ,critical ,ideali/s debate x1 _c be rais$ at all4 ,only t :i* is exp]i5c$ z belong+ to ! subject c be t]m$ subjective4 ,to =m a l9k betwe5 subject & object is impossible = any real process1 9 ! nave s5se ( ! ^w real1 9 :i* x means a process :i* c be p]ceiv$4 ,t is possible only = ?\ght4 ,= u1 !n1 objective means t :i*1 = p]ception1 pres5ts itself z ext]nal to ! p]ceiv+ subject4 ,z subject ( p]ception ,i rema9 p]ceptible to myself aft] ! table :i* n[ /&s be=e me has disappe>$ f my field ( obs]vation4 ,! p]ception ( ! table has produc$ a modification 9 me :i* p]si/s l myself4 ,i pres]ve an image ( ! table :i* n[ =ms "p ( my ,self4 ,mod]n ,psy*ology t]ms ?is image a memory-idea4 ,n[ ?is is ! only ?+ :i* has any "r to be call$ ! idea ( ! table4 ,= x is ! p]ceptible modification ( my own m5tal /ate ?r\gh ! pres5ce ( ! table 9 my visual field4 ,moreov]1 x does n mean a modification 9 "s ,ego-9-itself beh9d ! p]ceiv+ subject1 b ! modification ( ! p]ceiv+ subject itself4 ,! idea is1 !re=e1 a subjective p]cept1 9 contra/ ) ! objective p]cept :i* occurs :5 ! object is pres5t 9 ! p]ceptual field4 ,! false id5tification ( ! subjective ) ?is objective p]cept leads to ! misund]/&+ ( ,idealism3 ,! _w is my idea4 ,our next task mu/ be to def9e ! concept ( idea m ne>ly4 ,:at we h said ab\t x s f> does n give u ! concept1 b only %[s u :]e 9 ! p]ceptual field ideas are to be f\nd4 ,! exact concept ( idea w also make x possible = u to obta9 a satisfactory und]/&+ ( ! relation ( idea & object4 ,?is w !n lead u ov] ! bord]-l9e1 :]e ! relation ( subject to object is br\ght d[n f ! purely conceptual field ( k into concrete individual life4 ,once we "k h[ we are to conceive ! _w1 x w be an easy task to adapt ourselves to x4 ,only :5 we "k to :at object we are to devote our activity c we put our :ole en]gy into our actions4 ,,addition ,,to ,,! ,,revis$ ,,edition 7#aiah74 ,! view :i* ,i h "h outl9$ may be reg>d$ z "o to :i* man is l$ z x 7 spontane\sly1 z soon z he beg9s to reflect ab\t 8 relation to ! _w4 ,he !n f9ds himself caught 9 a sy/em ( ?\ghts :i* dissolves = him z fa/ z he frames x4 ,! ?\ghts :i* =m ?is sy/em are su* t ! purely !oretical refutation ( !m does n exhau/ our task4 ,we h to live ?r\gh !m1 9 ord] to und]/& ! confusion into :i* !y lead u1 & to f9d ! way out4 ,!y mu/ figure 9 any discussion ( ! relation ( man to ! _w1 n = ! sake ( refut+ o!rs :om "o believes to be hold+ mi/ak5 views ab\t ?is relation1 b because x is necess>y to und]/& ! confusion 9 :i* all fir/ ef=ts at reflection ab\t su* a relation are apt to issue4 ,"o ne$s to le>n by exp]i5ce h[ to refute oneself ) respect to ^! fir/ reflections4 ,?is is ! po9t ( view f :i* ! argum5ts ( ! prec$+ *apt] are to be und]/ood4 ,:oev] tries to "w out = himself a !ory ( ! relation ( man to ! _w1 becomes aw>e ( ! fact t he creates ?is relation1 at lea/ 9 "p1 by =m+ ideas ab\t ! ?+s & ev5ts 9 ! _w4 ,9 consequ5ce1 8 att5tion is deflect$ f :at exi/s outside 9 ! _w & direct$ t[>ds 8 inn] _w1 ! realm ( 8 ideas4 ,he beg9s to say to himself1 ,x is impossible = me to /& 9 relation to any ?+ or ev5t1 unless an idea appe>s 9 me4 ,f ?is fact1 once notic$1 x is b a /ep to ! !ory3 all t ,i exp]i5ce is only my ideas2 ( ! exi/5ce ( a _w outside ,i "k only 9 s f> z x is an idea 9 me4 ,) ?is !ory1 man ab&ons ! /&po9t ( ,nave ,realism :i* he occupies prior to all reflection ab\t 8 relation to ! _w4 ,s long z he /&s !re1 he believes t he is deal+ ) real ?+s1 b reflection ab\t himself drives him away f ?is position4 ,reflection does n reveal to 8 gaze a real _w su* z nave consci\sness claims to h be=e x4 ,reflection reveals to him only 8 ideas2 !y int]pose !mselves betwe5 8 own nature & a suppos$ly real _w1 su* z ! nave po9t ( view confid5tly affirms4 ,! int]position ( ! _w ( ideas prev5ts man f p]ceiv+ any long] su* a real _w4 ,he mu/ suppose t he is bl9d to su* a reality4 ,?us arises ! concept ( a ?+-9-itself :i* is inaccessible to k4 ,s long z we consid] only ! relation to ! _w into :i* man appe>s to ent] ?r\gh ! /ream ( 8 ideas1 we c h>dly avoid fram+ ?is type ( !ory4 ,yet we _c rema9 at ! po9t ( view ( ,nave ,realism except at ! price ( clos+ our m9ds artificially to ! desire = k4 ,! exi/5ce ( ?is desire = k ab\t ! relation ( man to ! _w proves t ! nave po9t ( view mu/ be ab&on$4 ,if ! nave po9t ( view yield$ any?+ :i* we c\ld ackn[l$ge z tru?1 we c\ld n exp]i5ce ?is desire4 ,b m]e ab&onm5t ( ! nave po9t ( view does n lead to any o!r view :i* we c\ld reg>d z true1 s long z we reta91 )\t notic+ x1 ! type ( !ory :i* ! nave po9t ( view imposes on u4 ,?is is ! mi/ake made by ! man :o says1 ,i exp]i5ce only my ideas1 & ?\gh ,i ?9k t ,i am deal+ ) real ?+s1 ,i am actually consci\s ( no?+ b my ideas ( real ?+s4 ,i mu/1 !re=e1 suppose t g5u9e realities1 ?+s-9-!mselves1 exi/ only outside ! b\nd>y ( my consci\sness2 t !y are inaccessible to my imm$iate k2 b t !y someh[ come into contact ) me & influ5ce me s z to make a _w ( ideas arise 9 me4 ,:oev] ?9ks ?us1 duplicates 9 ?\ght ! _w be=e him by add+ ano!r4 ,b1 /rictly he ought to beg9 8 :ole !oris+ ov] aga9 ) reg>d to ?is second _w4 ,= ! unkn[n ?+-9-itself1 9 its relation to man's own nature1 is conceiv$ 9 exactly ! same way z is ! kn[n ?+ ( ! navely reali/ic po9t ( view4 ,!re is only "o way ( escap+ f ! confusion into :i* "o falls1 by critical reflection on ?is nave po9t ( view4 ,?is is to obs]ve t1 at ! v he>t ( ev]y?+ we c exp]i5ce1 be x )9 ! m9d or outside 9 ! _w ( p]ception1 !re is some?+ :i* does n %>e ! fate ( an idea int]pos+ itself betwe5 ! real ev5t & ! contemplat+ m9d4 ,?is some?+ is ?9k+4 ,) reg>d to ?9k+ we c ma9ta9 ! po9t ( view ( ,nave ,realism4 ,if we mi/ak5ly ab&on x1 x is only because we h le>nt t we mu/ ab&on x = o!r m5tal activities1 b ov]look t :at we h f\nd to be true = o!r activities1 does n apply to ?9k+4 ,:5 we realise ?is1 we ga9 access to ! fur!r insight t1 9 ?9k+ & ?r\gh ?9k+1 man necess>ily comes to "k ! v ?+ to :i* he appe>s to bl9d himself by int]pos+ betwe5 ! _w & himself ! /ream ( 8 ideas4 ,a critic highly e/eem$ by ! au?or ( ?is book has object$ t ?is discussion ( ?9k+ /ops at a navely reali/ic !ory ( ?9k+1 z %[n by ! fact t ! real _w & ! _w ( ideas are held to be id5tical4 ,h[ev]1 ! au?or believes himself to h %[n 9 ?is v discussion t ! validity ( ,nave ,realism1 z appli$ to ?9k+1 results inevitably f an unprejudic$ /udy ( ?9k+2 & t ,nave ,realism1 9 s f> z x is invalid = o!r m5tal activities1 is ov]come ?r\gh ! recognition ( ! true nature ( ?9k+4 ,,vi ,,human ,,individuality ,philosoph]s h f\nd ! *ief difficulty 9 ! explanation ( ideas 9 ! fact t we are n id5tical ) ! ext]nal objects1 & yet our ideas mu/ h a =m correspond+ to _! objects4 ,b on clos] inspection x turns out t ?is difficulty does n really exi/4 ,we c]ta9ly are n id5tical ) ! ext]nal ?+s1 b we belong toge!r ) !m to "o & ! same _w4 ,! /ream ( ! univ]sal cosmic process passes ?r\gh t segm5t ( ! _w :i*1 to my p]ception1 is myself z subject4 ,s f> z my p]ception goes1 ,i am1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 conf9$ )9 ! limits b\nd$ by my sk94 ,b all t is conta9$ )9 ! sk9 belongs to ! cosmos z a :ole4 ,h5ce1 = a relation to subsi/ betwe5 my organism & an object ext]nal to me1 x is by no means necess>y t some?+ ( ! object %\ld slip into me1 or make an impression on my m9d1 l a signet-r+ on wax4 ,! "q1 ,h[ d ,i ga9 k ( t tree t5 feet away f me1 is utt]ly mislead+4 ,x spr+s f ! view t ! b\nd>ies ( my body are absolute b>ri]s1 ?r\gh :i* in=mation ab\t ext]nal ?+s filt]s into me4 ,! =ces :i* are active )9 my body are ! same z ^? :i* exi/ outside4 ,i am1 !re=e1 really id5tical ) ! objects2 n1 h[ev]1 ,i 9 s f> z ,i am subject ( p]ception1 b ,i 9 s f> z ,i am a "p )9 ! univ]sal cosmic process4 ,! p]cept ( ! tree belongs to ! same :ole z my ,self4 ,! univ]sal cosmic process produces alike1 "h ! p]cept ( ! tree1 & !re ! p]cept ( my ,self4 ,7 ,i a _w-creator in/ead ( a _w-kn[]1 subject & object 7p]cept & self7 w\ld orig9ate 9 "o act4 ,= !y condition "o ano!r reciprocally4 ,z _w-kn[] ,i c discov] ! common elem5t 9 bo?1 s f> z !y are complem5t>y aspects ( ! _w1 only ?r\gh ?\ght :i* by means ( concepts relates ! "o to ! o!r4 ,! mo/ difficult to drive f ! field are ! s-call$ physiological pro(s ( ! subjectivity ( our p]cepts4 ,:5 ,i ex]t pressure on ! sk9 ( my body1 ,i exp]i5ce x z a pressure s5sation4 ,?is same pressure c be s5s$ z light by ! eye1 z s\nd by ! e>4 ,i exp]i5ce an electrical %ock by ! eye z light1 by ! e> z s\nd1 by ! n]ves ( ! sk9 z t\*1 & by ! nose z a smell ( phosphorus4 ,:at foll[s f ^! facts8 ,only ?is3 ,i exp]i5ce an electrical %ock1 or1 z ! case may be1 a pressure foll[$ by a light1 or a s\nd1 or1 x may be1 a c]ta9 smell1 etc4 ,if !re 7 no eye pres5t1 !n no light quality w\ld accompany ! p]ception ( ! me*anical vibrations 9 my environm5t2 )\t ! pres5ce ( ! e>1 no s\nd1 etc4 ,b :at "r h we to say t 9 ! abs5ce ( s5se-organs ! :ole process w\ld n exi/ at all8 ,all ^? :o1 f ! fact t an electrical process causes a s5sation ( light 9 ! eye1 conclude t :at we s5se z light is only a me*anical process ( motion1 =get t !y are only argu+ f "o p]cept to ano!r1 & n at all to some?+ altoge!r transc5d+ p]cepts4 ,j z we c say t ! eye p]ceives a me*anical process ( motion 9 its surr\nd+s z light1 s we c affirm t e *ange 9 an object1 det]m9$ by natural law1 is p]ceiv$ by u z a process ( motion4 ,if ,i draw twelve pictures ( a horse on ! circumf]5ce ( a rotat+ disc1 reproduc+ exactly ! positions :i* ! horse's body successively assumes 9 movem5t1 ,i c1 by rotat+ ! disc1 produce ! illusion ( movem5t4 ,i ne$ only look ?r\gh an op5+ 9 su* a way t1 at regul> int]vals1 ,i p]ceive ! successive positions ( ! horse4 ,i p]ceive1 n sep>ate pictures ( twelve horses1 b "o picture ( a s+le gallop+ horse4 ,! above-m5tion$ physiological facts _c1 !re=e1 ?r[ any light on ! relation ( p]cept to idea4 ,h5ce1 we mu/ seek a relation "s o!r way4 ,! mom5t a p]cept appe>s 9 my field ( consci\sness1 ?\ght1 too1 becomes active 9 me4 ,a memb] ( my ?\ght-sy/em1 a def9ite intuition1 a concept1 connects itself ) ! p]cept4 ,:51 next1 ! p]cept disappe>s f my field ( vision1 :at rema9s8 ,! intuition1 ) ! ref]5ce to ! p>ticul> p]cept :i* x acquir$ 9 ! mom5t ( p]ception4 ,! degree ( vividness ) :i* ,i c subsequ5tly recall ?is ref]5ce dep5ds on ! mann] 9 :i* my m5tal & bodily organism is work+4 ,an idea is no?+ b an intuition relat$ to a p>ticul> p]cept2 x is a concept :i* 0 once connect$ ) a c]ta9 p]cept1 & :i* reta9s ?is ref]5ce to ! p]cept4 ,my concept ( a lion is n con/ruct$ out ( my p]cepts ( a lion2 b my idea ( a lion is =m$ "u ! guidance ( ! p]cepts4 ,i c tea* someone to =m ! concept ( a lion )\t 8 ev] hav+ se5 a lion1 b ,i c nev] give him a liv+ idea ( x )\t ! help ( 8 own p]ception4 ,an idea is !re=e no?+ b an individualis$ concept4 ,& n[ we c see h[ real objects c be repres5t$ to u by ideas4 ,! full reality ( a ?+ is pres5t to u 9 ! mom5t ( obs]vation ?r\gh ! comb9ation ( concept & p]cept4 ,! concept acquires by means ( ! p]cept an individualis$ =m1 a relation to ?is p>ticul> p]cept4 ,9 ?is individualis$ =m :i* c>ries ) x1 z an ess5tial feature1 ! ref]5ce to ! p]cept1 x cont9ues to exi/ 9 u & con/itutes ! idea ( ! ?+ 9 "q4 ,if we come across a second ?+ ) :i* ! same concept connects itself1 we recognise ! second z be+ ( ! same k9d z ! fir/2 if we come across ! same ?+ twice1 we f9d 9 our conceptual sy/em1 n m]ely a correspond+ concept1 b ! individualis$ concept ) its *>act]i/ic relation to ?is same object1 & ?us we recognise ! object aga94 ,! idea1 !n1 /&s betwe5 ! p]cept & ! concept4 ,x is ! det]m9ate concept :i* po9ts to ! p]cept4 ,! sum ( my ideas may be call$ my exp]i5ce4 ,! man :o has ! great] numb] ( individualis$ concepts w be ! man ( ri*] exp]i5ce4 ,a man :o lacks all p[] ( intuition is n capable ( acquir+ exp]i5ce4 ,! objects simply disappe> aga9 f ! field ( 8 consci\sness1 because he lacks ! concepts :i* he ought to br+ into relation ) !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a man ^: faculty ( ?\ght is well develop$1 b ^: p]ception functions badly ow+ to 8 clumsy s5se-organs1 w be no bett] able to ga9 exp]i5ce4 ,he c1 x is true1 by "o means & ano!r acquire concepts2 b ! liv+ ref]5ce to p>ticul> objects is lack+ to 8 intuitions4 ,! un?9k+ travell] & ! /ud5t absorb$ 9 ab/ract conceptual sy/ems are alike incapable ( acquir+ a ri* exp]i5ce4 ,reality pres5ts itself to u z ! union ( p]cept & concept2 & ! subjective repres5tation ( ?is reality pres5ts itself to u z idea4 ,if our p]sonality express$ itself only 9 cognition1 ! totality ( all t is objective w\ld be conta9$ 9 p]cept1 concept & idea4 ,h[ev]1 we are n satisfi$ m]ely to ref] p]cepts1 by means ( ?9k+1 to concepts1 b we relate !m also to our private subjectivity1 our individual ,ego4 ,! expression ( ?is relation to u z individuals is feel+1 :i* manife/s itself z pleasure & pa94 ,?9k+ & feel+ correspond to ! two-fold nature ( our be+ to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made4 ,by means ( ?\ght we take an active "p 9 ! univ]sal cosmic process4 ,by means ( feel+ we )draw ourselves into ! n>r[ prec9cts ( our own be+4 ,?\ght l9ks u to ! _w2 feel+ leads u back into ourselves & ?us makes u individuals4 ,7 we m]ely ?9k+ & p]ceiv+ be+s1 our :ole life w\ld fl[ along 9 monoton\s indiff]5ce4 ,c\ld we only "k ourselves z ,selves1 we %\ld be totally indiff]5t to ourselves4 ,x is only because ) self-k we exp]i5ce self-feel+1 & ) ! p]ception ( objects pleasure & pa91 t we live z individuals ^: exi/5ce is n exhau/$ by ! conceptual relations 9 :i* !y /& to ! re/ ( ! _w1 b :o h a special value 9 !mselves4 ,"o might be tempt$ to reg>d ! life ( feel+ z some?+ m ri*ly saturat$ ) reality ?an ! appreh5sion ( ! _w by ?\ght4 ,b ! reply to ?is is t ! life ( feel+1 aft] all1 has ?is ri*] mean+ only = my individual self4 ,= ! univ]se z a :ole my feel+s c be ( value only if1 z p]cepts ( myself1 !y ent] into connection ) a concept & 9 ?is r\ndab\t way become l9ks 9 ! cosmos4 ,our life is a cont9ual oscillation betwe5 our %>e 9 ! univ]sal _w-process & our own individual exi/5ce4 ,! f>!r we asc5d into ! univ]sal nature ( ?\ght :]e ! individual1 at la/1 int]e/s u only z an example1 an in/ance1 ( ! concept1 ! m ! "* ( some?+ individual1 ( ! q det]m9ate1 unique p]sonality1 becomes lo/ 9 u4 ,! f>!r we desc5d into ! dep?s ( our own private life & all[ ! vibrations ( our feel+s to accompany all our exp]i5ces ( ! out] _w1 ! m we cut ourselves (f f ! univ]sal life4 ,true individuality belongs to him ^: feel+s rea* up to ! f>!/ possible ext5t into ! region ( ! ideal4 ,!re are m5 9 :om ev5 ! mo/ g5]al ideas /ill be> t peculi> p]sonal t+e :i* %[s unmi/akably _! connection ) _! au?or4 ,!re are o!rs ^: concepts come be=e u z devoid ( any trace ( individual col\r+ z if !y _h n be5 produc$ by a be+ ( fle% & blood at all4 ,ev5 ideas give to our conceptual life an individual /amp4 ,ea* "o ( u has 8 special /&po9t f :i* he looks out on ! _w4 ,8 concepts l9k !mselves to 8 p]cepts4 ,he has 8 own special way ( =m+ g5]al concepts4 ,?is special "* results = ea* ( u f 8 special /&po9t 9 ! _w1 f ! way 9 :i* ! range ( 8 p]cepts is dep5d5t on ! place 9 ! :ole :]e he exi/s4 ,! conditions ( individuality "h indicat$1 we call ! milieu4 ,?is special "* ( our exp]i5ce mu/ be di/+ui%$ f ano!r :i* dep5ds on our peculi> organisation4 ,ea* ( u1 z we "k1 is organis$ z a unique1 fully det]m9$ individual4 ,ea* ( u comb9es special feel+s1 & ^! 9 ! mo/ v>y+ degrees ( int5sity1 ) 8 p]cepts4 ,?is is j ! individual elem5t 9 ! p]sonality ( ea* ( u4 ,x is :at rema9s ov] :5 we h all[$ fully = all ! det]m9+ factors 9 our milieu4 ,a life ( feel+1 :olly devoid ( ?\ght1 w\ld gradually lose all connection ) ! _w4 ,b man is meant to be a :ole1 & k ( objects w g h&-9-h& = him ) ! developm5t & education ( ! feel+-side ( 8 nature4 ,feel+ is ! means :]eby1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 concepts ga9 concrete life4 ,,vii ,,are ,,!re ,,any ,,limits ,,to ,,k8 ,we h e/abli%$ t ! elem5ts = ! explanation ( reality are to be tak5 f ! two sph]es ( p]ception & ?\ght4 ,x is due1 z we h se51 to our organisation t ! full totality ( reality1 includ+ our own selves z subjects1 appe>s at fir/ z a duality4 ,k transc5ds ?is duality by fus+ ! two elem5ts ( reality1 ! p]cept & ! concept1 into ! complete ?+4 ,let u call ! mann] 9 :i* ! _w pres5ts itself to u1 be=e by means ( k x has tak5 on its true nature1 ! _w ( appe>ance1 9 di/9ction f ! unifi$ :ole compos$ ( p]cept & concept4 ,we c !n say1 ,! _w is giv5 to u z a duality 7,dualism71 & k trans=ms x into a unity 7,monism74 ,a philosophy :i* />ts f ?is basal pr9ciple may be call$ a ,moni/ic philosophy1 or ,monism4 ,oppos$ to ?is is ! !ory ( two worlds1 or ,dualism4 ,! latt] does n1 by any means1 assume m]ely t !re are two sides ( a s+le reality1 :i* are kept ap>t by our organisation1 b t !re are two worlds totally di/9ct f "o ano!r4 ,x !n tries to f9d 9 "o ( ^! two worlds ! pr9ciple ( explanation = ! o!r4 ,dualism re/s on a false conception ( :at we call k4 ,x divides ! :ole ( reality into two sph]es1 ea* ( :i* has its own laws1 & x leaves ^! two worlds /&+ outside "o ano!r4 ,x is f a ,dualism su* z ?is t !re arises ! di/9ction betwe5 ! object ( p]ception & ! ?+-9-itself1 :i* ,kant introduc$ into philosophy1 & :i*1 to ! pres5t day1 we h n succe$$ 9 expell+4 ,accord+ to our int]pretation1 x is due to ! nature ( our organisation t a p>ticul> object c be giv5 to u only z a p]cept4 ,?\ght transc5ds ?is p>ticul>ity by assign+ to ea* p]cept its prop] place 9 ! _w z a :ole4 ,z long z we det]m9e ! sep>ate p>ts ( ! cosmos z p]cepts1 we are simply foll[+1 9 ?is sort+ out1 a law ( our subjective con/itution4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we reg>d all p]cepts1 tak5 toge!r1 m]ely z "o "p1 & contra/ ) ?is a second "p1 viz41 ! ?+s-9-!mselves1 !n our philosophy is build+ ca/les-9-!-air4 ,we are !n engag$ 9 m]e play+ ) concepts4 ,we con/ruct an artificial opposition1 b we c f9d no cont5t = ! second ( ^! opposites1 see+ t no cont5t = a p>ticul> ?+ c be f\nd except 9 p]ception4 ,e k9d ( reality :i* is assum$ to exi/ outside ! sph]e ( p]ception & conception mu/ be relegat$ to ! limbo ( unv]ifi$ hypo!ses4 ,to ?is category belongs ! ?+-9-itself4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 q natural t a ,duali/ic ?9k] %\ld be unable to f9d ! connection betwe5 ! _w-pr9ciple :i* he hypo!tically assumes & ! facts t are giv5 9 exp]i5ce4 ,= ! hypo!tical _w-pr9ciple itself a cont5t c be f\nd only by borr[+ x f exp]i5ce & %utt+ "o's eyes to ! fact ( ! borr[+4 ,o!rwise x rema9s an empty & mean+less concept1 a m]e =m )\t cont5t4 ,9 ?is case ! ,duali/ic ?9k] g5]ally ass]ts t ! cont5t ( ?is concept is inaccessible to our k4 ,we c "k only t su* a cont5t exi/s1 b n :at x is4 ,9 ei!r case x is impossible to transc5d ,dualism4 ,ev5 ?\gh "o 7 to import a few ab/ract elem5ts f ! _w ( exp]i5ce into ! cont5t ( ! ?+-9-itself1 x w\ld /ill rema9 impossible to r$uce ! ri* concrete life ( exp]i5ce to ^? few elem5ts1 :i* are1 aft] all1 !mselves tak5 f exp]i5ce4 ,du ,bois-,reymond lays x d[n t ! imp]ceptible atoms ( matt] produce s5sation & feel+ by means ( _! position & motion1 & !n inf]s f ?is premise t we c nev] f9d a satisfactory explanation ( h[ matt] & motion produce s5sation & feel+1 = x is absolutely & = ev] un9telligible t x %\ld be o!r ?an indiff]5t to a numb] ( atoms ( c>bon1 hydrog51 & nitrog51 etc41 h[ !y lie & move1 h[ !y lay or mov$1 or h[ !y w lie & w move4 ,x is 9 no way intelligible h[ consci\sness c come into exi/5ce ?r\gh _! int]action4 ,?is conclusion is *>act]i/ic ( ! :ole t5d5cy ( ?is s*ool ( ?\ght4 ,position & motion are ab/ract$ f ! ri* _w ( p]cepts4 ,!y are !n transf]r$ to ! fictiti\s _w ( atoms4 ,& !n we are a/oni%$ t we fail to evolve concrete life out ( ?is pr9ciple ( our own mak+1 :i* we h borr[$ f ! _w ( p]cepts4 ,t ! ,duali/1 work+ z he does ) a completely empty concept ( ! ?+-9-itself1 c rea* no explanation ( ! _w1 foll[s f ! v def9ition ( 8 pr9ciple :i* has be5 giv5 above4 ,9 any case1 ! ,duali/ f9ds x necess>y to set impassable b>ri]s to our faculty ( k4 ,a foll[] ( ! ,moni/ic !ory ( ! _w kn[s t all he ne$s to expla9 any giv5 ph5om5on 9 ! _w is to be f\nd )9 ?is _w itself4 ,:at prev5ts him f f9d+ x c be only *ance limitations 9 space & "t1 or defects ( 8 organisation1 i4e41 n ( human organisation 9 g5]al1 b only ( 8 own4 ,x foll[s f ! concept ( k1 z def9$ by u1 t !re c be no talk ( any limits ( k4 ,k is n a conc]n ( ! univ]se 9 g5]al1 b "o :i* m5 mu/ settle = !mselves4 ,ext]nal ?+s dem& no explanation4 ,!y exi/ & act on "o ano!r accord+ to laws :i* ?\ght c discov]4 ,!y exi/ 9 indivisible unity ) ^! laws4 ,b we1 9 our self-hood1 confront !m1 grasp+ at fir/ only :at we h call$ p]cepts4 ,h[ev]1 )9 ourselves we f9d ! p[] to discov] also ! o!r "p ( reality4 ,only :5 ! ,self has comb9$ = itself ! two elem5ts ( reality :i* are indivisibly b\nd up ) "o ano!r 9 ! _w1 is our ?ir/ = k /ill$4 ,! ,self is !n aga9 9 contact ) reality4 ,! presuppositions = ! developm5t ( k ?us exi/ ?r\gh & = ! ,self4 ,x is ! ,self :i* sets itself ! problems ( k4 ,x takes !m f ?\ght1 an elem5t :i* 9 itself is absolutely cle> & transp>5t4 ,if we set ourselves que/ions :i* we _c answ]1 x mu/ be because ! cont5t ( ! que/ions is n 9 all respects cle> & di/9ct4 ,x is n ! _w :i* sets que/ions to u1 b we :o set !m to ourselves4 ,i c imag9e t x w\ld be q impossible = me to answ] a "q :i* ,i happ5$ to f9d writt5 d[n some:]e1 )\t kn[+ ! univ]se ( disc\rse f :i* ! cont5t ( ! "q is tak54 ,9 k we are conc]n$ ) que/ions :i* arise = u ?r\gh ! fact t a _w ( p]cepts1 condition$ by "t1 space1 & our subjective organisation1 /&s ov] aga9/ a _w ( concepts express+ ! totality ( ! univ]se4 ,our task consi/s 9 ! assimilation to "o ano!r ( ^! two sph]es1 ) bo? ( :i* we are famili>4 ,!re is no room "h = talk+ ab\t limits ( k4 ,x may be t1 at a p>ticul> mom5t1 ?is or t rema9s unexpla9$ because1 ?r\gh *ance ob/acles1 we are prev5t$ f p]ceiv+ ! ?+s involv$4 ,:at is n f\nd to-day1 h[ev]1 may easily be f\nd to-morr[4 ,! limits due to ^! causes are only cont+5t1 & mu/ be ov]come by ! progress ( p]ception & ?\ght4 ,dualism makes ! mi/ake ( transf]r+ ! opposition ( subject & object1 :i* has mean+ only )9 ! p]ceptual _w1 to pure conceptual entities outside ?is _w4 ,n[ ! di/9ct & sep>ate ?+s 9 ! p]ceptual _w rema9 sep>at$ only s long z ! p]ceiv] refra9s f ?9k+4 ,= ?\ght cancels all sep>ation & reveals x z due to purely subjective conditions4 ,! ,duali/1 !re=e1 transf]s to entities transc5d+ ! p]ceptual _w ab/ract det]m9ations :i*1 ev5 9 ! p]ceptual _w1 h no absolute1 b only relative1 validity4 ,he ?us divides ! two factors conc]n$ 9 ! process ( k1 viz41 p]cept & concept1 into f\r3 7#a7 ! object 9 itself2 7#b7 ! p]cept :i* ! subject has ( ! object2 7#c7 ! subject2 7#d7 ! concept :i* relates ! p]cept to ! object 9 itself4 ,! relation betwe5 subject & object is real2 ! subject is really 7dynamically7 influ5c$ by ! object4 ,?is real process does n appe> 9 consci\sness4 ,b x evokes 9 ! subject a response to ! /imulation f ! object4 ,! result ( ?is response is ! p]cept4 ,?is1 at l5g?1 appe>s 9 consci\sness4 ,! object has an objective 7indep5d5t ( ! subject7 reality1 ! p]cept a subjective reality4 ,?is subjective reality is ref]r$ by ! subject to ! object4 ,?is ref]5ce is an ideal "o4 ,dualism ?us divides ! process ( k into two p>ts4 ,! "o "p1 viz41 ! production ( ! p]ceptual object by ! ?+-9-itself1 he conceives ( z tak+ place outside consci\sness1 :]eas ! o!r1 ! comb9ation ( p]cept ) concept & ! latt]'s ref]5ce to ! ?+-9-itself1 takes place1 accord+ to him1 9 consci\sness4 ,) su* presuppositions1 x is cle> :y ! ,duali/ reg>ds 8 concepts m]ely z subjective repres5tations ( :at is really ext]nal to 8 consci\sness4 ,! objectively real process 9 ! subject by means ( :i* ! p]cept is produc$1 & /ill m ! objective relations betwe5 ?+s-9-!mselves1 rema9 = ! ,duali/ inaccessible to direct k4 ,accord+ to him1 man c get only conceptual repres5tations ( ! objectively real4 ,! bond ( unity :i* connects ?+s-9-!mselves ) "o ano!r1 & also objectively ) ! individual m9ds 7z ?+s-9-!mselves7 ( ea* ( u1 exi/s beyond our consci\sness 9 a ,div9e ,be+ ( :om1 once m1 we h m]ely a conceptual repres5tation4 ,! ,duali/ believes t ! :ole _w w\ld be dissolv$ into a m]e ab/ract s*eme ( concepts1 did he n posit ! exi/5ce ( real connections beside ! conceptual ones4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ideal pr9ciples :i* ?9k+ discov]s are too airy = ! ,duali/1 & he seeks1 9 addition1 real pr9ciples ) :i* to support !m4 ,let u exam9e ^! real pr9ciples a little m closely4 ,! nave man 7,nave ,reali/7 reg>ds ! objects ( s5se-exp]i5ce z realities4 ,! fact t 8 h&s c grasp1 & 8 eyes see1 ^! objects is = him suffici5t gu>antee ( _! reality4 ,no?+ exi/s t _c be p]ceiv$ is1 9 fact1 ! fir/ axiom ( ! nave man2 & x is held to be equally valid 9 its conv]se3 ,ev]y?+ :i* is p]ceiv$ exi/s4 ,! be/ pro( = ?is ass]tion is ! nave man's belief 9 immortality & 9 gho/s4 ,he ?9ks ( ! s\l z a f9e k9d ( matt] p]ceptible by ! s5ses :i*1 9 special circum/ances1 may actually become visible to ! ord9>y man 7belief 9 gho/s74 ,9 contra/ ) ?is1 8 real1 _w1 ! ,nave ,reali/ reg>ds ev]y?+ else1 especially ! _w ( ideas1 z unreal1 or m]ely ideal4 ,:at we add to objects by ?9k+ is m]ely ?\ghts ab\t ! objects4 ,?\ght adds no?+ real to ! p]cept4 ,b x is n only ) ref]5ce to ! exi/5ce ( ?+s t ! nave man reg>ds p]ception z ! sole gu>antee ( reality1 b also ) ref]5ce to ! exi/5ce ( processes4 ,a ?+1 accord+ to him1 c act on ano!r only :5 a =ce actually pres5t to p]ception issues f ! "o & acts ^u ! o!r4 ,! old] physici/s ?\ght t v f9e k9ds ( sub/ances emanate f ! objects & p5etrate ?r\gh ! s5se-organs into ! s\l4 ,! actual p]ception ( ^! sub/ances is impossible only because ( ! co>s5ess ( our s5se-organs relatively to ! f95ess ( ^! sub/ances4 ,9 pr9ciple1 ! reason = attribut+ reality to ^! sub/ances 0 ! same z t = attribut+ x to ! objects ( ! s5sible _w1 viz41 _! k9d ( exi/5ce1 :i* 0 conceiv$ to be analog\s to t ( p]ceptual reality4 ,! self-conta9$ be+ ( ideas is n ?\ght ( by ! nave m9d z real 9 ! same s5se4 ,an object conceiv$ m]ely 9 idea is reg>d$ z a *im]a until s5se-p]ception c furni% pro( ( its reality4 ,9 %ort1 ! nave man dem&s1 9 addition to ! ideal evid5ce ( 8 ?9k+1 ! real evid5ce ( 8 s5ses4 ,9 ?is ne$ ( ! nave man lies ! gr\nd = ! orig9 ( ! belief 9 revelation4 ,! ,god :om we appreh5d by ?\ght rema9s always m]ely our idea ( ,god4 ,! nave consci\sness dem&s t ,god %\ld manife/ ,himself 9 ways accessible to ! s5ses4 ,god mu/ appe> 9 ! fle%1 & mu/ atte/ 8 ,godhead to our s5ses by ! *ang+ ( wat] into w9e4 ,ev5 k itself is conceiv$ by ! nave m9d z a process analog\s to s5se-p]ception4 ,?+s1 x is ?\ght1 make an impression on ! m9d1 or s5d out copies ( !mselves :i* ent] ?r\gh our s5ses1 etc4 ,:at ! nave man c p]ceive ) 8 s5ses he reg>ds z real1 & :at he _c p]ceive 7,god1 s\l1 k1 etc47 he reg>ds z analog\s to :at he c p]ceive4 ,on ! basis ( ,nave ,realism1 sci5ce c consi/ only 9 an exact description ( ! cont5t ( p]ception4 ,concepts are only means to ?is end4 ,!y exi/ to provide ideal c\nt]p>ts ( p]cepts4 ,) ! ?+s !mselves !y h no?+ to d4 ,= ! ,nave ,reali/ only ! individual tulips1 :i* we c see1 are real4 ,! univ]sal idea ( tulip is to him an ab/raction1 ! unreal ?\ght-picture :i* ! m9d con/ructs = itself out ( ! *>act]i/ics common to all tulips4 ,nave ,realism1 ) its fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! reality ( all p]cepts1 contradicts exp]i5ce1 :i* tea*es u t ! cont5t ( p]cepts is ( a transitory nature4 ,! tulip ,i see is real to-day2 9 a ye> x w h vani%$ into no?+ness4 ,:at p]si/s is ! species tulip4 ,?is species is1 h[ev]1 = ! ,nave ,reali/ m]ely an idea1 n a reality4 ,?us ?is !ory ( ! _w f9ds itself 9 ! p>adoxical position ( see+ its realities arise & p]i%1 :ile t :i*1 by contra/ ) its realities1 x reg>ds z unreal endures4 ,h5ce ,nave ,realism is compell$ to ackn[l$ge ! exi/5ce ( some?+ ideal by ! side ( p]cepts4 ,x mu/ include )9 itself entities :i* _c be p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses4 ,9 admitt+ !m1 x escapes contradict+ itself by conceiv+ _! exi/5ce z analog\s to t ( objects ( s5se4 ,su* hypo!tical realities are ! invisible =ces by means ( :i* ! objects ( s5se-p]ception act on "o ano!r4 ,ano!r su* reality is h]$ity1 ! effects ( :i* survive ! individual1 & :i* is ! reason :y f ! individual a new be+ develops :i* is simil> to x1 & by means ( :i* ! species is ma9ta9$4 ,! s\l1 ! life-pr9ciple p]meat+ ! organic body1 is ano!r su* reality :i* ! nave m9d is always f\nd conceiv+ 9 analogy to realities ( s5se-p]ception4 ,&1 la/ly1 ! ,div9e ,be+1 z conceiv$ by ! nave m9d1 is su* a hypo!tical entity4 ,! ,deity is ?\ght ( z act+ 9 a mann] exactly correspond+ to t :i* we c p]ceive 9 man himself1 i4e41 ! ,deity is conceiv$ an?ropomorphically4 ,mod]n ,physics traces s5sations back to ! movem5ts ( ! smalle/ p>ticles ( bodies & ( an inf9itely f9e sub/ance1 call$ e!r4 ,:at we exp]i5ce1 e4g41 z w>m? is a movem5t ( ! p>ts ( a body :i* causes ! w>m? 9 ! space occupi$ by t body4 ,"h aga9 some?+ imp]ceptible is conceiv$ on ! analogy ( :at is p]ceptible4 ,?us1 9 t]ms ( p]ception1 ! analogon to ! concept body is1 say1 ! int]ior ( a room1 %ut 9 on all sides1 9 :i* ela/ic balls are mov+ 9 all directions1 imp++ "o on ano!r1 b\nc+ on & (f ! walls1 etc4 ,)\t su* assumptions ! _w ( ! ,nave ,reali/ w\ld collapse into a disconnect$ *aos ( p]cepts1 )\t mutual relations1 & hav+ no unity )9 itself4 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 t ,nave ,realism c make ^! assumptions only by contradict+ itself4 ,if x w\ld rema9 true to its fundam5tal pr9ciple1 t only :at is p]ceiv$ is real1 !n x ought n to assume a reality :]e x p]ceives no?+4 ,! imp]ceptible =ces ( :i* p]ceptible ?+s are ! be>]s are1 9 fact1 illegitimate hypo!ses f ! /&po9t ( ,nave ,realism4 ,b because ,nave ,realism kn[s no o!r realities1 x inve/s its hypo!tical =ces ) p]ceptual cont5t4 ,x ?us transf]s a =m ( exi/5ce 7! exi/5ce ( p]cepts7 to a sph]e :]e ! only means ( mak+ any ass]tion conc]n+ su* exi/5ce1 viz41 s5se-p]ception1 is lack+4 ,?is self-contradictory !ory leads to ,metaphysical ,realism4 ,! latt] con/ructs1 beside ! p]ceptible reality1 an imp]ceptible "o :i* x conceives on ! analogy ( ! =m]4 ,metaphysical ,realism is1 !re=e1 ( necessity ,duali/ic4 ,:]ev] ! ,metaphysical ,reali/ obs]ves a relation betwe5 p]ceptible ?+s 7mutual approa* ?r\gh movem5t1 ! entrance ( an object into consci\sness1 etc471 !re he posits a reality4 ,h[ev]1 ! relation ( :i* he becomes aw>e _c be p]ceiv$ b only express$ by means ( ?\ght4 ,! ideal relation is !reupon arbitr>ily assimilat$ to some?+ p]ceptible4 ,?us1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 ! _w is compos$ ( ! objects ( p]ception :i* are 9 ceaseless flux1 aris+ & disappe>+1 & ( imp]ceptible =ces by :i* ! p]ceptible objects are produc$1 & :i* are p]man5t4 ,metaphysical ,realism is a self-contradictory mixture ( ,nave ,realism & ,idealism4 ,its =ces are imp]ceptible entities end[$ ) ! qualities prop] to p]cepts4 ,! ,metaphysical ,reali/ has made up 8 m9d to ackn[l$ge 9 addition to ! sph]e = ! exi/5ce ( :i* he has an in/rum5t ( k 9 s5se-p]ception1 ! exi/5ce ( ano!r sph]e = :i* ?is in/rum5t fails1 & :i* c be kn[n only by means ( ?\ght4 ,b he _c make up 8 m9d at ! same "t to ackn[l$ge t ! mode ( exi/5ce :i* ?\ght reveals1 viz41 ! concept 7or idea71 has equal rights ) p]cepts4 ,if we are to avoid ! contradiction ( imp]ceptible p]cepts1 we mu/ admit t1 = u1 ! relations :i* ?\ght traces betwe5 p]cepts c h no o!r mode ( exi/5ce ?an t ( concepts4 ,if "o rejects ! unt5able "p ( ,metaphysical ,realism1 !re rema9s ! concept ( ! _w z ! aggregate ( p]cepts & _! conceptual 7ideal7 relations4 ,metaphysical ,realism1 !n1 m]ges itself 9 a view ( ! _w accord+ to :i* ! pr9ciple ( p]ceptibility holds = p]cepts1 & t ( conceivability = ! relations betwe5 ! p]cepts4 ,?is view ( ! _w has no room1 9 addition to ! p]ceptual & conceptual worlds1 = a ?ird sph]e 9 :i* bo? pr9ciples1 ! s-call$ real pr9ciple & ! ideal pr9ciple1 are simultane\sly valid4 ,:5 ! ,metaphysical ,reali/ ass]ts t1 beside ! ideal relation betwe5 ! p]ceiv$ object & ! p]ceiv+ subject1 !re mu/ be a real relation betwe5 ! p]cept z ?+-9-itself & ! subject z ?+-9-itself 7! s-call$ individual m9d71 he is bas+ 8 ass]tion on ! false assumption ( a real process1 imp]ceptible b analog\s to ! processes 9 ! _w ( p]cepts4 ,fur!r1 :5 ! ,metaphysical ,reali/ ass]ts t we /& 9 a consci\s ideal relation to our _w ( p]cepts1 b t to ! real _w we c h only a dynamic 7=ce7 relation1 he repeats ! mi/ake we h already criticis$4 ,we c talk ( a dynamic relation only )9 ! _w ( p]cepts 79 ! sph]e ( ! s5se ( t\*71 b n outside t _w4 ,let u call ! view :i* we h j *>act]is$1 & into :i* ,metaphysical ,realism m]ges :5 x disc>ds its contradictory elem5ts1 ,monism1 because x comb9es "o-sid$ ,realism & ,idealism into a high] unity4 ,= ,nave ,realism1 ! real _w is an aggregate ( p]cepts2 = ,metaphysical ,realism1 reality belongs n only to p]cepts b also to imp]ceptible =ces2 ,monism replaces =ces by ideal relations :i* are suppli$ by ?\ght4 ,^! relations are ! laws ( nature4 ,a law ( nature is no?+ b ! conceptual expression = ! connection ( c]ta9 p]cepts4 ,monism is nev] call$ ^u to ask :e!r !re are any pr9ciples ( explanation = reality o!r ?an p]cepts & concepts4 ,! ,moni/ kn[s t 9 ! :ole realm ( ! real !re is no occasion = ?is "q4 ,9 ! p]ceptual _w1 z imm$iately appreh5d$1 he sees "o-half ( reality2 9 ! union ( ?is _w ) ! _w ( concepts he f9ds full reality4 ,! ,metaphysical ,reali/ might object t1 relatively to our organisation1 our k may be complete 9 itself1 t no "p may be lack+1 b t we d n "k h[ ! _w appe>s to a m9d organis$ diff]5tly f our own4 ,to ?is ! ,moni/ w reply1 ,maybe !re are intellig5ces o!r ?an human2 & maybe also t _! p]cepts are diff]5t f ours1 if !y h p]ception at all4 ,b ?is is irrelevant to me = ! foll[+ reasons4 ,?r\gh my p]ceptions1 i4e41 ?r\gh ?is specifically human mode ( p]ception1 ,i1 z subject1 am confront$ ) ! object4 ,! nexus ( ?+s is !reby brok54 ,! subject recon/ructs ! nexus by means ( ?\ght4 ,9 do+ s x re-ins]ts itself into ! context ( ! _w z a :ole4 ,z x is only ?r\gh ! ,self1 z subject1 t ! :ole appe>s r5t 9 two betwe5 p]cept & concept1 ! reunion ( ^? two factors w give u complete k4 ,= be+s ) a diff]5t p]ceptual _w 7e4g41 if !y _h twice our numb] ( s5se-organs7 ! nexus w\ld appe> brok5 9 ano!r place1 & ! recon/ruction w\ld accord+ly h to take a =m specifically adapt$ to su* be+s4 ,! "q conc]n+ ! limits ( k tr\bles only ,nave & ,metaphysical ,realism1 bo? ( :i* see 9 ! cont5ts ( m9d only ideal repres5tations ( ! real _w4 ,=1 to ^! !ories1 :atev] falls outside ! subject is some?+ absolute1 a self-conta9$ :ole1 & ! subject's m5tal cont5t is a copy :i* is :olly ext]nal to ?is absolute4 ,! complet5ess ( k dep5ds on ! great] or less] degree ( resemblance betwe5 ! repres5tation & ! absolute object4 ,a be+ ) few] s5ses ?an man w p]ceive less ( ! _w1 "o ) m s5ses w p]ceive m4 ,! =m]'s k w1 !re=e1 be less complete ?an ! latt]'s4 ,= ,monism1 ! situation is diff]5t4 ,! po9t :]e ! unity ( ! _w appe>s to be r5t asund] into subject & object dep5ds on ! organisation ( ! p]cipi5t4 ,! object is n absolute b m]ely relative to ! nature ( ! subject4 ,! bridg+ ( ! gap1 !re=e1 c take place only 9 ! q specific way :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! human subject4 ,z soon z ! ,self1 :i* 9 p]ception is set ov] aga9/ ! _w1 is aga9 re-ins]t$ into ! _w-nexus by con/ructive ?\ght1 all fur!r que/ion+ ceases1 hav+ be5 b a result ( ! sep>ation4 ,a diff]5tly con/itut$ be+ w\ld h a diff]5tly con/itut$ k4 ,our own k suffices to answ] ! que/ions :i* result f our own m5tal con/itution4 ,metaphysical ,realism mu/ ask1 ,:at is x t gives u our p]cepts8 ,:at is x t /imulates ! subject8 ,monism holds t p]cepts are det]m9$ by ! subject4 ,b 9 ?\ght ! subject has1 at ! same "t1 ! in/rum5t = transc5d+ ?is det]m9ation ( :i* x is itself ! au?or4 ,! ,metaphysical ,reali/ is fac$ by a fur!r difficulty :5 he seeks to expla9 ! simil>ity ( ! _w-views ( diff]5t human individuals4 ,he has to ask himself1 ,h[ is x t my !ory ( ! _w1 built up out ( subjectively det]m9$ p]cepts & out ( concepts1 turns out to be ! same z t :i* ano!r individual is also build+ up out ( ^! same two subjective factors8 ,h[1 9 any case1 is x possible = me to argue f my own subjective view ( ! _w to t ( ano!r human be+8 ,! ,metaphysical ,reali/ ?9ks he c inf] ! simil>ity ( ! subjective _w-views ( diff]5t human be+s f _! ability to get on ) "o ano!r 9 practical life4 ,f ?is simil>ity ( _w-views he inf]s fur!r ! lik5ess to "o ano!r ( individual m9ds1 mean+ by individual m9d ! ,i-9-itself und]ly+ ea* subject4 ,we h "h an inf]5ce f a numb] ( effects to ! "* ( ! und]ly+ causes4 ,we believe t aft] we h obs]v$ a suffici5tly l>ge numb] ( in/ances1 we "k ! connection suffici5tly to "k h[ ! inf]r$ causes w act 9 o!r in/ances4 ,su* an inf]5ce is call$ an inductive inf]5ce4 ,we %all be oblig$ to modify its results1 if fur!r obs]vation yields "s unexpect$ fact1 because ! "* ( our conclusion is1 aft] all1 det]m9$ only by ! p>ticul> details ( our actual obs]vations4 ,! ,metaphysical ,reali/ ass]ts t ?is k ( causes1 ?\gh re/rict$ by ^! conditions1 is q suffici5t = practical life4 ,inductive inf]5ce is ! fundam5tal me?od ( mod]n ,metaphysical ,realism4 ,at "o "t x 0 ?\ght t out ( concepts we c\ld evolve some?+ t w\ld no long] be a concept4 ,x 0 ?\ght t ! metaphysical reals1 :i* ,metaphysical ,realism aft] all requires1 c\ld be kn[n by means ( concepts4 ,?is me?od ( philosophis+ is n[ out ( date4 ,in/ead x is ?\ght t f a suffici5tly l>ge numb] ( p]ceptual facts we c inf] ! "* ( ! ?+-9-itself :i* lies beh9d ^! facts4 ,=m]ly x 0 f concepts1 n[ x is f p]cepts1 t ! ,reali/ seeks to evolve ! metaphysically real4 ,because concepts are be=e ! m9d 9 transp>5t cle>ness1 x 0 ?\ght t we might d$uce f !m ! metaphysically real ) absolute c]ta9ty4 ,p]cepts are n giv5 ) ! same transp>5t cle>ness4 ,ea* fre% "o is a little diff]5t f o!rs ( ! same k9d :i* prec$$ x4 ,9 pr9ciple1 !re=e1 any?+ inf]r$ f pa/ exp]i5ce is some:at modifi$ by ea* subsequ5t exp]i5ce4 ,! "* ( ! metaphysically real ?us obta9$ c !re=e be only relatively true1 = x is op5 to correction by fur!r in/ances4 ,! "* ( ,von ,h>tmann's ,metaphysics dep5ds on ?is me?odological pr9ciple4 ,! motto on ! title-page ( 8 fir/ important book is1 ,speculative results ga9$ by ! inductive me?od ( ,sci5ce4 ,! =m :i* ! ,metaphysical ,reali/ at ! pres5t day gives to 8 ?+s-9-!mselves is obta9$ by inductive inf]5ces4 ,consid]ation ( ! process ( k has conv9c$ him ( ! exi/5ce ( an objectively-real _w-nexus1 ov] & above ! subjective _w :i* we "k by means ( p]cepts & concepts4 ,! nature ( ?is reality he ?9ks he c det]m9e by inductive inf]5ces f 8 p]cepts4 ,,addition ,,to ,,! ,,revis$ ,,edition 7#aiah74 ,! unprejudic$ /udy ( exp]i5ce1 9 p]ceiv+ & conceiv+1 su* z we h attempt$ to describe x 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s1 is liable to be int]f]$ ) aga9 & aga9 by c]ta9 ideas :i* spr+ f ! soil ( natural sci5ce4 ,?us1 tak+ our /& on sci5ce1 we say t ! eye p]ceives 9 ! spectrum col\rs f r$ to violet4 ,b beyond violet !re lie rays )9 ! compass ( ! spectrum to :i* corresponds1 n a col\r p]ceiv$ by ! eye1 b a *emical effect4 ,simil>ly1 beyond ! rays :i* make u p]ceive r$1 !re are rays :i* h only heat effects4 ,^! & simil> ph5om5a lead1 on reflection1 to ! view t ! range ( man's p]ceptual _w is def9$ by ! range ( 8 s5ses1 & t he w\ld p]ceive a v diff]5t _w if he _h additional1 or altoge!r diff]5t1 s5ses4 ,^? :o l to indulge 9 f>-roam+ fancies 9 ?is direction1 = :i* ! brilliant discov]ies ( rec5t sci5tific rese>* provide a highly tempt+ occasion1 may well be l$ to confess t no?+ ent]s ! field ( man's obs]vation except :at c affect 8 s5ses1 z ^! h be5 det]m9$ by 8 :ole organisation4 ,man has no "r to reg>d 8 p]cepts1 limit$ z ^! are by 8 organisation1 z 9 any way a /&>d to :i* reality mu/ con=m4 ,e new s5se w\ld confront him ) a diff]5t picture ( reality4 ,)9 its prop] limits1 ?is is a :olly ju/ifi$ view4 ,b if anyone lets himself be confus$ by ?is view 9 ! unprejudic$ /udy ( ! relation ( p]cept & concept1 z set =? 9 ^! *apt]s1 he blocks ! pa? = himself to a k ( man & ! _w :i* is root$ 9 reality4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! ess5tial nature ( ?\ght1 i4e41 ! active con/ruction ( ! _w ( concepts1 is some?+ :olly diff]5t f ! exp]i5ce ( a p]ceptible object ?r\gh ! s5ses4 ,:atev] additional s5ses man might h1 n "o w\ld give him reality1 if 8 ?9k+ did n organise ) its concepts :atev] he p]ceiv$ by means ( su* a s5se4 ,e s5se1 :atev] its k9d1 provid$ only x is organis$ by ?\ght1 enables man to live "r 9 ! real4 ,! fancy-picture ( o!r p]ceptual worlds1 made possible by o!r s5ses1 has no?+ to d ) ! problem ( h[ x is t man /&s 9 ! mid/ ( reality4 ,we mu/ cle>ly und]/& t e p]ceptual picture ( ! _w owes its =m to ! physical organisation ( ! p]cipi5t1 b t only ! p]cepts :i* h be5 organis$ by ! liv+ lab\r ( ?\ght lead u into reality4 ,fanciful speculations conc]n+ ! way ! _w w\ld appe> to o!r ?an human s\ls1 c give u no occasion to want to und]/& man's relation to ! _w4 ,su* a desire comes only ) ! recognition t e p]cept pres5ts only a "p ( ! reality x conta9s1 & t1 consequ5tly1 x leads u away f its own prop] reality4 ,?is recognition is supplem5t$ by ! fur!r "o t ?9k+ leads u into ! "p ( reality :i* ! p]cept conceals 9 itself4 ,ano!r difficulty 9 ! way ( ! unprejudic$ /udy ( ! relation we h "h describ$1 betwe5 p]cept & concept z elaborat$ by ?\ght1 may be met ) occasionally1 :5 9 ! field ( physics ! necessity arises ( speak+1 n ( imm$iately p]ceptible elem5ts1 b ( non-p]ceptible magnitudes1 su* z1 e4g41 l9es ( electric or magnetic =ce4 ,x may seem z if ! elem5ts ( reality ( :i* physici/s speak1 _h no connection ei!r ) :at is p]ceptible1 or ) ! concepts :i* active ?9k+ has elaborat$4 ,yet su* a view w\ld dep5d on self-deception4 ,! ma9 po9t is t all ! results ( physical rese>*1 except illegitimate hypo!ses :i* ought to be exclud$1 h be5 ga9$ ?r\gh p]ceiv+ & conceiv+4 ,entities :i* are seem+ly non-p]ceptible1 are ref]r$ by ! physici/s' s\nd in/9ct = k to ! field 9 :i* actual p]cepts lie1 & !y are dealt ) 9 ?\ght by means ( ! concepts :i* are commonly appli$ 9 ?is field4 ,! magnitudes 9 a field ( electric or magnetic =ce are rea*$1 9 _! ess5ce1 by no o!r cognitive process ?an ! "o :i* connects p]cept & concept4--,an increase or a modification ( human s5ses w\ld yield a diff]5t p]ceptual picture1 an enri*m5t or a modification ( human exp]i5ce4 ,b g5u9e k c\ld be ga9$ out ( ?is new exp]i5ce only ?r\gh ! mutual co-op]ation ( concept & p]cept4 ,! deep5+ ( k dep5ds on ! p[]s ( intuition :i* express !mselves 9 ?9k+ 7see page #ij74 ,intuition may1 9 ^? exp]i5ces 9 :i* ?9k+ expresses itself1 dive ei!r into deep] or %all[] levels ( reality4 ,an expansion ( ! p]ceptual picture may supply /imuli =1 & ?us indirectly promote1 ?is div+ ( intuition4 ,b ?is div+ into ! dep?1 ?r\gh :i* we atta9 reality1 ought nev] to be confus$ ) ! contra/ betwe5 a wid] & a n>r[] p]ceptual picture1 :i* always conta9s only half ( reality1 z t is condition$ by ! /ructure ( ! kn[]'s organism4 ,^? :o d n lose !mselves 9 ab/ractions w und]/& h[ = a k ( human nature ! fact is relevant1 t physics mu/ inf] ! exi/5ce1 9 ! field ( p]cepts1 ( elem5ts to :i* no s5se is adapt$ z x is to col\r or s\nd4 ,human nature1 tak5 concretely1 is det]m9$ n only by :at1 9 virtue ( 8 physical organisation1 man opposes to himself z imm$iate p]cept1 b also by all else :i* he excludes f ?is imm$iate p]cept4 ,j z life ne$s unconsci\s sleep alongside ( consci\s wak+ exp]i5ce1 s man's exp]i5ce ( himself ne$s ov] & above ! sph]e ( 8 s5se-p]ception ano!r sph]e--& a mu* bigg] "o--( non-p]ceptible elem5ts belong+ to ! same field f :i* ! p]cepts ( ! s5ses come4 ,implicitly all ?is 0 already laid d[n 9 ! orig9al argum5t ( ?is book4 ,! au?or adds ! pres5t amplification ( ! argum5t1 because he has f\nd by exp]i5ce t "s read]s h n read att5tively en\gh4 ,x is to be rememb]$1 too1 t ! idea ( p]ception1 develop$ 9 ?is book1 is n to be confus$ ) ! idea ( ext]nal s5se-p]ception :i* is b a special case ( ! =m]4 ,! read] w ga!r f :at has prec$$1 b ev5 m f :at w be exp\nd$ lat]1 t ev]y?+ is "h tak5 z p]cept :i* s5su\sly or spiritually ent]s into man's exp]i5ce1 s long z x has n yet be5 seiz$ ^u by ! actively con/ruct$ concept4 ,no s5ses1 z we ord9>ily und]/& ! t]m1 are necess>y 9 ord] to h p]cepts ( a psy*ical or spiritual k9d4 ,x may be urg$ t ?is ext5sion ( ord9>y usage is illegitimate4 ,b ! ext5sion is absolutely indisp5sable1 unless we are to be prev5t$ by ! curr5t s5se ( a ^w f enl>g+ our k ( c]ta9 realms ( facts4 ,if we use p]cept only z mean+ s5se-p]cept1 we %all nev] advance beyond s5se-p]cepts to a concept fit = ! purposes ( k4 ,x is sometimes necess>y to enl>ge a concept 9 ord] t x may get its appropriate mean+ )9 a n>r[] field4 ,aga91 x is at times necess>y to add to ! orig9al cont5t ( a concept1 9 ord] t ! orig9al ?\ght may be ju/ifi$ or1 p]haps1 readju/$4 ,?us we f9d x said "h 9 ?is book3 ,an idea is no?+ b an individualis$ concept4 ,x has be5 object$ t ?is is a solecism4 ,b ?is t]m9ology is necess>y if we are to f9d out :at an idea really is4 ,h[ c we expect any progress 9 k1 if e "o :o f9ds himself compell$ to readju/ concepts1 is to be met by ! objection3 ,?is is a solecism8 ,,! ,,reality ,,( ,,fre$om ,,viii ,,! ,,factors ,,( ,,life ,let u recapitulate ! results ga9$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]s4 ,! _w appe>s to man z a multiplicity1 z an aggregate ( sep>ate entities4 ,he himself is "o ( ^! entities1 a ?+ among ?+s4 ,( ?is /ructure ( ! _w we say simply t x is giv51 & inasmu* z we d n con/ruct x by consci\s activity1 b simply f9d x1 we say t x consi/s ( p]cepts4 ,)9 ?is _w ( p]cepts we p]ceive ourselves4 ,?is p]cept ( ,self w\ld rema9 m]ely "o among _m o!r p]cepts1 did x n give rise to some?+ :i* proves capable ( connect+ all p]cepts "o ) ano!r &1 !re=e1 ! aggregate ( all o!r p]cepts ) ! p]cept ( ,self4 ,?is some?+ :i* em]ges is no long] a m]e p]cept2 nei!r is x1 l p]cepts1 simply giv54 ,x is produc$ by our activity4 ,x appe>s1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 b\nd up ) :at ea* ( u p]ceives z 8 ,self4 ,9 its inn] significance1 h[ev]1 x transc5ds ! ,self4 ,x adds to ! sep>ate p]cepts ideal det]m9ations1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are relat$ to "o ano!r1 & :i* are gr\nd$ 9 a :ole4 ,:at self-p]ception yields is ideally det]m9$ by ?is some?+ 9 ! same way z all o!r p]cepts1 & plac$ z subject1 or ,i1 ov] aga9/ ! objects4 ,?is some?+ is ?\ght1 & ! ideal det]m9ations are ! concepts & ideas4 ,?\ght1 !re=e1 fir/ manife/s itself 9 connection ) ! p]cept ( self4 ,b x is n m]ely subjective1 = ! ,self *>act]ises itself z subject only ) ! help ( ?\ght4 ,?is relation ( ! ,self to itself by means ( ?\ght is "o ( ! fundam5tal det]m9ations ( our p]sonal lives4 ,?r\gh x we lead a purely ideal exi/5ce4 ,by means ( x we are aw>e ( ourselves z ?9k+ be+s4 ,?is det]m9ation ( our lives w\ld rema9 a purely conceptual 7logical7 "o1 if x 7 n supplem5t$ by o!r det]m9ations ( our ,selves4 ,our lives w\ld !n exhau/ !mselves 9 e/abli%+ ideal connections betwe5 p]cepts !mselves1 & betwe5 !m & ourselves4 ,if we call ?is e/abli%m5t ( an ideal relation an act ( cognition1 & ! result+ condition ( ourselves k1 !n1 assum+ ! above supposition to be true1 we %\ld h to consid] ourselves z be+s :o m]ely appreh5d or "k4 ,! supposition is1 h[ev]1 untrue4 ,we relate p]cepts to ourselves n m]ely ideally1 ?r\gh concepts1 b also1 z we h already se51 ?r\gh feel+4 ,9 %ort1 ! cont5t ( our lives is n m]ely conceptual4 ,! ,nave ,reali/ holds t ! p]sonality actually lives m g5u9ely 9 ! life ( feel+ ?an 9 ! purely ideal activity ( k4 ,f 8 po9t ( view he is q "r 9 int]pret+ ! matt] 9 ?is way4 ,feel+ plays on ! subjective side exactly ! "p :i* p]cepts play on ! objective side4 ,f ! pr9ciple ( ,nave ,realism1 t ev]y?+ is real :i* c be p]ceiv$1 x foll[s t feel+ is ! gu>antee ( ! reality ( "o's own p]sonality4 ,monism1 h[ev]1 mu/ be/[ on feel+ ! same supplem5tation :i* x consid]s necess>y = p]cepts1 if ^! are to /& to u = reality 9 its full nature4 ,= ,monism1 feel+ is an incomplete reality1 :i*1 9 ! =m 9 :i* x fir/ appe>s to u1 lacks z yet its second factor1 ! concept or idea4 ,?is is :y1 9 actual life1 feel+s1 l p]cepts1 appe> prior to k4 ,at fir/1 we h m]ely a feel+ ( exi/5ce2 & x is only 9 ! c\rse ( our gradual developm5t1 t we atta9 to ! po9t at :i* ! concept ( ,self em]ges f )9 ! bl9d mass ( feel+s :i* fills our exi/5ce4 ,h[ev]1 :at = u does n appe> until lat]1 is f ! fir/ indissolubly b\nd up ) our feel+s4 ,?is is h[ ! nave man comes to believe t 9 feel+ he grasps exi/5ce imm$iately1 9 k only m$iately4 ,! developm5t ( ! affective life1 !re=e1 appe>s to him m important ?an any?+ else4 ,n until he has grasp$ ! unity ( ! _w ?r\gh feel+ w he believe t he has compreh5d$ x4 ,he attempts to make feel+ r ?an ?\ght ! in/rum5t ( k4 ,n[ a feel+ is entirely individual1 some?+ equival5t to a p]cept4 ,h5ce a philosophy ( feel+ makes a cosmic pr9ciple out ( some?+ :i* has significance only )9 my own p]sonality4 ,anyone :o holds ?is view attempts to infuse 8 own self into ! :ole _w4 ,:at ! ,moni/ /rives to grasp by means ( concepts ! philosoph] ( feel+ tries to atta9 ?r\gh feel+1 & he looks on 8 own felt union ) objects z m imm$iate ?an k4 ,! t5d5cy j describ$1 ! philosophy ( feel+1 is ,my/icism4 ,! error 9 ?is view is t x seeks to possess by imm$iate exp]i5ce :at mu/ be kn[n1 t x seeks to develop feel+1 :i* is individual1 into a univ]sal pr9ciple4 ,a feel+ is a purely individual activity4 ,x is ! relation ( ! ext]nal _w to ! subject1 9 s f> z ?is relation f9ds expression 9 a purely subjective exp]i5ce4 ,!re is yet ano!r expression ( human p]sonality4 ,! ,self1 ?r\gh ?\ght1 takes "p 9 ! univ]sal _w-life4 ,?r\gh ?\ght x e/abli%es purely ideal 7conceptual7 relations betwe5 p]cepts & itself1 & betwe5 itself & p]cepts4 ,9 feel+1 x has imm$iate exp]i5ce ( ! relation ( objects to itself z subject4 ,9 w1 ! opposite is ! case4 ,9 volition1 we are conc]n$ once m ) a p]cept1 viz41 t ( ! individual relation ( ! self to :at is objective4 ,:atev] 9 ! act ( w is n an ideal factor1 is j z mu* m]e object ( p]ception z is any object 9 ! ext]nal _w4 ,nev]!less1 ! ,nave ,reali/ believes "h aga9 t he has be=e him some?+ f> m real ?an c ev] be atta9$ by ?\ght4 ,he sees 9 ! w an elem5t 9 :i* he is imm$iately aw>e ( an activity1 a causation1 9 contra/ ) ?\ght :i* aft]w>ds grasps ?is activity 9 conceptual =m4 ,on ?is view1 ! realisation by ! ,self ( its w is a process :i* is exp]i5c$ imm$iately4 ,! adh]5t ( ?is philosophy believes t 9 ! w he has really got hold ( "o end ( reality4 ,:]eas he c foll[ o!r occurr5ces only f ! outside by means ( p]ception1 he is confid5t t 9 8 w he exp]i5ces a real process q imm$iately4 ,! mode ( exi/5ce pres5t$ to him by ! w )9 himself becomes = him ! fundam5tal reality ( ! univ]se4 ,8 own w appe>s to him z a special case ( ! g5]al _w-process2 h5ce ! latt] is conceiv$ z a univ]sal w4 ,! w becomes ! pr9ciple ( reality j z1 9 ,my/icism1 feel+ becomes ! pr9ciple ( k4 ,?is k9d ( !ory is call$ ,volunt>ism 7,!lism74 ,x makes some?+ :i* c be exp]i5c$ only individually ! dom9ant factor ( ! _w4 ,volunt>ism c z little be call$ sci5tific z c ,my/icism4 ,= bo? ass]t t ! conceptual int]pretation ( ! _w is inadequate4 ,bo? dem&1 9 addition to a pr9ciple ( be+ :i* is ideal1 also a pr9ciple :i* is real4 ,b z p]ception is our only means ( appreh5d+ ^! s-call$ real pr9ciples1 ! ass]tion ( ,my/icism & ,volunt>ism co9cides ) ! view t we h two s\rces ( k1 viz41 ?\ght & p]ception1 ! latt] f9d+ individual expression z w & feel+4 ,s9ce ! imm$iate exp]i5ces :i* fl[ f ! "o s\rce _c be directly absorb$ into ! ?\ghts :i* fl[ f ! o!r1 p]ception 7imm$iate exp]i5ce7 & ?\ght rema9 side by side1 )\t any high] =m ( exp]i5ce to m$iate betwe5 !m4 ,beside ! conceptual pr9ciple to :i* we atta9 by means ( k1 !re is also a real pr9ciple :i* mu/ be imm$iately exp]i5c$4 ,9 o!r words1 ,my/icism & ,volunt>ism are bo? =ms ( ,nave ,realism1 because !y subscribe to ! doctr9e t ! imm$iately p]ceiv$ 7exp]i5c$7 is real4 ,comp>$ ) ,nave ,realism 9 its primitive =m1 !y are guilty ( ! yet fur!r inconsi/5cy ( accept+ "o def9ite =m ( p]ception 7feel+1 respectively w7 z ! exclusive means ( kn[+ reality4 ,yet !y c d ?is only s long z !y cl+ to ! g5]al pr9ciple t ev]y?+ t is p]ceiv$ is real4 ,!y ought1 !re=e1 to atta* an equal value to ext]nal p]ception = purposes ( k4 ,volunt>ism turns into ,metaphysical ,realism1 :5 x ass]ts ! exi/5ce ( w also 9 ^? sph]es ( reality 9 :i* w c no long]1 z 9 ! individual subject1 be imm$iately exp]i5c$4 ,x assumes hypo!tically t a pr9ciple holds outside subjective exp]i5ce1 = ! exi/5ce ( :i*1 nev]!less1 subjective exp]i5ce is ! sole crit]ion4 ,z a =m ( ,metaphysical ,realism1 ,volunt>ism is op5 to ! criticism develop$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 a criticism :i* makes x necess>y to ov]come ! contradictory elem5t 9 e =m ( ,metaphysical ,realism1 & to recognise t ! w is a univ]sal _w-process only 9 s f> z x is ideally relat$ to ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,,addition ,,to ,,! ,,revis$ ,,edition 7#aiah74 ,! difficulty ( seiz+ ! ess5tial nature ( ?9k+ by obs]vation lies 9 ?is1 t x has g5]ally elud$ ! introspect+ m9d all too easily by ! "t t ! m9d tries to br+ x into ! focus ( att5tion4 ,no?+ b ! lifeless ab/ract1 ! corpse ( liv+ ?\ght1 !n rema9s = inspection4 ,:5 we consid] only ?is ab/ract1 we f9d x h>d1 by contra/1 to resi/ yield+ to ! my/icism ( feel+1 or1 aga91 to ! metaphysics ( w1 bo? ( :i* are full ( life4 ,we are tempt$ to reg>d x z odd t anyone %\ld want to seize ! ess5ce ( reality 9 m]e ?\ghts4 ,b if we once succe$ 9 really hold+ fa/ ! liv+ ess5ce ( ?9k+1 we le>n to und]/& t ! self-ab&onm5t to feel+s1 or ! intuit+ ( ! w1 _c ev5 be comp>$ ) ! inw>d weal? ( ?is life ( ?9k+1 :i* we exp]i5ce z )9 itself ev] at re/1 yet at ! same "t ev] 9 movem5t4 ,/ill less is x possible to rank w & feel+ above ?9k+4 ,x is ow+ precisely to ?is weal?1 to ?is inw>d abundance ( exp]i5ce1 t ! image ( ?9k+ :i* pres5ts itself to our ord9>y attitude ( m9d1 %\ld appe> lifeless & ab/ract4 ,no o!r activity ( ! human m9d is s easily misappreh5d$ z ?9k+4 ,w & feel+ /ill fill ! m9d ) w>m? ev5 :5 we live ?r\gh !m aga9 9 memory4 ,?9k+ all too readily leaves u cold 9 recollection2 x is z if ! life ( ! m9d _h dri$ out4 ,b ?is is really no?+ b ! /rongly m>k$ %ad[ ?r[n by its lum9\s1 w>m nature p5etrat+ deeply into ! ph5om5a ( ! _w4 ,?is p5etration is effect$ by ! activity ( ?9k+ ) a spontane\s outp\r+ ( p[]--a p[] ( spiritual love4 ,!re is no room "h = ! objection t ?us to p]ceive love 9 ! activity ( ?9k+ is to end[ ?9k+ ) a feel+ & a love :i* are n "p ( x4 ,?is objection is1 9 tru?1 a confirmation ( ! view "h advocat$4 ,if we turn t[>ds ! ess5tial nature ( ?9k+1 we f9d 9 x bo? feel+ & w1 & bo? ^! 9 _! mo/ pr(\ndly real =ms4 ,if we turn away f ?9k+ & t[>ds m]e feel+ & w1 ^! lose = u _! g5u9e reality4 ,if we are will+ to make ( ?9k+ an intuitive exp]i5ce1 we c d ju/ice1 also1 to exp]i5ces ( ! type ( feel+ & w4 ,b ! my/icism ( feel+ & ! metaphysics ( w d n "k h[ to d ju/ice to ! p5etration ( reality :i* p>takes at once ( intuition & ( ?\ght4 ,!y conclude b too readily t !y !mselves are root$ 9 reality1 b t ! intuitive ?9k]1 unt\*$ by feel+1 bl9d to reality1 =ms out ( ab/ract ?\ghts a %ad[y1 *illy picture ( ! _w4 ,,ix ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,fre$om ,! concept tree is condition$ = our k by ! p]cept tree4 ,!re is only "o det]m9ate concept :i* ,i c select f ! g5]al sy/em ( concepts & apply to a giv5 p]cept4 ,! connection ( concept & p]cept is m$iately & objectively det]m9$ by ?\ght 9 con=mity ) ! p]cept4 ,! connection betwe5 a p]cept & its concept is recognis$ aft] ! act ( p]ception1 b ! relevance ( ! "o to ! o!r is det]m9$ by ! "* ( ea*4 ,v diff]5t is ! result :5 we consid] k1 &1 m p>ticul>ly1 ! relation ( man to ! _w :i* occurs 9 k4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt]s ! attempt has be5 made to %[ t an unprejudic$ exam9ation ( ?is relation is able to ?r[ light on its nature4 ,a correct und]/&+ ( ?is exam9ation leads to ! conclusion t ?9k+ may be intuitively appreh5d$ 9 its unique1 self-conta9$ nature4 ,^? :o f9d x necess>y1 = ! explanation ( ?9k+ z su*1 to invoke some?+ else1 e4g41 physical bra9-processes1 or unconsci\s spiritual processes ly+ beh9d ! consci\s ?9k+ :i* !y obs]ve1 fail to grasp ! facts :i* an unprejudic$ exam9ation yields4 ,:5 we obs]ve our ?9k+1 we live dur+ ! obs]vation imm$iately )9 ! ess5ce ( a spiritual1 self-su/a9+ activity4 ,inde$1 we may ev5 affirm t if we want to grasp ! ess5tial nature ( ,_s 9 ! =m 9 :i* x imm$iately pres5ts itself to man1 we ne$ b look at our own self-su/a9+ ?9k+4 ,= ! /udy ( ?9k+ two ?+s co9cide :i* else:]e mu/ always appe> ap>t1 viz41 concept & p]cept4 ,if we fail to see ?is1 we %all be unable to reg>d ! concepts :i* we h elaborat$ 9 response to p]cepts z any?+ b %ad[y copies ( ^! p]cepts1 & we %all take ! p]cepts z pres5t+ to u reality z x really is4 ,we %all1 fur!r1 build up = ourselves a metaphysical _w aft] ! patt]n ( ! _w ( p]cepts4 ,we %all1 ea* accord+ to 8 habitual ideas1 call ?is _w a _w ( atoms1 or ( w1 or ( unconsci\s _s1 & s on4 ,& we %all fail to notice t all ! "t we h be5 do+ no?+ b erect+ hypo!tically a metaphysical _w model$ on ! _w we p]ceive4 ,b if we cle>ly appreh5d :at ?9k+ consi/s 91 we %all recognise t p]cepts pres5t to u only a portion ( reality1 & t ! complem5t>y portion :i* alone imp>ts to reality its full "* z real1 is exp]i5c$ by u 9 ! organisation ( p]cepts by ?\ght4 ,we %all reg>d all ?\ght1 n z a %ad[y copy ( reality1 b z a self-su/a9+ spiritual ess5ce4 ,we %all be able to say ( x1 t x is reveal$ to u 9 consci\sness ?r\gh intuition4 ,intuition is ! purely spiritual consci\s exp]i5ce ( a purely spiritual cont5t4 ,x is only ?r\gh intuition t we c grasp ! ess5ce ( ?9k+4 ,to w9 ?r\gh1 by means ( unprejudic$ obs]vation1 to ! recognition ( ?is tru? ( ! intuitive ess5ce ( ?9k+ requires an ef=t4 ,b )\t ?is ef=t we %all n succe$ 9 cle>+ ! way = a !ory ( ! psy*o-physical organisation ( man4 ,we recognise t ?is organisation c produce no effect :atev] on ! ess5tial nature ( ?9k+4 ,at fir/ sight ?is seems to be contradict$ by pat5t & obvi\s facts4 ,= ord9>y exp]i5ce1 human ?9k+ occurs only 9 connection )1 & by means (1 su* an organisation4 ,?is dep5d5ce on psy*o-physical organisation is s prom95t t its true be>+ c be appreciat$ by u only if we recognise1 t 9 ! ess5tial nature ( ?9k+ ?is organisation plays no "p :atev]4 ,once we appreciate ?is1 we c no long] fail to notice h[ peculi> is ! relation ( human organisation to ?\ght4 ,= ?is organisation contributes no?+ to ! ess5tial nature ( ?\ght1 b rec$es :5ev] ?\ght becomes active4 ,x susp5ds its own activity1 x yields gr\nd4 ,& ! gr\nd ?us set free is occupi$ by ?\ght4 ,! ess5ce :i* is active 9 ?\ght has a two-fold function3 fir/ x re/ricts ! human organisation 9 its own activity2 next1 x /eps into ! place ( t organisation4 ,yes1 ev5 ! =m]1 ! re/riction ( human organisation1 is an effect ( ! activity ( ?\ght1 & m p>ticul>ly ( t "p ( x :i* prep>es ! manife/ation ( ?9k+4 ,?is expla9s ! s5se 9 :i* ?9k+ has its c\nt]p>t 9 ! organisation ( ! body4 ,once we p]ceive ?is1 we c no long] misappreh5d ! significance = ?9k+ ( ?is physical c\nt]p>t4 ,:5 we walk ov] s(t gr\nd our feet leave deep tracks 9 ! soil4 ,we %all n be tempt$ to say t ! =ces ( ! gr\nd1 f bel[1 h =m$ ^! tracks4 ,we %all n attribute to ^! =ces any %>e 9 ! production ( ! tracks4 ,j s1 if ) op5 m9ds we obs]ve ! ess5tial nature ( ?9k+1 we %all n attribute any %>e 9 t nature to ! traces 9 ! physical organism :i* ?9k+ produces 9 prep>+ its manife/ation ?r\gh ! body4 #c ,an important "q1 h[ev]1 confronts u "h4 ,if human organisation has no "p 9 ! ess5tial nature ( ?9k+1 :at is its function )9 ! :ole nature ( man8 ,well1 ! effects ( ?9k+ ^u ?is organisation h no be>+ ^u ! ess5ce ( ?9k+1 b !y h a be>+ ^u ! orig9 ( ! ,i1 or ,ego-consci\sness1 ?r\gh ?9k+4 ,?9k+1 9 its unique "*1 con/itutes ! real ,ego1 b x does n con/itute1 z su*1 ! ,ego-consci\sness4 ,to see ?is we h b to /udy ?9k+ ) an op5 m9d4 ,! ,ego is to be f\nd 9 ?9k+4 ,! ,ego-consci\sness arises ?r\gh ! traces :i*1 9 ! s5se above expla9$1 ! activity ( ?9k+ impresses ^u our g5]al consci\sness4 ,! ,ego-consci\sness ?us arises ?r\gh ! physical organisation4 ,?is view mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be tak5 to imply t ! ,ego-consci\sness1 once x has aris51 rema9s dep5d5t on ! physical organisation4 ,on ! contr>y1 once x exi/s x is tak5 up into ?\ght & %>es h5ce=? ?\ght's spiritual self-subsi/5ce4 ,! ,ego-consci\sness is built ^u human organisation4 ,! latt] is ! s\rce ( all acts ( w4 ,foll[+ out ! direction ( ! prec$+ exposition1 we c ga9 insight into ! connection ( ?\ght1 consci\s ,ego1 & act ( w1 only by /udy+ fir/ h[ an act ( w issues f human organisation4 #d ,9 a p>ticul> act ( w we mu/ di/+ui% two factors3 ! motive & ! spr+ ( action4 ,! motive is a factor ( ! nature ( concept or idea2 ! spr+ ( action is ! factor 9 w :i* is directly det]m9$ 9 ! human organisation4 ,! conceptual factor1 or motive1 is ! mom5t>y det]m9+ cause ( an act ( w2 ! spr+ ( action is ! p]man5t det]m9+ factor 9 ! individual4 ,! motive ( an act ( w c be only a pure concept1 or else a concept ) a def9ite relation to p]ception1 i4e41 an idea4 ,univ]sal & individual concepts 7ideas7 become motives ( w by influ5c+ ! human individual & det]m9+ him to action 9 a p>ticul> direction4 ,"o & ! same concept1 h[ev]1 or "o & ! same idea1 influ5ce diff]5t individuals diff]5tly4 ,!y det]m9e diff]5t m5 to diff]5t actions4 ,an act ( w is1 !re=e1 n m]ely ! outcome ( a concept or an idea1 b also ( ! individual make-up ( human be+s4 ,?is individual make-up we w call1 foll[+ ,edu>d von ,h>tmann1 ! *>act]ological disposition4 ,! mann] 9 :i* concept & idea act on ! *>act]ological disposition ( a man gives to 8 life a def9ite moral or e?ical /amp4 ,! *>act]ological disposition consi/s ( ! m or less p]man5t cont5t ( ! individual's life1 t is1 ( 8 habitual ideas & feel+s4 ,:e!r an idea :i* ent]s my m9d at ?is mom5t /imulates me to an act ( w or n1 dep5ds on its relation to my o!r ideal cont5ts1 & also to my peculi> modes ( feel+4 ,my ideal cont5t1 9 turn1 is condition$ by ! sum total ( ^? concepts :i* h1 9 ! c\rse ( my individual life1 come 9 contact ) p]cepts1 t is1 h become ideas4 ,?is1 aga91 dep5ds on my great] or less] capacity = intuition1 & on ! range ( my p]ception1 t is1 on ! subjective & objective factors ( my exp]i5ces1 on ! /ructure ( my m9d & on my environm5t4 ,my affective life m especially det]m9es my *>act]ological disposition4 ,:e!r ,i %all make a c]ta9 idea or concept ! motive = action w dep5d on :e!r x gives me pleasure or pa94 ,^! are ! factors :i* we h to consid] 9 an act ( w4 ,! imm$iately pres5t idea or concept1 :i* becomes ! motive1 det]m9es ! end or ! purpose ( my w2 my *>act]ological disposition det]m9es me to direct my activity t[>ds ?is end4 ,! idea ( tak+ a walk 9 ! next half-h\r det]m9es ! end ( my action4 ,b ?is idea is rais$ to ! level ( a motive only if x meets ) a suitable *>act]ological disposition1 t is1 if dur+ my pa/ life ,i h =m$ ! ideas ( ! :olesom5ess ( walk+ & ! value ( heal?2 &1 fur!r1 if ! idea ( walk+ is accompani$ by a feel+ ( pleasure4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 di/+ui% 7#a7 ! possible subjective dispositions :i* are likely to turn giv5 ideas & concepts into motives1 & 7#b7 ! possible ideas & concepts :i* are capable ( s influ5c+ my *>act]ological disposition t an act ( w results4 ,! =m] are = morality ! spr+s ( action1 ! latt] its ends4 ,! spr+s ( action 9 ! moral life c be discov]$ by analys+ ! elem5ts ( :i* individual life is compos$4 ,! fir/ level ( individual life is t ( p]ception1 m p>ticul>ly s5se-p]ception4 ,?is is ! /age ( our individual lives 9 :i* a p]cept translates itself into w imm$iately1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( ei!r a feel+ or a concept4 ,! spr+ ( action "h involv$ may be call$ simply in/9ct4 ,our l[]1 purely animal1 ne$s 7hung]1 sexual int]c\rse1 etc47 f9d _! satisfaction 9 ?is way4 ,! ma9 *>act]i/ic ( in/9ctive life is ! imm$iacy ) :i* ! p]cept />ts (f ! act ( w4 ,?is k9d ( det]m9ation ( ! w1 :i* belongs orig9ally only to ! life ( ! l[] s5ses1 may1 h[ev]1 become ext5d$ also to ! p]cepts ( ! high] s5ses4 ,we may react to ! p]cept ( a c]ta9 ev5t 9 ! ext]nal _w )\t reflect+ on :at we d1 & )\t any special feel+ connect+ itself ) ! p]cept4 ,we h examples ( ?is especially 9 our ord9>y conv5tional int]c\rse ) m54 ,! spr+ ( ?is k9d ( action is call$ tact or moral good ta/e4 ,! m (t5 su* imm$iate reactions to a p]cept occur1 ! m ! ag5t w prove himself able to act purely "u ! guidance ( tact2 t is1 tact becomes 8 *>act]ological disposition4 ,! second level ( human life is feel+4 ,def9ite feel+s accompany ! p]cepts ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,^! feel+s may become spr+s ( action4 ,:5 ,i see a hungry man1 my pity = him may become ! spr+ ( my action4 ,su* feel+s1 = example1 are mode/y1 pride1 s5se ( hon\r1 humility1 remorse1 pity1 rev5ge1 gratitude1 piety1 loyalty1 love1 & duty4 #e ,! ?ird & la/ level ( life is to h ?\ghts & ideas4 ,an idea or a concept may become ! motive ( an action ?r\gh m]e reflection4 ,ideas become motives because1 9 ! c\rse ( my life1 ,i regul>ly connect c]ta9 aims ( my w ) p]cepts :i* recur aga9 & aga9 9 a m or less modifi$ =m4 ,h5ce x is t1 ) m5 :o are n :olly )\t exp]i5ce1 ! occurr5ce ( c]ta9 p]cepts is always accompani$ also by ! consci\sness ( ideas ( actions1 :i* !y h !mselves c>ri$ out 9 simil> cases or :i* !y h se5 o!rs c>ry out4 ,^! ideas float be=e _! m9ds z det]m9+ models 9 all subsequ5t decisions2 !y become p>ts ( _! *>act]ological disposition4 ,we may give ! "n ( practical exp]i5ce to ! spr+ ( action j describ$4 ,practical exp]i5ce m]ges gradually into purely tactful behavi\r4 ,t happ5s1 :5 def9ite typical pictures ( actions h become s closely connect$ 9 our m9ds ) ideas ( c]ta9 situations 9 life1 t1 9 any giv5 in/ance1 we omit all delib]ation bas$ on exp]i5ce & pass imm$iately f ! p]cept to ! action4 ,! highe/ level ( individual life is t ( conceptual ?\ght )\t ref]5ce to any def9ite p]ceptual cont5t4 ,we det]m9e ! cont5t ( a concept ?r\gh pure intuition on ! basis ( an ideal sy/em4 ,su* a concept conta9s1 at fir/1 no ref]5ce to any def9ite p]cepts4 ,:5 an act ( w comes ab\t "u ! influ5ce ( a concept :i* ref]s to a p]cept1 i4e41 "u ! influ5ce ( an idea1 !n x is ! p]cept :i* det]m9es our action indirectly by way ( ! concept4 ,b :5 we act "u ! influ5ce ( pure intuitions1 ! spr+ ( our action is pure ?\ght4 ,z x is ! cu/om 9 philosophy to call pure ?\ght reason1 we may p]haps be ju/ifi$ 9 giv+ ! "n ( practical reason to ! spr+ ( action *>act]i/ic ( ?is level ( life4 ,! cle>e/ acc\nt ( ?is spr+ ( action has be5 giv5 by ,krey5bhl 7,philosophis*e ,monat%efte1 vol4 xviii1 ,no4 #c74 ,9 my op9ion 8 article on ?is subject is "o ( ! mo/ important contributions to pres5t-day philosophy1 m especially to ,e?ics4 ,krey5bhl calls ! spr+ ( action1 ( :i* we are treat+1 ! practical a priori i4e41 a spr+ ( action issu+ imm$iately f my intuition4 ,x is cle> t su* a spr+ ( action c no long] be c\nt$ 9 ! /ricte/ s5se z "p ( ! *>act]ological disposition4 ,= :at is "h effective 9 me z a spr+ ( action is no long] some?+ purely individual1 b ! ideal1 & h5ce univ]sal1 cont5t ( my intuition4 ,z soon z ,i reg>d ?is cont5t z ! valid basis & />t+-po9t ( an action1 ,i pass ov] into will+1 irrespective ( :e!r ! concept 0 already 9 my m9d be=eh&1 or :e!r x only occurs to me imm$iately be=e ! action1 t is1 irrespective ( :e!r x 0 pres5t 9 ! =m ( a disposition 9 me or n4 ,a real act ( w results only :5 a pres5t impulse to action1 9 ! =m ( a concept or idea1 acts on ! *>act]ological disposition4 ,su* an impulse !reupon becomes ! motive ( ! w4 ,! motives ( moral conduct are ideas & concepts4 ,!re are ,morali/s :o see 9 feel+ also a motive ( morality2 !y ass]t1 e4g41 t ! end ( moral conduct is to secure ! greate/ possible quantity ( pleasure = ! ag5t4 ,pleasure itself1 h[ev]1 c nev] be a motive2 at be/ only ! idea ( pleasure c act z motive4 ,! idea ( a future pleasure1 b n ! feel+ itself1 c act on my *>act]ological disposition4 ,= ! feel+ does n yet exi/ 9 ! mom5t ( action2 on ! contr>y1 x has fir/ to be produc$ by ! action4 ,! idea ( "o's own or ano!r's well-be+ is1 h[ev]1 rightly reg>d$ z a motive ( ! w4 ,! pr9ciple ( produc+ ! greate/ quantity ( pleasure = oneself ?r\gh "o's action1 t is1 to atta9 individual happ9ess1 is call$ ,egoism4 ,! atta9m5t ( ?is individual happ9ess is s\ght ei!r by ?9k+ ru?lessly only ( "o's own good1 & /riv+ to atta9 x ev5 at ! co/ ( ! happ9ess ( o!r individuals 7,pure ,egoism71 or by promot+ ! good ( o!rs1 ei!r because "o anticipates indirectly a fav\rable influ5ce on "o's own happ9ess ?r\gh ! happ9ess ( o!rs1 or because "o fe>s to endang] "o's own int]e/ by injur+ o!rs 7,morality ( ,prud5ce74 ,! special cont5t ( ! egoi/ical pr9ciple ( morality w dep5d on ! ideas :i* we =m ( :at con/itutes our own1 or o!rs'1 good4 ,a man w det]m9e ! cont5t ( 8 egoi/ical /riv+ 9 accordance ) :at he reg>ds z "o ( life's good ?+s 7luxury1 hope ( happ9ess1 deliv]ance f diff]5t evils1 etc474 ,fur!r1 ! purely conceptual cont5t ( an action is to be reg>d$ z yet ano!r k9d ( motive4 ,?is cont5t has no ref]5ce1 l ! idea ( "o's own pleasure1 solely to ! p>ticul> action1 b to ! d$uction ( an action f a sy/em ( moral pr9ciples4 ,^! moral pr9ciples1 9 ! =m ( ab/ract concepts1 may guide ! individual's moral life )\t 8 worry+ himself ab\t ! orig9 ( 8 concepts4 ,9 t case1 we feel m]ely ! moral necessity ( submitt+ to a moral concept :i*1 9 ! =m ( law1 controls our actions4 ,! ju/ification ( ?is necessity we leave to ^? :o dem& f u moral subjection1 t is1 to ^? ^: moral au?ority ov] u we ackn[l$ge 7! head ( ! family1 ! /ate1 social cu/om1 ! au?ority ( ! *ur*1 div9e revelation74 ,we meet ) a special k9d ( ^! moral pr9ciples :5 ! law is n proclaim$ to u by an ext]nal au?ority1 b comes f our own selves 7moral autonomy74 ,9 ?is case we believe t we he> ! voice1 to :i* we h to submit ourselves1 9 our own s\ls4 ,! "n = ?is voice is consci5ce4 ,x is a great moral advance :5 a man no long] takes z ! motive ( 8 action ! comm&s ( an ext]nal or int]nal au?ority1 b tries to und]/& ! reason :y a giv5 maxim ( action ought to be effective z a motive 9 him4 ,?is is ! advance f morality bas$ on au?ority to action f moral insight4 ,at ?is level ( morality1 a man w try to discov] ! dem&s ( ! moral life1 & w let 8 action be det]m9$ by ?is k4 ,su* dem&s are 7#a7 ! greate/ possible happ9ess ( humanity z a :ole purely = its own sake1 7#b7 ! progress ( civilisation1 or ! moral developm5t ( mank9d t[>ds ev] great] p]fection1 7#c7 ! realisation ( individual moral ends conceiv$ by an act ( pure intuition4 ,! greate/ possible happ9ess ( humanity z a :ole w naturally be diff]5tly conceiv$ by diff]5t p4 ,! above-m5tion$ maxim does n imply any def9ite idea ( ?is happ9ess1 b r means t e "o :o ackn[l$ges ?is pr9ciple /rives to d all t1 9 8 op9ion1 mo/ promotes ! good ( ! :ole ( humanity4 ,! progress ( civilisation is se5 to be a special application ( ! moral pr9ciple j m5tion$1 at any rate = ^? to :om ! goods :i* civilisation produces br+ feel+s ( pleasure4 ,h[ev]1 !y w h to pay ! price ( progress 9 ! de/ruction & annihilation ( _m ?+s :i* also contribute to ! happ9ess ( humanity4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 also possible t "s m5 look ^u ! progress ( civilisation z a moral necessity1 q ap>t f ! feel+s ( pleasure :i* x br+s4 ,if s1 ! progress ( civilisation w be a new moral pr9ciple = !m1 diff]5t f ! previ\s "o4 ,bo? ! pr9ciple ( ! public good1 & t ( ! progress ( civilisation1 alike dep5d on ! way 9 :i* we apply ! cont5t ( our moral ideas to p>ticul> exp]i5ces 7p]cepts74 ,! highe/ pr9ciple ( morality :i* we c conceive1 h[ev]1 is t :i* conta9s1 to />t )1 no su* ref]5ce to p>ticul> exp]i5ces1 b :i* spr+s f ! s\rce ( pure intuition & does n seek until lat] any connection ) p]cepts1 i4e41 ) life4 ,! det]m9ation ( :at ought to be will$ issues "h f a po9t ( view v diff]5t f t ( ! previ\s two pr9ciples4 ,:oev] accepts ! pr9ciple ( ! public good w 9 all 8 actions ask fir/ :at 8 ideals contribute to ?is public good4 ,! uphold] ( ! progress ( civilisation z ! pr9ciple ( morality w act simil>ly4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a /ill high] mode ( conduct :i*1 9 a giv5 case1 does n />t f any s+le limit$ moral ideal1 b :i* sees a c]ta9 value 9 all moral pr9ciples1 always ask+ :e!r ?is or t pr9ciple is m important 9 a p>ticul> case4 ,x may happ5 t a man consid]s 9 c]ta9 circum/ances ! promotion ( ! public good1 9 o!rs t ( ! progress ( civilisation1 & 9 yet o!rs ! fur!r+ ( 8 own private good1 to be ! "r c\rse1 & makes t ! motive ( 8 action4 ,b :5 all o!r gr\nds ( det]m9ation take second place1 !n we rely1 9 ! fir/ place1 on conceptual intuition itself4 ,all o!r motives n[ drop out ( sight1 & ! ideal cont5t ( an action alone becomes its motive4 ,among ! levels ( *>act]ological disposition1 we h s+l$ out z ! highe/ t :i* manife/s itself z pure ?\ght1 or practical reason4 ,among ! motives1 we h j s+l$ out conceptual intuition z ! highe/4 ,on ne>] consid]ation1 we n[ p]ceive t at ?is level ( morality ! spr+ ( action & ! motive co9cide1 i4e41 t nei!r a pr$et]m9$ *>act]ological disposition1 nor an ext]nal moral pr9ciple accept$ on au?ority1 influ5ce our conduct4 ,! action1 !re=e1 is nei!r a m]ely /]eotyp$ "o :i* foll[s ! rules ( a moral code1 nor is x automatically p]=m$ 9 response to an ext]nal impulse4 ,r x is det]m9$ solely ?r\gh its ideal cont5t4 ,= su* an action to be possible1 we mu/ fir/ be capable ( moral intuitions4 ,:oev] lacks ! capacity to ?9k out = himself ! moral pr9ciples t apply 9 ea* p>ticul> case1 w nev] rise to ! level ( g5u9e individual will+4 ,kant's pr9ciple ( morality3 ,act s t ! pr9ciple ( y\r action may be valid = all m5--is ! exact opposite ( ours4 ,8 pr9ciple w\ld mean dea? to all individual action4 ,! norm = me c nev] be :at all m5 w\ld d1 b r :at x is "r = me to d 9 ea* special case4 ,a sup]ficial criticism might urge aga9/ ^! argum5ts3 ,h[ c an action be individually adapt$ to ! special case & ! special situation1 & yet at ! same "t be ideally det]m9$ by pure intuition8 ,?is objection re/s on a confusion ( ! moral motive ) ! p]ceptual cont5t ( an action4 ,! latt]1 inde$1 may be a motive1 & is actually a motive :5 we act = ! progress ( culture1 or f pure egoism1 etc41 b 9 action bas$ on pure moral intuition x nev] is a motive4 ,( c\rse1 my ,self takes notice ( ^! p]ceptual cont5ts1 b x does n all[ itself to be det]m9$ by !m4 ,! cont5t is us$ only to con/ruct a !oretical concept1 b ! correspond+ moral concept is n d]iv$ f ! object4 ,! !oretical concept ( a giv5 situation :i* faces me1 is a moral concept also only if ,i adopt ! /&po9t ( a p>ticul> moral pr9ciple4 ,if ,i base all my conduct on ! pr9ciple ( ! progress ( civilisation1 !n my way ?r\gh life is ti$ d[n to a fix$ r\te4 ,f e occurr5ce :i* comes to my notice & attracts my int]e/ !re spr+s a moral duty1 viz41 to d my t9y %>e t[>ds us+ ?is occurr5ce 9 ! s]vice ( ! progress ( civilisation4 ,9 addition to ! concept :i* reveals to me ! connections ( ev5ts or objects accord+ to ! laws ( nature1 !re is also a moral label atta*$ to !m :i* conta9s = me1 z a moral ag5t1 e?ical directions z to h[ ,i h to conduct myself4 ,at a high] level ^! moral labels disappe>1 & my action is det]m9$ 9 ea* p>ticul> in/ance by my idea2 & m p>ticul>ly by ! idea :i* is sugge/$ to me by ! concrete in/ance4 ,m5 v>y greatly 9 _! capacity = intuition4 ,9 "s1 ideas bubble up l a spr+1 o!rs acquire !m ) mu* lab\r4 ,! situations 9 :i* m5 live1 & :i* are ! sc5es ( _! actions1 are no less widely diff]5t4 ,! conduct ( a man w dep5d1 !re=e1 on ! mann] 9 :i* 8 faculty ( intuition reacts to a giv5 situation4 ,! aggregate ( ! ideas :i* are effective 9 u1 ! concrete cont5t ( our intuitions1 con/itute t :i* is individual 9 ea* ( u1 not)/&+ ! univ]sal "* ( our ideas4 ,9 s f> z ?is intuitive cont5t has ref]5ce to action1 x con/itutes ! moral sub/ance ( ! individual4 ,to let ?is sub/ance express itself 9 8 life is ! moral pr9ciple ( ! man :o reg>ds all o!r moral pr9ciples z subord9ate4 ,we may call ?is po9t ( view ,e?ical ,individualism4 ,! det]m9+ factor ( an action1 9 any concrete in/ance1 is ! discov]y ( ! correspond+ purely individual intuition4 ,at ?is level ( morality1 !re c be no "q ( g5]al moral concepts 7norms1 laws74 ,g5]al norms always presuppose concrete facts f :i* !y c be d$uc$4 ,b facts h fir/ to be creat$ by human action4 ,:5 we look = ! regulat+ pr9ciples 7! conceptual pr9ciples guid+ ! actions ( individuals1 peoples1 epo*s71 we obta9 a sy/em ( ,e?ics :i* is n a sci5ce ( moral norms1 b r a sci5ce ( morality z a natural fact4 ,only ! laws discov]$ 9 ?is way are relat$ to human action z ! laws ( nature are relat$ to p>ticul> ph5om5a4 ,^! laws1 h[ev]1 are v f> f be+ id5tical ) ! impulses on :i* we base our actions4 ,if we want to und]/& h[ man's moral w gives rise to an action1 we mu/ fir/ /udy ! relation ( ?is w to ! action4 ,= ?is purpose we mu/ s+le out = /udy ^? actions 9 :i* ?is relation is ! det]m9+ factor4 ,:5 ,i1 or ano!r1 subsequ5tly review my action we may discov] :at moral pr9ciples come into play 9 x4 ,b s long z ,i am act+1 ,i am influ5c$1 n by ^! moral pr9ciples1 b by my love = ! object :i* ,i want to realise ?r\gh my action4 ,i ask no man & no moral code1 :e!r ,i %all p]=m ?is action or n4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i c>ry x out z soon z ,i h =m$ ! idea ( x4 ,?is alone makes x my action4 ,if a man acts because he accepts c]ta9 moral norms1 8 action is ! outcome ( ! pr9ciples :i* compose 8 moral code4 ,he m]ely c>ries out ord]s4 ,he is a sup]ior k9d ( automaton4 ,inject "s /imulus to action into 8 m9d1 & at once ! clock-"w ( 8 moral pr9ciples w beg9 to "w & run its prescrib$ c\rse1 s z to issue 9 an action :i* is ,*ri/ian1 or humane1 or unselfi%1 or calculat$ to promote ! progress ( culture4 ,x is only :5 ,i foll[ solely my love = ! object1 t x is ,i1 myself1 :o act4 ,at ?is level ( morality1 ,i ackn[l$ge no "l ov] me1 nei!r an ext]nal au?ority1 nor ! s-call$ voice ( my consci5ce4 ,i ackn[l$ge no ext]nal pr9ciple ( my action1 because ,i h f\nd 9 myself ! gr\nd = my action1 viz41 my love ( ! action4 ,i d n ask :e!r my action is good or bad2 ,i p]=m x1 because ,i am 9 love ) x4 ,my action is good :51 ) lov+ intuition1 ,i ins]t myself 9 ! "r way into ! _w-nexus z ,i exp]i5ce x intuitively2 x is bad :5 ?is is n ! case4 ,nei!r d ,i ask myself h[ ano!r man w\ld act 9 my position4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i act z ,i1 ?is unique individuality1 w to act4 ,no g5]al usage1 no common cu/om1 no g5]al maxim curr5t among m51 no moral norm guides me1 b my love = ! action4 ,i feel no compulsion1 nei!r ! compulsion ( nature :i* dom9ates me ?r\gh my in/9cts1 nor ! compulsion ( ! moral comm&m5ts4 ,my w is simply to realise :at 9 me lies4 ,^? :o hold to g5]al moral norms w reply to ^! argum5ts t1 if e "o has ! "r to live himself out & to d :at he pleases1 !re c be no di/9ction betwe5 a good & a bad action2 e fraudul5t impulse 9 me has ! same "r to issue 9 action z ! int5tion to s]ve ! g5]al good4 ,x is n ! m]e fact ( my hav+ conceiv$ ! idea ( an action :i* ought to det]m9e me z a moral ag5t1 b ! fur!r exam9ation ( :e!r x is a good or an evil action4 ,only if x is good ought ,i to c>ry x out4 ,?is objection is easily intelligible1 & yet x _h its root 9 :at is b a misappreh5sion ( my mean+4 ,my reply to x is ?is3 ,if we want to get at ! ess5ce ( human volition1 we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 ! pa? along :i* volition atta9s to a c]ta9 degree ( developm5t1 & ! unique "* :i* x assumes z x approa*es its goal4 ,x is on ! pa? t[>ds ! goal t ! norms play a legitimate "p4 ,! goal consi/s 9 ! realisation ( moral aims :i* are appreh5d$ by pure intuition4 ,man atta9s su* aims 9 proportion z he is able to rise at all to ! level at :i* intuition grasps ! ideal cont5t ( ! _w4 ,9 any p>ticul> volition1 o!r elem5ts w1 z a rule1 be mix$ up1 z motives or spr+s ( action1 ) su* moral aims4 ,b1 = all t1 intuition may be1 :olly or 9 "p1 ! det]m9+ factor 9 human volition4 ,:at we ought to d1 t we d4 ,we supply ! /age ^u :i* duty becomes de$4 ,x is our own action :i*1 z su*1 issues f u4 ,! impulse1 !n1 c only be :olly individual4 ,&1 9 fact1 only a volition :i* issues out ( intuition c be individual4 ,x is only 9 an age 9 :i* immature m5 reg>d ! bl9d in/9cts z "p ( a man's individuality1 t ! act ( a crim9al c be describ$ z liv+ out "o's individuality 9 ! same s5se1 9 :i* ! embodim5t 9 action ( a pure intuition c be s describ$4 ,! animal in/9ct :i* drives a man to a crim9al act does n spr+ f intuition1 & does n belong to :at is individual 9 him1 b r to t :i* is mo/ g5]al 9 him1 to t :i* is equally pres5t 9 all individuals4 ,! individual elem5t 9 me is n my organism ) its in/9cts & feel+s1 b r ! unifi$ _w ( ideas :i* reveals itself ?r\gh ?is organism4 ,my in/9cts1 crav+s1 passions1 ju/ify no fur!r ass]tion ab\t me ?an t ,i belong to ! g5]al species man4 ,! fact t some?+ ideal expresses itself 9 its own unique way ?r\gh ^! in/9cts1 passions1 & feel+s1 con/itutes my individuality4 ,my in/9cts & crav+s make me ! sort ( man ( :om !re are twelve to ! doz54 ,! unique "* ( ! idea1 by means ( :i* ,i di/+ui% myself )9 ! doz5 z ,i1 makes ( me an individual4 ,only a be+ o!r ?an myself c\ld di/+ui% me f o!rs by ! diff]5ce 9 my animal nature4 ,by ?\ght1 i4e41 by ! active grasp+ ( ! ideal elem5t work+ itself out ?r\gh my organism1 ,i di/+ui% myself f o!rs4 ,h5ce x is impossible to say ( ! action ( a crim9al t x issues f ! idea )9 him4 ,inde$1 ! *>act]i/ic feature ( crim9al actions is precisely t !y spr+ f ! non-ideal elem5ts 9 man4 ,an act ! gr\nds = :i* lie 9 ! ideal "p ( my individual nature is free4 ,e o!r act1 :e!r done "u ! compulsion ( nature or "u ! obligation impos$ by a moral norm1 is unfree4 ,t man alone is free :o 9 e mom5t ( 8 life is able to obey only himself4 ,a moral act is my act only :5 x c be call$ free 9 ?is s5se4 ,s f> we are conc]n$ "h ) ! presuppositions "u :i* an act ( w is felt to be free2 ! sequel w %[ h[ ?is purely e?ical concept ( fre$om is realis$ 9 ! ess5tial nature ( man4 ,action on ! basis ( fre$om does n exclude1 b include1 ! moral laws4 ,x only %[s t x /&s on a high] level ?an actions :i* are dictat$ by ^! laws4 ,:y %\ld my act s]ve ! g5]al good less well :5 ,i d x f pure love ( x1 ?an :5 ,i p]=m x because x is a duty to s]ve ! g5]al good8 ,! concept ( duty excludes fre$om1 because x w n ackn[l$ge ! "r ( individuality1 b dem&s ! subjection ( individuality to a g5]al norm4 ,fre$om ( action is conceivable only f ! /&po9t ( ,e?ical ,individualism4 ,b h[ ab\t ! possibility ( social life = m51 if ea* aims only at ass]t+ 8 own individuality8 ,?is "q expresses yet ano!r objection on ! "p ( ,moralism wrongly und]/ood4 ,! ,morali/ believes t a social community is possible only if all m5 are held toge!r by a common moral ord]4 ,?is %[s t ! ,morali/ does n und]/& ! community ( ! _w ( ideas4 ,he does n realise t ! _w ( ideas :i* inspires me is no o!r ?an t :i* inspires my fell[-m54 ,?is id5tity is1 inde$1 b a conclusion f our exp]i5ce ( ! _w4 ,h[ev]1 x _c be any?+ else4 ,= if we c\ld recognise x 9 any o!r way ?an by obs]vation1 x w\ld foll[ t univ]sal norms1 n individual exp]i5ce1 7 dom9ant 9 its sph]e4 ,individuality is possible only if e individual kn[s o!rs only ?r\gh individual obs]vation4 ,i diff] f my neighb\r1 n at all because we are liv+ 9 two entirely diff]5t m5tal worlds1 b because f our common _w ( ideas we receive diff]5t intuitions4 ,he desires to live out 8 intuitions1 ,i m9e4 ,if we bo? draw our intuitions really f ! _w ( ideas1 & d n obey m]e ext]nal impulses 7physical or moral71 !n we _c b meet "o ano!r 9 /riv+ = ! same aims1 9 hav+ ! same int5tions4 ,a moral misund]/&+1 a cla% ( aims1 is impossible betwe5 m5 :o are free4 ,only ! morally unfree :o bl9dly foll[ _! natural in/9cts or ! comm&s ( duty1 turn _! backs on _! neighb\rs1 if ^! d n obey ! same in/9cts & ! same laws z !mselves4 ,to live 9 love ( action & to let live 9 und]/&+ ( ! o!r's volition1 ?is is ! fundam5tal maxim ( ! free man4 ,he kn[s no o!r ought ?an t ) :i* 8 w intuitively puts itself 9 h>mony4 ,h[ he %all w 9 any giv5 case1 t w be det]m9$ = him by ! range ( 8 ideas4 ,if sociability 7 n deeply root$ 9 human nature1 no ext]nal laws w\ld be able to inoculate u ) x4 ,x is only because human individuals are ak9 9 _s t !y c live out _! lives side by side4 ,! free man lives out 8 life 9 ! full confid5ce t all o!r free m5 belong to "o spiritual _w ) himself1 & t _! int5tions w co9cide ) 84 ,! free man does n dem& agreem5t f 8 fell[-m51 b he expects x none ! less1 believ+ t x is inh]5t 9 human nature4 ,i am n ref]r+ "h to ! necessity = ?is or t ext]nal in/itution4 ,i ref] to ! disposition1 to ! /ate ( m9d1 ?r\gh :i* a man1 aw>e ( himself z "o ( a gr\p ( fell[-m5 = :om he c>es1 comes ne>e/ to liv+ up to ! ideal ( human dignity4 ,!re are _m :o w say t ! concept ( ! free man :i* ,i h "h develop$1 is a *im]a n[h]e to be f\nd realis$1 & t we h got to deal ) actual human be+s1 f :om we c expect morality only if !y obey "s moral law1 i4e41 if !y reg>d _! moral task z a duty & d n simply foll[ _! incl9ations & loves4 ,i d n d5y ?is4 ,only a bl9d man c\ld d t4 ,b1 if s1 away ) all ?is hypocrisy ( morality6 ,let u say simply t human nature mu/ be compell$ to act z long z x is n free4 ,:e!r ! compulsion ( man's unfree nature is effect$ by physical =ce or ?r\gh moral laws1 :e!r man is unfree because he indulges 8 unmeasur$ sexual desire1 or because he is b\nd tight 9 ! bonds ( conv5tional morality1 is q immat]ial4 ,only let u n ass]t t su* a man c rightly call 8 actions 8 own1 see+ t he is driv5 to !m by an ext]nal =ce4 ,b 9 ! mid/ ( all ?is network ( compulsion1 !re arise free spirits :o1 9 all ! welt] ( cu/oms1 legal codes1 religi\s obs]vances1 etc41 le>n to be true to !mselves4 ,!y are free 9 s f> z !y obey only !mselves2 unfree 9 s f> z !y submit to control4 ,:i* ( u c say t he is really free 9 all 8 actions8 ,yet 9 ea* ( u !re dwells some?+ deep] 9 :i* ! free man f9ds expression4 ,our life is made up ( free & unfree actions4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 =m a f9al & adequate concept ( human nature )\t com+ ^u ! free _s z its pure/ expression4 ,aft] all1 we are m5 9 ! fulle/ s5se only 9 s f> z we are free4 ,?is is an ideal1 _m w say4 ,d\btless2 b x is an ideal :i* is a real elem5t 9 u work+ up to ! surface ( our nature4 ,x is no ideal born ( m]e imag9ation or dream1 b "o :i* has life1 & :i* manife/s itself cle>ly ev5 9 ! lea/ develop$ =m ( its exi/5ce4 ,if m5 7 no?+ b natural objects1 ! se>* = ideals1 t is1 = ideas :i* z yet are n actual b ! realisation ( :i* we dem&1 w\ld be an impossibility4 ,9 deal+ ) ext]nal objects ! idea is det]m9$ by ! p]cept4 ,we h done our %>e :5 we h recognis$ ! connection betwe5 idea & p]cept4 ,b ) a human be+ ! case is diff]5t4 ,! cont5t ( 8 exi/5ce is n det]m9$ )\t him4 ,8 concept ( 8 true self z a moral be+ 7free _s7 is n a priori unit$ objectively ) ! p]ceptual cont5t man1 s t k ne$ only regi/] ! fact subsequ5tly4 ,man mu/ by 8 own act unite 8 concept ) ! p]cept man4 ,concept & p]cept co9cide ) "o ano!r 9 ?is in/ance1 only 9 s f> z ! individual himself makes !m co9cide4 ,?is he c d only if he has f\nd ! concept ( ! free _s1 t is1 if he has f\nd ! concept ( 8 own ,self4 ,9 ! objective _w1 a b\nd>y-l9e is drawn by our organisation betwe5 p]cept & concept4 ,k breaks d[n ?is b>ri]4 ,9 our subjective nature ?is b>ri] is no less pres5t4 ,! individual ov]comes x 9 ! c\rse ( 8 developm5t1 by embody+ 8 concept ( himself 9 8 outw>d exi/5ce4 ,h5ce man's moral life & 8 intellectual life lead him bo? alike to 8 two-fold nature1 p]ception 7imm$iate exp]i5ce7 & ?\ght4 ,! intellectual life ov]comes 8 two-fold nature by means ( k1 ! moral life succe$s ?r\gh ! actual realisation ( ! free _s4 ,e be+ has its inborn concept 7! laws ( its be+ & action71 b 9 ext]nal objects ?is concept is indissolubly b\nd up ) ! p]cept1 & sep>at$ f x only 9 ! organisation ( human m9ds4 ,9 human be+s concept & p]cept are1 at fir/1 actually sep>at$1 to be j z actually reunit$ by !m4 ,someone might object t to our p]cept ( a man !re corresponds at e mom5t ( 8 life a def9ite concept1 j z ) ext]nal objects4 ,i c con/ruct = myself ! concept ( an av]age man1 & ,i may also h giv5 to me a p]cept to fit ?is patt]n4 ,suppose n[ ,i add to ?is ! concept ( a free _s1 !n ,i h two concepts = ! same object4 ,su* an objection is "o-sid$4 ,z object ( p]ception ,i am subject to p]petual *ange4 ,z a *ild ,i 0 "o ?+1 ano!r z a y\?1 yet ano!r z a man4 ,moreov]1 at e mom5t ,i am diff]5t1 z p]cept1 f :at ,i 0 ! mom5t be=e4 ,^! *anges may take place 9 su* a way t ei!r x is always only ! same 7av]age7 man :o exhibits himself 9 !m1 or t !y repres5t ! expression ( a free _s4 ,su* are ! *anges :i* my actions1 z objects ( p]ception1 und]go4 ,9 ! p]ceptual object man !re is giv5 ! possibility ( trans=mation1 j z 9 ! plant-se$ !re lies ! possibility ( gr[? into a fully develop$ plant4 ,! plant trans=ms itself 9 gr[?1 because ( ! objective law ( nature :i* is inh]5t 9 x4 ,! human be+ rema9s 9 8 undevelop$ /ate1 unless he takes hold ( ! mat]ial = trans=mation )9 him & develops himself ?r\gh 8 own en]gy4 ,nature makes ( man m]ely a natural be+2 ,society makes ( him a be+ :o acts 9 ob$i5ce to law2 only he himself c make a free man ( himself4 ,at a def9ite /age 9 8 developm5t ,nature releases man f h] fett]s2 ,society c>ries 8 developm5t a /ep fur!r2 he alone c give himself ! f9al poli%4 ,! !ory ( free morality1 !n1 does n ass]t t ! free _s is ! only =m 9 :i* man c exi/4 ,x looks ^u ! fre$om ( ! _s only z ! la/ /age 9 man's evolution4 ,?is is n to d5y t conduct 9 ob$i5ce to norms has its legitimate place z a /age 9 developm5t4 ,! po9t is t we _c ackn[l$ge x to be ! absolute /&po9t 9 morality4 ,= ! free _s transc5ds norms1 9 ! s5se t he is ins5sible to !m z comm&s1 b regulates 8 conduct 9 accordance ) 8 impulses 7intuitions74 ,:5 ,kant apo/rophises duty3 ,duty6 ,?\ sublime & mighty "n1 t do/ embrace no?+ *>m+ or ins9uat+1 b require/ submission1 ?\ t holde/ =? a law 444 be=e :i* all incl9ations are dumb1 ev5 ?\gh !y secretly c\nt]work x1 #f !n ! free _s replies3 ,fre$om6 ?\ k9dly & humane "n1 :i* do/ embrace )9 ?yself all t is morally mo/ *>m+1 all t ins9uates itself mo/ into my humanity1 & :i* make/ me ! s]vant ( nobody1 :i* holde/ =? no law1 b waite/ :at my incl9ation itself w proclaim z law1 because x resi/s e law t is =c$ ^u x4 ,?is is ! contra/ ( morality accord+ to law & accord+ to fre$om4 ,! phili/9e :o looks ^u ! ,/ate z embodi$ morality is sure to look ^u ! free _s z a dang] to ! ,/ate4 ,b t is only because 8 view is n>r[ly focus$ on a limit$ p]iod ( "t4 ,if he 7 able to look beyond1 he w\ld soon f9d t x is b on r>e occasions t ! free _s ne$s to g beyond ! laws ( 8 /ate1 & t x nev] ne$s to confront !m ) any real contradiction4 ,= ! laws ( ! /ate1 "o & all1 h _h _! orig9 9 ! intuitions ( free spirits1 j l all o!r objective laws ( morality4 ,!re is no traditional law en=c$ by ! au?ority ( a family1 :i* 0 n1 once ^u a "t1 intuitively conceiv$ & laid d[n by an ance/or4 ,simil>ly ! conv5tional laws ( morality are fir/ ( all e/abli%$ by p>ticul> m51 & ! laws ( ! /ate are always born 9 ! bra9 ( a /atesman4 ,^! free spirits h set up laws ov] ! re/ ( mank9d1 & only he is unfree :o =gets ?is orig9 & makes !m ei!r div9e comm&s1 or objective moral duties1 or--falsely my/ical--! au?oritative voice ( 8 own consci5ce4 ,he1 on ! o!r h&1 :o does n =get ! orig9 ( laws1 b looks = x 9 man1 w respect !m z belong+ to ! same _w ( ideas :i* is ! s\rce also ( 8 own moral intuitions4 ,if he ?9ks 8 intuitions bett] ?an ! exi/+ laws1 he w try to put !m into ! place ( ! latt]4 ,if he ?9ks ! laws ju/ifi$1 he w act 9 accordance ) !m z if !y 7 8 own intuitions4 ,man does n exi/ 9 ord] to f\nd a moral ord] ( ! _w4 ,anyone :o ma9ta9s t he does1 /&s 9 8 !ory ( man /ill at t same po9t1 at :i* natural sci5ce /ood :5 x believ$ t a bull has horns 9 ord] t x may butt4 ,sci5ti/s1 happily1 h ca/ ! concept ( objective purposes 9 nature into ! limbo ( dead !ories4 ,= ,e?ics1 x is m difficult to a*ieve ! same emancipation4 ,b j z horns d n exi/ = ! sake ( butt+1 b butt+ because ( horns1 s man does n exi/ = ! sake ( morality1 b morality exi/s ?r\gh man4 ,! free man acts morally because he has a moral idea1 he does n act 9 ord] to be moral4 ,human individuals are ! presupposition ( a moral _w ord]4 ,! human individual is ! f\nta9 ( all morality & ! c5tre ( all life4 ,/ate & society exi/ only because !y h necess>ily gr[n out ( ! life ( individuals4 ,t /ate & society1 9 turn1 %\ld react ^u ! lives ( individuals1 is no m difficult to compreh5d1 ?an t ! butt+ :i* is ! result ( ! exi/5ce ( horns1 reacts 9 turn ^u ! fur!r developm5t ( ! horns1 :i* w\ld become atrophi$ by prolong$ disuse4 ,simil>ly1 ! individual mu/ deg5]ate if he leads an isolat$ exi/5ce beyond ! pale ( human society4 ,t is j ! reason :y ! social ord] arises1 viz41 t x may react fav\rably ^u ! individual4 ,x ,,monism ,,& ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,spiritual ,,activity ,! nave man :o ackn[l$ges no?+ z real except :at he c see ) 8 eyes & grasp ) 8 h&s1 dem&s = 8 moral life1 too1 gr\nds ( action :i* are p]ceptible to 8 s5ses4 ,he wants "s "o :o w imp>t to him ^! gr\nds ( action 9 a mann] t 8 s5ses c appreh5d4 ,he is ready to all[ ^! gr\nds ( action to be dictat$ to him z comm&s by anyone :om he consid]s wis] or m p[]ful ?an himself1 or :om he ackn[l$ges1 = :atev] reason1 to be a p[] sup]ior to himself4 ,?is acc\nts = ! moral pr9ciples enum]at$ above1 viz41 ! pr9ciples :i* re/ on ! au?ority ( family1 /ate1 society1 *ur*1 & ,god4 ,! mo/ n>r[-m9d$ man /ill submits to ! au?ority ( "s s+le fell[-man4 ,he :o is a little m progressive all[s 8 moral conduct to be dictat$ by a majority 7/ate1 society74 ,9 e case he relies on "s p[] :i* is pres5t to 8 s5ses4 ,:51 at la/1 ! conviction dawns on someone t 8 au?orities are1 at bottom1 human be+s j z weak z himself1 !n he seeks refuge ) a high] p[]1 ) a ,div9e ,be+1 :om1 9 turn1 he end[s ) qualities p]ceptible to ! s5ses4 ,he conceives ?is ,be+ z communicat+ to him ! ideal cont5t ( 8 moral life by way ( 8 s5ses--believ+1 = example1 t ,god appe>s 9 ! flam+ bu%1 or t ,he moves ab\t among m5 9 manife/ human %ape1 & t _! e>s c he> ,8 voice tell+ !m :at !y are to d & :at n to d4 ,! highe/ /age ( developm5t :i* ,nave ,realism atta9s 9 ! sph]e ( morality is t at :i* ! moral law 7! moral idea7 is conceiv$ z hav+ no connection ) any ext]nal be+1 b1 hypo!tically1 z be+ an absolute p[] 9 "o's own consci\sness4 ,:at man fir/ li/5$ to z ! voice ( ,god1 to t he n[ li/5s z an indep5d5t p[] 9 8 own m9d :i* he calls consci5ce4 ,?is conception1 h[ev]1 takes u already beyond ! level ( ! nave consci\sness into ! sph]e :]e moral laws are treat$ z indep5d5t norms4 ,!y are !re no long] made dep5d5t on a human m9d1 b are turn$ into self-exi/5t metaphysical entities4 ,!y are analog\s to ! visible-invisible =ces ( ,metaphysical ,realism4 ,h5ce also !y appe> always z a coroll>y ( ,metaphysical ,realism1 :i* seeks reality1 n 9 ! "p :i* human nature1 ?r\gh its ?9k+1 plays 9 mak+ reality :at x is1 b :i* hypo!tically posits reality ov] & above ! facts ( exp]i5ce4 ,h5ce ^! extra-human moral norms always appe> z coroll>ies ( ,metaphysical ,realism4 ,= ?is !ory is b\nd to look = ! orig9 ( morality likewise 9 ! sph]e ( extra-human reality4 ,!re are diff]5t possible views ( its orig94 ,if ! ?+-9-itself is un?9k+ & acts accord+ to purely me*anical laws1 z mod]n ,mat]ialism conceives t x does1 !n x mu/ also produce out ( itself1 by purely me*anical necessity1 ! human individual & all t belongs to him4 ,on t view ! consci\sness ( fre$om c be no?+ m ?an an illusion4 ,= :il/ ,i consid] myself ! au?or ( my action1 x is ! matt] ( :i* ,i am compos$ & ! movem5ts :i* are go+ on 9 x t det]m9e me4 ,i imag9e myself free1 b actually all my actions are no?+ b ! effects ( ! metabolism :i* is ! basis ( my physical & m5tal organisation4 ,x is only because we d n "k ! motives :i* compel u t we h ! feel+ ( fre$om4 ,we mu/ emphasise t ! feel+ ( fre$om dep5ds on ! abs5ce ( ext]nal compell+ motives4 ,our actions are z mu* subject to necessity z our ?\ghts 7,zieh51 ,leitfad5 d] ,physiologis*5 ,psy*ologie1 pp4 #bjg1 ff474 #g ,ano!r possibility is t "s "o w f9d 9 a spiritual be+ ! ,absolute ly+ beh9d all ph5om5a4 ,if s1 he w look = ! spr+ ( action 9 "s k9d ( spiritual p[]4 ,he w reg>d ! moral pr9ciples :i* 8 reason conta9s z ! manife/ation ( ?is spiritual be+1 :i* pursues 9 m5 its own special purposes4 ,moral laws appe> to ! ,duali/1 :o holds ?is view1 z dictat$ by ! ,absolute1 & man's only task is to discov]1 by means ( 8 reason1 ! decisions ( ! ,absolute & to c>ry !m out4 ,= ! ,duali/1 ! moral ord] ( ! _w is ! visible symbol ( ! high] ord] t lies beh9d x4 ,our human morality is a revelation ( ! div9e _w-ord]4 ,x is n man :o matt]s 9 ?is moral ord] b reality 9 itself1 t is1 ,god4 ,man ought to d :at ,god wills4 ,edu>d von ,h>tmann1 :o id5tifies reality1 z su*1 ) ,god1 & :o treats ,god's exi/5ce z a life ( suff]+1 believes t ! ,div9e ,be+ has creat$ ! _w 9 ord] to ga91 by means ( ! _w1 release f 8 inf9ite suff]+4 ,h5ce ?is philosoph] reg>ds ! moral evolution ( humanity z a process1 ! function ( :i* is ! r$emption ( ,god4 ,only ?r\gh ! build+ up ( a moral _w-ord] on ! "p ( rational1 self-consci\s individuals is x possible = ! _w-process to approximate to its goal4 ,real exi/5ce is ! inc>nation ( ,god4 ,! _w-process is ! passion ( ,god :o has become fle%1 & at ! same "t ! way ( r$emption = ,him :o 0 crucifi$ 9 ! fle%2 & morality is our co-op]ation 9 ! %ort5+ ( ?is process ( suff]+ & r$emption 7,h>tmann1 ,phnom5ologie des sittli*5 ,bewus/se9s1 #hga74 ,on ?is view1 man does n act because he wills1 b he mu/ act because x is ,god's w to be r$eem$4 ,:]eas ! ,mat]iali/ic ,duali/ turns man into an automaton1 ! action ( :i* is no?+ b ! effect ( causality accord+ to purely me*anical laws1 ! ,spirituali/ic ,duali/ 7i4e41 he :o treats ! ,absolute1 ! ?+-9-itself1 z a spiritual some?+ 9 :i* man ) 8 consci\s exp]i5ce has no %>e71 makes man ! slave ( ! w ( ! ,absolute4 ,nei!r ,mat]ialism1 nor ,spiritualism1 nor 9 g5]al ,metaphysical ,realism :i* inf]s1 z true reality1 an extra-human some?+ :i* x does n exp]i5ce1 h any room = fre$om4 ,nave & ,metaphysical ,realism1 if !y are to be consi/5t1 h to d5y fre$om = "o & ! same reason1 viz41 because1 = !m1 man does no?+ b c>ry out1 or execute1 pr9ciples necess>ily impos$ ^u him4 ,nave ,realism de/roys fre$om by subject+ man to au?ority1 :e!r x be t ( a p]ceptible be+1 or t ( a be+ conceiv$ on ! analogy ( p]ceptible be+s1 or1 la/ly1 t ( ! ab/ract voice ( consci5ce4 ,! ,metaphysician1 cont5t m]ely to inf] an extra-human reality1 is unable to ackn[l$ge fre$om because1 = him1 man is det]m9$1 me*anically or morally1 by a ?+-9-itself4 ,monism w h to admit ! p>tial ju/ification ( ,nave ,realism1 ) :i* x agrees 9 admitt+ ! "p play$ by ! _w ( p]cepts4 ,he :o is incapable ( produc+ moral ideas ?r\gh intuition mu/ receive !m f o!rs4 ,9 s f> z a man receives 8 moral pr9ciples f )\t he is actually unfree4 ,b ,monism ascribes to ! idea ! same importance z to ! p]cept4 ,! idea c manife/ itself only 9 human individuals4 ,9 s f> z man obeys ! impulses com+ f ?is side he is free4 ,b ,monism d5ies all ju/ification to ,metaphysics1 & consequ5tly also to ! impulses ( action :i* are d]iv$ f s-call$ ?+s-9-!mselves4 ,accord+ to ! ,moni/ic view1 man's action is unfree :5 he obeys "s p]ceptible ext]nal compulsion2 x is free :5 he obeys none b himself4 ,!re is no room 9 ,monism = any k9d ( unconsci\s compulsion hidd5 beh9d p]cept & concept4 ,if anybody ma9ta9s ( ! action ( a fell[-man t x has n be5 freely done1 he is b\nd to produce )9 ! visible _w ! ?+ or ! p]son or ! in/itution :i* has caus$ ! ag5t to act4 ,& if he supports 8 cont5tion by an appeal to causes ( action ly+ outside ! real _w ( our p]cepts & ?\ghts1 !n ,monism mu/ decl9e to take acc\nt ( su* an ass]tion4 ,accord+ to ! ,moni/ic !ory1 !n1 man's action is p>tly free1 p>tly unfree4 ,he is consci\s ( himself z unfree 9 ! _w ( p]cepts1 & he realises 9 himself ! _s :i* is free4 ,! moral laws :i* 8 inf]5ces compel ! ,metaphysician to reg>d z issu+ f a high] p[] h1 accord+ to ! uphold] ( ,monism1 be5 conceiv$ by m5 !mselves4 ,to him ! moral ord] is nei!r a m]e image ( a purely me*anical ord] ( nature nor ( ! div9e gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 b ?r\gh & ?r\gh ! free creation ( m54 ,x is n man's bus9ess to realise ,god's w 9 ! _w1 b 8 own4 ,he c>ries out 8 own decisions & int5tions1 n ^? ( ano!r be+4 ,monism does n f9d beh9d human ag5ts a rul] ( ! _w1 det]m9+ !m to act accord+ to 8 w4 ,m5 pursue only _! own human ends4 ,moreov]1 ea* individual pursues 8 own private ends4 ,= ! _w ( ideas realises itself1 n 9 a community1 b only 9 individual m54 ,:at appe>s z ! common goal ( a community is no?+ b ! result ( ! sep>ate volitions ( its individual memb]s1 & mo/ commonly ( a few out/&+ m5 :om ! re/ foll[ z _! lead]s4 ,ea* "o ( u has x 9 him to be a free _s1 j z e rosebud is pot5tially a rose4 ,monism1 !n1 is 9 ! sph]e ( g5u9ely moral action ! true philosophy ( fre$om4 ,be+ also a philosophy ( reality1 x rejects ! metaphysical 7unreal7 re/riction ( ! free _s z emphatically z x ackn[l$ges ! physical & hi/orical 7navely real7 re/rictions ( ! nave man4 ,inasmu* z x does n look ^u man z a f9i%$ product1 exhibit+ 9 e mom5t ( 8 life 8 full nature1 x consid]s idle ! dispute :e!r man1 z su*1 is free or n4 ,x looks ^u man z a develop+ be+1 & asks :e!r1 9 ! c\rse ( ?is developm5t1 he c rea* ! /age ( ! free _s4 ,monism kn[s t ,nature does n s5d =? man ready-made z a free _s1 b t %e leads him up to a c]ta9 /age1 f :i* he cont9ues to develop /ill z an unfree be+1 until he rea*es ! po9t :]e he f9ds 8 own self4 ,monism p]ceives cle>ly t a be+ act+ "u physical or moral compulsion _c be truly moral4 ,x reg>ds ! /ages ( automatic action 79 accordance ) natural impulses & in/9cts71 & ( ob$i5t action 79 accordance ) moral norms71 z a necess>y propdeutic = morality1 b x und]/&s t x is possible = ! free _s to transc5d bo? ^! transitory /ages4 ,monism emancipates man 9 g5]al f all ! self-impos$ fett]s ( ! maxims ( nave morality1 & f all ! ext]nally impos$ maxims ( speculative ,metaphysicians4 ,! =m] ,monism c z little elim9ate f ! _w z x c elim9ate p]cepts4 ,! latt] x rejects1 because x looks = all pr9ciples ( explanation ( ! ph5om5a ( ! _w )9 t _w & n outside x4 ,j z ,monism refuses ev5 to ent]ta9 ! ?\ght ( cognitive pr9ciples o!r ?an ^? applicable to m5 7p4 #abe71 s x rejects also ! concept ( moral maxims o!r ?an ^? orig9at$ by m54 ,human morality1 l human k1 is condition$ by human nature1 & j z be+s ( a high] ord] w\ld probably mean by k some?+ v diff]5t f :at we mean by x1 s we may assume t o!r be+s w\ld h a v diff]5t morality4 ,= ,moni/s1 morality is a specifically human quality1 & fre$om ! human way be+ moral4 #a4 ,,addition ,,to ,,! ,,revis$ ,,edition 7#aiah74 ,9 =m+ a judgm5t ab\t ! argum5t ( ! two prec$+ *apt]s1 a difficulty may arise f :at may appe> to be a contradiction4 ,on ! "o side1 we h spok5 ( ! exp]i5ce ( ?9k+ z "o ! significance ( :i* is univ]sal & equally valid = e human consci\sness4 ,on ! o!r side1 we h po9t$ out t ! ideas :i* we realise 9 moral action & :i* are homog5e\s ) ^? t ?9k+ elaborates1 manife/ !mselves 9 e human consci\sness 9 a uniquely individual way4 ,if we _c get beyond reg>d+ ?is anti!sis z a contradiction1 & if we d n recognise t 9 ! liv+ intuition ( ?is actually exi/+ anti!sis a piece ( man's ess5tial nature reveals itself1 we %all n be able to appreh5d 9 ! true light ei!r :at k is or :at fre$om is4 ,^? :o ?9k ( concepts z no?+ m ?an ab/ractions f ! _w ( p]cepts1 & :o d n ackn[l$ge ! "p :i* intuition plays1 _c b reg>d z a pure contradiction ! ?\ght = :i* we h "h claim$ reality4 ,b if we und]/& h[ ideas are exp]i5c$ intuitively 9 _! self-su/a9+ ess5ce1 we see cle>ly t1 9 k1 man lives & ent]s into ! _w ( ideas z into some?+ :i* is id5tical = all m54 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 man d]ives f t _w ! intuitions = 8 volunt>y actions1 he individualises a memb] ( ! _w ( ideas by t same activity :i* he practises z a univ]sally human "o 9 ! spiritual & ideal process ( cognition4 ,! app>5t contradiction betwe5 ! univ]sal "* ( cognitive ideas & ! individual "* ( moral ideas becomes1 :5 intuit$ 9 its reality1 a liv+ concept4 ,x is a crit]ion ( ! ess5tial nature ( man t :at we intuitively appreh5d ( 8 nature oscillates1 l a liv+ p5dulum1 betwe5 k :i* is univ]sally valid1 & individualis$ exp]i5ce ( ?is univ]sal cont5t4 ,^? :o fail to p]ceive ! "o oscillation 9 its real "*1 w reg>d ?9k+ z a m]ely subjective human activity4 ,= ^? :o are unable to grasp ! o!r oscillation1 man's activity 9 ?9k+ w seem to lose all individual life4 ,k is to ! =m]1 ! moral life to ! latt]1 an un9telligible fact4 ,bo? w fall back on all sorts ( ideas = ! explanation ( ! "o or ( ! o!r1 because bo? ei!r d n und]/& at all h[ ?9k+ c be intuitively exp]i5c$1 or1 else1 misund]/& x z an activity :i* m]ely ab/racts4 #b4 ,,addition ,,to ,,! ,,revis$ ,,edition 7#aiah74 ,on page #ahj ,i h spok5 ( ,mat]ialism4 ,i am well aw>e t !re are ?9k]s1 l ! above-m5tion$ ,?4 ,zieh51 :o d n call !mselves ,mat]iali/s at all1 b yet :o mu/ be call$ s f ! po9t ( view adopt$ 9 ?is book4 ,x does n matt] :e!r a ?9k] says t = him ! _w is n re/rict$ to m]ely mat]ial be+1 & t1 !re=e1 he is n a ,mat]iali/4 ,no1 :at matt]s is :e!r he develops concepts :i* are applicable only to mat]ial be+4 ,anyone :o says1 our action1 l our ?\ght1 is necess>ily det]m9$1 lays d[n a concept :i* is applicable only to mat]ial processes1 b n applicable ei!r to :at we d or to :at we are4 ,& if he 7 to ?9k out :at 8 concept implies1 he w\ld end by ?9k+ mat]iali/ically4 ,he saves himself f ?is fate only by ! same inconsi/5cy :i* s (t5 results f n ?9k+ "o's ?\ghts out to ! end4 ,x is (t5 said n[adays t ! ,mat]ialism ( ! n9ete5? c5tury is sci5tifically dead4 ,b 9 tru? x is n s4 ,x is only t n[adays we frequ5tly fail to notice t we h no o!r ideas ?an ^? :i* apply only to ! mat]ial _w4 ,?us rec5t ,mat]ialism is disguis$1 :]eas 9 ! second half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury x op5ly flaunt$ itself4 ,t[>ds a !ory :i* appreh5ds ! _w spiritually ! cam\flag$ ,mat]ialism ( ! pres5t is no less intol]ant ?an ! self-confess$ ,mat]ialism ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,b x deceives _m :o ?9k !y h a "r to reject a !ory ( ! _w 9 t]ms ( ,_s1 on ! gr\nd t ! sci5tific _w-view has long ago ab&on$ ,mat]ialism4 ,,xi ,,_w-,,purpose ,,& ,,life-,,purpose 7,,! ,,de/9y ,,( ,,man7 ,among ! manifold curr5ts 9 ! spiritual life ( humanity !re is "o :i* we mu/ n[ trace1 & :i* we may call ! elim9ation ( ! concept ( purpose f sph]es to :i* x does n belong4 ,adaptation to purpose is a special k9d ( sequ5ce ( ph5om5a4 ,su* adaptation is g5u9ely real only :51 9 contra/ to ! relation ( cause & effect 9 :i* ! antec$5t ev5t det]m9es ! subsequ5t1 ! subsequ5t ev5t det]m9es ! antec$5t4 ,?is is possible only 9 ! sph]e ( human actions4 ,man p]=ms actions :i* he fir/ pres5ts to himself 9 idea1 & he all[s himself to be det]m9$ to action by ?is idea4 ,! consequ5t1 i4e41 ! action1 influ5ces by means ( ! idea ! antec$5t1 i4e41 ! human ag5t4 ,if ! sequ5ce is to h purposive "*1 x is absolutely necess>y to h ?is circuit\s process ?r\gh human ideas4 ,9 ! process :i* we c analyse into cause & effect1 we mu/ di/+ui% p]cept f concept4 ,! p]cept ( ! cause prec$es ! p]cept ( ! effect4 ,cause & effect w\ld simply /& side by side 9 our consci\sness1 if we 7 n able to connect !m ) "o ano!r ?r\gh ! correspond+ concepts4 ,! p]cept ( ! effect mu/ always be consequ5t ^u ! p]cept ( ! cause4 ,if ! effect is to h a real influ5ce ^u ! cause1 x c d s only by means ( ! conceptual factor4 ,= ! p]ceptual factor ( ! effect simply does n exi/ prior to ! p]ceptual factor ( ! cause4 ,:oev] ma9ta9s t ! fl[] is ! purpose ( ! root1 i4e41 t ! =m] det]m9es ! latt]1 c make good ?is ass]tion only conc]n+ t factor 9 ! fl[] :i* 8 ?\ght reveals 9 x4 ,! p]ceptual factor ( ! fl[] is n yet 9 exi/5ce at ! "t :5 ! root orig9ates4 ,9 ord] to h a purposive connection1 x is n only necess>y to h an ideal connection ( consequ5t & antec$5t accord+ to law1 b ! concept 7law7 ( ! effect mu/ really1 i4e41 by means ( a p]ceptible process1 influ5ce ! cause4 ,su* a p]ceptible influ5ce ( a concept ^u some?+ else is to be obs]v$ only 9 human actions4 ,h5ce ?is is ! only sph]e 9 :i* ! concept ( purpose is applicable4 ,! nave consci\sness1 :i* reg>ds z real only :at is p]ceptible1 attempts1 z we h repeat$ly po9t$ out1 to introduce p]ceptible factors ev5 :]e only ideal factors c actually be f\nd4 ,9 sequ5ces ( p]ceptible ev5ts x looks = p]ceptible connections1 or1 fail+ to f9d !m1 x imports !m by imag9ation4 ,! concept ( purpose1 valid = subjective actions1 is v conv5i5t = inv5t+ su* imag9>y connections4 ,! nave m9d kn[s h[ x produces ev5ts itself1 & consequ5tly concludes t ,nature proce$s likewise4 ,9 ! connections ( ,nature :i* are purely ideal x f9ds1 n only invisible =ces1 b also invisible real purposes4 ,man makes 8 tools to suit 8 purposes4 ,on ! same pr9ciple1 s ! ,nave ,reali/ imag9es1 ! ,creator con/ructs all organisms4 ,x is b sl[ly t ?is mi/ak5 concept ( purpose is be+ driv5 out ( ! sci5ces4 ,9 philosophy1 ev5 at ! pres5t day1 x /ill does a good deal ( mis*ief4 ,philosoph]s /ill ask su* que/ions z1 ,:at is ! purpose ( ! _w8 ,:at is ! function 7& consequ5tly ! purpose7 ( man8 etc4 ,monism rejects ! concept ( purpose 9 e sph]e1 ) ! sole exception ( human action4 ,x looks = laws ( ,nature1 b n = purposes ( ,nature4 ,purposes ( ,nature1 no less ?an invisible =ces 7p4 #aah71 are arbitr>y assumptions4 ,b ev5 life-purposes :i* man does n set up = himself1 are1 f ! /&po9t ( ,monism1 illegitimate assumptions4 ,no?+ is purposive except :at man has made s1 = only ! realisation ( ideas orig9ates any?+ purposive4 ,b an idea becomes effective1 9 ! reali/ic s5se1 only 9 human actions4 ,h5ce life has no o!r purpose or function ?an ! "o :i* man gives to x4 ,if ! "q be ask$1 ,:at is man's purpose 9 life8 ,monism has b "o answ]3 ,! purpose :i* he gives to himself4 ,i h no pr$e/9$ mission 9 ! _w2 my mission1 at any "o mom5t1 is t :i* ,i *oose = myself4 ,i d n ent] ^u life's voyage ) a fix$ r\te mapp$ out = me4 ,ideas are realis$ only by human ag5ts4 ,consequ5tly1 x is illegitimate to speak ( ! embodim5t ( ideas by hi/ory4 ,all su* /atem5ts z hi/ory is ! evolution ( man t[>ds fre$om1 or ! realisation ( ! moral _w-ord]1 etc41 are1 f a ,moni/ic po9t ( view1 unt5able4 ,! support]s ( ! concept ( purpose believe t1 9 surr5d]+ x1 !y are =c$ to surr5d] also all unity & ord] 9 ! _w4 ,li/51 = example1 to ,rob]t ,ham]l+ 7,atomi/ik des ,will5s1 vol4 ii1 p4 #bja73 ,z long z !re are in/9cts 9 ,nature1 s long is x fooli% to d5y purposes 9 ,nature4 ,j z ! /ructure ( a limb ( ! human body is n det]m9$ & condition$ by an idea ( ?is limb1 float+ some:]e 9 mid-air1 b by its connection ) ! m inclusive :ole1 ! body1 to :i* ! limb belongs1 s ! /ructure ( e natural object1 be x plant1 animal1 or man1 is n det]m9$ & condition$ by an idea ( x float+ 9 mid-air1 b by ! =mative pr9ciple ( ! m inclusive :ole ( ,nature :i* unfolds & organises itself 9 a purposive mann]4 ,& on page #aia ( ! same volume we read3 ,teleology ma9ta9s only t1 9 spite ( ! ?\s& misfits & mis]ies ( ?is natural life1 !re is a high degree ( adaptation to purpose & plan unmi/akable 9 ! =mations & developm5ts ( ,nature--an adaptation1 h[ev]1 :i* is realis$ only )9 ! limits ( natural laws1 & :i* does n t5d to ! production ( "s imag9>y fairy-l&1 9 :i* life w\ld n be confront$ by dea?1 gr[? by decay1 ) all ! m or less unpleasant1 b q unavoidable1 int]m$i>y /ages betwe5 !m4 ,:5 ! critics ( ,teleology oppose a labori\sly collect$ rubbi%-heap ( p>tial or complete1 imag9>y or real1 maladaptations to a _w full ( wond]s ( purposive adaptation1 su* z ,nature exhibits 9 all h] doma9s1 !n ,i consid] ?is j z amus+---- ,:at is "h meant by purposive adaptation8 ,no?+ b ! consonance ( p]cepts )9 a :ole4 ,b1 s9ce all p]cepts are bas$ ^u laws 7ideas71 :i* we discov] by means ( ?9k+1 x foll[s t ! ord]ly coh]5ce ( ! memb]s ( a p]ceptual :ole is no?+ m ?an ! ideal 7logical7 coh]5ce ( ! memb]s ( ! ideal :ole :i* is conta9$ 9 ?is p]ceptual :ole4 ,to say t an animal or a man is n det]m9$ by an idea float+ 9 mid-air is a mislead+ way ( putt+ x1 & ! view :i* ! critic attacks loses its app>5t absurdity z soon z ! phrase is put "r4 ,an animal c]ta9ly is n det]m9$ by an idea float+ 9 mid-air1 b x is det]m9$ by an idea inborn 9 x & con/itut+ ! law ( its nature4 ,x is j because ! idea is n ext]nal to ! natural object1 b is op]ative 9 x z its v ess5ce1 t we _c speak "h ( adaptation to purpose4 ,^? :o d5y t natural objects are det]m9$ f )\t 7& x does n matt]1 9 ?is context1 :e!r x be by an idea float+ 9 mid-air or exi/+ 9 ! m9d ( a creator ( ! _w71 are ! v m5 :o ought to admit t su* an object is n det]m9$ by purpose & plan f )\t1 b by cause & law f )94 ,a ma*9e is produc$ 9 accordance ) a purpose1 if ,i e/abli% a connection betwe5 its p>ts :i* is n giv5 9 ,nature4 ,! purposive "* ( ! comb9ations :i* ,i effect consi/s j 9 ?is1 t ,i embody my idea ( ! work+ ( ! ma*9e 9 ! ma*9e itself4 ,9 ?is way ! ma*9e comes into exi/5ce z an object ( p]ception embody+ a correspond+ idea4 ,natural objects h a v simil> "*4 ,:oev] calls a ?+ purposive because its =m is 9 accordance ) plan or law may1 if he s please1 call natural objects also purposive1 provid$ only t he does n confuse ?is k9d ( purposiv5ess ) t :i* belongs to a subjective human action4 ,9 ord] to h a purpose1 x is absolutely necess>y t ! effici5t cause %\ld be a concept1 m precisely a concept ( ! effect4 ,b 9 ,nature we c n[h]e po9t to concepts op]at+ z causes4 ,a concept is nev] any?+ b ! ideal nexus ( cause & effect4 ,causes occur 9 ,nature only 9 ! =m ( p]cepts4 ,dualism may talk ( cosmic & natural purposes4 ,:]ev] = our p]ception !re is a nexus ( cause & effect accord+ to law1 !re ! ,duali/ is free to assume t we h b ! image ( a nexus 9 :i* ! ,absolute has realis$ its purposes4 ,= ,monism1 on ! o!r h&1 ! rejection ( an ,absolute ,reality implies also ! rejection ( ! assumption ( purposes 9 ,_w & ,nature4 ,,addition ,,to ,,! ,,revis$ ,,edition 7#aiah74 ,no "o :o1 ) an op5 m9d1 has foll[$ ! prec$+ argum5t1 w come to ! conclusion t ! au?or1 9 reject+ ! concept ( purpose = extra-human facts1 int5d$ to side ) ^? ?9k]s :o reject ?is concept 9 ord] to be able to reg>d1 fir/1 ev]y?+ outside human action &1 next1 human action itself1 z a purely natural process4 ,aga9/ su* misund]/&+ ! au?or %\ld be protect$ by ! fact t ! process ( ?9k+ is 9 ?is book repres5t$ z a purely spiritual process4 ,! reason = reject+ ! concept ( purpose ev5 = ! spiritual _w1 s f> z x lies outside human action1 is t 9 ?is _w !re is reveal$ some?+ high] ?an a purpose1 su* z is realis$ 9 human life4 ,& :5 we *>act]ise z errone\s ! attempt to conceive ! de/9y ( ! human race z purposive accord+ to ! patt]n ( human purposiv5ess1 we mean t ! individual adopts purposes1 & t ! result ( ! total activity ( humanity is compos$ ( ^! individual purposes4 ,?is result is some?+ high] ?an its compon5t p>ts1 ! purposes ( individual m54 ,,xii ,,moral ,,imag9ation 7,,d>w9 ,,& ,,morality7 ,a free _s acts accord+ to 8 impulses1 i4e41 intuitions1 :i* 8 ?\ght has select$ out ( ! :ole _w ( 8 ideas4 ,= an unfree _s1 ! reason :y he s+les out a p>ticul> intuition f 8 _w ( ideas1 9 ord] to make x ! basis ( an action1 lies 9 ! p]ceptual _w :i* is giv5 to him1 i4e41 9 8 pa/ exp]i5ces4 ,he recalls1 be=e mak+ a decision1 :at "s "o else has done1 or recomm5d$ z prop] 9 an analog\s case1 or :at ,god has comm&$ to be done 9 su* a case1 etc41 & he acts on ^! recollections4 ,a free _s disp5ses ) ^! prelim9>ies4 ,8 decision is absolutely orig9al4 ,he c>es z little :at o!rs h done 9 su* a case z :at comm&s !y h laid d[n4 ,he has purely ideal 7logical7 reasons :i* det]m9e him to select a p>ticul> concept out ( ! sum ( 8 concepts1 & to realise x 9 action4 ,b 8 action w belong to p]ceptible reality4 ,consequ5tly1 :at he a*ieves w co9cide ) a def9ite cont5t ( p]ception4 ,8 concept w h to be realis$ 9 a concrete p>ticul> ev5t4 ,z a concept x w n conta9 ?is ev5t z p>ticul>4 ,x w ref] to ! ev5t only 9 its g5]ic "*1 j z1 9 g5]al1 a concept is relat$ to a p]cept1 e4g41 ! concept lion to a p>ticul> lion4 ,! l9k betwe5 concept & p]cept is ! idea 7cp4 pp4 #ajd ff74 ,to ! unfree _s ?is int]m$iate l9k is giv5 f ! outset4 ,motives exi/ 9 8 consci\sness f ! fir/ 9 ! =m ( ideas4 ,:5ev] he int5ds to d any?+ he acts z he has se5 o!rs act1 or he obeys ! in/ructions he receives 9 ea* sep>ate case4 ,h5ce au?ority is mo/ effective 9 ! =m ( examples1 i4e41 9 ! =m ( traditional patt]ns ( p>ticul> actions h&$ d[n = ! guidance ( ! unfree _s4 ,a ,*ri/ian models 8 conduct less on ! tea*+ ?an on ! patt]n ( ! ,savi\r4 ,rules h less value = tell+ m5 positively :at to d ?an = tell+ !m :at to leave undone4 ,laws take on ! =m ( univ]sal concepts only :5 !y =bid actions1 n :5 !y prescribe actions4 ,laws conc]n+ :at we ought to d mu/ be giv5 to ! unfree _s 9 :olly concrete =m4 ,clean ! /reet 9 front ( y\r door6 ,pay y\r taxes to su* & su* an am\nt to ! tax-collector6 etc4 ,conceptual =m belongs to laws :i* inhibit actions4 ,?\ %alt n /eal6 ,?\ %alt n commit adult]y6 ,b ^! laws1 too1 influ5ce ! unfree _s only by means ( a concrete idea1 e4g41 ! idea ( ! puni%m5ts atta*$ by human au?ority1 or ( ! pangs ( consci5ce1 or ( et]nal damnation1 etc4 ,ev5 :5 ! motive to an action exi/s 9 univ]sal conceptual =m 7e4g41 ,?\ %alt d good to ?y fell[-m56 ,?\ %alt live s t ?\ promote/ be/ ?y welf>e671 !re /ill rema9s to be f\nd1 9 ! p>ticul> case1 ! concrete idea ( ! action 7! relation ( ! concept to a cont5t ( p]ception74 ,= a free _s :o is n guid$ by any model nor by fe> ( puni%m5t1 etc41 ?is translation ( ! concept into an idea is always necess>y4 ,concrete ideas are =m$ by u on ! basis ( our concepts by means ( ! imag9ation4 ,h5ce :at ! free _s ne$s 9 ord] to realise 8 concepts1 9 ord] to ass]t himself 9 ! _w1 is moral imag9ation4 ,?is is ! s\rce ( ! free _s's action4 ,only ^? m51 !re=e1 :o are end[$ ) moral imag9ation are1 prop]ly speak+1 morally productive4 ,^? :o m]ely prea* morality1 i4e41 ^? :o m]ely excogitate moral rules )\t be+ able to cond5se !m into concrete ideas1 are morally unproductive4 ,!y are l ^? critics :o c expla9 v compet5tly h[ a "w ( art ought to be made1 b :o are !mselves incapable ( ! smalle/ arti/ic production4 ,moral imag9ation1 9 ord] to realise its ideas1 mu/ ent] into a det]m9ate sph]e ( p]cepts4 ,human action does n create p]cepts1 b trans=ms already exi/+ p]cepts & gives !m a new "*4 ,9 ord] to be able to trans=m a def9ite object ( p]ception1 or a sum ( su* objects1 9 accordance ) a moral idea1 x is necess>y to und]/& ! object's law 7its mode ( action :i* "o int5ds to trans=m1 or to :i* "o wants to give a new direction74 ,fur!r1 x is necess>y to discov] ! proc$ure by :i* x is possible to *ange ! giv5 law into ! new "o4 ,?is "p ( effective moral activity dep5ds on k ( ! p>ticul> _w ( ph5om5a ) :i* "o has got to deal4 ,we %all1 !re=e1 f9d x 9 "s bran* ( sci5tific k4 ,moral action1 !n1 presupposes1 9 addition to ! faculty ( moral concepts #h & ( moral imag9ation1 ! ability to alt] ! _w ( p]cepts )\t violat+ ! natural laws by :i* !y are connect$4 ,?is ability is moral te*nique4 ,x may be le>nt 9 ! same s5se 9 :i* sci5ce 9 g5]al may be le>nt4 ,=1 9 g5]al1 m5 are bett] able to f9d concepts = ! _w z x is1 ?an productively to orig9ate out ( _! imag9ations future1 & z yet non-exi/+1 actions4 ,h5ce1 x is v well possible = m5 )\t moral imag9ation to receive moral ideas f o!rs1 & to embody ^! skilfully 9 ! actual _w4 ,vice v]sa1 x may happ5 t m5 ) moral imag9ation lack te*nical skill1 & are dep5d5t on ! s]vice ( o!r m5 = ! realisation ( _! ideas4 ,9 s f> z we require = moral action k ( ! objects ^u :i* we are ab\t to act1 our action dep5ds ^u su* k4 ,:at we ne$ to "k "h are ! laws ( nature4 ,^! belong to ! ,natural ,sci5ces1 n to ,e?ics4 ,moral imag9ation & ! faculty ( moral concepts c become objects ( !ory only aft] !y h fir/ be5 employ$ by ! individual4 ,b1 ?us reg>d$1 !y no long] regulate life1 b h already regulat$ x4 ,!y mu/ n[ be treat$ z effici5t causes1 l all o!r causes 7!y are purposes only = ! subject74 ,! /udy ( !m is1 z x 71 ! ,natural ,sci5ce ( moral ideas4 ,e?ics z a ,normative ,sci5ce1 ov] & above ?is sci5ce1 is impossible4 ,"s w\ld ma9ta9 ! normative "* ( moral laws at lea/ 9 ! s5se t ,e?ics is to be tak5 z a k9d ( dietetic :i*1 f ! conditions ( ! organism's life1 d$uces g5]al rules1 on ! basis ( :i* x hopes to give detail$ directions to ! body 7,pauls51 ,sy/em d] ,e?ik74 ,?is comp>ison is mi/ak51 because our moral life _c be comp>$ ) ! life ( ! organism4 ,! behavi\r ( ! organism occurs )\t any volition on our "p4 ,its laws are fix$ data 9 our _w2 h5ce we c discov] !m & apply !m :5 discov]$4 ,moral laws1 on ! o!r h&1 d n exi/ until we create !m4 ,we _c apply !m until we h creat$ !m4 ,! error is due to ! fact t moral laws are n at e mom5t new creations1 b are h&$ d[n by tradition4 ,^? :i* we take ov] f our ance/ors appe> to be giv5 l ! natural laws ( ! organism4 ,b x does n foll[ t a lat] g5]ation has ! "r to apply !m 9 ! same way z dietetic rules4 ,= !y apply to individuals1 & n1 l natural laws1 to specim5s ( a g5us4 ,consid]$ z an organism1 ,i am su* a g5]ic specim51 & ,i %all live 9 accordance ) nature if ,i apply ! laws ( my g5us to my p>ticul> case4 ,z a moral ag5t ,i am an individual & h my own private laws4 #i ,! view "h upheld appe>s to contradict t fundam5tal doctr9e ( mod]n ,natural ,sci5ce :i* is kn[n z ! ,!ory ( ,evolution4 ,b x only appe>s to d s4 ,by evolution we mean ! real developm5t ( ! lat] out ( ! e>li] 9 accordance ) natural law4 ,9 ! organic _w1 evolution means t ! lat] 7m p]fect7 organic =ms are real desc5dants ( ! e>li] 7imp]fect7 =ms1 & h gr[n out ( !m 9 accordance ) natural laws4 ,! uphold]s ( ! !ory ( organic evolution believe t !re 0 once a "t on our e>?1 :5 we c\ld h obs]v$ ) our own eyes ! gradual evolution ( reptiles out ( ,proto-,amniotes1 suppos+ t we c\ld h be5 pres5t z m51 & _h be5 end[$ ) a suffici5tly long span ( life4 ,simil>ly1 ,evolutioni/s suppose t man c\ld h wat*$ ! developm5t ( ! sol> sy/em out ( ! primordial nebula ( ! ,kant-,laplace hypo!sis1 if he c\ld h occupi$ a suitable spot 9 ! _w-e!r dur+ t inf9itely long p]iod4 ,b no ,evolutioni/ w dream ( ma9ta9+ t he c\ld f 8 concept ( ! primordial ,amnion d$uce t ( ! reptile ) all its qualities1 ev5 if he _h nev] se5 a reptile4 ,j z little w\ld x be possible to d]ive ! sol> sy/em f ! concept ( ! ,kant-,laplace nebula1 if ?is concept ( an orig9al nebula _h be5 =m$ only f ! p]cept ( ! nebula4 ,9 o!r words1 if ! ,evolutioni/ is to ?9k consi/5tly1 he is b\nd to ma9ta9 t out ( e>li] phases ( evolution lat] ones really develop2 t once ! concept ( ! imp]fect & t ( ! p]fect h be5 giv51 we c und]/& ! connection4 ,b 9 no case w he admit t ! concept =m$ f ! e>li] phases is1 9 itself1 suffici5t = d$uc+ f x ! lat] phases4 ,f ?is x foll[s = ,e?ics t1 :il/ we c und]/& ! connection ( lat] moral concepts ) e>li] ones1 x is n possible to d$uce a s+le new moral idea f e>li] ones4 ,! individual1 z a moral be+1 produces 8 own cont5t4 ,?is cont5t1 ?us produc$1 is = ,e?ics a datum1 z mu* z reptiles are a datum = ,natural ,sci5ce4 ,reptiles h evolv$ out ( ! ,proto-,amniotes1 b ! sci5ti/ _c manufacture ! concept ( reptiles out ( ! concept ( ! ,proto-,amniotes4 ,lat] moral ideas evolve out ( ! e>li] ones1 b ,e?ics _c manufacture out ( ! moral pr9ciples ( an e>li] age ^? ( a lat] "o4 ,! confusion is due to ! fact t1 z sci5ti/s1 we />t ) ! facts be=e u1 & !n make a !ory ab\t !m1 :]eas 9 moral action we fir/ produce ! facts ourselves1 & !n !orise ab\t !m4 ,9 ! evolution ( ! moral _w-ord] we accompli% :at1 at a l[] level1 ,nature accompli%es3 we alt] "s "p ( ! p]ceptual _w4 ,h5ce ! e?ical norm _c /raightway be made an object ( k1 l a law ( nature1 = x mu/ fir/ be creat$4 ,only :5 t has be5 done c ! norm become an object ( k4 ,b is x n possible to make ! old a measure = ! new8 ,is n e man compell$ to measure ! deliv]ances ( 8 moral imag9ation by ! /&>d ( traditional moral pr9ciples8 ,if he w\ld be truly productive 9 morality1 su* measur+ is z mu* an absurdity z x w\ld be an absurdity if "o 7 to measure a new species 9 nature by an old "o & say t reptiles1 because !y d n agree ) ! ,proto-,amniotes1 are an illegitimate 7deg5]ate7 species4 ,e?ical ,individualism1 !n1 s f> f be+ 9 opposition to ! !ory ( evolution1 is a direct consequ5ce ( x4 ,haeckel's g5ealogical tree1 f protozoa up to man z an organic be+1 ought to be capable ( be+ work$ out )\t a brea* ( natural law1 & )\t a gap 9 its uni=m evolution1 up to ! individual z a be+ ) a det]m9ate moral nature4 ,b1 :il/ x is q true t ! moral ideas ( ! individual h p]ceptibly gr[n out ( ^? ( 8 ance/ors1 x is also true t ! individual is morally b>r51 unless he has moral ideas ( 8 own4 ,! same ,e?ical ,individualism :i* ,i h develop$ on ! basis ( ! prec$+ pr9ciples1 might be equally well develop$ on ! basis ( ! !ory ( evolution4 ,! f9al result w\ld be ! same2 only ! pa? by :i* x 0 rea*$ w\ld be diff]5t4 ,t absolutely new moral ideas %\ld be develop$ by ! moral imag9ation is = ! !ory ( evolution no m inexplicable ?an ! developm5t ( "o animal species out ( ano!r1 provid$ only t ?is !ory1 z a ,moni/ic _w-view1 rejects1 9 morality z 9 sci5ce1 e transc5d5t 7metaphysical7 influ5ce4 ,9 do+ s1 x foll[s ! same pr9ciple by :i* x is guid$ 9 seek+ ! causes ( new organic =ms 9 =ms already exi/+1 b n 9 ! int]f]5ce ( an extra-mundane ,god1 :o produces e new species 9 accordance ) a new creative idea ?r\gh sup]natural int]f]5ce4 ,j z ,monism has no use = sup]natural creative ideas 9 expla9+ liv+ organisms1 s x is equally impossible = x to d]ive ! moral _w-ord] f causes :i* d n lie )9 ! _w4 ,x _c admit any cont9u\s sup]natural influ5ce ^u moral life 7div9e gov]nm5t ( ! _w f ! outside71 nor an influ5ce ei!r ?r\gh a p>ticul> act ( revelation at a p>ticul> mom5t 9 hi/ory 7giv+ ( ! t5 comm&m5ts71 or ?r\gh ,god's appe>ance on ! e>? 7,div9ity ( ,*ri/ #aj74 ,moral processes are1 = ,monism1 natural products l ev]y?+ else t exi/s1 & _! causes mu/ be look$ = 9 nature1 i4e41 9 man1 because man is ! be>] ( morality4 ,e?ical ,individualism1 !n1 is ! cr[n ( ! edifice t ,d>w9 & ,haeckel h erect$ = ,natural ,sci5ce4 ,x is ! !ory ( evolution appli$ to ! moral life4 ,anyone :o re/ricts ! concept ( ! natural f ! outset to an artificially limit$ & n>r[$ sph]e1 is easily tempt$ n to all[ any room )9 x = free individual action4 ,! consi/5t ,evolutioni/ does n easily fall a prey to su* a n>r[-m9d$ view4 ,he _c let ! process ( evolution t]m9ate ) ! ape1 & ackn[l$ge = man a sup]natural orig94 ,aga91 he _c /op %ort at ! organic reactions ( man & reg>d only ^! z natural4 ,he has to treat also ! life ( moral self-det]m9ation z ! cont9uation ( organic life4 ,! ,evolutioni/1 !n1 9 accordance ) 8 fundam5tal pr9ciples1 c ma9ta9 only t moral action evolves out ( ! less p]fect =ms ( natural processes4 ,he mu/ leave ! *>act]isation ( action1 i4e41 its det]m9ation z free action1 to ! imm$iate obs]vation ( ea* ag5t4 ,all t he ma9ta9s is only t m5 h develop$ out ( non-human ance/ors4 ,:at ! nature ( m5 actually is mu/ be det]m9$ by obs]vation ( m5 !mselves4 ,! results ( ?is obs]vation _c possibly contradict ! hi/ory ( evolution4 ,only ! ass]tion t ! results are su* z to exclude _! be+ due to a natural _w-ord] w\ld contradict rec5t developm5ts 9 ! ,natural ,sci5ces4 #aa ,e?ical ,individualism1 !n1 has no?+ to fe> f a ,natural ,sci5ce :i* und]/&s itself4 ,obs]vation yields fre$om z ! *>act]i/ic quality ( ! p]fect =m ( human action4 ,fre$om mu/ be attribut$ to ! human w1 9 s f> z ! w realises purely ideal intuitions4 ,= ^! are n ! effects ( a necessity act+ ^u !m f )\t1 b are gr\nd$ 9 !mselves4 ,:5 we f9d t an action embodies su* an ideal intuition1 we feel x to be free4 ,fre$om consi/s 9 ?is "* ( an action4 ,:at1 !n1 f ! /&po9t ( nature are we to say ( ! di/9ction1 already m5tion$ above 7p4 #h71 betwe5 ! two /atem5ts1 ,to be free means to be able to d :at y w1 & ,to be able1 z y please1 to /rive or n to /rive is ! real mean+ ( ! dogma ( free w8 ,ham]l+ bases 8 !ory ( free w precisely on ?is di/9ction1 by decl>+ ! fir/ /atem5t to be correct b ! second to be an absurd tautology4 ,he says1 ,i c d :at ,i w1 b to say ,i c w :at ,i w is an empty tautology4 ,:e!r ,i am able to d1 i4e41 to make real1 :at ,i w1 i4e41 :at ,i h set be=e myself z my idea ( action1 t dep5ds on ext]nal circum/ances & on my te*nical skill 7cp4 p4 #bjj74 ,to be free means to be able to det]m9e by moral imag9ation out ( oneself ^? ideas 7motives7 :i* lie at ! basis ( action4 ,fre$om is impossible if any?+ o!r ?an ,i myself 7:e!r a me*anical process or ,god7 det]m9es my moral ideas4 ,9 o!r words1 ,i am free only :5 ,i myself produce ^! ideas1 b n :5 ,i am m]ely able to realise ! ideas :i* ano!r be+ has implant$ 9 me4 ,a free be+ is "o :o c w :at he reg>ds z "r4 ,:oev] does any?+ o!r ?an :at he wills mu/ be impell$ to x by motives :i* d n lie 9 himself4 ,su* a man is unfree 9 8 action4 ,accord+ly1 to be able to w1 z y please1 :at y consid] "r or wrong means to be free or unfree z y please4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 j z absurd z to id5tify fre$om ) ! faculty ( do+ :at "o is compell$ to w4 ,b ?is is j :at ,ham]l+ ma9ta9s :5 he says1 ,x is p]fectly true t ! w is always det]m9$ by motives1 b x is absurd to say t on ?is gr\nd x is unfree2 = a great] fre$om c nei!r be desir$ nor conceiv$ ?an ! fre$om to realise oneself 9 proportion to "o's own p[] & /r5g? ( w4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is well possible to desire a great] fre$om & t a true fre$om1 viz41 ! fre$om to det]m9e = oneself ! motives ( "o's volitions4 ,"u c]ta9 conditions a man may be induc$ to ab&on ! execution ( 8 w2 b to all[ o!rs to prescribe to him :at he %all d--9 o!r words1 to w :at ano!r & n :at he himself reg>ds z "r--to ?is a man w submit only :5 he does n feel free4 ,ext]nal p[]s may prev5t me f do+ :at ,i w1 b t is only to condemn me to d no?+ or to be unfree4 ,n until !y enslave my _s1 drive my motives out ( my head1 & put _! own motives 9 ! place ( m9e1 d !y really aim at mak+ me unfree4 ,t is ! reason :y ! *ur* attacks n only ! m]e do+1 b especially ! impure ?\ghts1 i4e41 motives ( my action4 ,& = ! *ur* all ^? motives are impure :i* %e has n h]self au?oris$4 ,a *ur* does n produce g5u9e slaves until h] prie/s turn !mselves into advis]s ( consci5ces1 i4e41 until ! fai?ful dep5d ^u ! *ur*1 i4e41 ^u ! confessional1 = ! motives ( _! actions4 ,,addition ,,to ,,revis$ ,,edition 7#aiah74 ,9 ^! *apt]s ,i h giv5 an acc\nt ( h[ e "o may exp]i5ce 9 8 actions some?+ :i* makes him aw>e t 8 w is free4 ,x is especially important to recognise t we d]ive ! "r to call an act ( w free f ! exp]i5ce ( an ideal intuition realis+ itself 9 ! act4 ,?is c be no?+ b a datum ( obs]vation1 9 ! s5se t we obs]ve ! developm5t ( human volition 9 ! direction t[>ds ! goal ( atta9+ ! possibility ( j su* volition su/a9$ by purely ideal intuition4 ,?is atta9m5t is possible because ! ideal intuition is effective ?r\gh no?+ b its own self-dep5d5t ess5ce4 ,:]e su* an intuition is pres5t 9 ! m9d1 x has n develop$ itself out ( ! processes 9 ! organism 7cp4 pp4 #adf ff471 b ! organic processes h retir$ to make room = ! ideal processes4 ,obs]vation ( an act ( w :i* embodies an intuition %[s t out ( x1 likewise1 all organically necess>y activity has retir$4 ,! act ( w is free4 ,no "o c obs]ve ?is fre$om ( w :o is unable to see h[ free w consi/s 9 ?is1 t1 fir/1 ! intuitive factor lames & represses ! necess>y activity ( ! human organism1 & !n puts 9 its place ! spiritual activity ( a w guid$ by ideas4 ,only ^? :o are unable to obs]ve ^! two factors 9 ! free act ( w believe t e act ( w is unfree4 ,^? :o are able to obs]ve !m w9 ?r\gh to ! recognition t man is unfree 9 s f> z he fails to repress organic activity completely1 b t ?is unfre$om is t5d+ t[>ds fre$om1 & t ?is fre$om1 s f> f be+ an ab/ract ideal1 is a directive =ce inh]5t 9 human nature4 ,man is free 9 proportion z he succe$s 9 realis+ 9 8 acts ( w ! same disposition ( m9d1 :i* possesses him :5 he is consci\s 9 himself ( ! =mation ( purely ideal 7spiritual7 intuitions4 ,,xiii ,,! ,,value ,,( ,,life 7,,optimism ,,& ,,pessimism7 ,a c\nt]p>t ( ! "q conc]n+ ! purpose & function ( life 7cp4 pp4 #aij ff47 is ! "q conc]n+ its value4 ,we meet "h ) two mutually oppos$ views1 & betwe5 !m ) all conceivable attempts at compromise4 ,"o view says t ?is _w is ! be/ conceivable :i* c\ld exi/ at all1 & t to live & act 9 x is a good ( ine/imable value4 ,ev]y?+ t exi/s displays h>moni\s & purposive co-op]ation & is wor?y ( admiration4 ,ev5 :at is app>5tly bad & evil may1 f a high] po9t ( view1 be se5 to be a good1 = x repres5ts an agreeable contra/ ) ! good4 ,we are ! m able to appreciate ! good :5 x is cle>ly contra/$ ) evil4 ,moreov]1 evil is n g5u9ely real2 x is only t we p]ceive z evil a less] degree ( good4 ,evil is ! abs5ce ( good1 x has no positive import ( its own4 ,! o!r view ma9ta9s t life is full ( mis]y & agony4 ,ev]y:]e pa9 outweighs pleasure1 sorr[ outweighs joy4 ,exi/5ce is a burd51 & non-exi/5ce w\ld1 f e po9t ( view1 be pref]able to exi/5ce4 ,! *ief repres5tatives ( ! =m] view1 i4e41 ,optimism1 are ,%aftesbury & ,leibnitz2 ! *ief repres5tatives ( ! second1 i4e41 ,pessimism1 are ,s*op5hau] & ,edu>d von ,h>tmann4 ,leibnitz says ! _w is ! be/ ( all possible worlds4 ,a bett] "o is impossible4 ,= ,god is good & wise4 ,a good ,god wills to create ! be/ possible _w1 a wise ,god kn[s :i* is ! be/ possible4 ,he is able to di/+ui% ! be/ f all o!r & worse possibilities4 ,only an evil or an unwise ,god w\ld be able to create a _w worse ?an ! be/ possible4 ,:oev] />ts f ?is po9t ( view w f9d x easy to lay d[n ! direction :i* human action mu/ foll[1 9 ord] to make its contribution to ! greate/ good ( ! univ]se4 ,all t man ne$ d w be to f9d out ! c\nsels ( ,god & to act 9 accordance ) !m4 ,if he kn[s :at ,god's purposes are conc]n+ ! _w & ! human race1 he w be able1 = 8 "p1 to d :at is "r4 ,& he w be happy 9 ! feel+ t he is add+ 8 %>e to all ! o!r good 9 ! _w4 ,f ?is optimi/ic /&po9t1 !n1 life is wor? liv+4 ,x is su* z to /imulate u to co-op]ate )1 & ent] into1 x4 ,q diff]5t is ! picture ,s*op5hau] pa9ts4 ,he ?9ks ( ultimate reality n z an all-wise & all-b5efic5t be+1 b z bl9d /riv+ or w4 ,et]nal /riv+1 ceaseless crav+ = satisfaction :i* yet is ev] beyond rea*1 ^! are ! fundam5tal *>act]i/ics ( all w4 ,= z soon z we h atta9$ :at we want1 a fre% ne$ spr+s up1 & s on4 ,satisfaction1 :5 x occurs1 endures always only = an inf9itesimal "t4 ,! :ole re/ ( our lives is unsatisfi$ crav+1 i4e41 discont5t & suff]+4 ,:5 at la/ bl9d crav+ is dull$1 e def9ite cont5t is gone f our lives4 ,exi/5ce is fill$ ) no?+ b an endless ennui4 ,h5ce ! be/ we c d is to ?rottle all desires & ne$s )9 u & ext]m9ate ! w4 ,s*op5hau]'s ,pessimism leads to complete inactivity2 its moral aim is univ]sal idl5ess4 ,by a v diff]5t argum5t ,von ,h>tmann attempts to e/abli% ,pessimism & to make use ( x = ,e?ics4 ,he attempts1 9 keep+ ) ! fa%ion ( our age1 to base 8 _w-view on exp]i5ce4 ,by obs]vation ( life he hopes to discov] :e!r !re is m pa9 or m pleasure 9 ! _w4 ,he passes 9 review be=e ! tribunal ( reason :atev] m5 consid] to be happ9ess & a good1 9 ord] to %[ t all app>5t satisfaction turns out1 on clos] inspection1 to be no?+ b illusion4 ,x is illusion :5 we believe t 9 heal?1 y\?1 fre$om1 suffici5t income1 love 7sexual satisfaction71 pity1 fri5d%ip & family life1 hon\r1 reputation1 glory1 p[]1 religi\s edification1 pursuit ( sci5ce & ( art1 hope ( a life aft] dea?1 p>ticipation 9 ! advancem5t ( civilisation--t 9 all ^! we h s\rces ( happ9ess & satisfaction4 ,sob]ly consid]$1 e enjoym5t br+s mu* m evil & mis]y ?an pleasure into ! _w4 ,! disagreeabl5ess ( ! morn+ aft] is always great] ?an ! agreeabl5ess ( intoxication4 ,pa9 f> outweighs pleasure 9 ! _w4 ,no man1 ev5 ?\gh relatively ! happie/1 w\ld1 if ask$1 wi% to live ?r\gh ?is mis]able life a second "t4 ,n[1 s9ce ,h>tmann does n d5y ! pres5ce ( an ideal factor 7wisdom7 9 ! _w1 b1 on ! contr>y1 grants to x equal rights ) bl9d /riv+ 7w71 he c attribute ! creation ( ! _w to 8 ,absolute ,be+ only on condition t ,he makes ! pa9 9 ! _w subs]ve a _w-purpose t is wise4 ,b ! pa9 ( creat$ be+s is no?+ b ,god's pa9 itself1 = ! life ( ,nature z a :ole is id5tical ) ! life ( ,god4 ,an ,all-wise ,be+ c aim only at release f pa91 & s9ce all exi/5ce is pa91 at release f exi/5ce4 ,h5ce ! purpose ( ! creation ( ! _w is to trans=m exi/5ce into ! non-exi/5ce :i* is s mu* bett]4 ,! _w-process is no?+ b a cont9u\s battle aga9/ ,god's pa91 a battle :i* ends ) ! annihilation ( all exi/5ce4 ,! moral life = m51 !re=e1 w consi/ 9 tak+ "p 9 ! annihilation ( exi/5ce4 ,! reason :y ,god has creat$ ! _w is t ?r\gh ! _w he may free himself f 8 inf9ite pa94 ,! _w mu/ be reg>d$1 z x 71 z an it*+ eruption on ! ,absolute1 by means ( :i* ! unconsci\s heal+ p[] ( ! ,absolute rids itself ( an inw>d disease2 or x may be reg>d$ z a pa9ful draw+-pla/] :i* ! ,all-,"o applies to itself 9 ord] fir/ to div]t ! inn] pa9 outw>ds1 & !n to get rid ( x altoge!r4 ,human be+s are memb]s ( ! _w4 ,9 _! suff]+s ,god suff]s4 ,he has creat$ !m 9 ord] to split up 9 !m 8 inf9ite pa94 ,! pa9 :i* ea* "o ( u suff]s is b a drop 9 ! inf9ite ocean ( ,god's pa9 7,h>tmann1 ,phnom5ologie des ,sittli*5 ,bewus/se9s1 pp4 #hff ff474 ,x is man's duty to p]meate 8 :ole be+ ) ! recognition t ! pursuit ( individual satisfaction 7,egoism7 is a folly1 & t he ought to be guid$ solely by ! task ( assi/+ 9 ! r$emption ( ,god by unselfi% s]vice ( ! _w-process4 ,?us1 9 contra/ ) ! ,pessimism ( ,s*op5hau]1 t ( ,von ,h>tmann leads u to devot$ activity 9 a sublime cause4 ,b :at ( ! claim t ?is view is bas$ on exp]i5ce8 ,to /rive aft] satisfaction means t our activity rea*es out beyond ! actual cont5t ( our lives4 ,a creature is hungry1 i4e41 x desires satiety1 :5 its organic functions dem& = _! cont9uation ! supply ( fre% life-mat]ials 9 ! =m ( n\ri%m5t4 ,! pursuit ( hon\r consi/s 9 t a man does n reg>d :at he p]sonally does or leaves undone z valuable unless x is endors$ by ! approval ( o!rs f )\t4 ,! /riv+ = k arises :5 a man is n cont5t ) ! _w :i* he sees1 he>s1 etc41 s long z he has n und]/ood x4 ,! fulfilm5t ( ! /riv+ causes pleasure 9 ! individual :o /rives1 failure causes pa94 ,x is important "h to obs]ve t pleasure & pa9 are atta*$ only to ! fulfilm5t or non-fulfilm5t ( my /riv+4 ,! /riv+ itself is by no means to be reg>d$ z a pa94 ,h5ce1 if we f9d t1 9 ! v mom5t 9 :i* a /riv+ is fulfill$1 at once a new /riv+ arises1 ?is is no gr\nd = say+ t pleasure has giv5 bir? to pa91 because enjoym5t 9 e case gives rise to a desire = its repetition1 or = a fre% pleasure4 ,i c speak ( pa9 only :5 desire runs up aga9/ ! impossibility ( fulfilm5t4 ,ev5 :5 an enjoym5t t ,i h _h causes 9 me ! desire = ! exp]i5ce ( a great]1 m subtle1 & m exotic pleasure1 ,i h no "r to speak ( ?is desire z a pa9 caus$ by ! previ\s pleasure until ! means fail me to ga9 ! great] & m subtle pleasure4 ,i h no "r to reg>d pleasure z ! cause ( pa9 unless pa9 foll[s on pleasure z its consequ5ce by natural law1 e4g41 :5 a woman's sexual pleasure is foll[$ by ! suff]+ ( *ild-bir? & ! c>es ( nurs+4 ,if /riv+ caus$ pa91 !n ! removal ( /riv+ ought to be accompani$ by pleasure4 ,b ! v rev]se is true4 ,to h no /riv+ 9 "o's life causes bor$om1 & bor$om is always accompani$ by displeasure4 ,n[1 s9ce x may be a long "t be=e a /riv+ meets ) fulfilm5t1 & s9ce1 9 ! int]val1 x is cont5t ) ! hope ( fulfilm5t1 we mu/ ackn[l$ge t !re is no connection 9 pr9ciple betwe5 pa9 & /riv+1 b t pa9 dep5ds solely on ! non-fulfilm5t ( ! /riv+4 ,s*op5hau]1 !n1 is wrong1 9 any case1 9 reg>d+ desire or /riv+ 7w7 z be+ 9 pr9ciple ! s\rce ( pa94 ,9 tru?1 ! v rev]se ( ?is is correct4 ,/riv+ 7desire7 is 9 itself pleasurable4 ,:o does n "k ! pleasure :i* is caus$ by ! hope ( a remote b int5sely desir$ enjoym5t8 ,?is pleasure is ! companion ( all lab\r1 ! results ( :i* w be enjoy$ by u only 9 ! future4 ,x is a pleasure :i* is :olly indep5d5t ( ! atta9m5t ( ! end4 ,= :5 ! aim has be5 atta9$1 ! pleasure ( satisfaction is add$ z a fre% ?rill to ! pleasure ( /riv+4 ,if anyone 7 to argue t ! pa9 caus$ by ! non-atta9m5t ( an aim is increas$ by ! pa9 ( disappo9t$ hope1 & t ?us1 9 ! end1 ! pa9 ( non-fulfilm5t w /ill always outweigh ! utmo/ possible pleasure ( fulfilm5t1 we %all h to reply t ! rev]se may be ! case1 & t ! recollection ( pa/ pleasure at a "t ( unsatisfi$ desire w z (t5 mitigate ! displeasure ( non-satisfaction4 ,:oev] at ! mom5t :5 8 hopes suff] %ipwreck exclaims1 ,i h done my "p1 proves !reby my ass]tion4 ,! bless$ feel+ ( hav+ will$ ! be/ )9 "o's p[]s is ignor$ by all :o make e unsatisfi$ desire an occasion = ass]t+ t1 n only has ! pleasure ( fulfilm5t be5 lo/1 b t ! enjoym5t ( ! /riv+ itself has be5 de/roy$4 ,! satisfaction ( a desire causes pleasure & its non-satisfaction causes pa94 ,b we h no "r to inf] f ?is fact t pleasure is no?+ b ! satisfaction ( a desire1 & pa9 no?+ b its non-satisfaction4 ,bo? pleasure & pa9 may be exp]i5c$ )\t be+ ! consequ5ce ( desire4 ,all illness is pa9 n prec$$ by any desire4 ,if anyone 7 to ma9ta9 t illness is unsatisfi$ desire = heal?1 he w\ld commit ! error ( reg>d+ ! inevitable & unconsci\s wi% n to fall ill z a positive desire4 ,:5 "s "o receives a legacy f a ri* relative ( ^: exi/5ce he _h n ! fa9te/ idea1 he exp]i5ces a pleasure )\t hav+ felt any prec$+ desire4 ,h5ce1 if we set out to inquire :e!r ! balance is on ! side ( pleasure or ( pa91 we mu/ all[ 9 our calculation = ! pleasure ( /riv+1 ! pleasure ( ! satisfaction ( /riv+1 & ! pleasure :i* comes to u )\t any /riv+ :atev]4 ,on ! debit side we %all h to ent] ! displeasure ( bor$om1 ! displeasure ( unfulfill$ /riv+1 &1 la/ly1 ! displeasure :i* comes to u )\t any /riv+ on our "p4 ,"u ?is la/ head+ we %all h to put also ! displeasure caus$ by "w t has be5 =c$ ^u u1 n *os5 by ourselves4 ,?is leads u to ! "q1 ,:at is ! "r me?od = /rik+ ! balance betwe5 ! cr$it & ! debit columns8 ,edu>d von ,h>tmann ass]ts t reason holds ! scales4 ,x is true t he says 7,philosophie des ,unbewus/51 #g? edition1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bij73 ,pa9 & pleasure exi/ only 9 s f> z !y are actually be+ felt4 ,x foll[s t !re c be no /&>d = pleasure o!r ?an ! subjective /&>d ( feel+4 ,i mu/ feel :e!r ! sum ( my disagreeable feel+s1 contra/$ ) my agreeable feel+s1 results 9 me 9 a balance ( pleasure or ( pa94 ,b1 not)/&+ ?is1 ,von ,h>tmann ma9ta9s t ?\gh ! value ( ! life ( e be+ c be set d[n only accord+ to its own subjective measure1 yet x foll[s by no means t e be+ is able to compute ! correct algebraic sum ( all ! feel+s ( its life--or1 9 o!r words1 t its total e/imate ( its own life1 ) reg>d to its subjective feel+s1 %\ld be correct4 ,b ?is means t rational e/imation ( feel+s is re9/at$ z ! /&>d ( value4 #ab ,x is because ,von ,h>tmann holds ?is view t he ?9ks x necess>y1 9 ord] to arrive at a correct valuation ( life1 to cle> out ( ! way ^? factors :i* falsify our judgm5t ab\t ! balance ( pleasure & ( pa94 ,he tries to d ?is 9 two ways3 fir/1 by %[+ t our desire 7in/9ct1 w7 op]ates z a di/urb+ factor 9 ! sob] e/imation ( feel+-values2 e4g41 :]eas we ought to judge t sexual enjoym5t is a s\rce ( evil1 we are beguil$ by ! fact t ! sexual in/9ct is v /rong 9 u1 into pret5d+ to exp]i5ce a pleasure :i* does n occur 9 ! alleg$ int5sity at all4 ,we are b5t on indulg+ ourselves1 h5ce we d n ackn[l$ge to ourselves t ! indulg5ce makes u suff]4 ,secondly1 ,von ,h>tmann subjects feel+s to a criticism design$ to %[1 t ! objects to :i* our feel+s atta* !mselves reveal !mselves z illusions :5 exam9$ by reason1 & t our feel+s are de/roy$ f ! mom5t t our con/antly gr[+ insight sees ?r\gh ! illusions4 ,von ,h>tmann1 !n1 conceives ! matt] z foll[s4 ,suppose an ambiti\s man wants to det]m9e cle>ly :e!r1 up to ! mom5t ( 8 inquiry1 !re has be5 a surplus ( pleasure or ( pa9 9 8 life4 ,he has to elim9ate two s\rces ( error t may affect 8 judgm5t4 ,be+ ambiti\s1 ?is fundam5tal feature ( 8 "* w make him see all ! pleasures ( ! public recognition ( 8 a*ievem5ts l>g] ?an !y are1 & all ! insults suff]$ ?r\gh rebuffs small] ?an !y are4 ,at ! "t :5 he suff]$ ! rebuffs he felt ! insults j because he is ambiti\s1 b 9 recollection !y appe> to him 9 a mild] light1 :]eas ! pleasures ( recognition to :i* he is s mu* m susceptible leave a f> deep] impression4 ,und5iably1 x is a real b5efit to an ambiti\s man t x %\ld be s1 = ! deception dim9i%es 8 pa9 9 ! mom5t ( self-analysis4 ,b1 none ! less1 x falsifies 8 judgm5ts4 ,! suff]+s :i* he n[ reviews z ?r\gh a veil 7 actually exp]i5c$ by him 9 all _! int5sity4 ,h5ce he ent]s !m at a wrong valuation on ! debit side ( 8 acc\nt4 ,9 ord] to arrive at a correct e/imate1 an ambiti\s man w\ld h to lay aside 8 ambition = ! "t ( 8 inquiry4 ,he w\ld h to review 8 pa/ life )\t any di/ort+ glasses be=e 8 m9d's eye1 else he w resemble a m]*ant :o1 9 mak+ up 8 books1 ent]s among ! items on ! cr$it side 8 own zeal 9 bus9ess4 ,b ,von ,h>tmann goes ev5 fur!r4 ,he says ! ambiti\s man mu/ make cle> to himself t ! public recognition :i* he craves is n wor? hav+4 ,by himself1 or ) ! guidance ( o!rs1 he mu/ atta9 ! insight t rational be+s _c atta* any value to recognition by o!rs1 see+ t 9 all matt]s :i* are n vital que/ions ( developm5t1 or :i* h n be5 def9itely settl$ by sci5ce1 x is always z c]ta9 z any?+ c be t ! majority is wrong & ! m9ority "r4 ,:oev] makes ambition ! lode-/> ( 8 life puts ! happ9ess ( 8 life at ! m]cy ( s fallible a judgm5t 7,philosophie des ,unbewus/51 vol4 ii1 p4 #ccb74 ,if ! ambiti\s man ackn[l$ges all ?is to himself1 he is b\nd to reg>d all ! a*ievem5ts ( 8 ambition z illusions1 includ+ ev5 ! feel+s :i* atta* !mselves to ! satisfaction ( 8 ambiti\s desires4 ,?is is ! reason :y ,von ,h>tmann says t we mu/ also /rike out ( ! balance-%eet ( our life-values :atev] is se5 to be illusory 9 our feel+s ( pleasure4 ,:at rema9s aft] t repres5ts ! sum-total ( pleasure 9 life1 & ?is sum is s small comp>$ ) ! sum-total ( pa9 t life is no enjoym5t & non-exi/5ce pref]able to exi/5ce4 ,b :il/ x is imm$iately evid5t t ! int]f]5ce ( ! in/9ct ( ambition produces self-deception 9 /rik+ ! balance ( pleasures & ?us leads to a false result1 we mu/ none ! less *all5ge :at ,von ,h>tmann says conc]n+ ! illusory "* ( ! objects to :i* pleasure is atta*$4 ,= ! elim9ation1 f ! cr$it-side ( life1 ( all pleasurable feel+s :i* accompany actual or suppos$ illusions w\ld positively falsify ! balance ( pleasure & ( pa94 ,an ambiti\s man has g5u9ely enjoy$ ! acclamations ( ! multitude1 irrespective ( :e!r subsequ5tly he himself1 or "s o!r p]son1 recognises t ?is acclamation is an illusion4 ,! pleasure1 once enjoy$1 is n "o :it dim9i%$ by su* recognition4 ,consequ5tly ! elim9ation ( all ^! illusory feel+s f life's balance1 s f> f mak+ our judgm5t ab\t our feel+s m correct1 actually cancels out ( life feel+s :i* 7 g5u9ely !re4 ,& :y are ^! feel+s to be elim9at$8 ,he :o has !m d]ives pleasure f !m2 he :o has ov]come !m1 ga9s ?r\gh ! exp]i5ce ( self-conque/ 7n ?r\gh ! va9 emotion3 ,:at a noble fell[ ,i am6 b ?r\gh ! objective s\rces ( pleasure :i* lie 9 ! self-conque/7 a pleasure :i* is1 inde$1 spiritualis$1 b none ! less valuable = t4 ,if we /rike feel+s f ! cr$it side ( pleasure 9 our acc\nt1 on ! gr\nd t !y are atta*$ to objects :i* turn out to h be5 illusory1 we make ! value ( life dep5d5t1 n on ! quantity1 b on ! quality ( pleasure1 & ?is1 9 turn1 on ! value ( ! objects :i* cause ! pleasure4 ,b if ,i am to det]m9e ! value ( life only by ! quantity ( pleasure or pa9 :i* x br+s1 ,i h no "r to presuppose some?+ else by :i* fir/ to det]m9e ! positive or negative value ( pleasure4 ,if ,i say ,i want to comp>e quantity ( pleasure & quantity ( pa91 9 ord] to see :i* is great]1 ,i am b\nd to br+ into my acc\nt all pleasures & pa9s 9 _! actual int5sities1 reg>dless ( :e!r !y are bas$ on illusions or n4 ,if ,i cr$it a pleasure :i* re/s on an illusion ) a less] value = life ?an "o :i* c ju/ify itself be=e ! tribunal ( reason1 ,i make ! value ( life dep5d5t on factors o!r ?an m]e quantity ( pleasure4 ,:oev]1 l ,edu>d von ,h>tmann1 puts d[n pleasure z less valuable :5 x is atta*$ to a wor?less object1 is l a m]*ant :o ent]s ! consid]able pr(its ( a toy-factory at only "o-qu>t] ( _! real value on ! gr\nd t ! factory produces no?+ b play?+s = *ildr54 ,if ! po9t is simply to weigh quantity ( pleasure aga9/ quantity ( pa91 we ought to leave ! illusory "* ( ! objects ( "s pleasures entirely out ( acc\nt4 ,! me?od1 !n1 :i* ,von ,h>tmann recomm5ds1 viz41 rational criticism ( ! quantities ( pleasure & pa9 produc$ by life1 has taught u s f> h[ we are to get ! data = our calculation1 i4e41 :at we are to put d[n on ! "o side ( our acc\nt & :at on ! o!r4 ,b h[ are we to make ! actual calculation8 ,is reason able also to /rike ! balance8 ,a m]*ant makes a miscalculation :5 ! ga9 calculat$ by him does n balance ) ! pr(its :i* he has demon/rably enjoy$ f 8 bus9ess or is /ill expect+ to enjoy4 ,simil>ly1 ! philosoph] w und\bt$ly h made a mi/ake 9 8 e/imate1 if he _c demon/rate 9 actual feel+ ! surplus ( pleasure or1 z ! case may be1 ( pa9 :i* 8 manipulation ( ! acc\nt may h yield$4 ,= ! pres5t ,i %all n criticise ! calculations ( ^? ,pessimi/s :o support _! e/imate ( ! value ( ! _w by an appeal to reason4 ,b if we are to decide :e!r to c>ry on ! bus9ess ( life or n1 we %all dem& fir/ to be %[n :]e ! alleg$ balance ( pa9 is to be f\nd4 ,"h we t\* ! po9t :]e reason is n 9 a position by itself to det]m9e ! surplus ( pleasure or ( pa91 b :]e x mu/ exhibit ?is surplus 9 life z some?+ actually felt4 ,= man rea*es reality n ?r\gh concepts by !mselves1 b ?r\gh ! int]p5etration ( concepts & p]cepts 7& feel+s are p]cepts7 :i* ?9k+ br+s ab\t 7cp4 pp4 #hb ff474 ,a m]*ant w give up 8 bus9ess only :5 ! loss ( goods1 z calculat$ by 8 acc\ntant1 is actually confirm$ by ! facts4 ,if ! facts d n be> out ! calculation1 he asks 8 acc\ntant to *eck ! acc\nt once m4 ,t is exactly :at a man w d 9 ! bus9ess ( life4 ,if a philosoph] wants to prove to him t ! pa9 is f> great] ?an ! pleasure1 b t he does n feel x s1 !n he w reply3 ,y h made a mi/ake 9 y\r !oris+s2 repeat y\r analysis once m4 ,b if !re comes a "t 9 a bus9ess :5 ! losses are really s great t ! firm's cr$it no long] suffices to satisfy ! cr$itors1 bankruptcy results1 ev5 ?\gh ! m]*ant may avoid keep+ himself in=m$ by c>eful acc\nts ab\t ! /ate ( 8 affairs4 ,simil>ly1 suppos+ ! quantity ( pa9 9 a man's life became at any "t s great t no hope 7cr$it7 ( future pleasure c\ld help him to get ov] ! pa91 ! bankruptcy ( life's bus9ess w\ld inevitably foll[4 ,n[ ! numb] ( ^? :o commit suicide is relatively small comp>$ ) ! numb] ( ^? :o live bravely on4 ,only v few m5 give up ! bus9ess ( life because ( ! pa9 involv$4 ,:at foll[s8 ,ei!r t x is untrue to say t ! quantity ( pa9 is great] ?an ! quantity ( pleasure1 or t we d n make ! cont9uation ( life dep5d5t on ! quantity ( felt pleasure or pa94 ,9 a v curi\s way1 ,edu>d von ,h>tmann's ,pessimism1 hav+ conclud$ t life is valueless because x conta9s a surplus ( pa91 yet affirms ! necessity ( go+ on ) life4 ,?is necessity lies 9 ! fact t ! _w-purpose m5tion$ above 7p4 #baf7 c be a*iev$ only by ! ceaseless1 devot$ lab\r ( human be+s4 ,b s long z m5 /ill pursue _! egoi/ical appetites !y are unfit = ?is devot$ lab\r4 ,x is n until exp]i5ce & reason h conv9c$ !m t ! pleasures :i* ,egoism pursues are incapable ( atta9m5t1 t !y give !mselves up to _! prop] task4 ,9 ?is way ! pessimi/ic conviction is (f]$ z ! f\nta9 ( unselfi%ness4 ,an education bas$ on ,pessimism is to ext]m9ate ,egoism by conv9c+ x ( ! hopelessness ( a*iev+ its aims4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 !n1 ! /riv+ = pleasure is fundam5tally inh]5t 9 human nature4 ,x is only ?r\gh ! insight into ! impossibility ( satisfaction t ?is /riv+ abdicates 9 fav\r ( ! high] tasks ( humanity4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 impossible to say ( ?is e?ical !ory1 :i* expects f ! e/abli%m5t ( ,pessimism a devotion to unselfi% ends 9 life1 t x really ov]comes ,egoism 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w4 ,! moral ideas are said n to be /rong en\gh to dom9ate ! w until man has le>nt t ! selfi% /riv+ aft] pleasure _c lead to any satisfaction4 ,man1 ^: selfi%ness desires ! grapes ( pleasure1 f9ds !m s\r because he _c atta9 !m1 & s he turns 8 back on !m & devotes himself to an unselfi% life4 ,moral ideals1 !n1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( ,pessimi/s1 are too weak to ov]come ,egoism1 b !y e/abli% _! k+dom on ! t]ritory :i* previ\s recognition ( ! hopelessness ( ,egoism has cle>$ = !m4 ,if m5 by nature /rive aft] pleasure b are unable to atta9 x1 x foll[s t annihilation ( exi/5ce & salvation ?r\gh non-exi/5ce are ! only rational ends4 ,& if we accept ! view t ! real be>] ( ! pa9 ( ! _w is ,god1 x foll[s t ! task ( m5 consi/s 9 help+ to br+ ab\t ! salvation ( ,god4 ,to commit suicide does n advance1 b h9d]s1 ! realisation ( ?is aim4 ,god mu/ rationally be conceiv$ z hav+ creat$ m5 = ! sole purpose ( br++ ab\t 8 salvation ?r\gh _! action1 else w\ld creation be purposeless4 ,e "o ( u has to p]=m 8 own def9ite task 9 ! g5]al "w ( salvation4 ,if he )draws f ! task by suicide1 ano!r has to d ! "w :i* 0 int5d$ = him4 ,somebody else mu/ be> 9 8 /ead ! agony ( exi/5ce4 ,& s9ce 9 e be+ x is1 at bottom1 ,god :o is ! ultimate be>] ( all pa91 x foll[s t to commit suicide does n 9 ! lea/ dim9i% ! quantity ( ,god's pa91 b r imposes ^u ,god ! additional difficulty ( provid+ a sub/itute4 ,?is :ole !ory presupposes t pleasure is ! /&>d ( value = life4 ,n[ life manife/s itself ?r\gh a numb] ( in/9cts 7ne$s74 ,if ! value ( life dep5d$ on its produc+ m pleasure ?an pa91 an in/9ct w\ld h to be call$ valueless :i* br\ght to its own] a balance ( pa94 ,let u1 if y please1 inspect in/9ct & pleasure1 9 ord] to see :e!r ! =m] c be measur$ by ! latt]4 ,& le/ we give rise to ! suspicion t life does n beg9 = u bel[ ! sph]e ( ! ari/ocrats ( ! intellect1 we %all beg9 our exam9ation ) a purely animal ne$1 viz41 hung]4 ,hung] arises :5 our organs are unable to cont9ue function+ )\t a fre% supply ( food4 ,:at a hungry man desires1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 is to h 8 hung] /ill$4 ,z soon z ! supply ( n\ri%m5t has rea*$ ! po9t :]e hung] ceases1 ev]y?+ has be5 atta9$ t ! food-in/9ct craves4 ,! pleasure :i* is connect$ ) satiety consi/s1 to beg9 )1 9 ! removal ( ! pa9 :i* is caus$ by hung]4 ,b to ! m]e food-in/9ct !re is add$ a fur!r ne$4 ,= man does n m]ely desire to re/ore1 by ! consumption ( food1 ! di/urbance 9 ! function+ ( 8 organs1 or to get rid ( ! pa9 ( hung]1 b he seeks to effect ?is to ! accompanim5t ( pleasurable s5sations ( ta/e4 ,:5 he feels hungry1 & is )9 half an h\r ( a meal to :i* he looks =w>d ) pleasure1 he avoids spoil+ 8 enjoym5t ( ! bett] food by tak+ inf]ior food :i* might satisfy 8 hung] soon]4 ,he ne$s hung] 9 ord] to get ! full enjoym5t out ( 8 meal4 ,?us hung] becomes = him at ! same "t a cause ( pleasure4 ,suppos+ all ! hung] 9 ! _w c\ld be satisfi$1 we %\ld get ! total quantity ( pleasure :i* we owe to ! exi/5ce ( ! desire = n\ri%m5t4 ,b we %\ld /ill h to add ! additional pleasure :i* g\rmets ga9 by cultivat+ ! s5sibility ( _! ta/e-n]ves beyond ! common measure4 ,! greate/ conceivable value ( ?is quantity ( pleasure w\ld be rea*$1 if no ne$ rema9$ unsatisfi$ :i* 0 9 any way connect$ ) ?is k9d ( pleasure1 & if ) ! smoo? ( pleasure we _h n at ! same "t to take a c]ta9 am\nt ( ! r\gh ( pa94 ,mod]n ,sci5ce holds ! view t ,nature produces m life ?an x c ma9ta91 i4e41 t ,nature also produces m hung] ?an x is able to satisfy4 ,! surplus ( life ?us produc$ is condemn$ to a pa9ful dea? 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,grant$ t ! ne$s ( life are1 at e mom5t ( ! _w-process1 great] ?an ! available means ( satisfaction1 & t ! enjoym5t ( life is correspond+ly dim9i%$1 yet su* enjoym5t z actually occurs is n "o :it r$uc$ !reby4 ,:]ev] a desire is satisfi$1 !re ! correspond+ quantity ( pleasure exi/s1 ev5 ?\gh 9 ! creature itself :i* desires1 or 9 its fell[-creatures1 !re are a l>ge numb] ( unsatisfi$ in/9cts4 ,:at is dim9i%$ is1 n ! quantity1 b ! value ( ! enjoym5t ( life4 ,if only a "p ( ! ne$s ( a liv+ creature f9d satisfaction1 x exp]i5ces /ill a correspond+ pleasure4 ,?is pleasure is inf]ior 9 value 9 proportion z x is inadequate to ! total dem& ( life )9 a giv5 gr\p ( desires4 ,we might repres5t ?is value z a fraction1 ! num]ator ( :i* is ! actually exp]i5c$ pleasure1 :il/ ! d5om9ator is ! sum-total ( ne$s4 ,?is fraction has ! value #a :5 ! num]ator & ! d5om9ator are equal1 i4e41 :5 all ne$s are also satisfi$4 ,! fraction becomes great] ?an #a :5 a creature exp]i5ces m pleasure ?an its desires dem&4 ,x becomes small] ?an #a :5 ! quantity ( pleasure falls %ort ( ! sum-total ( desires4 ,b ! fraction c nev] h ! value #j s long z ! num]ator has any value at all1 h[ev] small4 ,if a man 7 to make up ! acc\nt be=e 8 dea? & to di/ribute 9 imag9ation ov] ! :ole ( life ! quantity belong+ to a p>ticul> in/9ct 7e4g41 hung]71 z well z ! dem&s ( ?is in/9ct1 !n ! total pleasure :i* he has exp]i5c$ might h only a v small value1 b ?is value w\ld nev] become altoge!r nil4 ,if ! quantity ( pleasure rema9s con/ant1 !n ) e increase 9 ! ne$s ( ! creature ! value ( ! pleasure dim9i%es4 ,! same is true = ! totality ( life 9 ,nature4 ,! great] ! numb] ( creatures 9 proportion to ^? :i* are able fully to satisfy _! in/9cts1 ! small] is ! av]age pleasure-value ( life4 ,! *eques on life's pleasure :i* are drawn 9 our fav\r 9 ! =m ( our in/9cts1 become increas+ly less valuable 9 proportion z we _c expect to ca% !m at _! full face value4 ,suppose ,i get en\gh to eat on ?ree days & am !n compell$ to g hungry = ano!r ?ree days1 ! actual pleasure on ! ?ree days ( eat+ is n !reby dim9i%$4 ,b ,i h n[ to ?9k ( x z di/ribut$ ov] six days1 & ?is r$uces its value = my food-in/9ct by half4 ,! same applies to ! quantity ( pleasure z measur$ by ! degree ( my ne$4 ,suppose ,i h hung] en\gh = two s&wi*es & c only get "o1 ! pleasure :i* ?is "o gives me has only half ! value x w\ld h _h if ! eat+ ( x _h /ill$ my hung]4 ,?is is ! way 9 :i* we det]m9e ! value ( a pleasure 9 life4 ,we det]m9e x by ! ne$s ( life4 ,our desires supply ! measure2 pleasure is :at is measur$4 ,! pleasure ( /ill+ hung] has value only because hung] exi/s1 & x has det]m9ate value ?r\gh ! proportion :i* x be>s to ! int5sity ( ! hung]4 ,unfulfill$ dem&s ( our life ?r[ _! %ad[ ev5 ^u fulfill$ desires1 & ?us detract f ! value ( pleasurable h\rs4 ,b we may speak also ( ! pres5t value ( a feel+ ( pleasure4 ,?is value is ! small]1 ! m insignificant ! pleasure is 9 proportion to ! duration & int5sity ( our desire4 ,a quantity ( pleasure has its full value = u :5 its duration & degree exactly co9cide ) our desire4 ,a quantity ( pleasure :i* is small] ?an our desire dim9i%es ! value ( ! pleasure4 ,a quantity :i* is great] produces a surplus :i* has n be5 dem&$ & :i* is felt z pleasure only s long z1 :il/ enjoy+ ! pleasure1 we c correspond+ly increase ! int5sity ( our desire4 ,if we are n able to keep pace 9 ! increase ( our desire ) ! increase 9 pleasure1 !n pleasure turns into displeasure4 ,! object :i* w\ld o!rwise satisfy u1 :5 x assails u unbidd5 makes u suff]4 ,?is proves t pleasure has value = u only s long z we h desires by :i* to measure x4 ,an excess ( pleasurable feel+ turns into pa94 ,?is may be obs]v$ especially 9 ^? m5 ^: desire = a giv5 k9d ( pleasure is v small4 ,9 p ^: desire = food is dull$1 eat+ easily produces nausea4 ,?is aga9 %[s t desire is ! measure ( value = pleasure4 ,n[ ,pessimism might reply t an unsatisfi$ desire = food produces1 n only ! pa9 ( a lo/ enjoym5t1 b also positive ills1 agony1 & mis]y 9 ! _w4 ,x appeals = confirmation to ! untold mis]y ( all :o are h>ass$ by anxieties ab\t food1 & to ! va/ am\nt ( pa9 :i* = ^! un=tunates results indirectly f _! lack ( food4 ,& if x wants to ext5d its ass]tion also to non-human nature1 x c po9t to ! agonies ( animals :i*1 9 c]ta9 seasons1 die f lack ( food4 ,conc]n+ all ^! evils ! ,pessimi/ ma9ta9s t !y f> outweigh ! quantity ( pleasure :i* ! food-in/9ct br+s into ! _w4 ,!re is no d\bt t x is possible to comp>e pleasure & pa9 "o ) ano!r1 & det]m9e ! surplus ( ! "o or ! o!r z we det]m9e comm]cial ga9 or loss4 ,b if ,pessimi/s ?9k t a surplus on ! side ( pa9 is a gr\nd = inf]r+ t life is valueless1 !y fall into ! mi/ake ( mak+ a calculation :i* 9 actual life is nev] made4 ,our desire1 9 any giv5 case1 is direct$ to a p>ticul> object4 ,! value ( ! pleasure ( satisfaction1 z we h se51 w be ! great] 9 proportion z ! quantity ( ! pleasure is great] relatively to ! int5sity ( our desire4 #ac ,x dep5ds1 fur!r1 on ?is int5sity h[ l>ge a quantity ( pa9 we are will+ to be> 9 ord] to ga9 ! pleasure4 ,we comp>e ! quantity ( pa91 n ) ! quantity ( pleasure1 b ) ! int5sity ( our desire4 ,he :o f9ds great pleasure 9 eat+ w1 by reason ( 8 pleasure 9 bett] times1 be m easily able to be> a p]iod ( hung] ?an "o :o does n d]ive pleasure f ! satisfaction ( ! in/9ct = food4 ,a woman :o wants a *ild comp>es ! pleasures result+ f ! possession ( a *ild1 n ) ! quantities ( pa9 due to pregnancy1 bir?1 nurs+1 etc41 b ) h] desire = ! possession ( ! *ild4 ,we nev] aim at a c]ta9 quantity ( pleasure 9 ! ab/ract1 b at concrete satisfaction ( a p]fectly det]m9ate k9d4 ,:5 we are aim+ at a def9ite object or a def9ite s5sation1 x w n satisfy u to be (f]$ "s o!r object or "s o!r s5sation1 ev5 ?\gh !y give ! same am\nt ( pleasure4 ,if we desire satisfaction ( hung]1 we _c sub/itute = ! pleasure :i* ?is satisfaction w\ld br+ a pleasure equally great b produc$ by a walk4 ,only if our desire 71 q g5]ally1 = a c]ta9 quantity ( pleasure1 w\ld x h to die away at once if ?is pleasure 7 unatta9able except at ! price ( an ev5 great] quantity ( pa94 ,b because we desire a det]m9ate k9d ( satisfaction1 we exp]i5ce ! pleasure ( realisation ev5 :51 along ) x1 we h to be> an ev5 great] pa94 ,! in/9cts ( liv+ be+s t5d 9 a det]m9ate direction & aim at concrete objects1 & x is j = ?is reason t x is impossible1 9 our calculations1 to set d[n z an equival5t factor ! quantities ( pa9 :i* we h to be> 9 ! pursuit ( our object4 ,provid$ ! desire is suffici5tly int5se to be /ill to "s degree 9 exi/5ce ev5 aft] hav+ ov]come ! pa9--h[ev] great t pa91 tak5 9 ! ab/ract1 may be--! pleasure ( satisfaction may /ill be enjoy$ to its full ext5t4 ,! desire1 !re=e1 does n measure ! pa9 directly aga9/ ! pleasure :i* we atta91 b indirectly by measur+ ! pa9 7proportionately7 aga9/ its own int5sity4 ,! "q is n :e!r ! pleasure to be ga9$ is great] ?an ! pa91 b :e!r ! desire = ! object at :i* we aim is great] ?an ! inhibitory effect ( ! pa9 :i* we h to face4 ,if ! inhibition is great] ?an ! desire1 ! latt] yields to ! inevitable1 slack5s1 & ceases to /rive4 ,b inasmu* z we /rive aft] a det]m9ate k9d ( satisfaction1 ! pleasure we ga9 !reby acquires an importance :i* makes x possible1 once satisfaction has be5 atta9$1 to all[ 9 our calculation = ! inevitable pa9 only 9 s f> z x has dim9i%$ ! int5sity ( our desire4 ,if ,i am passionately fond ( beautiful views1 ,i nev] calculate ! am\nt ( pleasure :i* ! view f ! m\nta9-top gives me z comp>$ directly ) ! pa9 ( ! toilsome asc5t & desc5t2 b ,i reflect :e!r1 aft] hav+ ov]come all difficulties1 my desire = ! view w /ill be suffici5tly int5se4 ,?us pleasure & pa9 c be made comm5surate only m$iately ?r\gh ! int5sity ( ! desire4 ,h5ce ! "q is n at all :e!r !re is a surplus ( pleasure or ( pa91 b :e!r ! desire = pleasure is suffici5tly int5se to ov]come ! pa94 ,a pro( = ! accuracy ( ?is view is to be f\nd 9 ! fact1 t we put a high] value on pleasure :5 x has to be pur*as$ at ! price ( great pa9 ?an :5 x simply falls into our lap l a gift f heav54 ,:5 suff]+s & agonies h ton$ d[n our desire & yet aft] all our aim is atta9$1 !n ! pleasure is all ! great] 9 proportion to ! int5sity ( ! desire t has surviv$4 ,n[ x is j ?is proportion :i*1 z ,i h %[n 7p4 #bcc71 repres5ts ! value ( ! pleasure4 ,a fur!r pro( is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t all liv+ creatures 7includ+ m57 develop _! in/9cts z long z !y are able to be> ! opposition ( pa9s & agonies4 ,! /ruggle = exi/5ce is b a consequ5ce ( ?is fact4 ,all liv+ creatures /rive to exp&1 & only ^? ab&on ! /ruggle ^: desires are ?rottl$ by ! ov]:elm+ magnitude ( ! difficulties ) :i* !y meet4 ,e liv+ creature seeks food until %e] lack ( food de/roys its life4 ,man1 too1 does n turn 8 h& aga9/ himself until1 rightly or wrongly1 he believes t he _c atta9 ^? aims 9 life :i* alone seem to him wor? /riv+ =4 ,s long z he /ill believes 9 ! possibility ( atta9+ :at he ?9ks wor? /riv+ =1 he w battle aga9/ all pa9s & mis]ies4 ,philosophy w\ld h to conv9ce man t /riv+ is rational only :5 pleasure outweighs pa91 = x is 8 nature to /rive = ! atta9m5t ( ! objects :i* he desires1 s long z he c be> ! inevitable incid5tal pa91 h[ev] great t may be4 ,su* a philosophy1 h[ev]1 w\ld be mi/ak51 because x w\ld make ! human w dep5d5t on a factor 7! surplus ( pleasure ov] pa97 :i*1 at fir/1 is :olly =eign to man's po9t ( view4 ,! orig9al measure ( 8 w is 8 desire1 & desire ass]ts itself z long z x c4 ,if ,i am compell$1 9 pur*as+ a c]ta9 quantity ( apples1 to take twice z _m rott5 ones z s\nd ones--because ! sell] wi%es to cle> out 8 /ock--,i %all n hesitate a mom5t to take ! bad apples z well1 if ,i put s high a value on ! small] quantity ( good apples t ,i am prep>$1 9 addition to ! pur*ase price1 to be> also ! exp5se = ! transportation ( ! rott5 goods4 ,?is example illu/rates ! relation betwe5 ! quantities ( pleasure & ( pa9 :i* are caus$ by a giv5 in/9ct4 ,i det]m9e ! value ( ! good apples1 n by subtract+ ! sum ( ! good f t ( ! bad ones1 b by ! fact t1 9 spite ( ! pres5ce ( ! bad ones1 ,i /ill atta* a value to ! good ones4 ,j z ,i leave out ( acc\nt ! bad apples 9 ! enjoym5t ( ! good ones1 s ,i surr5d] myself to ! satisfaction ( a desire aft] hav+ %ak5 (f ! inevitable pa9s4 ,suppos+ ev5 ,pessimism 7 9 ! "r ) its ass]tion t ! _w conta9s m pa9 ?an pleasure1 x w\ld nev]!less h no influ5ce ^u ! w1 = liv+ be+s w\ld /ill /rive aft] su* pleasure z rema9s4 ,! empirical pro( t pa9 ov]balances pleasure is inde$ effective = %[+ up ! futility ( t s*ool ( philosophy1 :i* looks = ! value ( life 9 a surplus ( pleasure 7,eudmonism71 b n = exhibit+ ! w1 z su*1 z irrational4 ,= ! w is n set ^u a surplus ( pleasure1 b on :atev] quantity ( pleasure rema9s aft] subtract+ ! pa94 ,?is rema9+ pleasure /ill appe>s always z an object wor? pursu+4 ,an attempt has be5 made to refute ,pessimism by ass]t+ t x is impossible to det]m9e by calculation ! surplus ( pleasure or ( pa9 9 ! _w4 ,! possibility ( e calculation dep5ds on our be+ able to comp>e ! ?+s to be calculat$ 9 respect ( _! quantity4 ,e pa9 & e pleasure has a def9ite quantity 7int5sity & duration74 ,fur!r1 we c comp>e pleasurable feel+s ( diff]5t k9ds "o ) ano!r1 at lea/ approximately1 ) reg>d to _! int5sity4 ,we "k :e!r we d]ive m pleasure f a good cig> or f a good joke4 ,no objection c be rais$ aga9/ ! comp>ability ( diff]5t pleasures & pa9s 9 respect ( _! int5sity4 ,! ?9k] :o sets himself ! task ( det]m9+ ! surplus ( pleasure or pa9 9 ! _w1 />ts f presuppositions :i* are und5iably legitimate4 ,x is possible to ma9ta9 t ! ,pessimi/ic results are false1 b x is n possible to d\bt t quantities ( pleasure & pa9 c be sci5tifically e/imat$1 & t ! surplus ( ! "o or ! o!r c !reby be det]m9$4 ,x is incorrect1 h[ev]1 to ass]t t f ?is calculation any conclusions c be drawn = ! human w4 ,! cases 9 :i* we really make ! value ( our activity dep5d5t on :e!r pleasure or pa9 %[s a surplus1 are ^? 9 :i* ! objects t[>ds :i* our activity is direct$ are indiff]5t to u4 ,if x is a "q :e!r1 aft] ! day's "w1 ,i am to amuse myself by a game or by light conv]sation1 & if ,i am totally indiff]5t :at ,i d s long z x amuses me1 !n ,i simply ask myself3 ,:at gives me ! greate/ surplus ( pleasure8 ,& ,i ab&on ! activity altoge!r if ! scales incl9e t[>ds ! side ( displeasure4 ,if we are buy+ a toy = a *ild we consid]1 9 select+1 :at w give him ! greate/ pleasure1 b 9 all o!r cases we are n det]m9$ exclusively by consid]ations ( ! balance ( pleasure4 ,h5ce1 if ,pessimi/ic ?9k]s believe t !y are prep>+ ! gr\nd = an unselfi% devotion to ! "w ( civilisation1 by demon/rat+ t !re is a great] quantity ( pa9 ?an ( pleasure 9 life1 !y =get altoge!r t ! human w is s con/itut$ t x _c be influ5c$ by ?is k4 ,! :ole /riv+ ( m5 is direct$ t[>ds ! greate/ possible satisfaction t is atta9able aft] ov]com+ all difficulties4 ,! hope ( ?is satisfaction is ! basis ( all human activity4 ,! "w ( e s+le individual & ! :ole a*ievem5t ( civilisation h _! roots 9 ?is hope4 ,! ,pessimi/ic !ory ( ,e?ics ?9ks x necess>y to repres5t ! pursuit ( pleasure z impossible1 9 ord] t man may devote himself to 8 prop] moral tasks4 ,b ^! moral tasks are no?+ b ! concrete natural & spiritual in/9cts2 & he /rives to satisfy ^! not)/&+ all incid5tal pa94 ,! pursuit ( pleasure1 !n1 :i* ! ,pessimi/ sets himself to eradicate is n[h]e to be f\nd4 ,b ! tasks :i* man has to fulfil are fulfill$ by him because f 8 v nature he wills to fulfil !m4 ,! ,pessimi/ic sy/em ( ,e?ics ma9ta9s t a man _c devote himself to :at he recognises z 8 task 9 life until he has fir/ giv5 up ! desire = pleasure4 ,b no sy/em ( ,e?ics c ev] inv5t o!r tasks ?an ! realisation ( ^? satisfactions :i* human desires dem&1 & ! fulfilm5t ( man's moral ideas4 ,no ,e?ical !ory c deprive him ( ! pleasure :i* he exp]i5ces 9 ! realisation ( :at he desires4 ,:5 ! ,pessimi/ says1 ,d n /rive aft] pleasure1 = pleasure is unatta9able2 /rive in/ead aft] :at y recognise to be y\r task1 we mu/ reply t x is human nature to /rive to d "o's tasks1 & t philosophy has gone a/ray 9 inv5t+ ! pr9ciple t man /rives = no?+ b pleasure4 ,he aims at ! satisfaction ( :at 8 nature dem&s1 & ! atta9m5t ( ?is satisfaction is to him a pleasure4 ,pessimi/ic ,e?ics1 9 dem&+ t we %\ld /rive1 n aft] pleasure1 b aft] ! realisation ( :at we recognise z our task1 lays its f+] on ! v ?+ :i* man wills 9 virtue ( 8 own nature4 ,!re is no ne$ = man to be turn$ inside out by philosophy1 !re is no ne$ = him to disc>d 8 nature1 9 ord] to be moral4 ,morality means /riv+ = an end s long z ! pa9 connect$ ) ?is /riv+ does n inhibit ! desire = ! end altoge!r2 & ?is is ! ess5ce ( all g5u9e w4 ,e?ics is n f\nd$ on ! eradication ( all desire = pleasure1 9 ord] t1 9 its place1 bloodless moral ideas may set up _! rule :]e no /rong desire = pleasure /&s 9 _! way1 b x is bas$ on ! /rong w1 su/a9$ by ideal intuitions1 :i* atta9s its end ev5 :5 ! pa? to x is full ( ?orns4 ,moral ideals h _! root 9 ! moral imag9ation ( man4 ,_! realisation dep5ds on ! desire = !m be+ suffici5tly int5se to ov]come pa9s & agonies4 ,!y are man's own intuitions4 ,9 !m 8 _s braces itself to action4 ,!y are :at he wills1 because _! realisation is 8 highe/ pleasure4 ,he ne$s no ,e?ical !ory fir/ to =bid him to /rive = pleasure & !n to prescribe to him :at he %all /rive =4 ,he w1 ( himself1 /rive = moral ideals provid$ 8 moral imag9ation is suffici5tly active to inspire him ) ! intuitions1 :i* give /r5g? to 8 w to ov]come all resi/ance4 ,if a man /rives t[>ds sublimely great ideals1 x is because !y are ! cont5t ( 8 w1 & because _! realisation w br+ him an enjoym5t comp>$ ) :i* ! pleasure :i* inf]ior spirits draw f ! satisfaction ( _! commonplace ne$s is a m]e no?+4 ,ideali/s delight 9 translat+ _! ideals into reality4 ,anyone :o wants to eradicate ! pleasure :i* ! fulfilm5t ( human desires br+s1 w h fir/ to degrade man to ! position ( a slave :o does n act because he wills1 b because he mu/4 ,= ! atta9m5t ( ! object ( w gives pleasure4 ,:at we call ! good is n :at a man mu/ d1 b :at he wills to d :5 he unfolds ! fulness ( 8 nature4 ,anyone :o does n ackn[l$ge ?is mu/ deprive man ( all ! objects ( 8 w1 & !n prescribe to him f )\t :at he is to make ! cont5t ( 8 w4 ,man values ! satisfaction ( a desire because ! desire spr+s f 8 own nature4 ,:at he atta9s is valuable because x is ! object ( 8 w4 ,if we d5y any value to ! ends :i* m5 d w1 !n we %all h to look = ! ends t are valuable among objects :i* m5 d n w4 ,a sy/em ( ,e?ics1 !n1 :i* is built up on ,pessimism has its root 9 ! contempt = man's moral imag9ation4 ,only he :o does n consid] ! individual human m9d capable ( det]m9+ = itself ! cont5t ( its /riv+1 c look = ! sum & sub/ance ( w 9 ! crav+ = pleasure4 ,a man )\t imag9ation does n create moral ideas2 !y mu/ be imp>t$ to him4 ,physical nature sees to x t he seeks ! satisfaction ( 8 l[] desires2 b = ! developm5t ( ! :ole man ! desires :i* h _! orig9 9 ! _s are fully z necess>y4 ,only ^? :o believe t man has no su* spiritual desires at all c ma9ta9 t !y mu/ be imp>t$ to him f )\t4 ,on t view x w also be correct to say t x is man's duty to d :at he does n w to d4 ,e ,e?ical sy/em :i* dem&s ( man t he %\ld suppress 8 w 9 ord] to fulfil tasks :i* he does n w1 works1 n ) ! :ole man1 b ) a /unt$ be+ :o lacks ! faculty ( spiritual desires4 ,= a man :o has be5 h>moni\sly develop$1 ! s-call$ ideas ( ! ,good lie1 n )\t1 b )9 ! range ( 8 w4 ,moral action consi/s1 n 9 ! extirpation ( "o's individual w1 b 9 ! fulle/ developm5t ( human nature4 ,to reg>d moral ideals z atta9able only on condition t man de/roys 8 individual w1 is to ignore ! fact t ^! ideals are z mu* root$ 9 man's w z ! satisfaction ( ! s-call$ animal in/9cts4 ,x _c be d5i$ t ! views "h outl9$ may easily be misund]/ood4 ,immature y\?s )\t any moral imag9ation l to look ^u ! in/9cts ( _! half-develop$ natures z ! full sub/ance ( humanity1 & reject all moral ideas :i* !y h n !mselves orig9at$1 9 ord] t !y may live !mselves out )\t re/riction4 ,b x goes )\t say+ t a !ory :i* holds = a fully develop$ man does n hold = half-develop$ boys4 ,anyone :o /ill requires to be br\ght by education to ! po9t :]e 8 moral nature breaks ?r\gh ! %ell ( 8 l[] passions1 _c expect to be measur$ by ! same /&>d z a mature man4 ,b x 0 n my int5tion to set d[n :at a half-fl$g$ y\? requires to be taught1 b ! ess5tial nature ( a mature man4 ,my int5tion 0 to demon/rate ! possibility ( fre$om1 :i* becomes manife/1 n 9 actions physically or psy*ically det]m9$1 b 9 actions su/a9$2 by spiritual intuitions4 ,e mature man is ! mak] ( 8 own value4 ,he does n aim at pleasure1 :i* comes to him z a gift ( grace on ! "p ( ,nature or ( ! ,creator2 nor does he live = ! sake ( :at he recognises z duty1 aft] he has put away f him ! desire = pleasure4 ,he acts z he wills1 t is1 9 accordance ) 8 moral intuitions2 & he f9ds 9 ! atta9m5t ( :at he wills ! true enjoym5t ( life4 ,he det]m9es ! value ( 8 life by measur+ 8 atta9m5ts aga9/ 8 aims4 ,an ,e?ical sy/em :i* puts ought 9 ! place ( w1 duty 9 ! place ( incl9ation1 is consi/5t 9 det]m9+ ! value ( man by ! ratio betwe5 ! dem&s ( duty & 8 actual a*ievem5ts4 ,x applies to man a measure t is ext]nal to 8 own nature4 ,! view :i* ,i h "h develop$ po9ts man back to himself4 ,x recognises z ! true value ( life no?+ except :at ea* individual reg>ds z su* by ! measure ( 8 own w4 ,a value ( life :i* ! individual does n recognise is z little ackn[l$g$ by my views z a purpose ( life :i* does n spr+ f ! value ?us recognis$4 ,my view looks ^u ! individual z 8 own ma/] & ! assessor ( 8 own value4 ,,addition ,,to ,,! ,,revis$ ,,edition 7#aiah74 ,! argum5t ( ?is *apt] is op5 to misappreh5sion by ^? :o ob/9ately insi/ on ! app>5t objection1 t ! w1 z su*1 is ! irrational factor 9 man1 & t its irrationality %\ld be exhibit$ 9 ord] to make man see1 t ! goal ( 8 moral endeav\r ought to be 8 ultimate emancipation f w4 ,precisely su* an illusory objection has be5 br\ght aga9/ me by a compet5t critic :o urg$ t x is ! bus9ess ( ! philosoph] to make good :at animals & mo/ m5 ?\ghtlessly =get1 viz41 to /rike a g5u9e balance ( life's acc\nt4 ,b ! objection ignores precisely ! ma9 po9t4 ,if fre$om is to be realis$1 ! w 9 human nature mu/ be su/a9$ by intuitive ?9k+4 ,at ! same "t we f9d t ! w may also be det]m9$ by factors o!r ?an intuition1 & t morality & its "w c h no o!r root ?an ! free realisation ( intuition issu+ f man's ess5tial nature4 ,e?ical ,individualism is well fitt$ to exhibit morality 9 its full dignity4 ,x does n reg>d true morality z ! outw>d con=mity ( ! w to a norm4 ,morality1 = x1 consi/s 9 ! actions :i* issue f ! unfold+ ( man's moral w z an integral "p ( 8 :ole nature1 s t immorality appe>s to man z a /unt+ & crippl+ ( 8 nature4 ,,xiv ,,! ,,individual ,,& ,,! ,,g5us ,! view t man is a :olly self-conta9$1 free individuality /&s 9 app>5t conflict ) ! facts1 t he appe>s z a memb] ( a natural :ole 7race1 tribe1 nation1 family1 male or female sex71 & t he acts )9 a :ole 7/ate1 *ur*1 etc474 ,he exhibits ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ! community to :i* he belongs1 & gives to 8 actions a cont5t :i* is def9$ by ! place :i* he occupies )9 a social :ole4 ,?is be+ s1 is any individuality left at all8 ,c we reg>d man z a :ole 9 himself1 9 view ( ! fact t he gr[s out ( a :ole & fits z a memb] into a :ole8 ,! "* & function ( a memb] ( a :ole are def9$ by ! :ole4 ,a tribe is a :ole1 & all memb]s ( ! tribe exhibit ! peculi> *>act]i/ics :i* are condition$ by ! nature ( ! tribe4 ,! "* & activity ( ! individual memb] are det]m9$ by ! "* ( ! tribe4 ,h5ce ! physiognomy & ! conduct ( ! individual h some?+ g5]ic ab\t !m4 ,:5 we ask :y ?is or t 9 a man is s or s1 we are ref]r$ f ! individual to ! g5us4 ,! g5us expla9s :y some?+ 9 ! individual appe>s 9 ! =m obs]v$ by u4 ,b man emancipates himself f ^! g5]ic *>act]i/ics4 ,he develops qualities & activities ! reason = :i* we c seek only 9 himself4 ,! g5]ic factors s]ve him only z a means to develop 8 own individual nature4 ,he uses ! peculi>ities ) :i* nature has end[$ him z mat]ial1 & gives !m a =m :i* expresses 8 own individuality4 ,we seek 9 va9 = ! reason ( su* an expression ( a man's individuality 9 ! laws ( ! g5us4 ,we are deal+ "h ) an individual :o c be expla9$ only ?r\gh himself4 ,if a man has rea*$ ! po9t ( emancipation f :at is g5]ic 9 him1 & we /ill attempt to expla9 all 8 qualities by ref]5ce to ! "* ( ! g5us1 !n we lack ! organ = appreh5d+ :at is individual4 ,x is impossible to und]/& a human be+ completely if "o makes ! concept ( ! g5us ! basis ( "o's judgm5t4 ,! t5d5cy to judge accord+ to ! g5us is mo/ p]si/5t :]e diff]5ces ( sex are involv$4 ,man sees 9 woman1 woman 9 man1 almo/ always too mu* ( ! g5]ic *>act]i/ics ( ! o!r's sex1 & too little ( :at is individual 9 ! o!r4 ,9 practical life ?is does less h>m to m5 ?an to wom54 ,! social position ( wom5 is1 9 mo/ in/ances1 s l[ because x is n det]m9$ by ! individual *>act]i/ics ( ea* woman h]self1 b by ! g5]al ideas :i* are curr5t conc]n+ ! natural function & ne$s ( woman4 ,a man's activity 9 life is det]m9$ by 8 individual capacity & incl9ation1 :]eas a woman's activity is suppos$ to be det]m9$ solely by ! fact t %e is j a woman4 ,woman is to be ! slave ( ! g5]ic1 ( ! g5]al idea ( womanhood4 ,s long z m5 debate :e!r woman1 f h] natural disposition1 is fitt$ = ?is1 t1 or ! o!r pr(ession1 ! s-call$ ,woman's ,"q w nev] advance beyond ! mo/ elem5t>y /age4 ,:at x lies 9 woman's nature to /rive = _h bett] be left to woman h]self to decide4 ,if x is true t wom5 are fitt$ only = t pr(ession :i* is !irs at pres5t1 !n !y w h>dly h x 9 !m to atta9 any o!r4 ,b !y mu/ be all[$ to decide = !mselves :at is con=mable to _! nature4 ,to all :o fe> an upheaval ( our social /ructure1 %\ld wom5 be treat$ z individuals & n z specim5s ( _! sex1 we ne$ only reply t a social /ructure 9 :i* ! /atus ( "o-half ( humanity is unwor?y ( a human be+ /&s itself 9 great ne$ ( improvem5t4 #ad ,anyone :o judges human be+s accord+ to _! g5]ic "* /ops %ort at ! v po9t beyond :i* !y beg9 to be individuals ^: activity re/s on free self-det]m9ation4 ,:atev] lies %ort ( ?is po9t may naturally become matt] = sci5tific /udy4 ,?us ! *>act]i/ics ( race1 tribe1 nation1 & sex are ! subject-matt] ( special sci5ces4 ,only m5 :o are simply specim5s ( ! g5us c\ld possibly fit ! g5]ic picture :i* ! me?ods ( ^! sci5ces produce4 ,b all ^! sci5ces are unable to get z f> z ! unique "* ( ! s+le individual4 ,:]e ! sph]e ( fre$om 7?9k+ & act+7 beg9s1 !re ! possibility ( det]m9+ ! individual accord+ to ! laws ( 8 g5us ceases4 ,! conceptual cont5t :i* man1 by an act ( ?\ght1 has to connect ) p]cepts1 9 ord] to possess himself fully ( reality 7cp4 pp4 #hc ff471 _c be fix$ by anyone once & = all1 & h&$ d[n to humanity ready-made4 ,! individual mu/ ga9 8 concepts ?r\gh 8 own intuition4 ,x is impossible to d$uce f any concept ( ! g5us h[ ! individual ought to ?9k2 t dep5ds s+ly & solely on ! individual himself4 ,s1 aga91 x is j z impossible to det]m9e1 on ! basis ( ! univ]sal *>act]i/ics ( human nature1 :at concrete ends ! individual w set be=e himself4 ,anyone :o wants to und]/& ! s+le individual mu/ p5etrate to ! inn]mo/ core ( 8 be+1 & n /op %ort at ^? qualities :i* he %>es ) o!rs4 ,9 ?is s5se e s+le human be+ is a problem4 ,& e sci5ce :i* deals only ) ab/ract ?\ghts & g5]ic concepts is b a prep>ation = ! k9d ( k :i* we ga9 :5 a human individual communicates to u 8 way ( view+ ! _w1 & = t o!r k9d ( k :i* ea* ( u ga9s f ! cont5t ( 8 own w4 ,:]ev] we feel t "h we are deal+ ) a man :o has emancipat$ 8 ?9k+ f all t is g5]ic1 & 8 w f ! grooves typical ( 8 k9d1 !re we mu/ cease to call 9 any concepts ( our own mak+ if we w\ld und]/& 8 nature4 ,k consi/s 9 ! comb9ation by ?\ght ( a concept & a p]cept4 ,) all o!r objects ! obs]v] has to ga9 8 concepts ?r\gh 8 intuition4 ,b if ! problem is to und]/& a free individuality1 we ne$ only to take ov] into our own m9ds ^? concepts by :i* ! individual det]m9es himself1 9 _! pure =m 7)\t admixture74 ,^? :o always mix _! own ideas into _! judgm5t on ano!r p]son c nev] atta9 to ! und]/&+ ( an individuality4 ,j z ! free individual emancipates himself f ! *>act]i/ics ( ! g5us1 s our k ( ! individual mu/ emancipate itself f ! me?ods by :i* we und]/& :at is g5]ic4 ,a man c\nts z a free _s 9 a human community only to ! degree 9 :i* he has emancipat$ himself1 9 ! way we h indicat$1 f all t is g5]ic4 ,no man is all g5us1 none is all individuality2 b e man gradually emancipates a great] or less] sph]e ( 8 be+1 bo? f ! g5]ic *>act]i/ics ( animal life1 & f ! laws ( human au?orities :i* rule him despotically4 ,9 respect ( t "p ( 8 nature = :i* man is n able to w9 ?is fre$om = himself1 he =ms a memb] )9 ! organism ( nature & ( _s4 ,he lives1 9 ?is respect1 by ! imitation ( o!rs1 or 9 ob$i5ce to _! comm&4 ,b e?ical value belongs only to t "p ( 8 conduct :i* spr+s f 8 intuitions4 ,& :atev] moral in/9cts man possesses ?r\gh ! inh]itance ( social in/9cts1 acquire e?ical value ?r\gh be+ tak5 up into 8 intuitions4 ,9 su* e?ical intuitions all moral activity ( m5 has its root4 ,to put ?is diff]5tly3 ! moral life ( humanity is ! sum-total ( ! products ( ! moral imag9ation ( free human individuals4 ,?is is ,monism's confession ( fai?4 ,,ultimate ,,que/ions ,,xv ,,! ,,consequ5ces ,,( ,,monism ,an explanation ( ,nature on a s+le pr9ciple1 or1 9 o!r words1 ,monism1 d]ives f human exp]i5ce all ! mat]ial :i* x requires = ! explanation ( ! _w4 ,9 ! same way1 x looks = ! spr+s ( action also )9 ! _w ( obs]vation1 i4e41 9 t human "p ( ,nature :i* is accessible to our self-obs]vation1 & m p>ticul>ly 9 ! moral imag9ation4 ,monism decl9es to seek outside t _w ! ultimate gr\nds ( ! _w :i* we p]ceive & ?9k4 ,= ,monism1 ! unity :i* reflective obs]vation adds to ! manifold multiplicity ( p]cepts1 is id5tical ) ! unity :i* ! human desire = k dem&s1 & ?r\gh :i* ?is desire seeks entrance into ! physical & spiritual realms4 ,:oev] looks = ano!r unity beh9d ?is "o1 only %[s t he fails to p]ceive ! co9cid5ce ( ! results ( ?9k+ ) ! dem&s ( ! in/9ct = k4 ,a p>ticul> human individual is n some?+ cut (f f ! univ]se4 ,he is a "p ( ! univ]se1 & 8 connection ) ! cosmic :ole is brok51 n 9 reality1 b only = our p]ception4 ,at fir/ we appreh5d ! human "p ( ! univ]se z a self-exi/+ ?+1 because we are unable to p]ceive ! cords & ropes by :i* ! fundam5tal =ces ( ! cosmos keep turn+ ! :eel ( our life4 ,all :o rema9 at ?is p]ceptual /&po9t see ! "p ( ! :ole z if x 7 a truly indep5d5t1 self-exi/+ ?+1 a monad :i* ga9s all its k ( ! re/ ( ! _w 9 "s my/]i\s mann] f )\t4 ,b ,monism has %[n t we c believe 9 ?is indep5d5ce only s long z ?\ght does n ga!r our p]cepts into ! network ( ! conceptual _w4 ,z soon z ?is happ5s1 all p>tial exi/5ce 9 ! univ]se1 all isolat$ be+1 reveals itself z a m]e appe>ance due to p]ception4 ,exi/5ce z a self-conta9$ totality c be pr$icat$ only ( ! univ]se z a :ole4 ,?\ght de/roys ! appe>ances due to p]ception & assigns to our individual exi/5ce a place 9 ! life ( ! cosmos4 ,! unity ( ! conceptual _w :i* conta9s all objective p]cepts1 has room also )9 itself = ! cont5t ( our subjective p]sonality4 ,?\ght gives u ! true /ructure ( reality z a self-conta9$ unity1 :]eas ! multiplicity ( p]cepts is b an appe>ance condition$ by our organisation 7cp4 pp4 #agh ff474 ,! recognition ( ! true unity ( reality1 z aga9/ ! appe>ance ( multiplicity1 is at all times ! goal ( human ?\ght4 ,sci5ce /rives to appreh5d our app>5tly disconnect$ p]cepts z a unity by trac+ _! int]-relations accord+ to natural law4 ,b1 ow+ to ! prejudice t an int]-relation discov]$ by human ?\ght has only a subjective validity1 ?9k]s h s\ght ! true gr\nd ( unity 9 "s object transc5d+ ! _w ( our exp]i5ce 7,god1 w1 absolute _s1 etc474 ,fur!r1 bas+ !mselves on ?is prejudice1 m5 h tri$ to ga91 9 addition to _! k ( int]-relations )9 exp]i5ce1 a second k9d ( k transc5d+ exp]i5ce1 :i* %\ld reveal ! connection betwe5 empirical int]-relations & ^? realities :i* lie beyond ! limits ( exp]i5ce 7,metaphysics74 ,! reason :y1 by logical ?9k+1 we und]/& ! nexus ( ! _w1 0 ?\ght to be t an orig9al creator has built up ! _w accord+ to logical laws1 &1 simil>ly1 ! gr\nd ( our actions 0 ?\ght to lie 9 ! w ( ?is orig9al be+4 ,x 0 ov]look$ t ?9k+ embraces 9 "o grasp ! subjective & ! objective1 & t x communicates to u ! :ole ( reality 9 ! union :i* x effects betwe5 p]cept & concept4 ,only s long z we contemplate ! laws :i* p]vade & det]m9e all p]cepts1 9 ! ab/ract =m ( concepts1 d we inde$ deal only ) some?+ purely subjective4 ,b ?is subjectivity does n belong to ! cont5t ( ! concept :i*1 by means ( ?\ght1 is add$ to ! p]cept4 ,?is cont5t is tak51 n f ! subject1 b f reality4 ,x is t "p ( reality :i* is inaccessible to p]ception4 ,x is exp]i5ce1 b n ! k9d ( exp]i5ce :i* comes f p]ception4 ,^? :o _c und]/& t ! concept is some?+ real1 h 9 m9d only ! ab/ract =m1 9 :i* we fix & isolate ! concept4 ,b 9 ?is isolation1 ! concept is z mu* dep5d5t solely on our organisation z is ! p]cept4 ,! tree :i* ,i p]ceive1 tak5 9 isolation by itself1 has no exi/5ce2 x exi/s only z a memb] 9 ! imm5se me*anism ( ,nature1 & is possible only 9 real connection ) ,nature4 ,an ab/ract concept1 tak5 by itself1 has z little reality z a p]cept tak5 by itself4 ,! p]cept is t "p ( reality :i* is giv5 objectively1 ! concept t "p :i* is giv5 subjectively 7by intuition2 cp4 pp4 #ij ff474 ,our m5tal organisation breaks up reality into ^! two factors4 ,! "o factor is appreh5d$ by p]ception1 ! o!r by intuition4 ,only ! union ( ! two1 :i* consi/s ( ! p]cept fitt$ accord+ to law into its place 9 ! univ]se1 is reality 9 its full "*4 ,if we take m]e p]cepts by !mselves1 we h no reality b only a disconnect$ *aos4 ,if we take ! laws :i* det]m9e p]cepts by !mselves1 we h no?+ b ab/ract concepts4 ,reality is n to be f\nd 9 ! ab/ract concept4 ,x is reveal$ to ! contemplative act ( ?\ght :i* reg>ds nei!r ! concept by itself nor ! p]cept by itself1 b ! union ( bo?4 ,ev5 ! mo/ or?odox ,ideali/ w n d5y t we live 9 ! real _w 7t1 z real be+s1 we are root$ 9 x72 b he w d5y t our k1 by means ( its ideas1 is able to grasp reality z we live x4 ,z aga9/ ?is view1 ,monism %[s t ?\ght is nei!r subjective nor objective1 b a pr9ciple :i* holds toge!r bo? ^! sides ( reality4 ,! contemplative act ( ?\ght is a cognitive process :i* belongs itself to ! sequ5ce ( real ev5ts4 ,by ?\ght we ov]come1 )9 ! limits ( exp]i5ce itself1 ! "o-sid$ness ( m]e p]ception4 ,we are n able by means ( ab/ract conceptual hypo!ses 7purely conceptual speculation7 to puzzle out ! nature ( ! real1 b 9 s f> z we f9d = our p]cepts ! "r concepts we live 9 ! real4 ,monism does n seek to supplem5t exp]i5ce by some?+ unkn[able 7transc5d+ exp]i5ce71 b f9ds reality 9 concept & p]cept4 ,x does n manufacture a metaphysical sy/em out ( pure concepts1 because x looks ^u concepts z only "o side ( reality1 viz41 ! side :i* rema9s hidd5 f p]ception1 b is mean+less except 9 union ) p]cepts4 ,b ,monism gives man ! conviction t he lives 9 ! _w ( reality1 & has no ne$ to seek beyond ! _w = a high] reality4 ,x refuses to look = ,absolute ,reality any:]e b 9 exp]i5ce1 because x recognises reality 9 ! v cont5t ( exp]i5ce4 ,monism is satisfi$ ) ?is reality1 because x kn[s t our ?\ght po9ts to no o!r4 ,:at ,dualism seeks beyond ! _w ( exp]i5ce1 t ,monism f9ds 9 ?is _w itself4 ,monism %[s t our k grasps reality 9 its true nature1 n 9 a purely subjective image4 ,x holds ! conceptual cont5t ( ! _w to be id5tical = all human individuals 7cp4 pp4 #hd ff474 ,accord+ to ,moni/ic pr9ciples1 e human individual reg>ds e o!r z ak9 to himself1 because x is ! same _w-cont5t :i* expresses itself 9 all4 ,9 ! s+le conceptual _w !re are n z _m concepts ( lion z !re are individuals :o =m ! ?\ght ( lion1 b only "o4 ,& ! concept :i* ,a adds to ! p]cept ( lion is id5tical ) ,b's concept except s f> z1 9 ea* case1 x is appreh5d$ by a diff]5t p]ceiv+ subject 7cp4 p4 #he74 ,?\ght leads all p]ceiv+ subjects back to ! ideal unity 9 all multiplicity1 :i* is common to !m all4 ,!re is b "o ideal _w1 b x realises itself 9 human subjects z 9 a multiplicity ( individuals4 ,s long z man appreh5ds himself m]ely by self-obs]vation1 he looks ^u himself z ?is p>ticul> be+1 b s soon z he becomes consci\s ( ! ideal _w :i* %9es =? )9 him1 & :i* embraces all p>ticul>s )9 itself1 he p]ceives t ! ,absolute ,reality lives )9 him4 ,dualism fixes ^u ! ,div9e ,be+ z t :i* p]meates all m5 & lives 9 !m all4 ,monism f9ds ?is univ]sal ,div9e ,life 9 ,reality itself4 ,! ideal cont5t ( ano!r subject is also my cont5t1 & ,i reg>d x z a diff]5t cont5t only s long z ,i p]ceive1 b no long] :5 ,i ?9k4 ,e man embraces 9 8 ?\ght only a "p ( ! total _w ( ideas1 & s f>1 individuals are di/+ui%$ "o f ano!r also by ! actual cont5ts ( _! ?\ght4 ,b all ^! cont5ts belong to a self-conta9$ :ole1 :i* comprises )9 itself ! ?\ght-cont5ts ( all m54 ,h5ce e man1 9 s f> z he ?9ks1 lays hold ( ! univ]sal ,reality :i* p]vades all m54 ,to fill "o's life ) su* ?\ght-cont5t is to live 9 ,reality1 & at ! same "t to live 9 ,god4 ,! ?\ght ( a ,beyond owes its orig9 to ! misconception ( ^? :o believe t ?is _w _c h ! gr\nd ( its exi/5ce 9 itself4 ,!y d n und]/& t1 by ?9k+1 !y discov] j :at !y dem& = ! explanation ( ! p]ceptual _w4 ,?is is ! reason :y no speculation has ev] produc$ any cont5t :i* has n be5 borr[$ f reality z x is giv5 to u4 ,a p]sonal ,god is no?+ b a human be+ transplant$ into ! ,beyond4 ,s*op5hau]'s ,w is ! human w made absolute4 ,h>tmann's ,unconsci\s1 made up ( idea & w1 is b a comp\nd ( two ab/ractions drawn f exp]i5ce4 ,exactly ! same is true ( all o!r transc5d5t pr9ciples4 ,! tru? is t ! human m9d nev] transc5ds ! reality 9 :i* x lives4 ,inde$1 x has no ne$ to transc5d x1 see+ t ?is _w conta9s ev]y?+ t is requir$ = its own explanation4 ,if philosoph]s decl>e !mselves f9ally cont5t :5 !y h d$uc$ ! _w f pr9ciples :i* !y borr[ f exp]i5ce & !n transplant into an hypo!tical ,beyond1 ! same satisfaction ought to be possible1 if ^! same pr9ciples are all[$ to rema9 9 ?is _w to :i* !y belong anyh[4 ,all attempts to transc5d ! _w are purely illusory1 & ! pr9ciples transplant$ into ! ,beyond d n expla9 ! _w any bett] ?an ! pr9ciples :i* are imman5t 9 x4 ,:5 ?\ght und]/&s itself1 x does n dem& any su* transc5d5ce at all1 = !re is no ?\ght-cont5t :i* does n f9d )9 ! _w a p]ceptual cont5t1 9 union ) :i* x c =m a real object4 ,! objects ( imag9ation1 too1 are cont5ts :i* h no validity1 until !y h be5 trans=m$ into ideas t ref] to a p]ceptual cont5t4 ,?r\gh ?is p]ceptual cont5t !y h _! place 9 reality4 ,a concept ! cont5t ( :i* is suppos$ to lie beyond ! _w :i* is giv5 to u1 is an ab/raction to :i* no reality corresponds4 ,?\ght c discov] only ! concepts ( reality2 9 ord] to f9d reality itself1 we ne$ also p]ception4 ,an ,absolute ,be+ = :i* we inv5t a cont5t1 is a hypo!sis :i* no ?\ght c ent]ta9 t und]/&s itself4 ,monism does n d5y ideal factors2 inde$1 x refuses to recognise z fully real a p]ceptual cont5t :i* has no ideal c\nt]p>t1 b x f9ds no?+ )9 ! :ole range ( ?\ght t is n imman5t )9 ?is _w ( ours4 ,a sci5ce :i* re/ricts itself to a description ( p]cepts1 )\t advanc+ to _! ideal complem5ts1 is1 = ,monism1 b a fragm5t4 ,b ,monism reg>ds z equally fragm5t>y all ab/ract concepts :i* d n f9d _! complem5t 9 p]cepts1 & :i* fit n[h]e into ! conceptual net t embraces ! :ole p]ceptual _w4 ,h5ce x kn[s no ideas ref]r+ to objects ly+ beyond our exp]i5ce & suppos$ to =m ! cont5t ( purely hypo!tical ,metaphysics4 ,:atev] mank9d has produc$ 9 ! way ( su* ideas ,monism reg>ds z ab/ractions f exp]i5ce1 ^: orig9 9 exp]i5ce has be5 ov]look$ by _! au?ors4 ,j z little1 accord+ to ,moni/ic pr9ciples1 are ! ends ( our actions capable ( be+ d]iv$ f ! ,beyond4 ,s f> z we c ?9k !m1 !y mu/ h _! orig9 9 human intuition4 ,man does n adopt ! purposes ( an objective 7transc5d5t7 be+ z 8 own individual purposes1 b he pursues ! ends :i* 8 own moral imag9ation sets be=e him4 ,! idea :i* realises itself 9 an action is select$ by ! ag5t f ! s+le ideal _w & made ! basis ( 8 w4 ,consequ5tly 8 action is n a realisation ( comm&s :i* h be5 ?ru/ into ?is _w f ! ,beyond1 b ( human intuitions :i* belong to ?is _w4 ,= ,monism !re is no rul] ( ! _w /&+ outside ( u & det]m9+ ! aim & direction ( our actions4 ,!re is = man no transc5d5t gr\nd ( exi/5ce1 ! c\nsels ( :i* he might discov]1 9 ord] !nce to le>n ! ends to :i* he ought to direct 8 action4 ,man mu/ re/ :olly ^u himself4 ,he mu/ himself give a cont5t to 8 action4 ,x is 9 va9 t he seeks outside ! _w 9 :i* he lives = motives ( 8 w4 ,if he is to g at all beyond ! satisfaction ( ! natural in/9cts = :i* ,"m ,nature has provid$1 he mu/ look = motives 9 8 own moral imag9ation1 unless he f9ds x m conv5i5t to let !m be det]m9$ = him by ! moral imag9ation ( o!rs4 ,9 o!r words1 he mu/ ei!r cease act+ altoge!r1 or else act f motives :i* he selects = himself f ! _w ( 8 ideas1 or :i* o!rs select = him f t same _w4 ,if he develops at all beyond a life absorb$ 9 s5su\s in/9cts & 9 ! execution ( ! comm&s ( o!rs1 !n !re is no?+ t c det]m9e him except himself4 ,he has to act f a motive :i* he gives to himself & :i* no?+ else c det]m9e = him except himself4 ,x is true t ?is motive is ideally det]m9$ 9 ! s+le _w ( ideas2 b 9 actual fact x mu/ be select$ by ! ag5t f t _w & translat$ into reality4 ,monism c f9d ! gr\nd = ! actual realisation ( an idea ?r\gh human action only 9 ! human be+ himself4 ,t an idea %\ld pass into action mu/ be will$ by man be=e x c happ54 ,su* a w consequ5tly has its gr\nd only 9 man himself4 ,man1 on ?is view1 is ! ultimate det]m9ant ( 8 action4 ,he is free4 #a4 ,,addition ,,to ,,! ,,revis$ ,,edition 7#aiah74 ,9 ! second "p ( ?is book ! attempt has be5 made to ju/ify ! conviction t fre$om is to be f\nd 9 human conduct z x really is4 ,= ?is purpose x 0 necess>y to sort out1 f ! :ole sph]e ( human conduct1 ^? actions ) respect to :i* unprejudic$ self-obs]vation may appropriately speak ( fre$om4 ,^! are ! actions :i* appe> z realisations ( ideal intuitions4 ,no o!r actions w be call$ free by an unprejudic$ obs]v]4 ,h[ev]1 op5-m9d$ self-obs]vation compels man to reg>d himself z end[$ ) ! capacity = progress on ! road t[>ds e?ical intuitions & _! realisation4 ,yet ?is op5-m9d$ obs]vation ( ! e?ical nature ( man is1 by itself1 insuffici5t to con/itute ! f9al c\rt ( appeal = ! "q ( fre$om4 ,=1 suppose intuitive ?9k+ _h itself sprung f "s o!r ess5ce2 suppose its ess5ce 7 n gr\nd$ 9 itself1 !n ! consci\sness ( fre$om1 :i* issues f moral conduct1 w\ld prove to be a m]e illusion4 ,b ! second "p ( ?is book f9ds its natural support 9 ! fir/ "p1 :i* pres5ts intuitive ?9k+ z an inw>d spiritual activity :i* man exp]i5ces z su*4 ,to appreciate ?r\gh exp]i5ce ?is ess5ce ( ?9k+ is equival5t to recognis+ ! fre$om ( intuitive ?9k+4 ,& once we "k t ?is ?9k+ is free1 we "k also ! sph]e )9 :i* w may be call$ free4 ,we %all reg>d man z a free ag5t1 if on ! basis ( inn] exp]i5ce we may attribute to ! life ( intuitive ?9k+ a self-su/a9+ ess5ce4 ,:oev] _c d ?is w be unable to discov] any :olly unassailable road to ! belief 9 fre$om4 ,! exp]i5ce to :i* we "h ref] reveals 9 consci\sness intuitive ?9k+1 ! reality ( :i* does n dep5d m]ely on our be+ consci\s ( x4 ,fre$om1 too1 is !reby reveal$ z ! *>act]i/ic ( all actions :i* issue f ! intuitions ( consci\sness4 #b4 ,,addition ,,to ,,! ,,revis$ ,,edition 7#aiah74 ,! argum5tation ( ?is book is built up on ! fact ( intuitive ?9k+1 :i* may be exp]i5c$ 9 a purely spiritual way1 & :i* e p]ception ins]ts into reality s t reality comes !reby to be kn[n4 ,all t ?is book aim$ at pres5t+ 0 ! result ( a survey f ! basis ( our exp]i5ce ( intuitive ?9k+4 ,h[ev]1 ! int5tion also 0 to emphasise ! sy/ematic int]pretation :i* ?is ?9k+1 z exp]i5c$ by u1 dem&s4 ,x dem&s t we %all n d5y its pres5ce 9 cognition z a self-su/a9+ exp]i5ce4 ,x dem&s t we ackn[l$ge its capacity = exp]i5c+ reality 9 co-op]ation ) p]ception1 & t we d n make x seek reality 9 a _w outside exp]i5ce & accessible only to inf]5ce1 9 ! face ( :i* human ?9k+ w\ld be only a subjective activity4 ,?is view *>act]ises ?9k+ z t factor 9 man ?r\gh :i* he ins]ts himself spiritually into reality4 7,&1 /rictly1 no "o %\ld confuse ?is k9d ( _w-view1 :i* is bas$ on ?9k+ z directly exp]i5c$1 ) m]e ,rationalism47 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! :ole t5or ( ! prec$+ argum5tation %[s t p]ception yields a det]m9ation ( reality = human k only :5 x is tak5 hold ( 9 ?9k+4 ,outside ( ?9k+ !re is no?+ to *>act]ise reality = :at x is4 ,h5ce we h no "r to imag9e t s5se-p]ception is ! only witness to reality4 ,:atev] comes to u by way ( p]ception on our j\rney ?r\gh life1 we _c b expect4 ,! only po9t op5 to "q w\ld be :e!r1 f ! exclusive po9t ( view ( ?9k+ z we intuitively exp]i5ce x1 we h a "r to expect t ov] & above s5su\s p]ception !re is also spiritual p]ception4 ,?is expectation is ju/ifi$4 ,=1 ?\gh intuitive ?9k+ is1 on ! "o h&1 an active process tak+ place 9 ! human m9d1 x is1 on ! o!r h&1 also a spiritual p]ception m$iat$ by no s5se-organ4 ,x is a p]ception 9 :i* ! p]cipi5t is himself active1 & a self-activity :i* is at ! same "t p]ceiv$4 ,9 intuitive ?9k+ man ent]s a spiritual _w also z a p]cipi5t4 ,:atev] )9 ?is _w pres5ts itself to him z p]cept 9 ! same way 9 :i* ! spiritual _w ( 8 own ?9k+ s pres5ts itself1 t is recognis$ by him z con/itut+ a _w ( spiritual p]ception4 ,?is _w ( spiritual p]ception we may suppose to be /&+ 9 ! same relation to ?9k+ z does1 on ! s5su\s side1 ! _w ( s5se-p]ception4 ,man does n exp]i5ce ! _w ( spiritual p]ception z an ali5 some?+1 because he is already famili> 9 8 intuitive ?9k+ ) an exp]i5ce ( purely spiritual "*4 ,) su* a _w ( spiritual p]ception a numb] ( ! writ+s are conc]n$ :i* ,i h publi%$ s9ce ?is pres5t book appe>$4 ,! ,philosophy ( ,spiritual ,activity lays ! philosophical f\ndation = ^! lat] writ+s4 ,= x attempts to %[ t 9 ! v exp]i5ce ( ?9k+1 rightly und]/ood1 we exp]i5ce ,_s4 ,?is is ! reason :y x appe>s to ! au?or t no "o w /op %ort ( ent]+ ! _w ( spiritual p]ception :o has be5 able to adopt1 9 all s]i\sness1 ! po9t ( view ( ! ,philosophy ( ,spiritual ,activity4 ,true1 logical d$uction--by syllogisms--w n extract out ( ! cont5ts ( ?is book ! cont5ts ( ! au?or's lat] books4 ,b a liv+ und]/&+ ( :at is meant 9 ?is book by intuitive ?9k+ w naturally prep>e ! way = liv+ entry into ! _w ( spiritual p]ception4 ,,tru? ,,& ,,sci5ce #ae ,i ,,prelim9>y ,,obs]vations ,!ory ( ,k aims at be+ a sci5tific inve/igation ( ! v fact :i* all o!r sci5ces take = grant$ )\t exam9ation1 viz41 kn[+ or k-gett+ itself4 ,to say ?is is to attribute to x1 f ! v />t1 ! "* ( be+ ! fundam5tal philosophical discipl9e4 ,=1 x is only ?is discipl9e :i* c tell u :at value & significance belong to ! insight ga9$ by ! o!r sci5ces4 ,9 ?is respect x is ! f\ndation = all sci5tific endeav\r4 ,b1 x is cle> t ! ,!ory ( ,k c fulfil its task only if x works )\t any presuppositions ( its own1 s f> z t is possible 9 view ( ! nature ( human k4 ,?is is probably conc$$ on all sides4 ,& yet1 a m detail$ exam9ation ( ! bett]-kn[n epi/emological sy/ems reveals t1 at ! v />t+-po9t ( ! inquiry1 !re is made a :ole s]ies ( assumptions :i* detract consid]ably f ! plausibility ( ! re/ ( ! argum5t4 ,9 p>ticul>1 x is noticeable h[ frequ5tly c]ta9 hidd5 assumptions are made 9 ! v =mulation ( ! fundam5tal problems ( epi/emology4 ,b1 if a sci5ce beg9s by mis/at+ its problems1 we mu/ despair f ! />t ( f9d+ ! "r solution4 ,! hi/ory ( ! sci5ces tea*es u t c\ntless errors1 f :i* :ole epo*s h suff]$1 are to be trac$ :olly & solely to ! fact t c]ta9 problems 7 wrongly =mulat$4 ,= illu/rations !re is no ne$ to g back to ,ari/otle or to ! ,ars ,magna ,lulliana4 ,!re are pl5ty ( examples 9 m rec5t times4 ,! num]\s que/ions conc]n+ ! purposes ( ! rudim5t>y organs ( c]ta9 organisms c\ld be correctly =mulat$ only aft] ! discov]y ( ! fundam5tal law ( biog5esis _h creat$ ! necess>y conditions4 ,z long z ,biology 0 "u ! influ5ce ( teleological concepts1 x 0 impossible to put ^! problems 9 a =m p]mitt+ a satisfactory answ]4 ,:at fanta/ic ideas1 = example1 7 curr5t conc]n+ ! purpose ( ! s-call$ p9eal gl&1 s long z x 0 fa%ionable to frame biological que/ions 9 t]ms ( purpose4 ,an answ] 0 n a*iev$ until ! solution ( ! problem 0 s\ght by ! me?od ( ,comp>ative ,anatomy1 & sci5ti/s ask$ :e!r ?is organ might n be m]ely a residual survival 9 man f a l[] evolution>y level4 ,or1 to m5tion yet ano!r example1 consid] ! modifications 9 c]ta9 physical problems aft] ! discov]y ( ! laws ( ! me*anical equival5ts ( heat & ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy6 ,9 %ort1 ! success ( sci5tific inve/igations dep5ds ess5tially ^u ! inve/igator's ability to =mulate 8 problems correctly4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! ,!ory ( ,k1 z ! presupposition ( all o!r sci5ces1 occupies a position v diff]5t f !irs1 we may yet expect t = x1 too1 successful progress 9 its inve/igations w become possible only :5 ! fundam5tal que/ions h be5 put 9 ! correct =m4 ,! foll[+ discussions aim1 9 ! fir/ place1 at su* a =mulation ( ! problem ( k z w d ju/ice to ! "* ( ! ,!ory ( ,k z a discipl9e :i* is )\t any presuppositions :atev]4 ,_! second>y aim is to ?r[ light on ! relation ( ,j4 ,g4 ,fi*te's ,wiss5s*aftslehre to su* a fundam5tal philosophical discipl9e4 ,! reason :y precisely ,fi*te's attempt to provide an absolutely c]ta9 basis = ! sci5ces w be br\ght into clos] relation ) our own philosophical programme1 w become cle> ( itself 9 ! c\rse ( our inve/igation4 ,,ii ,,! ,,fundam5tal ,,problem ,,( ,,kant',s ,,!ory ,,( ,,k ,x is usual to designate ,kant z ! f\nd] ( ! ,!ory ( ,k 9 ! mod]n s5se4 ,aga9/ ?is view x might plausibly be argu$ t ! hi/ory ( philosophy records prior to ,kant num]\s inve/igations :i* des]ve to be reg>d$ z some?+ m ?an m]e beg9n+s ( su* a sci5ce4 ,?us ,volkelt1 9 8 fundam5tal "w on ! ,!ory ( ,k1 #af rem>ks t ! critical treatm5t ( ?is discipl9e took its orig9 already ) ,locke4 ,b 9 ! writ+s ( ev5 old] philosoph]s1 yes1 ev5 9 ! philosophy ( ,anci5t ,greece1 discussions are to be f\nd :i* at ! pres5t day are usually und]tak5 "u ! head+ ( ,!ory ( ,k4 ,h[ev]1 ,kant has revolutionis$ all problems "u ?is head f _! v dep?s up1 &1 foll[+ him1 num]\s ?9k]s h work$ !m ?r\gh s ?or\ghly t all ! old] attempts at solutions may be f\nd ov] aga9 ei!r 9 ,kant himself or else 9 8 successors4 ,h5ce1 = ! purposes ( a purely sy/ematic1 z di/9ct f a hi/orical1 /udy ( ! ,!ory ( ,k1 !re is n mu* dang] ( omitt+ any important ph5om5on by tak+ acc\nt only ( ! p]iod s9ce ,kant bur/ ^u ! _w ) 8 ,critique ( ,pure ,reason4 ,all previ\s epi/emological a*ievem5ts are recapitulat$ dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,! fundam5tal "q ( ,kant's ,!ory ( ,k is1 ,h[ are syn!tic judgm5ts a priori possible8 ,let u consid] ?is "q = a mom5t 9 respect ( its fre$om f presuppositions4 ,kant asks ! "q precisely because he believes t we c atta9 unconditionally c]ta9 k only if we are able to prove ! validity ( syn!tic judgm5ts a priori4 ,he says3 ,%\ld ?is "q be answ]$ 9 a satisfactory way1 we %all at ! same "t le>n :at "p reason plays 9 ! f\ndation & completion ( ^? sci5ces :i* conta9 a !oretical a priori k ( objects2 #ag &1 fur!r1 ,metaphysics /&s & falls ) ! solution ( ?is problem1 on :i*1 !re=e1 ! v exi/5ce ( ,metaphysics absolutely dep5ds4 #ah ,are !re any presuppositions 9 ?is "q1 z =mulat$ by ,kant8 ,yes1 !re are4 ,= ! possibility ( a sy/em ( absolutely c]ta9 k is made dep5d5t on its be+ built up exclusively out ( judgm5ts :i* are syn!tic & acquir$ indep5d5tly ( all exp]i5ce4 ,syn!tic is ,kant's t]m = judgm5ts 9 :i* ! concept ( ! pr$icate adds to ! concept ( ! subject some?+ :i* lies :olly outside ! subject1 al?\gh x /&s 9 "s connection ) ! subject1 #ai :]eas 9 analytic judgm5ts ! pr$icate affirms only :at is already 7implicitly7 conta9$ 9 ! subject4 ,?is is n ! place = consid]+ ! acute objections :i* ,johannes ,rehmke #bj br+s =w>d aga9/ ?is classification ( judgm5ts4 ,= our pres5t purpose1 x is en\gh to und]/& t we c atta9 to g5u9e k only ?r\gh judgm5ts :i* add to "o concept ano!r ! cont5t ( :i* 0 n1 = u at lea/1 conta9$ 9 t ( ! =m]4 ,if we *oose to call ?is class ( judgm5ts1 ) ,kant1 syn!tic1 we may agree t k 9 judgm5t =m is obta9able only :]e ! connection ( pr$icate & subject is ( ?is syn!tic sort4 ,b1 ! case is v diff]5t ) ! second half ( ,kant's "q1 :i* dem&s t ^! judgm5ts are to be =m$ a priori1 i4e41 indep5d5tly ( all exp]i5ce4 ,= "o ?+1 x is altoge!r possible #ba t su* judgm5ts d n occur at all4 ,at ! />t ( ! ,!ory ( ,k we mu/ hold entirely op5 ! "q1 :e!r we arrive at any judgm5ts o!rwise ?an by exp]i5ce1 or only by exp]i5ce4 ,inde$1 to unprejudic$ reflection ! alleg$ indep5d5ce ( exp]i5ce seems f ! fir/ to be impossible4 ,=1 let ! object ( our k be :at x may--x mu/1 surely1 always pres5t itself to u at "s "t 9 an imm$iate & unique way2 9 %ort1 x mu/ become = u an exp]i5ce4 ,ma!matical judgm5ts1 too1 are kn[n by u 9 no o!r way ?an by our exp]i5c+ !m 9 p>ticul> concrete cases4 ,ev5 if1 ) ,otto ,liebmann1 #bb = example1 we treat !m z f\nd$ ^u a c]ta9 organisation ( our consci\sness1 ?is empirical "* is none ! less manife/4 ,we %all !n say t ?is or t proposition is necess>ily valid1 because ! d5ial ( its tru? w\ld imply ! d5ial ( our consci\sness1 b ! cont5t ( a proposition c ent] our k only by its becom+ an exp]i5ce = u 9 exactly ! same way 9 :i* a process 9 ! out] _w ( nature does s4 ,let ! cont5t ( su* a proposition include factors :i* gu>antee its absolute validity1 or let its validity be bas$ on o!r gr\nds--9 ei!r case1 ,i c possess myself ( x only 9 "o way & 9 no o!r3 x mu/ be pres5t$ to me 9 exp]i5ce4 ,?is is ! fir/ objection to ,kant's view4 ,! o!r objection lies 9 ?is1 t we h no "r1 at ! outset ( our epi/emological inve/igations1 to affirm t no absolutely c]ta9 k c h its s\rce 9 exp]i5ce4 ,)\t d\bt1 x is easily conceivable t exp]i5ce itself might conta9 a crit]ion gu>antee+ ! c]ta9ty ( all k :i* has an empirical s\rce4 ,?us1 ,kant's =mulation ( ! problem implies two presuppositions4 ,! fir/ is t we ne$1 ov] & above exp]i5ce1 ano!r s\rce ( cognitions4 ,! second is t all k f exp]i5ce has only conditional validity4 ,kant entirely fails to realise t ^! two propositions are op5 to d\bt1 t !y /& 9 ne$ ( critical exam9ation4 ,he takes !m ov] z unque/ion$ assumptions f ! dogmatic philosophy ( 8 pr$ecessors & makes !m ! basis ( 8 own critical inquiries4 ,! dogmatic ?9k]s assume ! validity ( ^! two propositions & simply apply !m 9 ord] to get f ea* ! k9d ( k :i* x gu>antees4 ,kant assum$ _! validity & only asks1 ,:at are ! conditions ( _! validity8 ,b1 :at if !y are n valid at all8 ,9 t case1 ! edifice ( ,kantian doctr9e lacks all f\ndation :atev]4 ,! :ole argum5tation ( ! five sections :i* prec$e ,kant's =mulation ( ! problem1 am\nts to an attempt to prove t ! propositions ( ,ma!matics are syn!tic4 #bc ,b1 precisely ! two presuppositions :i* we h po9t$ out are reta9$ z m]e assumptions 9 8 discussions4 ,9 ! ,introduction to ! ,second ,edition ( ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason we read1 exp]i5ce c tell u t a ?+ is s & s1 b n t x _c be o!rwise1 &1 exp]i5ce nev] be/[s on its judgm5ts true or /rict univ]sality1 b only ! assum$ & relative univ]sality ( induction4 #bd ,9 ,prologom5a1 #be we f9d x said1 ,fir/1 z reg>ds ! s\rces ( metaphysics1 ! v concept ( ,metaphysics implies t !y _c be empirical4 ,! pr9ciples ( ,metaphysics 7:]e ! t]m 'pr9ciples' includes1 n m]ely its fundam5tal propositions1 b also its fundam5tal concepts71 c nev] be ga9$ f exp]i5ce1 = ! k ( ! metaphysician has precisely to be1 n physical1 b 'metaphysical1' i4e41 ly+ beyond ! rea* ( exp]i5ce4 ,la/ly ,kant says 9 ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason3 ,! fir/ ?+ to notice is1 t no truly ma!matical judgm5ts are empirical1 b always a priori4 ,!y c>ry necessity on _! v face1 & !re=e _c be d]iv$ f exp]i5ce4 ,%\ld anyone demur to ?is1 ,i am will+ to limit my ass]tion to ! propositions ( ,pure ,ma!matics1 :i*1 z ev]ybody w admit1 are n empirical judgm5ts1 b p]fectly pure a priori k4 #bf ,we may op5 ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason :]ev] we please1 we %all always f9d t 9 all its discussions ^! two dogmatic propositions are tak5 = grant$4 ,coh5 #bg & ,/adl] #bh attempt to prove t ,kant has e/abli%$ ! a priori "* ( ! propositions ( ,ma!matics & ,pure ,natural ,sci5ce4 ,b all t ,kant tries to d 9 ! ,critique may be summ$ up z foll[s4 ,! fact t ,ma!matics & ,pure ,natural ,sci5ce are a priori sci5ces implies t ! =m ( all exp]i5ce has its gr\nd 9 ! subject4 ,h5ce1 all t is giv5 by exp]i5ce is ! matt] ( s5sations4 ,?is matt] is syn!sis$ by ! =ms1 inh]5t 9 ! m9d1 into ! sy/em ( empirical sci5ce4 ,x is only z pr9ciples ( ord] = ! matt] ( s5se t ! =mal pr9ciples ( ! a priori !ories h function & significance4 ,!y make empirical sci5ce possible1 b !y _c transc5d x4 ,^! =mal pr9ciples are no?+ b ! syn!tic judgm5ts a priori1 :i* !re=e ext5d1 z conditions ( all possible empirical k1 z f> z t k b no fur!r4 ,?us1 ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 s f> f prov+ ! a priori "* ( ,ma!matics & ,pure ,natural ,sci5ce1 does b delimit ! sph]e ( _! applicability on ! assumption t _! pr9ciples mu/ become kn[n indep5d5tly ( exp]i5ce4 ,inde$1 ,kant is s f> f attempt+ a pro( ( ! a priori "* ( ^! pr9ciples1 t he simply excludes t "p ( ,ma!matics 7see ! quotation above7 9 :i*1 ev5 accord+ to 8 view1 t "* might be call$ 9 "q1 & conf9es himself to ! "p 9 :i* he ?9ks he c inf] ! a priori "* f ! b>e concepts involv$4 ,johannes ,volkelt1 too1 comes to ! conclusion t ,kant />ts f ! explicit presupposition t !re actually does exi/ k :i* is univ]sal & necess>y4 ,he goes on to rem>k1 ,?is presupposition :i* ,kant has nev] explicitly que/ion$1 is s pr(\ndly contradictory to ! "* ( a truly critical ,!ory ( ,k1 t ! "q mu/ be s]i\sly put :e!r ! ,critique is to be accept$ z critical ,!ory ( ,k at all4 ,volkelt does1 inde$1 decide t !re are good gr\nds = answ]+ ?is "q 9 ! affirmative1 b /ill1 z he says1 ?is dogmatic assumption does di/urb ! critical attitude ( ,kant's epi/emology 9 ! mo/ f>-rea*+ way4 #bi ,9 %ort1 ,volkelt1 too1 f9ds t ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason is n a ,!ory ( ,k free f all assumptions4 ,9 sub/antial agreem5t ) our view are also ! views ( ,o4 ,liebmann1 #cj ,hold]1 #ca ,w9delb&1 #cb ,ueb]weg1 #cc ,edu>d von ,h>tmann1 #cd & ,kuno ,fis*]1 #ce all ( :om ackn[l$ge t ,kant makes ! a priori "* ( ,pure ,ma!matics & ,physics ! basis ( 8 :ole argum5tation4 ,! propositions t we really h k :i* is indep5d5t ( all exp]i5ce1 & t exp]i5ce c furni% k ( only relative univ]sality1 c\ld be accept$ by u z valid only if !y 7 conclusions d$uc$ f o!r propositions4 ,x w\ld be absolutely necess>y = ^! propositions to be prec$$ by an inquiry into ! ess5tial nature ( exp]i5ce1 z well z by ano!r inquiry into ! ess5tial nature ( kn[+4 ,! =m] might ju/ify ! fir/1 ! latt] ! second1 ( ! above two propositions4 ,x w\ld be possible to reply to ! objections :i* we h urg$ aga9/ ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 z foll[s4 ,x might be said t e ,!ory ( ,k mu/ fir/ lead ! read] to ! place :]e ! />t+-po9t1 free f all presuppositions1 is to be f\nd4 ,=1 ! k :i* we h at any giv5 mom5t ( our lives is f> remov$ f ?is />t+-po9t1 s t we mu/ fir/ be artificially l$ back to x4 ,n[1 x is true t "s su* mutual und]/&+ betwe5 au?or & read] conc]n+ ! />t+-po9t ( ! sci5ce is necess>y 9 all ,!ory ( ,k4 ,b su* an und]/&+ ought on no acc\nt to g beyond %[+ h[ f> ! alleg$ />t+-po9t ( kn[+ is truly su*4 ,x ought to consi/ ( purely self-evid5t1 analytic propositions4 ,x ought n to lay d[n any positive1 sub/antial affirmations :i* influ5ce1 z 9 ,kant1 ! cont5t ( ! subsequ5t argum5tation4 ,moreov]1 x is ! duty ( ! epi/emologi/ to %[ t ! />t+-po9t :i* he alleges is really free f all presuppositions4 ,b all ?is has no?+ to d ) ! ess5tial nature ( t />t+-po9t4 ,x lies :olly outside ! />t+-po9t & makes no affirmations ab\t x4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ma!matical in/ruction1 too1 ! tea*] mu/ ex]t himself to conv9ce ! pupil ( ! axiomatic "* ( c]ta9 pr9ciples4 ,b no "o w ma9ta9 t ! cont5t ( ! axioms is 9 any way made dep5d5t on ^! prior discussions ( _! axiomatic "*4 #cf ,9 exactly ! same way1 ! epi/emologi/1 9 8 introductory rem>ks1 ought to %[ ! me?od by :i* we c rea* a />t+-po9t free f all presuppositions4 ,b ! real cont5t ( ! />t+-po9t ought to be indep5d5t ( ! reflections by :i* x is discov]$4 ,!re is1 mo/ c]ta9ly1 a wide diff]5ce betwe5 su* an introduction to ! ,!ory ( ,k & ,kant's way ( beg9n+ ) affirmations ( q def9ite1 dogmatic "*4 ,,iii ,,!ory ,,( ,,k ,,s9ce ,,kant ,kant's mi/ak5 =mulation ( ! problem has _h a great] or less] influ5ce on all subsequ5t /ud5ts ( ! ,!ory ( ,k4 ,= ,kant1 ! view t all objects :i* are giv5 to u 9 exp]i5ce are ideas 9 our m9ds is a consequ5ce ( 8 !ory ( ! a priori4 ,= ne>ly all 8 successors1 x has become ! fir/ pr9ciple & />t+-po9t ( _! epi/emological sy/ems4 ,x is said t ! fir/ & mo/ imm$iate tru? is1 simply & solely1 ! proposition t we "k our own ideas4 ,?is has come to be a well-nigh univ]sal conviction among philosoph]s4 ,g4 ,e4 ,s*ulze ma9ta9s 9 8 nesidemus1 z e>ly z #agib1 t all our cognitions are m]e ideas & t we c nev] transc5d our ideas4 ,s*op5hau] puts =w>d1 ) all ! philosophical pa?os :i* di/+ui%es him1 ! view t ! p]man5t a*ievem5t ( ,kant's philosophy is ! !sis t ! _w is my idea4 ,to ,edu>d von ,h>tmann ?is !sis is s inconte/able1 t he addresses 8 treatise1 ,kritis*e ,grundlegung des ,transc5d5tal5 ,realismus1 exclusively to read]s :o h a*iev$ critical emancipation f ! nave id5tification ( ! _w ( p]ception ) ! ?+-9-itself4 ,he dem&s ( !m t !y %all h made cle> to !mselves ! absolute het]og5eity ( ! object ( p]ception :i* ?r\gh ! act ( repres5tation has be5 giv5 z a subjective & ideal cont5t ( consci\sness1 & ( ! ?+-9-itself :i* is indep5d5t ( ! act ( repres5tation & ( ! =m ( consci\sness & :i* exi/s 9 its own "r4 ,8 read]s are requir$ to be ?or\ghly conv9c$ t ! :ole ( :at is imm$iately giv5 to u consi/s ( ideas4 #cg ,9 8 late/ "w on ,!ory ( ,k1 ,h>tmann does1 inde$1 attempt to give reasons = ?is view4 ,:at value %\ld be atta*$ to ^! reasons by an unprejudic$ ,!ory ( ,k w appe> 9 ! fur!r c\rse ( our discussions4 ,otto ,liebmann posits z ! sacrosanct fir/ pr9ciple ( ! ,!ory ( ,k ! proposition1 ,consci\sness _c transc5d itself4 #ch ,volkelt has call$ ! proposition t ! fir/ & mo/ imm$iate tru? is ! limitation ( all our k1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to our own ideas exclusively1 ! positivi/ic pr9ciple ( k4 ,he reg>ds only ^? !ories ( k z 9 ! fulle/ s5se critical :i* place ?is pr9ciple1 z ! only fix$ />t+-po9t ( philosophy1 at ! head ( _! discussions & !n consi/5tly ?9k out its consequ5ces4 #ci ,o!r philosoph]s place o!r propositions at ! head ( ! ,!ory ( ,k1 e4g41 ! proposition t its real problem conc]ns ! relation betwe5 ,?\ght & ,be+1 & ! possibility ( a m$iation betwe5 !m2 #dj or t x conc]ns ! way 9 :i* ,be+ becomes an object ( ,consci\sness2 #da & _m o!rs4 ,kir*mann />ts f two epi/emological axioms1 ,:atev] is p]ceiv$ is1 &1 ,:atev] is self-contradictory1 is n4 #db ,accord+ to ,e4 ,l4 ,fis*]1 k is ! sci5ce ( some?+ actual1 some?+ real1 #dc & he criticises ?is dogma z little z does ,go]+ :o ass]ts simil>ly1 ,to "k means always to "k some?+ :i* is4 ,?is is a fact :i* _c be d5i$ ei!r by scepticism or by ,kant's critical philosophy4 #dd ,^! two latt] ?9k]s simply lay d[n ! law3 ,?is is :at k is4 ,!y d n tr\ble to ask !mselves ) :at "r !y d x4 ,b1 ev5 if ^! v>i\s propositions 7 correct1 or l$ to correct =mulations ( ! problem1 x w\ld /ill be impossible to discuss !m at ! outset ( ! ,!ory ( ,k4 ,=1 !y all belong1 z positive & def9ite cognitions1 )9 ! realm ( k4 ,to say t my k ext5ds1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 only to my ideas1 is to express 9 a p]fectly def9ite judgm5t some?+ :i* ,i "k4 ,9 ?is judgm5t ,i qualify ! _w :i* is giv5 to me by ! pr$icate exi/+ 9 ! =m ( idea4 ,b h[ am ,i to "k1 prior to all k1 t ! objects giv5 to me are ideas8 ,! be/ way to conv9ce ourselves ( ! tru? ( ! ass]tion t ?is proposition has no "r to be put at ! head ( ! ,!ory ( ,k1 is to retrace ! way :i* ! human m9d mu/ foll[ 9 ord] to rea* ?is proposition1 :i* has become almo/ an integral "p ( ! :ole mod]n sci5tific consci\sness4 ,! consid]ations :i* h l$ to x are sy/ematically summ>is$1 ) approximate exhau/iv5ess1 9 ,"p ,i ( ,edu>d von ,h>tmann's treatise1 ,das ,grundproblem d] ,erk5ntni/heorie4 ,8 /atem5t1 !re1 may s]ve z a sort ( guid+-?read = u 9 our task ( review+ ! reasons :i* may lead to ! acceptance ( ?is proposition4 ,^! reasons are physical1 psy*o-physical1 physiological1 & prop]ly philosophical4 ,! ,physici/ is l$ by obs]vation ( ! ph5om5a :i* occur 9 our environm5t :51 e4g41 we exp]i5ce a s5sation ( s\nd1 to ! view t !re is no?+ 9 ^! ph5om5a :i* 9 ! v lea/ resembles :at we p]ceive imm$iately z s\nd4 ,outside1 9 ! space :i* surr\nds u1 no?+ is to be f\nd except longitud9al oscillations ( bodies & ( ! air4 ,!nce x is inf]r$ t :at 9 ord9>y life we call s\nd or tone is no?+ b ! subjective reaction ( our organism to ^! wave-l oscillations4 ,simil>ly1 x is inf]r$ t light & col\r & heat are purely subjective4 ,! ph5om5a ( col\r-disp]sion1 ( refraction1 ( int]f]5ce1 ( pol>isation1 tea* u t to ! j-m5tion$ s5sations !re correspond 9 ! out] space c]ta9 transv]se oscillations :i* we feel compell$ to ascribe1 9 "p to ! bodies1 9 "p to an immeasurably f9e1 ela/ic fluid1 ! e!r4 ,fur!r1 ! ,physici/ is driv5 by c]ta9 ph5om5a 9 ! _w ( bodies to ab&on ! belief 9 ! cont9uity ( objects 9 space1 & to analyse !m into sy/ems ( exce$+ly m9ute p>ticles 7molecules1 atoms71 ! size ( :i*1 relatively to ! di/ances betwe5 !m1 is immeasurably small4 ,!nce x is inf]r$ t all action ( bodies on ea* o!r is across ! empty int]v5+ space1 & is ?us a g5u9e actio 9 di/ans4 ,! ,physici/ believes himself ju/ifi$ 9 hold+ t ! action ( bodies on our s5ses ( t\* & temp]ature does n take place ?r\gh direct contact1 because !re mu/ always rema9 a def9ite1 if small1 di/ance betwe5 ! body & ! spot on ! sk9 :i* x is said to t\*4 ,!nce x is said to foll[ t :at we s5se z h>dness or heat 9 bodies is no?+ b ! reactions ( ! end-organs ( our t\*- & temp]ature-n]ves to ! molecul> =ces ( bodies :i* act ^u !m across empty space4 ,^! consid]ations f ! sph]e ( ,physics are supplem5t$ by ! ,psy*o-physici/s ) _! doctr9e ( specific s5se-en]gies4 ,j4 ,mll] has %[n t e s5se c be affect$ only 9 its own *>act]i/ic way z det]m9$ by its organisation1 & t its reaction is always ( ! same k9d :atev] may be ! ext]nal /imulus4 ,if ! optical n]ve is /imulat$1 light-s5sations are exp]i5c$ by u reg>dless ( :e!r ! /imulus 0 pressure1 or an electric curr5t1 or light4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! same ext]nal ph5om5a produce q diff]5t s5sations accord+ z !y are p]ceiv$ by diff]5t s5ses4 ,f ^! facts ! inf]5ce has be5 drawn t !re occurs only "o sort ( ph5om5on 9 ! ext]nal _w1 viz41 motions1 & t ! v>iety ( qualities ( ! _w we p]ceive is ess5tially a reaction ( our s5ses to ^! motions4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 we d n p]ceive ! ext]nal _w z su*1 b only ! subjective s5sations :i* x evokes 9 u4 ,physiology adds its quota to ! physical argum5ts4 ,physics deals ) ! ph5om5a :i* occur outside our organisms & :i* correspond to our p]cepts4 ,physiology seeks to inve/igate ! processes :i* g on 9 man's own body :5 a c]ta9 s5sation is evok$ 9 him4 ,x tea*es u t ! epid]mis is :olly ins5sitive to ! /imuli 9 ! ext]nal _w4 ,?us1 e4g41 if ext]nal /imuli are to affect ! end-organs ( our t\*-n]ves on ! surface ( our bodies1 ! oscillations :i* occur outside our bodies h to be transmitt$ ?r\gh ! epid]mis4 ,9 ! case ( ! s5ses ( he>+ & ( sight1 ! ext]nal motions h1 9 addition1 to be modifi$ by a numb] ( /ructures 9 ! s5se-organs1 be=e !y rea* ! n]ves4 ,! n]ves h to conduct ! effects produc$ 9 ! end-organs up to ! c5tral organ1 & only !n c take place ! process by means ( :i* purely me*anical *anges 9 ! bra9 produce s5sations4 ,x is cle> t ! /imulus :i* acts ^u ! s5se-organs is s completely *ang$ by ! trans=mations :i* x und]goes1 t e trace ( resemblance betwe5 ! initial impression on ! s5se-organs & ! f9al s5sation 9 consci\sness mu/ be oblit]at$4 ,h>tmann sums up ! outcome ( ^! consid]ations 9 ^! words3 ,?is cont5t ( consci\sness consi/s1 orig9ally1 ( s5sations :i* are ! reflex responses ( ! s\l to ! molecul> motions 9 ! highe/ cortical c5tres1 b :i* h n ! fa9te/ resemblance to ! molecul> motions by :i* !y are elicit$4 ,if we ?9k ?is l9e ( argum5t ?r\gh to ! end1 we mu/ agree t1 assum+ x to be correct1 !re survives 9 ! cont5t ( our consci\sness n ! lea/ elem5t ( :at may be call$ ext]nal exi/5ce4 ,to ! physical & physiological objections aga9/ s-call$ ,nave ,realism ,h>tmann adds "s fur!r objections :i* he describes z philosophical 9 ! /rict s5se4 ,a logical exam9ation ( ! physical & physiological objections reveals t1 aft] all1 ! desir$ conclusion c be rea*$ only if we />t f ! exi/5ce & nexus ( ext]nal objects1 j z ^! are assum$ by ! ord9>y nave consci\sness1 & !n inquire h[ ?is ext]nal _w c ent] ! consci\sness ( be+s ) organisms su* z ours4 ,we h se5 t e trace ( su* an ext]nal _w is lo/ on ! way f ! impression on ! s5se-organ to ! appe>ance ( ! s5sation 9 our consci\sness1 & t 9 ! latt] no?+ survives except our ideas4 ,h5ce1 we h to assume t ! picture ( ! ext]nal _w :i* we actually h1 has be5 built up by ! s\l on ! basis ( ! s5sations giv5 to x4 ,fir/1 ! s\l con/ructs out ( ! data ( ! s5ses ( t\* & sight a picture ( ! _w 9 space1 & !n ! s5sations ( ! o!r s5ses are fitt$ into ?is space-sy/em4 ,:5 we are compell$ to ?9k ( a c]ta9 complex ( s5sations z belong+ toge!r1 we are l$ to ! concept ( sub/ance & reg>d sub/ance z ! be>] ( s5se-qualities4 ,:5 we obs]ve t "s s5se-qualities disappe> f a sub/ance & t o!rs appe> 9 _! place1 we ascribe ?is ev5t 9 ! _w ( ph5om5a to a *ange regulat$ by ! law ( causality4 ,?us1 accord+ to ?is view1 our :ole _w-picture is compos$ ( subjective s5sations :i* are ord]$ by ! activity ( our own s\ls4 ,h>tmann says1 ,:at ! subject p]ceives is always only modifications ( its own psy*ic /ates & no?+ else4 #de ,n[ let u ask ourselves1 ,h[ d we come by su* a view8 ,! b>e skeleton ( ! l9e ( ?\ght :i* leads to x is z foll[s4 ,suppos+ an ext]nal _w exi/s1 we d n p]ceive x z su* b trans=m x ?r\gh our organisation into a _w ( ideas4 ,?is is a supposition :i*1 :5 consi/5tly ?\ght out1 de/roys itself4 ,b is ?is reflection capable ( support+ any positive alt]native8 ,are we ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ ! _w1 :i* is giv5 to u1 z ! subjective cont5t ( ideas because ! assumptions ( ! nave consci\sness1 logically foll[$ out1 lead to ?is conclusion8 ,our purpose is1 r1 to exhibit ^! assumptions !mselves z unt5able4 ,yet1 s f> we %\ld h f\nd only t x is possible = a premise to be false & yet = ! conclusion drawn f x to be true4 ,grant$ t ?is may happ51 yet we c nev] reg>d ! conclusion z prov$ by means ( t premise4 ,x is usual to apply ! title ( ,nave ,realism to ! !ory :i* accepts z self-evid5t & indubitable ! reality ( ! _w-picture :i* is imm$iately giv5 to u4 ,! opposite !ory1 :i* reg>ds ?is _w z m]ely ! cont5t ( our consci\sness1 is call$ ,transc5d5tal ,idealism4 ,h5ce1 we may sum up ! outcome ( ! above discussion by say+1 ,transc5d5tal ,idealism demon/rates its own tru?1 by employ+ ! premises ( ! ,nave ,realism :i* x seeks to refute4 ,transc5d5tal ,idealism is true1 if ,nave ,realism is false4 ,b ! falsity ( ! latt] is %[n only by assum+ x to be true4 ,once we cle>ly realise ?is situation1 we h no *oice b to ab&on ?is l9e ( argum5t & to try ano!r4 ,b are we to tru/ to good luck1 & exp]im5t ab\t until we hit by accid5t ^u ! "r l9e8 ,?is is ,edu>d von ,h>tmann's view :5 he believes himself to h %[n ! validity ( 8 own epi/emological /&po9t1 on ! gr\nd t 8 !ory expla9s ! ph5om5a :]eas its rivals d n4 ,accord+ to 8 view1 ! sev]al philosophical sy/ems are engag$ 9 a sort ( /ruggle = exi/5ce 9 :i* ! fitte/ is ultimately accept$ z victor4 ,b ?is me?od appe>s to u to be unsuitable1 if only = ! reason t !re may well be sev]al hypo!ses :i* expla9 ! ph5om5a equally satisfactorily4 ,h5ce1 we _h bett] keep to ! above l9e ( ?\ght = ! refutation ( ,nave ,realism1 & see :]e precisely its defici5cy lies4 ,=1 aft] all1 ,nave ,realism is ! view f :i* we all />t out4 ,= ?is reason alone x is advisable to beg9 by sett+ x "r4 ,:5 we h once und]/ood :y x mu/ be defective1 we %all be l$ ^u ! "r pa? ) f> great] c]ta9ty ?an if we proce$ simply at haphaz>d4 ,! subjectivism :i* we h sket*$ above is ! result ( ! elaboration ( c]ta9 facts by ?\ght4 ,?us1 x takes = grant$ t1 f giv5 facts z />t+-po9t1 we c by consi/5t ?9k+1 i4e41 by logical comb9ation ( c]ta9 obs]vations1 ga9 correct conclusions4 ,b our "r ?us to employ our ?9k+ rema9s unexam9$4 ,!re1 precisely1 lies ! weakness ( ?is me?od4 ,:]eas ,nave ,realism />ts f ! unexam9$ assumption t ! cont5ts ( our p]ceptual exp]i5ce h objective reality1 ! ,idealism j describ$ />ts f ! no less unexam9$ conviction t by ! use ( ?\ght we c rea* conclusions :i* are sci5tifically valid4 ,9 contra/ to ,nave ,realism1 we may call ?is po9t ( view ,nave ,rationalism4 ,9 ord] to ju/ify ?is t]m1 x may be well to ins]t "h a brief comm5t on ! concept ( ! ,nave4 ,a4 ,dr+1 9 8 essay b] d5 ,begriff des ,naiv5 ,realismus1 #df attempts a m precise det]m9ation ( ?is concept4 ,he says1 ,! concept ( ! ,nave m>ks z x 7 ! z]o-po9t on ! scale ( our reflection ^u our own activity4 ,9 cont5t ! ,nave may well co9cide ) ! ,true1 =1 al?\gh ! ,nave is unreflect+ &1 !re=e1 uncritical or a-critical1 yet ?is lack ( reflection & criticism excludes only ! objective assurance ( tru?4 ,x implies ! possibility & ! dang] ( error1 b x does n imply ! necessity ( error4 ,!re are nave modes ( feel+ & will+ z !re are nave modes ( appreh5d+ & ?9k+1 9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! latt] t]m4 ,fur!r1 !re are nave modes ( express+ ^! inw>d /ates 9 contra/ ) _! repression or modification ?r\gh consid]ation = o!rs & ?r\gh reflection4 ,nave activity is n influ5c$1 at lea/ n consci\sly1 by tradition1 education1 or impos$ rule4 ,x is 9 all sph]es 7z its root nativus1 br+s out71 unconsci\s1 impulsive1 in/9ctive1 dmonic activity4 ,/>t+ f ?is acc\nt1 we w try to det]m9e ! concept ( ! ,nave /ill m precisely4 ,9 e activity we may consid] two aspects--! activity itself & our consci\sness ( its con=mity to a law4 ,we may be :olly absorb$ 9 ! =m]1 )\t c>+ at all = ! latt]4 ,! arti/ is 9 ?is position1 :o does n "k 9 reflective =m ! laws ( 8 creative activity b yet practises ^! laws by feel+ & s5se4 ,we call him nave4 ,b !re is a k9d ( self-obs]vation :i* inquires into ! laws ( "o's own activity & :i* replaces ! nave attitude1 j describ$1 by ! consci\sness ( kn[+ exactly ! scope & ju/ification ( all "o does4 ,?is we w call critical4 ,?is acc\nt seems to u be/ to hit (f ! mean+ ( ?is concept :i*1 m or less cle>ly und]/ood1 has s9ce ,kant acquir$ citiz5-rights 9 ! _w ( philosophy4 ,critical reflection is1 ?us1 ! opposite ( nave consci\sness4 ,we call an attitude critical :i* makes itself ma/] ( ! laws ( its own activity 9 ord] to "k h[ f> x c rely on !m & :at are _! limits4 ,!ory ( ,k c be no?+ if n a critical sci5ce4 ,its object is precisely ! mo/ subjective activity ( man--kn[+4 ,:at x aims at exhibit+ is ! laws to :i* kn[+ con=ms4 ,h5ce1 ! nave attitude is :olly exclud$ f ?is sci5ce4 ,its claim to /r5g? lies precisely 9 t x a*ieves :at _m m9ds1 int]e/$ 9 practice r ?an 9 !ory1 pride !mselves on nev] hav+ attempt$1 viz41 ?9k+ ab\t ?\ght4 ,,iv ,,! ,,/>t+-,,po9ts ,,( ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,k ,at ! beg9n+ ( an epi/emological inquiry we mu/1 9 accordance ) ! conclusions we h rea*$1 put aside ev]y?+ :i* we h come to "k4 ,=1 k is some?+ :i* man has produc$1 some?+ :i* he has orig9at$ by 8 activity4 ,if ! ,!ory ( ,k is really to ext5d ! light ( its explanation ov] ! :ole field ( :at we "k1 x mu/ set out f a po9t :i* has rema9$ :olly unt\*$ by cognitive activity--inde$ :i* r furni%es ! fir/ impulse = ?is activity4 ,! po9t at :i* we mu/ />t lies outside ( :at we "k4 ,x _c z yet itself be an item ( k4 ,b we mu/ look = x imm$iately prior to ! act ( cognition1 s t ! v next /ep :i* man takes %all be a cognitive act4 ,! me?od = det]m9+ ?is absolutely fir/ />t+-po9t mu/ be su* t no?+ ent]s into x :i* is already ! result ( cognitive activity4 ,!re is no?+ b ! imm$iately-giv5 _w-picture ) :i* we c make a />t ( ?is sort4 ,?is means ! picture ( ! _w :i* is pres5t$ to man be=e he has 9 any way trans=m$ x by cognitive activity1 i4e41 be=e he has made ! v lea/ judgm5t ab\t x or submitt$ x to ! v smalle/ det]m9ation by ?9k+4 ,:at ?us passes initially ?r\gh our m9ds & :at our m9ds pass ?r\gh--?is incoh]5t picture :i* is n yet diff]5tiat$ into p>ticul> elem5ts1 9 :i* no?+ seems di/+ui%$ f1 no?+ relat$ to1 no?+ det]m9$ by1 any?+ else1 ?is is ! ,imm$iately-,giv54 ,on ?is level ( exi/5ce--if ! phrase is p]missible--no object1 no ev5t1 is z yet m important or m significant ?an any o!r4 ,! rudim5t>y organ ( an animal1 :i*1 9 ! light ( ! k belong+ to a high] level ( exi/5ce1 is p]haps se5 to be )\t any importance :atev] = ! developm5t & life ( ! animal1 comes be=e u ) ! same claim to our att5tion z ! noble/ & mo/ necess>y "p ( ! organism4 ,prior to all cognitive activity no?+ 9 our picture ( ! _w appe>s z sub/ance1 no?+ z quality1 no?+ z cause or z effect4 ,! contra/s ( matt] & _s1 ( body & s\l1 h n yet aris54 ,e o!r pr$icate1 too1 mu/ be kept away f ! _w-picture pres5t$ at ?is level4 ,we may ?9k ( x nei!r z reality nor z appe>ance1 nei!r z subjective nor z objective1 nei!r z necess>y nor z cont+5t4 ,we _c decide at ?is /age :e!r x is ?+-9-itself or m]e idea4 ,=1 we h se5 already t ! conclusions ( ,physics & ,physiology1 :i* lead u to subsume ! ,giv5 "u "o or o!r ( ! above heads1 mu/ n be made ! basis on :i* to build ! ,!ory ( ,k4 ,suppose a be+ ) fully-develop$ human intellig5ce 7 to be sudd5ly creat$ out ( ,no?+ & confront$ ) ! _w1 ! fir/ impression made by ! _w on 8 s5ses & 8 ?\ght w\ld be pretty mu* :at we h "h call$ ! imm$iately-giv5 _w-picture4 ,( c\rse1 no actual man at any mom5t ( 8 life has no?+ b ?is orig9al _w-picture be=e him4 ,9 8 m5tal developm5t !re is n[h]e a %>p l9e betwe5 pure1 passive reception ( ! ,giv5 f )\t & ! cognitive appreh5sion ( x by ,?\ght4 ,?is fact might sugge/ critical d\bts conc]n+ our me?od ( det]m9+ ! />t+-po9t ( ! ,!ory ( ,k4 ,?us1 e4g41 ,edu>d von ,h>tmann rem>ks3 ,we d n ask :at is ! cont5t ( consci\sness ( a *ild j awak5+ to consci\s life1 nor ( an animal on ! l[e/ rung ( ! ladd] ( organisms4 ,=1 ( ^! ?+s philosophis+ man has no exp]i5ce1 &1 if he tries to recon/ruct ! cont5t ( consci\sness ( be+s on primitive biog5etic or ontog5etic levels1 he _c b base 8 conclusions on 8 own p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,h5ce1 our fir/ task is to det]m9e :at is ! cont5t ( consci\sness :i* philosophis+ man discov]s 9 himself :5 he beg9s 8 philosophical reflection4 #dg ,b1 ! objection to ?is view is t ! picture ( ! _w ) :i* we beg9 philosophical reflection1 is already qualifi$ by pr$icates :i* are ! results solely ( k4 ,we h no "r to accept ^! pr$icates )\t "q4 ,on ! contr>y1 we mu/ c>efully extract !m f out ( ! _w-picture1 9 ord] t x may appe> 9 its purity )\t any admixture due to ! process ( cognition4 ,9 g5]al1 ! divid+ l9e betwe5 :at is giv5 & :at is add$ by cognition _c be id5tifi$ ) any s+le mom5t ( human developm5t1 b mu/ be drawn artificially4 ,b ?is c be done at e level ( developm5t1 provid$ only we divide correctly :at is pres5t$ to u prior to cognition1 )\t any det]m9ation by ?9k+1 f :at is made ( x by cognition4 ,n[1 x may be object$ t we h already pil$ up a :ole ho/ ( ?\ght-det]m9ations 9 ! v process ( extract+ ! alleg$ primitive _w-picture out ( ! complete picture into :i* man's cognitive elaboration has trans=m$ x4 ,b1 9 def5ce we mu/ urge t all our conceptual app>atus 0 employ$1 n = ! *>act]isation ( ! primitive _w-picture1 nor = ! det]m9ation ( its qualities1 b solely = ! guidance ( our analysis1 9 ord] to lead x to ! po9t :]e k recognises t x began4 ,h5ce1 !re c be no "q ( ! tru? or error1 correctness or incorrectness1 ( ! reflections :i*1 accord+ to our view1 prec$e ! mom5t :i* br+s u to ! />t+-po9t ( ! ,!ory ( ,k4 ,_! purpose is solely to guide u conv5i5tly to t po9t4 ,nobody :o is ab\t to occupy himself ) epi/emological problems1 /&s at ! same "t at :at we h rightly call$ ! />t+-po9t ( k1 = 8 k is already1 up to a c]ta9 degree1 develop$4 ,no?+ b analysis ) ! help ( concepts enables u to elim9ate f our develop$ k all ! ga9s ( cognitive activity & to det]m9e ! />t+-po9t :i* prec$es all su* activity4 ,b ! concepts ?us employ$ h no cognitive value4 ,!y h ! purely negative task to elim9ate out ( our field ( vision :atev] is ! result ( cognitive activity & to lead u to ! po9t :]e ?is activity fir/ beg9s4 ,! pres5t discussions po9t ! way to ^? primitive beg9n+s ^u :i* ! cognitive activity sets to "w1 b !y =m no "p ( su* activity4 ,?us1 :atev] ,!ory ( ,k has to say 9 ! process ( det]m9+ ! />t+-po9t1 mu/ be judg$1 n z true or false1 b only z fit or unfit = ?is purpose4 ,error is exclud$1 too1 f t />t+-po9t itself4 ,=1 error c beg9 only ) ! activity ( cognition2 prior to ?is1 x _c occur4 ,?is la/ proposition is compatible only ) ! k9d ( ,!ory ( ,k :i* sets out f our l9e ( ?\ght4 ,=1 a !ory :i* sets out f "s object 7or subject7 ) a def9ite conceptual det]m9ation is liable to error f ! v />t1 viz41 9 ?is v det]m9ation4 ,:e!r ?is det]m9ation is ju/ifi$ or n1 dep5ds on ! laws :i* ! cognitive act e/abli%es4 ,?is is a "q to :i* only ! c\rse ( ! epi/emological inquiry itself c supply ! answ]4 ,all error is exclud$ only :5 ,i c say t ,i h elim9at$ all conceptual det]m9ations :i* are ! results ( my cognitive activity1 & t ,i reta9 no?+ b :at ent]s ! circle ( my exp]i5ce )\t any activity on my "p4 ,:]e1 on pr9ciple1 ,i ab/a9 f e positive affirmation1 !re ,i _c fall into error4 ,f ! epi/emological po9t ( view1 error c occur only )9 ! sph]e ( cognitive activity4 ,an illusion ( ! s5ses is no error4 ,! fact t ! ris+ moon appe>s to u bigg] ?an ! moon ov]head is n an error1 b a ph5om5on fully expla9$ by ! laws ( nature4 ,an error w\ld result only1 if ?\ght1 9 ord]+ ! data ( p]ception1 7 to put a false int]pretation on ! bigg] or small] size ( ! moon4 ,b su* an int]pretation w\ld lie )9 ! sph]e ( cognitive activity4 ,if k is really to be und]/ood 9 its ess5tial nature1 we mu/1 )\t d\bt1 beg9 our /udy ( x at ! po9t :]e x orig9ates1 :]e x />ts4 ,moreov]1 x is cle> t :atev] prec$es its />t+-po9t has no legitimate place 9 any explanatory ,!ory ( ,k1 b mu/ simply be tak5 = grant$4 ,x is ! task ( sci5ce1 9 its sev]al bran*es1 to /udy ! ess5tial nature ( all t we are "h tak+ = grant$4 ,our aim1 "h1 is n to acquire specific k ( ?is or t1 b to inve/igate k z su*4 ,we mu/ fir/ und]/& ! act ( cognition1 be=e we c judge :at significance to atta* to ! affirmations ab\t ! cont5t ( ! _w :i* come to be made 9 ! process ( gett+ to "k t cont5t4 ,= ?is reason1 we ab/a9 f e attempt to det]m9e :at is imm$iately-giv51 s long z we are ignorant ( ! relation ( our det]m9ations to :at is det]m9$ by !m4 ,n ev5 ! concept ( ! imm$iately-giv5 affirms any positive det]m9ation ( :at prec$es cognition4 ,its only purpose is to po9t t[>ds ! ,giv51 to direct our att5tion ^u x4 ,"h1 at ! />t+-po9t ( ! ,!ory ( ,k1 ! t]m m]ely expresses1 9 conceptual =m1 ! initial relation ( ! cognitive activity to ! _w-cont5t4 ,! *oice ( ?is t]m all[s ev5 = ! case t ! :ole _w-cont5t %\ld turn out to be no?+ b a figm5t ( our own ,ego1 i4e41 t ! mo/ extreme subjectivism %\ld be "r4 ,=1 ( c\rse1 subjectivism does n express a fact :i* is giv54 ,x c1 at be/1 be only ! result ( !oretical consid]ations4 ,its tru?1 9 o!r words1 ne$s to be e/abli%$ by ! ,!ory ( ,k4 ,x _c s]ve z ! presupposition ( t !ory4 ,?is imm$iately-giv5 _w-cont5t includes ev]y?+ :i* c appe> )9 ! horizon ( our exp]i5ce1 9 ! wide/ s5se ( ?is t]m1 viz41 s5sations1 p]cepts1 intuitions1 feel+s1 volitions1 dreams1 fancies1 repres5tations1 concepts1 ideas4 ,illusions1 too1 & halluc9ations /& at ?is level exactly on a p> ) o!r elem5ts ( ! _w-cont5t4 ,only !oretical consid]ations c tea* u 9 :at relations illusions1 etc41 /& to o!r p]cepts4 ,a ,!ory ( ,k :i* />ts f ! assumption t all ! exp]i5ces j enum]at$ are cont5ts ( our consci\sness1 f9ds itself confront$ at once by ! "q3 ,h[ d we transc5d our consci\sness s z to appreh5d reality8 ,:]e is ! jump+-bo>d :i* w laun* u f ! subjective into ! trans-subjective8 ,= u1 ! situation is q diff]5t4 ,= u1 consci\sness & ! idea ( ! ,ego are1 prim>ily1 only items 9 ! ,imm$iately-,giv51 & ! relation ( ! latt] to ! two =m] has fir/ to be discov]$ by k4 ,we d n />t f consci\sness 9 ord] to det]m9e ! nature ( k1 b1 vice v]sa1 we />t f k 9 ord] to det]m9e consci\sness & ! relation ( subject to object4 ,see+ t1 at ! outset1 we atta* no pr$icates :atev] to ! ,giv51 we are b\nd to ask3 ,h[ is x t we are able to det]m9e x at all8 ,h[ is x possible to />t k any:]e at all8 ,h[ d we come to designate "o item ( ! _w-cont5t1 z1 e4g41 p]cept1 ano!r z concept1 a ?ird z reality1 o!rs z appe>ance1 z cause1 z effect8 ,h[ d we come to diff]5tiate ourselves f :at is objective1 & to contra/ ,ego & ,non-,ego8 ,we mu/ discov] ! bridge :i* leads f ! picture ( ! _w z giv5 to ! picture ( x :i* our cognitive activity unfolds4 ,b ! foll[+ difficulty confronts u4 ,s long z we d no?+ b passively gaze at ! ,giv51 we c n[h]e f9d a po9t :i* k c take hold ( & f :i* x c develop its int]pretations4 ,some:]e 9 ! ,giv5 we mu/ discov] ! spot :]e we c get to "w1 :]e some?+ homog5e\s to cognition meets u4 ,if ev]y?+ 7 m]ely giv51 we %\ld nev] get beyond ! b>e gaz+ outw>ds into ! ext]nal _w & a no less b>e gaz+ inw>ds into ! privacy ( our inn] _w4 ,we %\ld1 at mo/1 be able to describe1 b nev] to und]/&1 ! objects outside ( u4 ,our concepts w\ld /& 9 a purely ext]nal1 n 9 an int]nal1 relation to t to :i* !y apply4 ,if !re is to be k1 ev]y?+ dep5ds on !re be+1 some:]e )9 ! ,giv51 a field 9 :i* our cognitive activity does n m]ely presuppose ! ,giv51 b is at "w 9 ! v he>t ( ! ,giv5 itself4 ,9 o!r words1 ! v /rictness ) :i* we hold fa/ ! ,giv51 z m]ely giv51 mu/ reveal t n ev]y?+ is giv54 ,our dem& = ! ,giv5 turns out to h be5 "o :i*1 9 be+ /rictly ma9ta9$1 p>tially cancels itself4 ,we h insi/$ on ! dem&1 le/ we %\ld arbitr>ily fix ^u "s po9t z ! />t+-po9t ( ! ,!ory ( ,k1 in/ead ( mak+ a g5u9e ef=t to discov] x4 ,9 our s5se ( ! ^w giv51 ev]y?+ may be giv51 ev5 :at 9 its own inn]mo/ nature is n giv54 ,t is to say1 ! latt] pres5ts itself1 9 t case1 to u purely =mally z giv51 b reveals itself1 on clos] inspection1 = :at x really is4 ,! :ole difficulty 9 und]/&+ k lies 9 t we d n create ! _w-cont5t out ( ourselves4 ,if we did s create x1 !re w\ld be no k at all4 ,only objects :i* are giv5 c occasion que/ions = me4 ,objects :i* ,i create receive _! det]m9ations by my act4 ,h5ce1 ,i d n ne$ to ask :e!r ^! det]m9ations are true or false4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! second po9t 9 our ,!ory ( ,k4 ,x consi/s 9 ! po/ulate t !re mu/1 )9 ! sph]e ( ! ,giv51 be a po9t at :i* our activity does n float 9 a vacuum1 at :i* ! _w-cont5t itself ent]s into our activity4 ,we h already det]m9$ ! />t+-po9t ( ! ,!ory ( ,k by assign+ x a place :olly antec$5t to all cognitive activity1 le/ we %\ld di/ort t activity by "s prejudice borr[$ f among its own results4 ,n[ we det]m9e ! fir/ /ep 9 ! developm5t ( our k 9 su* a way t1 once m1 !re c be no "q ( error or incorrectness4 ,=1 we affirm no judgm5t ab\t any?+ :atsoev]1 b m]ely /ate ! condition :i* mu/ be fulfill$ if k is to be acquir$ at all4 ,x is all-important t we %\ld1 ) ! mo/ complete critical self-consci\sness1 keep be=e our m9ds ! fact t we are po/ulat+ ! v "* :i* t "p ( ! _w-cont5t mu/ possess on :i* our cognitive activity c beg9 to op]ate4 ,no?+ else is1 9 fact1 possible4 ,z giv51 ! _w-cont5t is :olly )\t det]m9ations4 ,no "p ( x c by itself furni% ! impulse = ord] to beg9 to be introduc$ into ! *aos4 ,h5ce1 cognitive activity mu/ issue its edict & decl>e :at ! "* ( t "p is to be4 ,su* an edict 9 no way infr+es ! "* ( ! ,giv5 z su*4 ,x introduces no arbitr>y affirmation into sci5ce4 ,=1 9 tru?1 x affirms no?+4 ,x m]ely decl>es t1 if ! possibility ( k is to be explicable at all1 we ne$ to look = a field l ! "o above describ$4 ,if !re is su* a field1 k c be expla9$2 if n1 n4 ,we began our ,!ory ( ,k ) ! ,giv5 z a :ole2 n[ we limit our requirem5t to ! s+l+ out ( a p>ticul> field )9 ! ,giv54 ,let u come to clos] grips ) ?is requirem5t4 ,:]e )9 ! _w-picture d we f9d some?+ :i* is n m]ely giv51 b is giv5 only 9 s f> z x is at ! same "t creat$ by ! cognitive activity8 ,we ne$ to be absolutely cle> t ?is creative activity mu/1 9 its turn1 be giv5 to u 9 all its imm$iacy4 ,no inf]5ces mu/ be requir$ 9 ord] to "k t x occurs4 ,!nce x foll[s1 at once1 t s5se-data d n meet our requirem5t4 ,=1 ! fact t !y d n occur )\t our activity is kn[n to u1 n imm$iately1 b z an inf]5ce f physical & physiological argum5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we d "k imm$iately t x is only 9 & ?r\gh ! cognitive act t concepts & ideas ent] into ! sph]e ( ! ,imm$iately-,giv54 ,h5ce1 no "o is deceiv$ conc]n+ ! "* ( concepts & ideas4 ,x is possible to mi/ake a halluc9ation = an object giv5 f )\t1 b no "o is ev] likely to believe t 8 concepts are giv5 )\t ! activity ( 8 own ?9k+4 ,a lunatic w reg>d z real1 ?\gh !y are 9 fact unreal1 only ?+s & relations :i* h atta*$ to !m ! pr$icate ( actuality1 b he w nev] say ( 8 concepts & ideas t !y h come into ! _w )\t 8 activity4 ,ev]y?+ else 9 our _w-picture is su* t x mu/ be giv51 if x is to be exp]i5c$ by u4 ,only ( our concepts & ideas is ! opposite true3 !y mu/ be produc$ by u1 if !y are to be exp]i5c$4 ,!y1 & only !y1 are giv5 9 a way :i* might be call$ intellectual intuition4 ,kant & ! mod]n philosoph]s :o foll[ him d5y altoge!r t man possesses ?is k9d ( intuition1 on ! gr\nd t all our ?9k+ ref]s solely to objects & is absolutely impot5t to produce any?+ out ( itself1 :]eas 9 intellectual intuition =m & matt] mu/ be giv5 toge!r4 ,b1 is n precisely ?is actually ! case ) pure concepts & ideas8 #dh ,to see ?is1 we mu/ consid] !m purely 9 ! =m 9 :i*1 z yet1 !y are q free f all empirical cont5t4 ,9 ord]1 e4g41 to compreh5d ! pure concept ( causality1 we mu/ g1 n to a p>ticul> in/ance ( causality nor to ! sum ( all in/ances1 b to ! pure concept itself4 ,p>ticul> causes & effects mu/ be discov]$ by inve/igation 9 ! _w1 b causality z a ,=m ( ,?\ght mu/ be creat$ by ourselves be=e we c discov] causes 9 ! _w4 ,if we hold fa/ to ,kant's !sis t concepts )\t p]cepts are empty1 x becomes un9telligible h[ ! det]m9ation ( ! ,giv5 by concepts is to be possible4 ,=1 suppose !re are giv5 two items ( ! _w-cont5t1 a & b4 ,9 ord] to f9d a relation betwe5 !m1 ,i mu/ be guid$ 9 my se>* by a rule ( det]m9ate cont5t4 ,su* a rule ,i c only create 9 ! act ( cognition itself4 ,i _c d]ive x f ! object1 because x is only ) ! help ( ! rule t ! object is to receive its det]m9ations4 ,su* a rule1 !re=e1 = ! det]m9ation ( ! real has its be+ :olly 9 purely conceptual =m4 ,be=e pass+ on1 we mu/ meet a possible objection4 ,x might seem z if 9 our argum5t we _h unconsci\sly assign$ a prom95t "p to ! idea ( ! ,ego1 or ! p]sonal subject1 & z if we employ$ ?is idea 9 ! developm5t ( our l9e ( ?\ght1 )\t hav+ e/abli%$ our "r to d s4 ,= example1 we h said t we produce concepts1 or t we make ?is or t dem&4 ,b ^! are m]e =ms ( spee* :i* play no "p 9 our argum5t4 ,t ! cognitive act is ! act (1 & orig9ates 91 an ,ego1 c1 z we h already po9t$ out1 be affirm$ only z an inf]5ce 9 ! process ( k itself4 ,/rictly1 we ought at ! outset to speak only ( cognitive activity )\t s mu* z m5tion+ a cognitive ag5t4 ,=1 all t has be5 e/abli%$ s f> am\nts to no m ?an ?is1 7#a7 t some?+ is giv51 & 7#b7 t at a c]ta9 po9t )9 ! giv5 !re orig9ates ! po/ulate set =? above2 also1 t concepts & ideas are ! entities :i* answ] to t po/ulate4 ,?is is n to d5y t ! po9t at :i* ! po/ulate orig9ates is ! ,ego4 ,b1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 we are cont5t to e/abli% ^! two /eps 9 ! ,!ory ( ,k 9 _! ab/ract purity4 ,v ,,k ,,& ,,reality ,concepts & ideas1 !n1 ?\gh !mselves "p ( ! ,giv51 yet at ! same "t take u beyond ! ,giv54 ,?us1 !y make x possible to det]m9e also ! nature ( ! o!r modes ( cognitive activity4 ,by means ( a po/ulate1 we h select$ a special "p out ( ! giv5 _w-picture1 because x is ! v ess5ce ( k to proce$ f a "p ) j ?is "*4 ,?us1 we h made ! selection solely 9 ord] to be able to und]/& k4 ,b1 we mu/ cle>ly confess to ourselves t by ?is selection we h artificially torn 9 two ! unity ( ! giv5 _w-picture4 ,we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ! "p :i* we h divorc$ f ! ,giv5 /ill cont9ues1 q ap>t f our po/ulate & indep5d5tly ( x1 to /& 9 a necess>y connection ) ! _w z giv54 ,?is fact det]m9es ! next /ep =w>d 9 ! ,!ory ( ,k4 ,x w consi/ 9 re/or+ ! unity :i* we h de/roy$ 9 ord] to %[ h[ k is possible4 ,?is re/oration w consi/ 9 ?9k+ ab\t ! _w z giv54 ,! act ( ?9k+ ab\t ! _w actually effects ! syn!sis ( ! two p>ts ( ! giv5 _w-cont5t--( ! ,giv5 :i* we survey up to ! horizon ( our exp]i5ce1 & ( ! "p :i*1 9 ord] to be also giv51 mu/ be produc$ by u 9 ! activity ( cognition4 ,! cognitive act is ! syn!sis ( ^! two factors4 ,9 e s+le cognitive act ! "o factor appe>s z some?+ produc$ 9 ! act itself & z add$ to ! o!r factor :i* is ! pure datum4 ,x is only at ! v />t ( ! ,!ory ( ,k t ! factor :i* o!rwise appe>s z always produc$1 appe>s also z giv54 ,to ?9k ab\t ! _w is to transmute ! giv5 _w by means ( concepts & ideas4 ,?9k+1 ?us1 is 9 v tru? ! act :i* br+s ab\t k4 ,k c arise only if ?9k+1 out ( itself1 introduces ord] into ! cont5t ( ! _w z giv54 ,?9k+ is itself an activity :i* produces a cont5t ( its own 9 ! mom5t ( cognition4 ,h5ce1 ! cont5t cognis$1 9 s f> z x has its orig9 solely 9 ?9k+1 (f]s no difficulty to cognition4 ,we ne$ only obs]ve x1 = 9 its ess5tial nature x is imm$iately giv5 to u4 ,! description ( ?9k+ is also ! sci5ce ( ?9k+4 ,9 fact1 ,logic 0 nev] any?+ b a description ( ! =ms ( ?9k+1 nev] a demon/rative sci5ce4 ,=1 demon/ration occurs only :5 !re is a syn!sis ( ! products ( ?9k+ ) a cont5t o!rwise giv54 ,h5ce1 ,gideon ,spick] is q "r :5 he says 9 8 book1 ,less+'s ,weltans*auung 7p4 #e73 ,we h no means ( kn[+1 ei!r empirically or logically1 :e!r ! results ( ?9k+1 z su*1 are true4 ,we may add t1 s9ce demon/ration already presupposes ?9k+1 ?9k+ itself _c be demon/rat$4 ,we c demon/rate a p>ticul> fact1 b we _c demon/rate ! process ( demon/rat+ itself4 ,we c only describe :at a demon/ration is4 ,all logical !ory is :olly empirical4 ,logic is a sci5ce :i* consi/s only ( obs]vation4 ,b if we want to get to "k any?+ ov] & above our ?9k+1 we c d s only ) ! help ( ?9k+4 ,t is to say1 our ?9k+ mu/ apply itself to some?+ giv5 & trans=m its *aotic into a sy/ematic connection ) ! _w-picture4 ,?9k+1 !n1 9 its application to ! _w z giv51 is a =mative pr9ciple4 ,! process is z foll[s4 ,fir/1 ?9k+ selects c]ta9 details out ( ! totality ( ! ,giv54 ,=1 9 ! ,giv51 !re are /rictly no individual details1 b only an undiff]5tiat$ cont9uum4 ,next1 ?9k+ relates ! select$ details to ea* o!r accord+ to ! =ms :i* x has itself produc$4 ,&1 la/ly1 x det]m9es :at foll[s f ?is relation4 ,! act ( relat+ two di/9ct items ( ! _w-cont5t to ea* o!r does n imply t ?9k+ arbitr>ily det]m9es some?+ ab\t !m4 ,?9k+ waits & sees :at is ! spontane\s consequ5ce ( ! relation e/abli%$4 ,) ?is consequ5ce we h at la/ "s degree ( k ( ! two select$ items ( ! _w-cont5t4 ,suppose ! _w-cont5t reveals no?+ ( its nature 9 response to ! e/abli%m5t ( su* a relation1 !n ! ef=t ( ?9k+ mu/ misc>ry1 & a fre% ef=t mu/ take its place4 ,all cognitions consi/ 9 ?is1 t two or m items ( ! ,giv5 are br\ght into relation ) ea* o!r by u & t we appreh5d :at foll[s f ?is relation4 ,)\t d\bt1 _m ( our ef=ts ( ?9k+ misc>ry1 n only 9 ! sci5ces1 z is amply prov$ by _! hi/ory1 b also 9 ord9>y life4 ,b 9 ! simple cases ( mi/ake :i* are1 aft] all1 ! commone/1 ! correct ?\ght s rapidly replaces ! incorrect1 t ! latt] is nev]1 or r>ely1 notic$4 ,kant1 9 8 !ory ( ! syn!tic unity ( app]ception1 _h an inkl+ ( ?is activity ( ?\ght 9 ! sy/ematic organisation ( ! _w-cont5t1 z we h "h develop$ x4 ,b 8 failure to appreciate cle>ly ! real function ( ?9k+ is reveal$ by ! fact1 t he believes himself able to d$uce ! a priori laws ( ,pure ,natural ,sci5ce f ! rules accord+ to :i* ?is syn!tic activity proce$s4 ,kant has ov]look$ t ! syn!tic activity ( ?9k+ is m]ely ! prep>ation = ! discov]y ( natural laws prop]ly s-call$4 ,suppose we select two items1 a & b1 f ! ,giv54 ,= k to arise ( a nexus accord+ to law betwe5 a & b1 ! fir/ requirem5t is t ?9k+ %\ld s relate a & b1 t ! relation may appe> to u z giv54 ,?us1 ! cont5t prop] ( ! law ( nature is d]iv$ f :at is giv51 & ! sole function ( ?9k+ is to e/abli% su* relations betwe5 ! items ( ! _w-picture t ! laws to :i* !y are subject become manife/4 ,! pure syn!tic activity ( ?9k+ is n ! s\rce ( any objective laws :atev]4 ,we mu/ inquire :at "p ?9k+ plays 9 ! =mation ( our sci5tific _w-picture z di/9ct f ! m]ely giv5 "o4 ,x foll[s f our acc\nt t ?9k+ supplies ! =mal pr9ciple ( ! con=mity ( ph5om5a to law4 ,suppose1 9 our example above1 t a is ! cause1 b ! effect4 ,unless ?9k+ 7 able to produce ! concept ( causality1 we %\ld nev] be able to "k t a & b 7 causally connect$4 ,b1 9 ord] t we may "k1 9 ! giv5 case1 t a is ! cause & b ! effect1 x is necess>y = a & b to possess ! *>act]i/ics :i* we mean :5 we speak ( cause & effect4 ,a simil> analysis applies to ! o!r categories ( ?\ght4 ,x w be appropriate to notice "h 9 a few words ,hume's discussion ( causality4 ,accord+ to ,hume1 ! concepts ( cause & effect h _! orig9 solely 9 cu/om4 ,we obs]ve repeat$ly t "o ev5t foll[s ano!r & become accu/om$ to ?9k ( !m z causally connect$1 s t we expect ! second to occur z soon z we h obs]v$ ! fir/4 ,?is !ory1 h[ev]1 spr+s f a totally mi/ak5 view ( ! causal relation4 ,suppose = sev]al days runn+ ,i obs]ve ! same p]son :5ev] ,i /ep out ( ! door ( my h\se1 ,i %all gradually =m ! habit ( expect+ ! temporal sequ5ce ( ! two ev5ts4 ,b1 x w nev] occur to me to ?9k t !re is any causal connection betwe5 my own appe>ance & t ( ! o!r p]son at ! same spot4 ,i %all call 9 aid ess5tially o!r items ( ! _w-cont5t 9 ord] to expla9 ! co9cid5ce ( ^! ev5ts4 ,9 %ort1 we det]m9e ! causal nexus ( two ev5ts1 n accord+ to _! temporal sequ5ce1 b accord+ to ! ess5tial "* ( ! items ( ! _w-cont5t :i* we call1 respectively1 cause & effect4 ,f ?is purely =mal activity ( our ?9k+ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! sci5tific picture ( ! _w1 x foll[s t ! cont5t ( e cognition _c be fix$ a priori 9 advance ( obs]vation 79 :i* ?9k+ comes to grips ) ! ,giv571 b mu/ be d]iv$ completely & exhau/ively f obs]vation4 ,9 ?is s5se1 all our cognitions are empirical4 ,nor is x possible to see h[ x c\ld be o!rwise4 ,=1 ,kant's judgm5ts a priori are at bottom1 n cognitions1 b po/ulates4 ,on ,kant's pr9ciples1 all we c ev] say is only ?is1 t if a ?+ is to become ! object ( possible exp]i5ce1 x mu/ con=m to ^! laws4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 rules :i* ! subject prescribes to all objects4 ,b1 we %\ld r expect cognitions ( ! ,giv5 to h _! s\rce1 n 9 ! con/itution ( ! subject1 b 9 t ( ! object4 ,?9k+ makes no a priori affirmations ab\t ! ,giv54 ,b x creates ! =ms1 on ! basis ( :i* ! con=mity ( ph5om5a to law becomes manife/ a po/]iori4 ,f our po9t ( view1 x is impossible to det]m9e any?+ a priori ab\t ! degree ( c]ta9ty belong+ to a judgm5t :i* embodies k ?us ga9$4 ,=1 c]ta9ty1 too1 d]ives f no?+ o!r ?an ! ,giv54 ,p]haps x w be object$ t obs]vation nev] e/abli%es any?+ except t a c]ta9 nexus ( ph5om5a actually occurs1 b n t x mu/ occur1 & w always occur1 9 l conditions4 ,b1 ?is sugge/ion1 too1 is 9 error4 ,= any nexus :i* ,i appreh5d betwe5 elem5ts 9 ! _w-picture is1 on our pr9ciples1 no?+ b :at is gr\nd$ 9 ^! elem5ts !mselves4 ,x is n import$ into ^! elem5ts by ?9k+1 b belongs to !m ess5tially1 & mu/1 !re=e1 necess>ily exi/ :5ev] !y !mselves exi/4 ,only a view :i* reg>ds all sci5tific rese>* z no?+ b ! endeav\r to correlate ! facts ( exp]i5ce by means ( pr9ciples :i* are subjective & ext]nal to ! facts1 c hold t ! nexus ( a & b may to-day obey "o law & to-morr[ ano!r 7,j4 ,s4 ,mill74 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we see cle>ly t ! laws ( nature h _! s\rce 9 ! ,giv51 & t1 !re=e1 ! nexus ( ph5om5a ess5tially dep5ds ^u1 & is det]m9$ by1 !m1 we %all nev] ?9k ( talk+ ( a m]ely relative univ]sality ( ! laws :i* are d]iv$ f obs]vation4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 n to ass]t t any giv5 law :i* we h once accept$ z correct1 mu/ be absolutely valid4 ,b :51 lat]1 a negative in/ance ov]?r[s a law1 ! reason is1 n t ! law f ! fir/ c\ld be inf]r$ only ) relative univ]sality1 b t x _h n at fir/ be5 inf]r$ correctly4 ,a g5u9e law ( nature is no?+ b ! =mulation ( a nexus 9 ! giv5 _w-picture1 & x exi/s z little )\t ! facts :i* x det]m9es1 z ^! exi/ )\t x4 ,above1 we h laid d[n t x is ! ess5ce ( ! cognitive activity to transmute1 by ?9k+1 ! giv5 _w-picture by means ( concepts & ideas4 ,:at foll[s f ?is fact8 ,if ! ,imm$iately-,giv5 7 a totality complete 9 itself1 ! "w :i* ?9k+ does ^u x 9 cognition w\ld be bo? impossible & unnecess>y4 ,we %\ld simply accept ! ,giv51 z x is1 & be satisfi$ ) x z su*4 ,cognitive activity is possible only because 9 ! ,giv5 some?+ lies hidd5 :i* does n yet reveal itself s long z we gaze at ! ,giv5 9 its imm$iacy1 b :i* becomes manife/ ) ! aid ( ! ord] :i* ?9k+ introduces4 ,prior to ! "w ( ?9k+1 ! ,giv5 does n possess ! fulness ( its own complete nature4 ,?is po9t becomes /ill m obvi\s by consid]+ 9 great] detail ! two factors involv$ 9 ! act ( cognition4 ,! fir/ factor is ! ,giv54 ,be+ giv5 is n a quality ( ! ,giv51 b m]ely a t]m express+ its relation to ! second factor 9 ! act ( cognition4 ,?is second factor1 viz41 ! conceptual cont5t ( ! ,giv51 is f\nd by our ?\ght 9 ! act ( cognition to be necess>ily connect$ ) ! ,giv54 ,two que/ions arise3 7#a7 ,:]e are ! ,giv5 & ! ,concept diff]5tiat$8 7#b7 ,:]e are !y unit$8 ,! answ] to ^! two que/ions is to be f\nd1 beyond any d\bt1 9 ! prec$+ discussions4 ,!y are diff]5tiat$ solely 9 ! act ( cognition4 ,!y are unit$ 9 ! ,giv54 ,!nce x foll[s necess>ily t ! conceptual cont5t is b a "p ( ! ,giv51 & t ! act ( cognition consi/s 9 re-unit+ ) ea* o!r ! two p>ts ( ! _w-picture :i* are1 at fir/1 giv5 to x 9 sep>ation4 ,! giv5 _w-picture ?us atta9s its completion only ?r\gh t m$iate k9d ( giv5ness :i* ?9k+ br+s ab\t4 ,9 its orig9al imm$iacy ! _w-picture is altoge!r incomplete4 ,if ! conceptual cont5t 7 f ! fir/ unit$ ) ! ,giv5 9 our _w-picture1 !re w\ld be no cognition4 ,=1 no ne$ c\ld ev] arise ( transc5d+ ! ,giv54 ,s1 aga91 if by ?9k+ & 9 ?9k+ we c\ld create ! :ole _w-cont5t1 once m !re w\ld be no cognition4 ,=1 :at we create ourselves we d n ne$ to cognise4 ,h5ce1 cognition exi/s because ! _w-cont5t is giv5 to u orig9ally 9 a =m :i* is incomplete1 :i* does n conta9 x z a :ole1 b :i*1 ov] & above :at x pres5ts imm$iately1 owns ano!r1 no less ess5tial1 aspect4 ,?is second aspect ( ! _w-cont5t--an aspect n orig9ally giv5--is reveal$ by cognition4 ,pure ?9k+ pres5ts 9 ! ab/ract1 n empty =ms1 b a sum ( det]m9ations 7categories7 :i* s]ve z =ms = ! re/ ( ! _w-cont5t4 ,! _w-cont5t c be call$ ,,reality only 9 ! =m :i* x acquires ?r\gh cognition & 9 :i* bo? aspects ( x are unit$4 ,,vi ,,!ory ,,( ,,k ,,)\t ,,presuppositions ,,v]sus ,,fi*te',s ,,!ory ,,( ,,sci5ce ,s f>1 we h det]m9$ ! idea ( k4 ,?is idea is giv5 imm$iately 9 ! human consci\sness :5ev] x functions cognitively4 ,to ! ,ego1 z ! c5tre #di ( consci\sness1 are giv5 imm$iately ext]nal & int]nal p]ceptions1 z well z its own exi/5ce4 ,! ,ego feels impell$ to f9d m 9 ! ,giv5 ?an x imm$iately conta9s4 ,ov] aga9/ ! giv5 _w1 a second _w1 ! _w ( ?9k+1 unfolds itself = ! ,ego & ! ,ego unites ^! two by realis+1 ( its own free w1 ! idea ( k :i* we h det]m9$4 ,?is acc\nts = ! fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 ! way 9 :i* 9 ! objects ( human consci\sness itself ! concept & ! ,imm$iately-,giv5 unite to =m ,reality 9 its :ol5ess1 & ! way 9 :i* _! union obta9s 9 ! re/ ( ! _w-cont5t4 ,= e o!r "p ( ! _w-cont5t we mu/ assume t ! union ( ! two factors is orig9al & necess>y f ! fir/1 & t x is only = cognition1 :5 cognition beg9s1 t an artificial sep>ation has sup]v5$1 b t cognition 9 ! end undoes ! sep>ation 9 keep+ ) ! orig9al & ess5tial unity ( ! object-_w4 ,= consci\sness ! case is q o!rwise4 ,"h ! union exi/s only :5 x is a*iev$ by ! liv+ activity ( consci\sness itself4 ,) e o!r k9d ( object1 ! sep>ation ( ! two factors is significant1 n = ! object1 b only = k4 ,_! union is "h orig9al1 _! sep>ation d]ivative4 ,cognition effects a sep>ation only because x mu/ fir/ sep>ate be=e x c a*ieve union by its own me?ods4 ,b1 = consci\sness1 ! ,concept & ! ,giv5 are orig9ally sep>ate4 ,union is "h d]ivative1 & t is :y cognition has ! "* :i* we h describ$4 ,j because 9 consci\sness ,idea & ,giv5 appe> 9 sep>ation1 does ! :ole ( reality split itself = consci\sness into ^! two factors4 ,&1 aga91 j because consci\sness c br+ ab\t ! union ( ! two factors only by its own activity1 c x rea* full reality only by p]=m+ ! act ( cognition4 ,! rema9+ categories 7ideas7 w\ld be necess>ily unit$ ) ! correspond+ l&s ( ! ,giv51 ev5 if !y 7 n tak5 up into cognition4 ,b ! idea ( cognition c be unit$ ) ! ,giv5 :i* corresponds to x1 only by ! activity ( consci\sness4 ,real consci\sness exi/s only 9 realis+ itself4 ,) ^! rem>ks we believe ourselves to be suffici5tly equipp$ = lay+ b>e ! root-error ( ,fi*te's ,wiss5s*aftslehre &1 at ! same "t1 = supply+ ! key to ! und]/&+ ( x4 ,fi*te is among all ,kant's successors ! "o :o has felt mo/ vividly t no?+ b a !ory ( consci\sness c supply ! f\ndation = all ! sci5ces4 ,b he nev] cle>ly und]/ood :y ?is is s4 ,he felt t ! act :i* we h call$ ! second /ep 9 ! ,!ory ( ,k & :i* we h =mulat$ z a po/ulate1 mu/ really be p]=m$ by ! ,ego4 ,?is may be se51 e4g41 f ! foll[+ passage4 ,! ,!ory ( ,sci5ce1 !n1 arises1 z itself a sy/ematic discipl9e1 j z d all possible sci5ces 9 s f> z !y are sy/ematic1 ?r\gh a c]ta9 act ( fre$om1 ! det]m9ate function ( :i* is1 m p>ticul>ly1 to make u consci\s ( ! *>act]i/ic activity ( intellig5ce z su*4 ,! result ( ?is free act is t ! necess>y activity ( intellig5ce1 :i* 9 itself already is =m1 is fur!r tak5 up z matt] into a fre% =m ( cognition or consci\sness4 #ej ,:at does ,fi*te "h mean by ! activity ( ! intellig5ce1 :5 we translate :at he has obscurely felt into cle> concepts8 ,no?+ b ! realisation ( ! idea ( k1 tak+ place 9 consci\sness4 ,_h ?is be5 p]fectly cle> to ,fi*te1 he ought to h express$ 8 view simply by say+1 ,x is ! task ( ! ,!ory ( ,sci5ce to br+ cognition1 9 s f> z x is /ill an unreflective activity ( ! ',ego1' into reflective consci\sness2 x has to %[ t ! realisation ( ! idea ( cognition 9 actual fact is a necess>y activity ( ! ',ego4' ,fi*te tries to det]m9e ! activity ( ! ,ego4 ,he decl>es t ! be+1 ! ess5ce ( :i* consi/s solely 9 ?is t x posits itself z exi/+1 is ! ,ego z absolute subject4 #ea ,?is posit+ ( ! ,ego is = ,fi*te ! orig9al1 uncondition$ act :i* lies at ! basis ( all ! re/ ( consci\sness4 #eb ,x foll[s t ! ,ego1 9 ,fi*te's s5se1 c likewise beg9 all its activity only ?r\gh an absolute fiat ( ! w4 ,b1 x is impossible = ,fi*te to supply any sort ( cont5t = ?is activity :i* 8 ,ego absolutely posits4 ,=1 ,fi*te c "n no?+ ^u :i* ?is activity might direct itself1 or by :i* x might be det]m9$4 ,8 ,ego is suppos$ to p]=m an act4 ,yes1 b :at is x to d8 ,fi*te fail$ to def9e ! concept ( cognition :i* ! ,ego is to realise1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 he /ruggl$ 9 va9 to f9d any way ( advanc+ f 8 absolute act to ! detail$ det]m9ations ( ! ,ego4 ,nay1 9 ! end he decl>es t ! inquiry into ! mann] ( ?is advance lies outside ! scope ( 8 !ory4 ,9 8 d$uction ( ! idea ( cognition he />ts nei!r f an absolute act ( ! ,ego1 nor f "o ( ! ,non-,ego1 b f a /ate ( be+ det]m9$ :i* is1 at ! same "t1 an act ( det]m9+4 ,8 reason = ?is is t no?+ else ei!r is1 or c be1 imm$iately conta9$ 9 consci\sness4 ,8 !ory leaves x :olly vague :at det]m9es1 9 turn1 ?is det]m9ation4 ,& x is ?is vagu5ess :i* drives u on beyond ,fi*te's !ory into ! practical "p ( ! ,wiss5s*aftslehre4 #ec ,b1 by ?is turn ,fi*te de/roys all k :atsoev]4 ,=1 ! practical activity ( ! ,ego belongs to q a diff]5t sph]e4 ,! po/ulate :i* we h put =w>d above c1 inde$1 be realis$--s mu* is cle>--only by a free act ( ! ,ego4 ,b1 if ?is act is to be a cognitive act1 ! all-important po9t is t its volunt>y decision %\ld be to realise ! idea ( cognition4 ,x is1 no d\bt1 true t ! ,ego by its own free w c d _m o!r ?+s z well4 ,b1 :at matt]s = ! epi/emological f\ndation ( ! sci5ces is n a def9ition ( :at x is = ! ,ego to be free1 b ( :at x is to "k4 ,fi*te has all[$ himself to be too mu* influ5c$ by 8 subjective t5d5cy to pres5t ! fre$om ( human p]sonality 9 ! brighte/ light4 ,h>ms1 9 8 address on ,! ,philosophy ( ,fi*te 7p4 #ae71 rightly rem>ks1 ,8 _w-view is pr$om9antly & exclusively e?ical1 & ! same "* is exhibit$ by 8 ,!ory ( ,k4 ,k w\ld h absolutely no?+ to d1 if all sph]es ( reality 7 giv5 9 _! totality4 ,b1 see+ t ! ,ego1 s long z x has n be51 by ?9k+1 ins]t$ into its place 9 ! sy/ematic :ole ( ! _w-picture1 exi/s m]ely z an imm$iately-giv5 some?+1 x is n en\gh m]ely to po9t out :at x does4 ,fi*te1 h[ev]1 believes t all we ne$ to d conc]n+ ! ,ego is to seek & f9d x4 ,we h to seek & f9d ! absolutely fir/1 :olly uncondition$ pr9ciple ( all human k4 ,be+ absolutely fir/1 ?is pr9ciple admits nei!r ( pro( nor ( det]m9ation4 #ed ,we h se5 t pro( & det]m9ation are out ( place solely z appli$ to ! cont5t ( ,pure ,logic4 ,b ! ,ego is a "p ( reality1 & ?is makes x necess>y to e/abli% t ?is or t category is actually to be f\nd 9 ! ,giv54 ,fi*te has fail$ to d ?is4 ,& ?is is ! reason :y he has giv5 su* a mi/ak5 =m to 8 ,!ory ( ,sci5ce4 ,zell] rem>ks #ee t ! logical =mul by means ( :i* ,fi*te seeks to rea* ! concept ( ! ,ego1 d b ill disguise 8 pr$et]m9$ purpose at any price to rea* ?is />t+-po9t = 8 !ory4 ,?is comm5t applies to ! fir/ =m 7#agid7 :i* ,fi*te gave to 8 ,wiss5s*aftslehre4 ,tak+ x1 !n1 z e/abli%$ t ,fi*te1 9 keep+ ) ! :ole tr5d ( 8 philosophical ?9k+1 c\ld n1 9 fact1 re/ cont5t ) any o!r />t+-po9t = k ?an an absolute & arbitr>y act1 we h ! *oice betwe5 only two ways ( mak+ ?is />t intelligible4 ,! "o way 0 to seize ^u "s "o among ! empirical activities ( consci\sness & to /rip (f1 "o by "o1 all ! *>act]i/ics ( x :i* d n foll[ orig9ally f its ess5tial nature1 until ! pure concept ( ! ,ego _h be5 cry/allis$ out4 ,! o!r way 0 to beg91 /raightway1 ) ! orig9al activity ( ! ,ego1 & to exhibit its nature by introspection & reflection4 ,fi*te foll[$ ! fir/ way at ! outset ( 8 philosophical ?9k+1 b 9 ! c\rse ( x he gradually swit*$ ov] to ! o!r4 ,bas+ himself ^u ,kant's syn!sis ( transc5d5tal app]ception1 ,fi*te conclud$ t ! :ole activity ( ! ,ego 9 ! syn!sis ( ! matt] ( exp]i5ce proce$s accord+ to ! =ms ( ! judgm5t4 ,to judge is to connect a pr$icate ) a subject--an act ( :i* ! purely =mal expression is a a4 ,?is proposition w\ld be impossible if ! x :i* connects pr$icate & subject1 did n re/ ^u a p[] to affirm unconditionally4 ,=1 ! proposition does n mean1 a exi/s2 x means1 if a exi/s1 !n !re exi/s a4 ,?us1 a is mo/ c]ta9ly n affirm$ absolutely4 ,h5ce1 if !re is to be an absolute1 unconditionally valid affirmation1 !re is no alt]native b to decl>e ! act ( affirm+ itself to be absolute4 ,:]eas a is condition$1 ! affirm+ ( a is uncondition$4 ,?is affirm+ is ! act ( ! ,ego :i*1 ?us1 possesses ! p[] to affirm absolutely & )\t conditions4 ,9 ! proposition1 a a1 ! "o a is affirm$ only on condition ( ! o!r be+ presuppos$4 ,moreov]1 ! affirm+ is an act ( ! ,ego4 ,if a is affirm$ 9 ! ,ego1 x is affirm$4 #ef ,?is connection is possible only on condition t !re is 9 ! ,ego some?+ always self-id5tical1 :i* effects ! transition f ! "o a to ! o!r4 ,! above-m5tion$ x is ?is self-id5tical aspect ( ! ,ego4 ,! ,ego :i* affirms ! "o a is ! same ,ego z t :i* affirms ! o!r a4 ,?is is to say ,ego ,ego4 ,b ?is proposition1 express$ 9 judgm5t-=m1 ,if ! ,ego is1 x is1 is mean+less4 ,=1 ! ,ego is n affirm$ on condition ( ano!r ,ego hav+ be5 presuppos$1 b x presupposes itself4 ,9 %ort1 ! ,ego is absolute & uncondition$4 ,! hypo!tical judgm5t-=m :i* is ! =m ( all judgm5ts1 s long z ! absolute ,ego is n presuppos$1 *anges = ! ,ego into ! =m ( ! categorical affirmation ( exi/5ce1 ,i am unconditionally4 ,fi*te has ano!r way ( putt+ ?is3 ! ,ego orig9ally affirms its own exi/5ce4 #eg ,cle>ly1 ?is :ole d$uction is no?+ b a sort ( elem5t>y s*ool-drill by means ( :i* ,fi*te tries to lead 8 read]s to ! po9t at :i* !y w p]ceive = !mselves ! uncondition$ activity ( ! ,ego4 ,8 aim is to put cle>ly be=e _! eyes t fundam5tal activity ( ! ,ego 9 ! abs5ce ( :i* !re is no su* ?+ z an ,ego at all4 ,let u n[ look back1 once m1 ov] ,fi*te's l9e ( ?\ght4 ,on clos] inspection1 x becomes obvi\s t x conta9s a leap--a leap1 moreov]1 :i* ?r[s grave d\bts ^u ! correctness ( 8 !ory ( ! orig9al act ( ! ,ego4 ,:at precisely is x t is absolute 9 ! affirmation ( ! ,ego8 ,take ! judgm5t1 ,if a exi/s1 !n !re exi/s a4 ,! a is affirm$ by ! ,ego4 ,s f> !re is no room = d\bt4 ,b1 ?\gh ! act is uncondition$1 yet ! ,ego mu/ affirm some?+ 9 p>ticul>4 ,x _c affirm an activity 9 g5]al & z su*2 x c affirm only a p>ticul>1 det]m9ate activity4 ,9 %ort1 ! affirmation mu/ h a cont5t4 ,b1 x _c d]ive ?is cont5t f itself1 = else we %\ld get no?+ b affirmations ( acts ( affirmation 9 inf9itum4 ,h5ce1 !re mu/ be some?+ :i* is realis$ by ?is affirm+1 by ?is absolute activity ( ! ,ego4 ,if ! ,ego does n seize ^u some?+ giv5 9 ord] to affirm x1 x c d no?+ at all1 &1 consequ5tly1 x _c affirm ei!r4 ,?is is prov$1 too1 by ,fi*te's proposition1 ! ,ego affirms its own exi/5ce4 ,exi/5ce1 "h1 is a category4 ,?us1 we are back at our own position3 ! activity ( ! ,ego consi/s 9 t x affirms1 ( its own free w1 ! concepts & ideas inh]5t 9 ! ,giv54 ,if ,fi*te _h n unconsci\sly be5 det]m9$ to exhibit ! ,ego z exi/+1 he w\ld h got n[h]e at all4 ,if1 in/ead1 he _h built up ! concept ( cognition1 he w\ld h rea*$ ! true />t+-po9t ( ! ,!ory ( ,k1 viz41 ,! ,ego affirms ! act ( cognition4 ,because ,fi*te fail$ to make cle> to himself :at det]m9es ! activity ( ! ,ego1 he fix$ simply ^u ! affirmation ( its own exi/5ce z ! "* ( t activity4 ,b1 ?is is at once to re/rict ! absolute activity ( ! ,ego4 ,=1 if no?+ is uncondition$ except ! ,ego's affirmation ( its own exi/5ce1 !n e o!r activity ( ! ,ego is condition$4 ,moreov]1 ! way is cut (f = pass+ f ! uncondition$ to ! condition$4 ,if ! ,ego is uncondition$ only 9 ! affirmation ( its own exi/5ce1 !n at once !re is cut (f all possibility ( affirm+ by an orig9al act any?+ o!r ?an its own exi/5ce4 ,h5ce1 ! necessity arises to assign a gr\nd = all ! o!r activities ( ! ,ego4 ,b ,fi*te1 z we h se5 above1 s\ght = su* a gr\nd 9 va94 ,?is is ! reason :y he %ift$ to ! second ( ! two ways1 indicat$ above1 = ! d$uction ( ! ,ego4 ,already 9 #agig1 9 8 ,er/e ,e9leitung 9 die ,wiss5s*aftslehre1 he recomm5ds self-obs]vation z ! "r me?od = /udy+ ! ,ego 9 its true1 orig9al "*4 ,obs]ve & wat* ?yself1 turn ?y eye away f all t surr\nds !e & look into ?yself--?is is ! fir/ dem& :i* philosophy makes ^u its disciple4 ,! topic ( our disc\rse1 is1 n any?+ outside ?yself1 b ?yself alone4 #eh ,?is introduction to ! ,!ory ( ,sci5ce is1 9 tru?1 9 "o way mu* sup]ior to ! o!r4 ,=1 self-obs]vation does n make u acqua9t$ ) ! activity ( ! ,ego "o-sid$ly 9 a fix$ direction4 ,x exhibits t activity1 n m]ely z affirm+ its own exi/5ce1 b z /riv+1 9 its _m-sid$ developm5t1 to compreh5d by ?9k+ ! _w-cont5t :i* is imm$iately-giv54 ,to self-obs]vation1 ! ,ego reveals itself z engag$ 9 build+ up its _w-picture by ! syn!sis ( ! ,giv5 ) concepts4 ,b1 anyone :o has n accompani$ u 9 our l9e ( ?\ght above1 & :o1 consequ5tly1 does n "k t ! ,ego c grasp ! :ole cont5t ( reality only on condition ( apply+ its ,?\ght-,=ms to ! ,giv51 is liable to reg>d cognition z a m]e process ( sp9n+ ! _w out ( ! ,ego itself4 ,h5ce1 = ,fi*te ! _w-picture t5ds increas+ly to become a con/ruction ( ! ,ego4 ,he emphasises m & m t ! ma9 po9t 9 ! ,wiss5s*aftslehre is to awak5 ! s5se :i* is able to wat* ! ,ego 9 ?is con/ruct+ ( its _w4 ,he :o is able ?us to wat* /&s1 = ,fi*te1 on a high] level ( k ?an he :o has eyes only = ! f9i%$ con/ruct1 ! ready-made _w4 ,if we fix our eyes only on ! _w ( objects1 we fail to p]ceive t1 b = ! creative activity ( ! ,ego1 t _w w\ld n exi/4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we wat* ! ,ego 9 its con/ructive activity1 we und]/& ! gr\nd ( ! f9i%$ _w-picture4 ,we "k h[ x has come to be :at x is4 ,we und]/& x z ! conclusion = :i* we h ! premises4 ,! ord9>y consci\sness sees only :at has be5 affirm$1 :at has be5 det]m9$ ?us or ?us4 ,x lacks ! insight into ! premises1 into ! gr\nds :y an affirmation is j z x is & n o!rwise4 ,to m$iate ! k ( ^! premises is1 accord+ to ,fi*te1 ! task ( a :olly new s5se4 ,?is is express$ mo/ cle>ly 9 ! ,e9leitungsvorlesung5 9 die ,wiss5s*aftslehre4 #ei ,my !ory presupposes a :olly novel inw>d s5se-organ1 by means ( :i* a new _w is giv5 :i* does n exi/ = ! ord9>y man at all4 ,or1 aga91 ,! _w ( ?is novel s5se1 & !reby ?is s5se itself1 are h]eby = ! pres5t cle>ly det]m9$3 x is ! _w 9 :i* we see ! premises on :i* is gr\nd$ ! judgm5t1 ',some?+ exi/s'2 x is ! gr\nd ( exi/5ce :i*1 j because x is ! gr\nd ( exi/5ce1 _c1 9 its turn1 be said to be or to be an exi/5ce4 #fj ,b1 "h1 too1 ,fi*te lacks cle> insight into ! activity ( ! ,ego4 ,he has nev] work$ 8 way ?r\gh to x4 ,t is :y 8 ,wiss5s*aftslehre c\ld n become :at else1 f its :ole design1 x ought to h become1 viz41 a ,!ory ( ,k z ! fundam5tal discipl9e ( philosophy4 ,=1 aft] x _h once be5 recognis$ t ! activity ( ! ,ego mu/ be affirm$ by ! ,ego itself1 x 0 v easy to ?9k t ! activity receives its det]m9ation also f ! ,ego4 ,b h[ else c ?is happ5 except we assign a cont5t to ! purely =mal activity ( ! ,ego8 ,if ! ,ego is really to import a cont5t into its activity :i*1 else1 is :olly undet]m9$1 !n ! nature ( t cont5t mu/ also be det]m9$4 ,=1 fail+ ?is1 x c\ld at be/ be realis$ only by "s ?+-9-itself 9 ! ,ego1 ( :i* ! ,ego w\ld be ! in/rum5t1 b n by ! ,ego itself4 ,if ,fi*te _h attempt$ to furni% ?is det]m9ation1 he w\ld h be5 l$ to ! concept ( cognition :i* x is ! task ( ! ,ego to realise4 ,fi*te's ,wiss5s*aftslehre proves t ev5 ! acute/ ?9k] fails to make fruitful contributions to any philosophical discussion1 unless he lays hold ( ! correct ,?\ght-,=m 7category1 idea7 :i*1 supplem5t$ by ! ,giv51 yields reality4 ,su* a ?9k] is l a man :o fails to he> ! mo/ glori\s melodies :i* are be+ play$ = him1 because he has no e> = tunes4 ,if we are to det]m9e ! nature ( consci\sness1 z giv51 we mu/ be able to rise to1 & make our own1 ! idea ( consci\sness4 ,at "o po9t ,fi*te is actually q close to ! true view4 ,he decl>es1 9 ! ,e9leitung5 zur ,wiss5s*aftslehre 7#agig71 t !re are two !oretical sy/ems1 viz41 ,dogmatism1 = :i* ! ,ego is det]m9$ by ! objects1 & ,idealism1 = :i* ! objects are det]m9$ by ! ,ego4 ,bo? are1 accord+ to him1 e/abli%$ z possible !ories ( ! _w2 bo? c be develop$ into self-consi/5t sy/ems4 ,b1 if we ?r[ 9 our lot ) ,dogmatism1 we mu/ ab&on ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,ego & make x dep5d5t on ! ?+-9-itself4 ,if we d n want to d ?is1 we mu/ adopt ,idealism4 ,! philosoph]'s *oice betwe5 ^! two sy/ems is left by ,fi*te :olly to ! pref]5ce ( ! ,ego4 ,b he adds t if ! ,ego desires to pres]ve its indep5d5ce1 x w give up ! belief 9 ext]nal ?+s & surr5d] itself to ,idealism4 ,b1 :at ,fi*te =got 0 ! consid]ation t ! ,ego _c make any g5u9e1 well-gr\nd$ decision or *oice1 unless some?+ is presuppos$ :i* helps ! ,ego to *oose4 ,all ! ,ego's attempts at det]m9ation rema9 empty & )\t cont5t1 if ! ,ego does n f9d some?+ :olly det]m9ate & full ( cont5t1 :i* enables x to det]m9e ! ,giv51 & !reby also to *oose betwe5 ,idealism & ,dogmatism4 ,?is some?+ :olly det]m9ate & full ( cont5t is1 precisely1 ! _w ( ,?\ght4 ,& ! det]m9ation ( ! ,giv5 by ?9k+ is1 precisely1 :at we call cognition4 ,we may take ,fi*te :]e we please--ev]y:]e we f9d t 8 l9e ( ?\ght at once gets mean+ & sub/ance1 z soon z we conceive 8 grey1 empty activity ( ! ,ego to be fill$ & regulat$ by :at we h call$ ! process ( cognition4 ,! fact t ! ,ego is free to ent] into activity out ( itself1 makes x possible = x1 by free self-det]m9ation1 to realise ! category ( cognition1 :]eas 9 ! re/ ( ! _w all categories are connect$ by objective necessity ) ! ,giv5 :i* corresponds to !m4 ,! inve/igation ( ! nature ( free self-det]m9ation w be ! task ( ,e?ics & ,metaphysics1 bas$ on our ,!ory ( ,k4 ,^! discipl9es1 too1 w h to debate ! "q :e!r ! ,ego is able to realise o!r ideas1 besides ! idea ( cognition4 ,b1 t ! realisation ( ! idea ( cognition issues f a free act has be5 made suffici5tly cle> 9 ! c\rse ( our discussions above4 ,=1 ! syn!sis1 effect$ by ! ,ego1 ( ! ,imm$iately-,giv5 & ( ! ,=m ( ,?\ght appropriate to x1 :i* two factors ( reality rema9 o!rwise always divorc$ f ea* o!r 9 consci\sness1 c be br\ght ab\t only by an act ( fre$om4 ,moreov]1 our argum5ts ?r[1 9 ano!r way1 q a fre% light on ,critical ,idealism4 ,to any close /ud5t ( ,fi*te's sy/em x w appe> z if ,fi*te c>$ = no?+ s mu* z = ! def5ce ( ! proposition1 t no?+ c ent] ! ,ego f )\t1 t no?+ c appe> 9 ! ,ego :i* 0 n ! ,ego's own orig9al creation4 ,n[1 x is beyond all dispute t no type ( ,idealism w ev] be able to d]ive f )9 ! ,ego t =m ( ! _w-cont5t :i* we h call$ ! ,imm$iately-,giv54 ,=1 ?is =m c only be giv52 x c nev] be con/ruct$ by ?9k+4 ,9 pro( ( ?is1 x is en\gh to reflect t1 ev5 if ! :ole s]ies ( col\rs 7 giv5 to u except "o1 we %\ld n be able to fill 9 t "o out ( ! b>e ,ego4 ,we c =m an image ( ! mo/ remote c\ntries1 ?\gh we h nev] se5 !m1 provid$ we h once p]sonally exp]i5c$1 z giv51 ! details :i* g to =m ! image4 ,we !n build up ! total picture1 accord+ to ! in/ructions suppli$ to u1 out ( ! p>ticul> facts :i* we h ourselves exp]i5c$4 ,b we %all /rive 9 va9 to inv5t out ( ourselves ev5 a s+le p]ceptual elem5t :i* has nev] appe>$ )9 ! sph]e ( :at has be5 giv5 to u4 ,x is "o ?+ to be m]ely acqua9t$ ) ! _w2 x is ano!r to h k ( its ess5tial nature4 ,?is nature1 = all t x is closely id5tifi$ ) ! _w-cont5t1 does n become cle> to u unless we build up reality ourselves out ( ! ,giv5 & ! ,=ms ( ,?\ght4 ,! real :at ( ! ,giv5 comes to be affirm$ = ! ,ego only ?r\gh ! ,ego itself4 ,! ,ego w\ld h no occasion to affirm ! nature ( ! ,giv5 = itself1 if x did n f9d itself confront$ at ! outset by ! ,giv5 9 :olly indet]m9ate =m4 ,?us1 ! ess5tial nature ( ! _w is affirm$1 n ap>t f1 b ?r\gh1 ! ,ego4 ,! true =m ( reality is n ! fir/ =m 9 :i* x pres5ts itself to ! ,ego1 b ! la/ =m :i* x receives ?r\gh ! activity ( ! ,ego4 ,t fir/ =m is1 9 fact1 )\t any importance = ! objective _w & c\nts only z ! basis = ! process ( cognition4 ,h5ce1 x is n ! =m giv5 to ! _w by !ory :i* is subjective1 b r ! =m 9 :i* ! _w is orig9ally giv5 to ! ,ego4 ,if1 foll[+ ,volkelt & o!rs1 we call ! giv5 _w exp]i5ce1 our view am\nts to say+3 ,! _w-picture pres5ts itself1 ow+ to ! con/itution ( our consci\sness1 9 subjective =m z exp]i5ce1 b sci5ce completes x & makes its true nature manife/4 ,our ,!ory ( ,k supplies ! basis = an ,idealism :i*1 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 und]/&s itself4 ,x supplies good gr\nds = ! conviction t ?9k+ br+s home to u ! ess5tial nature ( ! _w4 ,no?+ b ?9k+ c exhibit ! relations ( ! p>ts ( ! _w-cont5t1 be x ! relation ( ! heat ( ! sun to ! /one :i* x w>ms1 or ! relation ( ! ,ego to ! ext]nal _w4 ,?9k+ alone has ! function ( det]m9+ all ?+s 9 _! relations to ea* o!r4 ,! objection might /ill be urg$ by ! foll[]s ( ,kant1 t ! det]m9ation1 above-describ$1 ( ! ,giv5 holds1 aft] all1 only = ! ,ego4 ,our reply mu/ be1 consi/5tly ) our pr9ciples1 t ! di/9ction betwe5 ,ego & ,out] ,_w1 too1 holds only )9 ! ,giv51 & t1 !re=e1 x is irrelevant to insi/ on ! phrase1 = ! ,ego1 9 ! face ( ! activity ( ?9k+ :i* unites all opposites4 ,! ,ego1 z divorc$ f ! out] _w1 disappe>s completely 9 ! process ( ?9k+ out ! nature ( ! _w4 ,h5ce x becomes mean+less /ill to talk ( det]m9ations :i* hold only = ! ,ego4 ,,vii ,,conclud+ ,,rem>ks3 ,,epi/emological ,we h laid ! f\ndations ( ! ,!ory ( ,k z ! sci5ce ( ! significance ( all human k4 ,x alone cle>s up = u ! relation ( ! cont5ts ( ! sep>ate sci5ces to ! _w4 ,x enables u1 ) ! help ( ! sci5ces1 to atta9 to a philosophical _w-view4 ,positive k is acquir$ by u ?r\gh p>ticul> cognitions2 :at ! value ( our k is1 consid]$ z k ( reality1 we le>n ?r\gh ! ,!ory ( ,k4 ,by hold+ fa/ /rictly to ?is pr9ciple1 & by employ+ no p>ticul> cognitions 9 our argum5tation1 we h transc5d$ all "o-sid$ _w-views4 ,"o-sid$ness1 z a rule1 results f ! fact t ! inquiry1 in/ead ( conc5trat+ on ! process ( cognition itself1 busies itself ab\t "s object ( t process4 ,if our argum5ts are s\nd1 ,dogmatism mu/ ab&on its ?+-9-itself z fundam5tal pr9ciple1 & ,subjective ,idealism its ,ego1 = bo? ^! owe _! det]m9ate natures 9 _! relation to ea* o!r fir/ to ?9k+4 ,scepticism mu/ give up its d\bts :e!r ! _w c be kn[n1 = !re is no room = d\bt ) ref]5ce to ! ,giv51 because x is z yet unt\*$ by any ( ! pr$icates :i* cognition conf]s on x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ,scepticism 7 to ass]t t ?9k+ c nev] appreh5d ?+s z !y are1 its ass]tion1 be+ itself possible only ?r\gh ?9k+1 w\ld be self-contradictory4 ,=1 to ju/ify d\bt by ?9k+ is to admit by implication t ?9k+ c produce gr\nds suffici5t to e/abli% c]ta9ty4 ,la/ly1 our !ory ( k transc5ds bo? "o-sid$ ,empiricism & "o-sid$ ,rationalism 9 unit+ bo? at a high] level4 ,?us x does ju/ice to bo?4 ,x ju/ifies ,empiricism by %[+ t all positive k ab\t ! ,giv5 is obta9able only ?r\gh direct contact ) ! ,giv54 ,& ,rationalism1 too1 receives its due 9 our argum5t1 see+ t we hold ?9k+ to be ! necess>y & exclusive in/rum5t ( k4 ,! _w-view :i* has ! close/ aff9ity to ours1 z we h "h built x up on epi/emological f\ndations1 is t ( ,a4 ,e4 ,bi$]mann4 #fa ,b ,bi$]mann requires = ! ju/ification ( 8 po9t ( view dogmatic !ses :i* are q out ( place 9 ,!ory ( ,k4 ,?us1 e4g41 he works ) ! concepts ( ,be+1 ,sub/ance1 ,space1 ,"t1 etc41 )\t hav+ fir/ analys$ ! cognitive process by itself4 ,in/ead ( e/abli%+ ! fact t ! cognitive process consi/s1 to beg9 )1 only ( ! two elem5ts1 ! ,giv5 & ,?\ght1 he talks ( ! ,k9ds ( ,be+ ( ! real4 ,= example1 9 ,section #ae1 he says3 ,e cont5t ( consci\sness includes )9 itself two fundam5tal facts--x pres5ts to u1 z giv51 two k9ds ( ,be+ :i* we contra/ ) ea* o!r z s5su\s & spiritual1 ?+-l & idea-l1 ,be+4 ,& 9 ,section #ai3 ,:atev] has a spatio-temporal exi/5ce1 exi/s mat]ially2 t :i* is ! gr\nd ( all exi/5ce & ! subject ( life has an idea-l exi/5ce1 is real z hav+ an ideal ,be+4 ,?is sort ( argum5t belongs1 n to ! ,!ory ( ,k1 b to ,metaphysics1 :i* latt] presupposes ,!ory ( ,k z its f\ndation4 ,we mu/ admit t ,bi$]mann's doctr9e has _m po9ts ( simil>ity ) ours2 b our me?od has n a s+le po9t ( contact ) 84 ,h5ce1 we h _h no occasion to comp>e our position directly ) 84 ,bi$]mann's aim is to ga9 an epi/emological /&po9t ) ! help ( a few metaphysical axioms4 ,our aim is to rea*1 ?r\gh an analysis ( ! process ( cognition1 a !ory ( reality4 ,& we believe t we h succe$$ 9 %[+1 t all ! disputes betwe5 philosophical sy/ems result f ! fact t _! au?ors h s\ght to atta9 k ab\t "s object or o!r 7,?+1 ,self1 ,consci\sness1 etc471 )\t hav+ fir/ giv5 close /udy to t :i* alone c ?r[ light on :atev] else we "k1 viz41 ! nature ( k itself4 ,,viii ,,conclud+ ,,rem>ks3 ,,practical ,! aim ( ! prec$+ discussions has be5 to ?r[ light on ! relation ( our p]sonality1 z kn[]1 to ! objective _w4 ,:at does x signify = u to possess k & sci5ce8 ,?is 0 ! "q to :i* we s\ght ! answ]4 ,we h se5 t x is j 9 our kn[+ t ! inn]mo/ k]nel ( ! _w manife/ly reveals itself4 ,! h>mony1 subject to law1 :i* reigns ?r\gh\t ! :ole _w1 reveals itself precisely 9 human cognition4 ,x is1 !re=e1 "p ( ! de/9y ( man to elevate ! fundam5tal laws ( ! _w1 :i* d inde$ regulate ! :ole ( exi/5ce b :i* w\ld nev] become exi/5t 9 !mselves1 into ! realm ( realities :i* appe>4 ,?is precisely is ! ess5tial nature ( k t 9 x ! _w-gr\nd is made manife/ :i* 9 ! object-_w c nev] be discov]$4 ,kn[+ is--metaphorically speak+--a cont9ual m]g+ ( "o's life into ! _w-gr\nd4 ,su* a view is b\nd to ?r[ light also on our practical attitude t[>ds life4 ,our conduct is1 9 its :ole "*1 det]m9$ by our moral ideals4 ,^! are ! ideas we h ( our tasks 9 life1 or1 9 o!r words1 ( ! ends :i* we set ourselves to a*ieve by our action4 ,our conduct is a "p ( ! total _w-process4 ,consequ5tly1 x1 too1 is subject to ! univ]sal laws :i* regulate ?is process4 ,n[1 e ev5t 9 ! univ]se has two sides :i* mu/ be di/+ui%$3 its ext]nal sequ5ce 9 "t & space1 & its int]nal con=mity to law4 ,! appreh5sion ( ?is con=mity ( human conduct to law is b a special case ( k4 ,h5ce1 ! conclusions at :i* we h arriv$ conc]n+ ! nature ( k mu/ apply to ?is sort ( k1 too4 ,to appreh5d oneself z a p]son :o acts is to possess ! relevant laws ( conduct1 i4e41 ! moral concepts & ideals1 9 ! =m ( k4 ,x is ?is k ( ! con=mity ( our conduct to law :i* makes our conduct truly ours4 ,=1 9 t case1 ! con=mity is giv51 n z ext]nal to ! object 9 :i* ! action appe>s1 b z ! v sub/ance ( ! object engag$ 9 liv+ activity4 ,! object1 "h1 is our own ,ego4 ,if ! ,ego has ) its k really p5etrat$ ! ess5tial nature ( conduct1 !n x feels t x is !reby ma/] ( its conduct4 ,%ort ( ?is1 ! laws ( conduct confront u z some?+ ext]nal4 ,!y ma/] u4 ,:at we a*ieve1 we a*ieve "u ! compulsion :i* !y wield ov] u4 ,b ?is compulsion ceases1 z soon z _! ali5 "* has be5 trans=m$ into ! ,ego's v own activity4 ,!reaft]1 ! law no long] rules ov] u1 b rules 9 u ov] ! actions :i* issue f our ,ego4 ,to p]=m an act 9 ob$i5ce to a law :i* is ext]nal to ! ag5t is to be unfree4 ,to p]=m x 9 ob$i5ce to ! ag5t's own law is to be free4 ,to ga9 k ( ! laws ( "o's own conduct is to become consci\s ( "o's fre$om4 ,! process ( cognition is1 ?us1 accord+ to our argum5ts1 ! process ( ! developm5t ( fre$om4 ,n all human conduct has ?is "*4 ,!re are _m cases 9 :i* we d n "k ! laws ( our conduct4 ,?is "p ( our conduct is ! unfree "p ( our activity4 ,ov] aga9/ x /&s ! "p ! laws ( :i* we make completely our own4 ,?is is ! realm ( fre$om4 ,x is only 9 s f> z our life falls into ?is realm t x c be call$ moral4 ,to trans=m ! actions :i* are unfree into actions :i* are free--?is is ! task ( self-developm5t = e individual1 ?is is likewise ! task ( ! :ole human race4 ,?us1 ! mo/ important problem = all human ?9k+ is to conceive man z a p]sonality gr\nd$ ^u itself & free4 ,,app5dices ,,app5dix ,i ,,addition ,,to ,,! ,,revis$ ,,edition ,,( ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,fre$om1 #aiah4 ,v>i\s criticisms on ! "p ( philosoph]s ) :i* ?is book met imm$iately ^u its publication1 induce me to add to ?is ,revis$ ,edition ! foll[+ brief /atem5t4 ,i c well und]/& t !re are read]s :o are int]e/$ 9 ! re/ ( ! book1 b :o w look ^u :at foll[s z a tissue ( ab/ract concepts :i* to !m is irrelevant & makes no appeal4 ,!y may1 if !y *oose1 leave ?is brief /atem5t unread4 ,b 9 philosophy problems pres5t !mselves :i* h _! orig9 r 9 c]ta9 prejudices on ! ?9k]'s "p ?an 9 ! natural progression ( normal human ?9k+4 ,) ! ma9 body ( ?is book x seems to me to be ! duty ( e "o to conc]n himself1 :o is /riv+ = cle>ness ab\t ! ess5tial nature ( man & 8 relation to ! _w4 ,:at foll[s is r a problem ! discussion ( :i* c]ta9 philosoph]s dem& z necess>y to a treatm5t ( ! topics ( ?is book1 because ^! philosoph]s1 by _! :ole way ( ?9k+1 h creat$ c]ta9 difficulties :i* d n o!rwise occur4 ,if ,i 7 to pass by ^! problems entirely1 c]ta9 p w\ld be quick to accuse me ( dilettantism1 etc4 ,! impression w\ld ?us be creat$ t ! au?or ( ! views set d[n 9 ?is book has n ?\ght out 8 position ) reg>d to ^! problems because he has n discuss$ !m 9 8 book4 ,! problem to :i* ,i ref] is ?is3 !re are ?9k]s :o f9d a p>ticul> difficulty 9 und]/&+ h[ ano!r m9d c act on "o's own4 ,!y say3 ! _w ( my consci\sness is a clos$ circle )9 me2 s is ! _w ( ano!r's consci\sness )9 him4 ,i _c look into ! _w ( ano!r's m9d4 ,h[1 !n1 d ,i "k t he & ,i are 9 a common _w8 ,! !ory accord+ to :i* we c f ! consci\s _w inf] an unconsci\s _w :i* nev] c ent] consci\sness1 attempts to solve ?is difficulty z foll[s4 ,! _w1 x says1 :i* ,i h 9 my consci\sness is ! repres5tation 9 me ( a real _w to :i* my consci\sness has no access4 ,9 ?is transc5d5t _w exi/ ! unkn[n ag5ts :i* cause ! _w 9 my consci\sness4 ,9 x1 too1 exi/s my own real self1 ( :i* likewise ,i h only a repres5tation 9 my consci\sness4 ,9 x1 la/ly1 exi/s ! ess5tial self ( ! fell[-man :o confronts me4 ,:atev] passes 9 ! consci\sness ( my fell[-man corresponds to a reality 9 8 transc5d5t ess5ce :i* is indep5d5t ( 8 consci\sness4 ,8 ess5tial nature acts 9 t realm :i*1 on ?is !ory1 is equally beyond consci\sness4 ,?us an impression is made 9 my consci\sness :i* repres5ts !re :at is pres5t 9 ano!r's consci\sness & :olly beyond ! rea* ( my direct aw>5ess4 ,cle>ly ! po9t ( ?is !ory is to add to ! _w accessible to my consci\sness an hypo!tical _w :i* is to my imm$iate exp]i5ce inaccessible4 ,?is is done to avoid ! suppos$ alt]native ( hav+ to say t ! ext]nal _w1 :i* ,i reg>d z exi/+ be=e me1 is no?+ b ! _w ( my consci\sness1 ) ! absurd--solipsi/ic--coroll>y t o!r p]sons likewise exi/ only )9 my consci\sness4 ,sev]al epi/emological t5d5cies 9 rec5t speculation h jo9$ 9 creat+ ?is problem4 ,b x is possible to atta9 to cle>ness ab\t x by survey+ ! situation f ! po9t ( view ( spiritual p]ception :i* und]lies ! exposition ( ?is book4 ,:at is x t1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ,i h be=e me :5 ,i confront ano!r p]son8 ,to beg9 )1 !re is ! s5su\s appe>ance ( ! o!r's body1 z giv5 9 p]ception4 ,to ?is we might add ! auditory p]ception ( :at he is say+1 & s =?4 ,all ?is ,i appreh5d1 n ) a passive />e1 b by ! activity ( my ?9k+ :i* is set 9 motion4 ,?r\gh ! ?9k+ ) :i* ,i n[ confront ! o!r p]son1 ! p]cept ( him becomes1 z x 71 psy*ically transp>5t4 ,z my ?9k+ appreh5ds ! p]cept1 ,i am compell$ to judge t :at ,i p]ceive is really q o!r ?an x appe>s to ! out] s5ses4 ,! s5su\s appe>ance1 9 be+ :at x imm$iately is1 reveals some?+ else :i* x is m$iately4 ,9 pres5t+ itself to me z a di/9ct object1 x1 at ! same "t1 ext+ui%es itself z a m]e s5su\s appe>ance4 ,b 9 ?us ext+ui%+ itself x reveals a "* :i*1 s long z x affects me1 compels me z a ?9k+ be+ to ext+ui% my own ?9k+ & to put its ?9k+ 9 ! place ( m9e4 ,its ?9k+ is !n appreh5d$ by my ?9k+ z an exp]i5ce l my own4 ,?us ,i h really p]ceiv$ ano!r's ?9k+4 ,= ! imm$iate p]cept1 9 ext+ui%+ itself z s5su\s appe>ance1 is appreh5d$ by my ?9k+4 ,x is a pr(ess :i* passes :olly 9 my consci\sness & consi/s 9 ?is1 t ! o!r's ?9k+ takes ! place ( my ?9k+4 ,! self-ext9ction ( ! s5su\s appe>ance actually aboli%es ! sep>ation betwe5 ! sph]es ( ! two consci\snesses4 ,9 my own consci\sness ?is fusion manife/s itself 9 t1 s long z ,i exp]i5ce ! cont5ts ( ! o!r's consci\sness1 ,i am aw>e ( my own consci\sness z little z ,i am aw>e ( x 9 dreamless sleep4 ,j z my wak+ consci\sness is elim9at$ f ! latt]1 s are ! cont5ts ( my own consci\sness elim9at$ f my p]ception ( ! cont5ts ( ano!r's consci\sness4 ,two ?+s t5d to deceive u ab\t ! true facts4 ,! fir/ is t1 9 p]ceiv+ ano!r p]son1 ! ext9ction ( ! cont5ts ( "o's own consci\sness is replac$ n1 z 9 sleep1 by unconsci\sness1 b by ! cont5ts ( ! o!r's consci\sness4 ,! o!r is t my consci\sness ( my own self oscillates s rapidly betwe5 ext9ction & recurr5ce1 t ^! alt]nations usually escape obs]vation4 ,! :ole problem is to be solv$1 n ?r\gh artificial con/ruction ( concepts1 involv+ an inf]5ce f :at is 9 consci\sness to :at always mu/ transc5d consci\sness1 b ?r\gh g5u9e exp]i5ce ( ! connection betwe5 ?9k+ & p]ceiv+4 ,! same rem>k applies to _m o!r problems :i* appe> 9 philosophical lit]ature4 ,philosoph]s %\ld seek ! road to unprejudic$ spiritual obs]vation1 in/ead ( hid+ reality beh9d an artificial frontage ( concepts4 ,9 a monograph by ,edu>d von ,h>tmann on ,! ,ultimate ,problems ( ,epi/emology & ,metaphysics 79 ! ,zeits*rift fr ,philosophie und philosophis*e ,kritik1 ,vol4 #ajh1 p4 #ee71 my ,philosophy ( ,spiritual ,activity has be5 class$ ) ! philosophical t5d5cy :i* seeks to build ^u an epi/emological ,monism4 ,edu>d von ,h>tmann rejects ?is position z unt5able1 = ! foll[+ reasons4 ,accord+ to ! po9t ( view ma9ta9$ 9 8 monograph1 !re are only ?ree possible positions 9 ! !ory ( k4 ,! fir/ consi/s 9 rema9+ true to ! nave po9t ( view1 :i* reg>ds objects ( s5se-p]ception z real ?+s exi/+ outside ! human m9d4 ,?is1 urges ,von ,h>tmann1 implies a lack ( critical reflection4 ,i fail to realise t ) all my cont5ts ( consci\sness ,i rema9 imprison$ 9 my own consci\sness4 ,i fail to p]ceive t ,i am deal+1 n ) a table-9-itself1 b only ) a ph5om5on 9 my own consci\sness4 ,if ,i /op at ?is po9t ( view1 or if = :atev] reasons ,i return to x1 ,i am a ,nave ,reali/4 ,b ?is :ole position is unt5able1 = x ignores t consci\sness has no o!r objects ?an its own cont5ts4 ,! second position consi/s 9 appreciat+ ?is situation & confess+ x to oneself4 ,z a result1 ,i become a ,transc5d5tal ,ideali/4 ,z su*1 says ,von ,h>tmann1 ,i am oblig$ to d5y t a ?+-9-itself c ev] appe> 9 any way )9 ! human m9d4 ,b1 if develop$ ) unfl9*+ consi/5cy1 ?is view ends 9 ,absolute ,illusionism4 ,= ! _w :i* confronts me is n[ trans=m$ into a m]e sum ( cont5ts ( consci\sness1 &1 moreov]1 ( cont5ts ( my private consci\sness4 ,! objects ( o!r human m9ds1 too1 ,i am !n compell$ to conceive--absurdly en\gh--z pres5t solely 9 my own consci\sness4 ,h5ce1 ! only t5able position1 accord+ to ,von ,h>tmann1 is ! ?ird1 viz41 ,transc5d5tal ,realism4 ,on ?is view1 !re are ?+s-9-!mselves1 b consci\sness c h no deal+s ) !m by way ( imm$iate exp]i5ce4 ,exi/+ beyond ! sph]e ( human consci\sness1 !y cause1 9 a way ( :i* we rema9 unconsci\s1 ! appe>ance ( objects 9 consci\sness4 ,^! ?+s-9-!mselves are kn[n only by inf]5ce f ! cont5ts ( consci\sness1 :i* are imm$iately exp]i5c$ b = t v reason1 purely ideal4 ,edu>d von ,h>tmann ma9ta9s 9 ! monograph cit$ above1 t epi/emological ,monism--= su* he takes my po9t ( view to be--is b\nd to decl>e itself id5tical ) "o or o!r ( ! above ?ree positions2 & t its failure to d s is due only to its inconsi/5cy 9 n draw+ ! actual consequ5ces ( its presuppositions4 ,! monograph goes on to say3 ,if we want to f9d out :i* epi/emological position a s-call$ ,epi/emological ,moni/ occupies1 all we h to d is to put to him c]ta9 que/ions & compel him to answ] !m4 ,=1 out ( 8 own initiative1 no ,moni/ w condesc5d to /ate 8 views on ^! po9ts1 & likewise he w seek to dodge 9 e way giv+ a /raight answ] to our que/ions1 because e answ] he may give w betray t ,epi/emological ,monism does n diff] f "o or o!r ( ! ?ree positions4 ,our que/ions are ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,are ?+s cont9u\s or int]mitt5t 9 _! exi/5ce8 ,if ! answ] is 'cont9u\s1' we h be=e u "s "o ( ! =ms ( ,nave ,realism4 ,if ! answ] is 'int]mitt5t1' we h ,transc5d5tal ,idealism4 ,b if ! answ] is3 ',!y are1 on ! "o h&1 cont9u\s1 viz41 z cont5ts ( ! ,absolute ,m9d1 or z unconsci\s ideas1 or z p]man5t possibilities ( p]ception1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 int]mitt5t1 viz41 z cont5ts ( f9ite consci\sness1' we recognise ,transc5d5tal ,realism4 7#b7 ,:5 ?ree p]sons are sitt+ at a table1 h[ _m di/9ct tables are !re8 ,! ,nave ,reali/ answ]s '"o'2 ! ,transc5d5tal ,ideali/ answ]s '?ree'2 b ! ,transc5d5tal ,reali/ answ]s 'f\r4' ,?is la/ answ] does1 inde$1 presuppose t x is legitimate to gr\p toge!r 9 ! s+le "q1 ',h[ _m tables8' ?+s s unlike ea* o!r z ! "o table :i* is ! '?+-9-itself' & ! ?ree tables :i* are ! objects ( p]ception 9 ! ?ree p]ceiv]s' m9ds4 ,if ?is seems too great a lic5ce to anyone1 he w h to answ] '"o & ?ree1' in/ead ( 'f\r4' 7#c7 ,:5 two p]sons are alone toge!r 9 a room1 h[ _m di/9ct p]sons are !re8 ,if y answ] 'two'--y are a ,nave ,reali/4 ,if y answ] 'f\r1' viz41 9 ea* ( ! two m9ds "o ',i' & "o ',o!r1' y are a ,transc5d5tal ,ideali/4 ,if y answ] 'six1' viz41 two p]sons z '?+s-9-!mselves' & f\r p]sons z ideal objects 9 ! two m9ds1 y are a ,transc5d5tal ,reali/4 ,9 ord] to %[ t ,epi/emological ,monism is n "o ( ^! ?ree positions1 we %\ld h to give o!r answ]s ?an ! above to ea* ( ^! ?ree que/ions4 ,b ,i _c imag9e :at answ]s ^! c\ld be4 ,! answ]s ( ! ,philosophy ( ,spiritual ,activity w\ld h to be3 7#a7 ,:oev] appreh5ds only :at he p]ceives ( a ?+ & mi/akes ^! p]cepts = ! reality ( ! ?+1 is a ,nave ,reali/4 ,he does n realise t1 /rictly1 he ought to reg>d ^! p]ceptual cont5ts z exi/+ only s long z he is look+ at ! objects1 s t he ought to conceive ! objects be=e him z int]mitt5t4 ,z soon1 h[ev]1 z x becomes cle> to him t reality is to be met ) only 9 ! p]cepts :i* are organis$ by ?9k+1 he atta9s to ! insight t ! p]cepts :i* appe> z int]mitt5t ev5ts1 reveal !mselves z cont9u\sly 9 exi/5ce z soon z !y are int]pret$ by ! con/ructions ( ?\ght4 ,h5ce cont9uity ( exi/5ce mu/ be pr$icat$ ( ! cont5ts ( p]ception :i* liv+ ?\ght has organis$4 ,only t "p :i* is only p]ceiv$1 n ?\ght1 w\ld h to be reg>d$ z int]mitt5t if--:i* is n ! case--!re 7 su* a "p4 7#b7 ,:5 ?ree p]sons are sitt+ at a table1 h[ _m di/9ct tables are !re8 ,!re is only "o table4 ,b s long z ! ?ree p]sons /op %ort at _! p]ceptual images1 !y ought to say3 ,^! p]cepts are n ! reality at all4 ,z soon z !y pass on to ! table z appreh5d$ by ?9k+1 !re is reveal$ to !m ! "o real table4 ,!y are !n unit$ ) _! ?ree cont5ts ( consci\sness 9 ?is "o reality4 7#c7 ,:5 two p]sons are alone toge!r 9 a room1 h[ _m di/9ct p]sons are !re8 ,mo/ assur$ly !re are n six--n ev5 9 ! s5se ( ! ,transc5d5tal ,reali/'s !ory--b only two4 ,only1 at fir/1 ea* p]son has no?+ b ! unreal p]cept ( himself & ( ! o!r p]son4 ,!re are f\r su* p]cepts1 ! pres5ce ( :i* 9 ! m9ds ( ! two p]sons is ! /imulus = ! appreh5sion ( reality by _! ?9k+4 ,9 ?is activity ( ?9k+ ea* ( ! two p]sons transc5ds ! sph]e ( 8 own consci\sness4 ,a liv+ aw>5ess ( ! consci\sness ( ! o!r p]son z well z ( 8 own arises 9 ea*4 ,9 ^! mom5ts ( liv+ aw>5ess ! p]sons are z little imprison$ )9 _! consci\sness z !y are 9 sleep4 ,b at o!r mom5ts consci\sness ( ?is id5tification ) ! o!r returns1 s t ea* p]son1 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ?9k+1 appreh5ds consci\sly bo? himself & ! o!r p]son4 ,i "k t a ,transc5d5tal ,reali/ describes ?is view z a relapse into ,nave ,realism4 ,b1 !n1 ,i h already po9t$ out 9 ?is book t ,nave ,realism reta9s its ju/ification = our ?9k+ z we actually exp]i5ce x4 ,! ,transc5d5tal ,reali/ ignores ! true situation 9 ! process ( cognition completely4 ,he cuts himself (f f ! facts by a tissue ( concepts & entangles himself 9 x4 ,moreov]1 ! ,monism :i* appe>s 9 ! ,philosophy ( ,spiritual ,activity ought n to be labell$ epi/emological1 b1 if an epi!t is want$1 !n a ,monism ( ,?\ght4 ,all ?is has be5 misund]/ood by ,edu>d von ,h>tmann4 ,ignor+ all t is specific 9 ! argum5tation ( ! ,philosophy ( ,spiritual ,activity1 he has *>g$ me ) hav+ attempt$ to comb9e ,hegel's ,univ]sali/ic ,panlogism ) ,hume's ,individuali/ic ,ph5om5alism 7,zeits*rift fr ,philosophie1 vol4 #ajh1 p4 #ga1 note74 ,b1 9 tru?1 ! ,philosophy ( ,spiritual ,activity has no?+ :atev] to d ) ! two positions :i* x is accus$ ( try+ to comb9e4 7,?is1 too1 is ! reason :y ,i c\ld feel no int]e/ 9 polemics aga9/1 e4g41 ! ,epi/emological ,monism ( ,johannes ,rehmke4 ,! po9t ( view ( ! ,philosophy ( ,spiritual ,activity is simply q diff]5t f :at ,edu>d von ,h>tmann & o!rs call ,epi/emological ,monism47 ,,app5dix ,,ii ,,revis$ ,,introduction ,,to ,,philosophy ,,( ,,fre$om4 ,! foll[+ *apt] reproduces1 9 all ess5tials1 ! pages :i* /ood z a sort ( ,introduction 9 ! fir/ edition ( ?is book4 ,inasmu* z x r reflects ! mood out ( :i* ,i compos$ ?is book tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 ?an has any direct be>+ on its cont5ts1 ,i pr9t x "h z an ,app5dix4 ,i d n want to omit x altoge!r1 because ! sugge/ion keeps cropp+ up t ,i want to suppress "s ( my e>li] writ+s on acc\nt ( my lat] works on spiritual matt]s4 ,our age is "o :i* is unwill+ to seek tru? any:]e b 9 ! dep?s ( human nature4 #fb ,( ! foll[+ two well-kn[n pa?s describ$ by ,s*ill]1 x is ! second :i* w to-day be f\nd mo/ useful3 ,wahrheit su*5 wir beide1 du auss5 im ,leb51 i* inn5 ,9 dem ,h]z51 und s f9det sie j$] gewiss4 ,i/ das ,auge gesund1 s begegnet es auss5 dem ,s*pf] ,i/ es das ,h]z1 dann gewiss spiegelt es inn5 die ,welt4 #fc ,a tru? :i* comes to u f )\t be>s ev] ! /amp ( unc]ta9ty4 ,conviction atta*es only to :at appe>s z tru? to ea* ( u 9 our own he>ts4 ,tru? alone c give u confid5ce 9 develop+ our p[]s4 ,he :o is tortur$ by d\bts f9ds 8 p[]s lam$4 ,9 a _w ! riddle ( :i* baffles him1 he c f9d no aim = 8 activity4 ,we no long] want to believe2 we want to "k4 ,belief dem&s ! acceptance ( tru?s :i* we d n :olly compreh5d4 ,b ! individuality :i* seeks to exp]i5ce ev]y?+ 9 ! dep?s ( its own be+1 is repell$ by :at x _c und]/&4 ,only t k w satisfy u :i* spr+s f ! inn] life ( ! p]sonality1 & submits itself to no ext]nal norm4 ,aga91 we d n want any k :i* has encas$ itself once & = all 9 hide-b\nd =mulas1 & :i* is pres]v$ 9 ,encyclopdias valid = all "t4 ,ea* ( u claims ! "r to />t f ! facts t lie ne>e/ to h&1 f 8 own imm$iate exp]i5ces1 & !nce to asc5d to a k ( ! :ole univ]se4 ,we /rive aft] c]ta9ty 9 k1 b ea* 9 8 own way4 ,our sci5tific !ories1 too1 are no long] to be =mulat$ z if we 7 unconditionally compell$ to accept !m4 ,none ( u w\ld wi% to give a sci5tific "w a title l ,fi*te's ,a ,pellucid ,acc\nt = ! ,g5]al ,public conc]n+ ! ,real ,nature ( ! ,newe/ ,philosophy4 ,an ,attempt to ,compel ! ,read]s to ,und]/&4 ,n[adays !re is no attempt to compel anyone to und]/&4 ,we claim no agreem5t f anyone :om a di/9ct individual ne$ does n drive to a c]ta9 view4 ,we d n seek n[adays to cram facts ( k ev5 into ! immature human be+1 ! *ild4 ,we seek r to develop 8 faculties 9 su* a way t 8 und]/&+ may dep5d no long] on our compulsion1 b on 8 w4 ,i am "u no illusion conc]n+ ! *>act]i/ics ( ! pres5t age4 ,i "k h[ _m flaunt a mann] ( life :i* lacks all individuality & foll[s only ! prevail+ fa%ion4 ,b ,i "k also t _m ( my contempor>ies /rive to ord] _! lives 9 ! direction ( ! pr9ciples ,i h indicat$4 ,to !m ,i w\ld d$icate ?is book4 ,x does n pret5d to (f] ! only possible way to ,tru?1 x only describes ! pa? *os5 by "o ^: he>t is set ^u ,tru?4 ,! read] w be l$ at fir/ into some:at ab/ract regions1 :]e ?\ght mu/ draw %>p outl9es1 if x is to rea* secure conclusions4 ,b he w also be l$ out ( ^! arid concepts into concrete life4 ,i am fully conv9c$ t "o _c d )\t so>+ into ! e!real realm ( ab/raction1 if "o's exp]i5ce is to p5etrate life 9 all directions4 ,he :o is limit$ to ! pleasures ( ! s5ses misses ! sweete/ enjoym5ts ( life4 ,! ,ori5tal sages make _! disciples live = ye>s a life ( resignation & asceticism be=e !y imp>t to !m _! own wisdom4 ,! ,we/]n _w no long] dem&s pi\s ex]cises & ascetic practices z a prep>ation = sci5ce1 b x does require a s9c]e will+ness to )draw oneself a:ile f ! imm$iate impressions ( life1 & to betake oneself into ! realm ( pure ?\ght4 ,! sph]es ( life are _m & = ea* !re develops a special sci5ce4 ,b life itself is "o1 & ! m ! sci5ces /rive to p5etrate deeply into _! sep>ate sph]es1 ! m !y )draw !mselves f ! vision ( ! _w z a liv+ :ole4 ,!re mu/ be "o supreme sci5ce :i* seeks 9 ! sep>ate sci5ces ! elem5ts = lead+ m5 back once m to ! fullness ( life4 ,! sci5tific speciali/ seeks 9 8 /udies to ga9 a k ( ! _w & its work+s4 ,?is book has a philosophical aim3 sci5ce itself is "h infus$ ) ! life ( an organic :ole4 ,! special sci5ces are /ages on ! way to ?is all-inclusive sci5ce4 ,a simil> relation is f\nd 9 ! arts4 ,! compos] 9 8 "w employs ! rules ( ! !ory ( composition4 ,?is latt] is an accumulation ( pr9ciples1 k ( :i* is a necess>y presupposition = compos+4 ,9 ! act ( compos+1 ! rules ( !ory become ! s]vants ( life1 ( reality4 ,9 exactly ! same way philosophy is an art4 ,all g5u9e philosoph]s h be5 arti/s 9 concepts4 ,human ideas h be5 ! m$ium ( _! art1 & sci5tific me?od _! arti/ic te*nique4 ,ab/ract ?9k+ ?us ga9s concrete individual life4 ,ideas turn into life-=ces4 ,we h no long] m]ely a k ab\t ?+s1 b we h n[ made k a real1 self-det]m9+ organism4 ,our consci\sness1 alive & active1 has ris5 beyond a m]e passive reception ( tru?s4 ,h[ philosophy1 z an art1 is relat$ to fre$om2 :at fre$om is2 & :e!r we d1 or c1 p>ticipate 9 x--^! are ! pr9cipal problems ( my book4 ,all o!r sci5tific discussions are put 9 only because !y ultimately ?r[ light on ^! que/ions :i* are1 9 my op9ion1 ! mo/ intimate t conc]n mank9d4 ,^! pages (f] a ,philosophy ( ,fre$om4 ,all sci5ce w\ld be no?+ b ! satisfaction ( idle curiosity did x n /rive to enhance ! exi/5tial value ( human p]sonality4 ,! true value ( ! sci5ces is se5 only :5 we are %[n ! importance ( _! results = humanity4 ,! f9al aim ( an individuality c nev] be ! cultivation ( any s+le faculty1 b only ! developm5t ( all capacities :i* slumb] )9 u4 ,k has value only 9 s f> z x contributes to ! all-r\nd unfold+ ( ! :ole nature ( man4 ,?is book1 !re=e1 does n conceive ! relation betwe5 sci5ce & life 9 su* a way t man mu/ b[ d[n be=e ! _w ( ideas & devote 8 p[]s to its s]vice4 ,on ! contr>y1 x %[s t he takes possession ( ! _w ( ideas 9 ord] to use !m = 8 human aims1 :i* transc5d ^? ( m]e sci5ce4 ,man mu/ confront ideas z ma/]1 le/ he become _! slave4 ,,app5dix ,,iii ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,orig9al ,,edition ,,( ,,tru? ,,& ,,sci5ce ,contempor>y philosophy suff]s f a morbid belief 9 ,kant4 ,to help t[>ds our emancipation f ?is belief is ! aim ( ! pres5t essay4 ,x w\ld inde$ be crim9al to try & m9imise ! debt :i* ! developm5t ( ,g]man philosophy owes to ,kant's immortal "w4 ,b x is high "t to ackn[l$ge t ! only way ( lay+ ! f\ndations = a truly satisfy+ view ( ! _w & ( human life is to put ourselves 9 decisive opposition to ! _s ( ,kant4 ,:at is x t ,kant has a*iev$8 ,he has %[n t ! transc5d5t gr\nd ( ! _w :i* lies beyond ! data ( our s5ses & ! categories ( our reason1 & :i* 8 pr$ecessors s\ght to det]m9e by means ( empty concepts1 is inaccessible to our k4 ,f ?is he conclud$ t all our sci5tific ?9k+ mu/ keep )9 ! limits ( possible exp]i5ce1 & is incapable ( atta9+ to k ( ! transc5d5t & ultimate gr\nd ( ! _w1 i4e41 ( ! ?+-9-itself4 ,b :at if ?is ?+-9-itself1 ?is :ole transc5d5t gr\nd ( ! _w1 %\ld be no?+ b a fiction8 ,x is easy to see t ?is is precisely :at x is4 ,an in/9ct insep>able f human nature impels u to se>* = ! inn]mo/ ess5ce ( ?+s1 = _! ultimate pr9ciples4 ,x is ! basis ( all sci5tific enquiry4 ,b1 !re is n ! lea/ reason to look = ?is ultimate gr\nd outside ! _w ( our s5ses & ( our _s1 unless a ?or\gh & compreh5sive exam9ation ( ?is _w %\ld reveal )9 x elem5ts :i* po9t unmi/akably to an ext]nal cause4 ,! pres5t essay attempts to prove t all ! pr9ciples :i* we ne$ 9 ord] to expla9 our _w & make x intelligible1 are )9 rea* ( our ?\ght4 ,?us1 ! assumption ( explanatory pr9ciples ly+ outside our _w turns out to be ! prejudice ( an ext9ct philosophy :i* liv$ on va9 dogmatic fancies4 ,?is ought to h be5 ,kant's conclusion1 too1 if he _h really enquir$ into ! p[]s ( human ?\ght4 ,in/ead1 he demon/rat$ 9 ! mo/ complicat$ way t ! con/itution ( our cognitive faculties does n p]mit u to rea* ! ultimate pr9ciples :i* lie beyond our exp]i5ce4 ,b we h no reason :atev] = posit+ ^! pr9ciples 9 any su* ,beyond4 ,?us ,kant has inde$ refut$ dogmatic philosophy1 b he has put no?+ 9 its place4 ,h5ce1 all ,g]man philosophy :i* succe$$ ,kant has evolv$ ev]y:]e 9 opposition to him4 ,fi*te1 ,s*ell+1 ,hegel simply ignor$ ! limits fix$ by ,kant = our k & s\ght ! ultimate pr9ciples1 n beyond1 b )91 ! _w accessible to human reason4 ,ev5 ,s*op5hau]1 ?\gh he does decl>e ! conclusions ( ,kant's ,critique ( ,pure ,reason to be et]nal & irrefutable tru?s1 _c avoid seek+ k ( ! ultimate gr\nds ( ! _w along pa?s widely div]g5t f ^? ( 8 ma/]4 ,b ! fatal mi/ake ( all ^! ?9k]s 0 t !y s\ght k ( ultimate tru?s1 )\t hav+ laid ! f\ndation = su* an ent]prise 9 a prelim9>y inve/igation ( ! nature ( k itself4 ,h5ce1 ! pr\d intellectual edifices erect$ by ,fi*te1 ,s*ell+ & ,hegel h no f\ndation to re/ on4 ,! lack ( su* f\ndations reacts mo/ unfav\rably ^u ! argum5ts ( ^! ?9k]s4 ,ignorant ( ! importance ( ! _w ( pure ideas & ( its relation to ! realm ( s5se-p]ception1 !y built error ^u error1 "o-sid$ness ^u "o-sid$ness4 ,no wond] t _! ov]-bold sy/ems prov$ unable to )/& ! /orms ( an age :i* reck$ no?+ ( philosophy4 ,no wond] t _m good ?+s 9 ^! sy/ems 7 pitilessly swept away along ) ! errors4 ,to rem$y ! defect :i* has j be5 indicat$ is ! purpose ( ! foll[+ inve/igations4 ,!y w n imitate ,kant by expla9+ :at our m9ds c n "k3 _! aim is to %[ :at our m9ds c "k4 ,! outcome ( ^! inve/igations is t tru? is n1 z ! curr5t view has x1 an ideal reproduction ( a "s real object1 b a free product ( ! human _s1 :i* w\ld n exi/ any:]e at all unless we ourselves produc$ x4 ,x is n ! task ( k to reproduce 9 conceptual =m some?+ already exi/+ indep5d5tly4 ,its task is to create a :olly new realm :i*1 unit$ ) ! _w ( s5se-data1 ends by yield+ u reality 9 ! full s5se4 ,9 ?is way1 man's supreme activity1 ! creative productivity ( 8 _s1 f9ds its organic place 9 ! univ]sal _w-process4 ,)\t ?is activity x w\ld be impossible to conceive ! _w-process z a totality complete 9 itself4 ,man does n confront ! _w-process z a passive spectator :o m]ely copies 9 8 m9d ! ev5ts :i* occur1 )\t 8 p>ticipation1 9 ! cosmos )\t4 ,he is an active co-creator 9 ! _w-process1 & 8 k is ! mo/ p]fect memb] ( ! organism ( ! univ]se4 ,?is view c>ries ) x an important consequ5ce = our conduct1 = our moral ideals4 ,^!1 too1 mu/ be reg>d$1 n z copies ( an ext]nal /&>d1 b z root$ )9 u4 ,simil>ly1 we refuse to look ^u our moral laws z ! behe/s ( any p[] outside u4 ,we "k no categorical imp]ative :i*1 l a voice f ! ,beyond1 prescribes to u :at to d or to leave undone4 ,our moral ideals are our own free creations4 ,all we h to d is to c>ry out :at we prescribe to ourselves z ! norm ( our conduct4 ,?us1 ! concept ( tru? z a free act leads to a !ory ( morals bas$ on ! concept ( a p]fectly free p]sonality4 ,^! !ses1 ( c\rse1 are valid only = t "p ( our conduct ! laws ( :i* our ?9k+ p5etrates ) complete compreh5sion4 ,s long z ! laws ( our conduct are m]ely natural motives or rema9 obscure to our conceptual ?9k+1 x may be possible f a high] spiritual level to p]ceive h[ f> !y are f\nd$ 9 our individuality1 b we ourselves exp]i5ce !m z influ5c+ u f )\t1 z compell+ u to action4 ,e "t t we succe$ 9 p5etrat+ su* a motive ) cle> und]/&+1 we make a fre% conque/ 9 ! realm ( fre$om4 ,! relation ( ^! views to ! !ory ( ,edu>d von ,h>tmann1 :o is ! mo/ significant figure 9 contempor>y philosophy1 w be made cle> to ! read] 9 detail 9 ! c\rse ( ?is essay1 especially z reg>ds ! problem ( k4 ,a prelude to a ,philosophy ( ,spiritual ,activity--?is is :at ! pres5t essay (f]s4 ,t philosophy itself1 completely work$ out1 w %ortly foll[4 ,! ultimate aim ( all sci5ce is to increase ! value ( exi/5ce = human p]sonality4 ,:oev] does n devote himself to sci5ce ) ?is aim 9 view is m]ely modell+ himself 9 8 own "w ^u "s ma/]4 ,if he rese>*es1 x is m]ely because t happ5s to be :at he has be5 taught to d4 ,b n = him is ! title ( a free ?9k]4 ,! sci5ces are se5 9 _! true value only :5 philosophy expla9s ! human significance ( _! results4 ,to make a contribution to su* an explanation 0 my aim4 ,b1 p]haps1 our pres5t-day sci5ce scorns all philosophical v9dication6 ,if s1 two ?+s are c]ta94 ,"o is t ?is essay ( m9e is sup]flu\s4 ,! o!r is t mod]n ?9k]s are lo/ 9 ! wood & d n "k :at !y want4 ,9 conclud+ ?is ,preface1 ,i _c omit a p]sonal obs]vation4 ,up to n[ ,i h exp\nd$ all my philosophical views on ! basis ( ,goe!'s _w-view1 into :i* ,i 0 fir/ introduc$ by my de> & rev]$ tea*]1 ,k>l ,julius ,s*rer1 :o to me /&s 9 ! v =efront ( ,goe!-/ud5ts1 because 8 gaze is ev] focuss$ beyond ! p>ticul> ^u ! univ]sal ,ideas4 ,b1 ) ?is essay ,i hope to h %[n t ! edifice ( my ?\ght is a :ole :i* has its f\ndations 9 itself & :i* does n ne$ to be d]iv$ f ,goe!'s _w-view4 ,my !ories1 z !y are "h set =? & z !y w pres5tly be amplifi$ 9 ! ,philosophy ( ,spiritual ,activity1 h gr[n up 9 ! c\rse ( _m ye>s4 ,no?+ b a deep s5se ( gratitude leads me to add t ! affectionate sympa?y ( ! ,spe*t family 9 ,vi5na1 dur+ ! p]iod :5 ,i 0 ! tutor ( its *ildr51 provid$ me ) an environm5t1 ?an :i* ,i c\ld n h wi%$ a bett]1 = ! developm5t ( my ideas4 ,9 ! same _s1 ,i w\ld add1 fur!r1 t ,i owe to ! /imulat+ conv]sations ) my v de> fri5d1 ,miss ,rosa ,mayr$]1 ( ,vi5na1 ! mood :i* ,i ne$$ = putt+ into f9al =m _m ( ! ?\ghts :i* ,i h sket*$ provisionally z g]ms ( my ,philosophy ( ,spiritual ,activity4 ,h] own lit]>y ef=ts1 :i* express ! s5sitive & high-m9d$ nature ( a true arti/1 are likely be=e long to be pres5t$ to ! public4 ,vi5na1 ,decemb]1 #ahia4 ,,app5dix ,,iv ,,introduction ,,to ,,orig9al ,,edition ,,( ,,tru? ,,& ,,sci5ce ,! aim ( ! foll[+ discussions is to r$uce ! act ( cognition1 by analysis1 to its ultimate elem5ts & ?us to discov] a correct =mulation ( ! problem ( k & a way to its solution4 ,!y criticise all !ories ( k :i* are bas$ on ,kant's l9e ( ?\ght1 9 ord] to %[ t along ?is road no solution ( ! problem ( k c ev] be f\nd4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 due to ! fundam5tal spade-"w :i* ,volkelt has done 9 8 ?or\gh exam9ation ( ! concept ( exp]i5ce1 #fd to ackn[l$ge t )\t 8 prelim9>y lab\rs ! precise det]m9ation1 :i* ,i h "h attempt$ ( ! concept ( ! ,giv5 w\ld h be5 v mu* m difficult4 ,h[ev]1 we are *]i%+ ! hope t we h laid ! f\ndations = our emancipation f ! ,subjectivism :i* atta*es to all !ories ( k t />t f ,kant4 ,we believe ourselves to h a*iev$ ?is emancipation ?r\gh %[+ t ! subjective =m1 9 :i* ! picture ( ! _w pres5ts itself to ! act ( cognition1 prior to its elaboration by sci5ce1 is no?+ b a necess>y /age ( transition :i* is ov]come 9 ! v process ( k itself4 ,= u1 exp]i5ce1 s-call$1 :i* ,positivism & ,neo-,kantianism w\ld l to repres5t z ! only ?+ :i* is c]ta91 is precisely ! mo/ subjective ( all4 ,9 demon/rat+ ?is1 we also %[ t ,objective ,idealism is ! inevitable conclusion ( a !ory ( k :i* und]/&s itself4 ,x diff]s f ! metaphysical & absolute ,idealism ( ,hegel 9 ?is1 t x seeks 9 ! subject ( k ! gr\nd = ! diremption ( reality into giv5 exi/5ce & concept1 & t x looks = ! reconciliation ( ?is divorce1 n 9 an objective _w-dialectic1 b 9 ! subjective process ( cognition4 ,! pres5t writ] has already once be=e advocat$ ?is po9t ( view 9 pr9t1 viz41 9 ! ,outl9es ( a ,!ory ( ,k 7,b]l9 & ,/uttg>t1 #ahhe74 ,h[ev]1 t book diff]s ess5tially 9 me?od f ! pres5t essay1 & x also lacks ! analytic r$uction ( k to its ultimate elem5ts4 ,,notes #a ,two s\ls1 alas6 reside )9 my brea/1 ,& ea* )draws f1 & repels1 its bro!r4 ,"o ) t5aci\s organs holds 9 love ,& cl++ lu/ ! _w 9 its embraces2 ,! o!r /rongly sweeps1 ?is du/ above1 ,into ! high ance/ral spaces4 ,fau/1 ,"p ,i1 ,sc5e #b4 7,bay>d ,taylor's translation47 #b ,k is transc5d5tal :5 x is aw>e t no?+ c be ass]t$ directly ab\t ! ?+-9-itself b makes indirect inf]5ces f ! subjective :i* is kn[n to ! unkn[n :i* lies beyond ! subjective 7transc5d5tal74 ,! ?+-9-itself is1 accord+ to ?is view1 beyond ! sph]e ( ! _w ( imm$iate exp]i5ce2 9 o!r words1 x is transc5d5t4 ,our _w c1 h[ev]1 be transc5d5tally relat$ to ! transc5d5t4 ,h>tmann's !ory is call$ ,realism because x proce$s f ! subjective1 ! m5tal1 to ! transc5d5t1 ! real4 #c ,! way 9 :i* ! above view has influ5c$ psy*ology1 physiology1 etc41 9 v>i\s directions has be5 set =? by ! au?or 9 works publi%$ aft] ?is book4 ,"h he is conc]n$ only ) *>act]is+ ! results ( an op5-m9d$ /udy ( ?9k+ itself4 #d ,! passage f page #adf d[n to ?is po9t has be5 add$1 or rewritt51 = ! pres5t ,revis$ ,edition4 7#aiah74 #e ,a complete catalogue ( ! pr9ciples ( morality 7f ! po9t ( view ( ,metaphysical ,realism7 may be f\nd 9 ,edu>d von ,h>tmann's ,phnom5ologie des sittli*5 ,bewus/se9s4 #f ,translation by ,abbott1 ,kant's ,!ory ( ,e?ics1 p4 #ahj2 ,critique ( ,pure ,practical ,reason1 *ap4 iii4 #g ,= ! mann] 9 :i* ,i h "h spok5 ( ,mat]ialism1 & = ! ju/ification ( s speak+ ( x1 see ! ,addition at ! end ( ?is *apt]4 #h ,only a sup]ficial critic w f9d 9 ! use ( ! ^w faculty1 9 ?is & o!r passages1 a relapse into ! old-fa%ion$ doctr9e ( faculties ( ! s\l4 #i ,:5 ,pauls51 p4 #ae ( ! book m5tion$ above1 says3 ,diff]5t natural end[m5ts & diff]5t conditions ( life dem& bo? a diff]5t bodily & also a diff]5t m5tal & moral diet1 he is v close to ! correct view1 b yet he misses ! decisive po9t4 ,9 s f> z ,i am an individual1 ,i ne$ no diet4 ,dietetic means ! art ( br++ a p>ticul> specim5 into h>mony ) ! univ]sal laws ( ! g5us4 ,b z an individual ,i am n a specim5 ( a g5us4 #aj ,! ,editor w\ld call ! read]'s att5tion to ! fact t ?is book 0 writt5 9 #ahid4 ,= _m ye>s ,dr4 ,/e9]'s ef=ts h be5 *iefly conc5trat$ 9 uphold+ ! ,div9ity ( ,*ri/ consi/5tly ) ! broad] l9es ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es4 #aa ,we are entitl$ to speak ( ?\ghts 7e?ical ideas7 z objects ( obs]vation4 ,=1 al?\gh ! products ( ?9k+ d n ent] ! field ( obs]vation1 s long z ! ?9k+ goes on1 !y may well become objects ( obs]vation subsequ5tly4 ,9 ?is way we h ga9$ our *>act]isation ( action4 #ab ,^? :o want to settle by calculation :e!r ! sum total ( pleasure or t ( pa9 is bigg]1 ignore t !y are subject+ to calculation some?+ :i* is n[h]e exp]i5c$4 ,feel+ does n calculate1 & :at matt]s = ! real valu+ ( life is :at we really exp]i5ce1 n :at results f an imag9>y calculation4 #ac ,we disreg>d "h ! case :]e excessive increase ( pleasure turns pleasure into pa94 #ad ,imm$iately ^u ! publication ( ?is book 7#ahid71 critics object$ to ! above argum5ts t1 ev5 n[1 )9 ! g5]ic "* ( h] sex1 a woman is able to %ape h] life individually1 j z %e pleases1 & f> m freely ?an a man :o is already de-individualis$1 fir/ by ! s*ool1 & lat] by w> & pr(ession4 ,i am aw>e t ?is objection w be urg$ to-day1 ev5 m /rongly4 ,none ! less1 ,i feel b\nd to let my s5t5ces /&1 9 ! hope t !re are read]s :o appreciate h[ viol5tly su* an objection runs c\nt] to ! concept ( fre$om advocat$ 9 ?is book1 & :o w int]pret my s5t5ces above by ano!r /&>d ?an t ( man's loss ( individuality ?r\gh s*ool & pr(ession4 #ae ,! ,preface & ,introduction to ! orig9al edition ( ,tru? & ,sci5ce are pr9t$ z ,app5dix ,,iii & ,app5dix ,,iv at ! end ( ?is volume4 #af l4c41 p4 #bj4 #ag cf4 ,kant1 ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 ,intr4 to #bnd edit41 ,section vi4 #ah ,prolegom5a1 ,section v4 #ai ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 ,intr41 ,section iv4 #bj cf4 8 ,analyse d] ,wirkli*keit1 ,g$ank5 und ,tatsa*54 #ba ,possible "h means m]ely conceivable4 #bb cf4 ,die ,welt als ,wahrnehmung und ,begriff1 pp4 #afa ff4 #bc ,?is attempt1 by ! way1 is "o :i* ! objections ( ,rob]t ,zimm]mann 7b] ,kant's ma!matis*es ,vorurteil und dess5 ,folg57 %[ to be1 if n :olly mi/ak51 at lea/ highly que/ionable4 #bd ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 ,intr4 to #bnd edit41 ,section ii4 #be cf4 ,kant's ,!orie d] ,erfahrung1 pp4 #ij ff4 #bf l4c41 ,section v4 #bg cf4 ,kant's ,!orie d] ,erfahrung1 pp4 #ij ff4 #bh cf4 ,die ,grundstze d] re95 ,erk5ntni/heorie 9 d] ,kantis*5 ,philosophie1 p4 #gf4 #bi l4c41 p4 #ba4 #cj ,zur ,analyse d] ,wirkli*keit1 pp4 #baa ff4 #ca ,d>/ellung d] ,kantis*5 ,erk5ntni/heorie1 p4 #ad4 #cb ,vi]teljahrss*rift fr ,wiss5s*aftli*e ,philosophie1 #ahgg1 p4 #bci4 #cc ,sy/em d] ,logik1 #crd edit41 pp4 #chj ff4 #cd ,kritis*e ,grundlag5 des ,transc5d5tal5 ,realismus1 pp4 #adb-agb4 #ce ,ges*i*te d] ,neu]5 ,philosophie1 ,vol4 v41 p4 #fj4 ,volkelt is mi/ak5 ab\t ,fis*] :5 he says 7,kant's ,erk5ntni/heorie1 p4 #aih1 n47 t x is n cle> f ,fis*]'s acc\nt :e!r1 9 8 op9ion1 ,kant takes = grant$ only ! psy*ological fact ( ! occurr5ce ( univ]sal & necess>y judgm5ts1 b also _! objective validity & tru?4 ,=1 9 ! passage ref]r$ to above1 ,fis*] says t ! *ief difficulty ( ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t its fundam5tal positions re/ on c]ta9 presuppositions :i* h to be grant$ if ! re/ is to be valid4 ,^! presuppositions consi/ = ,fis*]1 too1 9 ?is1 t fir/ ! fact ( k is affirm$1 & !n analysis reveals ! cognitive faculties by means ( :i* t fact itself is expla9$4 #cf ,h[ f> our own epi/emological discussions con=m to ?is me?od1 w be %[n 9 ,section iv1 ,! ,/>t+-po9ts ( ! ,!ory ( ,k4 #cg l4c41 ,preface1 p4 x4 #ch ,zur ,analyse d] ,wirkli*keit 7,/rassburg1 #ahgf71 p4 #bh4 #ci ,kant's ,erk5ntni/heorie1 ,section i4 #dj ,a4 ,dorn]1 ,das m5s*li*e ,erk5n5 7,b]l91 #ahhg74 #da ,rehmke1 l4c4 #db ,die ,lehre vom ,wiss5 7,b]l91 #ahfh74 #dc ,die ,grundfrag5 d] ,erk5ntni/heorie 7,ma9z1 #ahhg7 p4 #che4 #dd ,sy/em d] kritis*5 ,philosophie1 ,i4 ,teil1 p4 #beg4 #de ,das ,grundproblem d] ,erk5ntni/heorie1 p4 #cg4 #df ,philosophis*e ,monat%efte1 ,vol4 xxvi 7#ahij71 p4 #cij4 #dg ,das ,grundproblem d] ,erk5ntni/heorie1 p4 #a4 #dh ,by concept ,i mean a rule = ! syn!sis ( ! disconnect$ data ( p]ception into a unity4 ,causality1 e4g41 is a concept4 ,by idea ,i mean no?+ b a concept ( ri*] connotation4 ,organism1 tak5 q g5]ally1 is an example ( an idea4 #di ,x ought n to be necess>y to say t ! t]m c5tre1 "h1 is n int5d$ to affirm a !ory conc]n+ ! nature ( consci\sness1 b is us$ m]ely z a %or?& expression = ! total physiognomy ( consci\sness4 #ej ,fi*te's ,smtli*e ,w]ke1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ga4 #ea l4c41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ig4 #eb l4c41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ia4 #ec l4c41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #agh4 #ed l4c41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ia4 #ee ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie1 p4 #fje4 #ef ,fi*te1 ,smtli*e ,w]ke1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #id4 #eg l4c41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ih4 #eh l4c41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #dbb4 #ei ,deliv]$ 9 ! autumn ( #ahac at ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l94 ,see ,na*gelass5e ,w]ke1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #d4 #fj l4c41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #af4 #fa cf4 8 ,*ri/li*e ,dogmatik1 #bnd edit41 #ahhd-e4 ,! epi/emological argum5ts are 9 ,vol4 ,i4 ,an exhau/ive discussion ( 8 po9t ( view has be5 furni%$ by ,e4 von ,h>tmann4 ,see 8 ,kritis*e ,w&]ung5 dur* die ,philosophie d] ,geg5w>t1 pp4 #bjj ff4 #fb ,only ! v fir/ op5+ s5t5ces 79 ! fir/ edition7 ( ?is argum5t h be5 altoge!r omitt$ "h1 because !y seem to me to-day :olly irrelevant4 ,b ! re/ ( ! *apt] seems to me ev5 to day relevant & necess>y1 9 spite1 nay1 because1 ( ! sci5tific bias ( contempor>y ?\ght4 #fc ,tru? seek we bo?--,?\ 9 ! life )\t !e & ar\nd2 ,i 9 ! he>t )94 ,by bo? c ,tru? alike be f\nd4 ,! heal?y eye c ?r\gh ! _w ! great ,creator track2 ,! heal?y he>t is b ! glass :i* gives ,creation back4 ,bulw]4 #fd ,erfahrung und ,d5k51 ,kritis*e ,grundlegung d] ,erk5ntni/heorie1 von ,johannes ,volkelt 7,hamburg und ,leipzig1 #ahhf74